cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential response of maize catalases and superoxide dismutases to the photoactivated fungal toxin cercosporin

Many fungi of the genus Cercospora produce a light-induced, photoactivated polyketide toxin called cercosporin. In the presence of light an excited form (triplet state) of the toxin molecule is produced which, depending on the reducing potential of the environment, reacts with molecular oxygen to produce singlet oxygen and/or superoxide radicals. In this paper a system is presented for analysis of antioxidant defense gene response using purified cercosporin under conditions demonstrated to favor superoxide formation. Under the assay conditions employed, changes in total catalase activity, as well as individual isozyme protein levels generally mirrored the changes observed in corresponding steady-state RNA levels in response to applied cercosporin. In contrast, while transcript accumulation for most maize superoxide dismutases increased dramatically, both total superoxide dismutase activity and individual isozyme protein levels remained constant in all toxin treatments. In one case, the analyses indicated that there are two distinct transcripts that hybridize with a gene-specific probe for Sod3. These two transcripts responded differentially to applied toxin (levels of the larger transcript increased while the smaller decreased), whereas corresponding steady-state levels for the SOD-3 isozyme proteins remained constant. This suggests that protein turnover might play a role in the response of these SODs to activated oxygen species.
Content-Based Foreign Language Instruction in the Middle School: An Experiential Learning Approach.

Numerous middle school reports acknowledge foreign languages as an important part of middle school curriculum, yet all too often, the foreign language teachers are on the periphery of decision making and curriculum planning activities. A thorough analysis of the National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP)–An Agenda for Excellence at the Middle Level reveals a significant overlap in instructional and curricular goals with Krashen's and Omaggio-Hadley's tenets of effective language learning and teaching. A detailed comparison of the NASSP document and the literature on content-based foreign language instruction reveals significant similarities in the curricular and instructional goals endorsed for middle level learners. Content-based foreign language instruction best accommodates the goals of interdisciplinary teams, hands-on, active and involved learning, student-centered in nature that is embraced by middle level educators.
Textbook adoption and other landmark decisions: The coverage of court cases in criminal justice textbooks, 1986 to 1995

We examine the coverage of court cases in 23 introductory criminal justice textbooks published from 1986 to 1995. The 30 cases receiving the most coverage (in inches of print) in the textbooks are identified and ranked by the amount of attention each receives. Collectively these cases can be considered the “landmark” decisions in the textbooks. We then evaluate the criminal justice textbooks by how extensively they cover (1) court cases in general and (2) the landmark cases in particular. We conclude with some recommendations of textbooks for course adoption.
Comparison of transmission and scanning electron fractography

The transmission electron microscope, with suitable replication techniques, was used extensively during the 1950s and 1960s to study the surfaces of metal fractures, both to understand the mechanism of fracture and for practical failure analysis. When the scanning electron microscope was introduced in the 1960s, these studies were greatly simplified by the lack of necessity for replication. The appearance of the fracture surfaces, however, was different in some cases from the appearance the fractographer was accustomed to seeing from his or her negative replica. This work was done to help translate from one technique to another.
Subcellular Localization of Pyrimidine Synthesis Enzymes in Bovine Mammary Tissue

Abstract Subcellular localization of enzymes of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway was determined in lactating bovine mammary tissue. Aspartate transcarbamylase was associated with a membrane portion of the microsomal cell fraction. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase was in the mitochondrial fraction with no evidence for a cytosolic enzyme requiring pyridine nucleotides. Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase was in the cytosol of the cell. The significance of these findings to other mammalian cells and orotic acid accumulation in bovine milk is discussed.
Hydrogen Component Fugacities in Binary Mixtures with Ethane: Temperature Dependence

The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in binary mixtures with ethane were measured using a physical equilibrium technique. This technique involves the use of an experimental chamber which is divided into two regions by a semipermeable membrane through which hydrogen, but not ethane, can penetrate. Measurement of the gas pressures inside and outside of the membrane allows a direct measurement of the hydrogen component fugacity coefficient at a given temperature and binary-mixture mole fraction. In this paper, results are reported at 101, 116, 141, 151, 160, and 190°C. In each case the total pressure of the mixture was maintained at 3.41 MPa. The qualitative features of the measurements are discussed and comparisons are made with predictions obtained from the Redlich-Kwong, Peng-Robinson, and extended corresponding-states models.
Calcitriol enhances gemcitabine antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo by promoting apoptosis in a human pancreatic carcinoma model system

Gemcitabine is the standard care chemotherapeutic agent to treat pancreatic cancer. Previously we demonstrated that calcitriol (1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) has significant anti-proliferative effects in vitro and in vivo in multiple tumor models and enhances the activity of a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. We therefore investigated whether calcitriol could potentiate the cytotoxic activity of gemcitabine in the human pancreatic cancer Capan-1 model system. Isobologram analysis revealed that calcitriol and gemcitabine had synergistic antiproliferative effect over a wide range of drug concentrations. Calcitriol did not reduce the cytidine deaminase activity in Capan-1 tumors nor in the livers of Capan-1 tumor bearing mice. Calcitriol and gemcitabine combination promoted apoptosis in Capan-1 cells compared with either agent alone. The combination treatment also increased the activation of caspases-8, -9, -6 and -3 in Capan-1 cells. This result was confirmed by substrate-based caspase activity assay. Akt phosphorylation was reduced by calcitriol and gemcitabine combination treatment compared to single agent treatment. However, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was not modulated by either agent alone or by the combination. Tumor regrowth delay studies showed that calcitriol in combination with gemcitabine resulted in a significant reduction of Capan-1 tumor volume compared to single agent treatment. Our study suggests that calcitriol and gemcitabine in combination promotes caspase-dependent apoptosis, which may contribute to increased anti-tumor activity compared to either agent alone.
Settling in solid-liquid systems with specific application to liquid phase sintering

Abstract The evolution of microstructure in liquid phase sintered (LPS) alloys as it occurs in a gravity environment is discussed. If the solid phase volume fraction ( V p ) is initially sufficiently low, a dispersion of isolated solid particles within the liquid develops first. These isolated particles settle at a velocity approximately equal to the Stokes' velocity and, in a finite container, the settling leads to the formation of a solid skeleton when V p reaches a critical value. This value is ca . 0.20 for Fe-Cu LPS alloys and because the transition to the skeleton structure is dictated by morphological considerations, we expect this critical value of V p is system independent. Once formed, a skeletal structure can continue to settle. The settling mechanism is controlled by “extrication” of solid particles from the skeleton and their subsequent directional flow within the liquid as a result of the differing solid and liquid densities. Since particle extrication is a relatively slow process, the “skeletal” settling rate is much reduced in comparison to free settling rates. Particle extrication times are system dependent; they are much less in W-(Fe-Ni-Cu) alloys than in Fe-Cu alloys. The differences are believed related to the variations in average neck size to average particle size ratio between the two materials. Both settling velocities in isolated and skeletal structures and the parameters defining the transitional behavior are discussed in terms of system physiochemistry and morphology.
Telaprevir or boceprevir triple therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and varying severity of cirrhosis.

Summary Background Risks and benefits of protease inhibitor (PI) (telaprevir or boceprevir) triple therapy in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients with mildly decompensated cirrhosis, including those wait-listed for liver transplantation (LT), are incompletely known. Aim To assess virological responses and safety of PI triple therapy in patients with mildly decompensated Child-Pugh (CP) CP ≥6 vs. compensated (CP = 5) cirrhosis. Methods Multicentre cohort of 160 adults with cirrhosis treated with peginterferon/ribavirin (peg-IFN/RBV) plus telaprevir (69%) or boceprevir (31%), comparing outcomes between those with CP = 5 and CP ≥6. Results Patients, 47% with CP ≥6 cirrhosis (CP range 6–10), received PI triple therapy for a targeted duration of 48 weeks. The cohort was median age 59 years, 32% female, 59% genotype 1a, 35% previous null/partial responders. Sustained virological response at 12 weeks (SVR12) was achieved by 35% of patients with CP ≥6 vs. 54% of those with CP = 5 (P = 0.02). CP = 5, achievement of rapid virological response and genotype 1b/other, independently predicted SVR12. Compared to those with CP = 5, patients with CP ≥6 had more peg-IFN dose reductions, eltrombopag use, transfusions and hospitalisations to manage adverse events (all P < 0.05). Overall, 67 (42%) discontinued treatment early. Nine wait-listed patients were treated for a median of 97 days (IQR 60–160) prior to liver transplantation and five achieved post-LT SVR. Conclusions In the presence of mild decompensation (Child-Pugh ≥6), SVR12 rates with protease inhibitor triple therapy are significantly reduced and adverse events increased. Thus, treatment with protease inhibitor triple therapy, if judged as necessary, should be undertaken with close monitoring and awareness of the significant risks.
Knowledge of Occupational Chemical Exposure and Smoking Behavior in Korean Immigrant Drycleaners

To examine the association between knowledge of chemical exposure at work and cigarette smoking among Korean immigrant drycleaners. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a total of 151 Korean immigrant drycleaners (mean age = 49 years, 64 % male) from 96 drycleaning shops in a Midwestern state. The data were collected on demographic and work-related characteristics, knowledge of occupational chemical exposure, health concerns associated with chemical exposure, and smoking status. Approximately 25 % of participants were current smokers. The multivariate regression showed that greater knowledge of occupational chemical exposures was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of current smoking [odds ratio (OR) .63; 95 % confidence interval (CI) .41–.95]. Furthermore, male gender (OR 6.32; 95 % CI 1.66–24.00), shorter-term residence in the US (OR .93; 95 % CI .88–.98), and having multiple duties (OR 2.76; 95 % CI 1.01–7.51) were important covariates associated with current smoking among Korean immigrant drycleaners. Knowledge on occupational chemical exposure was significantly associated with smoking among Korean immigrant drycleaners. Smoking cessation programs for this population should consider integrated approaches that incorporate work environment factors into individual and sociocultural components.
Letters of a Javanese Princess

Translated from the original Dutch by Agnes Louise Symmers and originally published by Alfred A. Knopf, this collection of letters was written by the daughter of a Javanese civil servant in the Dutch colonial government. She had been permitted the unusual privilege of attending a Dutch elementary school, but then returned home to seclusion during her adolescence, as was the Indonesian custom for women. The letters provide a fascinating picture of the life and spirit of the time during the period when Java was undergoing intimate contact with Western civilization. Through her writings she became a spokesman for the liberation and education of women, as well as an advocate for Indonesian nationalist aspirations. Co-published with the Asia Society.
MO-D-L100F-02: Nanotube Based Multi-Pixel Field Emission X-Ray for CT and Radiotherapy

Purpose: To develop a new field emission x‐ray source with multi‐pixel and multiplexing capability for high speed computed tomographyMethod and Materials: The new x‐ray source utilizes the carbon nanotubes(CNTs) as the “cold cathode” to replace the thermionic cathode used in the conventional x‐ray tube. The x‐ray tube current is generated by applying an external electrical field to extract the electrons from the carbon nanotubes. By controlling the triggering signal, x‐ray radiation with programmable waveforms can be readily generated. One‐ and two‐dimensionally pixilated x‐ray source with spatially distributed focal spots is constructed by using a matrix addressable multi‐pixel CNTcathode. The electronics for controlling and integration of the x‐ray source have been demonstrated. Results: A new x‐ray source based on the CNTfield emission technology has been developed. The x‐ray source is capable of generating the flux, energy and spatial resolution required for medical imaging. A micro‐focus x‐ray source with 30–50μm isotropic focal spot size has also been developed. A micro‐CT scanner using the field emission x‐ray source was constructed for imaging for small animal models with respiratory and cardiac gating capability. The results from preliminary studies will be discussed Conclusion: The CNT based field emission x‐ray source offers unique capabilities that are attractive for high speed CTimaging such as spatially distributed x‐ray pixels. It enables collection of multiple projection images from different viewing angles without mechanical motion either sequentially or simultaneously which can potentially lead to stationary gantry‐free CT scanners for high resolution and high‐speed imaging.
The C5a chemoattractant receptor mediates mucosal defence to infection

A FAMILY of G-protein-eoupled chemoattractant receptors is known to mediate the transport and activation of neutrophils and macrophages. This family includes receptors for chemokines, such as interleukin-8, bacterial formylated peptides, platelet-activating factor, leukotriene B4, and the complement anaphyla-toxins1–3. The apparent redundancy of these receptors suggests that they have an important underlying role in host defence. To isolate the contribution of particular molecules, we disrupted a gene that encodes a single chemoattractant receptor. Here we show that mice deficient in the chemoattractant C5a receptor, in comparison to their wild-type littermates, were unable to clear intrapulmonary-instilled Pseudomonas aeruginosa, despite a marked increase in neutrophil influx, and succumbed to pneumonia. These C5a-receptor-deficient mice challenged with sub-lethal inocula of Pseudomonas become superinfected with secondary bacterial strains. We conclude that the C5a receptor has a non-redundant function, and is required for mucosal host defence in the lung.
Quasi-optical grids with thin rectangular patch/aperture elements

Theoretical analysis is presented for an efficient and accurate performance evaluation of quasi-optical grids comprised of thin rectangular patch/aperture elements with/without a dielectric substrate/superstrate. The convergence rate of this efficient technique is improved by an order of magnitude with the approximate edge conditions incorporated in the basis functions of the integral equation solution. Also presented are the interesting applications of this efficient analytical technique to the design and performance evaluation of the coupling grids and beam splitters in the optical systems as well as thermal protection sunshields used in the communication systems of satellites and spacecrafts.
Dentistscan write prescriptions

0 NE of the major disciplines in dentistry is the use of drugs as adjuncts to more successful dental treatment. With the proper use of drugs, the dentist can lessen apprehension, tension, and fear on the part of his patients; he should not. be content only with eliminating pain in the area of the operative field. The dentist who does not take into consideration the emotional attitude of the patient before,, during, and following treatment, and who does not attempt intelligently to use all the tools and aids available to him to make dental treatment as pleasant as possible, is not providing total or adequate dental care for his patients.
A unified microwave radiative transfer model with Jacobian for general stratified media: Extension and numerical results

A unified microwave radiative transfer (UMRT) model is developed for rapid, stable and accurate level-centric calculation of the thermal radiation emitted from any geophysical medium comprised of planar layers of either densely or tenuously distributed, moderately sized spherical scatterers.
Development of glycerophosphate acytransferase in guinea pig lung mitochondria and microsomes

Development of mitochondrial and microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase in the fetal guinea pig lung was investigated. Mitochondrial and microsomal enzyme activity gradually increased from 45 days to 55 days of gestation. The specific activity in the microsomal fraction (8.2 nmol/min per mg protein) then declined until term, but increased again in the 24-h newborn from 2.5 to 6.1 nmol/min per mg protein. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity in the mitochondrial fraction declined after 55 days (3.5 nmol/min per mg) to a minimum level at 60 days (1.8 nmol/min per mg), but increased again in the 24-h newborn (4.0 nmol/min per mg). The specific activity of both mitochondrial and microsomal enzyme declined after 24 h after birth until adult levels were attained. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity in mitochondria and microsomes from adult lung was 0.8 and 2.0 nmol/min per mg, respectively. Microsomal enzyme activity was consistently inhibited (over 95%) throughout gestation and adulthood by exposure to any one of several proteinases: trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, bromelain, pronase and nagarse. Although mitochondrial enzyme activity was also inhibited by these proteinases, there was a continuous increase in proteinase-resistant glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity between 45 days of gestation and term. In contrast, adult mitochondrial enzyme activity was stimulated by all the proteinases studied. These results suggest that early in gestation, glycerophosphate acyltransferase lies more exposed on the cytoplasmic side of the mitochondrial outer membrane and as gestation progresses it becomes embedded into the phospholipid bilayer.
TH2-Polarized CD4+ T Cells and Macrophages Limit Efficacy of Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy and chemotherapy following surgery are mainstays of treatment for breast cancer. Although multiple studies have recently revealed the significance of immune cells as mediators of chemotherapy response in breast cancer, less is known regarding roles for leukocytes as mediating outcomes following radiotherapy. To address this question, we utilized a syngeneic orthotopic murine model of mammary carcinogenesis to investigate if response to radiotherapy could be improved when select immune cells or immune-based pathways in the mammary microenvironment were inhibited. Treatment of mammary tumor-bearing mice with either a neutralizing mAb to colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) or a small-molecule inhibitor of the CSF-1 receptor kinase (i.e., PLX3397), resulting in efficient macrophage depletion, significantly delayed tumor regrowth following radiotherapy. Delayed tumor growth in this setting was associated with increased presence of CD8(+) T cells and reduced presence of CD4(+) T cells, the main source of the TH2 cytokine IL4 in mammary tumors. Selective depletion of CD4(+) T cells or neutralization of IL4 in combination with radiotherapy phenocopied results following macrophage depletion, whereas depletion of CD8(+) T cells abrogated improved response to radiotherapy following these therapies. Analogously, therapeutic neutralization of IL4 or IL13, or IL4 receptor alpha deficiency, in combination with the chemotherapy paclitaxel, resulted in slowed primary mammary tumor growth by CD8(+) T-cell-dependent mechanisms. These findings indicate that clinical responses to cytotoxic therapy in general can be improved by neutralizing dominant TH2-based programs driving protumorigenic and immune-suppressive pathways in mammary (breast) tumors to improve outcomes.
Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities: Educators in Expressive Arts Therapy

The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe students’ experiences during their participation in Express Yourself, an expressive arts service-learning program that partners university students from several different programs with adults with intellectual disabilities. In reflective papers students reported that they were most challenged in meeting their partners, determining their partners’ abilities and their own role, and assisting their partners in expressing themselves through art. We found that students need instruction in how to speak respectfully to individuals with intellectual disabilities and that students benefit from the time to reflect on their experiences. Our results support the conclusions of previous research on service learning that direct experience with individuals with disabilities can reduce stereotypes and facilitate understanding between individuals.
Effect of indistinguishable nuclei on product rotational distributions: D+DI→D2+I

Abstract A marked population alternation between adjacent rotational levels is observed for the D2(ν=1, J) product of the D+DI→D2+I reaction, analogous to that reported for the H+HI→H2+I reaction (P.M. Aker, G.J. Germann, and J.J. Valentini, J. Chem. Phys. 90 (1989) 4795; D.A.V. Kliner, K.-D. Rinnen and R.N. Zare, J. Chem. Phys. 90 (1989) 4625). These alternations result from the indistinguishability of the D (H) nuclei in the D+DI (H+HI) reaction. The magnitude of the alternations indicates that there are no symmetry constraints on the reaction complex aside from nuclear exchange symmetry (conserved nuclear spin-statistics (CNSS) condition).
In Vivo use of monoclonal antibodies against murine T cell antigens

Abstract Experiments were performed seeking conditions for the optimum use of anti-T cell monoconal antibodies in vivo in mice. Anti-L3T4 (CD4) and anti-Lyt2 (CD8) antibodies of different subclasses (IgG2b, IgG2a, and IgM) and species (rat or mouse) were used. The results showed that (i) intraperitoneal compared to intravenous administration of the different antibodies achieved the same serum levels whether in the presence or absence of the recipient's thymus; (ii) repeated treatment with a rat IgM anti-L3T4 or a rat IgG2b anti-Lyt2 antibody was followed by inability to detect serum levels of each antibody; (iii) in vivo treatment with these antibodies caused target cell lysis, target antigen masking without cell destruction, or target antigen modulation without cell destruction and the particular effect of a given antibody could not be predicted by its isotype or specificity; (iv) neither the C5 component of complement nor antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mediated the action of GK1.5 antibody in vivo; (v) dose-response curves of in vivo potency of a given antibody could not be predicted by in vitro assays; (vi) thymocytes were depleted by monoclonal antibody treatment by using 1000-fold more antibody than needed to deplete peripheral lymphocytes; (vii) the rate of return of target T cells after depletion in nonthymectomized mice depended on the dose of the antibody; and (viii) thymectomy prolonged the effect of most, but not all antibodies. In thymectomized mice, CD8 + cells remained almost undetectable for prolonged periods of time after depletion while CD4 + cells returned to approximately 30% of their original level and remained constant over time after initial complete depletion. These results provide useful data for the effective use of monoclonal anti-T cell antibodies in mice. They stress the difficulty of predicting the in vivo effects of monoclonal antibodies without actually testing them in vivo . They include new insights into mechanisms of action of monoclonal antibodies and the role of thymectomy in prolonging their effect. They describe the unrecognized ability of antibodies to deplete thymocytes.
Single-Stage Cholecystectomy at the Time of Pancreatic Necrosectomy Is Safe and Prevents Future Biliary Complications: a 20-Year Single Institutional Experience with 217 Consecutive Patients

Current guidelines recommend cholecystectomy (CCY) during the index admission for mild to moderate biliary pancreatitis as delayed CCY is associated with a substantial risk of recurrent biliary events. Delayed CCY is recommended in severe pancreatitis. The optimal timing of CCY in necrotizing pancreatitis, however, has not been well studied. We sought to determine the safety of single-stage CCY performed at the time of necrosectomy and its effectiveness in preventing subsequent biliary complications. We retrospectively queried our institutional database of patients who underwent pancreatic necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis from 1992 to 2012. We identified 217 consecutive patients who underwent pancreatic necrosectomy during the study period. The most common etiologies of pancreatitis were biliary (41 %) and alcoholic (24 %), with a median computed tomography (CT) severity index score of 6 ± 1.6 and a 63.6 % incidence of infected necrosis. Ninety-eight patients had undergone CCY prior to necrosectomy. Seventy patients (59 % of those with gallbladders in situ) underwent CCY at the time of pancreatic necrosectomy. CCY was not performed in the remaining 49 due to a clear non-biliary etiology (35 %), technical difficulty (29 %), intraoperative hemodynamic instability (18 %), or surgeon preference (18 %). Postoperative morbidity and mortality was no different between the CCY and no CCY groups, with no bile duct injury or bile leaks in patients undergoing CCY at the time of necrosectomy. Of the patients undergoing CCY, 43 % of patients without cholelithiasis or biliary sludge on preoperative imaging had gallstones or sludge identified pathologically after single-stage CCY. Of those who did not receive a single-stage CCY, biliary complications developed in 17 (35 %) of patients (21 % cholecystitis, 14 % recurrent gallstone pancreatitis) at a median time to incidence of 10 months. Seventeen (35 %) patients eventually received a postnecrosectomy cholecystectomy, of which 75 % required an open procedure. Single-stage CCY at the time of pancreatic necrosectomy is safe in selected patients and should be performed if technically feasible to prevent future biliary complications and reduce the need for a subsequent separate, often open, CCY.
Schwannoma of the cervical esophagus

Esophageal schwannoma is a rare tumor first described in 1967 by Chaterlin and Fissore. These tumors are most commonly found incidentally or from diagnostic work up of dysphagia or dyspnea. This entity cannot be diagnosed on clinical or radiographic basis alone. Histology demonstrates palisading spindle cells, few if any mitotic figures, and a peripheral cuff of lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells stain positive for S100, a characteristic marker of Schwann cells. Once diagnosed, surgical enucleation is the typical treatment method employed.
Postmortem cryosectioning as an anatomic reference for human brain mapping

This study examined the densitometric and topographic detail of high resolution 3D digital postmortem cryosectioned brain images. Anatomic image data and histology from cryosectioned human brain were compared to in vivo MRI for the ability to delineate neuroanatomic structure. 3D surface reconstructions in the Talairach and Tournoux atlas ("Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain", Thieme, New York, 1988) coordinate system enabled morphometric comparisons for a representative sample of neuroanatomic structures. Spatial resolution of cryosection images averaged 200 and 170 microns/pixel for whole head and brain, respectively, and 40 microns/pixel for isolated the brain regions. Anatomic detail was far superior to MRI, particularly in deep subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia and in mesencephalic nuclei and tracts. Digital repositioning in the Talairach coordinate system enabled efficient structure localization and morphometric comparison. Histology from collected tissue sections provided cytologic detail that could be mapped to its approximate 3D context. This approach permits comprehensive morphometric analyses necessary for an anatomic framework to a digital atlas of the human brain.
Benchmark experiments and characteristic cyclic plasticity deformation

Key issues in cyclic plasticity modeling are discussed based upon representative experimental observations on several commonly used engineering materials. Cyclic plasticity is characterized by the Bauschinger effect, cyclic hardening/softening, strain range effect, nonproporitonal hardening, and strain ratcheting. Additional hardening is identified to associate with ratcheting rate decay. Proper modeling requires a clear distinction among different types of cyclic plasticity behavior. Cyclic hardening/softening sustains dependent on the loading amplitude and loading history. Strain range effect is common for most engineering metallic materials. Often, nonproportional hardening is accompanied by cyclic hardening, as being observed on stainless steels and pure copper. A clarification of the two types of material behavior can be made through benchmark experiments and modeling technique. Ratcheting rate decay is a common observation on a number of materials and it often follows a power law relationship with the number of loading cycles under the constant amplitude stress controlled condition. Benchmark experiments can be used to explore the different cyclic plasticity properties of the materials. Discussions about proper modeling are based on the typical cyclic plasticity phenomena obtained from testing several engineering materials under various uniaxial and multiaxial cyclic loading conditions. Sufficient experimental evidence points to the unambiguous conclusion that none of the hardening phenomena (cyclic hardening/softening, strain range effect, nonproportional hardening, and strain hardening associated with ratcheting rate decay) is isotropic in nature. None of the hardening behavior can be properly modeled with a change in the yield stress.
Paracrine control of spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex process that is both remarkable and enigmatic. While circulating hormones clearly play an important role in initiating and regulating the process, the Sertoli cell barrier prevents most substances from entering the seminiferous tubule compartment and directly influencing germ cell development. Therefore, the testis cannot rely solely upon the delivery of circulating hormones, nutrients, and growth factors, but must independently produce its own regulatory substances. A rapidly increasing number of testicular factors that appear to modulate spermatogenesis in a paracrine fashion are now being identified. These discoveries are beginning to contribute to our understanding of the intricate network of testicular cell-cell interactions that control male reproduction.
High strain rate deformation and failure of A533B steel at various temperatures

Abstract A study of the response of A533B steel of high strain rate loading in shear is presented. Experiments have been conducted using a torsional split Hopkinson bar technique at strain rates of 800 s −1 and 5000 s −1 , and various temperatures ranging from −150° to 300°C. The results show a sensitivity of the material to both the strain rate and he temperature at which it deforms. The failure process of the material at temperatures of 5° and −150°C is closely examined. The results show a ductile failure at both temperatures even though the stress-strain curves from tests at −150°C show no, or very little, homogeneous plastic deformation beyond the observed yield point. The failure process at both temperatures is associated with nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids.
The continuity of symmetric and smooth functions

which are non-measurable, fail to possess the Baire property and assume every real value uncountably many times on every perfect set [4]. However, symmetric functions which are measurable are known to be quite nice in that they are of Baire class one and are continuous almost everywhere [5]. As might be expected, measurable smooth functions are even better behaved in that they belong to the class Baire* one [7] and have only a countable number of discontinuities [6]. In this work the set of points on which symmetric and smooth functions are continuous is studied. First, it is shown that an arbitrary function with the Baire property which is symmetric on a residual set of points is also continuous on a residual set. In then follows easily that any symmetric function with the Baire property is in Baire class one. Second, the set of points at which a measurable smooth function is discontinuous is characterized as a separated set in the sense of Hausdorff [3]. First, some notation must be introduced. I f A c R , A will denote the closure of A, A" will denote the set of limit points of A, and A c will denote the complement of A. The distance between a point x and the set A will be denoted by d(x, A). The set A = R is separated if A has no subset which is dense in itself. All functions are finite-valued with domains contained in R. If f is a function, then the oscillation of f at x is written o)f(x). The set of points at which f is continuous is written C(f) and the set of points at which f is discontinuous is written D(f). A function f : R R has the Baire property if there is a set A residual in R such that the restriction of f to A, f IA, is continuous. If f is symmetric at x and ~>0, then 6(x, ~) denotes a positive number such that ]A2f(x,h)]<~ for O<h<5(x, e).
Crassulacean acid metabolism in the seasonally submerged aquatic Isoetes howellii

Evidence to date is consistent with the hypothesis that the submerged aquatic Isoetes howellii Engelmann possesses crassulacean acid metabolism. Quantitative 14C uptake studies indicate that CO2 assimilation in both the light and dark are functions of pH and total inorganic carbon level. In both the light and dark, maximum uptake rates in 0.6 mM NaHCO3 were double the rates in 0.3 mM NaHCO3. At both carbon levels there was a large drop in carbon assimilation rate between pH 6 and 8. In nature water pH and inorganic carbon level fluctuated diurnally thus complicating the determination of the contribution of light vs dark CO2 uptake to the total carbon gain. On a sunny day between 0600 and 1200 h water chemistry changed markedly with ∼40% reduction in total carbon, ∼2 pH unit rise resulting from ∼100% depletion of free CO2. Under such conditions daytime deacidification in Isoetes leaves was 88% complete by noon. In contrast, on an overcast day, reduction of carbon in the water was much slower, deacidification was only 46% complete by noon and substantial malic acid levels remained in the leaves at the end of the day. Upon emergence crassulacean acid metabolism was largely lost in Isoetes leaves. Preliminary estimates suggest that under natural submerged conditions, early morning photosynthetic rates may be substantially higher than dark CO2 uptake rates, though uptake rates throughout much of the day could be substantially lower than nightime CO2 assimilation.
Stasis and change in the IMF and World Bank: international context and institutional dynamics

Abstract Despite changes in the international political economy, and pronounced dissatisfaction with their performance by developing states, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have maintained consistent missions and operations. Factors suggesting stability include broad First World support for the institutions, vigorous work by Fund and Bank staff to maintain their positions, and agreement by several newly industrializing countries with the prescriptions of the agencies. Factors working for modification have included macroeconomic shifts reducing the necessity for the agencies, increases in the number and power of less developed countries, and transformations in the nature of power among Third World states. Stasis forces have been stronger, especially because they directly influence the decision making within the Fund and Bank. Nonetheless, the recent financial crises in developing states, the prospect of similar ones in the near future, and the interdependence of First and Third World economies make the present an appropriate time for developing states to redouble efforts to force alterations in the organizations.
The genetic value of sons and daughters

Bulmer (1986) has recently studied sex ratio evolu= tion under the island migration model. His study was motivated by my statement that as genetic differentiation among isolated patches increases, _the predicted proportion of males declines linearly with Pdt, Wright's (1969) measure for differentiation among demes (Frank, 1985, 1986). Bulmer's results show, under the assumptions of his particular model, that the sex ratio is independent of the migration rate for a diploid organism. Since Pdt declines towards zero as the migration rate declines—no migration leads to complete fixation within demes—Bulmer's result suggests that the sex ratio is independent of Pdt. Here I show that different model assumptions are the cause underlying the discrepancy between our results. I also derive an analytic solution for the scenario studied numerically by Bulmer, by applying the genetic value methodology developed in Frank (1986). The scenario Bulmer studied is characterised by the following assumptions. (i) There are a large number of discrete patches in the population. (ii) In each discrete, non-overlapping generation, mating occurs randomly within patches, and there is no mating between individuals born in different patches. (iii) A fraction m of the mated females disperse and settle randomly in each generation, while 1– m of the mated females remain in their natal patch. (iv) Within each patch, N mated females are chosen randomly from among dispersers and non-dispersers, and these females reproduce to form the next generation. I will first consider a model of a diploid organism with maternal control of the sex ratio. Other types of genetic control studied by Bulmer will be discussed later. To obtain the ESS sex ratio (proportion of males) as functions of m and N by using hierarchical selection theory, all that we need is a statement about the expected number of grandprogeny of an individual, sometimes called the "adaptive function" (Frank, 1986), and the assumption that the sex ratio is controlled at a single locus with additive gene action. Let there be two sex ratio phenotypes: an a-type with sex ratio ra, and a b-type with sex ratio 7.6; let the average sex ratio in the deme be rd ; and let the average sex ratio in the population be r. To obtain the expected number of grandprogeny, begin by calling z = (1– m) (1– rd )+ m (1– r) proportional to the expected number of mated females in the natal patch, after migration, that compete for a fixed number of breeding spots, N. The expected number of competing females in a random patch is proportional to 1– r. Therefore the expected number of grandprogeny through daughters for an a-type is proportional to
A Study of Phosphorus Uptake in the Rat Tooth by Radioactive Tracer Techniques

The results of a study to determine the rate of uptake of phosphate in rats' teeth following the intraperitoneal injection of potassium biphosphate containing radioactive phosphorus are reported. The techniques employed are described and the results obtained are discussed and tabulated.
Oncogenic ras and p53 cooperate to induce cellular senescence.

Oncogenic activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade in murine fibroblasts initiates a senescence-like cell cycle arrest that depends on the ARF/p53 tumor suppressor pathway. To investigate whether p53 is sufficient to induce senescence, we introduced a conditional murine p53 allele (p53val135) into p53-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts and examined cell proliferation and senescence in cells expressing p53, oncogenic Ras, or both gene products. Conditional p53 activation efficiently induced a reversible cell cycle arrest but was unable to induce features of senescence. In contrast, coexpression of oncogenic ras or activated mek1 with p53 enhanced both p53 levels and activity relative to that observed for p53 alone and produced an irreversible cell cycle arrest that displayed features of cellular senescence. p19ARF was required for this effect, since p53−/− ARF−/− double-null cells were unable to undergo senescence following coexpression of oncogenic Ras and p53. Although the levels of exogenous p53 achieved in ARF-null cells were relatively low, the stabilizing effects of p19ARF on p53 could not explain the cooperation between oncogenic Ras and p53 in promoting senescence. Hence, enforced p53 expression without oncogenic ras in p53−/− mdm2−/− double-null cells produced extremely high p53 levels but did not induce senescence. Taken together, our results indicate that oncogenic activation of the MAP kinase pathway in murine fibroblasts converts p53 into a senescence inducer through both quantitative and qualitative mechanisms.
Power Analysis of One-Ports Under Periodic Multi-Sinusoidal Linear Operation

In this paper, a complete theory of the power behavior of one-ports under periodic multi-sinusoidal linear operation is presented. It is based on a time-domain vector space approach in two steps. First, the one-port instantaneous current is decomposed into four orthogonal currents. Second, their power counterparts (absolute powers) are defined as products of norms. Hence, vector and scalar expressions for the absolute powers in the frequency domain are derived both in terms of voltage and current root mean square (rms)-phasor vectors and in terms of the voltage rms-phasor vector and of the multi-frequency admittance matrix. Finally, the hyper-power, a quantity consisting of a scalar/matrix pair, is devised. Like the well-known complex power, the hyper-power condenses all power information and obeys the usual conservation laws
Variation in pelagic larval growth of Atlantic billfishes: the role of prey composition and selective mortality

Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) and sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) larvae were collected from 10 monthly cruises (June–October 2003 and 2004) across the Straits of Florida to test (1) whether growth differed between the more productive western region near the Florida shelf, and the less productive eastern region toward the Bahamas, and (2) whether growth was related to prey consumption. Examination of larval sagittal otoliths revealed that instantaneous growth and daily growth during the first 2–3 weeks of life did not vary significantly between the two regions for either species. However, recent growth during the last two full days prior to collection was greater in the west for blue marlin larvae. Recent growth of blue marlin larvae <9 mm SL (primarily zooplanktivorous) was significantly related to prey composition (faster growth when higher proportions of Farranula copepods were consumed). Western larvae grew faster and had higher proportions of Farranula in their guts. Trends for sailfish larvae were not significant. In both species, comparison of early growth between <9 and ≥9 mm SL size groups indicated that growth trajectories diverged around 5–8 mm SL, the time when billfish larvae become capable of piscivory. Significantly faster growth of larger (older) larvae suggests that mortality was selective for fast growers and that the transition to piscivory may be a critical point in the early life of billfish.
Migraine‐Like Visual Phenomena Associated With Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

Two adults presented with new-onset migrainous-type visual disturbances and had angiographically demonstrated filling defects near the torcular Herophili. Neither patient had a visual field deficit nor cerebral computed tomography evidence of an occipital infarction. The association of migraine-like visual phenomena with cerebral venous thrombosis may provide insight into the pathogenesis of migraine.
A Function-Based Approach for Integrated Design of Material and Product Concepts

Designing advanced multifunctional materials and products in an integrated fashion starting from the conceptual stage provides designers with increased flexibility to achieve system performance goals that were not previously achievable. Today however, product designers commonly select more or less advanced materials from selection charts or catalogs, rather than designing them along with the product from the conceptual stage on. In order to increase a designer's flexibility and system performance in the conceptual stage and render conceptual materials design more systematic, hence less ad-hoc and intuitive, the main contribution is the development of a function-based systematic approach to the integrated design of material and product concepts from a systems perspective. This systematic approach is focused on developing multilevel function structures, including the material levels. Based on functional analysis, abstraction and synthesis, multiscale phenomena and associated governing solution principles are mapped to functional relationships. Hence, multilevel function structures are embodied into system concepts based on comprehensive identification and integration of phenomena and associated governing solution principles occurring at multiples levels of complexity and time and length scales. In this paper, the function-based approach to integrated design of material and product concepts is illustrated through the systematic design of reactive material containment system concepts. Having developed an overall reactive material containment system function structure, a more detailed function structure on the materials level is created. For dominating functional relationships at the materials level, governing solution principles are identified on multiple scales. The most promising solution principles are then classified in morphological charts. Combining solution principles in a systematic fashion including the materials level, principal solutions are identified. The most promising principal solutions, in other words the principal solution alternatives that narrow the gap to desired system performance goals, are selected and illustrated in concept selection charts. Finally, material and product system concepts are characterized in terms of its specific properties, which are to be tailored to the functional requirements and performance goals in subsequent embodiment design processes. Generating principal solution alternatives and hence developing concepts of the product and material as an integrated system, materials design becomes more systematic and hence less ad-hoc and intuitive. At the same time, designers are enabled to achieve system performance goals that were not previously achievable.