cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deadlock detection of EFSMs using simultaneous reachability analysis

Simultaneous reachability analysis (SRA) is a recently proposed technique to alleviate the state space explosion problem in reachability analysis of concurrent systems. Its goal is to reduce the number of generated states while guaranteeing the detection of certain types of faults in the system such as deadlock and unexecutable transitions. The main idea of SRA is to allow a global transition in a reachability graph to contain a set of local transitions (i.e. transitions of individual processes) such that the state reached by the global transition is independent of the execution order of the associated local transitions. In this paper, we show how to apply the SRA approach to systems modeled as extended finite state machines (EFSM) with multiple ports. Empirical results from applying our SRA algorithm to the dining philosophers problem indicate that our algorithm reduces the number of generated states and the computation time by about 90%.
Exploring the energy-time tradeoff in high-performance computing

High-performance computing is and has always been performance oriented. However, a consequence of the push towards maximum performance is increased energy consumption, especially at supercomputing centers. Moreover, as peak performance is rarely attained, some of this energy consumption results in little or no performance gain. In addition, large energy consumption costs the government a significant amount of money and wastes natural resources. This paper investigates the tradeoff between energy and performance. Through the use of processors that support frequency and voltage scaling, we measured the performance and energy consumption of programs from three popular benchmark sets. We took multiple measurements for each program using different frequency and voltage settings. Results show that for many programs, a significant decrease in energy is possible with a small increase in time. We believe that this justifies further investigation into parallel HPC (e.g., MPI) applications.
Subvocalization - Toward Hearing the Inner Thoughts of Developers

Some of the most fascinating feats of cognition are never witnessed or heard by others, yet they occur daily in the minds of software developers practicing their craft. Researchers have desperately tried to glimpse inside, but with limited tools, the view into a developer's internal mental processes has been dim. One available tool, so far overlooked but widely used, has demonstrated the ability to measure the physiological correlates of cognition. When people perform complex tasks, sub-vocal utterances (electrical signals sent to the tongue, lips, or vocal cords) can be detected. This phenomenon has long intrigued researchers, some likening sub-vocal signals to the conduits of our thoughts. Recently, researchers have even been able to decode these signals into words. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using this approach and report our early results and experiences in recording electromyogram (EMG) signals of software developers performing programming tasks. We believe, these techniques can shed light into the cognitive processes of developers and may even provide novel interactions in future programming environments.
Relationship of Plasma Peptides to the Myocardial Depressant Factor in Hemorrhagic Shock in Cats

The pathophysiological relationships of a myocardial depressant factor (MDF) present in the plasma of cats in hemorrhagic shock were studied. Aprotinin (Trasylol), an inhibitor of a variety of proteases including kallikrein and trypsin, prolonged survival of cats in postoligemic shock as well as prevented the appearance of MDF in the plasma. Trasylol did not alter the arterial blood pressure, venous pressure, or heart rate of these cats in shock, nor did it protect by exerting a positive inotropic effect. Trasylol was ineffective in preventing or reversing the negative inotropic effects of MDF in isolated cat papillary muscles. Column chromatography of plasma from control cats, from untreated shocked cats and from cats treated with Trasylol before shock showed six peptide peaks, designated A, B, C, D, E, and F in decreasing order of molecular weights. Peptides corresponding to peaks A, B, E, and F exhibited insignificant myocardial depressant activity. The peptide corresponding to peak C was present in control plasma and accounted for some of the small negative inotropic effect of control plasma. The peptide corresponding to peak D had a marked myocardial depressant effect which could account for all the activity of shock plasma. The molecular weight of this peptide was estimated to be 800 to 1000. This peptide is not bradykinin, but appears to be produced by a protease present in shock.
Chronic iron administration increases vascular oxidative stress and accelerates arterial thrombosis.

Background— Iron overload has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic cardiovascular events. However, the effects of iron excess on vascular function and the thrombotic response to vascular injury are not well understood. Methods and Results— We examined the effects of chronic iron dextran administration (15 mg over 6 weeks) on thrombosis, systemic and vascular oxidative stress, and endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity in mice. Thrombus generation after photochemical carotid artery injury was accelerated in iron-loaded mice (mean time to occlusive thrombosis, 20.4±8.5 minutes; n=10) compared with control mice (54.5±35.5 minutes, n=10, P=0.009). Iron loading had no effect on plasma clotting, vessel wall tissue factor activity, or ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Acute administration of dl-cysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger, completely abrogated the effects of iron loading on thrombus formation, suggesting that iron accelerated thrombosis through a pro-oxidant mechanism. Iron loadin...
Disturbance decoupling using constrained Sylvester equations

Presents numerically efficient algorithms for the problem of disturbance decoupling with arbitrary pole placement, using state feedback with or without disturbance measurement. The problem is studied under conditions of generic solvability. The main tool for the development of the proposed algorithm is the notion of constrained Sylvester equations. These equations follow naturally from the already existing geometric conditions for the same problem in the literature. >
CD19-dependent Activation of Akt Kinase in B-lymphocytes

CD19 is rapidly phosphorylated upon B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) cross-linking, leading to the recruitment of downstream signaling intermediates. A prominent feature of CD19 signaling is the binding and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (P13K), which accounts for the majority of PI3K activity induced by BCR ligation. Recent findings have implicated activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt as imparting survival signals in a PI3K-dependent fashion. Using CD19-deficient B-lymphoma cells and mouse splenic B-cells, we show that CD19 is necessary for efficient activation of Akt following cross-linking of surface immunoglobulin or Igβ. In the absence of CD19, Akt kinase activity is reduced and transient. In addition, coligation of CD19 with surface immunoglobulin leads to augmented Akt activity in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, CD19 is a key regulator of Akt activity in B-cells; as such it may contribute to pre-BCR or BCR-mediated cell survival in vivo.
Compact scanning soft-x-ray microscope using a laser-produced plasma source and normal-incidence multilayer mirrors.

We have constructed a scanning soft-x-ray microscope that uses a laser-produced plasma as the soft-x-ray source and normal-incidence multilayer-coated mirrors in a Schwarzschild configuration as the focusing optics. The microscope operates at a wavelength of 14 nm, has a spatial resolution of 0.5 μm, and has a soft-x-ray photon flux through the focus of 104–105 sec−1 when operated with only 170 mW of average laser power. The microscope is compact; the complete system, including the laser, fits on a single optical table.
Hormonal Control of Calcium Metabolism in Lactation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hormonal control of calcium metabolism in lactation. In lactating animals that secrete relatively large amounts of calcium in the milk, a number of adaptive changes in calcium metabolism occur. The efficiency of calcium absorption from the intestine increases twofold or more, and, in the rat, absorption may remain elevated for some time after weaning if dietary calcium intake is limited so that skeletal calcium stores are mobilized to meet the demands of milk secretion. Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone act in concert to mediate these changes. Vitamin D through its conversion to 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 stimulates calcium absorption, and both parathyroid hormone and the vitamin D metabolite enhance skeletal calcium mobilization. Both hormones are also closely related to the serum calcium level. An elevated blood level of parathyroid hormone, in lactating cows, is stimulated and maintained by a low serum calcium level, but may be required to prevent an excessive drop in serum calcium in response to the calcium drain into the milk. High circulating levels of calcitonin are observed in lactating rats and sheep and in some lactating women. The urinary excretion of calcium is reduced during lactation in several species.
Conventions of Poetry as Iconic Signs

The study of poetic conventions has mainly been oriented toward their primary, unmarked function. However, potential and actual semiotic functions of many conventions of poetry have never been sufficiently investigated.
Quantum communications

Summary form only given. Quantum mechanics allows a number of communications protocols that would not be possible classically, including provably-secure messages (quantum cryptography), increased channel capacity, and the ability to transmit an unknown quantum state (quantum teleportation). Practical systems for quantum cryptography have now been demonstrated by a number of groups. I will begin by reviewing the most commonly-used methods for quantum cryptography, including the advantages and disadvantages of each in practical applications. The maximum range of current quantum cryptography systems is limited by the fact that optical amplifiers would destroy the quantum coherence of single photons and cannot be used in these kinds of systems. One potential solution to this problem is the transmission of single photons in free space, which would allow a global system for quantum cryptography based on a network of satellites and ground stations. Free-space quantum cryptography systems of that kind have now been demonstrated over relatively short distances. The range of quantum cryptography systems in optical fibers can also be extended using quantum repeaters that make use of entanglement swapping, entanglement purification, and quantum teleportation. These same techniques could also be used to implement a "quantum Internet" for the transmission of qubits from one quantum computer to another. The practical challenges that will have to be met in order to implement quantum repeaters and quantum teleportation over large distances will be discussed.
Seismic gaps in Hawaii

We propose that two seismic gaps exist in southern Hawaii. From their dimensions and tectonic setting, we estimate that the south Kona gap may be capable of a mainshock in the magnitude range of 7 1 4 to 7 1 2 , while the east Kona gap will probably not produce earthquakes larger than M = 6 1 2 . During historic time (1832 to the present), no mainshocks have occurred in these gaps. Since there is no evidence that fault creep relieves stress in these areas, we expect earthquakes to fill these gaps. The boundaries of the south Kona gap are defined by the approximate rupture extent of the earthquakes of 2 April 1868 ( M = 7.9) and 21 August 1951 ( M = 6.9), those of the east Kona gap by the latter mainshock and the extent of the seismogenic zone. The seismotectonic model on which we base our gap hypothesis defines a major seismic zone in the southern half of the island of Hawaii. We propose that most major and large earthquakes within this zone are of a decollement type, in which the upper 10 km of the crust is pushed seaward along a near-horizontal plane of weakness, provided by the oceanic sediments buried beneath the volcanic edifice. The direction of slip is away from the volcano summits and perpendicularly away from the volcano rifts. Several recurrence intervals are known for the Kaoiki area, where M = 6 ± 0.6 mainshocks occur every 10.4 ± 1.5 years. For the Kalapana area, one recurrence interval of 108 years is known for earthquakes with 7 < M < 8. In most of the major seismic zone in Hawaii, the recurrence times are not known, and no information on strain accumulation rate is available. It is therefore not possible to estimate when the portion of the 1868 rupture that has not re-ruptured yet (southern Kau) will produce another large mainshock. The potential for a large earthquake in this area is estimated to be intermediate. The potential in the Kalapana, the central Kona, and northern Kona areas are estimated to be low for the next several decades.
The trail blazers: women as third-party candidates in elections to the U.S. House of Representatives, 1912–2012

ABSTRACTHistorically, very few female candidates have ever won election to the U.S. House of Representatives. In addition, very few third-party candidates have ever won election to the House. With data from 1912 to 2012 on more than 54,000 candidates, we provide an historical overview of third-party activity in general elections to the House and the participation of female candidates. Our analysis shows that third parties have been a consistent presence in elections to the House and a major avenue for women. Using a vector autoregression model and Granger causality tests, we also show that from 1912 to 1964, women nominated by third parties were “trail blazers” potentially influencing the movement of women into the major parties. We also show that since 1964, the presence of women among third-party nominees has been influenced by the increasing proportion of women as major-party nominees. Our analysis thus uncovers a “hidden history” that enhances our understanding of how women have participated in over a...
Allosteric Regulation of the M2 Protein from Influenza A by Cholesterol

Protein structure and function aremodulated by the interactions withtheir environment (1). For membraneproteins, the environment is repre-sented by both the bulk water and lipidmembranes that have an active role inshaping their structural topology. Inthe 1970s, Fari´as et al. (2) hypothe-sized that lipid membranes may inﬂu-ence enzyme cooperativity throughallosteric changes. These authorsshowed that membrane compositionand ﬂuidity deeply affect ATPase ac-tivity. Hill coefﬁcients for these en-zymes were also correlated with thechanges in the lipid uptake caused bythe dietary regime of the animalsources. Indeed, different membranecompositions are able to activate ordeactivate large membrane proteincomplexes such as Ca
Development and Fecundity of Codling Moths Reared on Artificial Diets or Immature Apples

Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), reared in 30-ml plastic jelly cups on artificial diets developed by Redfern, Howell, International Minerals and Chemical Corporation (IMC), Brinton, and Navon, were compared with moths reared on immature apples. Of the larvae reared on diets developed by Howell and by IMC, 47% developed into adults. Diets developed by Redfern, Brinton, and Navon produced 33%, 30%, and 28% adults, respectively. In comparison, 48% of the larvae reared on immature apples developed into adults. Male moths reared on apples were heavier than those reared on the artificial diets. Only the female moths reared on the IMC diet were comparable in weight to those reared on the immature apples. No significant differences were observed in the numbers of eggs laid, eggs hatched, or adult longevity.
Steady and unsteady simulations for annular internal condensing flows, part II: Instability and flow regime transitions

ABSTRACTThe algorithm for the accurate and relevant numerical solution technique given in part I of this article is used to obtain the results for shear-driven annular condensing flows in horizontal channels—with or without transverse gravity. The unsteady wave simulation capability is used to implement a unique non-linear stability analysis. The steady and unsteady simulations’ results for millimeter scale (hydraulic diameter 4–8 mm), modest mass-flux (5–120 kg/m2/s), and refrigerant vapors (FC-72, R113, etc.) are used to mark the approximate location beyond which the annular regime typically transitions to a non-annular regime. These are used to develop correlations for local heat transfer coefficients and the approximate length that marks the transition from annular to non-annular regimes.
Analysis Method for the Maximum HVDCs' Capacity to Receiving-end Power Grid

To determine the largest power transferred by HVDCs is an important part of power grid planning. Thus, we applied the heuristic method to get the maximum power to receiving-end power grid by HVDCs based on power grid structure optimization, the location optimization of HVDC's inverter station, and optimization of dynamic var compensation. Then,we put forward multi-objective functions and algorithms of power grid structure aiming at optimizing the investment function, the short circuit current limitation schemes, and the comprehensive multi-infeed short circuit ratio. Based on multi-infeed short-circuit ratio, a definition of the index to evaluate terminal location schemes for multi-infeed HVDC power grid is proposed and used to optimize the location scheme, while the voltage sensitivity index and corresponding computational method are proposed to assess the compensation effect of the installed dynamic var compensators, and it is applied in the optimization method for dynamic var compensation in multi-infeed HVDC power grid. The three optimization methods are applied to Jiangsu planning power grid, and the results show that the stability and supporting ability for DCs are improved. The largest scale power to Jiangsu power grid is 42.2 GW by 6 DC lines in the presence of several sets of dynamic reactive power compensation devices, 34.2 GW by 5 DC lines in the absence of dynamic reactive power compensation devices.
Diaphragmatic pedicle flap for treatment of Boerhaave's syndrome.

A case of spontaneous perforation of the esophagus is described, which was managed by thoracotomy, primary closure, and reinforcement of the suture line with a diaphragmatic pedicle flap. The advantages of this technique are discussed.
In vitro ruminal fermentation of treated alfalfa silage using ruminal inocula from high and low feed-efficient lactating cows

Aims To assess the effect of two additives on alfalfa silage and on in vitro ruminal fermentation when using ruminal inocula from high feed-efficient (HE) and low feed-efficient (LE) lactating cows. Methods and Results First and second cut alfalfa was harvested at 40% bloom stage, treated with control (no additive), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or formic acid (Formic), ensiled in 1.0 L minisilos, and fermented for 60 d. Fermented alfalfa was incubated in vitro for 24 h using ruminal inoculum from HE and LE lactating cows. The pH was lower in alfalfa silage treated with LP and Formic and produced lower ammonia-N than did the control. In vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD) was higher with ruminal inoculum from HE than LE cows, but there was no consistent effect of treated alfalfa on microbial biomass yield and in vitro volatile fatty acids. Conclusions The IVTDMD was numerically greater with ruminal inoculum from higher feed-efficient cows although statistical significance was only demonstrated with the first-cut alfalfa. However, treated alfalfa silage did not show the effect expected on in vitro microbial biomass yield. Significance and Impact of the Study The feed efficiency of cows used as a source of ruminal inocula may affect IVTDMD and be a source of variation across in vitro runs. Differences in ruminal fermentation between cows of different feed efficiency could help to explain differences in milk yield and other parameters of dairy cattle performance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Amniotes, Diversification of

Amniotes have been the most diverse and successful group of land vertebrates. They attained a global distribution and are found everywhere except in the deepest realms of the ocean. Amniotes repeatedly and successfully invaded the seas and took to the air. All amniotes share the possession of the amniotic (cleidoic) egg, which freed them from dependence on water for reproduction. Current research distinguishes two major lineages among amniotes: Synapsida (mammals and their extinct close relatives) and Reptilia. The most diverse group of reptiles is Diapsida (turtles, lizards, snakes, tuatara, crocodylians, birds, and many extinct groups).
Catching up in Community Colleges: Academic Preparation and Transfer to Four-Year Institutions.

Background/ContextTransfer from community colleges to four-year institutions remains a contentious issue in higher education, with proponents showing that students do indeed transfer to four-year i...
Quantum dots and carbon dots based fluorescent sensors for TB biomarkers detection

Abstract The clinical use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection for improved and rapid diagnoses of various diseases possesses a significant potential for the correct and timely screening of such diseases. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major pulmonary disease of concern, and can potentially be diagnosed using breath analysis techniques. Various sensing methods have been demonstrated and utilized to detect TB-VOCs. Some of the methods are based on electrical signal or change in resistance of device due to VOCs while some methods utilize mass spectroscopy. A low cost and quick method is very essential at this stage. Hence, in this paper, we report the synthesis of stable colloidal suspensions of CdSe QDs as well as carbon dots as a viable photoluminescent platform for detection of TB biomarkers. Such novel CdSe/carbon dots based sensing solution with tunable excitation and emission properties acts as a fluorescent probe for selective detection of TB biomarkers. The development of a smart, tunable fluorescent sensor system can provide an economically feasible solution and pave the way for rapid disease diagnostics.
Flexible Pattern Queries

The wide adaptation of GPS and cellular technologies has created many applications (e.g., location-based, tracking, geo-fencing, and surveillance) that collect and maintain large repositories of data in the form of trajectories. Each trajectory contains the spatial locations collected for a given moving object over an ordered sequence of time instants. Previous work on querying and analyzing trajectorial data typically falls into methods that either addresses spatial range and nearest neighbor queries, or similarity based queries. Nevertheless, trajectories are complex moving objects whose behavior over time and space can be better captured as a sequence of interesting events. We thus facilitate the use of motion pattern queries that allow the user to select trajectories based on specific motion patterns. Such patterns are described as regular expressions over a spatial alphabet that can be implicitly or explicitly anchored to the time domain. Moreover, we are interested in “flexible” patterns that allow the user to include variables in the pattern query, and thus greatly increase its expressive power. In this chapter, we present a system called FlexTrack for efficient processing of flexible pattern queries. FlexTrack includes an underlying indexing structure and algorithms for query processing using different evaluation strategies. Using both synthetic and real datasets an extensive performance evaluation of the FlexTrack system shows significant performance improvement when compared to baseline approaches.
Living by the lessons of the planet.

For centuries, scientists, economists, and other scholars have been concerned about humanity's collective impact on the environment, and whether our species has started to overwhelm the biological and physical systems of our planet. As our population, technology, and economic power have rapidly grown in recent decades, so has our impact on the planet. And now, in the early 21st century, it is clear that we have started to strain entire planetary-scale systems in the environment, including biodiversity, land resources, fresh water, and even our climate system. How can science help us understand, and manage, this crucial moment in human history?
Influences on the Development of Inquiry-Based Practices Among Preservice Teachers

ABSTRACTAs preservice teachers (PSTs) acquire experiences in their field, they confront difficulties implementing what they learned during their teacher education programs. The successful or unsuccessful outcomes of the challenges they face influence the development of their identity as teachers. One practice that many PSTs are encouraged to implement during their preservice experience is inquiry-based instruction. However, even if students begin their fieldwork with a basic understanding of inquiry, the realities of the classroom and their incongruence with what the PST came to expect during university coursework may dissuade them from committing to an inquiry-based approach. We interact with PSTs in a single science teaching university methods course to collect data using an inquiry-specific observation protocol as well as from interviews and written reflections. Through case study research framed within situated cognitive learning theory, we find that elements of PSTs’ experience have a profound influe...
Mechanical Behavior of Nafion® and BPSH Membranes

A brief characterization of the mechanical behavior of Na fi on ® 117 and BPSH-35 membranes took place through uniaxial loading, stress relaxation, and creep com­ pliance tests. Membranes were subjected to uniaxial loading at various strain rates to observe yield and fracture behavior. Stress relaxation tests measured relaxation response to strain rate and relaxation strain. Creep compliance tests led to the for­ mation of a creep master curve for the Na fi on ® membrane. Tests showed that for Na fi on ® , higher strain rates produced higher yield stresses and yield strains as well as faster initial relaxation. Strain rate had no effect on strain at fracture. Higher re­ laxation strains also led to faster initial stress relaxation in both Na fi on ® and BPSH. BPSH results showed no yield trends in uniaxial loading, though they illustrated lower breaking strains with higher strain rates.
Young Urban Adolescents' Activity Spaces, Close Peers, and the Risk of Cannabis Use: A Social-Spatial Longitudinal Analysis.

BACKGROUND An understudied, yet important area of youth development research is the examination of how place affects critical psychosocial processes such as identity formation, problem solving, emotional regulation, and in particular with adolescents, belongingness, autonomy, social competency, and behavioral health. A growing spatially informed literature indicates that youth interact with meaningful places as environmental strategies, shaping developmental trajectories related to behavioral health. OBJECTIVES The objective is to investigate the relationship between place preference and health behavior among adolescents, with a focus on substance use behavior, specifically, cannabis use. We theorize that cannabis use is associated with place preference for urban, city types of places, and that this particular place preference interacts with close peer network behaviors. METHODS To understand the role of preferred locations, close peer relations, and mental health on cannabis use, 248 adolescents (ages 13 to 14) were studied longitudinally. Logistic regression models tested the moderating effects of peer network health (sum of close friends risk and protective behaviors) on selecting city locations (urban stress/neighborhoods) as preferred places, and subsequent cannabis use. RESULTS Results indicated that peer network health moderated the effects of choosing city locations as favorite, increasing the odds of cannabis use more than eight-fold at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Favorite places located in city environments appear to interact with peer risk behaviors influencing the cannabis use of young urban adolescents, even after controlling for the influence of baseline cannabis use, neighborhood disorder the home neighborhood, age, gender, and mental health effects.
Data Sharing: Disclosure, Confidentiality, and Security

A primary mission of educational research is to champion excellence in education. Through the design of research that is generalizable and replicable and also through the successful implementation of research results, higher levels of learning, achievement, and performance for students can be obtained. Given this mission, data and information become essential resources to the success of such research. Data come in many forms—numeric, text, images, audio, and video—and are essential for the translation of research into knowledge, products, and procedures to improve education. Recognizing the costs, both monetary and time, of collecting and maintaining rich data, the concept of data sharing is often promoted with educational research. The sharing of data encourages diversity of analyses and perspectives, promotes new research, and makes possible the testing of new or alternative approaches and methods. Sieber (2006) supported the sharing of data and emphasized the value to secondary users who “can verify, refute, or refine original results, building upon those existing data, develop and test new theories, generalize or extend tentative findings and answer new empirical questions” (p. 48). Yore and Boscolo (see Chap. 2) indicate that the US National Research Council (NRC) taskforce report Advancing Scientific Research in Education (US NRC, 2004) focused on ways to improve the quality of, and substantive foundation for, education research, which in part involved professional development of researchers and funding evaluation panels, and the ethics, structures and procedures for sharing data. Data sharing also promotes the extension and expansion of previous research and helps to facilitate the work of new researchers. The sharing of data permits the creation of new datasets when data from multiple sources can be combined to create an even richer dataset. Sharing data also provides an opportunity to avoid the duplication of expensive data collection procedures. Through multiple uses of the same dataset, cost efficiencies are realized both in terms of direct costs and timelines. Through secondary uses of datasets, researchers are able to build on and advance the work of others.
Mining spatial object associations for scientific data

In this paper, we present efficient algorithms to discover spatial associations among features extracted from scientific datasets. In contrast to previous work in this area, features are modeled as geometric objects rather than points. We define multiple distance metrics that take into account objects' extent. We have developed algorithms to discover two types of spatial association patterns in scientific data. We present experimental results to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on real datasets drawn from the bioinformatic domain. We also highlight the importance of the discovered patterns by integrating the underlying domain knowledge.
Introduction to the KATRIN Experiment

The aim of the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment is the measurement of the absolute scale of the effective electron antineutrino mass \(m_{\beta }\) by high precision spectroscopy of the \(\beta \)-decay of molecular tritium close to the endpoint \(E_0\).
Evaluating the Effects of Missing Values and Mixed Data Types on Social Sequence Clustering Using t-SNE Visualization

The goal of this work is to investigate the impact of missing values in clustering joint categorical social sequences. Identifying patterns in sociodemographic longitudinal data is important in a number of social science settings. However, performing analytical operations, such as clustering on life course trajectories, is challenging due to the categorical and multidimensional nature of the data, their mixed data types, and corruption by missing and inconsistent values. Data quality issues were investigated previously on single variable sequences. To understand their effects on multivariate sequence analysis, we employ a dataset of mixed data types and missing values, a dissimilarity measure designed for joint categorical sequence data, together with dimensionality reduction methodologies in a systematic design of sequence clustering experiments. Given the categorical nature of our data, we employ an “edit” distance using optimal matching. Because each data record has multiple variables of different types, we investigate the impact of mixing these variables in a single dissimilarity measure. Between variables with binary values and those with multiple nominal values, we find that the ability to overcome missing data problems is more difficult in the nominal domain than in the binary domain. Additionally, alignment of leading missing values can result in systematic biases in dissimilarity matrices and subsequently introduce both artificial clusters and unrealistic interpretations of associated data domains. We demonstrate the usage of t-distributed stochastic neighborhood embedding to visually guide mitigation of such biases by tuning the missing value substitution cost parameter or determining an optimal sequence span.
Barricade (prodiamine) Persistance in Pinebark:Sand Substrate

Abstract Barricade (prodiamine) herbicide is used for preemergence weed control in container-grown plants and has been shown to injure certain landscape plants. This research investigated Barricade's (prodiamne's) persistence and movement in a pine bark:sand substrate with greenhouse grown azaleas treated with Barricade (prodiamine). A bentgrass bioassay study indicated similar Barricade (prodiamine) distribution throughout the containers through 60 days after application (DAA). Barricade (prodiamine) residues extracted from the substrate were similar within specific horizons at 30 and 60 DAA indicating a downward herbicide migration within the container. Barricade (prodiamine) may be adsorbed to fine substrate particles and move in the container with the displacement of fine particles during irrigation and substrate settling.
Dynamic π‑Bonding of Imidazolyl Substituentin a Formally 16-Electron Cp*Ru(κ 2 ‑ P , N ) + Catalyst Allows DramaticRate Increases in ( E )‑Selective Monoisomerizationof Alkenes

Alkene isomerization can be an atom-economical approach to generating a wide range of alkene intermediates for synthesis, but fully equilibrated mixtures of disubstituted internal alkenes typically...
Increasing Diversity in Innovation by Tracking Women, Minority, and Startups Innovators that Patent and Supporting Experimentation in Inclusive Innovation

The SUCCESS Act requires the USPTO and SBA to report to Congress on ways that the agencies can promote and increase the participation of women, minorities, and veterans in inventing, innovation and entrepreneurship. This is the written version of oral testimony provided to USPTO SUCCESS Act Hearings held in San Jose in June 2019 and makes four points. First, due to the absence of other sources of reliable demographic data on participation in inventing, the USPTO should collect data from patent applicants, but keep this information segregated from the examination function and initially disseminate it in bulk-reported form or for research related purposes resulting in bulk-reporting. During an initial collection period, the Office should ask applicants and stakeholders about their concerns to their data being sharing more generally, and develop policy informed by these responses. Second, in addition to collecting data about patent applicants, the PTO should more systematically collect and distribute data about assignees that support the tracking of startups, small businesses, independent inventors, minority- and veteran-owned businesses; it should also more systematically support the tracking not only of patent application, but the full participation, through grant, maintenance, and patent transaction - of underrepresented applicants and assignees - in the patent system. Third, the PTO should support investigations of the possibility of implicit, structural, or other forms of bias on participation in the patent system - for example by carrying out or supporting experimentation to uncover the root causes of the 7-21% lower grant rate to female applications, and considering the barriers to participation inadvertently created by the degree prerequisites of patent prosecutors, and take appropriate action. Fourth, the USPTO should use its convening power to work with companies to uncover the practices that lead to greater rates of participation in inventing.
Retrospective video analysis of the early speech sound development of infants and toddlers later diagnosed with lateralisation errors

Purpose: Although lateralisation errors (LEs) are a common speech sound disorder, no studies have examined their early development. The purpose of this exploratory small-scale investigation was to ...
Some Stress Is Good Stress: The Challenge-Hindrance Framework, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Academic Outcomes.

Historically, most investigations involving stress have assumed its undesirability, and deleterious effects have been identified across a variety of domains. Recently, however, researchers in management and health have differentiated between types of stress, and revealed a more complicated picture as a result. Specifically, stressors perceived as goal-relevant and manageable (i.e., challenging) are thought to increase motivation, performance, and well-being, while stressors viewed as goal-relevant but unmanageable (i.e., hindering) are believed to hamper performance and occasion maladaptive behaviors. Empirical support for this theoretical framework has accumulated in employment settings, but the model has yet to be adequately extended to higher education. The current study used a longitudinal design and multiple academic outcomes to explore the challenge-hindrance distinction in a large, diverse student sample. Students from 2 Southeastern institutions (N = 853) were assessed for challenge stress (e.g., class difficulty, high expectations), hindrance stress (e.g., ambiguous expectations, favoritism), academic self-efficacy (ASE), grade point average (GPA), hours withdrawn, and transfer intentions. Results were generally theory-consistent, as ratings of challenge and hindrance stress were associated with positive and negative academic outcomes, respectively. ASE did not moderate the challenge–GPA relationship, but emerged as an independent predictor of academic functioning. Implications for stress researchers, educators, and academic decision-makers are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Insurance status and level of education predict disparities in receipt of treatment and survival for anal squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is relatively rare, but its incidence and mortality have been steadily climbing in marginalized populations. We explored the impact of insurance status, education, and income on survival and receipt of chemoradiation therapy. Methods We included patients with ASCC from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database from 2004 to 2016. Socioeconomic variables included insurance status, level of education, income, and unemployment rate. Cox proportional hazards and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine predictors of survival and receipt of chemoradiation. Results We included a total of 10,868 cases of ASCC. The median age was 55, 10.4 % were black, and 65.4 % were female. Overall, 74.1 % of patients received combination chemoradiation. In multivariate analysis, poorer survival was found for Medicaid (HR 1.52, 95 % CI 1.34−1.74) and uninsured (HR 1.68, 95 % CI 1.35−2.10) patients, and for communities with the lowest rates of high school education (HR 1.17, 95 % CI 1.02−1.38), lowest income (HR 1.29, 95 % CI 1.08−1.54), and highest unemployment (HR 1.21, 95 % CI 1.03−1.40). Patients were less likely to receive combination treatment if they were black (OR 0.76, 95 % CI 0.55−0.92), had Medicaid insurance (OR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.33−0.88) or lower education (OR 0.59, 95 % CI 0.46−0.76). Conclusion Insurance status, level of education, income, and employment impact survival and receipt of treatment in patients with ASCC. Identifying high risk patients and developing targeted interventions to improve access to treatment is integral to reducing these disparities and improving cancer survival.
Narrowed Posterior Nasal Airway Limits Efficacy of Anterior Septoplasty

Background: Predicting symptomatic relief after septoplasty has been difficult. Minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA) measured by acoustic rhinometry and airflow resistance (R) measured by rhinomanom...
Temporal and spatial variability of shallow soil moisture across four planar hillslopes on a tropical ocean island, San Cristóbal, Galápagos

Abstract Study region This paper provides a summary of findings from temporal and spatial studies of soil water content on planar hillslopes across the equatorial island of San Cristobal, Galapagos (Ecuador). Study focus Soil water content (SWC) was measured to generate temporal and spatial records to determine seasonal variation and to investigate how the behavior of surface and near-surface root-zone soil water may support island-wide hydrogeology models. SWC probes were installed at four weather stations in a climosequence to generate a temporal record, and spatial surveys of shallow SWC across the selected sites were completed during wet and dry seasons. Temporal differences in SWC were driven by seasonal variations in rainfall and evapotranspiration, while spatial variability remained high during both wet and dry seasons. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity determined by mini-disk infiltrometers was highly variable across the slopes, as were other hydrologic variables. New hydrological insights for the region The high heterogeneity of soil water and hydrologic characteristics provides a means to explain why little runoff is observed at the study sites: soils do not saturate uniformly across hillslopes, allowing for runoff generated in one part of the hillslope to be conducted into the soil in adjacent parts of the hillslope. The lack of connected surface runoff helps explain how water enters the groundwater system of the island.
A two-step gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for measurement of multiple environmental pollutants in human plasma

Individuals are exposed to a wide variety of chemicals over their lifetime, yet current understanding of mixture toxicology is still limited. We present a two-step analytical method using a gas chromatograph-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer that requires less than 1 mL of sample. The method is applied to 183 plasma samples from a study population of children with autism spectrum disorder, their parents, and unrelated neurotypical children. We selected 156 environmental chemical compounds and ruled out chemicals with detection rates less than 20% of our study cohort (n = 61), as well as ones not amenable to the selected extraction and analytical methods (n = 34). The targeted method then focused on remaining chemicals (n = 61) plus 8 additional polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Persistent pollutants, such as p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and PCB congeners 118 and 180, were detected at high frequencies and several previously unreported chemicals, including 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, isosafrole, and hexachlorobutadiene, were frequently detected in our study cohort. This work highlights the benefits of employing a multi-step analytical method in exposure studies and demonstrates the efficacy of such methods for reporting novel information on previously unstudied pollutant exposures.
A life course framework for understanding digital technology use in the transition to adulthood

Abstract Rapid increases in young people’s time spent using digital technology (“screen time”) in the mobile internet era have led to anxiety about long-term effects. This mixed-method US study examines childhood experiences and contextual factors that shape screen time in the transition to adulthood. We recursively analyzed 56 qualitative interviews with young adults in a large metropolitan area in 2016–2018 and prospective longitudinal nationally representative survey data (PSID-CDS-2007 and PSID-TAS-2017) to articulate a conceptual framework of life course influences on young adults’ time spent using digital technologies. Inductive qualitative analyses built an initial framework, which was assessed with quantitative data, then further refined with qualitative analyses. Young adults drew on life course perspectives when discussing influences on their current digital technology use. As they suggested, in quantitative analyses more frequent adolescent technology use and greater device access weakly predicted increased technology frequency. Current school enrollment and several current peer factors predicted technology time. Interviewees emphasized the influence of parenting around technology use during adolescence, but parenting did not predict young adult screen time in quantitative analyses. Further qualitative analyses suggested that instead of influencing current technology time, earlier parenting shaped current emotional responses and imagined future technology use. We found young adults’ technology use frequency to be informed by earlier experiences but highly malleable. Past technology use and current social contexts matter, but only up to a point. Moving beyond time use to incorporate emotional responses and future plans can better capture how the life course shapes technology use.
Academic-Family Integration: How Do Men and Women in Distance Education and Residential Doctoral Programs Integrate Their Degree and Family?.

Multivariate statistical analyses were used to determine if differences existed between how men and women enrolled in distance education and residential doctorate of education programs in the United States managed and negotiated their family and academic lives. Results provided evidence that distance education students ( n = 106) reported having lower academic-family satisfaction and functioning, more interference between the academic and family domains, and more impermeable boundaries between the domains than their residential peers ( n = 71). Moreover, women ( n = 126) in comparison to men ( n = 51) reported poorer academic-family balance and the desire to set more rigid boundaries between their academic and family domains.
Street Technologies of Displacement: Disposable Bodies, Dispossessed Space

In this chapter Edelman explores exclusionary space and practices of embodied, social, and political erasure within cities across geopolitical landscapes. Specifically, Edelman focuses on how values associated with devalued subjectivities and bodies become codified features of urban displacement. This chapter explores both the theoretical basis and material implications of displacement and spatial exclusion. Specifically, Edelman discusses the impacts of exclusionary space and the ‘un-homing’ of gentrification-induced displacement for those that are viewed as ‘undesirable.’ Finally, through Edelman’s own work on ‘Prostitution Free Zones’ and trans community map-making in Washington, D.C., the chapter examines how communities of practice articulate and resist state-sanctioned erasure. When placed in broader social contexts, we can then understand exclusionary laws and policies as focused more on identifying bodies that are seen as out of space than as enactments of laws that are focused on space itself.