cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining efficacy of cancer chemopreventive agents using a cell-free system concomitant with DNA adduction

The large (>2000) and expanding number of natural and synthetic agents with potential cancer chemopreventive properties renders it economically and physically impossible to test each of these agents for their efficacy in the widely accepted 2-year animal bioassay and clinical trials. Therefore, there is a growing need for relevant short-term screening tests to study these compounds such that only the most efficacious ones undergo extensive long-term studies. We have previously reported in a pilot study that the use of a microsome-mediated test system concomitant with DNA adduction is a pertinent and relevant model for rapidly studying the efficacy and mechanisms of cancer chemopreventive agents. We have extended this study to investigate 26 additional agents for their potential chemopreventive abilities by studying their effects on microsome-mediated benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-DNA adduction. These agents had differential effects on the two major adducts of BP-DNA, i.e., BP-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE)-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 9-OH-BP-dG-derived adducts. These agents were therefore categorized into five classes. Three test agents (ellagic acid, genistein and oltipraz) were strong inhibitors of both adducts. These agents diminished BP-DNA adduction by 65-95% and were categorized as Class I agents. Six other agents (benzyl isocyanate, R(+)-1-phenylethyl isocyanate, linoleic acid ethyl ester, (+)-biotin, indole-3-carboxylic acid and beta-carotene) moderately inhibited both BP-DNA adducts (25-64%); these compounds were identified as Class II agents. Six additional test agents inhibited only one adduct selectively and nine others were ineffective; these agents were categorized as Class III and Class IV, respectively. Interestingly, seven test agents enhanced BPDE-dG or 9-OH-BP-dG or both adducts and were categorized as Class V agents. Four of these Class V agents concomitantly inhibited BPDE-dG while enhancing 9-OH-BP-dG. This emphasizes the importance of studying individual DNA adducts in contrast to total DNA binding. In conclusion, Class I and Class II agents may be good candidates for further chemoprevention studies.
Targeted Delivery of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides Formulated in a Novel Lipidic Vector

AbstractA novel lipidic system has been developed to selectively deliver oligo-deoxynucleotides (ODN) to target cells. It involves the complexation of ODN with polylysine, followed by the addition of pH-sensitive liposomes that contain a targeting ligand, folate. The resulting particles, named LPDII, efficiently and selectively deliver ODN to human KB cells which overexpress folate-binding proteins (FBP). When an ODN against epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) was formulated in LPDII, delivery of these particles to KB cells resulted in down-regulation of EGFR and also cell growth inhibition. Free ODN exhibited no inhibitory effect on the growth of KB cells in the same concentration range. An ODN of scrambled sequence, free or formulated in LPDII, also failed to inhibit the growth of KB cells. Finally, the antisense effect of ODN on KB cells was inhibited by an excess amount of free folate, suggesting that the sequence-dependent effect of the ODN was mediated by folate binding protein.
Permeation tube approach to long-term use of automatic sampler retention index standards

Abstract A permeation tube that is sealed internally in a commercially-available automatic sampler vial provides a simple and convenient method of preparing, using, and storing standard retention index samples for long periods of time. The approach is especially suited to the handling of volatile organic compounds that are very important in fuels research, alternative refrigerant research and in many environmental analyses. It also provides the very desirable feature of dispensing sample that is at very low concentration or even at infinite dilution, since no commercial automatic sampler is currently capable of doing this for the analyst. The device is very simple, and can be constructed and prepared with a liquid sample in a few minutes. It requires the use of minimal quantities of sample, and substantially decreases the hazards associated with handling volatile organics in the laboratory.
Successive determination of thorium and rare earths by complexometric titrations

Abstract Thorium can be determined quantitatively by EDTA in the presence of the light rare earths but not in the presence of the heavy rare earths. The successive determination of thorium and heavy rare earths with diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) has been found to be feasible and is described. The direct successive determination of thorium and rare earths by combined titration with DTPA and N -yethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA) is also discussed.
Folin-Wu prepared blood-group specific substance A.

A SIMPLE method for the preparation of blood-group specific substance A from Difco's neopeptone by means of the Folin-Wu technique of preparing a protein-free filtrate was recently reported1. Preliminary chemical, as well as inhibition of isoagglutination, studies were made of products prepared from both hog pepsin and neopeptone2.
Development and Comparison of Solution Methods for Modeling Reaction and Diffusion in “Molecular-Square” Membranes

“Molecular squares” are novel self-assembling structures, typically containing metal-ion corners and porphyrin sides and centers, that have exciting promise as stereoselective catalysts that mimic enzymes. Recently, films of molecular squares have been fashioned on membrane supports, and their efficacy for oxidation of styrene has been demonstrated. To aid in the design of these materials, continuum models were developed that allow the effects of the film thickness, pore size, and reactant ratios to be explored. The coupled set of nonlinear partial differential equations describing transient reaction and diffusion was solved numerically using three different classes of methods: a split-step method using finite difference (FD); domain decomposition in two different forms, one involving three overlapping subdomains and the other involving a gap−tooth scheme; and the multiple-time-step method. The first two classes of methods were implemented based on literature methods, and some modifications, particularly...
A MAGNITUDE-ROBUST CONTROL CHART FOR MONITORING AND ESTIMATING STEP CHANGES IN A POISSON RATE PARAMETER

Statistical process control charts are intended to assist operators in detecting process changes. If a process change does occur, the control chart should detect the change quickly. If the operator is provided with an estimate as to when the process changed, the search to find the special cause can be more easily facilitated. We investigate a process-monitoring tool for Poisson count data that quickly responds to process mean count rate changes regardless of the magnitude of the change, while supplying useful diagnostic information. A likelihood ratio approach was used to develop a control chart for a permanent step change in a Poisson process rate parameter. The average run length (ARL) performance of this chart is compared to that of several Poisson cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts. Our performance results show that the proposed chart performs better than any one CUSUM chart over a wide range of potential shift magnitudes. The proposed chart also provides maximum likelihood estimates of the time and the magnitude of the process shift. These crucial change point diagnostics can greatly enhance the special cause investigation.
Assessment of false positives with the Humphrey Field Analyzer II perimeter with the SITA Algorithm.

Purpose To evaluate the effects of false-positive (FP) response errors on mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), glaucoma hemifield test (GHT), and test duration in the Humphrey Field Analyzer's (HFA II) Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA). Methods Five individuals with glaucoma (ages 52, 63, 69, 77, and 78 years) and five individuals with normal, healthy eyes (ages 25, 34, 43, 45, and 52 years), participated in the study. Each subject was experienced in automated perimetry and performed multiple, monocular baseline SITA-standard (SITA-S) 24-2 visual field tests. In addition, normal subjects completed SITA-S 24-2 field examinations in which known frequencies of FP error were introduced (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, or 33% frequency). Likewise, the subjects with glaucoma completed visual field examinations with 0%, 20%, and 33% error introduced during the test. Results Reported FP errors were significantly lower than the introduced frequency of error. The SITA algorithm more accurately identified FP errors when the MD and PSD diverged from normal. Test duration increased as introduced error frequencies increased. The Statpac single-field analyses indicated that two thirds of the tests with introduced errors produced a "low-patient-reliability" determination. Conclusions HFA II SITA-S underestimates patients' FP errors, particularly among normal patients. High FP error frequencies can have adverse effects on MD and PSD, leading clinicians and researchers to an inaccurate determination of the amount and severity of visual field loss.
Autoimmune cytopenia does not predict poor prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is characterized by an acquired immune defect that can cause autoimmune complications, including anemia and thrombocytopenia. We conducted an observational study of the epidemiology, clinical presentation and significance of autoimmune complications of CLL/SLL in 132 patients from a large population (>45,000 veterans), in which at least 90% of patients with CLL/SLL have been previously identified. Over a period of 12.5 years, 12 patients (9.1%) had autoimmune complications; of these, 6 (4.5%) had autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), 5 (3.8%) had immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and 1 (0.8%) had pure red blood cell aplasia (PRBA). All 6 cases of AIHA had a positive direct immunoglobulin test for IgG and C3d. In 6 patients, CLL/SLL was an incidental finding at the time of presentation with autoimmune cytopenia. Nine out of 10 patients responded to immunosuppressive therapy, which was complicated by serious infection in 7 cases, one of which was fatal. The major cause of mortality in patients with autoimmune complications of CLL/SLL was secondary malignancy. Survival of patients with immune cytopenia was not significantly different from CLL/SLL patients without immune cytopenia. Among patients with anemia or thrombocytopenia, mortality was significantly higher in those with bone marrow failure compared to an autoimmune etiology. We show that in a non-referred population with a high incidence of CLL/SLL, autoimmune cytopenia can occur early in the natural history of the disease. These data suggest that the Rai and Binet classifications for CLL need to be modified for patients with autoimmune cytopenia. .
Segregating and extracting overlapping data points in two-dimensional plots

Most search engines index the textual content of documents in digital libraries. However, scholarly articles frequently report important findings in figures for visual impact and the contents of these figures are not indexed. These contents are often invaluable to the researcher in various fields, for the purposes of direct comparison with their own work. Therefore, searching for figures and extracting figure data are important problems. To the best of our knowledge, there exists no tool to automatically extract data from figures in digital documents. If we can extract data from these images automatically and store them in a database, an end-user can query and combine data from multiple digital documents simultaneously and efficiently. We propose a framework based on image analysis and machine learning to extract information from 2-D plot images and store them in a database. The proposed algorithm identifies a 2-D plot and extracts the axis labels, legend and the data points from the 2-D plot. We also segregate overlapping shapes that correspond to different data points. We demonstrate performance of individual algorithms, using a combination of generated and real-life images.
Manicheism delirium: desire and disavowal in the libidinal economy of an emerging economy

This paper explores the motivations behind the outward foreign direct investment (ofdi) decisions in the past decade of an East Asian government-linked corporation (glc), the largest company of its kind in the world in terms of sectoral specialisation. This glc has travelled far from its origins as an agent of European imperialism to its current controversial role spearheading postcolonial extra-territorialisation strategies. I argue that financial predation is the synechdoche for territorialisation in the new imperialism. Consequently emerging economies pre-empt the financial siege by embarking on ofdi strategies themselves to create economic buffer territory. I construct a psychoanalytical framework for examining how anxiety is acted out in the global economy. I apply concepts of the traumatic moment, anxiety and the defence mechanisms of disavowal, splitting, introjection and projection to analyse the glc’s investments as territorial displacements of the libidinal economy.
Linking obesity and activity level with children's television and video game use

This study examined the links between childhood obesity, activity participation and television and video game use in a nationally representative sample of children (N = 2831) ages 1-12 using age-normed body mass index (BMI) ratings. Results indicated that while television use was not related to children's weight status, video game use was. Children with higher weight status played moderate amounts of electronic games, while children with lower weight status played either very little or a lot of electronic games. Interaction analyses revealed that this curvilinear relationship applied to children under age 8 and that girls, but not boys, with higher weight status played more video games. Children ages 9-12 with lower weight status used the computer (non-game) for moderate amounts of time, while those with higher weight status used the computer either very little or a lot. This was also true for the relationship between print use and weight status for children of all ages. Results also indicated that children with higher weight status spent more time in sedentary activities than those with lower weight status.
Subsets of ωω and generalized metric spaces

In this note we use subsets of ωω and certain set-theoretic statements about such sets to solve, up to consistency, several questions concerning generalized metric spaces. These results are improvements of some of Michael's work using the continuum hypothesis (hereafter CH) and some earlier work by the authors using CH and P(c).
Learning classifiers from dual annotation ambiguity via a min–max framework

Abstract Many pattern recognition problems confront two sources of annotation ambiguity where (1) multiple annotators have provided their versions of a class label which may not be consistent with one another, which forms multi-labeler learning; (2) and meanwhile a class label is associated with a bag of input vectors or instances rather than each individual instance and a bag is positive for a class label as long as one of its instances shows an evidence of that class, which is often referred to as multi-instance learning. Existing methods for multi-labeler learning and multi-instance learning only address one source of the labeling ambiguity. They are not trivially feasible to tackle the dual ambiguity problem. We hence propose a novel optimization framework by modifying the hinge loss to employ the weighted consensus of different labelers׳ labels and further generalizing the notion of loss functions to bags of multiple instances. The proposed formulation can be approximately solved by two mathematically tractable models that accommodate two types of labeling bias. An alternating optimization algorithm has been derived to efficiently solve the two models. The proposed algorithms outperform existing methods on benchmark data sets collected for document classification, real-life crowd-sourced data sets, and a medical problem of heart wall motion analysis with diagnoses from multiple radiologists.
Epidemiology studies in immunotoxicity evaluations.

Abstract Studies in humans designed to detect immunomodulation from exposure to xenobiotics present challenging problems to epidemiologists and immunotoxicologists. Exposed and control groups must be carefully selected, exposure to the xenobiotic must be sufficiently high and well-documented, and the referent group should be as similar as possible to the exposed. Immune markers/functional tests in an individual may be influenced by sunlight exposure, medication, illness and use of recreational drugs; all of these potential confounding factors must be addressed. Sample acquisition is usually performed at sites geographically distant from the controlled environment of an investigator’s laboratory, yielding an assortment of new problems that would not occur in clinical or hospital situations. Regulations and guidelines concerning the transport of biological samples and potential hazards of HIV and HBV exposures to personnel must be adapted to field conditions. Since the application of immunotoxicological techniques to populations exposed to xenobiotics is relatively new, and the ability to measure an increasing number of immune biomarkers of activation, suppression, autoimmunity or hypersensitivity is rapidly expanding, there are difficulties in the interpretation of statistically positive results (sometimes within the normal range) and their potential health significance. Finally, both biological and methodological factors complicate the assessment of dose–response/concentration–effect relationships in human immunotoxicity studies, and traditional dose–response relationships may not always be present.
Rendezvous with the World: Missouri Southern State University's Themed Semesters.

A regional university selects a different country to emphasize each fall semester to provide every student with a global experience.
The design of POSTGRES

This paper presents the preliminary design of a new database management system, called POSTGRES, that is the successor to the INGRES relational database system. The main design goals of the new system are to provide better support for complex objects,provide user extendibility for data types, operators and access methods,provide facilities for active databases (i.e., alerters and triggers) and inferencing including forward- and backward-chaining,simplify the DBMS code for crash recovery,produce a design that can take advantage of optical disks, workstations composed of multiple tightly-coupled processors, and custom designed VLSI chips, andmake as few changes as possible (preferably none) to the relational model.The paper describes the query language, programming language interface, system architecture, query processing strategy, and storage system for the new system.
USDA‐ARS North Appalachian Experimental Watershed: 70‐Year Hydrologic, Soil Erosion, and Water Quality Database

Hydrologic data from agricultural watersheds are necessary to identify long-term trends and to develop and validate hydrologic and water quality models. These types of data have been collected for 70 yr at the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed (NAEW) near Coshocton, OH. The NAEW has 19 small (0.5-3.0-ha), single-land-use watersheds for which surface runoff data have been collected year round on an event basis for various time periods since 1939. There are six large (17-123-ha), mixed-use watersheds with perennial streams where flow is measured continuously. Hydrologic data have been collected from 11, 2.4-m-deep, 8.1-m 2 surface area monolith lysimeters. Meteorological, land management, and soil property data are available. Water quality data have been collected from watersheds and lysimeters since the early 1970s. Collaborative research efforts utilizing this resource are encouraged; the NAEW web site (www. ars.usda.gov/mwa/coshocton; verified 19 Dec. 2009) has detailed information on the types of available data. Data are available through the authors.
Simplicial Girth and Pure Resolutions

Generalizing the notion of the girth of a graph, a sequence of simplicial girths is assigned to each simplicial complex. Given a simplicial girth, lower bounds on higher simplicial girths are proven. When a simplicial girth is given and the Stanley---Reisner ring has a pure resolution, upper bounds on the number of vertices are proven.
Hepatic ATP concentrations and glycolytic enzyme activities in Reye syndrome.

these cells might have acquired leukemic morphology, and account for the change to leukemic bone marrow as noted in Patients 1 and 2, and in the patient reported by Appleyard. 4 Patient 3 might have had rapid turnover of cells such as the normal appearing ones found in the hypertrophied white pulp of his spleen, and he might have died before these cells acquired leukemic morphology. Another factor in the hyperuricemia noted in our patients might have been an increased baseline of de novo synthesis of uric acid, as occurs in primary gout. 7 The positive family history for renal stones in Patient 1, the elevated uric acid excretion in the mother and brother of Patient 3, and the family history of gout in the patient reporte d by Vining and Thompson'-' support this possibility. 8 The role of toxic substances in the pathogenesis of the hyperuricemia in Patients 1 and 3 is also a possibility. These substances might have interfered with the ability of the patients to excrete the uric acid produced by their hematologic disease, thus leading to hyperuricemic renal failure. 9 The toxic substances might also have been contributing agents in the underlying disease, especially in Patient 3, who was exposed to a combination of two potential toxins.'"
Relative Size Selectivity of Trap Nets for Eight Species of Fish

Abstract Relative size selectivity of trap nets was determined from the ratio of recaptured fish per 2.5-cm length groups to the number of marked fish of corresponding lengths in the population. The 12 nets were fished in Manistee Lake (348 hectares), Kalkaska County, Michigan, from mid-September to mid-October (1974-1978), and were size selective for six of eight species of fish. In general, nets were selective for the larger sizes of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus). Significant size selectivity was not evident for smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni).
Purification of monellin, the sweet principle of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii.

1. 1. The intensely sweet princile from the fruit of the tropical plant Dioscoreo-pyllum cumminsii Diels has been isolated. The sweet principle, herein named monellin, is purified from aqueous extracts by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography, first on DEAE-cellulose, and then on CM-cellulose. 2. 2. The yield is over 50% and the material is homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis. 3. 3. Monellin is non-dialyzable, shows a strong absorption in the ultraviolet (λmax = 277 nm), and reacts with common protein reagents. Purified monellin is free of carbohydrate (< 5 βg/mg protein). This evidence indicates that monellin is a protein.
Preparation and catalytic testing of mesoporous sulfated zirconium dioxide with partially tetragonal wall structure

Methods were explored to synthesize sulfated mesoporous zirconia with crystalline pore walls of tetragonal crystal structure. The material has been characterized by small and large angle X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and catalytic tests using n-butane isomerization to iso-butane and alkylation of 1-naphthol with 4-tert-butylstyrene as probe reactions. It has been found that sulfate deposition is crucial for the transformation of a mesoporous precursor with amorphous pore walls into a material with crystalline pore walls maintaining the mesoporous morphology with narrow pore size distributions. TEM shows no ordered stacking of the pores. As a catalyst for acid catalyzed reactions of large molecules, mesoporous sulfated zirconia is superior to microporous sulfated zirconia.
Enhancing effect of insulin on the tuberculin reaction in the albino rat.

SEVERAL authors have suggested that insulin is involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions1,2. It is known2,3 that tuberculin-type skin sensitivity reactions to purified protein derivative (PPD) in the guinea-pig can be depressed by alloxan, and this depression can be partially reversed by the administration of insulin2. In the rat1 insulin intensifies inflammatory and immunological reactivity. It was thus of interest to determine whether tuberculin reactions in the rat (a relatively poor reactor to delayed-type hypersensitivity) could be intensified when insulin was given at the same time.
A Comparative Study of Interpolation Methods for Mapping Soil Properties

The choice of an optimal interpolation technique for estimating soil properties at unsampled locations is an important issue in site-specific management. The objective of this study was to evaluate inverse distance (InvD) weighting, ordinary kriging (KO), and lognormal ordinary kriging (KO log ) to determine the optimal interpolation method for mapping soil properties. Relationships between statistical properties of the data and performance of the methods were analyzed using soil test P and K data from 30 agricultural fields. For InvD weighting, we used powers of 1,2,3, and 4. The numbers of the closest neighboring points ranged from 5 to 30 for the three methods. The results suggest that KO log can improve estimation precision compared with KO for lognormally distributed data. The criteria helpful in deciding whether KO log is applicable for the given data set were the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic, coefficient of variation, skewness, kurtosis, and the size of the data set. Careful choice of the exponent value for InvD weighting and of the number of the closest neighbors for both InvD weighting and kriging (KO or KO log ) significantly improved the estimation accuracy (P ≤ 0.05). However, no a priori decision could be made about the optimal exponent and the number of the closest neighbors based on the statistical properties of the data. For the majority of the data sets, kriging with the optimal number of the neighboring points, a carefully selected variogram model, and appropriate log-transformation of the data performed better than InvD weighting. Correlation coefficients between experimental data and estimated results of kriging were higher than those of InvD for 57 out of a total of 60 data sets, kriging mean absolute errors were lower for 44 data sets, and kriging mean errors were lower than those of InvD weighting for 31 data sets.
Formation of the imidazolides of dinucleotides under potentially prebiotic conditions

Imidazolides of dinucleotides such as ImpApA can be formed from the corresponding dinucleotides in a two-stage process, which gives up to 15% yields under potentially prebiotic conditions. First a solution of the dinucleotide and sodium trimetaphosphate is dried out at constant temperature and humidity. This produces polyphosphates such as pnApA in excellent yield (⩾80%). The products are dissolved in water, imidazole is added, and the solution is dried out again. This yields the 5′-phosphorimidazolides.
New molecular targets in malignant gliomas.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to provide an update on the identification of novel molecular targets in neurooncology and their translation into clinical practice.Recent findingsBasic research is providing novel insights into the complex molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesi
The contrasting roles of Monte Carlo simulation and gaming in decision support Systems

Fixed-time interval simulation has been used extensively in deci sion support systems to provide an understanding of the nature of the risks involved in proposed choices. An alternative ap proach, which is particularly suitable for decisions involving group concensus is the use of operational gaming. This paper describes these two approaches and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The concept of using decision rooms as gam ing environments for supporting group decision making is intro duced and explored.
Phosphoinositide inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from rat liver.

Abstract When purified acetyl-CoA carboxylase was incubated with various phospholipids, the effects on carboxylase activity were quite diverse. Phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol were slightly stimulatory, whereas carboxylase was inhibited by polyphosphoinositides in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (TPI) was the most effective inhibitor; carboxylase activity was inhibited 50% after incubation with 1.5 μ m TPI for 30 min. Incubation of carboxylase with citrate reduced the susceptibility to inhibition by TPI. The inhibition was reversed by removal of TPI from the inhibited enzyme. Incubation of TPI with divalent metal cations removed its ability to inhibit carboxylase. Sedimentation studies showed that TPI treatment shifts carboxylase to a less-polymerized form. The K m for ATP, 24 μ m , was not affected by the inhibitor. However, the apparent K m for acetyl-CoA was decreased from 44 to 11 μ m following incubation with TPI. The possibility that polyphosphoinositides may play a role in acetyl-CoA carboxylase regulation is discussed.
Innate and universal facial expressions : evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research

The idea of innate and universal facial expressions that have links with human emotions was given the status of scientific hypothesis by Darwin (1872/1965). Substantial evidence, old and new, supports his hypothesis. Much of the evidence is independent of language, but Russell's (1994) criticisms of the hypothesis focus on language-dependent data. In this article, it is argued that Russell's critique was off target in that his arguments relate only to a hypothesis of the universality of semantic attributions and overstated in that he used questionable logic in designing studies to support his claims. It is also argued that Russell misinterpreted the relation between the universality hypothesis and differential emotions theory. Finally, new evidence is presented that supports the Darwinian hypothesis of the innateness and universality of the facial expressions of a limited set of emotions and the efficacy of the most commonly used method of testing it.
The Development of Warm Rain in a Cumulus Model

Abstract A one-and-a-half-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model proposed by the authors is extended to investigate warm-rain formation. A total of 61 mass categories, corresponding to radii from 4 μm to 4 mm, are used to determine the drop distribution. The distribution of hydrometeors evolves with time as a result of condensation, evaporation, stochastic coalescence, sedimentation, and drop breakup. The formation of liquid drops around condensation nuclei is parameterized to take a prescribed drop size distribution, though the number concentration of nuclei is predicted. Three different types of the prescribed initial size distribution of drops are considered to test their control of the subsequent hydrometeor distribution. Convection is initiated in a conditionally unstable atmosphere which represents tradewind conditions, and long time integrations of the model are performed to cover the entire life cycle of a simulated cumulus cloud. In a typical case, the maximal updraft resulting from the calculat...
Age Affects the Attentional Demands of Stair Ambulation: Evidence From a Dual-Task Approach

Background: Approximately 75% of all injury-producing falls on steps for people of all ages occur in people 65 years of age and older. Diminished attentional capacity contributes to fall risk in older adults, particularly when task demands are high. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the attentional demands of ascending and descending a set of stairs (stair ambulation) in older adults and younger adults. Design: This was a nonblinded, prospective, single-site, observational cohort study. Methods: Ten older (>65 years of age) and 10 younger (21–33 years of age) adults without disabilities were recruited. A dual-task approach was used for 2 task conditions: the first task was standing and responding verbally to an unanticipated auditory tone as quickly as possible (probe task), and the second task was ascending or descending a set of stairs with the same probe task. A 2-factor (group × task) analysis of variance with repeated measures on task (standing and stair ambulation) was performed for voice response time (VRT). Significance for the analysis was set at P <.05. Results: The group × task interaction was significant for VRT. Post hoc analyses indicated that during stair ambulation, the VRT for older adults was significantly longer than that for younger adults. For the standing task, the VRTs (X±SD) were similar for younger (322±65 milliseconds) and older (306±22 milliseconds) participants. For stair ascent and descent, the average VRTs were more than 100 milliseconds longer for older participants (493±113 and 470±127 milliseconds, respectively) than for younger participants (365±56 and 356±67 milliseconds, respectively). Limitations: Because of the small sample size and generally fit older group, generalization of findings to older people at risk for falls is not recommended until further research is done. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that although both older and younger adults required similar attentional resources for the standing task, older adults required significantly more resources during stair ambulation. The findings suggested that the dual-task method used here provided a clinically useful measure for detecting important changes in attentional demands in older adults who are healthy.
THE TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC FOR PHARYNGEAL BREATHING RHYTHM OF THE FROG

The frequency of the pharyngeal respiratory rhythm of frogs exhibits a critical thermal increment µ = 8,800 calories. At about 15° irregularities are apparent, which may be reduced by continued adaptation to room conditions. The frequency depends upon a process possibly synaptic in locus and apparently belonging among the group of respiratory reactions. Its temperature characteristic sharply separates this process from those reactions known to be catalyzed by H ion.
School Experiences of an Adolescent with Medical Complexities Involving Incontinence

The educational implications of chronic illnesses which involve incontinence are not well represented in the literature. The experiences of an adolescent with multiple complex illnesses, including incontinence, were explored via an intrinsic case study. Data were gathered from the adolescent, her mother, and teachers through interviews, email correspondence and school documentation over four months. Analytic memo writing was used to promote reflexivity and address researcher subjectivity. Three prominent themes emerged. There were excessive absences from school which were not always due to the physical implications of the student’s incontinence. Some absences were attributed to fear of accidents at school or even fabricated by the student to avoid attendance. Next, an incomplete and inconsistent support and communication system was found which contributed to academic underachievement. Finally, the persona presented by the student led to inaccurate assumptions by school personnel and sometimes her mother regarding her ability to cope with her condition.
Amphetamine activates Rho GTPase signaling to mediate dopamine transporter internalization and acute behavioral effects of amphetamine

Acute amphetamine (AMPH) exposure elevates extracellular dopamine through a variety of mechanisms that include inhibition of dopamine reuptake, depletion of vesicular stores, and facilitation of dopamine efflux across the plasma membrane. Recent work has shown that the DAT substrate AMPH, unlike cocaine and other nontransported blockers, can also stimulate endocytosis of the plasma membrane dopamine transporter (DAT). Here, we show that when AMPH enters the cytoplasm it rapidly stimulates DAT internalization through a dynamin-dependent, clathrin-independent process. This effect, which can be observed in transfected cells, cultured dopamine neurons, and midbrain slices, is mediated by activation of the small GTPase RhoA. Inhibition of RhoA activity with C3 exotoxin or a dominant-negative RhoA blocks AMPH-induced DAT internalization. These actions depend on AMPH entry into the cell and are blocked by the DAT inhibitor cocaine. AMPH also stimulates cAMP accumulation and PKA-dependent inactivation of RhoA, thus providing a mechanism whereby PKA- and RhoA-dependent signaling pathways can interact to regulate the timing and robustness of AMPH’s effects on DAT internalization. Consistent with this model, the activation of D1/D5 receptors that couple to PKA in dopamine neurons antagonizes RhoA activation, DAT internalization, and hyperlocomotion observed in mice after AMPH treatment. These observations support the existence of an unanticipated intracellular target that mediates the effects of AMPH on RhoA and cAMP signaling and suggest new pathways to target to disrupt AMPH action.
Cooperation between oncogenes.

There is compelling evidence that cancer arises via a multistep process .Molecular analysis of human cancers ,wich are typically clonal,commonly shows multiple genetic lesions. In several cases the mutational activation of an oncogene and the loss of a growth suppressor gene have been found in the same cancer cell .The question wich is addressed here is why multiple events are needed for carcinogenesis and how the expression of oncogenes and the loss of growth suppressor cooperate in this process .
Controlled Displacement Snap-Through of Tape Springs: Modeling and Experiment

This paper presents an analysis of the buckling of tape springs due to axial compressive loads and end moments. The motivation for this work is to derive design guidelines for axial loading of hinges made from tape springs. A previously derived non-dimensionalized, nonlinear analytical model of the buckling problem including load eccentricity and geometric imperfections is presented. The finite difference method is used to solve this analytical model. An experimental apparatus has been built to verify the results of the analytical model. Preliminary results from the finite difference model and experiments are presented.
Topology based control of biological genetic networks

The traditional control scheme has been to input a signal into a plant, where the signal is derived from either an open-loop or a closed-loop. This control strategy requires that the plant be able to accept inputs or can be modified to do so. However, this situation is not always true in biological genetic networks; in these systems, there is often no input or obvious modification to allow inputs.We believe that they require a new paradigm for control. Biotechnology techniques are such that it is easier to make topological changes to a genetic network than it is to either change the states of the pathway or add more elements to the pathway. Thus, for such genetic networks it is important to develop a theory of control based on making large-scale changes (e.g. genetic mutations) to the topology of the network; we provide steps towards such a theory. We highlight some useful results from monotone and hybrid systems theory, and show how these results can be used for such a topological control scheme. We consider the cancer-related p53 pathway as an example; we analyze this system using control theory and devise a controller.
Conditional inversion to estimate parameters from eddy-flux observations

Aims Data assimilation is a useful tool to extract information from large datasets of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 obtained by eddy-flux measurements. However, the number of parameters in ecosystem models that can be constrained by eddy-flux data is limited by conventional inverse analysis that estimates parameter values based on one-time inversion. This study aimed to improve data assimilation to increase the number of constrained parameters. Methods In this study, we developed conditional Bayesian inversion to maximize the number of parameters to be constrained by NEE data in several steps. In each step, we conducted a Bayesian inversion to constrain parameters. The maximum likelihood estimates of the constrained parameters were then used as prior to fix parameter values in the next step of inversion. The conditional inversion was repeated until there were no more parameters that could be further constrained. We applied the conditional inversion to hourly NEE data from Harvard Forest with a physiologically based ecosystem model. Important Findings Results showed that the conventional inversion method constrained 6 of 16 parameters in the model while the conditional inversion method constrained 13 parameters after six steps. The cost function that indicates mismatch between the modeled and observed data decreased with each step of conditional Bayesian inversion. The Bayesian information criterion also decreased, suggesting reduced information loss with each step of conditional Bayesian inversion. A wavelet analysis reflected that model performance under conditional Bayesian inversion was better than that under conventional inversion at multiple time scales, except for seasonal and half-yearly scales. In addition, our analysis also demonstrated that parameter convergence in a subsequent step of the conditional inversion depended on correlations with the parameters constrained in a previous step. Overall, the conditional Bayesian inversion substantially increased the number of parameters to be constrained by NEE data and can be a powerful tool to be used in data assimilation in ecology.
Synthesis of Cinnamic Acid from Benzaldehyde and Acetone

Cinnamic acid was prepared by oxidation of benzalacetone which was synthesized by condensing benzaldehyde and acetone. For producing benzalacetone, benzaldehyde was reacted with acetone in 1% NaOH solution. The yield was 88.8% of the theoretical. The benzalacetone was further oxidized with sodium hypochlorite to give 88.2% of cinnamic acid, m.p. 133°C.
Racing to the bottom or climbing to the top?: Economic globalization and collective labor rights

This article explores the impact of economic globalization on workers' rights in developing countries. The authors hypothesize that the impact of globalization on labor rights depends not only on the overall level of economic openness but also on the precise ways in which a country participates in global production networks. Using a new data set on collective labor rights, the authors test these expectations. Their analysis of the correlates of labor rights in 90 developing nations, from 1986 to 2002, highlights globalization's mixed impact on labor rights. As “climb to the top” accounts suggest, foreign direct investment inflows are positively and significantly related to the rights of workers. But at the same time, trade competition generates downward “race to the bottom” pressures on collective labor rights. The authors also find that domestic institutions and labor rights in neighboring countries are important correlates of workers' rights.
Turbulent resistivity in wavy two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

The theory of turbulent resistivity in ‘wavy’ magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in two dimensions is presented. The goal is to explore the theory of quenching of turbulent resistivity in a regime for which the mean field theory can be rigorously constructed at large magnetic Reynolds number Rm . This is achieved by extending the simple two-dimensional problem to include body forces, such as buoyancy or the Coriolis force, which convert large-scale eddies into weakly interacting dispersive waves. The turbulence-driven spatial flux of magnetic potential is calculated to fourth order in wave slope – the same order to which one usually works in wave kinetics. However, spatial transport, rather than spectral transfer, is the object here. Remarkably, adding an additional restoring force to the already tightly constrained system of high Rm magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in two dimensions can actually increase the turbulent resistivity, by admitting a spatial flux of magnetic potential which is not quenched at large Rm , although it is restricted by the conditions of applicability of weak turbulence theory. The absence of Rm -dependent quenching in this wave-interaction-driven flux is a consequence of the presence of irreversibility due to resonant nonlinear three-wave interactions, which are independent of collisional resistivity. The broader implications of this result for the theory of mean field electrodynamics are discussed.
Sweeps over wireless sensor networks

We present a robust approach to data collection, aggregation, and dissemination problems in sensor networks. Our method is based on the idea of a sweep over the network: a wavefront that traverses the network, passes over each node exactly once, and performs the desired operation(s). We do not require global information about the sensor field such as node locations. Instead, in a preprocessing phase, we compute a potential function over the network whose gradients guide the sweep process. The sweep itself operates asynchronously, using only local operations to advance the wave-front. The gradient information provides a local ordering of the nodes that helps reduce the number of MAC-layer collisions as the wavefront advances, while also globally shaping the wavefront so as to conform to the sensor field layout. The approach is robust to both link volatility and node failures that may be present in real network conditions. The potential is computed by a stable diffusion process in which each node repeatedly set its potential to the average of the potentials of its neighbors. Aggregation paths are decided on-line as the sweep proceeds and no fixed tree structure is needed over the course of the computation. We present simulation results illustrating the correctness of the algorithm and comparing the performance of the sweep to aggregation trees under various network conditions.
Mechanical properties of in situ composites based on partially miscible blends of polyetherimide and liquid crystalline polymers

Results related to the mechanical properties of in situ composites based on partially miscible blends of polyetherimide (Ultem) and liquid crystalline polymers (HX1000 and HX4000) are discussed. It is observed that, at least in terms of the tensile and flexural modulus, there is a positive deviation from the law of mixtures. These results are analyzed and an attempt is made to explain the origin of this synergistic behavior based upon morphological data. The behavior of these partially miscible systems is compared to that of an immiscible system (Ultem/Vectra) and also that of glass-reinforced Ultem. Using blends subjected to two passes through a single screw extruder, and thereby increasing the mixing history of the Ultem/HX4000 blend, led to improved dispersion but did not lead to any measurable improvement, within experimental error, in the tensile modulus or ultimate strength (though the toughness was enhanced). The dynamic creep compliance was measured and the creep behavior with composition and temperature is discussed. The data seem to suggest that a number of factors (including partial miscibility, the properties of the specific LCP chosen as the reinforcement and the final blend morphology) all interact in a complex and as yet undetermined manner to produce the enhanced mechanical properties.