cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and radiographic predictors of cardiovascular implantable electronic device lead failure at the time of initial implantation.

Objective To assess the clinical and radiographic factors associated with lead failure by comparing subjects with lead failure within 10 years of implantation with an implant-year-matched group without lead failure. Methods A case-control study with 49 subjects who received Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) between January 1, 1999 and July 31, 2008 and developed lead failure within 10 years of implantation in a single center. The control group consisted of subjects (n = 54) with normally functioning leads matched one-to-one by implant year. Results Among the failure group, the meantime from implantation to device lead failure was 4.70 ± 2.94 years. Older age at implantation was associated with a lower likelihood of lead failure (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.28 (75 vs 42 years old), 95% CI 0.12-0.63, P = .002). A larger smallest loop diameter on the chest radiograph was also associated with a lower likelihood of lead failure (OR = 0.51 (31 vs 14 mm), 95% CI 0.27-0.97, P = .04). CIED type (defibrillator vs pacemaker) and Ottawa scores were not significantly associated with lead failure. Among lead-specific parameters, defibrillation lead vs pace-sense lead was associated with lead failure (OR = 3.91, 95% CI 1.95-7.81, P < .001). Conclusions Younger age, defibrillation leads, and small lead loops are associated with lead failure in CIEDs. Techniques to avoid tight loops in the pocket could potentially reduce the risk of lead failure and bear important implications for the implanting physician.
Replication stress inhibits synthesis of histone mRNAs in yeast by removing Spt10p and Spt21p from the histone promoters.

Proliferating cells coordinate histone and DNA synthesis to maintain correct stoichiometry for chromatin assembly. Histone mRNA levels must be repressed when DNA replication is inhibited to prevent toxicity and genome instability due to free non-chromatinized histone proteins. In mammalian cells, replication stress triggers degradation of histone mRNAs, but it is unclear if this mechanism is conserved from other species. The aim of this study was to identify the histone mRNA decay pathway in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and determine the mechanism by which DNA replication stress represses histone mRNAs. Using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative PCR, we show here that histone mRNAs can be degraded by both 5′ → 3′ and 3′ → 5′ pathways; however, replication stress does not trigger decay of histone mRNA in yeast. Rather, replication stress inhibits transcription of histone genes by removing the histone gene–specific transcription factors Spt10p and Spt21p from histone promoters, leading to disassembly of the preinitiation complexes and eviction of RNA Pol II from histone genes by a mechanism facilitated by checkpoint kinase Rad53p and histone chaperone Asf1p. In contrast, replication stress does not remove SCB-binding factor transcription complex, another activator of histone genes, from the histone promoters, suggesting that Spt10p and Spt21p have unique roles in the transcriptional downregulation of histone genes during replication stress. Together, our data show that, unlike in mammalian cells, replication stress in yeast does not trigger decay of histone mRNAs but inhibits histone transcription.
Isolation and comparison of nucleic acids from land plants: nuclear and organellar genes.

Publisher Summary Isolation and comparisons of nucleic acids are being carried out on an ever-increasing number of plant species. This chapter describes protocols that are found useful with plants containing many secondary metabolites. In addition, it summarizes procedures from other laboratories that may be helpful in future studies involving nucleic acid comparisons. Because plants produce a wide variety of substances, such as tannins, mucilages, and numerous secondary compounds, a number of procedures are designed to simplify the isolation process, to increase DNA yield, or to make possible DNA isolation from a number of recalcitrant species. No one isolation method is optimal for all taxa. The chapter compares five different extraction procedures for total DNA by using the resulting DNA in a Southern hybridization assay. The first protocol involves cell breakage, collection of organelles, and cesium chloride centrifugation. The other methods are modifications of procedures using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB).
Political Topographies of the African State: Appendix: A Note on Sources, Evidence, and Measurement

Data and Sources Data for this study were gathered in the course of my comparative studies of political control over rural and urban marketing circuits in Senegal and Cote d'Ivoire (Boone 1992, 1993, 1995a). Between 1984 and the mid-1990s I did field work, concentrating mostly on documentary sources, archival sources, and interviews in Cote d'Ivoire and Senegal (Abengourou, Korhogo, Man, Abidjan, Dakar, Thies, Saint-Louis, and Ziguinchor). Research was funded by grants from the Social Science Research Council, Fulbright, the McNamara scholarship of the World Bank Development Institute, and the Harvard Academy of International and Area Studies. The present analysis expanded upon this work through a study of a wide variety of primary and secondary sources dealing with the countries concerned for the period from 1930 to 2000. Sources included studies by colonial administrators, anthropologists, historians, geographers, political scientists, and agricultural economists, and local-level studies of rural administration, development administration, electoral politics, migration patterns, and land tenure use. Valuable analyses were also written by university students in each of the countries studied, government agencies in all three countries, government-funded research institutes, aid-agency and nongovernmental-organization (NGO) monitoring teams, etc. Many “gray” documents – unpublished studies, theses and dissertations, conference papers, and reports from governmental, nongovernmental, and academic sources – provided critical pieces of this study.
The biotransformation of lignin to humus facts and postulates.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the phases of biotransformation of lignin to humus. Except for the white-rot fungi, which are generally conceded to be the principal agents of biological attack on raw lignin, the nature of the organisms that participate in the intermediate reactions, and ultimately the formation of humus, is mainly speculative. The initial attack by white-rot fungi on the lignin macromolecule is almost certainly dependent upon their extracellular enzyme activity. Most lignolytic fungi contain the phenoloxidase-type enzymes laccase and tyrosinase (phenolase) and a few species have been found to also produce a peroxidase similar to that found in the horseradish. The overall process of converting lignin to humus would have to be oxidative in nature. In addition to oxidation, the conversion of lignin to humus involves the addition of nitrogen. Polymerization of reactive intermediates produced during lignin degradation is also an essential feature of humus formation. However, polymerization must be preceded by demethoxylation to account for the low methoxyl content of humic acid.
Test–Retest Reliability during Fear Acquisition and Fear Extinction in Humans

SUMMARY Aims: Classical fear conditioning and extinction has been used to understand the neurobiology of fear learning and its inhibition. The recall of an extinction memory involves the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, and patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been shown to exhibit deficits in this process. Furthermore, extinction forms the basis of exposure therapies commonly used to treat PTSD patients. It is possible that effective pharmacological and/or psychological treatment regimens could influence the activity of these regions, and thereby increase the ability to retain an extinction memory. However, to test this, a fear conditioning and extinction paradigm must demonstrate withinsubject reproducibility over time. We, therefore, sought to test the within-subject reliability of a previously used 2-day, classical fear conditioning and extinction paradigm. Methods: Eighteen healthy participants participated in a 2-day paradigm on three occasions, each separated by at least 12 weeks. Conditioning and extinction took place on Day 1, and extinction recall and fear renewal were evaluated on Day 2 on each of the three occasions. The conditioned stimulus was a visual cue and the unconditioned stimulus was a mild electric shock to the fingers. Skin conductance was recorded throughout the experiment to measure conditioned responses. Results: We found that conditioning and extinction recall were not significantly different across time and were correlated within subjects. Conclusion: These data illustrate the reliability of this paradigm and its potential usefulness in evaluating the influence of a given treatment on the fear extinction network in longitudinal within-subject designs.
Vibration Control of a Large Flexible Manipulator by a Small Robotic Arm

The vibration of a large flexible manipulator is suppressed by inertial forces induced by the joint torques of a small arm which is located at the tip of the large manipulator. The control of the small arm is studied based on a slow and fast submodel which are derived by applying the singular perturbation technique. A composite controller is designed to control the slow and fast motion.
Oral granular-cell tumors: Report of twenty-five cases with electron microscopy☆

Twenty-five cases of granular-cell tumor of the oral cavity are reported. The clinical findings are similar to previously published data. Of five cases studied by electron microscopy, three were processed directly from fresh surgical specimens and two cases were processed following initial formalin fixation. The granules for the most part are morphologically compatible with lysosomes except for a single variety containing viruslike particles. There is increasing evidence in support of a neural origin, but the indications are that more than one cell type may be the progenitor of granular cells of the granular cell tumor.
Small but not ephemeral: newly discovered species of Aphelinidae and Trichogrammatidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Eocene amber

New species of fossil Aphelinidae and Trichogrammatidae are described from middle Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber (41.3–47.8 Ma). A new subfamily, two new genera and three new species of Aphelinidae are described, with comments on their placement: Phtuaria fimbriae gen.n., sp.n. in Phtuariinae subf.n., Glaesaphytis interregni gen.n., sp.n. and Centrodora brevispinae sp.n. These represent the first described true fossil Aphelinidae. Four new species of Trichogrammatidae are described: Mirufens illusionis sp.n., Palaeogramma eos gen.n., sp.n., Pterandrophysalis plasmans sp.n. and Szelenyia terebrae sp.n., thus expanding our knowledge of fossil Trichogrammatidae beyond the single previously described species. The presence of recognizable extant genera of Aphelinidae and Trichogrammatidae in the Eocene suggests that the morphology of these genera has been relatively invariant despite highly variable conditions during and since the Eocene. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E9AD60B6-3D56-4E74-AA54-F7B91F4FDC79.
Exciton spectra in two-dimensional graphene derivatives

The energy spectra and wave functions of bound excitons in important two-dimensional (2D) graphene derivatives, i.e., graphyne and graphane, are found to be strongly modified by quantum confinement, making them qualitatively different from the usual Rydberg series. However, their parity and optical selection rules are preserved. Thus a one-parameter modified hydrogenic model is applied to quantitatively explain the ab initio exciton spectra, and allows one to extrapolate the electron-hole binding energy from optical spectroscopies of 2D semiconductors without costly simulations. Meanwhile, our calculated optical absorption spectrum and enhanced spin singlet-triplet splitting project graphyne, an allotrope of graphene, as a candidate for intriguing energy and biomedical applications.
Albumin uptake and transcytosis in endothelial cells in vivo induced by albumin-binding protein.

The 60-kDa endothelial cell surface albumin-binding glycoprotein (gp60) is postulated to be a docking site for albumin that mediates the uptake of albumin and its transport in cultured microvessel ...
Was the Civil Rights Movement Successful? Tracking and Understanding Black Views†

Was the modern civil rights movement successful? I depart from traditional approaches that judge success in terms of political inclusion and policy response and instead ask “ordinary” blacks what they thought. Using 1968 survey data, I find that while a slight majority (58%) believed that the movement successfully reduced racial discrimination, a sizable share (42%) saw failure. It seems most accurate to conclude that both perspectives resonated with large segments of the black population. I next examine who thought the movement a success and uncover that blacks of higher economic standing had the most faith in the movement's achievements. This result supports critics who thought that the poor were left behind by the movement's gains. Finally, while there was overall stability from 1968 to 2000 in opinion, the mid-1980s represented the nadir in thinking the movement successful. This development appears to have been a reaction to the racially hostile Reagan administration and the worsening economic position of blacks in the 1980s. Views on the civil rights movement, thus, are a living memory that can be altered by contemporary deleterious developments. I conclude by arguing that conceptualizations of success should be grounded in how movements impact the everyday lives of their constituency.
The Role of Atmospheric Oxidation in High Speed Sliding Phenomena—II

An experimental study of the role of oxidation due to frictional heating in unlubricated high speed (13000 ft/min) sliding of metals is discussed. Detailed results for steel on steel have been described in another paper (1). This paper discusses a general picture correlating the results for several metal combinations and also a bonded metal carbide. The results indicate that the oxidation gives considerable protection against surface damage. With copper on copper (previously run-in), copper on steel, and bonded tungsten carbide on bonded carbide relatively little tearing of the metal (or carbide) is observed at light loads. The oxidation should increase with increasing load, and these combinations behave like steel on steel in that on at least one of the surfaces there is, if anything, even less metallic tearing at high load. At low loads wear is mild, in harmony with the oxide protection, but at higher loads severe wear is attributed to disintegration within the oxide itself. With nickel on nickel the ox...
First year cross-functional design teams: Engineering and business

Engineers need to be able to work on cross-functional teams. Some researchers advocate exposing first year students to the professional skills, and then reinforce them throughout the curriculum. A collaborative effort was made between a first-year introductory engineering course and an introductory marketing course. As each team of engineers worked on a product improvement design project, a team of marketing students developed a marketing plan for their proposed product. Nearly 40% of the engineering projects incorporated very specific design changes as a direct result of the input from their marketing partners. Further, an additional 46.5% of the teams seriously considered the marketing input. As expected, the greatest obstacle was finding meeting times that would work for both teams. Although appreciated, 25% of students indicated communication with non-engineers was difficult. Despite these obstacles, the collaboration was successful in promoting cross-functional teamwork. Many students, 69%, valued the input and indicated the best aspect of this project was learning to communicate with non-engineers.
Data Flow Diagrams vs. Use Cases – Student Perceptions

Data flow diagrams (DFD) and Use Cases are two popular methodologies in teaching as well as in practice. We recently used both methodologies in teaching eight sections of a required systems analysis course. Questionnaire results indicate that students perceive these methodologies as equally easy to understand and use. Students believe that data flow diagrams are better at communicating with users and programmers.
The use of local allograft irradiation following renal transplantation.

Abstract Over a 10 year period, 67 recipients of 71 renal allografts received graft irradiation following the diagnosis of rejection. The majority of kidneys were treated with a total dose of 600 rad, 150 rad per fraction, in 4 daily fractions. Fifty-three kidneys were irradiated following the failure of standard systemic immunosuppression and maximally tolerated antirejection measures (pulse high dose steroids, Actinomycin, ATG) to reverse an episode of acute rejection. Seven of these patients (13%) had greater than a 50% improvement in serum creatinine (Cr) 1 week following completion of the irradiation. Twenty-two (42%) of these allografts were noted to have stable (i.e. no deterioration) or improved function 1 month following the treatment with irradiation. Eleven (21%) of these allografts maintained function 1 year following transplantation. There were 10 patients whose allografts were irradiated because of renal dysfunction in a clinical setting which did not permit the administration of further immunosuppression, i.e., infection or hematologic dyscrasias. Three of these patients (30%) had greater than a 50% improvement in serum Cr 1 week following completion of the irradiation. Nine (90%) of these allografts had stable or improved function 1 month following the treatment with irradiation. Biopsies were obtained of 41 allografts. Of the 24 renal allografts with predominantly cellular rejection, 10 (42%) had the process reversed or stabilized at 1 month following irradiation. Five (21%) of these allografts were functioning at I year following irradiation. Rejection was reversed or stabilized in 6 of 17 (35%) allografts at 1 month when the histologic features of renal biopsy suggested predominantly vascular rejection. One (6%) of these allografts was functioning at 1 year following transplantation. Local graft irradiation has helped maintain a limited number of allografts in patients whose rejection has failed to respond to systemic immunosuppression. Irradiation may also benefit patients with ongoing rejection in whom further systemic immunosuppression is contra-indicated.
Effects of Schistosomatium douthitti infection on the growth, survival, and reproduction of Lymnaea catascopium.

Abstract Lymnaea catascopium snails infected with Schistosomatium douthitti grew faster than uninfected control snails during the first 2 months postexposure, but thereafter grew more slowly, and by 8 months postexposure were significantly smaller. When reared in isolation, uninfected snails survived significantly longer (mean survival time, 515 days) than snails exposed to three miracidia each (400 days), which in turn survived longer than snails exposed to 10 miracidia per snail (223 days). When maintained in aquaria in contact with other snails, snails exposed to three miracidia each survived longer (227 days), but not significantly longer, than control snails (198 days). Production of large numbers of eggs by control snails grown under the latter conditions may account for their reduced survival. The ovotestes and accessory genitalia of snails infected with S. douthitti were much reduced in size in comparison with uninfected control snails. These effects were most pronounced in snails which had been infected for over 100 days. Egg production was normally totally inhibited if snails were infected before the onset of sexual maturity. If infected after the onset of maturity, eggs were produced only during the prepatent period.
Modeling particle-loaded single fiber efficiency and fiber drag using ANSYS–Fluent CFD code

Abstract In this paper, we present a methodology for simulating pressure drop and collection efficiency of a filter medium during instantaneous particle loading using the ANSYS–Fluent CFD code, enhanced with in-house subroutines. The simulations are comprised of a numerical solution of the Stokes equations for obtaining the air flow field, and Lagrangian particle tracking, for determining the particle collection efficiency and particle deposition sites on the fibers. The modeling strategy presented in this work allows one to track particles of different sizes and simulate the formation of 3-D dendrite particle deposits in the presence of aerodynamic slip on the fiber surface. In particular, the deposition of particles on a fiber, and on previously deposited particles, is made possible by developing in-house subroutines, which mark the cells located at the deposition sites and modify their properties so that they resemble solid particles. Fiber drag and single fiber collection efficiencies are obtained from simulations for fibers and particles of different diameters for demonstration purposes. Effects of particle capture mechanisms on a filter’s pressure drop and collection efficiency are presented and discussed with respect to the studies reported in the literature. More specifically, two fiber diameters of 1 and 20 μm are used to demonstrate that the normalized single fiber collection efficiency increases with increasing mass of the loaded particles on the fibers (i.e., time) if the particle capture mechanism is interception or diffusion, but stays almost invariant if the capture mechanism is inertial impaction. Fiber drag (resembling the filter’s pressure drop) seems to increase because of particle deposition, but at different rates for different particle capture mechanisms.
Two-dimensional peptide mapping of fibronectins from bovine aortic endothelial cells and bovine plasma.

We have made a comparison between plasma and endothelial cell fibronectin, since these cells are in intimate contact with plasma in vivo. Cellular and secreted fibronectins were purified from cloned lines of adult bovine aortic endothelial cells, and compared to purified bovine plasma fibronectin by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional peptide mapping. When unreduced, all three fibronectins migrated on gels as single bands with Mr 440,000. After reduction, cellular and secreted fibronectins migrated on gels as single bands with Mr 220,000, but plasma fibronectin migrated as two bands with Mr 220,000 and 210,000. All three fibronectins, including the two subunits of plasma fibronectin, had identical structures by peptide mapping analysis.
An Apparatus for the Quick and Accurate Location of the Meridians of Astigmatism

The apparatus here described is based on the formation of focal lines on the retina of an eye having regular astigmatism, the direction of which corresponds to those of the principal meridians. The images formed in such an eye are made more striking by having several points of light produced by minute holes in a plate that can be revolved in front of the light source.
Comparison of biasing parameter computational techniques in ridge-type estimation

Ridge-type estimation methods are often used as a means to overcome the effects of ill-conditioning in linear and nonlinear inverse problems. The most critical aspect in the implementation of these methods is the computation of the biasing parameter that is used to adjust the eigenvalue spectrum of the normal matrix. The computation of the biasing parameter is based upon minimizing the Mean Squared Error of the solution, for which a number of different numerical techniques have been proposed. This presentation is a comparison of the performance of proposed biasing parameter computational techniques, both old and new, in the solution of a large-scale space mechanics problem.
Optical simulation of electron diffraction of thin crystals

An optical crystal (a multilayer diffraction plate) which optically simulates electron diffraction by thin crystals has been developed. The lattice was constructed with appropriate lattice constants to allow a direct optical simulation of electron diffraction by mica. The resulting optical-diffraction patterns agree with theory and vividly illustrate Laue zones. Optical-diffraction patterns for different crystal orientations are directly compared to electron-diffraction patterns for the same orientations of a thin mica crystal. The breadths of Laue zones diminish as a crystal becomes thicker, reducing the diffraction pattern to the Laue spots described by Bragg’s law.
Cost-Effectiveness Research and Radiation Oncology: An Analysis of the Published Literature

Purpose/Objective(s): A previous decision analysis compared primary radiation therapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to radical prostatectomy (RP) for men 65 years old with resulting QALEs of 9.3 and 8.0 QALYs, respectively (Sher, Cancer, 2012). However, this analysis did not incorporate the use of curative-intent, salvage therapy for local recurrence or treatment cost. Materials/Methods: The base case was a 65 year-old man diagnosed with high-risk prostate cancer (T1c, GS 8-10, PSA >10). This decision analysis compared upfront RT + 2 years of ADT versus RP with selective postoperative RT + 2 years of ADT for postoperative risk factors. Salvage therapy included RP or RT, depending on initial treatment delivered. Assumptions were based on the highest-quality data available: post-operative risk factors from Partin Tables, biochemical failure (BF) post-RP from the Kattan nomogram, BF post-RP + RT + ADT from RTOG 96-01, BF post-RT + ADT from RTOG 92-02, and BF post-salvage RT or RP from retrospective analyses. Treatment-related effects including mortality, acute toxicity, and moderate-to-severe erectile dysfunction, gastrointestinal or genitourinary side effects were incorporated into calculations of QALY. Yearly, age-related mortality estimates were taken from CDC life tables. Costs were estimated from the payer’s perspective using Medicare reimbursements in 2011 United States dollars. A Markov model was developed to model chance events with yearly cycles until death. Microsimulation incorporated parameter uncertainty to estimate QALE while tracking individual patients’ disease history. Results: In the base case, the mean QALE was 10.25 (95% CI, 1.8-20) versus 10.22 (95% CI, 1.3-20) QALYs for RT + ADT versus RP, respectively. The mean cost of treatment was $40,863 (95% CI, 1,401-181,778) versus $36,144 (95% CI, 117-157,556) for RT + ADT and RP, respectively. The mean ICER for RP compared to RT + ADT is 15,578 (95% CI, 1,029,978 812,230). Cost-effectiveness acceptability suggests there is considerable uncertainty about which strategy is optimal. Conclusions: When incorporating salvage therapy for local recurrence of high-risk prostate cancer, there is no clear difference in QALE or ICER between RT + ADT versus RP as primary treatment strategies. Author Disclosure: J.A. Dorth: None. W.R. Lee: None. E.R. Myers: None.
An empirical analysis of the composition of manufacturing employment in the industrialized countries

Abstract The paper seeks to identify empirically, using pooled regression estimation, the role that resource variables and resistance factors, tariffs in particular, play in determining employment patterns in manufacturing. Cross-section data were utilized pertaining to 20 industries and 18 industrialized countries for 1970. The possible primary impact of post-Kennedy Round (1972) tariff reductions on employment by industry and country can be calculated on the basis of the tariff elasticities presented.
Complex angular momenta and the groups SU(1, 1) and SU(2)

Abstract The Wigner coefficients coupling any two discrete representations of the noncompact group SU (1, 1) are derived, and it is shown that they can be expressed as analytic continuations of one another and of the Wigner coefficients of SU (2) in the planes of complex angular momenta. It is further shown that these Wigner coefficients, in certain well-defined limits, approach the form of the representation functions: The Wigner coefficients coupling two discrete representations of SU (1, 1) approach the representation functions of SU (1, 1) while those of SU (2) approach the SU (2) functions. The Wigner coefficients coupling a positive and a negative discrete representation of SU (1, 1) are used to define states of the continuous series of its unitary representations. It is shown that a definition of the norm of these states exists under which the states of all the unitary representations of SU (1, 1)-positive and negative discrete and both the principal and exceptional series of the continuous representations—are mutually orthogonal in the same Hilbert space.
Circulatory and pulmonary airway responses to different mixtures of prostaglandins E2 and F2α in dogs

Abstract The circulatory and pulmonary airway resistance responses to intravenous administration of 3 different ratios (10 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 5) of PGE 2 -PGF 2α were studied in anesthetized dogs. It was found that these mixtures of PGE 2 -PGF 2α cause a dose-related decrease in systemic arterial pressure and a dose-related increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and airway pressure. It was concluded that there is evidence of marked differences in tissue specificity even when these different prostaglandins were given simultaneously, indicating that a preferential synthesis of PGE 2 or PGF 2α is not essential for the pathogenesis of clinical disorders with inflammatory reactions and bronchospasm, respectively.
Rationales and practices used by caring physical education teachers

This paper examines the reasons that physical education teachers exhibited caring behaviors during teaching. Four physical education teachers, identified as caring physical education teachers, were formally and informally interviewed and observed teaching. Data were analyzed using content analysis and inductive coding, and three themes emerged. The teachers (a) share similar beliefs about why it is important to be caring and had similar influences on their teaching conduct, (b) similarly believe that physical activity/physical education makes a difference in the lives of youth, and (c) share a common interest in broadening relationships with students. The results suggest that there are common reasons these caring teachers care for their students—in particular, personal biography seems to be a strong influence—and that more studies are needed to examine further these results and the relationship between the concept of caring and teaching.
An Alternative Database Table Design

ABSTRACT Social workers oftentimes experience a disconnect between the work they do and how that work is captured by agency databases. The database design described in this article attempts to remedy some of those issues–specifically, having to enter identical client information more than one time, not having a way to capture complex family relationships, and not having a way to capture evolving client relationships over time–while being mindful of ideal database design principles, particularly the concept of database normalization. This alternative design grew out of an ongoing research project and is discussed with in the context of one of the involved agencies.
Melanoma Genetic Testing, Counseling, and Adherence to Skin Cancer Prevention and Detection Behaviors

Background: Little is known about the impact of knowledge of CDKN2A and MC1R genotype on melanoma prevention behaviors like sun avoidance and skin examination in the context of familial melanoma. Methods: A total of 73 adults with a family history of melanoma were randomly assigned to be offered individualized CDKN2A and MC1R genotyping results in the context of a genetic counseling session, or the standard practice of not being offered counseling or disclosure of genotyping results. Mixed effects or longitudinal logistic models were used to determine whether the intervention affected change in sun protection habits, skin examinations and perception and beliefs related to melanoma risk, prevention, and genetic counseling. Results: All participants in the intervention group who attended genetic counseling sessions chose to receive their test results. From baseline to follow-up, participants in the intervention group reported an increase in the frequency of skin self-examinations compared to a slight decrease in the control group (p=0.002). Participants in the intervention group reported a smaller decrease in frequency of wearing a shirt with long sleeves than did participants in the control group (p =0.047). No effect of the intervention was noted for other outcomes. Conclusions: It is noteworthy that feedback of CDKN2A and MC1R genotype among families without known pathogenic CDKN2A mutations does not appear to decrease sun protection behaviors. Because of the limited number of families with known pathogenic CDKN2A mutations in this study, it is difficult to interpret the results as demonstrating a positive benefit of the intervention.
Differential tissue sensitivity to elevated endogenous insulin levels during experimental peritonitis in rats

Abstract Disturbances of glucose metabolism consequent to experimental peritonitis in rats were studied by measurement of insulin-related metabolism of isolated tissues in correlation with blood insulin and substrate levels. Blood insulin concentrations were threefold higher in infected fasting rats than in normal fasting controls, despite approximately equal blood glucose concentrations, suggesting resistance to the hypoglycemic action of insulin. The increased circulating insulin was associated with a threefold elevation of the insulin-sensitive adipose tissue pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex, and a threefold increase in the rate of conversion of glucose to CO2 by fragments of epididymal fat pads. Fasting infected animals also had reduced circulating nonesterified fatty acids and relatively less depletion of epididymal adipose tissue, when compared to fasted controls presumably due to the potent action of insulin in opposing lipid mobilization. In contrast, diaphragm pyruvate dehydrogenase was not elevated, nor was diaphragm glucose conversion to CO2 stimulated in response to the elevated circulating insulin. It is proposed that reduced fat mobilization without concomitantly accelerated glucose oxidation by muscle may result in insufficient metabolic fuel for muscle and this may, in turn, promote amino acid combustion by muscle to meet cellular energy requirements. This suggested mechanism may provide a hypothetical biochemical explanation for the excessive protein catabolism associated with severe infection.
Perceived perspective taking: When others walk in our shoes

A great deal of psychological research has investigated the influence of perspective taking on individuals, indicating that perspective taking increases the extent to which people like, feel a sense of self-other overlap with, and help those whose perspective they take. However, previous investigations of the topic have been limited to the study of the perspective taker, rather than the individual whose perspective has been taken. The purpose of the current work is to begin to fill this large gap in the literature by examining the consequences of believing that another individual is taking one's perspective, a phenomenon we refer to as perceived perspective taking. Over a series of 6 experiments, we demonstrate that perceiving that one's perspective has been taken confers many of the same interpersonal benefits as taking another's perspective. Specifically, our data suggest that believing that another person has successfully taken one's perspective results in an increased liking for, a greater sense of self-other overlap with, and more help provided to that person. Consistent with predictions, we find that one's self-other overlap with the perspective taker and the amount of empathy one perceives the perspective taker to feel operate in tandem to mediate the link between perceived perspective taking and liking for the perspective taker. Further, a mediational path from perceived perspective taking to helping behavior through liking is supported. Future directions are discussed, along with implications for theory and application in domains such as intergroup relations, conflict resolution, and political campaigning.
Sensitization of the Locomotor Response to Psychostimulants after Repeated Opiate Exposure: Role of the Nucleus Accumbens

The following experiments were performed to ascertain the role of the nucleus accumbens in opiate-dopamine interactions using measures of locomotor activity. Three separate experiments were carried out. In Experiment 1, rats received systemic morphine (10 mg/kg IP) or saline (1 ml/kg IP) every other day for 5 days, followed by systemic amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) 48 hours following the fifth injection. Animals in the morphine pretreatment group exhibited a sensitized locomotor response to amphetamine. In Experiment 2, animals received the same systemic pretreatment and were subsequently given intraaccumbens saline, amphetamine (2.5 μg/0.5 μl) or cocaine (7 μg/0.5 μl), each separated by 48 hours. Morphine-pretreated animals showed enhanced motor activity in response to intraaccumbens microinfusion of the psychostimulant drugs. Finally, in Experiment 3, multiple microinjections of morphine (0.5 μg/0.5 μl) directly into the nucleus accumbens resulted in a potentiated locomotor response to intraaccumbens amphetamine (2.5 μg/0.5 μl). These data indicate that the nucleus accumbens may contribute to both the development and expression of opiate-stimulant cross-sensitization. The neural basis of this sensitization is hypothesized to be a common intracellular pathway affected by both classes of drugs, such as the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) system.
Effects of Nuclear Radiation as Part of the Temperature-Vacuum-Power Environment

Various electronic parts were exposed to combined environments such as temperature, vacuum, and nuclear radiation. A brief summary of the total results is presented with a more detailed description of the results obtained on the 2N911 transistor.
Measurement of Ion Currents through Porous Membranes with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy

Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) was used to interrogate ion currents emanating from nanometer-scale pores of a polymer membrane. The transport activity of individual pores was measured by examining ion current images and corresponding topographic images recorded simultaneously. Localized ion currents over individual nanopores were generated by introducing a concentration difference between the upper and lower chambers of a diffusion cell. To better estimate these localized ion currents, Goldman−Hodgkin−Katz (GHK) theory was used to model ion current through a permeable membrane under gradients of both concentration and applied potential. Experimental ion current profiles over a single pore fit well with theoretical plots calculated from the GHK model. On the basis of this analysis, nanoscale transport properties can be measured with SICM.
Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract The role and success rate of catheter ablation for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) depend on the mechanism and origin of the tachycardia (i.e., myocardial versus His-Purkinje system) and whether it occurs in the presence or absence of structural heart disease. For sustained bundle-branch reentry, a form of VT associated with structural heart disease, radiofrequency catheter ablation of the right bundle-branch can be performed readily and is highly successful in eliminating this arrhythmia. Because of modest success rates of catheter ablation of VT associated with a prior infarction (between 17% and 75%), this treatment modality is usually considered for cases refractory to drug therapy and should be viewed as adjunctive therapy. The target for ablation is a critical area of slow conduction, which is selected based on earliest endocardial activation, mid-diastolic potentials, concealed entrainment, or pace mapping. Radiofrequency catheter ablation may be the treatment of choice in patients with VT and no apparent structural heart disease; this is especially true for young patients who would otherwise require long-life antiarrhythmic therapy. Success rates between 75% and 100% have been reported, especially when the origin is in the right ventricular outflow tract.
Solubility of Salmon Myosin as Affected by Conformational Changes at Various Ionic Strengths and pH

The relationship between solubility and conformational changes of salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) myofibrillar proteins at various ionic strengths and pH was investigated using myosin as a model system. Solubility of myosin increased with increased KCl concentration up to 0.5M. Further increasing salt concentration resulted in a gradually reduced solubility. In the absence of salt, myosin was slightly soluble at pH>7 or 1.0M, myosin regained its helix structure with a concomitant loss of solubility due to the dominant hydrophobic interaction among nonpolar amino acid residues.
Strain modeling of displacement-field partitioning in transpressional orogens

In regions of oblique plate convergence, deformation is generally partitioned into strike-slip and contractional components. We use a strain model of transpression, based upon a three-dimensional velocity gradient tensor, to address the question of why such partitioning occurs. An exact relationship between angle of plate convergence, instantaneous strain, and finite strain is calculated, providing a predictive tool to interpret the type and orientation of geological structures in zones of oblique convergence. The instantaneous and finite strain axes are not coincident, and thus there is no simple relationship between instantaneous strain (or stress) and structures that developed over a protracted deformation, such as crustal-scale faults. In order to simulate more realistic geological settings, we use a partitioning model of transpression which quantifies the effect of fault efficiency on the displacement field. This model is applied to two transpressional settings: Sumatra and central California. Sumatra shows a very low degree of partitioning of the displacement field and a relatively small offset on the Great Sumatran fault. In contrast, central California displays a large degree of displacement partitioning, and efficient slip on the San Andreas fault system. Since both systems show partitioning of deformation into strike-slip and thrust motion, it is unlikely that the San Andreas fault is rheologically ‘weaker’ than the Great Sumatran fault. We propose that the difference in fault efficiency results from kinematic partitioning of the displacement field controlled by relative plate motion, rather than mechanical decoupling generated by fault weakness.
Interpersonal deception: II. The inferiority of conversational participants as deception detectors.

This experiment compared the deception detection skills of conversational participants and observers. Participants were expected to have a more pronounced truth‐bias than observers. They were also predicted to be less accurate detecting deception than observers because of the cognitive and communication requirements of conversational management. Each of fifty observers viewed two videotaped interactions between an interviewer (i.e., conversational participant) and two interviewees (i.e., sources) who either told the truth or deceived. Conversational participants attributed more truth to sources than did observers and they were less accurate detectors than observers. When not told about the deception manipulation, observers relied on more accurate behavioral cues than participants. When informed about deception, participants relied on inaccurate facial cues, whereas observers relied on inaccurate vocal cues to judge deceit.
Exploring Structure−Activity Relationships of Transition State Analogues of Human Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase

The aza-C-nucleosides, Immucillin-H and Immucillin-G, are transition state analogue inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, a therapeutic target for the control of T-cell proliferation. Immucillin analogues modified at the 2‘-, 3‘-, or 5‘-positions of the azasugar moiety or at the 6-, 7-, or 8-positions of the deazapurine, as well as methylene-bridged analogues, have been synthesized and tested for their inhibition of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. All analogues were poorer inhibitors, which reflects the superior capture of transition state features in the parent immucillins.
Controlling cardiac arrhythmias by lengthening repolarization: Historical overview

An increasing confluence of experimental and clinical data on the gravity of proarrhythmic effects of class I agents has led to a shift to other electrophysiologic classes of agents for treating cardiac arrhythmias. The fact that beta blockers reduce mortality in a variety of subsets of patients has suggested a wider role for this class of agents. Recent investigations have focused on the potential role of sotalol and amiodarone, 2 agents that not only block sympathetic antagonism, but also prolong cardiac repolarization. They have been test drugs in an increasing number of controlled and uncontrolled trials in patients at risk for arrhythmic deaths. Their properties have formed the basis for the hypothesis that arrhythmias may be effectively controlled independently of changes in conduction; they are prototypes of compounds that may favorably influence electrical instability in the myocardium. Amiodarone and sotalol are, however, complex molecules with attendant side effects; therefore, attention is also focusing on compounds that act simply by selective prolongation of cardiac repolarization. These agents have been termed "pure" class III agents. The properties of sotalol, the prototype of class III agents, are of particular interest because it is a racemic mixture with the levo-isomer having 50 times the beta-blocking potency of the dextro-isomer; both have equipotent class III actions. Studies of the antiarrhythmic properties of beta blockers, D- and D,L-sotalol, and amiodarone may provide insights into the nature of class III actions. There is clinical evidence indicating that class III drugs exert a varying spectrum of antifibrillatory and proarrhythmic (characterized by torsades de pointes) actions for a given degree of prolongation of repolarization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mlibrary: Concepts for Redefining Reference

ABSTRACT Readily available reference services have been a key component of the University of Michigan Library's (MLibrary) success in supporting and advancing campus research, teaching, and learning. An examination of the evolution of our reference services over the past 10 years suggests strategies and innovative approaches that may well inform future service directions. The purpose of this article is to capture the University of Michigan experience as a way to better understand this evolution and, in doing so, to offer critical concepts to consider when thinking about the development of current and future reference services.