cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracranial hemorrhage in infants and children with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome).

Objective. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular dysplasia. Most cases are caused by mutations in the endoglin gene on chromosome 9 (HHT type 1) or the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene on chromosome 12 (HHT type 2), which leads to telangiectases and arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the skin, mucosa, and viscera. Epistaxis is the most frequent presentation. Visceral involvement includes pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cerebral AVMs, which have been reported predominantly in adults. The purpose of this article is to describe 9 children who presented with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) secondary to cerebral AVM. None of these children was suspected of having HHT before the incident, despite family histories of the disease. Methods. We report the first case of an ICH secondary to a cerebral AVM in a neonate confirmed to have HHT type 1 by molecular analysis. We also describe a series of 8 additional cases of ICH secondary to cerebral AVM in children presumed to have HHT. Examination of multiple affected members from each of these families, using well-accepted published criteria, confirmed the diagnosis of HHT. In addition, genetic linkage studies and/or mutation analysis identified endoglin as the disease-causing gene in 6 of these families. Autopsy, imaging studies, and/or surgery confirmed the presence of cerebral AVMs and ICH in all 9 cases. Conclusion. Our report shows that infants and children with a family history of HHT are at risk for sudden and catastrophic ICH. A preemptive diagnosis may potentially identify and prevent more serious sequelae.
Robust 3D-3D pose estimation

The authors focus on the robust 3D-3D single and multiple pose estimation problems. The robust 3D-3D single pose estimation problem was formulated by R. M. Haralick et al. (1989) as a general regression in terms of a contaminated Gaussian error noise model. The robust 3D-3D multiple pose estimation problem appears much more difficult. This problem is formulated as a series of general regressions involving successively decreasing data size, with each regression related to one particular pose of interest. Since the first few regressions may carry a highly contaminated Gaussian error noise model, a very robust estimator called the MF-estimator, given by X. Zhuang et al. (1992), is used to solve each regression for each desired pose estimation. Computer experiments with real imagery and simulated data were conducted and results are promising. >
Blind carrier phase acquisition for QAM constellations

A constant need for ever-increasing throughputs through fixed bandwidths, fueled by several high-speed applications (such as digital TV), has pushed system designers toward more throughput-efficient modulation schemes. Because of their relatively good performance, large quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations are being used in many of these applications. One of the problems associated with the use of large QAM constellations is that of carrier acquisition, which, for efficiency reasons, must often be done without the use of a preamble. The problem is further complicated for cross constellations, for which the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) corner points used by some simple carrier phase estimators are not available. We derive simple algorithms for carrier phase acquisition that can be used for both square and cross constellations, and compare their performance to those of the maximum-likelihood (ML), the fourth-power estimator, and a modified fourth-power estimator, obtained by considering a reduced constellation. The introduced algorithms convert the problem of carrier phase estimation into one of estimating the mode of an underlying distribution. An expression for this underlying distribution is also obtained. The results obtained indicate that the introduced algorithms significantly outperform the fourth-power estimator for moderate to high SNRs, especially when cross constellations are used.
Synthesis of quaternary ammonium ion‐grafted polyolefins via activation of inert CH bonds and nitroxide mediated radical polymerization

A TEMPO-functionalized isotactic poly(1-butene) macroinitiator was synthesizea via rnodium-catalyzed activation of the alkane C-H bonds in polyoletin side chain using a boron reagent and subsequent transformations of the boronate ester group in the polymer. These functionalization processes did not induce cross-linking or degradation of the polymer chains. Nitroxide mediated radical polymerization of dipropyl(4-vinylphenyl)amine with the macroinitiator produced high-molecular weight amine-grafted copolymers of the polyolefin. Adjusting the ratio of polar monomer concentration to macroinitiator concentration controlled the concentrations of amine blocks in the graft copolymers up to 10 mol %. Quaternization of the amine-grafted copolymers with methyl triflate generated ammonium ion blocks along the side chain of the graft copolymers. A systematic decrease of contact angle in a series of ammonium ion-grafted copolymers was observed through water contact angle measurements, suggesting that the graft polymerization and the quaternization led to increased hydrophilicity in the polymers.
A Motion Direction Map in Macaque V2

In mammals, the perception of motion starts with direction-selective neurons in the visual cortex. Despite numerous studies in monkey primary and second visual cortex (V1 and V2), there has been no evidence of direction maps in these areas. In the present study, we used optical imaging methods to study the organization of motion response in macaque V1 and V2. In contrast to the findings in other mammals (e.g., cats and ferrets), we found no direction maps in macaque Vi. Robust direction maps, however, were found in V2 thick/pale stripes and avoided thin stripes. In many cases direction maps were located within thick stripes and exhibited pinwheel or linear organizations. The presence of motion maps in V2 points to a newfound prominence of V2 in motion processing, for contributing to motion perception in the dorsal pathway and/or for motion cue-dependent form perception in the ventral pathway.
ON GROUP FACTORIZATIONS USING FREE MAPPINGS

We say that a collection of subsets α = [B1,…, Bk] of a group G is a factorization if G = B1,…,Bk and each element of G is expressed in a unique way in this product. By using a special type of mappings between groups A and B, called free mappings, we exhibit an algorithmic way to construct nontrivial factorizations of a group G, such that G ≅ A × B. In Lemma 3.2 we give a simple way to construct free mappings. It turns out that this approach has greater importance when G is an abelian group. We give illustrative examples of this method in the cases ℤp × ℤp and ℤp × ℤq where p and q are different prime numbers. An interesting connection between free mappings and Redei's theorem, with a number theoretic implication, is given.
An undergraduate curriculum for clinical engineers

The author describes the curriculum for clinical engineers at the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). The design criteria and the primary objectives of the biomedical engineering program are discussed. Since MSOE has neither a life science department nor a medical school, affiliate agreements have been made with local schools, and arrangements for clinical internships have been made with five local hospitals. >
Technology gap analysis on sodium-cooled reactor fuel handling system supporting advanced burner reactor development.

The goals of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) are to expand the use of nuclear energy to meet increasing global energy demand in an environmentally sustainable manner, to address nuclear waste management issues without making separated plutonium, and to address nonproliferation concerns. The advanced burner reactor (ABR) is a fast reactor concept which supports the GNEP fuel cycle system. Since the integral fast reactor (IFR) and advanced liquid-metal reactor (ALMR) projects were terminated in 1994, there has been no major development on sodium-cooled fast reactors in the United States. Therefore, in support of the GNEP fast reactor program, the history of sodium-cooled reactor development was reviewed to support the initiation of this technology within the United States and to gain an understanding of the technology gaps that may still remain for sodium fast reactor technology. The fuel-handling system is a key element of any fast reactor design. The major functions of this system are to receive, test, store, and then load fresh fuel into the core; unload from the core; then clean, test, store, and ship spent fuel. Major requirements are that the system must be reliable and relatively easy to maintain. In addition, the system should be designed more » so that it does not adversely impact plant economics from the viewpoints of capital investment or plant operations. In this gap analysis, information on fuel-handling operating experiences in the following reactor plants was carefully reviewed: EBR-I, SRE, HNPF, Fermi, SEFOR, FFTF, CRBR, EBR-II, DFR, PFR, Rapsodie, Phenix, Superphenix, KNK, SNR-300, Joyo, and Monju. The results of this evaluation indicate that a standardized fuel-handling system for a commercial fast reactor is yet to be established. However, in the past sodium-cooled reactor plants, most major fuel-handling components-such as the rotatable plug, in-vessel fuel-handling machine, ex-vessel fuel transportation cask, ex-vessel sodium-cooled storage, and cleaning stations-have accumulated satisfactory construction and operation experiences. In addition, two special issues for future development are described in this report: large capacity interim storage and transuranic-bearing fuel handling. « less
Applying the Proximity Compatibility and the Control-Display Compatibility Principles Toward Engineering Design Using Configural Interfaces

This paper presents a study to investigate the applicability of two display design principles toward the development of interfaces for engineering design. The first principle, called the Proximity Compatibility Principle, specifies that displays relevant to a common task or mental operation should be rendered close together in perceptual space. The second principle, called the Control-Display Compatibility Principle, stipulates that the spatial arrangement and manipulation of controls should be easily distinguishable. We conducted an experiment comparing the ability of subjects to search for effective designs using a separable versus two configural interfaces in a multiple-objective engineering design task. Results suggest that the Proximity Compatibility Principle is an effective indicator of task performance. Moreover, we found that the Control-Display Compatibility Principle can be used as an indicator of performance efficiency.
FLOSS: flexible ordered subset analysis for linkage mapping of complex traits

Summary: The FLOSS software package is a flexible framework for ordered subset analysis. FLOSS is specifically designed for use with the Merlin linkage analysis package, but FLOSS can be used with any linkage analysis software package that reports NPL Z-scores for each locus and family. When FLOSS is used with the Merlin linkage analysis package, one can use either non-parametric Z-scores or Kong and Cox linear allele sharing model LOD scores. Monte Carlo P-values are calculated using a permutation test with an efficient Besag--Clifford sequential stopping rule. FLOSS also has a flexible tool for assigning family covariate scores from Merlin input files. FLOSS includes user documentation and is written in Java for easy portability. The FLOSS source code is documented and designed to be extensible. Availability: http://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~browning/floss/floss.htm Contact: brian_browning1@yahoo.com
Mesenchymal stem cell allograft in revision foot and ankle surgery: a clinical and radiographic analysis.

A review was conducted of 23 patients who underwent implantation of mesenchymal stem cell allograft for revision foot or ankle surgery. Composed of viable mesenchymal stem cells derived from cadaveric donor tissue, the graft had osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive properties, and was capable of direct new bone formation at the site of implantation. In all of the cases, radiographic new bone formation was observed at the area of implantation and a 91.3% union rate was observed, and no evidence of graft rejection or complications associated with implantation were recorded. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to determine whether gender, diabetes, chronic renal insufficiency, neuropathy, number of previous surgeries, and smoking were associated with time to healing. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated in an effort to identify the influence of continuous numeric variables on the time to bone healing. Based on the outcomes observed in this retrospective study, it appears that mesenchymal stem cell allograft is a beneficial biological adjunct to bone healing, and serves as a suitable bone autograft substitute in revision foot and ankle surgery. Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
Frequency domain measurement of the reflector impulse radiating antenna (IRA)

This paper focuses on the frequency domain measurement of the reflector impulse radiating antenna (IRA). To measure the time domain characteristics of an IRA, we had two options. The first method uses short pulses with a time domain setup. The second method applies different frequencies in a wide frequency band and then uses the inverse Fourier transformation for the construction of the time domain results. In this work, we used frequency domain measurement setup to find out the antenna characteristics. We show the 0.6 m reflector IRA constructed at UCLA. The far-field region for this antenna at 2 GHz is 4.8 m and at 10 GHz is 24 m. To survey the radiated field of the reflected IRA over the entire frequency range we would need a huge anechoic chamber. In this paper, it is shown that a typical size chamber can be used for measurements and the results can be corrected using physical optics simulation. Our simulation for the reflector antenna shows that the main lobe does not distort dramatically in the radiating near-field region but there is some reduction in the field strength as a function of frequency. To calculate the time domain radiated field of the antenna using the inverse Fourier transform, measured results can be adjusted with PO simulation results. The time domain radiated field of the reflector IRA is calculated with and without this correction and the results show that they are almost identical. The measured results have good agreement with the radiated field of an ideal IRA.
A New Semiconductor Photocell Using Lateral Photoeffect

The effect of illumination of a semiconductor junction is, as is well-known, a photovoltage between the two sides of the junction. In this article it will be shown that a nonuniform illuimination gives a lateral photovoltage parallel to the junction in addition to the (transverse) photovoltage mentioned above. A photocell will be described that uses the lateral effect and can detect the position of a light spot to less than 100 A. By utilizing an associated lens or aperture, one can measure an angular motion smaller than 0.1 second of arc. The output voltage of the cell is a linear function of the position of the light spot, with zero output for the light spot in the center, reversing in sign when the light spot changes from one side to the other of the center position. The linearity is better than 1.5 per cent over a distance of 0.030 inch. The equivalent noise resistance of the cell is equal to its output resistance, approximately 100 ohms. The sensitivity of the cell is approximately 200 microamperes per lumen and its frequency response is about the same as that of junction transistors. The response curve can be shifted by the application of a voltage between the base contacts. This is an electronic equivalent of a mechanical translation of the cell. It is also possible to do the equivalent of "chopping" the light by applying a modulating voltage to the alloyed dot.
Single microparticle manipulation by an ultrasound microbeam

Optical tweezers, which have limited applications sometimes, have been employed in various fields. Acoustic trapping was suggested as an alternative tool. It was previously shown that a 30 MHz ultrasound microbeam device (acoustic tweezer) could trap a 120 μm lipid particle in water. In order to find more practical applications for this device, typically in cell mechanics, the trapped particle size must be further reduced. The final distance in which the particle could no longer be attracted was identified as the maximum displacement. The mean maximum displacement of the trapped particle was 50.4 µm at 16 V PP , while it was 55.4 µm at 22 V PP . Experimental results demonstrated the trapping of lipid particles as small as 50 μm, much smaller than previously accomplished.
Overview and assessment of the suicidal child.

A comprehensive evaluation and assessment of the suicidal child is important to target those at risk. This article identifies risk factors for suicide in children and adolescents and provides a step-by-step interview scheme that captures all relevant information that is obtained when assessing these children and adolescents. Depression and Anxiety 14:157–163, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Auditory response to pulsed radiofrequency energy

The human auditory response to pulses of radiofrequency (RF) energy, commonly called RF hearing, is a well established phenomenon. RF induced sounds can be characterized as low intensity sounds because, in general, a quiet environment is required for the auditory response. The sound is similar to other common sounds such as a click, buzz, hiss, knock, or chirp. Effective radiofrequencies range from 2.4 to 10 000 MHz, but an individual’s ability to hear RF induced sounds is dependent upon high frequency acoustic hearing in the kHz range above about 5 kHz. The site of conversion of RF energy to acoustic energy is within or peripheral to the cochlea, and once the cochlea is stimulated, the detection of RF induced sounds in humans and RF induced auditory responses in animals is similar to acoustic sound detection. The fundamental frequency of RF induced sounds is independent of the frequency of the radiowaves but dependent upon head dimensions. The auditory response has been shown to be dependent upon the energy in a single pulse and not on average power density. The weight of evidence of the results of human, animal, and modeling studies supports the thermoelastic expansion theory as the explanation for the RF hearing phenomenon. RF induced sounds involve the perception via bone conduction of thermally generated sound transients, that is, audible sounds are produced by rapid thermal expansion resulting from a calculated temperature rise of only 5 � 10 � 6 8C in tissue at the threshold level due to absorption of the energy in the RF pulse. The hearing of RF induced sounds at exposure levels many orders of magnitude greater than the hearing threshold is considered to be a biological effect without an accompanying health effect. This conclusion is supported by a comparison of pressure induced in the body by RF pulses to pressure associated with hazardous acoustic energy and clinical ultrasound procedures. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S162–S173, 2003. 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-throughput prediction of protein antigenicity using protein microarray data

Motivation: Discovery of novel protective antigens is fundamental to the development of vaccines for existing and emerging pathogens. Most computational methods for predicting protein antigenicity rely directly on homology with previously characterized protective antigens; however, homology-based methods will fail to discover truly novel protective antigens. Thus, there is a significant need for homology-free methods capable of screening entire proteomes for the antigens most likely to generate a protective humoral immune response. Results: Here we begin by curating two types of positive data: (i) antigens that elicit a strong antibody response in protected individuals but not in unprotected individuals, using human immunoglobulin reactivity data obtained from protein microarray analyses; and (ii) known protective antigens from the literature. The resulting datasets are used to train a sequence-based prediction model, ANTIGENpro, to predict the likelihood that a protein is a protective antigen. ANTIGENpro correctly classifies 82% of the known protective antigens when trained using only the protein microarray datasets. The accuracy on the combined dataset is estimated at 76% by cross-validation experiments. Finally, ANTIGENpro performs well when evaluated on an external pathogen proteome for which protein microarray data were obtained after the initial development of ANTIGENpro. Availability: ANTIGENpro is integrated in the SCRATCH suite of predictors available at http://scratch.proteomics.ics.uci.edu. Contact: pfbaldi@ics.uci.edu
Long-Term Consequences of Intimate Partner Abuse on Physical Health, Emotional Well-Being, and Problem Behaviors.

This study examines the physical health, emotional well-being, and problem behavior outcomes associated with intimate partner abuse (IPA) victimization and perpetration experiences by analyzing a nationally representative, prospective, and longitudinal sample of 879 men and women collected from the National Youth Survey Family Study (NYSFS) and assessed across a period of 9 years from 1993 to 2003. Using multivariate regression techniques, it was found that both men and women experience numerous negative outcomes associated with their IPA victimization and perpetration experiences. Implications of these findings are discussed, as are the study’s limitations, and future research directions.
Harmonising CERIF and INSPIRE metadata models to support multidisciplinary data sharing

This paper proposes a two-way crosswalk between Common European Research Information Format CERIF and ISO 19115 Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe INSPIRE profile metadata models. Several strategies have been investigated, depending on the quality of semantic mapping, as well as on the characteristics of the CERIF data model. A core of corresponding metadata elements has been identified, as well as a proposal of extensions of the CERIF model to be compliant with the European directive INSPIRE. Moreover, extensions of ISO concepts have also been described to provide contextual research information in the domain of environmental research data. Finally, the crosswalk has been implemented in the GI-cat discovery broker framework. Successful use cases concerning both publication and discovery of CERIF result products using the extended framework demonstrated the possibility for CERIF information to be integrated in ISO-compliant infrastructures and for INSPIRE information to be captured in CERIF.
A Method for Developing a Tool Predictive of End-User Performance on the PC:

The desire to improve usability in an ever-tightening market inspired several PC manufacturing companies to form a consortium, called the Ease of Use Roundtable, to pool resources and ideas. An initial problem addressed by the group was the lack of a conventional benchmark for ease of use, and therefore no accepted way to show improvement. The Ease of Use Roundtable members wanted a quick way to evaluate the usability of new PC designs, or to evaluate a number of similar systems, without recreating a huge usability testing effort each time. The group's objective was to create a checklist that an evaluator could use to measure PC usability, with some assurance that the outcome would be predictive of how end users would perform on that system in usability testing. This paper will describe the method we used to develop such a checklist and to show that it gave a reasonable prediction of usability test results. The paper will also discuss the limitations of the checklist, the problems we encountered in its de...
Cascade Points in the Northern Great Basin: A Radiocarbon-Dated Foliate Point Assemblage from Warner Valley, Oregon:

Although common in the northern Great Basin, foliate points sometimes referred to as Cascade points are generally regarded as poor temporal markers because they are found in early, middle, and even...
Eggs of Floodwater Mosquitoes. VII. Species of Aedes Common in the Southeastern United States (Diptera: Culicidae)

Eggs of nine species of Cedes are described and illus- (1956) and descriptions of sex-en Psorophora by Horsfall trated. Material treated includes d. aegypti, etsopadpm, et al. (1952) should allow specific identification of almost witchellae, soL&icitans, taettiorhjwchs, cantator, atlrrnticzcs, all aedine eggs which might be encountered in the southi?zfirnmtus, and thibaubti. These descriptions, together eastern United States. Diagnostic features include size, xvith those of seven other _4edes by Horsfall and Craig shape, color, and details of chorionic sculpturing. Sew approaches to problems of classification, bionomics and control of aedine mosquitoes have been provided by the recent development of techniques for species identification based on external morphology of the egg stage. Craig and Horsfall (19.36) outline some of the kinds of information which can be obtained from eggs of Xearctic species of /f edes and Ps~rophora.
Indomethacin injury to the rat small intestine is dependent upon biliary secretion and is associated with overgrowth of enterococci.

NSAID use is limited due to the drugs’ toxicity to the gastrointestinal mucosa, an action incompletely understood. Lower gut injury induced by NSAIDs is dependent on bile secretion and is reported to increase the growth of a number of bacterial species, including an enterococcal species, Enterococcus faecalis . This study examined the relationships between indomethacin (INDO)‐induced intestinal injury/bleeding, small bowel overgrowth (SBO) and dissemination of enterococci, and the contribution of bile secretion to these pathological responses. Rats received either a sham operation (SO) or bile duct ligation (BDL) prior to administration of two daily subcutaneous doses of saline or INDO, and 24 h later, biopsies of ileum and liver were collected for plating on selective bacterial media. Fecal hemoglobin (Hb) and blood hematocrit (Hct) were measured to assess intestinal bleeding. Of the four treatment groups, only SO/INDO rats experienced a significant 10‐ to 30‐fold increase in fecal Hb and reduction in Hct, indicating that BDL attenuated INDO‐induced intestinal injury/bleeding. Ileal enterococcal colony‐forming units were significantly increased (500‐ to 1000‐fold) in SO/INDO rats. Of all groups, only the SO/INDO rats demonstrated gut injury, and this was associated with enterococcal overgrowth of the gut and dissemination to the liver. We also demonstrated that INDO‐induced intestinal injury and E. faecalis overgrowth was independent of the route of administration of the drug, as similar findings were observed in rats orally dosed with the NSAID. Bile secretion plays an important role in INDO‐induced gut injury and appears to support enterococcal overgrowth of the intestine. NSAID‐induced enterococcal SBO may be involved either as a compensatory response to gut injury or with the pathogenic process itself and the subsequent development of sepsis.
Old drugs learn new tricks: insights from mammalian trace amine receptors.

Biogenic amines are important neuromodulators whose discovery laid the foundation of modern neuropharmacology. These compounds (which include norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and histamine) are stored in secretory vesicles located in the cytoplasm, are released into the extracellular space by
“To See is to Believe?”—Modernization and U.S.–China Exchanges in the 1970s

This article discusses U.S.–China “people-to-people” exchanges, an important yet less studied aspect of U.S.–China relations during the 1970s. Moving away from the narrative that emphasizes strategic calculations by policy makers in both countries, this paper covers the cultural exchange programs sponsored by non-state actors such as the National Committee on U.S.–China relations. It argues that the bilateral exchanges produced a discursive construction of China's modernization, which both consolidated Sino-American strategic cooperation and helped reshape China's modernization efforts. By concentrating on how those exchanges strengthened the ties between China and the United States, this article fills an important gap in the current scholarship and tries to provide a fuller understanding of U.S.–China rapprochement in the 1970s.
Germinal Center B Cells Present Antigen Obtained in vivo to T Cells in vitro and Stimulate Mixed Lymphocyte Reactions

Shortly after secondary immunization, germinal center (GC) B cells have been observed in ultrastructural studies to obtain antigen from follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in the form of immune complexes (1). This antigen appears to be degraded by GC B cells and may be processed for presentation to T cells. The present study was undertaken to determine if GC B cells can process and present antigen obtained from FDCs in vivo to appropriate T cells in vitro. In addition, the stimulatory capacity of GC B cells on T cells was evaluated in primary mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). The findings presented here demonstrate that antigen obtained in vivo by GC B cells can be processed and presented to T cells. The ability of GC B cells to interact with T cells is indicated by the fact that they served as potent stimulators of allogeneic T cells. In contrast, the small high density (HD) B cells are weak to negative stimulators under the same conditions. In addition, the GC B cells were even able to stimulate detectable syngeneic MLRs. These data suggest that in vivo, GC B cells are capable of interacting with T cells, in turn inducing the T cell help needed for the germinal center reaction, generating B memory cells, and influencing the high titers of antibody associated with the secondary antibody response.
Polarization Optical Imaging of Skin Pathology and Ageing

Abstract Polarization optical imaging is a powerful tool for the noninvasive assessment of skin pathology and ageing. Polarization characterizes electromagnetic waves, such as light, by specifying the direction of the wave's electric field oscillations. Natural light is not polarized. When the electric field vector of the light oscillates in a single, fixed plane all along the beam, the light is defined as linearly polarized; when the plane of the electric field rotates, the light is defined as elliptically polarized because the electric field vector traces out an ellipse at a fixed point in space as a function of time; and when both axes of an ellipse are equal, the light is considered as circularly polarized.
The past, present and future of microwave photonics

The rapid development of microwave and optical electronics over the past few decades led to the natural merger of these important technologies, and microwave photonics was born. This paper highlights some of the past developments and attempts to identify future trends in microwave photonics.
Black Lives Matter: Racialised Policing in the United States

AbstractIn August 2014, 18 year-old Michael Brown was shot in his hometown of Ferguson, Missouri, launching a series of events that would lead to increased media scrutiny of police interactions with people of colour in the United States. Since then, the news has been filled with accounts of Eric Garner, Tamir Rice, Freddie Gray, Sandra Bland, and more than a dozen other African-Americans who have died at the hands of police. This article examines how the events surrounding Michael Brown’s death shifted the American public’s knowledge of police brutality, creating an opportunity for change. Using social movement theory and a comparison with other historical racial movements in the US, the article analyses how BLM both fits and defies the expectations of a social movement. I conclude with a discussion of some changes that are a direct or indirect result of BLM’s efforts.
The Expression and Degradation of SM22-Alpha/Transgelin are Regulated by Mechanical Tension in the Cytoskeleton

SM22-alpha, also named transgelin, encoded by the gene TAGLN is a calponin-related protein found in smooth muscle, fibroblast and cancer cells. SM22-alpha was discovered three decades ago but its biological function remains unclear. In addition to an application as a differentiation marker for smooth muscle cells, SM22-alpha has been reported to regulate the structure and dynamics of actin cytoskeleton and cell motility in fibroblasts and cancer cells. Here we report a novel finding that the expression and degradation of SM22-alpha/transgelin are both regulated by mechanical tension. Mass spectrometry detected that SM22-alpha was significantly decreased in mouse aortic rings after incubation under low mechanical tension. Using specific monoclonal antibodies developed against chicken gizzard SM22-alpha, we found high levels of SM22-alpha in human fetal lung fibroblast cells line MRC-5 and primary neonatal mouse skin fibroblasts. Similar to that of calponin 2, the level of SM22-alpha is positively dependent on the mechanical tension in the cytoskeleton as determined by the stiffness of culture substrate. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated a transcriptional regulation of TAGLN gene expression by mechanical tension in the cytoskeleton. The cellular localization of SM22-alpha overlaps with that of myosin IIA and blebbistatin inhibition of myosin motor decreased the expression of SM22-alpha. The level of SM22-alpha is decreased in skin fibroblasts isolated from calponin 2 knockout mice compared to that in calponin 2-positive wild type cells, suggesting their correlated functions. With the close phylogenetic relationship between TAGLN and the calponin genes, SM22-alpha is identified as a calponin-like cytoskeleton regulatory protein. These findings laid a groundwork for understanding the physiological function of SM22-alpha in mechanoregulation of cytoskeleton and cell motility and its relationship with calponins.
Balancing lake ecological condition and agriculture irrigation needs in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Abstract The Mississippi Alluvial Valley includes hundreds of floodplain lakes that support unique fish assemblages and high biodiversity. Irrigation practices in the valley have lowered the water table, increasing the cost of pumping water, and necessitating the use of floodplain lakes as a source of water for irrigation. This development has prompted the need to regulate water withdrawals to protect aquatic resources, but it is unknown how much water can be withdrawn from lakes before ecological integrity is compromised. To estimate withdrawal limits, we examined descriptors of lake water quality (i.e., total nitrogen, total phosphorus, turbidity, Secchi visibility, chlorophyll-a) and fish assemblages (species richness, diversity, composition) relative to maximum depth in 59 floodplain lakes. Change-point regression analysis was applied to identify critical depths at which the relationships between depth and lake descriptors exhibited a rapid shift in slope, suggesting possible thresholds. All our water quality and fish assemblage descriptors showed rapid changes relative to depth near 1.2–2.0 m maximum depth. This threshold span may help inform regulatory decisions about water withdrawal limits. Alternatives to explain the triggers of the observed threshold span are considered.
Management of Croup in the Emergency Department: The Role of Multidose Nebulized Epinephrine.

OBJECTIVES Croup occasionally requires medical intervention for respiratory distress. Mainstays of treatment are corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine. Diagnosis and assessment of severity remain clinical. Safety of discharge from an emergency department (ED) after treatment with corticosteroids and 1 nebulized epinephrine has been established. No evidence exists regarding risk associated with discharge after multidose nebulized epinephrine. Many patients requiring multidose nebulized epinephrine are reflexively admitted. The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis of the current management of croup, specifically patients requiring multidose nebulized epinephrine. METHODS The Pediatric Health Information System was used to extract information on patients diagnosed with croup age 0 to 11 years, evaluated in pediatric EDs from 2004 to 2014, who received corticosteroids and at least 1 nebulized epinephrine. We retrospectively assessed patients requiring multidose nebulized epinephrine, evaluating risk of return for additional care associated with discharges and reviewing admissions for markers of disease severity. RESULTS A total of 95,403 patients were identified. Those requiring corticosteroids and multidose nebulized epinephrine (N = 8084) were less likely to return for further care if discharged from the ED (5.4% return single dose, 0.8% return multidose: P < 0.0001) and were admitted at a higher rate (10.7% admission single dose, 70.5% admission multidose: P < 0.0001). Of those admitted, only 31.7% received more than 2 treatments. CONCLUSIONS Patients requiring single-dose nebulized epinephrine are managed differently than those requiring multidose nebulized epinephrine. There is likely a role for multidose nebulized epinephrine in the outpatient management of croup. A prospective study is needed.
Areas of Confusion in Pathologist-Clinician Communication as it Relates to Understanding the Vulvar Pathology Report.

Objectives Pathologist-clinician communication has been an ongoing topic in the literature. Pathology reports are geared to assisting clinicians with patient therapy, but sometimes there are barriers to communication. This survey aims to explore clinicians' understanding of their pathology reports in the membership of the International Society for Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD). Methods An email survey was sent to all members of the ISSVD. Results Surveys were emailed to 397 members, with 91 responding (23 %). Most (76%) of the respondents were gynecologists, with 13% dermatologists and 6% advanced-practice nurses. Thirty-nine percent of respondents did not always understand their pathology reports, 62% did not know the difference between levels and recuts, 71% were unclear as to why levels rather than recuts would be ordered, and 26% was not familiar with the term "spongiosis." Over 94% read the gross description on a pathology report. Over 90% reported speaking with their pathologist, which they considered important. They considered having a pathologist with specialty expertise important. Conclusions Clinician members of the ISSVD are particularly attuned to the importance of pathology consultation in the care of women with vulvovaginal conditions. There are still areas for potential improvement in educational efforts, particularly providing information on how pathology laboratory processes may impact the report, as well as in further education in dermatopathology terminology for those unfamiliar.
Utilisations et apports de la protéine C Réactive et de la procalcitonine en néonatologie

En periode neonatale, la principale cause d’inflammation est representee par l’infection. L’utilisation des marqueurs inflammatoires tels que la Proteine C Reactive (CRP) et la procalcitonine (PCT) a ete etudiee dans le cadre du diagnostic des infections neonatales precoces (ou materno-fœtales) et des infections bacteriennes neonatales secondaires [1–2]. Le probleme crucial reste celui de leur diagnostic et de la mise en route d’une antibiotherapie, qui chez les nouveau-nes suspects d’infections, doit etre realisee le plus precocement possible, apres avoir effectue les prelevements a visee bacteriologique, mais avant d’avoir le diagnostic de certitude. En effet, une antibiotherapie injustifiee est source d’inconfort et de pression de selection sur l’ecologie bacterienne du nouveau-ne et celle du service de neonatologie.
Aspirin use and endometrial cancer risk and survival

The role of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) as a chemo-preventive and adjuvant therapeutic agent for cancers is generating attention. Mounting evidence indicates that aspirin reduces the incidence and mortality of certain obesity-related cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. In endometrial cancer, previous studies examining the effect of aspirin remain inconsistent as to the reduction in the risk of endometrial cancer. While some evidence indicates protective effects in obese women, other studies have showed a potential deleterious effect of these medications on endometrial cancer outcomes. However, exposure measurement across studies has been inconsistent in recording dose, duration, and frequency of use; thus making comparisons difficult. In this article, we review the evidence for the association between endometrial cancer and obesity, the pharmacological differences between regular- and low-dose aspirin, as well as the potential anti-tumor mechanism of aspirin, supporting a possible therapeutic effect on endometrial cancer. A proposed mechanism behind decreased cancer mortality in endometrial cancer may be a result of inhibition of metastasis via platelet inactivation and possible prostaglandin E2 suppression by aspirin. Additionally, aspirin use in particular may have a secondary benefit for obesity-related comorbidities including cardiovascular disease in women with endometrial cancer. Although aspirin-related bleeding needs to be considered as a possible adverse effect, the benefits of aspirin therapy may exceed the potential risk in women with endometrial cancer. The current evidence reviewed herein has resulted in conflicting findings regarding the potential effect on endometrial cancer outcomes, thus indicating that future studies in this area are needed to resolve the effects of aspirin on endometrial cancer survival, particularly to identify specific populations that might benefit from aspirin use.
“Forming Partnerships”: Extramarital Songs and the Promotion of China's 1950 Marriage Law

Shortly after a push to promote China's 1950 Marriage Law in 1953, scholars from the Chinese Music Research Institute on a collection trip to a small locality in northern China encountered a large number of folksongs about extramarital affairs. They interpreted this as evidence of the need for marriage reform. The folksong lyrics highlighted controversial aspects of the Marriage Law by espousing one of the law's central tenets – free love – while also expressing women's desires to leave their husbands. In this article, I explore how the researchers placed the song lyrics in a liminal moral-temporal category between “feudal” arranged marriage and the new marriage system before declaring the songs to be relics of the victimization of women in a “feudal” past. I argue that additional light-hearted elements complicate the researchers’ conclusion and suggest that when the promotion of social agendas in the 1940s and 1950s cast songs about illicit affairs as morally ambiguous, Chinese scholars chose to ascribe the songs’ “roots” to other groups or to the “feudal” past of the people they sought to praise and/or transform.
Coronary Circulation in Myocardial Hypertrophy

Although mean myocardial blood flow has generally been reported to be normal or slightly greater than normal in animals with compensated left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to chronic pressure overload, these ventricles exhibit abnormalities of myocardial perfusion during stress. Thus, animals with left ventricular hypertrophy commonly demonstrate evidence of subendocardial under-perfusion during pacing-induced tachycardia or during exercise. It is likely that these transmural disparities of myocardial perfusion do result in subendocardial ischemia, as evidenced by myocardial production of lactate and development of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Additional research is needed to determine whether such repetitive episodes of stress-induced subendocardial ischemia may cause the eventual development of left ventricular dilation and failure in hearts with chronic pressure overload.
Voices in the Storm: The Lost Discourse of Climate Change in Hurricanes Harvey and Irma

This study sought to answer the research question: How did media address climate change in reporting on Hurricanes Harvey and Irma? A content analysis was performed on the coverage of Hurricanes Harvey and Irma over a six-week timeframe by two national newspapers, The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, and two local newspapers, the Houston Chronicle for Hurricane Harvey and the Tampa Bay Times for Hurricane Irma. A keyword analysis yielded 630 news articles (N=630), of which only 23 (3.65%) mentioned “climate change,” “global warming,” or both. Language that addressed these terms was coded on a Likert Scale (0-5, negative to positive), yielding a median score of 3.44, “slightly positive.” An extensive literature review and discussion of the findings and implications for future research are included.
Fortuitous benefits of living kidney donation: Diagnosis of serious medical conditions during the living donor evaluation.

Background All living kidney donors are counseled about the possible surgical and medical risks associated with donation. Only a minority of transplant centers discuss the potential benefit of discovering undiagnosed medical conditions in the donor during evaluation, as part of their consent process. Methods We retrospectively investigated all potential living kidney donors evaluated over a 10-year period at a single center to characterize incidentally diagnosed serious medical conditions. Results Sixty-five of the 762 potential donors (8.5%) were not approved for donation because of a newly diagnosed serious medical condition discovered during their evaluation. This included six patients diagnosed with malignancies, five of which required operative intervention, six patients diagnosed with transmittable diseases requiring follow-up and treatment, four patients were found to have bilateral renal stones with significant stone burden, and two patients diagnosed with IgA nephropathy. Additionally, four patients were diagnosed with significant heart disease, and one of those patients subsequently required a coronary artery bypass surgery. Conclusions The evaluation process can diagnose serious medical conditions in a significant minority of donors that would have otherwise been unrecognized. The benefit associated with the donor evaluation should be considered an important part of the consent process.
Does Being Have a Nature? (Or: Metaphysics as a Science of the Real)

This paper is an attempt to focus on the nature of the field proper to metaphysics. My title: “Does being have a nature?” reflects the usage of Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas commenting on Aristotle. In Metaphysics 4.1, Aristotle proposes a science of being as being, in contrast to sciences which have as their field of study only some part of being. It is a science that seeks the highest causes and principles, and these must be causes of some nature. As Thomas paraphrases:
Tropos, circunvoluciones e ironía: sobre la traducción al español de lti. Notizbuch eines Philologen, de Victor Klemperer

Victor Klemperer (1881-1960) reunio en lti. Notizbuch eines Philologen sus ideas sobre el uso manipulador y propagandista que del idioma aleman se hiciera durante el Tercer Reich. En esta obra Klemperer examino los cambios sutiles pero manifiestos, operados en el lenguaje en conjunto, asi como en terminos especificos, durante la epoca de referencia. Este trabajo introductorio estudia algunas caracteristicas de la traduccion al castellano (2001) de LTI por Adan Kovacsics, quien se decide mayormente por la variante de traduccion conocida como «expuesta». Nos concentramos por igual en los aspectos culturales y en los linguisticos. Repasamos, entre otros aspectos relevantes, la traduccion del lenguaje figurado, la intensificacion y atenuacion del original, y la transferencia/ presencia de la ironia en la traduccion.