cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deliberate Practice Spells Success: Why Grittier Competitors Triumph at the National Spelling Bee

The expert performance framework distinguishes between deliberate practice and less effective practice activities. The current longitudinal study is the first to use this framework to understand how children improve in an academic skill. Specifically, the authors examined the effectiveness and subjective experience of three preparation activities widely recommended to improve spelling skill. Deliberate practice, operationally defined as studying and memorizing words while alone, better predicted performance in the National Spelling Bee than being quizzed by others or reading for pleasure. Rated as the most effortful and least enjoyable type of preparation activity, deliberate practice was increasingly favored over being quizzed as spellers accumulated competition experience. Deliberate practice mediated the prediction of final performance by the personality trait of grit, suggesting that perseverance and passion for long-term goals enable spellers to persist with practice activities that are less intrinsi...
Intestinal Rehabilitation: A Management Program for Short-Bowel Syndrome:

Over the last 3 decades, there has been significant improvement in the survival and quality of life of patients who require home parenteral nutrition; however, parenteral nutrition remains costly, is associated with multiple complications, and does not promote the function of the remaining bowel. Intestinal rehabilitation refers to the process of restoring enteral autonomy and decreasing dependence on parenteral nutrition by utilizing dietary, pharmacological, and, occasionally, surgical interventions. A major focus of research has been to identify a trophic factor that will enhance adaptation of the remaining gastrointestinal tract following massive gut resection and allow enteral autonomy. Whether intestinal rehabilitation occurs as the result of increased intestinal adaptation or as the result of a comprehensive approach to care has yet to be determined. This article reviews intestinal failure as the result of short-bowel syndrome and the management strategy of an intestinal rehabilitation program in t...
Synthesis and Study of Electrochemically Grown Salts of Organic II-Donors

Abstract The effects of purity and crystal perfection on the properties of (TMTSF)2ClO4 are examined via SEM's and transition temperatures. Careful electrochemical techniques using gradient sublimed TMTSF starting material and short term oxidation result in high quality crystals. Preliminary work on HMTSF salts of PF − 6 and AsF− 6 is also reported.
The Sleep-Immunity Relationship

Research models show a strong interrelationship between sleep quality and immune function. The proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α are classified as official sleep-regulatory substances. However, sleep-promoting properties are also possessed by several other immune and proinflammatory cellular classes. This article reviews the current physiologic evidence for the prominent somnogenic and sleep-regulatory properties inherent to these immune substances. Clinical examples of this relationship are discussed from the perspective of infectious and primarily immune-related conditions associated with significant sleep disruption and from the perspective of immune dysregulation associated with several primary sleep disorders.
Provenance mixing in an intraoceanic subduction zone: Tonga Trench-Louisville Ridge collision zone, southwest Pacific

Abstract Dredging on the lower slope of the Tonga forearc, at the intersection between the Louisville Ridge hotspot chain and the trench, yielded both Late Tertiary volcaniclastic sediments and Late Cretaceous slightly tuffaceous pelagic sediments. Petrography and phase chemistry of volcanic debris of Tertiary age samples indicates derivation from a low-K tholeiitic arc: volcanic glass has a low K2O content and shows an Fe enrichment trend; plagioclase grains are high in An and low in Or components; pyroxene grains (calcic clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and pigeonite) have low TiO2 contents and show an Fe enrichment trend; alkali feldspar and biotite are absent. The composition of the Tertiary samples is similar to other Tonga forearc sediments and is consistent with their derivation from the adjacent magmatic arc. The character and composition of volcanogenic debris in Cretaceous age samples indicates derivation from an intraplate alkali igneous source: plagioclase compositions show an increasing Or component with increasing Ab; alkali feldspar is a rare additional component of these samples; calcic clinopyroxene has high TiO2 contents and is titanaugite; amphibole is also rich in TiO2 and is kaersutite; minor volcanic glass is rich in alkalis. Samples were dredged from the seaward slope of a small terrace on the lower trench slope. A planar reflector, located 2.6 km below the terrace is marked by an abrupt jump in seismic velocity and is interpreted as the top of an essentially undamaged Late Cretaceous guyot of the Louisville chain that was subducted at the Tonga trench about 0.5 Ma. This guyot is the likely source of the Late Cretaceous, intraplate igneous detritus collected at the dredge site. Some dredge samples yielded a mixed volcanic arc/intraplate provenance and/or Late Tertiary/Late Cretaceous ages. This probably represents the mixing of the Cretaceous seamount and Tertiary magmatic arc sources during post-collision slumping of the wedge of lower slope material as it re-establishes its critical taper.
Parameters Affecting the Adsorption of PCBs to Suspended Sediments from the Detroit River

Abstract In previous work, the adsorption and partitioning of a hydrophobic organic chemical, hexachlorobenzene, to sediments from the Detroit River were investigated by means of long-term (up to 6 months) batch mixing experiments. Effects on the adsorption and partitioning due to colloids from the water and from the sediments, the flocculation of these colloids and of the sedimentary particles, particle size, and the amount of organic matter were determined. In the present experiments, these investigations have been extended to three PCB congeners: a monochlorobiphenyl, a dichlorobiphenyl, and a hexachlorobiphenyl. Long-term experiments were done in order to be certain that a steady state was always attained. From this steady state, a unique equilibrium partition coefficient was determined for each congener which was independent of sediment concentration. The parameters on which these partition coefficients and the adsorption rates depended were also determined. For hexachlorobenzene and the three PCB congeners, the time to steady state increased as the value of the equilibrium partition coefficient increased. For each of these same four chemicals over a wide range of dissolved chemical concentrations, the amount of chemical sorbed to the sediments was linearly dependent on the amount of chemical dissolved, and therefore the sorption isotherm for each chemical is linear over this range of chemical concentrations. The slow adsorption rates that were demonstrated can significantly affect the sediment-water fluxes of contaminants and the sediment toxicity as compared with the assumption of equilibrium partitioning.
Disagreement in Bargaining: An Experimental Study

This study reports an experiment designed to test the predictive value of Axelrod's measure of conflict of interest. The results support the conclusion that Axelrod's measure is a good predictor of the time required to reach agreement in a given bargaining game, but that it is not a good pedictor of the frequency with which disagreements will be observed in a given game. The theoretical implications of this conclusion are discussed.
Air–Sea Interaction in the Equatorial Atlantic Region

Abstract Using a dynamically motivated analysis of observations, and an intermediate-level coupled model, the interannual variability within the equatorial Atlantic is studied. It is found that a significant part of the observed variability can be described by an equatorial coupled mode akin to ENSO (El Nino–Southern Oscillation). The Atlantic mode signature is even more tightly focused on the equator and is situated proportionally farther to the west within the basin than its Pacific counterpart. Model simulations capture the equatorial coupled mode in relatively pure form and, for what are thought to be the most realistic parameter choices, show interannual oscillations favoring a 4-year period, which are not self-sustaining. The simulated spatial patterns agree well with those extracted from observations, including those features that distinguish the Atlantic from the Pacific. Sensitivity experiments show that the Atlantic coupled-mode signal is less robust than the corresponding Pacific ENSO signal bu...
Submicroscopical twinning in lunar and experimentally deformed pyroxenes

During deformation experiments at high pressures (10 kb) and medium temperatures (500–650°) diopside became twinned on {100} in small optically invisible domains. If host and twin occur with equal frequency, the X-ray single-crystal photograph would show orthorhombic symmetry due to the special geometry of the diopside lattice. A crystal of pyroxene from Mare Tranquillitatis has been found to give just such an X-ray photograph with orthorhombic symmetry; this is explained as a possible deformation product.
A survey of the environmental education of students in non‐environmental majors at four‐year institutions in the USA

Chief academic officers at four‐year institutions in the USA were surveyed electronically to examine the extent to which these institutions provide for the environmental education of students in non‐environmental majors, and to identify various approaches to increasing environmental literacy at the college level. Of the 496 responding institutions (representing a 42.3 percent response rate), 11.6 percent indicated that an “environmental literacy” course was required of all students, and 55.0 percent reported that such a course was available and countable toward the institution’s general education requirements. At least one “environmental” minor (e.g. Environmental Science, Environmental Studies) was offered at 33.7 percent of the institutions; 39 percent reported the existence of an “environmental” academic program that offered a course appropriate for non‐majors. Discusses various approaches to achieving environmental literacy at the college level and statistical differences in survey responses among Carnegie classifications, from Research to Baccalaureate; between public and private institutions; and among geographical regions.
Liquid and supercritical CO2 extraction of fat from rendered materials

Abstract The separation of fat from rendered materials has potential for value-added products, fuels and feed sources for animals. Current industrial processes utilize continuous screw pressing to extract fat from rendered materials, but the ability to minimize residual fat content is limited. In this work, liquid and supercritical CO 2 were used to extract the remaining fat from rendered poultry meal. CO 2 extraction offers high extraction yields with potential ecological and economic benefits for the rendering industry. A semi-batch extraction unit was used to investigate the effect of pressure (69–345 bar), temperature (25 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C), flow rate, and mass of CO 2 on the extraction yield and the fat solubility. Maximum extraction yields between 87% and 97% were obtained which produced a remaining fat content of 1.0 ± 0.3 wt% in the extracted poultry meal. Fat solubility increased with pressure but decreased with temperature, providing liquid CO 2 with the highest fat solubility (6.47 g/L) at 25 °C and 345 bar. The Chrastil model successfully correlated the solubility data as a function of density and temperature, obtaining an AARD value of 5.56%. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the composition of fatty acids, obtaining similar results with those reported in the literature. It can be concluded that high fat extraction yields can be obtained using CO 2 and that liquid CO 2 is more effective than supercritical CO 2 for the extraction of rendered fats under the conditions tested.
Corrosion of low-carbon cast steel in concentrated synthetic groundwater at 80 to 150°C

Abstract Corrosion properties of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) A216-Grade WCA low-carbon steel were evaluated in concentrated synthetic groundwater at 80 to 150°C. The evaluation provides information on the use of the steel as a container material in the proposed Yucca Mountain high-level waste repository. Uniform corrosion rates measured over 4 months ranged from 10 to 40 μm/year, in initially aerated static solutions under gamma irradiation at 1.3 × 106 rad/h. Irradiation effects on uniform corrosion rates were not discernible after 4 months. Pitting corrosion was also found, but the pitting factor was small. Microstructural effects on corrosion were not significant. During corrosion under irradiation, there was an indication of a large amount of hydrogen absorption in the steel. Constant extension rate tests showed evidence for environmental assisted cracking under free corrosion conditions, and strong evidence of hydrogen embrittlement and moisture-induced ductility loss. The use of the test results in support of the Yucca Mountain project is discussed.
Effects of niacin and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation, protein degradability, and nutrient digestibility.

Four mature nonlactating Holstein heifers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used to investigate in vivo effects of niacin and whole cottonseed. Each heifer was assigned randomly to a treatment in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatment sequences within a 4 X 4 Latin square design. Heifers were fed isonitrogenous complete mixed rations individually twice daily. Diets contained corn-soybean meal concentrate, corn silage, chopped coastal bermudagrass hay, plus 1) 0% niacin and 0% whole cottonseed, 2) 0% niacin and 15% whole cottonseed, 3) .07% niacin and 0% whole cottonseed, or 4) .07% niacin and 15% whole cottonseed. Dry matter consumption, ruminal pH, ruminal ammonia and VFA concentrations, microbial N production, and DM and ADF digestion were not affected by treatment. Numbers of ruminal protozoa and RNA concentrations were reduced with whole cottonseed feeding and increased by addition of niacin. Whole cottonseed increased molar percentages of acetate while depressing propionate. Niacin supplementation resulted in greater digestion of both CP and NDF. Ether extract digestibility was highest in heifers fed whole cottonseed. Fiber digestion was not affected by whole cottonseed feeding.
Assay for 9-acridanone in urban atmosphere by thin-layer chromatography fluorimetric procedures.

Abstract 9-Acridanone has been found in urban atmospheres. Four two-dimensional thin-layer Chromatographic methods have been described for the assay of this compound in urban atmospheres and in air pollution source effluents. Fluorimetric assay was done either directly on the plate or after elution. The best method involved two-dimensional separation on alumina-cellulose followed by elution and fluorimetric analysis of the acidic methanol solution. Urban atmospheres contain approximately 0·4 ng of 9-acridanone/m 3 of air.
Prophylactic Antiparkinson Drug Use: II. Withdrawal After Long‐Term Maintenance Therapy

Although the efficacy of long-term neuroleptic treatment of schizophrenic patients is generally accepted, the use of concurrent antiparkinson drugs is less well defined. The value of prolonged antiparkinson drug use in preventing extrapyramidal side effects is controversial. More than 30 studies of antiparkinson drug withdrawal have attempted to answer this question. The authors reviewed all double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, and found most to contain serious methodologic or statistical flaws. There is evidence to support the long-term use of these agents in preventing extrapyramidal side effects. The authors offer an analysis of the benefits and risks that are involved with prophylactic antiparkinson drug use, and conclude that most patients would benefit from maintenance therapy.
Lea's Shield: colposcopic and microbiological testing during 8 weeks of use.

Abstract Objectives The aims of this study were to assess the effects of Lea's Shield® plus nonoxynol-9 spermicide on signs and symptoms of female genital irritation and cervical and vaginal microflora during 8 weeks of use with intercourse and to analyze problems associated with the use of the device. Methods In this open-label, single-arm study, participants were evaluated by pelvic examination, colposcopy and vaginal and cervical cultures. Results About 13% of women (4/30) reported symptoms of irritation, and minor product-related colposcopic findings were seen in about one third (11/30). Although average colony counts for enterococcus, Escherichia coli and anaerobic gram-negative rods increased during product use, no clinical diagnoses of infection were made. Most users reported at least one problem using Lea's Shield. Conclusion Lea's Shield, when used for 8 weeks during intercourse, is associated with evidence of genital irritation in a minority of users and with changes in vaginal microflora that do not appear to correlate with clinical infections.
Circadian Relations among Level of Activation, Conflict, and Body Temperature Assessed by Chronobiologic Serial Section

One couple who had been living together for 2 yr. indicated level of activation and interpersonal conflict on self-report measures six times per day for a period of 35 days. Body temperatures were recorded rectally at a sampling interval of 2 min. throughout the 24-hour period by means of the Vitalog Thermolog-2 ambulatory monitor. The activation and conflict scales each consisted of three factors: general activation, deactivation sleep, and high activation and interaction need conflict, emotional need conflict and sexual need conflict. Rhythmometric analyses provided descriptive parameters of peak time (acrophase), over-all mean (mesor), and degree of excursion of the wave of the rhythm (amplitude) for each variable. Significant circadian rhythms in activation and temperature were noted for both partners and in the emotional component of conflict for the man. The general activation data indicated that the man was more of a morning person than the woman who was evening-oriented. Correlations between the a...
Studies on the Mechanism of the Shwartzman Phenomenon. Evidence for the Participation of Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in the Phenomenon.

The inhibition of the Shwartzman phenomenon by nitrogen mustard and benzene has been confirmed and investigated further. This inhibition can be correlated with the leucopenia induced by these agents. Evidence is presented indicating that polymorphonuclear leucocytes play an essential role in the preparation of the skin for the Shwartzman phenomenon.
Computer science education: an information resource for curriculum development and program enhancement

The paper is the next instalment on an ongoing project to provide an easily accessible information resource for departments offering undergraduate computer science (CS) degree programs. This resource is designed to provide structured, up-to-date information in terms of demographics and statistics related to curricula, faculty, and students in such departments. Additionally, it facilitates the identification of various trends based on these data over several years. Numerous CS departments contribute to this resource by participating in a yearly survey. The collected information addresses issues that are of primary concern to faculty in undergraduate CS programs. Moreover, this information can significantly assist in planning and implementing course and curriculum developments. The paper presents highlights of the information generated through this project. Additionally, it reports on an electronic mechanism that is used to collect and disseminate information via the Web.
Fankestein's insects (abstract)

Research aimed at correcting words in text has focussed on three progressively more difficult problems:1) non-word error detection;2) isolated-word error correction; and3) contextdependent word correction.In response to the first problem, efficient pattern matching and n-gram analysis techniques have been developed for detecting strings that do not appear in a given word list. In response to the second problem, a variety of general and application-specific spelling correction techniques have been developed. Some of them were based on detailed studies of spelling error patterns. In response to the third problem, a few experiments using natural language processing tools or statis tical language models have been carried out. This article surveys documented findings on spelling error correction techniques, reviews the state of the art of context-dependent word correction techniques, and discusses research issues related to all three areas of automatic error correction in text.(The Article on which the Talk was based appeared in the December 1992 Issue of Computing Surveys) 515
The Concerto that Wasn't: Paganini, Urhan and Harold in Italy

It was Paganini's request for a concerto that prompted Berlioz to embark on the composition that eventually became Harold in Italy. The legendary virtuoso, then at the height of his fame, had recently acquired a fine Stradivari viola and needed a suitable vehicle for introducing the instrument to the public. He was puzzled and disappointed by Berlioz's score. It certainly was not the anticipated virtuoso vehicle, and within months Paganini had composed a substitute for himself, the Sonata per la grand viola. Berlioz explained that his work was ‘a new kind of symphony and not a composition written to show off a unique talent like [Paganini's]’. Berlioz's programmatic symphony with solo viola – the concerto that wasn't – would appear on the surface to be utterly devoid of the established codes of the virtuoso concerto.
The WOR1 5' untranslated region regulates white-opaque switching in Candida albicans by reducing translational efficiency.

The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans undergoes white-opaque phenotypic switching, which enhances its adaptation to host niches. Switching is controlled by a transcriptional regulatory network of interlocking feedback loops acting on the transcription of WOR1, the master regulator of white-opaque switching, but regulation of the network on the translational level is not yet explored. Here, we show that the long 5' untranslated region of WOR1 regulates the white-opaque phenotype. Deletion of the WOR1 5' UTR promotes white-to-opaque switching and stabilizes the opaque state. The WOR1 5' UTR reduces translational efficiency and the association of the transcript with polysomes. Reduced polysome association was observed for additional key regulators of cell fate and morphology with long 5' UTR as well. Overall, we find a novel regulatory step of white-opaque switching at the translational level. This translational regulation is implicated for many key regulators of cell fate and morphology in C. albicans.
Gaming Fluencies: Pathways into Participatory Culture in a Community Design Studio

Many new literacies efforts promote creative media production as a way to foster youth' literate engagement with digital media. Those interested in gaming literacies view game design as a way to engage youth in reflective and critical reading of the gaming culture. In this paper, we propose the concept of "gaming fluencies" to promote game design as a context in which youth not only learn to read but also to produce digital media in creative ways. Gaming fluencies also present the added benefit of addressing equity issues of participation in the new media literacy landscape. We report on an ethnographic study that documented urban youth producing digital games in a design studio in a community technology center. Our analyses focused on an archive of 643 game designs collected over a 24-month period, selecting a random sample to identify evidence of creative and technical dimensions in game designs. In addition, we highlight three case studies of game designs to identify different pathways into the participatory culture. Our goal is to illustrate how gaming fluencies allow for a wide range of designs, provide low thresholds and high ceilings for complex projects, and give room for creative expression. In our discussion, we address how gaming fluencies represent a complementary pathway for learning and participation in today's media culture.
SHOULD THERE BE INTERVENTION TO ALTER SERUM LIPIDS IN CHILDREN

Background Iriformation Supporting Intervention 376 Population Studies 377 Vascular Lesions During Childhood and Adolescence 378 Diet a.nd Ser�m Lipfd Relationshi ps . . 379 �enetlc. P�;dlsposltlon 380 Trackmg . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... 380 Current Serum Values in US Children ..... 381 Current Dietary Patterns in US Children 382 Response to Dietary Intervention . .... 382 Future Studies 384 Conclusions and Recommendations 385
Near Real-Time Optimal Prediction of Adverse Events in Aviation Data

The prediction of anomalies or adverse events is a challenging task, and there are a variety of methods which can be used to address the problem. In this paper, we demonstrate how to recast the anomaly prediction problem into a form whose solution is accessible as a level-crossing prediction problem. The level-crossing prediction problem has an elegant, optimal, yet untested solution under certain technical constraints, and only when the appropriate modeling assumptions are made. As such, we will thoroughly investigate the resilience of these modeling assumptions, and show how they aect nal performance. Finally, the predictive capability of this method will be assessed by quantitative means, using both validation and test data containing anomalies or adverse events from real aviation data sets that have previously been identied as operationally signicant by domain experts. It will be shown that the formulation proposed yields a lower false alarm rate on average than competing methods based on similarly advanced concepts, and a higher correct detection rate than a standard method based upon exceedances that is commonly used for prediction.
An Evaluation of an Urban Health Department's Prenatal Education Program.

This study evaluated the impact of a prenatal patient education program on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women receiving care from an urban health department clinic. The evaluation was undertaken to determine whether attendance at prenatal classes was related to either higher levels of pregnancy-specific knowledge or more favorable attitudes toward childbearing and child rearing. Data were collected from 139 nulliparous and primiparous women; 43 percent had not attended any classes and served as a comparison group. Analyses were performed within strata formed by stage of pregnancy and levels of parity, as well as for the sample as a whole. Despite high levels of satisfaction with the instruction, class attendance and knowledge were not related for nulliparous women or among those in the early stages of pregnancy. However, class attenders in the third trimester (p < .05) or who had already given birth (p < .02) had significantly higher knowledge scores. With the exception of an indirect relations...
Computer ownership and grades

Abstract University administrators are increasingly being confronted with the question of either providing additional computer labs for students or requiring students to own their own computers. This study investigates the impact of computer ownership and lab attendance on students' performance on an examination and in a course that requires some knowledge of computers. Results indicate that both owning a computer and attending the lab sessions is associated with a student earning a better course grade.
First report of prosthetic joint infection by Gemella sanguinis and associated "pseudosatelliting" phenomenon on culture

We report the first case of a prosthetic joint infection caused by Gemella sanguinis. This report includes a description of a "pseudosatelliting" phenomenon by G. sanguinis, the use of gene sequencing for pathogen identification, and successful use of debridement, retention, and chronic antibiotic suppression to preserve the prosthesis.
The Influence of Real-Time Identifiability and Evaluability Performance Feedback on Group Electronic Brainstorming Performance

This study addresses the question of how to mitigate productivity losses in Electronic Brainstorming (EBS) due to social loafing. This article posits that loafing in the context of EBS may occur due to the combined effect of random group composition and anonymity in conjunction with unregulated individual performance behavior, not anonymity per se, and presents real-time, objective performance feedback as a plausible solution to combat social loafing. An automated real-time performance feedback system was incorporated into an existing EBS system and its effect on performance was empirically examined. Consistent with the suggestions of prior loafing research, in a controlled laboratory experiment groups given the identifiability treatment outperformed other treatments. Similarly, groups given the evaluability treatment outperformed other treatments. Furthermore, groups in the Identifiability and Evaluability treatment showed competitiveness among participants, promoting upward social comparison, and in turn outperforming all other groups in terms of idea quality.
The healing hand

Summary The White Coat Ceremony was introduced by the Arnold P. Gold Foundation (http://www.humanism-in-medicine.org/index.php/programs_grants/gold_foundation_programs/white_coat_ceremony) at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1993; it was established at the University of Iowa in 1995. The Gold Foundation is focused on making humanism a much higher priority among physicians, and medical students in particular, by reestablishing the notion of the caring physician. It includes several core attributes, "I.E., C.A.R.E.S.": Integrity, Excellence, Compassion, Altruism, Respect, Empathy, and Service. The White Coat Ceremony is but one of several programs run by the Foundation, which includes the Leonard Tow Humanism in Medicine Awards and the Gold Humanism Honor Society. In 2008, this journal introduced a "Humanities in Pathology" section. Since then, there have been relatively few articles published in this vein. What follows is a keynote address delivered at the White Coat Ceremony at The University of Iowa on August 19, 2011. At their core, pathologists are physicians, and we must not lose sight of our humanity!
The ketogenic diet: an effective medical therapy with side effects.

needed, biochemical screen (urine organic and amino acids, serum amino acids, lactate, pyruvate, and carnitine profile) prior to admission are warranted, if they have not already been performed for evaluation of the child’s seizure disorder. Other adverse events can occur in the child without an underlying biochemical disorder and, if recognized, are usually easily treated (Table 2). We no longer restrict fluids to less than 75% of maintenance. Liberalization of fluids can minimize the metabolic acidosis initially encountered, especially in young children. This can prevent vomiting and lethargy. Additionally, dehydration may diminish tissue perfusion, generating lactate and pyruvate, which can then compete for the monocarboxylic transport system with the ketone bodies. Theoretically, this could lower the efficacy of the ketogenic diet. Blood glucose levels fall during the fast, but rarely are children symptomatic. If the child is symptomatic, two ounces of orange juice are given, the blood glucose is rechecked, and the possibility of an underlying metabolic defect should be re-explored. If the blood glucose
Energy-efficient DSPs for wireless sensor networks

There are many new challenges to be faced in implementing signal processing algorithms and designing energy-efficient DSPs for microsensor networks. We study system partitioning of computation to improve the energy efficiency of a wireless sensor networking application. We explore system partitioning between the sensor cluster and the base station, employing computation-communication tradeoffs to reduce energy dissipation. Also we show that system partitioning of computation within the cluster can also improve the energy efficiency by using dynamic voltage scaling (DVS).
Inertial vibration damping control of a flexible base manipulator

A rigid (micro) robot mounted serially to the tip of a long flexible (macro) robot is often used to increase the reach capability, but flexibility in the macro-manipulator can make it susceptible to vibration. A rigid manipulator attached to a flexible but unactuated base was considered as an analogous problem. The interaction forces and torques acting at the base of the robot are used to damp the vibration. Appropriate control gain limits are established to ensure the inertia effects, or those directly due to accelerating the links of the rigid robot, have the greatest influence on the interactions. By commanding the link accelerations out of phase with the base velocity, vibrational energy will be removed from the system. This signal is then added to the rigid robot position controller, providing combined rigid robot position and vibration control of the base.
Over-the-Wire Intravascular Ultrasound in an Animal Model of Pulmonary Hypertension

ABSTRACTBackground: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) measures prognostically important pulsatile flow indexes in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). IVUS catheters traditionally require a guiding catheter for placement which can impact hemodynamics in small infants because the guiding catheter renders the atrioventricular valve incompetent. Methods: Domestic swine (1.4–2.2 kg) were raised in isobaric normoxia (n = 4) or hypoxia (n = 3, FiO2 10–12%) for 72 hr for induction of PH. Cardiac catheterization and intravascular imaging was performed using a 3.5-Fr 20-MHz Eagle Eye Gold catheter (Volcano Corp., CA, USA) over a 0.014′′ guide wire. Intima-media thickness (IMT) was measured and relative area change and vascular pulsatility were calculated. Results: The IVUS probe was easily manipulated over a 0.014′′ wire without hemodynamic compromise in all animals. The IMT was thicker in the hypoxic group than the normoxic group (0.19 ± 0.03 mm vs. 0.31 ± 0.04 mm, p = .067). Hypoxic animals had systolic PH (...
Estimating returns to schooling: when does the career begin?

Abstract Because the life cycle is not neatly divided into a period of full-time schooling followed by a period of full-time employment, it is unclear where analysts should “start the clock” on the career for purposes of estimating the returns to schooling. This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to determine how estimated returns to schooling are influenced by the choice of career starting date. Schooling and experience measures are defined for four alternative starting dates and then used to estimate a standard wage model for samples of white and non-white men. Estimated returns to schooling increase dramatically as an increasingly later starting date is used because increasingly large amounts of unmeasured, “pre-career” work experience bias the schooling effects. A specification that controls more accurately for the accumulation of schooling and work experience is suggested as an alternative to the orthodox model. [JEL I2, J3]
The qualitative impact of using LEGO MINDSTORMS robots to teach computer engineering

Teaching introductory programming skills and embedded systems design to undergraduate engineering students in a variety of disciplines requires delivering the teaching content according to their learning styles. This paper describes how the LEGO MINDSTORMS robots were introduced as hands-on educational technology for computer engineering and provides student feedback measurements on the effectiveness of using the LEGO MINDSTORMS robots.
A RECONFIGURATION TECHNIQUE FOR FAULT TOLERANCE IN A HYPERCUBE

The hypercube architecture is a popular topology for many parallel processing applications. For continued operation of the hypercube multiprocessors after the failure of one or more i-subcubes and/or links, fault tolerance by reconfiguration is an important problem. This paper considers the reconfiguration issue and presents an algebraic technique to analyze the problem extending the concepts in [9]. The technique uses algebraic operators to identify the maximum dimensional fault-free subcube, and thus helps in achieving graceful degradation of the system. We analyze the complexity of our algorithm and show that it is efficient as compared to previous algorithms [1, 8, 14].
Trichostatin-A enhances adaptive immune responses to DNA vaccination.

Abstract Background The efficacy of DNA vaccines to date has overall been disappointing, especially in large animal models and in humans, which might be partially explained by the chromatinization of the administered foreign DNA. Trichostatin-A (TSA) is a specific inhibitor for histone deacetylase (HDAC) and a gene expression enhancer in in vitro DNA viral infection, including herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Objectives We sought to determine if increasing antigen expression of DNA vaccines through inhibition of HDAC-induced chromatin silencing using TSA would enhance DNA vaccine efficacy in vivo. Study design A luciferase assay was used to detect effects of TSA on different promoters in vitro. The effects of TSA on DNA vaccination of mice were determined by neutralization assays for antibody production and interleukin staining for detection of specific T cell responses. Results Mice receiving TSA in combination with a DNA vaccine exhibited higher antibody responses to the vaccine than mice not given TSA. Co-administration of TSA also enhanced specific CD8 T cells response. Conclusion Drugs such as TSA that reduce initial gene silencing by preventing histone deacetylation can increase immune responses to DNA vaccination.
Teaching DSP First with LabVIEW

The proponents of graphical programming (that is using graphics to program a computer, not programming a computer to do graphics) claim graphical programming is better than text-based programming; however text-based programmers far out number graphics-based programmers. This paper describes the preliminary developments of comparing the use of LabVIEW (a graphical programming language) to MATLAB (a text-based language) in teaching discrete-time signal processing (DSP). This paper presents the results of using both methods in a junior-level introduction to DSP class. The students who enter this class have had a course in continuous-time signals and systems but no DSP theory background. Several quarters of concept inventory data have been collected on the MATLAB version of the class. The same inventory was used with the LabVIEW version of the class and the results compared.
Leukocyte capture and modulation of cell-mediated immunity during human sepsis: an ex vivo study

Introduction: Promising preclinical results have been obtained with blood purification therapies as adjuvant treatment for sepsis. However, the mechanisms by which these therapies exert beneficial effects remain unclear. Some investigators have suggested that removal of activated leukocytes from the circulation might help ameliorate remote organ injury. We designed an extracorporeal hemoadsorption device capable of capturing both cytokines and leukocytes in order to test the hypothesis that leukocyte capture would alter circulating cytokine profiles and influence immunological cell-cell interactions in whole blood taken from patients with sepsis. Methods: We performed a series of ex vivo studies in 21 patients with septic shock and 12 healthy volunteers. Blood circulated for four hours in closed loops with four specially designed miniaturized extracorporeal blood purification devices including two different hemoadsorption devices and a hemofilter in order to characterize leukocyte capture and to assess the effects of leukocyte removal on inflammation and immune function. Results: Hemoadsorption was selective for removal of activated neutrophils and monocytes. Capture of these cells led to local release of certain cytokines, especially IL-8, and resulted in complex cell-cell interactions involved in cellmediated immunity. Inhibition of cell adherence reversed the cytokine release and the effects on lymphocyte function. Conclusions: Monocyte and neutrophil capture using a sorbent polymer results in upregulation of IL-8 and modulation of cell-mediated immunity. Further studies are needed to understand better these cellular interactions in order to help design better blood purification therapies.
Rigid conformal polishing tool using non-linear visco-elastic effect

Computer controlled optical surfacing (CCOS) relies on a stable and predictable tool influence function (TIF), which is the shape of the wear function created by the machine. For a polishing lap, which is stroked on the surface, both the TIF stability and surface finish rely on the polishing interface maintaining intimate contact with the workpiece. Pitch tools serve this function for surfaces that are near spherical, where the curvature has small variation across the part. The rigidity of such tools provides natural smoothing of the surface, but limits the application for aspheric surfaces. Highly flexible tools, such as those created with an air bonnet or magnetorheological fluid, conform to the surface, but lack intrinsic stiffness, so they provide little natural smoothing. We present a rigid conformal polishing tool that uses a non-linear visco-elastic medium (i.e. non-Newtonian fluid) that conforms to the aspheric shape, yet maintains stability to provide natural smoothing. The analysis, design, and performance of such a polishing tool is presented, showing TIF stability of <10% and providing surface finish with <10A roughness.
Self-Organized Criticality

The study of out-of-equilibrium dynamics (e.g. dynamical phase transitions) and of heterogeneous systems (e.g. spin-glasses) has progressively made popular the concept of complex systems and the importance of systemic approaches: systems with a large number of mutually interacting parts, exchanging energy, matter or information with their environment, self-organize their internal structure and their dynamics with novel and sometimes surprising macroscopic (“emergent”) properties. The complex system approach, which involves “seeing” inter-connections and relationships i.e. the whole picture as well as the component parts, is nowadays pervasive in modern control of engineering devices and business management. It also plays an increasing role in most of the scientific disciplines, including biology (biological networks, ecology, evolution, origin of life, immunology, neurobiology, molecular biology, etc), geology (plate-tectonics, earthquakes and volcanoes, erosion and landscapes, climate and weather, environment, etc.), economy and social sciences (including cognition, distributed learning, interacting agents, etc.).
Once more on the nature of downdrift

In this paper is proposed a motivation for the unmarked, neutral intonation to end on a low note, and it is suggested that the most natural means of implementing this pattern may be a gradual fall, which reflects most closely the decreasing relaxation pressure generated by the passive forces of exhalation. Further, it is claimed that downdrift develops in stages: of lows only, of highs after lows, and of sequences of highs. Hombert's [1974] proposal that the development of downdrift may be blocked or stopped where it would threaten perceptual confusion is endorsed. Inasmuch as the implicational hierarchy of types of sequences which will exhibit downdrift in a given language which is predicted by the proposed development is consistent with various attested systems, the proposed development provides an explanation for the non-existence of certain other types of systems.
An Abnormal Early Human Ovum

Obstetrical and Gynecological Service of the Third [New York University] Surgical Division, Bellevue Hospital
Rhodiola crenulata induces an early estrogenic response and reduces proliferation and tumorsphere formation over time in MCF7 breast cancer cells.

Abstract Background Rhodiola crenulata is a Tibetan mountainous plant, commonly used in Eastern alternative medicine. Many phytochemicals possess estrogenic activity, a critical regulator of proliferation in mammary epithelial cells. We have previously characterized anti-cancer properties of R. crenulata in aggressive triple negative breast cancer cells, lacking the expression of estrogen receptor. Currently, it is unknown whether R. crenulata exerts estrogenic effects and as such consumption may be a concern for women with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer that use Rhodiola sp. to relieve mild to moderate depression. Purpose In this study, we wished to determine whether a hydroalcoholic fraction of the R. crenulata root extract exhibits estrogenic activity in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells in vitro and whether it affects normal mammary epithelial ER target gene expression in vivo. Methods ER transcriptional activity was analyzed in MCF7 cells expressing an ERE reporter construct and confirmed via qPCR of endogenous ER target genes. We also monitored cellular proliferation over time. Additionally, to assess stem-like properties in MCF7 cells, we performed a tumorsphere formation assay under anchorage independent conditions. We examined whether R. crenulata treatment reduced β-catenin levels via Western blotting and measured β-catenin transcriptional activity by a reporter assay. To examine the effects of R. crenulata on normal mammary epithelial cells, we performed immunohistochemical staining of ER and PR in the mammary glands of mice fed R. crenulata for 12 weeks. Results We show an initial activation of ER transcriptional activity by dual reporter assay, qPCR and proliferation of MCF7 ER+ cells in response to 24 h of R. crenulata treatment. However, upon longer treatment basal and R. crenulata induced transcriptional activity was suppressed. There was a decrease in cell doubling times and a decrease in tumorsphere formation. In association with these changes, ERα transcript levels were decreased and active β-catenin levels were reduced in the cells treated for 2 weeks. Finally, we show no change in estrogen targets in normal mammary cells in vivo. Conclusion These data suggest that the R. crenulata extract contains components with estrogenic activity. However, R. crenulata treatment could still be protective in ER+ breast cancer cells, as longer treatment reduced the transcriptional activity of β-catenin and ER responses leading to reduced proliferation and tumorsphere formation. Furthermore, administration of 20 mg/kg/day R. crenulata to mice did not have an observable effect on mammary epithelial ERα target gene expression in vivo.
Applications of an Implementation Story for Non-sentential Models

The viability of the proposal that human cognition involves the utilization of non-sentential models is seriously undercut by the fact that no one has yet given a satisfactory account of how neurophysiological circuitry might realize representations of the right sort. Such an account is offered up here, the general idea behind which is that high-level models can be realized by lower-level computations and, in turn, by neural machinations. It is shown that this account can be usefully applied to deal with problems in fields ranging from artificial intelligence to the philosophy of science.