cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Monte Carlo Comparison of Relative Importance Methodologies

This article reports the results of a Monte Carlo simulation comparing four different indices of relative importance (squared correlation, squared beta, product measure, epsilon) to a relatively new method called dominance analysis. Conceptually and empirically, dominance analysis represents an improvement over traditional indices of relative importance. Eight experimental factors were manipulated in the simulations: mean and standard deviation of validity for each predictor, mean and standard deviation of collinearity for two sets of predictors, number of predictors, and presence of simple structure. Of these factors, the number of predictors and the mean collinearity were most strongly related to discrepancies among the rank orders computed using the different importance methods. Across all experimental conditions, the epsilon statistic demonstrated the greatest convergence and beta weights and correlation coefficients the greatest divergence with dominance.
The characterization of permanent acoustic bonding agents

Permanent acoustic bonding agents are important for affixing transducers to acoustic materials. They are used for electronic, industrial, medical, and research applications. An important research aspect has been the characterization of permanent and nonpermanent bonding materials. The work reported here characterizes the transfer efficiency of selected permanent bonding agents in the frequency region from 200 MHz to 800 MHz using two fused quartz blocks with zinc oxide transducers formed at each end and the bond material sandwiched between the two blocks. The transfer efficiency is compared to an optical bond condition without the presence of the bond material. The permanent bonding materials studied were epoxy type compounds with the best exhibiting transfer efficiencies within a few dB of the optically bonded blocks.
Comparison of equilibrium actions and payoffs across players in games of strategic complements

This paper provides sufficient conditions for comparing the choices of different players in games of strategic complements. The main results require a weak ordering relation on the best responses of players in the game and their constraint sets. Under additional restrictions, we can also compare their relative payoffs. We offer three applications of our idea to industrial organization and new models of behavioral economics. Specifically, we study horizontal mergers in oligopolies, competition among firms with differentiated demands and costs of production, and a model of biased perceptions.
Azteca instabilis ants and the defence of a coffee shade tree: an ant-plant association without mutual rewards in Chiapas, Mexico.

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are important predators of herbivorous insects on plants (Rosumek et al. 2009). Ant removal or absence may result in negative indirect effects on plants, as herbivore abundance and herbivory increase and plant growth and reproduction decline (Rosumek et al. 2009, Schmitz et al. 2000). Ant presence on plants often results from a mutualistic interaction. For example, strong highly coevolved ant–plant mutualisms are found on myrmecophytic plants that house ants in domatia (specialized nesting sites). Weaker mutualistic associations are found with myrmecophilic plants that only offer extra-floral nectaries (EFNs) or food bodies to attract ants, or on other plants hosting honeydew-producing hemipterans (indirect ant–plant interactions) that mediate ant abundance (Holldobler & Wilson 1990). However, in most cases, plants and arboreal ants form more passive associations, where ants nest in the natural cavities of branches or bark, or construct carton nests on plant substrates (Holldobler & Wilson 1990) and the only reward plants offer these ants is the use of their substrates. In these situations the indirect effect of ants on plants is merely by chance, a byproduct of ant presence (byproduct association).
Physiologic and Cortical Response to Acute Psychosocial Stress in Left Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (S50.007)

OBJECTIVE: To assess neural response to psychosocial stress and its relationship to seizure control in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE). BACKGROUND: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) regulates neural response to stress via structural and functional connections to limbic fronto-temporal regions. The response to and management of stressful events may influence seizure control. Little is known about the relationships between the physiologic and neural responses to stress and seizure frequency (SF) in humans. DESIGN/METHODS: 23 healthy controls (HCs) and 23 LTLE underwent fMRI while performing a control math task (CMT) and stress math task (SMT). Percent change in salivary cortisol reduction from the post-stress and recovery baseline time-points was calculated as a measure of acute stress reactivity (dCORT). Two-sample t-tests of performance variables and dCORT were performed. FMRI processing, single-subject modeling of fMRI response to CMT positive feedback and SMT negative feedback, group comparisons of fMRI response, and correlation of seizure occurrence and fMRI response in LTLE with poorly controlled seizures (LTLE+sz) were performed in AFNI. RESULTS: Groups were well matched on demographic variables and on math performance (all p>0.05). LTLE exhibited greater dCORT than HC (p=0.042). LTLE+sz (n=10) showed positive association between dCORT and SF (r=0.73, p=0.016). FMRI activation to feedback was similar between groups except LTLE showed default mode network (DMN) deactivations not present in HCs. Compared to HCs, LTLE showed decreased activation to negative feedback in the left cerebellum/middle occipital/fusiform gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral medial frontal/cingulate gyrus, and left middle frontal/precentral gyrus (corrected p<0.05). Secondary analysis in LTLE+sz showed negative association between activation in the bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus and SF (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show a significant relationship between seizure control in LTLE and both HPAA and fMRI signal reactivity to acute psychosocial stress. This study improves our understanding of the complex interplay between seizures, seizure control and stress in LTLE. Study Supported by: Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research Disclosure: Dr. Allendorfer has received research support from the Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research. Dr. Heyse has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mendoza has nothing to disclose. Dr. Szaflarski has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma. Dr. Szaflarski has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, the American Academy of Neurology, the Shor Foundation for Epilepsy Research, Neuren, and Eisai Inc.
Work, workflow and information systems

This volume brings together several perspectives on the nature of work processes in enterprises and how information systems can best support these processes. The genesis of this idea was the shared interests of the authors in how enterprises improve and change. The shared belief is that change of enterprises relates to change of work processes and the success of such changes relates to how work processes are supported by information systems. Thus, the papers in this volume address both the nature of work and the design of information systems to support work. This volume is divided into two main sections: work and workflow, and information systems. There are three papers in each section. The disciplines represented across these six papers include management, engineering, computing, and architecture. These four disciplines pursue work, workflow, and information systems from quite different perspectives - management to represent business practices and processes, engineering to represent the physical flows in the system, computing to represent the information flows, and architecture to represent human flows within and among physical spaces. Enterprises, of course, include all these types of flows.
General strain theory, key strains, and deviance

Abstract The current study, using a sample of 294 university students, examined the effects of key strains, negative emotions, and conditioning factors on various types of deviance. Eight key strains most likely to lead to deviance, but largely ignored in the previous research on the general strain theory (GST), such as teachers' emotional punishment and race/gender discrimination, were measured. Overall, the findings indicated that teachers' emotional punishment and race discrimination were significantly related to deviance, consistent with GST's prediction. Students who were emotionally punished by teachers and/or were racially discriminated against were more likely to engage in deviance. The findings, however, showed that anger had no significant mediating effect linking strains to deviance and that interaction factors between strain and conditioning variables had limited effects on deviance.
Prenatal Testosterone Exposure Leads to Hypertension That Is Gonadal Hormone-Dependent in Adult Rat Male and Female Offspring

Prenatal testosterone exposure impacts postnatal reproductive and endocrine function, leading to alterations in sex steroid levels. Because gonadal steroids are key regulators of cardiovascular function, it is possible that alteration in sex steroid hormones may contribute to development of hypertension in prenatally testosterone-exposed adults. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether prenatal testosterone exposure leads to development of hypertension in adult males and females and to assess the influence of gonadal hormones on arterial pressure in these animals. Offspring of pregnant rats treated with testosterone propionate or its vehicle (controls) were examined. Subsets of male and female offspring were gonadectomized at 7 wk of age, and some offspring from age 7 to 24 wk received hormone replacement, while others did not. Testosterone exposure during prenatal life significantly increased arterial pressure in both male and female adult offspring; however, the effect was greater in males. Prenatal androgen-exposed males and females had more circulating testosterone during adult life, with no change in estradiol levels. Gonadectomy prevented hyperandrogenism and also reversed hypertension in these rats. Testosterone replacement in orchiectomized males restored hypertension, while estradiol replacement in ovariectomized females was without effect. Steroidal changes were associated with defective expression of gonadal steroidogenic genes, with Star, Sf1, and Hsd17b1 upregulation in testes. In ovaries, Star and Cyp11a1 genes were upregulated, while Cyp19 was downregulated. This study showed that prenatal testosterone exposure led to development of gonad-dependent hypertension during adult life. Defective steroidogenesis may contribute in part to the observed steroidal changes.
The Measurement of Wolfenstein Observables in Proton-Deuteron Elastic Scattering at 0.50, 0.65 and 0.8 GeV

We present the experimental results obtained from measuring the spin components of the protons in the final state resulting from elastic collisions of protons polarized in one of three orthogonal directions (s,n,l) with an unpolarized deuterium target. The experimental results, obtained at the High Resolution Spectrometer (HRS) Facility at LAMPF, cover small four-momentum transfers [0.1>−t≤0.5 (GeV/c)2]. Relativistic impulse approximation (RIA) calculations do not reproduce this data, but a modified RIA, utilizing contact terms is generally successful in reproducing the present data.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Turbofan Design Parameters for an Advanced, Single-Aisle Transport

Considerable interest surrounds the design of the next generation of single-aisle commercial transports in the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 class. Aircraft designers will depend on advanced, next-generation turbofan engines to power these airplanes. The focus of this study is to apply singleand multi-objective optimization algorithms to the conceptual design of ultrahigh bypass (UHB) turbofan engines for this class of aircraft, using NASA’s Subsonic Fixed Wing Project goals as multidisciplinary objectives for optimization. The independent propulsion design parameters investigated are aerodynamic design point fan pressure ratio, overall pressure ratio, fan drive system architecture (i.e., director geardriven), bypass nozzle architecture (i.e., fixedor variable-geometry), and the highand lowpressure compressor work split. NASA Project goal metrics – fuel burn, noise, and emissions – are among the parameters treated as dependent objective functions. These optimized solutions provide insight to the UHB engine design process and provide independent information to NASA program management to help guide its technology development efforts. This assessment leverages results from earlier NASA system concept studies conducted in 2008 and 2009, in which UHB turbofans were examined for a notional, nextgeneration, single-aisle transport. The purpose of these NASA UHB engine concept studies is to determine if the fuel consumption and noise benefits of engines having lower fan pressure ratios (and correspondingly higher bypass ratios) translate into overall aircraft system-level benefits for a 737 class vehicle.
An Animal Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) in Preterm Rabbits

Creation of an animal model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) allowing adjustment of severity and potential recoverability is needed to study effectiveness of prevention and treatment strategies. This study describes a novel model in preterm rabbits capable of adjusting severity of NEC-like histologic changes. Rabbit pups (n = 151) were delivered by cesarean section 2 days preterm. In the treatment groups, tissue adhesive was applied to anal openings to simulate the poor intesti- nal function and dysmotility of preterm neonates. Pups were placed into five groups: 3INT (3 day intermittent block), 4INT (4 day intermittent block), 3COM (3 day complete block), 4COM (4 day complete block), based on differences in type of anal blockage and day of life sacrificed. The fifth group, 4CON, was comprised of a control arm (n = 28) without anal block, with sacrifice of sub- jects on day 4. All pups were gavage fed with formula contaminated with Enterobacter cloacae, ranitidine, and indomethacin. Following sacrifice, the intestines were harvested for pathologic evidence of NEC. A blinded pathologist graded histologic changes consistent with NEC using a grading scale 0-4 with 4 being most severe. Fifty-seven pups (57/123) (46%) in the research arm survived to sacrifice, compared to 26/28 (93%) in the control arm of the investigation, p < 0.0001. The incidence and severity of NEC-like damage increased with the duration and completeness of the anal blockage. 44/57 (77%) of survivors revealed various degrees of NEC-like damage to large and small bowel, and 3/26 (12%) exhibited early NEC-like mucosal injury in the research and control arms, respectively. This animal model produces NEC-like pathologic changes in both small and large intestine in preterm rabbits. Because incidence and severity of damage increases with duration and completeness of intestinal dysmotility, this allows future effectiveness studies for nonsurgical treatment and prevention of NEC.
One-trial learning and brain serotonin depletion by para-chlorophenylalanine.

Two injections of para-Chlorophenylalanine (200 rag/kg), given intraperitoneally to male inbred rats, decreased the regional brain concentrations of serotonin, but not those of norepinephrine, by 60%. The same drug treatment protected the performance of an avoidance task from the amnestic effect of a transcorneal electroconvulsive shock given within half a minute after the one-trial avoidance learning.
Vannini-Rizzoli stabilizing orthosis (boot): Preliminary report on a new ambulatory aid for spinal cord injury

Our objective was to evaluate a new orthosis which permits use of paralyzed limbs for standing and ambulation in patients with spinal cord injury. The Vannini-Rizzoli stabilizing boot immobilizes the leg, ankle, and foot in plantar flexion (15 degrees) while stabilizing the knee in the upright position. With the boot, balance and ambulation are achieved by learning to shift the center of gravity of the trunk and hips. Mobility is enhanced by using parallel bars, crutches, or a walker. Twenty-nine patients, aged 22 to 71 years, were in this study. Spinal cord levels of injury varied from C5 to L1. Patient selection and other pertinent data are given. The results indicate that more than 90% of the subjects were able to use the orthoses successfully to walk.
Endovascular coil embolization of pulmonary AV malformations in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

An asymptomatic Caucasian woman was diagnosed at 22 years of age with bilateral lung ‘masses’ during work-up for knee surgery. CT angiography (CTA) confirmed AV malformations (AVM), for which she underwent left lower lobectomy. Afterwards, she had recurrent epistaxis and bleeding from her tongue; she noticed several pinhead-sized bright-red spots on her tongue, lips and finger nails (Panels A and B). She was subsequently diagnosed with an asymptomatic cerebral AVM by CT angiogram. Her mother and two sisters also had systemic AVMs. At age 38, the patient was diagnosed with a second AVM in the right lung. Owing to the previous lobectomy, endovascular treatment was elected. The right pulmonary trunk was selectively engaged with a 7-French guide catheter and the lower lobar AVM was successfully embolized with MRI compatible coils (Panel C). Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a vascular anomaly transmitted by an autosomal dominant trait of varying penetrance and has an incidence of 1 in 5000–8000.1 First described by Osler, Weber and Hanes in early 19th century, HHT usually presents in childhood with anemia, epistaxis from mucosal AVMs, and mucocutaneous telangiectases. 2 Arteriovenous malformations in HHT can also involve the lungs (20–30%), liver (30%), and brain (10–20%). 3,4 There is an increased incidence of neurological symptoms among patients with HHT. 3 Owing to late penetrance, there is no age cut-off at which offspring of patients with HHT may present, unless tested negative for endoglin or ALK-1 gene mutations. Management is usually by a multidisciplinary approach. Regardless of symptomatology, patients with mucocutaneous telangiectases should be screened for pulmonary and cerebral AVMs to avert risks of visceral bleeding, paradoxical embolism and stroke. Family genetic counseling and screening are essential. Because of their multilocation and recurrent nature, all visceral AVMs are preferably treated endovascularly.
The "polymorphously perverse" psychopath: understanding a strong empirical relationship.

The relationship between psychopathy and sexual offending has been empirically established, but it is little understood. The author proposes nine explanations to provide a conceptual basis for this empirical relationship: (1) search polygyny, (2) callousness and a lack of empathy, (3) a lack of attachment or bonding, (4) sensation seeking as a product of chronic cortical underarousal, (5) grandiosity, (6) entitlement, (7) a predominance of part-object relations, (8) a high frequency of predatory violence, and (9) the leaving by consensual sex partners when the psychopathy is identified. These explanations, constructed from anthropological, psychobiological, attachment, psychoanalytic, and aggression research, find some direct and indirect empirical support in the extant literature. They contribute to understanding the "polymorphously perverse" sexuality of the psychopath. Language: en
O-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS riot control agent) associated acute respiratory illnesses in a U.S. army basic combat training cohort

ABSTRACT Acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) are among the leading causes for hospital visits in U.S. military training populations and historically peak during U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT) following mandatory exposure to the riot control agent o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). This observational prospective cohort studied the association between CS exposures and ARI-related health outcomes in 6,723 U.S. Army recruits attending BCT at Fort Jackson, South Carolina from August 1 to September 25, 2012 by capturing and linking the incidence of ARI before and after the mask confidence chamber to CS exposure data. Recruits had a significantly higher risk (risk ratio = 2.44; 95% confidence interval = 1.74, 3.43) of being diagnosed with ARI following exposure to CS compared to the period of training preceding exposure, and incidence of ARI after CS exposure was dependent on the CS exposure concentration (p = 0.03). There was a significant pre-/postexposure ARI difference across all CS concentration ...
Immersion tolerance in rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Population fluctuations of short-horned grasshoppers have been linked to the interactions of numerous factors including precipitation, temperature, vegetative growth, latitude, and timing of rainfall events. In some areas, grasshopper populations decline with increased moisture, potentially as a result of direct mortality from raindrops, or from indirect factors including the increase of fungal pathogens. Grasshoppers may also become submerged by flooding events and suffer mortality from drowning. However grasshopper survival of immersion has not been quantified in controlled experiments. We tested nymph and adult survival of immersion of seven species of rangeland grasshoppers. Under laboratory conditions, the LT50 of adult grasshoppers ranged between 7.5 and 21 h, while nymphs had an LT50 of between 3 and 13 h. Survival times indicate that mortality associated with seasonal rainfall is rarely caused by immersion. The significant resistance to hypoxia by these grasshoppers is not strongly correlated with habitat association and may instead be correlated with life history traits associated with overwintering.
Mechanisms of inactivation of the action of aldosterone on collecting duct by TGF-β

The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the mechanisms whereby transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) antagonizes the action of adrenocorticoid hormones on Na+ transport by the rat inner ...
Conservative Secondary Shell Substitution In Cyclooxygenase-2 Reduces Inhibition by Indomethacin Amides and Esters via Altered Enzyme Dynamics.

The cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) are the therapeutic targets of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Neutralization of the carboxylic acid moiety of the NSAID indomethacin to an ester or amide functionality confers COX-2 selectivity, but the molecular basis for this selectivity has not been completely revealed through mutagenesis studies and/or X-ray crystallographic attempts. We expressed and assayed a number of divergent secondary shell COX-2 active site mutants and found that a COX-2 to COX-1 change at position 472 (Leu in COX-2, Met in COX-1) reduced the potency of enzyme inhibition by a series of COX-2-selective indomethacin amides and esters. In contrast, the potencies of indomethacin, arylacetic acid, propionic acid, and COX-2-selective diarylheterocycle inhibitors were either unaffected or only mildly affected by this mutation. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed identical equilibrium enzyme structures around residue 472; however, calculations indicated that the L472M mut...
The Emergence of Complexity in Language: An Evolutionary Perspective

Like an increasing number of linguists and other scholars especially interested in the evolution and/or the ontogenetic development of language, the author claims that languages are complex adaptive systems (CAS). These have been characterized as reflecting complex dynamics of interactive agents, experiencing constant instability, and in search for equilibrium in response to changes in the ecologies of their usage. Putatively, thanks to self-organization, transitional moments of apparent stability obtain during which patterns and systems emerge, and evolutions obtain from the alternations of periods of instability and stability in seemingly unpredictable ways. The author addresses the issues of the many interpretations of ‘complexity’ applying to language(s), of the description of the interactive agents that produce the above characteristics, of the emergence of complexity in language(s) from the point of view of language evolution, of the kind(s) of evidence that support(s) the various interpretations of ‘complexity’ that are conceivable, of the way in which complexity in language compares with complexity in other non-linguistic phenomena, and of the causes of the “chaos” which prompts languages to reorganize themselves into new systems.
Membrane-cytoskeletal interactions in cell adhesion and locomotion

How cells move in tissue culture continues to command the attention of cell biologists. Although many advances have been made in understanding the biochemistry and organization of various cytoskeletal components, the role these have in generating movement has not been established. Very different theories have been proposed to explain the migration of cultured cells (for example, compare Bretscher 1987, 1988, with Bray and White, 1988). In spite of major disagreements about how the force for cell movement is generated, most theories recognize that cell migration involves three distinct phases: extension of the cell membrane, adhesion of this newly extended region to the underlying substrate and then the bulk translocation of the cytoplasm in the direction of the cell extension. Much of the work in this laboratory has been aimed at understanding cell adhesion. Cells in culture can develop at least two types of adhesion to the underlying substrate. There are broad areas of weak adhesion known as close contacts, in which the plasma membrane is separated from the substrate by about 30–100 nm (Izzard and Lochner, 1976). Some cells also develop smaller, discrete regions that are more tightly adherent and which have a separation of 10–15 nm between the plasma membrane and the substrate (Izzard and Lochner, 1976). These latter have been known as focal adhesions, focal contacts or adhesion plaques and serve to anchor bundles of actin filaments (stress fibers) at their cytoplasmic face (Abercrombie et al., 1971; Heath and Dunn, 1978) . By comparison, much more is known about the structure and composition of focal adhesions than close contacts. In this review we will discuss briefly the organization of focal adhesions and their relationship to cell movement as well as to theories of cell migration. The organization and properties of focal adhesions have been discussed in greater detail elsewhere (Burridge, 1986; Burridge et al., 1988; Woods and Couchman, 1988).
The Theoretical Basis of Stigma as Applied to Genital Herpes

This paper defines stigma and its characteristics, outlines strategies and consequences of stigma management, describes the theoretical basis of stigma, and offers methodological considerations for those applying stigma theory to the domain of genital herpes. Stigma is an interactional process, defined within societies, in which particular social identities are collectively devalued. The subjective experience of stigma may vary due to features associated with the stigmatizing condition (e.g. concealability, course, strain, aesthetic qualities, cause and peril). The interpersonal management of stigma may include secrecy, withdrawal, covering, informing or disclosing. Future research addressing herpes-associated stigma should benefit from theoretical frameworks including attribution theory, social-cognitive theory, preoccupation model of secrecy and the illness intrusiveness framework, although the difficulty in identifying and recruiting stigmatized individuals and the lack of domain-specific measures of herpes-related stigma remain barriers to progress.
Does ingested fat produce satiety

Administration of fat directly into the gastrointestinal tract of rats produces a rapid and often substantial reduction of feeding behavior. This contrasts with the normal consumption of a fat meal, which produces little change in subsequent food intake. To determine whether procedural differences account for this discrepancy, we examined the satiating effect of ingested fat on food intake of rats maintained under feeding conditions similar to those employed in studies involving gastrointestinal delivery of fat (i.e., food deprivation, liquid diet). Ingestion of approximately 1.5 ml corn oil had no effect on subsequent liquid diet intake until 90 min after oil ingestion. When rats ingested oil 4 h before access to the liquid diet, to allow time for additional gastrointestinal clearance, liquid diet intake was reduced by 13% in the first 30 min of access. These findings indicate that ingested fat decreases short-term intake slightly, but only if time is allowed for postabsorptive delivery. The results question the physiological significance of the marked suppression of food intake observed in response to administration of fat directly into the gastrointestinal tract.
The Utility of Ankle-Brachial Index as a Predictor of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) can cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because arterial stiffness has been correlated with vascular risk factors, we evaluated whether the ankle-brachial index (ABI), the ratio of the ankle and brachial systolic blood pressures, can predict DCI. Methods In a prospective cohort study, we measured the ABIs of 24 patients with aneurysmal SAH during the weeks after SAH. Angiographic vasospasm was evaluated via diagnostic cerebral angiograms. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) was used to assess associations among ABI, DCI, and angiographic vasospasm. Results Patients were evaluated on the basis of the presence or absence of DCI (days 3–14 after SAH). Demographic and history factors were similar between the DCI and non-DCI groups. Patients in the DCI group had a greater modified Fisher grade ( P = 0.029) and were more likely to have been treated via clipping ( P = 0.032) and to demonstrate angiographic vasospasm ( P = 0.009). Mean TCD values in the 2 groups were significantly different after day 5 in varied arterial distributions ( P P 1.045 on days 2–7 was 85% sensitive and 82% specific for predicting absence of DCI. Conclusions In this small single-center study, lower ABI values were strongly associated with SAH-induced DCI, which may provide a tool for managing DCI in aneurysmal SAH.
Why Regulators Must Fight 'Control Fraud' Like Public Health Specialists

“Control fraud” is the leading cause of bank failures and financial crises. In “control fraud” the persons controlling a seemingly legitimate entity use it as a weapon to defraud. This essay analyzes the role of regulators in two epidemics of control fraud: the savings & loan debacle of the 1980s and the ongoing financial crises that first became acute in the nonprime mortgage sector. Effective regulation is essential to prevent and contain such epidemics. An epidemic is the natural outcome of a “pathogenic environment” which requires a reservoir of hosts for the pathogens to infect, and “vectors” to spread the pathogen. The anopheles mosquito is a vector for malaria. The financial world incurs epidemics of fraud when there is a “criminogenic environment.” Factors that make an environment criminogenic include non-regulation, assets that lack verifiable values, and compensation systems that create perverse incentives. The vectors of such epidemics include rating agencies, accounting firms, and appraisers. The symptoms include financial bubbles. They aid accounting fraud by creating fictional income to hide real losses. This feature of bubbles is analogous to infectious disease. Symptoms (coughing, sneezing) both spread disease and weaken the host, making him more susceptible to other infections.Effective regulation is essential to prevent epidemics of accounting fraud. Economists who determine regulatory policy have operated like faith healers instead of public health specialists. Their policies create, rather than prevent, criminogenic environments. They did so in the S&L debacle, the Enron/WorldCom scandals, Russian privatization, and “The Washington Consensus.” Economists’ failures are particularly tragic because there was a brief period (1983-1987) when regulators did act like public health officials. Those actions are largely unknown, as are the regulatory and Justice Department actions in 1990-92 that produced the largest number of convictions of white-collar criminals in U.S. history and prevented a subprime lending crisis.The Clinton and Bush administrations seemed unaware of these regulatory successes. Their deregulatory policies produced a criminogenic environment. Ending effective financial regulation was a key step in producing that environment and delaying the diagnosis of the resulting epidemic of mortgage fraud and other forms of accounting control fraud.
Studies on adenosine 3',5'-phosphate in rabbit cerebral cortex.

Incubation of slices of rabbit cerebral cortex with histamine resulted in large accumulations of adenosine 3',5'-phosphate. Maximal levels of the nucleotide required about 15 min exposure to histamine and represented more than an 8-fold increase. Inclusion of theophylline (0.5 mM) in incubation media had little effect by itself on the accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-phosphate but increased the effect of histamine 3-fold. Norepinephrine increased the nucleotide level only about 70%, but only 2 min exposure to the agent was required to produce maximal values. This pattern of responses is in sharp contrast to that observed in cerebellar slices, but appears to be similar to that of other areas of rabbit brain. The content of adenosine 3',5'-phosphate in the cerebral cortex of rabbit heads frozen rapidly at intervals after decapitation rose about 8-fold within 90 sec after decapitation. Although phosphorylase a levels increased very rapidly after decapitation, no changes in phosphorylase a content of either cerebellar or cerebral cortex slices was detected under conditions producing large increases in adenosine 3',5'-phosphate. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Grants AM-06141, NB-05716, and GM-661. The authors also wish to acknowledge the skillful technical assistance of Mrs. Arleen Maxwell Haley, Mr. George Thorne, and Mr. Neil Joebchen.
Genomic organization of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) T cell receptor alpha/delta locus and analysis of expressed products

In testing the hypothesis that all jawed vertebrate classes employ immunoglobulin heavy chain V (IgHV) gene segments in their T cell receptor (TCR)δ encoding loci, we found that some basic characterization was required of zebrafish TCRδ. We began by annotating and characterizing the TCRα/δ locus of Danio rerio based on the most recent genome assembly, GRCz10. We identified a total of 141 theoretically functional V segments which we grouped into 41 families based upon 70 % nucleotide identity. This number represents the second greatest count of apparently functional V genes thus far described in an antigen receptor locus with the exception of cattle TCRα/δ. Cloning, relative quantitative PCR, and deep sequencing results corroborate that zebrafish do express TCRδ, but these data suggest only at extremely low levels and in limited diversity in the spleens of the adult fish. While we found no evidence for IgH-TCRδ rearrangements in this fish, by determining the locus organization we were able to suggest how the evolution of the teleost α/δ locus could have lost IgHVs that exist in sharks and frogs. We also found evidence of surprisingly low TCRδ expression and repertoire diversity in this species.
A Note on a Methodological Issue Pertaining to the Empirical Specification of the Probability of Crisis Initiation

This note examines a methodological issue pertaining to the empirical specification of the probability of crisis initiation. We show that the empirical specification of the probability of crisis initiation encounters an insurmountable methodological problem, and, by example, that the problem leads empirical researchers to incorrect conclusions regarding the relationship between regime type and crisis initiation, in particular.
The Medical Anthropologist as the Patient: Developing Research Questions on Hospital Food in Japan through Auto-Ethnography

I was an inpatient at a small maternity clinic in Japan in 2012–13 and found it impossible to separate the way I experienced medical care and my training as a medical anthropologist. As I was encouraged to eat and monitor my weight so that I would “grow” a healthy baby, I recalled how interviewees from my HIV/AIDS project described nourishing their bodies so they could fight disease. Because of my experience in the healthcare system in Japan, I ended up reframing my data to add questions about the role of hospital food in patient care. Meanwhile, I developed the social networks necessary to execute a new project, which I would later undertake. In this essay I argue that medical anthropologists working from a phenomenological perspective may regard their own bodies as assets rather than hindrances in research, and that because bodies are gendered, focusing on this facet of habitus can be particularly informative. I also illustrate how systematic reflection on personal experience in the field (autoethnography) aids in the development of research questions and reframing data. Finally, I discuss how highlighting these steps in research methods courses can demystify the research process for students.
Near-Field Intensity Fluctuations: the Role of Disorder Correlations

Near-field measurements on mesoscopic, strongly scattering media and systematic numerical calculations are used to establish the dependence between intensity distributions and the statistical homogeneity of random structures with controlled disorder.
Multiple Scan Rate Voltammetry for Selective Quantification of Real-Time Enkephalin Dynamics

Methionine-enkephalin (M-ENK) and leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK) are small endogenous opioid peptides that have been implicated in a wide variety of complex physiological functions, including nociception, reward processing, and motivation. However, our understanding of the role that these molecules play in modulating specific brain circuits remains limited, largely due to challenges in determining where, when, and how specific neuropeptides are released in tissue. Background-subtracted fast-scan cyclic voltammetry coupled with carbon-fiber microelectrodes has proven to be sensitive and selective for detecting rapidly fluctuating neurochemicals in vivo; however, many challenges exist for applying this approach to the detection of neuropeptides. We have developed and characterized a novel voltammetric waveform for the selective quantification of small tyrosine-containing peptides, such as the ENKs, with rapid temporal (subsecond) and precise spatial (10s of micrometers) resolution. We have established that the ...
Fate of Methomyl on Cotton

Foliar treatments with methomyl appear to be promising (Coppedge et al. 1972, McGarr et al. 1972) as a method of controlling certain lepidopteran pests of cotton including the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and even the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). This latter insect pest has become increasingly difficult to manage in certain areas due to the development of resistance to organophosphorus and other insecticides (Adkisson 1969).
Dual-Class Share Structures in Silicon Valley: Facebook, Inc.

In most public corporations, shareholders own voting and cash flow rights in proportion to their investments. Dual-class share structures disrupt this proportionality. In corporations with dual-class share structures, voting and cash flow rights vary by type of share, and owners of smaller proportions may exercise voting power beyond their ownership stake. Concerns about disproportionate control are well documented in the academic literature on dual-class share structures. Nevertheless, this structure is becoming the “new normal” for technology companies in Silicon Valley. Since Google adopted the model in 2004, more than 27 Internet and technology companies — including Facebook, the largest Internet IPO in history — have gone public with dual shares. In this paper, we explore the traditional concerns about dual-class share structures in the new context of technology companies. We examine Facebook’s share structure in particular because of the company’s status in Silicon Valley and relevance as an example of corporate governance for other technology companies.
Research on analysis method of dynamics characteristics for linear rolling guide

Characterizing dynamic parameters of guide system are introduced,such as nature frequency,mode shape,contact stiffness,dynamic stiffness and damping.A systematic induction and summary is done from existing analysis methods of dynamics for guide system,and the main contents include experimentation modeling,analytics modeling and finite element modeling.The key problem of studying guide system dynamics is pointed out,that is joint surface modeling and parameters identification of guide system and the existing method of dealing with joints are also discussed.At last,the study trend of guide system dynamics,which includes advanced experiment,non-linear modeling and coupling modeling,etc,is discussed briefly,and the three aspects should be further researched in the future.
Health Effects on Human and Exposure Limits of Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields for AC UHV Engineering

In accordance with the related environmental protection standards and codes,on the basis of construction of AC UHV power transmission and transformation engineering,as well as the national situation and electromagnetic environment status for UHV engineering,adopting international standards and guidelines and risk assessment on health effects by WHO International EMF Project,we analyzed the different viewpoints of discussing the health effects and exposure limits. Referring to the viewpoints of international authoritative organizations and standards,considering the characteristics and levels of electric and magnetic fields from AC UHV engineering,we illustrates that there are no remarkable environmental impact of power frequency electric and magnetic fields on human health. For the development of related exposure limits and the research approach and technical issues on ICNIRP guidelines,correct explanations of some different opinions are required to be mentioned. It is thought that some references will be provided for the discussion and communication about the exposure limits issues on power frequency electric and magnetic fields.
Earthquake Response Spectrum Analysis of Considering Soil-Structure Interaction

The application of artificial boundary is a key issue in seismic analysis of the interaction system. The method that how to implement the viscous elastic boundary in SAP2000 was introduced and a framework module was set up and cycle variation of a series of different site soil considering soil-structure interaction was calculated. Besides,based on the design response spectra,total seismic force and maximum displacements of the upper structure were calculated,when considering the interaction or not. When the interaction was considered,especially the soft soil,the cycle of upper part,seismic force,maximum displacement of top-level changed greatly.
Microstructure and Properties of SiC/SiC and SiC/III-V Nitride Thin Film Heterostructural Assemblies

Monocrystalline thin films, multilayered heterostructures and solid solutions containing selected combinations of SiC, A1N and GaN have been grown on 6H-SiC(0001) substrates by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE) or metallorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Polytype control of the deposition of 3C(β)-SiC(l11) and 6H-SiC(0001) was achieved via control of the substrate orientation, temperature and gas phase chemistry. Essentially atomically flat A1N films or island-like features were observed using on-axis or vicinal 6H-SiC substrates, respectively. The coalescence of the latter features at steps gave rise to incommensurate boundaries as a result of the misalignment of the Si/C bilayer steps with the Al/N bilayers in the growing film. The controlled growth of 3C-SiC films with low defect densities and atomically flat surfaces was achieved on the A1N films to form the first 6H-SiC/2H-A1N/3C-SiC multilayer heterostructures. Solid solutions of these two phases were also achieved. Monocrystalline GaN(OOOl) or AlxGa1-xN (0≤x≤1) thin films were also grown on the A1N(OOOl) films or directly on the same SiC surface at 1100°C, respectively, via metallorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The stages of growth of each of the above films, their microstructure and selected other properties will be described.
BubbleNet: A Cyber Security Dashboard for Visualizing Patterns

The field of cyber security is faced with ever-expanding amounts of data and a constant barrage of cyber attacks. Within this space, we have designed BubbleNet as a cyber security dashboard to help network analysts identify and summarize patterns within the data. This design study faced a range of interesting constraints from limited time with various expert users and working with users beyond the network analyst, such as network managers. To overcome these constraints, the design study employed a user-centered design process and a variety of methods to incorporate user feedback throughout the design of BubbleNet. This approach resulted in a successfully evaluated dashboard with users and further deployments of these ideas in both research and operational environments. By explaining these methods and the process, it can benefit future visualization designers to help overcome similar challenges in cyber security or alternative domains.
Programming moves: Design and evaluation of applying embodied interaction in virtual environments to enhance computational thinking in middle school students

We detail the design, implementation, and an initial evaluation of a virtual reality education and entertainment (edutainment) application called Virtual Environment Interactions (VEnvI). VEnvI is an application in which students learn computer science concepts through the process of choreographing movement for a virtual character using a fun and intuitive interface. In this exploratory study, 54 participants as part of a summer camp geared towards promoting participation of women in science and engineering programmatically crafted a dance performance for a virtual human. A subset of those students (16) participated in an immersive embodied interaction metaphor in VEnvI. In creating this metaphor that provides first-person, embodied experiences using self-avatars, we seek to facilitate engagement, excitement and interest in computational thinking. We qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated the extent to which the activities of the summer camp, programming the dance moves, and the embodied interaction within VEnvI facilitated students' edutainment, presence, interest, excitement, and engagement in computing, and the potential to alter their perceptions of computing and computer scientists. Results indicate that students enjoyed the experience and successfully engaged the virtual character in the immersive embodied interaction, thus exhibiting high telepresence and social presence. Students also showed increased interest and excitement regarding the computing field at the end of their summer camp experience using VEnvI.