cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Species and Mixture Hydrodynamics

We have regarded a mixture as a superposition of coexisting, interacting, and possibly reacting species. We have discussed the motion of monochromatic species parcels and analyzed the mixture kinematics with reference to the species diffusion velocities defined as the differences between the individual species velocities and the mixture mass velocity. In this chapter, we turn our attention to the balance of forces and introduce species and mixture stresses that develop spontaneously in hydrostatics or as a result of the motion.
Candidates as Experiential Brands in U.S. Presidential Elections: An Abstract

Investigating political candidates as brands is a relatively new field in the area of political marketing research (French and Smith 2010; Phipps et al. 2010; Smith 2009). As such, there are few, if any, empirical studies demonstrating that candidates do function as brands (e.g., Guzman et al. 2015), and none relating to elections in the United States. To fill this void, data were collected over the last two U.S. presidential election cycles. Results show that not only did candidates function as brands in both the 2012 and 2016 elections, the experiential brand of a candidate is a significant predictor of voting intention. However, it was the candidate who lost the election whose experiential brand proved to be the most significant.
APP-Induced Patterned Neurodegeneration Is Exacerbated by APOE4 in Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetic and epidemiological studies have found that variations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the apoliopoprotein E (APOE) genes represent major modifiers of the progressive neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). An extra copy of or gain-of-function mutations in APP correlate with early onset AD. Compared to the other variants (APOE2 and APOE3), the e4 allele of APOE (APOE4) hastens and exacerbates early and late onset forms of AD. Convenient in vivo models to study how APP and APOE4 interact at the cellular and molecular level to influence neurodegeneration are lacking. Here, we show that the nematode C. elegans can model important aspects of AD including age-related, patterned neurodegeneration that is exacerbated by APOE4 Specifically, we found that APOE4, but not APOE3, acts with APP to hasten and expand the pattern of cholinergic neurodegeneration caused by APP Molecular mechanisms underlying how APP and APOE4 synergize to kill some neurons while leaving others unaffected may be uncovered using this convenient worm model of neurodegeneration.
A Thermo-Fluid Model of Droplet Evaporation and Pressure Variation in Venturi Liquid-Gas Mixers

An analytical model has been developed to determine how effectively the temperature of a flowing hot gas can be reduced through the introduction of cold liquid droplets. The hot gas flows through a venturi-shaped mixer where the cold liquid is introduced into the mixer at the throat, vaporizes, and mixes with the hot gas resulting in a cooler gas temperature at the exit of the mixer. The cold liquid droplet residence time, evaporation time, and mixing with the hot gas determine the extent to which the hot gas temperature can be reduced. The model is used to predict the achievable gas cooling of hot hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen with cryogenic droplet coolant of the same species. Temperature and pressure along the mixer for these different fluids are calculated, and trends are presented using a non-dimensional number analogous to the Damkohler number in reaction chemistry. The model can be used to predict the minimum mixer length required to achieve specified amount of hot gas cooling or to assess the cooling efficacy of a mixer of given length for various hot gas and cold liquid flow rates.
Evidence for geologically recent explosive volcanism in Elysium Planitia, Mars

Abstract Volcanic activity on Mars peaked during the Noachian and Hesperian periods but has continued since then in isolated locales. Elysium Planitia hosts numerous young, fissure-fed flood lavas with ages ranging from approximately 500 to 2.5 million years (Ma). We present evidence for a fine-grained unit that is atypical of aeolian deposits in the region and may be the youngest volcanic deposit yet documented on Mars. The unit has a low albedo, high thermal inertia, includes high‑calcium pyroxene-rich material, and is distributed symmetrically around a segment of the Cerberus Fossae fissure system in Elysium Planitia. This deposit is superficially similar to features interpreted as pyroclastic deposits on the Moon and Mercury. Unlike previously documented lava flows in Elysium Planitia, this feature is morphologically consistent with a fissure-fed pyroclastic deposit, mantling the surrounding lava flows with a thickness on the order of tens of cm over most of the deposit and a volume of 1.1–2.8 × 107 m3. Thickness and volume estimates are consistent with tephra deposits on Earth. Stratigraphic relationships indicate a relative age younger than the surrounding volcanic plains and the Zunil impact crater (~0.1–1 Ma), with crater counting suggesting that the deposit has an absolute model age of 53 ± 7 to 210 ± 12 ka. This young age implies that if this deposit is volcanic then the Cerberus Fossae region may not be extinct and that Mars may still be volcanically active. This interpretation is consistent with the identification of seismicity in this region by the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport (InSight) lander, and has additional implications for astrobiology.
Effect of Tympanostomy Tube Placement on Intraoperative Auditory Brainstem Response.

Background Intraoperative auditory brainstem response (ioABR) testing under general anesthesia is commonly performed on children when sleep-deprived ABR and behavioral testing are not reliable or feasible. Several studies have reported potential confounding results when tube insertion is combined with ABR testing. Purpose This article evaluates whether a temporary threshold shift (TTS) occurs following placement of tympanostomy tubes (TTs) in children who undergo ioABR testing. Research Design A case–control prospective study. Patients scheduled for combined TT and ioABR procedures were enrolled into this study. Study Sample Twenty children (38 ears), ranging in age from 6 months to 10.5 years, were enrolled. Data Collection and Analysis ABR thresholds for tone bursts with center frequencies of 2 and 4 kHz were compared before and after tube insertion. The indication for surgery, comorbidities, and status of the middle ear were also recorded. A paired t-test was used to determine statistical significance. Results Data collection did not necessarily indicate suctioning and tube placement were causing a TTS; however, fluid present in the middle ear space prior to TT placement appeared to influence results. Although a paired t-test did not show statistically significant differences in ABR thresholds between groups of individuals with and without fluid and before and after tube placement, 50% of patients with mucoid fluid (two out of four patients) were noted to have 10 dB or greater worsening in ABR thresholds in two out of six ears. Twenty-nine percent of patients with serous fluid (two out of seven patients) were noted to have at least a 10 dB worsening in ABR threshold in 2 out of 10 ears. Further testing is needed to confirm these trends. Conclusion This pilot study indicates that children with mucoid or serous fluid may experience worse ABR thresholds following TT insertion. ioABR testing immediately after TT tube placement and in the presence of middle ear fluid should be interpreted with caution. Additional studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these results.
COVID-19 disruption on college students: Academic and socioemotional implications.

Objective: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic represents an acute worldwide public health crisis causing an immediate disruption to every demographic group. One group significantly affected both educationally and psychosocially is college students, as they experienced an abrupt cancellation of in-person courses, were forced to leave their dormitories, and witnessed a loss of social activities. Method: This study utilizes survey data from college students in the throes of COVID-19-based home schooling collected for a Belgium-based international study including more than 134,000 participants from 28 countries around the world. Two hundred fifty-seven college students from a U.S. university participated in this study. Results: Results indicate that college students are affected by COVID-19 on several levels, including fear of themselves or others in their social network contracting the virus, apprehension about the changes in coursework delivery and unclear instructional parameters, overall loneliness, compromised motivation, and sleep disturbances, as well as anxious and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Analyses reveal a positive relationship between academic frustrations and mental health symptoms, the latter also negatively related to trust in the government regarding the preventive measures being implemented. Worries about becoming infected were positively related to mental health symptoms and negatively related to trust in the government. Results and implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
China's Phantom Urbanization and the Pathology of Ghost Cities

Many have remarked upon China's tendency to develop gargantuan, yet nearly empty, "ghost cities" since the turn of the millennium. Yet almost no previous scholarship examines the specific reasons why or processes through which this phenomenon has come to be. Following a thorough and critical analysis of key aspects of China's political economy that create the perverse incentives behind the excesses of its real estate boom and the growth of ghost cities, we examine two empirical case studies in detail: Kangbashi (in Ordos, Inner Mongolia) and New Beichuan (in an area of Sichuan Province devastated by a massive earthquake in 2008). We are thus able to offer both broad insights into the roots of China's phantom urbanization and a careful tracing of the specific development and effects of the pathology of ghost cities for the first time.
Utilizing Framing Theory to Design More Effective Health Messages about Tanning Behavior among College Women

Rates of skin cancer among young women are increasing and most cases are associated with tanning behavior. In health communication, scholars and practitioners use framing as a strategy to design pe...
A 100-Gb/s PAM-4 Optical Receiver With 2-Tap FFE and 2-Tap Direct-Feedback DFE in 28-nm CMOS

Optical receivers (ORXs) with integrated CMOS electronics enable compact, low-power solutions for 400-G Ethernet and co-packaged optics. In this article, we present a 100-Gb/s PAM-4 ORX with TIA and sampler integrated into a single 28-nm CMOS IC. ORX sensitivity is optimized using a low noise, sub-Nyquist bandwidth TIA followed by a mixed signal sampler that includes 2-tap FFE and 2-tap DFE. A distributed current-integrating summer helps meet feedback latency requirements of 50-Gbaud direct-feedback PAM-4 DFE. Measurements characterizing the CMOS linear TIA indicate ~23-GHz trans-impedance (ZT) bandwidth (BW) with-2.5 μA $_{{rms}}$ input-referred noise. Optical measurement results at 100 Gb/s show that -8.9-dBm sensitivity is achieved at 2.4e-4 BER with 3.9-pJ/bit energy efficiency.
Leveraging multi-modal neuroimaging for normal brain development and pediatric brain disorders

Abstract This chapter provides a review of the previous chapters of the book and showcases the complementary roles of multimodal neuroimaging and image analysis in providing critically useful insights into the neuroscience of brain development and application to clinical interpretation.
Active Managers Are Skilled

Active fund managers are skilled and, on average, have used their skill to generate about $3.2 million per year. Large cross-sectional differences in skill persist for as long as ten years. Investors recognize this skill and reward it by investing more capital in funds managed by better managers. These funds earn higher aggregate fees, and a strong positive correlation exists between current compensation and future performance.
Tensile and Creep Property Characterization of Potential Brayton Cycle Impeller and Duct Materials

This paper represents a status report documenting the work on creep of superalloys performed under Project Prometheus. Cast superalloys have potential applications in space as impellers within closed-loop Brayton cycle nuclear power generation systems. Likewise wrought superalloys are good candidates for ducts and heat exchangers transporting the inert working gas in a Brayton-based power plant. Two cast superalloys, Mar-M247LC and IN792, and a NASA GRC powder metallurgy superalloy, LSHR, are being screened to compare their respective capabilities for impeller applications. Several wrought superalloys including Hastelloy X, (Haynes International, Inc., Kokomo, IN), Inconel 617, Inconel 740, Nimonic 263, and Incoloy MA956 (Special Metals Corporation, Huntington, WV) are also being screened to compare their capabilities for duct applications. These proposed applications would require sufficient strength and creep resistance for long term service at temperatures up to 1200 K, with service times to 100,000 h or more. Conventional tensile and creep tests were performed at temperatures up to 1200 K on specimens extracted from the materials. Initial microstructure evaluations were also undertaken.
Word Made Flesh: The Inspiration of Scripture

The primary OtextbookO of the Christian faith, the biblical canon, is at the crux of any Science and Faith discussion. Considerations of scriptural authority and veracity ever continue to engage both scientists and theologians. Of course, the Bible isnOt a OtextbookO in the modern definition of the word, but it is a book, nevertheless. Its materials need to be studied fairly and attentively, making sure one is heedful of the wide variety of ways in which different parts of Scripture relate and interact with each other. In such a study, its sweeping claims of divine inspiration will be detected. These cannot be easily dismissed. One must honestly deal with the fundamental assumptions and parameters within which the many Bible writers consistently work. Thankfully, these are fairly obvious. For example, none of the Bible writers ever attempts to prove the existence of God. Without exception, they all assume He exists. Biblical writers claim to have real knowledge of an infinite God, a knowledge God disclosed. It was not a spiritual insight they devised. They were absolutely certain God was speaking through them when they thundered, OThus says the Lord!O Fleming Rutledge is correct:
Search for the electron electric dipole moment using Ω-doublet levels in PbO

We present results of an experiment to probe for the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the electron using an $\ensuremath{\Omega}$-doublet state in a polar molecule. If the molecule is both massive and has a large molecular-fixed frame dipole moment, then the $\ensuremath{\Omega}$-doublet states have the potential to greatly increase the sensitivity of experiments searching for the EDM while also allowing for new methods of systematic error rejection. Here, we use the metastable $a{(1)}^{3}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ state of lead monoxide (PbO) to probe for the electron EDM. Our best fit for the electron EDM of ${d}_{e}=(\ensuremath{-}4.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9.{5}_{\mathrm{stat}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.{8}_{\mathrm{syst}})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}e\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ allows us to place an upper limit on the magnitude of the EDM of $|{d}_{e}|l1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}e\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ (90$%$ confidence). While this is less stringent than limits from other, previous experiments, our work emphasizes the systematic error rejection properties associated with the $\ensuremath{\Omega}$-doublet level structure. The results should inform the work of other, ongoing experiments that use molecules with analogous level structure.
Yang, Kuo‐Shu

Kuo-shu Yang is professor emeritus of psychology at the National Taiwan University. Keywords: cross-cultural psychology; cultural psychology; indigenous psychology
Persistence in the E Language: Issues and implementation

E is an extension of C++ providing, among other features, database types and persistent objects. In a language offering persistence, there are many important design and implementation issues which must be resolved. This paper discusses some of these issues, comparing the approach taken in the E programming language with other persistent systems
DNA-binding properties and characterization of human transcription factor TFIIIC2.

Abstract Interaction between the B-block region of adenovirus VA1 DNA and the human RNA polymerase III transcription factor (TFIII) C2 was analyzed using a gel DNA-binding assay. The retarded band corresponding to the specific complex between TFIIIC2 and the regulatory B-block region was identified by DNase I footprint analysis, competition experiments, and gel shift assays using mutated and truncated virus-associated (VA) 1 DNA probes. The equilibrium constants for the binding reaction with the complete VA1 gene were determined. TFIIIC2 was found to bind to non-specific DNA sequences with a relatively low affinity (equilibrium constant Kn = 6 x 10(4) M-1), and to the B-block sequence with a high affinity (specific constant Ks = 2 x 10(11) M-1). Assuming one site per molecule, the total concentration of binding sites [C0] in the TFIIIC2-containing fractions ranged between 0.6 and 1.6 x 10(-10) M. This corresponded to 1500 TFIIIC2 molecules extracted per 293 cell. Sedimentation analysis of TFIIIC2 on a sucrose gradient showed both VA1 DNA binding activity and in vitro transcription activity cosedimenting with an apparent coefficient of 17-18 S, consistent with a molecular weight of 400-500 kDa. UV cross-linking of a 5-bromo 2'-deoxyuridine-containing, 32P-labeled VA1 probe with the TFIIIC2 fraction, followed by DNase I digestion and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed a single 32P-labeled band migrating as a 250-kDa polypeptide. Compared with the sedimentation data, this result suggests that native TFIIIC2 may be a dimer of the approximately 250-kDa polypeptide.
An Analysis of the Existential Underpinnings of the Cycle of Terrorist and Counterterrorist Violence and Pathways to Peaceful Resolutions

The current article provides a terror management theory perspective of the psychological factors that lead groups and individuals to endorse, promote, and engage in violent actions against innocent individuals. This perspective provides an empirically-based, theoretically-driven approach to understanding the ways in which ideological, nationalistic, and religious beliefs interact with historical events and concrete complaints to lead people to accept, condone, or participate in terrorist activities. Research provides convergent evidence suggesting that many of the same psychological factors are at work in the minds of people on both sides of conflicts. This suggests that the factors driving people toward terrorism are the same as those which drive people toward extreme counterterrorism measures that often create substantial collateral damage which commonly helps terrorists grow broader support for their causes and increase recruitment. After describing this cycle of violence, research is presented that provides several pathways through which intergroup peace may be attained.
International communications: Issues in the USA☆

Abstract The author reviews aspects of the current regulatory environment for international communications in the USA. He then contrasts that environment with a possible future. The contrast throws into relief critical shortcomings in the current situation. He concludes by suggesting legislative goals and proposing a framework for regulation.
Regulation of B-cell tolerance by complement C4

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a B-cell-dependent autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies specific for nuclear antigens such as dsDNA and histones. Apoptotic blebs released from dying cells are thought to represent a major source of autoantigen. The cellular and molecular basis for SLE is not known but a major risk factor is deficiency in products of natural immunity. For example, individuals deficient in serum complement proteins C1q or C4 almost always develop lupus. This presents a paradox as the complement system is known to mediate pathogenesis in SLE. In addition to its known role in inflammation, the complement system participates in humoral antibody responses via enhancement of B-lymphocyte activation, germinal center survival and maintenance of long-term effector responses. Two nonmutually exclusive hypotheses for a protective role of complement are termed the clearance hypothesis and the B-cell tolerance hypothesis. The former proposes that complement (and natural immunity) protects by clearance of apoptotic blebs and sequesters them from the adaptive immune system. The tolerance hypothesis proposes that complement and natural immunity act in concert to localize lupus-antigens to sites within the primary and secondary lymphoid compartments where developing B cells undergo negative selection. To examine directly a role for complement C4 in protection from self-reactive B cells, we have bred the deficient mice with mice bearing rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain and light chain anti-chromatin transgenes (Tg) (termed 564) specific for chromatin. On a normal C4-sufficient background, the self-reactive Tg B cells are blocked at the immature or transitional stage of development. By contrast, in the absence of C4, the self-reactive B cells continue to develop and enter the mature compartment. Moreover, they appear to secrete self-reactive antibody of both IgM and IgG isotypes. These results identify a functional role for C4 in regulation of self-reactive B cells and support the B-cell tolerance hypothesis.
The City in Time and Space.

The City in Time and Space. Aidan W. Southall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 474 pp.
The Ac-st2 Element of Maize Exhibits a Positive Dosage Effect and Epigenetic Regulation

A novel derivative of the maize transposable element Ac, termed Ac-st2, that displays a positive dosage effect in maize has been identified. Although identical in sequence to other Ac elements, increasing the copy number of the element in the endosperm results in earlier and more frequent Ds excisions. Ac-st2 autonomously transposes and catalyzes somatic excisions of Ds elements. Germinal transpositions of either Ac-st2 or Ds, however, were not observed. The Ac-st2 phenotype includes a reduction in Ac transcript accumulation that is associated with increased methylation at specific sites in the promoter region of the major transcriptional start site within Ac (ORFa). This element differs from metastable (cycling) Ac derivatives in that Ac-st2 conditions a uniform transposition pattern throughout endosperm and plant development. Ac-st2 undergoes frequent increases in activity after its association with an active Ac element. This change in activity correlates with reduced levels of methylation in the ORFa promoter region. Using a competitive PCR assay, Ac transcript accumulation was followed through endosperm development. From these data, a model is proposed to explain the patterns of variegation associated with both ``wild type'' active Ac and Ac-st2 elements.
The Efficacy of Exposure Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders and Its Underlying Mechanisms: The Case of OCD and PTSD

In this review we describe the intricate interrelationship among basic research, conceptualization of psychopathology, treatment development, treatment outcome research, and treatment mechanism research and how the interactions among these areas of study further our knowledge about psychopathology and its treatment. In describing the work of Edna Foa and her colleagues in anxiety disorders, we demonstrate how emotional processing theory of anxiety-related disorders and their treatment using exposure therapy have generated hypotheses about the psychopathology of posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder that have informed the development and refinement of specific treatment protocols for these disorders: prolonged exposure and exposure and response (ritual) prevention. Further, we have shown that the next step after the development of theoretically driven treatment protocols is to evaluate their efficacy. Once evidence for a treatment's efficacy has accumulated, studies of the mechanisms involved in the reduction of the targeted psychopathology are conducted, which in turn inform the theory and further refine the treatments. We conclude our review with a discussion of how the knowledge derived from Foa and colleagues' programmatic research together with knowledge emerging from basic research on extinction learning can inform future research on the psychopathology of anxiety disorders and their treatments.
Improving spectral quality in fetal brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy using constructive averaging.

Purpose A common source of loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in fetal brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is from fetal movement and temporal magnetic field drift. We investigated the feasibility of using constructive averaging strategies for improving the spectral quality and recovering the SNR loss from these effects. Materials and Methods Eight fetuses, between 20 3/7 and 38 2/7 weeks' gestation, were scanned with MRS at 1.5 T. Single-voxel point-resolved spectroscopy of the fetal brain with TE = 144 ms (in one case additional TE = 288 ms) was performed in a dynamic mode, and individual spectra of 128 acquisitions were saved. With constructive averaging strategy individual acquisitions were corrected for phase variations and frequency drift before averaging. Constructively averaged spectra were compared to those using conventional averaging to evaluate differences in spectral quality and SNR. Results The definition of key metabolite peaks was qualitatively improved using constructive averaging, including the doublet structure of lactate in one case. Constructive averaging was associated with SNR increases, ranging from 11% to 40%, and the SNR further improved in one case when outliers from severe motion were rejected before averaging. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using constructive averaging for improving SNR in fetal MRS, which is likely to improve the characterization of fetal brain metabolites. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoelastic investigation of brittle crack growth within a field of uniaxial compression

Abstract Griffith's theory of brittle fracture postulates that natural solid materials contain flaws that provide local sources of tensile-stress concentration, even when applied load is compressive. Fracture is predicted to ensue when the maximum tensile-stress concentration equals bond strength. This theory has proven to be fundamental in tensile fracture of isotropic brittle materials, and it appears to be fundamental in brittle shear fracture of rocks. Griffith assumed that the longitudinal cross-section of an elongate flaw could be represented mathematically by an excentric ellipse for analysis by the theory of elasticity. Photoelastic experiments support this assumption, provided the ellipse has the same length as the flaw and the same radius of curvature at points of maximum tension as those at the flaw boundary. The theory is extended mathematically to predict initial direction of propagation of such flaws or Griffith cracks . Unlike pure tensile fracture, an isolated critical Griffith crack ceases crack growth rapidly under applied compression by attaining stable configuration. Hence, interaction between several cracks apparently is required to form the shear-fracture surface. Photoelastic experiments indicate that coalescence of neighbouring cracks may not occur for crack separation greater than a few crack lengths, unless applied stress is appreciably higher than that needed to initiate growth, and that certain en echelon arrays of Griffith cracks are more favourable for coalescence than others. Brace (1964) reports that straight segments of grain boundaries, in crystalline rocks tested, behave like Griffith cracks; those in en echelon array are apparently activated preferentially to form the shear-fracture surface.
The Olympic Effect on American Attitudes towards China: beyond personality, ideology, and media exposure

This paper explores the impact that increased exposure to China during the two and a half weeks of the Beijing Olympics had on American attitudes towards China. A large N longitudinal survey revealed a significant increase in negative attitudes towards China from the beginning to the end of August 2008. Statistical analysis revealed no dominant explanation for this change, however. Instead, personality (openness), ideology (social dominance orientation and right wing authoritarianism), and media exposure each had a small impact on changing attitudes. Further research (including a follow-up experiment manipulating the valence of media coverage of China) suggested both the possibility of an ‘efficiency effect’, whereby China's very success in both hosting and competing in the Olympics generated increased American anxiety about China, and a ‘cheating effect’, whereby stories about underage Chinese gymnasts and deception (e.g. lip synching while another child actually sang during the Opening Ceremonies) diffu...
TECHnology and Literacy for Adolescents With Disabilities

Students with disabilities benefit when technology is used to promote their literacy learning. The authors describe TECH, a framework educators can use to select, implement, and monitor the impact of technology in relation to literacy goals. The framework is shown in action for mathematics vocabulary and reading comprehension skills for a student with Asperger's syndrome and for a struggling writer with learning disabilities.
Tricyclic 2'-C-modified nucleosides as potential anti-HCV therapeutics.

Promising biological activity in a number of therapeutic areas has been reported for both tricyclic nucleosides and 2′-modified nucleosides. In particular, disubstitution at the C-2′ position of nu...
Upper Extremity Size Differences in Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy

The purpose of this investigation was to determine size differences between affected and unaffected upper extremities in patients with brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP). Forty-eight patients with BPBP underwent measurements of the bilateral upper extremities. Average age at the time of evaluation was 47 months. In addition, patients or families were asked “How important is the difference in arm size and appearance to you?” Active motion was assessed using the modified Mallet classification, Toronto Test Score, and Hospital for Sick Children Active Movement Scale. Correlation between ratios of affected to unaffected limb lengths and girths and measures of active motion were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Upper arm, forearm, and hand lengths of the affected limbs were, on average, 95%, 94%, and 97% of the contralateral unaffected side, respectively. Upper arm girth, forearm girth, and hand width were, on average, 97%, 98%, and 95% of the contralateral side, respectively. All differences achieved statistical significance (p < 0.01). Furthermore, over 37% of patients or families reported that limb differences were “very” or “extremely important” to them. No statistically significant correlation between age and limb length discrepancy was noted. Furthermore, there were no correlations between upper limb discrepancies and measures of active motion in individual patients. Patients with BPBP and persistent neurological deficits may expect the affected upper extremity to be on average approximately 95% the length and girth of the contralateral limb. These differences do not correlate with patient age or clinical measurements of active movement.
Use of pixel detectors in elementary particle physics

Abstract Silicon pixel detectors allow measurement of charm and bottom decays, which have mean rest-frame decay lengths in the range 60–360 μm. Because of the high particle density which can be accommodated by detectors with pixel size 30 μm × 30 μm, direct measurement of decay paths should be possible in future fixed-target experiments. At high energy hadron colliders like the SSC and LHC and at e+e− colliders operating at the Z0 resonance the two particle separation will be of order 70 μm at the inner barrel. Such a high track density can best be accommodated with pixel detectors. A prototype readout chip for a pixel detector has been submitted for fabrication by an SSC R&D collaboration. This chip contains a random access array of 32 × 64 cells of dimension 45 × 150 μm. Each cell has analog and digital storage. The performance goal is 300 electrons rms noise at 20°C and full charge collection in 50 ns.
Nuclear Deterrence: Bankrupt Ideology

This article argues that nuclear deterrence is a contemporary ideology (an elaborately-developed set of convictions, socio-politically central, stable over time, idealistic in intent, widely and emotionally embraced). And vulnerable. Vulnerable to the critique of the social scientist who can raise questions about the reliability of nuclear deterrence as a cornerstone. Vulnerable to the critique of the moral philosopher who can raise important questions about the propriety of nuclear deterrence and the programmatic activities it underlies.
What do we see in the discourse of vision

Reviewed work: Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in Twentieth-Century French Thought by Martin Jay
Eine parabolische Gleichung mit vergänglichen Lösungen

We give an example of a parabolic system having solutions which blow up in a finite time interval. This system is contrasted with a very similar system whose solutions go on for all time.
The Potential for Chromium to Affect the Fertilization Process of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River, Washington, USA

The Hanford Nuclear Reservation in south central Washington was claimed by the federal government as a site for the production of plutonium. During the course of production and operation of the facilities at Hanford, radionuclides and chromium were discharged directly into the river and also contaminated the groundwater. This study was designed to assess the effects of chromium (Cr) on Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fertilization under exposure conditions similar to those of the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. Chinook salmon gametes were exposed to aqueous Cr concentrations ranging from 0 to 266 μg Cr l−1. The current ambient water-quality criteria (AWQC) established for the protection of aquatic life (United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] 1986) is 11 μg Cr l−1. Cr has been measured in pore water from bottom sediments of the Columbia River at concentrations >600 μg Cr l−1. Under exposure conditions designed to closely mimic events that occur in the river, the fertilization of Chinook salmon eggs was not affected by concentrations of Cr ranging from 11 to 266 μg Cr l−1. Data suggest that the instantaneous nature of fertilization likely limits the potential effects of Cr on fertilization success. As a result, the current AWQC of 11 μg Cr l−1 is most likely protective of Chinook salmon fertilization.
Altered calcium currents and axonal growth in Nf1 haploinsufficient mice

Mutations of the neurofibromin gene (NF1) cause neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a disease in which learning disabilities are common. Learning deficits also are observed in mice with a heterozygous mutation of Nf1 (Nf1+/−). Dysregulation of regulated neurotransmitter release has been observed in Nf1+/− mice. However, the role of presynaptic voltage-gated Ca2+ channels mediating this release has not been investigated. We investigated whether Ca2+ currents and transmitter release were affected by reduced neurofibromin in Nf1+/− mice. Hippocampal Ca2+ current density was greater in neurons from Nf1+/− mice and a greater fraction of Ca2+ currents was activated at less depolarized potentials. In addition, release of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, was increased in neuronal cortical cultures from Nf1+/− mice. Dendritic complexity and axonal length were also increased in neurons Nf1+/− mice compared to wild-type neurons, linking loss of neurofibromin to developmental changes in hippocampal axonal/cytoskeletal dynamics. Collectively, these results show that altered Ca2+ channel density and transmitter release, along with increased axonal growth may account for the abnormal nervous system functioning in NF1.
Varieties of Recognition

The history of the term recognition is traced from its philosophical roots through its varied usages in psychoanalysis. Illustrated is Hegel's introduction of the term, Lacan's emphasis on misrecognition, the central place accorded to recognition in Winnicott's developmental scheme, Benjamin's mutual recognition, recognition processes identified by infant researchers, and recognition as the term used by the Boston Change Process Study Group. It is concluded that the term recognition as it is used in psychoanalysis is a hybrid concept, which makes comparison between analytic schools complex. Se presenta la historia del termino “reconocimiento” desde sus raices en la filosofia a traves de sus diferentes usos en psicoanalisis. Se muestra la introduccion del termino por parte de Hegel, el enfasis de Lacan sobre el reconocimiento erroneo, el lugar central que se le concede al reconocimiento en el esquema del desarrollo promulgado por Winnicott, el reconocimiento mutuo de Benjamin, los procesos de reconocimient...
Quantitative assessment of low-temperature deformation mechanisms in a folded quartz arenite, Valley and Ridge Province, West Virginia

Abstract Analysis of the grain-scale deformation mechanisms in folded Tuscarora Sandstone from the western margin of the Appalachian foreland near Keyser, WV, reveals that deformation was accomplished by a combination of pressure solution, microfracturing, and crystal plastic mechanisms. The finite strain was assessed using the normalized Fry method and showed a predominant apparent flattening strain regime resulting from diagenetic compaction. Partitioning of the strain between operative deformation mechanisms revealed that layer-normal shortening (25%) and layer-parallel shortening (10%) by pressure solution were the greatest contributors to the finite strain, followed by microfracturing and crystal plastic strains respectively. Although the crystal plastic contribution to the finite strain is small (1.0% layer-normal shortening), strain partitioning allowed detection of layer-parallel extension, consistent with the structural position of the samples on the outer arc of a fold. The variation in inferred stress directions throughout the progressive deformation indicates that local stratigraphic and structural control on the stress field is important in the development of certain microstructures. Only the earliest stages of deformation record far-field Alleghanian compression, whereas later stages reflect local stress fields controlled by bedding orientation and position on developing folds. Similarities in the microstructure evolution between the western and eastern margins of the Appalachian foreland indicate that the entire belt underwent a similar deformation history.
Tree height and crown shape, as results of competitive games

Games between trees are studied to explain the height and the crown shape in a community. It is assumed that each tree maximizes the net productivity under the light environment, which is determined by surrounding trees. In both models, the asymmetry of competition is important, because higher leaves shade lower leaves but the lower don't shade the higher. In the tree-height game, each tree is assumed to choose a height given its crown shape. The height at a monomorphic equilibrium, in which all the trees of a community have the same height, increases with the tree density and the amount of leaves per tree, but decreases with the cost coefficient and the crown thickness. When the crown is thin enough, a polymorphic equilibrium appears, in which a community includes trees of different heights but with the same fitness. In the crown-shape game, each tree is assumed to choose the distribution of foliage along the height axis. A lone tree should have a hemispherical crown as the optimum. The monomorphic equilibrium in which all the trees in a community have the same crown shape is calculated. As the tree density increases, the average height of a crown of each tree increases and the height on the tree with the maximum foliage increases, but each tree should have some foliage all the way down to the ground. Several reasons for foliage cutoff at the lowest layer are discussed.
Role of aldosterone in the remnant kidney model in the rat

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) participates in the injury sustained by the remnant kidney. Our studies assessed the importance of aldosterone in that model and the response of aldosterone to drugs interfering with the RAAS. Initially, four groups of rats were studied: SHAM-operated rats, untreated remnant rats (REM), REM rats treated with losartan and enalapril (REM AIIA), and REM AIIA rats infused with exogenous aldosterone (REM AIIA + ALDO). The last group was maintained with aldosterone levels comparable to those in untreated REM rats by constant infusion of exogenous aldosterone. REM rats had larger adrenal glands and a > 10-fold elevation in plasma aldosterone compared to SHAM. REM AIIA rats demonstrated significant suppression of the hyperaldosteronism as well as marked attenuation of proteinuria, hypertension, and glomerulosclerosis compared to REM. REM AIIA + ALDO rats manifested greater proteinuria, hypertension, and glomerulosclerosis than REM AIIA rats. Indeed, by 4 wk of observation all of these features of the experimental disease were similar in magnitude in REM AIIA + ALDO and untreated REM. In separate REM rats spironolactone administration did not reduce glomerular sclerosis but did transiently reduce proteinuria, lowered arterial pressure, and lessened cardiac hypertrophy. In summary, aldosterone contributes to hypertension and renal injury in the remnant kidney model.
The Role of Self-Image Concerns in Discrepancies Between Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem

Four experiments examined the hypothesis that individuals who hold discrepant implicit and explicit self-esteem possess relatively strong self-image concerns. As a result, they may act irrationally when expressing sexual health attitudes. In support of the hypothesis, Experiments 1a and 1b demonstrate that large self-esteem discrepancy participants possess strong implicit self-image ambivalence relative to small self-esteem discrepancy participants. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants who varied in self-esteem discrepancies received either negative or positive (or no) feedback on an intelligence test, and then they were given an opportunity to express implicit and explicit attitudes toward condoms. Large self-esteem discrepancy participants who received a self-threat responded irrationally and expressed relatively strong negative implicit (but not explicit) attitudes toward condoms. However, this detrimental effect was completely reversed following a self-affirmation to large discrepancy participants. Th...
Build to order supply chains in developed and developing countries

Abstract The new competitive environment requires firms to produce products with greater specificity to customer needs. Traditional approaches historically employed by manufacturers, such as the use of planning bills and standard interactions among suppliers and buyers, may not prove to be as effective in this new environment. In our research, we first seek to differentiate the traditional Made to Stock (MTS) environment from the emerging Build to Order (BTO) one. In addition, given the global nature of supply chains today, we also compare BTO operations in developed countries with those in the developing world. The results from this study can be useful to practicing managers because we provide specific directions on aligning supply chains for the BTO environment across the globe. In addition, this research adds to the theoretical development of postponement strategies in manufacturing, and establishes empirical links between the international operations, build to order environment, and supply chain literatures.
The Protective Effects of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Formulas on Growth Factor Expression and the Proximal Tibial Epiphyseal Growth Plate in a TNBS-Induced IBD Rat Model

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of nutritional formulas in a rat model of TNBS-induced IBD. IBD was induced with TNBS in 4-week-old rats that were then fed different exclusive enteral nutrition diets for 7 days. The length of the tibia and the number of chondrocytes in the proximal tibias were analyzed at 7 days after supplementation. Immunohistochemical analysis, ELISA and real-time PCR were performed to evaluate the levels of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), the growth factors IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) , bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and BMP-6 respectively. The results demonstrated that the tibia length of the peptide formula group was longer than that of the IBD-Modulen® formula and normal diet groups (P 0.05). In addition, the IGF-I and IGFBP3 levels were more pronounced in the peptide formula supplement group (P < 0.05), and the expression of BMP-2 and BMP-6 mRNA in the proximal tibia growth plate from the peptide formula group was higher than that in the ordinary formula and normal diet groups (P < 0.05). EEN, and particularly a peptide formula, exerted protective effects on the proximal tibial epiphyseal growth plate in a TNBS-induced IBD model.
PVT scaling parameters for polymer melts

Scaling parameters for two PVT equations of state are evaluated for 11 polymer melt systems using a nonlinear least square fitting algorithm that analyzes all of the experimental data simultaneously. Two different criteria are considered in this evaluation. In the first method, the fitting criterion is the difference between the calculated and experimental volume. In the second method, the criterion is the difference between the calculated and experimental pressure. In both cases, the differences between the scaling parameters obtained using the simultaneous fit procedure and those obtained using the earlier consecutive fit procedure are a few percent, which can have a significant effect in some calculations. In addition to being a more consistent method of evaluating scaling parameters, the simultaneous fit procedure leads to much better agreement between calculated and experimental values, in some cases by a factor of 2.
Effect of water vapour on distribution of phosphorus between liquid iron and MgO saturated slag relevant to flash ironmaking technology

AbstractAs part of ongoing effort to develop a novel flash ironmaking process using reduction of iron ore concentrate by natural gas or hydrogen, equilibrium phosphorus distribution between MgO saturated slag and iron was determined in the temperature range of 1550–1650°C under three different gas atmospheres: H2/H2O, H2/H2O/CO/CO2 and CO/CO2. The distribution ratios of phosphorus LP were 8, 17 and 20 respectively under these atmospheres. In the flash process, over ∼25 wt-%P volatilises during ore concentrate downward flight in the reactor shaft in addition to avoiding the use of coke. Therefore, it is expected that the proposed method would produce iron with less phosphorus content than that of the blast furnace.