cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Equivalence of Paper-and-Pencil and Computer-Based Testing.

AbstractIn recent years, there has been increased interest in converting from paper-and-pencil to computer-based tests. As more and more organizations consider converting from paper-and-pencil tests to computer-administered ones, the importance of such research increases dramatically. This article examines the research showing the equivalence of paper-and-pencil–administered tests and computer-administered tests, especially when the computer-administered test is exactly the same as the paper-and-pencil test. Four different categories of research on testing by computer are examined: previous reviews of research, standards and guidelines for computerized testing, individual research studies, and studies about computerized testing over time. From this review, a number of general conclusions about testing by computer are reached: (a) it can be equivalent to a paper-and-pencil test, but it is the responsibility of the test developer to prove that it is; (b) this equivalence is established by meeting stringent ...
Using ASPEN to automate EO-1 activity planning

This paper describes the application of an automated planning and scheduling system to the NASA Earth Orbiting 1 (EO-1) mission. The planning system, ASPEN, is used to autonomously schedule the daily activities of the satellite. The satellite and operations constraints are encoded within a software model used by the planner. This paper includes a description of the planning system and the associated modeling language. We then discuss how we encoded the EO-1 spacecraft operations with the modeling language. We conclude with a description of the end-to-end planning system as we envision it for EO-1.
Micromechanics of friction: effects of nanometre-scale roughness

Nanometre-scale roughness on a solid surface has significant effects on friction, since intersurface forces operate predominantly within a nanometre-scale gap distance in frictional contact. To study the effects of nanometre-scale roughness, two novel atomic force microscope friction experiments were conducted, each using a gold surface sliding against a flat mica surface as the representative friction system. In one of the experiments, a pillar-shaped single nano-asperity of gold was used to measure the molecular-level frictional behaviour. The adhesive friction stress was measured to be 264 MPa and the molecular friction factor 0.0108 for a direct gold–mica contact. The nano-asperity was flattened in contact, although its hardness at this length scale is estimated to be 3.68 GPa. It was found that such a high pressure could be reached with the help of condensed water capillary forces. In the second experiment, a micrometre-scale asperity with nanometre-scale roughness exhibited a single-asperity-like response of friction. However, the apparent frictional stress, 40.5 MPa, fell well below the Hurtado–Kim model prediction of 208–245 MPa. In addition, the multiple nano-asperities were flattened during the frictional process, exhibiting load- and slip-history-dependent frictional behaviour.
A robust approach to high-speed navigation for unrehearsed desert terrain

This article presents a robust approach to navigating at high-speed across desert terrain. A central theme of this approach is the combination of simple ideas and components to build a capable and robust system. A pair of robots were developed which completed a 212 kilometer Grand Challenge desert race in approximately seven hours. A path-centric navigation system uses a combination of LIDAR and RADAR based perception sensors to traverse trails and avoid obstacles at speeds up to 15m/s. The onboard navigation system leverages a human based pre-planning system to improve reliability and robustness. The robots have been extensively tested, traversing over 3500 kilometers of desert trails prior to completing the challenge. This article describes the mechanisms, algorithms and testing methods used to achieve this performance.
Atomic spectroscopy and quantum optics in hollow-core waveguides

Atomic spectroscopy is a well-established, integral part of the physicist's toolbox with an extremely broad range of applications ranging from astronomy to single atom quantum optics. While highly desirable, miniaturization of atomic spectroscopy techniques on the chip scale was hampered by the apparent incompatibility of conventional solid-state integrated optics and gaseous media. Here, the state of the art of atomic spectroscopy in hollow-core optical waveguides is reviewed The two main approaches to confining light in low index atomic vapors are described: hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) and planar antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs). Waveguide design, fabrication, and characterization are reviewed along with the current performance as compact atomic spectroscopy devices. The article specifically focuses on the realization of quantum interference effects in alkali atoms which may enable radically new optical devices based on low-level nonlinear interactions on the single photon level for frequency standards and quantum communication systems.
Self-reported empathy and neural activity during action imitation and observation in schizophrenia.

Introduction Although social cognitive impairments are key determinants of functional outcome in schizophrenia their neural bases are poorly understood. This study investigated neural activity during imitation and observation of finger movements and facial expressions in schizophrenia, and their correlates with self-reported empathy.
Elevation-related differences in memory and the hippocampus in mountain chickadees, Poecile gambeli

Harsh environments may lead to increased demands on memory in animals that rely on memory for survival. We previously showed that winter severity is associated with non-experience-based differences in memory and the hippocampus over a large continental scale in food-caching black-capped chickadees, Poecile atricapillus. However, large climatic differences also occur along steep elevational gradients in montane environments over a small geographical scale. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that large differences in memory and the hippocampus exist over extremely short distances (10 km) along the elevation gradient. We found that food-caching mountain chickadees (P. gambeli) from the highest elevations in the Sierra Nevada Mountains had significantly better spatial memory associated with larger hippocampi, with almost twice the number of hippocampal neurons, than individuals only 600 m lower in elevation. We found similarly large differences in hippocampal neurogenesis rates as indicated by the total number of immature neurons. Our study therefore suggests that climate-related environmental differences can produce dramatic differences in memory and the hippocampus in animals within close proximity on small spatial scales and that currently observed trends in global climate may have significant effects on cognition and the brain.
Modulation of the BCL-2/BAX ratio by interferon-γ and hypoxia in human peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts

Objective To examine the effect of interferon (IFN)-γ treatment under normal and hypoxic conditions on the BCL-2/BAX ratio of fibroblasts obtained from normal peritoneal and adhesion tissues of the same patients. Design Prospective experimental study. Setting University medical center. Patient(s) Fibroblasts from peritoneum and adhesion tissues of 5 patients. Intervention(s) Hypoxia and IFN-γ treatments of fibroblasts. Main Outcome Measure(s) We used the multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique to measure expression of BCL-2 and BAX in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts exposed to hypoxia (2% O 2 ), in the presence or absence of IFN-γ for different time points and dosages. Result(s) At baseline, adhesion fibroblasts manifested decreased basal levels of apoptosis compared with normal fibroblasts. Hypoxia treatment resulted in a time–response decrease in apoptosis in both cell lines. Interferon-γ treatment resulted in a dose–response increase in apoptosis in both cell lines. Hypoxia had a reduced or no effect on apoptosis in the presence of increasing doses of IFN-γ in both cell types. Conclusion(s) Interferon-γ can block the effects of hypoxia on apoptosis, supporting the antifibrogenic nature of this cytokine. This suggests that IFN-γ would be a good candidate for consideration for intervention in the development of peritoneal adhesions and fibrosis.
Integration and interpolation based on fast spherical transforms for the multilevel fast multipole method

This study presents the application of fast spherical transforms developed by Driscoll and Healy (Adv Appl Math 15 (1994), 202–250) to the full-wave multilevel fast multipole method. An accurate uniform-grid based quadrature rule is presented, along with fast algorithms for interpolation and anterpolation. Error behavior and algorithmic complexities are discussed. Finally an efficient method for the generation of translation operators is presented. The overall method results in efficient and error-controllable schemes for quadrature and interpolation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1961–1964, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21825
Structural Plasticity of Helical Nanotubes Based on Coiled-Coil Assemblies

Numerous instances can be seen in evolution in which protein quaternary structures have diverged while the sequences of the building blocks have remained fairly conserved. However, the path through which such divergence has taken place is usually not known. We have designed two synthetic 29-residue α-helical peptides, based on the coiled-coil structural motif, that spontaneously self-assemble into helical nanotubes in vitro. Using electron cryomicroscopy with a newly available direct electron detection capability, we can achieve near-atomic resolution of these thin structures. We show how conservative changes of only one or two amino acids result in dramatic changes in quaternary structure, in which the assemblies can be switched between two very different forms. This system provides a framework for understanding how small sequence changes in evolution can translate into very large changes in supramolecular structure, a phenomenon that may have significant implications for the de novo design of synthetic peptide assemblies.
Defense spending and aggregate output in the United States

In this article the effect of defense spending on aggregate output is discussed. Recent publications in this area are reviewed and new additional evidence is provided. The findings presented in this paper are supportive of the positive effect of defense spending. However, in light of the contrary evidence presented in other papers, empirical evidence taken as a whole, suggests that a definitive conclusion about the effect of defense spending at this time should be avoided.
Assessing Family Caregiving: A Comparison of Three Retrospective Parentification Measures

Despite the frequent use of the Parentification Questionnaire (PQ) and the Parentification Scale (PS) in research studies, scant attention has been directed toward the psychometric properties of the scores derived from these measures. Moreover, given the importance of parentification as a clinical topic for treatment, it is surprising that more attention has not been paid to the accuracy and psychometric properties of parentification instruments. The current study was the first to compare the psychometric properties of these two commonly used parentification instruments (i.e., PQ and PS). This study also examined another parentification instrument, newly developed: the Parentification Inventory (PI). More specifically, the psychometric properties of the PI were compared comprehensively with those of the PQ and PS in a sample of college students (N = 787). Scores derived from the three measures were found to be comparable, valid, and reliable. Implications for couple and family system practice, and directions for future research are proffered.
A Discussion of the Concept of Spirituality

The purpose of this article is to discuss the concept of spirituality. There is a recognized connection between spirituality and health, and nurse leaders have acknowledged the importance of the spiritual as well as the physical in providing optimal nursing care. Spirituality goes beyond religious or cultural boundaries. Spirituality is characterized by faith, a search for meaning and purpose in life, a sense of connection with others, and a transcendence of self, resulting in a sense of inner peace and well-being. A strong spiritual connection may improve one's sense of satisfaction with life or enable accommodation to disability.
Effect of Muscle Type and Mixing Time on Sectioned and Formed Beef Steaks

Sectioned and formed beef steaks were manufactured from Standard beef rounds, Choice beef plates and Choice, Yield Grade 3, Meat Buyers Guide (126) 3-piece chucks. Replicates were established by slaughter day. A trained sensory panel evaluated juiciness, flavor, tenderness, and connective tissue residue. Color scores were assigned to steaks from each treatment. Instron Kramer shear was used to evaluate tenderness and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was used to measure rancidity. Reflectance spectrophotometry indicated oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin content. Mixing improved tenderness (P < 0.01) by 20% after 18 min. An 8% improvement occurred after 6 min. Mixing increased sensory juiciness (P < 0.01) and flavor (P < 0.05). Subjective and objective measures indicated that steaks processed from chuck were less tender (P < 0.01). Cooking yields improved linearly (P < 0.01) due to mixing. The TBA values were low and did not change due to treatment or after 90 days storage at –30°C. Subjective and objective color analyses indicated highly desirable color for fresh beef. Steaks processed from chuck meat were higher in percent metmyoglobin.
Improved multiresolution analysis transforms for satellite image compression and reconstruction using evolution strategies

In this paper, we describe how an evolution strategy optimizes multiresolution analysis (MRA) transforms that outperform wavelets for satellite image compression and reconstruction under conditions subject to quantization error. At three multiresolution levels and 64:1 quantization, our best evolved transform reduces mean squared error (MSE) in reconstructed images by an average of 11.71% (0.54 dB) in comparison to the 9/7 Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau (CDF) wavelet, while continuing to match the 9/7's compression capabilities. This result establishes a new state-of-the-art for quantized digital satellite images.
Quality Improvement Project to Reduce Infiltration and Extravasation Events in a Pediatric Hospital

A safety event response team at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center developed and tested improvement strategies to reduce peripheral intravenous (PIV) infiltration and extravasation injuries. Improvement activities included development of the touch–look–compare method for hourly PIV site assessment, staff education and mandatory demonstration of PIV site assessment, and performance monitoring and sharing of compliance results. We observed a significant reduction in the injury rate immediately following implementation of the interventions that corresponded with monitoring compliance in performing hourly assessments on patients with a PIV, but this was not sustained. The team is currently examining other strategies to reduce PIV injuries.
Design and analysis of software reconfiguration strategies for hypercube multicomputers under multiple faults

The authors discuss the design of a software reconfiguration strategy for hypercube multicomputer architectures under multiple faults. The advantage of the strategy over previous schemes is that it requires no redundant hardware, but supports reconfiguration through graceful degradation. It is based on the notion of using multiple virtual processors on a single physical processor and using these virtual processors for work-load redistribution under faults. The authors describe an environment, developed on a commercially available Intel iPSC/2 hypercube multicomputer, for implementing the software-based fault tolerance scheme. Results of experiments performed with this environment on the performance degradation of application programs under hardware faults are described. The reconfiguration scheme shows low overhead at low cost, and even provides improved efficiency on a fault-free hypercube. >
PG01037, a novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, inhibits the effects of methamphetamine in rats

Our previous studies have shown that the selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists SB-277011A or NGB 2904 significantly attenuate cocaine self-administration under a progressive-ratio reinforcement schedule and cocaine-, methamphetamine- or nicotine-enhanced brain stimulation reward. However, the poor bioavailability of SB-277011A has limited its potential use in humans. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the novel D(3) receptor antagonist PG01037 on methamphetamine self-administration, methamphetamine-associated cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking and methamphetamine-enhanced brain stimulation reward. Rats were allowed to intravenously self-administer methamphetamine under fixed-ratio 2 and progressive-ratio reinforcement conditions, and then the effects of PG01037 on methamphetamine self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement were assessed. Additional groups of rats were trained for intracranial electrical brain stimulation reward and the effects of PG01037 and methamphetamine on brain stimulation reward were assessed. Acute intraperitoneal administration of PG01037 (3, 10, 30 mg/kg) failed to alter methamphetamine or sucrose self-administration under fixed-ratio 2 reinforcement, but significantly lowered the break-point levels for methamphetamine or sucrose self-administration under progressive-ratio reinforcement. In addition, PG01037 significantly inhibited methamphetamine-associated cue-triggered reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior and methamphetamine-enhanced brain stimulation reward. These data suggest that the novel D(3) antagonist PG01037 significantly attenuates the rewarding effects as assessed by progressive-ratio self-administration and brain stimulation reward, and inhibits methamphetamine-associated cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior These findings support the potential use of PG01037 or other selective D(3) antagonists in the treatment of methamphetamine addiction.
Evaluation of Griffith Buck Roses for Resistance to Black Spot

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Marssonina rosae, Diplocarpon rosae SUMMARY. Recently, roses (Rosa spp.) that require relatively little maintenance have gained in popularity in the United States. One group of these roses is the Griffith Buck roses, which were selected to survive the extremely cold winters of the northcentral United States. Many of these roses were rated qualitatively as having disease resistance when they were released, but their resistance levels to black spot (Marssonina rosae) have not been quantified, compared with each other, or rated against other resistant or susceptible roses. In afield trial in Iowa in 2005 and 2006, 24 Griffith Buck roses that were originally described as disease resistant were compared with susceptible and resistant control cultivars for susceptibility to black spot. No fungicides were applied in either year. Plants were rated five times each year for black spot incidence, and also to assess overall plant appearance. Griffith Buck roses ‘Carefree Beauty’, ‘Aunt Honey’, ‘Honeysweet’, ‘Earthsong’, and ‘Pearlie Mae’ had significantly less black spot than many of the other cultivars. In addition, these cultivars also remained attractive and could be used in low-maintenance landscapes in the north-central United States, even under moderate black spot pressure.
Case Studies Applying Biophysical Techniques to Better Characterize Protein Aggregates and Particulates of Varying Size

During the manufacture, storage, and administration of protein therapeutics, aggregates and particles of varying size can form. The presence of these impurities may directly affect the immunogenicity and efficacy of the protein-based drugs. The detection and characterization of protein aggregates and particles has therefore become increasingly important from a pharmaceutical perspective, especially the use of different analytical technologies to comprehensively characterize the number, size range, morphology, and composition of protein aggregates and particles over a wide size range. This review chapter evaluates recent case studies that have utilized a combination of biophysical techniques to characterize soluble protein aggregates (1–100 nm) as well as submicron-sized (100–1,000 nm), subvisible (1–100 μm), and visible (>100 μm) protein particles. The case studies not only provide interesting comparisons of different biophysical methods but also examine varying effects observed with different protein therapeutics formulated in different dosage forms.
Use of Field-based Motion Capture to Augment Observational data in ergonomic Assessment of Aircraft Maintenance☆

Abstract A dramatically increasing trend in the population of aircraft painters with permanent physical limitations was identified among participants in the return-to-work program at a large aircraft maintenance facility. The increase came primarily from painters who had used a full-depth mechanical sanding depainting process. A detailed ergonomic assessment of the process was begun to elicit details of the range and types of risks faced by painters in that shop, and determine what types of mitigation might be utilized to minimize the prevalence of injury. Shoulder injuries represent the biggest area of ergonomic risk for painters. Cervical problems, hand/wrist problems, and lumbar problems make up the majority of the remainder of injuries. The extent, duration, and complexity of the risks involved in the depaint process required more data than the typical observational and psychophysical assessment tools could provide. Inertial motion capture and tool force instrumentation was implemented in combination with the typical ergonomic methods to provide more details as to the biomechanical sources of risk and how this varies throughout the depainting process. The results indicate surprisingly high normal forces on the palm sander, with rapid muscle fatigue and frequent postural substitution evident during overhead sanding. The long duration of this overhead activity, in combination with the evidence of fatigue, implicates the development of risky scapulo-humeral kinematics and end-of-range glenohumeral motion in the etiology of shoulder and cervical injuries. A mix of management and engineering strategies for mitigation resulted from the analysis.
The Economic Purge in Japan

During 1951, with the release of all but a handful of Japanese business leaders from purge designation, one of the more dramatic episodes in the occupation of Japan reached its conclusion. Like the broader Zaibatsu dissolution program, to which it was related, the economic purge represented an unusual experiment in the redirection of a nation's political life through measures impinging on business power.
Metabolic Regulation by Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a large family of ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators that control development, reproduction, metabolism, and inflammation. Cognate ligands include fatty acids, bile acids, steroids, vitamins A and D, and thyroid hormone, which enable NRs to sense lipophilic nutrients levels and control their respective flux and metabolism. While major metabolic outputs of some individual receptors are well studied, an integrated understanding of their contributions to systemic metabolic homeostasis is just starting to be revealed. In this chapter, we summarize recent advances in NR signaling in metabolism, with a focus on the emerging paradigm that positions NRs as hubs that translate environmental signals of a particular physiological state into daily metabolic rhythms. As NRs are a proven class of therapeutic targets, these novel findings provide insight into therapeutics for the metabolic syndrome.
Studies of a New Species of Thraustochytrium that Displays Light Stimulated Growth

SUMMARYThe development of Thraustochytrium roseum, a new pigmented marine Phycomycete, is described from its growth on pollen in sea water. Morphological variations produced on nutrient media under...
A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Bisaminoacylated tRNAs

Tandemly activated tRNAs participate effectively in protein synthesis and exhibit superior chemical and biochemical stability compared to the more commonly used singly aminoacylated tRNAs. While several bisaminoacylated tRNAs have been prepared via the T4 RNA ligase-mediated condensation of bisaminoacylated pdCpAs and abbreviated tRNA transcripts (tRNA-COH), the bisaminoacylated pdCpAs are difficult to prepare when using bulky amino acids. Described herein is a new strategy for preparing bisaminoacylated tRNAs, applicable even for bulky amino acids.
Comparison of the intracellular metabolism and trafficking of 25-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol in macrophages

Oxysterols arising from the diet or through lipid peroxidation may be important in the modulation of cellular cholesterol metabolism. In this study, the metabolism of one of the oxysterols, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC), was examined in J774 and mouse peritoneal macrophages. Uptake of 25OHC from serum was rapid and substantial. Esterification of the cellular 25OHC was also rapid as was hydrolysis of pre-formed esters. Like cholesterol, 25OHC was removed from cells by an extracellular acceptor such as high density lipoprotein. Unlike cholesterol, 25OHC was also rapidly and extensively removed from cells by serum albumin, but not by ovalbumin. The differential removal of oxysterols and cholesterol from cells by albumin allows separation of cellular effects due to oxysterols and cholesterol. In order to understand more about this differential efflux of sterols, a computer model for sterol mass transport in cells was used to compare intracellular trafficking of cholesterol and 25OHC. The rate constants determined by this model for movement of sterols between cytoplasm and plasma membrane were similar for both cholesterol and 25OHC, whereas those for esterification and ester hydrolysis as well as those for bidirectional movement between plasma membrane and extracellular medium were greater for 25OHC than for cholesterol. For both sterols, the rate-limiting step for removal of cellular esters appeared to be the rate of cytoplasmic ester hydrolysis. As 25OHC and cholesterol differ significantly in aqueous solubility, the similarity in their rate constants for movement between cytoplasm and plasma membrane is consistent with facilitation of transport between these two loci.
Dropout Prevention: A Previously Intractable Problem Addressed Through Systems for Monitoring and Supporting Students

A decade ago, high school dropout was viewed as a problem that was almost impossible to address, particularly by the time students were in high school. Its causes were located in myriad factors affecting students outside of school and in the years prior to high school. In recent years, research has shown that students show signs of dropout risk early on in high school, and schools that reach out to students early—in the ninth-grade year—can keep them on track to graduate. Schools can develop policies and practices that make it less likely that students will struggle in school and that make it easier for school staff to establish supportive relationships with students. Chicago provides a case study of a district that has shown substantial progress in improving its graduation rates by developing systems at the school level for using data to identify which students need what types of support.
Pyeloscopy in urothelial tumors.

AbstractIntraoperative pyeloscopy was performed on 18 consecutive patients with indeterminate pelvic or caliceal filling defects, subsequently proved to be transitional cell carcinomas. After nephroureterectomy local tumor recurrence in the region of the renal fossa developed in 2 patients. Intraoperative pyeloscopy entails significant risks and the seeding of transitional cell carcinoma is possible.
Occurrence of Thermoacoustic Phenomena at 0.8 K, 4 K and above

Thermoacoustics in cryogenics continues to be a very interesting phenomenon which is still poorly understood but often experienced unexpectedly in experiments where it causes unacceptable heat leaks. The authors report on the appearance and onset of this unwanted occurrence at temperatures below 35 K. A number of physical experiments are presented, where the authors had the means to take quantitative measurements of the heat leak caused by these pressure oscillations in apparatus with bent tubes ranging from 4.55 and 4.7 mm inner diameter, with heat stationing links. The parameters which indicate the likelihood of inadvertently developing these thermoacoustic oscillations are presented and means developed to avoiding them in that instance are given. Furthermore, we had the rare opportunity to record and analyze 4 K TAOs experienced on a test setup and present the simple method that was used to eliminate them.
The Molecular Pathology of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major health concern worldwide. Conventional HNSCC is associated with tobacco and alcohol use. However, a subset of HNSCC are not associated with these risk factors and are instead associated with the oncogenic high risk human papilloma virus (HPV). Conventional and HPV-positive HNSCC appear to be distinct molecular entities based on genetic profiles. This chapter reviews the clinical and pathologic features of and the molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis of conventional and HPV-associated HNSCC. In addition, current treatment modalities and targeted therapeutics are discussed.
Cardiopulmonary exercise factors predict survival in patients with advanced interstitial lung disease referred for lung transplantation.

Abstract Background The purpose of this work was to determine if parameters assessed during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) while using supplemental oxygen can independently predict one-year transplant-free survival in patients with Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) referred for lung transplant evaluation. Methods We performed a chart review of patients with ILD who completed CPET with 30% FiO 2 and gathered spirometry, pulmonary hemodynamic, six-minute walk, and CPET data. The primary end-point was death or lung transplantation within one-year of CPET. Results The final data set included 192 patients. 79 patients died/underwent transplant, 113 survived transplant-free. Multivariable Cox regression revealed peak workload % predicted, nadir CPET SpO 2 , and FVC% predicted as independent predictors of one-year transplant-free survival. Of the independent predictors of survival, receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed peak workload %predicted cutoff of 35% to be highly discriminatory, more so than nadir CPET SpO 2 or FVC % predicted in identifying patients at risk for one-year mortality or transplant (peak workload % predicted 2 Conclusion Peak workload % predicted, nadir CPET SpO 2 , and FVC% predicted in ILD patients referred for lung transplant evaluation are independently predictive of one-year mortality or need for transplant.
Measuring the Impact of Infrastructure Systems Using Computable General Equilibrium Models

With the advancement of computational technology and applied modeling platforms, the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model has been widely adopted for impact assessment. Current CGE modeling techniques enable analysts to achieve robust impact simulation through capturing heterogeneous regional economic structures and dynamic interactions of economic activities. However, key issues related to the sensitivity of exogenous parameters and the underpinnings of tracking policy shocks are not yet well understood. This essay addresses these critical concerns using empirical studies of transportation infrastructure as an example. Our purpose is to promote a reconsideration of the fundamentals of CGE modeling and suggest directions for future research.
Superweak asthenosphere in light of upper mantle seismic anisotropy

Earth's upper mantle includes a ∼ 200 km thick asthenosphere underneath the plates where viscosity and seismic velocities are reduced compared to the background. This zone of weakness matters for plate dynamics and may be required for the generation of plate tectonics itself. However, recent seismological and electro-magnetic studies indicate strong heterogeneity in thinner layers underneath the plates which, if related to more extreme, global viscosity reductions, may require a revision of our understanding of mantle convection. Here, I use dynamically-consistent mantle flow modeling and the constraints provided by azimuthal seismic anisotropy as well as plate motions to explore the effect of a range of global and local viscosity reductions. The fit between mantle flow model predictions and observations of seismic anisotropy is highly sensitive to radial and lateral viscosity variations. I show that moderate sub-oceanic viscosity reductions, to ∼ 0.01 to 0.1 times the upper mantle viscosity, are preferred by the fit to anisotropy and global plate motions, depending on layer thickness. Lower viscosities degrade the fit to azimuthal anisotropy. Localized patches of viscosity reduction, or layers of subducted asthenosphere, however, have only limited additional effects on anisotropy or plate velocities. This indicates that it is unlikely that regional observations of sub-plate anomalies are both continuous and indicative of dramatic viscosity reduction. Locally, such weak patches may exist and would be detectable by regional anisotropy analysis, for example. However, large-scale plate dynamics are most likely governed by broad continent-ocean asthenospheric viscosity contrasts rather than a thin, possibly high melt fraction layer.
A Review on the 3D Printing of Functional Structures for Medical Phantoms and Regenerated Tissue and Organ Applications

Abstract Medical models, or “phantoms,” have been widely used for medical training and for doctor-patient interactions. They are increasingly used for surgical planning, medical computational models, algorithm verification and validation, and medical devices development. Such new applications demand high-fidelity, patient-specific, tissue-mimicking medical phantoms that can not only closely emulate the geometric structures of human organs, but also possess the properties and functions of the organ structure. With the rapid advancement of three-dimensional (3D) printing and 3D bioprinting technologies, many researchers have explored the use of these additive manufacturing techniques to fabricate functional medical phantoms for various applications. This paper reviews the applications of these 3D printing and 3D bioprinting technologies for the fabrication of functional medical phantoms and bio-structures. This review specifically discusses the state of the art along with new developments and trends in 3D printed functional medical phantoms (i.e., tissue-mimicking medical phantoms, radiologically relevant medical phantoms, and physiological medical phantoms) and 3D bio-printed structures (i.e., hybrid scaffolding materials, convertible scaffolds, and integrated sensors) for regenerated tissues and organs.
GENETICALLY ENHANCING THE EFFICACY OF PLANT PATHOGENS FOR CONTROL OF WEEDS

There are many plant pathogens that attack weeds, but only a few have proven virulent enough to control weed species and compete with chemical herbicides (R. E. McFayden, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43, 369-393, 1998). One might surmise that there has been strong selection against highly virulent host-specific pathogens, as survival of the pathogen depends upon survival of the host. Total eradication of the host weed would not benefit the pathogen, an impasse that challenges researchers to develop innovative strate- gies using formulation, genetics, and synergy to enhance the effectiveness of biocontrol pathogens. Our research has capitalized on the inhibitory effects of certain amino acids on plant growth and development. Biocontrol pathogens that overproduce selected amino acids have increased virulence to the target weed and enhanced field performance. We report enhancement of virulence in three separate pathogen-host systems, two with Fusarium and one with Pseudomonas.
Cross-Cultural Research in MIS

“Globalization of business highlights the need to understand the management of organizations that span different nations and cultures” (Srite et al., 2003, p. 31). In these multinational and transcultural organizations, there is a growing call for utilizing information technology (IT) to achieve efficien-cies, coordination, and communication. However, cultural differences between countries may have an impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of IT deployment. Despite its importance, the effect of cultural factors has received limited attention from information systems’ (IS) researchers. In a review of cross-cultural research specifically focused on the MIS area (Evaristo, Karahanna, & Srite, 2000), a very limited number of studies were found that could be classi-fied as cross-cultural. Additionally, even though many of the studies found provided useful insights, raised interesting questions, and generally contributed toward the advancement of the state of the art in its field, with few exceptions, no study specifically addressed equivalency issues central to measure-ment in cross-cultural research. It is this methodological issue of equivalency that is the focus of this article.
Simulation in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Obstetrics and gynecology is a unique specialty that requires a wide range of both clinical and surgical skills. The sheer intellectual and technical breadth of the specialty combined with the emotions surrounding the event, that is, pregnancy and the delivery of a child, make simulation training for the specialty of OB/GYN an imperative. While the general OB/GYN will see many routine medical issues, they are also required to be competent surgeons and experts in the management of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Obstetricians must be equipped with the ability to manage two patients at the same time while taking into account that interventions intended for the mother must be balanced with anticipated effects on the fetus. In addition, in both the operating room and the delivery unit, the ability to communicate effectively and work together as a team is a critical skill that is taught best using didactics in conjunction with simulation. Utilizing simulation to acquire and assess surgical skill needed in gynecology as well as those routine and emergent procedures that occur on the labor and delivery floor is not only possible but necessary to ensure the best outcomes possible.
Charge Transfer Dynamics of Phase-Segregated Halide Perovskites: CH3NH3PbCl3 and CH3NH3PbI3 or (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)n−1PbnI3n+1 Mixtures

Lead halide perovskites present a versatile class of solution-processable semiconductors with highly tunable bandgaps that span ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared portions of the spectrum. We explore phase-separated chloride and iodide lead perovskite mixtures as candidate materials for intermediate band applications in future photovoltaics. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy reveal that deposition of precursor solutions across the MAPbCl3/MAPbI3 composition space affords quasi-epitaxial cocrystallized films, in which the two perovskites do not alloy but instead remain phase-segregated. First-principle calculations further support the formation of an epitaxial interface and predict energy offsets in the valence band and conduction band edges that could result in intermediate energy absorption. The charge dynamics of variable mixtures of the relatively narrow bandgap (1.57 eV) MAPbI3 perovskite and wide bandgap (3.02 eV) MAPbCl3 are probed to map charge and energy flow direction and ki...
Performance Characteristics of Airfoils with Leading-Edge Tubercles and an Internal Slot

The combined effect of an internal slot in an airfoil and transverse leading-edge tubercles on its performance is studied. The internal slot allows flow ventilation from the pressure face to the su...
The childcare attitudes of two generations of mothers.

Clinical reports have stressed the importance of understanding a mother's personality and childcare attitudes in terms of those of her own mother (Deutsch, 1945; Harris, 1959; Rheingold, 1964). Even though a woman may have left her parental home and begun her own family, she continues in an important, though frequently conflictful relationship with her own mother (Stolz, 1967; Cohler, Weiss, & Grunebaum, 1969). The grandmother is often the primary baby sitter and she is the person most likely to be called upon for surrogate care when her daughter becomes ill or begins working. The relationship between the two generations may become especially complex when the mother and grandmother share a common residence. The present study concerns the relationship between the childcare attitudes of mothers and their own mothers, the changes in childcare attitudes from one generation to the next, and differences in childcare attitudes among mothers and grandmothers sharing a common residence or living apart. Some sociologists have stated that the extended family is not as well adapted as the isolated nuclear family to our bureaucratic society (Wirth, 1938; Ogburn, 1953). While these theorists had suggested that extended kinship ties would become even less important, more recent studies of Litwak (1960a, 1960b), Sussman (1965) and others have suggested that a modified extended family system is emerging, based on mutual affection and reciprocal aid and assistance, which may be even more appropriate than the isolated nuclear family to the occupational and geographic mo bility of our urban society. Geographic propinquity is not required in the modified extended
Invited Paper Image-Guided Microfluidic Cell Sorter with Machine Learning

We demonstrated an image-guided cell sorter using the techniques of spatial-temporal coding for high throughput cell imaging, real-time image processing and machine learning for cell classification, and microfluidic device in a disposable cartridge for cell sorting. © 2019 The Author(s)
Watt-Level, Direct RF Modulation in CMOS SOI With Pulse-Encoded Transitions for Adjacent Channel Leakage Reduction

This article reports signal processing and circuit techniques for direct RF signal modulation. A pulse-encoded transition (PET) technique is introduced to reduce undesired harmonic distortion (HD) and adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) generated by the direct RF modulation. To enable PET RF switching, two variations of a high-power, stacked-FET switch modulator, an 8- and 12-device stack, are designed in 45-nm silicon on insulator (SOI) CMOS. The switch design uses a tapering design to significantly improve power handling with minimal impact to switching speed. The modulators have $P_{1\,{\mathrm{ dB}}} $ values between 34 and 39 dBm while demonstrating a modulation bandwidth of nearly 500 MHz with a 1-GHz carrier. The input referred third order intercept point (IIP3) is between 46 and 61 dBm. Additionally, ACLR measurements of up to −50 dBc are demonstrated using the proposed PET technique at 30-dBm output power. To the best of our knowledge, this is record power handling and ACLR for a CMOS switch.
Sensitivity and history match analysis of a carbon dioxide “huff-and-puff” injection test in a horizontal shale gas well in Tennessee

Abstract Due to improvements in well development, shale gas production has gained importance in recent years, especially in the United States. To improve gas production and develop a better understanding of shale reservoirs, researchers are conducting field tests to monitor CO2 storage and enhanced gas recovery. Reservoir simulations can then utilize these field results for sensitivity studies, uncertainty analysis, history matching, gas production forecasts, and CO2 storage capacity estimations. One such field test was performed for the Chattanooga Shale formation in Morgan County, Tennessee. Approximately 463 tonnes (510 tons) of CO2 was successfully injected into a hydraulically fractured horizontal well over a thirteen-day period in March 2014. The injection test was achieved in four steps: pre-injection, injection, soaking, and flowback. In this paper, those steps were modeled with a reservoir simulator to match the historic production and injection rates with gas component compositions and forecast the production for five years. The reservoir fluid was modeled as a multi-component gas, including CH4, C2H6, C3H8, N2, and CO2. Langmuir constants, reservoir pressure, and fracture network volume were adjusted to match simulation results with observed production rates and gas composition. Results showed that, under the same reservoir conditions, each gas component behaves differently by way of compositional changes in production. CH4 behaves like N2, while CO2 behaves like heavier hydrocarbons such as C2H6 and C3H8. CO2 plume results showed that, after injection, the produced CO2 is mostly derived from fractured limestone (i.e., Fort Payne Formation) because the injected CO2 is not adsorbed in limestone but rather by shale formations.
A User-Based Charge and Subsidy Scheme for Single O-D Network Mobility Management

We propose a path guidance system with a user-based charge and subsidy (UBCS) scheme for single O-D network mobility management. Users who are willing to join the scheme (subscribers) can submit travel requests along with their VOTs to the system before traveling. Those who are not willing to join (outsiders) only need to submit travel requests to the system. Our system will give all users path guidance from their origins to their destinations, and collect a path payment from the UBCS subscribers. Subscribers will be charged or subsided in a way that renders the UBCS strategy-proof, revenue-neutral, and Pareto-improving. A numerical example shows that the UBCS scheme is equitable and progressive.
Buprenorphine Dosing for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder Through Pregnancy and Postpartum

Opioid-related deaths are a leading cause of mortality during pregnancy through 12 months postpartum. Buprenorphine use during pregnancy is increasing, yet expert opinion on its dosing through the perinatal period is limited. We provide a review of the current clinical literature on buprenorphine dosing during pregnancy through 12 months postpartum and present data from a retrospective chart review of patients at our institution describing trends in buprenorphine dosing during pregnancy and postpartum. Utilizing this information, we synthesize findings to provide clinical recommendations for providers. Existing literature during pregnancy reflects how many women increase and split total daily buprenorphine doses as gestational age advances. We present data from a retrospective chart review of patients at our institution describing trends in buprenorphine dosing during pregnancy and postpartum. Utilizing this information, we synthesize findings to provide clinical recommendations for providers. Changes in the total daily dose of buprenorphine used across pregnancy and through 12 months postpartum at the individual level do not follow consistent patterns, highlighting substantial individual variability. Altogether, buprenorphine dosing should be individualized through pregnancy and postpartum with frequent evaluations by providers and solicited input from patients.
Dolosigranulum pigrum: Predicting Severity of Infection.

In this report, we describe a case of a 61-year-old male patient who had the bacterium Dolosigranulum pigrum growing in a blood culture. It was susceptible to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, and vancomycin but was intermediately resistant to erythromycin. The patient did not have a negative outcome as a consequence of this bacterium, which retrospectively could have been predicted based on the epidemiological data within the patient's profile.