cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of 1–500 eV Electrons Observed in the Earth’s Thermosphere from the Photoelectron Spectrometer Experiment on the Atmosphere Explorer Satellites

Low energy electrons play a significant role in a variety of atmospheric, ionospheric, and magnetospheric processes. Those produced in the thermosphere by photoionization represent the primary source of ion and electron heating in this and higher-altitude regions. Photoelectron produced in a sunlit hemisphere can, under certain circumstances, connect along geomagnetic field lines to a nonsunlit conjugate point in the opposite hemisphere, causing phenomena such as predawn heating. Secondary electrons produced by streams of high energy electrons which bombard the auroral atmosphere play an important role in the dynamics of the high latitude ionosphere. Low energy electrons are believed to be principal carriers of large-scale field-aligned, or Birkeland currents which are a basic element in the three-dimensional system coupling the magnetosphere with the lower atmosphere and ionosphere. The characteristics of low energy electrons are important to an understanding of the complex plasma processes that convey the solar wind plasma down through the magnetospheric cusps to the lower ionosphere. Low energy electrons precipitate over the earth’s polar regions and can be used as an important tracer of the complicated acceleration mechanisms which occur in the distant magnetospheric boundaries and tail region.
Relationship between Systemic and Cerebral Vascular Disease and Brain Structure Integrity in Normal Elderly Individuals

Cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs) are considered a reflection of cerebral and systemic small vessel disease (SVD), and are associated with reductions in brain volume. Like the brain, the kidney is also sensitive to factors that affect vasculature. Glomerular dysfunction due to renal vascular damage can be measured with different biochemical parameters, such as creatinine or cystatin C, although cystatin C is considered to be more accurate than creatinine in the elderly. The purpose of the study was to determine whether manifestations of SVD in the kidney can predict SVD-based damage to the brain. We examined the relationship between glomerular dysfunction as a measure of SVD on WMLs, gray matter (GM) volume, and cognition in 735 cognitively normal participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study. The multivariate analyses controlled for demographic characteristics, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, Apolipoprotein 4 allele, C reactive protein, lipids, physical activity, smoking, and body mass index (BMI). Elevated cystatin C levels were associated with lower neuropsychological test scores, the presence of MRI-identified brain infarcts, the severity of WMLs, and GM atrophy five years later. In adjusted models, GM volume was significantly associated with cystatin-C only until BMI and severity of WMLs were added to the model, meaning that the effect of SVD on GM volume is mediated by these two variables. These findings suggest that age-related SVD is a process that leads to altered brain structure, and creates a vulnerability state for cognitive decline.
Measurement of ALA Synthase Activity

In most cells, δ-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase is the rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis. It is inducible by drugs and toxins and is feedback regulated by heme. This unit describes a radiometric assay using [¹⁴C]succinate as a substrate and a colorimetric assay based on the conversion of ALA to a pyrrole.
Autopsy Findings in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Population Over 2 Decades

Abstract Objectives.—To examine autopsy pathology in an urban population infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to determine if age at death and disease frequencies are associated with gender, HIV risk factors, ethnicity, and therapeutic era. Design and Methods.—Retrospective analysis of autopsy data from 394 HIV-infected adults. The population was divided into 3 therapeutic eras for analysis: group A, 1979–1986; group B, 1987–1995; and group C, 1996–2000. Results.—Women died at significantly younger ages than men (mean ± SEM age, 38.9 ± 1.0 years vs 42.5 ± 0.64 years), even after adjustment for risk factors, ethnicity, and therapeutic era. This age discrepancy occurred despite a lower prevalence of arteriosclerosis, cachexia, and hepatitis B in women and no significant differences in the frequencies of other infectious diseases. Whites had a longer survival than patients of other ethnicities (mean age at death, 44.7 ± 1.2 years for whites, 39.9 ± 0.80 years for blacks, and 41.3 ± 0.87 y...
Schizosaccharomyces pombe spPABP, a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pab1p, is a non-essential, shuttling protein that facilitates mRNA export.

Poly(A)-binding proteins play important roles in mRNA metabolism in eukaryotic cells. We examined the role of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae poly(A)-binding protein, Pab1p, in cellular growth and mRNA export. In contrast to PAB1, the sppabp gene is not essential for cellular viability. Like the human hPABP1 protein, spPABP is cytoplasmically localized and can shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We found that a spPABP–GFP fusion protein expressed from a multicopy plasmid could suppress the growth and mRNA export defect of rae1-16 7 nup184-1 synthetic lethal mutations. However, about 20–25% of cells in the population exhibited a pronounced nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA. The same cells also localized the spPABP–GFP fusion to the nucleus, suggesting that the shuttling ability of spPABP is related to its function in mRNA export. When a heterologous nuclear export activity from spMex67p was fused to spPABP–GFP fusion protein, it overcame the nuclear retention but did not increase nuclear mRNA export. We discuss the implications of these observations in relation to how spPABP could function in mRNA export. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of shear stress in the formation of annealing twin boundaries in copper

Abstract Annealing twin boundaries are important in the evolution of grain boundary engineered materials. The development of annealing twins in face-centered cubic metals is a function of stacking fault energy and a number of other factors. It is observed that annealing heavily deformed copper under shear stress tends to promote the formation of twin boundaries.
Anastomosis of the outflow cannula to the descending aorta in a HeartWare left ventricular assist device

We report a case in which a recipient of a HeartWare® HVAD left ventricular assist device (HeartWare, Framingham, MA, USA) was unable to undergo standard outflow graft anastomosis to the ascending aorta due to severe aortic calcification. The outflow graft of the device was instead anastomosed to the descending aorta.
Polystyrene aerosols—electrical charge and residue size distribution

Abstract The complete size distribution of polystyrene aerosols produced from a dilute hydrosol of the polystyrene latex particles by the atomization and evaporation process has been measured over the size range 0.002–5 μ in 18 size intervals by means of an aerosol counting and size-distribution measuring system consisting of three instruments in parallel operation: a General Electric condensation nuclei counter, an electric particle counter and a Royco optical particle counter. The concentration of the residue particles resulting from the evaporation of the empty liquid droplets containing no PSL particles has been found to be approximately five orders of magnitude higher than the monodisperse PSL particles. The use of an impactor with a sharp 2-μ droplet cut-off has been shown to be effective in improving the monodispersity of the generated polystyrene aerosol. The improvement apparently has resulted from the reduced number of multiplets formed. The electrostatic charge on the PSL particle has been measured and the median charge has been found to be on the order from 10 to 100 elementary electron units. However, some particles have been found to carry over 600 units of charge. Charges of these magnitudes are approaching or even exceeding the maximum charge that can be placed on these particles in an electrostatic precipitator and undoubtedly can have a very substantial effect on the behavior of the aerosol. A radioactive Kr-85 gas of 0.5 mc activity has been found to be an effective means of neutralizing the aerosol charge.
Renal tubular dysfunction in fetal alcohol syndrome.

Renal function was evaluated in six patients with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and eight control subjects before and after fluid restriction and acute acid loading. Baseline serum electrolytes, creatinine clearance, fractional sodium excretion, tubular reabsorption of phosphate, urine and blood pH and osmolalities, plasma renin activity, and plasma aldosterone level were normal in all subjects, but fractional potassium excretion (FEK) was lower in FAS patients than in control subjects (P<0.001). Despita equivalent plasma osmolalities (295±3 vs 293±2 mosmol/kg,P=0.2), the maximum urinary osmolality after 12 h of water deprivation in patients with FAS was significantly lower compared with controls (560±107 vs 965±77 mosmol/kg;P<0.001) and increased to only 578±101 mosmol/kg after vasopressin administration. After ammonium chloride loading, minimum urine pH was significantly higher in patients than in controls (5.7±0.17 vs 4.81±0.19;P<0.001). Net acid excretion and FEK were also lower in patients than in controls (102±11 vs 139.6±11.3 μEq/min per 1.73 m2 and 23.5±1.3 vs 29±1.6%, respectively;P<0.001). The data indicate a subclinical renal tubular defect in urine concentration and acidification in patients with FAS.
A study of the state of water and stoichiometry of bottle-hydrated Ca3SiO5

The state of water in hydrated C3S is studied by Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis techniques. Samples were conditioned at several relative humidities for lengthy periods starting from d-dry, 100 per cent R. H. and 11 per cent R. H. It was found that the stoichiometry of the bottle-hydrated CSH gel at 11 per cent R. H. approached from 100 per cent R. H. is 3.28 CaO: 2SiO2: 3.92H2O. Results suggested that at higher humidities higher hydrates exist which decomposed on drying at relative humidities below 40 per cent R. H. Decomposition might occur at humidities above this level.
A Discriminatory Frontier Land Policy: Chile, 1870-1914

Writing in 1904, the Chilean intellectual Nicolas Palacios bitterly complained that his fellow-countrymen inhabiting the southern frontier provinces were “orphans” in their own land. The simile was appropriate. Since the 1870's, the government, through its land policy, systematically and deliberately had excluded Chile's wage-labor class from property ownership in the frontier. As a direct result, many Chilean laborers fell to peonage while European immigrants and wealthy Chileans acquired ownership of much of the public domain. Shortly before World War I, social and political pressures in Chile forced the government to end this discriminatory policy and to begin distributing the remainder of the public domain to nativeborn settlers.
Observations on the monovalent cation requirements of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase.

The requirement of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (E.C.6.3.4.3.) for monovalent cations (Whitely and Huennekens, 1962; Himes and Wilder, 1965) has been correlated with the ability of the cations to prevent the dissociation of the native enzyme into subunits (Scott and Rabinowitz, 1967). In our laboratory we have also shown that dissociation of the enzyme occurs in the absence of certain cations and leads to inactivation of the enzyme. The data presented in this report show that the inactivation process is retarded by low concentrations of NH4+, comparatively higher concentrations of multivalent anions, and the substrates for the reaction. In addition, they show that the enzyme, stabilized in the absence of a monovalent cation, has a Km for formate which is 10 times as large as that obtained with the monovalent cation-stabilized enzyme. The Km values for MgATP and tetrahydrofolate, however, are the same for both forms of the enzyme.
MICROPOLAR VISCOELASTIC WAVES.

Abstract The propagation conditions and growth equations, which govern the propagation of waves in micropolar viscoelasticity, are derived and discussed. The couplings between the discontinuities in the macroscopic and microscopic fields are studied.
Challenges to Comparative Research on Intergenerational Transfers

Intergenerational transfers are complex processes involving a potentially large number of participants and a range of content, often subsumed as space, time, or money. Identifying the matrix of providers and recipients associated with each "currency" and distinguishing past from current flows and direct from indirect transfers, pose considerable challenge to any survey instrument. This paper proposes an organizational framework for this multidimensionality and then reviews some of the strategies that have been employed by several surveys in East and Southeast Asia to measure key elements of the process.
Control of Pore Sizes in Mesoporous Silica Templated by Liquid Crystals in Block Copolymer−Cosurfactant−Water Systems

Colloidal silica has been polymerized in the aqueous domain of lyotropic liquid crystal phases in ternary surfactant (Pluronic F127 or P123)−cosurfactant (butanol, pentanol, or hexanol)−water systems to create optically transparent mesostructured surfactant−cosurfactant−silica monoliths. The use of ternary systems enriches phase diagrams of aqueous surfactant systems, which in turn introduces more flexibility and diversity into the designed synthesis of mesoporous materials. Lyotropic surfactant liquid crystal phases are preserved throughout the inorganic polymerization and gelation processes and directly template the formation of inorganic mesophases. The cosurfactant chain length and the cosurfactant/surfactant mass ratio have been used to control the pore size. The large shrinkage of mesopores during calcination can be reduced with hydrothermal treatment prior to calcination. Highly ordered mesoporous silica samples with identical pore sizes, but very different wall thickness, can be prepared. The remo...
Comparison of ROESY and EXSY Methods Using Bloch Equations

A comparison of longitudinal and transverse frame magnetization transfer methods is provided using modified Bloch equations for a two-spin system representative of a methylene group exchanging between two chemically distinct sites. This simple formalism incorporates chemical shift, auto- and cross-relaxation terms, chemical exchange first-order rate constants and r.f. field terms for ROESY experiments. Overhauser and exchange magnetization transfer is emulated at three limits of molecular reorientation time (τc). The calculated build up curves suggest a parasitic effect of ROE on chemical exchange magnetization transfer. In addition, for molecules harboring spin systems exchanging between sites such that the exchange rate approximates the transverse cross-relaxation rate, and reorienting in solution at rates slower than that defined by the CAMELSPIN limit (ω0τc≈1.118), the calculations suggest observation of exchange or Overhauser cross peaks may be compromised. Finally, the effect of off-resonance spin locking r.f. power level is explored upon exchange or Overhauser build-up curve profiles. The results suggest off-resonance approaches that at low r.f. spin locking power may adversely affect ROE or exchange build-up rates and may compromise either exchange rate determination or internuclear distance estimation.
Cellular factors modulating the mechanism of tau protein aggregation

Pathological accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein tau, in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, is a major hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease, the most prevalent neurodegenerative condition worldwide. In addition to Alzheimer’s disease, a number of neurodegenerative diseases, called tauopathies, are characterized by the accumulation of aggregated tau in a variety of brain regions. While tau normally plays an important role in stabilizing the microtubule network of the cytoskeleton, its dissociation from microtubules and eventual aggregation into pathological deposits is an area of intense focus for therapeutic development. Here we discuss the known cellular factors that affect tau aggregation, from post-translational modifications to molecular chaperones.
Last-ditch medical therapy - revisiting lobotomy.

Dr. Barron Lerner writes that lobotomy exemplified a common characteristic of medical practice, in which doctors and patients have often felt the need to “do something” in the face of seemingly hopeless situations.
Mechanisms for genetically predetermined differential quantitative expression of HLA-A and -B antigens

Previous studies showed that different HLA-A and -B antigens are differentially expressed in cells. Their relative quantities are genetically predetermined and inherited according to Mendelian laws. To investigate mechanisms responsible for this differential expression, a correlation study between the relative quantities of different HLA-A and -B proteins and their mRNA levels in eight different HLA-phenotyped lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were performed. The results show proportional correlation in all the studied cell lines except those that are positive for HLA-A24. Study of the turnover of HLA antigens reveals that different HLA-A and -B antigens are proportionally degraded. Measurement of the relative quantities of HLA-A and -B mRNAs in six LCLs before and after treatment with 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB), an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, demonstrates that HLA-A and -B mRNAs are proportionally degraded except slight differences in two LCLs. Measurement of the relative quantities of different HLA-A and -B pre-mRNAs in nuclei shows that they are not proportional to the relative quantities of their respective mature mRNAs in cytoplasm in four of six LCLs. These results indicate that combinations of different regulatory steps which include gene transcription, pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA degradation are involved in the genetically predetermined quantitative differential expression of HLA-A and -B antigens. Transcription of HLA genes and splicing of HLA pre-mRNAs appear to be the dominant regulatory steps.
Assessing environmental modifiers of disease risk associated with rare mutations.

Objective: As disease-predisposing mutations are increasingly identified, there is growing need to assess the effects of lifestyle and environmental factors on disease risks in muta
Imaging Near-borehole Structure Using Acoustic Logging Data With Pre-stack F-K Migration

Summary We apply a pre-stack F-K migration technique to the fullwave acoustic logging data to obtain an image of geological structures in the near-borehole region. The data acquisition configuration of acoustic logging, i.e., the span of receivers along the receiver array and a large number of tool positions along the borehole, well suits the requirement for the chosen migration method. The pre-stack F-K migration has no dip angle limitation and therefore can handle large angle dips (with respect to the borehole axis) quite well. It can also efficiently handle a large volume of data in one processing. Because it solves the migration problem in the frequency-wavenumber domain, the F-K migration can distinguish between up-dips and down-dips for a bed boundary intersecting the borehole. The technique has been tested with synthetic and field data sets. A deviated well acoustic logging data set will be used to demonstrate the ability of the technique to obtain clear structural images away from the borehole.
The histone database: A comprehensive resource for histones and histone fold‐containing proteins

The Histone Database is a curated and searchable collection of full-length sequences and structures of histones and nonhistone proteins containing histone-like folds, compiled from major public databases. Several new histone fold-containing proteins have been identified, including the huntingtin-interacting protein HYPM. Additionally, based on the recent crystal structure of the Son of Sevenless protein, an interpretation of the sequence analysis of the histone fold domain is presented. The database contains an updated collection of multiple sequence alignments for the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) and the linker histones (H1/H5) from a total of 975 organisms. The database also contains information on the human histone gene complement and provides links to three-dimensional structures of histone and histone fold-containing proteins. The Histone Database is a comprehensive bioinformatics resource for the study of structure and function of histones and histone fold-containing proteins.
Functional specificity of memory function associated with different subregions of the medial temporal lobe.

In summary, it appears that different brain regions (hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, and amygdala) within the MTL cannot easily be differentiated on the basis of utilizing different mnemonic processes associated with declarative memory, but functional specificity emerges based on the nature of the information to be processed including spatial, sensory-perceptual (eg, visual object), and reward value attributes, in addition to processing of language and temporal attributes.
Surgery and reconstruction in the patient who has undergone multimodality therapy

It is a general dogma held by most surgeons that performing surgery on head and neck cancer patients who have previously undergone radiation or chemoradiation (CRT) is a challenging task. Complete metastatic work-up as well as adequate access to nutrition and thyroid replacement are critical preoperative issues. Planned selective neck dissections can be performed within 4 to 8 weeks after completion of CRT. Antibiotics and suction drainage are important. For solitary neck recurrences, it is important to evaluate the carotid artery in the event that preoperative balloon occlusion is necessary. Laryngectomy defects for recurrences or nonfunctional larynges are managed with primary closure and pectoralis myofascial flap coverage of the suture line. Pectoralis myofascial flaps are also valuable for vessel coverage in the case of radical neck dissection defects for neck recurrences. Most other defects that cross the pharyngeal barrier are managed with vascularized tissue for closure and improved healing. Osteoradionecrosis of the mandible is managed with hyperbaric oxygen treatments and vascularized bone flaps. With individualized and complete perioperative care, surgery for the patient who has undergone multimodality therapy can be successful.
Imagery and linguistic factors affecting the solution of linear syllogisms

The present article examines the role of imagery in the solution of linear syllogisms and attempts to bring about a resolution between previous theories based on imagery and those based on linguistics. Syllogisms rated by subjects as evoking high imagery are solved faster and more accurately than those rated as evoking low imagery. In some cases, regarding the conflicts between imagery and linguistic theories, both theories are supported, depending on whether one uses error rate or latency as the measure of difficulty. This discrepancy is resolved by suggesting that imagery theory is more of a theory of problem solving and is best examined through the measure of error rate. Linguistic theory is more a measure of sentence processing and is best measured using latencies. This is supported by the use of syllogisms which control for linguistic parameters. In such cases, predictions of imagery theory are supported. The two opposing theories are probably more complementary than oppositional.
Remodeled cardiac calcium channels

Cardiac calcium channels play a pivotal role in the proper functioning of cardiac cells. In response to various pathologic stimuli, they become remodeled, changing how they function, as they adapt to their new environment. Specific features of remodeled channels depend upon the particular disease state. This review will summarize what is known about remodeled cardiac calcium channels in three disease states: hypertrophy, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. In addition, it will review the recent advances made in our understanding of the function of the various molecular building blocks that contribute to the proper functioning of the cardiac calcium channel.
Chemical sequencing of restriction fragments 3′-end-labeled with [35S]dATPαS

Abstract Although the phosphorous radioisotope 32 P is routinely used in Maxam–Gilbert sequencing, it presents disadvantages that adversely affect safety and ease of use, resolution, and DNA degradation rates. Here, we introduce a new protocol utilizing the alternative isotope 35 S for 3′-end-labeling DNA restriction fragments. In our method, plasmid DNA is labeled with [ 35 S]dATPαS and 7 Sequenase™ Version 2.0. We have shown that bands on Maxam–Gilbert sequencing gels are sharp with extremely low background. In addition, a single labeling reaction produces DNA sufficient for 80 sequencing lanes, and the labeled DNA can be utilized for prolonged periods of time without significant degradation. We have further demonstrated the utility of our 35 S-end-labeling procedure by successfully mapping the sequence-specificity of DNA damage induced by photoexcited riboflavin. Overall, we have shown that 35 S can be used as a safe and practical alternative to 32 P in the 3′-end-labeling of DNA restriction fragments.
Modifying ADDIE: Incorporating New Technologies in Library Instruction.

There are many instructional design theories to assist librarians in creating effective instructional modules for student learning. ADDIE is a generic instructional design model that has been in existence for more than 30 years and is known for its flexibility in application (Molenda, 2003). Using instructional design theories such as ADDIE helps to better serve students, librarians, and faculty because it adds efficiency and cohesion to the designing and learning process (Bell & Shank, 2007). In this article, the author writes about using the ADDIE model of instructional design to successfully incorporate new technologies into existing and new library instruction modules. The author outlines how the ADDIE model can be modified to fit specific technological needs of a library instruction program.
Hydrothermal synthesis of the microporous aluminophosphate CoAPO-5; in situ time-resolved synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction studies

Abstract Time-resolved powder diffraction using synchrotron X-ray radiation has been used for real-time studies of syntheses and chemical reactions. Recent studies from the NSLS beam line X7B are summarized. In situ cells for hydrothermal synthesis and gas flow using quartz glass capillaries are described. A new translating imaging plate (TIP) camera for time-resolved powder diffraction experiments is also described. Measurement of full powder patterns in times as short as 30 s is essential to these studies. New results from in situ studies of hydrothermal synthesis of cobalt-substituted microporous aluminophosphates are presented.
Inventing herself: examining the intersectional identities and educational leadership of Black women in the USA

And she [Black woman] had nothing to fall back on; not maleness, not whiteness, not ladyhood, not anything. And out of the profound desolation of her reality she may well have invented herself. (Mo...
The role of antigen-presenting cells in filoviral hemorrhagic fever: gaps in current knowledge

The filoviruses, Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), are highly lethal zoonotic agents of concern as emerging pathogens and potential bioweapons. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), particularly macrophages and dendritic cells, are targets of filovirus infection in vivo. Infection of these cell types has been proposed to contribute to the inflammation, activation of coagulation cascades and ineffective immune responses characteristic of filovirus hemorrhagic fever. However, many aspects of filovirus-APC interactions remain to be clarified. Among the unanswered questions: What determines the ability of filoviruses to replicate in different APC subsets? What are the cellular signaling pathways that sense infection and lead to production of copious quantities of cytokines, chemokines and tissue factor? What are the mechanisms by which innate antiviral responses are disabled by these viruses, and how may these mechanisms contribute to inadequate adaptive immunity? A better understanding of these issues will clarify the pathogenesis of filoviral hemorrhagic fever and provide new avenues for development of therapeutics.
Social psychological factors in oral surgery under local anesthesia

Abstract In a study of the distress experienced by oral surgery patients, it was found that the best predictors of distress were the technical difficulty of the operation, the patient's sensitivity to pain, and the patient's fearfulness about what would happen. Surprisingly, the dentist's personality and behavior had little impact on the patient's distress.
Effect of Magnetic Field on Dielectrics

IN a letter in the issue of NATURE for July 12, Prof. P. L. Burns states that the power factor of certain dielectrics is decreased when a constant magnetic field is superimposed on the dielectric which is being subjected to an alternating electric stress. One would expect that on the Debye dipole theory of polar molecules in a viscous medium the power factor would be changed by a magnetic field.
Alasclear: A high quality scab resistant potato

Alasclear was released from the breeding program at Palmer to provide Alaskan potato growers with a variety as resistant to potato scab as Ontario and of much better quality than that variety. Alasclear has a clear skin and is very acceptable at harvest for chip manufacture. Ninety days from planting it accumulated high dry matter as indicated by 1.089 specific gravity. It continues to increase to 1.102 specific gravity over a period of 120 days.
Mechanisms of the Nonlinear Optical Response in Tetraras(Cumylphenoxy)Phthalocyanines

The third order nonlinear optical (NLO) response of metal free tetrakis(cumylphenoxy)-phthalocyanine, (H2Pc(CP)4) was investigated at 597 nm, near resonance with the strong Q band. The second hyperpolarizability, γ, and the figure of merit, gC(3)/α, measured with a 1.2 ps pulse. was approximately independent of concentration between a 4.6x10-4 M solution and a neat thin film. The decay of the nonlinear response, however, depended substantially on the concentration and physical state of the material.
Work at the Periphery: Issues of Tourism Sustainability in Jamaica

The tourism industry in Jamaica, as elsewhere in the Caribbean, has provided government interests and tourism stakeholders with increasingly profitable economic benefits. The development and prosperity of the ‘all-inclusive’ vacation model has become a significant aspect of these benefits. Vacationers from North America and Europe are particularly attracted to tourism destinations providing resort accommodations that cater to foreign visitors, offering ‘safe spaces’ for the enjoyment of sun, sand, and sea that so many leisure-seekers desire. Safety and security are progressively becoming more relevant within the contexts of poverty, crime, and tourist harassment that are now commonplace in many of these island destinations. This model of tourism development, however, represents a problematic relationship between these types of hotels and the environmental, political, and economic interests of the communities in which they are located. The lack of linkage between tourist entities and other sectors, such as agriculture and transportation, leaves members of local communities out of the immense profits that are generated. Based on a review of relevant literature and ethnographic research conducted in one of Jamaica’s most popular resort towns, this paper considers the ways in which the sociocultural landscape of a specific place is affected by and responds to the demands of an overtly demanding industry. Utilizing an anthropological approach, I explore local responses to tourism shifts, and analyse recent trends in the tourism industry as they relate to the concept of sustainability.
Parent-Staff Communication in Day Care Centers during Morning and Afternoon Transitions.

Communication between parents and staff was observed in 16 proprietary day care centers during morning and afternoon transition (i.e., drop off, pick up times). Results revealed large, stable differences among centers in the frequency and usefulness of these exchanges. Approximately two-thirds of the transition time opportunities resulted in parent-staff communication, the median length of their conversations was 12 seconds long. About half of the conversations were more than purely routine and typically involved the giving of or asking for information about the child's behavior, health or day at the center. Analysis by time of day suggested that caregivers were relatively more accessible during the morning transition, while parents were relatively more accessible during the afternoon transition. There were also large differences in parent-staff communication in preschool versus infant and toddler programs favoring the younger age group in measures of frequency and usefulness. Follow-up analysis suggested that these age differences may be due more to the communication needs of infant and toddler staff than of parents.
Algorithm-based fault tolerance for matrix inversion with maximum pivoting

Abstract Existing fault-tolerant matrix-inversion schemes suffer several drawbacks, such as being limited to fault detection, requiring rollback to resume computation, cost ineffectiveness, instability, significant roundoff errors, and potential false alarms. In this paper, an algorithm-based fault-tolerant scheme for matrix inversion with maximum pivoting that can rectify the above problems is presented. This scheme can correct a single fault and detect multiple faults in each row and column in each iteration within a computation. The sequential and parallel algorithms based on checksums to support the fault-tolerant capability are developed. In this scheme, redundant processing elements needed and additional overhead for the enhanced fault correcting ability are relatively small compared to those in existing schemes. An implementation example that performs n × n matrix inversion with maximum pivoting on an ( n + 1) × ( n + 1) mesh-connected array processor with a time complexity of O ( n 2 ) is also described.
Gender differences in performance attributions: Students' explanations for personal success or failure

Women are often said to exhibit an externality bias in their performance attributions. To test this hypothesis, male and female college students made effort, ability, luck, and task difficulty attributions for their performance on a recent course examination. Measures of the students' affective reactions toward their performance were also obtained. Successful students, whether male or female, made internal attributions and were pleased with their performance. Stronger internal attributions were associated with more positive affective reactions for these students. Unsuccessful female students made external attributions, were displeased with their performance, and felt better when they attributed their failure to unstable factors. Unsuccessful male students were also displeased with their performance, but tended to make more internal attributions for their failure, and felt better as a result. These findings, which suggest the influence of an internality bias among men, rather than an externality bias among women, were interpreted in terms of the male sex role.
Correlation between office and peak nocturnal intraocular pressures in healthy subjects and glaucoma patients

Purpose To evaluate the correlations between office-hour intraocular pressures (IOP) and peak nocturnal IOP in healthy and glaucomatous eyes. Design Retrospective review of laboratory records. Methods We reviewed 24-hour data of IOP collected from 33 younger healthy subjects (aged 18 to 25 years), 35 older healthy subjects (aged 40 to 74 years), and 35 untreated older glaucoma patients (aged 40 to 79 years) housed in a sleep laboratory. Measurements of IOP were taken every 2 hours using a pneumatonometer in the sitting and supine positions during the diurnal/wake period (7 am to 11 pm) and in the supine position during the nocturnal/sleep period. Correlations between average sitting or supine IOP in the right eye between 9:30 am and 3:30 pm (office hours) and peak right eye IOP during the nocturnal hours were analyzed. Results The average values of supine IOP during office hours were found to have the strongest correlation with peak nocturnal IOP in older glaucoma subjects ( r = .713, P r = .523, P r = .224, P = .21). The correlation between average sitting IOP values during office hours and peak nocturnal IOP was also strong in older glaucoma subjects ( r = .601, P r = .412, P r = −.077, P = .672). Conclusion Using a modification of the diurnal IOP curve, the magnitude of peak nocturnal IOP in untreated glaucoma patients can be estimated during routine office visits. Supine IOP measurements estimate peak nocturnal IOP better than sitting measurements. This estimation may provide the clinician with valuable information regarding the nocturnal IOP peak in glaucoma patients.
Modifying Argentina: GM soy and socio-environmental change

Abstract This paper examines Argentina’s agro-export strategy for socioeconomic development based on the adoption and expansion of genetically modified (GM) soy. The modelo sojero a model based on large scale mechanized production of GM soy, is widely praised at home and abroad and used as an example of “success” for other poor countries on the brink of adopting GM biotechnologies for socio-economic development. In this work I interrogate and contextualize this dominant representation of the success associated with Argentina’s soy boom. Indeed, in terms of economic growth Argentina’s transition to GM soy has been a success. However the GM-induced soybean boom is illusory when other factors are taken into consideration, most importantly its impact on socioenvironmental dynamics. Thus, I argue that there is a fundamental conflict between the narrative of “success” of the Argentinean GM soy boom and socio-ecological sustainability. After an introduction, section two looks at the historical context of GM soy adoption in Argentina and shows the trend of expansion of production since the adoption of the new GM biotechnology. Section three explores the socio-environmental impact of the GM soy-based agrarian transformation in Argentina. Section four looks at the current context of the Argentinean soybean boom. Thus, it focuses on Argentina’s current domestic political economy, particularly the Kirchners’ National-Popular model. I argue that the GM soy-based agro-export model as currently configured in Argentina is a socially and ecologically unsustainable model of national development.
Article: What We Teach and What They Use: Teaching and Learning in Scientific and Technical Communication Programs and Beyond

Over the past two decades, studies have examined how social contexts influence the composition and production of workplace documents. But much remains to be known about what happens when writers move from one social context to another—from the academy to the workplace, for instance. This article demonstrates that students in scientific and technical communication classrooms learn what they are taught about composing. They take this knowledge with them to the workplace, where they apply it, practically and theoretically, and improve their understanding of it with repeated use.
Rapeseed oil for oleochemical usage

Rapeseed is the third most important source of vegetableoil in the world, after soybean and palm oil. Recent pro-duction figures can be found in the chapter in this specialissue by F. D. Gunstone[1]. The past forty years haveseen significant growth in rapeseed production due to theintroduction of food rape (canola), an edible form of rape-seed low in erucic acid ( cis13-docosenoic acid ( 1), Fig.1)and glucosinolates [2]. The term “industrial rapeseed“ tra-ditionally referred to any rapeseed variety producing oilwith erucic acid content higher than about 45% (high-eru-cic rapeseed oil, HERO). When planted too closely, crosspollination can occur between industrial rapeseed andcanola, resulting in an oil with an intermediate erucic acidcontent that would be useless for either application [3].Due in part to this difficulty, harvested acreage of industri-al HERO rapeseed in the USA has declined from 19,400acres in 1987/88 to 2,400 in 1995/96. During the sameperiod, production of rapeseed oil in the USA droppedfrom 10×10
New molecular targets for the treatment of neutrophilic diseases.

Increased neutrophils are a feature of airway inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in some patients with asthma, particularly patients with more severe disease, during exacerbations and with cigarette smoking. Because neutrophilic inflammation may be detrimental, there are several new approaches to inhibiting neutrophilic inflammation. Neutrophilic inflammation is resistant or poorly responsive to corticosteroids, so different anti-inflammatory approaches are needed. Blocking neutrophil chemotactic factors such as leukotriene B 4 and IL-8 and related cysteine-X-cysteine chemokines by blocking receptor for leukotriene B 4 1 and receptor for cysteine-X-cysteine chemokines 2 receptors is an approach that is currently being investigated. Other approaches include blocking adhesion molecules such as E-selectin. Inhibiting phosphodiesterase-4, nuclear factor-κB, or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is another approach that inhibits the production of cysteine-X-cysteine chemokines. Antioxidants, long-acting β 2 -agonists, and activators of histone deacetylase may also be effective.
Enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission in spiny neurons of rat striatum after unilateral dopamine denervation.

The synaptic transmission and intrinsic membrane properties of spiny neurons in rat neostriatum were studied after unilateral dopamine depletion using in vivo intracellular recording and staining techniques. Two to four weeks after dopamine denervation, the spontaneous firing rate of spiny neurons increased and the spontaneous membrane potential fluctuation stayed at a more depolarized state for longer periods of time. The amplitude of cortically evoked initial excitatory postsynaptic potentials increased and a late excitatory postsynaptic potential that was occasionally found in control neurons was elicited from 23% of spiny neurons after dopamine denervation. No significant changes in intrinsic membrane properties of spiny neurons were observed after dopamine denervation. These results suggest that dopamine inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission of spiny neurons in naive animals.
Development of a grid simulator

A grid simulator is required to have control over the key grid characteristics that may expose system compatibility problems related to the integration of distributed generation (DG) to the ac grid. This paper presents the development of a grid simulator that provides controllability of the impedance, voltage, harmonics and frequency at the ac interconnection of several DG units. In the implementation of the grid simulator using a back-to-back VSC topology, resolving problems of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) are essential to yield a reliable and safe grid simulator operation. Various experimental measurements are presented to verify the grid simulator control system and its electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter design.
Weight-by-position adjunction and syllable structure

Most cross-linguistic variation in weight criteria is attributed to the parameterized application of Weight-by-Position adjunction to codas on a language-specific basis [Linguistic Inquiry 20 (1989) 253]. This paper explores the hypothesis that coda weight is ultimately predictable from syllable structure. An extensive survey of quantity-sensitive stress systems shows that languages that allow a proportionately large set of high sonority codas are far more likely to treat CVC as heavy than languages possessing a proportionately smaller inventory of high sonority codas. This link between coda inventory and coda weight is shown to follow from a model of weight in which syllable structure influences the phonetic map against which potential weight criteria are evaluated on a language-specific basis.
Estrogenic control of mitochondrial function and biogenesis

Estrogens have cell-specific effects on a variety of physiological endpoints including regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and activity. Estrogens regulate gene transcription by the classical genomic mechanism of binding to estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ) as well as the more recently described nongenomic pathways involving plasma membrane-associated ERs that activate intracellular protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation signaling cascades. Here I will review the rapid and longer-term effects of estrogen on mitochondrial function. The identification of ERα and ERβ within mitochondria of various cells and tissues is discussed with a model of estrogen regulation of the transcription of Nuclear Respiratory Factor-1 (NRF-1, NRF1). NRF-1 subsequently promotes transcription of mitochondrial transcription factor Tfam (mtDNA maintenance factor, also called mtTFA) and then Tfam targets mtDNA-encoded genes. The nuclear effects of estrogens on gene expression directly controlling mitochondrial biogenesis, oxygen consumption, mtDNA transcription, and apoptosis are reviewed. Overall, we are just beginning to evaluate the many direct and indirect effects of estrogens on mitochondrial activities.
Peptides in cancer nanomedicine: Drug carriers, targeting ligands and protease substrates

Peptides are attracting increasing attention as therapeutic agents, as the technologies for peptide development and manufacture continue to mature. Concurrently, with booming research in nanotechnology for biomedical applications, peptides have been studied as an important class of components in nanomedicine, and they have been used either alone or in combination with nanomaterials of every reported composition. Peptides possess many advantages, such as smallness, ease of synthesis and modification, and good biocompatibility. Their functions in cancer nanomedicine, discussed in this review, include serving as drug carriers, as targeting ligands, and as protease-responsive substrates for drug delivery.
HEV battery heating using AC currents

Abstract A unique method has been developed for internally heating hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) batteries at cold temperatures using alternating current (AC). The poor performance of these batteries in cold climates is of major concern because they suffer a huge loss in capacity. Another symptom of this low performance is a dramatic increase in the series resistance of the battery, R B , as the temperature drops. Experiments were performed with both low and high frequency heaters, and several tests were conducted on both lead acid and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries at different AC amplitudes, states of charge (SOCs) and cold temperatures. Low frequency 60 Hz heating was first tested on several different 38 Ah lead acid batteries. The feasibility of using high frequency heating was then tested using a 10–20 kHz inverter on a pack of 6.5 Ah nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. A technique also was developed to estimate the internal battery temperature, T bat , by measuring the battery source resistance, R B .
Performance of eddy-viscosity-based turbulence models in three-dimensional turbulent interaction

We examine several eddy-viscosity turbulence models for their ability to reproduce the experimental data in a strong three-dimensional external-shock-wave-turbulent-boundary-layer interaction. The four models investigated are the zero-equation Baldwin-Lomax model, the one-equation models of Baldwin and Barth and of Spalart and Allmaras, and the two-equation k-e closure.