cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of extracellular enzyme activities and microbial metabolism in an Arctic fjord of Svalbard and in the northern Gulf of Mexico: contrasts in carbon processing by pelagic microbial communities

The microbial community composition of polar and temperate ocean waters differs substantially, but the potential functional consequences of these differences are largely unexplored. We measured bacterial production, glucose metabolism, and the abilities of microbial communities to hydrolyze a range of polysaccharides in an Arctic fjord of Svalbard (Smeerenburgfjord), and thus to initiate remineralization of high-molecular weight organic matter. We compared these data with similar measurements previously carried out in the northern Gulf of Mexico in order to investigate whether differences in the spectrum of enzyme activities measurable in Arctic and temperate environments are reflected in ‘downstream’ aspects of microbial metabolism (metabolism of monomers and biomass production). Only 4 of 6 polysaccharide substrates were hydrolyzed in Smeerenburgfjord; all were hydrolyzed in the upper water column of the Gulf. These patterns are consistent on an interannual basis. Bacterial protein production was comparable at both locations, but the pathways of glucose utilization differed. Glucose incorporation rate constants were comparatively higher in Svalbard, but glucose respiration rate constants were higher in surface waters of the Gulf. As a result, at the time of sampling ca. 75% of the glucose was incorporated into biomass in Svalbard, but in the northern Gulf of Mexico most of the glucose was respired to CO2. A limited range of enzyme activities is therefore not a sign of a dormant community or one unable to further process substrates resulting from extracellular enzymatic hydrolysis. The ultimate fate of carbohydrates in marine waters, however, is strongly dependent upon the specific capabilities of heterotrophic microbial communities in these disparate environments.
Passion Isn't Always a Good Thing: Examining Entrepreneurs' Network Centrality and Financial Performance with a Dualistic Model of Passion

We propose a conceptual model that links entrepreneurs' passion, network centrality, and financial performance, and test this model with small business managers in formal business networking groups. Drawing on the dualistic model of passion, we explore the relationships that harmonious and obsessive passion have with financial performance, mediated by network centrality. Results indicate that harmoniously passionate entrepreneurs had higher out-degree centrality in their networking group (i.e., they were more inclined to seek out members to discuss work issues), which increased the income they received from peer referrals and, ultimately, business income. Obsessively passionate entrepreneurs had lower in-degree centrality (i.e., they were less likely to be approached by peers), and in turn received less income from referrals and less business income. These findings highlight that entrepreneurial passion does not always result in positive financial outcomes � the type of passion makes a difference. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Determination of absorption cross sections of surface-adsorbed HNO3 in the 290–330 nm region by Brewster angle cavity ring-down spectroscopy

Abstract We have measured absorption cross sections of surface-adsorbed HNO 3 in the 290–330 nm region with Brewster angle cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The 295 K absorption cross sections for HNO 3 adsorbed on fused silica surfaces are at least two orders of magnitude larger than those in the gas phase in the wavelength region studied. Our work extends the application of Brewster angle cavity ring-down spectroscopy to the UV region, and further demonstrates the capabilities of this technique. Our results can account for the field-observed large differences between nitric acid photolysis rates on the surface and that of the gas phase.
In Vitro Bactericidal Activities of ABT-773 against ermB Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

The bactericidal activities of ABT-773, a new ketolide, were compared to those of cefuroxime and amoxicillin-clavulanate against 10 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae containing the ermB gene. MICs and time-kill curves were determined in duplicate per NCCLS guidelines with cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with 3% lysed horse blood. Viable counts were done at 0, 2, 6, and 24 h. Antibiotic concentrations tested were two and eight times the MIC. ABT-773 MICs ranged from 0.008 to 1.0 μg/ml. Bactericidal activity was observed with ABT-773 at eight times the MIC against 4 of 10 strains at 24 h compared to 10 of 10 strains with the beta-lactam antibiotics.
Scattering Matrix in the Heisenberg Representation for a System with Bound States

A definition is formulated of the scattering matrix for a closed physical system with bound states which makes use throughout only of the assumed observable p~operties of the system. A direct product space, X, is defined in which the ingredient factor space comprises the steady states-vacuum, one­ particle, and bound states-of the physical system. It is argued that the boundary conditions for a scattering experiment are suitably expressed in terms of vectors in X and that these stand in unitary correspondence, U, to the Heisenberg states. Indeed, one defines two operators U to express outgoing and ingoing wave boundary conditions, and the scattering matrix is constructed from these in the usual way. A suitable Yang-Feldman formalism is then developed in which the operators in the remote past and future also describe the bound states of the system. A representation of the frame­ work thus constructed in terms of field operators for individual fields results in the well-known formulas for S-matrix elements in terms of covariant amplitudes.
Hack this! reverse engineering a network server: nifty course assignments

This assignment is designed for a computer networking course with some emphasis on sockets programming. In the assignment students are encouraged to reverse engineer the protocol for a server which maintains their grades for the assignment. The initial grade for each student is set to zero. The reverse engineering task requires application level protocol analysis and decomposition.
Returning to Normalcy: The Perils of Restoration Politics

The general consensus of regime cycle theorists is that George W. Bush was a “regime manager” trying to advance the political project established by Reagan. Unlike his father, however, Bush came to power after an opposition interlude, placing him in the position of restoring the Reagan agenda. In Stephen Skowronek’s taxonomy, the regime managers represent the largest and most diverse category in political time. This paper breaks down the regime manager category to a more detailed level, focusing particular attention on the “restoration” sub-category. I examine the leadership dilemmas facing “restoration presidents” – presidents from the dominant party who come to power immediately following opposition presidents. Historical examples of this include Jacksonian Democrats following the Whig presidencies (Polk and Pierce), Republicans following the two Cleveland administrations (Harrison and McKinley), Republicans after Wilson (Harding/Coolidge), Democrats after Eisenhower (Kennedy/Johnson), and, of course, George W. Bush following Clinton. The existence of common elements among this group of presidents has tremendous importance for understanding our own political era. If Bush represents a “restoration” of Reagan-era conservatism following the Clinton interregnum, the lessons learned from similarly-placed presidents are important to more properly evaluate Bush’s leadership opportunities and constraints.
Framing Affirmative Action The Influence of Race on Newspaper Editorial Responses to the University of Michigan Cases

A content analysis of U.S. newspaper editorials (N = 158) examined framing of U.S. Supreme Court rulings on affirmative action at the University of Michigan. Results showed that remedial action and no preferential treatment, frames dominating affirmative action discourse in news media from the 1960s through the mid-1990s, were overshadowed in 2003 newspaper editorials by diversity, a frame asserting that a mix of racially and ethnically different people serves to strengthen organizations and society. The Newsroom Diversity Index (the ratio of the proportion of minorities professionally employed by the newspaper to the proportion of minorities living in its market) was positively associated with choosing the diversity frame and negatively associated with choosing the no preferential treatment frame.
Nonlinear Interactions Among Equatorial Waves

Abstract The asymptotic method multiple scales is used to investigate nonlinear interactions among equatorial waves (Kelvin, mixed Rossby-gravity, Rossby, eastward and westward propagating inertial-gravity) using a divergent equatorial beta-plane model. The Hermite polynomial meridional structure of equatorial waves results in a relaxation of the kinematic resonance conditions in the present model as compared to similar investigations in a mid-latitude context. Numerical solutions of the resonance conditions establish that triads composed of the same as well as different wave types exist. Energy solutions obtained in the absence of spatial and phase modulations show that the triad members having maximum absolute frequency always grows (decays) at the expense of the remaining triad members. It is suggested that a single finite-amplitude equatorial wave may be unstable with respect to lower frequency “parasitic” resonant wave perturbations. In the tropical atmosphere, nonlinear wave instability may he an im...
Internal Wave Spectra in the Presence of Fine-Structure

Abstract Phillips has shown that an undulating motion of a layered medium relative to a measuring instrument will result in a σ−2 spectrum (frequency or wavenumber) over a bandwidth determined by the thickness of the layers and of the sheets separating them. We show, for any (temperature) fine-structure statisteally stationary in depth with covariance rθ(y1−y2)= , that the covariance of the observed time ceries can be expressed in terms of rθ and the covariance in the vertical displacement ζ, assuming ζ to he josintly normal. An explicit expression for the spectrum is given for the case that the rms value of ζ is large compared to the vertical coherence scale of the fine-structure. We tentatively conclude that the fine-structure dominates in the upper few octaves of the internal wave spectra, and then extends the spectra beyond the cutoff frequency (wavenumber). The loss of vertical coherence due to fine-structure occurs over a distance inversely proportional to frequency, in general agreement ...
Genetic Relationships of Jamestown Canyon Virus Strains Infecting Mosquitoes Collected in Connecticut

Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) (family Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus) is maintained in a mosquito-deer cycle and has been implicated in the etiology of meningitis and encephalitis with human cases reported from Ontario, Canada, Michigan, Connecticut, and New York. Despite the recognition of symptomatic cases in the northeastern United States, little is known about the genetic relationships of JCV variants circulating in this region. Accordingly, we compared the phylogenetic relationships of 56 JCV isolates from mosquitoes collected in Connecticut over a 40-year period to evaluate their evolutionary history and characterize patterns of genetic diversity in the state. We distinguished at least two major lineages in Connecticut on the basis of phylogenetic reconstruction of small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segment nucleotide sequences. Viruses representing each lineage infected a diverse group of mosquito species over multiple years of sampling and appeared to be geographically structured along an east-west axis. One of these lineages was detected in Connecticut from 1966 through 2006 with few mutational changes accumulating over time. Phylogenetic trees generated from portions of the M and L segments yielded different topologies from S segment sequences as three clades became consolidated into two. Although direct evidence for genetic exchange by reassortment was lacking among cocirculating strains in Connecticut, molecular trees from S, M, and L segments were incongruent, which suggests a distinct evolutionary history or process for each genomic segment. These results suggest that JCV variants are stably maintained in Connecticut where they infect a wide diversity of mosquito species.
Local Order in Single Grain Cd-Yb Icosahedral Phase

Single grains of icosahedral Cd84Yb16 quasicrystalline phase were characterized using high resolution transmission electron microcopy (HRTEM) technique. Image reconstruction of the obtained multiple through-focal series for both the two and five-fold axes are consistent with the local cluster structure of concentric polyhedra consisting of Cd tetrahedron (1/3 occupied icosahedron), Cd dodecahedron, Yb icosahedron and a Cd icosidodecahedron. Edge-sharing of the clusters can result in complete tiling of the 2-D projections. Simple matching rules are being investigated to construct a 3-D model.
The Effective Tax Ratio and the Undertaxation of Intangibles

Effective tax rate in economics measures how much tax reduces internal rate of return. The report proves an effective tax rate ratio that can be estimated from available published accounting data, which is that the firm-wide effective tax rate is the marginal tax rate multiplied by a ratio equal to the adjusted basis for the firm's assets divided by the fair market value of the assets in absence of tax. The ratio shows that the effective corporate tax rate is very modest for products like Google, Kent and Newport cigarettes, and for games like Grand Theft Auto IV, Doom III, and Guitar Hero. The effective tax rate is above statutory tax rates, however, for example, for Macy's. The report calls either for fixing the problem of intangibles by aggressively capitalizing intangible investments or for abandoning accounting-based definitions of income as a tax base.
Benefit–risk assessment of golimumab in the treatment of refractory ulcerative colitis

Significant advances in the management of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) have been made since the introduction of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha agents, especially for those who fail or do not tolerate conventional therapies. Two drugs, infliximab first, then adalimumab afterward, showed effectiveness in inducing and maintaining long-term remission both in pivotal trials as well as in clinical practice. However, approximately 25% of patients with UC, who fail or do not tolerate all available therapies, require a colectomy for refractory disease. The therapeutic scenario of UC has been recently upgraded by the introduction of golimumab, the latest anti TNF-alpha agent to be approved. Golimumab is a totally humanized monoclonal antibody, administered by a subcutaneous injection every 4 weeks. Treatment with golimumab has shown to be effective to induce sustained clinical benefit in tough-to-treat patients with UC, including steroid and/or immunosuppressive refractory and steroid-dependent patients. In this review, we summarize all available efficacy and safety data of golimumab in UC, analyzing the potential therapeutic position for the treatment of refractory patients with UC.
Phase Aberration and Attenuation Effects on Acoustic Radiation Force-Based Shear Wave Generation

Elasticity is measured by shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) methods using acoustic radiation force to create the shear waves. Phase aberration and tissue attenuation can hamper the generation of shear waves for in vivo applications. In this study, the effects of phase aberration and attenuation in ultrasound focusing for creating shear waves were explored. This includes the effects of phase shifts and amplitude attenuation on shear wave characteristics such as shear wave amplitude, shear wave speed, shear wave center frequency, and bandwidth. Two samples of swine belly tissue were used to create phase aberration and attenuation experimentally. To explore the phase aberration and attenuation effects individually, tissue experiments were complemented with ultrasound beam simulations using fast object-oriented C++ ultrasound simulator (FOCUS) and shear wave simulations using finite-element-model (FEM) analysis. The ultrasound frequency used to generate shear waves was varied from 3.0 to 4.5 MHz. Results : The measured acoustic pressure and resulting shear wave amplitude decreased approximately 40%–90% with the introduction of the tissue samples. Acoustic intensity and shear wave displacement were correlated for both tissue samples, and the resulting Pearson’s correlation coefficients were 0.99 and 0.97. Analysis of shear wave generation with tissue samples (phase aberration and attenuation case), measured phase screen, (only phase aberration case), and FOCUS/FEM model (only attenuation case) showed that tissue attenuation affected the shear wave generation more than tissue aberration. Decreasing the ultrasound frequency helped maintain a focused beam for creation of shear waves in the presence of both phase aberration and attenuation.
When Every Test Is a Winner Clean Cycling, Surveillance, and the New Preemptive Governance

This article examines the trend toward risk-based, preemptive social control as it has developed in anti-doping regulation in professional cycling. Specifically, this research considers how the reg...
Composition of diets of low-income pregnant women: comparison of analyzed with calculated values.

The authors concluded that calculations using tables of nutrient composition of foods cannot be relied upon to provide sole data for intake of specific nutrients by research subjects.
Lipoprotein(a), plasmin modulation, and atherogenesis.

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an atherogenic lipoprotein however the mechanisms by which Lp(a) promote the atherosclerotic process are not clear. The apolipoprotein(a) portion of Lp(a) shares partial homology with plasminogen, a finding that has stimulated numerous studies. Lp(a) binds to fibrin and the affinity between fibrin surfaces and Lp(a) appears to be related to the state of oxidation of the lipoprotein particle. Lp(a) also effects fibrin-dependent plasminogen activation. Recent findings suggest that depending upon the in vitro conditions, Lp(a) either promotes or inhibits plasmin formation. Lp(a) also inhibits cell-surface dependentplasmin generation that is associated with an inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) production in cell coculture systems. Lp(a) stimulates smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation as a secondary response to this decrease in TGF-beta concentration. Studies in transgenic mice containing the human apolipoprotein(a) gene, document that both plasmin and TGF-beta formation in the media of the aorta is markedly decreased in the presence of apo(a). Thus the atherogenicity of Lp(a) may be mediated, in part, through its modulation of plasmin and TGF-beta production in the blood vessel wall.
Identifying gene regulatory network rewiring using latent differential graphical models

Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are highly dynamic among different tissue types. Identifying tissue-specific gene regulation is critically important to understand gene function in a particular cellular context. Graphical models have been used to estimate GRN from gene expression data to distinguish direct interactions from indirect associations. However, most existing methods estimate GRN for a specific cell/tissue type or in a tissue-naive way, or do not specifically focus on network rewiring between different tissues. Here, we describe a new method called Latent Differential Graphical Model (LDGM). The motivation of our method is to estimate the differential network between two tissue types directly without inferring the network for individual tissues, which has the advantage of utilizing much smaller sample size to achieve reliable differential network estimation. Our simulation results demonstrated that LDGM consistently outperforms other Gaussian graphical model based methods. We further evaluated LDGM by applying to the brain and blood gene expression data from the GTEx consortium. We also applied LDGM to identify network rewiring between cancer subtypes using the TCGA breast cancer samples. Our results suggest that LDGM is an effective method to infer differential network using high-throughput gene expression data to identify GRN dynamics among different cellular conditions.
Diagnosis and Therapy of Vasculogenic Impotence

Penile blood pressure studies and pudendal artery angiograms indicate that vascular disease may be a frequent cause of erectile failure in men. Attempts to correct this form of impotence with revascularization of the corpus cavernosum have been satisfactory in a minority of patients.
NF-κB at the crossroads of life and death

The choice between life and death is one of the major events in regulation of the immune system. T cells that specifically recognize viral or bacterial antigens are selected to survive and proliferate in response to infection, whereas those that are self-reactive are eliminated via apoptosis. Even the survival of alloreactive T cells requires their proper costimulation and, when infection subsides, the activated T cells are eliminated. A major regulator of such life or death decisions is the transcription factor NF-κB. However, NF-κB cannot function alone. A variety of mechanisms exist to modulate its activity and thereby affect the ultimate outcome of a cell's fate.
Financial Information Source, Knowledge, and Practices of College Students from Diverse Backgrounds.

Using cross-sectional data, we examined the financial information sources, financial knowledge, and financial practices of young adults, many of whom are first generation college students, ethnic minorities, and immigrants or children of immigrants. Participants (n = 1,249) were undergraduate students at a large regional comprehensive university. The general linear model results suggested personal financial information obtained from parents was positively associated with levels of financial knowledge and financial practices, and information obtained from other family members and college courses was positively associated with better financial practices. The findings suggest that parents and college personal finance courses may serve as positive inputs for financial socialization among young adults regardless of their demographic backgrounds.
Coping with Error in the History of Mechanics

My subject is error, failure, mis-step and/or the “incorrect” in the history of science, in particular in the history of mechanics. Focusing on the works of Clifford Truesdell, The Rational Mechanics of Flexible or Elastic Bodies 1638-1788, and of Edoardo Benvenuto, An Introduction to the History of Structural Mechanics, I explore how historians cope when confronted with developments crafted by the renowned that prove ill-fitted to what subsequently becomes the canonical form of theory, of concept, of ways of perceiving and analyzing the behavior of solids and strucrures. Taking error seriously moves the historian of science beyond the customary bounds on rational thought. Attempts at explaining the incorrect engenders speculation and conjecture about the influence of precedent and too strongly held ideologies - consideration of what an economist might call externalities or exogenous factors. It may lead to a fuller appraisal of empirical evidence and usually requires attempts to make reasonable patterns of thought now deemed irrational. Underlying my exploration is a tentative hypothesis - that the path to error, failure, mis-step and/or the incorrect in the history of science can not be, indeed is not, explained in the same way that we explain a correctly-formed concept, a successful extension of theory, or a competent experiment.
Tricyclic Antidepressants and Sudden Death

Two cases of sudden death in children treated with tricyclic antidepressants for psychiatric disorders are reported from the Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA.
Emerging Variants of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is associated with substantial clinical, pathologic, and molecular heterogeneity. Most tumors remain driven by androgen receptor (AR) signaling, which has clinical implications for patient selection for AR-directed approaches. However, histologic and clinical resistance phenotypes can emerge after AR inhibition, in which the tumors become less dependent on the AR. In this review, we discuss prostate cancer variants including neuroendocrine (NEPC) and aggressive variant (AVPC) prostate cancers and their clinical implications. Improvements in the understanding of the biologic mechanisms and molecular features underlying prostate cancer variants may help prognostication and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches for subclasses of patient with CRPC.
Toxin-producing Anabaena flos-aquae induces settling of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a competing motile alga

Toxin production is an adaptation that allows cyanobacteria in resource-limiting environments to ameliorate the effects of herbivory and competition with other phototrophs. We demonstrate that the cyanobacterial toxins anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR paralyze the motile green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In addition, both purified toxins and cyanobacterial extracellular products containing these toxins cause the alga to settle faster than in nontoxic media. In microcosm experiments, the presence of either the cyanobacterium or its extracellular products induce settling in the alga, similar to the response observed with the addition of both anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR. The cyanobacterial production of paralyzing toxins represents a novel mechanism for phytoplankton settling. This prokaryotic/eukaryotic chemical interaction may create a competitor-free zone for cyanobacteria in lake environments, predicating optimal conditions for a toxic cyanobacterial bloom.
Trauma and BMI Mortality

Obesity has been recognized as an impactful comorbid condition. It has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality following trauma. Multiple studies and reviews have strongly suggested obesity to be associated with increased risk for post-injury morbidity and mortality. As obesity is associated with a pro-inflammatory state, it has been suggested to negatively affect the respiratory, cardiovascular, coagulation, and renal systems and the ability and manner in which an obese patient heals. As obesity continues to rise at alarming rates in the USA, this population of patients requires special consideration and continued research is underway to delineate relationships between obesity, trauma, and outcomes in an effort to improve overall care.
Significance of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in hairy cell leukemia

Peripheral blood samples of 23 patients who had hairy cell leukemia were examined for leukocyte alkaline phosphatase scores. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated in seventeen patients (74%), were normal in six (26%), and were not decreased in any patient. The mean leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score was 166 (normal range, 11-95). High leukocyte alkaline phosphatase scores correlated inversely with the absolute number of neutrophils in peripheral blood and were unrelated to other clinical factors, including age and time since splenectomy. High leukocyte alkaline phosphatase scores were also associated with a shift to more immature forms of neutrophil differentiation. These findings are consistent with the view that high leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in hairy cell leukemia are secondary to decreased marrow granulocyte reserves and do not necessarily indicate the existence of primary abnormalities of multiple bone marrow cell lines, including the granulocytes, in hairy cell leukemia. The role of the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase assay in the differential diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia with respect to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and other lymphoid malignancies is discussed.
Stress and Hope at the Margins: Qualitative Research on Depression and Religious Coping among Low-Income Mothers

For many people across the world, experiences of depression include features that extend beyond the biopsychiatric model, which predominates in research on the relationship between religious and spiritual coping and depressive symptoms. How does attending to these diverse experiences of depression challenge our understanding of the dynamic between religiosity and depression? This paper presents thirteen qualitative interviews among economically marginalized mothers in the metro-Boston area. Analyzing these narratives presents a complex picture of the way chronic situational stress lies beneath their experiences of depression. From this expanded view of depressive experiences, we analyze the religious coping strategies of social support and meaning making to reveal the holistic, yet often ambiguous, ways these mothers engaged religious and spiritual resources to forge hope amidst chronic stress.
Effect of grain type and dried distillers grains plus solubles oil concentration on site of digestion in cattle fed finishing diets

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of grain type (rolled corn vs. rolled barley) and oil concentration of dried corn distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS; moderate = 7.9% vs. low = 4.5% ether extract) on site of digestion. Seven ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein steers (716 ± 8.9 kg) were used in a 4 × 7 Youden square with experimental periods of 24 d. True ruminal organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility (% of intake) as well as intestinal (% of entering duodenum) and total tract starch digestibility was greater (P ≤ 0.03) in steers fed diets containing barley than in steers fed diets containing corn. Ruminal disappearance and ruminal, intestinal, and total tract OM, CP, and starch digestibility were not influenced (P ≥ 0.11) by feeding diets containing DDGS with differing oil concentration. Total tract lipid digestibility (%) was greater (P < 0.001) in steers fed diets containing moderate-oil DDGS than low-oil DDGS. These data indicate that includin...
What We Wish We Knew: Reflections of Brand-New Teaching Assistants.

The learning curve on how to become a Teaching Assistant (TA) can be rather steep. In this paper, the authors explore three areas they wish they were advised in prior to beginning their teaching ca...
Fueling thought: Management of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in neuronal metabolism.

The brain’s energy demands are remarkable both in their intensity and in their moment-to-moment dynamic range. This perspective considers the evidence for Warburg-like aerobic glycolysis during the transient metabolic response of the brain to acute activation, and it particularly addresses the cellular mechanisms that underlie this metabolic response. The temporary uncoupling between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation led to the proposal of an astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle whereby during stimulation, lactate produced by increased glycolysis in astrocytes is taken up by neurons as their primary energy source. However, direct evidence for this idea is lacking, and evidence rather supports that neurons have the capacity to increase their own glycolysis in response to stimulation; furthermore, neurons may export rather than import lactate in response to stimulation. The possible cellular mechanisms for invoking metabolic resupply of energy in neurons are also discussed, in particular the roles of feedback signaling via adenosine diphosphate and feedforward signaling by calcium ions.
Chaos computing for mitigating side channel attack

Chaos computing is an unconventional paradigm for computing where chaotic oscillators are used for computation. As chaotic oscillators dynamically produce a large number of unique patterns over time, a single oscillator can be configured to produce different logic gates. Even the same logic functionality can be implemented using the same chaos gate but with different configurations. Chaotic implementations of logic thus provides opportunities for building instances of computing system with similar hardware but different configurations of operation, thus being capable of mitigating side channel based reverse engineering attack. In this paper, we explore the opportunities of mitigating side channel power attack vulnerabilities of conventional digital computing systems using chaos based logic. We perform an instruction classification attack using side channel power profiles on arithmetic logic units (ALU), considered for different proportions of conventional logic gates and chaotic logic gates. Quantitative analysis based on a classification algorithm shows that an ALU implemented with even a small proportion of chaotic gates can be classified with significantly lower accuracy compared to conventional alternatives.
LIQUID CRYSTALLINE CONDENSATION POLYMERS

Preparation of high strength fibers and other uniaxial materials from main chain thermotropic polyesters is discussed. Critical factors for heatstrengthening of fibers are reviewed, including retention of orientation developed in spinning and post-polymerization (including use of accelerators). Novel resinless uniaxial composites, laminates, and pultruded shapes of high strength/ stiffness prepared from fibers are also discussed.
Paleoseismology of the Black Hills fault, southern Nevada, and implications for regional tectonics

Paleoseismolgy of the Black Hills Fault, Southern Nevada, and Implications for Regional Tectonics
Processes in Fuel Cells with Solid Electrolytes

The desirability of constructing a fuel cell with a solid electrolyte that is stable during the time of operation was already recognized by Haber [1], Nernst [2], and Baur [3]. Since the problem of electrocatalysis is not serious [4,5] at temperatures around 1000°C, the main emphasis has been on the improvement of solid electrolytes and on the development of suitable cell designs in recent years.
Vascular trauma: selected historical reflections from the western world

In the spirit of international exchanges of knowledge with colleagues from all over the world, who are interested in the care and treatment of vascular trauma, we offer selected historical reflections from the western world on vascular trauma. Whereas there are a number of key individuals and a variety of events that are important to us in our writing, we know essentially nothing about what is written by other cultures and, particularly, the Chinese. It is well recognized around the world that Chinese surgeons are among the first to be highly successful in re-plantation of severed extremities, repairing both injured arteries and veins. Also, we recognize that there are contributions in other parts of the world, which are not well known to us collectively. Contributions from the Arabic speaking part of the world come to mind because there is periodic brief reference. We offer our perspective hoping that there will be one or more Chinese surgeons who will offer us the benefit of sharing their perspective on important historical contributions to the managing of vascular trauma outside of the western world, and, particularly, the English speaking literature. Once again, we encourage our colleagues in the Arabic speaking world to provide us with their perspective of the development and management of vascular trauma.
Polarized Raman spectroscopy study of metallic ( S r 1 − x L a x ) 3 I r 2 O 7 : A consistent picture of disorder-interrupted unidirectional charge order

We have used rotational anisotropic polarized Raman spectroscopy to study the symmetries, the temperature, and the doping dependence of the charge ordered state in metallic ${(\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{r}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{a}}_{x})}_{3}\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{r}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. Despite the fact that the Raman probe size is greater than the charge ordering length, we establish that the charge ordering breaks the fourfold rotational symmetry of the underlying tetragonal crystal lattice into twofold, as well as the translational symmetry, and forms short-range domains with ${90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ rotated charge order wave vectors, as soon as the charge order sets in below ${T}_{\mathrm{CO}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}=\ensuremath{\sim}200\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and across the doping-induced insulator metal transition. We observe that this charge order mode frequency remains nearly constant over a wide temperature range and up to the highest doping level. These features above are highly reminiscent of the ubiquitous unidirectional charge order in underdoped high-${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ copper-oxide-based superconductors (cuprates). We further resolve that the charge order damping rate diverges when approaching ${T}_{\mathrm{CO}}$ from below and increases significantly as increasing the La-doping level, which resembles the behaviors for a disorder-interrupted ordered phase and has not been observed for the charge order in cuprates.
Das moderne Welt-System in der Krise

Wie schon gesagt, fuhren historische Systeme ein Leben. Sie entstehen an einem bestimmten Punkt in Zeit und Raum aus Grunden und in einer Art und Weise, die wir analysieren konnen. Wenn sie ihre Geburtswehen uberleben, fuhren sie ihr historisches Leben im Rahmen der sie konstituierenden Strukturen, folgen dabei ihren zyklischen Rhythmen und sind in ihren sakularen Trends gefangen.
Atmospheric Cold Front–Induced Exchange Flows through a Microtidal Multi-Inlet Bay: Analysis Using Multiple Horizontal ADCPs and FVCOM Simulations

AbstractAtmospheric cold fronts provide recurring forcing for circulations and long-term transport in estuaries with microtides. Multiple horizontal ADCPs were used to obtain time series data from ...
The association of augmentation mammoplasty with connective tissue disease, including systematic sclerosis (scleroderma): a meta-analysis.

The possible relationship between augmentation mammoplasty and definite connective tissue disease, particularly systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), has been the subject of many case reports and case series; these have been reviewed elsewhere in several review articles and editorials [1–9]. Several epidemiologic studies have been conducted to formally address the hypothesis that women who have undergone augmentation mammoplasty are at greater risk of developing connective tissue disease, particularly systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), than women who have not had this procedure performed [10–21]. Seven studies focused on the entire spectrum of rheumatic symptoms and/or connective tissue diseases [10,12–16,20], while three focused specifically on the potential association with systemic sclerosis [17–19] and one focused specifically on the potential association with rheumatoid arthritis [11]. Only one of these studies, however, demonstrated a statistically significant association between breast implants and the development of connective tissue disease, specifically systemic sclerosis [19]. The remaining studies had inadequate statistical power to demonstrate such an association because of either the low incidence rate of the connective tissue diseases or the relatively infrequent exposure of augmentation mammoplasty. We have recently conducted a case-control study of the association of augmentation mammoplasty with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) [21], and in this paper combine our preliminary results with those from the previous epidemiologic studies which included data on specific diagnoses of connective tissue disease and had internal control and/or comparison groups, using the technique of meta-analysis.
Proximal and Distal Mentors: Sustaining Making-Expertise in Rural Schools

With the increasing interest of integrating Making into formal settings, like public school classrooms, questions have emerged on how to sustain Making as a practice in these environments. Mentors, who can guide students' development of Making knowledge and skills, are needed in these classrooms to facilitate Making activities. In rural areas, the need for experienced mentors is often exacerbated by distance of experienced Maker-mentors from the classroom. In this research we studied how distance mentoring can help a group of high-school students in a rural school to Make and manufacture learning materials for an elementary school in their community. Grounded in literature from Lave and Wenger's communities of practice and Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, the work presented in this paper investigates how mentorship develops in this classroom, becoming less dependent on researchers for guidance and thus becoming more self-sustaining. We discuss how distance-mentors can better train and sustain expertise in Making classrooms, and how our approach may support this mentorship process by aiming mentors and mentees towards a communal goal.
Emerging concepts in magnetic computing: from topological excitations to stochastic computing (Conference Presentation)

With increasing demand for low-power embedded electronics for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, nanomagnetic devices have emerged as strong potential candidates to complement present day electronics. A variety of novel switching effects such as Spin Transfer Torque (STT), Spin Orbit Torque (SOT) and Giant Spin Hall Effect (GSHE) offer complementary ways to manipulate nano-sized magnets. However, the low intrinsic energy cost of switching spins is often compromised by the energy consumed in the overhead circuitry in creating the necessary switching fields. In fact, the two major challenges are size scalability – limited by the superparamagnetic limit, and the energy-delay-reliability cost, limited by spin stagnation in STT devices and defect pinning in SOT driven domain wall devices. We discuss two possible alternatives that attempt to bypass these limits. Skyrmions stabilized in thin magnetic films can bypass the super-paramagnetic limit and carry information bits with added protection accorded by size and topological barrier. We present candidate ferrimagnetic materials with low saturation magnetization and damping needed to enable ultrafast room temperature soliton like skyrmion propagation. A different solution at a systems level is to design interconnected low-barrier soft magnets with controlled stochastic dynamics that can be used to realize analog or digital hardware neurons. We show how such analog neurons can directly implement Reservoir Computing for temporal inferencing, tracking and real time pattern recognition.
Effect of temperature on the fatigue cracking mechanisms in A356 Al alloy

Abstract This work builds on our previous investigation of the room temperature fatigue cracking mechanisms of an A356 Al alloy [1]. Here, we analyze the elevated temperature fatigue cracking mechanisms in cast and friction stir processed (FSP) A356, and contrast them with the room temperature behavior. Two sets of FSP parameters were used to modify the microstructure of the cast alloy. After heat treatment, both the FSPed microstructures exhibited severe abnormal grain growth (AGG) leading to a very wide grain size distribution (from a few microns to a few millimeters). During room temperature fatigue tests, the FSP conditions exhibited significant improvements in fatigue lives, even up to an order of magnitude. However, with increasing temperature, the difference in the performance of the FSPed and Cast microstructures decreased until, at 200 °C, all three microstructural conditions exhibited similar fatigue response. Detailed electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) imaging of failed fatigue specimens was used to study crack behavior. At room temperature, cracks initiated at defect sites or along persistent slip bands (PSBs) and propagated transgranularly. The grain boundaries acted as barriers to crack growth. At elevated temperatures, there was a complete role reversal of the grain boundaries. Cracks initiated along grain boundaries and propagated intergranularly in all microstructures.
A Comparison Between FEM and FVM via the Method of Weighted Residuals

The Method of Weighted Residuals (MWR) is used to compare the finite element method (FEM) with the finite volume method (FVM) through nodal recursion relations. Both methods reside under the general MWR structure, with the underlying switch between the two methods established through the weighting function. Both methods yield comparable spatial accuracy for steady-state conditions. However, the flexibility of the FEM permits additional options that can increase accuracy, but generally at the expense of additional time and resource constraints.
A new experimental system to study meiotic recurrent non-allelic homologous recombination in budding yeast

ABSTRACT In humans, de novo recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) often arise during meiosis from non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between low copy repeat elements (LCRs). These chromosomal rearrangements are responsible for a wide variety of genomic disorders involving duplication or deletion of dose-sensitive genes. The precise factors that steer meiotic cells toward this detrimental recombination pathway are not fully understood. To create a model for the investigation of LCR-mediated CNV mechanisms, we developed a diploid experimental system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We modified the right arm of chromosome V through the introduction of engineered LCRs: duplicated 5 to 35 kb segments of yeast DNA flanking single copy interstitial spacers, analogously to the meiotic NAHR substrates that exist in humans. Phenotypic markers, including a copy number reporter, were inserted within the interstitial spacer. Their segregation in the haploid meiotic progeny was used to phenotypically identity and classify recurrent CNV events. This system allowed us to measure the effects of LCR size on the frequency of meiotic de novo recurrent CNV formation, and to determine the relative proportions of each of the three main NAHR classes: interhomolog, intersister, and intrachromatid. The frequency of CNV increased as the LCRs became larger, and interhomolog NAHR was overrepresented relative to the two other classes. We showed that this experimental system directly mimics the features of de novo recurrent CNVs reported in human disease, thus it represents a promising tool for the discovery and characterization of conserved cellular factors and environmental exposures that can modulate meiotic NAHR.
Fake News: The Marketplace of Boccalini’s Parnassian Press and the History of Criticism

Fictive imprints, such as the simulated gazettes, the Advertisements from Parnassus of Trajano Boccalini (1556–1613), delineated a virtual realm for criticism and public debate. Boccalini’s fake news sheds light on the nature of the early modern public sphere as an arena in which veiled, untrustworthy communiques had to be assessed. Boccalini’s opening scene of a marketplace of political charlatans emphasized such contemporary social skepticism. This scene, which Boccalini drew from earlier pamphlet literature, went on to inform the ways that many other authors depicted the Parnassian press. Johann Valentin Andreae (1586–1654), for instance, deployed fictive imprints methodically to delineate a special zone of criticism. Counter-intuitively, Andreae’s normative Utopian works appeared under a real imprint at Strasbourg, while his Boccalinian critical satires were published from Utopia, Parnassus, and Cosmopolis. The latter were not idealized locales and homes of the muses, but profit-oriented media marketplaces.
A Pedagogical Note on Asymptotic Normality of a Two-Sample Approximate Pivot for Comparing Means:

A two-sample pivot for comparing the means from independent populations is well known. For large sample sizes, the distribution of the pivot is routinely approximated by a standard normal distribut...