cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-Pollination of Nontransgenic Corn Ears with Transgenic Bt Corn: Efficacy Against Lepidopteran Pests and Implications for Resistance Management

The efficacy of nontransgenic sweet corn, Zea mays L., hybrids cross-pollinated by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) sweet corn hybrids expressing Cry1Ab toxin was evaluated in both field and laboratory studies in Minnesota in 2000. Non-Bt and Bt hybrids (maternal plants) were cross-pollinated with pollen from both non-Bt and Bt hybrids (paternal plants) to create four crosses. Subsequent crosses were evaluated for efficacy in the field against European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and in laboratory bioassays against O. nubilalis. Field studies indicated that crosses with maternal Bt plants led to low levels of survival for both O. nubilalis and H. zea compared with the non-Bt x non-Bt cross. However, the cross between non-Bt ears and Bt pollen led to survival rates of 43 and 63% for O. nubilalis and H. zea larvae, respectively. This intermediate level of survival also was reflected in the number of kernels damaged. Laboratory bioassays for O. nubilalis, further confirmed field results with larval survival on kernels from the cross between non-Bt ears and Bt pollen reaching 60% compared with non-Bt crossed with non-Bt. These results suggest that non-Bt refuge plants, when planted in proximity to Bt plants, and cross-pollinated, can result in sublethal exposure of O. nubilalis and H. zea larvae to Bt and may undermine the high-dose/refuge resistance management strategy for corn hybrids expressing Cry1Ab.
Phototactic response of Euglena to single and repetitive pulses of actinic light: Orientation time and mechanism☆

Abstract Measurements with the “phototaxigraph” and microscopic observations indicate that the following light-induced motor responses occur in the unicellular green alga Euglena: After adapting to the existing lighting conditions, the cells move in straight lines while rotating around their long axes. Adaptation to any change in light intensity occurs smoothly if this change is toward the “equilibrium intensity” of 2 × 10 5 erg/cm 2 sec of white light, and through a rotatory shock response around a lateral axis if the direction of change is away from the equilibrium intensity. Both the negative shock response, defined as resulting from an increase of the light intensity, and the positive shock response, occurring upon a decrease of the light intensity, stop upon restoration of the previous lighting conditions. No immediate transition is possible from either of the two shock reactions to the other. Directed swimming toward the light takes place only at intensities at which the positive shock reaction can occur. Orientation with respect to the light source is accomplished through periodic shadowing of the photoreceptor by a pigmented spot at the anterior end of the cell, each shading event effecting a small change in direction through a fractional shock response. Periodic shading becomes geometrically impossible, and thus directional changes no longer occur, when the cell is swimming directly toward the light. Conversely, directed swimming and orientation away from the light occurs only at light intensities which cause the negative shock response, i.e. above the equilibrium intensity. In this case, orientation is most probably accomplished through termination of the negative shock reactions by shading of the photoreceptor with the posterior end of the cell. Under favorable conditions, orientation times of less than one second are observed.
Ion wind enhancement of evaporation into a laminar air stream

Abstract The evaporation rate of a free liquid surface in a tangential, laminar air stream subjected to an ion wind is experimentally found to increase approximately as the square root of the current. The effect decreases with increasing flow rate and is greater for a positive ion wind than a negative. At a critical threshold current the laminar boundary layer is apparently destroyed. The evaporation rate then becomes governed by diffusion into a turbulent layer and is observed to increase more slowly with current. Except at the highest flow rates good agreement is obtained between experiment and numerical solutions of expressions obtained as approximations from the Navier-Stokes equations.
Health issues of children in foster care

Community health nurses provide care to children in foster care. Nurses who understand the health needs of the foster care population are better prepared to assess health status, provide appropriate services and evaluate the care. The health needs of these children are related to the reason for their placement in foster care, the lack of continuity of caregivers, and the health care systems available. The health issues are especially acute in the United States where the number of children in foster care has reached over 500,000. (Leslie et al., 2000) The health issues include chronic physical problems, developmental delays, and especially, mental health issues.
Venous ulcers: Etiology and care of patients treated with human skin equivalent grafts

Abstract Care for a patient with a venous ulcer is complex, necessitating collaboration of a multidisciplinary team to achieve the goal of providing comprehensive would care and optimally managing complications, current conditions, and healing time. Patients often have venous ulcers for a long time, and they frequently have multiple diagnoses. Chronic ulcers that do not heal necessitate closure with a graft. Apligraf, (Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp, East Hanover, NJ), a human skin equivalent, is often used in nonhealing or difficult-to-heal ulcers. Knowledge of how to care for the grafted wound and protection of the grafted site is essential.
Ada As A Signal-Processing Language?

A signal processing application program for a multiple processor system is developed. The suitability of the Ada language in describing signal processing is examined. In particular the areas of multitasking, synchronization and data structures are examined.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling: Issues and Practical Considerations

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a versatile statistical modeling tool. Its estimation techniques, modeling capacities, and breadth of applications are expanding rapidly. This module introduces some common terminologies. General steps of SEM are discussed along with important considerations in each step. Simple examples are provided to illustrate some of the ideas for beginners. In addition, several popular specialized SEM software programs are briefly discussed with regard to their features and availability. The intent of this module is to focus on foundational issues to inform readers of the potentials as well as the limitations of SEM. Interested readers are encouraged to consult additional references for advanced model types and more application examples.
Potentiation of the hemodynamic effects of acutely administered nitroglycerin by methionine.

It is believed that nitroglycerin causes vasodilatation by interacting with sulfhydryl groups present in vascular smooth muscle. This study was performed to assess whether methionine, an amino acid capable of increasing sulfhydryl availability, would potentiate the hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin was initially infused in incremental doses from 1 to 50 micrograms/min in all patients to determine the dose required to reduce mean arterial pressure by 10% and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure by 30%. After a washout period, 10 patients received 5 g methionine i.v. and five patients received an equal volume of 5% dextrose in water (control). Nitroglycerin dose titration was then repeated. Methionine alone induced no hemodynamic effects, but after methionine infusion, there was a significant reduction in the nitroglycerin infusion rate required to reach each hemodynamic endpoint (p less than 0.01). In the control group, there was no significant change in responsiveness to nitroglycerin between infusions. Thus, methionine potentiates the hemodynamic effects of acutely administered intravenous nitroglycerin.
Gm (Ray), a new allotypic marker on human IgG3.

Abstract. A new antigenic determinant on the majority of human IgG3 is described. The new antigen is found in the sera of all Gm(g)-positive individuals and the majority of Gm(b)-positive individuals. Only those individuals homozygous for Gm(c5) are negative for the new antigen. Family studies verify the inheritance and indicate that the new antigen behaves as an alternate substitution to Gm(c5) in man.
Candidates of z ≃ 5.5-7 Galaxies in the Hubble Space Telescope Ultra Deep Field

We report results from our z 5.5-7 galaxy search in the Hubble Space Telescope Ultra Deep Field (UDF). Using the 400 orbit of Advanced Camera for Surveys data, we found 108 plausible 5.5 ≤ z ≤ 6.5 (or z 6 for short) candidates to mAB(z850) = 30.0 mag. The contamination to the sample, due to either image artifacts or known types of astronomical objects, is likely negligible. The inferred surface densities of z 6 galaxies are consistent with our earlier predictions from mAB(z850) = 26.5 to 28.5 mag. After correcting for detection incompleteness, the counts of z 6 candidates to mAB(z850) = 29.2 mag suggest that the faint-end slope of the galaxy luminosity function (LF) at this redshift is likely between α = -1.8 and -1.9, which is sufficient to account for the entire Lyman photon budget necessary to complete the reionization of the universe at z 6. We also searched for z 6.5-7 candidates using the UDF Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer data and have found four candidates to a magnitude of J110 = 27.2. However, the infrared colors of three candidates cannot be easily explained by galaxies in this redshift range. We tentatively derive an upper limit to the cumulative surface density of galaxies at z 7 of 0.36 arcmin-2 to a magnitude of J110 = 26.6, which suggests a noticeable drop in the LF amplitude from z 6 to z 7.
Trapped solar wind He, Ne, and Ar and energetic He in Surveyor 3

Abstract The Apollo 12 mission brought back sections of the Surveyor 3 vehicle suitable for mass spectrometric studies of implanted solar wind and solar cosmic rays. Using this method, we have determined an average solar wind 4 He flux of 6.1 × 10 6 ions/cm 2 sec for the 31 months of exposure. We have also measured 4 He/ 3 He= 2700 ± 50; 4 He/ 20 Ne= 410 ± 30; 20 Ne/ 22 Ne= 13.5 ± 0.2; 20 Ne/ 36 Ar= 24.5 ± 2.5; and 36 Ar/ 38 Ar= 5.41 ± 0.20. These measurements provide solar wind values averaged over considerably longer periods of time than the Apollo Solar Wind Composition experiments and suggest that the short term SWC measurements during a period of high solar activity may not be a reliable measure of average solar wind composition.
Synthesis and initial characterization of some energetic salts of 3,3-dinitroazetidine

Abstract Six energetic salts of 3,3-dinitroazetidine (DNAZ) were prepared. Methods of preparation for the nitrate (1), 2,4-dinitroimidazolate (2), 4,4′,5,5′-tetranitro-2,2′-biimidazolate (3), dinitramidate (4), 5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-onate (5), and 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate (6) are given. Results from initial characterization, small-scale sensitivity tests, heats of formation, density, and 13C-nmr spectra are also reported. DNAZ-nitrate (1) was easily dehydrated to 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) (7).
Reflections on CD8 T-cell activation and memory

CD8 T cells contribute to clearance and long-term protection following acute infection with certain viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, and may play an important role in tumor immunity. Primary adaptive CD8 T-cell responses have been conceptually divided into four phases: activation, expansion, contraction, and memory. We summarize each phase of the response, and discuss recent advances in our understanding of the development and maintenance of CD8 T-cell memory.
Paroxysmal EEG activity and cognitive-motor performance

1. 1. Performance on four cognitive-motor tasks was investigated in 36 epileptic subjects. Simultaneous recording of the EEG enabled an evaluation to be made of the effect of seizure discharges on functioning. 2. 2. All discharges recorded were generalized, bilaterally synchronous, and symmetrical. They were evaluated as to type (on basis of appearance), duration, whether spontaneous or photically induced, and whether clinical or subclinical. 3. 3. Analysis indicated that duration of the burst and whether clinical (i.e. associated with observable movement or subjective awareness) or subclinical were major factors in predicting performance. Long discharges and clinical discharges were significantly more likely to be associated with a break in functioning than short discharges or subclinical bursts. These two variables were found to be related in that the duration of the clinical discharges was significantly longer than that of the subclinical discharges. 4. 4. When duration was similar, there were no observable differences between photically induced and spontaneous discharges. 5. 5. From these results it would appear that other mechanisms besides the disruption of normal cortical electrical activity during discharges must be involved in explaining performance alterations in epileptic patients.
RAPID FORMATION OF FRAMBOIDAL SULFIDES ON BONE SURFACES FROM A SIMULATED MARINE CARCASS FALL

ABSTRACT Sulfide mineral framboids associated with fossil bones in marine settings may aid in taphonomic reconstructions because framboids reflect the geochemical conditions under which they form. However, the timing and mechanism(s) of framboid formation on bone remain poorly understood. To better constrain the initial formation of framboids during decomposition of bone in marine depositional environments, we simulated aspects of bone decay on the ocean floor and analyzed framboids found on bone surfaces and in the associated sediment. We observed that framboids formed on bone surfaces within one week of experimentation, and were associated with reducing conditions within a dark-colored microbial mat overlain by oxic waters. Statistical and discriminant analyses of elemental data show that bone-hosted framboids formed in situ on the bone surfaces. Close associations of framboids with sulfidic microbial biofilms indicate that bone-hosted framboids resulted from conditions generated during the microbial de...
A total benefits strategy is a valuable approach in HR outsourcing

© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ert.20176 It’s a given that employees value their benefit packages as key components of their work/life experience, but for both employees and employers, there’s more to the picture than merely acknowledging the importance of benefits. Increasingly, employers need to know how the members of their workforce view their benefit offerings—indeed, the perceived value of various benefits may change over time—and how the management and administration of those benefits may affect employee satisfaction and engagement in a positive or negative manner. Clearly, a successful benefits strategy can play a major role in recruiting and retention efforts, as well as improving employee attitudes (and well-being) and driving strong business results. The role of employee benefits has evolved significantly from the time when new hires were simply told of their health insurance, pension, and other benefit options almost as an afterthought to employment. As healthcare costs have soared and cost sharing has become the norm, and as defined-benefit (DB) plans have been replaced by definedcontribution (DC) plans, the employee-benefit landscape has become a more complex terrain. For both employer and employee, managing benefits is a challenge that requires a strategic approach and access to specialized resources. Not surprisingly, an outsourced solution for benefits administration has become a strong option for organizations. An approach that meets this challenge is total benefits outsourcing (TBO). A TBO solution answers employers’ need for expert, fully capable, and technologically robust administration of benefits while addressing employees’ need for comprehensive educational programs, decisionmaking tools, and self-service resources. The benefits of TBO—which is best defined as an integrated approach, typically consolidating DB, DC, and health and wellness administration services with a single outsourcing provider—are becoming more evident to employers. In fact, TBO is one of the fastest-growing segments in the HR outsourcing market, and industry analysts forecast significant growth over the next few years. It’s a trend driven by the increasing complexity and cost of managing and delivering benefits, and it is further propelled by a desire to provide a better and more comprehensive benefits experience for employees as a means of attracting and retaining a trained and qualified workforce in an increasingly competitive market. On the most basic level, a TBO strategy creates economies of scale by bundling multiple benefits services with one vendor. Employers can outsource administrative, transactional, and employee support functions traditionally done in-house, allowing HR personnel to be redeployed to address more strategic issues. From the employee
Nutrition and lung structure and function.

Although the effects of malnutrition on various metabolic functions of the body and on disease states have been studied and are well known, the potential influence of nutrition on lung structure and function is not well recognized. Indeed, no human studies related to this subject exist. What little we know comes from experimental animal studies, particularly in rats, dating back to the late 1970s. These studies have revealed that food deprivation influences lung growth and development in growing animals as well as lung structure and function in adults. Due to specific physiologic processes that dominate events during lung growth and adulthood, malnutrition affects these processes differently. In growing animals, food deprivation leads predominantly to the retardation of lung growth and a delay, sometimes nonreversible, in its development into a fully functioning intricate organ. In adult animals, food deprivation alters the architecture of terminal air spaces in a manner similar to what occurs in emphysema.
Discovery and Characterization of Xylella fastidiosa Strains in Southern California Causing Mulberry Leaf Scorch

Mulberry leaf scorch (MLS), caused by Xylella fastidiosa, is a disease of mulberry trees in the United States that has largely been documented from locations in the eastern and central areas of the country. MLS was recently detected for the first time in white mulberry (Morus alba) trees in southern California. Four MLS-strains were isolated from two locations and confirmed as X. fastidiosa by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), direct isolation of the pathogen, and use of the X. fastidiosa-specific PCR primers RST31-33. Isolated strains were characterized by the sequencing of their 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions (ISR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and subsequent comparison with a previously characterized MLS-strain (Mulberry-VA) and representatives of X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, and X. fastidiosa subsp. sandyi. MLS-strains isolated from California were distinct from strains causing almond leaf scorch, oleander leaf scorch, and Pierce's disease and similar to the Mulberry-VA-strain. The ISR sequences of two MLS-strains, MLS063 and MLS059, were 100% identical to that of the Mulberry-VA sequence, whereas MLS012 and MLS024 were 99.8 and 99.6% identical to the Mulberry-VA-strain and 99.4% identical among themselves. Genomic analysis using RAPD revealed no differences among the four strains. The pathogenicity of one strain, MLS063, was confirmed by inoculation of glasshouse-grown white mulberry plants. Three months after inoculation, the pathogen was recovered from 21 of 25 inoculated plants, and 5 of 25 plants were dead within a year of inoculation. Inoculation of grapevines and oleanders with MLS063 did not result in any disease or recovery of the pathogen up to 1 year later, showing that this strain was not cross-infective to these hosts.
Φ-Value Analysis of a Linear, Sequential Reaction Mechanism: Theory and Application to Ion Channel Gating

We derive the analytical form of a rate-equilibrium free-energy relationship (with slope Φ) for a bounded, linear chain of coupled reactions having arbitrary connecting rate constants. The results confirm previous simulation studies showing that Φ-values reflect the position of the perturbed reaction within the chain, with reactions occurring earlier in the sequence producing higher Φ-values than those occurring later in the sequence. The derivation includes an expression for the transmission coefficients of the overall reaction based on the rate constants of an arbitrary, discrete, finite Markov chain. The results indicate that experimental Φ-values can be used to calculate the relative heights of the energy barriers between intermediate states of the chain but provide no information about the energies of the wells along the reaction path. Application of the equations to the case of diliganded acetylcholine receptor channel gating suggests that the transition-state ensemble for this reaction is nearly flat. Although this mechanism accounts for many of the basic features of diliganded and unliganded acetylcholine receptor channel gating, the experimental rate-equilibrium free-energy relationships appear to be more linear than those predicted by the theory.
The role of pannexin1 in the induction and resolution of inflammation

Extracellular ATP is an important signaling molecule throughout the inflammatory cascade, serving as a danger signal that causes activation of the inflammasome, enhancement of immune cell infiltration, and fine-tuning of several signaling cascades including those important for the resolution of inflammation. Recent studies demonstrated that ATP can be released from cells in a controlled manner through pannexin (Panx) channels. Panx1-mediated ATP release is involved in inflammasome activation and neutrophil/macrophage chemotaxis, activation of T cells, and a role for Panx1 in inducing and propagating inflammation has been demonstrated in various organs, including lung and the central and peripheral nervous system. The recognition and clearance of dying cells and debris from focal points of inflammation is critical in the resolution of inflammation, and Panx1-mediated ATP release from dying cells has been shown to recruit phagocytes. Moreover, extracellular ATP can be broken down by ectonucleotidases into ADP, AMP, and adenosine, which is critical in the resolution of inflammation. Together, Panx1, ATP, purinergic receptors, and ectonucleotidases contribute to important feedback loops during the inflammatory response, and thus represent promising candidates for new therapies.
Identification and Characterization of Citrulline-Modified Brain Proteins by Combining HCD and CID Fragmentation

Citrullination is a protein PTM of arginine residues catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase. Protein citrullination has been detected in the CNS and associated with a number of neurological diseases. However, identifying citrullinated proteins from complex mixtures and pinpointing citrullinated residues have been limited. Using RP LC and high-resolution MS, this study determined in vitro citrullination sites of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), neurogranin (NRGN/RC3), and myelin basic protein (MBP) and in vivo sites in brain protein extract. Human GFAP has five endogenous citrullination sites, R30, R36, R270, R406, and R416, and MBP has 14 in vivo citrullination sites. Human NRGN/RC3 was found citrullinated at residue R68. The sequence of citrullinated peptides and citrullination sites were confirmed from peptides identified in trypsin, Lys-C, and Glu-C digests. The relative ratio of citrullination was estimated by simultaneous identification of citrullinated and unmodified peptides from Alzheimer's and control brain samples. The site occupancy of citrullination at the residue R68 of NRGN ranged from 1.6 to 9.5%. Compared to CID, higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) mainly produced protein backbone fragmentation for citrullinated peptides. CID-triggered HCD fragmentation is an optimal approach for the identification of citrullinated peptides in complex protein digests.
Teaching Students With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neurobiological condition affecting 1 of every 200 school-age children. OCD greatly affects students’ academic, behavioral, and social functioning, and it can lead to additional problem such as depression. To effectively collaborate with other individuals providing appropriate support to students with OCD, teachers need to understand this disorder, particularly its manifestations in school settings. This article addresses typical manifestations of OCD in school settings and provides general and specific accommodations for teachers to implement in their classrooms.
Path systems and language recognition

Our main result, theorem 2, gives a bound on the storage required for a Turing machine to simulate certain time-bounded pushdown machines. The theorem is a generalization of the result appearing in [3] stating that any context-free language can be recognized by a deterministic Turing machine within storage (log n)2. We introduce a combinatorial object, called a path system, develop its theory briefly, and use the theory to prove both the result on pushdown machines and the result on context free languages, as well as a third result. The third result is the Theorem of Savitch [5] stating that a non-deterministic L(n) - storage bounded Turing machine can be simulated by a deterministic (L(n))2 - storage bounded Turing machine.
Autonomy and Accountability in Standards-Based Reform

In this article we discuss the effects of one urban school district's efforts to increase the autonomy and accountability of schools and teams of teachers through a standards-based reform known as team- based schooling. Team-based schooling is designed to devolve decision-making authority down to the school level by increasing teachers' autonomy to make decisions. Increased accountability is enacted in the form of a state-level standards-based initiative. Based on our evaluation over a two-year period involving extensive fieldwork and quantitative analysis, we describe the ways that teachers, teams and school administrators responded to the implementation of team-based schooling. What are the effects of increasing school-level autonomy and accountability in the context of standards- based reform? Our analysis highlights several issues: the "lived reality" of teaming as it interacts with the existing culture within schools, the ways that teachers respond to the pressures created by increased internal and external accountability, and the effects of resource constraints on the effectiveness of implementation. We conclude by using our findings to consider more broadly the trade-off between increased autonomy and accountability on which standards-based reforms like team-based schooling are based.
Assessing the executive function deficits of patients with Parkinson's disease: utility of the Tower of London-Drexel.

The aim of the study was to investigate the utility of the Tower of London-Drexel (TOLDX) in assessing the executive deficits associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We sought to determine whethe...
The solubility of fluorite in hydrothermal solutions, an experimental study

Abstract The solubility of fluorite in NaCl solutions increases with increasing temperature at all ionic strengths up to about 100°C. Above this temperature, the solubility passes through a maximum and possibly a minimum with increasing temperature at NaCl concentrations of 1.0M or less, and increases continuously with increasing temperature at NaCl concentrations above 1.0M. At any given temperature, the solubility of fluorite increases with increasing salt concentration in NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 solutions. The solubility follows Debye-Huckel theory for KCl solutions. In NaCl and CaCl2 solutions, the solubility of fluorite increases more rapidly than predicted by Debye-Huckel theory: the excess solubility is due to the presence of NaFc, CaF+, and possibly of Na2F+. The solubility of fluorite in NaCl-CaCl2 and in NaCl-CaCl2-MgCl2 solutions is controlled by the common ion effect and by the presence of NaFc, CaF+, and MgF+. The solubility of fluorite in NaCl-HCl solutions increases rapidly with increasing initial HCl concentration; the large solubility increase is due to the presence of HFc. It seems likely that complexes other than those identified in this study rarely play a major role in fluoride transport and fluorite deposition at temperatures below 300°C.
Development of the PRO-SDLS: A Measure of Self-Direction in Learning Based on the Personal Responsibility Orientation Model

The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid instrument to measure self-directedness in learning among college students based on an operationalization of the personal responsibilit...
Imaging receptor microdomains on leukocyte subsets in live mice

We present a simple method to identify the recruitment of leukocyte subsets and determine concurrent surface-receptor clustering in live mice. We show that CD45+ F4/80- Gr-1+ neutrophils are robustly recruited in surgery-activated cremasteric venules, whereas adherent CD45+ B220+ B lymphocytes were dominant in bone marrow venules. Most adherent Gr-1+ leukocytes are not firmly stationary but actively migrate on TNF-alpha-activated cremasteric venular endothelium and exhibit marked polarization of surface PSGL-1, but not LFA-1, to the trailing edge.
Drug treatment of stroke. Current status and future prospects

Despite advances in the understanding of the mechanism of cerebral injury during focal ischaemia, the best treatment of cerebral ischaemia is still prevention. The pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to cerebral ischaemia are discussed relative to the many therapeutic interventions that have been attempted. It is our impression that the treatment of such a complex multifactor process will require multimodal therapy, as most of the unifactorial therapies used to date have proven relatively unsuccessful in improving neurological outcome and survival.
On maximum hierarchical likelihood estimators

We show that in (large sample) cases where there is not sufficient information about the random effects, the maximum hierarchical likelihood estimators in a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) may be inconsistent, even if the variance components are known. This suggests that the behavior of such estimators in a GLMM may be quite different from that of the best linear unbiased estimators in linear mixed models.
Keynote: High-resolution sequence and chromatin signatures predict transcription factor binding in the human genome

Gene regulatory programs are orchestrated by proteins called transcription factors (TFs), which coordinate expression of target genes both through direct binding to genomic DNA and through interaction with cofactors. Accurately modeling the DNA sequence preferences of TFs and predicting their genomic binding sites are key problems in regulatory genomics. These efforts have long been frustrated by the limited availability and accuracy of TF binding site motifs. Today, protein binding microarray (PBM) experiments and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) experiments are generating unprecedented high-resolution data on in vitro and in vivo TF binding. Moreover, genome-wide data on the cell-type specific chromatin state, including ChIP-seq experiments that profile histone modifications associated with active or inactive transcriptional states, provide additional information for predicting the genomic binding locations of TFs.
THE DIFFEOMORPHISM GROUP APPROACH TO NONLINEAR QUANTUM SYSTEMS

Unitary representations of diffeomorphism groups predict some unusual possibilities in quantum theory, including non-standard statistics and certain nonlinear effects. Many of the fundamental physical properties of “anyons” were first derived from their study by R. Menikoff, D.H. Sharp, and the author. This paper surveys new applications in two other domains: first (with Menikoff and Sharp) some surprising conclusions about the nature of quantum vortex configurations in ideal, incompressible fluids; second (with H.-D. Doebner) a natural description of dissipative quantum mechanics by means of a nonlinear Schrodinger equation different from the sort usually studied. Our equation follows from including a diffusion current in the equation of continuity.
Large deviations from the polarization-analyzing power equality and implied breakdown of time reversal invariance

Even though this Symposium brings together a group of researchers active in the field of spin-polarization effects in particle and nuclear physics, I am able to report on evidence that we are, in fact, less “polarized” than some of our presumably “unpolarized” colleagues. I refer to the fact that at last month’s International Conference on Nuclear Physics at Berkeley, my colleague, R. J. Slobodrian, in presenting a report on our work, was prohibited by the chairman of the program committee to use the phrase “breakdown of time-reversal invariance” in his title. It is clear that no such restriction was even considered by the Program Committee of this Symposium.
First lasing, capabilities, and flexibility of FIREFLY

Abstract FIREFLY is a free electron laser (FEL) designed to produce picosecond pulses of intense light between 10 and 100 μm. It uses an inexpensive electromagnetic wiggler and variable outcoupling to provide maximum flexibility for user experiments. FIREFLY first lased on November 23, 1994, and has now operated successfully from 15 to 65 μm. It has lased in both a traditional undulator configuration and as an optical klystron, and has also operated in the undulator configuration on the third harmonic. During initial tests FIREFLY reached theoretical extraction efficiency for fundamental, third harmonic, and optical klystron operation, and demonstrated wavelength switching between adjacent peaks in the gain spectrum of an optical klystron for the first time.
A programmable circuit for varying light intensity

An inexpensive circuit is described for the control of light intensity. The control is obtained by a method that produces no color changes and may be programmed by any system that can express itself in four-digit binary numbers.
Multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome with Goldenhar complex due to a terminal del(22q)

We present a case of terminal del(22q) with Goldenhar complex including hemifacial microsomia, bilateral epibulbar dermoids, preauricular tags with sensorineural hearing loss, vertebral anomalies, and CNS and renal malformations. The case illustrates causal heterogeneity of the Goldenhar complex and a previously unreported associated chromosome deletion.
Immunological relevance of the coevolution of IDO1 and AHR

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor initially identified because of its role in controlling the cellular response to environmental molecules. More recently, AHR has been shown to play a crucial role in controlling innate and adaptive immune responses through several mechanisms, one of which is the regulation of tryptophan metabolism. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are considered rate-limiting enzymes in the tryptophan catabolism and play important roles in the regulation of the immunity. Moreover, AHR and IDO/TDO are closely interconnected: AHR regulates IDO and TDO expression, and kynurenine produced by IDO/TDO is an AHR agonist. In this review, we propose to examine the relationship between AHR and IDO/TDO and its relevance for the regulation of the immune response in health and disease.
Current status of academic and clinical education in fluency disorders at asha-accredited training programs

Abstract Numerous studies have indicated that speech-language pathologists do not feel comfortable with their ability to diagnose and treat individuals who stutter. It is often suggested that this is the result of inadequate training; however, there has been relatively little examination of the academic and clinical education in fluency disorders that is currently provided by ASHA-accredited graduate programs. This study surveyed programs about their graduate training in fluency disorders, assessing factors such as the number and nature of courses that are offered and the clinical practicum experiences that are available. Analyses revealed that the majority of surveyed programs do require coursework on stuttering, though nearly one-fifth allow students to graduate without a class on stuttering and more than one-half of programs allow students to graduate without clinical experience in stuttering. Furthermore, one-half of responding programs reduced their academic or clinical requirements following ASHA's elimination of training requirements in fluency disorders in 1993. Results provide one likely explanation for the finding that clinicians feel less confident working with people who stutter. Analysis also revealed a bias toward greater representation of programs with a faculty member belonging to ASHA's Special Interest Division for Fluency Disorders. As a result, present results may overestimate the training that is actually provided in the field as a whole. Findings emphasize the need for far-reaching discussion about appropriate academic and clinical education in fluency disorders and provide a strong argument for the reinstatement of credible, meaningful education requirements in ASHA-accredited training programs.
Assessment and Grading in High School Mathematics Classrooms

The assessment and grading practices in 19 mathematics classes in 5 high schools in 3 states were studied. In each class the most frequently used assessment tools were tests and quizzes, with these determining about 77% of students’ grades. In 12 classes other forms of assessment, such as written projects or interviews with students, were also used, with performance on such instruments counting for about 7% of students’ grades averaged across all 19 classes. Test items generally were low level, were stated without reference to a realistic context, involved very little reasoning, and were almost never open-ended. Most test items were either neutral or inactive with respect to technology. Written projects usually involved more complex analyses or applications than tests did. The teachers’ knowledge and beliefs, as well as the content and textbook of the course, influenced the characteristics of test items and other assessment instruments. Only in geometry classes did standardized tests appear to influence assessment.
Single subject controlled experiments in aphasia: The science and the state of the science

Abstract This paper discusses the use of single subject controlled experimental designs for investigating the effects of treatment for aphasia. A brief historical perspective is presented, followed by discussions of the advantages and disadvantages of single subject and group approaches, the basic requirements of single subject experimental research, and crucial considerations in design selection. In the final sections, results of reviews of published single subject controlled experiments are discussed, with emphasis on internal validity issues, the number of participants enrolled in published studies, operational specification of the dependent and independent variables, and reliability of measurement. Learning outcomes : As a result of reading this paper, the participant will: (1) understand the mechanisms required for demonstration of internal and external validity using single subject controlled experimental designs, (2) become familiar with the basic requirements of single subject controlled experimental research, (3) understand the types of single subject controlled experimental designs that are the most appropriate for studying the effects of treatment for aphasia, and (4) become familiar with trends in the published aphasia treatment literature in which single subject controlled experimental designs have been used.
Bleedout efficiency, carcass damage, and rigor mortis development following electrical stunning or carbon dioxide stunning on a shackle line

In Experiment 1, 400 male broilers were stunned using a gradient of 40 to 60% CO2 over a period of 25 s or a 1% brine solution that was electrically charged (35 mA) for 7 s. Blood loss during bleeding was measured in 30-s intervals for a total of 120 s. After conventional processing and chilling, carcass damage was subjectively evaluated. Results indicated that the birds stunned with electricity bled faster than the CO2-stunned birds until 60 s. However, the cumulative blood loss was not different after 90 s. Carcass damage evaluation indicated that birds stunned with CO2 had a significantly lower percentage of broken clavicles, and had fewer hemorrhages on the surface of the Pectoralis. However, there was no difference between the two stunning methods in the frequency of damage at the shoulder. In Experiment 2, 256 broilers were stunned using the same conditions as in Experiment 1. Measurements of pH, R-value, sarcomere length (SL), and fragmentation index (FI) were evaluated from the left breast fillets harvested at 0, 1, 2, and 6 h postmortem. Shear values (SV) were determined using the right fillets harvested at the same four postmortem times and aged on ice until 24 h. No significant difference in breast muscle pH value was observed at 0, 2, and 6 h postmortem. However, CO2-stunned fillets had significantly higher pH values than the ES fillets at 1 h postmortem. Carbon dioxide produced greater R values than electricity at 2 and 6 h. Sarcomere length, FI, and SV were not significantly different at any time tested. These data suggest that CO2 stunning reduced carcass damage but did not reduce the need for aging before deboning when compared to the electrical stunning method used.
Group A streptococcal bacteremias associated with intravascular catheters.

caused by staphylococci,1,2 presumably because the microbial flora of the skin surface is the major reservoir of microorganisms colonizing and infecting percutaneously-inserted intravascular cannulas.3,4 Recently, we observed two episodes of group A streptococcal cellulitis and bacteremia related to infection of the subcutaneous tunnel of indwelling catheters. This prompted us to review our experience with nosocomial and community-acquired group A streptococcal bacteremias for the past year, and we identified a third catheter-related case. In our ongoing prospective surveillance of nosocomial bacteremias, we have not previously identified any other cases of intravascular catheter-related bacteremia caused by group A streptococcus. Likewise, in two large prospective studies of Hickman and Broviac catheter-related infections, the investigators did not report infections caused by this organism.5,6
Study of interconnection process for fine pitch flip chip

Today, flip chip technology is a main stream of interconnection in microelectronic packaging and market forces continue to drive toward finer pitch interconnections. In this paper, fine pitch flip chip (FPFC) interconnection technology (i.e., less than 60um pitch) will be described. Two types of 50um pitch bump (Au stud & Cu pillar) will be evaluated and two different flip-chip (FC) bonding methods will be studied. Package structures of bare die flip-chip CSP (chip scale package) and also over molded version will be studied for reliability performance and volume assembly fit. For characterization, structure analysis will be performed at each reliability read point. Finally this paper will conclude by identifying the most robust bonding method for the FPFC devices.
Shear Failure of Inconel 718 under Dynamic Loads

Kinetics of deformation and fracture of nickel–iron alloy Inconel 718 under dynamic shear loading was measured using a split torsional Hopkinson bar facility and high-speed photography. Tubular specimens with a reduced gage length and a starter notch were sheared at strain rates up to 6 × 103 s−1. High-speed photographs of fiducial lines scribed on the specimen surface showed the development of local strains and cracking. This paper describes the experimental and analytical procedures, illustrates average and local plastic strain evolution, and presents shear crack initiation times and propagation speeds.
Outcome of intestinal transplants for patients with Crohn's disease.

Abstract Background The pathophysiology of Crohn's disease (CD) is related to immune dysregulation making it unique among indications for intestinal transplants (ITx). We examined whether outcomes of ITx for CD are any worse than the overall ITx population. Methods United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Transplant Analysis and Research files were analyzed. Adult ITx recipients from 1987 to 2009 were included. Results Of 86 primary ITx for CD, 61 (70%) had isolated ITx and 25 (30%) had liver-ITx (L-ITx). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival for isolated ITx was 85%, 67%, and 54%; for L-ITx, 63%, 47%, and 41% ( P = .04). The graft survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 85%, 55%, and 45% for isolated ITx recipients and 63%, 47%, and 41% for L-ITx recipients (Wilcoxon's test, P = .04). Patient and graft survival was better in era 2 (January 2001 through August 2009) than in era 1 (October 1987 through December 2000). In the regression analysis of long-term outcome of adults undergoing ITx, recipient age > 40 years and hospitalization prior to transplantation were negative predictors of outcome. Conclusion Patient and graft survival for CD patients is not inferior to other indications for ITx.
THE OUTCOMES OF REENTRY EDUCATION: PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE‐AGED AND OLDER WOMEN GRADUATES

This study investigated factors related to personal and professional development in mature (age 35 and over) reentry women graduates. Questionnaire data were gathered from 109 graduates of 8 liberal arts colleges in Iowa. The strongest correlates of rated level of personal development were: (a) support from classmates; (b) desire for intellectual stimulation; (c) desire for a career identity; and (d) desire for a meaningful role. The strongest correlates of rated level of professional development were: (a) helpfulness of financial aid; (b) desire for a career identity; (c) desire for job preparation; (d) desire for a meaningful role; and (e) desire for achievement. Multiple regression showed that support from classmates and desire for intellectual stimulation were equally good predictors of perceived personal development, and that desire for a career identity was the only predictor of perceived professional development. Implications of the findings for educators, counselors, and reentry women are discussed.