cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of three-dimensional structure using images

The pair correlation function g(r) and the number density n for particles in a three-dimensional (3D) sample can be determined from a single two-dimensional (2D) image. The 2D image is obtained experimentally with a simple setup: a cross-sectional slab of particles is illuminated with a laser sheet and imaged with a single camera. After image analysis, to find positions of particles in two dimensions, along with their brightness, one obtains g(r), also known as the radial distribution function. The key for attaining high accuracy is to use only the particles that are brighter than a filter level, which we refine to achieve greater accuracy. The density n is obtained from g(r). This method is demonstrated in a dusty plasma experiment. Accuracy is quantified using simulation data; errors of 2% for both the pair correlation function and the number density are achievable. The method is useful for dusty plasmas and colloids.
Towards closed-loop control of CVD coating microstructure

The objective of our work is to develop a measurement-based feedback system can enhance the ability to achieve coating microstructure, compensate for process variations (disturbances) and improve the capability of transferring process recipes to different systems. Successful development of an appropriate control structure (i.e. selection and connection of measurements to specific inputs), however, requires an explicit understanding of the process dynamics.
Differences in cytochrome P450 activities in tobacco budworm larvae as influenced by resistance to host plant allelochemicals and induction

Abstract 1. 1. Nicotine and 2-tridecanone resistant strains of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F), had elevated cytochrome P450 content and significant increases in metabolism of five of six monooxygenase substrates relative to two susceptible strains. 2. 2. Resistance to quercetin did not result in an increase in cytochrome P450 content; however, significant increases in metabolism were observed for two monooxygenase substrates. 3. 3. P450 content was significantly induced by nicotine and 2-tridecanone, but not by quercetin. 4. 4. Patterns of substrate oxidations varied between strains and inducing agents, suggesting that different isozymes of P450 are associated with resistance and induction.
Multiorbital effects on thermoelectric properties of strongly correlated materials

The effects of electronic correlations and orbital degeneracy on thermoelectric properties are studied within the context of multiorbital Hubbard models on different lattices. We use dynamical mean field theory with a modified version of iterative perturbation theory as a solver to calculate the self-energy of the models in a wide range of interaction strengths. The Seebeck coefficient, which measures the voltage drop in response to a temperature gradient across the system, shows a nonmonotonic behavior with temperature in the presence of strong correlations. This anomalous behavior is associated with a crossover from a Fermi liquid metal at low temperatures to a bad metal with incoherent excitations at high temperatures, and is qualitatively captured by the Kelvin formula but not quantitatively. We find that for interactions comparable to the bandwidth, the Seebeck coefficient acquires large values at low temperatures. Moreover, for strongly correlated cases, where the interaction is larger than the bandwidth, the figure of merit is enhanced over a wide range of temperatures because of decreasing electronic contributions to the thermal conductivity. We also find that multiorbital systems will typically yield larger thermopower and figure of merit compared to single-orbital models over a temperature range possibly relevant to applications.
Synthetic mechanics revisited

Earlier results on climinating numerical objects from physical theories are extended to results on eliminating geometrical objects.
Direct phase measurements in phase-shift masks

We have made direct phase shift measurements in phase shift masks using a transmission optical interferometer based upon a modification of an optical, laser scanning reflection profilometer. Measurements were carried out at 632.8 nm in transparent samples that consisted of thin films of SiO2 on fused silica substrates and thin films of SiO2 and Al2O3 on fused silica substrates. Measurements were also performed on attenuated phase shift mask blanks. The phase values measured at 632.8 nm were corrected for refractive index and wavelength for 248 nm.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ARISTOTLE ON EXISTENCE

Interpretation de la formule aristotelicienne selon laquelle l'etre se dit en une pluralite de sens («Metaphysique», H2, 1042b25). A travers la lecture qu'en donne G. E. L. Owen dans son essai intitule «Aristotle on the snares of ontology», l'A. analyse le contenu de cette affirmation troublante dans le sens de l'existence des substances
A laboratory technique for the evaluation of electrochemical transparent conductive oxide delamination from glass substrates

Abstract A rapid laboratory technique has been developed to evaluate the susceptibility of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer to delaminate from its glass substrate in a thin film PV module. The test sample is stressed through the use of heat, humidity, and a DC bias to drive sodium ions to the TCO–glass interface. Delamination reactions occur at the interface causing the TCO to lose adhesion. The technique takes less than 15 min to complete and is useful in predicting the propensity of a thin film module to fail via electrochemical delamination of the TCO. Potential mechanisms for the adhesion failure are discussed.
Acoustooptic Synchronization And Demodulation Of I And Q Data

A general-purpose space, time and frequency-multiplexed acoustooptic correlator for the synchronization and demodulation of two diverse signals is described. The system achieves an infinite range delay search and complex correlations with full processing gain using multiple m mini-correlations". Signals considered include general I and Q waveforms, MSK (minimum shift keying) and PN encoded data, plus frequency hopped data. The resultant processor achieves the necessary synchronization and demodulation requirements for diverse waveforms (with electronic control of the reference signals provided). The case studies include an identification and a communication application. Novel properties of the processor are its complex-correlation and frequency-selectivity. These attributes are described and applications for them discussed.
Robust categorization of microfacet BRDF models to enable flexible application-specific BRDF adaptation

Since the development of the Torrance-Sparrow bidirectional re ectance distribution function (BRDF) model in 1967, several BRDF models have been created. Previous attempts to categorize BRDF models have relied upon somewhat vague descriptors, such as empirical, semi-empirical, and experimental. Our approach is to instead categorize BRDF models based on functional form: microfacet normal distribution, geometric attenua- tion, directional-volumetric and Fresnel terms, and cross section conversion factor. Several popular microfacet models are compared to a standardized notation for a microfacet BRDF model. A library of microfacet model components is developed, allowing for creation of unique microfacet models driven by experimentally measured BRDFs.
Welfare Recipient Views about Caseworker Performance: Lessons for Developing TANF Case Management Practices:

As states implement Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs, the importance of public assistance caseworker functioning has been magnified. Based on personal interviews with 60 reci...
Walt Wolfram & Natalie Schilling-Estes, American English: Dialects and variation. (Language in society, 24). Oxford (UK) & Malden (MA): Blackwell, 1998. Pp. xvii, 398. Pb $29.95.

Can a textbook win the hearts as well as the minds of students? This one tries, and because of the richness of its material, it might could succeed. With copious examples of, and exercises in, the logic of nonstandard English, from Appalachia to Okracoke to African American Vernacular, the authors aim to replace linguistic prejudice with respect, if not admiration, for the varieties of American English that students will encounter.
Spectra and structure of silicon containing compounds XXXVII, comparison of experimentally determined enthalpy differences of the conformers of CH2CHSiClnY3−n (Y=H or CH3, n=1 or 2) with theoretical values

Abstract The infrared spectra (3500–400 cm −1 ) of methylvinyldichlorosilane, CH 2 CHSi(CH 3 )Cl 2 , and dimethylvinylchlorosilane, CH 2 CHSi(CH 3 ) 2 Cl, dissolved in liquid krypton have been recorded. From temperature (−105 to −150 °C) dependent FT-IR spectra of these solutions, it is shown that the cis conformer (methyl group eclipsing the double bond) of methylvinyldichlorosilane is the more stable form with an enthalpy difference of 41±10 cm −1 (0.48±0.12 kJ/mol) which is at variance with most of the theoretical predictions. Similar studies for dimethylvinylchlorosilane give an enthalpy difference of 25±10 cm −1 (0.30±0.12 kJ/mol) with the gauche conformer (methyl group eclipsing the double bond) the more stable rotamer which is consistent with the ab initio calculations except with the largest basis set MP2/6-311+G(2d,2p) utilized. Both ab initio calculations with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to the second order (MP2) and density functional theory calculations by the B3LYP method have been carried out with a variety of basis sets up to 6-311G(2d,2p) with and without diffuse functions for all four of the CH 2 CHSiCl n Y 3− n (Y=H or CH 3 , n =1 or 2) molecules. Only for the CH 2 CHSiH 2 Cl molecule are all of the predictions that the gauche conformer is the more stable rotamer consistent with the experimental results whereas for the other three molecules the conformation stability predictions changed with the MP2/6-311G(2d,2p) calculations compared to those with the smaller basis sets. With such small energy differences between conformers, one cannot rely on ab initio calculations to predict the correct conformer stability for these type of molecules.
Is the Pearson r 2 Biased, and if So, What Is the Best Correction Formula?

In this study the authors investigated the use of 5 (i.e., Claudy, Ezekiel, Olkin-Pratt, Pratt, and Smith) R 2 correction formulas with the Pearson r 2. The authors estimated adjustment bias and precision under 6 X 3 X 6 conditions (i.e., population ρ values of .0, .1, .3, .5, .7, and .9; population shapes normal, skewness = kurtosis = 1, and skewness = -1.5 with kurtosis = 3.5; ns = 10, 20, 40, 60, 100, and 200 respectively). Results indicate that the sample Pearson r 2 is marginally biased at small sample sizes and small population effect sizes, and that the Ezekiel and the Smith R 2 corrections work well in controlling this bias.
Invertebrate drift: Behavioral experiments with intertidal meiobenthos†

Water column drift of benthic invertebrates may be the result of either active migration from the bottom or of erosion by water currents. Recent studies have shown that marine meiobenthos occur regularly in the water column; however, whether this is due to active (behavioral) processes or passive (erosional) processes is not known. A series of experiments were performed that showed meiobenthos do not regularly emerge, suggesting that drift of meiobenthos is due to erosion. The behavior of the animals can, however, influence their susceptibility to suspension. Fauna most active on the sediment surface (primarily harpacticoid copepods) were most susceptible to passive suspension. A multi‐factorial experiment tested the effects of time of day (light vs. dark) and tide (high, low, flow) on number of animals active on the sediment surface. Animals frequenting the sediment surface did so only in the absence of currents and regardless of time of day. Animals began to burrow as soon as flow increased. If they wer...
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Ekman and Ponar Grabs

Abstract The effectiveness of 9 × 9 inch (23 cm) Ekman and Ponar grabs was compared at 26 stations in Green Bay; on hard (N = 8) and soft (N = 18) sediments. On hard sediments the Ponar caught significantly more midge larvae (99%), but not more oligochaete worms, than the Ekman. On soft sediments the Ekman caught significantly more midges (98%) and worms (95%) than the Ponar. Differences in effectiveness of the grabs are discussed in relation to their construction. The Ponar is heavier and bites more effectively into hard substrates. The Ekman probably creates less of a shock wave and can penetrate farther into soft sediments.
Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970–2009

The goal of this study is to examine the extent to which population shifts over the post-Great Migration period and divergent trends in segregation across regions contributed to the overall decline in black segregation in the United States in recent decades. Using data from the 1970 to 2000 decennial censuses and the 2005-2009 American Community Survey (ACS), our analysis indicates that black dissimilarity and isolation declined more in the South and West than in the Northeast and Midwest. Nevertheless, regional population shifts account for only a modest amount (8 % to 12 %) of the decline in black-white segregation over the period and for an even smaller proportion of the decline in black-nonblack segregation, in part because the largest declines in segregation occurred in the West while the region with the largest relative increase in the black population was the South. Using more refined census divisions rather than census regions provided some additional explanatory power (shifts across divisions explained 15 %-16 % of the decline in black-white segregation): divisions with larger gains in their share of the black population tended to have larger declines in black segregation. Overall, although the effect of the regional redistribution of the black population on declines in segregation was significant, of even greater importance were other causes of substantial declines in segregation in a wide array of metropolitan areas across the country, and especially in the West, over the past 40 years.
Care and cleaning of the Starfire Optical Range'S 3.5-m primary mirror

The Starfire Optical Range (SOR) 3.5 Meter primary mirror was installed in 1993 and saw first light in February of 1994. The mirror is a monolithic faceplate backed by a honeycomb structure and coated with bare aluminum oxide. Since the mirror's installation, SOR technicians have adhered to a strict cleaning and care regimen that has proven to be very effective in preserving the optical quality of the coating. This presentation describes the care procedures used by the SOR and presents reflectivity/scatter measurements taken over the life of the coating.
70.2: Invited Paper: Holographic Laser Projection Technology

Light Blue Optics' holographic laser projection technology exploits the physical process of two-dimensional diffraction to form video images. Such a method of image projection and display has long been desired, but was never previously realised, due to computational complexity and the poor quality of the resultant images. LBO's approach represents an entirely new approach to hologram generation and display, matched to human visual perceptive factors, which overcomes both of these problems enabling — for the first time — a high quality, real-time holographic projector.
Simulations of vacancy cluster behavior in δ-Pu

Using rates for vacancy diffusion in plutonium (Pu) found with parallel-replica dynamics, we develop a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model of void growth and mobility. We compare and contrast the behavior of voids in Pu as predicted using vacancy mobilities from two different modified embedded atom method (MEAM) descriptions of Pu. We find that void behavior depends sensitively on the values used for vacancy mobility. In particular, we find that voids are very mobile in one model of Pu, but are essentially immobile in another, leading to very different void structures over time. This second model also predicts lifetimes for voids that are extremely long, and seemingly unphysical, suggesting that the first model is more representative of real Pu.
Investigating the Theoretical Structure of the Stanford-Binet-Fifth Edition:

The fifth edition of the Stanford-Binet test went through significant reformulation of its item content, administration format, standardization procedures, and theoretical structure. Additionally, the test was revised to measure five factors important to intelligence across both verbal and nonverbal domains. To better understand these substantial revisions, the underlying factor structure of the instrument was investigated using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis procedures across five age groups tested by the publishers. Analyses were conducted using 4,800 cases included in the instrument standardization. Results suggested that the verbal/nonverbal domains were identifiable with subjects younger than 10 years of age whereas a single factor was readily identified with older age groups.
EFFECTS OF MULTICOPY LEUO ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE ACID-INDUCIBLE LYSINE DECARBOXYLASE GENE IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

We previously reported that mutations in hns, the structural gene for the histone-like protein H-NS, cause derepressed expression of cadA, which encodes the acid-inducible lysine decarboxylase at noninducing pH (pH 8.0). This study reports the characterization of a plasmid isolated from an Escherichia coli library that suppresses the effect of an hns mutation on cadA expression. A previously sequenced open reading frame, leuO, proves to be the gene that causes the hns-complementing phenotype. The mechanism for this phenotype appears to be overexpression of leuO from a multicopy plasmid, which drastically reduces production of CadC, the essential activator for cadA induction. These results show an in vivo regulatory phenotype for leuO, consistent with its proposed protein sequence.
Fixed point sets of fiber-preserving maps

Let \(\mathfrak{F} = (E, p, B; Y)\) be a fiber bundle where E, B and Y are connected finite polyhedra. Let \(f : E \longrightarrow E\) be a fiber-preserving map and \(A \subseteq E\) a closed, locally contractible subset. We present necessary and sufficient conditions for A and its subsets to be the fixed point sets of maps fiber homotopic to f. The necessary conditions correspond to those introduced by Schirmer in 1990 but, in the fiber-preserving setting, homotopies are fiberpreserving. Those conditions are shown to be sufficient in the presence of additional hypotheses on the bundle and on the map f. The hypotheses can be weakened in the case that f is fiber homotopic to the identity.
Enhancement of a Locally Developed HIV Prevention Intervention for Hispanic/Latino MSM: A Partnership of Community-Based Organizations, a University, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Hispanic/Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States are disproportionately affected by HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); however, no efficacious behavioral HIV/STD prevention interventions are currently available for use with this vulnerable population. We describe the enhancement of HOLA en Grupos, a community-based behavioral HIV/STD prevention intervention for Spanish-speaking Hispanic/Latino MSM that is currently being implemented and evaluated in North Carolina with support from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Our intervention enhancement process included incorporating local data on risks and context; identifying community needs and priorities; defining intervention core elements and key characteristics; developing a logic model; developing an intervention logo; enhancing intervention activities and materials; scripting intervention delivery; expanding the comparison intervention; and establishing a materials review committee. If the CDC-sponsor...
The virtual NMR spectrometer: a computer program for efficient simulation of NMR experiments involving pulsed field gradients.

This paper presents a software program, the Virtual NMR Spectrometer, for computer simulation of multichannel, multidimensional NMR experiments on user-defined spin systems. The program is capable of reproducing most features of the modern NMR experiment, including homo- and heteronuclear pulse sequences, phase cycling, pulsed field gradients, and shaped pulses. Two different approaches are implemented to simulate the effect of pulsed field gradients on coherence selection, an explicit calculation of all coherence transfer pathways, and an effective approximate method using integration over multiple positions in the sample. The applications of the Virtual NMR Spectrometer are illustrated using homonuclear COSY and DQF COSY experiments with gradient selection, heteronuclear HSQC, and TROSY. The program uses an intuitive graphical user interface, which resembles the appearance and operation of a real spectrometer. A translator is used to allow the user to design pulse sequences with the same programming language used in the actual experiment on a real spectrometer. The Virtual NMR Spectrometer is designed as a useful tool for developing new NMR experiments and for tuning and adjusting the experimental setup for existing ones prior to running costly NMR experiments, in order to reduce the setup time on a real spectrometer. It will also be a useful aid for learning the general principles of magnetic resonance and contemporary innovations in NMR pulse sequence design.
Laparoscopic restoration of intestinal continuity after Hartmann's procedure.

Abstract Background Colostomy closure after a Hartmann’s procedure typically requires a laparotomy. It also carries the risk of significant morbidity including anastomotic leak, wound infection, and incisional hernia. The aim of this study was to review our experience with laparoscopic restoration of intestinal continuity after Hartmann’s procedure. Methods After institutional review board approval, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients undergoing laparoscopic colostomy reversal between July 1997 and July 2004. Results Twenty-two patients were identified; all patients had left colon colostomies. A laparoscopic technique was used in 21 patients, and 1 patient underwent hand-assisted colostomy reversal concurrently with right radical nephrectomy. The laparoscopic approach was successful in 20 cases, and there were 2 conversions to open (9%) secondary to dense adhesions around the rectal stump. The mean time to closure of the colostomy was 168 days (range 69–385 days). The mean operative time was 158 minutes (range 84–356 minutes). The estimated blood loss averaged 114 mL (range 30–250 mL). The average length of hospitalization was 4.2 days (range 2–6 days). Bowel function returned on an average of 3.5 days (range 2–5 days). Three patients (14%) developed postoperative wound infections. There were no anastomotic leaks and no mortality. At a mean follow-up of 14.7 months, the only long-term complication has been a small hernia at a colostomy site. Conclusions Laparoscopic colostomy reversal after Hartmann’s procedure can be performed with low morbidity and a short hospital stay. The need for conversion to open surgery is uncommon despite patients’ previous surgeries. A laparoscopic approach to colostomy takedown is safe and feasible and may result in a reduction in complications and length of stay as has been seen with other minimally invasive procedures.
Macromolecular impurities and disorder in protein crystals

The mechanisms by which macromolecular impurities degrade the diffraction properties of protein crystals have been investigated using X-ray topography, high-resolution diffraction line shape measurements, crystallographic data collection, chemical analysis, and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. Hen egg-white lysozyme crystals grown from solutions containing a structurally unrelated protein (ovotransferrin) and a related protein (turkey egg-white lysozyme) can exhibit significantly broadened mosaicity due to formation of cracks and dislocations but have overall B factors and diffraction resolutions comparable to those of crystals grown from uncontaminated lysozyme. Direct fluorescence imaging of the three-dimensional impurity distribution shows that impurities incorporate with different densities in sectors formed by growth on different crystal faces, and that impurity densities in the crystal core and along boundaries between growth sectors can be much larger than in other parts of the crystal. These nonuniformities create stresses that drive formation of the defects responsible for the mosaic broadening. Our results provide a rationale for the use of seeding to obtain high-quality crystals from heavily contaminated solutions and have implications for the use of crystallization for protein purification. Proteins 1999;36:270-281.
CIVIL SERVICE AND MANAGING WORK: SOME UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES

T11e several civil service systems in this country ilso illustrate this bittersweet combination of inten(led and unintended consequences. The argument here will not go to the extreme of one observ-er, in whose judgment the United States Civil Service Commission was the single greatest obstacle to the successful waging of World War I .1 Rather, the focus here will be upon several characteristics of our civil service systems that have as presumably unintended consequences an increase in the burdens of managing work. For the most part, the analysis of marnagement problems will derive from the research literature dealing with behavior in organizations, a field of study presently seething wvith activity.
From Maximin to Stonewall: Sexuality and the Afterlives of the George Circle

The “circle” around the poet Stefan George had as its foundation myth the tragic story of Maximilian Kronberger, immortalized as Maximin. This foundation myth and the homoerotic conception of community it authorized fascinated and repulsed many of Germany's most famous writers and thinkers. This article charts a much more covert reception: How did gay writers, thinkers, and activists grapple with George as a gay poet and with George as a leader of his own aesthetic-religious cult? Under the impression of the popular identification of Nazi Mannerbunde with homoerotic coteries like the George-circle, the contributors of the Swiss homophile periodical Der Kreis attempted to create a different George-legend. Their George was cleansed of his authoritarianism, his celebration of the natural aristocracy of same-sex attraction. Der Kreis attempted to strip the poet of his coterie and his communitarian politics, and ultimately sought to establish a homosexuality that replaced the homoerotic “aristocracy” celebrate...
Flow of non‐newtonian fluids—correlation of the laminar, transition, and turbulent‐flow regions

All available data on flow of non-Newtonians in pipes have been correlated on the conventional friction factor — Reynolds number plot for Newtonian fluids. This correlation, theoretically rigorous in the laminar flow region, was tested with data on 16 different non-Newtonian materials covering the 2.1 × 109 range of Reynolds numbers from 6.3 × 10−5 to 1.3 × 105. Pipe diameters varied from 1/8 to 12 in. As the correlation does not depend on the type of fluid encountered, it may be used with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids alike. In spite of the great range of the available experimetnal data, further work is necessary in the transition and turbulent-flow regions. No data at all were available on thixotropic, rheopectic, and dilatant fluids, and extension of the correlation to these materials should prove most illuminative from both theoretical and practical viewpoints.
Moisture-induced aggregation of lyophilized proteins in the solid state.

A critical problem in the storage and delivery of pharmaceutical proteins is their aggregation induced by moisture. A model system has been elaborated and investigated to elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon. When 10 mg of bovine serum albumin lyophilized from an aqueous solution of pH 7.3 are wetted with just 3 μL of a buffered physiological saline solution and incubated in the solid state at 37°C, the protein progressively loses its solubility in water; e.g., after a 24 h incubation 97% of the protein becomes insoluble. This moisture-induced aggregation of albumin has been discovered to be due to an intermolecular S—S bond formation via the thiol-disulfide interchange reaction. The dependence of the extent of the solid-state aggregation on the amount and mode of addition of moisture and the atmosphere, additives, temperature, and history of the protein powder have been investigated. The moisture-induced solid-state aggregation has also been established and studied for three other lyophilized proteins: ovalbumin, glucose oxidase, and β-lactoglobulin. In all cases, the loss of solubility is caused by thiol-disulfide interchange either alone or in combination with a conformational (noncovalent) process. The aggregation can be minimized by lyophilizing the proteins from acidic aqueous solutions, by adding inorganic salts, by co-lyophilizing the proteins with water-soluble polymers, or by controlling the moisture content at optimal levels.
Miniature Ion Thrusters for Precision Formation Flying

Miniaturized ion thrusters are attractive for precision formation flying and many other future space missions. Their potential for high-efficiency and low-noise operation provides the mission designer with a uniquely attractive option in the mN thrust range. Caltech and JPL have designed and tested a small, 3 cm diameter ion thruster that demonstrates propellant efficiency > 80% and Isp > 3100s using a cathode generated xenon discharge. These investigations have shown that desirable discharge confinement efficiency is possible with reasonably sized magnets, and consequently low overall thruster weight. Robust, long-life ion extraction grid geometries were designed using computational tools and have performed well during experimental testing. Several flight-worthy cathode designs are currently under investigation for the neutralizer and discharge cathodes. In particular, recent design efforts have focused on miniature hollow and direct emission cathodes. Direct emission cathodes using hexaboride emitters are being considered for their applicability to precision formation flying missions, fast cycling times, scalability to even smaller thruster sizes (<3cm), and ability to run with low-purity propellants. Early testing of a direct emission LaB6 cathode has shown that such a cathode can provide good overall performance if consistent cathode heater performance can be maintained. Future testing will focus on the design and validation of efficient, flight- worthy cathodes and demonstration of thruster lifetime.
Polyhedral organelles compartmenting bacterial metabolic processes

Bacterial polyhedral organelles are extremely large macromolecular complexes consisting of metabolic enzymes encased within a multiprotein shell that is somewhat reminiscent of a viral capsid. Recent investigations suggest that polyhedral organelles are widely used by bacteria for optimizing metabolic processes. The distribution and diversity of these unique structures has been underestimated because many are not formed during growth on standard laboratory media and because electron microscopy is required for their observation. However, recent physiological studies and genomic analyses tentatively indicate seven functionally distinct organelles distributed among over 40 genera of bacteria. Functional studies conducted thus far are consistent with the idea that polyhedral organelles act as microcompartments that enhance metabolic processes by selectively concentrating specific metabolites. Relatively little is known about how this is achieved at the molecular level. Possible mechanisms include regulation of enzyme activity or efficiency, substrate channeling, a selectively permeable protein shell, and/or differential solubility of metabolites within the organelle. Given their complexity and distinctive structure, it would not be surprising if aspects of their biochemical mechanism are unique. Therefore, the unusual structure of polyhedral organelles raises intriguing questions about their assembly, turnover, and molecular evolution, very little of which is understood.
Magnetic Field Orientation Effects on the Standoff Distance of Earth's Bow Shock

Three-dimensional, global MHD simulations of solar wind flow onto a prescribed magnetopause obstacle are used to show that a bow shock's nose location a(sub s), and the relative subsolar magnetosheath thickness Delta(sub ms)/a(sub mp) are strong functions of the IMF cone angle theta (between v(sub sw) and B(sub sw)) and the Alfven Mach number M(sub A). For a given M(sub A) the shock is more distant for higher theta (restricted to the interval 0-90deg by symmetries), while a(sub s)/a(sub mp) and Delta(sub ms/a(sub mp) increase with decreasing M(sub A) for theta greater than or approximately 20deg but decrease with decreasing M(sub A) for theta approximately Odeg. Large differences in Delta(sub ms/a(sub mp) are predicted between theta = Odeg and 90deg at low M(sub A), with smaller differences remaining even at M(sub A) approximately 10. The theta = Odeg results confirm and extend the previous work of Spreiter and Rizzi [1974]. The simulations show that successful models for the subsolar shock location cannot subsume the dependences on M(sub A) and theta into a sole dependence on M(ms). Instead, they confirm a recent prediction [Cairns and Grabbe, 1994] that a(sub s)/a(sub mp) and Delta(sub ms)/a(sub mp) should depend strongly on theta and M(sub A) for M(sub A) less than or approximately 10 (as well as on other MHD variables). Detailed comparisons between theory and data remain to be done. However, preliminary comparisons show good agreement, with distant shock locations found for low M(sub A) and large theta greater than or approximately 45deg and closer locations found for theta less than or approximately 20deg even at M/A approximately 8.
3D-GCP: An analytical model for the impact of process variations on the critical path delay distribution of 3D ICs

3D Integrated Circuits (ICs) have been recently proposed as a solution to the increasing wire delay concerns in scaled technologies. At the same time, technology scaling leads to increasing variability in manufacturing process parameters, making it imperative to quantify the impact of these variations on performance. In this work, we take, to the best of our knowledge, the first step towards formally modeling the impact of process variations on the clock frequency of fully-synchronous (FS) 3D ICs. The proposed analytical models demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that 3D designs behave very differently under the impact of process variations as compared to equivalent 2D designs. In particular, for the same number of critical paths, we show that a 3D design is always less likely to meet a pre-defined frequency target compared to its 2D counterpart. Furthermore, as opposed to models for 2D ICs, the 3D models need to accurately account for not only within-die (WID) critical paths, i.e., paths that lie entirely within one of the die layers, but also D2D critical paths that use through-silicon vias (TSVs) to span across multiple dies in the 3D stack. Finally, we show, theoretically and experimentally, that the mapping of critical paths to the die layers of a 3D IC can also affect the timing yield of a design, while the mapping issue does not arise in the 2D case since there is only a single die layer in a 2D IC. The accuracy of the proposed models is experimentally verified and found to be in excellent agreement with detailed SPICE and gate-level Monte Carlo (MC) simulations.
Magnetic quantum well states in ultrathin film and wedge structures

Magnetic quantum-well (QW) states are probed with angle- and spin-resolved photoemission to address critical issues pertaining to the origin of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) optimization and oscillatory coupling of magnetic multilayers. Two epitaxial systems are highlighted: Cu/Co(wedge)/Cu(100) and Cr/Fe(100)-whisker. The confinement of Cu sp-QW states by a Co barrier requires a characteristic Co thickness of 2.2/spl plusmn/0.6 /spl Aring/, which is consistent with the interfacial Co thickness reported to optimize the GMR of Permalloy-Cu structures. The controversial k-space origin of the 18-/spl Aring/ long period oscillation in Fe/Cr multilayers is identified by the vector that spans the d-derived "lens" feature of the Cr Fermi surface , based on the emergence of QW states with 17/spl plusmn/2 /spl Aring/ periodicity in this region.
Decoding of linear codes with low-density generator matrix over finite-state binary markov channels

We propose a modified algorithm for decoding of linear codes with low-density generator matrix (LDGM codes) over finite-state binary Markov channels. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms regular LDPC codes and achieves a performance close to that of turbo codes with much less encoding/decoding complexity
Anisotropic modelling and numerical simulation of brittle damage in concrete

A framework for damage mechanics of brittle solids is presented and exploited in the design and numerical implementation of an anisotropic model for the tensile failure of concrete. The key feature exploited in the analysis is the hypothesis of maximum dissipation, which specifies a unique damage rule for the elastic moduli of the solid once a failure surface is specified. A complete algorithmic treatment of the resulting model is given which renders a useful tool for large-scale inelastic finite element calculations. A rather simple three-surface failure model for concrete, containing essentially no adjustable parameters, is shown to produce results in remarkably good agreement with sample experimental data.
Walking The Walk: How The Theory Of Reasoned Action Explains Adult And Student Intentions To Go Green

This research paper applies the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to the growing trend of consumers going green. The study includes a survey informed by the TRA to show how attitudes and beliefs influence intention and behavior. The survey was administered to two samples consisting of 202 adult non-student participants and 302 undergraduate business students in the northeastern United States. The findings indicate differences in green and non-green consumer behavior between the student and adult respondents. The findings support the hypothesis that green consumption intentions affect actual green consumption behavior. The findings show how nuances occur between measures of attitudes, subjective norms, and intention. The article concludes with insights for planning effective policy and firm-level marketing strategies to encourage consumer-green thinking, feeling, and acting.
Role of Adipose Tissue in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome

Adipocytes are highly specialized cells that play a major role in energy homeostasis in vertebrate organisms. Excess adipocyte size or number is a hallmark of obesity, which is currently a global epidemic. Obesity is not only the primary disease of fat cells, but also a major risk factor for the development of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Today, adipocytes and adipose tissue are no longer considered passive participants in metabolic pathways. In addition to storing lipid, adipocytes are highly insulin sensitive cells that have important endocrine functions. Altering any one of these functions of fat cells can result in a metabolic disease state and dysregulation of adipose tissue can profoundly contribute to MetS. For example, adiponectin is a fat specific hormone that has cardio-protective and anti-diabetic properties. Inhibition of adiponectin expression and secretion are associated with several risk factors for MetS. For this purpose, and several other reasons documented in this chapter, we propose that adipose tissue should be considered as a viable target for a variety of treatment approaches to combat MetS.
Institutional Profiles of CAATE Accredited Entry-Level Athletic Training Education Programs in the United States.

Context: Educational reform has recently become common thread in athletic training education. The National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) Education Task force suggests that Athletic Training...
Manipulation of Innate Immunity for Cancer Therapy in Dogs

Over the last one to two decades, the field of cancer immunotherapy has rapidly progressed from early preclinical studies to a successful clinical reality and fourth major pillar of human cancer therapy. While current excitement in the field of immunotherapy is being driven by several major breakthroughs including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, these advances stem from a foundation of pivotal studies demonstrating the immune systems role in tumor control and eradication. The following will be a succinct review on veterinary cancer immunotherapy as it pertains to manipulation of the innate immune system to control tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, we will provide an update on recent progress in our understanding of the innate immune system in veterinary tumor immunology, and how these gains may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of cancer in companion animals.
Abstract W P212: The Effect Of Pre-hospital Notification On Time To Head Ct, Stroke Specialist Arrival, And Tpa Administration For Hispanic Patients With Acute Stroke

Background: Hispanics have an increased incidence of ischemic stroke but may be less likely to use Emergency Medical Services (EMS) for stroke care. Objective: To examine disparities in pre-hospital triage and emergent evaluation of Hispanic stroke patients. We hypothesized that Hispanic stroke patients with pre-hospital notification experience less delay in emergent evaluation but the reduction may not be as pronounced as general stroke patients. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of all emergency department patients alerted as Brain Attack (BAT) between January 1, 2009 and August 31, 2012, at an urban comprehensive stroke center. We collected demographics, co-morbidities, and stroke severity from a quality assurance database. Outcome variables included EMS utilization, pre-hospital BAT activation, head CT timing & tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) timing. Effects of ethnicity and pre-hospital notification on evaluation and treatment times were measured using multivariate logistic regression models. The study was IRB approved. Results: During the study period, 832(64 Hispanic) patients were alerted as Brain Attacks. Hispanic patients were younger 56±17 vs. 68±16 years (p<0.0001), had trends for less EMS utilization (walk-in 35% vs. 22%) and lower NIHSS 9.3±4.3 vs. 12.8±8.3 (p=0.06), but did not differ in comorbidities. Patients with pre-hospital notification had significantly shorter times to stroke specialist arrival, door to head CT, and door to TPA irrespective of ethnicity. However, ethnicity did have independent effect on time to TPA administration. Please see Table 1. Conclusion: Pre-hospital notification is associated with faster stroke evaluation and treatment, including among Hispanic patients with acute stroke. Further study is needed to examine if outreach to increase EMS utilization will decrease disparities in this population. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Breaking Local Convention: Dependence Relationships and Quarterly Earnings Guidance

The results of this study indicate that dependency relationships, moderated by social influence, are important factors in the abandonment of locally enforced practices. Abandonment does not entirely depend on the level of market uncertainty about a firm’s performance; it also depends on the dependence of a firm on its local audience and the relative power this audience has over the firm in terms of conformity pressure. The results suggest that firms burdened by variation in broadcast performance were likely to want to share more information with analysts to remove this market uncertainty. However, when firms were less prominent, were more financially dependent on constituents, and were burdened by the lack of CEO notoriety, they were less likely to abandon the Quarterly Earnings Guidance analysts demanded. This suggests a period of practice decline in the early 2000’s decade determined in part by the structure of the actors in the field, moderated by the declining credibility of the quarterly earnings gui...
Founding Physicks: the lives and times of the Physician Signers of the Charters of Freedom

The Declaration of Independence had 56 signers, four of whom were physicians. The constitutional convention in 1787 had 55 delegates and 39 of them signed the Constitution. Three of these delegates were physicians and two signed the document. The Bill of Rights was a product of the first Federal Congress and three of its members were physicians. This paper presents a biographic outline of these physicians and their contributions to society, within a context of contemporary medicine during the first 25 years of the USA.
Breeding Nests of Townsend's Mole in Oregon

Nesting habits of moles in Tillamook County, Oregon, were studied from March 1961 to June 1963. Breeding nests of 94 Townsend moles ( Scapanus townsendii ) and one coast mole ( Scapanus orarius ) that contained young were located and examined. Breeding nests were usually located in slightly elevated terrain and were indicated by a single large surface mound (30–50 inches in diameter) or a cluster of smaller mounds concentrated in a 6–10-ft area. Nest cavities were spherical, measured about 9 inches in diameter by 6 inches in depth and were 3–20 inches below ground level. Breeding nests had an inner core (25%) of fine dry grasses and an outer shell (75%) of coarse green grasses. Green grasses are added to the outer shell several times during the month the young occupy the nest. Following disturbance female moles frequently abandoned their nests prior to parturition but were more tolerant of nest disturbances after parturition. Trampling by dairy cattle was a common cause of nestling mortalities. Nestling young were classified into three age-groups based on external characters and size. Townsend moles weigh approximately 5 g at birth, develop rapidly and within 30 days are fully furred, weigh 60–80 g and are ready to abandon the natal nest.
Confidence bands for logistic regression with restricted predictor variables.

Confidence bands are constructed for the logistic response function when there is an interval restriction on each of the predictor variables. The construction involves application of a general fitting procedure using Scheffe's S-method, described by Casella and Strawderman (1980, Journal of the American Statistical Association 75, 862-868). Specific details are given for the case of one predictor variable, along with details for a fixed-width alternative to the S-method bands. In the one-predictor case, Monte Carlo results suggest that both bands are conservative for small sample sizes, such as N = 25. By N = 200 the S-method's coverage probabilities are seen to attain their nominal levels while the fixed-width bands remain conservative. The procedures are exemplified with data from a genetic toxicology experiment.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF SU-4885 (MEPYRAPONE), AN INHIBITOR OF CORTICOSTEROID BIOSYNTHESIS.

SummarySu-4885 decreased myocardial contractility, arterial blood pressure, aortic blood flow and heart rate in intact dogs. Degree of cardiovascular inhibition as well as recovery time were dose dependent. The drug inhibited cardiovascular function in the presence of relatively high concentrations of cortisol. The impairment of cardiovascular function cannot be ascribed to corticosteroid insufficiency. Su-4885, in concentrations similar to those estimated to exist in the body fluids of these dogs, exerted a negative inotropic response in isolated cat papillary muscle preparations.