cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late-season common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in narrow- and wide-row soybean

Field studies were conducted in 2000, 2001, and 2002 at Urbana, IL, to examine the interference potential of common waterhemp that emerged at soybean growth stages VE, V2-V3, V4-V5, R1-R2, and R3-R4 in 19- and 76-cm row soybean. Soybean row width and common waterhemp emergence timing significantly influenced common waterhemp density, biomass, seed production, mortality, and soybean yield loss. Common waterhemp density declined as emergence timings were at later soybean growth stages. This decline happened at earlier growth stages in narrow-row soybean. Significant reductions in common waterhemp biomass and seed production occurred at the V2-V3 and V4-V5 emergence timings for the narrow- and wide-row soybean, respectively. Common waterhemp seed production was more than 23,000 seeds per plant at the VE emergence timing for both soybean row widths. Survival of common waterhemp that emerged after the V4-V5 soybean growth stage was less than 20% in both row widths. Common waterhemp interference reduced soybean...
Keyword programming in java

Keyword programming is a novel technique for reducing the need to remember details of programming language syntax and APIs, by translating a small number of keywords provided by the user into a valid expression. Prior work has demonstrated the feasibility and merit of this approach in limited domains. This paper presents a new algorithm that scales to the much larger domain of general-purpose Java programming. We tested the algorithm by extracting keywords from method calls in open source projects, and found that it could accurately reconstruct over 90% of the original expressions. We also conducted a study using keywords generated by users, whose results suggest that users can obtain correct Java code using keyword queries as accurately as they can write the correct Java code themselves
The two C-terminal tyrosines stabilize occluded Na/K pump conformations containing Na or K ions.

Interactions of the three transported Na ions with the Na/K pump remain incompletely understood. Na/K pump crystal structures show that the extended C terminus of the Na,K–adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) α subunit directly contacts transmembrane helices. Deletion of the last five residues (KETYY in almost all Na/K pumps) markedly lowered the apparent affinity for Na activation of pump phosphorylation from ATP, a reflection of cytoplasmic Na affinity for forming the occluded E1P(Na3) conformation. ATPase assays further suggested that C-terminal truncations also interfere with low affinity Na interactions, which are attributable to extracellular effects. Because extracellular Na ions traverse part of the membrane’s electric field to reach their binding sites in the Na/K pump, their movements generate currents that can be monitored with high resolution. We report here electrical measurements to examine how Na/K pump interactions with extracellular Na ions are influenced by C-terminal truncations. We deleted the last two (YY) or five (KESYY) residues in Xenopus laevis α1 Na/K pumps made ouabain resistant by either of two kinds of point mutations and measured their currents as 10-mM ouabain–sensitive currents in Xenopus oocytes after silencing endogenous Xenopus Na/K pumps with 1 µM ouabain. We found the low affinity inhibitory influence of extracellular Na on outward Na/K pump current at negative voltages to be impaired in all of the C-terminally truncated pumps. Correspondingly, voltage jump–induced transient charge movements that reflect pump interactions with extracellular Na ions were strongly shifted to more negative potentials; this signals a several-fold reduction of the apparent affinity for extracellular Na in the truncated pumps. Parallel lowering of Na affinity on both sides of the membrane argues that the C-terminal contacts provide important stabilization of the occluded E1P(Na3) conformation, regardless of the route of Na ion entry into the binding pocket. Gating measurements of palytoxin-opened Na/K pump channels additionally imply that the C-terminal contacts also help stabilize pump conformations with occluded K ions.
Probabilistic analysis of reinforced concrete frame structures against progressive collapse

Abstract This paper presents a two-scale numerical model for assessing the risk of progressive collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. In this model, the potential damage zones in various structural components, such as beams, columns and joint panels, are represented by a set of coarse-scale cohesive elements. The constitutive behavior of the cohesive elements is formulated in the effective traction–separation space, where the general mixed-mode failure can be well represented. The model parameters for the cohesive elements with their corresponding probability distributions are calibrated from the fine-scale stochastic finite element simulations of the potential damage zones. With incremental Latin Hypercube sampling of both random cohesive properties and external loads, the model is used to investigate the probabilistic collapse behavior of a two-dimensional 30 story RC structural frame under different column removal scenarios, where the occurrence probabilities of various possible collapse extents are calculated. Finally, the present probabilistic approach is compared with the conventional deterministic analysis method.
Outsourcing Social Transformation: Development NGOs as Organizations

The literature on development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) envisions an alternative form of social organization, one that is more altruistic, more cooperative, and less hierarchical than governments and for-profit organizations. We engage with the literature on quite different terms: NGOs and their donors are organizations, and much of what is distinctive about them as organizations derives from the special uncertainties they face due to the environments in which they operate, the goals they pursue, and the social and material technologies they employ. We conclude that there are unexplored issues in the literature on development NGOs that sociologists, with their toolkit of theories and practices, are uniquely qualified to address.
Epidural cortical stimulation as adjunctive treatment for non-fluent aphasia: preliminary findings

Background and purpose This study evaluated the safety and feasibility of targeted epidural cortical stimulation delivered concurrently with intensive speech–language therapy for treatment of chronic non-fluent aphasia. Methods Eight stroke survivors with non-fluent aphasia received intensive behavioural therapy for 3 h daily for 6 weeks using a combination of articulation drills, oral reading and conversational practice. Four of these participants (investigational participants) also underwent functional MRI guided surgical implantation of an epidural stimulation device which was activated only during therapy sessions. Behavioural data were collected before treatment, immediately after treatment and at 6 and 12 weeks following termination of therapy. Imaging data were collected before and after treatment. Results Investigational participants showed a mean Aphasia Quotient change of 8.0 points immediately post-therapy and at the 6 week follow-up, and 12.3 points at 12 weeks. The control group had changes of 4.6, 5.5 and 3.6 points, respectively. Similar changes were noted on subjective caregiver ratings. Functional imaging suggested increased consolidation of activity in interventional participants. Conclusions Behavioural speech–language therapy improves non-fluent aphasia, independent of cortical stimulation. However, epidural stimulation of the ipsilesional premotor cortex may augment this effect, with the largest effects after completion of therapy. The neural mechanisms underlying these effects are manifested in the brain by decreases in the volume of activity globally and in particular regions. Although the number of participants enrolled in this trial precludes definitive conclusions, targeted epidural cortical stimulation appears safe and may be a feasible adjunctive treatment for non-fluent aphasia, particularly when the aphasia is more severe.
A procedure for SEM of complex shoot structures applied to the inflorescence of snapdragon (Antirrhinum).

An indirect procedure for the scanning electron microscopy of living complex shoot structures, e.g., an inflorescence tip, employs the polymerization of a dental impression plastic. Application of the plastic to exposed surfaces during prolonged dissection minimizes desiccation. The resulting complex mould is everted so that recesses representing surface detail can be filled with molten epoxy polymer. The mould is then allowed to revert to its original configuration; it is now filled with epoxy. After the epoxy hardens, the resulting cast is sputter-coated and imaged. Intricate structures up to 1 mm in dimension can be imaged with all components, e.g., flowers on an inflorescence, in situ.
Statistical tools for regional data analysis using GIS

A GIS provides a powerful collection of tools for the management, visualization and analysis of spatial data. These tools can be even more powerful when they are integrated with statistical methods for spatial data analysis and many GIS users are requesting this integration. The Geostatistical Analyst extension to ArcGIS was developed to integrate statistical methods with GIS tools for mapping and modeling spatially continuous data such as temperature or pollution. However, many GIS applications involve data that are aggregated over geographic regions and the analysis of this type of spatial data poses additional challenges. In this paper, we illustrate several different analytical goals that commonly arise in applications based on regional data. Many of these require a measure of local spatial dependence and this is commonly based on Moran's I index of spatial association. However, as we describe in this paper, other measures that more explicitly take into account the aggregated nature of the data may be preferred. Using county-level crime data in California we show how many different statistical methods for regional data analysis can be implemented within a GIS to provide a powerful set of interactive, analytical tools uniquely suited to the goals of regional analysis.
High concentrations of 17β-estradiol attenuate the exercise pressor reflex in male cats

Previously, intravenous injection of 17β-estradiol in decerebrate male cats was found to attenuate central command but not the exercise pressor reflex. This latter finding was surprising because the dorsal horn, the spinal site receiving synaptic input from thin-fiber muscle afferents, is known to contain estrogen receptors. We were prompted, therefore, to reexamine this issue. Instead of injecting 17β-estradiol intravenously, we applied it topically to the L7 and S1 spinal cord of male decerebrate cats. We found that topical application (150–200 μl) of 17β-estradiol in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/ml had no effect on the exercise pressor reflex, whereas a concentration of 10 μg/ml attenuated the reflex. We conclude that, in male cats, estrogen can only attenuate the exercise pressor reflex in concentrations that exceed the physiological level.
Inherited Riboflavin Deficiency in Chicken Eggs

Abstract Davis, Norris and Heuser (1938) found that the hens of certain families of Single Comb White Leghorns showed a high degree of consistency in respect to percent hatchability of their eggs when fed a ration deficient in riboflavin. Distinct lines, which differed in their resistance to a deficiency of riboflavin in the diet, were established by Lamoreux and Hutt (1948) and Lerner and Bird (1948). So far as the author is aware, no case has been found in which birds on a ration with an adequate amount of riboflavin produced eggs deficient in riboflavin. This report deals with such a condition. During March, 1952, three Single Comb White Leghorn hens, whose eggs were not hatching, were found in a pedigree breeding flock. On examination it was observed that the eggs were fertile but the embryos died during incubation. Since two of the birds were full sisters, and the third a …
Singular Values of Compact Pseudodifferential Operators

Abstract This paper investigates the asymptotic decay of the singular values of compact operators arising from the Weyl correspondence. The motivating problem is to find sufficient conditions on a symbol which ensure that the corresponding operator has singular values with a prescribed rate of decay. The problem is approached by using a Gabor frame expansion of the symbol to construct an approximating finite rank operator. This establishes a variety of sufficient conditions for the associated operator to be in a particular Schatten class. In particular, an improvement of a sufficient condition of Daubechies for an operator to be trace-class is obtained. In addition, a new development and improvement of the Calderon–Vaillancourt theorem in the context of the Weyl correspondence is given. Additional results of this type are then obtained by interpolation.
The Role of Standardized Protocols in Unplanned Extubations in a Medical Intensive Care Unit

Background Many patients admitted to medical intensive care units require mechanical ventilation to assist with respiratory management. Unplanned extubations of these patients are associated with poor outcomes for patients and organizations. No previous research has investigated the role of standardized protocols in unplanned extubations when examined in conjunction with traditional risk factors. Objective To identify risk factors associated with unplanned extubation among patients receiving mechanical ventilation and determine degree of compliance with pain, sedation, and weaning protocols. Methods A prospective cohort study design was used. Data on all patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit who required mechanical ventilation were gathered daily. Additional data were gathered on those patients who experienced unplanned extubation. Descriptive, correlational, and regression analyses were performed. Results Weaning protocols were a significant predictor of unplanned extubation: patients who had weaning protocols ordered and followed were least likely to experience unplanned extubation. Only 10% of the 190 patients in the study required reintubation, resulting in a significantly shorter ventilation time and unit length of stay among the unplanned extubation group. Conclusions Weaning protocols were associated with decreased incidence of unplanned extubation. Use of standardized protocols was feasible, as compliance among health care providers was high when protocols were medically prescribed. The reintubation rate in this study was low and associated with a significantly shorter ventilatory period and unit length of stay in the unplanned extubation group.
Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor gene expression in sheep: interaction of GnRH and estradiol.

GnRH and estradiol are important regulators of GnRH receptors. When delivered to the anterior pituitary gland continuously, GnRH decreases numbers of GnRH receptors on gonadotropes. Treatment with estradiol consistently increases numbers of GnRH receptors. Because estradiol acts via intracellular receptors while GnRH exerts its effects through a membrane receptor, it is likely that these hormones influence GnRH receptor expression via different mechanisms. In this experiment, we tested two hypotheses: 1) continuous infusion of GnRH will decrease expression of the GnRH receptor gene; and 2) estradiol will override the negative effects of continuous infusion of GnRH on GnRH receptor expression. Ovariectomized ewes were administered either GnRH (10μ g/h, n = 10) or saline (n = 10) continuously for 136 h. At 124 h, 5 ewes in each group were administered estradiol (25μ g im) and anterior pituitary glands were collected 12 h later. Treatment with GnRH caused an abrupt increase in circulating concentrations of L...
Max-Margin Multiattribute Learning With Low-Rank Constraint

Attribute learning has attracted a lot of interests in recent years for its advantage of being able to model high-level concepts with a compact set of midlevel attributes. Real-world objects often demand multiple attributes for effective modeling. Most existing methods learn attributes independently without explicitly considering their intrinsic relatedness. In this paper, we propose max margin multiattribute learning with low-rank constraint, which learns a set of attributes simultaneously, using only relative ranking of the attributes for the data. By learning all the attributes simultaneously through low-rank constraint, the proposed method is able to capture their intrinsic correlation for improved learning; by requiring only relative ranking, the method avoids restrictive binary labels of attributes that are often assumed by many existing techniques. The proposed method is evaluated on both synthetic data and real visual data including a challenging video data set. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Estimation of interaction energies by the critical molecular weight method: 2. Blends with polysulfones

The interaction energies between PS, Pα-MS, and PMMA, as well as acrylonitrile and maleic anhydride units, with a series of polysulfones were quantitatively determined from oligomer/oligomer, oligomer/homopolymer, and homopolymer/copolymer blends. Interaction energies were calculated from the Flory-Huggins theory and the Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state theory using experimental cloud points or miscibility boundaries. Alkyl addition to the phenyl rings of polysulfone is favorable for miscibility with polystyrene whereas halogenation of the bisphenol connector unit favors miscibility with poly(methyl methacrylate). Interaction energies are quantitatively ranked and described qualitatively in terms of changes in the electronic charge distribution of the polymer repeat units as calculated by SYBYL software. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tobacco use increases susceptibility to bacterial infection

Active smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk of bacterial infection. Tobacco smoke exposure increases susceptibility to respiratory tract infections, including tuberculosis, pneumonia and Legionnaires disease; bacterial vaginosis and sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea; Helicobacter pylori infection; periodontitis; meningitis; otitis media; and post-surgical and nosocomial infections. Tobacco smoke compromises the anti-bacterial function of leukocytes, including neutrophils, monocytes, T cells and B cells, providing a mechanistic explanation for increased infection risk. Further epidemiological, clinical and mechanistic research into this important area is warranted.
A Temperature-Profile Method for Estimating Flow Processes in Geologic Heat Pipes

Above-boiling temperature conditions, as encountered, for example, in geothermal reservoirs and in geologic repositories for the storage of heat-producing nuclear wastes, may give rise to strongly altered liquid and gas flow processes in porous subsurface environments. The magnitude of such flow perturbation is extremely hard to measure in the field. We therefore propose a simple temperature-profile method that uses high-resolution temperature data for deriving such information. The energy that is transmitted with the vapor and water flow creates a nearly isothermal zone maintained at about the boiling temperature, referred to as a heat pipe. Characteristic features of measured temperature profiles, such as the differences in the gradients inside and outside of the heat pipe regions, are used to derive the approximate magnitude of the liquid and gas fluxes in the subsurface, for both steady-state and transient conditions.
Filling Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Metal Chloride and Metal Nanowires and Imaging with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Nanowires of magnetic metals (Ho, Gd) have been synthesized inside the hollow interior of single wall carbon nanotubes by the sealed-tube reaction. Amongst the d- and f-series metal chlorides investigated in this study, HoCl 3 and GdCl 3 fill the SWNTs to a significantly higher extent than FeCl 2 and CoCl 2 . HoCl 3 and GdCl 3 nanowires have been transformed into the respective metal nanowires via the reduction of the chloride nanowires. The nanowires have been imaged using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy carried out in conjunction with STEM confirmed the presence of metal chloride and metal nanowires.
Investigation of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Using a Robust Combinatorial Technique

A combinatorial approach to batch fabricating and evaluating fuel cell catalyst surfaces is described. The well-known binary Pt/Ru alloy and two compositional regimes of a novel quaternary Ni/Zr/Pt/Ru system were examinedin detail. Catalyst films no thicker than 10 nm were deposited onto an array of 36 gold electrodes 0.5 cm 2 in area that were microfabricated on a 12.5 × 12.5 cm glass substrate. The catalyst films had identical bulk and surface compositions, a result of the atom-level mixing that occurred during the room-temperature cosputtering method used. A multichannel pseudopotentiostat was implemented for electrochemical screening. Compositions with promising and/or contrasting catalytic activities were also studied using X-ray diffraction. X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A low-Pt-content Ni 3 1 Zr 1 3 Pt 3 3 Ru 2 3 film was found to exhibit nominally the same activity (at 0.45 V vs a normal hydrogen electrode in 1 M H 2 SO 4 , 1 M CH 3 OH) as the best PtRu alloys studied. This material had a fundamentally different crystal and electronic structure than that observed in the Pt/Ru films and exhibited a significantly higher degree of Pt site utilization. These results were consistent with the existence of a catalytic reaction pathway different than that reported for Pt/Ru.
Adcyap1r1 genotype, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression among women exposed to childhood maltreatment.

BACKGROUND: A growing literature indicates that genetic variation, in combination with adverse early life experiences, shapes risk for later mental illness. Recent work also suggests that molecular variation at the ADCYAP1R1 locus is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women. We sought to test whether childhood maltreatment (CM) interacts with ADCYAP1R1 genotype to predict PTSD in women. METHODS: Data were obtained from 495 adult female participants from the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study. Genotyping of rs2267735, an ADCYAP1R1 variant, was conducted via TaqMan assay. PTSD, depression, and CM exposure were assessed via structured interviews. Main and interacting effects of ADCYAP1R1 and CM levels on past month PTSD and posttraumatic stress (PTS) severity were examined using logistic regression and a general linear model, respectively. As a secondary analysis, we also assessed main and interacting effects of ADCYAP1R1 and CM variation on risk of past-month depression diagnosis and symptom severity. RESULTS: No significant main effects were observed for ADCYAP1R1 genotype on either PTSD/PTS severity. In contrast, a significant ADCYAP1R1 × CM interaction was observed for both past month PTSD and PTS severity, with carriers of the "C" allele showing enhanced risk for these outcomes among women exposed to CM. No significant main or interaction effects were observed for past month depression/depression severity. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variation at the ADCYAP1R1 locus interacts with CM to shape risk of later PTSD, but not depression, among women. The molecular mechanisms contributing to this interaction require further investigation. Language: en
Renal Supportive Therapy for Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury in the Setting of Multiorgan Dysfunction Syndrome/Sepsis

Summary In the setting of sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, the development of acute kidney injury can be an ominous event, particularly in the pediatric patient. In this setting, rapid initiation of renal supportive therapy is likely to positively impact on mortality rates. Therapeutic initiation and choice of dialytic modality are dependent on physician beliefs, as well as patient and organizational characteristics. Patient-specific factors including adequacy of nutrition provision, acuity of acute kidney injury, degree of uremia, and severity of fluid overload all must be taken into account during the decision on whether or not to initiate renal supportive therapies. In addition to the utilization of classical renal supportive modalities such as acute hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapies, the increasing use of plasma exchange therapies and other alternatives are actively being explored for use in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. This article reviews these concepts and current literature in the context of pediatric specific sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.
Towards quantification of firewall policy complexity

Developing metrics for quantifying the security and usability aspects of a system has been of constant interest to the cybersecurity research community. Such metrics have the potential to provide valuable insight on security and usability of a system and to aid in the design, development, testing, and maintenance of the system. Working towards the overarching goal of such metric development, in this work we lay down the groundwork for developing metrics for quantifying the complexity of firewall policies. We are particularly interested in capturing the human perceived complexity of firewall policies. To this end, we propose a potential workflow that researchers can follow to develop empirically-validated, objective metrics for measuring the complexity of firewall policies. We also propose three hypotheses that capture salient properties of a firewall policy which constitute the complexity of a policy for a human user. We identify two categories of human-perceived policy complexity (i.e., syntactic complexity and semantic complexity), and for each of them propose potential complexity metrics for firewall policies that exploit two of the hypotheses we suggest. The current work can be viewed as a stepping stone for future research on development of such policy complexity metrics.
Nucleated red blood cells in human fetal scalp capillary blood samples: a feasibility study

Objective: Elevated umbilical cord nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) counts have been suggested as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcome. We sought to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining fetal scalp capillary blood NRBC counts during labor and to assess their correlation with umbilical cord NRBC counts. Methods: Fetal scalp capillary blood specimens were prospectively collected in laboring patients who underwent scalp sampling because of the presence of an abnormal fetal heart rate pattern. Matched umbilical cord blood samples were collected immediately after birth. Outcome measures were the feasibility of obtaining fetal scalp NRBC counts and their correlation with umbilical cord NRBC counts. Results: Thirteen term singleton pregnancies formed the study population. In four patients, fetal scalp capillary blood sampling was performed twice. Of the attempts to evaluate fetal scalp capillary samples for NRBC counts, 16 out of 17 (94.1%) were successful. The mean fetal scalp capillary blood NRBC count per...
Simple shear flow of suspensions of liquid drops

The shearing motion of monodisperse suspensions of two-dimensional deformable liquid drops with uniform interfacial tension is studied by means of numerical simulations. In the theoretical model, the drops are distributed randomly within a square that is repeated periodically in two directions yielding a doubly periodic flow. Under the assumption that inertial effects are negligible and the viscosity of the drops is equal to that of the suspending fluid, the motion is investigated as a function of the area fraction of the suspended drops and of the capillary number. The evolution of the suspension from an initial configuration with randomly distributed circular drops is computed using an improved implementation of the method of interfacial dynamics which is based on the standard boundary integral formulation for Stokes flow. The numerical procedure incorporates the method of multipole expansions to account for far-drop interactions, and interpolation through tables for computing the doubly periodic Green's function ; the latter allows considerable savings in the cost of the computations. Dynamic simulations are carried out for suspensions with up to 49 drops within each periodic cell, for an extended period of time up to kt = 60, where k is the shear rate. Comparisons with previous numerical results for solid particles reveal that particle deformability and interfacial mobility play an important role in the character of the motion. The effects of particle area fraction and capillary number on the effective rheological properties of the suspension are discussed, and the statistics of the drop motion is analysed with reference to the drop-centre pair distribution function and probability density functions of drop aspect ratio and inclination. It is found that the effective rheological properties may be predicted with remarkable accuracy from a knowledge of the instantaneous mean drop deformation and orientation alone, even at high area fractions. Cluster formation is not as important as in suspension of solid particles. The apparent random motion of the individual drops, when viewed at a sequence of time intervals that are large compared to the inverse shear rate, is described in terms of an effective non-isotropic long-time diffusivity tensor, and the transverse component of this tensor is computed from the results of the simulations with some uncertainty.
Is the In Vitro Interferon-γ Release Assay an Adequate Replacement for the Tuberculin Skin Test?

cilli may, however, resist destruction and replicate within phagocytic cells. In response, macrophages produce cytokines, including TNF-a, IL-12, and multiple chemokines. The latter act as chemoattractants to recruit neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. TNF-a and IL-12 facilitate IFN-g production by natural killer cells and, subsequently, by T lymphocytes. Although these innate pulmonary defense mechanisms limit the initial replication and spread of invading mycobacteria, the extent of success varies with the virulence and number of infecting microorganisms. At this stage, all mycobacteria rarely are eliminated. Some infected macrophages and dendritic cells migrate to regional lymph nodes, where the antigen-specific host response is initiated. It appears that gd T lymphocytes are the predominant T cell population in this phase of the immune response. They produce a broad spectrum of cytokines, including IFN-g, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL10, and can lyse infected macrophages. A second wave of T cells (ab T lymphocytes) is attracted to and activated by the cytokines produced by gd T lymphocytes. These complementary T cell populations produce cytokines and chemoattractants that recruit uncommitted lymphocytes, and the lymphocytes contribute indirectly to mycobacterial elimination by macrophage activation. Clones of M. tuberculosis‐reactive CD4 T cells are expanded, some of which differentiate to memory T lymphocytes. These cells mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity and, together with M. tuberculosis‐specific CD8 T cells and CD1b-restricted T cells that recognize mycobacterial lipids [3], initiate the secondary immune response displayed in lymphoid tissue, lung parenchyma, and metastatic foci. IFN-g is the key effector cytokine in control of mycobacterial infection via macrophage activation [4].
A Note On Earnings Forecast Source Superiority

We examine the forecast accuracy of Value Line analysts relative to the Brown-Rozeff (100)X(011) 4 ARIMA model. We find that for a surprising percentage (35-41%) of our sample of small firms that time series-based earnings per share predictions are more accurate than those obtained from The Value Line Investment Survey. Further, we document exploitable characteristics of each subgroup that are associated with forecast origin. In those instances where the seasonal, univariate earnings forecast model identified by Brown and Rozeff (1979) produces more accurate forecasts than Value Line, we find significant differences in firm size, degree of diversification, magnitudes of the autoregressive and seasonal moving-average parameters, residual standard errors, and magnitude of the Ljung-Box Q-statistic. We use probit regressions to identify ex ante those firms likely to be accurately forecast by each source. We achieve a marginal improvement in forecast accuracy, which suggests there is potential for using ex ante decision rules to improve forecast accuracy.
Waveform Design for MIMO Radars With Matrix Completion

It was recently shown that MIMO radars with sparse sensing and matrix completion (MC) can significantly reduce the volume of data required by MIMO radars for accurate target detection and estimation. In MIMO-MC radars, the subsampled target returns are forwarded by the receive antennas to a fusion center, partially filling a matrix, referred to as the data matrix. The data matrix is first completed via MC techniques and then used to estimate the target parameters via standard array processing methods. This paper studies the applicability of MC theory on the data matrix arising in colocated MIMO radars using uniform linear arrays. It is shown that the data matrix coherence, and consequently the performance of MC, is directly related to the transmit waveforms. Among orthogonal waveforms, the optimum choices are those for which, any snapshot across the transmit array has a flat spectrum. The problem of waveform design is formulated as an optimization problem on the complex Stiefel manifold, and is solved via the modified steepest descent method, or the modified Newton algorithm with nonmonotone line search. Although the optimal waveforms are designed for the case of targets falling in the same range bin, sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the performance degradation when those waveforms are used in scenarios in which the targets fall in different range bins.
Três caminhos para o constitucionalismo – e a crise da União Europeia

There are three paths to constitutionalism in the modern world. Under the first, revolutionary outsiders use the constitution to commit their new regime to the principles proclaimed during their previous struggle. India, South Africa, Italy and France have followed this path. Under the second, establishment insiders use the constitution to make strategic concessions to disrupt revolutionary movements before they can gain power. Britain provides paradigmatic examples. Under the third, ordinary citizens remain passive while political and social elites construct a new constitution. Spain, Japan and Germany provide variations on this theme. Different paths generate different legitimation problems, but the EU confronts a special difficulty. Since its members emerge out of three divergent pathways, they disagree about the nature of the union’s constitutional problem, not merely its solution. Thus the EU confronts a cultural, not merely an economic, crisis.
Amniotic fluid embolism: despite progress, challenges remain

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews the incidence, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE).Recent findingsAFE is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality despite an incidence of approximately 7 to 8 per 100 000 births. Recent reevaluatio
Trajectories of Recovery Among Formerly Homeless Adults With Serious Mental Illness

Objective:Recovery from mental illness is possible, but individuals with co-occurring disorders and homelessness face challenges. Although a nonlinear recovery course is assumed, few studies have a...
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in community-dwelling adults with chronic pain

The hyperalgesic effects of long-term opioid use in community-dwelling adults with chronic pain have not been widely reported. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine the associations between opioid use and heat pain (HP) perception in a sample of community-dwelling adults with chronic pain. The study cohort involved 187 adults (85 opioid and 102 nonopioid) with chronic pain consecutively admitted to an outpatient interdisciplinary pain treatment program. Heat pain perception was assessed using a validated quantitative sensory test method of levels. An effect of opioid use was observed for nonstandardized (P = 0.004) and standardized (P = 0.005) values of HP 5-0.5 in which values of the opioid group were lower (more hyperalgesic) compared with those of the nonopioid group. HP 5-0.5 is a measure of the slope of the line connecting HP 0.5 (HP threshold) and HP 5 (intermediate measure of HP tolerance). In univariable (P = 0.019) and multiple variable (P = 0.003) linear regression analyses (adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, work status, pain diagnosis, pain severity, depression, and pain catastrophizing), opioid use was associated with lower (more hyperalgesic) nonstandardized values of HP 5-0.5. Similarly, in univariable (P = 0.004) and multiple variable (P = 0.011) linear regression analyses (adjusted for work status, pain diagnosis, pain severity, depression, and pain catastrophizing), opioid use was associated with lower standardized values of HP 5-0.5. In this sample of community-dwelling adults, these observations suggest that long-term opioid use was associated with hyperalgesia independent of other clinical factors known to influence HP perception.
Blood volume of representative portions of the musculoskeletal system in man.

A method is described for estimating the quantity of blood in the leg. Experiments evaluating the accuracy and validity of the method using I131 labeled human serum albumin and in vivo analysis are presented. The data suggest that in the recumbent position the leg is about 5.6 volumes per cent blood. Speculation in regard to the similarity and amount of other portions of the body to the leg lead to the possibility that about six-tenths of the blood is present in the carcass and four-tenths in the viscera.
Implant survival and patient-reported outcomes after total hip arthroplasty in young patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip

BackgroundDevelopmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common cause of hip pain in young patients, and may require treatment with total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study evaluates implant surviva...
Non-stimulant trials of adult ADHD.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a lifelong condition that begins in childhood and continues with adult manifestations related to the core symptoms. Approximately 50% to 75% of children with ADHD continue to meet criteria for the disorder as adolescents and adults. Adults with the disorder increasingly present to primary care physicians, psychiatrists, and other practitioners for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the diagnosis of ADHD in adults requires knowledge of age-dependent decline of symptoms over time. Retrospective recall of symptoms and impairment are valid methods of diagnosing the disorder. ADHD is also a brain disorder with a strong neurobiologic basis, complex etiology, and genetic component. Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities give rise to abnormalities in the brain and subsequent behavioral and cognitive deficits, which may produce the symptoms associated with ADHD. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of ADHD have provided evidence that abnormalities in the brain are caused by the disorder itself rather than treatment of the disorder. Psychiatric comorbidity is common among patients with ADHD and tends to complicate treatment. Acute and long-term use of long-acting stimulant formulations (methylphenidate and amphetamine compounds) have shown robust efficacy and tolerability consistent with the treatment response established in children with ADHD. Non-stimulant medications have demonstrated efficacy as well, and may be preferred in patients with tic and substance use disorders.In this expert roundtable supplement, Timothy E. Wilens, MD, reviews the epidemiology and clinical presentation of adult ADHD. Next, Joseph Biederman, MD, provides an overview of recent advances in the neurobiology of ADHD. Thomas J. Spencer, MD, reviews stimulant treatment of adult ADHD, and Lenard A. Adler concludes with a discussion of non-stimulant trials in adult ADHD.
Cytokine receptors : qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Much has been written on the possible role of cytokines in hematopoietic malignancies. In some instances, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) in multiple myeloma, there is evidence for a central role in maintaining malignant growth (1). The relationship between IL-6 and multiple myeloma is probably more complex, involving other cytokines that signal through receptors, which share the gp130 chain with the IL-6 receptor. Another strong association is that of IL-2 with acute T-cell lymphoma/leukemia, which express and release large amounts of the IL-2 receptor-α chain (CD25, Tac) (2). In other hematopoietic malignancies there is no strong evidence for the involvement of cytokines in the malignant process. Nevertheless, if a malignant clone expresses receptors for a cytokine and that cytokine is available, the end result may be accelerated proliferation or enhanced survival of the malignant cells. Conversely, expression of receptor for cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), which tend to inhibit proliferation, or molecules like Fas, which induce apoptosis, may control the malignant clone. Thus cytokine receptor expression may provide valuable information on the behavior of the malignant clone (3). These considerations make a case for screening of cytokine receptor expression as a part of routine diagnostic evaluation of patients with hematopoietic malignancy. It is emphasized, however, that at present cytokine receptor expression is a research tool, with the possible exception of the determination of soluble IL-2 receptor α chain (Tac, CD25). Measurement of soluble Tac has been widely reviewed (4) and will not be described here.
P-015 flow stasis after the deployment of stent-retriever predicts successful final recanalization in acute stroke patients

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of immediate flow restoration (IFR) after deployment of a stent retriever in acute stroke patients. Method A total of 205 patients underwent revascularization for acute cerebral vessel occlusion in this period. Fifty-six patients who were evaluated IFR after stent retriever deployment on digital subtraction angiography were enrolled in this study. Mean age was 77.0 years (27–94), and females were 33 (58.9%). Atrial fibrillation was found in 42.9%, and anti-coagulated agents were administrated in 21.4%. Ten patients had past history of stroke (17.9%). Mean NIHSS on admission was 17(1–38). Result Successful final recanalization (TICI 2B and 3) was achieved in 67.9% in this cohort. IFR occurred in 42 patients (75.0%), but IFR itself was not associated with successful recanalization (p=NS). In 21 patients (37.5%), additional intermittent angiography was performed prior to retrieving the stent retriever. The intermittent angiography showed loss of the IFR (complete flow stasis or diminished distal flow) in 12 patients (57.1%) and unchanged in 9 patients (42.9%). The loss of the IFR was associated a higher successful recanalization (91.6%) than those unchanged with lower recanalization (44.4%). The use of balloon guiding catheter (p = 0.011), NIHSS on admission (p = 0.018), and the loss of the IFR (p = 0.046) reached statistical significance on successful recanalization. The rate of favorable outcome and mortality at 90 days were 37.5% and 10.7% respectively. Successful recanalization (p = 0.039) was the independent predictors of favorable outcome. Those who found the loss of IFR had the higher rate of favorable outcome (41.7%) than those unchanged (22.2%), though it was not significant (p = 0.64). Conclusion Loss of IFR effect during the embedding time after deployment of stent retriever was associated with successful recanalization. It may be an angiographic sign of adequate thrombus engagement with the stent retriever. This observation may be useful in order to optimize the embedding time during which a stent retriever cuts into the occlusive thrombus particularly when a new stent retriever is introduced to the clinical practice. Disclosures S. Tateshima: 2; C; Covidien. M. Okawa: None. D. Liebeskind: None. R. Jahan: 2; C; Covidien. N. Gonzalez: None. V. Szeder: None. N. Rao: None. L. Ali: None. D. Kim: None. J. Saver: None. G. Duckwiler: 2; C; Covidien.
Process methods and levels of automation of wood pallet repair in the United States

This study documented the current status of wood pallet repair in the United States by identifying the types of processing and equipment usage in repair operations from an automation perspective. The wood pallet repair firms included in the study received an average of approximately 1.28 million cores (i.e., used pallets) for recovery in 2012. A majority of the cores received were stringer-style pallets. The most common pallet size received and repaired was 48 x 40 inch. The most commonly used stringer repair method was the application of companion stringers. It was found that most firms utilized high levels of manual labor, with limited machinery support. The board trimming and pallet sorting/stacking processes had the highest level of automation, while the inspection, nailing, and painting processes utilized manual labor.
Current-Algebra Predictions of ω − ϕ Mixing

Weinberg's first sum rule is coupled to a general isospin-conserving symmetry-breaking interaction to predict the $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\phi}$ mixing angle along with associated vector-meson mass sum rules which are listed for comparison with experiment. Both ${(\mathrm{mass})}^{2}$ and ${(\mathrm{mass})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ sum rules are considered.
End-tidal CO2 on admission is associated with hemorrhagic shock and predicts the need for massive transfusion as defined by the critical administration threshold: A pilot study.

Abstract Background Critical administration threshold (≥3 units of packed red blood cells/h or CAT+) has been proposed as a new definition for massive transfusion (MT) that includes volume and rate of blood transfusion. CAT+ has been shown to eliminate survivor bias and be a better predictor of mortality than the traditional MT (>10 units/24 h). End-tidal CO 2 (ET CO 2 ) negatively correlates with lactate and is an early predictor of shock in trauma patients. We conducted a pilot study to test the hypothesis that low ET CO 2 on admission predicts CAT+. Methods ET CO 2 via capnography and serum lactate were prospectively collected on admission for 131 patients requiring trauma team activation. Demographic data were obtained from patient charts. Excluded were patients with isolated head injuries, traumatic arrests, or pre-hospital intubations. CAT± status was determined for each hour up to 6 h from admission as described; likewise, MT± status was determined up to 24 h from admission. Results After exclusion criteria, 67 patients were analyzed. Mean age was 41.2 (SD 18.5). Thirty-three patients had a blunt mechanism of injury (49%), median ISS was 9 (interquartile range 4–19), and there were 6 deaths (9%). ET CO 2 and lactate were negatively correlated by Spearman rank-based correlation (rho = −0.41, p = 0.0006). Twenty-one (31%) and 8 (12%) patients were CAT+ and traditional MT+, respectively. There were a significantly greater proportion of patients with ISS > 15, ET CO 2 15 revealed ET CO 2 p = 0.016). Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated that low ET CO 2 had strong association with standard indicators for shock and was predictive of patients meeting CAT+ criteria in the first 6 h after admission. Further study to verify these results and to elucidate CAT criteria’s association with mortality will require a larger sample size.