cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometric Graph Representation Learning on Protein Structure Prediction

Determining a protein's 3D from its sequences is one of the most challenging problems in biology. Recently, geometric deep learning has achieved great success on non-Euclidean domains including social networks, chemistry, and computer graphics. Although it is natural to present protein structures as 3D graphs, existing research has rarely studied protein structures as graphs directly. The present research explores the geometry deep learning of three-dimensional graphs on protein structures and proposes a graph neural network architecture to address these challenges. The proposed Protein Geometric Graph Neural Network (PG-GNN) models both distance geometric graph representation and dihedral geometric graph representation by geometric graph convolutions. This research shed new light on protein 3D structure studies. We investigated the effectiveness of graph neural networks over five real datasets. Our results demonstrate the potential of GNNs for 3D structure prediction.
High Prevalence of Osteopathy in Chronic Pancreatitis: A Cross-sectional Analysis From the PROCEED Study

Background & Aims Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is associated with osteopathy (osteoporosis or osteopenia). However, existing literature is mostly limited to retrospective or administrative studies that have not clearly defined the prevalence and risk factors. Our aim was to identify patient- and disease-related associations with osteopathy in a prospective cohort study of CP. Methods We studied 282 subjects with definitive CP enrolled in the PROCEED study who had a baseline dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were defined using the lowest T-scores. Clinical data were collected using standardized case report forms. Comparisons were performed with a multivariate logistic regression model with forward selection to identify risk factors for osteopathy. Results The majority of subjects had osteopathy on DXA scan (56.0%; 17.0% osteoporosis; 39.0% osteopenia). Subjects with osteopathy had a higher prevalence of traumatic (40.0% vs 26.4%; P = .02) and spontaneous fractures (3.9% vs 0; P = .04). On multivariate analysis, older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.29 per 5 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–1.45), female sex (OR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.75–5.43), white race (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.20–6.01), and underweight body mass index category (OR, 7.40; 95% CI, 1.56–34.99) were associated with higher probability of osteopathy. There were no significant associations between osteopathy and other patient and disease-related features of CP. Conclusion In the largest study of patients with CP who underwent DXA screening, the majority had osteopathy. There are overlapping risk factors with osteopathy in the general population, but the high prevalence in men and younger women supports the need for future investigations into the mechanisms of bone loss in CP. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03099850.
Bacteriophage T4 Transfer RNA

Two T4-coded nonsense suppressors, psu+a and psu+b, have been isolated and characterized. Both were isolated as pseudo-wild type revertants of phage strains which carry multiple amber mutations. psu+a is an amber suppressor which occurs at a frequency of 10-11 to 10-12 and is indistinguishable from wild type phage in its growth on both B and K strains of E. coli bacteria. psu+b may be either an amber or on an ochre suppressor which occurs at a frequency of 10-7 - 10-10 and makes small plaques on B strains but grows very poorly or not at all on K strains. Phage with the characteristics of psu+a occure in populations of psu+b phage at a frequency of 10-4. Both suppressors insert serine in response to the amber codon at an efficiency of about 45%. psu+a and psu+b map less than 0.3 map units apart and are located between genes e and 57 about 8 map units from gene e. On the basis of their initial frequencies of appearance and the frequency of psu+b mutation to psu+a, we speculate that psu+a is derived from the wild type ser-tRNA by two base changes in the anticodon and that psu+b is a one-base-change intermediate. 151 independent suppressor-negative derivatives of psu+b phage have been isolated and characterized. They fall into two complementation groups. One, designated mb (modifier of psu+b phenotype), is unlinked to psu+b and has been located about 10 map units from rII. The second group, designated psu+b, is made up of deletions and single base changes which affect sites within 0.2 map units of the original mutation. Those psu-b mutants which still contain the original mutation, psub, have been mapped relative to psub and each other by a series of two-factor and intragenic three-factor crosses. 32P-labeles tRNA from mb, psu-b and wild type infected cells have been compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In mb-infected cells several of the tRNA species are missing, while in psu-b-infected cells only the ser-tRNA is clearly absent. These studies suggest there are only two phage genes which are essential for the production of functional ser-tRNA. One is the structural gene for the ser-tRNA and the second plays an undefined role which affects several tRNAs. E. coli cells infected with phage strains carrying a large deletion of gene e or gene psu+b, are missing most if not all of the phage tRNAs normally present in wild type infected cells. By DNA-RNA hybridization we have demonstrated that the DNA corresponding to the missing tRNAs is absent. Thus the genes for these tRNAs must be clustered in the same region of the genome as the ser-tRNA gene. We have been able to locate and to define a maximum size for the cluster by physically mapping the deletions of genes e and psu+b by examination of heteroduplex DNA in the electron microscope. That such deletions can be isolated indicates that the phage-specific tRNAs from this cluster are dispensable.
Turning On/Off Tumor-Specific CTL Response during Progressive Tumor Growth

Therapeutic vaccinations used to induce CTLs and treat firmly established tumors are generally ineffective. To understand the mechanisms underlying the failure of therapeutic vaccinations, we investigated the fate of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in tumor-bearing mice with or without vaccinations. Our data demonstrate that tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are activated at the early stage of tumor growth, tumor-specific CTL response reaches a maximal level during progressive tumor growth, and tumor-specific CD8+ T cells lose cytolytic function at the late stage of tumor growth. The early stage therapeutic vaccination induces efficient antitumor activity by amplifying the CTL response, whereas the late-stage therapeutic vaccination is invalid due to tumor-induced dysfunction of CD8+ T cells. However, at the late stage, tumor-specific CD8+ T cells are still present in the periphery. These tumor-specific CD8+ T cells lose cytolytic activity, but retain IFN-gamma secretion function. In contrast to in vitro cultured tumor cells, in vivo growing tumor cells are more resistant to tumor-specific CTL killing, despite an increase of tumor Ag gene expression. Both tumor-induced CD8+ T cell dysfunction at the late stage and immune evasion developed by in vivo growing tumor cells contribute to an eventual inefficacy of therapeutic vaccinations. Our study suggests that it is important to design a vaccination regimen according to the stages of tumor growth and the functional states of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells.
Chapter 10 Lipid Membrane and Ligand-Gated Ion Channels in General Anesthetic Action

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses lipid membrane and ligand-gated ion channels in general anesthetic action. The chapter presents review on the lipid-based theories of anesthesia. Lipid-membrane theories provide an attempt to explain the Meyer–Overton rule based on the ability of an anesthetic to dissolve in, and alter, the physical properties of lipid membranes. The theories account for the structural diversity of compounds capable of producing anesthesia and for the inability to find a chemical antagonist of the anesthetic state. This chapter also presents evidence that anesthetics interact directly with proteins. The issue in vivo is complicated by the fact that more than one target protein is likely to be involved in producing the anesthetic state. The chapter also presents evidence that anesthetics interact directly with members of a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels. The ion channels possibly play a role in producing the anesthetic state and are the subject of ongoing and future research into anesthetic mechanisms.
THE TWELVE PEOPLE WHO SAVED REHABILITATION: HOW THE SCIENCE OF CRIMINOLOGY MADE A DIFFERENCE

Three decades ago, it was widely believed by criminologists and policymakers that “nothing works” to reform offenders and that “rehabilitation is dead” as a guiding correctional philosophy. By contrast, today there is a vibrant movement to reaffirm rehabilitation and to implement programs based on the principles of effective intervention. How did this happen? I contend that the saving of rehabilitation was a contingent reality that emerged due to the efforts of a small group of loosely coupled research criminologists. These scholars rejected the “nothing works” professional ideology and instead used rigorous science to show that popular punitive interventions were ineffective, that offenders were not beyond redemption, and that treatment programs rooted in criminological knowledge were capable of meaningfully reducing recidivism. Their story is a reminder that, under certain conditions, the science of criminology is capable of making an important difference in the correctional enterprise, if not far beyond.
Evidence of normal cerebellar control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in children with high-functioning autism.

The effect of “tilt-suppression” on post-rotatory vestibular nystagmus was investigated to assess the function of the caudal cerebellar vermis (lobules IX and X, or nodulus and uvula) in 13 school-age children with high-functioning autism (HFA) and 10 normal controls. Tilt-suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) refers to the decreasing of the duration of post-rotatory vestibular nystagmus that occurs when the head is moved out of the plane in which it was located during the previous sustained constant-velocity rotation. The participant is rotated in a vestibular chair with the head upright and then the head is tilted forward just after the chair stops rotating. Such tilt-suppression is impaired with lesions of the cerebellar nodulus and portions of the uvula. Results show that children with HFA have normal post-rotatory nystasmus with the head upright and normal attenuation of post-rotatory nystagmus induced by head tilt. These behavioral findings suggest that lobules IX and X of the cerebellum are spared in high-functioning autism.
The Great Silent Majority: Nixon's 1969 Speech on Vietnamization. By Karlyn Kohrs Campbell. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2014. 144 pp.

The Great Silent Majority: Nixon's 1969 Speech on Vietnamization. By Karlyn Kohrs Campbell. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2014. 144 pp. Nearly a year to the day after winning the presidency, Richard M. Nixon sat before television cameras in the Oval Office to deliver what he considered the most important speech of his career. His goal was to persuade war-weary Americans to support his Vietnam War policy. Following months of massive antiwar rallies, the president, who had campaigned on a plan to end the war, was under pressure to convince Americans that he truly wanted peace. At the same time, he needed to persuade the Vietminh and Vietcong that the United States was serious about its commitment to support an independent South Vietnam. Nixon wrote the speech himself-spending days in solitude, scribbling his thoughts on yellow legal pads. No advance copies were provided, so expectations were high when the White House scheduled time on the three television networks for 9:30 p.m. on November 3, 1969Reciting the speech from memory, Nixon appealed to his base, what he called "the great silent majority of my fellow Americans" (p. 13) for their support. In hindsight, this pivotal speech in American history continues to incite mixed reactions. In his memoirs, Nixon wrote that he was proud of the address. "Very few speeches actually influence the course of history," he wrote. "The November 3 speech was one of them" (The Memoirs of Richard Nixon [New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978}, p. 409). Biographer Stephen Ambrose, in contrast, thought that such a claim was "nonsense" (Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician [New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989}, p- 310). Now, nearly a half-century after Nixon's address, Karlyn Kohrs Campbell's The Great Silent Majority concludes that it was "a persuasive masterpiece" (pp. 21, 64) that successfully persuaded Americans to buy into a false narrative-the need to support South Vietnam's heroic resistance to communism. After presenting a concise history of the Vietnam conflict itself, Campbell expertly dissects each phrase in the president's masterful speech, revealing his intent, rhetorical techniques, and verbal sleights of hand. According to Campbell, Nixon's speech followed a familiar pattern by claiming that his policy of Vietnamization-supporting the South Vietnamese effort to defend themselves-was the result of thoughtful deliberation, was justified, required the audience to be unified, and legitimized the authority of the commander in chief. In this regard, Nixon told the nation that he had done all that was possible, leaving the North Vietnamese to blame. Furthermore, he claimed that he wanted peace but that he would do what was necessary to protect U.S. troops and America's prestige. Typical of war rhetoric, Nixon also employed "strategic misrepresentations" (p. 43). For example, he characterized South Vietnam as an independent country, not the territorial result of a temporary partition. …
Restoring Trust in America's Business Institutions

These are the edited proceedings of a conference convened in November 2003 by the Sloan Project on Business Institutions at the Georgetown University Law Center to discuss the post-Enron crisis of confidence in the corporate governance system. The participants discuss a number of topics, including changes in the role of the board of directors, accounting system reform, recent amendments of the federal securities laws, executive compensation, and the governance functions of market intermediaries, institutional investors, and corporate counsel. Academic participants include Dean Joel Seligman and Professors John C. Coffee, James Cox, Lynne Dallas, Charles Elson, Stuart Gillan, Robert Haft, Steven Kaplan, Neal Katyal, Lynn Stout, and Shyam Sunder. Participants from the accounting profession include G. Michael Crooch, George Diacont, and Dennis Nally. Participants from the business world include John Bogle, Ed Kwalwasser, Claudine B. Malone, Roger Raber, Robert Rosenberg, Charles Rossotti, and Thomas Selman. Participants from the legal profession and the judiciary include Charles Davidow, Eric Dinallo, Damon Silvers, Paul Saunders, Vice-Chancellor Leo Strine, John Villa, and Peter J. Wallison.
Responses of Regularly-Firing Aplysia R3-R13 Neurones to Normoxia and Hypoxia

1.Exposure of 10 R 3 -R 13 neurones to a 115-min period of hypoxia resulted in depolarization of their membrane potentials (E M ) from a mean of −46.9±3.1 to −20.8±4.4mV (S.E.). 2.Intracellular potassium ion activities (a i K ) decreased significantly from 118.9±5.1 to 67.7±8.5mM-K + . This is equivalent to a change in E K from −70.9 mV to −54.5 mV, which is insufficient to account for depolarization of approximately 26 mV. 3.During reoxygenation of the saline surrounding the ganglion, there was a continued depolarization of EM to −11.5 ± 3.2 mV and progressive fall in a i K to 49.2 ± 4.9 mM. 4.Decreases in the membrane slope resistance were also observed in these depolarizing neurones. The depression in resistance remained irreversible for as long as experiments were conducted. 5.Computations of P Na /PK ratios were made using a steady-state calculation. Increases in the P Na /PK ratio from 0.030 to 0.045 were observed during hypoxic depolarization using a modification of the Goldman equation which neglects the contribution of chloride ions. Subsequent depolarization and loss of a i K during reoxygenation elevated this value to 0.183. Whether or not the observed depression of the membrane resistance is linked to a change in either the sodium or potassium ion permeability is unknown. Release of neuro transmitter and related permeability changes cannot be ruled out as an effect of hypoxia.
High-pressure gases in diamond cells☆

Abstract We developed an apparatus and technique for loading a diamond-anvil cell with high-pressure gas. Experiments were carried out at various temperatures on CO2 and D2 in which final pressures of 34.0 and 44.7 kbar, respectively, were achieved.
Racial differences in the progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV-infected veterans.

Racial Differences in the Progression to Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in HCV-Infected Veterans
Dynamic Overshoot in Saccadic Eye Movements Is Caused by Neurological Control Signal Reversals

Three quite different types of overshoot occur in saccadic eye movements; each has unique characteristics determined by distinct neuronal control patterns. Most saccades have dynamic overshoot; it is more prevalent among, and more prominent in, small saccades. Dynamic overshoot is caused by nonrandom reversals of the neuronal control signals. It is a monocular phenomenon. The return velocities for dynamic overshoot are equal to saccadic velocities and are much larger than vergence velocities.
Modeling, optimization, and experimental validation of a resonant piezo-optical ring sensor for enhanced active and passive structural health monitoring

A mechanical resonant piezo-optical ring sensor was studied, designed to selectively enhance the response of piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The frequency characteristics of the ring sensor were modeled through modal and harmonic analyses. The models were used to guide the experimentation, serving as a basis for comparison and implementation. Pitch-catch, resonance, and acoustic emission (AE) experiments were performed to compare the performance of the ring sensor to plate-mounted PWAS and FBG. Factors relating to optimal in-service implementation, particularly symmetric placement of FBG and PWAS, were investigated. It was found that the ring sensor was capable of amplifying an incoming Lamb wave signal. This was applied to AE experiments, where selective frequencies were amplified such that the time-domain signal had a larger amplitude response.
A Coach's Guide to Identifying and Helping Athletes with Eating Disorders

The purpose of this article is to help coaches identify eating disorders among athletes and to recommend strategies for helping athletes return to peak performance health. Specifically we address why some athletes may be more vulnerable to developing eating disorders and how to detect signs and symptoms of eating disorders. Because this article is geared toward individuals who may be considered “first responders” when it comes to identifying and engaging athletes with eating disorders we have provided referral strategies and tools for the management of eating disorders in sport.
Structures of the Copper(I) and Copper(II) Complexes of 2,9-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline: Implications for Excited-State Structural Distortion.

The syntheses, crystal structures, and electronic absorption spectra of the copper(I) and copper(II) complexes of 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dpp) are reported. The complex [Cu(dpp)2](PF6) (1) crystallizes in space group P21/c with a = 11.081(4) A, b = 25.491(8) A, c = 14.263(5) A, β = 92.84(3)°, Z = 4, and V = 4024(2) A3. For 4813 unique data with F > 4.0σ(F), R = 5.41% and Rw = 6.43%. The coordination geometry about the copper(I) center in [Cu(dpp)2]+ is best described as distorted tetrahedral with approximate C2 symmetry. The structure of [Cu(dpp)2]+ is largely determined by interligand π-stacking interactions that occur between the phenyl groups of one ligand and the phenanthroline moiety of the other ligand. Solution-state absorption and 1H NMR spectra indicate that the [Cu(dpp)2]+ complex is fluxional in solution, rocking between two enantiomeric structures of C2 molecular symmetry through an intermediate of Cs symmetry. The complex [Cu(dpp)2](ClO4)2 (2) crystallizes in space group P1 with a ...
An early steroidogenic defect in hormone-induced Leydig cell desensitization.

Abstract To define the nature of the lesion of the early steroidogenic pathway (prior to pregnenolone formation) in gonadotropin-induced desensitization of rat testicular Leydig cells, we evaluated cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity in isolated mitochondria by measurement of pregnenolone synthesis and [ 14 C]isocaproic acid formation from [26- 14 C]cholesterol. The enzyme activity was shown to be reduced after in vivo treatment with 10 μg hCG when compared to that of mitochondria from control animals only when measured in the presence of limiting NADPH concentrations (100 μM). Sonication of mitochondria from control and hCG-treated rats caused complete loss of cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity. When acetone-powdered adrenal cell mitochondria were employed as the source of the enzyme, the addition of sonicated Leydig cell mitochondria from control and hCG-treated animals caused the same differences as those observed with intact Leydig cell mitochondria in the presence of low concentration of NADPH. The K m value of the adrenal enzyme for NADPH incubated with Leydig cell mitochondria increased from 0.111 mM in control to 0.37mM after hCG, with no changes in V max . Moreover, cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity of adrenal mitochondria assayed in the presence of 100 μM cholesterol was progressively inhibited by increasing amounts of acetone powder from Leydig cell mitochondria of control and hCG-treated rats, with ID 50 of 500 and 280μg protein, respectively. The inhibiting factor was not a lipid or steroid but a heat-labile protein, with an approximate Stokes radius of 4.8 nm and an isoelectric point of 5.05 ± 0.23 SD ( n = 8). The inhibitory effect was confined to the Leydig cell mitochondrial membrane, and was not related to changes in oxidative phosphorylation. NADPH was not directly oxidized or immobilized by the mitochondrial factor, and this inhibiting substance was not adsorbed on 2',5'ADP-Sepharose 4B. These results have demonstrated that a heat-labile inhibiting protein factor is present in mitochondria from normal Leydig cells and is markedly activated or increased by hCG treatment. This substance that competitively modulates cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity could contribute to the early steroidogenic lesion, and also serve as an endogenous modulator of steroid hormone biosynthesis.
A continuum-scale model of hydrogen precipitate growth in tungsten plasma-facing materials

Abstract The low solubility of hydrogen in tungsten leads to the growth of near-surface hydrogen precipitates during high-flux plasma exposure, strongly affecting migration and trapping in the material. We have developed a continuum-scale model of precipitate growth that leverages existing techniques for simulating the evolution of 3He gas bubbles in metal tritides. The present approach focuses on bubble growth by dislocation loop punching, assuming a diffusing flux to nucleation sites that arises from ion implantation. The bubble size is dictated by internal hydrogen pressure, the mechanical properties of the material, as well as local stresses. In this article, we investigate the conditions required for bubble growth. Recent focused ion beam (FIB) profiling studies that reveal the sub-surface damage structure provide an experimental database for comparison with the modeling results.
A modified gradient correlation filter for image segmentation: Application to airway and bowel

The segmentation of structures of interest from medical images may incorrectly include adjacent structures in the segmented image (i.e., false positives). This study introduces a family of gradient correlation filters that reduce false positives in the segmented image by comparing the segmented region gradients with a user-defined model. A gradient correlation filter was applied to a database of clinical computed tomography scans for the task of differentiating airway from lung regions and bowel from lung regions. The results were evaluated using receiver-operating characteristic analysis and demonstrated excellent results for both the airway/lung and bowel/lung classification tasks.
Bile Acid Diarrhea

Bile acids normally undergo enterohepatic circulation. When this circulation is interrupted, bile acids enter the colon in increased concentrations. Here, they produce Cl- secretion by a calcium- and cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism, resulting in diarrhea. Cholestasis may lead to serum bile acid concentrations high enough to produce colonic secretion by serosal surface effects. When resection or disease interferes with ileal function, the resulting diarrhea can be clearly attributed to bile acid malabsorption. In other states, such as postcholecystectomy diarrhea and idiopathic bile acid diarrhea, the role of bile acids is less well defined. 23-75Selena-25-homotaurocholic acid provides a way of tracing the metabolism of bile acids and their enterohepatic circulation in vivo. Metabolized similarly to natural bile acids, its circulation is easily traced by scintigraphy. Barium x-rays, serum concentrations of bile acids or bile acid intermediates, and tests of vitamin B12 absorption provide indirect measures of ileal function. Careful history and examination combined with one of many the available tests of ileal function allow a diagnosis. A therapeutic trial with a bile acid binding resin confirms the impression and treats the diarrhea.
Coarticulation in early vocalizations by children with hearing loss: a locus perspective.

Locus equations derived from productions by three children with hearing loss revealed sensory and motor influences on anticipatory coarticulation. Participants who received auditory access to speech via hearing aids and cochlear implants at different ages (5–39 months) were recorded at approximately 6 and 12 months after hearing technology fitting. One was also recorded 1 month pre-implantation. Locus equations were compared with data from typically developing children: (1) chronological age peers, and (2) peers with equivalent duration of audition, or hearing age. Anticipatory coarticulation followed typical trajectory in the child fit with hearing aids at 5 months. Anticipatory coarticulation by children with profound hearing loss using cochlear implants was closer to typically developing children with the same chronological age in syllables present pre-implantation and closer to children with equivalent hearing age in syllables emerging post-implantation. Results are discussed regarding interactions am...
Elastic response of floating glacier ice to impact of long-period ocean waves

[1] Disintegration of ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula over the past two decades has clearly demonstrated their high sensitivity to recent changes in the local thermal regime of the atmosphere and ocean and has given rise to the question of whether mechanical coupling with waves in the ocean may provide the triggering mechanism that starts collapse events. Motivated by these events, this study considers a more general question: how ocean waves affect the stress regime of floating ice, and in particular, how ocean waves can influence the creation of fractures and its fatiguing that may lead to breakup and collapse. A new treatment of ice shelf/ocean wave interaction in which the typical “thin plate” approximation is relaxed is presented here, and exact, analytic solutions describing ice shelf stresses induced by long (>60 s period) ocean waves in various idealized ice/ocean geometries are derived. The numerical calculations demonstrate that the amplitudes of the wave-induced stresses are sufficiently large to initiate top to bottom crevasse penetration through the depth of the ice shelf. The cyclic nature of the wave-induced stresses contributes to ice fatigue and damage that is also a precursor to ice shelf disintegration. Although primarily theoretical, the results of the present analysis suggest that ocean waves could be a potential trigger of ice shelf collapse as well as less dramatic, but equally important, episodic calving.
Nonlocal description of turbulent dispersion

Abstract Although it is common engineering practice to model turbulent mass transport by assuming the turbulent mass flux as proportional to the local mean concentration gradient, it is well known that the applicability of this assumption is very limited, especially when the length scales and time scales of the transport process are not much smaller than the scales of variations in either the velocity or the concentration fields. In the present work the formalism of stochastic Green's functions is used to derive general, nonlocal, integrodifferential equations for turbulent transport that incorporate the multiscale aspects of the phenomena of absolute and relative dispersion. It is shown that the turbulent mass fluxes are in general equal to convolutions over space and time of the mean concentration gradients with space- and time-dependent kernel functions. By introducing different closure approximations for the kernel functions one can obtain in a systematic, deductive, manner a variety of common models for turbulent transport, corresponding to either local or nonlocal descriptions of dispersion.
Finite element analysis of axial splits in composite Iosipescu specimens

In this paper, a finite element analysis of skew-symmetric splits along the fiber direction in unidirectional composite Iosipescu specimens is performed. The energy release rates G I, G II, and G total associated with axial splits in cracked Iosipescu specimens under external biaxial loading conditions are computed by four different numerical schemes: displacement correlation, displacement extrapolation, J-integral, and the modified crack closure integral. Using beam theory analysis, an analytical solution for the energy release rates is also proposed. Axial splits in Iosipescu specimen propagate under mixed mode conditions, with G I and G II varying with the crack length a. For short and medium crack lengths G I>G II, while for long cracks, G II is dominant. The energy release rates G I, G II, and G total are strongly dependent on the biaxial type of loading. The G-estimates obtained by the modified crack closure integral schemes are found to be the most accurate among all the numerical schemes chosen in this study. In the analyses of axial splits in composite Iosipescu specimens, the displacement correlation and extrapolation techniques yielded poor results. For long crack lengths, the analytical results from the beam theory analysis are in fair agreement with those from the modified crack closure integral schemes; however, for short and medium crack lengths, there is a significant difference between the analytical and numerical results. In composite Iosipescu specimens, stable crack propagation (mode I dominant) can be achieved by increasing the tension/shear ratio in the external loading boundary conditions.
Hydrodynamics of a vertically falling thin cylinder in non-Newtonian fluids

Abstract The effect of the shear-thinning characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids on the hydrodynamics of a vertically falling thin cylinder in a circular container was investigated. The effects of the aspect ratio, the diameter ratio of the cylinder to the container, and the density of the cylinder were also studied. Glycerin was used as the Newtonian fluid. A neutralized Carbopol 934 (1200 ppm by wt.) solution was used as a purely viscous non-Newtonian fluid, and a polyacrylamide (Separan AP-273 1000 ppm by wt.) solution was used as a viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluid. The final orientation of the thin cylinder in the polyacrylamide solution was vertical, regardless of the initial launching orientation if the concentration was greater than 200 ppm. In contrast, the thin cylinder fell horizontally both in glycerin and in the Carbopol solution, regardless of the initial launch orientation of the cylinder. The dimensionless terminal velocity increased in all test fluids as the aspect ratio increased. In the polyacrylamide solution it increased more rapidly with increasing aspect ratio than in the Carbopol solution. The maximum value of the dimensionless terminal velocity in glycerin and in the Carbopol solution was two. The corresponding maximum value in the polyacrylamide solution was 6.7, which was attributed to the preferred orientation of the long-chain molecules of polyacrylamide along the direction of the falling cylinder. The predictions of the drag coefficient of the thin cylinders based on the inelastic modeling gave good agreement with experimental data in the Carbopol solution when the aspect ratio was greater than 50. However, in the polyacrylamide solution the inelastic modelling showed a relatively large percentage deviation even at a large aspect ratio.
Shapes of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen mustards.

Thorough conformational analyses have been performed on representative sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen mustards. A total of 23, 18, and 38 unique conformers have been located for SM, OM, and NM, respectively, at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory. Despite the fact that these molecules differ only in the identity of the central heteroatom, comparison of their low energy conformations reveals that the shapes they adopt are distinctive to each molecule. Potential energy surfaces for CH2–X (X = S, O, and N–CH3) and CH2–CH2 bond rotations are presented and, where possible, compared with dihedral angle distributions observed in crystal structure data. These results were used to benchmark and improve the performance of the MM3 and MMFF94 force fields.
An Improved Phenomenological Soot Formation Submodel for Three-Dimensional Diesel Engine Simulations: Extension to Agglomeration of Particles into Clusters

An extension to a phenomenological submodel for soot formation to include soot agglomeration effects is developed. The improved submodel was incorporated into a commercial computational fluid dynamics code and was used to investigate soot formation in a heavy-duty diesel engine. The results of the numerical simulation show that the soot oxidation process is reduced close to the combustion chamber walls, due to heat loss, such that larger soot particles and clusters are predicted in an annular volume at the end of the combustion cycle. These results are consistent with available in-cylinder experimental data and suggest that the cylinder of a diesel engine must be split into several volumes, each of them with a different role regarding soot formation.
Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies increases signal production by waggle-dancing foragers

Recent work has demonstrated considerable benefits of intracolonial genetic diversity for the productivity of honeybee colonies: single-patriline colonies have depressed foraging rates, smaller food stores and slower weight gain relative to multiple-patriline colonies. We explored whether differences in the use of foraging-related communication behaviour (waggle dances and shaking signals) underlie differences in foraging effort of genetically diverse and genetically uniform colonies. We created three pairs of colonies; each pair had one colony headed by a multiply mated queen (inseminated by 15 drones) and one colony headed by a singly mated queen. For each pair, we monitored the production of foraging-related signals over the course of 3 days. Foragers in genetically diverse colonies had substantially more information available to them about food resources than foragers in uniform colonies. On average, in genetically diverse colonies compared with genetically uniform colonies, 36% more waggle dances were identified daily, dancers performed 62% more waggle runs per dance, foragers reported food discoveries that were farther from the nest and 91% more shaking signals were exchanged among workers each morning prior to foraging. Extreme polyandry by honeybee queens enhances the production of worker–worker communication signals that facilitate the swift discovery and exploitation of food resources.
Transient Electronic Energy Relaxation And Excitonic Phenomena In II-VI Compound Semiconductor Superlattices

The application of time-resolved luminescence techniques is illustrated for two superlattice structures, based on ZnSe/(Zn,Mn)Se and CdTe/ZnTe heteropairs, respectively, In the quantum well limit, both structures share in common strong excitonic character in their recombination spectra at low lattice temperatures. In the (Zn,Mn)Se the Mn-ion d-electron transition provides an alternate path for electronic energy relaxation. More generally, in II-VI strained layer superlattices with small valence band offset we find that excitonic localization phenomena are important and are directly accessible through time-resolved study.
Aneurysms of the carotid arteries associated with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.

Summary Aneurysms of both common carotid arteries were seen in a patient with neurofibromatosis. Histologic examination of the involved arteries demonstrated a dense proliferation of spindle cells within the arterial walls accompanied by medial cystic degeneration and disruption of the tunica elastica. These changes were also observed in adjacent, grossly uninvolved segments of the blood vessels. Immunohistochemical analysis of the proliferating cells was positive with antibodies against desmin and muscle-specific actin. The findings 'demonstrate and confirm the smooth muscle origin of the aberrant Proliferated cell population in arteries in a patient with von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.
5(α-Bromoacetyl)-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-phosphate: A mechanism based affinity label for thymidylate synthetase

5(α-Bromoacetyl)-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-phosphate is an active site-directed irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase from Lactobacillus casei. The reversible inhibition (KI4uM) is competitive with substrate and on incubation the reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex is converted to the irreversible complex with a first order rate constant (k2) of 0.15 min−1.
The crystal structure of 1,4-Bis(iododiphenyltin)butane

The solid state structure of 1,4-bis(iododiphenyltin)butane, (C6H5)2ISn- (CH2)4-SnI(C6H5)2, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques at room temperature. The monoclinic crystals are in the space group P21/c with a = 10.06±0.02, b = 11.36±0.02, c = 14.36±0.03 A and β = 199° 40′±18′ The final isotropic conventional R factor is 9.6% based on 1537 photographically observed data. The calculated and observed densities are 1.95g/cm3 and 1.95g/cm3 respectively based on two molecules per unit cell. The molecule is symmetrical and resides on a crystallographic center of symmetry. The coordination about each tin atom is approximately tetrahedral. The average SnC phenyl bond length is 2.15± 0.02A, the average methylene bond length is 1.55±0.03A, and the SnI bond distance is 2.729±0.003 A.
Two-dimensional phase integration for radar image formation

Radar imaging traditionally requires extremely large computational resources in order to coherently process data into an image due to the large number of data samples in high bandwidth radars. We propose a methodology to achieve high range and cross range resolution by pre-detection followed by phase integration in the wavelet domain in order to significantly reduce the bandwidth necessary and the computational load of the coherent phase processing. We will then compare this process to FFT based phase integration in terms of computational complexity and show simulated results.
TGF-β in diabetic kidney disease: role of novel signaling pathways

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States and is a major contributing cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Despite conventional therapy to improve glycemic and blood pressure control the incidence of diabetic nephropathy is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. As the major pathologic feature of diabetic nephropathy is diffuse mesangial matrix expansion, the pro-sclerotic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-beta, is a leading candidate to mediate the progression of the disease. Numerous studies have now demonstrated that TGF-beta is a key factor in experimental models of diabetic kidney disease as well as in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Recent studies have begun to explore the mechanisms by which TGF-beta is stimulated by high glucose and how TGF-beta exerts its matrix-stimulating effects on renal cells. TGF-beta may also be involved in mediating the vascular dysfunction of diabetic kidney disease via its effects on the key intracellular calcium channel, the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP(3)R). As there is substantial evidence for a cause and effect relationship between upregulation of TGF-beta and the progression of diabetic kidney disease, future studies will seek to establish specific targets along these pathways at which to intervene.
Sensitive Electron Beam Resist Systems Based On Acid-Catalyzed Deprotection

Poly(p-t-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene) (PBOCST) and poly(t-butyl p-vinylbenzoate) (PTBVB) provide sensitive, negative tone, electron beam resist systems when sensitized with "onium salt" acid generators. The sensitivity is high (0.5-2.5μC/cm 2 at 20 keV) owing to chemical amplification. The resolution and contrast are also high owing to the polarity change incorporated in the design. Development with an organic solvent provides sub-half-micrometer resolution.
Arachidonic acid potentiates the duration of the metabotropic, protein kinase C-mediated, suppression of the inhibitory adenosine A1 receptor pathway in glutamatergic nerve terminals from rat cerebral cortex.

Abstract The KCl-evoked exocytotic release of glutamate from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes is inhibited by a presynaptic adenosine A1 receptor decreasing voltage-activated Ca 2+ entry. This inhibition was transiently suppressed by (1 S ,3 R )-1-aminocyclopenthyl-1,3-dicarboxylate (ACPD) but was restored within 1 min in the continued presence of the metabotropic agonist. In the presence of 2 μ M arachidonic acid ACPD initiated a prolonged suppression of the adenosine-mediated inhibition persisting for at least 10 min. Arachidonic acid (20–40 pmol) was bound per mg synaptosomal protein. Prolonged ACPD-mediated phosphorylation of the protein kinase C (PKC) substrate myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) was detected in the presence but not the absence of arachidonic acid, but arachidonic acid added 2 min after ACPD was ineffective. It is concluded that arachidonic acid synergistically prolongs the metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated activation of presynaptic PKC, suppressing inhibitory receptor pathways.
Cortisone Therapy in Acute Rheumatic Carditis: Preliminary Observations

Four patients with acute rheumatic carditis of moderate to severe degree were treated with cortisone. After a latent period of 5 to 15 days, there was fairly rapid subsidence in temperature, erytlhrocyte sedimentation rate and some other signs of inflammation. After cessation of the course of cortisone therapy, there was evidence of recrudescence of rheumatic activity in all four patients. In three of these the therapy was resumed, with quite unusually rapid decline in the fever and sedimentation rate. The cardiologic signs showed no improvement throughout the entire period of observation.
Teaching White Preservice Teachers: Pedagogy for Change.

About 90% of the teachers in the United States are White, which is mirrored at the preservice level. In addition, schools of education have historically grounded their curricula in cannons of positivist science and Eurocentrism that are transmitted through conventional styles of pedagogy. Given the apartheid nature of U.S. society and the disinterest and/or resistance of preservice teachers to teach in urban settings where students of color are the norm, teacher educators need to help their students develop the dispositions they need to rethink their assumptions about “others.” Using dramaturgy, this self-study demonstrates how the connection of multiple epistemologies and other emancipatory pedagogies can stimulate the dispositions needed to rethink assumptions about the children and adults who live in communities of color.
Host Hydrogen Rather than That Produced by the Pathogen Is Important for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium utilizes molecular hydrogen as a substrate in various respiratory pathways, via H 2 -uptake enzymes termed Hya, Hyb, and Hyd. A different hydrogenase, the hydrogen-evolving Hyc enzyme, removes excess reductant during fermentative growth. Virulence phenotypes conferred by mutations in hyc genes, either alone or in combination with mutations in the H 2 -uptake enzyme genes, are addressed. Anaerobically grown Δ hycB or Δ hycC single-deletion strains were more sensitive to acid than the wild-type strain, but the Δ hyc strains were like the virulent parent strain with respect to both mouse morbidity and mortality and in organ burden numbers. Even fecal-recovery numbers for both mutant strains at several time points prior to the animals succumbing to salmonellosis were like those seen with the parent. Neither hydrogen uptake nor evolution of the gas was detected in a hydrogenase quadruple-mutant strain containing deletions in the hya , hyb , hyd , and hyc genes. As previously described, a strain lacking all H 2 -uptake ability was severely attenuated in its virulence characteristics, and the quadruple-mutant strain had the same (greatly attenuated) phenotype. While H 2 levels were greatly reduced in ceca of mice treated with antibiotics, both the Δ hycB and Δ hycC strains were still like the parent in their ability to cause typhoid salmonellosis. It seems that the level of H 2 produced by the pathogen (through formate hydrogen lyase [FHL] and Hyc) is insignificant in terms of providing respiratory reductant to facilitate either organ colonization or contributions to gut growth leading to pathogenesis.
704 CORRECTION OF NEUTROPHIL (PMN) DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE (CGD) WITH AN IgG-OXIDASE CONJUGATE

704 CORRECTION OF NEUTROPHIL (PMN) DYSFUNCTION IN CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE (CGD) WITH AN IgG-OXIDASE CONJUGATE
Warm core rings

Gulf stream phenomena have been the focus of numerous studies by U.S. and Canadian oceanographic laboratories. Two years ago, observations of warm core rings associated with the Gulf Stream were reported in The Oceanography Report, (November 2, 1982, p. 834). It was noted then that the structure of warm core rings can undergo rapid transformation. Recently, a multidisciplinary group of physical and biological oceanographic institutions has examined the evolution of warm core rings in detail [Nature, 308, pp. 837–840, 1984]. The study has involved research vessels Endeavor, Atlantis II, and Albatross IV for surface measurements of temperature, salinity, and for measurement surface pigments to assess the concentration of marine plants. The results are that even though warm core rings are often very stable, undergoing only slow changes, it turns out that major alterations in structure can and do occur in short periods of 2–5 days.
The epistemic significance of address

The overwhelming consensus amongst epistemologists is that there is no salient epistemological difference between the addressees of a speaker’s testimony and non-addressees. I argue that this overwhelming consensus is mistaken. Addressees of a speaker’s testimony are entitled to pass the epistemic buck or defer justificatory responsibility for their beliefs back to the testimonial speaker, while non-addressees are not. I then develop a provisional account of address that is in a position to mark this epistemic distinction between addressees and non-addressees.