cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1168: Cathelicidin is a novel mediator of cancer immune surveillance

Cathelicidins are evolutionarily conserved anti-microbial peptides that have been identified in several epithelial tissues and a wide variety of immune cells. These peptides display multiple host-defense activities, as well as documented but underexplored antitumor activity. Using the regressor MCA sarcoma system as a model of immune mediated tumor rejection, we observed that deficiency in cathelicidin in cnlp-/- mice impaired the rejection of multiple regressor cell lines. Cnlp-/- mice also developed spontaneous lymphoma with age, thus confirming in a separate model system the requirement for cathelicidin in tumor immune surveillance. To decipher the immune defect that may engender impaired tumor surveillance, macrophages from cnlp-/- versus wild type (wt) mice were examined. Interestingly, cnlp-/- macrophages were defective in polarizing towards an antitumor M1 phenotype and less potent at phagocytosing target tumor cells. Altogether, these preliminary data suggest a crucial role of cathelicidin in limiting tumor formation and progression. Future experiments will define the role of cathelicidin in tumor surveillance mediated by macrophages and potentially other innate cells that also express cathelicidin, such as neutrophils and natural killer cells. Citation Format: Emilie T. Gross, Carlos D. Peinado, Isis G. Perez, Samaneh Keshavarz, Jack D. Bui. Cathelicidin is a novel mediator of cancer immune surveillance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1168. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1168
Fair Value (U.S. GAAP) and Entity-Specific Measurements for Asset Retirement Obligations: Effects of Incentives and Benchmarks on Earnings Management

A total of 86 financial managers participated in an experiment designed to assess the reliability of Level 3 fair value (U.S. GAAP) and entity-specific (IFRS) measurements of performance obligations. The study focuses on asset retirement obligations because, to date, under U.S. GAAP they are the sole performance obligation measured at fair value. The findings indicate that with a benchmark, managers tend to manage earnings less with fair value measurements than entity-specific measurements. In contrast, without a benchmark, managers tend to manage earnings irrespective of whether the obligation is measured using fair value or entity-specific value. Findings suggest that to the extent IFRS entity-specific measurements are associated with internally derived benchmarks, they may be more reliable than Level 3 fair value U.S. GAAP measurements that will not have benchmarks.
When Is Theology "Biblical"?—Some Reflections

In contrast to the ongoing hermeneutical discussions of "biblical theology," this article looks at some theological studies in order to find out how "biblical" theology can be. They are not representative, but merely chosen to gauge the flow. Obviously the role of Scripture as norma normans, or as the "soul of theology," is expressed in quite different ways. The perspectives of exegetes and of dogmatic theologians produce a wide variety in theological writings. The examples also challenge readers to examine their own use of Scripture, whatever be the level of discourse, academic or pastoral.
Chemical and Electrochemical Differences in Nonaqueous Li–O2 and Na–O2 Batteries

We present a comparative study of nonaqueous Li-O2 and Na-O2 batteries employing an ether-based electrolyte. The most intriguing difference between the two batteries is their respective galvanostatic charging overpotentials: a Na-O2 battery exhibits a low overpotential throughout most of its charge, whereas a Li-O2 battery has a low initial overpotential that continuously increases to very high voltages by the end of charge. However, we find that the inherent kinetic Li and Na-O2 overpotentials, as measured on a flat glassy carbon electrode in a bulk electrolysis cell, are similar. Measurement of each batteries' desired product yield, YNaO2 and YLi2O2, during discharge and rechargeability by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) indicates that less chemical and electrochemical decomposition occurs in a Na-O2 battery during the first Galvanostatic discharge-charge cycle. We therefore postulate that reactivity differences (Li2O2 being more reactive than NaO2) between the major discharge products lead to the observed charge overpotential difference between each battery.
Nucleosynthesis, cosmology and ω0: the saga continues

Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, in spite of its uncertainties, still gives a robust upper bound on Ω baryon , as I describe. However, when this bound is compared with a lower bound on Ω baryon as derived from observations of X-Ray clusters, a REAL baryon crisis emerges, which suggests that either the universe is open, or there is a cosmological constant. When combined with other cosmological data, the case for a cosmological constant is strengthened.
AN INTERESTING DECUBITUS ULCER CLOSURE.

A decubitus ulcer at an unusual site was successfully treated by means of the ‘simple’ closure with retention wire button technique at the risk of creating another small ulcer, which healed spontaneously.
Molecular signatures for sex in the Placozoa

Placozoans, the simplest free-living animals, have never been observed to reproduce sexually. Here, we describe molecular evidence for sexual reproduction within one clade of the Placozoa. In a population sample of 10 individuals, within-individual and overall nucleotide diversity were similar to each other and consistent with levels observed in sexually reproducing species. Intergenic recombination as well as the sharing of alleles between heterozygous and homozygous individuals was also observed. These hallmarks of sexual reproduction establish that sex is indeed present in this phylum.
Use of Sublingual Nitroglycerin in Congestive Failure following Acute Myocardial Infarction

The effect of 0.3 mg sublingual nitroglycerin (NTG) was evaluated by hemodynamic measurements and precordial S-T-segment mapping in 17 patients following acute myocardial infarction. In all cases NTG produced a prompt reduction in mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCW) from an average of 19 ± 2 to 14 ± 1 mm Hg associated with a small fall in mean arterial pressure from a mean of 85 ± 4 to 82 ± 4 mm Hg. No significant change in heart rate occurred. In patients without left ventricular failure (PCW 3-12 mm Hg) cardiac output (CO) fell 9%. By contrast, in patients with moderate left ventricular failure (PCW 13-22 mm Hg) CO rose 18%. In three patients with refractory left ventricular failure (PCW 25-31 mm Hg) CO rose 25%. Two of these patients were treated with repetitive NTG doses in addition to previously ineffective diuretic therapy with resolution of resistant pulmonary edema. No significant changes in the magnitude of S-T-segment elevations were noted. NTG may have a special role in the management of acutely ill patients with myocardial infarction in whom pulmonary edema does not respond to conventional therapy.
Degeneration of cardiac muscle followed by cell transformation, regeneration and fibrogenesis in rheumatic fever

In acute rheumatic fever, various types of myocardial degeneration and subsequent transformation of the damaged muscle fibers into a variety of cells, classified and unclassified, are described from microscopic examination of autopsy specimens. This study suggests that in the origin of Aschoff bodies, the diagnostic feature of rheumatic fever, there are three different pathways (Types A, B and C) for cytogenesis of Aschoff cells from altered muscle fibers. Type A cytogenesis takes place through the stage of Anitschkow myocytes of cardiac muscle origin (McDONALD 1963), and the Type B pathway, through the stage of dedifferentiated cells arising in lysing cardiac muscle fibers. These dedifferentiated cells with capacity for regeneration of regular cardiac muscle fibers (McDONALD 1975), show abortive or atypical development of muscle cells through the Aschoff cell stage. The Type C cytogenesis of Aschoff cells takes place through direct transformation of cardiac muscle fibers which show central hyalinization of myoplasm and changes in nuclei from normal to single or multinucleated large vesicular forms. The fibrinoid material of Aschoff bodies is shown to be the product of muscle origin. The mechanism of formation of fibrous scars in the myocardium and fibrous thickening of subendocardium are explained on the basis of fibrous transformation of cardiac muscle. Altered muscle fibers have been shown to give rise to cells which simulate inflammatory cells and others which cannot be classified.
Generalized stochastic mechanics on Riemannian manifolds

Dankel's stochastic mechanics on Riemannian manifolds is generalized such that the diffusion constant becomes a free parameter in the theory.
Λ Doublet Propensities in Ar−NO Rotationally Inelastic Scattering at 220 meV

Collisions between argon and nitric oxide were studied in crossed supersonic beams. Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization was used to determine postcollision relative densities of many rotation...
Analysis of the Internal Configurations of Droplets of Liquid Crystal Using Flow Cytometry

We report the use of flow cytometry to identify the internal ordering (director configurations) of micrometer-sized droplets of thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) dispersed in aqueous solutions of adsorbates (surfactants and phospholipids). We reveal that changes in the configurations of the LC droplets induced by the adsorbates generate distinct changes in light scattering plots (side versus forward scattering). Specifically, when compared to bipolar droplets, radial droplets generate a narrower distribution of side scattering intensities (SSC, large angle light scattering) for a given intensity of forward scattering (FSC, small angle light scattering). This difference is shown to arise from the rotational symmetry of a radial LC droplet which is absent for the bipolar configuration of the LC droplet. In addition, the scatter plots for radial droplets possess a characteristic “S-shape”, with two or more SSC intensities observed for each intensity of FSC. The origin of the experimentally observed S-shape ...
Importance of small (≤20-mm) enhancing lesions seen only during the hepatic arterial phase at MR imaging of the cirrhotic liver : Evaluation and comparison with whole explanted liver

PURPOSE: To retrospectively assess the importance and imaging appearance of small (≤20 mm in diameter) hepatic arterial phase–enhancing (HAPE) lesions that are occult during portal and/or equilibrium phases and at unenhanced T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and to determine the gross pathologic diagnosis with whole-liver explant comparison. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and compliant with HIPPA. Forty-six patients with cirrhosis who underwent MR imaging and transplantation within 90 days were evaluated with breath-hold T2-weighted and volumetric three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced gradient-echo MR imaging in the hepatic arterial, portal venous, and equilibrium phases at 1.5 T. Three readers, who were blinded to the pathologic results, retrospectively reviewed the MR images in consensus for small HAPE nodules that were occult at T2-weighted and portal and/or equilibrium phase MR imaging. Only patients with nodules that en...
Systematic Replication of Saunders' (1968) Attitude Factors:

A replication of a factor analyzed questionnaire on science and UFOs was carried out. 10 factors were obtained, two of which were similar to the previous ones: Belief in Extraterrestrial Visitation, Belief in the Occult, Psychological Explanations, Disbelief in Contactees, Witnessing, Belief in Possibilities, Reluctance to Report a Sighting, Skepticism of UFOs, Belief in Extraterrestrial Life, Extrapolations of Nature. A second major goal of the study, aside from actual replication, was the relating of a Science factor to the above factors, insofar as in recent years the popularity of science and technology has reportedly declined, with an increase in advocacy of pseudoscience. However, the Philosophy of Science factor from the original study did not replicate.
TOWARDS A SOCIOLOGY OF MORALITY

Surely the absence of a sociology of morality has to be one of the major weaknesses of academic sociology, and a mysterious one at that. For Durkheim, one of sociology's founding fathers, morality was to have a central place as an object of inquiry; moreover, he was passionately interested in it on the existential level, as was Weber.
On Some Algebraic and Operator-Theoretic Properties of -Toeplitz Operators

Based on a spectral problem raised by Barria and Halmos, a new class of Hardy-Hilbert space operators, containing the classical Toeplitz operators, is introduced, and some of their Toeplitz-like algebraic and operator-theoretic properties are studied and explored.
Impact of light on catch rate of four demersal fish species during the 2009–2010 U.S. west coast groundfish bottom trawl survey

Abstract To determine the influence of light on catch of demersal fish, we examined the relationship between near-bottom light levels, catch rates, and catch probability for four abundant groundfish species well represented in annual bottom trawl surveys on the U.S. west coast: arrowtooth flounder ( Atheresthes stomias ), greenstriped rockfish ( Sebastes elongatus ), longnose skate ( Raja rhina ), and Pacific hake ( Merluccius productus ). Relative downward irradiance was measured with MK-9 archival tags during annual trawl surveys along the U.S. west coast in 2009 and 2010. Near-bottom light levels were recorded for 818 hauls at depths less than 400 m. Significant linear relationships were observed between catch per unit effort (CPUE, kg ha −1 ) and near-bottom light ( P 10 light (μE m −2 s −1 ). CPUE of greenstriped rockfish increased 39% per unit increase in log 10 light. Light, depth, and latitude explained 15–47% of the variance in CPUE for the four species. Catch probability was significantly related to light, depth, latitude, and relative time of day ( P
Pathogenic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with aging and characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques that deposit in the brain, triggering the neurodegenerative phenomena and leading to neuronal death. Amyloid plaques are primarily composed of β-amyloid peptides, which derive from the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) upon the consequential action of β- and γ-secretase. This review discusses recent literature on β- and γ-secretase, and on those cellular factors, like cholesterol and phosphorylation of APP, that are involved in aging and may affect the function of both β- and γ-secretase.
CIITA promoter I CARD-deficient mice express functional MHC class II genes in myeloid and lymphoid compartments

Three distinct promoters control the master regulator of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression, class II transactivator (CIITA), in a cell type-specific manner. Promoter I (pI) CIITA, expressed primarily by dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, expresses a unique isoform that contains a caspase-recruitment domain (CARD). The activity and function of this isoform are not understood, but are believed to enhance the function of CIITA in antigen-presenting cells. To determine whether isoform I of CIITA has specific functions, CIITA mutant mice were created in which isoform I was replaced with isoform III sequences. Mice in which pI and the CARD-encoding exon were deleted were also created. No defect in the formation of CD4 T cells, the ability to respond to a model antigen or bacterial or viral challenge was observed in mice lacking CIITA isoform I. Although CIITA and MHC-II expression was decreased in splenic DCs, pI knockout animals expressed CIITA from downstream promoters, suggesting that control of pI activity is mediated by unknown distal elements that could act at pIII, the B-cell promoter. Thus, no critical function is linked to the CARD domain of CIITA isoform I with respect to basic immune system development, function and challenge.
Early Steps in the Development of a Claims-Based Targeted Healthcare Safety Monitoring System and Application to Three Empirical Examples

Background: Several efforts are under way to develop and test methods for prospective drug safety monitoring using large, electronic claims databases. Prospective monitoring systems must incorporate signalling algorithms and techniques to mitigate confounding in order to minimize false positive and false negative signals due to chance and bias. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe a prototypical targeted active safety monitoring system and apply the framework to three empirical examples. Methods: We performed sequential, targeted safety monitoring in three known drug/adverse event (AE) pairs: (i) paroxetine/upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleed; (ii) lisinopril/angioedema; (iii) ciprofloxacin/Achilles tendon rupture (ATR). Data on new users of the drugs of interest were extracted from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database. New users were matched by propensity score to new users of comparator drugs in each example. Analyses were conducted sequentially to emulate prospective monitoring. Two signalling rules — a maximum sequential probability ratio test and an effect estimate-based approach — were applied to sequential, matched cohorts to identify signals within the system. Results: Signals were identified for all three examples: paroxetine/UGI bleed in the seventh monitoring cycle, within 2 calendar years of sequential data; lisinopril/angioedema in the second cycle, within the first monitoring year; ciprofloxacin/ATR in the tenth cycle, within the fifth year. Conclusion: In this proof of concept, our targeted, active monitoring system provides an alternative to systems currently in the literature. Our system employs a sequential, propensity score-matched framework and signalling rules for prospective drug safety monitoring and identified signals for all three adverse drug reactions evaluated.
Sidedness and chemical and kinetic properties of the vesamicol receptor of cholinergic synaptic vesicles.

Cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from Torpedo electric organ contain a receptor for the compound l-2-(4-phenylpiperidino)cyclohexanol (vesamicol, formerly AH5183), which then occupied blocks storage of acetylcholine (AcCh). The inside or outside orientation of the receptor and its chemical and ligand binding kinetics characteristics were studied. Binding of (/sup 3/H)vesamicol to the receptor is inhibited efficiently by the protein modification reagents 4-(chloromercuri)benzenesulfonate and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and by protease treatment of cholate-solubilized receptor. The receptor in native vesicles is resistant to irreversible inactivation by proteases, elevated temperature, or pH extremes. (/sup 3/H)Vesamicol binding depends on deprotonation of a group of pK/sub a/sub 1// = 6.26 +/- 0.03 and protonation of a group of pK/sub a/sub 2// = 10.60 +/- 0.04, which is probably the tertiary amine of the drug molecule itself. The membrane-impermeant zwitterionic vesamicol analgoue dl-trans-4-oxo-4-((5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-6-hydroxy-7-(4-phenyl-1-piperidinyl)-1-naphthalenyl)amino)butanoic acid (TPNB) is an effective inhibitor of AcCh active transport. At 0/sup 0/C, 10 ..mu..M unlabeled vesamicol displaced 36 +/- 2% of a low concentration of bound (/sup 3/H)vesamicol at 0.16 +/- 0.02 min/sup -1/ and 64 +/- 2% at 0.013 +/- 0.001 min/sup -1/. One micromolar unlabeled vesamicol behaved similarly. Several types of receptor heterogeneity are consistent with the data. It is concluded that the vesamicolmore » receptor is a stable protein often exhibiting heterogeneity, which faces the cytoplasmic compartment of the cholinergic nerve terminal. It probably contains a binding site carboxylate in a hydrophobic environment, which ion pairs with the protonated tertiary ammonium group of the drug. It also contains a cytoplasmically oriented sulfhydryl group, which is linked to but not part of the binding site.« less
Valence bond revisited. Approximate second-order perturbation energies

Abstract A procedure for calculation of approximate molecular second-order perturbation coefficients is given. Application to a valence bond calculation for the hydrogen molecule gives a potential minimum of −1.1736 au at an equilibrium distance of 1.37 bohr.
Optical associative memories for sensor fusion

Modern military mission scenarios require very efficient access to multiple, large databases. Static `reference' databases and highly volatile databases which contain intelligence from sensors and other sources must be processed, cross referenced, and correlated. An architecture has been developed for a content addressable (associative) optical memory system. The system exploits the parallel access capabilities of optical disk memories to provide keyword correlation of free form text or structured databases within one revolution of the disk. The system consists of an optical disk drive augmented with an optical correlator and related electronics and software. The search string (keyword) is loaded into a spatial light modulator and optical matched filtering provides massively parallel readout to locate the desired data patterns on the disk. A digital degree-of-match (DOM) word is generated for each sector on the disk. Post processing based in digital electronics and software performs fuzzy computations to combine the DOMs for the current and previous keywords enabling the system to efficiently perform multi-step, content-based searches of the disk. Data stored in the best matching sectors is retrieved during the next revolution of the disk using the drive's standard read mechanism. The sustained processing rate of the optical correlator is 71 gigabits per second.
A brief screening instrument for assessing parental alcoholism in college student populations.

The Children of Alcoholics Short Screening Instrument (CASSI), a four-item Likert-type scale, was developed to fulfill the need for a screening instrument to identify children of alcoholics (COAs) in college student populations. A sample of 369 college students was surveyed to assess the psychometric properties of the CASSI; the scale had a Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of .94 and a 4-week test-retest reliability of .81. The CASSI correlated significantly with the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST), which supported its concurrent validity. The CASSI appears to be a promising research tool for identifying COAs, particularly among college student populations.
A Calibration System For The Press Optical Aircraft

The PRESS optical aircraft program is designed to furnish optical data for coordinated re-entry physics measurements on targets observed in the vicinity of the downrange test site. To supplement this effort, a facility for calibrating the instruments used on the aircraft was established at Hickam AFB in Honolulu. The underlying philosophy of calibration is to avoid the separate calibrations of individual instrumental components, detectors and windows, relying instead on portable collimators which can be used outside the aircraft and which match the characteristics of the various instruments. In order to standardize the instrument calibrations, it is also necessary to make frequent measurements of the outputs of the portable collimators. The Hickam facility includes an optical laboratory wherein the spectral irradiance of portable collimators can be directly compared to a standard collimator whose spectral irradiance is known with reasonable accuracy. The elaborate equipment for performing these operations and the methods of operation will be de-scribed, as well as the accuracy achieved in calibration and the standards used.
Effects of Teacher and Student Goal Setting and Evaluations on Mathematics Achievement and Student Attitudes.

AbstractThe effects on student performance and student attitudes of varying the instructional locus of control between students and teachers were investigated. A 2 X 2 factorial design was used that included either teacher regulation or student regulation of 1) the setting of weekly learning goals, and 2) the evaluation of weekly work. After a 4-week period, a mathematics achievement test and a student attitude survey were administered. Results indicated that although teachers set more individual learning goals for students, students who set their own learning goals attained more of them. Students tended to evaluate their work more favorably than teachers, and work evaluations from both teachers and students were higher for students who initially set their own learning goals. In addition, students who were given the opportunity to set their own learning goals reported better goal-setting ability than those for whom goals were externally imposed by the teacher. As predicted, the self-regulated goal setting...
Prescription medication exchange patterns among methadone maintenance patients

Abstract Background Exchange of prescription medications is a significant public health problem particularly among substance abusing populations. Little is known about the extent of medication sharing and receiving behaviors in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) populations and the factors associated with such behaviors. Methods We examined rates, and factors associated with past year medication sharing and receiving practices of 315 MMT smokers who had enrolled in a clinical trial of smoking cessation. Sequential logistic regression models estimated the effect of demographic and substance use variables on the probability of sharing or receiving medications. Results Participants averaged 40 years of age, and 49% were male. Among persons prescribed medications, 19.9% reported sharing. Nearly 40% had used medication not prescribed to them. Pain medications, sleep medications, and sedatives, were most commonly shared and received. Younger age was a significant predictor of both sharing medications (OR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.88; 0.96, p p p p p Conclusions The high prevalence of prescription medication sharing and receiving behaviors among persons in MMT often include substances with abuse potential and suggest the need for comprehensive approaches for minimizing this phenomenon.
Chemical stability of disodium phenyl phosphate in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer.

Summary Samples of disodium phenyl phosphate substrate were heat treated or autoclaved and stored with unheated and chloroform-preserved samples at 5 and 20° C. for 1 yr. Aliquots were removed from storage at regular intervals for estimation of free phenol, using N, 2, 6-trichloro- p -quinoneimine (CQC) as indicator. Free phenol was found in all unheated samples after 2 wk. of storage. No free phenol was found in any of the heat-treated or autoclaved samples after 1 yr. of storage. The heat treatment and age of the buffer-substrate had no effect on the sensitivity of the phosphatase method.
Island orbicularis oculis myocutaneous flap from the upper eyelid for lower eyelid reconstruction

An island myocutaneous flap of orbicularis oculis for reconstruction of central lower eyelid defects is presented. This flap is able to cover anterior lamellar defects extending up to 2/3 of the lower eyelid. It is also suitable for full thickness defects when the posterior lamellar involvement is less than 1/3 and can be closed primarily. In our hands this flap proved to be a good alternative to the classic reconstructive methods for the lower eyelid, since in one operation it offers the same skin quality, exactly fitting the defect, with a low complication rate. This reconstructive method for lower eyelid defects is safe, relatively simple and provides good functional and aesthetic results.
‘Who Should Be the Author of a Dwelling?’ Architects versus Housewives in 1950s France

This article draws upon archival sources, architectural trade publications and contemporary social science to trace the design and reception of the ‘cell’, a functionalist, rational apartment that was the building block of apartment complexes that sprung up all over France during the 1950s and 1960s. I argue that French Modernist architects, shaped by both professional and socio-political concerns, believed their streamlined interiors to be key to building a classless society and restoring French greatness and thus rejected the dwelling preference and expertise of French homemakers when designing their homes. Nevertheless, Frenchwomen tried to ignore architectural dictates when it came to homemaking, and ultimately, in a changed political climate, their preferences convinced the national housing ministry to redefine its norms and standards for apartments.
Brain acidosis, cerebral blood flow, capillary bed density, and mitochondrial function in the ischemic penumbra.

Within the ischemic penumbra, there is a heterogeneous development of cortical intracellular acidosis that is associated with selective neuronal injury. This experiment, which used a rabbit model of moderate focal cerebral ischemia, examined the time course for changes in intracellular brain pH, cortical blood flow, capillary bed density, and mitochondrial function in the ischemic penumbra. After cortical annotation of regions of intracellular acidosis in the ischemic penumbra, the animals underwent transcardiac carbon black perfusion for measurement of capillary bed density. Analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between capillary bed density, brain intracellular pH, mitochondrial function, and cortical blood flow. Thirty minutes after the onset of ischemia, cortical blood flow declined from 46±2 to 22±1 mL/100gm/min ( P P 2 ) of increased acidosis, meauring 6.68±.01, not associated with focal changes in cortical blood flow, occurring within 15 minutes of ischemia and persisting throughout the ischemic period. Capillary bed density progressively declined with ongoing ischemia occurring after the development of acidosis. For example, capillary bed density in preischemic controls was 338±6/mm 2 , whereas after 1 hour of ischemia, it measured 147±12/mm 2 , at 3 hours 97±23/mm 2 , and at 6 hours 92±16/mm 2 . Mitochondrial function was reduced coinciding with the decrease in capillary bed density. These data support the hypothesis that cortical acidosis in the ischemic penumbra facilitates the development of perfusion defects that subsequently lead to mitochondrial dysfunction
Intravenous Administration of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived AC133+ Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Rat Stroke Model Reduces Infarct Volume: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histological Findings

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) hold enormous therapeutic potential for ischemic vascular diseases. Previous studies have indicated that stem/progenitor cells derived from human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) improve functional recovery in stroke models. Here, we examined the effect of hUCB AC133+ EPCs on stroke development and resolution in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) rat model. Since the success of cell therapies strongly depends on the ability to monitor in vivo the migration of transplanted cells, we also assessed the capacity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to track in vivo the magnetically labeled cells that were administered. Animals were subjected to transient MCAo and 24 hours later injected intravenously with 107 hUCB AC133+ EPCs. MRI performed at days 1, 7, and 14 after the insult showed accumulation of transplanted cells in stroke-affected hemispheres and revealed that stroke volume decreased at a significantly higher rate in cell-treated animals. Immunohistochemistry analysis of brain tissues localized the administered cells in the stroke-affected hemispheres only and indicated that these cells may have significantly affected the magnitude of endogenous proliferation, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. We conclude that transplanted cells selectively migrated to the ischemic brain parenchyma, where they exerted a therapeutic effect on the extent of tissue damage, regeneration, and time course of stroke resolution.
Light-shade adaptation and vertical mixing of marine phytoplankton : a comparative field study

The hypothesis is examined that the recent light history of phytoplankton contains information about vertical mixing processes in the euphotic zone. Chlorophyll/P/sub 700/ ratios are used to estimate the degree of light or shade adaptation in natural phytoplankton communities. Along with information about time- and light-dependent rates of change of chlorophyll/P/sub 700/ ratios, a model is presented to estimate how recently populations at the surface were at the 1% light depth and vice versa. The model is based on first-order kinetics and employs a temperature correction. The model is used to estimate vertical displacement rates (i.e., piston velocities) on Georges Bank, in the New York Bight, and off the coast of Hawaii. The results suggest that vertical displacement rates vary by about two orders of magnitude (from ca 3.8 X 10/sup -3/ cm/sec to 1.1 X 10/sup -1/ cm/sec). These values are in general agreement with theoretical calculations based on physical parameters.
PREDICTION OF SOLVATION FREE ENERGIES OF SMALL ORGANIC MOLECULES : ADDITIVE-CONSTITUTIVE MODELS BASED ON MOLECULAR FINGERPRINTS AND ATOMIC CONSTANTS

Solvation free energy is an important molecular characteristic useful in drug discovery because it represents the desolvation cost of a ligand binding to a receptor. Most of the recent developments in the estimation of solvation free energy require the use of molecular mechanics and dynamics calculations. Group contribution methods have been rarely used in the past for calculating solvation free energy because automated prediction methods have not been developed in this regard. As an aid to combinatorial library design, we explored rapid and accurate means of computing solvation free energies from the covalent structures of organic molecules and compared the results on a test set with the GB/SA solvation model. Two independent additive-constitutive QSPR methods have been developed for the computation of solvation free energy. The first is a QSPR model (HLOGS) derived using a technique that uses the counts of distinct/similar fragments and substructures for each molecule as variables in a PLS regression. T...
Bovine ephemeral fever. I. Characteristics of the causative virus.

Thermal and pH stability of ephemeral fever virus (EFV) were studied. Infectivity of EFV was inactivated within 10 minutes at 56°C, by 18 hours at 37°C, and within 120 hours at 25°C. Infected mouse-brain virus had little titer loss after 30 days' storage at 4°C. Infected culture fluids stored at −35°C lost about 0.04 log units of virus per day. EFV was inactivated within 10 minutes at pH 2.5 and 12.0. Infectivity was lost in 60 minutes at pH 5.1 and in 90 minutes at pH 9.1. EFV was adapted to monkey kidney cell lines (Vero and MS); a plaque assay in Vero cells is described. The virus sized between 100 and 220 mμ by filtration. Growth studies of EFV in MS cells are described.
Testing for Isoniazid: An Evaluation of the Arkansas Method

To better treat and eliminate tuberculosis, patient compliance must be improved. Compliance can be evaluated by measuring a drug or its metabolite in the urine. In Arkansas, a simple colorimetric method of checking the urine for isoniazid (the Potts-Cozart test) has been used for many years, but it is relatively unknown outside that state and its reliability has not been confirmed. To evaluate this test, urine was blindly tested from patients from a tuberculosis clinic. Controls included urine from patients from a substance abuse clinic and Veterans Medical Center. In more than 200 urine samples tested, no false-positives were found. Urinalysis showed normal values for three patients who were supposed to be receiving antituberculosis medication, but it is likely that these patients were noncompliant. A peculiarity of the test was that the color change with positive tests varied. To investigate this variation, absorption spectroscopy of many substances was performed. Nicotine accounted for the different shade of blue associated with the positive test, but the color produced and the absorption spectroscopy were different from isoniazid, so it did not confuse the interpretation of the results. This test for isoniazid in the urine is simple, quick, inexpensive, easy to interpret, and reliable. It also can be used to detect nicotine and its metabolites.
Employee Transportation Benefits in High Transit Mode Share Areas: University Case Study

Employers large and small in urban areas are beset by steadily increasing costs of providing heavily subsidized parking for their employees. Motivated by this problem and by creating a more sustainable policy for their institution, a group of graduate students and faculty participated in a special studies course during the spring 2007 semester at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The resulting proposal is currently under consideration by MIT's administration to help control costs for the university and increase the use of public transportation to campus. This paper first reviews previous research into group transit purchase programs. In these programs employers become the purchasing agent for transit passes for all their employees. Rather than paying the full cost of a pass for each employee, they pay on the basis of current transit usage at the work site. Traditionally, these programs have been implemented in low transit mode share areas. In higher transit mode share contexts, the motivations ...
c-CBL E3 ubiquitin ligase is overexpressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: its inhibition promotes activation-induced cell death.

Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome are two major forms of cutaneous T–cell lymphoma (CTCL) characterized by resistance to apoptosis. A central pathway for T-cell apoptosis is activation-induced cell death, which is triggered through the T-cell receptor (TCR). This results in upregulation of FAS ligand (FASL) and subsequent apoptosis through the FAS death receptor pathway. It has been known for more than a decade that TCR signaling is defective in CTCL; however, the underlying mechanism has not been apparent. In this report, we show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase, c-CBL, is overexpressed in CTCL and that its knockdown overcomes defective TCR signaling, resulting in phosphorylation of PLC-g1, calcium influx, ROS generation, upregulation of FASL, and extrinsic pathway apoptosis in CTCL cells expressing adequate FAS. In CTCL cells with suboptimal FAS expression, FAS can be upregulated epigenetically by derepression of the FAS promoter using methotrexate, which we showed previously has activity as a DNA methylation inhibitor. Using these combined strategies, FAS-low as well as FAS-high CTCL cells can be killed effectively.
KRAS mutations and rectal cancer response to chemoradiation: are we closer to personalization of therapy?

When bound to guanosinetriphosphate (GTP), it remains in an active state but isinactivated by intrinsic GTPase activity that hydrolyzesGTP to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). Ras is activated byupstream receptor tyrosine kinases, including epidermalgrowth factor receptor (EGFR), that recruit guaninenucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) to the cell membraneto open up the GTP binding site of Ras. Ras–GTPase thendeactivates Ras with the assistance of GTPase activatingproteins (GAPs). This intricate balance between activationand deactivation of Ras efﬁciently regulates the commu-nication of signals arising from receptor tyrosine kinaseson the cell membrane to effector molecules in the cyto-plasm and nucleus. Mutations in the KRAS gene disrupt thisﬁne balance.Acquired mutations in KRAS are an early step in car-cinogenesis, identiﬁed in approximately 40 % of colorectalcancers. The most common mutations occur at codons 12and 13 of exon 2 of the KRAS gene, which encode glycine.These mutations in the phosphate-binding loop of Rasdeactivate its intrinsic GTPase activity and render itresistant to GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis, thereby lock-ing Ras into the activated state. Constitutively active Ras isno longer dependent on upstream activation of receptortyrosine kinases and as a corollary, insensitive to anti-EGFR chemotherapy. An abundance of literature con-ﬁrming that the presence of KRAS mutation predicts lack ofresponse of colon cancers to anti-EGFR therapy hasresulted in the increasing use of KRAS mutation analysis inclinical practice. However, its role as a prognostic markerof overall survival independent of anti-EGFR therapyremains less clear.
SCOAL: A framework for simultaneous co-clustering and learning from complex data

For difficult classification or regression problems, practitioners often segment the data into relatively homogeneous groups and then build a predictive model for each group. This two-step procedure usually results in simpler, more interpretable and actionable models without any loss in accuracy. In this work, we consider problems such as predicting customer behavior across products, where the independent variables can be naturally partitioned into two sets, that is, the data is dyadic in nature. A pivoting operation now results in the dependent variable showing up as entries in a “customer by product” data matrix. We present the Simultaneous CO-clustering And Learning (SCOAL) framework, based on the key idea of interleaving co-clustering and construction of prediction models to iteratively improve both cluster assignment and fit of the models. This algorithm provably converges to a local minimum of a suitable cost function. The framework not only generalizes co-clustering and collaborative filtering to model-based co-clustering, but can also be viewed as simultaneous co-segmentation and classification or regression, which is typically better than independently clustering the data first and then building models. Moreover, it applies to a wide range of bi-modal or multimodal data, and can be easily specialized to address classification and regression problems. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on both these problems through experimentation on a variety of datasets.
Eyes on the gulf: deepwater horizon oil spill visualization

The northern Gulf of Mexico was threatened by an oil spill from the Deep Water Horizon drilling platform in 2010. While oil was flowing into the gulf, researchers at the University of Texas at Austin, and their collaborators, where simulating where oil would travel in the event of a hurricane. Simulations were run daily using initial oil positions from NOAA and the coastal circulation and storm surge model, ADCIRC. The ADCIRC model depicts interactions between weather, currents, oil, and land, including the specific topography of the coast and its marshes and wetlands. The simulation modeled day-to-day movements of the oil spill to predict the spill's movements up to three days into the future; since the model was run daily, this produced large amounts of data that included water elevation, wind velocity, and oil positions daily. Due to the need to see how the oil would travel when close to the coast and estuaries, seeing the data in its geographic context was crucial. Therefore, loading large, high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery, in addition to the model's output, was needed. The images and animations show TACC's visualization solution for the oil spill modeling using open source geo-spatial software and Longhorn, a 256-node visualization cluster, at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC). Additionally, the software can be run on Stallion, TACC's 307 mega-pixel tiled-display.
RE-THINKING NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION GOVERNANCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP

ABSTRACT This article proposes a conceptual framework for re-examining NPO governance, especially focussing upon the roles and responsibilities of boards, executives, and other staff and volunteers. It draws from Talcott Parson's idea that all human organizations exhibit three distinct levels of responsibility and control – institutional, managerial, and technical/operational. Both academic scholarship and nonprofit organization practice are increasingly re-considering the structure and functions of governance and management within nonprofit organizations (NPOs). While it can be argued that the governance portion of the institutional level of functioning should be located with the volunteer board of directors, otherwise I suggest that the following factors affect the appropriate division of roles and responsibilities among board, executive, and other staff and volunteers within an NPO: 1)the size of the NPO's budget, staff, and board; 2) the number of active volunteers and the breadth of roles they perfor...
Sensitivity issues in modeling the substrate current for submicron N- and P-channel MOSFETs

Abstract A well known source of uncertainty in device/process simulation is the exact lateral diffusion profile forming the source/drain junction under the edge of the MOSFET gate. In order to deal with this limitation, the common practice among TCAD users is to employ a calibrated local-field substrate current model to indirectly infer the details of the lateral diffusion of the source/drain region. Typically, the estimate of the lateral diffusion is adjusted to make the simulated substrate current agree with the measured substrate current. Using the standard local-field model and our recently published two-dimensional energy-dependent (non local-field) substrate current models that have a more correct physical basis, we have performed simulations to determine the sensitivity of these substrate current models to changes in the ratio of lateral diffusion to junction depth. It has been found that the local-field model can introduce an artificially high and misleading degree of sensitivity in substrate current, whereas the more physically correct energy-dependent model does not show as much sensitivity. This artificial sensitivity can lead to uncertainty as well as error in the extracted lateral diffusion profile; therefore, a calibrated local-field model may lead to erroneous results when determining the lateral diffusion and the relationship between effective channel length and physical gate length.
The Raising of American Troops for Service in the West Indies during the War of Austrian Succession, 1740–1

This article is an account of the raising and dispatch to the West Indies of a regiment of troops recruited in the American colonies for the Vernon–Cathcart expedition to Cartagena on the Spanish Main.
THE REDUCED CLIFFORD CATEGORY OF THE KACHEL SEMIGROUP ON n LETTERS

We use a new description of Kachel semigroup as triples with a pushout product. A simple Clifford category as a canonical representative (under the relation of equivalence of categories) of the standard Clifford category of this semigroup is considered.
Phenylbutyrate Attenuates the Expression of Bcl-XL, DNA-PK, Caveolin-1, and VEGF in Prostate Cancer Cells

Phenylbutyrate (PB) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that has been shown to induce differentiation and apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Although these effects are most likely due to modulation of gene expression, the specific genes and gene products responsible for the effects of PB are not well characterized. In this study, we used cDNA expression arrays and Western blot to assess the effect that PB has on the expression of various cancer and apoptosis-regulatory gene products. We show that PB attenuates the expression of the apoptosis antagonist Bcl-X(L), the double-strand break repair protein DNA-dependent protein kinase, the prostate progression marker caveolin-1, and the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor. Furthermore, PB was found to act in synergy with ionizing radiation to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Taken together, our results point to the possibility that PB may be an effective anti-prostate cancer agent when used in combination with radiation or chemotherapy and for the inhibition of cancer progression.