cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urgent Endovascular Treatment of Symptomatic or Contained Ruptured Aneurysms With Modified Stent Grafts

Anatomical constraints limit the utility of endovascular therapy with infrarenal stent grafts in approximately 40% of the patients. Fenestrated and branched stent grafts that incorporate the visceral and renal arteries are currently not approved for commercial use in the United States and require at least 6 to 8 weeks for customization. These devices are not currently available as an “off-the-shelf” option to treat complex aneurysms, although recent publications suggest that standardization will be possible in 70% to 80% of patients. Modification of aortic stent grafts with creation of reinforced fenestrations or side branches has been reported and may have a future role in the compassionate treatment of high-risk patients with complex aneurysms who otherwise would not have access to a manufactured device, or for those in need of urgent or emergent repair as in the case of a patient with an impending or contained ruptured aneurysm. This article summarizes the current principles applied for device design, ...
Sertraline to treat hot flashes: a randomized controlled, double-blind, crossover trial in a general population.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (sertraline) in decreasing hot flashes in a general population of women. Design: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted in a southwestern urban setting. A total of 102 women aged 40 to 65 who were experiencing hot flashes and not taking any hormone therapy were recruited. After 1 week of baseline hot flash data collection, study participants were randomized to receive placebo or active drug (sertraline 50 mg) for 4 weeks. This intervention was followed by a 1-week washout and cross over to the opposite treatment for 4 weeks. The number and severity of hot flashes were measured. Results: One hundred two women were enrolled in the study. Five dropped out before providing baseline data. Of the 97 remaining, 52 were randomized to active drug first and 45 to placebo first. Ten dropped out of the study before completing all 10 weeks, leaving 46 in the active drug-first arm and 41 in the placebo-first arm. At baseline, the mean number of hot flashes reported was 45.6 per week (SD = 29.6), ranging from 2 to 148. During the sertraline phase of the study, women experienced five fewer hot flashes per week than they did on the placebo (P = 0.002). The severity of hot flashes was not significantly different; however, the hot flash score (number average severity) was significantly improved during the sertraline phase. Conclusion: Sertraline reduced the number of hot flashes and improved the hot flash score relative to placebo and may be an acceptable alternative treatment for women experiencing hot flashes.
The Role of Field-Based Business Consulting Experiences in AACSB Business Education: An Exploratory Survey and Study

This research was designed to explore the critical variables associated with field-based consultancy (FBC) experiences as an aid to designing successful FBC programs. It is generally acknowledged that there are both advantages and disadvantages associated with FBC' at the student, instructor, and institutional level. Deans, other university administrators, and faculty have sometimes questioned this form of program instruction, from the perspectives of resource allocation and the appropriateness of this type of faculty activity in the typical university reward system. A mail survey was conducted of business school administrators to ascertain the extent of involvement with FBC and the associated success factors. The findings from this study validate some basic underpinnings of business education curriculum and ,design. Student-based factors influencing success include smaller classes, usually at a senior or graduate level, graded coursework (as opposed to pass/fail), and full-time students. As a learning method, field-based learning adds value to students, to clients involved, to the faculty and to the institutions. The hurdles continue to be the need for a fair allocation of the time and resources to the parties involved.
The Hypersonic Double Ellipse in Rarefied Flow Problem 6.4

A particle method represents a flow by a large collection of computational molecules whose motions in space are tracked and whose collisions with solid boundaries and intermolecular collisions are modeled. This algorithm represents particle motion and collision modeling independently on each time step. Particle motion occurs in the present method through a network of cells that is overlaid on the computational domain. These cells serve two purposes. Particles that find themselves in a given cell are designated as candidates for possible collision with other particles in the same cell. The cell is also the volume over which the averaging process will occur when statistical information is extracted. It therefore represents the smallest spatial dimension over which flow field features may be resolved. Body fitted coordinates have been used in other particle methods to enhance spatial resolution1. The approach taken here, however, is to reduce the computational overhead by using simple cubic cells and to reapply this savings in the use of many of them. The use of cubic cells poses a problem in the definition of complex geometries that has been addressed by the development of an algorithm to define the relation of a body surface to the network of cells. This algorithm will be discussed in a subsequent section.
Component Preparation and Storage

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the fundamental technical principles of the component preparation process. The process of transfusion therapy begins with the collection of a volume of blood by either whole blood donation or by an apheresis collection procedure. This blood may then be divided into its separate constituent parts of packed red blood cells, plasma, white cells, and platelets by a process known as “component preparation.” Red blood cells (RBCs) are obtained by centrifugation or sedimentation of donor whole blood followed by removal of the plasma portion. If plasma removal is performed in an integral or “closed” system then red blood cells retain the original expiration date of the parent product 35–42 days. Platelet concentrates are platelet products separated from centrifuged whole blood within 8 hours of collection. The whole blood may not be stored below 20–24°C prior to platelet production. The platelet concentrates should be suspended in a volume of plasma sufficient to maintain a minimum pH of 6.2 by the end of their allowable 5 day shelf life. Fresh frozen plasma components are prepared by separating plasma from red blood cells of a single donor and placing the plasma at 18°C. Derivative products used to treat specific factor deficiencies or coagulopathies may also be manufactured from plasma. The most common derivatives include albumins, gamma globulins, immune serum globulins, and coagulation factor concentrates. Further, the storage of blood and blood products should be designed to maintain maximum viability in a strictly controlled and secure environment. These designated storage areas refrigerators, freezers, rotators, and environmental chambers may contain only blood, blood components, blood derivatives, donor samples, patient samples, tissue for transplantation, and/or related reagent or laboratory supplies.
Bacterial AvrRpt2-like cysteine proteases block activation of the Arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinases, MPK4 and MPK11.

To establish infection, pathogens deliver effectors into host cells to target immune signaling components, including elements of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades. The virulence function of AvrRpt2, one of the first identified Pseudomonas syringae effectors, involves cleavage of the plant defense regulator, RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4), and interference with plant auxin signaling. We show now that AvrRpt2 specifically suppresses the flagellin-induced phosphorylation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MPK4 and MPK11 but not MPK3 or MPK6. This inhibition requires the proteolytic activity of AvrRpt2, is associated with reduced expression of some plant defense genes, and correlates with enhanced pathogen infection in AvrRpt2-expressing transgenic plants. Diverse AvrRpt2-like homologs can be found in some phytopathogens, plant-associated and soil bacteria. Employing these putative bacterial AvrRpt2 homologs and inactive AvrRpt2 variants, we can uncouple the inhibition of MPK4/MPK11 activation from the cleavage of RIN4 and related members from the so-called nitrate-induced family as well as from auxin signaling. Thus, this selective suppression of specific mitogen-activated protein kinases is independent of the previously known AvrRpt2 targets and potentially represents a novel virulence function of AvrRpt2.
Distribution of REM sleep on a 90 minute sleep-wake schedule

Ten young adult (ages 17-21) volunteers lived on a 90 min sleep-wake schedule for 86 (n = 5) or 96 (n = 5) consecutive 90 min periods. Subjects were permitted to sleep in 30 min episodes separated by 60 min of enforced wakefulness. These bedrest episodes were monitored by electroencephalogram, electro-oculogram, and electromyogram and were scored in 30 sec epochs using standard criteria. REM sleep episodes on this schedule occurred with a clear daily cycle; 74% of REM sleep time occurred during the rising phase of the body temperature cycle. REM showed a marked tendency to recur during alternate bedrest episodes. Finally, REM and slow wave sleep occurred together during only 27 of 910 bedrest episodes. The findings support a circadian influence on the temporal distribution of REM sleep. Neither the sleep-independent nor the sleep-dependent models of REM sleep were supported by findings on the 90 min schedule.
United States police assistance to emerging democracies

The United States keeps trying to be the policeman of the world. Since the collapse of Communism it has intensified its police assistance to ‘emerging democracies’. This paper sets out seven principles to ensure such assistance is effective and does aid democracy in the recipient countries.
Utility of electroencephalography: Experience from a U.S. tertiary care medical center

Abstract Objective To investigate the utility of electroencephalography (EEG) for evaluation of patients with altered mental status (AMS). Methods We retrospectively reviewed 200 continuous EEGs (cEEGs) obtained in ICU and non-ICU wards and 100 spot EEGs (sEEGs) obtained from the emergency department (ED) of a large tertiary medical center. Main outcomes were access time (from study request to hookup), and diagnostic yield (percentage of studies revealing significant abnormality). Results Access time, mean ± SD (maximum), was 3.5 ± 3.2 (20.8) hours in ICU, 4.8 ± 5.0 (25.6) hours in non-ICU, and 2.7 ± 3.6 (23.9) hours in ED. Access time was not significantly different for stat requests or EEGs with seizure activity. While the primary indication for EEG monitoring was to evaluate for seizures as the cause of AMS, only 8% of cEEGs and 1% of sEEGs revealed seizures. Epileptiform discharges were detected in 45% of ICU, 24% of non-ICU, and 9% of ED cases, while 2% of ICU, 15% of non-ICU, and 45% of ED cases were normal. Conclusions Access to EEG is hampered by significant delays, and in emergency settings, the conventional EEG system detects seizures only in a minority of cases. Significance Our findings underscore the inefficiencies of current EEG infrastructure for accessing diagnostically important information, as well as the need for more prospective data describing the relationship between EEG access time and EEG findings, clinical outcomes, and cost considerations.
AURES: A Wide-Band Ultrasonic Occupancy Sensing Platform

In this paper, we present a platform designed for low-power real-time sensing of the number of occupants in indoor spaces. The system transmits a wide-band ultrasonic signal into a room and then processes the superposition of the reflections recorded by a microphone. The system has two modes of operation, one for presence detection and one for estimating the number of occupants in a region. The presence detection uses the difference between multiple transmissions in succession with a set of general classifiers that make a binary decision about if the room contains occupants. We then use a semi-supervised learning approach based on Weighted Principal Component Analysis (WPCA) that requires minimal training data to estimate the number of occupants. We also present the design of an energy harvesting embedded platform and demonstrate that our algorithm can continuously execute using energy harvested from indoor solar panels. The platform has a dual Bluetooth Low-Energy and 802.15.4 interface to communicate with a gateway or nearby mobile phone that runs an interface that aids in collecting training data. We evaluate our algorithm on a wide-variety of indoor spaces as well as benchmark the hardware in terms of sampling rate given an energy budget. On more than three weeks of data, we see that we can detect motions with an average of 85% recall rate and perform occupancy counting with an average error of 10% in terms of maximum occupancy.
Coronary Artery Dimensions in Febrile Children Without Kawasaki Disease

Background— Coronary artery (CA) dilatation on echocardiography is a criterion for treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin for incomplete Kawasaki disease (KD). However, CA dimensions for febrile children are unknown. We compared CA dimensions in children with febrile illnesses other than KD to those of normal afebrile children and to KD patients. Methods and Results— We performed echocardiograms in 43 patients who met the following inclusion criteria: (1) age 3 months to 18 years, (2) daily fever >38°C for ≥96 hours, and (3) a diagnosis other than KD. These subjects had mean CA z scores greater than normative values (left main CA=0.66±0.75, P 2 was found in 2 subjects (osteomyelitis, Mycoplasma pneumonia). Among demographic and laboratory measures, only higher platelet count was associated with greater left anterior descending CA z scores ( P =0.004) and maximum CA z score ( P =0.03). Non-KD febrile subjects, compared with 144 KD patients, had smaller CA z scores ( P =0.04, P <0.001, and P <0.001 for left main CA, right CA, and left anterior descending CA, respectively), and lower white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelet count (all P <0.001). A maximum CA z score cutoff of 2.0 had specificity of 95% (95% confidence interval, 84%–99%) and sensitivity of 32% (95% confidence interval, 25%–41%) in distinguishing non-KD febrile from KD patients; for maximum CA z score of 2.5, specificity was 98% and sensitivity was 20%. Conclusions— This pilot study found that mean CA dimensions in children with non-KD febrile illnesses are larger than those in normative afebrile subjects but smaller than dimensions in patients with KD. Future studies should augment the available data on CA dimensions in children with more severe febrile illnesses.
New multilayer winding configuration for distributed MMF in AC machines with shorter end-turn length

New multilayer winding configuration for AC machines is presented that can provide high quality rotating MMF with reduced space harmonics. Compared to the traditional distributed windings the designed winding has shorter end-winding length which will reduce stator I2R loss to improve power conversion efficiency. Unlike the existing fractional-pitch/concentrated winding counterparts, the designed winding provides near sinusoidal airgap MMF which reduces eddy current losses, iron losses and improves power factor. Performance of the designed winding is evaluated for a commercially available premium efficiency induction machine to show that the designed machine attain higher torque density and efficiency compared to the design benchmark. This new winding configuration can be a technology trend in gaining efficiency improvement with low cost non-PM designs under the standard frame sizes.
(Dis)Affection and Recognition in Millennial Urban Melodrama: Transnational Perspectives by Women Filmmakers

This essay explores new directions taken by urban social melodrama directed by women in Brazil, Mexico, Iran, and Switzerland at the turn of the 21st century, a period marked by the sudden state divestment of film agencies and distribution (in Brazil and Mexico), coupled with economic instability, political scandals, and attempts at reform. Each of these countries continues to host a robust art cinema in which serious questions are posed regarding the future of the nation-state, gender relations, and the fate of those left behind, or impaired by a neoliberal development model. Rather than cast these questions in epic proportions, or bold social allegories writ large, several cineastes – Tata Amaral, Maricarmen de Lara, Rakhshan Bani-Etemad, and Stina Werenfels – have chosen to focus instead on disaffection and alternative sources of recognition within intimate relationships unfolding among the working and aspiring middle classes. My comparison of their films focuses on formal attributes, characterization, uses of architecture and domestic space, and intermediality, all of which contribute to the reworking of screen melodrama while creating opportunities for new subjectivities to emerge.
Modeling and optimization for programmable unified control plane in heterogeneous wireless networks

Tactical networks are wireless in nature to support mobility and rapid deployment in contested environments. These networks also consist of various heterogeneous networking technologies. Since the tactical networks are specialized purpose built networks and their main motivation is to solve a special purpose functions, the interoperability between different technologies was not initially viewed as essential. As the deployment of wireless networks become ubiquitous both in private and government sectors, the lack of interoperability has become a disadvantage in creating a unified control plane. A unified control plane can abstract the complexity of heterogeneous wireless networks and can provide a centralized control over the network resources. In this paper, we develop necessary mathematical model to realize the unified programmable control plane for heterogeneous wireless networks. We develop a cross-layer optimization framework, which characterizes the interaction between physical, link, and network layer for the unified programmable control plane in a heterogeneous wireless network. By applying the framework on a throughput maximization problem, we will show an application of the model to solve practical issues in a tactical network and gain some theoretical insight on the optimal behavior of the unified programmable control plane for a heterogeneous wireless network.
Prosthetic model, but not stiffness or height, affects the metabolic cost of running for athletes with unilateral transtibial amputations.

The metabolic cost of running for athletes with unilateral transtibial amputations depends on prosthetic model and is associated with lower peak and stance average vertical ground reaction forces, ...
Response to Comments on: “Nonlinear phenomena, bifurcations, and routes to chaos in an asymmetrically supported rotor-stator contact system” by Philip Varney, Itzhak Green [J. Sound Vib. 336 (2015) 207-226]

Abstract The authors would like to thank the discussers for their interest in the paper. The discussers raise several objections to the original work; namely, that the state-space equations of motion were derived incorrectly, thus rendering the original results incorrect by association. In actuality, the error in the original state-space equations (Eq. (16) in the original work) is typographic only. This, in conjunction with a typographic error in Table A1, prevented the discussers from replicating a subset of the original results (though the discussers were able to replicate many of the results presented in the original work, despite the presumed error in the equations). These typographic errors are rectified here. In addition, results are presented here corresponding to the solution that would have been obtained had the state-space equations been incorrect in the manner presumed by the discussers. Finally, the discussers state that the results presented in the original work do not adhere to physical principles because the steady-state solution in one case indicates contact even though the linear response to imbalance is less than the radial clearance. This seeming discrepancy is also addressed here.
A Case Study of a Nineteenth-Century Southern Planter Family's Female Members' Participation in Consumer Culture through Decorative Textiles and Personal Dress Items

A qualitative case study examined two generations of women from a prominent Southern planter-class family in nineteenth-century Louisiana and their participation in consumer culture through decorative household textiles and personal dress items. A content analysis performed on the women's personal communications, succession records, and purchase receipts identified instances in which the women participated in the consumption of decorative household textiles and personal dress items. Using Kunz and Garner's (2011) clothing consumption process as a foundation for this study, a modified consumption process is suggested based on the identification of a "creation" stage that was not previously included in the five stages of Kunz and Garner's model. This study's results fill part of the void in American consumer culture history prior to the twentieth century and provide a better understanding of Southern planter-class females' consumption of decorative household textiles and personal dress items during the second half of the nineteenth century.
Charging Ahead: An Exploratory Study of Financial Decision-Making among Millennial Consumers

Evidence suggests that members of Generation Y, or “Millennials,” have weaker financial management skills than other generations. In this chapter, we seek to extend our understanding of Millennials’ financial decisions. We present findings from a qualitative study that explores the reactions of Millennial consumers to typical credit card scenarios, such as whether to accept a new credit card offer or to pay off an outstanding balance. We find that Millennials rely on simple decision heuristics when making financial decisions, have limited understanding of financial and credit principles, and often struggle with self-control in spending.
Smokeless tobacco use and circulatory disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective Smokeless tobacco use is a public health issue throughout the world, but reviews and analyses of circulatory disease risks associated with smokeless tobacco use may be outdated or incomplete. This study provides a thorough and comprehensive review and meta-analysis of circulatory disease risks in high-income countries, including recently published study estimates. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies of circulatory disease risks associated with smokeless tobacco use in Europe and North America that were identified from electronic databases and reference lists. Study estimates were extracted by region, smokeless tobacco use status, cigarette smoking status, and circulatory condition and combined in meta-analysis using a random-effects model. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale to assess study quality and risk of bias. Results We identified 17 relevant cohort studies, two pooled analyses, five case–control studies and one cross-sectional analysis. We found increased risk of heart disease (relative risk (RR) 1.17, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.27) and stroke (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.62) among US smokeless tobacco users compared with non-users. Increased circulatory disease risk was not observed among Swedish smokeless tobacco users. Conclusion US smokeless tobacco users were found to have increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
Multiscale Modeling of Electromagnetic Telemetry in Layered Transverse Isotropic Formation

Electromagnetic telemetry (EMT) systems are utilized for measurement while drilling to transmit data from borehole to the ground surface during drilling or vice versa. To help predict the successful deployment of the EMT system within complex formation and environmental noise, a reliable numerical algorithm is developed and applied to model the EMT system for directional drilling in layered transverse isotropic (TI) formation. In the telemetry system, the long and thin drill string having three-dimensional trajectory acts as an underground antenna that can be modeled as a thin wire excited by a delta gap voltage/current source near the drill bit. Using the thin wire assumption, the developed algorithm calculates the thin wire kernel in homogeneous uniaxial media with high accuracy to reduce the dimension and complexity of the problem. The mixed-potential form of layered media Green's function and electric field integral equation are used to model the electromagnetic interaction of the drill string and layered TI media. The effect of drilling fluid outside the pipe is modeled using the volumetric equivalence principle. The accuracy and efficiency of the new algorithm are demonstrated by several numerical examples.
Silicone rubber implants for the replacement of the carpal scaphoid and lunate bones.

Summary The various forms of treatment for pathologic conditions of the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones are briefly discussed. A new type of replacement arthroplasty of the scaphoid and lunate bones with silicone rubber implants is presented. The indications for their use and the technique for their insertion are discussed. A case report is presented. Five other patients have had scaphoid resection and replacement. One has pain in an associated distal radioulnar disability. The rest have had excellent clinical results. One 22 year old male has participated in college athletics and worked as a logger in the summer. Six patients have undergone the lunate resection and implant replacement procedure without complications and with good clinical results.
Gender gap generators for bike share ridership: Evidence from Citi Bike system in New York City

Abstract Bike-sharing is one of the rapidly growing transport services around the world. This study aims to identify the factors that affect gender differences in bike share ridership. Using data from New York City's Citi Bike Share system, we investigate the environmental correlates of bike share usage for males and females. We also model the influences of bicycle facilities, land use factors, and public transit services on the share of trip arrivals made by females. The results suggest that the environmental correlates of bike share usage for males and females are broadly similar. However, the estimated magnitudes suggest that our variables of interest may influence males and females differently. For example, installing more bicycle racks are positively associated with bike share ridership for both genders. We further find that this factor affects women more than men. Specifically, a 1% increase in the number of bicycle racks is correlated with a 1.18% increment in the share of trips arrivals made by women. The findings can be used to assess the effectiveness of future infrastructure investments aimed at minimizing the gender gap in bike share usage. The findings also offer valuable insights into the ways of increasing the overall bike share ridership, thereby promoting local bicycling culture.
Pediatric Respiratory Therapists Lack a Standard Mental Model for Managing the Patient Who Is Difficult to Ventilate: A Video Review.

BACKGROUND: All health-care providers who care for infants and children should be able to effectively provide ventilation with a bag and a mask. Respiratory therapists (RTs9), as part of rapid response teams, need to quickly identify the need for airway support and use adjunct airway interventions when subjects are difficult to mask ventilate. Before implementation of an educational curriculum for airway management, we assessed whether pediatric RTs9 who enter the room of a simulated infant mannequin in severe respiratory distress are able to apply bag-mask ventilation within 60 s and implement 2 adjunct airway maneuvers in a patient who is difficult to ventilate. METHODS: All pediatric RTs9 were required to attend one high-fidelity simulation at the Johns Hopkins Medicine Simulation Center. The sessions were reviewed to evaluate whether the therapists would implement adjunct maneuvers to a patient who was in respiratory distress and was difficult to ventilate. RESULTS: Twenty-eight therapists participated in the baseline skills assessment session, and 26 (72% of eligible therapists) were evaluable with video clips. Only 3 of 26 (12%) attempted bag-mask ventilation within 60 s. Although all the therapists attempted one airway maneuver, only 65% were able to implement ≥2 airway maneuvers and achieve effective ventilation, with a wide range of time (98–298 s). There was no pattern regarding which intervention was implemented first, second, and so forth. CONCLUSIONS: Our team of pediatric RTs9 did not share a standard mental model for initiating bag-mask ventilation during impending respiratory failure or implementing airway adjuncts. This may place children who are critically ill at risk of suboptimal management and threaten clinical outcomes. Therapist performance indicated that no established care algorithm had been effectively implemented or that skill retention was poor. A change in the content and delivery method of bag-mask ventilation training is warranted to improve the time to performance of key interventions and to establish a clear cognitive framework of difficult mask ventilation management.
Fostering Educational Resilience and Opportunities in Urban Schools Through Equity-Focused School–Family–Community Partnerships:

Over the past two decades, research on urban schools has focused predominantly on achievement gaps. However, achievement gaps exist because of gaps in opportunities for urban, low-income, and racia...
Systematic investigations on iron cycling in phosphorus/siderophore systems: Synergism or antagonism?

Abstract Synergisms between microbial exudates on Fe (hydr)oxide dissolution as an effective Fe acquisition pathway have been recently addressed and vigorously debated. However, Fe liberation mechanisms and where siderophores and phosphorus (P) coexist received little attentions. Current study systematically investigated ferrihydrite dissolution in the presence of desferrioxamine B (DFOB) (a kind of fungally-derived siderophores) and inorganic/organic phosphorus (orthophosphate, Pi; myo-inositol hexaphosphate, IHP), as a function of solute pH, reaction time and reagent content. Reacted solids were characterized by N2-BET adsorption, zeta (ζ) potential analysis, sequential extraction analysis (SEDEX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro Raman spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Our results indicate that upon reaction with P-only or (DFOB + P) systems, interfacial complexation partially switched from monolayer bidentate-binuclear surface complexes to ternary complexes, or laterally transformed into amorphous Fe–P precipitates. The Fe-Pi complex precipitated more readily under acidic conditions, and Fe-IHP complex preferentially nucleated in neutral-alkaline environments. Phosphorus slightly promoted Fe release from minerals and fixation to the leached layer or interfacial liquid zone initially, but subsequently prevented further attacks from protons and DFOB. The co-effects of P and DFOB likely correspond to two successive scenarios: 1) DFOB is preferentially attracted toward ferrihydrite surfaces by negative electrical fields induced by adsorbed phosphorus and can act synergistically with labile P–Fe complexes, resulting in intensive temporal dissolution of Fh; 2) subsequent Fe shuttling to DFOB can be prohibited by stabilized, passive P/Fe–P layers. Our results emphasize the antagonism between P compounds and siderophores (i.e., DFOB here) on ferrihydrite dissolution to improve understanding of the biologically-mediated Fe cycling in natural systems.
Metoo in Wide Sargasso Sea

This chapter uses the representation of sex acts in Wide Sargasso Sea to help think through the workings of agency, gender and race in contemporary responses to sexual violence in the United States. Even a sexual act that is not represented as rape in the novel nonetheless needs to be read in the context of the long history of rape since slavery and belongs on a continuum of hegemonic sexualized violence. For example, a scene that is ironically represented as what in today’s parlance would be called “date rape” or even reverse discrimination is not, in fact, either but rather speaks to today’s reversal that is taking place in courts across the country: perpetrators filing charges before or at the same time as their victimized partners to trump the latter’s claims of victimization. In light of the impasse reached by anti-rape discourse today, this line of inquiry will work toward the theorization of the necessary imbrication of agency, rape, gender and race.
Probing patchy reionization through tau-21cm correlation statistics

We consider the cross-correlation between free electrons and neutral hydrogen during the epoch of reionization. The free electrons are traced by the optical depth to reionization tau, while the neutral hydrogen can be observed through 21 cm photon emission. As expected, this correlation is sensitive to the detailed physics of reionization. Foremost, if reionization occurs through the merger of relatively large halos hosting an ionizing source, the free electrons and neutral hydrogen are anti-correlated for most of the reionization history. A positive contribution to the correlation can occur when the halos that can form an ionizing source are small. A measurement of this sign change in the cross-correlation would directly measure the bubble bias and as, such, the halo mass. We estimate the signal-to-noise of the cross-correlation using the estimator for inhomogeneous reionization tau_{lm} proposed by Dvorkin and Smith (2009). We find that with upcoming radio interferometers and CMB experiments, the cross-correlation is measurable going up to multipoles l ~ 1000. We also derive parameter constraints and conclude that, despite the foregrounds, the cross-correlation proofs a complementary measurement of the EoR parameters to the 21 cm and CMB polarization auto-correlations expected to be observed in the coming decade.
“Why Are There So Many Women in Forensic Anthropology?”: An Evaluation of Gendered Experiences in Forensic Anthropology

There is broad discussion of the higher numbers of women in the forensic sciences, particularly when compared to other science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. In this discussion, we focus on forensic anthropology. We begin with an historical overview of the role of women in the discipline; data are then provided that outline the numbers of women scholars and practitioners over time. We then explore the different roles of men and women in regard to leadership positions, professional awards, awarded grant-funding, job hiring trends, presentations at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) annual meeting, and publications in the Journal of Forensic Sciences. While the number of women in forensic anthropology is greatly increasing, the discipline has been slow to also grow the visibility of women in positions of leadership or to honor them with prestigious awards. One reason for this finding may be that women are subjected to bias and harassment, which may cause them to leave forensic anthropology at various points along the way, or lead to their contribution being less valued. These findings are discussed within the context of gendered expectations, and suggestions are provided on how to improve the retention of women as well as to diversify the discipline in general.
Explicating dimensions of family marginalization and types of marginalized family members

Marginalized family members feel different from and are often disapproved of or excluded by multiple family members. These feelings arise from interactions that create relational distance. Although...
Lessons for Legal Advisors from the Australian Defence Force Inspector General Report into Questions of Unlawful Conduct Concerning the Special Operations Task Force Group in Afghanistan

I focus specifically on the report’s findings regarding legal advisors, with an eye towards avoiding some of the pitfalls and shortcomings identified in the report. Who is the client—the nation or the unit? What is the line for lawyers between proofreading and unacceptable ghostwriting of operational reporting? What are the dangers that arise when operational attorneys trade their role as an honest broker for the cachet of being associated with elite units, and what preparation may prevent this sort of ethical failing?
A meta-analysis of nematode community composition across soil aggregates: Implications for soil carbon dynamics

Abstract Soil aggregation is a key contributor to soil carbon (C) accrual and stabilization. Yet, little is known regarding how soil food web structure shifts across aggregate size and how this in turn could significantly influence soil C stabilization within aggregates. In order to cohesively understand the link between nematodes and soil C, we conducted a meta-analysis consisting of 98 observations from 11 papers to quantitatively assess how nematode community composition changes by aggregate size. Due to the small sample size of this meta-analysis publication bias was assessed through the use of funnel plots. Additionally, to prevent certain studies from skewing results, studies that were outside of the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) pooled effect were excluded from the meta-analysis. The investigation of the relationship between nematode community composition and total soil organic C across aggregate size revealed no distinct difference between the summary response ratios for total nematode abundance and all trophic groups. This finding indicates that nematode composition did not differentiate by aggregates size. Soil organic carbon (SOC) values varied by aggregate size, where microaggregates ( 2 mm). Additionally, mid-sized aggregates (0.25 mm–2 mm) had 115% greater SOC relative to macro-aggregates. SOC and total nematode abundance were negatively correlated in aggregate sizes of 0.25-2 mm (Pearson's r = −0.38, p 2 mm (Pearson's r = −0.42, p
Effect of Acoustic Parameters and Microbubble Concentration on the Likelihood of Encapsulated Microbubble Coalescence.

Abstract Microbubble contrast agents are commonly used for therapeutic and diagnostic imaging applications. Under certain conditions, these contrast agents can coalesce on ultrasound application and form larger bubbles than the initial population. The formation of large microbubbles potentially influences therapeutic outcomes and imaging quality. We studied clinically relevant ultrasound parameters related to low-pressure therapy and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging to determine their effect on microbubble coalescence and subsequent changes in microbubble size distributions in vitro. Results indicate that therapeutic ultrasound at low frequencies, moderate pressures and high duty cycles are capable of forming bubbles greater than two times larger than the initial bubble distribution. Furthermore, acoustic parameters related to contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging that are at higher frequency, low-pressure and low-duty cycle exhibit no statistically significant changes in bubble diameter, suggesting that standard contrast ultrasound imaging does not cause coalescence. Overall, this work suggests that the microbubble coalescence phenomenon can readily occur at acoustic parameters used in therapeutic ultrasound, generating bubbles much larger than those found in commercial contrast agents, although coalescence is unlikely to be significant in diagnostic contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. This observation warrants further expansion of parameter ranges and investigation of resulting effects.
ACOUSTIC END EFFECTS IN MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SUBMERGED VEHICULAR PROPULSORS - PART 2: SOLITARY WAVES

For a typical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) seawater propulsor with a magnetic flux density B0 of six Tesla inside the channel, the acoustic interaction parameter N is 0.0039. The theory for periodic waves developed in a previous work predicted for low interaction parameters that the fringing magnetic induction at the end of the rectangular channel has little influence on the transmission of the incident arbitrary acoustic waves from inside the duct to the seaway except at very low frequencies. From this it was concluded that, in general, the fringing magnetic induction at the ends of the MHD propulsor has little effect on the acoustic characteristics of a marine MHD propulsor when periodic acoustic waves are considered. This paper treats mathematically the propagation of aperiodic acoustic fluid transients (solitary waves) which are produced by an arbitrary unit impulse in velocity or pressure at a section of the duct away from the ends and which propagate from the duct into the seaway.
Coercing conservation?: The politics of state resource control

Abstract International environmental agreements assume that nation-states have the capacity, Internal legitimacy, and the will to manage resources within their territorial boundaries. Although many state agencies or factions may be interested in joining international conservation interests to preserve threatened resources and habitats, some state interests appropriate the ideology, legitimacy, and technology of conservation as a means of increasing or appropriating their control over valuable resources and recalcitrant populations. While international conservation groups may have no direct agenda for using violence to protect biological resources, their support of states which either lack the capacity to manage resources or intend to control ‘national’ resources at any price, contributes to the disenfranchisement of indigenous people with resource claims. This paper compares two examples of state efforts to control valuable resources in Kenya and Indonesia. In both cases, the maintenance of state control has led to a militarization of the resource ‘conservation’ process. International conservation interests either directly or indirectly legitimate the states' use of force in resource management.
Findings in Schizophrenia by Tract-Oriented DT-MRI Analysis

This paper presents a tract-oriented analysis of diffusion tensor (DT) images of the human brain. We demonstrate that unlike the commonly used ROI-based methods for population studies, our technique is sensitive to the local variation of diffusivity parameters along the fiber tracts. We show the strength of the proposed approach in identifying the differences in schizophrenic data compared to controls. Statistically significant drops in fractional anisotropy are observed along the genu and bilaterally in the splenium, as well as an increase in principal eigenvalue in uncinate fasciculus. This is the first tract-oriented clinical study in which an anatomical atlas is used to guide the algorithm.
Macromolecule Synthesis in Temperature-sensitive Mutants of Yeast

Abstract Approximately 400 temperature-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated. The mutants were unable to form colonies on enriched media at 36 C, but grew normally, or nearly so, at 23 C. The mutants were tested for loss of viability, change in morphology, increase in cell number, and the ability to synthesize protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) after a shift from 23 to 36 C. Mutations were found which resulted in a preferential loss of ability to carry out protein synthesis, RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis, cell division, or cell-wall formation. Diploid cells heterozygous for the temperature-sensitive mutations were constructed and tested for their ability to form colonies at 36 C. Four mutations dominant to their wild-type allele were identified.
An evaluation of the effects of collagen implants on new bone formation in vivo

Certain polypeptides have been shown to accelerate the formation of hydroxapatite crystals in virto. This investigation was designed to evaluate this phenomenon in vivo. Ox bone citrate-soluble collagen, by itself and pepsin treated, was implanted into small artifically produced defects in the maxillae of 35 rats. An indication of subsequent new bone formation was obtained by measuring the uptake of tetracycline by the defects at definite intervals after implantation. By the end of 14 days, tetracycline uptake by defects filled with untreated collagen reached a maximum of 17 times that of unimplanted controls. By 10 days, pepsin treated collagen accelerated tetracycline uptake 18 times control values. The tetracycline content in both the experimental and control defects was essentially the same after 35 days. From this experiment it is concluded that citrate-soluble collagen accelerated bone mineral deposition.
Inaugural Survey on Practice Patterns of Orbital Floor Fractures for American Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

Purpose In recent years, several studies have reported on practitioners' preferences for the treatment of orbital floor fractures, showing widely varying practice patterns. The purpose of the present study was to identify the practice patterns among oral and maxillofacial surgeons involved in the management of orbital floor fractures in the United States and compare them with the available published data. Materials and Methods An anonymous survey was created and electronically mailed to surgeons. We also reviewed the published data on orbital floor fractures using a PubMed and MEDLINE search. The responses to the survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results The factors that had the greatest influence on the surgeon's decision to operate were a defect size > 2 cm 2 , enophthalmos, entrapment, and persistent diplopia. The most common surgical approach reported was a preseptal transconjunctival approach (32.0%), followed by the subciliary (27.9%) and postseptal transconjunctival (26.2%) approaches. The most commonly reported implant for orbital reconstruction was titanium (65.4%), followed by Medpor (43.7%) and composite Medpor and titanium (26.4%). The review of the published data showed a consensus among many of the operative indications mentioned, including a large defect size, enophthalmos, clinical entrapment, and persistent diplopia. Conclusions Oral and maxillofacial surgeons in the United States have a wide range of practice habits in the management of orbital floor fractures. Although the quality of the available evidence is poor, it supports a consistent approach to the management of orbital floor fractures in terms of the indications and surgical approach. The choice of reconstructive material and timing of repair remain more controversial. A clear need exists for improvement in the available data to help guide and set standards of care for the specialties managing orbital floor fractures.