cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchrotron SAXS studies of segmented polyurethanes

It has been reported by us, for the first time, that segmented polyurethanes (SPUs) based on 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BD) as the hard segment could form spherulite structures upon melt-quenching to an annealing temperature (T A) above 120°C. Synchrotron small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments were performed to investigate the microphase separated structures corresponding to the spherulite formation. With increasing hard-segment content, both the integrated scattered intensity (Q) and the interdomain spacing (d) increased first and then decreased when the hard segment was above 50%, possibly due to phase inversion. With increasing T A, the Q values increased first, reached a maximum at ∼107°C, and then decreased with further increase in T A; the d values showed a monotonic increase. The kinetics of phase separation was investigated after the samples were quenched from the melt to 140°C. Interdomain spacing remained unchanged throughout the whole process. The results indicated that the hard-segment mobility and the system viscosity were the two key factors controlling the phase structure.
Phase Transitions and Shape Memory in NiTi

The “premartensitic” transformation of the B2 phase in NiTi was studied using electrical resistance measurement, X-ray diffraction, and shape-change effects. The degree of rhombohedral distortion of that transformation and the electrical resistance change show similar temperature dependence. In particular, whenT R » Ms, this encompasses a narrow temperature region of rapid increase just belowT R, followed by an extended range of levelling off. The onset of the martensitic transformation is not necessarily preceeded by the rhombohedral distortion, and the latter proceeds continuously belowT R and persists throughout the martensite transformation range. Thus three kinds of phase transformation can occur: B2 ai R, B2 ai M, R ai M; B2 ai R is not a precursory phenomenon. Observations on the two-way memory (TWM) and its correlation to resistance changes in NiTi leads to the conclusion that whenT R >M s, the TWM is comprised of two stages. On cooling, the B2 → R transformation is responsible for the initial stage, which is thermally reversible without hysteresis. The second stage of the TWM, which is due to martensite formation, is reversible in shape change, but with a thermal hysteresis. It is also suggested that on heating, the R → B2 transformation can contribute to the primary shape memory effect in NiTi.
Energy cost minimization for unrelated parallel machine scheduling under real time and demand charge pricing

Abstract There is an increasing concern in manufacturing systems to reduce electricity costs and lower carbon footprints. There are usually two ways of reducing manufacturing electricity costs. One consists of reducing the total electricity demand by using more efficient equipment and processes, and the other focuses on scheduling algorithms to determine the best response to pricing policies put in place by energy companies. In parts of the United States these pricing policies consist of both a consumption charge, which is related to the total amount of energy consumed, and a demand charge for the highest average power consumed over a given time window. Consideration for both time-dependent consumption charges and demand charges when planning a production schedule (e.g. parallel machine scenario) can reduce the total electricity costs. In this paper, a mathematical optimization model is proposed to schedule jobs in which both demand charges and consumption charges are considered for a facility with parallel machines. Results show that total electricity costs can be reduced significantly when demand charges are included in scheduling decisions versus considering only consumption charges. Results further indicate a significant reduction in peak demands for the facility, which provides a benefit for both the facility and the utility. Results also indicate that considering both demand and consumption charges does not increase the total electricity consumed. This study further analyzes the implications of changing model parameters such as the number of machines, machine utilization, and the price of the demand charge. The results provide a better understanding of how demand charges can affect the schedule of a manufacturing facility if total energy costs are to be minimized.
The Relationship Between Advanced Placement Mathematics Courses and Students’ STEM Career Interest:

Increasing the number of students choosing a STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) career is a national educational priority. One way thought to increase interest in STEM is with...
Loss of Tnk1/Kos1 in Mice Is Associated with B-Lymphomas Specifically DLBCL.

Abstract 3972 Poster Board III-908 The ubiquitously expressed nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRPTK) Tnk1/Kos1 (Thirty-eight negative kinase/Kinase of the embryonic stem cell) functions as a negative regulator of growth in both murine and human cells by suppressing the Ras-Raf1-MapK growth pathway. Since Tnk1 requires its intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity to suppress Ras activity and cell growth, the kinase domain is critical for its function and deletion by targeted homologous recombination leads to spontaneous tumor development in mice. To date, Tnk1/Kos1 is the only reported NRPTK that functions as a tumor suppressor in vivo, while other tyrosine kinases may be oncogenic when mutated or activated. While Tnk1 knockout mice may develop primary tumors in different tissues/organs, mainly B-cell lymphomas develop in Tnk1-/- (80%, 47 of 60) and Tnk1+/- (57%, 31 of 54) mice with similar characteristics of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt Lymphoma types. Typically in lymphomas from Tnk1+/- mice the intact wild type allele is epigenetically modified and silenced by promoter methylation. Importantly, the absence of Tnk1 occurs only in the tumor tissue but not in the adjacent uninvolved tissue. Now we find allelic loss with associated reduced expression of Tnk1 transcripts and protein in a cohort of human DLBCL patients. These data underscore the potential clinical relevance of Tnk1 in human hematological malignancies. Furthermore, the B-cell lymphomas that develop in the Tnk1 knockout mice express aberrantly high Ras activity indicating that unmutated Ras is a likely necessary effector of B-cell lymphoma development and survival. We also recently determined that the aberrantly high levels Ras activity in lymphoma (but not paired uninvolved lymphoid tissue) from mice results from a novel mechanism involving stabilization of the Grb2-Sos1 complex to maintain activated Ras in these tissues. Therefore, the Tnk1 knockout mouse provides a unique opportunity to test whether and how Tnk1 is involved in the development and/or maintenance of the B-cell lymphomas that develop in the absence of Ras mutation which may have clinical significance for patients with lymphoma. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Functional interaction between Fanconi anemia and mTOR pathways during stalled replication fork recovery

ABSTRACT Fanconi anemia (FA) is a multi-gene genomic instability disorder characterized by cancer predisposition. Clinically, FA patients are diagnosed with bone marrow failure as well as different types of cancer, mainly acute myeloid leukemia and solid tumors. FA genes encode for DNA damage repair proteins. One of the consequences of cellular exposure to DNA damaging agents is that the DNA replication stalls. Once damaged DNA is repaired, replication needs to restart. We have previously demonstrated that FA proteins work in concert with other FA as well as non-FA proteins to mediate restart of stalled replication forks. Previous studies strongly suggest a connection between the FA protein FANCD2 and a non-FA protein named mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is a central regulator of critical cellular functions such as cellular growth, proliferation and survival, transcription, protein and nucleotide synthesis, and autophagy. mTOR was shown to regulate DNA damage through NF-κB-mediated FA pathway. A recent study further showed that mTOR is involved in actin-dependent DNA replication fork restart, strongly suggesting possible roles in the FA DNA repair pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that mTOR physically interacts with FANCD2 during DNA damage or replication stress. We further show that mTOR cooperates with FANCD2 to provide cellular stability after replication fork stalling, and that mTOR-FANCD2 pathways work in concert to mediate stalled replication fork restart. mTOR also shares the function of FANCD2 in preventing nucleolytic degradation of the nascent DNA strands at the stalled replication forks. Taken together, this study unravels a novel functional cross-talk between two important mechanisms: mTOR and FA DNA repair pathways that together ensure genomic stability during proliferation.
Frozen-thawed embryo transfer: the potential importance of the corpus luteum in preventing obstetrical complications

The use of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) has increased over the past decade with improvements in technology and increasing live birth rates. FET facilitates elective single-embryo transfer, reduces ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, optimizes endometrial receptivity, allows time for preimplantation genetics testing, and facilitates fertility preservation. FET cycles have been associated, however, with an increased risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy for reasons that are not clear. Recent evidence suggests that absence of the corpus luteum (CL) could be at least partly responsible for this increased risk. In a recent prospective cohort study, programmed FET cycles (no CL) were associated with higher rates of preeclampsia and preeclampsia with severe features compared with modified natural FET cycles. FET cycles are commonly performed in the context of a programmed cycle in which the endometrium is prepared with the use of exogenous E2 and P. In these cycles, ovulation is suppressed and therefore the CL is absent. The CL produces not only E2 and P, but also vasoactive products, such as relaxin and vascular endothelial growth factor, which are not replaced in a programmed FET cycle and which are hypothesized to be important for initial placentation. Emerging evidence has also revealed other adverse obstetrical and perinatal outcomes, including postpartum hemorrhage, macrosomia, and post-term birth specifically in programmed FET cycles compared with natural FET cycles. Despite the widespread use of FET, the optimal protocol with respect to live birth rate, maternal health, and perinatal outcomes has yet to be determined. Future practice regarding FET should be based on high-quality evidence, including rigorous controlled trials.
Aerial 3D building reconstruction from RGB drone imagery

3D Building Reconstruction is an important problem with applications in urban planning, emergency response, and disaster planning. This paper presents a new pipeline for 3D reconstruction of buildings from RGB imagery captured via a drone. We leverage the commercial software Pix4D to construct a 3D point cloud from RGB drone imagery, which is then used in conjunction with image processing and geometric methods to extract a building footprint. The footprint is then extruded vertically based on the heights of the segmented rooftops. The footprint extraction involves two main steps, line segment detection and polygonization of the lines. To detect line segments, we project the point cloud onto a regular grid, detect preliminary lines using the Hough transform, refine them via RANSAC, and convert them into line segments by checking the density of the points surrounding the line. In the polygonization step, we convert detected line segments into polygons by constructing and completing partial polygons, and then filter them by checking for support in the point cloud. The polygons are then merged based on their respective height profiles. We have tested our system on two buildings of several thousand square feet in Alameda, CA, and obtained an F1 score of 0.93 and 0.95 respectively as compared to the ground truth.
Evaluation and validation of a high spatial resolution satellite soil moisture product over the Continental United States

Abstract The soil moisture (SM) data retrieved from the Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) satellite are available at a 9 km grid spacing since April 2015. This product can provide valuable information for research and applications in hydrology and other related fields. However, the resolution may be too coarse for applications at catchment or field scale. In this study, an established downscaling methodology, which had a major modification regarding its application on the SMAP 33 km domain, was implemented to develop a 1 km soil moisture product based on the SMAP 9 km data. The algorithm proposed here is based on the thermal inertia principle and developed by modeling the relationship between surface temperature difference and SM for different Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) classes. The model functions were established and tuned using data from the NASA’s Land Information System (LIS) North America Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) and remotely sensed VISible/InfRared (VIS/IR) reflectance data from Long Term Data Record (LTDR) AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) for the growing season months of April-September 1981–2018. These were then implemented using the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data over the Continental United States (CONUS) domain. Validation activities were carried out using in situ measurements distributed through the International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN). The validation results computed using the 1 km SM data showed that the R2, unbiased RMSE (root mean square error) and bias were improved relative to the 9 km SMAP product by 0.045, 0.018 m3/m3 and 0.001 m3/m3, respectively. The 1 km SM also exhibited a strong time-series autocorrelation. Further accuracy assessment analyses indicated that precipitation might contribute to the uncertainties in both the 9 km SMAP and 1 km downscaled SMAP SM products.
A Pangenomic Perspective on the Emergence, Maintenance, and Predictability of Antibiotic Resistance

The rapidly expanding number of sequenced bacterial strains and species, and the ongoing curation of bacterial pangenomes has uncovered unexpected complexities in understanding and addressing antibiotic resistance in the context of the pangenome. It is becoming apparent that differences in the genetic background can cause species and strain-specific responses to the same antibiotic, triggering differential selective pressures and thereby strain or species-specific adaptive outcomes. In this chapter, we consider how the pangenome, on a between and within species level, can affect the response to antibiotics and the development of resistance as well as the role selective pressures such as antibiotics play in shaping and maintaining the pangenome. We review the tools that are used to study antibiotic resistance within a pangenomic context, highlight recent findings, discuss strategies for predicting the emergence of resistance and consider how effective therapies can be developed in the context of the pangenome.
An exploratory mixed methods approach to implicit and explicit identification with non-suicidal self-injury.

Abstract Background and objectives Identification with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is uniquely related to NSSI behavior and predicts future NSSI. This exploratory, mixed methods study used implicit and explicit approaches to further understanding of NSSI identity. Methods: Participants included 15 treatment-seeking adults (60% female, 87% Caucasian) with lifetime NSSI. Participant age ranged from 19 to 38 years (M = 25.33, SD = 6.10). Implicit tasks were completed at two time points in a test-retest design, followed by a qualitative interview. Results Qualitative data suggest that explicit NSSI identity is relevant to some individuals with NSSI history. Mixed methods analyses indicate that individuals who explicitly identify with NSSI have stronger implicit NSSI identities than those who do not, and report more methods of NSSI on average. Limitations Results are novel, although exploratory in nature due to the sample size, and may not be generalizable to non-clinical samples or individuals currently engaging in NSSI. Conclusions Individuals with stronger explicit identity evidence higher implicit identity scores, suggesting a potential higher risk profile for future NSSI. This study offers further support for the value of including both implicit and explicit assessment of NSSI identity in risk assessment.
Investor Sentiment and Cross-Section of Stock Returns

In this paper, we study the cross-sectional pricing power of investor sentiment. Our findings can be easily summarized. Although there is no significant relationship between investor sentiment and mean excess returns on macroeconomic announcement days, the negative cross-sectional relationship between sentiment and mean excess returns implied by previous sentiment studies (Baker and Wurgler, 2006) holds robustly on non macroeconomic announcement days. Our findings have important theoretical as well as practical implications.
Endovascular approach to arterial branches mimicking a type II endoleak after popliteal artery aneurysm exclusion and bypass.

Abstract The management of popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) has continued to evolve. Open surgical treatment remains an excellent option. Aneurysm exclusion with saphenous vein bypass through a medial incision remains a preferred approach. After PAA exclusion, however, a possibility remains of sac expansion from geniculate arterial branches. This can mimic a type II endoleak occurring after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. In the present report, we have described an endovascular technique used to treat an enlarging PAA after exclusion and bypass.
Corrosion resistance of the nickel-free high-nitrogen steel FeCrMnMoN0.9 under simulated inflammatory conditions.

Nickel-free, high-nitrogen austenitic steels (AHNS) have been introduced for biomedical applications, with encouraging results in terms of mechanical and corrosion properties. Here, we tested the corrosion resistance of a nickel-free high nitrogen steel (FeCrMnMoN0.9) in bovine serum solutions containing 0 or 3 g/L hyaluronic acid (HA), and 0, 3, or 30 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) simulating no, moderate, or strong inflammatory conditions, respectively. Nondestructive electrochemical measurements (open circuit potential [OCP], linear polarization resistance "RP ", and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) were run in triplicate over 10 hr. The presence of HA had no significant effect either on the stabilized OCP values, or on the corrosion resistance of FeCrMnMoN0.9. Increasing H2 O2 concentrations shifted the OCP to more electropositive values; the corrosion resistance decreased only at a 30 mM H2 O2 . Final RP values at 0, 3, and 30 mM H2 O2 resulted in 1598 ± 276, 1746 ± 308, and 439 ± 47 kΩ cm2 , respectively. These values were 4-14 times higher, than the RP values measured on LC-CoCrMo in our previous study, conducted under identical conditions. While these findings are encouraging, future studies need to focus on tribocorrosive properties of the AHNS to evaluate its applicability in joint replacement.
Probing neural tissues at small scales: Recent progress of oscillating gradient spin echo (OGSE) neuroimaging in humans.

The detection sensitivity of diffusion MRI (dMRI) is dependent on diffusion times. A shorter diffusion time can increase the sensitivity to smaller length scales. However, the conventional dMRI uses the pulse gradient spin echo (PGSE) sequence that probes relatively long diffusion times only. To overcome this, the oscillating gradient spin echo (OGSE) sequence has been developed to probe much shorter diffusion times with hardware limitations on preclinical and clinical MRI systems. The OGSE sequence has been previously used on preclinical animal MRI systems. Recently, several studies have translated the OGSE sequence to humans on clinical MRI systems and achieved new information that is invisible using conventional PGSE sequence. This paper provides an overview of the recent progress of the OGSE neuroimaging in humans, including the technical improvements in the translation of the OGSE sequence to human imaging and various applications in different neurological disorders and stroke. Some possible future directions of the OGSE sequence are also discussed.
When and How Refusing to Help Decreases One’s Influence

This dissertation investigated whether individuals lose influence by saying no to others’ helping requests. Considering both dominance and prestige as pathways to influence, I found that the answer varied depending on whether the help was costly to provide. When someone was asked for help, saying no had two opposing effects on their actual and perceived influence by increasing their dominance, but decreasing their prestige. The cost of providing help moderated these effects. Overall, refusing to help decreased a person’s influence when helping cost little time, effort, or money, compared to both agreeing to help and a control condition. This effect was eliminated or reversed with a higher cost of helping. This is because individuals who refused to provide low-cost help were perceived as less prestigious and influential than those who refused to provide high-cost help, but individuals who agreed to help were perceived similarly regardless of helping’s cost. Participants were insensitive to the cost of helping when evaluating individuals who agreed to help, because they failed to make spontaneous comparisons between different costs of helping. In fact, when participants had a chance to see both high-cost and low-cost helping requests, they perceived individuals who agreed to provide high-cost help to be more prestigious and influential than those who agreed to provide low-cost help. In this case, increasing the cost of helping did not reduce the negative effect of refusing to help on perceived prestige and influence. In conclusion, this research highlights the importance of both prestige and dominance effects for a person’s influence, and the cost of helping as a major contextual factor for helping’s consequences. The findings imply that employees who want to obtain influence should say yes to helping requests when providing help is not very costly, but should feel free to say no when providing help is truly costly.
Where are we with Johne's Disease Control:

In the US, a major step forward in control of Johne's disease (JD) was the development and implementation of the JD Herd Risk Assessment and Herd Management Plan. Along with a major educational effort, many herds have joined the US JD Herd Control Program, though many others remain outside of control programs. The focus of this report is to address the issue of control and eradication of Johne's disease with evidence from scientific literature and experience primarily from US dairy cattle herds, identify knowledge gaps in our current understanding and identify a path forward towards national control.
Evidence for Website Claims about the Benefits of Teaching Sign Language to Infants and Toddlers with Normal Hearing

The development of proficient communication skills in infants and toddlers is an important component to child development. A popular trend gaining national media attention is teaching sign language to babies with normal hearing whose parents also have normal hearing. Thirty-three websites were identified that advocate sign language for hearing children as a way of promoting better developmental outcomes. These sites make several claims about the positive benefits of teaching hearing infants and toddlers to sign, such as earlier communication, improved language development, increased IQ, reduced tantrums, higher self-esteem, and improved parent–child bonding. Without endorsing or disparaging these claims, the purpose of this article was to evaluate the strength of evidence cited on websites that promote products to teach young children to use sign language. Cumulatively, 82 pieces of evidence were cited by the websites as supporting research. However, over 90% of these citations were opinion articles without any supporting data or descriptions of products and only eight were empirical research studies relevant to the benefits of teaching sign language to young children with normal hearing. Unfortunately, there is not enough high-quality evidence cited on these websites to draw research-based conclusions about whether teaching sign language to young children with normal hearing results in better developmental outcomes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ABC's of School Camping.

(1978). The ABC's of School Camping. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 9, pp. 60-60.
"Johnny Showed Us the Butterflies":: The Museum as a Family Therapy Tool

The museum experience for families is a social one, requiring decision-making, discipline, and many other expressions of a family's typical communication patterns. Although research has focused on ways that families learn about exhibits and museum programs, family members also learn about themselves, each other, and their functioning as a system while in the museum environment. Such interaction raises an application heretofore unexplored: the museum as a family therapy tool. Drawing from the theoretical approaches of structural family therapy, art therapy, and play therapy, this paper describes two areas of potential: manipulation of the museum experience in assigning tasks, and the applicability of museum content to three adjunctive therapy techniques. Possible benefits for different family audiences are suggested, and an agenda for research and development is presented.
La mémoire de la langue. Apologie pour Henri Estienne

Henri Estienne inaugure, dans ses travaux sur le francais, un nouveau recit sur la langue vulgaire dans lequel le parler courant ressort comme le gardien fidele de l’intention des premiers « auteurs » de la langue. Les « conformites » qu’il decouvre entre grec, latin, francais sont d’une nature bien differente des moyens par lesquels traditionnellement on rapprochait les mots francais de leurs etymons latins ou grecs : ce sont des ressemblances structurelles et abstraites, qui supposent des similitudes mentales remontant aux temps de la constitution de la langue. Cette demarche s’attache non plus aux marques exterieures de l’origine — comme celles que manifeste encore l’orthographe etymologique — mais aux « patrons » sur lesquels sont taillees les expressions les plus usuelles et les plus evidentes. En constituant de la sorte le parler courant en objet scientifique et en objet de culte, les travaux d’Estienne ont pose un jalon capital de la linguistique de la periode classique.
Jimmy Carter, the Politics of Family, and the Rise of the Religious Right

As Jimmy Carter ascended to the presidency the heir apparent to Democratic liberalism, he touted his background as a born-again evangelical. Once in office, his faith indeed helped form policy on a number of controversial moral issues. By acknowledging certain behaviors as sinful while insisting that they were private matters beyond government interference, J. Brooks Flippen argues, Carter unintentionally alienated both social liberals and conservative Christians, thus ensuring that the debate over these moral "family issues" acquired a new prominence in public and political life.The Carter era, according to Flippen, stood at a fault line in American culture, religion, and politics. In the wake of the 1960s, some Americans worried that the traditional family faced a grave crisis. This newly politicized constituency viewed secular humanism in education, the recognition of reproductive rights established by "Roe v. Wade," feminism, and the struggle for homosexual rights as evidence of cultural decay and as a challenge to religious orthodoxy. Social liberals viewed Carter's faith with skepticism and took issue with his seeming unwillingness to build on recent progressive victories. Ultimately, Flippen argues, conservative Christians emerged as the Religious Right and were adopted into the Republican fold.Examining Carter's struggle to placate competing interests against the backdrop of difficult foreign and domestic issues--a struggling economy, the stalled Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, disputes in the Middle East, handover of the Panama Canal, and the Iranian hostage crisis--Flippen shows how a political dynamic was formed that continues to this day.
Effect of in-vehicle route guidance systems on driver workload and choice of vehicle speed: findings from a driving simulator experiment

This chapter explores how the characteristics of route guidance systems affect the attentional demand and efficiency of the driving task. Route guidance information may be presented using visual displays, audio messages, or both. Most of the information needed for the driving task is obtained visually, so it has been argued that audio route guidance systems will lead to less distraction from the driving task. The information provided in the messages should probably be limited to turn street name, distance/number of blocks to the turn, and the direction of turn. A common limitation of previous research was that they did not include head-up displays. Electronic maps are included as a common component in all electronic systems because of a desire to test the performance of displays in combination. Analysis of variance models were developed for mean speed over a decision segment. A decision segment was defined as the roadway segment between two consecutive turns.
Production and Use of HIV‐1 Luciferase Reporter Viruses

This unit describes the production and use of HIV-1 luciferase reporter viruses. These viruses are used to rapidly and accurately quantify HIV-1 in cell culture. Protocols are also presented for screening and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 entry into cells. Keywords: reporter virus; entry; infection; envelope glycoprotein; HIV-1; luciferase
Optimal reconfiguration of WSI multipipeline arrays

This paper presents a new algorithm for reconfiguring WSI multipipeline arrays in the presence of faults in links, processing elements (PE's) and switching elements (SE's). Using a fault model in which a PE and link can be either fault free or faulty and a SE is modeled by relating its switching capabilities to its status and the status of the connecting links, it is proved that an algorithm which maximizes the number of reconfigured pipelines (optimality) is possible in an execution complexity lower than a previous algorithm based on a maximum flow approach. The proposed approach is based on a greedy algorithm with an execution complexity of O(n/spl times/m), where n is the number of stages (or columns) of the array and m is the number of PE's in a stage. >
Transition of acousto-optics into ELINT and ESM systems

A need for very high probability of detection in modern passive collection systems has stimulated development of ever-wider receiver bandwidths. As the receiver bandwidths increase, some portions of the RF spectrum will begin to have a probability of signal overlap approaching unity. Wideband receivers, when operating in these environments with increasing signal threat densities and new modern modulation techniques, must incorporate computationally intensive algorithms within the receiver architecture to ensure reliable performance. Acousto-optic processing subsystems offer a real-time solution to several of the computationally intensive signal processing functions required in wideband passive collection systems. Two such acousto-optic subsystems for channelization and direction finding will be discussed in this paper. The development is being sponsored by DARPA through the Naval Research Laboratory.
Incorporation of Halogenated Pyrimidines into the Deoxyribonucleic Acids of Bacterium Coli and its Bacteriophages: E. coli containing 5-Bromouracil in its Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Incorporation of Halogenated Pyrimidines into the Deoxyribonucleic Acids of Bacterium Coli and its Bacteriophages: E. coli containing 5-Bromouracil in its Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Subsequent reproductive outcome in couples with repeated pregnancy loss.

While the role of cytogenetic study in couples with repeated pregnancy loss is well-established, little information is available for counseling these couples concerning future reproductive outcome. Couples evaluated by chromosome analysis for recurrent abortion between 1972 and 1979 were contacted by phone in 1981. Of those studied cytogenetically, 195 couples (50.1%) could be located, and information concerning outcome of subsequent pregnancies were obtained. Couples (91) with two consecutive pregnancy losses at the time of initial investigation had a 31.3% subsequent abortion rate, but most (68%) had at least one liveborn child. The rate of infertility following evaluation was slightly increased (18.7%), but that of prematurity (11.2%) and congentital anomalies (2.5%) was not. In contrast, couples with ≥3 consecutive losses (84) experienced abortion in 45.7% of subsequent pregnancies, and only 54.8% of them eventually had a liveborn child. Again, the rate of infertility was increased (26.2%), but that of prematurity (10%) and congenital defects (3.2%) was not. Nine couples in which one individual was found to have a chromosome abnormality (two inversions and seven translocations) were considered separately. Of these, seven couples had nine liveborn offspring. Amniocentesis was performed in eight cases, with karyotypes showing a balanced translocation identical to that of the parent in 2. All children were phenotypically normal.
Mechanisms of electromechanical coupling in membranes demonstrated by transmembrane potential-dependent shape transformations of human erythrocytes

Abstract Human red blood cells in electrolyte solutions become stomatocytes if the transmembrane potential goes beyond +25 mV, and transform into echinocytes if the transmembrane potential becomes negative. This correlation can be found when inducing the membrane potential change in various ways (Cl− and pHe modifications, electric breakdown, ionophores, ghosts). No correlation between the shapes and the internal or external pH could be found. Shape transformations which are produced by amphiphilic drugs can be overcome by the electric membrane potential. The mechanisms of this process are obviously complex. Translocations of small charged molecules between the internal and the external lipid leaflet seem to be important. This process is discussed as a model for electromechanical coupling mechanisms in membranes.
QTLs Associated with Resistance in Soybean PI567516C to Synthetic Nematode Population Infecting cv. Hartwig

Worldwide, soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is the most destructive pathogen of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Crop losses are primarily mitigated by the use of resistant cultivars. Nematode populations are variable and have adapted to reproduce on resistant cultivars over time because resistance primarily traces to two soybean accessions, Plant Introduction (PI) 88788 and Peking. Soybean cultivar Hartwig, derived primarily from PI437654, was released for its comprehensive resistance to most SCN populations. A synthetic nematode population (LY1) was recently selected for its reproduction on Hartwig. The LY1 nematode population currently infects known sources of resistance except soybean PI567516C; however, the resistance to LY1 has not been characterized. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying resistance to the LY1 SCN population in PI567516C, identify diagnostic DNA markers for the LY1 resistance, and confirm their utility for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Resistant soybean line PI567516C was crossed to susceptible cultivar Hartwig to generate 105 recombinant inbred lines (F2-derived F5 families). QTLs were mapped using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) covering 20 Linkage Groups (LGs) and three diagnostic markers, Satt592, Satt331, and Sat_274, were identified on LG O. These markers have a combined efficacy of 90% in identifying resistant lines in a second cross that has been generated by crossing a susceptible cultivar 5601T with resistant PI567516C. F2-derived F4 segregating population was used in MAS to identify resistant lines.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAGNETIC CONE FOR THE CENTER OF THE BERKELEY 88-INCH CYCLOTRON

General requirements for a vertically focusing negative magnetic gradient region near the cyclotron center are stated. Cone shapes were studied with computer program CENREG (IBM 704) and with magnetic measurements in a fifth-scale model magnet. Principal parameters studied were Vertical and radial focusing, particle phase slip, and magnetic first harmonic. Shaping of iron to achieve the desired conical field profile in conjunction with circular trim coils is described. A pattern of holes with magnetically saturated iron caps in the 8-in.-diam center plug was needed to get the desired cone shape at all field levels from 8 to 16 kG. Proper placement of holes and modification of the movable ion-source hole in the upper pole tip were necessary to reduce first harmonic at 5 in. radius to less than 2 G at all field levels and at all ion-source positions. Small adjustments of center-region iron were made during full-scale magnet testing. Cyclotron operations to date have shown the choice of center cone to be very satisfactory.
Heat transfer to slug flows with finite wall thickness

Steady state heat transfer in thick walled tubes is investigated. The fluid flowing in the tube is taken to be incompressible and having a uniform velocity distribution. Four typical cases are considered. The effects of axial conduction in the wall are investigated in some detail.
Macroscopic quantum interference in superconductors

The Josephson effect allows supercurrents to flow through thin tunnel barriers separating two super-conductors. The dc critical current depends directly on the quantum phase difference of the superconducting wave function on the two sides of the barrier. This paper is an experimental study of interference phenomena in multiply connected superconductors utilizing Josephson tunneling. The results are a striking confirmation of the extensive phase coherence of the superconducting state. London's theory is used in conjunction with Josephson's prediction to explain the observations. Modulation of the maximum supercurrent flow through junction-pair devices was measured in an applied magnetic field and showed periodicities resulting from quantum wave interference. These interference "fringes" were found to occur even when the magnetic flux is confined to a region not accessible to the superconductor. Another experiment allows the measurement of an interference directly attributable to phase modulation by the superconducting electrondrift velocity. These results offer a direct verification of long-range quantum behavior in the superconducting state and further demonstrate the validity and usefulness of Josephson tunneling methods.
The attenuation of acoustic-gravity waves in a slightly dissipative atmosphere

Abstract This paper is concerned with computation of the attenuation coefficient of internal acoustic-gravity waves in a slightly dissipative horizontally stratified atmosphere. Two models are generally used in deriving this attenuation coefficient. In one model, the nonlinear hydrodynamic equations are analyzed by using a Stokes expansion and the WKB solutions to the linearized perturbations are sought by using the coupled mode formulation. In the second model, the attenuation is viewed as the dissipation of pseudoenergy. We show in this paper that in a slightly dissipative atmosphere, these two models give identical results as far as computation of the attenuation coefficient is concerned, although in a highly dissipative atmosphere the results are known to be different.
Dopamine and sensory tissue development in Drosophila melanogaster.

Dopamine is an important signaling molecule in the nervous system; it also plays a vital role in the development of diverse non-neuronal tissues in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The current study demonstrates that males depleted of dopamine as third instar larvae (via inhibition of the biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase) demonstrated abnormalities in courtship behavior as adults. These defects were suggestive of abnormalities in sensory perception and/or processing. Electroretinograms (ERGs) of eyes from adults depleted of dopamine for 1 day as third instar larvae revealed diminished or absent on- and off-transients. These sensory defects were rescued by the addition of L-DOPA in conjunction with tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition during the larval stage. Depletion of dopamine in the first or second larval instar was lethal, but this was not due to a general inhibition of proliferative cells. To establish that dopamine was synthesized in tissues destined to become part of the adult sensory apparatus, transgenic lines were generated containing 1 or 4 kb of 5′ upstream sequences from the Drosophila tyrosine hydroxylase gene (DTH) fused to the E. coli β-galactosidase reporter. The DTH promoters directed expression of the reporter gene in discrete and consistent patterns within the imaginal discs, in addition to the expected expression in gonadal, brain, and cuticular tissues. The β-galactosidase expression colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase protein. These results are consistent with a developmental requirement for dopamine in the normal physiology of adult sensory tissues. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 47: 280–294, 2001
Total ionization dose effects and single-event effects studies of a 0.25 µm Silicon-On-Sapphire CMOS technology

The total ionization dose effects and the single event effects in a 0.25 mum Silicon-On-Sapphire CMOS process are studied with a total dose of 100 krad(Si) and a fluence of 1.8times1012 proton/cm2. The results indicate that this process is radiation tolerant.
Interstory drift estimates for low-rise flexible diaphragm structures

Current seismic codes allow regular structures to be designed using an equivalent lateral force procedure if the interstory drifts calculated on the basis of the design lateral forces are less than the specified allowable story drifts. While this approach assures that structures have some minimum lateral stiffness, calculated interstory drifts may be significantly less than actual peak interstory drifts particularly for structures with flexible diaphragms. Consequently, the gravity framing systems in such structures may be exposed to interstory drift demands several times greater than would be expected on the basis of design calculations, calling into question their perceived safety. In this paper, a simple method to more accurately estimate peak interstory drifts that accounts for higher mode effects is described for low-rise perimeter shear wall structures having flexible diaphragms or even for stiff diaphragms. The proposed method is based on the principal modes obtained from a principal components analysis (PCA) of computed dynamic response data. The method, applicable to both elastic and inelastic response, considers the shape of the design response spectrum and gives interstory drift estimates for use for preliminary design of the structure as well as for use with the approaches proposed in the companion paper for determining the required diaphragm shear and flexural strengths.
THE CONSUMER FOOD AND NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS

Over 4000 prospective secondary and elementary teachers were tested in a national study to determine their knowledge of fourteen consumer subject areas. In the area of consumer food and nutrition knowledge the prospective teachers achieved only 48%. This area of consumer food and nutrition was found to be a critical weakness of prospective teachers relative to their performance in the other consumer subject areas. Prospective home economics and agriculture teachers scored higher than other majors on the food and nutrition questions but still revealed a poor cognitive grasp of the subject. Because of their impact on children's attitudes toward food and their eating patterns, prospective teachers need to be knowledgeable about food concepts. This study has implications for educators and college curriculum committees concerning the need for college level courses which deal with food and nutrition concepts.
A 2-DOF active complaint gripper for robotic applications

Abstract This paper describes the construction, control and test results of a planar active compliant gripper. The compliance is provided by manipulating the part, held by the gripper fingers, in response to external forces exerted on the part during the process. The gripper consists of two parallel fingers, driven separately by DC motors, mounted on a translation stage perpendicular to their axis of motion. This configuration enables grasping an object and manipulating it in X-Y plane. The gripper is instrumented with force sensors capable of sensing the grasping force and the external forces exerted on the object. These force readings, in conjunction with a predetermined policy (dictated by the task to be performed) are used by a controller to manipulate the part. The gripper can be used for tasks such as insertion, edge following, task geometry tuning, etc. As an example, single peg/hole insertion experiments were conducted, and the results were compared with those obtained with a passive RCC.
Antiplatelet therapy before, during, and after extremity revascularization

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is well recognized as a marker for systemic atherosclerosis. Platelets play an essential role in all stages of the disease, contributing to both thrombosis and the development of atherosclerosis. Medication regimens to optimize outcomes in both patients who are to undergo revascularization and those who will be managed without interventional therapy must address antiplatelet therapy. Given the common cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities in patients with PAD, antiplatelet therapy has the potential to decrease thromboembolic events in addition to improving patency after interventions. This clinical update reviews the current literature and recommendations for antiplatelet therapy in patients with PAD.
Network anomaly detection using autonomous system flow aggregates

Detecting malicious traffic streams in modern computer networks is a challenging task due to the growing traffic volume that must be analyzed. Traditional anomaly detection systems based on packet inspection face a scalability problem in terms of computational and storage capacity. One solution to this scalability problem is to analyze traffic based on IP flow aggregates. However, IP aggregates can still result in prohibitively large datasets for networks with heavy traffic loads. In this paper, we investigate whether anomaly detection is still possible when traffic is aggregated at a coarser scale. We propose a volumetric analysis methodology that aggregates traffic at the Autonomous System (AS) level. We show that our methodology reduces the number of flows to be analyzed by several orders of magnitude compared with IP flow level analysis, while still detecting traffic anomalies.