cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature on blood gases, lactate and pyruvate in turtles, Pseudemyces scripta elegans, in vivo.

Abstract 1. 1. Blood gases and blood lactic avid and pyruvic acid concentrations were measured in the turtle exposed at 5°C, 25°C and 35°C. 2. 2. pCO2 increased and O2 content decreased with incereasing exposure temperatures. pO2 was lowest at 5°C. There was no significant difference in pO2 at 25°C and 35°C. 3. 3. Blood pyruvic acid concentration increased with increasing exposure temperatuer. The L/P ratio was 29 at 5°C, 9·7 and 25°C and 13·9 at 35°C. 4. 4. It is suggested that the decrease in O2 consumption reported in turtles at low environmental temperature effects both a decrease in total metabolism and an increased utilization on anaerobic pathways to supply energy.
Breakdown characteristics of oxides formed on fluorinated silicon surfaces

Abstract The effect of silicon surface fluorination on the gate oxide breakdown characteristics was studied using three different breakdown measurement techniques: ramped voltage, constant voltage, and constant current. The ramped voltage breakdown measurement did not detect physically meaningful changes in the oxide properties from surface fluorination. The constant voltage and constant current breakdown measurements, however, detected subtle differences in the oxide dielectric integrity, seen as a degradation for the fluorinated samples.
The Adjoint Method for an Inverse Design Problem in the Directional Solidification of Binary Alloys

This paper presents a systematic procedure based on the adjoint method for solving a class of inverse directional alloy solidification design problems in which a desired growth velocityvfis achieved under stable growth conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a continuum adjoint formulation is proposed for the solution of an inverse problem with simultaneous heat and mass transfer, thermo-solutal convection, and phase change. In this paper, the interfacial stability is considered to imply a sharp solid?liquid freezing interface. This condition is enforced using the constitutional undercooling criterion in the form of an inequality constraint between the thermal and solute concentration gradients,GandGc, respectively, at the freezing front. The main unknowns of the design problem are the heating and/or cooling boundary conditions on the mold walls. The inverse design problem is formulated as a functional optimization problem. The cost functional is defined by the square of theL2norm of the deviation of the freezing interface temperature from the temperature corresponding to thermodynamic equilibrium. A continuum adjoint system is derived to calculate the adjoint temperature, concentration, and velocity fields such that the gradient of the cost functional can be expressed analytically. The cost functional minimization process is realized by the conjugate gradient method via the finite element method solutions of the continuum direct, sensitivity, and adjoint problems. The developed formulation is demonstrated with an example of designing the directional solidification of a binary aqueous solution in a rectangular mold such that a stable vertical interface advances from left to right with a desired growth velocity.
A Spanish language and culture initiative for a doctor of pharmacy curriculum.

Objective. To implement a Spanish language and culture initiative in a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) curriculum that would improve students' Spanish language skills and cultural competence so that gr...
Sterilization of workers from pesticide exposure: the causes and consequences of DBCP-induced damage in Costa Rica and beyond.

Public health hazards from the use of agricultural pesticides have received increasing attention in developing as well as industrial nations. This article examines a remarkable case of massive sterilization of approximately 1,500 workers in Costa Rica, due to exposure to a toxic nematicide called DBCP 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), applied in large commercial banana plantations. Although the product was used during the 1970s, sterile victims have continued to be diagnosed through the 1980s. The effects include psychological trauma as well as permanent infertility. The case has international repercussions because several hundred workers have filed law suits against the U.S.-based transnational DBCP manufacturers, and because DBCP use was continued during the 1980s in other developing nations. The author analyzes the causes behind this serious impairment. It is argued that the contributing factors include not only biomedical processes and technical dimensions (i.e., how DBCP was used), but most importantly, political-economic factors that explain how and why DBCP was used despite the severe hazard. The crucial determinants pertain to the dominance of short-term profit motives, and the control over information and technology by the manufacturers (who concealed early toxicological research evidence of the reproductive hazards) and by the managers of the banana producer-companies. This case well illustrates problems and injustices from labor exploitation and resource extraction from transnational agro-industries. The article concludes with a brief summary of policy implications from the case.
A Functional Analysis of Collective Behavior in a Disaster

(1961). A Functional Analysis of Collective Behavior in a Disaster. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 21-36.
Optimized and enhanced DNA plasmid vector based in vivo construction of a neutralizing anti-HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein Fab

Monoclonal antibody preparations have demonstrated considerable clinical utility in the treatment of specific malignancies, as well as inflammatory and infectious diseases. Antibodies are conventionally delivered by passive administration, typically requiring costly large-scale laboratory development and production. Additional limitations include the necessity for repeat administrations, and the length of in vivo potency. Therefore, the development of methods to generate therapeutic antibodies and antibody like molecules in vivo, distinct from an active antigen-based immunization strategy, would have considerable clinical utility. In fact, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector mediated delivery of immunoglobulin genes with subsequent generation of functional antibodies has recently been developed. As well, anon-viral vector mediated nucleic acid based delivery technology could permit the generation of therapeutic/prophylactic antibodies in vivo, obviating potential safety issues associated with viral vector based gene delivery. This delivery strategy has limitations as well, mainly due to very low in vivo production and expression of protein from the delivered gene. In the study reported here we have constructed an “enhanced and optimized” DNA plasmid technology to generate immunoglobulin heavy and light chains (i.e., Fab fragments) from an established neutralizing anti-HIV envelope glycoprotein monoclonal antibody (VRC01). This “enhanced” DNA (E-DNA) plasmid technology includes codon/RNA optimization, leader sequence utilization, as well as targeted potentiation of delivery and expression of the Fab immunoglobulin genes through use of “adaptive” in vivo electroporation. The results demonstrate that delivery by this method of a single administration of the optimized Fab expressing constructs resulted in generation of Fab molecules in mouse sera possessing high antigen specific binding and HIV neutralization activity for at least 7 d after injection, against diverse HIV isolates. Importantly, this delivery strategy resulted in a rapid increase (i.e., in as little as 48 h) in Fab levels when compared with protein-based immunization. The active generation of functional Fab molecules in vivo has important conceptual and practical advantages over conventional ex vivo generation, purification and passive delivery of biologically active antibodies. Further study of this technique for the rapid generation and delivery of immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin like molecules is highly relevant and timely.
The Correlation of C II 158 Micron and CO (J = 1--0) Line Emission

The good correlation observed between the C II 158 micron and CO (J = 1 - 0) line emission from a large sample of Galactic H II regions, reflection nebulae, PN, and extragalactic nuclei is explained here by postulating a common origin to these two lines: photodissociation regions produced by the illumination of molecular clouds by FUV flux which are more than 100 times the average local interstellar field. Part of the correlation is due to a similar density dependence of I(C II) and I(CO) at high incident flux and part is due to beam dilution of Galactic and extragalactic sources. A method is presented for estimating a low limit to the beam filling factor of emitting gas and the incident UV radiation field.
The enthalpies of combustion and formation of some alkyl cyclopropanes

The enthalpies of combustion of six alkyl cyclopropanes were measured by oxygen-bomb combustion calorimetry. The following values are reported for the standard enthalpy of combustion Δ H ° c (298.15 K)/kcal mol −1 of these compounds in the liquid state: methylcyclopropane, −(649.87±0.14); ethycyclopropane, −(805.91±0.18); 1, cis -2-dimethylcyclopropane, −(805.55±0.14); 1, trans -2-dimethylcyclopropane, −(804.49±0.18); 1,1,2-trimethylcyclopropane, −(951.21±0.18); 1,1,2,2-tetramethylcyclopropane, −(1107.94± 0.20). Values of the enthalpy of formation of the liquids were derived.
Similarity of the E1 subunits of branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida to the corresponding subunits of mammalian branched-chain-oxoacid and pyruvate dehydrogenases

The genes encoding proteins responsible for activity of the E1 component of branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenase of Pseudomonas putida have been subcloned and the nuckotide sequence of this region determined. Open reading frames encoding E1α (bkdA1, 1233 bp) and E1β (bkdA2, 1020 bp) were identified with the aid of the N-terminal sequence of the purified subunits. The Mr of E1α was 45158 and of E1β was 37007, both calculated without N-terminal methionine. The deduced amino acid sequences of E1α and E1β had no similarity to the published sequences of the E1 subunits of pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenases of Escherichia coli. However, there was substantial similarity between the E1α subunits of Pseudomonas and rat liver branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenases. In particular, the region of the E1α subunit of the mammalian branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenase which is phosphorylated, was found to be highly conserved in the Pseudomonas E1α subunit. There was also considerable similarity between the E1β subunits of Pseudomonas branched-chain-oxoacid dehydrogenase and human pyruvate dehydrogenase.
Helicobacter pylori and chronic gastroduodenal disease

Abstract Helicobacter pylori (formerly Campylobacter pylori ) is a gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium that was first cultured in 1982. Since then there has been an explosion of data on the microbiology of this organism and its relation to gastroduodenal disease. However, it still remains controversial as to whether this organism is of clinical significance.
Distributed approach for reconnecting disjoint segments

Due to low-risk and cost-effectiveness, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become the primary choice for serving in inhospitable environments like battlefields or security surveillance. In these application setups, nodes operate in harsh conditions and become susceptible to failure. In addition, the environment makes it dangerous and sometime impossible to replace a node that depletes its energy or gets damaged. When multiple nodes fail at the same time the network may get partitioned into disjoint segments and its service may significantly degrade or even cease. Therefore, the network must self-heal using existing resources. The major loss of connectivity and the lack of centralized control leave distributed recovery procedures as the most appropriate option for recovery. In this paper we present DarDs, a distributed approach for reconnecting disjoint segments. The basic idea is to determine the position of the fewest relay nodes that enable the network to restore connectivity. Then, nodes are moved from the individual segments to the designated relay positions such that the total travel overhead is minimized. The performance of DarDs is validated through mathematical analysis and simulation.
The effect of the adsorption of polymeric additives on the wet grinding of minerals 1. Mechanisms of suspension stabilization

Abstract Adding certain low molecular weight, anionic polymers beyond some limiting concentration can significantly reduce the viscosity of dense particulate suspensions. To delineate conditions and mechanisms for the polymeric dispersion of suspensions, the behavior of fine mineral/aqueous polymer systems was investigated by adsorption, electrokinetic and stability measurements. Since lowering the viscosity of a suspension by a polymer involves both polymer adsorption on the mineral surface and the electrostatic repulsion between the polymer-coated particles, viscosity reduction depends on the nature of the mineral, the polymer and the pH of the suspension.
A heat shock transcription factor like protein in the nuclear matrix compartment of the tissue cultured mammalian lens epithelial cell.

This investigation characterizes a prominent nuclear matrix protein isolated from tissue cultured mouse lens epithelial cells. The nuclear matrix protein was isolated using a modified Penman technique. Total nuclear matrix proteins were further separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The SDS-PAGE profile of the nuclear matrix proteins displayed a prominent doublet band at 60 kDa region. Nonequilibrium 2D gel electrophoresis revealed that this protein is a basic nuclear protein. This 60 kDa protein was further characterized by comparing its internal peptide amino acid sequence with known protein sequence using the BLAST technique, and this study demonstrated that 60 kDa nuclear matrix protein displays significant sequence similarity with Xenopus Laevis heat shock transcription factor. We also raised antibodies against 60 kDa nuclear matrix protein. Immunofluorescence, studies showed that this 60 kDa nuclear matrix protein preferably decorates nucleus, and puncted pattern of fluorescence suggest presence of this protein in the discrete areas of the nucleus. Heat shock transcription factors upregulate synthesis of heat shock proteins and many of these protein act as molecular chaperones. Thus, presence of a nuclear matrix protein with significant sequence similarity with heat shock transcription factor suggests sustained heat shock protein synthesis in the mouse lens cells.
Effects of additives on the formation of organochlorine compounds during the combustion of paper-ferric chloride mixtures

Abstract In the presence of FeCl 3 , organochlorine compounds were produced during paper combustion, including chlorinated alkenes, benzenes and phenols. When potassium carbonate was added to the paper/FeCl 3 mixture, the yield of chlorinated products decreased but their molecular size increased.
Radioisotope diagnosis of splenic trauma

Abstract Multiple injury or delay in seeking medical attention may prevent confident clinical diagnosis of splenic trauma. The spleen scan is a rapid, simple, noninvasive test useful in such circumstances. When peritoneal lavage is contraindicated, unrevealing, or inappropriate, radioisotope imaging of the spleen can help confirm a suspicion of splenic injury.
Gas-phase acidities of lysine homologues and proline analogs from the extended kinetic method

Abstract The absolute gas-phase acidities (Δ H acid ) for three lysine homologues (ornithine (Orn), 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid (Daba) and 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (Dapa)) and 2 proline analogs (azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Aze) and pipecolic acid (Pip)) were determined using the extended kinetic method in an electrospray ionization–triple quadrupole instrument. The gas-phase acidities of the three lysine homologues (1415 ± 10, 1419 ± 7, and 1418 ± 8 kJ/mol for Orn, Daba, and Dapa, respectively) are the same as that of lysine (1416 ± 7 kJ/mol) obtained from earlier studies within error limits. The two proline analogs are less acidic (1425 ± 13 and 1432 ± 11 kJ/mol for Aze and Pip) than the lysine analogs, but have the same acidity as proline (1430 ± 7 kJ/mol). Experimental acidities are supported by density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G**//B3LYP/6-31+G* level, which give predictions for the acidities from an isodesmic reaction with acetic acid as the reference bases. Agreement between theory is excellent (within 5 kJ/mol) for Daba, Dapa, Aze, and Pip. The computed acidity for Orn is 9 kJ/mol higher than the measured acidity, but is still within the error limits. As the difference in acidities within the sets of analogs is smaller than the absolute error bars, relative acidities (Δ G acid ) were obtained using kinetic method ratios with 3-OH-benzoic acid as the reference acid. Relative acidity (Δ G acid ) orderings of Dapa > Lys > Daba > Orn and Pro > Pip > Aze were obtained.
Positive natural selection in the evolution of human metapneumovirus attachment glycoprotein.

Abstract Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a newly discovered virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, has been associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections in different age groups in many countries. The putative attachment (G) glycoprotein of this virus was previously reported to have shown more extensive nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence polymorphism than any other genomic regions of this virus, leading to four sub-lineages. Using a maximum likelihood-based codon substitution model of sequence evolution, here we report that sequences of extracellular domain of 8 amino acid sites in lineage 1a, and 3 amino acid sites each in lineage 1b, 2a, and 2b have a higher rate of nonsynonymous substitutions (dN) than the synonymous substitutions (dS) with a posterior probability above 0.95, thus suggesting the evidence of adaptive evolution driven by Darwinian selection. Although it is unclear whether these amino acid adaptations are driven by differential immune pressure or some other factors, identification of these positively selected amino acid sites would help in better screening using epitope mapping technology to identify and localize the sites that can be recognized by the immune system. We also observed surprisingly higher nucleotide substitution rates per site, per year for each lineage of hMPV than the rates that were previously reported for the human respiratory syncytial virus, suggesting rapid evolutionary dynamics of hMPV.
Reduction of food consumption and body weight of normal and obese mice by chronic treatment with fluoxetine: A serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, reduced the food intake and body weight of both normal mice and viable yellow obese mice fed ad libitum. Fluoxetine was given at 10 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 10 days or fed in the diet at a concentration of 0.04% for 21 days. In both experiments, mice did not develop tolerance to the compound. In the 21-day experiment, however, the decrease of food intake of normal mice was the same from week to week, and weight reduction was more in the first week than in the third week, suggesting an adjustment of metabolism or feed efficiency that did not occur in the obese mice. Heat treatment reduced the uptake of serotonin in homogenates of various brain regions and the number of 3H-5HT binding sites but did not alter the dissociation constants. This study demonstrates that fluoxetine is an orally effective antiobesity agent in both normal and obese mice and does not elicit tolerance in these mice for at least 3 weeks.
Computation of supersonic laminar viscous flow past a pointed cone at angle of attack in spinning and coning motion

Computational results obtained with a parabolic Navier-Stokes marching code are presented for supersonic viscous flow past a pointed cone at angle of attack undergoing a combined spinning and coning motion. The code takes into account the asymmetries in the flow field resulting from the motion and computes the asymmetric shock shape, crossflow and streamwise shear, heat transfer, crossflow separation and vortex structure. The side force and moment are also computed. Reasonably good agreement is obtained with the side force measurements of Schiff and Tobak. Comparison is also made with the only available numerical inviscid analysis. It is found that the asymmetric pressure loads due to coning motion are much larger than all other viscous forces due to spin and coning, making viscous forces negligible in the combined motion.
Graphical query formulation for an entity-relationship model

Abstract A query language is defined in which users graphically manipulate entity-relationship (ER) diagrams to formulate queries. The theoretical foundation for the graphical language is algebraic. Each algebraic operator maps an ER diagram to an ER diagram, and every ER diagram represents a possible user query. A set of operators is formally defined and a suggested interactive implementation is given. The set of algebraic operators is both entity-set conservative, which guarantees that a user can interpret any transformed diagram in terms of known entity sets, and relationally complete, which guarantees an acceptable level of retrieval power.
Stress-Induced Ulcer Bleeding in Critically Ill Patients

Increased knowledge of risk factors and improved ICU care has decreased the incidence of stress-related bleeding. Not all critically ill patients need prophylaxis for SRMD and withholding such prophylaxis in suitable low-risk candidates is a reasonable and cost-effective approach. Mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours and coagulopathy are the main risk factors for stress-induced upper GI bleeding. Although intravenous H2RAs can prevent clinically important bleeding, their benefits seem to be limited by the rapid development of tolerance. The availability of intravenous formulations of PPIs makes it possible to critically compare their prophylactic efficacy and safety to different classes of acid-suppressive agents, such as H2RAs, in critically ill patients. The appropriate dose of PPI and the role of newer PPI formulations need to be further defined along with proposed guidelines for the use of intravenous and oral/enteral formulations of PPIs in patients at risk for stress-related mucosal damage.
Functions of bounded characteristic in n-connected domains

Abstract In this paper we define a metric d on the Nevanlinna class N(G) of an n-connected domain G. We show that (N, d) is a complete translation invariant metric space in which multiplication by a constant is not continuous. We also show that N(G) is disconnected. Our main theorem characterizes the component of the origin of N(G), extending earlier work of J. Shapiro and A. Shields and of J. Roberts for the unit disk. We use the factorization theorem of R. Coifman and G. Weiss to show that the component of the origin of N(G) is equal to the set of all functions f in N(G) for which the positive part of the singular measure of the least harmonic majorant of log ¦f¦ is continuous.
An Exploratory Study of the Effectiveness of a Relaxation with Guided Imagery Protocol

An exploratory study was done to examine the effectiveness of a relaxation with guided imagery protocol in reducing anxiety and depression and increasing self-esteem in new mothers during the first 4 weeks postpartum. The results indicate that anxiety and depression declined and self-esteem increased in subjects in both the experimental and control groups over the 4-week period. However, the decline in anxiety and the increase in self-esteem was greater in the experimental group than in the control group. The decline in depression was about the same in both groups. Further study, using more precise methodology and instrumentation, needs to be done to verify the results.
Identities and social structure: The 2003 cooley-mead award address

The present paper examines existing links between identities and the social structure in the context of identity control theory. I point out that, whether social structure is conceived as positions (roles and group memberships) to which identities are tied, or as the human organization of resource flows and transfers that are controlled by the identity verification process, identities and social structure are two sides of the same coin. Building on this theme, I develop hypotheses that explore some of the implications of this identity—social structure link. Some hypotheses suggest contexts in which identity change is likely; others explore the various consequences of identity verification, which depend on the different ways in which identities are tied to the social structure.
New quaternary Zintl phases – Synthesis, crystal and electronic structures of KA2Cd2Sb3 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, Yb)

Abstract The isostructural and isoelectronic Zintl phases KA2Cd2Sb3 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, Yb) are the first in the corresponding quaternary systems. They have been synthesized by high-temperature reactions of the respective elements and their structures have been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The orthorhombic structure (space group Pnma, no. 62, Z = 4) is complex and is best described following the Zintl formalism as a channel-like three-dimensional ∞ 3 [Cd2Sb3]5− framework, with K+ and A2+ cations filling the space within it. The polyanionic framework is based on corner-shared antimony-tetrahedra, centered by the Cd. Electronic structures calculations using the linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method suggest that the title compounds are electron-precise Zintl phases, evidenced by the small energy gaps at the Fermi level. Magnetic susceptibility data for KEu2Cd2Sb3, confirming divalent Eu are also presented.
Exploring the role of identification in the privacy decisions of webmasters

This paper integrates identification and ethical decision making theories to understand how webmasters form moral judgments about the privacy of users on the World Wide Web. This integration is warranted because communication is fundamental to the role of webmaster, yet ethical decision making theories fail to acknowledge communication. The integrated theory will be tested using a scenario-based survey of webmasters.
Receptors and topoisomerase one protein, two functions, not always.

Biochemical communication between molecules is at the center of the study of signal transduction within cells. Receptors that communicate extracellular signals from polypeptide growth factors to intracellular targets do so by performing other biochemical functionssuch as phosphorylation or DNA binding subsequent to ligand binding. These other functions appear to control important biochemical processes that lead to the cellular response tothe polypeptide growth factor. Thus the receptor is a single protein serving two functions, information receiver through ligand binding and information transmitter through kinaseaction and/or DNA binding. Recently, a paper was published providing another example of two activities in a single protein. Constantinou et al. (1) reported that the phosphoform of the regulatory subunit Rll of cAMP-dependent protein kinase had topoisomerase I activity. The regulatory subunit had to be phosphorylated and cAMP had to be present for topoisomerase I activity to be demonstrated. Furth...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Switches Orientation of Polarity and Mode of Movement during Morphogenesis of Multicellular Epithelial Structures

Epithelial cells form monolayers of polarized cells with apical and basolateral surfaces. Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells transiently lose their apico-basolateral polarity and become motile by treatment with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which causes the monolayer to remodel into tubules. HGF induces cells to produce basolateral extensions. Cells then migrate out of the monolayer to produce chains of cells, which go on to form tubules. Herein, we have analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of extensions and chains. We find that cells switch from an apico-basolateral polarization in the extension stage to a migratory cell polarization when in chains. Extension formation requires phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase activity, whereas Rho kinase controls their number and length. Microtubule dynamics and cell division are required for the formation of chains, but not for extension formation. Cells in the monolayer divide with their spindle axis parallel to the monolayer. HGF causes the spindle axis to undergo a variable "seesaw" motion, so that a daughter cells can apparently leave the monolayer to initiate a chain. Our results demonstrate the power of direct observation in investigating how individual cell behaviors, such as polarization, movement, and division are coordinated in the very complex process of producing multicellular structures.
Structural control of large scale systems

The design of stabilizing feedback controls for Large-Scale Systems often requires the general concepts of decentralization. In this paper, we present a structural framework for the multilevel stabilization problem of Large-Scale Systems. In this context, we address the stabilization of fixed modes via local and global feedback controls and develop a Dynamical Hierarchical approach to stabilization.
Next generation therapies change the landscape in melanoma

Melanoma is among the leading causes of years of life lost due to cancer. Current chemotherapy and cytokine-based immunotherapy approaches benefit only a small percentage of patients with advanced disease. However, the recent discovery of mutations in the gene encoding the serine-threonine kinase B-RAF (BRAF) raises the possibility that oncogene-targeted therapy may provide a new point of vulnerability. In parallel, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying antitumor T-cell activation and tolerance has provided a basis for developing therapies targeted against these processes. Results from an early phase trial with a BRAF inhibitor and a phase III trial with a novel agent that activates T cells have radically altered the prospects for improving outcomes for patients with this historically treatment-refractory disease.
Media Violence, Antisocial Behavior, and the Social Consequences of Small Effects

This paper shows in practical, quantitative, yet intuitive terms just what the social consequences are likely to be of the “small effects” typically found in research on media violence and antisocial behavior. Estimates are provided for how well we can predict (a) adult antisocial behavior from childhood antisocial behavior; (b) current antisocial behavior from current exposure to media violence; (c) subsequent antisocial behavior from earlier exposure to media violence, adjusting for earlier levels of antisocial behavior; and (d) how much we can decrease antisocial behavior by means of special intervention. Although proportions of variance accounted for appeared low, the practical consequences associated with these estimates were found to be substantial.
Pattern of Frequent But Nontargeted Pharmacologic Thromboprophylaxis for Hospitalized Patients With Cancer at Academic Medical Centers: A Prospective, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study

Purpose Hospitalized patients with cancer are considered to be at high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Despite strong recommendations in numerous clinical practice guidelines, retrospective studies have shown that pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis is underutilized in hospitalized patients with cancer. Patients and Methods We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients with cancer at five academic hospitals to determine prescription rates of thromboprophylaxis and factors influencing its use during hospitalization. Results A total of 775 patients with cancer were enrolled across five academic medical centers. Two hundred forty-seven patients (31.9%) had relative contraindications to pharmacologic prophylaxis. Accounting for contraindications to anticoagulation, the overall rate of pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis was 74.2% (95% CI, 70.4% to 78.0%; 392 of 528 patients). Among the patients with cancer without contraindications for anticoagulation, individuals hospitalized wi...
IL-12 administered in vivo to young and aged mice. Discrepancy between the effects on tumor growth in vivo and cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation ex vivo: dependence on IFN-γ

Because IL-12 restores allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity by T cells of aged mice in vitro, we initially assessed whether IL-12 could overcome age-related deficits when given to aged mice in vivo. Growth of P815(H-2(d)) was enhanced in aged compared with young BALB/c (H-2(d)) mice and tumor growth was curtailed by IL-12 in both age groups. Unexpectedly, secondary CTL stimulated ex vivo with P815 were reduced in IL-12-treated mice compared with controls. Primary CTL generated ex vivo across MHC differences in IL-12 treated BALB/c and C57BL/6 young mice were reduced by 90-99%, were dose- and time-dependent, and were associated with reduced allo-stimulated NK-like activity and [3H]thymidine incorporation. IFN-gamma was elevated in sera and in supernatants from allo-stimulated cultures from IL-12-treated mice, while IL-4 was reduced in such supernatants, suggesting that, despite reduced CTL, IL-12 was associated with increased Th1- and reduced Th2-type cytokine production. IL-12 also induced splenomegaly, primarily due to increased numbers of cells lacking markers of mature T, B and NK cells, or macrophages, or polymorphonuclear leukocyte morphology. IFN-gamma mutant mice exhibited reduced splenic enlargement in response to IL-12, suggesting that the splenomegaly was due, in part, to IFN-gamma production. However, reduced CTL generation was not due entirely to dilution of CTL precursor cells because spleen cellularity and size increased 3-fold while CTL activity decreased 10- to 100-fold, and CTL generation normalized to CD8(+) T effector cells was still significantly reduced in IL-12-treated mice. Interestingly, purified CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from IL-12-treated normal mice exhibited greater proliferative and cytolytic activities respectively compared with controls. Thus, effector T cells in IL-12-treated mice were not impaired, but exhibited augmented responsiveness, suggesting that IL-12 induced complex interactions among spleen cell populations and that these effects, in part, are mediated by IFN-gamma.
Metastable Phase Selection and Partitioning for Zr(1−x)AlxO(2−x/2) Materials Synthesized with Liquid Precursors

Aqueous solutions of zirconium acetate and aluminum nitrate were spray pyrolyzed at 250°C and upquenched to different temperatures to yield metastable solid solutions of composition Zr(1−x)AlxO(2−x/2). An amorphous oxide forms first during pyrolysis which subsequently crystallizes as a single phase for x ≤ 0.57 (≤40 mol% Al2O3). The crystallization temperature increased with Al2O3 content. Electron diffraction, supported by Raman spectroscopy, indicates that the initial phase is tetragonal. At higher temperatures, the initial solid solation partitions to other metastable phases, viz., t-ZrO2+γ-Al2O3, prior to achieving their equilibrium phase assemblage, m-ZrO2+α-Al2O3. Partitioning yields a nanocomposite microstructure with grain sizes of 20–100 nm, compared to the 3 to 5 nm in the initial, single phase. Compositions containing 45 to 50 mol% Al2O3 concurrently crystallize and partition. The structure selected during crystallization and the partitioning phenomena are discussed in terms of diffusional constraints during crystallization, which are conceptually similar to those operating during rapid solidification.
Genotype-Phenotype Associations in a Nonmodel Prokaryote

ABSTRACT To help define the biological functions of nonessential genes of Francisella novicida, we measured the growth of arrayed members of a comprehensive transposon mutant library under a variety of nutrition and stress conditions. Mutant phenotypes were identified for 37% of the genes, corresponding to ten carbon source utilization pathways, nine amino acid- and nucleotide-biosynthetic pathways, ten intrinsic antibiotic resistance traits, and six other stress resistance traits. The greatest surprise of the analysis was the large number of genotype-phenotype relationships that were not predictable from studies of Escherichia coli and other model species. The study identified candidate genes for a missing glycolysis function (phosphofructokinase), an unusual proline-biosynthetic pathway, parallel outer membrane lipid asymmetry maintenance systems, and novel antibiotic resistance functions. The analysis provides an evaluation of annotation predictions, identifies cases in which fundamental processes differ from those in model species, and helps create an empirical foundation for understanding virulence and other complex processes. IMPORTANCE The value of genome sequences as foundations for analyzing complex traits in nonmodel organisms is limited by the need to rely almost exclusively on sequence similarities to predict gene functions in annotations. Many genes cannot be assigned functions, and some predictions are incorrect or incomplete. Due to these limitations, genome-scale experimental approaches that test and extend bioinformatics-based predictions are sorely needed. In this study, we describe such an approach based on phenotypic analysis of a comprehensive, sequence-defined transposon mutant library.
Secretory Vesicles Externalize the Major Plasma Membrane ATPase in Yeast

Yeast cell surface growth is accomplished by constitutive secretion and plasma membrane assembly, culminating in the fusion of vesicles with the bud membrane. Coordination of secretion and membrane assembly has been investigated by examining the biogenesis of plasma membrane ATPase (PM ATPase) in secretion-defective (sec) strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PM ATPase is synthesized as a approximately 106-kD polypeptide that is not detectably modified by asparagine-linked glycosylation or proteolysis during transit to the plasma membrane. Export of the PM ATPase requires the secretory pathway. In sec1, a mutant defective in the last step of secretion, large amounts of Golgi-derived vesicles are accumulated. Biochemical characterization of this organelle has demonstrated that PM ATPase and the secretory enzyme, acid phosphatase, are transported in a single vesicle species.
Polynomial-complexity deadlock avoidance policies for sequential resource allocation systems

The development of efficient deadlock avoidance policies (DAPs) for sequential resource allocation systems (RASs) is a problem of increasing interest in the scientific community, largely because of its relevance to the design of large-scale flexibly automated manufacturing systems. Much of the work on this problem existing in the literature is focused on the so-called single-unit RAS model, which is the simplest model in the considered class of RASs. Furthermore, due to a well-established result stating that, even for single-unit RASs, the computation of the maximally permissive DAP is intractable (NP-hard), many researchers (including our group) have focused on obtaining good suboptimal policies which are computationally tractable (scalable) and provably correct. In the first part of the paper, it is shown, however, that for a large subset (in fact, a majority) of single-unit RASs, the optimal DAP can be obtained in real-time with a computational cost which is a polynomial function of the system size (i.e., the number of resource types and the distinct route stages of the processes running through the system). The implications of this result for the entire class of single-unit RASs are also explored. With a result on the design of optimal DAPs for single-unit RASs, the second part of the paper concentrates on the development of scalable and provably correct DAPs for the more general case of conjunctive RASs.
Extrasolar Planet Finding via Optimal Apodized-Pupil and Shaped-Pupil Coronagraphs

In this paper we examine several different apodization approaches to achieving high-contrast imaging of extrasolar planets and compare different designs on a selection of performance metrics. These approaches are characterized by their use of the pupil's transmission function to focus the starlight rather than by masking the star in the image plane as in a classical coronagraph. There are two broad classes of pupil coronagraphs examined in this paper: apodized pupils with spatially varying transmission functions and shaped pupils, whose transmission values are either 0 or 1. The latter are much easier to manufacture to the needed tolerances. In addition to comparing existing approaches, numerical optimization is used to design new pupil shapes. These new designs can achieve nearly as high a throughput as the best apodized pupils and perform significantly better than the apodized square aperture design. The new shaped pupils enable searches of 50%-100% of the detectable region, suppress the star's light to below 10-10 of its peak value, and have inner working distances as small as 2.8λ/D. Pupils are shown for terrestrial planet discovery using square, rectangular, circular, and elliptical apertures. A mask targeted at Jovian planet discovery is also presented, in which contrast is given up to yield greater throughput.
Symptoms Across the Continuum of Acute Coronary Syndromes: Differences Between Women and Men

Background The urgency and level of care provided for acute coronary syndromes partially depends on the symptoms manifested. Objectives To detect differences between women and men in the type, severity, location, and quality of symptoms across the 3 clinical diagnostic categories of acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation, and myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation) while controlling for age, diabetes, functional status, anxiety, and depression. Methods A convenience sample of 112 women and 144 men admitted through the emergency department and hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes participated. Recruitment took place at 2 urban teaching hospitals in the Midwest. Data were collected during structured interviews in each patient's hospital room. Forty-eight symptom descriptors were assessed. Demographic characteristics, health history, functional status, anxiety, and depression levels also were measured. Results Regardless of clinical diagnostic category, women reported significantly more indigestion (beta = 0.25; confidence interval [CI] = 0.01-0.49), palpitations (beta = 0.31; CI = 0.06-0.56), nausea (beta = 0.37; CI = 0.10-0.65), numbness in the hands (beta = 0.29; CI = 0.02-0.57), and unusual fatigue (beta = 0.60; CI = 0.27-0.93) than men reported. Differences between men and women in dizziness, weakness, and new-onset cough did differ by diagnosis. Reports of chest pain did not differ between men and women. Conclusions Women with acute coronary syndromes reported a higher intensity of 5 symptoms (but not chest pain) than men reported. Whether differences between the sexes in less typical symptoms are clinically significant remains unclear.
Translational mobility of the type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ release channel in endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is an integral membrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which functions as a ligand-gated Ca2+ release channel. InsP3-mediated Ca2+ release modulates the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), providing a ubiquitous intracellular signal with high temporal and spatial specificity. Precise localization of the InsP3R is believed to be important for providing local [Ca2+] regulation and for ensuring efficient functional coupling between Ca2+ release sites by enabling graded recruitment of channels with increasing stimulus strength in the face of the intrinsically unstable regenerative process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. Highly localized Ca2+ release has been attributed to the ability of the InsP3R channels to cluster and to be localized to discrete areas, suggesting that mechanisms may exist to restrict their movement. Here, we examined the lateral mobility of the type 3 isoform of the InsP3R (InsP3R3) in the ER membrane by performing confocal fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of an InsP3R3 with green fluorescent protein fused to its N terminus. In Chinese hamster ovary and COS-7 cells, the diffusion coefficient D was ∼4 × 10-10 cm2/s at room temperature, a value similar to that determined for other ER-localized integral membrane proteins, with a high fraction (∼75%) of channels mobile. D was modestly increased at 37 °C, and it as well as the mobile fraction were reversibly reduced by ATP depletion. Although disruption of the actin cytoskeleton (latrunculin) was without effect, disruption of microtubules (nocodazole) reduced D by half without affecting the mobile fraction. We conclude that the entire ER is continuous in these cells, with the large majority of InsP3R3 channels free to diffuse throughout it, at rates that are comparable with those measured for other polytopic ER integral membrane proteins. The observed InsP3R3 mobility may be higher than its intrinsic diffusional mobility because of additional ATP- and microtubule-facilitated motility of the channel.
Changes in traffic crash mortality rates attributed to use of alcohol, or lack of a seat belt, air bag, motorcycle helmet, or bicycle helmet, United States, 1982–2001

Objective: To estimate the contributions of five risk factors to changes in US traffic crash mortality: (1) alcohol use by drivers and pedestrians, (2) not wearing a seat belt, (3) lack of an air bag, (4) not wearing a motorcycle helmet, and (5) not wearing a bicycle helmet. Design: Longitudinal study of deaths; attributable deaths were estimated using data from other studies. Setting: US traffic crashes in 1982–2001. Subjects: People who died in a crash. Main outcome measures: Counts of deaths attributed to each risk factor, change in rates of deaths, and counts of lives saved by changes in risk factor prevalence. Results: There were 858 741 traffic deaths during the 20 year period. Estimated deaths attributed to each factor were: (1) alcohol use, 366 606; (2) not wearing a seat belt, 259 239; (3) lack of an air bag, 31 377; (4) no motorcycle helmet, 12 095; (5) no bicycle helmet, 10 552. Over the 20 years, mortality rates attributed to each risk factor declined: alcohol by 53%; not wearing a seat belt by 49%; lack of an air bag by 17%; no motorcycle helmet by 74%; no bicycle helmet by 39%. There were 153 168 lives saved by decreased drinking and driving, 129 297 by increased use of seat belts, 4305 by increased air bag prevalence, 6475 by increased use of motorcycle helmets, and 239 by increased use of bicycle helmets. Conclusions: Decreased alcohol use and increased use of seat belts were associated with substantial reductions in crash mortality from 1982 through 2001. Increased presence of air bags, motorcycle helmets, and bicycle helmets were associated with smaller reductions.
Theoretical and Computational Methods

The content that appears in this chapter has been largely adapted from the following publications and manuscript in press: Zhao J, Pinchuk AO, McMahon JM, Li S, Ausman LK, Atkinson AL, Schatz GC (2008) Methods for describing the electromagnetic properties of silver and gold nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 41:1710–1720. doi: 10.1021/ar800028jAtkinson AL, McMahon JM, Schatz GC (2009) FDTD studies of metallic nanoparticle systems. In: Self organization of molecular systems, from molecules and clusters to nanotubes and proteins. NATO science for peace and security series A: chemistry and biology. Springer, Netherlands. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2590-6