cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE RADIOACTIVE IODOPYRACET (DIODRAST) RENOGRAM IN PEDIATRIC SUBJECTS

The procedure for performing the radioactive iodopyracet renogram in children has been described. Confirmation of the test as a useful method for detection of unilateral renal disease has been demonstrated for children, as previously reported for adults. At the present stage of development, the major use of the procedure relates to its advantage as a screening test for subjects with hypertension, either with known renal disease or in those in whom renal abnormalities are not defined by the usual kidney function studies.
Limit behavior and the existence of combustion shock layers

A comprehensive study is made of the global and limit behavior of integral curves in the three-dimensional phase space for the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations governing the structure of combustion shock layers. An important general result is a list of admissible routes for the integral curves representing the four combustion types. Most noteworthy is a theorem on the nonexistence of strong deflagrations. A special aspect of this study suggests the significance of the stoichiometric parameters for a reaction and the need to distinguish between first-order and higher-order reactions. It is thought that the detailed information on the various possible modes of combustion for the different reactions will be of use in the search for efficient energy conversion by combustion processes.
AM-FM conversion by the active devices in MOS LC-VCOs and its effect on the optimal amplitude

Large oscillation amplitudes in differential MOS LC-VCOs change the operation region of the MOS negative-resistance devices and thus modulate their parasitic capacitances. As a result, the effective tank capacitance and the oscillation frequency change with respect to the oscillation amplitude for a fixed tuning voltage. The resulting frequency-versus-amplitude curve has a maximum for differential amplitude approximately equal to the threshold voltage of the MOS devices which corresponds to the optimum amplitude that minimizes AM-to-FM conversion. The presented analysis is confirmed with simulation and measurement results for a 2 GHz differential NMOS VCO fabricated in a 0.25 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process. The optimum amplitude for lowest AM-to-FM conversion also yields the lowest phase noise for this oscillator.
Drivers of Change in Shallow Coastal Photic Systems: An Introduction to a Special Issue

Coastal ecosystems are characterized by relatively deep, plankton-based estuaries and much shallower systems where light reaches the bottom. These latter systems, including lagoons, bar-built estuaries, the fringing regions of deeper systems, and other systems of only a few meters deep, are characterized by a variety of benthic primary producers that augment and, in many cases, dominate the production supplied by phytoplankton. These “shallow coastal photic systems” are subject to a wide variety of both natural and anthropogenic drivers and possess numerous natural “filters” that modulate their response to these drivers; in many cases, the responses are much different from those in deeper estuaries. Natural drivers include meteorological forcing, freshwater inflow, episodic events such as storms, wet/dry periods, and background loading of optically active constituents. Anthropogenic drivers include accelerated inputs of nutrients and sediments, chemical contaminants, physical alteration and hydrodynamic manipulation, climate change, the presence of intensive aquaculture, fishery harvests, and introduction of exotic species. The response of these systems is modulated by a number of factors, notably bathymetry, physical flushing, fetch, sediment type, background light attenuation, and the presence of benthic autotrophs, suspension feeding bivalves, and fringing tidal wetlands. Finally, responses to stressors in these systems, particularly anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, consist of blooms of phytoplankton, macroalgae, and epiphytic algae, including harmful algal blooms, subsequent declines in submerged aquatic vegetation and loss of critical habitat, development of hypoxia/anoxia particularly on short time scales (i.e., “diel-cycling”), fish kills, and loss of secondary production. This special issue of Estuaries and Coasts serves to integrate current understanding of the structure and function of shallow coastal photic systems, illustrate the many drivers that cause change in these systems, and synthesize their varied responses.
Associations between Water Physicochemistry and Prymnesium parvum Presence, Abundance, and Toxicity in West Texas Reservoirs

Toxic blooms of golden alga (Prymnesium parvum) have caused substantial ecological and economic harm in freshwater and marine systems throughout the world. In North America, toxic blooms have impacted freshwater systems including large reservoirs. Management of water chemistry is one proposed option for golden alga control in these systems. The main objective of this study was to assess physicochemical characteristics of water that influence golden alga presence, abundance, and toxicity in the Upper Colorado River basin (UCR) in Texas. The UCR contains reservoirs that have experienced repeated blooms and other reservoirs where golden alga is present but has not been toxic. We quantified golden alga abundance (hemocytometer counts), ichthyotoxicity (bioassay), and water chemistry (surface grab samples) at three impacted reservoirs on the Colorado River; two reference reservoirs on the Concho River; and three sites at the confluence of these rivers. Sampling occurred monthly from January 2010 to July 2011. Impacted sites were characterized by higher specific conductance, calcium and magnesium hardness, and fluoride than reference and confluence sites. At impacted sites, golden alga abundance and toxicity were positively associated with salinity-related variables and blooms peaked at ~10°C and generally did not occur above 20°C. Overall, these findings suggest management of land and water use to reduce hardness or salinity could produce unfavorable conditions for golden alga.
Looking in the miR-ror: TGF-β–mediated activation of NF-κB in glioma

The explosive growth in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of glioblastomas has served as an instructive paradigm for other cancers. However, the exact nature by which many of the pathogenic drivers connect is less well known, and elucidation of relationships between critical genetic and signaling alterations may inform the development of therapeutic approaches to the disease. In this issue, Song et al. identify miR-182 induction as a mechanism by which TGF-β stimulation aberrantly activates NF-κB signaling in glioblastoma cells, clarifying a critical point of cross-talk between molecular signaling pathways. Their findings provide a greater understanding of the complex interplay between signaling pathways in cancer that may ultimately prove useful in the development of synergistic targeting approaches.
Economic opportunity in Mexico and return migration from the United States.

I analyze the influence of the economic characteristics of origin area on trip duration for Mexican migrants in the United States. I argue that migrants from economically dynamic areas in Mexico with favorable opportunities for employment and small capital investment have a larger incentive to stay in the United States longer and to withstand the psychic costs of separation from family and friends than do migrants from economically stagnant areas in Mexico, where the productive uses of savings are severely limited. In line with this argument we should expect investment opportunities in migrants’ origin areas to be associated positively with migrants’ trip duration in the United States. To test this hypothesis I use individual- and household-level data on U.S migration experience collected in 13 Mexican communities. Evidence from parametric hazards models supports the idea that economic characteristics of origin areas influence the motivations and strategies of Mexican migrants in the United States.
Object-oriented parallelization of explicit structural dynamics with PVM

Abstract Explicit finite element programs for non-linear dynamics are of rather simple logical structure. If the inherent characteristics of this logic are exploited in the design and implementation of a parallel computer program, the result can be a lucid, extendible and maintainable code. The design of an explicit, finite element, structural dynamics program is discussed to some detail and it is demonstrated that the program lends itself easily to parallelization for heterogeneous workstation clusters or massively parallel computers, running the PVM software. The design is documented by C-language fragments.
Antimicrobial effects of non-thermal atmospheric plasma as a novel root canal disinfectant

Abstract This study aimed to investigate effects of non-thermal atmospheric plasma on an Enterococcus faecalis biofilm within the canals of extracted human teeth. A significant decrease in the number of CFU׳s was observed after 2 min cold plasma treatment with an average kill rate of 99.999%. MTT assay showed a significant reduction in the viability of bacteria with a reduction rate of 98.939%. XTT assay showed a reduction of bacterial metabolic activity by 99.7%. Both 2 min cold plasma and 6% NaOCl greatly reduced the viability and metabolic activity of E. faecalis bacteria, but there is no significant difference between them.
A low-latency, high-throughput on-chip optical router architecture for future chip multiprocessors

Tens and eventually hundreds of processing cores are projected to be integrated onto future microprocessors, making the global interconnect a key component to achieving scalable chip performance within a given power envelope. While CMOS-compatible nanophotonics has emerged as a leading candidate for replacing global wires beyond the 16nm timeframe, on-chip optical interconnect architectures are typically limited in scalability or are dependent on comparatively slow electrical control networks.In this article, we present a hybrid electrical/optical router for future large scale, cache coherent multicore microprocessors. The heart of the router is a low-latency optical crossbar that uses predecoded source routing and switch state preconfiguration to transmit cache-line-sized packets several hops in a single clock cycle under contentionless conditions. Overall, our optical router achieves 2X better network performance than a state-of-the-art electrical baseline in a mesh topology while consuming 30p less network power.
Visualization of time-dependent flow fields

Presently, there are very few visualization systems available for time-dependent flow fields. Although existing visualization systems for instantaneous flow fields may be used to view time-dependent flow fields at discrete points in time, the time variable is usually not considered in the visualization technique. We present a simple and effective approach for visualizing time-dependent flow fields using streaklines. A system was developed to demonstrate this approach. The system can process many time frames of flow fields without requiring that all the data be in memory simultaneously, and it also handles flow fields with moving grids. We have used the system to visualize streaklines from several large 3-D time-dependent flow fields with moving grids. The system was able to provide useful insights to the physical phenomena in the flow fields. >
Studying Science and Engineering Learning in Practice.

A key goal of science and engineering education is to provide opportunities for people to access, interpret, and make use of science and engineering to address practical human needs. Most education research, however, focuses on how best to prepare students in schools to participate in forms of science and engineering practices that resemble those of disciplinary experts. In this paper, I argue that education research is needed that focuses on how people use science and engineering in social practices as part of collective efforts to transform cultural and economic production. Drawing on social practice theory, I argue that learning inheres in such activities, not only because people access and make use of science knowledge and develop repertoires for participating in science and engineering practices, but also because participation in such activities transforms the ways that people imagine themselves and expands their possibilities for action. Research can inform and support these efforts, both directly and indirectly, by giving an account of the conditions for science and engineering learning and by diagnosing inequities in access to science and engineering for addressing pressing human needs.
Mass spectrometric investigation of hydrocarbon ions produced via catalytic oxidation

Abstract The mass spectrometric identification of the charged and neutral species produced during the catalytic oxidation of 2,2-dimethylbutane is reported. The chemical composition of the ions produced is temperature and pressure dependent. At temperatures below 750 °C polymeric or clustered ions are observed at m e ratios up to 298. Ions which are typically found in flames are detected above 900 °C. The data suggest that at lower temperatures the oxidation process takes place on the surface. At high temperatures (>900 °C) the ion producing mechanism extends into the vapor phase.
Ice Sheets in Transition

It is now well known that periodic variations in ice-age climate correspond to variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun (1, 2). However, some notable aspects of this climate variability appear to have little or no relation to orbital forcing. One such example is the middle Pleistocene transition (MPT), which began at some time after 1.25 million years ago. Before the MPT, climate was dominated by low-amplitude 41,000-year cycles; over the course of the MPT, these were replaced by dominant high-amplitude 100,000-year cycles in the absence of any change in orbital forcing (see the first figure) (3). On page 704 of this issue, Elderfield et al. (4) provide important new insights into ice-age variability and the origin and timing of the MPT.
The role of endoscopic ultrasound and cyst fluid analysis in the initial evaluation and follow-up of incidental pancreatic cystic lesions

Purpose To assess the role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the initial evaluation and follow-up of incidental pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL).
Altitude Performance of a Turbojet With Alternate Fuels

To enhance energy security and reduce the environmental impact of aviation, alternate fuels derived from various non-petroleum based sources are being developed. Currently alternate fuels are produced to match the properties of existing jet fuels allowing the new fuels to be used in current fleets concurrently with traditional jet fuel. The alternate fuels must, therefore, perform as well as the traditional fuels through the entire operating envelope. This paper provides the results of performance testing in an altitude chamber up to 11,300 m (35,000 feet) with a simulated forward speed up to Mach 0.75. The test engine was an instrumented 1.15 kN thrust turbojet burning conventional Jet A-1 as a baseline; a semi-synthetic blend of camelina based hydro processed renewable jet and JP8; a blend of 50% Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene and 50% JP8; and a 100% Fischer-Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene. Both steady state and transient performance are presented. The theoretical effect of the alternate fuels for a simple idealized Brayton cycle is also presented. The work was conducted as part of on-going efforts by departments within the Government of Canada to systematically assess alternative aviation fuels.© 2011 ASME
Impact project panel: “determining the impact of software engineering research upon practice”

The goal of the Impact project is to study the impact that software engineering research has had upon software development practice. The reasons for doing this include: identifying the sorts of contributions that have had substantial impact, determining the research modalities that have been relatively more successful, and anticipating the directions that software engineering research might most effectively pursue, based upon its history and positioning. Impact project research will be held to the highest standards of scrupulous scholarship. It is expected to be useful to the software engineering research and development communities, as well as to other academic disciplines, government funding agencies and the public at large in helping with the objective assessment of the software engineering community's record of achievement.
Age-dependent sprouting in the dentate gyrus demonstrated with anterograde HRP

The anterograde horseradish peroxidase procedure was used to label the commissural projection to the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus in adult rats following unilateral lesions of the entorhinal cortex at either 11 or 14 days postpartum or as adults. The commissural terminal field expanded slightly into the middle molecular layer in rats that received the lesions as adults. In rats with entorhinal ablations at 14 days of age the labeled terminal field was relatively uniform in density and reached nearly to the hippocampal fissure. In rats that received lesions at 11 days of age, two distinct bands of terminal labeling were present in the molecular layer of the suprapyramidal limb, while a single band filled the infrapyramidal molecular layer. In these animals, the labeling in the suprapyramidal limb was fundamentally different from that observed in rats that sustained entorhinal lesions just three days later in life, suggesting that factors other than a simple age-dependent diminution of sprouting responsiveness operate during the neonatal period to regulate reinnervation.
Salinity stress inhibits calcium loading into the xylem of excised barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots

summary Salinity stress inhibits Ca translocation to the shoot, leading to Ca deficiency. The objective of this study was to determine whether salt stress inhibits Ca translocation through effects on younger root regions, where radial Ca transport is largely apoplastic, or through effects on mature regions of the roots, where radial Ca transport is largely symplastic. Roots were excised from 4-d-old dark-grown barley seedlings. Calcium translocation was studied by application of 45Ca 3 or 6 cm from the root tip and measurement of its appearance in the root exudate. Calcium uptake along the axis of excised roots was studied with a vibrating Ca+2 microelectrode. Salt stress (60 mM NaCl) inhibited Ca translocation from the 6 cm region more than from the 3 cm region. Sodium sulphate treatments (30 and 36 mM) were more deleterious to Ca translocation than was NaCl in the 3 cm region, and 110 mM mannitol and 60 mM KC1 affected Ca translocation similarly to Na2SO4. The salt and mannitol treatments were more deleterious to Ca translocation in the 6 cm region than in the 3 cm region, and mannitol and KC1 inhibited Ca translocation more than the sodium treatments. Supplemental Ca could overcome the inhibition of Ca translocation by NaCl stress. Calcium uptake into the root at the 3 and 6 cm regions was not reduced by NaCl, but was retarded 0–05 cm from the apex. We conclude that symplastic Ca transport is more inhibited than apoplastic transport in salinized roots, and that the osmotic component of salt stress causes most of the inhibition. Since symplastic transport is inhibited, the possibility exists that research into the effects of salinity on the transport functions of endodermal cells will yield information that can be used to improve Ca translocation in salt-affected plants.
Molecular dynamics simulation of Y-doped Σ37 grain boundary in alumina

Abstract A molecular dynamics technique with a multi-atom potential was used to simulate the behavior of Y-doping in Σ37 grain boundary (GB) in α-Al2O3. Results on melting process, elastic constants, and GB diffusivity in pure α-Al2O3, Σ37 GB, and Y-doped Σ37 GB have been obtained and compared with available experimental data. Our simulation indicates that the pure GB pre-melts at a temperature of 1417 K before the bulk melts at 2105 K. When doped with Y, a melting nucleate around Y is formed and the pre-melting temperature is increased to 1536 K. The diffusivities of Al and O in the GB region have the same order of magnitude. In comparison, Y-doping decreases diffusivity and increases diffusion activation energy of both Al and O at the GB. Our results are consistent with the notion of “site-blocking” effect to explain the decrease in GB diffusivity with Y-doping. At low temperature ( 1536 K), “site-blocking” is related to possible formation of nucleates surrounding the Y ions.
Properties of novel fluorinated compounds and their mixtures as alternative refrigerants

The liquid density, boiling point, critical temperature and critical density are investigated for R-161 (CH 3 CH 2 F, bp = - 37.3°C), CF 3 SCF 3 (bp = - 20.1°C), and RE-218 (CF 3 OCF 2 CF 3 , bp = - 23.7°C); which are potential R-12 and R-22 alternatives. Since the range of applicability of chemicals may be improved by considering their mixtures, the vapor pressure of the mixtures; CH 3 CH 2 F/CF 3 SF 5 , CF 3 CH 2 F/CF 3 SF 5 , and CF 3 (CF 2 ) 2 CH 2 F (R-338mccq)/isopentane; were also investigated. The critical mixing temperature of the CH 3 CH 2 F/CF 3 SF 5 mixtures is above - 30°C which is greater than the normal boiling point of -40°C. Therefore, these mixtures would have limited application as R-12 and R-22 alternatives. The normal boiling point of the R-134a (CF 3 CH 2 F)/CF 3 SF 5 mixtures at the azeotropic R-134a mole fraction, 0.60, is -30.0°C. The critical mixing temperature of the latter mixtures is well below the boiling point and is not a factor in refrigeration applications. The CF 3 (CF 2 ) 2 CH 2 F (R-338mccq)/isopentane mixtures have a normal boiling point of 15.1°C and a critical mixing temperature of about - 5°C which may be acceptable for some applications as a R-1 1 alternative.
Can Economics-based Resource Allocation Prove Effective in a Computation Marketplace?

Several companies offer computation on demand for a fee. More companies are expected to enter this business over the next decade, leading to a marketplace for computation resources. Resources will be allocated through economic mechanisms that establish the relative values of providers and customers. Society at large should benefit from discoveries obtained through the vast computing power that will become available. Given such a computation marketplace, can economics-based resource allocation provide benefits for providers, customers and society? To investigate this question, we simulate a Grid economy where individual providers and customers pursue their own ends and we measure resulting effects on system welfare. In our experiments, customers attempt to maximize their individual utilities, while providers pursue strategies chosen from three classes: information-free, utilization-based and economics-based. We find that, during periods of excess demand, economics-based strategies yield overall resource allocation that benefits system welfare. Further, economics-based strategies respond well to sudden overloads caused by temporary provider failures. During periods of moderate demand, we find that economics-based strategies provide ample system welfare, comparable with that of utilization-based strategies. We also identify and discuss key factors that arise when using economic mechanisms to allocate resources in a computation marketplace.
Modification of poly(acrylic acid) via reaction with group IVA reactants

The modification of poly(acrylic acid) via reaction with Group IVA metal halides has been accomplished as illustrated below to give crosslinked and linear products: Inclusion of the organometallic moiety is rapid. Thermal properties of the products are reported.
Economic impulses in a regional system of cities: A study of spatial interaction

King L., Casetti E. and Jeffrey D. (1969) Economic impulses in a regional system of cities: A study of spatial interaction, Reg. Studies 3, 213–218. This paper presents a model of the transmission of economic impulses through a system of cities. A partial testing of the model is attempted with respect to unemployment rates recorded in thirty-three cities in the American Midwest over the period April 1960 to September 1964. City unemployment series are regressed against the national unemployment series to obtain the city residual series (attributable to regional rather than national factors). On the residual series a lagged correlation analysis is preferred. On this basis, regional clusters of cities are identified each being characterized by strong “inter-group” interaction with no time lag and by weaker “between group” interaction with time lags.
Identification of mononitropyrenes and mononitrofluoranthenes in air particulate matter via fused silica gas, chromatography combined with negative ion atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry

This paper describes the use of high resolution capillary gas chromatography combined with negative ion atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (NIAPIMS) for the analysis of an air particulate extract for mononitropyrenes and mononitrofluoranthenes, some of which are powerful bacterial mutagens. The results are compared to those obtained by the electron impact mass spectrometric analysis of the same sample In addition, the NIAPIMS method confirmed the identification of 4-nitropyrene in the ambient air sample.
PANGLOSS: knowledge-based machine translation

The goals of the PANGLOSS project are to investigate and develop a new-generation knowledge-based interlingual machine translation system, combining symbolic and statistical techniques. The system is to translate newspaper texts in arbitrary domains (though a specific financial domain is given preference) to as high quality as possible using as little human intervention as possible.
Inheritance of β‐mannosidosis in goats

Plasma levels of beta-mannosidase activity were measured in the phenotypically normal members of a family of goats in which 12 cases of beta-mannosidosis have been reported. Normal or carrier genotypes were assigned on the basis of these results, and mating tables drawn up. Similar data were collected on a number of other small families unrelated to the one with beta-mannosidosis. The results indicate that the plasma beta-mannosidase level is a reasonably good indicator of carrier status and confirm that the disease beta-mannosidosis is inherited in a recessive manner and is not X-linked.
Eating disorder symptoms and comorbid psychopathology among male and female veterans

Abstract Objective Eating disorder (ED) symptoms have gone mostly unexamined among veterans. The current study assessed rates of bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) symptoms and diagnoses and their associations with common comorbidities among male and female veterans. Method Participants were US military veterans who screened positive for trauma histories and/or a probable Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis ( n =499). Symptoms of PTSD were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, and symptoms of EDs, mood, and substance use disorders were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV. Results Lifetime rates of BN and BED diagnoses were comparable to civilian populations, and a considerable range of lifetime and current BN and BED symptoms were identified. In multivariate models, PTSD and depression severity were most consistently associated with BN and BED symptom severity, with depression most strongly associated with EDs for women. Conclusions Findings highlight the importance of screening for ED symptoms among male and female veterans, particularly those that present with PTSD and depression symptomatology. Future examinations of the temporal order of such relationships and the degree to which ED symptoms and associated symptoms impact veteran functioning are warranted.
Solubility of parabens in alcohols.

The solubilities of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl parabens have been determined in a series of normal alcohols. This pure solvent scan indicated a dielectric requirement of about 14 for the subject compounds. Another dielectric requirement may be postulated to exist at a value of about 30. There is seen to be good parallelism in the magnitude of solubility of these compounds in various 1-alkanols indicating interactions of a similar nature in the dissolution process.
Possible relations between Earth‐currents, earth‐resistivity, and some radio phenomena

Balfour Stewart in 1882 first suggested that electric currents may exist in the higher regions of the atmosphere and that these currents alter the magnetic field at the Earth's surface and by their changes induce currents in the Earth's crust. This view has later been developed by Schuster and Chapman in turn. In the theory as it stands at present, it is assumed that the primary currents are generated by motion of a highly conductive portion of the upper atmosphere relative to the Earth's permanent magnetic field. This view has received support by the strong evidence, revealed by some radio phenomena, of the existence of a highly conductive region.
Contrasting effects of dopamine and glutamate receptor antagonist injection in the nucleus accumbens suggest a neural mechanism underlying cue‐evoked goal‐directed behavior

Discriminative stimuli (DSs) inform animals that reward can be obtained contingent on the performance of a specific behavior. Such stimuli reinstate drug-seeking behavior, evoke dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and excite and inhibit specific subpopulations of NAc neurons. Here we show in rats that DSs can reinstate food-seeking behavior. In addition, we compare the effects of injecting dopamine receptor antagonists into the NAc with those of general NAc inactivation on the performance of a DS task. Selective antagonism of D1 receptors reduced responding to the DS and increased the latency to respond, whereas general inactivation of NAc neuronal activity increased the latency to respond to the DS and increased behaviors extraneous to the task, such as responding in the absence of cues and responding on the inactive lever. Based on these results and our previous findings that NAc neuronal responses to DSs are dependent on the ventral tegmental area, we propose a model for the functional role of NAc neurons in controlling behavioral responses to reward-predictive stimuli.
The Mass-Energy Relation

Relativity serves only to predict the relation for those portions of the mass and energy which are dependent upon the velocity. Electromagnetic theory comes near to providing for the rest mass in terms of ordinary electrostatic energy, but with the well-known discrepancy amounting to a factor of four-thirds. For uncharged particles electromagnetic theory does nothing. A hypothesis is developed according to which the whole of the rest mass arises from internal motions of the particles in a form consistent with the required behavior of the particles in respect to the apparent forces which they exert. The line of thought is analogous to that of the whole philosophy which sought to see all potential energy as a manifestation of kinetic energy. It has, moreover, the advantage of unifying the concepts of rest energy and kinetic energy in a form which gives the mass-energy relation a more clear-cut meaning. The development is carried out along classical lines following the general idea that in seeking ultimately to develop consistent quantum theory in relation to these matters it is good to start by seeking consistent classical representation.
Impact of prematurity on language skills at school age.

Purpose The existing literature on language outcomes in children born prematurely focuses almost exclusively on standardized test scores rather than discourse-level abilities. The authors of this study looked longitudinally at school-age language outcomes and potential moderating variables for a group of twins born prematurely versus a control group of twins born at full term, analyzing both standardized test results and language sample data from the population-based Western Reserve Reading Project (WRRP; Petrill, Deater-Deckard, Thompson, DeThorne, & Schatschneider, 2006). Method Fifty-seven children born prematurely, at ≤32 weeks or <1,500 g, were compared with 57 children born at full term and were matched for age, gender, race, and parental education. Data included discourse-level language samples and standardized test results, collected at average ages 7, 8, and 10 years. The language samples were analyzed to yield a number of semantic and syntactic measures that were consolidated via factor analysis...
Changes in the threshold of fetal lung maturity testing and neonatal outcome of infants delivered electively before 39 weeks gestation: implications and cost-effectiveness.

Changes in the threshold of fetal lung maturity testing and neonatal outcome of infants delivered electively before 39 weeks gestation: implications and cost-effectiveness
A nonimmunoglobulin precipitin to tissue extracts in pathological human sera.

An a-globulin component was noted in pathological human sera, which produced gel precipitation reactions with extracts of human and animal liver. The highest incidence of the precipitin was found in malaria (95%), renal graft rejection (8 I %), and rheumatoid arthritis (57%). The precipitinogen was thermostable and ethanol soluble; of two precipitation lines formed by this component, one merged into identity reaction with a line produced by commer- cial lecithin of bovine origin. The possible diagnostic application of the reactions noted was considered. 0 1988 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Reactions between antigens and their cor- responding antibodies have frequently been named "specific serological reactions," whereas other interactions of human and an- imal sera which were mimicking true serolo- gical reactions but which were produced by serum proteins other than antibodies were referred to as "nonspecific serological reac- tions" (1). Such nonspecific reactions have been recognized since the beginning of the 20th century and already at that time, it was noted that some of these reactions were capa- ble of distinguishing pathological from nor- mal human sera. Several tests were described in which pathological sera could be distin- guished from normal sera by precipitation of serum proteins by various salts of heavy metals. Perhaps the most important nonspecific serological reaction was described by Tillett and Francis (2) as precipitation of C-carbo- hydrate of pneumococci by sera originating from patients with various acute diseases. The term "acute phase reactions" was used by Abernethy and Avery (3) to denote such reactions. The serum protein responsible for precipitation of C-polysaccharide was re- ferred to as C-reactive protein. This @-globu- lin produced by hepatocytes appears at con- siderably increased levels in pathological conditions. At present, C-reactive protein is detected in human sera as an antigen by means of rabbit immune sera, and these tests have some diagnostic value. Several other "acute phase" responses have been measured in human sera. This was comprehensively reviewed by Pepys and Baltz (4). The present study was conducted follow- ing our observation that many pathological human sera, including those from patients with malaria and rheumatoid arthritis, fre- quently gave gel precipitation reactions with extracts of human and animal liver. The pre- cipitin proved to be an a-globulin compo- nent of human sera and the precipitinogen an ethanol-soluble component of liver ex- tract identical with or related to lecithin.
Estimation of surface charges in some biological membranes.

The resting membrane potential data existing in the literature for the giant axon of the squid, frog muscle and barnacle muscle have been analyzed from the standpoint of the theory of membrane potential due to Kobatake and co-workers. The average values derived for the effective charge density $$\overline {\phi X} $$ (where $$\mathop \phi \limits^ - $$ is a constant, $$0< \mathop \phi \limits^ -< 1$$ , and represents the fraction of counterions that are free, and $$\overline X $$ is the stoichiometric charge density in the membrane) present on the different biomembranes existing in their normal ionic environment are 0.3, 0.325 and 0.17 M for the squid axon, frog and barnacle muscles, respectively. On the assumption that the values of $$\mathop \phi \limits^ - $$ are 0.4 and 0.2 for nerve and muscle membranes, respectively, values of 0.75, 1.62 and 0.85 M have been derived for the stoichiometric charge density $$(\overline X )$$ present in the respective biological membranes. These correspond to 1 negative charge per 222, 103 and 195 A of the membrane area of the squid axon, frog and barnacle muscles, respectively.
Regulation of transferrin receptor expression in concanavalin A stimulated and Gross virus transformed rat lymphoblasts.

Expression of the cell surface receptor for the serum glycoprotein transferrin has been correlated with cellular proliferation in normal lymphocytes undergoing mitogen or antigen induced proliferative responses. In the present study, the expression of transferrin receptor in Concanavalin A stimulated rat lymphocytes or Gross virus transformed lymphoma cells has been examined with respect to the following questions: (1) is expression of receptor activity related to blastogenesis or to the subsequent IL-2 dependent DNA synthetic activity, and (2) is transferrin receptor expression regulated in similar fashion in both normal and malignant lymphoblasts? Scatchard analysis of saturation binding data illustrated that binding site number increased and subsequently decreased during the response while the receptor affinity for transferrin remained constant. These findings were confirmed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of radiolabeled cell surface proteins which specifically interact with transferrin. Examination of nonproliferating normal lymphoblasts (96 hr post Con A stimulation) compared with the same population of cells stimulated to reinitiate DNA synthesis with a partially purified preparation of Interleukin 2 (IL-2) showed that transferrin receptor expression was tightly linked to the IL-2 dependent stimulation of DNA replication. This coordinate regulation of receptor expression was markedly less stringent in retrovirus transformed thymic lymphoma cells.
Public Signs as Narrative in Japan

Public signs (both advertising and informational) are analyzed here as narrative. This allows us to see the parallels between abbreviated texts in public spaces and extended discourse that has a long history of analysis. It also reveals parallels between literary and linguistic treatment of discourse. Included in the analysis is a description of how reference and indexicality function in the discourse we see all around us on what might be called ‘the linguistic landscape’, as well as how point of view operations, focalization, and voice are manipulated to authors' specific ends.
The relativistic foundations of pseudospin symmetry in nuclei

Pseudospin “symmetry” was observed in non-relativistic shell model orbits thirty years ago, but the origins of this symmetry as a relativistic symmetry is just being recognized. We review the evidence for pseudospin symmetry in both the energy spectra and the single-nucleon relativistic wavefunctions.
Unusual optical potential in prior-form breakup theory

The optical potential for the center of mass of two fragments in a three-body breakup channel does not resemble elastic optical potentials obtained in two-body channels. As a consequence the value of prior-form distorted wave Born approximation breakup theories based on center-of-mass optical potentials is questionable.
Systems safety for robots: An energy barrier analysis

Abstract Rahimi, M., 1986. Systems safety for robots: An energy barrier analysis. Journal of Occupational Accidents , 8: 127–138. The need for a comprehensive study of hazards caused by robot work environments is stressed. Based on previous data and robot accident reports, major factors contributing to robot accidents are classified and listed. System safety is introduced as an appropriate approach to analyze safety of semiautomated and automated robot systems. A general procedure for conducting system safety analysis is presented. Energy Barrier Analysis (EBA), a qualitative system safety technique, is applied to a general model of human—robot system. Major concepts of EBA are integrated in a stepwise approach for evaluating and designing robot safety systems. As the result of this application, specific solutions and recommendations are discussed.
An empirical study of high-order single-bit delta-sigma modulators

Computer simulations are used to determine the stability limits of single-bit delta-sigma modulators up to order 8. It is found that none of the existing criteria for stability are adequate for design. Plots of the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) achievable with a given modulator order and oversampling ratio (OSR) are presented. These graphs can be used to determine the modulator order and OSR required to achieve a given SNR or to check the tightness of (as yet unavailable) theoretical bounds. >
Regularized family of models for incompressible Cahn–Hilliard two-phase flows

Abstract We consider a general family of regularized models for incompressible two-phase flows based on the Cahn–Hilliard formulation in n -dimensional compact Riemannian manifolds (with or without boundary) for n = 2 , 3 . The system we consider consists of a regularized family of Navier–Stokes equations (including the Navier–Stokes- α -like model, the Leray- α model, the Modified Leray- α model, the Simplified Bardina model, the Navier–Stokes–Voight model, the Navier–Stokes model, and many others) for the fluid velocity u suitably coupled with a convective Cahn–Hilliard equation for the order (phase) parameter ϕ . We give a unified analysis of the entire three-parameter family of two-phase models. We first establish existence, stability and regularity results. Then, we show the existence of a global attractor and exponential attractor for our general model, and then establish precise conditions under which each trajectory ( u , ϕ ) converges to a single equilibrium by means of a Lojasiewicz–Simon inequality.
Interfacial mechanism of soil removal

A previously recognized interface-activated mechanism of soil removal appears to be related to the Marangoni effect. This mechanism, which may be the most powerful cleaning mechanism in a system, is due to surface motion created by local variations in the surface tension. The effects of several variables on this mechanism of soil removal were investigated and are discussed.
The influence of relative sediment supply on riverine habitat heterogeneity

Abstract The diversity of aquatic habitats in streams is linked to physical processes that act at various spatial and temporal scales. Two components of many that contribute to creating habitat heterogeneity in streams are the interaction between sediment supply and transport capacity and the presence of local in-stream structures, such as large woody debris and boulders. Data from previously published flume and field studies and a new field study on tributaries to the South Yuba River in Nevada County, California, USA, were used to evaluate the relationship between habitat heterogeneity, local in-stream structural features and relative sediment supply. Habitat heterogeneity was quantified using spatial heterogeneity measures from the field of landscape ecology. Relative sediment supply, as expressed by the sediment supply/transport capacity ratio, which controls channel morphology and substrate textures, two key physical habitat characteristics, was quantified using a dimensionless bedload transport ratio, q ⁎ . Calculated q ⁎ values were plotted against an ecologically meaningful heterogeneity index, Shannon's Diversity Index, measured for each study reach, as well as the percent area of in-stream structural elements. The results indicate two potential mechanisms for how relative sediment supply may drive geomorphic diversity in natural river systems at the reach scale. When less mobile structural elements form a small proportion of the reach landscape, the supply/capacity ratio dictates the range of sediment textures and geomorphic features observed within the reach. In these settings, channels with a moderate relative sediment supply exhibit the highest textural and geomorphic diversity. In contrast, when less mobile structural elements are abundant, forced local scour and deposition creates high habitat heterogeneity, even in the presence of high relative sediment supply.
The APL test: extension to general nuclear families and haplotypes and examination of its robustness.

Objective: The Association in the Presence of Linkage test (APL) is a powerful statistical method that allows for missing parental genotypes in nuclear families. However, in its ori
Critical analysis of commonly used fluorescence metrics to characterize dissolved organic matter

The use of fluorescence spectroscopy for the analysis and characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) has gained widespread interest over the past decade, in part because of its ease of use and ability to provide bulk DOM chemical characteristics. However, the lack of standard approaches for analysis and data evaluation has complicated its use. This study utilized comparative statistics to systematically evaluate commonly used fluorescence metrics for DOM characterization to provide insight into the implications for data analysis and interpretation such as peak picking methods, carbon-normalized metrics and the fluorescence index (FI). The uncertainty associated with peak picking methods was evaluated, including the reporting of peak intensity and peak position. The linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was found to deviate from linearity at environmentally relevant concentrations and simultaneously across all peak regions. Comparative analysis suggests that the loss of linearity is composition specific and likely due to non-ideal intermolecular interactions of the DOM rather than the inner filter effects. For some DOM sources, Peak A deviated from linearity at optical densities a factor of 2 higher than that of Peak C. For carbon-normalized fluorescence intensities, the error associated with DOC measurements significantly decreases the ability to distinguish compositional differences. An in-depth analysis of FI determined that the metric is mostly driven by peak emission wavelength and less by emission spectra slope. This study also demonstrates that fluorescence intensity follows property balance principles, but the fluorescence index does not.