cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Great Legal Traditions: Civil Law, Common Law, and Chinese Law in Historical and Operational Perspective

Three justices of the German Federal Constitutional Court, resplendent in red regalia, stand tall behind a high wooden bench and under an enormous carved eagle. A high ceiling emphasizes the splendor of the high court. The faces of Confucius, Constantine, and Blackstone, regal in their formal vestments, appear on the left. Superimposed text reads “Great Legal Traditions: Civil Law, Common Law, and Chinese Law in Historical and Operational Perspective.” The startlingly vivid book cover commands visual attention, while its title promises an overview of the history of three legal systems along with their presentday procedures. But an impressive cover can disguise a tedious treatise. After all, one should not judge a book by its cover. But here, the text is as compelling as the cover. John W. Head’s book fulfills the promise of its exterior. Professor Head has chosen three legal systems—civil law, common law, and Chinese law—and has crafted a detailed and meticulously researched history of the roots of each system and their evolution over the ages. The book provides more than a mere history; it sets forth and embellishes upon the present-day workings of these three systems. The comprehensive treatment of these systems leaves little doubt that Great Legal Traditions will be of value to historians, sociologists, political scientists, law reformers, law students, and anyone interested in the interrelationship between law and history.
Inhaled granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor for Mycobacterium abscessus in cystic fibrosis

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are an important emerging threat to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In North America where the incidence of NTM in CF patients is at least 11.8% Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABSC), a multidrug-resistant NTM, accounts for about 35% [1] and are notoriously recognised as difficult to eradicate and seriously affect morbidity and mortality in CF [2] as well as lung transplantation outcomes [3, 4]. The mechanisms for the increased incidence of MABSC infection in CF patients are not known. The immune response in CF patients is directed to the Th2 response that is associated with poorer clinical outcome and accelerated decline in lung function. This Th2 pattern is associated with diminished IFNγ production and lesser activation of macrophages. One activator of macrophages is granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) whose Toll-like receptor activation includes phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, oxidative burst, and cell adhesion in macrophages [5]. Two experimental findings support the plausibility that reduced GM-CSF-elicited macrophage activation may contribute to NTM and MABSC infection in CF. First, alveolar macrophages from in GM-CSF −/− mice exhibit defective phagocytosis, bacterial killing and reduced H2O2 production [6]. Second, though wild type mouse models of M. abscessus pulmonary infection show limited morbidity and are limited in their usefulness to study NTM therapy GM-CSF knockout models of M. abscessus infection mice either succumbed to the acute infection or the infection persists to a chronic stage in the absence of exogenous GM-CSF [7]. Previously, we [8] and others have reported the successful use of inhaled GM-CSF to treat autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and metastatic lung metastases [9] without toxicity. Herein, we treated two CF patients with M. abscessus who were experiencing a decline in pulmonary function and clinical stability. Footnotes This manuscript has recently been accepted for publication in the European Respiratory Journal . It is published here in its accepted form prior to copyediting and typesetting by our production team. After these production processes are complete and the authors have approved the resulting proofs, the article will move to the latest issue of the ERJ online. Please open or download the PDF to view this article. Conflict of interest: Dr. Scott has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Yindou Ji Conflict of interest: Dr. Kannan has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Wylam has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr. Yi has nothing to disclose.
High areal rate longwave-infrared hyperspectral imaging for environmental remote sensing

The Mako airborne longwave-infrared hyperspectral sensor is a whiskbroom imager operating in the 7.6-13.2 μm region with 44-nm spectral sampling and <30 mK noise-equivalent differential temperature (NEDT). It has undergone progressive development since its inaugural flights in 2010 and is capable of acquiring 112° swaths with an areal rate of 33 km2 min-1 at 2-m ground sampling distance. The sensor performance envelope allows for a number of operational modes that can be deployed against a variety of acquisition scenarios. Its suitability for environmental remote sensing applications is illustrated with reference to a number of representative case studies drawn from several years of airborne collections within the Los Angeles Basin and beyond.
Alterations in quadriceps muscle cellular and molecular properties in adults with moderate knee osteoarthritis

Summary Objective Quadriceps muscle weakness is common in knee osteoarthritis (OA). While pain, disuse, and atrophy are commonly cited causes for muscle weakness in OA, emerging evidence suggests changes in muscle quality also occur. Alterations in muscle quality are not well understood, but likely include both cellular and morphologic adaptions. The purpose of this study was to conduct the first cellular-level analysis of the vastus lateralis in adults with moderate knee OA. Methods Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained from 24 subjects with moderate knee OA and 15 healthy controls. Quadriceps strength, muscle fiber cross sectional area (CSA), fiber type distribution, extracellular matrix (ECM) content, satellite cell abundance, and profibrotic gene expression were assessed. Results Relative to controls, quadriceps strength was significantly lower in OA subjects (OA 62.23, 50.67–73.8 Nm vs 91.46, 75.91–107.0 Nm, P = 0.003) despite no difference in fiber CSA. OA subjects had significantly fewer Type I fibers (OA 41.51, 35.56–47.47% vs 53.07, 44.86–61.29%, P = 0.022) and more hybrid IIa/x fibers (OA 24.61, 20.61–28.61% vs 16.4, 11.60–21.20%, P = 0.009). Significantly greater ECM content, lower satellite cell density, and higher profibrotic gene expression was observed with OA, and muscle collagen content was inversely correlated to strength and satellite cell (SC) density. Conclusion Lower quadriceps function with moderate OA may not result from fiber size impairments, but is associated with ECM expansion. Impaired satellite cell density, high profibrotic gene expression, and a slow-to-fast fiber type transition may contribute to reduced muscle quality in OA. These findings can help guide therapeutic interventions to enhance muscle function with OA.
Synthesis of a New Cyclophane Host and Crystal Structures of Its Compounds with Neutral Guests

A new cyclophane host molecule 3 is prepared by connecting the oxygenatoms of twoα,α′-di(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-diisopropylbenzene units withtwo trimethylene spacers. Solid-state structures are determined forcompounds of 3 with dichloromethane and p-xylene guests. The crystals of thetwo host-guest compounds are isomorphous.
Technological Change in Agriculture and Poverty Reduction: The Potential Role of Biotechnology

Technological change in agriculture has historically been a powerful force for poverty reduction. We explore in this chapter how biotechnology, as a potentially important new source of technological changes in agriculture, could also be made to fulfill this role. We distinguish between direct effects of technology and poverty that affect adopters and indirect effects that affect others through employment, growth, and consumer price effects. We show that agbio-technology has the potential of providing crops with new traits beneficial to the poor through direct and indirect effects. The poor may not benefit from biotechnology for several reasons including exclusion as a consequence of intellectual property rights, concentration of ownership in the industry, research gaps for traits desired by the poor, and unexplored environmental risks. We conclude that agbiotechnology has potential as a tool for poverty reduction, but that it needs complementary institutional innovations that are lagging relative to current scientific progress. These institutional lags affect the generation, transfer, and adoption of agbiotechnology benefiting the poor. We give an inventory of the institutional innovations needed to reduce these lags and to capture the promise of agbiotechnology for poverty reduction.
Laser-Induced Nonadiabatic Collision Processes

The subject of laser interactions with molecular processes has generated great interest both experimentally and theoretically. This interest has been enhanced by the possibilities for laser-catalyzed chemical reactions, isotopic selectivity, and perhaps even the determination of the transition state structure. The degree of success in this area has been limited by the extreme difficulties of the experiments involved and also the lack of simple and qualitatively accurate theoretical models that can be applied to a wide range of systems.1–18
Making interactive stories meaningful workshop on story and character development through theatre games

The aim of this half-day participatory workshop was to explore new tools for interactive story generation through the playing of theatre games. The expected outcome of this session was the creation of an interactive role-playing game that could be presented at a conference luncheon or final wrap-up. The theme and characters of the gameplay were determined by the participants at the workshop and dealt with a current social or political issue, enabling conference attendees to contribute alternative solutions for a serious global issue. The take-away for game developers was a new tool to tap into theatre's innate ability to represent real life conflicts, allowing participants to construct and animate scenarios to test out different solutions from within.
Impact of Obesity on Clinical Outcomes of Elderly Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Myeloid Malignancies.

ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a high-risk treatment option for patients with hematologic malignancies. Advanced age and obesity can impact outcomes after allo-HCT. Previous registry studies of all age groups found that obesity does not affect outcomes. However, obesity can accelerate age-related decline in physical function and exacerbate comorbid conditions in older patients. Studies evaluating the effect of obesity on elderly patients undergoing allo-HCT are lacking. We performed a retrospective analysis of 86 nonobese (body mass index [BMI]
Unique Characteristics of the Parasite Polyamine Pathway.

A critical function of spermidine is in the formation of hypusine, an essential post-translational modification of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF5A. In this issue of Structure, Afandor et al. (2018) determine the crystal structure of trypanosomal deoxyhypusine synthase, which shows that gene duplication and subsequent mutations provide significant differences from the mammalian equivalent exploitable for drug design.
Student Migrants and the Diasporic Imagination: Educational Migration, Nationhood, and the Making of Indian Diaspora in the United States

The transient nature of educational migration locates Indian student migrants ambivalently in the United States, rendering them illegible as diasporic subjects. However, by historically situating t...
Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors

Comment: There are thirty figures in this chapter and about forty solved problems associated with the figures.
The CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096 inhibits prolonged meningeal afferent activation evoked by brief local K+ stimulation but not cortical spreading depression-induced afferent sensitization but not cortical spreading depression-induced afferent sensitization

Abstract Introduction Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is believed to promote migraine headache by enhancing the activity and mechanosensitivity of trigeminal intracranial meningeal afferents. One putative mechanism underlying this afferent response involves an acute excitation of meningeal afferents by cortical efflux of K+ and the ensuing antidromic release of pro-inflammatory sensory neuropeptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Objectives We sought to investigate whether (i) a brief meningeal K+ stimulus leads to CGRP-dependent enhancement of meningeal afferent responses, and (ii) CSD-induced meningeal afferent activation and sensitization involve CGRP receptor signaling. Methods Extracellular single-unit recording were used to record the activity of meningeal afferents in anesthetized male rats. Stimulations included a brief meningeal application of K+ or induction of CSD in the frontal cortex using pinprick. CSD was documented by recording changes in cerebral blood flow using laser Doppler flowmetery. CGRP receptor activity was inhibited with BIBN4096 (333μM, i.v.). Results Meningeal K+ stimulation acutely activated 86% of the afferent tested and also promoted in ~65% of the afferents a 3-fold increase in ongoing activity which was delayed by 23.3±4.1 min and lasted for 22.2±5.6 min. K+ stimulation did not promote mechanical sensitization. Pretreatment with BIBN4096 suppressed the K+- induced delayed afferent activation, reduced CSD-evoked cortical hyperemia, but had no effect on the enhanced activation or mechanical sensitization of meningeal afferents following CSD. Conclusion While CGRP-mediated activation of meningeal afferents evoked by cortical efflux of K+ could promote headache, acute activation of CGRP receptors may not play a key role in mediating CSD-evoked headache. Previous presentation of the research, manuscript, or abstract Parts of the manuscript have been presented previously only in an abstract form.
Marketing recreation services in the changing landscape of race and ethnic relations.

The changing landscape of race and ethnic relations in the U.S. has influenced how members of racial and ethnic groups use leisure spaces, engage in leisure activities, and interact with community agencies. These current issues necessitate changes in how leisure organizations market their services to diverse constituents. The objectives of this manuscript are to examine: 1) racial and ethnic minority residents’ concerns about the community and the factors that limit their access to recreation services, and 2) the changes made by the park district to their marketing efforts based on the study’s findings.This paper focuses on a research project conducted between 2016-2019 in Urbana, Illinois. The data were collected with the use of individual and group interviews with 46 African American, Latinx, and Asian American users and non-users of park districts’ recreation programs and services. Three rounds of interviews with 14 park district managers and staff were also conducted. The residents revealed that their concerns in the community were related to the lack of socioeconomic resources, transportation, language barriers, crime, interracial and interethnic tensions, and lack of knowledge of recreation opportunities provided by the park district. Based on these findings, the park district made a number of changes to their marketing efforts, including creating an Outreach and Wellness Office, redesigning marketing materials, providing outreach to the most disadvantaged communities, hiring a Spanish-speaking staff member, and delivering free or heavily discounted recreation programs to over 2,400 ethnic and racial minority youth. We recommend that, in addition to the four traditional Ps of marketing (product, place, price, and promotion), recreation agencies who aim to serve ethnically and racially diverse populations include an additional P of marketing—people. The “people” dimension means that agencies recognize diverse constituent groups within the community, assess their recreation needs and constraints with regard to accessing recreation resources; engage with these residents through direct outreach, consultations, and program implementation; and provide programs that are targeted at their unique needs.Subscribe to JPRA
Nanofluid-Induced Wettability Gradient and Imbibition Enhancement in Natural Porous Media: A Pore-scale Experimental Investigation

There are several key factors proposed in the literature responsible for oil mobilization and recovery by nanofluids as enhanced oil recovery agents. These factors include interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, wettability alteration, inhibition of fines migration, and flow profile control. However, there is not a general consensus on the relative contribution and importance of each factor. Moreover, very little pore-scale evidence for the role of these mechanisms in a natural porous medium is available, especially for carbonate rocks. To fill the gaps, we directly studied mechanisms leading to oil mobilization by $$\hbox {SiO}_\mathrm{{x}}$$ - and Al2O3-based nanofluids at the pore-scale. A set of spontaneous imbibition tests was performed in both Berea sandstone and Fond-du-Lac dolomite samples. Three-dimensional high-resolution fluid occupancy maps were captured using an X-ray micro-CT scanner, and in-situ contact angle distributions were obtained at different locations directly from the X-ray images. We found that wettability reversal rather than IFT reduction was the main pore-scale mechanism for oil recovery using simple nanofluids (without other chemical additives). Furthermore, in Berea, there was a synergistic effect between the non-ionic surfactant and $$\hbox {SiO}_\mathrm{{x}}$$ nanoparticles for enhancing oil recovery through both IFT reduction (due to surfactant) and wettability reversal (due to nanoparticles). A set of statistical analyses of the trapped oil ganglia in Berea shows that the surfactant-augmented $$\hbox {SiO}_\mathrm{{x}}$$ nanofluid generated smaller oil ganglia, which further proves that nanofluid can assist in oil mobilization.
Non-accidental trauma causing inferior vena cava and liver injuries

Abstract Child abuse, or non-accidental trauma (NAT), resulting in concomitant hepatic and inferior vena cava (IVC) injuries is exceedingly rare. No cases of survival after physical abuse giving rise to concurrent hepatic and IVC injuries have been reported in the current literature. This disturbing case details the presentation and hospital course of a 3-year old male who sustained grade V hepatic injury and disruption of the IVC secondary to NAT. The patient was referred from another hospital for evaluation and management of altered mental status and evolving hemodynamic instability. Large volume fluid was discovered on abdominal ultrasound, suggestive of hemoperitoneum. Subsequent comprehensive trauma survey raised suspicion for physical child abuse, and computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a grade V hepatic injury with complex IVC disruption. Mass transfusion protocol (MTP) was activated, and the patient underwent immediate damage control laparotomy. Coagulopathy, acidosis, and hypothermia were corrected within 4 hours of surgery. Two subsequent abdominal explorations were performed over the next 36 hours. Despite massive hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), and respiratory failure, the patient survived and achieved complete neurologic recovery. The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) was queried for similar hepatic and caval injuries after child abuse, and only one patient was found who did not survive.
Biliverdin reductase bridges focal adhesion kinase to Src to modulate synaptic signaling

ABSTRACT Synapses are complex bridges that connect discrete neurons into vast networks that send, receive, and encode diverse forms of information. However, they must remain dynamic in order to adapt to changing inputs. Here, we report that the enzyme biliverdin reductase (BVR) physically links together key molecules in focal adhesion signaling at the synapse. In challenging mice with a battery of neurocognitive tasks, we first discover that BVR null (BVR-/-) mice exhibit profound deficits in learning and memory. We uncover that these deficits may be explained by a loss of focal adhesion signaling that is both transcriptionally and biochemically disrupted in BVR-/- hippocampi. We learn that BVR mediates focal adhesion signaling by physically bridging the key initiatory kinases FAK/Pyk2 to the effector kinase Src. Activated Src normally promotes synaptic plasticity by phosphorylating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, but FAK/Pyk2 are unable to bind and stimulate Src without BVR. Src itself is a molecular hub upon which many signaling pathways converge in order to stimulate NMDA neurotransmission, positioning BVR at a prominent intersection of synaptic signaling.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Smooth Muscle Tumors of Larynx: A Clinicopathologic Study and Comprehensive Literature Review of 12 Cases.

Laryngeal mesenchymal neoplasms are rare, with smooth muscle tumors comprising a small subset. Specifically, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated smooth muscle tumors are exceptionally rare, lacking a comprehensive evaluation of their clinical and histologic features. Two patients (a 59 year old male and 51 year old female) had received renal transplants 156 and 240 months, respectively prior to onset of laryngeal symptoms. Supraglottic polypoid masses were identified and removed conservatively. Histologically, the tumors were hypercellular, showing alternating light and dark areas, the latter composed of primitive appearing round cells, while a more characteristic spindled tumor cell population was noted in the remaining areas. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were noted adjacent to the nucleus. There was no tumor necrosis or pleomorphism, but increased mitotic figures (11–12/2 mm2) were seen, without atypical forms. The tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive with smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and with Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA (EBER) by in situ hybridization. These patients were reviewed in the context of a thorough English literature review, which demonstrates a wide age range at presentation without a sex predilection, but with most patients from specific ethnic groups (Chinese, Thai, Pilipino). Three-quarters of patients are part of multifocal disease and the majority are post-renal transplantation patients. Conservative management seems to yield the best overall outcome for these indolent tumors. In conclusion, EBV-associated smooth muscle tumors should be considered in any immunocompromised patient with a head and neck smooth muscle tumor, especially when EBER is documented by in situ hybridization. Conservative management may be employed, even when multifocal tumors are documented.
Mixed Arithmetic Theta Lifting for Unitary Groups

In this article, we construct mixed generating functions of special cycles and mixed arithmetic theta lifting, and prove the product relation. We then formulate a conjecture on the arithmetic inner product formula for odd rank unitary groups, complementary to the even rank case previously formulated in the author’s thesis.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer at the Extremes of Age

Background Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare breast malignancy with poor outcomes compared with non-IBC. Age-related differences in tumor biology, treatment, and clinical outcomes have been described in non-IBC. This study evaluated age-related differences in IBC. Methods From an institutional prospective database, patients with an IBC diagnosed from 2010 to 2019 were identified. Age was categorized as 40 years or younger, 41 to 64 years, and 65 years or older. Demographics, clinicopathologic features, and treatment received were compared. Recurrence and survival outcomes were analyzed using the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards model. Results Of 523 IBC patients, 113 (21.6%) were age 40 years or younger, and 72 (13.8%) were age 65 years or older. The groups did not differ statistically by race/ethnicity, N stage, clinical stage, or tumor subtype. The younger patients included a higher proportion of Hispanic and Asian patients, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and clinical N2/N3. Trimodality therapy was received by 92% of the stage 3 patients, with no difference in pathologic complete response (pCR) by age (23.3% vs 28.6%; p = 0.46). During a median follow-up period of 40 months, 17% of the patients experienced locoregional recurrence and 42.8% had distant metastasis. No difference in 3-year recurrence-free survival (57.9% vs 42.6% vs 54%; p = 0.42, log rank) or overall survival (OS) (75.6% vs 77.1% vs 64.4%; p = 0.31, log rank) by age was observed, and no difference in OS by age in de novo stage 4 disease was observed. In the multivariate analysis, worse OS was associated with TNBC (hazard ratio [HR], 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-3.05) and no pCR (HR, 4.45; 95% CI, 2.16-9.18). Conclusion No significant differences were observed in demographics, treatment patterns, or clinical outcomes for IBC patients age 40 years or younger compared with those age 65 years or older treated by a specialized multidisciplinary team. These findings do not support age-related treatment de-escalation in IBC.
Video over Femto CR Networks

Due to the use of open space as transmission medium, capacity of wireless networks is usually limited by interference. When a mobile user moves away from the base station, a considerably larger transmit power is needed to overcome attenuation, while causing interference to other users and deteriorating network capacity.
Microbiological monitoring of protected environment units. Effects of antibiotic prophylaxis and type of unit.

Abstract One hundred and eighty-seven patients received chemotherapy for malignant diseases in protected environment units with oral or parenteral prophylactic antibiotics. Life Islands, permanent laminar air flow units (LAF) and portable LAF units were utilized. Microbiological monitoring was performed during patient occupancy of these units. A higher proportion of settling plate cultures was sterile when the units were occupied by patients receiving oral antibiotic prophylaxis ( 53 vs 46% ). The highest proportions of sterile settling platelet cultures were obtained from Life Island units. Floor cultures were collected from LAF units and the proportion which was sterile was higher in the permanent LAF units both when the patients were receiving oral antibiotic prophylaxis ( 76 vs 68% ) and when they were not receiving oral antibiotic prophylaxis ( 81 vs 56% ). The type of protected environment unit and antibiotic prophylaxis affects the results of microbiological monitoring of these units.
Bounds on the entanglement attainable from unitary transformed thermal states in liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance

The role of mixed-state entanglement in liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computation is not yet well understood. In particular, despite the success of quantum-information processing with NMR, recent work has shown that quantum states used in most of those experiments were not entangled. This is because these states, derived by unitary transforms from the thermal equilibrium state, were too close to the maximally mixed state. We are thus motivated to determine whether a given NMR state is entanglable---that is, does there exist a unitary transform that entangles the state? The boundary between entanglable and nonentanglable thermal states is a function of the spin system size $N$ and its temperature $T$. We provide bounds on the location of this boundary using analytical and numerical methods; our tightest bound scales as $N\ensuremath{\sim}T$, giving a lower bound requiring at least $N\ensuremath{\sim}22\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}000$ proton spins to realize an entanglable thermal state at typical laboratory NMR magnetic fields. These bounds are tighter than known bounds on the entanglability of effective pure states.
TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE DEFICIENCY: A Unifying Concept of Parkinsonism

Abstract An inherited deficiency of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme provides a unifying explanation for the epidemiological and biochemical features of spontaneously occurring parkinsonism and for the mechanism of the drug-induced syndrome.
The Politics of Group Targeting in Presidential Campaign Advertisements: A Preliminary Investigation

This paper develops a theory of the frequency and tone of group appeals in presidential campaign advertisements. Using data from the 2008 presidential election campaign, it provides a preliminary investigation of the dynamics of group appeals.
Invariant measures for certain linear fractional transformations mod 1

Explicit invariant measures are derived for a family of finite-toone, ergodic transformations of the unit interval having indifferent periodic orbits. Examples of interesting, non-trivial maps of [0, 1] for which one can readily compute an invariant measure absolutely continuous to Lebesgue measure are not easy to come by. The familiar examples are the Gauss map, the backward continued fraction map, and other very special cases which are close in form to the first two. See [1], [3], and [4] for an overview of the literature. Maps for which the invariant measure is infinite are even less in evidence. We will consider a family of mappings Tk,n of the unit interval that are essentially finite-to-one analogues of the backward continued fraction maps Tk = 〈 1 uk(1−x) 〉 studied in [4], where uk = 4 cos π k+2 and 〈x〉 is the fractional part of x. Both Tk and Tk,n are Mobius transformations mod 1 having indifferent periodic orbits of period k containing zero. Surprisingly, for fixed k, Tk,n converges uniformly to Tk on compact subsets of [0, 1). An explicit formula will be given for a Tk,n-invariant measure that is absolutely continuous to Lebesgue measure on [0, 1]. The measure is infinite and the density ρk,n is C∞ in the complement of the indifferent periodic orbit. Also, ρk,n converges to the Tk-invariant density ρk derived in [4]. Using Thaler’s analysis in [6] of mappings of [0, 1] with indifferent fixed points, it is possible to show that the maps Tk,n are ergodic with respect to Lebesgue measure. From now on suppose that k > 0 and n > 1 in N have been fixed and that if k = 1, then n > 2. We begin by defining the Mobius transformation that will determine Tk,n. Write Aα(x) = −αx− nα + α (n− α− 1)x− n + 1 . Then Aα(0) = α, Aα(1) = n, and A−1 α (x) = (n−1)x−nα+α (n−α−1)x+α . Aα has the following properties. Received by the editors January 1, 1998. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 11J70, 58F11, 58F03.
N-body systems

The designation “N-Body Systems” covers a lot of ground. The exclusion of N = ∞ (nuclear matter, e.g.) and N ≤ 3 helps us somewhat. However, we have to delimit our discussion further in order to represent the emphasis of much of the work carried out in the past few years as well as that reported to this conference. To this end we confine ourselves to the so-called N-particle approach to scattering. By this we mean, essentially, the extension of the Faddeev point of view to the scattering of nonrelativistic systems of finite numbers (≥ 4) of particles which interact through short-range (plus possible Coulomb) potentials. We take this to include the deduction of few-body models of many-particle scattering but not those calculations which only assume such a model as a starting point. The latter work is considered elsewhere in this conference (DS,8). The four-hadron system is also considered elsewhere (DS,7)so that we do not review any of the interesting N = 4 calculations.
Protecting Retirement Wealth: Better Risk Management of Household Assets Must Become an Integral Part of U.S. Savings Policies

Americans lost a lot of their wealth in the stock market crash of 2000-2001 and then the housing and market crashes of 2007-8. The author says that wealth management must be improved markedly. Too much debt and too little diversification have been the sources of a huge wealth loss for Americans.
Information technology as the enabler of one-to-one marketing

Until recently, one-to-one marketing, the ability to sell targeted goods to an individual based on their known or perceived needs, was not possible for most product types on a mass basis. Indeed, marketing practice in recent years centered around segmented marketing, in which people are treated as members of groups with similar interests and marketing is done at the group level. However, recent advances in information technology, including the Internet and its World Wide Web, database management systems, computer graphics, and electronic mail, as well as increased processor speeds, now permit one-to-one marketing on a mass basis over the Web. This tutorial explains the concept of one-to-one marketing, including how companies can aspire to move in this direction. It outlines a set of one-to-one marketing practices on the Web and explains how advances in information technology made these practices possible.
The recent behavior of adjustmentcredit at the discount window

Abstract This paper examines the behavior of adjustment credit at the Federal Reserve discount windowover the period 1990 to 1997. It finds that in spite of the decline in the traditional borrowing function, the relationship still contains information that is important for the execution of monetary policy. In particular, the paper shows the usefulness of distinguishing between the spread between the targeted Federal funds rate and the discount rate and the spread between the actual Federal funds rate and the targeted rate. The paper also demonstrates the potential importance of using high frequency data.
Automated cell‐specific laser detection and ablation of neural circuits in neonatal brain tissue

A key feature of neurodegenerative disease is the pathological loss of neurons that participate in generating behaviour. To investigate network properties of neural circuits and provide a complementary tool to study neurodegeneration in vitro or in situ, we developed an automated cell-specific laser detection and ablation system. The instrument consists of a two-photon and visible-wavelength confocal imaging setup, controlled by executive software, that identifies neurons in preparations based on genetically encoded fluorescent proteins or Ca2+ imaging, and then sequentially ablates cell targets while monitoring network function concurrently. Pathological changes in network function can be directly attributed to ablated cells, which are logged in real time. Here, we investigated brainstem respiratory circuits to demonstrate single-cell precision in ablation during physiological network activity, but the technique could be applied to interrogate network properties in neural systems that retain network functionality in reduced preparations in vitro or in situ.
The FTC, the Unfairness Doctrine and Data Security Litigation: Has the Commission Gone Too Far?

The Federal Trade Commission has taken the lead in the online privacy arena. It initially promoted self-regulation, but eventually realized that self-regulation was not working. Thereafter it began taking legal action against entities that violated the terms of their own privacy policies as deceptive trade practices. More recently, the Commission began filing complaints under its unfairness doctrine against companies that experienced data security breaches. This article analyzes these latest cases under the carefully developed requirements of the unfairness doctrine, and argues that these actions were improperly filed. It further argues that the complaints and consent orders in these cases have provided no real guidance as to what a company should do (or not do) to avoid being the target of an unfairness action if it is the victim of a security breach. The article proposes specific legislation that would give the Commission express authority to take action against companies that experience data security breaches, but only under well-defined regulations developed by the Commission in collaboration with the affected industries and with input from all interested parties. Data security and the prevention of identity theft are too important to be left to the whim of the FTC or any other government agency. Companies need to know what is expected of them, so that they can implement appropriate technologies and put in place proper procedures to provide an adequate level of protection for sensitive consumer data. Enacting specific legislation, as proposed in this article, would go a long way toward achieving that goal.
Measuring Subjective Outcomes: Rethinking Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are criteria used to assess metric adequacy and are typically quantified by correlation coefficients. Reliability is described as the extent to which repeated measurements yield consistent results. Validity is described as the extent to which a measure actually measures what it purports to measure. These conceptualizations are less useful when applied to measures of subjective outcomes because they do not convey other influences that “drive” correlation coefficients. Consistency is a manifestation of a reliable instrument but does not ensure that an instrument is reliable. Establishing the validity of an instrument is a complex process that is heavily dependent on an investigator’s hypothesis. Hence, validity coefficients may be more a reflection of hypothesis adequacy than of the extent to which instruments measure what they purport to measure. Appreciating how coefficients are influenced will better enable clinicians to assess the adequacy of subjective outcome measures.
Total protein determinations by particle beam/hollow cathode optical emission spectroscopy.

A novel method for quantitative total protein determinations is presented. Total protein content is determined by particle beam/hollow cathode optical emission spectroscopy (PB/HC-OES) through monitoring of carbon atomic emission. The PB/HC-OES offers such advantages as ease of operation, exclusion of labor-intensive sample pretreatment processes, rapid analysis, high sensitivity, and low detection limit. The method could also be adapted to be integrated to current microfluidics devices. Parametric optimization for sample introduction, nebulization, desolvation, and hollow cathode source conditions is performed for the analysis of aqueous bovine serum albumin solutions. Response curves of C (I) 193.0-nm emission were obtained under the optimized conditions with both 10% HCl and 100 μg/mL KCl added to the sample matrix as potential carriers. The detection limit for triplicate injections of bovine serum albumin standards was found to be on the single-nanogram level with 200-μL injections. The addition of KC...
Therapeutic role of lymph node resection in endometrioid corpus cancer: a study of 12,333 patients.

BACKGROUND. The purpose of the current study was to determine the potential therapeutic role of lymphadenectomy in women with endometrioid corpus cancer. METHODS. Demographic and clinicopathologic information were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program between 1988–2001. Data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS. In all, 12,333 women (median age, 64) underwent surgical staging with lymph node assessment, including 9,009, 1,211, 1,223, and 890 with Stage I-IV disease. Over the time intervals 1988–1992, 1993–1997, and 1998–2001, the percentage of patients undergoing lymph node staging increased from 22.6%, 29.6%, to 40.9% (P 20) was associated with improved 5-year disease-specific survivals across all 5 groups at 75.3%, 81.5%, 84.1%, 85.3%, and 86.8%, respectively (P < .001). For Stage IIIC-IV patients with nodal disease, the extent of node resection significantly improved the survival from 51.0%, 53.0%, 53.0%, 60.0%, to 72.0%, (P < .001). However, no significant benefit of lymph node resection in low-risk patients could be demonstrated (Stage IA, all grades; Stage IB, Grades 1 and 2 disease; P = .23). In multivariate analysis, a more extensive node resection remained a significant prognostic factor for improved survival in intermediate/high-risk patients after adjusting for other factors including age, year of diagnosis, stage, grade, adjuvant radiotherapy, and the presence of positive nodes (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS. The findings of the current study suggest that the extent of lymph node resection improves the survival of women with intermediate/high-risk endometrioid uterine cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Atypical Intrafascicular Accumulation of Fat in Porcine Striated Muscle

SUMMARY— Intrafascicular fat-like cells were observed in striated porcine muscle. Post-mortem muscle appeared normal in color, texture, and visible fat, but Sudan IV staining revealed that certain intrafascicular cells did contain fat.
Effect of grain boundary dislocations on the sliding resistance of Σ11 grain boundaries in aluminum

Grain boundary (GB) sliding, which involves the relative translation of two adjacent grains by a shear parallel to the boundary plane, is an important mode of deformation in elevated temperature processes such as creep and superplasticity. It is generally accepted that GB sliding occurs by the motion of dislocations rather than the simultaneous shear of the entire boundary. Only limited information has been obtained on the atomic-scale mechanisms by which GB sliding occurs and, in particular, about accommodation mechanisms. High resolution transmission electron microscopy has been able to provide some details on GB structure, but little information on the dynamic processes of GB sliding. This problem is ideal for study via molecular dynamics simulation techniques since atomic-scale processes can be conveniently modeled. Computer simulations were performed to examine the role of GB dislocations in the sliding of tilt boundaries in aluminum. The sliding resistance of nondislocated GBs was determined from a computation of the dependence of the boundary energy on in-plane translation of one grain relative to the other. Low-energy, faulted structures were found that correspond to unstable intermediate states and the presence of stable partial GB dislocations. Extrinsic GB dislocations lowered the sliding stress relative to the nondislocated GBs.
Production and use of an inhibitory monoclonal antibody to human lipoprotein lipase

Abstract Studies were performed to produce a monoclonal antibody to human lipoprotein lipase, verify the specificity of the antibody for lipoprotein lipase, and use this antibody for detection of lipoprotein lipase protein in human post-heparin plasma. Partially purified lipoprotein lipase from human milk was used as an antigen for the production of anti-lipoprotein lipase antibodies in mice. The spleen was removed from the animal having the highest titer of inhibitory antibodies to lipoprotein lipase and the cells were fused with mouse myeloma cells. Culture media from the resulting hybridomas were screened for their ability to inhibit lipoprotein lipase catalytic activity. This screening procedure thus identified only those hybridomas which produced antibodies directed against lipoprotein lipase. One monoclonal antibody, from one clone, was selected for detailed study. The specificity of this antibody for lipoprotein lipase protein was established by three methods. First, post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity and immunoreactivity detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) co-eluted during heparin-agarose and phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. Second, the antibody detected a protein which was released into the circulation after intravenous injection of heparin into humans. Third, both immunoreactive lipoprotein lipase protein and lipoprotein lipase enzymatic activity were lost by heat-inactivation of lipoprotein lipase. The use of active enzyme as an antigen and the procedure used to screen the monoclonal antibody-producing hybridomas allowed the production of an inhibitory anti-human lipoprotein lipase monoclonal antibody. This antibody is useful for detection of lipoprotein lipase protein in plasma and should allow for immunohistochemical staining of active lipoprotein lipase enzyme in tissues. Moreover, the methods described for screening hybridomas may be modified and used to produce specific antibodies against other partially purified enzymes.
Cavitation and fracture in the superplastic Al-33% Cu eutectic alloy

Experiments were conducted on the Al-33% Cu eutectic alloy in both an annealed and an as-extruded condition. For both conditions, the relationship between flow stress and strain rate is sigmoidal with maximum ductilities occurring at intermediate strain rates in the superplastic Region II. Specimens fail by necking at the faster strain rates in Region III, but the severity of necking is reduced with decreasing strain rate and the necks are very diffuse in Region II. There is extensive internal cavitation in the fractured specimens, especially at lower strain rates and in the vicinity of the fracture tip. It was observed that cavities form preferentially on theα-θ interphase boundaries. It is shown by calculation that the observed change from small rounded cavities to large cavities elongated along the tensile axis is reasonably consistent with the theories of cavity growth in fine-grained superplastic alloys
Pliocene-Pleistocene diatoms in Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary and igneous rocks from Antarctica: A Sirius problem solved

There are two competing scenarios on the behavior of the East Antarctic ice sheet during the late Tertiary. In one scenario, the ice sheet was very dynamic and underwent major drawdown and renewal as late as the Pliocene. In the other, the ice sheet was relatively stable during the late Neogene. The presence of marine diatoms in Sirius Group sedimentary rocks in East Antarctica is at the center of the disagreement. One side regards the diatoms as the major piece of evidence to support the drawdown and renewal hypothesis and infers that they were introduced into the Sirius during renewed glaciation of East Antarctica; others suggest that these diatoms were likely introduced into the Sirius by atmospheric (largely eolian) processes. We propose a simple test of the eolian hypothesis. If diatoms were introduced into the Sirius by eolian processes, then they should also be present in older (Paleozoic and Mesozoic) sedimentary and igneous rocks. Samples from two units of the Beacon Supergroup (Devonian to Jurassic) from Beacon Valley, East Antarctica, were analyzed: the Beacon Heights Orthoquartzite (Devonian) and the Feather Conglomerate (Permian-Triassic). Also examined was sediment found in cracks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic (Devonian to Cretaceous) igneous rocks from Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica. Largely Pliocene-Pleistocene planktonic marine diatoms were found in all sample sets. Because neither Beacon Supergroup sedimentary rocks nor igneous rocks from Marie Byrd Land are Pliocene-Pleistocene in age, such findings strongly suggest that diatoms were introduced into them by eolian processes. This same scenario can be applied to Sirius Group sedimentary rocks.