cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Media Monitoring of Students for Harm and Threat Prevention: Ethical Considerations for School Psychologists

The rise of social media use among school youth has compelled school districts to implement social media monitoring to prevent active shootings, bullying, harassment, victimization, and suicide in the community. This presents an ethical and legal dilemma, with issues surrounding students’ rights to safety, privacy, and free speech in cyberspace. This paper followed the ethical decision-making model outlined by Armistead et al. (2011) to provide guidance to school psychologists and district personnel who may be deciding whether to implement social media monitoring. Review of National Association of School Psychologists and American Psychological Association ethical codes, legislation, and case law demonstrated many complexities regarding the rights of students and school district personnel. Evidence on the effectiveness of social media monitoring is still limited, so school districts and school psychologists are recommended to explore alternatives for harm and threat prevention that value the rights of students while also meeting their obligation to prevent abusive or hostile learning environments.
In vivo imaging of retrovirus infection reveals a role for Siglec-1/CD169 in multiple routes of transmission.

Early events in retrovirus transmission are determined by interactions between incoming viruses and frontline cells near entry sites. Despite their importance for retroviral pathogenesis, very little is known about these events. We developed a bioluminescence imaging (BLI)-guided multiscale imaging approach to study these events in vivo . Engineered murine leukemia reporter viruses allowed us to monitor individual stages of the retrovirus life cycle including virus particle flow, virus entry into cells, infection and spread for retroorbital, subcutaneous and oral routes. BLI permitted temporal tracking of orally administered retroviruses along the gastrointestinal tract as they traversed the lumen through Peyer's Patch to reach the draining mesenteric sac. Importantly, capture and acquisition of lymph-, blood- and milk-borne retroviruses spanning three routes, was promoted by a common host factor, the I-type lectin CD169, expressed on sentinel macrophages. These results highlight how retroviruses co-opt the immune surveillance function of tissue resident sentinel macrophages for establishing infection.
The Impact of Sarbanes–Oxley and Dodd–Frank Legislation on Loan Loss Provisioning in US Banks

The Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 and the 2010 Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (DFA) were passed to address weaknesses in the internal control environment of the firm. ...
Freedom of the Press and Equity Returns: Empirical Investigation in Emerging Markets:

This article studies the relationship between freedom of press and equity returns in emerging markets. While research has shown that asymmetric information is one reason for high volatility and one...
Application of a bioinformatic pipeline to RNA-seq data identifies novel virus-like sequence in human blood

ABSTRACT Numerous reports have suggested that infectious agents could play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, but specific etiological agents have not been convincingly demonstrated. To search for candidate agents in an unbiased fashion, we have developed a bioinformatic pipeline that identifies microbial sequences in mammalian RNA-seq data, including sequences with no significant nucleotide similarity hits in GenBank. Effectiveness of the pipeline was tested using publicly available RNA-seq data. We then applied this pipeline to a novel RNA-seq dataset generated from a cohort of 120 samples from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and controls, and identified sequences corresponding to known bacteria and viruses, as well as novel virus-like sequences. The presence of these novel virus-like sequences, which were identified in subsets of both patients and controls, were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. We believe this pipeline will be a useful tool for the identification of potential etiological agents in the many RNA-seq data sets currently being generated.
Comment on "Energy-band equation for a general periodic potential"

The authors wish to comment on a recent publication on energy-band equations [Phys. Rev. B 36, 1378 (1987)]. In particular, this paper introduces an invalid hypothesis that leads its authors to conclude that the generalized band theory previously derived and tested by us is in error, and that its equations represent a necessary but not a sufficient condition on the solution. The Bloch symmetrized multipolar representation introduced in this paper on the basis of this hypothesis is overdetermined and hence is zero (the trivial representation). We offer an explicit counterexample to the fundamental hypothesis of this paper. Finally we show by construction that the exact solution to the empty-lattice problem is certainly a solution to the linear equations of our theory, and since these equations (as well-defined functionals of E and k) do not have multiple solutions, we conclude that our method exactly solves the empty-lattice problem.
Transfer as Progressive Re-Mediation of Object-Oriented Activity in School

In this chapter, we present our theory of transfer as a progressive re-mediation of object-oriented activity. Building on sociocultural theories of learning, our approach explicitly articulates the role of students’ object or motive of activity in shaping how and when they treat mediators (i.e., conceptual tools such as visual tables for organizing problem solving) as applicable (i.e., transferable) to new formal learning contexts. This focus further highlights the need to consider tools in use, to plan for shifts in how those tools are used, and to focus on the goals for which they are used. We further articulate the teacher’s role in helping students to move through a progression in which they transfer a range of tools and goals into new contexts in sanctioned ways. We briefly illustrate our approach using video data from the Video Mosaic Collaborative video repository to reanalyze episodes of transfer using this framework and offer guidelines for how practitioners can support transfer of mathematical tools and concepts based on this framework.
Global and Tail Dependence: A Differential Geometry Approach

Measures of tail dependence between random variables aim to numerically quantify the degree of association between their extreme realizations. Existing tail dependence coefficients (TDCs) are based on an asymptotic analysis of relevant conditional probabilities, and do not provide a complete framework in which to compare extreme dependence between two random variables. In fact, for many important classes of bivariate distributions, these coefficients take on non-informative boundary values. We propose a new approach by first considering global measures based on the surface area of the conditional cumulative probability in copula space, normalized with respect to departures from independence and scaled by the difference between the two boundary copulas of co-monotonicity and counter-monotonicity. The measures could be approached by cumulating probability on either the lower left or upper right domain of the copula space, and offer the novel perspective of being able to differentiate asymmetric dependence with respect to direction of conditioning. The resulting TDCs produce a smoother and more refined taxonomy of tail dependence. The empirical performance of the measures is examined in a simulated data context, and illustrated through a case study examining tail dependence between stock indices.
Intact SMAD-4 is a predictor of increased locoregional recurrence in upfront resected pancreas cancer receiving adjuvant therapy.

Background Previous reports suggest that intact SMAD4 expression is associated with a locally aggressive pancreas cancer phenotype. The objectives of this work were to determine the frequency of intact SMAD4 and its association with patterns of recurrence in patients with upfront resected pancreas cancer receiving adjuvant therapy. Methods A tissue microarray was constructed using resected specimens from patients who underwent upfront surgery and adjuvant gemcitabine with no neoadjuvant treatment for pancreas cancer. SMAD4 expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Associations of SMAD4 expression and clinicopathologic parameters with clinical outcomes were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard models. Results One hundred twenty-seven patients were included with a median follow up of 5.7 years. Most patients had stage ≥ pT3 tumors (75%) and pN1 (68%). All patients received adjuvant gemcitabine, and 79% of patients received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Ten (8%) patients had intact SMAD4 expression. Grade was the only clinicopathologic parameter statistically associated with SMAD4 expression (P=0.05). Median overall survival was 2.1 years. On univariate analysis, SMAD4 expression was associated with increased locoregional recurrence (hazard ratio 7.0, P<0.01, 95% confidence interval: 2.8-18.0) but not distant recurrence (P=0.06) or overall survival (P=0.73). On multivariable analysis, SMAD4 expression (hazard ratio 9.6, P<0.01, 95% confidence interval: 3.7-24.8) and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (hazard ratio 0.3, P=0.01, 95% confidence interval: 0.1-0.8) were associated with higher and lower locoregional recurrence, respectively. Conclusions In patients with upfront resected pancreas cancer, SMAD4 expression was associated with an increased risk of locoregional recurrence. Prospective evaluation of the frequency of SMAD4 expression and validation of its predictive utility is warranted.
Data to Assess the Global Burden of Drowning

While drowning injury is an important public health concern worldwide, rates of drowning morbidity and mortality are underestimated for a multitude of reasons. Many countries, especially low- to middle-income countries (LMIC), lack appropriate reporting infrastructure, ranging from incomplete vital statistics records to lack of healthcare information systems [1–4]. Also, a low proportion of drowning victims presents to medical care. Reporting of nonfatal cases is usually even less standardized than mortality reporting. Even where reporting systems exist, variations occur based on language and use of the standardized International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) coding for drowning injury [5].
Object-Oriented Programming with Visual Basic.NET

Preface 1. An overview of the visual Basic.NET language 2. An overview of object-oriented programming 3. Structures 4. Classes 5. Access modifiers 6. Abstract classes and interfaces 7. Implementing the IEnumerable and IComparable interfaces 8. Designing and implementing exception classes 9. Design patterns and refactoring 10. Object internals: reflection and attributes 11. Object persistence: Serialization 12. Building a Windows application 13. Database programming using ADO.NET References Index.
Astrocytes cultured from mature brain derive from glial precursor cells

We have previously shown that enriched preparations of oligodendrocytes from either mature bovine brain or 30-d-old rat brain, when cultured in serum-free medium, yield mixed cultures of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes even though no GFAP+ cells were present after 24 hr in culture (Norton et al., 1986, 1988). To test the possibility that the astrocytes in these cultures arose from glial precursor cells, we followed the expression of ganglioside GD3, galactosylceramide (GC), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vimentin in the cultures. GD3 has already been shown to be a marker of immature neuroectodermal cells, which in the postnatal brain are glial progenitor cells (Goldman et al., 1984, 1986). The cultures from both species contained at 1 DIV only two populations of cells; 90–95% GC+/GD3- oligodendrocytes and 4– 10% GD3+/GC- small, round cells. With time, the oligodendrocytes remained GD3-/GFAP-/vimentin-. The kinetics of antigen expression of the GD3+ cells could best be interpreted by the following sequence: (sequence; see text) We interpret these results to show that the astrocytes arose from a small population of GD3+ glial precursor cells present in the brain that were co-isolated with oligodendroglia. No evidence was obtained that these GD3+ cells could also differentiate into oligodendrocytes.
Ellipsometry-based opto-fluidic platform for characterizing 10,000 biomolecular reactions on solid supports in real time and for identifying inhibitors against protein-receptor interactions

We developed an optical detection platform based on nulling ellipsometry for simultaneously characterizing 10,000 biomolecular reactions on solid supports and for highly efficient identification of inhibitory molecules against specific protein-protein interactions from large compound libraries.
Investor Sentiments, Ill-Advised Acquisitions and Goodwill Impairment

We hypothesize that the root cause of many goodwill write-offs - managers' public admission of ill-advised corporate acquisitions - is the overpriced shares of buyers at acquisition. Overpriced shares provide managers with strong incentives to invest, and particularly to acquire businesses, even at excessive prices and doubtful strategic fit, in order to buy themselves out of the overpriced share predicament and postpone the inevitable price correction by portraying continued growth. We corroborate our hypothesis by documenting: (1) share overpricing is strongly and positively associated with the intensity of corporate acquisitions, (2) share overpricing is negatively related to the post-acquisition share performance of buyers, beyond the price correction, indicating a negative relation between overpricing and the quality of acquisitions, (3) share overpricing is positively related to the size of goodwill write-offs. We further show that share overpricing predicts both goodwill write-offs and their magnitude, and that acquisition by overpriced companies is a losing proposition for shareholders. Finally, we document some of the serious private and social consequences of the ill-advised acquisitions made by overpriced firms. These findings contribute to the accounting literature on business combinations and goodwill, as well as to the finance/economics research on investor sentiments and corporate investment.
Two Windows into Innocence

Stories about innocent defendants who serve many years in prison before they are conclusively exonerated by DNA testing are by now sadly familiar. Although the reaction of policy makers has so far been strangely muted, there are concrete steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of wrongful convictions at an acceptable cost. This essay examines two relatively modest but important changes that some states have made and recommends that they be made more broadly. According to the Cardozo Innocence Project, the single most common cause of wrongful convictions is mistaken eyewitness identifications. States like New Jersey and North Carolina have implemented fundamental changes in eyewitness procedures that include keeping records of the procedure and requiring the eyewitness to indicate the degree of certainty. The essay recommends these and other reforms that will help protect innocent defendants. The other “window into innocence” is to permit criminal defendants to discover the State’s case in much the same manner as civil litigants are permitted to discover the other party’s case. Florida has had a liberal criminal discovery policy since 1972 without evidence of undue burdens on victims or costs to administer the process. Ten other states permit criminal discovery either as a matter of right or by leave of the court. Though liberal criminal discovery does potentially burden victims, there are ways of ameliorating that burden. One can argue that all defendants have a right to discover the State’s case but that argument has particular cogency when the defendant is factually innocent of the crime charged when defendants. When defendants make a threshold showing of innocence, the paper argues, the State should pay the defense lawyer’s time to take depositions of the State’s witnesses.
Viral transformation of chick myogenic cells: The relationship between differentiation and the expression of the SRC gene☆

Abstract When chick embryo presumptive muscle cells are transformed at 35 °C with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus, tsLA29, they do not undergo myogenic differentiation. When these cultures are shifted to 41 °C the cells revert to a phenotypically normal state and fuse into myotubes. The synthesis of myosin, the appearance of myosin mRNA active in vitro, and the synthesis of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were all activated following a shift from 35 °C to 41 °C. The activation of myosin synthesis also occurred in cultures prevented from fusing by calcium deprivation. After myosin synthesis had been initiated at 41 °C, however, it could not be suppressed by shifting the cultures back to 35 °C. [3H]Thymidine labeling and autoradiography demonstrated that DNA synthesis in tsLA29-infected myoblasts ceased within 24 h after the shift to 41°C. A kinetic analysis of the withdrawal of these cells from the cell cycle indicates that at least a fraction of the cells do not need to traverse a complete cell cycle prior to terminal differentiation.
Backhoe, a Packet Trace and Log Browser

We present Backhoe, a tool for browsing packet trace or other event logs that makes it easy to spot "statistical novelties" in the traffic, i.e. changes in the character of frequency distributions of feature values and in mutual relationships between pairs of features. Our visualization uses feature entropy and mutual information displays as either the top-level summary of the dataset or alongside the data. Our tool makes it easy to switch between absolute and conditional metrics, and observe their variations at a glance. We successfully used Backhoefor analysis of proprietary protocols.
Religion and Cancer: Examining the Possible Connections

Numerous sound scientific studies (cross-sectional and longitudinal) have found a positive correlation between religion and physical and mental health. In particular, there is evidence that demonstrates that religion helps cancer patients better adjust to and cope with their disease, at least psychologically. However, some research suggests that mediating factors associated with religion may explain the positive effects of religion on health. This article argues that even if this is the case, there is still intrinsic value to religion in that the mediators themselves are strongly connected to religion, and therefore religion is important to the patient in terms of coping, support, hope, and meaning. This has possible important implications for clinical practice.
Do you need an a-EEG machine in your nursery? The misunderstanding of efficacy

The EEG is used by many (but not all) electroencepalographers as the hallmark of a seizure. However, since a seizure is defined as, “an electrical event in the central nervous system (CNS) accompanied by a change in mental, motor or autonomic state”, electrical events of themselves are not seizures unless there is a change in observable functions. And yet, there is a growing use of aEEG machines in the nursery to detect both “neonatal seizures” and “subclinical seizures” as well as to assess the state of the newborn’s CNS. aEEG is a technique for assessing the degree of encephalopathy of the newborn and for identifying seizures and subclinical seizures without requiring a full EEG and a more experienced interpretation. “On the basis of animal and limited human data it is believed that electrographic seizures have an inherent adverse effect on neonates’ neurodevelopmental outcome” [1]. But this belief is not supported by data. The Neonatal Seizure Study Group [2] has also proclaimed that “neonatal seizures are a good target for protection trials”; “They may leave a lasting mark”; and “They may be appropriate for the study of the efficacy of anticonvulsants”. Is this sufficient rational to widely use a new and unproven technology? Furthermore, aEEGs are now a part of the evaluation of head cooling protocols to ameliorate the effects of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy [3,4], although head cooling in the new-
The N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor in Heart Development: A Gene Knockdown Model Using siRNA

Antagonists of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) may disrupt the development of the cardiac neural crest (CNC) and contribute to conotruncal heart defects. To test this interaction, a loss-of-function model was generated using small interfering RNAs (siRNA) directed against the critical NR1-subunit of this receptor in avian embryos. The coding sequence of the chicken NR1 gene and predicted protein sequences were characterized and found to be homologous with other vertebrate species. Analysis of its spatiotemporal expression demonstrated its expression within the neural tube at pre-migratory CNC sites. siRNA targeted to the NR1-mRNA in pre-migratory CNC lead to a significant decrease in NR1 protein expression. However, embryo survival and heart development were not adversely affected. These results indicate that the CNC may function normally in the absence of functional NMDAR, and that NMDAR antagonists may have a complex impact upon the CNC that transcends impairment of a single receptor type.
RNA polymerase from nucleoli of maize seedlings

Abstract RNA polymerase I (nucleosidetriphosphate: RNA nucleotidytransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) was purified 1600-fold from nucleoli of maize seedlings. The enzyme was eluted from anion exchange resin at low ionic strength ahead of RNA polymerase II. On DEAE—Sephadex, polymerase I was chromatographed into forms Ia and Ib. The molecular weight was 500 000 daltons by glycerol gradient centrifugation. The activity was partially inhibited by α-amanitin although it was much less sensitive to this toxin than polymerase II from the same source.
Evaluation of artificial plasma for maintaining the isolated canine brain.

The use of canine erythrocytes suspended in artificial plasma to maintain the isolated brain was investigated in 18 preparations. Two plasmas were studied: One (AP1) contained electrolytes, amino acids, and albumin; the other (AP2) was similar to CSF and contained a mixture of 37 organic nutrients plus electrolytes and albumin. The CMRO2, CMRglu, and cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) were measured during 2 h of perfusion, and tissue high-energy phosphates were measured at the end of perfusion. The AP1 and AP2 groups were compared with control preparations perfused with canine red blood cells suspended in buffy coat-poor canine plasma. Both CMRO2 and ATP decreased to 60% of the control value; CVR increased to 187% of the control value in both groups following 2 h of perfusion. After 2 h of perfusion, the calculated value of intracellular pH (pHi)—based on creatine kinase equilibrium—remained normal (6.96) for the control brains, but decreased to 6.49 and 6.63, respectively, for the AP1- and AP2-perfused b...
Conversion of a Nonprocessed Mitochondrial Precursor Protein into One That Is Processed by the Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase

Mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) cleaves the signal sequence from a variety of mitochondrial precursor proteins. A subset of mitochondrial proteins, including rhodanese and 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase, are imported into the matrix space, yet are not processed. Rhodanese signal peptide and translated protein were recognized by MPP, as both were inhibitors of processing. The signal peptide of precursor aldehyde dehydrogenase consists of a helix-linker-helix motif but when the RGP linker is removed, processing no longer occurs (Thornton, K., Wang, Y., Weiner, H., and Gorenstein, D. G.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19906-19914). Disruption of the helical signal sequence of rhodanese by the addition of the RGP linker did not allow cleavage to occur. However, addition of a putative cleavage site allowed the protein to be processed. The same cleavage site was added to 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase, but this protein was still not processed. Thiolase and linker-deleted aldehyde dehydrogenase signal peptides were poor inhibitors of MPP. It can be concluded that both a processing site and the structure surrounding this site are important for MPP recognition.
Immigration, Civil Rights & the Evolution of the People

In considering what it means to treat immigration as a “civil rights” matter, I identify two frameworks for analysis. The first, universalistic in nature, emanates from personhood and promises non-citizens the protection of generally applicable laws and an important set of constitutional rights. The second seeks full incorporation for non-citizens into “the people,” a composite that evolves over time through social contestation – a process that can entail enforcement of legal norms but that revolves primarily around political argument. This pursuit of full membership for non-citizens implicates a reciprocal relationship between them and the body politic, and the interests of the polity help determine the contours of non-citizens' membership. Each of these frameworks has been shaped by the legal and political legacies of the civil rights movement itself, but the second formulation reveals how the pursuit of immigrant incorporation cannot be fully explained as a modern-day version of the civil rights struggle.
Choice and competition: Their effects on occupancy of Shell Homes by Octopus joubini

Observations of Octopus joubin's home choices in the laboratory and home occupancy in the field sometimes give conflicting results. In the laboratory octopuses choose shells of a specific size range, with a small opening and little light access. They also choose empty Gastropod shells over Bivalve ones. In the field they are normally found in Bivalve shells (Trachycardium cockles). This is partly a result of competition for Gastropods by hermit crabs and Bleniid fishes. Laboratory studies show that these competitors can only be supplanted half the time ; octopuses’ shelter occupancy is shaped both by choice and by competition.
Intrablock Analysis of Designs with Multiple Blocking Criteria

Abstract A multidimensional block design (MBD) is an amalgamation of d > 1 component block designs. It may be represented as a d-dimensional lattice with nodes, where b (s) is the number of blocks in the sth component block design. The (j 1, …, jd )-node of the lattice may have h(i, j 1, …, jd ) ≥ 0 experimental units assigned to treatment i, i = 1, …, v, js , = 1, …, b (s), s = 1, …, d, where v is the number of treatments. If each node of the lattice is used, the design is structurally complete; if some of the nodes are empty, the design is structurally incomplete. Particular MBD's may be specified through choices of the h(i, j 1, …, jd ), designs that may be cross-classifications by blocking criteria, nested classifications, combinations of crossed and nested classifications, or much less orderly multidimensional arrays. The investigation of multidimensional block designs is accordingly very general. The main results provide needed parameter estimators and the intrablock analysis of variance for a gener...
Molecular dynamics of a molten Cu droplet spreading on a cold Cu substrate

Spreading of a molten Cu droplet on a cold Cu substrate is studied by molecular dynamics simulations. An embebbed atom method (EAM) potential is used for both molten Cu droplet and Cu substrate. At the start, the molten droplet equilibrated at 1500 K is placed on the surface of the substrate of 10 K. The spreading spontaneously occurs under the attractive atomic forces between the molten droplet and substrate atoms. The snapshots of the spreading and solidification processes as well as the dynamic spreading behavior described by a dimensionless spreading index are quite analogous to those observed in recently reported experiments. A multiply twinned crystal structure is formed when the droplet is completely solidified. It is also shown that the contact line atoms are quickly solidified and trapped but spreading can persist via downward motion of the unsolidified atoms to the outside neighbor positions of the frozen contact line which suggests that a no-slip boundary condition may apply to the spreading of a molten droplet on a cold substrate because of simultaneous rapid solidification.
WITHDRAWN: Contact angle measurements of CO2–water–quartz/calcite systems in the perspective of carbon sequestration

Abstract This work presents contact angle measurements for CO 2 –water–quartz/calcite systems at general sequestration pressure and temperature conditions (200–3000 psig and 77–122 °F). The effect of drop volume, repeated exposure of the substrates to dense water saturated CO 2 , pressure and temperature on the contact angles is examined. In the 1st measurement cycle, the contact angles for the quartz substrate varied from 46 to 48° and 47 to 46° for gaseous (water saturated) CO 2 and liquid (water saturated) CO 2 respectively, at 77 °F. For calcite substrate, these values varied from 45 to 48° and 42 to 40°, respectively. Remarkably, this work highlights a characteristic permanent shift in the contact angle data with repeated exposure to dense, water saturated, CO 2 . The contact angle data trends after repeated exposure to the dense, water saturated CO 2 varied from 89 to 91° and 85 to 80° for the quartz substrate for gaseous (water saturated) CO 2 and liquid (water saturated) CO 2 respectively, at 77 °F. For calcite substrates, these values varied from 60 to 59° and 54 to 48°, respectively. This important observation has serious implications towards the design and safety issues, as a permanent positive contact angle shift indicates lower CO 2 retention capabilities of sequestration sites due to a reduction in the capillary pressure. It is further confirmed that the permanent shift in the contact angle is due to surface phenomena. With an increase in temperature (from 77 to 122 °F), the contact angle shift is reduced from about 45° to about 20° for quartz substrates. Other observations in the contact angle data with respect to pressure are in good agreement with the trends reported in the literature.
Racial/ethnic disparities in the treatment of epilepsy: What do we know? What do we need to know?

We examine current understanding of the minority disadvantage in the clinical management of epilepsy. We performed an online literature search using several keywords (race, ethnicity, epilepsy, treatment, and quality of life) and identified additional literature through cross-referencing/manual search. The search produced 58 items published between 1977 and 2005. Of 49 original research studies, 38 were quantitative, 7 were qualitative, and 4 used mixed methods. Three or more articles were published in Epilepsia, Epilepsy &Behavior, Epilepsy Research, Neurology, and Seizure. Research concerning racial/ethnic differences in epilepsy treatment is scarce and limited by methodology, but suggests underutilization of state-of-the-art therapies by minorities. Racial/ethnic minorities also appear to have limited knowledge about epilepsy and its treatment, experience barriers to care, lack social support, and seek alternative therapies for epilepsy. We propose a framework to identify the array of disparities, points of intervention, and interventions.
Signifying Toussaint: Wordsworth and Martineau

William Wordsworth published his sonnet “To Toussaint L'Ouverture” in 1803, and Harriet Martineau her historical romance The Hour and the Man in 1841. This paper examines how these two British writers make a literary subject of this historical person. The author argues that Wordsworth's characterization of Toussaint constitutes a poetics of detour, in which the historical and political significance of this former slave's actions to end slavery in colonial Saint Domingue are subsumed into the apolitical forces of nature. In contrast, Martineau, a prominent abolitionist dedicated to the end of slavery in the Euro‐American world, claimed for Toussaint's character and the revolution he provoked a perfectly realized tale of slavery's evils and the moral triumph of slavery's demise. Wordsworth's and Martineau's depictions of Toussaint replicate the split in Euro‐American perceptions of the revolution that ended slavery in Saint Domingue and led to the birth of an independent republic, Haiti. For Wordsworth, the...
Ab initio studies of ground and excited electronic states of MgAr, CdAr, and BeAr

The ground state (X 1Σ+) and several excited state (A 3Π,c 3Σ+,C 1Π,D 1Σ+, andE 3Σ+) potential energy surfaces for the diatomic molecules MgAr, CdAr, and BeAr have been computed using complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) wavefunctions and valence double- and triplezeta quality basis sets augmented with polarization and diffuse functions. Pump-and-probe laser experiments have examined the quenching, of excited singlet states of metal-rare gas complexes such as CdXe to produce triplets that dissociate to3 P Jmetal atoms. This quenching, which is detected for CdXe but not for CdAr or MgAr, is thought to occur via a crossing or strong coupling of a repulsive triplet curve correlating to the underlying3 P state of the metal, with an attractive singlet curve that correlates to the higher1 P state of the metal. The present work indicates that the attractiveC 1Π and repulsivec 3Σ+ curves of MgAr and CdArdo not intersect in the energetically accessible region of theC 1Π surface, unlike the corresponding curves for the CdXe diatom. These data are consistent with the absence of3 P J Cd atoms in the MgAr and CdAr experiments, respectively. However, an alternative quenching mechanism involving “vibronic” coupling between theC 1Π vibrational eigenstates and the continuum eigenstates of the underlying repulsive3Σ+ surface may be operative; this possibility is examined qualitatively and predicted to be unlikely for MgAr (due to small spin-orbit coupling) and CdAr (due to unfavorable vibronic factors). BeAr, which has yet to be probed experimentally, is predicted to be bound by 770 and 900 cm−1 in theD 1Σ+ state (which has metal 2s2p character) and theE 3Σ+ state (which has Rydberg metal 2s3s character), respectively, and to display interesting potential curve intersections.
Visibility of simulated microcalcifications - A hardcopy-based comparison of three mammographic systems

Full-field digital mammographysystems are currently available for clinical use. These digital systems offer improved image quality, flexible image processing, display, storage, retrieval, and transmission. These systems employ a variety of different x-ray detectors based on storage phosphors (in computed radiography), charge-coupled devices(CCDs), or amorphous silicon flat panels (FPs). The objective of this study is to compare three different types of mammographicdetectors: screen–film (SF) combination, a CsI -based FP detector, a CCD and x-ray phosphor-based detector for their performance in detection of simulated microcalcifications. Microcalcifications (MCs) were simulated with calcium carbonate grains of various sizes ( 90 – 355 μ m ) . They were overlapped with a slab of simulated 50% adipose/50% glandular breast tissue for a uniform background or an anthropomorphic breast phantom for a tissue structure background. Images of the phantoms, acquired with and without magnification, were reviewed by mammographers, physicists, and students. A five-point confidence level rating was given for each MC reviewed. Average ratings from the mammographers were used to compare the performances of the three imagingsystems, various MC size groups, and two magnification modes. The results indicate that with uniform background and no magnification, the FP system performed the best while the SF system did slightly better than the CCDsystem. With magnification added, all detection tasks were improved except for the smallest and largest one or two size groups. In particular, detection in the SF and CCDimages was significantly improved over that in the FP images. With tissue structure background and no magnification, the FP system was outperformed by the SF and the CCDsystems. With magnification added, the performance of the FP and the CCDsystems was improved significantly. With this improvement, the SF and FP systems were outperformed by the CCDsystem.
On the vibronic level structure in the NO3 radical: II. Adiabatic calculation of the infrared spectrum

The infrared spectrum of the nitrate radical (NO3) is studied on the basis of ab initio calculations that use the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method known as EOMIP-CCSD. While the spectrum associated with vibrational levels is simple, with only the ν2 fundamental having appreciable intensity, that for the e′ vibrational states is extremely rich. The first 20 levels of e′ symmetry (not including those that feature two quanta of excitation in the out-of-plane ν2 mode) are calculated. The major features are: the ν4 fundamental has a large (positive) anharmonicity, several combination bands involving ν4 and its overtones are prominent in the spectrum, and the ν3 fundamental is calculated to lie at 1067 cm−1 and have a small intensity. In fact, of the 20 levels studied, the predicted dipole strength associated with the transition to ν3 ranks nineteenth. The results are broadly consistent with an earlier study that was based on a diabatic representation that also indicated that ν3 is well below the 1492 ...
CA 125 levels in patients with ovarian carcinoma undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation

Summary Levels of CA 125, determined in three patients with ovarian carcinoma undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation, dropped significantly in the month after bone marrow transplantation. This decrease was linear by multiple regression analysis. The CA 125 decrease after bone marrow transplantation in patients with nonevaluable or stable disease may represent biologic response to high-dose therapy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:354-5.)
Synthesis and Characterization of Et2NM{OB[OSi(OtBu)3]2}3 (M = Zr, Hf) Molecular Precursors to Zr/B/Si/O and Hf/B/Si/O Materials

Two new transition metal complexes containing the -OB[OSi(OtBu)3]2 ligand, Et2NM{l_brace}OB[OSi(OtBu)3]2{r_brace}3 (M = Zr, Hf), are reported. These species are the 4th and 5th examples of complexes containing this recently reported borosiloxide ligand. Their use as potential molecular precursors to multi-component oxide materials via the thermolytic molecular precursor (TMP) method is discussed.
A mass spectrometric study of the simultaneous reaction mechanism of TMIn and PH3 to grow InP

The reaction mechanisms for the growth of InP from various mixtures of trimethyl indium (TMIn) and PH3 by OMVPE were investigated using mass spectrometry and a D2 ambient for isotopic labeling of the reaction products. It was found that, whereas TMIn alone pyrolyzes homogeneously, forming CH3D, and PH3 alone pyrolyzes heterogeneously, producing H2, the pyrolysis reactions of TMIn and PH3 together are completely different. The pyrolysis temperatures of both TMIn and PH3 are reduced (by 50 C for TMIn and 225 C for PH3), and the sole product is CH4 at high values of the PH3/TMIn ratio. The pyrolysis reaction is shown to be coupled (as evidenced by the equal depletion of TMIn and PH3 from the vapor) and, at temperatures below 400 C, heterogeneous.
Sub-pixel estimation of urban land cover components with linear mixture model analysis and Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery

We examine the utility of linear mixture modelling in the sub-pixel analysis of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) imagery to estimate the three key land cover components in an urban/suburban setting: impervious surface, managed/unmanaged lawn and tree cover. The relative effectiveness of two different endmember sets was also compared. The interior endmember set consisted of the median pixel value of the training pixels of each land cover and the exterior endmember set was the extreme pixel value. As a means of accuracy assessment, the resulting land cover estimates were compared with independent estimates obtained from the visual interpretation of digital orthophotography and classified IKONOS imagery. Impervious surface estimates from the Landsat ETM showed a high degree of similarity (RMS error (RMSE) within approximately ±10 to 15%) to that obtained using high spatial resolution digital orthophotography and IKONOS imagery. The partition of the vegetation component into tree vs grass cover was more...
Masking the Need for Cultural Change: The Effects of Emotion Structuration

This study explores the ways in which the expression and management of emotion influence organizational action. The interview sample consisted of 21 volunteer leaders of a non-profit professional association. The triangulated design included interviews, observations, and document analyses. Emotion expression was primarily associated with externally oriented organizational actions, such as mission; emotion management was primarily associated with internally oriented organizational actions, such as culture. This expression and management combined to form a reciprocal connection between the volunteers and the organization that resulted in emotion structuration that masked the need for the organization to consider cultural change.
Task force report: the social climate of mental health.

This paper focuses on the contributions the field of social ecology can make to understanding and assessing the social environment, with special reference to the prevention of mental illness. Intervention in the social environment for, mental illness prevention calls for an adequate concept of the environmental effects of mental health; a classification method for measuring and comparing different environments; a knowledge of the relationships between environmental variables and behavioral or psychological outcomes; and a way of determining, the most effective interventions.
Down regulation of hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase activity by 17β-estradiol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) activity has been shown to be directly correlated with salinity in euryhaline fish. Sex steroids play a significant role in osmoregulation in euryhaline fish. The effects of 17 beta-estradiol and testosterone on hepatic FMO activity (N,N-dimethylaniline N-oxygenase; thiourea S-oxygenase) and expression was examined in 6-month-old and 1-year-old rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were treated with 3 mg/kg of each compound on days 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 15 with euthanasia on day 19. Treatment of 6-month-old and 1-year-old female rainbow trout with testosterone or estradiol significantly reduced FMO-catalyzed DMA N-oxygenase activity in liver. However, testosterone treatment failed to significantly alter thiourea S-oxidase in 1-year-old males, although 17 beta-estradiol significantly reduced FMO activity. These results parallel those of studies showing repressive effects of sex steroids on branchial chloride cells and Na+K+ATPase of salmonids and provide further evidence of a role for FMO in teleost osmoregulation.
National survey of ovarian carcinoma XII. Epithelial ovarian malignancies in women less than or equal to 25 years of age.

Background: Epithelial ovarian carcinoma in women less than or equal to 25 years of age is a rare entity. This study used the database of the National Survey of Ovarian Carcinoma to analyze the disease and survival in women less than or equal to 25 years of age. Methods: Tumor registries of 1230 hospitals were asked to enter the first 25 patients with histologically confirmed ovarian carcinoma from January 1 to December 31, 1983 and from January 1 to December 31, 1988. Data for a total of 12,136 patients were collected. Survival analysis and long-term evaluations were available on patients diagnosed with cancer in 1983. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the frequencies of operations performed in 1983 and 1988. Results: Of 12,136 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma, 135 (1.1%) were less than or equal to 25 years of age. The majority of patients had early disease with the following distributions: stage I, 58.5%; stage II, 8.9%; stages III and IV, 28.9%. More patients had early-grade lesions with the following distributions: borderline, 21.5%; Grade 1, 27.4%; Grade 2, 11.1%; Grade 3, 6.7%; and unknown grade, 33.3%. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 77% of patients. During the 5-year study period, there was a significant change in the patterns of care toward more conservative surgery. In particular, unilateral salpingooophorectomy increased significantly from 38.2 to 59.7% (P = 0.0237), whereas hysterectomy decreased proportionally from 54.4 to 29.9% (P = 0.0039). The overall 5-year survival rate was 87.3% with the following divisions: stage I, 96.7%; stage II, 90.0%; stage III, 78.5%; and stage IV, 76.4%. Regarding histologic grade, 5-year survival rates were: borderline, 91.6%; Grade 1, 93.7%; Grade 2, 85.7%; Grade 3, 33.3%. Conclusion: Young patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma appeared to have favorable stage and histologic grade. These factors combined with good performance status and optimal cytoreduction resulted in improved survival from cancer.
The US Army Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, 1918 US Army General Hospital No. 9, Lakewood, NJ.

This is the final paper in a series of five that Dr. Wooley wrote exclusively for The American Heart Hospital Journal, based on his book, The Irritable Heart of Soldiers and the Origins of Anglo-American Cardiology: The US Civil War (1861) to World War I (1918), published by Ashgate Publishing in 2002.1 Dr. Wooley's book also casts light on the origins of the specialty heart hospital.—Sylvan Lee Weinberg, MD, Editor in Chief
Teaching in Germany and the Rhetoric of Culture.

This article uses the cross-cultural concepts of context and time to examine the rhetoric of German university students in an English business writing course. This participant-observer account, which includes numerous student examples and observations, provides a fresh perspective for American teachers in increasingly multinational, multicultural classrooms. It also suggests how Aristotle's concepts of ethos, logos, and pathos together with the case method and group work can help teachers respond to the challenges in such classrooms. The article concludes by suggesting that understanding the rhetoric of culture is an important step in accepting and negotiating cultural differences.
Hormones and Pharmaceuticals Generated by Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

Laurence S. Shore and Amy Pruden (ed.) Springer, 233 Spring St., New York, NY 10013. 2009. 147 pp. Hardcover $129.00. ISBN 978-0-387-92833-3. In recent years, the environmental presence and fate of emerging contaminants, and hormones and pharmaceuticals in particular, has become a central topic in
Multi-Blade Row Interactions in a Transonic Axial Compressor: Part II — Rotor Wake Forcing Function and Stator Unsteady Aerodynamic Response

The unsteady aerodynamic flow field of the downstream stator in an advanced design 1&1/2 stage axial-flow compressor is experimentally investigated at both subsonic and transonic compressor operating conditions. The stator response at the subsonic rotor speed is mainly due to changes in the airfoil circulation distribution resulting from the incidence fluctuations generated by the passing of the rotor wakes. This is not the case for the transonic rotor speed in which phenomena associated with the intra-stator transport of the chopped rotor wake segments through the vane passage dominate the stator unsteady aerodynamic response characteristics. Rotor-IGV and rotor-stator interactions also generate static pressure fluctuations that act as an additional unsteady aerodynamic forcing function to the downstream stator. The spatial periodicity of these acoustic interactions is over the entire annulus of the machine due the unequal number of blades and vanes in the compressor, with the amplitude of the acoustic excitation to the downstream stator varying from vane-to-vane around the compressor annulus.Copyright © 2001 by ASME