cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization and antitumor activity of a series of N-substituted iminodiacetato(diammine) platinum(II) complexes

Abstract A series of water-soluble N-substituted iminodiacetato (diammine)platinum(II) complexes [Pt(NRIDA)(NH3)2] have been synthesized and characterized by measurement of physical properties (conductivity and pH) and by various spectroscopic techniques (infrared, 1H and 13C{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance). The iminodiacetate ligand is coordinated to platinum through an O,N linkage. The results obtained suggest that these complexes are relatively stable for more than 24 h in aqueous solution. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo screening test for antitumor activity of these complexes against L1210 murine leukemia were performed. Many of complexes had acceptable in vitro cytotoxicity, but none displayed a significant level of in vivo antitumor efficacy.
Sequential products of quantum measurements

Sequential products of quantum measurements are defined and studied. Two types of measurement equivalence are considered and their relationships with compatibility and the sequential product are discussed. It is shown that a measurement A is sharp if and only if A is equivalent to the sequential product of A with itself. Refinements of measurements are defined and it is shown that they produce a partial order on the set of measurements. Lattice properties of this partially ordered set are briefly discussed. Finally we consider convex combinations and conditioning for quantum measurements.
Is adenosine a second metabolic substrate for human red blood cells

Abstract Adenosine is present in the micromolar range in human plasma. In this study, metabolism of adenosine, which was maintained between 0.62 ± 0.03 and 2.29 ± 0.43 μM by means of a continuous infusion using a Harvard infusion pump, was investigation in human red blood cells. It was found that lactate productioni increases lineatly as the adenosine concentration was raised. Cells infused with an average adenosine concentration of 2 μM produced lactate comparable to that produced by 5 mM glucose. The extent to which ATP concentration is maintained by adenosine also depends on its concentration. After a 4 h infusion with an average adenosine concentration of 0.7 μM, ATP content amounts to 75% of the glucose control. Raising the adenosine infusion concentration to 1.5 μM results in a full maintenance of ATP levels and at concentrations higher than 1.5 μM, adenosine produces a net synthesis of ATP. A net synthesis of ATP also occurs with adenosine concentration below 1.5 μM, if supplemented with glucose. In contrast, inosine infusion provides only a partial support of ATP and fails to produce a net synthesis of ATP in the presence of glucose. In addition, the presence of purine nucleoside and glucose together influence the metabolism of each other, depending on inorganic phosphate content (Pi. At a Pi concentration of 1 mM, the glucose consumption rate is reduced by approx. 25% by purine nucleoside infusion and vice versa. In sharp contrast, glucose consumption at 16 mM Pi is potentiated by adenosine. These findings suggest that plasma adenosine contributes significantly to human red cell energetics, even though it is present at a concetration several orders of magnitude lower than glucose.
Many-Access Channels: The Gaussian Case with Random User Activities

Classical multiuser information theory studies the fundamental limits of models with a fixed (often small) number of users as the coding blocklength goes to infinity. This work proposes a new paradigm, referred to as many-user information theory, where the number of users is allowed to grow with the blocklength. This paradigm is motivated by emerging systems with a massive number of users in an area, such as machineto-machine communication systems and sensor networks. The focus of the current paper is the many-access channel model, which consists of a single receiver and many transmitters, whose number increases unboundedly with the blocklength. Moreover, an unknown subset of transmitters may transmit in a given block and need to be identified. A new notion of capacity is introduced and characterized for the Gaussian many-access channel with random user activities. The capacity can be achieved by first detecting the set of active users and then decoding their messages.
Livestock Revenue Insurance

This study outlines several possible structures for livestock revenue insurance. The policies take the form of an exotic option, an Asian basket option. The actuarially fair premiums for these policies are equal to the prices of the options they represent. Because of the complexity of pricing Asian basket options, we combined two techniques for pricing options to reach the actuarially fair premiums. Projected premiums, producer welfare, and program efficiency are evaluated for the insurance products and existing market tools. Using efficiency ratios and certainty equivalent returns, we compare the insurance policies to strategies involving existing futures and options. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:553–580, 2001
Recent results on aqueous electrolyte cells

Abstract The improved safety of aqueous electrolytes makes aqueous lithium-ion batteries an attractive alternative to commercial cells utilizing flammable and expensive organic electrolytes. Two important issues relating to their use have been addressed in this work. One is the extension of the usable voltage range by the incorporation of lithium salts, and the other is the investigation of a useful negative electrode reactant, LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 . The electrochemical stability of aqueous lithium salt solutions containing two lithium salts, LiNO 3 and Li 2 SO 4 , has been characterized using a constant current technique. In both cases, concentrated solutions had effective electrolyte stability windows substantially greater than that of pure water under standard conditions. At an electrolyte leakage current of 10 μA cm −2 between two platinum electrodes in 5 M LiNO 3 the cell voltage can reach 2.0 V, whereas with a leakage current of 50 μA cm −2 it can reach 2.3 V. LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 was synthesized using a Pechini method and cycled in pH-neutral Li 2 SO 4 . At a reaction potential near the lower limit of electrolyte stability, an initial discharge capacity of 118 mAh g −1 was measured at a C/5 rate, while about 90% of this discharge capacity was retained after 100 cycles. This work demonstrates that it is possible to have useful aqueous electrolyte lithium-ion batteries using the LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 anode with cell voltages of 2 V and above.
Versatile high current metal ion implantation facility

Abstract A metal ion implantation facility has been developed with which high current beams of practically all the solid metals of the periodic table can be produced. A multicathode, broad-beam, metal vapor vacuum arc ion source is used to produce repetitively pulsed metal ion beams at an extraction voltage of up to 100 kV, corresponding to an ion energy of up to several hundred kiloelectronvolts because of the ion charge state multiplicity, and with a beam current of up to several amps peak pulsed and several tens of milliamps time averaged delivered onto a downstream target. Implantation is done in a broad-beam mode, with a direct line of sight from ion source to target. Here we summarize some of the features of the ion source and the implantation facility that has been built up around it.
Momentum asymmetries as CP violating observables

Three body decays can exhibit CP violation that arises from interfering diagrams with different orderings of the final state particles. We construct several momentum asymmetry observables that are accessible in a hadron collider environment where some of the final state particles are not reconstructed and not all the kinematic information can be extracted. We discuss the complications that arise from the different possible production mechanisms of the decaying particle. Examples involving heavy neutralino decays in supersymmetric theories and heavy Majorana neutrino decays in Type-I seesaw models are examined.
Customer Satisfaction and Educational Outcomes: Experimental Impacts of the Market-Based Delivery of Public Education

ABSTRACTSchool choice, through private school vouchers or direct government subsidies, is a mechanism of outsourcing government services in the United States, Europe, South America, and the Pacific Rim. While extensive research exists on the effects of private school choice programs, nearly all focus on test score outcomes. Lost in the heated debates about the effectiveness of private school vouchers is substantial discussion of the effects on parental satisfaction. Drawing from a federally funded evaluation of a means-tested private school choice program in Washington, DC, we examine whether customer satisfaction is greater when education is delivered through a market-based governance structure. Because the program was oversubscribed in its early years of operation, vouchers were awarded by lottery, allowing us to experimentally determine the impacts. Our analysis reveals evidence that the program had a sustained positive impact on parental satisfaction. Moreover, positive student achievement and attainm...
New gauge bosons from string models

We address the mass ranges of new neutral gauge bosons and constraints on the accompanying exotic particles as predicted by a class of superstring models. Under certain assumptions about the supersymmetry breaking parameters we show that breaking of an additional U(1)′ symmetry is radiative when the appropriate Yukawa couplings of exotic particles are of order one, analogous to the radiative breaking of the electroweak symmetry in the supersymmetric standard model due to the large top-quark Yukawa coupling. Such large Yukawa couplings occur for a large class of string models. The Z′ and exotic masses are either of , or of a scale intermediate between the string and electroweak scales. In the former case, may be achieved without excessive fine-tuning, and is within future experimental reach.
Solution-State Dynamic Nuclear Polarization

Abstract Solution-state dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is an increasingly popular method of enhancing nuclear spin polarization that has many applications in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The theory, methods and applications of DNP in the solution state using the Overhauser effect are distinctly different from those of solid-state DNP or what is known as dissolution DNP. This review discusses the theory and recent experimental advances of Overhauser DNP techniques in the solution state at various field strengths ranging from the earth's magnetic field to 9.2 T, covering the literature from 1986 to late 2010. Most of the focus in this review is on spectroscopy applications of DNP, although proton–electron double resonance imaging (PEDRI) and remotely enhanced liquids for imaging contrast (RELIC) applications are briefly covered.
ON RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY AND THE STUDY OF TERRORISM

When rational choice theory is applied to the study of terrorism, it is important that attention be given to the derived principles of constrained utility maximization. Particularly useful is the Slutsky equation, which rigorously analyzes the quantity response in one activity to a price change in another. By directing attention to assumptions and/or information about compensated cross price elasticities, expenditure shares, and income elasticities, the Slutsky equation can provide critical guidance in both theoretical and empirical analysis.
Strategies for the Preparation of Differentially Protected ortho-Prenylated Phenols

A new process for ortho-prenylation of phenols is presented within the context of known methods. All of the processes are briefly assessed with regards to the substitution patterns and accompanying functional groups tolerated by each strategy. The conclusion reached is that a new procedure using ortho-quinone methides, for which an experimental protocol is provided, offers the greatest generality and flexibility in the preparation of ortho-prenylated phenol derivatives.
Toward 1% Photometry: End-to-end Calibration of Astronomical Telescopes and Detectors

We review the systematic uncertainties that have plagued attempts to obtain high precision and high accuracy from ground-based photometric measurements using CCDs. We identify two main challenges in breaking through the 1% precision barrier: (1) fully characterizing atmospheric transmission, along the instrument's line of sight, and (2) properly identifying, measuring, and removing instrumental artifacts. We discuss approximations and limitations inherent in the present methodology, and we estimate their contributions to systematic photometric uncertainties. We propose an alternative conceptual scheme for the relative calibration of astronomical apparatus: the availability of calibrated detectors whose relative spectral sensitivity is known to better than one part in 103 opens up the possibility of in situ relative throughput measurements, normalized to a precision calibrated detector, using a stable but uncalibrated narrowband light source. An implementation scheme is outlined, which exploits the availability of tunable lasers to map out the relative wavelength response of an imaging system, using a flat-field screen and a calibrated reference photodiode. The merits and limitations of this scheme are discussed. In tandem with careful measurements of atmospheric transmission, this approach could potentially lead to reliable ground-based photometry with fractional uncertainties below the percent level.
Solar neutrino experiments

New results are presented for absorption cross sections of nine possible detectors of solar neutrinos ($^{7}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$, $^{51}\mathrm{V}$, $^{55}\mathrm{Mn}$, $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$, $^{81}\mathrm{Br}$, $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$, $^{115}\mathrm{In}$, and $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}$). Special attention is given to nuclear physics uncertainties. The calculated cross sections are used (with the aid of illustrative solar models and ad hoc assumptions about neutrino propagation) to discuss what can be learned about the sun or weak interactions from each of the nine suggested solar neutrino experiments. An experimental program for neutrino spectroscopy of the solar interior is outlined. It is shown in addition that stellar collapses can be detected to typical distances of several kpc (kiloparsecs) by the proposed $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$, and $^{115}\mathrm{In}$ solar neutrino detectors (provided that electron neutrinos do not decay or oscillate).
Towards a definition of climate science

The intrinsic difficulties in building realistic climate models and in providing complete, reliable and meaningful observational datasets, and the conceptual impossibility of testing theories against data imply that the usual Galilean scientific validation criteria do not apply to climate science. The different epistemology pertaining to climate science implies that its answers cannot be singular and deterministic; they must be plural and stated in probabilistic terms. Therefore, in order to extract meaningful estimates of future climate change from a model, it is necessary to explore the model's uncertainties. In terms of societal impacts of scientific knowledge, it is necessary to accept that any political choice in a matter involving complex systems is made under unavoidable conditions of uncertainty. Nevertheless, detailed probabilistic results in science can provide a baseline for a sensible process of decision making.
A theory of wormhole routing in parallel computers

Virtually all theoretical work on message routing in parallel computers has dwelt on packet routing: messages are conveyed as packets, an entire packet can reside at a node of the network, and a packet is sent from the queue of one node to the queue of another node until its reaches its destination. A trend in multicomputer architecture, however, is to use wormhole routing. In wormhole routing a message is transmitted as a contiguous stream of bits, physically occupying a sequence of nodes/edges in the network. Thus, a message resembles a worm burrowing through the network. In this paper we give theoretical analyses of simple wormhole routing algorithms, showing them to be nearly optimal for butterfly and mesh connected networks. Our analysis requires initial random delays in injecting messages to the network. We report simulation results suggesting that the idea of random initial delays may have an impact beyond theoretical analysis.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of the Copper(II) and Copper(III) Dithiooxalate Complexes (18-crown-6)2K2Cu(S2C2O2)2 and ([(C6H5)3P]2N)Cu(S2C2O2)2

Les deux composes du titre cristallisent dans le systeme monoclinique, groupe P2 1 /c et C2/c respectivement
Hodgkin's disease presenting with osseous involvement

A 51-year-old female presented with fever and fatigue that had begun 1 year earlier followed by approximately 6 months of left hip pain. Her physical examination was remarkable for pallor and lymphadenopathy. Two lymph nodes were present in the left posterior cervical lymph chain (each 1.5 cm in diameter) and a large lymph node (3 cm in diameter) was found in the left inguinal region. Severe pain was elicited upon active and passive motion of the left hip. Laboratory analysis revealed anemia (hemoglobin of 10.6 g/dL) and thrombocytosis (platelet count of 614,000/ l). Both alkaline phosphatase (400 U/L) and 2-microglobulin (3.6 mg/L) were distinctly elevated. An MRI of the hips showed an aggressive process in the posteromedial aspect of the left iliac bone that had eroded posteriorly into the gluteal musculature (Image 1). A PET scan revealed increased tracer
Depth-diameter relation for large Martian craters determined from Mariner 9 UVS altimetry

The depth/diameter ratio for 87 craters on Mars is determined using Mariner 9 ultraviolet-spectrometer (UVS) altimetry. The sample includes craters 12 to 100 km in diameter and 0.4 to 3.3 km in depth. The largest depth/diameter ratios on Mars are comparable to those of fresh craters on Mercury. However, more than half of the present sample consists of degraded craters whose depths are significantly shallower than those of fresh craters of similar diameter on Mercury, confirming the interpretations of earlier photoanalysts.
The noncommutative Choquet boundary

Let S be an operator system - a self-adjoint linear sub- space of a unital C � -algebra A such that 1 ∈ S and A = C � (S) is generated by S. A boundary representation for S is an irreducible rep- resentationof C � (S) on a Hilbert space with the property that � ↾S has a unique completely positive extension to C � (S). The set @S of all (unitary equivalence classes of) boundary representations is the non- commutative counterpart of the Choquet boundary of a function system S ⊆ C(X) that separates points of X. It is known that the closure of the Choquet boundary of a function system S is the y boundary of X relative to S. The corresponding noncommutative problem of whether every operator system has "suf- ficiently many" boundary representations was formulated in 1969, but has remained unsolved despite progress on related issues. In particu- lar, it was unknown if @S 6 ∅ for generic S. In this paper we show that every separable operator system has sufficiently many boundary representations. Our methods use separability in an essential way.
Measuring volatility persistence in the presence of sudden changes in the variance of Canadian stock returns

It is well known that volatility persistence is overestimated if regime shifts are not accounted for in the standard GARCH model. This research detects time periods of sudden changes in variance using the iterated cumulated sums of squares (ICSS) algo- rithm. Using weekly data for the Canadian stock market indicates that after accounting for endogenously determined volatility shifts in the GARCH model, the estimated persistence in volatility is significantly reduced. This casts some doubt on previous findings that volatility in financial markets is highly persistent. The findings have impor- tant implications for investors and financial market participants. JEL classification: G1
Multiscale technicolor and top production

Abstract Pair-production of heavy top quarks at the Tevatron Collider is significantly enhanced by the color-octet technipion, ηT, occuring in multiscale models of walking technicolor. We discuss tt rates for mt = 170 GeV and MηT = 400–500GeV Multiscale models also have color-octet technirho states in the mass range 200–600 GeV that appear as resonances in dijet production and technipion pair-production.
The alpha -Process and the r-Process

The paper explores the alpha-rich freeze-out for values of neutron excesses larger than previously treated, and reports the discovery of nuclear systematics that, for neutron excesses greater than about 0.05, allow the creation of heavier elements all the way up to A of about 100, even when most of the ejecta is in the form of heavy elements. It is found that a large part of the nuclear flow in the r-process may be carried by charged particle reactions up to about A of about 100. It is speculated that the site of these processes is the high-entropy 'wind' of a young neutron star in which neutrino energy deposition is driving mass loss. The pass of r-process ejected per supernova is expected to be about 0.0001 solar mass per Type II or Ib supernova, but this is sensitive to details of the presupernova structure, the explosion mechanism, and the amount of material that falls back onto the neutron star when the reverse shock arrives there.
Telepresence applications in manufacturing research and measurement services at NIST

projects serve industry customers of NIST on an agency-wide basis, including customers of each of the NIST Measurementsand Standards Laboratories, as well as the NIST Manufacturing Extension Partnership and Advanced Technology Program.This paper focuses on how telepresence capabilities have been incorporated into research within the NIST Information-BasedManufacturing Program. The paper discusses the infrastructural technologies of the NAMT that allow telepresence to occurin the conduct of this program's research, as well as in the delivery of NIST measurement services. The paper also reviewsseveral applications where telepresence is either a principal focus ofresearch, or where telepresence is being used as a tool tofacilitate the conduct of research oriented toward some other specific domain. Additionally, the text provides details aboutthe meaning of telepresence, along with background information about the Information-Based Manufacturing Program andthe NAMT.
What is your software worth

By applying well-known principlesof intellectual property valuation,sales expectations, growth of maintained software, discounting to present value, and the like, a method is presented for valuingsoftware based on the income that use of the softwareis expected to generate in the future.
The telomerase inhibitor imetelstat alone, and in combination with trastuzumab, decreases the cancer stem cell population and self-renewal of HER2+ breast cancer cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible for tumor progression, metastasis, and recurrence. HER2 overexpression is associated with increased CSCs, which may explain the aggressive phenotype and increased likelihood of recurrence for HER2(+) breast cancers. Telomerase is reactivated in tumor cells, including CSCs, but has limited activity in normal tissues, providing potential for telomerase inhibition in anti-cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a telomerase antagonistic oligonucleotide, imetelstat (GRN163L), on CSC and non-CSC populations of HER2(+) breast cancer cell lines. The effects of imetelstat on CSC populations of HER2(+) breast cancer cells were measured by ALDH activity and CD44/24 expression by flow cytometry as well as mammosphere assays for functionality. Combination studies in vitro and in vivo were utilized to test for synergism between imetelstat and trastuzumab. Imetelstat inhibited telomerase activity in both subpopulations. Moreover, imetelstat alone and in combination with trastuzumab reduced the CSC fraction and inhibited CSC functional ability, as shown by decreased mammosphere counts and invasive potential. Tumor growth rate was slower in combination-treated mice compared to either drug alone. Additionally, there was a trend toward decreased CSC marker expression in imetelstat-treated xenograft cells compared to vehicle control. Furthermore, the observed decrease in CSC marker expression occurred prior to and after telomere shortening, suggesting that imetelstat acts on the CSC subpopulation in telomere length-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our study suggests addition of imetelstat to trastuzumab may enhance the effects of HER2 inhibition therapy, especially in the CSC population.
Projection, Spatial Correlations, and Anisotropies in a Large and Complete Sample of Abell Clusters

An analysis of R ≥ 1 Abell clusters is presented for samples containing recent redshifts from the MX Northern Abell Cluster Survey. The newly obtained redshifts from the MX Survey as well as those from the ESO Nearby Abell Cluster Survey (ENACS) provide the necessary data for the largest magnitude-limited correlation analysis of rich clusters in the entire sky (excluding the galactic plane) to date. The MX Survey, undertaken primarily for large-scale structure studies, has provided a large compilation of galaxy redshifts in Abell cluster fields for the examination of projection effects within the Abell catalog. In addition, a large and complete set of cluster velocities (to m10 = 16.8) is used to determine the two-point spatial correlation function and examine previously suggested line-of-sight cluster selection bias within the Abell catalog. The two-point spatial correlation function is determined for a complete magnitude-limited (m10 ≤ 16.8) sample of northern Abell clusters (Ncl = 198), a complete whole-sky (excluding the galactic plane) magnitude-limited (m10 ≤ 16.8) sample of Abell/ACO clusters (Ncl = 289), and a complete whole-sky magnitude and volume-limited (m10 ≤ 16.8, z ≤ 0.1) sample of Abell/ACO clusters (Ncl = 238) In addition, we examined the largest sample of cD clusters (Ncl = 104) in the northern hemisphere. We find 19.4 ≤ r0 ≤ 23.3 h-1 Mpc, -1.92 ≤ γ ≤ -1.83 for the different cluster subsets examined (including the cD clusters). We have used the largest rich cluster data set available to date to look for line-of-sight anisotropies within the Abell/ACO catalogs. An examination of the correlation function separated into its line-of-sight and perpendicular-to-line-of-sight components show that the strong anisotropy present in previously studied Abell cluster data sets is not present in our samples. There are, however, indications of residual anisotropies which we show are the result of two elongated superclusters, Ursa Majoris and Corona Borealis, whose axes lie near the line of sight. After rotating these superclusters so that their semimajor axes are perpendicular to the line of sight, we find no indication of anisotropy in ξ(σ, π). The amplitude and slope of the correlation function remain the same before and after these rotations. We also remove a subset of R = 1 Abell/ACO clusters that show sizeable foreground/background galaxy contamination and again find no change in the amplitude or slope of the correlation function. We conclude that the correlation length of R ≥ 1 Abell clusters is not artificially enhanced by line-of-sight anisotropies.
Pioneer 10 Observations of the Ultraviolet Glow in the Vicinity of Jupiter

A two-channel ultraviolet photometer aboard Pioneer 10 has made several observations of the ultraviolet glow in the wavelength range from 170 to 1400 angstroms in the vicinity of Jupiter. Preliminary results indicate a Jovian hydrogen (1216 angstrom) glow with a brightness of about 1000 rayleighs and a helium (584 angstrom) glow with a brightness of about 10 to 20 rayleighs. In addition, Jupiter appears to have an extensive hydrogen torus surrounding it in the orbital plane of Io. The mean diameter of the torus is about equal to the diameter of the orbit of Io. Several observations of the Galilean satellites have also occurred but only a rather striking Io observation has been analyzed to date. If the observed Io glow is predominantly that of Lyman-α, the surface brightness is about 10,000 rayleighs.
A Flexible Method of Estimating Luminosity Functions

We describe a Bayesian approach to estimating luminosity functions. We derive the likelihood function and posterior probability distribution for the luminosity function, given the observed data, and we compare the Bayesian approach with maximum likelihood by simulating sources from a Schechter function. For our simulations confidence intervals derived from bootstrapping the maximum likelihood estimate can be too narrow, while confidence intervals derived from the Bayesian approach are valid. We develop our statistical approach for a flexible model where the luminosity function is modeled as a mixture of Gaussian functions. Statistical inference is performed using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, and we describe a Metropolis-Hastings algorithm to perform the MCMC. The MCMC simulates random draws from the probability distribution of the luminosity function parameters, given the data, and we use a simulated data set to show how these random draws may be used to estimate the probability distribution for the luminosity function. In addition, we show how the MCMC output may be used to estimate the probability distribution of any quantities derived from the luminosity function, such as the peak in the space density of quasars. The Bayesian method we develop has the advantage that it is able to place accurate constraints on the luminosity function even beyond the survey detection limits, and that it provides a natural way of estimating the probability distribution of any quantities derived from the luminosity function, including those that rely on information beyond the survey detection limits.
Base Promoted Rearrangement of Carbonate Esters Derived from Aldehyde Cyanohydrins: Application to the Synthesis of α-Keto Esters

Abstract Acylation of the cyanohydrin derivative (2) of representative aldehydes with ethyl chloroformate, followed by treatment of the corresponding mixed carbonate esters (3) with lithium hexamethyldisilazide, afforded the cyanohydrin derivative (4) of α-keto esters. Cleavage of the latter (4) with 2,6-lutidine in the presence of silver nitrate led to the procurement of α-keto esters in >50% overall yield.
Fast Response PKC-Based Broadcast Authentication in Wireless Sensor Networks

Public Key-based (PKC) approaches have gained popularity in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) broadcast authentication due to their simpler protocol operations, e.g., no synchronization and higher tolerance to node capture attack compared to symmetric key-based approaches. With PKC's security strength, a sensor node that authenticates messages before forwarding them can detect a bogus message within the first hop. While this prevents forged traffic from wasting the sensor nodes' energy, performing PKC operations in the limited computing-power sensor nodes can result in undesirably long message propagation time. At the other extreme, the sensor node can forward messages to other nodes prior to authenticating them. This approach diminishes propagation time with the trade-off of allowing forged messages to propagate through the network. To achieve swift and energy efficient broadcast operation, sensor nodes need to decide wisely when to forward first and when to authenticate first. In this paper, we present two new broadcast authentication schemes, called the key pool scheme and the key chain scheme, to solve this dilemma without any synchronization or periodic key redistribution. Both schemes utilize a Bloom filter and the distribution of secret keys among sensor nodes to create fast and capture-resistant PKC-based broadcast authentication protocols. Our NS-2 simulation results for a 3,000-node WSN confirm that broadcast delays of our protocol are only 46.7% and 39.4% slower than the forwarding-first scheme for the key pool and the key chain scheme respectively. At the same time, both protocols are an order of magnitude faster than the authentication-first scheme. The key pool scheme is able to keep forged message propagation to the minimal even when the majority of the nodes have been captured by the attacker. The key chain scheme has smaller transmission overhead than the key pool scheme at the expense of less resistance to node capturing. Two generic improvements to these schemes are also described. One reduces the marking limit on the Bloom filter vector (BFV), which makes it more difficult for an attacker to forge a BFV for a bogus message. The other limits broadcast forwarding to a spanning tree, which reduces the number of nodes forwarding bogus messages by one to two orders of magnitude depending on the percentage of compromised nodes. The first improvement can be applied to any BFV scheme, while the second is even more generally applicable.
Efficient methodology for alkylation of vinylnitroso compounds with carbon nucleophiles.

A diverse array of nitrosoalkenes derived from both acyclic and cyclic ketones, as well as aldehydes, via the Denmark protocol using α-chloro-O-TBS-oximes can be trapped efficiently in situ by a wide variety of potassium ester enolates to afford conjugate addition products in good yields.
Safety analysis of the US dual coolant liquid lead-lithium ITER test blanket module

The US is proposing a prototype of a dual coolant liquid lead–lithium DEMO blanket concept for testing in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) as an ITER test blanket module (TBM). Because safety considerations are an integral part of the design process to ensure that this TBM does not adversely impact the safety of ITER, a safety assessment has been conducted for this TBM and its ancillary systems as requested by the ITER project. Four events were selected by the ITER international team (IT) to address specific reactor safety concerns, such as vaccum vessel (VV) pressurization, confinement building pressure build-up, TBM decay heat removal capability, tritium and activation products release from the TBM system and hydrogen and heat production from chemical reactions. This paper summarizes the results of this safety assessment conducted with the MELCOR computer code.
Profiling the brane drain in a nonsupersymmetric orbifold

We study D-branes in a nonsupersymmetric orbifold of type 2/Γ, perturbed by a tachyon condensate, using a gauged linear sigma model. The RG flow has both Higgs and Coulomb branches, and each branch supports different branes. The Coulomb branch branes account for the ``brane drain'' from the Higgs branch, but their precise relation to fractional branes has hitherto been unknown. Building on the results of hep-th/0403016 we construct, in detail, the map between fractional branes and the Coulomb/Higgs branch branes for two examples in the type 0 theory. This map depends on the phase of the tachyon condensate in a surprising and intricate way. In the mirror Landau-Ginzburg picture the dependence on the tachyon phase is manifested by discontinuous changes in the shape of the D-brane.
Use of aztreonam in the treatment of serious infections due to multiresistant gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract Aztreonam is a novel antimicrobial agent belonging to the monobactam class of antibiotics. It Inhibits both beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but it has no activity against gram-positive species or against anaerobic species. The efficacy of aztreonam in the treatment of infection in 76 patients and Its safety in 87 patients was evaluated. The majority (91 percent) of patients had significant underlying disease, and 47 percent were critically iii. Aztreonam produced an overall clinical response of 86 percent, with 10 of 11 cases of bacteremia cured, including four due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, seven of eight cases of pneumonia, and seven of nine episodes of osteomyelitis. Infections due to bacteria resistant to ampicillin, carbenlclllin, cefazolin, cefamandole, cefoxitin, and gentamicin were cured. Although 15 of 18 patients with exacerbations of pulmonary Infection due to P. aeruginosa showed clinical improvement, bacteriologic cure was not achieved, as has been noted with other drugs. Similarly, patients with major underlying structural abnormalities of the urinary tract showed early relapses of bacteriuria. Aztreonam combined with antistaphylococcal, antistreptococcal, or anti-anaerobic agents provided an alternative to aminoglycoside use in these non-neutropenic patients. Administration of 1 or 2 g every eight hours yield serum bactericidal levels well in excess of 1: 8 against all Enterobacterlaceae and some P. aeruginosa strains. There was a low incidence of adverse side effects, none serious. Overall, aztreonam Is a useful alternative to the drugs available for use in hospital-acquired gram-negative infections and provides a chance for more directed therapy.
Counting flux vacua

We develop a technique for computing expected numbers of vacua in gaussian ensembles of supergravity theories, and apply it to derive an asymptotic formula for the index counting all flux supersymmetric vacua with signs in Calabi-Yau compactification of type b string theory, which becomes exact in the limit of a large number of fluxes. This should give a reasonable estimate for actual numbers of vacua in string theory, for CY's with small b3.
Lubricant jet flow phenomena in spur and helical gears with modified center distances and/or addendums for out-of-mesh conditions

The work reported is an extension from a previous study which was limited to standard centers and tooth proportions only. This paper includes long and short addendums and modified center distances. The analysis develops the equations for the limit values of variables necessary to remove prior severe limitations or constraints necessary to facilitate computer analysis. A new computer program IMPOUT2 has been developed using these newly established “Limit Formulas” to prevent negative impingement on the pinion. The industrial standard nozzle orientation usually found where the offset S = 0 and inclination angle β = 0 will often cause the pinion to be deprived of primary impingement which can be an important cause of incipient scoring failure in high-speed drives.
The systems LiAlH4/NH4X and N2H5Cl as precursor sources for AlN

Abstract The reactions of LiAlH4 with NH4X (X  Cl, Br), N2H4 · HCl, and N2H4 · 2HCl in ethereal solvents have been investigated as potentially simple routes to a processible preceramic polymer. The polymer obtained from NH4Br is easily converted by pyrolysis at 950°C to crystalline AlN in high ceramic yield. The polymer obtained from N2H5Cl provides an ether-soluble fraction that can be used to form AlN coatings.
Catalysis by doped oxides.

The article discusses oxidation catalysis by substitutional cation doping of binary oxides. Substitutional cation doping is not the only possibility. One can imagine that replacing some anions with other anions may also be beneficial. There is evidence that the presence of small amounts of halogen in the feed or on the oxide surface improves its catalytic activity. It is very likely that doped oxide catalysts have been used before the concept was formulated explicitly. Most oxide catalysts have low levels of impurities that may be substitutional dopants. If they segregate at the surface, they can affect the catalytic activity without our knowledge even though their net concentration is very low. It is also possible that the 'as-prepared' catalyst is a doped oxide that, under reducing reaction conditions, is converted to very small metallic dopant clusters supported on the host oxide. The physical and chemical properties of such clusters are different from those of a bulk metal, and it is difficult to distinguish them from a doped oxide.
Dynamic explanations of industry structure and performance

Examines the exercise of market power in vertical channels. Reviews the development of food systems over the past century. Presents neoclassical models arising from the work of Adam Smith, George Stigler, Harold Demsetz and John Spengler that are in juxtaposition to the more commonly advanced agency theoretic explanation of vertical organization and performance. Develops a structural model of price transmission in a channel that has differentiated product oligopolies at two stages. Increasing concentration at successive stages creates a problem of double marginalization. Vertical trading partners reduce it by avoiding vertical Nash (arms length) pricing via the use of trade promotions and other coordination methods such as private label. Finally, the rise in retail‐buyer concentration (six supermarket chains now control 52.6 percent of supermarket sales in the USA) portends a possible shift to the European model in which food retailers develop and promote their own brands.
The value of aspiration cytology in the evaluation of dysplastic breasts

Sixteen consecutive patients who had carcinoma of the breast and who had preoperative xeromammography were evaluated and classified according to Wolfe's classification. Five of the patients had correct preoperative evaluation by mammography, and 11 had false negatives. Eight of these were in patients who had Wolfe's classification "DY", suggesting that this is an extremely difficult group to diagnose by mammography alone. The value of aspiration cytology in this group and in all patients having breast masses is discussed. Aspiration cytology as a cellular technique for diagnosing the group with dysplastic breast is strongly recommended.
Investment under Uncertainty: The Case of Replacement Investment Decisions

We analyze the determinants of replacement investment decisions in a contingent claims model with maintenance and operation cost uncertainty. We find that the optimal time between replacements is increasing in the volatility of cost, the purchase price of a new asset, and the corporate tax rate; and is decreasing in the systematic risk of cost, the salvage value of the asset, and the investment tax credit. The optimal time between replacements can either increase or decrease with an increase in the depreciation rate. Extensions of the model to examine the effects of technological and tax policy uncertainty on replacement investment decisions give intuitive, but striking results. Uncertainty about the arrival of a technological innovation that would decrease maintenance and operation cost results in a significant decrease in replacement investment. Uncertainty in a tax law change that would encourage investment decreases current investment; and uncertainty in a tax law change that would discourage investment increases current investment.
Synthesis of 1-[cis-2-Hydroxy-cis-3-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclobutyl]thymine, a Novel Method for the Synthesis of Cyclobutyl Nucleosides and Related Compounds

Abstract Syntheses of 1-[cis-2-hydroxy-cis-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutyl]thymine (1) and related compounds by a novel method are reported. Coupling of 3-benzyloxymethyl-l-cyclobutene (2) with silylated thymine in the presence of NIS, followed by treatment with DBU, basic hydrolysis and catalytic hydrogenation produced the target compound (1) and its isomer (12).
Sequential Aldol Condensation-Transition Metal-Catalyzed Addition Reactions of Aldehydes, Methyl Ketones, and Arylboronic Acids

Sequential aldol condensation of aldehydes with methyl ketones followed by transition metal-catalyzed addition reactions of arylboronic acids to form β-substituted ketones is described. By using the 1,1′-spirobiindane-7,7′-diol (SPINOL)-based phosphite, an asymmetric version of this type of sequential reaction, with up to 92% ee, was also realized. Our study provided an efficient method to access β-substituted ketones and might lead to the development of other sequential/tandem reactions with transition metal-catalyzed addition reactions as the key step.
The homology of invariant group chains

If $Q$ is a group acting as a group of automorphisms of another group $G$ (with finite orbits), denote by $C_*(G)^Q$ the subcomplex of $Q$-invariant chains in the bar complex $C_*(G)$. In this paper, we study the homology of the complex $C_*(G)^Q$ and compute several examples.
Fast X-Ray Transients and Their Connection to Gamma-Ray Bursts

Fast X-ray transients (FXTs) with timescales from seconds to hours have been seen by numerous space instruments. Because they occur at unpredictable locations, they are difficult to observe with narrow-field instruments. Only a few hundred have been detected, although their all-sky rate is in the tens of thousands per year. We have assembled archival data from Ariel-5, HEAO 1 (A-1 and A-2), WATCH, ROSAT, and Einstein to produce a global fluence-frequency relationship for these events. Fitting the log N- log S distribution over several orders of magnitude to a simple power law, we find a slope of -1.0. The sources of FXTs are undoubtedly heterogeneous, representing several physical phenomena; the α ~ -1 power law is an approximate result of the summation of these multiple sources. Two major contributions come from gamma-ray bursts and stellar flares. These two types of progenitors are distributed isotropically in the sky; however, their individual luminosity distributions are both flatter than the -3/2 power law that applies to uniformly distributed standard candles. Extrapolating from the BATSE catalog of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), we find that the fraction of X-ray flashes that can be the X-ray counterparts of gamma-ray bursts is a function of fluence. The exact fraction of GRB-induced X-ray counterparts is sensitive to the RX/γ distribution, which we estimate from available experimental measurements. Certainly, most FXTs are not counterparts of standard gamma-ray bursts. The fraction of FXTs from non-GRB sources, such as magnetic stars, is greatest for the faintest FXTs. Our understanding of the FXT phenomenon remains limited and would greatly benefit from a large, homogeneous data set, which requires a wide-field, sensitive instrument.
A Life Worth Living: Evidence on the Relationship Between Prosocial Values and Happiness.

Employees with a desire to help others provide benefits to their organization, clients, and fellow workers, but what do they get in return? We argue that the prosocial desire to help others is a basic human goal that matters to an individual’s happiness. We employ both longitudinal and cross-sectional data to demonstrate that work-related prosocial motivation is associated with higher subjective well-being, both in terms of current happiness and life satisfaction later in life. Cross-sectional data also suggest that perceived social impact (the belief that one’s job is making a difference) is even more important for happiness than the prosocial desire to help. The results show that the relationship between prosocial motivation and happiness is not limited to government employees, suggesting that in this aspect of altruistic behavior, public and private employees are not so different.
Graph diameter in long-range percolation

We study the asymptotic growth of the diameter of a graph obtained by adding sparse “long” edges to a square box in \documentclass{article} \usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document} ${\mathbb Z}^d$ \end{document} . We focus on the cases when an edge between x and y is added with probability decaying with the Euclidean distance as |x − y|−s+o(1) when |x − y| → ∞. For s ∈ (d, 2d) we show that the graph diameter for the graph reduced to a box of side L scales like (log L)Δ+o(1) where Δ−1 := log2(2d/s). In particular, the diameter grows about as fast as the typical graph distance between two vertices at distance L. We also show that a ball of radius r in the intrinsic metric on the (infinite) graph will roughly coincide with a ball of radius exp{r1/Δ+o(1)} in the Euclidean metric. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 39, 210-227, 2011 (Reproduction, by any means, of the entire article for non-commercial purposes is permitted without charge.)