cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Referential Gaze and Perspective-taking in Infants

To understand the development of infant comprehension of visual obstructions and perspective-taking, this study tested the ability of N = 28 infants at 14, 16, and 18 months to adapt attention-sharing to visual constraints. An experimental task investigated how infants modify gaze following behaviors when an adult’s line of sight is obstructed by a barrier. From 14 to 18 months, infants gradually learned to modify their search behavior when an adult looked toward a referent hidden behind a barrier from the infant’s perspective. This suggests development of perspective-taking during this period. It also reveals age-related changes in infants’ understanding of contextual effects on others’ referential gaze in visually complex environments. Furthermore, the results address debates about “rich” versus “lean” theories of shared attention and intentionality.
Cytoarchitecture of the mouse brain by high resolution diffusion magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract MRI has been widely used to probe the neuroanatomy of the mouse brain, directly correlating MRI findings to histology is still challenging due to the limited spatial resolution and various image contrasts derived from water relaxation or diffusion properties. Magnetic resonance histology has the potential to become an indispensable research tool to mitigate such challenges. In the present study, we acquired high spatial resolution MRI datasets, including diffusion MRI (dMRI) at 25 ​μm isotropic resolution and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) at 21.5 ​μm isotropic resolution to validate with conventional mouse brain histology. Diffusion weighted images (DWIs) show better delineation of cortical layers and glomeruli in the olfactory bulb than fractional anisotropy (FA) maps. However, among all the image contrasts, including quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), T1/T2∗ images and DTI metrics, FA maps highlight unique laminar architecture in sub-regions of the hippocampus, including the strata of the dentate gyrus and CA fields of the hippocampus. The mean diffusivity (MD) and axial diffusivity (AD) yield higher correlation with DAPI (0.62 and 0.71) and NeuN (0.78 and 0.74) than with NF-160 (−0.34 and −0.49). The correlations between FA and DAPI, NeuN, and NF-160 are 0.31, −0.01, and −0.49, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that MRI at microscopic resolution deliver a three-dimensional, non-invasive and non-destructive platform for characterization of fine structural detail in both gray matter and white matter of the mouse brain.
14.02 – Multistage Carcinogenesis: Cell and Animal Models

Carcinogenesis is a multistage process that involves numerous etiologies that work at different stages. Our ability to dissect oncogenic events is largely dependent on the availability of model systems that recapitulate human carcinogenesis at pathological and molecular levels. With the progress in molecular and cell biology, studies with cell model systems have produced many important conceptual advances for our understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis. In parallel, animal models are required to provide the tissue and the systemic contexts of carcinogenesis and to validate molecular predictions and targeting opportunities in cancer prevention and treatment. With the development of genetically engineered mouse models, it is possible to define the function and dynamics of genetic alterations at discrete steps in carcinogenesis. The cooperative models that bridge cell culture and corresponding animal sites offer simple and quantitative approaches to evaluate the oncogenic potential of carcinogens (chemical, viral, and physical agents) as well as the roles of discrete candidate cancer genes in carcinogenesis. The choice of a model is of importance and should take into account the cell/tissue type of origin, the complexity of carcinogenesis, the variety of carcinogen and therapeutic reagents to be tested, and the relevance to human cancer.
Cushing's Syndrome

The term ‘Cushing's syndrome’ refers to any state of glucocorticoid excess and its associated clinical manifestations. The most common cause is exogenous glucocorticoid administration, either as replacement therapy or for pharmacological actions, most commonly immunosuppression. Endogenous Cushing's syndrome can be either adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) dependent or independent. If ACTH dependent, the cause is most commonly a pituitary tumor secreting ACTH with impaired negative feedback from high circulating cortisol concentrations, or a neuroendocrine tumor producing ACTH ectopically. If ACTH independent, it is due to the autonomous function of one or both adrenal glands, including adrenal adenomas, adrenocortical carcinomas, and micronodular or macronodular hyperplasia. The clinical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome are protean and reflect the catabolic actions of cortisol on skin, muscle, bone, liver, and fat.
Functional and Cognitive Decline Among Older Adults After High-Risk Surgery.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether older adults are at higher risk of lasting functional and cognitive decline after surgery, and the impact of decline on survival and healthcare use. Summary background data Patient-centered outcomes after surgery are poorly characterized. Methods Using data from the Health and Retirement Study linked with Medicare, we matched older adults (≥65 years) who underwent one of 163 high-risk elective operations (ie, inpatient mortality of ≥1%) with nonsurgical controls between 1992 and 2012. Functional decline was defined as an increase in the number of activities of daily living (ADLs) and/or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) requiring assistance from baseline. Cognitive decline was defined by worse response to a test of memory and mental processing from baseline. Using logistic regression, we examined whether surgery was associated with functional and cognitive decline, and whether declines were associated with poorer survival and increased healthcare use. Results The matched cohort of patients who did not undergo surgery consisted of 3591 (75%) participants compared to 1197 (25%) who underwent surgery. Patients who underwent surgery were at higher risk of functional and cognitive declines [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-1.87 and aOR 1.32, 95% CI: 1.03-1.71]. Declines were associated with poorer long-term survival [hazard ratio (HR) 1.67, 95% CI: 1.43-1.94 and HR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.15-1.58], and were significantly associated with nearly all measures of increased healthcare utilization (P Conclusion Older adults undergoing high-risk surgery are at increased risk of developing lasting functional and cognitive declines.
Have State Supreme Court Elections Nationalized

Over the past several years, scholars of political behavior have become increasingly interested in the nationalization of U.S. elections. Research has shown that there is now a strong connection be...
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Reconstruction with Deep Neural Network for Improved Contrast and In-Depth Resolution

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) provides 3D reconstruction which reduces the superposition and overlapping of breast tissues compared to mammography, leading to increased sensitivity and specificity. However, due to the limited angular sampling, DBT images are still accompanied with severe artifacts and limited in-depth resolution. In this paper, we proposed a deep learning-based DBT reconstruction method to mitigate the limited angular artifacts and improve in-depth resolution. An unroll-type neural network was used with decoupled training for each unroll to reduce training-time computational cost. A novel region of interest loss on inserted microcalcifications was further proposed to improve the spatial resolution and contrast of the microcalcifications. The network was trained and tested on 176 realistic breast phantoms, and improved in-plane contrast (3.17 versus 0.43, p < 0.01) and in-depth resolution (1.19 mm versus 4.96 mm, p < 0.01) was demonstrated by the proposed method compare to iterative reconstruction.
Self-assembly behavior of experimentally realizable lobed patchy particles

We report simulation studies on the self-assembly behavior of five different types of lobed patchy particles of different shapes (snowman, dumbbell, trigonal planar, square planar, and tetrahedral). Inspired by an experimental method of synthesizing patchy particles (Wang et al., Nature, 2012, 491, 51-55), we control the lobe size indirectly by gradually varying the seed diameter and study its effect on self-assembled structures at different temperatures. Snowman shaped particles self-assemble only at a lower temperature and form two-dimensional sheets, elongated micelles, and spherical micelles, depending on the seed diameter. Each of the four other lobed particles self-assemble into four distinct morphologies (random aggregates, spherical aggregates, liquid droplets, and crystalline structures) for a given lobe size and temperature. We observed temperature-dependent transitions between two morphologies depending on the type of the lobed particle. The self-assembled structures formed by these four types of particles are porous. We show that their porosities can be tuned by controlling the lobe size and temperature.
Skeletal muscle tissue secretes more extracellular vesicles than white adipose tissue and myofibers are a major source ex vivo but not in vivo

Abstract Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biomarkers of and contributors to the etiology of disease. Skeletal muscle (SkM) and white adipose tissue (WAT) are the two largest organs by mass in humans and rodents but the relative contribution of EVs from these tissues is unknown. We hypothesized that SkM tissue secretes more EVs than WAT and that a dual fluorescent reporter mouse could be used to detect SkM myofiber-derived EVs in vivo. Human Protein Atlas data and directly measuring EV secretion in mouse SkM and WAT using an ex vivo tissue explant model confirmed that SkM tissue secretes more EVs than WAT. Differences in EV secretion between SkM and WAT were not due to SkM contraction but may be explained by differences in tissue metabolic capacity. A SkM myofiber-specific dual fluorescent reporter mouse was created. Spectral flow cytometry revealed that SkM myofibers are a major source of SkM tissue-derived EVs ex vivo but few reach the circulation in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that SkM secretes more EVs than WAT and many come from SkM myofibers, but our in vivo data indicate that EVs secreted by SkM myofibers may remain primarily in their local extracellular environment.
Exact results of the Kitaev model on a hexagonal lattice: spin states, string and brane correlators, and anyonic excitations

In this work, we illustrate how a Jordan?Wigner transformation combined with symmetry considerations enables a direct solution of Kitaev's model on the honeycomb lattice. We (i) express the p-wave type fermionic ground states of this system in terms of the original spins, (ii) adduce that symmetry alone dictates the existence of string and planar brane type correlators and their composites, (iii) compute the value of such non-local correlators by employing the Jordan?Wigner transformation, (iv) affirm that the spectrum is inconsequential to the existence of topological quantum order and that such information is encoded in the states themselves and (v) express the local symmetries of Kitaev's model and the anyonic character of the excitations in terms of fermions.
A primitive type of renin-expressing lymphocyte protects the organism against infections

The hormone renin plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Normally, renin is synthesized by juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, a specialized group of myoepithelial cells located near the entrance to the kidney glomeruli. In response to low blood pressure and/or a decrease in extracellular fluid volume (as it occurs during dehydration, hypotension, or septic shock) JG cells respond by releasing renin to the circulation to reestablish homeostasis. Interestingly, renin-expressing cells also exist outside of the kidney, where their function has remained a mystery. We discovered a unique type of renin-expressing B-1 lymphocyte that may have unrecognized roles in defending the organism against infections. These cells synthesize renin, entrap and phagocyte bacteria and control bacterial growth. The ability of renin-bearing lymphocytes to control infections-which is enhanced by the presence of renin-adds a novel, previously unsuspected dimension to the defense role of renin-expressing cells, linking the endocrine control of circulatory homeostasis with the immune control of infections to ensure survival.
The Distinctiveness of Religion: An Introduction and Response to Readers

This introduction and concluding response bookend the contributions to a book review roundtable on Kathleen A. Brady’s The Distinctiveness of Religion in American Law: Rethinking Religion Clause Jurisprudence (Cambridge University Press, 2015), published in the Journal of Law and Religion in 2018. Over the past several decades, religion’s traditional distinctiveness under the First Amendment has been challenged by courts and scholars as religious and nonreligious convictions are increasingly seen as interchangeable and special treatment as unfair. In its recent decisions, the Supreme Court has made clear that religion will continue to be treated differently, but we lack a persuasive account of religion’s uniqueness that can justify and inform these differences. Drawing on founding-era thought illuminated by study in the fields of theology, philosophy and phenomenology of religion, and comparative religion, The Distinctiveness of Religion in American Law seeks to develop such an account and, from this account, to articulate a new framework for religion clause decision making. It then illustrates this framework in the context of current conflicts regarding the protection of individual religious conscience. The Distinctiveness of Religion in American Law argues in favor of a strong right of exemption when the government substantially burdens practices essential to the believer’s relationship to the divine, a supplemental minimally protective right for other conflicts, and generous room for legislative and administrative protections where accommodations are not required. These proposals afford protections for religious conscience that are robust, workable and fair, and they encourage religious believers and government officials to work together to develop mutually acceptable solutions to conflicts whenever possible. The book ends with a surprising conclusion: appreciating the distinctiveness of religion provides stronger foundations for protecting secular conscience than does viewing religious and nonreligious commitments as interchangeable. The scholarly reviews to which this reply responds probe a number of aspects of the book’s argument including its engagement with historical sources, its account of religion’s distinctiveness, and the workability of its proposals. These reviews raise important issues, and this reply takes the opportunity to elaborate on some of the ideas developed in the book.
PLSec: A novel, liquid biomarker for HCC risk

Cirrhosis confers a variable risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the risk varies significantly depending upon ill-defined factors. In this issue of Med, Fujiwara et al. 1 use hepatic gene signatures and computational analysis to develop a streamlined, robust blood-based predictor of HCC risk in this population.
Help-Seeking Behaviors in Research Data Management

Investigations on the help-seeking behavior of academic library patrons have to date primarily focused on the undergraduate experience, most often in the context of reference interactions. This study seeks to explore the help-seeking behaviors of a different audience - faculty in the natural and physical sciences at an R2 land-grant university. Eighteen faculty in the natural and physical sciences at the University of Idaho were individually interviewed using an in-depth qualitative interview format and all transcripts were coded and analyzed using an open transcript data visualization tool created at the University of Idaho Library. Responses revealed that faculty are seeking help from colleagues; peers outside the university, via connections formed in graduate school or professional circles; and through DIY solutions like "just googling it," but less often through university resources and programs. Using the results of this project as a starting point, we will explore how libraries might better understand the help-seeking behavior of research faculty, with an eye towards developing services and sources that better meet faculty research needs.
Critical genetic program for Drosophila imaginal disc regeneration revealed by single-cell analysis

Whether regeneration is primarily accomplished by re-activating gene regulatory networks used previously during development or by activating novel regeneration-specific transcriptional programs remains a longstanding question. Currently, most genes implicated in regeneration also function during development. Using single-cell transcriptomics in regenerating Drosophila wing discs, we identified two regeneration-specific cell populations within the blastema. They are each composed of cells that upregulate multiple genes encoding secreted proteins that promote regeneration. In this regenerative secretory zone, the transcription factor Ets21C controls the expression of multiple regeneration-promoting genes. While eliminating Ets21C function has no discernible effect on development, it severely compromises regeneration. This Ets21C-dependent gene regulatory network is also activated in blastema-like cells in tumorous discs, suggesting that pro-regenerative mechanisms can be co-opted by tumors to promote aberrant growth.
Polychlorinated biphenyls: Occurrence and biological effects

The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB’s) have come to prominence recently because of the substantial levels that have been found in the environment and because of claims that feed contaminated by these materials had caused reproductive failure in chickens (Picrirallo 1971). A recent review in this book series (Reynolds 1971) has covered the problems of analysis in the presence of pesticide residues and this aspect will not be covered here. This review will be concerned with the levels found in the environment and an evaluation of toxicological and physiological effects.
$\Upsilon(1S)-->\gamma(\eta',\eta,f_2(1270))$ decays

$\Upsilon(1s)\to\gamma(\eta',\eta, f_2(1270))$ are studied by an approach in which the glueball components of these mesons play dominant role. Strong dependence on quark mass has been found in the decays $(J/\psi, \Upsilon(1s))\to\gamma(\eta',\eta)$. Very small decay rates of $\Upsilon(1s)\to\gamma(\eta',\eta)$ are predicted. d-wave dominance has been found in $\Upsilon(1s)\to\gamma f_2(1270)$, which leads to larger $B(\Upsilon(1s)\to\gamma f_2(1270)).$
Quantitative experimental assessment of pain and hyperalgesia in animals and underlying neural mechanisms.

Publisher Summary The primary aim of this chapter is to critically examine the use of acute noxious stimuli to assess pain in normal animals and in animal models of persistent pain. The new strategies are suggested to examine nomifensine behavior evoked by controlled stimuli over a wide range of stimulus intensities in assessing underlying neural mechanisms and treatments. As pain is normally a conscious perception, a more realistic animal model might incorporate a cognitive-evaluative component associated with nocifensive behavior. For this reason, this chapter develops the operant response model that requires the rat to perceive and respond to a noxious stimulus with a bar-press. It is interesting that rats respond over a higher range of stimulus intensities in this paradigm compared to the measure of tail flick reflex force. One might speculate that the operant response is a measure of the motivation of the animal working to avoid the noxious stimuli or of the probability that the animal will or will not tolerate it. On the other hand, in human studies using identical noxious radiant heat stimuli, the threshold for reflexive limb withdrawal was higher compared to that for pain sensation. However, the fact that subjects knew the stimuli would not cause tissue damage may have influenced their withdrawal threshold. These observations further underscore the need for caution in extrapolating from measures.
Software Quality and Development Speed in Global Software Development Teams - The Role of Previous Working Ties and National Diversity

The paper draws on information processing theory to propose that national diversity creates barriers to the integration of information among members of global software development teams, negatively impacting software quality and development speed. However, the effect of such relationships was expected to be contingent upon the amount of time that team members had worked together in the past (i.e., previous working ties). Hypotheses were tested in a field study involving 62 global software development teams distributed across Europe and Central and South America. Teams with high levels of previous working ties developed greater quality software at a faster pace. National diversity had a positive effect on software quality in teams with high levels of previous working ties, but a negative effect in teams with low levels of previous working ties. National diversity also had a negative impact on software development speed, but the effect was less pronounced among teams with high levels of previous working ties than on teams low in previous working ties.
Congestion-Free Routing of Streaming Multimedia Content in BMIN-Based Parallel Systems

Multimedia servers are increasingly employing parallel systems for the retrieval, scheduling and delivery of streaming multimedia content. However, given non-zero blocking probabilities in interconnection networks of most real parallel systems, jitter-free constant-rate delivery of streaming data cannot often be guaranteed. Such a guarantee can be best accomplished through the elimination of all congestion in the network. In this paper, we focus on folded Benes BMIN networks and achieve a fast con vergence to congestion-free transmissions using an approach that combines flow-based adaptive routing with a distributed version of Opferman's loopailnggorithm. This com bined approach significantly reduces the buffering requirements at the receiving stations. In addition, it also achieves a low start-up delay, important for interactive web-based multimedia applications.
Hypersonic attenuation in the vicinity of the superfluid transition of liquid helium

The attenuation of first sound has been measured in the vicinity of the lambda transition of liquid helium in a number of experiments and at frequencies between 16.8 kHz and 1 GHz. The experiments of Williams and Rudnick 1 have shown that for frequencies between 600 kHz and 3.17 MHz the attenuation maximum occurs at a temperature T p below T λ such that ω|T λ - T p |−1 =const, where ω is the angular frequency. The temperature relative to T λ at which the maximum occurs and the amplitude of the maximum are both proportional to the frequency in the range 16.8 kHz to 3.17 MHz. The data were interpreted by assuming that the attenuation was due to independent mechanisms in addition to the classical absorption due to thermal and viscous losses: (1) a relaxation process occurring only below the lambda point, described by Pokrovskii and Khalatnikov,2 in which the relevant relaxation time is given by ξ/C 2 where ξ is a coherence length and C 2 is the velocity of second sound [near T λ this time is proportional to (T λ — T)−1]; and (2) a critical attenuation which is nonsingular and symmetric about TA due to inherent fluctuations of the order parameter. Other experiments were performed at a frequency of 1 GHz3 over a wide temperature range. In the vicinity of the lambda transition they showed that the attenuation undergoes a very sharp maximum and that the peak is nonsingular and occurs 3–4 m°K below the lambda point. These measurements, however, were performed in an open bath and it was not possible to reach the submillidegree accuracy which is necessary to firmly establish confidence in the location of the peak.
Diffusion in Rare Gas Solids

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Neon 3 Krypton 4 Xenon 5 Self-Diffusion in Rare Gas Solids 6 Hydrogen in Rare Gas Solids 7 Acknowledgements 8 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Combining passive visual cameras and active IMU sensors to track cooperative people

We attack the problem of persistently tracking cooperative people such as children, the elderly or patients by combining passive tracking and active tracking techniques. Passive tracking uses visual signals from surveillance cameras, but vision based people tracking becomes a hard problem in challenging scenarios such as long-term/heavy occlusion, people changing their movement patterns during occlusion, or people temporarily moving out of the visual field. Active tracking uses sensor signals from Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) carried by targets themselves. IMU-based tracking is independent of visual signals, so it keeps working when people are visually occluded and offers clues where the target could be, helping the visual tracking to reidentify the target. Meanwhile, when visual signals on people are available, visual tracking can calibrate IMU-based tracking to avoid sensor drift. The experimental results show that the IMU and visual tracking are complementary to each other and their combination performs robustly on tracking cooperative people in many challenging scenarios.
Mixing of Columbia River and Ocean Waters in Summer

Mixing between Columbia River water and the adjacent ocean water is a two-stage process controlled primarily by high river discharge. The first-stage mixing, of fresh water of the river and upwelled deeper ocean water, occurs within the estuary and yields low-salinity water. The second-stage mixing, of seaward-flowing low-saline water and deeper ocean water, occurs primarily in the transition area within 20 km of the river, and adds additional nitrate and phosphate. During summer the river is the dominant contributor of dissolved silicate. Because of summer photosynthetic depletion, the river contributes virtually no nitrate; the deep ocean water contributes most of the phosphate and nearly all the nitrate. In’the oceanic area, the low-salinity surface water lies above the surface ocean water which inhibits further upward nutrient transfer by mixing. Nitrate is depleted within 30 km of the river. The lack of nitrate therefore limits photo synthetic activity in the surface ocean layers.
Systemic absorption of oral cholestyramine

Abstract A patient with Clostridium difficile -toxin colitis was treated with oral cholestyramine, but died of other causes 15 days later. At autopsy, the colitis had resolved, but cholestyramine particles were found within the vessels of most body tissues, most prominently in his ulcerated distal esophagus. Clusters of bacteria were found adjacent to some of the cholestyramine particles, suggesting a common portal of entry.
EGOISM, THE 'CULT OF MAN' AND THE NEW AGE MOVEMENT

Time, events, or the unaided individual action of the mind will sometimes undermine or destroy an opinion without any outward sign of change ... No conspiracy has been formed to make war on it, but its followers one by one noiselessly secede. As its opponents remain mute or only interchange their thoughts by stealth, they are themselves unaware for a long period that a great revolution has actually been effected.
The boron oxide–boric acid system: Nanoscale mechanical and wear properties

The film that forms spontaneously when boron oxide (B2O3) is exposed to humid air is a solid lubricant. This film is usually assumed to be boric acid (H3BO3), the stable bulk phase. We describe the nanometer-scale surface morphology, mechanical properties, and tribological properties of these films and compare them with crystals precipitated from saturated solutions of boric acid. Scanning force microscopy (SFM) and low-load indentation were the primary experimental tools. Mechanical properties and their variation with depth are reported. In all cases, the surfaces were covered with a layer that has different mechanical properties than the underlying bulk. The films formed on boron oxide showed no evidence of crystalline structure. A thin surface layer was rapidly removed, followed by slower wear of the underlying film. The thickness of this initial layer was sensitive to sample preparation conditions, including humidity. Friction on the worn surface was lower than on the as-formed surface in all cases. In contrast, the SFM tip was unable to cause any wear to the surface film on the precipitated crystals. Indentation pop-in features were common for precipitated crystals but did not occur on the films formed on boron oxide. The surface structures were more complex than assumed in models put forth previously to explain the mechanism of lubricity in the boron oxide–boric acid–water system.
Behavior Problems and Timing of Menarche: A Developmental Longitudinal Biometrical Analysis Using the NLSY-Children Data

A powerful longitudinal data source, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Children data, allows measurement of behavior problems (BP) within a developmental perspective linking them to menarcheal timing (MT). In a preliminary analysis, we evaluate the bivariate relationships between BP measured at different developmental periods and the timing of menarche. Correlations were not consistent with any correlational/causal relationship between BP and MT. In the major part of our study, MT was used to moderate the developmental trajectory of BP, within a genetically-informed design. Girls reaching menarche early had behavior problem variance accounted for by the shared environment; those reaching menarche with average/late timing had behavior problem differences accounted for by genetic variance. Our findings match previous empirical results in important ways, and also extend those results. A theoretical interpretation is offered in relation to a theory linking genetic/shared environmental variance to flexibility and choices available within the family in relation to BP.
Prime rate changes and returns to industries: Announcement period evidence

Abstract This study documents the announcement date reaction of industry equity indices to prime lending rate changes. Although prime rate changes are widely believed to be anticipated by both academicians and market practitioners, the evidence presented indicates these announcements contain information relevant for security pricing. The broad market and many sector and industry groupings exhibit significant mean announcement period reactions in the direction opposite to the prime rate change. In addition, this reaction is fairly consistent, indicating the results are not driven by a few outliers.
Reactions of 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4-ol (Aldoxane) with Deoxyguanosine and DNA

In a recent study, we identified several new DNA adducts of the carcinogen acetaldehyde, including N2-(2,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)deoxyguanosine (N2-aldoxane-dG, 2). Our goal in this study was to...
An Hh-dependent pathway in lateral plate mesoderm enables the generation of left/right asymmetry.

Summary Breaking bilateral symmetry is critical for vertebrate morphogenesis. In the mouse, directional looping of the heart and rotation of the embryo, the first overt evidence of left/right asymmetry (L/R), are observed at early somite stages (∼E8.5) [1, 2]. Activation of a Nodal-Pitx2 regulatory pathway specifically within the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) is critical for these events [3–10]. Asymmetric expression of Nodal is thought to be triggered by left-oriented, cilia-generated flow within the ventral, midline node [11, 12]. Genetic removal of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the mouse demonstrates a requirement for Hedgehog signals in the symmetry-breaking process [13], and analysis of node trafficking has suggested a mechanism of directional transport in the node that might relate to symmetry breaking in the LPM [14]. Here we provide evidence that Hedgehog signaling in the node is not essential for breaking bilateral symmetry. In contrast, direct Hh signaling in the LPM is critical. Evidence is presented that Sonic and Indian hedgehog signals act together, through a Foxf1/Bmp4 pathway, to enable the initiation and propagation of Nodal signaling within the LPM, regulating the competence of that tissue to respond to the Nodal pathway.
Manganese Deposition and Deep Water Movements in the Caribbean

IN the course of a study of the chemical composition of certain deep-sea cores, particular attention has been paid to one such core (A 179–4) collected south-west of Hispaniola in 2,965 m. at lat. 16° 36′ N., long. 74° 48′ W. in the Caribbean and subjected by Emiliani1 to oxygen-18: oxygen-16 palaeothermometry.
Magnetoconductive correction factors for an isotropic Hall plate with point sources

Abstract Resistivity and Hall measurements are usually made by constructing Hall-bars or by using the van der Pauw method. In both cases peripheral contacts are always used. In this paper we formulate a non-peripheral point contact method, which may be used to characterize starting materials and to facilitate measurements on diffused or epitaxially grown layers. An experimental method using a square array of point contacts is outlined for the simultaneous determination of the resistivity ρ ( B ) and the Hall coefficient R H ( B ) in an isotropic Hall plate. Measurements are described for both circular samples and large samples approximating an infinite plate with a circular hole drilled in the centre. For the square array of points placed symmetrically we derive the resistivity and Hall correction factors C ρ and C H , which relate the non-peripheral potential to the symmetrical peripheral potential. The working equations are ρ ( B ) = ΔV ρ πt / IC ρ ln 2 and R H ( B ) = ± ΔV H t / IBC H . Flow patterns have been constructed to show the distortion of potential and current stream lines due to the magnetic field and the geometrical configuration. It is shown that the magnetic field does not disturb current stream lines for peripheral contacts or the equipotential pattern of an infinite plate. Experiments carried out on homogeneous semiconductor samples verify the Hall and resistivity correction factors.
Distinguishing Individual Lipid Headgroup Mobility and Phase Transitions in Raft-Forming Lipid Mixtures with 31P MAS NMR

A model membrane system composed of egg sphingomyelin (SM), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), and cholesterol was studied with static and magic angle spinning 31P NMR spectroscopy. This model membrane system is of significant biological relevance since it is known to form lipid rafts. 31P NMR under magic angle spinning conditions resolves the SM and DOPC headgroup resonances allowing for extraction of the 31P NMR parameters for the individual lipid components. The isotropic chemical shift, chemical shift anisotropy, and asymmetry parameter can be extracted from the spinning side band manifold of the individual components that form liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered domains. The magnitude of the 31P chemical shift anisotropy and the line width is used to determine headgroup mobility and monitor the gel-to-gel and gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transitions of SM as a function of temperature in these mixtures. Spin-spin relaxation measurements are in agreement with the line width results, reflecting mobility differences and some heterogeneities. It will be shown that the presence of DOPC and/or cholesterol greatly impacts the headgroup mobility of SM both above and below the liquid crystalline phase transition temperature, whereas DOPC displays only minor variations in these lipid mixtures.
Excitation of microseisms

[1] Excitation of microseisms is generally considered to be due to pressure change at ocean bottom, for which Longuet-Higgins derived his celebrated formula in 1950. Use of this formula is an approximation, however. Comparison with a more rigorous normal-mode formula shows that this conventional approach is acceptable for ocean depths less than 1 km but fails in deep oceans. On the other hand, there seems to be a multitude of evidence that source region for double-frequency microseim is near the coast and thus is generally in shallow water. An evidence from buoy data for nonlinearity in ocean waves is presented to support this view. If a source region is in shallow water, use of the Longuet-Higgins pressure formula at ocean bottom for the excitation of microseisms is justified, although one should pay attention to ocean depths very carefully.
Experimental Development of Monensin Resistance in Eimeria meleagrimitis

Abstract The discovery of monensin-resistant field isolates of Eimeria meleagrimitis prompted an investigation of the ability of this parasite to develop monensin resistance in a laboratory selection experiment. A strain derived from a monensin-sensitive parent strain was intentionally selected for monensin resistance by propagation in monensin medicated turkeys in isolation, while the monensin-sensitive parent strain from which it was derived was cryogenically maintained as a genetic control. Comparison of the monensin sensitivity of the selected and parent strains demonstrated monensin resistance development in the selected strain by the fourth generation of selection. This is the first reported experimental development of monensin-resistant coccidia and suggests that unlike chicken coccidia, the turkey coccidium E. meleagrimitis possesses the ability to readily develop resistance to the polyether antibiotic anticoccidials under the appropriate conditions of drug exposure.
Freedom of information legislation and its impact on press freedom: A cross-national study

article i nfo Available online 1 August 2012 Freedom of information Freedom of information law Press freedom Cross-national study Thisempiricalstudyexaminesthe effectof the Freedom of Information legislation on pressfreedom byanalyzing cross-sectional data at the national level of aggregate indicators across 191 countries in 2010. The prediction by two-stage least square regression found that the impact of the legislation on press freedom is determined by control of corruption, the type of political regime (democratic or authoritarian regime), and the level of national economy. For recent adopters of the legislation, it could be no more than a legislative luxury. As the legislative effect on press freedom is mostly limited to less corrupt, advanced industrial democracies, the workings of the legislation require political and economic prerequisites.
Food trade balances and unit values: What can they reveal about price competition?

Price competition is a fundamental assumption in modeling trade. Empirical applications often use unit values as proxies for price. This is a problem if unit values cannot explain trade flows consistent with the price competition assumption. The paper determines whether this condition exists in food product trade. Trade balances by product are used to indicate successful competition in trade. Export and import unit values are used to determine if competition is dominated by price or nonprice competition. Trade flows are then categorized in four ways: successful price competition, unsuccessful price competition, successful nonprice competition, and unsuccessful nonprice competition. This categorization is applied to 372 food products using the Standard International Trade Classification. Nearly 40% of U.S. food exports could be characterized as dominated by nonprice competition. In those instances, we contend that unit values are not valid proxies for price, thereby limiting their usefulness in traditional import demand estimation and trade policy simulation models. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High-Resolution 2D NMR Spectroscopy of Bicelles To Measure the Membrane Interaction of Ligands

Magnetically aligned bicelles are increasingly being used as model membranes in solution- and solid-state NMR studies of the structure, dynamics, topology, and interaction of membrane-associated peptides and proteins. These studies commonly utilize the PISEMA pulse sequence to measure dipolar coupling and chemical shift, the two key parameters used in subsequent structural analysis. In the present study, we demonstrate that the PISEMA and other rotating-frame pulse sequences are not suitable for the measurement of long-range heteronuclear dipolar couplings, and that they provide inaccurate values when multiple protons are coupled to a 13C nucleus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a laboratory-frame separated-local-field experiment is capable of overcoming these difficulties in magnetically aligned bicelles. An extension of this approach to accurately measure 13C−31P and 1H−31P couplings from phospholipids, which are useful to understand the interaction of molecules with the membrane, is also described. In...
Double boron implant short-channel MOSFET

Threshold voltage and current-voltage characteristics are presented for a double boron-ion-implanted-n-channel enhancement MOSFET device for high speed logic circuit applications. A 15-Ω. cm-high resistivity p-type
1 -tetrahydrocannabinol, synhexyl and marijuana extract administered orally in man: catecholamine excretion, plasma cortisol levels and platelet serotonin content.

Measurements of catecholamine excretion, plasma cortisol and platelet serotonin concentration were done in the course of experiments in which human volunteers were given sizable oral doses of Δ′-tetrahydrocannabinol, synhexyl or marijuana extracts. A transient rise in epinephrine excretion was observed following THC but seemed best explained by the anticipatory stress of the experiment or the rapid onset of unfamiliar symptoms. A decreased turnover of catecholamines or a shift in the degradative pathways of catecholamines from the oxidative to the reductive route was suggested by the decrease in VMA excretion following synhexyl. Plasma cortisol was unchanged except in the presence of clinically obvious psychological distress on the part of the patient. Platelet serotonin was unchanged.
Green's function treatment of ordered ternary alloy

A Green's function formulation of an ordered ternary alloy is given. The case of a two sub-lattice system with nearest neighbour pair-wise, static potentials is studied. A decoupling procedure similar to the molecular field approximation is carried out, and the resultant equations are analysed in detail. Conditions for the ternary order-disorder transition to be of the second order variety are given, and order parameters are computed for several different potentials and concentrations, for which second order transition occurs. A few remarks concerning possible application of the Green's function method to the study of atomic diffusion and relaxation of spatial order in ternary alloys are also given. Eine Green-Funktion-Formulierung einer geordneten ternaren Legierung wird gegeben. Der Fall eines Systems mit zwei Untergittern und statischen, paarweisen Wechsel-wirkungen zwischen nachsten Nachbarn wird untersucht. Eine der Molekularfeldnaherung ahnliche Entkopplung wird durchgefuhrt und die Gleichungen, die sich ergeben, werden im Detail analysiert. Es werden die Bedingungen dafur angegeben, das der Phasenubergang zwischen dem ternaren geordneten und dem ungeordneten Zustand von zweiter Ordnung ist. Die Ordnungsparameter werden fur mehrere verschiedene Potentiale und Konzentrationen berechnet, fur die ein Ubergang zweiter Ordnung stattfindet. Auserdem werden einige Bemerkungen beziiglich einer moglichen Anwendung der Methode der Greenschen Funk-tionen auf das Studium atomarer Diffusion und Relaxation von raumlicher Ordnung in ternaren Legierungen gemacht.
The power of AIDS: kinship, mobility and the valuing of social and ritual relationships in Tanzania.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa has become a test case of the effects of globalisation, in that it demonstrates how international processes may affect regional life situations and how ‘the local' can simultaneously develop in its own way, through the processes of appropriating, modifying, and resisting global influences. Drawing on fieldwork in Tanzania, I show how the Luo in the Mara region define HIV/AIDS as an outcome of modernity and globalisation, which to them have become embodied in processes of migration, the collapse of generational and gender hierarchies, and an increased immorality in contemporary society. While social and moral ruptures in Mara become further condensed in tensions between lineages and AIDS-sick relatives, mourning and burial rituals (including widow cleansing), disputes over inheritance rights, and the attribution of illness to the breaking of a taboo ( chira ) have become essential for negotiating and maintaining social and cultural relationships in an era of AIDS. In conclusion I argue that the concepts of vitality and moral practice may assist an understanding of how different social actors in sub-Saharan Africa have responded to the breakdowns associated with increased suffering and death, and to describe some social and moral developments observable in the context of internationally driven public health campaigns in the region. Keywords: actor-centered approach, Africa, burial, globalisation, ritual, rural-urban migration, widow cleansing African Journal of AIDS Research 2006, 5(2): 109–121
Coherence between two coupled lasers from a dynamics perspective

We compare a simple dynamical model of fiber laser arrays with independent experiments on two coupled lasers. The degree of agreement with experimental observations is excellent. Collectively the evidence presented supports this dynamical approach as an alternative to the traditional static eigenmode analysis of the coupled laser cavities.
Finding bugs in exceptional situations of JNI programs

Software flaws in native methods may defeat Java's guarantees of safety and security. One common kind of flaws in native methods results from the discrepancy on how exceptions are handled in Java and in native methods. Unlike exceptions in Java, exceptions raised in the native code through the Java Native Interface (JNI) are not controlled by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Only after the native code finishes execution will the JVM's mechanism for exceptions take over. This discrepancy makes handling of JNI exceptions an error prone process and can cause serious security flaws in software written using the JNI.We propose a novel static analysis framework to examine exceptions and report errors in JNI programs. We have built a complete tool consisting of exception analysis, static taint analysis, and warning recovery. Experimental results demonstrated this tool allows finding of mishandling of exceptions with high accuracy (15.4% false-positive rate on over 260k lines of code). Our framework can be easily applied to analyzing software written in other foreign function interfaces, including the Python/C interface and the OCaml/C interface.