cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micrometeoroid impact on planetary satellites as a magnetospheric mass source

Proceeding from the observation that planetary satellites are important sources of mass for planetary magnetospheres, it is noted that meteoroid impact vaporization may compete with charged particle sputtering as a supply mechanism. After considering meteoroid-driven vapor sources in the Jovian and Kronian systems, it is concluded that while the larger impact flux values obtained for the outer solar system suggest a role for impact vaporization in the cases of both Jupiter and Saturn, this process will not predominate over sputtering; at the lower end of the impact flux range, however, sputtering everywhere dominates magnetospheric mass loading.
Coarse-grained sediment delivery and distribution in the Holocene Santa Monica Basin, California: Implications for evaluating source-to-sink flux at millennial time scales

Utilizing accumulations of coarse-grained terrigenous sediment from deep-marine basins to evaluate the relative contributions of and history of controls on sediment flux through a source-to-sink system has been difficult as a result of limited knowledge of event timing. In this study, six new radio-carbon (14C) dates are integrated with five previously published dates that have been recalibrated from a 12.5-m-thick turbidite section from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1015 in Santa Monica Basin, offshore California. This borehole is tied to high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles that cover an 1100 km2 area of the middle and lower Hueneme submarine fan and most of the basin plain. The resulting stratigraphic framework provides the highest temporal resolution for a thick-bedded Holocene turbidite succession to date, permitting an evaluation of source-to-sink controls at millennial (1000 yr) scales. The depositional history from 7 ka to present indicates that the recurrence interval for large turbidity-current events is relatively constant (300–360 yr), but the volume of sediment deposited on the fan and in the basin plain has increased by a factor of 2 over this period. Moreover, the amount of sand per event on the basin plain during the same interval has increased by a factor of 7. Maps of sediment distribution derived from correlation of seismic-reflection profiles indicate that this trend cannot be attributed exclusively to autogenic processes (e.g., pro-gradation of depocenters). The observed variability in sediment accumulation rates is thus largely controlled by allogenic factors, including: (1) increased discharge of Santa Clara River as a result of increased magnitude and frequency of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events from ca. 2 ka to present, (2) an apparent change in routing of coarse-grained sediment within the staging area at ca. 3 ka (i.e., from direct river input to indirect, littoral cell input into Hueneme submarine canyon), and (3) decreasing rates of sea-level rise (i.e., rate of rise slowed considerably by ca. 3 ka). The Holocene history of the Santa Clara River–Santa Monica Basin source-to-sink system demonstrates the ways in which varying sediment flux and changes in dispersal pathways affect the basinal stratigraphic record.
Foundational beliefs and the structure of justification

I argue that our justification for beliefs about the external physical world need not be constituted by any justified beliefs about perceptual experiences. In this way our justification for beliefs about the physical world may be nondoxastic and this differentiates my proposal from traditional foundationalist theories such as those defended by Laurence BonJour, Richard Fumerton, and Timothy McGrew. On the other hand, it differs from certain non-traditional foundationalist theories such as that defended by James Pryor according to which perceptual experience is sufficient to justify beliefs about the external world. I propose that justification for propositions describing our perceptual experiences partially constitutes any justification we may possess for beliefs concerning the external world. In this way, our justification for beliefs about the physical world may only be inferential since it is grounded in any justification we have for at least one other proposition. This theory occupies an intermediate position between the two aforementioned foundationalist accounts, which allows it to sidestep problems that confront each of them.
Using Diagnostic Laboratory Records to Monitor Occurrence of Enteric Septicemia of Channel Catfish in Mississippi

Abstract Diagnostic laboratory information was used to monitor the temporal and spatial occurrence of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) in Mississippi. From 1980 through 1988, the Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service (MCES) entered information on 15,649 fish-kill investigations into a computerized data base. Analysis of the records revealed the following trends and patterns. From 1980 through 1985, there was an increase in laboratory submissions and in the ESC proportional morbidity rate (PMR; proportion of diagnosed epizootics that were specific for ESC. However, from 1986 to 1988, although the total yearly number of laboratory submissions had stabilized, there was a decrease in the PMR of ESC cases. During the 9-year interval, 427 producers from 56 counties had ESC diagnosed in their ponds. Twenty-eight producers from four counties were responsible for about 40% of all ESC cases.
Subunit dissociation and denaturation of Fasciolaria tulipa hemocyanin.

1. 1. The hemocyanin from the snail, Fasciolaria tulipa has a molecular weight of 8.6 ± 0.6 × 106 determined by light-scattering and a sedimentation constant of (105.9 ± 1.1)S. 2. 2. The dissociated subunits at pH 11 and in 8.0 M urea (pH 7.4) had molecular weights of 4.4 × 105 and 4.7 × 105, close to one-twentieth of the parent didecameric assembly. 3. 3. The pH dependence of the molecular weight profile exhibited bell-shaped transitions in both the presence and absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. In the physiological pH range of about 7.5–8.2 in divalent ion-containing buffers neither the molecular weight behavior nor the sedimentation patterns suggest any significant dissociation. 4. 4. Both the urea and the Hofmeister salt series were found to dissociate the didecameric hemocyanin assembly. The ureas exhibit increasing effectiveness as dissociating agents with the higher alkyl substituted members of the series, suggesting hydrophobic stabilization of the subunit assembly. 5. 5. Denaturation of the hemocyanin subunits by the urea series follows the same trend in effectiveness as the dissociation reaction; the reagent concentrations required to cause unfolding of the globular domains of the hemocyanin chains were, however, much higher than those needed for dissociation.
Multivoltage Short-Circuit Duty Calculation for Industrial Power Systems

A practical guide has been developed for the application of present-day standards and recommended practices for the calculation of short-circuit currents in industrial power systems. Included in the guide are simplifying assumptions and approximations which make the calculation practical, a discussion of machine characteristics and how they are accounted for in the standards, and flowcharts which map the procedure required for the calculation with references to the appropriate standards applicable to each step.
Determination of Contact Forces for Two Manipulators Mutually Lifting a Rigid Object Using A Technique of Dynamic Load Distribution

ABSTRACTThis article presents a new technique and approach for dynamically distributing the payload when two serial link manipulators mutually hold and transport a rigid object. A new vector variable which parameterizes the internal stress contact force and torque degrees of freedom (DOF) is introduced and defined as a linear function of the contact forces.” When this equation is combined with the object's dynamical equations, the resulting system yields a well specified solution for the contact forces as a function of the internal stress DOF parameterizing variable. The article investigates two different approaches to selecting the matrix which transforms the contact forces to obtain the internal force parameterizing variable. In one approach the matrix is selected to be orthogonal to the transformation matrix in the object's dynamical equations and in the other it is a function of two constrained scalar parameters which govern the distribution of the payload between the object motion inducing components...
Stochastic stability of hyperbolic attractors

We study the effects of small random errors on the asymptotic distribution of points in the basin of a hyperbolic attractor.
Particle-size distribution and microstructures within simulated fault gouge

This paper presents an investigation of comminution mechanisms and microstructure development within simulated fault gouge. We sheared 4.0 mm thick layers of quartz sand between rough steel surfaces using a triaxial apparatus. The layers were sheared at constant effective normal stress of 100 MPa, under saturated drained conditions, and at 45 ° to the axis of cylindrical steel samples. Porosity changes were measured throughout shear and microstructural observations were carried out on the deformed layers. Two types of load paths were investigated for shear strains (y) between 0 and 3.3; either the shear stress was repeatedly cycled from zero to failure or the sample was sheared in a single-load cycle. Multiple-cycle experiments exhibit significantly more compaction than single-cycle experiments deformed to similar strains. Gouge layers from both sets of experiments contain oblique zones of localized shear (Riedel shears bands) after 7 = 1.3-1.5. Gouge particles obey a fractal size distribution for the range 12.5--800,um; i.e. particle density vs size follows a power law, N(n)/A = bn -°, where N(n) is the number of particles in a size range, A is the area examined, n is the mean of the size range, b is a constant and D is the fractal dimension. D for particles within the bulk material increases with shear strain for y < about 1.5 after which it remains 2.6 _-. 0.15. This value of D agrees with that found for natural fault gouge and with that predicted by a comminution model in which fracture probability depends on the relative size of nearest-neighbor particles. Analyses of particles within shear bands indicate continued size reduction after ~ = 1.5. These particles do not obey a fractal size distribution for the range 6.25-100 um due to a lack of particles larger than 25-50/,tm. The rate of comminution within the bulk layer decreases at about y = 1.5, which coincides with the onset of shear localization. Our data indicate that comminution is driven by relative movement between particles and that gouge layers attain a steady state particle-size distribution at 7 = 1.5. The porosity-strain data and microstructural observations show a correlation between the onset of shear localization and the rate of dilatancy with shear strain.
How we discovered fluorescent speckle microscopy.

Fluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) is a method for measuring the movements and dynamic assembly of macromolecular assemblies such as cytoskeletal filaments (e.g., microtubules and actin) or focal...
Pure SH-SAW propagation, transduction and measurements on KNbO/sub 3/

Potassium niobate (KNbO/sub 3/) supports the electromechanically active pure shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) mode along Z-axis cylinder orientations, Euler angles: (/spl phi/, 90/spl deg/, 0/spl deg/), in which two uncoupled wave solutions exist: a purely mechanical sagittal Rayleigh SAW and a piezoelectrically stiffened pure SH-SAW. Within this family of cuts, a maximum electromechanical coupling coefficient for the pure SH-SAW, K/sup 2/ = 53%, is observed along (0/spl deg/, 90/spl deg/, 0/spl deg/). This pure SH-SAW orientation also has the maximum value of electromechanical coupling observed along rotated Y-cut X propagation directions, Euler angles (0/spl deg/, /spl theta/, 0/spl deg/). The use of the pure SH-SAW mode is attractive for liquid-sensing applications because the SH-SAW is modestly attenuated by the adjacent liquid, unlike the generalized SAW (GSAW), which has particle displacement normal to the surface. This work investigates propagation and excitation properties of the SH-SAW and the shear horizontal bulk acoustic wave (SH-BAW) on single crystal KNbO/sub 3/, Euler angles (0/spl deg/, 90/spl deg/, 0/spl deg/). Interdigital transducer (IDT) arrays are analyzed using boundary element method (BEM) techniques, addressing IDT properties such as: power partitioning between the SH-SAW and SH-BAW, SH-BAW radiation as a function of wave vector direction and radiation angle, and overall IDT impedance. The percentage of SH-SAW power to total input power is above: 98% for IDTs containing 1.5 to 5.5 wavelengths of active electrodes with surrounding metalized regions. For nonmetalized regions outside the IDT, the ratio drops to between 1 and 2%, showing the importance of an energy trapping structure for efficient SH-SAW excitation and propagation along this orientation. Simulated and experimental IDT admittance results are compared, verifying the validity of the analysis performed. The reported measurements on the frequency variation with temperature indicate that the orientation considered is temperature compensated at about 8/spl deg/C. The surface of the SH-SAW devices fabricated have been loaded with deionized water arid showed additional 1.6 dB transmission loss with respect to the unloaded surface, verifying the suitability of the pure SH-SAW mode on KNbO/sub 3/ for liquid sensor applications.
STM of quasiparticle scattering resonances in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ

High-resolution, low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy on Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8‘d reveal the existence of large numbers of scattering centers in this material. The spatial and spectroscopic characteristics of these features are consistent with theories of quasiparticle scattering from atomic scale impurities in a d-wave superconductor. These characteristics include breaking of local particle}hole symmetry and an inverse square dependence of their local density-of-states (LDOS) on distance from the scattering center. Furthermore, these observations identify a source for the anomalously high levels of low-energy excitations in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8‘d at low-temperatures. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Evolution of Hazing: Motivational Mechanisms and the Abuse of Newcomers

Hazing - the abuse of new or prospective group members - is a widespread and puzzling feature of human social behavior, occurring in divergent cultures and across levels of technological complexity. Some past research has examined the effect of hazing on hazees, but no experimental work has been performed to examine the motivational causes of hazing. This paper has two primary objectives. First, it synthesizes a century of theory on severe initiations and extracts three primary explanatory themes. Second, it examines the dynamics of enduring human coalitions to generate an evolutionary theory of hazing. Two laboratory experiments suggest that one potential function of hazing is to reduce newcomers’ ability to free ride around group entry. These results are discussed in light of two common but largely untested explanations of hazing.
Ion-pair Movement across Bilayer Membranes

WE have used bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) as models for biological membranes to study the transport of metal halides as ion-pairs. In the presence of iodine (I2) we find1 that various monovalent and divalent halides can readily move across BLM along a concentration gradient. The rate of transport increases as the size of the cation increases. As the membrane interior is thought to be of a liquid hydrocarbon nature, these results can be related to those of solvent extraction studies2 which showed that various metal halides could be extracted efficiently from aqueous solutions into organic solvents; the extraction efficiency increases as the cation size increases.
Modeling Transit Trip Time Using Archived Bus Dispatch System Data

Transit travel time and operating speed influence service attractiveness, operating cost, and system efficiency. The objective of this paper is to estimate the values of parameters that affect the total travel time for a particular bus route in Portland, Oregon. The Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (TriMet) provides transit service in the three-county Portland metropolitan area. TriMet has implemented a Bus Dispatch System (BDS) as a part of its overall service control and management system. This BDS provides a rich array of archived data that were used in this study to develop the trip time model for the route under study. This trip time model provides heightened understanding of the factors that affect the trip time on the route. The value of the model was revealed when sensitivity analyses were performed using data from the studied route. This analysis concluded that improvements can be readily achieved after understanding the factors that affect total trip time. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are presented and suggestions for additional research are provided.
The Challenges of Globalization for Emerging Market Firms

ABSTRACT Latin American firms are threatened at home by competition coming from industrial-country multinationals and challenged by the opportunities available in industrial-country markets. Globalization for these emerging market firms thus means responding successfully to these two challenges. This paper identifies competitive strengths of Latin American and other emerging market firms that have been found in previous research by this author and others. It then goes on to present and illustrate a framework of Transformational Management that can be used by these firms to assess their competitive capabilities, and to design strategies to succeed in domestic and international markets against competitors from other countries. RESUMEN. Las empresas latinoamericanas se sienten amenazadas en su propio territorio por la competencia proveniente de las multi-nacionales de los paises industriales, asi como por las oportunidades que existen en los mercados de dichos paises. Por ende, para estas empresas que operan...
Diversification and Performance: Critical Review and Future Directions*

This article uses an integrative theoretical framework to review existing empirical research on the diversification-performance relationship along the three different research streams which have studied this relationship. the article highlights the considerable diversity in the findings across studies in each stream and identifies certain key theoretical and methodological issues which might help to explain the observed diversity. Also discussed is a contingency-based perspective and several useful directions for future research.
Auxin and Monocot Development

Monocots are known to respond differently to auxinic herbicides; hence, certain herbicides kill broadleaf (i.e., dicot) weeds while leaving lawns (i.e., monocot grasses) intact. In addition, the characters that distinguish monocots from dicots involve structures whose development is controlled by auxin. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling auxin biosynthesis, homeostasis, transport, and signal transduction appear, so far, to be conserved between monocots and dicots, although there are differences in gene copy number and expression leading to diversification in function. This article provides an update on the conservation and diversification of the roles of genes controlling auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signal transduction in root, shoot, and reproductive development in rice and maize.
A functionalizable reverse thermal gel based on a polyurethane/PEG block copolymer

Injectable reverse thermal gels have great potentials as biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery. However, most existing gels lack functional groups that can be modified with biomolecules that can guide cell/material interactions. We created an amine-functionalized ABA block copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(serinol hexamethylene urethane), or ESHU. This reverse thermal gel consists of a hydrophobic block (B): poly(serinol hexamethylene urethane) and a hydrophilic block (A): poly(ethylene glycol). The polymer was characterized by GPC, FTIR and (1)H FTNMR. Rheological study demonstrated that ESHU solution in phosphate-buffered saline initiated phase transition at 32 °C and reached maximum elastic modulus at 37 °C. The in vitro degradation tests performed in PBS and cholesterol esterase solutions revealed that the polymer was hydrolyzable and the presence of cholesterol esterase greatly accelerated the hydrolysis. The in vitro cytotoxicity tests carried out using baboon smooth muscle cells demonstrated that ESHU had good cytocompatibility with cell viability indistinguishable from tissue culture treated polystyrene. Subcutaneous implantation in rats revealed well tolerated accurate inflammatory response with moderate ED-1 positive macrophages in the early stages, which largely resolved 4 weeks post-implantation. We functionalized ESHU with a hexapeptide, Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val-Ser (IKVAVS), which gelled rapidly at body temperature. We expect this new platform of functionalizable reverse thermal gels to provide versatile biomaterials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Expression and differential regulation of Id1, a dominant negative regulator of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, in glomerular mesangial cells

Id is a family of dominant negative helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins that block cell-specific transcription mediated by basic HLH (bHLH) transcription mediated by basic HLH (bHLH) transcription factors. We have analyzed Id1 expression in mesangial cells as a first step towards understanding the putative role of bHLH transcription factors in cell type-specific gene expression in the kidney. Glomerular mesangial cells expressed an abundant 1.1 kb mRNA transcript for Id1, but in contrast to other cell types Id1 mRNA was expressed in both randomly cycling cells and in serum-deprived, quiescent cultures. When quiescent mesangial cells were treated with serum to re-enter G1, Id1 mRNA levels were rapidly (2-4 h) and transiently down-regulated. Down-regulation of Id1 mRNA following addition of serum to mesangial cells was cell type-specific and contrasted with induction of Id1 by serum in BHK-21 and 3T3 fibroblasts. Down-regulation of Id1 mRNA correlated with mitogenesis and occurred when quiescent cells were treated with growth factors that activate G protein-coupled receptors and receptor protein tyrosine kinases but not with a non-mitogenic cAMP analog. Down-regulation of Id1 by growth factors required de novo protein synthesis, suggesting that a labile protein was involved. Appearance of E-box DNA binding activity in mesangial cell extracts followed down-regulation of Id1 message. Steady state Id1 mRNA levels and E-box DNA binding activity were not tightly correlated, suggesting complex regulation of Id1 activity. mRNA transcripts for E2A gene products were also expressed in mesangial cells, but these cells failed to express mRNAs for MyoA/MyoD-related genes. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Id1 is expressed in renal mesangial cells and suggest that bHLH complexes might be important for transcriptional regulation in the kidney. In addition, the observation that Id1 mRNA is transiently down-regulated by serum in mesangial cells suggests that Id1 gene expression is more complicated than previously appreciated and is tightly regulated in a cell-specific manner.
Multivariate calibration on a low transistor-count sensor signal processor

This paper presents the implementation of multivariate calibration, which is a Chemometrics technique, on a 16-bit precision, low transistor-count serial sensor signal processor. The primary advantage of the proposed processor is its small area consumption due to the one-bit-a-time serial processing architecture and the off-chip memory for data and instruction storage. The processor chip is fabricated in the low cost CMOS technology, and yields compact silicon area and low power consumption, also demonstrating the program flexibility for sensor signal processing capabilities such as in-field self-calibration for the biomedical/chemistry sensor systems-on-a-chip.
Viscosity from elliptic flow: Clearing the path towards precision

Using viscous relativistic hydrodynamics we show that systematic studies of the impact parameter dependence of the eccentricity-scaled elliptic flow v{sub 2}/{epsilon} can distinguish between different models for the calculation of the initial source eccentricity {epsilon}. This removes the largest present uncertainty in the extraction of the specific viscosity of the matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions from precise elliptic-flow measurements.
Extractive summarization of personal photos from life events

Manually sifting through large collections of personal photos shot at various life events is both tedious and inefficient. In this paper, we propose a photo summarization system which creates a representative subset summary by extracting photos from a larger set shot at an event (e.g., in a trip, birthday, etc). We define three properties that are necessary to generate an effective summary: relevance, diversity and coverage. We propose methods to compute them using multimodal content and context data. The objective for automatic photo summarization is formulated as an optimization of these properties. We discuss algorithms that solve the problem efficiently. A dataset of 7,700 photos from personal life events is created with user-generated ground truth summary. We also propose objective metrics to evaluate summaries automatically. Evaluations using both objective metrics and user feedback show our models can generate summaries which are much better than baselines.
Sum Rules and the Szegő Condition for Orthogonal Polynomials on the Real Line

We study the Case sum rules, especially C_0, for general Jacobi matrices. We establish situations where the sum rule is valid. Applications include an extension of Shohat’s theorem to cases with an infinite point spectrum and a proof that if lim n(a_n−1)=α and lim nb_n=β exist and 2α<|β|, then the Szegő condition fails.
Structure of the catalytic domain of the Salmonella virulence factor SseI.

SseI is secreted into host cells by Salmonella and contributes to the establishment of systemic infections. The crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of SseI has been solved to 1.70 A resolution, revealing it to be a member of the cysteine protease superfamily with a catalytic triad consisting of Cys178, His216 and Asp231 that is critical to its virulence activities. Structure-based analysis revealed that SseI is likely to possess either acyl hydrolase or acyltransferase activity, placing this virulence factor in the rapidly growing class of enzymes of this family utilized by bacterial pathogens inside eukaryotic cells.
Effects of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Plants, Plant Populations and Communities: A Review

Large effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) upon individual plants, plant populations and communities have been documented in a number of studies. However, well-supported experimental measures of the magnitude and geographical extent of these effects are still surprisingly scarce. Deer-caused changes in stem morphology and reductions in plant growth rates are well-documented in some parts of the North America. Furthermore, deer have been shown to affect the composition of several plant communities in the north-central and northeastern United States. There are some documented cases of deer-caused reductions in plant survival; most of these are tree seedlings and saplings. However, many studies have detected no effects on plant survival or fecundity, or have found that negative effects occur only in a fraction of years, seasons, sites or deer densities. Little is known about population-level or ecosystem-level impacts. Many regions and plant communities with large deer populations have not been studied. Whereas deer density is clearly important in determining spatial and temporal variation in the presence and magnitude of deer effects, other factors that may modify the effects of deer density are poorly understood.
Fabry Disease in Pediatric Patients

Fabry disease, α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) deficiency, is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease resulting in the progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) in the lysosomes of endothelial cells, as well as epithelial, perithelial and smooth muscle cells throughout the body. Classically affected males (<1% α-Gal A activity) present in childhood with acroparesthesias, hypohidrosis, angiokeratomas, corneal/lenticular opacities, and abdominal pain. With advancing age, renal failure and cerebrovascular and cardiovascular complications lead to early demise. Manifestations of disease in heterozygotes for the classic phenotype are variable due to Lyonization [1–7, 8]. In children and adolescence unusual signs and symptoms, and/or clusters of relatively common signs and symptoms should direct the physicians toward further investigations. In such cases, additional clinical signs of disease and a detailed family history can be helpful. Eventually, definitive diagnosis is relatively simple through enzyme activity assay, and DNA testing [5, 9, 10]. Here we focus on clinical presentation in pediatric and adolescent age groups. We will discuss the signs and symptoms unique in Fabry disease, as well as clusters of common signs and symptoms, which are suggestive of Fabry disease in this age group.
The Institutional Imperative: The Politics of Equitable Development in Southeast Asia . By Erik Martinez Kuhonta. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011. 368p. $50.00.

In his book, Erik Kuhonta advances an institutional theory of equitable development. He argues that an institutionalized party helps to promote social and human development by privileging public over private interests and by promoting programmatic politics rather than clientelistic exchange. A party is fully institutionalized when it is autonomous, coherent, and organizationally complex, but is rooted in society in a way that enables it to address the needs of the poor (pp. 23–24). To test his argument, Kuhonta draws on evidence from two sets of paired comparisons. The primary comparison is of Malaysia and Thailand, and in a separate chapter, he extends the argument by comparing the Philippines and Vietnam.
Azygous vein coil lowers defibrillation threshold in patients with high defibrillation threshold.

Aims Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) reduce sudden death in patients at high risk. High defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) are not uncommon and may be the cause of failed defibrillation in patients with ICDs. Addition of a coil in the azygous vein posterior to the heart lowers the DFT in most patients by altering the electrical vector during defibrillation. This can be accomplished fairly easily and expeditiously using standard equipment in the laboratory. It also avoids the difficulties and complications associated with other methods such as the use of a subcutaneous array. Methods and results This series of three cases illustrates the type of patients who may benefit from this technique. The addition of an azygous coil successfully lowered the DFT to <10 J in each case. A brief description of the technique used to implant the azygous coil follows. Conclusion This simple and elegant solution can be highly useful as part of the armamentarium in tackling the problem ofhigh DFTs.
Minimum Steiner Tree Construction.

In optimizing the area of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) layouts, circuit interconnections should generally be realized with minimum total interconnect. This chapter addresses several variations of the corresponding fundamental Steiner minimal tree (SMT) problem, where a given set of pins is to be connected using minimum total wirelength. Steiner trees are important in global routing and wirelength estimation [15], as well as in various non-VLSI applications such as phylogenetic tree reconstruction in biology [48], network routing [61], and civil engineering, among many other areas [21, 25, 26, 29, 51, 74].
POUSSIN'S NOVITÀ

TASSO'S NOVEL IMITATION Tasso recognizes that the formal design of the poetic narrative, rather than the subject matter itself, is the proper domain for the introduction of novelty. These include what Aristotle calls the quantitative parts that structure the development of the fable, what we would call the plot. The poet reserves the prerogative to establish the scope of narrative, to order the unfolding of events, to impose a logical development from beginning to middle to end, and to embellish the action with episodes. As such, “he reveals himself more artful poet than truthful historian.” Granted, the less familiar such basic facts are, the greater the latitude for novel fabrication, “la licenza di fingere.” Nevertheless, even if the materia is very well known, the poet will make it his own through the structure of the plot and the final veneer of distinctive verse. In such a way, the subject of the work remains faithful to the truth, while its form is bound to delight the reader through its novelty. Therefore the poet is, in certain aspects, the friend of the truth, which he illustrates and embellishes with new colors, and, one can say, from the old and the ancient, he makes it anew. The poem will be novel in which the plot structure is new, the outcomes are new, and the episodes placed in between are new, even though the subject matter is well known, and has been treated before by others. This is because the novelty of a poem pertains more to the form rather than to the subject matter.
The Coordination of Syntheses of Bacteriochlorophyll and Bacteriochlorophyll-Binding Proteins in Rhodobacter capsulatus

Although bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) synthesis has been studied for many years, very little is known about the mechanisms that coordinate the synthesis of Bchl with the availability of proteins to bind it. This is an important regulatory point, since Bchl is a potent sensitizer for photodynamic killing, but when Bchl is properly complexed with proteins and carotenoids that aid in the efficient conversion of excitation energy into electrochemical energy, Bchl can be safely accumulated to high levels. One obvious means of limiting the accumulation of free Bchl would be through feedback inhibition of Bchl synthesis, but Lascelles (1) was unable to find evidence for such a regulatory pathway. Lascelles eventually proposed that Bchl was synthesized as a Bchl-protein complex. We have recently revived that hypothesis as an explanation for the mode of regulation observed for a new Bchl-regulatory gene, pufQ (2).
Kinematic Comparison Between High- and Moderate-Flexing Knees in Patients With Bi-Cruciate Substituting Total Knee Arthroplasty

Bi-cruciate substituting total knee arthroplasty (TKA) having two post-cam mechanisms was developed to substitute for cruciate ligament function after surgery. A previous study has shown many of these knees achieve high functional flexion. However, there is little information provided to differentiate between knees able to flex deeply and those that could not, although this is a major concern for surgeons. This study was conducted to compare the kinematic pathway from 0° to 90° in both groups. Twenty five knees were included in this study. All knees were diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA) and all TKAs were performed by the same surgeon (WR) from November 2005 to September 2006. A mini mid-vastus surgical approach with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) resection and patellar resurfacing was used in all cases. Computer navigation was used to guide bone cuts in all the cases. Patients9 age averaged 63 years (range, 43–73) at the time of surgery. The study observations were performed at an average of 53 (SD 4) months after surgery. Knee motions were recorded using video-fluoroscopy while subjects performed stair up and down, and lunge activities. The three-dimensional position and orientation of the implant components were determined using model-based shape-matching techniques. This initial manual solution was refined using nonlinear least-squares optimization to maximize image-edge correspondence. Joint kinematics were determined from the three-dimensional pose of each implant component using Cardan/Euler angles. TKAs were divided into two groups according to the maximum lunge angles; TKAs achieved larger than 130° were defined as high flexion group (H group) and the ones from 110° to 130° were defined as moderate flexion group (M group). Tibial internal position and the AP locations of medial and lateral condyles were examined. Two TKAs were excluded since their maximum flexion was less than 110°. Twelve and eleven TKAs were defined as the H group (High flexing, average 137°, SD 4°) and the M group (Moderate flexing, average 121°, SD 5°), respectively. Tibial internal rotation averaged 10° (SD 4°) and 9° (SD 3°), respectively, at lunge position. The medial and the lateral condyles were located at 9 mm (SD 2 mm) and 17 mm (SD 3 mm) posterior to the tibial centerline during the lunge activity in the M group and at 11 mm (SD 2 mm) and 21 mm (SD 3 mm) in the H group. Tibial rotation was not statistically different (Figure 1), while AP position of the lateral condyle translated more backward in H group at 90° (Figure 2). The TKAs in the M group exhibited femoral forward motion from 0° to 20° flexion, while the H group moved backward (Figure 2). Our results revealed the post-cam mechanisms worked effectively in the H group TKA. The TKAs which acquired deep flexion successfully prevented the “roll forward motion” and had greater femoral posterior translation at 90° where the posterior post-cam mechanism engages. It appears adequate femoral posterior translation may be important to acquire deep flexion after TKA.
Connecting the Dots: Interactions in Internet Rights and Security in India

Our research aims to explain transformations in internet governance in terms of interactions among global and domestic players, civil society, private interests, technological infrastructure, and identity. We explore the interactions that produce internet policy in India, emphasizing the relationship between security and internet rights and principles. We study inside and outside influences – including political parties, regulatory bodies, think tanks, internet service providers (ISPs), content providers, transnational and national users – their interactions, and their influence on global meetings. Our project is a history since 2008 of policy interactions in an important national context that has implications for other national contexts as well.
Novel biomarkers for prostate cancer: An evidence-based review for use in clinical practice

Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease with disparate outcomes. Traditional clinical parameters are limited in their ability to differentiate between these cases, and there is uncertainty regarding management strategies. A number of novel biomarkers have emerged, but how best to use them at the point of care remains confusing. In the present review, we describe the most common novel biomarkers, their key supporting literature, and propose a meaningful algorithm for their use in clinical practice. To identify commercially available prostate cancer diagnostic tests, we carried out a PubMed literature search (through May 2016). Only English-language studies were included. We restricted our search to studies published within the past 10 years in order to focus our review on novel data. Secondary sources were also examined. We identified 12 novel biomarkers and categorized them into broad areas of clinical practice: (i) early diagnosis and screening; (ii) staging and primary treatment selection; (iii) post-treatment risk stratification; (iv) advanced disease prognosis and treatment response; and (v) emerging tests. Most validation studies rely on small retrospective cohorts and carry a high risk of bias; furthermore, most cohorts are restricted to Caucasians, with little to no representation of other geographic, racial or ethnic populations. Novel biomarkers for prostate cancer management, while potentially helpful, should not replace standard clinical information and physician judgment. They are currently best suited to serve as an adjunct to existing management tools. Clinicians should have a sound grasp of each biomarker-based test's indications and limitations.
On viewing: the politics of looking at the corpse

ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the politics of images of the dead body. Western cultural norms often dictate that dead bodies should not be viewable outside of the funerary industry, especially when they are graphic by virtue of a bloody and violent death. These cultural taboos tell us that dead bodies do not belong in the public sphere, and something extraordinary must be the case for them to be on display and rendered visible. However, rather than focus on the taboo itself that structures these regimes of visuality, this paper focuses on the political work these taboos do to enact particular performances of rehumanization and dehumanization of the dead. It traces the paradox of the ambivalent effects of dead bodies when they are rendered visible in global politics in two main ways: one, humanizing, to advocate for attention to a particular crisis-of-humanity, and two, to dehumanize particular dead bodies in the service of a narrative that depicts enemy bodies as killable.
Force Concept Inventory

Auf den folgenden Seiten finden Sie die deutsche Ubertragung der im August 1995 uberarbeiteten (zweiten) englischen Fassung des „Force Concept Inventory“.Force Concept Inventory.
Handling Confounding for Realistic Off-Policy Evaluation

Inverse Propensity Score estimator (IPS) is a basic, unbiased, off-policy evaluation technique to measure the impact of a user-interactive system without serving live traffic. We present our work on applying IPS to real-world settings by addressing some practical challenges, thereby enabling successful policy evaluation. In particular, we show that off-policy evaluation can be impossible in the absence of a complete context and we describe a systematic way of defining the context.
Recent Advances in Geometric Inequalities. By D. S. Mitrinović, J. E. Pečarić and V. Volonec

(1991). Recent Advances in Geometric Inequalities. By D. S. Mitrinovic, J. E. Pecaric and V. Volonec. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 10, pp. 977-980.
Estimating the probability of OSA in the spinal cord injury population: specific tools are still needed.

Patients with high spinal cord injury (SCI) and tetraplegia have a remarkably high prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Most reports describe obstructive sleep apnoeas (OSAs) and hypopnoeas in this population.1 2 OSA impairs health-related quality of life (HRQL) in tetraplegic subjects and is associated with cognitive dysfunction, with repercussions mainly on attention, concentration, memory and learning skills.3 4 Changes in upper airways (UA) in SCI may increase the risk of OSA syndrome (OSAS): increased passive UA collapsibility,5 greater volume of soft palate and lateral pharyngeal walls, increased nasal resistance and nasal congestion.6 7 Breathing at lower volumes may also contribute to the higher prevalence of OSAS in this population.2 8 Coexistent traumatic brain injury, sleep position and medication (opioids, baclofen and benzodiazepines) can affect breathing during sleep with an additional burden of central events9 or nocturnal hypoventilation. It is quite possible that central events are underestimated in available publications because hypopnoeas are most often not specified as being central or obstructive as proposed by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) 2012 guidelines.10 Despite the high prevalence of SDB and SDB-related symptoms in SCI, adherence to Continuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP) is poor: symptomatic patients treated with SDB by CPAP have a long-term adherence to treatment of 50%–63%.2 Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of OSA. However, transportation of the patient for in-laboratory PSG may be as complicated as providing unattended portable PSG in a long-term facility. Providing a simple pragmatic alternative to PSG was therefore the main goal for the study by Graco and colleagues published in Thorax .11 The authors describe the performance of a disease-specific two-stage screening tool for moderate to severe OSAS (defined as apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >21/hour) in tetraplegic patients with SCI, developed using an existing database of …
Parents' assessment and children's reactions to a passive restraint device used for behavior control in a private pediatric dental practice.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare parents' acceptance of passive restraint with their personal perception of their own anxiety, their evaluation of their child's emotional state while being restrained and the treating dentist's perception of their levels of stress. Methods A convenience sample of 100 children who needed passive restraint in order to complete their restorative dental needs were included in the study. After the dental treatment was completed, surveys were mailed to the parents who were in the operatory during the restorative procedure, asking them to evaluate their level of stress, their view of how their child accepted the passive restraint device and their view of the success of the procedure. The treating dentist also evaluated their apparent levels of apprehension and the behavior of the children while being restrained, using the Sarnat Scale. There were 42 replies to the survey. Results The results showed that the difference between the percentage of parents that felt no anxiety vs. moderate to severe anxiety was not significant. Ten percent of the parents felt their child did not mind being restrained, while the balance was evenly split between feeling that their child was either unhappy but accepting or unhappy and not accepting of restraint. Conclusions For the population studied, the use of passive restraint was acceptable to most parents, as those in this study did not view it negatively. They were clam while observing their child being treated and happy with their decision for its use. The results suggest that most parents will accept this modality for behavior control.
Arthroscopic Management of Lunotriquetral Ligament Tears

Lunotriquetral instability is treated based upon degree of instability and concomitant pathology although there is no consensus on treatment of lunotriquetral instability. Lunotriquetral instability, with or without concomitant pathology, has been surgically managed with arthrodesis, ligament graft reconstruction, ligament repair, percutaneous pinning, and ulnar shortening.
Paris, France: A 21st-Century Eco-City

Paris, with a population of 2.2 million, is the capital of and largest city in France, a nation of 64.7 million (INSEE 2010a,b). Paris is regularly ranked among the great world cities, and its history, economy, culture, and iconic landmarks make it the most visited city in the world. In 2010 it was third on the Global Power City Index (IUS 2010), fourth on the Global Cities Index (Foreign Policy 2010), the seventh most livable city (Monocle 2010), and third on the World City Survey—second for quality of life and fourth for economic activity (Knight Frank 2010).