cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Horizontal convective boiling of R448A, R449A, and R452B within a micro-fin tube

This article presents local convective boiling measurements in a micro-fin tube for three low global warming potential refrigerants: R448A, R449A, and R452B. An existing correlation was modified to predict multi-component mixtures, which predicted 98% of the measurements to within ±20%. The new correlation was used to compare the heat transfer coefficient of the three test fluids at the same heat flux, saturated refrigerant temperature, and refrigerant mass flux. The resulting comparison showed that refrigerant R452B exhibited the highest heat transfer, in large part due to its approximately 28% larger liquid thermal conductivity and smaller temperature glide as compared to the tested low-global warming potential refrigerants. For the example case, the heat transfer coefficient for R449A was approximately 8% larger than that for R448A, while the heat transfer coefficient for R452B was more than 59% larger than either R448A or R449A. The heat transfer coefficients for R448A and R449A were roughly between 26 and 48% less than that of R404A for the example case. In contrast, the model predicts that the R452B heat transfer coefficient was approximately 13% larger than that of R404A for the same conditions.
Effect of Nonylphenol Ethoxylation on the Biological Activity of Three Herbicides with Different Water Solubilities

Changing the number of ethylene oxide (EO) units on a nonylphenol surfactant changes its physicochemical and biological properties. Increasing the number of EO units makes the surfactant more hydrophilic and increases its hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Surfactants with high HLB values, more than 16, were the most active with the hydrophilic herbicide glyphosate. More lipophilic surfactants with HLB values from 11 to 13 were more active with the lipophilic herbicide, the ethyl ester of quizalofop-P. Surfactants with intermediate HLB values were the most active with the herbicide that had intermediate water solubility, nicosulfuron. Matching the physicochemical properties of the herbicide and surfactant improved biological efficacy on giant foxtail.
What Remains of Third Cinema

Documentary filmmaking in Latin America today undoubtedly differs from the militant cinema of the 1960s and 1970s. But what remains of “Third Cinema”? How do new strategies blend with old ones to create a kind of temporal hybridity in documentary film? How do new movements like Argentina’s cine piquetero (picket-line cinema) return us to the aesthetics of forty years ago? And how do they diverge? This chapter looks at these questions by considering the evolution from the 1960s to the present of two of Latin America’s most iconic cultivators of militant cinema, Fernando E. “Pino” Solanas (Argentina) and Patricio Guzman (Chile). The work of these filmmakers is placed into dialogue with the emergence of cine piquetero since the 1990s.
Scheduling big data workflows in the cloud under budget constraints

Big data is fast becoming a ubiquitous term in both academia and industry and there is a strong need for new data-centric workflow tools and techniques to process and analyze large-scale complex datasets that are growing exponentially. On the other hand, the unbound resource leasing capability foreseen in the cloud facilitates data scientists to wring actionable insights from the data in a time and cost efficient manner. In the data-centric workflow environment, scheduling data processing tasks onto appropriate resources are often driven by the constraints provided by the users. Enforcing a constraint while executing the workflow in the cloud adds a new optimization challenge on how to meet the objective while satisfying the given constraint. In this paper, we propose a new Big dAta woRkflow schEduler uNder budgeT constraint known as BARENTS that supports high-performance workflow scheduling in a heterogeneous cloud computing environment with a single objective to minimize the workflow makespan under a provided budget constraint. Our case study and experiments show the competitive advantages of our proposed scheduler. The proposed BARENTS scheduler is implemented in a new release of DATA VIEW, one of the most usable big data workflow systems in the community.
Educating Teachers and Increasing Environmental Literacy

Earth Partnership for Schools (EPS) emerges from the University of Wisconsin– Madison Arboretum’s long involvement with ecological restoration and from Aldo Leopold’s land ethic, which sees human beings as “plain members and citizens” of the ecological community. Along with its national outreach program, Restoration Education Science Training and Outreach for Regional Educators (RESTORE), EPS creates partnerships with teachers, schools, natural resource agencies, environmental organizations, nature centers, master gardeners, volunteers-in short, with anyone willing to collaborate in restoring the natural ecology of school grounds and nearby natural areas. In the process, respectful relationships are restored with other human beings and “the land.” In this new education paradigm, children and adults are not only learners but citizen-scientists actively investigating and restoring ecological functions. They are caring for nature and becoming stewards of their own communities. From a young person’s perspective, this kind of experience is essential, as an EPS teacher from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, noted: “Kids need to feel important, to care about something, to feel that they make a difference in this world. … Earth Partnership provides ways to give kids a sense of purpose and build competency.”
Periodontitis and prevalence of elevated aminotransferases in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence is greater among Hispanics/Latinos than other racial/ethnic groups and prevalence is further reported to vary among Hispanic/Latino background groups. Experimental animal and human studies demonstrate associations between periodontitis and NAFLD, not yet reported among Hispanics/Latinos. This study examined periodontitis as a novel risk factor that may contribute to the burden of NAFLD among Hispanics/Latinos. METHODS Data came from 11,914 participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Periodontitis was defined as the extent (none, 40 IU/L or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 37 IU/L for men and ALT > 31 IU/L or AST > 31 IU/L for women. Survey-logistic regression models estimated prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between periodontitis and suspected NAFLD. RESULTS The overall age-standardized percentage of study participants with < 30% of sites with CAL ≥3 mm or PD ≥4 mm was 53.5% and 58.6%, respectively, while participants with ≥30% sites with CAL ≥3 mm or PD ≥4 mm comprised 16% and 5.72%, respectively. The overall age-standardized prevalence (95% CI) of suspected NAFLD was 18.1% (17.1-19.0). For the entire cohort, we observed a dose-response (i.e. graded) association between PD ≥4 mm and the prevalence odds of suspected NAFLD, whereby participants with < 30% affected had a crude POR = 1.19 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.38) while participants with ≥30% affected had a crude POR = 1.39 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.90). These crude estimates were attenuated toward the null and rendered non-significant upon covariate adjustment. No differences were found by Hispanic/Latino background group. CONCLUSION Previously reported associations between periodontitis and NAFLD were marginal to null in this study of a diverse group of Hispanics/Latinos.
Large Out-of-Plane Deformations of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework (COF) Sheets.

Flexibility and deformability are important factors influencing the assembly and application of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs). On one hand, the formation of stable, extended 2D sheets is a prerequisite for the fabrication of high-quality 2D crystals. On the other hand, characterizing these properties will eventually provide a path toward the inclusion of electron-vibration couplings when evaluating their electronic properties such as their band structures. Here, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the mechanical properties of 2D COF sheets, taking the prototypical COF-5 as a representative example. Large out-of-plane deformations are found, about 400% higher than those encountered in graphene. In addition, structural defects lead to significantly larger twists and deformations, which underlines the challenges in fabricating stand-alone, large-size 2D COF sheets. Stacking, on the other hand, effectively reduces the out-of-plane deformations and suppresse...
Constitutional, Renal, and Personality Factors as Contributors to Individual Differences in Reactivity

In this chapter we shall take a somewhat different approach in examining the phenomenon of individual differences in cardiovascular response to stress. Up to now we have focused very much on the individual subject. Here we shall view that individual as a potential member of various groups. A number of specific constitutional factors have been shown to contribute to individual differences in reactivity in important ways (see Light, 1989); included in this list are age, ethnic or racial group, gender, and aerobic fitness. Unlike the first three factors, we can change our aerobic fitness level, and the relevance of doing so is therefore discussed (it is true that age also changes, but in a manner that is neither under voluntary control nor to the liking of most of us). Also in this chapter we shall look at renal and personality influences on reactivity.
Benjamin Banneker, Pioneer Negro Mathematician.

In almost every history of the Negro in the United States one can find an account of the incidental contributions of Ben jamin Banneker (1731-1806) to the social history of his race. But no chronicle is readily available of the scientific life of Banneker as a student of mathematics, almanac compiler, surveyor, and astron omer. The object of this article is to pro vide such an account of the scientific ac tivity of Benjamin Banneker, whom W. Douglas Brown called "the first American Negro to challenge the world by the in dependent power of his intellect," and to indicate how close Banneker comes to approximating the composite picture of the mathematician in the United States at the end of the eighteenth century. Benjamin Banneker was born on a farm near the Patapsco River, about ten miles from Baltimore, Maryland, at what is now Ellicott City, Maryland, on Novem ber 9, 1731. His mother and father were Negroes?his mother free, his father a slave; his maternal grandmother was a white woman of English birth who was legally married to a native African, the son of an African king. In the early eighteenth century, a Negro of Banneker's class enjoyed most of the privileges of white men. James McHenry, [2]* who had been a secretary of President George
Painting, Ethics, and Aesthetics in Rome

In the first centuries BCE and CE, Roman wall painters frequently placed representations of works of art, especially panel paintings, within their own mural compositions. Nathaniel B. Jones argues that the depiction of panel painting within mural ensembles functioned as a meta-pictorial reflection on the practice and status of painting itself. This phenomenon provides crucial visual evidence for both the reception of Greek culture and the interconnected ethical and aesthetic values of art in the Roman world. Roman meta-pictures, this book reveals, not only navigated social debates on the production and consumption of art, but also created space on the Roman wall for new modes of expression relating to pictorial genres, the role of medium in artistic practice, and the history of painting. Richly illustrated, the volume will be important for anyone interested in the social, ethical, and aesthetic dimensions of artworks, in the ancient Mediterranean and beyond.
Meta-Analysis Comparing Renal Outcomes after Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement

Background. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of aortic valve replacement. However, comparative on the incidence of (AKI) following transcatheter (TAVR) versus surgical valve replacement (SAVR) is sparse. Methods. We performed a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials (RCT) and propensity-matched observational studies comparing (A) incidence of AKI and (B) incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI at 30 days after TAVR and SAVR. Results. Twenty-six studies (20 propensity-matched studies; 6 RCTs) including 19,954 patients were analyzed. The incidence of AKI was lower after TAVR than after SAVR (7.1% vs. 12.1%, OR 0.52; 95%CI, 0.39-0.68; p<0.001, I2=57%), but the incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI was similar (2.8% vs. 4.1%, OR 0.78; 95%CI, 0.49-1.25; p=0.31, I2=70%). Similar results were observed in a sensitivity analysis including RCTs only for both AKI ([5 RCTs; 5,418 patients], 2.0% vs. 5.0%, OR 0.39; 95%CI, 0.28-0.53; p<0.001, I2=0%), and dialysis-requiring AKI ([2 RCTs; 769 patients]; 2.9% vs. 2.6%, OR 1.1; 95%CI, 0.47-2.58; p=0.83, I2=0%). However, in studies including low-intermediate risk patients only, TAVR was associated with lower incidence of AKI ([10 studies; 6,510 patients], 7.6% vs. 12.4%, OR 0.55, 95%CI 0.39-0.77, p<0.001, I2=57%), and dialysis-requiring AKI, ([10 studies; 12,034 patients], 2.0% vs. 3.6%, OR 0.57, 95%CI 0.38-0.85, p=0.005, I2=23%). Conclusions. TAVR is associated with better renal outcomes at 30 days in comparison with SAVR, especially in patients at low-intermediate surgical risk. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of AKI on long-term outcomes of patients undergoing TAVR and SAVR.
Structural Determinism Amplifying the Opioid Crisis: It's the Healthcare, Stupid!

The article paints a picture of a healthcare system that not only has been slow to deliver appropriate treatments but also stands as a structural determinant of this crisis. Structural determinants create barriers that stop or slow the remediation of social determinants while perpetuating others. This paper argues that the healthcare system has failed those struggling with OUD and co-morbidities and is itself a structural determinant that creates barriers to effective behavioral health services. In some ways (such as poor preventative care and over-prescribing) the healthcare system justifiably can be viewed as a cause of the opioid epidemic. However, its true failing is the way it has amplified the crisis, seemingly unable or unwilling to identify appropriate points of intervention or deliver the necessary services. The root causes of the opioid epidemic must be treated with improved education, better surveillance, and generally improving the social determinants of health. However, the U.S. healthcare system is responsible for many of the symptoms of the opioid crisis and several of barriers to effective solutions. The article examines some of healthcare’s flaws relevant to the opioid crisis, critically examining access and benefit stratification, the changing role of Medicaid, and problems associated with fragmentation of care and the lack of wraparound services. It also provides a brief overview of the extreme healthcare-related structural determinants present in our jails and prisons.
Optical imaging provides rapid verification of static small beams, radiosurgery, and VMAT plans with millimeter resolution.

PURPOSE We demonstrate the feasibility of optical imaging as a quality assurance tool for static small beamlets, and pretreatment verification tool for radiosurgery and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. METHODS Small static beams and clinical VMAT plans were simulated in a treatment planning system (TPS) and delivered to a cylindrical tank filled with water-based liquid scintillator. Emission was imaged using a blue-sensitive, intensified CMOS camera time-gated to the linac pulses. For static beams, percentage depth and cross beam profiles of projected intensity distribution were compared to TPS data. Two-dimensional (2D) gamma analysis was performed on all clinical plans, and the technique was tested for sensitivity against common errors (multileaf collimator position, gantry angle) by inducing deliberate errors in the VMAT plans control points. The technique's detection limits for spatial resolution and the smallest number of control points that could be imaged reliably were also tested. The sensitivity to common delivery errors was also compared against a commercial 2.5D diode array dosimeter. RESULTS A spatial resolution of 1 mm was achieved with our imaging setup. The optical projected percentage depth intensity profiles agreed to within 2% relative to the TPS data for small static square beams (5, 10, and 50 mm2 ). For projected cross beam profiles, a gamma pass rate >99% was achieved for a 3%/1 mm criteria. All clinical plans passed the 3%/3 mm criteria with >95% passing rate. A static 5 mm beam with 20 Monitor Units could be measured with an average percent difference of 5.5 ± 3% relative to the TPS. The technique was sensitive to multileaf collimator errors down to 1 mm and gantry angle errors of 1°. CONCLUSIONS Optical imaging provides ample spatial resolution for imaging small beams. The ability to faithfully image down to 20 MU of 5 mm, 6 MV beamlets prove the ability to perform quality assurance for each control point within dynamic plans. The technique is sensitive to small offset errors in gantry angles and multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf positions, and at certain scenario, it exhibits higher sensitivity than a commercial 2.5D diode array.
Giving Bad News

The following basic skills are prerequisites to role-playing giving bad news: attending , listening , eliciting feelings, checking patient’s theory of illness , monitoring pace, empathic summary , feeling responses , and self-awareness .
Leveraging locality of reference for certificate revocation

X.509 certificate revocation defends against man-in-the-middle attacks involving a compromised certificate. Certificate revocation strategies face scalability, effectiveness, and deployment challenges as HTTPS adoption rates have soared. We propose Certificate Revocation Table (CRT), a new revocation strategy that is competitive with or exceeds alternative state-of-the-art solutions in effectiveness, efficiency, certificate growth scalability, mass revocation event scalability, revocation timeliness, privacy, and deployment requirements. The CRT design assumes that locality of reference applies to the certificates accessed by an organization. The CRT periodically checks the revocation status of X.509 certificates recently used by the organization. Pre-checking the revocation status of certificates the clients are likely to use avoids the security problems of on-demand certificate revocation checking. To validate both the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach, we simulated a CRT using 60 days of TLS traffic logs from Brigham Young University to measure the effects of actively refreshing revocation status information for various certificate working set window lengths. A working set window size of 45 days resulted in an average of 99.86% of the TLS handshakes having revocation information cached in advance. The CRT storage requirements are small. The initial revocation status information requires downloading a 6.7 MB file, and subsequent updates require only 205.1 KB of bandwidth daily. Updates that include only revoked certificates require just 215 bytes of bandwidth per day.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: We Are Still Behind.

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an infection in the ascitic fluid. Despite published guidelines, an inappropriate diagnosis of SBP is frequent. In this study, we aim to evaluate guideline adherence in diagnosing SBP. This is a retrospective study conducted between January 2015 and January 2018. Based on the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and the European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL), two authors judged guideline adherence in SBP diagnosis and management. One hundred and six patients were included in the study, and 93% were hospitalized. The mean age was 56.9 years, and 62 patients were males. In addition, Caucasians were the most common ethnicity (86.8%). The authors judged that only 52.4% of patients were appropriately diagnosed, and only 67.3% were managed with proper treatment. Inpatient mortality was documented in five patients, and the readmission rate within 30-days after discharge was 29.3%. In conclusion, SBP is a common complication of cirrhosis, which can be managed with adherence to published guidelines. In our population, guidelines were not implemented in diagnosing nearly half the SBP patients, mostly due to misdiagnosis of SBP with secondary peritonitis or non-neutrocytic bacteriascites, starting antibiotics before performing the paracentesis, and even giving broad-coverage antibiotics when not indicated. Further efforts are needed to enhance adherence to guidelines in clinical practice.
Invasive infections with fungi of lung or liver in acute myeloid leukemia after long-term chemotherapy: report of one case and review of literature

目的 加强对长期化疗儿童继发真菌感染尤其是少见脏器感染的认识。 方法 回顾性分析河北省儿童医院1例急性髓系白血病（M2b）男性患儿持续大剂量化疗后相继出现肺、肝真菌感染的临床及实验室检查资料，结合文献复习该病的临床特征及生物学特点。 结果 该患者首次化疗后骨髓象缓解，7个月后复发，同时出现肺部真菌感染，给予长期口服伏立康唑并继续第2次化疗。复发后8个月出现发热，抗生素治疗无效，腹部CT检查提示肝右叶巨大脓肿。行腹腔镜探查，术中见肝脏右后叶上段后部圆形肿物，切除肿物并行病理检查提示毛霉菌感染。给予两性霉素B联合伊曲康唑抗感染治疗2个月，院外伊曲康唑口服1个月，伏立康唑口服3个月后病灶消失。 结论 长期化疗儿童肺外毛霉菌感染要积极完善相关检查，对病灶进行内外科联合干预效果好，两性霉素B对毛霉菌感染有效。
Metagenomics Framework for the study of Soil Microbial Communities Based 16s rRNA Gene profiling approach

Metagenomics provides a skylight into the vast world of microbial diversity that is astonishing in its extent. It can lead to extract the enormous information regarding genetic potential of microorganisms to obtain products and processes of biotechnological value. The metagenomics analysis helps in exploring the whole microbiome of a given sample, for example, soil, air and water sample. Soil is considered as a complex environment, which appears to be a major reservoir of microbial genetic diversity with bacterial, archeal, and eukaryotic taxa. Although the characterization of soil microbial communities have been known for decades, there is still a considerable lack of understanding of the mechanism of interaction and metabolism that exist among members of the microbial community and their ecosystem. This taxonomic diversity is mirrored by the diversity of their protein-encoded function, and life history strategies which regulates the soil property or else the productivity. Existing knowledge, concerning the phylogenetic and the functional diversity, community metabolic potential and consequence of evolutional adaption is based largely on partial information gained from the studies performed on microorganism that have been cultivated from soil on a small scale. Importance of metagenome analysis and basic methodologies in view of soil sample for betterment of human welfare without discriminating the nature is enlighten in the article.
Otolaryngologic manifestations of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (Forestier's disease): A systematic review of the literature.

Abstract Objectives Forestier's disease or diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a common, yet underreported, disease affecting the elderly population. From an otolaryngologic perspective, DISH may manifest with dysphagia, dysphonia, or even dyspnea. The purpose of this study was to identify all published cases of dysphagia and other associated upper airway symptoms resulting from DISH in the last decade and to establish subsequently a management algorithm. Methods A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted in May 2020 on Medline and Embase databases following the PRISMA statement for systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Results Sixty-three articles, consisting of 50 case-reports and 13 case-series, met the inclusion criteria. A total of 236 cases of DISH were reported from 2010 to date. Otolaryngology instrumental evaluation, by fiberoptic laryngoscopy and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, was frequently reported. Surgery was the most common treatment strategy for the management of dysphagia in 58.9% of patients, while conservative treatment was used in 41.1%. Tracheotomy for acute airway obstruction relief was performed in 6% of patients. No correlation was found between the type of treatment and dysphagia improvement. Conclusions Forestier's disease is currently a growing source of complications in elderly, mostly dysphagia and less commonly upper airway obstruction. The management of these complications requires a multidisciplinary team and a thorough approach, where the otolaryngologist plays a pivotal role.
Ostre eozynofilowe zapalenie płuc związane z paleniem produktów innych niż papierosy: przegląd systematyczny

Ostre eozynofilowe zapalenie pluc (EZP) charakteryzuje sie powstawaniem obustronnych naciekow w plucach i obecnością eozynofilii plucnej. Glownym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju choroby jest palenie papierosow, lecz istnieją rowniez doniesienia o szkodliwym wplywie inhalacji środkow odurzających lub innych substancji. W niniejszej pracy zbadano związek miedzy EZP a paleniem produktow innych niz tradycyjne papierosy. Dokonano przeglądu bazy danych PubMed przy zastosowaniu nastepujących terminow: palenie (smoking), wapowanie (vaping), e-papieros (e-cigarette), fajka wodna (waterpipe), marihuana (marijuana), a takze innych powszechnie uzywanych synonimow powyzszych pojec. Ta sama baza zostala rowniez przeszukana pod kątem chorob pluc związanych z eozynofilią. Wszystkie przypadki EZP zostaly zidentyfikowane przy zastosowaniu kryteriow Philita w związku z uzywaniem marihuany, fajki wodnej, e-papierosow lub produktow opartych na podgrzewaniu tytoniu (heat-not-burn cigarettes). Do analizy nie wlączono przypadkow związanych z uzyciem produktow zakazanych. Badanie objelo 12 opisow przypadkow pacjentow o średniej wieku 20 lat (15–60). 75% badanych stanowili mezczyźni. Badane osoby byly narazone na palenie marihuany (n = 5), fajki wodnej (n = 2), produktow opartych na podgrzewaniu tytoniu (n = 2) oraz syntetycznych kannabinoidow (n = 1). U 50% pacjentow odnotowano w ostatnim czasie zmiane nawykow palenia. Wśrod zglaszanych objawow zglaszano dusznośc (91,6%), kaszel (66,6%), gorączke (66,6%) oraz bol w klatce piersiowej (25%). U 90% pacjentow stwierdzono leukocytoze, lecz tylko u 16% eozynofilie we krwi obwodowej. W popluczynach oskrzelowo-pecherzykowych stwierdzono średnio 67,5% (0–78) eozynofili. U 2 pacjentow wykonano biopsje pluc. Badania obrazowe wykazaly obustronne zajecie pluc u wszystkich osob. Pieciu pacjentow (41,6%) wymagalo wentylacji inwazyjnej, zaś dziesieciu (83,3%) bylo leczonych na oddziale intensywnej opieki medycznej. Wszystkie osoby zareagowaly na terapie kortykosteroidami, w zadnym przypadku nie zgloszono nawrotu choroby. Opisy EZP związane są z paleniem produktow innych niz tradycyjne papierosy, to jest fajki wodnej, e-papierosow, produktow opartych na podgrzewaniu tytoniu i marihuany, i mogą miec podobne objawy i przebieg kliniczny.
Syndesmosis injuries

Traumatic injuries to the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis commonly result from high-energy ankle injuries. They can occur as isolated ligamentous injuries and can be associated with ankle fractures. Syndesmotic injuries can create a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for musculoskeletal physicians. Recent literature has added considerably to the body of knowledge pertaining to injury mechanics and treatment outcomes, but there remain a number of controversies regarding diagnostic tests, implants, techniques, and postoperative protocols. Use of the novel suture button device has increased in recent years and shows some promise in clinical and cadaveric studies. This article contains a review of syndesmosis injuries, including anatomy and biomechanics, diagnosis, classification, and treatment options.
Sexual and Reproductive Issues II: Departures from Binary Sexual and Gender Viewpoints

This chapter addresses phenomena seen in children that represent departure from a gender essentialist viewpoint. This is the idea that normal people can be categorized as male or female, and that social behavior should ordinarily follow from biological sex. Gender essentialism is integral to most traditional religious and philosophical systems, but is now almost excluded from many academic and professional forums. This chapter discusses gender incongruity, and disorders of sexual differentiation, as examples of challenges to the gender essentialist viewpoint.
Limiting the accessibility of cost-prohibitive drugs reduces overall anesthetic drug costs: a retrospective before and after analysis

Cost effectiveness is becoming increasingly important in today’s healthcare environment. Remifentanil, dexmedetomidine, and desflurane are costly agents that often have suitable alternatives to their use. We sought to identify changes in cost and outcomes following interventions that limited the availability of these drugs. We calculated anesthetic drug costs for all operating room procedures performed before and after the accessibility interventions. We retrospectively compared drug costs per case and the frequency of agent use before and after the interventions. In addition, we analyzed the incidence of adverse outcomes, including delayed out-of-room times, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), unplanned intubations, use of naloxone, and reintubations. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Chi square analyses were used to quantify differences in cost, use, and outcomes between cohorts. Of the 27,233 cases we identified, 24,201 cases were analyzed. The mean anesthetic drug costs per case were significantly lower after the interventions vs before at ($21.44 vs $32.39, respectively), a cost savings of $10.95 (95% confidence interval, $9.86 to $12.04; P < 0.001). Additionally, a comparison of data after vs before the interventions revealed the following results: remifentanil use was significantly lower (3.5% vs 9.2% of cases; P < 0.001). Dexmedetomidine use did not differ significantly (0.4% vs 0.5% of cases; P = 0.07), and desflurane use was significantly lower (0.6% vs 20.2% of cases; P < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between the interventions and the frequency of delayed out-of-room times (15.5% vs 15.9%; P = 0.41), unplanned intubations (0.02% vs 0.03%; P = 0.60), and reintubations (0.01% vs 0.03%; P = 0.28). Postoperative nausea and vomiting decreased significantly after the interventions (22.8% vs 24.4%; P = 0.003), and naloxone use showed a significant increase (0.22% vs 0.11% of cases; P = 0.04). Reducing the accessibility of these cost-prohibitive agents resulted in significant anesthetic drug cost savings and decreased utilization of remifentanil and desflurane. The interventions had no significant effect on patient recovery time, incidence of unplanned intubations, or incidence of reintubation, but they were associated with a decrease in PONV and an increase in naloxone use.
Characterization of IL-22 and IL-17 expressing cells in cervix (MUC7P.769)

IL22 and IL17 have important antimicrobial and epithelial repair functions. However their role in the female lower genital tract has not been well defined. We determined the frequency and phenotype of cells producing these cytokines at this mucosal site, because we postulated that they contribute to resistance to sexually transmitted infections. Cervical tissue was obtained from benign hysterectomies. Cells were obtained by collagenase digestion, stimulated with PMA/ionomycin/Monensin for 4 hrs and stained for flow cytometry. On average in endocervical tissue, the CD3+CD45+ cells were 71% (CD4+ ~50%) and CD3- CD45+ cells were 24%. 20% of CD45+ cells were Lin- (negative for CD3, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD20 and CD56). Unstimulated CD4+ T-cells were < 0.05% IL22+, IL17+ and IL22+IL17+, while after stimulation the percentages were 1.9%, 5.5% and 1.6% respectively. Unstimulated CD3- cells in cervical tissue were 2.3% IL22+, 3% IL17+ and 4.6% of IL22+IL17+, and the percentages after stimulation were 1.6%, 6% and 1.9% positive respectively. Our data show that in cervical tissue, there are CD3+ and CD3- cells capable of making IL22 and IL17. This is important because this is the first study to show what types of cells in the genital tract are making these cytokines, and suggests that these cells could induce antimicrobial peptide production by cervical epithelial cells in response to sexually transmitted pathogens.
Gettysburg: The Last Invasion

From the acclaimed Civil War historian, a brilliant new history-the most intimate and richly readable account we have had-of the climactic three-day battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863), which draws the reader into the heat, smoke, and grime of Gettysburg alongside the ordinary soldier, and depicts the combination of personalities and circumstances that produced the greatest battle of the Civil War, and one of the greatest in human history.
EGCG inhibits activation of the IGF/IGF-1R system in human colon cancer and hepatoma cells

4887 The insulin like growth factor (IGF)/IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) system, which includes IGF, IGF-1R, and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), plays an important role in the development of human malignancies. We previously reported that in the HT29 and SW837 human colon cancer cell lines EGCG, the major biologically active component of green tea, inhibits activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) EGFR, HER2, and HER3, and that this is associated with inhibition of multiple downstream signaling pathways (Shimizu, M., et al. Clin Cancer Res 11, 2005). Since IGF-1R is also a RTK, in this study we examined the effects of EGCG on the activity of IGF/IGF-1R system in human colon cancer and hepatoma cells. We found that the colon cancer cell line SW837 and the hepatoma cell line HepG2 express high levels of the IGF-1R protein, and that both cell lines display constitutive activation of this receptor. Treatment of both cell lines with EGCG caused a decrease in the phosphorylated (i.e., activated) form of the IGF-1R protein, a decrease in the levels of both IGF-1 protein and mRNA, and an increase in the levels of both IGFBP-3 protein and mRNA. When SW837 cells were treated with EGCG for a longer time, i. e., 96 hours, a very low concentration (1.0 μg/ml) of EGCG also caused inhibition of activation of the IGF-1R, a decrease in the IGF-1 protein, and an increase in the IGFBP-3 protein. EGCG also caused a decrease in the levels of mRNA that encode MMPs-7 and -9, proteins that proteolyze IGFBP-3. In addition, treatment with EGCG caused a transient increase in the expression of TGF-β2, an inducer of IGFBP-3 expression in SW837 cells. We also found that IGF-1 and IGF-2 stimulate the growth of HepG2 cells and EGCG caused a decrease in the phosphorylated forms of the ERK and Akt proteins which are downstream signaling molecules in the IGF/IGF1-R system. These findings suggest that EGCG can overcome the stimulatory effects of IGF on the IGF-1R dependent signaling pathway, thus expanding the roles of EGCG as an inhibitor of critical RTKs involved in cell proliferation. These results provide further evidence that EGCG may be useful in the chemoprevention or treatment of both colorectal and liver cancer.
Ca2+ handling in isolated brain mitochondria and cultured neurons derived from the YAC128 mouse model of Huntington's disease

We investigated Ca(2+) handling in isolated brain synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria and in cultured striatal neurons from the YAC128 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Both synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria from 2- and 12-month-old YAC128 mice had larger Ca(2+) uptake capacity than mitochondria from YAC18 and wild-type FVB/NJ mice. Synaptic mitochondria from 12-month-old YAC128 mice had further augmented Ca(2+) capacity compared with mitochondria from 2-month-old YAC128 mice and age-matched YAC18 and FVB/NJ mice. This increase in Ca(2+) uptake capacity correlated with an increase in the amount of mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) associated with mitochondria from 12-month-old YAC128 mice. We speculate that this may happen because of mHtt-mediated sequestration of free fatty acids thereby increasing resistance of mitochondria to Ca(2+)-induced damage. In experiments with striatal neurons from YAC128 and FVB/NJ mice, brief exposure to 25 or 100 μM glutamate produced transient elevations in cytosolic Ca(2+) followed by recovery to near resting levels. Following recovery of cytosolic Ca(2+), mitochondrial depolarization with FCCP produced comparable elevations in cytosolic Ca(2+), suggesting similar Ca(2+) release and, consequently, Ca(2+) loads in neuronal mitochondria from YAC128 and FVB/NJ mice. Together, our data argue against a detrimental effect of mHtt on Ca(2+) handling in brain mitochondria of YAC128 mice. We demonstrate that mutant huntingtin (mHtt) binds to brain synaptic and nonsynaptic mitochondria and the amount of mitochondria-bound mHtt correlates with increased mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake capacity. We propose that this may happen due to mHtt-mediated sequestration of free fatty acids thereby increasing resistance of mitochondria to Ca(2+)-induced damage.
On blind detection of asynchronous DS-CDMA signals in multipath channels

A code-constrained inverse filter criteria-based approach is presented for blind detection of asynchronous short-code DS-CDMA (direct sequence code division multiple access) signals in multipath channels. Only the spreading code of the desired user is assumed to be known; its transmission delay may be unknown. We focus on maximization of the normalized fourth cumulant of inverse filtered (equalized) data with respect to the equalizer coefficients subject to the equalizer lying in a subspace associated with the desired user's code sequence. Constrained maximization leads to extraction of the desired user's signal whereas unconstrained maximization leads to the extraction of any one of the active users. A simulation example is provided.
ACETYLMETHYLCARBINOL PRODUCTION AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF AEROMONADS ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE DISEASES OF ECTOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES

Page, L. A. (Biological Research Institute, San Diego, and University of California, Davis). Acetylmethylcarbinol production and the classification of aeromonads associated with ulcerative diseases of ectothermic vertebrates. J. Bacteriol. 84:772-777. 1962.-Quantitative colorimetric tests were made for acetylmethylcarbinol (AMC) production by 14 Aeromonas isolates from ulcerous lesions of snakes, lizards, frogs, and other animals, and by 27 cultures of "identified" aeromonads. The tests revealed that: (i) some strains failed to produce AMC, while the other strains produced AMC in amounts of 5 to > 100 mug/ml of culture; (ii) the reagents employed in the standard method of Barritt failed to detect AMC in concentrations below 35 mug/ml; and (iii) certain strains reported as producing AMC at 23 C and not at 37 C (or vice versa) produced AMC at both temperatures, but at one temperature produced AMC at a level below the sensitivity of the qualitative test. The strains representing the two biotypes could not be distinguished on the basis of their morphology, habitat, pathogenicity for mice or snakes, or serological specificity. Therefore, the Aeromonas classification proposed by Ewing, Hugh, and Johnson, who incorporated the two biotypes into one species, was followed, and the new isolates were designated A. hydrophila.
The Parti-Game Algorithm for Variable Resolution Reinforcement Learning in Multidimensional State-Spaces

Parti-game is a new algorithm for learning feasible trajectories to goal regions in high dimensional continuous state-spaces. In high dimensions it is essential that neither planning nor exploration occurs uniformly over a state-space. Parti-game maintains a decision-tree partitioning of state-space and applies techniques from game-theory and computational geometry to efficiently and adaptively concentrate high resolution only on critical areas. The current version of the algorithm is designed to find feasible paths or trajectories to goal regions in high dimensional spaces. Future versions will be designed to find a solution that optimizes a real-valued criterion. Many simulated problems have been tested, ranging from two-dimensional to nine-dimensional state-spaces, including mazes, path planning, non-linear dynamics, and planar snake robots in restricted spaces. In all cases, a good solution is found in less than ten trials and a few minutes.
DNA DELETION CONFINED TO THE IDURONATE-2-SULFATASE PROMOTER ABOLISHES IDS GENE EXPRESSION

Deficiency of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) results in Hunter syndrome, an X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disorder. In this study, analysis of a patient with features of moderate to severe Hunter syndrome identified a 178-bp deletion upstream of IDS exon 1 spanning a predicted promoter element. Sequencing of all nine IDS exons from this patient failed to identify any additional mutations within the coding regions or in intron-exon boundaries. The 178-bp deletion is flanked by two 13-bp direct repeats and potential DNA topoisomerase II recognition sites. These findings point toward nonhomologous recombination as a possible mechanism for this mutation. Expression studies on this patient do not detect any IDS transcripts, indicating that the deletion spans sequences essential for IDS expression. Complete lack of expression of IDS is consistent with the moderate to severe phenotype observed in this patient.
Pyrolysis of phthalic acid esters: Their fate

Abstract The pyrolysis of die(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and dibutylphthalate (DBP) in the presence and absence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) lead to the formation of a number of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) such as methylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, biphenyl, methylfluorene, and a number of other compounds yet unidentified. We have reason to believe that some of these compounds are formed from a “bezyne” intermediate produced during the high-temperature pyrolysis of DEHP and DBP. It is possible that the DEHP and DBP first decompose to give phthalic anhydride and other fragments, followed by the further decomposition of phthalic anhydride to “benzyne”, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Psychological distress in non-Hispanic white and Hispanic abused women

Despite the increasing number of studies that have substantiated that women who have been abused are psychologically distressed, existing research has little focus on women from diverse ethnic backgrounds, and variables that may influence the development of psychological distress have yet to be examined. This study was conducted to examine the correlation of psychological distress with abuse and psychosocial factors in a sample of 62 White and 62 Hispanic abused women. A set of measures of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety showed that White women experienced a higher prevalence of psychological distress than Hispanics. Life changes significantly related to the severity of psychological distress, whereas exposure to abuse was not consistently associated with it. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Can Geographically Weighted Regressions Improve Regional Analysis and Policy Making

Policy design in a regional context requires explicit recognition of spatial heterogeneity in community characteristics as well as in the heterogeneity of how these characteristics impact the target variables. By providing only a “global” measure for the entire space, standard approaches such as ordinary least squares or (most) spatial econometric models tend to compromise spatial heterogeneity in favor of average estimates and efficiency. More assessment is needed of whether the gains of simplicity and statistical efficiency offset the losses from ignoring spatial heterogeneity. Using data for about 1,900 rural Canadian communities as a backdrop, the authors address this issue using a geographically weighted regression approach. The authors find that for about two-thirds of the variables, standard approaches would have significantly understated the spatial differences in the impact of selected variables. Standard analysis would not have uncovered this information, suggesting that subsequent policy inferences would be poorly suited to many local settings.
A hardware-accelerated system for real-time worm detection

Internet worms work by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems and application software that run on end systems. The attacks compromise security and degrade network performance. They cause large economic losses for businesses, in terms of system downtime and lost worker productivity. This article presents the design and implementation of a system that automatically detects new worms in real time by monitoring all traffic on a network. The system uses field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to scan packets for patterns of similar content and can automatically detect the outbreak of a new Internet worm. It instantly reports frequently occurring strings in packet payloads as likely signatures of the malicious software (malware).
Characterization of a novel growth hormone receptor-encoding cDNA in rainbow trout and regulation of its expression by nutritional state

Abstract To clarify the divergence of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) family, we characterized a novel GHR from a teleost fish (rainbow trout). A 2357-nt cDNA was isolated and found to contain a single initiation site 71 nt from the most 5′ end, an open reading frame of 1971 nt encoding a 657-amino acid protein, and a single polyadenylation site 229 nt from the poly-A tail. Based on structural analysis, the protein was identified as a type 1 GHR (GHR1). The new GHR1 shares 42% and 43% amino acid identity, respectively, with GHR2a and GHR2b, the two type 2 GHRs isolated from trout previously. GHR1 mRNA was found in a wide array of tissues with the highest expression in the liver, red muscle, and white muscle. Fasting animals for 4 weeks reduced steady state levels of GHR1 in the liver, adipose, and red muscle. These findings help clarify the divergence and nomenclature of GHRs and provide insight into the function of duplicated GHR types.
ISDN: early experiments as a wide-area extension to LAN-based PACS

ABSTRACT AnIntegrated Services Data Network test configuration, developed in collaboration with SBC Technology Re-sources Inc., has been utilized to gain experience with both hardware and software interface isssues relevantto wide-area extensions of PACS. Example workstations capable of inquiry and display of radiological infor- mation have been interfaced to the ISDN trial network and tested. A DEGnet router was used to interface our Ethernet-based PACS to an ISDN network. Average throughput rates of approximately 60Kb/s for the lB(64Kb/s) channel and 120Kb/s for the 2B (l28Kb/s) channel were measured. Results were obtained for bothembedded and external ISDN terminal adapters. 1 INTRODUCTION The promised wide-spread availablilty and low-cost of 64kbps (and 128kbps) Integrated Services DigitalNetwork (ISDN) 1,2 channels have stimulated interest as a telecommunications medium for support of viewingstations used in teleradiology applications.3 Situations which may benefit from wide-area extensions to PACSinclude: 1) medical center coverage of decentralized radiology facilities, nights and weekends, 2) prompt deliveryof radiology images and reports to the physician's office and 3) consultation between the referring physician andthe radiologist. A simple model is shown in Figure 1.At Washington University, the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (MIR) has established a PACS Testbedprogram centered within the Electronic Radiology Laboratories.4 The Testbed provides a distributed environ-ment for testing and development whose coupling to clinical activities can be easily varied. Extensive Ethernet-based network facilities provide access to the clinical acquisition instruments. A centralized image managementsystem supports image acquisition, storage and retrieval. A block diagram of the PACS Testbed is shown in Fig-ure 2. Prototype display stations couple the software utility and commodity pricing of engineering workstationsto the presentation quality afforded by more specialized auxiliary displays.Figure 1: PACS Teleradiology Model