cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wireless Channel Characterization: Modeling the 5 GHz Microwave Landing System Extension Band for Future Airport Surface Communications

We describe a recently completed wideband wireless channel characterization project for the 5 GHz Microwave Landing System (MLS) extension band, for airport surface areas. This work included mobile measurements at large and small airports, and fixed point-to-point measurements. Mobile measurements were made via transmission from the air traffic control tower (ATCT), or from an airport field site (AFS), to a receiving ground vehicle on the airport surface. The point-to-point measurements were between ATCT and AFSs. Detailed statistical channel models were developed from all these measurements. Measured quantities include propagation path loss and power delay profiles, from which we obtain delay spreads, frequency domain correlation (coherence bandwidths), fading amplitude statistics, and channel parameter correlations. In this paper we review the project motivation, measurement coordination, and illustrate measurement results. Example channel modeling results for several propagation conditions are also provided, highlighting new findings.
Soft Tissue Tumors in Children

The approach to soft tissue tumors is very different in the child than in the adult. The majority of soft tissue tumors in children are benign, their origin usually being vascular, fibrous or neurogenic [1]. The incidence of malignancy is much lower: STS occur with an incidence of 11 per million [2] whereas the incidence in adults is approximately three times greater [3]. Particularly in children over six years of age, malignant soft tissue tumors in the absence of a predisposing condition such as NF are very rare. On the other hand, the most common soft tissue tumors are vascular malformations. Many soft tissue tumors occur in association with tell-tale findings in the skin (birthmarks in vascular malformation, cafe-au-lait spots) or with known syndromes. This review will focus on those aspects of soft tissue tumors that are unique to the pediatric population.
Cytoglobin at the Crossroads of Vascular Remodeling.

Since its discovery ≈15 years ago, cytoglobin has been studied extensively. Because it is found outside the red cell, cytoglobin is categorized as a nonerythroid globin, along with (in humans) proteins, such as myoglobin, neuroglobin, androglobin, and hemoglobin α. The putative functions of these nonerythroid globins are linked to tissue protection from conditions such as hypoxia, ischemia, and oxidative stress.1 Cytoglobin not only fulfills these functions but also has been related to other roles, including tumor suppression and the regulation of fibrosis in cell and animal models.2–7 Like other heme globins, cytoglobin can reversibly bind oxygen and other small molecules. The ability of cytoglobin to store and sense oxygen, as well as its involvement in nitrite and nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, being able to both scavenge NO and produce NO from nitrite, is probably key to its function(s).8,9 However, in spite of significant progress in understanding the structure, localization, and functional characteristics of cytoglobin, the central physiological roles of this protein have yet to be fully elucidated.10–12 See accompanying article on page 1944 In this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , Jourd’heuil et al13 examine the role of cytoglobin in controlling apoptosis and vascular remodeling after injury. Cytoglobin seems to be the predominant globin in vessel walls of humans, rats, and …
A rare case of renal vein thrombosis secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae pyelonephritis

Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) is most often an implication of nephrotic syndrome. Pyelonephritis has been associated at a much lower rate, with the incidence of Klebsiella pneumoniae causation being extremely rare. In our case, a 35-year-old female patient presented with right-sided K. pneumoniae-positive acute pyelonephritis complicated by perinephric abscess and renal vein thrombosis. She was successfully treated with anticoagulation and extended antibiotic therapy. The possibility of RVT in patients with K. pneumoniae-induced pyelonephritis warrants consideration.
Viviparity in Reptiles and Amphibians

Abstract Although most reptiles and amphibians lay eggs, viviparity (live-bearing reproduction) has originated multiple times in each group. In viviparous squamates (lizards and snakes), the pregnant female sustains her embryos via placentas that accomplish gas exchange. Viviparous amphibians and reptiles have evolved a variety of specializations has evolved for maternal-fetal transfer of nutrients. Questions over how viviparity is accomplished and why it has evolved are subjects of extensive, ongoing research.
Association Between Self-Reported and Objective Activity Levels by Demographic Factors: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study in Children.

Background: To address the limitations of the retrospective self-reports of activity, such as its susceptibility to recall bias, researchers have shifted toward collecting real-time activity data on mobile devices via ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Although EMA is becoming increasingly common, it is not known how EMA self-reports of physical activity and sedentary behaviors relate to the objective measures of activity or whether there are factors that may influence the strength of association between these two measures. Understanding the relationship between EMA and accelerometry can optimize future instrument selection in studies assessing activity and health outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the associations between EMA-reported sports or exercise using the accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and EMA-reported TV, videos, or video games with the accelerometer-measured sedentary time (ST) in children during matched 2-h windows and test potential moderators. Methods: Children (N=192; mean age 9.6 years; 94/192, 49.0% male; 104/192, 54.2% Hispanic; and 73/192, 38.0% overweight or obese) wore an accelerometer and completed up to 7 EMA prompts per day for 8 days during nonschool time, reporting on past 2-h sports or exercise and TV, videos, or video games. Multilevel models were used to assess the relationship between the accelerometer-measured ST and EMA-reported TV, videos, or video games. Given the zero-inflated distribution of MVPA, 2-part models were used assess the relationship between the accelerometer-measured MVPA and EMA-reported sports or exercise. Results: EMA-reported TV, videos, or video games were associated with a greater accelerometer-measured ST (beta=7.3, 95% CI 5.5 to 9.0, P<.001). This relationship was stronger in boys (beta=9.9, 95% CI 7.2 to 12.6, P<.001) than that in girls (beta=4.9, 95% CI 2.6 to 7.2, P≤.001). EMA-reported sports or exercise was associated with a greater accelerometer-measured MVPA (zero portion P<.001; positive portion P<.001). This relationship was stronger on weekends, in older children, and in non-Hispanic children (zero portion all P values<.001; positive portion all P values<.001). Conclusions: EMA reports highly relate to accelerometer measures. However, the differences in the strength of association depending on various demographic characteristics suggest that future research should use both EMA and accelerometers to measure activity to collect complementary activity data.
Scalable Implementations of Rough Set Algorithms: A Survey

With the rapid change of volume, variety, and velocity of data across real-life domains, learning from big data has become a growing challenge. Rough set theory has been successfully applied to knowledge discovery from databases (KDD) for handling data with imperfections. Most traditional rough set algorithms were implemented in a sequential manner and ran on a single machine, becoming computationally expensive and inefficient for handling massive data. Recent computing frameworks, such as MapReduce and Apache Spark, made it possible to realize parallel rough set algorithms on distributed clusters of commodity computers and speed up big data analyses. Although a variety of scalable rough set implementations have been developed, (1) most proposed research compared their work with outdated sequential implementations; (2) certain distributed computing frameworks were used more frequently, overlooking recently developed frameworks; and (3) existing issues and guidance in adapting new computing frameworks are lacking. The main objective of this paper is to provide current state-of-the-art scalable implementations of rough set algorithms. This paper will help researchers catch up with the recent developments in this field and further provide some insights to develop rough set algorithms in up-to-date high performance computing environments for big data analytics.
PANTHER Pathway: An Ontology-Based Pathway Database Coupled with Data Analysis Tools

The availability of whole genome sequences from various model organisms and increasing experimental data and literatures stimulated the evolution of a systems approach for biological research. The development of computational tools and algorithms to study biological pathway networks has made great progress in helping analyze research data. Pathway databases become an integral part of such an approach. This chapter first discusses how biological knowledge is represented, particularly the importance of ontologies or standards in systems biology research. Next, we use PANTHER Pathway as an example to illustrate how ontologies and standards play a role in data modeling, data entry, and data display. Last, we describe the usage of such systems. We also describe the computational tools that utilize PANTHER pathway information to analyze gene expression experimental data.
EVALUATION AND TESTING OF SPINAL FIXATION RODS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of evaluation and testing of spinal fixation rods. It presents a study that was conducted to analyze the requirements of the fixation device in spinal cord injured patients; to study the pattern of injury in the spinal column resulting from flexion-rotation injuries; to evaluate the fixation capabilities of various devices in the spines; and to select or design a device or combination of devices that fulfill the requirements of reduction and stabilization of the unstable spinal column. The biomechanical model chosen for this study was the porcine spine from pigs 10–12 weeks old. The spinal column was dissected free of the thorax and ileum. The study results indicate that the combination of a Harrington distraction and a Harrington compression rod absorbed greater forces in both compression and tension than did the other combinations although in one or the other mode, other combinations were superior. Thus, the study indicated that for optimal fixation in flexion-rotation and tension, combined Harrington distraction and Harrington compression rods are superior.
Knowledge- and Simulation-Based Synthesis of Area-Efficient Passive Loop Filter Incremental Zoom-ADC for Built-In Self-Test Applications

We propose a fully differential, synthesizable zoom-ADC architecture with a passive loop filter for low-frequency Built-In Self-Test (BIST) applications, along with a synthesis tool that can target various design specifications. We present the detailed ADC architecture and a step-by-step process for designing the zoom-ADC. The design flow does not rely on the extensive knowledge of an experienced ADC designer. Two ADCs have been synthesized with different performance requirements in the 65nm CMOS process. The first ADC achieves a 90.4dB Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in 512μs measurement time and consumes 17μW power. The second design achieves a 78.2dB SNR in 31.25μs measurement time and consumes 63μW power.
Literature and Political Economy

The modern definitions of “political economy” and “literature” emerged around the same time in eighteenth-century Britain, although both concepts were centuries in the making. One important work that anticipates both, for example, is Thomas More’s Utopia, which employs a series of literary techniques to stage debates about the role of wealth in the commonwealth. Some two hundred and fifty years later, the chief architect of modern political economy Adam Smith also developed his ideas about political economy in and through his study of literature and rhetoric. Beginning with a brief consideration of Smith’s own intellectual development, this chapter then exmaines the intersection between “literature” and “political economy” from Utopia to Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees in relation to three overlapping rubrics: the nation, language, and the body.
Electrophysiological and phenomenological effects of short-term immersion in an altered sensory environment.

Abstract We examined the spontaneous cerebral electrophysiology and phenomenology during short-term perceptual deprivation consisting of an edgeless visual field combined with monotonous auditory input that eliminated potential grounding cues (multimodal Ganzfeld). Subjects (N = 22) were instructed to self-report perceptual fading using a button press. Relaxed wakefulness with closed eyes and viewing of a time-varying stimulus array served as control conditions. The power of parieto-occipital alpha rhythms during perceptual deprivation was midway between the eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions, with a state-specific frequency acceleration. Oscillatory alpha power remained enhanced in the multimodal Ganzfeld relative to viewing time-varying signals, despite no indication of diminished brain arousal. Subjects experienced a range of perceptual phenomena while in the altered sensory environment and individuals with faster alpha oscillations self-reported a greater number of fading episodes. We suggest that alpha-band electroencephalogram (EEG) dynamics signal internally oriented mentation in response to brief perceptual deprivation.
A Conceptual Framework for Studying and Investing in Precision Nutrition

Nutrients and food-derived bioactive molecules must transit complex metabolic pathways, and these pathways vary between people. Metabolic heterogeneity is caused by genetic variation, epigenetic variation, differences in microbiome composition and function, lifestyle differences and by variation in environmental exposures. This review discusses a number of these sources of metabolic heterogeneity and presents some of the research investments that will be needed to make applications of precision nutrition practical.
The Value of Integrating Power and Process in the Petrochemical Industry: Saving Money With One Visualization and Reporting Environment

The coord ination of large distributed measurement and control systems, like supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and other process control implementations, require networks that connect thousands of remote devices. Demand for infrastructures to deliver a full spectrum of control and monitoring capabilities within global operations is increasing. The conventional infrastructures and process automation domains don't commonly communicate. The advancement of industrial communications provides value to the industry when logically integrated to combat rising costs. Unifying power and process systems within an operation gives value by creating one visualization and reporting environment. This article outlines a convergent use of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 61850 within process control networks to provide enhanced process control, monitoring, and energy management. It discusses the benefits of unified power and process architecture with enhancements provided by visualization, archiving, and reporting.
Thrombocytopenia in the Intensive Care Unit

The evaluation and management of thrombocytopenia is a daily challenge for clinicians in the intensive care unit (ICU). Thrombocytopenia is incredibly common, present in upwards of 60% of ICU patients. Additionally, thrombocytopenia in the critically ill is rarely caused by a single etiology. Several causes of thrombocytopenia in the ICU including heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura demand urgent recognition and intervention. This chapter provides a general overview of thrombocytopenia in the ICU and highlights important diagnostic and management considerations for some of the most common etiologies.
Brain Tumor Classification Using 3D Convolutional Neural Network

In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based method for brain tumor classification. It is composed of two parts. The first part is brain tumor segmentation on the multimodal magnetic resonance image (mMRI), and the second part performs tumor classification using tumor segmentation results. A 3D deep neural network is implemented to differentiate tumor from normal tissues, subsequentially, a second 3D deep neural network is developed for tumor classification. We evaluate the proposed method using pateint dataset from Computational Precision Medicine: Radiology-Pathology Challenge (CPM: Rad-Path) on Brain Tumor Classification 2019. The result offers 0.749 for dice score and 0.764 for F1 score for validation data, while 0.596 for dice score and of 0.603 for F1 score for testing data, respectively. Our team was ranked second in the CPM:Rad-Path challenge on Brain Tumor Classification 2019 based on overall testing performance.
QED Plasma at Extremely High Temperature and Density

We use the renormalization scheme of QED (Quantum Electrodynamics) in real-time formalism to calculate the effective parameters of the theory, indicating the existence of relativistic QED plasma at extremely high temperatures and extremely high densities. High-density plasma is found inside the stellar cores and high temperature QED plasma could only exist, right after the neutrino decoupling temperature in the early universe, before the nucleosynthesis is complete. Radiation couples with the medium through the vacuum polarization in a hot and dense medium. Calculating the vacuum polarization tensor in a medium, the effect of radiation on matter is investigated in such a medium. We explicitly compute the parameters of QED plasma such as plasma frequency, Debye shielding length and the propagation frequency in terms of temperature and density of the superhot and superdense medium, respectively. This study helps to understand short term existence of QED plasma in the superhot and superdense systems.
Invasive Fungal Infections at Presentation of Untreated Hematologic Malignancies: Rare and Elusive

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a feared complication of hematologic malignancy (HM) treatment. Infrequently, the diagnosis of a new IFI contemporaneously with a new untreated HM has been sporadically described in case reports. We performed a comprehensive search of published literature and reviewed cases describing this synchronous disease phenomenon.
Lucky Me: The Amiable and Weighty Influences on My Career

This autobiographical sketch is being published 50 years after I started as an assistant professor at Georgetown University in 1970. In this presentation, I cannot tell the full story of these 50 years. I write only about the formative years both before and after I was hired at Georgetown, and I emphasize two subjects. The first is the importance of the individuals who were massive influences on my intellectual development and aspirations. The second is the great importance of multidisciplinary work. I came from philosophy, a discipline that generally did not emphasize or particularly value multidisciplinary work, but I was transformed by individuals in other disciplines who directed me to this style of work. Almost sheer luck brought each of these influences into my life.
Abstract B56: A CRISPR/Cas9 domain screen identifies a small motif in the PAX3-FOXO1 transactivation domain relevant for tumor maintenance in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

Fusion transcription factors are the main drivers of tumorigenesis in many pediatric leukemias and sarcomas. One example is PAX3-FOXO1 (P3F), the pathognomonic marker of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS). Since these tumors are often also characterized by a quiet mutational landscape and a paucity of druggable oncogenes, the fusion proteins often remain as the only relevant drug target. However, transcription factors are challenging targets for small-molecule inhibitors, since they lack an enzymatic activity and, apart from the DNA binding domains, are usually intrinsically disordered. Identification of druggable structures in such proteins is therefore of great clinical interest. Our goal of this study was to identify new elements important for P3F activity. Towards this aim, we made use of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology and performed a saturated screen for identification of important functional domains in P3F in the endogenous context. This revealed that both DNA binding domains are indispensable, as expected for a transcription factor. Importantly, however, the screen also identified a 40-amino-acid-long domain at the C-terminus of the FOXO1 part to be strictly required for the function of the protein. Using a series of mutations in this domain in reporter assays, we identified a single cysteine whose mutation leads to more than 50% reduction in transcriptional activity. In addition, cells efficiently differentiated and stopped proliferating when this Cys was mutated in aRMS cells. These results suggest that functional interference with this domain could be a promising approach for aRMS therapy. Citation Format: Marco Wachtel, Katharina Benischke, Beat W. Schafer. A CRISPR/Cas9 domain screen identifies a small motif in the PAX3-FOXO1 transactivation domain relevant for tumor maintenance in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B56.
Infliximab Treatment of Refractory Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

Abstract Treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis is challenging, as the disease can be refractory to traditional treatment with steroids. Infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor, has been reported...
Reciprocity in hypermodern dialogue

Gilles Lipovetsky (2004/2008) termed the current moment ‘hypermodernity,’ which combines postmodern and modern characteristics. In this moment, consumption and “acceleration” shape and form human c...
Scaling an Enhanced Recovery Program to an Institution-Wide Initiative: It Takes a Village.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE With the inclusion of Enhanced Recovery Programs (ERPs) into routine clinical practice, scaling programs across an institution is important to drive sustainable change in a patient-centric care delivery paradigm. A review of ERP implementation within a large institution was performed to understand key components that hinder or facilitate success of scaling an ERP. METHODS From January 2018 to March 2018, a needs assessment was completed to review implementation of enhanced recovery across the institution. Implementation progress was categorized into one of 5 phases including Define, Implement, Measure, Analyze, and Optimize. RESULTS Only 25% of service line ERPs reached the optimization phase within 5 years. One hundred percent of respondents reported more strengths (n = 41) and opportunities (n = 41) than weaknesses or threats (n = 25 and 14, respectively). Commonly identified strengths included established enhanced recovery pathways, functional team databases, and effective provider education. Weaknesses identified were inconsistencies in data quality/collection and a lack of key personnel participation including buy-in and time availability. Respondents perceived the need for data standardization to be an opportunity, while personnel factors were viewed as key threats. CONCLUSION Identification of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats could prove beneficial in helping scale an ERP across an institution. Successful optimization and expansion of ERPs require robust data management for continuous quality improvement efforts among clinicians, administrators, executives, and patients.
Discrimination, psychotic experiences, and racial identity among Black Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life.

Abstract Background An emerging body of evidence suggests racial and ethnic identity may buffer the effects of discrimination on psychotic experiences, though the buffering effects have not been consistent across studies. More research is needed to clarify the conditions under which aspects of racial identity modify the effects of various forms of discrimination on psychotic experiences among Black Americans. Methods We analyzed data from the National Survey of American Life (2001–2003). Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the relations between various forms of discrimination and lifetime psychotic experiences, testing the interactive effects of two aspects of racial identity (racial group identification and racial private regard), adjusted for sociodemographic covariates. Results The relation between everyday discrimination and psychotic experiences was stronger for African Americans who reported higher levels of racial group identification. Conversely, the relation between major discriminatory events and psychotic experiences was stronger for Caribbean Black Americans who reported lower levels of racial group identification. Higher racial private regard moderated the associations between everyday discrimination and psychotic experiences, and outgroup colorism and psychotic experiences among Caribbean Black Americans. Conclusion The role of racial identity is complex and appears to moderate the relation between some (but not all) forms of discrimination and lifetime psychotic experiences, depending on ethnicity.
Toward an Improved Classification of Type 2 Diabetes: Lessons From Research into the Heterogeneity of a Complex Disease

Context Accumulating evidence indicates "type 2 diabetes (T2D)" is phenotypically heterogeneous. Defining and classifying variant forms of T2D are priorities to better understand its pathophysiology and usher clinical practice into an era of "precision diabetes". Evidence acquisition and methods We reviewed literature related to heterogeneity of T2D over the past five decades and identified a range of phenotypic variants of T2D. Their descriptions expose inadequacies in current classification systems. We attempt to link phenotypically diverse forms to pathophysiology, explore investigative methods that have characterized "atypical" forms of T2D on an etiological basis, and review conceptual frameworks for an improved taxonomy. Finally, we propose future directions to achieve the goal of an etiological classification of T2D. Evidence synthesis Differences among ethnic and racial groups were early observations of phenotypic heterogeneity. Investigations that uncover complex interactions of pathophysiologic pathways leading to T2D are supported by epidemiological and clinical differences between the sexes and between adult and youth-onset T2D. Approaches to an etiological classification are illustrated by investigations of atypical forms of T2D, such as monogenic diabetes and syndromes of Ketosis-Prone Diabetes. Conceptual frameworks that accommodate heterogeneity in T2D include an overlap between known diabetes types, a "palette" model integrated with a "threshold hypothesis", and a spectrum model of atypical diabetes. Conclusion The heterogeneity of T2D demands an improved, etiological classification scheme. Excellent phenotypic descriptions of emerging syndromes in different populations, continued clinical and molecular investigations of atypical forms of diabetes, and useful conceptual models can be utilized to achieve this important goal.
Pyrimidine Synthesis in Neurospora crassa: Regulation of Enzyme Activities

The regulation of several enzymes involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa has been studied. Elevation of ATCase (l-aspartate carbamoyltransferase) activity is found in all pyrimidine-requiring mutants when they are starved for uridine. DHOase (dihydroorotase) is an unstable enzyme, and it is impossible to conclude what type of regulation, if any, controls this enzyme. DHOdehase (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) activity shows a marked elevation in uridine-starved pyr-2 cultures, a mutant blocked late in the pathway. Several mutants blocked early in the pathway show much smaller increases in DHOdehase activity and possible explanations for this are discussed. Differences in the modes of regulation of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways in various organisms are compared.
Sterilization and preservation of formulas for infants.

The "terminal" method of heating is the safest means of preparing artificial milk feedings for infants. There is no practical method of processing formula so that sterility is assured in every bottle. Certain organisms (particularly spore-forming bacteria) may survive regardless of the method used. Any departure from the usually recommended procedure for formula prepartion may be attended by the risk that the formula will become grossly contaminated. The term "terminal sterilization" as applied to the usual home method of preparation is a misnomer, since formulas may or may not be sterile even after "terminal" heating. The "aseptic" method of preparing formula, although theoretically safe if performed correctly, has the hazard that breaks in technique may occur and pathogenic contamination may result. Keeping terminally-heated formula at room or incubator temperatures for more than 6 hours may result in gross contamination of the formula by bacteria which were dormant in the milk-mixture. Although it is common practice in the home to prepare the required formula every day, the present experiments indicate that terminally-heated formula which is prepared with clean equipment, and then cooled and refrigerated immediately thereafter is bacteriologically safe for at least 2 or 3 days. A new supply of formula need not be made daily.
Identification of Regional Fundamental Economic Structure (FES) of India: An Input-Output and Field of Influence Approach

The Indian economy is large, with over a billion in population in 2001 (Census of India 2001), and the various regional divisions are characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity. There has been a growing concern over the rising regional imbalances in the Indian economy. The study of regional disparity is important to policymakers since with an increase in regional disparity, other things being equal, imbalances at the national level increase, along with economic and social imbalances. This has drawn the attention of policymakers since such disparities often intertwine with political and ethnic tensions and thus lead to political instability (Kanbur and Venables 2005). Thus policymakers need to understand the structure of the regional economic system and analytical tools for evaluating and formulating balanced regional development strategies.
Preliminary Design of a Manned Nuclear Electric Propulsion Vehicle Using Genetic Algorithms

Nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) vehicles will be needed for future manned missions to Mars and beyond. Candidate designs must be identified for further detailed design from a large array of possibilities. Genetic algorithms have proven their utility in conceptual design studies by effectively searching a large design space to pinpoint unique optimal designs. This research combined analysis codes for NEP subsystems with a genetic algorithm. The use of penalty functions with scaling ratios was investigated to increase computational efficiency. Also, the selection of design variables for optimization was considered to reduce computation time without losing beneficial design search space. Finally, trend analysis of a reference mission to the asteroids yielded a group of candidate designs for further analysis.
Training High-Performance Skills: Fallacies and Guidelines

A high-performance skill is defined as one for which (1) more than 100 hours of training are required, (2) substantial numbers of individuals fail to develop proficiency, and (3) the performance of...
Adaptive Sounds and Silences: Acoustic Anti-Predator Strategies in Insects

There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the evolution of adaptive coloration and a new appreciation of the mechanisms, functions, and evolution of crypsis, aposematic coloration, and mimicry. I here apply these principles to the acoustic modality using insect examples and discuss adaptive silence, acoustic crypsis, stealth, acoustic aposematism, acoustic mimicry, and sonar jamming. My goal is to inspire students of bioacoustics to explore the full richness of the acoustic interactions between predator and prey in behavioral, physiological, and evolutionary contexts similar to those used by visual ecologists.
Abstract 2907: Everolimus enhances the cytotoxic action of the immunotoxin, HA22, directed to CD22 on B-cell malignancies

Recombinant immunotoxins, antibody-toxin fusion proteins, are therapeutic proteins designed as targeted anti-cancer agents. Clinical trials of immunotoxins directed to surface CD22 or mesothelin are ongoing with a 50% complete response rate in patients with refractory Hairy Cell Leukemia as well as dramatic responses in some patients with advanced mesothelioma. To identify agents that could improve clinical efficacy further, a screen of 500 approved or near-approved compounds (MIPE-4) was conducted, revealing everolimus as a potential enhancer of Pseudomonas exotoxin-based recombinant immunotoxins. When the immunotoxin HA22 (moxetumomab pasudotox), which targets CD22, was added to various B-cell lines, everolimus enhanced cytotoxicity by 2-10-fold. Kinetic analyses indicated that combinations of HA22 and everolimus (0.25 uM) accelerated the cessation of protein synthesis in Nalm-6 and CA46 cells compared to either agent alone. Likewise, in CellTiterGlo assays of cell viability, combinations of HA22 and everolimus resulted in a greater loss of ATP from cells. Western blot analysis of key survival proteins indicated an early loss of Mcl-1 in combination treatments. Additional experiments are ongoing to extend these observations with the goal of uncovering insights in the mechanism of synergy seen with these two compounds. Citation Format: Antonella Antignani, Matteo Pasetto, Chris Choo, Evan Angelus, Lesley Mathews, Rajarshi Guha, Paul Shinn, Marc Ferrer, Craig J. Thomas, Ira Pastan, David J. Fitzgerald. Everolimus enhances the cytotoxic action of the immunotoxin, HA22, directed to CD22 on B-cell malignancies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2907. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2907
Magnetospheric response to the IMF - Substorms

We review the evidence for the control of magnetospheric substorms by the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Early statistical results, as well as recent correlation studies, are cited to show the strong degree of control exerted by the IMF over substorms as measured by auroral electrojet (AE, AL) parameters. Recent case studies and linear prediction filtering methods reveal quite clearly that substorms have both a “driven” and an “unloading” aspect. The driven component has a response time of 10-20min, while the unloading time scale is -1hr. ISEE-3 deepmagnetotail results and recent Dynamics Explorer polar imaging data are related in this paper to these two separate facets of the substorm sequence. Dimensional analysis studies have delineated which solar wind-magnetosphere coupling formalisms are physically tenable and which give the best representation of the empirical data. The review concludes with a discussion of the total magnetospheric energy output parameter, UT, and some of the problems inherent in its calculation. It is shown that as presently formulated, UT cannot be meaningfully compared to solar wind input parameters by the usual correlation methods.
Lectin-binding by sporozoites of Eimeria tenella

Sporozoites of Eimeria tenella were reacted in vitro with 19 different lectins characterized with a variety of carbohydrate-binding properties. Nine lectins caused sporozoite agglutination, which was inhibited by the specific carbohydrates mannose, sialic acid, melibiose, D-galactose, or D-galNAc. When intact live or fixed whole sporozoites were reacted with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins, another nine lectins bound to sporozoites, giving weak to strong fluorescence but not agglutination. Of these, all nine lectins bound to surface sites, but four also bound to the refractile body. Two of the agglutinating lectins also bound to intracellular organelles of air-dried sporozoites. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that biotinylated lectins bound a wide variety of parasite proteins. Lectins with similar carbohydrate specificities had some similarity in binding patterns of parasite proteins, as well as marked differences. In a few cases lectins with different carbohydrate specificities bound common protein bands. Only one lectin (Dolichos biflorus) showed no evidence of binding to whole sporozoites, organelles, or proteins.
Stability of Ni-based bulk metallic glasses

Abstract Several ternary (NixNbySnz) refractory alloy glasses (RAGs) were studied at elevated temperatures in order to assess the stability of the amorphous state, i.e. devitrification, and to identify subsequent phase transformations in these materials. differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments indicated a complex phase transformation sequence with several distinct crystallization and melting events being recorded above the glass transition temperature, Tg. Below Tg the RAG samples were studied with an in situ environmental X-ray furnace facility, which allowed step-wise isothermal ramping experiments commencing at a temperature below the reduced temperature of T/Tg ≈ 0.80. Distinct crystalline phases were observed when T/Tg ≈ 0.84 for ternary RAG alloys, while similar experiments on Zr-based Vit 106 glass alloys did not reveal any apparent phase separation until T/Tg ≈ 0.96. The phase separation kinetics followed an Arrhenius type of relationship with Ni3Sn, and Nb2O5 being the principle crystalline precipitates.
Solar cell with charged quantum dots: optimization for high efficiency

Most of investigations of quantum dot photovoltaic devices are aimed at the development of the intermediate band solar cell. To form the intermediate band by quantum dot electron levels, the dots should be placed close to one to another. This leads to strain accumulation and defects, which increase the photocarrier recombination, and recombination losses. To avoid the nanostructuring-induced recombination, we proposed and studied an alternative approach, which is based on the separation of quantum dots (QDs) or QD clusters from the conducting channels by potential barriers created by quantum dots with built-in charge (Q-BIC). Charging of QDs improves the performance of QD solar cells due to the following factors: Negative dot charging increases electron coupling to sub-bandgap photons and provides effective harvesting of IR energy. Because of the strong difference in effective masses of electrons and holes, an electron level spacing in QDs substantially exceeds a level spacing for holes. Therefore, QDs act as deep traps for electrons, but they are shallow traps for holes. Thus, the holes trapped in QDs may be excited by thermal phonons, while excitation of localized QDs electrons requires IR radiation or the interaction with hot electrons. Therefore, n-doping of QD structures is strongly preferable for photovoltaic applications. Charging of QDs is also an effective tool for managing the potential profile at micro- and nanoscales. Filling QDs predominantly from dopants in the QD medium allows one to maintain the macroscale profile analogous to that in the best conventional single-junction solar cells.
Gentamicin Disposition in Young and Elderly Patients with Various Degrees of Renal Function

The effect of aging on the total body clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life of gentamicin was examined in 99 febrile patients with various degrees of renal function. In the 50 patients who were 18 to 64 years old, clearance of gentamicin was 79.0 +/- 27.0 mL/min (mean +/- standard deviation), creatinine clearance was 98.6 +/- 33.3 mL/min, volume of distribution was 0.242 +/- 0.077 L/kg, and half-life was 2.63 +/- 0.90 hours. In the 49 patients who were 65 to 90 years old, these values were 36.9 +/- 16.3 mL/min, 51.2 +/- 21.2 mL/min, 0.244 +/- 0.102 L/kg, and 5.80 +/- 4.13 hours. Significant differences were observed between the two groups for all parameters except volume of distribution. Linear regression revealed good correlations between the disposition characteristics (clearance and elimination-rate constant) of gentamicin and age as well as creatinine clearance. However, there was no apparent relationship between the ratio of gentamicin clearance to creatinine clearance and age (r = .0731). These findings suggest that the disposition of gentamicin is independent of age but dependent on renal function.
Univariable Optimal Discriminant Analysis: One-Tailed Hypotheses.

For applications involving a single attribute, univariable optimal discriminant analysis (UniODA) is appropriate when one desires to identify a discriminant classifier that explicitly maximizes classification accuracy for a given sample of data. An open-form enumerable solution for the theoretical distribution of optimal values (number of misclassifications) arising from two-category UniODA of continuous random data has recently been discovered, for the case of a two-tailed (nondirectional) hypothesis. This article describes the theoretical distribution of optima arising from two-category UniODA of continuous random data for a one-tailed (directional) hypothesis. Enumeration of the one-tailed distribution and examination of the corresponding figurate triangle reveals a closed-form solution, for which computation time is linear over sample size. Using this result, the exact Type I error rate may also be easily computed for any orthogonal (equal class sizes) two-tailed UniODA design when classification accu...
Interpretation of Galileo Probe Data and Implications for Jupiter's Dry Downdrafts

The Galileo probe found the jovian abundance of H_2S to be 30% solar at the 8 bar level, while the abundance of water was less than 3% solar at 12 bars. From 8 to 20 bars, H_2S increased to three times solar, and water apparently increased as well. Since H_2S and water condense at 2 and 5 bars, respectively, the probe probably entered a dry downdraft, wherein dry air above 2 bars is advected to 12 bars or deeper (Owen et al. 1996,Eos (Spring Suppl.) 77, S171). This is consistent with the fact that the probe entered the south edge of a 5-μm hot spot, a local region of Jupiter's atmosphere known from spectral modeling to be unusually low in cloud abundance (Orton et al. 1996, Science 272, 839). We use basic physical constraints to address three problems raised by Galileo probe data. First, it is unclear how the hypothesized downdraft remains dry, since simple models of convection preclude dessication below the 2- and 5-bar condensation levels. We suggest that to suppress moist plumes from below, the downdraft must be of low density below 5 bars and hence thermally indirect, requiring mechanical forcing from other parts of the atmosphere. Second, if geostrophic balance holds, the Galileo probe winds imply that the hot spot (north of the probe site) contains a stable layer from 1 to 5 bars; this is inconsistent with a downwelling, since downwellings should be adiabatic below 2 bars due to the low radiative flux divergence. We show that when the centripetal acceleration of curving parcel trajectories is included in the force balance, however, a variety of density profiles is possible within the hot spot (depending on the radius of curvature of the winds). The most plausible profile implies that the hot spot is nearly dry adiabatic and that the equatorial zone south of the probe site is stable from 2 to 6 bars, suggesting moist adiabatic upwellings with a water abundance of 1–2 times solar. This is consistent with Galileo and Voyager images suggesting upwelling at the equator. The profile further implies that from 1 to 5 bars the hot spot is denser than the equatorial zone south of the probe site. Third, probe data indicate that NH_3 increased with depth below 1 bar and became constant by 8 bars, H_2S began increasing below 8 bars and leveled off by 16 bars, while water only began increasing below 12 bars and was still increasing with depth at 20 bars. We propose that lateral mixing along isopycnals (surfaces of constant potential density) could produce the observed pattern; alternatively, the downwelling might consist of column stretching, so that the NH_3, NH_4SH, and water lifting condensation levels were pushed to 8, 16, and >20 bars, respectively. In either case, the simplest form of this model requires the downdraft to be less dense than the surroundings from 0.5 to 20 bars. In its simplest form, this model is therefore incompatible with our favored interpretation of the winds; more detailed studies will be necessary to resolve the problem.
Simple enrichment procedure for the estimation of minor polyunsaturated fatty acids in food fats

A simple, reliable and sensitive method, involving the partition of a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) between hydrocarbon solvent and aqueous ethanolic silver nitrate, is described for the estimation of low concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fats and oils. It is suggested that this procedure could be used to give an indication of oxidative stability of food fats and of their potential for off-flavour development.
A literatura africana como pedagogia libertadora na prática do ensino de História

This article seeks to analyze the potential of the study of History in Elementary Education via literature, particularly of African origin, through poems by Jofre Rocha on liberation struggles in Angola, which may contain possibilities of readings and reflections on Africa and Brazil in the implementation of Law 10.639/2003. For that purpose, we use as theoretical framework the concepts of Cultural History and Committed Literature – which, according to Antonio Cândido, is an approach to literature that starts from ethical and political positions– and also Paulo Freire’s reading of the world and liberating pedagogy. The study method consists of a comparative analysis of poems, seeking to connect elements that formulate the poetic narrative with the liberation struggles in Angola. These elements may also awaken a curiosity – which is not naive – about the African continent and our connection with it. The paper concludes by discussing how it is possible to realize that literature, along with history, reveals a range of alternatives for another reading of the world and how poetry of resistance will make it possible to work with other documents such as official declarations. Key words: history, teaching of history, African literature, committed literature.
Phase-Separation-Induced Surface Patterns in Thin Polymer Blend Films

Atomic force microscopy (AFM), neutron reflection (NR) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) are used to examine phase separation in symmetrically segregating thin polymer blend films (≤1000 A). Phase separation in the film leads to undulations of the liquid−air interface, provided the film is sufficiently thin to suppress surface-directed spinodal decomposition waves. Flattened droplets are formed at a very late stage of phase separation, and the aspect ratio of these droplets can be rationalized by an interfacial free energy minimization argument.