cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of Fe oxides: Part I. Entropy at standard temperature and pressure and heat capacity of goethite (α-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3)

The heat capacities ( C P) of goethite (goe, α-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (lep, γ-FeOOH), and maghemite (mag, γ-Fe2O3) were measured from below liquid helium temperature up to their decomposition temperatures by a combination of adiabatic, semi-adiabatic, and differential scanning calorimetry. All three phases were synthetic, with <160 ppm of Al. Chlorine content in goe (32 ppm) and lep (202 ppm) is too low to affect the calorimetric results of this study. Phase purity was verified by Rietveld refinement of the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns; we determined lattice parameters, atomic positions, crystallite size, and microstrain for all three samples. The Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area is 21 (goe), 23 (lep), and 18 (mag) m2/g. No amorphous impurity was found in the goethite sample by extraction of the oxalate soluble fraction. The excess water, determined from weight loss after firing at 1200 K overnight, is 0.083 ± 0.010 (goe), 0.087 ± 0.005 (lep), 0.042 ± 0.003 (mag) moles of water per mole of FeOOH or Fe2O3. The entropy at standard temperature and pressure (STP) was calculated from subambient C P data and corrected for the excess water content using a Debye-Einstein representation of the C P of hexagonal ice. The entropy at STP is 59.7 ± 0.2 (goe), 65.1 ± 0.2 (lep), and 93.0 ± 0.2 (mag) J/(K·mol). The XRD pattern of maghemite lacks superstructure peaks, and complete disorder of the vacancies leads to configurational entropy S conf = 2.0 J/K·mol. Because very weak superstructure peaks can be overlooked, or the vacancies may be short-range ordered, this calculated S conf represents only an upper limit. The heat capacity above 273 K was fitted to a Maier-Kelley polynomial C P [J/(K·mol), T in K] = a + b T + c T −2. The C P polynomial coefficients are a = 1.246, b = 0.2332, c = 313900 (goe, valid in temperature range 273–375 K), a = 59.76, b = 0.06052, c = −772900 (lep, 273–390 K), and a = 106.8, b = 0.06509, c = −1886000 (mag, 273–760 K).
Root biomass of the Chinese fir at different ages and its compatible models

Based on Chinese fir plantation in Fujian Province, we studied the proportion of root biomass of each compo-nent(root stake, thick-root, medium-root, small-root, fine-root) with the forest age variation through the fixed sampleplot method. We constructed the optimum biomass model of root stake, thick-root, medium-root, small-root, fine-root byusing R analysis software. According to controlling the volume and component of root, we built the compatible modelsand evaluated the models. Results showed that root biomass of the average individual tree decreased with planting age in-crease. Biomasses of different root diameter classes ranked as root stake thick-root medium-root small-root fine-root. Among them root stake and thick-root accounted for more than 80% of total root biomass. So the thick root weremainly distributed in the 20-80 cm soil layer. The nonlinear compatible model could be established quickly by using Ranalysis software. It could completely and objectively reflect the distribution relationship of biomasses among various com-ponents(R20?? 77,P84?? 7,e0?? 153), solve the incompatibility among the components and improve the accuracy of themodels.
Determination of MG and LMG in Food by Agilent 6410 LCQQQ

A rapid and quantitative method for determination of MG and LMG in food was established by Agilent 6410 LCQQQ.ESI(+)and MRM mode was applied in MS qualification and quantitation,the method is free of traditional employment of PbO2 oxidation column.It is very sensitive and rapid.LOQ reaches 0.01 μg/kg and meets the requirement of EU and JPL for residue testing.
Combining myoma coagulation with endometrial ablation/resection reduces subsequent surgery rates.

Background This study compares results of endometrial ablation alone and in combination with myoma coagulation. Subsequent surgery rates were 38% for ablation alone and 12% for combined therapy. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare hysterectomy rates following various surgical procedures to treat profuse uterine bleeding as well as myomatous uteri. Study design This is a descriptive study of women who underwent endometrial ablation alone, endometrial ablation with myoma coagulation, or endometrial resection with myoma coagulation to treat profuse uterine bleeding as well as myomatous uterus. From 1986 to 1995, the author performed 52 endometrial ablation procedures; 88 myoma coagulation and endometrial ablation procedures; and 28 myoma coagulations with resection of submucous myomas in patients who were subsequently available for follow-up. Patients were followed up for up to ten years. Results Of the patients undergoing ablation alone, 20 (38%) of 52 required a second surgery for continued symptoms during a mean follow-up of 47 months. Five of these patients (9.6%) underwent hysterectomy. Of the patients who underwent endometrial ablation plus myoma coagulation (myolysis), 11 (12.5%) of 88 required a repeat surgical procedure during a mean follow-up of 25 months. Five of these patients (5.7%) underwent hysterectomy. Volumetric measurements revealed an average reduction in fibroid volume of 54.5% in this patient group following treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and combined myoma coagulation and endometrial ablation surgery. Of the 28 patients who underwent myoma coagulation plus resection, five (18%) required a repeat procedure. Of these five, one (4%) required hysterectomy. Fibroid volume in this group was reduced by a mean of 72.6% following administration of a GnRH agonist and combined laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgery as described. The rate of reoperation was significantly lower among patients receiving endometrial ablation with myoma lysis with or without resection compared with those undergoing endometrial ablation alone (P Conclusions Myoma coagulation (myolysis), when combined with endometrial ablation among women with symptomatic fibroids and bleeding, reduces all subsequent surgery rates compared with endometrial ablation alone. Myolysis with endometrial resection also results in a reduced need for hysterectomy.
Preincubation of t-SNAREs with Complexin I Increases Content-Mixing Efficiency.

Complexin (Cpx) is a major regulator for Ca2+-triggered fast neuroexocytosis which underlies neuronal communication. Many psychiatric and neurological disorders accompany changes in the Cpx expression level, suggesting that abnormal Cpx levels may elicit aberrant cognitive symptoms. To comprehend how the changes in the Cpx level might affect neuronal communication, we investigated Ca2+-triggered exocytosis at various Cpx concentrations. Ca2+-triggered content-mixing between a single proteoliposome of t-SNARE and another single proteoliposome of v-SNARE plus Ca2+-sensor synaptotagmin 1 was examined with total internal reflection microscopy. We find that Cpx enhances Ca2+-triggered vesicle fusion with the yield changing from approximately 10% to 70% upon increasing Cpx from 0 to 100 nM. Unexpectedly, however, the fusion efficiency becomes reduced when Cpx is increased further, dropping to 20% in the micromolar range, revealing a bell-shaped dose–response curve. Intriguingly, we find that the rate of vesicle...
The anticonvulsant action of tridione; preliminary report.

Tridione (3, 5, 5-trimethyloxazolidine-2, 4-dione) is a new compound showing marked anticonvulsant and slight sedative action in humans. A preliminary report is made concerning the effectiveness of tridione as compared with phenobarbital and dilantin. In a group of 11 mentally defective institutionalized epileptics, three were better controlled by tridione than with previous medications, six were essentially unchanged, and two had more seizures with tridione than with phenobarbital and dilantin. Nine of the 11 subjects showed a strong anticonvulsant action with tridione, which appears to be as effective as phenobarbital or dilantin in antagonizing convulsions. No major toxic effects were noted, although two patients died of extraneous causes during the experiment. The sedative action of tridione in large dosages is effective in decreasing the noisy overactivity of deteriorated epileptics. It is concluded that tridione is a strong anticonvulsant drug which deserves further intensive investigation.
Exploring the Use of Interactive Digital Storytelling Video: Promoting Student Engagement and Learning in a University Hybrid Course

This study explores interactive digital storytelling in a university hybrid course. Digital stories leverage imagery and narrative-based content to explore concepts, while appealing to millennials. When digital storytelling is used as the main source of course content, tensions arise regarding how to engage and support student learning while holding them accountable for watching the video. We explore interactive video as a way to mitigate and engage with these issues. The context is a hybrid sustainability course for preservice teachers that used digital stories in a conventional format in which students could start, stop, and pause the video at will, as well as an interactive format with all the same features, plus programmed pauses for required understanding checks. A survey of students (n = 223) indicated they believed interactive digital stories supported engagement, scaffolded learning, and increased learning gains, but did not increase accountability. Evaluation of quiz performance indicated they recalled significantly more with interactive videos, compared to conventional videos. Implications for practice are discussed.
A Unified Framework for Neuronal Spikes, Seizures, Spreading Depression, and Ischemia-Induced Anoxic Depolarization

The pathological phenomena of seizures and spreading depression have long been considered separate physiological events in the brain. By incorporating conservation of particles and charge, and accounting for the energy required to restore ionic gradients and cell swelling we extend the classic Hodgkin-Huxley formalism to uncover a unification of neuronal membrane dynamics. By examining the dynamics as a function of potassium and oxygen, we now account for a wide range of neuronal activities, from spikes to seizures, spreading depression, mixed seizure and spreading depression states, and the terminal anoxic “wave of death.” Such a unified framework demonstrates that all of these dynamics lie along a continuum of the repertoire of the neuron membrane [1, 2]. We demonstrate the spontaneous transition between epileptic seizure and spreading depression states as the cell swells and contracts in response to changes in osmotic pressure. The use of volume as an order parameter further revealed a dynamical definition for the experimentally described physiological ceiling that separates seizure from spreading depression, as well as predicted a second ceiling that demarcates spreading depression from anoxic depolarization. Our model highlights the neuroprotective role of glial K+ buffering against seizures and spreading depression, and provides novel insights into anoxic depolarization and the relevant cell swelling during ischemia [3]. Our results demonstrate that unified frameworks for neuronal dynamics are feasible, can be achieved using existing biological structures and universal physical conservation principles, and may be of substantial importance in enabling our understanding of brain activity and in the control of pathological states.[1] Wei, Ullah, and Schiff (2014) J.Neurosci. 34: 11733.[2] Wei, Ullah, Ingram, Schiff (2014) J. Neurophysiol. 112: 213.[3] Ullah et al (2015) PLoS Comp. Biol. 11: e1004413.
Accounting Versus Legal Interpretations of Corporate Insolvency in Australia

Legal and accounting concepts are closely intertwined in the context of corporate insolvency. Often however, discrepancies exist between interpretations of accounting and legal concepts when companies run into difficulties - creating a serious dilemma for directors.One of the first challenges around insolvency is that it is often unclear at what point, and based on what measures a company is said to be insolvent. Differences of opinion sometimes exist between accounting principles and interpretation of these principles by legislation. The paper examines the issues surrounding this disparity in the following order:1. In what context accounting regulation in Australia intertwines with legal obligation;2. Whether discrepancies of definition exists between these two areas in the Australian regulatory system;3. What effect (if any) such discrepancies have on the usefulness of financial information upon which both the law and directors need to rely on.
Cuba: Still Punching Above Its Weight

The axiomatic phrase “punching above its weight” has continued to characterize Cuba’s behavior in world affairs. Despite material and structural deficiencies and inefficiencies, as well as a protracted bellicosity with the USA, Cuba, through the adoption of various pragmatic traditional and non-traditional diplomatic strategies, has attained a strong global presence. This trajectory has propelled Cuba into a leadership role in several areas of south–south cooperation, earning it the attention, respect, and admiration of other countries in the global south. The chapter will explore the validity of the designation of Cuba as a leading country in the global south by exploring four types of diplomacy—regionalism, multilateralism and internationalism, medical diplomacy, and public diplomacy—that this country has used to promote its national interest beyond its shores.
Characteristics of adults with overweight/obesity and high internal disinhibition: do they fit with targets for acceptance-based interventions?

SummaryObjective Adults with overweight/obesity reporting high levels of internal disinhibition (ID) tend to do poorly in standard behavioural weight loss programmes. The current study sought to compare a sample of individuals with overweight/obesity selected on the basis of high ID with an unselected treatment-seeking sample of adults with overweight/obesity on characteristics that might make acceptance-based treatments particularly appropriate for those with high ID. Methods Sample 1 included 162 treatment-seeking adults with overweight/obesity who were selected for high ID; sample 2 included 194 unselected treatment-seeking adults with overweight/obesity. First, the two samples were compared on levels of general and weight-related experiential avoidance, and values-consistent behaviour, both of which are targeted in acceptance-based treatments, and on other general psychological characteristics. Next, the unselected sample was split into two groups, those meeting criteria for high (N = 105; sample 2/high ID) vs. low (N = 89; sample 2/low ID) ID, and the three groups were compared on the same characteristics. Results Sample 1 reported higher levels of both general and weight-related experiential avoidance as well as less values-consistent behaviour than sample 2. They reported greater psychological impairment in quality of life, depression and anxiety. Within sample 2, 54% met the criteria for high ID. Both sample 1 and sample 2/high ID reported higher levels of experiential avoidance and less values-consistent behaviour than did the sample 2/low ID. The two high ID samples also reported greater psychological impairment in quality of life, depression and anxiety than sample 2/low ID. Conclusions Adults with overweight/obesity who report high levels of ID were characterized by higher levels of experiential avoidance, lower levels of values-consistent behaviour, and more psychosocial impairment as compared with other adults with overweight/obesity. As these are important targets of acceptance-based approaches, this subgroup may benefit from the integration of such approaches into behavioural weight loss programmes.
Circulating mir-21 and mir-378 are predictive of progression-free survival (PFS) in patients treated with everolimus in metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC).

4617 Background: The oral mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, affects tumor growth by targeting cellular metabolic proliferation pathways and modestly delays RCC progression. We hypothesized that circulati...
Chaucer: Romances and the Temporality of Confession

Particularly in Troilus and Criseyde, Book of the Duchess, and the Man of Law’s Tale, Chaucer employs his understanding of the parallels between the narratives of love and the narratives of confession in his depictions of recollection, especially with respect to, as with Gower, the concept of change, yet he inserts confession into his romances rather than constructing his works as primarily confessions. By writing confession and memory into romance settings, Chaucer is able to convert traditional courtly love and romance formulas into intricate, multi-faceted narratives that fully express the transformations involved in creating and preserving the essential characteristics that identify a lover.
Coupling sample paths to the thermodynamic limit in Monte Carlo estimators with applications to gene expression

Abstract Many biochemical systems appearing in applications have a multiscale structure so that they converge to piecewise deterministic Markov processes in a thermodynamic limit. The statistics of the piecewise deterministic process can be obtained much more efficiently than those of the exact process. We explore the possibility of coupling sample paths of the exact model to the piecewise deterministic process in order to reduce the variance of their difference. We then apply this coupling to reduce the computational complexity of a Monte Carlo estimator. Motivated by the rigorous results in [1] , we show how this method can be applied to realistic biological models with nontrivial scalings.
Tabellarische Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie gynäkologischer Infektionen

Fur alle Kolleginnen und Kollegen in Kliniken oder Praxen, die sich schnell informieren wollen, sind die wesentlichen Masnahmen zur Diagnostik gynakologischer Infektionen sowie die Konsequenzen, die sich aus deren Nachweis im Fall einer Schwangerschaft fur Mutter und Kind ergeben konnen, im folgenden tabellarisch zusammengefast. Der Vollstandigkeit halber werden auch solche Infektionen genannt, die in diesem Buch nicht ausfuhrlich besprochen worden sind, aber im Alltag bedeutsam sein konnen.
OPIATE RECEPTOR BINDING STUDIES INFLUENCE OF A REVERSIBLE SULFHYDRYL REAGENT

Summary Preincubation with 4,4′-dithiopyridine inactivates the 3 H-dihydromorphine (DHM) binding capacity of a mouse brain homogenate. 3 H-DHM binding is restored by either dithiothreitol or β-mercaptoethanol. Equilibration of the receptor preparation with nitrous oxide at one atmosphere results in a 68% inhibition of DHM binding.
Readmissions, penalties, and the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program

Abstract Preventable readmissions represent a considerable economic burden on the healthcare system in the United States, and have emerged as targets in value-based initiatives in recent legislation. The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) was established as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to provide a financial incentive for hospitals to engage in quality improvement efforts to reduce readmissions, by levying penalties for Medicare reimbursements to hospitals with higher-than-expected rates of readmissions. By linking quality with payment, the goal of this program was to reduce the variations in healthcare delivery that may contribute to the disparate outcomes observed between hospitals. Both before and after implementation, however, concerns over the extent to which hospitals can influence readmission rates have been debated, and will continue to be central in the discussions surrounding each new ruling of the HRRP.
THE GREAT MASQUERADER: CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS MIMICKING ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA

Infiltrative cardiomyopathies have overlapping features by conventional imaging criteria; Precise diagnosis requires a multimodality approach and has important implications for treatment. A 49 year old male presented in ventricular tachycardia which terminated with lidocaine. Baseline EKG was
How to conduct a Narrative Policy Framework study

Abstract The Narrative Policy Framework has a growing number of researchers seeking to apply the framework in policy process scholarship. This article is intended to assist those interested in conducting an NPF study that is ‘clear enough to be wrong’ (Sabatier, 2000). While graduate programs offer critical methodological training, this article focuses on the specific application of the NPF to research inquiries about the role of policy narratives in the policy process. We approach our discussion by examining various decisions in the research process and include a detailed discussion of specifying the model and obtaining narrative data. We also point out areas for further investigation.
“Food Comes First”: The Development of Colonial Nutritional Policy in Ghana, 1900–1950

This article examines the origins of colonial-era nutrition policy in Ghana (the colonial Gold Coast). It shows how imperial ideas about food and nutrition evolved in response to changing condition...
Examining the effect of the Hiawatha LRT on auto use in the Twin Cities

Abstract Many studies have investigated the impact of rail transit on transit use. However, few have focused on auto use. This study explores the effect of the Hiawatha LRT in Minneapolis on vehicle miles driven (VMD). Negative binomial models show that Hiawatha residents drive shorter distance than those in urban and suburban control corridors, after demographics and neighborhood characteristics are controlled for. The LRT can reduce an urban resident's VMD by about 20%, all else equal. Once attitudes are included in the model, however, the differences become insignificant. Demographics and attitudes altogether are more important in influencing auto use than the built environment. Overall, the LRT reduces driving because it enables new housing development and allows those valuing transit to better match their attitudes.
A systems engineering perspective of timing information for optimized decision making

In this paper the authors explore an alternative cause, and proposed solution, as to why over 30% of projects are deemed failures and almost half experience scope creep and schedule slippages; and more than 40% incurring cost overruns. Today many projects work in a reactionary mode when decisions are needed, stakeholders use historic data (lagging indicators) and personal experience to choose among a set of options. In this research, the authors propose to proactively engineer the information environment to inform and shape evidence-based decisions as well as better communicate intent across stakeholders, thereby creating better alignment between project teams, sponsors, and project objectives. The authors assert that the pacing of information for informed decision making is key to reducing project risks. To accomplish this, the authors developed a project information profiler and accompanying information risk coefficient, MZ coefficient, that can be employed to find and address the hidden risks created by inferior quality, erroneous, and untimely information. The authors propose that this holistic systems engineering approach will significantly improve the likelihood of achieving project objectives given constraints of the information ecosystem.
Employment of Deaf-Blind Rubella Students in a Subsidized Work Program:

Recipients of training in a model vocational program for deaf-blind youth participated in a summer workshop placement. Three deaf-blind teenage students were placed for four to eight weeks in a com...
Root production, soil organic matter, soil moisture, and sorghum yield in an alley-cropping system with Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl. and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. in the Hararghe Highlands, Eastern Ethiopia

67 Introduction 69 Materials and Methods 70 Results and Discussion 73 Summary and Conclusion 84 CHAPTERS: GENERAL CONCLUSION 87 APPENDIX 89 REFERENCES 92 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 100 LIST OF FIGURES Chapter 2 Figure I: Map of Ethiopia showing the study site -Alemaya Chapter 3 Figure 1: Field layout and unit plot dimensions of the alley-cropping study Figure 2: Layout of the experimental plot showing root sampling distances Chapter 4 Figure 1: Soil moisture content (%) within a sorghum alley, 50 cm from Acacia hedges Figure 2: Soil moisture content (%) within a sorghum alley. 50 cm from Gliricidia hedges Figure 3: Soil moisture content (%) in sole-cropping at 50 cm distance Figure 4: Soil water potential (centibars) within a sorghum alley, 50 cm from Acacia hedges Figure 5: Soil water potential (centibars) within a sorghum alley. 50 cm from Gliricidia hedges Figure 6: Soil water potential (centibars) in sole-cropping at 50 cm distance
Methods of Measuring Thermal Expansion

When heat is added to or removed from a solid material there is a change in dimensions, △L. If the material is isotropic, then the change in dimensions is the same in all directions and the mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion is defined as $$ {{\alpha }_{m}} = \frac{1}{{{{L}_{0}}}}\frac{{\Delta L}}{{\Delta T}} $$ (1) where Lo is the length at some reference temperature, preferably 293 K. The limiting value of this definition (at constant pressure P) for a differential change in temperature is defined as the coefficient of linear thermal expansion or as the expansivity $$ \\alpha = \frac{1}{{{L_0}}}{\left( {\frac{{\partial L}}{{\partial T}}} \right)_p}\ $$ (2) The relative change in dimensions, or the thermal expansion (△L)/L o, is usually expressed in parts per million (µm/m) or as a percent.
Control Mechanisms of Static and Dynamic Balance in Adults With and Without Vestibular Dysfunction in Oculus Virtual Environments.

Abstract Background Deficits in sensory integration and fear of falling in complex environments contribute to decreased participation of adults with vestibular disorders. With recent advances in virtual reality technology, head-mounted displays are affordable and allow manipulation of the environment to test postural responses to visual changes. Objectives To develop an assessment of static and dynamic balance with the Oculus Rift and (1) to assess test-retest reliability of each scene in adults with and without vestibular hypofunction; (2) to describe changes in directional path and sample entropy in response to changes in visuals and surface and compare between groups; and (3) to evaluate the relation between balance performance and self-reported disability and balance confidence. Design Test-retest, blocked-randomized experimental design. Setting Research laboratory. Participants Twenty-five adults with vestibular hypofunction and 16 age- and sex-matched adults. Methods Participants stood on the floor or stability trainers while wearing the Oculus Rift. For 3 moving “stars” scenes, they stood naturally. For a “park” scene, they were asked to avoid a virtual ball. The protocol was repeated 1-4 weeks later. Outcome Anteroposterior and mediolateral center-of-pressure directional path and sample entropy were derived from a force plate. Results We observed good to excellent reliability in the 2 groups, with most intraclass correlations above 0.8 and only 2 at approximately 0.4. The vestibular group had higher directional path for the stars scenes and lower directional path for the park scene compared with controls, with large variability in the 2 groups. Sample entropy decreased with more challenging environments. In the vestibular group, less balance confidence strongly correlated with more sway for the stars scenes and less sway for the park scene. Conclusion Virtual reality paradigms can shed light on the control mechanism of static and dynamic postural control. Clinical utility and implementation of our portable Oculus Rift assessment should be further studied. Level of Evidence II
A Pragmatic Testing-Eligibility Framework for Population Mutation Screening: The Example of BRCA1/2

Background: Eligibility guidelines for genetic testing may be revisited, given technological advances, plummeting costs, and proposals for population mutation screening. A key property of eligibility criteria is the tradeoff between the number of mutation carriers identified versus population members tested. We assess the fractions of mutation carriers identified, versus women undergoing mutation testing, for BRCA1/2 founder mutation screening in U.S. Ashkenazi-Jewish women. Methods: BRCA1/2 carrier probabilities, based on personal/family history, were calculated using the risk-prediction tool BRCAPRO for 4,589 volunteers (102 mutation carriers) in the population-based Washington Ashkenazi Study. For each carrier-probability threshold between 0% and 10%, we compared the percentage of founder mutations detected versus the percentage of women requiring mutation testing. PCR mutation testing was conducted at the NIH for the 3 Ashkenazi-Jewish founder mutations (5382insC and 185delAG in BRCA1, and 6174delT in BRCA2). Results: Identifying 90% of BRCA1/2 founder mutations required testing the 60% of Ashkenazi-Jewish women with carrier probabilities exceeding 0.56%, potentially avoiding mutation testing for approximately 0.7 to 1.1 million U.S. Ashkenazi-Jewish women. Alternatively, testing the 44% whose carrier probability exceeded 0.78% identified 80% of mutation carriers, increasing to 89% of mutation carriers when accounting for cascade testing triggered after mutation-positive daughters were identified by screening. We present data on all carrier-probability thresholds, e.g., a 5% threshold identified 46% of mutation carriers while testing 10% of women. Conclusions: Different carrier-probability thresholds offered diverse tradeoffs between numbers of identified mutation carriers versus women tested. Low carrier-probability thresholds identified 90% of BRCA1/2 founder mutation carriers, without testing approximately 1 million U.S. Ashkenazi-Jewish women with lowest carrier probabilities. Impact: In general, this risk-based framework could provide useful new options to consider during eligibility-criteria development for population mutation screening.
The Impact of Total Body Irradiation-Based Regimens on Outcomes in Children and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Total body irradiation (TBI)-based conditioning regimens are utilized frequently in preparing children and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the late effects of TBI are significant, and therefore, non-TBI regimens have also been developed, with several studies demonstrating excellent disease control and low toxicity. Prior studies that have compared the outcomes of these differing regimens are difficult to interpret in the era of minimal residual disease testing and targeted busulfan. Therefore, we aimed to compare transplant outcomes for patients that received both conditioning regimens at our institution, including the impact of deep sequencing-minimal residual disease (DS-MRD) positivity prior to undergoing allogeneic HSCT. This retrospective analysis included 54 pediatric and young adult patients with a history of ALL, who underwent their first myeloablative allogeneic HSCT between January 2012 and October 2017 at UCSF. TBI-based regimens included >1200 cGy while non-TBI regimens consisted of busulfan, fludarabine, +/- clofarabine, or melphalan, fludarabine, and thiotepa. Most patients received serotherapy. Our primary endpoint was the cumulative incidence of relapse at 3 years post-transplant. The median age of the study population was 11 years (range 1-25 years). 52% of patients received a non-TBI regimen. With a median follow-up time of 2.3 years (range 0.1-6.5 years), the cumulative incidence of relapse at 3 years was 20% in the TBI group and 36% in the non-TBI group (p=0.17). Overall survival, event-free survival, and treatment-related mortality were 70%, 63%, and 12% at 3 years, respectively. The overall rate of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was 35%, more common in the TBI group (46%) than the non-TBI group (25%) (p=0.10). When patients suffered acute GVHD, the cumulative incidence of relapse was less frequent in the TBI group (8%) than the non-TBI group (36%), while relapse was similarly high in both groups when patients did not experience GVHD (37% vs. 29%) (Figure 1). In subanalysis, patients with DS-MRD positivity prior to transplant had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of relapse (50%) compared to patients who were DS-MRD negative (0%) (p=0.002). DS-MRD positive patients had nonsignificantly lower rates of relapse when they experienced acute GVHD (25% vs. 60%, p=0.24), while DS-MRD negative patients had higher rates of acute GVHD following TBI compared to non-TBI regimens (86% vs. 33%, p=0.02), with no clinical benefit. Our results suggest that TBI-based regimens may be advantageous for patients who are DS-MRD positive prior to transplant while non-TBI regimens appear preferable for DS-MRD negative patients. Prospective trials should better delineate when a non-TBI regimen would be most appropriate to use as a preparative regimen in patients with ALL.
Attending to blame

Much has been written lately about cases in which blame of the blameworthy is nonetheless inappropriate because of facts about the blamer. Meddlesome and hypocritical cases are standard examples. Perhaps the matter is none of my business or I am guilty of the same sort of offense, so though the target is surely blameworthy, my blame would be objectionable. In this paper, I defend a novel explanation of what goes wrong with such blame, in a way that draws the cases together. In brief, I argue that blaming is essentially an attentive activity, and that, consequently, meddlesome and hypocritical blamers are attending to the wrong things.
Prediction of cervical spine injury in young pediatric patients: an optimal trees artificial intelligence approach

Abstract Background Cervical spine injuries (CSI) are a major concern in young pediatric trauma patients. The consequences of missed injuries and difficulties in injury clearance for non-verbal patients have led to a tendency to image young children. Imaging, particularly computed tomography (CT) scans, presents risks including radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In this study we leverage machine learning methods to develop highly accurate clinical decision rules to predict pediatric CSI. Methods The PEDSPINE I registry was used to investigate CSI in blunt trauma patients under the age of three. Predictive models were built using Optimal Classification Trees, a novel machine learning approach offering high accuracy and interpretability, as well as other widely used machine learning methods. Results The final Optimal Classification Trees model predicts injury based on overall Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) and patient age. This model has a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 82.3% on the full dataset. It has comparable or superior performance to other machine learning methods as well as existing clinical decision rules. Conclusions This study developed a decision rule that achieves high injury identification while reducing unnecessary imaging. It demonstrates the value of machine learning in improving clinical decision protocols for pediatric trauma. Type of study Retrospective Prognosis Study. Level of evidence II
Towards Fast and Reliable Multihop Routing in VANETs

In Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), fast and reliable dissemination of safety messages is a key step toward improving the overall road safety. In a highly dynamic VANET environment, safety message dissemination in a multi-hop manner is a challenging and complex problem that has gained significant attention recently. Many protocols and schemes have been proposed to efficiently share safety messages among vehicles. However, most existing techniques do not perform well under real-world traffic conditions, or perform adequately only under very limited scenarios and traffic conditions. This research proposes a highly efficient and reliable multi-hop broadcasting protocol, Intelligent Forwarding Protocol (IFP), that exploits handshake-less communication, ACK Decoupling, and an efficient collision resolution mechanism. In this research, IFP has been extensively studied and evaluated to establish its robustness and superiority over existing schemes. A key contribution of this paper is to present an in-depth analysis and optimization of IFP using theoretical modeling, thorough simulations, and extensive real-world experimentation. With IFP, the message propagation delay is significantly reduced and packet delivery ratio is drastically improved.
Personalizing the visitor experience with dynamic information systems

Informal education centers, such as museums and aquaria, serve as important educational resources for the broader community and therefore must accommodate a vast diversity of visitors. This diversity typically includes differences in culture, abilities, and motivational interests and is difficult to support when presenting information using standard presentation media such as graphics panel, audio tours and video presentations. The main problem with these media is that the same information is presented to every visitor, only limited information can be presented given the real estate and time available, and therefore the visitor is limited in the information they have access to. In this project, a personalization architecture system was developed for a kiosk style information system for public aquaria in which the interface is adapted based on a visitors personal preferences, therefore supporting a person's cultural and motivation differences, interests and abilities and helping them find more in depth information about the specimens and processes they are most interested in.
CURRENT CONCEPTS ON THE GENETIC FACTORS IN ROTATOR CUFF PATHOLOGY AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS FOR SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPISTS.

CONTEXT Recent advances within the field of genetics are currently changing many of the methodologies in which medicine is practiced. These advances are also beginning to influence the manner in which physical therapy services are rendered. Rotator cuff pathology is one of the most common diagnoses treated by the sports physical therapist. The purpose of this commentary is to educate sports physical therapists on the recent advances regarding how genetics influences rotator cuff pathology, including rotator cuff tears, and provide a perspective on how this information will likely influence post-operative shoulder rehabilitation in the near future. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A comprehensive review of the literature was completed using the Medline database along with individual searches of relevant physical therapy, surgical, cell biology, and sports medicine journals. Search terms included: shoulder, rotator cuff pathology, genetics, apoptosis, and physical therapy. Search results were compiled and evaluated; relevant primary studies and review articles were gathered; the results from this comprehensive review are summarized here. STUDY DESIGN Clinical Commentary, Review of the Literature. RESULTS Recent advances within the understanding of rotator cuff pathology have further elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with rotator cuff tears. There appears to be a hypoxic-induced apoptotic cellular pathway that contributes to rotator cuff tears. Activation of specific proteins termed matrix metalloproteinases appear to be involved in not only primary rotator cuff tears, but also may influence the re-tear rate after surgical intervention. Further advancements in the understanding of the cellular mechanisms contributing to rotator cuff tears and postoperative techniques to help prevent re-tears, may soon influence the methodology in which physical therapy services are provided to patients sustaining a rotator cuff injury. CONCLUSIONS At this time continued research is required to more fully develop a comprehensive understanding of the role of genetic variables both within primary rotator cuff tears and their influences on post-operative rehabilitation from rotator cuff repair surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5.
The Neoclassical Firm Under Moral Hazard

We develop a model of the neoclassical firm under moral hazard with endogenous capital and employment and perfectly competitive capital, labor and product markets. We assume that effort becomes harder to measure as the firm gets larger and the exogenous parameters are affiliated. The model explains why incentives decline but wages rise with firm size, the mixed evidence on the risk‐reward tradeoff, and the positive correlation between wages and profits. In the long run, incentives are increasing in risk via endogenous capital. Finally, the model makes novel predictions about the relationship between incentives and labor market conditions.
Pathogenic genetic variations of C. acnes are associated with clinically relevant orthopedic shoulder infections

Many surgeons continue to face the clinical dilemma of interpreting a positive aspiration or unexpected positive Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) culture. There are factors that complicate the interpretation of positive cultures including variations in both frequency of false positive cultures and virulence properties. As indices of virulence, hemolytic strains, from previously confirmed clinically infected shoulders, were compared with non-hemolytic isolates determined to be contaminants, by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Six C. acnes isolates from patients who underwent revision total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) were identified based on previously described infection criteria. Three C. acnes isolates from each group underwent RNA-Seq. Differential gene expression analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and heatmap analysis were used to determine the gene variation and patterning between the definite infection and probable contaminant isolates. Differential gene expression analysis identified genes that were differentially expressed between the isolates classified as definite infection and isolates classified as probable contaminants. PCA using a 500 gene subset of identified genes was able to find combinations of these genes that separated out the definite infection and probable contaminants isolates. The heatmap demonstrated similar gene expression in the three Definite Infections isolates, and significantly different expression when compared with the probable contaminant isolates. Clinical significance: C. acnes revision TSA isolates classified as definite infection and probable contaminant demonstrated a similar gene expression pattern to each respective group and different gene expression pattern when compared between groups. These findings indicate distinct differences in C. acnes strains associated with clinically relevant orthopedic TSA infections.
High power gyrotron experiments

A K a -band gyrotron oscillator powered by a compact pulseline accelerator has been operated using oscillator cavities with and without axial slots. The use of axial slots has been shown to suppress low starting current “whispering-gallery” modes, in particular modes of the TE m2 type, allowing stable operation in a linearly-polarized TE 13 mode. A peak power of 35 MW has been observed at 6% efficiency.
Exploiting Protein Translation Dependence in Multiple Myeloma with Omacetaxine-Based Therapy.

Purpose: The prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma who are resistant to proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD), and daratumumab is extremely poor. Even B-cell maturation antigen–specific chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies provide only a temporary benefit before patients succumb to their disease. In this article, we interrogate the unique sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to the alternative strategy of blocking protein translation with omacetaxine. Experimental Design: We determined protein translation levels (n = 17) and sensitivity to omacetaxine (n = 51) of primary multiple myeloma patient samples. Synergy was evaluated between omacetaxine and IMiDs in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Underlying mechanism was investigated via proteomic analysis. Results: Almost universally, primary patient multiple myeloma cells exhibit >2.5-fold increased rates of protein translation compared with normal marrow cells. Ex vivo treatment with omacetaxine resulted in >50% reduction in viable multiple myeloma cells. In this cohort, high levels of translation serve as a biomarker for patient multiple myeloma cell sensitivity to omacetaxine. Unexpectedly, omacetaxine demonstrated synergy with IMiDs in multiple myeloma cell lines in vitro. In addition, in an IMiD-resistant relapsed patient sample, omacetaxine/IMiD combination treatment resensitized the multiple myeloma cells to the IMiD. Proteomic analysis found that the omacetaxine/IMiD combination treatment produced a double-hit on the IRF4/c-MYC pathway, which is critical to multiple myeloma survival. Conclusions: Overall, protein translation inhibitors represent a potential new drug class for myeloma treatment and provide a rationale for conducting clinical trials with omacetaxine alone and in combination with IMiDs for patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
Qualitative Methods for Refining a Web-Based Educational Tool for Patients Focused on Inherited Cancer Predisposition

To address the increasing demand for inherited cancer genetic testing, we developed and evaluated a web-based educational tool to streamline genetic counseling (GC). Consented patients viewed the initial prototype containing core content (Version 1-Core) and provided feedback through three open-ended survey questions. Additional data were collected through individual interviews from a subgroup who viewed an enhanced version (Version 1-Enhanced), consisting of the same core content and additional optional content. Data were coded to synthesize most commonly repeated themes and conceptualize action items to guide refinement strategies. Of 305 participants, 80 responded to open-ended survey questions to suggest refinement strategies, after viewing Version 1-Core. Interviews with a subgroup of seven participants, who viewed Version 1-Enhanced, provided additional feedback. Of 11 unique action items identified, five overlapped across datasets (provide instructions, simplify language, improve visuals, embed knowledge questions with explanations, include more insurance-related information), three were identified only through open-ended survey data (incorporate automatic progression, clarify test result information, increase interactive content), and three were identified only through interviews (ensure core content is viewed, incorporate progress bar, feature embedded optional content at the end of the tool). Ten action items aligned with underlying tool objectives to provide an interactive online pre-test GC solution and were used to guide refinement strategies. Our results demonstrate the value of rigorous qualitative data collection and analysis in health research and the use of the self-directed learning framework and eHealth strategies to leverage technology in scaling up and innovating the delivery of pre-test GC for inherited cancer.