cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid-mud processes on the Amazon continental shelf

Abstract A sediment transport study conducted on the Amazon continental shelf as part of AmasSeds (A Multi-disciplinary Amazon Shelf SEDiment Study) revealed extensive regions of dense nearbed suspensions of sediment, known as fluid mud (suspended-sediment concentration > 10 g1−1 ). Fluid mud was found near the river mouth on the inner- and middle-shelf, in the region of the bottom salinity front, and was most extensive during periods of rising and high river discharge. Fluid mud, up to 7.25 m thick, but generally 1–2 m thick, appears to form by processes similar to those occurring at an estuarine turbidity maximum, i.e. enhanced settling and lateral convergence of near-bottom flows. A modeling study showed that vertical mixing was controlled by the suppression of turbulence, due to the stratification induced by suspended sediment, and established an upper bound for the total amount of suspended sediment that may be carried in suspension. Sediment leaving the Amazon River appears to go through cycles of trapping and resuspension at the river mouth, before being partially advected seaward and alongshelf, where it is largely incorporated into fluid mud along the bottom salinity front. The fluid muds have far-reaching effects on the Amazon shelf system by reducing boundary shear stresses, affecting water-column seabed exchange, and serving as the agent of outward growth of the subaqueous delta through episodic offshore transport.
Quintana's Pelayo Revisited

Inspired by seven years working alongside Ivy McClelland in Glasgow, I have ventured to publish some trifling articles on pre-Romantic drama in Spain1 (1986, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1997) with the object...
Resonant scattering of light by a perturbed harmonic oscillator

Abstract An expression is given for the differential cross section characterizing the resonant scattering of light by a perturbed harmonic oscillator. It is assumed that the perturbation give rise to a Markovian modulation of the oscillator frequency.
Terrorism's Psychologic Effects and Their Implications for Primary Care Policy, Research, and Education

This paper examines primary care physicians' (PCP) roles in helping the nation prepare for, respond to, and recover from the psychologic consequences of chemical, biologic, radiologic, or nuclear (CBRN) terrorism. First, we discuss the psychologic consequences of a CBRN attack and PCPs' roles in responding to these consequences. Second, we analyze these roles in light of the known barriers to delivering high-quality, primary care–based, mental health care. Third, we offer recommendations for mitigating these barriers and preparing PCPs to respond to the psychosocial consequences of a CBRN weapon. Importantly, our recommendations provide dual-use benefits to PCPs faced with the daily concerns of primary care mental health, including improved linkages and electronic connectivity with mental health, information technology, and decision support for providers, and needed education and research.
Helicobacter pylori Infection in Intestinal- and Diffuse-Type Gastric Adenocarcinomas

Gastric cancer can be divided into two histologic types: intestinal and diffuse. To determine whether Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium linked with gastritis, was associated with either cancer type, we reviewed histologic sections from stomachs of patients who had undergone gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Of 37 of the sections with evidence of intestinal-type cancer, 33 (89.2%) contained H pylori in noncancerous tissue compared with 7 (31.8%) of 22 of the sections with evidence of diffuse-type cancer (odds ratio = 17.7; P less than .001). This association remained strong when controlled for age, sex, site, and number of sections reviewed. The prevalence of H pylori in intestinal-type gastric cancer far exceeded the prevalence of H pylori in diffuse disease and that described in the normal US population. This finding suggests that H pylori may be a cofactor in development of intestinal-type gastric cancer.
Theory for the extension of a linear polyelectrolyte attached at one end in an electric field

A simple theory is developed for the extension of a uniformly charged linear polyion attached at one end in an electric field. For a polyion consisting of a very large number (N) of Kuhn lengths (b), the mean extension in the direction of the electric field (E) is given accurately by Rz = (b/A) In (sinh (NA)/NA), where A = EQb/kBT and Q is the effective charge associated with each Kuhn length. For any value of E, no matter how small, a polyion of sufficient length, such that NA ≫ 1.0, will be essentially fully extended. When A ≪ 1.0, as is the case for DNA in weak electric fields, the head end of the chain is only weakly oriented, even though the stem and tail may be completely aligned. In the linear regime, NA < 1.0, Rz is proportional to E, Q, and N2. The linear density of chain elements is calculated for a chain in the linear regime. This theory provides a basis to determine the product Qb from direct microscopic measurements of Rz vs. E for fluorescent-labeled circular DNAs that are topologically snared near voids or surfaces of gels. Experimental realization of this suggestion is described in the following paper.
Production of tumor necrosis factor by human monocytes in response to toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1

We studied the effect of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) on production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by human monocytes. Adherent mononuclear cells were stimulated with TSST-1 and their supernatants assayed for TNF by using L929 cells in a cytotoxicity assay. TSST-1 stimulated production of TNF over a wide range of concentrations. The cytotoxicity of monocyte supernatants was neutralized by antibody to TNF but not by antibody to interleukin-1 or by normal rabbit serum. TSST-1 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) had a synergistic effect on monokine production. Monocytes "primed" with TSST-1 produced more interleukin-1 and TNF in response to LPS than did unprimed cells. Treating monocytes with LPS before TSST-1 and co-incubating the two agents with cells for 24 h also enhanced monokine production under some circumstances. These studies suggest a role for TNF in the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome, as a consequence of induction by TSST-1 alone or the synergistic effects of several bacterial products.
"Controversies in epidemiology", teaching causality in context at the University at Albany, School of Public Health.

Social inequalities relate not only to disparities in health but also are the social context for theories of disease causality being legitimized or denied. In the discipline of epidemiology, conventional discussions on whether or not a given exposure "causes" a specific disease are framed almost exclusively as debates of validity and whether there is sufficient accumulation of evidence to satisfy "Hill's Causal Criteria". However, the way in which the conceptualization of disease processes is restricted to conform to the current causal paradigm, which is based on socially determined ideas of individualism, reductionism, monocausality and the legitimacy of social inequalities, can be identified as a fundamental assumption underlying conventional epidemiological debates of causality. Any argument that social inequalities are an important determinant of poor public health must also explicitly critique the current causal paradigm, which disallows epidemiologists from conceptualizing social relationships as causal of poor health in populations.
Food Customs of Alaska Women of Childbearing Age: The Alaska WIC Healthy Moms Survey

A survey of 60 rural, 62 urban Alaska women (64% Alaska Native) indicated positive dietary and lifestyle habits. Diets were characterized by boiled meats, high intakes of omega-3 fish, sea mammals and few desserts. Food insecurity reported by 39% rural and 7% of urban. Hunger was reported by 16% of rural and 5% of urban women. Traditional activities were walking, harvesting fish and picking berries. One third of calories came from non-traditional sugared and fruit juice beverages. Few respondents reported chronic diseases. Nutrition and health educational interventions in Alaska Native communities should reinforce existing positive lifestyle habits, involve Elders and tribal leaders, and incorporate Native values, customs and traditions.
The inelastic scattering of light by charge density fluctuations in a superconductor

Abstract We have calculated the dependence of the scattering efficiency for the Raman scattering of light from single particle excitations in a superconductor at the absolute zero of temperature on the frequency shift and on the scattering vector.
Beginnings of bimanual handedness and speech in infants

The present research found that the onset of bimanual handedness in infants was related to a specific milestone in their speech development, the appearance of expressions with different consonant and vowel sounds across syllables as opposed to other multisyllabic and single syllable expressions. In a longitudinal study with twelve infants, these subjects gave evidence for the onset of bimanual handedness, ten right-handers and two left-handers, at an average age of 11.5 months. Eleven infants used their first expression with dissimilar syllables as soon as or after the onset of bimanual handedness, whereas only one infant demonstrated this milestone before the onset of bimanual handedness. In a cross-sectional study with 48 11-month-olds, half of whom showed bimanual handedness, both the proportion of infants using at least one complex expression and the number of different complex expressions were significantly associated with the presence of bimanual handedness. Although these trends were present in both sexes, they were significant for girls, but not boys. Nevertheless, examination of the data from this study and a subsequent cross-sectional study with 12-month-old males suggested that these effects were present in some boys. Some psycholinguists have argued that the occurrence of dissimilar syllables in infants' speech indicates the ability to use linguistic contrasts at a phonemic level. In view of research with adults linking handedness to hemispheric specialization for speech, the findings of the present research suggest that this ability might reflect developmental change in hemispheric specialization toward the end of the first year of life.
Longitudinal radiographic analysis of rheumatoid arthritis in the hand and wrist

Abstract Purpose: To assess the longitudinal radiographic osseous changes of the wrist and hand other than interphalangeal joints in rheumatoid disease. Methods: Serial wrist and hand x-rays in 96 patients with long-standing rheumatoid disease were reviewed. The average number of years between initial and most recent x-rays was 15.1. The Larsen scoring system was used to assess the degree and severity of joint involvement. We identified patterns of involvement in the wrist, thumb, and finger metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. Results: The radioscaphoid and radiolunate joints had the earliest and most severe progression of all joints studied. Scaphoid erosions often were seen early (27%) and their presence was a predictor of progressive involvement. Ulnar styloid erosions commonly were seen as early isolated findings (25%). The distal radioulnar joint showed a rapid increase in Larsen score and was involved in 78% of patients on late x-rays. The thumb showed considerable late MCP joint disease that often led to boutonniere deformity and the trapeziometacarpal joint had the least rate of progression of all joints studied. The most severely and frequently involved MCP joints were the radial (index and middle), which also had the greatest increase in score over the span of the study. Finger MCP joint disease was observed to progress temporally in a predictable pattern: first radial MCP joints of the dominant hand, followed by the nondominant radial MCP joints, and last the ulnar MCP joints of the nondominant hand with small finger involvement preceding that of the ring finger. Of all MCP joints, the ring finger was least affected. Conclusions: This study clarified the longitudinal osseous radiographic changes of the wrist and hand (excluding interphalangeal joint) in rheumatoid disease. (J Hand Surg 2003;28A:427-434. Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Microcycle Conidiation and Nuclear Behavior During Conidiogenesis in Cercospora Kikuchii

Microcycle conidiation and nuclear events during conidiogenesis in Cercospora kikuchii are described. During conidiogenesis a single nucleus migrates into the conidial initial and subsequently give...
Molecular marker diversity among current and historical maize inbreds

Advanced-cycle pedigree breeding has caused maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds to become more-elite but more-narrow genetically. Our objectives were to evaluate the genetic distance among current and historical maize inbreds, and to estimate how much genetic diversity has been lost among current inbreds. We selected eight maize inbreds (B14, B37, B73, B84, Mo17, C103, Oh43 and H99) that largely represented the genetic background of current elite inbreds in the U.S. seed industry. A total of 32 other inbreds represented historical inbreds that were once important in maize breeding. Cluster analysis of the inbreds, using data for 83 SSR marker loci, agreed well with pedigree information. Inbreds from Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS), Reid Yellow Dent, and Lancaster clustered into separate groups with only few exceptions. The average number of alleles per locus was 4.9 among all 40 inbreds and 3.2 among the eight current inbreds. The reduction in the number of alleles per locus was not solely due to sample size. The average genetic distance (Dij) was 0.65 among the eight current inbreds, 0.67 among the 32 historical inbreds, and 0.67 among all 40 inbreds. These differences were statistically insignificant. We conclude that genetic diversity among current inbreds has been reduced at the gene level but not at the population level. Hybrid breeding in maize maintained, rather than decreased, genetic diversity, at least during the initial subdivision of inbreds into BSSS and non-BSSS heterotic groups. We speculate, however, that exploiting other germplasm sources is necessary for sustaining long-term breeding progress in maize.
Analysis of immunological features of intrinsic and extrinsic asthma and clinical response to DSCG.

Summary A large range of immunological investigations in patients with extrinsic or intrinsic asthma showed higher leucocyte counts in intrinsic asthma. Blood sputum eosinophilia were almost equally frequent. Immediate skin responses to inhalant antigens are seldom present in intrinsic asthma, but delayed responses to bacterial antigens, endotoxins, Candida albicans and aspiryl–PPL are frequently positive. This correlates with the frequent presence of precipitins and in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes, and the production of macrophage migration inhibition factor by most of these substances. These results suggest that bacterial factors may play a prominent role as aetiological agents in at least some cases of intrinsic asthma. In intrinsic asthma there was a high incidence of tissue autoantibodies, whereas the incidence was negligible in patients with atopic asthma. The level of serum immunoglobulins was not statistically different between the two groups of patients except for IgE. The patients with intrinsic asthma showed a favorable response to sodium cromoglycate.
Spin-Transfer Torque MRAMs for Low Power Memories: Perspective and Prospective

Electron-spin based data storage for on-chip memories has the potential for ultrahigh density, low power consumption, very high endurance, and reasonably low read/write latency. In this article, we analyze the energy-performance characteristics of a state-of-the-art spin-transfer-torque based magnetic random access memories (STT-MRAM) bit-cell in the presence of parametric process variations. In order to realize ultra low power under process variations, we propose device, bit-cell and architecture level design techniques. Such design methods at various levels of design abstraction has been found to achieve substantially enhanced robustness, density, reliability and low power as compared to their charge-based counterparts for future embedded applications.
Dogmatism and Self-Esteem: Further Evidence

Researchers interested in discovering the motivational bases of authoritarianism have isolated the negative relationship between self-esteem and dogmatism as one possible source. Previous research has shown low self-esteem associated with high dogmatism. This study replicates the finding successfully using different tests and a different population of students.
Scotogenic Inverse Seesaw Model of Neutrino Mass

A variation of the original 2006 radiative seesaw model of neutrino mass through dark matter is shown to realize the notion of inverse seesaw naturally. The dark-matter candidate here is the lightest of three real singlet scalars which may also carry flavor.
Subunit exchange by CheA histidine kinases from the mesophile Escherichia coli and the thermophile Thermotoga maritima.

Dimerization of the chemotaxis histidine kinase CheA is required for intersubunit autophosphorylation [Swanson, R. V., Bourret, R. B., and Simon, M. I. (1993) Mol. Microbiol. 8, 435−441]. Here we show that CheA dimers exchange subunits by the rate-limiting dissociation of a central four-helix bundle association domain (P3), despite the high stability of P3 versus unfolding. P3 alone determines the stability and exchange properties of the CheA dimer. For CheA proteins from the mesophile Escherichia coli and the thermophile Thermotoga maritima, subunit dissociation activates at temperatures where the respective organisms live (37 and 80 °C). Under destabilizing conditions, P3 dimer dissociation is cooperative with unfolding. Chemical denaturation is reversible for both EP3 and TP3. Aggregation accompanies thermal unfolding for both proteins under most conditions, but thermal unfolding is reversible and two-state for EP3 at low protein concentrations. Residue differences within interhelical loops may account for the contrasted thermodynamic properties of structurally similar EP3 and TP3 (41% sequence identity). Under stabilizing conditions, greater correlation between activation energy for dimer dissociation and P3 stability suggests more unfolding in the dissociation of EP3 than TP3. Furthermore, destabilization of extended conformations by glycerol slows relative dissociation rates more for EP3 than for TP3. Nevertheless, at physiological temperatures, neither protein likely unfolds completely during subunit exchange. EP3 and TP3 will not exchange subunits with each other. The receptor coupling protein CheW reduces the subunit dissociation rate of the T. maritima CheA dimer by interacting with the regulatory domain P5.
Method for determining absolute photon numbers in a laser

A new method of determining the average photon number in a laser that requires only relative intensity measurements is described. The change of the laser intensity is measured as the cavity is progressively detuned.
Stabilization of poliovirus against heat inactivation

Fatty acids and related compounds, as well as many salts, stabilize poliovirus against heat inactivation. Addition of myristate to poliovirus prevents heat-induced conformational changes which are detected by trypsin degradation of the virion. Using equilibrium dialysis, we found that several molecules of myristate bind per virion. The relative stabilizing potencies of the salts can be explained by the Hofmeister effect.
Limitations on Nonlinear Pulse Propagation in Coupled-Resonator Waveguides

Under the constraint of fixed pulse distortion, the nonlinear response of coupled-resonator slow light waveguides fails to improve with increasing number of resonators, even though improvement in bandwith-delay product is obtained.
The effects of a very low calorie diet on binge eating.

Obese female subjects entering a combined Very Low Calorie Diet (VLCD) and behavioral weight loss program were identified at baseline as either binge eater or nonbinge eater. The self-reported frequency of binge eating episodes was assessed during treatment and 3 months following treatment termination to determine the effects of the diet program on binge eating. The results suggested that this dieting regime impacted binge eating, with the most dramatic effect occurring once the VLCD ended and subjects were reintroduced to food. Post-VLCD, 30% of subjects identified at baseline as non-binge eaters reported binge eating episodes. At the end of the behavioral weight loss program, 62% of non-binge eaters reported binge eating episodes. However, the effects on binge eating appeared to be limited primarily to the period of dieting, with binge eating episodes decreasing 3 months following the termination of treatment. The results are discussed in terms of the need for increased attention in weight loss programs to the potential effects of dieting on binge eating.
Abel inversion of cryogenic laser target images

Abstract Abel inversion of backlighted laser target images have been recently used to infer shell densities during the implosion. We calculate here images of predicted cryogenic implosions and show that very high peak densities can be diagnosed if the image is monochromatized. A simple Abel procedure is used, where the two-dimensional image is integrated to yield a one-dimensional image before inversion. The usefulness and limitations of the method are discussed, accounting for realistic noise, instrumental resolution and available backlighting intensity.
A histochemical study of the distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activity in sensory ganglia and nerve roots of the bullfrog.

Histochemical techniques were employed for the localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc; EC 2.3.1.6.), acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and cholinesterase (ChE; EC 3.1.1.8) activities in dorsal and ventral roots and dorsal root ganglia of the bullfrog. AChE activity was present in most of the neuronal elements of dorsal root ganglia, in some nerve fibres in the dorsal roots, and in all nerve fibres in ventral roots. ChE activity in dorsal root ganglia and in the dorsal roots was confined to non-neuronal elements. No ChE activity was demonstrable in the ventral roots. ChAc activity was localized in many neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and in some nerve fibres of the dorsal roots; however, none of the ventral root fibres were visibly reactive. Some supportive cells of the dorsal roots and ganglia contained small amounts of ChAc activity. Except for the ventral roots, the histochemical distribution of AChE and ChAc activity was similar. The results of solubility studies indicated that under the histochemical conditions, approximately 50% of the ChAc remained bound to the dorsal roots and ganglia, whereas more than 90% of the ChAc in the ventral roots was soluble. This would account for the lack of reactivity in ventral root fibres. Differences in ChAc solubility are discussed in relation to the interpretation of histochemical data and in relation to the concept of multiple forms of ChAc. The results of this study indicate that at least one-third of the neurons of the dorsal root ganglia contain significant levels of the enzymes involved in both the synthesis and hydrolysis of acetylcholine.
Self-maps of modules over the Steenrod algebra

Abstract For a finite module M over the Steenrod algebra A , we prove the existence of a non-nilpotent element in Ext A s,t ( M , M ) ‘parallel to the vanishing line’. We use this result to give a proof of Margolis' construction to kill P t s -homology groups, at all primes.
Conflicts and Consistencies in the Agricultural Policies of the United States and Canada

WE TAKE UP the subject of agricultural policy at a time of great uncertainty as to what the future may hold. For two decades excess production capacity in agriculture has existed in both the United States and Canada. Programs to support farm prices and incomes and to limit marketings of some farm products have been in operation. Competition for export sales has been keen. As the 1970's began, Canada was struggling with surpluses of grains and dairy products. The United States in 1972 was paying farmers for withholding about 60 million acres from crop production. The past year, however, has been so dramatic an exception to the usual situation that many observers do not expect chronic surpluses to reappear. Under the impact of poor crops in Russia and some other countries, exceptionally strong demand for meats, poor planting weather in the United States this spring, inflation throughout the world, and still other factors, surpluses have disappeared and prices have soared.
LIGHT‐INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN RETINAL PYRUVATE AND HIGH‐ENERGY PHOSPHATES, IN VIVO

—The effect of illumination upon some metabolic substrates of frog retina was investigated in vivo, using conditions of illumination for which electrophysiological correlates in the retina are well defined. Frogs were frozen immediately after illumination, the tissue was processed for quantitative histochemistry, and the compounds were measured fluorometrically. Levels of P-creatine were lower in flash-illuminated retinas than in either dark- or light-adapted retinas. The high-energy phosphates and pyruvate changed rapidly upon exposure to flashing light, then returned towards the original steady-state level, with ATP preceding pyruvate and P-creatine. ATP and P-creatine were primarily concentrated in the bipolar and ganglion cell layers. The energy reserve of the retina was depleted by an enhanced rate of neural activity in vivo. Levels of P-creatine and ATP decreased in only those cellular layers which initiate neural action potentials. These data suggest that the mechanisms of neural excitation are closely coupled to energy and glucose metabolism in the retina.
LIVE DONOR NEPHRECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA OF THE RENAL ARTERIES

AbstractPurpose: We determine the suitability of patients with fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries as renal donors.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 37 patients with fibromuscular dysplasia who were potential renal donors. Renal artery lesions were graded I (mild) to IV (severe). Of the patients 19 underwent donor nephrectomy and 18 were rejected as donors. Reasons for rejection included severity of disease or availability of a better donor. Nephrectomy was performed on the side with fibromuscular dysplasia when disease was unilateral or on the side with more advanced disease when the lesions were bilateral. Patients were followed at 1 month, 1 year and then yearly.Results: Of the 19 patients undergoing donor nephrectomy serum creatinine increased by a mean of 0.4 mg./dl. (range 0.1 to 1.1) on postoperatively day 1. Effective renal plasma flow of the remaining kidney increased by 25% on postoperative day 5 and by 29% after 1 year. After a mean followup of 4.5 years no patient had hypertension,...
CTCFBSDB: a CTCF-binding site database for characterization of vertebrate genomic insulators

Recent studies on transcriptional control of gene expression have pinpointed the importance of long-range interactions and three-dimensional organization of chromatins within the nucleus. Distal regulatory elements such as enhancers may activate transcription over long distances; hence, their action must be restricted within appropriate boundaries to prevent illegitimate activation of non-target genes. Insulators are DNA elements with enhancer-blocking and/or chromatin-bordering functions. In vertebrates, the versatile transcription regulator CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is the only identified trans-acting factor that confers enhancer-blocking insulator activity. CTCF-binding sites were found to be commonly distributed along the vertebrate genomes. We have constructed a CTCF-binding site database (CTCFBSDB) to characterize experimentally identified and computationally predicted CTCF-binding sties. Biological knowledge and data from multiple resources have been integrated into the database, including sequence data, genetic polymorphisms, function annotations, histone methylation profiles, gene expression profiles and comparative genomic information. A web-based user interface was implemented for data retrieval, analysis and visualization. In silico prediction of CTCF-binding motifs is provided to facilitate the identification of candidate insulators in the query sequences submitted by users. The database can be accessed at http://insulatordb.utmem.edu/
The angiogenic effect of probiotic Bacillus polyfermenticus on human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells is mediated by IL-8

Angiogenesis is required for wound healing and repair, but dysregulated angiogenesis is involved in gastrointestinal inflammation. Bacillus polyfermenticus (B.P.) is a probiotic bacterium clinically used for a variety of intestinal disorders in East Asia. Here we investigated the effect of B.P. on angiogenesis of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMECs) and wound healing in intestinal mucosa. Exposure of HIMECs to the conditioned medium of B.P. cultures (B.P. CM) increased cell migration, permeability, and tube formation. Production of the proangiogenic cytokine IL-8 was increased by B.P. CM, and neutralizing antibodies against IL-8 or IL-8 receptor CXCR2 reduced tube formation as well as actin stress fiber formation. B.P. CM also increased NF-κB activation, and inhibitors of NF-κB suppressed B.P. CM-induced tube formation and IL-8 production. Furthermore, B.P. facilitated recovery of mice from colitis as shown by increased body weight and reduced rectal bleeding and histological severity. B.P. also increased angiogenesis and mouse IL-8 production in the mucosal layer. Collectively, these results show that B.P. increases angiogenesis of HIMECs in a NF-κB/IL-8/CXCR2-dependent manner. Moreover, B.P. promotes angiogenesis in the mucosa during recovery of mice from colitis, suggesting that this probiotic may be clinically used to facilitate intestinal wound healing.
Uses of electroplated aluminum for the development of microstructures and micromachining processes

In this paper, electroplated aluminum is explored as both a material for the fabrication of microstructures and use in the development of micromachining processes. A method for the fabrication of aluminum microstructures based on electrodeposition from organic solutions is presented. An extension of this process involving the use of plated aluminum structures as plating molds for subsequent electrodeposition of other materials is also discussed. Maximum structure aspect ratios of 21:1 have been demonstrated using this extended micromolding process. Finally, an aluminum-based process, in which the width of a metallic microstructure or the gap between metallic microstructures is achieved by controlling the plating time, is discussed. Using this process, vertical-gap aspect ratios between metallic microstructures of 25:1 have been demonstrated. Since the width of these features is controlled by the plating time and not by photolithography, gaps between metallic microstructures or widths of electroplated features ranging from submicron to tens of microns can be easily achieved using this process.
Wishful Seeing How Preferences Shape Visual Perception

People assume that they perceive the world as it really is. In this article, we review research that questions this assumption and instead suggests that people see what they want to see. We discuss classic and current research demonstrating wishful seeing across two perceptual tasks, showing that people categorize ambiguous visual information and represent their environments in ways that align with their desires. Further, we outline when and how wishful seeing occurs. We suggest directions for future research in light of historical trends and contemporary revisions of the study of wishful seeing.
A simple method for visualization of influential landmarks when using euclidean distance matrix analysis

Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) differs from most other morphometric methods for the analysis of landmark coordinate data in that it is coordinate-system invariant. However, strict adherence to coordinate-system invariance (for both biological and statistical reasons) introduces some difficulty in using graphic aids for the analysis and interpre- tation of EDMA results. We present a simple and effective graphic method to help localize important differences in form, growth, or shape by identifying ''influential'' landmarks. Examples are presented using simulated data and real data involving both children with craniofacial dysmorphologies and sexual dimorphism in adult Macaca fascicularis. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:273-283, 1998. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reliable through silicon vias for 3D silicon applications

The use of through silicon vias (TSVs) is required to implement 3D chip stacking technology. This work explores a method to fabricate highly reliable TSVs that is compatible with CMOS processing. The key feature of the TSVs is a redundant tungsten bar with a high temperature thermal oxide insulating liner. Care must be taken when exposing the TSVs from the back side so that material is not left on the surface that can cause a leakage path to the silicon wafer. TSVs were produced with that had no fails through standard JDEC testing.
Functional demonstration of surface carbonic anhydrase IV activity on rat astrocytes.

Buffering of the brain extracellular fluid is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity. Whereas the extracellular isoform CA XIV has been localized exclusively to neurons in the brain, and to glial cells in the retina, there has been uncertainty regarding the form or forms of CA on the surface of brain astrocytes. We addressed this issue using physiological methods on cultured and acutely dissociated rat astrocytes. Prior work showed that the intracellular lactate-induced acidification (LIA) of astrocytes is diminished by benzolamide, a poorly permeant, nonspecific CA inhibitor. We demonstrate that pretreatment of astrocytes with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) results in a similar inhibition of the mean LIA (by 66 ± 3%), suggesting that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored CA IV was responsible. Pretreatment of astrocytes with CA IV inhibitory antisera also markedly reduced the mean LIA in both cultured cortical (by 46 ± 4%) and acutely dissociated hippocampal astrocytes (by 54 ± 8%). Pre-immune sera had no effect. The inhibition produced by PIPLC or CA IV antisera was not significantly less than that by benzolamide, suggesting that the majority of detectable surface CA activity was attributable to CA IV. Thus, our data collectively document the presence of CAIV on the surface of brain astrocytes, and suggest that this is the predominant CA isoform on these cells. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Noise in optical synthesis images. I. Ideal Michelson interferometer

We study the distribution of noise in optical images produced by the aperture synthesis technique, in which the principal source of noise is the intrinsic shot noise of photoelectric detection. The results of our analysis are directly applicable to any space-based optical interferometer. We show that the signal-to-noise ratio of images synthesized by such an ideal interferometric array is essentially independent of the details of the beam-combination geometry, the degree of array redundancy, and whether zero-spatial-frequency components are included in image synthesis. However, the distribution of noise does depend on the beam-combination geometry. A highly desirable distribution, one of uniform noise across the entire image, is obtained only when the beams from the n primary apertures are subdivided and combined pairwise on n(n - 1)/2 detectors.
"I Keep That Hush-Hush": Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse and the Challenges of Disclosure

Disclosure is a prominent variable in child sexual abuse research, but little research has examined male disclosure experiences. Sixteen male survivors of childhood sexual abuse were interviewed regarding experiences of disclosure. Analytic techniques included a grounded theory approach to coding and the use of conceptually clustered matrices. Participants described distinct personal (e.g., lack of cognitive awareness, intentional avoidance, emotional readiness, and shame), relational (e.g., fears about negative repercussions, isolation), and sociocultural (e.g., lack of acceptance for men to experience or acknowledge victimization) reasons for their struggles with disclosure. These results highlight that barriers to disclosure exist in multiple domains of experience and are encountered across the lifespan. Implications for future research and clinical interventions are discussed.
Swift increase in alcohol metabolism in humans.

One hundred and fifteen human male subjects, 19–30 years of age, received ethanol orally as vodka (0.55, 0.7, or 0.85 g/kg) followed by a second drink (0.3–0.4 g/kg) given 3–4 hr later. After both doses, blood ethanol levels reached approximately 100 mg/dl. Breath samples were taken every 20-30 min and rates of ethanol elimination were determined. In addition to the design described above, 100 subjects received 0.7 g/kg ethanol in two separate visits to the laboratory. In a third experimental design, ethanol was given i.v. to 12 subjects. With the single-day experimental design, the frequency distribution of changes in rates of ethanol elimination between the first compared with the second administration of ethanol was not unimodal. Up to 20% of the subjects demonstrated rates more than 40% greater than basal values in response to ethanol. Based on these findings in humans, a Swift Increase in Alcohol Metabolism (SIAM) was defined as an increase in the rate of ethanol elimination of at least 40% over the basal rate. Under these conditions, the frequency of SIAM was dose dependent (studied with 0.55, 0.7, and 0.85 g/kg); nearly 20% of the subjects demonstrated SIAM with a dose of ethanol of 0.85 g/kg. In the two-day experimental design, a SIAM response was also observed in about 10% of 49 well-fed subjects; however, none of 51 subjects tested exhibited a SIAM response following an overnight fast. In addition, a rapid and transient SIAM reflecting a 60% increase in the rate of ethanol elimination above basal values was observed when ethanol was given continuously for 5 hr i.v. Thus, differing rates of absorption of ethanol cannot explain the activation of ethanol metabolism in humans by ethanol. Interestingly, subjects classified as SIAM in these studies reported fewer drinking problems in first and second degree relatives than subjects who did not demonstrate a SIAM response. Further, 3.2% of the non-SIAM subjects had a positive family history for alcoholism while none was reported in the SIAM group. These data demonstrate that SIAM exists in humans and suggest that it may be a trait that may protect some individuals against problem drinking and alcoholism.
Improved detection and clustering of hyperspectral image data by preprocessing with a euclidean distance transformation

Accurate detection and clustering are two of the main analysis tasks for remotely sensed spectral imagery. Hyper-spectral image (HSI) analysis often involves mathematically transforming the raw data into a new space using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) or similar techniques where a lower dimensional subspace containing most of the image information may be extracted. The results of standard algorithms may perform better in this new, less correlated space. Many of the currently used transformations in HSI analysis are statistical in nature and therefore place Gaussian or similar assumptions on the data distribution. A new, data driven, mathematical transformation is presented as a preprocessing step for HSI analysis. Termed the Nearest Neighbor Transformation, this new transformation does not rely on placing assumptions on the data. Instead, the approach taken is to use the pair-wise Euclidean distance between neigboring pixels in order to characterize the distribution of the data. This approach is introduced here and shown to improve analytical results from standard HSI algorithms, including anomaly detection and clustering.
MUSCLE WORK IS INCREASED IN PRE-SWING DURING HEMIPARETIC WALKING

Abstract Background Muscle mechanical work is likely affected by gait abnormalities in hemiparetic walking during the paretic pre-swing phase (i.e., double support phase preceding paretic toe-off). Previous experimental studies suggest that muscle work may be decreased in the paretic leg, but paretic work may have been underestimated since experimental approaches based on net joint moments do not account for co-contraction of antagonist muscles. Also, whether the non-paretic leg does more work compared to control subjects at matched speeds and how work generation may differ between hemiparetic subjects walking with different self-selected speeds remains unknown. Methods Three-dimensional forward dynamics simulations of two representative hemiparetic subjects walking with different self-selected speeds (i.e., limited community = 0.45 m/s and community walkers = 0.9 m/s) and a speed and age-matched control subject were generated to quantify musculotendon (fiber and in-series tendon) work during paretic pre-swing. Findings Total paretic and non-paretic fiber work were increased in both the limited community and community hemiparetic walkers compared to the control. Increased fiber work in the limited community walker was primarily related to decreased fiber and tendon work by the paretic plantar flexors requiring compensatory work by other muscles. Increased fiber work in the community walker was primarily related to increased work by the hip abductors and adductors. Interpretation The hemiparetic walkers would expend more metabolic energy during pre-swing if the hemiparetic and control subjects were to perform work with the same mechanical efficiency. These results may partly explain the increased metabolic cost of hemiparetic walkers compared to nondisabled walkers at matched speeds.
Parental–Adolescent Drug Use Discussions: Physiological Responses and Associated Outcomes

Abstract Purpose Although talking to youth about drugs is often recommended to parents, we know little about how parents actually discuss drugs with their children in the moment and how parental advice is linked to youth arousal and substance use. This study examined observed parental drug use advice and parenting behaviors during parent–adolescent drug use discussions and associations with adolescent physiological responses and substance use. Methods Fifty-eight 12–17 year olds and their primary caregivers participated in a laboratory session in which parents and youth discussed the topic of alcohol and/or drug use for 10 minutes. This discussion was videotaped and coded for drug use advice (rules against drug use, information on drug use consequences, scenarios or learning advice [discussing drug use scenarios and what the child has learned about drugs]) and general parenting behaviors (parental warmth and/or support, negative and/or critical parenting). Before, during, and after the discussions, adolescents' heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and salivary cortisol levels were assessed. Results Parental discussion of scenarios and/or learning was associated with lower adolescent BP responses to the discussions and lower likelihood of substance use. Parental discussion of rules against drug use was associated with higher heart rate and BP responses and greater likelihood of substance use. Criticism and/or negative parenting was associated with higher cortisol responses and greater likelihood of substance use at a trend level. Conclusions Parenting characterized by greater discussion of drug use scenarios and less stating of rules against drug use and criticism may make youth feel more comfortable and be linked to lower substance use.
The Long-Term Consequences of Early Childhood Trauma: A Case Study and Discussion

There is a great need to better understand the impact of traumatic events very early in life on the course of children's future development. This report focuses on the intriguing case of a girl who witnessed the murder of her mother by her father at the age of 19 months and seemed to have no recollection of this incident until the age of 11, when she began to exhibit severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to a traumatic reminder. The case presentation serves as the basis for a discussion regarding pertinent issues involved in early childhood trauma. This case and accompanying discussion were originally presented at the 19th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies and were transcribed and revised for use in this article. Specific topics include early childhood memory and trauma, learning and the appraisal of danger, and PTSD and traumatic grief in early childhood. Clinical and public health implications are also discussed. This case illustrates the dramatic impact that "preverbal" traumatic memories can have on children's later functioning and speaks to the importance of assisting very young children in the immediate aftermath of traumatic events.
Criteria for low-noise switched capacitor circuit design

It is shown that the commonly-used dominant-pole approximation is inappropriate for noise analysis of most switched capacitor circuits. Examples are provided which show that designs based on the resulting rules of thumb are suboptimal. More appropriate guidelines for low-noise design are provided.
Antitumor Activity of Polyuridylic Acid in Human Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas

Background The immunomodulatory properties of polyuridylic acid (PolyU) make it a promising agent in cancer immunotherapy. However, there is limited information on its direct effects on tumor cells. Materials and Methods TLR8 mRNA and protein expression in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and bone sarcoma (BS) cell lines were determined by PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. Apoptosis and proliferation assays were performed using annexin V staining and BrdU incorporation assays, respectively. A relative cell enumeration was evaluated with WST-1 reagent. Expression levels of apoptotic proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. Results We demonstrate that PolyU treatment resulted in a significant decrease in STS and BS cell count by inducing apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation. All cell lines examined expressed TLR8 and the effect of PolyU was partially mediated through TLR8. Several apoptotic proteins including caspases were activated or increased in STS cells after treatment with PolyU. Administration PolyU resulted in significant growth inhibition of STS without any observable adverse effects in mouse xenograft tumor models. Conclusions These results elucidate the effect of PolyU in STS and BS cells and demonstrate that PolyU may be a potential therapeutic agent for STS and BS.