cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Valence charge density in grey tin: X-ray determination of the (222) "forbidden" reflection and its temperature dependence

The (222) reflection of diamondlike lattices is essentially contributed at room temperature by valence electrons piled up between neighboring atoms. It is therefore a direct experimental proof of the existence of covalent bonding charges in diamond structures. Such a proof has now been established in the case of grey tin. The (222) reflection has been measured in absence of simultaneous reflections on an absolute basis, using Cu $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation. Its intensity is four orders of magnitude smaller than the (333), corresponding to a structure factor ${F}_{222}=1.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ electrons/cell at 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This value is 52% smaller than that calculated using a pseudopotential approach. Similar measurements were repeated at different temperatures between 80 and 223 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The nuclear mean-square vibrational amplitude was found to be 0.0319 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.002 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$ at 200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, very close to the value obtained from lattice-dynamics calculations, corresponding to a Debye temperature of 150 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The temperature dependence of the valence bonding charges suggests, however, that their mean-square vibrational amplitudes may be some 20% smaller than that of the core.
World Ecological Degradation: Accumulation, Urbanization, and Deforestation, 3000 B.C–2000 A.D.

(2001). World Ecological Degradation: Accumulation, Urbanization, and Deforestation, 3000 B.C–2000 A.D. History: Reviews of New Books: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 38-38.
Free Amino Acids in the Eggs and Hemolymph of the Grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae). 1. Identification and Quantitative Changes Throughout Development

This study involved identification by paper chromatographic techniques and quantization of the free amino acids in the blood of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). Differences between sexes, stage of development, and effects of adult aging were considered. The egg yolk of this species of grasshopper contained 26 amino acids. Of interest was the appearance of several amino acids at different periods during embryonic development. Among others, citrulline and ± and ³ aminobutyric acids were found in postdiapause but not in diapause eggs, and methionine was found in diapause but not in postdiapause eggs. Alpha-aminobutyric acid appeared during the middle of postdiapause development and then was absent until the 2nd nymphal stage. Twenty-six amino acids were identified in the blood of nymphal M. sanguinipes . Tryptophan was observed until the 2nd nymphal stage, after which it was not: observed in any subsequent stage of development. Aspartic acid had a similar pattern except that it was in the 4th, perhaps the 5th, nymphal stage and was not found again except in old grasshoppers. Of particular interest was the high concentration of numerous amino acids in the 3rd nymphal instar. Asparagine, proline, alanine, glycine, glutamine and valine, especially, showed increases at this stage. Most amino acids showed a high concentration during the 3rd nymphal stage. Arginine and glutamic acid showed a high concentration at the 2nd nymphal stage. Twenty-six amino acids also were identified in the blood of adult grasshoppers. However, they are not the same 26 amino acids found in the egg yolk or in nymphal grasshoppers. Taurine was found only in adult grasshoppers, and tryptophan was observed only in the egg yolk. There were sex-related qualitative and quantitative differences in the amino acid patterns. These included the presence of methionine sulfone almost exclusively in females, the more frequent occurrence of ³ aminobutyric acid in females, and the alpha isomer in males. Additionally, there was an apparent correlation between the occurrence of methionine sulfone and sulfoxide and egg formulation and/or gonad maturation. A total of ten ninhydrin-positive compounds were not identified.
Taxman revisited

In an earlier article [1], Carmony and Holliday illustrated how the game called Taxman could be used in CS1 to introduce some elementary concepts from Artificial Intelligence. This article will present several strategies that were created (as part of a CS2 assignment) to play Taxman, and evaluate their performance.
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, pregnancy, and a pulmonary endarterectomy: a rare challenge

It is well described that patients with group 1 forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension have a high risk of mortality during pregnancy and in the early postpartum period. However, to the authors' knowledge, the diagnosis and management of group 4 pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) during pregnancy with early postpartum pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) has not been previously reported. We report the case of a 28-year-old woman who received a diagnosis of CTEPH during her pregnancy, was managed as an inpatient by a multidisciplinary team throughout the pregnancy and early postpartum period, and underwent PEA 6 weeks after delivery. While the management of acute pulmonary embolus in pregnancy is well described, this unique case of CTEPH diagnosed during pregnancy illustrates several challenging management issues.
Thermal Economy Analysis of Steam-Organic Fluid Combined Cycle Power Generation Model Based on Different Working Fluids

Taking the NZK660-24.2/566/566 unit as an example,a steam-organic fluid combined cycle power generation model has been established so as to reduce the heat loss of cold source and increase the capacity of power generation for the steam turbine.To select suitable working fluids for the new model,operation parameters are set according to fluid properties,while the thermodynamic properties of 9 organic fluids analyzed based on thermal economic indicators of both the new model and the original unit with exhaust temperature of respectively 55.3℃ and 35℃.Results show that comparing with the original unit with exhaust temperature of 35℃,the new model has a higher thermal efficiency of power generation and smaller air-cooled areas,under same conditions of heat consumption;different working fluids produce different improvement degrees on power generation efficiency.As the critical temperature of working fluid rises,the inlet and outlet pressure of LP cylinder 2 follow a downtrend,which are found to be appropriate when environmental fluid R365MFC is adopted for the new model.Furthermore when R365MFC is used,the exhaust steam won't go through the saturated steam area,therefore high thermal efficiency can be obtained for the unit.
The study of dependence on topiramate therapy for terating pediatric epilepsy

Objective To explore the causes of withdrawal of the Topiramate(TPM) therapy for treating pediatric epilepsy.Method Adopt Multinomial Regression Logistic Analysis on the withdrawal of Topiramate therapy in 55 cases upon investigation on 213 children receiving the treatment in the open label experiment conducted in our hospital.Result (1)Those children who chose to withdraw account for 25.82% of the total(55/213).While 74.18% of them keep on receiving the treatment.(2)The common ill effect includes absence of sweat,descent of body weight and behavior disorder.(3)It′s found that the withdrawal of TPM relates with some factors including sex,rural population(OR=2.564)and unsatisfying effect(OR=140.193).(4)The withdrawal is more frequently found among those children with infantile Spasms and Myoclonic Seizure(OR=3.196 and 3.903 respectively).Conclusion The diagnosis and typing on pediatric epilepsy should be as accurate as possible.For preventing the patients from withdrawing, to fully control the TPM treatment and communicate with the patients before treating as well as conduct timely follow up can be regarded as the effective measures at present.
Change in strain types and drug-susceptibility of Shigella in Xicheng district of Beijing from 2005 to 2007

To understand the changes of strain types and the drug-susceptibility of Shigella isolated in Xicheng district of Beijing in order to provide basis for the prevention and treatment of bacillary dysentery the automatic biochemical apparatus VITEK was used for the identification of bacteria isolated,the bacterial strain typing was performed with serological testings and the drug-susceptibility was determined by K-B methods.From 2005 to 2007,totally 103 strains of shigellae were identified in which the predominant organisms were Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei.However,changes in the strain types occurred with gradual decrease of S.flexneri F4c and gradual increase of S.sonnei.The shigellae isolated were sensitive to CTX,CIP,KZ,NOR.KF,LEV and OFX,but resistant to AMP,SXT TE and NA.It is clear that change in strain types and drug-susceptibility of shigellae isolated in Xicheng district of Beijing occurred from 2005 to 2007.
Moral muteness of faculty in management education

Abstract Many have long criticized management education for poorly training managers to recognize and address ethical and moral issues in the workplace and society. These criticisms point to bad management theories, institutional pressure on business schools and corporations, misdirected pedagogy and an overwhelming reliance on economic rationality in the curriculum. Researchers may not have considered the specific behaviors in the classroom, however, as a cause for poor ethical behavior. For various reasons, faculty members do not express moral considerations on many issues in the classroom. Moral muteness of faculty in management education sends a loud and clear message to aspiring managers that moral considerations are unimportant. An institutional perspective is used to develop the concept of moral muteness of faculty and explain the causes and effects of moral muteness.
Pulmonary artery balloon counterpulsation for right ventricular failure. An experimental evaluation.

Right ventricular (RV) failure frequently occurs in patients undergoing correction of congenital cardiac defects, as well as in other clinical settings. RV hypertrophy was created in 10 neonatal lambs by pulmonary artery (PA) banding. Twelve months later RV hypertrophy was present (RV weight/body weight = 2.71 ± 0.31 gm/kg); RV systolic pressures were elevated (65 ± 9 mm Hg) and the average gradient across the PA band was 38 ± 9 mm Hg. RV failure was produced in all animals by performing a right ventriculotomy. Four unassisted (control) animals died shortly after separation from bypass. Six experimental animals underwent pulmonary artery balloon counterpulsation (PABCP). A Dacron graft anastomosed to the proximal PA served as a reservoir for a 40 ml intra-aortic balloon pump system. PABCP effectively reversed RV failure, low cardiac output, and systemic arterial hypotension. Periods with PABCP on and off in each animal were compared. PABCP increased cardiac output from 1.45 ± 0.16 to 2.03 ± 0.13 L/min (p
Excess phase modulation in 1.55-μm distributed feedback semiconductor lasers

Chirp, under the modulation of single wavelength semiconductor lasers, causes fundamental limitations to the performance of high-speed long-haul optical communications systems. The theoretical modeling of this phenomenon is traditionally done in terms of the rate equations, in which spatial dependence is explicitly neglected. In this paper we experimentally examine the correctness of this model.
Prophylactic alpha-interferon therapy following liver transplantation: does it prevent allograft infection?

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of prophylactic alpha-interferon therapy in liver allograft recipients. Patients: An open-label consecutive series of liver transplant recipients who underwent surgery for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and C virus (HCV) disease. Interventions: Alpha-interferon, 5 MU three times weekly, was administered to 16 liver allograft recipients, beginning 3 weeks after transplantation for a total of 6 months or more. Main outcome measures: Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or HCV-RNA from blood, liver histology and standard measures of liver biochemistry
Acoustic sensor array for sonic imaging in air

Sonic imaging in air is a field of study with growing applications such as objects location, tracking and identification. It is also used in NDE applications to detect defects or hidden objects inside the structure. The objective of this work is to present a sonic system capable of locating and imaging objects in air with high quality and good resolution. The acoustic transducer array is a novel 52 MEMS sensors array, embedded in a network enabled, data acquisition and signal processing architecture. The system operates in the 20–100 kHz frequency range and makes use of phased array techniques in order to accomplish its objectives. It operates actively where one transducer is employed to generate the scanning beam and the sensor array will capture the echoes. The system is capable of acquiring and processing with up to 800 Mbits of raw data generated by the acoustic sensor array. Beamforming, matched filtering, spectral processing, and independent component analysis are the main techniques utilized in this work for imaging, tracking and identification of objects.
A path toward ultra-low-energy computing

At roughly kT energy dissipation per operation, the thermodynamic energy efficiency “limits” of Moore's Law were unimaginably far off in the 1960s. However, current computers operate at only 100–10,000 times this limit, forming an argument that historical rates of efficiency scaling must soon slow. This paper reviews the justification for the ∼kT per operation limit in the context of processors for von Neumann-class computer architectures of the 1960s. We then reapply the fundamental arguments to contemporary applications and identify a new direction for future computing in which the ultimate efficiency limits would be much further out. New nanodevices with high-level functions that aggregate the functionality of several logic gates and some local memory may be the right building blocks for much more energy efficient execution of emerging applications—such as neural networks.
Significantly enhanced carrier lifetimes of very long-wave infrared absorbers based on strained-layer InAs/GaInSb superlattices

Significantly improved carrier lifetimes in very long-wave infrared (VLWIR) InAs/GaInSb superlattice (SL) absorbers are demonstrated using time-resolved microwave reflectance (TMR) measurements. A nominal 47.0 Å InAs/21.5 ÅGa0.75In0.25Sb SL structure that produces an ∼25 μm response at 10 K has a minority carrier lifetime of 140±20 ns at 18 K, which is an order-of-magnitude improvement compared with previously reported lifetime values for other VLWIR detector absorbers. This improvement is attributed to the strain-engineered ternary SL design, which offers a variety of epitaxial advantages and ultimately leads to the improvements in the minority carrier lifetime by mitigating defect-mediated Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) recombination centers. By analyzing the temperature dependence of TMR decay data, the recombination mechanisms and trap states that currently limit the performance of this SL absorber were identified. The results show a general decrease in the long-decay lifetime component, which is dominated by SRH recombination at temperatures below ∼30 K and by Auger recombination at temperatures above ∼45 K. Since the strain-balanced ternary SL design offers a reasonably good absorption coefficient and many epitaxial advantages during growth, this VLWIR SL material system should be considered as a competitive candidate for VLWIR photodetector technology.
A real-time digital seismic event detection and recording system for network applications

abstract A real-time digital seismic event detection and recording system has been developed for the MIT Seismic Network. The system has been designed specifically for an environment of low natural seismic activity and for surface stations which are often influenced by weather conditions and cultural noise. The system runs on an HP-1000 computer and can handle up to 16 channels of short- and long-period data. The structure of the system centers around the event detectors, one for short-period data and one for long-period data. These detectors base their decisions on a metric computed from the Walsh transform of the data. This allows them to detect changes in the amplitude of the waveform as well as frequency shifts. Detections at several stations are correlated to prevent glitches from triggering the detector. Present operation successfully saves those events that are large enough for analysis and leaves 2 3 of the computer available for general timesharing use.
Reasons for Interfacility Emergency Department Transfer and Care at the Receiving Facility.

Objectives The aims of this study were to (1) assess the reasons for pediatric interfacility transfers as identified by transferring providers and review the emergency medical care delivered at the receiving facilities and (2) investigate the emergency department (ED) care among the subpopulation of patients discharged from the receiving facility. Methods We performed a multicenter, cross-sectional survey of ED medical providers transferring patients younger than 18 years to 1 of 4 US tertiary care pediatric hospitals with a subsequent medical record review at the receiving facility. Referring providers completed surveys detailing reasons for transfer. Results Eight hundred thirty-nine surveys were completed by 641 providers for 25 months. The median patient age was 5.7 years. Sixty-two percent of the patients required admission. The most common reasons for transfer as cited by referring providers were subspecialist consultation (62%) and admission to a pediatric inpatient (17%) or intensive care (6%) unit. For discharged patients, plain radiography (26%) and ultrasonography (12%) were the most common radiologic studies. Procedural sedation (16%) was the most common ED procedure for discharged patients, and 55% had a subspecialist consult at the receiving facility. Ten percent of interfacility transfers did not require subspecialty consult, ED procedure, radiologic study, or admission. Conclusions Approximately 4 of 10 interfacility transfers are discharged by the receiving facility, suggesting an opportunity to provide more comprehensive care at referring facilities. On the basis of the care provided at the receiving facility, potential interventions might include increased subspecialty access and developing both ultrasound and sedation capabilities.
Study of Self: The Self as Designer in Online Teacher Education

In this article we describe our engagement in self-study as part of an examination of design-based research for education. We focus on graduate-level online teacher education as an example of how s...
Did Internet Kill the Retail Trade Star? Using Google Trends to Estimate the Impact of E-Commerce on Retail Employment

Within-state variation in the search frequency for “amazon” at Google is used to measure the industry specific impact of e-commerce on retail employment. To instrument for exogenous variation in e-commerce exposure, I rely on random variation in consumer’s use of the Internet for tasks like “porn” and “cat videos” as measured by Google Trends. My estimates suggest there are differential impacts of e-commerce across industries. E-commerce behaves as a technology that augments demand for labor in at least 11 of the 27 retail industry groups, while labor demand decreases in at least 9 of the retail industry groups.
Free PDA Membership To Be Included with Amazon Prime

So this is the March-April issue and we just had to get creative with an April 1 message. But often, the impossible has a way of reaching the realm of implausible and then edging closer to reality. Just a couple of issues ago, we wrote on the potential sea change likely due to the Aetna-CVS merger
Association of Multifocal Fibromuscular Dysplasia in Elderly Patients With a More Benign Clinical Phenotype: Data From the US Registry for Fibromuscular Dysplasia.

Importance Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a nonatherosclerotic arterial disease that predominately affects women and is most commonly diagnosed in middle age. The natural history of FMD among patients diagnosed at an older age is not well understood. Objective To examine the differences in clinical presentation, arterial bed involvement, vascular events, and need for vascular procedures between younger and older patients with FMD. Design, Setting, and Participants Analysis of baseline data for patients enrolled in the US Registry for FMD as of December 15, 2016, at referral centers participating in the US Registry for FMD. Patients 18 years and older at the time of enrollment and those with only confirmed multifocal (string of beads type) FMD were included. Patients were categorized according to age at the time of diagnosis (≥65 years vs Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of specific symptoms, vascular events, and prior vascular procedures at the time of enrollment in the registry. Results A total of 1016 patients were included in the analysis, of whom, 170 (16.7%) were 65 years or older at the time of diagnosis. Older patients with FMD were more likely to be asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis (4.2% vs 1.4%;P = .02). Headache and pulsatile tinnitus, both common manifestations of FMD, were less common in older patients (40.5% vs 69.1%;P Conclusions and Relevance In the US Registry for FMD, patients 65 years or older at the time of diagnosis of multifocal FMD were more likely to be asymptomatic, had lower prevalence of major vascular events, and had undergone fewer therapeutic vascular procedures than younger patients. Patients with multifocal FMD diagnosed at an older age may have a more benign phenotype and fewer symptoms.
Predictors of Benign Ureteroenteric Anastomotic Strictures After Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion.

Abstract Objective To determine predictors of symptomatic ureteroenteric anastomotic strictures (UAS) formation following radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary diversion (UD). Materials and Methods A total of 2,888 consecutive patients who underwent open RC at our institution from 1995 to 2014 were included for analysis. Data were collected from institutional databases and individual medical records. Symptomatic benign UAS was defined as percutaneous nephrostomy tube insertion for rising creatinine or unilateral hydronephrosis by comparing preoperative and postoperative imaging. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to identify features associated with UAS formation. Results UAS developed in 123 of 2888 patients following RC. There were 94 symptomatic and 29 asymptomatic strictures. Median follow-up was 32 months (IQR 12, 72) for patients without stricture. Higher BMI (P = 0.002), ASA score >2 (P Conclusion Associated factors with an increased risk of benign UAS include higher BMI, ASA score >2, lymph node involvement, grade 3/4 complications within 30 days, male sex, and a history of PAS. We conclude that while surveillance is important for patients who undergo cystectomy for malignancy, it may be beneficial for patients with history of PAS to undergo more intensive follow-up compared to those patients without history of PAS.
Atypical Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in a girl

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a fully penetrant X-linked recessive disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia with small platelets, eczema, and defects of both T-cell and B-cell immunity. Obligate carriers of this disorder show no signs of the gene defect because in the cell lineages primarily affected by the disorder they demonstrate preferential use of the normal, nonmutant X as the active X. This can be explained by the selective disadvantage in proliferation and/or survival experienced by the cells with the mutant X as the active X. We have recently evaluated an 8-year-old girl with a disorder phenotypically identical to WAS. Cytogenetic studies did not show any structural abnormalities of the X chromosome and X chromosome inactivation analysis showed that both of her X chromosomes could function as the active X. These findings suggest that there is an autosomal recessive disorder that is very similar to classic WAS.
Corpus callosum axon diameter and axon density from high-gradient diffusion MRI are related to cognitive dysfunction and disability in multiple sclerosis (S6.004)

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between corpus callosum (CC) axon diameter and axon density obtained from high-gradient diffusion MRI and measures of clinical disability and cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS). Background: Axonal damage in the CC is thought to play an important role in the development of cognitive dysfunction in patients with MS. Design/Methods: Twenty-one people with MS (16 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 5 progressive MS (PMS)) and 18 healthy controls were scanned on a 3 Tesla Connectom scanner equipped with 300 mT/m maximum gradient strength using a comprehensive multi-diffusion time and gradient protocol. Axon diameter, axon density, mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA) and cross-sectional area were estimated in the CC. Neurologic disability was measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) and cognitive function with the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS (MACFIMS). Results: Axon diameter was higher and axon density lower in the normal-appearing CC of patients with MS compared to healthy controls ( p p = 0.008) and inversely correlated with MSFC (ρ = −0.523, p = 0.015). Axon diameter was inversely correlated with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) ( r = −0.527, p = 0.01) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised (BVMTR) ( r = −0.585, p = 0.02). Axon density was correlated with performance on the SDMT ( r = 0.445, p = 0.04) and BVMTR ( r = 0.576, p = 0.02). MD, FA and normalized CC area did not significantly correlate with disability or neuropsychological test scores. Conclusions: Axon diameter and density in the CC obtained from high-gradient diffusion MRI correlate with clinical disability and cognitive dysfunction in MS to a greater extent than traditional DTI measures or atrophy of the CC. Study Supported by: This study was supported by NIH/NINDS (K23NS096056 to S.Y.H., and K23NS078044 to E.C.K.), NIH/NIBIB (K99EB015445/R00EB015445 to A.N.), NIH/NCRR/NIBIB P41EB015896, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (E.C.K.), and the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation (S.Y.H.). Disclosure: Dr. Machado, BS has nothing to disclose. Dr. Huang, MD, PhD has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bireley, BA has nothing to disclose. Dr. Russo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tobyne has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nummenmaa, PhD has nothing to disclose. Dr. Whitzel, PhD has nothing to disclose. Dr. Klawiter has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Acorda, Atlas5d, and Celgene.
Understanding past, current and future communication and situational awareness technologies for first responders

This study builds a foundation for improving research for first responder communication and situational awareness technology in the future. In an online survey, we elicited the opinions of 250 U.S. first responders about effectiveness, security, and reliability of past, current, and future Internet of Things technology. The most desired features respondents identified were connectivity, reliability, interoperability, and affordability. The top barriers to technology adoption and use included restricted budgets/costs, interoperability, insufficient training resources, and insufficient interagency collaboration and communication. First responders in all job types indicated that technology has made first responder equipment more useful, and technology that supports situational awareness is particularly valued. As such, future Internet of Things capabilities, such as tapping into smart device data in residences and piggybacking onto alternative communication channels, could be valuable for future first responders. Potential areas for future investigation are suggested for technology development and research.
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM international symposium on International Symposium on Physical Design

On behalf of the organizing committee for the 2012 ACM International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD), we welcome you with great pleasure to Napa Valley, California, for the symposium. Continuing the fine tradition established by its twenty predecessors, a series of five ACM/SIGDA Physical Design Workshops held intermittently in 1987-1996 and fifteen editions of ISPD in the current form since 1997, the 2012 ISPD provides a premier forum to exchange ideas and promote research on critical areas related to the physical design of VLSI systems and other related systems. We received over 60 submissions from all around the world. After a rigorous, month-long, double-blind review process, the Technical Program Committee (TPC) met to select papers to be included in the technical program based on over 290 reviews provided by 21 TPC members and 41 external reviewers. Only 20 papers were selected to be presented in this symposium. These papers present advances in floorplanning, placement, and routing, address challenges in advanced processes, identify opportunities in emerging technologies, offer new cooling and clocking solutions, and propose novel gate sizing techniques. In addition, the program is complemented by one keynote speech and twelve invited talks delivered by distinguished researchers in both industry and academia. Dr. Burn Lin from TSMC, a member of the United States National Academy of Engineering, will present in the keynote speech candidate solutions to push lithography beyond the 20nm node. A commemorative session on Monday afternoon allows us to pay tributes to Professor Chung-Laung (Dave) Liu, an outstanding teacher, a pioneer in EDA, and a Phil Kaufman Award recipient. His former students will share with us how Professor Liu's research transformed ad hoc EDA to algorithmic EDA and the far reaching impacts of his work, as illustrated in today's nanometer-era routing solutions and the wide-spread use of simulated annealing in EDA. Professor Liu will also grace the symposium with a delightful recount of his 30 years in EDA. An invited session on Wednesday morning will focus on research topics related to congestion-driven logic and physical synthesis. Other invited talks will be interspersed with the presentations of accepted papers, covering the following topics: design-aware lithography, challenges in the 3D integration of CMOS-memristors, synthesis of minimal functional skew clock trees, and analysis of power grids. An invited talk will showcase the latest edition of the ISPD contest. Since 2005, ISPD has organized highly competitive contests to promote and advance research in placement, global routing, and clock network synthesis. This year, we feature a new contest topic, namely, discrete gate sizing. This year's contest continues to attract a large number of participants from all over the world. The results of this contest will be announced by the ISPD Contest Chair. Continuing with the tradition of the past contests, a new large-scale real-world benchmark suite for gate sizing will also be released.
Local Anesthetic Effect of Verapamil In Vitro

Verapamil inhibits slow channel activity in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. Its action on nerve tissue is less clear. A series of experiments on isolated rat sciatic nerve was performed to evaluate verapamil9s local anesthetic activity. The results indicate that DL-verapamil possessed significant frequency-dependent, fast channel (local anesthetic) blocking activity. An equal molar concentration of verapamil was found to be as potent as procaine in producing conduction block. Whereas ATP reversed procaine conduction block in vitro, ATP had no effect on the block induced by verapamil. The evidence suggests that verapamil possesses pharmacologic properties unrelated to slow channel inhibition.
Detoured flight direction responses along the southwest coast of Lake Erie by night-migrating birds

Migratory birds encounter the Great Lakes while moving through eastern North America toward breeding grounds to the North, which offers a good opportunity to study variation in migratory behavior as birds face a potentially influencing topographical feature. Using passive infrared technology, we documented the direction of relatively low-flying, nocturnal, mostly passerine migration in spring along the southern coast of Lake Erie's western basin. We examined the extent to which spring migrants flew across Lake Erie as a continuation of the inland, northeasterly broad front migratory direction, as determined by weather radar and infrared observations, or displayed a tendency to deviate to more closely follow the direction of the coastline. We found that an estimated 62% of all low-flying migrants deviated their flight directions toward the coast of Lake Erie at 2 coastal sites, Cedar Point and Ottawa, which were characterized by northwest–southeast oriented coastlines. Migrants at a third coastal location, Maumee Bay, which has a more east–west oriented coastline, did not display similarly deviated flight directions. We found that even when winds were energetically favorable for a lake crossing, many migrants still routinely displayed deviated flight directions that approached paralleling the coastline. Further, the mean flight direction at one site, Ottawa, shifted more in the direction of the coastline as the night progressed, suggesting that time of night could influence the shift to a more coastal flight direction. The data indicate that the western basin of Lake Erie acts as a salient topographical feature influencing the flight directions of nocturnal migrants. The data further suggest that birds are making active decisions while in flight, based on current environmental and physiological conditions, about whether to continue to cross Lake Erie or take a coastal detour.
A Reservoir Computing Scheme for Multi-class Classification

A recent addition to the field of neural networks is a framework for recurrent neural networks (RNNs) called reservoir computing. Reservoir computing has proven successful in predicting dynamical systems, but little attention has been given to its possible use as a classification method. Literature has been written specifically in regard to reservoir computing for binary classification, but few papers have specifically been written about multi-class classification. This article aims to provide a generic scheme for multi-class classification based on reservoir computing. The comparable performance has shown that our proposed scheme as an alternative classifier can catch up with and even outstrip the performance of some traditional classifiers such as naive Bayesian, decision trees, random forest, and neural network over several data sets.
Temporal Changes in Microbial Communities Beneath Fish Farm Sediments Are Related to Organic Enrichment and Fish Biomass Over a Production Cycle

The marine fish farming industry is growing at a significant rate, yet a number of concerns still remain with regards to environmental impacts on the surrounding coastal sea and its biota. Here, we assessed the impact of intensive farming on benthic prokaryotic communities at a Mediterranean sea bass and sea bream intensive aquaculture site over a period of 10 months, in relation to the increase in fish biomass within the cage together with the organic matter enrichment in the sediments. We report positive relationships between prokaryotic abundance and both organic matter and fish biomass, and a contextual decrease in prokaryotic diversity below the cages. A significant shift in microbial community composition occurred in fish farm sediments (FF) over time, indicating a likely impact of ongoing aquaculture activity on prokaryotic communities. Among the dominant taxa at the impacted site, we found Epsilonproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, which showed a general increase with fish biomass. Analyses on specialist taxa underlined significant contributions of Clostridiales and Bacteroidales in the farmed sediments. Finally, sea bream and sea bass gut microbiome-related taxa were detected during the sampling period. Our results indicate that prokaryotic community composition underneath the cages is related to fish biomass and organic enrichment over the course of production, and confirms that the study of benthic microbial communities at aquaculture sites represents a useful tool to assess the impact of intensive mariculture on the surrounding environment.
Autologous fat grafting for nerve regeneration and neuropathic pain: current state from bench-to-bedside

Despite recent advances in microsurgical techniques, functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury remains slow and inadequate. Poor peripheral nerve regeneration not only leaves patients with significant impairments, but also commonly leads to the development of debilitating neuropathic pain. Recent research has demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefits of adipose-derived stem cells, to enhance nerve regeneration. However, clinical translation remains limited due to the current regulatory burdens of the US FDA. A reliable and immediately translatable alternative is autologous fat grafting, where native adipose-derived stem cells present in the transferred tissue can potentially act upon regenerating axons. This review presents the scope of adipose tissue-based therapies to enhance outcomes following peripheral nerve injury, specifically focusing on their role in regeneration and ameliorating neuropathic pain.
The Dark Side of Workplace Reintegration: How Offender Reactions Influence Unethical Behavior

Research on offender reintegration in the aftermath of workplace wrongdoing has emphasized a wide range of positive outcomes for the offender and the organization. However, little is known about th...
Intrasynovial Steroid Therapy: Uses and Abuses†

The indications and contraindications for use of intrasynovial steroid therapy are discussed. When properly used, the intrasynovial injection of steroids is a valuable method of treatment.
Metaheuristics for a Flexible Assembly System Design Problem

Flexibility has become an important priority in the formulation and implementation of manufacturing strategies. This in turn has opened up a new class of design problems for such systems. Flexible assembly systems (FAS), consisting of a variety of processors and operations, provide the opportunity for improving product manufacturing flexibility, hence gaining competitive advantages. This paper considers a particular design decision problem for FAS. A matrix-based, polynomial-time lower bound algorithm is presented. Simulated annealing and tabu search metaheuristics are formulated to address the problems. Computational experience with these metaheuristics is reported.
CD44-Mediated Oncogenic Signaling and Cytoskeleton Activation During Mammary Tumor Progression

CD44, a hyaluronan (HA) receptor, belongs to a family of transmembrane glycoproteins which exists as several isoforms. Cell surface expression of certain CD44 isoforms is closely correlated with the progression and prognosis of breast cancers. A number of angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF and FGF-2) and matrix degrading enzymes (MMPs) are tightly complexed with CD44 isoforms, suggesting that they are involved in the onset of oncogenic signals required for breast tumor cell invasion and migration. Most importantly, interaction of extracellular matrix components (e.g., HA) with cells triggers the cytoplasmic domain of CD44 isoforms to bind its unique downstream effectors (e.g., the cytoskeletal protein ankyrin or various oncogenic signaling molecules-Tiam1, RhoA-activated ROK, c-Src kinase and p185HER2) and to coordinate intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., Rho/Ras signaling and receptor-linked/non-receptor-linked tyrosine kinase pathways), leading to a concomitant onset of multiple cellular functions (e.g., tumor cell growth, migration and invasion) and breast tumor progression.
Lexical Categories: The problem of the lexical categories

A theoretical lacuna It is ironic that the first thing one learns can be the last thing one understands. The division of words into distinct categories or “parts of speech” is one of the oldest linguistic discoveries, with a continuous tradition going back at least to the Technē grammatikē of Dionysius Thrax ( c . 100 BC) (Robins 1989: 39). Dionysius recognized that some words ( onoma , alias nouns) inflected for case, whereas others ( rhēma , alias verbs) inflected for tense and person. This morphological distinction was correlated with the fact that the nouns signified “concrete or abstract entities” and the verbs signified “an activity or process performed or undergone.” The historical precedence of this linguistic insight is often recapitulated in contemporary education: often when students enter their first linguistics class, one of the few things they know about grammar is that some words are nouns, others are verbs, and others are adjectives. Linguistics classes teach them many fascinating things that go far beyond these basic category distinctions. But when those classes are all over, students often know little more about what it means to be a noun, verb, or adjective than they did at first, or indeed than Dionysius did. At least that was true of my education, and of the way that I learned to educate others. For many years, most of what the Principles and Parameters (P&P) tradition of Generative Syntax has had to say about the lexical categories is that they are distinguished by having different values for the two binary distinctive features +/−N and +/−V in the following way (Chomsky 1970).
Symptoms of fatigue and cognitive/executive dysfunction in major depressive disorder before and after antidepressant treatment.

Patients with major depressive disorder commonly experience fatigue and cognitive/executive dysfunction. These problems may be symptoms of the depression and persist despite effective antidepressant treatment, or these problems may emerge as adverse effects of some antidepressant treatments. A number of augmentation strategies can be employed to manage fatigue or cognitive/ executive dysfunction, but the efficacy of these augmentation strategies must be researched further.
The Democratic Risk to Democratic Transitions

This article examines the relation between the South African Constitutional Court and the institutions of democratic governance in that country. It begins by dividing South African constitutional oversight of politics into three phases. In the first instance, and focused primarily on the historic Certification Decision of 1996, the Court enshrined a period of constrained democracy that eased the transition from apartheid. In the second period, the Court continued to exercise its role as protector of individual rights on important matters such as the death penalty and gay marriage, but exercised great restraint in not preempting parliamentary fiscal and policy decisions in cases regarding matters such as demands for property and medical assistance. Yet, this was also the period in which a post-Mandela African National Congress-dominated government used its legislative super-majority to begin constricting its political accountability and the Court basically did not interfere with the ANC’s consolidation of political power. After a period of relative quiescence as to democratic governance, the Consitutional Court appears to be entering a third period, one whose progress is far from set, but meriting of notice. The defining feature of this latest phase is that the ANC is now the established and dominant political force in the country and, thus far, faces no significant political opposition. As is often the case when electoral competition recedes, the dominant party becomes the center for all political and economic dealings with the government, and an incestuous breed of self-serving politics starts to take hold. In this third period, the Court is confronting some of the efforts of the ANC government to place itself beyond customary forms of legal and democratic accountability. The political transcendence of the ANC limits the ability of the political system to correct course or, at the very least, has frustrated many efforts to date. The inquiry then shifts to the jurisprudence of a court confronting the consolidation of one-party dominance. The recent decisions of the South African court are contrasted to other leading case, primarily from Colombia and India, to develop a constitutional concept of accountability even in the absence of direct electoral competition. The article ends with a critique of the efforts to develop such doctrinal coherence thus far in South Africa, presented for the Fifth Constitutional Court Review conference in Johannesburg in July 2013 as part of a symposium on “Constitutional Courts as Hedges Against Democratic Authoritarianism.” The entire set of papers will appear in Volume 5 of the Constitutional Court Review.
A Biosocial Approach to Resource Theory

In this chapter, Scott Lewis and Jeffrey Houser attempt to link cultural aspects of SRT with evolutionary models. They argue that the exchange categories identified by Foa have their roots in the satisfaction of evolutionary forces that evolved to increase reproductive fitness. Lewis and Houser show how cultural forms have emerged from these evolutionary forces and elaborated upon them to create complex system of exchange that allows humans to navigate an increasingly complex social environment. Linking Parsons and Fiske to Darwinian approaches, they demonstrate how resource exchange theory can be understood and enhanced on the macro-, meso- and microlevels through an understanding of Darwinian principles linked to memetic change.
Soviet Industrial Growth—The Early Plan Period

The economic historian's concern with the changing institutions and processes of economic activity currently takes on added relevance in connection with world-wide interest in economic growth. Plans and programs for rapid industrialization abound, especially in economically underdeveloped areas. In this context, the example of Soviet industrialization, mysterious in its contours and awesome in its results, has attracted increasing scholarly attention.
Vasodilator effects of parathyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone-related protein, and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the human fetal-placental circulation.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to determine the vasoactivity of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in the human fetal-placental circulation in vitro. METHODS Dually perfused placental cotyledons from term pregnancies were used in this study. RESULTS Calcitonin gene-related peptide, PTHrP (both 10(-10)-10(-6) mol/L), and PTH (10(-8)-10(-6) mol/L) demonstrated a significant concentration-dependent vasodilator effect (P = .0007, P = .0172, P = .0063, respectively), following preconstriction with a thromboxane mimetic U46619. The CGRP-1 receptor inhibitor CGRP8-37 (10(-6) mol/L) significantly inhibited (P = .0131) the CGRP-induced vasodilator effect, while the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor n-nitro-l-arginine showed no inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the vasodilator effects of CGRP, PTH, and PTHrP in the human fetal-placental circulation. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and PTHrP were of equal potency, and both were approximately 100 times more potent than PTH. This study also suggests the CGRP may exert its vasodilator effect through two classes of receptors in the human placenta and may do so independently of nitric oxide.