cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing male sexual success in a lekking fly (Anastrepha suspensa Diptera: Tephritidae) through a juvenile hormone analog has no effect on adult mortality

While defending lek-territories, male Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) produce chemical, acoustic and visual courtship signals. In the laboratory and under semi-natural conditions, topical application of the juvenile hormone analog methoprene doubles pheromone production and subsequently doubles sexual success. However, sexual signals and interactions are likely to be physiologically expensive and so result in higher male mortality. Comparison of males kept in isolation for 35 days, but provided daily with a potential mate or a rival male, revealed that both male- and female-interactors shortened focal-male lifespan. In addition, focal males were either treated with methoprene or not, then either provided with protein in their sucrose-based diet or not. Protein proved to similarly double sexual success and also resulted in longer male life spans in all of the interactor-categories. However, there was no evidence that methoprene induced hypersexuality resulted in higher rates of mortality, i.e., the longevity of males treated with methoprene did not significantly differ from untreated males in the same interactor/diet categories. This apparent lack of costs to a putatively sexually selected signal is unexpected but presents an opportunity to increase the sexual competence of sterile flies with few consequences to their survival following mass-release.
A new objective function for sequence labeling

We propose a new loss function for discriminative learning of Markov random fields, which is an intermediate loss function between the sequential loss and the pointwise loss. We show this loss function has ldquoMarkov propertyrdquo, that is, the importance of correct labeling for a particular position depends on the numbers of the correct labels around there. This property works to keep local consistencies among the assigned labels, and is useful for optimizing systems identifying structural segments, such as information extraction systems.
The Effects of L-theanine on Alpha-Band Oscillatory Brain Activity During a Visuo-Spatial Attention Task

Background/Objectives Ingestion of the non- proteinic amino acid L-theanine (c-glutamylethylamide) has been shown to influence oscillatory brain activity in the alpha band (8-14 Hz) in humans during resting electro- encephalographic (EEG) recordings and also during cognitive task performance. We have previously shown that ingestion of a 250-mg dose of L-theanine significantly reduced tonic (background) alpha power during a demanding intersensory (auditory-visual) attentional cue- ing task. Further, cue-related phasic changes in alpha power, indexing the shorter-term anticipatory biasing of attention between modalities, were stronger on L-theanine compared to placebo. This form of cue-contingent phasic alpha activity is also known to index attentional biasing within visual space. Specifically, when a relevant location is pre-cued, anticipatory alpha power increases contralat- eral to the location to be ignored. Here we investigate whether the effects of L-theanine on tonic and phasic alpha activity, found previously during intersensory attentional deployment, occur also during a visuospatial task. Subjects/ Methods 168-channel EEG data were recorded from thir- teen neurologically normal individuals while engaged in a highly demanding visuo-spatial attention task. Participants underwent testing on two separate days, ingesting either a 250-mg colorless and tasteless solution of L-theanine mixed with water, or a water-based solution placebo on each day in counterbalanced order. We compared the alpha-band activity when subjects ingested L-Theanine vs. Placebo. Results We found a significant reduction in tonic alpha for the L-theanine treatment compared to placebo, which was accompanied by a shift in scalp topography, indicative of treatment-related changes in the neural generators of oscillatory alpha activity. However, L-theanine did not measurably affect cue-related anticipatory alpha effects. Conclusions This pattern of results implies that L-theanine plays a more general role in attentional processing, facili- tating longer-lasting processes responsible for sustaining attention across the timeframe of a difficult task, rather than affecting specific moment-to-moment phasic deploy- ment processes.
Influences of Foam Density and Core Thickness on Debond Toughness of Sandwich Specimens with PVC Foam Core

Face/core debond toughness, expressed as the critical strain energy release rate (Gc), was determined for sandwich specimens with composite and aluminum face sheets over various cross-linked PVC foam cores. Crack propagation occurred in the core, near the face/core interface for specimens with adequate face/core adhesion. Only for the highest density foam it was possible to propagate the crack in the immediate vicinity of the actual core/resin interface. The face/core debond toughness increased with increased foam density and reduced core thickness. For thick cores, the face/core toughness was independent of the core thickness.
Health Information Technology: A Few Years Of Magical Thinking?

One of the biggest obstacles to expanding the use of information technology (IT) in health care may be the current narrow focus on how to stimulate its adoption. The challenge of thinking of IT as a tool to improve quality requires serious attention to transforming the U.S. health care system as a whole, rather than simply computerizing the current setup. Proponents of health IT must resist “magical thinking,” such as the notion that technology will transform our broken system, absent integrated work on policy or incentives. The alternative route to transforming the system sets all of its sights on the destination.
Nonadiabatic heating in magnetic reconnection

Plasma transport process as a fundamental problem in magnetospheric physics is often associated with strong nonadiabatic heating. At the magnetopause, observations show an increase of specific entropy (i.e., S = p/ργ) by 2 orders of magnitude from the magnetosheath into the magnetosphere. In the near-Earth magnetotail, particle injection requires strongly entropy depleted plasma bubbles, and their evolution can be strongly modified in the presence of nonadiabatic heating. In this study, one of the critical plasma transport mechanisms, magnetic reconnection, is investigated as a nonadiabatic process in the framework of MHD. It is important to examine whether magnetic reconnection can provide sufficient nonadiabatic heating to explain the observed plasma properties and to identify plasma conditions that allow such strong nonadiabatic heating. We demonstrate that the entropy can indeed strongly increase associated with magnetic reconnection provided that the plasma beta (i.e., the ratio of thermal to magnetic energy density) is low in the inflow region of reconnection.
Determination of Total Homocysteine, Methylmalonic Acid, and 2-Methylcitric Acid in Dried Blood Spots by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

BACKGROUND: Newborn screening (NBS) for inborn errors of propionate, methionine, and cobalamin metabolism relies on finding abnormal concentrations of methionine and propionylcarnitine. These analytes are not specific for these conditions and lead to frequent false-positive results. More specific markers are total homocysteine (tHCY), methylmalonic acid (MMA), and methylcitric acid (MCA), but these markers are not detected by current NBS methods. To improve this situation, we developed a method for the detection of tHCY, MMA, and MCA in dried blood spots (DBSs) by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS: The analytes were extracted from a single 4.8-mm DBS punch with acetonitrile:water:formic acid (59:41:0.42) containing dithiothreitol and isotopically labeled standards (d3-MMA, d3-MCA, d8-homocystine). The extract was dried and treated with 3 N HCl in n-butanol to form butylesters. After evaporation of the butanol, the residue was reconstituted and centrifuged and the supernatant was subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. Algorithms were developed to apply this method as an efficient and effective second-tier assay on samples with abnormal results by primary screening. RESULTS: The 99th percentiles determined from the analysis of 200 control DBSs for MMA, MCA, and HCY were 1.5, 0.5, and 9.8 μmol/L, respectively. Since 2005, prospective application of this second-tier analysis to 2.3% of all NBS samples led to the identification of 13 affected infants. CONCLUSIONS: Application of this assay reduced the false-positive rate and improved the positive predictive value of NBS for conditions associated with abnormal propionylcarnitine and methionine concentrations.
The spell of Kuhn on psychology: An exegetical elixir

Abstract In their meta‐scientific studies of psychology, psychologists often use what they take to be the views of Thomas Kuhn. Although a critical examination of psychology or aspects of psychology is laudatory, psychologists’ also need to accurately understand and to assume a critical stance toward the meta‐scientific views that they employ. In this paper the views of the historian of science, Thomas Kuhn, are examined. The following questions are addressed: What were Kuhn's investigative methods? What are his views of science? What exactly do Kuhn's conclusions about science mean? How does Kuhn rely on psychology? and, What does Kuhn have to say about psychology? The extent to which psychologists find Kuhn so attractive is puzzling given the significant ambiguities and inconsistencies in Kuhn's views, his informal and unsystematic use of psychology, and his disparaging comments about psychology. It is recommended that psychologists adopt a more critical stance toward Kuhn and that they consider other m...
Dielectric screening in one-dimensional disordered systems

Abstract The results of a calculation of dielectric screening in the random-phase approximation for a one-dimensional disordered system with no electron-phonon interactions are reported. At zero frequency, and small wavevector q the Thomas-Fermi form of the dielectric function becomes ϵ = 1 + κ2/[q2 + (π/2)(Lb)-2], where κ is the inverse Thomas-Fermi screening length, and Lb is the exponential decay length of the Fermi-level wave-functions in the random system. The presence of the randomness suppresses the Peierls distortion unless the electron-phonon coupling is very strong.
Bringing Energy Back Into the Economy: Examining Economic Growth With Energy

This paper works out some of the basic properties of an economy with energy as a factor of production. The economy now consists of streams of energy conversions that direct energy to the production of goods and services. The focus on energy generates a variety of insights. It yields a new taxonomy of economies and economic activities; allows a better grasp of the tasks performed by labor and capital; raises the prospect of examining growth as the speeding up of machines; and identifies greater use of energy as an important source of growth. In addition, we use these results to explain the near stagnation in living standards in agrarian economies in the millennia before 1800, and the dramatic acceleration in growth since that date.
The effect of left-to-right shunting on coronary oxygenation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Abstract Background/Purpose: Blood perfusion to the coronary artery (CA) during venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was examined to determine whether it was receiving highly oxygenated ECMO blood or desaturated blood from the pulmonary circulation of diseased lungs. Methods: In the first experiment, left ventricle output and oxygen saturation in the left ventricle (LV) and CA were measured in dogs placed on VA ECMO. In the second experiment, dogs with an artificial subclavian-pulmonary artery shunt were placed on VA ECMO at 100 mL/kg/min, and oxygen saturation was measured as the shunt flow increased. Results: Without an artificial shunt, a substantial portion of coronary perfusion was found to be supplied by the left ventricle (54 + 30%), even at a high ECMO flow rate of 100 mL/kg/min and low LV output (22 + 17%) relative to ECMO flow. With a shunt, oxygen saturation in the CA was more than 95%, even when shunt flow was only 7.5% of ECMO flow and output from the left ventricle was less than 25% of the ECMO flow rate. Conclusions: These results suggest that an excessive "lung rest" strategy during VA ECMO may produce suboptimal coronary oxygenation possibly leading to myocardial damage. The presence of a small left-to-right shunt may prevent coronary hypoxia.
Consumer Choice Behavior On The Web: The Effects Of Product Attributes On Willingness To Purchase

This study investigates how consumers’ choice behavior in the electronic marketplace depends on their ability to judge product attributes and how willingness to purchase products is affected by the different attributes of the products. This study applied von Neumann-Morgenstern utility theory to explain how consumers combine perceptions of product attributes into preferences under uncertain situations in the electronic marketplace and employed The Dot-Com Retail Continuum, proposed by Figueiredo (2000), to classify the products online. Major findings suggest that a consumer’s purchase decision in the electronic marketplace is affected by that consumers’ ability to assess the product attributes and also propose competitive strategies on various product categories to the dot-com retailers.
Toward estimating others' transition models under occlusion for multi-robot IRL

Multi-robot inverse reinforcement learning (mIRL) is broadly useful for learning, from observations, the behaviors of multiple robots executing fixed trajectories and interacting with each other. In this paper, we relax a crucial assumption in IRL to make it better suited for wider robotic applications: we allow the transition functions of other robots to be stochastic and do not assume that the transition error probabilities are known to the learner. Challenged by occlusion where large portions of others' state spaces are fully hidden, we present a new approach that maps stochastic transitions to distributions over features. Then, the underconstrained problem is solved using nonlinear optimization that maximizes entropy to learn the transition function of each robot from occluded observations. Our methods represent significant and first steps toward making mIRL pragmatic.
Systemic therapy for metastatic bladder cancer in 2016 and beyond.

Metastatic urothelial cancer is generally associated with poor outcomes. In the first-line setting, platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard of care but resistance rapidly develops and the vast majority of patients ultimately experience disease progression. Despite several decades of clinical drug development focused on the treatment of platinum-resistant metastatic urothelial cancer, as of late 2015 there are no standard therapies approved by the US FDA in this setting. However, preliminary results from a series of recent trials exploring innovative approaches forecast a ‘sea change’ in the management of this difficult to treat malignancy. Herein, we review new approaches for the management of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer focused on three key therapeutic target areas: recurrent somatic alterations, the tumor neovasculature and tumor-associated immune escape.
Developing Mathematical Formulations for the Integrated Problem of Sensors, Weapons, and Targets

Although sensor resource management and weapon–target assignment problems have been well studied, there is currently no well-posed mathematical formulation that captures the interactions of these problems in the context of a missile defense scenario. This paper gives a representative example to illustrate this fact; then, it poses a method for navigating the abstraction space for the integrated problem of sensors, weapons, and targets based on the specification of information sharing between subproblems. This method begins by outlining a set of formulation classes to specify the way in which information is shared; from this set, some formulation schemata (particular instantiations of a mathematical models that subscribe to the rules of a formulation class) are suggested. A set of goodness criteria for selecting which formulation classes and formulation schemata best address the problem-absent simulation results is considered. Last, the benefits and shortcomings of these formulation classes and formulation...
Thermodynamics Govern the Mechanism of Antimicrobial Lipopeptides: Insights from Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Antimicrobial lipopeptides (AMLPs) are a series of acylated cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and low hemolytic activity. We used microsecond-scale coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations with the MARTINI force field to understand AMLPs’ modes of action. Using rigorous free energy calculations with a novel reaction coordinate, we quantified formation of lipopeptide micelles in solution, as well as the the affinity of those micelles for different membrane compositions. The results yield both kinetic and thermodynamics arguments for the lipopeptides selectivity for bacterial over mammalian membranes. Our results indicate that the acyl chain of C16-KGGK, one of the AMLPs, is mainly responsible for its affinity to membrane while the peptide portion determines the selectivity towards different membrane lipid compositions. The micelle results suggest both kinetic and thermodynamics arguments for the lipopeptides selectivity for bacterial over mammalian membranes. Our results provide biophysical insights into the mechanism of lipopeptides’ antimicrobial action.
The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality

The world changed profoundly from the eighteenth century onwards. After millennia of stagnant income levels and life expectancy, starting from sometime around the late 1700s, we see enormous increa...
A Census of Nine-Digit Determinants

(1963). A Census of Nine-Digit Determinants. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 153-156.
From Penicillin-Binding Proteins to the Lysis and Death of Bacteria: A 1979 View

The mechanism by which interference with the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall causes death and lysis of bacteria appears more complex than originally thought. In an earlier model of the mode of action of beta-lactams, it was assumed that, in the presence of the antibiotics, bacteria synthesize a mechanically weak (poorly cross-linked) cell wall that ruptured under the osmotic-mechanical pressure of the normally growing cytoplasmic mass. However, recent findings suggest a much more complex picture. Lysis and, in at least some bacteria, loss of viability as well, seem to be catalyzed by autolytic enzymes (murein hydrolases), the destructive activity of which is triggered in the beta-lactam-treated bacterium via a poorly understood mechanism. Furthermore, different species of bacteria respond quite differently to treatment with the same beta-lactam: some bacteria are both killed and lysed, others only lose viability, whereas still other species respond mainly by a reversible inhibition of growth (beta-lactam-tolerant bacteria). In addition, structurally different beta-lactams may cause quite different biochemical, morphological, and antibacterial effects, even within the same bacterial species. It is conceivable, therefore, that there is more than one mechanism for loss of viability and/or lysis. Most of the bacteria examined so far contain a number (four to eight) of different penicillin-binding proteins. Genetic and physiological evidence obtained in E. coli indicate that these proteins play essential roles in a variety of physiological functions, such as maintenance of structural integrity, shape, and cell division. Pneumococci with a suppressed autolytic system are resistant to he lytic (and, partially at least, to the bactericidal) effect of beta-lactams. Interference with cell wall synthesis seems to trigger autolysin activity by upsetting the cellular control of autolytic enzyme. It is suggested that the irreversible antimicrobial effect of beta-lactams may have an indirect mechanism in other bacteria as well.
Classroom Processes and Teacher–Student Interaction: Integrations with a Developmental Psychopathology Perspective

This chapter reviews theory and empirical evidence linking developmental psychopathology (methods, models, and understandings) with education science, practice, and policy around a particular focus on proximal processes in classrooms related to interactions with teachers. More fully exploiting the intersection of schooling and development remains important for developmental psychopathology precisely because of the role school context dynamics play in shaping the outcome trajectories of children and youth and of the adults who also populate these settings. This intersection is critical for education scientists, practitioners, and policymakers if they hope to fully understand and explain the student outcomes around which most of their efforts are organized. The discussion focuses on the experiences of children and youth in classroom settings and the opportunities they create for development of human capital. Proximal process experiences in schools play a meaningful role in organizing development—aspects of identity, competence, relationships, risk and opportunity all emerge and consolidate in part through experiences in schools. The chapter reviews evidence on the nature, quality, and impact of teacher-student interactions as they pertain to development and includes new evidence from the study of teacher-child interaction that reflects developmental psychopathology frameworks for understanding biological mechanisms that intersect with context and experience. Keywords: classrooms; achievement; teacher-student interaction; professional development; education policy; responsivity
Design options to minimize tritium inventories at Savannah River

Abstract Large quantities of tritium are stored and processed at the Savannah River Site (SRS) Tritium Facilities. In many design basis accidents (DBAs), it is assumed the entire tritium inventory of the in-process vessels are released from the facility and the site for inclusion in public radiological dose calculations. Pending changes in public dose calculation methodologies are driving the need for smaller in-process tritium inventories to be released during DBAs. Reducing the in-process tritium inventory will reduce the unmitigated source term for public dose calculations and will also reduce the production demand for a lower inventory process. This paper discusses process design options to reduce in-process tritium inventories. A Baseline process is defined to illustrate the impact of removing or replacing La-Ni-Al alloy tritium storage beds with palladium (Pd) or depleted uranium (DU) storage beds on facility in-process tritium inventories. Elimination of La-Ni-Al alloy tritium storage beds can reduce in-process tritium inventories by over 1.5 kg, but alternate process technologies may needed to replace some functions of the removed beds.
Study of normal orbital apex with CT and MRI

Objective To study the appearance of the orbital apex and thestructures inside it with high-resolution CT and MRI on the basis of thefindings of cross-sectional anatomy. Methods 40 healthy volunteers wereequally divided into 2 groups.The 20 subjects of Group 1 were examinedwith axial and direct scanning of high-resolution CT and those ofGroup 2 with axial,coronal and oblique sequences of MRI. Results ①CT displayed clearly the bony structures of the orbital apex. ②MRI demon-strated the 2 optic nerves in all the volunteers and the cerebrospinalfluid in subarachnoid space surrounding the nerves in 27.5% of thevolunteers. ③MRI demonstrated the oculomotor nerve in 85%,the nasociliarynerve in 22.5% and the abducent nerve in 22.5% of the subjects. ④CTshowed the ophthalmic nerve in 95% and superior ophthalmic nerve in70% of the volunteers while MRI revealed the ophthalmic arteries in 95%and superior ophthalmic veins in 47.5% of the volunteers.⑤Coronalscanning was efficient to detect the Zinn,s ligments and extraocularmuscles. ⑥CT and MRI showed intraconal fatty tissue in all thevolunteers and extraconal fatty tissue was shown in 85% of the subjectswith CT and in all the subjects with MRI.Conclusion ①CT is a goodtechnique to show the bony structure of the orbital apex. ②Coronal SET1WI and FSE T2WI are efficient to reveal the region surrounding theorbital apex,extraocular muscles,Zinn,s ligment,nerves and bloodvessels.MRI provides more information about these structures than CT.
Long-term Outcomes of Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation in Different Types of Structural Heart Disease

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) often occurs in the setting of structural heart disease and can affect patients with ischaemic or nonischaemic cardiomyopathies. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) provide mortality benefit and are therefore indicated for secondary prevention in patients with sustained VT, but they do not reduce arrhythmia burden. ICD shocks are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and antiarrhythmic medications are often used to prevent recurrent episodes. Catheter ablation is an effective treatment option for patients with VT in the setting of structural heart disease and, when successful, can reduce the number of ICD shocks. However, whether VT ablation results in a mortality benefit remains unclear. We aim to review the long-term outcomes in patients with different types of structural heart disease treated with VT ablation.
Metabolic requirements for fetal growth.

Normal fetal growth and development requires the transplacental provision of a variety of substrates to support both anabolism and catabolism. Current studies show the hazards of extrapolating from metabolic and nutritional patterns in extrauterine life to reach conclusions about the fetus, which appears to respond very differently to deprivation of substrate.
The Problem Is Also the Solution: The Sustainability Paradox

People and technology are at the centre of our climate crisis. Technological advances have contributed to the accumulation of GHG. On the other side of the coin, technological advances such as renewable energy hold promise for ameliorating our environmental woes. Similarly, rapid population growth has the potential to exacerbate our environmental problems, whilst behaviour change holds the key to conserving our natural resources. This is the sustainability paradox: the problem is also the solution.
UN Human Rights Violations Here at Home? The Plight of Undocumented and DACA Students in South Carolina, USA

South Carolina is arguably the most restrictive state in the nation as it pertains to access to higher education for immigrant students, particularly undocumented and DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) students. As we show through personal interviews, this has had a detrimental effect on the lives of many immigrant students throughout the state. It also conflicts with the ideals of human rights in regard to access to higher education and equality which are laid out in the UNESCO Convention Against Discrimination in Education. Our analysis of South Carolina’s policies helps shed a light on the greater issues related to immigrant education rights across the nation and how they compare to the immigration policies of more welcoming developed nations. As the United States seeks to be a champion for human rights around the world, we need to confront our own problematic educational policies, which often leave many students behind.
Reading in the digital age: A case study in faculty and librarian collaboration

This article describes a collaborative partnership of two librarians and an English professor who created a unit for a senior capstone seminar on “The Digital Turn in English Studies.” After readin...
First Principles Study of Fluorescence in Silver Nanoclusters

Mechanisms of efficient fluorescence from biocompatible, ligand-protected silver nanoclusters (AgNC) are explored with an atomistic model of an icosahedral shaped AgNC passivated with 12 cytosine molecules representing single-stranded DNA. Spin-resolved density-functional theory with varying constraints to the total charge was used as a simulation probe to explore the electronic structure and photoluminescence of AgNCs. Visible photoemission in AgNCs is modeled through a synergy of radiative and nonradiative photoinduced dynamics computed by a combination of density matrix and density functional methods with explicit treatment of spin polarization. The ab initio computed charge-to-total energy correlation, Etot(ΔN), of the modeled AgNC shows an approximate 2.2 eV discontinuity at a charge of ΔN = 5, which correlates with the DFT calculated band gap and with concept of superatom with closed shell valence electron count [PNAS 2008, 105, 9157]. UV photoexcitation of this cationic model followed by cascade th...
Predicting the Elastic Moduli of Enhanced Porosity (Pervious) Concretes Using Reconstructed 3D Material Structures

Enhanced Porosity Concrete (EPC), also known as pervious concrete is a macroporous material that is finding applications in parking areas and low volume pavements because of its ability to transport a large amount of storm water through its porous material structure. Majority of the current research focuses on the functional performance of this material, with scant research on its mechanical behavior. In this study, a computational procedure is implemented on two-dimensional planar images of EPC to reconstruct three-dimensional material structures. The 3D reconstructed digital image data is used as an input to a finite element program to calculate the effective linear elastic properties of the material when subjected to applied macroscopic strains. EPC consists of three phases – the aggregates, the paste surrounding the aggregates, and the pores. In order to reduce the complications associated with assigning each of these phases different elastic moduli, each aggregate (assumed to be spherical in shape) surrounded by a paste shell, is mapped into an effective particle having a uniform elastic modulus, which is then input into the program to calculate the effective elastic modulus of the composite. The paste thicknesses for different EPC mixtures are obtained from an image analysis procedure. Ultrasonic pulse velocity method is used to experimentally determine the elastic modulus of several EPC mixtures proportioned using different aggregate sizes and blends. The results of the predictions using the computational method, and the experimental values are in good agreement.
Regulation of Assembly of the Spectrin-Based Membrane Skeleton in Chicken Embryo Erythroid Cells

How newly synthesized proteins are routed to their proper locations and assembled into higher-order structures within the cell remains a challenge to cell biology. The magnitude of the problem is considerable, given that some newly synthesized proteins such as secreted immunoglobulins (Dulis, 1983) are destined for secretion from cells, others such as many glycoproteins (Fitting and Kabat, 1982; Polonoff et al., 1982) or hormone or neurotransmitter receptors (Jacobs et al., 1983; Merlie et al., 1982) become integrated into the plasma membrane, and the remaining proteins reside in intracellular vesicles, membranes, cytoskeletal structures, the nucleus, or the cytoplasm. As illustrated below, the selection of a protein’s destination can be made either cotranslationally or posttranslationally.
Further limit theorems

In this section we give several more limit theorems about S n including the central limit theorem and the law of the iterated logarithm. The state space I will now be assumed to be positive class, in fact except in Theorem 1 below the stronger assumption that m ii (2) < ∞ for some and hence all i will be made.
A path to energy-efficient spiking delayed feedback reservoir computing system for brain-inspired neuromorphic processors

Following the computation revolution in the field of machine learning, the reservoir computing system has shown its promising perspectives toward mimicking our mammalian brains, with comparable performance to other conventional neuromorphic computing systems. In this work, we proposed a spiking delayed feedback reservoir (S-DFR) computing system, which is embedded with the temporal encoding scheme, the Mackey-Glass (MG) nonlinear transfer function, and the dynamic delayed feedback loop. By adopting the temporal encoding scheme as the signal processing module, pre- and post-neuron signals are represented by the digitized pulse train with alterable time intervals. Experimental results demonstrate its rich dynamic behaviors with merely 206μW of power consumption; furthermore, the system robustness is studied and analyzed through the Monte-Carlo simulation. To the best of our knowledge, our proposed S-DFR computing system represents the first analog integrated circuit (IC) implementation of the time delay reservoir (TDR) computing system.
Romiplostim Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia.

PURPOSEChemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT) leads to delay or reduction in cancer treatment. There is no approved treatment.METHODSWe conducted a phase II randomized trial of romiplostim ver...
Addition of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist therapy to insulin in C‐peptide‐positive patients with type 1 diabetes

We aimed to test the hypothesis that addition of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) to insulin in C-peptide-positive patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) will result in a reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) with reduced insulin requirements and a rise in C-peptide concentrations. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 11 normal-weight patients with T1D consecutively treated with a GLP-1RA in addition to insulin. Paired t tests were used to compare the changes in HbA1c, insulin doses, body weight, body mass index, and C-peptide concentrations prior to and 12 ± 1 weeks after GLP-1RA therapy. At the end of 12 ± 1 weeks of GLP-1RA therapy, HbA1c fell from 10.74 ± 0.96% (95 ± 10.5 mmol/mol) to 7.4 ± 0.58% (58 ± 6.3mmol/mol) (P < 0.01), body weight fell from 71 ± 2.0 to 69 ± 2 kg (P = 0.06), and total insulin dose was reduced by 64% from 33 ± 6 to 11 ± 5 units (P < 0.01). Five out of 10 patients did not require any insulin. C-peptide concentrations increased significantly from 0.43 ± 0.09 ng/ml (0.14 ± 0.02 nmol/L) to 1.42 ± 0.42ng/ml (0.47 ± 0.13 nmol/L) (P = 0.01). Addition of GLP-1RA therapy to insulin in normal-weight patients with T1D led to a reduction in HbA1c with reduced insulin requirements, a 3.5-fold increase in C-peptide concentrations and freedom from insulin therapy in 50% of patients who tolerated the GLP-1RA therapy over a period of 12 ± 1 weeks.
Biomechanical analysis of the timed up-and-go (TUG) test in children with and without Down syndrome.

Abstract Background The timed up-and-go (TUG) test consists of multiple functional activities of daily living performed in a sequence, with the goal to complete the test as quickly as possible. Considering children with Down syndrome (DS) have been shown to take longer to complete the TUG test, it is imperative to identify which tasks are problematic for this population in order to individualize physical interventions. Research question Is the biomechanical pattern of each functional task during the TUG test different between children with DS and typically developing (TD) children? Methods Thirteen children with DS and thirteen TD children aged 5–11 years old completed the TUG test. Kinematic data was captured using a Vicon motion capture system. We visually coded the TUG test into five phases: sit-to-stand, walk-out, turn-around, walk-in, and stand-to-sit. We focused on the center-of-mass (COM) movement in the sit-to-stand phase, spatiotemporal parameters in the walk-out phase, and intersegmental coordination in the turn-around phase. Results and significance Children with DS took longer to complete the entire test, as well as each of the five phases. During the sit-to-stand phase, children with DS produced smaller peak vertical COM velocity, medial-lateral COM excursion, and peak knee and hip extension velocity compared to TD peers. Children with DS walked at a slower velocity during the walk-out phase. Both groups demonstrated a similar intersegmental coordination pattern between the head, thorax, and pelvis during the turn-around phase although children with DS had slower average and peak angular velocity at the head, thorax, and pelvis. Our results suggest that children with DS were less able to anticipate transitioning between motor tasks and took longer to initiate motor tasks. Our TUG analysis provides the detailed insights to help evaluate individual motor tasks as well as the transition from one task to another for clinical populations.
The Influence of Direct and Overheard Messages on Children's Attitudes Toward Novel Social Groups.

Individuals often develop negative biases toward unfamiliar or denigrated groups. Two experimental studies were conducted to investigate the extent to which brief negative messages about novel social groups influence children's (4- to 9-year-olds'; N = 153) intergroup attitudes. The studies examined the relative influence of messages that are provided directly to children versus messages that are overheard and examined whether the force of these messages varies with children's age. According to implicit and explicit measures of children's intergroup attitudes, children rapidly internalized messages demeaning novel groups, thus forming negative attitudes toward outgroups merely on the basis of hearsay. These effects were generally stronger among older children, and were particularly pronounced when the message was provided directly to children.
Pulmonary hypertension subjects exhibit right ventricular transient exertional dilation during supine exercise stress echocardiography.

Pulmonary hypertension is a condition with high morbidity and mortality. Resting transthoracic echocardiography is a pivotal diagnostic and screening test for pulmonary hypertension. The role of ex...
Immunoradiometric quantitation of tissue plasminogen activator-related antigen in human plasma: crypticity phenomenon and relationship to plasma fibrinolysis.

A two-site immunoradiometric assay for tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen has been developed using immunoaffinity purified antibody. Various treatments enhanced the detection of tPA antigen in the plasma samples. Maximum detection was obtained by acidification of plasma to pH 4.8 to 6.5 or addition of 0.5 mol/L of L-lysine or L- arginine. Acidification or addition of lysine to plasma is also required for maximum immunoadsorption of plasma tPA antigen on anti-tPA- Ig-sepharose. These results indicate that plasma tPA antigen is partially cryptic to antibody in untreated plasma. The plasma tPA antigen isolated by immunoadsorption of either untreated plasma or acidified plasma on anti-tPA-Ig-sepharose consists mainly of a 100-kd plasminogen activator species as determined by fibrin-agar zymography. The 100-kd activity is possibly a tPA:inhibitor complex. A standardized sample preparation method was conveniently adopted by mixing 3 vol of plasma and 1 vol of 2 mol/L of L-lysine for the assay. Reconstitution and recovery studies showed that the method is specific and permits full detection of both free tPA and tPA:inhibitor complex. The validity of the assay is further supported by the finding that the spontaneous plasma fibrinolysis previously demonstrated to be dependent on plasma tPA antigen is correlated with tPA antigen content. Using the standardized assay, we found that tPA antigen concentrations in 16 blood bank plasmas are equivalent to 3.7 to 20 ng of 60 kd tPA/mL. In all the plasma tested, more than half of the antigen is undetected unless the plasma is treated as described above.
A deep learning-based hybrid approach for the solution of multiphysics problems in electrosurgery

Abstract Multiphysics modeling of evolving topology in the electrosurgical dissection of soft hydrated tissues is a challenging problem, requiring heavy computational resources. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach that leverages the regressive capabilities of deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) with the precision of conventional solvers to accelerate multiphysics computations. The electro-thermal problem is solved using a finite element method (FEM) with a Krylov subspace-based iterative solver and a deflation-based block preconditioner. The mechanical deformation induced by evaporation of intra- and extracellular water is obtained using a CNN model. The CNN is trained using a supervised learning framework that maps the nonlinear relationship between the micropore pressure and deformation field for a given tissue topology. The simulation results show that the hybrid approach is significantly more computationally efficient than a FEM-based solution approach using a block-preconditioned Krylov subspace solver and a parametric solution approach using a proper generalized decomposition (PGD) based reduced order model. The accuracy of the hybrid approach is comparable to the ground truth obtained using a standard multiphysics solver. The hybrid approach overcomes the limitations of end-to-end learning including the need for massive datasets for training the network.
Invasive Hemodynamic Characteristics in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve-In-Valve Implantation for Treatment of Tricuspid Stenosis:

Background:We sought to describe invasive hemodynamic measurements in patients with tricuspid stenosis (TS) undergoing transcatheter tricuspid valve-in-valve (TVIV) implantation immediately pre- an...
The Relation of Articulatory and Vocal Auditory–Motor Control in Typical Speakers

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between feedback and feedforward control of articulation and voice by measuring reflexive and adaptive responses to first formant (...
The what, why, and physiologic cost of leaky gut syndrome

Heat stress and metabolic maladaptation to lactation (ketosis) are 2 economically devastating hurdles to profitability. These stressors affect herds of all sizes and almost every dairy region in the world. The biology of heat stress and ketosis has been studied for almost a half century, but the negative impacts of both are as evident today as they were 30 years ago. Our recent discoveries suggest that endotoxin is the common culprit in both disorders and the intestine appears to be the etiological origin of both metabolic disorders. Endotoxin stimulates the immune system and activated leukocytes switch their metabolism away from oxidative phosphorylation to rely more on aerobic glycolysis. In multiple species, we estimate that immune activation consumes about 0.45 g glucose/lb (1 g/kg) BW0.75 or about 0.9 lb (2 kg) glucose/day in an adult lactating dairy cow. Thus, an activated immune system reprioritizes nutrient partitioning away from the synthesis of economically valuable products.
A Race of Devils: Race-Making, Frankenstein, and The Modern Prometheus:

This essay engages Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus as a salient intervention into modern political theory. I analyze the work as a cipher for the tensions inhabiting Euro-moder...
Utility of Length of Stay and Direct Cost in Evaluating for Disparities in Pediatric Inpatient Care on a General Medical/Surgical Ward

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Numerous studies have described disparities in healthcare utilization, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of pediatric medical and surgical conditions according to patient demographic factors. However, disparities in care may also depend on multiple local factors, and published trends may not apply to individual hospitals and patient populations. Additionally, methods for data collection and available metrics may vary substantially between health systems. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess our local tertiary care institution for disparities in outcomes among inpatients discharged …
The Role of Parent Educational Attainment in Parenting and Children’s Development:

Socioeconomic status (SES)—indexed via parent educational attainment, parent occupation, and family income—is a powerful predictor of children’s developmental outcomes. Variations in these resource...
Tricuspid regurgitation associated with implantable electrical device insertion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and permanent pacemaker (PPM) lead placement may worsen or result in tricuspid regurgitation (TR). While the association between lead placement and the incidence of TR has been established, current understanding of this problem remains incomplete. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to pool the existing evidence to better understand the occurrence and severity of TR associated with cardiac implantable electrical device (CIED) insertion. METHODS An electronic search was performed to identify all relevant studies published from 2000 to 2018. Overall, 15 studies were selected for the analysis comprising 4019 patients with data reported on TR development following ICD or PPM lead placement. Demographic information, perioperative clinical variables, and clinical outcome measures, including pre and postoperative echocardiographic TR grade changes, were extracted and pooled for systematic review. RESULTS Mean patient age was 69 years [95% CI: 64.62-73.59], and 63% [95% CI: 57-68] were male. Devices implanted included ICD in 57% [95%CI: 43-70] and PPM in 41% [95%CI: 31-52]. The most common indications for pacemaker implantation were sick sinus syndrome in 22% [95% CI: 22-37] and AV block in 21% [95%CI:12-34. The commonest indications for ICD implantation were primary and secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Atrial fibrillation was present in 37% [95%CI: 28-46] and congestive heart failure in 15% [95%CI: 2-57]. Baseline distribution of TR grades were as follows: grade 0/1 TR in 89% [95%CI: 82-93], grade 2 TR in 8% [95%CI: 5-13], grade 3 TR in 2% [95%CI: 0-7] and grade 4 TR in 2% [95%CI: 1-4]. Post-procedure, grade 0/ 1 TR decreased to 68% [95% CI: 51-81] (p < 0.01), grade 2 TR increased to 21% [15-28] (p < 0.01), grade 3 TR increased to 13% [95%CI: 5-32] (p = 0.02), and grade 4 TR increased to 7% [95%CI: 5-9] (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION ICD and PPM lead placement is associated with increased TR post-procedure. Further studies are warranted to evaluate changes in TR grade in the long term.
Bilateral pheochromocytomas

Bilateral pheochromocytomas most often occur as components of well-described syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2a and 2b, von Hippel-Lindau disease and neurofibromatosis. We describe 4 patients with isolated bilateral pheochromocytomas; their tumors arose in the absence of stigmata and family history of the syndromes. The manifestations of these 4 individuals are compared with those of 14 other patients who developed pheochromocytomas in both adrenal glands as part of the syndromes. The 4 patients with the isolated pheochromocytomas manifest more rapidly progressing disease: they were 10–14 yrs of age, distinctly younger than those with the syndrome. Three of the 4 exhibited adrenal medullas that were composed entirely of tumor in contrast to the hyperplasia that usually accompanies other bilateral pheochromocytomas. However, malignant transformation of pheochromocytomas was seen both in a non-syndrome patient and in a patient with Lindau’s disease.