cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small-Molecule Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection by Virus Capsid Destabilization

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is dependent on the proper disassembly of the viral capsid, or "uncoating," in target cells. The HIV-1 capsid consists of a conical multimeric complex of the viral capsid protein (CA) arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Mutations in CA that destabilize the viral capsid result in impaired infection owing to defects in reverse transcription in target cells. We describe here the mechanism of action of a small molecule HIV-1 inhibitor, PF-3450074 (PF74), which targets CA. PF74 acts at an early stage of HIV-1 infection and inhibits reverse transcription in target cells. We show that PF74 binds specifically to HIV-1 particles, and substitutions in CA that confer resistance to the compound prevent binding. A single point mutation in CA that stabilizes the HIV-1 core also conferred strong resistance to the virus without inhibiting compound binding. Treatment of HIV-1 particles or purified cores with PF74 destabilized the viral capsid in vitro. Furthermore, the compound induced the rapid dissolution of the HIV-1 capsid in target cells. PF74 antiviral activity was promoted by binding of the host protein cyclophilin A to the HIV-1 capsid, and PF74 and cyclosporine exhibited mutual antagonism. Our data suggest that PF74 triggers premature HIV-1 uncoating in target cells, thereby mimicking the activity of the retrovirus restriction factor TRIM5α. This study highlights uncoating as a step in the HIV-1 life cycle that is susceptible to small molecule intervention.
Periodic Sampling Interval Repetitive Control and Its Application to Variable Spindle Speed Noncircular Turning Process

This paper addresses discrete-time, repetitive control for linear, periodic, time-varying systems. A periodic, repetitive control design method based on gain scheduling is proposed and the necessary and sufficient condition for closed-loop stability is presented. Utilizing the special structure of the repetitive controller, an efficient method for evaluating the closed-loop stability is developed. The algorithm is applied to the control of a piezoelectric fast-tool stage for variable spindle speed noncircular turning process. The tool performs dynamic variable depth of cut machining to generate noncircular workpiece profiles while the spindle carrying the workpiece rotates at a variable speed to inhibit machining instability (chatter). Experimental machining results are presented that demonstrate the tracking performance of the period, time-varying controller design proposed, as well as the ability to increase machining stability using this approach.
Alert confidence fusion in intrusion detection systems with extended Dempster-Shafer theory

Accurate identification of misuse is a key factor in determining appropriate ways to protect systems. Modern intrusion detection systems often use alerts from different sources such as hosts and sub-networks to determine whether and how to respond to an attack. However, alerts from different locations should not be treated equally. We propose improving and assessing alert accuracy by incorporating an algorithm based on the exponentially weighted Dempster-Shafer (D-S) Theory of Evidence. Our approach uses D-S theory to combine beliefs in certain hypotheses under conditions of uncertainty and ignorance, and allows quantitative measurement of the belief and plausibility in our detection results. Our initial evaluations on the DARPA IDS evaluation data set show that our alert fusion algorithm can improve alert quality over those from Hidden Colored Petri-Net (HCPN) based alert correlation components installed at the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and inside network sites. Due to alert confidence fusion in our example, the detection rate rises from 75% to 93.8%, without adversely affecting the false positive rate.
Traveling waves in axisymmetric convection: the role of sidewall conductivity

Abstract The results of a full numerical simulation of Rayleigh-Benard convection in a cylindrical container of aspect ratio five are reported. Near onset, convection takes the form of five concentric rolls, which in fluids of moderate to large Prandtl number, are stable to nonaxisymmetric perturbations. As the Rayleigh number is increased, these rolls are succeeded by traveling waves when the sidewalls of the container have high thermal conductivity. For insulating sidewalls, transition occurs instead to steady four-roll states. A complete two-parameter phase diagram connecting these two scenarios is presented.
Reflections, diffractions, and surface waves for an interior wedge with impedance surfaces

The exact solution for the interior impedance wedge was evaluation asymptotically to yield a geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). The geometrical-optics terms correspond identically to simple ray-tracing results. The diffraction field is analogous to the perfectly conduction case with suitable multiplying factors to account for the lossy reflections. The surface-wave contribution and its associated transition field are included to account for complex poles of the auxiliary Maliuzhinets function. Numerical integration using an adaptive quadrature routine was used to verify the accuracy of the technique. The analysis of the interior wedge geometry extends the work of M.I. Herman and J.L. Volakis (1987) to allow the study of complex structures which may include many multiple reflections and diffractions within interior wedges. >
Decentering agency in feminist theory: Recuperating the family as a social project☆

Synopsis Ethnographic investigations demonstrate that there are many cultures in which women relinquish rights for broader social goods and protections, which are equally acceptable, if not more desirable, to women. These include Western European social democracies, Eastern European post socialist nations, and the East Asian industrialized nations. Exploring these gender politics provides a powerful window into how the liberal emphasis on “choice” captures only one narrow aspect of what is at stake for women in issues such as feminist debates about domesticity and the politics of abortion and family planning. In this article we draw on Japan and Bulgaria as our case studies, and we historicize the brand of social feminism that we are discussing, locating it in the mission to incorporate women into national agendas during the interwar period in many locations throughout the industrialized world as well as in the diverse mandates of early socialist feminism in the United States. We argue that “social feminism” can help sharpen the critiques of liberal feminism mobilized by anthropologists under the banner of “cultural relativism.”
Non-rigid heart wall motion using MR tagging

A measure of deformation energy suitable for fitting deformable models to image data is described. An object's displacement is constrained to be globally smooth by penalizing the variation of the deformation gradient tensor. This homogeneous deformation measure is invariant to arbitrary rigid body motion of object and viewpoint, given the correspondence between model and data. It remains quadratic in the displacement parameters, leading to linear-least-squares fits. The method was used to reconstruct the nonhomogeneous 3-D motion of the heart wall from tomographic magnetic resonance images. A finite-element model of the left ventricle was deformed to fit material points tracked in biplanar views. Only the in-plane components were available from each separate image, the through-plane components being reconstructed in the fit. >
Corrigendum to “Cell phones change the way we walk” [Gait Posture 35 (2012) 688–690]

In the results section, we state ‘‘When comparing baseline to testing, the TEXT group had a 33% reduction (7.0 vs. 4.7 m/s, p = 0.01) and the TALK group a 16% reduction (7.5 vs. 6.3 m/s, p = 0.02) in velocity.’’ While the percentages are correct, the velocities should read (0.7 vs. 0.47 m/s, p = 0.01) and (0.75 vs. 0.63 m/s, p = 0.02). We regret the incorrect placement of the decimal point indicating a far greater than normal velocity. In fact, even at baseline participants are walking slower than typical gait speeds due to obscured vision. Likewise, the graphic representations of our data are missing appropriate decimal points. The legend for Fig. 1B should be 0.40, 0.45, . . ., 0.85 m/s and the legend for Fig. 1C should be 6.5, 7.0, . . ., 9.0 m. We regret any inconvenience these errors may have caused.
Digital Gravescapes: Digital Memorializing on Facebook

I conduct a textual analysis of a digital memorial to understand the ways in which the digital sphere has disrupted or altered material and aesthetic displays of death and the associated genre of discourses surrounding death. I first use Morris's history of traditional gravescapes to situate digital memorials within their broader historical context. I then draw on the functional genre of eulogies, in particular Jamieson and Campbell's systematic description of eulogies, as a textual analytic to understand Facebook's unique memorializing discourse. My analysis suggests that the affordances of the Internet allow for a peculiar dynamic wherein the bereaved engage in communication with the deceased instead of with each other and yet strengthen the communal experience, as their personal communications are visible to the entire community. While the digital memorials lack the permanence of traditional gravescapes, the ongoing conversation they foster sublimates death into the process of communication.
HYPERTENSION STUDIES IN CHINA

Hypertension accounts for 25–50% of all deaths in China each year and its prevalence has been found to be increasing for the past 20 years. Blood pressure surveys showed that urban populations had a higher prevalence as well as an earlier and more rapid rise in prevalence rates than rural populations. Northern and northeastern districts, and the more prosperous eastern part of China also had higher prevalence rates. Community control of hypertension has been organized since 1969, and an obvious leftward shift of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was noticed after 10 years of community control. Stroke is much more common than acute myocardial infarction, its annual incidence rate (130–160 per 100,000) being five fold higher (1). Based upon the above situations, an outline is given of the studies which have been carried out in China in the past 5 years.
RAPPID: an asynchronous instruction length decoder

This paper describes an investigation of potential advantages and risks of applying an aggressive asynchronous design methodology to Intel Architecture. RAPPID ("Revolving Asynchronous Pentium(R) Processor Instruction Decoder"), a prototype IA32 instruction length decoding and steering unit, was implemented using self-timed techniques. RAPPID chip was fabricated on a 0.25 /spl mu/ CMOS process and tested successfully. Results show significant advantages-in particular, performance of 2.5-4.5 instructions/nS-with manageable risks using this design technology. RAPPID achieves three times the throughput and half the latency, dissipating only half the power and requiring about the same area as an existing 400 MHz clocked circuit.
Metastatic rectal cancer to the breast

Rectal cancer metastatic to the breast is an exceedingly rare event with around 15 cases reported in the literature. A metastatic breast deposit from the rectum signifies diffuse disseminated disease or a highly aggressive tumor such that surgical intervention other than palliation has a limited role. In the present report, we discuss a patient who presented with rectal cancer and developed a breast metastatic deposit. She soon developed progressive metastatic involvement of the lungs and the soft tissues and succumbed to the malignant course of this disease 12 months after the diagnosis of the primary rectal tumor.
2015 William Hunter Harridge lecture: how did we go from operating on nearly all injured kidneys to operating on almost none of them?

Abstract The 2015 William H. Harridge lecture of the 2015 Midwest Surgical Association concentrated on the evolution and performance characteristics of nonoperative management of even severe renal injury. One of the first mentions of nonoperative renal trauma occurs after World War II. Since that time through the early 2000s, only 1 or fewer papers per year appeared in the literature. The mid-2000s had an explosion of interest and publications on the subject, resulting in our modern understanding of the principles. The principles of nonoperative management are as follows: (1) operate immediately if the patient is bleeding to death; (2) observe initially, but step in with metered responses as necessary; (3) use ureteral stents for symptomatic or growing urinoma; (4) use angioembolization for nonemergent bleeding or for urgent bleeding if your center can manage this; and (5) do open surgery when needed (not "never").
Andesite Magmas, Ejecta, Eruptions, and Volcanoes

Studies of the tectonic significance, petrography, and chemical composition of andesites have been more common than detailed investigations of the physical properties of andesite magma, the volcanologic characteristics of its eruption, or the geologic history of its eruptive sites. Indeed, these features sometimes are regarded as of little significance for studies of andesite genesis, as opposed to near-surface phenomenology. However, as will be shown in this chapter, the volcano-logic and geologic contexts of andesite seem to favor its origin by low-pressure differentiation of basalt, and the physical properties of andesite magma probably control these differentiation processes.
An Experimental Study of Failure in Circumferentially Notched Elastomer Cylinders

Abstract Cylindrical dumbbell specimens containing deep circumferential cracks were loaded in tension until failure to investigate the fracture process in thick carbon black filled elastomers. Failure occurred at large deformations and was characterized by material tearing and small amounts of slow stable crack extension until rupture. The tearing process itself consisted of two distinct phenomena, delamination and crack extension. Upon load application, parabolic and asymmetric blunting of the crack tip was observed followed by a visible separation of the fabricated crack surfaces into upper and lower crack surfaces connected by an inner core of elastomer material. Localized material failure, identified as delamination, occurred along the outer surface of this inner core between the fabricated crack surfaces. Crack extension in the load direction was found above and below the fabricated crack surfaces. Both qualitative and quantitative aspects of failure were studied. Load and crack mouth opening displac...
Reconciling trademark rights and expressive values: how to stop worrying and learn to love ambiguity

In the early 90's, I wrote two articles examining the expansion of trademark law from its core focus on confusion about marketing signals, to cover such matters as dilution, implications of sponsorship, and rights of publicity. I argued that these developments were putting increasing pressure on free speech interests and suggested that the operation of these symbols could be usefully categorized in two spheres - the commercial and the expressive. By analytically separating the spheres, I thought that both trademark and speech interests could be accommodated. In this essay, which looks at developments in the last decade, I admit that this solution is becoming increasingly less tractable. The exigencies of a global, on-line marketplace make stronger protection for trademarks necessary just when technology makes their widespread expressive use more feasible. Internet shopping requires both exclusivity and unrestricted availability - the former, to keep search costs down by ensuring that consumers find the right site; the latter, to allow markets to work efficiently by ensuring that consumers receive information about comparable products. The popularity of trademarks in humor and criticism create new profitmaking opportunities - and produce funds that can be channeled back into efforts to destabilize trademark meaning. This paper begins with an examination of the doctrinal approaches taken thus far and the limits on what such analyses can achieve. It concludes that preventing confusion, dilution, and cyberconflicts are, in fact, no longer be feasible and that the best a legal system can do is adopt rules that help consumers accurately resolve the inevitable tension. Thus, closer attention needs to be paid to the strategies people employ when confronted with ambiguity. Lessons drawn from cognitive and behavioral research can, it is submitted, provide better protection for the interests of trademark holders and expressive users alike.
Jean Elshtain, Defender of the Family

In 1951, when Jean Elshtain was ten, she contracted polio. In the small Colorado town where she grew up (then as now, the population was under 200), the medical system did not understand well how to deal with polio. Her doctors sent her to a hospital, separated her from her parents, withdrew fluid from her spinal cord without anesthetic, and, for fear of contagion, sequestered her in a single room where even the nurse feared contact. Elshtain said later, “The only person I saw during that time was a nurse who [would] … put a meal down and leave a bedpan.” After the nurse hurriedly left the room, this ten-year old girl faced the walls and her condition by herself.
Some Tests with Fluorine Compounds Against the Pepper Weevil, Anthonomus Eugenii Cano

Several fluorine compounds have been tested with respect to their insecticidal value against the pepper weevil as compared with that of calcium arsenate. Sodium fluoaluminate (synthetic cryolite), potassium fluoaluminate, and barium fluosilicate gave a higher weevil mortality than did calcium arsenate but, except in the case of potassium fluoaluminate, injury to the plants overshadowed weevil control. The injury was less pronounced in the absence of moisture or when silicon dioxide was added to the fluorine compound. Because of plant injury following treatments with fluorine compounds and the residue problem, these materials are not to be recommended as a control for the pepper weevil.
Energetics of Ideal Grain Boundary Fracture in Iron and the Thermodynamic Criterion of Impurity Embrittlement

Modeling of grain boundary (GB) relaxation during ideal fracture, and the fracture energetics of a Σ3 (111) GB in Fe was performed using the modified Finnis-Sinclair semi-empirical method, and utilizing the so-called "environment-sensitive embedding energies" of impurity atoms, introduced earlier by the author. The calculations were done for both the clean GB, and GB with the following impurity atoms: H, B, C, N, O, P and S. The ideal fracture was modeled by separating the two halves of crystal normal to the GB, step-wise, minimizing the total crystal energy at every step. The interplanar distances were varied, while the Fe interatomic spacing within the hexagonal planes was held fixed. When the distance between the two crystal halves: one with the impurity and another without, exceeded the interatomic interaction cut-off radius (3.6 A), two different free surfaces - with and without the impurity - emerged. The GB and surface energies were found both for the pure Fe, and that with impurity atoms at the GB or free surface. Both the (111) GB energy and the (111) surface energy of pure Fe agree well with experimental data and results of previous semi-empirical modeling. In general, the correlation between the embrittling/ cohesion enhancing effect of impurities in GB and the difference between the GB and free surface energies agrees with the thermodynamic criterion of embrittlement.
Observations on the Filtrability of B. Tuberculosis.

A series of 21 guinea pigs was inoculated with the Berkefeld filtrates of tuberculous material. Of 12 animals autopsied so far, acid-fast bacilli have been identified in the direct smears from the lung, inguinal and tracheo-bronchial glands of 3 of the animals. Prolonged search was necessary to demonstrate the organisms which, however, occurred usually in large clumps when found.No definite evidence of tuberculosis was found by histological methods, except in the lungs of two of the positive animals. These showed small punctate areas of granulomatous, endotheloid hyperplasia, not specific for tuberculosis. The lesions did not differ materially from those found in the lungs of one out of twelve control animals examined.Exhaustive search of the smears of the lymph glands and lungs of 12 uninoculated animals did not disclose the presence of any acid-fast bacilli. Cultures and inoculation experiments from positive animals yielded negative results.These results as a whole appear in accord with those of the Fre...
A Proof of the Lebesgue Condition for Riemann Integrability

(1936). A Proof of the Lebesgue Condition for Riemann Integrability. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 396-398.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH AND PIGMENTATION OF CLADOCHYTRIUM REPLICATUM

(\ITHT 1 FIGCURE) Presumptive evidence that Cladochytrium replicatum could be cultivated on an artificial medium was first offered by Sparrow (1931), who succeeded in growing the chytrid on corn meal agar. However, the relatively slow growth of the fungus as compared with that of the surrounding contaminants prevented him from obtaining a pure culture. Karling (1935), in an account of the distribution of this organism in bodies of fresh water in and around New York City, concluded that it was an ubiquitous saprophyte. He cultivated it on several complex media of which soil mannite agar was best since the mannite medium appeared to retard bacterial growth. It remained for Couch (1939) to be the first to achieve success in establishing a pure culture of this or any other chytrid and in his classic paper he outlined several techniques for isolating lower Phycomycetes. The present investigation was begun in order to expand our knowledge of the factors affecting the growth of this common water chytrid and to ascertain its place within recently propounded phylogenetic schemes (Crasemann, 1954; Cantino, 1955; Cantino and Turian, 1959) based on nutritional characteristics.
Light and Feed Management of Broiler Breeders Reared Under Short Versus Natural Day Length

A series of four experiments was conducted to determine the response of meat-type breeder pullets to various light and feed management systems during the rearing, developing, and laying periods. Pullets reared under a short-day (8 h) lighting regimen entered lay at a significantly younger age and lighter body weight than did pullets reared under natural day length. When reared under short days, pullets subjected to light and feed stimulation earlier than 18 wk of age entered lay at a slightly younger age and significantly heavier body weight and produced fewer eggs through 45 wk of age. When pullets were reared under natural day length and photostimulated at 14 wk of age, incremental reductions in age (from 24 to 15 wk of age) at which feed stimulation was initiated resulted in proportionate reductions in age at first egg but had no effect on body weight at first egg. Results suggest that egg production by commercial meat-type females is optimum when managed to begin lay at 24 wk of age. Pullets reared under short days will enter lay at 24 wk if photostimulation is begun at 18 wk and feed stimulation is initiated not later than 24 wk. Pullets reared under natural day length will enter lay at 24 wk if photostimulation is begun at 14 wk and feed stimulation is initiated at 15 wk.
APPROACHES TO PERFORMANCE OF SP PRE-STRESSED HOLLOW SLAB FLOOR

Introduction is given to the characteristics and advantages of SP pre-stressed hollow slab floor.Finite element software is adopted to analyze the effect of joint width and strength of joint-filling concrete upon the plane rigidity of the floor.And the behavior of SPD laminated hollow slab is also introduced in brief.Calculation results indicate that the narrower the joint,and the stronger the joint-filling concrete,the bigger the floor rigidity is.Moreover,as the strength of joint-filling concrete increases,the impact of the variation of joint width on floor rigidity declines gradually.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Thalidomide in Tablets, Capsules, and Raw Materials

A simple, isocratic liquid chromatographic method for assay of thalidomide in tablets, capsules, and raw materials was developed. The method uses a Nova-Pak octadecylsilane bonded-phase column (150 x 3.9 mm, 4 μm particle size), a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water (15 + 85), a flow rate of 1 mL/min, detection at 237 nm, and phenacetin as internal standard. Phosphoric acid was used in preparation of sample solutions to inhibit thalidomide hydrolysis. Assays ranged from 99.3 to 100.4% in raw materials from 4 manufacturers, from 79.7 to 104.8% in tablets from 7 manufacturers, and from 75.3 to 102.6% in capsules from 4 manufacturers. Assay method precisions for triplicate analyses on 5 days were 0.30% for tablets, 0.22% for capsules, and 0.22% for raw materials. Recovery from simulated tablet formulations was 100%. The method has been used to analyze individual tablets and capsules for determination of content uniformity.
Chyloperitoneum and Chylothorax: A Combined Rare Occurrence After Retro Peritoneal Lymphadenectomy and Radiotherapy for Testis Tumor

Abstract We report a case of chyloperitoneum and chylothorax 5 weeks after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and radiotherapy for embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case of this rare combined complication. The patient was treated successfully with an alimental dietary regimen (medium chain triglycerides and Vivonext), coupled with thoracenteses and paracenteses.
A Re-Evaluation of Mimbres Faunal Subsistence

ABSTRACTData from NAN Ruin, Grant County, and Old Town, Luna County, New Mexico, suggest that spatial factors influenced variability in faunal subsistence in the Mimbres Valley from A.D. 1150. It had been accepted that environmental effects from the increase of agriculture in the valley caused the jackrabbit population to increase and the cottontail and artiodactyl populations to decrease. However, this reconstruction is not supported when previously published studies are re-examined with new data from NAN Ruin and Old Town. Throughout the Mimbres region, prehistoric inhabitants appear to have relied primarily on rabbits, while also consuming rodents and artiodactyls. Spatial differences were found throughout the valley, with jackrabbits more common in the middle and lower valley and cottontails more common in the upper valley. These spatial differences reflect variations in local environments. This study indicates that variability in Mimbres faunal subsistence is related to these local environmental vari...
Novel Extracellular Sulfatases

ヘパラン硫酸プロテオグリカン (HSPG) のグルコサミン残基の硫酸化は、HSPGと多くの増殖および分化因子との結合やそれらの因子の情報伝達において、重要な役割を担っていることが知られている。近年、我々はヒトおよびマウスからそれぞれ2つの新規細胞外スルファターゼ (Sulf-1, Sulf-2) をウズラとラットのオーソロガス遺伝子としてクローニングした (1)。これら新規細胞外スルファターゼ (Sulf) は、今までに知られている主にリソソームに局在し硫酸化巨大分子を基質とする細胞内スルファターゼとは異なるものである。これら Sulf には、ヒトグルコサミン-6-スルファターゼと高いホモロジーをもつ領域が2つあり、機能的にはヘパリンに対するエンドスルファターゼ活性を示す。さらに興味深いことに、Sulf は発生と腫瘍形成において共通した機能を有する可能性がある。つまり、ヘパリン結合性増殖/分化因子を制御する可能性である。この Sulf の機能は、いくつかの腫瘍組織において Sulf のmRNAレベルが正常組織と比較して増加していることと矛盾していない。
A Smart \"Virtual Eye\" Mobile System for the Visually Impaired

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 90% of the information the human brain receives is transmitted through sight alone. Unfortunately, this highly efficient information-collecting channel is blocked to the over 285 million blind or visually impaired people across the world. An efficient yet economical device to serve as a distance sensor as well as provide other blind-assistance features and audibly relay the information back to the user would be highly significant to this group of people. Technology must serve and continue to advance the welfare of these individuals.
Dry Preservation of Spermatozoa: Considerations for Different Species

The current gold standard for sperm preservation is storage at cryogenic temperatures. Dry preservation is an attractive alternative, eliminating the need for ultralow temperatures, reducing storage maintenance costs, and providing logistical flexibility for shipping. Many seeds and anhydrobiotic organisms are able to survive extended periods in a dry state through the accumulation of intracellular sugars and other osmolytes and are capable of returning to normal physiology postrehydration. Using techniques inspired by nature's adaptations, attempts have been made to dehydrate and dry preserve spermatozoa from a variety of species. Most of the anhydrous preservation research performed to date has focused on mouse spermatozoa, with only a small number of studies in nonrodent mammalian species. There is a significant difference between sperm function in rodent and nonrodent mammalian species with respect to centrosomal inheritance. Studies focused on reproductive technologies have demonstrated that in nonrodent species, the centrosome must be preserved to maintain sperm function as the spermatozoon centrosome contributes the dominant nucleating seed, consisting of the proximal centriole surrounded by pericentriolar components, onto which the oocyte's centrosomal material is assembled. Preservation techniques used for mouse sperm may therefore not necessarily be applicable to nonrodent spermatozoa. The range of technologies used to dehydrate sperm and the effect of processing and storage conditions on fertilization and embryogenesis using dried sperm are reviewed in the context of reproductive physiology and cellular morphology in different species.
Exogenous C/EBPα Favors the Monocytic Commitment and Maturation of Normal Murine Myeloid Progenitors.

Abstract C/EBPα (−/−) cells do not effectively generate the granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) from the common myeloid progenitor (CMP). However, the role of C/EBPα in the further commitment of the GMP remains uncertain. Transduction of murine marrow or fetal liver cells with KRAB-C/EBPα-ER, an estradiol-regulated, dominant inhibitor of C/EBPs, suppresses formation of CFU-M, CFU-G, and CFU-GM without affecting formation of BFU-E, suggesting a role for C/EBPα in both myeloid lineages. C/EBPα-ER directs the granulocytic differentiation of 32Dcl3 cells and several other cell lines, but induces monocytic development from transduced B cell progenitors. We have now assessed the effect of C/EBPα on the myeloid commitment and maturation of murine myeloid progenitors. Mononuclear cells isolated from 5-FU-treated mice were transduced with pBabePuro-C/EBPα-ER and selected for 2 days with puromycin. Surviving cells were isolated using a density gradient and only then subjected to lineage-depletion, just prior to culture +/− estradiol. This protocol, combined with rapid assessment of lineage maturation aims to avoid biases due to effects on proliferation or differentiation during transduction. C/EBPα-ER was expressed approximately 4-fold above endogeous levels. By 48 hrs, 80% of the lin- cells had acquired myeloid surface markers. Mac1+/Gr1+ or Mac1+/MPO+ cells, assessed by FACS, were granulocytes and Mac1+/Gr1− or Mac1+/MPO− cells were monocytes, as confirmed by staining cytospins. Activation of C/EBPα-ER with estradiol increased the proportion of monocytes 1.7-fold and reduced the proportion of granulocytes 2.5-fold at 48 hrs in five assessments (P
Cervical Spine Muscle-Tendon Unit Length Differences Between Neutral and Forward Head Postures: Biomechanical Study Using Human Cadaveric Specimens.

Background Forward head posture (FHP) may be associated with neck pain and poor health-related quality of life. Literature describes only qualitative muscle length changes associated with FHP. Objective The purpose of this study was to quantify how muscle-tendon unit lengths are altered when human cadaveric specimens are placed in alignments representing different severities of FHP. Design This biomechanical study used 13 fresh-frozen cadaveric cervical spine specimens (Occiput-T1, 54±15 y). Methods Specimens' postural changes simulating increasing FHP severity while maintaining horizontal gaze were assessed. Specimen-specific anatomic models derived from computed tomography-based anatomic data were combined with postural data and specimen-specific anatomy of muscle attachment points to estimate the muscle length changes associated with FHP. Results Forward head posture was associated with flexion of the mid-lower cervical spine and extension of the upper cervical (sub-occipital) spine. Muscles that insert on the cervical spine and function as flexors (termed "cervical flexors") as well as muscles that insert on the cranium and function as extensors ("occipital extensors") shortened in FHP when compared to neutral posture. In contrast, muscles that insert on the cervical spine and function as extensors ("cervical extensors") as well as muscles that insert on the cranium and function as flexors ("occipital flexors") lengthened. The greatest shortening was seen in the major and minor rectus capitis posterior muscles. These muscles cross the Occiput-C2 segments, which exhibited extension to maintain horizontal gaze. The greatest lengthening was seen in posterior muscles crossing the C4-C6 segments, which exhibited the most flexion. Limitations This cadaver study did not incorporate the biomechanical influence of active musculature. Conclusions This study offers a novel way to quantify postural alignment and muscle length changes associated with FHP. Model predictions are consistent with qualitative descriptions in the literature.
Abstract 416: Hypertension During Pregnancy is Associated with Cerebral Damage in an Animal Model of severe preeclampsia

HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet) syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia that is accompanied by hypertension, headaches, visual disturbances and cerebral infarctions during pregnancy. HELLP is associated with hypertension and elevations in TNF-α and IL-6, both of which have been shown to activate the endothelin-1 system (ET-1). The objective of the current study was to determine if hypertension in an animal model of HELLP is associated with cerebral impairment. On gestational day (GD) 12 miniosmotic pumps infusing sEndoglin and sFlt-1 (7 and 4.7ug/kg/day) were implanted into normal pregnant (NP) rats to induce HELLP. On GD18 carotid catheters were inserted into HELLP and NP rats and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded on GD19 followed by brain collection. Myogenic tone was calculated from the middle cerebral artery; brain water content was measured to determine cerebral edema. Blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability was determined by exposing cerebral vessels from non-pregnant rats intraluminally to plasma from NP or HELLP rats. MAP increased from 92±2.6mmHg in NP rats (n=10) to 120.6±3.6mmHg in HELLP rats (n=11; p A (ET A ) receptor antagonist (ABT-627, 5mg/kg on GD12-19), significantly decreased MAP in HELLP rats compared to untreated HELLP rats (97±5.3mmHg, n=5, p A receptor antagonist which significantly decreased MAP and cerebral edema; future studies will determine if these changes are accompanied by improvement in myogenic tone and BBB permeability.
Analysis and optimization of BCM peak current mode control techniques for microinverters

This paper presents a detailed power loss model for a microinverter with three different zero voltage switching (ZVS) boundary conduction mode (BCM) current modulation methods. The model is used to calculate the optimum peak current boundaries for each modulation method. Based on the power loss model, a dual-zone modulation method is proposed to further improve the microinverter efficiency. The proposed modulation method provides two main benefits: the addition of one more soft switching transition and low peak current boundary. The additional soft switching transition reduces switching losses by means of zero current switching (ZCS). The lower peak current boundary reduces inductor rms current and conduction losses as well as allowing the output filter inductor to be smaller and more efficient. An improved BCM peak current control method was proposed and implemented on a microinverter prototype. The control circuit provides a highly accurate representation of the filter inductor current waveform and also provides galvanic isolation which simplifies control circuit design. The experimental results on a 400-W three-phase half-bridge microinverter validate the theoretical analysis of the power loss distribution and demonstrate that further improvement in efficiency can be achieved by using the proposed dual-zone modulation method.
Effects of Active Videogame and Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids Physical Education on Children's Health-Related Fitness and Enjoyment.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of a Kinect active videogame (AVG) and the Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) intervention in improving children's health-related fitness and physical activity (PA) enjoyment. Materials and Methods: A total of 65 students from both third and fourth grade in a rural elementary school participated in the study. The third graders (N = 29, mean age = 9.1 years, 10 boys, mean body mass index [BMI] = 20.1) were assigned to a SPARK physical education group, while the fourth graders (N = 36, mean age = 10.2 years, 15 boys, mean BMI = 20.3) were enrolled in the Kinect AVG group. The intervention lasted for 6 weeks, with each week including three practice sessions (∼40 minutes per session). All participants were measured on their health-related fitness by testing their performance in the 15-m Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER), curl-ups, and push-ups both before and after the interventions. Participants' ...
Child labor and the minimum wage: Evidence from India

Abstract This study examines how changes in the minimum wage affect child labor in India. The analysis uses repeated cross sections of India's NSSO employment data from 1983 to 2008 merged with data on state-level minimum wage rates. Theoretically, the impact of the minimum wage on child work could go either way, so empirical evidence from a country with high rates of child labor and a myriad of minimum wage laws across states and industries helps to lessen the ambiguity. Results indicate that regardless of gender, in urban areas, a higher minimum wage reduces child labor in household work. In rural areas a similar result applies for girls while household labor does rise for boys. The minimum wage has virtually no impact on child work outside of the home across urban and rural areas.
An Historical Case Study

This chapter analyzes the teaching of early sixteenth century Anabaptists with regard to the place of a minority religion in a monist, sacralist society. It uses the Schleitheim Confession, 1527, as a matrix through which to view the social and political view of the radical sectarians. The chapter concludes by looking at the teaching of the Anabaptists on toleration.
The α and Johari-Goldstein Relaxations in 1,4-Polybutadiene: Breakdown of Isochronal Superpositioning

Dielectric spectra were measured for 1,4-polybutadiene (PBD) at various temperatures and pressures corresponding to a constant value of the relaxation time, τα, for the local segmental dynamics (α-process). Given the relationship of the Johari–Goldstein secondary relaxation to the α-process, it is of interest to determine whether the frequency separation of the Johari–Goldstein secondary relaxation and the α relaxation remains essentially constant under isochronal conditions. We find for PBD this is not the case; the JG relaxation peak moves systematically to higher frequencies at constant τα with increasing temperature and pressure. We show using molecular dynamics simulations that the behavior of PBD, which differs from that reported previously for molecular liquids, is a consequence of the torsional inflexibility of the polymer backbone. This accentuates the effect of constraints from local intermolecular barriers, with consequent deviation in the response of the JG and α relaxations due to their diffe...
Reducing “I Don’t Know” Responses and Missing Survey Data: Implications for Measurement:

Background. “I don’t know” (DK) responses are common in health behavior research. Yet analytic approaches to managing DK responses may undermine survey validity and researchers’ ability to interpre...
Personal Guidance System for People with Visual Impairment: A Comparison of Spatial Displays for Route Guidance

This article reports on a study of route guidance using a navigation system that receives location information from a Global Positioning System receiver. Fifteen visually impaired participants traveled along 50-meter (about 164-foot) paths in each of five conditions that were defined by the type of display interface used. One of the virtual displays—virtual speech—led to the shortest travel times and the highest subjective ratings, despite concerns about the use of headphones.
Two Apparent Contradictions in Testing Hypotheses

An apparent paradox occurring in statistical hypothesis testing is described and resolved. What seem to be contradictions are shown to be no more than the result of confusion on the part of the experimenter as to what conclusion should be drawn from an ..
Targeted tumor profiling and actionable somatic variants in sarcoma.

11551Background: The impact of next generation sequencing data on treatment decision and clinical outcome in sarcoma remains under investigation. Methods: We queried the Dana Farber Cancer Institut...
Aspirational Differences Between Students With and Without IEPs: Grades Earned Matter:

Using data from the 2015 Dane County Youth Assessment (n = 12,886 students, 22 high schools), we identified disparities between students with Individualized Education Programs (IEP) and without IEP...
Acid-catalyzed benzoylation reactions of Diels-Alder polyphenylenes

Abstract Post-polymerization reactions of Diels-Alder polyphenylene with ring-substituted benzoyl chloride derivatives using triflic acid as the catalyst, effected selective Friedel-Crafts acylation of the lateral phenyl groups attached to the polyphenylene backbone. Using 4-(trifluoromethyl) benzoyl chloride gave a polymer with increased hydrophobicity. Using 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride afforded lateral 4-(fluorobenzoyl)phenyl substituents, which were further functionalized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the reactive fluoro substituent by 4-methoxyphenol.
Survival of Escherichia coli in Manure-Amended Soils Is Affected by Spatiotemporal, Agricultural, and Weather Factors in the Mid-Atlantic United States.

ABSTRACT Untreated biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO), such as manure, are commonly used to fertilize soils for growing fruit and vegetable crops and can contain enteric bacterial foodborne pathogens. Little is known about the comparative longitudinal survival of pathogens in agricultural fields containing different types of BSAAO, and field data may be useful to determine intervals between manure application and harvest of produce intended for human consumption to minimize foodborne illness. This study generated 324 survival profiles from 12 different field trials at three different sites (UMES, PA, and BARC) in the Mid-Atlantic United States from 2011 to 2015 of inoculated nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (gEc) and attenuated O157 E. coli (attO157) in soils which were unamended (UN) or amended with untreated poultry litter (PL), horse manure (HM), or dairy manure solids (DMS) or liquids (DML). Site, season, inoculum level (low/high), amendment type, management (organic/conventional), and depth (surface/tilled) all significantly (P IMPORTANCE Current language in the Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule states no objection to a 90- or 120-day interval between application of untreated BSAAO and harvest of crops to minimize transfer of pathogens to produce intended for human consumption with the intent to limit potential cases of foodborne illness. This regional multiple season, multiple location field trial determined survival durations of Escherichia coli in soils amended with manure to determine whether this interval is appropriate. Spatiotemporal factors influence survival durations of E. coli more than amendment type, total amount of E. coli present, organic or conventional soil management, and depth of manure application. Overall, these data show poultry litter may support extended survival of E. coli compared to horse manure or dairy manure, but spatiotemporal factors like site and season may have more influence than manure type in supporting survival of E. coli beyond 90 days in amended soils in the Mid-Atlantic United States.
EVALUATION OF THE UTILITY OF THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RETURN TO SPORT AFTER INJURY (ACL-RSI) SCALE WITHIN PEDIATRIC ATHLETES:

Background:The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and surgical reconstruction in youth athletes is increasing. In the United States, most athletes elect to undergo ACL reconstruct...
Inter-Observer Error in Wetland Vegetation Surveys

Vegetation surveys are a common component of sampling wetlands. Although observer error is known to be ubiquitous in vegetation sampling in general, extremely few studies of observer error have been conducted in wetland habitats. We quantified inter-observer error in sampling emergent, scrub-shrub, and forested wetlands located in Ohio. Two expert observers independently recorded species present and estimated foliar cover within ten cover classes in 10 × 10 m modules, which were units of larger sample plots, in six wetlands. Although the numbers of species recorded by observers were similar, the identities of species recorded differed due to overlooking of species actually present, misidentification error, and not recording species to the same taxonomic level. We calculated rates of pseudoturnover due to each of these three sources of error at different spatial scales (i.e., plot vs. module level), for different vegetation strata (i.e., herbaceous vs. woody) and for the three vegetation types. We also quantified estimation error associated with cover class estimates. Several different types of VIBIs (Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity) were calculated based on each observer’s records. Pseudoturnover rates ranged from 15 to 40%, and observers recorded different cover classes 59% of the time. VIBI categorization was affected 17% of the time.
Aberrations of zoom lens kernel

This paper discusses the aberrations of a zoom lens kernel and a method to determine them. Separating the kernel aberrations provides insight into the zoom lens design process and helps the process by decoupling design tasks. The design of a zoom lens is discussed, step by step, and some alternate kernel solutions are shown. A technique for controlling uniform aberrations is discussed, and a reverse ray tracing method for displaying kernel aberrations is presented. The role of pupil coma in controlling distortion is also discussed.