cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of the human α-galactosidase A in Escherichia coli K-12

We used the prokaryotic expression vector, ptrpL1, for the expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of a cDNA clone specific for the human lysosomal hydrolase, alpha-galactosidase A. The 5' terminus of the cDNA clone was engineered so that an ATG codon precedes the first codon of the mature form of the enzyme. A clone with elevated expression of this human enzyme was constructed by increasing the distance between the Shine-Dalgarno site and the ATG start codon from 6 to 8 bp. Clones with alpha-galactosidase A specific cDNA encoding the proenzyme produce a protein of 45 kDa, the size expected for the intact proenzyme. The 45-kDa protein is specifically precipitated by antibody to alpha-galactosidase A, and its expression is repressed by tryptophan and induced by 3-beta-indoleacrylic acid as expected for this expression vector. The human enzyme is produced in E. coli in a catalytically active form at levels sufficient to support the growth of cells using alpha-galactosides as sole sources of carbon and energy. In addition, bacterial colonies that produce the human enzyme turn blue in the presence of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside.
Pharmacology of Signaling Induced by Dopamine D1-Like Receptor Activation

Dopamine D1-like receptors consisting of D1 and D5 subtypes are intimately implicated in dopaminergic regulation of fundamental neurophysiologic processes such as mood, motivation, cognitive function, and motor activity. Upon stimulation, D1-like receptors initiate signal transduction cascades that are mediated through adenylyl cyclase or phosphoinositide metabolism, with subsequent enhancement of multiple downstream kinase cascades. The latter actions propagate and further amplify the receptor signals, thus predisposing D1-like receptors to multifaceted interactions with various other mediators and receptor systems. The adenylyl cyclase response to dopamine or selective D1-like receptor agonists is reliably associated with the D1 subtype, while emerging evidence indicates that the phosphoinositide responses in native brain tissues may be preferentially mediated through stimulation of the D5 receptor. Besides classic coupling of each receptor subtype to specific G proteins, additional biophysical models are advanced in attempts to account for differential subcellular distribution, heteromolecular oligomerization, and activity-dependent selectivity of the receptors. It is expected that significant advances in understanding of dopamine neurobiology will emerge from current and anticipated studies directed at uncovering the molecular mechanisms of D5 coupling to phosphoinositide signaling, the structural features that might enhance pharmacological selectivity for D5 versus D1 subtypes, the mechanism by which dopamine may modulate phosphoinositide synthesis, the contributions of the various responsive signal mediators to D1 or D5 interactions with D2-like receptors, and the spectrum of dopaminergic functions that may be attributed to each receptor subtype and signaling pathway.
LUDIA: an aggregate-constrained low-rank reconstruction algorithm to leverage publicly released health data

In the past few years, the government and other agencies have publicly released a prodigious amount of data that can be potentially mined to benefit the society at large. However, data such as health records are typically only provided at aggregated levels (e.g. per State, per Hospital Referral Region, etc.) to protect privacy. Unfortunately aggregation can severely diminish the utility of such data when modeling or analysis is desired at a per-individual basis. So, not surprisingly, despite the increasing abundance of aggregate data, there have been very few successful attempts in exploiting them for individual-level analyses. This paper introduces LUDIA, a novel low-rank approximation algorithm that utilizes aggregation constraints in addition to auxiliary information in order to estimate or "reconstruct" the original individual-level values from aggregate data. If the reconstructed data are statistically similar to the original individual-level data, off-the-shelf individual-level models can be readily and reliably applied for subsequent predictive or descriptive analytics. LUDIA is more robust to nonlinear estimates and random effects than other reconstruction algorithms. It solves a Sylvester equation and leverages multi-level (also known as hierarchical or mixed-effect) modeling approaches efficiently. A novel graphical model is also introduced to provide a probabilistic viewpoint of LUDIA. Experimental results using a Texas inpatient dataset show that individual-level data can be reasonably reconstructed from county-, hospital-, and zip code-level aggregate data. Several factors affecting the reconstruction quality are discussed, along with the implications of this work for current aggregation guidelines.
Macroscopic definition of ideal behavior of tracers

Two postulates defining the macroscopic behavior of mixtures of ideal tracers are formulated. From these two defining postulates the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics shows that two coefficients are sufficient to describe passive permeation by two isotopes if they are ideal tracers.
Isolation and properties of undermethylated phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acids from a relaxed mutant of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The function of methylated bases in transfer RNA (tRNA) was investigated with purified components of the phenylalanine-activating system. Reversed phase column chromatography was employed for the separation of tRNA Phe from mixtures of tRNA's synthesized by a relaxed mutant of Escherichia coli (met − ) before and after methionine starvation. Normal and undermethylated tRNA Phe were isolated and were characterized by their degree of methylation, amino acid-accepting capacity, and by end-group analysis. Kinetic data on initial velocities at saturating concentrations of tRNA indicated that the undermethylated species were considerably less reactive than the normal tRNA Phe .
Scattering by a Metallic Sphere Concentric with a Metallic Disk

The electromagnetic scattering of a plane wave by a metallic sphere concentric with a circular disk is considered, in the frequency domain. At low and intermediate frequencies, either separation of variables and mode-matching with matrix truncation or a direct numerical approach such as the method of moments may be used, whereas at high frequencies a combination of geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) and physical optics (PO) is employed.
Firm‐internal knowledge integration and the effects on innovation

Purpose – Previous literature notes that more remains to be understood about the relationship between organizational knowledge and innovation. In this article the author seeks to argue that innovation depends on efficient knowledge integration, while the latter depends on factors internal and external to product development teams.Design/methodology/approach – This paper proposes a conceptual framework that takes into account firm‐internal knowledge integration of human and technological assets. In particular, the author analyzes and discusses knowledge integration mechanisms which a firm strategically deploys in the innovation process.Findings – Knowledge‐relatedness, the extent to which product development teams are specialized in related scientific or technological fields, is proposed as an important moderator for the relationship between operating routines and innovative performance. If many product development teams perform well, innovative firm performance will increase.Research limitations/implicati...
Construction of a UHV scanning tunneling microscope

Conception et performances de l'instrument. Resultats obtenus sur Si(111). Preparation de la pointe
Effects of vortex breakdown on longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamics of slender wings by the suction analogy

A semi-empirical method based on the suction analogy is developed to predict longitudinal aerodynamics and lateral-directional characteristics of slender wings at high angles of attack, including effects of vortex breakdown. The latter is based on a correlation parameter derived from the predicted leading-edge suction distribution in the attached flow. Empirical formulas, derived from a least-square analysis of data, for the vortex-breakdown angle of attack at the trailing edge, the progression rate of breakdown points and the vortex lift recovery factor in the breakdown region are given. Comparison of predicted results with data in longitudinal aerodynamics and lateral-directional characteristics for wings exhibiting strong vortex flow shows that the present method is reasonably accurate. Explanation for peculiar lateral-directional characteristics is given.
Information Privacy and Performance Appraisal: An Examination of Employee Perceptions and Reactions

Role-failure acts (Waters and Bird, 1989) have been described as a form of morally questionable activity involving a failure to perform the managerial role. The present study examined employee perceptions and reactions with regard to one form of role-failure act, failure to maintain adequate privacy of performance appraisal information. The study assessed employees' attitudes toward various performance appraisal facets as an invasion of privacy and determined the relationships between these privacy-related attitudes and employees' satisfaction with components of their appraisal system, the system as a whole, and their jobs. Responses that organizations might take to counteract appraisal privacy concerns were also discussed.
An Integrated Approach to Instructional Technology

Abstract This study introduced the use of instructional technology (primarily Internet) into educational foundation courses and examined the impact upon students' perception of instructional technology, their research skills, and their learning in each course. The overall findings yielded positive and statistically significant results for an integrated approach to instructional technology in educational foundations courses. While utilizing the Internet as a research tool, students were able to improve their perception of instructional technology in terms of their confidence and comfort levels, the frequency of their use of computers, and their views on instructional technology as a teaching tool.
Continuing Bonds and Reconstructing Meaning: Mitigating Complications in Bereavement.

Drawing on attachment theory and constructivist conceptualizations of bereavement, the authors assessed the relation between continuing bonds coping and meaning reconstruction following the death of a loved one and complicated grief symptomatology. Five hundred six young adults in the first two years of bereavement from a variety of losses completed the Inventory of Complicated Grief along with measures of the strength of their ongoing attachment to the deceased and their capacity to make sense of the loss, find benefit in the experience, and reconstruct a progressive sense of identity following the death. Several variables concerning the survivor, his or her relationship to the deceased, and the nature of the death functioned as risk factors for heightened distress, but their role was generally moderated by meaning-making, often to the point of non-significance. In contrast, higher levels of benefit-finding and positive identity change were associated with lower levels of bereavement complication. Finally, an interaction emerged between sense-making and ongoing attachment to the deceased, suggesting that strong continuing bonds predicted greater levels of traumatic and especially separation distress, but only when the survivor was unable to make sense of the loss in personal, practical, existential, or spiritual terms.
Lithographic characterization of AZ 7800 high-resolution photoresist

Progress in high resolution resists has contributed substantially to the continuing success of i- line lithography. We report here on a resist development as well as complete lithographic characterization of AZR 7800 photoresist, a new commercial high-resolution i-line resist. Results to be reported are resist optimization via statistical experimental design, linearity, focus and exposure latitudes for different feature types in bright and dark field exposures. AZR 7800 photoresist is 2.38% TMAH compatible and achieves 0.28 micrometer final resolution on a 0.63 NA stepper at a photospeed of ca. 170 mJ/cm2. The focus latitude is for 0.35 micrometer line and space features is 1.2 micrometer; exposure latitude is 24%. The resist performance can be further increased by combination with the AZR BARLiTM bottom coat. AZR 7800 photoresist uses a fractionated novolak resin and a speed enhancer component to simultaneously achieve high photospeed and good thermal stability. The concept differs from the conceptually similar tandem novolak approach proposed by Hanabata in that the speed enhancer is not a novolak. The diazonaphthoquinone sensitizer makes use of another concept first proposed by Hanabata, that of regioselective subesterification. AZR 7800 photoresist will be used as an example to discuss the merits of the 'standard recipe' for advanced i-line resists that has evolved in the last years.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Humidity estimate for the middle Eocene Arctic rain forest

The exquisite preservation of fossilized Metasequoia trees that grew near 808N latitude during the middle Eocene (ca. 45 Ma) in Nunavut, Canada, allowed for dD and d 18 O analyses of cellulose, techniques previously restricted to wood ,30,000 yr old. From the isotopic results, we determined that the middle Eocene Arctic atmosphere contained ;23 the water found in the region’s atmosphere today. This water vapor contributed to a middle Eocene greenhouse effect that insulated the polar region during dark polar winters.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene variants and primary open-angle glaucoma: interactions with sex and postmenopausal hormone use.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has three genetically distinct isoforms: neuronal NOS encoded by NOS1 (12q24-q24.3),1 macrophage-derived isoforms encoded by genes on chromosome 17 (NOS2A, -2B, and -2C),2 and an endothelium-derived isoform encoded by NOS3 (7q36).3 Endothelial NOS is constitutively expressed in the human outflow pathway and ciliary muscle where it may modulate outflow facility.4 It is also expressed on all vascular endothelial cells, including those in the optic nerve pedicle.5 Nitric oxide (NO), formed by NOS in endothelial cells, mediates vasodilation in response to acetylcholine and thus is important in mediating vascular tone and modulating blood flow to the optic nerve.6 Endothelial dysfunction may play a key role in POAG pathogenesis, and it can be detected in patients with early disease.7,8 Patients with POAG demonstrate abnormal vascular regulation in various ocular tissue beds7–14 and abnormal brachial artery vasodilation in response to acetylcholine.8,15 Also, an interventional study using an NOS inhibitor found differences in ocular blood flow response between patients with POAG and controls, implicating the l-arginine/nitric oxide system.16 Thus, alterations in NOS3 activity produced either by genetic variation or by environmental influences could play a role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Recent genetic studies of NOS3 also support the involvement of endothelial NOS expression and NO synthesis. Polymorphisms in NOS3 or in the 5′ upstream untranslated region have been associated with high-tension POAG17 and POAG with migraine.18 Studies to date have been relatively small (<200 cases) and their results have been inconsistent. In addition, researchers have not examined interactions between NOS3 and environment factors in POAG. For example, estrogen is known to upregulate NOS3,19 and later age at menopause20,21 and the use of postmenopausal hormones (PMHs) is inversely associated with the risk of POAG.22 However, no investigators have evaluated the interaction between the individual's sex, reproductive aging, and NOS3 in relation to POAG. Therefore, we evaluated the association between five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NOS3 and POAG in a matched, nested case–control study with 527 cases and 1543 control subjects selected from participants in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study. We also examined whether there were interactions with age at menopause and PMH use and POAG among the postmenopausal women.
Patients' self-reports of dyspnea: An important and independent outcome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Patients’’ self-reports of dyspnea are an important clinical outcome in evaluating treatments in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study evaluated the dimensions underlying self-reported dyspnea ratings, lung function, and respiratory muscle pressures in 143 patients with COPD. The validity of dyspnea ratings and lung function parameters to predict the variance of a common functional measure, the six-minute walk test, was also assessed. Results of a factor analysis confirmed previous work demonstrating the independence of dyspnea ratings from pulmonary function parameters. Dyspnea ratings also explained a greater proportion of the variance in the six-minute walk test than did lung function. Results of this study provide further evidence for the importance and independence of self-reported dyspnea ratings in evaluating outcomes in COPD.
Alternative medicine in ancient and medieval history

The author, in an attempt to clarify whether the rise of alternative medicine is a phenomenon characteristic of our time or whether it existed in the past as well, has identified at least three alternative medicines, which developed in ancient Rome, ancient India and in the medieval Islamic world. The circumstances leading to the development of alternative medicine in the past and in our time are discussed and compared.
TCR engagement in the absence of cell cycle progression leads to T cell anergy independent of p27Kip1

We have proposed a model in which the prevention of anergy by costimulation is the result of IL-2-induced G1 to S phase cell cycle progression. Here we demonstrate that the reversal of anergy by exogenous IL-2 also occursduring this window of the cell cycle. Recently, it has been proposed that the cell cycle inhibitor p27 K i p 1 is an anergic factor. In contrast, our data demonstrate that during the induction, maintenance and rechallenge phases of anergy, p27 K i p 1 levels do not correlate with the anergic phenotype. Although p27 K i p 1 levels were down-regulated by IL-2 during the G1 to S phase transition, the amount of IL-2 required to produce this effect was far lower than that required to prevent the induction of anergy. Furthermore, T cell lines from p27 K i p 1 knockout mice were anergized as well as T cells from mice that were heterozygous for p27 K i p 1 . Interestingly, the forced overexpression of p27 K i p 1 was able to decrease IL-2 promoter-induced transcription, suggesting that the cell cycle machinery may be involved in T cell activation; however, physiological levels of p27 K i p 1 did not prevent IL-2 transcription. Overall, our data serve to disassociate the ability of IL-2 to down-regulate p27 K i p 1 and its ability to prevent or reverse anergy.
NMR Relaxation of 7 Li and 1 H in Appalachian Petroleum Reservoir Rocks Containing LiCl Solution

PROTON nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) longitudinal relaxation in reservoir rock containing water is recognized as an indicator of rock permeability within a given reservoir1. The usefulness of this technique for routine characterization of core samples and for downhole studies is limited by the requirement of a separate set of calibration measurements for each reservoir. Proton relaxation occurs through dipolar coupling, because 1H has no quadrupole moment2. The sensitivity of proton relaxation rates of adsorbed molecules to paramagnetic substances may be the reason for the variations from one reservoir to another of the dependence of proton relaxation rate on the solid surface-pore volume ratio3. If that is the case, the study of relaxation rates of quadrupolar nuclei such as 7Li is suggested, because they are likely to be less sensitive to paramagnetic minerals.
The type II transforming growth factor-β receptor as a tumor-suppressor gene

Recent work has shown that: 1) loss of transforming growth factor-beta response is associated with malignant progression, 2) maintenance of autocrine negative transforming growth factor-beta activity is a key impediment to malignant progression, and 3) the major mechanism for loss of RII expression in replication error-positive colorectal cancer patients is mutation of the poly A tract of the transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II (RII) gene resulting in the generation of a premature STOP codon. Major issues for the role of RII in cancer are identified as the determination of the penetrance of mechanisms of RII loss in non-replication error tumors and other types of malignancies in addition to colon cancer. Analysis of mechanism of RII loss may prove to have clinical use in defining the clinical course of subset of different types of malignancies and, in addition, it may result in the identification of new therapeutic targets and approaches for some subsets of cancers.
The thermal conductivity of oxygen

The paper presents new experimental measurements of the thermal conductivity of oxygen for thirteen isotherms at temperatures from 78 to 310 K with pressures to 70 MPa and densities from 0 to 40 mol/L. The measurements were made with a transient hot wire apparatus and they cover a wide range of physical states including the dilute gas, the moderately dense gas, the near critical region, the compressed liquid states, and the vapor at temperatures below the critical temperature. The thermal conductivity surface is represented with an equation that is based in part on an existing correlation of the dilute gas. The date are compared with the experimental measurements of others through the new correlation. The new measurements show that the critical enhancement extends to quite high temperatures, about 300 K. The precision (2 sigma) of the oxygen of the oxygen measurements is between 0.5 and 0.8 percent for wire temperature transients of 4 to 5 K, while the accuracy is estimated to be 1.5 percent.
Hydrology Section Executive Committee Discusses Activities

The Hydrology Section Executive Committee met on May 27,1998, at the AGU Spring Meeting in Boston, Mass., to report on the section's activities and provide a forum for the discussion of issues related to the development of hydrologic science. Among the most visible Section activities are the Spring and Fall Meetings. Participation of Hydrology Section members continues to grow at the Spring Meeting. At this year's Spring Meeting, over 700 hydrology abstracts were presented, approximately double the participation of only 2 years ago.
Metastable Thermodynamic States Near the Critical Point of He 3

We report the first measurements of the specific heat of a metastable, superheated, pure liquid (${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$). The specific heat shows no evidence of any singularity near the onset of metastability. We have also observed the lifetimes of metastable states as the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ is cooled at constant density. For densities near the critical density, lifetimes decrease abruptly in an extremely narrow, reproducible temperature interval. This may indicate the onset of an "intrinsic" instability.
Osmolar and free water clearance during hemorrhagic shock in the dog.

SummaryThe influence of hemorrhagic shock on renal clearance of PAH, creatinine, osmolar constituents, and sodium was examined in relation to changes in the kidney's ability to concentrate urine. By comparison of renal venous and arterial concentrations of osmolality and sodium, and relating these to changes in CCR, CPAH, and urine volume, evidence was supplied which appeared to support the hypothesis that the loss of concentrating power was ascribable to wash-out of the papillary zone of hyperosmolarity.
Effects of Glenoid Prosthesis Design Variables on Glenoid Bone Remodeling: A Finite Element Based Simulation and Validation Study

Finite element (FE) analysis has been used to improve glenoid prosthesis design. One of the major complications of shoulder arthroplasty has been glenoid prosthesis loosening. Design improvements are needed to increase their longevity [1]. Current FE analyses have used static or non-linear solutions to compare design variations with respect to stresses in the glenoid bone and prosthesis [2, 3]. Previous numerical models have not incorporated Wolff’s Law of adaptive bone remodeling to simulate normal glenoid bone remodeling or remodeling in response to implanted glenoid prostheses. Of the numerous remodeling simulation theories available in the literature, this study controlled internal structure remodeling using bone strain-energy. In order to design longer lasting glenoid prosthesis bone remodeling behavior due to various prosthesis fixation geometries and materials needs to be considered.© 2008 ASME
Characterization of Cranberry Benzoates and Their Antimicrobial Properties

Vacciniin (6-benzoyl-D-glucose) and benzoic acid were the only benzoates detected in extracts of the Stevens cultivar of cranberry. Vacciniin represents 75% of the total and was not inhibitory to the yeasts, Gram positive, or Gram negative bacteria tested.
"The demographics of trauma in 1995" revisited: an assessment of the accuracy and utility of trauma predictions.

Objective: In 1987, the article The Demographics of Trauma in 1995 (DT95) attempted to predict the future needs of trauma centers based on changing population distributions. This article foresaw a relative increase in the number of injuries to the elderly and a relative decrease in total injuries. Based on these predictions, the paper recommended increasing the capabilities of existing trauma centers rather than developing new facilities. We compared these predictions to actual experience to validate this use of demographic data in trauma system planning. Methods: The predictions of DT95 were compared with the available population and injury data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention using age-related cohort analysis. Results: As predicted, the highest-growing segment was the population older than 65 years, which increased 18% to 33.5 million. Also, the rate of injury-related deaths per 100,000 decreased from 61.20 in 1985 to 57.98 in 1995. The number of fatal motor vehicle crashes decreased from 45,958 in 1985 to 43,484 in 1995. Against predictions, the number of firearm deaths in 1994 increased from 31,566 to 35,957. Accurate predictions were thus made for most trauma demographic categories using a combination of census predictions and existing trauma demographic patterns. The increase in firearm deaths, however, was not anticipated using these sources and suggested the potential development of a more violent society. Conclusions: Demographic projections assist in predicting the number and type of future injuries. Sociologic and economic factors also need to be considered in any predictive determinations of the true demand for trauma centers.
CHOMP: Gradient optimization techniques for efficient motion planning

Existing high-dimensional motion planning algorithms are simultaneously overpowered and underpowered. In domains sparsely populated by obstacles, the heuristics used by sampling-based planners to navigate “narrow passages” can be needlessly complex; furthermore, additional post-processing is required to remove the jerky or extraneous motions from the paths that such planners generate. In this paper, we present CHOMP, a novel method for continuous path refinement that uses covariant gradient techniques to improve the quality of sampled trajectories. Our optimization technique both optimizes higher-order dynamics and is able to converge over a wider range of input paths relative to previous path optimization strategies. In particular, we relax the collision-free feasibility prerequisite on input paths required by those strategies. As a result, CHOMP can be used as a standalone motion planner in many real-world planning queries. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method in manipulation planning for a 6-DOF robotic arm as well as in trajectory generation for a walking quadruped robot.
Wrong person and wrong place: for homelessness, the conjunction is what matters

Abstract Studies of homelessness that use city-level observations get systematically different results from studies that use individual-level data. I explain why. The findings are consistent with a model of homelessness as a condition requiring a conjunction of unfortunate circumstances.
The Transitions of Caregiving: Subjective and Objective Definitions

We examined two indicators of the temporal trajectory of caregiving: (a) duration of caregiving and (b) the perception that caregiving is a new role, an ongoing role, or a role that will end soon. The association between the two depended on the type of onset of the caregiving role (abrupt or gradual) and the type of kinship relationship with the care recipient (wife or daughter). Daughters in later stages of caregiving had a more distant relationship with the care recipient and more subjective burden than daughters in the earlier stages. Wives evidenced the opposite pattern, as those who had been providing care for a longer duration of time reported less burden, and those who perceived themselves to be in the later stages of caregiving reported a closer relationship with their husband.
Hydrodynamic Shear Rate Regulates Melanoma-Leukocyte Aggregation, Melanoma Adhesion to the Endothelium, and Subsequent Extravasation

Adhesion to and subsequent extravasation through the endothelial lining of blood vessels is critical for tumor cells to establish metastases. Recent studies have indicated that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) may enhance melanoma adhesion to the endothelium (EC) and subsequent extravasation under dynamic flow conditions. However, little is known about hydrodynamics involved in the tumor microenvironment within the microcirculation. In this study, effects of hydrodynamic flow on regulating melanoma cell adhesion to the EC have been investigated. Results indicate that under flow conditions, interactions between melanoma cells and the EC are distinctly different from PMN–EC interactions. Without expressions of surface integrins or sialylated molecules, most melanoma cells that express a high-level of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) are not able to effectively adhere to the inflamed EC by themselves. Binding of melanoma cells and PMNs through ICAM-1 on melanoma cells and β2 integrins on PMNs has been shown to enhance melanoma cell arrest on the EC. Although PMN tethering on the EC is regulated by both the shear rate and shear stress, melanoma cell adhesion to the EC and subsequent extravasation via tethering PMN on the EC is predominantly regulated by shear rate, which partly is due to the shear-rate-dependent PMN-melanoma aggregation in shear flow. These findings provide a rationale and mechanistic basis for understanding of leukocyte–tumor cell interactions under flow conditions during tumor cell extravasation and metastasis.
Phylogeographical structure of the Dover sole Microstomus pacificus: the larval retention hypothesis and genetic divergence along the deep continental slope of the northeastern Pacific Ocean

Population genetic variability and phylogeographical structure of the Dover sole, Microstomus pacificus (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae), were examined along the continental slope of the northeastern Pacific Ocean using sequences of the left domain of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Six sites were sampled in three primary biogeographical provinces (based on surface water temperatures), ranging from the subarctic to the warm temperate zones. Many haplotypes were discerned, totalling 90 for 110 individuals. Neighbour joining and parsimony analyses of the entire data set showed that some groups of haplotypes of adult Dover sole were widely distributed, suggesting either panmixia or homoplasy and reversals. However, a substantial number of groups of related haplotypes were geographically circumscribed, and there were significant differences among sites in the distribution of restricted haplotypes (based on a reduced number of characters), supporting geographical structure. Geographical differentiation of populations appeared to be consistent with the member-vagrant hypothesis for retention of the pelagic larvae in currents and recruitment to adult habitats, reducing long-distance dispersal. Results of this study indicate phylogeographical structure among some populations, despite extended pelagic larval periods, and apparent environmental homogeneity in the adult habitats along the continental slope.
A multi-proxy paleolimnological reconstruction of Holocene climate conditions in the Great Basin, United States

article i nfo Article history: Received 11 February 2009 Available online 14 August 2009 A sediment core spanning ∼7000 cal yr BP recovered from Stella Lake, a small sub-alpine lake located in Great Basin National Park, Nevada, was analyzed for subfossil chironomids (non-biting midges), diatoms, and organic content (estimated by loss-on-ignition (LOI)). Subfossil chironomid analysis indicates that Stella Lake was characterized by a warm, middle Holocene, followed by a cool "Neoglacial" period, with the last two millennia characterized by a return to warmer conditions. Throughout the majority of the core the Stella Lake diatom-community composition is dominated by small, periphytic taxa which are suggestive of shallow, cool, alkaline, oligotrophic waters with extensive seasonal ice cover. A reconstruction of mean July air temperature (MJAT) was developed by applying a midge-based inference model for MJAT (two-component WA-PLS) consisting of 79 lakes and 54 midge taxa (rjack 2 =0.55, RMSEP=0.9°C). Comparison of the chironomid- inferred temperature record to existing regional paleoclimate reconstructions suggests that the midge- inferred temperatures correspond well to regional patterns. This multi-proxy record provides valuable insight into regional Holocene climate and environmental conditions by providing a quantitative reconstruction of peak Holocene warmth and aquatic ecosystem response to these changes in the Great Basin, a region projected to experience increased aridity and higher temperatures.
On Truncation of Shrinkage Estimators in Simultaneous Estimation of Normal Means

Abstract In estimating a multivariate normal mean θ = (θ1, …, θ k ) t under sum of squares error loss, it is well known that Stein estimators improve upon the usual estimator (in terms of expected loss) if k ≥ 3. The improvement obtained is significant, however, only if the θ i are fairly close to the point towards which the Stein estimator shrinks. When extreme θ i are likely (such as when the θ i are thought to arise from a possibly heavy-tailed prior distribution), the standard Stein estimators may offer little improvement over the usual estimator. Stein (1981) proposed a limited translation Stein estimator to correct this deficiency. This estimator is analyzed herein for a number of heavy-tailed prior distributions. An adaptive version of the estimator is also discussed.
Wortmannin Inhibits the Production of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Intermediates and the Killing of the Saccharomyces Cerevzsae by Isolated Chicken Macrophages

AbstractThe direct effects of wortmannin (0 to 1280 nM) on several functions in cultured macrophages isolated from Sephadex-elicited Leghorn chicken peritonea were studied. Under concentrations not affecting cell viability, wortmannin, as low as 5 nM, inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production (P < 0.01). However, wortmannin (as high as 1280 nM) exposure 5 hours post LPS induction had no effect on nitric oxide production in macrophages, indicating a blockade of LPS-induction of a signaling pathway related to nitric oxide formation. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced superoxide production was only inhibited (P < 0.001) by concurrent exposure to 1280 nM wortmannin. Prior exposure to 160 nM and higher of wortmannin for 24 hours reduced the average number of yeast cells ingested by or attached to a single macrophage (P<0.001) and the ability of the macrophage to kill the baker's yeast (P<0.05), while wortmannin itself did not affect the yeast. These data provide direct evidence fo...
OB information management system: a microcomputer solution

An overview is given of a microcomputer-based obstetrics (OB) information management system developed at Stony Brook University Hospital. This system, an upgrade to an earlier system, is capable of monitoring an eight-bed labor and delivery unit continuously. Analog information from the fatal monitor is digitized before being input to an IBM PC. Waveform information (HR1, HR2, UA) for all eight beds is displayed simultaneously on a central monitor. User-selectable options for extended and expanded waveform displays for each bed, for chalkboard review and for report generation have been provided as have admit, transfer, edit, and discharge functions. Data are stored on a hard disk and can be retrieved quickly and reliably for review. >
Effect of task practice order on motor skill learning in adults with Parkinson disease: a pilot study.

Background and Purpose: Random practice of motor tasks has been shown to enhance motor learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of task practice order (random, blocked) on motor learning in adults with Parkinson disease (PD). Subjects: Twenty adults with mild PD and 20 age-matched adults (controls) participated in the study. Methods: Participants in both groups (PD and control) practiced 3 movement tasks with either a blocked or a random practice order. This 2 participant group × 2 practice order design resulted in 4 experimental groups. The Trail Making Test was administered to all participants to determine task-switching capability. Motor performance on the arm movement tasks was quantified on the basis of the root-mean-square error difference between the goal movement task and each participant's response. Results: The task-switching capability of the control group was superior to that of the PD group. For acquisition, in general, participants in the control group performed with significantly less error than participants in the PD group. For retention, participants in the control group who practiced with a random order performed more accurately than participants in the control group who practiced with a blocked order. However, for the PD group, the findings were reversed; participants who practiced with a blocked order performed more accurately than participants who practiced with a random order. These findings resulted in a group × practice order interaction. Discussion and Conclusion: These pilot study data suggest that, contrary to the findings for age-matched control learners, for learners with mild PD, a blocked practice order may be better than a random practice order for motor learning.
Abstract C152: Mechanisms of KRAS dependency in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Currently, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C152.
SPACE WEATHERING OF ASTEROID SURFACES

▪ Abstract Visible and near-infrared spectra of reflected sunlight from asteroid surfaces exhibit features that hold the promise for identifying surface mineralogy. However, the very surfaces that are observed by remote-sensing are also subject to impingement by micrometeoroids and solar wind particles, which are believed to play the dominant role in space weathering, which is the time-dependent modification of an asteroid's reflectance spectrum. Such space weathering has confused the interpretations of telescopic spectra of asteroids, especially concerning the possible association of common ordinary chondritic meteorites with so-called S-type asteroids. Recent spacecraft studies of asteroids (especially of Eros by NEAR-Shoemaker) have documented aspects of space weathering processes, but we still do not understand the physics of space weathering well enough to confidently assay mineralogy of diverse asteroids by remote-sensing. A review of the intellectual history of this topic reveals the complexity of ...
The evolution of anatomic pathology

Science advances both by conceptual leaps and by improved observational and analytic tools. Mechanism and function in biological systems can best be understood in the context of the complex microenvironments in which they occur, and for this purpose morphologic analysis can be critical. Technological advances in cell and tissue imaging are currently finding application in a wide variety of basic, translational, and clinical biomedical studies. “Biophotonics in Pathology” was designed as a multi-authored work to describe the various kinds of imaging strategies that have been developed as computational power keeps increasing. Some of these overlap with radiologic techniques and others do not. The field is continuously evolving, and in this commentary I will touch on additional techniques for morphology-based interrogation of cells and tissues that have recently been described. However, it is important to note that though we are expanding our armamentarium as pathologists, our radiological colleagues have been doing this for many years. Clearly, they have embraced new imaging techniques to a greater extent than have pathologists. This commentary discusses some of the factors responsible for this, and suggests that pathology and radiology are converging towards a more holistic approach to diagnostic imaging.
Randomized trial of HTK versus warm blood cardioplegia for right ventricular protection in mitral surgery.

Objectives. To clarify the reliability of the one-shot histidine – tryptophane – ketoglutarate (HTK) cardioplegia for right ventricular (RV) myocardial protection during mitral surgery, in patients with or without pre-operative RV dysfunction. Design. Sixty patients undergoing isolated mitral surgery were randomized to myocardial protection with either one-shot HTK or intermittent warm blood cardioplegia (WBC). The RV function was assessed by echocardiography and hemodynamic assessment. Pre-operative tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), an index of RV systolic function was used to dichotomize groups into patients having impaired (TAPSE 15) or preserved (TAPSE 15) RV function. Results. There were no signifi cant intergroup differences in the post-operative indexes of RV function in cases with TAPSE 15. In patients having TAPSE 15 we observed statistically worse RV ejection fraction (RVEF, 15% 2% vs. 24% 3%), end-diastolic volume (RVEDV, 188 mL 20 vs. 179 mL 14) and fractional area change (RVFAC, 21% 6% vs. 30% 3%) after use of the HTK solution versus patients who received the WBC. These differences were associated with longer mechanical ventilation and ICU times in patients with impaired RV function and receiving HTK cardioplegia. In a substudy ten patients with TAPSE 15 received intra-operative topical myocardial cooling in addition to HTK. The addition of topical cooling to HTK cardioplegia yielded statistically signifi cant amelioration in post-operative RV function compared with patients who received the HTK solution without topical cooling (RVEF: 23% 3% vs. 15% 2%; RVEDV: 180 mL 9 vs. 188 mL 18; RVFAC: 8.5% 1% vs. 6% 2%). Conclusions. The one shot HTK solution offers inferior RV protection compared with WBC, mainly in patients with depressed pre-operative RV function. When adopting HTK cardioplegia the addition of topical cooling is strongly advised.
Domination in colored complete graphs

We prove the following conjecture of Erdljs and Hajnal: For any fixed positive integer t and for any 2-coloring of the edges of K,, there exists X c V(K,) such that 1x1 I t and X monochromatically dominates all but at most n/2’ vertices of K,. In fact, X can be constructed by a fast greedy algorithm.
Developmental Genes and the Reconstruction of Metazoan Evolution—Implications of Evolutionary Loss, Limits on Inference of Ancestry and Type 2 Errors

SYNOPSIS. We consider three issues that appear to be important in the interpretation of developmental genetics in an evolutionary context. The three issues under discussion are 1) evolutionary loss as applied to evo-devo data; 2) the limits on our ability to infer ancestry based on tree reconstruction; and 3) ''type 2'' errors in the assessment of homology of developmental gene expression data. Lack of consideration of any or all of these disparate issues narrows the set of hypotheses under consideration. We examine these issues through examples drawing on new data on POU domain genes as well as through reference to published work on Distal-less, engrailed and Nk2 genes. The reconstruction of metazoan evolution at the phylum level has proved difficult despite over a cen- tury of interest in the problem. It has been generally hoped that the application of molecular techniques to phylogenetic analysis and comparative development would reveal the relationships between different higher taxa and the mechanisms of body plan evolution that generated novel metazoan form. Substantial progress has been made with these new techniques, but many issues have yet to be resolved. Here we examine three disparate issues that limit the investigation of the evo- lution of development as currently practiced. In the absence of consideration of these issues, the range of data available for interpretation and, perhaps more im- portantly, the set of hypotheses under examination tends to narrow. Thus, although the issues considered are distinct from one another, they are linked in their potential to narrow the field of discussion. Given that the evo-devo discipline is not mature, and that a lim- ited number of taxa have been examined in compara- tive studies, we feel a broad range of hypotheses need to be scrutinized. In a sense we argue for the appli- cation of the doctrine of ''multiple working hypothe- ses'' that long held sway in the exploratory phase of geologic investigation (Chamberlain, 1890). This ap- proach to science considers all rational hypotheses on equal footing, and can be distinct in application from the single hypothesis and null frequently seen in the typical thesis proposal. The three issues under discus- sion are 1) evolutionary loss as applied to evo-devo data; 2) the limits on our ability to infer ancestry based on tree reconstruction; and 3) ''type 2'' errors in as- sessment of homology of developmental gene expres- sion. In our discussion of these points we draw on examples from the developmental genetic literature and from our own work.