cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge transfer model for quadrupole interactions and binding energies of point defects with111In/Cd probes in cubic metals

A simple model is used to predict nuclear quadrupole interactions caused by point defects at near-neighbor sites of probe atoms in cubic, metallic hosts. Also predicted are binding energies between the defects and impurity probe atoms. The model assumes that electrostatic interactions predominate over strain interactions. It is critically examined using data for111In/Cd probes next to solute atoms in noble metal hosts, obtained mostly by K. Krolas, and next to vacancies in metals and intermetallic phases. The magnitude of quadrupole interactions is found to correlate well with charge transfer between host metal and defect. Charge transfer is taken to be proportional to the difference between work functions of the defect and host elements. Anansatz is proposed for the work function of a vacancy. Good correlations are obtained between experimental and calculated interactions for the generally oversized111In/Cd probe. The charge transfer model is believed to be applicable for other probes that are oversized.
Factors Affecting Bottom Trawl Catches: Implications for Monitoring the Fishes of Lake Superior

Abstract An annual daytime bottom trawl survey of the Lake Superior fish community designed in 1978 does not adequately assess the entire community. Whereas recent studies have recommended that pelagic species be surveyed with a combination of acoustic and midwater trawling methods (AC–MT), we used bottom trawling to study the effects of depth, diel period, and season on biomass estimates and the sizes of bottom-oriented species. Day and night bottom trawl samples were collected within 48 h at three depths (30, 60, and 120 m) at a Lake Superior site during eight sampling periods that included two seasons each year (early summer and late summer to early fall) for 2 years (2004 and 2005). Depth significantly affected the biomass of seven of the eight species analyzed, while diel period affected the biomass of six species. For most species, average biomass levels were higher at night. The effect of season on biomass was comparatively low (three species were significantly affected). Depth significantly affect...
Spontaneous violation of CP symmetry in the strong interactions.

Some time ago Dashen [Phys. Rev. D 3, 1879 (1971)] pointed out that spontaneous $CP$ violation can occur in the strong interactions. I show how a simple effective Lagrangian exposes the remarkably large domain of quark mass parameters for which this occurs. I close with some warnings for lattice simulations.
Some Properties of Random Ising Models

We consider an Ising model with random magnetic fieldh i and random nearest-neighbor couplingsJ ij . The random variablesh i andJ ij are independent and identically distributed with a nice enough distribution, e.g., Gaussian. We will prove that (i) at high temperature, infinite volume correlation functions are independent on the boundary conditions and decay exponentially fast with probability 1 and (ii) for any temperature with sufficiently strong magnetic field the correlation functions are again independent on the boundary conditions and decay exponentially fast with probability 1. We also prove that the averaged magnetization of the ground state configuration of the one-dimensional Ising model with random magnetic field is zero, no matter how small is the variance of theh i .
Synthesis of polypeptide models of elastin. Synthesis and properties of a cross-linked polytetrapeptide.

Synthesis of two copolymers, H-(φO-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(φO-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe, where φO is Val or Lys and φO is Val or Glu is described. Cross-linking between the two copolymers is achieved by a coupling reaction between the ee-amino groups of the lysine containing copolymer and δ-carboxyls of the glutamic acid of the other copolymer. The cross-linking reaction was performed during a temperature elicited phase separation with flow orientation of the copolymers. Coacervation of the intermediate polymers is presented, as is the scanning electron micrograph of the insoluble cross-linked product and its calcifiability as determined with electron probe microanalysis. The purity of the key intermediates and polymers is demonstrated by the usual analytical methods. Carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectra of the intermediate monomer units are included to validate the purity of their synthesis.
23Na-NMR of solid state ionomers: lineshape, shift, and hydration effects

23Na-NMR spectra at 52.9 MHz have been obtained for a series of sodium sulfonate and carboxylate model compounds and for solid poly(styrene-co-styrene sulfonate) and poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid). Spectra of the model compounds show spin-rate independent features resembling pure quadrupolar lineshapes, but with anomalies. 23Na-NMR spectra of the dried ionomers are featureless and much broader than those of the models and are shifted 30–40 ppm upfield from NaCl. The sulfonated ionomer spectrum changes to a narrow line at 0 ppm upon exposure to 45% humidity at 20°C for 12 hours. The carboxylic ionomer shows no change on room temperature air exposure but 12 hours at 95°C in watersaturated air changes the spectrum markedly with some evidence for exchange among water and carboxyl groups. This type of experiment with a range of acid and Na content under rigidly controlled conditions should help elucidate the aggregation of salt groups in various ionomers.
Tissue distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in male rats and implications for biomonitoring.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame retardants which have been found to persist, bioaccumulate, and potentially affect development in animals. Exposure to PBDEs can be through both diet and the environment and is generally estimated by measuring PBDEs in blood, adipose tissue, muscle, or milk samples. Using rats as a model, we investigated tissue distribution of PBDEs after oral administration and evaluated a suitable matrix for body burden estimation. Male rats were administered dust or corn oil containing 8 or 6 microg PBDEs kg(-1) body wt, respectively, in the diet for 21 days (N=4 rats per treatment), and the concentration of 15 PBDEs were measured in various tissues, plasma, and feces. PBDEs were found in all tissues, including the brain, and showed no difference in distribution patterns between treatments for most PBDEs. Tri- to hexa-BDEs comprised >80% of the total PBDEs in the adipose, brain, kidney, lung, and residual carcass, but 4. BDE-209 was the dominant congener in the liver and plasma, but was not detected in the adipose tissue or carcass. In summary, the lower brominated congeners tended to distribute equally into lipids implying both adipose tissue and plasma would be suitable matrices for biomonitoring. Plasma was the best matrix for detection of the higher brominated congeners (especially BDE-209), although on a lipid-weight basis tended to overestimate the total body burdens.
Effect of Yarn Type and Twist Factor on Air Permeability, Absorbency, and Hand Properties of Open-end and Ring-spun Yarn Fabrics

The paper investigates the effects of yarn type, i.e. open-end yarn (OE) and ring-spun yarn (RS) and the twist factors of the warp (W) and filling (F) of the OE yarns on the permeability to air and moisture and the hand properties of various test fabrics woven from both OE and RS yarns. A comparison is made of the effect of yarn types and various twist levels of warp and filling of the OE yarns on the air permeability, absorbency, coefficient of friction and flexural rigidity of fabrics woven from such yarns. It is intended that future studies will explore a wider range of twist levels and different yarn types than those investigated on this initial exercise.
Air quality assessment for land disposal of industrial wastes

Air pollution from hazardous waste landfills and lagoons is largely unknown. Routine monitoring of toxic air contaminants associated with hazardous waste facilities is difficult and very costly. The method presented in this paper would be useful for air quality assessment in the absence of monitoring data. It may be used as a screening process to examine the question of whether or not volatilization is considered to be significant for a given contaminant and also to evaluate permit applications for new hazardous waste facilities concerning waste volatilization problems.
Visualization of Dynamic Contact Angle

Capillary rise of air-water-solid systems have been recorded with high-speed video. Glass and metal have been used as the solid phase, and the dynamic shape of the meniscus and contact angle have been characterized. The advancing and receding contact angle is of interest in computational simulations of boiling flow, and the present visualizations attempt to quantify the dynamic aspects of contact line motion. The centroid of the capillary meniscus has been tracked in order to determine the force at the contact line based on a force balance of the elevated fluid phase. The solid phase is raised and lowered in the fluid at different rates to observe advancing and receding contact lines.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
THERE ARE LESSONS TO BE LEARNED AS ALBANIA UNDERGOES A PARADIGM SHIFT

The concept of a paradigm and the dimensions of a paradigm shift are used to analyze the transition that is currently taking place in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Detailed attention is given to the case of Albania This relatively unknown country has overcome the paradigm effect problem and has gone back to zero. We describe the past and present situation in Albania and offer some specific recommendations for its future. The study of this country as it undergoes a paradigm shift can provide some important lessons for its bigger CEE neighbors that are making a slower transition to a market economy.
Modeling of plankton community dynamics characterized by algal toxicity and allelopathy: A focus on historical Prymnesium parvum blooms in a Texas reservoir

A model is formulated to explore the dynamics of the harmful alga Prymnesium parvum, in a reservoir typical of those in the south-central U.S. where fish-killing blooms of this species frequently occur. Based on a previous model of growth in a well-mixed system, P. parvum competes for nutrients with cyanobacteria, which also excrete allelopathic cyanotoxin(s) that inhibit the growth of P. parvum. A new feature added here is a population of small-bodied zooplankton grazing on both types of algae, with the grazing rate on P. parvum inhibited by dissolved toxin(s) excreted by this species. In contrast to previous models that did not produce convincing calibrations, the new model is successfully calibrated using one year of forcing data on hydraulic flow, water temperature, salinity and nutrient supply from Lake Granbury, Texas. The calibrated model successfully reproduces the seasonal dynamics of P. parvum. Both allelopathy from cyanobacteria and toxic inhibition of grazers are necessary for fitting the calibration data, and produce dynamics in which blooms of P. parvum occur at low temperatures, below those optimal for growth. Long-term historical simulations of the new, calibrated model predict the observed occurrence of P. parvum blooms in cool weather, and suggest that low water flows during the late 1980s and early 2000s predisposed reservoirs to having such blooms. Respectively, these time periods correspond to the first known fish kills due to P. parvum in Texas, and to a series of annually recurrent blooms in several reservoirs.
Coma morphology and dust-emission pattern of periodic comet Halley. III - Additional high-resolution images taken in 1910

High-resolution photographic images of comet Halley obtained at Lick, Helwan, Lowell, and Vienna observatories during May-June 1910 are analyzed using the image-processing algorithm of Larson and Sekanina (1984). The results are presented in tables and compared with analyses of Mt. Wilson plates for the same period (Sekanina and Larson, 1984), and good general agreement is noted. Consideration is given to the position of the rotation pole, features indicative of the nucleus spin rate, the spokelike structure observed on May 21-22, and the expanding gas halo.
MUTATIONS AFFECTING THE CYTOPLASMIC DOMAIN OF THE MOLONEY MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN : RAPID REVERSION DURING REPLICATION

Five premature termination mutations and five missense mutations were introduced into the portion of cloned Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) DNA encoding the Env cytoplasmic domain. All of the mutant DNAs gave rise to replication-competent virus after transfection of NIH/3T3 cells, but several of the mutant DNAs scored as replication-defective when introduced into Rat2 cells. Cell lines stably expressing the mutant DNAs all released virion particles, and in all but one case infectious virus were generated. These viable mutants were all found to have reverted to the wild-type sequence. To generate fully mutant virus stocks, the mutant DNAs were introduced transiently into COS cells, which are resistant to infection with MuLV, thus prohibiting reversion by error-prone mechanisms involving reverse transcription. Virions harvested from the COS cells were confirmed as mutant by analyzing both virion proteins and the viral DNA they generated, and were then tested for infectivity in NIH/3T3 cells. The mutant viruses were infectious, but still rapidly gave rise to revertants. We conclude that the mutations within the cytoplasmic domain do not provide an absolute block to virus replication, but that the mutants replicate more slowly than the wild-type and quickly give rise to revertants with selective advantage for replication.
PICMG xTCA standards extensions for Physics: New developments and future plans

After several years of planning and workshop meetings, a decision was reached in late 2008 to organize PICMG xTCA for Physics Technical Subcommittees to extend the ATCA and MTCA telecom standards for enhanced system performance, availability and interoperability for physics controls and applications hardware and software. Since formation in May–June 2009, the Hardware Technical Subcommittee has developed a number of ATCA, ARTM, AMC, MTCA and RTM extensions to be completed in mid-to-late 2010. The Software Technical Subcommittee is developing guidelines to promote interoperability of modules designed by industry and laboratories, in particular focusing on middleware and generic application interfaces such as Standard Process Model, Standard Device Model and Standard Hardware API. The paper describes the prototype design work completed by the lab-industry partners to date, the timeline for hardware releases to PICMG for approval, and the status of the software guidelines roadmap. The paper also briefly summarizes the program of the 4th xTCA for Physics Workshop immediately preceding the RT2010 Conference.
Cardiac toxicity of alemtuzumab in patients with mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome

Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody to CD52 that has activity in T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. This study aims to describe the complications and outcomes of a subset of patients with mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome who were treated with alemtuzumab. Four of 8 patients, with no prior history of cardiac problems, developed significant cardiac toxicity (congestive heart failure or arrhythmia) that mostly improved after alemtuzumab discontinuation. The role of this agent in potentially inducing important cardiac side effects is suggested and argues for further investigation.
Increased nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 messenger RNA expression and absence of mutations in colon carcinomas of low and high metastatic potential

BACKGROUND The murine nm23 gene suppresses the metastatic behavior of malignant rodent tumor lines, and reduced nm23 expression correlates with increased likelihood of lymph node metastases in human breast cancers. More recent data have demonstrated the existence of two human nm23 gene homologues, nm23-H1 and nm23-H2, and have shown that deletion of nm23-H1 alleles occurs in some colon carcinomas associated with poor prognosis. These findings suggest that nm23-H1 encodes for suppression of colon carcinoma metastasis. In contrast, we have previously reported that total nm23 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression is increased to similar levels in colon tumors of both high and low metastatic potential. PURPOSE This study was designed to reconcile our previous findings with the recent report of nm23-H1 allelic deletion in human colon cancers associated with poor prognosis. Our purpose was to examine human colon cancers for inactivation of two candidate metastasis suppressor genes, nm23-H1 and nm23-H2, either by mutation or by loss of gene transcription. METHODS We used ribonuclease protection assays to analyze human colon tumors for the level of nm23-H1 (43 samples) and nm23-H2 (41 samples) transcript (mRNA) expression and the presence of mutations that could inactivate potential suppressor function. RESULTS We detected only wild-type nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 mRNA. Expression of nm23-H1 mRNA increased in 33 of 41 colon tumors, and expression of nm23-H2 mRNA was elevated in 28 of 41 colon tumors relative to that in matched normal mucosa. Increases in these mRNA levels were similar in tumors of both low and high metastatic potential. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, despite correlation of nm23-H1 allelic deletions with colon cancers associated with poor prognosis, nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 alleles do not directly mediate metastasis suppression in colon carcinoma. Our results leave unexplained the observation that nm23-H1 allelic deletion correlates with metastatic potential of colon carcinomas. IMPLICATIONS These findings also contrast with the demonstration of nm23 metastasis suppressor activity in murine melanoma and with the correlation of loss of nm23 expression in breast cancer with poor prognosis. It may be that metastasis suppression by the nm23 gene is a tissue-specific phenomenon.
Social Indifference Curves

I. Introduction: widespread use of community indifference curves, 1. — II. Attempts to justify the use of community indifference curves, 3. — III. Proof of the nonexistence of community indifference contours, 4. — IV. Nature of Scitovsky's community indifference contours, 6. — V. Problem of family preference: a parable, 8. — VI. Optimal ways of achieving income redistribution, 12. — VII. Regular properties of social indifference contours, 14. — VIII. Perfect competition and bliss, 19. — IX. Final summary, 21.
The influence of a low oxygen tension on tuberization in the potato plant

Plants were grown with the mother tuber and stolon-bearing region of the stem in a chamber containing either air or 5% O2 in N2. In air the stolons were of normal length and 20 of the 83 stolons recorded formed tubers. In 5% oxygen the stolons were, on average, three times the length in air. Only 1 of the 34 stolons recorded formed a tuber.
Vinpocetine as a potent antiinflammatory agent

Chronic inflammatory processes are related to conditions as distinct as atherosclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asthma, systemic lupus, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. The continuous use of antiinflammatory agents is required to treat these conditions. However, the long-term use of these drugs creates an additional challenge: the high frequency of severe side effects. For instance, the long-term use of corticosteroids and cyclooxigenase (COX) inhibitors can dramatically increase the risk for cardiovascular problems and diabetes (1). Currently, there are great efforts to discover antiinflammatory drugs that can be used for long periods with minimal side effects. In PNAS, Jeon et al. (2) show that vinpocetine, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor known for its minimal side effects (3, 4) and great potential in cognitive enhancement (5–8), also has potent antiinflammatory action. Surprisingly, the antiin-flammatory action of vinpocetine is caused by a direct inhibition of the IκB kinase complex (IKK) rather than PDE blockade.
Calcium enhancement of alcohol and drug-induced sleeping time in mice and rats

Calcium injected intracerebroventricularly (IVT) at various times before a hypnotic dose of ethanol significantly enhanced the duration of sleeping time (loss of righting reflex, LRR) in mice and rats. This cation also enhanced the duration of LRR induced by t-butanol and chloral hydrate, but not that induced by sodium pentobarbital. Other cations injected IVT (manganese, cadmium, and zinc) also enhanced ethanol-induced LRR. The synergistic effects of the ionophores X537A and A23187 on calcium-enhanced LRR, and the antagonism of ethanol-induced LRR by EDTA and EGTA suggest the involvement of a membrane-associated calcium pool in the hypnotic effect of ethanol. These studies show the generality of cation enhancement of alcohol-induced sleeping time in mice and rats, and confirm earlier reports which suggested that calcium is involved with the central nervous system depressant effects of alcohols.
Extracellular Nucleotide–Induced [Ca2+]i Elevation in Rat Basilar Smooth Muscle Cells

Background and Purpose Extracellular nucleotides play an important role in the regulation of vascular tone and may be involved in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The objective of this study was to investigate the receptor subtypes for nucleotides and their mechanisms of [Ca2+]i mobilization in cerebral vasculature. Methods Rat basilar smooth muscle cells were isolated by an enzymatic method. [Ca2+]i mobilization in freshly isolated cells was monitored using fura 2 microfluorimetry. Result Extracellular nucleotides produced a concentration-dependent biphasic [Ca2+]i response, a large transient peak followed by a slowly decaying plateau. The potency of nucleotides to raise [Ca2+]i was ATPγS≥UDP≥ATP≈UDP≈TTP, indicating that P2u receptors were expressed in the rat basilar smooth muscle cells. The effect of UTP to release Ca2+ from internal stores was reduced by pertussis toxin, by the phospholipase C inhibitor 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl N,N-diphenylcarbamate, and by the Ca2+-pump inhibitor thap...
Urogenital prolapse and occult stress urinary incontinence.

Background A 76-year-old female presented to an outside clinic with symptoms of pelvic prolapse; she denied stress urinary incontinence (SUI). The patient had a history of two prior anti-incontinence surgeries. Pelvic examination revealed a grade IV cystocele. No SUI was identified, with or without reduction of the prolapse. Anterior colporrhaphy with cadaveric fascia was performed. Her prolapse symptoms resolved, but she had new-onset severe SUI. Investigations Pelvic examination, cystoscopy, urodynamics. Diagnosis Occult SUI unmasked after anterior colporrhaphy. Management The patient was referred to our institution where videourodynamics were performed, revealing a well-supported bladder and SUI with Valsalva leak-point pressure of 26 cm H20. A transvaginal polypropylene sling was placed. She had complete resolution of SUI and denied exacerbation of mild urgency.
On Hearing (Rather Than Reading) Intertextual Echoes: Christology and Monotheistic Scriptures in an Oral Context

While recent studies of the New Testament have found the methods of intertextuality and orality studies to be fruitful approaches, there has been insufficient interplay between the two. This article explores the capacity of hearers of texts to pick up on echoes of familiar texts, stories, and songs. Using as an example Paul's interpretation of Scripture in connection with the topics of monotheism and Christology, the article suggests that, in the absence of explicit and emphatic statements of the difference or distinctiveness of his views, Paul's allusions to key monotheistic texts would have been understood to indicate Paul's agreement with the axiom of Jewish monotheism, the Shema.
What is nature's error criterion?

It is well known that the Fourier series is not the only trigonometric polynomial that may be used to represent a periodic function. It is a polynomial with the property that the mean square error between a partial sum and the given function is a minimum; that is to say, it approximates the given function so as to make the mean square error a minimum. This error criterion is only one of many that could be stipulated as fixing the manner in which the polynomial approximates the given function, and from a practical standpoint it isn't even a good one for many applications because it suffers from the Gibbs phenomenon. A Tschebyscheff-like approximation or the one inherent in the Cesaro sum which converges uniformly even at points of discontinuity may be preferable in many cases.
On a significance theory

(1966). On a significance theory. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 172-209.
Evolution of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (RPLND) in the management of non-seminomatous testicular cancer (NSGCT)☆

The metastatic lymphatic drainage of testis cancer to the retroperitoneum was noted clinically about a century ago. Beginning with extraperitoneal approaches, RPLND was attempted. The first cure after RPLND of node positive disease was in 1905 by Cuneo in Paris. Transperitoneal approaches failed due to infection until post World War II experience at Walter Reed Army Hospital. Thoracoabdominal approaches became popular several decades later. But Improved exposure and vascular management strategies led to increased usage of the transabdominal approach once again. The advent of platinum based combination chemotherapy has had a major impact on both the timing of and the technical requirements of RPLND. Owing to our early involvement in this area, we have accumulated the largest database available on this disease. Our experience with over 2500 RPLNDs in the last 3 decades is divided between low stage (I and II) and high stage (III, postchemotherapy) disease. The former has been "down-regulated" to modified templates and prospective nerve sparing techniques to preserve ejaculation. The latter has been "up-regulated" to include a spectrum of surgical needs including hepatic, vascular, gut and mediastinal resections. Despite these extended requirements, outcomes are good (> 80% survival) postchemotherapy. The evolutionary change of RPLND reflects an optimal paradigm of surgical-medical oncologic interaction.
Nitrocinnamate-functionalized gelatin: synthesis and "smart"hydrogel formation via photo-cross-linking.

Gelatin having p-nitrocinnamate pendant groups (Gel-NC) was prepared via an efficient one-pot synthesis, yield >87%. 1H NMR data indicated that 1 mol of gelatin was modified with 18 ± 6 mol of the photosensitive group. Upon exposure to low-intensity 365 nm UV light and in the absence of photoinitiators or catalysts, Gel-NC cross-linked within minutes into a gelatin-based hydrogel as monitored by UV−vis spectroscopy. The degree of swelling of this biodegradable hydrogel in aqueous solutions responded to changes in Gel-NC concentration levels, the ionic strength of the aqueous solutions, and photo-cross-linking time. Topography changes associated with phase transition resulting from “photocleavage” of the hydrogel network with 254 nm UV light were studied with AFM. Both Gel-NC and its hydrogel expressed low toxicity to human neonatal fibroblast cells. In addition, gelatin-based microgels were prepared via the photo-cross-linking of Gel-NC within inverse micelles.
Donald R. Cressey: An Intellectual Portrait of a Criminologist

The late Donald R. Cressey (1919–1987) was a central figure in twentieth century American criminology. A distinctive feature of criminology since the 1930s has been the dominance of sociology among the various disciplines studying crime and criminal justice. Cressey's contributions to the sociology of crime and delinquency came from his teaching, scholarship, and involvement in criminal justice policy. He was best known for his carrying on the tradition of Edwin Sutherland in taking Sutherland's criminology textbook through many revised editions after Sutherland's passing and for his pioneering, innovative contributions to the study of organized crime, prisons, and criminological theory. He also made central and lasting contributions to the sociology of criminal law and white collar crime. His ideas in each of these areas are reviewed to produce a portrait or profile of what he added to criminology, to remind those who know it already and to introduce it to those who may not.
Adsorption Studies of Natural Gas Storage in Devonian Shales

Significant amounts of natural gas exist as an adsorbed, or condensed, phase in Devonian shale formations and other unconventional gas resources. The amount of the adsorbed phase depends on the pressure and temperature. The Langmuir isotherm has been used to describe the pressure dependence. However, temperature dependence has not been explored. This is important to evaluate thermal simulation as a recovery method and to extrapolate laboratory measurements to reservoir conditions. The authors investigate adsorption as a function of both pressure and temperature. They found that the effects of temperature are significant and that the Langmuir model does not describe adsorption adequately. They reconciled the data with bi-Langmuir models.
“Updating” Individualism and the Work Ethic: Corporate Logic in the Classroom

One of the most significant developments in education over the past decade or so has been the widespread "marketing" of systems management models for individualizing instruction. The systems approach is perhaps best represented in comprehensive individualized instruction systems which provide a total plan and program for instructional reorganization at the school level. These instructional "delivery systems," as they have been called (Talmage 1975a), were initially developed in the mid-1960's to late 1960's, and they represent a prime example of how private industry has cooperated with, and been assisted by, a growing federal and professional educational bureaucracy in the application of new business management concepts and techniques in American schools. The three most popular comprehensive systems for individualization are Individually Guided Education (IGE), Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI), and Program for Learning in Accordance with Needs (Project PLAN*). The first two were developed by federally sponsored research and development centers, with foundation and publishing industry support. The latter system was designed and has been marketed exclusively by the Westinghouse Learning Corporation. Today, over 3000 elementary schools in the United States, representing approximately 4% of the national total, have made the complex changeover to individualization through systems management (Flanagan et al. 1975, p. 160; Klausmeier 1975, p. 79). Although the "rate of adoption" has slackened somewhat in the past few years, this may be due more to tightening school budgets than to any disenchantment with either the "efficiency" or the pedagogic merits of individualization. Under the Reagan administration, federal support for systems management approaches in education continues, but in a more "free market" form. Now that industry has benefitted from years of federal subsidization of research on systems models, technologies, and curricula, the federal role is decreasing. Private industry is expected to assume more of the ongoing cost of "fine-tuning" the systems model in the 1980s, and of course will reap the substantial profits to be gained from marketing individualized instructional systems and periodically supplying users with "updated" curricular materials, testing programs, educational technology, etc. (Apple 1981).
Analyzing Behavioral Aspects of UML Design Class Models against Temporal Properties

Class models play central roles in model-driven development (MDD). Automated analysis of class models is crucial to uncover design problems. In previous work, we described a rigorous lightweight approach to analyzing operation specifications in UML design class models against temporal properties. However, the approach lacks a mechanism to handle the analysis of large class models. This paper presents a slicing algorithm that can be used to scale the analysis to large class models. We performed a preliminary evaluation using the Steam Boiler Control System. The results are presented in this paper.
Stress development in drying coatings after solidification

As a coating solidifies by drying, it tends to shrink. It is liquid enough in early stages that any shrinkage stress is rapidly relieved by viscous flow. It becomes solid enough in later stages to support elastic stress, which results from shrinkage inhibited by adherence to the substrate. Stress can relax by viscous creep in the coating. Thus, the stress level is an outcome of competing shrinkage and relaxation. A theoretical model of diffusion and mass transfer, large shrinkage-induced deformation and stress, together with yielding and post-yielding viscous deformation, was developed to predict stress evolution in drying of polymer coatings after solidification. The coupled equations of diffusion and stress development are solved by the Galerkin/finite-element method. This model is used in polymer coatings to study the effect of a grooved substrate and embedded particles to the stress and drying, and to simulate cantilever deflection method used to measure stress experimentally.
Ferric reductase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: molecular characterization, role in iron uptake, and transcriptional control by iron.

Abstract The principal iron uptake system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizes a reductase activity that acts on ferric iron chelates external to the cell. The FRE1 gene product is required for this activity. The deduced amino acid sequence of the FRE1 protein exhibits hydrophobic regions compatible with transmembrane domains and has significant similarity to the sequence of the plasma membrane cytochrome b558 (the X-CGD protein), a critical component of a human phagocyte oxidoreductase, suggesting that FRE1 is a structural component of the yeast ferric reductase. FRE1 mRNA levels are repressed by iron. Fusion of 977 base pairs of FRE1 DNA upstream from the translation start site of an Escherichia coli lacZ reporter gene confers iron-dependent regulation on expression of beta-galactosidase in yeast. An 85-base-pair segment of FRE1 5' noncoding sequence contains a RAP1 binding site and a repeated sequence, TTTTTGCTCAYC; this segment is sufficient to confer iron-repressible transcriptional activity on heterologous downstream promoter elements.
The dichotomization of the christological paradox in the history of Christian thought and critical biblical scholarship

Again and again throughout the historyof Christian thought theological apologetics has dissolved the great ironic paradox of Jesus Christ into binary oppositions. In these historical contexts cultural relevancy has prevailed, and the underlying philosophical ideology has generated a disastrous subversion of the apologetic formulations of Christology in the New Testament. By calling this dichotomization into question, this essay intends to promote a postmodern hermeneutics that preserves the christological paradox and orients the constituting consciousness of theologians and scholars to both a spirituality of "being-affected-by" the biblical witness to Jesus Christ and a faith that will initiate action toward the transformation of society.
Ocean mineral resources: A management framework

This paper presents a general framework for the management of natural resources. Specific illustrations are drawn from ocean solid minerals. It is also the aim of this paper to show that certain systems analysis techniques are useful in resources management.
Use of operative temperature and standard operative temperature models in thermal biology

Abstract Operative temperature ( T e ) and standard operative temperature ( T es ) models have been used to address ecological questions about the thermal biology of ectotherms and endotherms for over 25 years. This review focuses on the accuracy and use of T e and T es models in ecological and physiological studies. The utility of T e and T es models lie in the fact that they take a multivariate problem involving inputs of air temperature, ground temperature, solar radiation, and wind speed and map them into a single thermal metric on a spatial scale appropriate for the animal. The most reliable T e models are copper casts that mimic the morphology and absorptivity of an animal. Simplified T e models such as cylinders and spheres have been shown to produce errors in T e as large as 12 °C under certain conditions and should only be used after careful calibration against a live animal. The accuracy of heated T es models has been addressed in much less detail then that of T e models. When calibrated and used under conditions of low solar radiation, heated taxidermic mounts and simplified T es models produce errors in net heat production on the order of 5% or less. In order to provide reliable data, all types of models must be calibrated over an ecologically realistic range of environmental conditions experienced by the animal. This advice has been largely ignored in the literature, where 61% of the of studies examined failed to properly calibrate the models prior to use. Additionally, studies using these models tend to lack experimental rigor, using only one or two models to make measurements on 1 or 2 days of the active season. When used correctly, T e and T es models can be powerful tools for integrating the thermal environment experienced by an animal into a single metric that can address questions regarding the ecology, physiology, and behavior of endotherms and ectotherms. However, until investigators make the effort to use these models in a scientifically valid manner with proper calibration and experimental design their value to thermal biologists will be limited.
Blood Nerve Barrier in Rat and Cellular Mechanisms of Lead-induced Segmental Demyelination

Feeding of lead carbonate to rats causes widespread and reproducible segmental de- and remyelination of myelinated fibers (MFs) of peripheral nerve. Such segmental demyelination might be explained by increased permeability of endoneurial capillaries to serum containing protein-bound lead. The perineurium of control and lead nerves was impermeable to fluorescein-labeled bovine albumin (FBA) and to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Epineurial capillaries in both conditions allowed HRP to pass freely between and, to a lesser extent, through endothelial cells. Confirming earlier work, endoneurial capillaries of control rats did not appear to allow HRP to pass between endothelial cells, but allowed some to pass by pinocytosis through endothelial cells where it was taken up by macrophages. Contrary to expectation, flooding of the endoneurium with HRP was seen in only 1 of 36 tissue blocks of lead nerves from rats fed 4% lead carbonate for 7 1/2 and 12 weeks. Abundant HRP reaction product was seen in the epineurium in more than half of these tissue blocks. HRP was not generally found in endoneurial fluid, even in lead nerves with marked edema and widespread segmental de- and remyelination. These findings are against a massive breakdown of the blood nerve barrier, so that HRP passes freely into the endoneurium between endoneurial endothelial cells. It was our impression that HRP reaction product was slightly increased in endoneurial endothelial cells and macrophages of lead nerves as compared to control nerves. These studies suggest that there may be an increased transfer of HRP through endoneurial cells in lead neuropathy. The studies do not provide additional evidence that an altered blood nerve barrier is involved in the development of segmental demyelination in lead neuropathy.
Calculated and observed Tb3+(5D4) → Eu3+ electronic energy transfer rates in Na3[Tb0.01Eu0.99(oxydiacetate)3]-2NaClO4-6H2O

Abstract A complementary experimental and theoretical study of Tb 3+ ( 5 D 4 ) → Eu 3 + electronic energy transfer in trigonal Na3[Tb0.01Eu0.99(oxydiacetate)3]-2NaClO4-6H2O (1%Tb:EuODA) is presented. Tb3+(5D4) relaxation rates in 1 % z Tb : GdODA and in 1% Tb : EuODA, and Tb 3+ ( 5 D 4 ) → Eu 3 + energy transfer rates in 1% Tb : EuODA are re for sample temperatures between 77 and 343 K. The calculated multipole-multipole transfer rate at room temperature (33 s − 1) is of the same order of magnitude as the measured rate, though smaller by a factor of three. The temperature dependence of the measured energy transfer rate suggests that the transfer is to Eu3 + ions in thermally populated 7F1 and 7F2 states. No transfer is observed to Eu3+ in the ground, 7F0 electronic state. The calculation suggests that at room temperature the dominant path is Tb 3+ ( 5 D 4 ) + Eu 3+ ( 7 F 1 ) → Tb 3+ ( 7 F 5 ) + Eu 3+ ( 5 D 1 ) with an electric dipole-quadru-pole coupling mechanism.
Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements of sleep: fact, fad, and fiction.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) are common disorders seen in sleep disorder centers. Although RLS in universally thought to cause daytime sleepiness, the role of PLMS in causing sleepiness (or any symptom!) has been more controversial. Recent publications have show that PLMS do not cause either subjective or objective sleepiness, but may be a marker for respiratory effort related arousals. In regards to patients with end-stage renal disease, PLMS may mark mortality. In this same group of patients, gabapentin and normalization of hematocrit may be effective therapies for RLS/PLMS. Melatonin may prove to be an alternative therapy for PLMS.
The Rationale of Japanese Surrender

JAPAN SUBDUED is the last of the five admirable studies in which Herbert Feis has set forth the diplomatic history of the United States from the events that led to Pearl Harbor to the surrender ceremony on the U.S.S. Missouri. "Diplomatic history" in the conventional sense is actually an inadequate description, for Japan Subdued is not limited to the doings of the diplomats; it follows the actions of the extraordinary group of men in the United States government concerned with winning and ending the war, using or not using the atomic bomb; it describes, in sharp contrast, the doings of the unhappy group of vacillating and conflicting statesmen, military and civilian, who surrounded the Emperor of Japan and the Emperor himself. To Feis diplomacy encompasses the actions of scientists, politicians, and generals and is never limited to diplomatic negotiations and the formal interchange of diplomatic messages. In the opening chapters of the book, Feis lays out with brilliant clarity the three separate but overlapping plans for securing Japanese surrender that our government had decided on in the spring of i945: (i) Combined Assault. This was the direct military approach, with an initial landing on Kyushu, followed by a final attack on Honshu. The plans for this were given final approval, and our armed forces were turned in this direction immediately after V-E Day. Originally it was in support of this plan that Russian entrance into the war seemed so important; by May i945 neither Marshall nor King regarded Soviet participation as essential, but Marshall particularly, mindful of the losses that we might well sustain, wanted Russian help to reduce our burden and speed up the end. There is no doubt that an American invasion would have brought about total Japanese defeat; and it is hard, almost impossible, to believe, regardless of the Japanese military code (Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori!) and the honorable status of military suicide, that at some point the Emperor would not have stepped in and insisted on
Enterocolitis in low-birth-weight infants associated with milk and soy protein intolerance.

Two low-birth-weight infants developed a syndrome of vomiting, distension, septic appearance, and bloody diarrhea. Both infants developed symptoms after ingestion of cow milk-based formula initially, and, later, soy-based formulas. These symptoms resolved with intravenous fluids and alimentation. Vomiting, diarrhea, melena, and polymorphonuclear leukocytosis recurred with reintroduction of either milk- or soy-based formulas. This sensivity persisted throughout the neonatal period and was still present at seven to eight months of age. It appears from these data that intolerance to whole protein formulas can cause a syndrome similar clinically to neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.
Increasing Medicaid Revenue Generation for Services by School Psychologists

We examined a performance improvement package with components of feedback, goal setting, and prompting to generate additional revenue by improving the consistency of Medicaid billing submitted by 74 school psychologists serving 102 schools. A multiple baseline design across three service areas of a county school system demonstrated the effectiveness of the intervention to increase the number of school psychologists who completed their required documentation for Medicaid billing in a timely manner. This resulted in a substantial gain in income for the school district, which increased more than three times over baseline levels, with a small investment of additional time by all personnel involved.
UAV-borne X-band radar for MAV collision avoidance

Increased use of Miniature (Unmanned) Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) is coincidentally accompanied by a notable lack of sensors suitable for enabling further increases in levels of autonomy and consequently, integration into the National Airspace System (NAS). The majority of available sensors suitable for MAV integration are based on infrared detectors, focal plane arrays, optical and ultrasonic rangefinders, etc. These sensors are generally not able to detect or identify other MAV-sized targets and, when detection is possible, considerable computational power is typically required for successful identification. Furthermore, performance of visual-range optical sensor systems can suffer greatly when operating in the conditions that are typically encountered during search and rescue, surveillance, combat, and most common MAV applications. However, the addition of a miniature radar system can, in consort with other sensors, provide comprehensive target detection and identification capabilities for MAVs. This trend is observed in manned aviation where radar systems are the primary detection and identification sensor system. Within this document a miniature, lightweight X-Band radar system for use on a miniature (710mm rotor diameter) rotorcraft is described. We present analyses of the performance of the system in a realistic scenario with two MAVs. Additionally, an analysis of MAV navigation and collision avoidance behaviors is performed to determine the effect of integrating radar systems into MAV-class vehicles.
Development of optical-RF transmitter modules for an optically addressed 2–40-GHz phased array

The architecture of an optically addressed ultra-wideband (2–40 GHz) phased array, based on microwave photonic down-conversion techniques, is described. For such a phased array, the transmitter module consists of an ultra-wideband antenna, photodiode, and power amplifier. A metamaterial-loaded Vivaldi antenna having a tailored, broad, flat-top radiation pattern and a broad impedance bandwidth is presented. Additionally, the integration of photodiodes and power amplifiers capable of operation at a high speed with broad bandwidth is described. The measured results indicate that the module can achieve the high level of performance necessary to meet the desired requirements of the phased array.