cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme Intraspecific Variation in Hystrichophora (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Genitalia — Questioning the Lock-and-Key Hypothesis

The lock-and-key hypothesis of genital evolution is evaluated using the highly variable male genitalia of two species of Hystrichophora (Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) moths. Traditionally, morphological differences in male genitalia have been used to differentiate similar species of Lepidoptera, and, while other characters may be examined, it is often assumed that genital morphology is the unique characteristic that “defines” a species. The significance of this assumption is based, many times unknowingly, on the lock-and-key hypothesis, which states that male and female genital compatibility serves to isolate different species reproductively. This concept is tested by quantifying the shape of Hystrichophora male valvae and analyzing variation in individual populations using principal components analysis. The resulting extreme levels of intraspecific variation support evolution by means of sexual selection and reject the traditional lock-and-key hypothesis.
Preventing Memory Error Exploits with WIT

Attacks often exploit memory errors to gain control over the execution of vulnerable programs. These attacks remain a serious problem despite previous research on techniques to prevent them. We present write integrity testing (WIT), a new technique that provides practical protection from these attacks. WIT uses points-to analysis at compile time to compute the control-flow graph and the set of objects that can be written by each instruction in the program. Then it generates code instrumented to prevent instructions from modifying objects that are not in the set computed by the static analysis, and to ensure that indirect control transfers are allowed by the control-flow graph. To improve coverage where the analysis is not precise enough, WIT inserts small guards between the original program objects. We describe an efficient implementation with optimizations to reduce space and time overhead. This implementation can be used in practice because it compiles C and C++ programs without modifications, it has high coverage with no false positives, and it has low overhead. WIT's average runtime overhead is only 7% across a set of CPU intensive benchmarks and it is negligible when IO is the bottleneck.
Practices and predictors of analgesic interventions for adults undergoing painful procedures.

• BACKGROUND Research is limited on analgesic practices associated with the commonly performed procedures of turning, inserting central venous catheters, removing wound drains, changing dressings on nonburn wounds, suctioning the trachea, and removing femoral sheaths. • OBJECTIVES To determine types of analgesics administered for procedures, the prevalence and amounts of drugs given, and factors predictive of analgesic administration. • METHODS Pain was assessed before and immediately after procedures. Analgesic, sedative, and anesthetic agents administered within 1 hour before and/or during each procedure were noted. • RESULTS A total of 5957 adult patients at 164 national and 5 international sites participated. Pain intensity increased at the time of procedure for all procedures. More than 63% of patients received no analgesics. Less than 20% received opiates; mean total dose of opiate was 6.44 mg (SD, 8.96 mg). Only 10% of patients received combination therapy. Factors associated with the likelihood of receiving opiates were pain intensity before a procedure, femoral sheath removal, being white, and the duration of a procedure. Patients less likely to receive opiates had a medical diagnosis or were having tracheal suctioning. Only 14.5% of the variance in the amount of opiate administered was explained by factors entered into multiple regression models. Type of procedure was the only significant predictor of amount of opiate administered. • CONCLUSIONS Most patients were not intentionally medicated even though pain intensity increased during their procedure. When used, analgesic amounts were low, and combination therapy was infrequent. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate optimal pain management for patients undergoing procedures. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2002;11:415-431)
Effects of landscape composition, habitat features, and nest distribution on predation rates of simulated turtle nests

We investigated predation of simulated turtle nests in an effort to understand how land-use patterns and the availability of nesting habitat may affect turtle recruitment in a region where human populations and associated development are increasing. Simulated nests were patterned after those created by painted turtles (Chrysemys picta), a common aquatic turtle in our study area, and distributed in four patterns (clustered and near pond, scattered and near pond, clustered and far from pond, and scattered and far from pond) around 36 ponds. Landscape composition (500–2000 m from pond perimeters) and habitats surrounding pond edges (an area extending 250 m from the shore of each pond) were then compared with rates of predation at each pond. Nest-site characteristics also were compared to the fate of individual nests. Landscape composition and habitats surrounding ponds apparently had little influence on predation rates. Nest distribution and the immediate habitat features associated with each nest did affect vulnerability to predation. Clumped nests were preyed upon at a higher rate than scattered nests, and nests close to ponds (within 50 m) were more vulnerable to predators than those created far (100–150 m) from a pond. Counter to our expectations, proximity to edge habitats (other than the shore of a pond) reduced the probability that a nest would be detected by predators. Also, nests placed near roads and suburban lawns had a reduced likelihood of predation whereas those placed in agricultural areas or disturbed sites had a greater probability of being preyed upon. Our results suggest that predation of simulated turtle nests may be a consequence of their distribution and location relative to the foraging activities of common nest predators, especially raccoons (Procyon lotor). Efforts to enhance recruitment among declining populations of turtles should consider the abundance and distribution of nesting habitat. Providing additional nesting sites away from predator foraging habitats may reduce nest predation and increase the recruitment of hatchlings into a population. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Spatial quantization errors in active vision inspection

The spatial quantization error is inherent in the two-dimensional automated visual inspection system. This kind of uncertainty introduces significant distortion on the inspected dimension of a specified part. For example, centroid, area, perimeter, length, orientation of parts are inspected by the vision inspection system. This paper discusses the effect of the spatial quantization error on the precision measurement of the length of an edge line. Statistical analysis in terms of the resolution of the image is developed for one dimensional and two dimensional quantization error. The mean and variance of these errors are computed. Given that the orientation and position of the sensor are known, the effect of this error on the dimension measurement is also analyzed. Based on the developed analysis, we investigate whether a given set of sensor setting parameters in an active system is suitable to obtain a desired accuracy for specific line segment dimensional measurements. In addition, based on this approach, one can determine sensor position and view direction which meet the necessary range for tolerance and accuracy of inspection. Developing these mechanisms is helpful for achieving effective, economic and accurate inspection system. >
A fuzzy discrete event system for HIV/AIDS treatment planning

Treatment decision-making for most diseases is currently partial art and partial science. To a large extent, this is due to the fact that every patient is unique, and many symptoms and diagnoses are inherently imprecise and difficult to measure. A systematic decision-making and optimization technology capable of handling all the clinical difficulties is still unavailable despite significant efforts documented in the literature, including the use of artificial intelligence and statistical methods. One promising approach is the novel fuzzy discrete event systems whose theoretical framework was recently developed by us. We apply it to treatment planning for HIV/AIDS patients who have never received antiretroviral therapy. We show how to design such a system. We have also statistically evaluated the preliminary results produced by the system in comparison with two AIDS specialists on our team. The results indicate strong agreement between the physicians and the fuzzy discrete event system. This is the first application of fuzzy discrete event systems in the literature.
Intimate Partner Violence Typology and Treatment A Brief Literature Review

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant problem in society today. Many approaches have been taken to address the issue and treat the individual or couple. Gottman et al. published groundbr...
Randomization and In Vivo Selection Reveal a GGRG Motif Essential for Packaging Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 RNA

The packaging signal (ψ) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is present in the 5′ noncoding region of RNA and contains a 10-nucleotide palindrome (pal; 5′-392-GGAGUGCUCC) located upstream of the dimerization signal stem-loop 1 (SL1). pal has been shown to be functionally important in vitro and in vivo. We previously showed that the 3′ side of pal (GCUCC-3′) is involved in base-pairing interactions with a sequence downstream of SL1 to make an extended SL1, which is important for replication in vivo and the regulation of dimerization in vitro. However, the role of the 5′ side of pal (5′-GGAGU) was less clear. Here, we characterized this role using an in vivo SELEX approach. We produced a population of HIV-2 DNA genomes with random sequences within the 5′ side of pal and transfected these into COS-7 cells. Viruses from COS-7 cells were used to infect C8166 permissive cells. After several weeks of serial passage in C8166 cells, surviving viruses were sequenced. On the 5′ side of pal there was a striking convergence toward a GGRGN consensus sequence. Individual clones with consensus and nonconsensus sequences were tested in infectivity and packaging assays. Analysis of individuals that diverged from the consensus sequence showed normal viral RNA and protein synthesis but had replication defects and impaired RNA packaging. These findings clearly indicate that the GGRG motif is essential for viral replication and genomic RNA packaging.
Revisiting Schachter’s Research on Rejection, Deviance, and Communication (1951)

We conducted a replication of the original Schachter (1951) deviation-rejection study. Schachter’s groundbreaking demonstration of the deviation-rejection link has captivated social psychologists for decades. The findings and paradigm were so compelling that the deviation-rejection link is often taken for granted and sometimes may be misrepresented (Berkowitz, 1971; Wahrman & Pugh, 1972). Because there have only been two direct replications, one of which by the original author, we believed it was important to revisit the original study. We replicated Schachter’s main finding, albeit with a smaller effect size. One intriguing possibility is that we found somewhat weaker reactions to deviates because society may be becoming more tolerant of individuals who hold deviate opinions. We hope that our replication study will inspire other researchers to revisit the deviation-rejection link.
Study of the stability of 1:1 complexes between aliphatic alcohols and β-cyclodextrins in aqueous solution

Abstract A substitution method, in which the 1:1 complex between β-cyclodextrin (cycloheptaamylose) and phenolphthalein forms competitively with a β-cyclodextrin-alcohol complex, has been used to obtain equilibrium constants for complexes of the C 4 to C 10 alcohols and several other compounds containing aliphatic moieties. The logarithm of the complex formation constant is found to vary nearly linearly with the number of carbon atoms in a series of n-aliphatic alcohols. Similar results are obtained for β-cyclodextrin complexes of two C 12 surfactants (sodium dodecylsulfate and hexa-ethyleneglycol monododecyl ether), cyclohexanol, and 1, 10-decanediol.
Postnatal Palatoplasty, Implications For Normal Speech Articulation—A Preliminary Report

During the last ten years patients born with cleft palates had their palates closed between three and eight months of age. The primary objective has been to have the clefts closed soon to minimize faulty habits of speech articulation and intraoral, oropharyngeal and laryngeal compensatory movements for speech. Over one hundred ninety patients with a variety of cleft types were treated. Of these patients, twenty-two were randomly selected for complete and comprehensive evaluation one to eight years after the corrective procedure. Oro-nasal balance of articulatory resonance was noted. There was not any need for secondary palatal procedures in any of the patients, and no deleterious effects on facial growth were found. Normal articulation development was observed in all the patients treated by this methodology as measured by a standardized test and developmental norms.
Developmental changes and ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex.

There is a shift in ocular dominance of cells recorded in the visual cortex which occurs after closure of one eye during a critical period lasting from eye opening to puberty. Three criteria distin- guish factors that are crucially related to ocular dominance plasticity: 1) the factor should be more concentrated or active at the peak of the critical period; 2) dark rearing, which makes the cortex less plastic early in the critical period and more plastic late in the critical period, should have a similar effect on the factor, and 3) antagonists or inhibitors of the factor should block ocular dominance plasticity. The second criterion can be used to distinguish activity-related factors that may simply increase or de- crease with development from factors that are more specifically related to plasticity. Two factors cur- rently fulfill these criteria, namely N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors and protein kinase A (PKA). PKA and NMDA receptors are linked through calcium, since calcium influx through the NMDA receptor increases the production of cyclic AMP by calcium-sensitive adenylate cyclase, which in turn activates PKA. PKA is specifically involved, since protein kinase G and protein kinase C antagonists do not inhibit ocular dominance plasticity. However, NMDA agonists and PKA activators by themselves are not known to bring back plasticity. Thus there may be two or more pathways for ocular dominance plasticity acting in parallel with each other: for example, metabotropic glutamate receptors may act in parallel with NMDA receptors to change calcium levels within the cell. (Keio J Med 50 (3): 192-197, September 2001)
Subject and citation indexing. Part II: The optimal, cluster‐based retrieval performance of composite representations

Measures of cluster-based retrieval effectiveness are computed for five composite representations in the cystic fibrosis (CF) Document Collection. The composite representations are constructed from combinations of two subject representations, based on Medical Subject headings and subheadings, and two citation representations, consisting of the complete list of cited references and a comprehensive list of citations for each document. Experimental retrieval results are presented as a function of the exhaustivity and similarity of the composite representations and reveal consistent patterns from which optimal performance levels can be identified.
Cannabinoid receptor type-2 stimulation, blockade, and deletion alter the vascular inflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury

Immunomodulatory therapies have been identified as interventions for secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2R) is proposed to play an important, endogenous role in regulating inflammation. The effects of CB2R stimulation, blockade, and deletion on the neurovascular inflammatory responses to TBI were assessed. Wild-type C57BL/6 or CB2R knockout mice were randomly assigned to controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury or to craniotomy control groups. The effects of treatment with synthetic, selective CB2R agonists (0-1966 and JWH-133), a selective CB2R antagonist, or vehicle solution administered to CCI groups were assessed at 1-day after injury. Changes in TNF-α, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), macrophage/microglial ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule, and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability were assessed using ELISA, quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and fluorometric analysis of sodium fluorescein uptake. CB2R knockouts and wild-type mice with CCI injury were treated with a CB2R agonist or vehicle treatment. TNF-α mRNA increased at 6 hours and 1 to 3 days after CCI; a CB2R antagonist and genetic knockout of the CB2R exacerbated TNF-α mRNA expression. Treatment with a CB2R agonist attenuated TNF-α protein levels indicating post-transcriptional mechanisms. Intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) mRNA was increased at 6 hours, and at 1 to 2 days after CCI, reduced in mice treated with a CB2R agonist, and increased in CB2R knockout mice with CCI. Sodium fluorescein uptake was increased in CB2R knockouts after CCI, with and without a CB2R agonist. iNOS mRNA expression peaked early (6 hours) and remained increased from 1 to 3 days after injury. Treatment with a CB2R agonist attenuated increases in iNOS mRNA expression, while genetic deletion of the CB2R resulted in substantial increases in iNOS expression. Double label immunohistochemistry confirmed that iNOS was expressed by macrophage/microglia in the injured cortex. Findings demonstrate that the endogenous cannabinoid system and CB2R play an important role in regulating inflammation and neurovascular responses in the traumatically injured brain. CB2R stimulation with two agonists (0-1966 and JWH-133) dampened post-traumatic inflammation, while blockade or deletion of the CB2R worsened inflammation. Findings support previous evidence that modulating the CB2R alters infiltrating macrophages and activated resident microglia. Further investigation into the role of the CB2R on specific immune cell populations in the injured brain is warranted.
The Mars lasercom terminal

We present the Mars lasercom terminal preliminary design that demonstrates high-rate optical communications from Mars and provide NASA with the experience necessary to develop future operational deep-space optical communication systems.
Bandwidth allocation in wireless networks with guaranteed packet-loss performance

Providing quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees over wireless packet networks poses a host of technical challenges that are not present in wireline networks. One of the key issues is how to account for the characteristics of the time-varying wireless channel and for the impact of link-layer error control in the provisioning of packet-level QoS. We accommodate both aspects in analyzing the packet-loss performance over a wireless link. We consider the cases of a single and multiplexed traffic streams. The link capacity fluctuates according to a fluid version of Gilbert-Elliott channel model. Traffic sources are modeled as on-off fluid processes. For the single-stream case, we derive the exact packet-loss rate (PLR) due to buffer overflow at the sender side of the wireless link. We also obtain a closed-form approximation for the corresponding wireless effective bandwidth. In the case of multiplexed streams, we obtain a good approximation for the PLR using the Chernoff-dominant eigenvalue (CDE) approach. Our analysis is then used to study the optimal forward error correction code rate that guarantees a given PLR while minimizing the allocated bandwidth. Numerical results and simulations are used to verify the adequacy of our analysis and to study the impact of error control on the allocation of bandwidth for guaranteed packet-loss performance.
Clubgoers and their trendy cocktails: implications of mixing caffeine into alcohol on information processing and subjective reports of intoxication

Alcoholic drink preferences in college students have made an interesting shift recently, with trends in consumption leaning toward caffeinated alcohol in various forms (e.g., Red Bull and vodka or caffeinated beers such as Anheuser-Busch's B-to-the-E). Despite the dramatic rise in popularity of these beverages, little research has examined the combined effects of alcohol and caffeine, which is problematic for adequately informing the public about the risk or lack thereof of these drinks. The purpose of this study was to directly investigate the acute effects of alcohol and caffeine, alone and in combination, on well-validated measures of cognitive performance and subjective intoxication in social drinkers. Participants (N = 12) performed a psychological refractory period task that measured dual-task interference as the prolonged reaction time to complete the 2nd of 2 tasks performed in close temporal sequence. Performance was tested under 2 active doses and 1 placebo dose of caffeine (0.0 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, and 4.0 mg/kg) in combination with 1 active dose and 1 placebo dose of alcohol (0.0 g/kg and 0.65 g/kg). As expected, alcohol impaired task performance by increasing dual-task interference and increasing errors. The coadministration of caffeine counteracted the effects of alcohol on interference but had no effect on the degree to which alcohol increased errors. Subjective measures of intoxication showed that coadministration of caffeine with alcohol reduced participants' perceptions of alcohol intoxication compared with administration of alcohol alone. The results highlight the complexity of drug interactions between alcohol and caffeine.
A Comparison of Systematic Screening Tools for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: A Replication

In this article, the authors examine the psychometric properties of the Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS), including evaluating the concurrent validity of the SRSS to predict results from the Sys...
Outdoor/Indoor/Personal Ozone Exposures of Children in Nashville, Tennessee

An ozone (O3) exposure study was conducted in Nashville, TN, using passive O3 samplers to measure six weekly outdoor, indoor, and personal O3 exposure estimates for a group of 10- to 12-yr-old elementary school children. Thirty-six children from two Nashville area communities (Inglewood and Hendersonville) participated in the O3 sampling program, and 99 children provided additional timeactivity information by telephone interview. By design, this study coincided with the 1994 Nashville/Middle Tennessee Ozone Study conducted by the Southern Oxidants Study, which provided enhanced continuous ambient O3 monitoring across the Nashville area. Passive sampling estimated weekly average outdoor O3 concentrations from 0.011 to 0.030 ppm in the urban Inglewood community and from 0.015 to 0.042 ppm in suburban Hendersonville. The maximum 1- and 8-hr ambient concentrations encountered at the Hendersonville continuous monitor exceeded the levels of the 1- and 8-hr metrics for the O3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Weekly average personal O3 exposures ranged from 0.0013 to 0.0064 ppm (7–31% of outdoor levels). Personal O3 exposures reflected the proportional amount of time spent in indoor and outdoor environments. Air-conditioned homes displayed very low indoor O3 concentrations, and homes using open windows and fans for ventilation displayed much higher concentrations.
Reduced Susceptibility to Two-Stage Skin Carcinogenesis in Mice with Low Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Levels

Calorie restriction has been shown to inhibit epithelial carcinogenesis and this method of dietary restriction reduces many circulating proteins, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Previously, we identified a relationship between elevated tissue IGF-I levels and enhanced susceptibility to chemically induced skin tumorigenesis. In this study, liver IGF-I-deficient (LID) mice, which have a 75% reduction in serum IGF-I, were subjected to the standard two-stage skin carcinogenesis protocol using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as the initiator and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) as the promoter. We observed a significant reduction in epidermal thickness and labeling index in LID mice treated with either vehicle or TPA. A significant decrease in both tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity was observed in LID mice undergoing two-stage skin carcinogenesis relative to wild-type littermates. Western blot analyses of epidermal extracts revealed reduced activation of both the epidermal growth factor and IGF-I receptors in response to TPA treatment in LID mice. In addition, reduced activation of both Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was observed in LID mice following TPA treatment relative to wild-type controls. Signaling downstream of mTOR was also reduced. These data suggest a possible mechanism whereby reduced circulating IGF-I leads to attenuated activation of the Akt and mTOR signaling pathways, and thus, diminished epidermal response to tumor promotion, and ultimately, two-stage skin carcinogenesis. The current data also suggest that reduced circulating IGF-I levels which occur as a result of calorie restriction may lead to the inhibition of skin tumorigenesis, at least in part, by a similar mechanism.
DryadInc: reusing work in large-scale computations

Many large-scale (cloud) computations operate on append-only, partitioned datasets. We present two incremental computation frameworks to reuse prior work in these circumstances: (1) reusing identical computations already performed on data partitions, and (2) computing just on the newly appended data and merging the new and previous results.
Corporate/Debt Restructuring: Japan, The Hong Kong Sar and The People's Republic of China A Roundtable Decision

This roundtable discussion spotlights Japan, the Hong Kong SAR and the People’s Republic of China. During the course of this roundtable, the participants provide a summary of each jurisdiction’s insolvency regime and highlight some of the unique reorganization and debt restructuring problems and issues that are particular to that jurisdiction. The participants also highlight which structures, strategies and tools have worked well in these jurisdictions over the past five years and which have not. Finally, the panelists offer their views on trends and prospects for the future and suggest approaches that may accelerate the reduction of non-performing loans and assist with corporate debt restructurings in these jurisdictions.
Racial Attitudes and Anti-Black Sentiment in Contemporary Cuba

Racial ideology in Cuba rests on the notion that racial mixing, or mestizaje, has created harmonious race relations and an absence of racism or racial hierarchy. This, accompanied with a national silence on issues of race and racism prevent a collective evaluation of the implications of anti-black racism. This paper examines the role of racial ideology in shaping Cubans’ racial attitudes. Within this context, it also highlights the existence of anti-black sentiment among whites despite a dominant ideology that suggests otherwise. Through survey and interview data I find that amidst an anti-racist culture or national etiquette, crude expressions of racism continue to thrive without much rebuke because all Cubans possess anti-racist attitudes and do not need to curb or reflect on racist language or actions.
Patient Self-Regulation of Methadone Dosage: A Two-Year Preliminary Report

The Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital is a 288-bed private, not-for-profit, psychiatric hospital located in Towson, Maryland. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Program (COMDAP) is one outcome of the hospital’s expansion from the traditional psychiatric inpatient service, into the broader approach of provision of a range of community-oriented mental health services, and as such is an outpatient program with a capacity of 145 patients.
Secure Degrees of Freedom in K-Helper MIMO Cognitive Radio Systems with No Eavesdropper CSI

Secure degrees of freedom (DoF) in MIMO cognitive radio system is studied in this paper. We consider a cognitive radio system with one primary source-destination pair, multiple secondary source-destination pairs and an eavesdropper against whom the primary user intends to secure its data. In this system, multiple secondary user pairs help to secure primary user's data against eavesdropping. In return, these secondary users are allowed to access primary user's spectrum. All users, including primary user pair, K>=2 secondary user pairs and the eavesdropper are equipped with M antennas. We investigate the secure DoF without the knowledge of eavesdropper's channel state information (CSI). A beamforming design is proposed to achieve secure DoF d for primary user and DoF d for all secondary users if Kd<=M. Simulation examples corroborating the theoretical results are presented.
C−H and C−CN Bond Activation of Acetonitrile and Succinonitrile by [Tp′Rh(PR3)]

The [Tp′Rh(PR3)] fragments, where Tp′ = tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate, R3 = Me3 (a) or PhMe2 (b), were shown to be applicable for the activation of the C−H and C−CN bonds of acetonitrile. The photoirradiation of Tp′Rh(PR3)H2 (1a,b) in acetonitrile at room temperature afforded the complexes Tp′Rh(PR3)(CH2CN)H (3a,b), by the selective oxidative addition of the primary C−H bond of acetonitrile to the [Tp′Rh(PR3)] fragment generated by the dehydrogenation of 1. The thermal reactions of Tp′Rh(PMe3)(Ph)H (2a) or Tp′Rh(κ2-C6H4-2-PMe2)H (2b) in acetonitrile at 80 °C also resulted in the formation of 3a and 3b, respectively, by the oxidative addition of the C−H bond to the [Tp′Rh(PR3)] fragment, generated by the reductive elimination of benzene (from 2a) or intramolecular reductive elimination of the PPhMe2 ligand (from 2b). Heating the isolated C−H bond activated complexes 3a,b in acetonitrile at higher temperature (100 °C) for longer times (≈5 days) resulted in the formation of the corresponding C−CN bond ac...
The Taxonomy of Zenker's Leptostroma Camelliae

(1941). The Taxonomy of Zenker's Leptostroma Camelliae. Mycologia: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 215-219.
Abstract 4972: High-throughput functional profiling of dedifferentiated liposarcoma cell lines

We previously profiled several adult soft-tissue sarcoma subtypes using sequencing, copy number analysis, and gene expression arrays. This high-throughput genetic profiling revealed dozens of candidate genes deserving of further functional validation. To prioritize genes, we performed a pooled shRNA screen to identify essential genes in liposarcoma. Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLS) served as a model for this approach as multiple robust cell lines are available. Five DDLS cell lines (DDLS8817, LPS141, FU-DDLS-1, RDD8107, and LP6) were infected with a pool of 54,020 lentiviral shRNAs targeting ∼11,000 genes (median 5 shRNAs per gene) and passaged for 16 doublings. DNA was extracted and hairpin sequences were PCR amplified and hybridized to a custom microarray that interrogates all shRNAs in the pool. shRNAs were ranked according to their differential abundance between early and late passages. Genes corresponding to the most significantly depleted shRNAs are presumed to affect cell proliferation and are candidate oncogenes. We compared the pattern of hairpin depletion in the DDLS cell lines to a panel of over 60 cell lines representing other common cancers screened with the same pooled shRNA library. The 5 DDLS cell lines clustered into 3 distinct groups. Only one gene appeared to be essential in all 3 groups: WWTR1 (TAZ1), a master-regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Twenty-eight genes appeared essential in at least two DDLS groups including MDM2 and ZBTB2, both reported to negatively regulate the tumor suppressor gene TP53. Low-throughput in vitro experiments have confirmed that WWTR1 knockdown using two shRNA clones inhibits LPS141 proliferation by 78 and 75% after 4 days as compared to scramble (p=0.004 and 0.06 respectively). Our complementary genome-scaled functional screen has confirmed a known oncogene in DDLS and revealed additional candidate genes that appear to have a role in proliferation. Further integration of existing datasets may nominate additional genes essential for liposarcoma pathogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4972. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4972
Mechanisms of Catalysis and Electron Transfer by Tryptophan Tryptophylquinone Enzymes

This review covers experimental works which have been carried out on the properties of the tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) cofactor and the TTQ-containing enzyme, methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH...
Tripartite components of a hepatocellular carcinoma with distinct immunohistochemical and metastatic features.

We report an unusual case of hepatocellular carcinoma with three histologically and immunohistochemically distinct components, arising in a noncirrhotic liver, with a pulmonary tumor embolus from one of the three components. The histological patterns of the three components were fibrolamellar, well-differentiated nodular, and pleomorphic. The immunophenotypes were, respectively CK7 - /CK20 - /Hep Par1 + , CK7 + /CK20 - /Hep Par1 + , and CK7 + /CK20 + /Hep Par1 - . The tumor in the pulmonary embolus showed only the morphological and immunohistochemical features of the pleomorphic component. This unusual case of metastasizing hepatocellular carcinoma with three distinct histologic components suggests that the histological and immunophenotype of the tumor might be useful in predicting metastatic potential.
Mechanism of Taste Perception in Drosophila

Abstract Drosophila has served as the primary model system in studies on insect taste. Early electrophysiological and behavioral analyses have identified four basic taste modalities in the fly: the appetitive taste modalities of sweet, low concentration of salt and water, and the aversive taste of high concentration of salt. Extension of behavioral analyses and identification and expression studies of two distinct families of taste receptors genes, the gustatory receptor and ionotropic receptor genes, have expanded insect taste to include fatty acid, amino acids, and carboxylic acids, all of which are appetitive or appetitive enhancing, and aversive bitter taste. Molecular genetic investigations have now firmly associated sweet and bitter taste with specific gustatory receptor subfamilies. Pickpocket (PPK) 28, a degenerin/epithelial sodium channel family protein, is essential for water sensing. Future research will focus on the ionotropic receptor genes and their potential role in the other insect taste modalities.
α1-Acid Glycoprotein (AAG, Orosomucoid)

α1-Acid glycoprotein is found in human serum and in the serum of many other species. Although the biological function of this protein is unknown it is well established that it has a relatively high affinity for steroids — especially progesterone; it also binds certain drugs. Scatchard analysis shows that there is one primary binding site for progesterone and other Δ4-3-ketosteroids per mol of protein. The interaction of steroids with AAG1 is mainly hydrophobic in nature and, accordingly, follows the polarity rule. The transport of progesterone in human serum is primarily mediated by CBG and by albumin; the contribution of AAG to the total binding capacity is very small.
Überprüfung der Hypothese von der Einsamen Erde

Bei der Hypothese der Einsamen Erde handelt es sich um die bisher unbewiesene Annahme, dass mikroskopische, schleimartige Organismen in Planetensystemen zwar haufig vorkommen, die Evolution und das langfristige Uberleben groserer, komplexerer und auch intelligenter Organismen jedoch auserst selten ist. Dieser Hypothese liegen folgende Annahmen zugrude: 1 Mikrobielles Leben gab es auf der Erde, sobald die Umweltbedingungen es erlaubten. Diese nahezu unbesiegbare Lebensform florierte wahrend des grosten Teils der Erdgeschichte; sie bevolkert ein breites Spektrum von Lebensraumen auf der Erde. 2 Grosere und komplexere Lebensformen erschienen dagegen erst spat in der Erdgeschichte und existieren nur in einem begrenzten Spektrum von Lebensraumen. Die Evolution und das Uberleben dieser zerbrechlicheren Variante des irdischen Lebens beruht auf einem sehr glucklichen Zusammentreffen von Umstanden, die es so, wenn uberhaupt, nur selten auf anderen Planeten geben wird.
Relative to the increase of electricity transmission efficiency by cables

This paper proposes a new method for increasing efficiency transmission of electricity by cables, based on the change of Poynting Vector value, using an insulation electrically polarized by current conduction. The idea is to increase the tangential component of Poynting Vector, namely the density of electric power transmitted to consumers, by using special insulation of the cable which is polarized under the action of current conduction, increasing the radial component of the electric field at cable surface. The advantages of the method are: to increase the efficiency transmission of electric energy, to reduce the voltage drops, to decrease the losses due the Joule-Lenz effect, to increase the lifetime of the cable. This method is useful in the case of kilometers or tens of kilometers length of cable.
Sources of technological innovation: Radical and incremental innovation problem-driven to support competitive advantage of firms

ABSTRACTA fundamental problem in the field of management of technology is how firms develop radical and incremental innovations that sustain the competitive advantage in markets. Current frameworks provide some explanations but the general sources of major and minor technological breakthroughs are hardly known. The study here confronts this problem by developing a conceptual framework of problem-driven innovation. The inductive study of the pharmaceutical industry (focusing on ground-breaking drugs for lung cancer treatment) seems to show that the co-evolution of consequential problems and their solutions induce the emergence and development of radical innovations. In fact, firms have a strong incentive to find innovative solutions to unsolved problems in order to achieve the prospect of a (temporary) profit monopoly and competitive advantage in markets characterised by technological dynamisms. The theoretical framework of this study can be generalised to explain one of the sources of innovation that supp...
Bleomycin sclerotherapy for eyelid venous malformations as an alternative to surgery or laser therapy.

Purpose To evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with venous malformation (VM) involving the eyelid treated with bleomycin sclerotherapy. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 18 consecutive patients with VM involving the eyelid who underwent bleomycin sclerotherapy. Patients’ clinical presentation, details of sclerotherapy, and post-sclerotherapy resolution of the lesion as well as any procedure-related complications were evaluated. Results Twelve women and six men of mean age 34.3±20.4 years underwent sclerotherapy with bleomycin. Chief complaints were cosmetic disfigurations with or without hemifacial deformity (n=2), pain in engorgement area (n=2), pain and swelling from venous thrombosis (n=2), swelling or engorgement obstructing their eyesight (n=2), or eyelid dysfunction (n=1). The lesions were only in the eyelid in three patients; otherwise they were extended out of the eyelid either superiorly (n=3), laterally (n=8), inferiorly (n=8), and/or posteriorly to the orbit (n=8) to various extents. Conjunctival involvement was present in 13 patients. 14 patients had received prior treatments including surgery, laser therapy, or non-bleomycin sclerotherapy. With an average three sessions of bleomycin sclerotherapy (average total dose 34.5 mg), more than 80% shrinkage was observed in seven patients (38.9%), 50–80% shrinkage in eight patients (44.4%), and 30–50% shrinkage in two patients (11.1%). One patient had recurrence, which was successfully treated again with bleomycin. No procedure-related complications were noted. Conclusions The use of bleomycin appears to be a simple, safe, and effective treatment for venous malformations involving the eyelid, avoiding more elaborate and challenging surgical or laser interventions, and is even effective in full thickness lesions.
The Saito-Kurokawa Space of PGSp4 and Its Transfer to Inner Forms

We discuss the construction, characterization and classification of the Saito-Kurokawa representations of PGS{inp4} and its inner forms, interpreting them in the framework of Arthur’s conjectures. These Saito-Kurokawa representations are among the first examples of the so-called CAP representations or shadows of Eisenstein series.
Multi-scale chromatin state annotation using a hierarchical hidden Markov model.

Chromatin-state analysis is widely applied in the studies of development and diseases. However, existing methods operate at a single length scale, and therefore cannot distinguish large domains from isolated elements of the same type. To overcome this limitation, we present a hierarchical hidden Markov model, diHMM, to systematically annotate chromatin states at multiple length scales. We apply diHMM to analyse a public ChIP-seq data set. diHMM not only accurately captures nucleosome-level information, but identifies domain-level states that vary in nucleosome-level state composition, spatial distribution and functionality. The domain-level states recapitulate known patterns such as super-enhancers, bivalent promoters and Polycomb repressed regions, and identify additional patterns whose biological functions are not yet characterized. By integrating chromatin-state information with gene expression and Hi-C data, we identify context-dependent functions of nucleosome-level states. Thus, diHMM provides a powerful tool for investigating the role of higher-order chromatin structure in gene regulation. The impact of chromatin structure on gene expression makes it integral to our understanding of developmental and disease processes. Here, the authors introduce a hierarchical hidden Markov model to systematically annotate chromatin states at multiple length scales, and demonstrate its utility for the elucidation of the role of chromatin structure in gene expression.
Emergent Optical Phononic Modes upon Nanoscale Mesogenic Phase Transitions

The investigation of phononic collective excitations in soft matter systems at the molecular scale has always been challenging due to limitations of experimental techniques in resolving low-energy modes. Recent advances in inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) enabled the study of such systems with unprecedented spectral contrast at meV excitation energies. In particular, it has become possible to shed light on the low-energy collective motions in materials whose morphology and phase behavior can easily be manipulated, such as mesogenic systems. The understanding of collective mode behavior with a Q-dependence is the key to implement heat management based on the control of a sample structure. The latter has great potential for a large number of energy-inspired innovations. As a first step toward this goal, we carried out high contrast IXS measurements on a liquid crystal sample, D7AOB, which exhibits solid-like dynamic features, such as the coexistence of longitudinal and transverse phononic modes. For the fir...
Editorial: Direct Antiviral Agents Eliminate the Age Barrier to Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C

Interferon-based therapy for chronic hepatitis C in elderly patients, who are at greatest risk for advanced disease, resulted in low sustained virologic response rates, poor tolerability, a significant frequency of adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation, and the occasional precipitation of hepatic decompensation. In contrast, in the era of direct-acting antiviral therapy, age is no longer a predictor of response rates in those with or without cirrhosis and adverse events are much less frequent. The benefits of treatment of the elderly appear to outweigh potential risks but long-term follow-up is necessary, particularly in those with advanced disease.
Children’s Home Environments: Social and Cognitive Effects

What is a home? “Home the nursery of the infinite.”—W.E. Channing, Notebook: Children “Home interprets heaven. Home is heaven for beginners.” —Charles Parkhurst, Sermons: The Perfect Place “No place is more delightful than one’s own fireside.” —Cicero, Epistolae ad Familiares
Translational research in inflammatory bowel disease

The idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), broadly classified as either Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), are caused by a dysregulated mucosal immune response to a luminal antigen, possibly a bacterium, in a genetically predisposed host. A rapid expansion of knowledge in recent years has greatly increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders. For example, the relatively recent discovery of the NOD2 gene, a protein involved in bacterial sensing, has provided further evidence of the complex interplay between hosts and microbes in Crohn's disease. Significant recent advances have also occurred with the discovery of the role of Toll-like receptors and dendritic cells in the development of gut inflammation, and the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the development and potentiation of gut inflammation. This article presents an update on these key developments and emphasizes the translational aspects of research that are directly related to patient care.
A Prospective Study of Obesity, Metabolic Health, and Cancer Mortality

Objective This study examined whether metabolic health status is associated with risk of cancer mortality and whether this varies by body mass index (BMI) category. Methods A prospective study of 22,514 participants from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort was performed. Metabolically unhealthy status was defined as having three or more of the following: (1) elevated fasting glucose, (2) high triglycerides, (3) dyslipidemia, (4) hypertension, and (5) elevated waist circumference. Participants were categorized into normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 ), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 ), and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 ) groups. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cancer mortality during follow-up. Results Among participants with normal weight, participants who were metabolically unhealthy had an increased risk of cancer mortality (HR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.20-2.26) compared with metabolically healthy participants. The overall mortality risk for participants who were metabolically unhealthy and had normal weight was stronger for obesity-related cancers (HR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.17-4.91). Compared with participants with normal weight, those who were metabolically healthy and overweight were at a reduced risk of any cancer mortality (adjusted HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.63-0.99). Conclusions There was an increased risk of overall and obesity-related cancer mortality among metabolically unhealthy participants with normal weight.