cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic analysis of the ability of stromal cell lines derived from different murine adult tissues to support maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro

Hematopoietic stem cells interact with a complex microenvironment both in vivo and in vitro. In association with this microenvironment, murine stem cells are maintained in vitro for several months. Fibroblast-like stromal cells appear to be important components of the microenvironment, since several laboratories have demonstrated that cloned stromal cell lines support hematopoiesis in vitro. The importance of the tissue of origin of such cell lines remains unknown, since systematic generation of stromal cell lines from adult tissues has never been accomplished. In addition, the capacity of stromal cell lines to support reconstituting stem cell has not been examined. We have previously described an efficient and rapid method for the immortalization of primary bone marrow stromal cell lines (Williams et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3864-3871, 1988) which can be used to systematically derive cell lines from multiple tissues of the adult mouse. Here we report the immortalization of primary murine lung, kidney, skin, and bone marrow stromal cells using a recombinant retrovirus vector (U19-5) containing the simian virus large T antigen (SV40 LT) and the neophosphotransferase gene. The interaction of these stromal cells with factor-dependent cells Patterson-Mix (FDCP-Mix), colony forming units-spleen (CFU-S), and reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells was studied in order to analyze the ability of such lines to support multipotent stem cells in vitro. These studies revealed that stromal cell lines from these diverse tissues were morphologically and phenotypically similar and that they quantitatively bound CFU-S and FDCP-Mix cells equally well. However, only those cell lines derived from bone marrow-supported maintenance of day 12 CFU-S in vitro. One lung-derived stromal cell line, ULU-3, supported the survival of day 8 CFU-S, but not the more primitive CFU-S12. A bone marrow-derived stromal cell line, U2, supported the survival of long-term reconstituting stem cells for up to 3 weeks in vitro as assayed by reconstitution 1 year post-transplant. These studies suggest that adherence of HSC to stromal cells is necessary but not sufficient for maintenance of these stem cell populations and that bone marrow provides specific signals relating to hematopoietic stem cell survival and proliferation.
Intraspecific Variation in Nutrient Reserve Use During Clutch Formation by Lesser Scaup

Abstract We studied nutrient reserve dynamics of female Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) to identify sources of intraspecific variation in strategies of nutrient acquisition for meeting the high nutritional and energetic costs of egg formation. We collected data from interior Alaska and combined these with data for Lesser Scaup from midcontinent breeding areas (Afton and Ankney 1991), allowing a rangewide analysis for the species. We found little evidence that nutrient reserve use differed between Alaskan and midcontinent Lesser Scaup, except that subarctic birds used a small amount of protein reserves when forming eggs, whereas midcontinent birds did not. Mineral reserves contributed relatively little to the clutch, but endogenous lipid accounted for approximately two-thirds of the lipid in the clutch. Levels of endogenous lipid and protein at initiation of clutch formation declined with date of initiation. Also, absolute amounts of lipid and protein reserves used declined through the season, corresponding ...
Decay Properties Of Solutions For Some DampedWave Equations

We study decay properties of global solutions for some non-linear damped wave equations, which include three cases: non-degenerate, degenerate, and inhomogeneous damping. A canonical model for such equations is a generalized Kirchhoff string. We establish decay properties of solutions in energy norm, and give critical damping conditions for a class of non-linear damping functions. In particular we introduce a Lypunov function which can be used to study the case where damping term strongly depends on time.
A Conversation with George Pólya

(1987). A Conversation with George Polya. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 265-268.
Dual inhibitory effects of dopamine on Na+ homeostasis in rat aorta smooth muscle cells

Dopamine is an essential catecholamine, which acts not only as a neurotransmitter in sympathetic neurons but also exhibits vasodilating and natriuretic effects in renal tubular cells, blood vessels...
Engaging Students as Co-Lecturers in Information Systems and Technology Courses.

Engaging students in the learning process is critical to their learning experience. One common practice is to have student do the work and report it back in classroom as presentations. However, many of these presentations are solely presented by students and are crowded into specific presentation class sessions. This is suboptimal in achieving a teaching (learning) environment with balanced information exchange. This paper presents a collaborative lecturing methodology, which engages students in the complete process of learning design, topic research, and collaborative lecturing in classrooms. Key activities and features of the method are presented in a four-stage life cycle. The method has been employed by the author in multiple IT and IS courses of different subjects and levels. Past experiences and lessons learned will be discussed.
Clinical Observation on Effects of Jie'eryin on Patients with Vaginitis

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of Jie'eryin solution on vaginitis.Methods 400 patients were treated with Jie'eryin solution with vagina washing.7 days was used as a course.150 cases of control group were treated with Shuang zuotai.Vaginitis was diagnosed on the basis of result of leucorrhea.Results: the cure rate of two groups was 90.5%(362/400),88.7%(133/150),respectively after a course.No statistically significant differences were noted between them(P0.05).Patients were treated with another course when vaginitis was not cured in the two groups.The cure rate of two groups was 97.2%(389/400),96.7%(145/150),respectively.No statistically significant differences were noted between them(P0.05).Conclusion: Jie'eryin solution was a kind of effective drags on vaginitis.
Research Progress on Indoor Particles Dispersion and Distribution

The research methods of indoor particles dispersion and distribution were briefly introduced.The research progresses at home and abroad were discussed by relationship between indoor and outdoor particles,deposition surface characteristics,indoor activities and ventilation strategies,etc.The remaining problems in the research were indicated;also some suggestions for future researches were put forward.
The Welfare Principle

The harm principle and the principle of paternalism provide defenses for only a limited range of possible legislation. One kind of legislation which does not appear to be defensible under those principles is legislation requiring persons to aid others in need or to provide benefits to others. The principle of paternalism clearly would not warrant such laws, and the harm principle has been restricted to cover actions and not omissions. Thus, it is doubtful whether any basis has been provided for what may be called welfare legislation; the possibility of defending such legislation demands specific consideration.
Long-range phase-free propagation in a dielectric metasurface

We present a dielectric metasurface that supports in-plane guided waves with infinite wavelength, but suffers no material or radiation loss due to a bound-state in the continuum. This design can be extended to large areas.
Study on the distribution of hardening layer of 40Cr and 45 steel workpiece in grind-hardening process based on simulation and experiment

Hardening layer with a certain thickness can be formed on the workpiece surface after grind-hardening process. It can provide a better using performance for the workpiece. Therefore, the study on surface hardening layer and its distribution has important meaning to improve the using performance of the workpiece after dry grinding process. The paper analyzed the hardness, thickness, and its consistency of hardening layer through grind-hardening experiment using 40Cr and 45 steel. And then the paper studied the temperature field of surface hardening layer on the workpiece by FEM simulation. The cooling rate v mc could be calculated by using temperature–time curve. The distribution of hardness and thickness of surface hardening layer was also obtained. Combined with experiment results, the characteristic of the consistency of surface hardening layer was analyzed. The result showed that the hardness of the surface hardening layer would increase with the increasing of depth of cut a p and feeding rate v w. The thickness of the surface hardening layer also increases with the increasing of a p, but it decreases with the increasing of v w. The Cr element benefited the formation of martensite when the depth of the cut is small. But when the depth of the cut reaches to a certain value, the effect of Cr element could no longer be obvious. The results also showed that the consistency of intermediate area on the workpiece is much better than that of the cutting-in area and cutting-out area. Therefore, in order to obtain surface hardening layer with the suitable hardness and thickness, both technological parameters and materials should be chosen appropriately.
MINICOMPUTER COMPLEXES: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS

Abstract The economics of computers have reversed since the early 1960's; at that time a phenomenon known as “Grosch's law” seemed to hold. Grosch's law asserted that the power of a computer was related to the square of its cost. More recently, however, mass production of mini and micro computers has made them more costeffective (in $/computation) than large machines. This reversal has a number of implications, one of which is that the “right” way to build large machines may be as an assembledge of a large number of these smaller processors. This implication was recognized several years ago and spawned several research projects; each of these projects took a somewhat different approach to the problem of interconnecting many small processors to deliver the power of a large machine. This paper will: (1) expand on the problems and potentials of interconnected mini (or micro) computers, (2) assess the progress to date in realizing the potential of some of these systems, and (3) take another look at the future prospects for these systems.
Proper Projection Vectors for the Expansion of Measured Experimental Modal Data

AbstractExpansion of experimental measured mode shapes using the system equivalent reduction and expansion process (SEREP), or any expansion process that uses mode shapes for that matter, can be ha...
The inefficacy objection to consequentialism and the problem with the expected consequences response

Collective action problems lie behind many core issues in ethics and social philosophy—for example, whether an individual is required to vote, whether it is wrong to consume products that are produced in morally objectionable ways, and many others. In these cases, it matters greatly what we together do, but yet a single individual’s ‘non-cooperative’ choice seems to make no difference to the outcome and also seems to involve no violation of anyone’s rights. Here it is argued that—contrary to influential arguments by Peter Singer, Alastair Norcross, Shelly Kagan, Derek Parfit, and Allan Gibbard—an appeal to the expected consequences of acts cannot deliver plausible verdicts on many of these cases, because individuals often have a probability of making a difference that is sufficiently small to ensure that ‘non-cooperation’ is the option with the greatest expected value, even when consequentialists themselves agree that ‘cooperation’ is required. In addition, an influential argument by Singer, Norcross, and Kagan is shown to be unsound for the claim that in the collective action situations at issue, the expected effect of one individual’s action equals the average effect of everyone’s similar actions. These results have general implications for normative theory, because they undermine the sort of consequentialist explanation of collective action cases that is initially attractive from many theoretical points of view, consequentialist and otherwise.
Configuration and Version Management

The final browser interface is a browser over the file-dependency data. This browser formview servers as an interactive graphical front end to the formserver utility described in Section 6.1, and hence to both configuration management and version control.
Sensory dysfunction and traumatic brain injury severity among deployed post-9/11 veterans: a chronic effects of neurotrauma consortium study.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To describe the prevalence of sensory dysfunction (i.e. auditory, visual, vestibular, chemosensory and multiple sensory problems) and explore associations with traumatic brain i...
Reduced Recurrence of Low-grade Papillary Bladder Tumors Associated With Asymptomatic Bacteriuria.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Microbes in the urine trigger immune responses similar to intravesical BCG, suggesting that common bacteria may also exert an antitumor effect.METHODS:We investigated re...
Effect of Increasing Malpractice Insurance Cost and Subsequent Practice of Defensive Medicine on Out-of-Hospital Birth Rates in the United States.

Background Across the United States, the burden of malpractice litigation has influenced obstetricians and obstetric institutions to avoid high-risk patients, favor cesarean delivery, and decrease availability of trial of labor after cesarean. Recently, the United States has experienced an increase in out-of-hospital (OOH) births. Objective The main purpose of this article is to investigate the association between malpractice insurance premium (MIP) and OOH births in the United States from 2000 to 2014. Study Design We analyzed changes in OOH birth rates and MIP from 2000 to 2014 using birth data from the National Vital Statistics System and Medical Liability Monitor's annual survey, respectively. The change in OOH birth rates was then compared with the change in MIP. Results Between 2000 and 2014, there has been approximately 60% increase in MIP from national average of $40,949 to $65,210 (p < 0.05). OOH births increased 57% from 39,398 births to 59,674 births (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between increase in MIP and increase in OOH births (p < 0.05, R 2 = 0.14). Conclusion MIP and OOH birth rates have a significantly associated increase from 2000 to 2014. Given that malpractice climate affects other aspects of obstetric practice, we cautiously propose that increasing MIP may be associated with an increase in OOH births.
Probability of survival after prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric patients with acute respiratory failure

ObjectiveExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used with increasing frequency for respiratory failure that is unresponsive to conventional therapy. We examined the relationship between duration of ECMO and outcome to understand whether prolonged ECMO (duration of the procedure for >14
Pain Associated with Radiation Treatment for Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American women. Postsurgical adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) significantly improves local-regional recurrence and breast cancer survival, so currently most breast cancer patients receive RT after surgery. However, pain related to cancer or treatment is a critical quality of life issue for breast cancer survivors. Most of the previous studies have focused on chemotherapy-related neuropathy; however, many breast cancer patients undergoing RT experience clinically significant levels of unrelieved cancer pain despite standard pain management. Multiple risk factors contribute to pre-RT, post-RT, and RT-related pain. Considering pre-RT pain is an independent risk factor for post-RT pain, and also RT-associated pain can last for many decades, pain management during RT may be an effective preventive strategy. Furthermore, if hypo-fractionation RT can provide equivalent long-term tumor control and survival but with reduced RT-associated pain, it may present a cost-effective treatment strategy to improve RT outcomes. Lastly, compared to non-Hispanic Whites, underserved minorities are more likely to suffer worse RT-related pain. Therefore, future research is warranted to characterize the molecular mechanisms of RT-related pain disparities and identify high-risk population for precision intervention.
The Pan -African Congresses : A Re-examination

This chapter re-examines the Pan-African Congresses in order to bring more clarity to the analysis of their significance, role, and impact on the Pan-African movement. The Pan-African Congresses represent the most important events in the life cycle of Pan-Africanism; thus making this analysis all the more important, especially since there are major disagreements relative to the evolutionary timeline of Pan-Africanism. Such disagreements extend to the historical, geographical, and substantive analysis of the Congresses. At the very heart of this disagreement rests the issue of periodization. Periodization is important to the extent that it is inextricably linked to both context and content and thus provides a better historical scope of the Pan-African movement. For all these reasons, our analysis of Pan-African Congresses includes the 1900 gathering in an attempt to reorganize the periodization framework and provide a more coherent and continuous timeframe.
Examining multiple dimensions of father involvement as predictors of risk-taking intentions among black adolescent females

Abstract Although scholars have highlighted the differential impacts of father involvement on the outcomes of sons and daughters, less attention has been given to the impact of father involvement on Black adolescent females. This line of inquiry is important given the unique risks Black females face, such as increased likelihood of early unintended pregnancy, increasing rates of delinquency and increased interaction with law enforcement. Given its potential impact, it is important to explore the ways in which father involvement matters to female adolescents’ intentions to engage in risky behaviors. The current study utilized a national, cross-sectional sample of 287 adolescent females from the Black Families Project. Participants ranged in age from 13 to 17 years old (M = 15.4 years; SD = 1.25) and completed the study survey via Qualtrics Panels. ANOVA results suggest that adolescent perceptions of father involvement differ by father residence type. A three-step hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to understand which dimensions of father involvement matter to a daughter’s intent to engage in risky behaviors. Results indicate that among Black female adolescents with biological resident and non-resident father-figures, significant predictors of their intent to engage in risky behaviors included father- daughter closeness and engagement in activities. These dimensions of father involvement were not significant for adolescents living in households with a social father. Implications for practice are discussed.
Distributed and Asynchronous Algorithms for N-block Convex Optimization with Coupling Constraints

This paper first proposes an N-block PCPM algorithm to solve N-block convex optimization problems with both linear and nonlinear constraints, with global convergence established. A linear convergence rate under the strong second-order conditions for optimality is observed in the numerical experiments. Next, for a starting point, an asynchronous N-block PCPM algorithm is proposed to solve linearly constrained N-block convex optimization problems. The numerical results demonstrate the sub-linear convergence rate under the bounded delay assumption, as well as the faster convergence with more short-time iterations than a synchronous iterative scheme.
Efficacy of microsurgery and comparison to macrosurgery for gingival recession treatment: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Microsurgical principles, techniques, and armamentarium have made significant contributions to the periodontal plastic surgery. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate the overall efficacy of microsurgery on root coverage, and its clinical outcomes when compared to traditional macrosurgery. Electronic searches on PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL were used to retrieve prospective clinical trials. Primary outcomes were the mean root coverage (mRC) and probability of achieving complete root coverage (cRC), with secondary outcomes as other periodontal parameters and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Nineteen studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Microsurgery was estimated to achieve 83.3% mRC and 69.3% cRC. From a subgroup of 9 comparative studies, it was estimated microsurgery increased mRC by 6.6% (p<0.001) and cRC by 27.9% (p<0.01) compared to macrosurgical control treatments. Operating microscope (OM) yielded a significantly 6.7% higher mRC than the control group (p=0.002), while using loupes showed 6.16% increase in mRC with a borderline significance (p=0.09). OM and loupes-only had a 31.05% (p=0.001) and 25.54% (p=0.001) increases in achieving cRC compared to control, respectively. As for PROMs, microsurgery reduced postoperative pain (p<0.001) and enhanced esthetics (p= 0.05). Microsurgery significantly improved mean root coverage, probability of achieving complete root coverage, esthetics, and post-surgical recovery. Microsurgery enhances not only subclinical healing but also clinical outcomes, possibly owing to its minimally invasive approach and surgical precision. Periodontal plastic microsurgery is minimally invasive, inducing less surgical trauma and ultimately resulting in improved clinical outcomes, patient’s satisfaction, and quality of life.
Photo-Electroswitchable Arylaminoazobenzenes.

Azobenzenes appended with a redox-active arylamino group (redox auxiliary, RA) are prepared and shown to undergo fast, complete, and catalytic Z→E azo isomerization upon electron loss from the RA unit of the azobenzene. The RA-azo structures can be reversibly (E→Z→E)n cycled by sequential photo- and electrostimulation. Due to the robust nature of the RA•+-azo radical cation chain carrying species, initiation of electron transfer (ET) catalysis occurs at low levels (1.0-0.04 mol %) of catalytic loading and is effective even at Z-RA-azo concentrations of 10-4-10-5 M, yielding TONs (turnover numbers) of 100-2300 under such dilute conditions. The RA-azo Z→E conversion is demonstrated using chemical oxidation (redox switching), electrochemical oxidation (electro switching), and photochemical oxidation (photoredox switching). The Z→E acceleration is shown to be at least 2 × 109-fold for RA-azo 5. DFT calculations on methyl yellow suggest that a N-centered radical cation of the RA group stabilizes the Z→E N-N twist transition state of the RA•+-azo, yielding a large reduction in the barrier for RA•+-azo compared to neutral RA-azo. The RA-azo structure class has nanomechanical features that can be toggled with photo- and electrostimulation, the latter offering a quick switch for complete Z→E conversion.
Torque and Displacement Measurement with Enhanced Signal Processing for System Lash Estimation of a MDOF Rotating System

Experimental testing for system backlash size relies on speed or displacement measurements of an isolated test apparatus but lack reference to engineered lash tolerances and expected values. These methods are prone to error when the measurement speed is not accounted for and hysteresis impacts the measurement. This study measures backlash on an experimental apparatus to update control model parameters. The results are also confirmed by comparing with analytical part tolerances based on CAE modeling. This is done by comparing three different test methods; output displacement only on a fixed-free apparatus, input torque with measured displacement on a fixed-free apparatus, and in-situ testing with torque and estimated displacement from rotating speed. The torque and displacement techniques recognize the influence of hysteresis and propose signal processing techniques to improve accuracy of the results. This signal processing technique was verified with an analytical model like those tested in the study. The three techniques used were all able to measure results within 31% of the CAE predictions when accounting for manufacturing tolerance. The signal processing method to account for hysteresis was analytically shown to have error less than 8.7% and 4.8% using an input frequency of <1 Hz with a sinusoidal and sawtooth forcing function respectively. The in-situ results were within 24% agreement of CAE projections without the need for a controlled laboratory test environment. These results showed that hysteresis should be accounted for when possible with an updated signal processing technique. The analytical model used to confirm backlash estimates with hysteresis also showed the need for controlled input forcing functions to improve the estimate accuracy. The study also confirms that experimental lash measurements can be collected from in-situ data when torque and displacement estimates are available.
Visualizing Uncertainty in Predictive Models

Predictive models are used in many fields to characterize relationships between the attributes of an instance and its classification. While these models can provide valuable support to decision-making, they can be challenging to understand and evaluate. While they provide predicted classifications, they do not generally include indications of confidence in those predictions. Typical quality measures for predictive models are the percentage of predictions which are made correctly. These measures can give some insight into how often the model is correct, but provide little help in understanding under what conditions the model performs well (or poorly). We present a framework for improving understanding of predictive models based on the methods of both machine learning and data visualization. We demonstrate this framework on models that use attributes about individuals in a census data set to predict other attributes of those individuals.
Market Exchange and Optimality

In chapter 2 we analyzed barter exchange — that is, exchange without prices. In the Edgeworth model of that chapter, the traders start at some given initial allocation, and a proposal is made for a new allocation. Each group of traders decides whether or not it can, by itself, better the proposal. If no group can better it, the proposal is in the core, and is accepted.
Hexamethylditin deoxygenation of organic oxides

Abstract Heating nitroaromatics with hexamethylditin (Me6Sn2) at 150°C has been found to give, in most cases, moderately high yields of azoxy coupling products without significant amine production. Ultimate azoxy to azo conversion by Me6Sn2 occurs in a subsequent and relatively slow step. Oxidation by-products from Me6Sn2 are Me3SnOSnMe3, Me4Sn, and a Me2SnO-like polymer. The deoxygenation was found to obey a rate law which is first-order in both aromatic nitro compound and Me6Sn2. Pseudo first-order kinetic measurements with 4-nitrotoluene and 2-nitrotoluene revealed only a 1.5-fold deoxygenation rate retardation upon ortho substitution about the NO2 group, while butyl for methyl substitution about the SnSn bond led to a ca. 70-fold deceleration in reduction rate. Kinetic studies of 2-nitrobiphenyl deoxygenation with Me6Sn2 gave ΔH≠ = 21.1 kcal mol−1 and ΔS≠ = −24 cal mol−1 K−1. Mechanistic schemes consistent with the experimental data are discussed.
Induction of T-cell mitogenic unresponsiveness by recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rHuG-CSF)

Induction of T-cell mitogenic unresponsiveness by recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rHuG-CSF)
The Frequency of Magnetic Activity in the Field M Dwarfs

The first results from an extensive survey of M dwarfs in the field are presented. The survey comprises spectroscopic observations of more than 600 stars out to approximately 100 parsecs. The fraction of stars showing magnetic activity as a function of spectral type is discussed and compared to previous results. Northern and southern galactic fields are examined separately to investigate scale height effects.
Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS): current measurement approaches in a prototype integrated ocean observing system

The Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS) was established in the summer of 2001 as a real-time pilot integrated observing system that includes a comprehensive array of moored physical and optical sensors, shore based long-range HF radar systems, circulation and wave modeling, satellite observations, and Web delivery of data and data products. The system is automated and operational. The GoMOOS moored buoy array presently consists of 10 solar-powered, automated buoy systems that telemeter data hourly via cellular/iridium phone and GOES satellite transmitters. The operational protocol is that 20 buoys and instrument suites are rotated through the 10 locations on a six-month cycle. Current measurements are made at 2 m depth using Aanderaa RCM9 in situ Doppler current meters, and subsurface currents are made with downward-looking RIM Doppler profilers. In addition, near-surface currents in the Gulf of Maine are being measured using a 5-megahertz long-range HF radar system manufactured by CODAR Ocean Systems Inc. Comparisons of the three current measurement systems are presented, and the operational logistics of current monitoring using these technologies in the challenging Gulf of Maine environment is discussed.
Simulation of winter wheat evapotranspiration in Texas and Henan using three models of differing complexity

Abstract Crop evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of simulation models with many practical applications related to the efficient management of crop water supply. The algorithms used by models to calculate ET are of various complexity and robustness, and often have to be modified for particular environments. We chose three crop models with different ET calculation strategies: CROPWAT with simple data inputs and no calibrations, MODWht for intensive inputs and limited calibrations, and CERES-Wheat with intensive inputs and more calibrations for parameters. The three crop models were used to calculate ET of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) grown at two experimental sites of China and US during multiple growing seasons in which ET was measured using lysimeter or soil water balance techniques. None of the models calculated daily ET well at either Bushland or Zhengzhou as indicated by high mean absolute differences (MAD > 1.1 mm) and root mean squared errors (RMSE > 2.0 mm). The three models tended to overestimate daily ET when measured ET was small, and to underestimate daily ET when measured ET was large. The fitted values of daily crop coefficients ( K c ), calculated from daily ET and reference ET (ET o ), were very similar to those of Allen et al. (1998) [Allen, R.G., Pereira, S.L., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and drainage paper 56, Rome] although some K c were overestimated (≥1.0). Leaf area index (LAI) was poorly calculated by MODWht and CERES-Wheat, especially when using the Priestley–Taylor method to estimate potential ET (PET). Poor overall ET calculation of three models was associated with poorly estimated values of PET or ET o , K c and LAI as well as their interactions. Therefore, this suggested that considerable revisions and calibrations of ET algorithms of the three models are needed for the improvement of ET calculation.
Elder Abuse: Spouse/Intimate Partner Abuse and Family Violence Among Elders

This article examines the experiences of 1,057 victims of domestic violence, age sixty-five and older who sought refuge, support and services from domestic violence programs between 1990 and 1995 in a large mid-western state. Specifically, the various circumstances of these elders in relation to age, gender, disability, types of abuse, relationship to the abuser, source of referral, and service needs are described. Although it is generally considered unusual for women over sixty who are victims of violence to seek services through domestic violence programs, this study substantiates that at least some elders who are victims of violence do so. The implications of the findings related to the unique needs of this population are discussed.
Composition and biological behaviour of immune complexes isolated from synovial fluid of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

Data published from in vitro studies have shown that IgM-rheumatoid factor (RF)-bearing immune complexes possess several biological features that may contribute to their pathogenicity. However, no studies have demonstrated that such complexes exist at sites of inflammation in children with rheumatoid disease. We used two methods of sequential column chromatography to purify immune complexes from synovial fluids of children with JRA. We demonstrate that high molecular weight complexes contain IgM-RF, have not bound C4 in vivo, but activate the classical pathway in vitro. In contrast, complexes which have bound C3 in vivo do not contain IgM-RF and are weak complement activators in vitro.
Mid-Infrared (8.1–12.5 μm) Imaging of Mercury

Abstract The first images of Mercury to be obtained in thermal emission are discussed. Images at 22 wavelengths between 8.1 and 13.25 μm obtained with MIRAC (Mid-Infrared Array Camera) have been reduced and analyzed to obtain new information regarding the thermal and chemical makeup of Mercury's surface. The region observed is centered at ∼210–250° mercurian longitude, encompassing the location of a ∼1000-km-diameter radar-bright region on Mercury's surface that was not imaged by Mariner 10. We found some evidence supporting ground-based spectroscopy of alkali-rich feldspathoids. However, the large pixel size (at the sub-Earth point the area per square pixel is 28,000 km2—8 μm; 63,000 km2—12 μm), the diffraction limit of the telescope, and the small angular diameter of Mercury all conspired to prevent any compositional spatial discrimination on the Earth-facing disk. Our four results are: (1) data fits to rough surface thermal models indicate the surface is smoother at this location (Thetabar ∼8°–11°) than at previous locations (10–75° and 100–160° longitude) measured in the mid-infrared (Thetabar ∼20°); (2) with the spatial resolution of these data, color ratios of images do not reveal any locations of enhanced or depressed flux that can be associated with regions of different rock composition across the disk of Mercury; (3) 18-channel spectra generated from Mercury whole-disk averages exhibit emissivity features over part of the spectral range (8.1–10.5 μm) indicative of bronzite, a pyroxene composed of ∼2% CaSiO3, 86% MgSiO3, and 12% FeSiO3. In addition, the overall spectrum was grossly matched by a spectrum of picrite (an ultra-mafic rock) with 25% MgO, 8% CaO, and 11% FeO, and other minor components including plagioclase feldspar (4). TIMS six-channel simulations have a best match to sodalite (Na8Al6Si6O24C12), a mineral associated with nephaline syenite rocks. On Earth, all of these materials are found in association in the Teschenite Sills of Shiant Isles, Scotland.
Assessing Gene-Environment Interactions for Common and Rare Variants with Binary Traits Using Gene-Trait Similarity Regression

Accounting for gene–environment (G×E) interactions in complex trait association studies can facilitate our understanding of genetic heterogeneity under different environmental exposures, improve the ability to discover susceptible genes that exhibit little marginal effect, provide insight into the biological mechanisms of complex diseases, help to identify high-risk subgroups in the population, and uncover hidden heritability. However, significant G×E interactions can be difficult to find. The sample sizes required for sufficient power to detect association are much larger than those needed for genetic main effects, and interactions are sensitive to misspecification of the main-effects model. These issues are exacerbated when working with binary phenotypes and rare variants, which bear less information on association. In this work, we present a similarity-based regression method for evaluating G×E interactions for rare variants with binary traits. The proposed model aggregates the genetic and G×E information across markers, using genetic similarity, thus increasing the ability to detect G×E signals. The model has a random effects interpretation, which leads to robustness against main-effect misspecifications when evaluating G×E interactions. We construct score tests to examine G×E interactions and a computationally efficient EM algorithm to estimate the nuisance variance components. Using simulations and data applications, we show that the proposed method is a flexible and powerful tool to study the G×E effect in common or rare variant studies with binary traits.
Application of combinatorial approach in packaging material selection

Packaging material selection (PMS) problems have always been important to packaging designers and engineers. Not only does the selection of packaging material determine the costs and the environmental impacts of packaging, but also influences packaging physical characteristics and associated manufacturing methods. In order to reduce economic and environmental impacts, one has to take a holistic approach to packaging material selection by considering material effects throughout the packaging life cycle. To evaluate economic costs and environmental impacts both quantitative factors and subjective criteria play an important role in the packaging design. In the present work, fuzzy set theory is used for representing and manipulating the vague and subjective descriptions of packaging performance and design attributes. Further a genetic algorithm based approach is used for addressing the packaging material selection problem through multiple criteria decision-making. The overall approach comprises of two phases. In the first phase, fuzzy set theory is used for the linguistic transformation of performance attributes into numerical values. It results in a decision matrix that contains crisp scores. Also in this phase, a weight is assigned to each sub-criterion to show its importance compared to others. In the second phase, a GA is used to globally search for near-optimal or optimal design solutions. The implementation of the proposed methodology is illustrated through a numerical example.
The Butter-Margarine Controversy.

T HE QUESTION WHICH VITALLY INTERESTS all of us is whether we need to feel undue alarm from a health standpoint at the present-day scarcity in butter. In other words, need we be necessarily distressed not only for our adult population but especially for our growing children if the butter shortage continues over a prolonged period? We have become much more conscious as to what good nutrition involves since the war began. The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council has. published a chart of recommended dietary allowances which have been generally accepted as the most authoritative information to date. In their table, they have separated the requirements not only according to age and sex but also according to the extent of activity. In addition, this committee has suggested certain minimal dietary requirements necessary during pregnancy and also during the period of lactation. In the opinion of the Board, there was already adequate experimental evidence to indicate the probable daily requirement of calories, protein, and such inorganic ions as calcium, iron, copper, and iodine. It was also possible to formulate recommendations for the daily quantities of the fat-soluble vitamins, A and D, needed, as well as for two members of the B complex, namely, thiamin (B1) and riboflavin (B2 or G). Figures for the amount of vitamin C required were also included. While it was recognized that other inorganic salts and a number of vitamins listed as members of the B complex are also essential in an adequate diet, it was considered that our present information is inadequate to hazard a guess as to the amount required. While it is generally recognized by students of nutrition that, at best, the quantities of nutrients postulated by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council are tentative, this table has served as a most useful yardstick in the formulation of diets of high quality. The question of importance in the topic under dis-
The Interlisp Programming Environment

Integration, extensibility, and ease of modification made Interlisp unique and powerful. Its adaptations will enhance the power of the coming world of personal computing and advanced displays.
Enzymic activities in the aqueous phase of human dental plaque

Abstract The activity of some enzymes in human dental plaque fluid was measured. Plaque of 24 h growth was collected from 9 adults, and plaque of indeterminate age obtained from children attending the Pedodontic Clinic at UCSF. Resting parotid saliva samples from the adult subjects were also assayed. Amylase activity was lower and lysozyme activity higher in plaque fluid than in saliva. The optimum pH for both enzymes in both fluids was between 6.5 and 7.5. Salivary and plaque fluid amylase was not inactivated by short incubations with two bacterial proteases. Trace levels of acid phosphatase and low alkaline phosphatase activity were detectable in plaque fluid, the latter being labile during incubation and storage. No glucosyl-transferase activity synthesizing insoluble polysaccharide from sucrose was detectable in plaque fluid. Protease activity against bovine serum albumin and human serum IgA, IgG and IgM was detectable in plaque fluid.
Minimizing interconnect energy through integrated low-power placement and combinational logic synthesis

Traditional low power combinational logic synthesis methods solely attempt to minimize the node power consumption of the resulting netlist, and ignore the potential rami cations and bene ts that their decisions have on the interconnect energy of the nal circuit. This paper presents a more integrated approach that incrementally develops a companion placement during the logic synthesis process. This placement provides interconnect information to the suite of power optimization tools currently proposed by researchers, which allows for logic transformations that should be more e ective at the layout level. It also creates opportunities for novel transformations such as clustering which reduce interconnect (and cumulative) energy by replicating portions of logic. This integrated system resulted in a 23% reduction in interconnect energy over area minimizing procedures, and a 13% reduction over current power optimizing tools on a set of MCNC PLA benchmarks.
An agnostic defence of obligatory prayer

Cet article explore ce que l'on peut dire de mieux pour defendre l'idee qu'il y a une obligation a prier pour les malades et que meme les athees et les agnostiques devraient prier. L'A. soutient que puisque la priere pour la guerison des malades exige si peu de nous, et puisqu'il est possible qu'il y ait un etre divin qui puisse repondre a ces prieres en aidant les malades a guerir, il y a une obligation a prier pour eux. La majeure partie de l'article est une defense de cet argument contre une variete d'objections qui pourraient lui etre opposees. L'A. compare aussi son point de vue a ceux de philosophes contemporains tels que Audi, Pojman, Muyskens, et Golding.
Catalytic effect of Pd nanoparticles on electroless copper deposition

This study elucidates the application of Pd nanoparticles as catalysts of electroless copper deposition and their catalytic effect on the deposition kinetics and microstructure in an electroless copper bath. Quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) and high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) demonstrated that the kinetic changes associated with electroless copper deposition (ECD) comprised two stages—the incubation period and the acceleration period. In the incubation period, small copper particles were deposited. In the acceleration period, the ECD rate increased rapidly and continuously conducting films with large grains were formed. Leaner sweep voltammetry (LSV) and mixed potential theory (MPT) were applied to examine the catalytic powers of the prepared Pd nanoparticles and the related electrochemical kinetics in the ECD bath.
Formal specification for behavior-based mobile robots

This paper presents formalisms for describing societies of cooperating behavior-based mobile robots, including the coordination between members of homogeneous teams, members of heterogeneous castes, assemblages of behaviors on individual robots, as well as perceptual strategies within primitive sensorimotor behaviors. This formal language is intended to facilitate proving properties about systems described in it.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The use of advance order data in demand forecasting

This paper uses advance order data and historical demand data from a manufacturing shop and from a service operation to develop and test a forecasting methodology for predicting customer demand over a forecast horizon. The proposed methodology uses simple linear regression to model the relationship between a total demand ratio and a partial demand ratio. Comparison of the proposed model to a standard regression approach and a commonly used multiplicative model showed that the proposed model exhibited the greatest forecast accuracy.
Risk Aversion, Market Liquidity, and Price Efficiency

A model of a noncompetitive speculative market is analyzed in which privately informed traders and market makers are risk averse. Market liquidity is found to be nonmonotonic in the number of informed traders, their degree of risk aversion, and the precision of their information. It is also shown that increased liquidity trading leads to reduced price efficiency, and that, under endogenous information acquisition, market liquidity may also be nonmonotonic in the variance of liquidity trades. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Prescription omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia

Purpose. A review of the key properties and trial results associated with prescription omega-3 fatty acids (P-O3FA) and a description of its place in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk are presented. Summary. P-O3FA is made from the fish oil extracted from the fish carcass, which is put through a purification process that refines, esterifies, purifies, and concentrates the ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Each 1-g capsule provides 840 mg of EPA and DHA; the remaining 160 mg contains other omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, and monounsaturated acids. When used at a daily dose of 4 g in patients with very high triglycerides (≥500 mg/dL), P-O3FA reduces triglycerides by an average of 45% and very-low-density- lipoprotein cholesterol by more than 50%. Changes in high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol are usually modest. P-O3FA has been tested in the GISSI-Prevenzione trial—a large, multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled trial conducted in 11,324 patients. The results of the trial demonstrated significant reductions in all endpoints with the use of P-O3FA. Conclusion. P-O3FA has demonstrated an efficacy and safety in adult patients with high and very high triglycerides adjunct to diet, and the reduction in serum triglyceride levels was dependent on the baseline triglyceride levels. A large controlled clinical trial is necessary to determine if P-O3FA can be used to reduce CHD risk, either as combined with hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors or as monotherapy.