cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of Ki-67 in Vulvar Carcinoma and Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia III: Correlation with Clinical Prognostic Factors

Abstract Objectives. In vulvar carcinoma, the expression of Ki-67 has been previously found to correlate with patient outcome. The objective of the study was to determine whether a specific pattern of expression was associated with occult vulvar cancer in patients with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) III and whether patterns of Ki-67 expression correlated with other clinical prognostic factors. Methods. 19 women with only VIN III, 16 women with both vulvar cancer and VIN III, and 15 women with only vulvar cancer were identified. Immunostaining, using a monoclonal antibody for Ki-67, was then performed on representative tissue blocks and slides were assessed for diffuse or localized patterns of expression. For the patients with vulvar cancer, the type of staining was correlated with FIGO stage, tumor grade, lymph nodes status, and associated VIN III. Results. All 35 patients with VIN III exhibited a diffuse staining pattern. In the 31 patients with vulvar carcinoma, 11 (35%) expressed a diffuse staining pattern while 20 (65%) showed a localized pattern. Poorly differentiated tumors were associated with a diffuse staining pattern ( P = 0.013, RR 3.59, CI 1.59–7.60). For vulvar carcinoma, there were no statistically significant relationships between Ki-67 expression pattern and stage, associated VIN III, or lymph node involvement. Conclusion. VIN III, regardless of a concomitant vulvar cancer, always expressed a diffuse pattern; thus Ki-67 staining was not useful as a marker for occult cancer. In women with vulvar carcinoma, however, a diffuse Ki-67 expression was significantly associated with poorly differentiated tumors.
Electron–lattice interaction under high-pressure examined by maximum entropy method using single-crystal diffraction†

Single-crystal diffraction studies have been conducted up to 50 GPa using synchrotron radiation with diamond anvil cells. Electron density distribution (EDD) analysis has been performed by the maximum entropy method (MEM) using single-crystal diffraction intensity data in order to elucidate the electric conductivity change, electronic state, charge transfer and charge disproportionation with changing pressure. The MEM calculation based on F obs(h k l) shows a much more precise EDD than the difference Fourier synthesis based on F obs(h k l)−F calc(h k l). The radial distribution of the density indicates the enhancement of the electron localization with increasing pressure. The anisotropy in the electric conductivity of FeTiO3 ilmenite has been clarified by the EDD analysis. The MEM analyses clarify the structure transition from the cubic to tetragonal structure of Fe2TiO4 ulvospinel. The Jahn–Teller distortion is induced from Fe2+ (3d6) at the tetrahedral site at low temperature and high pressure (HP). The...
Orientation Relation Between a Hematite Precipitate and Its Ferrite Host

An Fe2O3 precipitate formed by overoxidation of a manganese-zinc ferrite develops a Widmanstatten structure. A single-crystal X-ray study has shown the following relative orientations: This orientation gives only a 3% mismatch between the oxygen framework of the ferrite and the Fe2O3 precipitate.
Catagonus, an "Extinct" Peccary, Alive in Paraguay

A third species of peccary, discovered in the Chaco of Paraguay, is added to the living members of family Tayassuidae. It is assigned to the genus Catagonus Ameghino, heretofore considered confined to the Pleistocene. The new peccary is conspecific with Catagonus wagneri (Rusconi), a species placed in the related extinct genus Platygonus LeConte when it was described from pre-Hispanic archeological deposits of Argentina.
Characterization of advanced sorbents for dry SO2 control

New flyash/lime sorbents were developed to remove SO2 from coal-fired flue gas. Flyash-to-lime weight ratios of 11 to 101 and additives for promoting sorbent reactivity were evaluated in a bench-scale reactor simulating conditions in a fabric filter. Of the additives tested, Na2HPO4· 7H2O, (NH4)2HPO4, and H3PO4 significantly enhanced the reactivity of the dry sorbents with SO2. Alternative sources of silica were reacted with lime, and the resultant dry sorbents showed high reactivity with SO2. Of the siliceous materials tested, several diatomaceous earths, montmorillonitic clays, and kaolins were identified as containing reactive silica.
Eigenvalue perturbation models for robust control

This paper presents a nonconservative description of the regions containing the eigenvalues of a diagonal matrix, perturbed by the set of all unknown, Euclidean norm bounded matrices. This is extended to real valued block diagonal matrices where each two-by-two block reveals a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues. A weighting matrix allows one to specify the exact size of the perturbation to each of the eigenvalues. An identical result is obtained for real valued perturbations. This result is motivated by, and applied to, the modeling of frequency and damping perturbations in models of flexible structures. The resulting perturbation description fits within the established H/sub /spl infin// robust control framework and, in certain situations, is less conservative than the more standard additive or multiplicative perturbation models. >
An optical positioning sensor by combining optical projection and a virtual camera model

An optical positioning sensor is realized by combining optical projection and a virtual camera model. This technique provides a low cost and non-contact measurement and has the potential to provide real-time 6 DOF measurements of an object. The optical sensor first generates a projection pattern that is observable on the surrounding walls, cameras are used to track the motion of the projected optical pattern, and the motion of the optical sensor can thus be tracked indirectly. In this technique, the optical sensor itself is treated as a virtual pinhole camera. A virtual image is generated that carries the angular characteristics of the optical pattern. The virtual image and the images of the projected optical pattern on the walls taken by real cameras are then processed through a photogrammetry-based bundle adjustment to give a position and orientation estimate of the optical sensor. Experiment is performed to calibrate the angular information of the optical pattern. Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to analyse the measurement uncertainty. The simulation result has good agreement with the experimental result for 0.9 m translation test along a precision rail. The optical sensor with the virtual camera model solution is preferable to provide real time measurements for simple-to-complex environments.
Dynamical evidence for a black hole in the eclipsing X-ray nova GRO J1655 – 40

X-RAY novae are binary systems in which a compact object accretes gas from a companion star. In several cases there is good evidence that the compact object is a black hole1–5. The best evidence for the presence of a black hole comes from measuring the orbital velocity of the companion star and thereby determining the minimum mass of the compact object; when this mass exceeds the maximum mass for a neutron star (≲3 solar masses6), a black hole seems the only remaining possibility. The unusual X-ray nova GRO J1655 - 40 (refs 7-10) is unique because it emits superlumi-nal radio jets, suggesting that it is a low-luminosity counterpart to active galactic nuclei7,9, which are thought to be powered by accretion onto a massive black hole. Here we report observations of the optical counterpart10 of GRO J1655 - 40, which show that the system undergoes periodic eclipses; the edge-on geometry thus implied allows a determination of the companion star's true velocity. The mass of the compact object derived from the velocity curve is at least 3.16 ±0.15 solar masses, which strongly supports its identification as a black hole.
Predation and life-history variation in Poecilia reliculata (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae)

Reznick and Endler investigated natural variation in life-history traits of populations of Trinidad guppies exposed to one of three intensities of predation: (i) high predation directed primarily at adults, (ii) moderate predation directed primarily at juveniles, and (iii) low predation. They were able to document significant interpopulational differences in life-history traits associated with this differential predation on a trait-by-trait basis. However, the present extended multivariate analysis indicates that (1) life-history traits do not differ significantly between populations exposed to moderate versus low predation, although both differ greatly from high-predation populations; (2) life-history variation is strongly unifactorial; and (3) despite the importance of predation effects, approximately 17% of the variation in life-history variables cannot be accounted for by predation intensity. Residual variation has no obvious geographical patterns, but instead seems to reflect local environmental variability. Life-history differences between predation regimes are consistent with residual patterns of variation within regimes, suggesting that local variation provides the raw material for extrapolation in response to predation, but also that it influences the direction of correlated change in life-history traits.
Computing discrete mixtures of continuous distributions: noncentral chisquare, noncentral t and the distribution of the square of the sample multiple correlation coefficient

In this article, we address the problem of computing the distribution functions that can be expressed as discrete mixtures of continuous distributions. Examples include noncentral chisquare, noncentral beta, noncentral F, noncentral t, and the distribution of squared sample multiple correlation. We illustrate the need for improved algorithms by pointing out situations where existing algorithms fail to compute meaningful values of the cumulative distribution functions (cdf) under study. To address this problem we recommend an approach that can be easily incorporated to improve the existing algorithms. For the distributions of the squared sample multiple correlation coefficient, noncentral t, and noncentral chisquare, we apply the approach and give a detailed explanation of computing the cdf values. We present results of comparison studies carried out to validate the calculated values and computational times of our suggested approach. Finally, we give the algorithms for computing the distributions of the squared sample multiple correlation coefficient, noncentral t, and noncentral chisquare so that they can be coded in any desired computer language.
Studies of the (Sc, Zr, Hf)-(Rh, Ir)-b systems☆

Abstract The (Zr, Hf)-(Rh, Ir)-B systems were investigated by X-ray analysis and phase equilibria were established at 1100 °C within the region below 40 at.% IVa metal. Three ternary compounds were found within the Zr-Ir-B system: ZrIr 3 B 4 , ZrIr ≈3 B ≈4 and ZrIr ≈3 B ≈2 . The corresponding hafnium compounds are isotypic. Hf 3 Ir 5 B 2 is isostructural with Ti 3 Co 5 B 3 . ScIr 3 B 4 was found to crystallize with a ZrIr 3 B 4 -type structure. At 1100 °C rhodium does not form ternary borides with zirconium or hafnium. A remarkably high solubility of boron was found for the (Zr, Hf)(Rh, Ir) 3 compounds (perovskite borides). Because of the high stability of the perovskite borides, ZrB 2 and HfB 2 cannot coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium with rhodium or iridium metal respectively.
Part IV. Different perspectives. Options and trends in the training of information professionals

Professionals in the information field need a variety of up-to-date skills. Currently there are many options for learning and practicing these skills. Academic departments, professional societies, consultants, and various commercial organizations, all of whom offer courses, conferences, workshops, seminars, institutes and the like, compete with each other for training dollars. Other options for trainees include in-house training, how-to books and manuals, databases on CD-ROM, CAI and emulators, and videotapes. Major changes in training are taking place as a result of the rapidly increasing number of direct end users of information services and products. All potential trainees, whether end users or information professionals, must carefully assess the relative value of the training options available.
BASIC statistics for IBM computers: An integrated instructional statistical package

Since the introduction of the IBM PC in 1981, 14 papers on integrated statistical packages have appeared in the present publication (see Sidowski & Campbell, 1987, pp. 539-540). Surprisingly, given the popularity of the IBM PC, only one (Anderson, 1984) was written specifically for that machine. l The present article describes an integrated statistical package written specifically for the IBM family ofcomputers, including the PC, XT, AT, and all PS/2 machines. The package is designed primarily for instructional use and is completely menu driven. Decisions on how to proceed are made by choosing options from the current menu. From the Main Menu one can choose Data File Management, Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, Post Hoc Tests, or Correlation and Regression. Data File Management allows one to create a random access data file. Data can be added to the file at any time. In addition, the file can be looked at, edited, sorted, and/or printed. Descriptive Statistics includes mean and standard deviation, median, centiles, deciles, quartiles, frequency distributions (including cumulative frequency, relative frequency, and percentile ranks), and crosstabulations. The crosstabs program includes an optional chi-square contingency test. Inferential statistics includes chi-square (one and two way), t tests (one sample, two independent samples, and two related samples), simple F test, and analysis of variance. Analysis of variance includes single-factor designs (randomized groups and randomized blocks), two-factor designs (two-factor ANOVA with one entry per cell, with equal or unequal ns, and with repeated measures on either one or both factors), a nested design (two-factor ANOVA with one nested factor), three-factor designs (three-factor ANOVA with equal or unequal ns), and a simple analysis of covariance. Post Hoc Tests include Scheffe's, Tukey's, and Dunnett's tests. Correlation and Regression includes simple and multiple linear regression, Pearson r, and Kendall's tau. Four of the programs included in the package have been published separately by the author (Galla, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1987). Language, computers, disk formats. The package is called BASIC Statistics because it is written in BASICA, a version of interpreted BASIC that comes with PC-DOS. Minimum system requirements are an IBM PC with 64K
Lexical bundles in university spoken and written registers

Abstract Lexical bundles – recurrent sequences of words – are important building blocks of discourse in spoken and written registers. Previous research has shown that lexical bundles are especially prevalent in university classroom teaching, where they serve three major discourse functions: stance expressions, discourse organizers, and referential expressions. The present study extends this line of research by investigating the use of lexical bundles in a wide range of spoken and written university registers, including both instructional registers and student advising/management registers (e.g., office hours, class management talk, written syllabi, etc.). The findings show that lexical bundles are even more prevalent in non-academic university registers than they are in the core instructional registers. Most surprisingly, lexical bundles are very common in written course management (e.g., course syllabi), in contrast to previous research which showed bundles to be much more common in speech than in writing.
Diet of the Endangered Indiana Bat (Myotis Sodalis) on the Northern Edge of Its Range

Abstract Dietary preferences of Indiana bats were determined by analyzing 382 fecal pellets collected beneath roost trees in southern Michigan, over parts of 3 yr. Although terrestrial insects (Lepidoptera and Coleoptera) usually dominated the diet of Indiana bats in more southern states, those in Michigan consumed mostly insects associated with aquatic environments. Indiana bats in Michigan ate primarily Trichoptera (55.1% of volume) and Diptera (25.5%), followed by Lepidoptera (14.2%) and Coleoptera (1.4%). Consumption of Diptera was highest during lactation (48.2%), whereas consumption of Lepidoptera was least during this time (7.7%). Although most insectivorous bats do not prey on mosquitoes (Culicidae), these insects were a consistent component of the diet of Indiana bats and were eaten most heavily during pregnancy (6.6%).
TU-SAMS-332-02: Digital Mammography Detector QC, Tips and Problems

Digital mammography is quickly becoming the technology of choice for breast imaging with several FDA‐approved systems already available and more on the way. Digital detectors in mammography have different characteristics compared to the traditional screen‐film systems and require by the FDA different Quality Control tests. This lecture is going to discuss the practical issues for the medical physicist who wants to learn the differences in these Quality Control tests and how they impact the mammography facility and ACR accreditation. The lecture will be broken into several parts. The first will review currently available FFDM equipment and their respective Quality Control tests. The second part will compare similar QC tests and discuss the key differences. The third part will review quality control for review workstations and laser printers designed for digital mammography. Educational Objectives: 1. To describe current quality control procedures for FFDM systems. 2. To describe current quality control procedures for review workstations in digital mammography. 3. To describe current quality control procedures for laser printers in digital mammography. 4. To review the impact of QC on ACR accreditation for FFDM systems.
Structural characterization of follistatin: a novel follicle-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting polypeptide from the gonad.

Follistatin, a novel, single chain, glycosylated polypeptide bearing no homology with previously characterized inhibins but exhibiting potent and specific pituitary FSH-release inhibition has been structurally characterized by protein microsequencing, cDNA cloning, and DNA sequencing. Two populations of clones differing in their 3′-untranslated sequences were found to encode a 344 amino acid precursor protein and an identical but carboxyl terminal truncated 317 amino acid precursor, respectively. Additionally, one clone, FS18, contained two introns and probably resulted from reverse transcription of heterogeneous nuclear RNA during cDNA library construction. Follistatin is unusually cysteine-rich, containing 36 cysteines in the mature coding sequence of 315 amino acids and an extremely acidic carboxyl terminal region, FS(292-304), comprised of Glu-Asp-Thr-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Asp-Glu-Asp-Gln-Asp which probably resides outside a tightly crosslinked protein sphere. The heparin-binding ability of follistatin ...
Shelf Life of Fryer Chickens Packed in Carbonated Ice

Abstract MICROBIAL development on the surface of poultry carcasses continues as the limiting factor of extended storage. Through proper in-plant sanitation, the bacterial numbers on the skin of a chicken carcass can be reduced to about 300 per cm.2, Kotula et al. (1967). Even with such low initial numbers and proper storage temperatures, bacteria multiply rapidly so that slight off-odors can be detected at about 13 days. As an adjunct to low storage temperatures, Kaloyereas et al. (1961) investigated the use of germicidal ices for chicken “to exploit the higher effectiveness of preservatives when in the state of generation.” They reported that bacterial development was inhibited markedly on chickens stored in ice containing glycol diformate, sorbic acid, and sulfanilamide. However, to our knowledge, the use of these chemicals for poultry is not presently allowed. Ogilvy and Ayres (1951) reviewed the progress of other researchers and carried out experiments in the use . . .
The School Closure Issue and the Chicano Community: A Follow-up Study of the "Angeles" Case.

The present study is a follow-up study of theAngeles school closure case in which three predominantly Chicano elementary schools in Santa Barbara, California were closed due to declining enrollment in the District. Nearly 600 Chicano children were dispersed to five predominantly Anglo schools. The plaintiffs were a group of Chicano parents and their children, claiming the exclusive burden of the closures was placed on minorities. The present study is an attempt to investigate several adverse effects hypotheses predicted at the trial by the author who testified as an expert witness. Specifically, four major hypotheses were investigated that dealt with psychological maladjustment, academic decline, parental involvement decline, and adverse community impact. The subjects of the study were 50 respondent Mexican American mothers, randomly chosen from the closed schools' population. The respondents were primarily Spanish-speaking and of very low socioeconomic status. Based on the results of a comprehensive home interview, it was concluded that there is convincing evidence that the closures have indeed created a significant burden on a large majority of the children and their families. The long term implications of the closures are complex, but there is a strong possibility that the adverse impact of the closures will increase the already high probability of school problems and failure for the affected children as they progress through the educational system.
EPISPADIAS WITH PHIMOSIS: AN UNUSUAL VARIANT OF THE CONCEALED PENIS

An unusual variant of concealed penis is described. Two neonates with epispadias and complete phimosis were diagnosed at birth and underwent delayed repair. These 2 cases are the 5th and 6th such reports in the literature. This anomaly's possible embryogenesis is reviewed.
A methodology for coupled thermodynamic and heat transfer analysis of a diesel engine

Abstract A methodology for a coupled thermodynamic and heat transfer analysis of diesel engine combustion chambers is presented here. Using one-dimensional (1-D) resistor heat flow models, a thermodynamic diesel engine simulation first predicts instantaneous gas temperatures and convective heat transfer coefficients throughout the engine cycle. These time-dependent boundary conditions are subsequently applied to the gas-exposed surfaces of two-dimensional, transient, finite-element models of heat conduction through the combustion chamber components. Finite-element predictions of instantaneous heat flow rates through each component surface are then used to determine equivalent resistance values for an improved resistor network, accounting for two-dimensional (2-D) heat conduction paths and component geometry effects. Finally, the thermodynamic cycle simulation is performed again with the improved resistor network to update heat rejection predictions. The use of the coupled strategy is illustrated by predicting the performance of an insulated diesel engine. Results show that our methodology can uncover complicated transient heat flow paths in the engine combustion chamber and significantly improve conduction heat flow models for use with diesel engine simulations.
Early Ethnic Difference in Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Is Associated with African Genetic Admixture

IGF-1 is a growth-promoting hormone. Numerous studies have reported higher systemic concentrations of IGF-1 among African Americans (AA) compared with European Americans (EA) before puberty. We conducted this cross-sectional analysis to determine whether African ancestral genetic background, dietary factors, energy expenditure, adiposity, and socioeconomic status contribute to this difference. Children were prepubertal, AA and EA males and females. Genetic admixture was assessed from ∼20 ancestry informative genetic markers. Body composition was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; intake of energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat by 24-h dietary recall; activity-related energy expenditure by doubly labeled water and indirect calorimetry; and socioeconomic status (SES) according to the Hollingshead scale. IGF-1 and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were measured using immunoradiometric assays. AA children had significantly greater IGF-1 compared with EA children (p < 0.01). In addition, AA children had lower SES and greater protein intake relative to EAs (p < 0.05 for both). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the only significant independent predictors of IGF-1 were IGFBP-3 and African admixture (p < 0.01 for both). Thus, our data suggest that the greater IGF-1 of AA relative to EA children could have a genetic basis.
Nonsecreted Bacterial Proteins Induce Recall CD8 T Cell Responses But Do Not Serve as Protective Antigens

Secreted or nonsecreted Ag expressed by recombinant Listeria monocytogenes can prime CD8 T cells. However, Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells confer protection against bacteria secreting Ag, but not against bacteria expressing the nonsecreted form of the same Ag. This dichotomy may be explained by a long-standing hypothesis that nonsecreted Ags are less effective than secreted Ags at inducing a protective immune response at the onset of infection. We tested this hypothesis by examining whether these two different forms of Ag induce different primary and secondary CD8 T cell responses. The primary responses to secreted and nonsecreted Ags expanded and contracted almost synchronously, although the responses to nonsecreted Ags were of lower magnitude. These results demonstrate that the kinetics of the CD8 T cell response are similar regardless of whether Ag is accessible to the endogenous MHC class I pathway or can only be presented through cross-presentation. No differences were detected in the CD8 T cell recall response to L. monocytogenes expressing secreted or nonsecreted Ags. Nonsecreted Ags are as effective as secreted Ags at the induction of a rapid recall response by memory CD8 T cells. Thus, the inability of nonsecreted bacterial proteins to serve as protective Ags cannot be attributed to a defective CD8 T cell response.
A robust nonlinear observation strategy for the control of flexible manipulators

Flexibility is often an unavoidable consequence of the desire for high speed and performance manipulators. This paper proposes a method that improves the performance of flexible manipulators through the employment of robust state estimation techniques. These techniques are based on discrete time Kalman filtering and sliding mode principles. A simple model for a single degree of freedom flexible manipulator is derived and a control scheme is chosen and implemented. The latter includes a robust non-linear estimator. Simulation and preliminary experimental results are presented that demonstrate the validity of the proposed control scheme.
Output feedback adaptive stabilization and command following for minimum phase dynamical systems with unmatched uncertainties

In this paper, we develop an output feedback adaptive control framework for continuous-time minimum phase multivariable dynamical systems for output stabilization and command following. The approach is based on a nonminimal state space realization that generates an expanded set of states using the filtered inputs and filtered outputs and their derivatives of the original system. Specifically, a direct adaptive controller for the nonminimal state space model is constructed using the expanded states of the nonminimal realization and is shown to be effective for multi-input, multi-output linear dynamical systems with unmatched system uncertainties and unstable dynamics. Two illustrative numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Similarities and Differences in Antagonism of Neuron Alpha/Beta Interferon Responses by Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis and Sindbis Alphaviruses

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is highly virulent in adult laboratory mice, while Sindbis virus (SINV) is avirulent regardless of dose or inoculation route, dependent upon functioning alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) responses. We have examined each virus' resistance to and/or antagonism of IFN-α/β responses in neurons, a cell type targeted by both viruses in mice, by infecting IFN-α/β-treated or untreated primary cultures with viruses or virus-derived replicons that lacked the structural proteins. Priming with IFN-α/β prior to infection revealed that VEEV replication and progeny virion production were resistant to an established antiviral state while those of SINV were more sensitive. Postinfection IFN-α/β treatment revealed that phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2 was partially blocked by infection with either virus, dependent upon expression of nonstructural proteins (nsP), but not structural proteins (sP). However, inhibition of STAT phosphorylation by VEEV replicons was not correlated with inhibition of IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) mRNA induction, yet ISG induction was inhibited when sP were present. Host translation was inhibited by VEEV nsP even when cells were pretreated with IFN-α/β. SINV blocked ISG induction and translation, associated with nsP-mediated shutoff of macromolecular synthesis, but both activities were sensitive to IFN-α/β pretreatment. We conclude that both VEEV and SINV limit ISG induction in infected neurons through shutoff of host transcription and translation but that inhibition by VEEV is more resistant to IFN-α/β priming. Likewise, both viruses inhibit IFN receptor-initiated signaling, although the effect upon host responses is not clear. Finally, VEEV appears to be more resistant to effectors of the preestablished antiviral state.
Effects of Gravity on Cocurrent Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flows Through Packed Columns

This work presents the experimental results of research on the influence of gravity on flow pattern transitions, pressure drop and flow characteristics for cocurrent gas-liquid two-phase flow through packed columns. The flow pattern transition data indicates that the pulse flow regime exists over a wider range of gas and liquid flow rates under reduced gravity conditions compared to normal gravity cocurrent down-flow. This is illustrated by comparing the flow regime transitions found in reduced gravity with the transitions predicted by Talmor. Next, the effect of gravity on the total pressure drop in a packed column is shown to depend on the flow regime. The difference is roughly equivalent to the liquid static head for bubbly flow but begins to decrease at the onset of pulse flow. As the spray flow regime is approached by increasing the gas to liquid ratio, the effect of gravity on pressure drop becomes negligible. Finally, gravity tends to suppress the amplitude of each pressure pulse. An example of this phenomenon is presented.
Species-Specific Inhibition of Foamy Viruses from South American Monkeys by New World Monkey TRIM5α Proteins

Foamy virus evolution closely parallels that of the host species, indicating virus-host coadaptation. We studied simian foamy viruses (SFVs) from common marmosets, spider monkeys, and squirrel monkeys, New World monkey (NWM) species that share geographic ranges. The TRIM5 protein from each of these NWM species inhibited the replication of at least one of the SFVs associated with the other two species but did not affect the replication of its own SFV. Thus, TRIM5 has potentially shaped the evolution of SFVs in NWM hosts. Conversely, SFVs may have influenced the evolution of TRIM5 variants in New World primates. The phylogeny of foamy viruses (FVs), or spumaretroviruses, generally mirrors that of the host species, suggesting coadaptation of virus and host (18). Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) have been isolated from different nonhuman primates (NHPs) (8). Mammals have evolved proteins, such as TRIM5, that mediate innate immunity against retroviruses (16). TRIM5 proteins vary in a species-specific manner that can influence the potency of inhibition of infection by particular retroviruses (10, 15, 22, 23). Lineage-specific positive selection has operated on TRIM5 in Old World and New World primates (12, 14). The existence of extant and endogenous retroviruses in Old World primates implicates past retroviral infections in the selective process (14). However, the infectious agents responsible for the selection of TRIM5 variants in New World monkeys (NWMs) have not been identified. Here we examine the relationship between the SFVs and the TRIM5 proteins of NWMs. While culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), we detected reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in the supernatant, indicating the presence of a retrovirus in these cell cultures. This retrovirus replicated at a low level and was transmissible to other common marmoset PBMCs and to canine Cf2Th cells. Infection of Cf2Th cells resulted in extensive cytopathic effects (syncytia) and rapid demise of the cultures. In contrast, this retrovirus did not induce many syncytia in marmoset PBMCs, and virus production was sustained for several weeks. The RT of the marmoset retrovirus exhibited higher activity in the presence of Mn 2 than in that of Mg 2 (data not shown). Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of Cf2Th cells infected with the common marmoset retrovirus revealed the
SNAP Failure The Food Stamp Program Needs Reform

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the food assistance program formerly known as food stamps, has become America’s fastest growing social welfare program. As recently as 2000, just 17 million Americans participated in the program at a cost of less than $18 billion. Today, roughly 48 million Americans receive SNAP benefits, costing taxpayers more than $78 billion per year. Yet according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), nearly 18 million American households remain “food insecure.”This many households living in hunger has raised significant questions about whether the growth of SNAP has been justified and whether it successfully addresses hunger in America. The evidence suggests that much of the increase was due not to the economy but to deliberate policy choices by both federal and state governments, which loosened eligibility standards and actively sought new participants. At the same time, evidence that the expansion of SNAP has significantly reduced hunger or improved nutrition among low-income Americans is scant at best.SNAP is a deeply troubled program. It has high administrative costs and significant levels of fraud and abuse. The program’s work requirements are weak and frequently evaded at the state level. The program increasingly breeds greater dependence on government. It has little “bang for the buck.”The time has come to reform the food stamp program by reducing its spending and enrollment and, ultimately, by returning responsibility for its operation to the states.
Comparable Worth — Issues to Resolve before Equity Can Become Reality

Pay inequity based on gender arguably persists as the compensation issue with the most impact this half century. Oft‐cited evidence is that full‐time employed women are paid less than two‐thirds the compensation of comparable male colleagues, a statistic which has not changed markedly for 50 years. Although pay differentials based on gender are not unique to the United States, a comparison with Canada and four European countries suggest that the US has a wider pay differential.
3I-1 A Lateral Field Excited Sensor Array on a Single Piezoelectric Substrate

Bulk acoustic wave sensors such as the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and lateral field excited (LFE) [Hu, et. al., 2004] device have been used for sensing applications in liquid and air. Typical bulk acoustic wave sensing arrays consist of sensors on separate substrates linked by interconnects. Fabricating several sensors on a single piezoelectric substrate offers a simple, reproducible alternative that could potentially reduce the size and cost of multi-parameter sensors. Realizing such an array however can be problematic in terms of acoustic interference between sensing areas for QCM sensors which require electrodes on the sensing surface. In contrast, LFE sensors, which use the transverse shear mode (TSM) as the sensing element, have no electrodes on the sensing surface and are excited by electrodes on the surface opposite the sensing surface. In order to isolate the excited TSM fields for each LFE sensor a heat treatment process proposed by T. Uno [Uno, 1996] is performed. This process inverts the direction of the x-axis of AT-cut quartz in the treated region. Heat treating a piezoelectric crystal focuses and confines acoustic energy at the sensing surface providing the means of constructing an acoustically isolated LFE sensor array on a single piezoelectric substrate
Contractual Relations in Small Business: Do the Benefits of a Custom-Made Contract Outweigh the Costs?

This article was contributed to a symposium at Lewis & Clark Law School on The Role of Law in Small Business Transactions. Stewart Macaulay famously conducted empirical research that suggests that contract planning and contract law are not very important to small businesses. This article suggests that small businesses might in fact benefit from employing an attorney to create a hand-crafted contract for the particular business rather than using an off-the-shelf contract that is not written with the needs of the particular business in mind.
Mesoscale and Hybrid Models of Fluid Flow and Solute Transport

Fluid flow and reactive transport is relevant to many subsurface applications including CO2 sequestration, miscible/immiscible displacements in enhanced oil recovery, wellbore acidization, pollutant transport, and leakage/remediation of nuclear waste repositories. In all these scenarios, one or more fluid phases flow through the complicated geometry of the pore space, while advecting one or more chemical species along their flow streamlines. Simultaneously, the chemical species undergo molecular diffusion, due to their Brownian motion, allowing them to randomly jump from one streamline to the next. In the case of fluid–fluid or fluid–mineral reactions, chemical species may be transformed, potentially leading to precipitation and/or dissolution of solid minerals that alter the geometry/topology of the pore space. This in turn affects the velocity field of flow, and thus transport via advection/diffusion. Such complicated feedback between these pore-scale processes could give rise to “emergent” manifestations at larger scales. These manifestations are referred to as “emergent” because they cannot be foreseen from the behavior of the individual pore-scale mechanisms involved. In order to make reliable predictions of flow and transport at any scale of interest, accurate models need to be developed. Two spatial scales are commonly identified with a porous medium: the “micro/pore scale” (1–100 μm) and the “macro/continuum scale” (>1 m). The former is the fundamental scale in which physical processes (flow, transport, and geochemistry) take place, and the porous medium is regarded as discrete in nature (void space vs. grain space). The latter is a more practical scale, where we would ultimately like to have a reliable description of flow and reactive transport, and the porous medium is regarded as a continuum. The macroscopic parameters appearing in the description of continuum models, such as permeability or dispersion coefficient, are typically extracted from experiments or stand-alone pore-scale simulations. While such a “hierarchical” upscaling approach is …
Physical Education at a New University

(1962). Physical Education at a New University. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 20-58.
Ferromagnetic excited-state Mn 2 + dimers in Zn 1 − x Mn x Se quantum dots observed by time-resolved magnetophotoluminescence

Colloidal Mn${}^{2+}$-doped semiconductor nanocrystals are solution processable analogs of classic phosphor and diluted magnetic semiconductor materials with promising applications ranging from fluorescence microscopy to spintronic information processing. At doping levels of only a few cation mole percent, Mn${}^{2+}$ dimers form in appreciable concentration and cause shortened photoluminescence decay times and reduced luminescence circular polarization under applied magnetic fields. Here, we show that these differences allow the use of time-resolved magnetophotoluminescence measurements to investigate the magnetic properties of the luminescent dimer excited state in Zn${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Mn${}_{x}$Se nanocrystals. These measurements reveal that Mn${}^{2+}$-Mn${}^{2+}$ dimers are coupled ferromagnetically in their luminescent excited state, in contrast with the antiferromagnetic coupling of their ground state. We find that Mn${}^{2+}$-Mn${}^{2+}$ dimers also luminesce with much purer circular polarization than Mn${}^{2+}$ monomers under applied magnetic fields. These results are explained well by perturbation theory and density functional theory analyses of the microscopic orbital exchange interactions within the photoexcited Mn${}^{2+}$-Mn${}^{2+}$ dimers. This discovery of photoswitchable dimer magnetism (from $S$ = 0 to $S$ = 4) with strong associated circularly polarized luminescence raises intriguing possibilities for optical spin manipulation in doped semiconductors.
Silver composites as highly stable cathode current collectors for solid oxide fuel cells

Time stability of the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) has been a significant concern toward realization of their practical applications. Its operation at elevated temperatures and in oxidizing atmospheres makes the cathode current collector one of the most vulnerable components of the SOFCs. Silver and silver-based metal oxide [lanthanum–strontium manganite (LSM) and yttria-stabilized zirconia] composites were investigated for the development of low-cost current collectors with long-term stability. While densification of pure silver limited its use as current collector, incorporation of oxide particles to the silver matrix led to formation of porous composites. However, addition of YSZ particles did not result in a stable porosity. Analysis of the impedance spectra allowed further investigations on the obtained microstructures and the formed contacts. No microstructural degradation has been observed in the porous Ag–LSM composite current collector and its electrical properties remained stable for over 5000 h of measurements at 800 °C in air.
A nonlinear finite element model of a truss using pinned joints

Researchers at Utah State University have been studying the dynamic behavior of a three-bay cantilevered truss. The truss includes eight tang/clevis-type joints with clearance fit pins. The clearance in these joints significantly changes the dynamic behavior of the truss. When strut preloads are minimized the structural damping in the truss increases dramatically. Struts have been subjected to cyclic loading to characterize the dynamic behavior of an individual strut containing a pinned joint. The three-bay truss was tested in different gravity environments which alter the dynamic behavior of the truss by changing strut preloads. This paper reports on efforts made to develop a nonlinear finite element model of the truss which simulates the observed truss behavior and provides insights into the damping mechanisms occurring in the joints. The finite element analysis program LSDYNA3D was used to create a simple model of a single strut which accounts for friction, impacting, and equivalent viscous damping in the joints and gives reasonable agreement with measured data. The strut model was extended to model the entire truss. The predicted results correlate well with measured data. (Author)
The effect of volumetric quality on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of air-assistant jet impingement

Abstract Heat transfer characteristics of air-assistant water jet impingement was experimentally investigated under a fixed water flow rate condition. Water and air were used as the test fluids. The effects of volumetric quality (β = 0–0.9) on the Nusselt number and pressure were considered. The results showed that the stagnation Nusselt number increased with volumetric quality, attained a maximum value at around 0.8 of the volumetric quality, and then decreased. The stagnation Nusselt number of the air-assistant water jet impingement is governed by the stagnation pressure. Based on the experimental results, a new correlation for the normalized stagnation Nusselt number is developed as a function of the normalized stagnation pressure alone. In addition, the lateral variation of Nusselt number is governed by hydraulic jump radius.
Drug therapy of fungal and parasitic diseases

This article on therapy provides an updated review, including pharmacology, indications, doses, and side effects, of the major antifungal and antiparasitic drugs.
The Future of Advertising or Whatever We're Going to Call It

In this opinion piece, the author speculates on the future of advertising. Arguing that the challenge of predicting the future lies mainly in the lack of an acceptable definition of the field, the author solves that problem by developing a set of postulates to create boundaries for the theory and practice of the discipline. The postulates of the present discipline are used as the base from which the future might evolve. Three scenarios are proposed for the future of advertising: (1) creeping incrementalism, (2) reversal of buyer/seller roles, and (3) reinvention of the field. The author suggests that those scenarios will develop and play out based on the developmental speed and acceptance of the various technologies identified.
Third, Fourth, and Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsies in Pituitary Apoplexy

Background Pituitary apoplexy (PA) often presents with acute headache and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, including ocular motility dysfunction (OMD) from cranial nerve palsies (CNPs). Our goal was to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of OMD in a large, single-center series of patients with PA. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients with PA seen in our pituitary center between January 1995 and December 2012. Presenting neuro-ophthalmic, endocrine, and radiologic data, as well as neuro-ophthalmology follow-up data, were collected. Results We identified 235 patients with PA, 59 of whom (25%) had OMD. Twenty-seven of those 59 patients underwent neuro-ophthalmic evaluation. Preoperatively, 23 of these 27 patients had unilateral OMD, 18 (78%) with a single CNP and 5 (22%) with multiple CNPs. Bilateral OMD was present in 4 of the 27 patients. Postoperatively, 24 of the 27 patients with OMD had follow-up (median duration, 7 months; interquartile range [IQR], 3–17 months). At the last postoperative follow-up, 7 of these 24 patients (29%) had OMD (5 unilateral, 2 bilateral). OMD resolved in 3 of the 24 patients (12%) within 1 month, in 13 of 21 patients (62%) within 6 months (3 lost to follow-up), and in 17 of 19 patients (89%) within 1 year (2 lost to follow-up). Surgery was performed at ≤14 days after presentation in 16 of 18 (89%) resolved cases and in 4 of 6 (67%) unresolved cases. Patients with OMD were more likely than those without OMD to have larger tumors (2.6 vs. 2.0 cm; P P = 0.005), and necrosis (58% vs. 37%; P = 0.03). Conclusions OMD from CNPs is common in PA, occurring in one-quarter of patients, and is frequently associated with certain radiologic, endocrinologic, and pathological features. The prognosis is excellent, with 90% of cases of OMD resolving by 1 year after early pituitary surgery.