cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical characterization of individual particles from the nepheloid layer in the Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Particulate matter samples filtered from near-bottom, 30-liter water samples collected during the GEOSECS Atlantic cruise were analyzed by the Computer Evaluated Scanning Electron Microscope Image (CESEMI-2) system. This system permitted automated discrete particle analysis for the elements Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, and Fe by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and for particle size. Approximately 2000 particles in the size range 1–20 μm, representative of several milliliters of seawater, were analyzed per sample and yielded discrete size and chemical analysis of the major classes of particulate matter—opal, calcium carbonate, and clay—as well as some regularly occurring subclasses of clay and other minor classes. The distributional patterns of the major classes matched both in chemistry and abundance their general distributional patterns in sediments. Clay particles reflected high- and low-latitude sources; opal particles, patterns of diatom productivity; and carbonate, patterns of productivity as well as the calcite saturation chemistry of the water column. Superimposed on these features was evidence for long-range transport of particles in well-defined bottom water masses such as the Antarctic Bottom Water. Such transport is believed to occur through a series of resuspension events, in which case particle distributions match the properties of the sediments. Cases were found where near-bottom particles did not match the sediments, especially in quiescent environments.
Optimal Control Design under Structural and Communication Constraints

We present a list of optimal disturbance rejection problems in systems in which the overall control scheme is required to have a certain structure. These structures correspond to various classes of controlled systems which include what we refer to as nested, chained, hierarchical, delayed interaction and communication, and, symmetric systems. The common thread in all of these classes is that by taking an input-output point of view we can characterize all stabilizing controllers in terms of convex constraints in the Youla-Kucera parameter. The disturbance rejection problem can therefore be casted as a convex, yet nonstandard, model matching problem. Approaches that solve this problem are presented for various optimality criteria.
Waking the Dead: Using interactive technology to engage passive listeners in the classroom

This research attempts to learn students perceptions about the value that Audience Response Systems add to the classroom. The technology that is the subject of this research consists of eight-button “response pads” that transmit student responses to a receiver connected to the computer in the classroom. The system allows the instructor to ask a variety of different question types and record and graphically-display the students’ responses in real time. Our research reveals that while initially leery of the technology and the modest cost it adds to the course, students are generally positive about its use, and prefer courses that use the technology over those that do not. Analysis reveals that student participation approaches 100% in class sessions where PRS are used due in part to anonymity, ease of use, and the ability to see how many others answered in the same way.
A Neurally Plausible Parallel Distributed Processing Model of Event-Related Potential Word Reading Data.

The Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) framework has significant potential for producing models of cognitive tasks that approximate how the brain performs the same tasks. To date, however, there has been relatively little contact between PDP modeling and data from cognitive neuroscience. In an attempt to advance the relationship between explicit, computational models and physiological data collected during the performance of cognitive tasks, we developed a PDP model of visual word recognition which simulates key results from the ERP reading literature, while simultaneously being able to successfully perform lexical decision—a benchmark task for reading models. Simulations reveal that the model’s success depends on the implementation of several neurally plausible features in its architecture which are sufficiently domain-general to be relevant to cognitive modeling more generally.
Negative differential resistance in a resonant quantum wire structure

It is shown that the transmission characteristics of a semiconductor split-gate device with a double constriction exhibit resonant behavior similar to that in resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs). The double constriction is modeled with cascaded quantum waveguides of different widths and analyzed by applying a mode-matching technique to the wave function at the discontinuities. At low temperature, the calculated current-voltage characteristics exhibit a region of negative differential resistance. Current-voltage characteristics are presented for different constriction widths and temperatures exhibiting peak-to-valley ratios of up to 4:1 which persist up to temperatures around 10 K. >
Searching one billion web images by content: challenges and opportunities

Although content-based image retrieval has been studied for decades, most commercial image search engines are still text-based. However, there is a growing demand for techniques to support content-based image search at Web scale. In this paper, we propose an ambitious goal to searching one billion Web images by content, and discuss the major challenges and opportunities. We also present several important applications that can be greatly benefited by techniques to enable Web-scale image search by content. These applications include image copyright infringement detection, street-side photo search, and searchbased image annotation. We believe that the insights presented in the paper are enlightening to researchers in this field, and any breakthrough we make in this space will lead to many impactful applications in the future.
Depth of seismicity in the Imperial Valley Region (1977–1983) and its relationship to heat flow, crustal structure and the October 15, 1979, earthquake

Focal depths from over 1000 earthquakes occuring between 1977 and 1983 in the Imperial Valley-southern Peninsular Ranges are used to study relationships between the depth of seismicity, heat flow, and crustal structure. This study used relocated A and B quality events from the California Institute of Technology catalog that were carefully selected to insure focal depth precision of ±2 km. Regional variations in focal depth appear to be related to regional heat flow variation, whereas local variations in focal depth, especially in the central Imperial Valley, may be related to crustal structure. These variations are studied by rheologic modeling. A comparison of focal depths of earthquakes occurring before and after the October 15, 1979 (M=6.6), earthquake indicates that aftershocks during the first 2 months of the sequence were 2–3 km deeper than earthquakes occurring in other time periods. The deepest earthquakes in Imperial Valley are spatially associated with a subbasement dome near the northern end of the Imperial fault. This dome coincides with the region where the Imperial fault undergoes a transition from stick-slip behavior to aseismic fault creep. Models of slip during the 1979 mainshock are also compared with premainshock and postmainshock seismicity. A relocation of the 1940 (M=7.1) mainshock suggests that this sequence began by rupturing the same portion of the fault that experienced maximum slip during the 1979 mainshock.
Comparative Susceptibility of Four Experimental Peanut Lines and the Cultivar Florunner to Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination

Abstract Four peanut genotypes, selected as resistant to invasion by Aspergillus flavus in laboratory screening with rehydrated, stored seed and Florunner cultivar were subjected to preharvest drou...
Stereoscopic representation of the breast from two mammographic view with external markers

A new breast imaging technique has been develoepd and tested for the stereoscopic representation of the breast. The method uses markers at specific locations on the breast surface and standard mammographic projections and was tested with an anthropomorphic phantom containing five mass-like objects at locations determined by a CT scan. The phantom was imaged with a GE Senographe 2000D digital system with and without the markers. The algorithm's modules included: 1) Breast area segmentation; 2) Pectoral muscle segmentation; 3) Registration and alignment of the mammographic projections based on selected reference points; 4) Breast volume estimation basdd on volume conservation principle during compression and shape definition using surface points; 5) 3D lesion(s) localization and representation. An interactive, ILD-based, graphical interface was also developed for the stereoscopic display of the breast. The reconstruction algorithm assumed that the breast shrinks and stretches uniformly when compression is applied and removed. The relative movement of the markers after compression allowed more accurate estimation of the shrinking and stretching of the surface offering a relatively simple and practical way to improve volume estimation and surface reconstruction. Such stereoscopic representation of the breast and associated findings may improve radiological interpretation and physical examinations for breast cancer diagnosis.
Real-Time Learning when Concepts Shift

We are interested in real-time learning problems where the underlying stochastic process, which generates the target concept, changes over time. We want our learner to detect when a change has occurred, thus realizing that the learned concept no longer fits the observed data. Our initial approach to this problem has been to analyze offline methods for addressing concept shifts and to apply them to real-time problems. This work involves the application of the Minimum Description Length principle to detecting real-time concept shifts.
Beyond the G protein: the saga of the type 2 angiotensin II receptor.

Studies of the large families of seven transmembrane receptors have focused on their signal transduction pathways initiated by their interaction with GTP activated proteins. Angiotensin II (Ang II) mediates most of its well known cardiovascular effects in conventional manner through its type 1 (AT1) receptor acting on heterotrimeric G proteins. The affinity of the type 2 (AT2) receptor specific for the G protein Gαi fails in large part to explain its functional activity. It has generally opposing effects to AT1. Although it is abundant in the fetus, its distribution is limited in the adult but is induced again under pathological conditions. Some of its important modulator signaling involves direct activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 independent of heterotrimeric G protein signaling.1–4 In addition it is atypical in its general failure, unlike AT1, to quickly desensitize and downregulate with ligand binding. The following overview looks at some AT2 functions and responses that are not mediated by an interaction with heterotrimeric G proteins. Recent articles reveal a new regulatory mechanism of AT2 signaling. See page 57 Heterotrimeric G proteins and arrestins interact specifically and in primary fashion with the intracellular loop 3 of 7 transmembrane receptors. Interaction of the receptors with adapter and scaffolding proteins is important for their cellular sorting and targeting to the cell membrane. The C-terminal tail of the 7 transmembrane receptors …
Energy-Minimization Model for Fill Synthesis

Although fill allocation methods to enable reduced metal height variations and manually applicable design guidelines to reduce coupling capacitances are available, the synthesis of fills according to these allocations or guidelines is not well automated. Current fill insertion algorithms mostly use simple mask operations, which fail to enable the implementation of complex design guidelines. The proposed fill synthesis model not only enables implementation of such guidelines, but is also suitable for insertion of standard fill patterns. The proposed novel model has an intricate analogy to the electrons filling the orbits of an atom. Through the proposed method, the task of designing an optimal fill configuration is carried to the CAD tool designer in terms of designing a suitable energy network or rules, albeit in an easier way through provided insights and models
People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, and Survival

People of the Peyote: Huichol Indian History, Religion, and Survival. Stacy B. Schaefer and Peter T. Furst. eds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996. 560 pp.
Aspects of Living Radical Polymerization Mediated by Cobalt Porphyrin Complexes

Living radical polymerization (LRP) of methyl acrylate (MA), acrylic acid (AA), and vinyl acetate (VAc) mediated by cobalt(II) porphyrin complexes ((TMP)Co II •, (TMPS)Co II •) are reported. The polymeric products with relatively low polydispersity and controlled number average molecular weight (M n ) based on one polymer chain per cobalt complex demonstrate the living characters of the polymerization process. The formation of block copolymers of poly(methyl acrylate)-b-poly(vinyl acetate) (PMA-b-PVAc) and poly(methyl acrylate)-b-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PMA-b-PVP) demonstrate another important feature of LRP and extend the application of cobalt porphyrin mediated radical polymerization to a wider array of functionalized monomers. Kinetic studies using 1 H NMR to follow the formation of organo-cobalt complexes reveal that two mechanisms, reversible termination (RT) and degenerative transfer (DT), occur during the polymerization process. MA and VAc polymerization mediated by cobalt porphyrin complexes are used to illustrate the properties of these two LRP pathways and evaluate the kinetic and thermodynamic properties for several of the central reactions.
The Rehnquist Legacy - Introduction

The Rehnquist Legacy is a legal biography of the Chief Justice in which, in chapters covering eighteen different areas of constitutional law, experts in these areas assess the impact of Rehnquist's career on the law. The Introduction to this attempts an overall assessment of that legacy. It shows that Rehnquist was, in many ways, as deserving of the appellation activist as the liberals he opposed.
General Base–General Acid Catalysis in Human Histone Deacetylase 8

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate cellular processes such as differentiation and apoptosis and are targeted by anticancer therapeutics in development and in the clinic. HDAC8 is a metal-dependent class I HDAC and is proposed to use a general acid–base catalytic pair in the mechanism of amide bond hydrolysis. Here, we report site-directed mutagenesis and enzymological measurements to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of HDAC8. Specifically, we focus on the catalytic function of Y306 and the histidine-aspartate dyads H142-D176 and H143-D183. Additionally, we report X-ray crystal structures of four representative HDAC8 mutants: D176N, D176N/Y306F, D176A/Y306F, and H142A/Y306F. These structures provide a useful framework for understanding enzymological measurements. The pH dependence of kcat/KM for wild-type Co(II)-HDAC8 is bell-shaped with two pKa values of 7.4 and 10.0. The upper pKa reflects the ionization of the metal-bound water molecule and shifts to 9.1 in Zn(II)-HDAC8. The H142A mutant has activit...
Independent, Local Broadband and Business Performance: A Multiple Case Study

Prior research has supported the notion that affordable, business-class broadband access is critical for businesses to thrive well into the 21st Century. For places that are still unserved and underserved by broadband providers, some local conglomerates, often spearheaded by local governments, have taken it upon themselves to provide broadband access through a municipal or public-private partnership model. A question remains as to whether these independent models are primarily used by specific types of businesses, or associated with certain business-related internet activities (including non-use) and self-reported improvements in business performance. Our previous research has already shown that differences exist in terms of business user satisfaction between these independent models and more mainstream, national broadband providers. Local businesses who used mainstream internet providers reported mixed satisfaction vis-a-vis businesses using independent local providers, even though research on residential users showed satisfaction scores for local providers as being uniformly higher than their mainstream counterparts. (Fortunato et al. 2013, under review). This paper uses primary survey research of local businesses of various sizes from a six-site multiple case study from Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin to examine the relationship between use of a local, independent provider and business performance, when compared to businesses using mainstream providers, and those who do not use broadband at all. The analysis examines whether the choice of a mainstream or local provider has also influenced business activities, and self-reported business performance, on several metrics such as increased sales and reduced operational costs. Other control variables, such as the length of time in business, size of business, and number of employees telecommuting or working remotely via internet will also be examined. Additionally, the paper examines differences in attitudes about broadband use in business, such as the importance of reliable, affordable broadband to succeed, across users of mainstream and independent local services, and those businesses that do not use broadband at all. While the implications of the digital divide are well-understood, this paper attempts to uncover associations that may suggest the impact of local, independent broadband delivery on overall local business effectiveness. This case study is not generalized to all business broadband users, but the paper aims to fill an important gap in the research where a more complete understanding of the impacts of local broadband development is required. We then detail the resultant implications of the study’s findings with regard to local, state, and federal economic and business development policy in an attempt to understand the value of independent broadband development compared to mainstream service proliferation, and whether policy could – or should – broaden its focus on independent service provision.
MD Refinement of Topologically Simulated Irradiation Cascades in Silica

Refinement of several topologically generated displacement cascades in silica has been conducted using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Several metastable amorphous silicas with substantially different medium-range order (as characterized by ring topologies) were obtained. However, their total correlation functions were found scarcely distinguishable. Major structural reconstruction was observed when the refinement took place above a glass transition temperature, below which the cascades largely retained their original topological ring structures. Attempts are made to correlate topological ring distributions with the first sharp diffraction peak, which may in turn provide some insight into the medium range structures of irradiated silicas.
On nucleic acids

In recent years, several substances have been obtained which resemble one another in the fact that all of them contain in their molecules phosphoric acid and a sugar, but which differ one from another in the number and in the character of the nitrogenous radicals contained in their molecules. To this group of substances belong: (1) glucophosphoric acid; (2) inosinic acid and guanylic acid; (3) yeast nucleic and triticonucleic acid; and (4) thymonucleic acid.All these substances may be classified as nucleic acids:1. The first substance is a glucophosphoric acid proper.2. Inosinic and guanylic acids are monopurin-glucophosphoric acids. Each of them contains in its molecule only one purin base besides the glucophosphoric acid.3. Yeast and triticonucleic acids each contains two purin and one pyrimidin radical in its molecule and may be regarded as dipurin-monopyrimidin-glycophosphoric acid.4. Finally, thymonucleic acid is a dipurin-dipyrimidin-gluco-phosphoric acid.Conclusions as to the nature and existence o...
Topologically protected conduction state at carbon foam surfaces: an ab initio study.

We report results of ab initio electronic structure and quantum conductance calculations indicating the emergence of conduction at the surface of semiconducting carbon foams. The occurrence of new conduction states is intimately linked to the topology of the surface and not limited to foams of elemental carbon. Our interpretation based on rehybridization theory indicates that conduction in the foam derives from first- and second-neighbor interactions between ${p}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ orbitals lying in the surface plane, which are related to ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ orbitals of graphene. The topologically protected conducting state occurs on bare and hydrogen-terminated foam surfaces and is thus unrelated to dangling bonds. Our results for carbon foam indicate that the conductance behavior may be further significantly modified by surface patterning.
Experimental study on applying new technological Lin-fan yeast starter to traditional handcrafted Chinese rice wine brewing

Chinese rice wine was brewed with new technological Lin-fan yeast starter,the alcohol content of fermenting mash rosed rapidly during the early stage of fermentation,which inhibited the growth of bacteria effectively,as well as achieving the purpose of preventing spoilage of the fermenting mash.The product brewed with new technological Lin-fan yeast starter had lower acidity,and the physical and chemical indicators of the product met the requirements of the related standard.The sensory evaluation scores of the product were higher than that of the product brewed with traditional Lin-fan yeast starter.
Sepsis. What it is and how to recognize it.

Shock and resuscitation may result in various degrees of ischemia- reperfusion injury that may produce widespread organ dysfunction through complex interactions and activation of host immunoinflammatory processes. As the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the inflammatory response are better defined, we may be able to modulate the generalized inflammatory state we know as sepsis and prevent the development of multiple organ system failure.
Improving community analysis with the Beals smoothing function

The Beals smoothing function, also known as the sociological favorability index, is a data transformation for heterogeneous ecological community data. After Beals smoothing, virtually any ordinatio...
Generalizations of SRB Measures to Nonautonomous, Random, and Infinite Dimensional Systems

We review some developments that are direct outgrowths of, or closely related to, the idea of SRB measures as introduced by Sinai, Ruelle and Bowen in the 1970s. These new directions of research include the emergence of strange attractors in periodically forced dynamical systems, random attractors in systems defined by stochastic differential equations, SRB measures for infinite dimensional systems including those defined by large classes of dissipative PDEs, quasi-static distributions for slowly varying time-dependent systems, and surviving distributions in leaky dynamical systems.
Transfer matrix modeling of a recessed microphone for unsteady surface pressure measurements

Abstract Recessed microphones are commonly used for unsteady surface pressure measurements, either due to space limitations or to satisfy performance requirements. A technique is developed using transfer matrices to design a configuration by modeling its frequency response. This technique is beneficial since it provides guidance to optimize the recessed configuration prior to fabrication. The recessed nature also allows for utilization of closely-spaced pressure ports on a surface, thus providing an inexpensive means for measuring unsteady surface pressures with high spatial resolution. A tube-branch design capable of achieving a 10-kHz bandwidth is presented and validated experimentally using an acoustic plane wave tube.
[18F]-choline PET/CT as an imaging biomarker for primary liver cancers.

Choline-based radiotracers were initially developed for prostate cancer imaging (1-4). Comparing to C-11 labeled native choline, the transport efficiency of F-18 labeled fluorinated choline (fluorocholine) is similar, and the substrate specificity of choline kinase, a key enzyme responsible for choline uptake, is also similar towards both for prostate cancer imaging (5). Fluorocholine is labeled with F-18 with a half-life of almost 2 hours for radio-decay, which is long enough for commercial production and dispensing. In addition, fluorocholine with a known dosimetry has comparable safety profile to that of the native choline (6).
ADAMTS13 Helps Distinguish Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura From Other Microangiopathies and Guide Necessity of Plasma Exchange Therapy

Abstract 2328 Introduction: Congenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is caused by genetic mutations in ADAMTS13, a metalloproteinase that cleaves ultra-large VWF multimers to generate normal sized multimers present in circulation. However, acquired deficiency of ADAMTS13 due to auto-antibodies is not universally accepted as diagnostic of idiopathic TTP. Distinguishing idiopathic TTP from other thrombotic microangiopatheis (TMA) is important in guiding treatment as plasma exchange (PE) is only beneficial in TTP and select cases of other microangiopathies such as atypical HUS. Since January 2006 we routinely obtain ADAMTS13 activity performed by FRET assay from The Blood Center of Wisconsin in all patients with TMA. We report the diagnostic utility of ADAMTS13 to distinguish TTP from other forms of TMAs. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on consecutive patients with TMA who had ADAMTS13 assayed from January 2006 to October 2010. Demographics, presenting clinical and laboratory features are given in the Table. Responses to therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), diagnoses at discharge, and other underlying clinical conditions were also recorded. Relevant statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-test to compare means and Fisher9s exact method for contingency tables. Results: We divided our cases based on severe ADAMTS13 deficiency ( 20%) as TMA. TMA causes included quinine induced HUS (1), gemcitabine related HUS (1), malignant hypertension/pre-eclampsia/HEELP (3), sepsis (2), MCTD (5), malignancy (3), ITP (1), HIV/opportunistic infection (5), drugs (1), and multiple (5). Conclusions: In our experience severe ADAMTS13 deficiency appears to distinguish TTP from TMA. TMA had better mortality despite either not initiating or discontinuing PE based on ADAMTS13 levels. However, if we had continued PE in TMA then these patients would have been considered as NON-ADAMTS13 deficient TTP who responded well to PE. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Detection of Brain Atrophy Following Traumatic Brain Injury Using Gravimetric Techniques

We hypothesized, that with atrophy, the correlation between water content and specific gravity of brain solids would break down signifying the onset of the atrophic process. The correlation between tissue water content, specific gravity of solids and ventricular size was studied in an impact acceleration model of closed head injury of the rat. Adult Sprague Dawley rats weighing 350 to 375 grams (n = 63) were separated into two groups: Group I: Sham (n = 21), Group II: Trauma (n = 42). Water content was assessed using both gravimetric method and drying-weighing method at 1 hour, on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 in the trauma group as well as in the control group. Ventricular size was measured in cm2 on the MRI computer console in the coronal section at the coronal suture at the same time points. In the trauma group we found a significant increase (p < 0.01) in water content during the first week except on day 3 and there was a good correlation between the results of water content using both methods (p < 0.001). However, this relationship was poorly correlated after day 14 (p = 0.25). Although the ventricular size was the smallest at 1 hour post trauma, it significantly increased over the next 3 days (p < 0.001). On day 7 and 14 ventricular size decreased to normal size, yet gradually increased and then reached a significantly larger size on 42 days post trauma again (p < 0.01). We may consider, that brain edema following CHI begins immediately following trauma and resolves within 2 weeks. After 14 days degenerative change occurs in the cortex, as detected by specific gravity measurements which signifies the onset of the atrophic process and subsequent post traumatic ventricular dilatation.
The New Dangers of Electronic Cigarettes

Abstract Historically stable, the incidence of inadvertent exposures to nicotine products has increased in recent years. Much of this increase may be attributable to the advent of electronic cigarettes. The dramatic increase in adverse exposures to electronic cigarettes and liquid nicotine products also portends new and considerable risk of potential nicotine toxicity, given the previously inconceivable high concentrations of nicotine in these products. Furthermore, this increased risk of toxicity is borne disproportionately by young children. Inadvertent exposures to electronic cigarettes and liquid nicotine, most commonly in children less than 6 years of age and primarily via ingestion, result more often in adverse clinical health effects compared to conventional cigarettes. Vomiting is common, although severe nicotine poisoning may result in airway compromise, seizures, obtundation, and the need for critical interventions.
Excited State Interactions in Stabilized Lasers

Recent developments in the active stabilization of lasers have led to light sources of extremely narrow linewidth and correspondingly long coherence times. Such stability enables several new laser measurement techniques. Stabilized lasers can provide a probe of the interactions between the excited states of laser transitions and the laser cavity itself. This paper will review frequency modulation techniques for stabilizing lasers, with emphasis on the relations between the laser linewidth and random processes within the lasing medium. An experiment to test stabilized lasers in the vibration free and microgravity environment of space and applications of ultra-stable lasers in space will be described.
Using a Tokamak to Study Atomic Physics: Brightness Ratios of Transitions Within the n=2 Levels of Be I-like Ions (C III to Cr XXI)

Although the primary motivation for constructing devices which produce magnetically confined high-temperature plasmas is controlled thermonuclear fusion, these devices can also be used to study the physics of highly ionized atoms. This paper reviews an example of such a study in which the n=2 to n=2 transition lines in the Be I isoelectronic sequence were measured with photometrically calibrated extreme ultraviolet instrumentation. The brightness ratios of the 2s2p 3P-2p2 3P (R) and the 2s2 1S0-2s2p 3P1(R*) lines to the resonance 2s2 1S0-2s2p 1P1line were determined and compared with theoretical predictions. At low nuclear charge, Z, the experimental values agree with those computed by the R-matrix method which includes the effect of resonances. At higher Z, the data agrees very well with calculations based on the distorted wave approximation. In addition to confirming the theoretical methods, this agreement lends confidence to the use of line ratios for diagnostic studies of high-temperature plasmas.
Multiscale modeling of elastic properties of trabecular bone

We model trabecular bone as a composite material with hierarchical structure. At a nanostructural level, bone is composed of collagen molecules containing water and non-collagenous proteins in their gaps reinforced with hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. At a sub-microstructural level (few microns), the mineralized collagen fibrils are embedded in an extrafibrillar hydroxyapatite matrix to form a single lamella, which also contains lacunar cavities. At a microstructural level (hundreds of microns), several lamellae are randomly orientated in different orientations to form trabecular pockets forming a single trabecula. At a mesostructural level (several millimeters), the trabecular bone is represented by a porous random network of trabeculae. In this paper we predict analytically the effective elastic constants of trabecular bone by modeling its elastic response at these different scales, spanning from the nanostructural to mesostructural levels, using micromechanics methods and composite materials laminate theories. The results obtained at a lower scale serve as inputs for the modeling at a higher scale. The predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data reported in literature.
Sensing Behaviors of Students in Online vs. Face-to-Face Lecturing Contexts

University students are often presented with the choice between a traditional classroom and an online learning environment. Given the growing interest in web-based learning, it is essential to understand if students' needs are met in these learning environments. Sensing mechanisms enable realtime monitoring of students' reactions as they view and engage with course content. We use galvanic skin response and facial expression analysis to identify differences in behaviors associated with learning via a face-to-face versus an online lecture. We also explore the effects of incentives on learning. Findings indicate that physiological data recorded during a lecture is a good indicator of content difficulty, potentially providing a way for instructors to adjust their materials and delivery to benefit students' understanding. The data further suggests that subjects react more negatively to online lecturing and that learning incentives may have the adverse effect of increasing stress on students as opposed to improving performance.
MASTERS IN HEALTH REABILITATION THROUGH PHYSICAL EXERCISE (“HARPE” ERASMUS Curriculum Development Projects, Nr. 503202-LLP-1- 2009-1-UK-ERASMUS-ECDSP)

This article is offering an overview on the activities conducted by the partners in theErasmus project titled European Masters in Health Rehabilitation through Physical Exercise. Theinformation provided could be useful to those who are interested (universities, students,managers of organizations that operate in the health sector), regarding the new innovativeprograms in the area of educational provision for health rehabilitation, based on the localcommunities support.
Role of Perceived Value in Acceptance of “Bring Your Own Device” Policy

IT consumerization refers to the phenomenon of using personal devices and applications for work-related tasks. Considered as a major wave of employee-driven innovation, many organizations have adop...
The Language of Instructional Improvement in the U.S.: A View from Current Law and Policy Reports

After two decades of focus on teacher evaluation, the next policy frontier for states to explore is instructional improvement. Language matters. It reflects an ideology that guides practice. The prevailing view, influenced by both behaviorism and workplace psychology, is that when principals evaluate teachers and deliver “actionable feedback,” teachers change their behavior. This research examines how instructional improvement is promoted in the language of current law and national reports in the U. S. The researcher then challenges simplistic, flawed notions about feedback and its delivery, and calls for administrators to understand how teachers learn.
Bayesian Inference with Generative Adversarial Network Priors.

Bayesian inference is used extensively to infer and to quantify the uncertainty in a field of interest from a measurement of a related field when the two are linked by a physical model. Despite its many applications, Bayesian inference faces challenges when inferring fields that have discrete representations of large dimension, and/or have prior distributions that are difficult to represent mathematically. In this manuscript we consider the use of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) in addressing these challenges. A GAN is a type of deep neural network equipped with the ability to learn the distribution implied by multiple samples of a given field. Once trained on these samples, the generator component of a GAN maps the iid components of a low-dimensional latent vector to an approximation of the distribution of the field of interest. In this work we demonstrate how this approximate distribution may be used as a prior in a Bayesian update, and how it addresses the challenges associated with characterizing complex prior distributions and the large dimension of the inferred field. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach by applying it to the problem of inferring and quantifying uncertainty in the initial temperature field in a heat conduction problem from a noisy measurement of the temperature at later time.
Non-negative matrix factorization evaluation of patterns of brain Aβ deposition in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and normal controls on [18F]florbetapir PET

484 Objectives: The prevalence of cerebral beta-amyloid (Aβ) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) dementia has been shown to be higher, but variable, than in age-matched controls but lower than in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients.1-6 The distribution and role of Aβ in non-demented PD remains uncertain. In this study, differential patterns of [18F]florbetapir PET brain uptake, a measure of brain Aβ deposition, were examined in non-demented PD patients, AD patients, and age-matched normal controls (CON) using a data-driven algorithm based on non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF).7 NNMF partitions the brain into regions with correlated Aβ deposition and is thought to provide improved interpretability compared to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA). Methods: This study included 120 subjects who underwent [18F]florbetapir PET brain imaging: 40 recruited from a local cohort of non-demented PD patients (67±8 years; 35% females), 40 age-matched AD patients (67±7.9 years; 43% females) obtained from Alzheimer9s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), and 40 normal CON (69±6.7 years; 45% females) also from ADNI. The [18F]florbetapir PET studies of the PD cohort were smoothed using ADNI scanner-specific parameters based on Hoffman phantom to match the uniform effective isotropic resolution of 8 mm FWHM used in the ADNI data. [18F]Florbetapir PET data were then transformed to common MNI space using a T1-weighted MRI based method and normalized to whole cerebellum to calculate standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) maps.8,9 NNMF was applied to [18F]florbetapir SUVR maps over the entire population, resulting in components that represent brain regions with correlated Aβ deposition. The loading coefficients of each NNMF component for each subject is a surrogate measure of SUVR for the brain regions of that component. For each NNMF component, differences in loading coefficients of the subjects grouped by diagnosis were examined using ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test. Results: NNMF components showed multiple patterns of cortical brain regions with correlated [18F]florbetapir uptake, where loading coefficients as a measure of uptake significantly differed by diagnosis on ANOVA (p PD > CON in uptake). This included a component involving bilateral inferolateral temporal lobes and anteroinferior frontal lobes and a component involving bilateral posterior occipital lobes (p<0.005 for all three post-hoc pairwise comparisons for each NNMF component). Conclusions: Through NNMF, this study demonstrates that cerebral Aβ deposition in PD diverges from that of normal aging and has a different pattern of distribution in PD compared to AD. This study lends further support for the need to investigate the potential role of Aβ in the pathophysiology of PD. RESEARCH SUPPORT: This study was funded or supported by the National Institutes of Health: P50-NS053488, P30-AG010124, R43-NS063607, R01-AG054409, and K08-NS093127, and by Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc.
Encapsulation enhances protoplast fusant stability

A barrier to cost-efficient biomanufacturing is the instability of engineered genetic elements, such as plasmids. Instability can also manifest at the whole-genome level, when fungal dikaryons revert to parental species due to nuclear segregation during cell division. Here, we show that by encapsulating Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Pichia stipitis dikaryons in an alginate matrix, we can limit cell division and preserve their expanded metabolic capabilities. As a proxy to cellulosic ethanol production, we tested the capacity of such cells to carry out ethanologenic fermentation of glucose and xylose, examining substrate use, ploidy, and cell viability in relation to planktonic fusants, as well as in relation to planktonic and encapsulated cell cultures consisting of mixtures of these species. Glucose and xylose consumption and ethanol production by encapsulated dikaryons were greater than planktonic controls. Simultaneous co-fermentation did not occur; rather the order and kinetics of glucose and xylose catabolism by encapsulated dikaryons were similar to cultures where the two species were encapsulated together. Over repeated cycles of fed-batch culture, encapsulated S. cerevisiae-P. stipitis fusants exhibited a dramatic increase in genomic stability, relative to planktonic fusants. Encapsulation also increased the stability of antibiotic-resistance plasmids used to mark each species and preserved a fixed ratio of S. cerevisiae to P. stipitis cells in mixed cultures. Our data demonstrate how encapsulating cells in an extracellular matrix restricts cell division and, thereby, preserves the stability and biological activity of entities ranging from genomes to plasmids to mixed populations, each of which can be essential to cost-efficient biomanufacturing.
The social side of teacher education: Implications of social network research for the design of professional development

Abstract This article provides an overview and synthesis of seven artilces in a special issue focusing on the use of Social Network Analysis to study networks in teacher education. The article uses the Intentional Network Design framework ( Baker-Doyle & Yoon, 2018 ) to explain the outcomes from the studies and analyze the potential for findings from social network research in education to influence future design of teacher education practices and programs.
Persistent left superior vena cava with partial anomalous venous return in a liver transplant patient

Insertion of central venous catheters is commonly performed on critically ill patients. Successful placement requires knowledge of vascular anatomy, but vascular anomalies may pose difficulties during insertion and confirmation of catheter position. This report describes the incidental discovery of a persistent left superior vena cava emptying into a pulmonary vein with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return to the left innominate vein and ultimately into the right superior vena cava, after placement of a left internal jugular central line in a patient presenting for liver transplant. We discuss the clinical implications of persistent left superior vena cava and the steps we took to evaluate catheter position.
The Self-Regulation of Goal Pursuit

Goal pursuit starts with setting goals for oneself or with adopting goals assigned by others. Most theories of motivation (Ajzen, 1997; Atkinson, 1957; Bandura, L997; Brehm & Sell 1989; Carver & Scheier, 1998; Gollwltzer, 1990; Locke & Latham , 1990; Sheeran, 2002; Vroom, L964) suggest that people prefer to choose and adopt goals that are desirable and feasible. Desirability is determined by the estimated attractiveness of likely short-term and long-term consequences of goal attainment. Such consequences may pertain to anticipated self-evaluations, evaluations of significant others, progress toward some higher order goal, external rewards of having attained the goal, and the joy/pan associated with moving toward the goal (Heckhausen,7977). Feasibility depends on people's jrdgments of their capabilities to perform relevant goal-directed behaviors (i.e., self-efficacy expectations; Bandura, 7997), their beliefs that these goal-directed behaviors will lead to the desired outcome (i.e., outcome expectations; Bandura, 7997; instrumentality beliefs, Vroom, 1964), the judged likelihood of attaining the desired outcome (i.e., general expectations; Oettingen,1996) or desired outcomes in general (optimism; Scheier & Carver, 1987). It is implicitly assumed that perceived feasibility and desirability not only affect goal setting, but also the intensity of subsequent goal striving, and a person's readiness to relinquish a set goal. More specifically, the intensity of goal striving is assumed to be higher the higher the respective feasibility and desirability beliefs. Finally, people are thought to give up
The Ecological Paradigm: Persons in Settings

A central theme of community psychology is the idea that people live in a variety of social settings that influence their well-being. Any explanation of individual behavior without reference to these influential contexts is incomplete and may lead to misdirected efforts at social change. The term “Community Psychology” itself implies a junction of setting (“Community”) and individual (“Psychology”) processes. At the time it was founded, the concept of studying “persons within settings” was advanced as one that was central to the field. Inquiry and action should address social system structures as a means to attaining the goal of prevention of mental health disorders (Bennett et al.,1966, Chapter 5, this volume).
Learning a Product of Experts with Elitist Lasso

Discriminative models such as logistic regression profit from the ability to incorporate arbitrary rich features; however, complex dependencies among overlapping features can often result in weight undertraining. One popular method that attempts to mitigate this problem is logarithmic opinion pools (LOP), which is a specialized form of product of experts model that automatically adjusts the weighting among experts. A major problem with LOP is that it requires significant amounts of domain expertise in designing effective experts. We propose a novel method that learns to induce experts — not just the weighting between them — through the use of a mixed ‘2‘1 norm as previously seen in elitist lasso. Unlike its more popular sibling ‘1‘2 norm (used in group lasso), which seeks feature sparsity at the group-level, ‘2‘1 norm encourages sparsity within feature groups. We demonstrate how this property can be leveraged as a competition mechanism to induce groups of diverse experts, and introduce a new formulation of elitist lasso MaxEnt in the FOBOS optimization framework (Duchi and Singer, 2009). Results on Named Entity Recognition task suggest that this method gives consistent improvements over a standard logistic regression model, and is more effective than conventional induction schemes for experts.