cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elimination of Flucytosine by Continuous Hemofiltration

Flucytosine is effective in the treatment of serious fungal infections. Some of the patients might have acute renal failure requiring continuous hemofiltration as renal replacement therapy. We evaluated the removal of flucytosine in a patient who received the drug for systemic Candida infection while undergoing continuous hemofiltration for acute renal failure. Arterial, venous, and ultrafiltrate sample pairs were collected to evaluate flucytosine removal. Ultrafiltrate/arterial drug concentration ratios and sieving coefficients obtained with the polysulfone membrane were higher than those obtained with the polyacrylonitrile membrane. Between 2.54 and 22.56 mg of flucytosine was removed from the patient per hour when the serum drug concentrations were 21.1-126.5 mg/l. The amount of hemofiltration flucytosine removal was related to ultrafiltration flow rate, serum drug concentration, and hemofilter type. The mean continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration flucytosine clearance for the polysulfone membrane was 77.0 ± (SD) 15.6% of the ultrafiltrate flow rate, while the clearance for the polyacrylonitrile membrane was 51.0 ± (SD) 5.7%. In patients with renal failure, continuous hemofiltration can remove an appreciable quantity of flucytosine when the ultrafiltrate flow rate is high. Serum drug concentration determination is necessary to devise an optimal dosage regimen for the patient.
Increase in plasma Tyr-MIF-1-like immunoreactivity after hypophysectomy is robust and reversible by corticosterone

Abstract Tyr-MIF-1-like immunoreactivity (Tyr-MIF-1-LI) was measured in the plasma of hypophysectomized rats. The concentrations were increased in every rat examined, regardless of sex or time after hypophysectomy, and ranged from 2.5 to 10 times greater than the concentrations in intact rats. The elevated concentrations were not decreased by replacement by thyroxine, estrogen and progesterone, or acute injection of corticosterone. Chronic administration of physiological doses of corticosterone, however, did reduce the concentrations to normal. High performance liquid chromatography of tritiated Tyr-MIF-1 incubated at 37°C for3 rain in plasma obtained by hypophysectomized rats eliminated the possibility that reduced degradation of Tyr-MIF-1 explained the increased concentrations. Thus, the increase in Tyr-MIF-1-LI in the plasma of hypophysectomized rats is robust and reversible by chronic replacement of corticosterone.
Surgical review corporation: Centers of excellence

The Surgical Review Corporation (SRC) is pleased to have this opportunity to present to the Medical Advisory Committee this report on the treatment of severely obese patients with and without comorbidities. SRC is a nonprofit, independent accrediting organization founded by the American Society for Bariatric Surgery (ASBS) to designate Centers of Excellence. Our financial support comes solely from the application and certification process. I am president of the SRC, past president of the ASBS, and a bariatric surgeon. This is a remarkable story. A tale of an epidemic of obesity that is moving across the globe with ferocity usually associated with infectious diseases. But my focus here is limited to the worst cases, the morbidly obese, who exceed their ideal weight by at least 100 lb. Actually, in our practice at East Carolina University most patients weigh at least 350 lb, and many exceed 500 lb. We are talking about very large and very sick individuals. These individuals are not only limited by their bulk; they are threatened even more by their comorbidities, serious diseases in their own right, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiopulmonary failure, and crippling arthritis. Unfortunately, medical measures offer little help. Even 13 years ago, the National Institutes of Health concluded in its Consensus Conference that diets, exercise, behavioral modification, and even drugs almost always fail in these patients. Fortunately, however, we are not helpless. We now have several successful operations that can control weight and the comorbidities of obesity. For example, in our experience with gastric bypass surgery, our patients maintained a durable mean weight loss of 107 lb during a 14-year period with 95% follow-up. Even more remarkable was the full remission of diabetes in 83% and a return to normal glucose levels in 99% of those who were glucose impaired. Further, the operation not only improved these patients’ health and quality of life, but also decreased their mortality from 4.5% per year to 1% per year. Equally surprising is that bariatric surgery is now being performed in these high-risk individuals with mortality rates of 1%, with minimally invasive techniques and hospital stays of only 2–5 days. Who would have thought it possible to achieve these results: 100 lb of durable weight loss and full remission of diabetes? Our experience is not unusual, though; similar results have been described at many other centers. There is another side to this, however. The quality of care and outcomes differ between centers. Some patients do not lose enough weight, a few develop severe surgical complications, and rare cases develop serious nutritional deficits. The ASBS has responded to this challenge. We recognized that three immediate steps were necessary to respond to the increasing demand for bariatric surgery with efficacy, efficiency, and safety:
Expressions of critical thinking in role-playing simulations: comparisons across roles

The development of critical thinking is crucial in professional education to augment the capabilities of pre-professional students. One method for enhancing critical thinking is participation in role-playing simulation-based scenarios where students work together to resolve a potentially real situation. In this study, undergraduate nursing students were divided into small groups (2–3) to role-play a medical emergency (stroke) within a high fidelity simulation environment. The research team utilized a cross-case comparison design; cases were defined by the different roles played by the nursing students (e.g., primary nurse, secondary nurse, and family member). Results indicated that although students in all three roles displayed instances of reflection, contextual perspective, and logical reasoning, these were not distributed evenly across roles, with family members demonstrating fewer instances of reflection and logical reasoning and secondary nurses demonstrating fewer instances of contextual perspective. However, evidence of students’ abilities to apply clinical standards was observed fairly equally across all three roles. Implications for the use of role-plays within high-fidelity simulations are discussed.
AUTOREGULATION OF THE HUMAN N- myc ONCOGENE IS DISRUPTED IN AMPLIFIED NEUROBLASTOMA CELL LINES. • 960

AUTOREGULATION OF THE HUMAN N- myc ONCOGENE IS DISRUPTED IN AMPLIFIED NEUROBLASTOMA CELL LINES. • 960
An Experimental Investigation of Particle Dampers Under Harmonic Excitation

This article presents an experimental study of the performance of particle dampers under harmonic excitation. The effects of various system parameters—including particle size, container dimensions, intensity, and frequency of excitation—were investigated using a single degree-of-freedom building model under har monic base excitation. It is shown that particle dampers, even with a small mass ratio, can be very effective in attenuating the vibrations of lightly damped structures. An approximate method is provided to estimate, with reasonable accuracy, the response of a harmonically excited structure that is equipped with a particle damper operating in the vicinity of the optimum range of its system parameters.
A Mechanical Testing Capability for Measuring the Microscale Deformation Behavior of Structural Materials

High energy x-ray diffraction can be used to probe the crystal scale mechanical response of polycrystalline alloys. Recently there have been several efforts to create new high energy x-ray experiments. These include the lattice Strain Pole Figure (SPF) technique. By measuring lattice strains in thousands of directions, the lattice strain tensor associated with each orientation can be determined. The focus of this paper is on transforming the SPF technique from a one-off style experiment to a measurement capability. Such a standardization process is of the utmost importance for the field of mechanics of materials and shifts the discovery associated with these experiments from the measurements themselves, to what they reveal about the material. We define a new technique for quantifying how effectively a set of lattice strain measurements (SPFs) probes each crystal orientation. The polycrystal sampling matrix, defined ${\boldsymbol\Gamma^*}$ , represents the mapping between the most likely strain tensor for each orientation and the lattice strain results. The orientation space sampling matrix, defined ${\boldsymbol\Gamma ({\bf R})}$ , represents the set of lattice strain measurements that interrogate each crystal orientation. The rank of ${\boldsymbol\Gamma ({\bf R})}$ can be used to quantitatively compare different experimental configurations and systematically investigate ${\boldsymbol\Gamma^*}$ . The net result is a new tool for selecting experimental conditions to produce optimal sets of SPF data. Results are shown for different experiment configurations and an example of the SPF technique is provided for the Low Solvus High Refractory (LSHR) nickel base superalloy. In addition, we show that for the face centered cubic LSHR, with lattice strains measured for the {111}, {200}, {220}, and the {311} crystallographic families, there are at most 25 lattice strain measurements that interrogate a single orientation.
Drop-outs in instrumentation magnetic-tape recording systems

A method of measuring drop-outs from magnetic-tape recording systems has been designed and built so that quantitative data can be quickly obtained from any tape on any machine and under any condition. Conclusions are made as to the relative effects of tape, machines, reels, recording processes, reproducing processes, environmental dirt, tensions, etc., on the drop-out count. It has been found that drop-out measurements can be used to evaluate tape and machines in regards to wear characteristics, to evaluate tape-cleaning methods, and to determine techniques in handling tape and operating tape machines to minimize drop-out effects both for analog and digital applications.
Phase and Amplitude Imaging from Noisy Intensity Measurements Using a Kalman Filter

We propose a method for complex-field retrieval from noisy intensity measurements in many planes, using an extended complex Kalman filter to model and predict light propagation.
Cardiovascular malformations with normal smooth muscle differentiation in neural crest-specific type II TGFβ receptor (Tgfbr2) mutant mice

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that TGFβ induces a smooth muscle fate in primary neural crest cells in culture. By crossing a conditional allele of the type II TGFβ receptor with the neural crest-specific Wnt1cre transgene, we have addressed the in vivo requirement for TGFβ signaling in smooth muscle specification and differentiation. We find that elimination of the TGFβ receptor does not alter neural crest cell specification to a smooth muscle fate in the cranial or cardiac domains, and that a smooth muscle fate is not realized by trunk neural crest cells in either control or mutant embryos. Instead, mutant embryos exhibit with complete penetrance two very specific and mechanistically distinct cardiovascular malformations—persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) and interrupted aortic arch (IAA-B). Pharyngeal organ defects such as those seen in models of DiGeorge syndrome were not observed, arguing against an early perturbation of the cardiac neural crest cell lineage. We infer that TGFβ is an essential morphogenic signal for the neural crest cell lineage in specific aspects of cardiovascular development, although one that is not required for smooth muscle differentiation.
The Thermodynamic properties of solid and fluid helium-3 and helium-4 above 3 °K at high densities

Measurements have been made of the specific heat at constant volume of solid 3He from 3 K up to the melting point at a number of different densities corresponding to pressures up to 2000 atm. The measurements have been extended through the melting region at constant volume up to 29 °K in the fluid phase. For comparison similar measurements have been made on 4He at four different densities. By combining these data with the p- V- T data of Mills & Grilly (1955) and Grilly & Mills (1959) the complete thermodynamic properties of the solids have been derived in the relevant pressureand temperature range. The results can be understood semi-quantitatively in terms of the zeropointenergy of the solids and a quasi-harmonic model of the lattice vibrations. A brief discussion of the specific heat of the fluid phase is also given.
Effect of single versus multiple dosing on perfluorochemical distribution and elimination during partial liquid ventilation

The objective of this study was to quantitate perfluorochemical (PFC) elimination kinetics during partial liquid ventilation (PLV) following an initial fill with or without hourly dosing. Young New Zealand rabbits were studied in two groups: Gr I (n = 6), PLV with a single dose of PFC liquid (perflubron: LiquiVent, Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp.); and Gr II (n = 5), PLV with PFC liquid and multiple hourly dosing . All rabbits were studied for 4 h, following initial instillation of a volume of PFC liquid equal to the measured gas functional residual capacity. Animals were ventilated at a constant breathing frequency (30 br/min), tidal volume (9.3+/-0.3 SE mL/kg), positive end expiratory pressure (4 cm H2O), and inspiratory time (0.30 s). PFC saturation of mixed expired gas (PFC-Sat) was assessed with a thermal conductivity analyzer, and PFC elimination was calculated from PFC-Sat, minute ventilation, and temperature of the expired gas. In GR II, PFC was supplemented hourly at a volume determined by PFC elimination calculations. The results demonstrated a decrease in PFC-sat and PFC loss with time, independent of group (P< 0.05). In addition, with hourly supplementation (GR II), PFC-Sat and PFC elimination over time was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in animals (GR I) which did not receive additional doses. These data demonstrate that the PFC elimination rate is not constant and is related to the amount of PFC in the respiratory system. This may have occurred due to distributional differences of ventilation and PFC liquid between the single and multiple dosing groups. These findings also suggest that evaluation of PFC concentrations in expired gas may be a clinically useful index of intrapulmonary PFC distribution during PLV, and that maintained elevation of expired gas PFC saturation may guide optimal PFC dosing intervals and distribution to maximize protection against barotrauma.
Color images of Kansas subsurface geology from well logs

Abstract Modern wireline log combinations give highly diagnostic information that goes beyond the basic shale content, pore volume, and fluid saturation of older logs. Pattern recognition of geology from logs is made conventionally through either the examination of log overlays or log crossplots. Both methods can be combined through the use of color as a medium of information by setting the three color primaries of blue, green, and red light as axes of three dimensional color space. Multiple log readings of zones are rendered as composite color mixtures which, when plotted sequentially with depth, show lithological successions in a striking manner. The method is extremely simple to program and display on a color monitor. Illustrative examples are described from the Kansas subsurface.
Compact intracloud lightning discharges: 1. Mechanism of electromagnetic radiation and modeling

[1] On the basis of experimental evidence of multiple reflections and modeling, we infer that, from the electromagnetic point of view, the so-called compact intracloud lightning discharge (CID) is essentially a bouncing-wave phenomenon. The shortest radiating-channel length appears to be about 100 m. Reflections, occurring at CID channel ends, influence the magnitude of the overall CID electric field waveform and are responsible for its fine structure, as well as, by inference, for “noisiness” of dE/dt waveforms and for accompanying HF-VHF bursts. From modeling the CID as a wave traveling on an elevated vertical transmission line and comparing model-predicted electric fields with measurements, we estimated that the effective current reflection coefficients at channel ends (additionally accounting for current attenuation along the channel) should be in the range of 0 to −0.5, that the wave propagation speed ranges from 0.3 to 3 × 108 m/s, and the channel length is less than 1000 m. In these calculations, we assumed that the current wave had a zero-to-peak risetime of 6 μs and a total duration of 30 μs. Influence of current risetime on field waveforms was also examined, and it was found to be typically in the range from about 2 to 8.5 μs.
K+ and Cl- conductances in the apical membrane from secreting oxyntic cells are concurrently inhibited by divalent cations.

This study concerns the properties of rapid K+ and Cl transport pathways that are present in the (H++K+)-ATPase membrane from stimulated, and secreting, gastric oxyntic cells. Ion permeabilities in the isolated stimulation-associated vesicles were monitored via the rates of H+ efflux under conditions of exclusive H+/K+ counterflux or H+−Cl co-efflux, as well as by comparison of equilibration rates for86Rb and36Cl under conditions of equilibrium exchange and unidirectional salt flux. These latter studies suggest that Rb+ and Cl pathways are conductive and independent. In spite of the functional independence of the ion pathways, several divalent cations inhibit Rb+ and Cl isotopic exchange as well as the H+ efflux that is dependent on either K+ or anion (Cl, SCN, NO2) fluxes. Zn2+ is the more potent inhibitor, reducing by 50% the sensitive component of K+, Cl, and NO2 fluxes at about 20 μm; Mn2+ has a similar effect at 200 μm. Ni2+ and Co2+ were roughly equipotent to Mn2+ while Mg2+ and Ca2+ had not inhibitory effect. These results suggest that the stimulation-induced permeabilities, while functioning independently, may be physically linked, i.e., residing within a single entity. In similar studies carried out in (H++K+)-ATPase vesicles obtained from nonstimulated cells, no vestiges of sensitivity to the inhibitory divalent cations could be detected. The implications of these findings for the physiology of the oxyntic cell in the context of a model for membrane fusion are discussed.
Successful treatment of South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) envenomation with Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab

Crotalus durissus subspecies account for roughly 10% of snake envenomations in Brazil where the snake is native [1]. The venom of the C. durissus terrificus species has been found to be neurotoxic, myotoxic, and hemotoxic [1]. However, Medline search revealed no cases of envenomation reported in North America. No human data were found regarding treatment of this envenomation with Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (CroFab™), the most widely used and available commercial antivenom for Crotalus envenomation in the USA. We report the first documented C. durissus terrificus envenomation in North America and the first successful use of CroFab™ for a patient envenomated by this species.
A Bayesian Mixed-Treatment Comparison Meta-analysis of Treatments for Alcohol Dependence and Implications for Planning Future Trials:

Background. Several treatments for alcohol dependence have been tested in randomized controlled trials, giving rise to systematic reviews with a network of evidence structure, or mixed treatment co...
Étude du Comportement D'Isomères Géométriques sous L'Impact Électronique. VI. Les Cis‐ et Trans‐1, 2‐Di‐Terbutyl‐Éthylènes

Mass spectrometry investigation of cis and trans di-t-butylethylenes has been carried out by the study of the effect of electron energy on mass spectra, measurement of ionization and appearance potentials and examination of metastable transitions. It is shown that the geometrical isomerism strongly influences the behavior of these compounds under electron impact: (1) relative abundance of the molecular ion from cis isomer is much smaller than that of trans, especially for low energy electrons; (2) the ionization potentials of both isomers are the same, but the appearance potentials of main fragment ions are smaller in the cis isomer, indicating that less energy is required to break down the ionized cis molecule; and (3) for several processes, the probability of decomposition of metastable ions is larger in cis isomer. This difference of behavior of cis and trans di-t-butyl-ethylenes under electron impact has to be interpreted as a result of an effect of conformational energy (10 kcal/mole) in the cis isomer, which is nonexistant in the trans. Molecular ions of di-t-butyl-ethylenes, either cis or trans, undergo rearrangement by H migration due to the double bond and the quaternary carbon atoms. Calculation of the heat of formation of main fragment ions leads to the same values in both isomers, indicating that a common ionic intermediate (or a set of intermediates) is involved in the dissociation process. It can also be shown from such data that main fragment ions have a rearranged structure.
The lattice dynamical mean field criterion for low energy dislocation structure formation in shape memory alloys

Abstract The low energy dislocation structure (LEDS) predicted by the lattice-variant shear theory consists of transformation dislocations created by two lattice-variant shears: a primary shear on a system with degenerate stress,sense, and a habit plane shear for which the variants self-accommodate. Two correlations (microscopic and macroscopic), analogous to amplitudon and phason soft mode branches of phenomenological theories, are required in order to maintain the mean field: (i) the high energy dislocation structure (HEDS) at each source (transformation dislocations of one sign) correlates with the opposite-sign HEDS at other sources to cancel their long-range stress fields; (ii) the primary shear at each source periodically alternates its direction on a system with degenerate stress sense. The macroscopic correlation of fluctuating LEDS (domain wall motion) gives rise to critical behavior and diverging physical properties. LEDS motion is characterized by a soliton or sliding mode phason which, when the domains are narrow, modulates the wavevector of the microscopic soft phonon mode and gives rise to an electron-phonon interaction for a possible electronic transition.
Would pluralist angels (really) need government

Defendant la premiere doctrine angelique (FAD) developpee par J. Madison, selon laquelle les hommes n'auraient plus besoin d'un gouvernement s'ils etaient des anges, l'A. rejette la critique que lui oppose G. Kavka dans son ouvrage intitule «Governing angels» (non publie). Developpant une conception pluraliste des anges, l'A. montre que ceux-ci seraient capables d'exercer les fonctions sociales independamment d'un gouvernement. L'A. mesure les consequences de cette hypothese sur le gouverneemnt des individus non-angeliques
Laminar flame speed correlations for pure-hydrogen and high-hydrogen content syngas blends with various diluents

Abstract Hydrogen is an attractive fuel for large-scale combustion systems due to its high flame speeds and clean burning characteristics. This paper presents a new set of correlations for the laminar flame speeds of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures with nitrogen (air) and helium as diluents, using a recently updated chemical kinetics mechanism. A wide excursion of equivalence ratios (φ = 0.5–5.0), pressures (1–30 atm) and temperatures (270–620 K) was performed. Flame speed correlations were developed at five pressures, namely 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 atm for the pure-hydrogen case. The disparities between the kinetic model predictions and the correlation estimates, commonly associated with existing correlations, were significantly reduced, and the correlation estimates are within ±13 cm/s of the model predictions. Also, a correlation for lean and high-hydrogen content (HHC) syngas blends of H2 + CO + H2O was developed from the pure-hydrogen correlations. A wide range of pressures (1–30 atm), initial temperatures (323–550 K), steam contaminant levels (5–15%), and hydrogen content in the fuel blend (15–100%) were simulated. A design of experiments approach was adopted to determine the critical mixtures necessary to develop the correlation. The developed HHC correlation agrees within ±12% of the model predictions.
New NRC report calls for improved U.S. climate modeling strategy

A coordinated national strategy in the United States for climate modeling is essential, states a recent report by the Climate Research Committee (CRC) of the National Research Council. The report draws a number of significant conclusions regarding the state of the country's high-end climate modeling, and, in conjunction with better coordination, addresses resource availability and the prioritization of advanced modeling. The CRC report contains two major findings. First, although individual federal agencies may have established well-defined priorities for climate modeling research, no integrated national strategy exists to focus U.S. climate modeling efforts. These efforts include the broad objectives of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), the needs for comprehensive contributions to the science base of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, and the wide-ranging needs of the scientific community No coordinated mechanism exists for prioritizing these needs or ensuring that these priorities are adequately addressed.
Experimental evaluation of ophthalmic devices and solutions using rabbit models.

Objective To analyze and compare the geometry of the anterior segment of rabbit and human eyes, with relevance for the evaluation of intraocular lenses, and to review rabbit models used in our laboratory for the evaluation of different ophthalmic devices and solutions. Procedures Fifteen rabbit and 15 human eyes (10 phakic and 5 pseudophakic/group) obtained postmortem were used. Anterior-posterior length, equatorial diameter, and white-to-white (corneal diameter) were measured with calipers. The eyes were then analyzed with a very high-frequency ultrasound (Artemis, Ultralink) for measurements of the anterior chamber depth, and anterior chamber and ciliary sulcus diameters. The capsular bag diameter was measured with calipers from a posterior view, and the diameter and thickness of the crystalline lenses were measured after their excision from the phakic eyes. Results Although the size of the rabbit eye is overall smaller than the size of the human eye, the dimensions of the anterior segment of rabbit eyes are generally larger. The differences between rabbit and human eyes were statistically significant (Wilcoxon rank sum test) in terms of anterior-posterior length, equatorial diameter, white-to-white measurements (P < 0.0001), anterior chamber diameter (P = 0.0004), ciliary sulcus diameter (P = 0.0012), and crystalline lens diameter and thickness (P = 0.0003). Conclusions Experimental evaluation of design features of new phakic intraocular lenses in rabbit eyes may be inconclusive without adaptation of their size/design, contrary to the evaluation of new pseudophakic lenses by implantation in the capsular bag. The rabbit is a very valuable model for the experimental evaluation of different ophthalmic devices and solutions.
Gordon Pask: Cybernetic Polymath

ABSTRACT Despite his influence in art, architecture and theater, British cybernetician Gordon Pask is rarely acknowledged in histories of digital culture and virtually unknown in the history of art...
Microwave spectrum, dipole moment, and structure of ethynyldifluoroborane

Abstract The microwave spectrum of ten isotopic species of ethynyldifluoroborane (HCCBF 2 ) has been measured. Rotational constants of the ground state and the lowest excited vibrational state have been obtained. Structural parameters obtained are: r CH = 1.058 ± 0.003 A , r CC = 1.206 ± 0.003 A , r CB = 1.513 ± 0.005 A , r BF = 1.323 ± 0.005 A , and ∠FBF = 116.5 ± 1.0°. The dipole moment is 1.87 6 ± 0.010 D .
Purification and properties of hog liver 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase.

Abstract The purification of hog liver 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.27), and the determination of some of its characteristics, are reported. The enzyme was purified 330-fold in 22% yield from an acetone powder extract by ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography twice using sulfopropyl Sephadex under carefully controlled pH conditions (once at pH 5.36 and a second time with a pH gradient from 5.25 to 5.80), and a final chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The purified enzyme was found to be homogeneous by several standard criteria, but activity measurements indicated that a small amount (less than 5%) of a carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1) isoenzyme is present as a minor impurity. On long-term storage at −20 °C the enzyme forms polymers but this can be reversed with thiols. The molecular weight of the freshly prepared or depolymerized enzyme was estimated to be 89,000 ± 2000 by equilibrium ultracentrifugation, and 50,000 to 54,000 by gel filtration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis experiments, performed in the presence and absence of mercaptoethanol, indicate that the enzyme is composed of two nonidentical subunits with similar molecular weights (44,000 ± 2000). The enzyme gives a typical protein ultraviolet absorption spectrum with no noticeable peaks above 300 nm, it has no detectable carbohydrate content, and it contains 0.9 atom iron and 0.4 atom copper/89,000 daltons. Added iron and copper salts activate the enzyme to some extent but by less than a factor of 2. The enzymatic reaction has a large temperature coefficient (the rate increases ca. fivefold for each 10 °C rise) and is markedly stimulated (up to sixfold) by the presence of some organic solvents in concentrations up to 10% of the medium. These results suggest that a protein conformation change, possibly aided by binding of the organic solvent, is involved in the rate-determining step of the reaction. The similarities and differences of this 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase to those from other sources, and to prolyl hydroxylase, are discussed.
Process latitude measurements and their implications for CD control in EUV lithography

We have exposed 10 wafers on the Engineering Test Stand (ETS), the 0.1 NA EUV scanner at Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, CA. The EUV reflective mask was fabricated in-house using a Ta-based absorber stack on Mo/Si multilayers. The printed wafers contained different line sizes and pitches, line-end shortening measurement structures, contact holes, and patterns for estimating absorber defect printability. The depths of focus of each feature are typically 2 um due to the small NA of the scanner, and these should decrease by at least a factor of 6.25 as the NA's increase to 0.25. The data from measurements of line size through pitch and line-end shortening test structures indicate that both 1D and 2D optical proximity correction will be required. Defects that are either notches in or protrusions from absorber lines are the first to print, and they begin to print when they reach approximately 15~nm (1X) in size. This size threshold is in accordance with the 2003 ITRS specifications. We also report the first printing of SRAM bitcells with EUV lithography.
Accurate characterization of lossy interconnects from TDR waveforms

This paper proposes an accurate solution to characterize the lossy interconnects with discontinuities from TDR waveforms. A new lossy peeling algorithm is proposed to determine the interconnect impedance of lossy structures. An efficient fitting algorithm is applied to extract the W-element model of a lossy structure from an initial impedance profile extracted by a lossless peeling algorithm. The proposed method also improves the accuracy of late time response which has been difficult to achieve by previous algorithms. The approach presented in this paper is able to recover the impedance profiles of complicated lossy structures.
Inhibition of lymphocyte transformation responses to phytohemagglutinin by normal human plasma.

Abstract Marked variability in lymphocyte transformation responses to a suboptimal phytohemagglutinin concentration (0.1 μg/ml) was observed when peripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal subjects were cultured in media containing 15% autologous plasma. Low responses were related to the plasma and were caused by direct inhibition rather than an inability to support the response. This inhibitory activity varied greatly among different plasma specimens and was also found in human and animal serum. It appeared to be specific for suboptimal concentrations of phytohemagglutinin and could be overcome by increasing the mitogen concentration. The inhibitory activity was heat stable, was not dialyzable, and appeared to affect a very early stage of the response since a delay in addition of the inhibitory plasma reversed its effect. Our interpretation of these results is that human plasmas vary greatly with respect to their ability to bind phytohemagglutinin so that the addition of different plasmas to lymphocyte cultures stimulated by a limiting concentration of phytohemagglutinin results in marked variability of the results obtained.
Depositional Environment of Oil Shale in the Green River Formation, Wyoming: ABSTRACT

Oil shale in the Green River Formation of Wyoming was deposited in shallow water. The sandstones and siltstones spatially associated with oil shale are characterized by mudcracks, ripple marks with flattened crests, ripple marks with mudcracks in the troughs, many burrows and root casts, thinly bedded units with current laminations, and fluviatile channel deposits. The sandstones and siltstones lack graded bedding and other sedimentary structures diagnostic of turbidite sequences. The assemblage of carbonate rocks associated with oil shale includes dolomicrite with mudcracks, crystal casts, and plant debris; flat-pebble conglomerates; coquinas containing pulmonate gastropods; ooliths and pisoliths; algal bioherms; and mudcracked ostracodal limestones. Disrupted bedding and a lack of continuous lamination are distinctive of the oil shale in the Green River basin. At some locations oil shale contains abundant ostracodes and insect larvae. The oil shale is closely associated with trona beds in the Wilkins Peak Member of the Green River Formation. The sedimentological evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of a shallow-water origin for the oil shale in the Green River Formation of Wyoming. This genetic interpretation is consistent with the playa-lake (continental sabkha) model recently proposed by Eugster and Surdam. End_of_Article - Last_Page 808------------
Automatic vectorization of tree traversals

Repeated tree traversals are ubiquitous in many domains such as scientific simulation, data mining and graphics. Modern commodity processors support SIMD instructions, and using these instructions to process multiple traversals at once has the potential to provide substantial performance improvements. Unfortunately these algorithms often feature highly diverging traversals which inhibit efficient SIMD utilization, to the point that other, less profitable sources of vectorization must be exploited instead. Previous work has proposed traversal splicing, a locality transformation for tree traversals, which dynamically reorders traversals based on previous behavior, based on the insight that traversals which have behaved similarly so far are likely to behave similarly in the future. In this work, we cast this dynamic reordering as a scheduling for efficient SIMD execution, and show that it can dramatically improve the SIMD utilization of diverging traversals, close to ideal utilization. For five irregular tree traversal algorithms, our techniques are able to deliver speedups of 2.78 on average over baseline implementations. Furthermore our techniques can effectively SIMDize algorithms that prior, manual vectorization attempts could not.
Thermal adaptation analyzed by comparison of protein sequences from mesophilic and extremely thermophilic Methanococcus species

The genome sequence of the extremely thermophilic archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii provides a wealth of data on proteins from a thermophile. In this paper, sequences of 115 proteins from M. jannaschii are compared with their homologs from mesophilic Methanococcus species. Although the growth temperatures of the mesophiles are about 50 degrees C below that of M. jannaschii, their genomic G+C contents are nearly identical. The properties most correlated with the proteins of the thermophile include higher residue volume, higher residue hydrophobicity, more charged amino acids (especially Glu, Arg, and Lys), and fewer uncharged polar residues (Ser, Thr, Asn, and Gln). These are recurring themes, with all trends applying to 83-92% of the proteins for which complete sequences were available. Nearly all of the amino acid replacements most significantly correlated with the temperature change are the same relatively conservative changes observed in all proteins, but in the case of the mesophile/thermophile comparison there is a directional bias. We identify 26 specific pairs of amino acids with a statistically significant (P < 0.01) preferred direction of replacement.
Quantification of key red blood cell folates from subjects with defined MTHFR 677C>T genotypes using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Red blood cell (RBC) folate levels are established at the time of erythropoiesis and therefore provide a surrogate biomarker for the average folate status of an individual over the preceding four months. Folates are present as folylpolyglutamates, highly polar molecules that cannot be secreted from the RBCs, and must be converted into their monoglutamate forms prior to analysis. This was accomplished using an individual's plasma pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase by lysing the RBCs in whole blood at pH 5 in the presence of ascorbic acid. Quantitative conversion of formylated tetrahydrofolate derivatives into the stable 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-MTHF) form was conducted at pH 1.5 in the presence of [(13)C(5)]-5-formyltetrahydrofolate. The resulting [(13)C(5)]-5,10-MTHF was then used as an internal standard for the formylated forms of tetrahydrofolate that had been converted into 5,10-MTHF as well any 5,10-MTHF that had been present in the original sample. A stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry method was validated and then used for the accurate and precise quantification of RBC folic acid, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), tetrahydrofolate (THF), and 5,10-MTHF. The method was sensitive and robust and was used to assess the relationship between different methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C>T genotypes and RBC folate phenotypes. Four distinct RBC folate phenotypes could be identified. These were classified according to the relative amounts of individual RBC folates as type I (5-MTHF >95%; THF 55%; THF >20%; 5,10-MTHF >5%), and type IV (5-MTHF 20%; 5,10-MTHF >5%).
The Vietnam veteran ten years on.

A review of the literature has been made on the diagnostic, management and administrative procedures adopted by military psychiatrists during the Vietnam conflict. Initial reports of low rates of psychiatric attrition probably concealed much combat-related psychopathology by labelling these problems as administrative disciplinary infractions. In the later stages of the war, explosive outbreaks of substance, particularly heroin, abuse were noted as well as reports of serious violence directed towards superior officers and Vietnamese civilians. Successful coping styles adopted by the troops against combat stress, culture shock and anomie have also been described as have their stratagems for managing a return to a politically divided community. Studies on returned veterans point to ongoing psychopathology in the areas of post traumatic stress disorder and depression in proportion to the severity of the combat to which they were exposed. Increased rates of violence and alcoholism have yet to be demonstrated. ...
Perceived Effects of Setting Attributes on Visitor Experiences in Wilderness: Variation with Situational Context and Visitor Characteristics

Understanding how setting attributes influence the nature of the visitor experience is crucial to effective recreation management. Highly influential attributes are useful indicators to monitor within a planning framework, such as Limits of Acceptable Change. This study sought to identify the setting attributes perceived to have the most profound effect on the ability to have “a real wilderness experience” and to assess the degree to which attribute importance varied with situational context and visitor characteristics. To this end, exiting hikers were surveyed at moderate and very high use trailheads in Alpine Lakes Wilderness, WA (USA), and Three Sisters Wilderness, OR (USA). They were asked about the degree to which encountering varying levels of different setting attributes would add to or detract from their experience. Attributes with the largest range of effect on experience, based on evaluations of different levels, were considered most important. The most influential attributes were litter and several types of campsite interaction—people walking through camp and number of other groups camping close by. The perceived importance of setting attributes did not vary much between wilderness locations with substantially different use levels, suggesting that conclusions are robust and generalizable across wilderness areas. There also was little difference in the perceptions of day and overnight visitors. In contrast, we found substantial variation in the perceived importance of setting attributes with variation in wilderness experience, knowledge, attachment, and motivation. Our results validate the emphasis of many wilderness management plans on indicators of social interaction, such as number of encounters.
CASINO GAMBLING IN ATLANTIC CITy: A NEW TOOL OF URBAN RENEWAL?

The legalization of casino gambling in 1976 by approval of the voters of New Jersey has attracted nearly $2.0 billion of private investment capital to Atlantic City. The opening of the first casino. Resorts International, was eagerly awaited as a step toward revitalizing the city. Four years and eight casinos later, it is quite apparent that the use of the casino gambling industry toward this end suffers from many of the same inadequacies as past renewal programs. As many studies have concluded, urban policies of the past failed to spread benefits to the urban poor and lower-income population (e.g., see Friedan and Kaplan, 1975; Weiss, 1980). The history of Atlantic City's decline offers a case study of how federal programs were unsuccessful in both addressing the causes of decline and aiding those most adversely affected by it. The evidence to date suggests that the direction of urban redevelopment in Atlantic City is presently following the pattern established by past programs. The legalization of casino gambling has spread its benefits unevenly, benefitting the already well-off while excluding the poor and elderly of the city.
Shrinkage matched cofireable thick film resistors for LTCC

One of the major advantages of low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology is the ability to integrate passive components such as resistors, capacitors and inductors into a monolithic package. Due to materials interaction during processing, it is challenging to develop cofirable resistor, capacitor and inductor materials. This paper describes the development of compatible thick film resistors for Ferro's A6 tape system. The shrinkage behavior of the thick film resistors was matched to that of the tape material during firing. This shrinkage matching resulted in a distortion-free fired LTCC package with buried resistors. The resistor formulations were developed with sheet resistance in decade values starting from 10 /spl Omega///spl square/ up to 100 K/spl Omega///spl square/. The electrical properties of the resistors such as sheet resistance, TCR values, ESD stability and voltage handling were studied and found to be good. The microstructure development of the resistor during firing was studied using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrical properties of the buried resistors such as sheet resistance, TCR, drift on ESD, and voltage handling capacity were studied for different buried levels of the resistor from the surface. The effect of firing time and temperatures and package design on the electrical properties of the resistors at different layers was also studied. >
The effect of soil surface litter residue on energy and carbon fluxes in a deciduous forest

a b s t r a c t The Atmosphere-Land Exchange Surface Energy (ALEX) balance model is an analytical formulation of the energy and mass transport within the soil and the vegetation canopy used for simulating energy, evapotranspiration, and CO2 fluxes in a wide range of vegetation environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of ALEX to simulate the effect of soil-surface leaf litter residue on soil heat conduction (G), sensible heat (H), evapotranspiration (ET) (or latent heat (LE) when expressed as rate of energy loss) and CO2 fluxes in a deciduous forest. The model was evaluated in a deciduous forest in Oak Ridge, Tennessee where about 550 g m −2 of dry weight of slow decomposing leaf litter is produced annually during the fall season. Incorporating an explicit formulation of water and energy exchanges within the residue layer in ALEX improved the performance of the model against eddy covariance and G measurements. The discrepancies between model simulations made with and without leaf litter residue were largest during the spring and fall, when soil contributions dominated the energy budget of the forest. During these periods, particularly during the spring, without the inclusion of the residue layer the model overpredicted LE, G, soil temperature and soil moisture, and underpredicted H. The model showed no differences in simulating above-canopy net radiation (RN), with a slight difference in the above-canopy CO2 flux. The largest model improvement for residue effects was in the simulation of G, with the slope of the regression line between predicted and measured values reduced from 2.28 for the model without residue effects to 1.07 when the residue effect was considered. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
MR Imaging for Acute Nontraumatic Abdominopelvic Pain: Rationale and Practical Considerations

Use of emergency department MR imaging for evaluating acute abdominopelvic pain is discussed in terms of rationale, imaging techniques, clinical applications, evolving indications, and limitations.
Testing reliable distributed applications through simulated events

There are many distributed applications that incorporate application-specific reliability algorithms that operate on top of general-purpose networking, operating system, and programming language facilities. The authors present a framework for application-level reliability testing suitable for a wide range of distributed applications using low-level events and the automatic generation of series of these events. They also describe how they used this testing approach for a particular application. >