cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to the Philosophical Presuppositions of the Animal Liberation/Rights Movement

THE ANIMAL liberation/rights movement (ALRM) poses a significant threat to the future of medical research. This threat is far greater than currently recognized by most physicians. 1,2 One of the strengths of the ALRM is its multifaceted nature. 1-7 Some activists attack research by picketing facilities, intimidate researchers via threatening mail or phone calls, or destroy property and threaten lives. 3-5,8 Others attack research through political, regulatory, and bureaucratic avenues, or use intimidating legal maneuvers. 1,2,4,8 Others criticize research by posing as objective professional organizations. 1,2,9 Finally, some professional philosophers provide justifications for ALRM activities. 10-20 Defenders of research often miss the mark in their analysis and criticisms, because political terrorist activities tend to draw attention away from careful consideration of ALRM's philosophical presuppositions. 21-23 As a result, we have consistently misjudged and underestimated the potential danger of the ALRM. From the beginning, the ALRM has been a liberation movement
Coping with Communicentric Bias in Knowledge Production in the Social Sciences

The authors examine several problems posed for emperical and theoretical research by the achievement of hegemony by one culture or system of thought over others. The issue is addressed from the special perspective of social scientists of African American descent who practice in a European /American dominant society. Several highly respected tenets of science, such as objectivity, positivism, and logical consistency, are questioned as to their universal utility when the life experiences, mores, and values of subjects studied are quite diverse. We suggest adapting the design and management of the conduct of inquiry to better accommodate cultural, class, ethnic, and gender diversity under conditions of subpopulation variance and cultural hegemony
Explicit Constructions of Infinite Families of MSTD Sets

Given a finite set of integers A, we may consider its sumset A + A and its difference set A − A. As addition is commutative and subtraction is not, it was initially believed that as r → ∞, almost all of the 2 r subsets of \(\{1,\ldots,r\}\) would have | A − A | > | A + A | ; if | A + A | > | A − A |, we say A is an MSTD (more sums than differences) set. While Martin and O’Bryant [MO06] disproved this conjecture by showing that a small but positive percentage of such sets are MSTD, previous explicit constructions only found families of size f(r)2 r ∕ 2 for some polynomial f(r). Below we present a new construction that yields a family of MSTD sets in \(\{1,\ldots,r\}\) of size C2 r ∕ r 4 for a fixed, non-zero constant C; thus our family is significantly denser than previous constructions. Our method has been generalized further with Brooke Orosz to handle certain ternary combinations; the details below are adapted from our paper [MOS09]. We conclude with an appendix on a special case of a result of Hegarty and Miller [HM07], which supports the intuition behind the false conjecture. Specifically, if p(r) is a monotonically decreasing function tending to 0, and for each r every element in \(\{1,\ldots,r\}\) is in a subset A with probability p(r), then as r → ∞ almost no subsets (with respect to this probability) are MSTD.
The deep benthos of Prince William Sound, Alaska, 16 months after the Exxon Valdez oil spill

Abstract In 1990, 16 months after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) in Prince William Sound, Alaska, an assessment of the benthic macrofauna and associated environmental parameters at 40 and 100 m was made. Assessment of the biota and environmental data demonstrated patterns in deep benthic assemblages reflective of oceanographic conditions, as indicated by sediment differences, rather than EVOS toxicity. Comparison of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and δ13C values in sediments between stations within the oil trajectory and reference stations outside of the trajectory showed no significant differences. This investigation uncovered no signals of disturbance 16 months after the EVOS. These results agree with conclusions of studies of intertidal and shallow subtidal regions following the EVOS that demonstrated disturbance effects decreasing with depth.
Impact of the blood sampling site on time–concentration drug profiles following intravenous or buccal drug administration

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the sampling site on the drug concentration-time profile, following intravenous or buccal (often called 'oral transmucosal') drug administration. Buprenorphine (20 μg/kg) was administered IV or buccally to six cats. Blood samples were collected from the carotid artery and the jugular and medial saphenous veins for 24 h following buprenorphine administration. Buprenorphine concentration-time data were examined using noncompartmental analysis. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, applying the Bonferroni correction. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Following IV administration, no difference among the sampling sites was found. Following buccal administration, maximum concentration [jugular: 6.3 (2.9-9.8), carotid: 3.4 (1.9-4.9), medial saphenous: 2.5 (1.7-4.1) ng/mL], area under the curve [jugular: 395 (335-747), carotid: 278 (214-693), medial saphenous: 255 (188-608) ng·min/mL], and bioavailability [jugular: 47 (34-67), carotid: 32 (20-52), medial saphenous: 23 (16-55)%] were higher in the jugular vein than in the carotid artery and medial saphenous vein. Jugular venous blood sampling is not an acceptable substitute for arterial blood sampling following buccal drug administration.
Ductal carcinoma in situ diagnosed with stereotactic core needle biopsy: can invasion be predicted?

PURPOSE: To determine whether mammographic or histologic features can be used to predict which cases diagnosed as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) without invasion by means of stereotactic core needle biopsy (SCNB) will have invasive disease at surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 1992 to March 1999, DCIS without invasion was diagnosed by means of SCNB in 59 patients. Seventeen (29%) were found to have invasive disease after surgery. The underestimation rate for SCNB was compared with that obtained by means of open surgical biopsy. Mammographic and histologic features of cases with and those without invasion were compared. RESULTS: All patients had calcifications on mammograms. There was no significant difference (P = .26) between the underestimation rate for SCNB with the 11-gauge vacuum-assisted device and that for open surgical biopsy. No statistically significant differences between cases with and those without invasion were seen in patient age, mean number of core specimens, level of suspicion, s...
Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study.

Objective: To examine the relations among proteinuria, prescribed and achieved blood pressure, and decline in glomerular filtration rate in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Design: ...
SU‐GG‐J‐45: Application of Virtual Patient Model in 4D IMRT Monte Carlo Treatment Planning

Purpose: 4D IMRT planning using 4D CTimages has uncertainties such as image artifacts, image sorting uncertainty and deformable image registration uncertainty. On the other hand, using virtual reality to create patient‐specific virtual model can represent the patient more accurately. Therefore, in this study, we are aiming to investigate the feasibility of 4D IMRT planning using virtual patient model. Method and Materials: The input contours for virtual model was from Pinnacle treatment planning system. The polygon of a structure formed from sampled control points, were used to reconstruct the NURBS surface of this structure. A 4D virtual patient was initially a sequence of 3D NURBS models at different phases. To be applied in real‐time breathing management, a few methods were used to adjust the model to account for the variation of breathing and to give model the ability to predict motion. Kaiman filter was used to predict the breathing curve. Two Monte Carlo codes, MCSIM and EGS4‐VLSI were used to simulate the treatment plan using the opening density matrix exported from Pinnacle optimization results. MCsim used patient's CT in dose calculation while EGS4‐VLSI used a phantom converted from patient's model. DVHS were compared for end‐exhale phase among the results from Pinnacle and the two Monte Carlo codes. Results: Monte Carlo codes benchmark showed good agreement for clinical measured data for 10×10 cm2 PDD and profiles. DVHs showed differences mainly due to the inhomogeneity effects for dose calculation. Conclusion: A virtual model based 4D IMRT method was proposed and preliminary results show the feasibility of this methodology. Varity exits among different calculation method, real clinical benefit of model based planning needs further investigation. Conflict of interest: Research supported by grant R0I LM009362.
Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus by a monoclonal antibody binding to a region with sequence similarity to eukaryotic phospholipases

Abstract Bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases C (PI-PLC) display similar substrate specificity as their eukaryotic counterparts involved in signal transduction of insulin and Ca2+-mobilizing hormones, and are used in the study of the novel glycosylphosphatidylinositol-protein anchors (GPI-anchors). For the investigation of structure-function aspects of the PI-PLC secreted from Bacillus cereus cells, a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies was generated and shown to be specific for the PI-PLC polypeptide in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and Western blots. Two of the monoclonals inhibited reactions catalyzed by the bacterial enzyme in vitro: hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol and the release of bovine erythrocyte acerylcholinesterase from its GPI-anchor. At saturating concentrations of inhibitory antibody only a few percent of the enzyme activity remained. The epitope recognized by one of the inhibitory antibodies, A72−24, was mapped by proteolytic digestion, protein sequencing, and Western blotting of the generated fragments. The data indicate that at least part of the epitope resides within an 8 kDa-stretch of the bacterial PI-PLC (Gln-45 - Lys-122). Essentially the same segment of the bacterial polypeptide has previously been shown to display limited amino acid sequence similarity with several eukaryotic PI-specific phospholipases C (Kuppe, A., Evans, L.M., McMillen, D.A. and Griffith, O.H. (1989) J. Bacteriol. 171, 6077–6083). The results reported here suggest that the conserved peptide of these enzymes may contain functionally important residues.
Breast cancer biology blossoms in the clinic.

New clinical reports demonstrate that targeting the biological pathways of hormone and peptide growth factor receptors holds promise for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
Studies on the turnover and messenger activity of rat-liver ribonucleic acids.

Abstract In studies with [14C]orotic acid, rat-liver ribosomes were found to exhibit a turnover with a half-life of about 40 h. This rate far exceeds the reported mean generation time of liver cells of at least 60 days. The two ribosomal subunits are degraded at essentially the same rate. After short-term labeling, initially the smaller ribosomal subunit and the derived 18-S RNA have a higher specific activity than the large ribosomal subunit and the derived 28-S RNA. The more highly labeled fraction could not be dissociated from the 18-S ribosomal RNA by various treatments, including heating with 0.4 M urea at 60° and subsequent centrifugation in urea density gradients. Of the nuclear RNA fractions extracted with sodium dodecyl sulfate/phenol at 45° and 65° respectively, the RNA extracted at higher temperature had a 3-fold higher messenger activity in the Escherichia coli cell-free system. The synthesized product remained almost completely bound to the ribosomes, and no specific pattern in the stimulated incorporation of different amino acids could be detected.
Determination of the viscosity of valinomycin monolayers as a function of surface density and a comment on conformation

Determination de la viscosite surperficielle de la valinomycine etalee sur des supports aqueux tamponnes a pH 6,7±0,1 avec du triphosphate
Rate of Sublimation of Yb14MnSb11, a Thermoelectric Material for Space Power Applications

The compound Yb14MnSb11 is a p-type thermoelectric material of interest for space power applications. However, average rates of sublimation previously measured at 1000°C were unacceptably high. In at least one study, Yb2O3 was observed on the surface after testing. In this study, the rate of sublimation of Yb14MnSb11 was measured at 1000°C by use of a vacuum thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) which continuously measures weight loss as a result of sublimation. This experiment revealed that the rate of sublimation decreased with time, but also resulted in formation of Yb2O3 on the surface, even though the base pressure at the start of the test was 1.9 × 10−4 Pa (1.4 × 10−6 torr). Subsequently, the effect of the Yb2O3 on the rate of sublimation was evaluated by performing interrupted vacuum furnace tests in which the sample was weighed after exposure at 1000°C for different times. During the weighing periods, the accumulated oxide scale was either completely removed or left to accumulate further on the surface. The interrupted furnace tests showed that formation of Yb2O3 on the surface was the likely cause of the reduction in the rate of sublimation of the Yb14MnSb11 when measured by use of the vacuum TGA, at least for the measured test duration. Therefore, uncoated material in the vacuum of space, where oxygen is absent, would be likely to sublime at a continuous rate in excess of 5 × 10−3 g/cm2/h.
Ranking of Stigmatization Toward Lesbians and Their Children and the Influence of Perceptions of Controllability of Homosexuality

Abstract Recent custody rulings in this country have indicated that lesbian mothers are viewed more negatively than other parents with stigmatizing attributes, e.g., a history of mental illness or criminality. The current study compared willingness to engage in relationships with a variety of adults with potentially stigmatizing conditions (including lesbians) as well as the children of these stigmatized individuals among a sample of college students. The hypothesis that perceived controllability of homosexuality would be related to stigmatization of lesbians and their children was also tested. Findings included the following: (1) Participants reported a greater willingness to engage in relationships with children of stigmatized parents than with individuals who personally possess a stigmatizing attribute; (2) Participants reported a greater willingness to engage in relationships with adults with physically based stigmas and their children than with adults with mental/behavioral stigmas and their children...
The Hadley Circulation as a Radiative-Convective Instability

Abstract Hadley cell simulations over a tropical ocean are reported that suggest that the emission and absorption of thermal radiation by clouds plays an important role in the dynamics of the Hadley circulation. In particular, inclusion of interactions between clouds and radiation causes the tropical atmosphere to become unstable to large-scale convective circulations driven by differential radiative heating between cloudy and clear regions, even when the sea surface temperature and the solar forcing do not vary with latitude or time. Zonally symmetric circulations take the form of an equatorially asymmetric convective cell, with ascent in one hemisphere and descent in the other. This may explain why there is usually only one intertropical convergence zone that is located away from the equator even when the sea surface temperature maximum is on or near the equator. The conclusions of this paper are tentative because the treatments of convection, radiation, and cloudiness are highly simplified. However, if...
Scattering from 2-D superquadric surfaces

Scattering from perfectly conducting 2D superquadric cylinders of arbitrary squareness parameter is investigated. A uniform geometrical optics (UGO) solution valid across the smooth caustics generated by the surface poles or zero curvature points is developed based on physical optics (PO). The classical geometrical optics solution is modified using a multiplicative transition function that compensates the caustic singularities and also accounts for the complex ray contributions emanating from nonspecular scattering centers located near the surface poles. The transition function is heuristically derived, based on the PO radiation integral and involves higher-order Airy (hyper-Airy) functions. The resulting UGO solution for the scattered fields is simple, easy to apply, and computationally efficient for electrically large cylinders. It compared very well with PO and moment-method solutions for both backscatter and bistatic configurations. >
Deletion of periostin reduces muscular dystrophy and fibrosis in mice by modulating the transforming growth factor-β pathway

The muscular dystrophies are broadly classified as muscle wasting diseases with myofiber dropout due to cellular necrosis, inflammation, alterations in extracellular matrix composition, and fatty cell replacement. These events transpire and progress despite ongoing myofiber regeneration from endogenous satellite cells. The degeneration/regeneration response to muscle injury/disease is modulated by the proinflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which can also profoundly influence extracellular matrix composition through increased secretion of profibrotic proteins, such as the matricellular protein periostin. Here we show that up-regulation and secretion of periostin is pathological and enhances disease in the δ-sarcoglycan null (Sgcd−/−) mouse model of muscular dystrophy (MD). Indeed, MD mice lacking the Postn gene showed dramatic improvement in skeletal muscle structure and function. Mechanistically, Postn gene deletion altered TGF-β signaling so that it now enhanced tissue regeneration with reduced levels of fibrosis. Systemic antagonism of TGF-β with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody mitigated the beneficial effects of Postn deletion in vivo. These data suggest that periostin functions as a disease determinant in MD by promoting/allowing the pathological effects of TGF-β, suggesting that inhibition of periostin could represent a unique treatment approach.
CXCR3 receptor knockout mice are protected from liver warm ischemia-reperfusion injury

METHODS: Heart transplants (n 4-6 per group) were performed in mice deficient in TLR4 signaling (C3H/HeJ mice) and wild-type mice (C3H/HeOuJ mice). Transplants were also performed between the strains (mutant hearts into wild-type recipients and the converse). After 2 hours of cold ischemia, the grafts were implanted heterotopically into recipients and then retrieved after 3 hours of reperfusion. Serum IL-6 and MCP-1 levels were measured by ELISA. Quantitative RT-PCR was employed to measure mRNA levels of intra-graft TNF, IL-1B, IL-6, ICAM-1, and B-actin.
An overview of matched field methods in ocean acoustics

A short historical overview of matched-field processing (MFP) is followed by background material in both ocean acoustics and array processing needed for MFP. Specific algorithms involving both quadratic and adaptive methods are then introduced. The results of mismatch studies and several algorithms designed to be relatively robust against mismatch are discussed. The use of simulated MFP for range, depth and bearing location is examined, using data from a towed array that has been tilted to produce an effective vertical aperture. Several experiments using MFP are reviewed. One successfully demonstrated MFP at megameter ranges; this has important consequences for experiments in global tomography. Some unique applications of MFP, including how it can exploit ocean inhomogeneities and make tomographic measurements of environmental parameters, are considered. >
Engaging College Students from Diverse Backgrounds in Community Service Learning

Community service learning at the university level is often conceived of as a mechanism for introducing privileged young adults to people with whom they have never interacted and experiences they have never had. American universities and courses involving community service learning are increasingly filling, however, with undergraduates who are members of the identity categories to which the community service learning experiences are intended to introduce them. The authors of this study consider the experiences of university students of color participating in a community service learning program.
Data validation in citizen science: a case study from Project FeederWatch

To become more widely accepted as a valuable research tool, citizen-science projects must find ways to ensure that data gathered by large numbers of people with varying levels of expertise are of consistently high quality. Here, we describe a data validation protocol developed for Project FeederWatch, a continent-wide bird monitoring program, that is designed to increase researchers' and participants' confidence in the data being collected.
Two Cultures of Science: The Limits of Positivism Revisited

Were it not linguistically awkward, I would be inclined to entitle these remarks a discourse on what went wrong with the love affair of policy-makers, academic pundits, and hard-core positivists with the world of science. In the nineteenth century, science was as identified with progress as bacon is with eggs. This optimism has given way to a pandemic mistrust of science by all sorts of elites. Popular displeasure became transparently evident in the waning decades of the twentieth century. Mistrust of science has only deepened in the first years of the new millennium. The ease with which scientific products are converted into destructive weaponry only partially accounts for the new skepticism about conventional claims. Unanticipated negative human consequences of actual discoveries in areas ranging from genetic engineering to wireless communication are at least as important an element in popular concerns. Nonetheless, professional assertions about the benefits of science continue unabated. Peter Watson in his fine recent survey, The Modern Mind , in which he asserts science as such “provides a new kind of humanity and a canon for life as it is now lived,” typifies these claims. The limitation in this by no means unusual formulation is that few people are actually involved in the life of science, while many are affected by applications of scientific work that often have indeterminate or, even worse, destructive consequences.
Influence of root restriction on two cultivars of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Abstract Variable root restricting conditions were imposed on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars ‘Senator’ and Dixie’ using container sizes of 0.35, 2.00, and 7.60 liters. Nondestructive and destructive plant sampling were conducted to evaluate leaf area production, dry weight accumulation and partitioning, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate, and flower and fruit development. Within 10 days after transplanting (DAT), ‘Senator’ exhibited declining leaf area production under increased root restriction, and within 17 DAT leaf area was diminished for both cultivars under increased root restricting conditions. Dry weight accumulation in leaves, stems, roots, and fruit was reduced for both cultivars over time and level of root restriction severity. There was a tendency for greater vegetative growth reductions with ‘Senator’ than with ‘Dixie’ at comparable levels of root restriction. Root‐to‐shoot ratio, timing and duration of flowering, and sex of flowers were not significantly impacted by root...
Modeling CMOS tunneling currents through ultrathin gate oxide due to conduction- and valence-band electron and hole tunneling

A semi-empirical model is proposed to quantify the tunneling currents through ultrathin gate oxides (1-3.6 nm). As a multiplier to a simple analytical model, a correction function is introduced to achieve universal applicability to all different combinations of bias polarities (inversion and accumulation), gate materials (N/sup +/, P/sup +/, Si, SiGe) and tunneling processes. Each coefficient of the correction function is given a physical meaning and determined by empirical fitting. This new model can accurately predict all the current components that can be observed: electron tunneling from the conduction band (ECB), electron tunneling from the valence band (EVB), and hole tunneling from the valence hand (HVB) in dual-gate poly-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/-gated (x=0 or 0.25) CMOS devices for various gate oxide thicknesses. In addition, this model ran also be employed to determine the physical oxide thickness from I-V data with high sensitivity. It is particularly sensitive in the very-thin-oxide regime, where C-V extraction happens to be difficult or impossible (because of the presence of the large tunneling current).
Comparative surface studies on fine-grain and single crystal niobium using xps, aes, ebsd and profilometry

As the surface magnetic field in niobium cavities approaches the theoretical critical field, RF losses grow sensitive to increasingly subtle features of the material and the surface. A striking example is the familiar onset of the high field Q-slope, where RF losses increase exponentially with field. A surprising feature of the high field Q-slope is its positive response to a mild baking at 100-120degC. But the Q-slope returns after the first 20 nm of the niobium metal surface is converted to loss-less pentoxide via anodization. The latter result suggests that the cause of the fast growing losses resides in the first 20 nm of the RF surface. Although there are several propositions, the exact mechanism for the high field Q-slope is not yet fully understood and demands further research. We are conducting surface analytic studies with optical profilometry, EBSD, XPS, Auger and SIMS to shed light on the mechanism of the high field Q-slope. We are comparing the behavior of fine-grain niobium with single crystal niobium, buffered chemical polishing (BCP) treatments with electropolishing (EP) treatments and properties before and after 110degC bake. Our approach is based on identifying lossy regions, dissecting of these regions and range of analysis.
Chemical quenched flow kinetic studies indicate an intraholoenzyme autophosphorylation mechanism for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.

Autophosphorylation of α-Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) at Thr-286 generates Ca2+-independent activity that outlasts the initial Ca2+ stimulus. Previous studies suggested that this autophosphorylation occurs between subunits within each CaM kinase II holoenzyme. However, electron microscopy studies have questioned this mechanism because a large distance separates a kinase domain from its neighboring subunit. Moreover, the recently discovered ability of CaM kinase II holoenzymes to self-associate has raised questions about data interpretation in previous investigations of autophosphorylation. In this work, we characterize the mechanism of CaM kinase II autophosphorylation. To eliminate ambiguity arising from kinase aggregation, we used dynamic light scattering to establish the monodispersity of all enzyme solutions. We then found using chemical quenched flow kinetics that the autophosphorylation rate was independent of the CaM kinase II concentration, results corroborating intraholoenzyme activation. Experiments with a monomeric CaM kinase II showed that phosphorylation of this construct is intermolecular, supporting intersubunit phosphorylation within a holoenzyme. The autophosphorylation rate at 30 °C was ∼12 s−1, more than 10-fold faster than past estimates. The ability of CaM kinase II to autophosphorylate through an intraholoenzyme, intersubunit mechanism is likely central to its functions of decoding Ca2+ spike frequency and providing a sustained response to Ca2+ signals.
Oxygen Sensing by Primary Cardiac Fibroblasts A Key Role of p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1

In mammalian organs under normoxic conditions, O2 concentration ranges from 12% to <0.5%, with O2 approximately 14% in arterial blood and <10% in the myocardium. During mild hypoxia, myocardial O2 drops to approximately 1% to 3% or lower. In response to chronic moderate hypoxia, cells adjust their normoxia set point such that reoxygenation-dependent relative elevation of PO2 results in perceived hyperoxia. We hypothesized that O2, even in marginal relative excess of the PO2 to which cardiac cells are adjusted, results in activation of specific signal transduction pathways that alter the phenotype and function of these cells. To test this hypothesis, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) isolated from adult murine ventricle were cultured in 10% or 21% O2 (hyperoxia relative to the PO2 to which cells are adjusted in vivo) and were compared with those cultured in 3% O2 (mild hypoxia). Compared with cells cultured in 3% O2, cells that were cultured in 10% or 21% O2 demonstrated remarkable reversible G2/M arrest and a phenotype indicative of differentiation to myofibroblasts. These effects were independent of NADPH oxidase function. CFs exposed to high O2 exhibited higher levels of reactive oxygen species production. The molecular signature response to perceived hyperoxia included (1) induction of p21, cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin G1, Fos-related antigen-2, and transforming growth factor-beta1, (2) lowered telomerase activity, and (3) activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. CFs deficient in p21 were resistant to such O2 sensitivity. This study raises the vital broad-based issue of controlling ambient O2 during the culture of primary cells isolated from organs.
Individual tree height increment model for managed even-aged stands of ponderosa pine throughout the western United States using linear mixed effects models

A height increment model is developed and evaluated for individual trees of ponderosa pine throughout the species range in western United States. The data set used in this study came from long-term permanent research plots in even-aged, pure stands both planted and of natural origin. The data base consists of six levels-of-growing stock studies supplemented by initial spacing and other permanent-plot thinning studies for a total of 310 plots, 34,263 trees and 122,082 observations. Regression analysis is the most commonly used statistical method in forest modeling. However, research studies with repeated measurements are common in forestry and other biological disciplines. We choose the mixed models instead of the regression analysis approach because it allows for proper treatment of error terms in a repeated measures analysis. The model is well behaved and possessed desirable statistical properties. Our goal is to present a single height increment model applicable throughout the geographic range of ponderosa pine in the United States and by using only data from long-term permanent plots on sites capable of the productivity estimated by Meyer [Meyer, W.H., 1938. Yield of Even-aged Stands of Ponderosa Pine. US Department of Agriculture Technical Bull. 630].
Multi-Dimensional Beamforming for Adaptive MIMO Systems

A novel scheme called multi-dimensional beamforming is proposed for adaptive MIMO systems, which can achieve higher capacity than eigen-beamforming when more feedback bandwidth is available. Theoretical analysis and numerical results show that multi-dimensional beamforming improves capacity as compared to eigen-beamforming at relatively high signal-to-noise ratio. By extension of the existing beamforming scheme to multi-dimension, we are able to concatenate the scheme with space-time codes. Simulation results are also provided to evaluate the concatenated schemes with linear space-time codes at various data rates in terms of bit error rate.
King's Theory: A Critique of the Critiques:

This article describes Imogene M. King's conceptual framework and theory of goal attainment. The critiques of various nursing scholars reflect a misunderstanding of the intent of the theory and conceptual framework. Major areas of concern of the critics include cultural limitations, patient competence, and lack of specific guidelines to work within the nursing process. These critiques are discussed and examples supporting the use of King's work in practice are presented.
A high-performance 0.25- mu m CMOS technology. I. Design and characterization

A high-performance 0.25- mu m-channel CMOS technology is designed and characterized. The technology utilizes n/sup +/ polysilicon gates on nFETs and p/sup +/ polysilicon gates on pFETs so that both FETs are surface channel devices. The gate oxide thickness is 7 nm. Abrupt As and B source/drain junctions with reduced power supply voltage are used to achieve high-speed operation. The technology yields a loaded ring oscillator (NAND, FI=FO=3, C/sub w/=0.2 pF) delay per stage of 280 ps at W/sub eff//L/sub eff/=15 mu m/0.25 mu m, which is a 1.7* improvement over 0.5- mu m CMOS technology. At a channel length of 0.18 mu m, a CMOS stage delay of 38 ps for unloaded inverter and 185 ps for loaded NAND ring oscillators were measured. Key design issues of the CMOS devices are discussed. >
Intermediate performance measures in engineering projects

Summary form only given. Conventional methods for measuring progress during an engineering project include the use of supervisors and milestones, and a variety of scheduling and cost procedures. This exploratory survey draws upon the literature and inputs from engineering managers to identify other measures employed to provide a comparison of planned with actual progress.
Attitudes of expectant fathers regarding breast-feeding.

Fathers participate in choosing the feeding method for their newborns. However they traditionally have not been included in most breast-feeding education programs. To examine expectant fathers' attitudes and knowledge regarding breast-feeding, we surveyed 268 men during the first session of their childbirth education classes at five private hospitals in Houston, Texas. The study population was 81% white, 8% black, and 6% hispanic. Ninety-seven percent (n = 259) of the total were married. Fifty-eight percent (n = 156) reported that their spouses planned to breast-feed exclusively; several significant differences existed between these men and those who reported plans for exclusive formula feeding. The breast-feeding group was more likely to believe breast-feeding is better for the baby (96% vs 62%; P less than .0001), helps with infant bonding (92% vs 53%; P less than .0001), and protects the infant from disease (79% vs 47% P less than .001). The breast-feeding group was also more likely to want their partner to breast-feed (90% vs 13%; P less than .0001) and to have respect for breast-feeding women (57% vs 16%; P less than .0001). Conversely, those in the formula feeding group were more likely to think breast-feeding is bad for breasts (52% vs 22%; P less than .01), makes breasts ugly (44% vs 23%; P less than .05), and interferes with sex (72% vs 24%; P less than .0001). The majority of both groups indicated breast-feeding was not acceptable in public (breast-feeding = 71%, formula feeding = 78%, P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Wave propagation velocity under a vertically vibrated surface foundation

The ultimate objective of the research conducted by the authors is to explore the feasibility of determining reliable in situ values of soil modulus as a function of strain. In field experiments, an excitation is applied on the ground surface using large-scale shakers, and the response of the soil deposit is recorded through receivers embedded in the soil. The focus of this paper is on the simulation and observation of signals that would be recorded at the receiver locations under idealized conditions to provide guidelines on the interpretation of the field measurements. Discrete models are used to reproduce one-dimensional and three-dimensional geometries. When the first times of arrival are detected by receivers under the vertical impulse, they coincide with the arrival of the P wave; therefore related to the constrained modulus of the material. If one considers, on the other hand, phase differences between the motions at two receivers, the picture is far more complicated and one would obtain propagation velocities, function of frequency and measuring location, which do not correspond to either the constrained modulus or Young's modulus. It is necessary then to conduct more rigorous and complicated analyses in order to interpret the data. This paper discusses and illustrates these points. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monte Carlo simulations of interacting anyon chains

A generalized version of the valence-bond Monte Carlo method is used to study ground state properties of the 1 + 1 dimensional quantum Q-state Potts models. For appropriate values of Q these models can be used to describe interacting chains of non-Abelian anyons — quasiparticle excitations of certain exotic fractional quantum Hall states. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Detection and Analysis of Proteins Modified by O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine

The modification of Ser and Thr residues with O-linked b-N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a common and essential modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, and it is thought that O-GlcNAc performs a regulatory role in the cell. This unit concentrates on the techniques for the detection and analysis of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc as well as methods for the analysis of enzymes responsible for the addition and removal of this group.
Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile Cause Distinct Pseudomembranous Intestinal Diseases

We report simultaneous infections with Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a patient with discrete colonic pseudomembranes typical of C. difficile infection, as well as confluent, loosely adherent pseudomembranes in the small bowel. Identification of MRSA in the small bowel pseudomembrane by polymerase chain reaction supports S. aureus as an enteric pathogen.
Statistical Description of Random Variables and Stochastic Processes

This chapter is a review of the statistical properties of random variables and stochastic processes that are necessary for understanding the optical phenomena described in this book.
The Cytoskeleton and Its Regulation by Calcium and Protons

The cytoskeleton is well recognized as an ever-present component of all eukaryotic cells; more recently, it has been identified in prokaryotic cells as well ([van den Ent et al., 2001][1]; [Wickstead and Gull, 2011][2]). The cytoskeleton gives order to a cell, and in large cells, where diffusion may
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Suppresses Macrophage Extrinsic Antiherpesvirus Activity

AbstractThe effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive component of marijuana, on macrophage intrinsic and extrinsic antiherpesvirus activities was examined. THC had no effect on the capacity of the macrophage-like cells RAW264.7, J774A.1, and P388D, to take up virus. In addition, replication of virus within macrophages did not occur regardless of drug treatment, indicating that THC had no effect on macrophage intrinsic antiviral activity. In contrast, the cannabinoid exerted a dose-dependent inhibition of macrophage extrinsic antiviral activity. This activity describes that macrophage function by which these cells suppress virus replication within xenogeneic cells in an interferon-independent manner. The inhibitory effect of THC on extrinsic antiviral activity was greatest on RAW264.7 and J774A.1 cells, followed by P388D1 cells. These macrophage-like cells regained their extrinsic antiviral activity in a time-related fashion following removal of the drug. These results indicate that ...
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in disorders of myelinating glia

Myelin is vital to the proper function of the nervous system. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS are the glial cells responsible for generating the myelin sheath. Myelination requires the production of a vast amount of proteins and lipid-rich membrane, which puts a heavy load on the secretory pathway of myelinating glia and leaves them susceptible to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Cells respond to ER stress by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is initially protective but in situations of prolonged unresolved stress the UPR can lead to the apoptotic death of the stressed cell. There is strong evidence that ER stress and the UPR play a role in a number of disorders of myelin and myelinating glia, including multiple sclerosis, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, Vanishing White Matter Disease, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In this review we discuss the role that ER stress and the UPR play in these disorders of myelin. In addition, we discuss the progress that has been made in our understanding of the effect genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the UPR has in mouse models of these disorders and the novel therapeutic potential of targeting the UPR that these studies support. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
A complex adaptive systems approach to simulate urban water resources sustainability.

Urban growth impacts the sustainability of water resources due to conversion of natural to impervious cover and increased withdraws for human consumption. These processes increase runoff, change the timing of in-stream flows and storage, and deplete available water resources. The quality and availability of urban water resources, therefore, is the aggregated result of landand water-use choices of citizens in a municipality. For example, land owners define the amount of imperviousness in lots through the adoption of Low Impact Development (LID), and consumers choose water conservation techniques and practices. Consumer decision-making is a dynamic process, however, as it is driven by water resources policies, which is, in turn, based on the current quality and availability of water resources. This research simulates a watershed as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS), which is characterized by interacting actors who influence and are influenced by the environment and the choices of other actors through dynamic feedback processes. A CAS can be simulated through the use of Agent Based Models (ABMs), which represents the interaction of multiple actors within an environment. A CAS framework is developed for an illustrative case study to simulate landowners and households as ABMs, coupled with a hydrologic and reservoir model. Agents make decisions to choose land use types, implement LID, and adopt water conservation practices. The CAS framework presents a more comprehensive view of the urban water system and the dynamic interactions between stormwater management and water supply for facilitating the water resources planning process.
Modeled response of ozone to electricity generation emissions in the northeastern United States using three sensitivity techniques

ABSTRACTElectrical generation units (EGUs) are important sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) that contribute to ozone air pollution. A dynamic management system can anticipate high ozone and dispatch EGU generation on a daily basis to attempt to avoid violations, temporarily scaling back or shutting down EGUs that most influence the high ozone while compensating for that generation elsewhere. Here we investigate the contributions of NOx from individual EGUs to high daily ozone, with the goal of informing the design of a dynamic management system. In particular, we illustrate the use of three sensitivity techniques in air quality models—brute force, decoupled direct method (DDM), and higher-order DDM—to quantify the sensitivity of high ozone to NOx emissions from 80 individual EGUs. We model two episodes with high ozone in the region around Pittsburgh, PA, on August 4 and 13, 2005, showing that the contribution of 80 EGUs to 8-hr daily maximum ozone ranges from 1 to >5 ppb at particular locations. At these lo...
Subnational Investment Abroad: California and the United States

This paper studies the geography of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) from subnational regions, specifically California and the rest of the United States. The use of multiple source regions, as opposed to one source, provides more variation in the analysis. At the same time, subnational regions have similar laws, business cultures, and customs, variables that might not be captured in an analysis of multiple sources. Results are that the geographic determinants of investment generally work in the same direction for investors from these two regions of the United States. However, the influence of those determinants differs based on the source of the investment.
Family Social Support and Family Intrusiveness in Young Adult Women

This study reports on the relationship between perceived family social support (FSS) and family intrusiveness (FI) in a sample of young adult women. These family system variables were hypothesized to be inversely correlated. The potential for a positive correlation was also explored to determine whether or not family support can coincide with deleterious intrusive social interaction. Results of the study showed an inverse correlation rather than positive. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
RESEARCH ON JOB-SEEKING DESIRE OF LONG-TERM UNEMPLOYMENT——Based on Public Employment Service

Based on the public employment service(PES),this paper built a research project on job-seeking desire of long-term unemployment persons and sought for some effective mechanisms to encourage and promote their job-seeking desire.To focus on the current situation of public employment service and the demand of employment,this paper also provided some feasible mechanisms and suggestions.
STUDY ON ADJUSTMENT TECHNOLOGY OF NATURE GAS PIPELINE SYSTEM

By analyzing and comparing nature gas pipeline calculation formula in common use, the adjustment and reconstruction project of the active duty of nature gas pipeline system was studied in the paper, considering the fact running status of the nature gas pipeline, the calculation formula applying the active duty of nature gas pipeline was presented. According to the mathematical model established, the waterpower calculation of the gas pipeline was done, and the gas pipeline system that needs to adjust and reconstruct or not was put forward. When the gas pipeline system need to adjust, three projects was presented in this paper: the first one is to add the compressor station to the old nature gas pipeline network, the second is to replace part of segment in the existent gas pipeline, and the last is to lay the looped pipeline. The three projects were successful to be applied in the gas pipeline at Southwest Area in Sichuan.
Other Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

This chapter focuses on a group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which includes miscellaneous rare subtypes as well as many individual cases that have been nonspecifically coded, some of which are identical to the non-Hodgkin lymphomas placed in other categories. As a group, these non-Hodgkin lymphomas are almost twice as common in males, and occur more commonly in San Francisco than in Los Angeles County or other areas of the country. All race/ethnicity groups and social classes are at roughly equal risk and its incidence begins to increase in young adulthood. Over time, incidence has increased, although the trend subsequently reversed, both in the county as a whole and among the residents of high-risk census tracts. Even though the pattern of occurrence is not identical to that of diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas or high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas, the higher risk in San Francisco, the higher risk among men, and the presence of high-risk census tracts in and around West Hollywood all suggest that this class of lymphomas includes a substantial number that have occurred preferentially among persons with AIDS.