cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of 3H-dopamine continuously perfused through push-pull cannulas in rats' brains: Modification by amphetamine or prostaglandin F2α☆

Abstract Using perfusion cannulas implanted in the lateral cerebroventricles, the metabolism of a trace concentration of 3 H-dopamine, continuously presented, was investigated in rats performing an operant for food reinforcement. The subjects were mature, drug-naive, male Long-Evans rats. Perfusate contained measurable quantities of 3 H-3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid ( 3 H-DOPAC), 3 H-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid ( 3 H-homovanillic acid, 3 H-HVA), 3 H-3-methoxytyramine ( 3 H-3-MT) and the 3 H-noradrenaline metabolite, 3 H-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol ( 3 H-MHPG). Systemic injection of d-(1.5 mg/kg) or 1-(3.0 mg/kg) amphetamine resulted in decreased quantities of 3 H-DOPAC, 3 H-HVA and 3 H-MHPG in perfusate with a concurrent decrease in fixed-ratio 20 behavior. Addition of prostaglandin F 2α (10 ng/μl perfused at a rate of 10 μl/minute) had no effect on the rats' fixed-ratio 20 behavior or rectal temperature, but resulted in decreased quantities of 3 H-DOPAC, 3 H-HVA and 3 H-MHPG in perfusate. It is concluded that this methodology allowed us to monitor drug-induced changes in CNS dopaminergic and noradrenergic function in conscious rats engaged in schedule-controlled operant behavior. Furthermore, a trace concentration of PGF 2α in perfusion medium caused changes in 3 H-dopamine metabolism in a manner similar to that of systemically administered amphetamines.
Evaluating the Decline of Southern Internationalism Through Senatorial Roll Call Votes

IN RECENT YEARS many southern members of Congress, long regarded as the bulwark of internationalism, have begun to challenge some of the Administration's foreign policies. This has been evident in the increasing proportion of southern votes cast in Congress against these policies, particularly foreign aid and reciprocal trade. Although it is well recognized that southern attiltudes toward foreign policy are changing, little attention has been given to measuring the extenit and timing of this change or to distinguishing among the attitudes toward various foreign policies. A brief survey of roll calls can supply this information. In explaining the changes in southern views, observers have emphasized in varying degrees the growth of southern industralization, the election of a Republican Administration in 1952, and the success or failure of individual leaders in the Administration or Congress.' The student of Congressional affairs is cautious about accepting any single or simple explanation of a voting trend. The significant motivating factors are numerous and cannot be completely evaluated without a detailed study of roll calls, interviews with members of Congress, and surveys of public opinion and economic conditions in the South. Even with such comprehensive information, it would be a task of staggering proportions to trace the elusive factors underlying the votes of individual members of Congress over an extended period. Nevertheless, roll calls alone may provide important clues to legislative behavior and thought. Properly used and evaluated, roll call statistics constitute a rich source of political intelligence, which deserves the increasing attention it is receiving from political scientists. This study differs in purpose from most recent analyses of roll calls. It does not seek to test the utility of a particular
Partial resection of the tongue for the amelioration of obstructive sleep apnoea: a report on 34 cases with long-term follow-up

This is a report on 34 consecutive patients who had partial resection of the tongue (PROT) for severe snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Short-term (7-24 months) follow-up of 30 patients and long-term (7-11 years) follow-up of 20 patients revealed 88% short-term and 65% long-term improvement in symptoms. Weight loss (4.5 to 24.5 kg) occurred in 10 patients, 5 of whom were improved by the procedure. The oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal spaces are widened by removal of a wedge of tissue from the body of the tongue. PROT appears to be a simple but effective means of relieving OSA symptoms. There were no long-term complications. This procedure seems likely to reduce the morbidity and mortality of OSA, especially when associated with serious cardio-vascular or pulmonary pathology.
Optimization of techniques for the maximal detection and quantification of Alzheimer’s-related neuropathology with digital imaging

Prior to undertaking quantitative neuropathological studies of Alzheimer's disease, methods for detecting plaques and tangles must be optimized. While suitable antibodies have been developed with great sensitivity, specificity, and reliability, there is no standard pre-treatment protocol for key AD-related pathology. It is well known that formic acid treatment enhances the detection of beta-amyloid. But what concentration of formic acid is best; can similar methods enhance the detection of tau-related pathology? This study compared multiple antigen retrieval techniques (e.g. boiling in citrate or glycine buffer, microwaves, formic acid concentrations), to develop an optimal, standardized protocol for quantitative digital microscopy. Free-floating (40 microm) and paraffin-embedded (12 microm) sections of formalin fixed frontal cortex from mild, moderate, and severe AD cases (n = 18) were pretreated with fifteen different protocols and stained with each of the following antibodies: beta42, PHF-1, MC-1 and AT8. Random fields were digitally captured and images were thresholded to select for positively stained areas versus background (e.g. "load"). As previously reported, high concentrations of formic acid were extremely effective in enhancing the detection of beta-amyloid; as much as a 2-fold enhancement in Abeta "load" values were observed. Surprisingly, tau-related pathology detection also increased significantly following pretreatment. Depending on the antibody, between a 3-fold and 6-fold enhancement was possible relative to no pretreatment. Comparable results were found in paraffin-embedded sections. Similar enhancements in the detection of pathology were obtained following 99% formic acid exposure, microwaving in citrate buffer (pH 9.0) or exposure to 99% formic acid then boiling in citrate buffer (pH 6.0). Because the latter treatments were often harsh on the tissue and more difficult to control, we recommend a standard tissue pretreatment of 99% formic acid for seven minutes for both beta-amyloid and tau-related pathology.
Schedule Induction and Overindulgence

An animal model of human alcoholism is presented in which animals maintain chronic overdrinking to the extent that they develop severe physical dependence. They can be induced to overdrink ethanol in situations where an alternative fluid is present as well, so that the overindulgence is elective. The environmental conditions that produce this result also can induce the overingestion of other substances, aggression, and hyperactivity. It would appear, then, that many kinds of seemingly excessive, maladaptive behavior in animals and humans can have similar environmental sources. Alcoholism may be viewed within a context of environmental conditions that can produce a variety of excesses. Language: en
Generation of succinyl-coenzyme A in photosynthetic bacteria

Pathways of succinyl-Coenzyme A (succinyl-CoA) formation in various photosynthetic bacteria were investigated through several approaches, including determination of activity levels of relevant enzymes. Extracts of photosynthetically grown cells of representative Rhodospirillaceae and Chromatium vinosum showed α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGD) activities sufficient to account for generation of the succinyl-CoA required for biosynthetic metabolism. Except as noted below, the observed ratios of fumarate reductase/succinate dehydrogenase activities were low, consistent with the conclusion that these organisms produce succinyl-CoA oxidatively from α-ketoglutarate (KG), rather than by reductive metabolism of fumarate. On the other hand, the green bacterium Chlorobium limicola appears to produce succinyl-CoA by the reductive pathway; in this organism, KGD activity could not be detected, and a high fumarate reductase/succinate dehydrogenase ratio was observed. Results obtained with Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa suggest that this otherwise typical member of the Rhodospirillaceae may be able to generate succinyl-CoA via both “arms” of the citric acid cycle, that is, oxidatively from KG, and reductively from fumarate. To further explore the several physiological roles of the conversion: KG→succinyl-CoA in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, a mutant (strain KGD 11) almost completely blocked in KGD activity was isolated and studied in detail. Under anaerobic photosynthetic conditions, KGD 11 grows readily on succinate as the sole carbon source; in contrast to the wild type parent, however, it cannot grow with l-glutamate as the source of carbon. The R. capsulata parental strain can grow in darkness as an aerobic heterotroph on various carbon/energy sources including pyruvate, D,L-malate, or succinate. Mutant KGD 11, however, is unable to grow aerobically on the substrates noted. These results indicate that the energy for aerobic dark growth of R. capsulata is provided by ”respiratory phosphorylation” fueled by citric acid cycle function, and that this requires a substantial level of KGD activity. The present findings also indicate that citric acid cycle sequences in most of the Rhodospirillaceae prominently used in current research are geared to operate in the oxidative direction, as in nonphotosynthetic aerobic heterotrophs.
Successful Aging From the Perspective of Family Caregivers

Most models of successful aging have been limited to what researchers perceived to be its domains of rather than what elderly individuals and their caregivers have to say about their experiences. Sixty-five family caregivers recruited through geriatric care management agencies and support groups were interviewed to determine whether successful aging models accurately reflected their perspectives on aging. An open-ended question about successful aging was used along with a list of its 20 common characteristics, as identified in the literature, to compare the relevance of domains associated with different successful aging models. Caregivers identified domains in all major models, but new domains also emerged (e.g., quality of life, positive attitude, financial well-being). It was concluded that current models of successful aging may need to be expanded to include these additional domains and that quality of life may be a more inclusive and useful indicator of well-being than the concept of successful aging.
Demography, Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves

Where did a large-scale Roman slave-owner obtain new slaves? Varro in effect tells us: Ephesus. And the answer would probably have been the same for many generations after his time. But can we work out more systematically and more thoroughly the relative importance of different kinds of sources? The sources which most require consideration are: (1) children born to slave-mothers within the Empire; (2) persons enslaved in provincial or frontier wars; (3) persons imported across the frontiers; (4) the ‘self-enslaved’; and (5) infants abandoned at places within the Empire.Several years ago, I argued on a number of grounds that the last of these sources, child-exposure, was more important than had previously been recognized. Subsequent reconsideration of the problem has led me to suspect that the source-material under-represents the amount of slave-importation across the frontiers, but not to doubt that child-exposure was very widespread or that it made an important contribution to the slave supply. Of the many subsequent discussions, the most original is that of Ramin and Veyne, who, in an article of 1981 too little attended to in the Anglo-Saxon world, made it appear very likely that those who voluntarily sold themselves into slavery were a larger category than scholars usually imagine. More recently, Scheidel has attempted to revive the case, previously propounded by Shtaerman among others, in favour of the self-reproductivity of the slave population.
Experiences with Web squirrel: my life on the information farm

Previous work has shown that spatial hypertext is a useful information management tool for dynamically changing environments where it is necessary to model emergent and volatile information structures. This paper describes several years of experience using Eastgate Systems' Web Squirrel, a spatial bookmark manager, as a member of a suite of information management tools. It works together in conjunction with word processing, database, and index generation tools to provide a rich and effective Web-based working environment. Some its contributions include: information visualization, organization, and management, the avoidance of premature linking, and creativity support.
Engagement of large-scale networks is related to individual differences in inhibitory control

article i nfo Understanding which brain regions regulate the execution, and suppression, of goal-directed behavior has implications for a number of areas of research. In particular, understanding which brain regions engaged during tasks requiring the execution and inhibition of a motor response provides insight into the mechanisms underlying individual differences in response inhibition ability. However, neuroimaging studies examining the relation between activation and stopping have been inconsistent regarding the direction of the relationship, and also regarding the anatomical location of regions that correlate with behavior. These limitations likely arise from the relatively low power of voxelwise correlations with small sample sizes. Here, we pooled data over five separate fMRI studies of the Stop-signal task in order to obtain a sufficiently large sample size to robustly detect brain/behavior correlations. In addition, rather than performing mass univariate correlation analysis across all voxels, we increased statistical power by reducing the dimensionality of the data set using independent component analysis and then examined correlations between behavior and the resulting component scores. We found that components reflecting activity in regions thought to be involved in stopping were associated with better stopping ability, while activity in a default-mode network was associated with poorer stopping ability across individuals. These results clearly show a relationship between individual differences in stopping ability in specific activated networks, including regions known to be critical for the behavior. The results also highlight the usefulness of using dimensionality reduction to increase the power to detect brain/behavior correlations in individual differences research.
Plague Studies in California: A Review of Long-Term Disease Activity, Flea-Host Relationships and Plague Ecology in the Coniferous Forests of the Southern Cascades and Northern Sierra Nevada Mountains

We review 28 years of long-term surveillance (1970-1997) for plague activity among wild rodents from ten locations within three coniferous forest habitat types in the northern Sierra Nevada and the Southern Cascade mountains of northeastern California. We identify rodent hosts and their fleas and document long-term plague activity in each habitat type. The highest seroprevalence for Yersinia pestis occurred in the chipmunks, Tamias senex and T. quadrimaculatus, and the pine squirrel, Tamiasciurus douglasii. The most commonly infected fleas were Ceratophyllus ciliatus and Eumolpianus eumolpi from chipmunks and Oropsylla montana and O. idahoensis from ground squirrels. Serological surveillance demonstrated that populations of T. senex, T. quadrimaculatus and T. douglasii are moderately resistant to plague, survive infection, and are, therefore, good sentinels for plague activity. Recaptured T. senex and T. quadrimaculatus showed persistence of plague antibodies and evidence of re-infection over a two year period. These rodent species, their fleas, and the ecological factors common to the coniferous forest habitats likely promote the maintenance of plague foci in northeastern California.
Proteolysis of Mitotic Chromosomes Induces Gradual and Anisotropic Decondensation Correlated with a Reduction of Elastic Modulus and Structural Sensitivity to Rarely Cutting Restriction Enzymes

The effect of nonspecific proteolysis on the structure of single isolated mitotic newt chromosomes was studied using chromosome elastic response as an assay. Exposure to either trypsin or proteinase K gradually decondensed and softened chromosomes but without entirely eliminating their elastic response. Analysis of chromosome morphology revealed anisotropic decondensation upon digestion, with length increasing more than width. Prolonged protease treatment resulted only in further swelling of the chromosome without complete dissolution. Mild trypsinization induced sensitivity of chromosome elasticity to five- and six-base-specific restriction enzymes. These results, combined with previous studies of effects of nucleases on mitotic chromosome structure, indicate that mild proteolysis gradually reduces the density of chromatin-constraining elements in the mitotic chromosome, providing evidence consistent with an anisotropically folded "chromatin network" model of mitotic chromosome architecture.
Using data mining techniques to learn layouts of flat-file biological datasets

One of the major problems in biological data integration is that many data sources are stored as atlasses, with a variety of different layouts. Integrating data from such sources can be an extremely time-consuming task. We have been developing data mining techniques to help learn the layout of a dataset in a semi-automatic way. In this paper, we focus on the problem of identifying delimiters for optional fields. Since these fields do not occur in every record, frequency based methods are not able to identify the corresponding delimiters. We present a method which uses contrast analysis on the frequency of sequences to identify such delimiters and help complete the layout descriptions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique using three atlasses biological datasets.
Algorithms for Offshore Wind Farm Layout Optimization

Offshore wind energy is positioned to facilitate substantial growth in wind energy production, but further reductions in the cost of energy will strengthen its ability to compete directly with other energy generating technologies. One simple solution is the optimal use of current technologies. To this end, this study investigates the use of optimization algorithms for offshore wind farm micrositing. First, a discussion is given of five different types of optimization algorithms: gradient search, heuristic, pattern search, simulated annealing, and evolutionary algorithms. The relevance of each algorithm to wind turbine micrositing is then evaluated by considering two separate objectives: minimization of the levelized production cost and maximization of the energy production. The genetic and greedy heuristic algorithms are further evaluated through the use of design simulations. Finally, these algorithms are employed to optimize the layout of a potential, real-world offshore wind farm near Hull, Massachusetts.
Newman Lake restoration: A case study. Part I. Chemical and biological responses to phosphorus control

Abstract In the late 1960s and early 1970s, summer and fall blooms of cyanobacteria began to occur in Newman Lake, Washington (zavg: 5.6 m, zmax: 9.0 m); through the next decade, these blooms intensified and became an annual occurrence. Community efforts in the mid-1980s sparked a Restoration Feasibility assessment of the lake and watershed that indicated total annual gross phosphorus loading of at least 3000 kg, with a major portion (∼83%) attributable to internal recycling associated with summer hypolimnetic oxygen depletion. Implementation activities began September 1989, with watershed controls and a whole-lake alum treatment, followed in 1992 by installation of a Speece cone for hypolimnetic oxygenation and in 1997 by addition of a dual-port, microfloc alum injection system. Average summer volume-weighted total phosphorus has declined from prerestoration levels exceeding 50 μg-P/L to an average of 21 μg-P/L over the past 7 years (15–28 μg-P/L). Most notably, peak annual biovolumes of cyanobacteria an...
Ability-Based Pairing Strategies in the Team-Based Training of a Complex Skill: Does the Intelligence of Your Training Partner Matter?

Intelligence researchers traditionally focus their attention on the individual level and overlook the role of intelligence at the interindividual level. This research investigated the interplay of the effects of intelligence at the individual and interindividual levels by manipulating the intelligence-based composition of dyadic training teams. Using a sample of 176 young adult males and a complex computer-based criterion task, homogeneous and heterogeneous dyadic training teams were created based on intelligence scores, and both team and individual performance were assessed throughout 10 h of training. Results indicated a strong additive influence of intelligence on team performance and a slightly positive nonadditive effect in uniformly high (HH)-ability teams. Trainees' individual skill acquisition was strongly correlated with the performance of their teams. However, nonadditive partner effects were observed such that high-ability trainees acquired significantly more skill when paired with high-ability partners instead of low- ability partners, but low-ability trainees benefited very little from being paired with high-ability partners.
On the Conrol Aspect of Laser Frequency Stabilization

The realization of frequency-stable lasers is viewed as a key to progress in many areas of research, so the search for more effective techniques of frequency stabilization has intensified significantly in recent years. NASA's "SUNLITE" project at Langley Research Center is investigating and validating the fundamental linewidth and frequency stability limits of a Nd:YAG laser oscillator locked to a high finesse reference cavity in the microgravity and vibration-free environment of space. As part of this project, NASA engineers have designed and built a space-qualified system for measuring the linewidth and stability limits of an ultra-stable laser oscillator in space. In order to achieve greater stability and better performance, both passive and active frequency control, which requires use of a feedback control loop, has been applied. By using this technique of frequency stabilization, which is based on the fundamental property of feedback control theory, the intrinsic frequency noise and drift of the laser are expected to be reduced to the measurement noise level. The objetive of this paper is to further investigate the application of feedback control theory in active frequency control as a frequency stabilization technique and determine the most appropriate control strategy to be used, particularly in the SUNLITE project.
Assignment of the 5HT7 Receptor Gene (HTR7) to Chromosome 10q and Exclusion of Genetic Linkage with Tourette Syndrome

A novel serotonin receptor designated 5HT7 (genetic locus HTR7) was cloned in 1993. This receptor has interesting properties related to ligand affinity and CNS distribution that render HTR7 a very interesting candidate gene for neuropsychiatric disorders. We mapped this gene, first by physical methods and then by genetic linkage. First, we made a tentative assignment to chromosome 10, based on hybridization of an HTR7 probe to a Southern blot of DNA from somatic cell hybrids. We then identified a genetic polymorphism at the HTR7 locus. We identified one extended pedigree where the polymorphism segregated. Using the LIPED computer program for pairwise linkage analysis, we confirmed the assignment of the gene to chromosome 10, specifically 10q21-q24, based on a lod score of 5.37 at 0% recombination between HTR7 and D10S20 (a chromosome 10 reference marker). Finally, we excluded genetic linkage between this locus and Tourette syndrome under a reasonable set of assumptions.
Plasma-surface interaction issues of an all-metal ITER

We assess key plasma surface interaction issues of an all-metal plasma facing component (PFC) system for ITER, in particular a tungsten divertor surface, and a beryllium or tungsten first wall. Such a system eliminates problems with carbon divertor erosion and T/C codeposition, and for an all-tungsten system would better extrapolate to post-ITER devices. The issues studied are sputtering, transport, and formation of mixed surface layers, tritium codeposition, core plasma contamination, ELM response, and He on W irradiation effects. Code package OMEGA computes PFC sputtering erosion/redeposition in an ITER full power D-T plasma edge regime with convective transport. The HEIGHTS package analyzes divertor plasma transient response. PISCES and other data are used with code results to assess PFC performance. Predicted outer wall sputter erosion rates are acceptable for Be (0.3 nm/s) or bare (stainless steel/Fe) wall (0.05 nm/s) for the low duty factor ITER, and are very low (0.002 nm/s) for W. Most wall-sputtered Be is redeposited on the wall itself or baffle region, with about 10% transported to the divertor target. T/Be codeposition in redeposited wall material could be significant (~2 gT per 400 s ITER pulse). Core plasma contamination potential from wall sputtering appears acceptable for Be (~2%), and negligible for W (or Fe) due to near-surface ionization of sputtered W (Fe) atoms and subsequent strong redeposition. A tungsten divertor likewise appears acceptable from the self-sputtering and plasma contamination standpoints, and would have negligible T/W codeposition. Be can grow on/near the strike point region of a W divertor, but for the predicted maximum surface temperature of ~800°C, deleterious Be/W alloy formation may be avoided. ELM's are a serious challenge to the divertor, but this is true for all materials. We identify acceptable ELM parameters for W. We conclude that an all-metal PFC system is likely a much better choice for ITER D-T operation than a system using carbon, but critical R&D issues remain, e.g., in areas of transient surface erosion (of all materials), W surface integrity with energetic He etc. bombardment, and in predictive plasma/surface interaction modeling generally. Steps are suggested to ameliorate problems and reduce uncertainties, e.g., via a 300 or 400°C baking capability for T/Be reduction, and using a deposited tungsten first wall test section.
Distributive waveband assignment in multi-granular optical networks

To handle the challenge of increasing node size in wavelength routing networks (WRNs), waveband switching (WBS) is introduced to group multiple wavelengths together as a band or fiber and switch them using a single port whenever possible. Literature studies with the off-line traffic confirm that WBS can effectively reduce the port count and cost as well as control complexity. In the cases with online traffic, both the port reduction and call blocking probability should be considered due to the unknown traffic pattern and limited resources. In this work, we first analyze a reconfigurable switching architecture and the blocking probability in WBS networks. Based on the analysis, we then propose a novel dynamic graph-based waveband assignment algorithm in conjunction with adaptive routing. The proposed algorithm employs the ant optimization techniques to reduce ports and blocking probability in the network with online traffic in a distributed manner. Our simulation results show that our graph-based waveband assignment algorithm combined with the adaptive routing scheme can achieve the best performance when compared to other schemes. Our study also shows that even with limited resources, WBS can achieve port saving and an allowable blocking probability.
Prospective evaluation of the characteristics and incidence of adenoma-associated dural invasion in Cushing disease.

Object Dural invasion by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting adenomas is a significant risk factor for incomplete resection and recurrence in Cushing disease (CD). Since ACTH-producing adenomas are often the smallest of the various types of pituitary tumors at the time of resection, examining their invasion provides the best opportunity to identify the precise sites of early dural invasion by pituitary adenomas. To characterize the incidence and anatomical distribution of dural invasion by ACTH-secreting adenomas, the authors prospectively and systematically analyzed features of dural invasion in patients with CD. Methods The authors prospectively studied consecutive patients with CD undergoing the systematic removal of ACTH-secreting adenoma and histological analysis of the anterior sella dura as well as other sites of dural invasion that were evident at surgery. Clinical, imaging, histological, and operative findings were analyzed. Results Eighty-seven patients with CD (58 females and 29 males)...
The RBANS Effort Index: Base Rates in Geriatric Samples

The Effort Index (EI) of the RBANS was developed to assist clinicians in discriminating patients who demonstrate good effort from those with poor effort. However, there are concerns that older adults might be unfairly penalized by this index, which uses uncorrected raw scores. Using five independent samples of geriatric patients with a broad range of cognitive functioning (e.g., cognitively intact, nursing home residents, probable Alzheimer's disease), base rates of failure on the EI were calculated. In cognitively intact and mildly impaired samples, few older individuals were classified as demonstrating poor effort (e.g., 3% in cognitively intact). However, in the more severely impaired geriatric patients, over one third had EI scores that fell above suggested cutoff scores (e.g., 37% in nursing home residents, 33% in probable Alzheimer's disease). In the cognitively intact sample, older and less educated patients were more likely to have scores suggestive of poor effort. Education effects were observed in three of the four clinical samples. Overall cognitive functioning was significantly correlated with EI scores, with poorer cognition being associated with greater suspicion of low effort. The current results suggest that age, education, and level of cognitive functioning should be taken into consideration when interpreting EI results and that significant caution is warranted when examining EI scores in elders suspected of having dementia.
Roughness Analysis of Si 1-χ Ge χ Films

The morphology of Si 1-χ Ge χ films is studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Depending on growth temperature and Ge content, growth proceeds in either a layer-by-layer mode or by me growth of 3-dimensional coherent islands. In the former case strain relaxation occurs by formation and multiplication of misfit dislo-cations, leading to a cross-hatched surface morphology. In the latter case the rough morphology leads to a higher density of nucleation sites, and reduced glide efficiency, for the dislocations. A Fourier transform based method for analyzing the morphology is introduced, and is compared with other, existing roughness analysis methods.
Numerical Aspects of Approximation by Polynomials with Integral Coefficients

The purpose of this paper is to call attention to a large body of results in the area of approximation by polynomials with integral coefficients. Those results with potential applications to the numerical aspects of the problem will be emphasized. By integral coefficients we mean coefficients from the ring of rational integers z = {...−1,0,1,...} and its generalizations. A detailed exposition of the general area of approximation by polynomials with integral coefficients will soon be available in Ferguson [1].
Application of the MSMD Framework in the Simulation of Battery Packs

Lithium-ion battery has been widely used in electric vehicles (EVs). Battery’s performance, life and safety are of great engineering importance. Using simulation tools, battery’s electric performance and thermal behavior can be computed to provide useful information in the design of a battery pack and its thermal management system.The muti-scale muti-dimensional (MSMD) methodology has been proven to be very effective in the simulation of battery at the battery’s geometry dimension scale. The method has been demonstrated in the literature for a single battery cell simulation. However, in the EV applications, battery packs where individual battery is connected in series and/or parallel are often used to provide the required power input during a real driving cycle. In this paper the MSMD methodology is extended to the battery pack simulation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The Impact of Confucianism towards Working Overtime in Asian Workplaces

Working overtime seems to be a chronic phenomenon for Asian employees and a prevalent aspect of Asian workplaces. Although predictors for overtime work have been rigorously studied so far, it is st...
A Model for Sensitivity Analysis of Reimbursement in Hospitals

Abstract Hospital rate setting and financial planning decisions are complicated by the fact that 70% to 80% of the operating revenues generated from patients are covered by third parties (namely Blue Cross, Medicare, Medicaid). Reimbursement by the third parties for services is associated with a host of regulatory constraints which govern the cost finding procedures used, as well as the cost and rate increases allowed. In this paper we present two models to aid the hospital's financial decision makers understanding of the sensitivity in the cost allocation process. The models provide a means by which the decision maker can obtain answers to such questions as: “What is the impact of an increase in cost of Y, in the cost center D, on the total cost of revenue center M?” Management use of the above information is discussed. The paper illustrates the use of models in performing sensitivity analysis as opposed to brute force methods commonly used.
Establishing Soil Silicon Test Procedure and Critical Silicon Level for Rice in Louisiana Soils

ABSTRACTCalibration of crop responses to applied silicon (Si) serves as a basis for developing Si fertilizer recommendation guidelines. A greenhouse experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with five replications, two sources of Si (wollastonite and slag) and four Si rates (0, 170, 340 and 680 kg ha−1) to calibrate plant-available Si for growing rice in Louisiana soils. Silicon concentrations were determined in soils using seven different extraction procedures. Based on a quadratic model (p < 0.05), the estimated soil Si critical level using 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl2) for Sharkey clay soil was 110 mg kg−1 while for Crowley silt loam and Commerce silt loam, levels were 37 and 43 mg kg−1, respectively. These results suggest that suitability of an extractant that gives the best estimate of plant-available Si could considerably depend on soil type and it is unlikely that there is a universal extractant for all soils.
The linkage between stratospheric water vapor and surface temperature in an observation-constrained coupled general circulation model

We assess the interactions between stratospheric water vapor (SWV) and surface temperature during the past two decades using satellite observations and the Community Earth System Model (CESM). From 1992 to 2013, to first order, the observed SWV exhibited three distinct piece-wise trends: a steady increase from 1992 to 2000, an abrupt drop from 2000 to 2004, and a gradual recovery after 2004, while the global-mean surface temperature experienced a strong increase until 2000 and a warming hiatus after 2000. The atmosphere-only CESM shows that the seasonal variation of tropical-mean (30°S–30°N) SWV is anticorrelated with that of the tropical-mean sea surface temperature (SST), while the correlation between the tropical SWV and SST anomalies on the interannual time scale is rather weak. By nudging the modeled SWV to prescribed profiles in coupled atmosphere-slab ocean experiments, we investigate the impact of SWV variations on surface temperature change. We find that a uniform 1 ppmv (0.5 ppmv) SWV increase (decrease) leads to an equilibrium global mean surface warming (cooling) of 0.12 ± 0.05 °C (−0.07 ± 0.05 °C). Sensitivity experiments show that the equilibrium response of global mean surface temperature to SWV perturbations over the extratropics is larger than that over the tropics. The observed sudden drop of SWV from 2000 to 2004 produces a global mean surface cooling of about −0.048 ± 0.041 °C, which suggests that a persistent change in SWV would make an imprint on long-term variations of global-mean surface temperature. A constant linear increase in SWV based on the satellite-observed rate of SWV change yields a global mean surface warming of 0.03 ± 0.01 °C/decade over a 50-year period, which accounts for about 19 % of the observed surface temperature increase prior to the warming hiatus. In the same experiment, trend analyses during different periods reveal a multi-year adjustment of surface temperature before the response to SWV forcing becomes strong relative to the internal variability in the model.
Osorio's dark employments: tricking out coleridgean tragedy

There are sublime gestures that no oratorical eloquence can ever render … The sleepwalking Lady Macbeth … advances in silence and with eyes shut onto the stage, imitating the action of a person who washes her hands, as if hers had been stained with the blood of her king whose throat she had cut more than twenty years before. I know nothing so pathetic in discourse as the silence and the movement of the hands of this woman. What an image of remorse! (Diderot, Letter on the Deaf and Mute [1751]) [A] man who has real power at his command will not avail himself of trick: he will despise it. (Schiller, The Ghost-Seer or the Apparitionist [ c .1786]) The remarkable stage success of Coleridge's tragedy Remorse in early 1813 finished off the version called Osorio he had written fifteen years earlier and left its shade to hang in the seldom opened closet much of posterity for so long dismissively marked “Romantic Drama.” That gothic fate was sealed, ironically, by condescension to the very ideologies of stageability that had led Richard Sheridan, owner of Drury Lane, who had invited Coleridge to submit a tragedy, to reject Osorio late in 1797 because of “the obscurity of the last three acts.” This chapter offers Osorio a spectral airing, partly in the hope that it might come to haunt the imaginations of those engaged in efforts to breathe life into Coleridge's frequently overlooked powers as a dramatist and on the role theater might play in times of political conflict and ministerial tyranny.
THE SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT

This chapter reviews the behavior and properties of smooth muscle. Smooth muscle has no basic length, and its tonus is always changing. When contracted, it may be only a fourth as long as when relaxed. There are different types of smooth muscle designed for different types of work. Smooth muscle in the several parts of the digestive tract has different properties suited to the function to be performed. Some can be distinguished by touch or sight, and some by chemical analysis or physiologic behavior. Differences in rhythmic activity in different parts of the digestive tract appear to be largely due to differences in the neuromuscular structure in the several regions. Smooth muscle probably has no nerve supply in the sense that voluntary muscle has, and it is probable that impulses are transmitted from the nerves to the muscle largely through chemical substances that are formed at the ends of the nerves.
Madame Victorica: Captured!

The final Madame Victorica article, numbered VII, focuses on a number of letters sent to Madame Victorica during 1917 and early 1918. Many of them are desperate efforts on the part of the German Secret Service to maintain contact with its agents in the United States after the American declaration of war in April 1917 and also letters from Madame Victorica trying to contact her superiors. The final part of the article details the arrest of Madame Victorica in late April 1918 and her subsequent statements to the US authorities. The Manly folder in the Friedman Collection also contains a letter to Manly and a memorandum from the US Mixed Claims Commission dated in 1932 that gives details of the interrogation of Madame Victorica after her arrest in 1918.
Signal of opportunity time difference of arrival estimation using adaptive filtering techniques

EXACT and SOCRATES are a pair of CubeSats being developed to advance the TRL of a dual-use sensor. It can function either as x-ray detector used for characterization of high energy photons or as a sensor for measuring relative ranges between users in deep space operations. The ranging function of the sensor is described in this paper. After describing the measurements generated by the sensor, the algorithms that make use of this information to generate a position solution are presented. As a validation case study, data from the Japanese spacecraft Suzaku's observation of the Crab Nebula Pulsar is used to estimate the spacecraft's change in position along the line-of-sight to the pulsar, using this estimation scheme. Suzaku's observations are suitable for this application because the spacecrafts Hard X-Ray Detector (HXD) is similar in effective surface area to the prototype X-Ray/gamma-ray detector currently under development for use onboard EXACTand SOCRATES. Thus, validation of this technique using data from Suzaku serves to verify the feasibility of this navigation technique onboard other spacecraft with detectors of similar size.
Prenatal depression screening and antidepressant prescription: obstetrician-gynecologists’ practices, opinions, and interpretation of evidence

Obstetrician-gynecologists (ob-gyns) are well-positioned to detect symptoms of perinatal depression; however, little is known about how ob-gyns respond. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ob-gyns’ beliefs and practices related to prenatal depression screening and antidepressant prescription during pregnancy. A larger survey on prenatal medication was developed at the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and distributed to a sample of 1000 Fellows. The overall response rate was 37.9% (N = 379). Two hundred eighty-eight provided care to pregnant patients and therefore, responded to questions on prenatal depression screening and antidepressant prescription. Most ob-gyns (87.8%) routinely screened patients for depression at least once during pregnancy. When symptoms of depression were reported, 52.1% “sometimes” prescribed an antidepressant medication with 22.5% doing so “usually or always”. While 84.0% prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to pregnant patients, only 31.9% prescribed non-SSRIs. Ob-gyns felt comfortable prescribing SSRIs (78.1%) and counseled patients that the benefits of treating depression pharmacologically outweigh the risks (83.0%), and the use of SSRIs during pregnancy is relatively safe (87.5%). Prescribing SSRIs to pregnant patients was not significantly associated with interpretation of evidence on fetal and neonatal outcomes. Findings suggest most ob-gyns in the USA at least sometimes prescribe antidepressants in response to patient reports of depression symptoms during pregnancy. Mixed interpretations of evidence regarding the effects of SSRIs on fetal and neonatal outcomes reflect a critical need for high-quality safety data upon which to base treatment recommendations.
Regional Climate Variability Under Model Simulations of Solar Geoengineering

Solar geoengineering has been shown in modeling studies to successfully mitigate global mean surface temperature changes from greenhouse warming. Changes in land surface hydrology are complicated by the direct effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) on vegetation, which alters the flux of water from the land surface to the atmosphere. Here we investigate changes in boreal summer climate variability under solar geoengineering using multiple ensembles of model simulations. We find that spatially uniform solar geoengineering creates a strong meridional gradient in the Northern Hemisphere temperature response, with less consistent patterns in precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil moisture. Using regional summertime temperature and precipitation results across 31-member ensembles, we show a decrease in the frequency of heat waves and consecutive dry days under solar geoengineering relative to a high-CO2 world. However in some regions solar geoengineering of this amount does not completely reduce summer heat extremes relative to present day climate. In western Russia and Siberia, an increase in heat waves is connected to a decrease in surface soil moisture that favors persistent high temperatures. Heat waves decrease in the central United States and the Sahel while the hydrologic response increases terrestrial water storage. Regional changes in soil moisture exhibit trends over time as the model adjusts to solar geoengineering, particularly in Siberia and the Sahel, leading to robust shifts in climate variance. These results suggest potential benefits and complications of large-scale uniform climate intervention schemes.
Examining the Value of Mentoring and Men of Color Staff Members of a Community College.

As higher education continues to experience a shift in demographics commiserate with the United States population, colleges and universities are making more concerted efforts to recruit men of colo...
Necessary Extensions and Modification of Fluid Transport Theory for the Tokamak Plasma Edge

AbstractTheoretical analysis and interpretation of experimental measurements indicate the need to extend the fluid theory used in the tokamak plasma edge to include ion orbit loss of thermalized ions and to retain (mainly) electromagnetic pinch forces in the momentum balance in order to derive transport equations which conserve particles, energy, and momentum. The features of such an extended steady-state fluid theory have been derived from first principles in several papers and are summarized herein.