cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airline Crew Scheduling Under Uncertainty

Airline crew scheduling algorithms widely used in practice assume no disruptions. Because disruptions often occur, the actual cost of the resulting crew schedules is often greater. We consider algorithms for finding crew schedules that perform well in practice. The deterministic crew scheduling model is an approximation of crew scheduling under uncertainty with the assumption that all pairings will operate as planned. We seek better approximate solution methods for crew scheduling under uncertainty that still remain tractable. We give computational results from three fleets that indicate that the crew schedules obtained from our method perform better in a model of operations with disruptions than the crew schedules found via deterministic methods. Under mild assumptions we provide a lower bound on the cost of an optimal crew schedule in operations, and we demonstrate that some of the crew schedules found using our method perform very well relative to this lower bound.
Packet Dispersion in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks

Packet dispersion techniques have been commonly used to estimate bandwidth in wired networks. However, current packet dispersion techniques were developed for wired network environments and can provide inaccurate results in wireless networks due to wireless capacity variability over short time scales. This paper develops an analytical model to investigate packet dispersion behavior in wireless networks. The packet dispersion model is validated using both an extended ns-2 simulator that includes 802.11 MAC layer rate adaptation and wireless 802.11b testbed measurements. Utilizing the model, this study shows that packet dispersion measures effective capacity and achievable throughput of wireless networks instead of the maximum capacity as in wired networks. Additionally, mean and variance of packet dispersion in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks is analyzed while considering the impact of channel conditions such as packet size, link rate, bit error rate and RTS/CTS.
Testing the Tug-of-War Model of Bidirectional Transport In Vivo

Molecular motor proteins are responsible for force generation in myriad cellular processes. Much of our understanding of how motors function has benefited from force measurements and manipulation at the single molecule level in vitro. We report on novel optical trapping methodology capable of precise in vivo stall-force measurements of individual endogenous cargoes hauled by molecular motors in their native environment. We present unprecedented stall force histograms of motor-driven lipid droplets in Drosophila embryos. Force measurements show that equal numbers of kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein haul each cargo in opposite directions. Critically, by measuring cargo dynamics in the optical trap, we find that there is memory: it is more likely for a cargo to resume motion in the same direction -rather than reverse direction- after the motors transporting it detach from the microtubule due to the trap force. This suggests that only motors of one polarity are active on the cargo at any instant in time and is not consistent with the tug-of-war models of bidirectional transport where both polarity motors can bind the microtubules at all times. We further use the optical trap to measure, in vivo, the detachment rates from microtubules of kinesin-1 and dynein-driven lipid droplets. Unlike what is commonly assumed, we find that dynein's but not kinesin's detachment time in vivo increases with opposing load. This suggests that dynein's interaction with microtubules behaves like a catch bond and further argues in favor of a regulatory model for bidirectional transport.
Hardware support for the Seamless programming model

The communication latency problem is presented with special emphasis on RISC (reduced instruction set computer) based multiprocessors. An interprocessor communication model for parallel programs based on locality is presented. This model enables the programmer to manipulate locality at the language level and to take advantage of currently available system hardware to reduce latency. A hardware node architecture for a latency-tolerant RISC-based multiprocessor, called Seamless, that supports this model, is presented. The Seamless architecture includes the addition of a hardware locality manager to each processing element, as well as an integral runtime environment and compiler. >
Second World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: mediators, pediatric insulin resistance, the polycystic ovary syndrome, and malignancy.

This is the second in a series of articles on the Second World Congress on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Universal City, California, 18–20 November 2004. Jacqueline Dekker (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) presented data from the Hoorn Study on the predictive power of insulin resistance syndrome diagnosis, pointing out that the public health role of identifying a person as having insulin resistance syndrome includes the ability to characterize populations to better understand the pathogenesis of adverse outcome, to allow comparison of characteristics of individuals in differing populations, and to serve a communications function in increasing risk awareness, particularly allowing identification of high-risk groups for cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and diabetes. An important question is whether the existing definitions allow optimal diagnosis of high-risk groups. Comparing the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP)-III and American College of Endocrinology (ACE) definitions (1), she noted that the ACE definition starts with high-risk individuals, including non-Caucasian ethnicity, cigarette use, obesity, CVD, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, acanthosis nigricans, history of gestational diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and family history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or CVD. The Hoorn Study included 2,484 individuals aged 50–75 in 1989–1990, with follow-up examination in 1996–1998, and population registry ascertainment of morbidity and mortality. Of 2,162 without diabetes at baseline, there were 429 deaths, 145 with malignancy and 168 with CVD. Insulin resistance syndrome components for men and women included hypertension in 68 and 66%, abdominal obesity in 16 and 40%, impaired fasting glucose in 14 and 9%, IGT in 21 and 18%, high triglycerides in 35 and 29%, and low HDL cholesterol in 28 and 35%, respectively. Twenty-one and 29% of men and women, respectively, satisfied the ATP-III definition and 46 and 42% the ACE definition of insulin resistance syndrome. Despite the greater number satisfying the ACE …
Elections, information aggregation, and strategic voting

A central role of elections is the aggregation of information dispersed within a population. This article surveys recent work on elections as mechanisms for aggregating information and on the incentives for voters to vote strategically in such elections.
FIBROCYTES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Fibrocytes are circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells that participate in tissue responses to injury and invasion. Accumulating knowledge from animal models regarding the differentiation, trafficking, and function of these cells implicates them in the development of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation and excessive collagen deposition. Recent data obtained from the clinical setting suggests that the enumeration of circulating fibrocytes may be a biomarker for disease progression in chronic lung diseases including asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. A greater understanding of the immunologic mediators that influence fibrocyte biology suggests new opportunities for therapeutic manipulation of these cells in fibrogenesis. This review integrates new developments in the cellular and molecular biology of fibrocytes with current concepts regarding the etiopathogenesis of fibrosing disorders.
On the semantics of when-clauses

This paper is about non-interrogative temporal embedded clauses introduced by when (temporal when-clauses), their semantic interpretation and their syntax/semantics mapping. Our goal is to provide a fully compositional account of temporal when-clauses that accounts for their formal identity with interrogative clauses and their difference in meaning. The main idea is that temporal when-clauses are syntactically and semantically free relative clauses. Previous syntactic analyses (Grimshaw 1977, Bresnan and Grimshaw 1978, a.o) have provided robust support to the syntactic side of this claim. On the other hand, the semantic proposals for temporal when-clauses that we are aware of (Bonomi 1997, Vikner 2004, Moens and Steedman 1988) have ignored these syntactic conclusions and have argued for analyses that are problematic for the syntactic/semantic mapping. These semantic analyses are also not fully adequate in handling the interpretative properties of these clauses. We provide evidence from the distributional and interpretive properties of when-clauses as well as from the temporal alignment of the matrix clause with the when-clause that supports our analysis.
Comparative bioavailability study of two controlled-release pentoxifylline tablet preparations.

The bioavailability of a generic preparation of pentoxifylline sustained-release (SR) tablet was evaluated in comparison with a proprietary product (Trental 400®). For the study, 12 healthy male volunteers participated; the study was conducted according to a randomized, two-way crossover design. The bioavailability was compared using the parameters total area under the plasma level-time curve AUC0−∞, peak plasma concentration Cmax, and time to reach peak plasma concentration Tmax. No statistically significant difference was observed between the values of the two products in all three parameters. The 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC0−∞ values of the generic pentoxifylline over those of Trental 400 was found to lie between 0.83 and 1.00, while that of the parameter Cmax was between 0.91 and 1.29. In addition, elimination half-life t1/2 and apparent volume of distribution Vd were calculated. There was no statistically significant difference between the t1/2Vd values ob...
Chronic Exposure to Particulate Chromate Induces Premature Centrosome Separation and Centriole Disengagement in Human Lung Cells

Particulate hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a well-established human lung carcinogen. Lung tumors are characterized by structural and numerical chromosome instability. Centrosome amplification is a phenotype commonly found in solid tumors, including lung tumors, which strongly correlates with chromosome instability. Human lung cells exposed to Cr(VI) exhibit centrosome amplification but the underlying phenotypes and mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we further characterize the phenotypes of Cr(VI)-induced centrosome abnormalities. We show that Cr(VI)-induced centrosome amplification correlates with numerical chromosome instability. We also show chronic exposure to particulate Cr(VI) induces centrosomes with supernumerary centrioles and acentriolar centrosomes in human lung cells. Moreover, chronic exposure to particulate Cr(VI) affects the timing of important centriolar events. Specifically, chronic exposure to particulate Cr(VI) causes premature centriole disengagement in S and G2 phase cells. It also induces premature centrosome separation in interphase. Altogether, our data suggest that chronic exposure to particulate Cr(VI) targets the protein linkers that hold centrioles together. These centriolar linkers are important for key events of the centrosome cycle and their premature disruption might underlie Cr(VI)-induced centrosome amplification.
Exploring Kenyan Women's Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health problem and global human rights violation. Effective interventions can only be created upon conducting qualitative studies that explore the cultural context of an affected population and how they interpret the phenomenon. This qualitative study investigated Kenyan women’s perceptions of IPV. Two community-based focus groups (n = 19) were conducted with Kenyan women in Nairobi. Conventional content analysis identified seven primary themes that emerged from focus group data: snapshot of violence; poverty; cultural context; masculinity; women taking action; resources; and, prevention strategies. Themes are described and implications for further research and intervention are presented.
Evaluating environmental consequences of producing herbaceous crops for bioenergy.

Abstract The environmental costs and benefits of producing bioenergy crops can be measured both in terms of the relative effects on soil, water and wildlife habitat quality of replacing alternate cropping systems with the designated bioenergy system, and in terms of the quality and amount of energy that is produced per unit of energy expended. While many forms of herbaceous and woody energy crops will likely contribute to future biofuels systems, The Department of Energy's Bioenegy Feedstock Development Program (BFDP), has chosen to focus its primary herbaceous crops research emphasis on a perennial grass species, switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) . The choice of switchgrass as a model bioenergy species was based on its high yields, high nutrient use efficiency and wide geographic distribution. Another important consideration was its positive environmental attributes. The latter include its positive effects on soil quality and stability, its cover value for wildlife, and relatively low inputs of energy, water and agrochemicals required per unit of energy produced. A comparison of the energy budgets for corn, which is the primary current source of bioethanol, and switchgrass reveals that the efficiency of energy production for a perennial grass system can exceed that for an energy intensive annual row crop by as much as 15 times. In addition potential reductions in CO 2 emissions, tied to the energetic efficiency of producing transportation fuels and replacing non-renewable petrochemical fuels with ethanol derived from grasses are very promising. Calculated carbon sequestration rates may exceed those of annual crops by as much as 20–30 times, due in part to carbon storage in the soil. These differences have major implications for both the rate and efficiency with which fossil energy sources can be replaced with cleaner burning biofuels. Current research is emphasizing quantification of changes in soil nutrients and soil organic matter to provide improved understanding of the long term changes in soil quality associated with annual removal of high yields of herbaceous energy crops.
THE GOOD'S MAGNETISM AND ETHICAL REALISM

People support ethical antirealism with various arguments. Gilbert Harman thinks if a property of goodness existed, it would have detectable effects on objects that have it. However, Harman reasons, the “good” has no such detectable effects. Internalists think if “good” objects had some goodness property, that property would bond to desire and action in a way inconsistent with ethical realism. I defend ethical realism from the two arguments. I explain how “good” can both name a property and how objects with that property might dispose people to seek them. This explanation of the good's “magnetism” provides a reply to Harman.
Bioassay of Chemical Protectants and Surface Treatments for the Control of Insects in Stored Sorghum Grain

Good control of coleopterous pests of stored grain was provided with malathion, ronnel, and silica aerogel applied as protectants. Methoxychlor, pyrethrum-piperonyl butoxide combinations, Ruelene® (O-4- tert -butyl-2-chlorophenyl O-methyl methylphosphoramidate) and Sevin® (1-naphthyl N -methylcarbamate) were less effective. Further tests with malathion revealed 1) that effective malathion residues do not persist on sorghum grain treated at moisture contents above 14%, and 2) that malathion does not kill any stages of the rice weevil ( Sitophilus oryzae (L.)) by fumigant action. In experiments with silica aerogel, satisfactory control of rice weevils resulted from applications of 0.05% of the grain by weight. Surface treatments with malathion, malathion and oil, and Sevin were effective against stored grain pests. Applications of silica aerogel, oil and pyrethrum-piperonyl butoxide alone and with oil did not provide adequate control.
Pregnancy-Related Mortality Resulting From Influenza in the United States During the 2009-2010 Pandemic.

Objective To estimate the burden of pregnancy-related mortality resulting from influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus infection during the 2009-2010 pandemic influenza season. Methods Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System were used to identify women whose death during or shortly after pregnancy was attributed or likely attributed to the influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus from April 15, 2009, through June 30, 2010. We report the characteristics of these women and enumerate cases resulting in death as the pandemic began, peaked, and resolved. Results During the pandemic season, we identified 915 pregnancy-related deaths and 4,911,297 live births. Seventy-five (8.2%) women died as a result of confirmed influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection deaths and 34 (3.7%) women as a result of possible influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection deaths. The pregnancy-related mortality ratio for confirmed and possible (combined) influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection deaths was 2.2 per 100,000 live births. Most deaths occurred during the 2009 calendar year with the peak of the distribution of deaths over time occurring in October 2009. Conclusion Twelve percent of pregnancy-related deaths were attributed to confirmed or possible influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection during the 2009-2010 pandemic season. Because prediction of pandemics is difficult, planning for prevention of influenza and care for those women affected are critical for preventing associated severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Level of evidence III.
Teliospore Germination and Genetic Factors Controlling Compatibility in Ustilago Hilariicola

(1965). Teliospore Germination and Genetic Factors Controlling Compatibility in Ustilago Hilariicola. Mycologia: Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 628-633.
The Beverton–Holt q-Difference Equation with Periodic Growth Rate

In this paper, we study the Beverton–Holt equation with periodic inherent growth rate and periodic carrying capacity in the quantum calculus time setting. After a brief introduction to quantum calculus, we solve the Beverton–Holt q-difference equation using the logistic transformation. This leads to a linear q-difference equation where the solution is obtained using variation of parameters. The analysis of the solution aids our investigation of the first and second Cushing–Henson conjectures under the assumption of a periodic growth rate and a periodic carrying capacity. The first Cushing–Henson conjecture holds in the classical sense, which guarantees the existence of a unique periodic solution which is globally attractive. The analysis of the average of the unique periodic solution of the Beverton–Holt q-difference equation yields formulations of modified second Cushing–Henson conjectures.
Duality transformation and non-Kähler couplings and potentials in anN=1 supergravity theory

A condition for the breakdown of the duality transformation to transform a theory with complex linear superfields to the one with chiral scalar superfields is obtained, when coupled to theN-1 old minimal supergravity multiplet. The recently constructedN=1 supergravity theory, with multiple compensators coupled to a chiral scalar matter supper-field, which has non-Kahler couplings and potential, satisfies this condition. We also indicate other ways of satisfying this condition.
Effect of clinical concentrations of halothane on phospholipid-cholesterol membrane fluidity.

Wide variation exists among estimates of the concentration of the inhalation anesthetic halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) in the phospholipid-cholesterol bilayer membrane of a nerve cell exposed to clinical anesthetic concentrations. Attempts to adapt octanol/water partition coefficients to phospholipid-cholesterol bilayer systems, as well as different estimates of the concentration of anesthetic that occur in the lipid region of a nerve cell exposed to a clinical concentration of halothane vapor, have resulted in conflicting conclusions regarding the effects of this anesthetic on nerve membranes. Therefore we have exposed phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol bilayer vesicles to a typical clinical concentration of 1.3% volume of halothane vapor per volume of nitrogen and measured the resultant concentration of halothane in the phospholipid bilayer by gas chromatography. We obtained a value of 30 ± 3 mmoles of halothane per mole of phospholipid-cholesterol for the 1.3% exposure. On the basis of thermodynamic principles of equal chemical potential, we suggest that this concentration obtains in membrane bilayers of the same composition in humans undergoing anesthesia with 1.3% halothane. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of phospholipid-cholesterol bilayers exposed to concentrations of 1.3% or 3.1% volume of halothane vapor per volume of nitrogen indicate that the internal fluidity of these bilayers is increased following exposure to clinical anesthetic concentrations.
Therapeutic possibilities and opportunities for comparative oncopathology.

In reviewing abnormal growth, we may distinguish autonomous and nonautonomous growth processes. The highest diversification is reached in the autonomous non-self-limiting processes, the malignant neoplasms which, if not treated, are characterized by extensive growth and progression. In their development these processes exhibit autonomy on one hand and heterogeneity on the other. Neoplastic and related diseases are extremely complex. It is unacceptable to view them exclusively as genetic or metabolic diseases, or merely as the tumor itself, including its progressive stages, as evidenced in neoplastic metastasis. All these characteristics appear in the different types of neoplastic malignomas, e.g. genetic variations in the neoplastic cells from the normal cells of the parent tissue(s). Included here are tumor progression and cloning of the neoplastic cells, stagewise development of host metabolism and of tumor metabolism; neoplastic hereditary and endocrine-like syndromes as well as paraneoplastic syndromes and cachexia. Neoplastic progression, as observed in the metastatic cascade, derives from the cells of the primary tumor. In contrast, multiple primary tumors originate from different host tissues, whereas the syndromes themselves constitute a symptom complex developing in a neoplasm-bearing host and cannot be assigned to local or distant spread of neoplasms. The only possible explanation for these apparently contrasting processes lies in the interaction of tumor and host metabolism, which seemingly varies in tumor-bearing hosts and in those cases where the tumor has been surgical removed. Antigens and other compounds again show an increase with the usually ensuing secondary tumor spread, a course which provides the basis for most deaths from cancer.
Production and Crystallization of Bacterial Type V Secretion Proteins

X-ray crystallography has become the most powerful approach to determine the three dimensional structures of proteins. The major bottleneck issues in protein crystallography are the availability of high-quality protein samples and the production of diffracting crystals. Since the type V secretion pathway involves unusually large substrate proteins (passenger domains or TpsA) and membrane proteins (β-barrel domains or TpsB), crystallography of type V secretion proteins deals with additional challenges in protein production and crystallization efforts. This chapter presents essential procedures used to generate successful crystals of type V secretion proteins beginning with different options for protein production. Following a description of the preparation and evaluation of crystallization experiments, optimization procedures of initial crystallization conditions are provided. A seeding protocol, employed to grow and obtain larger protein crystals, is also described.
A Brief Review of the Literature on the Relation between Growth and Distribution

The theoretical and empirical literature investigating the relationship between income distribution and growth has usually concentrated on one aspect of this relationship, i.e. it is either analyzed how growth affects income distribution or how an existing or changing income distribution affects the growth performance of an economy.
Racial differences in prostate cancer risk in young HIV-positive and HIV-negative men: a prospective cohort study

African American men have the highest incidence of prostate cancer among ethnic groups, and racial disparity is highest in younger men. Prostate cancer prevalence is rising in HIV-infected men due to improved survival on antiretroviral therapies, yet little is known about racial differences in prostate cancer risk by HIV-infection status and age. This is a prospective cohort study of prostate cancer risk in 2,800 HIV-infected and -uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 40–70 years (22% African American) who were enrolled in the multicenter AIDS cohort study from 1996 to 2010. Poisson regression models were used to examine associations between race and HIV-infection status and prostate cancer risk among men aged 40–70, 40–55, and 56–70 years. Among men aged 40–70 years, incidence rates (IR) per 100,000 person-years were 169 among all men and 276 among African American HIV-infected men. Prostate cancer risk was similar by HIV-infection status (IRR 1.0, 95% CI 0.55–1.82), but nearly threefold higher in African Americans compared to non-African Americans in adjusted models (IRRs 2.66 and 3.22, 95% CIs 1.36–5.18 and 1.27–8.16 for all or HIV-infected men, respectively). Racial disparity in prostate cancer risk was greatest in African American men aged 40–55 years (adjusted IRR 3.31, 95% CI 1.19–9.22). Prostate cancer risk showed associations with family history of prostate cancer (p = 0.001), but not heavy smoking, androgen supplement use, or HIV-related factors. Among MSM, African American HIV-positive and HIV-negative men aged 40–55 years have threefold increased risk of young-onset prostate cancer compared to non-African American men, highlighting the need to make informed decisions about screening in this population.
Association of Charcot-Marie-Tooth gene, SBF2, with taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy in African Americans.

1026Background: Taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy (TIPN) is one of the most important survivorship issues for cancer patients. African Americans (AA) have previously been shown to have an increa...
A multi-layered visualization language for video augmentation

There are many tasks that humans perform that involve observing video streams, as well as tracking objects or quantities related to the events depicted in the video, that can be made more transparent by the addition of appropriate drawings to a video, e.g., tracking the behavior of autonomous robots or following the motion of players across a soccer field. We describe a specification of a general means of describing groups of time-varying discrete visualizations, as well as a demonstration of overlaying those visualizations onto videos in an augmented reality manner so as to situate them in a real-world context, when such a context is available and meaningful. Creating such videos can be especially useful in the case of autonomous agents operating in the real world; we demonstrate our visualization procedures on two example robotic domains. We take the complex algorithms controlling the robots' actions in the real world and create videos that are much more informative than the original plain videos.
Preliminary Results of an HI Survey of a Sample of IRAS Galaxies

We report HI detections in 46 of a sample of 110 galaxies selected from the IRAS circulars and from the point source catalog. This sample forms a subset of the 350 galaxies we have observed so far with the NRAO 91 m telescope at Green Bank, West Virginia. A typical galaxy in our sample lies at a velocity of -3000 km/s, is infrared bright (log (LIR)/L(opt)) ∼0.3 to 0.5) with a luminosity of log (L(IR)/L(sol)) ∼10.2, and contains a hydrogen mass of log (M(HI)/M(sol)) ∼9.5.
Coupling a small battery with a datacenter for frequency regulation

Ancillary services improve grid resiliency by encouraging the active participation of consumers and suppliers in the supply demand matching process. We focus on the frequency regulation ancillary service, which allows large consumers to provide real time grid support by modulating their energy consumption according to grid requirements. State of the art regulation service providers implement frequency support using a fast response battery of large capacity, which absorbs or emits energy in response to the requests from the grid. Although data centers (DC) can provide similar services by exploiting workload elasticity, their slow response time severely limits the ability to provide real time support. In this paper, we develop a coupled DC and battery system which allows a data center to work in conjunction with a small battery to provide fast frequency regulation. Our system eliminates the need for large batteries and solves the issue of slow DC response time. By careful job scheduling through a Lyapunov control mechanism, we show that the DC can act as a virtual battery to amplify the regulation capacity of the physical battery. Our simulations show that the proposed system obtains up to 3.75x reduction in battery size compared to a standalone battery, without affecting the regulation capability. Our system delivers up to 28x improvement in the number of regulation response violations, compared to a standalone battery of similar size.
The Quest for Prevalence: Twentieth-Century Studies—1900–1950

Scientific interest in the prevalence of mental illness in populations waned in the latter decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries for many reasons. As we discussed in Chapter 7, investigators realized that their methods for studying prevalence were extremely crude. (Andrew Halliday’s work in Scotland in 1828 and Jarvis’ work in Massachusetts in 1855 are exceptions.) And questions about the possible relationship between civilization and insanity were so global and imprecise that they could not be evaluated scientifically. Subsequent contributions would be dependent upon advances along three fronts: (1) developing more sophisticated methodology, especially sampling procedures for community and family surveys and analytic techniques for working with data; (2) conducting field studies of general populations to learn about the undiagnosed and untreated; and (3) utilizing healthy controls to provide meaningful comparisons. The lack of a Standard system for diagnosis and classification of the mental disorders hampered the evolution of psychiatric epidemiology.
The ultrastructural basis for the identification of cell types in the pancreatic islets. II. Rabbit, dog and opossum.

The pancreatic islets of rabbit, dog and opossum have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Silver-positive cells in the rabbit are predominantly sandwiched between the peripheral A and central B cells, and by electron microscopy are identified as D cells. Pancreatic islets in the tail of the dog pancreas have A, B, and D (silver-positive) cells, but the islets in the uncinate process of the dog pancreas lack phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin-positive A cells. By electron microscopy the characteristic D cells are found in both tail and uncinate process, but A cells are confined to the tail islets, confirming the identification of cell types. A unique cell type termed the F cell is found in the dog uncinate islets and it is characterized by secretory granules of angular profiles. In the opossum, the A cells contain considerable amounts of glycogen demonstrable by both light and electron microscopy. A unique cell type is also present in the opossum islets termed an E cell (Thomas, 1937), which has large secretory granules (400–500 mμ). The physiological implications of a multiplicity of cell types in pancreatic islets is discussed.
Soft Racism? How Complicating Interpretations of Racism Impact School History

This chapter examines the historic and varied ways that racism has been used to prevent racial equality throughout Missouri’s history. The chapter establishes the conceptual framework of this research and carefully explores the concepts of soft racism, symbolic racism, symbolic violence, and everyday racism. The goal of this chapter is to challenge the notion that racism is singularly expressed via violence and overt actions and offers readers a nuanced look at ways that racism may be expressed.
A Scalable Lentiviral Vector Production and Purification Method Using Mustang Q Chromatography and Tangential Flow Filtration

Lentiviral vectors have rapidly become a favorite tool for research and clinical gene transfer applications which seek to permanently introduce alterations in the genome. This status can be attributed primarily to their ability to transduce dividing as well as quiescent cells. When coupled with internal promotor selection to drive expression in one cell type but not another, the ease with which the vectors can be pseudotyped to either restrict or expand tropism offers unique opportunities previously unavailable to the researcher to manipulate the genome. Although LV can be produced from stable packaging cell lines and/or in suspension culture, by and far, most LV vectors are produced using adherent 293 T cells grown in plasticware and production plasmids transiently transfected with either PEI or Calcium Phosphate. The media is usually changed and un-concentrated vector supernatant collected between 24 and 48 h post-transfection. The supernatant may then be purified by Mustang Q chromatography, concentrated by Tangential Flow Filtration, and finally diafiltered into the final formulation buffer of choice. Here we describe a pilot scale method for the manufacture of a Lentiviral vector that purifies and concentrates approximately 6 L of un-concentrated LV supernatant to approximately 150 mL. Typical titers for most vector constructs range between 1 × 108 and 1 × 109 infectious particles per mL. This method may be performed reiteratively to increase total volume or can be further scaled up to increase yield.
Birefringent-fluid-flow method in engineering

The theories of the birefringent flow are reviewed. The development of the experimental techniques, the search for suitable birefringent fluids, and the application of the method to various engineering problems are presented. The special scattered-light polariscope for the three-dimensional birefringent flow and the research to establish the three-dimensional flow-optic law are discussed. A few examples of three-dimensional flow through straight channels with various cross sections are given.
Persistent Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Landscape Performance of Seed Geraniums

Abstract In 1988, spray applications of 3.5 or 7 ppm paclobutrazol, 1500 ppm chlormequat, or 200 ppm ancymidol were applied to seed geraniums (Pelargonium x hortorum L. H. Bailey ‘Ringo White’ and ...
Detection of DNA Modifications by Sequence-Specific Transcription Factors.

Abstract The establishment, detection, and alteration or elimination of epigenetic DNA modifications are essential to controlling gene expression ranging from bacteria to mammals. The DNA methylations occurring at cytosine and adenine are carried out by SAM-dependent methyltransferases. Successive oxidations of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by Tet dioxygenases generate 5-hydroxymethyl (5hmC), 5-formyl (5fC), and 5-carboxyl (5caC) derivatives; thus, DNA elements with multiple methylation sites can have a wide range of modification states. In contrast, oxidation of N6-methyladenine by homologs of Escherichia coli AlkB removes the methyl group directly. Both Tet and AlkB enzymes are 2-oxoglutarate- and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases. DNA-binding proteins decode the modification status of specific genomic regions. This article centers on two families of sequence-specific transcription factors: bZIP (basic leucine-zipper) proteins, exemplified by the AP-1 and CEBPβ recognition of 5mC; and bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) proteins, exemplified by MAX and TCF4 recognition of 5caC. We discuss the impact of template strand DNA modification on the activities of DNA and RNA polymerases, and the varied tendencies of modifications to alter base pairing and their interactions with DNA repair enzymes.
High speed 8:1 multiplexer and 1:8 demultiplexer implanted with AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs

Development of an 8:1 multiplexer and 1:8 demultiplexer implemented with AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors is reported. The circuits were designed for lightwave communications and operate at data rates above 6 Gbit/s. The intrinsic speed of the circuits can be further increased by design changes with more power allocated per gate and better time matching at the high-speed ends. The circuit design, fabrication, and test results are presented. >
Cardiac Imaging in the Athlete: Shrinking the "Gray Zone".

This review will explore frequently encountered diagnostic challenges and summarize the role cardiac imaging plays in defining the boundaries of what constitutes the athlete’s heart syndrome versus pathology. Investigations have predominantly focused on differentiating the athlete’s heart from potentially lethal pathological conditions that may produce a similar cardiac morphology. Guidelines have identified criteria for identifying definitive pathology, but difficulty arises when individuals fall in the gray zone of expected athletic remodeling and pathology. Transthoracic echo has traditionally been the imaging modality of choice utilizing parameters such as wall thickness, wall:volume ratio, and certain diastolic parameters. Newer echocardiogram techniques such as strain imaging and speckle tracking have potential additive utility but still need further investigation. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has emerged as an additive technique to help differentiate the phenotypic overlap between these groups. Utilizing gadolinium enhancement and T1 mapping along with its excellent spatial resolution can help distinguish pathology from physiology. Both established and novel cardiac imaging modalities have been used for uncovering the at risk athletes with cardiomyopathies. The issue is of practical importance because athletes are frequently referred to the cardiologist with symptoms of fatigue, palpitations, presyncope, and/or syncope concerned about the safety of their future participation. Imaging is a key component of risk stratification and identifying normal findings of the developed athlete and those “at-risk” athletes.
Masked states of an atom coupled to a standing-wave cavity mode

The form of the eigenstates of an atom coupled to a cavity mode displaying a three-dimensional periodic profile are obtained. It is shown that the quantized motion leads to degenerate states where the atomic degrees of freedom are masked, that is, upon detection of one component of this composite system the others remain in an entangled state. When the system is extended to include drive and dissipation it is found to undergo a dissipative quantum phase transition at a critical drive amplitude. Unlike other phase transitions reported in the literature, the degeneracy prepares the system in a superposition of incompatible states upon detection of the electromagnetic field. Probing the field hints at an order above the transition point that, due to state masking, allows for atomic coherence to survive at long times.
Bio-inspired smart vision sensor: toward a reconfigurable hardware modeling of the hierarchical processing in the brain

Biological vision systems inspire processing methods in computer vision applications. This paper employs the insights of vision systems in hardware and presents a pixel-parallel, reconfigurable, and layer-based hierarchical architecture for smart image sensors. The architecture aims to bring computation close to the sensor to achieve high acceleration for different machine vision applications while consuming low power. We logically divide the image into multiple regions and perform pixel-level and region-level processing after removing spatiotemporal redundancy. Those processors use bio-inspired algorithms to activate the regions with region of interest of a scene. The hierarchical processing breaks the traditional sequential image processing and introduces parallelism for machine vision applications. Also, we make the hardware design reconfigurable even after fabrication to make the hardware reusable for different applications. Simulation results show that the area overhead and power penalty for adding reconfigurable features stay in an acceptable range. We emphasize to maximize the operating speed and obtain 800 MHz. Besides, the design saves 84.01% and 96.91% dynamic power at the first and second stages of the hierarchy by removing redundant information. Furthermore, the sequential deployment of high-level reasoning only on the selected regions of the image becomes computationally inexpensive to execute a complex task in real time.
Representation of minorities in randomized lung cancer trials in the United States.

e16517 Background: The SEER data base shows a higher rate of lung cancer mortality for African Americans and a lower lung cancer mortality rate of Hispanics compared to Caucasians in the US. It is ...
Improvements in Isokinetic Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength Testing After Focused Therapy in Patients With Flexion Instability.

Abstract Background There is a paucity of literature to guide non-operative treatment for patients with problems after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We sought to quantify how quadriceps and hamstring strength could improve with focused physical therapy (PT) and whether improving leg strength may prevent revision surgery for patients with flexion instability (FI) after TKA. Methods This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with FI by one of the 4 fellowship-trained arthroplasty surgeons at a single academic institution. Patients with FI were referred for strength measurements and a focused PT program. In total, 166 patients completed isokinetic testing to quantify their relative quadriceps and hamstring power, torque, and work measures compared to their contralateral leg. Fifty-five (33.5%) patients subsequently completed post-PT isokinetic testing. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate strength deficits in the knee with FI. Results Patients with FI were found to be 20.5%-38.4% weaker in all strength domains compared to the contralateral leg (P Conclusion Patients with FI after TKA have significantly weaker quadriceps and hamstrings in the operative compared to contralateral leg. Patients who did not undergo revision knee arthroplasty and completed a formal PT program improved quadriceps and hamstring strength by 30%. Level of evidence IV (Case series).
The Impact of Learning Abroad Programs on Graduate Social Work Students’ Competency Development

This research examines students’ perceptions of how learning abroad programs furthered the development of the nine core EPAS social work competencies. Ninety MSW graduates who participated in a lea...
Association Between Physical Exercise and Cognitive Function Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Objectives:To examine the association between self-reported physical exercise and cognitive function.Design:Secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study.Participants:Community-dwelling old...
Trufflehunter: Cache Snooping Rare Domains at Large Public DNS Resolvers

This paper presents and evaluates Trufflehunter, a DNS cache snooping tool for estimating the prevalence of rare and sensitive Internet applications. Unlike previous efforts that have focused on small, misconfigured open DNS resolvers, Trufflehunter models the complex behavior of large multi-layer distributed caching infrastructures (e.g., such as Google Public DNS). In particular, using controlled experiments, we have inferred the caching strategies of the four most popular public DNS resolvers (Google Public DNS, Cloudflare Quad1, OpenDNS and Quad9). The large footprint of such resolvers presents an opportunity to observe rare domain usage, while preserving the privacy of the users accessing them. Using a controlled testbed, we evaluate how accurately Trufflehunter can estimate domain name usage across the U.S. Applying this technique in the wild, we provide a lower-bound estimate of the popularity of several rare and sensitive applications (most notably smartphone stalkerware) which are otherwise challenging to survey.
Associations between depression subtype and functional impairment and treatment utilization in a national sample of adolescents.

Abstract Background Prior studies have characterized distinct major depressive episode (MDE) subtypes among adults, yet limited evidence exists regarding variation in MDE during adolescence. Methods Using 2008-2016 National Survey of Drug Use and Health data, latent class analysis (LCA) was used to characterize depression subtypes (based on symptom presentation) among 9,896 youth ages 12-17 with recent first-onset MDE. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations of MDE subtype with functional outcomes and treatment utilization, adjusting for demographic characteristics and depression severity (i.e., number of MDE diagnostic criteria and recurrence status) Results A 5-class LCA model provided optimal fit. Three distinct categories of MDE symptoms generally clustered together, which we termed “somatic,” “cognitive,” and “self-worth;” classes were differentiated by distinct combinations of symptoms across these 3 categories. Subtypes were characterized as: Highly Symptomatic (39% of youth); Somatic & Cognitive (24%), Somatic (22%), Diffuse Symptoms (8%), and Somatic & Self-Worth (6%). The majority of youth reported at least moderate impairment across multiple domains; subtype was a significant predictor of functional impairment. Only 34% of youth received any past-year depression-related treatment; treatment utilization was significantly higher for MDE subtypes with the highest prevalences of suicidal ideation. Limitations Due to cross-sectional data, we cannot establish causal directionality. Conclusions Subtype was significantly predictive of functional impairment and treatment utilization, above and beyond number of MDE diagnostic criteria or recurrence status. Understanding distinct profiles of adolescent depression, as well as potential differential associations with impairment, can inform prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of depression among youth.
Orthographic support for word learning in clinical populations: A systematic review

Purpose A systematic review was performed to determine the extent to which orthographic facilitation, a strategy to improve word learning, has been demonstrated in the literature for children and a...