cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-touch interaction for tasking robots

The objective is to develop a mobile human-robot interface that is optimized for multi-touch input. Our existing interface was designed for mouse and keyboard input and was later adopted for voice and touch interaction. A new multi-touch interface permits multi-touch gestures, for example zooming and panning a map, and robot task specific touch interactions. An initial user evaluation found that the multi-touch interface is preferred and yields superior performance.
Immigration of larvae of fall/winter spawning marine fishes into a North Carolina estuary

Larval fishes were sampled weekly from late fall to early spring in the Newport River estuary just inside Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. Quantitative samples were taken during darkness at mid-flood tide with paired 60-cm bongo nets (505-μm mesh). Larvae of 22 species from 15 families were collected. Seventy-seven percent of the species and 97% of the individuals were fishes that had been spawned on the continental shelf and had immigrated to the estuary. In descending order, the five most abundant species, accounting for 90% of the individuals, were spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), and speckled worm ell (Myrophis punctatus). Most species immigrated through-out the winter and into spring, but there were distinct patterns in their temporal abundances.
Transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction in a quadriplegic patient.

Recent developments in the management of spinal cord injury have reduced mortality while prolonging the life span of quadriplegic patients. It is important to remember that even a simple urinary tract infection or constipation can cause fatal outcomes in quadriplegic patients via autonomic dysreflexia. A 40-year-old C3-C4 quadriplegic Caucasian male presented to the emergency room with palpitations. On examination his blood pressure was 211 /133 mm Hg with a heart rate of 99 beats/min. The patient had no cardiac risk factors and no history of hypertension. Blood work was normal except for leukocytosis (WBC 18,100/mm). During his hospital stay, the patient’s blood pressure was very labile, ranging from 50 /30 to 220 /110 mm Hg. Gross hematuria resolved following bladder irrigations and empiric antibiotic treatment for possible hemorrhagic cystitis. Bowel cleaning was initiated for severe constipation. An echocardiogram revealed severely impaired left ventricular systolic function with an ejection fraction (EF) of 10–15%. A repeat echocardiogram on the 3rd day, when he was hemodynamically stable following the above interventions, showed normalization of left ventricular systolic function (EF 55–60%). The patient was discharged from the hospital in good condition without any further cardiac work-up.
Effects of velocity overshoot on performance of GaAs devices, with design information

Abstract A two-dimensional computer simulation based on analysis of electron energy transport has been used to study the effects of velocity overshoot in GaAs MESFET's, and to obtain design information for these devices. The indices of performance gm, Cgs and fT are evaluated as functions of geometry, doping, and applied bias, and are compared with experimental data and the results of Monte Carlo two-dimensional models. The energy transport computer simulation used here is shown to be a useful tool for optimizing the design of submicron-scale GaAs MESFET's.
Immunologic issues in anti-retroviral therapy

A number of drugs acting at different stages of viral replication have been shown to be effective anti-HIV agents in the laboratory, and several have been found to be active in patients. It has become evident that inhibition of viral replication in HIV-infected patients will result in an improvement in their immune function. However, as Robert Yarchoan, Hiroaki Mitsuya and Samuel Broder point out, complete immunoreconstitution generally does not occur in patients with established AIDS using currently available therapies. It is important to understand the factors that limit immunologic improvement in such patients so that more effective therapy can be devised.
Two radio supernovae in the unusual galaxy Markarian 297

STARBURST galaxies have higher star formation and supernova rates than normal galaxies, triggered in many cases by the interaction of two galaxies1. Direct estimates of the supernova rate in starburst galaxies is difficult, because optical direction of super-novae is hampered by high background brightness and by dust2, both of which are associated with the starburst phenomenon. Radio observations do not suffer from these problems. We report here the discovery of two radio supernovae in the clumpy irregular galaxy Markarian 297 (Mkn 297, also known as NGC6052), which has been estimated3 to have a star formation rate ten times that of a normal spiral galaxy, and a supernova rate of 0.3–0.5 per year. It may consist of two interacting galaxies4. A variable radio source found in 1982 (ref. 5) was attributed to possible supernova activity, and our observations with the Very Large Array, combined with earlier published data, define a reasonable radio light curve for a supernova that exploded in July 1979. The variability resembles that of the young supernova SN1986J (ref. 6), but at maximum the supernova in Mkn 297 would have been about six times as bright. We also identify a second source in the galaxy as a supernova. The presence of two extraordinarily bright supernovae in the same region may be a particular result of the interaction between two galaxies.
Self-association of the major protein component of bovine serum high density lipoprotein.

The major protein component of bovine high density lipoprotein was investigated in solution by fluorescence polarization and ultracentrifugal techniques. A fluorescent derivative of this protein with 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride was employed in the fluorescence experiments. Over the concentration range from 5·10−7 M to 5·10−4 M of the protein monomer at pH values from 2 to 11 and ionic strengths from 0.03 to 2.0, at 23 °C, the major protein of bovine high density lipoprotein apoprotein (Apo-HOL-I) was found to exist in a stable aggregated form. The aggregate was not affected by dioxane additions of up to 20% nor by Triton X-100 to 0.2%, but dissociated readily in the presence of 0.07% sodium dodecylsulfate or 6 M urea. At concentrations below 5·10−7 M, dissociation of the protein aggregate started spontaneously and continued down to 10−8 M, the lowest measurable concentration. Several physicochemical properties of the major protein of bovine high density lipoprotein were determined in the stable aggregate form. Molecular weight was 104 000 from ultracentrifugal analysis and 80 000 from gel-filtration. Rotational relaxation time was 115 ns at 25 °C, and s020,w was 4.78 s. The results suggest very strong protein-protein interactions (Kd < 10−7 M) that are not electrostatic in nature. Hydrophobic interactions of a magnitude that could be affected by 20% dioxane or 0.2% Triton X-100 detergent are also excluded. There is saturation of the interaction sites by the aggregation of a few protein monomer units possibly to form a tetramer which is moderately asymmetric (1:4 axial ratio, assuming an ellipsoid of revolution) and relatively rigid. The strong protein-protein interactions in this pure apolipoprotein suggest the possibility of competition of inter-protein associations with protein-lipid interactions in in vitro lipid binding or lipoprotein reconstitution experiments.
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Aminoboranes

The isosterism of BN and CC grouping invites comparisons. Recent investigations on substituted aminoboranes R1R2NBR3R4 have been attempted in order to evaluate this concept of isosterism. Some of the latest results include evidence for geometric isomerism due to hindered rotation about the BN bond, isolation of isomeric compounds which can be considered as formal analogues of cyclohexanes, and the incorporation of BN groups into aromatic systems.
Magnetorheological smart nanocomposites and their viscoelastic behavior

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are smart materials whose mechanical behavior can be tailored by external magnetic fields, showing promises for wide use in on-demand stiffness control applications. However, conventional MREs have comparatively inferior mechanical properties due to matrix materials. Meanwhile carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have proved to be excellent reinforcing fillers with increased stiffness, strain at failure, and damping performance for nanocomposites. In this project, synthesis and dynamic mechanical analysis are conducted for silicone-rubber-based magnetorheological nanocomposites embedded with multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
Testing and calibration of a Faraday cup and other intensity monitors for the external proton beam at LAMPF

Abstract Three different methods of measuring beam intensities have been tested in the external proton beam at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) over a wide range of beam currents. A 700 kg Faraday cup was constructed and has been demonstrated to be capable of absolute measurements with an error lower than 1%. A high gain ArCO2 ion chamber was built for low beam intensity monitoring (down to a few pA) and provided an independent check of the Faraday cup calibration to better than 3%. A secondary emission monitor was also tested and calibrated relative to the Faraday cup. This secondary emission monitor provides reliable relative data for beams greater than about 50 pA.
Ten-Year Trends in Coronary Calcification in Individuals without Clinical Cardiovascular Disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence has declined significantly in the US, as have levels of major coronary risk factors, including LDL-cholesterol, hypertension and smoking, but whether trends in subclinical atherosclerosis mirror these trends is not known. Methods and Findings To describe recent secular trends in subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by serial evaluations of coronary artery calcification (CAC) prevalence in a population over 10 years, we measured CAC using computed tomography (CT) and CHD risk factors in five serial cross-sectional samples of men and women from four race/ethnic groups, aged 55–84 and without clinical cardiovascular disease, who were members of Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort from 2000 to 2012. Sample sizes ranged from 1062 to 4837. After adjusting for age, gender, and CT scanner, the prevalence of CAC increased across exams among African Americans, whose prevalence of CAC was 52.4% in 2000–02, 50.4% in 2003–04, 60.0% is 2005–06, 57.4% in 2007–08, and 61.3% in 2010–12 (p for trend <0.001). The trend was strongest among African Americans aged 55–64 [prevalence ratio for 2010–12 vs. 2000–02, 1.59 (95% confidence interval 1.06, 2.39); p = 0.005 for trend across exams]. There were no consistent trends in any other ethnic group. Risk factors generally improved in the cohort, and adjustment for risk factors did not change trends in CAC prevalence. Conclusions There was a significant secular trend towards increased prevalence of CAC over 10 years among African Americans and no change in three other ethnic groups. Trends did not reflect concurrent general improvement in risk factors. The trend towards a higher prevalence of CAC in African Americans suggests that CHD risk in this population is not improving relative to other groups.
Histochemical localization of enzymes in vascular plants

Introduction 354 Oxidizing Enzymes: Oxidases and Dehydrogenases ........ 356 Peroxidase 357 Catalase 360 Cytochrome Oxidase 361 Polyphenol Oxidase 362 Dehydrogenases 366 Lipoxidase 369 Oxidases Associated with Anthocyanin 371 Carbohydrases 372 j3-Glucosidase 372 Amylases 374 Cytases and Related Carbohydrases 377 Esterases 378 Lipase 378 Myrosulfatase 379 Phosphatases 380 Other Esterases 382 Phosphorylases 382 Proteolytic Enzymes 384 Amidases: Urease 386 Conclusions 387
Securitization Of Tobacco Settlement Payments To Reduce States’ Conflict Of Interest

Securitization of the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) payments from tobacco companies is hotly debated in states and policy circles. Securitization is issuing a bond backed by future payments in return for up-front money. Many public health advocates are strongly against securitization. However, securitization itself does not rob states of tobacco control. Rather, the issue is lack of commitment to tobacco control by states. Further, securitization can mitigate states’ conflict of interest between keeping tobacco companies fiscally healthy to ensure their MSA payments and reducing tobacco sales for health reasons. States should not align with tobacco companies with the common interest of keeping tobacco companies fiscally healthy.
To Tube or Not to Tube? The Role of Intubation during Stroke Thrombectomy.

In the 10 years since the FDA first cleared the use of endovascular devices for the treatment of acute stroke, definitive evidence that such therapy improves outcomes remains lacking. The decision to intubate patients undergoing stroke thrombectomy impacts multiple variables that may influence outcomes after stroke. Three main areas where intubation may deleteriously affect acute stroke management include the introduction of delays in revascularization, fluctuations in peri-procedural blood pressure, and hypocapnia resulting in cerebral vasoconstriction. In this mini-review, we discuss the evidence supporting these limitations of intubation during stroke thrombectomy and encourage neurohospitalists, neurocritical care specialists and neurointerventionalists to carefully consider the decision to intubate during thrombectomy and provide strategies to avoid potential complications associated with its use in acute stroke.
The cultural entrepreneur and the creative industries: beginning in Vienna

In this paper on the creative industries and cultural entrepreneurship I take my point of departure in Richard Caves’ Creative Industries [Caves, R. (2000). Creative industries: Contacts between art and commerce. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.]. While Caves draws heavily on economic analysis and contemporary sociology in his excellent analysis of these two topics, he does not use the sociological classics at all. The main purpose of the paper is an attempt to remedy this, by drawing attention to the possible contribution that the works of Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and Georg Simmel can make to our understanding of the creative industries and cultural entrepreneurship. Since this paper was prepared as a keynote address for the 2006 conference of the Association for Cultural Economics International in Vienna, I also discuss Schumpeter’s ideas on art and entrepreneurship, ideas which grew out of Viennese culture.
Can the high latitude ionosphere support large field-aligned ion drifts?

A three-dimensional time-dependent model of the ionosphere is used to examine recent results on vertical drift velocities and electron densities in the high latitude ionosphere. Upper limits for the downward ion velocity were found to be smaller than those obtained from previous measurements. The downward force in the model was arbitrarily increased to try to account for the narrow electron density profiles. It is noted that if the common volume measurement is made in a region of O(+) precipitation then the line profile would not be Doppler shifted when viewed off-zenith, and small field-aligned velocities and narrow profile widths would result.
Effects of cooler temperature dialysate on hemodynamic stability in "problem" dialysis patients.

Effects of cooler temperature dialysate on hemodynamic stability in "problem" dialysis patients. Symptomatic hypotension is a common and disabling complication of hemodialysis treatments. The incidence of symptomatic hypotensive episodes is particularly high in patients who have normal or low blood pressure at the initiation of dialysis and in patients who have large interdialytic weight gains. The aim of this study was to determine whether cooling the dialysate temperature from 37°C to 35°C improved tolerance to dialysis in a group of 12 of these "problem" patients. A double-blinded protocol was performed in six hypotension-prone and six large weight gainers who were subjected to two identical hemodialyses except for the dialysate temperature of 37°C or 35°C. Changes in biochemical parameters and weight were comparable during the two maneuvers. Recumbent blood pressure declined significantly (P
Isolation and biological evaluation of 8-epi-malyngamide C from the Floridian marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.

A new stereoisomer of malyngamide C, 8-epi-malyngamide C (1), and the known compound lyngbic acid [(4E,7S)-7-methoxytetradec-4-enoic acid] were isolated from a sample of Lyngbya majuscula collected near Bush Key, Dry Tortugas, Florida. The structure of 1 was determined by NMR and MS experiments. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by selective Mitsunobu inversion of C-8 to give malyngamide C, as determined by NMR, MS, and comparison of specific rotation. Both 1 and malyngamide C were found to be cytotoxic to HT29 colon cancer cells (IC50 15.4 and 5.2 μM, respectively) and to inhibit bacterial quorum sensing in a reporter gene assay.
Changing patterns of land use by Plio-Pleistocene hominids in the Lake Turkana Basin

Abstract The first step in a behavioural ecological study of stone-tool-using hominids involves the description of the character of lithic discard and the context within which the discard occurred. We examine and put into paleogeographic context the known archaeological traces in the Turkana Basin at three successive time intervals: 2·3 million years ago (Ma), 1·9-1·8 Ma, and 1·-7-1·5 Ma. At 2·3 Ma, hominid use of stone appears restricted to small areas on the landscape where many resources such as water, shade, and stone are juxtaposed. In contrast, archaeological traces at 1·6 Ma are found in a variety of settings, which may in part be explained by the paleogeographic changes taking place at that time. This change coincides with the emergence of Homo erectus . The hominid fossil and archaeological records are shown to complement each other in the generation of ecological hypotheses of H. erectus behaviour.
Long period geomagnetic fluctuations after the 1964 Alaskan earthquake.

Geomagnetic field power spectra following 1960 Chilean earthquake, noting peak absence after Alaskan earthquake
Crack closure in weldments

— A Strip-Yield Model for Notched Components (SYMNC) model which employs Newman's method of simulating crack closure and determining the effective stress-intensity factor is used to predict the fatigue crack growth behavior of non-stress relieved and stress relieved welded joints. Predictions of the SYMNC model compare favorably with experimental data at low stress amplitudes.
MEMS: micro technology, mega impact

The variety and applications of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices have increased dramatically, improving existing uses or enabling entirely new ones. This article surveys some of the current and projected applications of MEMS.
Distilling Pathophysiology from Complex Disease Genetics

Technologies for genome-wide sequence interrogation have dramatically improved our ability to identify loci associated with complex human disease. However, a chasm remains between correlations and causality that stems, in part, from a limiting theoretical framework derived from Mendelian genetics and an incomplete understanding of disease physiology. Here we propose a set of criteria, akin to Koch's postulates for infectious disease, for assigning causality between genetic variants and human disease phenotypes.
Facial pain of intracranial origin

Abstract Facial pain is a common reason for a patient to consult an oral surgeon. The latter must be fully aware that dental disease is not the only cause of facial pain and that, in fact, such pain may be caused by disease quite far removed from the face. Presented here is a case of an epidermoid cyst of the cerebellopontine angle causing facial pain. It illustrates the need for the oral surgeon to be aware of all of the conditions that cause facial pain and to know how to conduct a cranial-nerve examination as part of a routine evaluation.
INTERPRETING THE EFFECT OF COMMON MEDICAL CONDITIONS ON VOIDING DYSFUNCTION IN THE ELDERLY

Elderly persons with incontinence frequently carry a significant burden of medical disease. A survey of incontinent communitydwelling women aged 55 to 90 found comorbid chronic conditions in 86%, including cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases in half, gastrointestinal illness in 28%, metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes) in 25%, and neurologic conditions in 12%.50 Similarly, another survey of adults over 60 years old demonstrated higher rates in incontinent compared with continent responders of impaired mobility, transient ischemic attacks, heart disease, chronic cough, fecal incontinence, and constipation.I7 In long-term care, the majority of incontinent individuals have medical conditions that may contribute to voiding dysfunction,’O including impaired mobility in 6l%, moderate-severe dementia in 56%, depression in 33%, stroke in 24%, diabetes in 19%, and Parkinson’s disease in 9%; moreover, at least one-third have more than one comorbid conditi~n.~O This high prevalence of disease in incontinent elders hardly is surprising. Of the top 10 chronic conditions in persons over 65, eight have potential effects on lower urinary tract function and continence: heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, cataracts, musculoskeletal deformity, visual impairment, varicose veins, and arthritis.’ For the urologist, the prevalence of disease in incontinent (as well as continent) older persons raises the important question: when is medical disease the cause of incontinence, and when are the two conditions ”true, true, and unrelated?” To address this question, this article reviews the specific mechanisms by which common medical conditions affect lower urinary tract function; the natural history of incontinence caused by medical diseases (when known); and clinical findings that may clarify the causal relationship between incontinence and medical disease. The focus is on direct effects of common diseases. Disease-related functional impairments and medications, and genitourinary conditions including urinary tract infection, prostate disease, and malignancies are addressed elsewhere in this issue. NEUROLOGIC DISEASE Many neurologic diseases increase in prevalence with age, and these may affect micturition control pathways in the central nervous system, spinal cord, autonomic nervous sys
T cell development: better living through chromatin

T lymphocyte development is directed by a gene-expression program that occurs in the complex nucleoprotein environment of chromatin. This review examines basic principles of chromatin regulation and evaluates ongoing progress toward understanding how the chromatin template is manipulated to control gene expression and gene recombination in developing thymocytes. Special attention is devoted to the loci encoding T cell receptors α and β, T cell coreceptors CD4 and CD8, and the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. The properties of SATB1, a notable organizer of thymocyte chromatin, are also addressed.
Bioavailability of Iron in Cottonseed Meal, Ferric Sulfate, and Two Ferrous Sulfate By-Products of the Galvanizing Industry

Iron depletion-repletion assays were carried out with young chicks to establish Fe bioavailability values for Fe2(SO4)3.7H2O (22.7% Fe), Fe-ZnSO4.H2O (20.2% Fe, 13.0% Zn), Zn-FeSO4.H2O (20.2% Zn, 14.2% Fe), and cottonseed meal (200 mg Fe/kg). Standard hemoglobin response curves were established using feed-grade FeSO4.H2O (28.8% Fe) or reagent-grade FeSO4.7H2O (20.1% Fe) as standards such that relative bioavailability (RBV) could be assessed for the experimental sources of Fe. Weight gain, hemoglobin, and hematocrit responded linearly (P 0.10) from the standard. However, evaluation of all criteria of response (hemoglobin, hematocrit, weight gain) suggested that neither Fe-ZnSO4.H2O nor Zn-FeSO4.H2O had different Fe RBV values than FeSO4.H2O. Standard-curve calculations were used for assessment of Fe RBV in Fe2(SO4)3.7H2O and cottonseed meal, as only a single level of Fe addition was studied for each of these products. Iron RBV in Fe2(SO4)3.7H2O was estimated to be 37%, whereas Fe RBV in cottonseed meal was found to be 56%. Both of these values were lower (P < 0.05) than the FeSO4 standard. The data suggest that the two new products, representing combinations of FeSO4.H2O and ZnSO4.H2O by-products of the galvanizing industry, are excellent sources of bioavailable Fe, whereas ferric sulfate and cottonseed meal are relatively poor sources of usable Fe.
Responses to microinjections of d-tubocurarine into the hypothalamus of cats.

Abstract Microinjections of d-tubocurarine chloride ( d-Tc ) were made into the hypothalamus of cats through a stereotaxically implanted cannula-electrode to reproduce the effects of intraventricular doses (100–200 μg/kg) of d-Tc . Single intrahypothalamic injections of 3–6 μg caused rise of blood pressure, stimulation of respiration and enhancement of knee jerk and produced tremor and jerks in most of the experiments. After a delay of 10–15 min the electrical activity of the injected site changed with the appearance of high voltage waves and spikes which were found to spread to other areas recorded. The effects of similarly low intraventricular doses were comparatively much less in incidence and intensity. Thus the hypothalamus appeared to be the site of origin of d-Tc-induced autonomic and motor effects, and abnormal electrical activity. The effects of intrahypothalamic doses of d-Tc were poorly counteracted by Prostigmin.
Feasibility of breast duct lavage performed by a physician extender.

Background The safety and feasibility of ductal lavage (DL), a risk-assessment tool utilizing a minimally invasive technique that permits sampling of breast duct epithelium, performed primarily by a nurse practitioner (NP), was studied prospectively. Methods Women at high risk for breast cancer with a normal clinical breast exam and mammogram were enrolled. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF)-yielding ducts were identified, cannulated, and lavaged primarily by an NP in collaboration with a breast surgeon. Samples with sufficient cellularity were categorized as benign, mild atypia, marked atypia, or malignant. Pain and adverse events were recorded. Results Thirty-seven women, with a mean age of 51.7 years, were enrolled. Thirty-one (83.8%) women yielded NAF and, of those, 28 (90.3%) had one or more ducts successfully cannulated. Of 65 lavaged ducts in these 28 women, cellularity was adequate for diagnosis in 44 (67.7%) samples. Cytologic findings were as follows: 24 benign, 15 mild atypia, 4 marked atypia, and 1 malignant. The procedure was well tolerated with a mean pain score of 3.2 (SD ± 1.81). The most frequent adverse event was breast fullness, reported by 44.8% of the women. Two women with marked atypia were evaluated further and found to have intraductal papillomata. The woman with malignant cytology had ductal carcinoma in situ. Conclusion DL is a safe, generally well-tolerated procedure that can be performed successfully by a trained NP.
Combining Classifiers for word sense disambiguation

Classifier combination is an effective and broadly useful method of improving system performance. This article investigates in depth a large number of both well-established and novel classifier combination approaches for the word sense disambiguation task, studied over a diverse classifier pool which includes feature-enhanced Naive Bayes, Cosine, Decision List, Transformation-based Learning and MMVC classifiers. Each classifier has access to the same rich feature space, comprised of distance weighted bag-of-lemmas, local ngram context and specific syntactic relations, such as Verb-Object and Noun-Modifier. This study examines several key issues in system combination for the word sense disambiguation task, ranging from algorithmic structure to parameter estimation. Experiments using the standard SENSEVAL2 lexical-sample data sets in four languages (English, Spanish, Swedish and Basque) demonstrate that the combination system obtains a significantly lower error rate when compared with other systems participating in the SENSEVAL2 exercise, yielding state-of-the-art performance on these data sets.
Ultrastructural pathology in the stria vascularis of the MRL-Faslpr mouse

The MRL-Fas(lpr) mouse, a model of multisystemic, organ nonspecific autoimmune disease, has been proposed as a model of immune-mediated inner ear disease. A preliminary study employing light microscopy indicated that it develops cochlear pathology that appeared most striking in the stria vascularis, where cells underwent edema and degeneration. However, other structures, including the inner and outer hair cells and the supporting cells, also appeared to display pathology. The current study analyzed cochlear ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy to better delineate the cochlear lesions found in these animals. MRL-Fas(lpr) animals were allowed to develop systemic disease (20 weeks old) and then had auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds determined. Animals were then killed and their cochleas prepared for electron microscopy. Age-matched MRL-+/+ and BALB/c mice served as controls. Results indicated that MRL-Fas(lpr) mice demonstrated elevated ABR thresholds. In contrast to a preliminary report, the cochlear pathology was observed exclusively in the stria vascularis, where cells demonstrated hydropic degeneration. Strial capillary structure was normal as were the rest of the cellular cochlear constituents. No inflammatory infiltrate was noted. These studies confirm that the MRL-Fas(lpr) mouse develops cochlear abnormalities focused in the stria vascularis. Whether the mechanism of the cellular degeneration involves autoimmune, genetic, or uremic processes has yet to be determined.
Intelligence quotient of children who have recovered from erythroblastosis fetalis.

Summary The average intelligence, as measured by the Stanford-Binet Scale, of a group of sixty-eight children recovered from erythroblastosis fetalis without suffering obvious motor nerve damage was found to be lower than that of their unaffected older brothers and sisters. Statistical analysis indicates that the inferiority is not likely to have resulted from chance nor from the circumstance that the affected child was always younger than his control sibling. The extent of the impairment is slight, the mean difference in I. Q. being only 11.8, so that there is no occasion for altering the usual custom of giving a good prognosis to the parents of a child who has apparently recovered from erythroblastosis without suffering motor nerve injury. The data presented do not distinguish between a specific effect of the Rh antibody and a nonspecific one such as might be operating in any illness in the newborn period.
Does Forgiveness Require Interpersonal Interactions? Individual Differences in Conceptualization of Forgiveness

Abstract The present studies examined whether victims believed that forgiveness requires interpersonal interaction between the victim and offender. Having an interpersonal conceptualization of forgiveness was positively related to a collectivistic worldview. Also, an interpersonal conceptualization of forgiveness was positively related to forgiveness measures that stressed interpersonal interactions with the offender. However, an interpersonal conceptualization of forgiveness was positively related to a general measure of forgiveness only for those participants who were in a continuing relationship with the offender. The current research is an important step in understanding the contexts in which one’s conceptualization of forgiveness may influence its practice.
Zero-norm states and enlarged gauge symmetries of the closed bosonic string with massive background fields

Abstract Conformal symmetry on the world-sheet is used to derive the effective equations of motion of target space fields for the closed bosonic string up to the second massive level. These equations are calculated in the weal field approximation, but to all orders in the inverse Planck scale α′. Enlarged gauge symmetries of the target space fields are derived directly from both types of zero-norm states in the bosonic string spectrum. Some of these symmetries can be generated by world-sheet (1, 0) or (0, 1) primary field generators.
The other side of clinical trial monitoring; assuring data quality and procedural adherence

BackgroundData monitoring can mean different things. It can mean statistical methodologies for clinical trial monitoring, interim data analysis, monitoring for quality control or assurance or safety reporting to regulatory agencies.PurposeThe various facets of data monitoring will be discussed and reviewed from primarily an industry perspective.MethodsBy careful attention to the design and conduct of a clinical trial, the expense of monitoring can be markedly reduced. Careful attention should be given to the qualifications of investigators in the selection of clinical sites and central facilities. Site personnel must be adequately trained. The sponsor should utilize appropriately qualified individuals to supervise the overall conduct of the trial. The monitor should visit the investigator at the site of the investigation frequently enough to ensure acceptable quality. The monitor is responsible for inspecting the case report forms at regular intervals. Quality control should be applied to each stage of da...
Identification of sialic acid-rich glycoproteins on polyacrylamide gels

Abstract Several representative glycoproteins have been stained with the cationic carbocyanine dye, “Stains-all,” after electrophoretic separation in polyacrylamide gels. Sialoglycoproteins are indicated when a protein with a positive periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction stains blue with “Stains-all” and stains red-purple after neuraminidase digestion. The enzymatic digestion is necessary to identify the acidic portion of the molecule as sialic acid since other acidic macromolecules such as nucleic acids, phosphopoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans stain shades of blue with this dye. The procedure has been compared with the PAS method. It offers advantages for the staining of glycoproteins rich in sialic acids in terms of sensitivity, simplicity, and time required.
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A CROSSFLOW COAL GASIFIER

ABSTRACT A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the char-gasification process occurring In a crossflow coal gasifier. This process is analogous to the batch gasification of Char In a combustion pot. Thus the equations for the mass and energy balances, including the chemical kinetics, were formulated for a batch process. Temperature and concentration profiles were subsequently obtained by employing numerical methods. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the model and ascertain the relative Importance of three design variable, viz. the void fraction, the average particle size and the heat transfer coefficient. The results from the mathematical model were compared with data available in the literature for fixed-bed gasifiers and were in good agreement.
The effects of co-lyophilized polymeric additives on the glass transition temperature and crystallization of amorphous sucrose

The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of co-lyophilized polymers on the crystallization of amorphous sucrose, and to test for a possible relationship between the ability of an additive to raise theT g of a sucrose-additive mixture, relative to theT g of pure sucrose, and its ability to inhibit crystallization. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the glass transition temperature,T g, the non-isothermal crystallization temperature,T c, and the induction time for crystallization,Q, of sucrose in the presence of co-lyophilized Ficoll or poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). The effect of these polymers on the crystallization of sucrose was significant as demonstrated by a marked increase inT c, and in the induction time (Q) in the presence of relatively small amounts (1–10%) of additive. Surprisingly, small amounts of polymeric additive had no effect on theT g of sucrose, although at higher concentrations, theT g increased proportionally. Thus, it appears that the inhibition of sucrose crystallization by the additition of small amounts of a higher-T g component cannot be attributed solely to changes in molecular mobility associated with an increase inT g.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMPLEXITY AND PROCESS IN MULTIPLE‐CHOICE ITEMS1,2

In this study hierarchical syndrome analysis was used to investigate empirically the clustering of tests each of which consisted of items based upon the rationale of a particular category of the Bloom Taxonomy (i.e., an “application” test, an “analysis” test, etc.). Each test included items related to eight physical science principles. Thus an attempt was made to hold the content as constant as possible and systematically vary process in the formation of the tests. The data indicate possible ways of combining Taxonomy item types based on the psychological distance between the categories.
Reproductive outcomes after pregnancy complicated by maternal-fetal surgery.

Objective The reproductive outcomes for women after the pregnancy complicated by maternal-fetal surgery were evaluated to obtain evidence-based information for prenatal risk counseling. Study design The retrospective review identified 83 women with maternal-fetal surgery from a single institution (1996-2002). These women were sent a consent form and a questionnaire to document postoperative problems, fertility, obstetric outcomes, and psychosocial concerns in pregnancy after the index fetal therapy. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from Committee for Protection of Human Subjects. Results The total return rate was 55 (66%). The pregnancy rate was 62% (18% spontaneous abortion, 24% preterm delivery, and 58% term delivery). Complications were reported in 12 of 34 pregnancies (35%), including uterine dehiscence/rupture (12%/6%), cesarean hysterectomy (3%), and antepartum hemorrhage requiring transfusion (9%). Conclusion The reproductive outcome of uterine dehiscence, rupture, and hysterectomy was 12%, 6%, and 3%, respectively, after a pregnancy complicated by maternal-fetal surgery. The uterine rupture rate is similar to the rupture rate after “classical” cesarean section (4%-9%).
Analysis by Synthesis: 3D Object Recognition by Object Reconstruction

We introduce a new approach for recognizing and reconstructing 3D objects in images. Our approach is based on an analysis by synthesis strategy. A forward synthesis model constructs possible geometric interpretations of the world, and then selects the interpretation that best agrees with the measured visual evidence. The forward model synthesizes visual templates defined on invariant (HOG) features. These visual templates are discriminatively trained to be accurate for inverse estimation. We introduce an efficient "brute-force" approach to inference that searches through a large number of candidate reconstructions, returning the optimal one. One benefit of such an approach is that recognition is inherently (re)constructive. We show state of the art performance for detection and reconstruction on two challenging 3D object recognition datasets of cars and cuboids.
Cardiac reoperation in patients with bilateral internal thoracic artery grafts

Abstract The superior long-term paterey of the left internal thoracic artery (ITA) graft is reflected in the enhanced survival of the patients who undergo the procedure, and its use has been shown to lead to a reduced need for reoperation. Evidence is accumulating that use of both ITAs at the primary operation further decreases the need for reoperation, and it is hoped that the use of other arterial conduits will augment this trend. Therefore, the popularity of bilateral ITAs and other arterial conduits in coronary artery operations is growing. However, many surgeons defer using both ITAs at the primary operation partly out of fear of the difficulties that may arise in conjunction with a possible future reoperation. Thirtysix patients underwent reoperation at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation 2 days to 13 years after an earlier bilateral ITA operation because of the progression of native disease, failure of the ITA or vein grafts, or the development of valve disease or end-stage ischemic heart disease. There were four early deaths (11%) and two late deaths, with an average follow-up of 4.3 years (range, 0 to 9.8 years). Forty-seven ITAs were patent preoperatively and 11 crossed the nidline. Eleven were patent but stenosed and in need of revision or replacement. Two were damaged during reoperation; both were repaired, but one was ultimately replaced. Although the mortality associated with this procedure is relatively high and these operations are difficult, reoperation can be performed at an acceptable risk, and substantial surgical objectives can be achieved with good long-term results. "Saving" an ITA at the primary coronary artery operation for use at a possible later reoperation or not using the right ITA to avoid crossing the midline may not be a necessary or optimal strategy.
The detection and correction of bias in student ratings of instruction

With the use of surveys of instructional effectiveness that use Likert rating scales, bias is a potential threat to the validity of interpretations. Simple summation of ratings or the use of larger samples are not methods for removing bias. In this study, a new model for scaling ratings is examined. The method both identifies and corrects for bias. Working with a database of student ratings of college instruction, the model was tested in terms of a variety of criteria. Results indicated that bias was detected and that it was large enough to warrant our concern. The statistical corrections were significant both in terms of order and magnitude of class means. Implications for future studies include the specification of more potential sources of bias, the interaction of some of these factors, and the development of more systematic evidence supporting the need to be attentive to bias. The many-faceted Rasch model used in this study needs more evaluation before we are convinced of its utility to study and correct for bias, but preliminary evidence is encouraging. Recommendations were offered for a theoretical rationale for studying bias in student ratings of instructional effectiveness and a program of research leading to the use of this model for reporting results for use in improving instruction and for promotion, tenure, and merit decisions.
Further study of composite laminates under cylindrical bending.

In a series of three papers [1,2,3], the range of applicability of classical laminated plate theory (CPT) in describing the response of composite laminates under static bending has been examined. Briefly, exact solutions within the framework of linear elasticity theory were developed and compared to the respective solutions governed by CPT [4,5,6]. Numerical data calculated based on simple harmonic load distributions have indicated rather wide discrepancy between the two solutions for laminates having low span-to-depth ratios. At high aspect ratios however, the CPT solution is in good agreement with the elasticity solution.
Viability of piping plover Charadrius melodus metapopulations

The metapopulation viability analysis package, vortex, was used to examine viability and recovery objectives for piping plovers Charadrius melodus, an endangered shorebird that breeds in three distinct regions of North America. Baseline models indicate that while Atlantic Coast populations, under current management practices, are at little risk of near-term extinction, Great Plains and Great Lakes populations require 36% higher mean fecundity for a significant probability of persisting for the next 100 years. Metapopulation structure (i.e. the delineation of populations within the metapopulation) and interpopulation dispersal rates had varying eAects on model results; however, spatially-structured metapopulations exhibited lower viability than that reported for single-population models. The models were most sensitive to variation in survivorship; hence, additional mortality data will improve their accuracy. With this information, such models become useful tools in identifying successful management objectives; and sensitivity analyses, even in the absence of some data, may indicate which options are likely to be most eAective. Metapopulation viability models are best suited for developing conservation strategies for achieving recovery objectives based on maintaining an externally derived, target population size and structure. # 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sexual attitudes as determinants of the motivational properties of exposure to erotica

Abstract The motivational properties of erotic exposure were shown to depend on the individual's sexual attitudes in the experiment. After viewing an erotic or nonerotic film, 30 female and 30 male college students responded to a paired-associates learning task. When the list consisted of competitive word pairs, persons with positive sexual attitudes (erotophiles) required more trials and made more errors before criterion was reached, only after viewing an erotic rather than a nonerotic film. Their noncompetitional performance, in contrast, was facilitated after viewing the erotic relative to the nonerotic film. Erotophobes responded only to the list competitiveness and not film condition. Affect ratings emerged as a primary covariant of erotophilic motivational performance.
Magnetic resonance imaging and its application in urology

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) adds an additional dimension to radiologic diagnostic technique. In addition to topographic anatomic display, this new nonionizing modality is capable of providing functional information as well as data about the chemical composition of a given organ and blood flow velocity. In a short period of time in clinical experience its application in urology already includes evaluation of adrenal pathology regarding adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal tumors, diagnosis and staging of renal cell carcinoma, evaluation of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, and retroperitoneal fibrosis. In the pelvis, MRI promises to improve our diagnosis and staging of malignancy in the urinary bladder and prostate gland. This is only the beginning of clinical evaluation and the true potential of magnetic resonance, and further clinical indications are constantly evolving.
Characterization of Obesity in the Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome: Fatness Patterning.

A multidisciplinary study involving cytogenetic, clinical, and anthropometric assessments of Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome (PLWS) has focused on improving diagnosis and prognosis in this complex condition. Since one of the major features of PLWS is obesity, 7 of the 26 measurements in the anthropometric evaluation were skinfold thicknesses at different body sites. Forty individuals with PLWS have been assessed. Z-scores were computed for skinfold measurements to examine quantitative differences for fatness at different sites. Data on PLWS individuals, grouped by age, sex, and chromosome type, were compared with normative data for skinfolds. The results suggest that males with PLWS have three times the fatness scores of other males their age, while scores for PLWS females average only twice those of normals. Our research illustrates the utility of anthropometry in the evaluation of patients in clinical genetics and offers a comprehensive approach to the heterogeneity observed in PLWS.