cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Do States Pursue Targeted Economic Development Policies? The Adoption and Expansion of State Enterprise Zone Programs*

Objective. The objective of this article is twofold. First, why did states adopt enterprise zones, which allow designated economically distressed areas to provide significant financial incentives to attract firms? Second, why did some states significantly increase the number of zones within the state and transform what began as a spatially targeted program aimed at helping poor places into a state-wide incentive program aimed at improving the state's competitive position? We also demonstrate the value of examining how changes in a state's policy environment can undermine a policy innovation, namely, the adoption of place-based economic development policies. Methods. We use event history analysis to model when states adopt enterprise zones and an event-count model to estimate when states increase the number of enterprise zones, and thereby undermine the original intent of the program. Results. States with larger urban populations and neighboring states with enterprise zone programs are more likely to adopt enterprise zone programs. States are more likely to increase the number of enterprise zones when they have larger urban populations, more neighboring states with enterprise zone programs, professional legislatures, more centrist elected officials, and as the program ages. Conclusions. Although the adoption of enterprise zones signaled states' commitment to improve conditions in the most distressed areas of the states, that commitment gradually wanes in the face of internal political demands and external competition for investment and jobs. By extending our analysis to examine what happens after the adoption of enterprise zones, we develop a more pessimistic assessment of states' capacity to pursue spatially targeted economic development policies to help economically distressed areas.
Use of double-balloon enteroscopy to perform PEG in the excluded stomach after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Background Because of postoperative complications, patients who have undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for weight loss may require radiographic investigation of the pancreaticobiliary limb or enteral feeding. Gastrostomy-tube placement into the excluded stomach for these indications is typically performed surgically or via fluoroscopic or US guidance; PEG has not been reported as being performed for this purpose. Successful examination of the excluded stomach after RYGB has been reported when using double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE). Objective To perform PEG in the excluded stomach by using DBE. Design Retrospective review. Setting Single, North American tertiary-care center. Patients Individuals with postoperative complications after RYGB that requires radiographic examination of the excluded stomach and the pancreaticobiliary limb, or enteral feeding. Interventions Performance of PEG within the excluded stomach by using DBE. Main Outcome Measurements Ability to perform PEG-procedure–related complications and resultant management changes. Results PEG was successfully performed by using DBE in 3 of 4 patients with postoperative complications after RYGB. In 2 of the cases, the results of radiographic studies performed with contrast administration through the gastrostomy tube led to significant operative management changes. In the third case, preoperative enteral nutrition was provided by using a gastrostomy tube. PEG placement was not possible in the fourth case because of the lack of abdominal transillumination. Major complications were not observed. Limitations Small sample size, single-center experience. Conclusions PEG placement in the excluded stomach after RYGB by using DBE was safe, technically feasible, and led to management changes in patients in whom it was performed. This procedure should be added to the growing list of indications for DBE.
Identification of candidate clean air corridors for the Colorado Plateau

The U.S. Clean Air Act, amended in 1990, mandated the establishment of the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC). The commission is required to submit a report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency addressing visibility issues in the region, including "the establishment of clean air corridors, in which additional restrictions on increases in emissions may be appropriate to protect visibility in affected Class I areas." This paper presents a methodology to identify candidate geographic areas for consideration for Clean Air Corridor (CAC) status for Colorado Plateau Class I areas. The methodology uses thousands of model determined trajectories over a five year period (1988 to 1992) to indicate the paths taken by air that arrives during clean air conditions at Class I areas. These clean air back-trajectories identify upwind areas where pollution emissions could jeopardize currently pristine visibility. Using this methodology, six candidate areas are identified, ranging in size from 75,000 to 506,000 square miles, and permitting varying levels of visibility protection for clean air days at Grand Canyon, Canyonlands, and Petrified Forest National Parks. Assuming effective emissions management of the CAC, the larger the CAC, the greater the visibility protection during clean air conditions.
FCC Laboratory Observations of Precision Frequency Control of TV Stations

Observations on the use of both high and low-frequency precision offset for interference reduction have not indicated any severe problems due to propagation at least for Channel 4. Arrangements are being made for further observations on high VHF channels.
Women returning to school: The consequences of multiple roles

Previous research suggests that strain is a predominant consequence of multiple-role incumbency. The likelihood of negative outcomes is increased when the role combination is non-normative. The validity of these assertions is tested for a group of women who have returned to school at midlife, comparing them to a group of their neighbors who are primarily housewives. Findings demonstrate that the students experienced significantly greater positive outcomes or gratifications from their multiple roles than the housewives experienced from their relatively unitary roles. However, the students also reported significantly more negative consequences or strain than did the housewives. Though the students had a net positive gain, the difference was not significant. Moreover, role strain was negatively correlated with high levels of involvement in leisure and volunteer activities for both subsamples. Finally, feminist ideology varied directly with gratification for both students and housewives. The mix of positive and negative corollaries of multiple roles challenges the assumption in the literature that strain is an ubiquitous outcome. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of sexual division of labor and strategies for enhancing net gratification.
Multiple Miocene marine productivity events in West Antarctica as recorded in upper Miocene sediments beneath the Ross Ice Shelf (Site J-9)

Abstract Considerable debate surrounds the age and origin of sediments recovered from underneath the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica at Site J-9. Although diatom biostratigraphy provides the best means of dating these sediments, diatom fragmentation, sediment reworking and microfossil assemblage mixing have led to conflicting interpretations regarding the age and depositional history of sediments collected as part of the Ross Ice Shelf Project (R.I.S.P.). Our biostratigraphic approach differs from previous analyses of R.I.S.P. sediments by differentiating between microfossil assemblages recovered from the sediment matrix and from within abundant semi-indurated sediment clasts. Diatomaceous clasts that were eroded and transported to Site J-9 by glacier ice reveal the age and composition of unknown marine deposits in West Antarctic interior basins. In addition to rare reworked Paleogene and Cretaceous microfossils, three distinct Miocene diatom assemblages are recognized — two from sediment clasts (middle lower Miocene and early middle Miocene) and a third restricted to matrix sediments (middle upper Miocene). Contrary to some published reports, no microfossils unequivocally younger than middle late Miocene are present, other than modern subice-shelf benthic foraminifera and ostracodes found in the uppermost sediments. Whether R.I.S.P. sediments are an in situ glacimarine deposit or a basal till is still uncertain. However, new data presented here support deposition by glacial marine processes during the middle late Miocene; an age indicated by foraminifera and the youngest diatom assemblage in R.I.S.P. Pliocene and Pleistocene marine sediments were probably stripped off by subsequent ice grounding events, most likely in association with the Ross Sea Unconformity. Reworked sedimentary clasts of diatomite suggest a highly productive, open marine environment in West Antarctica with intense productivity and limited glacial ice at sea level in the Ross Sea embayment during the middle early Miocene.
R0 bounds for worst-case endemic mixing models

Upper and lower bounds are presented for the worst endemic prevalence possible in nonrandom mixing models. The bounds require only the value of the reproductive number R0 for the corresponding homogeneous epidemic model. For R0 values of 4 or larger, the difference between the upper and lower bounds on the worst-case prevalence is at most five percentage points.
Fine particulate concentrations on sidewalks in five Southern California cities

Abstract This research provides an exploratory examination of the factors associated with fine particle concentrations in intersection and sidewalk microenvironments in five study areas in the Los Angeles region. The study areas range from low-density, auto-oriented development patterns to dense urban areas with mid- and high-rise buildings. Average concentrations of FP DT (fine particle concentrations measured with DustTrak Aerosol Monitors) ranged from about 20 to 70 μg m −3 across study areas during stationary and mobile (walking) monitoring in morning, midday, and evening periods. Results suggest that fine particle concentrations are highly variable on urban sidewalks. A regression analysis shows that concentrations are associated with traffic and the proximate built environment characteristics after accounting for meteorological factors, time of day, and location in the region. Regressions show higher concentrations were associated with lower wind speeds and higher temperatures, higher adjacent passenger vehicle traffic, higher ambient concentrations, and street canyons with buildings of over five stories. Locations in street canyons with 2–5 story buildings and with more paving and open space had lower concentrations after accounting for other factors. The associations with traffic and built environment variables explained a small amount of the variation in FP DT concentrations, suggesting that future research should examine the relative role of localized traffic and built environment characteristics compared to regional ambient concentrations and meteorology.
The Social Implications of the Doctrine of Divine Providence: A Nineteenth-Century Debate in American Theology

In a 1963 article in the Journal of Religion, Langdon Gilkey examined the troubled condition of the doctrine of providence and concluded that it had become “the forgotten stepchild of contemporary theology.” He attributed its demise to the violent eruptions of evil in our century, the unfortunate link between the doctrine and now defunct theories of natural theology, as well as the pervasive Arminianism and naturalism of contemporary thought. Current neglect of the concept was all the more striking, he reflected, because of its integral relationship to nearly all the theological systems of the preceding century.
Scritical Assessment of Opposing Views on Trends in Childhood Cancer

Two articles reaching opposite conclusions on the current trends in childhood cancer have recently appeared in the literature. One concluded that pediatric cancers have increased dramatically, suggesting an effect from environmental hazards; the other concluded that rates for the major pediatric cancers have remained fairly stable, except for modest increases due to improvements in diagnosis or reporting. This review discusses the reasons for this discrepancy, including differences in the populations, age groups, and time periods analyzed. The arguments in favor of an increase are examined and shown to provide no convincing evidence that environmental pollutants have increased pediatric cancer rates over the past 20 to 30 years. Any suggested increase appears to be the result of non-causal factors, such as selective analysis and reporting, residual confounding by age, random variation, and stepwise improvements in diagnosis and classification.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a new treatment option.

Neurologic damage from chemotherapy treatment of cancer, referred to as chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy or CPIN, can be devastating to the patient’s quality of life. Often this damage does not remit after the treatment is completed and management is generally inadequate. Before we move on to a newly reported approach to treating CPIN, a general background is in order. The goal of chemotherapy, regardless of the cancer type, is to simply destroy the cell by interfering with the cell division process. Normal cells are innocent bystanders of these drugs and, therefore, are damaged resulting in a wide range of effects such as low blood counts, hair loss, nausea/vomiting, and even nerve damage. Paradoxically, the neurons and the supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system are nondividing but susceptible to these drugs due to several unique characteristics. The sensory and autonomic neurons are contained in ganglia that are outside of the blood–brain barrier. These ganglia are supplied by capillaries that allow passage of molecules between the circulation and extracellular fluid of the ganglia, thus, providing the chemotherapy direct access to these cells. The long peripheral nerves are also susceptible to these drugs which can interfere with the energy metabolism or structural basis of axonal transport. Mechanism of action includes disrupting the microtubules of the mitotic spindle, impairing axonal transport and DNA damage among others. Clinically, peripheral neuropathy is defined as any form of damage, inflammation, or degeneration of peripheral nerves and may affect not only the sensory but also the motor and autonomic function as well. Often, the longest nerves in the lower extremities are initially affected causing a symmetric, length-dependent peripheral neuropathy spreading from distal to proximal in the classic glove and stocking distribution. Tingling (paraesthesia) and numbness (hypoesthesia) in the fingers and toes are the most common presenting symptoms. Proprioceptive loss may lead to ataxia and unsteady gait. Motor symptoms are unusual but can cause muscle cramps, tremor, or distal muscle loss of strength. Finally, autonomic dysfunction is infrequent but may result in orthostatic hypotension, constipation, and sexual and bladder dysfunction. As summarized by Delforge et al:
Investigation of the Influence of Reflective Insulation on Indoor Reception in Rural Houses

We investigate the effects of reflective (metallic) insulation on indoor digital television (DTV) signal reception in rural houses. Simulation results indicate that under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, the presence of reflective insulation may significantly degrade indoor signal reception and cause a large variation of signal level inside a house. To predict the average signal level in domestic indoor sites, a simple empirical model that covers the DTV broadcast frequencies is proposed. Simulations also show that directional antennas may not necessarily improve indoor DTV signal reception.
Physiological Control of Molluscan Gill Cilia by 5-Hydroxytryptamine

An examination is made of the hypothesis that endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) serves as a local hormone regulating ciliary activity in the lamellibranch gill. These cilia are sensitive to exogenous 5-HT and respond to it by a prompt, sustained, and reversible rise in beat frequency; at the same time the carbohydrate metabolism is stimulated, as described elsewhere. Control gill contains small but definite amounts of endogenous 5-HT according to bioassay, fluorometry, and chromatography. The amount can be increased markedly by exposing the isolated gill to the precursor substance 5-hydroxytryptophan but not l-tryptophan. As the tissue level of 5-HT rises, the spontaneous beat frequency also rises. Both remain elevated for hours and perhaps for days. The gill of Mytilus edulis is richer than the gill of Modiolus demissus in both endogenous 5-HT and effective 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity. Modiolus gill lacks the 5-hydroxyindole oxidase by which Mytilus gill destroys 5-HT. What if any mechanism exists in Modiolus for degrading 5-HT is not known, but monoamine oxidase is not present. The 5-HT content of Mytilus and Modiolus gill cannot be modified by treatment with reserpine or alpha-methyl-dopa. Which cells of the gill synthesize and destroy 5-HT has not been established, but these observations support the concept that the physiological activity of lamellibranch gill cilia is controlled by a serotonergic mechanism.
Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells using Etched Absorber Layers

An aqueous Br-etch to smooth the surface of Cu(InGa)Se2 thin films and reduce their thickness is used to enhance characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 solar cells. Two applications of this etch will be presented. First, the etch is used to obtain the smooth surface necessary for precise optical characterization by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Optical constants of etched Cu(InGa)Se2 match those of films peeled from the substrate, as has previously been used to provide the smooth surface for characterization. The optical properties of CdS grown on the etched Cu(InGa)Se2 have been determined and are compared to those of single crystal CdS. Second, the etch is used to controllably reduce the Cu(InGa)Se2 thickness for characterizing the effect of absorber layer thickness. Devices have been fabricated using Cu(InGa)Se2 layers with thicknesses from 0.4 to 1.8 mum with fill factor greater than 74% over the entire range. The main loss in efficiency with absorber layers less than 1mum is from lower short circuit current due partly to incomplete optical absorption. Solar cell losses with the thin specular absorber layers obtained by etching are compared to those with rougher deposited films
Quantitative Analysis in Nuclear Oncologic Imaging

The role of PET during the past decade has evolved rapidly from that of a pure research tool to a methodology of enormous clinical potential. FDG-PET is widely used in the diagnosis, staging, and assessment of tumor response to therapy, since metabolic changes generally precede the more conventionally measured parameter of change in tumor size. Data are accumulating rapidly to validate the efficacy of FDG imaging in a wide variety of malignant tumors with sensitivities and specificities often in the high 90-percentile range. Although metabolic imaging is an obvious choice, the design of specific clinical protocols is still under development. The tracers or combinations of tracers to be used, when the imaging should be done after therapy, the selection of optimal acquisition and processing protocols, the method of accurately performing quantitative or semi-quantitative analysis of data are still undetermined. Moreover, each tumor-therapy combination may need to be independently optimized and validated.
Reactive jamming attacks in multi-radio wireless sensor networks: an efficient mitigating measure by identifying trigger nodes

There exist many studies against reactive jamming attacks, however, these methods, i.e. frequency hopping or channel surfing, require excessive computational capabilities on wireless devices which are serious side effects in wireless sensor networks. To avoid the problems in existing methods, we propose a novel approach against reactive jamming attacks by identifying the trigger nodes, whose transmissions activate any reactive jammers. The identification of these trigger nodes can help us (i) carefully design a better routing protocol by switching these nodes into only receivers to avoid activating jammers and (ii) locate the jammers based on the trigger nodes, thus providing an alternative mechanism against reactive jamming attacks. In this paper, we provide an efficient method to identify the trigger nodes by utilizing the group testing techniques and minimum collection of disjoint disk covers to reduce the message and computational overhead. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that our solution performs extremely well in terms of time and message complexities, which in turn provides a good approach to defend reactive jamming attacks.
For dioxin-induced birth defects, mouse or human CYP1A2 in maternal liver protects whereas mouse CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 are inconsequential.

Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) induces cleft palate and hydronephrosis in mice, when exposed in utero; these effects are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, and Cyp1b1 genes are up-regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. To elucidate their roles in dioxin-induced teratogenesis, we compared Cyp1a1(-/-), Cyp1a2(-/-), and Cyp1b1(-/-) knock-out mice with Cyp1(+/+) wild-type mice. Dioxin was administered (25 μg/kg, gavage) on gestational day 10, and embryos were examined on gestational day 18. The incidence of cleft palate and hydronephrosis was not significantly different in fetuses from Cyp1a1(-/-), Cyp1b1(-/-), and Cyp1(+/+) wild-type mice. To fetuses carried by Cyp1a2(-/-) dams, however, this dose of dioxin was lethal; this effect was absolutely dependent on the maternal Cyp1a2 genotype and independent of the embryonic Cyp1a2 genotype. Dioxin levels were highest in adipose tissue, mammary gland, and circulating blood of Cyp1a2(-/-) mothers, compared with that in the Cyp1(+/+) mothers, who showed highest dioxin levels in liver. More dioxin reached the embryos from Cyp1a2(-/-) dams, compared with that from Cyp1(+/+) dams. Fetuses from Cyp1a2(-/-) dams exhibited a ∼6-fold increased sensitivity to cleft palate, hydronephrosis, and lethality. Using the humanized hCYP1A1_1A2 transgenic mouse (expressing the human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 genes in the absence of mouse Cyp1a2 gene), the teratogenic effects of dioxin reverted to the wild-type phenotype. These data indicate that maternal mouse hepatic CYP1A2, by sequestering dioxin and thus altering the pharmacokinetics, protects the embryos from toxicity and birth defects; substitution of the human CYP1A2 trans-gene provides the same protection. In contrast, neither CYP1A1 nor CYP1B1 appears to play a role in dioxin-mediated teratogenesis.
Family functioning and the course of major depression

Abstract Thirty-eight psychiatric inpatients with major depression and their families were assessed during the acute phase of the depressive disorder and at remission or 12-month follow-up. They were matched to 28 nonclinical control families. Depressed families reported worse family functioning than control families, both during the acute episode and at remission. The depressive episode was significantly shorter (4.1 months) in those families that improved in family functioning during follow-up than in those that did not (8.1 months) improve. The family's perception of its functioning during the acute episode was not a good predictor of the length of depression for its family member.
Multimodal therapies for postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pain

Summary Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and pain are two of the major concerns for patients presenting for surgery. The causes of PONV are multifactorial and can largely be categorized as patient risk factors, anaesthetic technique, and surgical procedure. Antiemetics work on several different receptor sites to prevent or treat PONV. This is probably why numerous studies have now demonstrated that using more than one antiemetic is usually more effective and results in fewer side-effects than simply increasing the dose of a single antiemetic. A multimodal approach to PONV should not be limited to drug therapy alone but should involve a holistic approach starting before operation and continuing intraoperatively with risk reduction strategies to which are added prophylactic antiemetics according to the assessed patient risk for PONV. With the increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of acute pain, especially the occurrence of peripheral and central hypersensitization, it is unlikely that a single drug or intervention is sufficiently broad in its action to be adequately effective, especially with moderate or greater pain. Although morphine and its congeners are usually the foundation of pain management regimens, as their dose increases so does the incidence of side-effects. Thus, the approach for the management of acute postoperative pain is to use multiple drugs or modalities (e.g. regional anaesthesia) to maximize pain relief and reduce side-effects.
Providing Performance Feedback for Teachers to Increase Treatment Fidelity.

This article reviewed a method for increasing teachers’ use of behavior-specific praise, which is especially important for students with emotional and behavioral disabilities. The use of performance feedback has been researched fairly extensively and has yielded positive outcomes when compared with other forms of consultation. This article provides research to support the use of performance feedback as well as a framework for building systems to support implementation.
The kinetics of T regulatory cells in shock: beyond sepsis

During the past decade, there have been an increasing number of studies investigating the precise role of T regulatory cells in human disease. First recognized for their ability to prevent autoimmunity, T regulatory cells control effector CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and innate immune cells by several different suppressive mechanisms, like cell to cell contact, secretion of inhibitory cytokines and cytolysis. This suppressive function of T regulatory cells could contribute in a similar way to the profound immune dysfunction seen in critical illness whether the latter is due to sepsis or severe injury.
Anthropogenic-induced changes in twenty-first century summertime hydroclimatology of the Northeastern US

Potential changes in summertime hydroclimatology over the northeastern (NE) region of the USA induced by increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) concen- trations are investigated using a state-of-the-art regional climate modeling system. Results for a higher emissions scenario illustrate changes that may occur if depen- dence on fossil fuels continues over the coming century. Summertime precipitation is projected to decrease across much of the central NE, but increase over the southernmost and northernmost portions of the domain. Evaporation is expected to increase across the entire domain. The balance between these two results in a decrease in soil moisture content across most of the domain (by approximately 10 mm) and an increase in the summertime soil-moisture depletion rate (by ap- proximately 10 mm/month). At the same time, an increase in both atmospheric near-surface specific and saturation specific humidity is projected, resulting in an increase in relative humidity across the southern portion of the domain, with slight decreases over the northern portion. Combined with an average increase in summer temperatures of 3.5 ◦ C, the projected increase in relative humidity results in a marked increase in the average daily maximum heat index for the region on the order of 3.9 ◦ C, as well as a 350-400% increase in the number of days with heat index values exceeding 32.2 ◦ C( 90 ◦ F)—the level of "extreme caution". Taken together, these high-resolution, dynamically-generated projections confirm the potential for
Seismic noise‐reduction techniques for use with vertical stacking: An empirical comparison

A systematic comparison of a wide range of noise‐reduction techniques applied to a single data set collected for this purpose was attempted. The study includes a comparison of the relative benefits of noise‐reduction schemes for very different noise levels. The comparisons use computer simulations of field techniques for noise reduction as applied to deep crustal, 48-fold VIBROSEIS® data. The noise‐reduction techniques involve amplitude scaling (diversity stacking and automatic gain control), noise editing (the use of fixed‐gain and self‐updating noise‐rejection systems with and without buffered memory for recursive editing), and reduced numbers of recording bits (mantissa‐only and sign‐bit‐only formats). The effectiveness of each noise‐reduction procedure is assessed by a study of its effects on noise levels seen on source‐point gathers and on both true‐amplitude and amplitude‐balanced common‐midpoint (CMP) stacks. For low levels of ambient noise, true‐amplitude CMP stacks can be substantially improved b...
Thyroxine-induced activation of hypothalamo-hypophysial axis in neotenic salamander larvae

Thyroxine injected into the hypothalamus of neotenic Ambystoma tigrinum induces metamorphosis by activating hypothalamo-hypophysial stimulatory control of thyroid activity, thereby removing the hypothalamic block to metamorphosis.
Increased protein synthesis after acute IGF-I or insulin infusion is localized to muscle in mice

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of acute administration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or insulin on in vivo protein synthesis in muscle and other organs in fa...
How well do preschoolers identify healthy foods? Development and preliminary validation of the Dietary Interview Assessing Nutritional Awareness (DIANA).

Abstract The current study aimed to develop and initially validate a brief Dietary Interview Assessing Nutritional Awareness (DIANA) that mapped onto the Stop-Light Diet System. Participants for this study included 69 preschool children (83% boys; mean age = 5.13 years; 86% Latino) recruited from two summer programs. Children were presented with 24 pictures and were asked to name the food and indicate how healthy they felt each food was by pointing to a smiley face (very healthy = Green/Go food), neutral face (somewhat healthy = Yellow/Slow food), or a sad face (not healthy at all = Red/Whoa foods). Psychometric properties of the DIANA were assessed via a baseline assessment while children were re-administered the DIANA within 4–6 weeks to ascertain the test–retest reliability. Discriminant validity was also assessed in an exploratory fashion with a small subsample ( n = 11) of children who participated in a healthy-lifestyle intervention program (HIP). Results indicated that the internal consistency of the DIANA for both the expressive knowledge and the health classification scales was acceptable (α = .83 and .82, respectively) along with the test–retest reliability (ICC = .86 and .81, respectively). Lastly, children who participated in HIP experienced greater gains in their ability to classify food based on the Stop-Light System and greater expressive knowledge of Green/Go foods compared to children who did not participate in the intervention suggesting adequate construct validity. These findings highlight the feasibility and utility of the DIANA in assessing young children's knowledge of foods and their relative healthiness as well as its potential sensitivity to intervention effects.
The Expert in U.S. and German Patent Litigation (Der Sachverstaendige in Patentrechtsstreitigkeiten in den USA und Deutschland)

The expert often plays a crucial role in patent litigation in both Germany and the United States. Determination of facts and application of law to facts frequently require a technical understanding that only an expert can provide. Despite the similarity of the problem of conveying information to the decision-maker, the role of the expert in the two systems and the manner in which the problem of providing technical knowledge necessary for the decision is solved are so very different, that German jurists who transfer their German experiences and expectations over to US procedures, are in danger of experiencing great disappointment if not disaster. American practices relating to the selection and preparation of expert witnesses are so different from European practices, that their explanation to European jurists is said to cause "amazement... bordering on disbelief. "Knowledge of American practices can both ease involvement in an American patent lawsuit, whether as party or as expert, and contribute to a better understanding of the risks and costs of patent lawsuits in the United States.(Ob in Deutschland oder in den Vereinigten Staaten, der Sachverstaendige spielt haeufig eine entscheidende Rolle in einem Patentrechtsstreit. Die Erforschung der Tatsachen wie auch die Anwendung des Rechts erfordern oft ein technisches Verstaendnis, das nur ein Experte liefern kann. Das Problem, wie diese Informationen demjenigen, der das Urteil faellen muss, nahegebracht werden koennen, stellt sich in beiden Systemen gleichermassen. Allerdings sind die Rolle des Sachverstaendigen und die Art, wie diese Informationen uebertragen werden, hier und dort so verschieden, dass deutsche Juristen schwere Enttaeuschungen, wenn nicht sogar empfindliche Niederlagen befuerchten muessen, wenn sie ihre Vorstellungen und Erfahrungen auf den amerikanischen Prozess uebertragen. Nach Meinung Langbeins weicht die amerikanische Art, Sachverstaendige auszuwaehlen und vorzubereiten, so weit von der europaeischen Praxis ab, dass eine genaue Darstellung bei einem Europaeer "Erstaunen, an Unglauben grenzend" hervorruft. Die Kenntnis der amerikanischen Praxis kann einerseits die Schwierigkeiten mit einem amerikanischen Patentrechtsstreit, sei es als Partei oder als Sachverstaendiger, mindern und andererseits die Risiken und Kosten einer Patentklage in den Vereinigten Staaten leichter verstaendlich machen.)
Eukaryotic genome instability in light of asymmetric DNA replication

The eukaryotic nuclear genome is replicated asymmetrically, with the leading strand replicated continuously and the lagging strand replicated as discontinuous Okazaki fragments that are subsequently joined. Both strands are replicated with high fidelity, but the processes used to achieve high fidelity are likely to differ. Here we review recent studies of similarities and differences in the fidelity with which the three major eukaryotic replicases, DNA polymerases α, δ, and ɛ, replicate the leading and lagging strands with high nucleotide selectivity and efficient proofreading. We then relate the asymmetric fidelity at the replication fork to the efficiency of DNA mismatch repair, ribonucleotide excision repair and topoisomerase 1 activity.
O'Hare Truck Service, Inc v. City of Northlake: The First Amendment Rights of Government Contractors

The companion cases of Board of County Commissioners v. Umbehr and O’Hare Truck Service, Inc. v. City of Northlake extended the same kind of First Amendment speech and patronage protections to independent contractors working for the government as those enjoyed by government employees. This brief article discusses O’Hare, in which the Court granted to independent contractors a constitutional protection against patronage dismissals.
The mark of sugar. Hawai'i's eco-industrial heritage

HawaiYs eco-industrial heritage is a landscape permanently altered by sugar cane production. Beginning in 1850 American and European-based capitalists drew heav ily from global technological advances of the nineteenth century, rapidly exploited the land and water policies of the native Hawaiian government, and set in motion environ mental change that eventually increased industrial control over non-sugar cane ecosystems. This article exams the na ture-industry exchange which culminated by 1920 in an in dustrial sugar ecology that dominated landscapes, politics, and social life in Hawaii. Industrial agriculture has permanently altered the Hawaiian Islands. At the end of the eighteenth century these islands were a Polynesian chain of chiefdoms based upon irrigated and dryland agriculture. Within a century, the Hawaiian Kingdom became an industrial colony controlled by Americans and devoted to production of sugar cane for the western U.S. market. Sixty years later Hawaii was a U.S. state. Although this archipelago of six major islands had a long evolutionary history of geological and biological changes due to natural and human forces, it was from about 1850 to 1920 that the ecological changes set in motion by industrial plantation agriculture intensified and permanently trans formed Hawaii's landscape. These seventy years forever changed the forests, water supply, human and animal landscape, marking the first eco-industrial phase of sugar production in Hawaii. It was predicated upon a steady and massive spread of cane cultivation, constant application of new technologies and scientific principles to the field and the mill, and the evolution of manage ment practices all essential features of industrialization. Address all communications to: Carol MacLennan, Department of Social Sciences, Michi gan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA. E-mail: camac@mtu.edu.
Party Systems and Government Stability in the Indian States

This paper contributes to the substantive and methodological discussion of the issues concerning the causes of cabinet instability through analysis of data from Indian state politics. The focus of the analysis is on explaining the duration of Indian state governments in days with variables measuring the degree of fragmentation and cohesion in the party system, the composition of the cabinet, the characteristics of the opposition, and the role of ideological differences. A substantial amount of the variation in the durability of coalition governments is explained with variables that measure the degree of party system institutionalization and the extent of political opportunism, but ideological factors do not explain much of the differences in durability of governments. It is also found that none of the measures used can explain much of the variation in one-party majority governments for which, it is argued, explanations must be sought that focus on leadership skill and on relationships between leaders and factions in a dominant party.
Effect of Steriods on Germinal Vesicle of Oocytes of the Frog (Rana pipiens) in vitro.

SummaryIndividual follicles, with their enclosed oocytes, were dissected from the ovary of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, and their response to steroid hormones studied. Biologically and chemically related substance, progesterone, pregnenolone and 11-deoxycorticosterone, were most effective in producing germinal vesicle breakdown. Removal of the follicular tissue did not prevent the action of the steroid progesterone on the germinal vesicle. Steroids appear to act directly on the oocyte and calcium ions appear to be important for the biological action of the steroids.The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to The Upjohn Co. for the support which greatly aided this study. The efforts of Dr. Albert Notation in preparation of sulfated steroids are also acknowledged.
Ion-specific effects on surface potential and surface tension of water solutions explained via volume exclusion effects

Abstract The competition of ions for available neighboring hydrating water molecules (the exclusion volume effect) is important at high ionic strengths. Because of the differences in the hydration numbers of various ions, the volume exclusion effects might be responsible for the observed specific ion effects (the Hofmeister series) at large electrolyte concentrations. The exclusion volume is taken into account in the framework of the Structure Making/Structure Breaking (SM/SB) model, in which the interface with a thickness of a few Angstroms is assumed to be depleted of SM ions (typically, the cations, such as Na+, K+ or Li+), while the SB ions (such as H+, OH−, Cl−, Br−, I−) are adsorbed on the air/water interface via the Langmuir adsorption equations. Whereas at low electrolyte concentrations, the volume exclusion has negligible effect on both Zeta potential and surface tension, for ionic strengths above 0.1 M it leads to ion specificity for both of them, and this can explain the Hofmeister series in the behavior of surface tension at large electrolyte concentrations. Whereas the surface tension of salt solutions depends on the hydration number of SB anions, their equilibrium constants might be partially responsible for the ion specificity.
Clownesque Poetics in Jules Laforgue's Moralités légendaires

In 1883, Jules Laforgue described his literary expression as clownesque. While this characterization generally suggests the figure of Pierrot to those familiar with the poet's Les Complaintes (1885) and L'Imitation de Notre-Dame la Lune (1886), it is clear from his Moralites legendaires (1887) that his poetics had evolved to embrace the circus performer (clown or acrobat) as a figure whose existential identity is ambiguously double, and to adapt the circus ring as a semantic space in which such impossible incompatibilities can emerge and be sustained. Most of the collection's nouvelles possess a few carefully chosen and placed circus-related words that signal moments of existential limbo in which the tales' characters become both themselves and their opposite. As with his mots-valise, whose individual components retain their distinctiveness, Laforgue creates characters whose dual natures establish textual space as that other arena in which the ontologically impossible paradoxically occurs.
Nurse practitioner-mediated intervention for preoperative control of diabetes in elective surgery patients.

IntroductionAs the prevalence of diabetes continues to rise (Selvin, Parrinello, Sacks, & Coresh, 2014), there is a potential shortage of endocrinologists (Vigersky et al., 2014). Many healthcare settings are exploring the integration of interdisciplinary teams and the implementation of nurse pr
Internal mammary artery implantation. Effects upon coronary flow and ventricular function.

Summary Six dogs with implantation of the internal mammary artery into the ischemic anterior left ventricle had patent implants 4 to 9 months later demonstrated by cineangiography. They were then studied as right heart bypass preparations. Occlusion of the implant was not reflected in total coronary flow and did not alter ventricular function except in 1 animal when the heart was maximally stressed. Implant flow averaged 2.2 to 7.6 ml. per minute per 100 Gm. LV and paralleled changes in coronary flow. Control dogs had a fall in total coronary flow and a shift of the ventricular function curve to the right with acute occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. Cineangiographic patency of an internal mammary artery implant is not synonymous with significant implant flow nor does it follow that this flow contributes greatly to ventricular performance.
Strategies to Improve Milk Yield of Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Red Clover Silage1

Abstract Two trials were implemented to explore nutritional strategies to improve lactation performance of dairy cows fed red clover silage (RCS)-based diets. In Trial 1, 18 early- to midlactation dairy cows were assigned to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square trial design and fed diets containing forage bases of all RCS, a mixture of RCS and brown midrib corn silage (BMR), and a mixture of RCS and normal corn silage (NCS). Treatment diets were fed for 28 d and contained similar amounts of protein; treatments were formulated to be high in forage fiber so that utilization differences by the lactating cows could be expressed readily between the forage feeding schemes. Cows fed diets containing BMR and NCS consumed significantly more DM and produced approximately 1.5 kg more milk than cows fed diets containing all RCS. Cows fed diets containing all RCS also produced less true protein (TP) and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) in milk. Cows fed BMR ate more DM and NDF than did cows fed diets containing NCS, but the increased DMI did not result in improved lactation performance. In Trial 2, 16 early- to midlactation dairy cows were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square trial design and fed RCS-based diets containing moderate (MCP; 17.9%) or high (HCP; 19.5%) levels of CP with or without 4.2% of DM as supplemental dextrose. Cows fed diets containing HCP had increased DMI and milk production when compared with cows fed MCP. In addition, cows fed diets containing HCP significantly increased the CP, TP, NPN, and solids-no-fat (SNF) content of their milk. Yield of all milk components measured was increased by diets containing HCP. Supplementing the diets of cows with 4.2% dextrose had some minor negative effects on milk casein and TP yields, but results were biologically inconclusive. Data from Trial 1 suggest that replacing RCS with BMR or NCS can improve DMI and milk yield of lactating dairy cows. Supplementing RCS-based diets with greater levels of protein (Trial 2) similarly improves DMI and milk yield of lactating dairy cows.
Microfluidics for High-Throughput Cellular Isolation and Analysis in Biomedicine

Rare or low-abundance cells in a much larger population of background cells require extremely accurate as well as high-throughput selection and enumeration for a variety of biomedical applications. Conventional bench-top techniques have limited capabilities to isolate and analyze these rare cells because of their generally low selectivity, significant sample loss, and limited ability for bulk measurements in heterogeneous cell populations. Microfluidics has enabled facile handling of minute sample volumes and massively parallel multiplexing capabilities for high-throughput processing, making this platform excellent to deal with the transport, isolation, and analysis of rare cells. We classify the microfluidic rare cell isolation techniques based on the manner in which they achieve isolation through taking advantage of differences in cell properties such as size, surface marker expression, and behavior. In this chapter, we focus on recently published work utilizing microfluidic isolation techniques for circulating tumor cells (CTCs), immune cells, pathogens, and stem cells. We also cover methodologies for analyzing rare cell phenotypes, including migration patterns, using microfluidic platforms with integrated biosensors. Finally, we discuss future applications for microfluidic technology in advancing human health and basic biological understanding of rare cell types, such as CTCs.
Introduction to Statistics and Statistical Mechanics

Statistical thinking will one day be as necessary for efficient citizenship as the ability to read and write.
Failure mechanisms and modes analysis of vehicle exhaust components and systems

Abstract The basic functions of vehicle exhaust components and systems are to control emissions, noise, and manage thermal energy. Increasingly stringent government regulations on emissions and fuel economy challenge the exhaust designers and manufacturers to a degree that they have not yet experienced. In order to meet the regulations and customer requirements, vehicle exhaust systems are becoming more complex with increased service life. Failure mechanisms and modes and related durability and reliability performance assessment of vehicle exhausts become a more important concern to product design and validation engineers. In this chapter, the trend of emission control products and the challenges related to materials failure mechanisms and modes, such as fatigue, creep, oxidation, corrosion, erosion or their interactions, are reviewed in detail. Probabilistic failure data analysis, failure cause determination, effective failure prevention strategies, materials screening, and material ranking are also provided and discussed.