cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Most Probable Histories for Nonlinear Dynamics: Tracking Climate Transitions

The effective action provides an appropriate cost function to determine most probable (or optimal) histories for nonlinear dynamics with strong noise. In such strong-coupling problems, a nonperturbative technique is required to calculate the effective action. We have proposed a Rayleigh–Ritz variational approximation, which employs simple moment-closures or intuitive guesses of the statistics to calculate the effective action. We consider here an application to climate dynamics, within a simple “bimodal” Langevin model similar to that proposed by C. Nicolis and G. Nicolis [Tellus33:225 (1981)]. Capturing climate state transitions even in this simple model is known to present a serious problem for standard methods of data assimilation. In contrast, it is shown that the effective action for the climate history is already well-approximated by a one-moment closure and that the optimal, minimizing history robustly tracks climate change, even with large observation errors. Furthermore, the Hessian of the effective action provides the ensemble variance as a realistic measure of confidence level in the predicted optimal history.
Driver Behavior During Overtaking Maneuvers from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study.

Objective: Lane changes with the intention to overtake the vehicle in front are especially challenging scenarios for forward collision warning (FCW) designs. These overtaking maneuvers can occur at high relative vehicle speeds and often involve no brake and/or turn signal application. Therefore, overtaking presents the potential of erroneously triggering the FCW. A better understanding of driver behavior during lane change events can improve designs of this human–machine interface and increase driver acceptance of FCW. The objective of this study was to aid FCW design by characterizing driver behavior during lane change events using naturalistic driving study data.Methods: The analysis was based on data from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, collected by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. The 100-Car study contains approximately 1.2 million vehicle miles of driving and 43,000 h of data collected from 108 primary drivers. In order to identify overtaking maneuvers from a large sample of drivi...
Systematic Investigation of PPV Analogue Oligomers Incorporating Low‐Coordinate Phosphorus Centres

Sterically-encumbered ligands tethered to conjugated segments have been developed and employed in concert with existing bulky ligands to prepare a series of phospha-PPV oligomers. A study of the variation of λπ-π* values along this series indicates that low-coordinate phosphorus centres can support conjugation across extended systems, and generally confirms the expected red shift across the series from all-carbon oligomers to phosphaalkenes to diphosphenes. These findings provide experimental evidence that low-coordinate phosphorus centres are in fact capable of supporting electronic communication across extended π conjugated systems. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
The effect of repetition on search through active memory

Abstract Short lists of digits, some of which contained repeated items, were searched in memory. Repeated items were recognized faster than non-repeated items. Search times for non-repeated items in lists with a repeat were slightly faster than those for lists of the same length in which no items were repeated. A serial position effect was found such that items at either the beginning or end of the memory list were responded to faster than items in the middle of the list. Neither the repeated digit effect nor the serial position effect support serial exhaustive search. An empirical equation was found by which response time is predicted by the log proportion of items in a memory list that match the test stimulus. These results are compatible with the notions of neural pathway activation and trace strength.
Fatigability and Recovery of Arm Muscles with Advanced Age for Dynamic and Isometric Contractions

Abstract This study determined whether age-related mechanisms can increase fatigue of arm muscles during maximal velocity dynamic contractions, as it occurs in the lower limb. We compared elbow flexor fatigue of young (n = 10, 20.8 ± 2.7 years) and old men (n = 16, 73.8 ± 6.1 years) during and in recovery from a dynamic and an isometric postural fatiguing task. Each task was maintained until failure while supporting a load equivalent to 20% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess supraspinal fatigue (superimposed twitch, SIT) and muscle relaxation. Time to failure was longer for the old men than for the young men for the isometric task (9.5 ± 3.1 vs. 17.2 ± 7.0 min, P = 0.01) but similar for the dynamic task (6.3 ± 2.4 min vs. 6.0 ± 2.0 min, P = 0.73). Initial peak rate of relaxation was slower for the old men than for the young men, and was associated with a longer time to failure for both tasks (P
Mechanisms of Siglec-F-Induced Eosinophil Apoptosis: A Role for Caspases but Not for SHP-1, Src Kinases, NADPH Oxidase or Reactive Oxygen

Background: Siglec-F and Siglec-8 are functional paralog proapoptotic cell surface receptors expressed on mouse and human eosinophils, respectively. Whereas Siglec-8 mediated death involves caspases and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial injury, very little is known about Siglec-F-mediated signaling and apoptosis. Therefore the objective of the current experiments was to better define apoptosis pathways mediated by Siglec-F and Siglec-8. Given that Siglec-F-induced apoptosis is much less robust than Siglec-8-induced apoptosis, we hypothesized that mechanisms involved in cell death via these receptors would differ. Methods: Consequences of engagement of Siglec-F on mouse eosinophils were studied by measuring ROS production, and by performing apoptosis assays using eosinophils from normal, hypereosinophilic, NADPH oxidase-deficient, src homology domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1-deficient, and Lyn kinase-deficient mice. Inhibitors of caspase and Src family kinase activity were also used. Results: Engagement of Siglec-F induced mouse eosinophil apoptosis that was modest in magnitude and dependent on caspase activity. There was no detectable ROS generation, or any role for ROS, NADPH oxidase, SHP-1, or Src family kinases in this apoptotic process. Conclusions: These data suggest that Siglec-F-mediated apoptosis is different in both magnitude and mechanisms when compared to published data on Siglec-8-mediated human eosinophil apoptosis. One likely implication of this work is that models targeting Siglec-F in vivo in mice may not provide identical mechanistic predictions for consequences of Siglec-8 targeting in vivo in humans.
What is the accordion effect

In "Action and Responsibility,'' Joel Feinberg pointed to an important idea to which he gave the label "the accordion effect.'' Feinberg's discussion of this idea is of interest on its own, but it is also of interest because of its interaction with his critique, in his "Causing Voluntary Actions,'' of a much discussed view of H. L. A. Hart and A. M. Honore that Feinberg labels the "voluntary intervention principle.'' In this essay I reflect on what the accordion effect is supposed by Feinberg to be, on differences between Feinberg's understanding of this idea and that of Donald Davidson, and on the interaction between Feinberg's discussion of the accordion effect and his critique of the voluntary intervention principle.
Static and Dynamic Micropolar Linear Elastic Beam Finite Element Formulation, Implementation, and Analysis

AbstractStarting with static and dynamic micropolar linear plane stress elasticity, and applying Timoshenko beam kinematics with axial stretch, a mixed micropolar small-strain beam finite element (FE) formulation results. The mixed formulation is shown to be convergent upon mesh refinement under static and dynamic loading. The acceleration form of the Newmark family of time integration methods is applied to integrate the coupled hyperbolic linear governing equations. Instantaneous axial and transverse step forces are applied and released to analyze the free longitudinal and transverse vibrations with the mixed formulation FE implementation. The transverse displacement and rotational degrees of freedom (DOF) are coupled, but the axial displacement is decoupled from the rotational DOF because the first area moment of inertia Q is zero. Applied sinusoidal axial and transverse forces lead to axial and transverse displacement and rotational wave patterns that are a combination of low and high frequency waves. ...
Transfer of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl across the in situ perfused guinea pig placenta.

Abstract The transplacental crossover of 14 C-2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) from the maternal circulation to the fetal side of the placenta was examined in intact fetuses and following the in situ perfusion of the guinea pig placenta. Fetal, late pregnant, and nonpregnant female guinea pig lipoprotein profiles and the association of 6-CB with these plasma constituents were also determined in vivo . Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations were 10-fold higher in fetal than in maternal plasma, and the great majority of 6-CB which was transferred to intact fetuses became associated with this plasma fraction. 6-CB was found primarily in association with low density lipoproteins (LDL) in nonpregnant animals. In the late pregnant guinea pig, 6-CB became primarily associated with plasma protein in spite of circulating protein concentrations lower than those seen in the nonpregnant state. No differences in the levels of the three plasma lipoprotein classes were observed between pregnant and nonpregnant animals. It was found that an amount of 6-CB similar to that found in intact litter mates crossed the perfused placenta over the same time period. Despite the much higher VLDL concentrations on the fetal side of the placenta and the association of 6-CB with VLDL in intact fetuses, addition of 1000 mg/dl VLDL to the 5.4% bovine serum albumin perfusion medium failed to influence the magnitude of 6-CB crossover. 6-CB crossover was influenced by protein concentration in the perfusion media in a concentration-dependent fashion. It is hypothesized that 6-CB and free fatty acids traverse the placenta and are retained by the fetus via similar mechanisms.
Independence or Interdependence: Rethinking the Transition From Ward of the Court to Adulthood

Youth who transition out of foster care are often overlooked and unprepared for a life outside of the child welfare system. As youth begin to grow up in the foster care system, they are encouraged ...
Electrochemical synthesis and molecular structure of coordinatively unsaturated platinacyclobutanes

Abstract The 16-electron platinacyclobutane (bipy)Pt(C3H6) (II) is electrochemically synthesized from the platinum(IV) analog, (bipy)PtCl2(C3H6). II undergoes ready ligand substitution of bipyridine to afford a series of platinacycles with unusually large Pt splittings of the β-protons in the NMR spectrum but an X-ray crystal structure of II shows the molecular framework to be planar. II is further reduced to the paramagnetic platinacycle anion (bipy)Pt(C3H6)− in a reversible one-electron process.
Of scripts and programs: tall tales, urban legends, and future prospects

Scripting languages are playing an increasing role in today's software landscape due to their support for rapid and exploratory development. They typically have lightweight syntax, weak data privacy, dynamic typing, powerful aggregate data types, and allow execution of the completed parts of incomplete programs. While many of their uses are web-centric, scripting languages also show up in non-traditional domains such as space exploration and administration of the pension benefits entire countries. Considering their importance to the practice of computing, it is surprising to see that, in academic circles, scripting is still often viewed as an undisciplined and unprincipled attempt at programming. In this talk, I will summarize work carried in collaboration with IBM Research on bridging the divide between scripting and programming. I will motivate our investigations with some success stories of scripting languages used in unusual places. Then I will dispel some misconceptions about the nature of scripts with preliminary results from a large corpus analysis of programs written in a popular scripting language. Finally, I will talk about the design of a new language, called Thorn, that aims to ease the journey from scripts to programs (and back).
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in the vertebrate retina

The phosphoinositide (PI) cycle, discovered over 50 years ago by Mabel and Lowell Hokin, describes a series of biochemical reactions that occur on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of cells in response to receptor activation by extracellular stimuli. Studies from our laboratory have shown that the retina and rod outer segments (ROSs) have active PI metabolism. Biochemical studies revealed that the ROSs contain the enzymes necessary for phosphorylation of phosphoinositides. We showed that light stimulates various components of the PI cycle in the vertebrate ROS, including diacylglycerol kinase, PI synthetase, phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase, phospholipase C, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). This article describes recent studies on the PI3K-generated PI lipid second messengers in the control and regulation of PI-binding proteins in the vertebrate retina.
From Sfumato to Transarchitectures and Osmose: Leonardo da Vinci's Virtual Reality

This paper explores the ways in which Leonardo da Vinci's anachronistic skepticism of Renaissance perspective and his subsequent invention of sfumato prefigure contemporary digital technology and its ability to literalize this formal technique. Marcos Novak and Char Davies offer parallel theories on the permeable boundaries among objects and between physical and virtual worlds. The resultant theories, like those of Leonardo, offer new conceptions of space and representation that challenge those who suggest the digital world will subvert the physical. Briefly comparing Leonardo's initial revisions to Renaissance perspective to those realized through digital technology, this paper examines radical revisions of the notions of space and boundary and the ways in which those revisions challenge the traditional goal to aptly represent the physical world via linear perspective.
DNA repair inhibition: a new mechanism of action of steroids with possible implications for tumor therapy.

A number of steroids have been demonstrated to be inhibitors of DNA repair replication in normal human lymphocytes. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) has proven to be one of the best DNA repair inhibitors of the hormone analogs which were examined with 50% inhibition being produced between 10 and 20 mcM. Estradiol was also found to be inhibitory. In the case of progesterone and its derivatives progesterone proved to be the most effective inhibitor producing 50% inhibition of the repair process at about 5 mcM. The 11-keto and the 11-dehyro derivatives were much less effective as inhibitors as was medroxyprogesterone. In contrast to the estrogen and progesterone derivatives testosterone and its derivatives were generally much poorer inhibitors of repair. 17alpha-ethinyl derivatives were also tested and were effective inhibitors. Because the alkylating agents and X-rays used in tumor therapy cause chemical alterations in cellular DNA of a type which can be repaired by the excision repair inhibitory steroids it is suggested that repair inhibitory steroids may be useful in conjunction with treatment involving alkylating agents or X-rays.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Clustering analysis for gene expression data

The recent development of cDNA microarray allows ready access to large amount gene expression patterns for many genetic materials. Gene expression of tissue samples can be quantitatively analyzed by hybridizing fluor-tagged mRNA to targets on a cDNA microarray. Ratios of average expression level arising from co-hybridized normal and pathological samples are extracted via image segmentation, thus the gene expression pattern are obtained. The gene expression in a given biological process may provide a fingerprint of the sample development, or response to certain treatment. We propose a K-mean based algorithm in which gene expression levels fluctuate in parallel will be clustered together. The resulting cluster suggests some functional relationships between genes, and some known genes belongs to a unique functional classes shall provide indication for unknown genes in the same clusters.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Are Investment Banks Special Too? Evidence on Relationship‐Specific Capital in Investment Bank Services

The question of whether optimal provision of these services comes mainly from established relationships between banks and client firms or can result from arms'‐length market transactions has been the topic of considerable recent debate. This discussion has paralleled the debate in the commercial banking literature on the “specialness” of banks and whether lending can and should be relational or purely transactional. Whether the provision of investment bank services is relationship‐based or transactional is especially relevant now thanks to recent trends that have blurred the distinction between commercial and investment banks, and changed the competitive landscape for investment bank services. In their study summarized in this article, the authors examine whether investment bank‐client relationships create valuable relationship‐specific capital using stock market evidence from the period surrounding the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Specifically, they studied the effect of the Lehman collapse on companies that used Lehman for (1) underwriting equity offerings, (2) underwriting debt offerings, (3) advice on mergers and acquisitions, (4) analyst research services, and (5) market‐making services. The study addressed two specific questions. First, which investment bank services, if any, are associated with the creation of relationship‐specific capital; and second, what are the value drivers of this relationship capital?. The authors report finding that companies that used Lehman as lead underwriter for public equity offerings experienced significantly negative abnormal stock returns in the days surrounding Lehman's bankruptcy announcement. By contrast, they find no significant reaction to the announcement for Lehman's debt underwriting clients or any of the other client categories they examine. While most of these investment bank services have at least the potential to create relationship‐specific capital, the authors' findings suggest that except for equity underwriting, all the other investment bank services appear to be transactional rather than relationship‐based, at least in the average case. Moreover, the authors report significant differences even among different groups of Lehman's equity underwriting clients. An equity underwriting relationship with Lehman appears to have been especially valuable for smaller, younger, and more financially constrained firms - those firms which presumably had a high degree of dependence on Lehman to access the capital market.
Global Methylation in Exposure Biology and Translational Medical Science

Background: Many groups are actively investigating how the epigenetic state relates to environmental exposures and development of disease, including cancer. There are myriad choices for capturing a...
Geometrical Description in Binary Composites and Spectral Density Representation

In this review, the dielectric permittivity of dielectric mixtures is discussed in view of the spectral density representation method. A distinct representation is derived for predicting the dielectric properties, permittivities e, of mixtures. The presentation of the dielectric properties is based on a scaled permittivity approach, ξ = (ee − em)(ei − em)−1, where the subscripts e, m and i denote the dielectric permittivities of the effective, matrix and inclusion media, respectively [Tuncer, E. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2005, 17, L125]. This novel representation transforms the spectral density formalism to a form similar to the distribution of relaxation times method of dielectric relaxation. Consequently, I propose that any dielectric relaxation formula, i.e., the Havriliak-Negami empirical dielectric relaxation expression, can be adopted as a scaled permittivity. The presented scaled permittivity representation has potential to be improved and implemented into the existing data analyzing routines for dielectric relaxation; however, the information to extract would be the topological/morphological description in mixtures. To arrive at the description, one needs to know the dielectric properties of the constituents and the composite prior to the spectral analysis. To illustrate the strength of the representation and confirm the proposed hypothesis, the Landau-Lifshitz/Looyenga (LLL) [Looyenga, H. Physica 1965, 31, 401] expression is selected. The structural information of a mixture obeying LLL is extracted for different volume fractions of phases. Both an in-house computational tool based on the Monte Carlo method to solve inverse integral transforms and the proposed empirical scaled permittivity expression are employed to estimate the spectral density function of the LLL expression. The estimated spectral functions for mixtures with different inclusion concentration compositions show similarities; they are composed of a couple of bell-shaped distributions, with coinciding peak locations but different heights. It is speculated that the coincidence in the peak locations is an absolute illustration of the self-similar fractal nature of the mixture topology (structure) created with the LLL expression. Consequently, the spectra are not altered significantly with increased filler concentration level—they exhibit a self-similar spectral density function for different concentration levels. Last but not least, the estimated percolation strengths also confirm the fractal nature of the systems characterized by the LLL mixture expression. It is concluded that the LLL expression is suitable for complex composite systems that have hierarchical order in their structure. These observations confirm the finding in the literature.
Evidence for an early Plio-Pleistocene rainforest expansion in East Africa

The Plio-Pleistocene palaeoenvironmental history of the Turkana Basin and neighbouring areas in north Kenya and southern Ethiopia has been a matter of considerable interest due to the important palaeoanthropological, palaeoarchaeological and palaeontological discoveries that have been made in this region1–3. The consensus is that although environmental oscillations have certainly occurred over the past 4 Myr, Plio-Pleistocene environments were generally comparable to the modern environment of the area4. However, the recent recovery of two taxa presently characteristic of the central African rainforest—the anacardiacean tree Antrocaryon and the prosobranch gastropod Potadoma—from a restricted chronostratigraphic horizon dating at ∼3.3–3.4 Myr, at widely separated sites in the Turkana region, suggests that the general pattern of environmental stability was punctuated at this time by a brief but significant rainforest extension in East Africa. This brief humid interval apparently coincides with certain important molluscan immigrations, and can be broadly correlated with the first major episode of climatic deterioration in the Northern Hemisphere.
A Comparison of Four Catholic Groups on Well-Being and Religiosity

Abstract The current study analyzed the relationship between well-being and (1) marital status, and (2) religion among a sample of Catholics. We predicted that married Catholics would have the highest rates of well-being while the divorced would have the lowest rates. Those currently in a cohabitating relationship and who are remarried were predicted to fall in-between the married and divorced samples. We also predicted that the married would be the most integrated into the church while the cohabitants would be least. A total of 420 Catholic respondents were recruited from local church bulletins and Family Life groups. Results indicated support for the hypotheses. The married sample was much less likely to have seen a therapist and to feel that they were a failure. They had the greatest percentage agreeing that they were just as happy now as when they were younger and that they were satisfied with their mental and emotional health. The divorced scored lowest on five of the six measures of well-being. Resu...
Recent Developments in Lesbian and Gay Adoption Law

(2003). Recent Developments in Lesbian and Gay Adoption Law. Adoption Quarterly: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 73-84.
Days of Heaven and Waco: Terrence Malick's The Tree of Life

A review of Terrence Malick9s The Tree of Life which argues that the remarkable aesthetic ambition of the film and its great success in depicting a mid-century American childhood are to an extent undermined by its invocation of a benign divinity.
The diagonal representation of the grunsky operator

(1987). The diagonal representation of the grunsky operator. Complex Variables, Theory and Application: An International Journal: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 23-30.
Mapping of mangrove and perpendicular-oriented shell reefs in southeastern Panama with side-looking radar

Abstract The paper demonstrates the utility of radar imaging systems in cloud-cover plagued areas for mapping mangrove swamps and two related but seldom reported environmental features, non-vegetated zones and shell reefs. Discrimination between black and red mangrove is illustrated. The presence of these three tidal-zone features suggests that certain physical processes are or were active in the study area. More specifically, mangrove suggests tropical temperatures, fine-grained alluvium, and a low-energy environment. The non-vegetated zones delimit the position of spring tides and indicate a seasonal dry climate and a large tidal range. Shell reefs, which require a firm substratum, may demarcate previously abandoned distributary channels and/or indicate near-shore circulation patterns.
Increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in liver allograft rejection

Detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen is useful for the study of proliferative activity of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lymphoid, parenchymal, and mesenchymal cells. Allograft rejection is associated with the recruitment of circulating cells and their proliferation in the graft. The intrahepatic expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen on paraffin-embedded liver biopsy specimens (n = 110 from 32 patients) was examined by an avidin-biotin peroxidase method using a monoclonal antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The percentage of positive nuclei was determined in hepatocytes, biliary epithelium, and lymphocytes. There were four histologic groups: 1, moderate-to-severe rejection (n = 19); 2, mild rejection (n = 28); 3, nonspecific inflammation (n = 45); and 4, donor livers (n = 18). The percentage of positive nuclei was higher in group 1 compared to group 2 (hepatocytes p = 0.01; biliary epithelium p = 0.0007; lymphocytes p = 0.0001), to group 3 (hepatocytes p = 0.0002; biliary epithelium p = 0.0001; lymphocytes p = 0.0001), and to group 4 (for all three locations p < 0.0001). When group 2 was compared to group 3 the results were significant for biliary epithelium (p = 0.0001) and lymphocytes (p = 0.0001), but not for hepatocytes (p = 0.07). We conclude that proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression, especially in lymphocytes, correlates with the severity of histologic rejection. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression may be useful in predicting the progression and response to different antirejection therapies. Copyright © 1996 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
Morphology of polyethylene‐polypropylene blends

The morphology of blends of high-density polyethylene (PE) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) was studied by mesans of optical and scanning-electron microscopy. In the range of 10 to 90 percent by weight PE, these blends are two-phase systems, the components of which crystallize separately into discrete phases. The presence of PE has a definite and pronounced effect on the crystalline structure of the PP, whose spherulitic structure becomes increasingly irregular and coarse with increasing PE content. The light transmission of these blends during melting and crystallization was also studied in an attempt to characterize them.
Outcome Measurement in Home Health

Home health occupational therapists, as well as their colleagues in other settings, cannot afford to ignore the need for clear, objective, and reliable outcome measurements. Such measurement will provide patients and payers with information on the value and quality of specific occupational therapy services and their overall value to various patient populations.
Nonlinear propagation of negatively chirped pulses: maximizing the intensity at the output of a fiber probe

Summary form only given. When a short (100-fs) pulse in the 800-nm spectral region propagates in a fiber, normal dispersion induces a positive chirp in the pulse that exits the fiber. A grating pair may be used to pre-compensate the fiber dispersion, so that in the linear regime (low power) a transform-limited pulse may be obtained at the fiber output. A number of applications are envisaged for fiber probes, which require ultrashort pulses to appear at the exit face of the fiber; examples include time-resolved near-field scanning (NSOM) pump-probe experiments and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) excited through an NSOM tip. Because the signal in these applications involves the nonlinear excitation of the system under study, one requires that the peak intensity of the pulse at the fiber output be maximized. At moderate to high powers, though, self-phase modulation (SPM) acts to narrow the bandwidth of a negatively chirped pulse, thus increasing the pulse duration and lowering the expected TPF signal. Nevertheless, because the TPF increases with the square of the peak intensity, it can be maximized by increasing the energy per pulse as long as the pulsewidth increases sublinearly with pulse fluence. In the experiment, we have measured the pulse duration and two-photon fluorescence intensity as a function of the average pump power to see if we can gain in signal by going to higher powers at the expense of increased pulse width.
CONDITIONS FOR THE RETURN AND SIMULATION OF THE RECOVERY OF BURROWING MAYFLIES IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE

In the 1950s, burrowing mayflies, Hexagenia spp. (H. limbata and H. rigida), were virtually eliminated from the western basin of Lake Erie (a 3300 km2 area) because of eutrophication and pollution. We develop and present a deterministic model for the recolonization of the western basin by Hexagenia to pre-1953 densities. The model was based on the logistic equation describing the population growth of Hexagenia and a pre- sumed competitor, Chironomus (dipteran larvae). Other parameters (immigration, low ox- ygen, toxic sediments, competition with Chironomus, and fish predation) were then indi- vidually added to the logistic model to determine their effect at different growth rates. The logistic model alone predicts 10-41 yr for Hexagenia to recolonize western Lake Erie. Immigration reduced the recolonization time by 2-17 yr. One low-oxygen event during the first 20 yr increased recovery time by 5-17 yr. Contaminated sediments added 5-11 yr to the recolonization time. Competition with Chironomus added 8-19 yr to recovery. Fish predators added 4-47 yr to the time required for recolonization. The full model predicted 48-81 yr for Hexagenia to reach a carrying capacity of -350 nymphs/M2, or not until around the year 2038 if the model is started in 1990. The model was verified by changing model parameters to those present in 1970, beginning the model in 1970 and running it through 1990. Predicted densities overlapped almost completely with actual estimated densities of Hexagenia nymphs present in the western basin in Lake Erie in 1990. The model suggests that recovery of large aquatic ecosystems may lag sub- stantially behind remediation efforts.
Companion star of a binary millisecond pulsar

Binary pulsars offer important clues about the evolution of neutron stars. We have searched for and identified the companion star of the recently discovered1 binary millisecond pulsar PSR1855 + 09. The optical counterpart is compatible with a 0.3M⊙ white dwarf with a surface temperature of ∼5,900 K. This is in accord with currently accepted ideas on the genesis of such a fast binary pulsar2. The low temperature of the white dwarf implies that the system is >109yr old. Such an old pulsar is not easily accounted for by the conventional theory, in which the pulsar ceases to be active after its magnetic field decays, a process believed to take ∼107 yr.
Pulsars With Jets May Harbor Dynamically Important Accretion Disks

For many astrophysical sources with jets, there is evidence for the contemporaneous presence of disks. In contrast, pulsars such as the Crab and Vela show jets but have not yet revealed direct evidence for accretion disks. Here we show that for such pulsars, an accretion disk radiating below detectable thresholds may simultaneously account for (1) observed deviations in the braking indices from that of the simple dipole, (2) observed pulsar timing ages, and (3) possibly even the jet morphology via a disk outflow that interacts with the pulsar wind within, collimating and/or redirecting it.
HISTORICAL SEPARATION AND PRESENT GENE FLOW THROUGH A ZONE OF SECONDARY CONTACT IN PONDEROSA PINE.

I examined the effects of historical division and secondary contact between eastern and western varieties of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws Pinaceae) on extant patterns of genetic variation. Fossil and biogeographic evidence both indicate that the current point of contact between these two varieties represents secondary contact following historical separation during the Wisconsin glaciation. Current gene flow was assessed by observing the degree of introgression of paternally inherited cpDNA and maternally inherited mtDNA polymorphisms. Both seeds and pollen are wind dispersed in ponderosa pine. Introgression was primarily from west to east, the direction of the prevailing wind, for both organelles, but introgression of cpDNA far exceeded that of mtDNA. Thus pollen is the main agent of contemporary gene flow between the two varieties. Neither seeds nor pollen showed enough introgression since secondary contact to have homogenized the two gene pools. However, allozyme differentiation was minimal. This calls into question assumptions of selective neutrality for at least some of the markers. Theory predicts that nuclear markers will show a high locus-to-locus variance of FST following historical separation. This prediction is confirmed by the allozyme data for ponderosa pine, and may provide a useful means of identifying historical separations from allele frequency data.
Retention of Multiple-Task Performance: Age-Related Differences

This study examined the relationship between retention of both multiple-task performance and the micro-components of a complex task. Young and older adults trained on a synthetic work task (Elsmore, 1994) with both groups acquiring skill in performing the complex task. After a five month retention period, older adults' initial performance on the multiple-task declined significantly more than younger adults. Both groups of adults regained their final trained level of performance after only four 5-minute trials. However, throughout the retention trials older adults only emphasized a single component of the complex task. Young adults successfully allocated attention to all task components. These and other aspects of the data suggest that a major locus of age-related decline in complex task performance is due to differential loss in strategic allocation of attention to component tasks. The data also show how measuring multiple-task performance may underestimate lack of component processing efficiency.
Application of cell-image analysis to the diagnosis of cellular atypias in sputum: a review.

The incidence of carcinoma of the lung continues to steadily rise, and attempts at early diagnosis to improve prognosis have not yet been rewarding. The goal of our research is to decrease the incidence of lung cancer by detecting premalignant bronchial dysplasias in individuals in whom development of lung cancer is potentially preventable. To achieve this, we have developed an atypia status index (ASI)--the assignment of numerical values to the various stages of atypical bronchial epithelial cells in sputum, and a cell atypia profile (CAP)--an ASI-generated scale of 200 such atypical bronchial epithelial cells in a single sputum specimen. Computerized cell-image analysis techniques and statistical data analysis are used to generate the ASIs and CAPs for each subject. This study is a step toward the development of an automated cell-image analysis system for mass screening of premalignant atypias in sputum of those considered at high risk for lung cancer (i.e., men and women of 40 yr of age and older, with more than 20 pack-yr of cigarette smoking).
Ionospheric vortices could explain Saturn's anomalous magnetic field

Thought to be produced by convection deep within the planet's interior, Saturn's magnetic field stands out among those of the solar system's gas giants in that it has a relatively simple structure and that it is nearly perfectly symmetrical about the planet's rotation axis. However, researchers have noticed some recurring anomalies: periodic changes in plasma density, magnetic field, energetic particle populations, emitted radiation, plasma sheet properties, and others. Analyzing these periodic shifts more closely, researchers noticed that the recurrence interval of the anomalies was different for the planet's northern and southern hemispheres. Further, they noted that the period of the variations themselves can change with time, at a rate of roughly 1% per year.
Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation Does Not Affect Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Breast-fed Term Infants at One Year of Age• 1584

Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation Does Not Affect Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Breast-fed Term Infants at One Year of Age• 1584
A Futuristic Research Agenda for the Field of Franchising

This brief paper summarizes the sweeping changes taking place within the North American franchising reality and extols franchising researchers to venture forth into novel arenas of investigation. I...
Niagara falls: 60 years of power

This year marks the 60th anniversary of the development of power from Niagara Falls, and consequently of the electric power industry. Although there were earlier d-c and single-phase stations, Niagara was the first power utility. In recognition of this fact, and in view of recent proposals for its further development, this timely history of Niagara power is presented.
Comparison of a modified assay method for the endopeptidase marker Ep‐D1b with the Sequence Tag Site marker XustSSR2001–7DL for strawbreaker foot rot resistance in wheat

The endopeptidase marker Ep-D1b and Sequence Tag Site (STS) marker XustSSR2001-7DL were reported to be closely associated with the most effective resistance gene (Pch1) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for strawbreaker foot rot [Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton]. Our objectives were to: (i) develop an efficient assay method for Ep-D1b in wheat; (ii) correlate endopeptidase zymograms to strawbreaker foot rot reactions of various wheat genotypes; and (iii) compare the utility of Ep-D1b and XustSSR2001-7DL for predicting disease response. An improved method of assaying for the Ep-D1b marker using roots from a single seedling was developed, which is a 2.5-fold improvement over the previous method. Thirty-eight wheat genotypes with known reactions to strawbreaker foot rot were analysed for Ep-D1b and the STS marker. Six distinct endopeptidase zymograms were identified among these 38 genotypes tested, and three of these patterns were novel. The endopeptidase marker was 100% accurate for predicting strawbreaker foot rot disease response, whereas the STS marker predicted the correct phenotype with approximately 90% accuracy. The endopeptidase marker Ep-D1b was more effective and was more economical for use in marker-assisted selection strategies for Pch1 in our laboratory compared with the STS marker.
Epiphany and the Spiritual Quest in TOM JONES

The conjunction of the words epiphany and literature will likely evoke associations with modernist authors such as James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, and Flannery O’Connor. Based in part upon Joyce's app...
The effect of acute and chronic lithium administration on the superior cervical ganglion of the cat

Summary The effects of acute and chronic administration of lithium chloride on the superior cervical ganglion of the cat were investigated. The responses of the nictitating membrane to DMPP (50 μg/kg, i.v.) and norepinephrine (20 μg/kg, i.v.) and to preganglionic nerve stimulation were not significantly affected following acute as well as chronic lithium administration. The results suggest that acute or chronic lithium administration does not have a significant effect on adrenergic mechanism, in serum concentrations found clinically useful in the treatment of manic-depressive disease.
Neoplastic versus traumatic spinal cord injury: An outcome comparison after inpatient rehabilitation

Abstract Objective: To compare outcomes of patients with neoplastic spinal cord compression (SCC) to outcomes of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) after inpatient rehabilitation. Design: A comparison between patients with a diagnosis of neoplastic SCC admitted to an SCI rehabilitation unit and patients with a diagnosis of traumatic SCI admitted to the regional Model Spinal Cord Injury Centers over a 5-year period, controlling for age, neurologic level of injury, and American Spinal Injury Association impairment classification. Setting: Tertiary university medical centers. Patients: Twenty-nine patients with neoplastic SCC and 29 patients with SCI of traumatic etiology who met standard rehabilitation admission criteria. Main Outcome Measures: Acute and rehabilitation hospital length of stay (LOS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, FIM change, FIM efficiency, and discharge rates to home. Results: Patients with neoplastic SCC had a significantly ( p Conclusions: Patients with neoplastic SCC can achieve rates of functional gain comparable to those of their counterparts with traumatic SCI. While patients with traumatic SCI achieve greater functional improvement, patients with neoplastic SCC have a shorter rehabilitation LOS and can achieve comparable success with discharge to the community.
Orientational behavior of molecular liquids in restricted geometries

Subpicosecond optical birefringence techniques have been employed to probe directly the rotational dynamics of topologically different molecular liquids confined within porous sol-gel glasses. The glasses have extremely high surface areas with uniform and controllable pore diameters, allowing a systematic evaluation of the liquid behavior as a function of its geometrical confinement. Results with wetting and nonwetting liquids reveal differences between the dynamics of the surface layer and that of the bulk, thereby providing a method of calculating equilibrium properties of the adsorbed film.
Macrophages Sequester Clofazimine in an Intracellular Liquid Crystal-Like Supramolecular Organization

Clofazimine is a poorly-soluble but orally-bioavailable small molecule drug that massively accumulates in macrophages when administered over prolonged periods of time. To determine whether crystal-like drug inclusions (CLDIs) that form in subcellular spaces correspond to pure clofazimine crystals, macrophages of clofazimine-fed mice were elicited with an intraperitoneal thioglycollate injection. Inside these cells, CLDIs appeared uniform in size and shape, but were sensitive to illumination. Once removed from cells, CLDIs were unstable. Unlike pure clofazimine crystals, isolated CLDIs placed in distilled water burst into small birefringent globules, which aggregated into larger clusters. Also unlike pure clofazimine crystals, CLDIs fragmented when heated, and disintegrated in alkaline media. In contrast to all other organelles, CLDIs were relatively resistant to sonication and trypsin digestion, which facilitated their biochemical isolation. The powder x-ray diffraction pattern obtained from isolated CLDIs was consistent with the diffraction pattern of liquid crystals and inconsistent with the expected molecular diffraction pattern of solid, three dimensional crystals. Observed with the transmission electron microscope (TEM), CLDIs were bounded by an atypical double-layered membrane, approximately 20 nanometers thick. CLDIs were polymorphic, but generally exhibited an internal multilayered organization, comprised of stacks of membranes 5 to 15 nanometers thick. Deep-etch, freeze-fracture electron microscopy of unfixed snap-frozen tissue samples confirmed this supramolecular organization. These results suggest that clofazimine accumulates in macrophages by forming a membrane-bound, multilayered, liquid crystal-like, semi-synthetic cytoplasmic structure.
An analysis and categorization of twist drill grinding machines

Abstract The presently available twist drill grinding machines evolved over a long period of time. They are products of engineering ingenuity through trial and error. A recently developed mathematical model of twist drill geometry has made it possible to analyze and categorize the various types of drill grinding machine that exist. The analysis identified design deficiencies in existing drill grinders and pointed out an efficient way to design a new drill grinder.
Interference Modeling and Avoidance in Spectrum Underlay Cognitive Wireless Networks

In spectrum underlay cognitive wireless networks, secondary nodes need to limit their aggregate interference on the primary receiving nodes. The trends for interference modeling has been either indiscriminate use of Central Limit Theorem to model the aggregate interference as a Gaussian random variable or by application of the Campbell's Theorem and approximating the probability density function of interference from its cumulants (e.g., by using Edgeworth or Gram-Charlier series). In the latter case, the theorem can be applied only when the interfering nodes have the same power level. In this paper, we deviate from the previous trends of interference modeling in following ways: 1) We allow the secondary neighbors of a primary node to have arbitrary power levels. 2) We split the set of interfering neighbors of a primary node into non-Gaussian (close neighbors) and Gaussian (far neighbors) interferers. For the case of Log-normal fading, we show that an accurate model for interference is sum of a Normal and a Log-normal random variables. We proceed to obtain an upper bound for the complementary cumulative distribution function of interference and show its tightness through simulation. Simulations results confirm the accuracy of the proposed model. Finally, we propose adjustable interference avoidance strategies and show that interference constraint is satisfied using these strategies.
A Rorschach Experiment with Six, Seven, and Eight Year Old Children

(1957). A Rorschach Experiment with Six, Seven, and Eight Year Old Children. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 166-171.