cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrasting responses of coral reef fauna and foraminiferal assemblages to human influence in La Parguera, Puerto Rico

Coral reef biota including stony corals, sponges, gorgonians, fish, benthic macroinvertebrates and foraminifera were surveyed in coastal waters near La Parguera, in southwestern Puerto Rico. The goal was to evaluate sensitivity of coral reef biological indicators to human disturbance. Proxies for human disturbance were measured as distance to town (DTT) and rankings of a low-level sediment contamination gradient analyzed from a previous study. Contaminant rank and DTT showed that percent mud, stony coral taxa richness, reef rugosity, and numbers of invertebrates and sponges were higher at sites closer to human disturbance, but a foraminiferal assemblage index was significantly lower at sites with higher proxies for human disturbance. Fish indicators showed no significant relationships with human activity, but associations between fish community measures and certain measures of stony corals, gorgonians and sponges were found. Contrasting responses between foraminifera and reef organisms may be due to greater exposure and sensitivity of foraminifera to sediment contaminants.
Effects of virtualization on a scientific application running a hyperspectral radiative transfer code on virtual machines

The topic of system-level virtualization has recently begun to receive interest for high performance computing (HPC). This is in part due to the isolation and encapsulation offered by the virtual machine. These traits enable applications to customize their environments and maintain consistent software configurations in their virtual domains. Additionally, there are mechanisms that can be used for fault tolerance like live virtual machine migration. Given these attractive benefits to virtualization, a fundamental question arises, how does this effect my scientific application? We use this as the premise for our paper and observe a real-world scientific code running on a Xen virtual machine. We studied the effects of running a radiative transfer simulation, Hydrolight, on a virtual machine. We discuss our methodology and report observations regarding the usage of virtualization with this application.
Myrtaceae-Feeding Phylinae (Hemiptera: Miridae) from Australia: Description and Analysis of Phylogenetic and Host Relationships for a Monophyletic Assemblage of Three New Genera

Abstract Three new genera and 25 new species of Myrtaceae-feeding Phylinae are described from Australia. A cladistic analysis of a broader cross section of Australian Phylinae indicates that these taxa all belong to a monophyletic group, on the basis of pretarsal and male genitalic structures. Line drawings are used to present information of male and female genitalic structures; scanning electron micrographs illustrate pretarsal, genitalic, and other morphology. Color digital habitus images are presented for the males and females of all species. Digital images from the field and of pressed specimens are presented for a broad cross section of host plants. The newly described taxa represent a portion of the species of Australian Phylinae known to feed on the Myrtaceae; the remaining Myrtaceae-feeding species belong to other lineages and are therefore excluded from this monograph. Twenty-three of the species are recorded only from southwestern Western Australia; two species are recorded from southeastern Sou...
Industrial Organization and Regional Development in Interwar Britain

Developments in industrial organization contributed to the lack of diversification in Britain's older industrial areas during the interwar period. The large-scale firm had not yet developed in appropriate industries to the point where large numbers of branch plants could be sent to the depressed areas (as they were after World War II), even if interwar macroeconomic policy had been more expansionary. At the industry level, barriers to new entrants and restrictive practices were high in the 1930s, precisely the period when the need for structural change in the depressed areas was most apparent.
Defining the challenges of familial hypercholesterolemia screening: introduction.

Abstract Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most common serious genetic conditions known. Appropriate treatment is clearly cost-effective, yet public health efforts are minimal in most countries. Despite remarkable progress in understanding of the genetic basis of cardiovascular disease and much talk about personalized medicine, we are still missing huge opportunities to find and help people with FH. Indeed, FH is the only genetic cause of premature CAD for which a systematic, population-based approach to find affected individuals and screen their families is clearly warranted at this time. Finding and helping persons with FH is the mission of the MEDPED program.
Tight bounds for periodicity theorems on the unbounded Knapsack problem

Abstract Three new bounds for periodicity theorems on the unbounded Knapsack problem are developed. Periodicity theorems specify when it is optimal to pack one unit of the best item (the one with the highest profit-to-weight ratio). The successive applications of periodicity theorems can drastically reduce the size of the Knapsack problem under analysis, theoretical or empirical. We prove that each new bound is tight in the sense that no smaller bound exists under the given condition.
Poly-logarithmic Independence Fools AC^0 Circuits

We prove that poly-sized AC^0 circuits cannot distinguish a poly-logarithmically independent distribution from the uniform one. This settles the 1990 conjecture by Linial and Nisan [LN90]. The only prior progress on the problem was by Bazzi [Baz07], who showed that O(log^2 n)-independent distributions fool poly-size DNF formulas. Razborov [Raz08] has later given a much simpler proof for Bazzi’s theorem.
Internalizing Problems in At-risk Preschoolers: Associations with Child and Mother Risk Factors

Internalizing behavior problems such as anxiety and depression impair children’s aptitude to establish contacts with peers and hinder their ability to fully participate in learning activities. Furthermore, early onset of internalizing problems may significantly decrease quality of adult life. The present study examined factors that contribute to internalizing behavior problems among young children. Factors intrinsic to the child and to the child’s family were assessed and analyzed using multilevel modeling techniques to explain variation in internalizing problem behaviors across participating Head Start preschools. The final sample included 183 children ages 3–5.5 years old who were recruited from 15 preschools in rural and urban communities in south central Michigan. Majority (54 %) of children were Caucasian and others were identified as African-American (23 %), biracial (20 %), Hispanic and Native American (3 %). Children’s parents, teachers and case managers reported on behavioral problems, child and family characteristics. Child male gender, externalizing behavior problems, lower maternal education, and lower levels of social support to the mother were significantly associated with higher Achenbach TRF Internalizing behavior scores in young children.
The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents. X-ray attenuation.

Attenuation is the reduction of the intensity of an x-ray beam as it traverses matter. The reduction may be caused by absorption or by deflection (scatter) of photons from the beam and can be affected by different factors such as beam energy and atomic number of the absorber. An attenuation coefficient is a measure of the quantity of radiation attenuation by a given thickness of absorber. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients are the coefficients used most often. The equation I = Ioe-mu x expresses the exponential relationship between incident primary photons and transmitted photons for a monoenergetic beam with respect to the thickness of the absorber and thus may be used to calculate the attenuation by any thickness of material. The quality or penetrating ability of an x-ray beam is usually described by stating its half-value layer (HVL). Another parameter used to describe the penetrating ability of a beam is the homogeneity coefficient. Among other things, use of added filtration reduces the intensi...
Combining data from multiple sources, with applications to environmental risk assessment

The classical statistical paradigm emphasizes the development and application of methods to account for sampling variability. Many modern day applications, however, require consideration of other sources of uncertainty that are not so easy to quantify. This paper presents a case study involving an assessment of the impact of in-utero methylmercury exposure on the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of young children. We illustrate how familiar techniques such as hierarchical modeling, Bayesian methods and sensitivity analysis can be used to aid decision making in settings that involve substantial uncertainty.
Poster 315: Callosal Apraxia Without Callosal Lesion Following Multiple Embolic Infarcts in the Anterior Cerebral Artery Distribution: A Case Report

Poster 315 Callosal Apraxia Without Callosal Lesion Following Multiple Embolic Infarcts in the Anterior Cerebral Artery Distribution: A Case Report. Thomas S. Savadove, MD (Temple University/Moss Rehab, Philadelphia, PA); Ming K. Hsieh, MD. Disclosure: T.S. Savadove, None; M.K. Hsieh, None. Setting: Stroke unit in acute rehabilitation hospital. Patient: A 56-year-old woman with multiple bilateral anterior cerebral artery (ACA) infarcts. Case Description: The patient presented to the rehabilitation hospital after treatment for stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple small acute infarcts in the bilateral ACA distribution, but no lesion in the corpus callosum. There were also prior infarcts in the right frontoparietal, left parietal, and left cerebellar regions, which had not affected upper-extremity function. Exam showed left hemiparesis (4/5). Right side was nonparetic (5/5) in the upper extremity. Left-hand grip was strong but the patient had impaired function on bimanual tasks. She was able to use the left hand given adequate stimulus (squeezing fingers), but had difficulty making spontaneous movements. She was unable to perform alternating movements. Assessment/Results: Intensive physical and occupational therapy improved function of the left hand. The patient developed markedly improved functional capacity with regard to bimanual activities of daily living such as dressing and eating. However, she remained unable to perform alternating movements with her hands, despite her functional gains. Discussion: This is callosal apraxia without a callosal lesion after embolic stroke involving numerous small ACA infarcts. As classically described, it affects only the left upper extremity despite involvement of both cerebral hemispheres. The lack of right upperextremity involvement precludes the diagnosis of sympathetic or left parietal apraxia. It presented a challenge in the rehabilitation of the patient, because integrated function between the 2 upper limbs was significantly impaired despite adequate strength and independent function of each side. Conclusions: Presence of a callosal apraxia may not be readily apparent when dealing with 1 or multiple ACA infarcts. This deficit requires more directed therapies to integrate the apractic left upper limb into functional activities despite the apparently mild impairments on that side.
Flooding and forest succession in a modified stretch along the Upper Mississippi River

This research examines the effect of a rare flood on floodplain forest regeneration in a 102-km stretch of the Mississippi River beginning 21 km above the mouth of the Ohio River. The river has been restricted by levees and navigation structures and subjected to sediment dredging to maintain a stable navigation channel. Because the bank erosion–accretion process has been slowed or eliminated, cottonwood (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) communities regenerate poorly in the modified river environment. An unusually large flood in 1993 destroyed the entire ground vegetation layer, killing 77.2% of the saplings and 32.2% of the trees. The flood created an alternative mechanism for cottonwood and willow to regenerate under canopy openings, enabling the community type composition of the present-day forest to be sustained for the next 50 years. Over time, however, the forest will likely exhibit considerable compositional fluctuation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of EM modeling software performance standards

The author discusses the issues of how computer models might be characterized and compared, validation of such models by error checking and error analysis, and development of canonical reference solutions and software performance standards. A discussion is presented of the internal and external validation procedures. The types of errors that can render the cross-entropy method (CEM) uncertain are also examined. >
Improved intestinal transport of PD 158473, an N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, by involvement of multiple transporters

The objective of this research was to determine the characteristics of intestinal transport of PD 0158473 using in vitro Caco-2 cells as well as in situ single-pass rat intestinal perfusion models. Because apical (AP)-to-basolateral (BL) transport was greater (1.8- fold) than BL-to-AP transport in the Caco-2 cell model, identification of carrier system(s) involved was further investigated. Cellular uptake of PD 0158473 was concentration and/or pH dependent and significantly inhibited by substrates of dipeptide and monocarboxylic acid transporters. Although this compound is an analog of L-Phe and previous studies demonstrated a high affinity of this compound to large neutral amino acid transporter, the involvement of amino acid carriers did not appear to be significant in the Caco-2 cell model. Subsequently, in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion studies in rats demonstrated that intestinal absorption of PD 0158473 was not concentration dependent at a concentration range tested but significantly inhibited by various dipeptides as well as substrates of dipeptide transporters. The difference in the concentration-dependent transport of PD 0158473 between Caco-2 cells and the rat perfusion model could be explained by the difference in the affinity (apparent K(m)) of PD 0158473 between Caco-2 cells (107 microM) and rat tissue (>1 mM). The present study suggested that multiple transporters are involved in the transcellular transport of this amino-acid analogue compound, of which peptide transporters could play a major role.
Use of ecological niche modelling to predict distributions of freshwater fish species in Kansas

– An essential innovation in aquatic biodiversity research would be a robust approach to accurately predict species’ potential distributions. In this paper, I conduct an analysis to test the efficacy of ecological niche modelling for predicting fish species’ potential distributions using an artificial-intelligence algorithm, the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Prediction (GARP). Models of species’ ecological niches are developed using GARP, and projected onto geography to predict species distributions. To test the validity of this approach, I used freshwater fish distribution data for twelve fish species occurring in Kansas. These taxa were chosen to represent phylogenetic, distribution, and habit diversity. I subset these data by omitting half of the counties from model building, and test models using the omitted counties. Models were tested using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses. Of the species tested, all were statistically significant with the models showing excellent predictive ability. Omission errors across taxa ranged from 0 to 17%. This inferential capacity opens doors to many synthetic analyses based on primary point-occurrence data. Resumen 1. Una innovacion esencial en la investigacion sobre biodiversidad acuatica consistiria en una aproximacion robusta para predecir con precision la distribucion potencial de las especies. En este trabajo, analice la eficacia de modelos de nicho ecologico para predecir las distribuciones potenciales de especies de peces utilizando un algoritmo de inteligencia artificial, el algoritmo genetico de ‘Rule-Set Prediction, GARP’. Modelos de nicho ecologico de especies se desarrollaron utilizando GARP y fueron proyectados sobre geografia para predecir distribuciones de las especies. 2. Para analizar la validez de esta aproximacion utilice datos de distribuciones de peces de agua dulce de 12 especies que ocurren en Kansas (USA). Se eligieron taxones que representan una diversidad filo-genetica, de distribucion y de habitat. Sub-seleccione estos datos omitiendo la mitad de los condados en la construccion del modelo y analice modelos utilizando los condados omitidos. Los modelos fueron analizados utilizando analisis ‘Receiver Operating Characteristics, ROC’. 3. De las especies analizadas todas fueron estadisticamente significativas con los modelos mostrando una habilidad predictiva excelente. La omision de errores entre los taxones vario entre 0 y 17%. Esta capacidad de inferencia abre puertas a muchos analisis sinteticos basados en datos de ocurrencia puntual.
Difficult Behaviors in Long-term Care Patients With Dementia

Difficult behaviors are relatively common challenges that can occur throughout the natural progression of dementia, but are particularly common in the mid to late stages of disease. These behaviors can be challenging to manage in nursing and assisted care facilities, and can cause distress to the caregivers and to the patients themselves. Our ability to manage these symptoms can have a profound effect on the patient's quality of life. This article reviews the appropriate assessment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and the literature supporting various nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments. Nonpharmacologic approaches should be the initial focus for treatment of most BPSD, but should these prove inadequate, a variety of medications are available with varying degrees of clinical research to support their use in ameliorating BPSD.
Breast Milk Fractions Solubilize Fe(III) and Enhance Iron Flux across Caco-2 Cells

Why breastfed infants absorb extrinsic iron (EFe) exceptionally well is an unexplained phenomenon. Our objective was to identify effects of human milk fractions (HMF) on bioavailability of EFe. HMF were prepared by centrifugation followed by successive ultrafiltration using 10-, 3- and 1-kDa molecular weight cutoff membranes. EFe was added to HMF before and after treatment with digestive enzymes. Solubilization of EFe by HMF was characterized by scintillation counting of radioiron and by size exclusion chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC/ICPMS) of stable iron. Effects of HMF on EFe uptake and basolateral transfer were assessed by using confluent Caco-2 cells in bicameral chambers. Whey fractions of low molecular weight (MW) derived from 10-kDa filtrate, except the 1-kDa filtrate, were as effective as ascorbate and nitrilotriacetate in solubilizing EFe at intestinal pH. Basolateral radioiron transfer from Caco-2 cell monolayers was greater in the presence of low MW whey fractions than in the presence of ferrous ascorbate. The 3-kDa filtrate and 3-kDa retentate fractions promoted basolateral transfer of cellular radioiron taken up previously. SEC/ICPMS of the 1-kDa retentate fraction revealed a UV-absorbing peak of MW approximately 4.2 kDa that contained iron and that solubilized added ferric iron both before and after in vitro digestion with pepsin, pancreatin and bile extract. Our results suggested that a low MW component of breast milk whey enhances iron bioavailability. Because the iron solubilization activity is resistant to in vitro digestion, it is plausible that the component is active in vivo and may explain the excellent absorption of EFe by breastfed infants [corrected].
Nematode community responses to a moisture gradient and grazing along a restored riparian corridor

Abstract Nematode assemblages were assessed to infer soil functions along a stream channel restored with native vegetation in a California on-farm study. Samples were taken at three distances from the water at six sites along the stream channel. Sites represented differences in grazing management and vegetation type. Bacterivorous nematodes, dominated by r-strategists, c–p 1 and 2 (colonizer–persister) categories, were in greater abundance in the ungrazed than the grazed sites. Among the fungivores, c–p 2 were abundant in the ungrazed sites and at positions closest to the water’s edge, while only one genus, c–p 4 Tylencholaimus, was more abundant at the top of the stream bank and in grazed sites. The stream edge had greater abundance of bacterivores than the drier uppermost soil. Nematode faunal analysis suggests that bacterial decomposition channels predominated near the water while fungal channels predominated in drier locations. Higher aboveground herbaceous plant biomass in the ungrazed sites and closer to the water might have contributed to greater abundance of c–p 1 and 2 bacterivores. Overall, nematode communities were not strongly affected by the restoration, possibly due to dampened effects on soil properties after seven years, lack of colonization from other riparian areas, and/or insufficient time for the restored plant communities to shape nematode communities.
Regulation of BRCA1 Phosphorylation by Interaction with Protein Phosphatase 1α

Numerous reports have revealed that the tumor suppressor BRCA1 may play an important role in DNA damage repair. BRCA1 is expressed and phosphorylated during cell cycle progression and after DNA damage. BRCA1 is hypophosphorylated in G 0 -G 1 and probably during mitosis as well. Kinases known to phosphorylate BRCA1 include cyclin-dependent kinase 2, as well as ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related kinase (ATR), which function in G 2 checkpoint control. However, protein phosphatases responsible for dephosphorylation of BRCA1 had yet to be identified. hCds1, which acts downstream of ATM, also phosphorylates a BRCA1 fragment containing amino acids 759-1064 [BRCA1 fragment 4 (BF4)]. We have used a GST-BF4 protein phosphorylated by hCds1 [glutathione S -transferase (GST)-BF4-P] as a substrate to identify potential phosphatases responsible for BRCA1 dephosphorylation. Data presented here show that both recombinant protein phosphatase 1 α (PP1α) catalytic subunit and endogenous PP1α dephosphorylate GST-BF4-P. Inhibitor 2 abolishes this activity. Overexpression of PP1α partially inhibits hyperphosphorylation of BRCA1 after ionizing radiation, indicating that PP1α dephosphorylates BRCA1 in vivo . BRCA1 and PP1α reciprocally coimmunoprecipitate, and a glutathione S -transferase pull-down assay shows that PP1α catalytic subunit associates directly with the BF4 region of BRCA1. In addition, BRCA1 inhibits PP1α activity. Therefore, BRCA1 is both a substrate and a regulator of PP1α. The interaction between BRCA1 and PP1α thus may play a role in DNA damage repair and cell cycle progression.
Are the treatment goals of culturally competent outpatient substance abuse treatment units congruent with their client profile

This study examines whether organizational treatment goals varied among outpatient substance abuse treatment (OSAT) units identified as providing a level of culturally competent care for African Americans. Cross-sectional data from the 1995 National Drug Abuse Treatment System Survey (NDATSS) was used. Of the nationally representative, stratified sample of 699 units, 618 (88%) participated. Spearman correlation, analysis of variance, Behrens-Fisher t-tests, chi-square, and multivariate logistic regression were used. Culturally competent units, even after controlling for organizational and client characteristics, were more apt than non-culturally competent units to indicate that achieving steady employment, spiritual strength, and physical health were important treatment goals. A congruency exists among culturally competent OSAT units between the client profile, which is more distressful than that for non-culturally competent units, and the orientation of treatment goals, which are more holistic; that is, treating the total individual, rather than the addiction only.
Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation v. Christoph Büchel : An Appellate Perspective on the Visual Artists Rights Act

When the U.S. Congress passed the Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA) in 1990, no legislator really anticipated that courts would be applying the act to art installations that were only half-finished. But this was the very challenge that the U.S. Appellate Court for the First Circuit faced in Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art Foundation, Inc. v. Christoph Buchel. Deliberating over a failed football-field-sized art installation wryly entitled “Training Ground for Democracy,” the appellate court was asked to determine whether VARA protected Swiss artist Buchel's moral rights in his half-finished work that if completed would have given viewers “training to be an immigrant, training to vote, protest, and revolt, training to loot, training [in] iconoclasm, training to join a political rally, training to be the objects of propaganda, training to be interrogated and detained and to be tried or to judge, training to reconstruct a disaster, training to be in conditions of suspended law, and training various other social and political behaviors.”
Adolescent Literacy—Reviewing Adolescent Literacy Reports: Key Components and Critical Questions

There is growing concern that adolescent learners are not adequately prepared to meet the literacy challenges of school and life. To address this concern, a proliferation of reports related to adol...
Cluster-based routing overhead in networks with unreliable nodes

While several cluster based routing algorithms have been proposed for ad hoc networks, there is a lack of formal mathematical analysis of these algorithms. Specifically, there is no published investigation of the relation between routing overhead on one hand and route request pattern (traffic) on the other. This paper provides a mathematical framework for quantifying the overhead of a cluster-based routing protocol. We explicitly model the application-level traffic in terms of the statistical description of the number of hops between a source and a destination. The network topology is modelled by a regular two-dimensional grid of unreliable nodes, and expressions for various components of the routing overhead are derived. The results show that clustering does not change the traffic requirement for infinite scalability compared to flat protocols, but reduces the overhead by a factor of O(1/M) where M is the cluster size. The analytic results are validated against simulations of random network topologies running a well known (D-hop max-min) clustering algorithm.
Economic Properties of Social Networks

We examine the marriage of recent probabilistic generative models for social networks with classical frameworks from mathematical economics. We are particularly interested in how the statistical structure of such networks influences global economic quantities such as price variation. Our findings are a mixture of formal analysis, simulation, and experiments on an international trade data set from the United Nations.
Role of Micro RNA-205 in Promoting Visceral Adiposity of NZ10 Mice with Polygenic Susceptibility for Type 2 Diabetes.

SCOPE To characterize diet-dependent miRNA profiles and their targets in the visceral adipose of mice with polygenic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS Six-week NONcNZO10/LtJ (NZ10) and control SWR/J mice were subjected to high protein-fish oil or control diets for 19 weeks and micro-RNA microarray analyses were implemented on visceral adipose RNA. We found that 27 miRNAs were significantly induced and 10 significantly repressed in the VA of obese NZ10 mice compared with controls. 12 selected regulated miRNAs were confirmed by RT-PCR based on the microarray data and we demonstrated that the expression of these miRNAs remained unaltered in the VA of control SWR mice. To assess the possible functional roles of miRNAs in adipogenesis, we also analyzed their expression in 3T3-L1 cells during growth and differentiation. This revealed that suppression of miRNA-205 alone correlated selectively with increased cell proliferation and lipid formation of adipocytes. CONCLUSION Diet and genetics control the expression of obesity-regulated miRNAs in the visceral adipose of NZ10 mice.
Comparison of hybrid volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique and double arc VMAT technique in the treatment of prostate cancer

Iroduction The purpose of this study is to compare a hybrid delivery technique to a standard VMAT technique for treatment of prostate cancer. This Hybrid technique combines the use of Static IMRT fields to supplement a single arc pass which could theoretically be administered in one gantry rotation. A variety of treatment plans were chosen to include a combination of larger patients, smaller patients, larger targets, as well as compromised critical OARs that require special consideration Methods 11 patients having been previously treated for prostate cancer with VMAT techniques were replanned with a hybrid technique on Varian Treatment Planning System (TPS). Multiple Static IMRT fields (2 to 3) were planned initially based on critical OAR to reduce dose but provide some PTV coverage. This was used as a base dose plan to provide 30-35% coverage for a single arc VMAT plan. Results The clinical VMAT plan was used as a control for the purposes of comparison. Average of all OAR sparing between the hybrid technique and VMAT showed the hybrid plan delivering less dose in almost all cases except for V80 of the bladder and maximum dose to right femoral head. PTV coverage was superior with the VMAT technique. See discussion. Monitor unit differences varied, with the hybrid plan able to deliver fewer units 37% of the time, similar results 18% of the time, and higher units 45% of the time. On average, the hybrid plan delivered 10% more monitor units. Discussion Hybrid technique enables the planner to more easily control dose to critical OARs. The use of static IMRT allows for additional input into the TPS and serves as a portal for the planner to more directly control dose distributions. Due to the nature of utilizing multiple optimizers to create the hybrid plan, coverage to the PTV suffered. Since the base dose plan is unaware of the subsequent VMAT arc, it cannot effectively yield homogeneous coverage to the PTV. It is believed that the inhomogeneous base dose actually presents an additional restriction on the VMAT optimizer to achieve constraints. The total MUs for both techniques are similar. Delivery of such a hybrid plan could potentially reduce the treatment time compared to multiple arc VMAT treatments and decrease the associated risk of prostate motion during treatment. Software allowing a single VMAT arc to be optimized simultaneously with sections of static IMRT delivery should correct issues with the inability of the current optimizer to match the base dose plan to yield better PTV coverage. Conclusion Dosimetrically the plans are similar, with the hybrid plan achieving better constraints on the OARs. The hybrid treatment could be delivered in a single gantry rotation, potentially reducing treatment time and increasing target localization compared to multiple arc VMAT.
Parametric Matrices of Some Structural Members

The developments are described of local flexibility and stiffness matrices of straight-tapered members, circular members of constant cross section, and prismatic beams on Winkler-Type elastic foundations and their corresponding fixed end force vectors for concentrated and linearly distributed loads and moments including effects of axial and shear deformations. The developments herein are intended for the general applications to space frame structures. The procedure for the reduction of matrices to suit other types of structures such as plane frames, grids, etc., can be found in standard textbooks and thus will not be repeated. The formulations of matrices and vectors given are readily programmed and may be implemented directly into a general structural analysis program. Also, the developed equations can be used to analyze arches, curved girders, railroad tracks and other machine parts in a small computer.
Urea and Osmoregulation in the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1. The blood of the diamondback terrapin going from fresh water to 50% sea water shows an increase in its osmotic pressure which is mainly due to an increase in Na and Cl concentrations. 2. The blood of terrapins living in sea water compared with the blood of terrapins living in 50% sea water shows a higher osmotic pressure which is the result solely of a higher urea concentration; Na and Cl concentrations are no longer affected in this second stage of adaptation. 3. Urine of 50% sea-water terrapins and of sea-water terrapins is generally isosmotic to the blood while the urine of fresh-water terrapins is usually hypo-osmotic. 4. The bladder appears to play an essential part in reducing water loss in the sea-water terrapins but is not implicated in the salt balance. 5. When each animal is considered individually, the urea concentration in the urine is always higher than in the serum, suggesting that the high urea concentration in the blood of terrapins adapted to sea water is due to an urea accumulation in the bladder.
Abstract 134: Endovascular Revascularization Is Associated With Better Outcomes Than Systemic Throbmolysis Alone For Tandem Internal Carotid And Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Background and Purpose: Tandem Internal Carotid Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery or “TIM” occlusions are highly resistant to conventional therapy (systemic thrombolysis) and independently predicts poor patient outcome. Recent evidence suggests that patients treated more aggressively with either endovascular stenting of occluded carotid arteries and/or intra-arterial tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may have superior outcomes. Here we evaluate all the available data to help assess the best intervention for this patient population that currently has limited treatment options. Methods: Data from Medline and the Cochrane database of systemic reviews was searched. The search terms used includes (tandem OR combined) AND (middle cerebral OR internal carotid) AND (OCCLU* or lesion or stenos* or blocka*). All studies had to be in English. All duplicates were identified and removed. To be included the studies needed to report on three key aspects: 1) baseline characteristics (age; NIHSS at presentation); 2) treatment (time to treatment; modality); and 3) outcome (report of patient state at discharge or follow up on the Modified Rankin Scale). Patients were grouped according to whether they received endovascular intervention or stand alone IV tPA. Patients were considered independent if they had a Modified Rankin Scale score of ≤ 2 at follow up or discharge. Results: Over 2,500 studies were evaluated. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 219 patients. Patients treated with endovascular therapy (n=60) (stenting and/or intra-arterial tPA) were 32% more likely to be independent (p Conclusion: Endovascular therapy appears to be superior compared with systemic thrombolysis in treating patients with TIM occlusions. The risk of iatrogenic complications with more aggressive intervention does not appear to outweigh the outcome benefit. Further and larger studies are needed to assess the benefits and risks of endovascular therapy in patients with TIM lesions.
ENERGY DEPENDENCE IN THE K/sub e3/$sup 0$ DECAY FORM FACTOR.

In a very low momentum ${{K}_{L}}^{0}$ beam, a sample of ${{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{e}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}\ensuremath{\nu}$ decays has been identified in the 25-in. hydrogen bubble chamber by means of bubble density. Based on 531 events, the energy-dependence parameter for the ${{K}_{e3}}^{0}$ vector form factor was determined by $\ensuremath{\lambda}=+0.01\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$, which is consistent with no energy dependence.
Will FLT3 inhibitors fulfill their promise in acute meyloid leukemia

Purpose of review‘FMS’-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been brought from discovery in the early 1990s to clinical targeting in the past 10 years. Despite several promising leads in preclinical models, no agent has yet been approved for clinical use. Here
Increase in insulin-like growth factor II receptor within ischemic neurons following focal cerebral infarction.

The mechanisms underlying the response of the brain to ischemia are not fully understood. Biochemical and morphological changes following neocortical infarction can be investigated in rats using a ...
Intersections of α-spaces

Let be an infinite r.e. repere, an infinite dimensional r.e. space such that ≦ L ( ). A condition is derived that is both necessary and sufficient for the existence of an infinite subset β ⊂ such that L (β)∪ is not an α-space. Examples which satisfy this condition are exhibited, proving that the class of α-spaces is not closed under intersections.
Balancing the Contributions of Multiple Neural Systems During Learning and Memory

From the research era in the early 1970s that defined Ray Kesner’s and my early forays into memory research, the identification of memory attributes that depend on different neural systems has led to identification of neuroendocrine mechanisms that regulate memory processing across those systems. This chapter examines important points of convergence between investigations into multiple memory systems and memory modulation. Reviewed here is evidence showing that neurotransmitter release and energy availability within these systems participate importantly in regulating neural processing during times of learning and memory. In particular, the findings reveal neurochemical responses across neural systems while rats are engaged in different learning and memory tasks. These results thereby integrate information about the brain systems that participate in processing different attributes of memory with neurochemical regulation of the processing of different attributes of memory across neural systems.
The Formation Mechanism and Role of Bacterial Magnetosomes and its Applications

We reviewed the progress of magnetosomes biosynthesis mechanism and its application.Magnetosomes formation is involved in magnetosomes' membrane formation,iron absorption and transport,magnetic crystals biomineralization and magentosomes' chain-like assembly,etc.In the past decade,two remarkable achievements have been realized,one is that magnetosome vesicles are invaginations from plasma membranes,and the other is that MamK as magnetosomes filament interacts with MamJ resulting in maintanance of magnetosomes queue to chain in cells.We suggested that the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple act as O2/H2O capture electronic to generate energy and form Fe3O4 to eliminate reactive oxygen species(ROS) produced by Fenton reaction under low oxygen and high iron stress conditions.One of roles of the magnetosomes is to reduce the intracellular ROS.
Insect Neuroendocrinology: Its Past; its Present; Future Opportunities

Insects played a major historical role as experimental animals to provide some of the first evidence concerning endocrine functions by the nervous system. Kopec (1917; 1922) extirpated brains from larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar and demonstrated that debrained larvae were unable to pupate. This finding provided early evidence that the brain of animals secreted factors that promoted physiological events and, hence, acted in an endocrine manner. Despite these early findings, little further evidence was provided for neurosecretion until the definitive pioneering work of Ernst and Berta Scharrer. With the animal kingdom divided between them (Ernst studying the vertebrates; Berta studying the invertebrates), Ernst first reported that nerve cells had secretory activity in the fish Phoxinus laevis (Scharrer, 1928). The first description of neuroendocrine activity in invertebrates was reported by Berta for neural cells in the X-organ of Aplysia (Scharrer, 1935). This was followed in 1937, by a report identifying secretory cells in the nervous systems of a variety of invertebrates including insects (Scharrer, 1937). Finally, in 1941, a detailed description of insect neurosecretory cells was presented for the corpora cardiaca of the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae (Scharrer, 1941). Eventually this husband-wife team described the structural and functional similarities between the brain-corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex of insects and the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial complex of vertebrates (Scharrer and Scharrer, 1944). Hence, insects played a key role in the birth of neuroendocrinology by serving as models in which to identify and define the phenomenon of neurosecretion, and insects remain useful as model animals for this purpose today.
Hepatic Arterial Infusion in Combination with Modern Systemic Chemotherapy is Associated with Improved Survival Compared with Modern Systemic Chemotherapy Alone in Patients with Isolated Unresectable Colorectal Liver Metastases: A Case–Control Study

In the era of effective modern systemic chemotherapy (CT), the role of hepatic arterial infusion of fluoxuridine (HAI-FUDR) in the treatment of isolated unresectable colorectal liver metastasis (IU-CRCLM) remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the overall survival (OS) of HAI-FUDR in combination with modern systemic CT versus modern systemic CT alone in patients with IU-CRCLM. This was a case–control study of IU-CRCLM patients who underwent HAI + modern systemic CT or modern systemic CT alone. Modern systemic CT was defined as the use of multidrug regimens containing oxaliplatin and/or irinotecan ± biologics. Overall, 86 patients met the inclusion criteria (n = 40 for the HAI + CT group, and n = 46 for the CT-alone group). Both groups were similar in demographics, primary and stage IV tumor characteristics, and treatment-related variables (carcinoembryonic antigen, use of biologic agents, total number of lines of systemic CT administered) (all p > 0.05). Additionally, both groups were comparable with respect to liver tumor burden [median number of lesions (13.5 vs. 15), percentage of liver tumor replacement (37.5 vs. 40 %), and size of largest lesion] (all p > 0.05). Median OS in the HAI + CT group was 32.8 months compared with 15.3 months in the CT-alone group (p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed HAI + CT (hazard ratio 0.4, 95 % confidence interval 0.21–0.72; p = 0.003), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status, and receipt of increasing number of lines of systemic CT to be independent predictors of survival. In this case–control study of patients with IU-CRCLM, HAI in combination with CT was associated with improved OS when compared with modern systemic CT alone.
Integrated quantitative phase and birefringence microscopy for imaging malaria-infected red blood cells

A dual-modality birefringence/phase imaging system is presented. The system features a crystal retarder that provides polarization mixing and generates two interferometric carrier waves in a single signal spectrum. The retardation and orientation of sample birefringence can then be measured simultaneously based on spectral multiplexing interferometry. Further, with the addition of a Nomarski prism, the same setup can be used for quantitative differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging. Sample phase can then be obtained with two-dimensional integration. In addition, birefringence-induced phase error can be corrected using the birefringence data. This dual-modality approach is analyzed theoretically with Jones calculus and validated experimentally with malaria-infected red blood cells. The system generates not only corrected DIC and phase images, but a birefringence map that highlights the distribution of hemozoin crystals.
RESTORATION OF PATELLOFEMORAL KINEMATICS WITH AN ANATOMICAL PATELLA DESIGN: A PROSPECTIVE MATCHED-PAIR ANALYSIS

Introduction Potential implant and technique related factors to improve patellofemoral (PF) kinematics in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are design of trochlear geometry and patella, restoration of posterior offset, patellar tilt and avoid overstuffing. The primary aim of this prospective, matched pair study was to assess the radiographic features of PF kinematics with an anatomic patella. Material and Methods Between July 2012 and May 2013, 49 consecutive posterior stabilized cemented Attune TKAs (Depuy Synthes Warsaw Indiana) were matched to the 49 PFC Sigma (Depuy) based on age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). All surgeries were performed via medial parapatellar approach with patellar resurfacing. Radiographic analysis was performed prospectively with minimum 1-year follow-up and included overall limb alignment, anterior offset, posterior offset, joint line, patellar thickness, patellar tilt and patellar displacement by two independent observers. Results We found significant improvement in all post-operative radiographies parameters from prior to surgery, however, there was no significance between the two groups (Table 1). Posterior offset and joint line were restored in all cases and no overstuffing of the PF joint was seen. Discussion At minimum one-year follow-up, anatomical patella has excellent safety and efficacy with restoration of the PF kinematics. Metalized design of the Attune anatomic patella component allows better contact with trochlear groove and improves tilt with lateralization of the patella.
From Intrinsic to Extrinsic Vague Categorization and Content

Above I have focused on the treatment of intrinsic image features. In the process, I have also noted that aspects of their categorization such as ambiguity and of their control such as threshold values are associated with extrinsic features. In fact, the representational function of pictures is determined by the accuracy of their extrinsic content. This is the dual problem of content development and content coordination.
Two new inbred rat strains derived from SHR: WKHA, hyperactive, and WKHT, hypertensive, rats.

Two new strains of inbred rats have been developed. One, WKHA, exhibits hyperactivity, and the other, WKHT, exhibits hypertension. Both of these traits are expressed in the SHR. By crossing spontan...
Linking kinases to adverse events through kinase inhibitors.

e13524 Background: Small molecule oral kinase inhibitors (SMOKIs) are anticancer agents with unique activity and toxicity. We sought to determine if specific kinases blocked by SMOKIs could be linked to specific adverse events (AEs). Methods: We identified studies in which cancer indications for SMOKIs were compared to placebo or other therapy, and collected prevalence data of grade 3, 4, and 5 AEs for each study arm. Targets of each SMOKI were screened from existing data on kinase specificity, selecting Kd<500nM. Each SMOKI was mapped to its respective kinases. We compared the frequency of AEs from all studies when the kinase of interest was involved to AE frequency when the kinase was not involved, and computed the probabilities for attributed risk for each kinase and the significance of association between AE and drug of interest via t-test. We evaluated the significance in a pair-wise manner, computing the difference in probability for a single AE for each study independently, and then evaluating the ...