cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ibn Khaldun and Anthropology: The Failure of Methodology in the Post 9/11 World1:

The Return of Anthropology Anthropology has much for which to thank Osama bin Laden. After decades of criticism, anthropology was on the ropes not long ago. Its founding fathers and mothers were discredited: Bronislaw Malinowski for lusting after young natives, and Margaret Mead for cooking up ethnographic accounts. Its own practitioners despaired and predicted "The End of Anthropology" (title of Worsley 1966; see also Banaji 1970). When the field appeared at its weakest, the powerful new voice of Edward Said emerged to denounce it as tainted by the dreaded word "Orientalism" (Said 1978). Perhaps the unkindest cut was that anthropology was not even seen as a bulldog in the service of the Western imperialists but rather as a mere puppy. Students of anthropology wandered aimlessly, sometimes into postmodernist literary conceit and sometimes into autobiographical excess. Like John Keats' knight in "La Belle Dame Sans Merci," anthropology appeared to be "ailing," "alone and palely loitering." September 11, 2001, changed all that. The main interests of anthropology, ideas of ethnicity, group loyalty, honor, revenge, suicide, tribal code, and the conflict between what anthropologists call the Great Tradition of world religions and their local practice, or the Little Tradition, were being discussed everywhere. Perhaps people were not even aware tha they were discussing these issues as they were identified with traditional, even "primitive" societies, and therefore discredited; now they were front-page news. B t while Americans asked the right questions, such as "Why do Muslims hate us?" and "Why is there so much violence coming from Muslim societies?" they were provided the wrong answers. Some Americans said it was because Muslims hated American's "free-
Membrane-dialyzer injection loop for enhancing the selectivity of anion-responsive liquid-membrane electrodes in flow systems Part 2. A selective sensing system for salicylate

Abstract An electrode-based flow-injection system suitable for the direct determination of salicylic acid is described. The system utilizez a tubular polymer membrrane electrode based on manganese(III) tetraphenylporphyrin chloride to sense salicylate ions formed in a recipient buffer solution held within the upper channel of a flow-through membrane dialyzer assembly. Samples containing salicylic acid are manually intoduced into the lower channel of the dialysis unit, in which a thin silicone rubber membrane separates the two channels. The analyte is trapped across the membrane as salicylate ions within a static layer of an appropriate recipient buffer. After a fixed trapping time, the recipient plug is flushed to the electrode in a conventional flow-injection manner. Peak potentials observed are logarithmically related to the salicylic acid concentrations in the original sample. Without the dialysis unit, the electrode response to salicylate is nearly Nernstian over the range 2 × 10−6−10−2 M. In the complete flow/dialysis system, near Nernstian response was achieved for 10−4−10−2 M salicylate with a 2-min trapping time. Detection limits can be altered by changing the trapping time. Anionic salicylate can be determined by acidifying the sample. The resulting system offers very high selectivity for salicylate (as salicylic acid) over most inorganic and organic anions normally found in blood. Preliminary studies demonstrate the practical application of this system for the determination of salicylate in serum.
Ion Implantation of Boron in Diamond

It has been a challenge to inject dopant atoms onto diamond lattice sites by ion implantation, because of the complications of ion damage and defect clustering during annealing. We re-investigated this topic by implanting boron ions into an insulating natural diamond ( type II-A ) which was pre-damaged by carbon ion implantation. Both of the implantations were performed at liquid nitrogen temperature. The amount of pre-damage was adjusted to produce enough vacancies and interstitials in diamond to promote boron substitutionality during subsequent annealing. Samples were characterized by optical absorption and electrical measurements. It was found that optical absorption of the implanted samples strongly depends on the post implant annealing sequence. The activation energies obtained from electrical measurements match very closely to those due to boron atoms in natural p-type diamonds. Photoconductivity measurements showed that the fraction of remaining electrically active radiation defects in the implanted and annealed samples depends on the relative fluences of boron and carbon.
Uncertainty in deforestation's effects on Amazonian climate

Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is expected to cause the temperature in the region to rise and rainfall patterns to shift. Exactly how and how much the regional climate will change in the face of rampant deforestation, however, is a matter of considerable ongoing investigation. With their research, Lorenz and Pitman add a new piece to the puzzle by showing that the strength of land-atmosphere coupling in a given model influences how it represents deforestation's effects.
Phenolic antioxidant-induced overexpression of class-3 aldehyde dehydrogenase and oxazaphosphorine-specific resistance.

High-level cytosolic class-3 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-3)-mediated oxazaphosphorine-specific resistance (> 35-fold as judged by the concentrations of mafosfamide required to effect a 90% cell-kill) was induced in cultured human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7/0 cells by growing them in the presence of 30 microM catechol for 5 days. Resistance was transient in that cellular sensitivity to mafosfamide was fully restored after only a few days when the inducing agent was removed from the culture medium. The operative enzyme was identified as a type-1 ALDH-3. Cellular levels of glutathione S-transferase and DT-diaphorase activities, but not of cytochrome P450 IA1 activity, were also elevated. Other phenolic antioxidants, e.g. hydroquinone and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene, also induced ALDH-3 activity when MCF-7/0 cells were cultured in their presence. Thus, the increased expression of a type-1 ALDH-3 and the other enzymes induced by these agents was most probably the result of transcriptional activation of the relevant genes via antioxidant responsive elements present in their 5'-flanking regions. Cellular levels of ALDH-3 activity were also increased when a number of other human tumor cell lines, e.g. breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231, breast carcinoma T-47D and colon carcinoma HCT 116b, were cultured in the presence of catechol. These findings should be viewed as greatly expanding the number of recognized environmental and dietary agents that can potentially negatively influence the sensitivity of tumor cells to cyclophosphamide and other oxazaphosphorines.
Listening to Girls and Boys Talk About Girls’ Physical Activity Behaviors

As part of the formative assessment for the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG), a multicenter study to reduce the decline of physical activity in adolescent girls, girls and boys with diverse ethnicity from six states participated in focus groups and semistructured interviews. Data from 13 girls’ focus groups (N = 100), 11 boys’ focus groups (N = 77), and 80 semistructured interviews with girls are examined to identify perceptions of girls’ physical activity behaviors to help develop TAAG interventions. Both girls and boys talk about physically active girls as being “tomboys” or “too aggressive.” Girls are more likely to characterize active girls as “in shape,” whereas boys say they are “too athletic.” Girls report boys to be influential barriers and motivators in shaping their beliefs about physical activity. Given the strong influence of peers, developing successful interventions for girls should include verbal persuasion, modeling, and social support from both girls and boys.
Motivations for self-assembling into project teams

Abstract This study investigates the self-assembly mechanisms of ad hoc project teams using a bipartite network perspective. Individuals and projects are modeled as two types of nodes and team membership as relations between them. This approach enables us to investigate factors that impact voluntary team assembly at the individual, dyadic, and team levels simultaneously. Using Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGM/ p *), we study players’ combat teams in a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) as a case of self-assembled project teams. Empirical results show that individuals are motivated to join ad hoc teams to complete difficult projects but not projects with long durations. We also found that individuals tend to collaborate with specific teammates who have complementary skills, those who have similar age or skill level, and those who are affiliated with the same organizational entity.
The redox behavior of gem-dihalo compounds: 9,9-dibromofluorene, 9,9-dichlorofluorene and dichlorodiphenylmethane

Abstract The redox behavior of several gem-dihalo compounds has been examined at platinum and vitreous carbon electrodes in dimethylformamide. The reduction of 9,9-dichlorofluorene is initially an overall two-electron process which involves cleavage of chloride ion and the formation of 9-chlorofluorenyl anion. The final products and their distribution are then dependent upon the relative rates of reduction of the parent compound, nucleophilic attack of 9-chlorofluorenyl anion on the parent compound, and proton availability. If reaction by substitution is permitted to predominate, 9,9′-dichlorobifluorenyl results. This species is electroactive at the applied potential and undergoes reductive dechlorination to give bifluorenylidene. In contrast, if either the rate of reduction of 9,9-dichlorofluorene of the rate of protonation of 9-chlorofluorenyl anion exceeds the rate of substitution, the predominant product becomes 9-chlorofluorene. Reduction of this species then gives a mixture of fluorene and bifluorenyl when electrolysis is effected in an aprotic medium and fluorene when electrolysis is performed in the presence of diethyl malonate, a weak proton donor. Dichlorodiphenylmethane and 9,9-dibromofluorene also undergo reductive dehalogenation to give monomeric and dimeric products by pathways analogous to those observed for dichlorofluorene. In the case of dibromofluorene, however, the product distribution is also potential dependent since the intermediate 9-bromofluorenyl radical may not be reduced at the applied potential. No evidence was obtained in these studies to support previous claims of carbenes and/or carbene radical anions in these reductions.
Corrigendum to types of noise in data for concept learning

The algorithm for pac learning k-DNF or k-CNF in the presence of malicious attribute noise in polynomial time claimed by Sloan [Slo88] does not work. It is currently open whether such an algorithm exists.
Evidence for Directional Selection Acting on Pheromone-Binding Proteins in the Genus Choristoneura

Patterns of nucleotide variation consistent with the action of natural selection have been discovered at a number of different gene loci. Here, pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are examined to determine if selection has acted to fix amino acid changes in PBPs in lineages in which pheromone changes have occurred. PBPs from five different species of moths in the genus Choristoneura were sequenced, along with the PBP of Argyrotaenia velutinana, which serves as an outgroup. Three independent major pheromone changes are represented within this group of five Choristoneura species. Two different lineages show evidence for selection based on polymorphism and divergence comparisons and comparisons of rates of replacement evolution to silent and noncoding evolution. Along one of these lineages, leading to Choristoneura fumiferana, there has been a change to an aldehyde pheromone from an acetate pheromone. The second branch does not appear to be associated with a major pheromone change. Other branches in the tree show a trend toward greater replacement fixation than expected under neutrality. This trend could reflect undetected selective events within this group of PBPs. Selection appears to have acted to fix amino acid changes in the PBP of moths from the genus Choristoneura, but it is not clear that this selection is due to pheromone changes between species.
Optimal sequence estimators for statistically unknown binary sources and channels

We consider an information source which is an i.i.d. binary sequence governed by unknown probability measures. The information sequence is transferred through a memoryless binary channel with unknown cross-over probabilities. The channel model also represents those cases in which an input quantizer is always used, so that the incoming information-bearing observations are threshold crossings of the observation process, and the unknown cross-over probabilities are associated with uncertainties concerning the signal-to-noise ratio. We derive and study the optimal (under a minimum error-probability criterion) sequence estimator (which utilizes the observed threshold crossings). The receiver is described by a practically implementable algorithm which involves a shortest path calculation, which is performed using the Viterbi algorithm, and appropriately incorporates the sufficient statistics of the unknown parameters. Its similarity to unsupervised decision directed learning procedures is noted.
Seeing the forest through the trees: improving decision making on the Iowa gambling task by shifting focus from short- to long-term outcomes

Introduction: The present study sought to examine two methods by which to improve decision making on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT): inducing a negative mood and providing additional learning trials. Method: In the first study, 194 undergraduate students (74 male; Mage = 19.44 [SD = 3.69]) were randomly assigned to view a series of pictures to induce a positive, negative, or neutral mood immediately prior to the IGT. In the second study, 276 undergraduate students (111 male; Mage = 19.18 [SD = 2.58]) completed a delay discounting task and back-to-back administrations of the IGT. Results: Participants in an induced negative mood selected more from Deck C during the final trials than those in an induced positive mood. Providing additional learning trials resulted in better decision making: participants shifted their focus from the frequency of immediate gains/losses (i.e., a preference for Decks B and D) to long-term outcomes (i.e., a preference for Deck D). In addition, disadvantageous decision making on the additional learning trials was associated with larger delay discounting (i.e., a preference for more immediate but smaller rewards). Conclusions: The present results indicate that decision making is affected by negative mood state, and that decision making can be improved by increasing the number of learning trials. In addition, the current results provide evidence of a relationship between performance on the IGT and on a separate measure of decision making, the delay discounting task. Moreover, the present results indicate that improved decision making on the IGT can be attributed to shifting focus towards long-term outcomes, as evidenced by increased selections from advantageous decks as well as correlations between the IGT and delay discounting task. Implications for the assessment of decision making using the IGT are discussed.
Using health impact assessments to advance the field of injury and violence prevention.

Injuries remain a leading cause of death and disability globally. A growing body of evidence shows that decisions made in sectors such as transportation, housing and urban planning affect injury risk. Health impact assessment (HIA) is a pragmatic process to identify the potential health risks and benefits of proposed policies and to inform decision-making. HIAs help policymakers broadly weigh the trade-offs of proposals, for which health risks including injury and violence might not otherwise be fully recognised or addressed. The aim of this article is to describe HIA and its application to the field of injury and violence prevention. In 2011, the National Research Council Committee on Health Impact Assessment presented a framework for HIA practice and a consensus definition of HIA: “A systematic process that uses an array of data sources and analytic methods and considers input from stakeholders to determine the potential effects of a proposed policy, plan, program, or project on the health of a population and the distribution of those effects within the population. HIA provides recommendations on monitoring and managing those effects.”1 As of November 2013, approximately 300 HIAs have been completed or are in progress in the USA, a …
Is play the centerpiece of your early childhood curriculum

Today early childhood educators acknowledge that children must play if they are to develop into healthy, socially and intellectually competent adults (Bredekamp, 1987; Isenberg & Quisenberry, 1989; Swick, Brown, & Groves, 1989). To find out if play is at the heart of your early childhood curriculum, ask yourself: • Can I distinguish play from child behavior that is not play? • Am I able to identify the different forms of early childhood play‐practice, pretend, and constructive? • Do I know how each type of play contributes to child development? • Am I providing indoor and outdoor environments that support each kind of play?
Effect of Train Speed on Risk Analysis of Transporting Hazardous Materials by Rail

This paper considers the effect of train speed on railroad hazardous materials transportation risk. A statistical method was developed to estimate the speed-dependent conditional probability of release (CPR) of hazardous material from tank cars involved in accidents. The objective was to assess how accounting for speed affects the results of risk analysis. A case study of a representative hazardous materials route was conducted. In that case study, risk estimates were developed by using conventional, average-speed CPR, and the estimates were compared with those obtained by analyzing the same route using speed-dependent CPR. The differences in calculated risk indicate that the use of the speed-dependent CPR may be an important refinement for the accurate calculation of the risk of a route. The effects of track-class upgrades on risk were also considered. Track with higher Federal Railroad Administration classes has lower accident rates, but the higher permissible speeds increase the CPR if a tank car is derailed in an accident. Consequently, evaluation of the effect of track upgrades must account for both factors to understand the net impact on risk. Two scenarios were considered in the track-class upgrade analysis: upgrades without an increase in speed and upgrades with an increase in speed. The increased tank car hazardous material release rate at the higher speeds permissible on higher track classes was more than offset by the reduction in the accident rate for all the track-class upgrade scenarios considered. For the particular route analyzed in the case study, use of the speed-dependent CPR resulted in a slight increase in the overall risk estimate, and upgrading of Class 3 track provided the greatest reduction in risk. Such results will be route specific; however, the use of a speed-dependent CPR enables the more accurate analysis of local risk and provides a better evaluation of risk reduction options that involve changes in operating and track characteristics.
Unscheduled DNA synthesis in isolated hepatic nuclei after treatment of rats with methylnitrosourea in vivo.

Abstract Administration of the carcinogenic methylating agent, methylnitrosourea, to rats caused a significant increase in endogenous DNA synthesis assayed subsequently in isolated hepatic nuclei in vitro . DNA synthesis was related directly to the dose of carcinogen and inversely to the interval between treatment and isolation of nuclei. This synthesis appears to represent the continuation in vitro of unscheduled, reparative DNA synthesis initiated in damaged cells in vivo .
Coronary artery dynamics in vivo.

There is considerable evidence that the localization and evolution of vascular disease are mediated, at least in part, by mechanical factors. The mechanical environment of the coronary arteries, which are tethered to the beating heart, is influenced by cardiac motion; the motion of the vessels must be described quantitatively to characterize fully the mechanical forces acting on and in the vessel wall. Several techniques that have been used to characterize coronary artery dynamics from biplane cineangiograms are described and illustrated. There is considerable variability in dynamic geometric parameters from site to site along a vessel, between the right and left anterior descending arteries, and among individuals, consistent with the hypotheses that variations in stresses mediated by geometry and dynamics affect the localization of atherosclerosis and indi- vidual risk of coronary heart disease. The few frankly athero- sclerotic vessels that have been examined exhibit high torsions in the neighborhood of lesions, an observation which may have etiologic or diagnostic implications. © 2002 Biomedical En- gineering Society. @DOI: 10.1114/1.1467925#
The relation of the pH and concentration-dependent dissociation of porcine heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The relationship of the pH-dependent and concentration-dependent dissociation of porcine heart mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (L-malate: NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) was investigated by means of gel filtration chromatography utilizing a standardized Sephacryl S-200 column. The results obtained indicate that the dimeric form of this enzyme dissociates to yield monomers at conditions of low protein concentration or at pH values below neutrality. In addition it is apparent that as the pH is lowered, the minimum concentration of protein required to maintain the enzyme in the dimeric form is increased.
Navier-Stokes solution for a complete re-entry configuration

This article represents a first attempt at numerical simulation of the flow field around a complete lifting body configuration utilizing the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical solution generated for the experimental aircraft concept X24C-10D, at a Mach number of 5.95, exhibited accurate prediction of detailed flow properties and integrated areodynamic coefficients as well. In addition, the present analysis demonstrated that a vectorized processor with an external memory device is an efficient and viable means for processing the Navier-Stokes equations.
The intraoperative measure of runoff resistance in the canine hindlimb.

Abstract Long-term survival of femoro-popliteal grafts has been predicted on both graft function and distal vascular bed resistance. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate peripheral resistance as a function of the inherent elasticity (distensibility) of the distal vascular bed. The use of saline perfusate and maintenance of physiologic pressure will supplant such other factors as fluid viscosity, vasomotor tone, blood pressure, and tube dimensions. Our model consisted of Javid shunt insertion in the femoral artery of 13 female dogs distal to an occlusive tie. Saline was perfused in incremental fashion every 30 sec over a 5-min period; femoral pressure measurements were taken at each flow rate ( Q ) (cc/min). Results show that mean femoral pressure (MFP) varies with Q P Q > 200 ( P Q > 125 cc/min but at higher Q the MR plateaued ( P Q Q Q > 200, MR declined only slightly and, therefore, MFP varied directly with Q , indicating that vessel elasticity is the predominant feature of MR after vasomotor tone ablation and that pressure varies directly with flow in a distensible system. Pressure-flow graphs could be obtained prior to femoro-popliteal reconstruction via this quick, simple technique and rapid rises in pressure should indicate poor distal runoff.
Ribosome function in vitro and in vivo during the life cycle of Blastocladiella emersonii.

Abstract Blastocladiella emersonii ribosomes isolated at different times during the life cycle, were assayed with an in vitro poly(U)—phenylalanine system before and after washing with 0.5 M KCl buffer. The exonuclease activity bound to the washed and unwashed ribosomes was determined, and intact polysomes were also extracted and analyzed for function in vivo. Conventionally isolated ribosomes were found to be inactive when isolated from the stationary phase of high-density cultures, or from low-density cultures induced to differentiate zoo-spores. These changes were not correlated with the levels of ribosome-associated exonuclease activity, but inactivation was found to be proportional to the degree of ribosomal RNA degradation caused by endonuclease action. Since polysomes with intact ribosomal RNA could be isolated by special techniques from the same stages, it was concluded that the stage-dependent inactivation of ribosomes was an isolation artifact due to changes in the cellular endonuclease levels.
NF-κB Subtypes Regulate CCCTC Binding Factor Affecting Corneal Epithelial Cell Fate

CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) controls DNA imprinting, insulates important gene expression, and mediates growth factor- and stress-induced cell fate. However, regulatory mechanisms involved in intracellular CTCF activity are largely unknown. In this study, we show that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced increase and UV stress-induced decrease in CTCF activities mediate human corneal epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. CTCF is regulated by activation of different NF-κB subtypes via stimulation by EGF and UV stress. EGF-induced formation of a p65/p50 heterodimer activated CTCF transcription to promote cellular proliferation. This was accomplished by the heterodimer binding to a κB site in the promoter region of CTCF gene. In contrast, UV stress induced formation of a p50/p50 homodimer, which suppressed CTCF expression leading to apoptosis. Thus, CTCF by itself plays a central role in mediating the dichotomous effects of growth factor- and stress-stimulated NF-κB activation on cell survival and death. These results suggest that CTCF is a downstream component of the NF-κB pathway involved in the core transcriptional network of cell fate.
Polarization rotation by multilayered helix metamaterial

Quasi-3D helix metamaterial is constructed from multilayered 2D spiral structure with capacitive coupling between the adjacent layers. The sample is implemented with PCB, and linearly polarized microwave source is used in the measurement. The polarization plane is rotated to the opposite directions with left- and right-handed samples. The ratio of rotation angles is consistent with theoretical prediction.
Mechanism for Step Growth on Diamond (100)

A model for diamond growth on stepped diamond (100)2×1 surfaces is proposed, involving adsorption and reaction of CH3 and H on a dimer-reconstructed surface. Surface rearrangments and the breaking of C-C dimer bonds by H and/or H2 are suggested to be important The energetics were estimated by molecular mechanics (MM3). Growth is concluded to occur predominantly by extension of dimer rows, yielding a smooth surface, due to steric and bond-strain constraints on the positions of precursor-addition reactions and the kinetic stability of type SB steps against etching.
Improved micromachined column design and fluidic interconnects for programmed high-temperature gas chromatography separations

Abstract This work focuses on the development and experimental evaluation of micromachined chromatographic columns for use in a commercial gas chromatography (GC) system. A vespel/graphite ferrule based compression sealing technique is presented using which leak-proof fluidic interconnection between the inlet tubing and the microchannel was achieved. This sealing technique enabled separation at temperatures up to 350 °C on a μGC column. This paper reports the first high-temperature separations in microfabricated chromatographic columns at these temperatures. A 2 m microfabricated column using a double Archimedean spiral design with a square cross-section of 100 μm × 100 μm has been developed using silicon microfabrication techniques. The microfabricated column was benchmarked against a 2 m 100 μm diameter commercial column and the performance between the two columns was evaluated in tests performed under identical conditions. High temperature separations of simulated distillation (ASTM2887) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA8310) were performed using the μGC column in temperature programmed mode. The demonstrated μGC column along with the high temperature fixture offers one more solution toward potentially realizing a portable μGC device for the detection of semi-volatile environmental pollutants and explosives without the thermal limitations reported to date with μGC columns using epoxy based interconnect technology.
Immunoprotective oral whole cell vaccine for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea prepared by in situ destruction of chromosomal and plasmid DNA with colicin E2.

Vaccine regimens which mimic actual infection with bacterial enteropathogens should offer the best opportunity for successful long-term immunoprotection against diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) or Vibrio cholerae. Based on this principle, we designed and tested an oral whole cell anti-ETEC vaccine consisting of intact cells of ETEC strain H-10407 (ST+LT+; O78: H11: CFA/I) which were rendered incapable of replication by treatment with a potent DNA endonuclease, colicin E2. Young healthy volunteers were administered two oral doses of either placebo or approx. 3 × 1010 vaccine cells. In a double-blind study, 9 of 10 vaccinees responded with an increase in CFA/I-specific intestinal IgA antibody, determined as percent of total IgA. Challenge with virulent strain H-10407 (5 × 109 living cells) produced diarrhea in 8 of 9 (89%) of the placebo-treated volunteers and in 2 of 10 (20%) of the vaccinees. Thus, the colicin E2-killed whole cell vaccine afforded both a significant intestinal immune response and significant protection against challenge with the virulent organism. The data presented here suggest that for this vaccine preparation an intestinal anti-CFA/I IgA response is a good indicator of a protective immune response, which most likely involves antibody responses to a number of antigens in addition to CFA/I. We conclude that the colicin E2 method for preparing an oral anti-ETEC vaccine merits further study and that this method may also be applicable to other enteropathogens.
Nucleosome sliding by Chd1 does not require rigid coupling between DNA-binding and ATPase domains

Chromatin remodellers are ATP-dependent motor proteins that physically reposition and reorganize nucleosomes. Chd1 and Iswi-type remodellers possess a DNA-binding domain (DBD) needed for efficient nucleosome mobilization; however, it has not been clear how this domain physically contributes to remodelling. Here we show that the Chd1 DBD promotes nucleosome sliding simply by tethering the remodeller to nucleosome substrates. Nucleosome sliding activity was largely resistant to increasing length and flexibility of the linker connecting the DBD and ATPase motor, arguing that the ATPase motor does not shift DNA onto the nucleosome by pulling on the DBD.
Spectral inclusions for operators on Banach spaces

This article centers around the relation between the spectra of two Banach space operators that are linked by some intertwining condition such as quasi-similarity. Certain conditions from local spectral theory are shown to be both necessary and sufficient for these operators to have equal spectra, approximate point spectra, or surjectivity spectra. A key role is played by a localized version of Bishop’s classical property (β) and a related closed range condition. As an application to harmonic analysis, the measures on a locally compact abelian group that avoid the Wiener-Pitt phenomenon are characterized in terms of local spectral theory.
Cytokines in malignant lymphomas: Review and prospective evaluation

Cytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of lymphomas. Cytokines either can be produced or exert effects on neoplastic or reactive cells. The secretion of cytokines can provide growth advantages for tumor cells in either an autocrine or a paracrine fashion. An elevated serum or tissue level of cytokines can contribute to the clinical and histopathologic alterations associated with malignant lymphomas. The effects of cytokines on the histopathologic changes are most noticeable in Hodgkin's disease (HD). The malignant (Hodgkin's-Reed-Sternberg) cells in HD have been shown to secrete interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, transforming growth factor-beta, and, less frequently, IL-4 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. These cytokines may be responsible for the increased cellular reaction and fibrosis observed in tissues involved by HD and for the immunosuppression in patients with HD. In contrast to Hodgkin's-Reed-Sternberg cells, most non-HD lymphoma cells do not produce cytokines in excess amounts. Exceptions include T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma (IL-4), angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-like T-cell lymphoma with plasmacytosis and hypergammaglobulinemia (IL-6), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (IL-9), polymorphic immunocytoma (IL-6), and immunoblastic lymphoma (IBL) (IL-6). Some cytokines are involved in the unique cellular reactions in each of these types of lymphoma. For example, IL-4 is responsible for the T-cell reaction in T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma, while IL-6 is accountable for the plasma cell reaction in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy-type T-cell lymphoma. Others may be directly involved in the tumor cell growth or differentiation. For instance, IL-9 may be important for the autocrine proliferation of anaplastic large cell lymphoma, whereas IL-6 is essential for plasmacytoid differentiation in polymorphic immunocytoma. Further studies of the roles of cytokines in lymphomas may lead to major advances in the understanding of the molecular processes involved in the histopathogenesis of malignant lymphomas. Elucidation of the autocrine or paracrine function of cytokines also may lead to new approaches to a rational intervention in these disease processes.
Zeeman Effect in Multipole Lines of Te i

The Zeeman effect in the three known multipole lines of Te i (4309, 5420, and 7909 A) was studied with apparatus of high resolving power and magnetic fields up to 5500 G. In addition to these lines, a new line 9468 A (1D2−3P2) was found. g-values were determined for all levels of the ground configuration of Te i (5s25p4) and are equal 1.040, 1.495, and 1.472 for the 1D2, 3P1, and 3P2 levels, respectively. The results are compared with theoretically expected values.
Concerns of Drug Abusers Entering an Outpatient Treatment Program

A recent trend in the treatment of drug dependency is to employ a more comprehensive, multidimensional approach. Such approaches require more thorough and complex evaluation procedures. As a supplement to objective assessment of clients' life situation, it is proposed that clients' perceived needs and concerns be addressed.A procedure for evaluating concerns of drug users is presented in which clients rated their concerns for 109 specific items, comprising six major categories. This procedure was applied with eighty-one drug abusers entering an outpatient treatment program. Clients showed a great range of concerns and a large percentage of the abusers had major concerns about areas which might not be predicted on the basis of their actual situation. The utility of such information for individual treatment and program planning is discussed.
How To Diagnose School Climate: Pinpointing Problems, Planning Change

School climate assessments are valuable tools for principals. Climate assessments by themselves will solve no problems, but they are useful goads to action that help keep program development on the right track. Some steps to take in plan ning such an improvement program are outlined here, and in the article by Rachel and Myers that follows.
A paradox for some theories of welfare

Sometimes people desire that their lives go badly, take pleasure in their lives going badly, or believe that their lives are going badly. As a result, some popular theories of welfare are paradoxical. I show that no attempt to defend those theories from the paradox fully succeeds.
Grassy balds of the Great Smoky Mountains: Their history and flora in relation to potential management

The origin of the grassy balds of the Great Smoky Mountains is examined. Some of the areas were cleared by settlers. Grazing by sheep and cattle and the cutting of trees were probably the most important factors in maintaining the grass sward; fire apparently was not used.
Performance enhancing algorithms for computing thermodynamic equilibria

Abstract The rate of convergence of most numerical optimization methods can be accelerated by initial estimates that are near the final solution. Two relatively simple algorithms are presented that can improve upon initial estimates of traditional methods, and can thereby increase the computational performance of thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. The first algorithm improves upon traditional estimation techniques by providing initial estimates to a general solver that are much closer to the equilibrium values. The second algorithm is based on the strategic selection of phases to be exchanged when the number of thermodynamic degrees of freedom is zero. This algorithm enforces the Gibbs phase rule while also reducing the number of iterations required to establish a new assemblage of stable phases. Both algorithms have been found to significantly improve performance, especially when applied to systems with many system components or when the variation in the number of moles of the elements varies by a few orders of magnitude. Performance gains are particularly important when thermodynamic computations are integrated in large coupled multi-physics simulations.
Xenopsin-related peptide generated in avian gastric extracts

Two avian counterparts to amphibian xenopsin have been identified as H-Phe-His-Pro-Lys-Arg-Pro-Trp-Ile-Leu-OH (XP-2) and its partial sequence H-His-Pro-Lys-Arg-Pro-Trp-Ile-Leu-OH (XP-1) isolated from extracts of turkey proventriculus and skin. Both peptides were shown to be present within these and other tissues primarily (99%) in precursor form(s), from which they were liberated by the action of endogenous enzyme(s) during extraction. Synthetic and native preparations of XP-2 increased vascular permeability in rats and released histamine from isolated rat mast cells at submicromolar concentrations. The ubiquitous distribution of this XP-related sequence and its pharmacologic capabilities suggest potential roles in the general regulation of tissue blood flow and fluid exchange.
Multi-target tracking in dense threat environments

Abstract A new approach to multi-target tracking is presented for the mid-course stage of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). This approach is based upon a continuum representation of a cluster of flying objects. The velocities of the flying objects are assumed to be embedded into a smooth velocity field. This assumption is based upon the impossibility of encounters in a high-density cluster between the flying objects. Therefore, the problem is reduced to that of identifying a moving continuum based upon consecutive time frame observations. In contradistinction to the previous approaches, here each target is considered as a center of a small continuous neighborhood subjected to a local-affine transformation, and therefore, the target trajectories do not mix. Obviously, their mixture in plane of sensor view is apparent. The approach is illustrated by an example.
Reciprocal Regulation of Nuclear Import of the Yeast MutSα DNA Mismatch Repair Proteins Msh2 and Msh6

DNA mismatch recognition is performed in eukaryotes by two heterodimers known as MutSα (Msh2/Msh6) and MutSβ (Msh2/Msh3) that must reside in the nucleus to function. Two putative Msh2 nuclear localization sequences (NLS) were characterized by fusion to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and site-directed mutagenesis in the context of Msh2. One NLS functioned in GFP targeting assays and both acted redundantly within Msh2. We examined nuclear localization of each of the MutS monomers in the presence and absence of their partners. Msh2 translocated to the nucleus in cells lacking Msh3 and Msh6; however, cells lacking Msh6 showed significantly decreased levels of nuclear Msh2. Furthermore, the overall protein levels of Msh2 were significantly diminished in the absence of Msh6, particularly if Msh2 lacked a functional NLS. Msh3 localized in the absence of Msh2, but Msh6 localization depended on Msh2 expressing functional NLSs. Overall, the nuclear levels of Msh2 and Msh6 decline when the other partner is absent. The data suggest a stabilization mechanism to prevent free monomer accumulation in the cytoplasm.
Recovery of corn oil from ethanol extracts of ground corn using membrane technology.

The recovery of additional co-products from the dry-grind process for ethanol could influence the industry greatly, as most facilities today rely on subsidies and tax incentives to operate. Modification of the process to include the extraction of oil could add $0.30–0.50 per bushel to the value derived from corn. A process combining solvent extraction with membrane technology to recover the oil was investigated. To evaluate the feasibility of this process, several nanofiltration membranes were tested for their stability in ethanol. Each of the membranes was conditioned with a solution of water/ethanol (0–100 vol/vol%) and the top three were chosen based on their performance with respect to flux and rejection. Beginning at 5 g/L, solutions of corn oil in ethanol were concentrated to over 100 g/L with the DK (Osmonics-Desal, Minnetonka, MN), TFC-SR1 (Koch Membrane Systems, Inc., Wilmington, MA) and TFC-SR2 (Koch) membranes. The liquid extract was then similarly concentrated, yielding a retentate fraction that was highly concentrated with solids in addition to corn oil, such as protein (zein), lecithins, and other potentially high-value fractions soluble in ethanol. Analysis of the extract retentate showed a significant increase in oil concentration with an increase in the volume concentration ratio, indicating that pure ethanol extracts from corn may be successfully concentrated using nanofiltration membranes.
Permanently implantable diagnostic computerized devices: Where is the regulatory rar?

m m p i s t t p s r b h p o b s b b s w t c m From their technical design to their clinical use, iagnostic devices can be characterized across four efining functions: data acquisition and archiving; ata interpretation; data application to therapy; and ollow-up of therapy. This spectrum runs from echnical engineering features such as signal acquiition and fiducial point identification to interpreative algorithm development to user interfaces that nclude and ideally assist the human clinician. For ome diagnostic devices, proving that the device imply does measure and display what it claims to o, or so-called “tool claims,” are sufficient for egulatory purposes. The functional spectrum in iagnostic devices may involve use that requires nformation beyond tool claims to “clinical laims”—does the information provided by the evice support a diagnosis or allow risk stratificaion; is there a therapy that can use the diagnosis or isk information to promote better clinical outomes; and once treated, does further use of the evice provide information on the adequacy of herapy? The degree to which data supporting these kinds f claims is required in the pre-market assessment f computerized electrocardiogram (ECG) devices anges broadly. Low risk or iterative device designs ith predicate devices already in use, such as Holter onitors, may obtain regulatory approval based on reclinical bench testing without formal testing in umans at all. Other devices that are more novel or hich have higher risk profiles associated with
Pathway Complements of Four Yersinia

Pathway-genome databases were constructed for three Yersinia pestis strains and a single Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain in order to compare their predicted metabolic pathways. Y. pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, is 100% host-associated while Y. pseudotuberculosis is a free-living aquatic organism which is believed to be ancestral to Y. pestis. A total of 326 pathways were identified between the four Yersinia strains, with each strain containing 269-294 pathways. Intra-speciflc and inter-specific differences in predicted metabolic capabilities are reported here, and efforts to curate the databases continue.
Captan Metabolism in Humans Yields two Biomarkers, Tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI) and Thiazolidine-2-Thione-4-Carboxylic Acid (TTCA) in Urine

Captan fungicide (N-(trichloromethylthio)-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide) metabolism in two human volunteers rapidly yields THPI (tetrahydrophthalimide) and TTCA (thiazolidine-2-thione-4-carboxylic acid). The work was done to evaluate usefulness of TTCA and THPI as biomarkers of occupational exposure and to compare human and rat dermal absorption and metabolism. THPI in 12h urine ranged from MDL (5 ppb) to 640 ppb and was stable for at least one year. TTCA was also a stable metabolite, but the MDL was 50 ppb. THPI was detectable in urine for 72 hours following oral dosages of 1 mg/kg, but most was eliminated 0-24 h. No THPI was detectable in urine following application of a chloroform solution to hands, forearms, or inguinal region. Dermal absorption and metabolism of captan are substantially different in humans and rats.
Induction of chronic myelogenous leukemia in mice by the P210bcr/abl gene of the Philadelphia chromosome

In tumor cells from virtually all patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, the Philadelphia chromosome, a fusion of chromosomes 9 and 22, directs the synthesis of the P210bcr/abl protein. The protein-tyrosine kinase activity and hybrid structure of P210bcr/abl are similar to the oncogene product of the Abelson murine leukemia virus, P160gag/v-abl, which induces acute lymphomas. To determine whether P210bcr/abl can induce chronic myelogenous leukemia, murine bone marrow was infected with a retrovirus encoding P210bcr/abl and transplanted into irradiated syngeneic recipients. Transplant recipients developed several hematologic malignancies; prominent among them was a myeloproliferative syndrome closely resembling the chronic phase of human chronic myelogenous leukemia. Tumor tissue from diseased mice harbored the provirus encoding P210bcr/abl. These results demonstrate that P210bcr/abl expression can induce chronic myelogenous leukemia. Retrovirus-mediated expression of the protein provides a murine model system for further analysis of the disease.
Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis in infants.

Two infants recovered from endogenous Candida endophthalmitis. Case 1, to the best of my knowledge, is the first reported full term neonate with this entity. Free-floating vitreous opacitis ("ballon vitreen") were found in one infant and the second infant's lesions resolved in a more conventional manner.
Culturally Consistent Treatment for Late Talkers

The authors discuss cultural influences on clinical interactions when treating late talkers, 2- to 3-year-old children with primary language delays. They use the literature to examine the cultural ...