cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Technology For Optical Interconnections Based On Multichip Integration

Concepts for optical interconnects between electronic circuits and systems based on multichip integration, a new form of hybrid integration, are presented. In this integration scheme, chips of different substrate types, such as Si and GaAs, are embedded in a potting material and connected with photolithographically defined metallizations to form a multichip. Within a multichip, the interconnection scheme would retain the high packing density and the minimal number of packaging operations achievable with monolithic integration and still permit the individual optimization of material types and device designs to perform electronic and optical functions. Also, the elimination of large bonding pads on the component chips within a multichip will alleviate the pinout problem of complex integrated circuits at the chip level by allowing the pitch between input/output lines to be decreased. Multiplex-ing many slow lines with fast GaAs multiplexers can alleviate the same problem at the multichip level. Off-chip connections between multichips can be made either electrically or optically. Optical interconnections would have low crosstalk. Preliminary results with an epoxy potting material show that continuous lines can be photolithographically patterned from the chip to the epoxy. Tests with a discrete breadboard demonstrate that fast edge transitions can be retained with a diode laser driven directly by a commercial GaAs digital circuit at rates of 1.4 GHz.
Tolerance for Failure and Incentives for Collaborative Innovation

Most organizations employ collaborative teams to manage innovation projects. Although the use of collaborative innovation teams is a good starting point, an organization's ability to innovate can be enhanced by managing risk-taking behavior through monetary incentive schemes and through an organizational culture that tolerates failure. This article reports the results of two controlled experiments aimed at understanding how tolerance for failure and incentives impact the decisions of individuals engaged in a collaborative innovation initiative. A key element of our experiments is the notion of endogenous project risk, which we define as the explicit link between resources allocated to a project and the likelihood of project success. We observe that when penalties are low, the amount of risk an individual assumes is fairly insensitive to the rewards that are offered. In an analogous result, when individuals make decisions alone (rather than collaboratively), higher tolerance for failure does little to increase the amount of risk an individual is willing to take. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of implicit incentives that are created as a result of project and organizational characteristics.
Nuclear reaction cross sections for spacecraft shield design

Nuclear reaction cross section data for spacecraft shield design, and for determining radiation dose effect on astronauts
A note on a relation between the Killing spinor and Einstein equations

Abstract It is shown that, under certain conditions, the existence of a Killing spinor on a bosonic background of a supergravity theory implies that the Einstein equations are also satisfied. As an application of the theorem, we obtain a new black fivebrane solution of D =11 supergravity, which has K 3× R topology and preserves 1/4th supersymmetries of the theory.
DNS of fully turbulent flow in a LPT passage

Abstract This work addresses the pattern of turbulent kinetic energy generated by distortion and the effect of external disturbances on boundary layer transition. This is investigated with direct numerical simulation of grid turbulence convected through a linear turbine blade cascade. Comparisons are made with results from earlier computations of flow through the same cascade with a turbulence free inflow and an inflow with migrating wakes. The distribution of turbulence in the passage strongly depends on the mean flow field and can partly be explained by the travel time needed for the inlet turbulence to drift to a certain location. This results in a local amplification of turbulence near the leading edge stagnation region and in the passage on the pressure side near the trailing edge. The penetration of disturbances into the blade boundary layers induces bypass transition. In particular, the transition pattern on the suction side of the blade differs significantly for the three types of inflow.
Note on the quantum mechanics of M theory

We observe that the existence of black holes limits the extent to which M-Theory (or indeed any quantum theory of gravity) can be described by conventional quantum mechanics. Although there is no contradiction with the fundamental properties of quantum mechanics, one can prove that expectation values of Heisenberg operators at fixed times cannot exist in an ordinary asymptotic Lorentz frame. Only operators whose matrix elements between the vacuum and energy eigenstates with energy greater than the Planck scale are artificially cut off, can have conventional Green's functions. This implies a Planck scale cutoff on the possible localization of measurements in time. A similar behavior arises also in ``little string theories''. We argue that conventional quantum mechanics in light cone time is compatible with the properties of black holes if there are more than four non-compact flat dimensions, and also with the properties of ``little string theories''. We contrast these observations with what is known about M-Theory in asymptotically Anti-de Sitter spacetimes.
Tunable Localized Surface Plasmon-Enabled Broadband Light-Harvesting Enhancement for High-Efficiency Panchromatic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

In photovoltaic devices, light harvesting (LH) and carrier collection have opposite relations with the thickness of the photoactive layer, which imposes a fundamental compromise for the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Unbalanced LH at different wavelengths further reduces the achievable PCE. Here, we report a novel approach to broadband balanced LH and panchromatic solar energy conversion using multiple-core-shell structured oxide-metal-oxide plasmonic nanoparticles. These nanoparticles feature tunable localized surface plasmon resonance frequencies and the required thermal stability during device fabrication. By simply blending the plasmonic nanoparticles with available photoactive materials, the broadband LH of practical photovoltaic devices can be significantly enhanced. We demonstrate a panchromatic dye-sensitized solar cell with an increased PCE from 8.3% to 10.8%, mainly through plasmon-enhanced photoabsorption in the otherwise less harvested region of solar spectrum. This general and simple strategy also highlights easy fabrication, and may benefit solar cells using other photoabsorbers or other types of solar-harvesting devices.
The supply of gold under the pre-1914 gold standard

In this paper we attempt to relate the discussion of the discovery and production of gold which appears in the literature on international monetary economics to that found in writings on economic development in the regions of recent settlement. An examination of both national and regional evidence, with emphasis on U.S. experience in the late nineteenth century, suggests that the influence of real gold prices on production is not dominant, and that other economic conditions (such as prior levels of settlement) cannot be ignored.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
NOVEL APPROACHES TO MICROWAVE SWITCHING DEVICES USING NITRIDE TECHNOLOGY

III-Nitride heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) demonstrated a new paradigm in microwave switching and control applications due to unique combination of extremely low channel resistance (leading to low loss), very high RF power, low off-state capacitance, broad range of operating temperatures, chemical inertness and robustness. The paper reviews novel approaches and recent advances in III-Nitride technology for RF switching devices leading to higher operating frequencies and even lower insertion loss.
Infrared Yang–Mills theory as a spin system. A lattice approach

Abstract To verify the conjecture that Yang–Mills theory in the infrared limit is equivalent to a spin system whose excitations are knot solitons, a numerical algorithm based on the inverse Monte Carlo method is proposed. To investigate the stability of the effective spin field action, numerical studies of the renormalization group flow for the coupling constants are suggested. A universality of the effective spin field action is also discussed.
Two weight inequalities for individual Haar multipliers and other well localized operators

In this paper we are proving that Sawyer type condition for boundedness work for the two weight estimates of individual Haar multipliers, as well as for the Haar shift and other ``well localized'' operators.
Lagrangian 4-planes in holomorphic symplectic varieties of K3[4]-type

We classify the cohomology classes of Lagrangian 4-planes ℙ4 in a smooth manifold X deformation equivalent to a Hilbert scheme of four points on a K3 surface, up to the monodromy action. Classically, the Mori cone of effective curves on a K3 surface S is generated by nonnegative classes C, for which (C, C) ≥ 0, and nodal classes C, for which (C, C) = −2; Hassett and Tschinkel conjecture that the Mori cone of a holomorphic symplectic variety X is similarly controlled by “nodal” classes C such that (C, C) = −γ, for (·,·) now the Beauville-Bogomolov form, where γ classifies the geometry of the extremal contraction associated to C. In particular, they conjecture that for X deformation equivalent to a Hilbert scheme of n points on a K3 surface, the class C = l of a line in a smooth Lagrangian n-plane ℙn must satisfy (l,l) = −(n + 3)/2. We prove the conjecture for n = 4 by computing the ring of monodromy invariants on X, and showing there is a unique monodromy orbit of Lagrangian 4-planes.
When shape matters: deformations of tiling spaces

We investigate the dynamics of tiling dynamical systems and their deformations. If two tiling systems have identical combinatorics, then the tiling spaces are homeomorphic, but their dynamical properties may differ. There is a natural map I from the parameter space of possible shapes of tiles to H of a model tiling space, with values in R. Two tiling spaces that have the same image under I are mutually locally derivable (MLD). When the difference of the images is “asymptotically negligible”, then the tiling dynamics are topologically conjugate, but generally not MLD. For substitution tilings, we give a simple test for a cohomology class to be asymptotically negligible, and show that infinitesimal deformations of shape result in topologically conjugate dynamics only when the change in the image of I is asymptotically negligible. Finally, we give criteria for a (deformed) substitution tiling space to be topologically weakly mixing. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. 37B50, 52C23, 37A20, 37A25, 52C22.
Automatic data reduction with moving microphone

Abstract Equipment is described with which the microphone signal is accurately squared and integrated over any suitable traverse time. Comparisons are shown between data obtained with such a technique and by more conventional means. Use of the “modified Schroeder method” for determining reverberation time is also described.
Kahler stabilized, modular invariant heterotic string models

We review the theory and phenomenology of effective supergravity theories based on orbifold compactifications of the weakly-coupled heterotic string. In particular, we consider theories in which the four-dimensional theory displays target space modular invariance and where the dilatonic mode undergoes Kahler stabilization. A self-contained exposition of effective Lagrangian approaches to gaugino condensation and heterotic string theory is presented, leading to the development of the models of Binetruy, Gaillard and Wu. Various aspects of the phenomenology of this class of models are considered. These include issues of supersymmetry breaking and superpartner spectra, the role of anomalous U(1) factors, issues of flavor and R-parity conservation, collider signatures, axion physics, and early universe cosmology. For the vast majority of phenomenological considerations the theories reviewed here compare quite favorably to other string-derived models in the literature. Theoretical objections to the framework and directions for further research are identified and discussed.
H-colouring bipartite graphs

For graphs G and H, an H-colouring of G (or homomorphism from G to H) is a function from the vertices of G to the vertices of H that preserves adjacency. H-colourings generalize such graph theory notions as proper colourings and independent sets. For a given H, k@?V(H) and G we consider the proportion of vertices of G that get mapped to k in a uniformly chosen H-colouring of G. Our main result concerns this quantity when G is regular and bipartite. We find numbers 0=
Frequent deletion and duplication of the steroid 21-hydroxylase genes

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase (21-OHase) deficiency is an HLA-linked disorder resulting from a mutation in the 21-OHase B gene encoding the adrenal cytochrome P450 specific for steroid 21-hydroxylation. To identify polymorphisms associated with 21-OHase deficiency, DNA samples from 22 unrelated patients with this disorder were examined with a human cDNA clone encoding the enzyme. Deletions of the active 21-OHase gene were found in almost one-fourth of classical 21-OHase deficiency alleles. In contrast, mild, "nonclassical" 21-OHase deficiency is associated with a duplicated 21-OHase gene.
Implementing risk-informed life-cycle design

This paper describes a design process based on risk-informed probabilistic design methodologies that cover a facility's life-cycle from start of conceptual design through decontamination and decommissioning. The concept embodies use of probabilistic risk assessments to establish target reliabilities for facility systems and components. The target reliabilities are used for system based code margin exchange and performance simulation analyses to optimize design over all phases (design, construction, operation and decommissioning) of a facility's life-cycle. System based code margin exchange reduces excessive level of construction margins for passive components to appropriate levels resulting in a more flexible structure of codes and standards that improves facility reliability and cost. System and subsystem simulation analyses determine the optimum combination of initial system and component construction reliability, maintenance frequency, and inspection frequency for both active and passive components. The paper includes a description of these risk-informed life-cycle design processes, a summary of work being done, and a discussion of additional work needed to implement the process.
Semimetal/semiconductor nanocomposites for thermoelectrics.

In this work, we present research on semimetal-semiconductor nanocomposites grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for thermoelectric applications. We study several different III-V semiconductors embedded with semimetallic rare earth-group V (RE-V) compounds, but focus is given here to ErSb:InxGa1-xSb as a promising p-type thermoelectric material. Nano­structures of RE-V compounds are formed and embedded within the III-V semiconductor matrix. By codoping the nanocomposites with the appropriate dopants, both n-type and p-type materials have been made for thermoelectric applications. The thermoelectric properties have been engineered for enhanced thermoelectric device performance. Segmented thermoelectric power generator modules using 50 μm thick Er-containing nanocomposites have been fabricated and measured. Research on different rare earth elements for thermoelectrics is discussed.
Reading and writing of photochemical holes using GaAlAs-diode lasers.

A current-tuned GaAlAs-diode laser is utilized both to burn and to detect narrow photochemical holes in the inhomogeneously broadened 833-nm zero-phonon line of the R′ color center in LiF. Applications for reading and writing data into frequency-domain optical memories based on photochemical hole burning are discussed.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha and Atherosclerosis: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Implications

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process triggered by the presence of lipids in the vascular wall and encompasses a complex interaction between inflammatory cells, vascular elements and lipoproteins through the expression of several adhesion molecules and cytokines. Activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) has been demonstrated to modulate many aspects of lipoprotein metabolism and inflammation in vitro as well as in animal and human studies. The tissue distribution of PPAR-α is extensive and it is abundantly present in the vascular wall where it may mediate many of anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic effects. Major clinical trials, such as the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial, the Helsinki Heart Study and the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, have demonstrated the beneficial effects of synthetic agonists of PPAR-α, specifically fibric acid derivatives, on cardiovascular disease outcome. Although fibric acid trials have reported cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with dyslipidemia, the favorable alterations in plasma lipids can only partially explain the reduction in cardiovascular events in these studies. One common link among these trials was a cohort with a high prevalence of insulin resistance or diabetes, conditions associated with heightened systemic inflammation and increased risk for development and progression of atherosclerosis. In this paper, we will review the many antiatherogenic effects of PPAR-α ligands and evidence from fibric acid trials that individuals with insulin resistance or diabetes benefit the most from these drugs, consistent with their anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties.
An expeditious route to CoQn, vitamins K1 and K2, and related allylated para-quinones utilizing Ni(0) catalysis

Abstract Coupling reactions between vinylalanes and chloromethylated para-quinones, mediated by catalytic amounts of Ni(0), lead directly to allylated products, including coenzyme Q, and vitamins K1 and K2.
Rationality of Moduli of Elliptic Fibrations with Fixed Monodromy

We prove rationality results for moduli spaces of elliptic K3 surfaces and elliptic rational surfaces with fixed monodromy groups.
Twist Propagation in Hα Surges

We have studied Mees Solar Observatory Hα spectroheliogram and Doppler velocity movies of surges in 11 active regions. We used these movies to observe the surges' rotating motion, direction of propagation, and the implied handedness of that motion. We were able to coregister movies containing 47 surges with Haleakala Stokes Polarimeter vector magnetograms. We could hence determine the direction of twist stored in the magnetic field at the point of origin of each surge. We found (with a 99% confidence) that the direction of observed spin of these surges is consistent with the relaxation of the stored twist in the magnetic field. Magnetic reconnection of twisted flux tubes with their less twisted surroundings can account for the production and rotating motion of these surges.
Brane gases in the early universe: thermodynamics and cosmology

We consider the thermodynamic and cosmological properties of brane gases in the early universe. Working in the low energy limit of M-theory we assume the universe is a homogeneous but anisotropic 10-torus containing wrapped 2-branes and a supergravity gas. We describe the thermodynamics of this system and estimate a Hagedorn temperature associated with excitations on the branes. We investigate the cross-section for production of branes from the thermal bath and derive Boltzmann equations governing the number of wrapped branes. A brane gas may lead to decompactification of three spatial dimensions. To investigate this possibility we adopt initial conditions in which we fix the volume of the torus but otherwise assume all states are equally likely. We solve the Einstein–Boltzmann equations numerically, to determine the number of dimensions with no wrapped branes at late times; these unwrapped dimensions are expected to decompactify. Finally we consider holographic bounds on the initial volume, and find that for allowed initial volumes all branes typically annihilate before freeze-out can occur.
AFDC Payments and Illegitimacy Ratios: A Reappraisal of Endogeneity Using Panel Data

This paper develops a rational choice model of the fertility of single women in the presence of government transfers. Evidence is presented which suggests that real AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) bene~ts leads to higher rates of illegitimacy. In fact, the unbiased parameter estimate which we present is six times larger than those estimates using OLS (Caudill and Mixon 1993). Also, the point elasticity estimate of real public benefit levels with respect to changes in the illegitimacy rate produced in this study is very robust, approximately +1.4. Our result, which encompasses all fertility of single women in the U.S., is quite encouraging because it falls within an elasticity range of +1.3 to +2.1 produced by a recent study (Clarke and Strauss 1998) for black and white teen fertility (for single women), respectively.
SU‐E‐T‐140: Precise Determination of HDR Timer Accuracy with Novel Multiple‐Regressions Method

Purpose: HDR remote after‐loader timer accuracy QA mainly includes linearity QA and timer uncertainty QA, which has always been a challenge due to its millisecond scale. This study illustrates the procedures to precisely measure timer uncertainty with our novel multi‐regression method, as part of the endeavor to fulfill a thorough HDR Timer accuracy QA. Methods: The intercept of linearity QA curve is mainly due to exposures from source travelling inside transmission tube, altered by timer uncertainty for HDR remote after‐loader. Comparing the reading from a secondary timer, as sometime suggested, essentially tells nothing unless either timer is broken. We first normalized the position responses for the Well chamber using source strength calibration dataset (for seeking the Sweet Spot), because the readings are position‐dependent in Well chamber. We determined the Zero position of transmission tube inside Well chamber by seeking the sudden increase of readings from the same calibration dataset. We measured the exposures at 1, 4, 7 cm from the tip end, respectively. At each given position the dwelling time was 100 seconds, but with 0, 1, 2 and 3 interruptions in middle, so the source travelled 1, 2, 3 and 4 round trips, respectively. Thus at each position we acquired a straight line and a corresponding linear regression, in which the slope tells the travelling response at given position. The 3 slopes were collected and drawn against the travelling distances from the zero position, forming a perfect straight line with the intercept to be the timer uncertainty. Results: The final linear regression showed that the exposure is linear with the tube length (travelling time). The timer uncertainty is a millisecond constant. Conclusion: Multi‐regressions method described can fully check HDR Timer functions, including linearity, travelling time dependence and timer uncertainty, which could be part of the HDR annual QA.
Characterization of human alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes by high-performance liquid chromatographic peptide mapping

Abstract Human liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) is a large and heterogeneous family of isoenzymes and the high-performance liquid chromatographic peptide mapping technique which was developed here recognizes differences and similarities between them. Isoenzymes were S -carboxymethylated, digested with trypsin, and the mixtures of tryptic peptides fractionated by reverse-phase gradient chromatography on octadecylsilane columns, using perchlorate-phosphate buffer and acetonitrile as eluants. The resultant peptide maps were reproducible, showing great similarities between the αβγ-ADH isoenzymes (now called Class I) on the one hand and remarkable differences between these and both the π- and χ-ADH isoenzymes (now called Class II and III, respectively) on the other. This implies that these three isoenzyme groups have characteristic primary structures which correspond to their typical substrate specificities and kinetics.
The reaction of ruthenium(II) octaethylporphyrin and ruthenium(II) tetraphenylporphyrin complexes with carbon monoxide

Abstract The reactions of Ru II OEP(L) 2 and Ru II TPP(L) 2 with carbon monoxide, where OEP and TPP are the dianions of octaethylporphyrin and tetraphenylporphyrin, respectively, are reported for various ligands (L=dimethyl formamide, acetonitrile, aniline and substituted benzonitriles). The first-order rate constants for the loss of XC 6 H 4 CN from Ru II OEP(XC 6 H 4 CN) 2 increase with increasing electron-withdrawing ability of X. The best Hammett σ/ϱ correlation is obtained when both σ + and σ − values are employed. It is concluded that sigma donation from ligand-to-metal is the major mode of bonding in ruthenium-porphyrin-benzonitrile complexes.
Irreducible Character Degrees and Normal Subgroups

Let N be a normal subgroup of a finite group G and consider the set cd(G|N) of degrees of irreducible characters of G whose kernels do not contain N. A number of theorems are proved relating the set cd(G|N) to the structure of N. For example, if N is solvable, its derived length is bounded above by a function of |cd(G|N)|. Also, if |cd(G|N)| is at most 2, then N is solvable and its derived length is at most |cd(G|N)|. If G is solvable and |cd(G|N)| = 3, then the derived length of N is at most 3.
Building and characterization of catalysts on single crystal surfaces

The components of complex catalyst systems include transition metals, oxides, alkali metal or halogen additives and strongly chemisorbed sulfur or carbonaceous species. Modern surface science techniques identified the chemical and structural roles of these ingredients when used in combination with catalytic reaction rate studies. Using metal single crystal substrates, catalyst components have been deposited from the vapor phase and the complex catalyst system could be built this way. The Pt-Re-S, Rh-TiO2, and Mo-Co-S systems are reviewed and the requirements for the proper surface structure and composition to obtain high reaction rates and selectivities are discussed.
Error estimation and adaptation for functional outputs in time-dependent flow problems

The paper presents an adjoint-based approach for determining global error in the time domain that is relevant to functional outputs from unsteady flow simulations. The algorithm is derived for the unsteady Euler equations that are discretized for second-order accuracy in both space and time and takes into account the effect of dynamic meshes. In addition to error due to temporal resolution, the formulation also takes into account algebraic error arising from partial convergence of the governing equations at each implicit time-step. The resulting error distributions are then used to drive adaptation of the temporal resolution and the convergence tolerances for the governing equations at each time-step. The method is demonstrated in the context of both time-integrated and instantaneous functionals and the results are compared against traditional adaptation methods.
Degenerations of amoebae and Berkovich spaces

We prove a continuity result for the fibers of the Berkovich analytification of a complex algebraic variety with respect to the maximum of the Archimedean norm and the trivial norm. As a consequence, we obtain generalizations of a result of Mikhalkin and Rullgard about degenerations of amoebae onto tropical varieties.
Searching for Lorentz Violation

Astrophysical, terrestrial, and space-based searches for Lorentz violation are very briefly reviewed. Such searches are motivated by the fact that all superunified theories (and other theories that attempt to include quantum gravity) have some potential for observable violations of Lorentz invariance. Another motivation is the exquisite sensitivity of certain well-designed experiments and observations to particular forms of Lorentz violation. We also review some new predictions of a specific Lorentz-violating theory: If a fundamental energy m ¯ c 2 in this theory lies below the usual GZK cutoff EGZK, the cutoff is shifted to infinite energy; i.e., it no longer exists. On the other hand, if m ¯ c 2 lies above EGZK, there is a high-energy branch of the fermion dispersion relation which provides an alternative mechanism for super-GZK cosmic-ray protons.
A Wall-Flow-Direction Probe for Use in Separating and Reattaching Flows

Abstract : The measurement of the exceedingly unsteady behavior of nominally two-dimensional, turbulent flows in regions of separation and reattachment is facilitated by the development of a new instrument; the wall-flow-direction probe which determines the instantaneous flow direction (upstream or downstream) in a thin layer of fluid very close to the wall. The probe was tested in low-speed, unsteady, separating and reattaching air flows. It appears to offer considerably more accuracy than other methods for the determination of the time mean separation and reattachment points. In addition, the probe and its control circuits are relatively inexpensive and easy to construct. (Author)
Successful Knowledge Transfer within Offshore Supplier Networks: A Case Study Exploring Social Capital in Strategic Alliances:

This chapter highlights the efforts of a Fortune 100 manufacturing firm’s five-year effort to achieve success with the offshore outsourcing of embedded software development. Despite stumbling initially, U.S. Manufacturing ultimately was able to engage a network of offshore suppliers to lower costs, reduce cycle time, increase quality, improve the work-life balance of developers, and meet stringent environmental requirements. For U.S. Manufacturing, a key to success offshore was a firm commitment to invest heavily in social capital and formalized knowledge transfer processes.
Tomography of Lensing Cross-Power Spectra

By obtaining photometric redshift information, tomography allows us to cross-correlate galaxy ellipticities in different source redshift bins. The cross-correlation is nonvanishing because the different bins share much of the foreground mass distribution from which, over gigaparsec scales, the lensing signal is built. If the redshift bins are thick enough, however, the cross-correlations are insensitive to contamination from the intrinsic alignments of galaxies since these fall off rapidly on scales larger than a few tens of megaparsecs. We forecast how lensing tomography using only the cross-power spectra can constrain cosmological parameters compared to tomography including the autospectra. It is shown that the parameter errors are degraded by only (10%) for five or more source redshift bins. Thus, the cross-power spectrum tomography can be a simple, model-independent means of reducing the intrinsic alignment contamination while retaining most of the constraints on cosmology.
Evaluation nets for computer system performance analysis

The growing complexity of modern computer systems has made performance evaluation results more and more difficult to obtain. The difficulty of representation and analysis of combination hardware/software systems has increased with the level of sophistication used in their design. One popular approach that has been used for evaluating proposed computer systems is simulation.
Tight closure in non-equidimensional rings

An equidimensional local ring is F-rational if and only if one ideal generated by a system of parameters is tightly closed. The question of whether a non-equidimensional local ring can have a tightly closed ideal generated by a system of parameters has been a long-standing open problem, and for certain classes of non-equidimensional rings we prove that this is not possible. A key point is that tight closure has a colon capturing property in equidimensional rings that it does not have in non-equidimensional rings. We define a new closure operation, one that rectifies the absence of the colon capturing property of tight closure in non-equidimensional rings. This closure operation agrees with tight closure when the ring is equidimensional, and we prove that the F-rationality of a local ring is equivalent to a single system of parameters being closed with respect to this new closure operation.
Study of conservation and recurrence of Runge---Kutta discontinuous Galerkin schemes for Vlasov---Poisson systems

In this paper we consider Runge---Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) schemes for Vlasov---Poisson systems that model collisionless plasmas. One-dimensional systems are emphasized. The RKDG method, originally devised to solve conservation laws, is seen to have excellent conservation properties, be readily designed for arbitrary order of accuracy, and capable of being used with a positivity-preserving limiter that guarantees positivity of the distribution functions. The RKDG solver for the Vlasov equation is the main focus, while the electric field is obtained through the classical representation by Green's function for the Poisson equation. A rigorous study of recurrence of the DG methods is presented by Fourier analysis, and the impact of different polynomial spaces and the positivity-preserving limiters on the quality of the solutions is ascertained. Several benchmark test problems, such as Landau damping, the two-stream instability, and the Kinetic Electro static Electron Nonlinear wave, are given.
Exposure to Neighborhood Green Space and Mental Health: Evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin

Green space is now widely viewed as a health-promoting characteristic of residential environments, and has been linked to mental health benefits such as recovery from mental fatigue and reduced stress, particularly through experimental work in environmental psychology. Few population level studies have examined the relationships between green space and mental health. Further, few studies have considered the role of green space in non-urban settings. This study contributes a population-level perspective from the United States to examine the relationship between environmental green space and mental health outcomes in a study area that includes a spectrum of urban to rural environments. Multivariate survey regression analyses examine the association between green space and mental health using the unique, population-based Survey of the Health of Wisconsin database. Analyses were adjusted for length of residence in the neighborhood to reduce the impact of neighborhood selection bias. Higher levels of neighborhood green space were associated with significantly lower levels of symptomology for depression, anxiety and stress, after controlling for a wide range of confounding factors. Results suggest that “greening” could be a potential population mental health improvement strategy in the United States.
Can we see Lorentz-violating vector fields in the CMB?

We investigate the perturbation theory of a fixed-norm, timelike Lorentz-violating vector field. After consistently quantizing the vector field to put constraints on its parameters, we compute the primordial spectra of perturbations generated by inflation in the presence of this vector field. We find that its perturbations are sourced by the perturbations of the inflaton; without the inflaton perturbation the vector field perturbations decay away leaving no primordial spectra of perturbations. Since the inflaton perturbation does not have a spin-1 component, the vector field generically does not generate any spin-1 'vector-type' perturbations. Nevertheless, it will modify the amplitude of both the spin-0 'scalar-type' and spin-2 'tensor-type' perturbation spectra, leading to violations of the inflationary consistency relationship.
Bimodal star formation and remnant-dominated galactic models

On propose un nouveau schema d'evolution galactique dans lequel la fonction de masse initiale est bimodale et les etoiles massives se sont formees a un taux plus eleve dans le passe de sorte que les restes stellaires dominent actuellement la masse totale
Measures on Banach manifolds and supersymmetric quantum field theory

We show how to construct measures on Banach manifolds associated to supersymmetric quantum field theories. These measures are mathematically well-defined objects inspired by the formal path integrals appearing in the physics literature on quantum field theory. We give three concrete examples of our construction. The first example is a family $$\mu_P^{s,t}$$ of measures on a space of functions on the two-torus, parametrized by a polynomial P (the Wess-Zumino-Landau-Ginzburg model). The second is a family $$\mu_{\mathcal{G}}^{s,t}$$ of measures on a space $${\mathcal{G}}$$ of maps from $${\mathbb{P}}^1$$ to a Lie group (the Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten model). Finally we study a family $$\mu_{M,G}^{s,t}$$ of measures on the product of a space of connections on the trivial principal bundle with structure group G on a three-dimensional manifold M with a space of $${\mathfrak{g}}$$ -valued three-forms on M. We show that these measures are positive, and that the measures $$\mu_{\mathcal{G}}^{s,t}$$ are Borel probability measures. As an application we show that formulas arising from expectations in the measures $$\mu_{\mathcal{G}}^{s,1}$$ reproduce formulas discovered by Frenkel and Zhu in the theory of vertex operator algebras. We conjecture that a similar computation for the measures $$\mu_{M,SU(2)}^{s,t}$$ , where M is a homology three-sphere, will yield the Casson invariant of M.
Biofuel supply chain design under competitive agricultural land use and feedstock market equilibrium

Abstract The rapid expansion of the biofuel industry diverts a large amount of agricultural crops as energy feedstocks, and in turn affects farm land allocation, feedstock market equilibrium, and agricultural economic development in local areas. In this paper, we propose game-theoretic models that incorporate farmers' decisions on land use and market choice into the biofuel manufacturers' supply chain design problem. A noncooperative bi-level Stackelberg leader–follower game model and a cooperative game model are developed respectively to address possible business partnership scenarios between feedstock suppliers and biofuel manufacturers. The models determine the optimal number and locations of biorefineries, the required prices for these refineries to compete for feedstock resources, as well as farmers' land use choices between food and energy. Using corn as an example of feedstock crops, spatial market equilibrium is utilized to model the relationship between corn supply and demand, and the associated price variations in local grain markets. With linear corn demand functions, we develop a solution approach that transforms the original discrete mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (DC-MPEC) into to a solvable mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP) problem based on Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions. The proposed methodology is illustrated using an empirical case study of the Illinois State. The computation results reveal interesting insights into optimal land use strategies and supply chain design for the emerging “biofuel economy”.
Counterion Condensation in Solutions of Rigid Polyelectrolytes

We present a simple theory to examine counterion condensation in isotropic solutions of finite-length rigid polyelectrolytes. Electrostatic interactions are described by an extension of Debye−Huckel theory, in which a wavevector-dependent screening length takes into account the connectivity of the polyions. The counterions are divided into two classes, free and condensed, in chemical equilibrium. We demonstrate that trends in counterion condensation are affected by the polyion concentration, the polyion shape, and the solvent quality and that these trends in counterion condensation in turn affect the phase behavior and osmotic pressure of the polyelectrolyte solution.
Examining Periodic Solar-Wind Density Structures Observed in the SECCHI Heliospheric Imagers

We present an analysis of small-scale, periodic, solar-wind density enhancements (length scales as small as ≈ 1000 Mm) observed in images from the Heliospheric Imager (HI) aboard STEREO-A. We discuss their possible relationship to periodic fluctuations of the proton density that have been identified at 1 AU using in-situ plasma measurements. Specifically, Viall, Kepko, and Spence (J. Geophys. Res.113, A07101, 2008) examined 11 years of in-situ solar-wind density measurements at 1 AU and demonstrated that not only turbulent structures, but also nonturbulent, periodic density structures exist in the solar wind with scale sizes of hundreds to one thousand Mm. In a subsequent paper, Viall, Spence, and Kasper (Geophys. Res. Lett.36, L23102, 2009) analyzed the α-to-proton solar-wind abundance ratio measured during one such event of periodic density structures, demonstrating that the plasma behavior was highly suggestive that either temporally or spatially varying coronal source plasma created those density structures. Large periodic density structures observed at 1 AU, which were generated in the corona, can be observable in coronal and heliospheric white-light images if they possess sufficiently high density contrast. Indeed, we identify such periodic density structures as they enter the HI field of view and follow them as they advect with the solar wind through the images. The smaller, periodic density structures that we identify in the images are comparable in size to the larger structures analyzed in-situ at 1 AU, yielding further evidence that periodic density enhancements are a consequence of coronal activity as the solar wind is formed.
Geometry of N = 1 dualities in four dimensions

We discuss how N = 1 dualities in four dimensions are geometrically realized by wrapping D-branes about 3-cycles of Calabi-Yau threefolds. In this setup the N = 1 dualities for SU, SO and USp gauge groups with fundamental fields get mapped to statements about the monodromy and relations among 3-cycles of Calabi-Yau threefolds. The connection between the theory and its dual requires passing through configurations which are T-dual to the well-known phenomenon of decay of BPS states in N = 2 field theories in four dimensions. We compare our approach to recent works based on configurations of D-branes in the presence of NS 5-branes and give simple classical geometric derivations of various exotic dynamics involving D-branes ending on NS branes.
Three-dimensional computed tomography and anatomic replicas in surgical treatment planning

A case that demonstrates the use of three-dimensional computed tomography and anatomic replication in the management of a severe anterolateral open bite deformity is presented. Preoperative surgical treatment planning was facilitated by rehearsal model surgery. Construction of an accurate surgical splint enabled precise positioning of osteotomized segments at surgery.
Global dynamics of a discrete two-species Lottery-Ricker competition model

In this article, we study the global dynamics of a discrete two-dimensional competition model. We give sufficient conditions on the persistence of one species and the existence of local asymptotically stable interior period-2 orbit for this system. Moreover, we show that for a certain parameter range, there exists a compact interior attractor that attracts all interior points except Lebesgue measure zero set. This result gives a weaker form of coexistence which is referred to as relative permanence. This new concept of coexistence combined with numerical simulations strongly suggests that the basin of attraction of the locally asymptotically stable interior period-2 orbit is an infinite union of connected components. This idea may apply to many other ecological models. Finally, we discuss the generic dynamical structure that gives relative permanence.
ON THE INTERSECTION OF TWO PLANE CURVES

= dm−(d−1)(d− 2)/2 for m ≥ d. However, this is simply false for m ≥ d ≥ 3 bythe following construction.Let L be a bitangent (or ﬂex) line to D. Since D is general, Lmeets D at d − 2 distinct points. Let L(X,Y,Z) and D(X,Y,Z) bethe homogeneous deﬁning equations of L and D, respectively. Then forany degree m−d homogeneous polynomial G(X,Y,Z), L
Primes in short intervals

Contrary to what would be predicted on the basis of Cramer's model con- cerning the distribution of prime numbers, we develop evidence that the distribution of ψ(x + H) − ψ(x), for 0 ≤ x ≤ N , is approximately normal with mean ∼ H and variance ∼ H log N/H, when N δ ≤ H ≤ N 1−δ .
Vortex beams for atomic resolution dichroism

Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum have been produced recently with electron microscopy by interfering an incident electron beam with a grid containing dislocations. Here, we present an analytical derivation of vortex wave functions in reciprocal and real space. We outline their mathematical and physical properties and describe the conditions under which vortex beams can be used in scanning transmission microscopy to measure magnetic properties of materials at the atomic scale.
An empirical study of scanner system parameters

The selection of the correct combination of parametric values (instantaneous field of view, number and location of spectral bands, signal-to-noise ratio, etc.) of a multispectral scanner is a complex problem due to the strong interrelationship these parameters have with one another. In this paper the results of an empirical study of this problem are presented. The study was done with the proposed scanner, known as the thematic mapper, in mind. Since an adequate theoretical procedure for this problem has apparently not yet been devised, an empirical simulation approach was used with candidate parameter values selected by heuristic means. The results obtained using a conventional maximum likelihood pixel classifier suggest that although the classification accuracy declines slightly as the instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is decreased this is more than made up by an improved mensuration accuracy. Further, the use of a classifier involving both spatial and spectral features shows a very substantial tendency to resist degradation as the signal-to-noise ratio is decreased. Finally, further evidence is provided of the importance of having at least one spectral band in each of the major available portions of the optical spectrum.