cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A digital holography ex situ measurement characterization of plasma-exposed surface erosion from an electrothermal arc source.

Digital holography has been proposed to fulfill a need for an imaging diagnostic capable of in situ monitoring of surface erosion caused by plasma–material interaction in nuclear fusion devices. A digital holography diagnostic for 3D surface erosion measurement has been developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with the goal of deployment on a plasma device. A proof-of-concept in situ demonstration is planned which would involve measurement of plasma erosion on targets exposed to an electrothermal arc source. This work presents the results of an ex situ characterization of the capability and limitations of holographic imaging of targets exposed to the arc source. Targets were designed to provide a fiducial for comparison of deformed and unaffected areas. The results indicated that the average net erosion was ∼150 nm/plasma exposure, which is expected to be within the diagnostic’s measurement capacity. Surface roughness averages determined by holographic image analysis showed good agreement with measurements taken with a profilometer. The limit of the holography diagnostic’s x–y spatial resolution was characterized by comparison with scanning electron microscope imaging.
Characterising immersive argument-based inquiry learning environments in school-based education: a systematic literature review

Educational initiatives in multiple disciplinary areas call for student engagement in the practice of argumentation (CCSSI, 2010a, 2010b; Mullis & Martin, 2017; NGSS Lead States, 2013; OECD, 2018)....
Crafting an Effective Portfolio in User Experience Design

In careers involving user interface/user experience (UI/UX) design, an effective portfolio is key for showcasing one’s skills and knowledge to potential employers and collaborators. In this workshop, participants will gain insights into the fundamentals of UI/UX design, elements of effective portfolio design, and tools available to create a portfolio. This will be a highly interactive session as participants will interact with faculty and graduate students as well as with each other. Participants will be given the opportunity to have their pre-existing portfolio reviewed by the faculty and graduate student presenters in addition to members of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society student chapter at the University of Virginia.
Cleanrooms, Codes, and Legislation

Due to the nature of the processes carried out by many high-technology industries, specifically with regard to the hazards inherent in these processes, some control is necessary to protect the work force, the community, and the environment. This control appears in the form of codes and legislation. We will discuss them in this chapter.
Regulation of Cholera Toxin Expression

This chapter focuses on composition and molecular mechanism of control of ToxR regulon. Early studies of the in vitro production of cholera toxin defined certain conditions that increased overall levels of cholera toxin. Early work on the genetics of cholera toxin expression relied heavily on the use of chemical mutagenesis to produce mutants altered in toxinogenesis. The gene product is a 32-kDa integral inner membrane protein. The amino-terminal two-thirds of the protein is cytoplasmic, and the carboxyterminal one-third is periplasmic. ToxR-alkaline phosphatase fusions that replaced the majority of the periplasmic domain no longer responded to high osmolality. The cytoplasmic portion of ToxR contains a region of homology to OmpR. The function of this region has been characterized by taking advantage of this homology to indicate which amino acid residues may be important for function. Amino acid substitution of glutamic acid 51 with lysine resulted in inactive protein that was dominant over wild type. Vibrio cholerae possesses an array of virulence factors that are highly regulated. Among the factors necessary for a successful infection are cholera toxin, the toxin-coregulated pilus, and other accessory colonization factors.
Portfolio Returns, Market Volatility, and Seasonality

This paper examines three important issues related to the relationship between stock returns and volatility. First, are Duffee's (1995) findings of the relationship between individual stock returns and volatility valid at the portfolio level? Second, is there a seasonality of the market return volatility? Lastly, do size portfolio returns react symmetrically to the market volatility during business cycles? We find that the market volatility exhibits strong autocorrelation and small size portfolio returns exhibit seasonality. However, this phenomenon is not present in large size portfolios. For the entire sample period of 1962–1995, the highest average monthly volatility occurred in October, followed by November, and then January. Examining the two sub-sample periods, we find that the average market volatility increases by 15.4% in the second sample period of 1980–1995 compared to the first sample period of 1962–1979. During the contraction period, the average market volatility is 60.9% higher than that during the expansion period. Using a binary regression model, we find that size portfolio returns react asymmetrically with the market volatility during business cycles. This paper documents a strongly negative contemporaneous relationship between the size portfolio returns and the market volatility that is consistent with the previous findings at the aggregate level, but is inconsistent with the findings at the individual firm level. In contrast with the previous findings, however, we find an ambiguous relationship between the percentage change in the market volatility and the contemporaneous stock portfolio returns. This ambiguity is attributed to strongly negative contemporaneous and one-month ahead relationships between the market volatility and portfolio returns.
A AFETIVIDADE COMO FATOR DE INCLUSÃO ESCOLAR

Nos preponemos, con este articulo, discutir el proceso de la inclusion-exclusion de la escuela de la perspectiva afectiva, en un proceso dialectico entre el educador y los estudiantes. Comprension que la inclusion de la escuela no esta restringida a la vision polifacetica de la deficiencia, buscamos para demostrar la necesidad para discutir sobre las diferencias, entendida como la singularidad de cada uno. Queremos, aun, demostrar la importancia y la necesidad de la afectividad para aprender. La afectividad es un factor importante en el educador/los estudiantes de la relacion. Esta relacion afectiva es esencial para el desarrollo de la inteligencia y, para la consecuencia, del aprendizaje. Por lo tanto, la afectividad es un factor de la inclusion-exclusion de la escuela. Palabras claves: afectividad; inclusion de la escuela; aprendizaje
Kindness Is Society

The appalling school dropout rate in the United States is a seasonal issue for most Americans. Concern peaks when the news media periodically reports poor state and national dropout statistics and makes unfavorable comparisons with other industrialized nations in the world. Public interest quickly fades as other local and national concerns become news.
Effects of changing climate on aquatic habitat and connectivity for remnant populations of a wide-ranging frog species in an arid landscape.

Amphibian species persisting in isolated streams and wetlands in desert environments can be susceptible to low connectivity, genetic isolation, and climate changes. We evaluated the past (1900–1930), recent (1981–2010), and future (2071–2100) climate suitability of the arid Great Basin (USA) for the Columbia spotted frog (Rana luteiventris) and assessed whether changes in surface water may affect connectivity for remaining populations. We developed a predictive model of current climate suitability and used it to predict the historic and future distribution of suitable climates. We then modeled changes in surface water availability at each time period. Finally, we quantified connectivity among existing populations on the basis of hydrology and correlated it with interpopulation genetic distance. We found that the area of the Great Basin with suitable climate conditions has declined by approximately 49% over the last century and will likely continue to decline under future climate scenarios. Climate conditions at currently occupied locations have been relatively stable over the last century, which may explain persistence at these sites. However, future climates at these currently occupied locations are predicted to become warmer throughout the year and drier during the frog's activity period (May – September). Fall and winter precipitation may increase, but as rain instead of snow. Earlier runoff and lower summer base flows may reduce connectivity between neighboring populations, which is already limited. Many of these changes could have negative effects on remaining populations over the next 50–80 years, but milder winters, longer growing seasons, and wetter falls might positively affect survival and dispersal. Collectively, however, seasonal shifts in temperature, precipitation, and stream flow patterns could reduce habitat suitability and connectivity for frogs and possibly other aquatic species inhabiting streams in this arid region.
Cloning of nifHD from Nostoc commune UTEX 584 and of a flanking region homologous to part of the Azotobacter vinelandii nifU gene.

Abstract The heterocystous cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584 contains two nifH-like sequences (nifH1 and nifH2) in addition to nifHD. A region of DNA 1 kilobase upstream from the 5' end of nifH showed considerable sequence similarity to part of the published nifU sequences of Azotobacter vinelandii and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Effect of electronically delivered prescriptions on compliance and pharmacy wait time among emergency department patients

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:102–105 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: The primary objectives were to assess whether electronically delivered prescriptions lead to reduced pharmacy wait time, improved patient satisfaction, and improved compliance with prescriptions. Secondary objectives included determining other reasons for noncompliance and if there was an association between prescription noncompliance and subsequent physician and emergency department (ED) visits. Methods: In this prospective study, patients discharged from the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center ED with prescriptions for nonnarcotic medications were randomized to a control group who were discharged with standard written prescriptions or an intervention group who had their prescriptions electronically delivered to the pharmacy of their choice. All study participants were contacted 7 to 31 days after ED discharge for a structured telephone interview. Results: Of the 454 patients enrolled, follow-up was successful for 224 patients (52.4%). Twenty-eight patients did not fill their prescriptions (12.5% noncompliance rate). The top three reasons patients stated for not picking up their medications were perceiving their prescription as unnecessary (n = 11), medication affordability (n = 5), and lack of time (n = 4). There was no difference in primary prescription noncompliance between the two study groups (p = 0.58). However, electronically delivered prescriptions significantly reduced the median pharmacy wait time, from 15 to 0 minutes (p < 0.001), and improved patient satisfaction at the pharmacy (p = 0.034). Neither subsequent physician nor ED visits were increased by primary prescription noncompliance. Conclusions: Electronically delivered prescriptions significantly minimized pharmacy wait time and improved patient satisfaction at the pharmacy, but did not improve primary compliance with prescriptions.
Relational Interpretations of Recursive Types in an operational Setting (Summary)

Relational interpretations of type systems are a useful tool for establishing properties of programming languages. For languages with recursive types the existence of a relational interpretation is often difficult to establish. The most well-known approach is to pass to a domain theoretic model of the language, using the structure of the domain to define a suitable system of relations. Here we study the construction of relational interpretations for an ML-like language with recursive functions and recursive types in a purely operational setting. The construction is an adaptation of results of Pitts on relational properties of domains to an operational setting, making use of techniques introduced by Mason, Smith, and Talcott for proving operational equivalence of expressions. To illustrate the method we give a relational proof of correctness of the continuation-passing transformation used in some compilers for functional languages.
Inhibition of the Lysis of Fungi by Melanins

Evidence is presented that the resistance of Aspergillus nidulans hyphae to lysis by a beta-(1-->3) glucanase-chitinase mixture results from the presence of melanin in the fungal walls. The resistance of the walls to digestion was directly correlated with the melanin content of the mycelium. A melanin-less mutant of A. nidulans was highly susceptible to hydrolysis by the enzyme mixture. Preincubation of a synthetic melanin with the glucanase, chitinase, and a protease, before addition of the substrate, resulted in a marked inhibition of the rate of substrate hydrolysis. Melanin also appeared to combine with and protect at least certain substrates from decomposition, as indicated by the direct relationship between the extent of inhibition of casein hydrolysis by a bacterial protease and the length of time the protein was incubated with the melanin prior to addition of the enzyme. Melanin was found to be highly resistant to microbial degradation, a likely requirement for the polyaromatic to be effective in protecting fungal structures from lysis or decomposition by natural communities of microorganisms.
The influence of level degeneracy on the self- induced transparency effect.

Self induced transparency effects in absorbing medium having degenerate optical transitions
Changes in articulator movement variability during phonemic development: a longitudinal study.

Purpose The present study explored articulator movement variability during voicing contrast acquisition. The purpose was to examine whether oral articulator movement trajectories associated with th...
Frequency of Colour Blindness among East Kentish Children

AN investigation of the frequency of colour blindness among East Kentish children was made in connexion with research sponsored by the Department of Child Development, Institute of Education, University of London. The Ishihara Test (second edition: 24 plates) was used under north daylight conditions, and all the children in five schools were tested. Two of the schools were in the city of Canterbury, two in agricultural communities and one in a Kentish coalfield village. The children ranged in age from 4.5 to 11.0+ years. “Colour blind” responses to 12/16 plates of figures and/or all the “path tracing” plates were required for a diagnosis of colour blindness. The frequencies found were as shown in Table 1.
Tröger's base quasiracemates and crystal packing tendencies

A family of 7 Troger's base (TB) compounds that vary in configuration (quasiracemates, racemates, and enantiomers) and chemical substitutions (Me, Cl, and Br) has been investigated. The deliberate use of isosteric components provided a logical entry point to explore the quasiracemic behavior of TB compounds. Crystal structures of these quasiracemates contain several sets of molecular dimers organized by the complementary topologies of the quasienantiomeric components. These motifs closely mimic the local inversion symmetry environment observed with the racemic and solid-solution phases included with this study. Comparing this set of crystal structures to 105 TB entries found in the Cambridge Structural Database revealed four distinct dimeric packing patterns retrieved using TB⋯TB distance and orientation search criteria. Each motif takes advantage of the complementary topologies of the V-shaped building blocks and further highlights the importance of molecular shape to the recognition profile of these supramolecular assemblies. This approach exposed 58% of the entries (65 structures) exhibiting one or more of the pairwise relationships. Furthermore, sorting the entries based on centrosymmetric and noncentrosymmetric space groups provided evidence for a correlation between motif and crystallographic symmetry.
Off resonance relaxation in hexagonal ferrites

Abstract The effective linewidth technique has been applied to study field dependent microwave losses in hexagonal ferrites for the first time. Data have been obtained on single crystal Zn2-Y and ZnTi-M as well as oriented polycrystalline NiCo-W materials. The results clearly show that the high field effective linewidth is significantly lower than the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth. This implies that inhomogeneity or two-magnon relaxation contributes significantly to the FMR linebroadening and that the intrinsic linewidth is much lower than the FMR linewidths. The results also demonstrate the usefulness of the effective linewidth technique to study microwave losses even under conditions where the actual FMR peak is inaccessible.
Grade-point averages and class rankings in evaluation of pharmacy residency applicants.

This year, as has been the case in previous years, I wrote a number of letters of recommendation for students in our pharmacy school who were seeking a residency. In my capacity as associate dean, I was also asked by some students to provide statements of their class rankings, required by an
Adaptive EZW coding using a rate-distortion criterion

This work presents a new method that improves on the EZW image coding algorithm. The standard EZW image coder uses a uniform quantizer with a threshold (deadzone) that is identical in all subbands. The quantization step sizes are not optimized under the rate-distortion sense. We modify the EZW by applying the Lagrange multiplier to search for the best step size for each subband and allocate the bit rate for each subband accordingly. Then we implement the adaptive EZW codec to code the wavelet coefficients. Two coding environments, independent and dependent, are considered for the optimization process. The proposed image coder retains all the good features of the EZW, namely, embedded coding, progressive transmission, order of the important bits, and enhances it through the rate-distortion optimization with respect to the step sizes.
Investigation of the temperature dependence of ruthenocene photoluminescence

Abstract Computer analysis of the luminescence decay times of ruthenocene in the range of 4.2 to 77 K has yielded energies and decay parameters for the lowest excited states. The derived level pattern has been rationalized on the basis of a 3E1 (dd) term, split by ≈ 500 cm-1 by spin-orbit coupling into A2 + A1 + E1 + E2 components in order of increasing energy. From a preliminary Franck-Condon analysis of the well-structured luminescence observed at 4.2 K, the molecule is shown to be expanded in the excited A2 state, primarily along the principal symmetry axis.
Correction concerning electron paramagnetic resonance in human bone mineral.

A COMPLEX resonance has appeared in bone mineral, prepared by refluxing in ethylenediamine and washed free of the solvent with distilled water1,2. In a further attempt to characterize this resonance, non-aqueous solvents were used as washing agents and no resonances were consistently obtained in the prepared mineral. Subsequently, spectroscopic examination of the distilled water has shown it to contain 0.02–0.2 mg of copper/l. This and the virtual identity of the resonance shape with that of the absorbed cupric ion3–6 leave little doubt that the previously reported resonance from bone mineral was a powder spectrum of the adsorbed cupric ion. The same is also true of the similar resonance found in extracted bone collagen. We have now found no consistent resonances from bone mineral when it is rinsed free of the solvent in distilled–deionized water. This agrees with the results of a spectrographic analysis of the bone mineral similarly prepared (Table 1).
Less Eligibility: The Upper Limits Of Penal Policy:

The principle of less eligibility stipulates that if imprisonment is to act as a deterrent the treatment given a prisoner should not be superior to that provided a member of the lowest significant ...
Alternative Procedures for Enumeration of Desulfotomaculum nigrificans Spores In Raw Ingredients of Soy Protein‐Based Products

The effectiveness of commonly used enumeration media for measurement of laboratory-produced spore crops of Desulfotomaculum nigrificans was examined in comparison with a modified infant soy formula broth. While not significantly more productive in all cases, more spores were recovered in the modified infant soy formula (ISF broth) than in the other media tested. Rapid growth of D. nigrificans in infant soy formula was not uniquely associated with any commercial brand. An alternative procedure for the enumeration of D. nigrificans spores in soy protein isolate, including a heat shock and incubation time greater than current recommendations, was described. A specially formulated soytone based medium, used in a tube, was equal to or superior in productivity to sulfite agar. D. nigrificans spore counts different brands of soy protein isolates and concentrates ranged from <0.2–151/g with average counts of 16–26/g. In a limited study, spore counts for carageenan ranged from 45–163/g.
Nonlinear Flexural-Flexural-Torsional Dynamics of Inextensional Beams. II. Forced Motions

Abstract The nonplanar, nonlinear, resonant forced oscillations of a fixed-free beam are analyzed by a perturbation technique with the objective of determining quantitative and qualitative information about the response. The analysis is based on the differential equations of motion developed in Part I of this paper which retain not only the nonlinear inertia but also nonlinear curvature effects. It is shown that the latter play a significant role in the nonlinear flexural response of the beam.
GaInNAs(Sb) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers at 1.460 μm

We demonstrate a top emitting, electrically pumped, GaInNAsSb vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) grown monolithically on GaAs, lasing pulsed at a wavelength of 1.460 μm, at a chuck temperature of −10 °C, with a threshold current of 550 mA (16 kA/cm2) and a duty cycle of 0.1% for large mesas. Dilute nitrides, such as GaInNAs, have proven effective for lasers operating at 1.31 μm, but reaching longer wavelengths has proven difficult due to defects from low-temperature growth, surface roughening, and nitrogen-related defects. Reduction of oxygen contamination and careful attention to plasma conditions allow a similar extension to laser wavelength, by minimizing crystal defects introduced during growth. This is the first VCSEL on GaAs beyond 1.31 μm to date.
Antigang Legislation and its Potential Impact: The Promises and the Pitfalls:

A number of state legislatures have developed new strategies for addressing the problems of gang-related criminal behavior. Legislatures have both enhanced traditional criminal laws and drafted new legislation aimed specifically at alleviating the gang problem. One of the most comprehensive approaches originated in California where the first statute aimed exclusively at prohibiting the activities of criminal street gangs was enacted. The California Street Terrorism and Enforcement Prevention Act's primary focus was to make it a criminal offense to engage in criminal gang activity. A multitude of other states quickly followed suit and passed similar legislation. The purpose of the article is to examine the approach taken by state legislatures to make participating in gang activities a substantive crime. This approach will be analyzed in terms of its potential effectiveness as well as its potential for abuse and discriminatory application. Last, suggestions for improving existing statutes will be offered.
Distributed Parameter Control Systems Synthesis: An Iterative Approach

This paper presents an iterative synthesis procedure for minimax model matching for nonrational transfer matrices. Such model matching arises from various robust feedback control designs for a class of multi-input/ multi-output distributed parameter systems. Within each iteration only finite dimensional algorithms are utlized. The convergence of system performance to the H ? -optimum is established.
Involvement of Ral GTPase in v-Src-induced phospholipase D activation

AN early response to the tyrosine kinase activity of v-Src is an increase in phospholipase D (PLD) activity1, which leads to the generation of biologically active lipid second messengers, including phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol2. We have recently demonstrated that v-Src-induced PLD activity is mediated by Ras3, although Ras involvement was indirect, requiring a cytosolic factor for PLD activation3. Ras interacts with4–6 and activates Ral–GDS13, the exchange factor responsible for the activation of Ral GTPases. Here we report that this newly identified Ras/Ral signalling pathway mediates PLD activation by v-Src. PLD activity could be precipitated from v-Src-transformed cell lysates with immobilized RalA protein and with an anti-Ral antibody. A mutation to the region of RalA analogous to the 'effector domain' of Ras did not reduce the ability of RalA to complex with PLD, although deletion of a Ral-specific amino-terminal region did. Overexpression of RalA potentiated PLD activation by v-Src, and expression of dominant negative RalA mutants inhibited both v-Src- and v-Ras-induced PLD activity. Thus RalA is involved in the tyrosine kinase activation of PLD through its unique N terminus, and that PLD is a downstream target of a Ras/Ral GTPase cascade.
Total brain ischaemia in dogs: cerebral physiological and metabolic changes after 15 minutes of circulator arrest

Cross-clamping of the ascending aorta in dogs for 15 min produced severe neurological deficit, observed for up to 20 h. Immediately after restoration of the circulation, the intracranial pressure in the cisterna magna increased transiently to a mean peak of 22.8 Torr (SD +/- 1.7) because of a compensatory increase in systemic arterial pressure, without a fall in cerebral perfusion pressure. The intracranial pressure returned to control values 15-30 min after ischaemia and showed no secondary rise during the 8 h of observation. The electroencephalogram became isoelectric 34 +/- 6.5 s (mean +/-SD) after circulatory occlusion, and was abnormal when it reappeared 5 h 36 min (SD +/- 2 h 4 min) after the circulation was restored. The electrical impedance of the brain increased immediately after ischaemia and returned rapidly towards pre-ischaemic values during re-perfusion. The cerebral water had not increased measurably 4 h after ischaemia. After ischaemia, the lactate concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid increased to 4.7 mequiv./1(SEM +/-0.1) and the pH decreased to 7.17 (SEM +/-0.02); both returned to control values after 3.5 h. The cerebral glucose uptake was decreased 35 min after ischaemia, cerebral oxygen uptake remained unchanged but cerebral blood flow decreased (P less than 0.05 at 90 min). Immediately after cardiac arrest, recovery was impaired more by the presence of focal abnormal brain perfusion than by intracranial hypertension.
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor M3 Modulates Odorant Receptor Activity via Inhibition of β-Arrestin-2 Recruitment

The olfactory system in rodents serves a critical function in social, reproductive and survival behaviours. Processing of chemosensory signals in the brain is dynamically regulated in part by an animal's physiological state. We previously reported that type 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M3-Rs) physically interact with odorant receptors (ORs) to promote odour-induced responses in a heterologous expression system. However, it is not known how M3-Rs affect the ability of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) to respond to odours. Here, we show that an M3-R antagonist attenuates odour-induced responses in OSNs from wild-type, but not M3-R-null, mice. Using a novel molecular assay, we demonstrate that the activation of M3-Rs inhibits the recruitment of β-arrestin-2 to ORs, resulting in a potentiation of odour-induced responses in OSNs. These results suggest a role for acetylcholine in modulating olfactory processing at the initial stages of signal transduction in the olfactory system.
“Giant” Multishell CdSe Nanocrystal Quantum Dots with Suppressed Blinking

Semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) comprise an important class of inorganic fluorophores for applications from optoelectronics to biology. Unfortunately, to date, NQD optical properties (e.g., their efficient and particle-size-tunable photoluminescence) have been susceptible to instabilities at the bulk and single-particle levels. Specifically, ensemble quantum yields (QYs) in emission are dependent upon NQD surface chemistry and chemical environment, while at the single-particle level, NQDs are characterized by significant fluorescence intermittency (blinking) that hinders applications as single-photon light sources for quantum informatics and biolabels for real-time monitoring of single biomolecules. Furthermore, while NQDs are significantly more photostable than their organic dye counterparts, traditional NQDs photobleach over periods of seconds to many minutes. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that by encapsulating the NQD core in a sufficiently thick inorganic shell, we are able to divorce NQD function from NQD surface chemistry and chemical environment. We show that our "giant" NQDs (g-NQDs) are functionally distinct from standard core-only, core/shell and even core/multishell NQDs. g-NQDs are substantially less sensitive to changes in surface chemistry. They do not photobleach under continuous laser excitation over periods of several hours repeated over several days, and they exhibit markedly different blinking behavior; >20% of the g-NQDs do not blink, while >40% have on-time fractions of >80%. All of these observations are in stark contrast with control samples comprising core-only and standard, thinner core/multishell NQDs.
Microwave remote sensing of soil moisture: evaluation of the TRMM microwave imager (TMI) satellite for the Little River Watershed Tifton, Georgia

Soil moisture plays a critical role in many hydrological processes including infiltration, evaporation, and runoff. Satellitebased passive microwave sensors offer an effective way to observe soil moisture conditions over vast areas. There are currently several satellite systems that can detect soil moisture. Calibration, validation, and characterization of data received from these satellite systems are an ongoing process. One approach to these requirements is to collect and compare long-term in situ (field) measurements of soil moisture with remotely sensed data. The in situ measurements for this paper were collected at the Little River Watershed (LRW) Tifton, Georgia and compared to the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Microwave Imager (TMI) 10.65 GHz vertical and horizontial (V and H) sensors and vegetation density Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the period from 1999 through 2002. The in situ soil moisture probes exist in conjunction with rain gauge stations throughout the sampling region. It was found that the TMI was able to observe soil moisture conditions when vegetation levels were low. However, during several months each year high vegetation levels mask the soil moisture signal from the TMI. When the monthly averaged observation from the TMI, MODIS, and in situ probes were subjected to a multivariable comparison the correlation value increased slightly, improving the accuracy of the TMI—soil moisture correlation. Our results show that the TMI estimate would not result in an adequate monitoring of large land areas but when used in conjunction with other satellite sensors and in situ networks and model output can constitute an effective means of monitoring soil moisture of the land surface. q 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lack of political will and public trust dooms presumed consent.

The low rate of organ donation in the United States has created a severe shortage that results in the premature death of thousands of men, women, and children every year. Two frequently made propos...
Transmission-line analogue of carrier waves in solids

A general transmission-line analogue of carrier waves in solids has been developed. Collision and thermal-diffusion effects have been taken into account. This general result will be reduced to the well known transmission-line equivalent for an electron beam in a vacuum if both the collision and thermal effects are neglected and reduced to that of the electroacoustic waves if the carriers in the solid are stationary.
Towards an integrative and adaptive service system

Healthcare can be considered to be a service system. Indeed, the engineering of healthcare must recognize the fact that any service system is actually a complex integration of human-centered activities that is increasingly dependent on information technology and knowledge. In general, a service system can be considered to be a combination or recombination of three essential components — people (characterized by behaviors, values, knowledge, etc.), processes (characterized by collaboration, customization, etc.) and products (characterized by software, hardware, infrastructures, etc.); thus, services management is about managing an integrated and adaptive set of people, processes and products. Furthermore, inasmuch as a service system is an integrated system, it is, in essence, a system of systems which objectives are to enhance its efficiency (leading to greater interdependency), effectiveness (leading to greater usefulness), and adaptiveness (leading to greater responsiveness in the co-production framework). The integrative methods include a component's design, interface and interdependency; a decision's strategic, tactical and operational orientation; and an organization's data, modeling and cybernetic consideration. A number of insights are also provided, including an alternative system of systems management view of services; the increasing complexity of systems (especially service systems), with all the attendant life-cycle design, human interface, and system integration issues; the increasing need for real-time, adaptive decision making within such systems of systems; and the fact that modern systems are also becoming increasingly more human-centered, if not human-focused, thus, products and services are becoming more complex and more personalized or customized.
Therapeutic options in the management of strictures in Crohn's disease

Intestinal strictures are a commonly encountered problem in patients with Crohn’s disease. Endoscopic management with hydrostatic balloon dilation is an effective alternative to surgery in patients with endoscopically accessible lesions that are shorter than 7–8 cm. Endoscopic balloon dilation is the preferred initial modality in anastomotic strictures. The presence of inflammation near the stricture should not be considered a contraindication to dilation, and intralesional steroid injection should be considered in these patients with inflammation present in the area of the stricture. Further technological developments in endoscopes and balloon dilators may allow for broader application of these techniques. There are three general clinical patterns of Crohn’s disease—inflammatory, penetrating/fistulizing, and obstructive/fibrostenotic. Intestinal strictures are a frequent cause of obstructive symptoms, and are the indication for surgery in over half of operations for Crohn’s disease. The frequency with which intestinal strictures are found depends upon the anatomic location and the diagnostic method used. In the National Cooperative Crohn’s Disease Study, radiographic findings revealed small intestinal strictures in 21% of patients, and duodenal strictures in 5% [1]. The prevalence of colonic strictures in Crohn’s ranges from 4–5% in surgical series to 8–9% using barium studies or endoscopy, respectively [2,3]. Anorectal strictures complicated Crohn’s in 7.5% in one series of 160 patients with ileocolitis or colitis [4]. Complications from strictures may also arise from surgical treatments for Crohn’s disease. Recurrence after surgical resection for Crohn’s disease varies according to surgical series, with rates of 17–81% reported, depending upon definition (clinical, radiologic, endoscopic, or surgical) and length of follow-up
Pesticide Reactivity toward Hydroxyl and Its Relationship to Field Persistence

To estimate the reactivity of organic pesticides toward hydroxyl, a standard competitor, p-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline (PNDA), competes with a particular compound for the radicals produced by the p...
Integrated warehouse location and inventory decisions in a three-tier distribution system

A three-tier distribution network which consists of a single supplier at a given location, a single intermediate warehouse whose location is to be determined, and multiple retailers at given locations is examined. The problem is the integration of warehouse location and inventory replenishment decisions with the objective of minimizing the system-wide transportation and inventory-related costs. The case where the inventory replenishment decisions are coordinated using a power-of-two policy is considered and a mathematical model for the simultaneous computation of the warehouse coordinates and coordinated replenishment policy parameters is developed. The analytical properties of the integrated location-inventory model are characterized and efficient solution methods that rely on these properties are developed. Computational results demonstrating the performance of the proposed heuristic methods and the potential practical impact of integrated decision making for location and inventory decisions are reporte...
Mobile traffic surveillance system for dynamic roadway and vehicle traffic data integration

Embedded vehicle detector sensor systems used in today's roadways provide a direct measurement of traffic flow, roadway occupancy, and average speed. This type of sensor network does not directly measure traffic density; instead it is estimated from the other measured parameters. In this paper, we have developed systematic techniques to measure traffic conditions by utilizing both on- and off-board computer vision systems. A unique development technique is a combined computer vision and Global Positioning System (GPS)-equipped mobile traffic surveillance system to measure localized traffic density. In addition, we correlate the localized density measurement from the mobile system with the flow estimates from an embedded vehicle detector sensor system using a space-time diagram. Experiments have shown the complementary nature of these sensing techniques. We believe that with the increasing use of on-board vision sensors, more and more localized traffic information samples can be reported to this type of database. The combined analysis of temporal-spatial variable density and the embedded loop sensor data will provide a better and more reliable method for traffic condition estimation and prediction.
Variola and Monkeypox Viruses Utilize Conserved Mechanisms of Virion Motility and Release That Depend on Abl and Src Family Tyrosine Kinases

Vaccinia virus (VacV) enters mammalian cells, replicates extranuclearly, and produces virions that move to the cell surface along microtubules, fuse with the plasma membrane, and move from infected cells toward apposing cells on actin-filled membranous protrusions or actin tails. To form actin tails, cell-associated enveloped virions (CEV) require Abl and Src family tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, release of CEV from the cell requires Abl but not Src family tyrosine kinases and is blocked by imatinib mesylate (STI-571; Gleevec), an Abl family kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia in humans. Here we demonstrate that the Poxviridae family members monkeypox virus (MPX) and variola virus (VarV) use conserved mechanisms for actin motility and extracellular enveloped virion (EEV) release. Furthermore, we show that imatinib mesylate is effective in a mouse model of infection with VacV, whether delivered prophylactically or postinfection, and restricts spread of virions from the site of inoculation. While inhibitors of both Src and Abl family kinases, such as dasatinib (BMS-354825; Sprycel), are effective in limiting dissemination of VacV, VarV, and MPX in vitro, members of this class of drugs appear to have immunosuppressive effects in vivo that preclude their use as anti-infectives. Together, these data suggest a possible utility for imatinib mesylate in treating smallpox or MPX infections or complications associated with vaccination.
Exotic Quilt Patterns and Pattern Names in the 1920s and 1930s

AbstractA strong characteristic of American popular culture in the 1920s and 1930s was its fascination with all things “oriental,” or generally exotic. It was expressed in a multitude of areas, including furniture, fashion, movies and architecture. It was also evident in quiltmaking, an extremely popular pastime of the era, in the preponderance of patchwork patterns that had an exotic theme or name. Sometimes the designs of these patterns directly reflected their exotic names; most often they did not. The reasons for the popularity of exotic pattern names are varied. Certainly, pattern designers were capitalizing on the fashion for anything oriental. But, as this paper will propose, ladies' magazine publishers and quilt column writers also were reacting to Americans' ambivalence about Asians—their fear of the “yellow peril” mixed with their admiration for Eastern design. By naming and renaming patterns and, more importantly, by mixing oriental, “colonial,” and modern imagery and verbiage, they diluted the...
Measurement of Exhaust Emissions From Two J-58 Engines at Simulated Supersonic Cruise Flight Conditions

Emissions of total oxides of nitrogen, unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide from two J-58 afterburning turbojet engines at simulated high-altitude flight conditions are reported. Test conditions included flight speeds from Mach 2 to 3 at altitudes from 16 to 23 km. For each flight condition, exhaust measurements were made for four or five power levels from maximum power without afterburning through maximum afterburning. The data show that exhaust emissions vary with flight speed, altitude, power level, and radial position across the exhaust. Oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emissions decreased with increasing altitude, and increased with increasing flight speed. NOX emission indices with afterburning were less than half the value without afterburning. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions increased with increasing altitude, and decreased with increasing flight speed. Emissions of these species were substantially higher with afterburning than without.
The Remote Link Unit---An Advanced Remote Terminal Concept

Remote terminal units are extensively used in digital automation systems to interface a central processing unit (CPU) to remotely located sensors and actuators. This paper presents a conceptual description of the remote link unit (RLU) which overcomes inherent limitations of remote terminal units. The RLU utilizes a single type of interface card to support most process I/O interfaces. The RLU identifies sensors, actuators, and subsystems through the use of electronic nameplates. Each nameplate provides information regarding device function, location, interface parameters, and calibration status. In addition it stores programs for device handling, engineering unit conversion, and device diagnosis. The RLU allows sensors and actuators to be relocated or substituted without requiring changes in the CPU software to correct device addresses or conversion constants. The electronic nameplate may also be used for inventory control, automatic calibration, and maintenance of devices.
Dual topological unitarization: An ordered approach to Hadron theory

Abstract A review is given of developments between 1973 and 1977 that have added the concept of order to general S -matrix principles with the aim of constructing a bootstrap theory of hadrons.
Doppler ultrasonography screening of poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage patients increases the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis

Abstract Background: Prophylactic anticoagulation greatly decreases the prevalence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in neurosurgical patients. Using Doppler ultrasonography (USG), recent studies demonstrate a 1% DVT detection rate following microsurgery or endovascular treatment for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We hypothesize that reported statistics underestimate the DVT detection rate in this high risk cohort by accounting for only symptomatic thromboses. This study utilizes Doppler USG to examine the prevalence of DVT in a large population of aSAH patients and attempts to identify a high-risk subgroup within this cohort. Methods: We retrospectively examined 178 aSAH patients who underwent screening lower extremity Dopplers (LEDs) and 57 who did not undergo screening LEDs. All received pharmacologic and mechanical DVT prophylaxis. We analysed DVT prevalence within these two groups and compared rates to the literature. We then segregated patients according to Hunt–Hess grade and determined D...
Family and sex-specific U.S. immigration from Europe, 1870–1910: A panel data study of rates and composition

Abstract This paper develops and estimates models of family and sex-specific emigration, as well as the sex composition of this emigration, from 12 European source countries to the U.S. for the period 1870–1910. The models are based on the distinction between economic migrants (males, single females, and some married females) and tied or trailing migrants (females) and are estimated with panel data, including data that relate to the occupational/industrial structure of male and female economic activity in source countries. Hausman-Taylor instrumental variable estimates suggest that although both males and females responded to labor-market signals, males were more responsive than females to per capita GDP differences. Moreover, compared to the rest of Europe, Ireland, and Scandinavia were the sources of many young, single male, and female migrants, who responded strongly to gaps in economic opportunities. In fact, much of the European response to such gaps appears to be due to migrants from Ireland and Scandinavia. Females tended to originate in English-speaking countries and countries that were agriculturally oriented. Service and manufacturing jobs in source countries discouraged the migration of females relative to males. Males tended to follow recent migrants more than females, but females responded more to long-term influences as measured by stocks of migrants from their source countries who had previously settled in the U.S. Countries with high birth rates had relatively fewer female emigrants, whereas those with high rates of natural increase 20 years earlier experienced relatively more male emigration. Intact families, other family members (including family-strategy male migrants and trailing female migrants), and single males and females responded strongly to economic incentives, but the singles were most responsive followed by family-strategy males.