cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An educational strategy for using physician assistant students to provide health promotion education to community adolescents.

PURPOSE: The "Competencies for the Physician Assistant Profession" identify core competencies that physician assistants (PAs) are expected to acquire and maintain throughout their career (see http://www.nccpa.net/pdfs/Definition%20of%20PA%20Competencies% 203.5%20for%20Publication.pdf). Two categories of competencies relate to patient care and interpersonal and communication skills and articulate the need for PAs to be effective communicators and patient educators. The value of a health education curriculum for the adolescent population has been recognized since the early 1900s. PA student-designed health promotion presentations aimed at the adolescent population are an innovative educational strategy involving students in community education. METHODS: PA student-designed presentations based upon previously identified topics were presented in the community. Students presented topics including Smoking Cessation, The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol, Self-Esteem, and others to adolescents. Community audiences were varied and included alternative high schools and teens within the Department of Youth Corrections facilities. RESULTS: PA students created 17 portable presentations for community adolescents. Two hundred sixty-eight students gave presentations to more than 700 adolescents ranging from 11-22 years of age between the years 2005-2010. Eighty-two percent (646/791) of adolescent participants either strongly agreed or agreed that they learned at least one new piece of information from the presentations. Sixty percent (12/20) of community leaders requested that the PA students return to give additional health promotion presentations. Analysis of comments by PA students revealed that 98% of students found the experience beneficial. Students identified the experience as helping them better understand how to design presentations to meet the needs of their audience, feel more comfortable with adolescents, and gain confidence in communicating. Seventy-five percent stated they would continue to be involved in community education because of the experience. CONCLUSIONS: These presentations serve to enrich student professional development, enhance community awareness of the PA profession, and provide educational information to adolescent populations, many of whom are considered at-risk. In addition, this model serves to enhance the service-learning curriculum.
Analytical Approach to Quantifying the Non-Affine Behavior of Fiber Networks

Fiber networks deform nonaffinely due to their inhomogeneous structure. The degree of nonaffinity depends on many factors such as the spatial distribution and properties of fibers, the nature of the applied load, the type of joints and the length scale of observation. The “homogenized” response on given scale depends on the non-affine mechanics on all sub-scales. Here, a method is developed to map the non-affine mechanics of a regular network with a large density of defects into an equivalent continuum, which is then used to determine the homogenized elastic properties of the network. This semi-analytic method establishes a relationship between the structure of the network and its overall elastic properties. Furthermore, we develop a method to quantify the nonaffine strains in a random network and use it to study the dependence of the degree of non-affinity to the scale of observation as well as the dependence on the network architecture.
A new look at emotion perception: Concepts speed and shape facial emotion recognition.

Decades ago, the “New Look” movement challenged how scientists thought about vision by suggesting that conceptual processes shape visual perceptions. Currently, affective scientists are likewise debating the role of concepts in emotion perception. Here, we utilized a repetition-priming paradigm in conjunction with signal detection and individual difference analyses to examine how providing emotion labels—which correspond to discrete emotion concepts—affects emotion recognition. In Study 1, pairing emotional faces with emotion labels (e.g., “sad”) increased individuals’ speed and sensitivity in recognizing emotions. Additionally, individuals with alexithymia—who have difficulty labeling their own emotions—struggled to recognize emotions based on visual cues alone, but not when emotion labels were provided. Study 2 replicated these findings and further demonstrated that emotion concepts can shape perceptions of facial expressions. Together, these results suggest that emotion perception involves conceptual processing. We discuss the implications of these findings for affective, social, and clinical psychology.
The value of urodynamic testing in stress urinary incontinence.

AbstractPreoperative urodynamic testing for the identification of specific types of urinary incontinence was found useful to select an appropriate operative procedure. Failure of the operation to relieve stress incontinence was unusual in 346 patients followed for a minimum of 2 years.Of the total group of patients with stress incontinence 27 per cent also had detrusor instability identified urodynamically preoperatively. However, identification of the syndrome is of limited prognostic significance since the majority of these patients had no difficulty with the syndrome postoperatively and some other patients appeared to have the syndrome only postoperatively.
Bacterial degradation of creatinine. II. Creatinine desimidase.

Abstract The degradation of creatinine to NH3 and N-methylhydantoin by crude cell-free extracts of Cl. paraputrificum is coupled with the formation of ATP and orthophosphate. However, an enzyme which has been purified mre than 4000 fold is able to carry out apparently the same reaction without ATP production. The properties of the two enzyme systems have been studied and the relationship discussed.
Real-time molecular epidemiologic analysis of an outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes invasive disease in US Air Force trainees.

OBJECTIVE To determine if molecular epidemiologic techniques, including comparative automated DNA sequencing of polymorphic virulence genes, could be used in the course of a bacterial disease outbreak to unambiguously determine clonal relationships among implicated strains. DESIGN Strains recovered from all patients with invasive infections and a sample of carriers were analyzed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and automated DNA sequencing of a gene encoding an extracellular protease and a highly polymorphic part of the streptokinase gene. SETTING A US Air Force training facility in San Antonio, Tex. PATIENTS A squadron with about 800 Air Force trainees, including three recruits with invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections. RESULTS Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and automated DNA sequencing of polymorphic virulence genes unambiguously defined person-to-person spread of an otherwise rare S pyogenes clone in the course of the disease outbreak and clarified strain relationships in real time. CONCLUSIONS Molecular strain characterization techniques can be employed rapidly in a disease outbreak to definitively resolve complex relationships among pathogenic bacteria, infer patterns of clone spread, and help formulate rational public health control measures. The approach has broad applicability to other infectious agents.
Late Infections of the Hip Joint: Resection Arthroplasty and Other Solutions

Resection arthroplasty is an acceptable treatment option for an infected hip prosthesis. The operation was described in the literature as a treatment for other pathologic hip conditions long before arthroplasty was a common procedure. It gained popularity as a treatment for infected hip prostheses shortly thereafter and was considered a more necessary intervention before the proliferation of antibiotics and reconstruction implants and techniques available today. The historical perspective, surgical technique, current indications and results are described in this chapter. Also, alternatives to resection arthroplasty, other than hip joint reconstruction, are discussed, including chronic antibiotic suppression with component retention and amputation.
A Field of Their Own: Women and American Indian History, 1830-1941. By John M. Rhea

A Field of Their Own: Women and American Indian History, 1830-1941 . By John M. Rhea. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. Xviii + 293 pp. Illustrations, notes bibliography, index. $34.95.) A Field of Their Own considers the importance of nine Euro-American and Indigenous women scholars to the development of the field of American Indian history. The nine women included are: Helen Hunt Jackson, Alice Fletcher, Emma Helen Blair, Louise Phelps Kellogg, Annie Heloise Abel, Rachel Caroline Eaton (Cherokee), Anna L. Lewis (Choctaw), Muriel H. Wright (Choctaw), and Angie Debo. John M. Rhea’s study begins in 1830 and ends with the publication of Debo’s, And Still the Waters Run in 1940 . In the book’s first half, Rhea explores … harvey{at}cord.edu
Numb Networks Race, Identity, and the Politics of Impersonal Sympathies

In this response to “Whitman’s Sympathies” by Jane Bennett, I show how Whitman broke with Romantic poetic convention by representing sympathy as an involuntary, embodied affect—as, in Bennett’s ter...
Nesjavellir and Hellisheidi Plants, Iceland

Iceland has the highest per capita concentration of geothermal energy of any country in the world. Geothermal energy contributes 62% of Iceland’s primary energy needs. This chapter reviews the geology of Iceland that is responsible for the abundant geothermal resources in the country and continues on to discuss the Nesjavellir and Hellisheidi plants in the country. The Nesjavellir power plant was originally built to supply hot water to Reykjavik. Generation of electricity began in 1998. The operation of the combined heat-power plant is reviewed in detail and includes technical specifications for the various units at the facility. After the Nesjavellir plant was fully exploited in 2005, attention turned to the Hellisheidi field, which proved to be even larger in capacity than Nesjavellir. The development and technical details of this plant are subsequently discussed in detail.
Divergent topologies in divalent metal furandicarboxylate or thiophenedicarboxylate coordination polymers with bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine coligands

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of a metal nitrate, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (H2fdc), and the long-spanning dipyridylamide ligand bis(4-pyridylformyl)piperazine (bpfp) produced three coordination polymers which were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. {[Cd2(fdc)2(bpfp)(H2O)4]·10H2O}n (1) possesses 1D 3-connected coordination polymer ladders co-crystallized with decameric water molecule clusters. {[Cu(fdc)(bpfp)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (2) exhibits (4,4) grid coordination polymer layers stacked in an unusual parallel ABCD pattern. {[Ni(fdc)(bpfp)(H2O)2]·4H2O}n (3) also manifests (4,4) grid coordination polymer layers, but these engage in 2D + 2D → 3D mutually inclined interpenetration. Hydrothermal reaction of metal nitrates, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (H2tdc), bpfp afforded {[Zn(tdc)(bpfp)(H2O)]·2H2O}n (4), {[Cd(tdc)(bpfp)(H2O)]·2H2O}n (5), {[Ni2(tdc)2(bpfp)2(H2O)4]·3H2O}n (6), and {[Cu(tdc)(bpfp)(H2O)2]·3H2O}n (7). Compounds 4 and 5 exhibit (4,4) sawtooth coordination polymer layer motifs that engage in relatively uncommon 2D + 2D → 3D parallel interpenetration. Compounds 6 and 7 both showed 2D + 2D → 3D mutually inclined interpenetration of parallel sets of (4,4) grid layer motifs, but with different orientations of the heterocycles within their respective metal/tdc chain submotifs. Thermal properties of all new materials were also investigated. The luminescent cadmium and zinc derivatives 1, 4, and 5 were assayed as potential detectors for nitrobenzene in methanol suspension.
DSCNN: Hardware-oriented optimization for Stochastic Computing based Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN), a branch of Deep Neural Networks which use the deep graph with multiple processing layers, enables the convolutional model to finely abstract the high-level features behind an image. Large-scale applications using DCNN mainly operate in high-performance server clusters, GPUs or FPGA clusters; it is restricted to extend the applications onto mobile/wearable devices and Internet-of-Things (IoT) entities due to high power/energy consumption. Stochastic Computing is a promising method to overcome this shortcoming used in specific hardware-based systems. Many complex arithmetic operations can be implemented with very simple hardware logic in the SC framework, which alleviates the extensive computation complexity. The exploration of network-wise optimization and the revision of network structure with respect to stochastic computing based hardware design have not been discussed in previous work. In this paper, we investigate Deep Stochastic Convolutional Neural Network (DSCNN) for DCNN using stochastic computing. The essential calculation components using SC are designed and evaluated. We propose a joint optimization method to collaborate components guaranteeing a high calculation accuracy in each stage of the network. The structure of original DSCNN is revised to accommodate SC hardware design's simplicity. Experimental Results show that as opposed to software inspired feature extraction block in DSCNN, an optimized hardware oriented feature extraction block achieves as higher as 59.27% calculation precision. And the optimized DSCNN can achieve only 3.48% network test error rate compared to 27.83% for baseline DSCNN using software inspired feature extraction block.
Measurement of Submicrometer Particle Deposition on Silicon Wafers in Cleanroom Environment

The rate of deposition of submicrometer particles from a particle source onto a silicon wafer in a VLF cleanroom is investigated. Particle diameters ranging from 0.32 to 0.99 μm were studied. The effect of wafer surface voltage, time of exposure and particle concentration are also considered. High surface voltage resulted in greatly increased particle deposition rates. The minimum particle deposition rate was observed to be at 0.8 μm. For particles with d < 0.5μm, specifically 0.32μm particles, Brownian motion and electrostatic attraction forces were found to have a substantial effect on particle deposition. The measured deposition rate from a particle source above a wafer presented in this paper resemble realistic situations in many cleanrooms.
Catalytic CVD growth of millimeter-tall single-wall carbon nanotube carpets using industrial gaseous waste as a feedstock

Abstract A gaseous product mixture from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS-GP) was utilized as an efficient feedstock for growth of high-quality, well-aligned single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) carpets of millimeter-scale heights on Fe and (sub) millimeter-scale heights on Co catalysts via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Although the SWCNT carpets were grown over a wide temperature range (between 650 and 850 °C), growth conducted at optimal temperatures for Co (850 °C) and Fe (750 °C) yielded predominantly SWCNTs that were straight and clean, with sidewalls largely free of amorphous carbon. Growth on Fe is characterized by a relatively high growth rate (∼50 μm/min) and long catalyst lifetime (>90 min), with the catalyst showing no decay of activity, while growth on a Co catalyst shows a lifetime of ∼60 min, with a slower growth rate of ∼7 μm/min. The resulting area densities of SWCNT carpets grown on Fe and Co, determined by the weight-gain method, were 1.0 × 10 12 and 6.0 × 10 12 cm −2 , respectively — among the highest achieved for SWCNT carpets on standard catalysts. Unlike SWCNT carpet growth involving conventional feedstocks, growth rate and density of SWCNTs on Fe are less sensitive to the FTS-GP fraction and thus allow for relatively easy optimization and scale-up.
A framework for research on pedestrian streets in America

Sustainable cities require sustainable streets, placemaking, and pedestrian- focused urban planning. Americans who visit Europe are often struck by the many vibrant pedestrian precincts and pedestrian friendly streets across the Atlantic. People walk these streets for utilitarian purposes or just to experience street liveliness. Healthful walking is integrated into their daily lives. Why aren’t there more pedestrian oriented streets and precincts in the United States? What has made some pedestrian streets around the country not only endure but prosper? On the other hand, why have so pedestrian malls been re-opened to auto traffic? From the late 1950s through the late 1970s main streets across the United States were closed to automobile traffic in an attempt to compete with the emerging regional shopping centers. For the most part they failed and were eventually re-opened to automobile traffic. Other pedestrianized streets have been notably successful. Why? This article reviews the prospects for pedestrianized streets in the US, discusses factors that may have contributed to their success or failure, and outlines a program of rigorous research needed on success and failure factors for these streets. The aim is to advance understanding of this important part of a more sustainable street ecosystem so as to inform contemporary US urban planning policy
The potential roles of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) during the maturation and aging of oocytes produced by a marine protostome worm.

Previous investigations have indicated that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulates the maturation and aging of oocytes produced by deuterostome animals. In order to assess the roles of this kinase in a protostome, oocytes of the marine nemertean worm Cerebratulus were stimulated to mature and subsequently aged before being probed with phospho-specific antibodies against active forms of JNK and maturation-promoting factor (MPF). Based on blots of maturing oocytes, a 40-kD putative JNK is normally activated during germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), which begins at 30 min post-stimulation with seawater, whereas treating immature oocytes with JNK inhibitors downregulates both the 40-kD JNK signal and GVBD, collectively suggesting a 40-kD JNK may facilitate oocyte maturation. Along with this JNK activity, mature oocytes also exhibit high levels of MPF at 2 h post-stimulation. However, by ~6–8 h post-GVBD, mature oocytes lose the 40-kD JNK signal, and at ~20–30 h of aging, an ~48-kD phospho-JNK band arises as oocytes deactivate MPF and begin to lyse during a necroptotic-like mode of death. Accordingly, JNK inhibitors reduce the aging-related 48-kD JNK phosphorylation while maintaining MPF activity and retarding oocyte degradation. Such findings suggest that a 48-kD JNK may help deactivate MPF and trigger death. Possible mechanisms by which JNK activation either together with, or independently of, protein neosynthesis might stimulate oocyte degradation are discussed.
Short- and long-term effects of leucine and branched-chain amino acid supplementation of a protein- and energy-reduced diet on muscle protein metabolism in neonatal pigs

The objective of this study was to determine if enteral leucine or branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation increases muscle protein synthesis in neonates who consume less than their protein and energy requirements, and whether this increase is mediated via the upregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway or the decrease in muscle protein degradation signaling. Neonatal pigs were fed milk replacement diets containing reduced energy and protein (R), R supplemented with BCAA (RBCAA), R supplemented with leucine (RL), or complete protein and energy (CON) at 4-h intervals for 9 (n = 24) or 21 days (n = 22). On days 9 and 21, post-prandial plasma amino acids and insulin were measured at intervals for 4 h; muscle protein synthesis rate and activation of mTOR-related proteins were determined at 120 min post-feeding in muscle. For all parameters measured, the effects of diet were not different between day 9 or day 21. Compared to CON and R, plasma leucine and BCAA were higher (P ≤ 0.01) in RL- and RBCAA-fed pigs, respectively. Body weight gain, protein synthesis, and activation of S6 kinase (S6K1), 4E-binding protein (4EBP1), and eukaryotic initiation factor 4 complex (eIF4E·eIF4G) were decreased in RBCAA, RL, and R relative to CON (P < 0.01). RBCAA and RL upregulated (P ≤ 0.01) S6K1, 4EBP1, and eIF4E·eIF4G compared to R. In conclusion, when protein and energy are restricted, both leucine and BCAA supplementation increase mTOR activation, but do not enhance skeletal muscle protein synthesis and muscle growth in neonatal pigs.
Bayesian Wavelet Shrinkage Strategies: A Review

In this chapter the authors overview recent developments and current status of use of Bayesian paradigm in wavelet shrinkage. The paradigmatic problem where wavelet shrinkage is employed is that of nonparametric regression where data are modeled as observations from an unknown signal contaminated with a Gaussian noise. Bayes rules as general shrinkers provide a formal mechanism to implement shrinkage in the wavelet domain that is model based and adaptive. New developments including dependence models, complex wavelets and MCMC strategies are described. Applications include inductance plethysmography data and curve classification procedure applied in botany. The chapter features an extensive set of references consisting of almost 100 entries.
Root N Bandwidth Selection

For various data-based bandwidth selectors for a kernel density estimator, the relative rate of convergence of the selected bandwidth is considered. Several methods have recently been found which have the very fast rate of convergence of the square root of the sample size. Such a fast rate of convergence is quite surprising, in view of those usually encountered in nonparametric curve estimation problems. A survey and comparison of methods with this very fast rate of convergence is given.
Pareto Optima and Equilibria: The Finite Dimensional Case

We aim at a succint presentation of the finite-dimensional mathematical theory associated with the so-called fundamental theorems of welfare economics. Very roughly these assert that, under some conditions, every price equilibrium is an optimum in the sense of Pareto and, conversely, under other (typically stronger) hypotheses, every optimum is a price equilibrium. This is a classical area of the theory of general economic equilibrium and it has been the object of extensive mathematical economic research. We refer to Debreu (1959, Ch. 7), Arrow and Hahn (1971, Ch. 4) and Mas-Colell (1985, Ch. 4) for systematic accounts.
“Why Should I?” Can Foot Convince the Sceptic?

For Philippa Foot, the essence of morality consists in acting on the reasons on which, qua human being, one ought to act; and this ought is one of “natural normativity”—the same ought that also occurs in statements about what a plant or an animal, qua exhibiting a certain form of life, “ought” to be like in various respects, or how its organs “ought” to function. Of this conception Foot avails herself in order to refute the moral sceptic—an undertaking that raises various critical questions, in particular: 1) Is it the naturally normative ought that also occurs in a practical judgement of the form “I ought to F”? If so, how are we to account for what Foot calls the “practicality” of such a judgement? If not, what kind of intelligible step could an agent (or a philosopher) take, in order to get from a theoretical statement of natural normativity to a practical judgement that ceteris paribus issues in action? 2) Can we understand the validity of every moral requirement in terms of natural normativity, i.e. of a teleological necessity of individuals’ acting well? 3) If we can, will this understanding rely on premises sufficiently certain to justify morality in a sense suggested by Foot’s anti-sceptical considerations?—I argue that “Natural Goodness” does not satisfactorily answer these questions, and conclude by sketching an account of practical moral knowledge that does not seem to provoke them.
How Strongly Do Physical Examination Estimates and Ultrasonographic Measurements of Liver Size Correlate? A Prospective Study

Abstract Background Liver size assessed by physical examination and ultrasound has long been used to gain useful clinical information. The size measurements obtained by these modalities have been difficult to compare as they are measured in 2 different axes (transaxial vs midclavicular). Our objective was to identify a measurement correlation between ultrasound and physical examination liver size findings. We aimed to develop a correction factor whereby the liver size could be translated between the measured transaxial size obtained by ultrasound and physical examination size when measured in the midclavicular line. Methods We conducted a prospective study including 101 adult patients with liver disease undergoing liver biopsy between April 2008 and November 2008 at Penn State Health Milton S Hershey Medical Center. Liver measurements were obtained by physical examination and ultrasound, which were performed by a single hepatologist. Results The average physical examination size using the midclavicular approach was 8.9 cm ± 1.13. On ultrasound, the average transaxial measurement was 14.3 cm ± 1.6. A ratio was made between measurements from the midclavicular line physical examination size and transaxial ultrasound size, and found to have a mean correction factor of 1.6 ± 0.14. The correction factor was applied to the physical examination-determined liver size and compared with ultrasound findings, with 76% of values (77/101) falling within 10% of the ultrasound-determined liver size. Conclusion This study proves that a strong correlation exists between physical examination estimates of liver size and the measured size on ultrasonography. Multiplying the percussed liver span by a correction factor consistently yields accurate predictions of the transaxial liver span.
Surgical Techniques of Tricuspid Valve Repair in Patients Without Ebstein Malformation

An incompetent tricuspid valve in patients with congenital heart disease can be detrimental to the other cardiac structures and physiology, either in its native abnormal anatomic form or the functional effect on the tricuspid valve from physiologic strains owing to pulmonary valve pathology, large left-to-right shunts, abnormal ventricular interactions, ventricular dysfunction, or iatrogenic phenomena. The tricuspid valve is an important safeguard of the heart, whose functional competence or lack thereof has significant impact on all other cardiac structures and physiology. In this chapter, various lesion scenarios and surgical techniques to repair the tricuspid valve in congenital disease are presented.
A Puzzling Question: How Can Different Phenotypes Possibly Have Indistinguishable Disease Symptoms?

Homeostasis is a cardinal feature of our body’s response to changes in the environment. However, there are circumstances under which seemingly small changes may have much greater impact through emergent phenomena affecting the development of life as well as disease. Revisiting Peter Macklem’s paper “Emergent phenomena and the secrets of life” inspired a review of our current understanding of key concepts of emergent behavior at the “edge of chaos” between liquids and crystals where the spontaneous development of self-organized order occurs that is essential for both the development of life and the control of homeostasis. These phenomena occur at all length scales from the molecular to the whole-body level. During asthma attacks for example, bronchoconstriction within the airway tree results in the emergence of self-organized clustering of severe airway constriction causing large ventilation defects, while other areas of the lungs remain well-ventilated. This transition from stable open airways (homeostasis) to the regional clustering of severe airway constriction occurs at a critical point in the interactions among airways. The critical point itself can be shifted by several factors including increase in airway wall thickness, which is linked to airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. However, injury of the airways may be caused by severe airway constriction within ventilation defects. That means that different asthma phenotypes causing increased airway wall thickness would shift the critical point of airway stability and promote the emergence of ventilation defects leading to symptoms independent of the phenotype. In summary, the example shows how different underlying processes (phenotypes) may affect or trigger disease-specific emergent phenomena that cause symptoms without phenotype-specific characteristics.
Inter-gene correlation on oligonucleotide arrays: how much does normalization matter?

Background and objective: Normalization is a standard low-level preprocessing procedure in microarray data analysis to minimize the systematic technological variations and produce more reliable results. A variety of normalization approaches have been introduced and are widely applied. Normalization, however, remains controversial. The sensitivity of array results to normalization is an open question. No clear standard for comparing or judging normalization methods has yet emerged, and the effects of normalization on gene-to-gene co-expression are unclear. Methods: In this investigation, we applied 1-, 2-, and N-quantile normalization to several publicly available microarray datasets quantified with either MAS 5.0 or dCHIP and evaluated the effect on gene-to-gene co-expression. We introduced a graphical method to explore trends in gene correlation. Results: We found clear differences in the distributions of gene dependencies by normalization method. Increasing the number of standardized quantiles in the normalization reduced trends in correlation by signal intensity in MAS 5.0 quantifications but not dCHIP. Increasing the number of standardized quantiles did not markedly reduce the correlation of known overlapping targets with MAS 5.0. Conclusions: Normalization plays a very important role in the estimation of inter-gene dependency. Caution should be used when making inferences concerning gene-wise dependencies with microarrays until this source of variation is better understood.
Law Enforcement Challenges Along the Mexican-American Border in a Time of Enhanced Migration Control

Addressing issues pertaining to voluntary undocumented migrants who enter the United States is increasingly touted as a concern that should involve local and state police agencies, not just federal law enforcement. It is made clear that United States policy and response to immigrating populations from Mexico and further south utilizes a unique application of civil law proceedings that simultaneously appear to integrate elements of criminal law and criminal response, as seen fit by United States officials. This has led to misguided outcomes for agencies tasked with addressing immigration issues in the United States. Likewise, competing views between southwestern states and the federal government leave local and state police in a quandary as to how best to navigate expectations placed upon them from the communities they serve and government authorities who set law enforcement priorities.
Attitude of University of Washington Women Students toward Physical Education Activity

Abstract This article presents the results of a survey of the attitude of 1,149 college Freshman women toward physical education as an activity. Study of the total scores shows that they indicated a very favorable attitude. The students in swimming and tennis seem to have a more favorable attitude than average and those in archery a less favorable attitude. The high percentages of these students who indicated that physical education activity classes contribute to social development, mental and physical health agree with results found at the University of Michigan.
Modular Approach to Degradable Acetal Polymers Using Cascade Enyne Metathesis Polymerization

A modular synthetic approach to degradable metathesis polymers is presented using acetal-containing enyne monomers. The monomers are prepared in a short and divergent synthetic sequence that features two points of modification to tune polymerization behavior and introduce molecular cargo. Steric and stereochemical elements are critical in the monomer design in order to provide rapid and living polymerizations capable of generating block polymers. The developed polyacetal materials readily undergo pH-dependent degradation in aqueous mixtures, and the rate of hydrolysis can be tuned through post-polymerization modification with triazolinedione click chemistry. This presents a new scaffold for responsive metathesis polymers that may find use in applications that requires controllable breakdown and release of small molecules.
X-Ray Crystal Structure of a 2-Amino-3,4-dihydroquinazoline 5-HT3 Serotonin Receptor Antagonist and Related Analogs.

Certain 2-amino-3,4-dihydroquinazolines bind at 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and act as antagonists (e.g. 6-chloro) whereas others bind with little to no affinity and lack functional activity (e.g. 8-chloro). The purpose of this investigation was to gain insight as to why this might be the case. X-Ray crystallographic studies revealed that the N-C-N distances in the examined analogs are nearly identical (1.31 - 1.34 A), suggesting that differences in N-C-N delocalization does not account for differences in affinity/action. Homology modeling hydrophatic interactions (HINT) analysis revealed that the 6-chloro analog formed a greater number, and more favorable, interactions with the receptor, whereas the 8-chloro analog formed fewer, and unfavorable, interactions. The affinity and activity of the 6-chloro quinazoline relative to its 8-chloro counterpart are unrelated to the N-C-N delocalization pattern but might be related to specific (favorable and unfavorable) interactions of quinazoline substituents with certain receptor features as determined by HINT analysis.
Debris accumulations of CO2 ice in the south polar residual cap of mars: Longevity and processes

Abstract The Residual South Polar Cap (RSPC) of Mars is a thin covering of CO2 ice resting on water-ice rich deposits. As such, it is a likely indicator of the net effects of recent polar climate. This covering has had minor changes in outline for the period of spacecraft observation (Piqueux and Christensen, 2008a) and estimates of its recent mass balance suggest fractionally small changes in its volume (Thomas et al., 2016). Pit growth by scarp retreat (Malin et al., 2001; Byrne and Ingersoll, 2003a; Thomas et al., 2005, 2013) is a major, relatively easily measured component of the cap's mass balance. This scarp retreat is only the beginning of a process: fracturing, slumping, and sublimation (Byrne et al., 2008; Thomas et al., 2009) lead to production of a trail of debris. This study focuses on that debris using spacecraft imaging data. The rough, relatively dark debris forms ubiquitous ramps, typically tens of m wide, around scarps within pits or on perimeters of mesas. Much wider accumulations of debris, “debris fields,” mimic distinctive scalloped outlines of mesas and are observed to originate by merging of expanding pits within a mesa. The subsequent evolution of debris fields includes repeated year-to-year local relief inversions that involve trapping and retention of seasonal ice in low areas that effectively reduce the vertical loss rates. Complete loss of the CO2 debris from a surface of water-ice rich Polar Layered Deposits (PLD) can initiate new net accumulation of CO2 ice. The longevity of some debris fields, essentially instances of slow downwasting, appear to facilitate relief inversion on large scales by allowing the surrounding areas to accumulate new CO2 ice and to thicken relative to the debris fields.
Neural features of sustained emotional information processing in autism spectrum disorder

Emotion dysregulation is common in autism spectrum disorder; a better understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms could inform treatment development. The tendency toward repetitive cognition ...
The Future of Great Power Intervention: New Alternatives to Military Intervention

When civil wars rage or genocides break out, decision-makers in the great powers have a range of options at their disposal, from full military interventions to diplomatic protests. This paper makes three arguments about how such decisions are made. First, the decisions by leaders of whether and how to intervene are rational decisions that factor in costs, benefits, and the likelihood of success. Second, when policymakers consider military intervention, they also consider non-kinetic interventions as alternatives to military intervention. Finally, emerging technologies have enabled new, lower cost alternatives to military intervention: influence campaigns and cyber strikes. Because of their lower costs, we should expect decision-makers to choose these alternatives.
Spectrum of Genetic Variants Associated with Anterior Segment Dysgenesis in South Florida.

Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) comprises a wide spectrum of developmental conditions affecting the cornea, iris, and lens, which may be associated with abnormalities of other organs. To identify disease-causing variants, we performed exome sequencing in 24 South Florida families with ASD. We identified 12 likely causative variants in 10 families (42%), including single nucleotide or small insertion–deletion variants in B3GLCT, BMP4, CYP1B1, FOXC1, FOXE3, GJA1, PXDN, and TP63, and a large copy number variant involving PAX6. Four variants were novel. Each variant was detected only in one family. Likely causative variants were detected in 1 out of 7 black and 9 out of 17 white families. In conclusion, exome sequencing for ASD allows us to identify a wide spectrum of rare DNA variants in South Florida. Further studies will explore missing variants, especially in the black communities.
Real-time crash prediction on expressways using deep generative models

Abstract Real-time crash prediction is essential for proactive traffic safety management. However, developing an accurate prediction model is challenging as the traffic data of crash and non-crash cases are extremely imbalanced. Most of the previous studies undersampled non-crash cases to balance the data, which may not capture the heterogeneity of the full non-crash data. This study aims to use the emerging deep learning method called deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) model to fully understand the traffic data leading to crashes. With the full understanding of the traffic data of crashes, the DCGAN model could generate more synthetic data related to crashes to balance the dataset. All non-crash data could be used for developing the prediction models. To capture the correlations between different variables, the data are augmented to 2-D matrix as the input for the DCGAN model. The suggested model is evaluated based on data from expressways and compared to two counterparts: (1) synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE); (2) random undersampling technique. The results suggest that the DCGAN could better understand the crash data characteristics by generating data with better fit of the real data distribution. Four different crash prediction algorithms (i.e., logistic regression model, support vector machine, artificial neural network, and convolutional neural network) are developed based on each balanced data and totally twelve models were estimated. The results indicate that the convolutional neural network model based on the DCGAN balanced data could provide the best prediction accuracy, validating that the proposed oversampling method could be used for the data balance. Besides, compared to other two models, only the DCGAN-based model could identify the significant effects of speed difference between the upstream and downstream locations which could help guide traffic management strategies. With the prediction model developed based on the balanced data by DCGAN, it is expected that more crashes could be predicted and prevented with more appropriate proactive traffic safety management strategies such as Variable Speed Limits (VSL) and Dynamic Message Signs (DMS).
A study of tour formation: pre-, during, and post-recession analysis

This study examines changes in activity-travel patterns of employed people during a recession by using a tour-based representation of the activity-based approach. The term tour is defined as a sequence of trips and activities that begins and ends at home and contains at least one non-home activity. Tours are classified based on the presence of work and/or non-work activities. We are interested in investigating how a recession can affect an individual’s tour choices. We developed a rigorous methodological framework by using multi-group structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze changes in tour choice. In particular, we developed a causal structure conceptualsizing the interrelationships among socio-demographic and economic characteristics, activity-travel participation, and the choice of various work and non-work tours. Using data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), the study found that activity-travel relationships and their role in tour choice differed in the recession year (2009) compared to pre- and post-recession years (2009 and 2012, respectively). By analyzing temporal changes in causal structure, we identified four sub-trend groups defined by: (1) norms that did not change in pre-, during, and post-recession years, (2) norms that changed during the recession but returned to the old norm, (3) norms that changed during the recession and were maintained as new norm, and finally (4) 2006 norms that did not change during the 2009 recession but changed after the recession. Via analysis of multiple group SEM, we identified instances of each of these cases and provided potential rationales in the context of how a recession can influence norms and thus can affect activity-travel behavior.
Broad anti-coronaviral activity of FDA approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and SARS-CoV in vivo

SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China at the end of 2019 and has rapidly become a pandemic with roughly 2.7 million recorded COVID-19 cases and greater than 189,000 recorded deaths by April 23rd, 2020 (www.WHO.org). There are no FDA approved antivirals or vaccines for any coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2. Current treatments for COVID-19 are limited to supportive therapies and off-label use of FDA approved drugs. Rapid development and human testing of potential antivirals is greatly needed. A quick way to test compounds with potential antiviral activity is through drug repurposing. Numerous drugs are already approved for human use and subsequently there is a good understanding of their safety profiles and potential side effects, making them easier to fast-track to clinical studies in COVID-19 patients. Here, we present data on the antiviral activity of 20 FDA approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that also inhibit SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. We found that 17 of these also inhibit SARS-CoV-2 at a range of IC50 values at non-cytotoxic concentrations. We directly follow up with 7 of these to demonstrate all are capable of inhibiting infectious SARS-CoV-2 production. Moreover, we have evaluated two of these, chloroquine and chlorpromazine in vivo using a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV model and found both drugs protect mice from clinical disease.
Recent Trends in Concomitant Meniscal Procedures During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:The chondroprotective effect and secondary stabilizing role of the meniscus has been well-established. Meniscal preservation during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) has b...
Global Dynamics of the Stationary M2 Mode‐1 Internal Tide

A reduced-physics model is employed at 1/25° to 1/100° global resolution to determine (a) if linear dynamics can reproduce the observed low-mode M2 internal tide, (b) internal-tide sensitivity to bathymetry, stratification, surface tides, and dissipation parameterizations, and (c) the amount of power transferred to the nonstationary internal tide. The simulations predict 200 GW of mode-1 internal-tide generation, consistent with a general circulation model and semianalytical theory. Mode-1 energy is sensitive to damping, but a simulation using parameterizations for wave drag and wave-mean interaction predicts 84% of satellite observed sea-surface height amplitude variance on a 1° × 1° grid. The simulation energy balance indicates that 16% of stationary mode-1 energy is scattered to modes 2-4 and negligible energy propagates onto the shelves. The remaining 84% of energy is lost through parameterizations for high-mode scattering over rough topography (54%) and wave-mean interactions that transfer energy to the nonstationary internal tide (29%).
One or Two Stage Buccal Augmented Urethroplasty has a High Success Rate in Treating Post Phalloplasty Anastomotic Urethral Stricture.

Abstract Objective To describe the outcomes of single-stage and staged repairs in properly selected patients with phalloplasty anastomotic strictures. Methods A bi-institutional retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent anastomotic stricture repairs between 7/2014-8/2020. Those who had prior augmented urethroplasties or poorly vascularized tissue underwent two-stage repairs (Group-2), all others underwent single-stage repair with a double-face (dorsal inlay and ventral onlay) buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty (Group-1). Postoperatively, urethral patency and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) were assessed. Results Twenty-three patients with anastomotic strictures were identified. Fourteen patients met inclusion criteria and had 1-year follow-up (9 in Group-1; 5 in Group-2). Nine patients (64%) had prior failed interventions (56% Group-1; 80% Group-2). At a mean follow-up of 33.9 (Group-1) and 35.2 months (Group-2) there were two stricture recurrences in Group-1 (22%) and none in Group-2. PROMs were completed by 12 patients. All patients reported the ability to void standing. Post-void dribbling was present in the majority of patients (7/7 Group-1; 2/4 in Group-2). Mean IPSS was 3.9 (0-14) for Group-1 and 1 (0-3) for Group-2. All reported at least a moderate improvement in their condition on GRA (Group-1 +3 71%, +2 29%; Group-2 +3 100%). Conclusion Single-stage repairs are feasible for patients with anastomotic strictures who have well vascularized tissue and no prior single-stage buccal mucosa augmented urethroplasty failures. Staged repairs are feasible for patients with poor tissue quality. Proper patient selection is important for successful reconstruction.
Technical Capability Level 2 Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) Flight Demonstration: Description and Analysis

NASA's UAS Traffic Management (UTM) project concluded its second flight demonstration activity in late October 2016. This activity demonstrated the capabilities and functionality incorporated into its Technical Capability Level 2 (TCL2) concept, which envisions future operations that are low density, capable of being performed over sparsely populated areas, and allow for a concurrent mix of longer duration, beyond visual-line-of-sight flights and shorter flights within visual-line-of-sight (VLOS). To incorporate these features into a flight demonstration, a scenario-based approach was taken to address different aspects of the TCL2 environment and to meet defined objectives. This paper will describe elements of how the flight activity was conducted and present analyses regarding UTM operations, system messages, and alerting as they pertained to meeting the demonstration objectives and shedding light on research questions and lessons learned.NASA was able to successfully demonstrate complex UTMoperations in a TCL 2 environment in collaboration withindustry partners and the Reno-Stead Airport UAS test range.A scenario-based approach to the demonstration provided arelevant means through which the key elements and objectivesof the test could be captured. Although issues were identifiedthrough the testing and feedback of test participants, theoverall results were in line with the overall UTM objective ofsafely enabling large-scale UAS operations in low altitudeairspace.