cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial Growth in Bulk Whole Corn Kernels Subjected to High Pressure Compaction

High pressure compaction of bulk whole kernel was investigated as a means to reduce the volume of corn for storage and transpotation. The effect of compaction resulted in a drastic reduction of viable cell count of bacteria and mold in corn samples during the first 24 h of storage. Thereafter, up to 21 days, the viable cell counts increased gradually. The "compressed shock" observed in this study was similar to injury of microorganisms by other physical and chemical treatments of food systems.
Modeling network based moving target defense impacts through simulation in Ns-3

Network-based moving target defense systems are a valuable addition to the world of computer security and privacy. Ongoing research attempts to push the boundaries of network-based moving target defenses by adding client/server functionality to the Moving Target IPv6 Defense (MT6D) system. While this additional functionality provides a great many benefits, it is important to fully understand the impact to the network of implementing an MT6D server, which by definition greatly increases the amount of management traffic on a network segment. IPv6 relies on the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) for all network management functions, including the discovery of currently active addresses. Each address that is bound requires a number of NDP messages to be exchanged before a host can begin using said address. When an MT6D server requires the binding of a large number of IPv6 addresses to a single interface, there is likely to be some negative impact to the network due to the amount of NDP traffic that is generated. This work attempts to quantify the specific impact to the network from NDP traffic generation through the use of ns-3 simulations and live experiments.
Beginnings of Geodesign: a personal historical perspective

Geodesign is conceived as an iterative design method that uses stakeholder input, geospatial modeling, impact simulations, and real-time feedback to facilitate holistic designs and smart decisions. This paper aims to lay bare the beginnings of geodesign as such from 1965 onwards. It offers a personal historical perspective of Carl Steinitz, one of the protagonists in the field of geodesign. The paper describes some important milestones and influential people in a joint effort to bridge geo-information technology, spatial design and planning. It showcases the ongoing effort to employ the potential power of using GIS to link different model types and ways of designing to make better plans.
Hox genes in the adult skeleton: Novel functions beyond embryonic development

Hox genes encode evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that control skeletal patterning in the developing embryo. They are expressed in regionally restricted domains and function to regulate the morphology of specific vertebral and long bone elements. Recent work has provided evidence that Hox genes continue to be regionally expressed in adult tissues. Fibroblasts cultured from adult tissues show broadly maintained Hox gene expression patterns. In the adult skeleton, Hox genes are expressed in progenitor-enriched populations of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), and genetic loss-of-function analyses have provided evidence that Hox genes function during the fracture healing process. This review will highlight our current understanding of Hox expression in the adult animal and its function in skeletal regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 246:310-317, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparing Learning in a MOOC and a Blended, On-Campus Course.

We studied student learning in the MOOC “Mechanics ReView”, run on the edX.org open source platform as 8.MReV. We administered 13 conceptual questions both before and after the instructional period, analyzing the results using standard techniques for pre post testing. Our students had a normalized gain slightly higher than typical values for a traditional course but lower than typical values for courses using interactive engagement pedagogy. All questions in the MOOC, including the pre-post test questions were analyzed using Item Response Theory (IRT). Both the normalized gain and the IRT results showed that initially lowskill cohorts learned as much as all cohorts with higher initial skills. We were able to compare MIT freshmen taking an oncampus course with the 8.MReV MOOC students because many common problems were administered to both groups. The freshmen were considerably less skillful than the 8.MReV students and showed no signs of closing the gap with the more experienced 8.MRev students while covering topics in common with the MOOC.
FK506 nephrotoxicity: morphologic and physiologic characterization of a rat model.

BACKGROUND : FK506 is a useful agent in the prevention of allograft rejection but has recently been shown to be nephrotoxic. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN : Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 40) were divided into four groups : control (C) ; low-salt (LS) ; FK506, 3 mg/kg daily by gavage (FK) ; and FK506-low-salt (FK-LS). After 6 weeks, the animals underwent physiologic studies and were sacrificed with perfusion fixation of the kidneys. Semiquantitative analysis of morphologic injury was performed as well as grading of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) granularity (1-μm plastic sections). Computer-assisted morphometry was used to measure medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) size within the inner stripe. RESULTS : Serum creatinine and plasma renin activity were significantly elevated only in the FK-LS group, but both FK groups had significantly increased fractional excretion of Mg. Tubular atrophy and fibrosis involving medullary rays and inner stripe (areas of low oxygen availability) was minimally present in FK, but prominent in FK-LS (P < 0.001). Injury correlated with decreased function (P < 0.001). Variance of mTAL size, an expression of co-existent tubular atrophy and hypertrophy was significantly greater in FK-LS and correlated with decreased renal function and urine osmolality (P < 0.001). JGA granularity was increased by FK506 (P < 0.006) with the highest values in FK-LS (P < 0.001), and strongly correlated with injury (P < 0.001). JGA granularity did not correlate with circulating renin activity levels, suggesting local activation of a renin-angiotensin system. CONCLUSIONS : FK506 compromises renal parenchymal zones which are known to have limited oxygen availability (medullary ray and inner stripe), a pattern that has been observed with other nephrotoxins. The injury is potentiated by salt depletion and may be mediated by the renin-angiotensin system. Furthermore, these findings illustrate the close correlation between the medullary injury that was observed and the impaired renal function that was documented.
A comparison of the performance of 2.5 to 3.5-year-old children without disabilities using animated and cursor-based scanning in a contextual scene.

ABSTRACTAlthough recent evidence suggests learning demands for children can be reduced by organizing augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) displays in contextual scenes, there is little evidence on how such scenes could be made accessible for children who cannot use direct selection. Using a line drawn scene of a living room, a traditional traveling cursor (a green outline of objects within the scene) was compared with sequential animation—logically matching the function of items in the scene (e.g., hands of a clock moving, a lamp turning on and off, etc.). After three learning sessions, only the matched function animation condition revealed a significant increase in accuracy scores from session 1 to session 3. Age-related trends suggested the mean scores in the cursor-based condition were associated with older children consistently performing at high levels and younger children remaining at low levels, while trends in the animated group were associated with children learning the interface in a...
Functional unit choice for comparative pavement LCA involving use-stage with pavement roughness uncertainty quantification (UQ)

ABSTRACT: An analysis of the use-stage for pavement Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is presented within a framework of an LCA tool developed for Illinois Tollway. Methodological choices that can significantly affect LCA results were evaluated in this study. The share of the use-stage in a comprehensive pavement LCA framework was evaluated with all life-cycle stages including materials, construction, use, maintenance, and end of life. The scope of the use-stage includes albedo, carbonation, and rolling resistance (including pavement roughness and texture components). Uncertainty of the pavement roughness and its effect on the results are investigated using Monte Carlo sampling technique. A discussion on the choice of functional unit and its effect in comparative LCA is presented and an appropriate functional unit is suggested. Four projects were selected as case studies to demonstrate the capabilities of the tool and proposed framework. A multi-point environmental performance evaluation was performed using four environmental indicators for comprehensive interpretation of results. The effect of each stage of LCA was evaluated with emphasis on the results of the use-stage. Additional fuel consumption and emissions, resulting from roughness and texture, constituted the largest share of use-stage impacts while the effect of carbonation was limited. As traffic reduced and the share of the materials and construction stage increased, the share of the use-stage could be decreased to 50% levels.
Expanding the spectrum of skeletal dysplasia with immunodeficiency: a commentary on identification of biallelic EXTL3 mutations in a novel type of spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia.

Expanding the spectrum of skeletal dysplasia with immunodeficiency: a commentary on identification of biallelic EXTL3 mutations in a novel type of spondylo-epi-metaphyseal dysplasia
Nurse-managed transitional beds as a method of increasing geographic placement of an academic inpatient service

Geographic placement of patients in hospitals has long been valued to bring together all healthcare members as a team focused on high-quality patient-centred care. This goal can be particularly challenging for physicians whose patients are often scattered across various hospital units. The inpatient medicine service for the Palmetto Health-University of South Carolina Internal Medicine Residency Program began attempting geographic placement when a model for team-based care was adopted in 2015, but despite various process improvements we found it very difficult to maintain a high census of our patients on the unit. We eventually came up with an innovative solution to the problem that incorporated the use of transition beds—beds dedicated for patients moving onto or out of the unit in order to make it easier for the unit to control patient flow. We saw an immediate increase in our average census from ~8 to ~15 patients as well as a major shift of the median admission time to 3.5 hours earlier in the day. Unfortunately, it was an added burden to our already stressed charge nurses, and when the pilot ended we were forced to end the use of the transition beds. Despite our challenges, we applied valuable lessons learnt that have helped us in other improvement projects, and overall we did successfully demonstrate that transition beds are a viable option for an inpatient medical unit to improve geographic placement of patients while optimising patient flow.
904 Achieving inactive disease in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients

Background Nearly 300000 children in the US with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) suffer from chronic pain, swelling and stiffness of joints, which impact their quality of life. Appropriate and aggressive treatment can minimise symptoms and slow further damage to joints, preserving function and agility. Objectives To increase the percentage of patients who presenting to clinic with inactive disease from 11% in 2015 to 30% by December of 2017. Methods A KDD was used to identify barriers and to develop disease management strategies. The most effective interventions were initially centred around educating parents and patients on disease management, pre-visit planning and provider data entry. These interventions led to the first statistical shift. Next, providers worked through Patient Global Assessment (PGA) and population management exercises. This standardised disease activity level scoring and allowed providers to challenge each other regarding optimal care of patients. This led to the second statistical shift. Results During the baseline period (January 2015-May 2016), only 11% of over 3000 patients were inactive. Disease activity decreased during the remainder of 2016, where 20% of 1385 patients were inactive (p-value=0.000). As population management took effect, another shift in data occurred in January of 2017, resulting in 25% of 1353 patients have no disease activity (p-value=0.000). Conclusions These strategies have proven to be successful in improving the disease activity level of patients. Entering a state of inactive disease motivates providers to continue these efforts as their patients’ quality of life improves.
Catalytic Decomposition of 2-Propanol on ZnO(0001) And (0001) Surfaces

Abstract Catalytic decomposition of 2-propanol was studied using single crystal Zn-polar and O-polar surfaces of ZnO at an effective pressure on the surface of about 0.014 mtorr and at a temperature from 150 to 350°C The reaction was first order in 2-propanol. Under these conditions, the Zn-polar surface was found to be much more active than the O-polar surface. Thus the reaction is structure sensitive. The apparent activation energy was 8.8+2 kcal mol−1 on the Zn-polar surface and 5.2±3 kcal mol−1 on the O-polar surface. The kinetic parameters were in general agreements with those found on powder samples.
Obligatory dative clitic-doubling of type III experiencers in Bulgnais

The correlation between the position of the Dative experiencer of a type III psych-verb relative to the verb itself and the obligatory vs. optional nature of an associated Dative clitic has seldom been noted in the literature, and it has never previously been explained. This paper presents relevant new data from Bulgnais (Bologna, Italy), and it proposes that these verbs, in the languages that require the Dative clitic with the preverbal Dative experiencer, have an additional strong lexical property beyond inherent Case licensing. Like Case licensing, this property requires feature checking, which is satisfied alternately by the clitic (unmarked word-order) or by the experiencer phrase. Only when the clitic checks the lexically required feature can the full experiencer move to the preverbal position, because otherwise, it is frozen in a postverbal position by its role in checking the mentioned strong lexical feature, which occurs lower in the verbal domain.
The histone chaperone ASF1 regulates the activation of ATM and DNA-PKcs in response to DNA double-strand breaks

The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) are activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). These DSBs occur in the context of chromatin but how chromatin influences the activation of these kinases is not known. Here we show that loss of the replication-dependent chromatin assembly factors ASF1A/B or CAF-1 compromises ATM activation, while augmenting DNA-PKcs activation, in response to DNA DSBs. Cells deficient in ASF1A/B or CAF-1 exhibit reduced histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac), a histone mark known to promote ATM activation. ASF1A interacts with the histone acetyl transferase, hMOF that mediates H4K16ac. ASF1A depletion leads to increased recruitment of DNA-PKcs to DSBs. We propose normal chromatin assembly and H4K16ac during DNA replication is required to regulate ATM and DNA-PKcs activity in response to the subsequent induction of DNA DSBs.
Epidural analgesia for labour and delivery in a parturient with congenital hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

We report a parturient delivering vaginally at term with symptomatic congenital hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Epidural analgesia was used during labour and delivery and is likely to have...
Nonenzymatic Template-directed Synthesis of RNA from Monomers

Reviewed are the latest achievements in studying the information transfer mechanisms and the evolutionary significance of prebiotic RNA synthesis, the double helix structures most preferred in this respect, and the possible reasons for the prevalence of particular enantiomeric forms of nucleotides in template-directed synthesis.
Neuroplasticity: Computational Approaches

Bidirectional synaptic plasticity is believed to be the basis of learning memory and aspect of development. Much is known about the cellular and molecular basis of synaptic plasticity, and these processes prove to be very complex. In order to get a good understanding of such complex systems a mathematical computational analysis is necessary. Here we will review various models that model the cellular and molecular basis of synaptic plasticity in order to account for the observed physiological results. We include models to account both for the early induction phase of plasticity and for the later maintenance phase.
Wearable pH sensing beyond the Nernst limit

A flexible charge-coupled device can be used to create a sensor capable of measuring the pH of a person’s sweat with high sensitivity.
Identification of Variables that led to improvement in Breast Cancer Screening.

e12573 Background: Breast Cancer (BCa) is the second most common cancer among women and second leading cause of cancer deaths in United States. Five-year survival rate for localized BCa is 98%, whe...
Commentary on Kratochwill and Stoiber Research in School Psychology: What Can the Future Hold?

(2000). Commentary on Kratochwill and Stoiber Research in School Psychology: What Can the Future Hold? School Psychology Review: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 604-605.
Incorporation of Telestroke into Neurology Residency Training: "Time Is Brain and Education".

Background: With increasing demand for neurologists, nontraditional health care delivery mechanisms have been developed to leverage this limited resource. Introduction: Telemedicine has emerged as ...
Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Burn Patients Undergoing Fluid Resuscitation: An Opportunity to Avoid Orbital Compartment Syndrome

Objective This study aims to discuss clinical characteristics of burn patients who developed elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). We propose management strategies to prevent orbital compartment syndrome before invasive treatment is required. Methods A retrospective review of 47 burn patients at the University of California San Diego (UCSD), Burn Intensive Care Unit (ICU; major regional burn center for San Diego county), was analyzed for demographics, fluid resuscitation volumes, and physical exam findings. Patients requiring topical treatment for high-IOP, defined as ≥30 mm Hg in either or both eyes, were compared with those who did not require treatment, using the t-test and Fisher's exact test. Linear regression tested for an association between peak IOP and fluid volume. Logistic regression evaluated the association between total fluid and treatment of high IOP, while adjusting for other characteristics. Results Six of 47 patients required IOP-lowering treatment. Of the patients requiring treatment, one drop of dorzolamide/timolol in both eyes twice daily was the most common treatment recommendation. Presence of periocular burns was a significant risk factor in patients who required treatment for high IOP. No patients developed orbital compartment syndrome or required surgical intervention to lower IOP. The mean total fluid volume delivered in the first 24 hours was 0.8 times the level prescribed by fluid resuscitation guidelines. Conclusion By treating early clinical signs and properly managing fluid resuscitation, development of orbital compartment syndrome in burn patients can be avoided.
The Satyrica and the gospels in the second century

The Satyrica has long been associated with a Neronian courtier named Petronius, mentioned by Tacitus in his Annals. As such, the text is usually dated to the mid first century c.e. This view is so established that certain scholars have suggested it is ‘little short of perverse not to accept the general consensus and read the Satyrica as a Neronian text of the mid-60s ad’. In recent years, however, there has been a groundswell of support for re-evaluating this long-held position. Laird, after comparing the ‘form and content’ of the text to the Greek novel, came to the ‘unattractive’ conclusion that the text may be second century. Similarly, in two recent pieces in CQ, Roth argues that the manumission scene in the Cena establishes a new terminus post quem for the text; she suggests that the freedoms granted by Trimalchio closely parallel—and parody—descriptions of awarding ciuitas found in the letters of Pliny the Younger. Indeed, the three slaves manumitted in the novel are associated with a boar (Sat. 40.3–41.4), Dionysus (Sat. 41.6–7) and a falling star (Sat. 54.1–5); likewise, the three slaves that are the subject of Pliny's letter are C. Valerius Aper (boar), C. Valerius Dionysius (god of wine) and C. Valerius Astraeus (stars). Roth's argument suggests that the author of the Satyrica was not Nero's contemporary but a member of Pliny's intellectual circle, offering strong circumstantial evidence that troubles the accepted tradition on the work's authorship and date.
Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With a Left Ejection Fraction ≤15% Undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to determine the long-term outcomes and predictors of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement in patients with severe cardiomyopathies undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Background Whether patients with severe LV dysfunction benefit from CRT or have reached a point in disease severity past the point at which CRT is beneficial is unknown. Methods We collected clinical and echocardiographic data on 420 patients with an LVEF of ≤15% and a QRS duration of ≥120 ms undergoing CRT at the Cleveland Clinic and 2 hospitals in the Johns Hopkins Health System between April 2003 and May 2014. Multivariate models were created to determine factors associated with response to CRT, defined as an absolute improvement in LVEF of >5% and survival free of LVAD and heart transplant. Procedure-related deaths were also collected. Results A total of 298 patients had pre- and appropriately timed post-CRT echocardiograms, of whom 145 (48.7%) met the criteria for response. In multivariate analysis, LV size and left bundle branch block (LBBB) were associated with response. Among the most dilated quintile (LV end-diastolic diameter [LVEDD] of >7.8 cm), 30.4% met the criteria for response. In multivariate analysis, smaller LV end-diastolic dysfunction and presence of LBBB were associated with improved survival free of heart failure and LVAD over a mean follow-up period of 5.2 years. There were no procedure-related deaths. Conclusions Patients with severe LV dysfunction respond to CRT, although at a lower rate compared to traditional CRT candidates. Smaller LV size and LBBB are important predictors of positive outcomes in this population. Even among the most dilated patients, 30.4% realized a meaningful improvement in LVEF with CRT. The CRT implant procedure itself appears well tolerated.
Pediatric Palliative Care in the Heart Failure, Ventricular Assist Device and Transplant Populations: Supporting Patients, Families and Their Clinical Teams

Heart failure is a life-changing diagnosis for a child and their family. Pediatric patients with heart failure experience significant morbidity and frequent hospitalizations, and many require advanced therapies such as mechanical circulatory support and/or heart transplantation. Pediatric palliative care is an integral resource for the care of patients with heart failure along its continuum. This includes support during the grief of a new diagnosis in a child critically ill with decompensated heart failure, discussion of goals of care and the complexities of mechanical circulatory support, the pensive wait for heart transplantation, and symptom management and psychosocial support throughout the journey. In this article, we discuss the scope of pediatric palliative care in the realm of pediatric heart failure, ventricular assist device (VAD) support, and heart transplantation. We review the limited, albeit growing, literature in this field, with an added focus on difficult conversation and decision support surrounding re-transplantation, HF in young adults with congenital heart disease, the possibility of destination therapy VAD, and the grimmest decision of VAD de-activation.
The Portable Warrior Test of Tactical Agility: A Novel Functional Assessment That Discriminates Service Members Diagnosed With Concussion From Controls.

Introduction Return-to-duty (RTD) readiness assessment for service members (SM) following concussion requires complex clinical considerations. The Portable Warrior Test of Tactical Agility (POWAR-TOTAL) is a functional assessment which improves on previous laboratory-based RTD assessments. Methods Sixty-four SM diagnosed with concussion and 60 healthy control (HC) SM participated in this study. Group differences were analyzed to validate the POWAR-TOTAL. The High-level Mobility Assessment Test (HiMAT) was used to examine concurrent construct validity. An exploratory logistic regression analysis examined predictive validity. Results The groups were demographically well-matched except for educational level. POWAR-TOTAL measures were statistically significantly different between the groups with moderate to large effect sizes. Concussed participants were less likely to be able to complete all trials of the POWAR-TOTAL. Motor scores correlated highly with HiMAT scores. POWAR-TOTAL motor task performance and membership in the control group was significantly associated with self-reported physical readiness to deploy. Conclusion The POWAR-TOTAL is a clinically feasible, military relevant assessment that is sensitive to differences between concussed and HC SM. This analysis supports the discriminant and construct validity of the POWAR-TOTAL, and may be useful for medical providers evaluating RTD readiness for SM who have sustained a concussion.
The Distress-Relief Dynamic in Attachment Bonding

In this chapter we review evidence that the distress-relief dynamic is critical to the formation of secure attachment feelings and bonds. Evidence is emerging that threat promotes social affiliation and that interpersonal responsiveness reduces stress. The combination of threat and responsiveness is argued to lead to a sense of security, and repeated over time this builds secure attachment bonds. This process relies heavily on negative reinforcement processes. We argue that both positive and negative reinforcement processes are important for the formation of adult attachment bonds, but that the style or quality of that bond is largely related to schedules of negative reinforcement and the predictability of negative reinforcement. Our review focuses heavily on social, social cognitive, and neurobiological investigations of attachment dynamics and ends with a discussion of how bonding processes might proceed from relationship initiation to form an attachment bond.
Kinetics of two-site immunoradiometric ('sandwich') assays-I. Mathematical models for simulation, optimization, and curve fitting.

Abstract A model has been developed to describe the kinetics of '2-site immunoradiometric' assays (2-site IRMA). This model provides a basis for optimization of assay conditions. Further, the model can be used to evaluate the effects of ‘secondary’ reactions which degrade the performance of the ‘ideal’ assay system. The model permits Monte-Carlo studies to predict the effects on the dose-response curve of random errors in the concentration of reagents, the rate constants, or reaction time. Further, the model provides justification for the use of a four-parameter logistic model for curve fitting and dose interpolation for analysis of data from two-site IRMAs.
Coronaviruses and Arteriviruses

This chapter summarizes the interactions of coronaviruses and arteriviruses with the innate immune response, including the type I interferon (IFN) system; and the strategies employed by these viruses to evade or inhibit the antiviral IFN response. Coronaviruses and arteriviruses are a group of enveloped animal RNA viruses that are united in the order Nidovirales. Very little is known about the inhibition of the type I IFN pathway by arteriviruses, while significant advances have been made, primarily using MHV and SARS-CoV, toward understanding how coronaviruses evade type I IFN induction and the type I IFN signaling pathway. Devaraj et al. showed that the papain-like protease (PLpro) domain of the SARS-CoV replicase protein, nsp3, one of the gene 1 proteins, is an IFN antagonist. In this report, using a plasmid-based expression system, the authors showed that PLpro interacts with IRF3 and inhibits its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, thereby affecting the downstream activation of the type I IFN gene. Some studies have shown that coronaviruses employ posttranscriptional strategies to suppression general host gene expression in infected cells. The availability of transgenic and other valuable natural mouse models for MHV, SARS-CoV, and HCoV-229E enables researchers to investigate the role of nonstructural and accessory proteins in virulence and pathogenesis. Using such systems, the potential identification of some common, evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms of immune evasion among different groups of coronaviruses is an exciting possibility in the future.
Paths to Mobility: The Mexican Second Generation at Work in a New Destination

Prior studies have shown that children of Mexican immigrants face structural challenges that threaten to obstruct their economic success in young adulthood. Drawing on 58 interviews with upwardly m...
Lithium Aluminum Hydride–Cerium(III) Chloride

(LiAlH4) [16853-85-3] AlH4Li (MW 37.96) InChI = 1S/Al.Li.4H/q-1;+1;;;; InChIKey = OCZDCIYGECBNKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (CeCl3) [7790-86-5] CeCl3 (MW 246.47) InChI = 1S/Ce.3ClH/h;3*1H/q+3;;;/p-3 InChIKey = VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K (CeCl3·7H2O) [18618-55-8] CeCl3H14O7 (MW 372.61) InChI = 1S/Ce.3ClH.7H2O/h;3*1H;7*1H2/q+3;;;;;;;;;;/p-3 InChIKey = KPZSTOVTJYRDIO-UHFFFAOYSA-K (reducing agent for alkyl halides and phosphine oxides;1 in combination with NaBH4 is a system used to prepare phosphine boranes;2 catalyst for the isomerization and dimerization of alkenes3, 4) Physical Data: see Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Cerium(III) Chloride. Solubility: see Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Cerium(III) Chloride; reactions using this reagent system typically use THF or DME as solvent. Form Supplied in: formed in situ from widely available reagents. Preparative Method: the organic substrate (1 equiv) and lithium aluminum hydride (4.5 equiv) are added to a suspension of dried cerium(III) chloride (1.5 equiv) in THF.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: see Lithium Aluminum Hydride and Cerium(III) Chloride.
Unicast inference of network link delay distributions from edge measurements

Inference of network internal link characteristics has become an increasingly important issue for operating and evaluating large telecommunication networks. Since it is usually impractical to directly monitor each link along a specific path, end-to-end probes are sometimes used to collect link characteristic information at edge nodes of the network. This paper deals with unicast probing methods for estimation of link delay characteristics. Unicast traffic is easy to generate and is supported by almost every network currently in operation. Under the assumptions that link delays are spatially and temporally independent, we propose a bias corrected estimator for the internal link delay cumulant generating function (CGF) based on unicast probe end-to-end delay measurements. Through simulation we show that the proposed estimator attains a level of mean squared error comparable to link delay CGF estimates obtained from directly measured link delay statistics. We can use these CGF estimates to estimate delay mean, variance and level exceedance probabilities for each link.
The impact of atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance and repeat fine-needle aspiration: 5 years before and after implementation of the Bethesda System

BACKGROUND Limited studies have examined the impact of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) and specifically the category of atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS). We studied their effects on reporting rates, subsequent management, and surgical outcome over a 10-year period, 5 years before and after implementation of the BSRTC. METHODS A retrospective review of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) reports from 2003 to 2012 was performed. Diagnoses made before BSRTC were reclassified into the most appropriate category. Repeat FNA results for all AUS/FLUS cases were recorded. Surgical follow-up results were matched by side and size of the targeted nodule. Incidental microcarcinomas were not considered “malignant” on excision. Malignancy rates were calculated based on excision and by all aspirated specimens. RESULTS Initial AUS/FLUS cases increased from 3% to 7% (P = .001) with implementation of the BSRTC. The nondiagnostic rate decreased from 19% to 10% (P = .026). Differences in malignancy rates before and after implementation of the BSRTC were not significant for all diagnostic categories. More repeat FNAs and fewer surgical excisions were performed after an initial AUS/FLUS diagnosis. Repeat FNA reclassified 56% of AUS/FLUS cases into a definitive category. The malignancy risks for AUS/FLUS plus benign and AUS/FLUS plus AUS/FLUS repeat FNAs were elevated compared with single benign and AUS/FLUS diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS AUS/FLUS cases are increasing with the implementation of the BSRTC. Given the potential increase in repeat FNAs as a result, it may be important to alert the clinician regarding the elevated malignancy risk of a benign or AUS/FLUS diagnosis associated with a prior AUS/FLUS finding. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:866–872. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
The influence of internal moving parts on the ballistic flight path of a projectile

The ballistic flight path of an artillery shell containing an internal component, which is only partially restrained with respect to the geometric axes, can differ significantly, and in some cases disastrously, from the expected flight path of an inertially equivalent rigid shell. Dynamic behavior of the internal component creates gyrodynamic torques ultimately affecting the shell's instantaneous heading angle and spin rate. The ability of a shell to damp these torques and retain both aerodynamic and gyroscopic stability depends in large measure on initial rotational and translational kinetic energy, expected apogee, and inertial properties. To investigate the consequences of nonrigid shell trajectories, a model is proposed comprised of a shell case with an internal body capable of independent rotation and translation. Examination of the resulting equation of motion shows that the shell's heading angle resembles the description of a linear damped harmonic oscillator driven by a forcing function created solely from the internal component. Any resulting phase behavior between the principal axes of inertia of the body and component can drive the internal component at a forced and free natural nutation frequency. In a departure from earlier research done in this field, it is contended that not all internal motion leads to the destabilization of flight behavior. Instead, stability depends on (I) the ratio of moments of inertia of the internal part, (2) the applied aerodynamic moments (whether supersonic, transonic, or subsonic), and (3) the combined component/ body transfer function. Nomenclature A = reference area = S a = acceleration magnitude Alp = 1/2pS12 VCp Apa = 1/2pS12 V[Cmpa+ (IR/mI2) Ca] (¢ + 'it) Aq = 1/2pSe V[Cma' -{h/mf)Cla] Aa =1/2pSI V2Cma Clp = roll damping moment coefficient CIa = lift force coefficient Cmpa = Magnus moment coefficient Cm;, = damping moment coefficient Cma = static moment coefficient fi (i = 1,2,3,4) = indeterminate functional coefficient relationship H = angular momentum vector i,j,k = unit vectors of the body fixed coordinate axes ix ,y,z = inclination. angle of relative wind IM{ ) = imaginary part of the indicated variable *Research Engineer **Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-ENG-48. Released toAIAA to publish in all forms. 519 Ii,i (i=x,y,z) I Ki{i=I,2) m Mx, My, Mz RE ( t T V X,Y,Z x,y,z
Relationship of pt particle size to the NOx storage performance of thermally aged Pt/BaO/Al2O3 lean NOx trap catalysts

Relationship between Pt particle size and NOx storage performance was investigated over a model Pt/BaO/Al2O3 and an enhanced lean NOx trap catalyst (LNT). These catalysts were treated at elevated temperature to mimic the effect of thermal aging encountered during the desulfation step in NOx trap catalyst regeneration. Combination of in situ time-resolved X-ray Diffraction (TR-XRD), DRIFT measurement after CO adsorption and TEM observation over the thermally aged samples clearly shows the sintering behavior of Pt crystalline as a function of time and temperature. Under elevated temperatures, the crystalline growth of Pt occurs within a short time (e.g. 1.5 hr) followed by the gradual increase with time. NOx storage reaction performed after successive thermal treatments of catalyst under oxygen and in situ XRD experiment have allowed us to correlate the NOx storage performance with phase change. Comparing the simple Pt-BaO/Al2O3 sample with the enhanced one which shows much less Pt sintering, it was confirmed that the Pt crystalline size plays a critical role in determining the NOx storage activity, in other words, the retention of the small Pt particles after thermal aging is crucial to maintain a higher activity. In conclusion, the prevention of Pt sintering when operated at elevated temperaturemore » must be a key factor to design the more durable LNT catalyst, thus potentially implying the practical importance for the improvement of the LNT technology.« less
Ab initio calculations for solid molecular hydrogen

{ital Ab initio} calculations are used to propose a unified model for the pressure-temperature phase diagram of solid molecular hydrogen. Path integral Monte Carlo calculations model the orientational order-disorder transition of spatially symmetric molecules. Possible ordered molecular structures near 150 GPa pressure are examined in the local density approximation. It is shown that the discontinuity in the molecular vibron frequency versus pressure observed in this regime can be attributed to a combined band overlap and orientational transition. However, an orientationally inhomogeneous insulating phase may preempt the anticipated bulk transition along the 150 GPa experimental phase line. Finally, calculations suggest that the hcp semimetallic phase undergoes a martensitic transition to orthorhombic symmetry in the same region.
Over 80% ofNotI sites are associated with CpG rich islands in the sequenced human DNA

Clones containing DNA segments linked toNotI sites are not only useful for ordering theNotI fragments fractionated by pulsed field gel, but also valuable in the search of unknown genes, because they often contain the CpG rich islands and genes related with them. To know the probability of association ofNotI sites with CpG rich islands, we screened 5,188 sequences accumulated in DNA data base for the presence ofNotI site and examined the distribution of CpGs around them. The sequential calculation of G+C content and frequency of CpG occurrence at each nucleotide position identified the CpG rich domains close toNotI sites in 77 sequences, which corresponds to 84% of total number of candidate sequences. This frequency is consistent well with the prediction that 89% ofNotI sites in mammalian genome are likely to be present in CpG rich islands and would stress the importance of cloning ofNotI linking sequences for direct isolation of desired genes. Furthermore, 63 islands newly identified in this study should provide a clue for understanding the transcriptional regulation of associated genes.
Effects of Control Over Aversive Stimulation and Type A Behavior on Cardiovascular and Plasma Catecholamine Responses

Cardiovascular, plasma catecholamine, and behavioral effects of control over aversive events were studied in 87 Type A and B male adults. Subjects performed a choice reaction time (RT) task during which they received loud noise bursts and/or electric shocks on designated trials. About half of the cases were told they could avoid noise and shock by attaining a predetermined criterion of RT speed (Contingency). The remaining half were instructed that noxious stimulation would be delivered randomly, irrespective of their performance (No Contingency). Half of the cases in each treatment were exposed to high frequency of aversive stimulation (High FAS), whereas the remaining half received low frequency of such stimulation (Low FAS). Within Contingency, High and Low FAS were designed to signify failure and success, respectively. Aversive stimulation in No Contingency was gratuitous and, therefore, did not convey information about performance. Relative to No Contingency, the Contingency treatment induced greater increases in RT speed, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and plasma epinephrine. Differential FAS did not potentiate these differences. It also was found that the Type A subjects had higher systolic blood pressure and heart rate responses than Type B's. The prediction that Contingency (particularly with High FAS) would elicit greater physiologic and behavioral hyperresponsiveness in A's than B's received some support in the data for RT speed and plasma NE. Findings were discussed in terms of sympathetic activation of hemodynamic changes under conditions of active coping. Consideration was given to the role of the sympathetic nervous system and Type A behavior in cardiovascular disease.
“I've Devoted My Entire Life to My Daughter—and She Knows It”: Exploration of Identity Development Among Now-Adult Navajo Native American Adolescent Mothers

In 1992 (n = 21) and 1995 (n = 8), the principal investigator collected data from 29 reservation-residing Navajo Native American teenage mothers. A primary goal of the 1992 and 1995 investigations (Time 1) was to examine the identity status of the young women in relation to commitment to the maternal role using Marcia's (1980) framework. Results revealed that an approximately equal number of participants could be classified as achieved, moratorium, foreclosed, and diffused (see Dalla, 2000). In 2007 (Time 2), the principal investigator returned to collect follow-up data at the Navajo Reservation, where she interviewed 21 (72%) of the original 29 women. Using a qualitative research strategy, the primary goal of this investigation was to examine developmental trajectories of participants’ identity status in relation to four significant life domains (i.e., maternity, intimate relationships, work/occupation, and culture). The frequencies of the identity achievement status were higher at Time 2 than at Time 1,...
Existence of maximal surfaces in asymptotically flat spacetimes

We prove the existence of maximal surfaces in asymptotically flat spacetime satisfying an interior condition. This uses a priori estimates which can also be applied to prescribed mean curvature surfaces in cosmological spacetimes and the Dirichlet problem.
Histochemical studies on calcified tissues

Histochemical methods were used to detect differences in amino acid reactive groups between bone and osteoid, dentine and predentine. Three major differences were found: Predentine and osteoid contained more reactive sulphydryls than their mineralized counterparts. The greatest reaction for this reactive group was obtained at the mineralizing front. Dentine and bone contained a complex between amino and carboxylic acid groups; predentine and osteoid did not have this complex and carboxylic acid residues were less in these tissues. Dentine and bone contained much greater amounts of histidine or a histidine-like component than did predentine and osteoid. It is proposed that these differences are involved in initiation of mineralization.
Genetic diversity of diploid Japanese strawberry species based on microsatellite markers

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)—Agricultural Research Service (ARS)—National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon, is a genebank that preserves strawberry genetic resources. Representatives of two Japanese diploid species, Fragaria iinumae Makino and F. nipponica Makino were collected for conservation by the NCGR during an expedition to Hokkaido, Japan. Fragaria iinumae may be a genome contributor to the cultivated octoploid strawberries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of these two species by using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Twenty of 82 Fragaria-derived SSRs, polymorphic among and within the two species, were selected for genetic analysis of 137 accessions. Genetic diversity, based on the proportion of shared alleles between the two species, in F. nipponica (0.4542) and F. iinumae (0.1808) was significantly different. Three wild interspecific hybrids were identified from intermediate memberships in the two diploid species groups revealed by using the clustering program, Structure. Principal coordinate analysis followed by non-parametric modal clustering (PCO-MC) grouped accessions into two clusters representing the two diploid species. Further clustering within the species groups generated with the program, STRUCTURAMATM, resulted in seven subclusters in F. iinumae and three in F. nipponica, which may represent breeding populations appropriate for clonal conservation. Long-term preservation of the species populations and the limited number of hybrids on the island is discussed relative to their geographical distribution and the geological history of Hokkaido Island.
Selective incapacitation: Have we tried it? Does it work?

Abstract The selective incapacitation of individuals who pose a threat to society by their frequent criminal activity has been recently discussed widely by academicians, policy makers, and practitioners in criminal justice. Recent research has presented actuarially based scales of predictor variables that identify “career” criminals and derive predictions of the effects of their incapacitation on the overall societal crime rate. While selective incapacitation is currently viewed as a relatively new development in utilitarian criminal justice, this article points out that the prediction of recidivism and the use of actuarially based scales toward that end is a long-standing part of the U.S. federal parole process. An illustration of the selective-incapacitative effects of this process, using a large sample of federal releases, is presented.
Identification of oxygen species on single crystal K(110)

The interaction of oxygen with a single-crystal K(110) surface has been studied using HREELS, XPS, and LEED. Vibrational spectroscopy reveals that at 88 K oxygen is initially chemisorbed dissociatively. Higher exposures lead to occupation of subsurface sites and formation of a bulk K2O oxide. In contrast with the interpretations of previous photoemission experiments, no molecular species were observed. Oxygen is transferred from surface to subsurface sites when the sample is annealed to 240 K, or when the surface is irradiated by AlKα X-rays. The latter appears to be a direct photochemical process. Even with both chemisorbed and oxide species present, the surface remains reactive. No long-range order was observed after oxygen adsorption.
Increased susceptibility to pulmonary emphysema among HIV-seropositive smokers.

Infection with HIV accelerates the onset of smoking-induced emphysema. The results of this study support the emerging concept that cytotoxic lymphocytes may be important in the pathogenesis of emph...