cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IRON DEFICIENCY AND THE METABOLISM OF TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS.

SYNOPSIS. An iron deficiency was noted for Tetrahymena grown in a proteose-peptone-yeast extract medium. Thus, the addition of an iron chelate and glucose was found to give consistent and luxuriant growth, whereas a number of other additives, including sodium acetate, an inorganic salt mixture lacking iron, and vitamins were found to be without influence on growth rate or cellular yield. Iron-deficient cells showed a marked reduction of oxidative capacity when suspended in a non-nutrient medium as well as when supplied with oxidizable substrates. A 1 hour incubation of iron-deficient Tetrahymena with iron chelate restored oxidative capacity only when the cells were suspended in a nutrient (peptone) medium. Growth of Tetrahymena in media autoclaved with salts resulted in cells with a larger volume but with no increase in oxidative capacity. The addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol elevated respiration of cells suspended in a non-nutrient medium, and of iron deficient cells suspended in the growth medium, suggesting that this compound increases the availability of iron or iron containing compounds, or by-passes the limiting steps. Respiratory quotients were lowered by an iron deficiency and elevated when the cells were grown in the presence of iron and glucose. This suggests more complete utilization of the carbohydrate, possibly due to the activity of a number of enzymes known to be iron-containing metalloproteins that are required for oxidative glucose dissimilation.
Deriving the Feature-Filling/Feature-Changing Contrast: An Application to Hungarian Vowel Harmony

The article explores an alternative to the interpretive procedure adopted in SPE and proposes a unified interpretive procedure for all languages. The proposal solves long-standing problems by making it unnecessary to refer to a third value of binary features [θF], to introduce negation into lexical representations (e.g., [NOT + rd]), or to introduce a feature filling/feature changing diacritic on rules.The article provides a metric for comparing extensionally equivalent rule systems and argues that the most concise formulation is not always the correct one, by appealing to crosslinguistic evidence.The proposal is illustrated by application to the target/trigger relations in Hungarian vowel harmony.
Prior ischemia enhances arrhythmogenicity in isolated canine ventricular wedge model of long QT 3

Objective: Ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs) occur frequently in patients having long QT syndrome (LQTS) or after acute myocardial ischemia. However, the synergistic effects of ischemia and LQTS on arrhythmia development are unclear. We evaluated the contribution of a prior episode of ischemia on the arrhythmogenicity of the LQTS. Methods: Using a 256-channel optical mapping system, we mapped action potentials on the cut-exposed transmural surfaces of perfused and preconditioned muscle wedges isolated from canine left ventricular walls and recorded their transmural electrocardiogram (ECG). Results: We observed that 40 min of global ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion, at which time action potential duration (APD) and conduction velocity had recovered, significantly enhanced the APD prolongation produced by 20 nmol/l anemone toxin II (ATX-II). Wedges after the above ischemia, reperfusion, and ATX-II procedures had 100% (8/8) occurrences of early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and 87.5% (7/8) occurrences of spontaneous VTs and reentry. We observed epicardial, midmyocardial, and endocardial occurrences of EADs in one, seven, and four wedges, respectively. Focal EADs and reentry were responsible for 73% and 18% of the repetitive activations in the VTs. In contrast, neither EADs nor VTs occurred in eight control wedges following identical procedures except without ischemia, and VT occurred in 20% wedges (2/10) after ischemia and reperfusion but before ATX-II. Conclusion: A prior episode of acute ischemia, even after apparent electrophysiologic recovery, enhances the arrhythmogenicity of LQTS induced by ATX-II through the development of EADs and reentry.
Locked nucleic acid oligomers as handles for single molecule manipulation

Single-molecule manipulation (SMM) techniques use applied force, and measured elastic response, to reveal microscopic physical parameters of individual biomolecules and details of biomolecular interactions. A major hurdle in the application of these techniques is the labeling method needed to immobilize biomolecules on solid supports. A simple, minimally-perturbative labeling strategy would significantly broaden the possible applications of SMM experiments, perhaps even allowing the study of native biomolecular structures. To accomplish this, we investigate the use of functionalized locked nucleic acid (LNA) oligomers as biomolecular handles that permit sequence-specific binding and immobilization of DNA. We find these probes form bonds with DNA with high specificity but with varied stability in response to the direction of applied mechanical force: when loaded in a shear orientation, the bound LNA oligomers were measured to be two orders of magnitude more stable than when loaded in a peeling, or unzipping, orientation. Our results show that LNA provides a simple, stable means to functionalize dsDNA for manipulation. We provide design rules that will facilitate their use in future experiments.
Molecular Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are currently the two most prevalent pathogens in the United States. The costs of infections, to individuals and society, are significant. Unfortunately, these pathogens can be difficult to detect with conventional diagnostic methods. New molecular techniques have improved diagnosis and have made screening possible. This aim of this chapter is to provide practical information on molecular testing for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae that is useful to practitioners of molecular pathology. Introductory information on the clinical significance and conventional diagnostic tests is provided. Issues confronting molecular testing for these pathogens are discussed. Descriptions of each molecular platform are provided, including performance characteristics and other parameters of functionality.
The effect of pressure on the volume and the dielectric relaxation of linear polyethylene

The effects of pressure on the α (ca. 70°C, 1 kHz) and γ (ca. −100°C, 1 kHz) relaxations of linear polyethylene were studied dielectrically between 0 and 4 kbar. Equation of state (PVT) data were also determined in the range of interest of these relaxations. The sample was rendered dielectrically active through oxidation (0.8 C0 per 1000 CH2). The α process (which occurs in the crystalline fraction) could be studied over a much wider temperature range than heretofore possible due to the effect of pressure in increasing the melting point. Examination of relaxation strength from 50 to 150°C showed that there must be two crystalline relaxation processes: the well-known α relaxation plus a competing one. The α relaxation is believed to be due to a chain twist–rotation–translation mechanism that results in rotation–translation of an entire chain in the crystal. The relaxation strength of the α process decreases and therefore indicates the presence of a second (faster and not directly observed) process that increases in intensity with increasing temperature. It is postulated that the second process is due to motion of defects that become more numerous through thermal injection at higher temperatures. Analysis of the relaxation data along with the PVT data allowed the constant volume activation energy for the α relaxation to be determined. It was found to be 19.4 ± 0.5 kcal/mole. The constant volume activation energy is important in modeling calculations of the crystal motions and is significantly smaller than the atmospheric constant pressure activation energy of 24.9 kcal/mole. The effect of pressure on the activation parameters and shape of the γ process was also determined. There has been controversy over whether the γ process occurs only in the amorphous fraction or in both the amorphous and crystalline phases. Since the two phases have quite different compressibilities, increasing the pressure should change the shape of the loss curves (versus frequency and temperature) if the process occurs in both phases. The shape (but not location) of the loss curves was found to be remarkably independent of pressure. This finding strengthens the view that the γ process is entirely amorphous in origin.
Estimation of Proarrhythmic Hazards by QT Prolongation/Shortening: QT Obsession?

QT prolongation is frequently associated with proarrhythmia, including torsade de pointes (TdP). At the same time, prolongation of action potential duration (APD) is widely recognized as a primary antiarrhythmic mechanism. This paradox results from linking an accidental association (APD prolongation) to the cause of proarrhythmia: triangulation, reverse use dependence, and instability of the cardiac action potential, which result in dispersion (TRIaD). Thus, prolongation of APD can occur without TRIaD (antiarrhythmic) or with TRIaD (proarrhythmic). Human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) blockers are more often than not associated with TRIaD and proarrhythmia. When associated with prolongation of APD, their average proarrhythmia does increase and is frequently TdP. But, when associated with APD shortening, proarrhythmia increases more steeply and frequently becomes ventricular fibrillation. For hERG blockers that change the APD little or not at all, proarrhythmia increases with increasing TRIaD, while TRIaD reduction can lead to antiarrhythmic action. In the absence of TRIaD, prolongation of the APD becomes increasingly antiarrhythmic. In conclusion, (a) rejection of drugs that lengthen the APD without TRIaD may unnecessarily withhold safe and valuable therapeutic agents from needy patients; (b) acceptance of drugs that shorten the APD but possess TRIaD may result in proarrhythmic agents. These will not be stopped by QT prolongation tests, even when thorough. Thus, banning drugs solely on the QT interval is counterproductive.
PP6. OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING TEMPORAL ARTERY BIOPSY OF LESS THAN 1 CM LENGTH FOR SUSPECTED GIANT CELL ARTERITIS

Background: The cornerstone of diagnosis in giant cell arteritis (GCA) is temporal artery biopsy (TAB). The conventional wisdom is that long length biopsies be obtained but no consensus exists on optimum length of biopsy. Objective: To examine the relationship between TAB length and 1 year outcomes in patients with suspected GCA. Methods: Clinical data was abstracted from the medical record on all patients undergoing TAB from 1994–2003. Data collected included age, gender, race, length of biopsy, histopathologic findings and outcomes including visual loss, stroke, myocardial infarction, polymyalgia rheumatica and death at 1 year. GCA diagnosis at 1 year was defined on clinical grounds or positive biopsy. False negative rate was defined as a negative biopsy but GCA at 1 year due to a repeat positive biopsy or clinical grounds. Results: 200 patients with TAB had complete follow-up data. The mean age was 69.6±11.0 years and 166/200 (83.3%) were females. The TAB length ranged from 0.1–2.4 cm, with a mean of 0.73±0.31 cm. 146/200 (73%) had a negative biopsy and 54/200 (27%) had a positive biopsy. There was no significant difference in mean biopsy length between patients with a positive (0.80±0.29) and negative biopsy (0.71±0.32, p1⁄4 0.0999). 2/143 (1.4%) patients had a false negative biopsy. Their TAB lengths were 0.6cm and 0.7cm, which approximated the mean length for the group. Taking a <1 cm biopsy resulted in no adverse clinical events. Conclusion: Our study suggests that TAB length of <1 cm has good sensitivity, is safe and associated with no untoward events.
Benign and malignant tumors of the foot and ankle

Pain and focal masses in the foot and ankle are frequently encountered and often initiate a workup including imaging. It is important to differentiate benign lesions from aggressive benign or malignant lesions. In this review, multiple examples of osseous and soft tissue tumors of the foot and ankle will be presented. Additionally, the compartmental anatomy of the foot and ankle will be discussed in terms of its relevance for percutaneous biopsy planning and eventual surgery. Finally, a general overview of the surgical management of benign, benign aggressive and malignant tumors of the foot and ankle will be discussed.
Human Rights And The Global Marketplace: Economic, Social And Cultural Dimensions

PART I - HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE: DISCURSIVE THEMES Chapter One: Global Narratives/Global Realities Chapter Two: Theoretical Paradigms A. Historical Roots B. Foundations of Liberal Rights Discourse C. Critical Voices D. Cultural Relativism E. Justiciability and Democratic Accountability PART II - INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION Chapter Three: International Treaties A. The International Bill of Rights B. The Race Convention C. The Women's Convention D. The Convention on the Rights of the Child E. The International Labour Organization Chapter Four: Regional Charters A. The Inter-American System B. The European Systems C. The African Union PART III - POWER, POLITICS, AND POVERTY: STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES TO THE REALIZATION OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS Chapter Five: Human Development and Human Rights Introduction: Perspectives on Poverty and Development A. The IFIs: Enforcing the Washington Consensus B. Women in and Under Development C. Is Development a Human Right? Chapter Six: Self-Determination, Culture, and Rights: Conflicts, Challenges, and Possibilities A. Self-Determination: Indigenous Peoples, Foreign Occupation B. Language C. The "Exotic Other" - Gender, Culture, and Religious Traditions PART IV - COMPARATIVE APPROACHES Chapter Seven: India: The "Directive Principles" Approach A. Judicial Discourse on Poverty and Rights B. Addressing the Status of Women and Children C. Neoliberalism and the Limits of Judicial Intervention: Taking Off the Mask? Chapter Eight: South Africa: The Bill of Rights Approach A. The Historical Context B. The Constitutional Entrenchment of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Chapter Nine: The Council of Europe - A Blending of the Categories A. The European Convention of Human Rights B. Eligibility for Social Security and Welfare Benefits C. Right to a Safe Environment D. The Right to Free Legal Aid E. The Positive Dimension of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights F. Equal Protection Chapter Ten: The United States of America: Federal Rejection, State Protection A. The Federal System B. State Constitutions C. Erasing the Divide: Internationalizing the Rights Struggle
Enhancing the Expression of Contrast in the SPaRKy Restaurant Corpus

We show that Nakatsu & White’s (2010) proposed enhancements to the SPaRKy Restaurant Corpus (SRC; Walker et al., 2007) for better expressing contrast do indeed make it possible to generate better texts, including ones that make effective and varied use of contrastive connectives and discourse adverbials. After first presenting a validation experiment for naturalness ratings of SRC texts gathered using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, we present an initial experiment suggesting that such ratings can be used to train a realization ranker that enables higher-rated texts to be selected when the ranker is trained on a sample of generated restaurant recommendations with the contrast enhancements than without them. We conclude with a discussion of possible ways of improving the ranker in future work.
Lung pathology and mineralogy associated with high pulmonary burden of metal particles: Fe, Ti, Al and Cr in a pneumoconiosis database

The inhalation of respirable inorganic particles at low levels is a commonplace everyday occurrence. Typically, the types of particulates which are inhaled and variably retained in the lungs, are those commonly present in ambient aerosols. Much of the particulate matter is aeolian crustal material (deflationary soil) and anthropogenerated material (combustion emissions, construction products). This low or "background" level of exposure is usually orders of magnitude lower than the levels of exposure in occupational settings giving rise to lung disease. We have been studying the human lung burden of retained inorganic particulates for many years (Abraham and Burnett, 1983) and have developed an ever-expanding database (Abraham et al., 1991) of information on the lung burden in currently over 700 analyses of over 600 lungs. The database contains mostly data from persons with known or suspected aerosol particulate exposures of one kind or another; it also contains data from histologically normal lungs and lungs from persons with lung disease but not known occupational or environmental exposures. Previous studies have examined the relationship of concentrations of a few specific particles to pathologic reactions in patients with specific exposures and/or diseases, such as: sandblasters with silicosis; beryllium ceramics workers with and without chronic beryllium disease; cemented tungsten carbide workers with the unusual pathologic reaction; GIP (giant cell interstitial pneumonia); granulomatous and fibrotic lung disease in persons exposed to metals such as titanium, zirconium or aluminium; and welders. In addition, with the ongoing interest in the relationship of fine particulate aerosols in air pollution to health effects several studies have investigated the potential toxicity of various metals, especially the transition metals, Fe, Ni, V, Cu, Mn and Zn in materials such as residual oil fly ash (ROFA). The higher prevalence of such metals as V in ROFA than in particulates identified in, or recovered from lungs, is consistent with the importance of soluble metals from such particulates. Factors such as particle diameter, surface area, roughness and the presence of surface species are also likely to play critical roles. Metal particulate exposures are also of increasing interest in the etiology and pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease which might otherwise be termed "idiopathic" pulmonary fibrosis/"cryptogenic" fibrosing alveolitis (Kennedy and Chan-Yeung, 1996). Several years ago evidence of metal particulate exposure was
Harnessing Interfacial Phenomena to Program the Release Properties of Hollow Microcapsules

The generation of near-infrared (NIR)-sensitive microcapsules is presented and it is demonstrated that the release properties of these microcapsules can be tailored by controlling their morphology. A biocompatible polymer, poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) is used to form hollow microcapsules from monodisperse water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions. Both the composition of PLGA and the oil phase of W/O/W double emulsions significantly affect the morphology of the subsequently formed microcapsules. PLGA microcapsules with vastly different morphologies, from spherical to “snowman-like” capsules, are obtained due to changes in the solvent quality of the oil phase during solvent removal. The adhesiveness of the PLGA-laden interface plays a critical role in the formation of snowman-like microcapsules. NIR-sensitive PLGA microcapsules are designed to have responsive properties by incorporating Au nanorods into the microcapsule shell, which enables the triggered release of encapsulated materials. The effect of capsule morphology on the NIR responsiveness and release properties of PLGA microcapsules is demonstrated.
Sensitivity analysis for distributed optimization with resource constraints

Previous work in multiagent coordination has addressed the challenge of planning in domains where agents must optimize a global goal, while satisfying local resource constraints. However, the imposition of resource constraints naturally raises the question of whether the agents could significantly improve their team performance if a few more resources were made available. Sensitivity analysis aims to answer that question. This paper focuses on sensitivity analysis in the context of the distributed coordination framework, Multiply-Constrained DCOP (MC-DCOP). There are three main challenges in performing sensitivity analysis: (i) to perform it in a distributed fashion, (ii) to avoid re-solving an NP-hard MC-DCOP optimization from scratch, and (iii) to avoid considering unproductive uses for extra resources. To meet these challenges, this paper presents three types of locally optimal algorithms: link analysis, local reoptimization and local constraint propagation. These algorithms are distributed and avoid redundant computation by ascertaining just the effects of local perturbations on the original problem. Deploying our algorithms on a large number of MC-DCOP problems revealed several results. While our cheapest algorithm successfully identified quality improvements for a few problems, our more complex techniques were necessary to identify the best uses for additional resources. Furthermore, we identified two heuristics that can help identify a priori which agents might benefit most from additional resources: density rank, which works well when nodes received identical resources and remaining resource rank, which works well when nodes received resources based on the number of neighbors they had.
Changing the Kidney Allocation System: a 20-Year History

The development of the current kidney allocation policy took almost a decade to complete and required compromise on many levels. The history of this process provides an excellent case study of how public policy is made. The final product of this process is a policy that balances utility and equity and establishes priorities for the allocation of a scarce national resource—deceased donor kidneys. While it may be imperfect, it is a dramatic improvement from the prior system and provides a framework for further revisions in the future.
IRS Memo Provides Guidance to Tax-Exempt Organizations Engaged in Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Partnerships

In April 2006, the Acting Director of IRS Exempt Rulings and Agreements Division issued a memorandum to IRS agents who process applications for federal income tax exemption under Code Sec. 501(c)(3) or 501(c)(4). The standards set forth in the memorandum apply to nonprofit organizations that intend to engage in limited partnerships or LLCs with for-profit investors seeking to obtain the benefits of the low-income housing tax credit. The memorandum provides criteria for processing such applications and offers guidance to organizations seeking a determination that they are exempt from tax. While the memorandum applies to newly formed entities, it establishes standards for all tax-exempt organizations that participate in low-income housing tax credit joint ventures. An LLC or partnership between a tax-exempt organization and a for-profit entity or individual may provide significant advantages to the tax-exempt organization in the form of enhanced funding for charitable projects and the expertise of investors in planning low-income housing projects. For-profit organizations and individuals also may benefit by engaging in the project if the for-profit investor is eligible for the low-income housing tax credit. However, tax-exempt organizations must exercise care in entering joint ventures with for-profit entities or individuals. To qualify as a tax-exempt organization under Code Sec. 501(c)(3), an organization, inter alia, must be organized and operated solely for certain enumerated charitable purposes, and no part of the net earnings of the organization may inure to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. If an organization fails to meet either the organizational or the operational test, it is not exempt. This column discusses the criteria set forth in the memorandum and the guidance it offers to nonprofit organizations seeking tax-exempt status when they enter into low-income housing tax credit partnerships or LLCs.
The Effect of Manager’s Decision on the Perception of the “Leadership vs. Authority” of the Subordinates

There have been long debates among scholars, and practitioners on the definition of leadership and whether leadership significantly differs from authority (Farmer & Aguinis, 2005). For example, in my opinion, leadership is defined by followers. Sullivan (2012) suggests, leadership varies based on the followers’ perception of leadership, culture, beliefs, and needs, with needs being the most important driving force of the leadership. However, different people, from different geographic area, field of working and so on, have different conceptions of leadership. This difference can be attributed to various factors that affect people’s decision about who can be their leader. In most cases, managers of the organization at any level are perceived as the centers of action, influence, and power. They make decisions that affect the subordinates and the entire organization. These decisions have positive, negative, or neutral impacts on the subordinates. Managers’ decisions in the workplace determine whether the subordinates perceive the supervisors as leaders or authority figures or both. This paper discusses the cause of mangers’ decisions, the effects of such decisions on subordinates’ lives, and factors that influence people’s perception of supervisors as leaders or authority figures. Understanding the relation between the causation, effect and consequences of those decisions and employee’ perception about leadership can give the direction to Managers for leading the people in prolific way. Distinguishing between leader and authority figure from the view of an employee help the superiors to enhance the people management skills.
Microbial physiology of sidechain degradation of sterols

A large number of valuable starting materials for steroids synthesis (e.g. 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, 9α-hydroxy-4-androsten-17-one) have been produced by microbial transformation methods. This review helps to evaluate the microbial physiological interest of the widely used sterol sidechain degradation processes. Four inducible groups of the catabolic enzymes are involved in the sterol sidechain degradation pathway; the fatty acid β-oxidation system, the ω-oxidase reaction, a methyl-crotonyl-CoA carboxylation system and the propionyl-CoA carboylase system. Altogether nine catabolic enzymes are involved in the β-sitosterol sidechain degradation pathway. They work in 14 consecutive enzymatic steps. Summing up: three molecules of FADH2, three molecules of propionyl-SCoA, three of NADH and one molecule of acetic acid are formed, while the sidechain of one mole of sitosterol is removed selectively. The metabolism of the propionates and the acetate yield 18 molecules of NADH and 7 molecules of FADH2. Taking into consideration the whole process more than 80 molecules of ATP could be formed during the sitosterol sidechain degradation process.
Digital, a Maturing Technology

photographic industry as we know it is all but gone. Many companies from that era have ceased to exist, while some are still in the business but have completely changed the way they operate as well as the line of products and services they sell. It will still be a few more years until the shakeup of the industry and the players is complete and the marketplace stabilizes.
Biological and physical realizations of abstract metabolic models

1. The application of general models to individual biological systems requires us to be able to pass from the abstract model to individual elements of the class of realizations of the model. 2. In order to do this, it is necessary to supplement the model by a variety of constraints. 3. It is argued that two kinds of constraints are sufficient for this purpose: (a) a constraint specifying a particular physical embodiment of some subsystem of the formal model, and (b) a constraint specifying the optimality of the total system with respect to a suitably chosen criterion of cost. 4. The employment of analogous systems, or simulation, to obtain structural information about a particular realization is briefly discussed.
Persistence of amethopterin in normal mouse tissues.

Summary1. Amethopterin given parenterally in various doses to normal mice resulted in the retention of a more or less constant amount of amethopterin in the liver for a period of at least 3 weeks. A decrease in the kidney concentration of amethopterin was noted. 2. CF at doses ranging from 0.5 to 30 mg/kg intraperitoneally failed to have any detectable effect 24 hours later on the concentration of amethopterin in the liver and kidneys, but caused a significant rise in the serum level of amethopterin. 3. The inhibitory substance present in the mouse liver 24 hours to 14 days after the administration of amethopterin has the same Rf value as amethopterin in 3 different solvent systems, and is therefore considered to be amethopterin.
Aerial Dispersal of Spiders (Araneae) in a Florida Cornfield Ecosystem

Ballooning spiders were monitored over Florida cornfield ecosystems using sticky wire traps. A total of 1,805 spiders, representing 15 families and at least 53 species, consisted mostly of juveniles, but adults of 25 species were also captured. Analysis of the seasonal phenology revealed five dispersal/life history strategies, the most important being widely overlapping generations and several instars ballooning throughout the year; spiders using this strategy are major components of crop field spider communities of the southeastern United States. Capture of 25 species of adult males on the traps suggested that ballooning is also a means for some species to search for females. The long legs and setae of many of the male spiders, as well as other frequent ballooners, may aid them in gaining aerial lift.
Morphology, ontogeny, and adaptation of Ambrysus mormon (Hemiptera: Naucoridae): quantitative comparisons among populations in different thermal environments.

Specimens of Ambrysus mormon Montandon were collected from each of 3 widely separated populations that differed in thermal environment. For each population, 15 characters were measured from each of 10 individuals–for each of the 5 instars, adult males, and adult females–to determine if interdemic differences exist in allometric development. All 3 populations can be distinguished at each instar based on multivariate analyses, and all instars and both sexes of adult are morphometrically distinct within each population. Nonetheless, the magnitude of difference among populations depended on instar. Most of the variation among individuals (>99.0%) was related to size and could be associated with differences among instars or between sexes of adult. In most cases (40 of 42 analyses), growth was allometric rather than isometric, and regardless of population, the direction of allometry was consistent for a particular character (body width and profemur length are exceptions). Although the magnitude of size variation from 1st to 5th instars and adults was similar in all populations, interpopulational differences in allometric development occurred as well. Specifically, the rate of increase in size of 6 characters (head width, pronotum length, profemur length, mesotibia length, metatibia length, and metatarsus length) with respect to the rate of increase in body length differed among populations developing at different temperatures. Thus, overall shape differences existed among populations, and these differences changed through ontogeny. Because allometric relations consistently accounted for a significant and large portion of interindividual variation, we suggest that autadaptation rather than exadaptation has played a predominant role in the morphological evolution of A. mormon .
Neuromuscular Control Mechanisms and Strategy in Arm Movements of Attempted Supranormal Speed

Rapid, goal-directed elbow flexion movements were examined under interacting conditions of inertial loading and resistance to movement initiation. The resistance ceased when movement began, resulting in quick release movements. Inertial load slowed the movement and lengthened the agonist and antagonist electromyographic (EMG) burst durations. The quick release resulted in larger accelerations but only minimal changes in peak velocity. Most aspects of the triphasic EMG pattern were little affected by the quick release, but the build up of agonist EMG and the corresponding rate of static force development differed markedly between load and quick release conditions. These and other data suggest that the specific pattern of agonist muscle activation is set according to neuromuscular constraints of the antagonist muscle and the expectation of movement dynamics.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Sapovirus and Human Astrovirus Detected among Children in Nara Prefecture, Japan, during the 2009/2010–2014/2015 Seasons

The current study elucidated the epidemiological characteristics of sapovirus (SaV) and human astrovirus (HAstV) associated with gastroenteritis among children in regional populations of Nara Prefecture, Japan, during the 2009/2010-2014/2015 seasons. The SaV detection rate was 7.5% (71/948) according to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A high SaV detection rate of 13.5% was observed among children 4 years of age. The highest SaV detection rate was observed in June (19.2%), followed by July (11.1%). The detected SaV included 7 genotypes: GI.1, GI.2, GII.3, GII.1, GI.3, GII.2, and GV, in order of decreasing prevalence. In comparison, the HAstV detection rate was 4.2% (40/948). The HAstV detection rate among children 4 years of age was 12.2%. The HAstV detection rate was highest in July (13.9%), followed by May (10.5%) and August (6.7%). The detected HAstVs included genotypes 1, 4, 6, and 8. The most prevalent genotype was 1, followed by 4 and 8. This report provides an epidemiological overview of SaV and HAstV infection in Nara Prefecture, Japan.
Life table of laboratory population of Ophraella communa(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae)

Through the breeding and observation at constant temperature(26±1)℃,the life table of laboratory population of Ophraella communa was constructed.The development duration of egg,larva,pupa,and preoviposition of O.communa was 7.51,12.14,7.67,and 4.75 days,respectively.The survival rate in each developmental period was from 77% to 94%,being the highest for egg,and the lowest for the 3rd instar larva.The population survivorship curve fitted Deevey's type Ⅱ,the number of eggs laid per female was 193.8,the population trend index(I value)was 36.95,the average generation period(T)was 31.37 days,and the innate capacity(γm)and finite rate(λ)of population increase were 0.095 and 1.10,respectively.
Computational Dosimetry of BNCT for Breast Cancer Treatment

In 1993 a research group was formed at the University of Virginia to study the prospect of performing neutron capture therapy (NCT) at the University. Computational tools are being used to simulate a therapy situation. This provides information regarding optimal beam characteristics, and allows the researcher to observe the effects of varying treatment parameters without performing the therapy. This work was an initial study of the plausibility of using NCT for treatment of breast cancer.
The Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative Guidelines: A New Standard for Everybody?:

Correspondence to: J. Burkart, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston–Salem, North Carolina 27157-1053 U.S.A. In 1997, the Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (DOQI) clinical practice guidelines initiated by the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) of the United States were published (1). These practice guidelines covered broad areas of care (anemia, vascular access, adequacy of dialysis, and—soon to be published— nutrition) for the patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The guidelines were formulated on evidence-based principles; but, often, where sufficient evidence was lacking, the consensus of expert opinion was accepted. Before publication, the guidelines underwent a series of intense peer reviews and modifications. Soon after publication, questions arose (2). Are the guidelines on target? Do they need further development and modification? Are they for everybody? This paper discusses potential answers to those questions.
Cyclophilin Inhibitors Remodel the Endoplasmic Reticulum of HCV-Infected Cells in a Unique Pattern Rendering Cells Impervious to a Reinfection

The mechanisms of action by which cyclophilin inhibitors (CypI) interfere with the HCV life cycle remain poorly understood. We reported that CypI and NS5A inhibitors (NS5Ai), but not other classes of anti-HCV agents, prevent assembly of double membrane vesicles (DMVs), which protect replication complexes. We demonstrated that both NS5A and the isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) are required for DMV formation. Here, we examined whether CypI mediate an additional antiviral effect that could further explain the high efficacy of CypI. We identified a unique action of CypI. CypI remodel the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of HCV-infected cells, but not of uninfected cells. This effect is specific since it was not observed for other classes of anti-HCV agents including NS5Ai, and has no effect on the viability of CypI-treated cells. Since ER serves as platform for the establishment of HCV replication complexes, we asked whether the ER reorganization by CypI would prevent cells from being newly infected. Remarkably, CypI-treated HCV-pre-infected cells remain totally impervious to a reinfection, suggesting that the CypI-mediated ER reorganization prevents a reinfection. This block is not due to residual CypI since CypI-resistant HCV variants also fail to infect these cells. The ER reorganization by CypI is rapid and reversible. This study provides the first evidence that CypI trigger a unique ER reorganization of infected cells, rendering cells transiently impervious to a reinfection. This study further suggests that the HCV-induced ER rearrangement represents a key target for the development of new therapies.
Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Abused Inhalants

Inhalants are a loosely organized category of abused compounds defined entirely by their common route of administration. Inhalants include volatile solvents, fuels, volatile anesthetics, gasses, and liquefied refrigerants, among others. They are ubiquitous in modern society as ingredients in a wide variety of household, commercial, and medical products. Persons of all ages abuse inhalants but the highest prevalence of abuse is in younger adolescents. Although inhalants have been shown to act upon a host of neurotransmitter receptors, the stimulus effects of the few inhalants which have been trained or tested in drug discrimination procedures suggest that their discriminative stimulus properties are mediated by a few key neurotransmitter receptor systems. Abused volatile solvent inhalants have stimulus effects that are similar to a select group of GABAA positive modulators comprised of benzodiazepines and barbiturates. In contrast the stimulus effects of nitrous oxide gas appear to be at least partially mediated by uncompetitive antagonism of NMDA receptors. Finally, volatile anesthetic inhalants have stimulus effects in common with both GABAA positive modulators as well as competitive NMDA antagonists. In addition to a review of the pharmacology underlying the stimulus effects of inhalants, the chapter also discusses the scientific value of utilizing drug discrimination as a means of functionally grouping inhalants according to their abuse-related pharmacological properties.
A Single-Institution Experience in Percutaneous Image-Guided Biopsy of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma has been considered a difficult pathologic diagnosis to achieve via image-guided core needle biopsy. The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic sensitivity of percutaneous image-guided biopsy for diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma. Retrospective review was performed to identify patients with a confirmed diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma and who underwent image-guided needle biopsy between January 1, 2002, and January 1, 2016. Thirty-two patients with pleural mesothelioma were identified and included for analysis in 33 image-guided biopsy procedures. Patient, procedural, and pathologic characteristics were recorded. Complications were characterized via standardized nomenclature [Common Terminology for Clinically Adverse Events (CTCAE)]. Percutaneous image-guided biopsy was associated with an overall sensitivity of 81%. No CTCAE clinically significant complications were observed. No image-guided procedures were complicated by pneumothorax or necessitated chest tube placement. No patients had tumor seeding of the biopsy tract. Percutaneous image-guided biopsy can achieve high sensitivity for pathologic diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma with a low procedural complication rate, potentially obviating need for surgical biopsy.
Transparency ‘Fixes’ for Local Public Services: Field Experimental Evidence from Bangalore's Water Sector

Can providing citizens with information compensate for unreliable public services? We present a field-experimental evaluation of a program that provided households in Bangalore with advance notification of intermittently provided piped water. The implementers expected that increasing service predictability would reduce coping costs, increase transparency, and improve state-citizen relations. Our study, however, detected no impacts on household welfare or state-citizen relations. Non-cooperation by street-level bureaucrats charged with supplying water timing information undermined the program’s viability. These findings suggest that greater attention be paid to how frontline workers drive experimental findings. We introduce a framework for analyzing “information pipelines” to enable such efforts.
Acute, Chronic, and Nonclassical Neuroinflammation: Definitions in a Changing Scientific Environment

There is increased understanding of classical inflammation in the nervous system in both infection and autoimmune/immunopathologically mediated diseases as well as how persistence of inflammation and conversion to a more diffuse inflammation mediated predominately by endogenous cells of the nervous system lead to damage. More recently it has been appreciated that nonclassical inflammation, termed neuroinflammation, can start within the nervous system, often as an attempt at protection, when persistent, contributes to damage and furthering of the disease process itself, including in disorders that have been considered purely neurodegenerative in nature.
Methylene C(sp3)–H Arylation of Aliphatic Ketones Using a Transient Directing Group

Palladium-catalyzed methylene β-C(sp3)–H arylation of aliphatic ketones using a transient directing group is developed. The use of α-benzyl β-alanine directing group that forms a six-membered chelation with palladium is crucial for promoting the methylene C(sp3)–H bond activation.
Isolation of human adenovirus type 5 variants resistant to the antiviral cidofovir.

both of which use cone-isolating stimuli to identify type and severity of colordeficiency. Although the H-R-R and Mollon tests usespatial and luminance noise to insure detection bychromatic mechanisms, cone contrast sensitivity usessystematic steps in cone contras by-lettert and scoringdeveloped by Bailey and coworkers
Chest drainage systems and management of air leaks after a pulmonary resection

Air leaks after a pulmonary resection continue to be the most common postoperative complication. The presence of an air leak occurs in approximately 30–50% of patients immediately after surgery. Prolonged air leaks (PALs) predict an increased hospital length of stay, additional chest tube days and increased pain. The two types of systems used after surgery are digital and traditional chest drainage devices. Eighteen articles from four databases were evaluated for this analysis in chest drainage systems and managing air leaks after thoracic surgery. The digital and traditional drainage devices were evaluated. PALs were examined with interobserver variability of air leak assessment and differences in the two systems were addressed. The research gaps in the digital system are examining what flow thresholds should be used to safely remove a chest tube after surgery and for what length of time. In future research, the next step is standardizing chest tube management to decrease individual surgeon preference. Treatment of air leaks implementing scientific data instead of personal preference and opinion by a surgeon can lead to earlier chest tube removal, decreased morbidity and a shorter hospital stay.
Effect of Passive Drying on Ascorbic Acid, α-Tocopherol, and β-Carotene in Tomato and Mango.

The effect of two passive drying methods on the degradation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), α-tocopherol (vitamin E), and β-carotene (provitamin A) in ripe mango and tomato was determined. Samples of both commodities were dried outdoors in a solar drying cabinet or indoors in sealed plastic boxes containing ceramic zeolite drying beads in a bead-to-fruit ratio of 1:10. Nutrient content of the dried samples was compared to fresh samples (undried control) obtained from the same batch of fruit. Mango samples tended to reach an equilibrium weight of approximately 18% of their initial weight after 28 to 30 hr of drying in both drying methods, while tomatoes equilibrated at 5% to 6% of their initial weight after 8 to 10 hr of drying in the solar drying cabinet and after approximately 30 hr using drying beads. The content of all three nutrients in solar dried tomato, and of β-carotene in mango were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the control. α-Tocopherol and β-carotene content in tomato and β-carotene content in mango were significantly lower than the control in samples dried using drying beads. Drying method had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on nutrient content; ascorbic acid and β-carotene content were lower in solar dried tomato than in tomato dried with drying beads. For mango, β-carotene content was lower after solar drying as compared to drying with drying beads. Drying fruit at lower temperatures using drying beads resulted in higher overall nutrient content of the dried fruit. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Agriculturalists in developing countries still depend largely on solar drying methods as a means of extending the shelf life and increasing the value of fruit and vegetable products. Zeolite drying beads are reusable and are capable of drying fruit relatively quickly in a controlled environment, and may reduce the degradation of certain nutrients due to heat during solar drying.
Circadian regulation of arousal: role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system and light exposure

Study objectives Noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons regulate arousal. Previous studies have shown that noradrenergic LC neurons exhibit a circadian rhythm in impulse activity, which peaks during the active period. This is mediated by an indirect circuit projection from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to the LC. Here we sought to evaluate the hypothesis that the LC regulates the circadian properties of the sleep-wake cycle. Design Sprague-Dawley rats maintained on a light-dark (LD) schedule or in constant darkness (DD) for 3 to 4 weeks were treated with DSP-4, a neurotoxic agent specific for noradrenergic-LC projections. Vigilance states were analyzed before and 3 weeks after LC lesion. The DSP-4 lesion was verified by immunohistochemistry of noradrenergic fibers in the frontal cortex. Setting University of Pennsylvania. Patients or participants N/A. Interventions N/A. Measurements and results DSP-4 decreased the amplitude of the sleep-wake rhythm in LD animals by significantly decreasing wakefulness and increasing sleep during the active period. However, DSP-4 had no effect on the sleep-wake cycle of DD animals. Moreover, DD itself decreased the amplitude of the sleep-wake cycle similar to that of the neurotoxic lesion of the noradrenergic system in LD animals. Analysis of noradrenergic fiber staining in the frontal cortex revealed that this effect was associated with fewer fibers or boutons in nonlesioned DD rats than in nonlesioned LD animals. Conclusions Noradrenergic LC neurons provide a circadian regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, and the maintenance of LC function depends on light exposure. Light deprivation induces a loss of noradrenergic fibers, which in turn decreases the amplitude of the sleep-wake rhythm.