cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial Statement: Judgment and Decision Making

The Judgment and Decision Making department seeks papers that investigate the beliefs and preferences of individuals and small groups. Papers should be empirically oriented. New findings should be presented against the backdrop of prior findings or rigorous models. New theories should integrate extant findings. The department is especially interested in analyses that draw on psychological accounts of beliefs and preferences. Relevant psychological accounts may implicate perceptual, cognitive, affective, or social factors. Paper topics should clearly connect to real-world managerial decisions. Specific topics of interest include but are certainly not limited to: prediction; assessments of confidence; perceptions of randomness; judgments of covariation and causation; hypothesis testing; counterfactual reasoning; optimism and pessimism; risk perception; choice under uncertainty; intertemporal choice; self-control and self-regulation; resolution of trade-offs or conflicting objectives; the evaluation of outcomes and decisions; reference points; debiasing; well-being; small group dynamics; negotiation and strategic interaction; power and status; morality, fairness, ethics, and justice; and considerations of rationality.
My Favorite Tips for Uncovering Sensitive and Taboo Information from Antisocial Behavior to Suicidal Ideation

All sorts of resistances may predispose a patient to provide distorted information including anxiety, embarrassment, protecting family secrets, unconscious defense mechanisms such as rationalization and denial, fear of stigmatization, and conscious attempts to deceive. This article presents three clinical interviewing techniques for enhancing validity: the behavioral incident, gentle assumption, and symptom amplification. The article concludes with a brief description of the combined use of these validity techniques in a strategy for eliciting suicidal ideation, the Chronological Assessment of Suicide Events (the CASE Approach).
Angioblasts Isolated From Midtrimester Human Fetal Lung Proliferate and Form Capillary-Like Structures In Vitro

Angioblasts Isolated From Midtrimester Human Fetal Lung Proliferate and Form Capillary-Like Structures In Vitro
q -Analogs of the inclusion-exclusion principle and permutations with restricted position

Abstract We derive a q -analog of the principle of inclusion-exclusion, and use it to derive a q -analog of the Kaplansky–Riordan theory of permutations with restricted position. Some analogies with the theory of Mahonian statistics are pointed out at the end, leading to a conjectured relationship between the two.
Pharmaceutical and clinical analysis by tandem mass spectrometry

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a promising technique for trace determination of compounds in complex mixtures. The application of triple-quadrupole MS/MS to clinical and pharmacological studies has been investigated with major emphasis on rapid screening and determination of drugs and biomolecules in physiological fluids and tissues. These techniques have been applied to a range of problems, including the determination of chlorinated compounds in humans, subpicogram analysis of neurochemicals and the detection of illegal drugs in racing animals. A new technique for determining the structures of all the metabolites of a particular drug has also been developed. It is possible to identify in a single sample all molecular ions which contain substructures characteristic of the parent drug. The structure of each metabolite can then be determined by obtaining the MS/MS spectrum of the molecular ion.
Theoretical study of reaction channels for the weakly bound complex systems created with HF, CO2, and various amines

This investigation conducted reaction channels of weakly bound complexes CO 2 ...HF, CO 2 ...HF...NH 3 , CO 2 ...HF...NH 2 CH 3 , CO 2 ...HF...NH(CH 3 ) 2 , and CO 2 ...HF...N(CH 3 ) 3 systems, using the Gaussian 98 package at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd) level. The syn-fluoroformic acid or syn-fluoroformic acid plus NH 3 or amine conformers are more stable than the related anti-fluoroformic acid or anti-fluoroformic acid plus NH 3 or amine conformers. However, the above-mentioned weakly bound complexes are more stable than both the related syn- and anti-type fluoroformic acid or acid plus NH 3 or amine conformers and their related decomposed into CO 2 + HF or CO 2 + NHR 3 F (R=H, CH 3 ) combined molecular systems. Five reaction channels of the weakly bound complexes exist. Each channel includes weakly bound complexes and their related above-mentioned systems. Moreover, each reaction channel contains two transition states. The transition state between the weakly bound complex and anti-fluoroformic acid type structure (T 1 3 ) is significantly higher than that of internal rotation (T 2 3 ) between syn- and anti-FCO 2 H (or FCO 2 H...NR 3 ) structures. However, the above-mentioned T 1 3 can significantly decrease its energy by adding the third molecule NH 3 or NR 3 (R=H or CH 3 ). The more CH 3 that is substituted in NR 3 of the reaction channel, the lower the activation energy of the transition state in the system is affected.
Semantic category moderates phonological priming of proper name retrieval during tip-of-the-tongue states

Despite evidence that the majority of tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states occur for proper names, little research has investigated factors that influence their resolution. Although phonological primes typically increase TOT resolution, the present experiment investigated whether priming effects are mitigated by semantic competition. Participants read questions whose answers were proper name targets (e.g., Helen Hunt, Elton John) from various semantic categories (e.g., actor, musician). Following a TOT, another question was presented that either included a prime name that varied in phonological overlap with the target (full first name or first syllable) and semantic category (same profession, different profession) or was phonologically and semantically unrelated to the target. After presenting the target question a second time, participants were more likely to resolve TOTs following first-name primes than unrelated names, independent of semantic category. In contrast, first-syllable primes marginally facilitate...
A model-based method for computer-aided medical decision-making

A general method of computer-assisted medical decision-making has been developed based on causal-associational network (CASNET) models of disease. A CASNET model consists of three main components: observations of a patient, pathophysiological states, and disease classifications. As observations are recorded, they are associated with the appropriate states. States are causally related, forming a network that summarizes the mechanisms of disease. Patterns of states in the network are linked to individual disease classifications. Recommendations for broad classes of treatment are triggered by the appropriate diagnostic classes. Strategies of specific treatment selection are guided by the individual pattern of observations and diagnostic conclusions. This approach has been applied in a consultation program for the diagnosis and treatment of the glaucomas.
Moving attention - Evidence for time-invariant shifts of visual selective attention

Two experiments measured the time to shift spatial selective attention across the visual field to targets 2 or 10 deg from central fixation. A central arrow cued the most likely target location. The direction of attention was inferred from reaction times to expected, unexpected, and neutral locations. The development of a spatial attentional set with time was examined by presenting target probes at varying times after the cue. There were no effects of distance on the time course of the attentional set. Reaction times for far locations were slower than for near, but the effects of attention were evident by 150 msec in both cases. Spatial attention does not shift with a characteristic, fixed velocity. Rather, velocity is proportional to distance, resulting in a movement time that is invariant over the distances tested.
Selective methylation of newly synthesized transfer RNA from an rel mutant of Escherichia coli during methionine starvation.

Abstract The observation that the change in concentration of several methylated nucelosides from normal to methyl-deficient tRNA populations is not the same has been explained on the basis of continued methylation of newly synthesized tRNA by several but not all tRNA methyltransferases.
Q and T types of electrocardiograms: Their comparative and complementary value in indicating occurrence of acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Acute myocardial infarction is frequently followed by electrocardiographic changes that conform to both the Q and the T patterns indicative of such a condition. In general, the change in the RS-T segment is somewhat more likely to be typically developed and indicative of acute cardiac infarction than is the change in initial ventricular deflection, but occasionally the reverse is true. Not uncommonly neither type of electrocardiographic change is completely typical, but considered together they establish the presence of acute myocardial infarction. Only by such a combined study of the changes in the initial ventricular deflection and of the RS-T segment will one realize the full value of the electrocardiogram as a diagnostic aid.
Complications Associated with the Use of Steinmann Intramedullary Pins and Cerclage Wires for Fixation of Long-Bone Fractures

Adhering to the principles of pin and wire fixation will help the veterinarian avoid many of the problems that can occur with this method of osteosynthesis. The author presents the principles of pin and wire fixation and explains how understanding these principles helps the practicing veterinarian prevent and treat the various complications that are described.
In vitro mitotic activity of unsensitized lymphocytes in the presence of antigen and sensitized lymphocytes.

SummaryThoracic duct lymphocytes from male rats with delayed sensitivity to PPD were cultured together with lymphocytes from syngeneic unsensitized female rats. The addition of PPD to the cultures caused a significant increase in mitotic activity of roughly equal magnitude in both sensitized and unsensitized cells. Assuming a clonal organization of the immunological memory, these observations make possible that most cells dividing in response to antigen stimulation are not committed cells [i.e., members of the stimulated clone] but ldquo;recruited” uncommitted cells, thus lowering the concentration of the clone in the population of lymphoid cells.
SU-E-J-158: Diaphragm-Based and Direct Tumor Tracking in KV Rotational Cone-Beam X-Ray Projections Using Templates Derived from 4DCT

Purpose: To develop an algorithm for tracking lungtumors in rotational cone‐beam KV x‐ray projections based on combined markerless diaphragm and tumor tracking. Methods: A combined tracking algorithm which uses surrogate‐based tracking for angles at which the tumor is difficult to track directly is implemented. Direct tumor and diaphragm tracking are performed using template matching based on templates from 4DCT. A volume of interest is defined around the diaphragm apex and used to develop diaphragm templates. A linear model relating diaphragm apex and tumor positions is developed based on 4DCT. The tracked position of the diaphragm apex is used to calculate tumor positions based on the linear models. The two tracking signals are combined by selecting the method expected to be more accurate at each angle. Since direct tumor tracking is often difficult when the tumor is occluded by the spine and central structures in projections, diaphragm‐based tracking is used when the tumor is expected to overlap with these structures in the projections. Direct tracking is used when the tumor is expected to be more visible. The methods are applied to anatomical digital phantom and patient cases. Results: For the digital phantom, the e95 was 1.1 mm with direct tracking, 0.9 mm with diaphragm‐based tracking, and 1.1 mm with combined tracking. The correspond erms values were (0.6, 0.4, 0.6) mm. In patient 1, the e95 was 1.9 mm with direct tracking, 1.7 mm with diaphragm‐based tracking, and 1.7 mm with combined tracking. Corresponding erms values were (1.0, 0.9, 0.8) mm. In patient 2, the e95 was 4.6 mm with direct tracking, 3.0 mm with diaphragm‐based tracking, and 2.9 mm with combined tracking. The corresponding erms values were 2.5, 1.7, 1.6) mm.Conclusion: A combined tracking algorithm was developed which incorporates benefits of both diaphragm‐based and direct tumor tracking.
Thiamine pyrophosphate-metal ion complexation: equilibrium and kinetics.

Abstract 1. 1. Acid dissociation constants of thiamine pyrophosphate have been determined from pH titration data at 25°C in 0.1 M KNO3. 2. 2. Stability constants of the metal ion-thiamine pyrophosphate complexes MTPP and MHTPP+, where M is Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+, have been determined from pH titration data at 25°C in 0.1 M tetramethylammonium bromide utilizing a Newton-Raphson algorithm to solve simultaneous mass balance equations and a reiterative nonlinear least-squares approach to compute the constants. The stabilities of these complexes do not follow the Irving-Williams order, but instead are typical of the order generally found with phosphate ligands. 3. 3. The kinetics of complexation of Ni2+ and Mg2+ with thiamine pyrophosphate have been studied using the temperature-jump method. The concentration dependence of the relaxation times observed is not consistent with the common assumption that the concentration of the intermediate ion-pair fulfills the steady-state conditions, but is consistent with the more general expression of the two-step mechanism of complex formation. For the reaction, M(H 2 O ) 2+ n + L 2− ( (aq.) ) ⇌ K 12 M(H 2 O) n , L ⇌ K 32 K 23 M(H 2 O) n−x L +x H 2 O , at 25°C and an ionic strength of 0.1 M (tetramethylammonium bromide), the results are: M = Ni, k23 = 4.2·103 (± 6%) s−1, k32 = 250 s−1, K12 = 240 M−1; M = Mg, k23 = 7.5·104 (± 12%)s−1, k32 = 2400 s−1, K12 = 87 M−1; with the probable experimental errors being three times the reported standard deviations. 4. 4. These results are viewed as being in agreement with rate-determining loss of a water molecule from the inner coordination sphere of the metal ion. Nevertheless, for those cases in which the rate of water dissociation from the intermediate ion-pair is known experimentally, this rate invariably is slightly less than the rate of solvent exchange. This effect is examined and its implications are discussed. 5. 5. For systems where calculation of the fraction of ion-pair using experimentally determined values is possible, it can be concluded that the greater the charge at the binding site, the more predominant are the inner sphere complexes.
Dimensional expansion and surface microstructure in helium-implanted erbium and erbium-hydride films

Abstract Topographical, subsurface, and expansion phenomena on helium-implanted erbium and erbium -deuteride films have been investigated vising scanning electron microscopy, double beam interferometry, light optical microscopy, and surface microprofiling techniques. The thickness of helium-implanted erbium films has been observed to increase linearly with dose up to 3 × 1017 He+/cm2 (at 160 keV), and to exhibit a superlinear dependence at higher doses. Striking microscopic surface features have been observed on the implanted erbium and erbium-deuteride films; their onset is dependent on dose and the temperature of post-implantation anneal. Release of helium from the films occurs predominantly by bubble rupture at the film surface rather than by volume or grain boundary diffusion. Examples of preferred nucleation of surface bubbles at sites of film irregularities and defects are noted. Surface features occurring in implanted erbiumdeuteride and aged erbium-tritide films are compared and are found to bear a strong resemblance to each other.
Enceladus: The likely dominant nitrogen source in Saturn's magnetosphere

Abstract The spatial distribution of N + in Saturn's magnetosphere obtained from Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) data can be used to determine the spatial distribution and relative importance of the nitrogen sources for Saturn's magnetosphere. We first summarize CAPS data from 15 orbits showing the spatial and energy distribution of the nitrogen component of the plasma. This analysis re-enforces our earlier discovery [Smith, H.T., Shappirio, M., Sittler, E.C., Reisenfeld, D., Johnson, R.E., Baragiola, R.A., Crary, F.J., McComas, D.J., Young, D.T., 2005. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (14). L14S03] that Enceladus is likely the dominant nitrogen source for Saturn's inner magnetosphere. We also find a sharp enhancement in the nitrogen ion to water ion ratio near the orbit of Enceladus which, we show, is consistent with the presence of a narrow Enceladus torus as described in [Johnson, R.E., Liu, M., Sittler Jr., E.C., 2005. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32. L24201]. The CAPS data and the model described below indicate that N + ions are a significant fraction of the plasma in this narrow torus. We then simulated the combined Enceladus and Titan nitrogen sources using the CAPS data as a constraint. This simulation is an extension of the model we employed earlier to describe the neutral tori produced by the loss of nitrogen from Titan [Smith, H.T., Johnson, R.E., Shematovich, V.I., 2004. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 (16). L16804]. We show that Enceladus is the principal nitrogen source in the inner magnetosphere but Titan might account for a fraction of the observed nitrogen ions at the largest distances discussed. We also show that the CAPS data is consistent with Enceladus being a molecular nitrogen source with a nitrogen to water ratio roughly consistent with INMS [Waite, J.H., and 13 colleagues, 2006. Science 311 (5766), 1419–1422], but out-gassing of other nitrogen-containing species, such as ammonia, cannot be ruled out.
Science as the center of a coherent, integrated early childhood curriculum

Abstract This article describes the ScienceStart! Curriculum, an early childhood curriculum that takes coherently organized science content as the hub of an integrated approach. ScienceStart! maps onto the typical preschool day and may be adapted for use in full-day or half-day preschool programs. It is designed to support the important developmental achievements of the preschool years, particularly in the areas of language development, acquisition of preliteracy skills, problem solving, social interaction, and self-regulation, for example planning and attention management. Science content is highly engaging for young children because they are biologically prepared to learn about the world around them. Within this context, they are capable of acquiring a rich knowledge base that supports the acquisition of vocabulary and the use of higher order cognitive skills such as planning, predicting, and drawing inferences. Engaging content also provides a setting for a variety of language and literacy-related activities such as talking about activities, exchanging information, asking questions and planning how to answer them, reading aloud, consulting books for information, making charts and graphs, dictating reports, and describing careful observations. Each day’s science lesson is structured according to a simple cycle of scientific reasoning—reflect and ask, plan and predict, act and observe, report and reflect. The daily science lesson is supported by literature that is read aloud, by props included in the various learning centers, and by planned activities for art and outdoor play. Math and social studies content is integrated into the science activities on a regular basis. Lessons are organized into four modules, each of which lasts approximately 10–12 weeks. Within the modules, each lesson builds on the content of previous lessons and provides a foundation for subsequent lessons. In addition to being highly engaged, socially active, and rarely disruptive, children in ScienceStart! classes regularly show a significant gain of approximately 0.5 standard deviation on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, a standardized instrument that is commonly used to assess young children’s cognitive and linguistic level and the impact of intervention programs geared to better prepare preschoolers for academic success.
Cardiorespiratory responses during exercise in competitive in-line skaters.

This study describes the cardiorespiratory responses of 12 male (age = 30 +/- 6 yr) competitive in-line skaters during peak and submaximal skating. We hypothesized that velocities of 22.5 and 27.4 km.h-1 would elicit heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2) responses consistent with the American College of Sports Medicine's guidelines for developing cardiorespiratory fitness. Using a 644-m indoor cement course, subjects completed 10 trials comprised of various velocities, stroke frequencies, and body positions. At 22.5 km.h-1, HR and VO2 were 74 and 51% of peak, respectively. At 27.4 km.hr-1, HR and VO2 were 85 and 72% of peak, respectively. When compared to the College's guidelines, regression analysis revealed a leftward shift in the VO2-HR relationship, evidenced by a disproportionately higher HR at a VO2 approximating 60 vs 80% of peak. At 22.5 km.h-1 our skaters self-selected a stroke frequency which resulted in less of an increase in both HR and VO2, when compared to the imposed stroke frequencies of 50 min-1 and 70 min-1. Also, skating at 27.4 km.h-1 in the bent vs upright position resulted in less of an increase in HR and VO2. Competitive in-line skaters are capable of safely skating at velocities sufficient to stimulate an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness. These athletes select a stroke frequency and utilize a body position which results in favorable HR and VO2 responses.
pH Changes Accompanying Filtration Through Cellophane Membranes

Previous studies1 led us to expect pH changes on nitration of buffers through cellophane membranes. We present a preliminary report of data which confirm our expectations.We used phosphate buffers of pH 7.0 and 7.2, having phosphate concentrations of 0.005 M and 0.01 M. They were prepared by the addition of CO2-free NaOH to twice recrystallized NaH2PO4:H2O. The 0.5 M stock solution was diluted with conductance water. Prior to filtration the cellophane 600 plain membranes were evacuated at 20 mm. Hg. and the buffer solution added. After repeated washing and soaking for several days the unsupported membrane was placed between pyrex cylinders of 2 cm. diameter and filtration carried out at 38 cm. Hg. The upper cylinder, into which the filtrate passed, communicated with a 125 cc. Erlenmeyer flask containing some of the buffer. Concentration of the filtrate by evaporation was thus prevented. The pH measurements were carried out according to the micro method of Bodine and Fink,2 quinhydrone being used. A 25°C. ...
Bromine as a Partial Oxidant. Oxidation State and Charge Transport in Brominated Nickel and Palladium Bis(diphenylglyoximates). A Comparison with the Iodinated Materials and Resonance Raman Structure-Spectra Correlation for Polybromides

Abstract : This paper presents an investigation of oxidation state and charge transport in the low-dimensional materials Ni(dpg)2Br1.0 and Pd(dpg)2Br1.1, dpg = diphenylglyoximato. Resonance Raman structure-spectra correlations are discussed for polybromides, and Br5 is assigned as the predominant halogen species in both of these materials. Thus, the M(dpg)2 units are formally in fractional oxidation states of ca. +0.20(2) (M=Ni) and +0.22(2) (M=Pd). In the optical spectra of both materials, a broad transition at 500 nm is related to the polybromide chains. Four-probe single crystal electrical conductivities (dc) in the stacking direction at 300 K are as high as .00091/omega cm (Ni(dpg)2Br1.0) and .00015/omega cm (Pd(dpg)2Br1.1). The conductivity is demonstrated to be thermally activated with activation energies of 0.33 and 0.21 eV, respectively. The transport properties of the brominated materials are found to be very similar to those of the related M(dpg)2I materials (M=Ni, Pd), a result contrary to expectations if the halogen chains were the major charge carrier. (Author)
Asset price bubbles, monetary policy and financial crisis

In this paper, asset price bubbles in equities and housing that were developed from August 1987 to September 2008 are examined. Monetary policy reaction functions are estimated. Results revealed that, although not successful in pricking the bubble, the Federal Reserve System did follow a restrictive monetary policy with respect to the equity price bubble. Results also indicate that monetary policy did not respond to housing price bubbles. The findings suggest that the bursting of the housing price bubble in early 2007 resulted in the recent financial crisis. This crisis, together with the rise in oil prices and an unnecessarily restrictive monetary policy, led to the start of the recession in December 2007 and the subsequent collapse of equity prices.
Characteristic calculation of flowfields with chemical reactions.

The accuracy and the relative simplicity of the construction of the method discussed have been amply demonstrated by example problems solved in Refs. 1 and 2 and in this paper. Geometrical constructions have been used in these examples, i.e., distances measured directly on the drawing board and circles drawn by compass. These geometrical constructions and numerical calculations can be easily programed on a digital computer, and greater accuracy can be expected. Further refinement of the method by considering the change of radius of curvature according to the Gauss equation is also feasible. Currently, this method is being applied to nozzle design problems and problems involving viscous fluids.
On the discrepancy of the sequence formed by the multiples of an irrational number

Abstract Let θ be an irrational number, and consider sequences of the form ωθ = 〈kθ〉k≥0 of points in the circle R/Z. By employing symmetry, we can show that the discrepancy DN(ωθ) of the finite sequence 〈kθ〉0≤k lim sup N ( ND N (ω σ ) log N ) = lim sup N ( ND N (ω τ ) log N ) . Finally, we compute a tight asymptotic bound on DN(ωθ) when θ has the special form θ = (√m 2 + 4 − m) 2 for some positive integer m by showing that lim N sup ND n (ωθ) log N = { m 4 log( 1 θ ) if m is even, ( m 2 +3 m 2 +4 ) n 4 log ( 1 θ ) if m is odd.
Asset Management Performance and Reputation Building for Large US Firms

SUMMARY Corporate audiences construct the reputation of firms by interpreting informational signals about the firms from various monitors. Of importance to these parties are signals about asset management. The results of our empirical study of 114 large US firms supported the general hypothesis that corporate audiences construct reputations on the basis of information about firms' asset management performance, specifically using market and accounting signals indicating size of the assets, market assessment of the value of the assets in place, asset turnover and profit margin.
ISE01-3: FEAT: Improving Accuracy in End-to-end Available Bandwidth Measurement

This paper reports our ongoing work on a new end-to- end available-bandwidth measurement tool: FEAT (fish-eye available-bandwidth tool). FEAT features a new dynamic pattern of probes called a fisheye stream. One fisheye stream covers a range of packet probing rates. A fisheye stream consists of a focus region, where the probing rates are sampled more frequently and the number of packets used at each rate is larger. This creates a fisheye effect that the focus region enables an easily identified "turning point" for accurate measurements. When the dynamic available bandwidth is outside the region, the surrounding regions enable the tool to automatically "refocus". Fisheye streams offer several advantages over current probing schemes that are based on packet pairs, packet trains, or packet chirps. FEAT is also fast, nearly non-intrusive, and clock resolution insensitive. Experiments show that FEAT provides accurate estimations of the available bandwidth with low overhead compared to the existing techniques.
Current Evaluation and Treatment of Lower Extremity Varicose Veins

Historically, treatment for symptomatic lower extremity varicose veins has consisted primarily of surgical stripping of pathologic veins. Over the past 2 decades, therapeutic options for lower extremity varicose veins has greatly expanded and now includes several percutaneous and endovascular techniques. This article will discuss the pathophysiology, clinical significance and current therapy for varicose veins.
Studies of the permeability of isolated porcine peritoneum to nutrients: Saccharides☆

Isolated peritoneal membrane, freshly harvested from pigs, was studied in vitro to determine the permeability of the membrane to saccharide nutrients. Studies were performed with glucose and sucrose at various transmembrane gradients ranging from 150 to 600 mosm/liter (mmol/liter) and with polysaccharide at a 300 mosm/liter gradient. Findings indicate that flux of these nutrients across the isolated peritoneum is related to molecular weight and that sufficient kilocalories will traverse the membrane to provide for adequate carbohydrate nutrition (calculated to deliver more than 3000 kcal/day at gradients of 150 mosm/liter). Polysaccharide flux studies suggest that carbohydrate calories may be provided in the form of complex molecules and not only in the form of glucose. Studies of 1:1 serum and polysaccharide mixtures showed the conversion of polysaccharide to glucose by serum in vitro. When rats were given intraperitoneal polysaccharide their blood glucose levels rose promptly although they remained fasting, suggesting an in vivo conversion also occurs. These findings provide support for use of polysaccharides intraperitoneally as means to reduce the osmolarity of fluid administered for nutritional support; this would increase tolerance while still providing ample calories. The in vitro apparatus used in these studies provides a mechanism to study individual nutrients and yields highly reproducible results. These studies add further evidence that intraperitoneal nutrition is feasible.
Corneal topographic changes after extraocular muscle surgery

Abstract Purpose: Changes in refractive error have been reported after strabismus surgery. The influence of extraocular muscle tension on corneal topography is thought to be an important mechanism contributing to this alteration. This study investigates topographic changes after strabismus surgery in human beings. Methods: The corneal topography of 63 eyes of 43 patients who underwent either strabismus or optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF) surgery was measured before and after operation. The ONSF surgery involved removing and reattaching the medial rectus muscle, thus acting as a control for the strabismus procedures. Corneal power was measured centrally and at 1.5 and 3.0 mm in 8 meridians. Analysis of variance was performed to compare the difference in preoperative and postoperative corneal power for all procedures and comparing recessions, resections, combined recession and resection, and ONSF as grouped procedures. Results: All groups showed a significant change in preoperative to postoperative corneal power ( P Conclusions: Change in the tension of 1 muscle does not produce a change in the adjacent quadrant as much as it produces a significant change in the entire corneal surface, which illustrates the interaction and interdependence all corneal positions have with respect to each other. (J AAPOS 1999;3:80-6)
Variation in palatability and biochemical traits within and among eleven beef muscles.

The objective of this study was to deter- mine the extent of variation in, and relationships among, biochemical and palatability traits within and among 11 major beef muscles. Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD), psoas major (PM), gluteus medius (GM), semimembranosus (SM), adductor (AD), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), rectus femoris (RF), triceps brachii (TB), infraspinatus (IS), and supraspi- natus (SS) from one side of 31 Charolais × MARC III steer carcasses were vacuum-packaged, stored at 2°C until 14 d postmortem, and then frozen at −30°C. The 2.54-cm-thick steaks were obtained from two or three locations within muscles in order to assess biochemical traits and Warner-Bratzler shear force, and from near the center for sensory trait evaluation. The PM was most tender and was followed by IS in both shear force and tenderness rating (P < 0.05). The other muscles were not ranked the same by shear force and tenderness rating. The BF had the lowest (P < 0.05) tenderness rating. The PM, GM, and LD had lower (P < 0.05) colla- gen concentration (2.7 to 4.5 mg/g muscle) than muscles from the chuck and round (5.9 to 9.0 mg/g), except for the AD (4.9 mg/g). Desmin proteolysis was highest (P < 0.05) for BF and LD (60.7 and 60.1% degraded), and
Regional dialect variation in the vowel systems of typically developing children

Purpose To investigate regional dialect variation in the vowel systems of typically developing 8- to 12-year-old children. Method Thirteen vowels in isolated h_d words were produced by 94 children ...
A Petri net design method for automated manufacturing systems with shared resources

Two concepts are formulated: parallel and sequential mutual exclusion (SME) in the context of Petri net theory. The conditions under which a net containing such structures is bounded, live, and reversible are derived, and they are used to construct the Petri net models for a practical manufacturing system. The sufficient conditions for a Petri net to be live and reversible include that the number of initial tokens in each place be less than or equal to the token capacity of an SME and that the net without this SME be live and reversible. >
Asymptotic analysis of multihypothesis sequential probability ratio tests (MSPRT's)

In this paper, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the quasi-Bayesian multi-hypothesis SPRTs, as well as a related test that is a specific combination of one-sided SPRTs that was first suggested by Lorden . These tests are described.
Can Microsoft&#146;s Service Pack2 (SP2) Security Software Prevent SMURF Attacks?

DDoS flooding attacks are quite popular with hackers and they can cause devastating impact on computer systems. Smurf attack is a type of flooding attack that involves ICMP protocol, which is known to have brought down high profile commercial websites. A computer system running Microsofts Windows-XP with Service Pack2 (SP2) security software is designed to drop ICMP packets by default, which makes one believe that ICMP-based flooding attacks cannot harm a computer system that deploys SP2 security software. In this experimental paper, we set out to test and measure the effectiveness of the Microsoft Windows- XP with SP2 security software in protecting a computer system from ICMP-based flooding attacks in fast Ethernet environment. We simulate Smurf attacks on a computer system in the controlled lab environment. In these experiments, we measure the exhaustion of computing resource of a computer system with and without Windows-XP SP2 security software. It is observed that under Smurf attack, the victim computer deploying SP2 security software dropped all ICMP messages; nevertheless, the exhaustion of the processor resource of the computer running the SP2 security-software couldnt be stopped. Furthermore, it was found interestingly that the exhaustion of the processor resource of the computer system running the SP2 security was much higher than that of the computer system that didnt deploy SP2 security software. These experiments show that dropping of ICMP messages by SP2-security software at the victim computer is too late of an act in preventing the adverse effect of the Smurf attack. Once the attack traffic reaches the victim computer, SP2 security software is ineffective in preventing the resource exhaustion caused by the attack, even if it is configured to drop the ICMP messages.
THE SILHOUETTE METHOD FOR COMPARING THE VOLUMES OF THE TWO PARTS OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN SMALL ANIMALS

The adrenal gland consists of two parts, each of which has a different structure and produces a different endocrine secretion. In addition to knowing the chemical changes and histological alterations which take place in the gland, it is also frequently desirable to learn of the variations in the amounts of the two kinds of tissue which compose it. The method described below makes possible a rapid estimate of the volumes of the two parts of the gland and still leaves the material available for sectioning and staining.
Far-field predictions from near-field measurements using an exact integral equation solution

This paper presents a new approach to derive far-field data needed in antenna and EMI/EMC testing from near-field measurements. An exact integral equation solution to the wave propagation problem is used to transform the near-field data to the far field. The method requires near-field measurements on two closed surfaces enclosing all sources and inhomogeneities. The approach is validated with numerical simulation of measurements of fields radiated from a known antenna. >
Shaken baby syndrome: A biomechanics analysis of injury mechanisms

Traumatic infant shaking has been associated with the shaken baby syndrome (SBS) diagnosis without verification of the operative mechanisms of injury. Intensities for SBS have been expressed only in qualitative, unsubstantiated terms usually referring to acceleration/deceleration rotational injury and relating to falls from great heights onto hard surfaces or from severe motor vehicle crashes. We conducted an injury biomechanics analysis of the reported SBS levels of rotational velocity and acceleration of the head for their injury effects on the infant head-neck. Resulting forces were compared with experimental data on the structural failure limits of the cervical spine in several animal models as well as human neonate cadaver models. We have determined that an infant head subjected to the levels of rotational velocity and acceleration called for in the SBS literature, would experience forces on the infant neck far exceeding the limits for structural failure of the cervical spine. Furthermore, shaking cervical spine injury can occur at much lower levels of head velocity and acceleration than those reported for the SBS. These findings are consistent with the physical laws of injury biomechanics as well as our collective understanding of the fragile infant cervical spine from (1) clinical obstetric experience, (2) automotive medicine and crash safety experience, and (3) common parental experience. The findings are not, however, consistent with the current clinical SBS experience and are in stark contradiction with the reported rarity of cervical spine injury in children diagnosed with SBS. In light of the implications of these findings on child protection and their social and medico-legal significance, a re-evaluation of the current diagnostic criteria for the SBS and its application is suggested.
We're all adults here: Clarifying and maintaining boundaries with adult learners

Working with adult learners presents a unique set of interpersonal boundary questions. This chapter considers characteristics of adult learners, relevant frameworks for considering boundaries, and four specific strategies to help instructors increase clarity and intention regarding boundaries with adult students.
High sensitivity detection of NO2 using ICOS and MLIAS

Employing an external cavity QCL and using OA-ICOS and multiple line integrated absorption spectroscopy techniques, we report an effective sensitivity of detection of ~28 ppt for NO2 in Zero-Air.
The Effect of Hemosporidian Infections on White-Crowned Sparrow Singing Behavior

Relatively little is known about the effects of specific parasites on sexually selected behavioral traits. We subjected free-living mountain white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha) to a playback experiment to identify the effect of hemosporidian parasites on potentially sexually selected song characteristics. We recorded song after a playback of a novel white-crowned sparrow song, meant to simulate a territorial intrusion. Infections with Leucocytozoon or Plasmodium influenced singing behavior, while infection with Haemoproteus had no detectable effect. Specifically, song consistency, as measured using a spectrogram correlation, was influenced by both Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon infection. Additionally, birds infected with Plasmodium sang fewer songs following experimental playback. Thus, relatively widespread parasites, like Plasmodium, may have a strong effect on potentially sexually selected song characteristics.
Comparison of Amplicor, In-House Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Conventional Culture for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children

A total of 251 clinical specimens (235 gastric aspirates and 16 bronchoalveolar lavages) from 88 children were prospectively tested in a blinded manner for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, by use of the Amplicor M. tuberculosis test and by means of in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results were compared with those obtained by conventional culture and by direct microscopy. All of the children underwent extended follow-up to verify or exclude the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis. The results of the different tests, when compared to the final clinical diagnosis, were a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 96.8% for in-house PCR, 44% and 93.7% respectively for the Amplicor test, 44% and 100% for mycobacterial culture and 12% and 100% for microscopy. Amplicor tests presented false-positive findings in children without tuberculous infection. We conclude that both in-house PCR and the Amplicor test are rapid methods that can be helpful for difficult or urgent diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. However, efforts should be aimed toward improvement of the sensitivity and specificity of an easy-to-use PCR kit.
Microbial group specific uptake kinetics of inorganic phosphate and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) in the north pacific subtropical gyre.

We investigated the concentration dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) in microbial populations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). We used radiotracers to measure substrate uptake into whole water communities, differentiated microbial size classes, and two flow sorted groups; Prochlorococcus (PRO) and non-pigmented bacteria (NPB). The Pi concentrations, uptake rates and Pi pool turnover times (Tt) were (mean, ±SD); 54.9±35.0 nmol L-1 (n=22), 4.8±1.9 nmol L-1 d-1 (n=19) and 14.7±10.2 days (n=19), respectively. Pi uptake into >2 µm cells was on average 12±7% (n=15) of the total uptake. The kinetic response to Pi (10-500 nmol L-1) was small, indicating that the microorganisms were close to their maximum uptake velocity (Vmax). Vmax averaged 8.0±3.6 nmol L-1 d-1 (n=19) in the >0.2 µm group, with half saturations constants (Km) of 40±28 nmol L-1 (n=19). PRO had 3 times the cell specific Pi uptake rate of NPB, at ambient concentrations, but when adjusted to cells L-1 the rates were similar, and these two groups were equally competitive for Pi. The Tt of γ-P-ATP in the >0.2 µm group were shorter than for the Pi pool (4.4±1.0 days; n=6), but this difference diminished in the larger size classes. The kinetic response to ATP was large in the >0.2 µm class with Vmax exceeding the rates at ambient concentrations (mean 62±27 times; n=6) with a mean Vmax for γ-P-ATP of 2.8±1.0 nmol L-1 d-1, and Km at 11.5±5.4 nmol L-1 (n=6). The NPB contribution to γ-P-ATP uptake was high (95±3%, n=4) at ambient concentrations but decreased to ~50% at the highest ATP amendment. PRO had Km values 5-10 times greater than NPB. The above indicates that PRO and NPB were in close competition in terms of Pi acquisition, whereas P uptake from ATP could be attributed to NPB. This apparent resource partitioning may be a niche separating strategy and an important factor in the successful co-existence within the oligotrophic upper ocean of the NPSG.
Goblet Cell-Derived Resistin-Like Molecule β Augments CD4+ T Cell Production of IFN-γ and Infection-Induced Intestinal Inflammation

The secreted goblet cell-derived protein resistin-like molecule β (RELMβ) has been implicated in divergent functions, including a direct effector function against parasitic helminths and a pathogenic function in promoting inflammation in models of colitis and ileitis. However, whether RELMβ influences CD4+ T cell responses in the intestine is unknown. Using a natural model of intestinal inflammation induced by chronic infection with gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris, we identify dual functions for RELMβ in augmenting CD4+ Th1 cell responses and promoting infection-induced intestinal inflammation. Following exposure to low-dose Trichuris, wild-type C57BL/6 mice exhibit persistent infection associated with robust IFN-γ production and intestinal inflammation. In contrast, infected RELMβ−/− mice exhibited a significantly reduced expression of parasite-specific CD4+ T cell-derived IFN-γ and TNF-α and failed to develop Trichuris-induced intestinal inflammation. In in vitro T cell differentiation assays, recombinant RELMβ activated macrophages to express MHC class II and secrete IL-12/23p40 and enhanced their ability to mediate Ag-specific IFN-γ expression in CD4+ T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that goblet cell-macrophage cross-talk, mediated in part by RELMβ, can promote adaptive CD4+ T cell responses and chronic inflammation following intestinal helminth infection.
Parental squabbles and genome expression: lessons from the polyploids

The merger of evolutionarily diverged genomes to form a new polyploid genetic system can involve extensive remodeling of gene regulation. A recent paper in BMC Biology provides important insights into regulatory events that have affected the evolution of allopolyploid cotton.
Regulation of the Bacterial Cell Wall: Effect of Antibiotics on Lipid Biosynthesis

Antibiotics that inhibit the biosynthesis of the cell wall, such as vancomycin, penicillin, d-cycloserine, and bacitracin, stimulate the incorporation of lysine into lipids that are extractable with n-butanol-6 M pyridinium acetate. Approximately 93% of this lysine is in lysylphosphatidylglycerol (LPG). The remaining lysine is incorporated in another as yet uncharacterized lipid. Because the lysine in the latter lipid is released by mild alkaline hydrolysis, it is not the C(55)-isoprenyl-pyrophospho-N-acetyl-muramyl pentapeptide. Vancomycin and penicillin stimulate the incorporation of lysine into both LPG and the minor lipid fractions, whereas treatment with d-cycloserine results in an increase only in LPG. Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis do not influence the incorporation of lysine into the lipid fractions. Analysis of the extracted lipids indicate that the incorporation of radioactive lysine into LPG is due to an enhancement in synthesis of LPG from phospholipids in the cytoplasmic membrane.
3-D Visualization and Identification of Biological Microorganisms Using Partially Temporal Incoherent Light In-Line Computational Holographic Imaging

We present a new method for three-dimensional (3-D) visualization and identification of biological microorganisms using partially temporal incoherent light in-line (PTILI) computational holographic imaging and multivariate statistical methods. For 3-D data acquisition of biological microorganisms, the band-pass filtered white light is used to illuminate a biological sample. The transversely and longitudinally diffracted pattern of the biological sample is magnified by microscope objective (MO) and is optically recorded with an image sensor array interfaced with a computer. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the biological sample from the diffraction pattern is accomplished by using computational Fresnel propagation method. Principal components analysis and nonparametric inference algorithms are applied to the 3-D complex amplitude biological sample for identification purposes. Experiments indicate that the proposed system can be useful for identifying biological microorganisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on using PTILI computational holographic microscopy for identification of biological microorganisms.