cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who dictates your display terminal design

The intent of this paper is to describe the history and current status of the design "regulations" for computer terminal products in Europe, and recently in Canada and in the United States. Included is a description of: 1) the concerns and issues that have evolved into country controls, 2) the informational base around which these controls were developed, 3) the current controversy over their scientific credibility, 4) the different mechanisms utilized to influence control adherence, and 5) restrictions unique to some countries. Although the paper will focus on activity in Europe, a brief summary will be given of the activities in Canada and the U.S. Included will be a summary of recent activities of U.S. institutions to create national guidelines and of the International Organization for Standardization.
Synthesis, structure, and solution behavior of [Na · 15-crown-5][Mn(CO)5]

Abstract The complex [Na · 15-crown05][Mn(CO) 5 ] was synthesized by the reaction of freshly prepared Na[Mn(CO) 5 ] with 15-crown-5 in toluene. The formation of two liquid layers indicative of a liquid clathrate was noted immediately. The pale green air-sensitive crystals of the complex belong to the monoclinic space group P 2 1 /c with a 7.880(2), b 19.157(8), c 13.549(4) A, β 101.78(2)°, and D c 1.45 g cm −3 for Z = 4 formula units. The structure in the solid state is that of a dimer which resides on a crystallographic center of inversion. The [Mn(CO) 5 ] − units are bridged together by sodium cations. The latter are coordinated to one equatorial carbonyl oxygen atom, one axial carbonyl oxygen atom, and the five oxygen atoms of the crown ether. The two Na…O(carbonyl) contacts are 2.409 and 2.555 A, and the sodium ion lies 0.88 A out of the plane of the crown ether oxygen atoms.
Leveraging advances in natural language processing to better understand Tobler's first law of geography

Tobler's First Law of Geography (TFL) is one of the key reasons why "spatial is special". The law, which states that "everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things", is central to the management, presentation, and analysis of geographic information. However, despite the importance of TFL, we have a limited general understanding of its domain-neutral properties. In this paper, we leverage recent advances in the natural language processing domain of semantic relatedness estimation to, for the first time, robustly evaluate the extent to which relatedness between spatial entities decreases over distance in a domain-neutral fashion. Our results reveal that, in general, TFL can indeed be considered a globally recognized domain-neutral property of geographic information but that there is a distance beyond which being nearer, on average, no longer means being more related.
Animal models of FSGS: lessons for pathogenesis and treatment.

Glomerulosclerosis in a heterogeneous pattern, ie, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), is a common endpoint in a variety of settings, including idiopathic FSGS, and scarring secondary to other renal or systemic diseases. These different causes contribute to the diverse clinical outcomes of histological focal sclerosis, and the varying histologic manifestations of sclerosis. Numerous models have been established in the rat that aim to mirror the various elements of human glomerulosclerosis. With the availability of knockout gene technology, many, but not all of these models have been translated to mouse species. This review will focus on the remnant kidney model, the podocyte injury models of puromycin aminonucleoside or adriamycin injection, and examples of newly developed genetic models, such as knockout of CD2 associated protein (CD2AP).
Treatment of philadelphia chromosome-positive, accelerated-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia with imatinib mesylate.

Purpose: Imatinib mesylate, a specific Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown encouraging activity in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Experimental Design: We treated 237 patients (median age, 50 years; age range, 18–82 years) with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive accelerated-phase CML with oral imatinib mesylate at daily doses of 400 mg (26 patients) or 600 mg (211 patients) and evaluated response and survival characteristics in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Among the 200 patients with accelerated-phase CML for whom follow-up was 3 months or more, rates of complete and partial hematological response were 80% and 10%. Cytogenetic responses were evident in 90 patients [45%; complete response in 47 patients (24%) and partial response (Ph 1–34%) in 21 patients (11%)]. The estimated 18-month survival rate was 73%. The estimated complete hematological response rate at 18 months was 68%; that for cytogenetic response was 82%. In multivariate analyses, a diagnosis-to-treatment interval of 3 years or more, splenomegaly, and peripheral blasts predicted poor major cytogenetic response; age >60 years, marrow basophilia, and clonal evolution predicted poor survival. The 600-mg drug dose was associated with better cytogenetic response and survival in univariate analysis (P Conclusions: Imatinib mesylate was active against Ph-positive, accelerated-phase CML, and the prognostic factors identified in this study could aid in tailoring treatment strategies to specific risk groups.
Property Rights Reforms and Changing Grassroots Governance in China’s Urban—Rural Peripheries: The Case of Changping District in Beijing:

This paper analyses how rural property rights reforms have reshaped grassroots governance in the rapid urbanisation process in China. The management and distribution of the villages’ collective property has become a flashpoint for local conflict when collective farmland is taken for urban uses. Changping, a rural district located on the northern periphery of Beijing, pioneered a property rights reform to convert villages’ collective assets into a new form of shareholding co-operative. Along with the election of a new board of directors that is now in charge of collective property, the reforms are redefining the jurisdiction of the party, the village government and the shareholding co-operative organisation, thus reconfiguring the political and economic power structure at the village level.
Classroom talk: co-constructing a ‘difficult student’

Background: Research on teacher–student relationships has focused logically on classroom talk. Investigations of classroom talk range from broad consideration of the structures of such talk to a somewhat narrower focus on the interpersonal dimensions of such talk, and their consequences for student achievement and motivation. Purpose: This study explores a relationship that the teacher defined as ‘difficult’, and attempts to understand, through analysis of classroom talk, how the complexities of full-class discussion contributed to the manifestation of a difficult relationship. Sample: The analysis focuses primarily on one teacher and one student in a 31-student, grade seven (age 12–13) English/Language Arts class. The study was conducted in a seventh-grade language arts/social studies block class in Midwest Middle School (a pseudonym), a middle school of around 700 students in a mid-sized suburban community in the Midwest, USA. Design and methods: The study draws from nine weeks of participant observatio...
Dysphagia in the Elderly and in Dementia: Helping the Helper

Abstract In order to explore the literature on the role of family in dysphagia intervention, key search terms were identified and literature was reviewed from Pub Med since 1999. Much of the litera...
Traceable Waveform Calibration With a Covariance-Based Uncertainty Analysis

We describe a method for calibrating the voltage that a step-like pulse generator produces at a load at every time point in the measured waveform. The calibration includes an equivalent-circuit model of the generator that can be used to determine how the generator behaves when it is connected to arbitrary loads. The generator is calibrated with an equivalent-time sampling oscilloscope and is traceable to fundamental physics via the electro-optic sampling system at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The calibration includes a covariance-based uncertainty analysis that provides the uncertainty at each time in the waveform vector and the correlations between the uncertainties at the different times. From the calibrated waveform vector and its covariance matrix, we calculate pulse parameters and their uncertainties. We compare our method with a more traditional parameter-based uncertainty analysis.
A new algorithm for truth maintenance

The author offers a truth maintenance algorithm which combines key features of existing algorithms. Like J. de Kleer's (1986) ATMS (assumption-based truth maintenance systems), it finds all solution states of belief and avoids dependency-directed backtracking. Like J. Doyle's (1979) TMS, it deals explicitly with nonmonotonic justifications and arguments for beliefs. The algorithm uses a novel representation for sets of belief states which focuses on certain regularities in the space of TMS solutions. Preliminary experiments show that, although its time complexity is theoretically exponential, the algorithm performs well on a moderate-size problem ( approximately 100 beliefs) which displays the appropriate regularity. As expected, exponential behavior is seen in the n-queens and bit parity problems, which have large solution spaces lacking the required regularity. To address the complexity problem, it appears feasible to modify the algorithm to compute partial sets of solutions. >
Thermal diffusivity of olivine

Abstract The thermal diffusivity of a naturally occurring polycrystalline olivine (Fo91Fa09) was measured by the Flash technique in the temperature range of 450–1500 K. At 450 K the thermal diffusivity was 10.7 × 10−7 m2/s and decreased as a function of reciprocal temperature to 7.0 × 10−7 m2/s at 800 K. From that temperature, the values gradually increased to a maximum of 7.8 × 10−7 m2/s at 1000 K, and then steadily decreased to 5.6 × 10−7 m2/s at 1500 K. The unusual decrease above 1000 K was caused by a reduction of the previously oxidized samples. The olivine's oxidation state plays a significant role in the value of thermal diffusivity at high temperatures.
Gaussian mixture sigma-point particle filters for sequential probabilistic inference in dynamic state-space models

For sequential probabilistic inference in nonlinear non-Gaussian systems, approximate solutions must be used. We present a novel recursive Bayesian estimation algorithm that combines an importance sampling based measurement update step with a bank of sigma-point Kalman filters for the time-update and proposal distribution generation. The posterior state density is represented by a Gaussian mixture model that is recovered from the weighted particle set of the measurement update step by means of a weighted EM algorithm. This step replaces the resampling stage needed by most particle filters and mitigates the "sample depletion" problem. We show that this new approach has an improved estimation performance and reduced computational complexity compared to other related algorithms.
Towards automatic optimization of MapReduce programs

Timely and cost-effective processing of large datasets has become a critical ingredient for the success of many academic, government, and industrial organizations. The combination of MapReduce frameworks and cloud computing is an attractive proposition for these organizations. However, even to run a single program in a MapReduce framework, a number of tuning parameters have to be set by users or system administrators. Users often run into performance problems because they don't know how to set these parameters, or because they don't even know that these parameters exist. With MapReduce being a relatively new technology, it is not easy to find qualified administrators. In this position paper, we make a case for techniques to automate the setting of tuning parameters for MapReduce programs. The objective is to provide good out-of-the-box performance for ad hoc MapReduce programs run on large datasets. This feature can go a long way towards improving the productivity of users who lack the skills to optimize programs themselves due to lack of familiarity with MapReduce or with the data being processed.
Performance Prediction and Enhancement in an Introductory Physics Course for Engineers

Performance in an introductory physics course for engineers is examined. Class performance is compared with the results of a diagnostic test taken at the start of a course and with performance in preceding classes. The best predictor of performance is found to be prior achievement; the diagnostic tests of basic skills is a poor predictor. It was demonstrated that repeated execution of a particular physics word problem leads to enhanced success and decreased failure; failure decreases by approximately 50% at each exposure. But the improved success on a particular word problem does not translate to a generally improved performance on all problems of its type. An intervention strategy based on repeated performance of “skills” problems does however translate into improved class performance and results in a 30 % decrease in the number of students who achieve unacceptable grades.
Mesoscopic Coulomb Blockade in One-Channel Quantum Dots

Signatures of ``mesoscopic Coulomb blockade'' are reported for quantum dots with one fully transmitting point-contact lead; ${T}_{1}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1,{T}_{2}\ensuremath{\ll}1$. Unlike the Coulomb blockade (CB) in weak-tunneling devices $({T}_{1},{T}_{2}\ensuremath{\ll}1)$, one-channel CB is a mesoscopic effect requiring quantum coherence. Several distinctive features of mesoscopic CB are observed, including a reduction in CB upon breaking time-reversal symmetry with a magnetic field, relatively large fluctuations of peak position as a function of magnetic field, and strong temperature dependence on the scale of the quantum level spacing.
Infection and re-infection of domestic cats with various Bartonella species or types: B. henselae type I is protective against heterologous challenge with B. henselae type II.

Four Bartonella species have been isolated from domestic cats, of which two serotypes/genotypes of Bartonella henselae and possibly B. clarridgeiae are human pathogens, causing cat scratch disease (CSD).Our objectives were to evaluate infection and potential cross-protection during re-infection in domestic cats with various Bartonella species or types.Thirty-six cats were primarily inoculated with B. henselae type I (n=16), B. henselae type II (n=10), B. clarridgeiae (n=6) or B. koehlerae (n=4). They were challenged with B. henselae type I (n=15), B. henselae type II (n=13) or B. clarridgeiae (n=8). All 36 cats became bacteremic (1.25x10(2)-1.44x10(6)CFU/ml) and bacteremia lasted from 37 to 582 days. Duration of bacteremia for cats inoculated with B. henselae type I was shorter than for cats inoculated with either B. henselae type II (P=0.025) or B. clarridgeiae (P=0.011). After challenge, 26 cats became bacteremic. Among the nine cats primarily inoculated with B. henselae type I and challenged with B. henselae type II, six cats stayed abacteremic. The three bacteremic cats had a transient low-level bacteremia. No bacteremia was observed in three cats primarily inoculated with B. henselae type I and challenged with another strain of B. henselae type I. Bacteremia levels in the 26 cats were significantly lower than for primary inoculation (P=0.022) and its duration was shorter (P=0.012). Among the eight cats challenged with B. clarridgeiae, duration of bacteremia in the four cats primarily inoculated with B. henselae type I was shorter than in the four cats primarily inoculated with B. henselae type II (P=0.01). Bartonella clarridgeiae inoculated cats were more likely to have relapses for both primary and secondary infections. This is the first demonstration of cross-protection, evidenced by absence of bacteremia, in cats primarily infected with B. henselae type I and challenged with B. henselae type II, whereas no cross-protection was previously shown for cats primarily infected with B. henselae type II and challenged with B. henselae type I. Such results are of major importance for future feline Bartonella vaccine development.
Systemic Mastocytosis in 16 Dogs

The clinical and pathologic features of systemic mastocytosis in 16 dogs are reported. There was no apparent breed or sex predilection, and the median age at presentation was 9.5 years. In 14 of 16 cases there was a primary cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT). When cutaneous tumor location was compared with previous reports, there was no association between location and systemic dissemination. The most common presenting signs associated with the cutaneous tumor were regional dissemination, edema, ulceration, and abscessation. They were present in 12 dogs (69%). Signs of systemic illness, including anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea, were seen in eight dogs (50%). Other than the cutaneous tumors, the most consistent physical and radiographic abnormalities included lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. Eosinophilia and basophilia were seen in two and five dogs, respectively. Six dogs had increased numbers of mast cells in peripheral blood or buffy coat smears. Five of the nine dogs evaluated had increased numbers of mast cells in bone marrow aspirates. Bone marrow aspiration was superior to both peripheral blood and buffy coat smears in predicting mastocytosis. Coagulation abnormalities were seen in three of five dogs tested. Using a conventional histomorphologic grading system, 10 of 13 (77%) tumors were classified as Grade III or undifferentiated and were overrepresented when compared with previous reports of cutaneous MCTs. Eighty-eight percent of the dogs either died or were euthanatized because of their tumors. Organs commonly involved at necropsy included lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow; four dogs had gastroduodenal ulcers.
Prices and Wages under Bilateral Monopoly

Present state of the theory, 503. — Three cases, 505. — Diagrammatic presentation, 507. — Extension to labor-management relations: assumption I, 509; assumption II, 510; assumption III, 511. — Some complicating factors: supply of labor, 516; efficiency of labor, 518; discontinuities in the value product functions, 519. — Wage theory on the general equilibrium level, 520. — Reconsideration of the theory of bilateral monopoly, 523. — Institutional obstacles to movement to the contract curve, 524. — The contract curve and the concept of the "solution," 528. — The range of indeterminateness, 530.
Fast and robust fixed-length packetization algorithm for set partitioning in hierarchical trees bit stream over packet erasure channels

We consider the robust packetization scheme for set par- titioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) embedded bit stream over packet erasure channels and propose a fast and robust fixed-length packetization scheme using a two-step process. In the first step, a multiplexer is used to partition the embedded bit stream into multiple variable-length blocks with block sizes close to the fixed packet size. In the second step, a packetized error-resilient entropy code (PEREC) algorithm is proposed to reorganize these variable-length blocks into fixed-size packets to be transmitted over the physical network. Any lost packets have only minor effects on other received packets. Computer simulations show that the proposed method pro- vides both excellent compression performance with fast speed and graceful degradation under serve packet losses. © 2007 SPIE and
Genetic mapping of QTLs affecting tree growth and architecture in Populus: implication for ideotype breeding.

A segregated F2 progeny derived from two highly divergent poplar species, Populus trichocarpa and P. deltoides, was used to evaluate the genetic basis of canopy structure and function in a clonally replicated plantation. The QTLs of large effect on growth, branch, and leaf traits were identified using the Populus linkage map constructed by 343 molecular markers. Stem height and harvest index appeared to be under the control of few QTLs with major effects, whereas variation in stem basal area, volume, and dry weight might be due to many more QTLs. Branch and leaf traits on sylleptics tended to include more QTLs with major effects than those on proleptics. In the environment where the pedigree was tested, sylleptics were very frequent in the P. trichocarpa parent but rare in the P. deltoides parent. For sylleptic traits for which two or more QTLs were identified, however, increases in the trait values were conditioned not only by the P. trichocarpa alleles, but also by the P. deltoides alleles. Similar findings were found for traits on proleptics that were differently expressed between the two parents. For both sylleptic and proleptic branch types, dominance (ranging from partial to over) was observed. The QTLs on specific linkage groups were found to be responsible for relationships between stem growth and its developmental components. Similar QTL clustering was also observed for morphological or developmental integration in poplar, i.e., traits with similar developmental origins are more strongly correlated with one another than traits with different developmental origins. The implications of these molecular genetic results for ideotype breeding of poplars are discussed.
The quasi-static response of compliant prosthetic sockets for transtibial amputees using finite element methods

The finite element method (FEM) is a very powerful tool for analyzing the behavior of structures, especially when the geometry and mechanics are too complex to be modeled with analytical methods. This study focuses on the analysis of patellar tendon bearing prosthetic sockets with integrated compliant features designed to relieve contact pressure between the residual limb and socket. We developed a FEM model composed of a socket, liner and residual limb and analyzed it under quasi-static loading conditions derived from experimentally measured ground reaction forces. The geometry of the residual limb, liner and socket were acquired from computed tomography (CT) data of a transtibial amputee. Three different compliant designs were analyzed using FEM to assess the structural integrity of the sockets and their ability to relieve local pressure at the fibula head during normal walking. The compliant features consisted of thin-wall sections and two variations of spiral slots integrated within the socket wall. One version of the spiral slots produced the largest pressure relief, with an average reduction in local interface pressure during single-leg stance (20-80% of the stance phase) from 172 to 66.4 kPa or 65.8% compared to a baseline socket with no compliant features. These results suggest that the integration of local compliant features is an effective method to reduce local contact pressure and improve the functional performance of prosthetic sockets.
Glucagon and canine mesenteric hemodynamics: Effects on superior mesenteric arteriovenous and nutrient capillary blood flow

The objective of this investigation was to define the splanchnic hemodynamic effects of parenterally administered glucagon in a canine model. Measurements in six dogs at baseline and at 10, 20, and 30 min during constant intravenous infusion of glucagon at 1 pg/kglmin included: Cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure, total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR), superior mesenteric artery flow (SMAQ), portal venous pressure (PVP), superior mesenteric artery vascular resistance (SMAR), percentage SMA flow through arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA%) determined by 99mTc microsphere technique, as well as volume flow through AVA (AVAQ), and volume flow through the SMA nutrient capillary circulation (NCQ). SMAQ rose significantly and disproportionately compared to the rise in CO. SMAQ more than doubled from a mean of 448 f 124 cc at baseline to a mean of 921 f 321 cc at 10 min, and remained elevated throughout drug infusion. SMAR and TPR both decreased significantly. Although percentage shunt was low at baseline, 1.79 ? 0.94% and did not change, both AVAQ and NCQ increased significantly during drug infusion. The increase in AVAQ was transient, but NCQ remained elevated throughout infusion. PVP increased significantly, and the change in PVP correlated significantly with the change in AVAQ at 30 min, a time when AVAQ was not elevated significantly above baseline levels. Nutrient capillary flow comprised 298% of total SMAQ during the experiment and, along with total SMAQ, doubled and remained elevated throughout drug infusion. Although glucagon may increase PVP by slightly increasing the absolute volume of mesenteric shunt flow, its primary action is that of a potent mesenteric arterial dilator, increasing NCQ strikingly more than AVAQ.
THE FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY OF GYNODIOECY IN ERITRICHUM ARETIOIDES (BORAGINACEAE), THE ALPINE FORGET-ME-NOT

Eritrichum aretioides is a gynodioecious species with female and hermaphrodite individuals. In populations on Pennsylvania Mountain in central Colorado (USA), the frequency of females ranges from 22 to 41%. Flower number and the number of seeds produced per flower were similar in hermaphrodites and females. However, hermaphrodites produced larger flowers, while females produced larger seeds (P < 0.05 for both). In the field, seed germination was higher for seeds from females than for seeds from hermaphrodites (20 vs. 9% germination; P < 0.05). Unvisited flowers and open-pollinated flowers of hermaphrodites had similar pollen receipt (approx 20 pollen grains per stigma), but seed set following autogamous pollination was significantly lower than seed set following natural pollination. This finding indicates that hermaphrodites have a barrier to selfing and implies that the larger seed size and greater establishment advantage of offspring from females is unlikely to have resulted from female outcrossing advantage. Rather, differences in the quality of seed progeny between morphs probably reflect a trade-off in sexual allocation or pleiotropic effects of the sex-determining genes.
Police officer response to the injured officer: a survey-based analysis of medical care decisions.

INTRODUCTION No widely accepted, specialized medical training exists for police officers confronted with medical emergencies while under conditions of active threat. The purpose of this study was to assess medical decision-making capabilities of law enforcement personnel under these circumstances. METHODS Web-based surveys were administered to all sworn officers within the county jurisdiction. Thirty-eight key actions were predetermined for nine injured officer scenarios, with each correct action worth one point. Descriptive statistics and t-tests were used to analyze results. RESULTS Ninety-seven officers (65.1% response rate) responded to the survey. The majority of officers (68.0%) were trained to the first-responder level. Overall mean score for the scenarios was 15.5 +/- 3.6 (range 7-25). A higher level of medical training (EMT-B/P versus first responder) was associated with a higher mean score (16.6 +/- 3.4, p = 0.05 vs. 15.0 +/- 3.6, p = 0.05). Tactical unit assignment was associated with a lower score compared with non-assigned officers (13.5 +/- 2.9 vs. 16.0 +/- 3.6, p = 0.0085). No difference was noted based upon previous military experience. Ninety-two percent of respondents expressed interest in a law enforcement-oriented advanced first-aid course. CONCLUSIONS Tactical medical decision-making capability, as assessed through the nine scenarios, was sub-optimal. In this post 9/11 era, development of law enforcement-specific medical training appears appropriate.
Chronic access to a sucrose solution enhances the development of conditioned place preferences for fentanyl and amphetamine in male Long-Evans rats

Consumption of palatable food and fluids alters the behavioral consequences of psychoactive drugs. To further investigate the effects of intake of palatable nutrients on the rewarding properties of these drugs, the effects of chronic intake of a sweet sucrose solution on the development of conditioned place preferences (CPP) to a mu-opioid agonist, fentanyl, and to a stimulant drug, amphetamine, were examined. Male Long-Evans rats consumed laboratory chow and water or chow, water, and a 32% sucrose solution. CPP testing was conducted in a three-chamber apparatus. In Experiment 1 (over four conditioning days), rats received saline, 0.004, or 0.016 mg/kg sc fentanyl citrate before being placed on the nonpreferred side of the apparatus and saline (subcutaneously) before being placed on the preferred side during a separate session on the same day. When given access to all three chambers, rats injected with 0.016 mg/kg fentanyl spent significantly more time on the drug-paired side than rats injected with saline. Furthermore, sucrose-fed rats displayed a significantly greater CPP than chow-fed rats. After conditioning, rats were tested for fentanyl-induced antinociception using the tail-flick test. Using a cumulative dose procedure, fentanyl (0.003, 0.010, 0.030, and 0.100 mg/kg sc) led to dose-dependent increases in tail-flick latencies. Rats fed with sucrose displayed significantly greater responses to fentanyl than those in the chow group. In Experiment 2, rats spent significantly more time on the drug-paired side of the CPP apparatus following injections of 0.33 or 1.0 mg/kg amphetamine than after saline injections. Additionally, following injection of 0.33 mg/kg amphetamine, sucrose-fed rats spent significantly more time on the drug-paired side of the chamber than chow-fed rats.
Unexpected formal insertion of CO2 into the C–Si bonds of a zinc compound

Reaction of [κ2-PR2C(SiMe3)Py]2Zn (R = Ph, 2a; iPr, 2b) with CO2 affords the products of formal insertion at the C–Si bond, [κ2-PR2CC(O)O(SiMe3)Py]2Zn (R = Ph, 3a; iPr, 3b). Insertion product 3b was structurally characterized. The reaction appears to be a stepwise insertion and rearrangement of CO2 based on kinetic data.
Bayesian modelling of camera calibration and reconstruction

Camera calibration methods, whether implicit or explicit, are a critical part of most 3D vision systems. These methods involve estimation of a model for the camera that produced the visual input, and subsequently to infer the 3D structure that gave rise to the input. However, in these systems the error in calibration is typically unknown, or if known, the effect of calibration error on subsequent processing (e.g. 3D reconstruction) is not accounted for. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian camera calibration method that explicitly computes calibration error, and we show how knowledge of this error can be used to improve the accuracy of subsequent processing. What distinguishes the work is the explicit computation of a posterior distribution on unknown camera parameters, rather than just a best estimate. Marginalizing (averaging) subsequent estimates by this posterior is shown to reduce reconstruction error over calibration approaches that rely on a single best estimate. The method is made practical using sampling techniques, that require only the evaluation of the calibration error function and the specification of priors. Samples with their corresponding probability weights can be used to produce better estimates of the camera parameters. Moreover, these samples can be directly used to improve estimates that rely on calibration information, like 3D reconstruction. We evaluate our method using simulated data for a structure from motion problem, in which the same point matches are used to calibrate the camera, estimate the motion, and reconstruct the 3D geometry. Our results show improved reconstruction over non-linear Camera calibration methods like the Maximum Likelihood estimate. Additionally, this approach scales much better in the face of increasingly noisy point matches.
Electrochemical deposition and characterization of Fe3O4 films produced by the reduction of Fe(III)-triethanolamine

In this paper, we demonstrate that films of magnetite, Fe3O4, can be deposited by the electrochemical reduction of a Fe(III)-triethanolamine complex in aqueous alkaline solution. The films were deposited with a columnar microstructure and a [100] preferred orientation on stainless steel substrates. In-plane electrical transport and magnetoresistance measurements were performed on the films after they were stripped off onto glass substrates. The resistance of the films was dependent on the oxygen partial pressure. We attribute the increase in resistance in O2 and the decrease in resistance in Ar to the oxidation and reduction of grain boundaries. The decrease in resistance in an Ar atmosphere exhibited first-order kinetics, with an activation energy of 0.2 eV. The temperature dependence of the resistance showed a linear dependence of log(R) versus T−1/2, consistent with tunneling across resistive grain boundaries. A room-temperature magnetoresistance of −6.5% was observed at a magnetic field of 9 T.
Cytomegalovirus-specific T cells persist at very high levels during long-term antiretroviral treatment of HIV disease.

Background In healthy, HIV seronegative, CMV seropositive adults, a large proportion of T cells are CMV-specific. High-level CMV-specific T cell responses are associated with accelerated immunologic aging (“immunosenesence”) in the elderly population. The impact of untreated and treated HIV infection on the frequency of these cells remains undefined.
Discrete-event simulation and the event horizon

The event horizon is a very important concept that is useful for both parallel and sequential discrete-event simulations. By exploiting the event horizon, parallel simulations can process events in a manner that is risk-free (i.e., no antimessages) in adaptable “breathing” time cycles with variable time widths. Additionally, exploiting the event horizon can greatly reduce the event list management overhead that is common to virtually all discrete-event simulations.This paper develops an analytic model describing the event horizon from first principles using equilibrium considerations and the hold model (where each event, when consumed, generates a single new event with future-time statistics described by a known probability function). Exponential and Beta-density functions are used to verify the mathematics presented in this paper.
It's not a radical prostatectomy, it's a total prostatectomy.

‘‘I don’t want any radical surgery, Doc,’’ is not an uncommon declaration for the man confronting the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Urologists are likely familiar with this line of reasoning from their patients. Most men who voice this mind-set are specifically referring to the fact that historically, prostatectomy has had uneven results in the realms of length of stay, blood loss, and—perhaps most importantly—postoperative erectile and urinary
Dose‐associated pulmonary complication rates after fresh frozen plasma administration for warfarin reversal

Essentials Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) may be associated with a dose-based risk of pulmonary complications. Patients received FFP for warfarin reversal at a large academic hospital over a 3-year period. Almost 20% developed pulmonary complications, and the risk was highest after > 3 units of FFP. The risk of pulmonary complications remained significant in multivariable analysis. SummaryBackground Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is often administered to reverse warfarin anticoagulation. Administration has been associated with pulmonary complications, but it is unclear whether this risk is dose-related. Aims We sought to characterize the incidence and dose relationship of pulmonary complications, including transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), after FFP administration for warfarin reversal. Methods We performed a structured retrospective review of patients who received FFP for warfarin reversal in the emergency department (ED) of an academic tertiary-care hospital over a 3-year period. Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between FFP dose and risk of pulmonary events. Results Two hundred and fifty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 49 patients (20%) developed pulmonary complications, including 30 (12%) with TACO, two (1%) with TRALI, and 17 (7%) with pulmonary edema not meeting the criteria for TACO. Pulmonary complications were significantly more frequent in those who received > 3 units of FFP (34.0% versus 15.6%, 95% confidence interval for risk difference 7.9%–8.9%). After stratification by subtype of complication, only the risk of TACO was statistically significant (28.3% versus 7.6%, 95% confidence interval for risk difference 8.2%–16.6%). In multivariable analysis controlling for age, sex, initial systolic blood pressure, and intravenous fluids given in the ED, > 3 units of FFP remained a significant risk factor for pulmonary complications (odds ratio 2.49, 95% confidence interval 1.21–5.13). Conclusions Almost 20% of patients who received FFP for warfarin reversal developed pulmonary complications, primarily TACO, and this risk increased with > 3 units of FFP. Clinicians should be aware of and prepared to manage these complications.
Involving Family in the Prevention and Intervention of Behavior Problems in Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Children and adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are more likely than typically developing individuals to develop severe behavioral or mental health problems, placing significant stress and burden on caregivers. Collaborating with family in intervention efforts may provide effective supports for the individual with IDD and have positive collateral effects on family members who may be suffering significant psychological distress. In this chapter we draw on a prevention framework and discuss integrating family in the prevention and intervention of behavior problems in individuals with IDD. We use a three-tiered model to discuss various levels of prevention and the integration of family at universal, selected, and indicated prevention across the domains of social support, stress management, assessment, and parent education and family behavioral supports.
The Policing of Tradition: Colonialism and Anthropology in Southern India

COLONIAL SUBJECTS AND INDIAN TRADITIONSIn late October 1891, the Madras MailOctober 23,1891. The Madras Mail was the largest English daily in Madras at the time. brought dramatic attention to the fact that “the barbarous and cruel custom of hookswinging to propitiate the Goddess of Rain, which has been obsolete for some time, has been revived at Sholavandan near Madura.” The newspaper describes this event with scandalized disapproval. “The manner in which this horrible custom is carried out consists in passing iron hooks through the deep muscles of the back, attaching a rope to the hooks, and (after the method of a well sweep) swinging the victim to a height several feet above the heads of the people. The car on which the pole is placed is then drawn along by large ropes in willing hands . . . Full details of this hookswinging affair are too revolting for publication.” The person swung from the hooks was selected by lot from a larger group that represented a number of the villages sponsoring the festival. Throughout the article, he (for it was always a man) was referred to as “the victim.” The newspaper explains its choice of language: “Victim he may well be called, because, though he enters upon this ordeal voluntarily, the chief reason which drives him to it is the sentiment of doing good to his village.”
Enforcing Law Online

This is a book review of an entertaining and engaging new book by Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, "Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World". Professors Goldsmith and Wu have written a short and accessible work that makes a straightforward and persuasive argument about the enforceability of law over the Internet. The book's brevity and anecdotal approach means that it overlooks a lot of detail; the dynamics of Internet regulation are more complicated than this short volume suggests. Whether this is a blessing or a curse depends on the reader's taste. It makes the book a fun read, but it also keeps the authors from grappling fully with the dynamics of the topics they cover. Either way, Who Controls the Internet is an important addition to the literature that deserves to be widely read. This review begins with a summary of the book, and next discusses the cyberutopian vision of the Internet that it targets. It then considers what seems to be the deeper question underlying the book: When can law successfully regulate the Internet? It suggests that the effectiveness of a legal regime designed to regulate Internet transactions will depend heavily on four factors: who the law regulates, the cost and political viability of enforcement strategies, how much compliance is needed for the law to achieve its goals, and which side is winning the technological arms race at any given time.
Quantum statistical mechanics in arithmetic topology

This paper provides a construction of a quantum statistical mechanical system associated to knots in the 33-sphere and cyclic branched coverings of the 33-sphere, which is an analog, in the sense of arithmetic topology, of the Bost–Connes system, with knots replacing primes, and cyclic branched coverings of the 33-sphere replacing abelian extensions of the field of rational numbers. The operator algebraic properties of this system differ significantly from the Bost–Connes case, due to the properties of the action of the semigroup of knots on a direct limit of knot groups. The resulting algebra of observables is a noncommutative Bernoulli product. We describe the main properties of the associated quantum statistical mechanical system and of the relevant partition functions, which are obtained from simple knot invariants like genus and crossing number.
Computer Analysis of Water Distribution Systems: Part I–Formulation of Equations

Linear graph theory has been used to formulate a system of equations that describes the steady state flow of a water distribution system. An efficient algorithm to formulate the system of node equations has been devised and successfully implemented on a digital computer. This computer program has been used to generate equations for various water distribution systems. The system of equations was generated in such a form that minimal time is required for their evaluation in an iteration solution process. The form of the system of equations is such that different headloss-flow rate relationships of a pipe, in addition to the Hazen-Williams formula, can be used in the computer program.
Anisotropy in Epitaxial Fe3O4 and NiFe2O4 Thin Films

Fe3O4 and NiFe2O4 films were deposited on and MgO substrates by dc magnetron reactive sputtering. X-ray diffraction studies indicate epitaxial films under an inplane tensile stress. Magnetization studies show that the moments of the films are unsaturated in 70 kOe applied fields and they approach bulk values only in extrapolation. Conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) studies indicate bulk parameters for the Fe3O4 films, but show deviations from bulk properties for NiFe2O4 films. CEMS studies further indicate a random moment distribution for all films which is an unexpected property. In-plane torque curves are discussed in terms of single crystal behavior. The effect of the inplane tensile stress is also indicated in the torque curves.
International conference on M bovis.

WE were delighted to see the success of the international conference on Mycobacterium bovis held in Cardiff last month ( VR , July 5, 2014, vol 175, pp 7-8). The event was hosted jointly by the British Cattle Veterinary Association (BCVA), Welsh Government, AHVLA and Defra, and organised by a …
Measured Enthalpy and Derived Thermodynamic Properties of Alpha Beryllium Nitride, Be3N2, from 273 to 1200 K.

The relative enthalpy of a sample of alpha beryllium nitride, Be3N2, of 95 percent purity was precisely measured over the temperature range 273 to 1173 K using a drop calorimetric method. Corrections were applied for the impurities, and the resulting heat capacity-temperature function was required to join smoothly that from recent precise NBS adiabatic calorimetry which covered the range 20 to 315 K. The enthalpy, heat capacity, entropy, and Gibbs free-energy function were computed from empirical functions of temperature and tabulated from 273 to 1200 K.
Torsionsschwingungen unter Berücksichtigung der Masse und der Dämpfung der elastischen Glieder

Un systeme mecanique compose de masses discretes reliees entre elles par des arbres elastiques dont ni la masse ni l'amortissement ne sont negligeables, est susceptible de vibrations de torsion. Dans le cas le plus general, le probleme se resoud—d'apresd'Alembert—par deux ondes elastiques opposees dans leur sens de propagation. Du fait de la presence d'un amortissement dans les arbres elastiques, les vibrations ne se laissent plus exprimer par de simples fonctions goniometriques.
Food safety theory and food safety accident management and countermeasures

Food safety is one of the highly concerned hot topic in advanced countries.The food safety accident increased the consumer's fears to food safety,reduced the consumers trust on domestic food.From the food safety theory,analysis the recent food safety accident,summarizes its characteristics,put forward countermeasures and suggestions.
The Effects of Abused Inhalants on Neurons Within the Addiction Neurocircuitry of the Brain

Abstract The volitional use of abused inhalants for their intoxicating effects is a worldwide health concern and has a disproportionate impact on children and adolescents. Among 12- to 14-year-olds, estimates of illicit drug use show an incidence of inhalant abuse second only to cannabis. Inhalants are classified into three major categories, with fuels and solvents making up the largest and most used class. This probably reflects their widespread use in industrial, commercial, and household settings, where access is easy and relatively unregulated. Toluene (methylbenzene) is often a major constituent of these products and a growing body of research has investigated the actions of toluene on the addiction neurocircuitry of the brain. Results from these studies show that toluene induces selective and often persistent effects on neurons within the prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, and nucleus accumbens, key brain areas involved in mediating both natural and drug-induced feelings of reward and pleasure. In the prefrontal cortex, toluene elicits a long-lasting depression of glutamatergic transmission that involves production of endocannabinoids and activation of cannabinoid receptors that regulate glutamate release. In the nucleus accumbens, toluene causes a similar endocannabinoid-dependent depression of glutamate transmission that is restricted to a subpopulation of medium spiny neurons. Following brief exposures to toluene vapor that mimic human solvent abuse, dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area show increases in markers of glutamatergic plasticity similar to those seen after use of other drugs of abuse. These changes are selective for dopamine neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens, as toluene vapor does not alter glutamate plasticity of dopamine neurons that project to the medial prefrontal cortex. Dopamine neurons that project to the nucleus accumbens shell subdivision show enhanced glutamatergic plasticity that persists for at least 3 weeks following a single toluene exposure. Overall, these effects provide solid evidence for the abuse liability of inhalants and suggest that even brief exposures can engender long-lasting changes in brain circuitry involved in addiction.