cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using scientific visualization tools to facilitate analysis of multi-dimensional data from a spatially explicit, biophysical, individual-based model of marine fish early life history

Megrey, B. A., Hinckley, S., and Dobbins, E. L. 2002. Using scientific visualization tools to facilitate analysis of multi-dimensional data from a spatially explicit, biophysical, individual-based model of marine fish early life history. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 59: 203–215. Individual-based models (IBM), as an ecological modeling paradigm, are being used widely in the analysis of fish populations in marine ecosystems. The flexibility and power of IBMs with respect to building detailed and realistic biological models have encouraged recent and important extensions, which include explicit spatial dynamics and biophysical forcing of certain life stage processes. Unfortunately, the usefulness of individual-based numerical simulation models is often negated by the difficulty in digesting and analyzing their voluminous and complicated output. Scientific visualization tools offer the capability to remedy this problem. In this paper we briefly describe our spatially explicit, biophysical, individual-based model, its data input and output characteristics and the off-the-shelf visualization tools we used to help facilitate analysis and interpretation of the model. A stand-alone, easy-to-use, post-processing, graphic user interface is described that permits rapid examination and integrated visualization of multi-dimensional model output. Specific examples are provided showing how scientific visualization, as a research tool, provided valuable assistance in untangling complex model dynamics, assisted with diagnostic analyses related to model validation, helped investigate trends, and apparent oddities in the data, and facilitated the communication of model results.
The Endogeneity of Academic Science to Local Industrial R&D

This paper explores the impact of local industry R&D upon the rate and direction of academic research in the regional innovation system. I argue that the impact of local industrial R&D upon the res...
Microstructural surface properties of powder film in electrostatic coating process

In an electrostatic powder coating process, several forces effect the deposition of charged polymer paint particles and the adhesion of the deposited particles on the grounded substrate being painted. In this paper, the authors discuss the roles and relative magnitudes of these forces. They present a model on the deposition of a charged particle approaching the surface of the substrate. Once the particle deposits on the surface and when the high voltage is turned off, the particle experiences (1) the force due to the image charge of the underlying powder layer, (2) the force due to the image charge of the particle, (3) the repulsive force between the charged particle and the charge on the powder layer, and (4) the van der Waals force between the particle and the adjacent particles deposited on the substrate. The model shows criteria on whether the particles will deposit on the substrate and, if deposited, whether it will remain on the surface of the powder layer once the corona field is turned off. These relative forces influence the microstructure of the powder layer and may affect the ultimate appearance or the texture of paint film after curing. >
OspC Is Potent Plasminogen Receptor on Surface of Borrelia burgdorferi

Host-derived proteases are crucial for the successful infection of vertebrates by several pathogens, including the Lyme disease spirochete bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi. B. burgdorferi must traverse tissue barriers in the tick vector during transmission to the host and during dissemination within the host, and it must disrupt immune challenges to successfully complete its infectious cycle. It has been proposed that B. burgdorferi can accomplish these tasks without an endogenous extra-cytoplasmic protease by commandeering plasminogen, the highly abundant precursor of the vertebrate protease plasmin. However, the molecular mechanism by which B. burgdorferi immobilizes plasminogen to its surface remains obscure. The data presented here demonstrate that the outer surface protein C (OspC) of B. burgdorferi is a potent plasminogen receptor on the outer membrane of the bacterium. OspC-expressing spirochetes readily bind plasminogen, whereas only background levels of plasminogen are detectable on OspC-deficient strains. Furthermore, plasminogen binding by OspC-expressing spirochetes can be significantly reduced using anti-OspC antibodies. Co-immunofluorescence staining assays demonstrate that wild-type bacteria immobilize plasminogen only if they are actively expressing OspC regardless of the expression of other surface proteins. The co-localization of plasminogen and OspC on OspC-expressing spirochetes further implicates OspC as a biologically relevant plasminogen receptor on the surface of live B. burgdorferi.
Envy Divides the Two Faces of Narcissism

In this article, we test psychodynamic assumptions about envy and narcissism by examining malicious envy in the context of narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability. In Study 1, students (N = 192) and community adults (N = 161) completed trait measures of narcissism, envy, and schadenfreude. In Study 2 (N = 121), participants relived an episode of envy, and cognitive-affective components of envy were examined in the context of both self- and informant reports of their envy and narcissism. In Study 3 (N = 69), narcissism was linked to reports of envy covertly induced in the laboratory. Vulnerable narcissism was strongly and consistently related to dispositional envy and schadenfreude (Studies 1-2), as well as to all cognitive-affective components of envy (Study 2). Furthermore, it facilitated envy and schadenfreude toward a high-status peer (Study 3). Grandiose narcissism was slightly negatively related to dispositional envy (Studies 1-2), and it did not predict informant reports of envy or cognitive-affective components of the emotion (Study 2). Finally, it did not exacerbate envy, hostility, or resentment toward a high-status peer (Study 3). The results suggest envy is a central emotion in the lives of those with narcissistic vulnerability and imply that envy should be reconsidered as a symptom accompanying grandiose features in the diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.
Reflections upon Bruner's hypothesis

The educational philosophy of Jerome Bruner has stimulated considerable interest and discussion in recent years. The author of this article takes issue with Bruner's statement “that any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development” and presents his objections through the use of formal logic.
The Declaration of Independence: Changing Interpretations and a New Hypothesis

interpretation and authoritative status of the Bible. The Declaration's interpreters may be grouped into four categories: (l) the Founding Fathers and the Revolutionary generation; (2) the radical/reform tradition; (3) the conservative critique; and (4) the scholarly debate over origins and the meaning of terms such as equality, liberty, and natural rights. The logical semiotic conclusion is that there is no Declaration of Independence but only a symbol representing the aspirations of the various interpreters. In fact, almost everything popularly accepted as true about the Declaration is a myth?that it was adopted unani mously (John Dickinson refused to sign and the New York delegates were forbidden by instruction to vote); that it was either signed or promulgated on July 4 (independence was approved July 2, proclaimed on July 8, and the document signed by everyone except John Hancock after July 4); and even that it is a "Declaration of Independence"?the real title is "A Declaration By the Representatives of the United States in General Congress Assembled."2 Nevertheless, I argue that only the radical/reform tradition reads the Declaration at all: the other interpreters have respectively celebrated, denied, or dissected it. Only those who have sought to use the Declaration to change society in the direction of greater liberty and equality have considered both parts of the document?not merely the philosophical introduction or the list of practical grievances?and situated it in a context which gives both sections meaning. First, consider what the Declaration meant to the generation of the American Revolution. Congress contemplated a Declaration of Independence for two practical military reasons: to enlist foreign support and to increase enthusiasm for the struggle at home. Not only is the Declaration addressed to "a candid world," but Jefferson's notes on Congress' deliberations stress that "a declaration of independence alone could render it consistent with European delicacy, for European powers to treat with us ... and receive our vessels," therefore enabling the new nation "to enter into alliance with France."3 Within the newly proclaimed nation, the Declaration provoked official and unofficial
Anisotropic and dynamic mesh adaptation for discontinuous Galerkin methods applied to reactive transport

Mesh adaptation strategies are proposed for discontinuous Galerkin methods applied to reactive transport problems, with emphasis on dynamic and anisotropic adaptation. They include an anisotropic mesh adaptation scheme and two isotropic methods using an L 2 (L 2 ) norm error estimator and a hierarchic error indicator. These dynamic mesh adaptation approaches are investigated using benchmark cases. Numerical results demonstrate that the three approaches resolve time-dependent transport adequately without slope limiting for both long-term and short-term simulations. It is shown that these results apply to problems where either diffusion or advection dominates in different subdomains. Moreover, for these schemes, mass conservation is retained locally during dynamic mesh modification. Comparison studies indicate that the anisotropic mesh adaptation provides the most efficient meshes and has the least numerical diffusion among the three adaptation approaches. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Building a functional multiple intelligences theory to advance educational neuroscience

A key goal of educational neuroscience is to conduct constrained experimental research that is theory-driven and yet also clearly related to educators’ complex set of questions and concerns. However, the fields of education, cognitive psychology and neuroscience use different levels of description to characterize human ability. An important advance in research in educational neuroscience would be the identification of a cognitive and neurocognitive framework at a level of description relatively intuitive to educators. I argue that the theory of multiple intelligences (Gardner, 1983), a conception of the mind that motivated a past generation of teachers, may provide such an opportunity. I criticize MI for doing little to clarify for teachers a core misunderstanding, specifically that MI was only an anatomical map of the mind but not a functional theory that detailed how the mind actually processes information. In an attempt to build a “functional MI” theory, I integrate into MI basic principles of cognitive and neural functioning, namely interregional neural facilitation and inhibition. In so doing I hope to forge a path towards constrained experimental research that bears upon teachers’ concerns about teaching and learning.
Altered Serotonergic Activity in Women with Dysphoric Premenstrual Syndromes

Objective:Dysphoric Premenstrual Syndromes (PMS) are quite prevalent and in some women they are severe enough to warrant treatment. Their pathophysiology is still unknown, despite increased interest and research. Here we review the possible role of serotonin in the multidimensional interactive pathophysiology of PMS.Method:Over 170 articles are reviewed. An extensive library search has been conducted and articles are included because of their relevance to: 1) the phenomenology of PMS; 2) the putative association of serotonergic (5-HT) activity with syndromes that occur premenstrually; 3) changes in 5-HT activity along the menstrual cycle, especially the late luteal phase; 4) influence of gonadal hormones on serotonergic functions; 5) endocrine strategies for assessment of 5-HT abnormalities; and 6) treatment studies of PMS with serotonergic agonists.Results and Conclusions:The data presented here suggest that post-synaptic serotonergic responsivity might be altered during the late-luteal-premenstrual phas...
Arrhythmias After Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Background: Arrhythmias frequently occur after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Methods and Results: The most common are ventricular premature complexes, atrial premature complexes, sinus or junctional bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter, all of which have varying clinical significance depending on associated or causative conditions. Unique etiologic factors such as allograft rejection, transplant coronary artery disease, and altered anatomy and autonomic nervous system changes require that arrhythmias be treated differently after OHT compared with the general population. Conclusion: The potentially severe ramifications of allograft rejection and coronary artery disease make treatment of these disorders in the setting of arrhythmias as important as treating the arrhythmias themselves. At the same time, autonomic denervation and altered anatomy after transplantation complicate drug and device therapies.
Philosophical Issues in Neuroimaging

Functional neuroimaging (NI) technologies like Positron Emission Tomography and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) have revolutionized neuroscience, and provide crucial tools to link cognitive psychology and traditional neuroscientific models. A growing discipline of ‘neurophilosophy’ brings fMRI evidence to bear on traditional philosophical issues such as weakness of will, moral psychology, rational choice, social interaction, free will, and consciousness. NI has also attracted critical attention from psychologists and from philosophers of science. I review debates over the evidential status of fMRI, including the differences between brain scans and ordinary images, the legitimacy of forward inference and reverse inference, and deductive versus probabilistic accounts of NI evidence. I conclude with a discussion of fMRI as exploratory rather than confirmatory evidence, linking this debate to the growing literature on cognitive ontology.
Polarization of elliptic E region plasma irregularities and implications for coherent radar backscatter from Farley-Buneman waves

[1] The problem of two-dimensional, homogeneous, elliptical irregularities in an otherwise homogeneous plasma with anisotropic conductivity is considered. We find an analytic solution for the potential inside and outside the irregularities. In the special case of circular irregularities, the internal electric field is reduced from the background field in both depletions and enhancements. The internal field is rotated in different directions for depletion and enhancements, however. When the irregularity is elongated, the electric field inside can be larger or smaller than the background field in both depletions and enhancements, depending on the attack angle of the background field. The effects of ion inertia can further suppress the internal electric field in small-scale circular irregularities. These electrodynamics considerations may help explain some aspects of radar observations of irregularities excited by Farley-Buneman waves and instabilities in the electrojets, in particular, their tendency to exhibit Doppler shifts significantly smaller than the line-of-sight background electron convection speed and proportional to the cosine of the flow angle. The analysis generalizes that of St.-Maurice and Hamza (2001), who introduced this avenue of investigation.
An OAI-Based Filtering Service for CITIDEL from NDLTD

One goal of the Computing and Information Technology Interactive Digital Educational Library (CITIDEL) is to maximize the number of computing-related resources available to computer science scholars and practitioners through it. In this paper, we describe a set of experiments designed to help this goal by adding to CITIDEL a sub-collection of computing related electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs) automatically extracted from the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) OAI Union Catalog. We analyze the metadata quality of the NDLTD OAI Union Catalog and describe three different experiments that combine different sources of evidence to improve the accuracy in filtering out the computing related entries.
Parental refusal: legal and ethical considerations

The Children’s Act of 2005 was a watershed in establishing the rights of the child in South Africa. This legal document makes provision for the care and protection of children, and defines parental responsibilities and rights. It also defines who is a “parent,” and what should be considered when requesting consent for anaesthesia and surgery prior to an operation. Current laws provide a balance of parents’ wide discretionary authority in raising their children with the laws to protect children against abuse and neglect. There are two parts to this Act: the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 and the Children’s Amendment Act 41 of 2007, some of which came into force in 2007, and the associated regulations in 2010. The two acts have now been combined into one, called the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 (as amended by Act 41 in 2007). 1-3
Comparison of pathways controlling toxicity in the eye and brain in Drosophila models of human neurodegenerative diseases

Most human neurodegenerative diseases have a number of common features, including adult onset, progressive degeneration of selected neuronal populations and formation of abnormal protein aggregates. Although these shared characteristics raise the possibility of conserved pathogenic mechanisms, the diverse clinical and pathological features of each disorder indicate significant differences. As a number of human neurodegenerative diseases have now been modeled in Drosophila, and genetic modifiers identified, we have been able to perform a genetic comparison of pathways controlling toxicity in these models. By directly comparing modifiers isolated in the models of polyglutamine diseases and in a Drosophila model of tauopathy, we find a final common pathway of cell death involving apoptosis. Among the polyglutamine diseases, protein folding and histone acetylation are common key mediators. In addition, two novel modifiers suggest shared pathways of toxicity among all the disorders. Cell-type specificity is a salient feature of all neurodegenerative diseases; however, most work to date in the Drosophila models have been performed in the retina. Therefore, we determined whether similar pathways of toxicity operate in neurons of the Drosophila brain. Many, but not all, retinal modifiers also modify toxicity in postmitotic neurons in the brain. Analysis of polyglutamine toxicity in the adult brain facilitated the identification of nicotinamide (vitamin B3), a vitamin with histone deacetylase inhibiting activity, as a potent suppressor of polyglutamine toxicity. These findings outline common pathways of neurotoxicity, demonstrate disease- and cell-type specific pathways and identify a common vitamin as a potential therapy in polyglutamine disorders.
Temporal Data Set Reduction Based on D-Optimality for Quantitative FLIM-FRET Imaging.

Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) when paired with Forster resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET) enables the monitoring of nanoscale interactions in living biological samples. FLIM-FRET model-based estimation methods allow the quantitative retrieval of parameters such as the quenched (interacting) and unquenched (non-interacting) fractional populations of the donor fluorophore and/or the distance of the interactions. The quantitative accuracy of such model-based approaches is dependent on multiple factors such as signal-to-noise ratio and number of temporal points acquired when sampling the fluorescence decays. For high-throughput or in vivo applications of FLIM-FRET, it is desirable to acquire a limited number of temporal points for fast acquisition times. Yet, it is critical to acquire temporal data sets with sufficient information content to allow for accurate FLIM-FRET parameter estimation. Herein, an optimal experimental design approach based upon sensitivity analysis is presented in order to identify the time points that provide the best quantitative estimates of the parameters for a determined number of temporal sampling points. More specifically, the D-optimality criterion is employed to identify, within a sparse temporal data set, the set of time points leading to optimal estimations of the quenched fractional population of the donor fluorophore. Overall, a reduced set of 10 time points (compared to a typical complete set of 90 time points) was identified to have minimal impact on parameter estimation accuracy (≈5%), with in silico and in vivo experiment validations. This reduction of the number of needed time points by almost an order of magnitude allows the use of FLIM-FRET for certain high-throughput applications which would be infeasible if the entire number of time sampling points were used.
Toward a Robust Separation of Powers: Recapturing the Judiciary's Role at Sentencing

Twenty years ago, Congress fundamentally changed the procedure for sentencing criminal defendants in the federal system by creating the United States Sentencing Commission to promulgate the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. The Guidelines were an attempt to increase transparency and decrease disparities in criminal sentences. Unfortunately, as the Supreme Court recognized in United States v. Booker, the Guidelines were also unconstitutional. Over the last decade, the federal judiciary has struggled to find the proper role for the Guidelines within the confines of the Constitution. This Note argues that the struggle is a result of the Supreme Court's failure to recognize the structural violation inherent in the Guidelines. The focus of the Court's analysis in sentencing cases has been the individual rights provisions of the Due Process Clause and the Sixth Amendment. The Court's individual rights analysis has come at the expense of the Guidelines corollary constitutional problem, the separation of powers. This Note begins with an overview social, political, and judicial history of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. It then analyzes the Court's methodology and reasoning and concludes that the Court has turned a blind eye to the separation of powers problem that the Guidelines present. Next, it describes why the structural concern ought to be an essential component in the Court's Guidelines jurisprudence. Finally, it discusses the remedies available and concludes that only two options resolve both the individual rights and separation of powers problems arising from the Guidelines. This Note argues that, given the constitutional problems, the Court must invalidate the Guidelines and explain the acceptable alternative, while leaving the final policy decision up to Congress.
Associations of cognition with physical functioning and health-related quality of life among COPD patients *

Abstract Background Neurocognitive impairment has been described in COPD patients, but little is known about its relationship with physical functioning and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in this chronically ill patient group. Methods 301 stable COPD patients completed the Trail Making Test (TMT-A: psychomotor speed and TMT-B: executive control); 198 patients completed the Memory Impairment Screen (MIS). Standardization of TMT-A and TMT-B scores to a normative population yielded classifications of normal, borderline, or impaired cognitive status. Using multivariable regression, we examined the relationship between the TMT-A, TMT-B, and MIS with physical functioning (physical activity, 6-min walk test, and grip strength) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) measured with the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire and the SF-36. Results Nearly 30% of patients had either borderline or impaired cognition on the TMT-A or TMT-B. Adjusted models indicated that those with either borderline or impaired cognitive functioning had weaker grip strength (TMT-A borderline: β = −2.9, P β = −3.0, P β = −2.5, P β = −4.7, P Conclusions Cognitive function was not associated with most standard indicators of physical function or most measures of HRQL in COPD patients. Both TMT-A and TMT-B were associated with weaker grip strength, and the TMT-A and MIS with poorer mental health.
New radio-frequency photonic filter based on photonicphononic emitter-receivers

A new on-chip RF photonic filter based on the photon-phonon interaction is demonstrated. The measured RF filtering responses show the unprecedented combination of high power handling, wavelength insensitivity, and second-order filtering performances.
Predicting trace organic compound attenuation with spectroscopic parameters in powdered activated carbon processes

The removal of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) is of growing interest in water research and society. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) has been proven to be an effective method of removal for TOrCs in water, with the degree of effectiveness depending on dosage, contact time, and activated carbon type. In this study, the attenuation of TOrCs in three different secondary wastewater effluents using four PAC materials was studied in order to elucidate the effectiveness and efficacy of PAC for TOrC removal. With the notable exception of hydrochlorothiazide, all 14 TOrC indicators tested in this study exhibited a positive correlation of removal rate with their log Dow values, demonstrating that the main adsorption mechanism was hydrophobic interaction. As a predictive model, the modified Chick-Watson model, often used for the prediction of microorganism inactivation by disinfectants, was applied. The applied model exhibited good predictive power for TOrC attenuation by PAC in wastewater. In addition, surrogate models based upon spectroscopic measurements including UV absorbance at 254 nm and total fluorescence were applied to predict TOrC removal by PAC. The surrogate model was found to provide an excellent prediction of TOrC attenuation for all combinations of water quality and PAC type included in this study. The success of spectrometric parameters as surrogates in predicting TOrC attenuation by PAC are particularly useful because of their potential application in real-time on-line sensor monitoring and process control at full-scale water treatment plants, which could lead to significantly reduced operator response times and PAC operational optimization.
Comparison of Propofol, Midazolam and Etomidate during Induction of Children's Anaethesia

Objective:To compare the hemodynamic effects of propofol, midazolam and etomidate during induction in sick children. Methods: Sixty sick children were randomly divided into three groups to receive intravenous propofol 2.5 mg·kg -1 (group P), midazolam 0.2 mg·kg -1 (group M) or etomidate 0.3 mg·kg -1 (group E), respectively. All hemodynamic data were recorded before administration, during intubation and 1,3,5,10 min after intubation. Results: The Bp and HR had no change in group P and group M during whole procedure. In group E, the Bp had increased significantly at intubation to 1,3 min after intubation. Conclusion: propofol, midazolam and etomidate may be safely administrated for sick children during induction of anaesthesia.
Evaluation of pore structure and its influence on permeability and moisture damage in asphalt concrete

This study evaluates the pore structure of asphalt concrete (AC) samples by measuring the different components of pore space and their contributions to permeability and moisture damage. Three compo...
Nitrogen Starvation-induced Phosphorylation of Ras1 Protein and Its Potential Role in Nutrient Signaling and Stress Response

Ras1 is a small GTPase in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that regulates nutrient signaling. It has been shown that Ras1 undergoes phosphorylation, but the functional consequences and regulation of Ras1 phosphorylation remain unknown. Here we identify Ser-226 as an important residue for Ras1 phosphorylation, as mutating this residue to an alanine drastically diminishes the level of Ras1 phosphorylation. Notably, phosphorylated Ras1 accumulates as the cells approach the stationary phase of growth. Likewise, subjecting cells to nitrogen starvation also elevates the level of Ras1 phosphorylation. Interestingly, blocking Ras1 phosphorylation diminishes the level of autophagy and also renders the cells more sensitive to heat shock. Together, these data suggest a role of Ras1 phosphorylation in modulating nutrient signaling and stress response.
Practical Implications and Challenges

In this chapter, the philosophy of co-existence faces the tests of practical application. In particular, can it do better than the just war theory in dealing with the kinds of violence common in today’s world? Proponents of just war theory have attempted to amend just war theory to account for the challenges of humanitarian intervention, terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. New versions of just war theory have been proposed for unconventional wars that do not satisfy all the conditions found in earlier versions. I have argued that the failure of just war theory in dealing with these challenges is not due to the newness of unconventional warfare, so that mere revision of the requirements of just war will not be adequate. For just war theory is an unsatisfactory ethics of war, even for the wars that have been fought in most of human history. Thus, I have argued for abandonment of the just war theory and its replacement by the philosophy of co-existence.
Personality, Identity Styles, and Fundamentalism During Emerging Adulthood

ABSTRACTThis study examined the associations among personality, identity style, and fundamentalism. The initial sample included 808 students from 2 state universities (in the upper Midwest and Southeast United States). Of those students, 440 students self-identified as Protestant and were included. Testing mediation effects of identity styles on the relationship between personality and fundamentalism revealed only moderate direct effects between personality and fundamentalism, but 4 distinct patterns of indirect effects supporting the process-oriented model proposed by Duriez and colleagues. Results are discussed in terms of similarities and differences with other studies, with implications for future research outlined.
Abnormal event detection with high resolution micro-PMU data

Power system has been incorporating increasing amount of unconventional generations and loads such as renewable resources, electric vehicles, and controllable loads. The induced short term and stochastic power flow requires high resolution monitoring technology and agile decision support techniques for system diagnosis and control. In this paper, we discuss the application of micro-phasor measurement unit (μPMU) for power distribution network monitoring, and study learning based data-driven methods for abnormal event detection. We first resolve the challenging problem of information representation for the multiple streams of high resolution μPMU data, by proposing a pooling-picking scheme. With that, a kernel Principle Component Analysis (kPCA) is adopted to build statistical models for nominal state and detect possible anomalies. To distinguish event types, we propose a novel discriminative method that only requires partial expert knowledge for training. Finally, our methods are tested on an actual distribution network with μPMUs, and the results justifies the effectiveness of the data driven event detection framework, as well as its potentials to serve as one of the core algorithms to ensure power system security and reliability.
Posttransplant Outcomes Among Septuagenarians Bridged to Transplantation With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

Background A bridge to transplant strategy with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device is increasingly being offered to older patients. However, the upper patient age limit has not been defined. Methods The United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) database was used to identify 21,258 heart transplant recipients from 2004 to 2014. Of these, 4,850 (22.8%) were bridged with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Recipients were stratified by age: group 1, aged 70 years or more (n = 115, 2.4%); and group 2, aged 18 to 69 years (n = 4,735, 97.6%). Results Elderly patients more likely had ischemic etiology than younger patients (69.6% versus 41.0%; p p p p = 0.021) and 3-year posttransplant survival (80.9% versus 85.7%; p = 0.073). However, analysis of a propensity matched cohort did not demonstrate survival difference at 90 days and 3 years. Among septuagenarians, the model for end-stage liver disease excluding international normalized ratio (MELD-XI) score was a predictor for 90-day mortality (hazard ratio 4.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.90 to 10.55; p = 0.001) and 3-year mortality (hazard ratio 2.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.51 to 3.41; p p = 0.036). Functionally independent patients showed a remarkably superior posttransplant survival compared with functionally dependent patients (96.7% versus 42.8% at 3 years; p = 0.001). Conclusions The continuous-flow left ventricular assist device supported septuagenarians did not have increased posttransplant mortality. Functional outcomes during device support may have important implications for organ allocation among the elderly.
Concurrent decrease of brain white matter tracts' thicknesses and fractional anisotropy after antenatal hypoxia-ischemia detected with tract-based spatial statistics analysis.

PURPOSE To examine the extent of gray and white matter (WM) injury following global antenatal hypoxia-ischemia (H-I) and resulting in muscle hypertonia in newborns in a rabbit cerebral palsy model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rabbit dams (n = 15) underwent uterine ischemia procedure resulting in a global fetal H-I at embryonic day 22 (embryonic 22 days gestation). Newborn's brains underwent high resolution diffusion tensor imaging on a 14 Tesla magnet ex vivo. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in brains of hypertonic (n = 9), nonhypertonic (n = 6), and sham control (n = 5) kits were compared voxel-wise using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) approach. Herein, we used a novel method to assess local WM tracts' thicknesses in TBSS analysis and compare between the groups. RESULTS Significant (corrected P < 0.05) reduction of WM FA was found in corpus callosum splenium (91.2%), periventricular WM (83.5%), fimbria hippocampi (78.8%), cingulum (81.4%), anterior commissure (95%), internal capsule (83.2%), and optic tract (82.9%) in the hypertonic group. Significant (corrected P < 0.05) reduction in WM tracts' thicknesses was found in corpus callosum (73.3%), periventricular WM (82.5%), cingulum (73.4%), bilaterally in the hypertonic group. CONCLUSION WM injury in newborn hypertonic kits 10 days after global fetal H-I is widespread and involves not only motor but also limbic and commissural fibers in multiple regions. WM injury in newborn hypertonic kits is manifested by changes in microstructural properties and decreased FA, as well as reduction of WM volumes, relative to nonhypertonic kits. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:700-709. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:829-838.
Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors as anticancer and antiviral agents

In all procaryotic and eucaryotic cells the synthesis of DNA requires a continuous supply of doexyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). The formation of dNTPs can be either through the ‘de novo’ pathway utilizing ribonucleotides as precursors, or using preformed deoxyribonucleotides via the ‘salvage’ pathway [1,2] (see fig. 1). However, due to the limited pool size of the deoxyribonucleotides in mammalian cells, rapid synthesis is necessary for proper cell replication. In the early 1950’s, in vivo experiments with C14-labelled nucleosides in rats revealed that deoxyribonucleotides were formed by a direct reduction of ribonucleotides [3]. De novo synthesis of dNTPs requires the action of the redox enzyme ribonucleotides reductase (RR) (EC 1.17.4.1).
Integrated Theory-and Data-Driven Feature Selection in Gene Expression Data Analysis

The exponential growth of high dimensional biological data has led to a rapid increase in demand for automated approaches for knowledge production. Existing methods rely on two general approaches to address this challenge: 1) the Theorydriven approach, which utilizes prior accumulated knowledge, and 2)the Data-driven approach, which solely utilizes the data to deduce scientific knowledge. Both of these approaches alone suffer from bias toward past/present knowledge, as they fail to incorporate all of the current knowledge that is available to make new discoveries. In this paper, we show how an integrated method can effectively address the high dimensionality of big biological data, which is a major problem for pure datadriven analysis approaches. We realize our approach in a novel two-step analytical workflow that incorporates a new feature selection paradigm as the first step to handling high-throughput gene expression data analysis and that utilizes graphical causal modeling as the second step to handle the automatic extraction of causal relationships. Our results, on real-world clinical datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), demonstrate that our method is capable of intelligently selecting genes for learning effective causal networks.
Cultural Studies in Science Education: Philosophical Considerations

This chapter examines from a philosophical perspective the work on contemporary science education developed in the literature of the cultural studies of science education (CSSE) field. The aim is to focus attention on the conceptual bases of the CSSE work. Part 1 begins with an introduction to cultural studies of science (CSS), presenting foundational philosophical and sociological work that has been influential in the CSSE field. In Part 2 attention turns to the cultural studies of science education. Representative CSSE works that illustrate central and controversial theses are examined, and strengths and weaknesses of these theses are indicated. Part 3 focuses on philosophical concepts related to science and science education; issues that have emerged in Parts 1 and 2 are addressed.
Impulse-equivalent time-domain optical memory

We propose a novel approach to time-domain storage of serial optical data. In this approach, two identical impulse- equivalent sequences are used as write and read pulses to store and later retrieve optical information. These pulse sequences are both amplitude- and phase-modulated in such a way that their autocorrelations resemble, as closely as theoretically possible, the autocorrelation of a single large brief pulse to ensure faithful data retrieval. Such impulse-equivalent sequences are known to exist for all lengths, permitting the storage of large bandwidth data. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we have successfully stored a 42-microsecond long stream containing 420 bits of data in a 40-MHz spectral channel in a Eu3+:Y2SiO5 crystal. The stored data was repeatedly recalled for up to eight times with high signal fidelity, showing no measurable sidelobe-induced noise.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effectiveness of Adenotonsillectomy and Risk of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency in Children With Prader-Willi Syndrome.

Objectives:(1) Review effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy (T&A) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PW). (2) Examine the incidence of velopharyngeal insufficie...
CAIRO: A Compiler-Assisted Technique for Enabling Instruction-Level Offloading of Processing-In-Memory

Three-dimensional (3D)-stacking technology and the memory-wall problem have popularized processing-in-memory (PIM) concepts again, which offers the benefits of bandwidth and energy savings by offloading computations to functional units inside the memory. Several memory vendors have also started to integrate computation logics into the memory, such as Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC), the latest version of which supports up to 18 in-memory atomic instructions. Although industry prototypes have motivated studies for investigating efficient methods and architectures for PIM, researchers have not proposed a systematic way for identifying the benefits of instruction-level PIM offloading. As a result, compiler support for recognizing offloading candidates and utilizing instruction-level PIM offloading is unavailable. In this article, we analyze the advantages of instruction-level PIM offloading in the context of HMC-atomic instructions for graph-computing applications and propose CAIRO, a compiler-assisted technique and decision model for enabling instruction-level offloading of PIM without any burden on programmers. To develop CAIRO, we analyzed how instruction offloading enables performance gain in both CPU and GPU workloads. Our studies show that performance gain from bandwidth savings, the ratio of number of cache misses to total cache accesses, and the overhead of host atomic instructions are the key factors in selecting an offloading candidate. Based on our analytical models, we characterize the properties of beneficial and nonbeneficial candidates for offloading. We evaluate CAIRO with 27 multithreaded CPU and 36 GPU benchmarks. In our evaluation, CAIRO not only doubles the speedup for a set of PIM-beneficial workloads by exploiting HMC-atomic instructions but also prevents slowdown caused by incorrect offloading decisions for other workloads.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Abstract This overview introduces the methodology, history, mechanisms, and applications of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). This includes tracing the historical origins of tDCS along related transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) techniques such as Electrosleep, Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation, and Limoge Current. tDCS terminology and tDCS dosaging is defined. How tDCS is customized to given applications is explained (the origins of tDCS specificity) and includes anatomical, activity-selective, and input-bias mechanisms. Preparation methods for tDCS are reviewed that include selecting and preparing electrodes and contact medium, selecting and preparing electrode placement, common montages, and the use of computational models to optimize dose. We review safety considerations for tDCS and important efficacy trials.
Maternal care-related differences in males and females rats' sensitivity to ethanol and the associations between the GABAergic system and steroids in males.

This study investigated the effect of maternal care on adolescent ethanol consumption, sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypnosis, as well as gonadal hormones and γ-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABAA ) systems. Long Evans rat dams were categorized by maternal licking/grooming (LG) frequency into High- and Low-LG mothers. Both female and male offspring from Low-LG rats demonstrated a greater sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypnosis in the loss-of-righting-reflex test at ethanol doses of 3.0 and 3.5 g/kg during late-adolescence (postnatal Day 50) but not at mid-adolescence (postnatal Day 42). However, we found no effect of maternal care on consumption of a 5% ethanol solution in a two-bottle choice test. We further investigated the association between the observed variations in sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypnosis and baseline hormonal levels in males. In male offspring from Low-LG mothers compared to High-LG mothers, baseline plasma corticosterone and progesterone levels were higher. GABAA α1 and δ subunit expressions were also higher in the cerebral cortex of Low-LG males but lower in the cerebellar synaptosomal fraction. Early environmental influences on adolescent sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypnosis, consumption, and preference may be mediated by gonadal hormones and possibly through GABAergic functions.
Primary Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Bacterial Reaction Centers

The solution of the crystal structure of reaction centers from purple photosynthetic bacteria (1–4) has raised a challenge: Can we account for the directionality, speed and efficiency of the primary photochemical electron transfer reactions on the basis of the crystal structure?
Synaptic Transmission: Models

The biophysical steps that underlie chemical synaptic transmission have been identified and extensively studied. Advances in modern computers and modeling techniques, as well as detailed experimental information of the structure and molecular composition of synapses, make possible highly constrained, realistic models. These models can be used to better understand how the spatial structure and biophysical properties of the synapse shape the synaptic response and give insight into issues that cannot yet be directly addressed by experimental means.
Superconductivity in Niobium: Implications for Strong Coupling Superconductivity Theory

The microscopic parameters λ and μ* for high purity single crystal and polycrystalline Nb have been determined from superconductive tunneling junctions. These parameters are not in agreement with the strong coupling theory of superconductivity. This result is due to the fact that the associated electron-coupled phonon spectrum, α2F, agrees with the phonon density of states, F(ω), up to the longitudinal phonon peak but differs from F(ω) at higher energies. Manipulating the value of the energy gap of Nb to lower than the measured bulk value of 3.93 kBTc changes the result of the deconvolution significantly. Computer modeling studies of possible α2F spectra for Nb give μ*, λ values that agree with theoretical predictions only when α 2F has all the features of F(ω); otherwise negative values of μ* are necessary to explain the experimentally observed superconductivity of Nb.
Massive colonic bleeding secondary to diverticulitis.

Summary A patient is presented with massive transanal bleeding secondary to diverticulitis. At operation the inferior epigastric artery was eroded by infection, with a patent fistulous tract carrying the blood into the colon. Therapy centered about ligation of the artery and resection of the diverticular diseased segment of colon at a time of election. .
The Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Products, Processes and Wastes from the U.S. to Third World Nations: A Prognosis

Hazards exports from the U.S. to developing nations occur in three principal forms: (1) the siting of industrial facilities by multinational corporations (MNCs); (2) exports of intermediate and final consumer products; and (3) shipments of hazardous wastes for treatment and/or disposal. I examine the underlying forces and current scale of each using North-South economic-political relations as an organizing theme. Facility siting and product exports are linked to the emergence of the MNC as the dominant post-War economic entity. In contrast, waste exports are viewed as unrelated to the MNC phenomenon. The 1990s will witness an acceleration of recent trends in hazards exports as the international marketplace in capital and technology becomes even more fluid than in previous decades. Whether such exports will translate into a commensurate increase in risk to host countries will depend on both corporate conduct and the rate at which regulatory capabilities are expanded.
Brain Ischemia and Neuronal Excitability

Selective neuronal death in certain brain regions has long been recognized as a consequence of transient cerebral ischemia; however, its mechanisms remain unclear. Growing evidence indicates that an increase in neuronal excitability may contribute to this process. Both excitatory synaptic inputs and voltage-dependent potassium currents are important for regulating neuronal excitability. Recent studies demonstrate that the activities of excitatory synaptic inputs and potassium channels are differentially altered in ischemia-sensitive and ischemia-resistant neurons after ischemic insults. It is suggested that a suppression of excitatory neurotransmission or an enhancement of voltage-dependent potassium currents may protect neurons against cerebral ischemia.