cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prerequisites from Logic and Analysis

We begin with logic. This book does not require any prior knowledge of formal logic. First we expand upon some points made in the introduction to the book. All of our notions of computability (for real numbers, continuous functions, and beyond) are based on the notion of a recursive function. (N denotes the set of non-negative integers.) On the other hand, this book does not require a detailed knowledge of recursion theory. For reasons to be explained below, an intuitive understanding of that theory will suffice. We continue for now to consider only functions from N to N Intuitively, a recursive function is simply a “computable” function. More precisely, a recursive function is a function which is computable by a Turing machine. The weight of fifty years experience leads to the conclusion that “recursive function” is the correct definition of the intuitive notion of a computable function. The definition is as solid as the definition of a group or a vector space. By now, the theory of recursive functions is highly developed. However, as we have said, this book does not require a detailed knowledge of that theory. We avoid the need for heavy technical prerequisites in two ways. 1. Whenever we prove that some process is computable, we actually give the algorithm which produces the computation. As we shall see, some of these algorithms are quite intricate. But each of them is built up from scratch, so that the book is self-contained. 2. To prove that certain processes are not computable, we shall find that it suffices to know one basic result from recusive function theory—the existence of a recursively enumerable nonrecursive set. This we now discuss. Imagine a computer which has been programmed to produce the values of a function a from nonnegative integers to nonnegative integers. We set the program in motion, and have the computer list the values a(0), a(l), a(2),… in order. This set A of values, a subset of the natural numbers, is an example of a “recursively enumerable set”. If we take a general all purpose computer—e.g. a Turing machine —and consider the class of all such programs, we obtain the class of all recursively enumerable sets.
Spectroscopic Analyses of the Planetary System Candidates: 55 Cnc, 51 Peg, 47 UMa, 70 Vir, and HD 114762

The stars 55 Cnc, 51 Peg, 47 UMa, 70 Vir, and HD 114762 have recently been proposed to harbor planetary mass companions. Using spectrospic methods we find that 55 Cnc and 51 Peg are super metal- rich, 47 UMa and 70 Vir have roughly solar metallicities, and HD 114762 is metal-poor. Otherwise, the abundance patterns, expressed as [X/Fe], are approximately solar. The ages of 47 UMa and 51 Peg are similar to that of the Sun; 70 Vir is slightly older, and 55 Cnc and HD 114762 are at least 10 Gyr old. Our estimates of vsini for the parent stars are 1.4, 1.8, 2.0, 0.6, 0.51, 4.6, > 20, and > 8.5 MJ. The systems appear to fall into three groups: roughly Jupiter mass companions with small circular orbits with metal-rich parent stars (55 Cnc and 51 Peg), larger companions with larger circular orbits (47 UMa), and much more massive companions with large eccentric orbits around moderately metal- poor parent stars (70 Vir and HD 114762). Our findings are consistent with the recently proposed mechanism whereby a gas giant migrates to within a few hundredths of an AU of its parent star during the formative epoch of the planetary system. During this process the material between the giant planet and the star is accreted onto the latter. If the accreted material is depleted in H and He, then the photospheric composition of the parent star might be altered significantly.
Old Physics, New Physics and Colliders

In these lectures, I shall discuss some topics in the standard model of strong and electroweak interactions and shall then point out some problems in this model and indicate how these problems are attacked in some theoretical models. I shall begin with a discussion of radiative corrections in the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model,1 stressing how these corrections may be measured at LEP and the SLC. I shall then discuss some features of QCD which are relevant to hadron colliders. This discussion will complement the lectures of Luigi DiLeila,2 who has shown impressive evidence from the CERN \( Sp\bar{p}S \) collider for the correctness of QCD. In my discussion of the unsolved problems of the standard model I shall not discuss supersymmetric theories since their theoretical aspects and phenomenological consequences are discussed by other lecturers at this school.3 I shall however, discuss some aspects of models in which quarks and leptons are composite particles.
Free space modeling and geometric motion planning under unexpected obstacles

The author addresses motion planning problems for a mobile robot with an incomplete map. For the given start and goal positions, the robot preplans a collision-free path based on the given map, known as the find-path problem. He presents a solution of the find-path problem for the randomly shaped obstacles using an improvement of the retraction method, namely, retraction with local replacement by visibility graph. While the robot is traveling along the preplanned path, unexpected obstacles can appear anywhere and block the passages. On detecting the unexpected obstacles, the robot needs to replan a safe path to maneuver around these obstacles. The author presents three different versions of a motion-replanning algorithm that patch the world model and regenerate a path from the current location to the goal location. In this scheme, he avoids the computation of a completely updated world model by patching the locally updated environment. >
Model of the dynamic behavior of a fibrous filter. Application to case of pure interception during period of unhindered growth

Abstract A set of equations describing the dynamic behavior of fibrous aerosol filters is developed in analogy with that used in deep bed filtration of solid—liquid suspensions. This model involves two correction functions, fλ and fP, which account for the effect of deposited matter on the local rate of deposition and on the local pressure gradient, respectively. Analytical expressions for these correction factors are derived, based on first principles, for the simple case of deposition by interception alone during the period of unhindered particle dendrite growth. Sample calculations are presented including specific deposit profiles, normalized concentration profiles, pressure drop profiles, as well as the change of filtration efficiency and total pressure drop with time.
OCCUPATIONALLY INDUCED AIRWAYS OBSTRUCTION

The studies reviewed in this article indicate the association of occupational exposure to a variety of organic and inorganic dusts and various gases and fumes with chronic bronchitis and decrements of FEV1. Usually an obstructive pattern was noted, although in some occupations a similar decrement in FVC was noted. The effect of smoking on chronic bronchitis, respiratory symptoms, and FEV1 was usually additive, although workers exposed to cotton dust in one study demonstrated an interaction between exposure and smoking, as did a study of a general population sample. In coal workers, exposure to dust in younger workers resulted in a greater decline in lung function than if the exposure occurred in older workers. Studies in coal miners and grain workers further suggest that occupational standards in effect are not sufficient to protect the working population from adverse effects. The magnitude of the effect of occupation on decrement in FEV1 is usually less than cigarette smoking. Studies in coal miners indicate, however, that a minority of workers could be more severely affected by exposure. When considered together with cigarette smoking, additional decrements in lung function because of occupational exposure could contribute to disability. Additional study is needed for better understanding of exposure-response relationships, host factors, potential interaction with cigarette smoking, and pathophysiology of the development of occupationally induced airway disease.
Blood transfusion in the neonate: Effects of dilution and age of blood on hemolysis

The most significant sign of illness in low birth weight (< 1,500 gm) infants with coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis was an increase in apneic and bradycardic episodes. Tachycardia and hypotension or poor perfusion also were prevalent. Laboratory data helpful in evaluating these infants included an acute decline in the platelet count (usually not associated with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy), metabolic acidosis, and glucose intolerance. Because of frequent antibiotic resistance, therapy should be directed by in vitro susceptibility test results. Our experience correlated with that of others who have demonstrated that cephalosporin antibiotics are generally effective antibiotics for treatment of infants with coagulasenegative staphylococci septicemia. 1~ However, one might need to consider the addition of another antibiotic, such as vancomycin, if clinical improvement does not occur with cephalosporin therapy? 4 The newborn infant, especially the premature infant, possessing a central venous catheter and receiving TPN fluid, should be added to the list of high-risk patients for septicemia with coagulase-negative staphylococci. Perhaps, in the future, a combination of phage typing, biotyping, and antibiograms will identify the most pathogenic of coagulase-negative staphylococci and serve as epidemiologic markers for studying infections originating in hospital wards or intensive care units. The authors thank the medical and nursing personnel of the Newborn Intensive Care Unit for their assistance in management of the patients; the Microbiology Laboratory for their help in identifying the organisms; John Connett of the Division of Biometry for his statistical analysis; and Deborah Dapper for secretarial assistance. REFERENCES 1. Allen JR: The incidence of nosocomial infection in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition, in Johnston l, editor:
Thermal and rheological properties of miscible polyethersulfone/polyimide blends

Blends of an aromatic polyethersulfone (commercial name Victrex) and a polyimide (commercial name Matrimid 5218), the condensation product of 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and 5(6)-amino-1-(4′-aminophenyl)-1,3,3′-trimethylindane, were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and rheological techniques. The blends appeared to be miscible over the whole range of compositions when cast as films or precipitated from solution in a number of solvents. After annealing above the apparent phase boundary, located above Tg, the blends were irreversibly phase separated indicating that the observed phase boundary does not represent a true state of equilibrium. Only a narrow “processing window” was found for blends containing up to 20 wt % polyimide. Rheological measurements in this range of compositions indicated that blending polyethersulfone with polyimide increases the complex viscosity and the elastic modulus of the blends. For blends containing more than 10 wt % polyimide, abrupt changes in the rheological properties were observed at temperatures above the phase boundary. These changes may be consistent with the formation of a network structure (due to phase separation and/or crosslinking). Blends containing less than 10 wt % polyimide exhibited stable rheological properties after heating at 320°C for 20 min, indicating the existence of thermodynamic equilibrium.
On problem transformability in VLSI

The two basic performance parameters that capture the complexity of any VLSI chip are the area of the chip,A, and the computation time,T. A systematic approach for establishing lower bounds onA is presented. This approach relatesA to the bisection flow, ź. A theory of problem transformation based on ź, which captures bothAT2 andA complexity, is developed. A fundamental problem, namely, element uniqueness, is chosen as a computational prototype. It is shown under general input/output protocol assumptions that any chip that decides ifn elements (each with (1+ź)lognbits) are unique must have ź=ź(nlogn), and thus, AT2=ź(n2log2n), andA= ź(nlogn). A theory of VLSI transformability reveals the inherentAT2 andA complexity of a large class of related problems.
Tensile properties of type 316 stainless steel irradiated in a simulated fusion reactor environment

Abstract Tensile and fracture properties of type 316 stainless steel in the annealed and 20% coldworked conditions were investigated to neutron fluences producing 16 dpa and 1000 at. ppm He resulting from irradiation in the High Flux Isotope Reactor. Tensile elongations remained above 6% at 350 and 450°C and 4% at 575°C. Fracture behavior has been examined in the 20% cold-worked material. At 350°C the fracture mode is unchanged by irradiation and is characterized by ductile tearing. At 450°C irradiation causes the fracture mode to change from ductile tearing to crystallographic fracture which may occur along the slip bands introduced by the cold working. At 575°C the fracture is changed from ductile transgranular to intergranular. The tensile properties observed are believed to be adequate for fusion reactor service within the values of damage parameters investigated.
Symptom dimensions and brain morphology in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

The heterogeneity of symptoms in schizophrenia may reflect heterogeneity of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Factor analytic studies have consistently identified three symptom factors, psychotic, negative and disorganized, as independent dimensions of schizophrenic psychopathology. This study examined the relationship of these symptom dimensions with volumes of specific brain regions. One-hundred and sixty-six schizophrenia spectrum patients were clinically evaluated with the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History (CASH) and scanned with a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually traced on 5 mm and 3 mm coronal slices by a single technician, blind to all aspects of subject identity. Correlations between ROI volumes and indices of symptom severity were determined. Analyses of covariance were then used to test for specific relationships between each of the three symptom dimensions and ROI volumes. Tests were made of each dimension, controlling for all others. Overall symptom severity was significantly correlated with larger ventricle volumes (lateral, third and temporal horns) and smaller temporal lobe, hippocampal and superior temporal gyral volumes. Both psychotic and negative symptom severity predicted increased third ventricular volume. Psychotic symptom severity uniquely predicted decreased superior temporal gyral volume as well as increased temporal horn volume. Within the psychotic symptom dimension, hallucinations alone predicted left superior temporal gyral volume. No significant associations between disorganized symptoms and any ROIs were demonstrated. These results provide clues to the localization of specific brain regions underlying symptom clusters in schizophrenia, and provide further validating evidence for the construct of independent dimensions of psychopathology within schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
The kinetics of hemolytic plaque formation. IV. IgM plaque inhibition.

Abstract An analysis of the inhibition of hemolytic plaques formed against IgM antibodies is presented. The starting point is the equations of DeLisi & Bell (1974) which describe the kinetics of plaque growth, and DeLisi & Goldstein (1975) which describe inhibition of IgG plaques. However, the physical chemical models which were used previously to describe IgG inhibition data are shown to be inadequate for describing the characteristics of IgM inhibition curves. Moreover, it is shown that the experimental results place severe restrictions on the possible choices of physical chemical models for IgM upon which to base the calculations. It is argued that in order to account even qualitatively for all the data, one must assume (1) a very restricted motion of IgMs about the Fab hinge region and (2) a very narrow secretion rate distribution of IgM by antibody secreting cells.
Resurgence of the Primary Corpus Luteum During Pregnancy in the Mare

The temporal association between the first detectable increase in concentrations of circulating progesterone and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was studied in pregnant mares. Blood samples were collected on days 15, 20 and 25–40 from pony mares (experiment 1; n=11) and days 11–40 from horse mares (experiment 2; n=10). Mares were ultrasonically examined daily to evaluate the primary corpus luteum (experiment 3; n=2–6) and to detect the formation of secondary corpora lutea (experiments 1 and 2). Formation of secondary corpora lutea was not detected in any mare prior to day 40 in experiment 1, but was detected in one mare on day 38 and in two mares on day 39 in experiment 2. In both experiments 1 and 2, there was a significant main effect of day for circulating concentrations of progesterone and was attributable to decreased (P<0.05) concentrations between days 12 and 15 (experiment 2) and increased concentrations after day 32 (experiment 1) or day 34 (experiment 2). Progesterone concentrations were higher (P<0.05) on days 38, 39, and 40 than on days 29, 31, and 32 in experiment 1 and higher (P<0.05) on day 40 than on days 32, 33 and 34 in experiment 2. When progesterone concentrations in experiment 2 were normalized to the day that eCG was first detected (mean, day 35), mean concentrations were lower (P<0.05) before detection of eCG than on the second day after detection. The cross-sectional area of the ultrasonic image of the primary corpus luteum (experiment 3) was greater (P<0.05) on days 39, 40, 41, and 42 than on days 30 and 33. The cross-sectional increases in area of the primary corpus luteum in experiment 3, closely paralleled the increases in progesterone concentration in experiments 1 and 2. Combined results of the 3 experiments supported the hypothesis that resurgence of the primary corpus luteum occurs in pregnant mares between days 30 and 40 and that the resurgence is a response to release of eCG into the circulation. More specifically, the results indicated that, on the average, the resurgence of the primary corpus luteum in the mare began on day 35.
Effects of neonatal castration and testosterone on the rat's pup-killing behavior and activity

Abstract A male rat will generally kill young rat pups that are placed with him whereas a female generally will not. Another sex difference is that females are usually more active than males in the open-field test. This set of experiments was designed to evaluate the role of testosterone induced sexual differentiation in the development of these behaviors. The first experiment established that the frequency of the killing response is not diminished by castrating males in adulthood. The second experiment found that male rats which were neonatally castrated killed in fewer instances as compared to controls. These animals also were more active in the open field. Experiment 3 used males which had been handled or not disturbed in infancy to introduce an emotionality difference. Handling had no effect upon pup-killing behavior; again those castrated in infancy killed less often than controls. In Experiment 4 castrations at 2, 10 or 15 days of age were equally effective in stopping pup killing by males. In Experiment 5 females were androgenized at 2 days of age;this reduced their adult open-field activity but did not increase their pup-killing.
Statistics for phylogenetic trees

This paper poses the problem of estimating and validating phylogenetic trees in statistical terms. The problem is hard enough to warrant several tacks: we reason by analogy to rounding real numbers, and dealing with ranking data. These are both cases where, as in phylogeny the parameters of interest are not real numbers. Then we pose the problem in geometrical terms, using distances and measures on a natural space of trees. We do not solve the problems of inference on tree space, but suggest some coherent ways of tackling them.
Adaptive changes in the neuromagnetic response of the primary and association somatosensory areas following repetitive tactile hand stimulation in humans

Cortical adaptation in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) has been probed using different stimulation modalities and recording techniques, in both human and animal studies. In contrast, considerably less knowledge has been gained about the adaptation profiles in other areas of the cortical somatosensory network. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we examined the patterns of short-term adaptation for evoked responses in SI and somatosensory association areas during tactile stimulation applied to the glabrous skin of the hand. Cutaneous stimuli were delivered as trains of serial pulses with a constant frequency of 2 Hz and 4 Hz in separate runs, and a constant inter-train interval of 5 s. The unilateral stimuli elicited transient responses to the serial pulses in the train, with several response components that were separated by independent component analysis. Subsequent source reconstruction techniques identified regional generators in the contralateral SI and somatosensory association areas in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Activity in the bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex (i.e., SII/PV) was also identified, although less consistently across subjects. The dynamics of the evoked activity in each area and the frequency-dependent adaptation effects were assessed from the changes in the relative amplitude of serial responses in each train. We show that the adaptation profiles in SI and PPC areas can be quantitatively characterized from neuromagnetic recordings using tactile stimulation, with the sensitivity to repetitive stimulation increasing from SI to PPC. A similar approach for SII/PV has proven less straightforward, potentially due to the tendency of these areas to respond selectively to certain stimuli. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Perodicals, Inc.
Overview of International Cooperation in Eastern European Higher Education

The toppling of the totalitarian regimes has brought a wide range of changes in Eastern Europe* in all spheres of life. The countries from this part of Europe have been gradually or radically opening their centrally planned economies to the dynamic forces of the market. However, the new governments' attempts to adopt the new economic system through the privatization of publicly owned industries and structural readjustment coincided with a period of deep recession inherited from previous regimes. These countries not only have had to contend with a decline in national economic output, but are also facing rising levels of unemployment and sometimes an extremely high ratio of inflation. Obviously, this changing political and economic context has challenged the educational systems in these countries, particularly the higher education systems.
Comparing the consumptive and non-consumptive effects of a native and introduced lady beetle on pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum)

Abstract While the importation and release of foreign natural enemies in classical biological control programs can be cost-effective, the released control agent can have unintended effects, such as the displacement of native natural enemies. In this study we examined the effect of the replacement of a native coccinellid, the nine-spotted lady beetle (Coccinella novemnotata) by an exotic biological control agent, the seven-spotted lady beetle (C. septempunctata), on the ability of the coccinellid complex to control pest aphids. Specifically, we compared the consumptive and non-consumptive effect of each coccinellid species on aphids. The consumptive effect was measured by determining the functional responses for each lady beetle and calculating attack rate, handling time, and maximum feeding rate on a shared prey item, the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Non-consumptive effects were examined by assessing pea aphid dropping rates in response to foraging by the coccinellids on fava bean plants. Our results indicate that C. septempunctata has both a significantly greater consumptive effect and non-consumptive effect on A. pisum than C. novemnotata. Modeling indicates that C. septempunctata should have a greater impact on A. pisum populations but that its greater predatory efficiency could also lead to decreased stability in the interactions between predator and prey populations.
Frequency spectrum for integration of unmanned aircraft

The goal of enabling the integration of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS) in terms of UAS achieving routine access to the NAS has been established as a national goal in the United States. Among a number of technical barriers that must be overcome to meet this goal is the absence of standard, certifiable communications links supplying the control and non-payload communications (CNPC) function, essentially providing the link over which a pilot on the ground can control the unmanned aircraft (UA). The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has determined that the CNPC link must operate over protected aviation spectrum. Therefore protected aviation spectrum must be allocated for this function, approved through the processes of the International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R). Work has progressed in the definition of spectrum requirements for CNPC, and a portion of these requirements has been satisfied through new allocations approved at the ITU-R 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-12). Additional work is ongoing or planned to satisfy the remaining spectrum requirements and define the specifications for the usage of CNPC spectrum allocations and develop supporting standards. This paper provides an overview of the status of RF spectrum for UAS CNPC. Issues that have been identified and ongoing analysis and research that will be necessary to fulfill spectrum requirements for UAS CNPC will be discussed. The results of this work will provide for the safe integration of UA into the NAS in both the LOS (Line of Sight) and BLOS (Beyond Line of Sight) realms.
Silk fibroin rods for sustained delivery of breast cancer therapeutics.

Abstract A silk-protein based reservoir rod was developed for zero-order and long-term sustained drug delivery applications. Silk reservoir rod formulations were processed in three steps. First, a regenerated silk fibroin solution, rich in random-coil content was transformed into a tubular silk film with controllable dimensions, uniform film morphology and a structure rich in silk II , β -sheet content via “film-spinning.” Second, the drug powder was loaded into swollen silk tubes followed by tube end clamping. Last, clamped silk tube ends were sealed completely via dip coating. Anastrozole, an FDA approved active ingredient for the treatment of breast cancer, was used as a model drug to investigate viability of the silk reservoir rod technology for sustained drug delivery. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic data (in a female Sprague–Dawley rat model) analyzed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy indicated zero-order release for 91 days. Both in vitro and in vivo anastrozole release rates could be controlled simply by varying silk rod dimensions. The swelling behavior of silk films and zero-order anastrozole release kinetics indicated practically immediate film hydration and formation of a linear anastrozole concentration gradient along the silk film thickness. The dependence of anastrozole release rate on the overall silk rod dimensions was in good agreement with an essentially diffusion-controlled sustained release from a reservoir cylindrical geometry. In vivo results highlighted a strong in vitro - in vivo pharmacokinetic correlation and a desirable biocompatibility profile of silk reservoir rods. During a 6-month implantation in rats, the apparent silk molecular weight values decreased gradually, while rod dry mass and β -sheet crystal content values remained essentially constant, providing a suitable timeframe for controlled, long-term sustained delivery applications. Overall, the silk reservoir rod may be a viable candidate for sustained delivery of breast cancer therapeutics.
Cleavage of Human Cytomegalovirus Protease pUL80a at Internal and Cryptic Sites Is Not Essential but Enhances Infectivity

The cytomegalovirus (CMV) maturational protease, assemblin, contains an "internal" (I) cleavage site absent from its homologs in other herpesviruses. Blocking this site for cleavage did not prevent replication of the resulting I(-) mutant virus. However, cells infected with the I(-) virus showed increased amounts of a fragment produced by cleavage at the nearby "cryptic" (C) site, suggesting that its replication may bypass the I-site block by using the C site as an alternate cleavage pathway. To test this and further examine the biological importance of these cleavages, we constructed two additional virus mutants-one blocked for C-site cleavage and another blocked for both I- and C-site cleavage. Infectivity comparisons with the parental wild-type virus showed that the I(-) mutant was the least affected for virus production, whereas infectivity of the C(-) mutant was reduced by approximately 40% and when both sites were blocked virus infectivity was reduced by nearly 90%, providing the first evidence that these cleavages have biological significance. We also present and discuss evidence suggesting that I-site cleavage destabilizes assemblin and its fragments, whereas C-site cleavage does not.
Dipole Solvation in Nondipolar Solvents: Experimental Studies of Reorganization Energies and Solvation Dynamics†

Steady-state and time-resolved emission measurements of the solvatochromic probe coumarin 153 are used to study solvation of a dipolar solute in nondipolar solvents such as benzene and 1,4-dioxane. Contrary to the predictions of dielectric continuum theories, the Stokes shifts (or nuclear reorganization energies) that accompany electronic excitation of this solute are substantial in such solvents (∼1000 cm-1). The magnitudes of the shifts observed in both nondipolar and dipolar solvents can be consistently understood in terms of the relative strength of the interactions between the permanent charge distributions of the solute and solvent molecules. (Information concerning these charge distributions is derived from extensive ab initio calculations on the solute and 31 common solvents.) The dynamics of solvation in nondipolar solvents, as reflected in the time dependence of the Stokes shifts, is qualitatively like that observed in polar solvents. But, whereas the dynamics in polar solvents can be rather sim...
Cluster-Models for Uranyl(VI) Adsorption on α-Alumina

Aqueous complexation, adsorption, and redox chemistry of actinide species at mineral surfaces have a significant impact on their transport and reactive behavior in chemically and physically heterogeneous environments. The adsorption configurations and energies of microsolvated uranyl dication species, UO2(H2O)n2+, were determined on fully hydroxylated and proton-deficient α-alumina(0001)-like finite cluster models. The significant size of the models provides faithful representations of features that have emerged from periodic calculations, but most importantly, they afford us a systematic study of the adsorption mechanism, the effect of secondary solvation shells and an explicit treatment of the total charge. Based on this cluster representation, the energetics computed from the difference between the optimized structures and the appropriate reference states point to a preference for an inner-sphere type complex.
Methods of transferring and establishing the alkali bee

Methods were evaluated for transferring adult and immature Nomia melanderi Cockerell from natural sites to artificial bee beds. The most effective method of transplanting prepupae was placing them into prepared holes in soil. When captured females from natural nesting sites were released at artificial beds, moderate numbers could be induced to nest by releasing females at the artificial beds just after sunset. However, more new nesting occurred in sites with active resident bees. Site covers that provided protection from rain deterred nesting but resulted in less loss of progeny from microbial action.
Expression of anaphase-promoting complex 5 in balloon angioplasty-injured rat carotid arteries and mitogen-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells.

Abstract We utilized differential display to identify differentially expressed mRNAs induced by balloon angioplasty injury. A recently described subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex, APC5, is not expressed in uninjured rat carotid arteries. Expression of APC5 mRNA is detectable as early as 1 day post-injury, reached maximal levels by 3–7 days, and declined by 14 days post-injury. APC5 is not expressed in serum-starved cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), but is strongly induced by mitogenic factors, and to a lesser extent by nonmitogenic cytokines. The kinetics of APC5 expression is associated with cell cycle progression, and corresponds with PCNA expression in PDGF-stimulated human VSMC. Interestingly, APC5 is expressed in most human tissues examined, regardless of their proliferative state. These data are the first description of the cytokine-inducible expression of APC5 and suggest that expression of this gene may represent an important event in the pathogenesis of vascular proliferative diseases.
Proposing Perceptions‐based Unique Marketing Strategies for Gamblers

This study is unique in suggesting lucrative markets based on perception‐driven gambling behavior. It examines dynamism in gambling behavior based on three perception‐based groups: “agreed” (those who agree with the socioeconomic and environmental benefits), “disagreed” (those who disagree with the same), and “neutral” (those who have a neutral attitude toward them). Gambling behavior is used as a proxy for the largest amount wagered at a casino in the State of Iowa, United States, and the number of trips made to the casino during the past 12 months. The results suggest that all perceptions of gamblers do not translate into behavioral patterns. By selectively focusing on relevant perceptions of gamblers, higher spending and visitation can be encouraged. Additionally, sustainable practices can be designed to check negative impacts of casino gambling.
Surface area change at fertilization: resorption of the mosaic membrane.

Abstract Eggs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (sea urchin) have a surface area of 41,000 μm 2 before fertilization as determined by quantitative transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Within a minute after fertilization 18,000 cortical vesicles contribute an additional 57,000 μm 2 to form a mosaic membrane with the original plasma membrane. However, by 16 min after fertilization the total area of the egg is only 45,000 μm 2 , indicating a rapid resorption of surface. Calculations of surface area depend in large part upon the numbers and dimensions of microvilli, after careful compensations are made for specimen shrinkage. The 134,000 microvilli per egg are 0.35 μm long before fertilization. They elongate to 1.0 μm in the first few minutes and then soon shorten to 0.5 μm. Even at their longest, microvilli do not accommodate all of the surface area of cortical vesicle membrane. The merger of cortical vesicle membranes and the plasma membrane was demonstrated many years ago and is not in doubt; however, this study indicates that the resulting mosaic membrane is not a long-lived, simple arithmetic combination of its components. Rather, the mosaic membrane undergoes a rapid and dynamic shrinkage by a mechanism which is not apparent on the basis of egg topography alone. The absolute values of egg surface area and dynamic changes in the surface are discussed in relation to physiological events accompanying fertilization.
Influence of Host Age on Leukaemogenesis and Virus Proliferation after Infection with a Murine Leukaemia Virus

WITH few exceptions, the virus induced thymic lymphomas in mice are strongly dependent on age1–4. Early passages of virus were leukaemogenic only for mice less than 2 days old. After repeated passage of the virus, however, the age specificity diminished and leukaemia could be induced in older mice. Even in these systems, host susceptibility still decreases with advancing age as measured by the increasing latent period between virus inoculation and the development of leukaemia. Despite repeated reports of optimum susceptibility in young animals, there is at present little information available about the cause or mechanism of this phenomenon. The elucidation of its mechanism has been complicated by the fact that both susceptibility to virus infections (for example, ref. 5) and susceptibility to tumour cell transplantation6–8 have been shown to be enhanced in younger animals. The virus induced thymic lymphomas are convenient for resolving this problem, for the development of viraemia in these systems is separated by some 40–70 days from the first appearance of tumour cells9–13. It was possible therefore, with this system, to determine the influence of host age on virus proliferation independently of the development of leukaemia.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Endoscopic versus two-incision technique

The purpose of this study was to compare the single-incision, "endoscopic" (ENDO) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction technique with the two-incision, "rear-entry" technique (RE). Sixty patients were entered into a prospective study. Thirty patients underwent ACL reconstruction by the RE technique, followed by 30 consecutive patients using the ENDO procedure. Postoperatively all patients followed a standardized rehabilitation protocol. Follow-up evaluation consisted of a detailed physical examination, range of motion, thigh girth, vertical leap, hop test, KT-1000 testing, and patient interview. They were scored according to the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) protocol, which takes objective and subjective data into account. Patients were also assessed for level of sports activity including frequency and type. Finally, anteroposterior and lateral x-ray films were evaluated with a scoring system for tunnel location. Of the initial 60 patients entered into the study, 50 were available for a detailed clinical and functional review (83%). Demographic comparisons revealed 24 RE patients and 26 ENDO patients. There were 16 men and 8 women in the RE group. The ENDO group comprised 16 men and 10 women. There were 14 right knees and 10 left knees in the RE group. In the ENDO group there were 13 right knees and 13 left knees. The average age in the RE group was 24 years and 25 years in the ENDO group. The average follow-up was 35 months (range 31-40 months) in the RE group and 29 months (range 24-35 months) in the ENDO group. Complications included two patients with loss of motion in the RE group and three in the ENDO group. There were no significant differences between the two groups tested with respect to the overall IKDC rating scale. Anteroposterior and lateral x-ray films revealed no significant differences in femoral and tibial tunnel placement. In conclusion, no significant functional or radiographic differences at a minimum 2-year follow-up could be identified when comparing the two ACL reconstructive techniques.
Design of Lewis Pair-Functionalized Metal Organic Frameworks for CO2 Hydrogenation

Efficient catalytic reduction of CO2 is critical for the large-scale utilization of this greenhouse gas. We have used density functional electronic structure methods to design a catalyst for producing formic acid from CO2 and H2 via a two-step pathway having low reaction barriers. The catalyst consists of a microporous metal organic framework that is functionalized with Lewis pair moieties. These functional groups are capable of chemically binding CO2 and heterolytically dissociating H2. Our calculations indicate that the porous framework remains stable after functionalization and chemisorption of CO2 and H2. We have identified a low barrier pathway for simultaneous addition of hydridic and protic hydrogens to carbon and oxygen of CO2, respectively, producing a physisorbed HCOOH product in the pore. We find that activating H2 by dissociative adsorption leads to a much lower energy pathway for hydrogenating CO2 than reacting H2 with chemisorbed CO2. Our calculations provide design strategies for efficient ...
Neural correlates of covert and overt production of tense and agreement morphology: Evidence from fMRI.

Abstract Most neuroimaging studies examining verb morphology have focused on verb tense, with fewer examining agreement morphology, and no previous fMRI studies have investigated distinctions between past and present tense inflection. However, models of language representation and processing suggest differences in where these inflections are instantiated in the phrase structure as well as differences in the linguistic functions they serve, suggesting unique neural networks for these forms. In addition, results of available neuroimaging studies of grammatical morphology vary considerably due to methodological differences. Some studies have used overt production tasks, whereas others have used covert tasks. In the present study we examined brain activation associated with past tense and present tense/agreement morphology under overt and covert production conditions in 13 healthy adults using an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design. Production of verbs inflected for past tense (V + -ed) and present tense/agreement (V + -s) was elicited using temporal adverbs (i.e. Yesterday, Nowadays). Results showed that in healthy adults inflecting both past tense and agreement morphology (compared to a verb stem production condition) recruited not only left inferior frontal structures, but also motor and premotor cortices, and posterior parietal regions. Activation also was observed in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and the cingulate gyrus. Past tense and present tense/agreement recruited partially overlapping tissue in these regions, with distinctions observed for the two forms in frontal and parietal brain areas. We also found that activation varied with task demands, with more extensive frontal activation noted in the overt compared to the covert verb inflection task. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the neural signatures for verb inflection differ from that for verb stems alone and involve a distributed frontal and parietal network of brain regions. Further, the neural tissue recruited for instantiation of past tense versus present tense/agreement morphology is distinct, supporting linguistic theories that differentiate the two forms.
Entry Vehicle Control System Design for the Mars Science Laboratory

The NASA Langley Research Center, in cooperation with the Jet Propulasion Laboratorty, participated in a preliminary design study of the entry, descent, and landing phase for the Mars Science Laboratory Project. This project uses advances in guidance, navigation, and control technology to significantly improve Mars surface targeting capability. A candidate entry controller based on the reaction control system controller for the Apollo command module digital autopilot is proposed for use in the entry attitude control. Modifications to the phase plane controller provide good bank-angle response, reduce jet-firing chattering for hogh-frequency updates, and allow for the option of aerodynamic angle feedback for the Martian entry probe application. The controller performance is demonstrated in a six-degrees-of-freedom simulation with representative aerodynamics.
Electromagnetic-wave propagation through dispersive and absorptive photonic-band-gap materials.

Using the transfer-matrix method, we calculate the transmission coefficient versus the frequency of the incident electromagnetic waves propagating in photonic-band-gap structures constructed from dispersive and highly absorbing materials. We study how the photonic band gaps are affected by the presence of polariton gaps and/or absorption. Also, the possible difficulties of their experimental investigation are discussed.
Effects of gestational exposure to ethane dimethanesulfonate in CD-1 mice: microtia and preliminary hearing tests.

BACKGROUND: Microtia is a reduction in pinna size, usually seen in humans in conjunction with other medical conditions. We report microtia in CD-1 mice after gestational exposure to ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS), an alkylating agent and adult rat Leydig cell toxicant. METHODS: Time-pregnant CD-1 mice were administered 0, 80, or 160 mg EDS/kg on gestation days (GD) 11–17, or 0 or 160 mg EDS/kg on GD 11–13, GD 13–15 or GD 15–17. Pinnae were measured on postnatal days (PND) 4, 8, 18, and 28; and were observed for detachment from birth through PND 8. Branchial-arch derived skeletal structures and histology of the pinna was examined on PND 4 and 24. Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) tests were carried out at approximately PND 160 to determine possible effects on hearing. RESULTS: All offspring of EDS-treated dams exhibited bilateral, dose-related decreases in pinna size. Gestational exposure during GD 11–13 produced smaller ears than during GD 13–15 or 15–17, but not as small as the GD 11–17 regimen. Ossification of other pharyngeal arch derivatives was delayed whereas histology was unremarkable. BAER analysis showed a decrease in the proportion of adult offspring producing a quantifiable response to varied auditory stimuli among EDS-treated litters. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational exposure to EDS affects pinna development in the mouse, with a broad period of sensitivity during the second half of gestation. Microtia induced by EDS may be associated with hearing deficits, suggesting functional importance of pinna size or additional effects of EDS on ear development not detected by morphological examination. Birth Defects Res B68:383–390, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the Relative Spectral Energy Distribution of CIE Standard Source A

The relative spectral energy distribution of a tungsten ribbon filament lamp calibrated at 2854°K (C2 = 14 380) differs from that of a coiled filament type lamp operating at the same color temperature. There is reason to believe that the relative spectral energy distribution of the latter resembles more closely the relative spectral energy distribution tabulated by the CIE for that source and, consequently, lamps of the coiled filament type have been recommended for use as the standard. It has been shown theoretically that the difference between the two sources causes discrepancies in the chromaticities of certain test colors and it follows that the chromaticity coordinates of samples obtained by using the coiled filament lamp should be nearer the true values. The following paper describes an experiment in which ribbon and coiled filament lamps calibrated at 2854°K were subjected to visual and photoelectric tests to determine the significance of of the effect of the different energy distributions on selected test colors. An analysis of the results shows that small changes in chromaticity do occur, but for practical colorimetric purposes these differences can safely be ignored.
Effects of Content on Inclusive Disjunction Reasoning

An experiment is reported which establishes that inclusive disjunction arguments embedded in concrete content are not always easier to reason with than those involving abstract content. The subjects had to assess conclusions drawn from pairs of premises such as “Either Joan is intelligent or she is rich (or both); Joan is intelligent” or “Either Joan is intelligent or she is rich (or both); Joan is not intelligent”. The terms in the disjunctive premise were varied systematically across three content dimensions (i.e. compatible, abstract and contradictory). An analysis of variance revealed significant differences according to both principle of inference and type of content, and a significant interaction between these factors. The results demonstrated that semantically incompatible premise content had a marked influence on comprehension of inclusive disjunction reasoning schemes. The response patterns suggest that these reasoning schemes invited erroneous judgments based on other logical connectives.