cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Construction of High-Capacity Air-Blast Circuit Breakers

THE air-blast principle of circuit interruption is a recent introduction to the United States, although interrupting devices utilizing compressed air have been available in Europe for a number of years. The service performance of European breakers has been satisfactory, but inherent limitations prevented adoption in this country where large values of fault current and high rates of rise of recovery voltage are the rule rather than the exception. Exhaustive tests on forms of available air breakers heretofore available have shown that approximately 40,000 amperes represents the maximum current that can be safely interrupted at generator voltage, and then only under conditions of moderate rate of rise of recovery voltage. This fact alone made it essential, if air breakers were to be utilized, to develop an entirely different type, since applications in this country have commonly required oil breakers with interrupting ratings up to 60,000 amperes at 15 kv. Even this value of current does not represent the maximum requirement, since an increasingly strong demand exists for ratings at least up to 100,000 amperes at 15 kv or 2,500,000 kva.
Response to ten generations of divergent selection for tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens: growth, egg production, and hatchability

Abstract Continued genetic selection for improved BW gain has met an obstacle of skeletal disorders in broiler chickens. Two broiler chicken lines (HTD and LTD) were developed by 10 generations of divergent selection for tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) incidence originating from commercial primary breeders. The reference population was a randombred control line maintained along with the selected lines. Relationships of TD incidence with BW, egg production (EP), and hatchability were assessed using these lines. The response of TD to selection was asymmetric, favoring an increased TD incidence. Mean TD incidence increased 7.6 percentage points per generation during Generation 1 through 10 in males and 9.1 percentage points in females of the HTD line but did not change significantly in the LTD line at 4 wk of age. Responses of the HTD line in early (1 to 4) generations were greater than in later (6 to 10) generations, in contrast to nonsignificant responses for both durations in the LTD line. The 4-wk BW of the HTD line was slightly heavier than or similar to that of the LTD line within generations. The HTD line birds tended to decrease 7-wk BW with advancing generations. The trend of changes in BW was not as clear in the LTD lines as in the HTD line. The variability of 7-wk BW had an increased trend with advancing generations in the HTD line, accompanied by a decreased additive genetic variability of TD due to continued selection. The average EP in the LTD hens was 7.6 percentage points higher than in the HTD from Generations 1 through 10. Mean hatchability in the LTD line did not differ from that in the HTD line within generation. Responses of EP and hatchability, components associated with fitness, appeared slower towards increased fitness than towards decreased fitness.
Pavlovian conditioning: the CS-UR relation.

A new Pavlovian procedure used fluid-elicited throat-movement responses of the pigeon (N = 66) to study the effects on conditioning of the temporal relation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) to the unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response (US-UR). Because the throat-movement response has a substantial latency and duration, the relation of the CS to the US and UR could be independently evaluated. Four experiments indicated that, operationally, the relation of the CS to the UR-not to the US-is critical for conditioning in this preparation. The conventional emphasis on CS-US relations is based on procedures that confound the occurrence of the US with the UR and that foster generalization decrement between training and testing. The authors indicate how several conditioning phenomena may be reinterpreted in terms of CS-UR relations.
Legal history of emergency medicine from medieval common law to the AIDS epidemic

The early development of legal obligation in emergency medicine is traced through medieval English common law to the first stages of American law after Independence. An identifiable set of legal principles in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is described. The movement away from an absence of legal and ethical duties to answer any emergencies, or to offer any emergency services in hospitals, toward a growing demand for access to emergency services in the middle decades of the twentieth century is reviewed. The enactment of Good Samaritan Laws is described, along with other federal and state law reforms. In the modern era, there has been a substantial legal and ethical change to a requirement of extensive duties to operate open-admission emergency services in virtually all acute-care hospitals. The AIDS epidemic is utilized as a case example of expanded legal and ethical duties to offer emergency care in a nondiscriminatory manner to all patients presenting at hospital emergency departments.
Multiport characteristics of a wide-band cavity backed annular patch antenna for multipolarization operations

This paper focuses on the multiport characterization of antennas. In particular, special attention is given to the cavity backed annular patch antenna (CABAPA) for multipolarization operations. We will show that the reflection coefficient is not the best representative parameter to determine the frequency response of the multiport antenna and its radiation performance. Therefore, we seek a new generalized parameter that conveys the frequency response of multiport antennas. The total active reflection coefficient (TARC) is introduced as the square root of the sum of all incident powers at the ports minus radiated power, divided by the sum of all incident powers at the ports. The TARC is a function of frequency and is a real number between zero and one. With this definition we can characterize the multiport antenna's frequency bandwidth and radiation performance. A method for calculating the TARC is detailed for different port excitations directly from the scattering matrix of the antenna and independent of the feeding network. First, the CABAPA is analyzed by the method of moments. Next, the corresponding scattering matrix is employed to calculate the TARC for different polarizations. The calculated results, when compared to the measured results, show good agreement. The measured -10 dB TARC bandwidth of the CABAPA is 30% compared with 68% as measured using only the s/sub 11/.
Sentimentality in Life and Literature

In his paper “In Defense of Sentimentality” in the book of the same name, Robert Solomon aims to rehabilitate the concept of sentimentality both in life and in literature, and to defend it against its many critics. He argues that the root sense of “sentimentality” is simply “an expression of and appeal to the tender emotions” and that the most common criticisms of sentimentality as a kind of emotional affectation, falsity, or self-indulgence fail. In this paper I argue that the critics are right to say that sentimentality in real life can be ethically problematic, but that Solomon is right to say that sentimental responses to sentimental literature are (usually) ethically harmless. It’s true that sentimental literature is not usually “great literature.” Its goal is usually pleasure rather than increasing our moral understanding, and partly for this reason it may not be as aesthetically valuable as the great realist novels of George Eliot, Henry James and company. On the other hand, Solomon is quite right to argue that sentimental novels serve an important ethical function in promoting what literary scholar Robyn Warhol calls the “effeminate” virtues of tenderness and compassion.
Modulation of zinc release from bioactive sol–gel derived SiO2‐CaO‐ZnO glasses and ceramics

Zinc is an essential trace element which may be effective in promoting hard tissue healing. Glasses in the SiO2-CaO-ZnO system were synthesized via sol–gel methods. Using a constant silica content (70 mol %), the ratio of Ca to Zn was varied (1.5, 3.5, or 6.5), as was the stabilization temperature (650, 750, or 850°C), to examine such effects on the bioactive response and zinc release in simulated body fluid (SBF). XRD revealed the development of CaSiO3 and Ca2ZnSi2O7 crystalline phases during stabilization at 850°C only. N2 adsorption analysis determined that the specific surface area (BET) varied between 14 and 179 m2/g and was dependent on composition and stabilization temperature, as was the average initial pore size (51–125 A). The formation of hydroxycarbonate (HCA) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was observed at 14 days for samples stabilized at 650 or 750°C. Only ACP layers were observed on such samples prior to 14 day. Relative to the Ca levels at 14 day (60–485 μg/ml), Zn levels in solution were relatively low (0.06–1.18 μg/ml). EDX and ICP data suggested that released Zn was incorporated into the forming calcium phosphate reaction layer, thereby preventing concentrations of the essential trace element from reaching potentially toxic levels. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Tilted lamellae in an affinely deformed 3D macrolattice and elliptical features in small‐angle scattering

Lamellar reflections in small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering patterns of uniaxially drawn semicrystalline polymers appear to fall on elliptical or hyperbolic arcs. We attribute this to a 3D lattice of tilted lamellae, a macrolattice. Affine deformation of this lattice, such as during uniaxial draw, moves and spreads the reflections along elliptical arcs, and nonaffine deformation, such as during rolling, moves and spreads the reflections along an arc that deviates from an ellipse. Discrete reflections are the product of two functions: the elliptical trace that is the Fourier transform of the affinely deformed lattice and the radial streak that is the Fourier transform of the individual lamella in the reciprocal space. Four-point patterns are obtained if the lamellar-surface normal is tilted away from the fiber-axis, and two-point patterns if it is not. This model is used to discuss the transformation between four- and two-point patterns and other changes in lamellar morphology that occur during drawing and annealing of oriented semicrystalline polymers. The deformation of the macrolattice of crystalline lamellae, need not be correlated to the tilt of the lamellae. The tilt of the lamellae is shown to be important. It reflects the cross-sectional area mismatch at the lamellar surface between crystalline stems and amorphous chains segments, and this indicates the internal strain in the interfibrillar amorphous regions.
SPIDER, A Chip Planner for ISL Technology

Chip planning refers to organizing the layout of a chip and determining the feasibility of integration of a design without performing a detailed layout. This paper describes a chip planning tool called SPIDER (Spatial Planning and Interactive Development Environment for Research), for planning the layout of custom VLSI chips specific to ISL (Integrated Schottky Logic) technology. The tool provides estimates for function block areas, interconnection wiring space and a floorplan. Novel features of the chip planner are described. These include, the idea of a sizing model and algorithms for dimension allocation.
Timing accuracy of self-encoded spread spectrum navigation with communication

The authors present the timing accuracy of self-encoded spread spectrum (SESS) in navigation. SESS eliminates the need for traditional transmit and receive pseudo noise code generators. As the term implies, the spreading code is instead obtained from the random digital information source itself. SESS was shown to improve system performance significantly in fading channels. In this study, the authors investigate the timing accuracy of SESS in comparison to m-sequence and Gold code. SESS can be an excellent candidate for navigation with communication.
Display and Analysis of Planar Myocardial Perfusion Images

The display and nomenclature of nuclear cardiology images has been standardized. The analysis of nuclear cardiology images should follow a systematic approach and sequence as outlined in the Imaging Guidelines for Nuclear Cardiology Procedures, Part 2 (1) (on line: http://www.asnc.org; menu: library and resources: guidelines and standards).
Trajectories of ADL Disability Among Community-Dwelling Frail Older Persons

This study examines how activity of daily living (ADL) disability of community-living frail elders changes in a two-year period and how the pattern of change varies between those who subsequently died or were institutionalized and those who continued to live in the community. Multiple waves of data from a cohort of older participants (N = 3,161) in Michigan’s Medicaid Waiver Program were analyzed using the hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) approach. The results suggest that changes in ADL disability were nonlinear and the pattern of change varied by their subsequent status. Participants who subsequently died or were institutionalized exhibited a steep increase in ADL disability during the last few months before the events, whereas continued community residents were relatively stable in ADL disability during the two-year study period. Within each group, substantial individual variation in ADL disability trajectories exists. Implications of the findings to research and practice are discussed.
An unconditionally stable two-stage CMOS amplifier

This paper describes a two-stage CMOS amplifier that is stable for any capacitive load. This is achieved through the use of an optimized cascoded compensation topology. A new level shifting technique allows independent optimization of drive capability, noise and systematic offset voltage. The circuit is 0.1 mm/sup 2/ in a 2 /spl mu/m technology and has a quiescent current consumption of 110 /spl mu/A. >
Learning curves for breast cancer sentinel lymph node mapping based on surgical volume analysis.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Implementation of new procedures, including lymphatic mapping for breast cancer, must be done and overseen by the medical community in a responsible way to ensure that the procedures are performed correctly. This study addresses the issues of adequacy of training and certification of surgeons performing lymphatic mapping. Ensuring quality in surgical care requires outcomes measures that are described in this study. STUDY DESIGN: Sixteen surgeons performed lymphatic mapping in 2,255 patients with breast cancer using a combination blue dye and Tc 99m -labeled sulfur colloid to identify the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). All participants were trained in a 2-day CME-accredited course. The Cox learning curve model (total number of mapping failures / total number of mapping cases) for a consecutive series of lymphatic mapping cases is described. The relationship of the Surgical Volume Index, the cases performed in a 30-day period, to the failure rate for each surgeon was modeled as a logistic regression curve (y = e a+bx / [1 + e a+bx ]). RESULTS: Surgeons performing less than three SLN biopsies per month had an average success rate of 86.23% ± 8.30%. Surgeons performing three to six SLN biopsies per month had a success rate of 88.73% ± 6.36%. Surgeons performing more than six SLN biopsies per month had a success rate of 97.81% ± 0.44%. CONCLUSIONS: This experience defines a learning curve for lymphatic mapping in breast cancer patients. Data suggest that increased volumes lead to decreased failure rates. These data provide surgeons performing SLN biopsy with a new paradigm for assessing their skill and adequacy of training and describes the relationship between volume of cases performed and success rate of SLN detection.
Yersinia enterocolitica TyeA, an Intracellular Regulator of the Type III Machinery, Is Required for Specific Targeting of YopE, YopH, YopM, and YopN into the Cytosol of Eukaryotic Cells

Pathogenic Yersinia species employ type III machines to target effector Yops into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Yersinia tyeA mutants are thought to be defective in the targeting of YopE and YopH without affecting the injection of YopM, YopN, YopO, YopP, and YopT into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. One model suggests that TyeA may form a tether between YopN (LcrE) and YopD on the bacterial surface, a structure that may translocate YopE and YopH across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells (M. Iriarte, M. P. Sory, A. Boland, A. P. Boyd, S. D. Mills, I. Lambermont, and G. R. Cornelis, EMBO J. 17:1907-1918, 1998). We have examined the injection of Yop proteins by tyeA mutant yersiniae with the digitonin fractionation technique. We find that tyeA mutant yersiniae not only secreted YopE, YopH, YopM, and YopN into the extracellular medium but also targeted these polypeptides into the cytosol of HeLa cells. Protease protection, cell fractionation, and affinity purification experiments suggest that TyeA is located intracellularly and binds to YopN or YopD. We propose a model whereby TyeA functions as a negative regulator of the type III targeting pathway in the cytoplasm of yersiniae, presumably by preventing the export of YopN.
Desorption Kinetics and Energetics of Monodisperse Fomblin Zdol from Carbon Surfaces

10 19.6(0.3 s -1 and 10 21.1(0.3 s -1 for the 994 and 1329 g/mole Zdol fractions, respectively. These results clearly reveal the chain length dependence of the ¢E des , and the high values of the pre-exponents are similar to those observed for desorption of other oligomeric species from graphite.
Improving Patient Safety in Clinical Oncology: Applying Lessons From Normal Accident Theory.

Concerns for patient safety persist in clinical oncology. Within several nonmedical areas (eg, aviation, nuclear power), concepts from Normal Accident Theory (NAT), a framework for analyzing failure potential within and between systems, have been successfully applied to better understand system performance and improve system safety. Clinical oncology practice is interprofessional and interdisciplinary, and our therapies often have narrow therapeutic windows. Thus, many of our processes are, in NAT terms, interactively complex and tightly coupled within and across systems and are therefore prone to unexpected behaviors that can result in substantial patient harm. To improve safety at the University of North Carolina, we have applied the concepts of NAT to our practice to better understand our systems’ behavior and adopted strategies to reduce complexity and coupling. Furthermore, recognizing that we cannot eliminate all risks, we have stressed safety mindfulness among our staff to further promote safety. Many specific examples are provided herein. The lessons from NAT are translatable to clinical oncology and may help to promote safety.
Moral accountability: motives for corporate social responsibility

Social well-being has been considered an institutional construct based on choices by economic and political concerns over how to alleviate disparities in production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. These choices may be based on moral, as well as economic, concerns. This seems to imply a sense of responsibility which may, but not necessarily, fall to corporate decision makers concerned with the workings of an economic market. These decision makers are driven by a variety of motives. My primary interest is in the components of human well-being, the design of institutions that seek to realise, among many goals, the notion of social responsibility, and what motivates these types of decision makers.
A visit to the information mall: Web searching behavior of high school students

This article analyzes Web searching behavior for homework assignments of high school students through field observations in class and at the terminal with students thinking aloud, and through interviews with various participants, including the teacher and librarian. Students performed focused searching and progressed through a search swiftly and flexibly. They used landmarks and assumed that one can always start a new search and ask for help. They were satisfied with their searches and the results, but impatient with slow response. The students enjoyed searching the Web because it had a variety of formats, it showed pictures, it covered a multitude of subjects and it provided easy access to information. Difficulties and problems students encountered emphasize the need for training to all involved, and for a system design that is based on user seeking and searching behavior.
Wound Complications in Preoperatively Irradiated Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Extremities

Purpose To determine whether the involvement of plastic surgery and the use of vascularized tissue flaps reduces the frequency of major wound complications after radiation therapy for soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) of the extremities. Methods and Materials This retrospective study evaluated patients with STS of the extremities who underwent radiation therapy before surgery. Major complications were defined as secondary operations with anesthesia, seroma/hematoma aspirations, readmission for wound complications, or persistent deep packing. Results Between 1996 and 2010, 73 patients with extremity STS were preoperatively irradiated. Major wound complications occurred in 32% and secondary operations in 16% of patients. Plastic surgery closed 63% of the wounds, and vascularized tissue flaps were used in 22% of closures. When plastic surgery performed closure the frequency of secondary operations trended lower (11% vs 26%; P =.093), but the frequency of major wound complications was not different (28% vs 38%; P =.43). The use of a vascularized tissue flap seemed to have no effect on the frequency of complications. The occurrence of a major wound complication did not affect disease recurrence or survival. For all patients, 3-year local control was 94%, and overall survival was 72%. Conclusions The rates of wound complications and secondary operations in this study were very similar to previously published results. We were not able to demonstrate a significant relationship between the involvement of plastic surgery and the rate of wound complications, although there was a trend toward reduced secondary operations when plastic surgery was involved in the initial operation. Wound complications were manageable and did not compromise outcomes.
Carotid artery repair for radiation-associated atherosclerosis is a safe and durable procedure

Abstract Objective: The development of carotid atherosclerosis after neck irradiation is well documented. There has been concern about the safety and durability of carotid artery repair through a radiated field. The objective of this report is to describe the immediate and long-term results of a series of cases collected in a 13-year interval. Methods: From 1984 to 1997, 24 patients underwent 26 carotid artery operations. All the patients had undergone prior radiation therapy at a mean interval of 17 years, with an average radiation dose of 6300 rad. Severe scarring of the skin or radiation fibrosis were present in two thirds of the patients, with 4 patients having permanent tracheostomies. The indications for carotid surgery included cerebral or monocular transient ischemic attack (58%), asymptomatic high-grade stenosis (27%), prior stroke (12%), and tumor invasion of the carotid artery (4%). General anesthesia was used with selective shunting on the basis of carotid artery back pressure or electroencephalography monitoring. Patch angioplasty closure was used in 79% of the patients. The operations included standard carotid endarterectomy (n = 20), external carotid endarterectomy (n = 2), carotid patch angioplasty alone (n = 2), aortocarotid bypass grafting (n = 1), and carotid interposition grafting (n = 1). Four patients required skin grafting or myocutaneous flaps. Results: No deaths or strokes occurred within 30 days of the operations. Six patients had transient cranial nerve palsy, and two had wound infections. The patients were followed from 1 to 156 months, with six patients being followed for longer than 18 months. No strokes were seen at late follow-up examination. Duplex scan examination documented one occlusion, in a patient with primary closure, and two restenoses, one of which necessitated reoperation. The remainder of the grafts were widely patent. Conclusions: Carotid surgery after neck irradiation is safe and durable. The long-term patency rates and the protection against subsequent neurologic events are similar to the results obtained in the absence of radiation therapy. Problems of wound healing were not found in this series. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:90-9.)
The strength-dexterity test as a measure of dynamic pinch performance.

Abstract We have developed a method to quantify the dynamic interaction between fingertip force magnitude (strength) and directional control (dexterity) during pinch with a novel strength–dexterity (S–D) test based on the principle of buckling of compression springs. The test consists of asking participants to use key and opposition pinch to attempt to fully compress springs, in random order, with a wide range of combinations of strength and dexterity requirements. The minimum force required to fully compress the spring and the propensity of the spring to buckle define the strength and dexterity requirements, respectively. The S–D score for each pinch style was the sum of the strength values of all springs successfully compressed fully. We tested 3 participant groups: 18 unimpaired young adults (⩽40 yr), 10 unimpaired older adults (>40 yr), and 14 adults diagnosed with carpo-metacarpal osteoarthritis (CMC OA) (⩾36 yr). We investigated the repeatability of the S–D test with 74 springs by testing 14 young adults twice on different days. The per-spring repeatability across subjects was ⩾94%. A minimum performance score for young adults was found as they all could compress a subset of 39 springs. Using this subset of springs, we compared the ability of the S–D score vs. maximal pinch force values to distinguish unimpaired hands from those with CMC OA of the thumb. The score for this 39-spring S–D test distinguished between CMC OA and asymptomatic older adults, whereas pinch meter readings did not ( p
Design and Assessment Techniques for Fish Passage at Culverts and Bridges

Research at Washington State University is bringing together state-of-the-art and state-of-practice fish passage design criteria from across the nation - covering culvert and bridge installations or retrofits. A Federal Highways manual entitled Hydraulic Engineering Circular 26 “Design of Fish Passage at Bridge and Culverts” (HEC-26) will be the amalgamation of a comprehensive literature review, input from state departments of transportation, non-governmental organizations, and other interested parties. HEC-26 will include a compilation and comparison of design methods, culvert and stream assessment techniques, case studies, and design examples. The manual will provide a set of guidelines to any party interested in the design or retrofit of culverts and bridges to meet fish passage requirements, and is intended to streamline the design process. This paper presents a summary and comparison of design, retrofit and field assessment techniques employed to evaluate the barrier status of existing culverts. A number of alternatives have been developed for the design of fish-crossings, and although the exact specifications of each method vary from state to state, the overarching concepts remain the same. General methodologies fall into two categories, which meet the needs of most crossing structures: Stream Simulation and Hydraulic Design. The appropriateness of the design method is dictated by the level of stream-reach connectivity required and project budget. Fish passage assessment is essential to prioritize culvert improvement projects, and shows many similarities across the nation. The results presented within this paper will be used to shape the discussion of design procedure and culvert assessment techniques within HEC-26.
A Risk Modeling Framework for the Pharmaceutical Industry

This conceptual paper seeks to advance a theoretical discussion on risk modeling and how it is used within the context of business process modeling. It discusses developments in risk modeling and then shows how they have been applied to the USA pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry is a particularly interesting example in that it is bound on one side by stringent USA government mandates, and on the other by a risk adverse consumer population. A third aspect, the expanding cost structure of drug production and compliance, adds to the complexity of the problem. The discussion of risk in this paper applies mainly to regulated industries, and may be less applicable to more unregulated industry sectors. The important lesson for researchers is that a risk framework can play a significant part in business process modeling. The format for this paradigm may very well resemble a process repository, similar to those found in knowledge management systems.
Der-p2 ( Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergen-like protein from the hard tick Ixodes ricinus - a novel member of ML (MD-2-related lipid-recognition) domain protein family.

Objective. Expression of the gene encoding Der-p2 allergen-like protein in the castor bean tick Ixodes ricinus is induced by blood intake. Tick Der-p2 allergen-like protein belongs to a diverse family of ML proteins that includes major allergens of house dust mites, human MD-2 or similar proteins from Drosophila melanogaster. In ticks, genes encoding proteins belonging to the ML protein family were identified, but their protein products have not been characterized yet. Methods. A gene encoding tick Der-p2 allergen-like protein was amplified from cDNA of engorged I. ricinus female using the gene-specific primers designed on a basis of partial sequences of related allergen-like genes. The tissue and state specific patterns of expression of the gene were analysed. The IgE binding activity of the produced recombinant protein was studied by use of ELISA. Results. Analysis of the expression pattern showed that the gene encoding the tick Der-p2 allergen-like protein is strongly induced by the bloodmeal in gut and haemolymph throughout all tick developmental stages. Der-p2 allergen-like protein possesses a putative lipid-binding site, according to the comparisons with the related proteins. The ability of tick Der-p2 allergen-like protein to bind immunoglobulin E (IgE) was revealed. Discussion. The presence of a putative lipid-binding domain in Der-p2 allergen-like protein and its ability to interact with IgE might indicate the involvement of the protein in the tick's immune response.
On Some Thedretical Considerations for RF Transmission of Quadraphonic Sound

Present proposed FM quadraphonic transmission systems are shown to be narrow-band FM schemes. Hence, the FM noise improvement properties of mono-FM transmission are not realizable. On theoretical grounds, it is shown that 1) there exists a compatible quadraphonic scheme that preserves the wide-band FM properties of stereophonic FM, 2) allows two additional channels of information to be impressed upon the carrier, and 3) offers a 4.7 db improvement in quadraphonic transmission as compared to the presently pro-proposed FM quadraphonic schemes.
Pinning control of spatiotemporal chaos

Linear control theory is used to develop an improved localized control scheme for spatially extended chaotic systems, which is applied to a coupled map lattice as an example. The optimal arrangement of the control sites is shown to depend on the symmetry properties of the system, while their minimal density depends on the strength of noise in the system. The method is shown to work in any region of parameter space and requires a significantly smaller number of controllers compared to the method proposed earlier by Hu and Qu [Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 68 (1994)]. A nonlinear generalization of the method for a 1D lattice is also presented.
The Trouble with Investment Banking: Cluelessness, Not Greed

We assume that the set of marketable financial instruments can be divided into two distinct categories: (1) easy-to-price and (2) difficult-to-price, and then isolate two behavioral effects as most important with respect to securities trading in difficult-to-price securities; specifically, the house-money-effect and the earned-money-effect. It is shown that these behavioral effects discourage profitable investment in research effort.We then argue that the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”) safe harbor should not apply to investment banks that issue/underwrite difficult-to-price securities. We also advocate for the return of the private investment banking partnership as the most sensible way in which to get the relevant behavioral incentives right vis-a-vis the bank and its investor-clients and propose two regulatory measures designed to induce such banks to structure themselves as private partnerships where they are otherwise free to publicly incorporate. Finally, we suggest that fiduciary responsibilities owed to investors by investment advisers/broker-dealers transacting in these kinds of securities must be strengthened/weakened, respectively. Current reform proposals blur the distinction between these two financial actors. We argue that the line must be drawn as bright as possible in order to make as salient as possible to investors in whom they can repose their trust and confidence. Moreover, instead of passing legislation designed to eliminate or reduce proprietary transactions, this Article argues for just the opposite – that legislation be passed to make the incentives facing broker-dealers and registered investment advisers (and investment banks as well) look more like those of the typical hedge fund – not less.
The Revolutionary Black Roots of Slavery's Abolition in Massachusetts

In 1773–74 and again in 1777, people of African descent in Massachusetts successfully lobbied a governing body to take up the question of slavery as it related to an entire enslaved population. The essay examines their petitions, the first such abolitionist activity in the colonies and in England as well.
Effectiveness of Call-Broadcast Surveys To Detect Territorial Peregrine Falcons

Abstract We developed and tested a 10-min call-broadcast survey protocol using conspecific vocalizations to assess Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) territory occupancy in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona from 2008–10. Response rate of peregrines, when adults were confirmed present immediately prior to broadcasting, averaged 83% during the breeding season and peaked at 100% during the courtship stage. Detection trials conducted at known occupied territories, when peregrine locations were unknown at the time of the broadcast, resulted in an average 78% detection rate across the breeding season, as compared to a 79% detection rate using the 4-hr default passive survey protocol from 2006–09. We detected peregrines in 42% of broadcast trials during the post-breeding period (September–October) in 2009. We did not observe differences in response rates related to time of day or distance from the broadcast point to the eyrie (85–1600 m). All peregrine responses during detection tria...
The provision of global public goods: a game-theoretic comparison of international environment and knowledge

This paper provides a game theory perspective in comparing and contrasting the provision of international environment and knowledge as global public goods (GPGs). Because GPGs have the properties of non-rivalry in consumption and non-excludable access, the latter usually causes the free rider problem, and thus the under-provision of GPGs. From a game theory perspective, such a problem is similar to the multiple-player prisoners' dilemma. To resolve the under-production problem in international environment, a sufficiently large number of countries must be willing to participate in the international environmental agreement (IEA). It is also possible for all the countries to participate in the IEA, if the developed countries are willing to offer the technology transfers and finance assistance to the developing countries. To resolve the under-provision problem of knowledge creation, countries can resort to limiting the access to the knowledge with an access fee based on intellectual property rights (IPRs). However, stronger IPRs may also widen the knowledge gap between the developed countries and developing countries since most of the knowledge creation occurs in the developed countries. The paper also provides a number of possible solutions to improve international cooperation as well as the directions for future research.
When alcohol abstinence criteria create ethical dilemmas for the liver transplant team

In the setting of transplant medicine, decision making needs to take into account the multiple clinical and psychosocial case variables, rather than turn to arbitrary rules that cannot be scientifically supported
Changing maternal and child health in Uganda.

The process of modernization in developing countries is accompanied by inevitable changes in the patterns of human reproductive activity. The East African country of Uganda illustrates this transition and the challenge it poses for the health professions. In particular, the problem of introducing preventive measures, the fruits of which are deferred, in the face of unmet demand for curative medical help, poses great difficulty. Experience in a program stressing preventive family care is reviewed, and the potential for enhancement of this approach is discussed.
Instructional Design Models

Design has become increasingly important in a number of technology-related fields. Even the business world is now seen as primarily a designed venue, where better design principles often equate to increased revenue (Baldwin and Clark, Design rules, Vol. 1: The power of modularity, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000; Clark et al., Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 3:729–771, 1987; Martin, The design of business: Why design thinking is the next competitive advantage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2009). Research on the design process has increased proportionally, and within the field of instructional design (ID) this research has tended to focus almost exclusively on the use of design models. This chapter examines the emergence of the standard design model in ID, its proliferation, its wide dissemination, and a narrowing of focus which has occurred over time. Parallel and divergent developments in design research outside the field are considered in terms of what might be learned from them. The recommendation is that instructional designers should seek more robust and searching descriptions of design with an eye to advancing how we think about it and therefore how we pursue design (Gibbons and Yanchar, Educ Technol 50(4):16–26, 2010).
FOUR OPTIONS FOR ELIMINATING PROPERTY TAXES AND FUNDING LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN GEORGIA.

The author looks at ways the state of Georgia could help reduce or eliminate local property taxes, such as with grants or rebates to property owners.
Biophysical mechanism of transient retinal phototropism in rod photoreceptors

Oblique light stimulation evoked transient retinal phototropism (TRP) has been recently detected in frog and mouse retinas. High resolution microscopy of freshly isolated retinas indicated that the TRP is predominated by rod photoreceptors. Comparative confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed that the TRP predominantly occurred from the photoreceptor outer segment (OS). However, biophysical mechanism of rod OS change is still unknown. In this study, frog retinal slices, which open a cross section of retinal photoreceptor and other functional layers, were used to test the effect of light stimulation on rod OS. Near infrared light microscopy was employed to monitor photoreceptor changes in retinal slices stimulated by a rectangular-shaped visible light flash. Rapid rod OS length change was observed after the stimulation delivery. The magnitude and direction of the rod OS change varied with the position of the rods within the stimulated area. In the center of stimulated region the length of the rod OS shrunk, while in the peripheral region the rod OS tip swung towards center region in the plane perpendicular to the incident stimulus light. Our experimental result and theoretical analysis suggest that the observed TRP may reflect unbalanced disc-shape change due to localized pigment bleaching. Further investigation is required to understand biochemical mechanism of the observed rod OS kinetics. Better study of the TRP may provide a noninvasive biomarker to enable early detection of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other diseases that are known to produce retinal photoreceptor dysfunctions.
Differential susceptibilities of green peach aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) and two endoparasitoids (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae and Braconidae) to pesticides

Mortality of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer and two of its hymenopteran parasitoids, Aphelinus semiflavus Howard and Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) was evaluated after treatment with four pesticides commonly applied in greenhouses. Mortality of adult green peach aphid, D. rapae , and A. semiflavus was evaluated after exposure to five different concentrations of abamectin, bifenthrin, endosulfan, and acephate in a treated-vial bioassay. Concentrations included recommended label rates and multiple serial dilutions. Ranges in sensitivity of adults of each species were observed with the four compounds tested. Two concentrations of bifenthrin and one concentration of endosulfan produced significantly lower mortality in D. rapae than in green peach aphid. Immature stages of D. rapae and A. semiflavus were also evaluated for mortality by dipping leaf tissues containing mummified aphids into concentrations of either abamectin or endosulfan recommended on the label. The mummy stage of these parasitoids is resistant to abamectin and endosulfan at concentrations that are lethal to green peach aphid. This result suggests that these materials can be used selectively to integrate chemical and biological controls.
How Graphene Slides: Measurement and Theory of Strain-Dependent Frictional Forces between Graphene and SiO2

Strain, bending rigidity, and adhesion are interwoven in determining how graphene responds when pulled across a substrate. Using Raman spectroscopy of circular, graphene-sealed microchambers under variable external pressure, we demonstrate that graphene is not firmly anchored to the substrate when pulled. Instead, as the suspended graphene is pushed into the chamber under pressure, the supported graphene outside the microchamber is stretched and slides, pulling in an annulus. Analyzing Raman G band line scans with a continuum model extended to include sliding, we extract the pressure dependent sliding friction between the SiO2 substrate and mono-, bi-, and trilayer graphene. The sliding friction for trilayer graphene is directly proportional to the applied load, but the friction for monolayer and bilayer graphene is inversely proportional to the strain in the graphene, which is in violation of Amontons' law. We attribute this behavior to the high surface conformation enabled by the low bending rigidity and strong adhesion of few layer graphene.
Overexpression of CCAAT Displacement Protein Represses the Promiscuously Active Proximal gp91phox Promoter

CCAAT displacement protein (CDP) is a transcriptional repressor that restricts expression of the gp91 phox gene to mature myeloid cells. CDP interacts with multiple sites within the −450 to +12 bp human gp91 phox promoter, and down-regulation of CDP DNA-binding activity is required for induction of gp91 phox transcription in mature phagocytes. Truncation of the gp91 phox promoter to −102 to +12 bp removes 4 CDP-binding sites and reveals a promiscuous promoter activity that is active in some nonphagocytic cells. A cis-element at −90 bp is required for derepressed transcription and serves as a binding site for multiple transcriptional activators. We now report that this element also serves as a binding site for CDP. The affinity of CDP for this element is relatively weak compared with upstream CDP-binding sites within the promoter, consistent with the promiscuous transcriptional activity exhibited by the −102 to +12 bp gp91 phox promoter fragment. Further analysis of the proximal promoter reveals an additional weak-affinity CDP-binding site centered at approximately −20 bp. Overexpression of cloned CDP represses the −102 to +12 bp gp91 phox promoter, indicating that these proximal CDP-binding sites are functionally significant. The constellation of transcriptional activators and a repressor that interacts with the −90 bp cis-element is identical to that observed for a promoter element at −220 bp, reflecting the highly modular organization of the gp91 phox promoter. These studies illustrate the complex interplay between transcriptional activators and a repressor that contribute to the myeloid-restricted expression of the gp91 phox gene.
The view point of ZHANG Ai-ling's novel

Zhang Ailing possesses an introspective character. She is good at psychological description in her fictions. She mobilizes space-time in the stream of consciousness to achieve mental trueness and artistic trueness and extrude the humanitaranism mythos.So that her fictions possess double morals of modernity and nationality. This paper discusses Zhangs artistic techniques on psychological description.
Quantifying and monitoring convection intensity from mm-wave sounder observations

Few systematic attempts to interpret the measurements of mm-wave radiometers over clouds and precipitation have been made to date because the scattering signatures of hydrometeors at these frequencies are very difficult to model. The few algorithms that have been developed try to retrieve surface precipitation, to which the observations are partially correlated but not directly sensitive. In fact, over deep clouds, mm-wave radiometers are most sensitive to the scattering from solid hydrometeors within the upper levels of the cloud. In addition, mm-wave radiometers have a definite advantage over the lower-frequency window-channel radiometers in that they have finer resolution and can therefore explicitly resolve deep convection. Preliminary analyses (in particular of NOAA's MHS brightness temperatures, as well as Megha-Tropiques's SAPHIR observations) indicate that the measurements are indeed very sensitive to the depth and intensity of convection. The challenge is to derive a robust approach to make quantitative estimates of the convection, for example the height and depth of the condensed water, directly from the mm-wave observations, as a function of horizontal location. To avoid having to rely on a specific set of microphysical assumptions, this analysis exploits the substantial amount of nearly- simultaneous coincident observations by mm-wave radiometers and orbiting atmospheric profiling radars in order to enforce unbiased consistency between the calculated brightness temperatures and the radar and radiometer observations.