cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Composition of Somatic and Gonadal Tissues of Yellow Perch following White Sucker Removal

Abstract We determined the response of the proximate composition of yellow perch Perca flavescens to removal of a food competitor, the white sucker Catostomus commersoni, in a whole-lake manipulation of Douglas Lake, Michigan. Following removal of 80% of the adult white sucker population, the composition of somatic tissue of adult yellow perch collected from mid-April to mid-July improved, with water content decreasing and fat and caloric contents increasing. In a nearby reference lake, yellow perch proximate composition showed either no change or became less favorable during the same time period. From mid-July to mid-October, somatic tissue composition showed no improvement in Douglas Lake; this is consistent with a previous study showing that feeding rate late in the summer was not significantly different after sucker removal. Gonadal development had a strong influence on the composition of somatic tissues. Immediately following spawning, fat and energy reserves were depleted and the water content of so...
Is an epigenetic switch the key to persistent extinction

Many studies of learning have demonstrated that conditioned behavior can be eliminated when previously established relations between stimuli are severed. This extinction process has been extremely important for the development of learning theories and, more recently, for delineating the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie memory. A key finding from behavioral studies of extinction is that extinction eliminates behavior without eliminating the original memory; extinguished behavior often returns with time or with a return to the context in which the original learning occurred. This persistence of the original memory after extinction creates a challenge for clinical applications that use extinction as part of a treatment intervention. Consequently, a goal of recent neurobiological research on extinction is to identify potential pharmacological targets that may result in persistent extinction. Drugs that promote epigenetic changes are particularly promising because they can result in a long-term molecular signal that, combined with the appropriate behavioral treatment, can cause persistent changes in behavior induced by extinction. We will review evidence demonstrating extinction enhancements by drugs that target epigenetic mechanisms and will describe some of the challenges that epigenetic approaches face in promoting persistent suppression of memories.
Ventilatory response to ventral root stimulation in the decerebrate cat

Abstract High midbrain-decerebrate cats were exercised by electrical stimulation of L7 ventral roots at 80–120 pulses/sec, 0.5 to 0.7 msec duration, and varying voltages. Respiration was recorded with pneumotachograph and integrated to show ventilation or breath-by-breath changes in tidal volume. Fa CO 2 was monitored in some experiments. Stimulation of an L7 ventral root produced a rapid increase in ventilation with both tidal volume and respiratory rate becoming greater. A concomitant fall in fa co 2 occurred. The increase in ventilation became greater as the stimulation voltage and the intensity of the exercise were increased. There was little difference in the initial response to rhythmic or static exercise. A possible role of the gamma efferent-afferent loop in mediating the rapid increase in ventilation during exercise is discussed.
Patterns of small-x QCD

Abstract We identify several trends in the small x , large Q2 evolution of structure functions in QCD. We illustrate the quark tracking of gluons, the asymptotic behavior of the gluons for arbitrary power law boundary conditions, and the large Q2 healing of different boundary conditions at fixed small- x . Our use throughout of the 1/ x dominance of the gluon splitting function at small x and large Q2 is shown to be consistent.
Bargaining in the negotiations over liberalizing trade in services: power, reciprocity and learning

The succesful conclusion of the 1997 WTO agreements on trade in basic telemcommunication and financial services surprised many observers. During the negotiations, US officials took a hard line in demanding improved offers (including on sensitive issues such as foreign ownership and domestic deregulation) and threatened discriminatory treatment against countries they believed were free-riding. But because most of the targeted states lacked firms that could benefit from access to the US market, and because the talks focussed only on individual sectors, it was uncertain that this strategy would have the desired effect. Traditional approaches to understanding bargaining outcomes provide only partial explanations for the results of US pressure during these negotiations. This article argues that the negotiations created a widely perceived linkage between improved offers from the developing countries and a credible signal to foreign investors regarding the attractiveness of that country's territory as a location...
Fundamentals, beliefs, and financial contagion ☆

Abstract We study contagion in a model in which financial crises can occur due to both weak fundamentals and adverse self-fulfilling expectations. Contagion emerges only if a crisis in one country leads international investors to rationally update beliefs about fundamentals in other countries. But purely expectational crises may be contagious, as investors may infer that fundamentals are weak. Hence, the structure of information is crucial. The analysis delivers useful lessons for assessing which countries are more vulnerable to contagion, which types of crises are more infectious, and whether increased transparency ameliorates contagion effects.
Dietary Ascorbic Acid Normalizes Diabetes-Induced Underhydroxylation of Nascent Type I Collagen Molecules

Abstract Nascent collagen a chains (types I and III) isolated from diabetic rat skin were shown to be underhydroxylated, an underhydroxylation normalized (type I) or partially corrected (Type III) by dietary ascorbic acid. Increased hydroxylation occurred concomitantly with reduced intracellular procollagen degradation and increased production of nascent collagen molecules, both contributing to an increased total skin collagen mass. Overall, by correcting a defect (underhydroxylation) in a posttranslational event and by increasing collagen production, dietary ascorbic acid improved the collagen status of a diabetes-perturbed connective tissue.
Nanostructured pinning centers in FeSe0.1Te0.9 thin films for enhanced superconducting properties

FeSe0.1Te0.9 thin films were deposited on single crystal SrTiO3 (STO) (100) substrates by a pulse laser deposition (PLD) technique. CeO2 nanolayer was introduced as either cap layer or buffer layer to investigate its pinning effects in FeSe0.1Te0.9 thin films. The results show improved film quality after doping with CeO2 nanolayers, and no impurity phase was identified. All the samples achieve T c of 12.5 K, and in-field J c was greatly enhanced after doping with either cap or buffer CeO2 nanolayer for the field range up to 7 T. The buffered one shows the best self-field J c of 0.89 MA cm−2 at 4 K and a high upper critical field H c 2 of 186 T.
Intrastriatal serotonin 5-HT2 receptors mediate dopamine D1-induced hyperlocomotion in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats.

Striatal dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) functions are altered following DA denervation. Previous research indicates that intrastriatal coadministration of D1 and 5-HT2 receptor agonists synergistically increase locomotor behavior in DA-depleted rats. In the present study, we examined whether striatal 5-HT2 mechanisms also account for supersensitive D1-mediated locomotor behavior following DA denervation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to bilateral striatal cannulation and then received either intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 200 μg or 20 μg/side, respectively). After at least 3 weeks, i.c.v.-lesioned rats received intrastriatal infusions of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin (2.0 μg/side) or its vehicle (DMSO) followed by systemic SKF 82958, a D1 agonist (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and locomotor activity was monitored. In another experiment, intrastriatal sham and 6-OHDA-lesioned rats received bilateral intrastriatal infusions of ritanserin (2.0 μg/side) or its vehicle (DMSO) followed by intrastriatal infusions of SKF 82958 (5.0 μg/side) or vehicle (0.9% saline). Rats with DA loss demonstrated supersensitive locomotor responses to both systemic and intrastriatal SKF 82958. Ritanserin pretreatment blunted systemic SKF 82958-induced hyperlocomotion and returned intrastriatal D1-mediated hyperactivity to sham lesion levels. The results of this study suggest that striatal 5-HT2 receptors contribute to D1-mediated hyperkinesias resulting from DA loss and suggest a pharmacological target for the alleviation of dyskinesia that can develop with continued DA replacement therapy. Synapse 50:164–170, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TUNGSTEN BRONZE FAMILY CRYSTALS FOR OPTICAL DEVICE APPLICATIONS

TUNGSTEN BRONZE FAMILY CRYSTALS FOR OPTICAL DEVICE APPLICATIONSRatnakar R. NeurgaonkarRockwell International Science CenterThousand Oaks, CA 91360AbstractFerroelectric tetragonal tungsten bronze crystals, e.g., SBN:60, SBN:50, BSKNN, KLN andSKN have been grown and are shown to possess large electro -optic r33 coefficients.Striation -free SBN:60 single crystals show a strong enchancement in photorefractive charac-teristics, indicating a major interest for photorefractive and spatial light modulator de-vice applications.IntroductionThe term photorefractive effect has been adopted to refer to optically induced changesof the refractive index which occurs in many spontaneously polarized electro -optic materi-
A walk in the infosphere: Rethinking EE education in the wireless era

Do we need a new approach to electrical engineering education? Despite the obvious technological triumphs of the field in recent decades, enrollment in EE programs is flat or declining. I argue that today's students see EE-derived technologies at a higher, systems-oriented level, and that education should engage students at this level. In particular, new EE students are embedded in an “infosphere” mediated by a wide array of wireless devices, and this perspective can be used to engage them. I briefly describe two upper-division courses, in wireless sensor networks and wirelessly-networked embedded systems, that serve as a start in this direction, and furthermore as a basis for development of compelling introductory courses that integrate EE subdisciplines.
Overexpression of CUG Triplet Repeat-binding Protein, CUGBP1, in Mice Inhibits Myogenesis

Accumulation of RNA CUG repeats in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients leads to the induction of a CUG-binding protein, CUGBP1, which increases translation of several proteins that are required for myogenesis. In this paper, we examine the role of overexpression of CUGBP1 in DM1 muscle pathology using transgenic mice that overexpress CUGBP1 in skeletal muscle. Our data demonstrate that the elevation of CUGBP1 in skeletal muscle causes overexpression of MEF2A and p21 to levels that are significantly higher than those in skeletal muscle of wild type animals. A similar induction of these proteins is observed in skeletal muscle of DM1 patients with increased levels of CUGBP1. Immunohistological analysis showed that the skeletal muscle from mice overexpressing CUGBP1 is characterized by a developmental delay, muscular dystrophy, and myofiber-type switch: increase of slow/oxidative fibers and the reduction of fast fibers. Examination of molecular mechanisms by which CUGBP1 up-regulates MEF2A shows that CUGBP1 increases translation of MEF2A via direct interaction with GCN repeats located within MEF2A mRNA. Our data suggest that CUGBP1-mediated overexpression of MEF2A and p21 inhibits myogenesis and contributes to the development of muscle deficiency in DM1 patients.
Stabilization of large-scale distributed control systems using I/O event-driven control and passivity

This paper examines a passivity-based I/O approach for stabilization of large scale networked control systems (NCSs) with event-driven communication. We use a cellular model to model the large scale NCSs and assume that each subsystem is an output feedback passive (OFP) system. We propose a distributed event-driven communication strategy, where each subsystem broadcasts its output information to its neighbors only when the subsystem's local output novelty error exceeds a specified threshold. Based on the proposed event-driven communication strategy, the studied large scale NCSs is finite-gain ℒ 2 stable in the presence of bounded external disturbances. The triggering condition is related to the topology of the underlying communication graph. We also provide a way to analyze the time interval between two consecutive communication broadcasts(the inter-event time). Simulation results are shown at the end.
Relation of Microalbuminuria and Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With and Without Diabetes Mellitus

Microalbuminuria (MA) is a well-known risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetics and nondiabetics. It is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality, especially in diabetics. However, there are few data linking angiographic severity of CAD to microalbuminuria. We examined coronary angiograms for extent of severe CAD (luminal narrowing ≥50%) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and MA (DM+MA+, n = 101), patients with DM and without MA (DM+MA−, n = 101), patients without DM and with MA (DM−MA+, n = 64), and patients without DM and MA (DM−MA−, n = 64). We also evaluated fasting glucose levels in all patients and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetics. Patients’ mean age in the DM+MA+, DM+MA−, DM−MA+, and DM−MA− groups was similar. Gender distribution across the 4 groups was also not significantly different. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and current smoking across the 4 groups. The presence of 2- or 3-vessel CAD showed a linear increase from group DM−MA− to group DM+MA+ (p <0.001). Diabetics with MA had higher fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels than diabetics without MA (p <0.001). Thus, patients with MA have more severe angiographic CAD than those without MA. This relation is independent of other risk factors and is particularly evident in patients with DM.
The measurement of affinity between ligand and antibody using ligand-induced antibody fluorescence change

Abstract Computational analysis shows that affinity measurements using ligand-induced protein fluorescence change [ Carbohydr. Res. 33 (1974) 377–382] give reliable data for K a s for values in the order of from ca. 10 2 M −1 to ca. 10 7 M −1 .
Single NV centers in nanodiamond as three dimensional scanning lifetime probe

Control over the electromagnetic environment is one of the key requirements for optical nanotechnology. Knowledge of the local density of optical states (LDOS) is on one hand important for design and optimization of photonic devices and on the other hand indispensable for the understanding of fundamental optical interactions. The changes of the excited state lifetime of an emitter can be used to probe the LDOS [1,2]. A versatile probe for the LDOS is the nitrogen vacancy centers (NV centers) in diamond. Being photostable and appearing in nanocrystals it is ideally suited to be manipulated with an atomic force microscope in a controlled way [3]. When a nanodiamond is glued to the tip of an atomic force microscope, its coupling to other structures can be adjusted in all three dimensions. Here, this is used in a systematic manner to obtain detailed three dimensional information about the optical density of states in the vicinity of different plasmonic structures via scanning the diamond and recording data simultaneously. Only nanodiamonds with a single NV center emitting single photons were used to obtain the best resolution for both, lifetime and space.
A school-based group activity therapy intervention with at-risk high school students as it relates to their moral reasoning.

The main goal of this study was to examine whether group therapy is useful for developing moral reasoning in at-risk youth. This research compared the impact of 10 weeks of group activity therapy (n 27) and group talk therapy (n 34) on the moral reasoning of at-risk ninth grade students. Group activity therapy is the developmentally appropriate extension of child centered play therapy for adolescents. Using pretest and posttest scores on the Maintaining Norms Schema subscale of the Defining Issues Test 2 (DIT–2; Rest, Narvaez, Thoma, & Bebeau, 1999), an analysis of covariance indicated significant difference between groups. Implications for counselors who work with this population are discussed.
Testing Consumers for Knowledge of Beef Concepts

Increasing consumers' competence to make wiser decisions in buying, preparing, and serving food is an important educational task. In developing an educational program of this nature, in formation about consumers' knowledge regarding important food and nutri tion concepts would be invaluable. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowl edge of selected concepts on quality, nutritive value, and preparation and identification of beef among a representative sample of Mississippi homemakers. The mean score of home makers revealed knowledge of 50 percent of the concepts tested. There was considerable variation in knowledge levels of concepts related to quality, nutritive value, and prepara tion and identification. White homemakers, older homemakers, those living in urban areas, and those with higher income and educational levels, were more knowledgeable than homemakers who were black, younger, lived in rural areas, and had less income and educa tion. These differences in knowledge indicate the importance of developing educational programs based on differing needs.
An Object-Based Software Package for Interactive Control System Design and Analysis

Ch is an embeddable C/C11 interpreter. It was developed to allow software developers to use one language, anywhere and everywhere, for any programming task. Ch supports C99, a latest C standard ratified in 1999, and contains salient features for two and three dimensional plotting and numerical computing for applications in engineering and science. Developed in Ch, Ch Control System Toolkit provides a control class with member functions for object-based interactive modeling, analysis, and design of linear time-invariant control systems. The software package, available for downloading on the web, has been widely used in industry to solve practical engineering problems and in universities for instructional improvement. The design and implementation of Ch Control System Toolkit are described in this paper. Two application examples of control system design and analysis using Ch Control System Toolkit demonstrate its power and simplicity. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1630815#
Sickle cell disease and plumbism in children

Childhood lead poisoning is common, affects multiple organs and is preventable. Co-existence of plumbism and sickle cell disease (SCD) is uncommon, with major overlap in signs and symptoms. We describe a patient with SCD and plumbism. Dysfunctional eating patterns may cause ingestion and increased absorption of lead in these patients. Routine screening for pica and other dysfunctional eating habits with appropriate behavioral interventions is emphasized. Annual screening for lead in patients with SCD of all ages (1–21years) and supplementation of micronutrients like zinc and iron in deficient cases may help prevent plumbism in these patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:653–656. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Complications of Long Arm-Catheters: A Randomized Trial of Central vs Peripheral Tip Location

Background: This two-part study initially evaluated complications associated with catheters inserted via upper extremity veins. The second prospective phase compared thrombotic risk of peripheral catheter tips vs a central vein terminus. Methods: Patients from public institutions with infectious diseases were observed throughout their inpatient and outpatient use of IV catheters. Seventy-two and 39 patients enrolled in phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. Phase 1 consisted of prospective observations and analysis of complications and associated risk factors. Phase 2 randomized patients to a catheter tip location in the superior vena cava or the axillosubclavian-innominate vein and compared the incidence of thrombosis, phlebitis, and infection. Results: In phase 1, there was an increased risk of thrombosis with peripheral tip localization (61% vs 16%, p < .05). Phase 2 confirmed increased thrombosis with tips in the axillosubclavian-innominate vein compared with the superior vena cava (60% vs 21%, p < .05) w...
Stability and structure of compartmental models of ecosystems

Abstract The relation between the graphical structure and the equilibrium solutions to the differential equation of a compartmental model is investigated. For models whose directed graph is strongly connected, a complexity index based on the average number of arcs and a resilience index based on the total deviation from steady state throughout the history of the system is introduced. Both the complexity and the resilience are increasing functions of the eigenvalues, the former comparable to the sum and the latter comparable to the inverse of the sum of the inverses of the eigenvalues. For systems whose eigenvalues are close to each other, increased complexity is associated with increased resilience for systems of comparable size and flow rates.
Friendship 2.0: adolescents' experiences of belonging and self-disclosure online

This study explores the role that digital media technologies play in adolescents' experiences of friendship and identity. The author draws on findings from in-depth interviews with 32 adolescents (15 girls, 17 boys) ages 13-18 (M = 15.5 years) attending one of seven secondary schools in Bermuda. The adolescents were asked to describe the nature of their online exchanges with friends and the value they ascribe to these conversations. A thematic analysis of their responses revealed that online peer communications promote adolescents' sense of belonging and self-disclosure, two important peer processes that support identity development during adolescence. At the same time, the unique features of computer-mediated communication shape adolescents' experiences of these processes in distinct ways. Gender and age differences show that adolescents' online peer communications are not uniform; the characteristics that distinguish adolescents offline also shape their online activities.
Two-dimensional spatial light modulators using polarization-sensitive multiple-quantum-well light valve

Two-dimensional spatial light modulator (SLM) structures, employing a novel multiple quantum well (MQW) light valve, are proposed for optical signal processing applications. The optical modulation in the light valve is achieved by the manipulation of field-dependent birefringence in the MQW layers. This is in contrast with the conventional MQW modulators which generally involve amplitude modulation by varying the electroabsorption. Computations of enhanced birefringence (in) due to quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) as a function of wavelength are presented for the AlGaAs-GaAs MQW layers. MQW light valve configurations using both reflection and transmission mode of operations are discussed. A two-dimensional SLM utilizing InGaAs-GaAs MQW layers, an AlAs-GaAs λ/4 wave stack as dielectric mirror, and an array of integrated InGaAs-GaAs photodetector elements is described.
A choice-based rationale for land use and transportation alternatives: Evidence from Boston and Atlanta

The usefulness of land use and transportation approaches including new urbanism, smart growth, transit villages, and jobs-housing balance is frequently assessed based on the capacity of these innovations to reduce auto use. This study, in contrast, argues that regulatory barriers to these approaches underpin their relative scarcity and that removal of these barriers demands no justification in proof of travel-behavior modification. Rather, such reform can improve the fit between people’s transportation-land use preferences and actual neighborhood choices. This fit is compared here between two distinct U.S. metropolitan areas: Boston and Atlanta. In providing a greater range of neighborhood types, Boston allowed a closer fit between household transportation-land use preference and actual neighborhood choice than did Atlanta. This suggests the potential gains in household choice from removal of barriers to alternative development forms.
Liver as a source of transformed cell growth factor

Abstract Isolated rat hepatocytes release an acidic glycoprotein(s) that can selectively promote the growth of transformed cells. This factor has a molecular weight of 60 000–70 000 D. Liver microsomal and cytosol fractions contain two species of stimulatory activity—44 000 and 3 500 D. Mitochondrial and nuclear fractions contain only the lower molecular weight factor.
A Far Upstream Cis-element Is Required for Wilms’ Tumor-1 (WT1) Gene Expression in Renal Cell Culture

To identify novel cis-regulatory elements responsible for the tissue-restricted expression pattern of the Wilms' tumor-1 (WT1) gene, we mapped a total of 11 DNase I-hypersensitive sites in the 5′-flanking region and first intron of the human gene, six of which were specific for WT1expressing cell lines. A 1.4-kilobase (kb) fragment from the mouse wt1 5′-flanking region contained cross-hybridizing sequence with significant homology to a region of DNase I hypersensitivity in the human WT1 gene which bound to nuclear matrix in human fetal kidney 293 cells. None of the DNase I-hypersensitive sites/matrix attachment regions, either alone or in combination, were sufficient for tissue-specific WT1 expression in transient and stably transfected cell lines. However, stable transfection of an approximately 620-kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) that carried the entire mouse wt1 locus into 293 cells resulted in wt1 (trans)gene expression at a level of approximately 30% of the endogenous human gene. Deletion of the 1.4-kb cross-hybridizing mouse fragment, located approximately 15 kb upstream of the transcription start site, caused complete loss of wt1 gene expression in the YAC-transfected 293 cells. In summary, we have identified a far upstream element that contains a region of DNase I hypersensitivity and that binds to nuclear matrix. This element includes phylogenetically conserved sequence and is required, although not sufficient, for mouse wt1 gene expression in human fetal kidney cells in culture.
Ovariectomy abolishes ethanol-induced impairment of baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious rats.

Our previous studies have shown that ethanol attenuates baroreflex control of heart rate in male rats. The present study investigated whether this effect of ethanol is gender-related, and whether it involves hormonal factors. The effect of intragastric administration of ethanol or equal volume of water on baroreflex-mediated decreases in heart rate in response to increments in blood pressure evoked by phenylephrine were evaluated in conscious age-matched male and female Sprague–Dawley rats as well as in ovariectomized rats. Baroreflex curves relating changes in blood pressure and associated heart rate responses were constructed, and the slopes of the regression lines were taken as a measure of baroreflex sensitivity. Phenylephrine (1–16 μg kg−1, i.v.) elicited dose-dependent pressor responses that were similar in all groups of rats. However, the associated reflex bradycardic responses depended on the rat preparation and the dose of ethanol employed. In water-treated (control) animals, significantly (P<0.05) lesser reflex bradycardic responses were observed in female compared with male rats (baroreflex sensitivity, −1.21±0.12 vs. −1.67±0.12 beats min−1 mmHg−1). Ovariectomy resulted in a further reduction in baroreflex sensitivity (−0.82±0.06 beats min−1 mmHg−1), suggesting a favorable role for ovarian hormones in baroreflex modulation. In male rats, ethanol (0.25, 0.5, or 1 g kg−1, intragastric) elicited dose-related decreases in reflex bradycardic responses. The reduction in the regression coefficient obtained by the two higher doses (0.5 and 1 g kg−1) of ethanol was statistically significant compared with control values. The ability of ethanol to reduce baroreflex sensitivity appears to be gender-independent as it was similarly demonstrated in intact female rats. In contrast, ethanol had no effect on reflex bradycardic responses in ovariectomized rats at any of the doses tested. The data suggest that ethanol reduces baroreflex control of heart rate irrespective of the rat gender. Further, the lack of an effect of ethanol on baroreflex sensitivity in ovariectomized rats may suggest a role for ovarian hormones in ethanol-evoked baroreflex attenuation.
Effects of 0.2 ppm nitrogen dioxide on pulmonary function and response to bronchoprovocation in asthmatics

To study the respiratory effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) at ambient concentrations, we exposed 31 asthmatic volunteers to purified air (control) and to 0.2 ppm NO 2 for 2‐h periods with light intermittent exercise. Bronchial reactivity (loss of forced expiratory performance in response to graded doses of methacholine chloride aerosol) was determined postexposure, using a newly developed apparatus that allowed accurate quantitation of methacholine dose. Forced expiratory performance, total respiratory resistance, and symptoms were also recorded immediately pre‐ and postexposure (prior to methacholine challenges). No significant direct effect of NO 2 exposure on forced expiratory function or total respiratory resistance was observed. Symptoms showed a small significant (p <0.05) excess in purified air relative to NO 2 exposures. Individual responses to methacholine varied greatly. About two‐thirds of the subjects showed greater response after NO 2 than after purified air, but the mean excess response wa...
Identifying determinants of cullin binding specificity among the three functionally different Drosophila melanogaster Roc proteins via domain swapping

Background Cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligases (CDL) are key regulators of protein destruction that participate in a wide range of cell biological processes. The Roc subunit of CDL contains an evolutionarily conserved RING domain that binds ubiquitin charged E2 and is essential for ubiquitylation. Drosophila melanogaster contains three highly related Roc proteins: Roc1a and Roc2, which are conserved in vertebrates, and Roc1b, which is specific to Drosophila. Our previous genetic data analyzing Roc1a and Roc1b mutants suggested that Roc proteins are functionally distinct, but the molecular basis for this distinction is not known. Methodology/principal findings Using co-immunoprecipitation studies we show that Drosophila Roc proteins bind specific Cullins: Roc1a binds Cul1-4, Roc1b binds Cul3, and Roc2 binds Cul5. Through domain swapping experiments, we demonstrate that Cullin binding specificity is strongly influenced by the Roc NH(2)-terminal domain, which forms an inter-molecular beta sheet with the Cullin. Substitution of the Roc1a RING domain with that of Roc1b results in a protein with similar Cullin binding properties to Roc1a that is active as an E3 ligase but cannot complement Roc1a mutant lethality, indicating that the identity of the RING domain can be an important determinant of CDL function. In contrast, the converse chimeric protein with a substitution of the Roc1b RING domain with that of Roc1a can rescue the male sterility of Roc1b mutants, but only when expressed from the endogenous Roc1b promoter. We also identified mutations of Roc2 and Cul5 and show that they cause no overt developmental phenotype, consistent with our finding that Roc2 and Cul5 proteins are exclusive binding partners, which others have observed in human cells as well. Conclusions The Drosophila Roc proteins are highly similar, but have diverged during evolution to bind a distinct set of Cullins and to utilize RING domains that have overlapping, but not identical, function in vivo.
Protoporphyrin IX biosynthesis from glutamate in isolated greening chloroplasts.

Abstract A cell-free chloroplast preparation obtained from greening cucumber cotyledons was tested for its ability to synthesize protoporphyrin IX from compounds previously postulated to be precursors of δ-aminolevulinic acid in plants, namely, glutamate, glutamine, α-ketoglutarate, glycine, and succinate. Of these, only glutamate caused a marked stimulation of protoporphyrin biosynthesis. A mixture of cofactors (ATP, KH2PO4, glutathione, coenzyme A, and NAD+), which was previously shown to be necessary for the incorporation of δ-aminolevulinic acid into protochlorophyll and for the maintenance of etioplasts in vitro also proved to be necessary for the conversion of glutamate to protoporphyrin IX.
Heat and mass transfer enhancement potential on falling film absorbers for water-LiBr mixtures via a literature review (RP-1462)

Significant process intensification (PI) of heat and mass transfer is indispensable in building compact and energy efficient absorption refrigeration systems. High potentials exist to achieve the required PI through (1) development of active heat and mass transfer enhancement techniques and (2) combining the active enhancement mechanism with proven and widely used passive enhancement techniques in transport processes. There is limited research on the effect of active mechanisms, such as vibration, on heat and mass transfer coefficients in absorption systems with falling film horizontal-tube absorbers. In this general survey, with the aim to enlighten the path for active mechanisms development, recorded heat and mass transfer enhancements via active mechanisms were extracted from pertinent research works, and were summarized in tables suitable for evaluation and comparison. The potential for future research on enhancing heat and mass transfer in absorption chillers was identified.
Subcellular localization and tissue distribution of α-ketoadipate reduction and oxidation in the rat

Summary Studies using subcellular fractions of rat liver have revealed that α-ketoadipate dehydrogenase is principally localized in the mitochondrial fraction and that α-ketoadipate reductase is principally localized in the cell supernatant fraction. Both enzymes have the highest activity in heart muscle. The ratio of the dehydrogenase activity to the reductase activity is highest in kidney followed by heart, brain, liver, leg muscle, and small intestine. This pattern is consistent with the relative mitochondrial density of the various tissues tested, and suggests that the reductase has a dominant role in α-ketoadipate metabolism in tissues that have a low mitochondrial density.
Comments on “U. S. science in an international perspective”

International data show that the scientific development of the United States is neither better nor worse than expected for its size and industry. Its position is, however, deteriorating rapidly. The postwar expansion in federal funding of research seems to be a response to continued exponential growth rather than a cause. The science indicators volumes, all criticism notwithstanding, are rapidly provoking new understanding of these questions of scientific and technological change.
Modeling Noncircular Motions in Disk Galaxies: Application to NGC 2976

We present a new procedure to fit nonaxisymmetric flow patterns to two-dimensional velocity maps of spiral galaxies. We concentrate on flows caused by barlike or oval distortions to the total potential, which may arise either from a non-axially symmetric halo or a bar in the luminous disk. We apply our method to high-quality CO and Hα data for the nearby, low-mass spiral NGC 2976, previously obtained by Simon et al., and find that a barlike model fits the data at least as well as their model with large radial flows. We find supporting evidence for the existence of a bar in the baryonic disk. Our model suggests that the azimuthally averaged central attraction in the inner part of this galaxy is larger than estimated by these authors. It is likely that the disk is also more massive, which will limit the increase to the allowed dark halo density. Allowance for barlike distortions in other galaxies may either increase or decrease the estimated central attraction.
EFFECT OF TARGET'S SEX ON MANIPULATIONS OF SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY

Rosenthal and Jacobson outlined the results of their research concerning the Pygmalion phenomenon in 1968. Since that time, research in the field of the Pygmalion effect and, more generally, self-fulfilling prophecy has flourished. The process of self-fulfilling prophecy involves a target individual interpreting a source individual's often nonverbal expectations, internalizing those expectations, and then behaving in accordance with those expectations. Some have suggested that female targets are less likely than male targets to be influenced by such treatments despite the fact that females are generally superior at nonverbal decoding of other's expectations. Other research has shown, however, that female targets are less confident of their interpretation of nonverbal cues and are less likely to conform blindly to other's expectations than are male targets This paper reports a test of the hypothesis that female targets require a source of greater credibility than males to elicit a self-fulfilling prophecy ...
Price Levels, Price Practices and Price Discrimination in a Retail Market for Prescription Drugs

The pricing policies of retail pharmacies have come under recent scrutiny by public policy makers. This is a result of the economic value of prescription drugs as a part of the nations's health care bill as well as the potential impact of pricing policies on those segments of the population least able to afford treatment: the poor and the elderly. This study examines pricing and price practices in a metropolitan market and provides empirical evidence regarding the impact of these practices.
The Coercion Argument Against Performance-Enhancing Drugs

This paper is a critique of the coercion argument against performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). According to this argument, lifting the ban on PEDs would undermine the autonomy of athletes by creating a situation where everyone must either use PEDs or not compete at the highest levels of sport. Four problems are raised for this argument and it is concluded that the argument fails. A variation on the coercion argument is also considered and rejected.
Notes on Some Collections of Arabic Manuscripts in Nigeria

During the summer of 1987 I was able to visit manuscript collections in Ibadan, Kaduna, Zaria, Kano, and Sokoto to check and expand data for my projected contribution to the multi–volume Arabic Literature in Africa, edited by myself and R. S. O'Fahey. These notes are based on my experiences with the various collections at that time.
Holocene climatic variations inferred from treeline fluctuations in the White Mountains, California

Remains of dead bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva Bailey) are found at altitudes up to 150 m above present treeline in the White Mountains. Standing snags and remnants in two study areas were mapped and sampled for dating by tree-ring and radiocarbon methods. The oldest remnants represent trees established more than 7400 y.a. Experimental and empirical evidence indicates that the position of the treeline is closely related to warm-season temperatures, but that precipitation may also be important in at least one of the areas. The upper treeline was at high levels in both areas until after about 2200 B.C., indicating warm-season temperatures about 3.5°F higher than those of the past few hundred years. However, the record is incomplete, relative warmth may have been maintained until at least 1500 B.C. Cooler and wetter conditions are indicated for the period 1500 B.C.-500 B.C., followed by a period of cool but drier climate. A major treeline decline occurred between about A.D. 1100 and A.D. 1500, probably reflecting onset of cold and dry conditions. High reproduction rates and establishment of scattered seedlings at high altitudes within the past 100 yr represents an incipient treeline advance, which reflected a general climatic warming beginning in the mid-19th century that has lasted until recent decades in the western United States. This evidence for climatic variation is broadly consistent with the record of Neoglacial advances in the North American Cordillera, and supports Antevs' concept of a warm “altithermal age” in the Great Basin.
Poster: overheard ACK with token passing: an optimization to 802.11 MAC protocol

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) is defined in IEEE 802.11 standard, which is widely used in practice. Despite of its wide use, it has several limitations. Because of the idle and collision times, it suffers from poor channel utilization. Besides, the control packets, particularly, Acknowledgement (ACK), consume non-trivial amount of bandwidth. Though the number of control bits in an ACK frame is small, the added overheads like the preamble, packet header etc. make the situation worse. In this paper, we propose a scheme called Overheard ACK where the explicit ACK frame has been eliminated by using the leverage of packet overhearing. Also, by incorporating explicit and implicit token-passing, this protocol attempts to schedule transmissions without having to use random access, dramatically reducing the idle time and collision time. Simulation results using NS2 confirm that this protocol significantly outperforms the conventional 802.11 DCF.
A Comprehensive and High Resolution Genome-wide Response of p53 to Stress

Summary Tumor suppressor p53 regulates transcription of stress-response genes. Many p53 targets remain undiscovered because of uncertainty as to where p53 binds in the genome and the fact that few genes reside near p53-bound recognition elements (REs). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by exonuclease treatment (ChIP-exo), we associated p53 with 2,183 unsplit REs. REs were positionally constrained with other REs and other regulatory elements, which may reflect structurally organized p53 interactions. Surprisingly, stress resulted in increased occupancy of transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) and RNA polymerase (Pol) II near REs, which was reduced when p53 was present. A subset associated with antisense RNA near stress-response genes. The combination of high-confidence locations for p53/REs, TFIIB/Pol II, and their changes in response to stress allowed us to identify 151 high-confidence p53-regulated genes, substantially increasing the number of p53 targets. These genes composed a large portion of a predefined DNA-damage stress-response network. Thus, p53 plays a comprehensive role in regulating the stress-response network, including regulating noncoding transcription.
Impurity Ionization in Germanium in Strong Magnetic Fields

Low-temperature electrical breakdown in $p$-type germanium has been investigated at magnetic-field strengths up to 52 kOe. The electric-field strength required for the onset of breakdown in gallium-doped germanium increased from 4.2 V/cm at zero magnetic field to 22 V/cm in a 50-kOe transverse magnetic field. For a longitudinal magnetic field of the same range, there is a smaller variation of breakdown electric field with a maximum of 7.2 V/cm at 50 kOe. The effect is independent of the polarity of electric field applied to the specimen in all cases. The increase in electric field required for breakdown appears to be in reasonable agreement with recent theories of impact-ionization phenomena, provided that the quantization and shift of energy levels in a strong magnetic field are considered together with the effect of transverse magnetic fields on the rate at which carriers gain energy from an electric field. Measurements of the changes of the far-infrared photoconductivity of the specimen in the magnetic field provide further evidence of the effect of the field on the ionization phenomena.
Functional Differential Equations and Inequalities.

Let us first try to find the minimum value of the integral ∫02π[f’(x)+mf(x + π)+e(x)]^2dx where f(x) is a uniform function of period 2π which is integrable and such that ∫02π[f(x)]^2dx=1.
Subclinical Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Military Personnel with Malaria

Excerpt To the editor: The high prevalence of malaria in servicemen returning from Southeast Asia has been reported. In a series of 16 consecutive cases of malaria hospitalized at the 1st USAF Hosp...
Measurement of modal gain in 1.1 [micro sign]m p-doped tunnel injection InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot laser heterostructures

Single-pass optical gain of self-assembled InGaAs/GaAs p-doped tunnel injection quantum dot laser heterostructures emitting at 1.1 µm is measured by the multisection device technique. The heterostructures, consisting of three layers of quantum dots in the active region, demonstrate net modal gain as high as 57 cm−1.
Survival determinants for online retailers

Survival determinants can influence important strategic decisions. Analysis of longitudinal data on 418 online retailers in fourteen Bizrate product categories yields insights into key survival determinants. Survival tends to be easier for introductory versus growth stage entrants. Survival, however, is more difficult for e-tailers who sell touch and feel products and for pure e-tailers who do not have the support of either brick and mortar stores or catalog operations. While introductory stage entrants have higher survival rates versus growth stage entrants, there is no significant impact for rank order of entry or pioneer leadtime. These mixed results point to modest early mover advantages in online retailing. While some e-tailers like Amazon.com benefited from moving early, many others suffered from pioneer burnout.
Water‐rich bending faults at the Middle America Trench

The portion of the Central American margin that encompasses Nicaragua is considered to represent an end-member system where multiple lines of evidence point to a substantial flux of subducted fluids. The seafloor spreading fabric of the incoming Cocos plate is oriented parallel to the trench such that flexural bending at the outer rise optimally reactivates a dense network of normal faults that extend several kilometers into the upper mantle. Bending faults are thought to provide fluid pathways that lead to serpentinization of the upper mantle. While geophysical anomalies detected beneath the outer rise have been interpreted as broad crustal and upper mantle hydration, no observational evidence exists to confirm that bending faults behave as fluid pathways. Here we use seafloor electromagnetic data collected across the Middle America Trench (MAT) offshore of Nicaragua to create a comprehensive electrical resistivity image that illuminates the infiltration of seawater along bending faults. We quantify porosity from the resistivity with Archie's law and find that our estimates for the abyssal plain oceanic crust are in good agreement with independent observations. As the Cocos crust traverses the outer rise, the porosity of the dikes and gabbros progressively increase from 2.7% and 0.7% to 4.8% and 1.7%, peaking within 20 km of the trench axis. We conclude that the intrusive crust subducts twice as much pore water as previously thought, significantly raising the flux of fluid to the seismogenic zone and the mantle wedge.
On Randomly Evolving Email Networks

In this paper we study randomly evolving email networks. We extend previous work where we analyzed email networks with deterministic parameter settings to the case where these parameters are now random variables. These new models are analyzed using Markov chains with random transition probabilities. When each link of every node has the same random parameter settings and independent Poisson traffic the in-degree distribution and the out-degree distribution of this network behave similarly to random graph networks and scale-free networks respectively. These results show that our models of evolving networks provide good models for real networks and exhibit properties of random graph networks and scale-free networks.