cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue engineering of aortic valve leaflets using biomimetic composite poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels

Purpose: To evaluate pentagalloyl-glucose (PGG) stabilized elastinderived vascular grafts (EDVGs) in terms of their suitability as vascular substitutes. Methods: EDVGs were prepared by alkaline decellularization (0.1 M NaOH at 37°C for 3 h), rinsing and sterilization in 0.1% peracetic acid. Batches of EDVG scaffolds were treated with sterile 0.1% PGG (pH 5.5) containing 20% isopropanol for 24 h, rinsed and stored in sterile PBS. A subset of PGG and non-PGG samples were additionally covalently heparinized via diamine coupling and reductive amination using nitrous acid degraded heparin. Grafts were implanted in a rat infrarenal aortic model for 4 and 8 weeks. Remodeling, patency, endothelialization and healing of the explants were determined by gross and histological evaluation. Results: While PGG treatment did not significantly affect the denaturation temperature (DT) of the tissue, heparinization resulted in significant increases in DT (from 52°C to 81–82°C) and heparin content (from baseline noise levels of b10 mg/g to N100 mg/g). Overall the nonheparinized groups showed strong evidence of remodeling and recellularization, with a high patency rate of 82%. At 8 weeks, only small fragments of the original grafts were preserved with good neovessel formation and moderate intimal hyperplasia (IH). The heparinized groups showed 100% patency, but with little remodeling, presumably due to the increased crosslink density resulting from the amination of the tissue prior to heparin attachment. Some surface endothelialization was observed in all treatment groups. Conclusions: EDVGs are promising candidates as vascular grafts, either as substrates for remodeling, or in more highly cross-linked and heparinized forms.
Spatial wavelength-tunable emission between 350 nm and 715 nm from nanowires on a single substrate

We demonstrate extremely widely wavelength-tunable emissions from a single substrate of nanowires from 350 nm to 715 nm. This unprecedented tuning range is achieved by a novel method of controlling spatial alloy composition grading.
Plans and Expectations: The American News Media and Postwar Japan

This article examines popular representations of Japan and China before and during the war, assesses the ideas of key figures from the press, and considers the ways in which media and policy interacted through the influence of opinion leaders. These prepared the way for the ‘soft’ peace relying on Japanese cooperation that would become the basis for a new alliance between America and Japan.
Loss of IκBα-Mediated Control over Nuclear Import and DNA Binding Enables Oncogenic Activation of c-Rel

The IκBα protein is able both to inhibit nuclear import of Rel/NF-κB proteins and to mediate the export of Rel/NF-κB proteins from the nucleus. We now demonstrate that the c-Rel–IκBα complex is stably retained in the cytoplasm in the presence of leptomycin B, a specific inhibitor of Crm1-mediated nuclear export. In contrast, leptomycin B treatment results in the rapid and complete relocalization of the v-Rel–IκBα complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. IκBα also mediates the rapid nuclear shuttling of v-Rel in an interspecies heterokaryon assay. Thus, continuous nuclear export is required for cytoplasmic retention of the v-Rel–IκBα complex. Furthermore, although IκBα is able to mask the c-Rel-derived nuclear localization sequence (NLS), IκBα is unable to mask the v-Rel-derived NLS in the context of the v-Rel–IκBα complex. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IκBα is unable to inhibit nuclear import of v-Rel. We have identified two amino acid differences between c-Rel and v-Rel (Y286S and L302P) which link the failure of IκBα to inhibit nuclear import and DNA binding of a mutant c-Rel protein to oncogenesis. Our results support a model in which loss of IκBα-mediated control over c-Rel leads to oncogenic activation of c-Rel.
Velocity control for a quad-rotor uav fly-by-camera interface

A quad-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) camera unit are combined to achieve a fully-actuated fly-by-camera positioning system. The flight control interface allows the user to command motions in the camera frame of reference - a natural perspective for surveillance and inspection tasks. A nonlinear velocity controller, derived using Lyapunov stability arguments, produces simultaneous complementary motion of the quad-rotor vehicle and the camera positioning unit. The controller achieves globally uniform ultimate boundedness (GUUB) on all velocity error terms.
A faster PSPACE algorithm for deciding the existential theory of the reals

The decision problem for the existential theory of the reals is the problem of deciding if the set (x in R/sup n/; P(x) is nonempty, where P(x) is a predicate which is a Boolean function of atomic predicates either of which is a Boolean function of atomic predicates either of the form f/sub i/(x)>or=0 or f/sub j/(x)>, the f's being real polynomials. An algorithm is presented for deciding the existential theory of the reals that simultaneously achieves the best known time and space bounds. The time bound for the algorithm is slightly better than any previous bound. >
Dispersive kinetics of nonphotochemical hole burning and spontaneous hole filling: Cresyl Violet in polyvinyl films

The dispersive kinetics of nonphotochemical burning and spontaneous filling of the zero-phonon hole of Cresyl Violet in polyvinyl alcohol at 1.6 K are analyzed in terms of the standard external two-level system (TLSezt) model for probe–glass systems and a distribution function for the tunnel frequency derived from a normal distribution function for the tunnel parameter λ. Average values for the relaxation rates for burning and filling are determined. It is shown that the dominant mechanism for filling is not global spectral diffusion but rather antihole reversion. A high degree of positive correlation between the rates of burning and filling associated with the TLSext is found. A new methodology that permits a more physically reasonable interpretation of spontaneous hole-filling kinetics is described. It is based on the hypothesis that only a fraction of burned sites, on reversion to the ground state, yield sites with resonance frequencies that lie within the hole profile.
Stilbestrol treatment of endometriosis: Report of a case

Abstract A single case of pelvic endometriosis with previous conservative surgery and with recurrence of symptoms and palpable nodules in the cul-de-sac was treated with stilbestrol. The drug was given for four months, but was interrupted at the end of two months and at four months because of profuse vaginal bleeding. The dosage began with 1 mg. daily and was increased to 110 mg. daily with the first half of the treatment. It was increased from 1 mg. to 60 mg. daily with the second half. The symptoms and nodular masses in the culde-sac were not improved. Microscopic sections after the second laparotomy showed no atrophic changes in the endometrium or in the endometriosis, but rather the epithelium appeared quite hyperplastic.
Importance of Relationship between Ductus and Isthmus in Fetal Diagnosis of Coarctation of Aorta.

Background The prenatal diagnosis of coarctation of aorta (CoA) can prove problematic, with relatively high false-positive and false-negative rates. This significantly impacts both prenatal counseling and postnatal management. We sought to evaluate a variety of prenatal echo indices to determine which would best predict neonatal CoA. Methods Fetal echocardiograms of those with prenatal diagnosis of COA were analyzed for the following: diameter of cardiac valves, ascending aorta, distal transverse arch, aortic isthmus, and ductus; right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) length and end-diastolic area and isthmus–ductal angle (IDA). Ratios of RV: LV area, aortic: pulmonary valve diameter, mitral: tricuspid valve ratio (MV:TV ratio), and isthmus: ductal diameter (IDD) were calculated. These measures were compared between those with CoA after birth (CoA group) and those without (no CoA group). Results Of the 62 subjects, 27 were in CoA and 35 in no CoA group. CoA group had a significantly smaller mitral valve, MV:TV ratio, IDD, and IDA compared to no CoA group. The ROC curves for each of these significant measures showed that mitral valve, IDD, and IDA had an AUC of 0.72, 0.80, and 0.83, respectively. Multiple variable model using at least two of these measures had 85% sensitivity and 60% specificity. Conclusions A smaller mitral valve, MV:TV ratio, IDD, and IDA are associated with development of neonatal coarctation. In cases with suspected prenatal diagnosis of CoA, careful evaluation of the relation between the isthmus and the ductus arteriosus using IDD and IDA may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of fetal echocardiograms.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after administration of norepinephrine

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy is a syndrome of transient cardiac dysfunction with no clear pathophysiology. It is thought to be secondary to catecholamine surge. The mechanism by which catecholamine can induce transient cardiac dysfunction is unknown. We present a case of a patient who developed stress-induced cardiomyopathy after she was administered norepinephrine due to a nursing error.
Characterization of a Friction Stir Weld in Aluminum Alloy 7055 Using Microhardness, Electrical Conductivity, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Optical microscopy, microhardness, electrical conductivity, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize the microstructure, hardness, and precipitate structure as a function of position in a friction stir weld, naturally aged for 10 years, in aluminum alloy 7055. Results are shown for the as-welded/naturally aged condition and for a weld that was post-aged using a –T76 regimen. The grain structure and microhardness results reveal the expected central recrystallized region, a thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ), and heat-affected zone (HAZ) with typical changes in microhardness. DSC scans for the as-welded/naturally aged condition indicate a precipitate structure similar to that of a naturally aged condition in the central recrystallized region. Maximum precipitate coarsening and overaging occurs near the TMAZ/HAZ boundary with reduced precipitate dissolution and coarsening as the distance from the weld increases. The post-weld aging resulted in the transformation of GP zones to more stable precipitates plus coarsening of the more stable η′ and η precipitates. A combination of DSC testing and CALPHAD calculations allowed calculation of precipitate volume fraction in the HAZ. The precipitate volume fraction decreased monotonically from 0.052 in the baseline material to 0.044 at the TMAZ/HAZ interface.
Competition in Kenya and Its Impact on Income and Poverty: The Case of Sugar and Maize

This paper investigates the link between competitive, well-functioning food markets and consumer welfare. The paper explores two key food markets in Kenya – sugar and maize – and argues that a variety of factors conspire to distort market prices upwards. Distortionary factors include import tariff policy, non-tariff barriers, potential anticompetitive conduct by firms and direct state intervention. Changes in prices are associated with welfare effects on consumers, using the most recent available representative household survey data – the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS) 2005/6. Relaxing trade barriers to allow sugar prices to fall by even only 20 percent could reduce poverty by 1.5 percent. Similarly, adjusting government interventions in the maize market, that have been shown to inflate maize prices by around 20 percent on average, could reduce poverty by 1.8 percent. More competitive prices have a larger effect on the poorest households in both urban and rural areas, therefore the relevance of effective competition policies for poverty reduction strategies.
Statistically Measuring 2016 Presidential Candidate Electability: Evidence from Prediction Markets

We use prediction market data from Betfair, the world’s largest Internet betting exchange, to measure the electability of 2016 Presidential candidates using regressions that compare the general election contest and party nomination win probabilities for each candidate. A candidate who is more electable should see a higher response of the odds of becoming president to a given change in the odds of receiving a party’s nomination. Our regressions estimate this response for each major candidate, and these estimates constitute our measures of electability. The data indicate that there is a high degree of variability in the electability of candidates. We present a number of different model estimates, in order to explore the sensitivity of results to specific assumptions. Across specifications, we find that Jeb Bush and Marco Rubio are the most electable, while Chris Christie and John Kasich also have high electability scores. We also find that Hillary Clinton has the highest electability score in the Democratic field and that Bernie Sanders’ electability is sensitive to specification changes. We interpret Mrs. Clinton’s very high electability scores as suggesting that markets are pricing in a significant probability that Republicans will nominate a candidate who has little chance in the general election.
Optimal Procedure In Secondary Blepharoplasty

Optimal secondary aesthetic repair in the upper lid should be directed toward preservation of all remaining skin, re-creation of lid folds, and optimal positioning of the brow, with addition of tissue grafts only as demanded for protection of eye function. Optimal secondary repair of the lower lid should focus on correction of lid posture with skillful canthopexies and transposition of tissue from upper lid to the lower lid, control of any residual protruding fat, and correction of suborbital malar hypoplasia. Redirecting the focus in secondary repair gives reoperation a greater chance of success.
Adverse nail reactions and paresthesia from "photobonded acrylate 'sculptured' nails".

There have become available, recently both in Paresthesia this country and abroad, “sculptured” artificial nails A long recognized, unique feature of allergic contact based on acrylates that are “photobonded. " The dermatitis caused by the acrylic monomer is a bonding is said to be similar to urestorative dental distressing paresthesia of the fingertips on the form of a bonding” commonly used by many dentists worldwide. burning sensation, tingling, and slight numbness.’ The After these nail preparations are serially paresthesia may persist for several weeks after the applied, including the acrylates, the hands are placed in dermatitis has subsided. I have also seen this type of a “photobonding box.” paresthesia in two orthodontists who became sensitized to the acrylic monomer in bonding cement. The Case Reports prolonged paresthesia caused by the monomer may be Dr. James E. Ethington of Greenfield, Wisconsin, due to the fact that acrylic monomer is a powerful recently informed me that two of his patients solvent that readily penetrates damaged skin and thus experienced and inflammatory reaction of the nails. and produces an inflammation of the nerve endings in the paronychia complicated by prolonged paresthesia of the fingers One report describes paresthesia that persisted fingertips following exposure to a “sculptured photonail for at least three months in a patient who was allergic to bonding” treatment. a hydroxyethyl methacrylate compound One month after I had received Dr. In 1957, the first reported cases of severe Ethington’s reports, I had occasion to treat a patient reaction to acrylic “sculptured” nails involved a who had returned from France, where she had received dermatologist with a severe disfiguring onychomycosis “photobonding sculptured nail treatment.” Her of all his fingers in the days before griseofulvin was symptoms and signs were very similar to those of Dr. available.’ In an attempt to improve the appearance of Ethington’s patients, including a severe paresthesia of his nails, he applied a mixture of methyl methacrylate the distal phalanges of all her fingers. She also had a monomer and acrylic polymer to fashion artificial nails. positive patch test reaction to methyl methacrylate An excruciatingly painful onychia and paronychia of all monomer. his fingernails occurred, which required treatment with Dr. Baran of Cannes, France, was kind strong opiates. The pain and discomfort persisted for enough to send me advertising for “nail bonding” that several weeks. was displayed at the “First Hand Congress” held in The Food and Drug Administration received so France in September, 1989. many complaints of severe reactions to methyl methacrylate monomer from consumers that, after litigation, on July 3, 1974, the District Court in Chicago Alexander A. Fisher, MD, the author of many articles and books issued an injunction prohibiting the further manufacture on contact dermatitis, is Clinical Professor of Dermatology at New York University Medical School. or interstate shipment of a product called “Long Nails,”
Outcome of Neonatal Convulsions

The risk factors, causes, and prognosis of convulsions in 156 neonates are reviewed at the Mater Misericordiae Mothers Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies PNPLA3 I148M Variant Associated with Elevated Transaminase Levels after Induction Therapy in Pediatric ALL Patients

Current regimens for remission induction therapy of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) include multiple potentially hepatotoxic drugs, including asparaginase. The objective of our genome-wide association study (GWAS) was to identify genetic loci associated with elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) levels immediately after remission induction in children with ALL. The patients included were enrolled on St. Jude Children9s Research Hospital (SJCRH) protocols Total XV (n = 373) or Total XVI (n = 342); germline DNA was genotyped using the Affymetrix 500K, Affymetrix 6.0, or the Illumina Exome Beadchip arrays. In multivariate analysis, risk factors associated with higher ALT included older age, higher body mass index, European (versus African) ancestry, treatment with PEGylated E. coli asparaginase (versus native E. coli asparaginase), and receiving additional doses of asparaginase during induction due to high level of minimal residual disease at day 15-19 of induction. GWAS identified an association between I148M PNPLA3 rs738409 (C>G) variant and post-induction ALT (Figure 1A; P = 7.9x10-9; median ALT of 34, 45, and 58 IU/L in CC, GC and GG genotypes, respectively), and the effect of the PNPLA3 variant was consistent for both protocols, both ALL risk groups, and among patients of European, African, and Hispanic ancestry. The PNPLA3 variant has previously been linked to elevated ALT and to the development of steatosis in adults;[PMID: 22001757; 18820647] in mice, this same variant led to a loss of catalytic function and to an increase of PNPLA3 accumulation in hepatic lipid droplets and to the development of steatosis.[PMID: 24917523] Within patients of African ancestry, we identified a variant near PIGV rs12748152 (C>T) associated with lower ALT levels at P = 1.7x10-8; median ALT of 28 and 6 IU/L in CC and TC genotypes, respectively (Figure 1B), consistent with lower ALT values observed in patients of African ancestry. The PIGV variant explained 7% of the variation in ALT for patients of African ancestry. The results of our study suggest that post-remission induction ALT levels may be related to treatment-related variables, such as increased asparaginase exposure, and to host genetic factors, at least some of which contribute to hepatic dysfunction in settings outside of ALL therapy. Disclosures Evans:Prometheus Labs: Patents & Royalties: Royalties from licensing TPMT genotyping.
Beyond power: III-N devices for low-power systems, millimeter-wave applications, and more

Devices based on GaN and related III-N materials are increasingly well established in RF power applications, and are under active research and development for power conversion and control applications. However, the unique material properties of the III-Ns make them a promising basis for applications well beyond these traditional applications. Novel device concepts that harness these material properties in conjunction with unconventional operational physics are being explored to serve needs in applications as diverse as millimeter-wave and THz electronics and sensing, low-power systems, and ultra-scaled low-power logic. Devices exploiting interband tunneling in III-N heterostructures for low-power logic, as well as impact ionization and plasma-wave propagation in GaN 2DEGs for millimeter-wave and THz sensing and electronics are under active investigation to provide new levels of performance.
Vasculitis Around the World: Epidemiologic Insights into Causality and a Need for Global Partnerships

Vasculitis is a family of rare diseases characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. Causal factors for most forms of vasculitis have not been identified. Certain forms of vasculitis are more prevalent in specific parts of the world, and clinical features of a particular type of vasculitis can vary by region. Observed geographic differences in incidence and prevalence of various forms of vasculitis and corresponding phenotypic diversities in different parts of the world suggest that epidemiological studies may generate important insights that can be leveraged to identify the causes of vasculitis. Geographic differences in incidence rates have been observed in the major forms of small and large vessel vasculitis (Figure 1). Takayasu arteritis (TA), a prototypical form of large vessel vasculitis (LVV), is more common in Japan compared to the United States and Europe. In contrast, giant cell arteritis (GCA), the other major form of LVV, is relatively uncommon in Japan compared to Europe and North America1. Incidence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis (AAV), the prototypical form of small vessel vasculitis, also differs between Asian and Western countries. Of the 2 major forms of AAV, a higher incidence of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) has been reported in Europe and the United States compared to Japan, and a higher incidence of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) has been reported in Japan and China compared to the United Kingdom and the United States2. Figure 1. Annual incidence of different forms of vasculitis in the United States, Europe, and Japan (per million population). A higher incidence of giant cell arteritis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis has been reported in northern regions of the world. Data are lacking from Africa, South America, and many parts of Asia. Beyond differences in incidence rates, regional differences in clinical features within a specific form of vasculitis have been … Address correspondence to Dr. P.C. Grayson, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 6N Rm 216G, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. E-mail: peter.grayson{at}nih.gov
Amicus Brief in Peña Rodriguez v. Colorado

This United States Supreme Court brief for Amici Curiae Professors of Law supports the Petitioner’s claim that the Sixth Amendment compels an exception to the evidentiary bar to impeachment by juror testimony when there are allegations that jurors made racially biased statements during deliberations. The brief argues that the paramount constitutional concern with racial or ethnic discrimination against criminal defendants should override Rule 606(b), that juror testimony provides the only mechanism to expose such prejudice, that a narrow exception for explicit racial bias would not impose a weighty administrative burden, and that policy concerns with the integrity of jury deliberations are best served by exposing discriminatory animus.
Global gene expression profiling of mucinous ovarian tumors and cystadenomas identifies genes of clinicopathologic importance

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4507 The poor prognosis of patients with mucinous ovarian cancer remains a challenge to gynecologic oncologists, as these patients often present with aggressive chemo-resistant disease. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms contributing to the clinicopathological characteristics of mucinous ovarian carcinoma, we carried out gene expression profiling of 19 microdissected tumors (10 LMP and 9 adenocarcinoma), as well as 6 microdissected mucinous cystadenomas, using Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 oligonucleotide microarrays. Hierarchical clustering and binary tree prediction analysis were used to determine the relationships among normal ovarian surface epithelium, mucinous specimens, and a series of previously profiled microdissected serous tumors. PathwayAssist software was used to identify putative signaling pathways involved in the development of mucinous ovarian tumors (both LMP and adenocarcinomas). A comparison of the gene profiles between mucinous tumors and normal ovarian epithelium identified 2916 and 1765 differentially expressed in genes (p-value <0.001 with a 95% probability of identifying less than 10% false discoveries) in LMP and grade 1 and 2 adenocarcinomas, respectively. Hierarchical clustering revealed a close association between the mucinous tumors and serous adenocarcinomas, with the mucinous LMP tumors grouping independently of the serous LMP specimens. Binary tree analysis confirmed the clustering relationships for the mucinous tumors as compared to their serous counterparts. Furthermore, mucinous cystadenoma expression profiles were similar to mucinous LMP and adenocarcinomas specimens. PathwayAssist analysis identified co-regulated genes involved in drug resistance in both mucinous LMP tumors and adenocarcinomas. In addition, genes involved in cytoskeletal regulation were specifically up regulated in the mucinous adenocarcinomas. Our findings resolve the relationships among mucinous and serous tumors, and identify clinicopathologic features defining mucinous ovarian tumors
Role of surface oxide in mitigating tin whisker growth: A finite element study

Abstract The growth of tin whiskers on fine pitched Sn-plated interconnect lines poses catastrophic short circuit problems in electronic components, especially those with long service lives like in space, defense and transportation industries. In the past, this problem was mitigated by the addition of a few percent Pb, but the current worldwide ban on Pb precludes this approach. In our previous work, it has been shown that 5–10% indium completely eliminates whisker growth in electroplated tin on copper substrates and it has been proposed that modification of the surface oxide layer properties is a potential reason for the observed elimination. In this paper, we study the effect of the surface-oxide layer in modifying the stress state and hence the driving force for diffusion within Sn-films, and investigate the effects of (i) different oxide-layer stiffnesses, (ii) the presence of a central break in the oxide layer, (iii) the presence of periodic breaks in the oxide, and (iv) an oxide layer with periodic inserts of In-oxide using finite element modeling (FEM). All the models were constructed using the commercial finite element software ANSYS and the stress distribution in each model was analyzed.
Recovery progression and symptom resolution in sport-related mild traumatic brain injury.

ABSTRACTObjective: To characterize the recovery progression of a group of athletes who participated in a concussion management program based on (1) group analysis and (2) individual analysis.Setting: Concussion management clinic.Participants: Thirty athletes (22 males, 8 females; baseline age = 16.23 ± 2.40 years) who had undergone four assessments: one baseline and three post-injury assessments at 3, 8, 15 days post-injury.Design: Retrospective clinical.Main Measures: Four neurocognitive scores of the Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) including verbal memory, visual memory, speed of processing and reaction time and also a total symptom score.Results: Group-analysis showed a clear decline in verbal memory (F(3, 87) = 7.36, p < 0.000) and an increase in self-reported symptoms (χ2(3, N = 30) = 48.703, p < 0.000), 3 days post-injury. By day 8, athletes had returned to their baseline levels for verbal memory and were not experiencing symptoms. When athletes’ scores were exami...
Single-shot optical recorder with sub-picosecond resolution and scalable record length on a semiconductor wafer

We demonstrate a novel, single-shot recording technology for transient optical signals. A resolution of 0.4 ps over a record length of 54 ps was demonstrated. Here, a pump pulse crossing through a signal samples a diagonal "slice" of space-time, enabling a camera to record spatially the time content of the signal. Unlike related χ(2)-based cross-correlation techniques, here the signal is sampled through optically pumped carriers that modify the refractive index of a silicon wafer. Surrounding the wafer with birefringent retarders enables two time-staggered, orthogonally polarized signal copies to probe the wafer. Recombining the copies at a final crossed polarizer destructively interferes with them, except during the brief stagger window, where a differential phase shift is incurred. This enables the integrating response of the rapidly excited but persistent carriers to be optically differentiated. This sampling mechanism has several advantages that enable scaling to long record lengths, including making use of large, inexpensive semiconductor wafers, eliminating the need for phase matching, broad insensitivity to the spectral and angular properties of the pump, and overall hardware simplicity.
Markov Chains and Hidden Markov Models

There are many situations where one must work with sequences. Here is a simple, and classical, example. We see a sequence of words, but the last word is missing. I will use the sequence “I had a glass of red wine with my grilled xxxx”. What is the best guess for the missing word? You could obtain one possible answer by counting word frequencies, then replacing the missing word with the most common word. This is “the”, which is not a particularly good guess because it doesn’t fit with the previous word. Instead, you could find the most common pair of words matching “grilled xxxx”, and then choose the second word. If you do this experiment (I used Google Ngram viewer, and searched for “grilled *”), you will find mostly quite sensible suggestions (I got “meats”, “meat”, “fish”, “chicken”, in that order). If you want to produce random sequences of words, the next word should depend on some of the words you have already produced.
Stone Disease in Pregnancy

Up to 10% of the population is affected by nephrolithiasis, and one unique population that is not spared is the pregnant female. Because of the inherent risk of a stone event during pregnancy, special attention is required. Herein, we review the scope of stone disease in pregnancy. We describe the pathophysiological and anatomical changes that occur during pregnancy that alter the risk factors for stone formation. We also review the complications associated with a stone event during pregnancy, the presentation of the patient, and the complexity of its diagnosis. Lastly, a management algorithm is proposed.
Diet influences host–microbiota associations in Drosophila

Gut microbes were previously suggested to influence mate preference in Drosophila melanogaster (1). Mate selectivity depended on the microbiota associated with flies after prior generations were maintained on different diets \[cornmeal–molasses–yeast (CMY) versus starch\] (1). Subsequent studies attempted to repeat these findings with contrasting success (2, 3). We suggest that a nonstandardized, transient microbiota—and how it is influenced by diet and dietary additives—might account for the conflicting results. A point of contention between the studies (1⇓–3) is that a fungicide used in fly media, methylparaben (mp)—also known as Tegosept or Nipagin M—might affect bacterial growth and thus microbiota composition (4, 5). Although Leftwich et al. (4) argued that moderate mp (up to 0.3%) should not alter microbiota, a previous study suggested that high mp levels (∼0.5%) can impact microbiota diversity (6). How mp concentration affects individual, fly-associated microbes on fly media has not been systematically addressed. We found that using mp over 0.1% in fly medium severely restricts growth of some yeast and Acetobacter … [↵][1]3To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: wja{at}scripps.edu or will.ludington{at}berkeley.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Learning and Memory: Computational Models

The goal of learning and memory research is to understand how we store and retrieve information based on our experiences. Computational models provide formal implementations of memory theories that attempt to predict both behavior and neural data. This article describes computational models of declarative memory, including episodic memory (memory for specific events) and semantic memory (memory for meanings), with a particular focus on the role of context in supporting both types of memory.
Human Cell Line Authentication: The Critical First Step in Any Project Using Human Cell Lines

Short tandem repeat (STR) typing is a standard procedure used in many laboratories for the authentication of human cell lines. This technology, which is based on the informativeness of known polymorphism of numerous loci to uniquely identify a human cell line, has allowed for direct-amplification of human DNA stored on FTA(®) paper. We describe an application of this technology to create a unique STR profile by direct amplification of HCT 116 (ATCC(®) CCL-247™) cell line DNA, a cell line commonly used in colon research. The ability to perform direct-amplification of DNA opens up the possibility of using FTA(®) paper as a way to maintain long-term storage of DNA samples from a cell line and other human tissues, such as buccal cells.
Two Case Reports of Neuropsychological Outcomes following Pediatric anti-N-methyl D-aspartate Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis is a rare neurological condition. Limited existing pediatric case studies have shown mild, but persisting, neuropsychological impairments. This report described n...
Machlup and Hayek: Filiation of Ideas and Ambition

Fritz Machlup was a lifelong friend of Friedrich Hayek and an important contributor to the latter’s body of work and worldwide recognition. Machlup was a taxonomist of ideas. This is clear from his categorization of economists (including Hayek and himself) in terms of their contribution to the notion of the production period; his categorization of Hayek’s accomplishments in his report leading to Hayek’s Nobel Prize; his categorization of ideas leading to economic integration and his categorization of his own contributions to economics in terms of economists with whom he might share a Nobel Prize should the Committee seek to nominate him. Always the critic and editor, Machlup also contributed to Hayek’s clarity around concepts like the services of resources and the phases of production/investment. These concepts proved as important to Machlup as to Hayek and Machlup’s student, Edith Penrose. Long-associated with a Penrosean notion of capabilities-driven growth of the firm, the services of resources and phases of production/investment owe their existence to the penetrating discussions of Machlup and Hayek over capital theory, prices and production—and hence invite a deeper investigation of the Austrian influence on her work. Important to a larger theory of economic growth—which became Penrose’s major interest after the publication of a The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, while Machlup was still her mentor—the Machlup and Hayek discussions and publications support the integration of capital theory into the trade cycle. This chapter focuses on a few of those places where Machlup engaged with Hayek on ideas—change, time, production/investment, services of resources, capital theory and the trade cycle—as well as their joint effort to secure a position for Ludwig von Mises, Machlup’s effort on behalf of the US publication of the Road to Serfdom and his work on Hayek’s Nobel Prize.
STEMI mimicker in a 26-year-old man

We herein describe a case of acute myocarditis which may mimic myocardial infarction, since affected patients experience 'typical' chest pain, the ECG changes are identical to those observed in acute coronary syndromes, and serum markers are increased. This case emphasises the importance of performing appropriate cardiac MRI to help in the differential and definitive diagnosis as well as the extent of myocardial involvement. ST elevation myocardial infarction is rare in young adults and when it is encountered, it should raise the differential diagnosis of its mimickers.
Underserved populations with missing race ethnicity data differ significantly from those with structured race/ethnicity documentation.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to address deficiencies in structured electronic health record (EHR) data for race and ethnicity by identifying black and Hispanic patients from unstructured clinical notes and assessing differences between patients with or without structured race/ethnicity data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using EHR notes for 16 665 patients with encounters at a primary care practice, we developed rule-based natural language processing (NLP) algorithms to classify patients as black/Hispanic. We evaluated performance of the method against an annotated gold standard, compared race and ethnicity between NLP-derived and structured EHR data, and compared characteristics of patients identified as black or Hispanic using only NLP vs patients identified as such only in structured EHR data. RESULTS For the sample of 16 665 patients, NLP identified 948 additional patients as black, a 26%increase, and 665 additional patients as Hispanic, a 20% increase. Compared with the patients identified as black or Hispanic in structured EHR data, patients identified as black or Hispanic via NLP only were older, more likely to be male, less likely to have commercial insurance, and more likely to have higher comorbidity. DISCUSSION Structured EHR data for race and ethnicity are subject to data quality issues. Supplementing structured EHR race data with NLP-derived race and ethnicity may allow researchers to better assess the demographic makeup of populations and draw more accurate conclusions about intergroup differences in health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Black or Hispanic patients who are not documented as such in structured EHR race/ethnicity fields differ significantly from those who are. Relatively simple NLP can help address this limitation.
Smart and Fermented Cities: An Approach to Placemaking in Urban Informatics

What makes a city meaningful to its residents? What attracts people to live in a city and to care for it? Today, we might see such questions as concerns for HCI, given the emerging agendas of smart and connected cities, IoT, and ubiquitous computing: city residents' perceptions of and attitudes towards smart city technologies will play a role in technology acceptance. Theories of "placemaking" from humanist geography and urban planning address themselves to such concerns, and they have been taken up in HCI and urban informatics research. This theory offers ideas for developing community attachment, heightening the legibility of the city, and intensifying lived experiences in the city. We add to this body of research with an analysis of several initiatives of City Yeast, a community-based design collective in Taiwan that proposes the metaphor of fermentation as an approach to placemaking. We unpack how this approach shapes their design practice and link its implications to urban informatics research in HCI. We suggest that smart cities can also be pursued by leveraging the knowledge of city residents and helping to facilitate their participation in acts of perceiving, envisioning, and improving their local communities, including but not limited to smart and connected technologies.
Management of Intracranial Stenotic Disease in Cancer Patients Treated With Vasotoxic Agents

Abstract Objective To summarize the characteristics of and therapeutic options for cancer patients whose treatments may be vasotoxic and cause intracranial arterial stenotic disease and stroke. Methods We describe 3 patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular pathology that were being actively treated for cancer. Results Two of the patients were being treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs); and the third was being treated with 2 monoclonal antibodies, one of which was targeting an endothelial growth factor. These agents have been associated with vascular adverse events. Surgical revascularization was done in the first 2 patients, as they were suffering from cerebral ischemia. The third patient had suffered a significant brain hemorrhage, and therapeutic options were limited. In the first 2 patients, treatments also included antiplatelet agents and stopping/changing the TKI. In one of these patients we demonstrated regression of arterial stenosis after changing the TKI. Conclusions Possibilities for treatment in this population, beyond the usual medical and surgical administrations, may include stopping or changing cancer drugs that may be related to the development of arterial pathology. Collaboration with oncologists is essential in this subset of patients. While aware of the potential for vascular toxicity, oncologists are often not fully appreciative of the fact that their therapeutic agents can cause stroke.
Fatherhood Desires and Being Bothered by Future Childlessness among U.S. Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Men—United States, 2002–2015

Recent legal and social changes in marriage equality, parenting among same-sex couples, and fatherhood discourses may prompt more US gay and bisexual men to desire fatherhood. However, scholars kno...
Derivative Based Global Sensitivity Analysis using Conjugate Unscented Transforms

In this paper, a novel way to compute derivative-based global sensitivity measures is presented. Conjugate Unscented Transform (CUT) is used to evaluate the multidimensional definite integrals which lead to the sensitivity measures. The method is compared with Monte Carlo estimates as well as the screening method of Morris. It is shown that using CUT provides a much more accurate estimate of sensitivity measures as compared to Monte Carlo (with far lesser computational cost) as well as the Morris method (with similar computational cost). Illustrations on three test functions are presented as evidence.
Ola Johansson and Johanna Wallin, eds. The Freedom Theatre: Performing Cultural Resistance in Palestine.

A collection of personal histories, mission statements, and performance descriptions from Palestine’s The Freedom Theatre over nearly three decades, this anthology is a useful resource for research...
Ferrimagnetic Ordering and Anomalous Stoichiometry Observed for the Cubic, Extended 3D Prussian Blue Analogues (NEt 3 Me) 2 Mn II 5 (CN) 12 and (NEt 2 Me 2 ) 2 Mn II 5 (CN) 12 : A Cation-Adaptive Structure

The reactions of MnII (O2 CCH3 )2 with NEt3 Me+ CN- and NEt2 Me2 + CN- form (NEt3 Me)2 MnII 5 (CN)12 (1) and (NEt2 Me2 )2 MnII 5 (CN)12 (2), respectively. Structure model-building and Rietveld refinement of high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction data revealed a cubic [a=24.0093 A (1), 23.8804 A (2)] 3D extended structural motif with adjacent tetrahedral and octahedral MnII sites in a 3:2 ratio. Each tetrahedral MnII site is surrounded by four low-spin octahedral MnII sites, and each octahedral MnII site is surrounded by six high-spin tetrahedral MnII sites; adjacent sites are antiferromagnetically coupled in 3D. Compensation does not occur, and magnetic ordering as a ferrimagnet is observed at Tc =13 K for 2 based on the temperature at which remnant magnetization, Mr (T)→0. The hysteresis has an unusual constricted shape with inflection points around 50 and 1.2 kOe with a 5 K coercivity of 16 Oe and remnant magnetization, Mr , of 2050 emuOe mol-1 . The unusual structure and stoichiometry are attributed to the very ionic nature of the high-spin N-bonded MnII ion, which enables the maximization of the attractive van der Waals interactions through minimization of void space via a reduced ∠ MnNC. This results in an additional example of the Ax MnII y (CN)x+2y (x=0, y=1; x=1, y=3; x=2, y=1; x=2, y=2; x=2, y=3; x=3, y=5; and x=4, y=1) family of compounds possessing an unprecedented stoichiometry and lattice motif that are cation adaptive structured materials.
Diverting β-Hydride Elimination of a π-Allyl PdII Carbene Complex for the Assembly of Disubstituted Indolines via a Highly Diastereoselective (4 + 1)-Cycloaddition.

A Pd0-catalyzed formal (4 + 1)-cycloaddition approach to 2,3-disubstituted dihydroindoles is described. The diastereoselective formation of dihydroindoles that is highlighted by a carbene migratory...
Multifaceted impulsivity as a moderator of social anxiety and cannabis use during pregaming

Abstract Individuals may drink or use cannabis to cope with social anxiety, and drinking or using cannabis prior to social situations (e.g., pregaming) may be a way to limit the experience of anxiety when entering social settings. However, theoretical and empirical work has reported mixed associations between social anxiety and substance use, specifically alcohol and cannabis. Little work has looked at how other variables, such as impulsivity (a central component to high risk drinking such as pregaming), may shed light onto these mixed findings. College students who reported past year pregaming (n = 363) completed self-report surveys. Supporting prior work, we found that social anxiety was associated with fewer pregaming days, even among those high in sensation seeking. However, those reporting higher social anxiety also reported higher cannabis use during pregaming, specifically among those who reported high sensation seeking and high positive urgency. Results suggest specific facets of impulsivity may affect the association between social anxiety and cannabis use during high risk drinking events.
A Strict Complementarity Approach to Error Bound and Sensitivity of Solution of Conic Programs.

In this paper, we provide an elementary, geometric, and unified framework to analyze conic programs that we call the strict complementarity approach. This framework allows us to establish error bounds and quantify the sensitivity of the solution. The framework uses three classical ideas from convex geometry and linear algebra: linear regularity of convex sets, facial reduction, and orthogonal decomposition. We show how to use this framework to derive error bounds for linear programming (LP), second order cone programming (SOCP), and semidefinite programming (SDP).
Surface Functionalization of Black Phosphorus with Nitrenes: Identification of P=N Bonds by Using Isotopic Labeling

Surface functionalization of two-dimensional crystals is a key path to tuning their intrinsic physical and chemical properties. However, synthetic protocols and experimental strategies to directly probe chemical bonding in modified surfaces are scarce. Introduced herein is a mild, surface-specific protocol for the surface functionalization of few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets using a family of photolytically generated nitrenes (RN) from the corresponding azides. By embedding spectroscopic tags in the organic backbone, a multitude of characterization techniques are employed to investigate in detail the chemical structure of the modified nanosheets, including vibrational, X-ray photoelectron, solid state 31 P NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. To directly probe the functional groups introduced on the surface, R fragments were selected such that in conjunction with vibrational spectroscopy, 15 N-labeling experiments, and DFT methods, diagnostic P=N vibrational modes indicative of iminophosphorane units on the nanosheet surface could be conclusively identified.