cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorptive fractionation of corn, wheat, and soybean crop residue derived water-extractable organic matter on iron (oxy)hydroxide

Abstract Plant biomass is the primary source material for the formation of soil organic matter, which comprises the largest terrestrial pool of the global C cycle. Adsorption of water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) to soil mineral surfaces is a critical step in the process of organic matter accumulation. In this study, we examined the molecular fractionation of WEOM derived from field-grown corn, wheat, and soybean crop residues upon adsorption to iron (oxy)hydroxide (FeOOH) mineral using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. The results show that aromatic, N-containing aliphatic as well as lignin-like molecules with higher O/C atomic ratios have preferential affinity for FeOOH surfaces. Lignin-like molecules with low and high numbers of O atoms were adsorbed, while those with intermediate O numbers were not adsorbed. This pattern is likely due to two different mechanisms of adsorption that is dependent on molecular size: smaller molecules with low O numbers bond through an inner-sphere ligand exchange mechanism, and the larger molecules with high O numbers bond through the formation of multiple H-bonds between the WEOM and FeOOH surface functional groups. Adsorption of WEOM to soil mineral surfaces has wide ecosystem implications, since adsorbed organic matter molecules are now believed to be more protected from microbial decomposition reactions. This study shows that WEOM chemical composition is an important factor controlling its adsorption to mineral surfaces. Understanding these soil and crop chemical interactions at the molecular level will be increasingly important for developing production systems that maintain high SOM levels and soil health in the decades ahead.
Insights and Tracking of Pollution Awareness Using Google Trends

Background. Although pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world today, it does not receive consistent and commensurate public attention. Objectives. Th...
Magnesium Sulfate-Induced Motor Evoked Potential Changes.

Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are commonly used during neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring. Anesthetic, homeostatic, surgical, and technical factors can cause a change in MEPs. The authors ...
We Can Work It Out: Co-op Compulsory Licensing as the Way Forward in Improving Access to Anti-Retroviral Drugs

Access to essential medicines in the developing world, including anti-retroviral therapies useful in treating HIV/AIDS, is a problem to which the global community has yet to find a solution. Essential medicines are generally protected by patent law, and they can be prohibitively expensive for persons in the developing world. Although, in theory, owners of the IP in the medicines have sound economic reasons for increasing access, the possibility of strategic behavior on the part of developing nations has led to a burdensome and unwieldy compulsory license scheme under the TRIPS Article 30 health flexibility waiver. The access issue tends to be approached from pure humanitarian or pure market fundamentalist points of view, leading to prescriptions that are at odds with each other. Political positioning and posturing among nations add to the lack of progress stemming from the purist approaches. This article acknowledges the strengths and shortcomings of the traditional approaches, and then advances an economic solution based upon a game theory model. Re-alignment of the incentives under the licensing regime by promoting development of local knowledge and industry may reduce any locally-perceived need to game the system and may lead to improved short and long-term outcomes. A game theory model illustrates the potential for incentive re-alignment and a more cooperative approach to the access problem.
About the ABC Conjecture and an alternative

After a detailed discussion of the ABC Conjecture, we discuss three alternative conjectures proposed by Baker in 2004. The third alternative is particularly interesting, because there may be a way to prove it using the methods of linear forms in logarithms.
Materials for boilers operating under supercritical steam conditions

Abstract: The first generation of supercritical power plants were beset by a variety of design, operational, and materials-related problems of such severity that the power industry in the United States did not build a new unit for close to 30 years. In the interim period these problems were resolved and new materials developed resulting in increased availability and reliability and decreased maintenance costs. With refined design procedures and codes established, material development efforts are underway to construct power plants with steam temperatures as high as 760 °C (1400 °F) and projected generating efficiencies up to 50% higher heating value basis (HHV). This chapter presents in general terms the properties and requirements of materials selected for the high-temperature regions of different categories of supercritical boiler.
Sebastian Luft and Søren Overgaard (Eds.): The Routledge Companion to Phenomenology

The Routledge Companion to Phenomenology covers an impressive range of issues and authors from the phenomenological tradition and presents phenomenology's philosophical contributions in a clear and compelling way. The quality of the individual essays is consistently outstanding, and they nicely complement one another. In contrast to volumes such as Moran and Embree (2004), The Routledge Companion to Phenomenology is a collection of essays written specifically for this volume. Its formal approach can be compared to Dreyfus and Wrathall (2006), though the emphasis of the The Routledge Companion to Phenomenology is different. The existentialists do get their fair share of attention in The Routledge Companion to Phenomenology, but as the editors explicitly state in the introduction, their companion takes a more Husserlian starting point in selecting contributors and topics (p. 13). Finally, in contrast to the recently published The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Phenomenology (Zahavi 2012), which collects article length research papers on phenomenological topics, the contributions in The Routledge Companion to Phenomenology are shorter articles that could orient the newcomer to phenomenology or expand the horizons of those already familiar with this philosophical tradition. The volume succeeds in addressing a wide and diverse audience because the individual contributions are both accessible and display philosophical depth and accuracy. The volume is divided into four main parts. The first part treats the main figures in the phenomenological movement. Ten individual essays provide historical information and a general overview of the philosophical works and contributions of the phenomenologist in question. Some contributions focus more on the philosophical development of the respective phenomenologist throughout the different stages of their work (Moran on Husserl, Romdenh-Romluc on
A Comparison of Secondary Target Location in Instructive Feedback Procedures

Instructive feedback (IF) is an effective strategy for increasing the efficiency of targeted instruction. Although effective, the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of secondary targets via IF are unknown. In the current investigation, two forms of IF were compared to determine if indiscriminable contingencies were responsible, in part, for the acquisition of secondary targets during IF procedures. During teaching, IF stimuli were presented either before or after the praise statement for mastered tacts to two learners with autism spectrum disorders. Across both participants, IF before the praise statement resulted in faster acquisition of secondary targets that were maintained for 16–18 weeks post intervention. These results extend the IF literature by providing evidence that acquisition of secondary targets via IF may at least partially attributed to the occurrence of indiscriminable contingencies.
Who Undergoes Cytoreductive Surgery and Perioperative Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Appendiceal Cancer? An Analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Abstract Background We sought to identify patterns of care for patients with appendiceal cancer and identify clinical factors associated with patient selection for multimodality treatment, including cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/PIC). Materials and methods National Cancer Database (NCDB) data from 2004 to 2014 of all diagnoses of appendiceal cancers were examined. We examined treatment modalities, as well as demographic, tumor-specific, and survival data. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the patient cohort most likely to receive CRS/PIC. Kaplan–Meier was used to estimate survival for all treatment groups. Significance was evaluated at P ≤ 0.05. Results We analyzed data on 18,055 patients. Nine thousand nine hundred ninety-two (55.3%) were treated with surgery only, 5848 (32.4%) received surgery and systemic chemotherapy, 1393 (7.71%) received CRS/PIC, 520 (2.88%) received chemotherapy alone, and 302 (1.67%) received neither surgery nor chemotherapy. Significant predictors of receiving CRS/PIC included male sex (OR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11-1.59), white race (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.40-2.86), non-Hispanic ethnicity (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.21-3.05), private insurance (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.26-1.84), and well-differentiated tumors (OR 4.25, CI: 3.39-5.32) (P Conclusions Patients were more likely to undergo CRS/PIC if they were male, white, privately insured, and with well-differentiated tumors. CRS/PIC was associated with improved survival in patients with mucinous and low-grade tumors.
Reflections on Norheim (2018), Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Is Published Comment on "Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Is Published: A Theory of Change Is Needed for Translating Evidence to Health Policy".

The publication of Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition (DCP3) is a major milestone in the global health world. DCP3 reviews and summarizes high quality health intervention effectiveness and cost-effectiveness evidence relevant to low- and middle-income countries and is freely available to users. This Commentary summarizes Norheim’s (2018) assessment of DCP3’s role in country health priority-setting and offers reflections on what DCP3 can continue to offer countries seeking to improve their purchasing of health.
Clostridium difficile Enterocolitis in a Captive Geoffroy’s Spider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) and Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Clostridium difficile is a well-documented cause of enterocolitis in several species, including humans, with limited documentation in New World nonhuman primates. We report several cases of C. difficile-associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis, including a case in a Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) and several cases in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The histologic lesions included a spectrum of severity, with most cases characterized by the classic "volcano" lesions described in humans and several other animal species. C. difficile was isolated from the colon of the spider monkey, while the presence of toxin A or toxin B or of the genes of toxin A or B by polymerase chain reaction served as corroborative evidence in several affected marmosets. C. difficile should be considered a cause of enterocolitis in these species.
Feira municipal do produtor rural “Antonio Alves Victor de Assis”, Alegre, ES: Alternativa de renda para a agricultura familiar

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o perfil atual dos feirantes que trabalham na Feira Municipal do Produtor Rural “Antonio Alves Victor de Assis”, localizada no municipio de Alegre, ES. O perfil dos 48 feirantes foi tracado por meio da aplicacao de um questionario de entrevista estruturada. Conclui-se que o perfil dos produtores rurais que atuam na Feira do Produtor Rural “Antonio Alves Victor de Assis” sao: predominantemente do sexo masculino, entre 41 e 60 anos, casados, com ate 03 filhos. Possuem escolaridade ate o ensino fundamental incompleto, reside na zona rural do municipio de Alegre, sao donos das propriedades onde habitam e as mesmas tem ate 20 ha, tem experiencia de ate 10 anos de feira, produzem grande diversidade de produtos e conquistam ate 02 salarios minimos mensais na feira. Os resultados encontrados revelam a importância da Feira tanto no abastecimento interno municipal como na geracao de renda, principalmente, de pequenos agricultores o que corrobora para o fortalecimento da agricultura familiar local.
2.212 – Silk Biomaterials

Silk is a versatile protein polymer spun as fibers by silkworms and spiders. Silks have played a major role in the history of textures for thousands of years. Silk proteins are of high molecular weight and have been formulated into many biomedical applications. Previous medical uses of silks focused on sutures, while the newer processed forms of silks are expanding biomedical utility into many areas of tissue repair and regeneration and medical device needs. These applications include ligaments, cartilage and bone, optical and microfluidic devices, nanofiber mats for skin wound healing, microspheres/nanoparticles for drug delivery, and hydrogels, among others. Through processing control of beta-sheet crystalline content of silk biomaterials, biological, mechanical, optical, thermal, and electromagnetic properties can be tailored to specific needs. This control can be achieved in all aqueous systems or in organic solvents, offering further versatility to the materials. This chapter provides a broad review of silk-based biomaterials that have been pursued in recent years.
Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) expression and function in dry eye associated inflammation

PurposeDry eye disease (DED) affects hundreds of millions worldwide. Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) has been shown to improve signs and symptoms of DED in humans. The objectives of this study were to characterize endogenous PRG4 expression by telomerase-immortalized human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cells, examine how exogenous recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) modulates cytokine and chemokine secretion in response to TNF and IL-1{beta}, explore rhPRG4 as a potential substrate and/or inhibitor of MMP-9, and to understand how experimental dry (EDE) in mice affects PRG4 expression. MethodsPRG4 secretion was quantified by Western blotting and PRG4 expression by immunocytochemistry. Cytokine/chemokine release was measured by ELISA, and MMP-9 inhibition was quantified using an MMP-9 inhibitor kit. EDE was induced in mice, and PRG4 was visualized by immunohistochemistry in the cornea and Western blotting in lacrimal gland lysate. ResultshTCEpi cells synthesize and secrete PRG4 in vitro, which is inhibited by TNF and IL-1{beta}. TNF and IL-1{beta} significantly increased secretion of cytokine IL-6 and chemokines IL-8, IP-10, RANTES, and ENA-78, and several of these chemokines were downregulated after cotreatment with rhPRG4. Fluorescently-labelled rhPRG4 was internalized by hTCEpi cells. rhPRG4 was not digested by MMP-9 and inhibited in vitro activity of exogenous MMP-9 both in solution and in the presence of human tears. Finally, EDE decreased corneal and lacrimal gland expression of PRG4. ConclusionsThese results demonstrate rhPRG4s anti-inflammatory properties in the corneal epithelium and its contribution to ocular surface homeostasis, furthering our understanding of PRG4s immunomodulatory properties in the context of DED inflammation.
Effect of Motor Skill Training in Functional Activities vs Strength and Flexibility Exercise on Function in People With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Chronic low back pain (LBP) is the most prevalent chronic pain in adults, and there is no optimal nonpharmacologic management. Exercise is recommended, but no specific exercise-based treatment has been found to be most effective. Objective To determine whether an exercise-based treatment of person-specific motor skill training (MST) in performance of functional activities is more effective in improving function than strength and flexibility exercise (SFE) immediately, 6 months, and 12 months following treatment. The effect of booster treatments 6 months following treatment also was examined. Design, Setting, and Participants In this single-blind, randomized clinical trial of people with chronic, nonspecific LBP with 12-month follow-up, recruitment spanned December 2013 to August 2016 (final follow-up, November 2017), and testing and treatment were performed at an academic medical center. Recruitment was conducted by way of flyers, physician and physical therapy offices, advertisements, and media interviews at Washington University in St Louis, Missouri. Of 1595 adults screened for eligibility, 1301 did not meet the inclusion criteria and 140 could not be scheduled for the first visit. A total of 154 people with at least 12 months of chronic, nonspecific LBP, aged 18 to 60 years, with modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (MODQ) score of at least 20% were randomized to either MST or SFE. Data were analyzed between December 1, 2017, and October 6, 2020. Interventions Participants received 6 weekly 1-hour sessions of MST in functional activity performance or SFE of the trunk and lower limbs. Half of the participants in each group received up to 3 booster treatments 6 months following treatment. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (MODQ) score (0%-100%) evaluated immediately, 6 months, and 12 months following treatment. Results A total of 149 participants (91 women; mean [SD] age, 42.5 [11.7] years) received some treatment and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Following treatment, MODQ scores were lower for MST than SFE by 7.9 (95% CI, 4.7 to 11.0;P Conclusions and Relevance People with chronic LBP who received MST had greater short-term and long-term improvements in function than those who received SFE. Person-specific MST in functional activities limited owing to LBP should be considered in the treatment of people with chronic LBP. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02027623
Molluscan Explosion: The Dutch Shipworm Epidemic of the 1730s

An invasive mollusk called the shipworm (Teredo navalis) attacked coastal dikes in the Netherlands in the 1730s, leading to changes in the design of dikes.
A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Paths of Influence Leading from Situation to Consumption

This research considered an approach to better understanding the mechanism by which consumption situation affects consumption behavior. The results support the value of studying the psychological process that links situation and consumption. In particular, it appears benefits required by the consumer furnish one important intervening variable in this psychological process.
Brain glia release factors with opposing actions upon neuronal survival.

Microglia and astroglia have been thought to govern the survival of neurons after damage to the CNS. To investigate these putative glia- neuron relationships, we examined microglia and astroglia secretion products for effects upon growth of cultured neurons. Activated microglia secrete small neurotoxic factors ( 10 kDa) that promote neuronal growth. Proteins released from astroglia, moreover, attenuate microglial toxicity, suggesting that different glial populations have opposing actions upon neuronal survival. Further study shows that neurotoxins from microglia are heat-stable, protease-resistant molecules with biologic activities blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists. Microglial factors, although toxic for chick ciliary neurons and rat spinal cord neurons, did not reduce numbers of oligodendroglia, astroglia, or Schwann cells in culture. The microglial neurotoxins can be distinguished from cytokines, from free radical intermediates, from the excitatory amino acids glutamate or aspartate, and from the NMDA receptor-mediated toxin quinolinic acid. We propose that secretion products from reactive microglia, but not astroglia, endanger surviving neurons after CNS injury by release of a novel class of neuron-killing molecules.
Liquidity, Liquidity Commonality and Its Impact on Portfolio Theory

We measure liquidity as a functional of supply and demand schedules, and measure commonality in liquidity as functional covariance. We show that liquidity commonality is due to supply and demand co-movements, through which order types play an important role; order types include market and limit orders. Contrarily, return commonality is mainly caused by order-flow co-movement; order flows include order directions and sizes. Since return commonality and liquidity commonality are caused by different forces, it is possible for stocks to have negative or little correlations in returns but strong positive correlations in liquidity. Both simulation results and empirical evidence from the Australian Stock Exchange support the above statement. Therefore, liquidity commonality poses a problem to diversification strategies based solely on picking stocks that do not correlate in returns. It is in this sense that not only the first moment of liquidity matters to asset pricing, its second moment matters as well.
Cholinergic receptor binding in the frontal cortex of suicide victims.

A number of studies using a variety of experimental approaches have suggested that changes in the cholinergic system may be related to affective disorders. Patients with a diagnosis of affective disorder are reported to have increased sensitivity to cholinergic agonists as measured by changes in REM sleep latency (18). Physostigmine reduces the manic symptoms of manic-depressives and exacerbates the symptoms of depression in depressives (9, 10). Additionally, there have been reports that physostigmine induces depressive symptoms in normals (16). The latter observation is also consistent with reports that exposure to organophosphate insecticides (irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors) is associated with depressive symptoms (8). More recently increases in the density of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in skin fibroblasts of manic-depressive patients has been reported (14). In sum, these findings are suggestive of an increased sensitivity in the cholinergic systems of individuals with an affective disorder (as well as the introduction de novo of depressive symptoms in normals).
Stimulating the Stimulus: U.S. Controlled Subsidiaries and I.R.C. 965

Recently, there has been much debate about how and when to balance the federal budget. Economists have examined how to safely raise taxes without stifling crucial growth in a fragile economic climate. This Note argues that a method already exists for tapping additional, secure sources of funding, namely the taxation of repatriated earnings from foreign subsidiaries. The Note explores the advantages and disadvantages of reenacting a tax break on foreign profits returning to the U.S. and concludes that the reenactment of this tax break coupled with major revision of the tax code will improve the taxation of U.S. businesses with subsidiaries abroad. These two acts are keys to a more honest and more effectual international tax system.
Redundancy Relations and Robust Failure Detection

All failure detection methods are based on the use of redundancy, that is on (possible dynamic) relations among the measured variables. Consequently the robustness of the failure detection process depends to a great degree on the reliability of the redundancy relations given the inevitable presence of model uncertainties. In this paper we address the problem of determining redundancy relations which are optimally robust in a sense which includes the major issues of importance in practical failure detection and which provides us with a significant amount of intuition concerning the geometry of robust failure detection.
Photoreactivation and Gene Dosage in Yeast

The amount of photoreactivating enzyme in tetraploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the ability of the cells to be photoreactivated after ultraviolet irradiation are directly proportional to the number of genes per cell involved in the synthesis of photoreactivating enzyme.
Augmented reality enabling intelligence exploitation at the edge

Today’s Warfighters need to make quick decisions while interacting in densely populated environments comprised of friendly, hostile, and neutral host nation locals. However, there is a gap in the real-time processing of big data streams for edge intelligence. We introduce a big data processing pipeline called ARTEA that ingests, monitors, and performs a variety of analytics including noise reduction, pattern identification, and trend and event detection in the context of an area of operations (AOR). Results of the analytics are presented to the Soldier via an augmented reality (AR) device Google Glass (Glass). Non-intrusive AR devices such as Glass can visually communicate contextually relevant alerts to the Soldier based on the current mission objectives, time, location, and observed or sensed activities. This real-time processing and AR presentation approach to knowledge discovery flattens the intelligence hierarchy enabling the edge Soldier to act as a vital and active participant in the analysis process. We report preliminary observations testing ARTEA and Glass in a document exploitation and person of interest scenario simulating edge Soldier participation in the intelligence process in disconnected deployment conditions.
SURVEY OF FOURTEEN METABOLIC INHIBITORS FOR THEIR EFFECT ON ENDOSPORE GERMINATION IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS

Curran, Harold R. (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.) and Georges Knaysi. Survey of fourteen metabolic inhibitors for their effect on endospore germination in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 82:793-797. 1961.-Phase contrast microscopy was used to study the effects of metabolic antagonists upon incipient spore germination in glucose agar-film microcultures. The period of observation was 1 to 2 hr. Of 14 compounds tested, only ethanol in 10% concentration (v/v) caused almost complete inhibition. Oxamic acid and dl-ethionine were slightly stimulatory; 6-methyl thiouracil and octyl aldehyde were without effect. The inhibiting effect of the remainder depended upon the concentration of the antagonist. The stimulating effect of glucose on germination is discussed.
1337 SELECTION OF INFANTS WITH PERSISTENT FETAL CIRCULATION (PFC) FOR EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO)

1337 SELECTION OF INFANTS WITH PERSISTENT FETAL CIRCULATION (PFC) FOR EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO)
Floating well CMOS and latchup

The operation of CMOS devices in an electrically floating well is considered. The impetus for this study is the potential reduction of silicon area consumption and wiring complexity attainable when the need for well contacts is eliminated. Experimental P-channel transistor characteristics are presented, for both the floating and non-floating well cases; consideration extends to FET device characteristics, subthreshold behavior, as well as junction leakage and breakdown voltage. Results indicate that transistor operation is not significantly affected when the well is electrically floated. Latchup hardness is somewhat but not excessively degraded when the well is floated, and is explained by means of a simple holding voltage model. It is shown that increased source (emitter) resistance may offset this degradation.
Pasteurization of Fresh Orange Juice Using Gamma Irradiation: Microbiological, Flavor, and Sensory Analyses

Recent concern about the presence of disease-causing bacteria in unpasteurized juice has highlighted the need to develop alternative means of pathogen control that preserve sensory properties and nutrient content. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different doses of gamma irradiation on reducing the microbial pathogens L. monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica in fresh orange juice, and to determine whether significant reduction could be achieved without compromising sensory qualities. While irradiation was effective in destroying pathogens, the development of off flavors precludes its use as an alternative processing technology.
Carotid-CNS MR flow imaging

The authors present their 1-year experience with the use of 3DFT, time-of-flight MR angiography for the evaluation of vascular diseases of the head and neck. Their experience with over 150 patients indicates that this examination may be performed in conjunction with standard spin-echo imaging with only a minimal increase in patient examination time. This combined examination is most applicable to atherosclerotic disease of the carotid bifurcation, arterial occlusions of the primary and secondary branches of the intracranial circulation (particularly in pediatric patients such as those following ECMO or with sickle cell anemia), and patients with saccular berry aneurysms. This type of static, angiographic technique adds little to standard spin-echo imaging in patients with arteriovenous fistulae, neoplasms, and giant intracranial aneurysms. Limitations of the present technique include the inability to visualize slow flow lesions (e.g., giant aneurysms) and selected high flow states (arteriovenous fistulae, some severe stenoses ). © 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
Dose-dependent pulmonary effects of inhaled endotoxin in guinea pigs.

As a cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria, endotoxin is thought to play a significant role in the respiratory effects of inhaled organic dusts which are microbially contaminated. Assessment of occupational survey data and clinical studies suggests that few measureable, acute functional changes occur below 30–50 ng/m 3 endotoxin (as sampled in airborne dust with a vertical elutriator). Little information is available on the inflammatory effects of inhaled endotoxin at these low concentrations. The present study examined the dose-response relationship between inhaled endotoxin and functional, biochemical, and histological endpoints in the lungs of guinea pigs. Animals were exposed to 0.03 to 50.5 μg/m 3 aerosolized endotoxin or the vehicle water for 4 hr. At 2 hr into exposure, significant decreases in specific airway conductance were observed only in animals exposed to 9.6 and 50.5 μg/m 3 endotoxin (17.3 ± 1.2 and 35.5 ± 0.5% decreases from baseline values, respectively (mean ± SE)). Total cell count and lactate dehydrogenase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly elevated at 24 hr after exposure in all endotoxin-exposed groups except the lowest dose, 0.03 μg/m 3 ( P
Developmental arrest following divorce: the role of therapist as a developmental facilitator.

Abstract Children of divorced parents suffer significant developmental arrests as a result of the absence of a parent who normally serves as a facilitator of development. A special role for the therapist as a developmental facilitator and surrogate parent within the psychotherapy is described.
Immersed electrokinetic finite element method

A new method is proposed for modelling the electrokinetic-induced mechanical motion of particles in a fluid domain under an applied electric field. In this method, independent solid meshes move in a fixed background field mesh that models the fluid and the electric field. This simple strategy removes the need for expensive mesh updates. Furthermore, the reproducing kernel particle functions enable efficient coupling of various immersed deformable solids with the surrounding viscous fluid in the presence of an applied electric field. The electric force on a particle is calculated by the Maxwell stress tensor method. For the first time, three-dimensional assembly of nano/biomaterials of various geometries and electrical properties have been comprehensively studied using the new method. Simulation of the dynamic process of electro-manipulation of individual and multiple cells agrees well with experimental data. Preliminary results for selective deposition of viruses and stretching of a DNA molecule are also presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Off-forward parton distributions and impact parameter dependent parton structure

The connection between parton distributions as a function of the impact parameter and off-forward parton distributions is discussed in the limit of vanishing skewedness parameter $\zeta$, i.e. when the off-forwardness is purely transverse. For the $2^{nd}$ moment it is also illustrated how to relate $\zeta\neq 0$ data to $\zeta=0$ data, which is important for experimental measurements of these observables.
X-Ray Crystal Analysis of Thirteen Common Metals

Crystal Structure of Thirteen Metals Determined by X-ray Analysis.---The author's method of powder analysis was used. In the case of anisometric substances, the crystal system and axial ratio were found by means of plots by the method described in the preceding ${\mathrm{paper}.}^{2}$ The lattices of chromium, molybdenum and tantalum were found to be body centered cubes with sides 2.895, 3.143 and 3.272 \AA{}. respectively; cobalt alpha, nickel, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum have face centered cubic lattices with the sides of the cubes 3.554, 3.540, 3.820, 3.950, 3.805 and 3.930 \AA{}. respectively; cobalt beta, zinc, cadmium and ruthenium have hexagonal lattices of the "close-packed" type with axial ratios 1.63, 1.86, 1.89 and 1.59 respectively and with the triangular sides 2.514, 2.670, 2.960 and 2.686 \AA{}. respectively; and indium has a face-centered tetragonal lattice with axial ratio 1.06 and the side of elementary prism 4.58 \AA{}. The structures found for cadmium, zinc and indium are close packed arrangements of solid prolate spheroids while that for ruthenium is a close packed arrangement of oblate spheroids.
A strategy of assumed incumbency: A case study

This study examines the strategy of assumed incumbency as a decision‐making model and guide for political campaign development. The study presents the assumptions of the model and discusses its goal of presenting a candidate as the “natural choice” for a position. The movement of the campaign is followed through three stages of development—legitimacy, identification, and reinforcement. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the strategy.
Silica-Coated Gold Nanoplates as Stable Photoacoustic Contrast Agents for Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging

A biopsy of the first lymph node to which a tumor drains—the sentinel lymph node (SLN)—is commonly performed to identify micrometastases. Image guidance of the SLN biopsy procedure has the potential to improve its accuracy and decrease its morbidity. We have developed a new stable contrast agent for photoacoustic image-guided SLN biopsy: silica-coated gold nanoplates (Si-AuNPs). The Si-AuNPs exhibit high photothermal stability when exposed to pulsed and continuous wave laser irradiation. This makes them well suited for in vivo photoacoustic imaging. Furthermore, Si-AuNPs are shown to have low cytotoxicity. We tested the Si-AuNPs for SLN mapping in a mouse model where they exhibited a strong, sustained photoacoustic signal. Real-time ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging revealed that the Si-AuNPs quickly drain to the SLN, gradually spreading throughout a large portion of the node.
Effect of peripheral perfusion on accuracy of pulse oximetry in children.

Abstract Study Objective: To examine the effect of perfusion on accuracy of two pulse oximeters in children and to determine thresholds of perfusion below which these pulse oximeters become inaccurate or cease to function. Design: Prospective, observational clinical study. Setting: Operating room of a large university hospital. Patients: 19 children 10 years of age or less, who were scheduled for general anesthesia with placement of an intraarterial catheter. Interventions: A radial artery catheter, laser Doppler probe, skin temperature sensor, and band probes of two oximeters, Ohmeda 3700 (Boulder, CO) and Nellcor N200 (Hayward, CA), were attached to the same hand. Baseline pulse oximeter and Doppler readings were obtained with simultaneous hemoximetry (AVL Model 912 CO-Oxylite, Roswell, GA), skin and esophageal temperatures, total hemoglobin, and transduced arterial pressure. Readings of all parameters (n = 94) were obtained during periods of low perfusion or by occluding the upper arm to 70% to 100% of systolic pressure. Measurements and Main Results: Bias (SpO 2 − SaO 2 ) of each oximeter is compared to each perfusion variable (age, weight, core and skin temperature, hemoglobin concentration, pulse pressure, and percent flow by laser Doppler) to determine effect on accuracy. Data were analyzed using backward multivariate linear regression, Pearson correlation coefficients, and independent paired t-test. p Conclusions: At the parameters explored in this study, the selected seven perfusion variables (age, weight, core and skin temperature, hemoglobin concentration, pulse pressure, and percent flow by laser Doppler) have little effect on accuracy of pulse oximetry in children.
4;11 translocation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a specific syndrome.

Abstract Three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) having t(4;11) (q21;q23) are described. Their clinical characteristics are compared with ten other published cases all involving similar histories and poor prognoses.
A model of insurance markets with incomplete information

Abstract The paper investigates how a competitive market would allocate insurance policies if firms were not able to determine the riskiness of individual consumers. It is demonstrated that if all firms have static expectations with regard to the policy offers of other firms, no stationary equilibrium may exist. A second equilibrium concept is then introduced which incorporates a different expectation rule. Each firm assumes that any policy will be immediately withdrawn which becomes unprofitable after that firm makes its own policy offer. This equilibrium is shown to exist and some of its welfare properties are investigated.
Noise Barriers Using Recycled-Plastic Lumber:

Increasing public demand for reduced traffic noise levels is generating a growing need for more and better highway noise barriers. Those using conventional materials such as wood, steel, or concrete deplete natural resources and occasionally meet public criticism with respect to aesthetics. Disposal of accumulating plastic waste is another environmental challenge. Barriers that use recycled plastic thus are not only functional but also environmentally beneficial. Such barriers are proposed in this paper. The proposed material is recycled-plastic lumber, a material extruded into standard lumber sizes used by the timber industry. This material has many advantages. It is durable and requires little maintenance, can be cut and fastened like wood, provides several aesthetic alternatives in both color and texture, is highly resistant to insects and graffiti, is readily available, and is thus inexpensive compared to custom-made plastic shapes. Being denser, it should block noise more effectively than wood sheath...
An Ultrastructural Study of Ethylene-treated Stem Segments of Alaska Pea (Pisum sativum)

Etiolated Alaska pea (Pisum sativum) stem sections (10mm) undergo cellular swelling, with attendant alterations in the cell-wall microfibrillar pattern when treated for 24 hr with 25 ppm ethylene. In addition, the ethylene-treated tissue exhibits altered morphology in terms of having intercellular spaces with microfibrillar orientation similar to that of the cell-walls.Ethylene-treated tissue exhibits a ring-shaped nucleolus in comparison to the normal, more compact type of nucleolus, usually present in nuclei.
Quantitative analysis of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris associated with total knee replacements.

The size and morphology of particulate wear debris retrieved from tissues around 18 failed total knee replacements (TKR) were characterized. Interfacial membranes from nine cemented and nine uncemented TKR were harvested from below the tibial components during revision surgery. Wear debris were extracted using papain and potassium hydroxide digestion. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles from around cemented or uncemented TKR were similar in size and morphology. The mean size was 1.7 ± 0.7 μm with a range of 0.1–18 μm. Thirty-six percent of the particles were less than 1 μm and 90% were less than 3 μm. Morphologically the particles were predominantly spherical with occasional fibrillar attachments and flakes. Particles from TKR were greater than threefold larger than previously characterized particles from total hip replacements, which were 0.5 μm in mean size. Differences in joint conformity and wear patterns between the hip and knee articulations may explain the disparity in size of the wear debris. Since particle size represents an important variable influencing the magnitude of the biological response, it is possible that in vivo the larger TKR debris results in a diminished mediator release, which in turn may account for the lower incidence of osteolysis and aseptic loosening in some designs of TKR. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 53: 100–110, 2000
Patterns of growth in ambulatory males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Objective To provide weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index-for-age growth reference standards for ambulatory, steroid-naive males, ages 2-12 years, with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and to compare these growth curves to the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts for boys, which serve as references of physical size and growth for the general male pediatric population in the US. Study design Through a multi-state population-based surveillance of individuals with muscular dystrophy, a total of 1877 weight and 1544 height measurements ascertained during 1985-2010 from 513 males with DMD were obtained retrospectively from medical record review. Cases were classified as DMD if loss of ambulation occurred before the 12th birthday or, if younger than 12 years and still ambulating, the earliest symptoms of dystrophinopathy occurred before the 6th birthday. Each growth chart was constructed using 5 percentiles: 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th. Smoothing procedures were applied in 2 stages to the irregular plots of the empirical percentile values. Results A set of growth curves, derived from a large cohort of male youth with DMD, are presented. These curves demonstrate that DMD males are shorter and tend to the extremes of weight and body mass index compared with the general male pediatric population in the US. Conclusion Charts representing the pattern of growth in ambulatory, steroid-naive males with DMD can facilitate monitoring of growth and early detection of unusual growth patterns. Use of these growth standards also will assist in monitoring responses to corticosteroid treatment.
Pattern propagation in nonlinear dissipative systems

Abstract We discuss the problem of pattern selection in situations where a stable, nonuniform state of a nonlinear dissipative system propagates into an initially unstable, homogeneous region. Our strategy is to consider this process as a generalization of front propagation in a nonlinear diffusion problem for which rigorous results are known; and we point out that these known properties are consistent with a marginal-stability hypothesis that has been suggested in the theory of dendritic crystal growth. We then describe a more general interpretation of the marginal-stability hypothesis and, finally, present numerical evidence for its validity from three different pattern-forming models.
Strongly Complexed Cu and Ni in Wastewater Effluents and Surface Runoff

Although a variety of analytical techniques have been developed to characterize metal speciation, few have been used successfully in the complicated matrices encountered in wastewater effluents and surface runoff. In this study, competitive ligand equilibrium−cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE−CSV) and chelating resin column partitioning−graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (CRCP−GFAAS) are used to determine the speciation of Cu and Ni in point and non-point pollutant sources discharging into South San Francisco Bay. As expected, most of the dissolved Cu and Ni in wastewater effluents and surface runoff are complexed. Moderately strong metal-complexing ligands, which likely consist of activated sludge biopolymers and humic substances, are responsible for the complexation of only about 20% of the Ni and 5−50% of the Cu. The remaining Cu and Ni is complexed by ligands with apparent stability constants comparable to those of synthetic chelating agents. Strongly complexed Cu is present at concentr...
IQGAP1 as signal integrator: Ca2+, calmodulin, Cdc42 and the cytoskeleton

A family of proteins known as IQGAPs have been identified in yeast, amebas and mammals. IQGAPs are multidomain molecules that contain several protein-interacting motifs which mediate binding to target proteins. Mammalian IQGAP1 is a component of signaling networks that are integral to maintaining cytoskeletal architecture and cell–cell adhesion. Published data suggest that IQGAP1 is a scaffolding protein that modulates cross-talk among diverse pathways in complex regulatory circuits. These pathways include modulating the actin cytoskeleton, mediating signaling by Rho family GTPases and calmodulin, regulating E-cadherin and β-catenin function and organizing microtubules.
Calcification visibility study using combined high dose and low dose cone beam CT projections

ABSTRACT Cone beam breast CT technique provides true three dimensional (3D) images of breast anatomy; however the detectability of calcificati on is limited due to low exposure levels on each projection. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using anisotropic exposure distributions to improve the visibility of calcifications in the breast CT images. Our approach was to measure the CBCT projections with is otropic high and low exposures separately. Reconstruction was performed upon different combinations of these two sets of projection sequences to investigate the visibility change due to the limited-angle high exposure projections. Our prelimin ary results show that the visibility is improved with the number of high exposure projections in the combinations. In the future we will measure the CBCT projections with anisotropic exposures while keeping the total exposure constant. Keywords: visibility study, micro-calcification, cone beam CT, x-ray imaging physics 1. INTRODUCTION
Treatment of cardiomyopathy with PAP therapy in a patient with severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea is common in patients with heart failure. This case illustrates that treatment with PAP therapy can improve cardiac function in patients with both conditions. CPAP-emergent ...