cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Critical New Pathway Towards Change in Abusive Relationships: The Theory of Transition Framework

This article explores the use of “Transition Framework” as a conceptual framework for individual and social change. William Bridges introduced Transition Framework in the 1970s as a three-pronged model explaining how people respond to change in their lives. This article argues that such an approach has the potential to help clients recognize and grieve the loss of their old identities, become comfortable with new ways of communicating, understand their cycles of relapse and make positive changes. The relevance of this model to transformative change in domestic violence treatment is explored.
Conduction system findings in sudden death in young adults with a history of bronchial asthma

Abstract Objectives . This study was conducted to determine whether there are any pathologic changes in the conduction system when death occurs suddenly in young adults with a history of bronchial asthma. Background . There is a worldwide increase in sudden death, especially in young adults with a history of bronchial asthma. Methods . We studied the conduction system by serial section examination in six male patients (16 to 23 years old) with a history of bronchial asthma who died suddenly. Results . The sinoatrial node artery was narrowed in two patients, with chronic inflammatory cells in three; it was fibrosed in one. The atrioventricular (AV) node was within the central fibrous body in three patients and isolated by fat in one. The AV bundle was markedly fragmented in five patients and fibrosed in two. The right and left bundle branches showed fat, fibrosis and disruption in five patients. Increased fibrosis on the summit of the ventricular septum with patchy fibrosis was present in five patients, and inflammatory cells in the conduction system were found in one. Conclusions . 1) There are distinct pathologic findings in the conduction system of young adults with a history of bronchial asthma who die suddenly. 2) The significant findings appear to be a markedly fragmented bundle and changes in the sinoatrial node that are not found in normal healthy young adults. 3) The changes in the conduction system may create an arrhythmic event, and sudden death may occur in some persons during an altered physiologic state. 4) We hypothesize that bronchial asthma may be associated with an alteration in immune complexes that affects the conduction system in some patients.
A Paradox of Knowing Whether

For example, given that Smith knows whether Brown is dead, we could determine whether Brown is dead or alive by finding out what Smith believes to be the case. This fact about knowledge can be expressed succinctly as follows: The relevant belief state of someone who knows whether p is a reliable indicator of the fact about p. Incorporation of this feature of knowledge can be viewed as an adequacy condition which must be met by any theory purporting to analyse knowledge. I will try to show that the 'standard' analysis of knowledge-the view that knowledge is justified true belief-fails to do justice to this feature of knowledge.
Sex-specific patterns of lifetime reproductive success in single and repeat breeding steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

All other things being equal, the lifetime reproductive success (LRS) of iteroparous and semelparous individuals should scale with the number of breeding seasons. Deviations from this relationship may occur for many reasons, including age- or size-related fecundity or life history trade-offs, which may differ between sexes. We used 19 brood years of DNA parentage analysis in a small (N = 4–143 year−1) wild, unexploited population of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to compare the LRS of individuals that spawned only once [“one time spawners” (OTS), N = 355 male, 371 female] to those spawning twice [“repeat spawners” (RPS), N = 13 male, 49 female]. Female RPS had nearly twice the LRS of female OTS (1.17 offspring per female vs 0.91 offspring per female), whereas male RPS had nearly three times the LRS of male OTS (1.54 offspring per male vs 0.57 offspring per male). Female RPS produced slightly more adult offspring during their second breeding season than their first (0.78 vs 0.82 offspring per female); however, male RPS produced all of their adult offspring in their second breeding season (0 vs 1.54 offspring per male). The additional growth in body size of males between breeding seasons may give them an advantage in their second breeding season, but the lack of offspring produced in their first season suggests a trade-off between survival and future reproduction that was not expressed in females.
The "safe at home" game. Training comprehensive prevention skills in latchkey children.

Eight children who were occasionally left without parental supervision received training in the following areas: (1) how to react to the emergencies of a fire, a cut hand, and a tornado; (2) how to respond to strangers who come to the door or call on the telephone; and (3) how to select nutritious, safe snacks and optimal after-school activities. The subjects played the "Safe at Home" game, which allowed them first to discriminate correct from incorrect responses portrayed on cards; the cards were then phased out as the children progressed from recognition to recall learning. The subjects demonstrated acceptable but not optimal baseline levels of selecting snacks and after-school activities, and showed dangerously inadequate responses to emergencies and strangers. Following sixteen training sessions, children responded to all seven of the training areas at near-optimal levels. One year after training had ceased, the five children who could be contacted continued to show optimal responses to selecting snac...
Acute epididymo-orchitis as the presenting manifestation of Hemophilus influenzae septicemia

1. Hoyt WF, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM, and Glaser JS: Septo-optic dysplasia with pituitary dwarfism, Lancet 1:893, 1970. 2. Gay AJ, Newman NM, Keltner JL, and Stroup MH: Eye movement disorders, St. Louis, 1974, The CV Mosby Company, p 48. 3. Walsh FB, and Hoyt WF: Clinical neuro-ophthalmology, Vol 1, Baltimore, 1969, The Williams & Wilkins Company, p 279. 4. Jayalakshi P, Scott TFM, Tucker SH, and Shaffer DB: Infantile nystagmus: A prospective study of spasmus nutans, congenital nystagmus, and unclassified nystagmus of infancy, J PEDIATR 77:177, 1970. 5. Forsythe WI: Congenital hereditary vertical nystagmus, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 18:515, 1962. 6. Sogg RL, and Hoyt WF: Intermittent vertical nystagmus in a father and son, Arch Ophthalmol 68:515, 1962. 7. Hoyt WF, and Daroff RB: Supranuclear disorders of ocular control systems in man, in Bach y Rita P, and Collins CC, editors: The control of eye movements, New York, 1971, Academic Press, Inc, pp 175-235. 8. White JC: Familial periodic nystagmus, vertigo and ataxia, Arch Neurol 20:276, 1969. 9. Cogan DG: Downbeat nystagmus, Arch Ophthalmol 80:757, 1968. 10. Zee DS, Friendlich AR, Robinson DA, and Eng DR: The mechanism of downbeat nystagmus, Arch Neurol 20:227, 1974. 11. Yap CB, Mayo MD, and Barron K: "Ocular bobbing" in palatal myoclonus, Arch Neurol 18:304, 1968.
Targets and Standards of Quality in Sport Services

The paper proposes a framework for analysis of quality in sport services from the perspective of (a) targets of quality, (b) standards of quality, and (c) evaluators of quality. It is proposed that any quality evaluation of a service should begin by identifying the targets of quality evaluations (i.e., breaking down that service into smaller discrete and distinct elements), and assessing the targets in terms of consumer and human service components. In addition, the paper highlights the relevance of different standards of quality to different targets of quality, and the relative significance of the clients, the service providers, and the managers as arbiters of quality. These segmental perspectives on quality in a service operation are expected to result in a truly Gestalt view of a service enterprise. The framework would facilitate quality initiatives such as quality assurance and benchmarking.
New Horizons: Learning From The Past and Preparing For The Future

Reflecting the conference theme, a brief history of NACADA is presented and personal vignettes shared to lay the foundation for understanding the organization's role at the turn of the century. Spe...
SIGNIFICANCE OF BIVALENCE OF ANTIBODY IN VIRAL NEUTRALIZATION

The role of bivalence of antibody in its capacity to neutralize virus was studied with rabbit antibodies to the bacteriophage, ϕX174. Univalent Fab or Fab' fragments of IgG isolated from antiviral antisera obtained early in the immunization schedule had virtually no activity compared to that of the intact IgG. When the antibodies were isolated from antisera of the same rabbits several months later, the univalent fragments and IgG were essentially equal in activity. The results are interpreted on the basis that an IgG molecule, because of its bivalence, has a higher effective combining affinity (avidity) than a univalent fragment. After prolonged immunization, however, the affinity of univalent antibody becomes sufficiently high that it exceeds a threshold value, above which further increase in affinity, through bivalence, is no longer significant. The results could explain the variability in relative effectiveness of univalent antibodies observed in previous studies. These data, and the fact that F(ab')2 fragments from either "early" or "late" antisera were as effective as IgG, indicate that fragment Fc is not a significant factor in neutralization. No differences in dissociation from the virus of univalent antibody from early and late antisera could be demonstrated by dilution at temperatures up to 47°C. The attachment at sites of neutralization on the virus appears to be functionally almost irreversible in this system.
Data‐parallel programming on a network of heterogeneous workstations

We describe a compiler and run-time system that allow data-parallel programs to execute on a network of heterogeneous UNIX workstations. The programming language supported is Dataparallel C, a SIMD language with virtual processors and a global name space. This parallel programming environment allows the user to take advantage of the power of multiple workstations without adding any message-passing calls to the source program. Because the performance of Individual workstations in a multi-user environment may change during the execution of a Dataparallel C program, the run-time system automatically performs dynamic load balancing. We present experimental results that demonstrate the usefulness of dynamic load-balancing In a multi-user environment These results suggest that initially allocating the same amount of work to each processor and letting the dynamic load balancing algorithm adjust the load during program execution yields very good performance. Hence neither the compiler nor the run-time system need a priori knowledge of the speeds of the machines that will participate in a program execution.
Joint data detection for punctured ARQ diversity systems

We investigate a bandwidth efficient ARQ scheme in which the medium access control (MAC) only requests a partial retransmission after packet reception error. To reduce channel usage, the original packet is punctured prior to retransmission(s), thereby forming a modified ARQ scheme which we name punctured automatic repeat request (PARQ). The puncturing in the system can be viewed as a form of "diversity" to blindly estimate the channel. We focus on the detection of the original data sequence by presenting a maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm and a simpler multirate linear equalizer. We also investigate the BER performance based on estimated channel responses from both the blind and the semiblind channel estimation algorithms.
Role for the endometrial epithelial protein MFG-E8 and its receptor integrin αvβ3 in human implantation: results of an in vitro trophoblast attachment study using established human cell lines

Objective To investigate the role of MFG-E8 and its receptor integrin αvβ3 in the attachment of trophoblast cells to the endometrial epithelium. Design Experimental in vitro study. Setting Academic center. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) By using a well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Ishikawa cells) and choriocarcinoma human trophoblast cells (Jar cells), an in vitro assay mimicking human implantation was established. To investigate the impact of blocking MFG-E8 and integrin αvβ3, we pretreated the cell lines with antibodies against those proteins at different concentrations before the attachment assay. Main Outcome Measure(s) Attachment rate of Jar spheroids to the epithelial cell monolayer. Result(s) Pretreatment of Ishikawa cells with anti-MFG-E8 antibody caused a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of attachment. On the other hand, pretreatment of Jar spheroids did not result in a significant effect on the attachment rate. Pretreatment of Ishikawa cells as well as Jar spheroids with anti-integrin αvβ3 antibodies resulted in a dose-dependent, significant inhibition of attachment. Conclusion(s) This study showed that blocking MFG-E8 and its receptor integrin αvβ3 in Ishikawa cells diminishes Jar spheroid attachment. Moreover, blocking integrin αvβ3 in the trophoblastic cells also diminished their attachment to the Ishikawa monolayer.
Radial PN junction, wire array solar cells

Radial pn junctions are of interest in photovoltaics because of their potential to reduce the materials costs associated with cell fabrication. However, devices fabricated to date based on Au-catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid growth have suffered from low open-circuit voltages (to our knowledge the highest reports are 260 mV in the solid state and 389 mV in solid-liquid junctions). Herein we report on the potential of low-cost catalysts such as Cu and Ni to fabricate Si wire arrays with potentially higher minority-carrier lifetimes than is possible with a Au catalyst, as well as on the use of reactive ion etching to fabricate high-purity analogs to vapor-liquid-solid grown arrays.
The Effects of Behavioral/Cognitive-Behavioral Programs on Recidivism

The CDATE project coded studies of treatment/intervention programs in prison, jail, probation, or parole settings reported from 1968 through 1996. Meta-analyses were conducted on the 69 primary research studies on the effectiveness of behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatment in reducing recidivism for offenders. Results on this heterogeneous collection of studies show that this treatment is associated with reduced recidivism rates. However, this effect is mainly due to cognitive-behavioral interventions rather than to standard behavior modification approaches. The specific types of programs shown to be effective include cognitive-behavioral social skills development programs and cognitive skills (Reasoning and Rehabilitation) programs.
Concluding observations on successful partnerships

The elements necessary for establishing a successful partnership with business and the community and the types of challenges faced by these relationships are drawn from the readings as general observations.
A New Methodology for Human Grasp Prediction

Grasping is an essential requirement for digital human models (DHMs). It is a complex process and thus a challenging problem for DHMs, involving a skeletal structure with many degrees-of-freedom (DOFs), cognition, and interaction between the human and objects in the environment. Furthermore, grasp planning involves not only finding the shape of the hand and the position and orientation of the wrist but also the posture of the upper body required for producing realistic grasping simulations. In this paper, a new methodology is developed for grasping prediction by combining a shape-matching method and an optimization-based posture prediction technique. We use shape matching to pick a hand shape from a database of stored grasps, then position the hand around the object. The posture prediction algorithm then calculates the optimal posture for the whole upper body necessary to execute the grasp. The proposed algorithm is tested on a variety of objects in a 3-D environment. The results are realistic and suggest that the new method is more suitable for grasp planning than conventional methods. This improved performance is particularly apparent when the nature of the grasped objects is not known a priori , and when a complex high-DOF hand model is necessary.
Drosophila, Genetic Screens, and Cardiac Function

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used to study genetics, development, and signaling for nearly a century, but only over the past few decades has this tremendous resource been the focus of cardiovascular research. Fly genetics offers sophisticated transgenic systems, molecularly defined genomic deficiencies, genome-wide transgenic RNAi lines, and numerous curated mutants to perform genetic screens. As a genetically tractable model, the fly facilitates gene discovery and can complement mammalian models of disease. The circulatory system in the fly comprises well-defined sets of cardiomyocytes, and methodological advances have permitted accurate characterization of cardiac morphology and function. Thus, fly genetics and genomics offer new approaches for gene discovery of adult cardiac phenotypes to identify evolutionarily conserved molecular signals that drive cardiovascular disease.
Inhaled corticosteroids used for the control of asthma in a “real-life” setting do not affect linear growth velocity in prepubertal children

Background Recent guidelines recommend inhaled corticosteroids as the first-line treatment for persistent asthma. However, long-term corticosteroid treatment in children has raised concerns about potential growth rate deceleration. We aimed to assess the association of growth velocity with the use of inhaled corticosteroids in prepubertal children with asthma in a “real-life” setting.
Low-voltage mercury-alkali metal arc

Measurements of the arc voltage and electron temperature were made on low-pressure arcs utilizing a mercury-pool cathode containing various concentrations of alkali metals. The arc-burning voltage was substantially lower than the pure mercury arc and the minimum arc voltage depended on the concentration of the alkali metal and ambient tube temperature. The measurements suggest that there are three processes which collectively are responsible for the arc behavior. These are a lower anode work function, a Penning two-stage ionization process of alkali metal atoms by mercury metastables and an improved electron emission by reliable anchoring of the cathode spot. With the addition of small amounts of alkali metal the cathode spot emission zone was stable on a molybdenum anchor at currents as high as 200 a. The cathode fall potential was the order of 4 v. It is shown that the voltage reduction is mainly in the cathode fall region and that it is lower for rubidium than cesium, potassium or sodium in the preceding order.
Optimizing embedded applications using programmer-inserted hints

This paper explores the possibility of exploiting programmer-inserted hints in the application code to improve performance beyond what could be achieved using an optimizing compiler. These hints can be beneficial in two scenarios: (1) when compiler analysis fails to identify opportunity and/or legality for a potential optimization, and (2) when it is not a good idea to invoke an optimization at the point the opportunity is first encountered during execution. Our goal is to strike a balance between two extremes -- pure compiler-based scheme (i.e., user-transparent approach) and pure user-based scheme (i.e., assembly programming). In particular, we defend a strategy where a few programmer-inserted hints can enable the compiler to do much better job than the pure compiler approach without requiring the programmer to encode low-level optimizations.
Assessment of alkali–silica reaction damage through quantification of concrete nonlinearity

A newly developed nondestructive evaluation technique, Nonlinear Impact Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy (NIRAS), is applied to concrete specimens in an ongoing assessment of aggregate alkali reactivity during standard concrete prism testing. NIRAS measures the nonlinearity in a specimen caused by the inception and growth of microcracks throughout the sample and debonding at the aggregate/cement interface. NIRAS is used to exploit the nonlinear effect of excitation amplitude dependent resonance frequency changes, which are related to nonlinearity measurements of concrete samples cast with aggregates of varying reactivity. To relate microstructural changes to changes in nonlinearity and expansion, sample characterization is performed with uranyl-acetate staining. The results demonstrate the utility of NIRAS for not only assessing the potential for ASR under standardized test conditions, but for more general damage characterization in concrete and assessment of “job mixtures.” NIRAS can distinguish reactive from nonreactive aggregates without ambiguity, as supported by sample characterization results.
Nursing Homes That Increased The Proportion Of Medicare Days Saw Gains In Quality Outcomes For Long-Stay Residents

Nursing homes are increasingly providing rehabilitative care to short-stay residents under Medicare’s skilled nursing facility coverage, which is much more generous than Medicaid’s coverage for long-stay residents. This shift creates the potential for both beneficial and detrimental effects on outcomes for such residents. Examining nationwide facility-level nursing home data for the period 2007–10, we found that increasing the proportion of Medicare-covered patient days in a nursing home was significantly associated with improvements in the quality of the three outcomes we considered for long-stay residents. We saw significant decreases in the percentages of long-stay residents with daily pain (from 5.1 percent to 3.4 percent), with worsening pressure ulcers (from 2.5 percent to 2.0 percent), and with a decline in performing activities of daily living (from 15.9 percent to 14.9 percent). These findings reinforce previous research indicating that quality outcomes tend to be superior in nursing homes with g...
Development and testing of a PEM SO2-depolarized electrolyzer and an operating method that prevents sulfur accumulation

Abstract The hybrid sulfur (HyS) cycle is being developed as a technology to generate hydrogen by splitting water, using heat and electrical power from a nuclear or solar power plant. A key component is the SO 2 -depolarized electrolysis (SDE) cell, which reacts SO 2 and water to form hydrogen and sulfuric acid. SDE could also be used in once-through operation to consume SO 2 and generate hydrogen and sulfuric acid for sale. A proton exchange membrane (PEM) SDE cell based on a PEM fuel cell design was fabricated and tested. Measured cell potential as a function of anolyte pressure and flow rate, sulfuric acid concentration, and cell temperature are presented for this cell. Sulfur accumulation was observed inside the cell, which could have been a serious impediment to further development. A method to prevent sulfur formation was subsequently developed. This was made possible by a testing facility that allowed unattended operation for extended periods.
Legal Protection for the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict

The Iran-Iraq war and the aftermath of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait (the "1991 Gulf War") provide vivid evidence that conflicts arising at least in part from disputes over natural resources can wreak remarkable abuse on the environment, whether it is attacked directly or suffers collateral damage. International law seeks to limit environment damage in times of armed conflict not only because it may harm human beings, but also because "dicatates of public conscience" and principles in its own right.
Entry Level Education

This article provides an examination of the APTA proposal to change the entry level educational requirement for physical therapists to a postbaccalaureate degree. Some of the reasons for maintaining the present requirements are cited as financial crises in institutions of higher education, anticipated declines in enrollment, and lack of qualified physical therapy faculty. Other arguments include the anticipated negative effects on the applicant pool and decreased federal health spending, as well as the lack of data on present physical therapy manpower needs and distribution.
Surface and Internal Wave Processes in the Coastal Zone of an Atoll Island

Abstract : A long-term goal of the Flow Encountering Abrupt Topography (FLEAT) experiment is to quantify the pathways of energy and momentum exchange from large-scale current systems, such as the North Equatorial Current (NEC), to smaller scales as flows encounter island and submarine topography characteristic of the western Pacific Ocean. We seek a better understanding of these processes to improve numerical simulations of mesoscale and finescale variability in the vicinity of steep and abruptly changing topographic features.
Elementary Characterization of Classical Minima

many introductory treatments and is consequently ignored). It is therefore surprising that several optima of classical interest usually treated through the calculus of variations can be characterized directly by analysis much more elementary than the Euler-Lagrange theory. We shall substantiate this assertion by using little more than the Cauchy-Schwarz vector inequality to provide direct access to the solutions of several well-known problems, including certain of those associated with the brachistochrone and the minimal surface. We begin with two almost trivial examples from the classical literature [2, pp. 178-180, 201], namely those of determining geodesics in space and on the surface of a sphere. To find the shortest space curve joining fixed points P0(= 0) and PI, we must minimize I jP'(t)ldt
Current methodologies for detecting sensitization to HLA antigens.

Purpose of review Advances in solid-phase tests for antibodies directed against HLA antigens have opened new areas of sophistication in detecting and characterizing the antibodies and have improved access to transplantation for sensitized candidates. In considering desensitization as an option for sensitized patients, determining specificities and strengths of antibodies and the risk they pose before and after therapeutic interventions are critical. This review focuses on the tests that are used today to detect sensitization and their relevance to assessing risk for transplant candidates and recipients. Recent findings There are conflicting reports of the clinical relevance of antibodies that are detected in solid-phase assays, which provide exquisite levels of precision and sensitivity for antibody detection. There is growing evidence that low levels of donor-reactive antibody need not be always considered a contraindication to transplant. New tools for determining isotype and complement fixation in solid-phase tests may also resolve some disparities. Summary Solid-phase tests for HLA antibodies now play a key role in transplantation laboratories and are widely utilized by transplant programs around the world. Although there are not rigid standards for their use and interpretation, transplant patients are benefiting from the use of these tests.
The Eurocentric Discourse On Writing: An Exercise in Self-Glorification

In his seminal essay on Eurocentrism, Clinton Jean (1991) explores some of the assumptions and theories elaborated by European scholars that have helped justify and further the physical and conceptual tyranny of Europe over the rest of the world. Of particular relevance is the pervasiveness of European evolutionary thinking and the widely accepted view that Europe, due to some inherent quality, has taken the lead on the universal path toward progress-that is, perfection and happiness for all. The reality of a "European miracle" is accepted by most European and Eurocentric scholars. However, there is little agreement about the cause of that miracle, that is, about the nature of that distinctively European quality responsible for Europe's "advances." Is it biology, culture, sexual continence, the physical environment, the state, the church, the family structure, rationality, or a combination of two or more of those elements (Blaut, 1993)? The Eurocentric discourse on writing, which the present paper intends to analyze, is part and parcel of the rationality argument. Writing, it is said, having some special effects on the brain, triggers and enhances rationality. Europeans are the most literate people, hence their higher cognitive power and precocious po gress, whereas the rest of us, more or less stuck in our oral quagmire, stagnate. There can no hope of progress for us unless we become literate; that is, unless we allow our brain to develop under the powerful effect of writing.
An inflammatory mediator, prostaglandin e2, in colorectal cancer

Abstract It is widely accepted that intake of dietary fats and chronic inflammation are risk factors for developing colorectal cancer. Arachidonic acid is a major component of animal fats, and the bioactive lipids produced from this substrate play critical roles in a variety of biologic processes, including cancer. Cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandin E2 is a known proinflammatory lipid mediator that promotes tumor progression. Metabolism of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase pathway provides one mechanism for the contribution of dietary fats and chronic inflammation to carcinogenesis. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how a proinflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 promotes colorectal cancer immune evasion. These findings may provide a rationale for the development of new therapeutic approaches to subvert tumor-induced immunosuppression.
HURRICANE SURGE PROTOTYPE DATA COLLECTION

Storm surges from hurricanes have even more devastating effects on human lives and property than the high wind velocities associated with such storms. Storm surge forecasts are necessary as a guide for emergency action to prevent disasters due to coastal flooding caused by tropical storms. The design and evaluation of coastal structures are also dependent on estimates of storm surge levels. Several numerical models have been developed that appear to reasonably predict the surge from storms of given size and intensity, but they sometimes differ significantly among themselves. A comprehensive data set is needed to quantitatively evaluate these models. These data will also provide a better understanding of coastal processes during periods of severe wave activity and high water levels, and will better define coastal and inland water elevation time histories, high water marks, and water velocity fields caused by tropical storms and hurricanes. The U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC), under the sponsorship of the Office Chief of Engineers (OCE), has been involved for several years in a project entitled Hurricane Surge Prototype Data Collection Work Unit, the primary objective of which is to collect such a data set. In addition to the work being performed by CERC personnel, a cooperative program has been established with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the University of Florida to collect surge data along the coast of Florida. A cooperative program has also been established with the National Ocean Service (NOS) to "harden" tide stations in the Gulf of Mexico and along the Atlantic Coast of Florida to survive hurricane forces and record the full range of anticipated surge levels. This paper describes CERC's long term, ongoing Hurricane Surge Prototype Data Collection project, as well as the data collected.
Generics and atemporal when

Beginning with analyses of English generic sentences and English plural indefinite noun phrases (e.g.dogs), we proceed to apply mechanisms there motivated to a characterization of atemporalwhen, a sense ofwhen which does not appear to involve time. Dealt with are such examples as “Dogs are intelligent when they have blue eyes”, and their relationships to examples like “Dogs that have blue eyes are intelligent”. The proposed treatment of atemporalwhen helps motivate the existence of a generic verb phrase operator in English, as well as the treatment of indefinite plural noun phrases as disguised definite descriptions.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of measles before and after measles vaccine supplementary immunization activities in Shijiazhuang

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles before and after measles attenuated live vaccine(MV) supplementary immunization activities(SIAs) in 2007 and approach measures of measles elimination.Methods: To collect data from Measles Special Surveillance System in 2005~2009,and analyze with descriptive epidemiology.Results: After SIAs in April 2007,the reported annual measles incidences were 12.18/100000,15.70/100000,12.61/100000,1.58/100000 and 1.97/100000 separately.The average age of the incidences were from 7.8 in 2005 down to 6.26 in 2009(t=2.02,P0.05).The reported incidences of 1 year old increasingly counted for 28.9%(t=8.156,P0.01).Conclusion: A high quality SIAs was a good measure for avoiding high measles incidences.It was recommended of MV to women of childbearing age during SIAs to raise the level of maternal antibodies.Meanwhile,the second vaccination was needed after SIAs for enforcing the effects.
Nationwide Interdisciplinary E-Consultation on Transgender Care in the Veterans Health Administration

Abstract Background: Veteran's Health Administration (VHA) requires the provision of quality transgender care for the relatively large number of transgender veterans using VHA services. Introduction: The Office of Patient Care Services has taken a multimethod approach to improving provider knowledge and skill for transgender veteran care. However, unique patient-specific questions can arise. Thus, VHA implemented a 3-year feasibility program to determine if nationwide interdisciplinary e-consultation can offer veteran-specific consultation to providers who treat transgender veterans in VHA. Materials and Methods: Launch of this program is described along with use to date, types of questions submitted by providers, and length of time to complete a response in the veteran's electronic medical record. Results: In 17 months, the program responded to 303 e-consults, with consultation provided on the care of 230 unique veterans. Nationwide coverage was achieved 1 year after the launch of the program. Common con...
‘I’m not sure if they speak to everyone about this option’: analyzing disparate access to and use of genetic health services in the US from the perspective of genetic counselors

AbstractMuch research has documented disparities in access to and uses of health care services in the US. With the rise of genomic medicine and its use of complex technology, some scholars are concerned that such inequalities of health care will not only continue but also grow. Drawing on 27 semi-structured interviews with front-line genetic workers – master’s-level genetic counselors – this qualitative study explores the factors they view as contributing to variable uptake of genetic health services among US population groups. Patient-centered factors such as attitudes, norms, and education were perceived by some genetic counselors as explanations for disparities in uptake of genetic services. However, genetic counselors more frequently discussed structural and institutional factors (e.g. cost, insurance, type and location of hospital/clinic, and/or staffing issues) when accounting for different rates of usage of genetic services among populations. The prominence of structural impediments to access found...
Disparities in influenza vaccination coverage among women with live-born infants: PRAMS surveillance during the 2009-2010 influenza season.

a ABSTRACT Objectives. Vaccination during pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of influenza illness among pregnant women and their infants up to 6 months of age; however, many women do not get vaccinated. We examined disparities in vaccination coverage among women who delivered a live-born infant during the 2009-2010 influenza season, when two separate influenza vaccinations were recommended. Methods. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data from 29 states and New York City, collected during the 2009-2010 influenza season, were used to examine uptake of seasonal (unweighted n527,153) and pan- demic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (pH1N1) ( n527,372) vaccination by racially/ ethnically diverse women who delivered a live-born infant from September 1, 2009, through May 31, 2010. Results. PRAMS data showed variation in seasonal and pH1N1 influenza vac - cination coverage among women with live-born infants by racial/ethnic group. For seasonal influenza vaccination, coverage was 50.5% for non-Hispanic white, 30.2% for non-Hispanic black, 42.1% for Hispanic, and 48.2% for non-Hispanic other women. For pH1N1, vaccination coverage was 41.4% for non-Hispanic white, 25.5% for non-Hispanic black, 41.1% for Hispanic, and 43.3% for non-Hispanic other women. Compared with non-Hispanic white women, non- Hispanic black women had lower seasonal (crude prevalence ratio (cPR) 5 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55, 0.64) and pH1N1 (cPR=0.62, 95% CI 0.57, 0.67) vaccination coverage; these disparities diminished but remained after adjusting for provider recommendation or offer for influenza vaccination, insur - ance status, and demographic factors (seasonal vaccine: adjusted PR (aPR) 5 0.80, 95% CI 0.74, 0.86; and pH1N1 vaccine: aPR50.75, 95% CI 0.68, 0.82). Conclusion. To reduce disparities in influenza vaccination uptake by pregnant women, targeted efforts toward providers and interventions focusing on preg- nant and postpartum women may be needed.
Simple Probabilistic Promotion

Many believe that normative reasons for action are necessarily connected with the promotion of certain states of affairs: on Humean views, for example, there is a reason for you to do something if and only if it would promote the object of one of your desires. But although promotion is widely invoked in discussions of reasons, its nature is a matter of controversy. I propose a simple account: to promote a state of affairs is to make it more likely to obtain than it previously was. I argue that this view has been unfairly neglected, that it avoids serious problems faced by many other views, and that it is a contender for the correct theory of promotion.
Writing About Poetry

This book has been devoted to the acts of reading, understanding, and, we hope, enjoying poetry. In this section, we offer a few suggestions about a related process, writing about poems; that is, putting on paper—refining and giving shape to—your responses and perceptions.
Interactions of Proteins with Specific Sequences in RNA

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on interactions of proteins with specific sequences in Ribonucleic acid (RNA). The chapter describes several procedures for identifying target RNA(s) for proteins. Many of these methods are used successfully to find the ligands for known RNA binding proteins, such as recognition motifs (RRM) family members. It may be unnecessary to perform combinatorial random RNA selection if the protein is the homolog of an RNA binding protein whose target is identified. In this case, one could proceed directly to the analysis of binding to labeled transcripts of natural RNA sequences. The procedures for identifying minimal binding sites may be of interest to investigators who wish to pursue structural as well as functional analysis of their proteins of interest. It is proposed that many cellular proteins interact with RNAs in vivo as part of homeostatic regulatory networks. The methods described allow the elucidation of such interactions using genomically encoded cellular RNAs for binding to any protein, including antibodies. The chapter discusses about the selection of specific sequences from random RNA libraries, by RNA binding proteins as a first step in identification of in vivo targets. The chapter also explains binding of protein to sequences in cellular RNAs. Determination of minimal binding sequences within RNA ligands is also discussed in detail.
Octave-spanning coherent perfect absorption in a thin silicon film.

Although optical absorption is an intrinsic materials property, it can be manipulated through structural modification. Coherent perfect absorption increases absorption to 100% interferometrically but is typically realized only over narrow bandwidths using two laser beams with fixed phase relationship. We show that engineering a thin film’s photonic environment severs the link between the effective absorption of the film and its intrinsic absorption while eliminating, in principle, bandwidth restrictions. Employing thin aperiodic dielectric mirrors, we demonstrate coherent perfect absorption in a 2 μm thick film of polycrystalline silicon using a single incoherent beam of light at all the resonances across a spectrally flat, octave-spanning near-infrared spectrum, ≈800–1600 nm. Critically, these mirrors have wavelength-dependent reflectivity devised to counterbalance the decline in silicon’s intrinsic absorption at long wavelengths.
Genetic Testing for Disorders of Iron Homeostasis

Iron homeostasis in health is maintained by the controlled absorption of iron from the small intestine that equals daily iron losses and meets iron requirements for erythropoiesis. The susceptibility to develop iron overload is increased in persons in whom absorption of dietary iron is increased. Deleterious mutations in genes that encode proteins that control or mediate iron absorption, transport, or storage cause diverse primary iron overload syndromes, e.g., HFE hemochromatosis. Similarly, heritable and acquired forms of anemia characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis and increased production of growth/differentiation factor 15 enhance iron absorption by the small intestine in the absence of other mutations or chronic erythrocyte transfusion, e.g., X-linked sideroblastic anemia. Mutations in genes that encode transferrin or matripase-2 may lead to iron-deficient erythropoiesis that is refractory to iron therapy. In this chapter, principal methods to detect and evaluate mutations associated with heritable disorders of iron homeostasis are reviewed, and deleterious mutations of genomic DNA associated with these disorders are tabulated.
Magnetic Tensor Anisotropy in a Low-Symmetry Copper(II) Chelate

Some anisotropic parameters of the spin Hamiltonian for copper doped into single crystals of orthorhombic bis-(N-methylsalicylaldiminato) nickel(II) are presented and discussed in terms of what can and what cannot be inferred from the directional properties of the g tensor and three hyperfine tensors. The most remarkable finding in this study is that the in-plane g anisotropy is unusually large, and the principal in-plane axes are oriented approximately along the metal—ligand bonds, unlike the optical absorption anisotropy and contrary to the previous findings for the g tensors of similar chelates.
The administration and management of environmental sustainability initiatives: a collaborative perspective

Local climate and energy issues provide fertile ground for collaboration in pursuit of shared goals, yet coordination problems can stymie their achievement. Collaborative networks enable integratio...
Fighting to Prevent the ‘World from Being Made Safe for Democracy’

According to the Austrian School philosopher ‘Ritter von’ Kuehnelt-Leddihn, during the ‘Great’ War between the dynasties, ‘von’ Hayek and ‘von’ Mises fought to ‘prevent’ the ‘world from being made safe for democracy.’ Under feudalism and neo-feudalism, deference to the religious and social hierarchy had been the glue that enforced the loyalty of ‘subjects’ to ‘their’ monarch—but with universal franchise, ‘public opinion’ emerged as a quasi-religious glue to be manipulated by sovereign knowledge producers. Hayek, who is regarded as a ‘peach,’ devoted his career to recruiting ‘lemons’: ‘inferior mediocrities’ ‘in the hopes that ultimately they could be converted and transmit my ideas to the public at large.’ This chapter examines Hayek’s mission: ‘operating on public opinion’ through the ‘worst intellectuals.’
Facial Surveillance and Recognition in the Passive Infrared Bands

This chapter discusses the use of infrared imaging to perform surveillance and recognition where the face is used for recognizing individuals. In particular, it explores properties of the infrared (IR) band, effects of indoor and outdoor illumination on face recognition (FR) and a framework for both homogeneous and heterogeneous FR systems using multi-spectral sensors. The main benefit of mid-wave infrared and long-wave infrared (MWIR, LWIR) camera sensors is the capability to use FR systems when operating in difficult environmental conditions, such as in low light or complete darkness. This allows for the potential to detect and acquire face images of different subjects without actively illuminating the subject, based on their passively emitted thermal signatures. In this chapter, we demonstrate that by utilizing the “passive” infrared band, facial features can be captured irrespective of illumination (e.g. indoor vs. outdoor). For homogeneous FR systems, we formulate and develop an efficient, semi-automated, direct matching-based FR framework, that is designed to operate efficiently when face data is captured using either visible or IR sensors. Thus, it can be applied in both daytime and nighttime environments. The second framework aims to solve the heterogeneous, cross-spectral FR problem, enabling recognition in the MWIR and LWIR bands based on images of subjects in the visible spectrum.
Occurrence and global distribution of C1/C2-halocarbons

Our understanding of organic acids in the air is summarized. For atmospheric chemistry the following carboxylic acids are the most relevant: formic, acetic, pyruvic, and oxalic acid. These compounds enter the atmosphere by various processes. They are formed by biological processes in organisms and are then released, they are produced by burning, and they are formed by hydrocarbon precursors. As organic acids are soluble in water, their presence in the atmosphere is strongly influenced by hydrometeors. Organic acids leave the atmosphere either via deposition or, in some cases, through decomposition. Coprecipitation, scrubber and denuder techniques are the currently available sampling methods for these gas phase compounds. The first technique condenses water vapor present in air on a cooled surface. Organic acids, which are highly soluble compounds, are coprecipitated on this surface. The second method collects the acids using fine mist. This mist is produced from a rinsing solution which is in turn sprayed by the air to be measured. The denuder technique was originally designed to separate particles and molecules. In a laminar flow of air through a tube the diffusion of gas molecules to the wall is faster than that of aerosol particles. So reactive gases will adhere to appropriate wall coatings at the entrance of the sampling tube. Today, the chemical analysis involves various modifications of ion chromatography. Mixing ratios of organic acids encountered on the European continent range from 0.1 to 11 ppbv for both formic and acetic acid, but usually center around 1 to 3 ppbv. Pyruvic and oxalic acid mixing ratios remain lower than 1 ppbv. The same holds also for the North American continent. In tropical regions formic and acetic acid mixing ratios strongly depend on climatic conditions. They vary between a few ppbv in dry regions, but decline to a few tenth ppbv in humid environments. In the free troposphere mixing ratios of organic acids are always lower than 1 ppbv. The variability of the mixing ratios points to the relatively short residence time in the atmosphere of these compounds. As mixing ratios are controlled by source strength, transport and sink efficiency, all three processes have to be examined for their influence on the behaviour of organic acids in the atmosphere.