cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pseudo-Cyclic Enhancement Mechanisms in a Discrete Random Halfspace

Wave-theoretic predictions can exhibit discrepancies from radiative transfer theory in random media where stable interference patterns arise from multiple-scatter effects. In unbounded media, these discrepancies are attributed to so-called cyclic scatter mechanisms where the correlation of forward and reversed multiple scatter sequences causes an enhancement in the backscattered intensity. In bounded media, similar pseudo-cyclic mechanisms involving boundary interactions give rise to backscatter and specular enhancements. Here, the lowest-order enhancement mechanisms for scalar waves in a discrete random halfspace are described in closed-form using the distorted Born approximation.
Speech Side Effects from DBS: Differential Effects of Target, Handedness, and Hemisphere. (P4.058)

Objective: We investigated whether brain target, hemisphere, handedness and gender influence stimulus amplitude thresholds for speech side effects from Deep Brain Stimulation(DBS) during device activation in a large sample of patients with movement disorders. Background: Declines in speech intelligibility and verbal fluency are among the most common adverse effects from DBS and other functional neurosurgery procedures for movement disorders. A more detailed understanding of speech side effects from DBS could inform target selection and better define postoperative risk for speech dysfunction following both DBS and ablative procedures. Design/Methods: We measured speech side effects from DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN), ventral intermediate thalamus (VIM), and globus pallidus interna (GPi) as part of routine provocative testing during device activation in a cross-section of 397 leads from 380 unique patients. We described the proportion of contacts with speech side effects (±95% confidence interval) and analyzed their associated voltage thresholds (mean ± standard error) with analysis of variance across variables of interest. Results: Brain target had the strongest effect on both prevalence (0.32 95% CI [0.30 0.35], 0.26 [0.23 0.29], and 0.16 [0.14 0.19]) and thresholds (3.0±0.1, 3.4±0.1, and 3.8±0.1) for speech side effects during DBS activation (STN, VIM, and GPi targets, respectively, p Conclusions: Target, hemisphere, and handedness all influence potential risk for speech side effects from DBS. This retrospective, acute study provides supportive evidence for selecting the GPi rather than the STN target in PD patients with concerns for speech dysfunction following surgery. Disclosure: Dr. Memon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Faulk has nothing to disclose. Dr. Guthrie has nothing to disclose. Dr. Walker has nothing to disclose.
Scaling Up Corporate Social Responsibility: Coffee Farming in Chiapas, Mexico

Corporations are seeking new frameworks, practices, and tools for socially responsible management in their business operations. Restaurantes TOKS, which sells over half a million cups of coffee per month in their 134 restaurants in Mexico, is developing a project in Chiapas, Mexico, to improve productivity and address child labor practices and living wages for local coffee farmers in the village of Talquian. This case study presents TOKS’ Chiapas coffee project and its relationship to evolving principles of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing markets, sustainable supply chain management, and new sustainable business models.
Argumentation and Feminisms: An Introduction

As feminist critiques of epistemology challenge the way we know, and critiques of rhetoric challenge the way we persuade, it makes sense that feminist critiques of argumentation should soon follow,...
The regulation of triglyceride storage by ornithine decarboxylase (Odc1) in Drosophila

Polyamines are low molecular weight, organic cations that play a critical role in many major cellular processes including cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, cellular division, tissue proliferation, and cellular differentiation; however, the functions of polyamines in regulating the storage of metabolic fuels such as triglycerides and glycogen is poorly understood. To address this question, we focused on the Drosophila homolog of ornithine decarboxylase (Odc1), the first rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of polyamines. Mutants in Odc1 are lethal, but heterozygotes were viable to adulthood. Odc1 heterozygotes appeared larger than their genetic background control flies and consistent with this observation, weighed more than the controls. However, the increased weight was not due to increased food consumption as heterozygotes ate less than the controls. Interestingly, Odc1 heterozygous flies had augmented triglyceride storage, and this lipid phenotype was due to increased triglyceride storage per cell and an increase in the number of fat cells produced. Odc1 heterozygous flies also displayed increased expression of the lipid synthesis genes fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), suggesting increased lipid synthesis was the cause of the augmented triglyceride phenotype. These results provide a link between the expression of Odc1 and triglyceride storage suggesting that the polyamine pathway plays a role in regulating lipid metabolism.
Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Gαi2 (Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Protein Alpha Inhibiting Activity Polypeptide 2) Protein-Mediated Neural Control of the Kidney and the Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure.

We have previously reported that in salt-resistant rat phenotypes brain, Gαi2 (guanine nucleotide–binding protein alpha inhibiting activity polypeptide 2) proteins are required to maintain blood pr...
Prices and Unit Values in Poverty Measurement and Tax Reform Analysis

Researchers often use unit values (household expenditures on a commodity divided by the quantity purchased) as proxies for market prices when calculating poverty lines and estimating consumer demand equations. Such proxies are often needed because community price surveys in developing economies are either absent or suffer quality problems. However, using unit values may result in biases due to measurement error and quality effects. In a household survey experiment, information on prices was obtained in three ways: from unit values, from a market price survey, and from the opinions of householders who were shown pictures of items and asked to report the local price. The three sets of price data are used to calculate poverty lines, estimate price elasticities, and analyze marginal tax reforms. There are substantial biases when unit values are used as a proxy for market price, even when sophisticated correction methods are applied. Performance was better for the price opinions of household members. The results highlight the importance of price collection methods and the need to consider the wider costs of having potentially unreliable community-level price data.
Assessing Tetrahedral Lattice Parameters for Engineering Applications Through Finite Element Analysis

Minimizing weight while maintaining strength in components is a continuous struggle within manufacturing industries, especially in aerospace. This study explores how controlling the dimensions of t...
Late Deep Infections Complicating Percutaneous Pinning of Supracondylar Humerus Fractures.

Objectives. Complications following treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures are typically seen shortly postoperatively. Late complications occurring years after percutaneous pinning are rare but can be indolent and have permanent sequelae. We present cases of children presenting with late deep infections to discuss their diagnosis and treatment. Methods. After institutional review board approval, we retrospectively reviewed records of three children who developed deep infections at least one year after percutaneous pinning of their supracondylar humerus fracture. Patient details and outcomes were analyzed. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed along with each patient’s clinical course and treatment. Results. We report 3 cases of osteomyelitis and/or septic arthritis presenting at least one year after supracondylar humerus fractures treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. The patients required several irrigation and debridement procedures with placement of antibiotic beads in addition to a prolonged course of antibiotics. Conclusion. Delayed deep infections can occur after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of supracondylar humerus fractures in children. Vigilance is required to diagnose and treat such occurrences, and prolonged follow-up is needed to monitor for recurrent or intractable infections.
Univariate analysis of metaphase chromosomes using the hypotonic potassium chloride-propidium iodide protocol.

Publisher Summary Analysis and sorting of individual metaphase chromosomes by flow cytometry (FCM) has become a valuable technique for cell and molecular biologists, cytogeneticists, and radiobiologists. Flow cytogenetic analysis rapidly provides a quantitative karyotype of a mixed cell population. When used in conjunction with chromosome banding, enhanced information about chromosome structure and content is obtained. The goal is to resolve each chromosome type of the species of interest and then, to sort and recover large numbers of a single chromosome type at high purity. The ability to sort a single chromosome type at high purity is dependent on how well one chromosome type can be resolved from the other chromosomes. Molecular weight of chromosomal DNA and recovery of sorted chromosomes is critical for most uses of flow-sorted chromosomes. Several protocols for isolating and staining metaphase chromosomes for flow analysis are discussed. These procedures provide satisfactory results for resolving most chromosomes types from Chinese hamster and human cells. New procedures and modifications of existing protocols are continually being developed and provide new options and capabilities for specific applications.
Establishing the existence of lines in γ‐ray bursts

A rigorous method for establishing the existence of lines in gamma-ray bursts is described which is based on Bayesian inference. In particular, it is shown how the problem of line detection can be reduced to that of comparing two models, a model consisting only of a continuum spectrum and a model with an additional feature in it. The simple case of a Gaussian line is considered, and it is noted that the results can be readily extended to the case of time-dependent lines.
Preparing Teachers and Professionals

The focus of this chapter is high-quality preparation of teachers and related service professionals on the preservice (undergraduate and graduate) and professional development levels. The field of education continues to strive for successful outcomes for children on the spectrum despite the identification of sound evidenced-based practices for this population. The content and process of teacher preparation and professional development in this chapter focus on some core, basic instructional foundations that define quality teaching that yields successful student outcomes. Keywords: data-based decision making; learner readiness; principles of reinforcement; strategy selection; student motivation; transdisciplinary teaming
Numerical Linear Algebra

Many methods of computational statistics lead to matrix-algebra or numerical-mathematics problems. For example, the least squares method in linear regression reduces to solving a system of linear equations, see Chap. III.8. The principal components method is based on finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix, see Chap. III.6. Nonlinear optimization methods such as Newton’s method often employ the inversion of a Hessian matrix. In all these cases, we need numerical linear algebra.
Antimicrobial Effects of Corn Zein Films Impregnated with Nisin, Lauric Acid, and EDTA

Bacterial growth during food transport and storage is a problem that may be addressed with packaging materials that release antimicrobials during food contact. In a series of five experiments, EDTA, lauric acid (LA), nisin, and combinations of the three antimicrobial agents were incorporated into a corn zein film and exposed to broth cultures of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis for 48 h (sampled at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h). Four experiments used starting cultures of 10(8) CFU/ml in separate experiments tested against each bacterium; the fifth experiment examined the inhibitory effect of selected antimicrobial agents on Salmonella Enteritidis with an initial inoculum of 10(4) CFU/ml. L. monocytogenes cell numbers decreased by greater than 4 logs after 48 h of exposure to films containing LA and nisin alone. No cells were detected for L. monocytogenes (8-log reduction) after 24-h exposure to any film combination that included LA. Of all film agent combinations tested, none had greater than a 1-log reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis when a 10(8)-CFU/ml broth culture was used. When a 10(4) CFU/ml of Salmonella Enteritidis initial inoculum was used, the films with EDTA and LA and EDTA, LA, and nisin were bacteriostatic. However, there was a 5-log increase in cells exposed to control within 24 h. The results demonstrate bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic activity of films containing antimicrobial agents.
Judges, Litigants and the Design of Courts

Two important perspectives on courts highlight fundamentally different elements of the process of adjudication and yield distinct predictions about judicial outcomes. The Attitudinal Model of judicial voting (AM) posits judge ideology as a strong predictor of court outcomes. Alternatively, the Law and Economics perspective (LE) focuses on the settlement behavior of litigants and reasons that while judges may vote ideologically, litigants adapt to these ideological proclivities, nullifying the effect of judge ideology. This analysis focuses on reconciling expectations about the effects of judge ideology and litigant strategies by examining their contingent nature and the conditioning effects of institutional design. The analysis examines state supreme courts from 1995 through 1998 to identify strong empirical evidence supporting both perspectives. While some state supreme courts have discretionary dockets allowing judges to select cases they want to decide, others lack discretionary control, making outcomes largely litigant driven. The empirical support for each perspective largely hinges on this fundamental feature of institutional design.
SOLAR WIND TEMPERATURE OBSERVATIONS IN THE OUTER HELIOSPHERE

The Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyager 2 spacecraft are now at heliocentric distances of 50, 32 and 33 AU, and heliographic latitudes of 3.5 deg N, 17 deg N, and 0 deg N, respectively. Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2 are at similar celestial longitudes, while Pioneer l0 is on the opposite side of the sun. The baselines defined by these spacecraft make it possible to resolve radial, longitudinal, and latitudinal variations of solar wind parameters. The solar wind temperature decreases with increasing heliocentric distance out to a distance of 10-15 AU. At larger heliocentric distances, this gradient disappears. These high solar wind temperatures in the outer heliosphere have persisted for at least 10 years, which suggests that they are not a solar cycle effect. The solar wind temperature varied with heliographic latitude during the most recent solar minimum. The solar wind temperature at Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2 was higher than that seen at Pioneer 10 for an extended period of time, which suggests the existence of a large-scale variation of temperature with celestial longitude, but the contribution of transient phenomena is yet to be clarified.
SETI: On the telescope and on the drawing board

On Columbus Day 1992, NASA will initiate the observational phase of its SETI Microwave Observing Project that will continue to the end of the century. Paul Horowitz and the Planetary Society will soon be operating META SETI in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Smaller scale projects at the Nancay Observatory in France, the Ohio State University Radio Observatory in the US, the Algonquin Observatory in Canada, the Parkes Observatory in Australia and an observational strategy being employed at optical and radio wavelengths in the USSR round out the list of near-term SETI observing programs for this generation. This paper discusses these searches as well as the strategies and technologies that have been suggested for the next generation of searching.
Supervisory control paradigm: limitations in applicability to advanced air traffic management systems

Currently the one-to-one coupling between the air traffic controller and all the aircraft under his/her control is seen as a key-limiting factor in capacity growth. The trend towards overcoming this problem is too put the controller in a more standby and supervisory role. Placing the responsibilities for the routing of the aircraft and the safeguarding of separation of aircraft in the hands of pilots and airline operations, and by automating part of the routine tasks of the controllers, the controllers will be freed up from routine duties. They should then, in a supervisory manner, be able to focus more on issues like traffic management, overall system safety, and handling exceptional situations. This paper explores the applicability of this paradigm in advanced air traffic management.
Osterix-Cre Transgene Causes Craniofacial Bone Development Defect

The Cre/loxP system has been widely used to generate tissue-specific gene knockout mice. Inducible (Tet-off) Osx-GFP::Cre (Osx-Cre) mouse line that targets osteoblasts is widely used in the bone research field. In this study, we investigated the effect of Osx-Cre on craniofacial bone development. We found that newborn Osx-Cre mice showed severe hypomineralization in parietal, frontal, and nasal bones as well as the coronal sutural area when compared to control mice. As the mice matured, the intramembranous bone hypomineralization phenotype became less severe. The major hypomineralization defect in parietal, frontal, and nasal bones had mostly disappeared by postnatal day 21, but the defect in sutural areas persisted. Importantly, Doxycycline treatment eliminated cranial bone defects at birth which indicates that Cre expression may be responsible for the phenotype. In addition, we showed that the primary calvarial osteoblasts isolated from neonatal Osx-Cre mice had comparable differentiation ability compared to their littermate controls. This study reinforces the idea that Cre-positive litter mates are indispensable controls in studies using conditional gene deletion.
Infliximab dose intensification in Crohn's disease

Background: Crohn's disease (CD) patients who lose response to infliximab may benefit from an increase in dose or decrease in interval between infusions. The aims of this study were to determine the proportion of CD patients who require dose intensification and factors associated with dose intensification. Methods: All CD patients who received at least 8 doses of infliximab at the University of Pittsburgh infusion center were included in an analysis to determine the need for dose intensification. Dose intensification was defined as either an increase in infliximab dose, a decrease in interval, or both. Factors were analyzed for association with dose intensification during follow-up. Results: Between 2002 and 2005 there were 108 CD patients who received at least 8 infliximab doses. At 30 months from initial infusion, 69.1% were event-free from an interval decrease, 48.5% from a dose increase, and 45.7% from any dose intensification. Of the 54 patients who received dose intensification, 75.9% were able to regain response and remained on infliximab. The 30-month event-free rates did not differ by whether the patient had received prior infliximab therapy (P = 0.49), had a lapse of more than 6 months between infusions (P = 0.75), or were on concomitant immunomodulators (P = 0.82). Conclusions: A significant proportion of CD patients on long-term infliximab treatment lose response and require an increase in dose and/or decrease in infusion interval. The majority of these patients regain response with dose intensification. Every-8-week maintenance infusions and concomitant immunomodulators did not alter the rate of infliximab dose intensification. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007)
Using first passage times to manage eco-system regime shifts

Regime shifts refer to sudden changes in the structure or function of an eco-system due to external forces on the system. Such shifts arise because these systems have multiple equilibria so external disturbances may drive the state between different regions of attraction. Examples of such shifts include the shift in eutrophic state of shallow lakes in response to nutrient loading as well as the collapse of fisheries in response to the introduction of invasive species. A key measure of an ecosystem's resilience to such shifts is measured by first passage times (FPT) between the basins of attraction for different equilibria. Prior work in eco-system management has assumed low-dimensional linearized models driven by Brownian motions. This paper uses sum-of-square (SOS) programs to bound FPT probabilities for more complex nonlinear population processes in which the primary disturbance is a Poisson jump process. The paper uses this approach to design management policies controlling the level of invasive species in lake systems.
Protoporphyrinogen oxidation in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, a step in heme and bacteriochlorophyll synthesis

Abstract Protoporphyrinogen oxidizing activity in photosynthetically grown, bacteriochlorophyll-rich extracts of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides was heat labile, destroyed by trypsin digestion, associated with membranes, and proportional to extract concentration. Substrate specificity was indicated by the inability to oxidize other porphyrinogens. These properties are consistent with an enzymatic reaction. Activity was markedly inhibited by respiratory inhibitors such as cyanide, azide, and hydroxylamine, by reducing agents such as glutathione and 2-mercaptoethanol, and by respiratory substrates such as succinate and NADH. These agents as well as protoporphyrinogen also caused reduction of cytochromes during the assay. Extraction of quinones from membranes with pentane also inhibited protoporphyrinogen oxidation. These results clearly indicate that this oxidation in R. spheroides is closely linked with components of the respiratory electron transport chain, suggesting possibilities for regulation by light and oxygen. Cyanide did not cause inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen oxidation by rat liver mitochondria, suggesting different mechanisms for the bacterial and mitochondrial systems. In addition, an enzyme able to link protoporphyrinogen oxidation directly to oxygen was solubilized with Triton from rat liver mitochondria, but not from R. spheroides membranes. Membranes from R. spheroides grown aerobically, when bacteriochlorophyll synthesis does not occur, exhibited about half the protoporphyrinogen oxidizing activity as membranes from photosynthetically grown cells. This activity was also markedly inhibited by cyanide and could not be solubilized with Triton, but was not inhibited by glutathione.
Synthesis of 1,9-bis[glycidyloxypropyl]penta( 1'H, 1'H, 2'H, 2'H-perfluoroalkylmethylsiloxane)s and copolymerization with piperazine

Abstract A series of 1,9-bis[glycidyloxypropyl]pentasiloxanes ( IV – VI ) were prepared by the platinum catalyzed hydrosilylation of 1,9-dihydridodecamethylpentasiloxane ( I ), 1,9-dihydrido-3,5,7-tris(3′,3′,3′-trifluoropropyl)heptamethylpentasiloxane ( II ), and 1,9-dihydrido-3,5,7-tris(1′H,1′H,2′H,2′H-perfluorooctyl)heptamethylpentasiloxane ( III ) with allyl glycidyl ether. Subsequently, IV – VI were copolymerized with piperazine to form high molecular weight copoly(carbosiloxane)s ( VII – IX ). The structures of the 1,9-bis[glycidyloxypropyl]penta-siloxanes ( IV – VI ) and copoly(carbosiloxane)s ( VII – IX ) were determined by 1 H, 13 C, 29 Si, and 19 F NMR as well as IR spectroscopy. The molecular weight distributions ( M w / M n ) of VII – IX have been characterized by gel permeation chromatography and their thermal properties measured by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis.
The modified Mau-Reverdin double osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus: a retrospective study.

The deformity of hallux valgus is multifactorial, albeit primarily in the transverse plane. In order to achieve an anatomic correction, a surgical technique must be able to address the deformity with consistent outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a technique designed to reposition the first metatarsal bone, metatarsophalangeal joint, and sesamoid apparatus in an anatomic and biomechanical corrected position for correction of hallux valgus deformity. This article is a retrospective analysis of 36 operations performed in 28 individuals between January 1995 and December 2005. Each case involved the use of a modified-Mau osteotomy combined with a Reverdin osteotomy to correct the first intermetatarsal and proximal articular set angles. Comparisons were made between the preoperative and postoperative first IM angle, proximal articular set angle, tibial sesamoid position, and hallux valgus angle. The median follow-up period was 48 (range 12–121) months from the date of surgery. The median reduction of the 1–2 intermetatarsal angle was 12° (range 5–19°). The median decrease for the hallux valgus angle was 20.5° (range 0–63°). The median reduction in the PASA was 16° (range 4–69°). The median decrease in the tibial sesamoid position was 5 (range 2–6). These differences were all highly statistically significant ( P
A numerical analysis of contact and limit-point behavior in a class of problems of finite elastic deformation

Finite element methods for the analysis of bifurcations, limit-point behavior, and unilateral frictionless contact of elastic bodies undergoing finite deformation are presented. Particular attention is given to the development and application of Riks-type algorithms for the analysis of limit points and exterior penalty methods for handling the unilateral constraints. Applications focus on the problem of finite axisymmetric deformations, snap-through, and inflation of thick rubber spherical shells.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF COPPER, MANGANESE, AND ZINC IN THE NUTRITION OF HIGHER PLANTS

IN INVESTIGATING the role of zinc, manganese, and copper in plant nutrition, the use of suitable experimental methods for growing plants assumes particular importance. The amounts of these socalled microelements required by plants are so small that they are frequently supplied in considerable part or in toto by the incidental impurities included in the culture medium. A successful demonstration of the indispensability, as well as any study of the quantitative aspects of the importance of microelements in the nutrition of higher plants, depends directly on the removal of contaminants from the culture medium. The purpose of this investigation was to develop an experimental technique which, with the use of ordinary laboratory and greenhouse facilities, would permit the undertaking, on a fairly large scale, of experiments to study the physiological importance of zinc, manganese, and copper in the nutrition of higher plants. The object was attained by using the water culture method and, by proper selection of materials and purification procedures, reducing the contaminations derived from water, chemicals, and containers. The use of very sensitive chemical tests to determine the amounts of contaminants present in the culture medium after purification made it possible to prepare nutrient solutions of equal degrees of purity. It was possible, using this technique, to obtain consistent and reproducible responses in plants from adding minute amounts of metals to the nutrient medium (for example, 1 part of zinc in 200,000,000 parts of culture solution, which amounted to 1 y [0.001 mg.] of zinc to a plant). GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.-The metal contaminants found in nutrient solutions are derived from three sources: containers, water, and chemicals. Previous investigators (Steinberg, 1919, 1935; Hopkins, 1933), studying the effect of microelements on lower plants, have described successful methods for nutrient solution purification in which metal impurities were removed by precipitation and adsorption at high temperatures and slightly alkaline reactions in the presence of calcium and phosphate ions. They have applied these purification procedures to either the complete nutrient solution (Steinberg, 1919, 1935) or to one divided into two portions (Hopkins, 1933), removing in one or two operations such impurities as were derived from the several nutrient compounds, water, and containers.2
Final Astro-1 Calibration of the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope: A Test of White Dwarf Model Atmospheres as Far-Ultraviolet Calibration Standards

We present the final calibration of the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT) for its flight during the Astro-1 space shuttle mission in 1990 December. The calibration is defined by a comparison between an observation obtained in flight of the hot DA white dwarf G191-B2B and the model atmosphere for this star calculated by P. Bergeron. We also present the postflight laboratory calibration of the HUT sensitivity, which we find to be in excellent agreement with the white dwarf calibration. The ratio of the white dwarf to the laboratory effective area calibration has a mean value of 1.0044 over the wavelength range 912-1840 A, a slope of 7.61 × 10-6 A-1 (which corresponds to a relative difference of only 0.35% at either end of the spectrum), and fluctuations about the mean value with an rms amplitude of 3%. The uncertainties in the laboratory calibration are 4% for the overall normalization, 5% relative to the mean on wavelength scales of 50 to several hundred A, and an uncertainty in the overall slope that corresponds to 1% at 1840 A and that increases smoothly to 3% at 912 A. These results validate the use of white dwarf models as absolute flux standards in the far-ultraviolet, especially for wavelengths shortward of Lyα, where previous experiments often disagreed by large factors. In particular, the normalization and wavelength dependence of the sensitivity calibration adopted by the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph is confirmed to within the uncertainties of our laboratory calibration, while the normalization of the IUE final calibration is found to be low by an amount just exceeding our 1 σ uncertainty. Fits to the spectra of both G191-B2B and the hot DA white dwarf HZ 43 yield effective temperatures and surface gravities in good agreement with values derived from Balmer line profiles. We also present a comparison with Voyager spectra for the stars G191-B2B, HZ 43, BD +28°4211, π Aqr, and HD 25443. When averaged over broad bands (912-1050 A, 1050-1180 A), fluxes from the two instruments typically agree to within 10%.
Suspended sediment deposition and trapping efficiency in a Delaware salt marsh

Abstract This study examined sediment deposition and retention in a section of salt marsh in the St. Jones River estuary in Delaware. Sediment traps, siphon samplers, a LISST particle sizer, and four water level sensors were deployed in a 100 m by 200 m grid over the course of a spring tide in June 2007. The objective was to determine the relative influences of suspended sediment concentration, settling velocity, tidal hydroperiod, and vegetation density on sediment deposition and trapping efficiency within a small section of marsh. Hydroperiod is not a major contributor to sediment deposition in the study plot. Spatial patterns in depositional processes on tidal timescales are instead primarily controlled by overmarsh SSC, settling velocity, and distance from the tidal channel. Trapping efficiency, or the ratio of measured deposition and the amount of sediment available for deposition, decreased with distance away from the tidal channel, indicating that less of the available suspended sediment was deposited in the marsh interior. The suspended particles were flocculated, but floc sizes decreased with distance away from the tidal channel.
XColor: Protecting general proximity privacy

As a severe threat in anonymized data publication, proximity breach is gaining increasing attention. Such breach occurs when an attacker learns with high confidence that the sensitive information of a victim associates with a set of semantically proximate values, even though not sure about the exact one. Recently (∈, δ)-dissimilarity [14] has been proposed as an effective countermeasure against general proximity attack. In this paper, we present a detailed analytical study on the fulfillment of this principle, derive criteria to efficiently test its satisfiability for given microdata, and point to a novel anonymization model, XCOLOR, with theoretical guarantees on both operation efficiency and utility preservation.
Practice Patterns of Underrepresented Minority Nurse Practitioners in New York State, 2000

Using data collected from a sample of 1,319 nurse practitioners (NPs) in New York state in 2000, differences in practice patterns by race and ethnicity were identified. NPs from underrepresented mi...
Inhibition by rosemary and carnosol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis and in vivo DMBA-DNA adduct formation

Extracts of the spice Rosemary officinalis L. have been reported to inhibit experimental carcinogenesis. Two rosemary components, carnosol and ursolic acid, appear to be partly responsible for the antitumorigenic activity of rosemary. The present studies were conducted in order to evaluate the activity of rosemary extract, carnosol and ursolic acid in inhibiting the in vivo formation of mammary 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-DNA adducts and the initiation of DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in female rats. Supplementation of diets for 2 weeks with rosemary extract (0.5% by wt) but not carnosol (1.0%) or ursolic acid (0.5%) resulted in a significant decrease in the in vivo formation of rat mammary DMBA-DNA adducts, compared to controls. When injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 5 days at 200 mg/kg body wt, rosemary and carnosol, but not ursolic acid, significantly inhibited mammary adduct formation by 44% and 40%, respectively, compared to controls. Injection of this dose of rosemary and carnosol was associated with a significant 74% and 65% decrease, respectively, in the number of DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas per rat, compared to controls. Ursolic acid injection had no effect on mammary tumorigenesis. Therefore, carnosol is one rosemary constituent that can prevent DMBA-induced DNA damage and tumor formation in the rat mammary gland, and, thus, has potential for use as a breast cancer chemopreventative agent.
Reservoir depletion calculations for gas condensates using extended analyses in the peng‐robinson equation of state

The Peng-Robinson-AGA computer program was applied to the predicting of liquid yields in flash and stepwise depletion calculations. Prior tests of the validity of the program were based on agreement between bubble and dew point pressures and equilibrium constants. Here, the liquid yields under ietrograde conditions were compared with only a moderate degree of agreement. The need for accurate extended analyses of condensate systems as well as the documentation of an accurate characterization of the cuts is emphasized. On a appliqne le programme de Peng et Robinson sur oxdinateur AGA, a la prevision des rendements en liquides dans les calculs de condensation continue ou par etapes. Les essais anterieurs faits pour etablir la validite du programme entaient bases sur la concordance entre les pressions des pints d'ebullition et de rosee et les constantes d'equilibre. Dans le cas present, on a compare les rendements en liquide dam les conditions de condensation retroade, mais on n'a obtenu qu'un accord modere On souligne le besoin de faire des analyses precises et etendues des systemes de condensats ainsi que d'obtenir de I'information sur la caracterisation exacte des fractions soutirees.
Development of a scrupulosity severity scale using the Pennsylvania Inventory of Scrupulosity-Revised.

Abstract Presently, the only clinically valid assessment of s crupulosity, an OCD subtype, is the Pennsylvania Inventory of Scrupulosity-Revised (PIOS-R; (Olatunji, Abramowitz, Williams, Connolly, & Lohr (2007). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(6), 771–787). To date, no study has evaluated the factor structure and diagnostic utility of this measure in a severe psychiatric sample. A clinical sample of 417 residential OCD patients with and without primary scrupulosity was assessed using the PIOS-R. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the previously-observed two-factor PIOS-R structure exhibited a good fit with these data. A receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the PIOS-R could reliably classify patients with clinically significant scrupulosity among the residential sample, with a score of 24 (out of 60) indicating the threshold of scrupulosity severity for which targeted treatment is warranted. These results indicate that the PIOS-R is a useful and appropriate measure for use in evaluating scrupulosity in patients with severe OCD.
Significance of the Gunflint (Precambrian) Microflora: Photosynthetic oxygen may have had important local effects before becoming a major atmospheric gas.

Several categories of biological microstructures 1.9± billion years old are here described, illustrated, and referred to a group of early thallophytes that includes the thread bacteria and the blue-green algae. These microstructures were almost surely autotrophic and in the line of evolution toward green-plant photosynthesis, if not themselves oxygen producers. Geochemical evidence has been interpreted by some to imply that the contemporaneous atmosphere was essentially anoxygenic (reducing), and by others to indicate an atmosphere rich in oxygen. These conflicting interpretations may be reconciled by a hypothesis, based on demonstrable fossil organisms, that calls for local centers of biologic oxygen generation.
Multisensor sampling of pelagic ecosystem variables in a coastal environment to estimate zooplankton grazing impact

Abstract Sampling was conducted on the west Florida continental shelf ecosystem modeling site to estimate zooplankton grazing impact on primary production. Samples were collected with the high-resolution sampler, a towed array bearing electronic and optical sensors operating in tandem with a paired net/bottle verification system. A close biological–physical coupling was observed, with three main plankton communities: 1. a high-density inshore community dominated by larvaceans coincident with a salinity gradient; 2. a low-density offshore community dominated by small calanoid copepods coincident with the warm mixed layer; and 3. a high-density offshore community dominated by small poecilostomatoid and cyclopoid copepods and ostracods coincident with cooler, sub-pycnocline oceanic water. Both high-density communities were associated with relatively turbid water. Applying available grazing rates from the literature to our abundance data, grazing pressure mirrored the above bio-physical pattern, with the offshore sub-pycnocline community contributing ∼65% of grazing pressure despite representing only 19% of the total volume of the transect. This suggests that grazing pressure is highly localized, emphasizing the importance of high-resolution sampling to better understand plankton dynamics. A comparison of our grazing rate estimates with primary production estimates suggests that mesozooplankton do not control the fate of phytoplankton over much of the area studied (
A molecular Debye-Hückel theory and its applications to electrolyte solutions

In this report, a molecular Debye-Huckel theory for ionic fluids is developed. Starting from the macroscopic Maxwell equations for bulk systems, the dispersion relation leads to a generalized Debye-Huckel theory which is related to the dressed ion theory in the static case. Due to the multi-pole structure of dielectric function of ionic fluids, the electric potential around a single ion has a multi-Yukawa form. Given the dielectric function, the multi-Yukawa potential can be determined from our molecular Debye-Huckel theory, hence, the electrostatic contributions to thermodynamic properties of ionic fluids can be obtained. Applications to binary as well as multi-component primitive models of electrolyte solutions demonstrated the accuracy of our approach. More importantly, for electrolyte solution models with soft short-ranged interactions, it is shown that the traditional perturbation theory can be extended to ionic fluids successfully just as the perturbation theory has been successfully used for short-ranged systems.
Staffing subsidies and the quality of care in nursing homes

Concerns about the quality of state-financed nursing home care has led to the wide-scale adoption by states of pass-through subsidies, in which Medicaid reimbursement rates are directly tied to staffing expenditure. We examine the effects of Medicaid pass-through on nursing home staffing and quality of care by adapting a two-step FGLS method that addresses clustering and state-level temporal autocorrelation. We find that pass-through subsidies increases staffing by about 1% on average and 2.7% in nursing homes with a low share of Medicaid patients. Furthermore, pass-through subsidies reduce the incidences of pressure ulcer worsening by about 0.9%.
Inter-molecular hydrogen bonds in a set of dimers constructed with HCO2H, syn-FCO2H and anti-FCO2H

Abstract The two intermolecular H-bonds (hydrogen bonds) of various dimers of HCO 2 H, s ( syn )-FCO 2 H and a ( anti )-FCO 2 H were investigated theoretically using B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd) and B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) calculations. The localized bonding strengths of each H-bond in all of six dimers were compared using a newly developed ‘localized hydrogen bonding analysis methods’; the strongest H-bond is connected by the –C O group of HCO 2 H and the HO-group of s -FCO 2 H, while the weakest H-bonds are the two O–H⋯F bonds in the ( a -FCO 2 H) 2 dimer. The order of the H-bonding strengths is consistent with the order of shortness of the H-bonds ( d H⋯O or d H⋯F ), the order of the elongation of the related bond distances ( d O–H and d C O ), and the order of the red shift in the characteristic frequencies of both ν O–H and ν C O . After BSSE (basis set superposition error) correction, the differences between the energies of the dimers and their corresponding monomers are calculated and compared. The resulting energy differences agree closely with the results of the aforementioned local analysis. A comparison of the Gibbs energies of the six dimers demonstrates that thermodynamically, the H-bond of the O–H⋯F type is very weak. At room temperature, the Δ G values of the dimers formed with a -FCO 2 H are negative, so H-bonds of this type cannot be easily constructed under ordinary conditions.
Physical basis of the Mollwo-Ivey relation between lattice constant and optical absorption of defects in ionic crystals.

We derive the Mollwo-Ivey power-law relation between optical absorption energy and lattice constant for defects in ionic solids from the spatial scaling of the defect's electronic charge distribution. Our starting point is the Vinti sum rule, which relates the rms size of the electronic ground state to the absorption spectrum. We treat F centers and impurity ions in alkali halides in detail, but the general theory should be widely applicable
Community Structure and the Effects of Pollution in Sea-Grass Meadows and Adjacent Habitats

Differences in the structure of epibenthic invertebrate species assemblages were investigated in two estuarine areas in Apalachee Bay, Florida (USA), and related to the presence or absence of pulp-mill effluents. Invertebrate species associated with sea-grass beds, mud flats, and oyster reefs were included in the analyses. Surprisingly, several commonly used indicators of pollution stress were ineffective in differentiating the study areas, even though there were large differences in abundance and dominance relationships between them, and these differences were clearly related to the presence of the pulp-mill effluents. Recommendations for data analyses in similar types of studies are made, based on the results of this investigation and others in the same study areas.
Book Reviews: Archaeology and Ethnohistory

Chiefdoms In the Americas. Robert D. Drennan and Carlos A. Uribe (eds.). Lanham, Md., New York, and London: University Presses of America, 1987. xix. 390 pp., illustrations. $36.00 (library binding), $20.75 (paper). ISBN 0-8191-6130-6, ISBN 0-8191-6131-4
Judged displacement in apparent vertical and horizontal motion.

The judged vanishing point of a target traveling along a vertical or horizontal trajectory at uniform velocity was examined. In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects indicated the vanishing point by positioning a cross hair. Judged vanishing point was displaced forward in the direction of motion, and the magnitude of the displacement increased with the apparent velocity of the target. Displacement was greater for horizontal than for vertical motion. In Experiment 3, similar patterns were found using a forced-choice paradigm. Experiments 4 and 5 assessed the role of knowledge of the target’s likely behavior. In Experiment 4, the target bounced within the confines of a square frame. Judged vanishing point was displaced in the anticipated direction, even 9 when the anticipated direction was opposite to the current path of motion. Experiment 5 was a control experiment that ruled out the presence of the frame as the sole cause for displacement. The results suggest that displacement from the true vanishing point is due to a high-level cognitive mechanism capable of utilizing knowledge about probable target location.
The epitopic fingerprint of thyroid peroxidase-specific Fab isolated from a patient's thyroid gland by the combinatorial library approach resembles that of autoantibodies in the donor's serum

A new thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-specific Fab (KM1) was obtained from an immunoglobulin gene combinatorial library of patient KM containing L chain genes amplified with a single “promiscuous” Vκ oligonucleotide primer. The KM1 L chain is encoded by a mutated B3 gene (VκIV family). Another mutated B3 L chain had been identified previously in a TPO-specific Fab (WR1.223) isolated from a different patient (WR). In contrast to patient KM, the WR L chains were amplified with a panel of Vκfamily-specificprimers. Both KM1 and WR1.223 bind TPO with high affinity (∼1 × 10−9M) and interact with an epitope in theB domainof the TPO immunodominant region. TPO-specific Fab previously isolated from a WR combinatorial library constructed with the promiscuous Vκ primer recognized the TPO A domain and none used a B3-like L chain. Remarkably, for both patients, Fab isolated from L chains generated with the promiscuous Vκ primer had epitopic profiles similar to autoantibodies in the donor's serum (KM-B domain; WR-A domain). Our data indicate that the promiscuous primer preferentially amplifies the dominant L chain presentin vivo.However, to obtain a relatively rare Fab (such as the B domain Fab from WR), family-specific κ primers are required. These findings provide insight into the relationship between TPO autoantibody gene usage, epitopic recognition, and the effectiveness of the combinatorial library approach.
The Effect of Natural and Surgically Constructed Aortopulmonary Shunts on Hemodynamic Function in Tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract A hemodynamic model has been developed for the patient with tetralogy of Fallot. Equations representing the circulatory flow pattern and oxygen balance in this disease were incorporated into a computer program. With the computer model it is possible to simulate the effect of natural and surgically constructed aortopulmonary shunt flow on hemodynamic function in tetralogy of Fallot. Graphic representations of the computer output are presented which show how aortopulmonary shunt flow influences the physiology of exercise and hypoxic episodes. An explanation is advanced for the lack of correlation between resting arterial oxygen saturation and the incidence of hypoxic episodes. The model demonstrates the effect of surgical aortopulmonary shunts in eliminating hypoxic spells.