cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HES and HERP families: multiple effectors of the Notch signaling pathway.

Notch signaling dictates cell fate and critically influences cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in metazoans. Multiple factors at each step-ligands, receptors, signal transducers and effectors-play critical roles in executing the pleiotropic effects of Notch signaling. Ligand-binding results in proteolytic cleavage of Notch receptors to release the signal-transducing Notch intracellular domain (NICD). NICD migrates into the nucleus and associates with the nuclear proteins of the RBP-Jkappa family (also known as CSL or CBF1/Su(H)/Lag-1). RBP-Jkappa, when complexed with NICD, acts as a transcriptional activator, and the RBP-Jkappa-NICD complex activates expression of primary target genes of Notch signaling such as the HES and enhancer of split [E(spl)] families. HES/E(spl) is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type of transcriptional repressor, and suppresses expression of downstream target genes such as tissue-specific transcriptional activators. Thus, HES/E(spl) directly affects cell fate decisions as a primary Notch effector. HES/E(spl) had been the only known effector of Notch signaling until a recent discovery of a related but distinct bHLH protein family, termed HERP (HES-related repressor protein, also called Hey/Hesr/HRT/CHF/gridlock). In this review, we summarize the recent data supporting the idea of HERP being a new Notch effector, and provide an overview of the similarities and differences between HES and HERP in their biochemical properties as well as their tissue distribution. One key observation derived from identification of HERP is that HES and HERP form a heterodimer and cooperate for transcriptional repression. The identification of the HERP family as a Notch effector that cooperates with HES/E(spl) family has opened a new avenue to our understanding of the Notch signaling pathway.
Arbitrary-pressure chemical vapor deposition modeling using direct simulation Monte Carlo with nonlinear surface chemistry

We present a methodology for simulating chemical vapor deposition (CVD) which uses the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to capture gaseous phase transport in a wide Knudsen (Kn) range. This work bridges different CVD simulation methods developed for the Navier-Stokes (Kn → 0) and ballistic (Kn → ∞) regimes. Our methodology incorporates a nonlinear surface chemistry model as well as a level set based profile evolution formulation which accurately captures complex boundary evolution, and is capable of accurately predicting surface growth for arbitrary complex geometries and surface chemistry for a wide range of Knudsen numbers. The proposed approach is validated by comparing its predictions to existing numerical results in the ballistic (Kn → ∞) and diffusive (Kn ≪ 1) regimes.
Computer-aided Synthesis of Fault-trees

An algorithm is presented for the synthesis of fault-trees. The fault-tree is deduced directly from a digraph (directed graph) model of the system being analyzed. The digraph describes the normal, failed, and conditional relationships which exist between variables and events in the system. A computer program which uses this algorithm is illustrated for a chemical processing system.
FGF-2-induced imbalance in early embryonic heart cell proliferation: a potential cause of late cardiovascular anomalies.

Background: This laboratory previously demonstrated that placement of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-soaked beads adjacent to the developing ventricle at stage 24 caused cardiovascular anomalies by embryonic day 15. We sought to characterize early cellular changes that may suggest mechanisms for the abnormalities observed at day 15. Because levels of both myocyte proliferation and immunohistochemically detectable endogenous FGF-2 begin to decline before stage 24 in untreated embryos, it was of interest to determine whether exogenous FGF-2 might maintain cardiac myocyte proliferation at or near peak levels. Methods: Chick embryos were incubated to stage 18 (2.8 days), at which time beads soaked in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or 100 μg/ml FGF-2 were placed adjacent to the developing ventricle and development was allowed to continue. After 3 days (stage 29), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was applied to mark dividing cells, followed by double fluorescent assessments to detect relative numbers of dividing and nondividing cells. Results: Quantitative image analysis, using Metamorph software, showed that exogenous FGF-2 caused a 62% increase in the overall number of dividing cells (P < 0.01), concomitant with a 25% increase in total cell number (cell density: P < 0.05). Expressed in relative terms, these changes corresponded to a 25% increase in the proliferation labeling index: 30% of all cells were proliferating in FGF-treated hearts, in contrast with only 24% in control hearts. Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that an FGF-induced imbalance in myocardial cell proliferation at early developmental stages of heart development causes cardiovascular anomalies during late embryogenesis.
Embryogeny ofPhaseolus coccineus: Growth and microanatomy

During early embryogeny, the development of the suspensor is rapid both in terms of size and fresh weight; structural differentiation can be observed as early as the proembryo stage with the formation of wall ingrowths. Ingrowths first appear in the outer wall of the suspensor cells adjacent to the integumentary tapetum, soon ingrowths begin to form in the inner suspensor cells as well. A basal-terminal gradation in nuclear size exists, with the largest nuclei in the basal suspensor cells. Cytologically, the suspensor cells appear to be very active, especially when the embryo reaches heart stage. Initially, the development of the embryo proper lags behind the suspensor, but its size and fresh weight increase rapidly as development proceeds. The volume of the liquid endosperm rises most rapidly during the late heart stage; and it is absorbed soon after. A cellular endospermic sheath surrounds the embryo, separating it from the liquid endosperm. Structural differentiation also occurs in the cellular endosperm cells with the formation of wall ingrowths in those cells that abut directly onto the integumentary tapetum. Both the suspensor and the cellular endosperm appear to remain active through the maturation of the seed. Storage bodies are formed in the cotyledons as well as in the embryonic axis. In the suspensor and the cellular endosperm, starch grains and lipid bodies can be found at the maturation stage.
The Little Lion of the Southwest: A Life Of Manuel Antonio Chaves

Manuel Antonio Chaves' life straddled three eras of New Mexican history: he was born (1818) at the tag end of the Spanish colonial period, he grew to manhood in the rough and heady days of the Santa Fe trade during the quarter century of Mexican rule (1821-1846), and he spent his mature years under the territorial regime established by the United States. Manuel Chaves' long career (died 1889) was interwoven with almost every major historical event which occurred during his adult life-the Texan-Santa Fe Expedition, the Mexican War, the Civil War, skirmishes with Utes, Navajos, and Apaches. He was called El Leoncito, The Little Lion, having earned the name as an Indian fighter. He lived for two years in St. Louis and was a well-travelled man, doing business in New Orleans, New York, and Cuba. A hundred years ago when men still gathered around campfires and storytelling was a well-developed art, Chaves' exploits were known to all New Mexicans. But history has a capricious memory and his name became virtually forgotten. Around the turn of the century, Charles F. Lummis' flowery pen recalled brief attention to Chaves' life, and in 1927 he appeared as a minor character in Willa Cather's Death Comes for the Archbishop-but otherwise was virtually forgotten. Alas. Too few of our Spanish frontiersmen have been studied in depth. Manuel Chaves and his life should not be lost. He was one of the legendary but real men who pioneered and built the 19th century Southwest. Howard R. Lamar laments: "The Spanish-American population of New Mexico still lacks a historian." Marc Simmons' biography of Manuel Chaves helps fill that gap. Marc Simmons was called by another writer "one remarkable caballero." He certainly is. He has been a Wyoming ranch hand, a movie extra with Warner Brothers, a Peace Corps training officer, a horseshoer, and has taught history at the University of New Mexico. Simmons is probably the only professional farrier in the Southwest with a Ph.D. He now lives in Cerrillos, New Mexico in an adobe house he built himself, and concentrates on horses, mules, research, and writing. He is at work on his next book, Trailing the Long-Ears: An Informal History of Mules and Burros in the Southwest.
Genetic heterogeneity of diabetes and HLA.

Histocompatibility (HLA) antigens and genotypes B, D and DR were studied in a large sample of Caucasian insulin dependent diabetic (IDD) probands. The associations between IDD and B8, B15, Dw3, Dw4, DR3, and DR4 were measured by relative risks (RR) and delta values (δ). Both the homozygotes (B8/8: RR 10, B 15/15: RR 7, DR3/3: RR32, DR4/4: RR34) and the heterozygotes (B8/15: RR 11, DR3/4: RR 46, Dw3/4: RR 22) for the high-risk antigens showed highly significant elevation of the relative risks, yet there were no statistically significant differences between the homo- and the heterozygotes. The δ measurements supported the RR results. RR and δ were found significantly decreased for B7, Dw2, and DR2. There were no relationships observed between age at diagnosis or family history and HLA. Although we were unable to demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the RR for the high-risk antigens heterozygote vs. the high-risk antigen homozygotes, our study like many others shows that the RR is higher for the heterozygotes. Thus our data are compatible with genetic heterogeneity of IDD.
RELATION OF ANTIBODY AND ANTIGEN TO SERUM DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY.

1. Studies on nineteen patients to whom foreign serum had been administered for therapeutic purposes are reported. Analysis of the results obtained by following the precipitin and precipitinogen in the circulation and comparing these factors with the time of appearance, intensity, and duration of the symptoms shows that the nineteen patients fall into three groups. 2. The first group includes eleven patients. These were good precipitin formers, they had severe serum disease, and the precipitinogen disappeared from the circulation near the time that the symptoms subsided. 3. The second group includes four patients who had little or no serum disease, in whose circulation little or no precipitin was demonstrable, and in whom the precipitinogen persisted in the circulation as long as the patients could be kept under observation—from 52 to 67 days. 4. The remaining four patients form a more or less distinctly intermediate group. 5. The results lend further support to the conception of serum disease as an antigen-antibody reaction. 6. The possibility that our results indicate a factor which may be important in the mechanism of natural immunity is discussed.
The elgiloy microelectrode: Fabrication techniques and characteristics

Abstract A glass-insulated microelectrode made from elgiloy orthodontic wire, a stainless cobalt-chromium alloy containing 15% iron, was described by Suzuki and Azuma (1976). Here, we detail a set of modified electrode fabrication procedures, including techniques for hardening and etching the wire, specifying the size, geometry and exposure of the tip, and adjusting tip impedance over a wide range. Accurate insulation of the tip with molten solder glass produces microelectrodes suitable for extracellular recording from single or multiple units, and simultaneous recording of evoked potentials. The finished electrode is tough enough to withstand multiple penetrations of the thickened, fibrous dura of the chronic monkey preparation. The iron content allows Prussian blue staining of marking lesions for histological verification of recording sites.
Differences in the methylation of brain histamine in vivo between audiogenic seizure-sensitive and -resistant deermice.

Abstract We have investigated the catabolism of [3H] histamine (HA), after intraventricular (i.vt.) administration, in brains of the audiogenic seizure susceptible (SS) and resistant (SR) deermouse Peromyscus . Brains of SS mice had lower endogenous HA levels and contained less [3H]-HA 20, 60 and 300 sec after i.vt. [3H]-HA than did brains of SR deermice. Twenty sec after [3H]-HA, brain [3H] methylhistamine (MeHA) levels and the resulting MeHA conversion index were found to be increased in the SS animals while later, at 60 and 300 sec, these parameters were found to be decreased. There were no SS-SR differences in the levels of brain [3H] methylimidazoleacetic acid. The data indicate that SS deermice catabolize exogenous HA, at least initially, more rapidly than their SR counterparts, confirming a like result noted immediately prior to seizure activity elicited by the administration of L-methionine-dl-sulfoximine in Mus .
End fields in the harmonic generation superconducting FEL at BNL-NSLS

Abstract A study is presented of the end fields in the harmonic generation FEL radiator. This wiggler magnet consists of 6 contiguous 25 cm long steel yokes wound with superconductor, each with 18 mm period, 0.54 T field and 8.6 mm gap. Measurement results and analyses are given for third and sixth order binomial entrance excitations. It is shown that, when the steel cores are driven into saturation, the binomial winding is no longer steering-free, and that higher order entrance windings produce less electron beam steering than do low order windings.
The pericranial flap for reconstruction of anterior skull base defects

In 1981, the senior author first reported the use of the pericranial flap for support of the brain following resection of the anterior skull base. Since the initial report, considerable experience has been gained with this flap. It is currently deployed via a bifrontal craniotomy and is placed primarily as a support beneath the frontal lobes. The pericranial flap may also be used to repair dural laceration and defects. The sinonasal surface is routinely grafted with split-thickness skin or dermis. This technique provides an excellent barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the cerebrospinal fluid, establishing a tough, fibrous platform. Herniation of intracranial contents has not occurred. One major complication has been reported in which radiation necrosis occurred during postoperative therapy, leading to progressive devitalization of the pericranial flap. Ultimately, dural repair and closure with a latissimus dorsi free flap was required. The pericranial flap repair of anterior skull base defects has a 90% complication-free and 95% overall success rate. It is simple and extremely effective. Bone grafting has not been necessary in our experience.
Exposure to nest paper hydrocarbons is important for nest recognition by a social wasp, Polistes metricus Say (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

Colonies of P. metricus were collected from the field and maintained in the laboratory. Pupae that were destined to become workers were excised from nests and isolated individually. Upon eclosion, workers were exposed to either an untreated fragment of the natal nest, to a fragment of the natal nest from which the surface hydrocarbons had been removed with hexane, or to no nest fragment. Four days after emergence, each wasp was released into an observation box which contained a nest fragment from her own nest and a nest fragment from a foreign nest. Each wasp was observed for 30 min on the first day and 30 min on the second day, and the time that the wasp spent on the nest fragments was recorded. P. metricus workers that had emerged on an untreated nest fragment spent significantly more time on the natal nest fragment than on the foreign nest fragment. Workers that emerged in the absence of a nest fragment spent less time on either nest fragment than did the wasps that had emerged in the presence of a fragment of their natal nest. This is the first report to document the importance of prior exposure to nest paper hydrocarbons for social wasps to be able to discriminate between their natal nest and a foreign nest.
Metalloradical Chemistry of Cobalt(II) Porphyrins. The Syntheses, Structure, and Reactivity of Triphenyltin(II)- and Trihalomethylcobalt(III) Octaethylporphyrin

Stannanes R3SnH (R = n-Bu, Ph) reacted with CoIII(OEP)CH3 or CoII(OEP) to afford CoIII(OEP)SnR3 and CH4 or H2, respectively. CoIII(OEP)SnR3 was more efficiently prepared by reaction of CoI(OEP)- with R3SnCl. CoIII(OEP)SnPh3, C54H59CoN4Sn, crystallized in the triclinic space group P1 (Z = 2) with unit cell dimensions a = 12.124(5) A, b = 14.700(5) A, c = 15.221(7) A, α = 109.56(4)°, β = 91.44(5)°, γ = 113.27(1)°, and V = 2308.4(1.8) A3 at 295(2) K. The structure resembled that of five-coordinate alkylcobalt(III) porphyrin complexes with a square-pyramidal Co atom displaced 0.077 A out of the porphyrin plane toward Sn and a Co−Sn bond length of 2.510(2) A. The bond dissociation energy of the Co−Sn bond was considerably larger than that of the Co−C bond in alkylcobalt(III) porphyrin complexes. CoIII(OEP)SnPh3 was air stable in solution and decomposed by homolysis slowly at 120 °C in toluene. The Co−Sn bond was rapidly cleaved, though, when oxidized by I2 or by electrochemical means. In contrast, the Co−C bo...
Occult adenocarcinoma metastatic to a skin graft donor site.

. Internal malignancies present with metastases to the skin 0.4% of the time.1 Cutaneous metastases not uncommonly develop in areas of damaged skin such as radiodermatitis2 and surgical scars.3 This report involves a 78-year-old male with metastatic adenocarcinoma from an unknown primary site that presented in a split-thickness skin graft donor site. This appears to be the first reported case of internal malignancy metastatic to skin altered by grafting.
Boarded to Death — Why Maintenance of Certification Is Bad for Doctors and Patients

In January 2014, the American Board of Internal Medicine changed its certification policies for physicians, adding ongoing maintenance of certification requirements that many physicians see as expe...
IFITM3 Restricts Influenza A Virus Entry by Blocking the Formation of Fusion Pores following Virus-Endosome Hemifusion

Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) inhibit infection of diverse enveloped viruses, including the influenza A virus (IAV) which is thought to enter from late endosomes. Recent evidence suggests that IFITMs block virus hemifusion (lipid mixing in the absence of viral content release) by altering the properties of cell membranes. Consistent with this mechanism, excess cholesterol in late endosomes of IFITM-expressing cells has been reported to inhibit IAV entry. Here, we examined IAV restriction by IFITM3 protein using direct virus-cell fusion assay and single virus imaging in live cells. IFITM3 over-expression did not inhibit lipid mixing, but abrogated the release of viral content into the cytoplasm. Although late endosomes of IFITM3-expressing cells accumulated cholesterol, other interventions leading to aberrantly high levels of this lipid did not inhibit virus fusion. These results imply that excess cholesterol in late endosomes is not the mechanism by which IFITM3 inhibits the transition from hemifusion to full fusion. The IFITM3's ability to block fusion pore formation at a post-hemifusion stage shows that this protein stabilizes the cytoplasmic leaflet of endosomal membranes without adversely affecting the lumenal leaflet. We propose that IFITM3 interferes with pore formation either directly, through partitioning into the cytoplasmic leaflet of a hemifusion intermediate, or indirectly, by modulating the lipid/protein composition of this leaflet. Alternatively, IFITM3 may redirect IAV fusion to a non-productive pathway, perhaps by promoting fusion with intralumenal vesicles within multivesicular bodies/late endosomes.
Dynamic Community Entertainment Services Composition on Next Generation Mobile Network IP Multimedia Subsystem

With the advent of Web services and dynamic service composition, flexible and adaptable complex services may be realized. Assuming that such services have been provided with all the necessary service orchestration and end user information, simple services may be enhanced with contextual information, such as location, presence and user preferences, to provide a more tailored experience for the end user. Mobile next generation service environments include many functional components suitable for the provision of contextual data with which to build tailored and complex services for subscribers. Specifically, the IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) defined by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and its enablers provide an interesting environment for researching techniques for the composition and delivery of complex context-specific personalized and community services to mobile users. In this paper we discuss our ongoing research into dynamic service composition for mobile communities. As such, we investigate community-based mobile entertainment services, their provisioning requirements, enablers, and dynamic composition of group-specific real-time next generation packet mobile services. To the end, we have developed a service platform called the group entertainment service platform (GESP) for IMS that we describe in detail
Validity of Using Average Diameter for Determination of Tensile Strength and Weibull Modulus of Ceramic Filaments

Strengths and Weibull moduli for alumina/yttrium aluminum garnet eutectic (AYE) filaments and for Si-C-O (Nicalon) filaments were calculated using measured and average filament diameters. The strengths agreed closely. Thus an average filament diameter could be used instead of the measured filament diameter in calculating strengths. The Weibull modulus obtained from an average filament diameter approximates the Weibull modulus obtained using the measured filament diameter.
Parsing 2-Dimensional Language

2-Dimensional Context Free Grammar (2D-CFG) for 2-dimensional input text is introduced and efficient parsing algorithms for 2D-CFG are presented. In 2D-CFG, a grammar rule’s right hand side symbols can be placed not only horizontally but also vertically. Terminal symbols in a 2-dimensional input text are combined to form a rectangular region, and regions are combined to form a larger region using a 2-dimensional phrase structure rule. The parsing algorithms presented in this chapter are 2D-Earley algorithm and 2D-LR algorithm, which are a 2-dimensionally extended version of Earley’s algorithm and the Generalized LR algorithm, respectively.
Prioritized transmission of variable bit rate MPEG video

The traffic characteristics of an MPEG coder which generates a high-priority and a low-priority bit stream are studied. The prioritization scheme for the coder assigns components of the data stream to each priority level based on the value of a parameter B. Statistics of both high- and low-priority cells for a pure intraframe and a mixed interframe/intraframe coder are presented. In particular, the probability mass functions on a cells per slice basis of the high-priority and low-priority component for various values of B are shown. Statistics gathered from this type of prioritization scheme can be applied in several ways for network design and operation. >
Arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart and superior labral detachment anterior and posterior lesions: technique and preliminary results.

Summary Over a 3-year period nine of 585 patients undergoing shoulder surgery were found to have a superior labral detachment anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesion. Seven patients also had an associated Bankart lesion and underwent arthroscopic repair of the entire anterior-inferior-superior-posterior labral detachment using the Suretac (Acufex Microsurgical Inc., Mansfield, MA) fixation device. The technique used requires an accessory anterior-lateral portal to access the superior-posterior labral detachment and an accessory anterior-inferior portal to access the Bankart lesion. Three to four Suretacs were required for repair in these cases. At an average follow-up of 19 months (range 15–22), five of seven patients had no pain, full range of motion, and a full premorbid activity level. One patient redislocated at 4 months postoperatively and was successfully managed with an open repair, and one patient developed a stiff shoulder that was successfully managed with arthroscopic release and manipulation. We conclude that this arthroscopic technique is a useful method to manage extensive labral detachment in selected patients.
Correlations between brain cortical thickness and cutaneous pain thresholds are atypical in adults with migraine.

Background/Objective: Migraineurs have atypical pain processing, increased expectations for pain, and hypervigilance for pain. Recent studies identified correlations between brain structure and pain sensation in healthy adults. The objective of this study was to compare cortical thickness-to-pain threshold correlations in migraineurs to healthy controls. We hypothesized that migraineurs would have aberrant relationships between the anatomical neurocorrelates of pain processing and pain thresholds. Methods: Pain thresholds to cutaneously applied heat were determined for 31 adult migraineurs and 32 healthy controls. Cortical thickness was determined from magnetic resonance imaging T1-weighted sequences. Regional cortical thicknessto-pain threshold correlations were determined for migraineurs and controls separately using a general linear model whole brain vertex-wise analysis. A pain threshold-by-group interaction analysis was then conducted to estimate regions where migraineurs show alterations in the pain threshold-to-cortical thickness correlations relative to healthy controls. Results: Controls had negative correlations (p,0.01 uncorrected) between pain thresholds and cortical thickness in left posterior cingulate/precuneus, right superior temporal, right inferior parietal, and left inferior temporal regions, and a negative correlation (p,0.01 Monte Carlo corrected) with a left superior temporal/inferior parietal region. Migraineurs had positive correlations (p,0.01 uncorrected) between pain thresholds and cortical thickness in left superior temporal/inferior parietal, right precuneus, right superior temporal/inferior parietal, and left inferior parietal regions. Cortical thickness-to-pain threshold correlations differed between migraine and control groups (p,0.01 uncorrected) for right superior temporal/ inferior parietal, right precentral, left posterior cingulate/precuneus, and right inferior parietal regions and (p,0.01 Monte Carlo corrected) for a left superior temporal/inferior parietal region. Conclusions: Unlike healthy control subjects who have a significant negative correlation between cortical thickness in a superior temporal/inferior parietal region with pain thresholds, migraineurs have a non-significant positive correlation between cortical thickness in a superior temporal/inferior parietal region with pain thresholds. Since this region participates in orienting and attention to painful stimuli, absence of the normal correlation might represent a migraineurs inability to inhibit pain sensation via shifting attention away from the painful stimulus.
PLC-γ1 is required for IGF-I protection from cell death induced by loss of extracellular matrix adhesion

Phospholipase C-γ1, a tyrosine kinase substrate, hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to produce inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, which act as second messenger moleculesto mobilize intracellular calcium and activate protein kinase C, respectively. We have investigated the role of phospholipase C-γ1 in anoikis, or cell death, induced by the loss of extracellular matrix adhesion. Spontaneously immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts nullizygous at the Plcg1 locus ( Plcg1 -/- ), referred to as Null cells, were derived from targeted gene disruption experiments. Subsequently, phospholipase C-γ1 was re-expressed in these cells to derive Null+ cells. The Null and Null+ cells were then placed in suspension to induce cell death, which was measured directly as well as by the induction of caspase 3, as an index of programmed cell death or apoptosis. The results demonstrate that insulin-like growth factor can rescue Null+ cells but not Null cells from suspension-induced cell death. This demonstrates that phospholipase C-γ1 is required for insulin-like growth factor dependent cell survival under these conditions. Lastly, the data demonstrate that insulinlike growth factor stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1 in both adherent and suspension cells.
Psychoeducational Training in Counseling Psychology Programs: Some Thoughts on a Training Curriculum

The need for a defined and systematic curriculum in psychoeducation is considered. Areas of importance in a psychoeducational curriculum are proposed: (a) preparatory coursework in the foundations, principles, and concepts of psychoeducation and program development; and (b) practicum training in psychoeducation and program development.
Bridging the gaps: evolution and development of perianth fusion

One of the most striking innovations in flower development is the congenital or postgenital union of petals (sympetaly) which has enabled dramatic specialization in flower structure and possibly accelerated speciation rates. Sympetalous flowers exhibit extraordinary variation in development, including the degree and timing of fusion, and fusion with other floral organs. Different axes of corolla tube complexity can be disentangled at the developmental level, with most variation being explained by differences in coordinated growth between interconnected and lobed regions of neighboring petal primordia, and between lower and upper portions of the corolla tube, defined by the stamen insertion boundary. Genetically, inter- and intra-specific variation in the degree of petal fusion is controlled by various inputs from genes that affect organ boundary and lateral growth, signaling between different cell types, and production of the cuticle. It is thus hypothesized that the evolution and diversification of fused petals, at least within the megadiverse Asteridae clade of core eudicots, have occurred through the modification of a conserved genetic pathway previously involved in free petal development.
Input/output software capability for a man-machine comunication and image processing system

Consistent with the design objectives of the General Motors Research Laboratories DAC--I (Design Augmented by Computers) project, the IBM 7960 Special Image Processing System has extensive input/output (I/O) capabilities. In order to facilitate the programmed control of this new hardware, the NOMAD and MAYBE programming languages were developed. However, while these languages provided the programmer with an effective means of controlling the new hardware, they offered little assistance in meeting the hardware data format requirements. The programmer still would have had to convert his output information from his own internal format to the output format required by the hardware. Similarly, all input from the hardware would have had to be converted by the programmer back to a form suitable for his own use. Moreover, these conversion processes are typically very involved and complicated. In short, the programmer was still not in a position to make easy, efficient, and flexible use of the I/O capabilities of the new hardware system. Thus, the need to provide a layer of general purpose I/O software between the programmer and the hardware was very apparent.
Gifts and Acquisitions in Volume 12:1

Describes gifts and acquisitions of "The New Jersey Journal," "An Abstract, or Abbreviation of Some Few of the Many . . . Testimonys from the Inhabitants of New-Jersey, and Other Eminent Persons, Who Have Wrote Particularly Concerning That Place," and others.
The Impact Of Job-Related Stressors On Incidents Of Excessive Force By Police Officers

The present study addresses the relationship between job-related stressors and incidents of police misconduct, a concept that has largely been neglected in policing literature. Manzoni and Eisner’s conceptualization of stress-strain theory provided the foundation for the research. Specifically, this study examines individual differences in the perception of how job-related stressors such as departmental leadership, departmental policies and regulations, and departmental climate are related to incidents of police misconduct expressed through the exercise of excessive force. This quantitative survey design employed the Police Survey of Job Related Stress (PSJRS) among a convenience sample of 94 active police officers (49 African American and 45 European) from a southern U.S. state. T-tests and the Mann-Whitney test were used to document statistically significant differences between white and African American officers across the perceived connection linking the core PSJRS dimensions of job-related stressors to excessive force misconduct. The results promote positive social change by reinforcing social bonds between police and communities and creating safer places to live.
A Concept of Alienation for Marginalized Groups

Political alienation has been shown to influence political attitudes and behavior in the past. Yet, the concept of political alienation, as it stands, is ill suited to address the alienation of marginalized groups, especially for Black Americans. Simply put, how can alienation be re-conceptualized to better fit African Americans and other marginalized groups? Previous research has not addressed this adequately. This paper introduces a new conceptual framework for alienation that examines both the institutional and social dimensions that many marginalized groups' experience. Structural equation models are used to construct new measures of alienation, which are then used to predict various political attitudes and behaviors. By examining Blacks in the volatile nineteen-sixties, I find that both institutional and social alienation are valuable predictors.
Wronged by a Professor? Breach of Fiduciary Duty as a Remedy in Intellectual Property Infringement Cases

This comment will examine the claim of breach of a fiduciary duty as a possible new remedy developing in United States courts for students hurt by their professors' infringement of their works. Students who have their works stolen by professors may have no other way to seek recourse against their professors, but a claim for breach of fiduciary duty has afforded some relief to graduate students when other claims have been dismissed. This could then be a useful tool for students who have had their work unfairly used by their professors. Often, students are unable to prove other claims for infringement due to the bylaws of the University or the qualities of the work they were doing. However, they may be able to prove that they enjoyed a fiduciary relationship with their professor, a relationship violated by the professor's use of their work. The first section of the paper will look at the concept of fiduciary duty and the relationship between university professors and students. Next, the paper will provide an overview of intellectual property law and university policies to explain the claims that failed these students. The third section will look at cases in which the claim for breach of fiduciary duty has been made. In this part, some of the more important factors leading to the reinstatement of this claim will be discussed. Finally, the last section of the paper will address the impact of this remedy on claims for patent and copyright infringement. Since this remedy is so new, the factors used to determine whether the claim will succeed are not clearly delineated. However, courts seem more willing to grant relief to graduate students with a close relationship with who are able to show damages from the actions of the offending professor. It is also remarkable that courts have tended to reverse orders of dismissal or summary judgment when this claim is alleged, thus giving the student another chance to prove her case. As these cases continue to emerge, it will become more clear in what instances courts are willing to grant this new form of relief. For now, though, students, professors and universities should be aware of this possible action and remedy and its implications for intellectual property infringement.
Chaos in Open Flow Systems

We discuss briefly some aspects of ‘open flow systems’ in the context of deterministic chaos. This note is mostly a statement of the difficulties in characterizing such flows, especially at high Reynolds numbers, by dynamical systems. Brief comments will be made on the fractal geometry of turbulence.
The Nonforum as a First Amendment Category: Bringing Order Out of the Chaos of Free Speech Cases Involving School Sponsored Activities

This article critically evaluates the way that federal courts adjudicate student free speech claims arising out of school sponsored activities. In doing so, it challenges conventional orthodoxy in several ways. First, it rejects the often stated truism that student free speech rights at school are less rigorously protected than the rights of speakers outside the school environment. In fact, under current authority, students at public school often have greater free speech rights than adults in other areas of public life. Second, it contest the way that most federal courts interpret and apply Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier, the controlling Supreme Court decision in this area, by arguing that school sponsored activities should not be characterized as a nonpublic forum in which viewpoint discriminatory regulations are prohibited. The article also suggests that a key factor in the Hazelwood analysis - whether the expressive activity at issue bears the imprimatur of the school - is largely irrelevant to the free speech analysis in these cases. As an alternative to the current morass of inconsistent decisions and incoherent analysis in this area, I argue that school sponsored activities should be characterized as a nonforum - a new free speech category developed in the article. The nonforum category covers government property or activities that should not be subject to judicial review under the free speech clause. As a working definition of the category, nonforums involve intrinsically and pervasively expressive government property and activities where the burden of complying with free speech requirements would unreasonably interfere with the activity's purpose or the use to which the property was being put. They also involve government functions which, for separation of powers and federalism reasons, should not be subject to intrusive judicial review under the free speech clause.
Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers of Endocrine Responsiveness for Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer

The estrogen-dependent nature of breast cancer is the fundamental basis for endocrine therapy. The presence of estrogen receptor (ER), the therapeutic target of endocrine therapy, is a prerequisite for this therapeutic approach. However, estrogen-independent growth often exists de novo at diagnosis or develops during the course of endocrine therapy. Therefore ER alone is insufficient in predicting endocrine therapy efficacy. Several RNA-based multigene assays are now available in clinical practice to assess distant recurrence risk, with majority of these assays evaluated in patients treated with 5 years of adjuvant endocrine therapy. While MammaPrint and Oncotype Dx are most predictive of recurrence risk within the first 5 years of diagnosis, Prosigna, Breast Cancer Index (BCI), and EndoPredict Clin have also demonstrated utility in predicting late recurrence. In addition, PAM50, or Prosigna, provides further biological insights by classifying breast cancers into intrinsic molecular subtypes. Additional strategies are under investigation in prospective clinical trials to differentiate endocrine sensitive and resistant tumors and include on-treatment Ki-67 and Preoperative Endocrine Prognostic Index (PEPI) score in the setting of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy. These biomarkers have become important tools in clinical practice for the identification of low risk patients for whom chemotherapy could be avoided. However, there is much work ahead toward the development of a molecular classification that informs the biology and novel therapeutic targets in high-risk disease as chemotherapy has only modest benefit in this population. The recognition of somatic mutations and their relationship to endocrine therapy responsiveness opens important opportunities toward this goal.
Enhanced Cellular Uptake of Short Polyarginine Peptides through Fatty Acylation and Cyclization

Many of the reported arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for the enhanced delivery of drugs are linear peptides composed of more than seven arginine residues to retain the cell penetration properties. Herein, we synthesized a class of nine polyarginine peptides containing 5 and 6 arginines, namely, R5 and R6. We further explored the effect of acylation with long chain fatty acids (i.e., octanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid) and cyclization on the cell penetrating properties of the peptides. The fluorescence-labeled acylated cyclic peptide dodecanoyl-[R5] and linear peptide dodecanoyl-(R5) showed approximately 13.7- and 10.2-fold higher cellular uptake than that of control 5,6-carboxyfluorescein, respectively. The mechanism of the peptide internalization into cells was found to be energy-dependent endocytosis. Dodecanoyl-[R5] and dodecanoyl-[R6] enhanced the intracellular uptake of a fluorescence-labeled cell-impermeable negatively charged phosphopeptide (F′-GpYEEI) in human ova...
Mystery and contingency in correctional education

Citing the work of Maxine Greene, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Thom Gehring, this paper makes the argument that correctional educators should attempt to accept that they will never fully understand the lives and perspectives of their students. Noting that some of the questions correctional educators have about the lived experiences of incarcerated and formerly incarcerated students cannot be answered in a way that is fully comprehensible to those who have not lived as prisoners, the paper suggests that developing comfort with mystery will allow educators to focus on instruction.
Differential Effects of Asp1-Angiotensin II and Sar1-Angiotensin II on Vascular and Adrenal Receptors in the Dog

1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone-suppressed, bilaterally nephrectomized male mongrel dogs (n = 12) were infused with Sar1-angiotensin II and Asp1-angiotensin II, the naturally occurring octapeptide. 2. Sar1-angiotensin II was found to be almost twice as potent as Asp1-angiotensin II in elevating blood pressure but its aldosterone-stimulating activity was not higher than that of the naturally occurring peptide. 3. A specific competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II, blocked the pressor but not the aldosterone-stimulating activity of Sar1-angiotensin II. 4. These results suggest functional differences in receptors for angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle and in adrenal cortex.
The effect of maternity care coordination services on utilization of postpartum contraceptive services

Abstract Objective To examine whether maternity care coordination (MCC) services are associated with utilization of postpartum contraceptive services. Methods Using a random sample of 7120 live births, we analyzed administrative data to assess whether MCC services affected utilization of contraceptive services within 3months of delivery. Treatment groups were constructed as MCC during the prenatal period only ( n =531), MCC in both the prenatal and postpartum periods ( n =1723) and a non-MCC control group ( n =4866). Inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs) were calculated and applied to balance baseline risk factors across groups. We used the IPTW linear probability model to estimate postpartum contraceptive service utilization, controlling for demographic, social, reproductive and medical home enrollment characteristics. Results At 3months postpartum, MCC participation was associated with a 19-percentage point higher level of utilization of postpartum contraceptive services among women who received both prenatal and postpartum care coordination services (p Conclusions MCC programs may be instrumental in increasing timely utilization of postpartum contraceptive services, but continuation of the intervention into the postpartum period is critical. Implication MCC offered both prenatally and in the postpartum period appears to complement clinical care by increasing postpartum contraceptive service utilization. Providers should consider the potential added benefits of care coordination services in tandem with traditional obstetric care to increase postpartum contraceptive use and subsequently reduce short birth intervals.
Cutaneous artifactual disease: an appeal for help.

Self-inflicted dermatitis is seen not infrequently by dermatologists. The author discusses the recognition, management, and prognosis of this difficult and controversial problem.
Evolution Evolves with Autoconstruction

In autoconstructive evolutionary algorithms, individuals implement not only candidate solutions to specified computational problems, but also their own methods for variation of offspring. This makes it possible for the variation methods to themselves evolve, which could, in principle, produce a system with an enhanced capacity for adaptation and superior problem solving power. Prior work on autoconsruction has explored a range of system designs and their evolutionary dynamics, but it has not solved hard problems. Here we describe a new approach that can indeed solve at least some hard problems. We present the key components of this approach, including the use of linear genomes for hierarchically structured programs, a diversity-maintaining parent selection algorithm, and the enforcement of diversification constraints on offspring. We describe a software synthesis benchmark problem that our new approach can solve, and we present visualizations of data from single successful runs of autoconstructive vs. non-autoconstructive systems on this problem. While anecdotal, the data suggests that variation methods, and therefore significant aspects of the evolutionary process, evolve over the course of the autoconstructive runs.
Status of Dietary Selenium in Cancer Prevention

An abundance of data shows that selenium (Se) can be antitumorigenic. Hundreds of studies using a wide variety of animal tumor models, as well as a much smaller number of clinical studies, demonstrate that treatment with Se in non-Se-deficient subjects can reduce cancer risk. Effective doses are substantially greater than those required for supporting maximal selenoprotein expression, which implies independent mechanisms of antitumorigenic action. We proposed a model for Se-anticarcinogenesis that links effects on gene expression, DNA damage/repair, cell signaling, cell proliferation, apoptosis, neo-angiogenesis and metastasis, with underlying metabolic activities of Se-metabolites in redox cycling, modifying protein-thiols, and mimicking methionine in metabolism. That these effects appear physiologically consequential only at supranutritional Se exposures follows from the apparently low levels of free Se-metabolites normally present in tissues. However, it is not clear whether the same mechanisms might have adverse effects including promotion of tumor growth. While present evidence suggests that supranutritional intakes of Se may benefit Se-deficient individuals and many who are Se-adequate, further research is needed to rationalize the mixed results of human clinical trials with the compelling results of animal models. Seven questions are posed to guide that research agenda.