cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormonal Interrelations in Beef Cows with Induced Multiple Ovulations

ALTHOUGH there is wide interest in hormonal induction of multiple births in cattle1, it is not possible to induce two or three ovulations reliably. Further advances will require a better understanding of the patterns of hormone concentrations during follicle growth. This report describes peripheral plasma concentrations of oestrogens, progesterone and luteinizing homone (LH) during the 96 h before induced oestrus and multiple ovulations.
Bounded input power-bounded output power stability criterion

A bounded input power-bounded output power stability criterion is derived for a class of single loop control systems having a memoryless, time-invariant, non-linear operator and a causal operator in the loop. The result is established by showing that a system from this class maps the Marcinkiewicz space M"2 into itself. When the causal operator is further restricted to be a time-invariant, linear operator characterized by a convolution with a suitably restricted kernal, the main ingredient of the criterion can be replaced by the Popov criterion.
Circulating CD20 and CD52 in patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease

Summary. The cell surface proteins CD20 and CD52 differ significantly in their structures and are expressed on the majority of B cells. Both circulating CD20 (cCD20) and circulating CD52 (cCD52) have been recently documented in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. A retrospective study to establish whether cCD20 and/or cCD52 were detectable in patients with lymphoma, and the clinical associations of these soluble antigens if detected, was conducted. cCD20 and cCD52 levels were analysed in a cohort of 65 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and 37 with Hodgkin's disease (HD). Patients with NHL had elevated pretherapy levels of cCD20 and cCD52 compared with normal individuals. Patients with HD had significantly lower than normal pretherapy levels of both cCD20 and cCD52. cCD20 levels were marginally elevated post-therapy in NHL patients while in patients with HD, cCD20 levels remained significantly lower than normal after therapy. Serum cCD52 levels became significantly lower than normal post-therapy in NHL patients, and remained significantly lower than normal in HD patients. No predictive effects were found for pretherapy or post-therapy levels of cCD52 on survival for either cohort of patients. Post-therapy cCD20 levels independently highly correlated with survival in patients with NHL. Prospective evaluation will be required to establish if cCD20 and cCD52 may be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognostic categorization, and monitoring of the clinical course in patients with lymphoma. The clinical significance of circulating antigen in patients receiving monoclonal antibody therapy directed against CD20 and/or CD52 warrants study.
Randomized trial of the addition of cis‐platin (DDP) and/or BCG to cyclophosphamide (CTX) chemotherapy for ovarian carcinoma

A prospective randomized trial has compared cyclophosphamide (CTX) with CTX plus cis-diamminodichloroplatinum (DDP) as the initial chemotherapy for advanced ovarian carcinoma. A secondary randomization compared the addition of BCG treatment to either chemotherapy. The addition of DDP had no measurable impact on survival, but a small survival trend favoring BCG-treated patients was noted (P less than 0.08). Toxicity from BCG treatment was insignificant, but the addition of DDP increased both early nausea and vomiting and later hematologic toxicity. There were three long-term complete remission patients, and these all came from the group of six patients with pretreatment residual disease less than 2 cm. A univariate analysis of pretreatment prognostic factors indicated significantly better prognosis (P less than 0.02) for patients with no palpable tumor, platelet count less than 400,000/mm3, residual tumor less than 2 cm, resting pulse less than 91/min. and LDH less than 250 U/L. The authors conclude that for patients with large (greater than 2 cm) residual disease, there is no compelling evidence that initial combination therapy is superior to aggressive single alkylating agent treatment.
How to Manage Fiscal Health of Suburban Municipal Governments

The following is a review of Rebecca M. Hendrick’s book Managing the fiscal metropolis: The financial policies, practices, and health of suburban municipalities. This review discusses the book’s important managerial insights into municipal fiscal health.
Artemin, a Novel Member of the GDNF Ligand Family, Supports Peripheral and Central Neurons and Signals through the GFRα3–RET Receptor Complex

The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ligands (GDNF, Neurturin [NTN], and Persephin [PSP]) signal through a multicomponent receptor system composed of a high-affinity binding component (GFRalpha1-GFRalpha4) and a common signaling component (RET). Here, we report the identification of Artemin, a novel member of the GDNF family, and demonstrate that it is the ligand for the former orphan receptor GFRalpha3-RET. Artemin is a survival factor for sensory and sympathetic neurons in culture, and its expression pattern suggests that it also influences these neurons in vivo. Artemin can also activate the GFRalpha1-RET complex and supports the survival of dopaminergic midbrain neurons in culture, indicating that like GDNF (GFRalpha1-RET) and NTN (GFRalpha2-RET), Artemin has a preferred receptor (GFRalpha3-RET) but that alternative receptor interactions also occur.
Bacillus thuringiensis strains for cabbage caterpillar control in Wisconsin

Abstract Field applications of commercially produced Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis for control of the diamondback moth larvae, Plutella xylostella ; the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae ; and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni in the early and mid-1960s did not provide sufficient control of these insects to allow a marketable crop of cabbage under Wisconsin conditions. Replicated field plot studies conducted in 1969 and 1970 utilizing commercially produced B. thuringiensis var. thuringiensis and commercially produced products from the HD-1 isolate of B. thuringiensis var. alesti indicated that the δ-endotoxin produced by these biological agents can provide adequate control of the cabbage caterpillar complex when applied on a regular weekly basis throughout the growing season.
Sex differences in social memory among preschool children

Preschool children, 17 boys and 18 girls, attending a day-care center, were presented with photographs of all 37 children in the center and required to supply the name of each pictured child. Girls made significantly fewer errors in identification than boys (p<.05), although boys spent more time in the day-care program (p<.025). Girls were, on the average, 4 months older than boys (p<.01), but age was not significantly correlated with number of identification errors. No sex differences were obtained on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, memory, or perceptual-performance scales of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. Results were consistent with previous findings for college students and were interpreted in terms of differential child-rearing practices and observational learning.
Rabbit models of heart disease

Human heart disease is a major cause of death and disability. A variety of animal models of cardiac disease have been developed to better understand the etiology, cellular and molecular mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction and novel therapeutic strategies. The animal models have included large animals (e.g. pig and dog) and small rodents (e.g. mouse and rat) and the advantages of genetic manipulation in mice have appropriately encouraged the development of novel mouse models of cardiac disease. However, there are major differences between rodent and human hearts that raise cautions about the extrapolation of results from mouse to human. The rabbit is a medium-sized animal that has many cellular and molecular characteristics very much like human, and is a practical alternative to larger mammals. Numerous rabbit models of cardiac disease are discussed, including pressure or volume overload, ischemia, rapid-pacing, doxorubicin, drug-induced arrhythmias, transgenesis and infection. These models also lead to the assessment of therapeutic strategies which may become beneficial in human cardiac disease.
Mental Rolodexing: Senior Chemistry Majors’ Understanding of Chemical and Physical Properties

Using a constructivist framework, eight senior chemistry majors were interviewed twice to determine: (i) structural inferences they are able to make from chemical and physical properties; and (ii) their ability to apply their inferences and understandings of these chemical and physical properties to solve tasks on the reactivity of organic compounds. The latter included predicting the behaviors of natural products under acidic, basic, nucleophilic, and electrophilic reaction conditions and designing molecules based on a set of constraints. Content analysis of the data revealed that the students’ conceptualized a substance’s phase (of matter) at ambient temperature and pressure primarily on molecular size and intermolecular forces, but did not consider molecular shape or any thermodynamic factors. This oversight of molecular geometry also manifested itself in the students’ conceptions of molecular polarity and solubility in water, both of which were based solely on the presence of heteroatoms. Furthermore,...
Pharmacokinetics of 6-thiouric acid and 6-mercaptopurine in renal allograft recipients after oral administration of azathioprine.

The immunosuppressive activity of azathioprine (AZA) is unpredictable and depends on the formation of intracellular thiopurine ribonucleotides. However, the quantification of these active thiopurines presents difficult analytical problems. It has recently been postulated that plasma concentrations of 6-thiouric acid (6-TU) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), metabolites of AZA, may provide more readily measurable indices of the pharmacologic activity of AZA. In order to evaluate the utility of 6-TU and 6-MP plasma concentrations in monitoring AZA therapy, we studied their pharmacokinetics in 6 renal transplant patients, and their in vitro immunosuppressive potency in a mixed lymphocyte proliferation assay. A peak plasma 6-TU concentration of 710.7 ng/ml was observed at 3.8 h after oral dosing. Good correlation was observed between the elimination t1/2 of 6-TU and serum creatinine, and between AUC over 24 h and serum creatinine. However, we did not observe a second peak in plasma 6-TU concentration that could be attributed to the degradation of active AZA metabolites. 6-MP plasma concentrations in the patients were low (mean peak concentration 36.0 ng/ml) and rapidly disappeared within 8 h. In vitro immunosuppressive activity could not be demonstrated for 6-TU over a concentration range of 1.25 ng/ml to 0.25 mg/ml. We conclude that 6-TU is pharmacologically inert and is primarily eliminated by the kidneys. Our findings currently do not support the use of plasma concentrations of 6-TU or 6-MP to monitor AZA therapy. In order to optimize AZA therapy, analytical techniques that are technically feasible and that can directly quantify the active intracellular thiopurines are being explored.
The vaccum ultraviolet spectra of SiF2 and GeF2

Abstract The vacuum ultraviolet spectra of SiF 2 and GeF 2 have been investigated. The SiF 2 spectrum has been observed both in absorption and emission. The spectra are assigned as resulting from the transition B 1 B 2 - X 1 A 1 . The observed bands in absorption, which are attributed to SiF 2 , are believed to represent a sequence in the ground and upper state bending frequencies and a progression in the upper state symmetric stretching frequency. The observed bands in emission are assigned as a progression in the lower state symmetric stretching frequency. For GeF 2 , a continuous spectrum has been observed in absorption. Results on the absorption spectrum of GeF 4 are also presented.
The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru

Introduction land of the four quarters the Inca model of statecraft early settlement of the Cordillera the preceramic foundations of civilization the initial period and early horizon the early intermediate period the middle horizon the late intermediate period epilog bibliography sources of illustrations.
Boolean Interpretation of Conjunctions for Document Retrieval.

It is generally recognized that the conjunction “and” plays an ambiguous role in natural language. When considered within the domain of Boolean document retrieval, this ambiguity makes the automatic Boolean interpretation of statements representing information needs a difficult task. The human analyst is able to resolve this ambiguity with relative ease. However, the processes employed appear complex and are not well understood. This article examines a semantic property of the conjunction, i.e., the semantic similarity between the conjuncts with a view to automatically resolving this ambiguity. Specifically, the idea examined is that if the two conjuncts are semantically similar then the conjunction is best interpreted as a Boolean OR, otherwise as an AND. The study resulted in an algorithm which utilizes semantic information and some syntactic information (both of which are derivable from a standard dictionary) to obtain the appropriate Boolean interpretation. The algorithm was successful when evaluated against human decisions. In addition to contributing the algorithm, this article draws attention to the effects of this ambiguity on the derivation of appropriate Boolean search specifications from natural‐language statements representing information needs. © 1987 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phase explosion and Marangoni flow effects during laser micromachining of thin metal films

Phase explosion and Marangoni flow during laser micromachining of thin metal films are studied in this paper. The purpose of this study was to improve understanding of the time scales by which these processes occur. The study was based on a time-resolved reflection imaging method. The method used a nitrogen-pumped dye laser to illuminate the surface of the films at a given time after the Nd:YAG laser heats the film. The dye laser irradiation reflected from the surface was then imaged by a CCD camera. The lasers were coupled by a digital pulse-delay generator, allowing the time delay between the two lasers to be controlled by the user. The effects of Marangoni flow and phase explosion can be seen on the starting and ending times of ablation. At all fluences in the study, holes were opened in the aluminum films and the hole formation process was completed in under 350 ns. Ablation of nickel films was very different however, with thin layers of the film surface removed at low fluences, a process which took on the order of microseconds to complete. At higher fluences the nickel films ruptured and the hold opening process was completed in less than 500 ns.
Absence of an Abrupt Phase Change from Polycrystalline to Amorphous in Silicon with Deposition Temperature

Using fluctuation electron microscopy, we have observed an increase in the mesoscopic spatial fluctuations in the diffracted intensity from vapor-deposited silicon thin films as a function of substrate temperature from the amorphous to polycrystalline regimes. We interpret this increase as an increase in paracrystalline medium-range order in the sample. A paracrystal consists of topologically crystalline grains in a disordered matrix; in this model the increase in ordering is caused by an increase in the grain size or density. Our observations are counter to the previous belief that the amorphous to polycrystalline transition is a discontinuous disorder-order phase transition.
Thermal Conductivities and Diffusivities of Solid Gun Propellants

Abstract Measurements are reported of the thermal conductivities and thermal dilfusivities of five U.S. Army solid gun propellants over the temperature range −20°C to + 50°C at atmospheric pressure. The propellants are members of the DRL Research Series propellants that have been widely distributed to research laboratories in the U. S. These propellants include representative types from each class of materials that are either in the fielded inventory or experimental (“X” prefix), i.e., a single base (M 10), a double base (M9), a homogeneous triple base (JA2), a composite triple base (M30), and a composite nitramine (XM39). The conductivities and diffusivities were measured simultaneously using a new experimental technique developed specifically for the purpose. The experiment is designed to approximate the mathematical idealization of a one-dimensional, infinite, two-component, composite solid whose planar interface is subjected to a step-function heat flux. The average values obtained are estimated to be...
Region-Specific Protein Abundance Changes in the Brain of MPTP-induced Parkinson’s Disease Mouse Model

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal region of the brain; however, the neurodegeneration extends well beyond dopaminergic neurons. To gain a better understanding of the molecular changes relevant to PD, we applied two-dimensional LC-MS/MS to comparatively analyze the proteome changes in four brain regions (striatum, cerebellum, cortex, and the rest of brain) using a MPTP-induced PD mouse model with the objective to identify nigrostriatal-specific and other region-specific protein abundance changes. The combined analyses resulted in the identification of 4,895 non-redundant proteins with at least two unique peptides per protein. The relative abundance changes in each analyzed brain region were estimated based on the spectral count information. A total of 518 proteins were observed with significant MPTP-induced changes across different brain regions. 270 of these proteins were observed with specific changes occurring either only in the striatum and/or in the rest of the brain region that contains substantia nigra, suggesting that these proteins are associated with the underlying nigrostriatal pathways. Many of the proteins that exhibit significant abundance changes were associated with dopamine signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, the ubiquitin system, calcium signaling, the oxidative stress response, and apoptosis. A set of proteins with either consistent change across all brain regions or with changes specific to the cortex and cerebellum regions were also detected. One of the interesting proteins is ubiquitin specific protease (USP9X), a deubiquination enzyme involved in the protection of proteins from degradation and promotion of the TGF-β pathway, which exhibited altered abundances in all brain regions. Western blot validation showed similar spatial changes, suggesting that USP9X is potentially associated with neurodegeneration. Together, this study for the first time presents an overall picture of proteome changes underlying both nigrostriatal pathways and other brain regions potentially involved in MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. The observed molecular changes provide a valuable reference resource for future hypothesis-driven functional studies of PD.
Behavioral analysis of fear-related responding using a modified matching-to-sample procedure

Abstract Analysis was given to cognitive and behavioral assessment of fear-related responding. Stimulus equivalence was offered as a new approach to the analysis of the “meaning” of stimulus sets. The formation of three-member (A → B → C) stimulus equivalence classes was used to investigate the effects of two different sets of sample and comparison stimuli on emergent behavior. The two sets were composed of snake-related stimuli (Condition 1) and flower-related stimuli (Condition 2). Stimuli in these two conditions were matched on a number of relevant dimensions. Forty-seven female and male subjects participated in a modified matching-to-sample experiment. Using a mixed cross-over design, subjects received training and emergent relationship training in both stimulus set conditions, controlling for serial order effects. Results revealed a significant interaction between the formation of stimulus equivalence classes and stimulus “meaning”, indicative of consistently biased responding in favor of reaching cr...
Acetyl-CoA Synthetase Is a Conserved Regulator of Autophagy and Life Span

Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis during periods of stress. Eisenberg and colleagues (Eisenberg et al., 2014) now describe the central and conserved role for acetyl-CoA synthetase in regulating life span in yeast and flies by a mechanism involving autophagy.
A first-ply failure analysis of composite laminates

Abstract A finite-element computational procedure is developed for the first-ply failure analysis of laminated composite plates. The procedure is based on the first-order shear deformation theory and a tensor polynomial failure criterion that contains the maximum stress, maximum strain, the Hill, Tsai-Wu and Hoffman failure criteria as special cases. By specifying the desired criterion, a first-ply failure analysis of composite laminates subjected to in-plane and/or bending loads can be achieved. A number of problems are presented to evaluate these failure criteria when applied to laminates subjected to in-plane and or bending loads.
Traditional and emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States and most western societies. Approximately 50% of cardiovascular disease is related to coronary heart disease (CHD). The lifetime risk of CHD in the Framingham Heart Study is 49% for men and 32% for women [1]. Most CVD is the result of an athero-thrombotic pathologic process in the arterial beds found throughout the body, and is largely preventable through risk factor reduction. Risk factors are diseases, physiologic states, biologic markers, or other identifiable factors that are associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in populations that have these risk factors. Risk factors that provide independent information on risk or prognosis, account for significant portion of disease, can be measured reliably and accurately, and are available and practical for widespread application are the most helpful clinically. In this article, the authors break the risk factors for CHD down into traditional, emerging, and possible risk factors for discussion.
Rifamycins: Modulation of Specific Anti-Poxviral Activity by Small Substitutions on the Piperazinyliminomethyl Side Chain

Rifamycin derivatives differing in the substitutent at the 4 position of the piperazinyliminomethyl side chain were tested for anti-poxviral activity. The effects of each derivative on wild-type vaccinia virus and on a mutant selected for resistance to rifampin were determined. Antiviral activity was measured in tissue culture by plaque inhibition, reduction in virus yield, and specific interruption of virus morphogenesis. Rifamycin derivatives containing H, ethyl, or propyl groups at the 4 position of the piperazinyliminomethyl side chain were much less active than rifampin, which has a methyl group at this position. Thus, minimal shortening or lengthening of the methyl piperazinyliminomethyl side chain of rifampin led to loss of specific antiviral activity. In contrast, the derivative containing an amino group at the 4 position of the piperazinyliminomethyl side chain had enhanced anti-poxviral activity.
Insights into oxidation mechanisms in gamma irradiated polypropylene, utilizing selective isotopic labeling with analysis by GC/MS, NMR and FTIR

In an effort to shed additional light on the chemical mechanisms underlying the radiation–oxidation of polypropylene (PP), we are using samples having selective ^(13)C isotopic labeling at the three unique sites within the macromolecular structure. After radiation exposure, we applied GC/MS, solid-state ^(13)C NMR, and FTIR to evaluate the applicability of each technique in identifying the molecular labeling of the oxidation products, with the goal of determining the site of origin of the products with respect to the macromolecule. Using GC/MS, we have identified the position of origin of CO_2 and CO from the polymer. Most of the CO_2 (60%) and CO (>90%) come from the C(1) (methylene) position of PP, with (30%) of the CO_2 originating from the C(3) (methyl) position, and 10% coming from the C(2) (tertiary) position. By GC/MS we have also identified the labeling patterns in four volatile oxidation products (acetone, methylisobutylketone, isobutane, and methyl acetate), and have used this information to map each compound onto the macromolecular framework. Using NMR we have quantified the time-dependent formation of solid-phase degradation products occurring from post-irradiation aging of PP samples held for 28 months at room temperature in air. Most of the solid oxidation products occur at the C(2) (tertiary) site; the predominant species, C(2) peroxides, increase linearly during the first 2 years, after which they plateau at a relatively high concentration.
Hierarchical coding of digital television

If the same digital television signal is used for multiple resolutions, bit rates, or transmission and storage mechanisms, then hierarchical coding offers several advantages. The FCC has decided to adopt the "main profile" of MPEG-2 for the video representation of the signal that will be used in the North American terrestrial broadcasting of HDTV. The article examines the tradeoffs of using hierarchical coding and provides an overview of possible applications and existing techniques, with emphasis on the scaleable profiles of MPEG-2, in particular the technique of spatial domain scalability. >
Morphology Matters in Learning To Read: A Commentary.

This paper provides a review of current research on the relevance of morphological awareness to reading and reading instruction. On the assumption that many educators are relatively unfamiliar with morphology, children’s development of awareness of the morphemic structure of words is discussed, as is the need for children to learn strategies that will help them read, spell, and understand morphologically complex words. Educational practices and implications, based on theory and research findings, are presented. Results suggest that educators and educational researchers need to incorporate more word study into reading and spelling programs, focusing attention to both form and meaning. In addition, the value of instructional goals and programs in morphological awareness for children in the early elementary years needs to be explored.
Triiodothyronine (T3) Regulation of Thyrotropin Subunit Gene Transcription Is Proportional to T3 Nuclear Receptor Occupancy

We have investigated the relationship between T3 nuclear receptor occupancy and the T3-mediated responses of TSH subunit gene expression. Hypothyroid mice bearing TtT 97 thyrotropic tumors were injected daily for 12 days with 0-10 micrograms T3/100 g BW, ip. T3 levels were measured in plasma and in tumor nuclei, and the maximal T3-binding capacity of tumor nuclei and the fractional occupancy of T3 nuclear receptors at each dose were calculated. T3-mediated decreases in TSH secretion were half-maximal at a dose of 0.2-0.3 micrograms/100 g BW, which resulted in plasma T3 levels of 0.98-1.2 ng/ml. Responses at the TSH subunit gene levels followed a similar pattern. Transcription of TSH beta and alpha-subunit genes was decreased maximally from 384 to 26 ppm for TSH beta and from 424 to 112 ppm for alpha-subunit. Inhibition of transcription was half-maximal at plasma T3 concentrations of 0.8 and 1.0 ng/ml for TSH beta and alpha-subunit, respectively. The half-maximal effective doses of T3 for decreases in TSH gene transcription were in good agreement with the amount of T3 necessary to saturate 50% of nuclear T3 receptors in the tumor, calculated at 1.07 ng/ml T3. A plot of fractional decrease in TSH subunit gene transcription vs. fractional T3 nuclear receptor occupancy demonstrated a straight line relationship for both TSH beta and alpha-subunit. Thus, the response of both TSH subunit genes to T3, a decrease in TSH beta and alpha-subunit gene transcription, is directly proportional to nuclear T3 receptor occupancy.
In vitro maturation and fertilization of bovine oocytes

Abstract Securing a plentiful and economical source of zygotes is central to capitalizing in the bovine on the many new genetic technologies currently available in both research and commercial settings. Using the fruits of the now mature A.I. industry and the many female germ cells wasted in numerous meat packing facilities, bovine zygotes can be produced entirely in vitro. Primary oocytes remoyed from antral follicles of abattoir-obtained ovaries can be induced to undergo in vitro the sequence of events found during in vivo periovulatory maturation of those oocytes in follicles selected to ovulate. Systems for in vitro maturation must ensure that the resulting oocyte has normally completed the first reduction division, is capable of undergoing normal fertilization and yields a zygote competent of developing to term after embryo transfer. Sperm from frozen-thawed semen can be capacitated in vitro with heparin to yield an in vitro fertilization system of high efficiency. By changing heparin dosage or sperm concentration, ejaculates can be adjusted to give comparable standards of fertilization. Ejaculates can also be characterized for precise timing of fertilization and developmental potential of zygotes produced. Our current knowledge concerning these aspects of gamete physiology as applied to the practical production of bovine zygotes in vitro will be discussed in this review.
Apical muscular ventricular septal defects between the left ventricle and the right ventricular infundibulum. Diagnostic and interventional considerations.

Background Effective transcatheter or surgical closure of apical muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs) requires accurate delineation of variable and often complex anatomy. These defects have generally been considered as communications between the apexes of both left and right ventricles. Methods and Results Among 50 consecutive patients with multiple muscular VSDs referred for transcatheter device closure between October 1987 and April 1993, a subset of 10 patients (aged 7 days to 28 years) with apical muscular VSDs shared a unique set of anatomic characteristics: (1) large and often single opening in the left ventricle; (2) multiple right ventricular openings in the anterior aspect of the apical septum; and (3) separation of the right ventricular apical region into which the VSDs open from the rest of the right ventricular inflow and outflow by prominent muscle bundles. Additional analysis of the anatomy by use of echocardiography and cineangiography showed that these muscular defects were between t...
Experimental investigation of static drainage of protein stabilized foams — Comparison with model☆

Abstract Experimental measurements of the transients of the foam-liquid interface for static drainage of foams stabilized by different proteins such as Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Human Serum Albumin (HSA) and casein were made. The foam was generated by bubbling nitrogen through protein solution. Foam drainage was found to be faster and the extent of drainage larger for smaller bubbles, larger initial foam heights, larger ionic strengths and for larger bubbling flow rates employed for foam generation. When the same nitrogen bubble flow rate was employed for the generation of foams of differnt viscosity liquids, the rate as well as the extent of drainage were found to be larger for more viscous liquids. When the initial liquid holdup profiles were maintained the same by varying the gas flow rate for foam formation inversely to the viscosity, however, the extent of drainage remained the same with the rate of drainage being inversely proportional to viscosity. Drainage rates of foam stabilized by BSA were found to be intermediate at pI of BSA. The rate and the extent of drainage were larger for globular proteins such as BSA and HSA compared to casein. Prediction of the transitions of the foam-liquid interface employing a previously developed model (Narsimhan, 1991, J. Food Eng., 14, 139) compared favorably with experiments for a characteristic bubble size. Because of the broad bubble size distribution in the foam, this characteristic bubble size was found to be different from the mean.
Near-field development of gas-phase horizontal laminar jets with positive and negative buoyancy measured with filtered Rayleigh scattering

Near-field mixing characteristics of horizontally issuing jets, alternatively positively and negatively buoyant, are explored. The cross-sectional mass fraction of a buoyant horizontal jet consisting of helium flowing into ambient air is measured using a non-intrusive technique, filtered Rayleigh scattering, for Reynolds numbers ranging from 50 to 1,200, Froude numbers ranging as low as 0.71, and Schmidt numbers on the order of unity for all tests. Several corresponding experiments were carried out using carbon dioxide in place of helium in order to determine whether the direction of the buoyancy changes the characteristic shape of the jet cross-section. Consistent with the literature, mixing rates were consistently higher on the side of the jet where instability, due to density stratification, was present. At jet Froude numbers ranging between 1.5 and approximately 3, the jet cross-section takes a shape consistent with a single plume of fluid being ejected from the core in a vertical direction—upward for a jet with positive buoyancy and downward for a jet with negative buoyancy. Remarkably, for Froude numbers less than unity, the distortion of the jet is quite different in that two separate plumes emanate from each side of the jet while ejection from the center is suppressed. Both the positively and negatively buoyant jet cross-sections exhibited this trait, suggesting that the mechanism that determines the cross-sectional shape of the jet core is only mildly influenced by centripetal effects brought about by streamline curvature. The location of the jet centroid at varied streamwise locations was computed from the mass fraction data, yielding jet trajectory.
The Challenges of Untangling the Relationship Between Participation and Happiness

Identifying the causes of happiness presents a challenge for researchers interested in this fundamental outcome variable. After reviewing previous literature looking at the causal effect of political participation on life satisfaction, we discuss the merits of using panel data, where there are repeated measurements over time for each individual, and discuss two common statistical models used in the analysis of panel data, the autoregressive distributed lag model, and the fixed effects model. We use both techniques to analyze the British Household Panel Survey and find evidence that social participation strongly predicts life satisfaction but not that voting participation predicts life satisfaction. We argue that the panel data models help reduce the risk of time-invariant omitted variable bias but are still subject to the problems of time-varying omitted variables and reverse causality. The article aims to provide guidance to researchers seeking to analyze the determinants of life satisfaction using large survey data sets.
Stimulus control of human systolic blood pressure

For group 1 a light occurred with a blood pressure cuff inflation (CS+) and shock (UCS) followed 9 sec. later while no shock followed cuff inflation alone (CS−). For group 2 CS− was cuff inflation + light while CS+ was the cuff inflation alone followed by shock. The CS+ was significantly higher than the CS− pressure for each group in the conditioning and reconditioning phases suggesting discriminative control had been achieved.
Tensile failure mechanisms in synthetic fibre-reinforced mortar

The ultimate tensile behaviour of fibre-reinforced cementitious composites is closely related to its failure mechanisms which in turn are dependent on reinforcement parameters such as fibre characteristics and the fibre/matrix interface properties. Based on the direct tensile tests of mortar specimens reinforced with various synthetic fibres, this paper attempts to explain such relationships and to indicate directions towards more effective fibre reinforcement.
Interrogating “Urban Citizenship” vis-à-vis Undocumented Migration

This article critically interrogates the emerging literature on cities and citizenship, with specific reference to undocumented, “illegal”, or irregular migrant status. It first identifies and discusses three major approaches in the cities and citizenship literature, namely: normative, rescaling, and agency-centered approaches. It then interrogates this literature through the lens of migrant legal status and entertains a normative vision of urban citizenship in which a person would become a “citizen” not by explicit consent of fellow citizens, but merely by presence and residence in a place. While the immediate possibilities for such an unbounded, “grounded” citizenship are small, the article takes lessons from this model and discusses a fourth approach to cities and citizenship which explores the contemporary creation of urban “citizenship” policies for undocumented migrants in the United States. It concludes by discussing four brief examples of these local policies: (1) the contemporary struggle to rein...
A cluster model study of hydrogen adsorption on Al(100)

Abstract Quantum-chemical cluster calculations are used to model H adsorption on the Al(100) surface. At low H surface coverage, the bridging and on-top site vibrational frequencies are computed to be 1091 and 1767 cm −1 and are in excellent agreement with the 1125 and 1750 cm −1 vibrations observed in electron energy loss spectra (EELS) experiments. Calculations on the Al 14 H 2 cluster provide an explanation for the simultaneous growth of the 2 EELS peaks at 1750 and 750 cm −1 when the H/Al (100) surface is annealed. In the optimal Al 14 H 2 structure the two H atoms are adsorbed at neighboring on-top sites with the computed 1776 cm −1 Al—H stretch and 784 cm −1 H—H vibration. The cluster calculations which simulate H monolayer coverage indicate the H adsorption energy to be relatively insensitive to surface coverage and are consistent with the zeroth- order kinetics found in the thermal desorption spectra of H 2 from Al surfaces.
Invariant mRNA and mitotic protein breakdown solves the Russian Doll problem of the cell cycle

It has been proposed that cyclical gene expression occurs at a large number of different times during the cell cycle. The existence of a large number of cycle-specific variations in mRNA and protein during the eukaryotic cell cycle raises the problem of how cell-cycle variations are regulated. This is the ‘‘infinite regression’’ or Russian Doll problem where postulating a cell-cycle specific control element pushes the explanation of cell-cycle variation back one step to the problem of how that control element varies during the cell cycle. PCR studies on unperturbed cells indicate Cyclin mRNA content is invariant during the cell cycle. Furthermore, calculations reveal that variations in mRNA content do not account for observed protein variations. Continuous and constant gene expression during the cell cycle, continuous protein accumulation, and protein breakdown only within the mitotic window solves the Russian Doll problem or infinite regression problem. These results, and theoretical ideas support an alternative view of the cell cycle where many of the proposed control systems do not exist. 2008 International Federation for Cell Biology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chemistry of maceral and groundmass density fractions of torbanite and cannel coal

Abstract Microscopically, torbanite and cannel coal are composed of coarser macerals set in a fine-grained to amorphous groundmass. It is often assumed that the amorphous groundmass is genetically related to the distinct macerals. The separation of macerals and groundmass from 14 late Paleozoic torbanite, cannel, and humic coals permits the analysis of individual constituents using elemental analysis and flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Cluster and principal component analyses of the Py-GC/MS data further reveal the chemical similarities and differences between the various constituents. Pyrolyzates of Botryococcus -related alginites are characterized by an abundance of normal alkadienes, alkenes, and alkanes. Even their alkylbenzenes and alkylnaphthalenes exhibit a relatively higher concentration of isomers with a single, linear alkyl side-chain than do other macerals and groundmass. In contrast, vitrinite pyrolyzates are dominated by phenolic and aromatic compounds. Sporinites are enriched in aliphatic, aromatic, and phenolic structures, especially the short chain aliphatics and alkylbenzenes. They are also characterized by a predominance of 1,2-dimethylbenzene and 1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene. The groundmass is further divided into lamalginitic, bituminitic, and vitrinitic. The chemistry of the brightly-fluorescing lamalginitic groundmass is basically similar to that of alginite, but also resembles other groundmass types in normal hydrocarbon and alkylphenol distributions. The vitrinitic groundmass can be described as an “aliphatic-rich” vitrinite. The pyrolyzate of the bituminitic groundmass is characterized by the predominance of long chain normal hydrocarbons. Their pyrolyzates have a chemical nature intermediate between alginite and vitrinite. The relatively higher contents of hopanoids in their pyrolyzates and elemental nitrogen suggest a bacterial role in the formation of the groundmass. Chemical analysis and subsequent multivariate statistical analysis suggest that the groundmass is likely to be a mixture of bacterially-degraded algal and humic organic matter. The proportions of the two primary components vary from sample to sample, as does the extent of degradation. Bacterially-produced hopanoids are also incorporated.
Gain-assisted hybrid silicon microring electro-absorption modulators

Energy consumption and device footprint are major limiting factors in scaling current optical interconnect architectures to reach multi-terabit per second data transmission [1]. Hybrid integration of III–V on Si using a low-temperature O 2 plasma-assisted wafer bonding technique [2] is an attractive platform for integrating active elements on Si in a low optical loss and high density manner. Further scaling on individual devices could enable hybrid photonic integrated circuits with complex functionality and low power consumption. A microring resonator is widely regarded as an ideal structure for very compact passive and active devices, e.g., recently demonstrated hybrid Si microring lasers [3]. Although microring structures are wavelength sensitive, they have several advantages viz. small size, resonance-enhanced efficiency and no intrinsic reflections. We propose a novel microring modulator design by incorporating a gain and a loss section in the same microring cavity. Separately biasing the two sections best uses the properties of a microring resonator. We compare this design with two other techniques that were previously employed on III–V-based electro-absorption (EA) microring modulators [4–5]. We also show the promise of the design in achieving high efficiency modulation with respect to some state of the art Si ring modulator results.
Feedback, noticing and instructed second language learning

Second language acquisition researchers have claimed that feedback provided during conversational interaction facilitates second language (L2) acquisition. A number of experimental studies have supported this claim, connecting interactional feedback with L2 development. Researchers have suggested that interactional feedback is associated with L2 learning because it prompts learners to notice L2 forms. This study explores the relationships between feedback, instructed ESL learners’ noticing of L2 form during classroom interactions and their subsequent L2 development. Interactional feedback was provided to learners in response to their production problems with questions, plurals, and past tense forms. Learners’ noticing was assessed through on-line learning journals, introspective comments while viewing classroom videotapes, and questionnaire responses. Through a controlled pre-test, post-test design, analyses of noticing and learning were carried out for each learner. The results point to an interesting, complex and positive relationship between interactional feedback in the classroom, the learners’ reports about noticing and their learning of L2 question forms.
Attachment in young children with autism spectrum disorders: An examination of separation and reunion behaviors with both mothers and fathers:

Most studies examining attachment in children with autism spectrum disorder used a strange situation paradigm and have found few significant group differences between children with autism spectrum disorder and comparisons. However, these studies predominantly used formal attachment categorizations (e.g. secure vs insecure), a method that may obscure more nuanced differences between groups. In this study, we utilized a qualitative approach to examine attachment behaviors in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Based on the results of previous studies, we looked at (a) parental gender, (b) child diagnosis, and (c) child cognitive skills to examine the role of these three factors on attachment behaviors elicited during a modified strange situation paradigm. Participants were 2- to 3-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (n = 166) or nonspectrum disorders (n = 45), as well as a sample of 56 children with typical development. Over the three groups, 393 observations of a modified strange situation paradigm with mothers and 127 observations with fathers were collected. Parental gender, child diagnosis, and child cognitive skills each had significant main effects on attachment behaviors elicited during reunion. These results underscore the importance of the father's role in parent-child interactions, with implications for both clinical and research efforts. In addition, the results emphasize the importance of considering a child's diagnosis and cognitive skills when examining attachment behaviors.
Thermal conductivity of liquid / octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine HMX from molecular dynamics simulations

The thermal conductivity of liquid octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine HMX has been determined from . imposed heat flux non-equilibrium molecular dynamics NEMD simulations using a previously published quantum chemistry-based atomistic potential. The thermal conductivity was determined in the temperature domain 550 ( T( 800 K, which corresponds approximately to the existence limits of the liquid phase of HMX at atmospheric pressure. The NEMD predictions, which comprise the first reported values for thermal conductivity of HMX liquid, were found to be consistent with measured values for crystalline HMX. The thermal conductivity of liquid HMX was found to exhibit a much weaker temperature dependence than the shear viscosity and self-diffusion coefficients. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.