cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a Pacific Southwest City: Maternal and Child Characteristics.

Background There are limited data on the characteristics of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and their mothers from the general population in the United States. Methods During the 2012 and 2013 academic years, first-grade children in a large urban Pacific Southwest city were invited to participate in a study to estimate the prevalence of FASD. Children who screened positive on weight, height, or head circumference ≤25th centile or on parental report of developmental concerns were selected for evaluation, along with a random sample of those who screened negative. These children were examined for dysmorphology and neurobehavior and their mothers or collateral sources were interviewed. Children were classified as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), or No FASD. Results A total of 854 children were evaluated; 5 FAS, 44 pFAS, 44 ARND, and 761 No FASD. Children with FAS or pFAS were more likely to have dysmorphic features, and 32/49 (65.3%) of those met criteria for neurobehavioral impairment on cognitive measures with or without behavioral deficits. In contrast, 28/44 (63.6%) of children with ARND met criteria on behavioral measures alone. Mothers of FASD children were more likely to recognize pregnancy later, be unmarried, and report other substance use or psychiatric disorders, but did not differ on age, socioeconomic status, education, or parity. Mothers of FASD children reported more drinks/drinking day each trimester. The risk of FASD was elevated with increasing number of drinks/drinking day prior to pregnancy recognition, even at the level of 1 drink per day (adjusted odds ratio 3.802, 95% confidence interval 1.634, 8.374). Conclusions Data from this general population sample in a large urban region in the United States demonstrate the variability of expression of FASD and point to risk and protective factors for mothers in this setting.
"'Late' has no meaning here": Imagining a Second Chance in Toni Morrison's Desdemona

Toni Morrison's Desdemona dramatically displaces Othello as the title character in Shakespeare's play. Morrison's renaming signals her re-vision of Othello by giving Desdemona an afterlife that restores her voice and activates her pursuit of further development beyond Shakespearean limits and without Othello. What enables this change is Desdemona's exploration of newly established and newly emphasized bonds with female characters, notably Emilia and Barbary.
Effects of oral cisapride administration in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) with experimentally induced fecal output reduction

Abstract Background Cisapride, a prokinetic drug, has been anecdotally recommended in chinchillas at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg PO q8-12h to treat gastrointestinal hypomotility. However, studies in other rodent species suggest that higher doses are necessary to be effective. Methods In two randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, crossover studies, the effects of cisapride (10 mg/kg PO q12h for four doses), administered with or without concurrent syringe feeding of a critical care formula (25 mL/kg PO q12h for two doses) were evaluated in chinchillas following recovery from sedation induced by alfaxalone-butorphanol. Food intake and fecal output were quantified to assess the effects of cisapride on these parameters. Results Over the first 24 hours after recovery from sedation, animals that received cisapride and syringe feeding had the least reduction in fecal output (-27 ± 23%) compared to the control treatment (-48 ± 22%, P = 0.008) or to animals which received syringe feedings alone (-40 ± 23%, P = 0.12). Cisapride administered without concurrent syringe feedings had no effect on fecal output. No adverse effects were recorded following the administration of cisapride. Conclusions and clinical relevance The oral administration of cisapride at 10 mg/kg q12h in conjunction with syringe feeding resulted in a slight, but not clinically relevant, attenuation of fecal output reduction by ~13% compared to syringe feedings alone and by ~20% compared to no treatment. Without the concurrent administration of syringe feedings, cisapride had no effect on fecal output in chinchillas.
Integrated-Circuit Node for Time-Domain Near-infrared Diffuse Optical Tomography Imaging Arrays with On-chip Histogramming and Integrated VCSELs

Next-generation brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for healthy individuals largely rely on non-invasive functional imaging methods to record cortex-wide neural activity because of the risk associated with surgically implanted devices. Near-infrared (NIR) time-domain diffuse optical tomography (TD-DOT) is a promising non-invasive imaging approach which relies on reduced optical scattering and absorption of the human skull and brain tissue in the NIR spectrum [1]. In TD-DOT imaging, the time-of-flight (ToF) of scattered photons is measured, improving on continuous-wave approaches. This method has the potential to allow for direct sensing of intracellular neural activity and hemodynamics at higher spatial resolutions than electroencephalogram (EEG) and at higher temporal resolution than functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while supporting more compact and cost-effective form factors.
What is the impact of urban development and thermokarsting on arctic tundra pond zooplankton communities

Human development and warming in the Arctic are increasingly putting new pressures on the abundant freshwater ecosystems in the region. In particular, recent and rapid expansion of thermokarst ponds in permafrost regions has been associated with these stresses. Our goal was to examine the relative impacts of pond enrichment by urban encroachment and thermokarsting, compared to relatively unimpacted regions, on the environmental conditions and zooplankton communities of tundra ponds near Utqiaġvik, AK, USA. Both urban ponds and thermokarst ponds were found to have substantially different environmental conditions, as well as distinctive zooplankton communities relative to reference sites. Thermokarst ponds presented an environment rich in DOC and nutrients (N, P, and Si) and phytoplankton biomass. Enrichment by nutrients and DOC in thermokarst ponds led to significantly greater zooplankton abundance composed largely of Daphnia middendorffiana (66 individuals L−1) and cyclopoid copepods (65 individuals L−1). Urban ponds had moderate nutrient levels, with elevated benthic algal biomass. These ponds had intermediate numbers of D. middendorffianna (14 individuals L−1), as well as significantly higher numbers of diaptomid copepods (8 individuals L−1) and chydorids (11 individuals L−1), as compared to one or both reference regions. The two reference regions [Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and International Biological Program (IBP)] had consistently lower nutrient concentrations, algal levels, and zooplankton abundances (less than 3 individuals L−1). Finally, harpacticoid copepods and Bosmina longirostris were new records for the zooplankton in the region. Further collections are required to determine the drivers for these new observations. These results identify the large potential relative contributions of urban inputs and thermokarsting to enrichment of Arctic aquatic ecosystems and point to thermokarsting, which will likely increase with warming, as a major contributor to change in these systems.
DNA-Protein Crosslinking in UV-Irradiated Human and ICR 2A Cell Lines

The levels of DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) were measured using the alkaline elution assay in normal human skin fibroblasts and ICR 2A frog cell lines following UV-irradiation. For experiments utilizing human cells, the cultures were exposed to 0-200 J/m2 of 254 nm UV and incubated 0-24 hr. It was found for these cells, that the levels of DPC increased upon incubation. In addition, when the DPC were eliminated by treatment with proteinase K, large numbers of DNA strand breaks (SSB) were revealed. The yields of SSB also increased upon incubation of the UV-irradiated cells, with kinetics similar to that observed for DPC induction. These results are suggestive of a role for a topoisomerase in this crosslinking process. DPC induction was also investigated in ICR 2A cells and two cell lines, DRP 36 and DRP 153, derived from ICR 2A, based upon their sensitivity to the solar UV induction of non-dimer DNA damages. For these experiments, the cells were treated with 150 kJ/m2 of sunlamp UV, which was filtered through 48A Mylar to eliminate wavelengths shorter than approximately 315 nm. In addition, the cells were exposed to photoreactivating light to eliminate most of the small yield of dimers produced by this treatment. Upon incubation of the ICR 2A cells, a rapid increase in the level of DPC was detected that reached a maximum within about 2-4 hr following irradiation. In contrast, the enhancement in DPC was much less pronounced, and decreased more rapidly in the two mutant cell lines. These results suggest that this enhancement in DPC may be indicative of a process that plays a role in cellular survival following UV-irradiation.
Chapter 20 Optimization Methods in Dynamic Portfolio Management

Abstract This chapter describes various methods for solving optimal portfolio and asset-liability management models as discrete-time stochastic programs. The focus is on solution methods that consider investment decisions concerning large numbers of alternative assets and liabilities with general constraints, return distributions, transaction costs, and taxes. Each method relies on a form of approximation, which we use for classification. We discuss results concerning the approximations, relative computational advantages of the approaches, and potential areas for future research.
Magnetic and electric properties of the double-layer cobalt oxides Sr2Dy0.8Ca0.2Co2O6+δ

Abstract Magnetic and electric properties are reported for the double-layer cobalt oxides Sr 2 Dy 0.8 Ca 0.2 Co 2 O 6+ δ ( δ =0.09 and 0.89), structurally related to the superconducting copper oxide. Ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AF) components were found to coexist in the compounds. Those are largely contributed by magnetic moments at Dy ions. No cooperative magnetic transition was observed above 5 K for Sr 2 Dy 0.8 Ca 0.2 Co 2 O 6.09 . The oxygen-rich phase Sr 2 Dy 0.8 Ca 0.2 Co 2 O 6.89 shows a magnetic glassy transition at about 15 K, and an electrical hopping conduction with activation energy of 32.1 MeV.
Chemical response of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4//SiO/sub 2//Si structures used in pH microelectronic sensors

The effects of processing parameters such as annealing treatment and gas flow ratio on the chemical response of Si/sub 3/N/sub 4//SiO/sub 2//Si electrodes used in ISFET (ion-sensitive FET) pH sensors were studied. Experimental results based on capacitance-voltage measurements show that the voltage response and pH sensitivity depend on the gas flow ratio n=NH/sub 3//SiH/sub 4/ during the nitride deposition and the preoxidation anneal prior to thermal oxidation of the Si wafers. The results are interpreted in terms of chemical and physical properties of nitride and oxide layers. It is concluded that optimum performance of ISFET pH sensors requires better control and characterization of the gate insulator fabrication process. >
Stability of Finite-Difference Equation for the Transient Response of a Flat Plate

ment is obtained throughout the supersonic range of M = 1.0 to 4.0. Figure 2 shows the effect of varying the over-all fineness ratio for ogive-cylinder combinations at freestream Mach numbers from 1.5 to 3.0. The effect of ogive-to-cylinder length ratio is small as compared to the effect of the over-all fineness ratio, which affects average skin friction greatly below an over-all fineness ratio of approximately 7. Figure 3 compares the effects of various body shapes on local skin-friction coefficient, for a typical freestream Mach number of 2.0. The ogive cylinder, cone, and parabolic body of revolution show somewhat the same general skin-friction distribution along their forebodies where pressure gradients are favorable (dp/dx < 0). The effects of the adverse pressure gradients on the local skin-friction distribution are most pronounced on the parabolic body of revolution which has a rapidly increasing pressure near the aft end. This creates a rapidly falling skin-friction coefficient that approaches the point of separation. The calculation procedure appears to be capable of estimating the separation point, in the case of adverse pressure gradient, although no attempt to verify its accuracy is made.
Growth and development of Negro infants. VIII. Comparison of the deciduous dentition in Negro and white infants; a preliminary study.

Summary The time of eruption of the firstdeciduous tooth and the number of teeth present at one year of age in Negro and white infants was compared and related to the race, socioeconomic level, and sex of the infant. From this study the following conclusionsare made: 1. The mean time of eruption of thefirst deciduous tooth in Negro male and female infants was 27.7 and 28.9 weeks, respectively. The white male and female infants erupted their first tooth at 29.1 and 31.6 weeks, respectively. This earlier eruption time in Negro infants is possibly due to a racial tendency toward accelerated tooth eruption in this group. 2. The Negro male and female infants had a mean of 6.0 and 5.9 teeth at the age of one year as compared to 6.9 and 6.4 teeth for white male and female infants, respectively. The larger number of teeth found in the white infants at one year of age may be attributed to nutritional advantages, since it was of statistical significance only when the white infants from a middle socioeconomic level (private practice) were compared with Negro infants from a lower socioeconomic level (clinic infants). 3. The influence of sex is demonstratedby the slight acceleration in dentition in the male infants in all groups studied.
Empire of the Air: Aviation and the American Ascendancy. By Jenifer Van Vleck. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013. Pp. i, 370. $45.00.)

A number of scholars have approached the history of aviation from the perspectives of social and cultural history, political history, technological history, and, of course, military history. Jenife...
Local occlusion detection under deformations using topological invariants

Occlusions provide critical cues about the 3D structure of man-made and natural scenes. We present a mathematical framework and algorithm to detect and localize occlusions in image sequences of scenes that include deforming objects. Our occlusion detector works under far weaker assumptions than other detectors. We prove that occlusions in deforming scenes occur when certain well-defined local topological invariants are not preserved. Our framework employs these invariants to detect occlusions with a zero false positive rate under assumptions of bounded deformations and color variation. The novelty and strength of this methodology is that it does not rely on spatio-temporal derivatives or matching, which can be problematic in scenes including deforming objects, but is instead based on a mathematical representation of the underlying cause of occlusions in a deforming 3D scene. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the occlusion detector using image sequences of natural scenes, including deforming cloth and hand motions.
Inactivation of Succinate Dehydrogenase by N-Ethylmaleimide STOICHIOMETRY AND CHEMISTRY

Abstract Several cysteine residues are alkylated per flavin during the irreversible inactivation of purified succinate dehydrogenase (8 g atoms of iron per mole of flavin) by N-ethylmaleimide. Experiments involving malonate, which partially protects the enzyme from inactivation, distinguish between alkylation events which are crucial to enzymatic activity and those which are not crucial. There appears to be one crucial cysteine per flavin and this cysteine is located on the flavoprotein subunit. Both N-ethylmaleimide and bromopyruvate alkylate a similar set of residues on succinate dehydrogenase and show similar kinetics in the destruction of enzymatic activity.
An anomalous arrangement of the flexor musculature of the forearm and hand

During a routine dissection, an anomalous arrangement of the flexor musculature of the hand was discovered. This bilateral anomaly included a deficient superficialis tendon to the index finger and the little finger and an absence of the fourth lumbrical muscles. The deficiency of the sueperficialis tendons to the index fingers was compensated for, however, by an anomalous muscle in each palm. The literature was searched both for related cases and for embryologic and phylogenetic background with which to explain the presence of this unusual combination of anomalies.
Relating Diagrams to Logic

Although logic is general enough to describe anything that can be implemented on a digital computer, the unreadability of predicate calculus makes it unpopular as a design language. Instead, many graphic notations have been developed, each for a narrow range of purposes. Conceptual graphs are a graphic system of logic that is as general as predicate calculus, but they are as readable as the special-purpose diagrams. In fact, many popular diagrams can be viewed as special cases of conceptual graphs: type hierarchies, entity-relationship diagrams, parse trees, dataflow diagrams, flow charts, state-transition diagrams, and Petri nets. This paper shows how such diagrams can be translated to conceptual graphs and thence into other systems of logic, such as the Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF).
Effect of immunization on the development of latent ganglionic infection in mice challenged intravaginally with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2

Immunization of BALB/c mice with virulent and avirulent strains of HSV-1 resulted in high levels of neutralizing antibody and protected against both the lethal effect of the virus and the development of a latent ganglionic infection when animals were challenged by the intravaginal route. In animals immunized with avirulent strain of HSV-2 and challenged with a high virulent strain of HSV-2, substantial protection against death was observed despite low levels of neutralizing antibody. Nineteen per cent of the survivors, however, developed a latent ganglionic infection. Relatively little protection was observed in mice immunized with HSV-1 and challenged with HSV-2.
Deuterium-Hydrogen Exchange in Olivine: Implications for Point Defects and Electrical Conductivity

[1] Knowledge about hydrogen self diffusion (DH) is critical for determining mantle hydrogen distribution and understanding point defects. Also, chemical diffusion of hydrogen in olivine, such as redox exchange with polarons (DRedox), depends on DH. In this study deuterium 2H was exchanged into hydrogen 1H saturated single crystals of San Carlos olivine between 750 and 900°C at 2 GPa. We measured and fit the resulting 2H profiles to obtain DH,[100] = 10(−4.9±1.4)*e(−140±30kJ/mol)/(RT) m2/s, which is ∼1 log unit lower than DRedox,[100], with similar activation enthalpy Ha. By comparing these two diffusion coefficients, we estimate the small polaron diffusion coefficient. Additionally, we estimate DH in the [010] and [001] orientations, demonstrating that DH is highly anisotropic in olivine. These DHvalues were used with the Nernst-Einstein relation to estimate the electrical conductivity by hydrogen in olivine (σH = 101.1*e(−130kJ/mol)/(RT) S/m for 10−2 wt % H2O) that is lower in magnitude than previous measurements. Our results suggest that hydrogen alone cannot account for high electrical conductivity anomalies observed at asthenospheric depths (∼10−2 to ∼10−1 S/m). The maximum anisotropic variation of DH and σHin olivine is ∼2 log units between 750 and 900°C and increases when extrapolated to higher temperature (∼3.3 at 1400°C). Anisotropy observed in the mantle may indicate substantial amounts of hydrogen in olivine with lattice-preferred orientation.
A prospective evaluation of the durability of palliative interventions for patients with metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although systemic therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) continues to evolve, there are scant data to guide physicians and patients when symptoms develop. In this article, the authors report the frequency and durability of palliative procedures performed in the setting of MBC. METHODS: From July 2002 to June 2003, 91 patients with MBC underwent 109 palliative procedures (operative, n ¼ 76; IR n ¼ 39, endoscopic n ¼ 3). At study entry, patients had received a mean of 6 prior systemic therapies for metastatic disease. System-specific symptoms included neurologic (33%), thoracic (23%), musculoskeletal (22%) and GI (14%). The most common procedures were thoracostomy with or without pleurodesis (27%), craniotomy with resection (19%) and orthopedic open reduction/internal fixation (19%). RESULTS: Symptom improvement at 30 days and 100 days was reported by 91% and 81% of patients, respectively, and 70% reported continued benefit for duration of life. At a median interval of 75 days from intervention (range, 8-918 days), 23 patients (25%) underwent 61 additional procedures for recurrent symptoms. The durability of palliation varied with system-specific symptoms. Patients with neurologic or musculoskeletal symptoms were least likely to require additional maintenance procedures (P < .0002). The 30-day complication rate was 18% and there were no procedure-related deaths. At a median survival of 37.4 mos from MBC diagnosis (range, 1.6-164 months) and 8.4 months after intervention (range, 0.2-73 months), 7 of 91 patients remained alive. CONCLUSIONS: Palliative interventions for symptoms of MBC are safe and provide symptom control for the duration of life in 70% of patients. Definitive surgical treatment of neurologic or musculoskeletal symptoms provided the most durable palliation; interventions for other symptoms frequently require subsequent procedures. The longer median survival for patients with MBC highlights the need to optimize symptom control to maintain quality of life. Cancer 2010;116:3338–47. V C 2010 American Cancer Society.
In vitro cellular tropism of human T cell leukemia virus type 2.

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) are distinct oncogenic retroviruses that infect several cell types, but display their biologic/pathogenic activity only in T lymphocytes. HTLV-1 is associated with adult T cell leukemia, a malignancy of mature CD4 + T cells, and a chronic neurological disorder termed HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-2 is less pathogenic and has been associated with a few cases of a variant of hairy cell leukemia and neurological disease. Previous studies have indicated that in vivo HTLV-1 has a preferential tropism for CD4 + T cells, whereas HTLV-2 in vivo tropism is less clear, but appears to favor CD8 + T cells. The molecular mechanism that determines the cellular tropism of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 has not been precisely determined. However, one study by our group has provided evidence that HTLV-1-enhanced viral transcription in CD4 + T cells may be responsible for its tropism. In an effort to understand HTLV-2 tropism we tested the ability of HTLV-2 to infect, replicate in, and transform purified CD4 + or CD8 + T cells in cell culture. After cocultures of purified primary human CD4 + and CD8 + T cells with an HTLV-2-producer cell line we measured viral transcription by reverse transcription PCR analysis, virus production by p19 gag ELISA, proviral integration by DNA slot-blot analysis, surface phenotype by FACS analysis, and cellular transformation. We also measured HTLV-2 long terminal repeat-directed transcription in the presence and absence of Tax in purified CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, using transient transfection assays. Our data indicate that CD4 + and CD8 + T cells are equally susceptible to HTLV-2 infection. We observed no significant difference in viral transcription based on mRNA and virus production in CD4 + and CD8 + T cell cocultures. Although LTR transcription was enhanced 12- to 16-fold in the presence of Tax, there was no significant difference in CD4 + or CD8 + T cells. Interestingly, we show that HTLV-2 preferentially transforms CD8 + T cells in culture. Together, our data indicate that, unlike HTLV-1, HTLV-2 cell tropism is not due to inhibition of viral infection and inefficient gene expression in CD4 + versus CD8 + T cells, and likely involves unique interactions with viral and CD8 + T cell-specific proteins.
Neuropathogenesis of central nervous system HIV-1 infection

Neuronal damage and death are consistent pathologic findings in the brains of patients with ADC, and multiple cell model systems have demonstrated neurotoxicity through the effects of HIV-1 infection in macrophages and microglia. Brain MRI studies (1H-MRS) indicate that reversible neuronal cell dysfunction occurs early during the course of HIV-1 infection, long before overt symptoms of ADC appear. Epidemiologic studies suggest that a high viral load in the CNS is a major risk factor for ADC and that HAART may significantly reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of developing ADC. Targeted adjunctive therapies administered early are likely necessary to maximize CNS protection against HIV, and rational approaches to such therapy are rapidly evolving through in vitro analysis of the mechanisms of HIV-associated neurotoxicity. Soluble factors released by infected cells may directly or indirectly damage neurons and induce apoptosis at the level of NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors, and NMDA receptor antagonists represent a major therapeutic option currently under intense clinical investigation. Likewise, drugs with antioxidant or free radical scavenging effects offer another rational approach to adjunctive therapy and are also under intense clinical scrutiny. Finally, agents that inhibit neuronal death-signaling pathways (e.g., p38 MAPK inhibitors) and that stimulate cell survival pathways (e.g., Akt/PKB) may represent the next investigational step in designing anti-ADC therapies.
Effect of cortisol on periosteal and nonperiosteal collagen and DNA synthesis in cultured rat calvariae.

The effects of cortisol on bone formation are complex and may be modulated by the presence of periosteal cells or by factors released by the periosteal tissue. To test these possibilities, cortisol was examined for its effects on the incorporation of3H-proline into collagenase-digestible protein (CDP) and noncollagen protein (NCP), on DNA synthesis and on alkaline phosphatase activity in intact and in the periosteum and nonperiosteal bone of dissected calvariae from 21-day-old fetal rats. After 24 h of treatment, cortisol increased the incorporation of3H-proline into CDP in intact bones and in the nonperiosteal bone of calvariae dissected after the culture. Cortisol inhibited the incorporation of3H-thymidine into calvarial DNA but it caused a small increase in nonperiosteal DNA content. Cortisol did not affect the incorporation of3H-proline into CDP in calvariae dissected prior to the culture if the periosteum and nonperiosteal central bone were incubated separately; the stimulatory effect was observed only if the two tissues were cultured in the same vial and were in contact. In contrast, cortisol stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity in the central nonperiosteal bone of calvariae dissected before or after the culture. After 72–96 h of treatment, cortisol inhibited the labeling of CDP, NCP, and DNA and the DNA content in intact bones and in both periosteal and nonperiosteal central bone of calvariae dissected after the culture. In contrast, when the periosteum was removed before the incubation, these inhibitory effects were observed in the periosteum and not in the nonperiosteal bone. Cortisol inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity in intact bones treated for 96 h, but removal of the periosteum resulted in a stimulatory effect in the nonperiosteal central bone. These studies indicate that 24 h treatment with cortisol stimulates collagen synthesis in nonperiosteal bone, an effect that requires the presence of periosteal tissue. Exposure to cortisol for 72–96 h inhibits collagen, noncollagen protein, and DNA synthesis, an effect that is secondary to an inhibition of periosteal cell replication. Cortisol does not cause a direct inhibition of osteoblastic function.
An unusual cause of ischemic claudication: a case report.

Abstract Fredericson M, Waite BL. An unusual cause of ischemic claudication: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:766-7. A 56-year-old woman with a chief complaint of left lower-extremity numbness was referred by her gynecologist to the physical medicine clinic for workup of presumed lumbosacral radiculopathy. She had no history of low back pain, and her symptoms were elicited only with exercise. Results of her neurologic examination and lumbosacral radiographs were normal. Her medical history was significant for advanced cervical cancer, successfully treated with local surgery followed by high-dose pelvic radiation and chemotherapy 2 years before the current onset of symptoms. Subsequent workup with Doppler and arteriogram studies discovered a 3-cm area of diffuse stenosis of the left external iliac artery for which she was successfully treated with balloon angioplasty. This case presents an unusual cause of left leg claudication secondary to left iliac artery stenosis 2 years after pelvic radiation for cervical cancer and shows the necessity for a detailed evaluation of patients' medical histories.
Translation And The Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldûn Orientalist

Despite the increasing interest in translation in the last two decades, there has been no investigation of the translation of historiography and its transformation from one language to another. This article takes as a case study the translation into French of Ibn Khaldun, the fourteenth–century North African historian. It considers specifically the translation done by William de Slane in the context of the colonization of Algeria. The Histoire des Berberes, the French narrative of Ibn Khaldun that relates to the history of Arabs and Berbers in the Maghreb, has become since then the source of French knowledge of North Africa. It is upon that French narrative that colonial and post–colonial historians have constructed their knowledge of North Africa, of Arabs, and of Berbers. The article shows how a portion of the writing of Ibn Khaldun was translated and transformed in the process in such a way as to become a French narrative with colonial categories specific to the nineteenth century. Using a semiotic approach and analyzing both the French text and its original, the article shows how colonialism introduced what Castoriadis calls an “imaginary” by transforming local knowledge and converting it into colonial knowledge. In showing this the essay reveals that not only is translation not the transmission of a message from one language to another, it is indeed the production of a new text. For translation is itself the product of an imaginary, a creation–in Ricoeur's words, a “restructuring of semantic fields.”
Complete Genomic Sequence of an Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Herpesvirus Naturally Infecting a New World Primate: a Defining Point in the Evolution of Oncogenic Lymphocryptoviruses

Callitrichine herpesvirus 3 (CalHV-3) was isolated from a B-cell lymphoma arising spontaneously in the New World primate Callithrix jacchus, the common marmoset. Partial genomic sequence analysis definitively identified CalHV-3 as a member of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphocryptovirus (LCV) genus and extended the known host range of LCVs beyond humans and Old World nonhuman primates. We have now completed the first genomic sequence of an LCV infecting a New World primate by describing the unique short region, the major internal repeat, and a portion of the unique long region. This portion of the genome contains the putative latent origin of replication and 13 additional open reading frames (ORFs), 5 of which show no homology to any viral or cell genes. One of the novel genes, C5, is a positional homologue for the transformation-essential EBV gene EBNA-2. The marmoset LCV genome is also notable for the absence of viral interleukin-10 and small nonpolyadenylated RNA homologues. Marmoset LCV transcripts encoding putative latent infection nuclear proteins have a common leader sequence that is spliced from the major internal repeat in a manner similar to that of the EBV EBNA-LP, suggesting strong conservation of a common promoter and splicing of these latent infection mRNAs. An EBV LMP2A-like spliced transcript crossing the terminal repeats encodes a unique ORF, C7, with multiple transmembrane domains and tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites functionally reminiscent of EBV LMP2A. However, the carboxy-terminal location of the candidate phosphotyrosine residues is more reminiscent of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K15 gene and provides potential evidence of an evolutionary transition from rhadinoviruses to lymphocryptoviruses. The unusual gene repertoire of the marmoset LCV differentiates ancestral viral genes likely present in an LCV progenitor from viral genes acquired later as primates and LCV coevolved, providing a defining point in the evolution of oncogenic LCVs.
Why do teachers refer pupils for special education? An analysis of referral records

Abstract We studied the referral for special education records of children and youth to identify the problems for which referrers said pupils needed help. Coders examined 382 forms used by two school systems and recorded demographic information and referrers' statements describing individual pupils' difficulties. We found that (a) 69% of the referrals were for boys, (b) regular classroom teachers alone initiated 74% of the referrals and contributed to another 5%, and (c) over two‐thirds of students referred were in earlier grade levels, particularly kindergarten (16%), first (26%), second (15%), or third grade (11%). Problems most likely to be described on referral forms were general academic problems (found on 35% of referrals), reading problems (31%), and attention problems (23%) other problems such as fearfulness (2%), visual‐perceptual difficulties (1%), and depression (1%) were rarely included. Factor analysis of the referral reasons revealed five common types of referrals, some of which interacted w...
Reliability of Mixed‐Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics Grown via Organic Vapor Phase Deposition

Provided herein is an organic photovoltaic device comprising one or ore layers comprising one or more organic and/or organometallic compounds, and one or more of these layers may have a root-mean-square surface roughness ranging from about 2 nm to about 10 nm. Additionally provided is a method of manufacturing an organic photovoltaic device, and may comprise depositing one or more organic and/or organometallic compounds in one or more layers having a root-mean-square surface roughness ranging from about 2 nm to about 10 nm. Also provided is an organic photovoltaic device comprises one or more layers of one or more organic and/or organometallic compounds, the layers are deposited by organic vapor phase deposition, and the PCE may decrease by no more than about 1% after 250 hours of illumination at 1 sun intensity.
Solution structure of Ca2+-free rat α-parvalbumin

Mammals express two parvalbumins—an α isoform and a β isoform. In rat, the α-parvalbumin (α-PV) exhibits superior divalent ion affinity. For example, the standard free energies for Ca2+ binding differ by 5.5 kcal/mol in 0.15 M KCl (pH 7.4). High-resolution structures of the Ca2+-bound proteins provide little insight into this disparity, prompting a structural analysis of the apo-proteins. A recent analysis of rat β-PV suggested that Ca2+ removal provokes substantial conformational changes—reorientation of the C, D, and E helices; reorganization of the hydrophobic core; reduced interdomain contact; and remodeling of the AB domain. The energetic penalty attendant to reversing these changes, it was suggested, could contribute to the attenuated divalent ion-binding signature of that protein. That hypothesis is supported by data presented herein, describing the solution structure and peptide backbone dynamics of Ca2+-free rat α-PV. In marked contrast to rat β-PV, the apo- and Ca2+-loaded forms of the rat α isoform are quite similar. Significant structural differences appear to be confined to the loop regions of the molecule. This finding implies that the α-PV isoform enjoys elevated divalent ion affinity because the metal ion-binding events do not require major structural rearrangement and the concomitant sacrifice of binding energy.
The force of mortality by life lived is the force of increment by life left in stationary populations.

BACKGROUND The age distribution and remaining lifespan distribution are identical in stationary populations. The life table survival function is proportional to the age distribution in stationary populations. OBJECTIVE We provide an alternative interpretation of the life table when viewed by remaining years of life. CONCLUSIONS The functions describing the mortality of birth cohorts over age are identical to the functions describing the growth of death cohorts as time to death decreases in stationary populations.
Influence of transition metal additives and temperature on the rate of organohalide reduction by granular iron: Implications for reaction mechanisms

Abstract This study provides mechanistic insights into the reduction of organohalides by granular iron as well as the origin of the rate enhancements typically observed when transition metals are added to the surface of granular iron. Using step-wise displacement plating of CuCl2, K2PdCl4 and K2PtCl4, different bimetallic and trimetallic reductants were prepared and characterized using a suite of analytical techniques that included energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). Results obtained from batch studies with the trimetals indicate that reactivity enhancements of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) reduction are controlled by the chemical identity of the transition metal additive at the liquid/solid interface. Temperature-dependent studies involving iron and bimetals revealed that rates of 1,1,1-TCA reduction increased exponentially with increasing temperature. A systematic shift in product distribution towards more fully hydrogenated products was also observed as the overall rate of 1,1,1-TCA reduction increased. Collectively, these results support recent studies, which suggest that atomic hydrogen is involved in the reduction of alkyl polyhalides by granular iron and bimetallic reductants.
A constant stress creep testing machine

Abstract A device is described which permits loading of highly extensible materials at constant stress while monitoring extension as a function of time. As presented, the device accommodates extensions of up to four times resting length, loads from 0.1 to 10 N, and specimen lengths from 1 to 5 cm.
Synthesis, Resolution, and Crystallographic Characterization of a C2-Symmetric Diphosphaferrocene

Treatment of FeCl2 with potassium 2-phenyl-3,4-dimethylphospholide provides a new C2-symmetric diphosphaferrocene, (±)-3,3‘,4,4‘-tetramethyl-2,2‘-diphenyl-1,1‘-diphosphaferrocene (1). Separation by chiral HPLC furnishes both antipodes of complex 1, the first diphosphaferrocene to be prepared in enantiopure form. The absolute configuration of (−)-1 has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Changing Criteria in Old-Age Programs: The Introduction of Economic Status and Need for Services

For more than a decade, incremental changes have gradually eroded the traditional approach in many policies that have relied primarily on specific old-age categories to determine eligibility for public benefits and the amount of those benefits. These changes, and other recent policy proposals, have introduced need-based criteria as well as the principle of asking wealthier older persons to pay greater taxes or share more heavily in financing services and benefits than those older people who have less income and accumulated wealth. This discussion of such modifications in policies on aging begins with a depiction of the political context in which they have emerged. It then reviews the emergence of the new approaches, and concludes with commentary on the political viability of these and other possible changes in the mixture of criteria used in old-age benefit programs.
The S. purpuratus genome: A comparative perspective

The predicted gene models derived from the sea urchin genome were compared to the gene catalogs derived from other completed genomes. The models were categorized by their best match to conserved protein domains. Identification of potential orthologs and assignment of sea urchin gene models to groups of homologous genes was accomplished by BLAST alignment and through the use of a clustering algorithm. For the first time, an overview of the sea urchin genetic toolkit emerges and by extension a more precise view of the features shared among the gene catalogs that characterize the super-clades of animals: metazoans, bilaterians, chordate and non-chordate deuterostomes, ecdysozoan and lophotrochozoan protostomes. About one third of the 40 most prevalent domains in the sea urchin gene models are not as abundant in the other genomes and thus constitute expansions that are specific at least to sea urchins if not to all echinoderms. A number of homologous groups of genes previously restricted to vertebrates have sea urchin representatives thus expanding the deuterostome complement. Obversely, the absence of representatives in the sea urchin confirms a number of chordate specific inventions. The specific complement of genes in the sea urchin genome results largely from minor expansions and contractions of existing families already found in the common metazoan “toolkit” of genes. However, several striking expansions shed light on how the sea urchin lives and develops.
Retrograde Infusion of Lidocaine or l-Arginine Before Reperfusion Reduces Myocardial Infarct Size

Abstract Background . Retrograde perfusion preserves ischemic myocardium when initiated shortly after coronary artery occlusion. However, benefits diminish as the delay increases. In this study, we used this technique to deliver agents known to reduce the injury associated with the reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. We proposed that the local delivery of lidocaine or l-arginine before reperfusion would reduce the damage caused during reperfusion, even after a delay between onset of ischemia and intervention designed to approximate clinical reality. Methods . In a porcine model of myocardial ischemia, the left anterior descending coronary artery was snared immediately distal to its second diagonal branch. After 1 hour of occlusion, 34 animals were randomized into six groups: no intervention (control) (n = 6); administration of normal saline solution into the great cardiac vein (Retro-NS) (n = 6); administration of lidocaine either intravenously (IV-LID) (n = 6) or retrograde (Retro-LID) (n = 6); and administration of l-arginine either intravenously (IV-l-ARG) (n = 5) or retrograde (Retro-l-ARG) (n = 5). After 90 minutes of ischemia, the snare was released, and the myocardium was reperfused for 3 hours. Two-dimensional echocardiograms were made prior to occlusion and 60, 150, 210, and 270 minutes after occlusion. The infarct size and the area at risk were determined by lissamine green and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining with computer planimetric quantification. Regional wall motion was assessed by a wall motion score: normal=1; mild hypokinesia=2.0; severe hypokinesia=2.5; and akinesia=3. Results . The area of the left ventricle at risk for infarction was similar in all groups and represented 25.4% (5.2% [standard deviation]) of the left ventricular mass ( p = 0.63). The percent area of infarction in the area at risk after 3 hours of reperfusion was 76.7% (7.1% for the control group, 73.9% (5.7%) for the Retro-NS group, 72.1% (8.7%) for the IV-LID group, 54.5% (10.2%) for the Retro-LID group, 58.8% (4.0%) for the IV-l-ARG group, and 54.3% (4.0%) for the Retro-l-ARG group p p p = 0.578). Conclusions . Retrograde delivery of lidocaine or l-arginine before reperfusion reduces infarct size without acutely affecting wall motion after 90 minutes of ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Lidocaine must be present before reperfusion to have an effect, whereas l-arginine is beneficial if it is delivered at the time of reperfusion.
Scanning transmission x-ray microscope at the NSLS: from XANES to cryo

The Stony Brook scanning transmission x-ray microscope (STXM) has been operating at the X1A beamline at the NSLS since 1989. A large number of users have used it to study biological and material science samples. We report on changes that have been performed in the past year, and present recent results. To stabilize the position of the micro probe when doing spectral scans at high spatial resolution, we have constructed a piezo-driven flexure stage which carries out the focusing motion of the zone plate needed when changing the wavelength. To overcome our detector limitation set by saturation of our gas-flow counter at count rates around 1 MHz, we are installing an avalanche photo diode with an active quenching circuit which we expect to respond linearly to count rates in excess of 10 MHz. We have improved the enclosure for STXM to improve the stability of the Helium atmosphere while taking data. This reduces fluctuations of beam absorption and, therefore, noise in the image. A fast shutter has been installed in the beam line. We are also developing a cryo- STXM which is designed for imaging frozen hydrated samples at temperatures below 120 K. At low temperatures, radiation sensitive samples can tolerate a considerably higher radiation dose than at room temperature. This should improve the resolution obtainable from biological samples and should make recording of multiple images of the same sample area possible while minimizing the effects of radiation damage. This should enable us to perform elemental and chemical mapping at high resolution, and to record the large number of views needed for 3D reconstruction of the object.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
When to use splay trees

In this paper we present new empirical results for splay trees. These results provide a better understanding of how cache performance affects query execution time. Our results show that splay trees can have faster lookup times compared with randomly built binary search trees (BST) under certain settings. In contrast, previous experiments have shown that because of the instruction overhead involved in splaying, splay trees are less efficient in answering queries than randomly built BSTs—even when the data sets are heavily skewed (a favorable setting for splay trees). We show that at large tree sizes the difference in cache performance between the two types of trees is significant. This difference means that splay trees are faster than BSTs for this setting—despite still having a higher instruction count. Based on these results we offer guidelines in terms of tree size, access pattern, and cache size as to when splay trees will likely be more efficient. We also present a new splaying heuristic aimed at reducing instruction count and show that it can improve on standard splaying by 10–27p. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.