cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexible electric vehicle (EV) charging to meet renewable portfolio standard (RPS) mandates and minimize green house Gas emissions

Meeting RPS mandates and accommodating EVs poses a difficult problem for utilities. This paper proposes coupling EV charging with the availability of renewable energy at the point of use to realize dramatic system level benefits. A realistic set of scenarios are simulated, using real-time grid data from NYISO and wind farm data from NREL, to prove that with a small percentage of wind energy penetration and flexible EV charging, GHG emissions of the light-duty transportation sector can be dramatically reduced. This is achieved without any additional generation requirements from the existing power grid, while providing the additional benefit of reducing the spinning reserve requirements needed to cope with the intermittency problem of the new wind resource. The concept of a parallel market structure as a means to practically implement the concepts in this paper is also introduced.
Note on an attempt to replicate a relation between stimulus unpredictability and infant attention.

Abstract Two- and four-month old infants were presented three levels of visual stimulus unpredictability. “Unpredictability” corresponded to the temporal and spatial regularity with which two lights flashed in a 60-sec sequence. Limb movement and sucking behavior were the measures of interest. Limb movement and sucking behavior were suppressed for all light sequences. The effect of stimulation on limb movement was stronger for the four-month olds and there was a suggestion of an inverted-U relation between activity and level of predictability in this age group. There was also a suggestion of faster intertrial and intratrial habituation of the sucking response in the older group. Several of these findings replicated those of an earlier study.
"An Electoral Mutiny?" Zhirinovsky and the Russian Armed Forces:

Why did the members of the Russian Armed Forces support the ultranationalist Liberal Democratic Party of Vladimir Zhirinovsky in the December 1993 Russian elections, abandoning Boris Yeltsin at the polls and confounding observers who had until then assumed that the army was under firm political control? This article examines the depth of military support for Zhirinovsky, and explains that support as (1) a result of residual "Sovietism" in the military that resulted in strong affinity for Zhirinovsky's calls for a Soviet/Imperial restoration; (2) a reaction against being used by Yeltsin against the Parliament in October 1993; and (3) general military agreement with the tone and substance of Zhirinovsky's attacks on the Russian political establishment. The article suggests that the Russian military has already emerged as an independent political force, and there is little hope in the near future that Yeltsin will be able to reestablish full political control.
Susceptibility-weighted imaging: a new tool in the diagnosis and evaluation of abnormalities of the vein of Galen in children

We retrospectively identified 9 consecutive children, 3 males and 6 females (age 5.2 ± 6.3 years, range 1 day to 18 years), with known or suspected AVGs who underwent MR imaging, including SWI, at our institution between January 2007 and March 2011. On the SWI sequence, arterialized blood flow was considered to be present in the vein of Galen or its tributaries when these showed abnormal signal hyperintensity from arteriovenous shunting. SWI findings were correlated with findings from DSA studies or findings from time-of-flight or contrast-enhanced MR angiography sequences. SWI was found to accurately differentiate between high-flow and low-flow AVGs and was also useful in characterizing the arterial supply and venous drainage patterns associated with high-flow AVGs.
Gas chromatographic identification of chlorinated insecticides based on their U.V. degradation.

Abstract Certain chlorinated insecticides can be identified by electron capture gas—liquid chromatographic (EC-GLC) analysis of the prepared sample before and after treatment with ultraviolet irradiation. Upon U.V. treatment, characteristic degradation products arise from the insecticides investigated. Comparison of the degradation patter obtained by EC-GLC of unknown and authentic insecticides provides an adequate identification when coupled with the p-value (partition ratio between two immiscible solvents) of the unknown and authentic insecticides and degradation products.
Effect of low-frequency gain reduction on speech recognition and its relation to upward spread of masking

Speech recognition was measured in listeners with normal hearing and in listeners with sensorineural hearing loss under conditions that simulated hearing aid processing in a low-pass and speech-shaped background noise. Differing amounts of low-frequency gain reduction were applied during a high-frequency monosyllable test and a sentence level test to simulate the frequency responses of some commercial hearing aids. The results showed an improvement in speech recognition with low-frequency gain reduction in the low-pass noise, but not in the speech-shaped background noise. Masking patterns also were obtained with the two background noises at 70 and 80 dB SPL to compare with the speech results. There was no correlation observed between the masking results and the improvement in speech recognition with low-frequency gain reduction.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL STIMULUS DIFFERENCES IN DISCRIMINATION LEARNING AND VERBALIZATION OF THE REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCY.

Summary.-This stcdy explored the effects of the number of dimensional differences on discrimination learning in a verbal conditioning task. The stimulus dimensions were degree of hostile connotation and color disparity. Ss were presented pairs of neutral and hostile words and were reinforced for using hostile words. In one group, the hosrile group, the hostile words were printed in different colors from the neutral words; in the other group, both were printed in the same color. In one group, the hostile words were of mild intensity; in the other group they were of intense hostility. Color disparity was the only variable consistently to affect use o€ the reinforced hostile word and posr-experimental report of the response reinfotcement contingency. That the ease of discrimination learning depends on the discriminability of the stimuli is almost axiomatic. Since it is reasonable to assume that discriminability depends in part upor, the n~~mber of dimensions on which the stimuli differ (Eriksen 8: Hake, 1955; Garner, 1962), discrimination learning shoilld be facilitated by multi-dimensional differences. However, the improved performance of a group as a result of increasing the number of dimensional differences may reflect the enhancement of performance for all Ss, simply the addition of Ss showing any discrimination learning, or both. The results of studies of stimulus selection (Underwood, 1763), for example, suggest that with multi-dimensional stimuli, the effective cue may involve only one of the dimensions. Generally, within a single dimension, increasing the difference between stimuli improves discriminxion learning (Marscon, Kanfer, & McBrearcy, 1962). Using a Taffel-like verbal conditioning task wich the discrimination dimension consisting of hostile connotation, Kanfer and McBrearty ( 1961 ) , however, found that greater disparity between stimuli on the hostile dimension did not lead to greater condicioning although there was significantly more post-experimentally reported awareness of the response reinforcement contingency in the high dispariry than in the low disparity group. Suppression of the more intensely hostile words in a social situation was offered as a possible explanation for this lack of facilitation of learning wich greater disparity of stimuli. The present sntdy was undertaken to explore in a verbal condicioning situation, the effects of differences in two dimensions (hostile connotation and color) on discrimination learning and on post-experimental report of the response'This research was supported in part by Research Grant M-2470 from the National Institutes of Health. This study was completed while the first author was ar the University of Arizona.
Further purification of epidermal growth factor by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF) purified by the method of Savage and Cohen (J. Biol. Chem.247, 7601–7611 (1972) using DEAE-cellulose chromatography as the final purification step was further resolved into two major uv-absorbing components by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both components, referred to as α-EGF and β-EGF, competed with 125I-labeled EGF for the EGF receptor, induced premature eye opening in neonatal mice, and had an amino acid composition similar to that published by Savage et al. (J. Biol. Chem.247, 7612–7621 (1972). β-EGF migrated slightly faster than α-EGF during sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. α-EGF was fourfold more potent than β-EGF and was 10-fold more potent than DEAE-purified EGF in stimulating DNA synthesis in quiescent Rat-1 cells. HPLC purification of EGF can replace the DEAE-cellulose chromatography step currently used and produces a more potent and less heterogeneous EGF species.
Literacy Acceleration: Enabling secondary‐age students to become literate

Tony Lingard has developed an approach he calls Literacy Acceleration. Here he gives the rationale underpinning the strategy and details of its component parts. Lingard admits there is nothing particulary new in this but claims that the consistency and intensity of its application has yielded some significant results. This echoes the experience of others who feel that standards of literacy have slipped and this relates directly to the amount of time teachers are able to give to addressing learning difficulties.
Distortion Exponent of MIMO Fading Channels

In this paper, we consider transmission of a continuous amplitude source over a quasi-static MIMO Rayleigh fading channel. The performance metric is end-to-end distortion of the source caused both by the lossy compression and the channel errors. We are interested in the high SNR behavior expressed in the distortion exponent, which is the exponential decay rate of the average end-to-end distortion as a function of SNR. Our goal is to maximize this distortion exponent by considering joint source and channel coding techniques. We provide digital strategies that utilize layered source coding coupled with multi-rate channel coding either by progressive or by superposition transmission, as well as a hybrid digital-analog scheme. When either the transmitter or the receiver has one antenna, we show that we are able to achieve the optimal distortion exponent.
Longitudinal indicators of the social context of families: beyond the snapshot

Longitudinal indicators are measures of an individual or family behavior, interaction, attitude, or value that are assessed consistently or comparably across multiple points in time and cumulated over time. Examples include the percentage of time a family lived in poverty or the proportion of childhood a person lived in a single-parent family. Longitudinal indicators reflect exposure not at a “snapshot” moment but over the lifecourse and may also be more reliable assessments of the family environment or experience. We highlight potential longitudinal indicators and discuss methodological issues.
Treatment of lymphogranulomatous strictures of the rectum with short wave diathermy

F OR many years patients with stricture margin or as an extension from a Iesion on of the rectum due to IymphogranuIoma the urethra1 meatus to the posterior urethra venereum have been returning to the which drains to the recta1 and perirecta1 recta1 dispensary at the Johns Hopkins Iymphatics. The tissue changes are those of HospitaI for whatever treatment was then a nonspecific granuIoma. The diagnosis is in vogue. In 1940, Martz and Foote remade by the Frei test which is an aIIergic ported three men and two women with this reaction to the intracutaneous inocuIation disease whom they had treated with diaof the steriIized extract from the exudate of thermy combined with Frei antigen inocua known Iesion. lations. They obtained apparent cure in a11 AImost every form of chemica1, bioIogifive of these cases. Such an encouraging cal, radioIogica1, eIectrica1, surgica1 and report Ied us to attempt our own evaIuation physica treatment has been used without of the method. very promising resuIts after the secondary LymphogranuIoma venereum is a specific manifestations have deveIoped. Recent disease produced by a fiItrabIe virus which reports have offered attractive resuIts with is usuaIIy transmitted by sexua1 interthe use of the suIfonamides but our expericourse. The initiaI Iesion is a smaI1 painIess ences with these have not been good when herpetiform or papuIar nodule which usuused Iate in the disease. We decided to treat aIIy Iasts only a few days and is unnoticed some of our recta1 strictures with diaor disregarded by the patient. The secondthermy aIone. A short wave machine was ary manifestations vary with the sex of the used. A meta pIate connected to one poIe individua1 and the site of the primary of the machine was applied to the Iower inocuIation. In the maIe the primary abdomen and the other poIe was connected Iesion usuaIIy occurs on the externa1 to a Hegar diIator which was inserted into genitaIia and drains by way of the Iymthe strictured area. The Iargest diIator that phatics to the inguina1 gIands resuIting couId be inserted without causing the in the formation of buboes. In the femaIe patient too much discomfort was used. the site of inoculation is usuaIIy the Treatments were given from two to six cervix or the posterior vagina1 waI1 and times per week for a period of twenty drains to the recta1 and perirecta1 Iymminutes each, as much current being used phatics causing a proctitis and perirecta1 as the patient couId toIerate. Five patients fibrosis. The proctitis progresses, uIcerates were treated in the above manner and two and is usuaIIy associated with a profuse patients were used as controIs. In the conbIoody purulent discharge. EIephantiasis troIs simiIar Hegar diIators were inserted in vulva, ana condyIomas, and peGrecta a simiIar manner for periods of twenty abscesses and fistuIas aIso occur as secondminutes each but no diathermy was used. ary .manifestations. OccasionaIIy, recta1 The foIIowing case reports show our resuIts : Iesions deveIop in the maIe as a result of direct impIantation in the recta1 mucosa by CASE REPORTS
Some curious properties of a familiar model of debt and default

Abstract Because sovereign borrowers may default, lenders charge contractual interest rates different from their opportunity costs of funds. This contractual rate may be above or below the borrower's marginal product of capital and cannot guide domestic investments. Other curious results obtain.
Detection efficiency of a plastic scintillator for 20 to 170 MeV neutrons

Abstract The neutron detection efficiency of a plastic scintillator 30.5 cm long and 12.7 cm in dia. has been measured for neutron energies from about 10–70 MeV. These were obtained by scattering a 193 MeV neutron beam from a liquid hydrogen target. A telescope selected protons from the n-p scattering which then determined the energy and flux of neutrons in the conjugate solid angle. A known fraction of this flux was intercepted by the neutron detector and the efficiency was thus determined. For an electron threshold near 1 MeV the efficiency is nearly constant from 20–50 MeV, then it decreases slowly with increasing neutron energy. As expected thresholds two and four times larger decrease the efficiency, particularly at low energy.
Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: CT and pathologic findings.

Abstract We present two cases that illustrate the appearance of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis on high resolution CT. Both patients had numerous thin-walled cystic airspaces of varying sizes distributed diffusely throughout the lungs. Most of the lung parenchyma surrounding the cystic spaces was normal. This pattern correlated closely with the surgical and pathologic findings and is distinct from other diffuse lung diseases.
The Formation of Stable Fatty Acid Substrate Complexes in Prostaglandin H2 Synthase-1

We have developed a protocol to purify apo-ovine (o) prostaglandin endoperoxide H(2) synthase-1 (PGHS-1) to homogeneity from ram seminal vesicles. The resulting apo enzyme can then be reconstituted with Co(3+)-protoporphyrin IX instead of Fe(3+)-protoporphyrin IX to produce a native-like, but functionally inert, enzyme suitable for the production of enzyme:fatty acid substrate complexes for biophysical characterization. Co(3+)-protoporphyrin IX reconstituted oPGHS-1 (Co(3+)-oPGHS-1) displays a Soret band at 426 nm that shifts to 406 nm upon reduction. This behavior is similar to that of cobalt-reconstituted horseradish peroxidase and myoglobin and suggests, along with resonance Raman spectroscopy, that the Co(3+)-protoporphyrin IX group is one in a six-coordinate, cobalt(III) state. However, Co(3+)-oPGHS-1 does not display cyclooxygenase or peroxidase activity, nor does the enzyme produce prostaglandin products when incubated with [1-(14)C]arachidonic acid. The cocrystallization of Co(3+)-oPGHS-1 and the substrate arachidonic acid (AA) has been achieved using sodium citrate as the precipitant in the presence of the nonionic detergent N-octyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside. Crystals are hexagonal, belonging to the space group P6(5)22, with cell dimensions of a = b = 181.69 A and c = 103.74 A, and a monomer in the asymmetric unit. GC-MS analysis of dissolved crystals indicates that unoxidized AA is bound within the crystals.
A preliminary analysis of the USML-1 drop dynamics experimental results

This is a quick-look report of the results of the drop dynamics experiments that were conducted in the Drop Physics Module aboard the United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1) Space Shuttle mission (STS 50) from June 25 to July 9, 1992. Two types of drop dynamics experiments namely: rotations of spherical drops and oscillations of simple and compound drops were studied. Preliminary results indicate that for the rotating liquid drop experiments, the experimental data agrees well with the theoretical (numerical) predictions in the axisymmetric and the two-lobed regions. The dynamics of the bifurcation point was studied, and it was found that the shift in the bifurcation point, due to drop deformation and due to spin-up and spin-down, coroborates the previous experimental data.
Detection of thin cirrus using a combination of 1.38‐μm reflectance and window brightness temperature difference

[1] A new cloud-detection scheme has been developed that utilizes 1.38-μm reflectance in combination with 8.6–11 μm brightness temperature difference (BTD8.6–11) to detect thin cirrus clouds. The 1.38-μm channel of the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) is useful in detecting thin cirrus due to its high sensitivity to upper tropospheric clouds and a nearly negligible sensitivity to low-level reflectance. Dependent upon neighboring cloud type, water vapor concentration, and the viewing geometry, specific 1.38-μm reflectance threshold levels can be utilized to detect thin cirrus that has previously been undetectable by downward looking satellite imagery. BTD8.6–11 is also sensitive to ice clouds and is used as a second, independent, cirrus cloud test. Each test can either support or negate results from the other. Final cloud type results are produced by using cirrus detected by either the 1.38-μm reflectance test or the BTD8.6–11 test or by using only that detected by both tests depending on whether a sizable amount of the neighboring cloud is opaque or not as determined by a simple visible reflectance test. It is found that 1.38-μm reflectance can often detect a greater amount of thin cirrus than the BTD8.6–11. Satellite data from 10 MODIS cases over the atmospheric radiation measurement-tropical western Pacific and southern Great Plains sites were chosen because they provide land and ocean surface cases, variation in cloud type to test the algorithms reliability, and ground truth in the form of millimeter-wave radar data. Two-dimensional horizontal cloud type detection results are shown to correlate well with the 1-hour cloud radar reflectivity time series centered at the MODIS overpass time. Statistics indicate that the new algorithm more accurately identifies thin cirrus in cases involving only single-layer cirrus and where thin cirrus overrides low cloud.
Bone development in Japanese quail

The development of the long bones of Japanese Quail was studied histologically and microradiographically at different post-hatching periods from birth to one year of age. At the level of the mid-shaft, the woven bone of the neonatal animal becomes thicker by rapid periosteal growth and becomes consolidated by the deposition of bone within large vascular spaces throughout the first month of life. Continued periosteal growth and formation of osteons is most rapid during the second and third month, and the mature architecture of the cortex — primary haversian bone — is established at the end of this period. Osteon formation is more progressive in the tibiotarsus and tibia than in the femur. Replacement osteons are established by remodeling endochondral bone incorporated into the metaphyses near the endosteum, but these deposits delimited by cement lines do not seem to be remodeled to any significant degree. Bizarre resorption cavities attributed to osteolysis were frequently observed in highly mineralized interstitial lamellae.
Bio-organic studies of insect olfaction

Pheromones interact with binding and catabolic proteins in insect olfactory sensilla, and the activated dendritic receptors are important in the transduction of a chemical binding event into an electrical signal. Selected results will be presented in which high specific activity tritium-labeled pheromones and pheromone analogs are synthesized and used to study proteins from insect antennae which bind and degrade pheromone molecules.
Spontaneous Intrahepatic Hemorrhage: A Case Report

Etiology of the acute abdomen can be difficult to determine in the acute care setting, as both medical and surgical emergencies can present with a similar clinical presentation. Prompt work-up is essential to reveal the diagnosis and allow for successful treatment. We present a rare case of spontaneous intrahepatic hemorrhage in a patient with multiple comorbidities, including multiple myeloma and lung cancer. Although the underlying cause of hemorrhage remained unknown, appropriate recognition of the patient's presenting signs and symptoms allowed for immediate treatment and satisfactory outcome.
One-step synthesis of alkoxyamines for nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization

An alkoxyamine that is an effective initiator for the controlled polymerization of styrene and isoprene has been prepared by the reaction of 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane with two equivalents of radicals derived from 1-bromoethylbenzene.
Stability of intersecting aircraft flows using heading change maneuvers for conflict avoidance

Considers two intersecting flows of aircraft that must avoid each other. Considering avoidance maneuvers modeled by instantaneous heading changes, it is demonstrated that these maneuvers remain bounded under decentralized, sequential conflict avoidance rules. Analytical results are compared with simulations.
Well-Being and Growth: A Diachronic Discourse

After numerous unremarkable centuries, why did humans start to live longer and reproduce themselves in increasing numbers? What were the proximate causes of this remarkable demographic acceleration? No longer destined everywhere to endure brutish and short life experiences, why did humans, first in northwestern Europe and eventually everywhere else, begin almost abruptly to enjoy enhanced well-being? Did their food intakes become more nutritious and their conflicts less devastating? Or were improvements in potable water sources key factors? Conceivably, too, the world simply grew richer, and its citizens could purchase better lives more easily. Deaton's The Great Escape provides many answers to such questions, and an excellent entry for historians and social scientists into the literature on well-being over time.
Biomechanical effects of malposition of tuberosity fragments on the humeral prosthetic reconstruction for four-part proximal humerus fractures

Abstract Variable outcomes in the prosthetic reconstruction of 4-part humerus fractures often can be attributed to inconsistent and nonanatomic tuberosity placement. To compare the effects of anatomic (anterior fin) versus nonanatomic (lateral fin) tuberosity placement, we developed a dynamic cadaver model for shoulder motion. With the use of a robotically driven, computer-controlled articulator, we tested external rotation torque in 5 fresh human shoulders. After evaluation of the intact shoulders, we experimentally induced 4-part humerus fractures in the specimens. These were then repaired by hemiarthroplasty, with the use of standard techniques to secure the greater and lesser tuberosities in either anatomic or nonanatomic positions; order was randomized. Nonanatomic tuberosity reconstruction led to significant impairment in external rotation kinematics and an 8-fold increase in torque requirements (P =.001). In contrast, anatomic reconstruction produced results indistinguishable from normal shoulder controls. This study underscores the importance of rotational alignment of tuberosities during reconstruction. Failure to properly position tuberosity fragments in the horizontal plane may result in insurmountable postoperative motion restriction.(J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2001;10:321-6.)
White Coat Ceremonies in US Schools of Pharmacy

BackgroundPharmacy and medical schools share similar concerns regarding the need to place greater emphasis on professional socialization. Many academic institutions of both professions have elected to establish a white coat ceremony to initiate the process of inculcating professional values. However, a recent literature search revealed little published information on pharmacy white coat ceremonies.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of white coat ceremonies in US schools of pharmacy and identify commonalities between ceremonies conducted at different schools.MethodsIn April 2002, a 25-question survey was sent via E-mail to the deans of the 83 accredited schools of pharmacy in the US. The survey solicited details about the nature of each school's white coat ceremony or reasons why the school does not conduct a ceremony.ResultsThe first ceremony in pharmacy was held at the University of Kentucky in 1995. As of May 2002, 51 of the 83 schools had already conducted a white coat ceremony and another 10 indicat...
Coding sequence mutations identified in MYH7, TNNT2, SCN5A, CSRP3, LBD3, and TCAP from 313 patients with familial or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Background More than 20 genes have been reported to cause idiopathic and familial dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC/FDC), but the frequency of genetic causation remains poorly understood.
Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in bioenergy ecosystems: 1. Model development, validation and sensitivity analysis

Biofuel made from conventional (e.g., maize (Zea mays L.)) and cellulosic crops (e.g., switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Miscanthus (Miscanthus 9 giganteus)) provides alternative energy to fossil fuels and has been considered to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. To estimate the large-scale carbon and nitrogen dynamics of these biofuel ecosystems, process-based models are needed. Here, we developed an agroecosystem model (AgTEM) based on the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model for these ecosystems. The model was incorporated with biogeochemical and ecophysiological processes including crop phenology, biomass allocation, nitrification, and denitrification, as well as agronomic management of irrigation and fertilization. It was used to estimate crop yield, biomass, net carbon exchange, and nitrous oxide emissions at an ecosystem level. The model was first parameterized for maize, switchgrass, and Miscanthus ecosystems and then validated with field observation data. We found that AgTEM well reproduces the annual net primary production and nitrous oxide fluxes of most sites, with over 85% of total variation explained by the model. Local sensitivity analysis indicated that the model sensitivity varies among different ecosystems. Net primary production of maize is sensitive to temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, fertilizer, and irrigation and less sensitive to atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In contrast, the net primary production of switchgrass and Miscanthus is most sensitive to temperature among all factors. Nitrous oxide fluxes are sensitive to management in maize ecosystems, and sensitive to climate factors in cellulosic ecosystems. The developed model should help advance our understanding of carbon and nitrogen dynamics of these biofuel ecosystems at both site and regional levels.
A Dynamic Mathematical Model To Clarify Signaling Circuitry Underlying Programmed Cell Death Control in Arabidopsis Disease Resistance

Plant cells undergo programmed cell death in response to invading pathogens. This cell death limits the spread of the infection and triggers whole plant antimicrobial and immune responses. The signaling network connecting molecular recognition of pathogens to these responses is a prime target for manipulation in genetic engineering strategies designed to improve crop plant disease resistance. Moreover, as alterations to metabolism can be misinterpreted as pathogen infection, successful plant metabolic engineering will ultimately depend on controlling these signaling pathways to avoid inadvertent activation of cell death. Programmed cell death resulting from infection of Arabidopsis thaliana with Pseudomonas syringae bacterial pathogens was chosen as a model system. Signaling circuitry hypotheses in this model system were tested by construction of a differential-equations-based mathematical model. Model-based simulations of time evolution of signaling components matched experimental measurements of programmed cell death and associated signaling components obtained in a companion study. Simulation of systems-level consequences of mutations used in laboratory studies led to two major improvements in understanding of signaling circuitry: (1) Simulations supported experimental evidence that a negative feedback loop in salicylic acid biosynthesis postulated by others does not exist. (2) Simulations showed that a second negative regulatory circuit for which there was strong experimental support did not affect one of two pathways leading to programmed cell death. Simulations also generated testable predictions to guide future experiments. Additional testable hypotheses were generated by results of individually varying each model parameter over 2 orders of magnitude that predicted biologically important changes to system dynamics. These predictions will be tested in future laboratory studies designed to further elucidate the signaling network control structure.
An Analysis of Covariance Risk and Pricing Anomalies

This article examines the link between several well-known asset pricing “anomalies” and the covariance structure of returns. I find size, book-to-market, and momentum strategies exhibit a strong, weak, and negligible relation to covariance risk, respectively. A size factor helps predict future volatility and covariation, improving the efficiency of investment strategies. Moreover, its premium rises following increases in both its volatility and covariation with other assets. These effects are amplified in recessions. No such relations exist for book-to-market or momentum. These findings may shed light on explanations for these premia and present a challenging set of facts for future theory. While an extensive theoretical and empirical literature has analyzed the relation between various firm characteristics and the cross section of expected returns, very little is known about their relation to the second moment of returns. This article attempts to answer two important and related questions. First, to what extent are premia associated with firm characteristics related to the covariance matrix of returns? Second, how “risky” (in terms of covariance risk) are investment strategies designed from these characteristics? There is considerable debate over why firm characteristics seem to be related to the cross section of average returns. Much of this debate centers on whether this relation constitutes evidence for or against market efficiency. The joint test of market efficiency and the underlying equilibrium return model makes resolution of this debate difficult. Under the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) of Sharpe (1964), Lintner (1965), and Black (1972), market � ’s (or the covariation of a security’s return with the return on the market portfolio) should be sufficient to describe the cross section of expected returns. Hence the relation between other firm characteristics and average returns were termed “anomalies” with respect to the CAPM. However, other return-generating models, such as the multifactor models of Merton (1973)
Effects of extra-pair and within-pair reproductive success on the opportunity for selection in birds

The number of mates, their fecundity, and the number of extra-pair fertilizations can all affect male reproductive success in biparental species. Extra-pair mating in birds has been of particular interest, because it could generate strong levels of sexual selection even when a species is socially monogamous. We examined how extra-pair fertilizations affect the opportunity for selection in the sexually dimorphic common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) and the sexually monomorphic house wren (Troglodytes aedon). We were able to identify sires for at least 95% of all nestlings, and, thus, we were able to make a nearly complete accounting of male reproductive success. Although extra-pair fertilizations were common in yellowthroats (26% of young) it contributed little (21%) to the total variance in male reproductive success. Most of the variance in reproductive success (58%) was attributable to the male’s within-pair success, which was influenced primarily by the number of young produced by each mate and the proportion of within-pair young sired. Despite a moderate level of extra-pair fertilizations (10% of young) in house wrens, almost all of the variance in male reproductive success (97%) was attributable to within-pair success, particularly the number of social mates. Although extra-pair fertilizations generally increase the variance in male reproductive success, withinpair reproductive success may be the major source of variation in male reproductive success. Thus, sexual dimorphism in monogamous birds may be influenced more by the number of mates and their fecundity than by extra-pair matings. Key words: extra-pair paternity, sexual selection, common yellowthroat, house wren. [Behav Ecol]
An analysis of distributed feedback structures in ion exchanged waveguides

The performance of distributed feedback (DFB) structures fabricated on ion exchanged waveguides has been numerically analyzed. Waveguide exchange time, grating order, period, number of periods, grating shape, and grating depth have been included as variables for the analysis. The results are for K/sup +/-Na/sup +/-type systems exchanged at 385 degrees C. >
Association between chair stand strategy and mobility limitations in older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.

Abstract Objective To determine which lower limb strength and joint kinetic and kinematic parameters distinguish sit-to-stand (STS) performance of older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) with higher and lower chair stand time. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Motion analysis laboratory. Participants Individuals (N=49; 26 men, 23 women) aged 50 to 79 years (mean ± SD age, 64.7±8.1y) with radiographic knee OA and daily symptoms, stratified by chair stand times. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Lower limb strength and STS strategy. Results The chair stand times (mean ± SD) in the high-, moderate-, and low-functioning groups in men were 6.5±0.7, 8.6±0.7, and 11.5±1.3 seconds, respectively, and in women were 7.6±1.2, 10.0±0.5, and 12.8±1.8 seconds, respectively. Chair stand time ( P =.0391) and all measures of lower limb strength (all P P =.0122) differed between groups, and there was a trend toward a difference in sagittal knee power ( P =.0501) during STS, while in women only sagittal knee ROM ( P =.0392) differed between groups. Conclusions Higher- and lower-functioning adults with symptomatic knee OA appear to use different strategies when standing from a chair. Higher-functioning men flexed more at the hip and produced greater knee power than lower-functioning men. Higher-functioning women used less knee flexion than lower-functioning women. Since STS is an important mobility task, these parameters may serve as foci for rehabilitation aimed at reducing mobility limitations.
Nonlinear system identification using coevolution of models and tests

We present a coevolutionary algorithm for inferring the topology and parameters of a wide range of hidden nonlinear systems with a minimum of experimentation on the target system. The algorithm synthesizes an explicit model directly from the observed data produced by intelligently generated tests. The algorithm is composed of two coevolving populations. One population evolves candidate models that estimate the structure of the hidden system. The second population evolves informative tests that either extract new information from the hidden system or elicit desirable behavior from it. The fitness of candidate models is their ability to explain behavior of the target system observed in response to all tests carried out so far; the fitness of candidate tests is their ability to make the models disagree in their predictions. We demonstrate the generality of this estimation-exploration algorithm by applying it to four different problems-grammar induction, gene network inference, evolutionary robotics, and robot damage recovery-and discuss how it overcomes several of the pathologies commonly found in other coevolutionary algorithms. We show that the algorithm is able to successfully infer and/or manipulate highly nonlinear hidden systems using very few tests, and that the benefit of this approach increases as the hidden systems possess more degrees of freedom, or become more biased or unobservable. The algorithm provides a systematic method for posing synthesis or analysis tasks to a coevolutionary system.
Statistical Estimation of Uncultivated Microbial Diversity

The full microbial richness of a community, or even of an environmental sample, usually cannot be observed completely, but only estimated statistically. This estimation is typically based on observed count data, that is, the counts of the representatives of each species (or other taxonomic units) appearing in the sample or samples. “Abundance” data consists of counts of the numbers of individuals from various species in a single sample, while “incidence” (or multiple recapture) data consists of lists of species appearing in several or many samples. In this chapter we consider statistical estimation of the total richness, i.e., the total number of species, observed + unobserved, based on abundance or on incidence data. We discuss parametric and nonparametric methods, their underlying assumptions, and their advantages and disadvantages; computational implementations and software; and larger scientific issues such as the scope of applicability of the results of a given analysis. Some real-world examples from microbial studies are presented. Our discussion is intended to serve as an overview and an introduction to the literature and available software.
The Benefits, Risks, and Efficacy of Strabismus Surgery in Adults

Strabismus surgery in adults achieves satisfactory alignment with one operation in approximately 80% of patients, depending on the specific nature of the problem. Risks of adult strabismus surgery are relatively low, and serious complications are anecdotal and rare. Even if the strabismus has been long-standing, most adults will experience some improvement in binocular function after strabismus surgery. Consequently, adult strabismus surgery should not be considered merely cosmetic in most cases. In esotropic patients, this improvement typically takes the form of an expansion of binocular visual fields; however, some patients may also regain stereopsis. There are many psychosocial benefits to adult strabismus surgery. This is reflected in the finding that the majority of adults surveyed with strabismus would trade a portion of their life expectancy to be rid of their strabismus.
Image Quality of Two-Primary Color Active-Matrix Liquid-Crystal Displays

The demand for color head- and helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) is growing. Interest focuses on full-color systems, but a limited color repertoire is sufficient for some applications and can reduce cost and complexity significantly, especially when subtractive-color active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AMLCD) technology is used. We report a series of experiments that investigated important questions about the design and merits of two-primary color AMLCDs for HMD applications. Our main conclusion is that the image quality of a subtractive-color AMLCD with high (≥70%) aperture ratio is superior to a comparable, conventional color AMLCD. Evidence regarding requirements for resolution, aperture ratio, and gray scale is also provided.
Iron Interventions for Women and Children in Low-Income Countries

The WHO estimates that 41% of women and 27% of children suffer from anemia due to iron deficiency. The consequences of iron deficiency anemia include suboptimal mental and motor development in young children, increased risk of maternal mortality, and decreased economic productivity of adults. Recent research also provides evidence that maternal iron deficiency in pregnancy increases neonatal morbidity and mortality. This short review briefly highlights how iron interventions might be positioned within 4 global health initiatives: making pregnancy safer, saving newborn lives, infant and young child feeding, and fortification. The importance of iron nutrition is recognized in the context of child nutrition, fortification, and biofortification, and it is likely that meaningful advances will be made through these initiatives in the coming decade. However, iron nutrition is not yet well integrated into the programmatic agendas for reducing morbidity and mortality of pregnant women and neonates. Iron supplementation in pregnancy has been advocated for decades as a means of controlling anemia, but this outcome has not been sufficient to motivate strong programs and policies, and the evidence base is still sparse for high-priority clinical outcomes. To act on the current evidence for maternal and neonatal health will require stronger advocacy within circles that have not traditionally included nutritionists. Successful implementation will require greater attention to antenatal care for pregnancy women and prioritization of iron-promoting actions (including iron supplementation and deworming) within that platform.
Reperfusion revisited: Beyond TIMI3 flow

Therapy for acute myocardial infarction has advanced dramatically since the early 1980s with the use of early intravenous fibrinolytic therapy. Combining low-dose fibrinolysis and platelet lysis appears to provide an additional increase in infarct-related artery (IRA) patency, but the large-scale mortality reduction trials evaluating this strategy are just getting under way. Recently, considerable attention has shifted away from the epicardial arteries to the microvasculature. Contemporary evidence suggests that epicardial patency does not necessarily translate to actual perfusion at the myocardial level. Techniques to evaluate beyond thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) epicardial flow are now available and validated. In addition, there are promising treatments for the prevention or alleviation of certain forms of microvascular obstruction. This review attempts to clarify the confusion surrounding epicardial flow and "myocardial malperfusion" and to provide some insight into the next direction in acute myocardial infarction therapeutics.
Unsettling Sikh and Muslim Conflict: Mistaken Identities, Forced Conversions, and Postcolonial Formations

This book may be located within diaspora studies and the study of intercultural and interethnic relations, and more broadly, within the discourse on narrative performance where identity is viewed a...
Improved bush-based methods for network contraction

Calculating equilibrium sensitivity on a bush can be done very efficiently, and serve as the basis for a network contraction procedure. The contracted network (a simplified network with a few nodes and links) approximates the behavior of the full network but with less complexity. The network contraction method can be advantageous in network design applications where many equilibrium problems must be solved for different design scenarios. The network contraction procedure can also be used to increase the accuracy of subnetwork analysis. This method requires calculating travel time derivatives between two nodes, with respect to the demand between them, assuming that the flow distributes in a way that equilibrium is maintained. Previous research describes two methods for calculating these derivatives. This paper presents a third method, which is simpler, faster, and just as accurate. The method presented in this paper reformulates the linear system of equations defining these sensitivities as the solution to a convex programming problem, which can be solved by making minor modifications to static user equilibrium algorithms. In addition, the model is extended to capture the interactions between the path travel times and network flows, and a heuristic is proposed to compute these interactions. The accuracy and complexity of the proposed methodology are evaluated using the network of Barcelona, Spain. Further, numerical experiments on the Austin, Texas regional network validate its performance for subnetwork analysis applications.
The Virtue of Aristotle's Ethics: The Non-remedial Nature of the Virtues

It is often thought that what is distinctive about ethical virtues is that they are meant to remedy certain defects, either in human nature or in the world, or both. These views are supposedly linked with the idea that if human beings were perfect, or if they lived in a perfect world, there would be no need for ethical virtues. In this chapter, I argue that Aristotle's ethical virtues are not essentially remedial. This is especially clear in the case of the nameless virtues I discussed in the previous chapter, but remedial interpretations are also at odds with aspects of Aristotle's doctrine of the mean, discussed in Chapter 1, and his famous function argument. The view that Aristotelian ethical virtues are not essentially remedial is therefore an important thesis in Aristotle's ethic of virtue. It contributes to Aristotle's account of particular virtues, to be explained in Chapter 4, and it also supports Aristotle's humanism, to be further elaborated in Chapter 6. Modern proponents of remedial views often trace their position back to Aristotle. For example, Philippa Foot in “Virtues and Vices” says that the “virtues should be seen as correctives” and she suggests that Aristotle would agree. Christine Korsgaard in an influential paper, “Aristotle and Kant on the Source of Value”, argues that, according to Aristotle, the ethical virtues only have conditional value. In Korsgaard's words: One can center one's life around, say, justice in fighting for oppressed people or courage in the military life or political and practical wisdom in making laws for the city. For an individual such an activity is a final good, for the virtuous person does these things for their own sake. […]