cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Susceptibility and Innate Immune Response in C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice During Candida albicans Endophthalmitis

Purpose Candida remains the leading cause of fungal endophthalmitis. However, the pathobiology and innate immune responses in this disease are not well characterized. Here, we developed two murine models of candida endophthalmitis and evaluated their disease susceptibility and differential immune response. Methods Endophthalmitis was induced in C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c mice by intravitreal injection of Candida albicans (CA). Disease progression was monitored by slit-lamp examination and clinical scoring, followed by retinal function assessment using electroretinography (ERG). Enucleated eyes were used to estimate fungal burden and retinal tissue damage by hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining. The level of inflammatory mediators were determined by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas neutrophil infiltration was assessed by flow cytometry and immunostaining. Results Intravitreal injection of CA at 6500 colony-forming units resulted in sustained (non-resolving) ocular inflammation in both B6 and BALB/c mice as evidenced by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) and chemokine (CXCL2/MIP-2). In both mouse strains, fungal burden peaked at 24 to 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and decreased by 72 to 96 hpi. CA-infected eyes exhibited increased polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) infiltration and retinal tissue damage. Overall retinal function declined rapidly, with a significant reduction in ERG response at 12 hpi and near-total loss by 24 hpi. Differential analyses revealed increased pathology in BALB/c versus B6 mice. Conclusions C. albicans was able to cause endophthalmitis in mice. Although BALB/c mice were found to be more susceptible to CA endophthalmitis, both BALB/c and B6 models could be used to study fungal endophthalmitis and test therapeutic modalities.
Neuroprotective Effects of Chronic Resveratrol Treatment and Exercise Training in the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

To date, there is no cure or effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a chronic neurodegenerative condition that affects memory, language, and behavior. AD is characterized by neuroinflammation, accumulation of brain amyloid-beta (Aβ) oligomers and neurofibrillary tangles, increased neuronal apoptosis, and loss of synaptic function. Promoting regular exercise and a diet containing polyphenols are effective non-pharmacological approaches that prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we measured various conformational toxic species of Aβ and markers of inflammation, apoptosis, endolysosomal degradation, and neuroprotection after 5 months of exercise training (ET), resveratrol (Resv) treatment, or combination treatment in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD. Our main results indicate that Resv decreased neuroinflammation and accumulation of Aβ oligomers, increased levels of neurotrophins, synaptic markers, silent information regulator, and decreased markers of apoptosis, autophagy, endolysosomal degradation and ubiquitination in the brains of 3xTg-AD mice. ET improved some markers related to neuroprotection, but when combined with Resv treatment, the benefits achieved were as effective as Resv treatment alone. Our results show that the neuroprotective effects of Resv, ET or Resv and ET are associated with reduced toxicity of Aβ oligomers, suppression of neuronal autophagy, decreased apoptosis, and upregulation of key growth-related proteins.
Big Data: Information Technology as Control over the Profession of Medicine

As medical decision-making is increasingly scrutinized, opportunities for small and giant IT firms are opening, as well as for other for-profit entries with sweeping private investment in health care. The chapter examines beginning efforts by the powerful and pervasive FAANG entities (the acronym used to describe Facebook, Apple, Amazon, Netflix, and Google), plus numerous other corporate IT groups, that collectively amounts to rather significant healthcare involvement in numerous spheres. The following descriptions of several firms with this preliminary analysis point to some implication with potential sources of danger. Beyond this summary analysis, greater attention is now warranted. These cautionary notes should be carefully observed over the coming months and years since the pace of movement among IT firms goes amazingly fast, especially given the post-COVID-19 epidemic, which has inspired many new activities. Multiple opportunities are being carved out by these cash-rich companies. The degree that the American healthcare sector comes under tighter corporate profit-making is a major threat today; it remains unclear how or whether this marketplace grip will ever serve the public’s health.
Next-Generation Sequencing of 487 Esophageal Adenocarcinomas Reveals Independently Prognostic Genomic Driver Alterations and Pathways.

Purpose To delineate recurrent oncogenic driver alterations and dysregulated pathways in esophageal adenocarcinoma and to assess their prognostic value. Experimental design We analyzed a large cohort of patients with lower esophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma, prospectively sequenced by MSK-IMPACT with high-quality clinical annotation. Patients were subdivided according to treatment intent, curative vs. palliative, which closely mirrored clinical staging. Genomic features, alterations, and pathways were examined for association with overall survival using Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for relevant clinicopathologic factors knowable at the time of diagnosis. Results Analysis of 487 patients revealed 16 oncogenic driver alterations, mostly amplifications, present in {greater than or equal to}5% of patients. Patients in the palliative-intent cohort, compared to those in the curative-intent cohort, were more likely to have metastatic disease, ERBB2 amplifications, Cell Cycle and RTK-RAS pathway alterations, as well as a higher fraction of genome altered and rate of whole-genome doubling. In multivariable analyses, CDKN2A alterations, SMAD4 alterations, KRAS amplifications, Cell Cycle and TGFb pathways, and overall number of oncogenic drivers were independently associated with worse overall survival. ERBB2 amplification was associated with improved survival, presumably due to trastuzumab therapy. Conclusions Our study suggests that higher levels of genomic instability are associated with more advanced disease in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, CDKN2A, KRAS, and SMAD4 represent prognostic biomarkers, given their strong association with poor survival.
Accurate and reliable state of charge estimation of lithium ion batteries using time-delayed recurrent neural networks through the identification of overexcited neurons

Abstract Various neural network models have been adopted for lithium ion battery state of charge (SOC) estimation with good accuracy. However, problems for battery states estimation from neural networks were usually not reported, which is mainly due to the lack of effective solutions other than a trial and error training process. This paper firstly proposes time-delayed recurrent neural network for lithium ion battery modeling and SOC estimation. Both exceptional performances and unexpected overfitting or poor performances are reported with in-depth analysis of the root cause. With explicit formulation of the network, each hidden neuron’s output is examined. It is discovered that overexcited neurons could be the root cause for unexpected poor performances of the neural network. Without overexcited neurons, expectational SOC estimation accuracy is consistently obtained with estimation error being less than 1% for lithium ion magnesium phosphate (LiFeMgPO4) batteries considering a fair comparison in literature.
Combination of FST and CN search in spoken term detection.

Spoken Term Detection (STD) focuses on finding instances of a particular spoken word or phrase in an audio corpus. Most STD systems have a two-step pipeline, ASR followed by search. Two approaches to search are common, Confusion Network (CN) based search and Finite State Transducer (FST) based search. In this paper, we examine combination of these two different search approaches, using the same ASR output. We find that the CN search performs better on shorter queries, and FST search performs better on longer queries. By combining the different search results from the same ASR decoding, we achieve better performance compared to either search approach on its own. We also find that this improvement is additive to the usual combination of decoder results using different modeling techniques.
Methyl jasmonate, a plant stress hormone, inhibited proliferation and induced cell death in human prostate cancer cells in culture

2990 The jasmonates, consisting of cis-jasmone (CJ), methyl jasmonate (MJ), and jasmonic acid (JA) are a family of plant stress hormones. In plants, these compounds activate cellular responses to diverse conditions, including cell death, to protect plants that come under biotic stress such as insect attack or wounding. Human prostate cancer is a hormone-dependent cancer. We studied the effects of the jasmonates on the proliferation of human prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines (PC-3, HTB-81) and the human fibroblast cell line (HFL-1) using the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (MTT) and the colony formation (CFA) assays. The mechanism of inhibition of proliferation by these agents was studied using flow cytometry and western blotting techniques. Cytotoxicity assays showed that the jasmonates inhibited proliferation of the cells in both dose- and kinetic-dependent fashions. The relative efficacy, as measured by the concentration of agent that inhibited proliferation by 50% (IC50) was MJ>>CJ>JA. Flow cytometric and other analyses confirmed that the inhibition of proliferation by these agents was as a result of induction of cell death via apoptosis. Our results indicate a potential application of the jasmonates in the treatment of human prostate cancer. [The work was supported in part by grants from ACS #IRG-103719 and UNLV 2002-2003 Planning Initiative Award (to JAE)].
The performance of voltage rated gloves in arc flash exposures

Insulating rubber gloves with leather protectors provide excellent protection from devastating effects of arc flash, but one should not forget that the primary purpose of the gloves is shock protection. This paper presents various tests for different classes of insulating rubber gloves.
Prognostic factors for local recurrence in the conservatively treated breast cancer patient: a cautious interpretation of the data.

Between 1962 and 1984, a total of 433 patients were treated at Yale-New Haven Hospital with conservative surgery and radiation therapy (CS + RT) to the intact breast. As of January 1990, with a minimum assessable follow-up of 5 years and a median follow-up of 8.21 years, there have been a total of 50 breast recurrences resulting in a 5-year actuarial breast recurrence rate of 8%. Of all clinical factors tested, young age was the most significant prognostic factor for local recurrence (P less than .03). In addition, patients with pathologically involved lymph nodes were noted to have a lower local recurrence rate than patients with pathologically negative axillae (P less than .05). These findings were especially notable given the fact that the node-positive group had a higher percentage of T2 tumors and a higher percentage of patients in the young age group. These paradoxical findings, however, may be explained by the fact that 88% of the node-positive patients underwent adjuvant systemic therapy in the form of either systemic chemotherapy or hormonal therapy, while only 8% of node-negative patients underwent any adjuvant systemic therapy. When analyzed as a function of adjuvant therapy, those patients receiving adjuvant therapy had a lower local recurrence rate than those patients not receiving adjuvant therapy (P less than .08). We conclude that adjuvant systemic therapy impacts on the ipsilateral breast recurrence rate in patients treated with CS + RT. The implications of this study in light of the widespread use of adjuvant systemic therapy are discussed.
The Pyramidal Tract

The sections in this article are: 1 Organization of Projection from Cerebral Cortex to Spinal Cord 1.1 Studies by Cortical Surface Stimulation 1.2 Studies by Cortical Depth Stimulation 1.3 Microstructure of Corticospinal Projection 1.4 Projection to γ-Motoneurons 1.5 Projections to Spinal Interneurons 1.6 Pyramidal Collaterals and Branches Within Brain 2 Afferent Inputs to Motor Cortex and Pyramidal Tract Neurons 2.1 General Problems 2.2 Inputs From Nucleus Ventralis Lateralis of Thalamus 2.3 Peripheral Inputs to Motor Cortex and Pyramidal Tract Cells 2.4 Inputs Through Association Fibers 2.5 Inputs Through Commissural Fibers 3 Function of Pyramidal Tract 4 Summary
Tax morale : theory and empirical analysis of tax compliance

Tax morale is puzzling in our society. Observations show that tax compliance cannot be satisfactorily explained by the level of enforcement. Other factors may well be relevant. This paper contains a short survey of important theoretical and empirical findings in the tax morale literature, focussing on personal income tax morale. The following three key topics are discussed: moral sentiments, fairness and the relationship between taxpayer and government. The survey stresses the relevance of incorporating tax morale for a better understanding of tax compliance.
Complete surface exfoliation of 4H-SiC by H + - and Si + -coimplantation

Implantation of 4H–SiC with 1H+ and 28Si+ ions followed by annealing is shown to result in complete ejection or exfoliation of the implanted layer. This is in contrast to H+-only implantation where only partial exfoliation of the surface can be achieved. The mechanisms of this process and its dependence on implantation conditions are discussed. It is shown that amorphization of the surface region during Si+ irradiation is a necessary condition to produce this effect, and that it depends critically upon the thickness of the amorphous layer. Stress, induced by bulk recrystallization of the amorphized layer, acts as an additional driving force for H+ induced exfoliation causing the surface layer to separate completely at a depth near the end-of-range of the H+ ions. The morphologies of the newly exposed surfaces are studied by profilometry measurements and atomic force microscopy.
Examining the role of gestures in expert tutoring

It is well established that expert human tutors are significantly more effective than novice tutors [6]. Moreover, the dialogue moves of one–to–one expert tutoring sessions can be systematically analyzed and used to build a computational model that incorporates effective pedagogical strategies. Such a model can be successfully integrated into a computerized tutoring system [24]. The present work examines the role of gestures and body movements of tutors in one–to–one expert tutoring sessions. Specifically, we closely examine and characterize the gestures and movements of expert tutors at the dialogue move level. The goal of this work is to provide insight into the pedagogical gestures of expert human tutors so that a computerized animated agent can be employed to mimic the body language of an expert tutor.
Acute Appendicitis: Use of Clinical and CT Findings for Modeling Hospital Resource Utilization.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate associations between baseline CT findings in suspected acute appendicitis and subsequent hospital resource utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred thirty-eight patients (76 male and 62 female patients; mean [± SD] age, 40 ± 21 years) who were admitted for suspected acute appendicitis and underwent baseline CT were included. A single radiologist reviewed CT examinations for appendiceal-related findings. Linear and logistic regressions were performed to identify independent predictors of payer and hospital resource utilization. Combined performance of identified independent factors for predicting outcomes was determined. RESULTS. Greater age, lower Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), lesser appendiceal wall thickness, absence of loculated fluid collection, and absence of periappendiceal fluid were significant independent predictors of inpatient surgery (joint sensitivity, 92.7%; specificity, 65.8%). Smaller appendiceal diameter, a...
Cumulative cisplatin dose is not associated with event-free or overall survival in children with newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma treated with cisplatin based adjuvant chemotherapy: Report from the Children's Oncology Group

effectiveness of treatment in patients with a newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. Patients with a histologically confirmed medulloblastoma, between the ages of 3 and 21 years atthetimeofdiagnosis, wereeligibleforthisstudy.Patientswere to have 70ml/min/1.73m 2 [4]. All institutions participating in Background. Survival rates for children with medulloblastoma have risen over the past decade, in part due to the addition of cisplatin-containing adjuvant chemotherapy. Total dose of cisplatin required for optimal treatment is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survival outcomes based on cumulative cisplatin doses (CCD) in children with newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma. Procedure. CCD data were reviewed for 363 patients in a prospective study evaluating patients between 3 and 21 years with a newly diagnosed average-risk medulloblastoma and treatedwith craniospinal radiationand post-radiation cisplatinbased adjuvant chemotherapy. Results. Eight-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) estimates were 78.2 � 2.6% and 83.9 � 2.4%, respectively. Only 73 patients received the protocol specified CCD of 600mg/m 2 , primarily due to mandated cisplatin toxicity-related dose reductions. The median CCD given to those without relapse or death on treatment was 487.5mg/m 2 . CCD, as a time-dependent covariate, was not associated with EFS (P ¼0.54) or OS (P ¼0.11). The 343 patients who completed chemotherapy failure-free were categorized into four groups according to CCD (n ¼10; 75‐150mg/m 2 ), (n ¼26; 151‐300mg/m 2 ), (n ¼113; 301‐ 450mg/m 2 ), and (n ¼194; 451‐600mg/m 2 ). There were no statistically significant differences in distributions of EFS (P ¼0.53) or OS (P ¼0.49) among these four groups. Conclusion. CCD is not associated with EFS or OS suggesting that lower doses of cisplatin may be incorporated into future medulloblastoma trials, thereby limiting its toxicity profile without affecting survival. If ototoxicity is encountered, more stringent cisplatin dose modification/cessation rules seem warranted. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:102‐106. # 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF α-GLYCEROPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE MUTANTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Thirty mutants of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDH, EC 1.1.1.8) from Drosophila melanogaster were produced with the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). These mutants and nine others previously obtained have been characterized with respect to level of enzymatic activity, viability, flight ability, and presence of cross-reacting material (CRM). The presence of αGPDH mRNA in several of the mutants has been tested by in vitro translation. There are strong correlations between the level of enzyme activity, viability and flight ability. Thirteen of the mutants are CRM- by solution immunoprecipitation experiments, but of these, only three are CRM- by a more sensitive 125I-protein A-based radioimmune gel assay. The viability of the three CRM- mutants suggests that the absence of αGPDH protein is not a lethal condition. The immunoprecipitated protein of the low activity mutant, αGpdhnGL3 , has a smaller apparent molecular weight on polyacrylamide-SDS gels than does the protein from wild type. Criteria for the identification of nonsense mutations in Drosophila are discussed.
The definition and measurement of similarity among legislative roll-call votes

Abstract This paper attempts to further the investigation of the close relationship between the seemingly diverse statistical techniques of Guttman scaling and principal components (factor) analysis by showing that artificial data sets composed of various kinds and combinations of cumulative scales can be analyzed in a meaningful and related way by principal components analysis. The comparison is then moved to a more abstract level through the postulation of a definition of “similarity” or association between roll-calls which is used as a standard for evaluating the two techniques. The outcome is that principal components analysis is interpreted as a refinement over Guttman scaling in the assessment of roll-call similarity, although where this extra precision is not required, Guttman scaling remains an acceptable methodology. By raising the question of the relation of technique to data to this level, it is hoped that the bases for more theoretically oriented choices of technique have been established.
The Influenza Virus Enigma

Both seasonal and pandemic influenza continue to challenge both scientists and clinicians. Drug-resistant H1N1 influenza viruses have dominated the 2009 flu season, and the H5N1 avian influenza virus continues to kill both people and poultry in Eurasia. Here, we discuss the pathogenesis and transmissibility of influenza viruses and we emphasize the need to find better predictors of both seasonal and potentially pandemic influenza.
Inspection system qualification and integration into the mask manufacturing environment

Integration of a mask inspection system into a manufacturing environment poses new challenges to both the inspection engineer and the equipment supplier. Traditional specifications (limited primarily to sensitivity and uptime) are no longer sufficient to successfully integrate a system into a 7 by 24 manufacturing area with multiple systems. Issues such as system sensitivity matching, sensitivity characterization by defect type, operator training and certification standards, and real-time SPC control of the systems must be addressed. This paper outlines some of the techniques Intel Mask Operation uses for integration of a new inspection system into the manufacturing line. Specifically moving a beta- site type tool out of the beta-site mode and into volume production. Examples are presented, including installation for manufacturing (including ergonomic modifications), techniques for system-to-system matching, use of SPC charts to monitor system performance, and operator training/certifications. Relationships between system PMs, or other environmental changes, and the system sensitivity SPC control charts also are discussed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Arsenic-Induced Pancreatitis

The introduction of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide has brought about tremendous advancement in the treatment of acute promyelocytic myelogenous leukemia (APML). In most instances, the benefits of these treatments outweigh the risks associated with their respective safety profiles. Although acute pancreatitis is not commonly associated with arsenic toxicity, it should be considered as a possible side effect. We report a case of arsenic-induced pancreatitis in a patient with APML.
A Nursing Workforce Program to Advance Knowledge and Skills for Nurses Implementing Cancer Clinical Research

Clinical nursing research is an emerging subspecialty that enhances nursing expertise. In an effort to provide a basic educational curriculum on cancer research and clinical trials, a major academic cancer center launched a novel program titled Clinical Research Nursing Grand Rounds that allowed nurses to receive continuing education units. The purpose of the current article is to describe the development and content of the education model, challenges encountered, and implications for oncology nursing education, practice, and research.
Phonatory initiation, termination, and vocal frequency change reaction times of stutterers

Abstract Four types of voice reaction times were investigated for eight adult stutterers and eight control subjects using a vocal shadowing paradigm. These were voice initiation and termination reaction times (VIT and VTT, respectively) and voice frequency-shift intiation and termination reaction times (SIT and STT, respectively). Results indicated that the stutterers were slower in VIT, but were as fast as their control subjects in VTT, SIT, and STT. It was suggested that a laryngeal discoordination problem of stutterers lies primarily in the stage of adduction (turning on the voicing) rather than in the stage of abduction (turning off the voicing) or in finer frequency control at the larynx.
Order for systems of differential equations and a generalization of the notion of differential ring

This paper simplifies and conceptualizes calculations that arise repeatedly in various algebraic theories concerning systems of partial differential equations, and, as a by-product, such theories are substantially generalized. What follows applies particularly to the theory of overdetermined systems of partial differential equations, a subject where notation has become so elaborate as to interfere with progress in the field. This paper handles a small part of that subject in a manner that shows how to eliminate the cumbersome diagram chases and awkward tensor analysis notation that is always a problem there. To a lesser extent notational problems exist in differential algebra and what follows also helps with that. Specifically Theorem (2.3) of Part III generalizes the Ritt basis theorem by eliminating the requirement that one must work over a differential field. That limitation, which has been with us since the time of Ritt, has unnaturally limited our subject to the study of algebraic differential equations. The long history of notational aggravation and the previously mentioned limitation are alleviated by the seemingly silly idea of generalizing differential rings by replacing the requirement that a differential ring be an abelian group under addition by the weaker axiom n + n = n + n2 = n. (Interestingly enough by weakening our hypothesis in this way we obtain a theory that is richer and has more theorems, a counterexample to the idea that stronger assumptions produce more theorems.) The set of “nil elements” n, e.g., those such that n + n = n is an ordered set, and the order on this set generalizes the notion of order for systems of differential equations. The reader familiar with differential algebra as in [l] will note that this notion of order in some of our examples correlates strongly with the notion of 91 0021~8693/82/090091-29$02.00/O
Profiling the Glycoforms of the Intact α Subunit of Recombinant Human Chorionic Gonadotropin by High-Resolution Capillary Electrophoresis−Mass Spectrometry

With the rapid growth of complex heterogeneous biological molecules, effective techniques that are capable of rapid characterization of biologics are essential to ensure the desired product characteristics. To address this need, we have developed a method for analysis of intact glycoproteins based on high-resolution capillary electrophoretic separation coupled to an LTQ-FT mass spectrometer. We evaluated the performance of this method on the α subunit of mouse cell line-derived recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin (r-αhCG), a protein that is glycosylated at two sites and is part of the clinically relevant gonadotrophin family. Analysis of r-αhCG, using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a separation time under 20 min, resulted in the identification of over 60 different glycoforms with up to nine sialic acids. High-resolution CE−Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT-MS) allowed separation and analysis of not only intact glycoforms with different numbers of sialic acids but also intact glycoforms th...
A Construction of Representing Measures for Elliptic and Parabolic Differential Equations

n~N then suphn~ ~. (Here, as later, N denotes the natural numbers, and ~ denotes n~.N the harmonic functions i.e., elements of ~, defined on an open set 12.) We will indicate in the construction and proof that follows what is needed for just the Brelot harmonic theory with 1 superharmonic. Recall that for the Brelot theory we need only have suphn(x) < + oo for one x in the region f2 in order to conclude that n~N suph,e~o. The reader who is interested in only a special case of the Brelot or n~.N Bauer theory can read this note with the assumption that the case of interest is the one being discussed.
A Simulation Interface for Integrating Real-Time Vehicle Control With Game Engines

This paper describes the use of video game engines as simulation environments that aid the development and testing of real-time vehicle controllers. The use of game engines for simulation is surveyed, with relevant technologies noted. The need to switch between different vehicle controllers, game engines and real vehicles gave rise to an integration architecture. The features of the architecture are described, including the execution model, message set and knowledge base. Adaptation of existing controllers, simulations and vehicles to this architecture is discussed. Issues of performance and scalability are addressed. An example is provided to illustrate the concepts.© 2007 ASME
Applications of an amorphous silicon-based area detector for high-resolution, high-sensitivity and fast time-resolved pair distribution function measurements

The application of a large-area (41 × 41 cm, 2048 × 2048 or 1024 × 1024 pixel) high-sensitivity (detective quantum efficiency > 65%) fast-readout (up to 7.5 or 30 Hz) flat-panel detector based on an amorphous silicon array system to the collection of high-energy X-ray scattering data for quantitative pair distribution function (PDF) analysis is evaluated and discussed. Data were collected over a range of exposure times (0.13 s–7 min) for benchmark PDF samples: crystalline nickel metal and amorphous silica (SiO2). The high real-space resolution of the resultant PDFs (with Qmax up to ∼40 A−1) and the high quality of fits to data [RNi(0.13s) = 10.5%, RNi(1.3s) = 6.3%] obtained in short measurement times indicate that this detector is well suited to studies of materials disorder. Further applications of the detector to locate weakly scattering H2 molecules within the porous Prussian blue system, {\rm Mn}^{\rm II}_{\,3}[CoIII(CN)6]2·xH2, and to follow the in situ reduction of PtIVO2 to Pt0 at 30 Hz, confirm the high sensitivity of the detector and demonstrate a new potential for fast time-resolved studies.
Inference behavior in a situation where the cues are not reliably perceived

Abstract A task, which required the subjects to infer the meeting-point of two cars from their perception of the velocities of the cars, was used to study the effects of the lack of reliability in the perception of the cue values on learning to make inferences. The results of four experiments indicate that the performance of the subjects in this task can be predicted from psychophysical estimates of the validity of the information available to them and multiple-cue probability learning data. Thus, the results indicate that subjects cope with uncertainty, caused by the lack of reliability in their perceptual system, in the same way as they cope with uncertainty in the physical cue-criterion relations. The results also show judgments of velocity and meeting-points to be poor under most conditions.
The Haemophilus influenzae HMW1C protein is a glycosyltransferase that transfers hexose residues to asparagine sites in the HMW1 adhesin

The Haemophilus influenzae HMW1 adhesin is a high-molecular weight protein that is secreted by the bacterial two-partner secretion pathway and mediates adherence to respiratory epithelium, an essential early step in the pathogenesis of H. influenzae disease. In recent work, we discovered that HMW1 is a glycoprotein and undergoes N-linked glycosylation at multiple asparagine residues with simple hexose units rather than N-acetylated hexose units, revealing an unusual N-glycosidic linkage and suggesting a new glycosyltransferase activity. Glycosylation protects HMW1 against premature degradation during the process of secretion and facilitates HMW1 tethering to the bacterial surface, a prerequisite for HMW1-mediated adherence. In the current study, we establish that the enzyme responsible for glycosylation of HMW1 is a protein called HMW1C, which is encoded by the hmw1 gene cluster and shares homology with a group of bacterial proteins that are generally associated with two-partner secretion systems. In addition, we demonstrate that HMW1C is capable of transferring glucose and galactose to HMW1 and is also able to generate hexose-hexose bonds. Our results define a new family of bacterial glycosyltransferases.
Stimulants: Therapeutic actions in ADHD.

Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine are currently the most common treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For years, it was assumed that stimulants had paradoxical calming effects in ADHD patients, whereas stimulating ‘normal’ individuals and producing locomotor activation in rats. It is now known that low doses of stimulants focus attention and improve executive function in both normal and ADHD subjects. Furthermore, the seminal work of Kuczenski and Segal showed that low, oral doses of methylphenidate reduce locomotor activity in rats as well. Berridge et al have now shown that these low doses produce marked increases in norepinephrine and dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, whereas having only subtle effects on subcortical catecholamine release. ihe prefrontal cortex regulates behavior and attention using representational knowledge, and imaging and neuropsychological studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex is weaker in subjects with ADHD. This cortical area is very sensitive to levels of catecholamines: moderate levels engage postsynaptic α2A-adrenoceptors and D1 receptors and improve prefrontal regulation of behavior and attention, while high levels impair prefrontal function via α1-adrenoceptors and excessive D1 receptor stimulation. Administering low doses of methylphenidate to rats improves the working memory and attentional functions of the prefrontal cortex, while high doses impair working memory and produce a perseverative pattern of errors similar to that seen in patients. The low dose improvement is hiocked by either an α2-adrenoceptor or Dl receptor antagonist, suggesting that both norepinephrine and dopamine contribute to the beneficial actions of stimulant medications.
Cloning of non-polyadenylated RNAs from rat brain.

Abstract Rodent brain has been reported to contain a fraction of non-polyadenylated (poly(A)−) mRNA that includes about 100,000 different sequences, most of which are not found in the poly(A)+ fraction. We have prepared a cDNA library of low-abundance poly(A)− RNAs from rat brain polysomes, and have characterized three clones in detail. Two of the clones hybridize on Northern blots to poly(A)+ RNAs from brain. Dot blot hybridization and RNase protection assays demonstrate that although the bulk of the RNA complementary to these clones is present in the poly(A)− fraction, a small portion (7–21%) is present in the poly(A)+ fraction. Our results suggest that the poly(A)− mRNA fraction from rat brain may not contain sequences that are different from those in the poly(A)+ fraction.
Cloning and expression of bovine glucose transporter GLUT12

GLUT12 is a new member of facilitative glucose transporters. It was originally cloned from a human breast cancer cell line and its expression has been detected in rat mammary gland. Glucose transport across the plasma membrane of mammary epithelial cells is a rate-limiting factor in milk production. To examine GLUT12’s expression and facilitate the study of GLUT12’s potential role in supporting milk synthesis in lactating bovine mammary gland, we cloned bovine GLUT12 and examined its distribution of mRNA expression in bovine tissues. The full-length mRNA of bGLUT12 is 2423 base pairs long and is predicted to encode a protein of 621 amino acids with a molecular weight of approximately 67 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of bovine GLUT12 is 87% and 82% identical to the sequences of human and mouse GLUT12. The sequence of bGLUT12 contains several characteristically conserved sugar transporter family signatures. Analysis of current bovine genomic data indicates that bovine GLUT12 gene consists of five exons. The major in vitro transcription and translation product of bovine GLUT12 cDNA migrated at an apparent molecular weight of 41 kDa. In the presence of canine microsomal membranes, the translation product increased to 43 kDa, suggesting glycosylation. GLUT12 mRNA was found in all bovine tissues examined, but most abundant in bovine spleen and skeletal muscle, at intermediate levels in bovine kidney, testes, and mammary gland, and at lower levels in bovine liver, lung and intestine. Immunofluorescence staining showed that, in the presence of insulin, bGLUT12 is mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of the transiently transfected MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells.
On the dynamic selection of mechanisms for provision of public projects

Abstract How do individuals' spatial decisions affect the institutions for public goods provision over time? This paper describes a dynamic model in which the provision mechanism for a public project is itself the object of locational choice of individuals. Individuals in an ongoing society must choose between a location with a Majority Rule mechanism and one with a Voluntary Contribution mechanism. Each mechanism determines a funding decision for a local public project which is repeated over time. Generations of individuals asynchronously supercede their ‘parents’, creating an entry/exit process that allows individuals with possibly different beliefs to enter society. A self-confirming equilibrium (SCE) belief process describes an evolution of beliefs in this society consistent with a self-confirming equilibrium (Fudenberg and Levine, 1993) of the repeated location/provision game. It is shown that the process with belief mutation as new individuals enter society results in a globally absorbing state in which the Majority Rule mechanism is the unique survivor of the two.
In praise of a model but not its conclusions: commentary on Cooper, Catmur, and Heyes (2012).

Cooper et al. (this issue) develop an interactive activation model of spatial and imitative compatibilities that simulates the key results from Catmur and Heyes (2011) and thus conclude that both compatibilities are mediated by the same processes since their single model can predict all the results. Although the model is impressive, the conclusions are premature because they are based on an incomplete review of the relevant literature and because the model includes some questionable assumptions. Moreover, a competing model (Scheutz & Bertenthal, 2012) is introduced that suggests the two compatibilities are not mediated by the same processes. We propose that more research is necessary before concluding that spatial and imitative compatibilities are mediated by the same processes.
Congenital esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial cartilage

Six cases of lower esophageal stenosis due to tracheo-bronchial remnants are reported. The symptoms become apparent after weaning. Esophagography and esophagoscopy are the essential means for diagnosis. The treatment includes resections of the stenotic segment and an end-to-end anastomosis.
Depressive symptoms, quality of life, and neuropsychological performance in HIV/AIDS: The impact of gender and injection drug use

Limited attention has been paid to the potential impact of gender and injection drug use (IDU) on mood, quality of life, and neuropsychological performance in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Several studies that describe the natural history of HIV/AIDS in terms of mental health and neuropsychological ability have focused solely on men or have excluded injection drug users. Women and injection drug users are two groups for whom the incidence of HIV infection is increasing. Additionally, the National Academy of Sciences recently recommended that studies concerned with health-related research include males and females, and that researchers analyze their data for gender differences. The goals of the current study were to investigate possible relationships between HIV and IDU status and depressive symptoms, quality of life, and neuropsychological performance in women and men matched for age, race, and education. Overall, women reported more depressive symptoms than m...
Exciton Chirality. (A) Origins of and (B) Applications from Strongly Fluorescent Dipyrrinone Chromophores

(A) The origin of exciton interaction and examples of its application to organic stereochemistry are presented. (B) N,N′-Carbonyl-bridged dipyrrinones constitute a new class of highly fluorescent chromophores suitable for investigations of stereochemistry and absolute configuration. N,N′-Carbonylxanthobilirubic acid esters are strongly fluorescent, with a fluorescence quantum yield (φF) ∼0.8, but produce only weak exciton CD from the trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol template. The ester of an analog with benzoic acid replacing propionic, N,N′-carbonyl-8-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-ethyl-2,7,9-trimethyl-(10H)-dipyrrin-1-one, exhibits strong fluorescence (φF=0.68, λem=493 nm, λex=422 nm in CHCl3) and UV-Vis absorption (ɛ∼21000 at 424 nm) in organic solvents. Its diester with (1S,2S)-cyclohexanediol is fluorescent and exhibits exciton circular dichroism (Δɛ=+15 dm3·mol−1·cm−1, λ=432 nm; Δɛ=−4 dm3·mol−1 cm−1, λ=380 nm) that correlates with the Exciton Chirality Rule.
Imaging of the Stellar Population of IC 10 with Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics and the Hubble Space Telescope

We present adaptive optics (AO) images of the central starburst region of the dwarf irregular galaxy IC 10. The Keck II telescope laser guide star was used to achieve near diffraction-limited performance at H and K' (Strehl ratios of 18% and 32%, respectively). The images are centered on the putative Wolf-Rayet (W-R) object [MAC92]24. We combine our AO images with F814W data from HST. By comparing the K' versus [F814W] - K' color-magnitude diagram (CMD) with theoretical isochrones, we find that the stellar population is best represented by at least two bursts of star formation, one ~10 Myr ago and one much older (150-500 Myr). Young, blue stars are concentrated in the vicinity of [MAC92]24. This population represents an OB association with a half-light radius of about 3 pc. We resolve the W-R object [MAC92] 24 into at least six blue stars. Four of these components have near-IR colors and luminosities that make them robust WN star candidates. By matching the location of C stars in the CMD with those in the SMC we derive a distance modulus for IC 10 of about 24.5 mag and a foreground reddening of E(B - V) = 0.95 mag. We find a more precise distance by locating the tip of the giant branch in the F814W, H, and K' luminosity functions. We find a weighted mean distance modulus of 24.48 ± 0.08. The systematic error in this measurement, due to a possible difference in the properties of the RGB populations in IC 10 and the SMC, is ±0.16 mag.
Computer usage in business and accounting

Abstract Studies over the years have indicated that most users of in-house computers and off-premise Electronic Data Processing (EDP) service bureaus are not taking full advantage of their potential, resulting in automated jobs which provide suboptimum benefits. Proper use should enable companies to develop sophisticated information systems whose output helps management to make more effective decisions. The purpose of this paper is to point out why computer systems are ineffective and how companies can develop computer applications to provide the major advantages.
Approaching equilibrium and the distribution of clusters.

We investigate the approach to stable and metastable equilibrium in both nearest-neighbor and long-range Ising models using a cluster representation. The distribution of nucleation times is determined using the Metropolis algorithm and the corresponding ${\ensuremath{\phi}}^{4}$ model using Langevin dynamics. We find that the nucleation rate is suppressed at early times even after global variables such as the magnetization and energy have apparently reached their time independent values. The mean number of clusters whose size is comparable to the size of the nucleating droplet becomes time independent at about the same time that the nucleation rate reaches its constant value. We also find subtle structural differences between the nucleating droplets formed before and after apparent metastable equilibrium has been established.
Copper generated reactive oxygen leads to formation of lysine–DNA adducts

This work describes the addition of a lysine derivative to guanine base in a nucleoside, an oligonucleotide, and to a large DNA that occurs via oxidation by copper generated reactive oxygen species. Nucleophiles present during oxidation leads to the formation of adducts. In this work, 2'-deoxyguanosine is oxidized by copper generated reactive oxygen species in the presence of a lysine derivative, Nalpha-acetyl-lysine methyl ester. Under these conditions the guanidinohydantoin-lysine adduct is observed in a relative yield of 27% when compared to other guanine oxidation products. MS(2) strongly supports that lysine is added to the 5-position during the formation of guanidinohydantoin-lysine. A fourteen-nucleotide DNA duplex was oxidized under similar conditions. Digestion showed formation of the same guanidinohydantoin-lysine nucleoside. The reaction was then examined on a 392-nucleotide DNA substrate. Oxidation in the presence of the lysine ester showed adduct formation as stops in a primer extension assay. Adducts predominately formed at a 5'-GGG at position 415. Six of the seven sites that showed reaction greater than 3-fold above background were guanine sites. We conclude from this study that copper can catalyze the formation of DNA-protein adducts and may form in cells with elevated copper and oxidative stress.
Beta-Ray Spectra of Arsenic, Rubidium, and Krypton

Cloud-chamber measurements are described in which the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-rays emitted by the radioactive nuclei ${\mathrm{As}}^{76}$ ($T=27$ hours), ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{88,\ensuremath{\ge}90}$ ($T=3$ hours), and the latter's decay product, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{88,\ensuremath{\ge}90}$ ($T=18$ minutes), were investigated. The krypton and rubidium activities were separated from uranium fission products. The observed upper energy limit of the disintegration electrons from ${\mathrm{As}}^{76}$ is 2.71 Mev. The complexity of the spectrum is apparent from the observed momentum distribution. A Fermi plot yields an extrapolated end point of 2.78 Mev. A K-U plot analyzes into components with extrapolated end points of 0.97 Mev and 3.32 Mev. The decay of ${\mathrm{As}}^{76}$ was followed and found to have a half-life of 26.8 hours. The $\ensuremath{\beta}$-rays from the active rubidium have an observed upper energy limit at 5.1 Mev. Although a Fermi plot analyzes into two components with extrapolated end points at 2.5 Mev and 5.0 Mev, a K-U plot indicates a single group with extrapolated end point at 5.8 Mev. The possible instability of the rubidium decay product, a strontium isotope, is discussed. A measurement of the half-life of the rubidium activity yields $T=17.5$ minutes. The measurement and K-U analysis of the complex spectrum due to krypton and rubidium disintegrations yields an extrapolated upper energy limit of 2.5 Mev for the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-rays emitted by ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{88,\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\ge}90}$. A plot of the Sargent points indicates that all of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-transitions involved in the above measurements are of the "forbidden" type.