cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions Between Two Hymenopterous Parasitoids of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Competition between two indigenous parasitoids, Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) and Rogas laphygmae Viereck, was determined with the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), as the host. Successful parasitism was significantly affected by the size of the area that parasitoids were permitted to search for hosts. C. sonorensis was more successful with Petri dishes and R. laphygmae was the more dominant parasitoid when the area of search was expanded to field cages. Multiparasitism was common; neither species distinguished between parasitized and nonparasitized fall armyworm larvae. When host larvae were exposed to parasitism by hoth parasitoids, C. sonorensis was superior to R. laphygmae in differing order of sting and time intervals between the first and second sting. The parasitoids were similar in their ability to reduce plant feeding by parasitized versus nonparasitized fall armyworm larvae.
Quantitative analysis of cast microstructures

If it is to be incorporated into an analytical model, the microstructure of a cast material must be described in unambiguous, quantitative terms. Three-dimensional microstructures have useful stereological properties which are common to features of any geometry and can be determined from measurements on metallographic sections. This paper features examples for determining microstructural fineness (e.g., dendrite arm spacing), constituent phase coarsening during heat treatment, and distribution analysis of graphite nodule sizes in ductile iron.
Passage of thiopental and barbital into ocular and cerebrospinal fluids of dog.

SummaryExperiments with dogs have shown that thiopental enters ocular fluid and spinal fluid more rapidly than barbital does. This is probably due to the higher lipid solubility of the thio barbiturate.The authors thank Drs. Bernard B. Brodie and J. J. Burns for helpful criticism.
Interaction of Leucine with Vaccinia Virus Infection in Mice and Cell Cultures

The interrelationship of the nutritional state of the host and infectious disease has recently been reviewed by Scrimshaw et al. [1, 2]. The authors emphasize that specific nutritional deficiencies may either increase the severity of a disease (synergism) or decrease it (antagonism), depending upon the infectious agent, the host, and the nutrients involved. In general, a deficiency in nutritional factors acts synergistically with infections; however, some specific deficiencies exhibit an antagonistic effect, especially in the case of viral infections. In experimental animals, for example, severe deficiencies of individual essential amino acids and B-complex vitamins often exert an antagonistic effect toward vaccinia, foot and mouth disease, western equine encephalitis, poliomyelitis, and influenza [1, 2]. To evaluate quantitatively the specific effect of a single nutrient on replication of viruses many investigators have used aminoand nucleic acid-analogues in tissue and cell cultures. Thompson reported that antagonists of glycine (amino methane sulfonic acid), valine (a-amino isobutane sulfonic acid), methionine (methoxinine), and phenylalanine (a-amino phenylmethane sulfonic acid) suppressed the replication of vaccinia virus in chick embryo tissue cultures [3]. In similar studies, Furusawa et al. also demonstrated the requirement of tryptophan for replication of
Predicting emotions from social relations

There is little agreement about how to characterize the social environnement productively in order to predict emotions. The article reviews several approaches, selecting a model of social relations in two dimensions, called here power and status. Predictive hypotheses about power-status outcome of social relations on four emotions - fear, anger, sadness, and joy - are supported in two studies.
Alveolar ventilation in children during flexible bronchoscopy.

Background Hypoxia and hypercarbia complicate flexible bronchoscopy (FB). Unlike oxygenation by pulse-oximetry, alveolar ventilation is not routinely monitored during FB. The aim of this study was to investigate ventilation in children undergoing FB by measuring carbon-dioxide (CO2) levels using the transcutaneous technique. Methods Children admitted for FB were recruited. In addition to routine monitoring, transcutaneous CO2 (TcCO2) levels were recorded. All were sedated using the same protocol. Results Ninety-five children were studied. There was no association between peak TcCO2 or rise in TcCO2 and age, weight percentile, bronchoscope size, or diagnosis. Median baseline TcCO2 was 36 mmHg (IQR 32,40), median peak TcCO2 was 51 mmHg (IQR 43,62) with median TcCO2 rise of 17 mmHg (IQR 6.5,23.7). A rise of 15 mmHg or higher was recorded in 55% (n = 52) patients. Children requiring total propofol dose over 3.5 mg/kg had a significantly higher TcCO2 peak of 57.6 mmHg (IQR 47.8,66.7) compared to 47.1 mmHg (IQR 40,57) (P = 0.004) and a higher rise in TcCO2 22.5 mmHg (IQR 17,33.9) compared to 13.6 mmHg (6,22) (P = 0.001). Results were not affected by intranasal midazolam and broncho-alveolar lavage. No complications were reported. Non clinically significant (i.e., not lower than 90%) brief drops in oxygen saturation were observed. Conclusions A large proportion of children undergoing FB have significant alveolar hypoventilation indicated by a rise in TcCO2. Monitoring ventilation with TcCO2 is feasible and should be added during FB particularly in cases that are expected to require large amounts of sedation and patients susceptible to complications from respiratory acidosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficacy of Probiotics on Antibiotic Associated Infant Diarrhea

Objective To investigate the effect of using Clostridium butyricum viable probiotics powder(Bao le an)and Racecadotril Granules(Le du)together on infant antibiotic-associated diarrhea,and thereby to provide clinical treatment experience.Methods 120 infants aged 1 to 12 months and suffered from antibiotic-associated diarrhea were selected according to criteria,and were randomly divided into 2 groups.Infants in the treatment group orally took Clostridium butyricum viable probiotics powder(Bao le an)together with Racecadotril Granules(Le du).The treatment group received oral Clostridium butyricum powder(PO lean)combined with racecadotril(Music Degree);the control group was treated with racecadotril,72 hours after judging curative effect.Results Clostridium butyricum viable probiotics powder(Po Le'an) together with Racecadotril Granules(Le du) was effective to 57 infants and ineffective to3 infants in the treatment group;the effectiveness rate was 95%.Only using Clostridium butyricum viable probiotics powder(Bao le an)was effective to 37 infants and ineffective to 23 infants in the control group;the effectiveness rate was 61.7%.Comparison of clinical efficacy between treatment group and control group are statistically analysed using χ2 test,P0.05,the difference was statistically significant.Conclusions The improvement of the stool testure,stool frequency and symptoms of the treatment group is better than that of the control group.Therefore,Clostridium butyricum viable probiotics powder(Bao le an)and Racecadotril Granules(Le du) using together is clinically worth promoting to treat infant antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
Quantitative Analysis of Coordination between Groundwater Environment and Socio-Economic Development

This paper described the method of minimizing deviation coefficient to establish a quantitative model for evaluation of the coordination between groundwater environment and socio-economic development in the Guanzhong Plain of Shannxi Province.Result of the evaluation revealed the coordination levels differed from the region to region within the Plain comprising Baoji,Xi'an,Xianyang and Weinan.Since groundwater is the key water resource for all of these regions in terms of both domestic and industrial use,proposals for increasing the carrying capacity,and for efficient utilization of groundwater,are put forward in the paper.
Bivalirudin in percutaneous coronary intervention.

The chemistry and pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosing and administration, and pharmacoeconomics of bivalirudin are reviewed; clinical trials of bivalirudin's application in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are also discussed. Bivalirudin is a direct thrombin inhibitor approved for use in PCI. It reversibly binds to thrombin's catalytic site and substrate recognition site and blocks both circulating and fibrin-bound thrombin. Peak concentrations occur in less than 5 minutes after bolus-dose administration, and its half-life is approximately 25 minutes. It is primarily eliminated renally, and dosage reduction may be required in patients with severe renal dysfunction. Two clinical trials have demonstrated that bivalirudin is at least as effective as unfractionated heparin (UFH) in preventing ischemic complications in PCI. Other trials have shown that bivalirudin has beneficial ischemic and hemorrhagic outcomes in a more modern PCI setting (i.e., intracoronary stent placement, clopidogrel, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-receptor inhibitors). Bivalirudin combined with provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors was noninferior to UFH with planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and superior to UFH alone with respect to ischemic and hemorrhagic endopoints in PCI. Major bleeding with bivalirudin has occurred in approximately 3% of patients in clinical trials, and it is not known to have any interactions with the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme system. The acquisition cost of bivalirudin in one study was less than the combination of UFH and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Bivalirudin combined with provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors appears to be an acceptable alternative to the standard of care and is superior to UFH alone in PCI.
Pilot plant for CO2 capture using aqueous piperazine/potassium carbonate

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the development of an absorber model developed to estimate absorber performance. The model predicts an equilibrium pinch in the absorber near the point of maximum liquid temperature. Various experiments were conducted on a pilot plant with solvent compositions containing 4.2 m K+2.1 m piperazine (PZ) and 5 m K+/ 2.5 m PZ. In every experiment, the CO2 concentration varied from 3% to 13%. The gas and liquid rates varied from 120cfm–800 cfm and 2.4gpm–10 gpm, respectively. The CO2 removal rates ranged from 85%–99.8%. The absorption of CO2 in piperazine-promoted potassium carbonate was measured in a pilot scale absorber/stripper system. The experiments were conducted using solvent concentrations with inorganic carbon/piperazine (IC/PZ) approximately equal to 2. The experimental and absorber modeling results for the pilot plant with the potassium carbonate/piperazine solvent are discussed. The absorber and stripper performance is characterized with Flexipac lY structured packing and sieve trays, respectively.
Creativity, Automaticity, Irrationality, Fortuity, Fantasy, and Other Contingencies: An Eightfold Response Typology:

A 4-decade long research program that had started out focusing on creative genius unexpectedly produced a general response typology potentially applicable to the average person on the street. In pa...
Statistical Assessment of Atmospheric Ozone Data for Depletion

A seasonal trend analysis of Dobson station total ozone data from a network of 56 stations has been performed using data from 1964 through 1991. Random effects models for the individual station seasonal trend estimates, to allow for individual station and regional trend variations, are used to combine individual station trend estimates to obtain overall trend estimates in ozone for different seasons of the year as a function of latitude. The trend results indicate significant negative trends in ozone since 1970, of the order of -2.5% per decade, during the winter and spring seasons in the higher northern latitudes (40°N–65°N). A similar seasonal trend analysis over the more recent shorter time period November 1978 through 1991 is also performed using total ozone data from the TOMS satellite experiment, and results are compared with trend analysis of the Dobson ground station data for the comparable time period.
Acute Rhabdomyolysis Following Synthetic Cannabinoid Ingestion

Context: Novel psychoactive substances, including synthetic cannabinoids, are becoming increasingly popular, with more patients being seen in the emergency room following acute ingestion. These substances have been associated with a wide range of adverse effects. However, identification of complications, clinical toxicity, and management remain challenging. Case Report: We present the case of a young African-American male who developed severe agitation and bizarre behavior following acute K2 ingestion. Laboratory studies revealed markedly elevated serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) with normal renal function. The patient was managed with aggressive intravenous (IV) fluid hydration and treatment of underlying psychiatric illness. Conclusion: We recommend the routine evaluation of renal function and CPK levels with early initiation of IV hydration among patients who present to the emergency department following acute ingestion of synthetic cannabinoids to identify potential complications early as well as institute early supportive therapy.
Potential Animal Models of Alzheimer Disease and Their Importance in Investigating the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is recognized as one of the most common causes of dementia that leads to impairment of memory, thinking and behavior in humans. The major pathological features of AD are the increased production and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangle composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, besides mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and loss of synapse and neuronal. The animal modeling of AD has been performed in invertebrates and vertebrates. The modeling has been pursued on the basis of the amyloid hypothesis and has taken advantage of mutations in the APP, MAPT, PS1, PS2 tau protein and apoE genes, which are involved in familial forms of AD. Genetic modification technology is well developed in mice. Many transgenic mouse models have been developed. These models mimic a range of AD–related neurochemistry and pathology. Although none of the models fully replicates the human disease, the models have contributed significant insights into the pathophysiology of β-amyloid toxicity, particularly with respect to the effects of different β-amyloid species and the possible pathogenic role of β-amyloid oligomers. They have also been widely used in the preclinical testing of potential therapeutic modalities and have played a pivotal role in the development of immunotherapies for AD. There is a need for developing better animal models in bigger animals, such as rats for developing better biomarkers and drug testing information.
A high-energy attenuation system and the application to X-ray generation at ultra-high intensity

We demonstrated an energy attenuation system to control the output energy of a high-energy ultrafast pulse laser system by an order-of-magnitude. This technique was used to control the brightness of an Inverse-Compton x-ray source.
Transport Models for Thermal Energy

The general balance equation of the internal energy of the fluid flow is formulated in a new partial differential equation and compared to Fourier’s second law for energy. A network model, explicit in time and fully implicit in space is applied to SF, Lagrangean, finite volume network solutions for steady-state and time-dependent cases. An Eulerian SF model is given for an approximate, time dependent network solution.
The Browning of American Public Schools: Evidence of Increasing Racial Diversity and the Implications for Policy, Practice, and Student Outcomes.

Demographic trends have suggested a general increase in minority student populations in American public schools, particularly Hispanics/Latino(a)s students. However, research, theoretical analysis, and comprehensive recommendations to address the sociocultural implications of these population changes have been scarce. This research used the most recent data from the US Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights to further examine demographic population changes in US public schools from 2000 to 2010. The study uses intergroup threat and contact theories to frame the discussion and implications. Findings reveal an increase in minority student populations generally and within many locales with historically small non-White populations. A comprehensive set of recommendations for educational stakeholders is provided.
Private military and security companies, contract structure, market competition, and violence in Iraq

Conflict environments exacerbate an incentive dilemma between employers and private military and security companies (PMSCs). PMSCs seek to maximize profits, but employers seek to minimize expenses ...
Investment Distinctions: The Effect of Taxes on Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S.

Most studies of taxation and foreign investment limit their investigation to the effects of tax changes on aggregate foreign investment flows. The reason is practical; little evidence is readily available that would allow researchers to consider the effects of taxes on individual firm investment decisions. However, it seems likely that this data limitation may in fact cause researchers to draw the wrong conclusions regarding the actual responsiveness of investment flows to tax differences. In part, there are reasons for firms to remain in a particular location once they have selected it once. This persistence of investment activity may cause most repeat investors to have little responsiveness to small tax differences, while newer investors will respond more vigorously.
The Wider Politics of Halal and Haram

The gay Muslims in this book were often caught between competing ideological agendas reinforcing the idea that Islam condemns homosexuality. In this chapter, Shah delves into how this situation affected their everyday negotiations of the halal (permissible) and haram (forbidden). He begins by comparing how these sentiments appeared in the mass media in both countries. Then, focusing on Malaysia, he discusses the impacts of anti-gay ‘moral panics’, often triggered by pro-Syariah ‘moral entrepreneurs’. He contrasts this with the situation in Britain, where vehemently anti-Muslim or anti-gay attitudes also exist but are mitigated by legislation that protects the rights of various minorities. The chapter thus provides insights into the influences of geopolitical and nationalist trends on expressions of Islam and sexual identity in Malaysia and Britain.
Must Starforming Galaxies Rapidly Get Denser Before They Quench

Using the deepest data yet obtained, we find no evidence preferring compaction-triggered quenching---where rapid increases in galaxy density truncate star formation---over a null hypothesis in which galaxies age at constant surface density ($\Sigma_e\equiv M_*/2\pi r_{e}^{2}$). Results from two fully empirical analyses and one quenching-free model calculation support this claim at all $z\leq3$: (1) Qualitatively, galaxies' mean $U-V$ colors at $6.5\lesssim\log\Sigma_e/{\rm M_\odot}\,{\rm kpc}^{-2}\lesssim10$ have reddened at rates/times correlated with $\Sigma_e$, implying that there is no density threshold at which galaxies turn red but that $\Sigma_e$ sets the pace of maturation; (2) Quantitatively, the abundance of $\log M_*/{\rm M_\odot}\geq9.4$ red galaxies never exceeds that of the total population a quenching time earlier at any $\Sigma_e$, implying that galaxies need not transit from low to high densities before quenching; (3) Applying $d\log r_{e}/dt =1/2\,d\log M_*/dt$ to a suite of lognormal star formation histories reproduces the evolution of the size--mass relation at $\log M_*\geq10$. All results are consistent with evolutionary rates being set ab initio by global densities, with denser objects evolving faster than less-dense ones towards a terminal quiescence induced by gas depletion or other $\sim$Hubble-timescale phenomena. Unless stellar ages demand otherwise, observed $\Sigma_e$ thresholds need not bear any physical relation to quenching beyond this intrinsic density--formation epoch correlation, adding to Lilly & Carollo's arguments to that effect.
Exploring Computer Science Beyond High School: Introducing Career and College Pathways (Abstract Only)

There is currently a dire need to improve efforts to integrate a better understanding of career and college pathways in all computing fields into our Computer Science (CS) curricula; versus continuing to label and advertise everything we do as "computer science". This effort is essential to improving post-secondary opportunities for students being introduced to computing through the nationwide CS for All commitment. For high school students in Chicago, this effort starts with Exploring Computer Science (ECS), which serves as our foundational CS course at CS4All@CPS, now that CS is a graduation requirement. I am examining the potential long term outcomes and benefits of segmenting each unit of ECS -- Human Computer Interaction, Problem Solving, Web Design, Programming, Big Data, and Robotics -- into different fields of computing and identifying the skillsets gained in these computing fields in order to articulate this to students with these interests. This effort is just underway and those interested in providing students with post graduation opportunities, as well as those personally interested in exploring career and college opportunities in computing fields, are invited to attend this talk, share feedback, and consider collaborating with CS4All.
What Is New in CTCL—Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma primarily affecting the skin, of which mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) account for the majority of cases. The pathogenesis of CTCL is poorly understood with no strongly associated environmental or genetic risk factors identified to date. As such, the development of disease-specific therapies has been limited by a lack of understanding of potentially actionable targets. Moreover, the diagnosis of CTCL remains challenging with nonspecific diagnostic criteria, especially in early-stage disease. The advent of high-throughput sequencing techniques and molecular modalities has provided significant insight into disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and potential therapies. Here, we review the classic features of CTCL, focusing on MF/SS, and provide updates on our understanding of this disease.
Visual perception in high-speed low-altitude flight.

Abstract : An ongoing exploratory development program on visual performance an d control in high-speed low-altitude flight is being conducted by the Human Engineering Division of the Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. This paper begins with a discussion of the necessity of vision for low-altitude flight; proceeds to an analysis of objectives, strategies, and issues in designing a comprehensive research program; presents an overview of several experiments in support of the effort; and ends with a discussion of perceptual information. One of the simulator experiments involves the use of a non-mimetic task, flying at a zero altitude in the presence of strong gusts, in an effort to maximize adaptation to the low-altitude environment. Implications for simulator use are discussed. Keywords: Visual perception, Low-altitude flight, Flight simulation, Active control, Human performance, Reprints.
Dynamic Matrix Recovery from Partially Observed and Erroneous Measurements

This paper studies the low-rank matrix recovery problem from partially lost and partially corrupted measurements. It shows both analytically and numerically that the recovery performance can be greatly enhanced if one further exploits the temporal correlations among a sequence of low-rank matrices. The matrix recovery problem is formulated as a non-convex optimization problem, and the recovery error is quantified analytically. A fast iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the non-convex problem, and every sequence generated by the algorithm converges to a critical point of the optimization problem. The method is numerically evaluated on the synthetic datasets.
On Computing Gradient of Products in Discretized Spaces and Its Effects in PDE Image Processing

Many digital signal and image processing methods involve computing the gradient of products of functions. However, the product rule for derivatives in continuous spaces, $\partial (fg)=g\partial f + f \partial g$ , does not generally hold in discretized spaces. Hence, computing the gradient of products becomes ambiguous as the results depend on whether to treat the product $fg$ as a single function or treat $f$ and $g$ as two separate functions and use the product rule. The two alternatives lead to different results, particularly for iterative solutions of differential equations since these small differences compound. Although this ambiguity is well-known, thus far a resolution has not been proposed in the literature. In this letter, we propose a mathematically rigorous procedure that selects the better alternative in the sense of yielding approximations that are closer to the continuous space results. As an example, we discuss the Perona-Malik anisotropic diffusion equation used in image processing.
Optimal Advertising Strategies for Multinational Enterprises Facing a Product-Harm Crisis: An Abstract

Product-harm crisis causes severe damage to firm’s financial performance due to dramatically dropping consumers’ intention to purchase. For example, after identifying a disastrous product quality flaw in its premium Galaxy Note 7 smartphone, Samsung Electronics Co. announced its net profit fell 16.8% in the third quarter of 2016, and its market share is expected to drop over 3.3% (from 23.3 to 20.0%) as it shipped 11.3 million fewer smartphones compared to same period in 2015 (Cheng and Jeong 2016; Protalinski 2016). Research shows that increasing product complexity and globalizing production processes exacerbate the frequency and severity of these kinds of crises (Chen et al. 2009).
Assembly of Zeolitic Crystals From a Model of Mesogenic Patchy Nanoparticles

Porous zeolitic crystals made of nanoparticles could have interesting applications in membranes and photonics. However, there is not yet a synthetic pathway to realize these complex architectures using nanoparticles. The challenge arises from the difficulty to control independently the different length scales intrinsic to the ordering of zeolitic crystals: the short-range tiling of the typically tetravalent sites that form the crystal, and the medium- and long-range order and connectivity of the pores. Here we propose a strategy to nucleate and grow zeolitic crystals from a binary mixture of nanoparticles in which one component favors tetravalent coordination and the two types of particles interact through frustrated attraction that promotes the formation of mesophases. We use molecular simulations to demonstrate that this approach produces zeolitic crystals in which the ordering of the pores is controlled by the structure of the mesophase, while the tiling of the network-former particles is controlled b...
Eruptive squamous atypia (also known as eruptive keratoacanthoma): Definition of the disease entity and successful management via intralesional 5-fluorouracil.

Background Eruptive squamous atypia (ESA), which is an idiopathic, sometimes koebnerizing, proliferation of atypical but well-differentiated keratinocytes (also termed eruptive keratoacanthoma), is often misdiagnosed as cancer and managed by excisional surgery, provoking further koebnerization. A clear definition of this phenomenon and treatment outcome data are lacking. Objective To define ESA and evaluate efficacy of intralesional (IL) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment. Methods A retrospective cohort study examined patients with ESA that arose spontaneously or within a recent surgical scar and was treated with IL 5-FU at a tertiary academic center between January 2008 and December 2016. Complete clearance, partial clearance, and number of surgical excisions performed were tabulated. Results Of 30 patients with 136 ESA lesions, 20 (67%) had resolution of ESA with IL 5-FU monotherapy. In all, 10 patients (33%) required additional therapy (topical 5-FU, steroids, cryotherapy, or acitretin). No IL 5-FU–treated ESA lesions required surgical excision. The number of excisional procedures decreased significantly (P = .006), with 27 patients (90%) needing fewer excisions 12 months after versus 12 months before initiation of IL 5-FU therapy. Dyspigmentation was the only adverse event. Limitations Limitations include retrospective analysis and use of data from a single institution. Conclusion With close clinical monitoring, IL 5-FU can be used to successfully treat ESA.
A large-scale study of the effects of word frequency and predictability in naturalistic reading.

A number of psycholinguistic studies have factorially manipulated words’ contextual predictabilities and corpus frequencies and shown separable effects of each on measures of human sentence processing, a pattern which has been used to support distinct mechanisms underlying prediction on the one hand and lexical retrieval on the other. This paper examines the generalizability of this finding to more realistic conditions of sentence processing by studying effects of frequency and predictability in three large-scale naturalistic reading corpora. Results show significant effects of word frequency and predictability in isolation but no effect of frequency over and above predictability, and thus do not provide evidence of distinct mechanisms. The non-replication of separable effects in a naturalistic setting raises doubts about the existence of such a distinction in everyday sentence comprehension. Instead, these results are consistent with previous claims that apparent effects of frequency are underlyingly effects of predictability.
Design of far-field thermal rectifiers using gold–vanadium dioxide micro-gratings

We design thermal emitters based on gold micrograting structures with VO2-filled slots for enhanced far-field thermal rectification. We numerically calculate the thermal rectification ratio for two different approaches, peak extinction and peak shift. In peak extinction, the VO2 phase transition switches the radiative coupling of the surface plasmon on and off. In peak shift, the phase transition shifts the wavelength of the radiatively-coupled surface plasmon. We vary the extinction coefficient of VO2 to determine the effect on rectification for each approach. In both cases, the rectification ratio can be increased by increasing the VO2 loss in the metallic state. This suggests that highly efficient, microstructured thermal rectifiers can be achieved via suitable manipulation of the optical properties of VO2.
Accuracy of Wristband Fitbit Models in Assessing Sleep: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND Wearable sleep monitors are of high interest to consumers and researchers because of their ability to provide estimation of sleep patterns in free-living conditions in a cost-efficient way. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review of publications reporting on the performance of wristband Fitbit models in assessing sleep parameters and stages. METHODS In adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, we comprehensively searched the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases using the keyword Fitbit to identify relevant publications meeting predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS The search yielded 3085 candidate articles. After eliminating duplicates and in compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles qualified for systematic review, with 8 providing quantitative data for meta-analysis. In reference to polysomnography (PSG), nonsleep-staging Fitbit models tended to overestimate total sleep time (TST; range from approximately 7 to 67 mins; effect size=-0.51, P<.001; heterogenicity: I2=8.8%, P=.36) and sleep efficiency (SE; range from approximately 2% to 15%; effect size=-0.74, P<.001; heterogenicity: I2=24.0%, P=.25), and underestimate wake after sleep onset (WASO; range from approximately 6 to 44 mins; effect size=0.60, P<.001; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.92) and there was no significant difference in sleep onset latency (SOL; P=.37; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.92). In reference to PSG, nonsleep-staging Fitbit models correctly identified sleep epochs with accuracy values between 0.81 and 0.91, sensitivity values between 0.87 and 0.99, and specificity values between 0.10 and 0.52. Recent-generation Fitbit models that collectively utilize heart rate variability and body movement to assess sleep stages performed better than early-generation nonsleep-staging ones that utilize only body movement. Sleep-staging Fitbit models, in comparison to PSG, showed no significant difference in measured values of WASO (P=.25; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.92), TST (P=.29; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.98), and SE (P=.19) but they underestimated SOL (P=.03; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.66). Sleep-staging Fitbit models showed higher sensitivity (0.95-0.96) and specificity (0.58-0.69) values in detecting sleep epochs than nonsleep-staging models and those reported in the literature for regular wrist actigraphy. CONCLUSIONS Sleep-staging Fitbit models showed promising performance, especially in differentiating wake from sleep. However, although these models are a convenient and economical means for consumers to obtain gross estimates of sleep parameters and time spent in sleep stages, they are of limited specificity and are not a substitute for PSG.
Methods and Early Recruitment of a Community-Based Study of Cognitive Impairment Among Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites: The BASIC-Cognitive Study.

Background As the Mexican American (MA) population grows and ages, there is an urgent need to estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment or dementia (CID), cognitive trajectories, and identify community resource needs. The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC)-Cognitive project is a population-based study to address these issues among older MAs and non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and their informal care providers. Objective Present the methodology and initial recruitment findings for the BASIC-Cognitive project. Method Random, door-to-door case ascertainment is used in Nueces County, Texas, to recruit community-dwelling and nursing home residents ≥65 and informal care providers. Households are identified from a two-stage area probability sample, using Census data to aim for equal balance of MAs and NHWs. Individuals with cognitive screens indicative of possible CID complete neuropsychological assessment (Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol from the Health and Retirement Study). Informal care providers complete comprehensive interview and needs assessment. Study pairs repeat procedures at 2-year follow-up. Asset and concept mapping are performed to identify community resources and study care providers' perceptions of needs for individuals with CID. Results 1,030 age-eligible households were identified, or 27% of households for whom age could be determined. 1,320 individuals were age-eligible, corresponding to 1.3 adults per eligible household. Initial recruitment yielded robust participation in the MA eligible population (60% of 689 individuals that completed cognitive screening). Conclusion The BASIC-Cognitive study will provide critical information regarding the prevalence of CID in MAs, the impact of caregiving, and allocation of community resources to meet the needs of this population.
From suppressed void growth to significant void swelling in NiCoFeCr complex concentrated solid-solution alloy

Abstract Void swelling can result in dimensional instability and undermine the safe operation of nuclear reactors. Current strategies to inhibit void swelling mainly focus on enhancing defect absorption and recombination by introducing high-density defect sinks. Complex concentrated solid-solution alloys (CSAs), including high-entropy alloys, can withstand severe radiation damage due to their inherent chemical complexity without interfaces. However, the underlying mechanisms for void suppression in CSAs are far from clear. In this research, we studied the void evolution with respect to irradiation depths, doses, and temperatures in equiatomic NiCoFeCr under 3 MeV Ni ion irradiations. At relatively low doses (16 and 54 displacements per atom, dpa), voids form mainly outside of the ion-damaged region, and void formation in the peak damage region is suppressed, leading to negligible swelling. However, with further increase of dose (86 up to 250 dpa), significant void growth occurs in the peak damage region and extended dislocation lines dominate instead of short dislocation lines and loops formed at lower doses. From 500 to 700 °C, the dislocation density decreases while dislocations grow. Although the overall void swelling increases dramatically from 500 to 580 °C at 54 dpa, void growth in the peak damage region is still suppressed. The transition from suppressed void growth to significant void swelling is attributed to dislocation evolution and local chemical inhomogeneity (enrichment of Fe/Cr in the matrix) at higher doses. Our study shows that controlling element diffusion and defect evolution through tuning chemical complexity can further enhance the swelling resistance of CSAs.
Avoiding the Downward Spiral After Stroke: Early Identification and Treatment of Dysphagia

This paper reviews recent evidence concerning the epidemiology, evaluation, and treatment of post-stroke dysphagia. The large variability in dysphagia severity and outcomes after stroke warrant a comprehensive evaluation and treatment approach. Screening, bedside evaluation, and instrumental assessments should be systematically and consistently used based on clinical presentation and available resources. In addition to traditional methods of diet modification and implementation of strategies and exercises, the use of novel treatments such as biofeedback and noninvasive brain stimulation may be effective in treatment, though further research is warranted. Oral hygiene regimens may be instrumental in reducing the incidence of swallowing-related respiratory compromise in patients with dysphagia. Dysphagia after stroke is optimally assessed by timely and appropriately selected screening and evaluation. Treatment depends on pathophysiology, with more research needed to assess the effectiveness of interventions as a part of an individualized treatment plan.
Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome in an Adenocarcinoma of Unknown Origin.

Spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome (STLS) is a rare oncologic emergency caused by massive cancer cell lysis or necrosis without a precipitating factor. Although tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is most commonly associated with hematologic malignancies, a small number of cases in solid tumor malignancies have been reported. We present a case of spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome in a 77-year-old female with a widely metastatic, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. She presented in distributive shock, and laboratory testing at admission revealed acute renal failure, high anion gap metabolic acidosis, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Rasburicase and continuous renal replacement therapy were initiated, however, her condition deteriorated. Treatment was withdrawn and she died four days after admission.
Bringing Light to the Darkness: COVID-19 and Survivance of American Indians and Alaska Natives

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sweeping across our country has reawakened the fear, pain, stigma, and loss of past outbreaks of infectious diseases among Ame...
Highlighting the usage of polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of traumatic brain injury: A review study

Abstract There are very limited options for treating traumatic brain injury (TBI). Nanoparticles offer the potential of targeting specific cell types, and, potentially, crossing the BBB under the right conditions making them an area of active research for treating TBI. This review focuses on polymeric nanoparticles and the impact of their chemistry, size, and surface groups on their interactions with the vasculature and cells of the brain following injury. The vast majority of the work in the field focuses on acute injury, and when the work is looked at closely, it suggests that nanoparticles rely on interactions with vascular and immune cells to alter the environment of the brain. Nonetheless, there are promising results from a number of approaches that lead to behavioral improvements coupled with neuroprotection that offer promise for therapeutic outcomes. The majority of approaches have been tested immediately following injury. It is not entirely clear what impact these approaches will have in chronic TBI, but being able to modulate inflammation specifically may have a role both during and after the acute phase of injury.
Change Point Models for Real-Time Cyber Attack Detection in Connected Vehicle Environment

Connected vehicle (CV) systems are subject to potential cyber attacks because of increasing connectivity between its different components, such as vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and traffic management centers. However, it is a challenge to detect security threats in real-time and develop appropriate or effective countermeasures for a CV system because of the dynamic behavior of such attacks, high computational power requirement, and a historical data requirement for training detection models. To address these challenges, statistical models, especially change point models, have potentials for real-time anomaly detection. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of two change point models; Expectation Maximization (EM) and two forms of Cumulative Summation (CUSUM) algorithms (i.e., typical and adaptive), for real-time vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) cyber attack detection in a CV Environment. To prove the efficacy of these models, we evaluated these two models for three different types of cyber attack, denial of service (DOS), impersonation, and false information, using basic safety messages (BSMs) generated from CVs through simulation. Results from numerical analysis revealed that EM, CUSUM, and adaptive CUSUM (aCUSUM) could detect these cyberattacks, such as DOS, impersonation, and false information with low false positives.
COSPlay: Leveraging Task-Level Parallelism for High-Throughput Synchronous Persistence

A key challenge in programming crash-consistent applications for Persistent Memory (PM) is achieving high performance while controlling the order of PM updates. Managing persist ordering from the CPU typically requires frequent synchronization points, which expose the PM’s high persist latency on the execution’s critical path. To mitigate this overhead, prior proposals relax the persistency model and decouple persistence from the program’s volatile execution, delegating persistence ordering to specialized hardware mechanisms such that persistent state lags behind volatile state. In this work, we identify the opportunity to mitigate the effect of persist latency by leveraging the task-level parallelism available in many PM applications, while preserving the stricter semantics of synchronous persistence and the familiar x86 persistency model. We introduce COSPlay, a software-hardware co-design that employs coroutines and rapid userspace context switching to hide persist latency by overlapping persist operations across concurrent tasks. Modest CPU extensions enable the hardware to fully overlap persists of different contexts, while preserving intra-context ordering to meet crash consistency requirements. COSPlay boosts the throughput of crash-consistent applications by up to 1.7 × on systems with basic PM support. For systems with higher persist latency due to added backend memory operations, such as encryption and deduplication, COSPlay’s performance gains grow to 2.2 − 7.3 ×.
Impact of AR-V7 and Other Androgen Receptor Splice Variant Expression on Outcomes of Post-Prostatectomy Salvage Therapy.

Purpose/objective(s) Radiotherapy (RT) with or without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plays a key role in the salvage treatment of prostate cancer recurrent after prostatectomy. However, not all patients benefit from salvage therapy, and there is an unmet need for biomarkers to distinguish responders from non-responders. Prostate cancer depends on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, and expression of AR splice variants (ARVs) that enable androgen-independent AR signaling is associated with resistance to ADT in the metastatic setting. Recent in vitro data suggest that ARVs also mediate DNA repair after irradiation, suggesting that ARV expression may also be a biomarker of resistance to RT. However, the landscape of ARV expression in primary prostate cancer and its effect on treatment outcomes remain unexplored. Here, we hypothesized that ARVs may be detectable in primary prostate cancer and furthermore may modulate response to salvage RT+ADT. Materials/methods We retrospectively identified 46 prostate cancer patients treated with prostatectomy followed by salvage RT+ ADT at a single institution from 1995 to 2012. Median age at salvage was 64.5 years. The indication for salvage therapy was biochemical failure after an undetectable post-operative PSA in 72%, gross local recurrence in 17%, and persistently elevated PSA after surgery in 11%. Median RT dose was 64.8 Gy, and all patients received concurrent ADT. We comprehensively interrogated the landscape of ARVs by performing ultra-deep targeted RNA-seq of archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostatectomy samples. Using a custom library of > 3000 primers spanning all AR exons and introns, we evaluated 21 native splice junction sites and 20 splice variants with a mean depth of coverage of > 5000x. We tested for association between splice variant expression and clinical outcomes using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Results In total, 76% of patients had one or more detectable AR splice variants. The most commonly detected variants were AR-45 (exon 1b-2) in 41%, AR-V9 (exon 3-cryptic exon (CE) 5) in 20%, and AR-V7 (exon 3-CE3) in 13%. At a median follow-up of 33.8 months, biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS) at 3 years was 60%, distant metastasis-free survival was 90%, and overall survival was 100%. Among detected splice variants, only AR-V7 was associated with differential clinical outcomes, with a median BPFS of 10.9 months in AR-V7 positive vs 73.4 months in AR-V7 negative patients (P = 0.0020, HR 5.23, 95% CI 1.62-16.87). Conclusion Using a custom ultra-deep targeted RNA-Seq approach, we provide among the first comprehensive descriptions of the AR splice variant landscape in primary prostate cancer. Moreover, we show that detectable AR-V7 expression in prostatectomy specimens was associated with inferior outcomes following subsequent salvage RT+ADT, suggesting for the first time that AR-V7 may modulate outcomes for localized as well as metastatic disease.