cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of workers’ effort and product in children’s reward allocation

Forty first graders and 40 fifth graders were asked to allocate a limited number of rewards to two children working on identical tasks. Four experimental conditions were established by varying the workers’ relative productivity and effort on the task. Fifth graders were generally found to utilize the norm of equity more than first graders in allocating the rewards. Significantly more fifth than first graders reported perceiving a difference in the workers’ effort on the task. The first-graders’ allocations were generally uninfluenced by the manipulation of this performance dimension. In addition, no effect of effort was found for the fifth graders under the condition of equal worker productivity. Under the condition of unequal productivity, the fifth-grade boys divided the rewards proportionally regardless of the workers’ relative effort; their female counterparts allocated in a similar manner only when the more productive worker had also demonstrated greater effort on the task.
The additive effect of latanoprost to maximum-tolerated medications with low-dose, high-dose, or no pilocarpine therapy

Abstract Objective To assess the efficacy of latanoprost additive therapy in patients with intraocular pressure (IOP) out of control while taking maximum-tolerated medications and to determine whether pilocarpine therapy has a dose-dependent adverse effect on the efficacy of latanoprost therapy. Design Noncomparative case series. Participants Sixty-one eyes of 61 patients with chronic glaucoma with IOP out of control while receiving maximum-tolerated medications were treated with latanoprost additive therapy on a compassionate basis. Main outcome measures Follow-up was up to 22 months with a mean of 13.9 ± 5.7 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with Mantel-Cox log-rank test was performed to determine the overall success of latanoprost additive therapy and to compare the success rates of high-dose pilocarpine, low-dose pilocarpine, and no pilocarpine therapies. The criterion for success was avoiding glaucoma surgery with IOP decrease of 20% or greater and final IOP less than 22 mmHg. The IOP change and its significance for patients satisfying and failing the criterion for success also were determined to assess the latanoprost additive therapy. In addition, a number of pretreatment variables, including pilocarpine therapy, were analyzed for a significant effect on the efficacy of latanoprost additive therapy using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results Latanoprost additive therapy significantly lowered mean IOP by 3.9 ± 5.5 mmHg at 3 months and by 3.5 ± 5.8 mmHg at 12 months. The cumulative success rate of the latanoprost additive therapy was 70% at 1 month, 42% at 3 months, 40% at 6 months, and 30% at 12 months. Of the variables studied, only increased number of previous incisional glaucoma surgeries and IOP greater than 24 mmHg before latanoprost additive therapy were significant prognostic factors for failure of latanoprost additive therapy. Pilocarpine therapy in any dose had no significant effect. Conclusion This study supports a trial of latanoprost additive therapy before glaucoma surgery in patients with IOP out of control while receiving maximum-tolerated medications irrespective of pilocarpine therapy and the pilocarpine dosage, especially when the number of previous incisional glaucoma surgery is less than three and the IOP is less than 25 mmHg.
Natural History and Treatment of Herpes Zoster

Abstract The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the natural history and treatment of herpes zoster, with a focus on pain management. Herpes zoster has the highest incidence of all neurological diseases, occurring annually in approximately 1 million people in the United States. A basic feature of herpes zoster is a marked increase in incidence with aging and with diseases and drugs that impair cellular immunity. Herpes zoster begins with reactivation of varicella zoster virus in dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia, which is often accompanied by a prodrome of dermatomal pain or abnormal sensations. Varicella zoster virus spreads in the affected primary afferent nerve to the skin and produces a characteristic dermatomal maculopapular and vesicular rash and pain. Herpes zoster acute pain lowers quality of life and interferes with activities of daily living. Antiviral therapy and scheduled analgesics form the pharmacotherapeutic foundation for herpes zoster acute pain reduction. If moderate to severe herpes zoster pain is not adequately relieved by antiviral agents in combination with oral analgesic medications, then corticosteroids, anticonvulsants (eg, gabapentin or pregabalin), tricyclic antidepressants (eg, nortriptyline or desipramine), or neural blockade can be considered. Perspective This article presents information on the clinical features and treatment of herpes zoster. This information will help clinicians diagnose and manage herpes zoster pain.
Children's memory for spatial locations: The influence of recall perspective and type of environment☆

Abstract Kindergartners (mean age 5–8) and third graders (mean age 8-7) encountered a large-scale space from one perspective and then were asked to recall the location of objects from the same (0°) or different perspective (180°). In Experiment 1 children encountered a layout of toys from the periphery of the space. In Experiment 2 they encountered a model town by walking through the space. In both experiments third graders were more accurate than kindergartners and accuracy was greater in the 0 than 180° condition. In Experiment 3 children encountered the model town from the periphery of the space. Cross-experiment analyses indicated that accuracy was related to the type of spatial layout rather than the type of encounter (i.e., walking vs standing). Changes in performance over age were attributed to increasing ability to process spatial information in working memory.
An invariance theorem for mappings

If a continuous mapping f carries the boundary of a set D into the closure of D, it may not be true that f maps D into its closure, even if f is injective on D. Examples are discussed, and conditions are given under which it is true. A simplified application is given to a biological migration–selection model.
Mouse pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the curcumin analog, 4-piperidinone,3,5-bis[(2-fluorophenyl)methylene]-acetate(3E,5E) (EF-24; NSC 716993).

Curcumin, a keto-enol constituent of turmeric, has in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. However, in vivo potency is low due to poor oral absorption. The mono-carbonyl analog, 3,5-bis[(2-fluorophenyl)methylene]-4-piperidinone acetate (EF-24, NSC 716993), exhibited broad-spectrum activity in the NCI anticancer cell line screen and potent antiangiogenesis activity in a HUVEC cell migration assay. The purpose of this study was to characterize the preclinical pharmacology of EF-24 in mice. EF-24 plasma stability, protein binding, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism were characterized utilizing an LC/MS/MS assay. An LC/MS/MS assay incorporated protein precipitation with methanol, reverse-phase HPLC separation under gradient elution using an aqueous methanol mobile phase containing 0.1 % formic acid, and positive electrospray ionization detection of the m/z 312 > 149 transition for EF-24. The assay was linear over the range 7.8–1,000 nM. Plasma protein binding was >98 % with preferential binding to albumin. EF-24 plasma disposition in mice after i.v. administration of a 10 mg/kg dose was best fit to a 3-compartment open model. The terminal elimination half-life and plasma clearance values were 73.6 min and 0.482 L/min/kg, respectively. EF-24 bioavailability was 60 and 35 % after oral and i.p. administration, respectively. NADPH-dependent metabolism of EF-24 loss in liver microsomal preparations yielded several metabolites consistent with EF-24 hydroxylation and reduction.
Ultra-thin sectioning for electron microscopy.

A technic is described for obtaining thin sections of animal tissue suitable for electron microscopy. Fixation is accomplished by perfusion of the whole animal with neutral formalin or alcohol formalin followed by immersion of pieces to be examined in neutralized osmium tetroxide. The embedding medium is a mixture of equal parts of n-butyl and ethyl methacrylate polymerized by ultra-violet light. Sectioning is done by means of a glass knife on an International ultra-thin sectioning microtome set at 0.1 μ. The sections are floated on warm water to spread, then placed on Formvar-coated grids, dried, and put into toluene to dissolve the plastic. The technic produces routinely usable, thin sections that show a minimum of damage owing to fixation, embedding, and sectioning.
Effects of cessation of smoking on serum lipids and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

This study examined the effect of cessation of smoking on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. Twenty-six females who smoked a minimum of 20 cigarettes per day for the past 5 years served as volunteers. Twelve subjects abstained from smoking for a period of 60 days (ex-smokers). Six stopped smoking for 30 days then resumed smoking for an additional 30 days (re-smokers). Eight subjects continued to smoke for the entire 60 days (smokers). Additionally, 10 females who had never smoked served as non-smoking controls (non-smokers). Pre-cessation HDL-C levels for all smoker groups were 15–20% (P < 0.05) below those of non-smokers. By day 30 of cessation HDL-C levels of ex-smokers and re-smokers significantly increased by 5.7 and 10.5 mg/dl, respectively, and were significantly higher than those of smokers. At day 60, HDL-C of ex-smokers increased another 6.8 mg/dl to 63.9 mg/dl while levels of re-smokers returned to pre-cessation levels (50.7 mg/dl). The findings of this study suggest that low levels of HDL-C associated with smoking in females do not appear to be cumulative and can be reversed in as little as 30 days.
A function for REM sleep: regulation of noradrenergic receptor sensitivity.

Abstract We hypothesize that REM sleep serves to upregulate and/or prevent downregulation of brain norepinephrine (NE) receptors. This hypothesis is based on the following observations: 1. (1) NE neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) are tonically active in waking and non-REM sleep, but the entire population of LC NE neurons is inactive during REM sleep. 2. (2) Continuous presence of NE or adrenoceptor agonists downregulates NE receptors, while a reduction in NE availability upregulates these receptors. 3. (3) The effects of REM sleep deprivation are similar to those of NE receptor downregulation. Recent biochemical studies of NE receptor sensitivity provide strong experimental support for this hypothesis. The functional consequence of enhanced NE receptor ‘tone’ brought about by REM sleep would be improved signal processing in diverse brain systems, thus endowing the organism with a selective advantage. This hypothesis makes a number of specific predictions which can be tested with currently available techniques, and suggests new ways of understanding the evolution and postnatal development of REM sleep.
Impact of impurities on orthoexciton-polariton propagation inCu2O

Near the orthoexciton resonance in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, light propagating through the medium is accompanied by a quadrupolar polarization, a quadrupole polariton. However, these orthoexciton-polaritons can lose their initial coherence because the excitonic component of the mode, a tightly bound electron-hole pair, is subject to wide-angle scattering by atomic-scale imperfections within the crystal. In order to examine this scattering by ambient impurities, we measured the angular dependence of the orthoexciton-polariton luminescence under resonant two-photon excitation at $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. A rather broad angular distribution is obtained at higher impurity concentrations. We provide a simplified polariton scattering model in order to describe the observed angular distribution. Various experimental data obtained from two natural-growth samples indicate that the orthoexciton-polariton propagation can strongly depend on the local impurity concentration.
Holocene sediment accretion in the Trinity River delta, Texas, in relation to modern fluvial input

Purpose This study uses sediment cores to quantify Holocene sedimentation rates in the Trinity River delta, Texas. An important question is whether modern fluvial sediment input from the Trinity River is adequate to sustain sedimentation in the delta, thereby combating subsidence and further wetland loss. Our objective was to quantify sedimentation rates within the delta in order to assess whether the delta is in- or out-of-phase with modern sediment delivery rates.
Evaluation of a simplified Doppler frequency shifter

Mechanical Doppler frequency shifting of a millimeter or submillimeter wave signal provides a means to implement a sensitive and highly coherent heterodyne receiver in a laboratory system. The rotary shifter, which we have previously described, is a precision-machined device suitable for use down to submillimeter wavelengths. We found at 140GHz, however, that the coherence of such a system is not affected by mechanical imprecision of the frequency shifter, and that the system dynamic range is only moderately affected by mechanical imprecision and by certain design simplifications. We have therefore built several versions of simpler and less precise Doppler frequency shifters and report here on their performance at 140GHz.
Recent advances in the imaging of frontotemporal dementia.

Neuroimaging has played an important role in the characterization of the frontotemporal dementia (FTD) syndromes, demonstrating neurodegenerative signatures that can aid in the differentiation of FTD from other neurodegenerative disorders. Recent advances have been driven largely by the refinement of the clinical syndromes that underlie FTD, and by the discovery of new genetic and pathological features associated with FTD. Many new imaging techniques and modalities are also now available that allow the assessment of other aspects of brain structure and function, such as diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional MRI. Studies have used these recent techniques, as well as traditional volumetric MRI, to provide further insight into disease progression across the many clinical, genetic, and pathological variants of FTD. Importantly, neuroimaging signatures have been identified that will improve the clinician’s ability to predict underlying genetic and pathological features, and hence ultimately improve patient diagnosis.
Coal-Water Slurry Testing of an Industrial Gas Turbine

This paper describes the first test of an industrial gas turbine and low emissions combustion system on coal-water-slurry fuel. The engine and combustion system have been developed over the past five years as part of the Heat Engines program sponsored by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The engine is a modified Allison 501-K industrial gas turbine designed to produce 3.5 MW of electrical power when burning natural gas or distillate fuel. Full load power output increases to approximately 4.9 MW when burning coal-water slurry as a result of additional turbine mass flow rate.The engine has been modified to accept an external staged combustion system developed specifically for burning coal and low quality ash-bearing fuels. Combustion staging permits the control of NOx from fuel-bound nitrogen while simultaneously controlling CO emissions. Water injection freezes molten ash in the quench zone located between the rich and lean zones. The dry ash is removed from the hot gas stream by two parallel cyclone separators.This paper describes the engine and combustor system modifications required for running on coal and presents the emissions and turbine performance data from the coal-water slurry testing. Included is a discussion of hot gas path ash deposition and planned future work that will support the commercialization of coal-fired gas turbines.Copyright © 1992 by ASME
Social participation of children and youth with acquired brain injuries discharged from inpatient rehabilitation: a follow-up study

Primary objective: To determine the nature and extent of participation in home, school and community life in children and youth with acquired brain injuries (ABI) and identify factors associated with their participation.Research design: Cross-sectional survey.Methods and procedures: Measures of participation, environment and child factors were completed by family caregivers. Data were obtained on 60 children and youth with acquired brain injuries up to 6.7 years post-discharge from one inpatient rehabilitation programme in the USA. Descriptive, correlation and regression analyses were conducted.Main outcomes and results: Children were most restricted in peer social-play, structured community activities and managing daily routines. Eighty-two per cent of the variance accounted for in participation scores was explained by discharge self-care and post-discharge child and environmental factor scores.Conclusions: Results suggest that greater efforts are needed to address social participation in children and yo...
Gas permeabilities, solubilities, diffusivities, and diffusivity correlations for ammonium-based room temperature ionic liquids with comparison to imidazolium and phosphonium RTIL data

Abstract Like our previous work with imidazolium- and phosphonium-based ionic liquids, we report diffusivities over a range of viscosities (71–532 cP) and develop a predictive diffusivity correlation. Reported are the permeability, solubility, and diffusivity data for nine gases in nine ammonium RTILs liquids at 30 °C, as determined with a lag-time technique. The gas solubilities and diffusivities of the ammonium RTILs are of the same magnitude as those for the phosphonium and imidazolium RTILs. The ammonium RTILs used, in this study, included cations with both N-alkyl groups and branched alkyl groups. We also report on ammonium-based RTILs derived from quaternary ammonium surfactants. These surfactants-derived ammonium-based RTILs offer a relatively inexpensive alternative to imidazolium-based RTILs. We compare and contrast the thermodynamic (solubility) and transport (diffusivities) phenomena in the ammonium-based RTILs with both the imidazolium and the phosphonium RTILs in the context of being working fluids in a chemical process. From this comparison came certain “universal” trends for diffusivity in RTILs. Specifically, diffusivity scales roughly with the inverse of the square-root of viscosity and inversely with solute molar volume to the power of 1–1.3. This means that diffusivity, in RTILs, is less dependent on viscosity, and more dependent on solute size than predicted by the conventional Stokes–Einstein model. The gases tested were carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, methane, ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, butane, and 1,3-butadiene.
Atlantic Federalism and the Expanding Atlantic Nucleus

The Atlantic federalist movements since 1865 laid the ground for the several generations of actual Atlantic alliance: the Anglo-American rapprochement of the 1890s, the fighting alliances of the World Wars, and after 1945, the institutionalized Euro-Atlantic system of NATO, EU, OECD and G-7. Atlantic Union was proposed as an expandable “nucleus” for world federation, adding more countries as they became democratic; in practice, the Atlantic system has in each generation added former enemies: France, Italy-Germany-Japan, Spain, and now ex-Communist countries. The rush to join is creating new pressure for institutional deepening.
Serum interferon and phagocytic activity of macrophages in recombinant inbred mice inoculated with newcastle disease virus

Abstract Administration of interferon (IF) inducers to mice enhances the uptake of antibody-coated erythrocytes (EA) by peritoneal macrophages. To evaluate the role of induced IF in macrophage activation, serum IF titers and phagocytosis of EA by macrophages were determined in recombinant inbred (RI) mice inoculated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). RI strains carry either a “high” or a “low” response allele for a gene that controls their IF titers induced by NDV. C × BH and C × BK strains, both high responders for IF induction, were also found to be high responders for enhancement of phagocytosis by NDV. Conversely, strains C × BD, C × BI and C × BJ, low responders for IF induction, were also shown to be low responders for phagocytosis of EA by macrophages. In contrast, phagocytosis of EA by macrophages from high responder C × BH mice and low responder C × BD mice was similarly enhanced by the administration of a lipopolysaccharide. When data from all NDV-inoculated mice were analysed, a significant correlation was obtained between serum IF titers and the percentage of macrophages that ingested four or more EA. The results are compatible with two main possibilities: (i) IF induced by NDV enhances phagocytosis of EA by macrophages; or (ii) a macrophage-activating factor different from IF is released together with IF in response to NDV and the activity of this factor correlates with serum IF titers.
A sliding time window heuristic for open pit mine block sequencing

The open pit mine block sequencing problem (OPBS) seeks a discretetime production schedule that maximizes the net present value of the orebody extracted from an open-pit mine. This integer program (IP) discretizes the mine’s volume into blocks, imposes precedence constraints between blocks, and limits resource consumption in each time period. We develop a “sliding time window heuristic” to solve this IP approximately. The heuristic recursively defines, solves and partially fixes an approximating model having: (i) fixed variables in early time periods, (ii) an exact submodel defined over a “window” of middle time periods, and (iii) a relaxed submodel in later time periods. The heuristic produces near-optimal solutions (typically within 2% of optimality) for model instances that standard optimization software fails to solve. Furthermore, it produces these solutions quickly, even though our OPBS model enforces standard upper-bounding constraints on resource consumption along with less standard, but important, lower-bounding constraints.
Gene expression profiling of renal medullary carcinoma: potential clinical relevance.

BACKGROUND Renal medullary carcinoma is a rare kidney tumor with highly aggressive behavior. This tumor occurs exclusively in young patients with sickle cell trait or disease. To the authors' knowledge, very little is known to date regarding the underlying molecular genetics of this tumor, and no effective therapy has been established. METHODS The authors analyzed the gene expression profiles of 2 renal medullary carcinomas from patients with sickle cell trait using microarrays containing 21,632 cyclic DNA (cDNA) clones and compared them with the gene expression profiles of 64 renal tumors. RESULTS Based on global gene clustering with 3583 selected cDNAs, the authors found a distinct molecular signature of renal medullary carcinoma, which clustered closely with urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma of the renal pelvis, rather than renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This finding of a significant difference in the gene expression patterns of renal medullary carcinoma compared with RCC suggests that this tumor should not be treated as a conventional RCC but, rather, as a special malignancy. This study also identified genes/proteins that may serve as biomarkers for renal medullary carcinoma or as potential targets of novel therapies. In addition, comparative genomic microarray analysis allowed the authors to predict the lack of chromosomal imbalances in this tumor. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first molecular profiling of renal medullary carcinoma, a rare but highly aggressive kidney carcinoma. The genes that are expressed specifically in this tumor may lead to not only a better understanding of its molecular pathways and discoveries of novel diagnostic markers but also, more important, to effective therapeutic interventions. Cancer 2004;100:976–85. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Magnetic Effects at Surfaces and Interfaces (Including Grain Boundaries)

First-principles electronic structure studies based on local spin density functional theory and performed on extremely complex simulations of ever increasingly realistic systems, play a very important role in explaining and predicting surface and interface magnetism. This has led to solving even more challenging problems like the embrittlement of the Fe grain boundary, discussed here. Now, a major issue for first-principles theory is the treatment of the weak spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in magnetic transition metals and their alloys and its subsequent effects: (i) A major breakthrough in eliminating the numerical randomness for the determination of the magneto-crystalline anisotropy was made with the state-tracking and torque approaches. This now enables us to treat magnetostriction and its inverse effect, strain-induced magnetic anisotropy in transition metal bulk, thin films and alloys, (ii) The magneto-optical Kerr effects and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism are now directly calculated and compared with experiment. In all this work, and more recently, on the first-principles calculations of giant magneto-resistance in multilayers, extensive first-principles calculations and model analyses provide simple physical insights and guidelines to search for new magnetic recording and sensor materials.
Review: Novel roles of nuclear angiotensin receptors and signaling mechanisms

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes an important hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure. The dysregulation of the RAS is considered a major influence in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease and other pathologies. Indeed, experimental and clinical evidence indicates that blockade of this system with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists is an effective therapy to attenuate hypertension and diabetic renal injury, and to improve heart failure. Originally defined as a circulating system, multiple tissues express a complete RAS, and compelling evidence now favors an intracellular system involved in cell signaling and function. Within the kidney, intracellular expression of the three predominant ANG receptor subtypes is evident in the nuclear compartment. The ANG type 1 receptor (AT1R) is coupled to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the activation of phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and PKC. In contrast, both ANG type 2 (AT2R) and ANG-(1–7) (AT7R) receptors stimulate nitric oxide (NO) formation, which may involve nuclear endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Moreover, blockade of either ACE2—the enzyme that converts ANG II to ANG-(1–7)—or the AT7 receptor exacerbates the ANG II-ROS response on renal nuclei. Finally, in a model of fetal programmed hypertension, the nuclear ROS response to ANG II is enhanced, while both AT2 and AT7 stimulation of NO is attenuated, suggesting that an imbalance in the intracellular RAS may contribute to the development of programming events. We conclude that a functional intracellular or nuclear RAS may have important implications in the therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease.
The use of underground plant organs and its relation to habitat selection among the Pumé Indians of Venezuela

The use of underground plant organs and habitat selection by the Pume Indians of southwestern Venezuela is described. Detailed information is presented on 18 species in 10 families. The three most significant uses identified are food, medicine and/or ritual, and fish poison; the dry forest habitat contains the largest number of exploited species. The taxonomic and conservation relevance of ethnobotanical investigation in dryland macrohabitats in South America is addressed.
Lack of influence of an intensive antacid regimen on theophylline bioavailability

We examined the influence of a large-volume, therapeutic antacid regimen, administered for three full days, on the steady-state bioavailability of a conventional-release and sustained-release theophylline product, Aminophyllin and Theodur, respectively. Nine stable asthmatics voluntarily completed a four-phase investigation requiring a total stay of 12 days in the Clinical Research Unit. The treatments consisted of administration of the formulations mentioned with and without antacids to each patient in a randomized sequence. Four patients participated in an additional phase where antacids were administered q2h around the clock for three days. After coadministration of theophylline plus antacids for two days, theophylline therapy was discontinued while numerous blood samples were obtained over 22 hr and analyzed for theophylline content via radioimmunoassay. Antacids had no predictable, consistent influence on theophylline absorption rate as determined by the absorption rate constant, the time to maximal theophylline concentration, or the lag time for theophylline absorption. Antacids had no detectable influence on theophylline elimination half-life and had no consistent, statistically significant effect on the extent of theophylline bioavailability, according to measurements of maximal concentration, AUCmeasured over the appropriate steady-state dosing interval, or elimination-rate adjusted AUC.The substantial intraindividual changes for all parameters of theophylline bioavailability that occurred for control and treatment phases likely represent spontaneous, random between-day variability in theophylline disposition independent of antacid administration, as evidenced by the comparability of the percent coefficient of variation for parameters of biovailability across all phases. Our data demonstrate that therapeutic antacid administration has no effect on steady-state theophylline bioavailability and does not alter the intrinsic variability in theophylline absorption. Based on the results of our data, it is unlikely that a clinically significant (>20%) decrease in theophylline absorption would occur in any patient treated intensively with antacids concurrently.
The Refractive Index of Silicate Glasses as a Function of Composition

The refraction per gram atom of oxygen, defined by a formula of either the Gladstone-Dale, the Newton, or the Lorentz-Lorenz type, equals the sum of terms characteristic of the component “metallic” elements, each of these terms being proportional to the number of atoms of that element per atom of oxygen. This is shown to be true (with but little error) for practically all classes of silicate glasses for which adequate data are available for testing the relationship. (Deviations from strict proportionality are, however, observed for glasses containing large amounts of lead.) Constants are derived empirically for use in the Gladstone-Dale and Newton type equations. Different constants are needed for triangularly surrounded and for tetrahedrally surrounded boron atoms. Using the equations previously derived for the calculation of the density and volume per oxygen, it is now possible to compute the refractive index (for the sodium D lines) of a wide variety of silicate glasses from the composition alone.
Compounds which Affect the Adherence of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans to Hydroxyapatite

Several compounds were evaluated in an in vitro assay system for their ability to block the adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and Streptococcus mutans to dextran-coated hydroxyapatitite. Fatty acids, ranging from C-12 to C-20, the enzyme amylase, chlorhexidine, human sera, and several serum proteins blocked S sanguis adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Chlorhexidine blocked S mutans adherence to dextran-coated hydroxyapatite, but human sera and serum proteins did not. The effects of these compounds on the adherence of these organisms to hydroxyapatite may help in the development of specific plaque control methods for use in human populations.
Intellectual Freedom and Libraries: Complexity and Change in the Twenty-First-Century Digital Environment.

What is the state of intellectual freedom and libraries in the early twenty‐first‐century digital environment? This question is addressed largely in relation to public and school libraries, where more than 90 percent of documented challenges exist and at which most legislative and judicial actions relevant to intellectual freedom and libraries are directed. Analyses of changing perceptions of the intellectual‐freedom leadership role of women and children; of the relevant policy documents of the American Library Association; of recent legislation and judicial decisions, focused on both books and the Internet; and of the current public perception of libraries as a public good reveal the complexities and tensions that exist in the answer to this question. One possible explanation for the current state of intellectual freedom and libraries is offered through application of radical‐change theory. Changes in research, education, and practice are suggested based on the conclusions from these analyses.
Metobromuron: Acetylation of the Aniline Moiety as a Detoxification Mechanism

p-Bromoaniline is rapidly acetylated by four soil microorganisms. Two fungal species convert metobromuron to p-bromoacetanilide, but a bacterial and an algal species do not metabolize metobromuron. Acetylation may serve as a detoxification mechanism by competing with azobenzene formation in utilizing the aniline formed by metabolism of substituted urea herbicides.
An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality

The authors offer a framework for conceptualizing collective identity that aims to clarify and make distinctions among dimensions of identification that have not always been clearly articulated. Elements of collective identification included in this framework are self-categorization, evaluation, importance, attachment and sense of interdependence, social embeddedness, behavioral involvement, and content and meaning. For each element, the authors take note of different labels that have been used to identify what appear to be conceptually equivalent constructs, provide examples of studies that illustrate the concept, and suggest measurement approaches. Further, they discuss the potential links between elements and outcomes and how context moderates these relationships. The authors illustrate the utility of the multidimensional organizing framework by analyzing the different configuration of elements in 4 major theories of identification.
The role of magnetic flux tube deformation and magnetosheath plasma beta in the saturation of the Region 1 field‐aligned current system

The phenomena of cross polar cap potential (CPCP) and ionospheric field-aligned current (FAC) saturation remain largely unexplained. In the present study, we expand upon the Alfven wing model of CPCP saturation by investigating its impact on the magnetosphere-ionosphere current system, particularly the Region 1 FAC input into the polar cap. Our hypothesis is that the ability of open flux tubes to deform in response to applied fluid stress from the magnetosheath is governed by the magnetosheath plasma beta, which in turn governs the Maxwell stress imposed on ionospheric plasma from the magnetosphere. We performed 32 MHD simulations with varying solar wind density and interplanetary magnetic field strength and show that the plasma beta does govern the deformation of open field lines, as well as the nonlinear response of the Region 1 FAC system to increasingly southward interplanetary magnetic field. Further, we show that the current-voltage relationship in the ionosphere also shows a dependence on the plasma beta in the magnetosheath, with the ionosphere becoming more resistive at lower beta.
Nesting Monte Carlo EM for high-dimensional item factor analysis

The item factor analysis model for investigating multidimensional latent spaces has proved to be useful. Parameter estimation in this model requires computationally demanding high-dimensional integrations. While several approaches to approximate such integrations have been proposed, they suffer various computational difficulties. This paper proposes a Nesting Monte Carlo Expectation-Maximization (MCEM) algorithm for item factor analysis with binary data. Simulation studies and a real data example suggest that the Nesting MCEM approach can significantly improve computational efficiency while also enjoying the good properties of stable convergence and easy implementation.
The application of neutron diffraction to engineering problems

After more than two decades of extensive development, neutron diffraction has become an essential research tool for the study of mechanical behavior in materials. This article will focus on how information obtained from the diffraction peak position and width is used to answer important questions concerning the mechanical behavior of materials. The principle of strain measurements is described, and the concept of strain mapping is introduced. Examples are presented to illustrate the application of neutron diffraction to engineering problems, and new research opportunities are discussed that will be enabled by the next generation of instruments.
The economic costs and benefits of adding medical manpower to rural and urban communities: a human capital perspective.

For health planners to be able to use scarce resources efficiently and effectively to improve health, it is necessary for them to have reliable information on the productivity of the major categories of health producing expenditures. The present study utilizes a human capital perspective to evaluate the economic costs and benefits of medical manpower to communities in the West South Central United States. The results of the study suggest that beyond problems of maldistribution of physicians and nurses, the larger problem from an economic effectiveness perspective may be significant excesses of medical manpower, although some rural communities could justify, economically, adding physicians and/or nurses to reduce lost human capital. The findings indicate a need to further rationalize the allocation of health care resources as well as the need to consider means other than increased spending on curative medicine (e.g., health promotion and health education) as a strategy for efficiently meeting the objective of improving public health.
Text generation and recall by high-knowledge and low-knowledge individuals

Text generation and recall within a particular subject matter domain (baseball) was studied in relation to domain knowledge. A problem-solving model for text generation and comprehension was developed. The model assumes a PLAN and two major PLAN components, a PROBLEM REPRESENTATION and a CONTENT REPRESENTATION. In Experiment 1, each high-knowledge (HK) and low-knowledge (LK) individual generated a domain-related text and recalled its contents 2 weeks later. Results indicated: (a) HK individuals generate text that is more detailed in CONTENT REPRESENTATION than do LK individuals; (b) HK recall was superior on measures related to the sequential “flow” of actions and changes in game states. This finding was attributed to the more extensive generation of detailed information by HK individuals, with such information making the problem solution path more discriminable. In Experiment 2, HK recall was shown to be superior to LK recall for HK-generated text while HK recall was superior to LK recall for LK-generated text on relatively few measures. The findings support the idea that domain-related knowledge has a similar influence upon the processes of text generation and comprehension, that such processes may be viewed in terms of a problem-solving framework, and that HK—LK performance differences are due to differences in the respective problem spaces and to differences in the ability to monitor the selected solution path.
Conformity to masculine norms, Asian values, coping strategies, peer group influences and substance use among Asian American men.

This study explores the relationship between Asian values (AVS-R; Kim & Hong, 2004), Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI; Mahalik et al., 2003), Peer Substance Use, Coping Styles (Carver, 1997), and Substance Use among 154 Asian American college men. Results showed 47.9% reported consuming alcohol; 27% reported binge drinking; 8% used illicit drugs; 18% reported marijuana use; and 3% indicated cocaine use in the 30 days prior to completing the survey. Peer drug use was significant and the most robust predictor of substance use in all of the regression analyses. Logistic regression analysis suggests CMNI subscales of Winning, Disdain for Homosexuality, Playboy, and Violence predicted marijuana use; Power Over Women predicted binge drinking. The multiple regression analysis revealed that Emotional Control and Risk Taking significantly predicted alcohol. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Influence of yolk on mitotic rate in untreated and x-rayed grasshopper neuroblasts in vitro.

Summary1. The frequency of mid-mitotic neuroblasts in grasshopper embryos in hanging-drop cultures increases as the quantity of yolk in the culture is increased up to a quantity equivalent to 1/4 that in an egg. The influence of yolk on mitosis in the untreated neuroblast is interpreted as indicating that, in this cell at least, the first half of prophase does not operate solely on energy stored within the cell but is dependent on an outside source of energy for continuance of mitosis. 2. The pronounced positive effect of yolk on recovery of neuroblasts from radiation damage demonstrates that, in this cell, some extracellular metabolite or metabolites greatly enhance repair of mitotic damage.
The effect of long pools on the drift of macro-invertebrates in a mountain stream

Macro-invertebrate drift was measured entering and leaving two pools on the Middle Fork of the Cosumnes River, a third order California stream. Drift rates for Baetis spp., Chironomidae, Simulium spp., Capniidae and total drift were calculated. Significant differences in the numbers of organisms entering the two pools were found for Baetis, Chironomidae, and Capniidae. Comparisons of drift rates at the upstream and downstream ends of each pool showed that the abundance of Chironomidae, Simulium, Capniidae and total drift changed in different directions across the pools. The numbers of organisms leaving the two pools, however, were not significantly different for Baetis, Simulium, Capniidae and total drift. These findings lead us to hypothesize that long pools act as barriers, not filters, to stream macro-invertebrate drift. The composition of drift leaving the pools in this experiment appeared to be controlled by the composition of the benthic habitat at the tail of the pool and not by the composition of upstream drift entering the pools.
Tendon Injury Produces Changes in SSCT and Nerve Physiology Similar to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in an in Vivo Rabbit Model

Background The etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) remains idiopathic in many cases. Noninflammatory fibrosis of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) within the carpal tunnel is common in CTS, and some clinicians have hypothesized that this fibrosis might be a cause rather than an effect of CTS. An animal model in which to test this hypothesis would be useful. The principal objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a surgical injury on SSCT fibrosis and median nerve function within the carpal tunnel in an in vivo rabbit model.
CD/Web hybrids: delivering multimedia to the online learner

The World Wide Web (WWW) represents an exciting and potent force for educational content delivery. There are numerous multimedia technologies that can facilitate self-directed, practice-centered learning and meet the challenges of educational delivery to the adult learner. However, delivering content via the WWW has been plagued by unreliability and inconsistency of information transfer, resulting in unacceptable delays and the inability to effectively deliver complex multimedia elements including audio, video, and animation. This article describes how a CD/Web hybrid, essentially a web site on a compact disc (CD), combines the strengths of the CD-ROM and the WWW, and facilitates the delivery of multimedia elements while preserving connectivity. Pressing a web site onto a CD-ROM can reduce the amount of time that students spend interacting with a given technology, and can increase the amount of time they spend learning.
Asynchronous zero-copy communication for synchronous sockets in the sockets direct protocol (SDP) over InfiniBand

Sockets direct protocol (SDP) is an industry standard pseudo sockets-like implementation to allow existing sockets applications to directly and transparently take advantage of the advanced features of current generation networks such as InfiniBand. The SDP standard supports two kinds of sockets semantics, viz., synchronous sockets (e.g., used by Linux, BSD, Windows) and asynchronous sockets (e.g., used by Windows, upcoming support in Linux). Due to the inherent benefits of asynchronous sockets, the SDP standard allows several intelligent approaches such as source-avail and sink-avail based zero-copy for these sockets. Unfortunately, most of these approaches are not beneficial for the synchronous sockets interface. Further, due to its portability, ease of use and support on a wider set of platforms, the synchronous sockets interface is the one used by most sockets applications today. Thus, a mechanism by which the approaches proposed for asynchronous sockets can be used for synchronous sockets is highly desirable. In this paper, we propose one such mechanism, termed as AZ-SDP (asynchronous zero-copy SDP), where we memory-protect application buffers and carry out communication asynchronously while maintaining the synchronous sockets semantics. We present our detailed design in this paper and evaluate the stack with an extensive set of benchmarks. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach can provide an improvement of close to 35% for medium-message unidirectional throughput and up to a factor of 2 benefit for computation-communication overlap tests and multi-connection benchmarks.
The Prognosis For Changes In End-Of-Life Care After The Schiavo Case

Americans have reached consensus that (1) people have a right to refuse life-sustaining medical interventions, and (2) interventions that can be terminated include artificial nutrition and hydratio...
Using tries to eliminate pattern collisions in perfect hashing

Many current perfect hashing algorithms suffer from the problem of pattern collisions. In this paper, a perfect hashing technique that uses array-based tries and a simple sparse matrix packing algorithm is introduced. This technique eliminates all pattern collisions, and, because of this, it can be used to form ordered minimal perfect hashing functions on extremely large word lists. This algorithm is superior to other known perfect hashing functions for large word lists in terms of function building efficiency, pattern collision avoidance, and retrieval function complexity. It has been successfully used to form an ordered minimal perfect hashing function for the entire 24481 element Unix word list without resorting to segmentation. The item lists addressed by the perfect hashing function formed can be ordered in any manner, including alphabetically, to easily allow other forms of access to the same list. >