cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral Education Between Hope and Hopelessness: The Legacy of Janusz Korczak

The responsibility for addressing morality and moral education in the current moral climate is a daunting task for conscientious educators. What educational response can extricate us from the debilitating feelings of hopelessness and helplessness as we are confronted by horrific terrorist actions, controversial use of military might, displays of corruption and greed and a growing general tension and anxiety? At this demoralizing juncture of uncertainty and doubt, the figure of Janusz Korczak (1878–1942), a Jewish-Polish educator, looms large. For more than 30 years, Korczak devoted his life to educating orphaned Jewish and non-Jewish children. He stayed with the Jewish children to the end as they all perished in a concentration camp. At a time when the surrounding society surrendered to fascism, anti-Semitism, and self-destruction, Korczak encouraged individual autonomy and caring relationships within the context of a community where a vision of justice and trust was an integral part of life. The orphanages he directed were democratic, self-ruled communities, where the children had their own parliament, court, and newspaper. This article describes the principles and the actualization of Korczak's moral education and explores how Korczak reconciled the differences between the ethical world he created in his institutions and the surrounding immoral society. The example set by Korczak's educational praxis serves as an inspiring model of school life across the boundaries of time and place and touches our need to believe in education's responsibility to strive and struggle for a better world, even when it seems an unattainable goal.
Fault diagnosis in electric drives using machine learning approaches

This paper applies machine learning techniques to fault diagnosis in electric motor drives. As faults in motor drives can cause safety hazards in applications such as electric traction, propulsion, aircraft, and others, it is desired to diagnose the fault, i.e., detect it and isolate it, in order to recover or engage safe-mode operation. Machine learning methods are divided into three main steps: 1) Feature extraction using Principal Component Analysis (PCA); 2) Classification using the k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) or Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) methods; and 3) Classifier performance evaluation using the Cross-Validation (CV) method. While electric machine, inverter, and sensor faults are introduced, the supervised learning algorithms are applied to four case studies where two fault modes occur in a current sensor, and two occur in the speed encoder. Classification accuracy, i.e., the ability to diagnose a fault, for all four cases is shown to exceed 98%. The paper also investigates a load profile used in automotive driving cycles which produces richer dynamic responses that are more interesting from an application perspective. The final goal is to implement these algorithms in real-time such that fault diagnosis can be used to isolate drive faults, especially sensor faults, and operate in a safe mode.
MAKING THREATS: MINIMAL DETERRENCE, EXTENDED DETERRENCE AND NUCLEAR WARFIGHTING*

This analysis contributes to a political sociology of the arms race by linking the history of U.S. strategic policy with sociological explorations in the organization of power. American nuclear policy illustrates continuity and episodic change. Continuity is expressed in near-universal support among policy-makers of a policy of “extended” rather than “minimal” deterrence. Extended deterrence implies a threat to use nuclear weapons first. The change in nuclear policy is the variation in the determination to modernize the nuclear force structure. That is, the actual commitment to prepare to fight and win a nuclear war oscillates from one period to another. Sustained efforts to improve the nuclear force structure have been concentrated in four periods: the Truman administration between 1947 and 1950, the first two years of the Kennedy administration, the last two years of the Nixon administration, and the last year of the Carter administration to the present. The determination to modernize the nuclear force structure is situated within intra-elite debates between advocates of containment and proponents of rollback, and the installation of new foreign policy projects necessary to adjust the position of the U.S. in the world arena.
Developing a Policies and Procedures Manual for a Consumer Lending Department: A Design for Six Sigma Case Study

Abstract:This case study describes how a financial institution successfully used the Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) methodology to create a policies and procedures manual to eliminate compliance gaps and improve the lending process for its bankers and customers. The Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify approach was used to define the process, identify and evaluate critical user needs against defined metrics, and develop design attributes/features used in the manual's development. The acceptance of the manual by the bankers demonstrates the effectiveness of DFSS in establishing a value-enabling element for the banking process that fully addresses the needs of its users.
1214 RESPIRATORY MUSCLE FUNCTION IN IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS

Patients with mild idiopathic scoliosis occasionally complain of exercise intolerance even in the presence of normal standard pulmonary function tests. We postulated that respiratory muscle compromise, possibly due to distortion of rib cage and diaphragm, might be a factor. With the technique of Black and Hyatt (Am Rev Resp Dis 99:696, 1969), we measured maximal static inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory (PEmax) pressures, which in the absence of intrinsic lung disease reflect respiratory muscle function. We studied 25 girls of mean age 18 years (range: 10-30 y) who had normal lung volumes (> 80% predicted) and were free from neuromuscular and intrinsic lung disease. Primary thoracic curves averaged 500 (range: 17-900). For comparison we also measured PImax and PEmax in 25 healthy girls, matched for age and body surface area. PImax for the study group averaged 89 cm H2O (SD:± 13 cm H2O) and that for the control group 115 ± 22 cm H2O. PEmax for the study group averaged 131 ± 26 cm H2O and for the control group 166 ± 8 cm H2O. Both differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). There was no relationship between PImax or PEmax and the angle of thoracic curvature. We conclude that respiratory muscle compromise is frequently demonstrable in girls with mild idiopathic scoliosis and may be a factor in their symptoms. (J.R.M. is the recipient of a Parker B. Francis Foundation Fellowship).
Effects of chemical dose in increasing the output and system efficacy of short arc metal halide lamps

Compact LCD projectors require compact, low power metal halide lamps to achieve maximum screen brightness. We have previously described such lighting systems, taking into account ballast stability, source etendue, and collection optics. Metal halide sources have a significant advantage over high pressure xenon, high pressure mercury, and halogen sources in that the spectral power distribution of the source can be optimized for the projection system. This is in addition to the inherently greater luminous efficacy of metal halide source. We present the result of recent studies on chemical dose composition in 50 Watt, 1.2 mm arc gap, long life metal halide lamps. Through designed experiments on chemical species, dose weight, and molar composition we were able to increase the luminous output by as much as 50 percent in some cases. The optimized metal halide lamp has 50 percent more red radiation than a 50 Watt, 1.3 mm gap high pressure mercury lamp and also produces a preferred color temperature. Knowledge of the significant factors that effect color allows us to design virtually any color gamut. It was possible to match the filter characteristics of a number of projection systems.
Na and Cl transport across the isolated turtle colon: parallel pathways for transmural ion movement.

Transmural fluxes of3H-mannitol and22Na or36Cl were measured simultaneously in portions of isolated turtle colon stripped of serosal musculature. The relationships between mannitol flux and the flux of Na or Cl are characteristic of simple diffusion and suggest that transmural mannitol flow is largely confined to a paracellular pathway where Na, Cl and mannitol move much as in free solution. The contribution of “edge damage” to the transmural mannitol flow appears to be minimal. Mucosal hyperosmolarity causes “blisters” in epithelial tight junctions and increases the diffusional permeability to Na and mannitol, suggesting that the rate-limiting barrier in the shunt path is the tight junction. If the total mucosa to serosa flux of Na is corrected for the portion traversing the shunt pathway it is apparent that changes in the short-circuit current are completely accounted for by the mucosa to serosal movement of Na through a cellular path. In addition, the serosa to mucosa flux of Na appears to be restricted to the shunt. These observations suggest that there is no appreciable “backflux” of Na through the active, cellular path. In the presence of 10−4m amiloride the short-circuit current is markedly reduced and the mucosa to serosa Na flux is restricted to the shunt, so that the net Na flux is abolished. The small amiloride-insensitive short-circuit current is consistent with HCO3 secretion. Mucosa to serosa and serosa to mucosa fluxes of Cl appear to be largely restricted to the paracellular shunt path and there is no evidence for any net flow of Cl under short-circuit conditions. The total tissue conductance can be described as the sum of three components: a shunt conductance which is linearly related to the transmural mannitol flow, an “active” conductance which is linearly related to the short-circuit current and a small residual conductance. The shunt conductance is attributable to the diffusive movements of Na and Cl through the paracellular path. Variations in the active Na transport from tissue to tissue are largely attributable to variations in the apparent conductance of the active Na transport path. The driving force for active Na transport can be described as an apparent emf of approximately 130 mV. These results suggest that transmural mannitol flux provides a quantitative estimate of the ion permeability and electrical conductance of a paracellular shunt path across the isolated turtle colon and thereby facilitates the study of the transport characteristics and electrical properties of cellular paths for transepithelial solute movement.
Aerodynamic Characteristics and Glide-Back Performance of Langley Glide-Back Booster

NASA-Langley Research Center is conducting system level studies on an-house concept of a small launch vehicle to address NASA's needs for rapid deployment of small payloads to Low Earth Orbit. The vehicle concept is a three-stage system with a reusable first stage and expendable upper stages. The reusable first stage booster, which glides back to launch site after staging around Mach 3 is named the Langley Glide-Back Booster (LGBB). This paper discusses the aerodynamic characteristics of the LGBB from subsonic to supersonic speeds, development of the aerodynamic database and application of this database to evaluate the glide back performance of the LGBB. The aerodynamic database was assembled using a combination of wind tunnel test data and engineering level analysis. The glide back performance of the LGBB was evaluated using a trajectory optimization code and subject to constraints on angle of attack, dynamic pressure and normal acceleration.
Relaxation dynamics of nucleosomal DNA

Recent experimental and theoretical evidence demonstrates that proteins and water in the hydration layer can follow complex stretched exponential or power law relaxation dynamics. Here, we report on a 50 ns all atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the yeast nucleosome, where the interactions between DNA, histones, surrounding water and ions are explicitly included. DNA interacts with the histone core in 14 locations, approximately every 10.4 base pairs. We demonstrate that all sites of interaction exhibit anomalously slow power law relaxation, extending up to 10 ns, while fast exponential relaxation dynamics of hundreds of picoseconds applies to DNA regions outside these locations. The appearance of 1/fα noise or pink noise in DNA dynamics is ubiquitous. For histone-bound nucleotide dynamics α→ 1 and is a signature of complexity of the protein–DNA interactions. For control purposes two additional DNA simulations free of protein are conducted. Both utilize the same sequence of DNA, as found the in the nucleosome. In one simulation the initial conformation of the double helix is a straight B-form. In the other, the initial conformation is super helical. Neither of these simulations exhibits the variation of α as a function of position, the measure of power law for dynamical behavior, which we observe in the nucleosome simulation. The unique correspondence (high α to DNA–histone interaction sites, low α to free DNA sites), suggests that α may be an important and new quantification of protein–DNA interactions for future experiments.
Proliferation-resistant biotechnology: an approach to improve biological security

Is there a way to design DNA synthesis technology with safeguards that prevent its cooption for nefarious purposes?
Molecular weight of human factor VIII procoagulant activity.

Abstract Low molecular weight factor VIII procoagulant activity has been prepared by agarose gel chromatography of highly purified human factor VIII using 0.24 M CaCl 2 buffer. The sedimentation properties of this procoagulant activity in sucrose density gradient centrifugation studies carried out at physiologic ionic strength were consistent with a 6.7S protein. These experiments demonstrate that the elution pattern of factor VIII activity in agarose gel chromatography with high ionic strength buffers is due to separation of low molecular weight material — rather than artifactual retention of large molecules within the gel bed — and that the low molecular weight portion of the large factor VIII complex is sufficient for procoagulant function.
Managing the market learning process

Organizations continuously learn about their markets through the linked processes of market sensing and sense making. Firms that have mastered these two processes gain an advantage by anticipating market opportunities ahead of their rivals and more accurately forecasting how the market will respond to their moves. Our purposes are first, to describe the primary mechanisms for acquiring market information and turning it into market knowledge; second, to assess the pitfalls and power of the mental models used by organizations to filter, sort and simplify market information into coherent patterns; and then to prescribe some ways to improve a market learning capability.
Extracellular magnesium concentration alters Purkinje cell responsiveness to serotonin and analogues

Binding studies have shown that divalent cations increase the affinity of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptors for ligands. The present study compared the effects of magnesium (Mg2+) at physiologic (1.15 mM) and low (0.56 mM) concentrations on firing rate responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells induced by 5-HT and selective 5-HT1 agonists applied by superfusion or iontophoresis. In low Mg2+ concentrations, the inhibitory actions of 5-HT and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) but not meta-trifluoromethyl phenyl piperazine (TFMPP) on Purkinje cells were significantly reduced; whereas the excitatory actions to the physiologic agonist 5-HT were enhanced. This report demonstrates a functional role for Mg2+ in the operation of the 5-HT1A receptor located on Purkinje cells.
The Child Is Father to the Man: Developmental Roles for Proteins of Importance for Neurodegenerative Disease

Although Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases predominately affect elderly adults, the proteins that play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases are expressed throughout life. In fact, many of the proteins hypothesized to be important in the progression of neurodegeneration play direct or indirect roles in the development of the central nervous system. The systems affected by these proteins include neural stem cell fate decisions, neuronal differentiation, cellular migration, protection from oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. Insights into the developmental roles of these proteins may ultimately impact the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and lead to the discovery of novel treatments.
Cyclic AMP stimulated phosphorylation of liver pyruvate kinase in hepatocytes.

The addition of glucagon (10−6 M) to an incubation mixture containing 32Pi and hepatocytes isolated from livers of rats fed ad libitum results in both a 3-fold increased incorporation of 32P into L-type pyruvate kinase and a decreased catalytic activity. The 32P incorporated into pyruvate kinase was covalently bound to the enzyme as evidenced by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. In addition, exogenous cyclic AMP (10−3 M) stimulated the phosphorylation and the suppression of catalytic activity to a similar extent. On the other hand, insulin (10−7 M) had essentially no effect on the incorporation of 32P into pyruvate kinase or on its catalytic activity under the conditions used in this study. These results suggest that phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase invivo is stimulated by glucagon via cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and that the activity of the enzyme is, at least in part, regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism.
Employment of residents in community hospitals: a multivariate analysis.

Abstract Regression analysis of a cross section of 1113 nonfederal short-term U.S. hospitals is used to identify contributions of various exogenous factors to hospital employment of residents. Teaching hospitals are excluded from the analysis. Residents are assumed to be inputs into production of both hospital services and private physicians' services. Case-mix and other hospital characteristics, hospital product demand influences, factor supply variables, and physician market and medical staff characteristics are all shown to influence resident employment. The empirical findings are discussed in the light of hospital reimbursement and regulatory issues, health manpower strategies, and the role of physicians in hospital decision making.
Simulating weighted, directed small-world networks

Imbalanced interactions or processes and directed links are often encountered in realistic networks. In this paper, we extend the well-known small-world model of Watts and Strogatz to deal with those factors. The path length and clustering properties are analyzed. Numerical results are also presented, which indicate that the extended Watts-Strogatz model may be influenced by the diversity in interaction strength.
Comparison of tungsten and gold radiation from beam-foil excitation and tokamak-produced plasmas

Abstract Spectra in the 30–80 A wavelength region of tungsten and gold ions, with charge states ranging from 20–33, and 25–38, respectively, have been measured in beam-foil excitation and compared with similar spectra from tokamak-produced plasmas.
Weather conditions and spine patients

Abstract Purpose of study: To evaluate the effects of various weather conditions on reported health status in a large group of patients seen by spine care practitioners. Methods used: Initial visit patient data from 23 centers across the United States that participate in the National Spine Network were obtained. These data included various patient demographic information, including age and gender, and Short Form (SF)-36–based health status. Weather conditions when and where patients were seen were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center and US Naval Observatory. SF-36 outcomes were predicted using multiple regression techniques from these weather parameters, which included high and low temperature for the day, average dew point and barometric pressure, total precipitation and phase of the moon. In addition, the ability of patient demographics to enhance prediction was evaluated. of findings: In total 26,877 patients from an initial sample of 54,062 patients were identified that had complete weather, personal demographics and SF-36 scores. The initial high attrition was largely the result of patients whose initial visits fell before 1996 when the weather data became available and because of missing values on the SF-36 scales. Patient age at initial visit averaged 48.6±15.2 years and ranged from 18 to 101 years. There were more women than men (53.2% vs. 46.8%, p Table 1 Table 1 . SF-36 outcomes Model 1 R2 Model 2 R2 GH .0053 .0084 PF .0047 .0442 BP .0034 .0055 RP .0025 .0072 PCS .0050 .0367 MH .0021 .0115 EF .0034 .0149 SF .0046 .0064 RE .0016 .0022 MCS .0020 .0115 Model 1: moon phase, high temperature, low temperature, dew point, wet bulb, rain, barometric pressure Model 2: Model 1 plus age, gender MCS = mental composite score; PCS = physical composite score; PF = physical function. , and Model 2, which added patient age and gender to the predictor set. For each of the 10 SF-36 scales, the eight subscales and the physical and mental composite scores, both Model 1 and Model 2 were statistically significant, although only Model 2 for the physical function scale produced an R2 value greater than 1%. Barometric pressure was the only weather predictor that was consistently significant. In all cases, the coefficient was negative, and indicated increased barometric pressure was associated with worse outcomes. Although age and gender were significant additions to the prediction equation, overall the practical contribution was minimal and these two additional predictors did not weaken the significance of the barometric pressure predictor. Relationship between findings and existing knowledge: Previous reports have had mixed opinions as regarding the effect of climate on pain. This is the largest series of patients that we know of to be analyzed. Overall significance of findings: Although there is a statistically significant effect of climate on spinal patients, the magnitude of this effect is small, and its clinical applicability remains questionable. Disclosures: No disclosures. Conflict of interest: No conflict.
Biofunctionalized electrospun silk mats as a topical bioactive dressing for accelerated wound healing.

Materials able to deliver topically bioactive molecules represent a new generation of biomaterials. In this article, we describe the use of silk mats, made of electrospun nanoscale silk fibers containing epidermal growth factor (EGF), for the promotion of wound healing processes. In our experiments, we demonstrated that EGF is incorporated into the silk mats and slowly released in a time-dependent manner (25% EGF release in 170 h). We tested these materials using a new model of wounded human skin-equivalents displaying the same structure as human skin and able to heal using the same molecular and cellular mechanisms found in vivo. This human three-dimensional model allows us to demonstrate that the biofunctionalized silk mats, when placed on the wounds as a dressing, aid the healing by increasing the time of wound closure by the epidermal tongue by 90%. The preservation of the structure of the mats during the healing period as demonstrated by electronic microscopy, the biological action of the dressing, as well as the biocompatibility of the silk demonstrate that this biomaterial is a new and very promising material for medical applications, especially for patients suffering from chronic wounds.
Operational characteristics of a marmem device

Abstract A reciprocating marmen engine has been devised and built. Examination of stills from cine films of the engine executing its piston-like action have enabled measurements to be made of the times for heat transfer into, and from, the working elements.
Insulated copper(I) "wires": structural variations and photoluminescence.

An unprecedented “molecular wire” type of structure for the copper(I) carboxylate family has been synthesized by utilizing copper–copper interactions and controllable switch of copper–oxygen interactions. Several modifications of the same complex, copper(I) 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoate, have been isolated to allow evaluation of the structural variation effects on photoluminescent behavior.
Hydrothermal systems and Tertiary low-angle normal faulting in the southwestern United States

Many Tertiary normal faults in the southwestern United States dip gently (<30°). Some of these normal faults apparently were initiated with gentle dips, in conflict with the predictions of elementary dynamic analysis. Close correspondence between low-angle normal faulting and intense hydrothermal alteration in the Mojave Desert, western Arizona, and the Rio Grande rift is consistent with the hypothesis that hydrothermal systems play an important role in the genesis of these faults. We present a mechanical model to demonstrate that low-angle normal faults could form in response to stress trajectories that become reoriented in a periodically sealed geothermal system beneath a sloping surface.
Survival and dark germination of X-irradiated Arabidopsis Thaliana, race Estland

Abstract Air-dry and presoaked (hydrated 10 hr on filter paper moistened with 10 −8 molar KNO 3 ) seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana , race Estland were exposed once to 250 KVP X-radiation; exposures ranged from 1 to 1000 Kr. Exposures of 150 and 60 Kr resulted in germination of only 50 per cent of the air-dry and presoaked seeds, respectively. No effect on the requirement of an exposure to light during germination was detected in any of the irradiated groups of X-1 seeds. The light requirement had apparently been fixed in the X-1 seeds prior to the time of irradiation; the genetic and somatic changes produced in the X-1 seeds by irradiation did not modify that requirement. Among the X-2 progeny of presoaked seeds exposed to 1–10 Kr, 14–20 per cent were light-indifferent. No mutants (light-indifferent) were detected among the X-2 progeny of seeds exposed to 1–20 Kr in an air-dry condition.
Correlations in cellular patterns

Abstract Cellular domain patterns arise from a competition between a minimization process (such as surface tension) and geometric constraints; from this competition a topological structure emerges which dominates the patterns' geometry and dynamics. The best-studied cellular system is the two-dimensional soap froth, but, even though it is conceptually and formally the simplest member of the family, its long time and long distance properties are far from elucidated. We study the spatial correlations induced into the topological structure of cellular patterns by both the dynamics and the embedding process that defines the geometry of the patterns and show that these correlations strongly deviate from those of a freely fluctuating topology.
Continuous growth of polycrystalline silicon films by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Low-cost, polycrystalline silicon films are of great interest in solar cells for terrestrial photovoltaic energy conversion. Conventional silicon chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactors (e.g. for epitaxial growth or poly film deposition) are not suitable for low cost applications due to their low electrical power and chemical utilization efficiencies and throughput rates. In this paper, a continuous CVD reactor is described for producing polycrystalline silicon films at low-cost. This is a hot-wall reactor, and employs high temperature hydrogen reduction of a chlorosilane such as SiHCl3 for silicon deposition. Effects of various parameters, including deposition temperature and reactant concentration and flow rate, on the silicon film characteristics and reactor performance were investigated. This continuous deposition reactor was found to be characterized by favorable electrical power and chemical utilization efficiencies and film throughput rates compared to conventional cold-wall CVD reactors. Silicon films produced using the present reactor were found to be suitable for fabrication of high efficiency (>12%, air-mass one or AM1) solar cells after grain enhancement, and show promise for meeting the low-cost goals of terrestrial photovoltaics.
Clinical Supervision: The Role of the Principal.

Clinical supervision is one way for the principal to evaluate teacher performance. These authors review the process and offer suggestions designed to ensure quality instruction.
Thermal analysis of coals, oil shales and oil sands

Abstract Instances where differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry have been applied to the study of coals, oil shales and oil sands are reviewed. Work carried out in this laboratory and model studies culled from the literature are used as examples to illustrate a particular application. The topics covered include characterization, assay, thermal stability determination and simulation of processing conditions.
Computerized kinetic perimetry detects tubular visual fields in patients with functional visual loss.

Abstract Purpose To report a novel test that uses computerized kinetic perimetry to detect tubular visual fields in patients with functional visual loss. Design Observational case series. Methods Ten patients who demonstrated generalized visual field constriction on prior examinations underwent testing combining computerized kinetic perimetry with a reversed Galilean telescope, used for optical visual field expansion. Results Six patients with physiologic visual field constriction demonstrated expansion of their visual fields with the use of the reversed telescope. Four patients with functional visual loss responded to the reversed telescope by demonstrating tubular visual fields, with responses equal to or smaller than their demonstrated visual fields delineated without the telescope. Conclusions This test uses a computerized kinetic examination to reduce the subjective nature of tangent screen testing for tubular visual fields and to provide a computerized recording of visual fields. This method is a novel and easy-to-use technique to demonstrate functional visual loss.
Architecture-Based Software Designs for SDR's

Hybrid embedded systems, which employ parallel processing using FPGAs, are gaining momentum as they add significant performance boost for applications such as wireless communication. Our goal is to develop a flexible infrastructure that allows FPGA-based processing to be combined with CPU-based processing. Our conclusions are that there is little difference in area or performance between NoC organizations, particularly for a small number of processing endpoints, that some space is saved by time-interleaved signal processing blocks but that partial reconfiguration is likely to lead to gross inefficiencies. Based on this experience, we are focusing our FPGA design effort on developing software that can simplify and automate the process of developing SDR signal processing chains. This software relies on standard interfaces and a synthesis as a service organization to reduce the complexity of constructing custom FPGA bitfiles rather than mechanisms to dynamically reconfigure FPGA's.
The role of marketing in the introduction of technologically new products: the case of the electric car

The energy and environmental crises are important problems facing the United States today. With less than 6% of the world's population, the U.S. accounts for 47% of the world's automobiles and nearly 35% of the total energy demand. Automobiles consume nearly 14.5% of the total energy demand and are the major source of air pollution. Whiel there are many potential solutions for the energy and environmental crises, this paper specifically focuses on how the electric car can be a partial answer to the complex problem of personal transportation. The paper specifically discusses the role of marketing in bridging the gap between technology and the consumer. On the basis of an extensive exploratory study, the authors contend that there is sufficient interest among consumers for an economical, pollution-free, electric car. Understanding the consumer's need and developing a product that is feasible, considering existing technology, is the role that marketing must play.
Evaluation of mulitprobe radiofrequency technology in a porcine model

Objective. We evaluated two new radiofrequency devices in an in vivo porcine model. Materials and methods. Multiprobe radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was used in a porcine model with an impedance-based algorithm in one experiment and clustered probes with and without switcher controllers in another; a Pringle maneuver was used with half of the ablations. Results. The impedance experiment included 13 ablations, with a mean length of 7.0 cm and width of 2.9 cm (95% CI) and an average time of 596 s. Ablation volumes were significantly larger (54.1±11.7 cc3 vs 34.9±4.8 cc3, p<0.05) and ablation times were significantly shorter (359 s vs 834 s, p<0.05) for the Pringle group compared with the No Pringle group, respectively. The switcher controller experiment included 34 RFAs. Diameter (mm) (51.4 vs 40.3, p<0.0001), surface area (cm2) (22.4 vs 16.0, p<0.0002), and volume (cc) (66.1 vs 36.9, p<0.0001) were significantly larger for the combination probes with switcher controller compared with clustered probes, respectively. Ablation volumes for the Pringle vs No Pringle groups in the combination probes were 68.0 cc vs 64.3 cc and for the clustered probes 40.1 cc vs. 33.7 cc, respectively. Conclusion. Multiprobe ablations using RFA are promising technologies that need further study to evaluate their clinical utility.
Foreign Episcopal Appointments during the Reign of Francis I

Although historians have been aware that foreigners were appointed to the French episcopacy, there are no studies of the evolution of this practice as a longterm trend. Indeed, there are no studies for any particular reign. The only information on this subject is provided indirectly by articles on Italians in France. One such study asserts that the appointment of foreigners to the French episcopacy began in the thirteenth century and ended in the sixteenth century, but this is erroneous since this author has discovered that foreign appointments continued until the last quarter of the seventeenth century. This study focuses in depth on the reign of Francis I because it was during this period that the appointment of foreigners to the French episcopacy reached its apogee. We will investigate the reasons for this and will show that Francis I used ecclesiastical patronage to further the goals of an ambitious foreign policy. The characteristics of his foreign episcopal appointments will be examined along with their effects on the French church. An attempt also will be made to place this reign within the larger context of the evolution of this practice from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries.
Quantum well-based tunable antenna-coupled intersubband terahertz (TACIT) detectors at 1.8-2.4 THz

TUnable Antenna-Coupled Intersubband Terahertz (TACIT) detectors use semiconductor quantum well heterostructures to offer tunable detection of light at few-Terahertz frequencies. TACIT detectors have been predicted to have background-limited sensitivity for a 300 K blackbody when operating in either a bolometric or non-bolometric mode. The speed of detection is expected to be 1 ns to less than 10 ps depending on the operating electron temperature and device dimensions. A planar metal antenna couples the incident Terahertz radiation from free space to the quantum well heterostructure. Electrons in the quantum well absorb the radiation, exciting them from the first to the second energy subband. The absorption frequency of the intersubband transition can be tuned by applying a voltage across the device. The quantum well heterostructure is designed so that the subbands have different electron mobilities. Absorption changes the relative number of electrons in each subband, and the effective mobility of the device changes. A current is applied to the active area of the quantum well, and the change in effective mobility is detected as a change in the in-plane resistance of the device. TACIT detectors are being fabricated. Modeling and experimental progress will be discussed.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tilt-tolerant dual-band interferometer objective lens

A tilt-tolerant collimating objective lens for dual-band interferometry has been designed. The lens is a 6-inch aperture f/5 all-spherical design, and is parfocal at 0.6328 and 1.061 micron. Optical correction is better than 1/20 wavelength peak-to-valley OPD at each wavelength, over a 0.34-deg (0.178 arcsec) field. Fabrication tolerances for this lens are challenging but realistic.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Book Review: "The Crisis of Secularism in India"

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Far-infrared sphere resonance in isolated superconducting particles.

A strong electric-dipole resonance has been observed in the far-infrared response of small isolated superconducting particles of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$, ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathit{z}}$, but not in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$. Because of the small-particle boundary conditions, the bulk conductivity \ensuremath{\delta} function of the superconducting condensate translates from zero to finite frequency, so that sphere resonance studies of the oxide superconductors provide important information about a dc property, the London penetration depth. The far-infrared data show that the frequency and strength of this resonance decrease as the temperature approaches ${T}_{c}$ from below, and no resonance is observed above ${T}_{c}$. The effect of a magnetic field on this feature is similar to that produced by raising the temperature. The ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$ system has been studied in some detail.By increasing the Sr doping it has been possible to drive the resonance frequency above the gap. An analysis based on the Maxwell-Garnett formalism is used to explain the observed changes in the resonant features. This analysis shows that for ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{y}}$ the superconducting sphere resonance is polarized along the c axis of the particles. Moreover, the observed behavior of the resonant feature fixes some in- equalities that the normal and superconducting carrier parameters must satisfy, namely, that the c-axis energy-gap frequency is larger than the sphere resonance frequency but both of these frequencies are smaller than the normal-state carrier scattering rate. Since the sphere resonance position and the London penetration depth \ensuremath{\lambda}(T) are closely related to the oscillator strength of the superconducting condensate, we can show that \ensuremath{\lambda}(0)=5.8 \ensuremath{\mu}m along the c axis for x=0.15. The temperature dependence of \ensuremath{\lambda}(T) for this sample follows the prediction of the empirical ``two-fluid'' approximation, but the behavior of samples for other values of x cannot be explained by any limiting case of BCS theory. Possible mechanisms for the large background absorption and the resonance line broadening are also discussed. This absorption below the gap may stem from disorder-induced lattice absorption, an unavoidable consequence of nonstoichiometric materials.
Studies of Reproduction of Aphelenchoides Ritzemabosi (Schwartz) On Plant Tissues in Culture

Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi reproduced rapidly in culture with tobacco, carrot, periwinkle, or marigold callus tissues. Reproduction was inhibited by lowering the temperature, or by using a medium inadequate for best tissue growth. Addition of a chelating agent (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) caused severe inhibition of reproduction, suggesting the importance of cations in the reproductive processes. A low calcium medium also reduced the reproduction rate.
State Law: The Foundation for Federal Tax Law

To determine if property exists for purposes of federal income tax law, a bifurcated analysis is needed because state law creates the legal rights and interest associated with property, but federal income tax law determines if the rights or interest are sufficient to create property for a specific tax purpose. Recent court cases and Internal Revenue Service rulings are examined to clarify: • What legal rights and interest are held by a taxpayer under state law, and • Whether those rights and interest are property for purposes of federal income tax law. Although state law provides the foundation for federal income tax law, B. Bittker has noted that its consideration “rarely rises to conscious level.” This article reviews the interrelationship of state and federal law in defining property rights and interest—and, in doing so, creates the conscious awareness needed for effective tax planning.
Blood Samples Drawn From IV Catheters Have Less Hemolysis When 5-mL (vs 10-mL) Collection Tubes Are Used

Introduction It is common practice for emergency nurses to draw blood for laboratory analyses into vacuum tubes from newly inserted intravenous (IV) catheters, even though this technique has been associated with an increase in sample hemolysis. No clinical nursing studies have documented the effect of collection tube size on hemolysis of samples obtained via IV catheters. Objective To determine whether there is a difference in the hemolysis rate of blood samples drawn from IV catheters comparing 5-mL vacuum collection tubes to 10 mL vacuum collection tubes. Setting The study was conducted at the Emergency Department, Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio. Method This study used a 4-group, 2-period crossover design randomly assigning the order of the vacuum tube drawn. With the crossover design, each patient served as his own control. Upon receiving orders to start an IV and draw blood, each of 12 study nurses obtained an envelope with 2 vacuum tubes randomly assigned as to which tube should be drawn first and which tube should be drawn second. Samples were analyzed for hemolysis using a Hitachi automated spectrophotometer as well as by visual inspection. Data Analysis A linear mixed model was used to test the main hypothesis of vacuum tube type effects on hemolysis. Results The 5-mL tubes showed significantly lower hemolysis than the 10 mL tubes ( P Conclusion The risk of hemolyzing blood drawn from IV catheters can be significantly reduced by using 5-mL rather than 10-mL collection tubes.
Neuroeconomics: A Bridge for Translational Research

Neuroeconomic methods combine behavioral economic experiments to parameterize aspects of reward-related decision-making with neuroimaging techniques to record corresponding brain activity. In this introductory article to the current special issue, we propose that neuroeconomics is a potential bridge for translational research in psychiatry for several reasons. First, neuroeconomics-derived theoretical predictions about optimal adaptation in a changing environment provide an objective metric to examine psychopathology. Second, neuroeconomics provides a "multilevel" research approach that combines performance (behavioral) measures with intermediate measures between behavior and neurobiology (e.g., neuroimaging) and uses a common metaphor to describe decision-making across multiple levels of explanation. As such, ecologically valid behavioral paradigms closely mirror the physical mechanisms of reward processing. Third, neuroeconomics provides a platform for investigators from neuroscience, economics, psychiatry, and social and clinical psychology to develop a common language for studying reward-related decision making in psychiatric disorders. Therefore, neuroeconomics can provide promising candidate endophenotypes that might help clarify the basis of high heritability associated with psychiatric disorders and that might, in turn, inform treatment.
Ultrastructure of granular cell myoblastoma.

Granular cell myoblastomas are among the controversial tumors. Not only has there been disagreement about their origin but also about whether the entity represents a neoplasm or a histiocytic response. In this electron microscopic study of three granular cell myoblastomas, support for the neurogenic origin was obtained by the finding of tumor cells with distinct basement membranes, containing cell inclusions of three different kinds and varying amounts of unmyelinated axons. The three cell inclusions were: The osmiophilic concentric lamellae; the homogeneous lighter bodies, and the aggregates of tubular filaments. The study demonstrated that the osmiophilic concentric lamellae and the homogeneous lighter bodies take origin from degenerating mitochondria within the unmyelinated axons and the aggregates of tubular filaments appear to take origin from the neurofilament within the unmyelinated axons.
Rethinking Shipments Asymmetries

A modification of a well-known shipments test for geographic market definition may be useful in identifying antitrust markets. By recognizing the possible significance of a high LIFO value and a notably lower LOFI value, and searching for possible barriers to product entry that could explain the asymmetry, analysts can reduce the chances of adopting an overly broad geographic market. This is illustrated by comparing the results from applying the shipments test to those from residual demand estimations, and by reviewing the evidence and findings in several recent antitrust proceedings in light of the asymmetric shipments patterns they report.
Spatial Stimulus-Response Compatibility and Negative Priming

According to Kornblum’s (1992) dimensional overlap model, when an incongruent response to a stimulus is required, automatic activation of the congruent response must first be inhibited. Shiu and Kornblum (1996a) provided evidence for such inhibition in an incongruent symbolicnegative priming task. Reaction time was longer when a trial’s correct response was the name of the stimulus from the previous trial than when it was not. We report three experiments that test this inhibition hypothesis for spatial stimuli and responses. In Experiment 1, which used a spatial mapping analogous to the symbolic mapping used by Shiu and Kornblum (1996a), a similar negative priming effect was found. However, in Experiments 2 and 3, which used mappings that were conducive to simple transformational rules, a positive priming effect was obtained. The results suggest that inhibition in response selection may depend on the complexity of the relations between the stimuli and responses.
Preferential vasoconstrictor properties of acetazolamide on the arteries of the choroid plexus

Abstract Vasoconstrictor potencies of acetazolamide and 1-norepinephrine (1-NE) were determined on isolated, arterially perfused choroid plexus, spleen, stomach, kidney and hind limb of the rat. Acetazolamide produced vasoconstriction of the arteries of the choroid plexus, but had no effect on the otgans studied. 1-NE, however, produced vasoconstriction in all preparations. The possible implication of these findings on spinal fluid formation is mentioned.