cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of chronic alcohol exposure and dependence.

Alcoholism is a chronic treatment-resistant disorder typically presenting with recurrent/cyclic periods of abusive drinking, withdrawal, abstinence, and relapse. Various strategies that attempt to model these processes in animals have been developed to elucidate the behavioral and neural processes underlying alcoholism. Many of these have involved chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal with the most widely employed methods involving mice or rats. Prominent features of these methods include alcohol vapor or intragastric forced exposure, cyclic or intermittent periods of alcohol availability with various lengths of forced abstinence, voluntary consumption, the use of genetically alcohol-preferring animals, and inclusion of various pharmacological or environmental challenges to worsen or mitigate symptoms. This chapter emphasizes alcohol exposure and withdrawal and discusses representative metrics used to monitor the consequences of employing these methods. These include but are not limited to intensity and pattern of alcohol exposure, seizure sensitivity during withdrawal, and emotional responding. Language: en
The RoboFlag competition

This paper provides an introduction to the RoboFlag competition and its use as a testbed for distributed control of multi-vehicle systems. The game consists of two teams of 6-10 robots and 2 people, each attempting to capture the other teams flag while defending their own. Limited sensing capability, distributed processing, and limited bandwidth communications are integral parts of the system. The features of RoboFlag provide a number of research challenges in distributed control, sensor fusion, team-based control, and human-centered control.
Relative contributions of CYP2C9 and 2C19 to phenytoin 4-hydroxylation in vitro: inhibition by sulfaphenazole, omeprazole, and ticlopidine.

Objectives: To determine the relative contribution of cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2C9 and 2C19 to the formation of 5-(-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantion (HPPH) from phenytoin (PPH). Design: Hydroxylation of PPH to form HPPH was studied in vitro using human liver microsomes and microsomes from cDNA-transfected human lymphoblastoid cells. Results: Formation of HPPH from PPH in liver microsomes had a mean (±SEM) apparent Km [substrate concentration corresponding to 50% of maximal reaction velocity (Vmax)] of 23.6±1.8 µmol/l. Coincubation with the CYP2C9 inhibitor, sulfaphenazole (SPA), at 5 µmol/l reduced reaction velocity to less than 15% of control values. The mean inhibitor concentration at which 50% inhibition is achieved (IC50 value) for SPA versus PPH hydroxylation (0.49 µM) was similar to the SPA IC50 versus flurbiprofen hydroxylation (0.46 µM) and tolbutamide hydroxylation (0.7–1.5 µM). In contrast, the CYP2C19 inhibitor omeprazole (OME) at 10 µmol/l produced only a small degree of inhibition. Incubation of PPH with microsomes from cDNA-transfected human lymphoblastoid cells containing CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4 yielded no detectable formation of HPPH. Only CYP2C9 and 2C19 had PPH hydroxylation activity, with apparent Km values for the high-affinity component of 14.6 µmol/l and 24.1 µmol/l, respectively. Based on Vmax values in liver microsomes, the Vmax and Km values in expressed CYPs and the relative abundance of the two isoforms in human liver, CYP2C9, and 2C19 were estimated to have relative contributions of 90% and 10%, respectively, to net intrinsic clearance. Conclusions: Formation of HPPH from PPH is mediated exclusively by CYP2C9 and 2C19, with CYP2C9 playing the major role.
Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women and Men

Background Circulating sex hormone–binding globulin levels are inversely associated with insulin resistance, but whether these levels can predict the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is uncertain. Methods We performed a nested case–control study of postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Study who were not using hormone therapy (359 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 359 controls). Plasma levels of sex hormone–binding globulin were measured; two polymorphisms of the gene encoding sex hormone–binding globulin, SHBG, that were robustly associated with the protein levels were genotyped and applied in mendelian randomization analyses. We then conducted a replication study in an independent cohort of men from the Physicians’ Health Study II (170 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 170 controls). Results Among women, higher plasma levels of sex hormone–binding globulin were prospectively associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes: multivariable odds ratios were 1.00 for the first (lowest) quartile of plasma levels, 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08 to 0.33) for the second quartile, 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.12) for the third quartile, and 0.09 (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.21) for the fourth (highest) quartile (P<0.001 for trend). These prospective associations were replicated among men (odds ratio for the highest quartile of plasma levels vs. the lowest quartile, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.36; P<0.001 for trend). As compared with homozygotes of the respective wild-type allele, carriers of a variant allele of the SHBG single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6259 had 10% higher sex hormone–binding globulin levels (P = 0.005), and carriers of an rs6257 variant had 10% lower plasma levels (P = 0.004); variants of both SNPs were also associated with a risk of type 2 diabetes in directions corresponding to their associated sex hormone–binding globulin levels. In mendelian randomization analyses, the predicted odds ratio of type 2 diabetes per standard-deviation increase in the plasma level of sex hormone–binding globulin was 0.28 (95% CI, 0.13 to 0.58) among women and 0.29 (95% CI, 0.15 to 0.58) among men, a finding that suggests that sex hormone–binding globulin may have a causal role in the risk of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions Low circulating levels of sex hormone–binding globulin are a strong predictor of the risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men. The clinical usefulness of both SHBG genotypes and plasma levels in stratification and intervention for the risk of type 2 diabetes warrants further examination.
Intensity shift in small-angle multiple scattering of transversely polarized electrons

Abstract Mott asymmetry in repeated small-angle scatterings of transversely polarized electrons by heavy atoms produces a shift in the distribution of the particles emerging from the scattering foil. An experiment for the measurement of this effect is proposed and possible applications as a means of gaining information on the scattering law at small angles and as a detector for the transverse polarization of free electrons are discussed. Numerical data are given for electron energies between 100 keV and 300 keV.
Virtual and Physical Experimentation in Inquiry-Based Science Labs: Attitudes, Performance and Access

This study investigated the learning dimensions that occur in physical and virtual inquiry-based lab investigations, in first-year secondary chemistry classes. This study took place over a 2 year period and utilized an experimental crossover design which consisted of two separate trials of laboratory investigation. Assessment data and attitudinal data were gathered and analyzed to measure the instructional value of physical and virtual lab experiences in terms of student performance and attitudes. Test statistics were conducted for differences of means for assessment data. Student attitudes towards virtual experiences in comparison to physical lab experiences were measured using a newly created Virtual and Physical Experimentation Questionnaire (VPEQ). VPEQ was specifically developed for this study, and included new scales of Usefulness of Lab, and Equipment Usability which measured attitudinal dimensions in virtual and physical lab experiences. A factor analysis was conducted for questionnaire data, and reliability of the scales and internal consistency of items within scales were calculated. The new scales were statistically valid and reliable. The instructional value of physical and virtual lab experiences was comparable in terms of student performance. Students showed preference towards the virtual medium in their lab experiences. Students showed positive attitudes towards physical and virtual experiences, and demonstrated a preference towards inquiry-based experiences, physical or virtual. Students found virtual experiences to have higher equipment usability as well as a higher degree of open-endedness. In regards to student access to inquiry-based lab experiences, virtual and online alternatives were viewed favorably by students.
Optimizing mechanisms for latency tolerance in remote memory access communication on clusters

This paper describes the design and implementation of mechanisms for latency tolerance in the remote memory access communication on clusters equipped with high-performance networks such as Myrinet. It discusses strategies that bridge the gap between user-level requirements and network-specific communication interfaces while attempting to increase opportunities for latency hiding. Mechanisms for overlapping communication with computation and coalescing small messages (trading latency for bandwidth) are explored. The effectiveness of these techniques is evaluated using microbenchmarks and application kernels including the NAS parallel benchmark suite. The microbenchmark results showed a better degree of overlap for nonblocking operations in ARMCI as compared to MPI. Application results showed up 30% to 45% improvement over MPI on using nonblocking operations. The aggregation of small messages yielded performance improvement of up to 78% over non-aggregated communication.
Tuning of the First Section of the Biomedical Channel at LAMPF

Results are presented from the tuning of the first section of the Biomedical Channel at LAMPF; the work centers about the use of the third bending magnet as a magnetic spectrometer. The momentum resolution at the intermediate focus is given in detail. The performance of a wedge degrader that compresses the wide momentum acceptance of the first section is discussed. The output ?- rate is also given.
Are Animal Models of Colon Cancer Relevant to Human Disease

Since its original description by Druckrey (1), the rodent model of colon cancer induced with i,2dimethylhydrazine has become widely used in the study of colonic carcinogenesis. At present, colonic tumors induced by DMH, Or its metabolites, azoxymethane (AOM) or methylazoxymethanol (MAM), are the most popular experimental models of colon cancer. It is, therefore, appropriate to question whether the DMH animal models are relevant to human colon cancer. In order to answer this question we must actually ask two more specific questions. First, do the tumoi's induced by DMH or its metabolites have similar characteristics to those known for human colon cancers? While similarities in known characteristics of both DMH-induced and human colon cancers do not necessarily mean that other characteristics of the DMH models will hold for human colon cancer, major discrepancies in the features of DMH-induced cancer and human colon cancer would certainly make one more skeptical about the relevance of the DMH model to human disease. The second question we need to answer is whether the study of the animal model of colon cancer is more productive and more useful than the study of human colon cancer itself. After all, an animal model is only useful if it can provide more information than the human disease itself. IS THE DMH MODEL OF COLON CANCER SIMILAR TO HUMAN DISEASE?
OBSERVATIONS ON RENAL PROTEIN METABOLISM RENAL VENOUS AMINO NITROGEN CONTENT BEFORE AND FOLLOWING HEMOGLOBIN INFUSIONS IN DOGS

No significant difference was demonstrated in the free and total alpha amino nitrogen content of arterial, renal venous, and inferior vena caval blood of normal anesthetized dogs during fasting and following the administration of 3 to 6 gm. of hemoglobin. These results do not provide evidence of renal protein reabsorption and metabolism in the dog under the conditions employed in this study.
Discovery of leukotrienes and development of antileukotriene agents

Objective This article presents information on the origin of leukotrienes (LTs) and the development of antileukotriene (anti-LT) agents. After reading this article, readers should have an understanding of the chemical mediators involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, the structural features of LTs, and the role of anti-LTs in the management of asthma symptoms. Data Sources Studies considered relevant and appropriately controlled were used. Only literature in the English language was reviewed. Study Selection Material was taken from academic/scholarly journals and abstracts. Results One of the important chemical mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma is the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, which was subsequently found to comprise LTs C 4 , D 4 , and E 4 . 5-lipoxygenase products from arachidonic acid metabolism, LTs are released from the lung tissue of asthmatic patients and purified human lung mast cells by antigens. The LTs directly induce contraction of bronchial smooth muscle. The use of anti-LT agents, particularly the receptor antagonists zafirlukast and montelukast and the biosynthesis inhibitor zileuton, reverses the bronchoconstrictive effects of LTs and significantly improve asthma symptoms. Conclusions Extensive in vitro and in vivo evidence supports the role of LTs in the pathogenesis of asthma. Their discovery has had a significant impact on treatment strategies, including the use of anti-LT agents, for the management of asthma.
Comparison between naloxone reversal of morphine and electrical stimulation induced analgesia in the rat mesencephalon.

Abstract Comparisons were made between the efficacy of naloxone to reverse analgesia induced by electrical stimulation (SPA) of the periaqueductal gray matter and analgesia induced by microinjections of morphine into the same brain region. Naloxone at 1 or 10 mg/kg was ineffective in antagonizing SPA during the first two minutes post-stimulation. Although some antagonism did appear 3–5 minutes after stimulation, the effect was neither consistent nor dose-dependent. Morphine, on the other hand, was antagonized in a dose-dependent and complete fashion by naloxone. The assumption that similar mechanisms underlie both opiate and electrical stimulation induced analgesia is discussed.
Optimal ablation strategies for different types of ventricular tachycardias

In the past decade, improvements in procedural techniques and the understanding of electrophysiological mechanisms have led to the establishment of effective ablation strategies for almost all types of ventricular tachycardia. The underlying cardiac disease, the site of origin, and the electrophysiological mechanism of the arrhythmia should all be considered when choosing the optimal ablation strategy for an individual patient.
Membrane lipid metabolism of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages.

We examined the uptake of radiolabeled lysophospholipids and oleic acid by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages either in the presence or absence of challenge particles. There was no difference in the uptake and metabolism of lysophospholipids by control or challenged cells for incubation periods up to 5 h. When incubated with [3H]oleic acid, challenged cells consistently exhibited a slightly greater uptake of radioactivity. Extraction of the whole cells revealed that the greater amount of radioactivity found in the challenged cells primarily was in triacylglycerol. There was no marked difference in the amount of radioactivity associated with the phospholipids in the whole cell extracts from control and challenged cells. When the macrophages were pre-labeled for 15 min with [3H]oleic acid and then reincubated in fresh medium in the presence or absence of autoclaved Escherichia coli B, more radioactivity was retained by the challenged cells, again in the form of triacylglycerol. Only in isolated plasma membrane fractions did we observe a difference in the amount of radioactivity associated with phospholipids from control and challenged cells. Plasma membranes isolated from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced rabbit alveolar macrophages that had been incubated for 6 h with [3]oleic acid in the presence of E. coli B contained significantly higher level of radioactivity in all lipids than plasma membranes from control cells. Since the greatest and the most consistent difference between control and challenged cells is associated with the triacylglycerol molecule, it is postulated that this molecule may serve as a precursor in the synthesis of alveolar macrophage phospholipids, both by the reacylation pathway and the de novo pathway. It is possible that the high level of radiolabeled phospholipid found in the plasma membrane arose via the de novo pathway following the cleavage of an acyl group as we have found cytidine diphosphocholine phosphotransferase in the plasma membrane fraction (Wang, P., DeChatelet, L.R., and Waite, M. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 450, 311--321).
Aggregate Formation in Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase-related Proteins *

Aggregation of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) protein is a pathologic hallmark of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis linked to mutations in the SOD1 gene, although the structural motifs within mutant SOD1 that are responsible for its aggregation are unknown. Copper chaperone for SOD1 (CCS) and extracellular Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD3) have some sequence identity with SOD1, particularly in the regions of metal binding, but play no significant role in mutant SOD1-induced disease. We hypothesized that it would be possible to form CCS- or SOD3-positive aggregates by making these molecules resemble mutant SOD1 via the introduction of point mutations in codons homologous to a disease causing G85R SOD1 mutation. Using an in vitro assay system, we found that expression of wild type human CCS or a modified intracellular wild type SOD3 does not result in significant aggregate formation. In contrast, expression of G168R CCS or G146R SOD3 produced aggregates as evidenced by the presence of high molecular weight protein complexes on Western gels or inclusion bodies on immunofluorescence. CCS- and SOD3-positive inclusions appear to be ubiquitinated and localized to aggresomes. These results suggest that proteins sharing structural similarities to mutant SOD1 are also at risk for aggregate formation.
Correlation of Severity of FDG-PET Hypometabolism and Interictal Regional Delta Slowing in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: We investigated the association of severity of hypometabolism detected by positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and persistence of interictal EEG focal slowing in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods: Eighty temporal lobes of 40 consecutive patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (mean age, 43.5 years) were studied. All patients underwent video-EEG monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and FDG-PET. Patients with either normal MRI or with unilateral mesial temporal sclerosis, but no other structural abnormality, were included. Interictal EEG delta slowing was graded as none, infrequent (one episode or less/hour), intermediate (more than one episode/hour), or continuous. PET hypometabolism was graded as none, mild, moderate, or severe. Results: The severity of temporal lobe hypometabolism with PET was significantly correlated with the amount of delta activity in the interictal EEG, independent of MRI findings (Spearman r = 0.46; p < 0.0005). Conclusions: This observation suggests related underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms for metabolic and electrical dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Quantum k-core conduction on the Bethe lattice

Classical and quantum conduction on a bond-diluted Bethe lattice is considered. The bond dilution is subject to the constraint that every occupied bond must have at least $k\ensuremath{-}1$ neighboring occupied bonds, i.e., $k$-core diluted. In the classical case, we find the onset of conduction for $k=2$ is continuous while for $k=3$, the onset of conduction is discontinuous with the geometric random first-order phase transition driving the conduction transition. In the quantum case, treating each occupied bond as a random scatterer, we find for $k=3$ that the random first-order phase transition in the geometry also drives the onset of quantum conduction giving rise to a new universality class of Anderson localization transitions.
Phosphorylation of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases by bacterial Flagellin

Molecular mechanisms that distinguish self and non-self are fundamental in innate immunity to prevent infections in plants and animals. Recognition of the conserved microbial components triggers immune responses against a broad spectrum of potential pathogens. In Arabidopsis, bacterial flagellin was perceived by a leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) FLS2. Upon flagellin perception, FLS2 forms a complex with another LRR-RLK BAK1. The intracellular signaling events downstream of FLS2/BAK1 receptor complex are still poorly understood. We recently identified a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) BIK1 that associates with flagellin receptor complex to initiate plant innate immunity. BIK1 is rapidly phosphorylated upon flagellin perception in an FLS2- and BAK1-dependent manner. BAK1 directly phosphorylates BIK1 with an in vitro kinase assay. Plants have evolved a large number of RLCK genes involved in a wide range of biological processes. We provided evidence here that additional RLCKs could ...
Stages of Change and Predictors for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among a Minority College Population

Abstract High fruit and vegetable consumption is recommended to decrease risk of cancer and heart disease. While research indicates that few college students eat the recommended five or more servings, limited research on specific dietary patterns of minority young adults is available. The purpose of this study was to investigate application of stages of change theory to minority young adult fruit and vegetable consumption patterns and to identify possible consumption predictors. As part of a larger study, students from a minority college campus in the Southwest completed a survey designed to assess dietary habits and attitudes. Stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption was determined by intentional and behavioral criteria. Data were collected from 63 participants (5 1% Mexican American, 37% Caucasian, 10% African American, 2% Asian; 25% male, 75% female; mean age=20 years of age). The majority (57%) of all students, consumed two or fewer combined fruit and vegetable servings. Participants were classified into the following stages: 53% precontemplation, 20% contemplation, 8.5% preparation, 7.5% action and 1 1% maintenance. Females were less likely to be in precontemplation and more likely to be in action than males (%2 = 15, p These results suggest that stage of change assessment and a focus on dietary attitudes may be important for planning dietary interventions for a minority college population.
Exactness conditions for a convex differentiable exterior penalty for linear programming

Sufficient conditions are given for a classical dual exterior penalty function of a linear program (LP) to be independent of its penalty parameter. This ensures that an exact solution to the primal LP can be obtained by minimizing the dual exterior penalty function. The sufficient conditions give a precise value to such a penalty parameter introduced in [O.L. Mangasarian, Exact 1-Norm support vector machines via unconstrained convex differentiable minimization, Tech. Rep. 05–03, Data Mining Institute, Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 2005. J. Machine Learn. Res. 7, 2006, pp. 1517–1530], where no quantification of the parameter was given. Computational results on LPs with up to one million variables or constraints compare favourably to ILOG CPLEX 9.0 users manual [ILOG CPLEX 9.0 User's Manual. ILOG, Incline Village, Nevada, 2003] and validate the proposed approach.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY GENES, IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS, AND LEUKÆMIA

Abstract Histocompatibility antigens may have functional properties important in determining susceptibility to disease. An association between particular histocompatibility antigens and leukaemia has been described both in laboratory animals and man. Histocompatibility antigens also have been shown to be a significant factor in determining immune responsiveness to certain defined antigens. It is suggested that susceptibility to leukaemia and certain other diseases is related to specific immune capabilities, which may be determined to a considerable extent by histocompatibility type.
A quantitative theory of the concept identification processes in the Hull paradigm

Abstract A model of concept identification and paired-associate learning processes as they occur in a concept acquisition paradigm developed by Hull was derived from a cue selection theory of learning. The model predicts that paired-associate learning occurs in an all-or-none manner and that concept identification leads to all-or-none transfer. Both predictions were confirmed. In the Hull paradigm, concept identification leads to increasing amounts of positive transfer as a function of successive lists. A two-stage theory of the concept identification process was developed to account for the transfer data. A subject may be in one of two states, α or β. A subject in state α has learned none of the concepts and does not know the class of relationships that defines the concepts. Transition from α to β occurs when the subject discovers the general properties of the concepts. A subject in state β has a correct higher order hypothesis concerning the relationships that hold between successive lists. The probability of initially being in state α is assumed to be a function of instructional variables.
FASTBUS Snoop Diagnostic Module

Development of the FASTBUS Snoop Module, undertaken as part of the prototype program for the new interlaboratory data bus standard, is described. The Snoop Module resides on a FASTBUS crate segment and provides diagnostic monitoring and testing capability. Communication with a remote host computer is handled independent of FASTBUS through a serial link. The module consists of a high-speed ECL front-end to monitor and single-step FASTBUS cycles, a master-slave interface, and a control microprocessor with serial communication ports. Design details and performance specifications of the prototype module are reported.
TCR affinity for self-ligands influences the development and function of encephalitogenic T cells.

The specificity and affinity of self-reactive T cells is likely to impact the development of autoimmune-disease causing T cells in the thymus as well as their function in the periphery. We identified a naturally occurring, low affinity variant of an MBP Ac1-11/I-Au specific TCR that is known to induce EAE. Thymocytes in mice carrying the transgenes for this low affinity TCR were poorly positively selected, as compared to their high affinity TCR expressing counterparts. Nonetheless, CD4 T cells bearing the low affinity TCR accumulated in the periphery of the mice. Unlike mice expressing the high affinity TCR, these mice very rarely developed disease. However, if endogenous TCR expression was eliminated by breeding to RAG1 deficient mice, 100% of the mice carrying either the high or the low affinity versions of the TCR developed EAE. Intriguingly, while the incidence of EAE increased, the age of onset of disease in both mice was identical. These data suggest disease onset occurs during a short window of mouse development.
Using linear forms to determine the set of integers realizable by (g 0 , g 1 , ..., g n )-trees

A (g"0, g"1, ..., g"n)-tree is a tree whose internal nodes have outvalences g"0, g"1, ..., g"n"-"1, or g"n and whose leaves are all on the same level. It has been shown that all but a finite set of integers may be realized as the number of leaves on a (g"0, ..., g"n)-tree if and only if the gcd (g"1 - g"0, ... g"n-g"0)=1 In this paper properties of the set of realizable integers are discussed including upper and lower bounds for the conductor @k (the conductor is the least integer having the property that for all N >= @k, N is realizable). It is also noted that several problems, including finding the set of realizable integers for (g"0, ... g"n)-AVL trees and (1, g"1, ..., g"n)-brother trees, are all equivalent to the problem of Frobenius concerning the assumed values of a linear form in nonnegative integers.
Overview of Feminist Perspectives on the Ideology of Science.

As a body of feminist scholarship from the past 2 decades has persuasively shown, we can interpret science as being gendered as a masculine domain in many ways. The purpose of this essay is to show, using historical and contemporary examples, that many of these feminist analyses fit together into a compelling perspective on the ideology of science. The essay addresses how ideology affects who pursues careers in science. The implications of the gendering of science for science practice are also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 837–844, 1998.
Cell surface oligosaccharide modulation during differentiation. I. Modulation of lectin binding

Abstract IMR-90 human lung fibroblasts exhibit quantitative and qualitative changes in their cell surface oligosaccharide expression as a result of low-density growth, contact inhibition of growth and changes in population doubling level (PDL). Binding of Concanavalin-A (CON-A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Ricinus communis (RCA-120) was shown to decrease by 20–40% as the cells advanced through their lifespan (but significantly before morphological manifestations commonly associated with senescence, which occur at approximately PDL 45). The binding of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) increased by 100% over the same time interval. These changes were detected by quantitation of FITC conjugated lectins on single cells and the use of a sensitive analytical biotin-avidin-enzyme amplification assay on whole populations of cells. These studies were performed on randomly growing cultures. These results suggest an important and dynamic role for the cell surface oligosacchairede in growth control and cellular senescence.
A food-safety curriculum for second- and third-grade elementary students

Abstract Objective To create and implement a food-safety curriculum for second- and third-grade elementary students. Design/subjects One pilot study and one expanded study were conducted in two elementary schools (106 students) and nine elementary schools (455 students), respectively. In both studies the subjects selected were determined by their enrollment in the classes. The expanded program targeted third-grade students and fourth-grade students in the English as a Second Language program in ethnically and racially diverse areas. Intervention An educational curriculum entitled "Discovering Food Safety — Detective Mike Robe's Fantastic Journey" was administered to the target audiences. Outcome measures A pretest and a posttest containing the same questions were delivered to the students before and after curriculum administration. Students were not given the answers to the questions, that is, the graded tests were not returned. Different evaluation sheets were designed for students and teachers and the program was rated using a hedonic scale. Statistical analyses Results were analyzed using the Student's t test. Results Pretests and posttests were administered in each study. Test scores increased significantly in the expanded study and the pilot study after the programs were implemented. Student and teacher evaluations indicated that they were extremely satisfied with the curriculum. Applications/conclusions A food-safety curriculum was designed that met the needs of the target audience and had successful results. The program appeared to be effective for populations of diverse backgrounds.
Development of a convergent entry to the diazofluorene antitumor antibiotics: enantioselective synthesis of kinamycin F.

We describe a 12-step enantioselective synthetic route to the complex anticancer antimicrobial agent kinamycin F (3). Key to the success of the route was the development of a three-step sequence for construction of the diazonapthoquinone (diazofluorene, blue in structure 3) function of the natural product. This sequence comprises fluoride-mediated coupling of a β-(trimethylsilylmethyl)-cyclohexenone and halonapthoquinone, palladium-mediated cyclization to construct the tetracyclic scaffold of the natural product, and mild diazo-transfer to a complex cyclopentadiene to introduce the diazo function. Ortho-quinone methide intermediates, formed by reduction and loss of dinitrogen from 3, have been postulated to form in vivo, and our approach provides a straightforward synthetic pathway to such compounds.
Artificial skin for wound healing

Abstract The care of burn patients is a difficult task. Although burn care over the last two decades has shown major advancements, the ability to treat consistently those patients with significant tissue damage and loss remains a challenge. A crucial step contributing to decreased morbidity and mortality of burn patients has been the practice of early wound excision. 1–4 Removal of nonviable tissue rids the patient of local toxic mediators and the potential for colonization with subsequent local and systemic sepsis. Topical antimicrobials decrease the rate of colonization of a wound, but do not prevent microbial invasion and proliferation. Therefore, it is essential to close these wounds.
Improving gateway safety in wireless sensor networks using cognitive techniques

In this paper, we present an innovative approach for gateway relocation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). We employ existing well-known artificial intelligence techniques to make smart gateway relocation based on many input factors from the environment. The gateway placement problem has been extensively researched. However, most of the proposed solutions are geared for boosting network-related performance metrics, such as throughput and energy consumption. The proposed approach for safe gateway relocation, named G-Safe, emphasises both increased protection of the gateway and improvements in overall network performance. We argue that relocating without taking safety concerns into consideration may cause the gateway to move dangerously close to one or multiple serious events in the environment. G-Safe utilises artificial neural networks to select the safest location accessible to the gateway. Experimental validation of G-Safe was conducted in two different environment setups; one that emphasises improvements in network longevity and the other strives to enhance the timeliness of the collected sensor readings. The validation results have confirmed the effectiveness of G-Safe in protecting the gateway while keeping the performance at an acceptable level.
Pharmacological characterization of the algesic response to the subplantar injection of serotonin in the rat.

Abstract Subplantar injection of 0.10 μg of serotonin in the rat resulted in a brief period (0–20 min) of increased pain sensitivity to an applied force (hyperalgesia) which preceded a longer period (40–120 min) of decreased pain sensitivity (hypoalgesia). The magnitude of each of these changes and the duration of the hypoalgesia were dose-dependent. The development of hyperalgesia was selectively and dose dependently reduced by inhibitors of arachidonate cyclooxygenase. The hypoalgesia was selectively and dose dependently reduced by the serotonin antagonist methysergide. Selective inhibition of the hyperalgesia by aspirin and of the hypoalgesia by methysergide revealed that components of both hyperalgesia and hypoalgesia were present in the 10–120 min interval. These findings, the level of serotonin reported to be released in rat dermal tissue, and selective drug inhibition studies suggest that some irritant-induced changes in algesia measured in the rat hindlimb result from release of dermal stores of serotonin. Selective inhibition of the hypoalgesic component of the hindlimb irritant trypsin by the antiserotonin agent methysergide supports this hypothesis. The principal conclusion derived from these studies is that the algesic response to the subplantar injection of a single agent can be the resultant of independent, temporally overlapping hyperalgesic and hypoalgesic components each of different intensity and pharmacological sensitivity.
Efficacy of three interventions at mitigating the adverse effects of muscle fatigue on postural control.

This study evaluated the efficacy of three interventions at reducing the adverse effects of muscle fatigue on postural control. The first provided rest breaks according to perceived decrements in postural stability, while the other two involved auditory stimulations (static pure tone and moving conversation). Sixteen participants performed repetitive box handling (lifting + lowering) over 1.5 h to induce muscle fatigue mainly in the lumbar extensors. Trials of quiet upright stance were completed at 10-min intervals, during which the interventions (or a control condition) were applied. Postural control was assessed using perceived stability (PS) and several measures derived from centre-of-pressure (COP) time series. Allowance of rest breaks did not significantly affect any of the objective measures, though a trend indicated an offset to fatigue-induced decreases in PS. Both the static pure tone and moving conversation led to significant changes in the dependent measures indicating a mitigation of fatigue-i...
Possible formation of ancient crust on Mars through magma ocean processes

[1] Models for Martian magma oceans of varying depths predict that decompression mantle melting, perhaps forming Mars' earliest crust, could occur during gravitationally driven solid-state overturn of cumulates following magma ocean solidification. When hot cumulates rise from depth during solid-state overturn, some regions melt adiabatically, producing basaltic to andesitic magmas. The resulting crust would be formed at between 30 and 50 Myr after planetary accretion, when magma ocean solidification and subsequent overturn are complete. Models of magma oceans deeper than ∼1550 km consistently produce two separate magmatic source regions during overturn that create compositionally distinct magmas, consistent with both major and trace element data for SNC meteorites and the Martian crust. In a partial magma ocean between ∼1550 and ∼1250 km (∼15 GPa) the only early magma produced is from a shallow pyroxene + olivine source; but if the magma ocean were less than ∼1150 km (∼14 GPa) deep, the underlying (undifferentiated or minimally differentiated) mantle rises sufficiently during overturn that it melts adiabatically and produces an early magma. Magma ocean models therefore produce specific predictions for the volumes and compositions of the most ancient crust produced by a range of initial magma ocean depths. The predicted crustal compositions and volumes for a whole mantle magma ocean are consistent with observations of Mars today.
Granular Radio EnErgy-sensing Node (GREEN): A 0.56 cm 3 wireless stick-on node for non-intrusive energy monitoring

We present an ultra-small wireless sensor node that can be effortlessly attached onto existing electric circuits for real-time energy monitoring systems. Called Granular Radio EnErgy-sensing Node (GREEN), this platform contains an Atmel 2564RFR2 microcontroller with an internal Zigbee-compatible radio transceiver, a battery unit, and an integrated a GMR magnetic sensor to non-intrusively monitor loads on circuits such as e.g. residential circuit breaker panels. The GREEN device is smaller, and can be installed at a lower cost than previously proposed solutions, and can be placed in a configuration that enables self-calibration. The device may also be used in a wide variety of other wireless sensing applications where small size and low power consumption are important.
Non-linear analysis of the toroidicity induced Alfven eigenmode

A fast and efficient numerical algorithm using energy conservation is developed to study the interaction of high energy particles with a toroidicity induced Alfven eigenmode (TAE). A Hamiltonian guiding centre code is used to simulate the alpha particle motion and a non-linear delta f scheme is employed to calculate the wave-particle energy exchange. For a single TAE mode, the particle radial excursion is much less than the spacing between the resonances produced by the poloidal harmonics for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor parameters. Modification of the particle distribution leading to mode saturation is observed. A TAE is found in some cases to cause loss through induced ripple trapping
Cultural Crisis in the Mormon Kingdom: A Reconsideration of the Causes of Kirtland Dissent

Until the time that the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints left western New York (where the church had been founded in 1830) and moved en masse to Kirtland, Ohio and then Far West, Missouri (where a second gathering place was established), the Mormons constituted a close-knit and fairly harmonious group. At Kirtland, however, serious internal discontent developed. In the wake of the collapse of the Anti-Banking Society in 1837 came widespread apostasy of many Mormons, several apostles included, who challenged Joseph Smith's role as prophetic leader whose word was the will of the Lord in secular as well as spiritual affairs. According to the prevailing interpretation, the causes were essentially economic. Fawn Brodie maintains in her chapter on the "Kirtland Disaster" that the "toppling of the Kirtland bank loosed a hornet's nest." Quoting Apostle Heber C. Kimball, she says that afterward "there were not twenty persons on earth that would declare that Joseph Smith was a prophet of God." Despite Smith's efforts to salvage his Ohio community, "with mercantile firms bankrupt, the steam mill silent, and the land values sinking to an appalling low, Kirtland was fast disintegrating."' In a recent work, Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton repeat the generalization: "in Kirtland ... Smith's failed bank led to internal dissension."2
Introducing overview articles in Signal Processing Transactions [Society News]

The IEEE Signal Processing Society is introducing a new feature that originated from a suggestion made by my colleague Athina Petropulu and a couple of associate editors. The publication of overview articles in the transactions will be a service to our readers and appeal to the broad signal processing audience.
Long-run invariance in economic dynamics: A note

A common thread in relatively disparate areas of economic dynamics is aninvariance result demonstrating the convergence in a suitable metric of the time paths (or the invariance of the steady state) of a given variable to alternative specifications of some parameter. This note offers a unified approach to this phenomenon in the context of a general nonstationary growth model. The technique developed exploits the stochastic specification through a passage to martingale techniques and is general enough to incorporate nonclassical technologies. Since the paper nests the invariance result from diverse areas as special cases, in one stroke it extends the received analysis which has usually been conducted in a deterministic stationary environment to a stochastic framework in which nonstationarities enter into the description of preferences, technology, and the stochastic environment.
The Different Effects of Soluble and Crystalline Hydrocortisone on Bone

The effects of hydrocortisone on growing bone administered in two different physical forms (soluble and crystalline) in an identical dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for six weeks were studied in 52 growing rabbits. The animals were divided into (1) controls, (2) soluble hydrocortisone treated and (3) crystalline hydrocortisone treated. The rabbits treated with soluble hydrocortisone showed changes different from those given crystalline hydrocortisone. When compared with the control group, the soluble hydrocortisone treated group gained less weight, had less longitudinal bone growth, had some suppression of bone formation at all surfaces and had some increased bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface. However, the crystalline hydrocortisone treated group lost weight, ceased longitudinal bone growth, ceased bone formation at all surfaces and had marked bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface resulting in dramatic cortical thinning. It is believed that the determining factor in this differential effect is the prolonged elevation of plasma cortisol folloing injection of the crystalline hydrocortisone. While other investigators have shown a strong drug-dose relationship, this study indicates that the duration of action of the drug or the frequency of its administration per day may be equally important.
Identification of Three Movement Phases of the Hand during Lateral and Pulp Pinches Using Video Motion Capture

Background Hand injuries affect a person’s ability to engage successfully in activities of daily living (ADLs). Video motion capture (VMC) facilitates measurement of dynamic movement. No study to date has used VMC as a means of quantifying the simultaneous movement patterns of all joints of all digits of the hand during active purposeful movement.
Quality measures and credentialing in gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Purpose of review Quality assessment and improvement are now mainstream activities in medicine. This review presents recent publications pertaining to quality, proposed quality measures, and associated topics in credentialing and delivery of endoscopic services. Recent findings The literature continues to focus primarily on colonoscopy services. Surveillance colonoscopy continues to suffer from underuse in high-risk patients and overuse in average to moderate-risk patients, based upon current guidelines for application. Several series update and add to our understanding of adenoma detection rates as measures of quality. One study confirmed an inverse association between adenoma detection rates at screening endoscopy and the risk for identification of colorectal cancer at a subsequent diagnostic or surveillance procedure. Credentialing guidelines proposed for worldwide application are becoming uniform and similar to those from several national societies. Quality measures for use in endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography are just beginning to be assessed in large series. Summary Proposed quality measures for colonoscopy are maturing, with increasing emphasis on adenoma detection rates rather than indirect proxies for neoplasia detection. Personal and unit-based benchmarking appears to be gaining favor and is facilitated by use of automated reporting systems. Greater attention is being focused on individual performance and assuring competence of the endoscopy workforce.