cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal compression of unknown alphabets

We consider universal compression of strings where the symbols are drawn independently according to the same unknown distribution over an unknown alphabet. We show that the order of the symbols can be conveyed using essentially as many bits as needed when the distribution is known in advance.
Violence Exposure in Multiple Interpersonal Domains: Cumulative and Differential Effects

Abstract Purpose To examine dose-response effects of cumulative violence exposure including parent-to-youth aggression, marital physical aggression, and community violence, and to explore whether separate interpersonal domains of exposure differentially influence adverse outcomes. Methods The present study uses parent-reports and child-reports of youth violence exposure from the first three waves of a prospective, longitudinal study of 103 community-based families. Outcomes were criterion levels (T score ≥ 60) of somatic complaints, depressive symptoms, anxiety, over-arousal, aggression, delinquent behaviors, and presence versus absence of academic failure. Results After controlling for initial symptoms, income and parents' psychopathology, adjusted relative risks showed that marital aggression contributed uniquely to anxiety, and parent-to-youth aggression contributed uniquely to somatic complaints and aggression. All three domains significantly contributed to academic failure. With each one-point increase on the cumulative violence exposure index that summed across interpersonal domains and across time, there was an increased risk of more than 50% for meeting criterion levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety, and a 10%–25% increased risk for somatic complaints, delinquent behaviors, and academic failure. Significant curvilinear effects showed high cumulative violence increased risk of comorbid symptoms; 76% of youth with higher cumulative violence met thresholds on 3+ adverse outcomes, compared to 36% and 7% for youth with moderate and low violence exposure. Conclusions These data highlight the importance of assessing violence exposure across multiple interpersonal domains and across time. Awareness of the contributions of violence exposure to common symptoms and particularly comorbid symptoms can inform interventions for wide-ranging adolescent problems.
Lyapunov, Adaptive, and Optimal Design Techniques for Cooperative Systems on Directed Communication Graphs

This paper presents three design techniques for cooperative control of multiagent systems on directed graphs, namely, Lyapunov design, neural adaptive design, and linear quadratic regulator (LQR)-based optimal design. Using a carefully constructed Lyapunov equation for digraphs, it is shown that many results of cooperative control on undirected graphs or balanced digraphs can be extended to strongly connected digraphs. Neural adaptive control technique is adopted to solve the cooperative tracking problems of networked nonlinear systems with unknown dynamics and disturbances. Results for both first-order and high-order nonlinear systems are given. Two examples, i.e., cooperative tracking control of coupled Lagrangian systems and modified FitzHugh-Nagumo models, justify the feasibility of the proposed neural adaptive control technique. For cooperative tracking control of the general linear systems, which include integrator dynamics as special cases, it is shown that the control gain design can be decoupled from the topology of the graphs, by using the LQR-based optimal control technique. Moreover, the synchronization region is unbounded, which is a desired property of the controller. The proposed optimal control method is applied to cooperative tracking control of two-mass-spring systems, which are well-known models for vibration in many mechanical systems.
From Genes to Proteins to Behavior: A Laboratory Project That Enhances Student Understanding in Cell and Molecular Biology

In the laboratory, students can actively explore concepts and experience the nature of scientific research. We have devised a 5-wk laboratory project in our introductory college biology course whose aim was to improve understanding in five major concepts that are central to basic cellular, molecular biology, and genetics while teaching molecular biology techniques. The project was focused on the production of adenine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and investigated the nature of mutant red colonies of this yeast. Students created red mutants from a wild-type strain, amplified the two genes capable of giving rise to the red phenotype, and then analyzed the nucleotide sequences. A quiz assessing student understanding in the five areas was given at the start and the end of the course. Analysis of the quiz showed significant improvement in each of the areas. These areas were taught in the laboratory and the classroom; therefore, students were surveyed to determine whether the laboratory played a role in their improved understanding of the five areas. Student survey data demonstrated that the laboratory did have an important role in their learning of the concepts. This project simulated steps in a research project and could be adapted for an advanced course in genetics.
Selective Primary Health Care. XXIV. Malaria

The eradication of malaria remains an elusive goal in many tropical and subtropical countries, even though methods are available that, if used correctly, will permit control of the disease in most area. These methods include chemotherapy directed against the parasite in the human host and such antivector techniques as a reduction of mosquito breeding sites and an attack on the aquatic and adult stages of mosquitoes. The direction of a malaria control program requires a detailed understanding of malaria epidemiology and control measures as well as flexibility in their application to different epidemiologic situations. In most developing countries, the success of a malaria control effort will depend on a well-functioning primary health care system and active community participation in control activities.
CRISPR-Cas immunity and mobile DNA: a new superfamily of DNA transposons encoding a Cas1 endonuclease

Mobile genetic elements such as DNA transposons are a feature of most genomes. The existence of novel DNA transposons can be inferred when whole genome sequencing reveals the presence of hallmarks of mobile elements such as terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) flanked by target site duplications (TSDs). A recent report describes a new superfamily of DNA transposons in the genomes of a few bacteria and archaea that possess TIRs and TSDs, and encode several conserved genes including a cas1 endonuclease gene, previously associated only with CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems. The data strongly suggests that these elements, designated ‘casposons’, are likely to be bona fide DNA transposons and that their Cas1 nucleases act as transposases and are possibly still active.
The Role of Snowmelt and Spring Rainfall in Inorganic Nutrient Fluxes from a Large Temperate Watershed, the Androscoggin River Basin (Maine and New Hampshire)

The importance of snowmelt and spring rainfall to water and nutrient exports from macro-scale watersheds (>1000 km2) is not well established. Data collected from the Androscoggin River watershed (Maine and New Hampshire) between February 1999 and March 2002 show that the 90-day spring melt period accounted for 39–57% of total annual discharge and is likely driven both by snowpack melting and spring rainfall. While large loads of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) are delivered to the watershed from snowmelt and rain (from 1.16× 106 to 1.61× 106 kg N over the study years), only one third of this N load is exported from the basin during the snowmelt period (0.40× 106–0.48 × 106 kg N). Despite reduced residence time and temperature limitations on biological N retention, there is a poor mass balance between DIN input to the watershed and the nitrogen exported from mouth of the river. Inferences from a geochemical hydrograph separation suggests that approximately 51–63% of the water leaving the mouth of the Androscoggin river is from these ‘new’ water sources (rain and snowmelt) while 37–49% is from DIN depleted soil and groundwater. Mixing of water from different sources, as well as nutrient retention by dams in the upper watershed, may account for the large discrepancy between DIN inputs and exports from this watershed.
Syntheses of Tetrapyrroles

This chapter addresses basic methodology that can be used to obtain tetrapyrrole macrocycles in the porphyrin and chlorin series from natural materials and some simple methods for the total chemical synthesis of typical pyrroles and porphyrins. The aim is to provide investigators with enough information to decide whether to take on the task of preparing samples of useful porphyrin and chlorophyll derivatives or whether to simply purchase them or collaborate with other individuals more expert in the established synthetic procedures. The procedures reported herein are usually those which are easiest for the nonexpert to perform, while at the same time being sufficient to provide pure samples of the required product. The porphyrin field has a very rich history; Hans Fischer’s books present a laboratory approach to synthesis of porphyrin compounds dating back from the 1930s (20,22,24). In 1975, Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins was published (64); this contained a fairly detailed laboratory methods section, which was useful at that time and is probably still useful to many investigators. An up-to-date and highly detailed description of the synthetic art of porphyrin chemistry can be found in The Porphyrin Handbook (39). At the outset it must be mentioned that a certain degree of expertise in experimental organic chemistry is essential for success in the endeavors described herein; also essential are the appropriate laboratory equipment (fume hoods, rotary evaporators, temperature controlled reaction monitors, chromatographic equipment, etc.) and glassware. Since hazardous waste chemicals and solvents will also need to be disposed of, approved facilities for these responsibilities must also be available. In terms of chemical technique and procedures, pyrrole and porphyrin derivatives tend to be easy to work with. With the exception of porphyrinogens, they usually do not require stringent exclusion of oxygen and water vapor (as is the case with much of the rest of organometallic chemistry), they are stable at room temperature and higher temperatures, and they can be purified by recrystallization and chromatography in the air at room temperature. As might be expected with any colored compound (which will be absorbing
Metaphor-based design of high-throughput screening process interfaces

This paper describes work on developing usable interfaces for creating and editing methods for high-throughput screening of chemical and biological compounds in the domain of life sciences automation. A modified approach to metaphor-based interface design was used as a framework for developing a screening method editor prototype analogous to the presentation of a recipe in a cookbook. The prototype was compared to an existing screening method editor application in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of novice users and was found to be superior.
Mortality during a Large-Scale Heat Wave by Place, Demographic Group, Internal and External Causes of Death, and Building Climate Zone

Mortality increases during periods of elevated heat. Identification of vulnerable subgroups by demographics, causes of death, and geographic regions, including deaths occurring at home, is needed to inform public health prevention efforts. We calculated mortality relative risks (RRs) and excess deaths associated with a large-scale California heat wave in 2006, comparing deaths during the heat wave with reference days. For total (all-place) and at-home mortality, we examined risks by demographic factors, internal and external causes of death, and building climate zones. During the heat wave, 582 excess deaths occurred, a 5% increase over expected (RR = 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.08). Sixty-six percent of excess deaths were at home (RR = 1.12, CI 1.07–1.16). Total mortality risk was higher among those aged 35–44 years than ≥65, and among Hispanics than whites. Deaths from external causes increased more sharply (RR = 1.18, CI 1.10–1.27) than from internal causes (RR = 1.04, CI 1.02–1.07). Geographically, risk varied by building climate zone; the highest risks of at-home death occurred in the northernmost coastal zone (RR = 1.58, CI 1.01–2.48) and the southernmost zone of California’s Central Valley (RR = 1.43, CI 1.21–1.68). Heat wave mortality risk varied across subpopulations, and some patterns of vulnerability differed from those previously identified. Public health efforts should also address at-home mortality, non-elderly adults, external causes, and at-risk geographic regions.
Reconfigurable optical dragonfly architecture for high performance computing

We present a reconfigurable dragonfly architecture for High-Performance-Computing (HPC) systems leveraging optical-circuit-switching. An SDN control plane monitors network traffic characteristics and optimizes the connectivity. Software-controlled reconfiguration of the optically interconnected topology is experimentally demonstrated.
Automated Larval Rearing System for Tephritids

A prototype unit of an automated conveyor belt larval rearing system performed equally with the standard tray method in rearing larvae of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, the oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel, and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). All phases of larval culturingare facilitatedby the belt rearing system; moreover, rearing can be done at a constant temperature of 27°C, unlike the tray system, which requires cooling of the culture to prevent larval losses due to overheating. Overall labor costs can be reduced by 80%.
Linker-free deposition and adhesion of Photosystem I onto nanostructured TiO2 for biohybrid photoelectrochemical cells.

Photosystem I (PSI) from oxygenic photosynthetic organisms is an attractive sensitizer for nano-biohybrid solar cells as it has a combined light-harvesting and reaction center in one protein complex and operates at a quantum yield close to one in biological systems. Using a linker-free deposition technique enabled by an electrospray system, PSI was coupled to 1-D nanostructured titanium dioxide thin films to fabricate an electrode for a photoelectrochemical cell. After deposition, the surfactant in the PSI aggregate was dissolved in the surfactant-free electrolyte, ensuring that partly hydrophobic PSI was not resuspended and stayed in contact with titanium dioxide. A maximum current density of 4.15 mA cm–2 was measured after 10 min of electrospray deposition, and this is the highest current density reported so far for PSI-based photoelectrochemical cells. The high current is attributed to 1D nanostructure of titanium dioxide and orientation of the PSI onto the surface, which allows easy transfer of electrons.
Estimating Potential Reductions in Premature Mortality in New York City From Raising the Minimum Wage to $15

Objectives. To assess potential reductions in premature mortality that could have been achieved in 2008 to 2012 if the minimum wage had been $15 per hour in New York City.Methods. Using the 2008 to 2012 American Community Survey, we performed simulations to assess how the proportion of low-income residents in each neighborhood might change with a hypothetical $15 minimum wage under alternative assumptions of labor market dynamics. We developed an ecological model of premature death to determine the differences between the levels of premature mortality as predicted by the actual proportions of low-income residents in 2008 to 2012 and the levels predicted by the proportions of low-income residents under a hypothetical $15 minimum wage.Results. A $15 minimum wage could have averted 2800 to 5500 premature deaths between 2008 and 2012 in New York City, representing 4% to 8% of total premature deaths in that period. Most of these avertable deaths would be realized in lower-income communities, in which residents...
A Case Report of Chlorine Contact Reaction

[Objective]To timely find out the reason of accident,and provide scientific evidence for taking preventive measures. [Methods]Epidemiological investigation and field detection were adopted.[Results]8 employees exposed to chlorine and showed contact reaction. The field detection result was 2.4～16 (mg/m3) ,which exceeded the national occupational hygienic standard of 1 (mg/m3). [Conclusion]This is a chlorine-contact accident. It suggested that enterprises should strengthen the management of occupational health and the staff training of occupational health knowledge and the using of personal protective equipment.
International Health Inequalities and Global Justice

When are international inequalities in health unjust? This discussion falls short of providing an answer because we remain unclear just what kinds of obligations states and international institutions and rule-making bodies have regarding health inequalities across countries. To arrive at a real answer, we must carry out the task of explaining the substance of international obligations for the various kinds of cooperative schemes, international agencies, and international rule-making bodies in order to specify when the internationally socially controllable factors affecting health are justly distributed and regulated.
Success and Self-Loathing in the Life of an Eighteenth-Century Entrepreneur

Amid all the “self-love,” “self-approbation,” and “self-applause,” not once did Adam Smith follow “self” with “perception” in any of his six editions of The Theory of Moral Sentiments. The two words were apparently hardly ever joined until the age of modern psychology.1 But Smith, if anyone, should have beaten psychologists to the punch: in conceiving of the self as a reflection of a “mirror” in which we search for social approval, Smith made what we mean today by self-perception the linchpin of social and economic success.2 Smith also recognized that mirror gazing could run the risk of vanity. But in his heavily revised final edition of the work, vanity ceased being a problem and instead became “almost always a sprightly and a gay, and very often a good-natured passion.” It is the “great secret of education,” he explained in an era whose luminaries routinely linked education to enlightenment, “to direct vanity to proper objects.”3 Preeminent among those objects was the free market, and in the final act of what was effectively a century long de-morality play on the subject of self-interest and the new economy, Smith made vanity and self-love acceptable outcomes of self-perception.4
Relativistic and electron correlation effects on NMR J-coupling of Sn and Pb containing molecules

We studied the influence of relativistic and electron correlation effects on NMR J-couplings in the following set of heavy-atom containing molecules: $$XY_4$$ and H $$_3XX$$ H $$_3$$ (X = Sn, Pb; Y = H, F, Cl, Br, I). We applied two formalisms, the relativistic polarization propagator approach at random phase level of approach (RelPPA-RPA) and density functional theory (DFT) with functionals as implemented in the DIRAC code. We have chosen four functionals that have different amount of HF exchange (PBE0, B3LYP, BLYP, BP86). For those molecular systems, results of calculations with BLYP functional have the best performance as compared with available experimental data. As was previously found for magnetic shieldings in other molecular systems we are able to show here that DFT functionals must be modified in order to obtain reliable results of NMR J-coupling within the relativistic regime. We can state that there is a non-linear dependence among both, electron correlation and relativistic effects that should be introduced in the functionals. The functionals implemented in the DIRAC code are standard nonrelativistic ones which were parameterized with data taken from light-atom containing molecules. This explains why they are not able to properly introduce relativistic effects on NMR parameters, like J-coupling constant. Lastly we show that in the analysis of J-couplings for the family of compounds mentioned above, one must consider the effects of a third heavy-atom that is close to the J-coupled atoms of the same molecule, specially for $$^n$$ J(H–H). This kind of effect is similar to the newest and so called heavy-atom effect on vicinal heavy atoms, HAVHA, proposed for the NMR-shielding constant. Such effects are among the most important relativistic effects in the family of compounds studied in this work.
Representations of decision-theoretic planning tasks

Goal-directed Markov Decision Process models (GDMDPs) are good models for many decision-theoretic planning tasks. They have been used in conjunction with two different reward structures, namely the goal-reward representation and the action-penalty representation. We apply GDMDPs to planning tasks in the presence of traps such as steep slopes for outdoor robots or staircases for indoor robots, and study the differences between the two reward structures. In these situations, achieving the goal is often the primary objective while minimizing the travel time is only of secondary importance. We show that the action-penalty representation without discounting guarantees that the optimal plan achieves the goal for sure (if this is possible) but neither the action-penalty representation with discounting nor the goal-reward representation with discounting have this property. We then show exactly when this trapping phenomenon occurs, using a novel interpretation for discounting, namely that it models agents that use convex exponential utility functions and thus are optimistic in the face of uncertainty. Finally, we show how the trapping phenomenon can be eliminated with our Selective State-Deletion Method.
Segmentation of Trabecular Bone for In Vivo CT Imaging Using a Novel Approach of Computing Spatial Variation in Bone and Marrow Intensities

Characterization of trabecular bone (TB) microarchitecture and computational modelling of bone strength are widely used in research and clinical studies related to osteoporosis, which is associated with elevated risk of fractures. Segmentation of TB network from the background marrow space is essential for quantitative assessment of the quality of TB microarchitecture and bone strength, which are key determinants of fracture risk. Clinical CT is rapidly emerging as a viable modality for in vivo TB microarchitectural imaging at peripheral sites. Here, we present a new method for TB segmentation using in vivo CT imaging of distal tibia. Our method is primarily based on computing the spatial variation in the background marrow intensity as well as the bone-marrow contrast. First, a new anisotropic diffusion algorithm is developed and applied to improve local separability of TB microstructures that uses Hessian matrix to locally guide the diffusion process. Subsequently, a new multi-scale morphological algorithm is developed and applied to determine spatial distribution of bone and marrow intensity values. The accuracy of the method was examined by comparing its performance with multi-user-selected regional thresholding for bone-marrow separation on in vivo CT images of ten subjects each containing twenty random regions of interest (ROIs). High sensitivity (0.93), specificity (0.93), and accuracy (0.93) of the new method were observed from experimental results. In addition, the impact of the new method on predicting bone strength was examined in a cadaveric study. Experimental results have shown that the new TB segmentation method significantly improves the ability (\(R^2\) = 0.82) of the computed TB thickness measure to predict actual bone strength determined by mechanical testing on TB cores.
The Pelecaniform Birds

Abstract The Pelecaniformes is a traditional family of pelicans and allies, including all birds with four toes connected by webs and a gular pouch—tropicbirds, frigatebirds, gannets and boobies, cormorants, and anhingas. Recent studies show that these formerly uniting characters are in fact primitive and arose early in the evolutionary history of birds. The phylogeny is still unresolved without consensus, with some experts splitting the former order into a group including gannets and boobies, cormorants, and anhingas; a newly constituted group including pelicans, herons, and storks; and unrelated assemblage including tropicbirds and other groups. Regardless, the traditional pelecaniform assemblage shares common ecological and behavioral characteristics, including colonial breeding, piscivory, coastal and terrestrial nesting habitats, and upper trophic level feeding.
Randomized Clinical Trials in Localized Anal Cancer

Management of anal carcinoma began as abdominoperineal resection and has evolved to combined chemotherapy and radiation. Early randomized trials demonstrated superior clinical outcomes of combined modality therapy over radiotherapy alone. Subsequent trials investigated alterations in the standard backbone of radiotherapy concurrent with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C with intent to maintain clinical outcomes while reducing treatment-related morbidity. The addition of intensity-modulated radiotherapy to radiation planning and delivery has subsequently reduced acute toxicity and detrimental treatment breaks. Ongoing and future trials are aimed at reducing therapy in favorable patient populations to decrease morbidity while intensifying treatment in patients with negative prognostic factors.
Missions and Mental Health: Introduction to a Special Issue:

The Guest Editor introduces the contents of the third special issue on Psychology and Missions published by the Journal of Psychology and Theology. The necessity and place of pre-experimental thinking and theorizing is emphasized as is the continuing need to move efforts more speedily toward empirical research on issues relating to missions and mental health.
Comparison of the Monte Carlo Adjoint-Weighted and Differential Operator Perturbation Methods

Two perturbation theory methodologies are implemented for k-eigenvalue calculations in the continuous-energy Monte Carlo code, MCNP6. A comparison of the accuracy of these techniques, the differential operator and adjoint-weighted methods, is performed numerically and analytically. Typically, the adjoint-weighted method shows better performance over a larger range; however, there are exceptions.
Discretionary Design Review:Shaping Downtown Cincinnati

The city of Cincinnati has a long history of urban design review. The city began review of important projects in the mid-1960s, when Fountain Square was developed in the heart of the city. The Urban Design Review Board is composed of three design professionals and one community business leader appointed by the city manager on the recommendation of the director of the Department of Economic Development. The board has enjoyed a relatively stable membership since its initiation. David Niland, Professor of Architecture at the University of Cincinnati, has been one of the design professionals on the board since its inception. Fred Lazarus, respected community business leader, has served as chair of the board for twenty-two years. The other current design professionals are Jayanta Chatterjee, Dean of the College of Design, Art, Architecture and Planning, University of Cincinnati, and Hayden May, Dean of the School of Fine Arts, Miami University.
Close-Packed Langmuir Monolayers of Saccharide-Based Carbon Dots at the Air-Subphase Interface

Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional carbon-based spherical nanoparticles with diameters less than 10 nm. Here, we report for the first time CDs forming stable Langmuir monolayers at the air–subphase interface. Langmuir monolayers are of great interest both fundamentally to study the interactions at the interfaces and for many applications such as the development of sensors. However, CDs usually do not form Langmuir monolayers because of their highly hydrophilic nature. In this study, amphiphilic CDs were prepared through hydrothermal carbonization using saccharides as the precursors. The surface chemistry behavior and optical properties of CDs at the air–subphase interface were studied. CDs derived from saccharides consistently formed stable Langmuir monolayers which show all essential phases, namely, gas, liquid-expanded, liquid-condensed, and solid phases. The compression–decompression cycle method showed minimum hysteresis (4.3%), confirming the retaining capacity of the CDs as a monolayer. Limiting...
Does Your “Single-Minded” Characterization of Dreaming Now Find Confirmation and Explanation in the Lucid Dreaming Data?

The descriptions by Dr. Hobson and others of lucid dreaming (states in which the dreamer has a reflective awareness that he is dreaming) demonstrate nicely that what we have called the “the single-mindedness” (absence of that reflective awareness) in most dreams is not an inevitable attribute of dreaming per se. Rather, by techniques described by Dr. Hobson and others, lucidity can be induced in association with dreams that would otherwise be single-minded. In turn, this means that lucidity must originate from specific brain processes. Early imaging studies showed low levels of frontal lobe neural activity during REM sleep, suggesting that the mechanism for lucidity might be at least partly localized to that area. This hypothesis is bolstered by reports of dream-like mentation during wakefulness in patients with frontal lobe injury.
The Use of Computed Tomography Perfusion on Admission to Predict Outcomes in Surgical and Nonsurgical Traumatic Brain Injury Patients.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate if data obtained from a computed tomography (CT) perfusion study on admission could correlate to outcomes for the patient, including the patient’s length of stay in the hospital and their initial and final Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), as well as the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) on discharge. We present an initial subset of patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria: over the age of 18 with mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Patients admitted with a diagnosis of TBI had CT perfusion studies performed within 48 hours of admission. GCS, length of stay, mRS, and discharge location were tracked, along with the patient’s course of hospitalization. Initial results and discussion on the utility of CT perfusion for predicting outcomes are presented. Methods: Patients exhibiting mild, moderate, or severe TBI were assessed using CT perfusion within 48 hours of admission from January to July 2019 at the Arrowhead Regional Medical Center (ARMC). The neurosurgery census and patient records were assessed for progression of outcomes. Data obtained from the perfusion scans were correlated to patient outcomes to evaluate the utility of CT perfusion in predicting outcomes in surgical and nonsurgical TBI patients. Results: Preliminary data were obtained on six patients exhibiting TBI, ranging from mild to severe. The mean GCS of our patient cohort on admission was eight, with the most common mechanism of injury found to be falls (50%) and motor vehicle accidents (50%). Cerebral blood volume (CBV) seemed to increase with Rankin value (Pearson's correlations coefficient = 0.43 but was statistically insignificant (P = 0.21)). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was found to be correlated with CBV, and both increased with Rankin score (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.56) but were statistically insignificant (P = 0.27). These results suggest that with a larger sample size, CBV and CBF may be correlated to patient outcome. Conclusion: Although more data is needed, preliminary results suggest that with larger patient populations, CT perfusion may provide information that can be correlated clinically to patient outcomes. This study shows that CBF and CBV may serve as useful indicators for prognostication of TBI patients.
Do Medicare Accountable Care Organizations Reduce Disparities After Spinal Fracture

Abstract Background National changes in health care disparities within the setting of trauma care have not been examined within Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) or non-ACOs. We sought to examine the impact of ACOs on post-treatment outcomes (in-hospital mortality, 90-day complications, and readmissions), as well as surgical intervention among whites and nonwhites treated for spinal fractures. Materials and methods We identified all beneficiaries treated for spinal fractures between 2009 and 2014 using national Medicare fee for service claims data. Claims were used to identify sociodemographic and clinical criteria, receipt of surgery and in-hospital mortality, 90-day complications, and readmissions. Multivariable logistic regression analysis accounting for all confounders was used to determine the effect of race/ethnicity on outcomes. Nonwhites were compared with whites treated in non-ACOs between 2009 and 2011 as the referent. Results We identified 245,704 patients who were treated for spinal fractures. Two percent of the cohort received care in an ACO, whereas 7% were nonwhite. We found that disparities in the use of surgical fixation for spinal fractures were present in non-ACOs over the period 2009-2014 but did not exist in the context of care provided through ACOs (odds ratio [OR] 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44, 1.28). A disparity in the development of complications existed for nonwhites in non-ACOs (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.01, 1.17) that was not encountered among nonwhites receiving care in ACOs (OR 1.32; 95% CI 0.90, 1.95). An existing disparity in readmission rates for nonwhites in ACOs over 2009-2011 (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.01, 1.80) was eliminated in the period 2012-2014 (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.65, 1.09). Conclusions Our work reinforces the idea that ACOs could improve health care disparities among nonwhites. There is also the potential that as ACOs become more familiar with care integration and streamlined delivery of services, further improvements in disparities could be realized.
Coupled Cluster Greens function formulations based on the effective Hamiltonians.

We demonstrate that the effective Hamiltonians obtained with the downfolding procedure based on double unitary coupled cluster (DUCC) ansatz can be used in the context of Greens function coupled cluster (GFCC) formalism to calculate spectral functions of molecular systems. This combined approach (DUCC-GFCC) provides a significant reduction of numerical effort and good agreement with the corresponding all-orbital GFCC methods in energy windows that are consistent with the choice of active space. These features are demonstrated on the example of two benchmark systems: H2O and N2, where DUCC-GFCC calculations were performed for active spaces of various sizes.
Conclusion: Convergence or Divergence between the East and the West?

This chapter briefly reviews language as a cultural tool and claims written language or script to be the influential force that runs cognition and culture. As an extension of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, script relativity is considered to be the engines and underpinnings of our cognition, everyday problem-solving strategies, and overarching culture as the consequence of accommodated brain pathways upon reading. The mixed-script advantage is also discussed. Uni-script use has evolved to the use of bi-scripts or multi-scripts, as in Chinese with Pinyin and Japanese multi-scripts as well as the recent adoptions of Hindi-English bilinguals’ Romanagari, Aralish that is used to supplement Arabic, and the Greeks’ additional use of Greeklish. As the results of the co-use of words and images, the adoption of bi-scripts or multi-scripts, and a mixture of digital and paper-based texts, more convergence as well as the state of complementarity and harmony between the East and the West are expected. The chapter ends with the notations of limitations of the book and recommendations.
PassGoodPool: Joint Passengers and Goods Fleet Management with Reinforcement Learning aided Pricing, Matching, and Route Planning.

In this paper, we present a dynamic, demand aware, and pricing-based matching and route planning framework that allows efficient pooling of multiple passengers and goods in each vehicle. This approach includes the flexibility for transferring goods through multiple hops from source to destination as well as pooling of passengers. The key components of the proposed approach include (i) Pricing by the vehicles to passengers which is based on the insertion cost, which determines the matching based on passenger's acceptance/rejection, (ii) Matching of goods to vehicles, and the multi-hop routing of goods, (iii) Route planning of the vehicles to pick. up and drop passengers and goods, (i) Dispatching idle vehicles to areas of anticipated high passenger and goods demand using Deep Reinforcement Learning, and (v) Allowing for distributed inference at each vehicle while collectively optimizing fleet objectives. Our proposed framework can be deployed independently within each vehicle as this minimizes computational costs associated with the gorwth of distributed systems and democratizes decision-making to each individual. The proposed framework is validated in a simulated environment, where we leverage realistic delivery datasets such as the New York City Taxi public dataset and Google Maps traffic data from delivery offering businesses.Simulations on a variety of vehicle types, goods, and passenger utility functions show the effectiveness of our approach as compared to baselines that do not consider combined load transportation or dynamic multi-hop route planning. Our proposed method showed improvements over the next best baseline in various aspects including a 15% increase in fleet utilization and 20% increase in average vehicle profits.
Complicating Theory through Practice: Affirming the Right to Die for Suicidal People

Currently, suicidality is inadequately engaged with in suicide prevention methods. The key focus is on preventing people from dying, rather than validating suicidal ideation as a legitimate experience. As Alexandre Baril (2017; 2018; 2002) argues, in this refusal to validate suicidality, suicidal people are subjected to suicidism – a term Baril coined to describe the oppression suicidal people face which silences them and views their desire to die as illegitimate. Baril (2017) argues for a harm reduction approach to suicide which not only recognizes the validity of suicidality, but also supports suicidal people should they choose to die. In this paper, I seek to highlight Baril’s argument on affirming the choices of suicidal people through an engagement with three of his ideas: epistemic violence, biopower, and the injunction to happiness. While I agree with Baril’s harm reduction approach to suicide, I also contend that his argument becomes more complex when shifting from theory to practice. Therefore, alongside Baril’s work, I highlight the work of Kai Cheng Thom, who recognizes that failing to fight for suicidal people is equally as ableist as failing to listen to them.
Rocking response of liquid-filled cylindrical tanks:

The hydrodynamic response of liquid-filled storage tanks subjected to translational earthquake shaking has been the focus of studies for more than 75 years. In service, tanks experience six compone...
Long‐Term Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibition Worsens Hypertension and Renal and Cardiac Abnormalities in Obese Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rats

Background The long‐term effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors on blood pressure and cardiovascular and renal health remain controversial. Herein, we investigated the extended (>182 d...
Chapter 17 – Cellular Network Security

In recent years, cellular networks have become open public networks to which end subscribers have direct access. This has greatly increased the number of threats to cellular networks. Though cellular networks have vastly advanced in their performance abilities, the security of these networks still remains highly outdated. As a result, they are one of the most insecure networks today – so much so, that using simple off-the-shelf equipment, any adversary can cause major network outages affecting millions of subscribers. In this chapter, we address the security of cellular networks. We also educate readers on the current state of security of cellular networks and their vulnerabilities. In addition, we outline a cellular network specific attack taxonomy–also called the three-dimensional attack taxonomy. Furthermore, we also discuss the vulnerability assessment tools for cellular networks. Finally, we provide insights as to why cellular networks are so vulnerable and why securing them can prevent communication outages during emergencies.
Effects of Organizational Support on Potency in Work Teams: The Mediating Role of Team Processes

This study focuses on team members’ perceptions of organizational support as antecedents of team processes and potency. Potency is team members’ collective belief that the team can be effective. In a field study of 39 work teams in six organizations, we find a positive relationship between organizational support and potency that is mediated by effective team processes. We also find a positive relationship between team processes and managers’ ratings of team performance that is mediated by potency. Understanding how organizational support affects potency is important because research has consistently found that potency is strongly associated with team performance, yet little is known about how organizational context affects potency. Therefore, this research has practical as well as theoretical implications.
Removal of Anti-Thymocyte Globulin by Plasma Exchange in ABO-Incompatible and Positive Crossmatch Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Abstract Background Recipients of ABO-incompatible (ABOI) and positive crossmatch (PXM) kidney transplants are at high risk for antibody-mediated acute rejection. Despite aggressive immunosuppression in high-risk patients, the incidence of acute rejection remains considerably higher than in other groups. No published studies have examined plasma concentrations of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) in patients undergoing plasma exchange. The objectives of this study were to compare plasma ATG concentrations before and after plasma exchange in ABOI and PXM kidney transplant patients to determine the amount removed. Materials and Methods This prospective pharmacokinetic evaluation enrolled 10 patients undergoing ABOI or PXM kidney transplant at an academic medical center. Blood and waste plasma samples from 5 patients were assayed for total and active ATG concentrations. Patient records were monitored for renal function and rejection rates in the first 6 months post-transplant. Results Total ATG concentrations decreased a mean of 59.78 ± 13.91% after each plasma exchange session, and active ATG levels decreased a mean of 56.8 ± 17.08%. Mean daily concentrations reflect a lack of expected ATG accumulation. Only 1 of 4 patients had detectable ATG concentrations after 30 days. After 6 months, the incidence of acute rejection in this sample was 44% and graft survival was 89%. Conclusions This is the first study to show that plasma exchange removes a substantial amount of ATG in high-risk kidney transplant patients. Based on these results, we believe these high-risk patients have been traditionally underdosed.
Never more than I can handle? A longitudinal consideration of racial differences in trust-based prayer expectancies of god and satisfaction in later life

While trust in God is a fundamental component of religious life, it has received little attention in the literature. The current study considers trust-based prayer expectancies and how these may in...
Using Passively Detected Acoustic Signals to Characterize Ultrasound Gated Nanoparticles

Focused ultrasound (FUS) can concentrate energy noninvasively through the skull to elicit neuromodulation. Although the natural response of neurons to ultrasound has been explored, acoustically active drug loaded nanoparticles have the benefit of yielding a pharmacological response that may be more predictable than the effects of FUS alone. Researchers have developed drug delivery vehicles that release small molecule neuromodulatory drugs without opening blood brain barrier. It is desirable to increase drug release, and drug release typically increases with increased peak negative pressure (PNP). However, the likelihood of undesirable bioeffects, such as cavitation-induced focal hemorrhages increases with increasing PNP. Here, we examined echoes from propofol-containing nanoparticles during ultrasound exposures known to uncage propofol from the vehicle. Our goals were to 1) increase drug release without generating cavitation and 2) identify echoes that may be related to propofol release.
The polarography of trans-dinitrobis(ethylenediamine)-cobalt(III) ion in buffered solutions: The mechanism of the formation of the double wave

Abstract The effect of pH and NO−2 concentration on the polarography of trans-[Co(en)2(NO2)2]+ has been studied. The polarographic waves have been interpreted on the basis of the following mechanisms. Wave I. [Co(en)2(NO2)2]+ + I e ⇌ [Co(en)2(NO2)2] [Co(en)2(NO2)2] ⇌ [Co(en)2(NO2)]+ + NO2− [Co(en)2NO2]+ ⇌ Co(en)22+ + NO2− Co(en)22+ Wave II. 2 Co(en)22+ ⇌ Co(en)33+ + Co(en)2+ + I e
Comment on "Nature of the Spin Glass State"

We show that the interface excitations of Palassini-Young and Krzakala-Martin cannot yield new thermodynamic states.
A Review of Research on Crime Displacement Theory

Reppetto (1976) published crime displacement theory in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency and put forward his theoretical underpinnings for the future analysis of crime displacement phenomenon and outlined five types of crime displacement such as: 1. Temporal - Committing the intended crime at a different time; 2. Tactical - Committing the intended crime in a different way; 3. Target - Committing the intended crime type on a different target; 4. Spatial - Committing the intended crime type to the same target in a different place; 5. Functional - Committing a different type of crime. Research on crime displacement began to be carried out in a more systematic manner during the 1990s. There was a significant step forward when research in 1990 and 1993 specifically studied displacement and found it to be much less of problem than had generally been supposed. Crime displacement occurred where it was most likely to be similar targets or to similar and adjacent areas. Although the findings were greatly positive, there was and not surprisingly, variation between different crimes. Research has consistently found that crime displacement is the exception rather than the rule and that diffusion of benefits is just as likely and sometimes more likely to occur. Research also shows that crime displacement is unlikely in the aftermath of broader community development programs. In cases where some displacement occurs it tends to be less than the gains achieved by the response and found that crime displacement and diffusion are equally likely to occur. The theory of crime displacement is related to rational choice theory and there are three assumptions regarding the potential perpetrator and the target. The theory of crime displacement does not explain the reason of perpetrators committing a certain crime or why some crimes are more attractive to them than others. Crime displacement can occur in different ways or methods. An often-stated opinion about crime displacement is the theory, its practical usages, that it can induce a sense of disbelief towards crime prevention initiatives.