cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of nanoproppants for fracture conductivity improvement by reducing fluid loss and packing of micro-fractures

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing has been proved as a successful technology to increase productivity of ultra-tight shale oil and shale gas reservoirs. Although higher concentrations of polymer were traditionally used for conventional fractures, “linear gels”, “waterfracs”, “slick-water” and ”hybrid” fluids have been typically applied for tight shale plays as we produce from formations with lower permeability and higher brittleness. Fracturing jobs in tight shale plays tend to generate or extend a network of fractures while a bi-wing fracture was typically generated in conventional reservoirs. This network of fractures includes a large network of micro-fractures opened during the injection of fracturing fluids. Small fractures tend to close under closure stress unless a nano-sized proppant with significant stress resistance is injected to keep these micro-fractures opened. Although very high conductivity is not required for very low permeability formations, an open fracture or micro-fracture performs better than a collapsed fracture. Proppants with different mesh sizes of 20/40, 30/50, 40/70, 70/140 and 80/200 with grain diameters ranging from 0.033 inch (0.8382 mm) to 0.0041 inch (104.14 μm) have been used during hydraulic fracturing of tight shale formations. These proppants are large enough to create conductivity in the larger generated or existing fractures but not small enough to penetrate into the existing or generated micro-fractures. This will cause the closure of micro-fractures at the end of a fracturing job thus reduction in the length and conductivity of the complex fracture network. This reduction in the fracture network extension will reduce production from tight shale formations. The objective of this work is to investigate size, nano-hardness, reduced elastic modulus, fluid loss prevention capabilities as well as their induced fracture conductivity by nano-proppants from a currently known waste product. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images showed that nano-proppants had particle sizes varying from 100 nm to 1 μm. Particles showed hardness and reduced elastic moduli of 1.3 GPa and 20 GPa, respectively. These properties show potential for these nanoparticles to be used as proppants to keep fractures open under stress. Fluid loss tests were conducted using 1% (w/w) concentrations of nanoparticles mixed with 2% (w/w) of KCl, cross-linked guar solutions, and cross-linked guar solutions mixed with 1% concentration of nanoparticles and significant fluid loss reduction was observed for one of several types of nanoparticles. These nanoparticles generated significant conductivity when used as proppants in an API fracture conductivity test. Fracture permeability values of 27–33 mD were generated using these nano-proppants. Use of nanoparticles prior to the placement of larger proppants is recommended in order to prevent fluid loss into the formation, and also increase the conductivity of the fissures and micro-sized fractures.
The Systematic Practice of Test Design Automation

This paper proposes more practical guidelines for test case generation extending pairwise techniques including boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning as a generic analysis technique of factors’ values which can affect target features. That is, as a factor’s values are also classified and any combination technique of them can be selectively applied, it is possible to create robust test cases which can detect interactive defects among factors. On top of that, single fault based test design can be applied to comprise test cases including invalid values of factors. Also, as defining test oracle and details of each factor’s value at test design phase, enormous test efforts which should be always considered to create test oracles or to understand automated test data by testers when testing software can remarkably be removed.
Attraction to and Penetration of Plants by Pathogens

To infect plants, pathogens must manage to penetrate plants’ physical barriers, including the cuticle and cell walls. Almost all pathogenic bacteria and a few fungi enter plant tissue passively through natural openings or wounds, while most of the pathogenic fungi have evolved sophisticated means for active penetration.
Complexity results for extended planning

Abstract I analyze the computational complexity of extended propositional STRIPS planning, i.e., propositional STRIPS planning augmented with a propositional domain theory for inferring additional effects. The difficulties of formalizing the extended STRIPS assumption are finessed by requiring a preference ordering of all literals; roughly, if two literals are true of the previous state, and if it is inconsistent to assert both in the next state, then the ordering indicates which literal remains true. My primary result is that planning with definite Horn domain theories is PSPACE-complete even if operators are limited to zero preconditions and one postcondition. I also analyze the complexity of planning with Krom theories. These results in combination with previous analyses are not encouraging for domain-independent planning.
Analyzing Molecular Interactions

This unit offers an overview of issues that must be considered when analyzing molecular interactions. The importance of bound solvent, binding affinity, and electrostatic interactions is discussed.
A comparison of two Prussian blue models: Tracer and Fe-56 labeled Mössbauer studies

Abstract Selective labeling of compounds containing one element in two or more chemical environments with Mossbauer inactive Fe-56 and with Mossbauer active Fe-57 isotopes has been used to study the nature of the three iron environments in Prussian blue type compounds. The effect of the intersititial ion in Prussian blue upon the nitrogen bonded and carbon bonded irons was studied by exchanging interstitial K+ with cations from Group IA, Group IIA, and including NH4+, H+, and Al+3. For the interstitial Group IA precipitates, the isomer shift values became more positive as the electronegativities decreased and the ionic radii increased. The Cs Prussian blue data were significantly different for both iron environments, giving very broad peaks with a distinct shoulder on the carbon hole active iron peak. This shoulder was found to be due to nitrogen hole iron indicating that the large cesium interstitial iron distorted the lattice in such a way as to permit exchange of the carbon and nitrogen hole irons. This isotope labeling technique is inexpensive and should be widely applicable to Mossbauer studies for atoms in multiple environments in which there is no exchange.
Magnetic and electronic properties of Nd--La and Ce--La alloys

The electrical resistivity, thermoelectric power and magnetic susceptibility on Nd single crystals and polycrystalline dhcp Nd--La and Ce--La alloys have been measured at low temperatures. The measurements on the Nd--La alloys show features at the Neel temperatures and also show additional magnetic ordering phenomena. Some of these other features are dependent on the thermal history of the sample. Magnetic field studies are needed to correlate these features with observed neutron diffraction effects. Several magnetic features are seen in the Ce--La alloy system also, although the measurements are plagued with the problem of fcc contamination. In addition, alloys containing Ce show Kondo effects. The logarithmic term in the resistivity is explained well by the theory of Liu et al. which uses a mean field to approximate the 4f-4f interactions in the nondilute alloys. The large peak in the thermopower of Ce--La alloys is explained well by the theory of Bhattacharjee and Coqblin which incorporates Kondo scattering from excited crystal field levels.
Blowing the Whistle on Less Serious Forms of Fraud: A Study of Executives and Managers

A whistleblowing survey was completed by 725 executives and managers. A variety of individual, organizational, and moral perception variables were examined and hypotheses developed with respect to the likelihood of their blowing the whistle on less serious fraud. Major determinants of blowing the whistle on less serious fraud were identified by means of a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results are presented and recommendations made for practitioners and future research.
Free factories: unified infrastructure for data intensive web services

We introduce the Free Factory, a platform for deploying data-intensive web services using small clusters of commodity hardware and free software. Independently administered virtual machines called Freegols give application developers the flexibility of a general purpose web server, along with access to distributed batch processing, cache and storage services. Each cluster exploits idle RAM and disk space for cache, and reserves disks in each node for high bandwidth storage. The batch processing service uses a variation of the MapReduce model. Virtualization allows every CPU in the cluster to participate in batch jobs. Each 48-node cluster can achieve 4-8 gigabytes per second of disk I/O. Our intent is to use multiple clusters to process hundreds of simultaneous requests on multi-hundred terabyte data sets. Currently, our applications achieve 1 gigabyte per second of I/O with 123 disks by scheduling batch jobs on two clusters, one of which is located in a remote data center.
Double Jeopardy: Poorer Social‐Emotional Outcomes for Children in the NICHD SECCYD Experiencing Home and Child‐Care Environments That Confer Risk

Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network (NICHD SECCYD), the authors examined whether interactions between home and child-care quality affect children’s social-emotional adjustment at 24, 36, and 54 months (N = 771). Triadic splits on quality of home and child care were used to examine children in specific ecological niches, with a focus on those who experience the double jeopardy of poor quality home and child-care environments. Children in this niche exhibited the highest levels of mother-reported problem behavior and the lowest levels of prosocial behavior. However, there was evidence that children from lower quality home environments were able to benefit from the compensatory influence of high-quality child care. These results suggest policies aimed at the cross-context influences of protective and risky settings.
Alpha interferon dose-dependent suppression of secondary clones in a patient with Philadelphia-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia.

A patient whose chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) was treated with interferon alpha (IFN-α) is described. The disease showed karyotypic evolution during the chronic phase and the later myeloid accele
Auditory Attraction: Activation of Visual Cortex by Music and Sound in Williams Syndrome.

Abstract Williams syndrome is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with a distinctive phenotype, including cognitive–linguistic features, nonsocial anxiety, and a strong attraction to music. We pe...
Preoperative use of alpha tocopherol does not increase the risk of hematoma in the face lift patient: a preliminary report.

Background: Antiplatelet therapy and nutritional supplements are factors that may increase the risk of hematoma after routine face lift. This has led to the often-repeated instruction “do not take any vitamins, herbs, aspirin, and any medications that may increase bleeding for 10 days before your face lift operation.” At odds and diametrically opposed to this goal is combating the increased risk of deep venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism associated with surgery. Methods: On the basis of clinical observations, the author has incorporated the routine use of preoperative oral alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) into his preoperative instructions. The cohort included 146 patients scheduled for elective face lift enrolled in this study from February of 2007 to April of 2008. Aspirin and clopidogrel were stopped before surgery. Patients were instructed to take 400 IU of alpha tocopherol daily 3 weeks before surgery. Results: No hematoma developed in any of the 146 patients. The time for routine drainage was not prolonged. No clinically evident case of deep vein thrombosis or venous thromboembolism occurred. The clinical impression was that increased bruising was not observed. Conclusions: A recent landmark article has documented the efficacy of alpha tocopherol in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in over 39,000 patients. The addition of this readily available, over-the-counter medication may have profound effects in the prevention of a potentially devastating complication in the elective cosmetic surgery patient. Future prospective studies may further elucidate the efficacy of alpha tocopherol in the prevention of venous thromboembolism.
Analytical Studies for Processes at Vertical Equilibrium

Some new results are presented for systems in Vertical Equilibrium (VE) which extend our recent work on this subject (Yortsos, 1991). The linearized stability of a prototypical miscible displacement at VE is considered and shown to correspond to the short wavelength regime of previous studies in unbounded geometries. Concepts from VE are applied to model general displacement processes in various geometries. Under conditions of gravity-segregated flow we investigate and suggest simple methods for the construction of the solution. In particular, we extend our previous work to flows involving dip and show that the latter dominates the solution. Prepared for The 3rd European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery, 17-19 June 1992, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
A New Coupled Optimization-Hydraulic Routing Model for Real-Time Operation of Regulated River Systems

This paper presents the River Simulation and Optimization Coupled Model (RSOCM) for the optimal operation of regulated river systems in real-time conditions. This model couples a highly robust and numerically efficient hydraulic routing approach with the well-known multi-objective Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). The proposed model overcomes the lack of robustness of current models for unsteady flow routing. The lack of robustness of current unsteady flow models (e.g., numerical instability) constitutes a strong limitation for the development and implementation of real-time strategies in complex hydraulic systems that are intended to fulfill multiple objectives (e.g., minimization of flooding, optimal water allocation at specified diversion points). The real-time control of such complex systems may require thousands of computations of hydraulic routing for each operation interval. The optimization objectives supported by the RSOCM model include the optimal water allocation at specified diversion points and minimization of flooding. To demonstrate the proof of concept of the RSOCM model, it was applied to a hypothetical river system. As frame of comparison for the RSOCM model, the MODSIM-DSS model (Colorado State University, 1995) was used in this paper. The results suggest that the RSOCM model is a robust tool that can be potentially used for the optimal operation of multi-objective regulated river systems in real-time conditions.
A differential scanning calorimetric study of the effects of metal ions, substrate/product, substrate analogues and chaotropic anions on the thermal denaturation of yeast enolase 1.

Abstract The thermal denaturation of yeast enolase 1 was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under conditions of subunit association/dissociation, enzymatic activity or substrate binding without turnover and substrate analogue binding. Subunit association stabilizes the enzyme, that is, the enzyme dissociates before denaturing. The conformational change produced by conformational metal ion binding increases thermal stability by reducing subunit dissociation. ‘Substrate’ or analogue binding additionally stabilizes the enzyme, irrespective of whether turnover is occurring, perhaps in part by the same mechanism. More strongly bound metal ions also stabilize the enzyme more, which we interpret as consistent with metal ion loss before denaturation, though possibly the denaturation pathway is different in the absence of metal ion. We suggest that some of the stabilization by ‘substrate’ and analogue binding is owing to the closure of moveable polypeptide loops about the active site, producing a more ‘closed’ and hence thermostable conformation.
Early versus late hospital readmission after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background: Most studies focus on readmission within 30 d of surgery and may therefore underestimate the true burden of readmission after complex procedures. We therefore sought to explore factors associated with readmission within 90 d of discharge after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Methods: Patients discharged after PD between 2010 and 2012 were identified from the Truven Health MarketScan database. Determinants of early (� 30 d) and late (31e90 d) readmission were identified and analyzed. Results: A total of 2209 patients met inclusion criteria with 615 patients being readmitted within 90 d; 20.37% (n ¼ 450) had an early readmission, whereas 7.47% (n ¼ 165) had a late readmission. Patients readmitted early had a longer length-of-stay (LOS) for the readmission compared with patients readmitted late (median LOS ¼ 5 d, interquartile range, 3e8 versus median LOS ¼ 3 d, interquartile range, 2e5, P < 0.001). Common causes for readmission differed between these two patient groups. On multivariable analysis, postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16e1.84, P < 0.001), an extended LOS (OR 1.34, CI 1.05e1.71, P ¼ 0.019), and the presence of preexisting coronary heart disease (OR 1.82, CI 1.09e3.01, P ¼ 0.020) or renal disease (OR 2.15, CI 1.01e4.61, P ¼ 0.048) were associated with an early readmission. No patient- or procedurerelated factors were associated with late readmission. Conclusions: Readmission within 30 d after PD was associated with patient- and procedurerelated factors. Readmission in the 31e90-d window was not associated with patient- or procedure-related factors and may be influenced by the underlying pathology or subsequent medical management for that disease.
Stabilizing an attractive Bose-Einstein condensate by driving a surface collective mode

Bose-Einstein condensates with attractive interatomic interactions undergo collective collapse beyond a critical number. We show theoretically that if the low-lying collective modes of the condensate are excited, the radial breathing mode further destabilizes the condensate. Remarkably, excitation of the quadrupolar surface mode causes the condensate to become more stable, imparting quasiangular momentum to it. A significantly larger number of atoms may then occupy the condensate. Efforts are under way for the experimental realization of these effects.
Comparison of gauge-model predictions at high Q/sup 2/: pp, p-barp, and e/sup +/e/sup -/ interactions

We compare the predictions of the $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{U}}_{L}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ and $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{U}}_{L}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{U}}_{R}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge models for various $\mathrm{pp}$, $\overline{p}p$, and ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ processes at high ${Q}^{2}$. First, we calculate the masses, total widths, and branching ratios for the various neutral (${Z}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$) gauge bosons in both models to show their parameter dependence. We then calculate their production cross sections for $\mathrm{pp}$, $\overline{p}p$, and ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ interactions. Further, we consider the forward-backward asymmetry and the polarization effects in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation for both models. We find that the best and perhaps the only way to distinguish the two models is to search for a second ${Z}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ boson in leptonic and hadronic reactions. The detection of such a particle may be possible with the next generation of accelerators.
Somaclonal variation in the progeny of transgenic barley

Somaclonal variation (SCV) in transgenic plants may slow the incorporation of introduced genes into commercially competitive cultivars. Somaclonal variation in transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was assessed in one experiment by comparing the agronomic characteristics of 44 segregating transgenic lines in the T2 generation to their non-transformed parent (‘Golden Promise’). A second experiment examined the agronomic characteristics of seven transgenic-derived, null (non-transgenic) segregant lines in the T2 and T4 generations. Compared to their uncultured parent, Golden Promise, most of these lines were shorter, lower yielding, and had smaller seed, and the variability among individual plants was higher. The frequency and severity of the observed SCV was unexpectedly high, and the transformation procedure appeared to induce greater SCV than tissue culture in the absence of transformation. Attempts to understand the sources of SCV, and to modify transformation procedures to reduce the generation of SCV, should be made.
Variation of emulsion stability in sulfuric acid alkylation of isobutane with olefins

The makeup of the emulsion and its stability are determined to a great degree by the surface and viscosity properties of the acid. Investigates the dependence of emulsion stability on the properties of the acid circulating in the reactor section of an alkylation unit. Finds that as the surface-active substances that accumulate in the acid tend to lower its surface tension, and this in turn tends to disperse the hydrocarbon feedstock in the acid phase and forms a stable emulsion in the vigorously stirred reactor. Points out that as the acid viscosity increases, the segregation of microdrops of hydrocarbons from the acid phase becomes slower in the settling of the emulsion under natural conditions.
Carbon-mercury bond cleavage in blood of rats fed methyl mercuric chloride.

SummaryMethyl mercuric chloride labeled with 14C or 203Hg or both were forcefed to rats in order to quantitatively determine breakage of the carbon–mercury bond in different fractions of blood. Based on the hypothesis that a change in the ratio of 14C to 203Hg radioactivities in the tissue from that in the compound fed to rats would indicate breakage, values ranging from 5.1% to 10.6% were observed depending upon the blood fraction studied.Since the site of deposition of mercurial compounds is important in determining toxicities, the concentrations of either 14C or 203Hg radioactivities in blood fractions were determined after force-feeding the single or double-labeled methyl mercuric chloride. One day after force-feeding, the highest concentration in the erythrocytes was in the hemoglobin. In the plasma, fat contained the highest concentration. However, plasma fat radioactivities constitute only 0.1% of the whole blood radioactivities whereas plasma protein radioactivities constitute 0.7%. Nearly 99% of ...
COLLEGE STUDENTS' BELIEFS IN THE TEN-PERCENT MYTH

Abstract A widespread misconception that has not been studied in previous research on misconceptions is the claim that most people use only about 10% of their potential brain power. We hypothesized that psychology majors would be less likely to believe in this ten-percent myth than would control students with no training in psychology. The hypothesis was not supported, but psychology majors were more optimistic than control students in their beliefs regarding how much brain power people are capable of using. The sources of the students' beliefs in the ten-percent myth were also investigated. It is suggested that direct treatment of misconceptions might be necessary to dispel them and that future research might explore the sources of students' misconceptions.
Preliminary design of axial flux permanent magnet machine for marine current turbine

This paper presents an analytical analysis and application of axial flux permanent magnet machine design to marine current turbine. Marine current is a prominent renewable energy source because of its predictable current profile. Rim-driven, direct-drive type is favorable for the marine current turbine application in terms of maintenance and reliability. The axial flux permanent magnet machine is a candidate machine type that not only reduces machine manufacturing costs, but also achieves high performance. The general sizing equation technique is implemented to produce the machine size. The magnetic flux relationship among air gap, stator yoke, rotor yoke, and permanent magnet is taken into account to calculate core material size of the machine. FEA simulation results are compared with analytical calculations. The proposed machine and the reference machine design results are briefly compared. Moreover, machine cost is estimated based on the volume of the proposed machine.
Transfer of acquired tolerance to skin homografts in mice.

SummaryNewborn mice of the ZBC strain injected intravenously with living spleen cells taken from donors of the same strain in which tolerance to Ce tissues was previously induced, became tolerant to this strain and accepted homologous skin grafts from Ce donors. This would indicate that acquired tolerance can be transferred to an isologous individual at birth by the intravenous injection of spleen cells taken from a tolerant donor.
Identification of casein kinase I substrates by in vitro expression cloning screening.

Casein kinase I (CKI) is a widely expressed protein kinase family implicated in diverse processes including membrane trafficking, DNA repair, and circadian rhythm. Despite the large number of CKI genes, few biologically relevant substrates have been identified. As an approach to better defining the spectrum of CKI substrates, we extended a recently described in vitro expression cloning (IVEC) strategy. Polypeptides pools were screened for kinase-dependent electrophoretic mobility shifts. Ten putative CKI substrates were isolated from an initial sample of 3000 random cDNA clones. Candidate substrates include proteins involved in RNA metabolism (a putative RNA helicase, the nucleolar protein hNOP56, and hnRNP A1, and ribosomal proteins L4, L8, and L13), as well as keratin 17, a necdin-related protein, and the calcium-binding proteins desmoglein 2 and annexin II. The same pools were also screened with active ERK2, and four substrates identified: aldolase, NSD-like protein, uracil-DNA glycosylase, and HHR23A. IVEC is an effective method to identify novel protein kinase substrates.
Recent advancements in boron nitride nanotubes

This article provides a concise review of the recent research advancements in boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) with a comprehensive list of references. As the motivation of the field, we first summarize some of the attractive properties and potential applications of BNNTs. Then, latest discoveries on the properties, applications, and synthesis of BNNTs are discussed. In particular, we focus on low-temperature and patterned growth, and mass production of BNNTs, since these are the major challenges that have hindered investigation of the properties and application of BNNTs for the past decade. Finally, perspectives of future research on BNNTs are discussed.
Engineered Micro- and Nanoscale Diamonds as Mobile Probes for High-Resolution Sensing in Fluid

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an attractive platform for quantum information and sensing applications because of its room temperature operation and optical addressability. A major research effort focuses on improving the quantum coherence of this defect in engineered micro- and nanoscale diamond particles (DPs), which could prove useful for high-resolution sensing in fluidic environments. In this work we fabricate cylindrical diamonds particles with finely tuned and highly reproducible sizes (diameter and height ranging from 100 to 700 and 500 nm to 2 μm, respectively) using high-purity, single-crystal diamond membranes with shallow-doped NV centers. We show that the spin coherence time of the NV centers in these particles exceeds 700 μs, opening the possibility for the creation of ultrahigh sensitivity micro- and nanoscale sensors. Moreover, these particles can be efficiently transferred into a water suspension and delivered to the region to probe. In particular, we introduce a DP suspen...
Reproductive Isolation in Clearwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae): A Tropical‐Temperate Comparison

To elucidate the factors promoting reproductive isolation in a diverse tropical com- munity of clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), I compared the results of pheromone trapping studies conducted in Panama with previously published studies involving Wisconsin Sesiidae. Pair- forming behavior in sesiids is facilitated by female-emitted sex pheromones which serve as long-range attractants for nonspecific males. Pheromones of the various species appear to be closely related in terms of chemical structure. Prior work in Wisconsin demonstrated that species maintain reproductive isolation through specificity in sex pheromone chemistry and differences in seasonal or daily pattern of sexual activity. In both Wisconsin and Panama, data were obtained by trapping male sesiids with synthetic pheromone baits. An objective comparison of reproductive isolation in the two regions is accomplished through an application of metrics (breadth, overlap) developed originally to measure niche segregation. The atmospheric channel along which sex communication occurs is considered as an entity, and the chemical and temporal axes along which the communication channels of species may differ are viewed as dimensions. Interspecific differences in channels along a dimension constitute a reproductive iso- lating mechanism. The calculations of channel breadths and overlaps along these dimensions permit a quantitative comparison of isolating mechanisms. Theory predicts that in species-rich communities either breadths are narrower, overlaps greater, or channel availability (space) is more extensive along one or more dimensions. Species richness of sesiids was significantly greater in Panama on both a regional and a local basis. Seasonal breadths of sesiids were greater in Panama than in Wisconsin. However, when seasonal breadths were standardized to account for the extended favorable season in Panama, values in both regions were equivalent. Chemical breadths of species that apparently utilized mixtures of different compounds as sex pheromones (binary species) were comparable in Panama and Wisconsin, as were overlaps along the seasonal and chemical dimensions. However, a higher proportion of the Pana- manian fauna were binary isomer species, and Panamanian sesiids appeared to utilize a greater di- versity of compound mixtures as pheromones. This indication that greater channel space distinguishes two communities differing in species richness agrees with several recent findings, regarding niche segregation, in other taxa.
The Effects of Residual Carrier on Costas Loop Performance as Applied to the Space Shuttle Orbiter S-Band Uplink

When a Costas loop is operated in a PM mode, such as on the Space Shuttle Orbiter S -band uplink during the time when both data and a ranging subcarrier are linearly modulated on the carrier, and if the data modulation index is less than \pi/2 , the loop must reconstruct its carrier reference from an input signal whose carrier component is not completely suppressed. This paper establishes a theory for the performance of Costas loops in the presence of residual carrier as a function of the key system parameters and applies this theory toward predicting the performance degradation in the PM mode (relative to PSK operation) of the Shuttle S -band uplink. The corresponding performance of the ranging channel is also given as a function of these same system parameters.
Theory and conceptual issues.

Abstract The application of hierarchical theory and techniques to conservation biology and agriculture will greatly facilitate the development of a more meaningful dialogue between the two fields. This paper examines the parallel organization of biological diversity in both agricultural and natural systems across spatial and temporal scales and shows that there are many theoretical concepts of common concern to both as well as real differences between the two disciplines. For both fields of study, diversity can be hierarchically divided into species variability within local habitats (alpha diversity), variation among habitats (beta diversity), and variation over a broad landscape (gamma diversity). The two disciplines describe the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Agriculture is concerned with the economics of production of particular commodities and uses a process functional approach (energy flow). Conservation biology utilizes the population community approach. The variables used to assess biological diversity at a particular spatial and temporal scale can differ significantly between agricultural and natural systems, e.g. cultivar as opposed to species diversity. Evolution of populations is affected by both agricultural practices and conservation management programs. One force of evolution which may be highly significant to both agriculture and conservation biology is gene flow between populations. The structure of population genetic diversity has implications for efforts in both conservation biology and agriculture in reference to the conservation of species-wide levels of genetic diversity.
Updates and Controversies in the Rapidly Evolving Field of Lung Cancer Screening, Early Detection, and Chemoprevention

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Cigarette smoking is a well-recognized risk factor for lung cancer, and a sustained elevation of lung cancer risk persists even after smoking cessation. Despite identifiable risk factors, there has been minimal improvement in mortality for patients with lung cancer primarily stemming from diagnosis at a late stage when there are few effective therapeutic options. Early detection of lung cancer and effective screening of high-risk individuals may help improve lung cancer mortality. While low dose computerized tomography (LDCT) screening of high risk smokers has been shown to reduce lung cancer mortality, the high rates of false positives and potential for over-diagnosis have raised questions on how to best implement lung cancer screening. The rapidly evolving field of lung cancer screening and early-detection biomarkers may ultimately improve the ability to diagnose lung cancer in its early stages, identify smokers at highest-risk for this disease, and target chemoprevention strategies. This review aims to provide an overview of the opportunities and challenges related to lung cancer screening, the field of biomarker development for early lung cancer detection, and the future of lung cancer chemoprevention.
How to Be a Good Muslim Wife: Women’s Performance of Islamic Authority during Swahili Weddings

Abstract The existing literature on women of the Swahili Coast has focused largely on their involvement in activities labeled as non-Islamic by both male peers and scholars. However, Islam plays an important role in these women’s lives and they often bring Islamic knowledge to bear on their participation in seemingly secular activities. In this study I address women’s role as sex instructors with a specific focus on instructing a bride in contemporary Swahili weddings. Contextualizing participant observation within the existing literature on Swahili puberty rituals, sex instruction, weddings, and language ideologies, I find that the ritual involves a discursive performance of Islamic knowledge and thereby offers women who act as instructors a form of religious authority. This provides an important counterpoint to decontextualized representations of Swahili Islam as excluding women from positions of authority.
Echinophilus Xiphidion, New Species (Ostracoda, Paradoxostomatidae) Parasitic on Regular Echinoids of the Northeastern Pacific

ABSTRACT Echinophilusxiphidion, new species, ectoparasitic on sea urchins of the genus Strongylocentrotus, is described. This species is distinguished from E. semilunaris Schornikov, 1973, by a dagger-shaped clasping apparatus of the copulatory organ. Specimens were collected from sea urchins on the coasts of Oregon and Washington. Those urchins taken from areas exposed to intense wave action were free of this parasitic ostracod. The life history was determined by collecting juvenile instars from the urchins. Only seven juvenile instars are known for this species.
THE GENERATOR COORDINATE METHOD FOR NUCLEAR SCATTERING

Abstract A generator coordinate description of nucleus-nucleus scattering is formulated. By imposing proper scattering boundary conditions on the Hill-Wheeler integral equation, one can derive an effective nucleus-nucleus potential directly from the basic two-nucleon Hamiltonian. The effective potential is a rather complicated non-local and energy-dependent operator, but it does incorporate both Pauli exchange effects and the occurrence of nuclear shape, size and orientation changes during the collision. The generator coordinate and resonating group descriptions are compared and it is concluded that they are essentially equivalent. However, the generator coordinate approach is a special truncation which is based on semi-classical ideas of collective nuclear motion. Use of generator coordinates leads one to a set of continuous, coupled Lippmann-Schwinger equations in a biorthogonal basis. As a step toward practical solution of these equations, an effective α-α potential including monopole deformation effects is derived using the independent particle model and a simplified two-nucleon potential.
Up for Grabs: Writing Women in the Middle East:

The social upheavals which recently took place in a number of North African and Mid dle Eastern societies have shattered the myth of passive populations subjected to autocrat ic rule by leaders who draw their legitimacy from the support of Western geopolitical interests in a post-Cold War era focused on the management of global security and pre emptive wars. These events should be an opportunity for social scientists, especially those studying women, to pause and think through the theoretical and methodological approaches we use on societies with distinct histories, cultures and sexual mores. When the Iranian Revolution broke out in 1978, Foucault hailed it as an historic break through ushering in a new era.1 His contro versial stance, quickly abandoned, was dictated as much by his rejection of the Marxist conception of religion as by his read ing of the role of religion in Western (espe cially French) history. He did not address the role of women in the Iranian revolution, nor did he suspect that women might be its victims when it became institutionalized. Foucault's (well intentioned) "mistake" is a reminder that how we study a society before change erupts is as important as how we study it during or after change has occurred. Women have been at the forefront
Effect of using information from only one system for dually eligible health care users.

Objective We sought to determine whether all diagnoses and total illness burden of patients who use both the VA and Medicare health care systems can be obtained from examination of data from only one of these systems. Methods Cohorts included all age-eligible Medicare users who also used the VA health care system in fiscal years 2000-2002 but were not enrolled in a Medicare HMO. Relative risk scores (RRS; a measure of illness burden developed by DxCG, Inc., Boston, MA) were calculated using VA, Medicare, and all diagnoses from both VA and Medicare data sources. The relationship between RRS and reliance on Medicare versus the VA system also was explored. We explored whether differences in VA and Medicare RRS were caused by veterans who mainly used pharmacy services or by an underweighting in the RRS calculation of mental health diagnoses. Finally, we explored the relationship between inpatient utilization and RRS in each system. Results On average for a given patient who used both VA and Medicare services, more diagnoses were recorded in Medicare ( approximately 13-15) than in the VA system ( approximately 8) for dual users. On average only 2 diagnoses were common to both the VA and Medicare. Medicare data alone accounted for approximately 80% of individuals' total illness burden, and VA data alone lead to RRSs that capture one-third of the total illness burden. The ratio of RRS when calculated using Medicare and VA separately was approximately 2.4. RRS was only weakly to moderately correlated with inpatient utilization in each system. Conclusion Using data from just Medicare or VA data sources when conducting research on dually eligible veterans may seriously underestimate total illness burden of the population and also may lead to an underidentification of individuals in a particular disease class.
On smallest regular graphs with a given isopart

For a nonempty graph, G, we define p(G) and r(G) to be respectively the minimum order and minimum degree of regularity among all connected regular graphs H having a nontrivial decomposition into subgraphs isomorphic to G. By f(G), we denote the least integer t for which there is a connected regular graph H having a decomposition into t subgraphs isomorphic to G. In this article, the values of these parameters are determined for complete graphs, cycles, and stars. Furthermore, we show that Δ(T) ⩽ r(T) ⩽ δ (T) + 1 for every tree T. and r(T) Δ(T) if the maximum degree Δ(T) is even.
Oligonucleotide dot-blot analysis of HLA-DQβ alleles associated with multiple sclerosis

Abstract Oligonucleotide probes were used to investigate the role of DQβ molecules in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Although shared amino acid and nucleotide sequences in DQβ1 have been suggested to be critical in disease development, we find that the distribution of sequences corresponding to residues 71–77 is not greater in patients versus controls.
Theory of Magnetic Relaxation in a Near-Ising System: DyES

A theory of magnetic relaxation in an Ising system is developed, and the results are compared with the experiments of Cooke, Edmonds, Finn, and Wolf on dysprosium ethyl sulfate (DyES), believed to be an Ising dipolar ferromagnet below 0.13\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Small spin-spin perturbations are postulated to give rise to relaxation within the spin system without having to invoke spin-lattice coupling. The methods of Kubo and Tomita are used to express the relaxation rate in terms of time correlation functions. These can be evaluated far more easily in an Ising system than in a Heisenberg one, and what appear to be reliable estimates are made for the DyES lattice. The resulting relaxation rate is strongly dependent on the spontaneous magnetization, which is calculated from a phenomenological model similar to the one employed by Cooke et al. (nearest-neighbor Ising linear chain plus molecular field). Good agreement is then obtained with experiment for temperature dependence of the ferromagnetic relaxation time. Numerical agreement requires either a strain-induced ${g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ of about 0.05 or a next-nearest-neighbor spin-spin interaction of about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These are shown to be plausible numbers by investigating effects of rhombohedral lattice distortion and electric quadrupole-quadrupole interaction.
Analysis of 3-D network structures

Integral geometry and topology are applied to the problem of space-filling in irregular network structures such as liquid and amorphous metals, polycrystals, and foams. The theory developed is based on representing cells in irregular polyhedral networks as “average -hedra”, where equals the number of faces between contacting neighbours. Average -hedra satisfy, at their edges and vertices, the network's angular averages for triple lines and quadrajunctions, as dictated by topology. Although they themselves are incapable of filling space as a contiguous network, average -hedra act as high-symmetry “proxies” for analysing the average metric, energetic, and kinetic behaviour of real irregular network cells of equivalent topologies. The analysis developed here accurately predicts the average behaviour of 3-dimensional network structures, such as polycrystals and foams, and may also be applicable to biological tissues. This approach should prove especially useful for constructing quantitative descriptions of ev...
Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of c-erbB-2 in MDA-MB-435 cells by genistein.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer related deaths in women in the United States. Genistein is a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and prominent isoflavonoid in soy products and has been proposed as the agent responsible for lowering the rate of breast cancer in Asian women. We have previously shown that genistein inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, regulates the expression of apoptosis-related genes, and induces apoptosis through a p53-independent pathway. In this study, we investigated these effects of genistein in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435 and 435.eB cells that were established by transfecting c-erbB-2 cDNA into MDA-MB-435. We also investigated the effect of genistein on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion previously shown to be effected by erbB-2 transfection. Genistein was found to inhibit MDA-MB-435 and 435.eB cell growth. Induction of apoptosis was also observed in these cell lines when treated with genistein, as measured by DNA laddering, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and flow cytometric analysis. We also found an up-regulation of Bax and p21WAF1 expression and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and c-erbB-2 in genistein-treated cells. Gelatin zymography showed that genistein inhibits the secretion of MMP in the breast cancer cells. From these results, we conclude that genistein inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells, induces apoptosis, regulates the expression of genes, and may inhibit invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. These findings suggest that genistein may be a potentially effective chemopreventive or therapeutic agent against breast cancer.
Segregating neural and mechanosensory fates in the developing ear: patterning, signaling, and transcriptional control

The vertebrate inner ear is composed of multiple sensory receptor epithelia, each of which is specialized for detection of sound, gravity, or angular acceleration. Each receptor epithelium contains mechanosensitive hair cells, which are connected to the brainstem by bipolar sensory neurons. Hair cells and their associated neurons are derived from the embryonic rudiment of the inner ear epithelium, but the precise spatial and temporal patterns of their generation, as well as the signals that coordinate these events, have only recently begun to be understood. Gene expression, lineage tracing, and mutant analyses suggest that both neurons and hair cells are generated from a common domain of neural and sensory competence in the embryonic inner ear rudiment. Members of the Shh, Wnt, and FGF families, together with retinoic acid signals, regulate transcription factor genes within the inner ear rudiment to establish the axial identity of the ear and regionalize neurogenic activity. Close-range signaling, such as that of the Notch pathway, specifies the fate of sensory regions and individual cell types. We also describe positive and negative interactions between basic helix-loop-helix and SoxB family transcription factors that specify either neuronal or sensory fates in a context-dependent manner. Finally, we review recent work on inner ear development in zebrafish, which demonstrates that the relative timing of neurogenesis and sensory epithelial formation is not phylogenetically constrained.
Nomenclatural Changes Resulting from the Transfer of Nesaea and Hionanthera to Ammannia (Lythraceae): Addenda et corrigenda

Abstract Ammannia mauritiana and A. mauritiana subsp. lupembensis are replaced by A. capitellata and A. capitellata subsp. lupembensis, respectively. Euphorbia hildebrandtii and Nesaea hildebrandtii are treated as heterotypic synonyms of A. pubescens, and the epithet in A. moissiensis is corrected to mossiensis.