cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of cyclic GMP in human internal mammary artery and saphenous vein: implications for coronary artery bypass graft patency.

Objective: The aim was to examine the capacity of the human saphenous vein (native and surgically prepared) and the internal mammary artery to generate cyclic GMP, the second messenger that mediates smooth muscle relaxation following production of nitric oxide. Methods: 209 vessel segments were used from 22 patients undergoing coronary revascularisation. Isolated vessel segments were stimulated with a range of endothelium dependent and endothelium independent agonists and flash frozen for radioimmunoassay for cyclic GMP. Results: Control/basal levels of cyclic GMP were significantly higher in the internal mammary artery than either native or distended saphenous vein. Endothelium dependent agonist stimulation with acetylcholine, bradykinin, or substance P induced significant increases in cyclic GMP in internal mammary artery and native saphenous vein, whereas distended veins showed non-significant changes in response to agonist stimulation. Endothelium removal abolished agonist stimulated increases in cyclic GMP. Glyceryl trinitrate and sodium nitroprusside elicited significant further increases in cyclic GMP in native vein and internal mammary artery. All values obtained were significantly greater in arterial than in venous tissue. Conclusion: Differences in basal and stimulated cyclic GMP activity in arteries and veins have been shown. This could represent an additional protective mechanism against constrictor influences in arterial bypass grafts, which may explain their documented better long term performance.
Increased Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Levels in Patients with Symptomatic Postprandial Hypoglycemia

In a previous study it was found that patients with syptomatic postprandial hypoglycemia (SPH) showed delayed hyperinsulinemia. To further investigate the mechanism of this delayed hyperinsulinemia, oral and iv glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) were performed at different times on each of 11 asymptomatic (control) and 13 SPH nonobese subjects. Blood glucose levels were monitored continuously, and plasma levels of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were measured intermittently. After oral GTT, SPH patients showed a lower blood glucose nadir than asymptomatic controls [46 ± 5 mg/dl (mean ± SD), associated with symptoms, vs. 63 ± 10 mg/dl, respectively]. A delayed insulin peak was also observed in the SPH patients (at 108 ± 36 min vs. 60 ± 30 min in the controls). By contrast, after iv GTT, none of the SPH patients had symptoms, and none had a lower blood glucose nadir or a delayed insulin peak compared to controls.In 11 SPH and 11 control subjects, plasma IRI and immunoreactive gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP...
Cost-effective network design for groundwater flow monitoring

The extensive use of groundwater resources has increased the need for developing cost-effective monitoring networks to provide an indication of the degree to which the subsurface environment has been affected by human activities. This study presents a cost-effective approach to the design of groundwater flow monitoring networks. The groundwater network design is formulated with two problem formats: maximizing the statistical monitoring power for specified budget constraint and minimizing monitoring cost for statistical power requirement. The statistical monitoring power constraint is introduced with an information reliability threshold value. A branch and bound technique is employed to select the optimal solution from a discrete set of possible network alternatives. The method is tested to the design of groundwater flow monitoring problem in the Pomona County, California.
The Detection of Influential Observations for Allocation, Separation, and the Determination of Probabilities in a Bayesian Framework

Normal theory separation and allocation problems are discussed from a predictive point of view. Influence statistics are defined and employed to ascertain the impact that particular observations will have on the inferential goals—allocation of future observations, separation between populations, and the determination of probabilities for future cases. Methods are illustrated on a collection of financial data taken from Johnson and Wichern (1982).
Acoustics of excited jets—a historical perspective

The idea that a jet may be excited by an external forcing is not new. The first demonstration of a jet responding to external pressure waves occurred in the late 1800s. It was not, however, until the 1950s, with the advent of commercial jet aircraft, that interest in the subject greatly increased. Researchers first used excited jets to study the structure of the jet and attempt to determine the nature of the noise sources. The jet actuators of the time limited the range (size and Mach number) of jets could be excited. As the actuators improved, more realistic jets could be studied. This has led to a better understanding of how jet excitation may be used not only as a research tool, but also as a method to reduce jet noise.
Rates of imprisonment and psychiatric hospitalization in the United States

The relationship between penal and therapeutic custodial populations bears not only upon theories of social control, but also upon the validity of prison population rates as social indicators. Separate regression analyses of interstate variations in institutional populations for the year 1970, interstate variations in rats of change for the period 1967–73, and variation over time in nationally aggregated data for the period 1930–70 imply that the two custodial systems are essentially independent. The findings suggest that rates of imprisonment, when employed as social indicators, need not be adjusted statistically to account for contemporaneous variation in rates of mental hospitalization.
The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Policies on Income Distribution: Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries

The main focus of this paper is on the potential role that taxation and public expenditure policies play in general in affecting income distribution. We find that progressive personal income taxes and corporate income taxes reduce income inequality. The effect of corporate income taxes seems to be eroded away in open or globalized economies. We also generally find that general consumption taxes, excise taxes and customs duties have a negative impact on income distribution. On the expenditure side, we find that higher shares of GDP on social welfare, education, health and housing public expenditures have a positive impact on income distribution.
Notes on the system TV Geminorum

Low-resolution SWP spectra and high-resolution LWR spectra of the SRc variable star TV Gem have been studied. The available ultraviolet spectrophotometry and UBV photometry of the system can be interpreted in terms of the blended light from a B3.5 IV star and an M1 Iab star. The separation of the two stars is less than about 3 arc sec. Since the magnitude difference is a minimum in the B filter, being about 1.6 mag there, direct observation of TV Gem in a passband at 4400 A under conditions of good seeing might reveal the blue companion. No evidence was found for absorption lines of Mg II formed in the part of the wind of the M star which is projected against the disk of the B star.
The potential use of visible/near infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging to predict processing-related constituents of potatoes

Near-infrared (NIR) transmittance spectroscopy, visible/NIR interactance spectroscopy, and visible/NIR hyperspectral imaging modes were used to determine the potential for rapid electronic estimation of glucose, sucrose, specific gravity, primordial leaf count, and soluble solids of (FL) (chipping) and Russet Norkotah (RN) (table) potato cultivars. Whole tubers and 0.5 inch (12.54 mm) slices were evaluated. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to obtain the prediction models. Models for leaf counts and glucose were promising for all modes with the optimum model obtained for leaf count from interactance with sliced samples resulting in R (RPD) values of 0.95(3.29) for FL, and 0.90(2.19) for RN. For glucose, interactance also yielded the best model with R (RPD) values of 0.90(2.14) for FL, and 0.95(3.12) for RN. Models of other constituents were inconsistent between systems. Interactance mode with sliced samples showed best performance for soluble solids for FL with R (RPD) values of 0.55(1.18). Also, interactance mode demonstrated optimal performance for sucrose estimation with R (RPD) values of 0.81(1.63) for FL obtained from sliced samples, and 0.81(1.64) from whole tubers. Transmittance mode with sliced samples showed the best prediction models for RN with R (RPD) values of 0.63(1.30) for sucrose. Finally, specific gravity under interactance and transmittance modes with sliced samples for FL and RN respectively yielded R (RPD) values of 0.61(1.27), and 0.59(1.22).
Pharmacokinetics of [3H]Biotin Bound to Different Avidin Analogues

The use of avidin-biotin technology in drug delivery facilitates the conjugation of biotinylated therapeutics to transport vectors that are enabled to undergo receptor-mediated transcytosis through the brain capillary endothelial wall, which makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo. However, the conjugation of avidin, a cationic glycosylated protein, to transport vectors greatly increases the rate of removal of the vector from the bloodstream, owing to rapid uptake of avidin by peripheral tissues such as liver and kidney. However, modified avidins may retain high affinity biotin binding properties, but may not be rapidly removed from plasma by peripheral tissues, and such avidin analogues would provide preferred plasma pharmacokinetic profiles. Therefore, the present studies investigate the pharmacokinetics of plasma removal of [3H]biotin bound to one of six different avidin analogues: streptavidin, Neutra-lite avidin, avidin, neutral avidin, Lite-avidin, and succinylated avidin. Isoelectric focusing studies show that avidin and Lite-avidin were highly cationic proteins, whereas neutral avidin, Neutra-lite avidin, and streptavidin were neutral proteins, and succinylated avidin had an acidic isoelectric point. The avidin analogues fell into two groups with respect to rate of biotin removal from plasma. The low clearance group included streptavidin and Neutra-lite avidin, which had a mean plasma clearance of 0.41 mL/min/kg. The high clearance group consisted of succinylated avidin, neutral avidin, and Lite-avidin and had a mean plasma clearance of 17 mL/min/kg, or 40-fold faster than the low clearance avidins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Use of Ni–Nitrilotriacetic Acid Agarose for Estimation of Affinities of Hexahistidine-Tagged Fab to Single-Stranded DNA☆

Abstract The complex formed between32P-labeled (dT)15and a hexahistidine (6-His)-tagged anti-single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) Fab, DNA-1, was trapped by addition of nickel-chelating nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni–NTA) agarose that led to efficient separation of bound ligand from free. High stability of the immobilized complex (half-life of 4 h) and low nonspecific binding of [32P](dT)15allowed for a rapid estimation of the dissociation constant (Kd) and was found to be ∼130 n m . Oligonucleotide bound DNA-1 preimmobilized on Ni–NTA agarose with the sameKdas the Fab/(dT)15complex formed in solution, indicating that the interaction of the 6-His tag with the resin did not interfere with binding. Addition of unlabeled (dT)15led to a fast exchange with bound [32P](dT)15. Mutant versions of DNA-1 were also examined and results obtained were in agreement with data from equilibrium gel filtration and fluorescence titration [A. A. Komissarov, M. J. Calcutt, M. T. Marchbank, E. N. Peletskaya, and S. L. Deutscher (1996)J. Biol. Chem.271, 12241–12246]. These results demonstrate that the Ni–NTA assay is an efficient and accurate method to examine 6-His-tagged protein–nucleic acid complexes. Furthermore, a competition modification of this assay may be used for detection of anti-ssDNA antibodies in serum.
Stem hydraulic properties of vines vs. shrubs of western poison oak, Toxicodendron diversilobum

This study investigated the effect of mechanical support on water transport properties and wood anatomy of stems of western poison oak, Toxicodendron diversilobum (T. & G.) Greene. This plant grows as a vine when support is present but as a shrub when support is absent. I compared vines and shrubs growing naturally in the field and those produced from cuttings of 11 source plants in a common garden. Huber value (xylem transverse area/distal leaf area) was lower but specific conductivity (water volume · time-1 · xylem transverse area-1 · pressure gradient-1) was higher in supported than unsupported plants both in the field and the common garden. The opposing effects of Huber value and mon garden. The opposing effects of Huber value and specific conductivity resulted in the same values of leafspecific conductivity (LSC, water volume · time-1 · distal leaf area-1 · pressure gradient-1) for supported and unsupported shoots at a given site. Therefore, for the same rates of evapotranspiration, supported and unsupported shoots will have the same pressure gradients in their stems. Vessel lumen composed a higher proportion of stem cross-section in supported than unsupported plants (due to slightly wider vessels and not to greater vessel density). These results suggest that the narrow stems of supported plants are compensated hydraulically by the production of wider vessels: at a given site, poison oak plants co-ordinate their leaf and xylem development such that their stems achieve the same overall conductive efficiencies (LSCs), regardless of support conditions.
Psychotropic-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: A Clinical Review

Background Psychotropic medications, particularly select antipsychotics, are a common cause of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. As high prolactin may be associated with hypogonadism, reproductive dysfunction, and bone loss, it is important to recognize this condition and understand its management. Objective The aim of this review is to evaluate the causes, signs, and symptoms associated with hyperprolactinemia, to describe mechanisms through which psychotropic medications elevate prolactin, and to suggest an evidence-based management approach for patients with psychotropic drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. Methods A PubMed/MEDLINE search was conducted on the topic of psychotropic agents as a cause of hyperprolactinemia. The material with most relevance to current psychiatric practice and of highest level of evidence was included in this review. Conclusion Hyperprolactinemia should be evaluated in adult patients receiving psychotropic agents if signs and symptoms associated with hyperprolactinemia are present. It is also important to exclude pituitary and hypothalamic disease by magnetic resonance imaging if hyperprolactinemia is not definitely caused by psychotropic medications. As bone loss may occur because of hyperprolactinemia-mediated hypogonadism, bone mineral density (BMD) should be evaluated in patients with persistent high prolactin and reproductive dysfunction. Aripiprazole or other prolactin-sparing atypical antipsychotics may be alternatives or aripiprazole can be considered as adjunctive therapy in select cases of psychotropic-induced hyperprolactinemia.
Intragraft gene expression profile associated with the induction of tolerance.

Background Xenotransplantation holds the promise of providing an unlimited supply of donor organs for terminal patients with organ failure. Pre-existing natural antibodies to the Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNac-R (αGal) carbohydrate xenoantigen, however, bind rapidly to the graft endothelium and initiate hyperacute rejection of wild type pig grafts in humans. Experimental procedures designed to prevent xenoantibody-mediated rejection have been tested in gal knockout mice. These mice produce anti-gal xenoantibodies and are widely used as small animal models for xenotransplantation research. In this model, chimerism for cells expressing the gal carbohydrate can be achieved by transplantation of mixed cells or by transduction of bone marrow cells with viral vectors expressing a functional α1,3 galactosyltransferase gene. Chimerism induces tolerance to heart grafts expressing αGal. The mechanisms by which tolerance is achieved include systemic changes such as clonal deletion and/or anergy. Intragraft changes that occur during the early stages of tolerance induction have not been characterized.
Meta-Incommensurability between Theories of Meaning: Chemical Evidence

Attempting to compare scientific theories requires a philosophical model of meaning. Yet different scientific theories have at times—particularly in early chemistry—pre-supposed disparate theories of meaning. When two theories of meaning are incommensurable, we must say that the scientific theories that rely upon them are meta-incommensurable. Meta-incommensurability is a more profound sceptical threat to science since, unlike first-order incommensurability, it implies complete incomparability.
High concentrations of long interspersed nuclear element sequence distinguish monoallelically expressed genes

Genes subject to monoallelic expression are expressed from only one of the two alleles either selected at random (random monoallelic genes) or in a parent-of-origin specific manner (imprinted genes). Because high densities of long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)-1 transposon sequence have been implicated in X-inactivation, we asked whether monoallelically expressed autosomal genes are also flanked by high densities of LINE-1 sequence. A statistical analysis of repeat content in the regions surrounding monoallelically and biallelically expressed genes revealed that random monoallelic genes were flanked by significantly higher densities of LINE-1 sequence, evolutionarily more recent and less truncated LINE-1 elements, fewer CpG islands, and fewer base-pairs of short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) sequence than biallelically expressed genes. Random monoallelic and imprinted genes were pooled and subjected to a clustering analysis algorithm, which found two clusters on the basis of aforementioned sequence characteristics. Interestingly, these clusters did not follow the random monoallelic vs. imprinted classifications. We infer that chromosomal sequence context plays a role in monoallelic gene expression and may involve the recognition of long repeats or other features. The sequence characteristics that distinguished the high-LINE-1 category were used to identify more than 1,000 additional genes from the human and mouse genomes as candidate genes for monoallelic expression.
Nucleic Acid Composition of Chicks and Chick Tissues from Growth Selected Lines of White Rocks

Abstract SEVERAL recent reports have been concerned with the genetic aspects of selection for growth rate in poultry (Jaap and Smith (1959), Maloney et al. (1963), and Siegel (1962 and Siegel (1963)). Relatively little is known, however, about the biochemical mechanisms implementing the observed genetic alterations in growth rate. One approach attempting to gain an insight into these mechanisms has involved the quantitative chemical analysis of body constituents of chicks from growth-selected lines. The results of preliminary experiments utilizing this approach in the developing chick embryo have been published (Lepore et al., 1963). Essentially, these studies demonstrated few between-line differences in proximate and amino acid composition when the data were compared on a percentage composition basis. It was noted that embryos of the fast growing line were more efficient in the utilization of energy and a single essential amino acid (histidine) than were embryos of the slow growing line. The present study was…
Arctic decadal variability from an idealized atmosphere-ice-ocean model: 2. Simulation of decadal oscillations

[1] A simple model of the Arctic Ocean and Greenland Sea, coupled to a thermodynamic sea ice model and an atmospheric model, has been used to study decadal variability of the Arctic ice-ocean-atmosphere climate system. The motivating hypothesis is that the behavior of the modeled and ultimately the real climate system is auto-oscillatory with a quasi-decadal periodicity. This system oscillates between two circulation regimes: the Anticyclonic Circulation Regime (ACCR) and the Cyclonic Circulation Regime (CCR). The regimes are controlled by the atmospheric heat flux from the Greenland Sea and the freshwater flux from the Arctic Ocean. A switch regulating the intensity of the fluxes between the Arctic Ocean and Greenland Sea that depends on the interbasin gradient of dynamic height is implemented as a delay mechanism in the model. This mechanism allows the model system to accumulate the “perturbation” over several years. After the perturbation has been released, the system returns to its initial state. Solutions obtained from numerical simulations with seasonally varying forcing, for scenarios with high and low interaction between the regions, reproduced the major anomalies in the ocean thermohaline structure, sea ice volume, and freshwater fluxes attributed to the ACCR and CCR.
Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: Psychometric characteristics in a geriatric sample

Abstract We studied the psychometric characteristics of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) in an aged sample. One hundred and seven healthy white males and females, 50 to 79 years of age, received the ROCF and Taylor Complex Figure (TCF) as well as a screening battery of neuropsychological tests. Interrater, alternate form, test-retest, and internal consistency reliability were adequate to good for recall trials of the ROCF, with the copy trial generally lower in reliability. Validity procedures confirmed the sensitivity of the ROCF to Alzheimer's Disease, while factor analysis suggested that the ROCF loaded on a visuospatial perceptual/memory dimension. ROCF scores were significantly correlated with age and years of education, although not with sex. These results are generally supportive of the psychometric quality of the ROCF in an elderly sample. Once adequate normative data become available, the ROCF should prove a useful tool for clinicians in assessing elderly patients.
Characterization of Au-bumped eight inch wafers for TAB assembly

TAB packaging of Fast Static RAM (FSRAM) devices is expanding rapidly. The FSRAMs are moving to manufacture on 8" wafers, so Motorola has been contemplating the expansion of the existing 6" wafer bumping fab in Chandler to create an 8" wafer bumping fab for TAB assembly for the past two years. Establishment of the 8" capability would require the investment of a very significant amount of capital. This paper addresses the use of subcontract 8" wafer bumping, services of Vendor A and Vendor B, as the strategic alternatives. This study establishes a database for the evaluation of 8" wafer bumping capability. Parallel efforts in the development of alternative inner lead bond technology has also allowed the development of a yardstick for measuring the reliability performance of the alternative TAB processes, such as bumpless, ball bumping as well as transfer bump technologies. >
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a pediatric intra- and paravertebral teratoma

A 7-year-old boy presented with a 1-year history of back pain radiating to his left scapula and arm, with tenderness to palpation over the area. Laboratory studies were unremarkable. Computed tomographic scan showed a mixed lytic and sclerotic process at the T5-T6 level of the vertebral column in continuity with an adjacent paravertebral soft tissue mass. Nuclear medicine scan demonstrated increased uptake in the T5 vertebral body. Histology revealed invasive squamous cell carcinoma infiltrating mature, gliotic neural tissue, with areas of necrosis and prominent perivascular space involvement. Associated vertebral fragments showed bone destruction, reactive bone formation, and fibrosis. By immunohistochemistry, the carcinoma cells were positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, cytokeratin 5/6, EMA, and MIC-2 (membranous staining). The mature neural tissue was positive for GFAP; immature neural elements were not identified. Based on morphologic, immunohistochemical, and clinical features, this lesion was diagnosed as invasive squamous cell carcinoma arising within an intravertebral and paravertebral teratoma.
Critical point wetting in NbH0.31

Abstract The local α-α' phase distribution in a thin Nb single crystal loaded with the critical H-concentration was investigated with X-rays. The sample used in the experiment showed a macroscopic hydrogen density mode, leading to a curvature of the whole crystal plate with the α-phase on the concave side and the α'-phase on the convex side. In addition an α-phase wetting layer was found on top of the α'-phase separated from the bulk α'-phase by a mixed α-α' phase region. In a simple model their thickness were determined to about $ 1.0 and 70μm, resp. This thin wetting layer leads to a new interpretation of the phase transition of H and Nb, involving the familiar long-range elastic interaction as well as a short-range surface free energy contribution.
Strategies for involving parents of high‐risk youth in drug prevention: A three‐year longitudinal study in boys & girls clubs

Involving parents of high-risk youth in community-based intervention programs is extremely challenging. This article presents six groups of strategies for recruiting and retaining parents of high-risk youth in a parent involvement program called the Family Advocacy Network (FAN Club). The FAN Club program accompanied a drug prevention program for the parents' early adolescent children who were members of Boys & Girls Clubs. Strategies presented are based on a longitudinal study that found positive program effects for youth in Boys & Girls Clubs that offered the FAN Club with the three-year youth drug prevention program and monthly youth activities. Strategies are: (1) identify the right person to lead the program; (2) clearly convey the purpose of the program; (3) build relationships of mutual trust, respect, and equality; (4) create parent ownership and group bonding; (5) provide easy access, incentives, and reminders; and (6) be flexible but persistent. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A steady state model for analyzing the cellular binding, internalization and degradation of polypeptide ligands

Abstract We demonstrate that the interaction of polypeptide ligands with cells under physiological conditions can be described by a set of steady state equations. These equations include four new rate constants: V r , the rate of insertion of receptors into the cell membrane; K e , the endocytotic rate constant of occupied receptors; K t , the turnover rate constant of unoccupied receptors; and K h , the rate constant of hydrolysis of internalized ligand. Several simple procedures are described for determining these constants. In experiments in which epidermal growth factor and human fibroblasts were used, the cell-ligand interactions followed the predictions of the steady state model. The utility of the steady state equations is demonstrated by establishing the kinetic basis of the commonly observed "down regulation" phenomenon and by quantitating the effect of methylamine on the endocytotic and degradation rates of epidermal growth factor. We also show that the slope of a "Scatchard plot" of steady state binding data is a complex constant including terms for the endocytotic rate of both occupied and unoccupied receptors. The X-intercept of such a plot is a function of the insertion rate of new receptors, the internalization rate of occupied receptors and the degradation rate of the internalized ligand. The steady state equations allow one to predict changes in cellular ligand binding resulting from alterations in the four rate constants. They also provide a foundation for computer simulations of ligand-cell interactions, which closely correspond to experimental data. These approaches should facilitate studies on the control of cellular activities by these polypeptide ligands.
Theoretical Model of Crystal Nucleation in PCM Nano-Glasses

We propose a theoretical analysis of crystal nucleation in disordered nano-glass structure of chalcogenide phase change memory. Statistical fluctuations of microscopic structure parameters translate into statistical distribution of nucleation times determining the transition from the highly resistive (glassy) to the low resistive (crystalline) state. This distribution is shown to be log-normal with the peak time exponentially dependent on field strength, temperature, cell area and material parameters.
Birth brachial plexus injury is the preferred terminology.

In the article by Dr. Ho et al in this issue of the Journal (J Hand Surg 2006;31A:183–189), the authors have chosen the term obstetric brachial plexus palsy to describe OBPP; however, the community of physicians who deal with these injuries have often chosen different terminology in labeling this disease. Obstetric implies that the obstetrician is the cause of the palsy. The dictionary definition of obstetric pertains to obstetrics and reads: “the branch of medicine that deals with the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the recuperative period following delivery.” The mechanics of the maternal pelvic size and the fetal shoulder size and position during the delivery process determine the injury to the brachial plexus. The obstetrician may be able to alter bad mechanics during the birthing process, but if the injury occurs, it should not be labeled as occurring due to the obstetrician’s actions, as obstetric brachial plexus palsy implies. We should consider changing the terminology to more accurately reflect the pathophysiology. I would advocate use of the term birth brachial plexus injury, because the pathophysiology relates directly to the birthing process, which may include an injury to the brachial plexus based on the position of the shoulder and head in relationship to the maternal pelvis. Searching PubMed for the term obstetrical brachial plexus palsy yields 127 entries; the same parameters using birth brachial plexus palsy yields 273 entries. The literature does not seem to be entrenched with obstetric as the only term. It may be time for authors and treating physicians to make a change.
Cesium‐Containing Electrolyte for the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

The objective of this work was to study the possibility of mixtures as candidate electrolytes for the molten carbonate fuel cell. Laboratory fuel cell experiments were performed for , , and in order to determine the effects of temperature on cell performance. Experimental results showed that had higher cell potentials and lower cathode and anode overpotentials than the other electrolytes at all temperatures between 550 and . Moreover, electrolyte fuel cell performance was the least dependent on operating temperature. These encouraging results suggest that further investigation of cesium‐containing electrolytes for the molten carbonate fuel cell would be worthwhile. ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
A Case Study in Judicial Consistency

After an unsuccessful attempt in 1982, the California electorate removed three of the Justices of the Supreme Court of California in the 1986 elections because they were soft on crime. This article studies statistically the voting patterns of the three justices who were on the California Supreme Court before and after the elections. Three distinct judicial and political strategies are revealed.
Predictors of performance on the pharmacy curriculum outcomes assessment (PCOA)

Abstract Objective Our aim was to evaluate factors that predicted student performance on the pharmacy curriculum outcomes assessment (PCOA) examination. Methods PCOA was administered to two P2 pharmacy classes in 2013 and 2014. Predictor data was collected during a learning style workshop using the Unified Learning Style Model (ULSM) and through institutional databases. Possible predictors of performance were included in a multiple linear regression. Variables included in the regression were chosen as predictors based upon previous studies in the health sciences literature. Results A total of 142 second professional year (P2) students completed the PCOA. Average PCOA scores were 363.5 ± 42.2. Significant predictors in the multiple linear regression included P1 grade point average (GPA) institution, Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT) reading, accommodators (compared to assimilators), and students that did not prefer reading. Increases in P1 GPA, and PCAT reading improved PCOA scores. Students that did not prefer reading as a learning preference, accommodators, and institution on average led to a reduction in PCOA scores. Conclusions Our pilot study found that P1 GPA, PCAT reading, institution, accommodators, and students that do not prefer reading may predict PCOA performance, which mirrors findings related to summative examinations in health sciences literature.
A Note on the Reaction of Methyl Tri-Methoxy Silane to Mixed Cultures of Microorganisms

The preservation of our cultural heritage is a multidisciplinary endeavor involving the specialties of biologist, stone conservator, chemist, and architect. Conservation of outdoor monuments or statues requires a greater input from biologists in the form of biological control, than does conservation of similar objects kept in a controlled museum environment. In view of the potential enhanced effects of the physical environment and biological factors it is important to ensure that any material to be applied to the surface of objects for consolidation or cleaning not encourage the growth of existing microorganisms.
Hegel and Lukács on the Novel

That Hegel was a significant influence on the young Georg Lukacs' Theory of the Novel is a point few would dispute. Lukacs himself insisted that the first part of TN represented his own transition from Kantian to Hegelian theory, and most critics have subsequently affirmed the importance of Hegel to Lukacs' pre- (or, depending on one's view, proto-) Marxist argument in TN. Yet the two are in some ways strange to take together in the context of novelistic theory. Despite the profusion of novelistic literature in his own time and his own significant appropriation of it for the limning of essential moments of the development of the world-historical spirit, Hegel's official Aesthetics hardly presents what one could claim to be an especially worked-out theory of the novel. The Aesthetics takes up literature in general primarily under the rubric of providing a theory of the genres of poetry — epic, lyric and dramatic — and what relatively few words Hegel actually devotes to the novel and prose literature in the lectures are tucked in corners: at the end of the discussion of the development of the epic, in the discussion of the historical form of the romantic, and in scattered comments elsewhere. As for TN, despite the strong connections some have drawn between Hegel and Lukacs — Peter Demetz said that Lukacs was ‘in a certain sense … the last Hegelian in the grand style’ (Demetz 1967: 215) — others have questioned whether Lukacs' work should be regarded primarily as making a contribution to the philosophy of literature in the tradition from which Hegel writes.
Late Flexor Digitorum Longus Tendon Rupture after Transfer for Posterior Tibial Tendon Insufficiency: A Case Report

A 64-year-old woman was treated for an idiopathic complete rupture of the posterior tibial tendon with transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon to the navicular. After an initial excellent result, she returned 41 months later after experiencing a sudden pop in the medial retromalleolar area, followed by progressive medial ankle pain. At reoperation, a complete rupture of the flexor digitorum longus tendon was noted at its insertion into the navicular. Reconstruction was performed utilizing a sliding lengthening of the flexor digitorum longus tendon and reattachment to the navicular with a suture anchor. Clinical improvement was noted at the 12-month follow-up evaluation. This case presentation is of clinical interest, as late acute failure of a flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer for posterior tibial tendon rupture has not been reported previously.
Hormone effects upon cyclic nucleotide excretion in man.

SummaryUsing a radioimmunoassay for measuring guanosine 3,5′-phosphate (c-GMP) and adenosine 3,5′-phosphate (c-AMP), the effect of intravenous infusion of hormones and other compounds upon the urinary excretion of these cyclic nucleotides was tested in young healthy adult males. Glucagon, parathyroid hormone, and isoproterenol increased the excretion of c-GMP and c-AMP. The action of isoproterenol was more prolonged than that of the other two hormones. No definite effect was produced by epinephrine, ACTH, hydrocortisone hemisuccinate, vasopressin, triiodothyronine, or aminophylline. Vigorous exercise slightly increased total c-AMP excretion.The methodologic advantages of measuring c-AMP and c-GMP in urine are presented, and some implications of the significance of our studies and others are discussed.
Using graphic organizers in instruction

Following a brief rationale and description of the technology of advance organizers, a visual adaptation, graphic organizers, is set forth. The procedure for constructing graphic organizers, as well as numerous examples, is provided. Three classroom-based validation studies support the use of graphic organizers for facilitation of recall.
Home Country Environmental Effects of China's Foreign Direct Investment:Based on the perspective of regional differences

Based on China's inter-provincial panel data from 1999-2010,this study empirically analyses the home country environmental effects of China's Foreign Direct Investment.Based on simultaneous equations and scenario simulation,the results show that: ①Foreign Direct Investment has significant regional effects on the size,structure and technology mechanism.In addition,the scale,structure and technology also have obvious regional effects on industrial pollution.Based on regional heterogeneity of conduction mechanisms and terminal impact,regional model is more reasonable than the national model;② The impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on regional environment are uncertain.There are winners and losers.The beneficial regions are always economically developed regions(for example,East China),and the damaged areas are always economically underdeveloped regions(e.g.,Northeast);③The general positive mechanism are industrial structure optimization effect and reverse technology spillover effect;the general negative mechanism is the undesired conduction of technical effects and structural effects.Therefore,making economic policies to regional conditions is very significant for development of China's Foreign Direct Investment.
Correlation between Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children

Objective: To analyze and discuss the correlation of Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia of children. Methods: We choose 412 cases hospital outpatient children from February 2012 to February 2013, and test the blood count,serum iron, serum ferritin and HP-IgG antibodies. Results: 26 HP infected children had IDA HP and the IDA prevalence was 20.4%(26/127), 19 HP-uninfected children had IDA, and the IDA prevalence was 6.7%(19/285). The difference was statistically significant(x2= 17.21, P = 0.00). Compared the MCV, MCH, MCHC index of the two groups, the difference was significant(P0.05). 26 out of 45 IDA children had HP infection, and the infection rate was 57.8%(26/45). 101 out of 367 children with non-IDA had HP infection, and the infection rate was 27.5%(101/367). The difference was statistically significant(x2= 17.21, P = 0.00). Conclusion: HP infection and the onset of IDA have significant correlation. HP infection may be the cause of IDA.
Endogenous ANP in postischemic acute renal allograft failure

Circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels and glomerular binding sites for ANP were examined in 23 subjects undergoing renal transplantation. Subjects were divided into two groups, group 1 (n = 12) with prompt and group 2 (n = 11) with delayed allograft function. Sixty to 180 min after graft reperfusion, renovascular resistance was threefold higher and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) depressed by 79% in group 2 vs. group 1. Corresponding median plasma ANP (114 vs. 140 pg/ml) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) levels (22 vs. 28 pmol/ml) were similarly elevated in the two groups [P = not significant (NS)]. Autoradiographic analysis of glomeruli in an allograft biopsy revealed the median density of total receptors (24 vs. 28 fmol/mm 3 ), A receptors (15 vs. 19 fmol/mm 3 ), and C receptors (6 vs. 9 fmol/mm 3 ) for ANP to also be similar in group 2 vs. group 1, respectively (P = NS). By postoperative day 3, allograft GFR averaged only 6 ± 2 in group 2 vs. 59 ± 4 ml/min in group 1. Median plasma ANP levels doubled in each group to 262 and 251 pg/ml, respectively (P = NS). However, median values for plasma levels (38 vs. 17 pmol/ml) and the fractional clearance of cGMP (1.9 vs. 1.2) were significantly higher in group 2 than group 1. We conclude that, despite an adequate density of glomerular ANP receptors and enhanced cGMP generation, neither renal vasoconstriction nor hypofiltration is alleviated by a progressive elevation of plasma ANP levels in renal transplant recipients with sustained postischemic injury. We infer that constricted afferent arterioles are unresponsive to the vasorelaxant action of endogenous ANP in this form of postischemic, acute renal failure.
T Helper Cell Responses

Efforts in our laboratories have been directed toward the identification of antigenic sites of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins capable of eliciting T cell immunity. Evidence from a number of laboratories suggests an important role for an intact functional T cell response in combating HIV infection [1-11]. Helper T cells are required for optimal cytotoxic T cell responses to kill virus-infected cells as well as for antibody responses to protein antigens. T cell proliferation and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) production represent the most convenient general methods for assessing helper T cells of the CD4+ phenotype, which generally recognize antigen in association with class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the antigen-presenting cell or the B cell to be helped. Attempts to enhance the T cell response by immunizing individuals with the relevant T cell sites from the viral proteins may therefore prove a significant measure in altering the course of an HIV infection. The rational design of synthetic or recombinant fragment vaccines is dependent on identification of such T cell epitopes. Furthermore, T cell help may develop before an antibody response is detectable. Therefore, T cell proliferation to HIV antigens may represent a diagnostic test that could detect exposure or infection before antibody seroconversion. Finally, because the loss of T cell proliferative response to soluble protein antigens is one of the first detectable events in the development of immunodeficiency, long before any clear decline in total CD4+ T cell numbers [12,13], T cell proliferation may be a valuable prognostic test for following the course of HIV infection.
Chapter II – Diseases of the Respiratory Tract correlated to the Oral Tissues

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses diseases of the respiratory tract correlated to the oral tissues. Dental sepsis and lung infection are examples of systemic manifestations of oral diseases. Dental sepsis may be a cause of lung infection. For instance, dental sepsis may play a role in the etiology of lung abscesses. The inhalation of infected purulent exudate and calculus from the oral cavity are definite causes of lung abscesses. Identical organisms can be isolated from a lung abscess and an oral lesion indicating that the oral infection led to the pulmonary infection. The aspiration route is very important in the etiology of lung abscesses. It is relatively easy for septic material or a foreign body from the oral cavity to find its way into the lungs. The primary mechanism of lung infection is by aspiration, and it is doubtful if focal infection in the oral cavity plays other than a minor role. The lungs play an active role in the removal and release of leucocytes and blood platelets. The lungs play a part in the odor present in the breath. It is possible that an oral odor may be because of lesions in the respiratory and alimentary tracts. Chronic bronchopulmonary disease may be responsible for a foul odor emanating from the oral cavity.
Controls upgrade of the fermilab magnet test facility 1500 W helium refrigerator

The control system of the Fermilab Magnet Test Facility 1500 W helium refrigerator has been successfully upgraded using modern industrial control system components and standards. This upgrade was performed to provide automation for unattended operation of the system and to increase system availability by simplifying and replacing old and unreliable electrical wiring and control devices, improving system troubleshooting through trending capabilities, and providing an alarm management system. A noteworthy aspect of this project was the constraint of continued operation of the Magnet Test Facility during the upgrade. This required a novel approach to the project that avoided impacting the magnet testing schedule. A core team of in-house engineers and technicians formed to work on the upgrade produced extensive documentation, off-line simulations, and standards. The field work and system integration were completed within short windows of opportunity. The resulting operational system uses Siemens 545 programmable logic controllers running Siemens SoftShop software communicating over an Ethernet network. Windows NT stations run human-machine interface software produced using Intellution FIX32 products. The project approach and metrics will be presented, as well as examples illustrating the achievement of the controls upgrade objectives.
The Return of Public Relations to the Public Administration Curriculum

There are increasing indications that public relations is slowly returning to the public administration curriculum. This was a common topic in early public administration literature, but by the second half of the 20th century it had largely disappeared from widely used textbooks. Now, with the increased power of the news media and other rapidly growing and changing alternative communications venues that define this information age, public relations is again relevant for future public managers. This article summarizes research results about these trends, based on a survey of the literature. It presents the historical and contemporary normative case for including public relations in the MPA curriculum, and synthesizes these results to provide suggestions for pedagogic approaches.