cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental observation of the effect of pulse duration on optical properties in ultrafast laser micro-processing of polymers

Polymers are important materials for both industrial and scientific applications. However, it is challenging to efficiently process polymers with an ultrafast laser due to their low melting point, high bandgap, and different absorption mechanics with different laser parameters. It is common practice in industries to use different kinds of lasers and, therefore, different laser parameters, such as pulse duration, wavelength, pulse energy, etc. In particular, the effect of pulse duration during ultrafast laser interaction with polymers is significant as the absorption mechanism can be different with different pulse durations. In this study, the effect of pulse duration is investigated during the ultrafast laser interaction with transparent polypropylene (TPP), which is an important polymeric material widely used in many industrial applications. This study is based on the experimental measurement of the optical properties of TPP during ultrafast interaction, where optical properties, i.e., reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance, are determined by performing time-resolved measurements in single-pulse configurations. This experiment is carried out by collecting in situ data of the reflection and transmission of each laser pulse in an ellipsoidal reflector-based experimental setup, which enables the collection of both specular and diffusive reflection with nearly full coverage, and absorption is calculated from the experimental results. It is found that TPP undergoes a dramatic morphological change with different pulse durations ranging from 167 fs to 1 ps, which is correlated with the change of optical properties during the ultrafast laser interaction with TPP for different pulse durations. This result will be useful for controlling the processing of polymers with ultrafast lasers for industrial applications.
7 – Geometric Segmentation of Carbogenic Molecules. Geometric Origin of Molecular Stereogenicity. 2: Angular Systems

This chapter examines the geometric segmentation of carbogenic molecules with angular (non-perpendicular and/or noncoplanar) joins and shows that the angular join is a fundamental geometric element of stereogenicity (angular stereogenicity). Angular stereogenicity encompasses the concept of helical enantiogenicity and, thus, that of helical chirality. In angularly-linked multisegment or angular figures, the join angle at each linkage is not equal to 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°, and 360°. The segmental and angular stereogenicities are conjoined, which thereby set the stage for a complete description of the stereogenicity of carbogenic systems, on the basis of the two fundamental elements of stereogenicity - the stereoplex and the angular join (join angle). The segmentation procedure is applied to angularly distorted tetragonal atoms, alkenes, allenes, 1,3-butadienes, vinylallenes, bis -allenes, as well as Wittig-type, allenyl-Wittig-type, and rigid-ethane-like molecules. This method of geometric segmentation establishes the common geometric basis for both configurational and conformational stereogenicity.
Intentional and Unintentional Weight Loss Increase Bone Loss and Hip Fracture Risk in Older Women

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that unintentional weight loss increases the rate of bone loss and risk of hip fracture more than intentional weight loss. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Four communities within the United States. Participants: Six thousand seven hundred eighty-five elderly white women with measurement of weight change and assessment of intention to lose weight. Measurements: Weight change between baseline and fourth examinations (average 5.7 years between examinations) and assessment of intention to lose weight. Weight loss was defined as a decrease of 5% or more from baseline weight, stable weight was defined as less than a 5% change from baseline weight, and weight gain was defined as an increase of 5% or more from baseline weight. Rate of change in bone mineral density at the hip between fourth and sixth examinations (average 4.4 years between examinations) was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Incident hip fractures occurring after the fourth examination until June 1, 2001 (average follow-up 6.6 years) was confirmed using radiographic reports. Results: The adjusted average rate of decline in total hipbone density steadily increased from −0.52% per year in women with weight gain to −0.68% per year in women with stable weight to −0.92% per year in women with weight loss (P-value for trend <.001). Higher rates of hip-bone loss were observed in women with weight loss irrespective of body mass index (BMI) or intention to lose weight. During follow-up of an average 6.6 years after the fourth examination, 400 (6%) of the cohort suffered a first hip fracture. Women with weight loss had 1.8 times the risk (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.43–2.24) of subsequent hip fracture as those with stable or increasing weight. The association between weight loss and increased risk of hip fracture was consistent across categories of BMI and intention to lose weight. Even voluntary weight loss in overweight women with a BMI of 25.9 kg/m2 (median) or greater increased the risk of hip fracture (multivariate hazard ratio=2.48, 95% CI=1.33–4.62). Conclusion: Older women who experience weight loss in later years have increased rates of hip-bone loss and a two-fold greater risk of subsequent hip fracture, irrespective of current weight or intention to lose weight. These findings indicate that even voluntary weight loss in overweight elderly women increases hip fracture risk.
Use of a phone application to assess food safety practices at farmer’s markets (813.6)

Traditional use of direct observation (DO) includes written records or audiovisual devices. These overt methods can cause artificial behavior change due to being observed (Hawthorne Effect (HE)) an...
Lac repressor-operator interaction. 8. Lactose is an anti-inducer of the lac operon.

Abstract Lactose is shown to be an effective anti-inducer of the lac operon both in vivo and in vitro . When lactose is used as a carbon source, the synthesis of β-galaetosidase in Escheriahia coli is not fully induced. Moreover, lactose is able to partially inhibit induction by isopropyl-(β- d -thiogalactoside in strains synthesizing inactive as well as active β-galactosidase. These effects in vivo are not due to catabolite repression by the glucose derived from lactose. These in vivo results suggest that lactose is acting as an anti-inducer. This is confirmed in vitro by showing that lactose binds to the lac represser and stabilizes the represser-operator complex.
Islam in liberalism

Joseph Massad's Islam in liberalism is a breathtakingly critical reading of the ways in which Islam is produced in activist and academic discourses about democracy, women's rights and sexuality. Th...
Quantitative analysis of parallel nanowire array assembly by dielectrophoresis

We describe an assembly technique useful for generating ordered arrays of nanowires (NWs) between electrodesviadielectrophoresis (DEP) and an analysis technique useful for extracting quantitative information about the local electric fields and dielectrophoretic forces from video microscopy data. By tuning the magnitude of the applied electric fields such that the attractive forces on the NWs are of the same order of magnitude as the Brownian forces, and by taking advantage of the inter-NW repulsive forces during DEP, NWs can be assembled into parallel arrays with high reproducibility. By employing a particle-tracking code and analysis of NW motion, we demonstrate a method for quantitative mapping of the dielectrophoretic torques and NW–surface interactions as a function of position on the substrate, which allows a more complete understanding of the dynamics of the assembly and the ability to control these parameters for precise assembly.
Comparison of mortality in patients treated with propafenone to those treated with a variety of antiarrhythmic drugs for supraventricular arrhythmias

Abstract Antiarrhythmic drugs are often prescribed to treat patients with supraventricular arrhythmias, and recent placebo-controlled clinical trials demonstrated the efficacy of these compounds in reducing recurrences of symptomatic arrhythmias. 1–4 However, other recent studies suggested that some antiarrhythmic drugs may increase mortality in some groups of patients. 5–7 Thus, the safety of antiarrhythmic drugs remains uncertain. We previously examined this problem by comparing mortality in various data bases of patients receiving antiar-rhythmic drugs. 8 The present study compared mortality in 2 data bases of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias to examine whether we could observe any excess mortality in patients treated with propafenone hydrochloride (referred to later as propafenone) for supraventricular arrhythmias.
The Courts in American Public Culture

In American public imagination, courts are powerful but also impotent. They are guardians of citizens' rights but also agents of corporate wealth; simultaneously the least dangerous branch and the ultimate arbiters of fairness and justice. After recounting the social science literature on the mixed recep- tion of courts in American public culture, this essay explains how the contradictory embrace of courts and law by Americans is not a weakness or flaw, nor a mark of confusion or naivete. Rather, Americans' par- adoxical interpretations of courts and judges sustain rather than undermine our legal institutions. These opposing accounts are a source of institutional durability and power because they combine the historical and widespread aspirations for the rule of law with a pragmatic recognition of the limits of institutional practice; these sundry accounts balance an appreciation for the discipline of legal reasoning with desires for responsive, humane judgment.
A Comparison of Nicardipine and Labetalol for Acute Hypertension Management Following Stroke

Objective Evaluate the ease of use and tolerability of labetalol (L) and nicardipine (N) for hypertension management in patients with acute stroke.
Environmental Relationships and the Denning Period of Black Bears in Tennessee

The denning period of black bears ( Ursus americanus ) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was determined through the use of motion-sensitive transmitter collars. Most (14, 83%) instrumented bears entered dens between 25 December and 7 January. Adult females entered dens first ( X = 31 December), subadults of both sexes entered dens next ( X = 7 January), and adult males entered dens last ( X = 12 January). Emergence generally occurred between 25 March and 7 April, with the denning period averaging 90 days. Females with cubs vacated dens later ( P < 0.002) and denned longer ( P < 0.011) than other adult females. Den entry and strong fidelity to dens by all instrumented bears indicated that the intensity of dormancy did not differ from that in northern regions; however, duration of dormancy was considerably shorter. Cumulative effects of increased precipitation and lower maximum and higher minimum temperatures, which correspond to passage of a low pressure weather front, provided a proximate stimulus to enter dens. Food supply also appeared to affect denning in a proximal manner because bears denned earlier in years with fair to poor mast yields than in years with excellent mast yields ( P < 0.0004). Emergence dates were less strongly correlated with environmental factors. Ultimate synchronization of denning behavior with the environment is best explained by a circannual (endogenous) rhythm; this rhythm is easily shortened or lengthened allowing flexibility depending on environmental variation and the ecology of a species. Such a rhythm encompasses the observed variation in environmental factors affecting the denning period of bears over their broad geographic range and diverse ecological conditions.
Determination of temperature and time thresholds for BIOTIC irrigation of peanut on the Southern High Plains of Texas

The timely application of irrigation water to a crop is essential for optimizing yield and production efficiency. The “Biologically Identified Optimal Temperature Interactive Console (BIOTIC)” is an irrigation protocol that provides irrigation scheduling based upon measurements of canopy temperatures and the temperature optimum of the crop species of interest. One of the goals of this paper is to document the gradual development of the method and its implementation. Two threshold values are required to implement BIOTIC irrigation of a crop in a given region, a species-specific temperature threshold and a species/environment-specific time threshold. The temperature threshold, an indication of the thermal optimum for the plant, is derived from the thermal dependence of its metabolism. The time threshold, which represents the average amount of time each day that the canopy temperature of the well-watered crop will exceed the temperature threshold, is calculated from weather data. Interest in the use of BIOTIC for irrigation scheduling for peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) resulted in this study in which the temperature and time thresholds for peanut were determined on the Texas Southern High Plains. A temperature threshold value of 27°C was determined from the thermal dependence of the reappearance of photosystem II variable fluorescence (PSII Fv) following illumination. A time threshold of 405 min was calculated from an analysis of weather data collected over the course of the 1999 growing season. The determination of these threshold values for peanut provides the basis for the application of the BIOTIC protocol to irrigation scheduling of peanut on the Southern High Plains of Texas.
Effective continuing medical education: A challenge for the future

Abstract This report will discuss the history of continuing medical education (CME), its goals, the process of CME accreditation, and the varying requirements by state for licensure and re-certification. The different types and formats of CME will be described, as well as the means of assessing the effectiveness of CME programs. After a discussion of the overall utility of CME, and its effects on participant knowledge, behaviors, and changes in patients' health outcomes, we will look specifically at different theories of adult learning, and whether or not these principles of effective education are being incorporated into the design of CME programs. Finally, we will explore the new directions for CME, and the challenges that educators and course organizers need to face when designing educational programs for physicians in a health care system that is constantly, and rapidly, changing.
Dipole-driven ferroelectric assembly of styrene on Au{111}.

By studying styrene, a simple hydrocarbon with a weak dipole moment, we have investigated ferroelectric ordering and ferroelectric transitions at the single-molecule level. Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of individual styrene molecules reveals their internal structure and hence the orientation of their dipole moment parallel to the Au{111} surface. At near monolayer coverages, both local ferroelectric ordering of the molecules and long-range antiferroelectric ordering of the domains are observed, and the dipole−dipole interaction energies are quantified. A piezoelectric transition from ferroelectric to paraelectric ordering is observed upon further increase of the coverage. The effect of the STM tip in randomizing ordered domains is also discussed. This work demonstrates that important ferroelectric properties such as spontaneous polarization, long-range ordering, and piezoelectricity can be achieved in nanoscale domains of a weakly polar molecule on a metal surface.
Mass transfer and radical flux effects in dispersed-phase polymerization of isooctyl acrylate

The kinetics of dispersed phase polymerization of a highly water-insoluble monomer (isooctyl acrylate) were explored in emulsion, miniemulsion, and microsuspension polymerization. The effects of monomer water solubility and choice of initiator (oil- vs. water-soluble) strongly impact the final product (particle size and molecular weight distribution). For emulsion polymerization, as the surfactant concentration was increased, there was a transition from homogenous to micellar nucleation near the CMC, then a drop in nucleation rate at high surfactant concentration due to insufficient radical flux to support more nucleation. For miniemulsion polymerization, a slow rate of growth of (droplet) nucleation with surfactant concentration was found, followed (at the CMC) by an increase in the rate of nucleation with added surfactant as the mode of nucleation switched to micellar. The conversion-time kinetics of microsuspensions could be modeled with a bulk polymerization model. IOA is sufficiently insoluble in the aqueous phase that emulsion polymerization may or may not be reaction limited. The presence of a stabilizer such a PAA, the use of an oil-soluble initiator such as BPO, and the insolubility of IOA in the aqueous phase all push the polymerization locus toward droplet (microsuspension) nucleation and bulk kinetics.© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5649–5666, 2006
SCIENCE, PLANNING, AND THE LOGIC OF SUBURBAN SPRAWL

This article examines how planners have helped buttress the rational society and shaped the logic of suburban development in the U.S. In attempts to maintain an expert class and pursue “progress” through scientific management, planning inadvertently helps sustain the suburban sprawl that characterizes development in post-WWII America. We explore how the planning industry's efforts to reform housing development gets undermined through use of an elitist professional discourse, cooption by capitalist developers and real estate interests, and a lack of dedication to democracy and public inclusion. We also examine how Critical Planning Theory seeks to challenge the dominant rationalized model. Finally, considering the challenges that the planning industry continues to face, we ask what it would take to recast planning as a serious reform effort.
A population-based evolutionary algorithm for sampling minima in the protein energy surface

Obtaining a structural characterization of the biologically active (native) state of a protein is a long standing problem in computational biology. The high dimensionality of the conformational space and ruggedness of the associated energy surface are key challenges to algorithms in search of an ensemble of low-energy decoy conformations relevant for the native state. As the native structure does not often correspond to the global minimum energy, diversity is key. We present a memetic evolutionary algorithm to sample a diverse ensemble of conformations that represent low-energy local minima in the protein energy surface. Conformations in the algorithm are members of an evolving population. The molecular fragment replacement technique is employed to obtain children from parent conformations. A greedy search maps a child conformation to its nearest local minimum. Resulting minima and parent conformations are merged and truncated back to the initial population size based on potential energies. Results show that the additional minimization is key to obtaining a diverse ensemble of decoys, circumvent premature convergence to sub-optimal regions in the conformational space, and approach the native structure with IRMSDs comparable to state-of-the-art decoy sampling methods.
Subcutaneous Calcifications Masquerading as Pulmonary Lesions in Long-term Hemodialysis: Review of Nodular Pulmonary Opacities in the Population Undergoing Hemodialysis

Calcification of soft tissue frequently occurs in patients undergoing hemodialysis for chronic renal failure and involves the arteries, eyes, periarticular regions, lungs, heart, abdominal viscera, subcutaneous tissues, and skin. In this report, two such patients are described who presented with apparent pulmonary nodules on their chest roentgenograms obtained on admission. By the use of tomograms and apical lordotic views, both proved to have extrapulmonary calcific deposits in the subcutaneous tissues overlying the upper pulmonary zones. The tendency for these collections to undergo progression, regression, or pseudocavitation is illustrated. Definitive radiographic localization of lesions projecting over the pulmonary fields in patients undergoing hemodialysis is emphasized because of the significantly increased incidence of infection (including tuberculosis), septic embolism, and carcinoma.
Advances in III-nitride micro-size light emitters

Abstract We believe that micro- and nano-photonic devices are going to shape the next decade's infrastructures for communications, signal and image processing, energy conversation anf storage, chemical-bio-hazard substance and disease detection. Like the intergration of silicon transistors in the 1960s, micro- and nano-photonics are expected to undergo integration in large arrays with other optical circuit elements to form optical chips. Nevertheless, further understanding of fundamental properties is required, and novel materials (such as III-nitrides) and device structures must be explored to accelerate the development of micro- and nano-photonics technology to its full potential.
Effect of lightness contrast on Ponzo illusions

Thirty-six undergraduates between 18 and 25 years of age judged the length of the enclosed line in tachistoscopically presented Ponzo illusion figures. Increasing the length of the sides of the Ponzo wedge created an overestimation of enclosed line length that was maximal with wedges of intermediate size. For all Ponzo figures studied, this illusion of overestimation was significantly affected by variations in the lightness contrast of the wedge and enclosed line. The data support the contention that the Ponzo and Muller-Lyer illusions are variants of each other and suggest that the former illusion must be at least partially attributable to a contour interaction process.
Frameworks of educational technology

This paper, written from a 20th-century perspective, traces the development of, and influences on, the field of instructional technology and attempts to describe a framework within which we can better understand the field.
Bilingual LSA-based adaptation for statistical machine translation

We propose a novel approach to cross-lingual language model and translation lexicon adaptation for statistical machine translation (SMT) based on bilingual latent semantic analysis. Bilingual LSA enables latent topic distributions to be efficiently transferred across languages by enforcing a one-to-one topic correspondence during training. Using the proposed bilingual LSA framework, model adaptation can be performed by, first, inferring the topic posterior distribution of the source text and then applying the inferred distribution to an n-gram language model of the target language and translation lexicon via marginal adaptation. The background phrase table is enhanced with the additional phrase scores computed using the adapted translation lexicon. The proposed framework also features rapid bootstrapping of LSA models for new languages based on a source LSA model of another language. Our approach is evaluated on the Chinese---English MT06 test set using the medium-scale SMT system and the GALE SMT system measured in BLEU and NIST scores. Improvement in both scores is observed on both systems when the adapted language model and the adapted translation lexicon are applied individually. When the adapted language model and the adapted translation lexicon are applied simultaneously, the gain is additive. At the 95% confidence interval of the unadapted baseline system, the gain in both scores is statistically significant using the medium-scale SMT system, while the gain in the NIST score is statistically significant using the GALE SMT system.
Facial emotion recognition in schizophrenia: when and why does it go awry?

Objective Schizophrenia patients demonstrate impaired emotional processing that may be due, in part, to impaired facial emotion recognition. This study examined event-related potential (ERP) responses to emotional faces in schizophrenia patients and controls to determine when, in the temporal processing stream, patient abnormalities occur.
Immunological profiling of a panel of human ovarian cancer cell lines

The efficient identification of peptide antigens recognized by ovarian cancer-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) requires the use of well-characterized ovarian cancer cell lines. To develop such a panel of cell lines, 11 ovarian cancer cell lines were characterized for the expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules, 15 tumor antigens, and immunosuppressive cytokines [transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and IL-10]. Class I MHC gene expression was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and class I and class II MHC protein expression was determined by flow cytometry. Tumor antigen expression was determined by a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. Cytokine expression was determined by ELISA. Each of the ovarian cancer cell lines expresses cytokeratins, although each cell line does not express the same cytokeratins. One of the lines expresses CD90, which is associated with a fibroblast lineage. Each of the cell lines expresses low to moderate amounts of class I MHC molecules, and several of them express low to moderate amounts of class II MHC molecules. Using a combination of PCR and flow cytometry, it was determined that each cell line expressed between six and thirteen of fifteen antigens tested. Little to no TGF-β3 was produced by any of the cell lines, TGF-β1 was produced by three of the cell lines, TGF-β2 was produced by all of the cell lines, with four of the cell lines producing large amounts of the latent form of the molecule, and IL-10 was produced by one of the cell lines. Each of the 11 ovarian cancer lines is characterized by a unique expression pattern of epithelial/fibroblast markers, MHC molecules, tumor antigens, and immunosuppressive cytokines. Knowledge of these unique expression patterns will increase the usefulness of these cell lines in identifying the antigens recognized by ovarian cancer-specific CTL.
Longitudinal changes in basal hepatic glucose production and suppression during insulin infusion in normal pregnant women

Abatract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate basal endogenous glucose production and suppression during insulin infusion in normal pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN : This prospective, longitudinal study was conducted at the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont. Six healthy women were evaluated before conception and at 12 to 14 and 34 to 3b weeks' gestation. Body composition was estimated by hydrodensitometry. Basal endogenous glucose production was estimated with a primed constant infusion of 6–6 2 H 2 glucose, and suppression of endogenous glucose production was estimated with insulin infusion during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. RESULTS : There was a significant ( p = 0.02) b5% increase in fasting insulin concentration by lategestation. Moreover, there was a significant 30% ( p = 0.0005) increase in basal endogenous glucose production (mg/min) with advancing gestation, which remained significant ( p = 0.05) when corrected for fat-free mass. During insulin infusion endogenous glucose production was almost completely suppressed (i.e., >90%) throughout gestation. CONCLUSIONS : There is a significant increase in basal endogenous glucose production at 34 to 36 weeks' gestation in spite of a significant increase in fasting insulin concentration. However, endogenous glucose production remains sensitive to insulin infusion throughout gestation. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:913–9.)
Segmentation of Frame Sequences Obtained by a Moving Observer

In many applications of computer vision, a frame sequence may be acquired using a moving camera. We propose ego-motion polar transformation for segmentation of such sequences. It is shown that segmentation and extraction of motion information become easier in the transformed domain. Our experience with a translating camera indicates that this technique can play a very important role in the analysis of moving observer dynamic scenes.
Tear film changes associated with normal aging

We examined a group of normal subjects to evaluate the tear film function by measuring reflex tear capacity using the Schirmer test without anesthetic, steady state tear flow using fluorophotometry, meibomian gland function based on gland drop-out, expressible lipid volume and viscosity, tear loss from evaporation, and tear osmolarity. We found the average tear flow to be 0.19 +/- 0.19 microliters/min, lower than previously measured. The average tear volume was also correspondingly less, 2.74 +/- 2.0 microliters. We found there was a decline associated with advancing age for all parameters except the decay constant and lipid volume. The highest correlations with aging were tear volume (-0.64), Schirmer test (-0.63), and tear osmolarity (0.59). Our results indicate that there is a decline in tear film function throughout life and that tear flow is considerably less than previously estimated.
Building the house around the plumbing

Signaling between growing blood vessels and the tissues that they innervate has traditionally been viewed as a one-way conversation, with organs and tissues supplying important cues for the growth and anatomical patterning of the blood vessels supplying them, but not vice-versa. Two recent papers1,2 now provide evidence that blood vessels can have an important role in promoting the assembly of organs and tissues. These papers show that proper formation of the pancreas1 and liver2 and induction of endocrine and hepatic cell types in these endodermal organs requires inductive signals from blood vessels. BioEssays 24:397–400, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Viraha-Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion in South India

This book presents a detailed study of the multifarious origins of a specific type of Krsna religion. Hardy charts its developments up to the point at which it entered the pan-Indian scene.
Prediction of the effective moisture diffusivity in gelatinized food systems

Abstract Gelatinized food systems develop a porous structure during dehydration; therefore, the moisture diffusivity calculated from such experiments should be considered as an effective diffusion coefficient. In this work, the effective moisture diffusivity of gelatinized starches was determined from drying experiments using the method of slopes. A methodology is presented which permits the calculation of the effective moisture diffusivity from the diffusion coefficients of the two phases (air-solid) and the porosity of the system. The diffusion coefficient of the homogenous solid phase (gel) was estimated from the calculated values of the effective diffusion coefficient, using non-linear regression analysis. Its value depends on the moisture content and temperature and varies in the range 1·4 × 10 −11 to 2·6 × 10 −10 m 2 /s for Amioca and 4·1 × 10 −11 to 3·2 × 10 −10 m 2 /s for Hylon 7.
Superconducting proximity effects in magnetic metals

We explain the basic physics behind oscillatory effects in superconductor/metallic ferromagnet (S/F) sandwiches, and describe the important effects of the spin orbit scattering in these systems. We find that spin-orbit scattering plays a major role in the physics of the superconducting proximity effect with a conducting ferromagnet. As examples, we present calculations of the ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ of an S/F bilayer and the Josephson current (near ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}}$) of an S/F/S trilayer.
Dissociative excitation of HgX radicals and Hg atoms during collisions of CO+ ions and HgX2/CH3HgX (X=Cl, Br, I) molecules

Abstract Emission spectra of the HgX radicals (X=Cl, Br, I) due to the B 2 Σ + -X 2 Σ + transition and mercury atomic lines from the excited levels as high as Hg (7 3 S 1 ) to Hg (6 3 P 0,1,2 ) according to the selection rule Δ J = 0, ±1 have been observed in the wavelength range 580–240 nm during collisions of HgX 2 /CH 3 HgX molecules and CO + ions in the laboratory kinetic energy range of 100–1000 eV. With CH 3 HgX and CO + collisions, additional emissions from the CH radicals due to transitions A 2 Δ-X 2 Π and B 2 Σ − -X 2 Π have also been observed. By using the integrated intensities of the intense emission bands and mercury atomic lines, an attempt has been made to measure the cross sections of these species in the above kinetic energy range.
Lactation performance of holstein cows fed fescue, orchardgrass, or alfalfa silage.

Perennial grasses are increasingly being used as an integral part of nutrient management plans, but fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is often overlooked because of perceived intake problems. A 30-d study was conducted to evaluate the lactation performance of cows fed a fescue silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) compared with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage-based TMR, when forages are harvested at recommended neutral detergent fiber (NDF) levels. Holstein cows (body weight [BW] = 627 ± 66.0 kg, milk yield = 40.9 ± 6.93 kg/d, parity = 2.6 ± 1.44, days in milk = 152 ± 24.5) were randomly assigned to treatment. Statistical design was a randomized complete block with 10 cows per treatment. The 5 treatments consisted of TMR using first-cutting alfalfa, and first- and second-cutting orchardgrass and tall fescue silage. Diets were formulated to provide 0.95% of BW as forage NDF and contained approximately 18% CP and 1.6 mcal/kg. This resulted in diets of about 30% NDF; for a 612-kg cow, approximately 5.8 kg/d of forage NDF was fed. Second-cutting, grass-based TMR had lower intake than alfalfa and first-cutting forage TMR. Cows consuming second-cutting orchardgrass had lower milk production than did cows consuming other forage TMR. Cows fed fescue TMR had higher milk production than those fed orchardgrass. Indigestible residues were higher, and NDF digestibilities were lower, in second-cutting forages vs. first-cutting forages, likely contributing to the differences observed in intake and resulting differences in milk production. Dairy cows consumed the first-cutting fescue TMR readily and performed as well as those on alfalfa or first-cutting, orchardgrass-based TMR in terms of lactation performance, but fescue and orchardgrass rations will require more concentrate in the ration than alfalfa.
Decomposition of linear sequential circuits over residue class rings

Abstract In this paper we show that every linear sequential circuit (LSC) defined over a residue class ring Zm, where m = pr11 pr22...prkk (the pi being distinct primes), is isomorphic to a parallel connection of k LSC's over Zpiri (i = 1,2,...,k); each LSC over Zpiri is, in turn, isomorphic to a cascade connection of ri LSC's over Zpi (that is, over the Galois field GF(pi)), where the cascaded stages are separated by a (generally nonlinear) delay-free logic. Thus, every LSC over a residue class ring is isomorphic to an interconnection of LSC's over Galois fields.
Greater Promotion in Sister Chromatid Exchanges by Trimethylpsoralen than by 8-Methoxypsoralen in the Presence of UV-Light

The number of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was determined in normal human leukocytes following exposure in vitro to UV light (365 nm, UV-A) and either 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) or 4,5'8 trimethylpsoralen (TMP). Both psoralens produced an increase in SCEs, proportional to UV dose and concentration of drug. Neither drug alone nor UV alone promoted SCEs. The number of SCEs per cell was greater in leukocytes irradiated in the presence of TMP than in the presence of equimolar 8-MOP. At equimolar concentrations, TMP formed more cross-links then did 8-MOP. The difference in the effects of these 2 agents on various cell functions may relate to quantitative and qualitative differences in the photoadducts they form.
An Alternate Method of Descenting Skunks

Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) scent glands were ligated closed with waxed dental floss to allow them to be handled during toxicological studies without fear of scenting. This descenting technique was more rapid and less traumatic than scent gland removal. Thirty-four skunks were kept for ≤127 days and did not display behavioral or physical abnormalities due to this procedure.
Review of Refractory Materials for Alkali Metal Thermal-to-Electric Conversion Cells

Refractory alloys are being considered as structural materials in multitube, vapor-anode alkali metal thermalto-electric conversion (AMTEC) cells for future use in radioisotope space electric power systems. In these power systems, the AMTEC cells would operate at a heat source temperature of » 1150 K and a radiator temperature of » 550 K, for a 7‐15 year mission lifetime. In addition to high strength, low density, and low brittle-to-ductile transition temperature, suitablematerialsmustbecompatiblewith thesodium working e uid and havelowthermal expansion and low vapor pressure ( 900 K). C-103 (niobium‐10% hafnium‐1% titanium‐0.5% zirconium ) is also suitable, particularly for thecell’ s colderstructurebecause of its higher strength andlowerthermalconductivity.However,thecompatibilityoftheseniobiumalloyswithsodiumattypicaloperating temperatures and in the presence of minute amounts of oxygen (>5‐10 ppm) for up to 15 years needs further evaluation. Despite the limited availability of rhenium, Mo ‐Re alloys, with a rhenium content of 14 ‐45%, are also good choices as structural materials in vapor anode AMTEC cells. However, their relatively higher density and thermal conductivity could lower the cell’ s performance and increase its specie c mass.
Child Poverty and the Changing Rural Family.

Abstract Our main objective is to give demographic perspective to changes since 1960 in the comparative economic circumstances of non-metropolitan and metropolitan children. Specifically, we examine absolute and relative poverty rates using child records from the 1960, 1970, and 1980 Public Use Microdata Samples and from the 1990 March annual demographic file of the Current Population Survey. Results reveal that more than one-in-five nonmetropolitan children today are poor, an increasing proportion are deeply impoverished, and a growing share are living in families with incomes lagging standards typical of the average American family. Changes in family structure accounted for roughly 60 percent of the increase in nonmetropolitan child poverty during the 1980s. Positive economic effects associated with increasing female employment, rising education levels, and declining family size in nonmetropolitan areas were more than offset by the deleterious effects of changing family structure. And the persistently higher rates of nonmetropolitan than metropolitan child poverty cannot be explained away by compositional differences in parental employment patterns, educational levels, or family size. Our results suggest that recent changes in family formation and structure cannot be disassociated from the changing economic welfare of children, especially for those living in nonmetropolitan America.
Interventions for Anxiety in the Critically Ill: A Guide for Nurses and Families

Anxiety is a common feeling for patients and families during the critical care experience. As anxiety for critically ill patients presents increased risks for morbidity and mortality, it is imperative that nurses strive to identify unrelieved anxiety early to prevent adverse events. Alleviating anxiety experienced by families as a result of the critical care experience involves providing assurance, allowing them to remain near the patient, providing accurate and current information, providing for their comfort, and projecting a supportive attitude. As constant care providers, nurses can have the greatest impact on creating an environment that is safe, healing, and humane for critically ill patients and their families.
The alveolar ridge mucosa in denture and non-denture wearers.

Abstract Histochemical and enzyme-histochemical analyses were made to compare the differences between the ridge mucosae of denture-wearing and non-denture-wearing patients. Biopsies were taken from the ridge mucosa of complete-denture and nondenture wearers. Sections were stained for esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, and for glycogen. The non-denture-supporting ridge mucosa showed glycogen in the epithelial layer, a thickened stratum corneum, and a heavy inflammatory infiltrate in the underlying submucosa. On the other hand, the ridge mucosa of denture wearers consisted of a thin stratum corneum, loss of a demonstrable glycogen, absence of inflammatory cells in the submucosa with thick fiber bundles. Denture wearers also exhibited decreased enzymatic activity for all enzymes studied.
Perching aerodynamics and trajectory optimization

Advances in smart materials, actuators, and control architecture have enabled new flight capabilities for aircraft. Perching is one such capability, described as a vertical landing maneuver using in-flight shape reconfiguration in lieu of high thrust generation. A morphing, perching aircraft design is presented that is capable of post stall flight and very slow landing on a vertical platform. A comprehensive model of the aircraft's aerodynamics, with special regard to nonlinear affects such as flow separation and dynamic stall, is discussed. Trajectory optimization using nonlinear programming techniques is employed to show the effects that morphing and nonlinear aerodynamics have on the maneuver. These effects are shown to decrease the initial height and distance required to initiate the maneuver, reduce the bounds on the trajectory, and decrease the required thrust for the maneuver. Perching trajectories comparing morphing versus fixed-configuration and stalled versus un-stalled aircraft are presented. It is demonstrated that a vertical landing is possible in the absence of high thrust if post-stall flight capabilities and vehicle reconfiguration are utilized.
Impact of Emergency Department Transitions of Care on Thrombolytic Use in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose—In-hospital mortality is higher for certain medical conditions based on the time of presentation to the emergency department. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether patients with acute ischemic stroke who arrived to the emergency department during a nursing shift change had similar rates of thrombolytic use and functional outcomes compared with patients presenting during nonshift change hours. Methods—A retrospective review of patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting to the emergency department of a primary stroke center from 2005 through 2010. The time to notify the stroke team, perform a head CT scan, and to start intravenous or intra-arterial thrombolysis was assessed. Thrombolysis rates, mortality rate, discharge disposition, change in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and change in modified Barthel Index at 3 and 12 months were assessed. Results—Of 3133 patients with acute ischemic stroke, 917 met criteria for inclusion. Arrival during nursi...
ETS1-DNA Binding and Intercalation: Correction

In the article "Intercalation, DNA kinking, and the control of transcription ([9 Feb. 1996, p. 778][1]), we reviewed the hypothesis that minor groove intercalation and DNA kinking represented an important mechanism for the control of transcription ([1][2]). This hypothesis was based on a number of
TEMPORAL ORDERING OF SURFACE‐COLLECTED OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS BY HYDRATION MEASUREMENT

Two samples of obsidian projectile points from northwestern Nevada, one surface collected and the other excavated, were subjected to obsidian hydration measurement. The temporal ordering of the three projectile-point types in each of the two samples was demonstrated to be the same on the basis of their hydration measurements. The validity of this temporal ordering of the projectile-point types in the two samples was confirmed by the stratigraphic sequence of the types in the excavated sample. We have found that surface-collected obsidian artifacts can be relatively dated by hydration measurement. In northwestern Nevada they hydrate at a rate almost double that of their excavated typological counterparts, but their relative ordering remains the same.
A history of affirmative action, 1619-2000

What is it about affirmative action that makes this public policy one of the most contentious political issues in the United States today? The answer to this question cannot be found by studying the recent past or current events. To understand the current debate over affirmative action, we must grapple with all of America's racial history, from colonial times, through slavery, Reconstruction, the Jim Crow era, the Civil Rights era, to the present day. Philip Rubio argues that misunderstanding the history of affirmative action is the principal reason that most white people have difficulty in seeing their historical and current privilege. He combines African American, labor, and social history with thirty years of personal experience as a blue-collar worker, labor and community activist, jazz musician, and writer to examine the roots of this debate. He maintains that we are not asking the right question. The real issue, he argues, is not whether African Americans should receive compensatory treatment to correct past and present discrimination, but, rather, why whites should continue to receive preferences based on skin color. He argues that America was conceived and continues to reshape itself not on a system of meritorious achievement or equal opportunity but on a system of white preferences and quotas that are defended both actively and passively by white people. Tracing the development of the old legal initiative known as ""affirmative action"" (based on the principle of equity in English common law), he shows how affirmative action today has become transformed in American folklore and popular culture into something akin to the ""Black Power"" slogan of the late 1960s. Rather than a new and radical program, he shows that affirmative action is only the most recent challenge to the system of white privilege brought about by a long tradition of black protest. Affirmative action is not simply legislated public policy or voluntary corporate policy. Instead, as Rubio points out, it is a social history that represents a tug-of-war within working-class America over whether there should exist a property value in whiteness. In presenting this history, Rubio is firm in the belief that, after the facts have spoken, readers not only will marvel that these programs are not even tougher but also will understand why. Philip F. Rubio is a Mellon Fellow studying history at Duke University.
Responses of African Monkeys to Native Stratagems

During a recent expedition to Africa to collect specimens of different monkey groups, I secured the services of a very able African hunter at Epulu (formerly Camp Putnam) in the Belgian Congo. This man was at times able to find the general location of monkey bands by giving a loud series of honking cries. On one occasion I heard a monkey respond with the same cry, and the native hunters were able to …
Accountability for Public Priorities in South Dakota Higher Education.

South Dakota used roundtables with various stakeholders to formalize a set of public priorities and build a system of public accountability.
Going In-Depth: Finding Longform on the Web

tl;dr: Longform articles are extended, in-depth pieces that often serve as feature stories in newspapers and magazines. In this work, we develop a system to automatically identify longform content across the web. Our novel classifier is highly accurate despite huge variation within longform in terms of topic, voice, and editorial taste. It is also scalable and interpretable, requiring a surprisingly small set of features based only on language and parse structures, length, and document interest. We implement our system at scale and use it to identify a corpus of several million longform documents. Using this corpus, we provide the first web-scale study with quantifiable and measurable information on longform, giving new insight into questions posed by the media on the past and current state of this famed literary medium.