cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planners and mobile home research

Abstract Planners and local governments should develop an active interest in the mobile home industry and its potential impact on urban life. Through its adaptability and technological advantages, the mobile home holds near-absolute domination over the low-cost housing market, and gives promise of continuing its phenomenal market expansion. However, hard data and analysis—on the mobile home resident, the nature of the impact of mobile homes on the housing situation and urban form in general, and evaluation of public policy and its determinants—is meager. The need and opportunity for significant and immediately-usable research is great and should be answered.
What is blunting the impact of engineering on hospitals

It is clear that hospitals today are beset by manifold problems. Some of these vexing problems are amenable to solution by engineering science and technology. It is a cause for concern that the full impact of engineering has not made itself felt on finding solutions to these problems. The reasons for this failure include: 1) inappropriate approaches to the problems, particularly failure to recognize that many of the problems are of a discrete, project-oriented type, 2) the interaction between individual engineers and medical personnel has often been ineffective, 3) the resources brought to bear on these problems have been inadequate, 4) the hospitals are not economically motivated to avail themselves of technologic advances. Specific suggestions are made as to how these deterrents to effective action might be overcome.
ALD-enabled hermetic sealing for polymer-based wafer level packaging of MEMS

Polymer-based packaging of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) can substantially reduce the processing temperature (≫300 °C), package size, and cost. In this paper, we demonstrated the feasibility of atomic layer deposition (ALD) enabled hermetic polymer packaging for MEMS applications using ALD on semi-polymer package and ALD on polymer package. We reported the hermeticity test results of ALD on semi-polymer package and a wafer-level packaging process developed for ALD on polymer package.
Increasing structural atrophy and functional isolation of the temporal lobe with duration of disease in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary Background Due to pharmacoresistant seizures and the underutilization of surgical treatments, a large number of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients experience seizures for years or decades. The goal of this study was to generate a predictive model of duration of disease with the least number of parameters possible in order to identify and quantify the significant volumetric and functional indicators of TLE progression. Methods Two cohorts of subjects including 12 left TLE, 21 right TLE and 20 healthy controls (duration = 0) were imaged on a 3 T MRI scanner using high resolution T1-weighted structural MRI and 20 min of resting functional MRI scanning. Multivariate linear regression methods were used to compute a predictive model of duration of disease using 49 predictors including functional connectivity and gray matter volumes computed from these images. Results No model developed from the full set of data accurately predicted the duration of disease across the entire range from 3 to 50 years. We then performed the regression on 35 subjects with durations of disease in the range 10 to 35 years. The resulting predictive model showed that longer durations were associated with reductions in functional connectivity from the ipsilateral temporal lobe to the contralateral temporal lobe, precuneus and mid cingulate, and with decreases in volume of the ipsilateral hippocampus and pallidum. Conclusions Functional and volumetric parameters accurately predicted duration of disease in TLE. The findings suggest that TLE is associated with a gradual functional isolation and significant progressive structural atrophy of the ipsilateral temporal lobe over years of duration in the range of 10–35 years. Furthermore, these changes can also be detected in the contralateral hemisphere in these patients, but to a lesser degree.
Efficient algorithm for test vector decompression using an embedded processor

A new algorithm for implementing test vector compression in software is presented. It is based on a compression procedure recently invented by Melhem, et al., called RDIS (recursively defined invertible set) [Melham 12]. While RDIS was originally proposed for a memory correction application, it is shown here to be very well suited for the problem of compressing test vectors. When the inputs that are unassigned during ATPG are left as don't cares (forming “test cubes”), typically only 1–2% of the remaining bits are care bits. It is shown that the RDIS procedure is very efficient when the number of care bits is small and is able to achieve large amounts of compression. The RDIS procedure works by recursively constructing invertible sets and efficiently encoding the information with row and column counts. The compressed data is stored on the tester. The tester then transfers this data to an embedded processor's memory, and a simple decompression program is executed on the embedded processor which uses this information to reconstruct the original test cubes which can then be used for testing a chip, board, or system. Experimental results are shown which indicate that significant amounts of compression can be achieved independent of the dimensions of the test cube matrix.
Sexual identity and alcohol-related outcomes: Contributions of workplace harassment

Abstract Purpose. While workplace sexual harassment has received a great deal of attention in both the popular media and scientific literature, less attention has been directed to the differential occurrence of sexual harassment among lesbians, gay men, and heterosexual men and women, and the relationships between these experiences and alcohol-related outcomes. Additionally, the distribution of alcohol-related outcomes of non-sexual forms of workplace harassment among these groups have not been adequately explored. Method. Using data from a university-based study of workplace harassment and alcohol use (N=2492), we focus on exposure to workplace harassment and alcohol-related outcomes for lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals compared to heterosexual men and women. Results. Lesbian/bisexual women did not differ significantly from heterosexual women in their experiences of workplace harassment. However, stronger linkages between harassment and increased alcohol consumption and problems were found for lesbian and bisexual women than for heterosexual women. Gay/bisexual men, on the other hand, experienced significantly more sexual harassment than heterosexual men, but did not report a corresponding increase in alcohol use and abuse. Implications. Implications for future research on sexual identity, alcohol use, and workplace harassment are discussed.
A hybrid gene team model and its application to genome analysis.

It is well-known that functionally related genes occur in a physically clustered form, especially operons in bacteria. By leveraging on this fact, there has recently been an interesting problem formulation known as gene team model, which searches for a set of genes that co-occur in a pair of closely related genomes. However, many gene teams, even experimentally verified operons, frequently scatter within other genomes. Thus, the gene team model should be refined to reflect this observation. In this paper, we generalized the gene team model, that looks for gene clusters in a physically clustered form, to multiple genome cases with relaxed constraints. We propose a novel hybrid pattern model that combines the set and the sequential pattern models. Our model searches for gene clusters with and/or without physical proximity constraint. This model is implemented and tested with 97 genomes (120 replicons). The result was analyzed to show the usefulness of our model. We also compared the result from our hybrid model to those from the traditional gene team model. We also show that predicted gene teams can be used for various genome analysis: operon prediction, phylogenetic analysis of organisms, contextual sequence analysis and genome annotation. Our program is fast enough to provide a service on the web at . Users can select any combination of 97 genomes to predict gene teams.
Efficacy of some methods and media for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni in frozen chicken meat

Four of five strains of Campylobacter jejuni survived in chicken meat stored at -18 degrees C for 12 months. Direct plating of samples was superior to the most probable number technique for enumerating C. jejuni. Enrichment culture using the Doyle & Roman enrichment method resulted in the highest rates of detection. Packaging under an atmosphere of CO2 did not substantially influence survival.
The Effects of Trait Label and Order of Presentation on Observers' Ratings of Performance Anxiety

In two experiments, the effects of different stimulus presentation orders and trait labels on observers' ratings of performance anxiety were examined. In Experiment 1, 60 college students viewed, in one session, ten 3-min videotapes of a man speaking while displaying a variety of the behavioral manifestations of anxiety. The tapes varied linearly in the percentage of time during which anxious behaviors were emitted. Anxiety ratings were made along either a “calm” or an “anxious” dimension. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three orders of presentation conditions (with the frequencies of anxious behaviors ascending, descending, or randomized across tapes) and one of two trait-label conditions, calm or anxious. In Experiment 2, 60 additional subjects viewed these same tapes and a contrasting series designed to display a consistent rate of anxiety behaviors. These tapes were viewed in 10 sessions over a 2- to 5-week period. Results replicated prior studies showing that the order of presentation can significantly affect observers' ratings. Additionally, the results suggested that, under certain conditions, subjects may not perceive a conceptually dichotomous variable (e.g., calm vs. anxious) in the same way. These results are discussed in terms of the complexity of observer behavior and potential problems in comparing outcome studies that use dichotomous traits.
Arousal and learning, and noncontingency detection in one-year-old infants.

The relationship between arousal and learning was studied with 6 infants 1 yr. of age on a two-choice discrimination learning task. The behavioral indices of arousal (activity level) and learning (response rate and reinforcements) correlated significantly (r, .44). Affective state correlated positively with activity level (r, .47) during the learning phase of the experiment. Two control conditions were presented following the learning phase of the experiment. Noncontingent (response independent) reinforcement produced significantly faster response deceleration than nonreinforcement. Affective response did not differ between nonreinforcement and noncontingent reinforcement conditions.
President's comments

At the Annual General Assembly of the Engineers Joint Council (EJC) on Thursday, January 19, 1961, EJC Vice-President G. E. Holbrook, chairman of the Council's Technical Planning Committee, reported that EJC is preparing to take leadership and urged active support of the member societies in resolving the important task of developing means to co-ordinate and minimize repetitive presentation of technical material. AIEE President Clarence Linder followed with comments which are of interest to our membership.
Sphalerons and instantons at finite temperature.

A variational Ansatz for a solution of the Euclidean time-dependent Weinberg-Salam field equations which connects topologically distinct vacua is presented. The Ansatz allows a unified description of real-time transitions involving baryon-number nonconservation from the zero-temperature (instanton) limit up to the electroweak transition temperature.
The role of female competition in the mating success of two clones of the Amazon molly, Poecilia formosa

Clones of the unisexual fish Poecilia formosa, the Amazon molly, live in the wild in association with their progenitor bisexual species, and compete with them for resources. These resources include food, space and also mates, since the Amazon molly reproduces gynogenetically, a process in which sperm transferred from a male host species activates their eggs. Earlier studies of the adaptive mechanisms that facilitate the coexistence of the bisexual and unisexual forms have focused upon male behaviour, but recent work with another unisexual species, Poeciliopsis, demonstrated that female aggressive behaviour may play an important part in determining the ecological standing of a clone. We have extended our observations to female mating behaviour in two clones in the Amazon molly; clone 1 that does not thrive well under laboratory culture; and clone 2 that is hardy and survives very well. There was no aggression between the clones, nor did the clones show aggression towards females of the bisexual species. However, clone 1 consistently was more successful in the number of mating encounters made with the male; it approached the male more often than clone 2 and fled from the male less often. Males also showed some preference for mating with clone 1 females. If there are physiological differences in the wild clones similar to those seen in the laboratory, the mating advantage of the less robust clone 1 may ensure its continued survival in competition with a more vigorous clone.
Novel Tungsten Carbide Nanocrystalline Composites by Pulsed Laser Deposition

We have developed a novel processing technique to fabricate “ artifact free ” tungsten carbide (WC) nanocomposites. In this method, pulsed laser deposition of WC in conjunction with a few monolayers of nickel aluminide (NiAl) is used to control the grain size of nanocrystalline composites. The grain size of WC was controlled by the thickness of tungsten carbide and the substrate temperature. The role of NiAl is to ensure the nucleation of tungsten carbide islands, and it is also insoluble in WC. Using this approach, we have fabricated nanocomposites of grain sizes ranging from 6 nm to 35 nm. The hardness of the composite increases with the decrease in grain size, following approximately Hall-Petch relationship. The role of NiAl in grain boundary deformation is of particular interest in strengthening the nanocrystalline composites. The potential of this technique to go to even lower grain sizes is discussed.
History of dermatomyositis.

Wagner also recognized an association between the rash and muscle weakness, but “was bent to incorporate the affection into the group of diseases of polymyositis and regarded it to a certain extent as the acutest form of the disease,” not as a unique entity. It was not until Unverricht’s seminal article in 1891 that the concept of an intimate connection between the rash and the muscle weakness became generally accepted and dermatomyositis and polymyositis became 2 distinct diseases.
Characterizing the salience and interactions of informative image statistics

0 To analyze how image statistics interact, we determine their ability to drive segmentation, alone and in graded pairwise combinations. Results are summarized by a polar plot of the isodiscrimination contour • Distance from the origin represents the threshold • Direction from the origin represents the ratio of the two image statistics • Xand Yaxes correspond to thresholds for each image statistic alone • Oblique directions correspond to thresholds for the image statistics in combination The shape of the isodiscrimination contour indicates how the image statistics interact. Analyzing How Image Statistics Interact
Enabling decentralised microblogging through P2PVPNs

The need for user privacy in social networks has prompted the exploration of social networking designs which do not rely on the common centralised client-server model. Many peer-to-peer microblogging solutions have been proposed and/or implemented utilising various technologies such as DHTs, multicast trees, and/or gossip protocols. We propose a decentralised microblogging service that leverages available Peer-to-Peer Virtual Private Networking P2PVPN technologies. By leveraging the private IP connectivity of P2PVPNs, our design utilises both IP multicasting and data replication through high degree nodes to ensure that peers are able to publish messages with varying degree of scope. We study the implications of our data dissemination model for a decentralised microblogging service through simulation-based analysis using a 3-million user social graph from Orkut. We also developed a prototype implementation to demonstrate the feasibility of our design choices along with a small deployment on FutureGrid to test its performance on the internet.
Mexico’s 1994 peso crisis and its aftermath

Mexico’s 1994 peso devaluation and ensuing crisis surprised the markets and caught international markets and many policy makers off‐guard. Some of the contributing factors were due to structural deficiencies and institutional rigidities, while others dealt with public policy issues. In addition, Mexico’s membership to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and ensuing rapid trade liberalization and deregulation of capital market and banking, were paramount to the peso crisis. Financial deregulation in Mexico, as in Korea and other crisis countries of Asia, took place before adequate, prudential regulation and supervision were in place. The result was excessive build‐up of bank credits driven by moral hazard. This paper deals with various factors leading to the peso crisis and presents the logical sequence of the unfolding of the events by analyzing the structural and institutional factors. Also, major developments in the post‐crisis period are discussed.
Aβ42-lowering Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Preserve Intramembrane Cleavage of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and ErbB-4 Receptor and Signaling through the APP Intracellular Domain

Epidemiological studies indicate that long term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) confers protection from Alzheimer's disease, and some NSAIDs were shown to specifically decrease production of the amyloidogenic Aβ42 peptide, most likely by direct modulation of γ-secretase activity. In contrast to γ-secretase inhibitors, Aβ42-lowering NSAIDs do not impair S3 cleavage in the NOTCH receptor and release of the NOTCH intracellular domain, a finding with conceptual implications for the development of safer drugs targeting Aβ production through γ-secretase modulation. Intramembrane cleavage and release of an intracellular signaling domain has recently been demonstrated in a number of additional γ-secretase substrates. We now show in cell-based assays that intramembrane cleavage of APP and ErbB-4 receptor is not impaired by the Aβ42-lowering NSAIDs, sulindac sulfide and ibuprofen. Generation of the APP intracellular domain (AICD) was further not inhibited in a cell-free assay at concentrations far exceeding those effective in reducing Aβ42 production. Closer inspection of AICD signaling showed that stabilization of the AICD peptide by FE65 and AICD-mediated transcription were also retained at Aβ42-lowering concentrations. These results demonstrate that S3-like/intramembrane cleavage is preserved by Aβ42-lowering NSAIDs in at least three substrates of γ-secretase APP, ErbB-4, and NOTCH and underline the striking specificity by which these drugs target Aβ42 production.
Synthesis of MoS2 and MoSe2 Films with Vertically Aligned Layers

Layered materials consist of molecular layers stacked together by weak interlayer interactions. They often crystallize to form atomically smooth thin films, nanotubes, and platelet or fullerene-like nanoparticles due to the anisotropic bonding. Structures that predominately expose edges of the layers exhibit high surface energy and are often considered unstable. In this communication, we present a synthesis process to grow MoS2 and MoSe2 thin films with vertically aligned layers, thereby maximally exposing the edges on the film surface. Such edge-terminated films are metastable structures of MoS2 and MoSe2, which may find applications in diverse catalytic reactions. We have confirmed their catalytic activity in a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), in which the exchange current density correlates directly with the density of the exposed edge sites.
The dynamics of trust in B2C e-commerce: a research model and agenda

Trust is a key factor that determines the success of Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce transactions. Research has identified several critical factors that influence trust. These have been incorporated into the design of e-commerce web portals; however a vast majority of potential users are still wary of online business transactions. This points to the need for the development of more sophisticated and comprehensive models that can provide additional insights into the true role played by trust in the adoption of e-commerce portals. Here we do so by focusing on trust as it pertains to B2C e-commerce transactions. Pertinent issues addressed are: (1) Is trust the critical factor that makes all the difference between users accepting or rejecting a B2C portal? (2) Are there factors that could play a more critical role in user acceptance/rejection of such portals? (3) If so, what is the relevance of trust relative to these factors? The research model and agenda introduced here enable researchers to view trust in its proper perspective as part of the bigger picture of technology acceptance.
Linear and nonlinear parity-time-symmetric oligomers: a dynamical systems analysis

In the present work, we focus on the cases of two-site (dimer) and three-site (trimer) configurations, i.e. oligomers, respecting the parity-time () symmetry, i.e. with a spatially odd gain–loss profile. We examine different types of solutions of such configurations with linear and nonlinear gain/loss profiles. Solutions beyond the linear -symmetry critical point as well as solutions with asymmetric linearization eigenvalues are found in both the nonlinear dimer and trimer. The latter feature is absent in linear -symmetric trimers, while both of them are absent in linear -symmetric dimers. Furthermore, nonlinear gain/loss terms enable the existence of both symmetric and asymmetric solution profiles (and of bifurcations between them), while only symmetric solutions are present in the linear -symmetric dimers and trimers. The linear stability analysis around the obtained solutions is discussed and their dynamical evolution is explored by means of direct numerical simulations. Finally, a brief discussion is also given of recent progress in the context of -symmetric quadrimers.
Numerical solutions of a vector Ginzburg-Landau equation with a triple-well potential

We numerically compute solutions to the vector Ginzburg–Landau equation with a triple-well potential. We use the Galerkin Newton Gradient Algorithm of Neuberger and Swift and bifurcation techniques to find solutions. With a small parameter, we find a Morse index 2 triple junction solution. This is the solution for which Flores, Padilla and Tonegawa gave an existence proof. We classify all of the solutions guaranteed to exist by the Equivariant Branching Lemma at the first bifurcation points of the trivial solutions. Guided by the symmetry analysis, we numerically compute the solution branches.
Ultrastructural Organization of Budding Yeast Septin Filaments Both in vitro and in situ, Analyzed by Electron Microscopy

Septins have been discovered more than 30 years ago as temperature sensitive mutants in budding yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Septins make an hourglass shaped structure of filaments bound to the inner cell membrane. Mitotic budding yeasts express five septins: Cdc3, Cdc10, Cdc11, Cdc12, and Shs1/Sep7. All, but Shs1, are essential for cell division.Using electron microscopy of negatively-stained samples, in vitro, we have observed that the Cdc3-Cdc10-Cdc11-Cdc12 septin complex self-assemble into octameric rods in high salt. At lower ionic strength, septins polymerize into paired filaments. The position and identity of each subunit in the rod has been determined. This analysis revealed a symmetric organization where the different subunits are arranged in the following order: Cdc11-Cdc12-Cdc3-Cdc10-Cdc10-Cdc3-Cdc12-Cdc11. We have also shown that the subunit-subunit interfaces alternate between so called N-C and G interfaces.To get more insight into septin organization in situ we have studied septin-lipid interaction using a lipid monolayer model assay. We have seen that budding yeast septins interact specifically with (PI(4,5)P2). This interaction promotes filament formation and organization, even for mutants or under conditions where septins do not polymerize in solution. This interaction appears to be specifically mediated through Cdc10 and Cdc3.We have been also analyzed the organization of septin filaments in situ, using electron tomography to visualized dividing budding yeast cells. 3D reconstructions of yeast sections were obtained by electron tomography using either freeze substituted samples or cryo-sections (Cemovis). Surprisingly, an array of two sets of perpendicular filaments is present at the bud neck. Cells displaying different types of septin mutations are now being analyzed.
Soil phosphorus availability and fine root proliferation in Amazonian agroforests 6 years following forest conversion

Abstract In the Amazon Basin, where deforestation rates are among the highest in the world, raising land productivity with perennial crop-based agroforestry systems may allow small farmers to meet economic demands with less forest clearing. Although tree-based agroecosystems may cycle nutrients more efficiently than other agricultural systems, difficulties maintaining phosphorus (P) availability to plants growing in tropical Ultisols and Oxisols may threaten the long-term sustainability of Amazonian agroforests. To determine how soil nutrient dynamics are altered when primary forest is converted to perennial crops, soils from eight 6-year-old peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth)–cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflora) plantation agroforests were compared to those of adjacent native forests in Acre, Brazil. The response of fine roots to P microsite enrichment by agroforest and native forest plants on eight farms was measured using a root ingrowth bioassay to determine if a P-limitation already threatened agroforest sustainability. Localized root proliferation by individual agroforest species was also examined as a component of interspecific competition. The impact of agroforest adoption by small farmers on forest clearing was qualitatively examined through interviews and focus groups held with farmers participating in the field studies. Six years after establishment on sites initially occupied by native terra firme forest, exchangeable base cations, ECEC and pH were greater in agroforest soils than in those of adjacent forests. Extractable inorganic P was 30–50% lower in agroforest soil, suggesting that P uptake by the aggrading agroecosystem outpaced its restoration in the soil solution by other P pools. After 100 days, cupuassu root length and mass were greater in P-treated cores buried in agroforest alleys, but not in cores buried in rows. While a P deficiency in any of the agroforest components could not be inferred using the root ingrowth technique, the study of root proliferation demonstrated both the potential for interspecific competition among peach palm and other agroforest components, as well as opportunities for alleviating the impact of competition through management practices. Discussions with farmers revealed that this type of commercial plantation agroforest, unless managed to maintain productivity, may actually contribute to more forest clearing on small farms because of a lack of farmer confidence in the future of the system. Thus, despite more efficient nutrient cycling in tree-based agroecosystems, the decline in agroforest soil P following establishment must be addressed through management practices if plantation agroforests are to remain a sustainable land use in Amazonia.
Free-living activity counts-derived breaks in sedentary time: Are they real transitions from sitting to standing?

Background Previous research has demonstrated a link between free-living accelerometer-measured breaks in sedentary time and health related variables. Breaks in sedentary time are typically inferred from time-stamped accelerometer data indicating a transition from lack of movement (recording of <100 activity counts/min) to relatively more movement (≥100 activity counts/min). However, it remains unknown whether these breaks actually represent sit-to-stand postural transitions in free-living. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare free-living accelerometer-derived and posture-derived estimates of breaks in sedentary time using the ActiGraph GT3X+ (AG) and the activPAL™ (AP), respectively. Methods A total of 15 participants concurrently wore an AG at their waist and an AP on their right thigh for 7 consecutive days (24 h/day – removing them only when in contact with water). Data from both devices were matched on minute-by-minute timestamps while also applying a 3-min allowance window to account for clock drift. Dependent t-test was used to evaluate differences in mean breaks between AG and AP. Results The AG detected 74 ± 4.1 breaks/day (mean ± SEM) while the AP detected 39 ± 3.1 breaks/day (P < 0.001). On average, the AG detected 67% of the AP breaks while 65% of the AG breaks did not correspond with AP breaks. Of the non-corresponding AG breaks, 52% occurred when participants were sitting, 42% when standing, and 6% when transitioning from standing to sitting. Conclusion The AG detected a significantly higher number of breaks in sedentary time, the majority of which do not correspond to sit-to-stand transitions as measured by the AP.
Substance abuse treatment for high-risk adolescents

Adolescent substance abuse is rising dramatically in the United States. This observation is especially troubling given the association between substance use and HIV, as well as other sexually transmitted diseases. Surprisingly, there have been few carefully constructed, controlled studies examining different treatment approaches with adolescent substance abusers. In our review of the literature, we note that family therapy and, to a lesser extent, cognitive behavioral therapy, received the most attention as intervention strategies with adolescents. Both approaches appear to have some success, although further research is necessary. In addition, developing and assessing strategies to improve family involvement in treatment requires additional investigation.
Analysis of the Transmembrane Domain of Influenza Virus Neuraminidase, a Type II Transmembrane Glycoprotein, for Apical Sorting and Raft Association

Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA), a type II transmembrane protein, is directly transported to the apical plasma membrane in polarized MDCK cells. Previously, it was shown that the transmembrane domain (TMD) of NA provides a determinant(s) for apical sorting and raft association (A. Kundu, R. T. Avalos, C. M. Sanderson, and D. P. Nayak, J. Virol. 70:6508–6515, 1996). In this report, we have analyzed the sequences in the NA TMD involved in apical transport and raft association by making chimeric TMDs from NA and human transferring receptor (TR) TMDs and by mutating the NA TMD sequences. Our results show that the COOH-terminal half of the NA TMD (amino acids [aa] 19 to 35) was significantly involved in raft association, as determined by Triton X-100 (TX-100) resistance. However, in addition, the highly conserved residues at the extreme NH 2 terminus of the NA TMD were also critical for TX-100 resistance. On the other hand, 19 residues (aa 9 to 27) at the NH 2 terminus of the NA TMD were sufficient for apical sorting. Amino acid residues 14 to 18 and 27 to 31 had the least effect on apical transport, whereas mutations in the amino acid residues 11 to 13, 23 to 26, and 32 to 35 resulted in altered polarity for the mutant proteins. These results indicated that multiple regions in the NA TMD were involved in apical transport. Furthermore, these results support the idea that the signals for apical sorting and raft association, although residing in the NA TMD, are not identical and vary independently and that the NA TMD also possesses an apical determinant(s) which can interact with apical sorting machineries outside the lipid raft.
Google and the Mind Predicting Fluency With PageRank

Human memory and Internet search engines face a shared computational problem, needing to retrieve stored pieces of information in response to a query. We explored whether they employ similar solutions, testing whether we could predict human performance on a fluency task using PageRank, a component of the Google search engine. In this task, people were shown a letter of the alphabet and asked to name the first word beginning with that letter that came to mind. We show that PageRank, computed on a semantic network constructed from word-association data, outperformed word frequency and the number of words for which a word is named as an associate as a predictor of the words that people produced in this task. We identify two simple process models that could support this apparent correspondence between human memory and Internet search, and relate our results to previous rational models of memory.
Comparison of genomic DNA sequences: solved and unsolved problems

Motivation: The DNA sequences of entire genomes are being determined at a rapid rate. Whereas initial genome sequencing efforts were for organisms chosen to be widely spaced in the tree of life, there is a growing emphasis on projects to sequence a species that is sufficiently similar to an already-sequenced species to allow direct comparison of those two DNA sequences. This and other changes in genome sequencing strategies have created a strong need for new methods to compare genomic sequences. Results: We sketch the current state of software for comparing genomic DNA sequences and outline research directions that we believe are likely to result in important advances in practice.
The 1880 U.S. Population Database

Abstract The 1880 U.S. population database contains records for the over 50 million individuals enumerated in the census. This unique data set is the result of collaboration between the Minnesota Population Center (MPC) and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). To make census data available to genealogists, LDS volunteers transcribed the characteristics of all U.S. residents in 1880. The MPC verified and corrected this transcription, in exchange for the right to disseminate the resulting database for scholarly and educational purposes. The authors consider editing and coding procedures and a range of problems: missing and incorrect geographic identifiers, data-processing errors, duplicate and missing cases, and inaccurate breaks between households. They also classify variables according to standardized coding systems, making the database compatible with the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS).
Mixed effects smoothing spline analysis of variance

We propose a general family of nonparametric mixed effects models. Smoothing splines are used to model the fixed effects and are estimated by maximizing the penalized likelihood function. The random effects are generic and are modelled parametrically by assuming that the covariance function depends on a parsimonious set of parameters. These parameters and the smoothing parameter are estimated simultaneously by the generalized maximum likelihood method. We derive a connection between a nonparametric mixed effects model and a linear mixed effects model. This connection suggests a way of fitting a nonparametric mixed effects model by using existing programs. The classical two-way mixed models and growth curve models are used as examples to demonstrate how to use smoothing spline analysis-of-variance decompositions to build nonparametric mixed effects models. Similarly to the classical analysis of variance, components of these nonparametric mixed effects models can be interpreted as main effects and interactions. The penalized likelihood estimates of the fixed effects in a two-way mixed model are extensions of James-Stein shrinkage estimates to correlated observations. In an example three nested nonparametric mixed effects models are fitted to a longitudinal data set.
Neural Estrogen and Progestin Receptors and the Neurochemistry of Reproductive Behavior and Sexual Differentiation

Gonadal steroids are secreted in response to signals emanating from the brain, and the signals in the brain are the integrated output of incoming information from internal and external stimuli. Among the external stimuli are the light-dark cycle and season of the year, as well as the presence and behavior of other animals who may represent competitors or potential sexual partners. The internal stimuli are comprised of interoceptive neural input, circulating hormones and the psychological state of the animal related to such states as sexual arousal and anxiety or depression.
Security and Cognitive Bias: Exploring the Role of the Mind

It's hard to create and configure security technology and hard to use it after deployment. However, the human mind is a component in both security creation and use. While we technologists have spent the last 40 years building fancier machines, psychologists have spent those decades documenting ways in which human minds systematically (and predictably) misperceive things. To what extent might cognitive bias affect the usable security problem?
Sustainable Yield in Theory and Practice: Bridging Scientific and Mainstream Vernacular

Groundwater is a vital resource in California, and the concept of "sustainable yield" is an attempt to determine a metric that can ensure the long-term resilience of groundwater systems. However, its meaning is ambiguous and quantification is challenging. To provide insight into developing a working definition that encompasses the inherent uncertainty and complexity of the term, this paper examines how sustainable yield in groundwater is interpreted by (1) scientists, (2) the courts in groundwater adjudications, (3) state agencies, and (4) local water practitioners. Through qualitative interviews, this paper identifies problems that local water agencies in the state encounter in engaging with sustainable yield as they incorporate the term in groundwater management practices. The authors recommend that any definitions make explicit the human dimensions of, and assumptions embedded in, the use of these terms in groundwater management practices, and they point to the value of participation in this process.
The vaporization enthalpy and vapor pressure of S (+)-methamphetamine at T =298.15K by correlation gas chromatography

Abstract The vaporization enthalpy and vapor pressure of S (+)-methamphetamine is evaluated by correlation-gas chromatography. A vaporization enthalpy of (58.7 ± 4.3) kJ · mol−1 and a vapor pressure, p = (38 ± 9) Pa has been obtained using a variety of secondary aliphatic amines as standards. In addition, equations describing the vapor pressure temperature dependence are provided for standards and S (+)-methamphetamine covering the temperature range from T = 298.15 K to the boiling temperature. Boiling temperatures are reproduced within an interval of 8 K or less.
Spatial prediction of habitat overlap of introduced and native thistles to identify potential areas of nontarget activity of biological control agents.

ABSTRACT Nontarget feeding of Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich and Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) on native North American thistles in the genus Cirsium has been documented. Some species of these native thistles have shown greater infestation levels of R. conicus in populations that are in close proximity to the target plant species, Carduus nutans L. In 2005 a study was initiated to identify areas of potential nontarget feeding by R. conicus and T. horridus on thistle species by predicting habitats of two known introduced hosts | C. nutans and Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore | and two native species [Cirsium carolinianum (Walter) Fernald and Schubert and C. discolor (Muhlenberg ex Willdenow) Sprengel] using Mahalanobis distance (D2). Cumulative frequency graphs showed that the D2 models for all four plant species effectively identified site conditions that contribute to the presence of the respective species. Poisson regression showed an association between D2 values and plant counts at field-test sites for...
Automated Cyclone Identification From Remote QuikSCAT Satellite Data

We discuss a fully automated remote cyclone identification and tracking approach using the QuikSCAT wind sensor data. Our approach consists of five main automated steps: QuikSCAT data retrieval, QuikSCAT feature extraction & data preprocessing, cyclone identification, motion/location prediction, and cyclone tracking. Ensemble learning based on a committee of support vector machines using features extracted from QuikSCAT wind sensor data are used for cyclone identification. Experimental results demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of our automated approach.
Additional Certifications For CPA's: A Quality Control Issue

Over the last twenty years public accounting firms have started to provide additional services other than attest services and tax preparation, such as business valuations and financial planning, which can be very profitable for the firms. However, the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) designation that has been used in many cases to market these services provides no assurance that the accountant is adequately trained in these new fields since CPA certification requires neither knowledge nor experience in these areas. This paper reviews the services being provided by accountants and the additional professional certifications available to help accountants deliver quality services consistent with the public’s expectations of CPAs. In addition, firms that may be thinking of expanding into new niche areas can make sure that they hire professionals or train existing staff with the appropriate credentials.
Rupture of the spleen. A review and report of a case following abdominal hysterectomy.

The obstetrician-gynecologist can be confronted by rupture of the spleen in a variety of circumstances. It is a not uncommon sequela to trauma and certain surgical procedures, especially in the upper abdomen. Splenic rupture following hysterectomy is exceedingly rare, but a serious condition to consider in differential diagnosis during postoperative disasters. Recognition that such a complication can occur may have medicolegal significance. One case of ruptured spleen 3 days posthysterectomy is reported together with a review of the literature covering rupture of the spleen.
HELEN N. TAPPAN LOEBLICH (1917–2004)

On 18 August 2004, the paleontology community lost a major figure with the passing of Helen Tappan Loeblich. Born on 12 October 1917, in Norman, Oklahoma, Helen Tappan went on to become an international leader in the field of micropaleontology. She earned her B.S. degree in 1937 at the University of Oklahoma, Phi Beta Kappa, and received the Sigma Gamma Epsilon Scholarship Award for Outstanding Senior in Geology. An M.S. degree followed in 1939. It was during this time at the University of Oklahoma that she met her soulmate, Al Loeblich Jr., whom she married on 18 June 1939, thus beginning a lifelong scientific collaboration that resulted in major advancements in paleontology. They then transferred to the University of Chicago, where Helen received her Ph.D. in Geology in 1942. With the expectation that she would work for an oil company, she focused both of her M.S. and Ph.D. theses on Texas and Oklahoma mid-Cretaceous foraminifera. That same year, while teaching at Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, Al received orders to report for military duty. Helen assumed all of Al's teaching responsibilities and became the first woman faculty member of Tulane's College of Arts and Sciences (1942–1943). At the end of World War II, the Loeblich-Tappan family found themselves in Washington, DC where Al obtained a position as curator of Invertebrate Paleontology and Paleobotany at the United States National Museum. Helen resumed her earlier work with the United States Geological …
Post-irradiative Effects of Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide on Hatchability of Habrobracon Eggs Treated in First Meiotic Metaphase

SummaryThe effect of nitrogen and of carbon monoxide administered as post-radiation treatments has been investigated. The hatchability of Habrobracon eggs treated in first meiotic metaphase was taken as the criterion of damage. Both gases are equally effective in enhancing the damage induced by the radiation. Since restitution is thought to be rare in irradiated metaphase oocytes, the action of these gases is considered as altering a repair mechanism which results in allowing potential damage to become actual.
Flower Size Dimorphism in Plants with Unisexual Flowers

Angiosperm species exhibit variation in every aspect of their flowers, from obvious differences in color, size, shape, and number to less conspicuous differences such as nectar production and the schedule of events that take place within each flower. Sprengel (1793) was perhaps the first to realize that floral characters are shaped by their function. Recent studies have shown that, for some species, characters that enhance male function may be different from those that enhance female function. For example, characters such as color (Stanton et al., 1986), color change (Cruzan et al., 1988), and shape (Campbell, 1989) have varying consequences for the success of the two gamete types. Campbell (1989) found that selection intensities through male function favored wide corollas, whereas narrow corollas were favored via female function. Studies such as this one indicate that selection through male function may actually be opposite in direction to selection through female function. Hence, investigations into how selection is operating on floral characters are made difficult in hermaphroditic plants because of the problems associated with quantifying male fitness (see Stanton et al., 1992). One approach to understanding how traits associated with male or female function are shaped by selection, therefore, is to investigate secondary floral structures (e.g., petals) in species with unisexual flowers (and see Chapter 11).
MULTIPLE LEVELS IN THE AEGEAN BRONZE AGE WORLD-SYSTEM

Aegean societies in the third and second millennia B.C. developed complex economics based on the accumulation of substantial agricultural surpluses, craft specialization, and intricate distribution systems. The trade items included both utilitarian and luxury goods. To place these activities in a proper context, this paper initially evaluates the world systems literature as it relates to antiquity. The paper then presents some specific evidence to support the contention that the Aegean BA economy was an adjunct to an Eastern Mediterranean world system. While Wallerstein's model offers valuable insights into the operation of trade networks, his approach has certain limitations. The paper explores some of these limitations, in particular the absence of periphery dependence on core areas that is a hallmark of modern capitalist systems, discusses revisions suggested by other scholars, and demonstrates the validity of the altered model with data from the Aegean. The evidence suggests the existence of a system with local, intraregional, and extraregional components. Finally, the paper also suggests that the world systemsapproach needs to place greater emphasis on production, not just exchange, as the crucial nexus of economic activity.