cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is 3D IC and what are the design challenges for 3D ICs

Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs) are the IC chips with multiple device layers stacked together with various vertical interconnect technologies. The layers could be connected with wire-bonding, through-silicon-vias (TSV), microbump, or even inductive/capacitive contact.
On the Invariance of Spatial Node Density for Realistic Mobility Modeling

In this paper we show that human mo- bility exhibits "persistent" behavior in terms of the spatial density distribution of the mobile nodes over time. Using real mobility traces, we observe that the original non-homogeneous node spatial density distribution, where some regions may be quite dense while others may be completely deserted, is main- tained at different instants of time. We also show that mobility models that select the next node position based on the position of other nodes, a la "preferential attachment", do not preserve the original spatial node density distribution and lead to behavior similar to random mobility as exemplified by the Random Waypoint model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that these phenomena have been reported. Based on these observations, we propose a simple mobility model that preserves the desired spatial density distribution. Moreover, when simu- lating the operation of a network moving according to the proposed model, we found that performance results expressed by a number of network metrics also match closely results obtained under mobility governed by real traces. We also compare our results to models whose steady-state do not preserve the original non-homogeneous density distribution and show that network performance under such regimes deviates from performance under real trace mobility.
Missgunst am ‘Musensitz’: Ein reisender Engländer bei Goethe und Schiller

In der Kultur des klassischen Weimar ist der ‘reisende Englander’ so etwas wie eine Institution. Hier wird auf Grund des wiedergefundenen Tagebuchs von George Butler, dem spateren Leiter der Harrow School, uber dessen Gesprache 1798 und 1801 mit Goethe und Schiller berichtet. Soweit die Auserungen bekannt waren, werden sie wesentlich erganzt und berichtigt.
More comments on string theory on AdS(3)

We clarify a number of issues regarding the worldsheet and spacetime descriptions of string propagation on AdS3. We construct the vertex operators of spacetime current algebra and spacetime (super) Virasoro generators in the full interacting SL(2) WZW theory and study their Ward identities. We also explain the relation between the analysis in this note and some recent work on this subject.
The Delaunay tetrahedralization from Delaunay triangulated surfaces

Given a surface mesh F in R 3 with vertex set S and consisting of Delaunay triangles, we want to construct the Delaunay tetrahedralization of S.We present an algorithm which constructs the Delaunay tetrahedralization of S given a bounded degree spanning subgraph T of F. It accelerates the incremental Delaunay triangulation construction by exploiting the connectivity of the points on the surface. If the expected size of the Delaunay triangulation is linear, we prove that our algorithm runs in O(n log* n) expected time, speeding up the standard randomized incremental Delaunay triangulation algorithm, which is O(n log n) expected time in this case.We discuss how to find a bounded degree spanning subgraph T from surface mesh F and give a linear time algorithm which obtains a spanning subgraph from any triangulated surface with genus g with maximum degree at most 12g for g>0 or three for g=0.
Interpretation of steady-state surface photovoltage measurements in epitaxial semiconductor layers

Abstract Analysis of the steady-state surface photovoltage (SPV) method of measuring minority carrier diffusion length ( L ) has been extended to the case of an epitaxial layer on a thick substrate. In layers with thickness greater than four diffusion lengths, the measurement yields the bulk value of L . For layers thinner than 0.5 L , the measured value is that of the substrate. For intermediate thicknesses, the bulk value of L can be estimated. The method also provides a sensitive means of observing the influence of surface conditions on the absorption characteristics of silicon.
Comparative Study of Evolutionary Algorithms for Parameter Identification of an Impact Oscillator

The use of non-classical evolutionary optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms, differential evolution, swarm optimization and genetic programming to solve the inverse problem of parameter identification of dynamical systems leading to chaotic states has been gaining popularity in recent years. In this paper, three popular evolutionary algorithms — differential evolution, particle swarm optimization and the firefly algorithm are used for parameter identification of a clearance-coupled-impact oscillator system. The behavior of impacting systems is highly nonlinear exhibiting a myriad of harmonic, low order and high order sub-harmonic resonances, as well as chaotic vibrations. The time-history simulations of the single-degree-of-freedom impact oscillator were obtained by the Neumark-β numerical integration algorithm. The results are illustrated by bifurcation graphs, state space portraits and Poincare’ maps which gives valuable insights on the dynamics of the impact system. The parameter identification problem relates to finding one set of system parameters given a chaotic or periodic system response as a set of Poincare points and a different but known set of system parameters. The three evolutionary algorithms are compared over a set of parameter identification problems. The algorithms are compared based on solution quality to evaluate the efficacy of using one algorithm over another.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Freud's Psychosexual Stage Conception: A Developmental Metaphor for Counselors.

In this article, the author conceptualizes the counseling process and its outcome by comparing it metaphorically to Freud's psychosexual stage conception of personality development. Specifically, he focuses on resemblances between the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages of both Freud's conception and the counseling process. Suggestive of the heuristic quality of metaphorical comparisons, new meanings can be drawn from these resemblances, leading to fresh insight into the nature of the counseling relationship.
Synthesis of the First Perfluoro-spiro-bis-crown Ethers

Since the first perfluoro crown ethers were prepared by members of our research group, many new perfluoro crown ethers have been synthesized, and medical applications such as {sup 19}F NMR imaging and oxygen carrier applications as well as new chemistry associated with these compounds are currently under study. Perfluoro crown ethers do not form extremely stable complexes with metal cations because the basicities of perfluoro crown ethers decrease as the amount of fluorine substitution increases. On the contrary, perfluoro crown ethers form complexes with certain anions in the gas phase. In order to explore the chemistry of theses new compounds, the preparation of new perfluoro crown ethers, such as multilooped perfluoro crown ethers, is very important. We report in this paper the syntheses of the first perfluoro-spiro-bis[19]crown ethers, perfluoro-spiro-bis-crown-6 (1), perfluoro-spiro-bis[16]crown-5 (2), and perfluoro-spiro-bis[13]crown-4 (3), by elemental fluorine. 12 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Early life risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to determine whether these factors differ between boys and girls. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We conducted a case-control study of all children born between January 1, 1976, and December 31, 1982, in Olmsted County, Minnesota (N=5701), and examined birth certificates for risk factors for ADHD. Using school and medical records, we identified 305 children with ADHD. All children not identified with ADHD served as controls (N=5326). Risk factors that were assessed included demographic characteristics of both children and parents, as well as pregnancy, labor, and delivery characteristics, including the effect of a multiple birth and presence of pregnancy and delivery complications. RESULTS Pregnancy and labor characteristics, low birth weight, and presence of a twin birth were not associated with ADHD. Male sex (odds ratio [OR], 3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.34-3.98) was associated with an increased risk for ADHD, whereas high maternal and paternal education levels (high maternal education: OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42-0.78; high paternal education: OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.49-0.78) were associated with a decreased risk for ADHD. In addition, low maternal and paternal education levels increased the risk for ADHD in boys more than in girls. CONCLUSION Male sex and low parental education levels are significant risk factors for ADHD. In addition, boys born to parents with low maternal and paternal education levels appear to be at an increased risk for ADHD compared with girls born to parents with low education levels.
Optimization and mechanism design

Mechanism design is about optimizing the allocation of resources when the parameters needed to determine an optimal allocation are privately held by the agents who will consume the resources. An agent’s report of her information will influence the resulting allocation which in turn will affect her utility. In such a situation, how can one simultaneously elicit the information that is privately held and choose the optimal allocation? This paper illustrates how standard results in linear programming play a role in the analysis of mechanism design problems. It is not a comprehensive survey. Rather, it focuses on two variations of a particular problem: the allocation of a single object.
Interfaith Interaction on Campus

Effective interfaith interaction on college and university campuses requires leadership from the top of the institution and concrete resources, as follows: an office funded by the institution which is dedicated to religious, spiritual and ethical life; widespread campus partnerships; creation and sustenance of one or more student interfaith bodies; rigorous promotion of free religious exercise and association; hospitality for under-represented traditions. Examples are provided, drawing especially on the experience of Stanford University.
Cryoprecipitated Fibrinogen (Fibrin Glue) in Orbital Surgery

We used autologous fibrin glue in the treatment of a patient with a traumatic nasal-orbital defect
Dehydrogenase enzyme studies in experimental renal hypertension.

Summary1) The endogenous dehydrogenase enzyme activity, as measured by the tetrazolium technic, was determined in kidney, adrenal, thyroid, pituitary and heart tissue from untreated and reserpine treated hypertensive animals. Experimental renal hypertension was produced in rats by 3 different methods. 2) A reduction in endogenous dehydrogenase enzyme activity of kidney tissue was observed in hypertensive animals while the activity of cardiac muscle was increased. Treatment with reserpine resulted in a depression of the endogenous dehydrogenase enzyme activity in cardiac tissue of both hypertensive and normal animals.
State Based Self-triggered Feedback Control Systems with ℒ2 Stability

Abstract This paper examines a class of real-time control systems in which each control task triggers its next release based on the value of the last sampled state. Prior work by Lemmon et al. (2007) used simulations to demonstrate that self-triggered control systems can be remarkably robust to task delay. This paper derives bounds on a task's sampling period and deadline to quantify how robust the control system's performance will be to variations in these parameters. In particular we establish inequality constraints on a control task's period and deadline whose satisfaction ensures that the closed loop system's induced ℒ2 gain lies below a specified performance threshold. The results apply to linear time-invariant systems driven by external disturbances whose magnitude is bounded by a linear function of the system state's norm. The plant is regulated by a full-information H∞ controller. These results can serve as the basis for the design of soft real-time systems that guarantee closed-loop control system performance at levels traditionally seen in hard real-time systems.
TRACERS OF SPIRAL STRUCTURE IN GALAXIES

Two new results on the structure of the spiral arms of M83 = NGC 5236 are presented and discussed, using the nonthermal radio continuum brightness and polarization distributions as diagnostic tools. First, the radio continuum emission located along the inner eastern arm of M83, in the neighborhood of a prominent chain of H II regions near the minor axis of the galaxy, is mostly nonthermal. It is plausible that the CO emission which has been observed in this region has been enhanced by a local increase in the cosmic ray density from relatively recent supernovae. A fainter ridge of nonthermal emission is also found coincident with the dust lane just inside the chain of H II regions. Second, the distribution of the position angle of linear polarization in the neighborhood of a wek but extended H I spiral feature in the northwest part of the disk of M83 suggests that the polarization there may provide a new tracer for the flow direction of the ISM between spiral arms.
Enamel dissolution. II. Action of titanium tetrafluoride.

Mechanisms by which titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) reduces enamel solubility were investigated. An association was found between solubility reduction and the formation of a glaze on the enamel surface. Also, TiF4treated enamel had higher levels of fluoride than enamel treated with acidulated phosphate-sodium fluoride. Solubility reductions and fluoride levels decreased slightly with washing but after 48 hours the fluoride level was still 60% of the maximum, and solubility reductions ranged between 64 and 70%.
Microcrack-induced damage accumulation in brittle rock under dynamic loading

Abstract This paper is concerned with the development of a computational constitutive model which simulates the dynamic fracture behavior of brittle rock. The essential feature of this model is the treatment of the dynamic fracture process in rock as a continuous accrual of damage, where the damage mechanism has been attributed to the microcracking in the rock medium. Detailed descriptions of the model and its numerical implementation are given. A method is presented for determining the three additional material constants governing the damage accumulation. All of the numerical algorithms are amenable to vectorization for a vector processing computer and the model is computationally very efficient. A numerical example of an oil-shale blasting experiment is presented and compared to field observations. Results demonstrate that the model is applicable to the prediction of dynamic rock-fracture behavior.
Agents for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – an update

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychological disorder affecting children and adolescents, whose symptoms often persist into the adult years, and is often effectively treated with stimulants. Recently, non-stimulant medications that demonstrate better toleration and administration have been studied in clinical settings and some have been approved. Yet, there continues to be strong emphasis in many research groups to find even more efficacious and safer alternatives, especially with substances that function through novel, non-stimulatory mechanisms. A review of the progress achieved during the last 4 years, determined from the publication of patents and patent applications, is presented.
A2E accumulation influences retinal microglial activation and complement regulation

Age-related macular degeneration is an outer retinal disease that involves aging and immune dysfunction. In the aging retina, microglia aggregate in the outer retina and acquire intracellular autofluorescent lipofuscin deposits. In this study, we investigated whether accumulation of A2E, a key bisretinoid constituent of ocular lipofuscin, alters the physiology of retinal microglia in pathologically relevant ways. Our findings show that sublethal accumulations of intracellular A2E in cultured retinal microglia increased microglial activation and decreased microglial neuroprotection of photoreceptors. Increased A2E accumulation also lowered microglial expression of chemokine receptors and suppressed microglial chemotaxis, suggesting that lipofuscin accumulation may potentiate subretinal microglial accumulation. Significantly, A2E accumulation altered microglial complement regulation by increasing complement factor B and decreasing complement factor H expression, favoring increased complement activation and deposition in the outer retina. Taken together, our findings highlight the role of microglia in the local control of complement activation in the retina and present the age-related accumulation of ocular lipofuscin in subretinal microglia as a cellular mechanism capable of driving outer retinal immune dysregulation in age-related macular degeneration pathogenesis.
Primal decomposition in rings, modules and lattice modules

In a work by L. Fuchs, W. Heinzer and B. Olberding, a decomposition of ideals in a commutative ring as intersections of primal isolated component ideals is investigated. In subsequent work by L. Fuchs and R. Reis, these ideas are developed in multiplicative lattices. The object of this note is to point out that, when specialized to the lattice of ideals of a commutative ring, the decomposition of L. Fuchs and R. Reis does not give the decomposition obtained in the paper by Fuchs, Heinzer and Olberding, and to give two variations of the decomposition of Fuchs and Reis. One of these variations, when specialized to the lattice of ideals of a ring, does give the decomposition obtained by Fuchs, Heinzer and Olberding, and the other one gives a decomposition which is superior in some ways.
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the descending thoracic aorta and arch

Abstract Objective The clinical behavior of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the aorta is controversial. We reviewed our experience with this entity over a 25-year interval. Methods Cases were identified using the Department of Radiology database searching for the diagnoses of aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, or penetrating ulcer between 1977 and 2002. Available imaging studies were reviewed by a vascular radiologist to confirm the diagnosis of penetrating ulcer and perform serial measurements. Results One hundred five patients with penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the descending thoracic aorta or arch with (n = 85) or without (n = 20) associated intramural hematoma were confirmed. Two patients with ulcers in the ascending aorta were excluded. There were 73 men and 32 women with a mean age of 72 ± 9 years. Comorbidities included hypertension in 97 (92%), tobacco use in 81 (77%), and coronary artery disease in 48 (46%). Of nonoperated patients with follow-up studies, the mean thickness of the intramural hematoma decreased at 1 month in 89% and completely resolved at 1 year in 85%. There were 3 deaths (4%) within 30 days among 76 patients treated medically and 6 deaths (21%) among 29 patients treated surgically ( P Conclusion Although careful follow-up is necessary, many penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the thoracic aorta can be managed nonoperatively in the acute setting.
Signed-rank regression inference via empirical likelihood

For the general stochastic regression analysis of complete data, Bindele and Abebe [Bounded influence nonlinear signed-rank regression. Can J Stat. 2012;40(1):172–189. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjs.10134 ] proposed the signed-rank (SR) estimator. However, there exists an over-coverage problem for the confidence intervals of the regression parameters when the sample size is small. In this paper, we investigate an empirical likelihood (EL) approach to construct confidence intervals for the regression parameters based on the SR estimating equation. The limiting distribution of log-empirical likelihood ratio is χ2 distribution. We carry out extensive simulation studies to compare the proposed method with the normal approximation-based method. The simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing method in terms of the coverage probability and average length of confidence intervals. We illustrate the EL method using a real data example.
The morphology of Falcatus falcatus (St. John and Worthen), a Mississippian stethacanthid chondrichthyan from the Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana

ABSTRACT The Paleozoic fin spine Physonemus falcatus St. John and Worthen 1883, from the Valmeyeran St. Louis Limestone of St. Louis, Missouri, has been found on sexually mature males of a small, highly sexually dimorphic chondrichthyan from the Chesterian Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana. An amphistylic suspensorium, cladodont teeth and pectoral fin further characterize this species and the group to which it belongs. The first dorsal spine and fin of males are derivable from a form like that of Stethacanthus altonensis. Males also have elongate rostra and dorsal cranial and fin denticles, while females and juveniles lack denticles, first dorsal fin, or spine. The new genus Falcatus (Order Cladodontida, Family Stethacanthidae) is erected for the species and for the related F. hamatus and F. proclivus. Aspects of the sexual dimorphism are discussed; Falcatus falcatus, with many more males than females, fits a behavioral model of male display-courtship and female choice. Possible evidence of lek aggregations...
Unequal Chances: Race, Class and Schooling.

This article compares a demanding conception of educational adequacy with the Rawlsian idea of fair equality of opportunity. It defends fair equality of opportunity against criticisms, but argues t...
On the Special Logic Thesis in Chinese Philosophy

I address the problem of whether philosophy can be international by its claim to represent rationality, hence universality. I argue in favor of this claim by focusing on the special logic thesis in Chinese philosophy. This thesis holds that a different type of logic must be used when studying the Chinese texts. I argue at length against the special logic thesis by examining the problem of human nature in the Confucian philosophers Mencius, Hsun Tzu and Kao Tzu. I show how their arguments can be reconstructed as inductive analogical arguments and as deductive argument. I then broaden the notion of the logic of argumentation into a discussion of metaphysical anti-essentialism and underdetermination in order to resolve the problem of human nature and also to show how the same types of logical analysis (more generally construed) can be applied to the arguments from these Confucian philosophers. Under my treatment, Kao Tzu, somewhat surprisingly, turns out to provide the most insight.
Narrative rationality and “first stories”: Pedagogical implications for children's television

This essay explores the implications of the inter‐relationships that exist among the narrative paradigm, children's television, media deregulation, epistemology, and education. Particular attention is paid to the concept of narrative fidelity and the impact of television's “first stories” upon the evolution of that concept in children. Specific implications and recommendations for the preschool and early primary grades are addressed.
Optical Emission Spectroscopy of Plasma Formation in a Xenon Theta-Pinch

Analyses of xenon spectral emission data in the IR range from excited neutral xenon transitions and estimations of electron temperature are performed on a theta-pinch test article. Estimations are based on a collisional-radiative model originally written for Hall-effect thrusters utilizing apparent collisional cross-sections. Tests performed on a pulsed xenon plasma at an energy of 80 J, neutral back-fill pressures of 10–100 mtorr, and vacuum discharge frequency of 462 kHz yield time-averaged electron temperatures of 6.4–11.2 eV for spectra integrated over the entire 20 $\mu{\rm s}$ . Time-resolved $T_{e}$ estimations are done using charge coupled device gate widths of 0.25 $\mu{\rm s}$ and yield estimates of up to 68 eV during peak spectral activity. Results show that back-fill pressures of 30 and 50 mtorr appear to generate plasma earlier and remain cooler than 10 and 100 mtorr. Poor signal-to-noise ratios produce substantial fluctuation in time-resolved intensities and thus estimation errors, while not quantified here, are assumed high for the time-resolved studies. Additionally, spectra acquired in the UV band verify: 1) the presence of second-order diffraction in the near-IR band from singly ionized xenon transitions and 2) the absence of air (contaminant) spectra.
Ultraviolet sensitivity of the addition, deletion and replacement of long nonhomologous DNA segments by genetic transformation of Haemophilus influenzae.

— We have recently described the construction and some properties of Haemophilus influenzae Rd strains with long and different R plasmid-derived DNA segments (nonhomologous inserts) at the same site in the HP1 prophage. These inserts can be added to a recipient's genome by genetic transformation, they can be deleted from the recipient genome, or they can be replaced by another insert. We report here that the UV inactivation of all three phenomena followed single hit kinetics. Deletion was roughly 10 times more resistant; its UV-sensitivity equaled that of a high-efficiency point mutation. There was an inverse correlation between UV-sensitivity and additive transformation efficiency of the various inserts; sensitivity may thus be a measure of insert size. This correlation was not seen for deletion. All three phenomena were more sensitive when they were measured on excision repair-deficient uvr- recipients. The dose-reduction factor for addition was about 1.5 while it was about 2.6 for deletion.
Gas-liquid chromatography of phytyl ubiquinone, vitamin E, vitamin K1, and homologs of vitamin K2.

Abstract A gas chromatographic method is described for the identification and quantitation of nanogram amounts of a α-tocopherol, phytyl ubiquinone, vitamin K 1 , and homologs of the vitamin K 2 (menaquinone) family. By changing the conditions, principally the column temperature, it has been possible to chromatograph reproducibly all of the homologs between MK-1 and MK-7. The use of the trimethylsilyl ether of phylloquinone in GLC was not profitable because of the susceptibility of this derivative to hydrolysis and the resulting hydroquinone to oxidation. Preparative GLC was applied to both phylloquinone and menaquinone-4 in 10–20 microgram quantities and 40% of the injected material was recovered unchanged in the effluent stream.
SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND ADENOSINE-DEAMINASE DEFICIENCY

Abstract Because others had described a lack of the enzyme adenosine deaminase as associated with severe combined immunodeficiency, we surveyed kindreds with infants affected with such an immunodef...
Neuropeptide Y innervation of nitric oxide-synthesizing sympathetic preganglionic neurons in humans.

We sought to determine whether neuropeptide Y (NPY) terminals are concentrated in the intermediolateral (IML) cell column and innervate human NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d)-reactive sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPns). Spinal cords were obtained at autopsy from one man and two women, cut into segments, and immersion fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde for 24 h. The T1, T3, T6 and T8 spinal cord segments were cut serially at 50 μm in the coronal, sagittal and horizontal planes. Alternating consecutive sections were double stained for NADPH-d and NPY or NPY alone. NPY-immunoreactive fibers were identified at all levels analyzed and varicosities appeared to run and cover the NADPH-d processes for long distances. NPY-immunoreactive varicosities were heavily concentrated around the soma and proximal dendrites of NADPH-d SPNs. NPY may exert many possible actions at the level of the IML cell column. Depletion of NPY-containing bulbospinal neurons may contribute to sympathetic failure in disorders such as multiple system atrophy.
A Monolithic Bandpass Amplifier for Neural Signal Processing with 25-Hz Low-Frequency Cutoff

A monolithic bandpass amplifier for neural signal recording is reported. The low-frequency cutoff of the amplifier is obtained using low-gm feedback and a bias current of 500 pA to obtain a predictable response without off-chip components or calibration. The measured passband gain is 37.9 dB from 25 Hz to 15 kHz and input-referred noise is 1.04 muV rms, using a power consumption of 162 muW and a die area of 0.13 mm2 in 0.5-mum CMOS.
Surface phenomena in liquid metal alloys of arsenic: Vapor pressure reduction and wetting to refractory metals

The influence of surface segregation on wetting of Pd2As and Pd50B25As25 to refractory metals has been studied by sessile drop and surface analytical techniques. The results indicate that the wetting behavior of Pd2As to W is strongly influenced by surface segregation of low-level bulk impurities in the alloy. At melting, the segregating impurities form an inert shell about the liquid alloy which inhibits reaction between alloy and substrate. A poorly-wetted droplet with a large contact angle results. Wetting is elicited by fracture of the high-surface tension shell during heat treatment. The efflux of pure alloy material from the interior of the droplet wets refractory metals with a contact angle of near-zero. The shell remnant floats atop the wetted alloy. Addition of B to the alloy to form Pd50B25As25 results in rapid attack of a Re support. Preliminary studies of the vapor pressure above the alloy and mass analysis of field evaporated ions show that Pd2As may be used as a liquid metal ion source of As. This is possible by means of successful reduction in As vapor pressure by over 10 orders of magnitude.
Azophloxine in two-dye and four-dye staining combination.

Tissues are fixed in either 10% formalin or Lavdow-sky's mixture. After the tissues are sectioned and mounted, they are stained in hematoxylin, then counterstained for 2 minutes in 0.1% aqueous azophloxine to which 4 drops of acetic acid have been added to each 100 ml. of stain. Sections are then rinsed in 0.2% acetic acid and dehydrated. Azophloxine GA can be used also in a tetrachrome method. Sections are stained in Harris' hematoxylin, washed, and placed in 0.2% acidified aqueous azophloxine for 2 minutes. They are then rinsed in 0.2% acetic acid, stained 1 minute in an aqueous mixture of 4% phosphotungstic acid and 2% orange G solution and rinsed again in 0.2% acetic acid. Finally, they are stained in 0.2% light green for 2 minutes, and differentiated in 0.2% acetic acid for 5 minutes. The advantage in using azophloxine is that it is clear and delicate and when used in a constant concentration, does not overstain if the recommended procedure is followed.
Formative Ethnographic Research to Improve Evaluation of a Novel Water System in Ghana

The accessibility of potable water is fundamental to public health. A private for-profit company is installing kiosk-based drinking-water systems in rural and peri-urban villages in Ghana, and we evaluated their performance. Preceding an observational study to measure the effect of these kiosks on the incidence of water-related disease in recipient communities, we conducted ethnographic research to assess local water-related practices and the ways these practices would affect adoption of the new technology. We conducted fieldwork in two communities in Ghana and interviewed stakeholders throughout the water sector. Our findings illustrate the complexity of water-related behaviors and indicate several factors that may sustain disease transmission despite the presence of the new technology. This formative ethnographic research also improved the precision of our subsequent evaluation of the intervention by providing a site-specific, culturally-appropriate knowledge base. This study demonstrates the value of incorporating qualitative research techniques into evaluations of water-related projects.
New Insights into HIV Neuropathogenesis

Early in the epidemic, once it was discovered that HIV was a retrovirus and that it could be found in macrophages, many in the field thought that the pathophysiology of neurological complications due to HIV infection was obvious. As in other retroviruses that had been studied prior to HIV, such as visna virus that infects sheep causing an encephalopathy, it was thought that the infection of macrophages would be sufficient to drive all the glial and neuronal changes in the brain. However, the years since have proven that the neuropathogenesis of HIV infection is a tangled web. Over 20 years have passed since HIV dementia was first described, and even though we have learned a lot about some of the key elements of how HIV causes neuroglial dysfunction, there are other key questions that remain unanswered.
The Components of the Visual System of a Dragonfly

In this study of the electroretinograms of dragonflies (adults and nymphs) the objectives were to determine the number of classes of photoreceptors present in the visual system and to allocate these to particular morphological regions. There are probably five classes of photoreceptors present with peak sensitivities near 550, 530, 518, 420, and < 380 mµ. The dorsal ocelli contain two classes (518 mµ and < 380 mµ). The ventral (anterior) ommatidia of the adult compound eye contain at least two classes (near 518 mµ and < 380 mµ) and probably a third class (near 550 mµ). The dorsal ommatidia of the adult compound eye contain one class (420 mµ) and possibly another class (< 380 mµ). The compound eye of the nymph contains one class (530 mµ) and possibly another class (420 mµ).
Optimization of a commercial brake pad formulation

A brake pad material used in a popular, commercially available vehicle that consisted of steel wool, iron powder, graphite, coke, styrene–butadiene rubber, MgO, BaSO4, and phenolic resin was tested with the friction assessment and screening test. The average friction coefficient (0.357) and total wear (19.75 wt %) were measured. An alternative friction material formulated with identical constituents but optimized with the golden section principle and relational grade analysis was produced in a laboratory environment. This material exhibited an average friction coefficient of 0.419 and a low total wear of 6.25 wt %. An analysis of component costs indicated that the large volume price of the commercial material, $1.01/kg, was less than that of the laboratory material, $1.21/kg. However, the performance/cost ratio of the new material was appreciably greater. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2498–2504, 2002
Optimal trained space-time modulation over a Rician time-varying channel

The power allocation, training signal length, and training signal which maximize a lower bound on the capacity of a Rician time-varying channel are found in this paper. We consider the case where the channel consists of two components: a specular component from line-of-sight or strong rays, and a time-varying diffuse component due to a mobile receiver or scatterers. Trained modulation is the most common technique for accommodating such time-varying channels. We optimize a lower bound on the capacity to find the parameters mentioned above. Our results are illustrated with several numerical examples.
Justifying Innovative Language Programs in an Environment of Change: The Case of Communication Skills in Kenyan Universities

This paper traces the challenges faced by an innovative language programme started in Kenyan Universities in the 1980s and points out to challenges that innovative programmes can face. In the analysis of the literature that has been written on project management and language issues in development, it attempts to show how the Communication Skills programme could benefit from this knowledge on project management and educational change management in the third millennium. The paper concludes that it is necessary for those in charge of Communication Skills to borrow a leaf from this literature in order to overcome some of the educational challenges of the third millennium. Key words: project management, change management, educational management, educational innovation
Antisense Inactivation of Rds/Peripherin in Xenopus Laevis Embryonic Retinal Cultures

To investigate the role of rds/J.peripherin in photoreceptor outer segment membrane assembly, we have transfected embryonic Xenopus laevis retinas with phosphorothioated antisense or sense RNA complementary to specific regions of the three Xenopus rds/peripherin homologs. We have demonstrated that using antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the three homologs of rds/peripherin, we can significantly alter the structure of photoreceptor outer and inner segments. In addition, the immunolocalization patterns using xrds35 and -38 anti-peptide sera and an anti-opsin monoclonal antibody were significantly reduced, suggestive of aberrant outer segment membrane assembly. We have successfully generated a model upon which to study the functional role of rds/peripherin, the product of the rds gene, by down-regulating the expression of this protein in developing photoreceptors. A better understanding of rds/peripherin gene expression will shed light on the role of this molecule in rod and cone photoreceptor outer segment development, structure, function and survival. This will also provide additional insights into the mechanisms of, and possibly open new therapeutic avenues for, the retinal degenerative processes taking place in the heterogeneous clinical patterns so far described in association with peripherinJ.RDS human gene mutations in association with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.
Optimal Morphological Approaches To Image Matching And Object Detection

It is shown that minimizing the C1 match- ing error is equivalent to maximizing a nonlinear signal cor- relation (a sum of minima), which is related to morpholog- ical filtering. This approach is optimum in rnany formula- tions of the image matching and object detection problem. Further, a closely related approach is outlined for object detection using rank order filters.
Cellular Effects of Antisense c-myc Oligodeoxynucleotides Are Delivery Dependent

Among the transcription factors critical for cell cycle regulation is the proto-oncogene c-myc. The expression of c-myc upon vascular injury and its inhibition by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides have demonstrated the importance of this protein in the control of proliferation for many cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells. Liposomes can enhance cellular incorporation of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, but cellular uptake of oligonucleotides in this manner is still suboptimal, and the oligonucleotides are not protected from enzymatic degradation. Physico-chemical modifications of the oligomers must be developed before antisense oligodeoxynucleotides can be considered as a potential gene therapy for many of the human diseases. This study reports on the enhanced cellular incorporation of antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotides when conjugated to lipophilic linkers. Conjugated phosphodiesters of antisense c-myc oligodeoxynucleotides inhibited cultured human aortic smooth muscle cell growth by 47.5 ± 1.0% 4 days following only a 24-h exposure to the conjugated antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotides. Liposome-enhanced, but unconjugated, phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were less effective (24.4 ± 1.9% and 29.5 ± 3.1% inhibition, respectively). Smooth muscle cell growth inhibition by antisense c-myc oligodeoxynucleotides correlated with the suppression of nuclear c-myc protein expression. Thus, antisense c-myc oligodeoxynucleotides conjugated to lipid-soluble linkers enhanced cellular incorporation as well as intracellular retention of oligodeoxynucleotides, resulting in rapid and sustained inhibition of c-myc expression of smooth muscle cells. This, in turn, caused a prolonged growth inhibition compared to unconjugated oligodeoxynucleotides.
Lymphadenopathy in a 3-year-old boy 17 months after bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M5a).

3-year-old boy initially presented with fever, refusal to walk, night sweats, and pancytopenia. He was diagnosed with acute monoblastic leukemia (AML-M5a) and subsequently underwent induction therapy with daunorubicin, 6-thioguanine, and cytosine arabinoside. He achieved complete remission and underwent an allogeneic bone marrow transplant from his sibling 1 year later. His cytoreduction regimen consisted of busulfan/cyclophosphamide. His posttransplant course was uneventful, except for mild acute graft versus host disease of the skin, which was treated with prednisone, and shingles, which was treated with intravenous acyclovir. Bone marrow evaluation on day 130 and day 1100 posttransplantation revealed no evidence of leukemic relapse. His clinical course remained uneventful until December 2003, 15 months posttransplantation, when he was noted to have a small palpable left inguinal node. Over the ensuing month, the lymphadenopathy progressed to include the right inguinal, right axillary, and right cervical re
The effect of maternal malnutrition during pregnancy in the rat on the offspring’s weight, glucose uptake, glucose transporter protein levels and behaviors

Abstract Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with multiple molecular and physiological changes in the offspring. In the current study, offspring of dams acutely fasted on days 17–19 were compared to the offspring of non-food deprived dams with respect to postnatal growth, glucose uptake, brain glucose transporter Glut 1 protein levels and age-specific behaviors. Further, in a chronic study, control mothers were given ad lib. access to a nutritionally balanced liquid diet from day 0 until day 18 or day 20 of pregnancy. These offspring were compared to the offspring of mothers who consumed 90% of the ad lib mothers' calories. Overall, the malnourished offspring had: 1) IUGR, 2) small changes in brain glucose uptake and in Glut 1 transport protein content and, 3) minor alterations in their behavior. In both models, pups whose dams were malnourished weighed less than control offspring at birth and the growth retardation was sustained through six months of age. In the acute model, behavioral comparisons revealed that rats from acutely malnourished litters were impaired only on incline descent, requiring more time to descend than did the non-malnourished control pups. Brain glucose uptake showed only modest differences. Western blotting of glucose transporter proteins indicated that there was little correlation between brain glucose uptake and Glut 1 protein levels in pups from either malnourished or control litters. At 60 days, malnourished offspring were glucose intolerant relative to offspring from control litters.
The Evaluative Consequences of Hedges, Hesitations, and Intensifiers: Powerful and Powerless Speech Styles.

This article examines the separate and combined impact of hedges, hesitations, and intensifiers on perceptions of authoritatiwness, sociability, character, and similarity, and the extent to which messages containing one or more of these language uariables difjersfrom a “prototypically”power1ess message in eualuatiue consequences. A “prototypically” powerless message is one that contains not only hedges, hesitations, and intensifiers, but also contains polite forms and meaningless particles, such as “oh, we1l”and “you know. ” Two studies indicated that hedges and hesitations individually affected perceptions of authoritativeness and sociability, but interactions among the uariables were not found in the studies. Furthermore, only high intensifiers/low hedges/low hesitations and low intensifiers/low hedges/low hesitations messages differed significantly from the “prototypically” powerless message. The second study revealed that speaker status interacted to affect eualuatiue consequences. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the power of speech style construct.
A Proposal for Including Distance Writing in Couple Therapy

ABSTRACT This proposal introduces distance writing as an alternative approach, by itself or supplementary to face-to-face talk-based therapies, to help couples who want to change destructively repetitive patterns in their relationships in order to improve them. This proposal is based on advances in (1) computers and the Internet, (2) increased use of homework assignments, (3) growth of written homework practice exercises, and (4) low-cost approaches to promote physical and mental health. Three successive stages are proposed: (1) therapists' initial face-to-face session with preliminary assignment of written tasks, (2) couples completing task assignments and written homework practice exercises (on the Internet, fax, or mail) as being contingent on continuing to seeing the therapist, and (3) couples meeting to talk face-to-face with the therapist after completion of assigned tasks.
Mutational optimization of the coelenterazine-dependent luciferase from Renilla

Renilla luciferase (RLUC) is a popular reporter enzyme for gene expression and biosensor applications, but it is an unstable enzyme whose catalytic mechanism remains to be elucidated. We titrated that one RLUC molecule can turn over about one hundred molecules of coelenterazine substrate. Mutagenesis of active site residue Pro220 extended the half-life of photon emission, yielding brighter luminescence in E. coli. Random mutagenesis uncovered two new mutations that stabilized and increased photon emission in vivo and in vitro, while ameliorating substrate inhibition. Further amended with a previously identified mutation, a new triple mutant showed a threefold improved kcat, as well as elevated luminescence in Arabidopsis. This advances the utility of RLUC as a reporter protein, biosensor, or resonance energy donor.
Analysis of the electromagnetic inductive response of a void in a conducting-soil background

A lossless dielectric object situated in a lossy dielectric medium (soil) constitutes a void in a conducting background, which can be detected via an electromagnetic-induction (EMI) sensor operating at appropriate frequencies. The electromagnetic character of this void is dependent on the target and soil properties, as well as on the frequency of operation. We utilize the rigorous method of moments (MoM) and the approximate extended-Born technique to model this three-dimensional (3-D) problem. The modeling algorithms are discussed in detail, with a focus on efficient computation of the dyadic Green's function at the frequencies of interest. The MoM results are used to calibrate the accuracy of the approximate extended-Born solution, over a wide range of operating conditions. Furthermore, the computer simulations are used to perform a detailed phenomenological study.
Complex Network Analysis Using Parallel Approximate Motif Counting

Subgraph counting forms the basis of many complex network analysis metrics, including motif and anti-motif finding, relative graph let frequency distance, and graph let degree distribution agreements. Determining exact subgraph counts is computationally very expensive. In recent work, we present FASCIA, a shared-memory parallel algorithm and implementation for approximate subgraph counting. FASCIA uses a dynamic programming-based approach and is significantly faster than exhaustive enumeration, while generating high-quality approximations of subgraph counts. However, the memory usage of the dynamic programming step prohibits us from applying FASCIA to very large graphs. In this paper, we introduce a distributed-memory parallelization of FASCIA by partitioning the graph and the dynamic programming table. We discuss a new collective communication scheme to make the dynamic programming step memory-efficient. These optimizations enable scaling to much larger networks than before. We also present a simple parallelization strategy for distributed subgraph counting on smaller networks. The new additions let us use subgraph counts as graph signatures for a large network collection, and we analyze this collection using various subgraph count-based graph analytics.