cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction and evaluation of a Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 whole-genome oligonucleotide microarray

Clostridium thermocellum is an anaerobic, thermophilic bacterium that can directly convert cellulosic substrates into ethanol. Microarray technology is a powerful tool to gain insights into cellular processes by examining gene expression under various physiological states. Oligonucleotide microarray probes were designed for 96.7% of the 3163 C. thermocellum ATCC 27405 candidate protein-encoding genes and then a partial-genome microarray containing 70 C. thermocellum specific probes was constructed and evaluated. We detected a signal-to-noise ratio of three with as little as 1.0 ng of genomic DNA and only low signals from negative control probes (nonclostridial DNA), indicating the probes were sensitive and specific. In order to further test the specificity of the array we amplified and hybridized 10 C. thermocellum polymerase chain reaction products that represented different genes and found gene specific hybridization in each case. We also constructed a whole-genome microarray and prepared total cellular RNA from the same point in early-logarithmic growth phase from two technical replicates during cellobiose fermentation. The reliability of the microarray data was assessed by cohybridization of labeled complementary DNA from the cellobiose fermentation samples and the pattern of hybridization revealed a linear correlation. These results taken together suggest that our oligonucleotide probe set can be used for sensitive and specific C. thermocellum transcriptomic studies in the future.
Modelling human expertise in knowledge engineering: some preliminary observations

Abstract This paper reports the results of an empirical analysis of the knowledge engineering behavior of six persons with extensive experience in artificial intelligence (AI). The six persons were given the task of designing an AI program and were videotaped while they did so; during their 2–3 h design sessions, they were asked to talk aloud about what they were doing and why they were doing it. The paper identifies several recurrent behaviors common to all the AI designers. For example, several components of the designers' goal structures are identified, as is the importance of focussing on a “touchstone”, or key issue, around which much of the designer's behavior revolves. Several potential implications of the research for the design of knowledge engineering tools are explored.
767 HOUSE STAFF EDUCATION THROUGH COMPUTER ASSISTED MANAGEMENT(CAM) OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE

Despite their generalized availability, acceptance of computers into Neonatal units(NICU) has been slow and their impact on care minimal. To facilitate staff education and standardize ventilator management we adapted an algorithm on mechanical ventilation into a user-friendly basic computer program. To determine its effectiveness we compared incidence of resolution of arterial blood gas(ABG) derangements in 2 groups of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: 10 infants managed by house staff assisted by consultation with computer(CAM) and 10 infants managed by spontaneous staff actions(Spont) before introduction of computer into NICU. ABG derangements(PaO2 80, PaCO2 50, or combinations thereof) were assessed and improvement defined by correction of the ABG abnormality following a ventilator change. Staff followed computer recommendations only 48/75 (64%); however, following computer recommendation, ABG improved 46/48(96%) compared with alternate decisions (19/27, 70%,p<0.005). Overall, ABG improvement occurred more frequently with CAM(65/75, 87%) than with Spont(37/57, 65%, p<0.005). Additionally unnecessary increases in ventilatory settings were observed on 7 occasions with Spont and never with CAM. We conclude that normalization of ABG and subsequent weaning from the ventilator is more effectively accomplished with CAM. This validation that CAM can be of benefit to both the staff and their patients will hasten acceptance of computers into the NICU. A properly applied computer program may assist a large rotating house staff in understanding mechanical ventilation resulting in more effective care.
Effect of water content and alumina additions on the transformation range properties of Na2O3SiO2 glasses

Abstract Three series of glasses based on Na2O3SiO2 glass, with substitutions of 15 and 25 mol% Al2O3 for SiO2, were prepared with varying water content by varying melting atmosphere and time. The viscosity and transformation temperature decrease with increasing water content. The effect of water content increases with increasing Al2O3 content. The results are explained in terms of the hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl with the surrounding glass network.
Removal of cosmogenic 7Be from scintillators

Abstract Cosmogenic Be can provide a substantial background to low threshold and low counting rate scintillation detectors such as the Borexino solar neutrino detector. The efficacy of various 7Be removal techniques is examined. Distillation appears to be the best with a reduction factor of at least 1000 per stage.
An international comparative assessment of construction cost overruns for electricity infrastructure

Earlier this year, we assessed the construction costs affiliated with 401 electricity infrastructure projects worldwide. We found that these projects collectively involved $820 billion worth of investment, and represented more than 325,000 MW of installed capacity and 8500 km of transmission lines. Taken together, these projects incurred $388 billion in cost overruns, equivalent to a mean cost escalation of $968 million per project, or a 66.3 percent overrun per project. In this article, we extend upon that earlier analysis to explain how hydroelectric dams, nuclear reactors, wind farms, solar facilities, fossil fueled thermal plants, and transmission lines pose distinct construction risks. We highlight that electricity infrastructure is prone to cost overrun issues almost independently of technology or location, that hydroelectric dams and nuclear reactors have the greatest amount and frequency of cost overruns, even when normalized to overrun per installed MW, and that solar and wind projects seem to present the least construction risk. Consequently, investors, electric utilities, public officials, and energy analysts need to rethink and reevaluate the methodologies they use to predict construction timetables and calculate budgets.
Improving distribution operations: Implementation of material handling systems

Abstract Academic research has primarily focused on the technical factors of material handling systems, with little or no discussion of human factors. In order to improve the performance of distribution operations, we found that the implementation of material handling systems involves both human and technical factors. These human and technical factors interact over time and go through three somewhat overlapping transitional stages. In the first stage, both human and technical problems exist; however, human problems dominate, and require conflict management skills to resolve. In the second stage, human problems improve, but technical problems persist, requiring formal problem-solving methods to resolve. Finally, in the third stage, both human and technical problems improve. It is important to recognize these transitional stages because they must be effectively managed in order for the material handling functions to perform at the optimal level. Implications of this research, including directions for future research, are also provided.
Using Digital Imaging in Classroom & Outdoor Activities

Kcently Mills et al. (2001) described how a Pixera Professional digital camera and associated equipment could be used effectively in a microbiology class to assist students in capturing macroscopic and microscopic images of yeast and bacteria found in wine. Mills et al. (2001) showed that the digital equipment and techniques released students from the time consuming task of hand drawing what they saw in the eyepiece of the microscope and also produced computer files that could be made available to students as prints, images on web pages, CDs, etc. to review and reinforce what had been seen previously in the laboratory. The rapidity with which images could be taken and the ability to generate an archive of images as a teaching resource also were shown to be significant advantages to such a system (Mills et al. 2001). Their study clearly demonstrated that a digital system could be used effectively in many biology classes using microscopes. Although the Pixera (and similar digital imaging systems) works well in the laboratory situation described by Mills et al. (2001), it is a relatively low resolution system by recent standards (1.2 megapixel). It is not designed as a stand alone camera, and cannot be taken outdoors for use on activities such as field trips.
Future developments in the treatment of lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer deaths in the western world. Despite some improvements in treatment results, especially by the use of combined treatment modalities, the overall prognosis is still very poor, and less than 15% of the patients survive 5-year after primary diagnosis. Through rapid developments in biotechnology and increased knowledge about important signaling pathways leading to cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastases, new treatment possibilities with specific targeted therapies have emerged for chemoprevention and treatment of lung cancer. Together with developments of new technology available for early diagnosis new paradigms for management of lung cancer are under development with great promises for improvement of the overall prognosis.
STUDIES ON CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE SURVIVAL IN VITRO OF A MALARIAL PARASITE (PLASMODIUM LOPHURAE)

The survival of Plasmodium lophurae in vitro, at temperatures of 39.5-42 degrees C., is favored by a balanced salt solution having a high potassium content, by aeration but not by a very high oxygen tension, by an optimal density of parasites per cubic millimeter, by frequent renewal of the suspending medium, by concentrated red cell extract, by optimal concentrations of plasma or serum, of chick embryo extract, of glucose or glycogen, and of glutathione, and probably by yeast extract and a very low concentration of liver extract. In the best preparations, as judged by infectivity, more than 40 per cent of the parasites were alive on the 3rd day, more than 20 per cent on the 4th day, perhaps 1 per cent on the 5th day, and about 0.05 per cent on the 6th day. Evidence was obtained that the parasites had multiplied during the 1st day of incubation.
Hydrogen from Biomass: Steam Reforming of Model Compounds of Fast-Pyrolysis Oil

We investigated the production of hydrogen by the catalytic steam reforming of model compounds of biomass fast-pyrolysis oil (bio-oil). Acetic acid, m-cresol, dibenzyl ether, glucose, xylose, and sucrose were reformed using two commercial nickel-based catalysts for steam reforming naphtha. The experiments were conducted at a methane-equivalent gas hourly space velocity (GC1HSV) from 500 to 11790 h-1. Steam-to-carbon ratios (S/C) of 3 and 6 and catalyst temperatures from 550 to 810 °C were selected. Rapid coking of the catalyst was observed during acetic acid reforming at temperatures lower than 650 °C. Acetic acid, m-cresol, and dibenzyl ether were completely converted to hydrogen and carbon oxides above this temperature, and hydrogen yields ranged from 70 to 90% of the stoichiometric potential, depending on the feedstock and reforming conditions. Sugars were difficult to reform because they readily decomposed through pyrolysis in the freeboard of the reactor. This led to the formation of char and gases b...
Estimating Target Lengths Shorter Than the Radar Pulse Width

This paper discusses the performance and sensitivity of a maximum-likelihood length estimation algorithm which was originally developed to estimate the separation between unresolved point scatterers. It shows that when the two-scatterer target model is valid, the algorithm reliably estimates lengths shorter than the Rayleigh limit provided that the strength of no third interior scatterer (or its equivalent created by a few very closely spaced scatterers) is greater than the geometric mean of the strengths of the fore and aft scatterers.
Comment on “A Test of the Snowball Theory for the Rate of Evolution of Hybrid Incompatibilities”

Matute et al. (Reports, 17 September 2010, p. 1518) tested the theory that the number of genes involved in hybrid incompatibility increases faster than linearly. However, the method they used is inappropriate because it detects genes that are haploinsufficient in a hybrid background but that would not contribute to lethality in wild-type hybrids, thus overestimating the frequency of hybrid inviability.
Hiding Secret Messages in Huffman Trees

A novel scheme for hiding information in Huffman trees is presented. Huffman trees are graphical representations of Huffman codes, which are optimal prefix-free codes generated by a simple algorithm given the distribution of the symbols. Huffman codes are used by MP3 and JPEG file formats for compressing audio and image files, but are also used for text documents and other digital media. The capacity, robustness and security of the information hiding scheme are analyzed and measured empirically. The results show that the scheme achieves a low capacity relative to the size of the cover-object and that the channel is not robust against an active adversary which knows about the channel. The security results show that an informed passive adversary's detection accuracy is greater than 90% if she has access to the symbol distribution and equivalent to pure guessing otherwise.
Effect of nanotube alignment on percolation conductivity in carbon nanotube/polymer composites

Percolation conductivity of a stick network depends on alignment as well as concentration. We show that both dependences exhibit critical (power-law) behavior, and study the alignment threshold in detail. The highest conductivity occurs for slightly aligned, rather than isotropic, sticks. Experiments on single wall carbon nanotube composites are supported by Monte Carlo simulations. These results should be broadly applicable to percolating networks of anisotropic conductors.
Designing the Knowledge Integration Environment

The Knowledge Integration Environment (KIE) activities were designed to promote lifelong science learning. This paper describes the partnership process that guided the design as well as the Scaffolded Knowledge Integration framework that gave the partnership a head start on creating effective materials. KIE activities take advantage of internet materials to engage students in debate of science questions like 'how far does light go?', to make scientifically oriented design decisions, and to critique science claims in the popular press. Other papers in this collection describe the design studies carried out to improve KIE activities. These studies have implications for improving the Scaffolded Knowledge Integration framework and can inform future designers of science instruction.
The excess thermodynamic properties of solutions of isotopic isomers, one in the other

Abstract An analysis of the excess free energy of solutions of isotopic isomers is given. It is demonstrated that consideration of the contribution of internal degrees of freedom is essential and in the case of solutions of C 6 H 6 C 6 D 6 this term predominates.
The 176Lu(t,p)178Lu reaction. The influence of shell gaps and blocking on L = 0 strength☆

Abstract The 176 Lu(t, p) 178 Lu reaction shows two levels, at 98±40 and 1329±40 KeV, which are strongly populated by L = 0 transitions. The ratio of intensities for these two states is 0.85. This is larger than any comparable ratio of two-neutron transfer strengths in the rare-earth or actinide regions of deformation. Yet the cross sections are nearly a factor of two smaller than cross sections for comparable states in even-even nuclei. The explanation of our results requires a detailed analysis of both the shape and pairing degrees of freedom.
Quantitative analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans sperm motility and how it is affected by mutants spe11 and unc54.

The sperm of Caenorhabditis elegans translocate in a fashion similar to sperm of Ascaris suum even though their pseudopods are longer, more plastic in shape, and form multiple expansion zones around their perimeter. Mutants in spe-11 form primary spermatocytes with a defective perinuclear region, but the resulting spermatozoa can still crawl and fertilize eggs. However, the resultant zygotes die due to the absence of sperm-supplied spe-11. Computer-assisted analysis of translocating spe-11 sperm reveals a novel defect in the dynamic morphology of their pseudopods. A similar analysis of the C. elegans mutant unc-54, which lacks the most abundant isoform of myosin II, reveals no defect in sperm motility, as expected, since C. elegans sperm have substituted the protein MSP for actin in the process of pseudopod expansion. These results reveal an unexpected defect in the dynamic morphology of pseudopods of spe-11 sperm. This defect, however, does not significantly affect crawling velocity, and it demonstrates how computer-assisted motion analysis systems can reveal subtle behavioral phenotypes in C. elegans mutant spermatozoa. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 37:98–110, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Nephrotoxicity of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol and 2-amino-4-chlorophenol in the Fischer 344 rat☆

Aminophenols and halogenated anilines induce nephrotoxicity and mild hepatotoxicity in rats. In this study, the in vivo and in vitro nephrotoxic potential of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol and 2-amino-4-chlorophenol, monochlorinated aminophenols and potential metabolites of 3-chloroaniline, was evaluated. Hepatotoxicity of both compounds was also examined in vivo. Male Fischer 344 rats (four/group) were administered 4-amino-2-chlorophenol hydrochloride (0.4, 0.8 or 1.0 mmol/kg), 2-amino-4-chlorophenol hydrochloride (0.4, 0.8 or 1.2 mmol/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally (i.p.) and renal and hepatic function monitored for 48 h. Administration of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol (0.8 mmol/kg) induced nephrotoxicity, while only minor changes in kidney function were observed following administration of 0.4 mmol/kg of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol or 0.8 mmol/kg of 2-amino-4-chlorophenol. Increasing the dose of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol to 1.0 mmol/kg or 2-amino-4-chlorophenol to 1.2 mmol/kg resulted in lethality. Nephrotoxicity induced by 4-amino-2-chlorophenol was characterized by diuresis, increased proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and kidney weight, and marked proximal tubular damage, while 2-amino-4-chlorophenol induced milder effects on renal function and transient oliguria instead of diuresis. No hepatotoxicity was observed with either compound at any dose tested. In the in vitro studies, the direct effects of 4-amino-2-chlorophenol or 2-amino-4-chlorophenol on organic ion accumulation, pyruvate-stimulated gluconeogenesis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage were determined using renal cortical slices. 4-Amino-2-chlorophenol and 2-amino-4-chlorophenol were almost equally effective in inhibiting organic anion or cation uptake and gluconeogenesis or increasing LDH leakage, although small differences in the minimum effective concentrations were present (minimum effective concentration, 0.01-0.5 mM range). These results demonstrate that 4-amino-2-chlorophenol is a more potent nephrotoxicant than 2-amino-4-chlorophenol in vivo. The results also indicate that the addition of a chloride group to aminophenols enhances renal toxicity.
A molecular phylogeny of the Canidae based on six nuclear loci

We have reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of 23 species in the dog family, Canidae, using DNA sequence data from six nuclear loci. Individual gene trees were generated with maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analysis. In general, these individual gene trees were not well resolved, but several identical groupings were supported by more than one locus. Phylogenetic analysis with a data set combining the six nuclear loci using MP, ML, and Bayesian approaches produced a more resolved tree that agreed with previously published mitochondrial trees in finding three well-defined clades, including the red fox-like canids, the South American foxes, and the wolf-like canids. In addition, the nuclear data set provides novel indel support for several previously inferred clades. Differences between trees derived from the nuclear data and those from the mitochondrial data include the grouping of the bush dog and maned wolf into a clade with the South American foxes, the grouping of the side-striped jackal (Canis adustus) and black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) and the grouping of the bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) with the raccoon dog (Nycteruetes procyonoides). We also analyzed the combined nuclear+mitochondrial tree. Many nodes that were strongly supported in the nuclear tree or the mitochondrial tree remained strongly supported in the nuclear+mitochondrial tree. Relationships within the clades containing the red fox-like canids and South American canids are well resolved, whereas the relationships among the wolf-like canids remain largely undetermined. The lack of resolution within the wolf-like canids may be due to their recent divergence and insufficient time for the accumulation of phylogenetically informative signal.
Optimization of Q-switched lasers

The authors extend the standard rate equation analysis to obtain expressions for the maximum peak power, maximum pulse energy, and minimum pulsewidth of a single Q-switched output pulse; the maximum power efficiency of a repetitively Q-switched laser; and the corresponding cavity output couplings. Results are obtained analytically and numerically, and a comparison of the two sets of results is made. As a first step in this process the authors derive general expressions for the peak power, pulsewidth, pulse energy, and power efficiency. The authors next differentiate these expressions in order to find the maxima or minima that optimize the parameter of interest. Differentiation is done with respect to the cavity output coupling. >
The design of ¬ 1NF relational databases into nested normal form

We develop new algorithms for the design of non first normal form relational databases that are in nested normal form. Previously, a set of given multivalued dependencies and those multivalued dependencies implied by given functional dependencies were used to obtain a nested normal form decomposition of a scheme. This method ignored the semantic distinction between functional and multivalued dependencies and utilized only full multivalued dependencies in the design process. We propose new algorithms which take advantage of this distinction, and use embedded multivalued dependencies to enhance the decomposition. This results in further elimination of redundancy due to functional dependencies in nested normal form designs.
Boys With Hypospadias: A Survey of Behavioral Difficulties

Studied behavior problems and gender-role behavior of psychiatrically unselected boys (N = 69; ages 6-10 years) with mild or severe hypospadias, a genital anomaly. Parents completed standardized questionnaires in a postal survey. Subjects showed more behavior problems and lower social competency than nonclinical subjects but were better adjusted than a psychiatric-clinical control group. More severe anomalies were associated with increased behavior problems and poorer school performance. Boys with hypospadias had more cross-gender behavior which, however, was not associated with severity of the condition. Surgery-related hospitalizations were correlated with poorer school performance and increased cross-gender behavior. A history of hypospadias did not appear to have a lasting negative impact on the family.
Fitting Mixed Poisson Regression Models Using Quasi‐Likelihood Methods

This paper is to investigate the use of the quasi-likelihood, extended quasi-likelihood, and pseudo-likelihood approach to estimating and testing the mean parameters with respect to two variance models, M1: ψ = μ θ (1 + μΦ) and M2: ψ = μ θ (1 + τ). Simulation was conducted to compare the bias and standard deviation, and type I error of the Wald tests, based on the model-based and robust variance estimates, using the three semi-parametric approaches under four mixed Poisson models, two variance structures, and two sample sizes. All methods perform reasonably well in terms of bias. Type I error of the Wald test, based on either the model-based or robust estimate, tends to be larger than the nominal level when over-dispersion is moderate. The extended quasi-likelihood method with the variance model M1 performs more consistently in terms of the efficiency and controlling the type I error than with the model M 2, and better than the pseudo-likelihood approach with either the M1 or M2 model. The model-based estimate seems to perform better than the robust estimate when the sample size is small.
Sex Bias on Children's Television Programs

Summary Sex differentiated patterns of verbal approval and disapproval were observed on Saturday morning children's television. Twenty hours of programming were observed over a four week period. Males outnumbered females on screen by a ratio of three to one, and they gave and received higher rates of approval and disapproval. Even when rates of received approval per person were balanced by sex, males gave significantly higher rates of approval and disapproval and received significantly higher rates of disapproval. Males differed from females in the types and range of behaviors for which they received approval or disapproval. Social learning theory would suggest that children are covertly taught on television that boys are more significant persons than girls.
Reading numbers in early modern England

In print and manuscript, readers in early modern Britain engaged with mathematics within the broader context of a popular literary culture. Arithmetic and numeracy were read and written within an emergent vernacular English literature, whether as literary genres or as annotations and sums written alongside other works in the margins. Taking instructional texts, copybooks, and popular serials as its focus, this paper explores the characteristics of popular numeracy in early modern Britain. This paper was first delivered at the conference ‘Numeracy: historical, philosophical, and educational perspectives’ at St Anne's College, Oxford, in December 2009.
Effect of Luminal Somatostatin on Acid Secretion and Gastrin Release

The mechanisms by which somatostatin inhibits acid secretion when infused into the lumen of the stomach have been examined in 20 healthy subjects. The acid secretory response to distension with 500 ml of neutral water was examined in nine successive 10-min test periods in each subject. Samples of serum and boiled neutral gastric juice were collected and frozen for later immunoassay for gastrin. Somatostatin was added to the distending fluid in a concentration of 600 pg/ml in the middle 3 test periods in 10 test subjects, and placebo added in the same 3 test periods in 10 control subjects. The addition of somatostatin inhibited the rate of acid secretion as compared with placebo alone in the control subjects (p<0.025) without altering the concentration of immunoreactive gastrin in the serum but reducing the concentration of immunoreactive gastrin in gastric juice (p<0.02). The data are consistent with the suggestions that the intraluminal administration of somatostatin inhibits antral gastrin release in a ...
Nonlinear control and reduction of underactuated systems with symmetry. II. Unactuated shape variables case

For pt. I see ibid., p.4158-63 (2001). We address nonlinear control and reduction of two classes of high-order underactuated mechanical systems with kinetic symmetry called Class-II and Class-III systems. Class-II systems are underactuated systems with unactuated shape variables, decoupled inputs, and integrable normalized momentums (all to be defined). We show that all Class-II underactuated systems can be transformed into cascade systems in nontriangular quadratic form using an explicit change of coordinates and control. In addition,, we characterize a subclass of Class-II systems, called Class-III systems, that can be explicitly transformed into cascade systems in strict feedforward form. This allows application of existing nonlinear control design methods like nested saturations and feedforwarding to control of underactuated systems.
Organization by Design: Supply- and Demand-side Models of Mathematics Course Taking

Prior work has proposed different theoretical mechanisms to explain students' course-taking patterns in schools. On the one hand, there are oversocialized accounts that claim that rules, social background factors, and supply-side factors shape observed career patterns. On the other hand, there are undersocialized accounts that claim that the decisions of strategic agents and demand-side dynamics shape course-taking careers. In this article, the authors use simulations to illustrate how these theoretical mechanisms can generate course-taking patterns. Grounding the simulations in empirical data on the mathematics course taking of students in two high schools, they assess the relative merits of these competing theories by testing how closely observed and predicted career patterns align. The results reveal that the characteristics of students and the organizational rules and requirements of course-taking career systems render certain allocation mechanisms more salient than others. In particular, highly compe...
Compact and noncompact physical structures for the ZK-BBM equation

A variety of exact solutions for the (2+1) dimensional ZK-BBM equation are developed by means of the tanh method and the sine-cosine methods. Generalized forms of the ZK-BBM equation are studied. The tanh and the sine-cosine methods are reliable to derive solutions of distinct physical structures: compactons, solitons, solitary patterns and periodic solutions.
Loneliness and depression in middle and old age: are the childless more vulnerable?

Objectives This study tests whether childlessness is significantly related to greater loneliness or depression among older adults, both alone and in conjunction with marital status. Methods Using data from the 1988 National Survey of Families and Households, the relative circumstances of community-dwelling, permanently childless adults and biological parents (with at least one surviving child), 50-84 years old, are compared. Multivariate models are used to test the effects of parental status and combined marital-parental statuses on loneliness and depression, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Results of multivariate analyses show no significant, direct effect of childlessness, though a marginally significant effect appears for women. However, small but significant differences are observed within a typology combining marital and parental statuses. Widowed men and women report higher levels of loneliness and depression than married parents regardless of parental status. Divorced parents are also significantly more vulnerable. The subjective well-being of never married, childless men and women is indistinguishable from that of their married peers. Discussion The results confirm earlier studies, indicating that childlessness is not necessarily linked with diminished subjective well-being among older adults. However, marital status represents an important context within which to understand and evaluate the experience of parental status.
The effect of phylogeny on interspecific body shape variation in darters (Pisces: Percidae)

We conducted a geometric morphometric analysis of interspecific body shape variation among representatives of 31 species of darters (Pisces: Percidae) to determine whether there is evidence of a phylogenetic effect in body shape variation. Cartesian transformation grids representing relative shape differences of individual species and subspecies revealed qualitative similarities within most traditionally recognized taxonomic groups (genera and subgenera). Canonical variates analysis and a UPGMA cluster analysis were conducted to explore further the relationships among body shapes of species; both analyses revealed patterns of variation consistent with the interpretation that shape is associated with taxonomic affinities. Normalized Mantel statistics revealed a significant positive association between body shape differences and phylogenetic interrelatedness for each of four recent phylogenetic hypotheses, providing evidence of a phylogenetic effect. This result is somewhat surprising, however, given the largely incompatible nature of these four phylogenies. We provide evidence that this result may be due to (1) the inclusion of multiple sets of closely related species to represent the traditionally recognized genera and subgenera within each phylogeny and/or (2) the inclusion of several species with relatively divergent shapes and their particular positions within the phylogenies relative to one another or to the other species of darters.
Effect of Intercycle Ice Accretions on Airfoil Performance

This paper presents the results of an experimental study designed to characterize and evaluate the aerodynamic performance penalties of residual and intercycle ice accretions that result from the cyclic operation of a typical aircraft deicing system. Icing wind tunnel tests were carried out on a 36-inch chord NACA 23012 airfoil section equipped with a pneumatic deicer for several different FAR 25 Appendix C cloud conditions. Results from the icing tests showed that the intercycle ice accretions were much more severe in terms of size and shape than the residual ice accretions. Molds of selected intercycle ice shapes were made and converted to castings that were attached to the leading edge of a 36-inch chord NACA 23012 airfoil model for aerodynamic testing. The aerodynamic testing revealed that the intercycle ice shapes caused a significant performance degradation. Maximum lift coefficients were typically reduced about 60% from 1.8 (clean) to 0.7 (iced) and stall angles were reduced from 17 deg. (clean) to 9 deg. (iced). Changes in the Reynolds number (from 2.0 x 10(exp 6) to 10.5 x 10(exp 6) and Mach number (from 0.10 to 0.28) did not significantly affect the iced-airfoil performance.
The Carmina Burana: A Mirror of Latin and Vernacular Literary Traditions from a Cultural-Historical Perspective: Transgression is the Name of the Game

The Carmina Burana have too easily fallen into stifling categories of interpretation, treating them as exclusively poems by students, by learned scholars, or by minstrels who demand our respect. In reality, as this paper illustrates, they represent a very dense corpus of songs in Latin and in a mixtures of Latin and Middle High German in which highly educated intellects reflect upon the wide range of everyday themes, interests, concerns, and desires common at that time, including sexuality, drinking, entertainment, and music. But at closer analysis we also discover a plethora of critical songs in which the loss of ethics, morality, and social norms both at court and in the church are sardonically attacked and ridiculed. Although the poets usually resort to the norms and models of ancient-classical and medieval courtly poetry, they regularly transgress those and present drastically opposite perspectives. In this process they also reveal the extent to which they actually closely interacted with vernacular literature. Laughter is often the name of the game, but it is not simply light and untroubled comic that finds expression here. This article demonstrates the extent to which the poets of the Carmina Burana actually interacted in a very intensive fashion with the learned literary traditions and the standard ideals of courtly love, undermining the common pretenses of a peaceful, harmonious, and honorable courtly society and of a reputable clergy.
Oculomotor Responses with Aviator Helmet-Mounted Displays and Their Relation to In-Flight Symptoms:

Previous experiments have raised the possibility that abnormal oculomotor functioning could be the substrate for visual problems among aviators who use helmet-mounted displays. However, until the present investigation, no direct evidence linked the two. In our experiments, experienced Apache helicopter pilots, using the same helmet-mounted display that they use in flight, viewed Apache symbology and sensor imagery while we measured their accommodation and vergence eye movements in the laboratory. We found three circumstances that frequently occur in flight in which aviators with visual symptoms had different oculomotor responses than did asymptomatic aviators. Further work needs to be done to determine why symptomatic aviators respond differently from asymptomatic ones.
Trastuzumab for the Treatment of Salivary Duct Carcinoma

Objective Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with high mortality and poor response to treatment. A significant fraction of SDCs are HER2 positive. This retrospective review examines HER2 testing in SDC and the outcome of trastuzumab-based therapy in adjuvant and palliative settings. Methods A total of 13 patients with SDC and HER2/neu expression by immunohistochemistry of 1-3+ were treated with trastuzumab in adjuvant (n = 8) or palliative (n = 5) setting. Adjuvant therapy consisted of concurrent radiation and chemotherapy with weekly paclitaxel, carboplatin, and trastuzumab (TCH) for 6 weeks followed by TCH for 12 weeks and trastuzumab alone for 1 year. Palliative treatment for metastatic disease consisted of TCH every 3 weeks for 6 cycles followed by trastuzumab for variable time periods with or without second-line chemotherapy for progression. All patients had fluorescence in situ hybridization testing for HER2/neu gene amplification. Results The median duration of follow-up was 27 months (range: 8-48 months). In all, 62% of adjuvant patients (5/8) had no evidence of disease more than 2 years from completion of therapy. All patients with metastatic disease (5/5 patients) responded to treatment with TCH. One patient achieved a complete response and remains with no evidence of disease 52 months after initiation of TCH. The median duration of response was 18 months (range: 8-52 months). Conclusion HER2/neu positivity and treatment with trastuzumab correlated well with long-term survival and response in our patients. Based on this data, we propose that HER2/neu status be examined routinely in all patients with SDCs and the treatment be directed accordingly.
Visual Steering and Trade Space Exploration

The assumptions at the beginning of a trade space exploration are that the decision makers have a model of some complex engineered system that relates design variables to performance and cost metrics, they know what the inputs and outputs to the model are, and they know they will be forming a preference over some subset of the inputs and outputs. What they do not know is the relationship between the inputs and outputs (in exact or an intuitive sense), the feasible range of inputs and outputs, the subset of inputs and outputs they will form their preference on, or the exact form of the preference. These assumptions probably form the least informative starting point for trades. To conduct the trade study the model is tied to an exploration engine, which initially randomly exercises the model, creating different system concepts. A user simultaneously visually explores the trade space in real time as it emerges using multi-dimensional data visualization tools and then visually steers further model runs to desired trade space regions of interest by specifying attractors in the trade space, such as desired inputs, outputs, preference functions, Pareto frontier. To ground the presentation, the paper uses a satellite design model, which relates design and performance variables to form a multi-dimensional trade space for satellite configurations. The trade space is discontinuous and complex, and presents a suitable test case.
Genome-wide transcriptome analyses of developing seeds from low and normal phytic acid soybean lines

Low phytic acid (lpa) crops are potentially eco-friendly alternative to conventional normal phytic acid (PA) crops, improving mineral bioavailability in monogastric animals as well as decreasing phosphate pollution. The lpa crops developed to date carry mutations that are directly or indirectly associated with PA biosynthesis and accumulation during seed development. These lpa crops typically exhibit altered carbohydrate profiles, increased free phosphate, and lower seedling emergence, the latter of which reduces overall crop yield, hence limiting their large-scale cultivation. Improving lpa crop yield requires an understanding of the downstream effects of the lpa genotype on seed development. Towards that end, we present a comprehensive comparison of gene-expression profiles between lpa and normal PA soybean lines (Glycine max) at five stages of seed development using RNA-Seq approaches. The lpa line used in this study carries single point mutations in a myo-inositol phosphate synthase gene along with two multidrug-resistance protein ABC transporter genes. RNA sequencing data of lpa and normal PA soybean lines from five seed-developmental stages (total of 30 libraries) were used for differential expression and functional enrichment analyses. A total of 4235 differentially expressed genes, including 512-transcription factor genes were identified. Eighteen biological processes such as apoptosis, glucan metabolism, cellular transport, photosynthesis and 9 transcription factor families including WRKY, CAMTA3 and SNF2 were enriched during seed development. Genes associated with apoptosis, glucan metabolism, and cellular transport showed enhanced expression in early stages of lpa seed development, while those associated with photosynthesis showed decreased expression in late developmental stages. The results suggest that lpa-causing mutations play a role in inducing and suppressing plant defense responses during early and late stages of seed development, respectively. This study provides a global perspective of transcriptomal changes during soybean seed development in an lpa mutant. The mutants are characterized by earlier expression of genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and a decrease in photosynthetic genes in late stages. The biological processes and transcription factors identified in this study are signatures of lpa-causing mutations.
Evidence of minority carrier injection efficiency >90% in an epitaxial graphene/SiC Schottky emitter bipolar junction phototransistor for ultraviolet detection

In this letter, we report the UV detection characteristics of an epitaxial graphene (EG)/SiC based Schottky emitter bipolar phototransistor (SEPT) with EG on top as the transparent Schottky emitter layer. Under 0.43 μW UV illumination, the device showed a maximum common emitter current gain of 113, when operated in the Schottky emitter mode. We argue that avalanche gain and photoconductive gain can be excluded, indicating minority carrier injection efficiency, γ, as high as 99% at the EG/p-SiC Schottky junction. This high γ is attributed to the large, highly asymmetric barrier, which EG forms with the p-SiC. The maximum responsivity of the UV phototransistor is estimated to be 7.1 A/W. The observed decrease in gain with increase in UV power is attributed to recombination in the base region, which reduces the minority carrier lifetime.
Political Philosophy and Reflexive Labor Law: Unsystematic Reflections

In academic presentations, it is sometimes hard to distinguish reflexivity from narcissism, yet I must beg your indulgence to let me introduce my brief presentation by addressing the question of what I am doing here. After all, most of you are professionally qualified jurists and highly trained specialists in the sociological observation of labor law, and I am a political philosopher, with no more than an autodidact’s familiarity with your field. And, to add to the puzzle, we have been asked here to extend and deepen our work on a theoretical approach whose constitutive insight is precisely the decisive difference between communications intra muros and noise. It is fair to ask what I am doing hanging around your gates, why and how a political philosopher attaches himself to – I dare not say couples with – reflexive labor law.
Electron localization in quantum cascade heterostructures due to interface roughness

The localization of electron wavefunctions due to interface roughness in a quantum cascade heterostructures is investigated by observing the electroluminescence spectra. Localization is more prominent in heterostructures with designed extended states.
EVOLUTIONARY STATUS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN POPULATION OF WOOD FROGS.

The Wood frog, Rana sylvatica Le Conte, has an extensive distribution which ranges from Alaska south and eastward through much of Canada and the northeastern United States; a population assigned to R. s. cantabrigensis by Maslin (1947) occurs in the mountains of northcentral Colorado and southeastern Wyoming. Martof and Humphries (1959) studied the geographical variation in morphology of this species and concluded that no subspecific taxon was warranted. These workers noted, however, that the "Rocky Mountain type," represented in their study by 12 specimens from southeastern Wyoming, 16 from northcentral Colorado, and two questionable ones from Yellowstone County, Montana, was most obviously different from the others. They assumed that Rana sylvatica is also distributed in the intervening areas of the Bitterroots and Rockies and, on their various maps, the "Rocky Mountain type" extends from Montana to northern Colorado and is continuous with the populations in Canada. No locality data were given to support such a distribution, nor are any specimens known from the area between the Medicine Bow Mountains in southeastern Wyoming to the northern tip of Idaho (see Figure 1 for known localities in Colorado and Wyoming). On the basis of habitat distribution alone, the Rocky Mountain population is certainly relict and isolated by a considerable distance from its kind in the north. This southern disjunct population undoubtedly reflects a southward displacement in the Wisconsin and subsequent return northward of these cold-adapted frogs after the close of the Wisconsin. Given sufficient time, speciation as a result of geographical isolation seems inevitable, but scanty data are ava.ilable bearing on ages of species or rates of divergence of sister populations. In a previous study of the Dakota Toad (Porter, 1968), I found that a measureable amount of divergence has occurred between the relict population in Wyoming and its kind in the Dakotas and Manitoba, but breeding experiments indicated the genetic divergence has not been sufficient to affect fertility rates or viability of progeny from interpopulational crosses. Presumably, the southern relict populations of Dakota Toads and Wood Frogs have been separated from their parental populations for about the same length of time. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to use both morphological and nonmorphological approaches to compare the Colorado-Wyoming Wood frogs with those in southern Canada, to determine the stage of speciation of this relict population, and to compare the results with those from the toad study.