cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A boundary element approach for image-guided near-infrared absorption and scatter estimation

Multimodality NIR spectroscopy systems offer the possibility of region-based vascular and molecular characterization of tissuein vivo. However, computationally efficient 3D image reconstruction algorithms specific to these image-guided systems currently do not exist. Image reconstruction is often based on finite-element methods(FEMs), which require volume discretization. Here, a boundary element method(BEM) is presented using only surface discretization to recover the optical properties in an image-guided setting. The reconstruction of optical properties using BEM was evaluated in a domain containing a 30 mm inclusion embedded in two layer media with different noise levels and initial estimates. For 5 % noise in measurements, and background starting values for reconstruction, the optical properties were recovered to within a mean error of 6.8 % . When compared with FEM for this case, BEM showed a 28 % improvement in computational time. BEM was also applied to experimental data collected from a gelatin phantom with a 25 mm inclusion and could recover the true absorption to within 6 % of expected values using less time for computation compared with FEM. When applied to a patient-specific breast mesh generated using MRI, with a 2 cm ductal carcinoma,BEM showed successful recovery of optical properties with less than 5 % error in absorption and 1 % error in scattering, using measurements with 1 % noise. With simpler and faster meshing schemes required for surface grids as compared with volume grids, BEM offers a powerful and potentially more feasible alternative for high-resolution 3D image-guidedNIR spectroscopy.
Using the “VREye” System for the Assessment of Unilateral Visual Neglect: Two Case Reports

Unilateral visual neglect (UVN) is the inability of patients, with damage to their left or right cerebral hemisphere, to respond to stimuli presented on the side opposite the lesion. We present a preliminary study on using a HMD-based-eye-tracking system for the assessment of UVN. Normal subjects and patients with UVN were shown two virtual environment (VE) scenes. The subjects were required to identify and count the objects in scene 1, and to identify a clock and tell the time in scene 2. Eye movements of these subjects were recorded during the task. There were differences in the amount of visual field scanned by the subjects and patients. The normal subjects scanned the entire scene and identified all the objects. Patients with left UVN did not scan the left side of the scene and did not report objects on that side. Patients with right UVN scanned only the left side of the scene and did not report objects on the right side of the scene. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the HMD-based eye-tracking system in a virtual environment for characterizing UVN.
The hegemony of English: A case study of one bilingual classroom as a site of resistance

Abstract This article discusses and suggests ways to resolve some of the problems of relative language status in the United States, focusing on English and Spanish in the context of bilingual education. The article begins with a discussion about linguistic hegemony, its definition, and some of its implications and consequences including its impact on human rights. I propose an approach that recognizes, challenges, and resists the hegemony of English based on a case study of one bilingual fourth-grade classroom. Many previous studies have focused on the variety of problems in bilingual education, frequently concluding that English almost inevitably becomes the single focus. In contrast, the teacher in this case study successfully overcomes the hegemony of English and creates a linguistic environment in her classroom in which English is not dominant and Spanish is not dominated. Finally, I amplify on the ways this approach liberates and empowers minority-language children and enriches their educational experience.
A theory of collective induction.

Abstract Collective induction is the cooperative search for descriptive, predictive, and explanatory generalizations, rules, and principles. We present a social combination theory of collective induction in the form of eight postulates. The theory proposes that collective induction entails an orderly social combination process of resolution of disagreement among group members by voting, turntaking, demonstration, and formation of emergent hypotheses, rather than any of these four processes alone. Three predictions were derived from the theory and supported for four-person groups on rule induction problems. First, the theory predicted the obtained group hypotheses better than each of the other four processes alone. Second, if a correct hypothesis was proposed by at least one group member on some trial there was a high probability (.82) of a correct final group hypothesis. Third, if a correct hypothesis was not proposed by at least one group member on some trial there was a very high probability (.98) of an incorrect final group hypothesis. Discussion considers support for the theory, cognition as collaboration, and boundary conditions.
Models of the Teaching Process

Abstract This article describes an analytic model that is used to characterize, in detail, the decisions and actions of teachers as they teach. In simplest terms, (representations of) teachers' decisions and actions in the model are a function of (representations of) the teacher's knowledge, goals, and beliefs. As the first of five related articles on the modeling process, this article sets the stage for the body of work in the manuscripts that follow. It reviews a number of disparate bodies of the literature that contribute to our understanding of teaching, describes some of the central components of the model, introduces the representational scheme used in the model, and shows how the model can be used to characterize a segment of instruction.
School adjustment of children with observable disabilities.

This study investigated school behavior and achievement of children with mild degrees of observable physical disability. Children from two different disability types (cleft palate and cerebral palsy) were compared with each other and to a control group in order to determine potential similarities across disability types. Children (N=78) from each of the two disability groups were individually matched to each other and to a normal control group (N=39) by sex, IQ, socioeconomic status, age, and grade. They were compared on the basis of teachers' behavioral ratings and achievement test scores. All children attended regular public school classrooms. The two disability groups displayed significantly greater inhibition of impulse and lower educational achievement than did the controls. The implication of similar school adjustment across mild but observable subtypes is discussed.
Selective recall of gastrointestinal-sensation words : Evidence for a cognitive-behavioral contribution to irritable bowel syndrome

Selective recall of gastrointestinal-sensation words: evidence for a cognitive-behavioral contribution to irritable bowel syndrome
Ultrathin films of perfluoropolyether-grafted polysiloxanes chemisorbed via alkylthiolate anchors to gold surfaces

Abstract Polysiloxanes grafted with both perfluoropolyether and alkyldisulfide side chains were synthesized and chemisorbed from dilute solutions to fresh gold surfaces. Polymer monolayer films form spontaneously from disulfide-gold mediated interfacial attachment, yielding highly hydrophobic films approximately 30 A thick. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that perfluoropolyether segments enrich the outer interface of these polymer films, consistent with partial phase segregation of perfluorospecies near the film interface. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry of these films supports the presence of a perfluoropolyether-rich overlayer. Polarized grazing incidence reflection FTIR and NEXAFS spectra show no evidence for a consistent film anisotropy or off-vertical chain organization in these films, in contrast to recent observations with perfluoroalkyl-grafted polymer thin film analogues.
Plasmodium berghei NK65 in the inbred A-J mouse: variations in virulence of P. berghei demes.

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium berghei NK65 was passed thru Anopheles stephensi to golden hamsters and mice. The percent cumulative mortality was compared after each mosquito passage in early (7–13) blood passages. The strain was found to have divided into demes (populations) retaining original virulence and demes which were less virulent. The separation of virulent and less virulent demes was traced to its origin. Both virulent and less virulent demes can be passed thru mosquitoes and hamsters. No concomitant organism has been identified.
A Bifunctional Intronic Element Regulates the Expression of the Arginine/Lysine Transporter Cat-1 via Mechanisms Involving the Purine-rich Element Binding Protein A (Purα) *

Expression of the arginine/lysine transporter Cat-1 is highly induced in proliferating and stressed cells via mechanisms that include transcriptional activation. A bifunctional INE (intronic element) within the first intron of the Cat-1 gene was identified and characterized in this study. The INE had high sequence homology to an amino acid response element and was shown to act as a transcriptional enhancer in unstressed cells by binding the transcription factor, purine-rich element binding protein A (Purα). During endoplasmic reticulum stress, binding of Purα to the INE decreased; the element acted as a positive regulator in early stress by binding of the transcription factor ATF4 and as a negative regulator in prolonged stress by binding the stress-induced C/EBP family member, CHOP. We conclude that transcriptional control of the Cat-1 gene is tightly controlled by multiple cis-DNA elements, contributing to regulation of cationic amino acid transport for cell growth and proliferation. In addition, we propose that genes may use stress-response elements such as the INE to support basal expression in the absence of stress.
Calculated performance of a segmented pyramid-shaped calorimeter of iron and plastic

Abstract The calculated performance of a segmented pyramid-shaped calorimeter of iron and plastic is presented. The types of incident particles considered are protons, charged pions, and electrons. The momentum range is 0.2–8 GeV/c. The calculated resolution (ΔE/E) obtained for protons and charged pions decreases from ∼90% at 8 GeV. For incident electrons, the resolution decreases from ∼25% at 1 GeV to ∼8% at 8 GeV.
Occurrence of Trichoderma species in apple orchard and woodland soils

Abstract Native populations of Trichoderma spp in soils associated with apple trees in Wisconsin were quantified and the diversity of species present was characterized. In all, 20 soils were sampled from four geographical regions of Wisconsin: 17 from around apple trees, two from woodlands immediately downhill from apple orchards and one from a virgin white pine forest. Trichoderma spp were enumerated on and recovered from dilution plates, containing a selective medium, at 8, 16 and 24°C. Because Trichoderma spp were considered as potential biological control agents of Phytophthora crown rot of apple trees, soils also were assayed for Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schrot., the predominant causal agent of crown rot. with apple cotyledon baits. For most soils, significantly fewer colony forming units (cfu) of Trichoderma spp developed at 8°C compared to 16 or 24°C. which had similar numbers of cfu. Populations of Trichoderma spp varied significantly among soils at each incubation temperature and were not correlated with soil physical characteristics. For 12 of the soils sampled, five isolates from each incubation temperature (180 isolates total) were retained and represented five species. T. hamatum (Bonord.) Bainier, T. harzianum Rifai. and T. koningii Oudem. occurred in more soils than did T. virens (Miller et al.) Arx (= Cliocladium virons Miller et al) and T.viride Pers.: Fr. Each species was recovered from all geographical regions sampled except T. virens, which was recovered only from soils collected in southern Wisconsin. T. viride was recovered only at 8 and 16°C, but other species were recovered at all three temperatures. P. cactorum was found in 17 of the 20 soils. Trichoderma spp appear well adapted to soils associated with apple trees in Wisconsin.
Design and testing considerations for high-speed (>10MHz) high-resolution (14 bits) high-performance video signal chains for advanced visible and infrared focal plane applications

Advanced panchromatic, multispectral, and hyperspectral imaging applications from the visible through the longwave IR, are pushing image sensor to higher line and frame rates, wider fields-of-view, and high spatial and spectral resolution. When implemented with realistic focal plane architectures, the resulting multiple parallel output video streams must operate at high pixel data rates and with excellent amplitude resolution. The video signal chains necessary to process and digitally encode the raw pixel video must operate at very high speed, with low noise and wide pixel dynamic range. We discuss issues and constraints associated with advanced video signal chain circuit board design, including methods to improve settling times, electrical crosstalk, and the implementation of grounding approaches needed to ensure low noise. We describe the design and fabrication of a one-channel prototype signal chain board designed to operate at 14-bits and 20 MHz. In addition, we discuss video signal chain testing and verification constraints and report on noise, step response and differential nonlinearity measurements made on our prototype signal chain board.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Connection Between Strength Reduction, Electric Resistance and Electro-Mechanical Impedance in Materials with Fatigue Damage

In this paper we report experimental results on the connection between the strength reduction due to accumulated damage in elastic electrically conductive material, resistance variation across the damaged specimen and changes in electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) response. We compare behavior of a cyclically loaded specimen (44,000 loading cycles with the stress amplitude near 0.5 of the yield stress) and intact one (nonloaded). Electro-mechanical impedance testing of the specimens was carried out and the electrical resistances of different parts of the specimens were measured. Finally, both the specimens were tested for ultimate strength under uniaxial tension. We observed qualitative correlation between changes in EMI response, electrical resistance and strength reduction in damaged specimen.
Passive Posterior Tibial Subluxation on Routine Knee MRI as a Secondary Sign of PCL Tear

The posterior drawer test is an accurate clinical test to diagnose posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), indicating laxity of the PCL that allows posterior tibial translation. This study aimed to determine whether posterior tibial translation relative to the femur on routine MRI could serve as an additional sign of PCL tear. Routine knee MRI in eleven patients (7 males, 4 females) with arthroscopically confirmed isolated PCL tears were reviewed independently by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Measurements of tibial translation were made in the medial and lateral compartments of patients and controls (10 males, 12 females) without clinical or MRI evidence of ligament injury. Significant medial compartment posterior tibial translation was present in patients with PCL tear compared to controls (
Portuguese adaptation to trade patterns, Guinea to Angola (1443-1640)

As the Portuguese crept cautiously along the western coast of Africa, they met a dizzying multiplicity of African cultures but nowhere did they encounter an economic vacuum. Since their primary interest was trade (pious disclaimers to the contrary), they had to discover and then adapt to local and interregional patterns of exchange before they could hope to exploit them to their advantage. The two centuries between the discovery of Capo Blanco and adjacent Arguim Island in 1443 and the fall of Elmina to the Dutch in 1640 circumscribe the period of Portuguese hegemony and the opening phase of European-African interaction. Though other Europeans followed close on their heels, it was the Portuguese who pioneered both physically and commercially. Ships might put in almost anywhere along the coast where they could find a safe anchorage, but there were five regions that from the beginning seemed to promise profitable and convenient trading contacts: Arguim, Senegambia and the “Rivers of the South,” the Gold Coast, Benin and the Slave Rivers, and Congo-Angola. Each of these presented a different situation and each demanded a different response. These regions have been the subject of specialized monographs which have brought out the local characteristics of trade as they evolved, but there has been no attempt at an overview, no attempt to compare and generalize from the data now available to present a larger picture of trading patterns on the West Coast of Africa as a whole.
A model of advancing flow front in RIM

A two-dimensional model is developed for mold filling in Reaction Injection Molding using a Petrov-Galerkin finite-element method with free surface parameterization. Dependence of viscosity on the conversion and temperature is represented by the Castro-Macosko function. The model predicts the velocity, pressure, temperature, and conversion distributions with time during the filling stage of a rectangular mold. No a priori assumptions are made regarding the shape of the advancing flow front, or regarding any variables in the flow front region. The accuracy is further improved by using the Petrov-Galerkin formulation, rather than the Galerkin formulation. The results are presented for well-characterized polyurethane systems, for which reliable experimental data is available. The predictions of the model for the pressure rise are in excellent agreement with the experimental data (1) even close to the gel point. These refined predictions are expected to assist in estimating fiber orientation and bubble growth in the final RIM parts, in which the flow front region plays the most important role. Characterization of polyurethane/polyurea and polyurea materials is underway, and will be subsequently incorporated in the model.
Hexose transport in novikoff rat hepatoma cells a simple carrier with directional symmetry, but variable relative mobilities of loaded and empty carrier

Abstract The kinetics of transport of the non-metabolizable hexose, 3-O- methyl - d - glucose , have been measured in Novikoff rat hepatoma cells by both zero- trans entry and equilibrium exchange procedures. Transport conformed to a simple carrier model which operates symmetrically with respect to direction, but with greater mobility of the loaded than of the empty carrier. Although a complete kinetic description of the transporter can, in theory, be obtained by application of integrated equations describing the time course of substrate equilibrium across the membrane beginning from the zero- trans situation, statistical analysis of hypothetical data indicated that directional asymmetry or differential mobilities of loaded and empty carrier cannot be discerned reliably from such data alone. The difference in mobility of loaded and empty carrier, apparent in a comparison of zero- trans entry and exchange data, ranged from 1.5–7-fold in different batches of cells. It is concluded that the magnitude of the difference is not an inherent property of the transporter, but is determined physiologically, and may be involved in regulation of hexose transport.
Dynamics Analysis of Rotor Systems in Large Centrifugal Compressor

It is important to study system vibration characteristics for improving product quality and insuring safety operation of machine. In this paper, dynamics of rotor systems are studied in a large centrifugal compressor. The models of subsystems, such as coupling and bearing, are established by appropriate simplification. The finite element model of rotors is set up by taking interrelation of these subsystems into account. The unbalance responses and system stability are analyzed for overall unit and single cylinder. The results show that the critical speed and journal amplitude at working speed in the overall unit are greater than those of low pressure cylinder. The conclusion will provide guidance to compressor rotor system design.
The heart of what's the matter. The semantics of illness in Iran.

Our understanding of the psychosocial and cultural dimensions of disease and illness is limited not merely by a lack of empirical knowledge but also by an inadequate medical semantics. The empiricist theories of medical language commonly employed both by comparative ethnosemantic studies and by medical theory are unable to account for the integration of illness and the language of high medical traditions into distinctive social and symbolic contexts. A semantic network analysis conceives the meaning of illness categories to be constituted not primarily as an ostensive relationship between signs and natural disease entities but as a ‘syndrome’ of symbols and experiences which typically ‘run together’ for the members of a society. Such analysis dirests our attention to the patterns of associations which provide meaning to elements of a medical lexicon and to the constitution of that meaning through the use of medical discourse to articulate distinctive configurations of social stress and to negotiate relief for the sufferer. This paper provides a critical discussion of medical semantics and develops a semantic network analysis of ‘heart distress’, a folk illness in Iran.
Development and global sensitivity analysis of a closed ecosystem model

Abstract A computer model of a materially-closed marine microcosm, under investigation at JPL, has been developed. The model simulates 1-L microcosms, containing biota from anchialine pools in the Hawaiian Islands, that can sustain a constant population of shrimp for years. The stability of the systems depends on the initial number of shrimp and, once stable, the shrimp do not moult or reproduce. The model is an initial step in the investigation of the endogenous control systems responsible for the stability of homeostatic ecosystems and was developed as part of NASA development of controlled ecological life support systems for extended in the model as two separate foodwebs which are coupled by carbon, nitrogen and oxygen cycles. The resultant system of feedback loops creates an endogenous control system, stabilizes the model, and replicates features of a homeostatic ecosystem. The manner and degre of stress required to disrupt the endogenous control and destabilize the model is qualitatively discussed. Finally the Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (FAST) is presented as an extremely efficient and practical alternative to Monte Carlo approaches for global sensitivity analyses and is used to analyze the effects of parametric uncertainty on the response of the model.
Practical Aspects of Lattice Imaging of Cellulose

The lattice imaging technique for cellulose, a typical electronbeam-sensitive material, was developed by using a conventional 120 kV electron microscope. Routine procedures for specimen preparation and high resolution, low dose electron microscopy are described in detail. A new, simple method was introduced for the preparation of a Formvar micronet to support the thin carbon film. The lattice imaging technique was successfully applied to algal celluloses as well as bacterial cellulose, which is composed of much smaller crystallites than the former. Digital image processing was found to be effective in enhancing the lattice images. The bacterial cellulose ribbon contained crystallites 10–25-nm wide, which is much greater than the basic unit of cellulose fibril extruded from the cell surface. This shows that unit fibrils can fasciate with each other, merging into a single crystallite.
Mortality in rural locations after severe injuries from motor vehicle crashes

Background Mortality from traffic crashes is often higher in rural regions, and this may be attributable to decreased survival probability after severe injury.
Determinants of female administrative support personnel compensation at a large public university

Compared with research on faculty salaries and executive compensations, very little is known about the earnings of administrative office support personnel. This paper constructed and estimated the total compensation variant of a modified human capital earnings model, using a 1989–90 fiscal year microdata sample consisting of about 300 all-female office workers (administrative secretaries, regular secretaries and clerks) at a large public university. The total compensation (consisting of wages plus actual dollar costs of five employer-paid health/life/accident,longevity, sick leave, vacation and pension benefit plans) specification fitted the data reasonably well. The pattern of estimated differential returns to specific human capital attributes within administrative support occupations tends to be significant, and is consistent with the ‘skill atrophy’ prediction of the human capital theory. Implications of the findings for secretarial productivity, career choice decisions and opportunities for advancemen...
Characterization of absorption and scattering properties for various yeast strains by time-resolved spectroscopy

An understanding of the optical properties of biological media and cells is essential to the development of noninvasive optical studies of tissues. Unicellular organisms offer a unique opportunity to investigate the factors affecting light propagation, since they can be manipulated in ways impossible for more complex biological samples. In this study, we examined optical absorption and scattering properties of strongly multiple scattering yeast suspensions by means of near-infrared (NIR) time-resolved spectroscopy (TRS) and a sample substitution method. We determined the critical parameters for photon migration by varying the cell organelle content, the cell ploidy, the cell size, and the concentration of suspended cells. The results indicate that the photon absorption is insensitive to cell differentiation and that the cell volume is the primary factor determining light-scattering property.
Surface-limited hydrogen release and uptake in metals

Abstract Surface-limited kinetics of hydrogen release and uptake in metals are derived for arbitrary surface coverage. Aside from the usual uptake mechanism in which, after disassociation of the molecule, two hydrogen atoms thermalize at the surface before entering the bulk, cases in which one or both go directly into the bulk are considered. Release involves the inverses of these processes which are obtained from considerations of detailed balance which involve site energies only. On release the processes may be distinguished by dependence of the steady-state escape rate on bulk concentration in the limit of high coverage. As well as presenting new results and correcting some errors in a previous treatment by Baskes, this work reviews previous treatments so as to be self-contained.
Protective Action of Flavins on Ultraviolet Irradiated Dna

A postulated capability of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide to protect DNA from damage by far-ultraviolet irradiation was investigated in purified reaction mixtures and in cultured mammalian cells. Purified calf thymus DNA, admixed with flavin at approximately physiological ratios, was protected from undergoing irradiation-induced changes in spectral absorbance and viscosity compatible with those accompanying pyrimidine dimerization. Irradiation-induced changes in unprotected DNA were reversed by a subsequent treatment of the DNA with flavin in the presence of visible light. There was no apparent interaction between flavin and non-irradiated DNA. These results suggest that photoexcited flavin interacts directly with the ultraviolet photoproduct in DNA and does not function simply as an energy sink to dissipate photons absorbed by DNA. Cultured embryonic hamster cells were protected from ultraviolet-induced inhibition of growth by a preliminary exposure to relatively large amounts of flavin. This effect was not due to a vitamin- like promotion of cell growth by the flavin. The observation that flavin concentrated transiently in the cytoplasm of exponentially growing hamster cells during a 6 hr incubation period suggested that a shielding action may cooperate with the protective photochemical mechanism in vivo. It was concluded that flavins may function physiologically to protect the genetic material of tissues exposed to actinic radiations, and that when flavin levels in these tissues are inadequate, either because of nutritional deficiency or excessive intensity of irradiation, the damage which results may provide one pathogenetic avenue for the characteristic integumentary lesions of riboflavin deficiency disease.
Ceramic dielectric film capacitors fabricated on aluminum foils by chemical solution deposition

Abstract Integration of oxides onto base metal substrates offers great advantages in cost and weight reduction, device miniaturization, and flexibility in packaging. In this work, we report the deposition of dielectric Pb0.92La0.08Zr0.52Ti0.48O3−δ (PLZT 8/52/48) films on aluminum foils by an in-air crystallization process. Film-on-foil structures with and without conductive oxide LaNiO3 (LNO) buffer layer between PLZT film and aluminum foil were tested. Utilization of LNO buffer layer dramatically improved the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the overlying PLZT compared with those for films deposited directly on aluminum. The improvements in electrical properties were attributed to the suppression of cubic non-ferroelectric layer at the metal/dielectric interface by LNO buffer layer. This work can be extended to the integration of other functional oxide materials with light, conductive, and inexpensive aluminum substrates for a broad range of applications.
P-type conductivity in transparent oxides and sulfide fluorides

Abstract Thin films of CuSc 1− x Mg x O 2+ y have been rendered conducting by intercalation of oxygen. Hole conductivities up to of order 10 S/cm can be achieved at the expense of visible transparency, especially in the blue region of the spectrum. Hole conductivities up to 100 S/cm have been achieved in pressed pellets of K-doped BaCuSF, and a band-gap of 3.2 eV has been measured on undoped films.
Porcine peripheral blood CD4+/CD8+ dual expressing T-cells

The porcine T-cell population is unique in that there is a large percentage of CD+CD8+ dual expressing peripheral T-cells. This paper reviews the data available on these porcine T-cells and compares them to the much rarer dual expressing T-cells in humans. The percent of dual expressing cells increases with activation in in vitro culture with various antigens including pseudorabies virus. The percent of resting dual expressing cells also increases with the age of the pig. Flow-cytometric-sorted dual expressing cells responded in culture to the super antigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Selected CD4+CD8- cells cultured in vitro developed expression of CD8 and maintained the dual expressing phenotype for the 12 weeks of culture. Dual expressing cells freshly prepared from porcine blood did not express the IL-2 receptor as demonstrated by their failure to bind FITC-IL-2 and an anti-porcine IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody. In response to activation with phorbol myristic acetate, CD4, but not CD8, was down regulated on the dual expressing T-cells. In summary, porcine dual expressing T-cells constitute a substantial percentage of the porcine peripheral T-cell pool. These cells appear to contain the majority of the memory T-cell with their frequency increasing with blood donor age and in vitro culture. Although the receptor specificity is not known, they have a functional receptor. Finally, the function of the two accessory molecules CD4 and CD8 in these cells is not known, but their regulation is distinct, thereby suggesting no equivalent roles in immune function.
Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: An analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are promoted as a viable near-term vehicle technology to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with conventional vehicles (CVs). In spite of the benefits of EVs, several obstacles need to be overcome before EVs will be widely adopted. A major barrier is that consumers tend to resist new technologies that are considered alien or unproved, thus, policy decisions that consider their critical concerns will have a higher level of success. This research identifies potential socio-technical barriers to consumer adoption of EVs and determines if sustainability issues influence consumer decision to purchase an EV. This study provides valuable insights into preferences and perceptions of technology enthusiasts; individuals highly connected to technology development and better equipped to sort out the many differences between EVs and CVs. This group of individuals will likely be early adopters of EVs only if they perceive them to be superior in performance compared to CVs. These results can guide policymakers in crafting energy and transportation policy. It can also provide guidance to EV engineers' decision in incorporating consumer preference into EV engineering design.
A cyclic anisotropic-plasticity model for metal matrix composites

Based on a six parameter general anisotropic yield surface proposed earlier by Voyiadjis and Thiagarajan (An Anisotropic Yield Surface Model for Directionally Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites, Int. J. Plasticity [1995]), a cyclic plasticity model to model the behavior of directionally reinforced metal matrix composite, has been proposed here. Apart from being able to model different initial yielding behavior along different stress directions, a number of features have been incorporated into the plasticity model. They include the usage of a proposed non-associative flow rule, kinematic hardening rule of Phillips type, a modified form of the bounding surface model for modelling the cyclic behavior, and the usage of a proposed form for evaluating the plastic modulus for anisotropic materials. Previous experimental data have been used for the evaluation of the yield surface parameters as well as those for the determination of the plastic modulus. The stress-strain results generated from the model have then been compared with those from the experiments. The behavior of the model under certain simulated cyclic loading situations has also been presented.
Thickness and temperature dependence of the conductivity of phosphorus-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract The temperature dependence of the conductivity of doped ([PH3]/[SiH4] = 0.0005) hydrogenated amorphous Si films has been studied as a function of thickness in the range between 0.1 and 3.8 μm. With decreasing film thickness, the activation energy for conduction at room temperature, Eσ (RT), measured parallel to the film plane, increased from 0.21 to 0.41 eV, and the room-temperature conductivity ct(RT) decreased from 6 × 10−4 to 4 × 10−5 Ω−1 cm−1. The conductivity perpendicular to the plane of the film was more difficult to measure, but for a given thickness the conductivity was lower and the activation energy for conduction was higher than for the parallel case. These results have been analysed with a two-layer model. Within this framework, the films consisted of a ∼0.2/im-thick high-resistivity layer of ∼ 20 000 Ωcm, and a bulk part with a resistivity of ∼ 1400 (lorn. Investigation of an intermittently grown film showed that the high resistance layer was not related to start-up or terminating t...
The Leaf Oils of Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Tenore.

ABSTRACT The citrus relative Severinia buxifolia is tolerant to boron and salt, and is resistant to nematode infection, thus making it a potential rootstock for cultivated citrus. Its essential leaf oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS, and 59 of the 73 separated components were identified by their MS spectra and retention indices. The MS data are given for the remaining 14 unknowns. The major constituents were the sesquiterpenes α-santalene (24%), trans-β-santalol (21%), germacrene-B (10%) and β-caryophyllene (7%) and the monoterpene limonene (19%).
Activation and defect dissolution of non-amorphizing, elevated temperature Si + implants into In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As

A range of implant temperatures from 20 to 300C are studied for fixed 20 keV implant energy and 6E14 cm−2 dose Si implants into In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As. Hall effect measurements performed on the samples after rapid thermal annealing reveal that Si implant activation is actually maximized for intermediate implant temperatures from 50–110C that are shown to be non-amorphizing. While these results echo the conclusion of previous studies that elevated temperature Si implants into In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As show increased activation over implants that are likely amorphizing, it is clear that there is a temperature window from 50–110C where activation is improved with increasing thermal budget for the dose and energy studied. Calculated Si solubilities of up to 1.3E19 cm−3 and sheet resistances as low as 26 ohm/sq are achieved for a 10 keV 5E14 cm−2 Si implant performed at 80C after 750C 5s annealing.
Throughput in Processor-Sharing Queues

Processor-sharing queues are often used to model file transmission in networks. While sojourn time is a common performance metric in the queueing literature, average transmission rate is the more commonly discussed metric in the networking literature. Whereas much is known about sojourn times, there is little known about the average service rate experienced by jobs in processor-sharing queues. We first define the average rate as observed by users and by the queue. In an M/M/1 processor-sharing queue, we give closed-form expressions for these average rates, and prove a strict ordering amongst them. We prove that the queue service rate (in bps) is an increasing function of the minimum required average transmission rate, and give a closed-form expression for the marginal cost associated with such a performance requirement. We then consider the effect of using connection access control by modeling an M/M/1/K processor-sharing queue. We give closed-form expressions for average transmission rates, and discuss the relationship between the queue service rate (in bps), the queue limit, the average rate, and the blocking probability
Financial Aid's Role in Meeting State College Completion Goals.

Abstract This brief utilizes the most recent and rigorous financial aid research to inform state higher education leaders about innovative and effective financial aid practices. By simplifying aid eligibility requirements, improving the aid application process, and engaging in early awareness efforts, states could improve the effectiveness of existing aid programs. Additionally, by targeting aid in ways that encourage college completion, more students (particularly those who are most constrained by finances) will improve their chances of earning postsecondary degrees. In recent years, several states have adopted goals of greatly increasing educational attainment levels, so we argue that innovative financial aid policy reform is one of the necessary steps toward meeting these goals. This brief can inform ongoing policy negotiations between state commissioners of higher education, state education task forces, and education and workforce legislative committees.
Variable Transportation Rates and The Profit-Maximization Location Theory of The Firm

This paper examines the role of variable transportation rates on the independence between optimum location and demand. When transportation rates are a function of quantity and distance, it shows that the independence between optimum location and demand crucially depends upon whether the elasticities of transportation rates with respect to quantity are constant and identical ; and the ratio of marginal products is equal to the ratio of marginal transportation costs. This is quite different from the well-known Miller and Jensen result.
Impaired Mismatch Extension by a Herpes Simplex DNA Polymerase Mutant with an Editing Nuclease Defect

Abstract The D368A mutation within the 3′-5′-exonuclease domain of the herpes simplex type 1 DNA polymerase inactivates this nuclease and severely interferes with virus viability. Compared with the wild type enzyme, the D368A mutant exhibits substantially elevated rates of incorrect nucleotide incorporation, as measured in a LacZ reversion assay. This high rate occurs in the presence of high levels of dNTPs, a condition that forces the enzyme to extend mismatched primers. Hence, the mutant fails to correct many misincorporations that are removed in the wild type. In addition, the mutant shows a much reduced ability to replicate DNA templates primed with a 3′-mismatch as compared with wild type. This extension defect also appears more severe than observed for replicases which naturally lack editing nucleases. Based on these findings, we suggest that the inability of the D368A herpes simplex mutant polymerase to replicate beyond a mismatched base pair severely inhibits viral replication.
Implied dynamics in information visualization

Information visualization is a powerful method for understanding and working with data. However, we still have an incomplete understanding of how people use visualization to think about information. We propose that people use visualization to support comprehension and reasoning by viewing abstract visual representations as physical scenes with a set of implied dynamics between objects. Inferences based on these implied dynamics are metaphorically extended to form inferences about the represented information. This view predicts that even seemingly meaningless properties of a visualization, including such minor design elements as borders, background areas, and the connectedness of parts, may affect how people perceive semantic aspects of data by suggesting different potential dynamics between data points. We present a study that supports this claim and discuss the design implications of this theory of information visualization.
The effects of transforming growth factor‐ and interleukins 2,5 and 6 on immunoglobulin production in cultured rat salivary gland tissues

The effects of transforming growth factor-beta, alone, and in combination with selected interleukins on immunoglobulin production were investigated using an in vitro rat tissue fragment culture system with either parotid, submandibular or sublingual gland tissue. In the majority of culture groups, TGF-beta alone, or in combination with either interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-5, IL-6 or IL-5 and IL-6 together, significantly increased immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels over those obtained in untreated cultures. The levels of IgG and IgM were generally not affected, with the exception of one sublingual and two submandibular groups(s), where cytokine administration up-regulated either IgG or IgM production. These data indicate that transforming growth factor-beta in combination with IL-2, IL-5, IL-6 or IL-5 and IL-6 can exert a stimulatory effect on IgA production in vitro, supporting a potential regulatory role for these cytokines in salivary gland IgA responses.
Kyolic and Pycnogenol increase human growth hormone secretion in genetically-engineered keratinocytes

The amount of human growth hormone (HGH) decreases significantly after the age of 30. This decrease has been implicated as one of the major causes in the signs of aging, such as thinning of the skin and bones, a decrease in lean muscle mass and an increase in adipose tissue. Supplementing the body's dwindling supply with recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH) has been shown to reverse the signs and symptoms of aging. However, drawbacks in rHGH replacement therapy include prohibitively high cost, the need for repeated injection and side effects such as carpel tunnel syndrome, gynecomastia and insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to establish an in vitro model using genetically-engineered keratinocytes to screen natural compounds for the ability to stimulate HGH secretion. We now report that a combination of equal amounts of L-arginine and L-lysine, aged garlic extract (Kyolic), S-allyl cysteine and Pycnogenol significantly increased secretion of HGH in this in vitro model. The data indicate that this in vitro model may be used to screen for other secretagogues.
1992: Recasting the European Bargain

The adoption of the White Paper on Completing the Internal Market (1985) and the passage of the Single European Act (1986) revitalized the European Community and marked a new stage in the European integration process. The new enthusiasm in the Community awoke grand integration theory from a long slumber as scholars—some new, some veterans of former debates—attempted once again to explain what was happening in Europe. They initially focused their attention on the decision to create a single market and to revise the Treaty of Rome to expedite the process. Ultimately, they were trying to explain why, after years of stagnation, the integration process was suddenly moving forward again. These scholars drew on neofunctionalism and a number of other approaches derived from international relations and ec decisionmaking to provide answers to their theoretical questions.
Breaking of Dormancy in Xanthium Seeds by Kinetin Mediated by Light and DNA-dependent RNA Synthesis

Kinetin was able to break the dormancy of the “upper seed” (in bur) of Xanthium by antagonizing the endogenous inhibitor present in the embryo. Other growth substances like indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid and cycocel were without effect. Breaking of dormancy by kinetin was dependent on reversible phytochrome system and DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Protein synthesis is possibly not involved in the act of dormancy breaking. Endogenous inhibitor possibly participates in the mechanism of repression of genie site(s). It is suggested that an interplay of endogenous inhibitors, kinins and other factors (light, temperature, etc.) regulate dormancy, germination and differentiation by repression and derepression of DNA sites.
A simple nurse-based prompt increases screening and prevention counseling for diabetes

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of a simple nurse-based prompt on fasting glucose screening and counseling regarding diet, exercise and weight loss to persons at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods Patients at risk for diabetes were recruited from 10 primary care practices. Nurses were trained to score a diabetes risk assessment and prompt providers concerning all high-risk subjects. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the association between the nurse prompt and subsequent fasting glucose testing or receiving advice for diet, exercise, or weight loss. Results Of 1176 subjects, 597 were recruited from intervention practices and 579 from control practices. In both the univariate and multivariate models, the intervention group was more likely to receive fasting glucose testing and advice for diet, exercise and weight loss. In the multivariate model, patients in the intervention group were more likely to receive fasting glucose testing (odds ratio 9.3, 95% confidence interval 3.6–24.0), dietary advice (6.1, 3.5–10.7), exercise advice (7.4, 4.0–13.9), and weight loss advice (1.9, 1.1–3.7). Conclusions A simple nurse-based prompt is an effective tool to increase screening and preventive services for people at risk for type 2 diabetes.