cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volatility in Macroeconomics

Copyright: © 2012 Rahman S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Volatility has gained lots of attention in finance literature, as, for example, in studies of the relation between stock market returns and risk, but it has been a much lower priority for applied macroeconomists. In general, the existing macroeconometrics research is concerned mainly with the first moment (or mean) of the variables, while systematically ignoring the second moment (or variance). However, a correct specification of variance is still important for two reasons, as is explained by Hamilton and Herrera [1]. First, the test of hypothesis under misspecified variance is invalid. Second, it is possible to improve the efficiency of the conditional mean estimates by incorporating the observed feature of heteroscedasticity into the estimation process.
Histologic Identification of Malignant Lymphoma Cutis

Sections of 47 skin biopsies diagnosed during 1960-1970 as suggestive of or diagnostic of malignant lymphoma were retrospectively analyzed. Thirteen with monomorphous cutaneous infiltrates of reticulum cells or poorly differentiated lymphocytes were encountered; all were from patients who had extracutaneous manifestations of reticulum-cell sarcoma, poorly differentiated lymphosarcoma, or leukemia at the time of biopsy or within a year after biopsy. Diagnosis of well-differentiated lymphosarcoma or leukemia cutis is more tenuous, since mature lymphocytic infiltrates were encountered in patients with or without evidence of extracutaneous lymphoma. These are designated "unclassified" lymphocytic infiltrates of skin, requiring careful clinical exclusion of these types of malignant lymphoma. Other purported histopathologic discriminants of malignant lymphoma and pseudolymphoma, the latter term utilized to designate banal disorders characterized by a polymorphous infiltrate with or without atypical reticulum cells, are of little value for their distinction. These diagnostic criteria for malignant lymphoma cutis should clarify much of the pathologic and clinical uncertainty attendant upon the so-called "lymphoreticular" infiltrates of the skin.
Experimental-Based Unified Unsteady Nonlinear Aerodynamic Modeling For Two-Dimensional Airfoils

Unsteady force measurements of a plunging airfoil at different frequencies and mean angles of attack are used to construct frequency response models. The obtained frequency response models are then used to determine the linearized flow dynamics around each mean angle of attack, where an optimization-based linear system identification is performed to minimize the error between the predicted and measured frequency responses. Converting these models to state space form and writing the entries of the matrices as polynomials in the mean angle of attack, a global, unified unsteady model is developed. The developed reduced order model, represented in a state space form, is suitable for characterizing the nonlinear dynamical characteristics of the flow and the associated dynamics and control of a flying object.
A Low-Noise Potentiostat for the Study of Small Amplitude Signals in Electrochemistry.

A low-noise potentiostat, developed and built at NBS, is described. The instrument, which has built-in an ac current amplifier, is particularly suited for detecting small current fluctuations in the frequency range between 0.1 and 2000 Hz. The noise in the dc control voltage is of the order of 2.5 × 10-8 V/√Hz, and the instability of the ac amplifier corresponds to a signal of 3 × 10-11 A/√Hz. The performance characteristics of the instrument are fully described as well as its use in impedance measurements by means of a swept frequency signal. The instrument can also be used as a galvanostat.
Changes in ganglion cell physiology during retinal degeneration influence excitability by prosthetic electrodes.

Objective. Here we investigate ganglion cell physiology in healthy and degenerating retina to test its influence on threshold to electrical stimulation. Approach. Age-related Macular Degeneration and Retinitis Pigmentosa cause blindness via outer retinal degeneration. Inner retinal pathways that transmit visual information to the central brain remain intact, so direct electrical stimulation from prosthetic devices offers the possibility for visual restoration. Since inner retinal physiology changes during degeneration, we characterize physiological properties and responses to electrical stimulation in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of both wild type mice and the rd10 mouse model of retinal degeneration. Main results. Our aggregate results support previous observations that elevated thresholds characterize diseased retinas. However, a physiology-driven classification scheme reveals distinct sub-populations of ganglion cells with thresholds either normal or strongly elevated compared to wild-type. When these populations are combined, only a weakly elevated threshold with large variance is observed. The cells with normal threshold are more depolarized at rest and exhibit periodic oscillations. Significance. During degeneration, physiological changes in RGCs affect the threshold stimulation currents required to evoke action potentials.
The role of FDG-PET CT in the evaluation of asymptomatic skeletal metastases: Comparison with Tc-99m MDP bone scans

648 Objectives: Introduction: The use of FDG-PET in staging of oncology patients is often influenced by the patients’ symptoms. Bone scans or FDG-PET scans are often not ordered unless the patient has a specific complaint related to the osseous system. Controversy exists as to whether PET scans are capable of replacing the traditional bone scan. Objectives:The primary objective was to determine whether the FDG-PET scan findings correlated with osseous symptoms in subjects who demonstrated positive osseous findings on the FDG-PET study. A secondary objective was to compare the FDG-PET whole body scan with the whole body Tc-99m MDP bone scan. Methods: 63 pts with positive PET scans of the osseous system were evaluated. 44 of these pts were assessed for pain symptoms using a traditional 10-point rating system to assess pain. 33 of the 63 pts underwent bone scans and 60 pts underwent either CT scans, x-rays, or MRI study. Mean age of pts was 61 years with a range of 17-88 years. There were 42 females and 21 males. 26 pts had breast cancer;12 pts lung cancer; 8pts lymphoma; 6pts GI neoplasm; 4pts GU tract malignancies and remaining pts other tumor types. Results: Of the 44 pts with positive PET scans involving the osseous system, 28 (63.6%) were completely asymptomatic with no osseous pain. 14 had mild to moderate pain(31.8%) and 2 had severe pain requiring medication(4.5%). Of the 33 pts who had bone scans 12 were concordant with PET findings(36%). 21 of 33 bone scans were discordant with PET (64%). 52% of these discordant cases demonstrated a greater number of metastatic foci on PET while 48% demonstrated more on the bone scan. Of 28 pts who were asymptomatic, 9 pts (32%) had no corresponding skeletal abnormalities on the CT scan. Of 16 pts with osseous symptoms, only 2(12%) had a negative CT scan with a positive PET. Conclusions: FDG-PET scan appears to be an early indicator of metastatic osseous disease with positive studies predating pts symptoms and/or CT findings. PET scans were concordant with bone scans in approximately 1/3 of the pts while approximately 1/3 demonstrated PET’s superiority and 1/3 demonstrated conventional bone scans superiority. PET scans were generally positive in pts with trabecular and lytic abnormalities while the bone scan trended toward being positive in the relatively small cortical abnormalities as confirmed on CT and MRI studies. The decision whether to perform a PET scan on oncology pts should not be influenced by the absence of bone pain as the dominant finding in the study is that approximately 2/3 of pts with positive PET scans involving the osseous systems were completely asymptomatic relative to bone pain.
Treatment and Prognosis in Congenital Arteriovenous Malformation of the Extremity

This retrospective study was designed to determine the location, symptoms, and long-term results of surgical versus medical therapy in congenital arteriovenous malformation of the extremity. In reviewing all such case records at the Mayo Clinic for the years 1931 through 1980 we found 100 females and 85 males with 74% of lesions in the lower extremity, 22% in the upper extremity, and 4% in combination. Less than 1% were asymptomatic, while 43% had skin discoloration followed by 37% having pain as the presenting complaint. Cases with secondary congestive heart failure, while rare (3%), had a high associated mortality. Regarding treatment and prognosis, asymptomatic patients rarely progressed in severity. Medical therapy rarely (8%) yielded significant improvement and most frequently resulted in an unchanged condition. Conversely, surgery resulted in improvement in 48% of cases with worse results occurring about as frequently as with medical treatment (4% vs. 5% respectively). Surgery furthermore did not re...
Plant cell wall: Never too much acetate.

Plant cell walls incorporate a variety of acetylated polysaccharides. In addition to enzymes catalysing acetylation (acetyltransferases), plants could produce enzymes to remove acetyl groups (acetylesterases). Previously, pectin acetylesterases were known and now a xylan acetylesterase has been identified — and it has many surprises.
Perceived Cognitive Deficits in a Sample of Persons Living with Multiple Sclerosis

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aims of this study were to describe the nature and diversity of perceived cognitive deficits using the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ), to assess the reliability of the PDQ, and to explore self-reported predictors of PDQ scores in a large community-based sample of persons
Building and Coordinating a Multisectoral Response

In order to address the full scale of the AIDS pandemic, Jonathan Mann realized that the Global Programme on AIDS (GPA) had to partner more closely with other World Health Organization (WHO) technical programs and to engage more with WHO’s regional offices in providing support to national AIDS programs. In addition, GPA needed to collaborate more with United Nations organizations working in the social, cultural, economic and political sectors. One of the most important collaborations was the establishment of the WHO/United Nations Development Program Alliance to Combat AIDS. GPA also engaged with a broad range of non-governmental organizations, much more extensively than any previous WHO program. These included numerous AIDS Service Organizations and human rights groups. All the while, GPA went to great lengths—as exemplified with the January 1988 convening of the World Summit of Ministers of Health in London—to combat complacency toward the pandemic. These collaboration and advocacy efforts helped establish GPA as the preeminent institution in developing, coordinating, and directing the global AIDS response.
From Social Media to Mainstream News: The Information Flow of the Vaccine-Autism Controversy in the US, Canada, and the UK

Despite increasing warnings about inaccurate information online, little is known about how social media contribute to the widespread diffusion of unverified health information. This study addresses this issue by examining the vaccine-autism controversy. By looking into a large dataset of Twitter, Reddit posts, and online news over 20 months in the US, Canada, and the UK, our time-series analysis shows that Twitter drives news agendas, and Reddit follows news agendas regarding the vaccine-autism debate. Additionally, the results show that both Twitter and Reddit are more likely to discuss the vaccine-autism link compared to online news content.
Direct-Sequence Systems

A spread-spectrum signal is a signal with extra modulation that expands the signal bandwidth greatly beyond what is required by the underlying channel code and modulation. Spread-spectrum communication systems are useful for suppressing interference, making secure communications difficult to detect and process, accommodating fading and multipath channels, and providing multiple-access capability. Spread-spectrum signals cause relatively minor interference to other systems operating in the same spectral band. The most practical and dominant spread-spectrum systems are direct-sequence and frequency-hopping systems.
Cul-de-sac fluid in women with endometriosis: fluid volume, protein and prostanoid concentration during the periovulatory period—days 13 to 18

Cul-de-sac fluid from women with histologically confirmed endometriosis (n = 45) or from infertile women without evidence of endometriosis (n = 28) was collected at the time of laparoscopy during the periovulatory period (days 13 to 18). This fluid was analyzed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a), 13,14-dihydro-15 keto-PGF2a (PGFM), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Protein content of the fluid also was determined. No difference (P greater than 0.05) in cul-de-sac fluid volume was found between women with and without endometriosis, nor were differences detected in the level of any of the prostanoids measured in fluid from infertile control patients compared with those with endometriosis. This was true regardless of whether the prostanoids were expressed as a concentration, total amount in fluid, or as a ratio of prostanoid to protein content. The present study does not support the theory that cul-de-sac fluid prostanoids provide a useful diagnostic index of endometriosis.
Neurofibromatosis type 2 and related disorders

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), and schwannomatosis comprise the neurofibromatoses. NF2 (MIM 101000) is an autosomal dominant neurogenetic disorder characterized by the presence of schwannomas, meningiomas, ependymomas, and ocular abnormalities. For many years, NF2 was confounded with the more common syndrome NF1 from which it derives its name. In the 1980’s, these two disorders were finally differentiated when tumor studies and linkage analysis localized the genes to different chromosomes. The introduction of gadolinium contrast for MRI scanning in June, 1988, significantly improved detection of small tumors, particularly near the skull base. The cloning of the NF2 gene in 1993 ushered in a period of intense research activity in which mutational analysis was used to establish genotype-phenotype correlations and to study the role of NF2 inactivation in NF2-associated tumors. More recently, a consortium of hospitals completed the Natural History of Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Study, which prospectively tracked the growth of tumors in patients with NF2. Looking forward, the primary goal of the research community is to identify an effective treatments for patients with NF2.
A model specific simulation of power distribution grids for non-destructive testing of network reconfiguration schemes

This work describes a simulation platform used to study and test grid control schemes for electric power distribution systems. The effectiveness of proposed control schemes can be simulated using the platform and prototyped within a hardware testbed capable of realizing a wide range of operating conditions. Examples of the platform capabilities, specifically for network reconfiguration, are presented for systems of various sizes. A 9-bus, radial, distribution power system is presented in detail to illustrate the qualitative behavior before and after a network reconfiguration control scheme is performed. This behavior is then verified through experimentation in the hardware laboratory.
Influenza vaccination among adults living with persons at high-risk for complications from influenza during early 2016-17 influenza season.

Abstract Background The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends all persons aged ≥6 months get vaccinated for influenza annually, placing particular emphasis on persons who are at increased risk for influenza-related complications and persons living with or caring for them. Methods Data from the 2016 National Internet Flu Survey (NIFS), a nationally representative, probability-based Internet panel survey of the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population aged ≥18 years, was used to compare influenza vaccination coverage among adults who live with household members at high-risk for complications from influenza with those who do not. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the difference in the adjusted vaccination coverage prevalence between persons living with and without high-risk household members. Results From the 2016 NIFS (n = 4,113), we estimated that 29.2% of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults had at least one household member at increased risk for influenza-related complications. Unadjusted influenza vaccination coverage was significantly higher for adults with a high-risk household member compared with those without (46.7% vs 38.6%, respectively). After adjustment for demographic and access-to-care factors, adults with high-risk household members were more likely to be vaccinated than those without (adjusted prevalence difference = 5.3 [0.3, 10.3]). Among vaccinated respondents with high-risk household members, 88.7% reported that protection of their family and close contacts was one of the reasons they were vaccinated. Conclusion Approximately half of adults living with someone at increased risk of complications from influenza did not report receiving an influenza vaccination. Vaccination reminder/recall for persons at increased risk should include reminders for their household contacts.
Fast Track Recovery

The goal of ambulatory anaesthesia is to maximize the quality of patient care. We must provide anaesthesia with a smooth onset, good intraoperative conditions, and rapid recovery with minimal symptoms, culminating in our patient’s return to normal function. “Fast tracking” embodies an enhanced, overall anaesthesia care and recovery process, focusing our efforts even more on the return to normal function as rapidly as possible. This requires the integration of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative care elements.
Cavity-enhanced ultrafast two-dimensional spectroscopy using higher-order modes

We describe methods using frequency combs and cavities for recording two-dimensional ultrafast spectroscopy signals with high sensitivity. By coupling multiple frequency combs to modes of an optical resonator, cavity-enhanced 2D spectroscopy signals are naturally generated.
Surgical Management: Gastric Neurostimulation

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is a powerful antiemetic therapy for patients with refractory nausea and emesis and is most efficacious in diabetic gastroparesis.
African independency in the Caribbean: The case of the spiritual Baptists

The missiological impact of the rapid growth of African Independent Churches AICs) in the African context. The recognition of the existence of equivalent groups in the African diaspora broadens the debates about the contextualisation and Indigenlsation of Christianity. This paper draws attention to the community of Spiritual Baptists In Trinidad, West Indies, founded by free slaves from the Southern States in the early 19th century.
Physical activity moderates the effects of daily psychosocial stressors on ambulatory blood pressure.

OBJECTIVE Previous literature has shown an inconsistent relationship between physical activity and stressor-evoked blood pressure reactivity. Use of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) may facilitate detecting such a relationship. In this study, the moderating effects of regular physical activity on the magnitude of ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) responses to psychosocial stressors experienced in daily life were examined. METHOD Four hundred seventy-seven healthy working adults (ages 30-54) provided ABP readings and recorded their daily experiences, using electronic diaries (ED), over 4 monitoring days. Measures of momentary Task Strain (high demand, low control) and Social Conflict (rating of recent social interaction quality) were used as indices of stressor exposure, and an accelerometry device was used to create 2 indices of physical activity: weekly average and recent (30 min prior to each ED interview). Multilevel models were used to examine the moderating between- and within-person effects of physical activity on ABP fluctuations corresponding with the momentary psychosocial stressors. RESULTS Weekly physical activity moderated the effects of ABP responses to Task Strain (systolic blood pressure [SBP]: p = .033; diastolic blood pressure [DBP]: p = .028) and Social Conflict (DBP: p = .020), with significant increases in SBP and DBP shown for less physically active individuals but not for more physically active individuals. Similarly, recent physical activity moderated within-person DBP responses to Task Strain (p = .025), with greater DBP increases following less active periods. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that weekly and recent physical activity may moderate the effects of ABP responses to daily psychosocial stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Treating Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder Through Narrative Therapy and Naltrexone

AbstractBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, volatile perceptions of self-image and affects, and marked impulsivity, presenting in v...
Clinical correlates of mind wandering in adults with ADHD.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical correlates of ADHD patients with mind wandering. 255 consecutively referred 18- to 55-year-old adults of both sexes with ADHD were assessed. Subjects completed a demographic interview, the Mind Wandering Questionnaire (MWQ), the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD RS), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult Version (BRIEF-A), the Social Responsiveness Scale – Second Edition (SRS-2) Adult Self-Report Form, the Adult Self-Report (ASR), the Barkley Emotional Dysregulation Scale, and the Quality of Life Enjoyment & Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q). We used receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves to identify the optimal cut-off on the MWQ to categorize patients as having high-versus low-level mind wandering and compared demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups. Participants were categorized by ROC analysis as having high- (N = 127) and low-level (N = 128) mind wandering based on an MWQ total score ≥ or
Global shifts in the patterns of urban and rural weight increase.

The prevalence of excess weight gain is increasing more rapidly in rural than in urban environments. Increased intake of ultra-processed foods has been associated with obesity, and the rise of supermarkets and marketing strategies may have contributed to the greater weight increases in rural areas.
Open to Diversity! Investigating the Impact of Cultural Intelligence on Students’ Preference for Group Work

As society becomes more diverse, the factors that can help individuals prepare for a diverse work environment are receiving much attention. Cultural intelligence (CQ) – an individual’s ability to p...
Wideband Spectrum Sensing and Direction Finding Antenna Subsystem

This paper presents the design and performance of a wideband amplitude-only direction finding (DF) antenna subsystem. The realized configuration is composed of four two-arm spiral antennas squinted symmetrically off boresight by ±35° to allow a DF capability within a wide field of view (FOV) over 1.58.75GHz frequency range in two orthogonal planes. The four spirals are resistively-terminated and backed by LS2O absorber to maintain good unidirectional operation. All measured spirals have gains of >2dBic, axial ratios <3dB over wide FOV, and high quality patterns. The system performance is also estimated and low RMS errors are demonstrated for different incident polarizations.
Mitral valve leaflet response to ischaemic mitral regurgitation: from gene expression to tissue remodelling.

Ischaemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), a frequent complication following myocardial infarction (MI), leads to higher mortality and poor clinical prognosis if untreated. Accumulating evidence suggest...
Commercial and political influences on dental health: 3. The Federal Trade Commission looks at television advertising to children

Abstract The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) of the USA undertook a long and expensive fact-finding process in the consideration of whether a Trade Regulation Rule should be adopted to prohibit or restrict television advertising to children of foods and confectionery which had a high caries-producing potential because of their sugar content. From the rule-making procedures, the FTC staff concluded that: (1) advertising of sugared products is concentrated in children's television programmes and persuades children to ask for the advertised products; (2) young children place indiscriminate trust on television-advertising messages and do not understand the persuasive bias of techniques and themes used to appeal to them on behalf of the product; and (3) dental caries is a major childhood disease which is contributed to by the frequent use of sugar-containing products. The staff concluded that the only effective remedy would be a ban on advertisements orientated toward young children. A wide spectrum of food and confectionery manufacturers, advertising agencies and television chains formed a coalition to prevent formulation of a Trade Regulation Rule which would prohibit or restrict television advertising to children. This coalition raised a large fund for legal action and lobbying the US Congress. The ability of the FTC to act vigorously in the formulation of new Trade Regulation Rules was restricted considerably by Congressional action. The FTC staff concluded that the only effective remedy of a complete ban on television advertising to young children could not be implemented. On 2 October 1981, the FTC Commissioners published their decision not to proceed further with rule-making on this subject.
$\epsilon^{\star}+$ : An Online Coverage Path Planning Algorithm for Energy-constrained Autonomous Vehicles

This paper presents a novel algorithm, called $\epsilon^{\star}+$ , for online coverage path planning of unknown environments using energy-constrained autonomous vehicles. Due to limited battery size, the energy-constrained vehicles have limited duration of operation time. Therefore, while executing a coverage trajectory, the vehicle has to return to the charging station for a recharge before the battery runs out. In this regard, the $\epsilon^{\star}+$ algorithm enables the vehicle to retreat back to the charging station based on the remaining energy which is monitored throughout the coverage process. This is followed by an advance trajectory that takes the vehicle to a near by unexplored waypoint to restart the coverage process, instead of taking it back to the previous left over point of the retreat trajectory; thus reducing the overall coverage time. The proposed $\epsilon^{\star}+$ algorithm is an extension of the $\epsilon^{\star}$ algorithm, which utilizes an Exploratory Turing Machine (ETM) as a supervisor to navigate the vehicle with back and forth trajectory for complete coverage. The performance of the $\epsilon^{\star}+$ algorithm is validated on complex scenarios using Player/Stage which is a high-fidelity robotic simulator.
3D Printed Surgical Guides Applied in Rhinoplasty to Help Obtain Ideal Nasal Profile

As computer simulation for rhinoplasty continues to rise, the technology’s utility extends beyond increasing patient conversion. Virtual simulation of the surgical result can assist with surgical planning and intraoperative decision-making. 3D printed anatomic models or surgical guides based on 3D images may help align surgeons with their original surgical plan. This study aims to evaluate the utility of 3D printed surgical guides as an intraoperative tool to help establish dorsal height and tip position. Patients undergoing rhinoplasty had preoperative virtual 3D surgical simulations performed. Simulations were used to create a 3D printed nasal kits containing ceramic models of the preoperative nose and simulated nose, sagittal contour guide, and customized postoperative nasal splint. Nasal guides were sterilized for continual intraoperative assessment of profile contour (i.e., dorsal height and tip position). Postoperative 3D images (1–3 months post-op) were then compared to preoperative simulations. The difference between z coordinates and y coordinates determined the difference in projection and rotation, respectively. Fifteen patients met inclusion criteria for this study. With the use of 3D printed surgical guides, the final tip position was on average of 0.8±0.7mm from simulated projection and 0.3±0.2mm from simulated rotation. Similarly, projection for the cartilaginous and bony dorsum was within 1.0±0.8 and 0.8±0.7mm of the simulation, respectively. Virtual simulation is useful in defining aesthetic goals preoperatively, but the potential clinical value extends beyond this. 3D printed rhinoplasty guides extend the simulation’s utility to decision-making intraoperatively. This technology offers a novel medium for anatomic reference, which may improve adherence to desired aesthetic goals. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
All for Liberty: The Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion of 1849

Jeff Strickland tells the powerful story of Nicholas Kelly, the enslaved craftsman who led the Charleston workhouse slave rebellion, the largest slave revolt in the history of the antebellum American South. With two accomplices, some sledgehammers, and pickaxes, Kelly risked his life and helped thirty-two fellow enslaved people escape the workhouse where they had been sent by their enslavers to be tortured. While Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser, and Denmark Vesey remain the most recognizable rebels, the pivotal role of Kelly is often forgotten. All for Liberty centers his rebellion as a decisive moment leading up to the secession of South Carolina from the United States in 1861. This compelling micro-history navigates between Kelly's story and the Age of Atlantic Revolutions, while also considering the parallels between race and incarceration in the nineteenth century and in modern America. Never before has the story of Nicholas Kelly been so eloquently told.
Microwave imaging for liver thermal ablation monitoring: developing an experimental set-up

Thermal ablation has been recognized as an effective method for liver malignancy treatment. The clinical difficulties lie in monitoring the treatment process in realtime. In recent years, microwave imaging has been proposed as a modality with out-standing features such as non-ionizing nature, cost-effective, and capable of realtime monitoring. In this respect, in this contribution, a low-complexity experimental set-up for the experimental assessment of microwave imaging system for liver ablation monitoring is proposed and numerically assessed. The reconstruction of images inside the liver shows that it is possible to localize the ablation zone in the abdomen phantom during the thermal ablation treatment. The results of this study lay the foundations for the experimental assessment of microwave imaging systems for thermal ablation monitoring.
SU-E-J-229: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Small Fiducial Markers for Proton Beam Therapy

Purpose: For proton beam therapy, small fiducial markers are preferred for patient alignment due to less interference with the proton beam. Visualizing small fiducial markers can be challenging in MRI. This study intends to investigate MRI imaging protocols for better visualization of small fiducial markers. Methods: Two carbon and two coil-shaped gold markers were placed into a gel phantom. Both carbon markers had a diameter of 1mm and a length of 3mm. Both gold markers had a length of 5mm. One gold marker had a diameter of 0.5mm and the other had a diameter of 0.75mm. T1 VIBE, T2 SPACE, TrueFISP and susceptibility weighted (SW) images were acquired. To improve marker contrast, high spatial resolution was used to reduce partial volume effect. Slice thickness was 1.5mm for all four sequences and in-plane resolution was 0.6mm for TrueFISP, 0.7mm for T1 VIBE, and 0.8mm for T2 SPACE and SW. For comparison purpose, a 3D T1 VIBE image set at 3mm slice thickness and 1.2mm in-plane resolution was also acquired. Results: All markers were visible in all high-resolution image sets. In each image set, marker-induced signal void was the smallest (in diameter) for carbon markers, followed by the 0.5mm gold marker andmore » the largest for the 0.75mm gold marker. The SW images had the largest marker-induced signal void. However, those might be confused by susceptibility-gradient-induced signal voids. T1 VIBE had good visualization of markers with nicely defined edges. T2 SPACE had reasonable visualization of markers but edges were slightly blurred. TrueFISP had good visualization of markers only if they were not masked by banding artifacts. As a comparison, all markers were hardly visible in the standard resolution T1 VIBE images. Conclusion: 3D high-resolution T1 VIBE and SW have great potential in providing good visualization of small fiducial markers for proton beam therapy.« less
A review of current treatment strategies for gestational diabetes mellitus

Approximately 90% of diabetes cases in pregnant women are considered gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It is well known that uncontrolled glucose results in poor pregnancy outcomes in both the mother and fetus. Worldwide there are many guidelines with recommendations for appropriate management strategies for GDM once lifestyle modifications have been instituted and failed to achieve control. The efficacy and particularly the safety of other treatment modalities for GDM has been the source of much debate in recent years. Studies that have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of both glyburide and metformin in the management of patients with GDM will be reviewed. There is a lack of evidence with other oral and injectable non-insulin agents to control blood glucose in GDM. The role of insulin will be discussed, with emphasis on insulin analogs. Ideal patient characteristics for each treatment modality will be reviewed. In addition, recommendations for postpartum screening of patients will be described as well as recommendations for use of agents to manage subsequent type 2 diabetes in patients who are breastfeeding.
Rossby waves in a stochastically fluctuating medium

It is well known that rapid fluctuations of the zonal mean wind speed can contribute significantly to the variability of planetary-scale atmospheric waves (Rossby waves). What seems to be less appreciated is that these same fluctuations can also contribute to the climatological mean wave pattern. In this study, the extent to which stochastic zonal wind fluctuations affect the mean and variance of the wave response to steady forcing is investigated in the context of a simple numerical model of the global atmosphere, i.e. a barotropic vorticity equation model. It is first shown that rapid variations of the zonal wind can justifiably be treated as stochastic. Then, the appropriate modifications to the barotropic vorticity equation are derived using the classical theory of stochastic differential equations. Finally, the effect of the stochastic fluctuations on the mean Rossby-wave response is illustrated in two qualitatively different cases. The first experiment considers stochastic fluctuations in the zonally-symmetric component of the wind, and it is shown that those fluctuations amount to a net damping of the Rossby wave. In the second experiment, random fluctuations in the frictional damping are considered, and are shown to have a net destabilizing influence.
Mechanics of growth of some laccolithic intrusions in the Henry mountains, Utah, II: Bending and failure of overburden layers and sill formation

Deformation of host rocks during growth of a laccolithic intrusion is analyzed using the theory of bending a stack of thin elastic plates. The theoretical model suggests that magma spreading laterally in the form of a sill will eventually gain sufficient leverage on the overlying strata to deflect them upward and form a laccolith. The amount of bending increases as the fourth power of the distance the magma spreads, whereas the overburden resists bending as the third power of its effective thickness. Effective thickness is the thickness of a single layer which has the same resistance to bending as a multilayer of similar length and elastic modulus. The effective thickness of overburden in the Henry Mountains is estimated as between 17 and 23 of the actual thickness. The form of bending is similar for Newtonian, pseudoplastic, and Bingham magmas. The magnitude of the bending depends upon the total upward force and its distribution and is not simply related to magma viscosity as has been suggested by several previous investigators. After elastic bending strata should fail over the periphery of an intrusion, the site of maximum bending strain and differential stress predicted by the theory. Field observations described in Part I correlate well with these predictions. Because bending strains are proportional to layer thickness, strata of comparable strength but different thicknesses fail at different stages of laccolith development. This leads to the different cross-sectional forms of laccoliths observed in the field. The effect of host rocks on sill form and growth is analyzed using the elastic solution for an elliptical hole under uniform pressure. The theory suggests that sill thickness increases in proportion to length. The concentration of high stresses near the sill termination should induce permanent deformation and account for the blunt terminations described in Part I. This blunting is most likely to occur in relatively ductile rocks whereas sills simply split brittle rocks and maintain sharp terminations. The driving pressure in sills can be calculated from measurements of length and termination radius of curvature, if the yield strength of the host rocks can be estimated. This driving pressure must be greater than the overburden pressure, but sills apparently do not form or propagate by lifting their overburdens. Instead they propagate by locally deforming the host rock. After spreading over a distance about three times the effective overburden thickness, the overlying layers begin to bend upward significantly. This stage marks the transition from a sill to a laccolithic intrusion.
Ovarian function following pelvic operation; an experimental study on monkeys.

Abstract 1.1. The effect of pelvic operations on the ovaries and their function has been difficult to assess because of markedly divergent findings in a variety of experimental animals. 2.2. Six monkeys, 5 Macacus irus and one Macacus mulatta, were subjected to tubal ligation, salpingectomy, section of tube and uteroovarian ligament, subtotal hysterectomy, and total hysterectomy and were followed by laparotomies, FSH determinations, and, ultimately, autopsy. 3.3. No evidence of impairment of ovarian function was noted as evidenced by derangement of follicular or corpus luteum development, maturation, or regression, nor were there any detectable ovarian stromal changes.
Immunohistochemical comparison of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and solitary fibrous tumor.

Abstract Context.—The differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) may be a diagnostic challenging because of overlapping clinicopathologic fea...
Management of breast cancer after Hodgkin's disease.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence, detection, pathology, management, and prognosis of breast cancer occurring after Hodgkin’s disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-one cases of breast cancer in 65 survivors of Hodgkin’s disease were analyzed. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 24.6 years for Hodgkin’s disease and 42.6 years for breast cancer. The relative risk for invasive breast cancer after Hodgkin’s disease was 4.7 (95% confidence interval, 3.4 to 6.0) compared with an age-matched cohort. Cancers were detected by self-examination (63%), mammography (30%), and physician exam (7%). The histologic distribution paralleled that reported in the general population (85% ductal histology) as did other features (27% positive axillary lymph nodes, 63% positive estrogen receptors, and 25% family history). Although 87% of tumors were less than 4 cm, 95% were managed with mastectomy because of prior radiation. Two women underwent lumpectomy with breast irradiation. One of these patients developed tissue necr...
Commentary: Block Grants and the Meaning of Entitlements

Both Jerry Mashaw's "Block Grants, Entitlements, and Federalism,"1 and R. Shep Melnick's "Federalism and the New Rights"2 examine the definition of entitlement, and consider to what extent block grants are consistent with the notion of entitlement. In this commentary, I will first highlight that their examinations arrive at fairly different conclusions; then second, consider what we can learn from these divergent examinations; and, finally, challenge us to think not only about the effect of downward devolution, but also the effect of privatization or outward devolution on representative democracy. Mashaw suggests that federal categorical grant requirements denote an entitlement for specified populations. Therefore, we could design programs which are funded through a block grant process and, not inconsistently, also specify entitlement requirements for particular groups of peopleMelnick argues that there was a subtle judicial transformation of grants-in-aid to the states into entitlement for individuals. He claims that Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), for example, was not an "entitlement" program when it was first enacted. According to Melnick, the Aid to Dependent Children statute at that time was silent on almost all eligibility issues.3 Let me address Melnick's argument first. While significant latitude was given to the states, the federal government specified from the very beginning that the program was set up for single mothers. There was very clear legislative intent that single motherswho were primarily thought of (and were) widows-were deserving of cash assistance.4 In this sense, the federal government had a lot to say about who was categorically eligible. It was quite clear in setting the parameters of eligibility: the program wasn't for poor people, but selected types of poor people.
Analysis of in vivo and in vitro DNA strand breaks from trihalomethane exposure

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have linked the consumption of chlorinated surface waters to an increased risk of two major causes of human mortality, colorectal and bladder cancer. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are by-products formed when chlorine is used to disinfect drinking water. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of the THMs, trichloromethane (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and tribromomethane (TBM), to induce DNA strand breaks (SB) in (1) CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia cells, (2) primary rat hepatocytes (PRH) exposed in vitro, and (3) rats exposed by gavage or drinking water. METHODS: DNA SB were measured by the DNA alkaline unwinding assay (DAUA). CCRF-CEM cells were exposed to individual THMs for 2 hr. Half of the cells were immediately analyzed for DNA SB and half were transferred into fresh culture medium and incubated for an additional 22 hr before testing for DNA SB. PRH were exposed to individual THMs for 4 hr then assayed for DNA SB. F344/N rats were exposed to individual THMs for 4 hr, 2 weeks, and to BDCM for 5 wk then tested for DNA SB. RESULTS: CCRF-CEM cells exposed to 5- or 10-mM brominated THMs for 2 hr produced DNA SB. The order of activity was TBM>DBCM>BDCM; TCM was inactive. Following a 22-hr recovery period, all groups had fewer SB except 10-mM DBCM and 1-mM TBM. CCRF-CEM cells were found to be positive for the GSTT1-1 gene, however no activity was detected. No DNA SB, unassociated with cytotoxicity, were observed in PRH or F344/N rats exposed to individual THMs. CONCLUSION: CCRF-CEM cells exposed to the brominated THMs at 5 or 10 mM for 2 hr showed a significant increase in DNA SB when compared to control cells. Additionally, CCRF-CEM cells exposed to DBCM and TBM appeared to have compromised DNA repair capacity as demonstrated by an increased amount of DNA SB at 22 hr following exposure. CCRF-CEM cells were found to be positive for the GSTT1-1 gene, however no activity was detected. No DNA SB were observed in PRH or F344/N rats exposed to individual THMs.
Measurement of the L2-L3 Coster-Kronig transition probability in Pb (Z=82).

The ${L}_{2}$-${L}_{3}$ Coster-Kronig transition probability (${f}_{23}$) in Tm was measured by multiparameter K versus L x-ray coincidence techniques. The Tm x rays were obtained from a radioactive source of $^{169}\mathrm{Yb}$ and were detected with cooled germanium and silicon detectors of high-energy resolution. Corrections were applied for the contribution of K${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ x rays to the K${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ x-ray peak and for the contribution of unresolved L\ensuremath{\eta} x rays to the L${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$,2 x-ray peak. The contribution of K${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ x rays to the K${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ x-ray peak was determined solely from the results of the coincidence measurements using a method of data analysis which was previously described elsewhere. The contribution of L\ensuremath{\eta} x rays to the L${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$,2 x-ray peak was determined from the coincidence measurements and published values of the L\ensuremath{\eta} to L${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ x-ray intensity ratio. The result obtained for ${f}_{23}$ is (13.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.24)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ or (14.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.24)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ depending on the value of the L\ensuremath{\eta} to L${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ intensity ratio used in applying the correction. Both values are slightly lower than predicted by the latest theoretical calculations confirming a trend of departures from theory recently observed in other medium- and high-Z atoms.
Experimental Evaluation of the Impact of Packet Capturing Tools for Web Services

Network measurement is a discipline that provides the techniques to collect data that are fundamental to many branches of computer science. While many capturing tools and comparisons have made available in the literature and elsewhere, the impact of these packet capturing tools on existing processes have not been thoroughly studied. While not a concern for collection methods in which dedicated servers are used, many usage scenarios of packet capturing now requires the packet capturing tool to run concurrently with operational processes. In this paper we perform experimental evaluations of the performance impact that packet capturing process have on webbased services; in particular, we observe the impact on web servers. We find that packet capturing processes indeed impact the performance of web servers, but on a multi- core system the impact varies depending on whether the packet capturing and web hosting processes are co-located or not. In addition, the architecture and behavior of the web server and process scheduling is coupled with the behavior of the packet capturing process, which in turn also affect the web server's performance.