cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrophobic organic linkers in the self-assembly of small molecule-DNA hybrid dimers: a computational-experimental study of the role of linkage direction in product distributions and stabilities.

Detailed computational and experimental studies reveal the crucial role that hydrophobic interactions play in the self-assembly of small molecule-DNA hybrids (SMDHs) into cyclic nanostructures. In aqueous environments, the distribution of the cyclic structures (dimers or higher-order structures) greatly depends on how well the hydrophobic surfaces of the organic cores in these nanostructures are minimized. Specifically, when the cores are attached to the 3′-ends of the DNA component strands, they can insert into the minor groove of the duplex that forms upon self-assembly, favoring the formation of cyclic dimers. However, when the cores are attached to the 5′-ends of the DNA component strands, such insertion is hindered, leading to the formation of higher-order cyclic structures. These computational insights are supported by experimental results that show clear differences in product distributions and stabilities for a broad range of organic core-linked DNA hybrids with different linkage directions and fl...
Constraining X-ray binary jet models via reflection

Although thermal disk emission is suppressed or absent in the hard state of X-ray binaries, the presence of a cold, thin disk can be inferred from signatures of reprocessing in the ~2-50 keV band. The strength of this signature is dependent on the source spectrum and flux impinging on the disk surface and is thus very sensitive to the system geometry. The general weakness of this feature in the hard state has been attributed to either a truncation of the thin disk, large ionization, or beaming of the corona region away from the disk with β ~ 0.3. This latter velocity is comparable to jet nozzle velocities, so we explore whether a jet can account for the observed reflection fractions. It has been suggested that jets may contribute to the high-energy spectra of X-ray binaries, via either synchrotron from around (100-1000)rg along the jet axis or from inverse Compton (synchrotron self-Compton and/or external Compton) from near the base. Here we calculate the reflection fraction from jet models wherein either synchrotron or Compton processes dominate the emission. Using as a guide a data set for GX 339-4, for which the reflection fraction previously has been estimated as ~10%, we study the results for a jet model. We find that the synchrotron case gives less than 2% reflection, while a model with predominantly synchrotron self-Compton in the base gives ~10%-18%. This shows for the first time that an X-ray binary jet is capable of significant reflection fractions and that extreme values of the reflection may be used as a way of discerning the dominant contributions to the X-ray spectrum.
Radius-dependent Luminosity Evolution of Blue Galaxies in GOODS-N

We examine the radius-luminosity (R-L) relation for blue galaxies in the Team Keck Redshift Survey (TKRS) of GOODS-N. We compare with a volume-limited, Sloan Digital Sky Survey sample and find that the R-L relation has evolved to lower surface brightness since z = 1. Based on the detection limits of GOODS, this cannot be explained by incompleteness in low surface brightness galaxies. Number density arguments rule out a pure radius evolution. It can be explained by a radius-dependent decline in B-band luminosity with time. Assuming a linear shift in MB with z, we use a maximum likelihood method to quantify the evolution. Under these assumptions, large (R1/2 > 5 kpc) and intermediate-sized (3 < R1/2 < 5 kpc) galaxies have experienced ΔMB = 1.53 and 1.65 mag of dimming since z = 1. A simple exponential decline in star formation with an e-folding time of 3 Gyr can result in this amount of dimming. Meanwhile, small galaxies, or some subset thereof, have experienced more evolution, 2.55 ± 0.38 mag. This factor of 10 decline in luminosity can be explained by subsamples of starbursting dwarf systems that fade rapidly, coupled with a decline in burst strength or frequency. Samples of bursting, luminous, blue, compact galaxies at intermediate redshifts have been identified by various previous studies. If there has been some growth in galaxy size with time, these measurements are upper limits on luminosity fading.
SDSS J142625.71+575218.3, a Prototype for a New Class of Variable White Dwarf

We present the results of a search for pulsations in six of the recently discovered carbon-atmosphere white dwarf ("hot DQ") stars. On the basis of our theoretical calculations, the star SDSS J142625.71+575218.3 is the only object expected to pulsate. We observe this star to be variable, with significant power at 417.7 s and 208.8 s (first harmonic), making it a strong candidate as the first member of a new class of pulsating white dwarf stars, the DQVs. Its folded pulse shape, however, is quite different from that of other white dwarf variables and shows similarities with that of the cataclysmic variable AM CVn, raising the possibility that this star may be a carbon-transferring analog of AM CVn stars. In either case, these observations represent the discovery of a new and exciting class of object.
Canonical subgroups of Barsotti-Tate groups

Let S be the spectrum of a complete discrete valuation ring with fraction field of characteristic 0 and perfect residue field of characteristic p ≥ 3. Let G be a truncated Barsotti-Tate group of level 1 over S. If "G is not too supersingular", a condition that will be explicitly expressed in terms of the valuation of a certain determinant, then we prove that we can canonically lift the kernel of the Frobenius endomorphism of its special fiber to a subgroup scheme of G, finite and flat over S. We call it the canonical subgroup of G.
Detection of CDM substructure

Abstract The properties of multiple image gravitational lenses require a fractional surface mass density in satellites of f sat = 0.02 (0.006 ⪅ f sat ⪅ 0.07 at 90% confidence) that is consistent with the expectations for CDM. The characteristic satellite mass scale, 10 6 –10 9 M ⊙ , is also consistent with the expectations for CDM. The agreement between the observed and expected density of CDM substructure supports the basic CDM paradigm, and disfavors modifications to the CDM theory such as self-interacting dark matter or a warm dark matter component.
Use of the generalized maximum likelihood algorithm for estimation of Markovian modeled image motion

The generalized maximum likelihood (GML) algorithm is a gradient-based iterative algorithm for frame-to-frame motion estimation. This algorithm tends toward the maximum likelihood estimates of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion coefficients of the motion field. The GML algorithm requires the covariance function matrix as a priori knowledge. Determination of the actual motion covariance in a practical situation is a difficult problem; the problem is approached by assuming that the motion vector is modeled by a separable stationary Markov-2 field. Using this model, we relate and compare the GML algorithm to another well-known motion estimator reported by Netravali and Robbins. Simulation experiments are presented that indicate the improvement of the GML algorithm over Netravali's scheme.
Perception, Psychedelics, and Social Change:

If it is true that experiences involving altered states of consciousness have historically been confined to a minute segment of the population (such as shamans, prophets, and even self-actualizers within Maslow's [1] context), and if the psychedelics act as a catalyst for such experiences, then their widespread availability portends significant social consequences. The most profound long term consequences of the increasingly widespread use of psychedelics may not be medical or even psychological in nature, but rather socio-logical. Altered states of consciousness create nothing less than new perceptual configurations which may well spell the end of social institutions based upon modes of perception which are incongruent with new perceptions being attained by increasing numbers of people via the psychedelic experience.
Dissociative electron attachment to laser-excited benzene

We have conducted comprehensive measurements on enhanced electron attachment to ArF and KrF laser-excited benzene in the presence of Ar and N2 buffer gases. At both these laser lines, two-photon absorption leads to excitation of benzene to energies above its ionization potential. Such excitations have been shown to lead to a population of long-lived, core-excited high-Rydberg states in addition to the ionization of the molecule. Present measurements on the dependence of negative ion yield on laser fluence, benzene pressure, and applied electric field verify that the observed negative ion formation is due to the attachment of the photoelectrons to the concomitantly produced high-Rydberg states. Using a rate equation analysis, the electron attachment rate constant for the core-excited Rydberg states was estimated to be of the order of 10-4-10-3 cm3 s-1. Laser photoionization cross sections were also estimated, and the cross section at the KrF laser line is in agreement with a previous measurement.
ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF COMBUSTION INSTABILITY BASED ON DOMINANT ACOUSTIC MODES RECONSTRUCTION

Strong combustion instability within gas turbines may severely reduce the working range, exacerbate emissions, and shorten the engines' life cycles. A typical and practical control strategy is to introduce a secondary heat release rate perturbation using a high-frequency fuel valve so as to nullify the positive feedback between pressure and heat release rate oscillations. This article presents an observer-based adaptive controller, which is aiming at suppressing time-varying multiple unstable modes without knowing the characteristics of the combustion and actuation systems. The key part of this controller is an observer, which is capable of online estimating the dominant frequencies, amplitude, phases, and delay-free reconstruction of the dominant modes. The procedures for frequency estimation are somewhat similar to those of the Discrete Fourier Transform, but this observer is suitable for real-time computation, and is capable of more accurate and faster frequency estimation using a shorter sample length...
Spotlight-mode synthetic aperture radar processing for high-resolution lunar mapping

During the 2008–2009 year, the Goldstone Solar System Radar was upgraded to support radar mapping of the lunar poles at 4 m resolution. The finer resolution of the new system and the accompanying migration through resolution cells called for spotlight, rather than delay-Doppler, imaging techniques. A new pre-processing system supports fast-time Doppler removal and motion compensation to a point. Two spotlight imaging techniques which compensate for phase errors due to i) out of focus-plane motion of the radar and ii) local topography, have been implemented and tested. One is based on the polar format algorithm followed by a unique autofocus technique, the other is a full bistatic time-domain backprojection technique. The processing system yields imagery of the specified resolution. Products enabled by this new system include topographic mapping through radar interferometry, and change detection techniques (amplitude and coherent change) for geolocation of the NASA LCROSS mission impact site.
Enantioselective catalysis of epoxidation by metalloporphyrins: application to enantioselective synthesis

A wide variety of asymmetric metalloporphyrins have been prepared in an effort to develop catalysts for the enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins. As yet, no porphyrin-based catalyst has shown sufficient selectivity to be applied in general synthesis. Therefore, this review focuses specifically on the developments that are leading toward synthetically useful metalloporphyrin epoxidation catalyst, specifically addressing catalyst stability and activity, ease of catalyst preparation, and the potential for improvement of specific catalyst designs.
Advances and challenges in computational plasma science

Scientific simulation, which provides a natural bridge between theory and experiment, is an essential tool for understanding complex plasma behaviour. Recent advances in simulations of magnetically confined plasmas are reviewed in this paper, with illustrative examples, chosen from associated research areas such as microturbulence, magnetohydrodynamics and other topics. Progress has been stimulated, in particular, by the exponential growth of computer speed along with significant improvements in computer technology. The advances in both particle and fluid simulations of fine-scale turbulence and large-scale dynamics have produced increasingly good agreement between experimental observations and computational modelling. This was enabled by two key factors: (a) innovative advances in analytic and computational methods for developing reduced descriptions of physics phenomena spanning widely disparate temporal and spatial scales and (b) access to powerful new computational resources. Excellent progress has been made in developing codes for which computer run-time and problem-size scale well with the number of processors on massively parallel processors (MPPs). Examples include the effective usage of the full power of multi-teraflop (multi-trillion floating point computations per second) MPPs to produce three-dimensional, general geometry, nonlinear particle simulations that have accelerated advances in understanding the nature of turbulence self-regulation by zonal flows. These calculations, which typically utilized billions of particles for thousands of time-steps, would not have been possible without access to powerful present generation MPP computers and the associated diagnostic and visualization capabilities. In looking towards the future, the current results from advanced simulations provide great encouragement for being able to include increasingly realistic dynamics to enable deeper physics insights into plasmas in both natural and laboratory environments. This should produce the scientific excitement which will help to (a) stimulate enhanced cross-cutting collaborations with other fields and (b) attract the bright young talent needed for the future health of the field of plasma science.
Heegaard splittings with boundary and almost normal surfaces

Abstract This paper generalizes the definition of a Heegaard splitting to unify the concepts of thin position for 3-manifolds [M. Scharlemann, A. Thompson, Contemp. Math., Vol. 164, Amer. Math. Soc., 1994, pp. 231–238], thin position for knots [D. Gabai, J. Differential Geom. 26 (1987) 479–536], and normal and almost normal surface theory [W. Haken, Acta Math. 105 (1961) 245–375]; [J.H. Rubinstein, Proc. Georgia Topology Conference, 1995, pp. 1–20]. This gives generalizations of theorems of Scharlemann, Thompson, Rubinstein, and Stocking. In the final section, we use this machinery to produce an algorithm to determine the bridge number of a knot, provided thin position for the knot coincides with bridge position. We also present several algorithmic and finiteness results about Dehn fillings with small Heegaard genus.
The synthesis of a useful chiral biaryl catalyst. An oxazoline-mediated Ullmann reaction.

Abstract A rapid synthesis of the enantiomerically pure biary catalyst (S)-1 was accomplished by a stereoselective Ullmann reaction (Scheme 1).
The gene identification problem: An overview for developers

The gene identification problem is the problem of interpreting nucleotide sequences by computer, in order to provide tentative annotation on the location, structure, and functional class of protein-coding genes. This problem is of self-evident importance, and is far from being fully solved, particularly for higher eukaryotes. Thus it is not surprising that the number of algorithm and software developers working in the area is rapidly increasing. The present paper is an overview of the field, with an emphasis on eukaryotes, for such developers.
Hot brines and recent iron deposits in deeps of the Red Sea

Abstract Sedimentary iron and heavy-metal deposits of undetermined size have been found in the middle of the Red Sea some 2000 meters below the surface of the sea (Fig. 1). This discovery has been made from the Research Vessel Atlantis II, which is still at sea engaged in a series of oceanographic investigations which ultimately will end in November 1965, after the ship has circumnavigated the globe. The discovery is significant because the environment and the processes controlling deposition of heavy metals are observable and appear to be still active.
Measurement of the reactivity of OH with methyl nitrate: Implications for prediction of alkyl nitrate‐OH reaction rates

The rate of the gas phase reaction of hydroxyl radical with methyl nitrate has been measured to be (3.4 ± 0.4) × 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K using flow discharge/ resonance fluorescence techniques. By means of correlation methods, this rate determination is used to predict a vertical ionization potential of 12.6 eV, a bond dissociation energy for HCH2ONO2 of 101 kcal mol−1, and a rate for O(3P) reaction with methyl nitrate of ca. 9 × 10−17 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. In conjunction with previously derived relative data for reaction of alkyl nitrates with OH radical in the gas phase, a priori estimated reactivities for 1-, 2-, and 3-positionally substituted straight chain alkyl nitrates have been reexamined. Revised reactivities for OH abstraction of specific hydrogens substituted on straight chain alkyl nitrates are presented and discussed, and an atmospheric lifetime of ca. 2 yrs is estimated for methyl nitrate removal due to OH.
PUBLIC THEOLOGY AND DEMOCRACY'S FUTURE

Abstract Enduring civilizations have had a religious, moral architecture to guide leaders and evoke sacrificial commitments. The Judeo-Christian tradition offers two biblicalthemes that undergird the “principled pluralism” that presses society toward democracy: the recognition of sin and the possibility of covenant. A serious public theology will engage the great world religions to find comparable concepts and prospects for an emerging global civil society. A viable democracy depends on a division of powers not only within the government, but among the institutions outside state control in a viable civil society. And civil society is strongest where multiple religious institutions are well developed.
Electron-beam-induced damage in wurtzite InN

Knock-on type damage with ejection of nitrogen atoms from a sample was observed in wurtzite InN during irradiation by 100 keV electron beam in scanning transmission electron microscope. Comparison of the measured integrated intensities of nitrogen K and indium M4,5 edges with calculated mass-loss provided a method to measure the energy of vacancy-enhanced displacement in InN for nitrogen atoms, which was found to be 4.6 eV. The results were also applied to predict the rate of electron beam induced damage that will occur in InN specimens with different thicknesses.
Convenient Generation of 1-Propynyllithium. One-Pot Synthesis of Acetylenic Carbinols from 1,2-Dibromopropane and Aldehydes and Ketones

Abstract Treatment of 1,2-dibromopropane (1) with 3 equiv of lithium diisopropylamide (-60°; to 0 °C, THF) generates 1-propynyllithium (2), which with aldehydes or ketones affords acetylenic carbinols 3 in 82-96% yields.
Atomic-level characterization of cubic silicon carbide surfaces - A review

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of the cubic [beta]-SiC(100) and [beta]-SiC(111) surfaces are taken after annealing to 1,200C to eliminate the surface oxide. Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns of the [beta]-SiC(111) surface show a 6[radical] x 6[radical]3 geometry, while STM images show a 6 x 6 geometry. Contrast reversal is observed as tunneling voltage bias is reversed. Spectroscopic I/V measurements indicate the presence of a graphite layer on the top surface. A model of the surface is proposed where an incommensurate graphite monolayer is grown over a (1 x 1) Si-terminated [beta]-SiC(111) surface. This model helps to explain the discrepancy between the 6[radical]3 x 6[radical]3 LEED pattern and the 6 x 6 geometry observed in STM images. Charge transfer between certain carbon atoms and silicon atoms gives rise to the 6 x 6 geometry and the contrast reversal.
The cross-Atlantic tussle over financial data and privacy rights

Abstract Banking is an international business; both information and capital flow relatively unimpeded across international borders. Banking institutions’ information stores have increased dramatically with the spread of computers, and these institutions protect data inside their firewalls from outside eyes, and from disaster, through establishing multiple secure data repositories. However, access to banks’ databases is increasingly sought by governments and governance institutions, and restrictions are tightening on moving data across borders. Probably the most prominent example of both trends involves European Union–domiciled cross-border banking business. A key legal reason for resulting issues hinges on differing views of privacy rights: the European Union enshrines privacy as a human right, while the United States empowers rights of free speech over privacy. These differing approaches to privacy rights have caused a cross-Atlantic conflict for global banks. Caught between competing, conflicting regulations, banks’ capacity to move information and to comply with governments’ demands for it have become restricted. This restriction is happening as governments seek increased access to banks’ information for purposes of financial information statecraft—the notion that countries can influence other governments’ policies and actions through data.
Transition from strange nonchaotic to strange chaotic attractors.

We investigate the transition from strange nonchaotic to strange chaotic attractors in quasiperiodically driven dynamical systems. It is found that whether the asymptotic attractor of the system is strange nonchaotic or strange chaotic is determined by the relative weight of the contraction and expansion for infinitesimal vectors along a typical trajectory on the attractor. When the average contraction dominates the average expansion, the attractor is strange nonchaotic. Strange chaotic attractors arise when the average expansion dominates the average contraction. The transition from strange nonchaotic to strange chaotic attractors occurs when the average contraction and expansion are balanced. A characteristic signature of this route to chaos is that the Lyapunov exponent passes through zero linearly. We provide numerical confirmation using both a quasiperiodically driven map and a quasiperiodic flow. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Small business and supply chain management: is there a fit?

Abstract Conflict exists over how supply chain management (SCM) affects small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). On one hand, SCM can provide quality, cost, customer service, leverage and even risk reduction benefits for the SME. On the other hand, SCM exposes the SME to greater management and control hazards while reducing its private differentiation advantages. We test hypotheses relevant to the performance effects of SCM on SMEs using data collected from a recent survey of senior production managers. We find that SCM is negatively associated with SME performance after controlling for self-selection bias. We discuss several explanations for the result.
On Big Bang relics, the neutrino mass and the spectrum of cosmic rays

Abstract It is shown that high-energy features of the cosmic ray spectrum, in particular the kink around 4 PeV and the corresponding change in spectral index, may be explained from interactions between highly energetic cosmic protons and relic Big Bang antineutrinos, if the latter have a rest mass of about 0.4 eV/ c 2 . This explanation is supported by experimental data from extensive air-shower experiments, and in particular by the observation (Fly's Eye) of a second kink around 300 PeV, and by the abrupt change in the chemical composition of the cosmic ray spectrum that occurs at that energy. Both facts follow naturally from our theory, which predicts additional verifiable features of the cosmic ray spectrum in the few-PeV region, e.g. an abrupt decrease in the p / α ratio.
The capacity of the Gaussian cooperative two-user multiple access channel to within a constant gap

The capacity region of the cooperative two-user Multiple Access Channel (MAC) in Gaussian noise is determined to within a constant gap for both the Full-Duplex (FD) and Half-Duplex (HD) case. The main contributions are: (a) for both FD and HD: unilateral cooperation suffices to achieve capacity to within a constant gap where only the user with the strongest link to the destination needs to engage in cooperation, (b) for both FD and HD: joint backward decoding is not necessary to achieve capacity to within a constant gap, and (c) for HD: time sharing between the case where the two users do not cooperate and the case where the user with the strongest link to the destination acts as pure relay for the other user suffices to achieve capacity to within a constant gap. These findings show that simple achievable strategies are approximately optimal for all channel parameters with interesting implications for practical cooperative schemes.
The Gravitational Lens-Galaxy Group Connection. II. Groups Associated with B2319+051 and B1600+434

We report on the results of a spectroscopic survey of the environments of the gravitational lens systems CLASS B1600+434 (z_l = 0.41, z_s = 1.59) and CLASS B2319+051 (z_l = 0.62). The B1600+434 system has a time delay measured for it, and we find that the system lies in a group with a velocity dispersion of 90 km s^(-1) and at least seven members. B2319+051 has a large group in its immediate foreground with at least 10 members and a velocity dispersion of 460 km s^(-1) and another in the background of the lens with a velocity dispersion of 190 km s^(-1). These systems increase the sample of spectroscopically confirmed groups associated with strong lenses by 20%. We find that modeling groups as single group-sized halos produces only small corrections (κ_(env,grp) ~ 0.01) to lensing models. However, the very local environments, i.e., galaxies within ~15" of the lensing galaxy, have stronger effects on the lens models of the systems studied here. We quantify the effects of the local environment on the lens models and find up to an ≈10% correction to the derived value of H_0 for B1600+434 compared to models that do not account for the lens environment.
Unemployment and the Retirement Decisions of Older Workers

This paper examines how unemployment late in workers’ careers affects retirement timing. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation from 1996 to 2011, we document that unemployed workers permanently leave the labor force at a significantly higher rate than employed workers. This effect is stronger once workers become eligible for Social Security benefits. The effect of unemployment on retirement early in an unemployment spell is weaker for workers eligible for UI benefits. Unemployed workers, particularly those workers in households with below median wealth, also have a significantly higher rate of early Social Security uptake shortly after turning 62 relative to employed workers.
A range description for the planar circular radon transform

The transform considered in the paper integrates a function supported in the unit disk on the plane over all circles centered at the boundary of this disk. Such a circular Radon transform arises in several contemporary imaging techniques, as well as in other applications. As is common for transforms of Radon type, its range has infinite codimension in standard function spaces. Range descriptions for such transforms are known to be very important for computed tomography—for instance, when dealing with incomplete data, error correction, and other issues. A complete range description for the circular Radon transform is obtained. Range conditions include the recently found set of moment‐type conditions, which happens to be incomplete, as well as other conditions that have less standard form. In order to explain the procedure better, a similar (nonstandard) treatment of the range conditions is described first for the usual Radon transform on the plane.
Lethal and sublethal effects on the progeny of male rats treated with methadone.

Fifteen male rats were treated with methadone-HCl (Meth) at 10 mg/kg sc per day for 12 days and an equal number received injections of sterile distilled water. Each male was caged with four untreated females each night. A necropsy was performed on male rats following the period of mating and the litter sizes, birth and weaning weights, and survival to 21 days (neonatal mortality) of their progeny were evaluated. METH-treated males had a reduction in body and seminal vesicle weights and in mating frequency, confirming prior studies. Progeny of METH-treated males (507 pups) were of lower average birth weight than the 276 controls. In addition, it was found that prior copulation had a differential effect, resulting in slightly heavier control pups but significantly decreased birth weights in the METH group. Neonatal mortality of the METH progeny was significantly increased, with 18.2% dead by 21 days compared to 9.5% of the controls (p < 0.01). The present data indicated that mortality was related in a complex fashion to number of drug exposures and previous sexual experience of the sire and that male offspring were particularly affected. Ponderal growth of survivors from litters with high neonatal death rates was inhibited, with females being significantly lighter at 75 and 132 days of age. Open-field defecation scores were significantly different at 2 but not at 4 months of age, but no differences in acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response were noted. No differences in litter size, neonatal mortality, or birth or weaning weights as a result of METH administration were found in the F2 generation. These results, together with previous data from our laboratory, establish that there are lethal, sublethal, and possibly delayed effects on the progeny of male rats treated with methadone.
Monte Carlo approximation in incomplete information, sequential auction games

We model sequential, possibly multiunit, sealed bid auctions as a sequential game with imperfect and incomplete information. We develop an agent that constructs a bidding policy by sampling the valuation space of its opponents, solving the resulting complete information game, and aggregating the samples into a policy. The constructed policy takes advantage of information learned in the early stages of the game and is flexible with respect to assumptions about the other bidders' valuations. Because the straightforward expansion of the complete information game is intractable, we develop a more concise representation that takes advantage of the sequential auctions' natural structure. We examine the performance of our agent versus agents that play perfectly, agents that also create policies using Monte Carlo, and other benchmarks. The technique performs quite well in these empirical studies, although the tractability of the problem is bounded by the ability to solve component games.
NEUTRINO FACTORY AND MUON COLLIDER R&D

European, Japanese, and US Neutrino Factory designs are presented. The main R&D issues and associated R&D programs, future prospects, and the additional issues that must be addressed to produce a viable Muon Collider design, are discussed.
Image formation in terms of the transport equation

A scheme for recovering phase using irradiance data alone, without interferometric techniques, is developed using the transport equations for phase and irradiance. For the case of one transverse dimension a general solution, for an arbitrary irradiance distribution, of the transport equation for the optical phase is already given by an application of the divergence theorem. Numerical simulation results are given that indicate that the phase-recovery scheme works well even in the presence of large pupil-plane aberrations if the signal-to-noise ratio is sufficiently high. In particular, pupil-plane phase aberrations may be determined from irradiance measurements in two planes that are near the image plane.
Synthesis and characterization of Pd-Ni nanoalloy electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells

Abstract Carbon-supported Pd-Ni nanoalloy electrocatalysts with different Pd/Ni atomic ratios have been synthesized by a modified polyol method, followed by heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere at 500–900 °C. The samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements, and single-cell proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) tests for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). XRD and TEM data reveal an increase in the degree of alloying and particle size with increasing heat-treatment temperature. XPS data indicate surface segregation with Pd enrichment on the surface of Pd 80 Ni 20 after heat treatment at ≥500 °C, suggesting possible lattice strains in the outermost layers. Electrochemical data based on CV, RDE, and single-cell PEMFC measurement show that Pd 80 Ni 20 heated at 500 °C has the highest mass catalytic activity for ORR among the Pd-Ni samples investigated, with stability and catalytic activity significantly higher than that found with Pd. With a lower cost, the Pd-Ni catalysts exhibit higher tolerance to methanol than Pt, offering an added advantage in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC).
Total syntheses of tumor-related antigens N3: probing the feasibility limits of the glycal assembly method.

The total syntheses of two octasaccharide antigens isolated from human milk, 1 and 2, and their corresponding allyl glycosides, 3 and 4, have been achieved by utilizing the glycal method. Convergent assembly of the core hexasaccharides and concurrent introduction of two α-l-fucosyl moieties at the late stage of the syntheses provided these complex carbohydrates in a concise manner. With synthetic material obtained, biological evaluations of these antigens as potential gastrointestinal cancer immunotherapeutic agents have been initiated.
Propagation of weakly guided waves in a Kerr nonlinear medium using a perturbation approach

Abstract The equations are represented in a simplified format with only a few leading terms needed in the expansion. The set of equations are then solved numerically using vector finite element method. To validate our algorithm, we analyzed a two-dimensional rectangular waveguide consisting of a linear core and nonlinear identical cladding. The exact nonlinear solutions for three different modes of propagations, TE0, TE1, and TE2 modes are generated and compared with the computed solutions. Next, we investigate the effect of a more intense monochromatic field on the propagation of a “weak” optical field in a fully three-dimensional cylindrical waveguide.
An Absence of Gaps in the Main-Sequence Population of Field Stars

Using high-precision parallaxes from the Hipparcos catalog, we construct H-R diagrams for two samples of bright stars. The first is a magnitude-limited sample that is over 90% complete and uses uniform photometry from the Catalog of WBVR Magnitudes of Northern Sky Bright Stars (δ > -14°). This sample shows a smooth distribution of stars along the main sequence, with no detectable gaps. The second contains all of the stars closer than 100 pc in the Hipparcos catalog with δ < -12°. Uniform spectroscopy from the Michigan Spectral Survey shows that some stars that appear on the main sequence in the H-R diagram, particularly those in the 0.2 < B-V < 0.3 region that has been labeled the Bohm-Vitense gap, are classified as giants by the MK system of spectral classification. Other gaps that have been identified in the main sequence are also affected by such classification criteria. This analysis casts doubt on the existence of the Bohm-Vitense gap, which is thought to result from the sudden onset of convection in stars. The standard identification of main-sequence stars with luminosity class V and giants with luminosity class III must be reconsidered for some spectral types. The true nature of the stars that lie on the main sequence in the H-R diagram but do not have luminosity class V designations remains to be investigated.
Trilateral retinoblastoma: A report of five patients

BACKGROUND Trilateral retinoblastoma is a well recognized, although rare, syndrome. Most of the reported cases have involved a family history of retinoblastoma (RB) and the disease is almost always fatal. The authors chose to investigate the cases of trilateral retinoblastoma occurring in the West Midlands, a region of the United Kingdom with an increasing incidence of bilateral sporadic RB. METHODS Five patients with trilateral retinoblastoma (including two were previously reported), diagnosed in 146 consecutive patients with RB in the West Midlands Health Authority Region between 1957 and 1994, are presented (an incidence of 3%). Their clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome are described. RESULTS There were 4 patients with pineoblastoma, only one of whom had a positive family history. The mean age at diagnosis of RB was 6 months, whereas the patients with pineoblastoma were diagnosed at a mean age of 2 years 8 months. The tumors were not evident on the initial computed tomography scans. One child presented with a calcified suprasellar mass 13 months before the bilateral sporadic RB was identified. Death occurred within 1 month of diagnosis of the intracranial tumor in 3 patients who did not receive any treatment. In the other 2 patients who were treated, death occurred at 15 months and 2 years 7 months, respectively, after diagnosis of intracranial tumor. CONCLUSIONS Early diagnosis with regular neuro-imaging and more aggressive treatment may improve prognosis in patients with RB and an intracranial tumor. Cancer 1996;78:858-63.
Tuning locked inflation: supergravity versus phenomenology

We analyse the cosmological consequences of locked inflation, a model recently proposed by Dvali and Kachru that can produce significant amounts of inflation without requiring slow-roll. We pay particular attention to the end of inflation in this model, showing that a secondary phase of saddle inflation can follow the locked inflationary era. However, this subsequent period of inflation results in a strongly scale dependent spectrum that can lead to massive black hole formation in the primordial universe. Avoiding this disastrous outcome puts strong constraints on the parameter space open to models of locked inflation.
Obstructions to Shellability

We consider a simplicial complex generalization of a result of Billera and Myers that every nonshellable poset contains the smallest nonshellable poset as an induced subposet. We prove that every nonshellable two-dimensional simplicial complex contains a nonshellable induced subcomplex with less than eight vertices. We also establish CL-shellability of interval orders and as a consequence obtain a formula for the Betti numbers of any interval order.
Selection rule effects in electronic excitations of chemisorbed molecules as studied by energy loss spectroscopy

Abstract Selection rule effects associated with long-range transition dipole scattering can be significant in electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) for loss energies up to ∼10–12 eV (or higher) on a variety of metal and semiconductor surfaces. These effects will appear in ELS studies of the electronic excitations of chemisorbed molecules; in particular, selection rule effects will suppress the intensity of certain low-lying valence transitions in several cases of current interest in chemisorption.
The aseity of God in St. Anselm

(1982). The Aseity of God in St. Anselm. Studia Theologica - Nordic Journal of Theology: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 37-46.
HST/STIS Ultraviolet Imaging of Polar Aurora on Ganymede

We report new observations of the spectrum of Ganymede in the spectral range 1160-1720 A made with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) on 1998 October 30. The observations were undertaken to locate the regions of the atomic oxygen emissions at 1304 and 1356 A, previously observed with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph on HST, that Hall et al. claimed indicated the presence of polar aurorae on Ganymede. The use of the 2'' wide STIS slit, slightly wider than the disk diameter of Ganymede, produced objective spectra with images of the two oxygen emissions clearly separated. The O I emissions appear in both hemispheres, at latitudes above |40|°, in accordance with recent Galileo magnetometer data that indicate the presence of an intrinsic magnetic field such that Jovian magnetic field lines are linked to the surface of Ganymede only at high latitudes. Both the brightness and relative north-south intensity of the emissions varied considerably over the four contiguous orbits (5.5 hr) of observation, presumably because of the changing Jovian plasma environment at Ganymede. However, the observed longitudinal nonuniformity in the emission brightness at high latitudes, particularly in the southern hemisphere, and the lack of pronounced limb brightening near the poles are difficult to understand with current models. In addition to observed solar H I Lyα reflected from the disk, extended Lyα emission resonantly scattered from a hydrogen exosphere is detected out to beyond two Ganymede radii from the limb, and its brightness is consistent with the Galileo UVS measurements of Barth et al.
Synthesis of 4,4‐dimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐3,3,5‐trisubstituted‐2H‐pyrazoles and N‐benzoyl derivatives: Method for “Hydrolysis” of unreactive amides and carbamates

Addition of organolithium reagents to 4,4-dimethyl-3,5-disubstituted-4H-pyrazoles produced a series of 4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-3,3,5-trisubstituted-2H-pyrazoles, 2–6, in good yield. The reaction was stereoselective: addition of organolithium compounds occurred only to carbon-3 of 4,4-dimethyl-3-alkyl-5-aryl-4H-pyrazoles. The 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrazoles were found to be of high sensitivity to oxygen. For long term storage and ease of handling, N-benzoyl derivatives were synthesized. Removal of the protecting group could not be accomplished by use of many standard sets of conditions. Deprotection was accomplished in high yield by reaction of the N-benzoyl-4,4-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-3,3,5-trisubstituted-2H-pyrazoles with anhydrous potassium t-butoxide in toluene [heated under reflux (ultra-pure argon)] in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst (18-Crown-6). Cleavage of a N-carbamate derivative was also achieved by this phase transfer approach. This methodology should be applicable to the hydrolysis of unreactive amides and carbamates in general.
Principal‐component analysis for raindrops and its application to the remote sensing of rain

In the problem of inverting remote-sensing measurements of rain, current representations of the raindrop size distribution suffer crucially from the expedient but unjustified and empirically ill-fitting assumption that the distribution has a known closed-form shape, whether log-normal or Γ-distributed. This paper proposes an approach to avoid such unfounded a priori assumptions entirely. The resulting representation of the rain is then used to derive ‘forward’ formulae for rain remote-sensing algorithms. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Sinks in Acyclic Orientations of Graphs

Greene and Zaslavsky proved that the number of acyclic orientations of a graph G with a unique sink at a given vertex is, up to sign, the linear coefficient of the chromatic polynomial. We give three proofs of this result using pure induction, noncommutative symmetric functions, and an algorithmic bijection. We also prove their result that if e=u0v0 is an edge of G then the number of acyclic orientations having a unique source at u0 and unique sink at v0 is Crapo's beta invariant.
The evolution of multimedia sound

Multimedia sound is both durable and resistant to interference and forgetting. Yet sound alone is insufficient to learn from multimedia, hence the need for purposeful advice on how to enhance learning from technology with sound. The advice ranges from descriptions of the playback system to balancing the input to structuring the function of a sound. This paper describes five functions and three structures for multimedia sound that when combined can help students to focus their attention on important visual events in a multimedia learning environment.
Space power technology into the 21st century

This paper discusses the space power systems of the early 21st century. The focus is on those capabilities which are anticipated to evolve from today's state-of-the-art and the technology development programs presently in place or planned for the remainder of the century. The power system technologies considered include solar thermal, nuclear, radioisotope, photovoltaic, thermionic, thermoelectric, and dynamic conversion systems such as the Brayton and Stirling cycles. Energy storage technologies considered include nickel hydrogen biopolar batteries, advanced high energy rechargeable batteries, regenerative fuel cells, and advanced primary batteries. The present state-of-the-art of these space power and energy technologies is discussed along with their projections, trends and goals. A speculative future mission model is postulated which includes manned orbiting space stations, manned lunar bases, unmanned earth orbital and interplanetary spacecraft, manned interplanetary missions, military applications, and earth to space and space to space transportation systems. The various space power/energy system technologies anticipated to be operational by the early 21st century are matched to these missions.
Test Results of a New Damper Seal for Vibration Reduction in Turbomachinery

A new type of labyrinth gas seal for damping vibration and whirl, called the TAMSEAL, has been evaluated in both non- rotating and rotating tests at Texas A&M University. Test results of the prototype, along with comparison tests of a conventional labyrinth seal, show up to one hundred times more direct damping than the conventional bladed seal. The new design also has a feature that blocks swirl of the working fluid, which is known to be rotordynamically destabilizing in machines with conventional seals. Coastdown tests of the new seal were conducted at various pressures on a rotordynamic test apparatus with a critical speed at 4000 rpm and compared with identical testing of a conventional labyrinth seal. Rap tests of both seals were also conducted to measure the logarithmic decrement of free vibration, and the leak- age of both seals was measured. Test results show large reductions in peak vibration at the critical speed in all cases, with the critical speed being completely eliminated by the TAMSEAL at some pressure drop conditions. The leakage rate of the tested TAM- SEAL is higher than the conventional seal at the same clearance, but the large reductions in vibration and whirl amplitudes suggest that the TAMSEAL could be operated with smaller clearances than conventional labyrinth seals.
Dynamic efficiency in the gifts economy

Abstract In the standard analysis of overlapping generations economies with gifts from children to parents, each generation takes the actions of other generations as given. The resulting equilibrium is dynamically inefficient. In reality, however, parents realize that children will respond to higher parental saving by reducing gifts. For a broad class of gift economies, this implicit tax on saving pushes the equilibrium to dynamic efficiency. This result reestablishes the potential relevance of the gift model to the US economy, renders moot an important part of the Ricardian equivalence debate, and provides a motivation for a type of social security system.