cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of sustained spontaneous network oscillations of a sexually dimorphic brainstem nucleus: the role of potassium equilibrium potential

Intrinsic oscillators in the central nervous system play a preeminent role in the neural control of rhythmic behaviors, yet little is known about how the ionic milieu regulates their output patterns. A powerful system to address this question is the pacemaker nucleus of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. A neural network comprised of an average of 87 pacemaker cells and 20 relay cells produces tonic oscillations, with higher frequencies in males compared to females. Previous empirical studies have suggested that this sexual dimorphism develops and is maintained through modulation of buffering of extracellular K+ by a massive meshwork of astrocytes enveloping the pacemaker and relay cells. Here, we constructed a model of this neural network that can generate sustained spontaneous oscillations. Sensitivity analysis revealed the potassium equilibrium potential, EK (as a proxy of extracellular K+ concentration), and corresponding somatic channel conductances as critical determinants of oscillation frequency and amplitude. In models of both the pacemaker nucleus network and isolated pacemaker and relay cells, the frequency increased almost linearly with EK, whereas the amplitude decreased nonlinearly with increasing EK. Our simulations predict that this frequency increase is largely caused by a shift in the minimum K+ conductance over one oscillation period. This minimum is close to zero at more negative EK, converging to the corresponding maximum at less negative EK. This brings the resting membrane potential closer to the threshold potential at which voltage-gated Na+ channels become active, increasing the excitability, and thus the frequency, of pacemaker and relay cells.
Buffering against Depressive Symptoms: Associations between Self-Compassion, Perceived Family Support and Age for Transgender and Nonbinary Individuals

Transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) individuals often report higher levels of depression compared to cisgender individuals. Higher levels of depression in TGNB populations may be partially attributed to a lack of family support, which may be particularly salient for younger individuals. However, two possible protective factors that may mitigate depressive symptoms are self-compassion, defined as an attitude of kindness and understanding towards one's own imperfections, and perceived support, especially from family. The present study aimed to explore whether self-compassion was negatively associated with self-reported depressive symptoms, and whether perceived family support moderated this association, especially for younger individuals. Participants who were (1) at least 18 years of age, (2) identified as TGNB, and (3) experienced gender dysphoria were eligible for this study. Cross-sectional data from 148 individuals were collected online during May 2020. In support of the hypotheses, self-compassion was negatively associated with depressive symptoms, and perceived family support furthered this association. Additionally, results showed that younger participants (ages 18-24) with lower family support reported the highest levels of depressive symptoms. Taken together, these results suggest that self-compassion and perceived family support may be significant protective factors against depressive symptoms for TGNB individuals, although longitudinal research is needed. Taking a strengths-based perspective, mental health clinicians working with TGNB individuals may consider interventions geared toward increasing self-compassion in daily life and working with clients' families to increase support.
Spaces of the sacred and profane : Dickens, Trollope, and the Victorian cathedral town

Introduction: Ambivalent Spaces 1. Monstrous Unions: Dickens, Trollope, and the (Anglo-) Catholic Question 2. Doctrinal Dissonance: Cathedral Music and the Issue of Vocation 3. 'Broken Niche and Defaced Statue': Creativity in the Cathedral. Conclusion: Picturesque Escape or Reimagined Space?: The Cathedral Town in Context
Anglo-Saxon Saints' Lives as History Writing in Late Medieval England

The past was ever present in later medieval England, as secular and religious institutions worked to recover (or create) originary narratives that could guarantee, they hoped, their political and spiritual legitimacy. Anglo-Saxon England, in particular, was imagined as a spiritual "golden age" and a rich source of precedent, for kings and for the monasteries that housed early English saints' remains. This book examines the vernacular hagiography produced in a monastic context, demonstrating how writers, illuminators, and policy-makers used English saints (including St Edmund) to re-envision the bonds between ancient spiritual purity and contemporary conditions. Treating history and ethical practice as inseparable, poets such as Osbern Bokenham, Henry Bradshaw, and John Lydgate reconfigured England's history through its saints, engaging with contemporary concerns about institutional identity, authority, and ethics. Cynthia Turner Camp is an Assistant Professor of English at the University of Georgia.
Influences on Health Related Quality of Life in Community Dwelling Adults Aged 60 Years and Over

INFLUENCES ON HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN COMMUNITY DWELLING ADULTS AGED 60 YEARS AND OVER By Hilary Beth Greenberger, P.T., M.S., OCS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Daniel Riddle, P.T., Ph.D., FAPTA, Department of Physical Therapy Interest in patient-reported health care outcomes such as health related quality of life (HRQL) has increased dramatically over the past two decades. Typically, HRQL has been conceptualized as having at least three domains: physical, psychological, and social functioning. Although research has attempted to identify factors that influence HRQL, few studies have simultaneously examined how various factors impact HRQL in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a causal model to identify factors influencing HRQL. The constructs and observed variables hypothesized to xii influence HRQL included medical burden, housing satisfaction, socioeconomic status, religiodspirituality, age, gender, and marital status. Three hundred and sixty three (363) participants were drawn from a random sample of community dwelling elderly living in Tompkins County, NY (mean age, 74.9; SD, 8.5; range 60-103). Tompkins County is located in central NY, and home to a large university and mid-size college. This study was a non-experimental retrospective design using secondary survey data from .the "Pathways to Life Quality" study. Using confirmatory factor analysis, a measurement model of HRQL was tested and validated. The final HRQL model was defined by four constructs: general health perception, physical functioning, psychological functioning, and social functioning. Once this model was validated, structural equation modeling was used to test the full model examining factors influencing HRQL. Several goodness-of-fit indices were used to assess model fit. Modification indices were used to provide clues as to what changes would be appropriate to improve model fit. Respecifications to the model were based on theoretical rationale. Greater levels of medical burden, increased frequency of attendance at religious events, and increased satisfaction with housing significantly influenced HRQL (p < .001, p =.005, p < ,001, respectively). Socioeconomic status, age, gender, and marital status did not have a significant effect on HRQL. However, in an a posteriori analysis, greater ease in meeting monthly payments was associated with higher levels of HRQL. Age was indirectly associated with HRQL through its relationship with medical burden. When financial abilities and age were included in the full model, 46% of the variance in HRQL
Slow regular rhythm in a disoriented patient.

A 65-year-old woman with a history of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, and stroke went to a walk-in clinic complaining of intermittent neck, left shoulder, and arm pain for several days. After being diagnosed with pneumonia and started on antibiotics, the patient went home. The pain became worse and constant 2 days later, and several hours thereafter her family found her disoriented and diaphoretic. An electrocardiogram on hospital admission showed atrial fibrillation, complete atrioventricular block, and a regular junctional escape rhythm at a rate of 37 beats/min (Figure). QRS, ST, and T changes indicated acute inferoposterolateral myocardial infarction, and the QT interval was long (604 msec; QTc 562). Figure. Electrocardiogram recorded on hospital admission. See text for explication. A survey of 11 studies of the culprit lesion sites in acute inferior myocardial infarction found right coronary artery to left circumflex coronary artery ratios that ranged from 2.2:1 to 7.0:1 with a mean of 4:1 (1). Furthermore, the artery to the AV node is a branch of the right 90% of the time and of the left circumflex only 10% of the time. Thus, there are good reasons for suspecting the right coronary artery as the culprit. Two findings, however, are common in left circumflex occlusions, but uncommon in right occlusions: ST depression in both leads V1 and V2 and ST depression ≥0.1 mV (1 mm) in lead aVR (1). Coronary arteriography, the ultimate clinical arbiter, demonstrated atherothrombotic occlusion in the middle portion of a dominant left circumflex coronary artery. This was treated with a bare metal stent, and a temporary transvenous electronic ventricular pacemaker increased the rate to 60 beats/min. Serum troponin I peaked at 75 ng/mL; reference, <0.04 ng/mL. Unfortunately, although atrioventricular block decreased to second and then first degree over 2 days, the patient remained poorly responsive for 6 days, suffered transient kidney failure requiring hemodialysis, and had acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring endotracheal ventilation for 12 days. The prolonged intubation caused dysphagia necessitating total parenteral nutrition via a percutaneous indwelling central catheter. Thrombocytopenia, seemingly induced by eptifibatide, abated after the drug was stopped. After 4 weeks of hospitalization, the patient was well enough to be transferred to an inpatient rehabilitation facility. The electrocardiographic lesson is that because a dominant left circumflex coronary artery supplies not only the usual distribution of the left circumflex, but also most of the usual distribution of the right, occlusion of a dominant circumflex usually causes a large infarct that has electrocardiographic features of both circumflex and right occlusions. The more important lesson is that failure to recognize an impending myocardial infarction often results in a clinical catastrophe.
A balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: Focus on adult humans

In this review, a companion piece to our recent examination of choroid plexus (CP), the organ that secretes the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), we focus on recent information in the context of reliable older data concerning the composition and functions of adult human CSF. To accomplish this, we define CSF, examine the methodology employed in studying the CSF focusing on ideal or near ideal experiments and discuss the pros and cons of several widely used analogical descriptions of the CSF including: the CSF as the "third circulation," the CSF as a "nourishing liquor," the similarities of the CSF/choroid plexus to the glomerular filtrate/kidney and finally the CSF circulation as part of the "glymphatic system." We also consider the close interrelationship between the CSF and extracellular space of brain through gap junctions and the paucity of data suggesting that the cerebral capillaries secrete a CSF-like fluid. Recently human CSF has been shown to be in dynamic flux with heart-beat, posture and especially respiration. Functionally, the CSF provides buoyancy, nourishment (e.g., vitamins) and endogenous waste product removal for the brain by bulk flow into the venous (arachnoid villi and nerve roots) and lymphatic (nasal) systems, and by carrier-mediated reabsorptive transport systems in CP. The CSF also presents many exogenous compounds to CP for metabolism or removal, indirectly cleansing the extracellular space of brain (e.g., of xenobiotics like penicillin). The CSF also carries hormones (e.g., leptin) from blood via CP or synthesized in CP (e.g., IGF-2) to the brain. In summary the CP/CSF, the third circulation, performs many functions comparable to the kidney including nourishing the brain and contributing to a stable internal milieu for the brain. These tasks are essential to normal adult brain functioning.
Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds

The carbonyl group is one of the most prevalent of the functional groups; great importance is therefore attached both to mechanistic studies and to reactions of the carbonyl group in organic synthesis. Most of the reactions of aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides, and other carboxylic acid derivatives are intimately associated with the carbonyl group. In Chapter 7, the role of the carbonyl group in stabilizing carbanion centers was discussed. The first two chapters of Part B deal heavily with the chemistry of carbonyl compounds, reflecting the importance of the carbonyl group in organic synthesis. In this chapter, the primary topic for discussion will be the characteristic mechanistic patterns of reactions at carbonyl centers.
Pathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus pneumonia : An immunopathological response to virus

Although many human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals develop lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, the roles of host and viral factors in the pathogenesis of pneumonia are not well defined. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected children with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia have human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in pulmonary infiltrates, increased survival time, and a reduced incidence of opportunistic infections, suggesting that lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia may reflect an effective antiviral immune response. In this study, 20 macaques were inoculated with related macrophage-tropic simian immunodeficiency viruses and examined for pulmonary lesions and virus gene expression. Ten macaques developed moderate to severe pneumonia characterized by perivascular, peribronchial, and interstitial infiltrates of lymphocytes and macrophages. Large numbers of pulmonary cytotoxic lymphocytes were demonstrated in macaques with moderate to severe pneumonia (P < 0.05) by immunostaining for TIA-1. There was no difference in viral load between macaques with moderate to severe pneumonia and those with mild to no pulmonary lesions. In five macaques inoculated with the same virus swarm, there was a significant (P < 0.05) inverse correlation between the percentage decline in CD4+ T-cell counts and the severity of pulmonary lesions. Pulmonary infiltrates of cytotoxic lymphocytes, the lack of correlation between severity of pulmonary lesions and virus gene expression, and the inverse relationship between pneumonia and immune status suggest that simian immunodeficiency virus pneumonia may represent an immunopathological response to macrophage-tropic virus.
John Quincy Adams: Speaker and rhetorician

(1946). John Quincy Adams: Speaker and rhetorician. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 435-441.
Temporal evolution of risk estimates for presumed human teratogens

Abstract We present preliminary data assessing a previously untried method of deriving estimates of risk from case reports on presumed human teratogens. We postulated that we could take advantage of biases inherent to case reports in order to generate one or more families of temporal curves that could be used to estimate the “true” risk of teratogenic exposure. Using this method (which we refer to as the “case-cumulative method”) we found that two agents (parvovirus B19 and isotretinoin) demonstrated a logarithmic decrease in the estimated risk over time, as intuitively expected, while trimethadione and the coumarin derivatives showed a more complex pattern over time. Analysis of estimated risks quoted by reviews and large studies for these four agents showed large variability from estimate to estimate and no discernible temporal pattern. With further analysis of other agents, the case-cumulative method might eventually prove to be useful in teratogen counseling.
Versatility of the circumumbilical incision in neonatal surgery.

Following the advent of laparoscopic surgery, cosmesis has become an important factor in surgical decision making. The circumumbilical incision combines the advantages of an open approach with an aesthetically pleasing scar on the abdomen. The aim of this paper is to examine the results of this incision in neonatal laparotomy. All neonates who underwent a supraumbilical circumferential skin incision for an exploratory laparotomy in the period 1997–2007 were reviewed. Gestational age, operative procedure, conversions to standard laparotomy, complications and follow-up were recorded. A total of 55 neonates with a gestational age ranging from 28 to 42 weeks had 57 operative procedures. The indications were: nonrotation of midgut in 18; intestinal atresia in 18; necrotizing enterocolitis/spontaneous perforation in 10; meconium ileus in 5; intestinal duplication in 2; patent vitellointestinal duct (VID) in 2. No conversion to a standard transverse incision was necessary in any case. However, an omega extension was made in four patients. The complications encountered include wound infection in one; caecal perforation in one and incisional hernia in two cases. Subsequent follow-up revealed that all incisions had healed and the scars were almost imperceptible as affirmed by parental satisfaction during outpatient clinic consultation. The circumumbilical approach is a safe, flexible and easily reproducible approach providing adequate exposure for most abdominal surgeries in the neonate. The low complication rate and pleasing aesthetic outcome are much appreciated by parents and operators alike.
Measuring exposure to advertising: A look at gross rating points

This article evaluates the relative merits of advertising expenditures and gross rating points (GRPs) as alternative measures of advertising exposure. Theoretically, GRPs and appropriately deflated advertising expenditures should provide identical representations of exposure. This hypothesis was tested using Canadian butter advertising data for the period 1984–1989. Our statistical analysis suggested the level of dollar outlays for television advertising and the associated estimated GRPs are positively related; this, however, was not the case in several instances for period-to-period changes in the level of expenditures. Because the problems of measurement errors, quality variation, and aggregation over media are shared by both data series, our tentative conclusion is that in practice GRPs are not necessarily superior to expenditures. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Secondhand Smoke, Vascular Disease, and Dementia Incidence: Findings From the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study

Recent studies have found that smoking is associated with an increased risk of dementia, but the effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) on dementia risk are not known to have previously been studied. The authors used Cox proportional hazards marginal structural models to examine the association between self-reported lifetime household SHS exposure and risk of incident dementia over 6 years among 970 US participants in the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study (performed from 1991 to 1999) who were never smokers and were free of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), dementia, and mild cognitive impairment at baseline. In addition, because prior studies have found that SHS is associated with increased risk of CVD and that CVD is associated with increased risk of dementia, the authors tested for interactions between SHS and measures of clinical and subclinical CVD on dementia risk. Moderate (16–25 years) and high (>25 years) SHS exposure levels were not independently associated with dementia risk; however, subjects with >25 years of SHS exposure and >25% carotid artery stenosis had a 3-fold increase (hazard ratio = 3.00, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 9.72) in dementia risk compared with subjects with no/low (0–15 years) SHS exposure and ≤25% carotid artery stenosis. High lifetime SHS exposure may increase the risk of dementia in elderly with undiagnosed CVD.
Multigrid methods nonlinear problems: an overview

Since their early application to elliptic partial differential equations, multigrid methods have been applied successfully to a large and growing class of problems, from elasticity and computational fluid dynamics to geodetics and molecular structures. Classical multigrid begins with a two-grid process. First, iterative relaxation is applied, whose effect is to smooth the error. Then a coarse-grid correction is applied, in which the smooth error is determined on a coarser grid. This error is interpolated to the fine grid and used to correct the fine-grid approximation. Applying this method recursively to solve the coarse-grid problem leads to multigrid. The coarse-grid correction works because the residual equation is linear. But this is not the case for nonlinear problems, and different strategies must be employed. In this presentation we describe how to apply multigrid to nonlinear problems. There are two basic approaches. The first is to apply a linearization scheme, such as the Newton's method, and to employ multigrid for the solution of the Jacobian system in each iteration. The second is to apply multigrid directly to the nonlinear problem by employing the so-called Full Approximation Scheme (FAS). In FAS a nonlinear iteration is applied to smooth the error. The full equation is solved on the coarse grid, after which the coarse-grid error is extracted from the solution. This correction is then interpolated and applied to the fine grid approximation. We describe these methods in detail, and present numerical experiments that indicate the efficacy of them.
Antiproliferative Effect of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line LNCaP Involves Reduction of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Activity and Persistent G1 Accumulation

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 D), the most active metabolite of vitamin D3, exerts antiproliferative and prodifferentiating effects on some human prostate cancer cell lines. We previously reported an inverse relationship between functional vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels and antiproliferative response to 1,25 D in two human prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP and ALVA 31. Although LNCaP cells are far more sensitive to growth inhibition by 1,25 D than ALVA 31 cells, LNCaP express approximately half the number of VDR as ALVA 31. Two other human prostate cancer cell lines studied, PC3 and DU145, express lower levels of functional VDR and are relatively insensitive to growth inhibition by 1,25 D. In this report, we investigated potential mechanisms of the variable antiproliferative activity of 1,25 D. In PC3 cells stably expressing VDR [PC3(VDR)] at levels comparable to LNCaP, 1,25 D treatment resulted in only moderate growth inhibition. These results further support the contention that VDR expression, althou...
Effect of interleukin-6 deficiency on the formation of periapical lesions after pulp exposure in mice.

Abstract Objective: The multifunctional cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has actions on multiple cell types, including promotion of the development of immune cells and osteoclasts. Periapical inflammation as the result of root canal infection is characterized by the accumulation of inflammatory cells and bone resorption. The effect of IL-6 on periapical lesion formation after pulpal infection is unknown. We sought to determine whether deletion of IL-6 affects periapical lesion formation after pulp exposure. Methods: Molar pulps of homozygous IL-6 knock-out mice (IL-6 –/– , strain B6, 129- Il6tm1Koe ) and wild-type mice (IL-6 +/+ ) were exposed, and the mice were killed at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 weeks after the exposure. Mouse jaws were decalcified and prepared for histologic examination of periapical lesions. Results: The IL-6 –/– mice developed larger periapical lesions more rapidly than did the IL-6 +/+ mice. Conclusions: IL-6 deletion promoted periapical lesion development. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;92:83-8)
Nano-dynamics: engineering allostery via tandem duplication and turn energetics.

In a recent article Matthews and coworkers describe a phage T4 lysozyme mutant that incorporates a tandem duplication of an α-helix. Only one repeat can occupy the equivalent wild-type location, however, the structure can be induced to switch to the alternative repeat by modifications to an adjacent turn. The results highlight the interplay between the stabilizing forces of adjacent secondary structures and provide a mechanism for allostery over long distances.
Effect of Transverse Matrix Cracks on the Relaxation Moduli of Linear Viscoelastic Laminates

A finite element based degradation model was employed to study the effect of cracks on the relaxation moduli of linear viscoelastic laminates. In the current study, the relaxation moduli are expressed in terms of the elastic moduli, the fully relaxed moduli, and the relaxation functions. The degradation behavior of a viscoelastic lamina due to cracks was examined and compared with that of an elastic lamina. The study shows that the degradation behavior of a viscoelastic lamina can be predicted by that of an elastic lamina. The effect of other parameters such as adjacent lamina orientation on the properties of a cracked lamina in a viscoelastic analysis is found to be very similar to that for an elastic analysis. It was found that the cracks affect the elastic and fully relaxed moduli but do not affect the relaxation functions. The study also shows that the variation of the stress state of a viscoelastic laminate depends on the instantaneous crack density, not on the time-history of cracking. Based on the ...
Hydricity of an Fe–H Species and Catalytic CO2 Hydrogenation

Despite renewed interest in carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction chemistry, examples of homogeneous iron catalysts that hydrogenate CO2 are limited compared to their noble-metal counterparts. Knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of iron hydride complexes, including M–H hydricities (ΔGH–), could aid in the development of new iron-based catalysts. Here we present the experimentally determined hydricity of an iron hydride complex: (SiPiPr3)Fe(H2)(H), ΔGH– = 54.3 ± 0.9 kcal/mol [SiPiPr3 = [Si(o-C6H4PiPr2)3]−]. We also explore the CO2 hydrogenation chemistry of a series of triphosphinoiron complexes, each with a distinct apical unit on the ligand chelate (Si–, C–, PhB–, N, B). The silyliron (SiPR3)Fe (R = iPr and Ph) and boratoiron (PhBPiPr3)Fe (PhBPiPr3 = [PhB(CH2PiPr2)3]−) systems, as well as the recently reported (CPiPr3)Fe (CPiPr3 = [C(o-C6H4PiPr2)3]−), are also catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation in methanol and in the presence of triethylamine, generating methylformate and triethylammonium formate at up to 20...
Simple model for dielectric thin-film helicoidal bianisotropic media

Abstract A simple model to predict the effective properties of a porous, dielectric, thin-film helicoidal bianisotropic medium (TFHBM) is presented. A local permittivity dyadic is obtained, assuming that the TFHBM is made of electrically minute needles with a certain shape factor; and thus the TFHBM is locally homogenized into a nonhomogeneous continuum. The determination of the shape factor by comparison with measurements of the optical rotation spectrum is examined in detail, and relationships between structural and other variables are extracted from the predictions of the model. These preliminary results point out the need for more and careful optical experiments on TFHBM slabs to fabricate better theoretical models.
Using experimental data of Escherichia coli to develop a QSAR model for predicting the photo-induced cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles.

Abstract A quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) study of seventeen metal oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), in regard to their photo-induced toxicity to bacteria Escherichia coli , was developed by using quantum chemical methods. A simple and statistically significant QSAR model ( F = 33.83, R 2 = 0.87) was successfully developed for the dark group based on two descriptors, absolute electronegativity of the metal and the metal oxide. Similarly, a best correlation ( F = 20.51, R 2 = 0.804) was obtained to predict the photo-induced toxicity of MNPs by using two descriptors, molar heat capacity and average of the alpha and beta LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies of the metal oxide. Revelation of these influential molecular descriptors may be useful in elucidating the mechanisms of nanotoxicity and for predicting the environmental risk associated with release of the MNPs. In addition, the developed model may have a role in the future design and manufacture of safe nanomaterials.
Meso-beta scale numerical simulations of terrain drag-induced along-stream circulations Part I: Midtropospheric frontogenesis

The problem of along-stream ageostrophic frontogenesis is studied by employing a numerical model at meso-alpha and meso-beta scales in simulations of the downstream circulations over the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Three-dimensional real data simulations at these two scales of motion are used to diagnose the transition from semigeostrophic cross-stream frontogenesis accompanying a propagating baroclinic upper-level jet streak to midtropospheric along-stream ageostrophic frontogenesis. This along-stream ageostrophic frontogenesis results from the perturbation of the jet streak by the Rocky Mountain range. The case study represents an example of internal wave dynamics which are forced by the drag of the Rocky Mountains on a strong jet streak in the presence of a low-level inversion.
DEFECT IN 5′-DEOXYADENOSYLCOBALAMIN SYNTHESIZING ENZYME IN METHYLMALONICACIDEMIA

Inherited methylmalonicacidemia (MM-emia) due to deficient activity of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase may be caused by an abnormal mutase apoenzyme or by reduced holoenzyme activity secondary to impaired synthesis of the mutase-requiring coenzyme, 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (Ado-Cbl). We studied Ado-Cbl synthesis in 5 fibroblast lines from unrelated patients who have MM-emia due to defective cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism. Their whole cells in culture fail to synthesize Ado-Cbl but make normal amounts of the other cobalamin coenzyme, methylcobalamin.
Role of disability in the association between obesity and unintentional injuries.

Abstract Background We assessed the mediating role of disability in the association between obesity and elevated injury risk among U.S. white and African American adults. Methods Data from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were analyzed. Respondents were categorized into 6 groups: underweight ( 2 ), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 ), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m 2 ), obese class I (30.0-34.9 kg/m 2 ), obese class II (35.0-39.9 kg/m 2 ), and obese class III (≥40 kg/m 2 ). Responses to the 12 items in SF-12v2 were used to transform raw scales to the norm-based Physical Component Summary measure (PCS). Disability was defined as having a PCS score below 30 (mean, −2.00 SD). Self-reported unintentional injuries in the past 12 months were compared between respondents with and without disability within each body mass index (BMI) category. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were examined for men and women separately using 3 logistic regression models that considered age, race, education level, poverty status, chronic medical conditions, major injury risk behaviors, obesity, and disability status. Results A total of 31,276 non-Hispanic white and African American respondents reported an injury incidence of 18.6%. Disability correlated with significantly higher injury incidence ( p Conclusion The elevated injury risk among white and African American women with extreme obesity was mediated substantially by disability. No such finding was found, however, for men.
Supplementing the effective number of parties

Abstract The effective number of parties, N =1/Σ p 2 i (where p i is the fractional share of the i th party), usually suffices to describe adequately a constellation of parties of different strengths. Difficulties arise when disparity in party sizes is such that the largest share ( p 1 ) surpasses 0.50 (meaning absolute dominance), while N still indicates a multi-party constellation. In such cases N ∞ =1/ p 1 is proposed as a supplementary indicator: a value less than 2 indicates absolute dominance. An `NP' index proposed earlier is a combination of N and N ∞ ; its values are close to those of N ∞ , but NP sometimes falls below 2 even when many parties are relevant for coalition formation. Appendix A offers an alternative approach based on indices of deviation from a norm, but it proves cumbersome.
Soluble model test of the multi-valued G-matrix effective interaction

Abstract The recently proposed multi-valued G -matrix effective interaction is tested in a soluble multi-level monopole-pairing interaction model. To mimic the no-core shell model approach, different effective interactions including the multi-valued G -matrix are calculated in a two-particle space and subsequently applied for the many-particle calculation. The multi-valued G -matrix effective interaction, both starting energy dependent and starting energy independent, is shown to be superior to the single-valued G -matrix. The formalism is extended to effective operators, where a similar conclusion is found.
Translocation-arrested Apolipoprotein B Evades Proteasome Degradation via a Sterol-sensitive Block in Ubiquitin Conjugation

Abstract In this study, we explored how sterol metabolism altered by the expression of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7α-hydroxylase) affects the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome degradation of translocation-arrested apoB53 in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Stable expression of two different plasmids that encode either rat or human 7α-hydroxylase inhibited the ubiquitin conjugation of apoB and its subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Oxysterols (25-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol) reversed the inhibition of apoB degradation caused by 7α-hydroxylase. The combined results suggest that the normally rapid proteasome degradation of translocation-arrested apoB can be regulated by a sterol-sensitive polyubiquitin conjugation step in the endoplasmic reticulum. Blocked ubiquitin-dependent proteasome degradation caused translocation-arrested apoB to become sequestered in segregated membrane domains. Our results described for the first time a novel mechanism through which the “quality control” proteasome endoplasmic reticulum degradative pathway of translocation-arrested apoB is linked to sterol metabolism. Sterol-sensitive blocked ubiquitin conjugation appears to selectively inhibit the proteasome degradation of apoB, but not 7α-hydroxylase protein, with no impairment of cell vitality or function. Our findings may help to explain why the hepatic production of lipoproteins is increased when familial hypertriglyceridemic patients are treated with drugs that activate 7α-hydroxylase (e.g. bile acid-binding resins).
Building bridges within the bacterial chromosome

All organisms must dramatically compact their genomes to accommodate DNA within the cell. Bacteria use a set of DNA-binding proteins with low sequence specificity called nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) to assist in chromosome condensation and organization. By bending or bridging DNA, NAPs also facilitate chromosome segregation and regulate gene expression. Over the past decade, emerging single-molecule and chromosome conformation capture techniques have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which NAPs remodel and organize the bacterial chromosome. In this review we describe how such approaches reveal the biochemical mechanisms of three NAPs that are believed to facilitate DNA bridging: histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS), ParB, and structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC). These three proteins form qualitatively different DNA bridges, leading to varied effects on transcription and chromosome segregation.
Reconstructing benthic carbon oxidation rates using δ13C of benthic foraminifers

Abstract In non-bioturbated organic-rich marine sediments, the concentration and carbon isotope gradient of total dissolved carbon dioxide (∑CO2) primarily reflects the rate of carbon oxidation and CO2 diffusion within the sediment pore waters. Here, we investigate whether the calcium carbonate secreted by benthic foraminifers that inhabit discrete depths within the sediments record the pore water δ13C∑CO2 gradient and, hence, can be used as proxies to reconstruct a history of carbon oxidation change. The distribution and live abundance of Bolivina argentea s.l., Bolivina subadvena s.l. and Buliminella tenuata inhabiting the dysoxic marine sediments along the California margin is similar among sites that differ in (∑CO2) gradient by up to a factor of three. Bolivina argentea inhabits the sediments at the sediment water interface, whereas B. subadvena s.l. is most abundant at depths of between 2 and 4 mm. Buliminella tenuata is most abundant at deeper depths of between 4 and 6 mm. The δ13C of calcite precipitated by these species matches the δ13C of the pore water ∑CO2 at the depth of their maximum live abundance indicating that each species has a preferred depth for calcification. The δ13C difference between the species increases as the rate of carbon oxidation increases. These results indicate the carbon isotopic difference between these species in fossil assemblages can be used to estimate changes in the rate of carbon oxidation.
Determination of the Thermal Dispersion Coefficient During Radial Filling of a Porous Medium

Resin Transfer Molding is one of the Liquid Composite Molding processes in which a thermoset resin is infiltrated into a fibrous porous media in a closed mold. To reduce the curing time of the resin, the mold may be heated, influencing other filling parameters such as the resin viscosity. Analysis of the non-isothermal effects during filling will help to understand the manufacturing process. One of the issues of non-isothermal filling in porous media is the variation of the velocity profile at the micro scale level, which as it is averaged, cannot be included in the convective term To account for it, the thermal conductivity tensor is modified and a thermal dispersion coefficient K d is introduced to model the micro convection effects. In this paper we explore the temperature profile under non-isothermal conditions for radial injection during Resin Transfer Molding in order to determine the thermal dispersion coefficient. An approximate solution is derived from the series solution and validated with a numerical method. Experiments using carbon fibers and polyester resin were conducted. The triermial dispersion coefficient is determined by comparing experimental results with the steady state analytical solution. The comparison between radial and linear injection results shows that the same degree of dispersion is present in isotropic fibrous porous media.
Updated recommendations for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Another step on a long road

The development of targeted biologic therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has revolutionized treatment of this chronic disease and provided clinicians with a diverse menu of options for improving disease control, limiting radiographic progression of joint damage, and enhancing physical function. However, many fundamental questions about the optimal treatment of RA remain unanswered. What is the best initial DMARD therapy for patients with recent onset RA? What is the most effective treatment strategy for reducing long term damage? When should partially effective therapy be changed? How can the risks of drug therapy be mitigated for the individual patient? It is also difficult to translate our knowledge about the efficacy and safety of different therapies to the individual patient. Without validated biomarkers of treatment response, decision-making lacks a probability framework for predicting efficacy and toxicity at a ‘personalized’ level. For this reason, treatment decisions are guided by clinical intuition in the ‘real world’ despite being solidly grounded in a body of scientific evidence.
Use of lithium as an adjunct to radioiodine therapy of thyroid carcinoma.

The effect of lithium on iodine kinetics after oral 131I-iodide was studied in an athyreotic patient with follicular thyroid carcinoma. Lithium decreased the disappearance rate of 131I from the whole body and from a tumor mass in the patient’s thigh from control values of 0.126/day and 0.122/day to 0.090/day and 0.049/day, respectively, while having only a minimal effect on the rate of 131I disappearance from blood. The increased tumor 131I retention would be expected to increase the therapeutic:toxic ratio of 131I. However, a subsequent therapeutic dose of 131I-iodide given with lithium was accompanied by an unanticipated increase in blood 131I and, therefore, in whole body radiation, resulting in significant bone marrow depression. Although lithium may be a useful adjunct in 131I therapy of functional thyroid carcinoma, it must be used cautiously in future studies.
Expanded database of semi-rigid steel connections

This paper expands the existing database of semi-rigid steel connections at Purdue University by including additional test data on header-plate and seat-angle, and double-web and seat-angle connections. The experimental moment rotation curves are also compared with several analytical models describing these curves.
THE REVISION OF THE DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION

In 1876 Melvil Dewey published the first edition of the Decimal Classifica tion. Through the years the great advances in all fields of knowledge have necessitated thirteen revisions. Work on the fifteenth or Standard Edition is now in progress. When it appears, probably late in 1947, it will be a com plete revision and will restore Melvil Dewey's original conception of the classification as one primarily concerned with the classification of books.
Particle dynamics in magnetorheological suspensions using diffusing-wave spectroscopy

Magnetorheological suspensions acquire dipole moments in an external magnetic field. Suspensions of these dipolar particles rapidly aggregate to form long chains. We use diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS) and density-matched superparamagnetic emulsion droplets to probe the short-wavelength motion of the chains. The measured particle displacements are independent of the magnitude of the dipolar interactions at short times, but characterized by a constrained, subdiffusive motion at long times that slows as the dipolar interactions are increased. Our observations show good qualitative agreement with Brownian dynamics simulations of dipolar chains.
Connecting the Particles in the Box - Controlled Fusion of Hexamer Nanocrystal Clusters within an AB 6 Binary Nanocrystal Superlattice

Binary nanocrystal superlattices present unique opportunities to create novel interconnected nanostructures by partial fusion of specific components of the superlattice. Here, we demonstrate the binary AB6 superlattice of PbSe and Fe2O3 nanocrystals as a model system to transform the central hexamer of PbSe nanocrystals into a single fused particle. We present detailed structural analysis of the superlattices by combining high-resolution X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations show optimum separation of nanocrystals in agreement with the experiment and provide insights into the molecular configuration of surface ligands. We describe the concept of nanocrystal superlattices as a versatile ‘nanoreactor' to create and study novel materials based on precisely defined size, composition and structure of nanocrystals into a mesostructured cluster. We demonstrate ‘controlled fusion' of nanocrystals in the clusters in reactions initiated by thermal treatment and pulsed laser annealing.
ASSESSMENT OF REFUSAL SKILL IN MINORITY YOUTH

The Assertive Friend Cartoon Test was developed and evaluated for Native American youth. Preliminary findings on this refusal skill assessment approach are reported. Psychometric data and feedback from adolescent ethnic group spokespersons support using cartoons to augment paper-pencil measurement.
INHIBITION OF CARDIAC MYOCYTE DIVISION IN C-MYC TRANSGENIC MICE

Overexpression of the c-myc protooncogene in the heart of transgenic mice has been demonstrated to result in cardiac enlargement due to increased myocyte hyperplasia during the fetal period. To determine the age of completion of the proliferative phase of myocyte growth in neonatal mice with c-myc overexpression, we used a transgenic (TG) mouse model in which c-myc overexpression is limited to the heart. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was given to TG and wild type (WT) mice (n=3/group) at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 16, 18 and 20 days of age to identify cells in S-phase of the cell cycle. Increased cardiac mass was present in TG compared to WT mice at all time periods (P<0. 05). Using computer assisted image analysis, myocardial total nuclear density (NT) in TG mice was 7-31% greater in both the left ventricle (LV) and the interventricular septum (IVS) than in WT at all ages (P<0.05), indicative of a smaller myocyte size. In WT mice, the labeling index (LI) remained almost constant at approximately 11-12% until 7 days of age, and then rapidly dropped to approximately 2% by 14 days and to less than 1% by 20 days. In contrast, LI in TG dropped continuously from birth to approximately 4% at 7 days and approximately 2% at 10 days of age (P<0.001). Thus, overexpression of the c-myc protooncogene is associated with enhanced hyperplastic growth of the heart during fetal development, and accelerated neonatal conversion to hypertrophic myocyte growth.
Optimizing the selection of building upgrade measures to minimize the operational negative environmental impacts of existing buildings

The negative environmental impacts of existing buildings can be significantly reduced by implementing various green upgrade measures to minimize their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, refrigerant impacts, mercury-vapor emissions, lighting pollution, and water use. This paper presents the development of a novel optimization model that provides the capability of optimizing building upgrade decisions in order to minimize their negative environmental impacts while complying with a specified upgrade budget and owner-specified building operational performance. The model is developed in three main phases: metrics identification phase that develops metrics to quantify the negative environmental impacts of existing buildings; formulation phase that formulates the model decision variables, objective function, and constrains; and implementation phase that performs the optimization computations and specifies the model input and output data. A case study of a rest area building is analyzed to evaluate the performance of the developed model and illustrate its new capabilities. The results of analyzing the case study demonstrated the capabilities of the model in optimizing building upgrade measures to minimize the building negative environmental impacts while complying with the specified upgrade budget and the building operational performance.