cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 7 – Carbohydrate disorders

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism result from disruption in the synthetic or catabolic pathways of various categories of carbohydrates, with fructose, galactose, and glycogen being the most common groups. The prognosis of patients with a disease in this family of disorders ranges from benign to life-threatening. Noninvasive molecular techniques are now routinely used for diagnosis, sometimes replacing enzymatic assays, and other serum and urine biomarkers are used to monitor dietary compliance. Most disorders of fructose and galactose metabolism can only be treated through dietary modification to eliminate the specific carbohydrate. Glycogen storage diseases can also be treated with a modification of diet, and there has been limited success with enzyme replacement therapy to moderate the disease progression in one subtype.
A Practical Scheme to Compute the Pessimistic Bilevel Optimization Problem

In this paper, we present a new computation scheme for the pessimistic bilevel optimization problem, which so far does not have any computational methods generally applicable. We first develop a ti...
Native fluorescence enhancement using an Aluminum bowtie nano-antenna

Ultraviolet (UV) plasmonic nanostructures hold promises in enabling label-free sensing of biomolecules using their native fluorescence. Several UV plasmonic structures have been explored to enhance native fluorescence of biomolecules, including metallic thin film, particle array, hole array using aluminum, magnesium, indium, etc. However, the enhancement factor of them is quite small, with less than 80 times for nucleic acids and less than 15 times for amino acids. In order to achieve higher enhancement factor, we study a bowtie nano-antenna (BNA) made of aluminum (Al) in the ultraviolet region. The effect of the native oxide layer on Al is also investigated. The numerical simulation has shown 1026x net enhancement with the optimal geometry.
Analysis of vascular inflammation against bioresorbable Zn-Ag based alloys

Zinc (Zn) has emerged as a promising bioresorbable stent material due to its satisfactory corrosion behavior and excellent biocompatibility. However, for load bearing implant applications, alloying is required to boost its mechanical properties as pure Zn exhibits poor strength. Unfortunately, an increase in inflammation relative to pure Zn is a commonly observed side-effect of Zn alloys. Consequently, the development of a Zn-based alloy that can simultaneously feature improved mechanical properties and suppress inflammatory responses is a big challenge. Here, a bioresorbable, biocompatible Zn-Ag-based quinary alloy was comprehensively evaluated in vivo, in comparison to reference materials. The inflammatory and smooth muscle cellular response was characterized and correlated to metrics of neointimal growth. We found that implantation of the quinary alloy was associated with significantly improved inflammatory activities relative to the reference materials. Additionally, we found that inflammation, but not smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, significantly correlates to neointimal growth for Zn alloys. The results suggest that inflammation is the main driver of neointimal growth for Zn-based alloys and that the quinary Zn-Ag-Mn-Zr-Cu alloy may impart inflammation-resistance properties to arterial implants.
Anomaly Detection for Physics Analysis and Less than Supervised Learning

Modern machine learning tools offer exciting possibilities to qualitatively change the paradigm for new particle searches. In particular, new methods can broaden the search program by gaining sensitivity to unforeseen scenarios by learning directly from data. There has been a significant growth in new ideas and they are just starting to be applied to experimental data. This chapter introduces these new anomaly detection methods, which range from fully supervised algorithms to unsupervised, and include weakly supervised methods.
Intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate for involution of single mastitic mammary quarters that are elevating cow-level somatic cell count

Mastitis in a single quarter can cause high somatic cell counts (SCC), clinical mastitis, and death in dairy cows. Casein hydrolysate (CH) is an intramammary (IMM) infusion treatment reported to induce mammary involution. Objectives were to study cessation of milk production in one mastitic quarter per cow following CH IMM infusion, 3-quartered cow milk production and cow-level SCC for the remainder of lactation, and after calving, whether the mastitic quarter resumed milk production, cow and quarter-level milk production, SCC and elimination of previously isolated mastitis pathogens.
3D Printing in Fiber-Device Technology

Recent advances in additive manufacturing enable redesigning material morphology on nano-, micro-, and meso-scale, for achieving an enhanced functionality on the macro-scale. From non-planar and flexible electronic circuits, through biomechanically realistic surgical models, to shoe soles individualized for the user comfort, multiple scientific and technological areas undergo material-property redesign and enhancement enabled by 3D printing. Fiber-device technology is currently entering such a transformation. In this paper, we review the recent advances in adopting 3D printing for direct digital manufacturing of fiber preforms with complex cross-sectional architectures designed for the desired thermally drawn fiber-device functionality. Subsequently, taking a recursive manufacturing approach, such fibers can serve as a raw material for 3D printing, resulting in macroscopic objects with enhanced functionalities, from optoelectronic to bio-functional, imparted by the fiber-devices properties.
It's who you know: Caregiver social networks predict service use among under-resourced children with autism

Abstract Background Numerous studies have shown that racial/ethnic minority and under-resourced families face barriers that delay timely access to autism services. These barriers include lack of resources and information about autism, financial hardship, mistrust in the service system, cultural and language mismatch, and other factors that have yet to be identified. Method The current study aimed to examine additional caregiver and system-level factors that could be associated with early service access using a diverse sample from four study sites (Los Angeles, CA; Philadelphia, PA; Sacramento, CA; and Rochester, NY). Partnering with community agencies that serve traditionally underrepresented groups, the research team recruited 118 caregivers of young children with autism who were low-income, English, Spanish or Korean speaking and had not accessed autism-specific services. Results Regression analyses revealed that the total number of services accessed were associated with caregiver social network size (p = 0.011) but not by race, autism knowledge and caregiver agency. Among families receiving at least one non-autism specific service, a marginally significant interaction effect of site and primary language on total services received was observed (p = 0.06). Conclusion Findings suggest that caregivers’ social network connections are crucial in early service access, and future interventions could target increasing social networks to improve families’ service engagement. More attention for non-English speaking families, especially those living in areas with few supports in their native languages, is needed.
Effects of Disease Threat and Attitude Similarity on Willingness to Help: The Mediating Role of Disgust.

The current research tested the hypothesis that an increase in perceived disease vulnerability would create more feelings of disgust and a reduced willingness to help persons with dissimilar attitu...
Improving Peatland Mapping and Monitoring Capability Across Broad Regions Using SAR in Cloud Computing Platforms

Peatlands occur in ecozones from the tropics to the arctic, and are estimated to globally cover just under 450 million ha, roughly 3-5% of the Earth's land surface [8]. Although they cover a small amount of land globally, peatlands are estimated to store more than 30% of the Earth's soil carbon (C) and are at risk from land use and climate change. An approach of multi-source SAR and optical imagery from multiple dates in machine learning classifiers has demonstrated to be of high value in accurately mapping peatlands from boreal, temperate and tropical regions. Cloud-computing has recently been integrated into a multi-date SAR-optical wetland classification workflow that has high accuracy for peatland mapping. Leveraging the large datasets in Google Earth Engine and Alaska Satellite Facility's OpenSARLabs is improving our capability to access large optical and SAR datasets to integrate into our processing/analysis workflow that was previously cumbersome and time consuming. Such analysis is allowing for larger regional areas to be mapped more efficiently. In this paper we review one study conducted completely outside of cloud computing and two examples of how cloud computing is improving our wetland mapping capability in terms of efficiency, but also in more robust input data sets.
Composite power system reliability modeling and evaluation considering aging components

As the components grow older, most power systems may enter a wear out stage indicating an aging trend. This paper is focused on aging effects in composite power system reliability evaluation. Quantitative reliability indices such as Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE) are calculated. The IEEE Reliability Test Systems is used to illustrate this technique.
Prospective study of angiotensin II response to positional change in pregnancy-induced hypertension.

Abstract The response of endogenous angiotensin II levels to positional change, lateral to supine recumbency, was investigated in a prospective study of 55 primigravid patients during the last half of pregnancy. Blood samples were obtained in the lateral and supine recumbent positions. The mean supine angiotensin II level was significantly higher between 29 and 34 weeks' gestation in those patients destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension than in those who remained normotensive (P
Hobbes and the Internal Point of View

With the introduction, by John Austin, of the command theory of law,1 a certain distinction among theories of law entered the jurisprudential landscape: the distinction between theories that seek to characterize obedience to law in terms of external motivations, such as sanctions for noncompliance, and those that characterize obedience to law in terms of internal motivations, such as a moral commitment or other sense of duty. In the former category we might place not only Austin’s command theory, but Oliver Wendell Holmes’s bad man “theory” of law, as well as what is thought to be the granddaddy of them all, Thomas Hobbes’s authoritarian approach to law and civil authority. In the latter category we might place natural law theories, as well as positivistic theories like H.L.A. Hart’s that ground the duty to obey the law in norms, or at least in normative practices that treat law as reason-giving. In this paper I shall argue that Hobbes has only been situated in the former category through a mistaken reading of his theory, and that while it may be true that Austin, and Holmes after him, acquired many elements of their own theories from his, the “external” or sanction-based accounts they developed do not owe as much to Hobbes’s own thinking about law as the authors purporting to follow him supposed. In particular, while Hobbes’s account of law differs significantly and in many crucial respects from Hart’s, the central advance of Hart’s theory, namely combining a broadly positivistic approach with the idea that law has an internal aspect, was already present in Hobbes. It is not that I think Hobbes is uncontroversially characterized as a positivist—indeed I have argued elsewhere that he is not. It is rather that the positivistic elements of his account (those elements he shared, for example, with Austin) did not preclude his recognition of true legal duty with its attendant internal aspect. The point may seem an arcane one for those more interested in jurisprudential debates about the nature of law than in intellectual history. But the Hobbesian theory of law, if understood in all of its complexity, has
Developing a flexible system-modeling environment for engineers

We are developing a module-oriented, multiphysics, mixed fidelity system simulation environment that will enable engineers to rapidly analyze the performance of a system and to optimize its design. In the environment, physical components of the system are represented by software components, and are linked by ports that transfer and transform data between them. The model fidelity in a composite module may be specified independently, eg, one composite module may have a parametric model and another may have a three-dimensional finite-element model. In a prototype of the environment users can specify thermal radiation models for each system component, embed electrical circuits in each component, and set the external conditions for the system. During the simulation users can monitor the thermal and electrical behavior of the system. The latest software design for the environment promises greater flexibility in extending the environment for analyzing and optimizing a variety of complex systems.
The required measures of phase segregation in distributed cortical processing

Many neuroscience studies suggest that synchronous and oscillatory activity plays an important role in coordinating computations among cortical areas. Elsewhere, the temporal correlation hypothesis has been put forth which relies on synchrony. Activity in distributed cortical areas represents features of an object if it appears synchronously and features of different objects are distinguished if they are desynchronized with others, overcoming the binding problem. The segregation of neural activity into distinct phase windows helps preserve coherence as it propagates to deeper layers of the cortex. Here, the timing is crucial if synchronized spike volleys must meet after crossing different cortical paths, which impose different transmission delays. We propose that a phase segregation mechanism is needed to desynchronize neural responses at their origin for representing multiple objects. In particular, the inhibitory inter-neurons that are found in the cortex give the desired behavior as demonstrated in other studies. The purpose of the present research is to analyze required measures of phase segregation for ensuring coherence in topologies that contain direct and indirect pathways from a source to a destination area. Our results are compatible with psychological studies. We employ the spike response model on top of a localist, connectionist architecture designed for representing symbolic and relational information for verifying our results.
Synthesis and ligand exchange reactions of P2Pd(II) and P2Pt(II) salicylaldimates

Reaction of (dppe)MCl(2)(dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) with 2-(N-phenyliminomethyl)phenol leads to air-stable (dppe)M(N,O) chelates (M = Pd, 1a; M = Pt, 1b). The N-4-methylphenyl derivative of 1a has been characterized by X-ray analysis. The N,O ligands are kinetically labile and exchange occurs in solution in the presence of other salicylaldimines. In the presence of anilines, a metal-mediated imine exchange process occurs. Hammett analysis reveals that the platinum complexes are sensitive to the electronics at N but not at O. Electron donating groups on the N-aryl ring stabilize the metal complex.
Purification and photoaffinity labeling of sucrose phosphate synthase from spinach leaves

Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) was isolated from spinach leaves by precipitation with polyethylene glycol, ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and rate zonal centrifugation. The enzyme was purified more than 600-fold to a specific activity of 57 mumol/min/mg protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that a 120-kDa polypeptide was enriched through purification and was the major polypeptide in the final SPS preparation. The 120-kDa polypeptide was photoaffinity labeled with the substrate analog, 5-azidouridine [beta-32P]5'-diphosphate-glucose ([beta-32P]5-N3UDP-Glc). Covalent incorporation of 5-N3UDP-Glc into the 120-kDa polypeptide exhibited an apparent Kd of 74 microM, similar to the apparent Ki for inhibition of SPS activity by unphotolyzed 5-N3UDP-Glc. Competition experiments showed that photolabeling of the 120-kDa polypeptide by 5-N3UDP-Glc was reduced in the presence of UDP-Glc, exhibiting an apparent Ki value that was similar to the apparent Km (UDP-Glc) of 2.9 mM for the purified enzyme. The relative molecular mass of the SPS holoenzyme was 253,000, and the isoelectric point of the 120-kDa subunit was 5.2. The data confirmed the identity of the 120-kDa polypeptide as the SPS subunit, established the structure of the active enzyme as a dimer, and demonstrated active-site labeling of SPS by a photoaffinity analog of the substrate.
Non-toxic and efficient DNA extractions for soybean leaf and seed chips for high-throughput and large-scale genotyping

In applied soybean (Glycine max L.) breeding programs, marker-assisted selection has become a necessity to select value-added quantitative trait loci. The goal of this work was to improve marker-assisted selection workflow by developing a reliable, inexpensive, high-throughput DNA extraction protocol for soybean seed and leaf samples that does not generate hazardous waste. The DNA extraction protocol developed allows for the leverage of robust SNP genotyping platforms such as the Simple Probe Assay and KASPar v4.0 SNP Genotyping System to genotype thousands of seeds or leaves non-destructively in a single day with a 95 % success rate. This methodology makes it possible to run up to 150 SNP markers on the DNA extracted from a single seed chip or leaf sample.
Risk factors for coronary artery disease in children of affected families

Risk factors for coronary artery disease were present to a greater degree in children of men who had experienced premature myocardial infarction when compared to children of unaffected male parents. Levels of cholesterol and body weight, as well as family history of premature CAD, differed significantly between the groups of children. The chance of identifying a child with hyperlipidemia was three times greater if the father had premature CAD. Data regarding familial aggregation of risk factors for CAD are reviewed and their significance discussed.
Real time optical edge enhancement using a Hughes liquid crystal light valve

A new real time edge enhancement effect using a Hughes CdS liquid crystal light valve and ts use in optical correlation are reported.
Remark on the Potential Function of the Linear Sigma Model

It is shown that the potential functions for the ordinary linear sigma model can be divided into two topographically different types depending on whether the quantity R{equivalent_to}(m{sub {sigma}}/m{sub {pi}}){sup 2} is greater than or less than nine. Since the Wigner-Weyl mode (R=1) and the Nambu-Goldstone mode (R={infinity}) belong to different regions, we speculate that this classification may provide a generalization to the broken symmetry situation, which could be convenient for roughly characterizing different possible applications of the model. It is noted that a more complicated potential does not so much change this picture as add different new regions. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Detecting spammers on social networks

Social networking has become a popular way for users to meet and interact online. Users spend a significant amount of time on popular social network platforms (such as Facebook, MySpace, or Twitter), storing and sharing a wealth of personal information. This information, as well as the possibility of contacting thousands of users, also attracts the interest of cybercriminals. For example, cybercriminals might exploit the implicit trust relationships between users in order to lure victims to malicious websites. As another example, cybercriminals might find personal information valuable for identity theft or to drive targeted spam campaigns.In this paper, we analyze to which extent spam has entered social networks. More precisely, we analyze how spammers who target social networking sites operate. To collect the data about spamming activity, we created a large and diverse set of "honey-profiles" on three large social networking sites, and logged the kind of contacts and messages that they received. We then analyzed the collected data and identified anomalous behavior of users who contacted our profiles. Based on the analysis of this behavior, we developed techniques to detect spammers in social networks, and we aggregated their messages in large spam campaigns. Our results show that it is possible to automatically identify the accounts used by spammers, and our analysis was used for take-down efforts in a real-world social network. More precisely, during this study, we collaborated with Twitter and correctly detected and deleted 15,857 spam profiles.
Processes organizing open-nesting bird assemblages: competition or nest predation?

The addition of nest predation as a major process to current theories of space utilization and coexistence of open-nesting bird species adds predictive power to hypotheses of resource partitioning and organization of species assemblages. Nest predation can influence the organization of assemblages if predators respond to nests in a density-dependent manner and if predators specialize on nest types. Evidence shows that nest predation is commonly density-dependent and that predators can specialize on nest types. Consequently, nest predation can select for coexistence of bird species that nest at different heights and in different microhabitats (i.e. partitioning of nesting space) to minimize density-dependent responses of predators to the accumulating densities of species within similar nest sites. I establish a series of predicted patterns (1) to test whether predation is operating to influence partitioning of space and coexistence of species, (2) to distinguish effects of nest predation from competition, and (3) to determine the mechanism by which nest predation acts to organize assemblages. Using published and unpublished data to test the predictions, nest predation is seen as a process that we can no longer afford to ignore.
Short-Pulse Laser-Based System for Detection of Tumors: Administration of Gold Nanoparticles Enhances Contrast

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the use of gold nanoparticles, which accumulate in tumors due to the leakiness of tumor vasculature, as contrast agents for enhanced imaging in a time-resolved optical tomography system using short-pulse lasers for skin cancer detection. Mouse tissue was analyzed in vivo by optical coherence tomography during exposure to the beam of either a 514nm, 200ps pulsed laser or a 776nm, 1.3ps pulsed laser. It was found that addition of spherical gold nanoparticles, either by injection under the skin or by intravenous administration, decreased total reflection intensity and broadened the temporal profile of reflected photons. Together, these results show that gold nanoparticles tuned to the wavelength of the laser can enhance contrast between labeled and unlabeled tissues, and suggest that gold nanoparticles may enhance the sensitivity and resolution of laser-based cancer detection and therapeutic treatment.© 2011 ASME
Aqueous Ionization and Electron-Donating Properties of Dinucleotides: Sequence-Specific Electronic Effects on DNA Alkylation

He I, UV photoelectron data and results from self-consistent-field (SCF) and post-SCF molecular orbital calculations were used to evaluate multiple gas-phase ionization potentials (IPs) of the phosphorylated dinucleotide 5‘pGpAp both isolated and in a cluster with Na+ and H2O. SCF calculations with a split-valence basis set indicate that the ground-state valence orbital structure of 5‘pGpAp is generally localized on the base, sugar, or phosphate groups and that orbitals in the dinucleotide are similar to orbitals in the model compounds and anion, 1,9-dimethylguanine, 9-methyladenine, 3-hydroxytetrahydrofuran, and H2PO4-. This correlation parallels that in mononucleotides (Fernando, H.; Papadantonakis, G. A.; Kim, N. S.; LeBreton, P. R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998, 95, 5550−5555; Kim, N. S.; LeBreton, P. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 3694−3707) and permits the correction of SCF ionization potentials using experimental IPs for the model compounds and theoretical IPs from post-SCF calculations on H2...
Language evolution and social strata.

In the recent Special Section on the Evolution of Language (27 Feb., pp. 1315-[1335][1]), one of the topics was the divergence in evolutionary rates among different languages. The references to the work of Partha Niyogi and Robert Berwick ([1][2]) in the article “From heofonum to heavens” (News, Y. Bhattacharjee, p. 1326) were of particular interest. Overlooked, however, were the influences of social and economic stratification (including mobility) on such evolutionary rates. Most of what we know of older language forms comes from the educated, ruling, or priestly classes—few sources record the languages spoken by the illiterate within a society. Yet it seems reasonable to assume that much of a society's language change comes from the “lower classes.” The fact that Shakespeare used three times as many words as his contemporaries who produced the King James Bible surely reflects, in part, his remarkable knowledge of the dialects of so-called “low” characters (such as Falstaff and his friends). Much of the formal writing of the most literate English authors was in Latin, not the common tongue. These ideas point to a testable prediction: In societies with high literacy levels and few class differences or very limited social mobility, languages will evolve more slowly; languages will evolve faster in cultures with a highly stratified class structure. Societies with high literacy tightly linked to a single set of unchanging religious texts should show special language stability. In the United States, the popularity of rap and hip-hop music, which often use the alternate dialect of urban, “black” English, will surely accelerate the overall rate at which American English changes. 1. 1.[↵][3]1. P. Niyogi, 2. R. C. Berwick , Cognition 61, 161 (1996). [OpenUrl][4][CrossRef][5][PubMed][6][Web of Science][7] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1091946 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCognition%26rft.volume%253D61%26rft.spage%253D161%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0010-0277%252896%252900718-4%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8990971%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0010-0277(96)00718-4&link_type=DOI [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=8990971&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F304%2F5675%2F1243.2.atom [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1996VW90000005&link_type=ISI
An “I” on Congress: The Process and Products of Congressional Investigations

On February 13, 2008, a House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform hearing was broadcast on CNN, C-SPAN, and MSNBC. The attention of these networks was not surprising; they typically air congressional hearings and events. What was unusual was that viewers could also find the hearings on FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, and ESPN. One of the hearing's key witnesses was Roger Clemens, a 24-year veteran of Major League Baseball who holds seven Cy Young awards. For more than four hours that day, Clemens was questioned by the committee regarding his alleged use of steroids (U. S. Congress 2008c).
The Public Debt: Hindrance Or Advantage To Credit Control?

WE PROBABLY CAN SAY, without provoking serious controversy, that broadly speaking there are two schools of thought on this question. One view is that a large public debt immobilizes the usefulness of monetary and credit policy. The other view is that the public debt has made monetary and credit policy more effective and more useful than ever. This paper will be confined to three questions. What is the nature of the case for each of these two points of view? What are the conditions necessary if credit policy is to be effective, given a large public debt? How can debt policy fit into a general program of economic stabilization? I A considerable tonnage of literature has emerged during the last six years dealing with how a large public debt impedes the proper exercise of credit policy. These issues are by now generally understood, and no useful purpose would be served in any extensive reexploration of this material. It will only be necessary here, therefore, to sort out the principal reasons given for concluding that the emergence of the debt hinders the operation of credit policy. 1. The inevitably large bank holdings of governments imposed by a large public debt tends to immunize the commercial banking system from the effects of Federal Reserve policy. This point is obvious. Their bulging portfolio of government securities provides the banks with a ready means of relaxing constraints on their inclination to expand credit otherwise imposed by a tightening reserve position. Securities can readily be sold in the market. If the market is congested, securities can be allowed to mature into cash, since most bank portfolios contain securities maturing every week. 2. For most banks the Treasury, not businesses or other private borrowers, is the residual borrower. Private borrowers are the bank’s depositors. Competitive pressures, therefore, require that a bank accommodate those on whom it depends for its own existence. Consequently, the bank’s response to a tight reserve position is apt to
Baculovirus structural polypeptides.

Abstract The structural polypeptides of eight insect baculoviruses were studied using vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All viruses revealed a complex but unique composition of 15 to 25 bands with molecular weights ranging from 15,000 to 160,000. Since certain baculoviruses have more than one nucleocapsid per viral envelope (multiples), comparisons were made of the multiples and singles (enveloped single nucleocapsids) for each virus. Quantitative and qualitative differences were documented to exist in polypeptide composition. Where possible, the envelopes of certain baculoviruses were selectively removed in order to identify the major capsid proteins. Autographa californica M NPV (NPV: nuclear polyhedrosis virus) capsids contained two major polypeptides, VP18.5 and VP37. Rachiplusia ou M NPV capsids contained several polypeptides of which VP16, VP17, VP18, VP30, and VP36 were considered major constituents. Anticarsa gemmatalis M NPV contained one major capsid protein, VP29, and several minor polypeptides. Major capsid proteins of Heliothis zea SNPV were VP16, VP28, and VP63; as were VP16, VP17, and VP31 of Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus (GV).
WE‐C‐BRA‐07: Assessment of Heterogeneous Treatment Response in Patients with Multiple Solid Tumors

Purpose:Imaging biomarkers of treatment response have been defined for individual tumors, but when multiple tumors are present the evaluation is not straightforward. This study investigates the intra‐patient heterogeneity of tumor response in patients with multiple metastatic lesions. Methods: Twelve patients with two or more metastatic solid tumors of various histology were treated with molecular targeted therapy. Each patient received [18F]FLT PET/CT scans pre‐, mid‐, and post‐treatment, and tumors were manually segmented on each scan. SUVmean, SUVmax, SUVpeak, SUVtotal, and PET‐defined volume were calculated for each tumor. Response was defined as the percent change relative to baseline for a single tumor, and heterogeneity was quantified as the range of response across all tumors within a single patient. This was calculated for both mid/pre and post/pre response, yielding 120 total measurements of response heterogeneity. Results: For all response measures, substantial intra‐patient heterogeneity in tumor response was observed. The average inter‐tumor range of response was highest for volume and SUVtotal (45%) and lowest for SUVmean (25%). Heterogeneity greater than 40% was observed in 35% of cases (42/120), and in 10% of cases (12/120) heterogeneity greater than 75% was observed. Interestingly, in 18% of cases (21/120), tumors exhibited opposite trends in response, with one increasing and one decreasing at least 20% relative to baseline. Volume and SUVtotal are most sensitive to ROI definition, which represents the largest source of uncertainty for response calculation in this study. Conclusions: Heterogeneous treatment response was observed in patients with multiple tumors, in some cases resulting in ambiguous trends. Accordingly, assessment of a single lesion is insufficient to fully characterize such patients' response to therapy. Future research will investigate how to apply imaging biomarkers of treatment response for this population, as this study suggests either new methods for interpretation or entirely new metrics are required.
Right Ventricular Myxoma

This report describes a patient with right ventricular myxoma in whom two-dimensional echocardiography was the sole means of diagnosis and provided sufficient justification for surgical intervention without further invasive workup. A review of the literature also is presented.
Fluidity of Structure and Swiveling of Helices in the Subunit c Ring of Escherichia coli ATP Synthase as Revealed by Cysteine-Cysteine Cross-Linking

Subunit c in the membrane-traversing F0 sector of Escherichia coli ATP synthase is known to fold with two transmembrane helices and form an oligomeric ring of 10 or more subunits in the membrane. Models for the E. coli ring structure have been proposed based upon NMR solution structures and intersubunit cross-linking of Cys residues in the membrane. The E. coli models differ from the recent x-ray diffraction structure of the isolated Ilyobacter tartaricus c-ring. Furthermore, key cross-linking results supporting the E. coli model prove to be incompatible with the I. tartaricus structure. To test the applicability of the I. tartaricus model to the E. coli c-ring, we compared the cross-linking of a pair of doubly Cys substituted c-subunits, each of which was compatible with one model but not the other. The key finding of this study is that both A21C/M65C and A21C/I66C doubly substituted c-subunits form high yield oligomeric structures, c2, c3... c10, via intersubunit disulfide bond formation. The results indicate that helical swiveling, with resultant interconversion of the two conformers predicted by the E. coli and I. tartaricus models, must be occurring over the time course of the cross-linking experiment. In the additional experiments reported here, we tried to ascertain the preferred conformation in the membrane to help define the most likely structural model. We conclude that both structures must be able to form in the membrane, but that the helical swiveling that promotes their interconversion may not be necessary during rotary function.
Design of hand-held remotes for older persons with impairments.

The University at Buffalo Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Aging (RERC) developed two prototype television remote control devices (remotes), designed to address the needs of older persons with some visual and/or fine motor impairment. The prototype remotes have large buttons, large numbers and characters on the buttons, and high color contrast between the buttons and background. One remote has 15 buttons, and one has 6 buttons. The purpose of this study was to test these prototype remotes against two commercially available remotes for user speed, accuracy, and satisfaction. One of the commercially available remotes has small buttons and small print but more features than the prototype remotes; this device came with the television used in the study. The second commercially available remote has somewhat larger buttons, but still smaller than the ones on the RERC prototypes. Thirty elders with impairments participated in testing the remotes in a simulated living room setting. The order in which ...
Topological and orbital-based mechanisms of the electronic stabilization of bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene.

Previous analysis of the topology of the electron density of bis(dimethylamino)cyclopropenylidene as a model of the stable bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene revealed mechanisms of induction/back-polarization, σ-aromaticity, and σ−π polarization to be responsible for the electronic stabilization of the divalent carbon C2 upon amino substitution on the 3MR. This work presents new data from molecular orbital calculations and a full analysis of the operative natural bond orbitals and their interactions. The discrepancies between these orbital-based stabilization mechanisms and the physical stabilization based upon the quantum theory of atoms in molecules are uncovered through the separation of electron localization and delocalization indices into contributions from orbitals of σ- and π-symmetry, as well as calculated nucleus-independent chemical shifts that determine the degree of σ- and π-delocalization/aromaticity. Graphical representations of functions of the electron density mapped onto various π-or...
Biomedical radioisotope generator systems

Although the99Mo→99mTc radionuclide generator system has evolved as the workhorse of nuclear medicine over the past three decades, recent developments in radionuclide generator technology have provided positron emitters for PET studies, radionuclides for therapy, and ultra short-lived radionuclides for repeated clinical applications. Attention is being paid to development ofin vivo generator systems and potential use of tandem generator systems. Separation of radionuclides in a generator system exploits differences in chemical properties of the parent-daughter pair; information is presented for these generator types based on the three chemical categories of chromatography, extraction, and volatilization and sublimation methods. This review focuses on chromatography-based systems.
Intraoperative Autologous Transfusion during Elective Infrarenal Aortic Reconstruction

Intraoperative autologous transfusion devices have been purported to reduce allogenic transfusions and their associated complications. However, the value of their routine use during elective cardiovascular operations remains undefined. This study was designed to examine the efficacy of the Haemonetics Cell Saver (CS) during elective aortic reconstructions and identify predictors of clinically significant (> or = 500 cc) and cost-efficient (> or = 1250 cc) salvage volumes. The medical records of all patients undergoing elective infrarenal aortic reconstructions between January 1991 and June 1995 were retrospectively reviewed to determine blood loss, CS return, predictors of clinically significant/ cost-efficient CS returns, blood products transfused, and estimated cost per unit CS return. The CS was used for 138 (82.1%) of all reconstructions during the study period. Estimated blood loss (2127 +/- 1467 vs 1415 +/- 1047) and CS return (927 +/- 790 vs 515 +/- 408) were significantly greater in patients with aneurysms (AAA, N = 63) compared to those with aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD, N = 75). CS returns > or = 500 cc were common (79.4% AAA, 52.0% AIOD) and predictors of > or = 500 cc CS returns were large aneurysms (6.79 +/- 1.84 vs 5.72 +/- 0.71 cm) and male sex (82.0 vs 46.2%) in AAA patients and lower preoperative platelet counts (262 +/- 93 vs 311 +/- 113 K/mm3), concomitant renal revascularizations (20.5 vs 0%), and prolonged operative time (7.9 +/- 2.4 vs 6.9 +/- 2.1 hr) in AIOD patients. In contrast, CS returns > or = 1250 cc were relatively uncommon (28.6% AAA, 5.3% AIOD), and predictors of these CS returns were found only for AAA patients and included any concomitant vascular procedures (38.8 vs 15.6%) and the need for suprarenal aortic clamping (27.8 vs 6.7%). Despite the use of the CS, 73.8% of all patients required allogenic packed red blood cells with a mean of 3.0 +/- 3.1 units transfused in the perioperative period; no difference was seen between AAA and AIOD patients. The calculated cost for a unit of CS return was +128.77 for the AAA patients and +231.91 for the AIOD patients. Not using the CS and substituting the return with allogenic packed red blood cells would have saved +252.80 and +352.84 for the AAA and AIOD patients, respectively. Routine use of the CS during elective infrarenal aortic reconstructions is not cost efficient and should be abandoned. Use of the device should be reserved only for complex reconstruction.
Geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical interpretations of mineral deposits as analogs for understanding transport of environmental contaminants

Abstract Base- and precious-metal mineral deposits comprise anomalous concentrations of metals and associated elements, which may be useful subjects for study as analogs for migration of environmental contaminants. In the geologic past, hydrothermal mineral deposits formed at the intersection of favorable geologic, hydrologic and geochemical gradients. In the present, weathering of these sulfide-rich deposits occurs as a result of the interplay between rates of oxygen supply versus rates of ground or surface-water flow. Transport and spatial dispersion of elements from a mineral deposit occurs as a function of competing rates of water flow versus rates of attenuation mechanisms such as adsorption, dilution, or (co)precipitation. In this paper we present several case studies from mineralized and altered sedimentary and crystalline aquifers in the western United States to illustrate the geologic control of ground-water flow and solute transport, and to demonstrate how this combined approach leads to a more complete understanding of the systems under study as well as facilitating some capability to predict major flow directions in aquifers.
Improving the Process

This is the first issue in which page numbers and volume numbers are being assigned to papers as they arrive and are posted on IEEE Xplore before publication. We hope and expect that having accepted papers pre-posted and fully citable will allow more people to use and acknowledge the results of your research. As you know, our volume of papers being published is significantly larger this year as we have taken care of our backlogged papers. We expect to take advantage of electronic publishing to keep very close track of the number of needed pages to maintain a minimal time to publication. There is a way that authors can help reduce the time to publication. The inclusion of a careful literature survey which discusses the most recent relevant work to that being presented, and experimental comparisons to such work where feasible, will significantly ease the job of the referee in evaluating the paper. There are many times when the first round of review consists mostly of referees suggesting relevant work which the work in the submitted paper needs to be evaluated against or clearly differentiated from. Without this information it is often not possible for a complete evaluation of the paper to be done and the truly necessary revisions pointed out. Of course, it is necessary to show that the work is new and significant and comparisons and differentiation from the most relevant recent work is the clearest way to show this.
An electrophoretic study of hemoglobins of some scombroid fishes and related forms.

Abstract 1. 1. The electrophoretic characteristics of the hemoglobins of thirty-one species of marine fish are presented. 2. 2. The importance of chemical stabilization of the hemoglobins just prior to electrophoresis is discussed. 3. 3. Comparative analyses of the various species groups is made and the similarities and electrophoretic identities of several species are shown. 4. 4. The occurence of multiple hemoglobins seems to be the ruler rather than the exception as only three closely related species were found to exhibit only one hemoglobin. 5. 5. Thunnus alalunga is the only species observed to have extensive polymorphism, though no attempt to explain the genetic basis has been made as yet.
Movement of cobbles in a gravel-bed stream during a flood season

In a gravel-bed perennial stream in western Wyoming, 159 cobbles were tagged and placed on the stream bed. Thirty-five percent were recovered after one flood season during which the peak flow was 34 m 3 /s. Sixty-one percent of those recovered had been buried. The b axis of the tagged rocks ranged from 34 mm to 116 mm. The distance transported ranged from 0 to 420 m; 95% of the recovered cobbles had moved. There is no clear relationship between particle size and distance transported; distance of transport seems to be more closely related to position (stream edge or center) at time of entrainment. Susceptibility to burial seems to be related to both particle size and position at time of entrainment.
Comparison of quantitative whole-body autoradiographic and tissue dissection techniques in the evaluation of the tissue distribution of [14c]daptomycin in rats

Quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) was evaluated and compared to tissue dissection/liquid scintillation counting (TD/LSC) techniques by determining the tissue distribution of radiocarbon in rats following iv administration of the antibiotic [14C]daptomycin (LY146032). QWBA, using computer-assisted video-image analysis, was initially evaluated by characterizing and calibrating commercial standards to blood and brain, kidney, liver, and lung homogenates. Frozen (carboxymethyl)cellulose blocks containing tissue homogenates spiked with [14C]glucose (370–37 000 Bq/g or 10–1000 nCi/g) were sectioned and optical densities (OD) measured. Characterization of QWBA included repeated measures data analysis to determine the significance of tissue type and intra- and inter-section and block variability. Regression models relating OD to radiocarbon concentration were also used to calibrate commercial standards for use in QWBA analyses. Results indicated that there were no substantial differences between OD readings from different tissues; however, the greatest source of variation in OD reading was section thickness. Because quantitative variations were largely attributed to section thickness, an internal standard (IS), consisting of liver homogenates spiked with [14C]glucose, was evaluated as a correction factor. Tissue concentrations of radiocarbon in male Fischer 344 rats were evaluated by QWBA and TD/LSC techniques 0.25 h following a single iv 10 mg/kg dose of [14C]daptomycin. Results indicated that tissue concentrations of radiocarbon obtained by QWBA, normalized using an IS, were comparable to those obtained by TD/LSC.