cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soluble form of Jagged1: Unique product of epithelial keratinocytes and a regulator of keratinocyte differentiation

Notch signaling pathway is an important regulator of epithelial differentiation. Recent studies have characterized multiple ligands, including Jagged1, as mediators of Notch signaling. In this work, an alternatively spliced transcript of Jagged1 was isolated in yeast two-hybrid screening through interaction with thrombospondin-1. This transcript, devoid of sequences encoding the transmembrane and intracellular domains of Jagged1, was specific for keratinocytes. Furthermore, the truncated Jagged1 polypeptide devoid of the intracellular domain was detected prominently in the suprabasal keratinocyte layer in neonatal epithelia. The soluble form of Jagged1, when expressed as a tagged polypeptide was efficiently secreted into the culture medium and the N-terminal signal sequence became cleaved off upon secretion. Direct contact between a cell presenting the transmembrane form of Jagged1 and a Notch-expressing cell has been proposed as a prerequisite for the signaling event. However, the soluble form of Jagged1, when present in the cell culture medium, was sufficient to induce keratinocyte differentiation. These observations suggest a novel mechanism of how Jagged1 can target cells beyond the direct cell-cell contact in developing epithelia.
Effectiveness of Air Filters and Air Cleaners in Allergic Respiratory Diseases: A Review of the Recent Literature

Air filtration is frequently recommended as a component of environmental control measures for patients with allergic respiratory disease. Residential air filtration can be provided by whole house filtration via the home’s heating, ventilation, or air conditioning system, by portable room air cleaners, or a combination of the two. Appliances to filter the sleep breathing zone also have been developed. High-efficiency whole house filtration, high-efficiency particulate air sleep zone air filtration, and high-efficiency particulate air room air cleaners all appear to provide various degrees of benefit. Recent studies of various types of filtration, used alone or as part of more comprehensive environmental control measures, are reviewed.
Bose-Einstein condensation in an ultracold gas

Summary form only given. We have observed Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute vapor of rubidium atoms cooled to below 100 nanoKelvin. This was achieved by laser cooling and trapping followed by magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling.
Harmonic Analysis of a Three-Level Sinusoidal PWM Inverter Using the Method of Pulse Pairs

A method used to determine the harmonic components of the output of a three-level sinusoidal PWM inverter is presented. The method calculates the Fourier coefficients of each individual positive pulse pair of the output PWM waveform and adds them together using the principle of superposition to calculate the Fourier coefficients of the entire PWM output signal. This method allows direct calculation of harmonic magnitudes and angles without having to use linear approximations, look-up tables, or Bessel functions. The method presented is a general method that can easily be extended to other types of multilevel inverters and PWM schemes such as space vector modulation. The method has also been tested and proven to be valid in the overmodulation region.
Is Echo a Complex Adaptive System

We evaluate whether John Holland's Echo model exemplifies his theory of complex adaptive systems. After reviewing Holland's theory of complex adaptive systems and describing his Echo model, we describe and explain the characteristic evolutionary behavior observed in a series of Echo model runs. We conclude that Echo lacks the diversity of hierarchically organized aggregates that typify complex adaptive systems, and we explore possible explanations for this failure.
Induction of Apoptosis by an Inhibitor of the Mitotic Kinesin KSP Requires Both Activation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint and Mitotic Slippage

The inhibition of KSP causes mitotic arrest by activating the spindle assembly checkpoint. While transient inhibition of KSP leads to reversible mitotic arrest, prolonged exposure to a KSP inhibitor induces apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis by the KSP inhibitor couples with mitotic slippage. Slippage-refractory cells show resistance to KSP inhibitor-mediated lethality, whereas promotion of slippage after mitotic arrest enhances apoptosis. However, attenuation of the spindle checkpoint confers resistance to KSP inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, sustained KSP inhibition activates the proapoptotic protein, Bax, and both activation of the spindle checkpoint and subsequent mitotic slippage are required for Bax activation. These studies indicate that in response to KSP inhibition, activation of the spindle checkpoint followed by mitotic slippage initiates apoptosis by activating Bax.
Unraveling the Process

Although all groups relied primarily on technological data (X rays, biomedical measures, monitor readouts), the nurses also relied heavily on interactive cues gleaned at the bedside. Nurses assign meaning to their patients' actions and interpret them based on social norms, while physicians, who spend less time with the patient, merely elicit physical findings and interpret data from monitors and laboratories. The hypothesis is that these differences result in the differences evident in de-
On a Class of Stochastic Arrangement Inequalities Arising in Optimal Allocation of Resources

Motivated by stochastic allocation problems, we study sufficient conditions that imply a general class of stochastic arrangement inequalities. This class includes many known and useful arrangement inequalities in the literature. Some illustrative examples in reliability theory are also given.
Microorganismos del suelo, plantas en peligro de extinción y la conservación del Matorral de Florida

Las costras biologicas son una caracteristica comun pero inconspicua de los suelos con buen drenaje en el Matorral de Florida. Estas costras biologicas estan constituidas por algas, cianobacterias, hongos, bacterias y, ocasionalmente, musgos y liquenes. En ausencia de disturbio, estos microorganismos y sus excreciones se asocian con particulas inorganicas, formando una capa en la superficie del suelo que se hace mas cohesiva con el tiempo. Al cambiar la estructura fisica y la naturaleza biologica de la superficie del suelo, las costras biologicas tambien modifican los ciclos hidrologicos y de nutrientes que afectan a las plantas vasculares. Mis estudios han evaluado las interacciones de las costras biologicas del suelo con cuatro especies herbaceas en peligro de extincion usando una combinacion de experimentos de campo e invernadero. Las costras influyeron en la germinacion de semillas de tres de las cuatro especies, incrementandola cuando las costras estaban intactas. Basandome en comparaciones entre la abundancia natural y la adicion de trazas de 15N, encontre que las costras biologicas mediaban el ciclo de nitrogeno en el Matorral. Las costras en el Matorral de Florida parecen jugar un papel crucial en el funcionamiento de sus comunidades y ecosistemas, sugiriendo que una perspectiva ecosistemica sera beneficiosa para su gestion.
Resuscitation from severe hemorrhagic shock after traumatic brain injury using saline, shed blood, or a blood substitute.

The original purpose of this study was to compare initial resuscitation of hemorrhagic hypotension after traumatic brain injury (TBI) with saline and shed blood. Based on those results, the protocol was modified and saline was compared to a blood substitute, diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb). Two series of experiments were performed in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated (FiO2 = 0.4) pigs (35-45 kg). In Series 1, fluid percussion TBI (6-8 ATM) was followed by a 30% hemorrhage. At 120 min post-TBI, initial resuscitation consisted of either shed blood (n = 7) or a bolus of 3x shed blood volume as saline (n = 13). Saline supplements were then administered to all pigs to maintain a systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) of >100 mmHg and a heart rate (HR) of 100 mmHg and a HR of <110 beats/min. In Series 1, most systemic markers of resuscitation (e.g., SAP, HR, cardiac output, filling pressures, lactate, etc.) were normalized, but there were 0/7 vs. 5/13 deaths within 5 h (P = 0.058) with blood vs. saline. At constant arterial O2 saturation (SaO2), mixed venous O2 saturation (SvO2), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and cerebral venous O2 saturation (ScvO2) were all higher, intracranial pressure (ICP) was lower, and CO2 reactivity was preserved with blood vs. saline (all P < 0.05). In Series 2, SAP, ICP, CPP, and lactate were higher with DCLHb vs. saline (all P< 0.05). Cardiac output was lower even though filling pressure was markedly elevated with DCLHb vs. saline (both P< 0.05). Neither SvO2 nor cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity were improved, and ScvO2 was lower with DCLHb vs. saline (P < 0.05). All survived at least 72 h with neuropathologic changes that included sub-arachnoid hemorrhage, midline cerebellar necrosis, and diffuse axonal injury. These changes were similar with DCLHb vs. saline. Thus, whole blood was more effective than saline for resuscitation of TBI, whereas DCLHb was no more, and according to many variables, less effective than saline resuscitation. These experimental results are comparable to those in a recent multicenter trial using DCLHb for the treatment of severe traumatic shock. Further investigations in similar experimental models might provide some plausible explanations why DCLHb unexpectedly increased mortality in patients.
THE ROLE OF THE BRAIN SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM IN THE ORIGIN AND TRANSMISSION OF ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE VARIATIONS IN MATERNAL BEHAVIOR IN RHESUS MACAQUES

Research on naturally occurring variation in primate maternal behavior has recently been revitalized by studies on laboratory rodents, in which the neurobiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the cross-generational effects of naturally occurring individual differences in maternal behavior have been elucidated. These studies have shown that variation in rates of maternal grooming/licking results in dramatic and long-lasting differences in the behavior, responsiveness to stress, and reproduction of the offspring, including the transmission of maternal style across generations. These cross-generational effects of maternal behavior are mediated by epigenetic modifications of gene expression (through DNA methylation mechanisms) for glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors in particular areas of the brain, which in turn, trigger a cascade of neuroendocrine effects involving the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) hormones axis, and a variety of neuropeptide hormones and neurotransmitters. Although research on molecular brain mechanisms in nonhuman primates is constrained by a number of factors, the success of rodent studies in explaining how variation in maternal behavior affects offspring biobehavioral development has prompted primate researchers to investigate whether similar or different mechanisms may operate in primates.
The productivity paradox, chaotic systems, and dissipative enterprises

This paper explores the problem of "the productivity paradox," in which some industries that experienced the highest rates of capital investment during the past decade encountered low growth rates. It uses interdisciplinary concepts from the fields of deterministic chaos, information theory and cybernetics to construct a model of a production system as a dynamic, self-organizing system, in which dynamic, "far from equilibrium" dissipative systems are fundamental instruments in productivity improvement. >
Flexibility versus generalizability in model selection

Which quantitative method should be used to choose among competing mathematical models of cognition? Massaro, Cohen, Campbell, and Rodriguez (2001) favor root mean squared deviation (RMSD), choosing the model that provides the best fit to the data. Their simulation results appear to legitimize its use for comparing two models of information integration because it performed just as well as Bayesian model selection (BMS), which had previously been shown by Myung and Pitt (1997) to be a superior alternative selection method because it considers a model's complexity in addition to its fit. In the present study, after contrasting the theoretical approaches to model selection espoused by Massaro et al. and Myung and Pitt, we discuss the cause of the inconsistencies by expanding on the simulations of Massaro et al. Findings demonstrate that the results from model recovery simulations can be misleading if they are not interpreted relative to the data on which they were evaluated, and that BMS is a more robust selection method.
Ranks and determinants of the sum of matrices from unitary orbits

The unitary orbit of an n × n complex matrix A is the set consisting of matrices unitarily similar to A. Given two n × n complex matrices A and B, ranks and determinants of matrices of the form X + Y with are studied. In particular, a lower bound and the best upper bound of the set are determined. It is shown that has empty interior if and only if the set is a line segment or a point; the algebraic structure of matrix pairs (A, B) with such properties are described. Other properties of the sets R(A, B) and Δ(A,B) are obtained. The results generalize those of other authors, and answer some open problems. Extensions of the results to the sum of three or more matrices from given unitary orbits are also considered.
An equation for estimating the maximum allowable surface temperatures of electronic equipment

Surface temperatures of electronic equipment and other machinery are an important design constraint since excessively high temperatures can be a safety hazard. Thus, government and industry standards have been established for maximum acceptable temperatures of hot surfaces that may be touched. Unfortunately, their recommendations are often limited to a few broad classes of materials, and appear to differ substantially from each other. They also do not adequately account for the unique properties of many advanced materials that have been developed recently. In order to address these issues, this paper presents explicit equations that can be used to set thermal safety criteria depending on the material and time of contact. They have been developed using data that are the basis for previous standards and are meant to supplement them in modeling, product design and testing.
Neural outcomes after plasma knife dissection: A pathologic study and clinical correlation

Background The initial aim was to determine the rate of pathologic tissue damage when dissecting the rat sciatic nerve with either bipolar forceps or low-temperature tripolar plasma knife. The second aim was to determine the safety and effectiveness of the plasma knife during parotid surgery. Methods A prospective, randomized, single-blind study was performed on 40 rat sciatic nerves dissected by either bipolar electrocautery with a cold knife or a plasma knife. Dissected nerves were excised and submitted blindly to pathology for analysis of nerve injury. The degree of nerve trauma was graded by the Carlander nerve injury classification. Separately, a review was performed on the facial nerve outcomes of 30 patients who underwent plasma knife parotidectomy. Results No thermal or neural injury was noted in the 40 rat sciatic nerves dissected by either bipolar electrocautery or plasma knife (p = 1.0). Two plasma knife–dissected nerves (8%) demonstrated significant numbers of mast cells in the perineural soft tissue. In 30 patients undergoing plasma knife-parotidectomy, 10 (33%) had mild weakness of 1 or 2 preserved facial nerve branch postoperatively (House-Brackmann 2) that resolved within 1 month, whereas 2 (7%) had visible weakness in 1 branch (HB 3) that normalized after 3 months of follow-up. Conclusion Plasma knife nerve dissection seems to be a safe and effective alternative to conventional methods. This technique may confer some advantages over conventional methods with the ability to simultaneously cut and coagulate tissue with minimal thermal spread and electrical stimulation of adjacent neural structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
A simple predator–prey model of exploited marine fish populations incorporating alternative prey

A simple two-species population model in which the predator is partially coupled to the prey is developed. The model is an extension of traditional two-species models but less complex than a three-species system. The growth rate of the predator depends upon predation on the modeled and alternate prey; this formulation provides greater realism in describing marine piscivores, such as spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), than two-species predator‐prey models. Two stable equilibria separated by a saddle point potentially exist for the predator‐prey system, and stochastic variability can lead to movement between equilibrium abundance levels. In addition, endogenous limit cycles may exist in the presence of predator fishing mortality. The model is applied to the predation of spiny dogfish on a representative groundfish species, the Georges Bank haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Stochastic variability is input to the model in the form of ‘‘red noise’’ (variance is a decreasing function of frequency), a feature observed in marine environments. Predator abundance can increase when the modeled prey abundance is low, due to consumption of alternate prey, consistent with the pattern observed in the spiny dogfish‐haddock abundances. Increased harvesting on the predator species allows the prey species to spend a greater proportion of time at the high equilibrium. The model presented here poses the interesting management problem of finding the optimal combination of fishing mortality rates for the two species. ? 1996 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Titration of mitochondrial fusion rescues Mff-deficient cardiomyopathy

Defects in mitochondrial fusion or fission are associated with many pathologies, raising the hope that pharmacological manipulation of mitochondrial dynamics may have therapeutic benefit. This approach assumes that organ physiology can be restored by rebalancing mitochondrial dynamics, but this concept remains to be validated. We addressed this issue by analyzing mice deficient in Mff, a protein important for mitochondrial fission. Mff mutant mice die at 13 wk as a result of severe dilated cardiomyopathy leading to heart failure. Mutant tissue showed reduced mitochondrial density and respiratory chain activity along with increased mitophagy. Remarkably, concomitant deletion of the mitochondrial fusion gene Mfn1 completely rescued heart dysfunction, life span, and respiratory chain function. Our results show for the first time that retuning the balance of mitochondrial fusion and fission can restore tissue integrity and mitochondrial physiology at the whole-organ level. Examination of liver, testis, and cerebellum suggest, however, that the precise balance point of fusion and fission is cell type specific.
Toward Precision Medicine in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a progressive and fatal pulmonary vascular disease despite advances in care during the last two decades (1–3). Detrimental pulmonary vascular remodeling, in concert with persistent vasoconstriction and additional perivascular changes, occurs as a result of a variety of identified and unidentified local and systemic factors, including enhanced endothelin-1 expression and levels (4–6). Pharmacologic antagonism of the endothelin receptor (via endothelin receptor antagonists [ERAs]) has been an important cornerstone of the therapeutic options available to combat PAH, with improvements in survival, time to clinical worsening, hemodynamics, and functional performance (7). However, unexplained variability remains with regard to individual clinical response to ERAs and other PAH-specific therapies (8, 9). In this issue of the Journal, Benza and colleagues (pp. 1345–1354) advance our understanding of ERA response via the discovery that certain common genetic variations in the endothelin pathway may identify subgroups of patients more or less likely to favorably respond to ERAs (10). This approach may ultimately provide a step toward the application of pharmacogenetics to individualize each patient’s PAH treatment.
BaAka women's health and subsistence practices in transitional conservation economies: Variation with age, household size, and food security.

Objectives Using ethnographic interviews and biological measures, this article investigates changing health and nutrition of a hunter-gatherer population transitioning from a forest-based subsistence system to a horticultural and market-driven lifestyle. Methods This study represents biological and dietary recall data for adult female foragers (18+; n = 60) across two villages, Mossapoula (MS) and Yandoumbe (YDBE), in the Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas (APDS), Central African Republic (CAR). Standard anthropometric measurements (height, weight, skinfolds) and hemoglobin values were collected to assess short-term nutritional status. Results BMI was similar across all three age classes in YDBE, but differed amongst women of MS (ANOVA; F = 6.34, df = 30, P = 0.005).Values were lowest among the older women in older age class 3 who also had the greatest number of dependents. Overall SS values were significantly negatively correlated with the number of biological children (r = −0.33, P = 0.01) in both villages. Conclusions Here, we identify older BaAka women, caring for their own children and grandchildren, as particularly vulnerable to economic changes and food insecurity. We found older women, especially those in a community with greater restrictions on access to forest resources to have more dependents, reduced market integration, and low BMI relative to younger women in the population. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing fear of falling through strategies of selection, optimization & compensation

Fear of falling, Selective Optimization with Compensation (Baltes & Baltes, 1990), and activity level were investigated in older women (65+) who self-identified as being worried about falling. During this study, 88 women completed questionnaires which assessed fear of falling, falls self-efficacy, mood, SOC strategy use, and well-being. In addition, participants were asked to fill out a daily assessment and wear a pedometer to monitor physical activity level for two weeks. Physical activity level was measured by steps (total number of steps taken) and moderate steps (aerobic activity steps sustained for 10+ minutes). Participants who reported using more SOC Optimization strategies took more moderate steps; those who reported fear-based activity restriction took fewer steps and moderate steps. Fear of falling interventions researchers might benefit from utilizing SOC theory as older women may be able to manage fear of falling and maintain an active lifestyle by incorporating strategies of
Is cement block arthroplasty the next big thing in ankles? Commentary on an article by Ho-Seong Lee, MD, et al.: "cement arthroplasty for ankle joint destruction".

Is ankle replacement so primitive compared with other joint arthroplasties that we look at cement block “arthroplasty” as a success? Of course not, but a casual read of the title of this article might lead an orthopaedist to wonder. Cement block arthroplasty seems like a procedure right out of an orthopaedic text from the 1970s, so why should this be an article in JBJS in 2014? A closer inspection of the study by Lee et al. shows that it is really a collection of three different, rarely indicated procedures: 1. Talar body replacement for patients with a tumor without destruction of the ankle and subtalar joints. Several case reports have shown some success with use of custom talar body implants, with the native talar neck and head left intact or the entire talus replaced with metal or ceramic1,2. 2. Ankle/hindfoot arthrodesis with tibiotalocalcaneal screws and cement for structural support, with the intention of achieving a stable pseudarthrosis. 3. Cement block arthroplasty, in which the cement is a rigid spacer, with emphasis on restoration of alignment. The first procedure, talar body replacement, is a unique operation for a younger …
Pharmacokinetics of Moxalactam in Patients with Normal and Impaired Renal Function

Moxalactam is the first representative of a new class of potent beta-lactam antibiotics. To establish dosage recommendations, the kinetics of moxalactam elimination were studied in 20 patients with various degrees of renal dysfunction. After a 1-g intravenous bolus injection, the elimination half-life increased from 2.2 +/- 0.1 hr in normal subjects to 22.3 +/- 1.7 hr in anuric patients. Similar correlations were shown between the rate of creatinine clearance and the rate of plasma clearance, the rate of renal clearance, and the overall elimination rate constant of moxalactam. No changes in the distribution volumes or metabolic clearance rates of moxalactam were detected. A nomogram for adjustment of moxalactam dosage in patients with any level of renal function was generated, and specific recommendations for moxalactam dosage are discussed.
Sanctions in networks: “The Most Unkindest Cut of All” ☆

The extensive literature on sanctions has mainly focused on a dyadic interaction between sender and target. In contrast, this paper examines sanctions when the sender and target are embedded in a network of linkages to other agents. The sender can assemble a sanctioning coalition of neighbors to sever their links (execute multi-link cuts) to the target and her allies. Efficacy of sanctions is now crucially dependent on the network architecture. We characterize the structural properties of networks in which a sender can effectively sanction a target in the short run (when links can only be deleted) and the long run (when links can be both deleted and added).
Effects of abrupt coronary occlusion on Doppler ejection dynamics in man

In experimental animals, brief periods of acute coronary artery occlusion can result in a marked impairment of regional left ventricular wall function [1–3]. The magnitude of global impairment of left ventricular function that accompanies regional wall motion abnormalities is dependent upon the extent of left ventricular ischemic mass [4]. Recently, with the advent of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), transient occlusion of a coronary artery with the angioplasty balloon provided a model through which regional and global left ventricular function can be assessed in patients during brief periods of myocardial ischemia.
Key techniques and latest development in reverse engineering of objects

The reverse engineering is a general name of letting the object be transformed into digitized technology,reconstruction technology of geometric model and manufacturing technology of product interrelated to CAD model.It has been widely applied in various industrial fields.This paper summarized the main technology of data acquirement,data pre-treatment and curved surface reconstruction etc.in reverse engineering,and analyzed some comparatively typical methods.And carried out introductions on its latest researching development at home and abroad.
Benjamin’s Dialectical Image and the Textuality of the Built Landscape

In The Arcades Project , Walter Benjamin describes the architectural expression of nineteenth century Paris as a dialectical manifestation of backwards-looking historicism and the dawn of modern industrial production (in the form of cast iron and mass produced plate glass). Yet in the same text, Benjamin refers to the dialectical image as occurring within the medium of written language. In this paper, I will first discuss the textuality of the dialectical image as it emerges from Benjamin’s discussion of allegorical and symbolic images in his Trauerspiel study and the ‘wish symbol’ in The Arcades Project. I will then discuss the ‘textual reductionism’ implicit in Benjamin’s theory of the dialectical image, in which the dense pluralities of urban space are reduced to a finite script to be pieced together through Benjamin’s constructivist method of historical observation. The textuality of the dialectical image will be elaborated on by discussing it in relation to the practice of translation. This discussion will be further contextualised by discussing a cadre of German/Austrian planners and architects who attempted to translate architectural idioms between cultural identities in Kemalist Era Turkey. The article concludes with a short recapitulation on the dialectical image as both an object of scrutiny and a method of observation, one which also takes into consideration the specific historicity of the observer.
The Persistence of Presentism

Background/ContextThis study draws on the voluminous research on teachers’ workplace orientations and especially on Dan Lortie's documentation of conservatism, individualism, and presentism among t...
Dificultades en la internacionalización de la empresa

Clasifico las dificultades en la internacionalizacion de la empresa segun su causa en seis tipos; esto facilita su identificacion y solucion. Tres tipos son causados por los recursos existentes en la empresa: (1) la dificultad de transferir recursos al extranjero, (2) la dificultad de transferir al extranjero las ventajas unidas a los recursos, y (3) la creacion de desventajas por los recursos transferidos al extranjero. Otros tres tipos surgen por la carencia de recursos necesarios para: (4) ser una multinacional, (5) competir en la nueva industria, y (6) operar en el nuevo marco institucional.
Case 2: Poor Feeding and Physical Anomalies in a 1-day-old Male Newborn

A male infant is born at 39 0/7 weeks of gestation with a birthweight of 2,917 g. He is born to a 28-year-old gravida 3, para 2-0-1-2 mother who received appropriate prenatal care. The infant requires no resuscitation at delivery, has Apgar scores of 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively, and is transferred to the newborn nursery for routine care. Upon initial nursing evaluation in the nursery, the infant is noted to have 2,3-syndactyly of the bilateral feet (Fig 1) and a small phallus (Fig 2). The primary pediatrician’s initial examination reveals the syndactyly and a hypospadias with palpable testes in the inguinal canal. The infant is noted to have very poor latch and suck when attempting breastfeeding on the day of birth. One day after birth, the infant continues to have inability to feed at the breast. Follow-up examination notes ambiguous genitalia and laboratory/imaging studies are ordered. Initial laboratory investigation reveals a low total serum testosterone at 67 ng/dL (reference range for newborns: 75–400 ng/dL) and electrolytes remarkable for sodium of 141 mEq/L (141 mmol/L), potassium of 5.7 mEq/L (5.7 mmol/L), chloride of 109 mEq/L (109 mmol/L), bicarbonate of 24 mEq/L (24 mmol/L), serum urea nitrogen of 12 mg/dL (4.28 mmol/L), creatinine of 0.27 mg/dL (23.9 μmol/L), glucose of 54 mg/dL (3 mmol/L), and a serum calcium of 8.7 mg/dL (2.2 mmol/L). An …
The Shaving Reaction. Rituximab/CD20 Complexes Are Removed from Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells (Z138) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Cells by Monocyte/Macrophages: In Vitro Studies and a SCID Mouse Model.

Clinical investigations have revealed that infusion of immunotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies directed to normal or tumor cells can lead to loss of targeted epitopes, a phenomenon called antigenic modulation. Recently we reported that Rituximab (RTX) treatment of CLL patients induced substantial loss of CD20 on B cells found in the circulation after RTX infusion, when RTX plasma concentrations were high. Antigenic modulation can severely compromise therapeutic efficacy, and we postulated that B cells had been “shaved” of RTX/CD20 complexes by monocytes or macrophages of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) in a reaction mediated by Fcγ receptors. Our in vitro model is based on reacting RTX-opsonized CD20+ cells with acceptor THP-1 monocytes differentiated to a macrophage-like phenotype. After 45 min at 37°C, ~50–80% of both RTX and CD20 are removed from opsonized cells, and both proteins are demonstrable on acceptor THP-1 cells, as ascertained by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and immunoblotting. Tests with inhibitors and use of F(ab’)2 fragments of RTX indicate shaving is mediated by Fcγ receptors, and shaving occurs equally well in the presence and absence of complement. We developed a pre-clinical xenograft mouse model to replicate shaving: 5 X 106 Z138 cells were infused iv or sc, into SCID/CB17 mice, and ~25 days later animals were treated with varying doses of RTX. Z138 cells recovered from lungs (iv model) or tumors (sc model) of treated and control mice 30 min to 3 days after RTX infusion were analyzed by flow cytometry. Substantial loss of CD20 was demonstrable on RTX-targeted cells, and this loss was more pronounced at longer times after RTX infusion. Moreover, Z138 cells in untreated mice had moderate to high levels of CD20 and few cell-associated C3 fragments, but in RTX-treated mice the situation was reversed: the Z138 cells were CD20 poor (<20% of the CD20 levels compared to untreated mice) but had significant amounts of deposited C3dg. These findings replicate our earlier studies which demonstrated that treatment of CLL patients with RTX promotes loss of CD20 as well as complement activation and C3 fragment deposition on circulating B cells. It is likely that previously described antigenic modulation, usually reported for conditions of high circulating malignant cell burdens targeted by monoclonal antibodies, was also mediated by cells of the MPS via the shaving reaction. Our findings may have profound implications for the use of monoclonal antibodies in the immunotherapy of cancer.
Disengaged Ethics: Code development and journalism's relationship with “the public”

Drawing upon scholars who call for an open and inclusive approach to journalism ethics, this paper examines empirically three recent efforts to develop or revise codes guiding journalistic practices. It explores the code developers’ intentions in their work and the values they embraced, finding widespread interest in serving the public and representing community interests. However, as new technologies and emphasis on participatory approaches have the power to reshape journalism, work on these ethical codes involved almost entirely closed processes exclusive to journalists and professional organizations. Such exclusivity calls into question the dedication to serve the public and encourage participation. It also squanders an opportunity to understand the interests of varying publics and how these might inform journalistic work, while simultaneously keeping the public from better views of journalistic practices, norms, and principles.
Bimodal Degradation of MLL Protein by the Cell Cycle SCFSkp2 and APCCdc20 E3 Lilgases Assures Cell Cycle Execution: A Critical Regulatory Circuit Lost in Leukemogenic MLL-Fusions.

The MLL (mixed lineage leukemia) gene encodes a highly conserved 3,969 aa histone H3 K4 methyl transferase, of which chromosome translocations result in poor prognostic infant and therapy-related leukemias. Mysteriously, the pathognomonic MLL leukemia fusions consist of a common amino(N)-terminal ∼1400 aa of MLL fused in frame with more than 60 different partners with no shared characteristics. The most well known genetic function of MLL is to antagonize polycomb group of proteins for proper Hox gene expression. Consequently deregulated Hox genes caused by MLL translocations contribute to the MLL leukemogenesis. Besides Hox genes, it remains largely undetermined whether MLL participates in other biological processes. The 500kD MLL precursor undergoes evolutionarily conserved proteolytic maturation mediated by Taspase1 (Hsieh et al. 2003, MCB, 23, 186–194; Hsieh et al. 2003, Cell, 115, 293–303). Our recent studies on Taspase1 knockout cells established an MLL-E2F axis in orchestrating core cell cycle gene expression including Cyclins and possibly Cdk inhibitors (Takeda et al. 2006, Genes & Development, 20, 2397–2409). As MLL actively participates in the cell cycle regulation, we investigated the regulation of MLL through cell cycle transition. We uncovered a unique biphasic expression of MLL conferred by defined windows of degradation mediated by specialized cell cycle E3 ligases. Specifically, SCF Skp2 and APC Cdc20 mark MLL for degradation at S phase and late M phase, respectively. Abolished peak expression of MLL incurs corresponding defects in G1/S transition and M phase progression. Conversely, over-expression of MLL blocks S phase progression. Remarkably, MLL degradation initiates at its N-terminal ∼1400 aa that is retained in all MLL leukemia fusions. We examined prevalent MLL-fusions, including MLL-AF4, MLL-AF9, MLL-ELL and MLL-ELL, and observed their increased resistance to degradation. Furthermore, the same resistance was observed with the leukemogenic MLL-lacZ but not the non-leukemogenic MLL-Myc tag fusion. Thus, non-oscillating expression of MLL-fusions through the cell cycle, resulted from impaired degradation, likely constitutes the universal mechanism underlying all MLL leukemias. Our data conclude an essential post-translational regulation of MLL by the cell cycle ubiquitin/proteasome system (UPS) to assure the temporal necessity of MLL in coordinating cell cycle progression. Future studies aim at providing a comprehensive analysis on the cell cycle consequences associated with MLL-fusions using genetically modified cells derived from mice carrying various MLL-fusion knockin alleles, including MLL-AF4, MLL-AF9, and MLL-CBP.
Implementation and evaluation of a prototype consumer reporting system for patient safety events.

Objective No methodologically robust system exists for capturing consumer-generated patient safety reports. To address this challenge, we developed and pilot-tested a prototype consumer reporting system for patient safety, the Health Care Safety Hotline. Design Mixed methods evaluation. Setting The Hotline was implemented in two US healthcare systems from 1 February 2014 through 30 June 2015. Participants Patients, family members and caregivers associated with two US healthcare systems. Intervention A consumer-oriented incident reporting system for telephone or web-based administration was developed to elicit medical mistakes and care-related injuries. Main Outcomes Measures Key informant interviews, measurement of website traffic and analysis of completed reports. Results Key informants indicated that Hotline participation was motivated by senior leaders' support and alignment with existing quality and safety initiatives. During the measurement period from 1 October 2014 through 30 June 2015, the home page had 1530 visitors with a unique IP address. During its 17 months of operation, the Hotline received 37 completed reports including 20 mistakes without harm and 15 mistakes with injury. The largest category of mistake concerned problems with diagnosis or advice from a health practitioner. Hotline reports prompted quality reviews, an education intervention, and patient follow-ups. Conclusion While generating fewer reports than its capacity to manage, the Health Care Safety Hotline demonstrated the feasibility of consumer-oriented patient safety reporting. Further research is needed to understand how to increase consumers' use of these systems.
Generation of Transparent-Scan Sequences for Diagnosis of Scan Chain Faults

Diagnosis of scan chain faults is important for yield learning and improvement. Procedures that generate tests for diagnosis of scan chain faults produce scan-based tests with one or more functional capture cycles between a scan-in and a scan-out operation. The approach to test generation referred to as transparent-scan has several advantages in this context. (1) It allows functional capture cycles and scan shift cycles to be interleaved arbitrarily. This increases the flexibility to assign to the scan cells values that are needed for diagnosis. (2) Test generation under transparent-scan considers a circuit model where the scan logic is included explicitly. Consequently, the test generation procedure takes into consideration the full effect of a scan chain fault. It thus produces accurate tests. (3) For the same reason, it can also target faults inside the scan logic. (4) Transparent-scan results in compact test sequences. Compaction is important because of the large volumes of fail data that scan chain faults create. The cost of transparent-scan is that it requires simulation procedures for sequential circuits, and that arbitrary sequences would be applicable to the scan select input. Motivated by the advantages of transparent-scan, and the importance of diagnosing scan chain faults, this article describes a procedure for generating transparent-scan sequences for diagnosis of scan chain faults. The procedure is also applied to produce transparent-scan sequences for diagnosis of faults inside the scan logic.
Treatment of Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviors. This chapter discusses the core symptoms of ASD as well as how they are grouped and prioritized for treatment. Also included is a discussion of strategies that target these core symptoms.
P2 Presence of fibular positional faults in individuals with chronic ankle instability

Study Design Case-Control Study. Objectives To investigate the position of the distal fibula in individuals with unilateral chronic ankle instability (CAI) and healthy individuals. Background CAI is classified as the presences of residual instability and episodes of ‘giving way’ which occurs following a lateral ankle sprain. It has been theorised that a fibular positional fault occurs following a lateral ankle sprain and this ‘shift’ may contribute to the ongoing ankle instability. Methods and Measures Twenty-five subjects with unilateral CAI (height=170.49±9.42 cm, weight=73.66±16.21 kg; age=19.8±1.8 years) and twenty-five subjects with healthy ankles (height=168.36±14.78 cm, weight=73.34±26.35 kg; age=19.7±1.6 years) participated in this study. CAI was identified as anyone scoring an 11 or greater on the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability questionnaire on the affected ankle and zero on the contralateral limb. Healthy subjects had no history of ankle injury on either side. Subjects were fitted with a night splint and positioned side lying on an L board to ensure neutral ankle and hip positioning. A single lateral radiograph was taken of the ankle and this process was repeated on the contralateral limb. A licensed radiologist measured the distance (mm) between the most anterior portion of the tibia and the most anterior portion of the fibula. Results Results of the RMANOVA yielded no significant side by group interaction (F11, 48=1.75, p=0.19) and no significant differences between the sides or groups (p>0.05). Conclusions It appears that these individuals with CAI did not have a significant shift in fibular position compared to the contralateral healthy limb or healthy individuals with no history of ankle sprains.
Improving peer review: What authors can do.

Publishing manuscripts in the peer-reviewed literature is essential for the advancement of both science and healthcare.[1][1] For those who work in academic environments, including residency or fellowship training programs, disseminating one’s work in peer-reviewed journals and other forums is
Microwave response of a coplanar waveguide phase shifter to pulsed optical illumination

It has recently been shown that a microwave signal carried on a Schottky-contacted coplanar waveguide (CPW) on a GaAs substrate can undergo large phase shifts when the structure is optically illuminated, even at very low illumination intensities1. Past experiments have been made only for continuous (CW) illumination of the CPW. However, the response of the device to time-varying optical illumination is of great importance for microwave and optoelectronic applications where dynamic operation is required. In this paper we present preliminary measurements of response times of optically illuminated CPW phase shifters. Results indicate the possible presence of optically active semiconductor trap states with extremely slow response times, which dominate the microwave propagation characteristics of the CPW. A possible way to prevent this "optical back-gating" effect will also be discussed.
Who Uses Direct-to-Consumer Brain Stimulation Products, and Why? A Study of Home Users of tDCS Devices

Despite the attention garnered by the home (or “do-it-yourself”) use of tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation), little is known about the population of actual users. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive examination of those who purchase tDCS devices: who they are, how they learn about tDCS, and why and how they stimulate. A link to an online survey was sent to those who had purchased a tDCS device from seven different companies selling tDCS devices to the public as of June 2016; data was analyzed from 339 participants, the majority of whom reported residing in North America. The typical respondent was a wealthy, highly educated, liberal, fortysomething male living in the USA who reported being an early adopter of technology. Nearly three quarters of respondents reported using tDCS for cognitive enhancement, one-quarter for restoration, and approximately 40% for treatment; many participants selected a combination of usage indications. Notably, approximately one third of participants utilize tDCS to self-treat depression. Most who use tDCS for treatment find the technology to be effective, whereas most who use it for non-treatment purposes (i.e., only enhancement and/or restoration) find it to be ineffective. Approximately 40% of those who purchase tDCS devices either quit using the device (mostly due to lack of efficacy) or have never used the device (mostly due to lack of guidance). Participants depart from established scientific protocol particularly with regard to frequency of stimulation, with 8.4% reporting self-administering 100+ sessions of tDCS. With regard to side effects, a small subset of users (n = 10) reported serious skin burns. This study provides an empirical foundation on which to base policy recommendations and offers a fact-based perspective on a bioethical debate that has too-often been one step removed from reality.
Dual of Defected Ground Structure for Coplanar Stripline

Defected ground structures (DGS) have been used with microstrip and coplanar waveguide (CPW), but until now no comparable structure has been demonstrated for coplanar stripline (CPS), probably because there is no “ground plane.” This letter introduces a dual of DGS for CPS with dual properties, or it acts as a shunt, series RLC circuit that creates an equivalent shunt short circuit at the resonant frequency, which is the dual of the DGS in microstrip or CPW.