cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judging the strength of designated evidence

Judgments of evidence strength were obtained in a series of vignettes, each containing one or two items of evidence for each of two logically independent hypotheses. Each judgment concerned a designated subset of the presented evidence. Different groups of subjects encountered different but overlapping sets of evidence. We compared groups that judged the same designated evidence for the same hypothesis, but differed in exposure to surrounding (nondesignated) evidence. Results showed clear separation of relevant from irrelevant evidence and of designated from surrounding relevant evidence. This was particularly clear in the second experiment, where judgments of designated evidence remained invariant whether the surrounding evidence supported or contradicted the specified hypothesis. The conjunction fallacy was observed for judgments of evidence strength, but was substantially reduced by a simple instruction. Because subjects can separate evidence, it becomes possible to construct cardinally scaled standards of evidence strength using conjoint-measurement methods.
A Multiscale Model for the Indentation of Type-I Collagen Soft Tissue Equivalents

Indentation has become a popular research technique for the mechanical characterization of collagen-based soft tissues. The popularity of the method stems from its requirement of a modestly sized sample, from its ability to be applied in vitro as well as in vivo, and from the ready availability of instrumentation and analytical techniques borrowed from a long tradition of its application to non-biological materials. Many analytical models for the indentation of collagen-based soft tissues rely on a Hertzian contact model. Such a model emphasizes the contributions of an idealized material in compression over the contributions of the material in tension. However, this approach largely neglects the role of the collagen microstructure in soft tissue that has the capacity to carry far greater mechanical loads in tension rather than in compression.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Dinitrogen Reduction by a Chromium(0) Complex Supported by a 16-Membered Phosphorus Macrocycle

We report a rare example of a Cr–N2 complex supported by a 16-membered phosphorus macrocycle containing pendant amine bases. Reactivity with acid afforded hydrazinium and ammonium, representing the first example of N2 reduction by a Cr–N2 complex. Computational analysis examined the thermodynamically favored protonation steps of N2 reduction with Cr leading to the formation of hydrazine.
Restricted second random phase approximations and Tamm-Dancoff approximations for electronic excitation energy calculations

In this article, we develop systematically second random phase approximations (RPA) and Tamm-Dancoff approximations (TDA) of particle-hole and particle-particle channels for calculating molecular excitation energies. The second particle-hole RPA/TDA can capture double excitations missed by the particle-hole RPA/TDA and time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT), while the second particle-particle RPA/TDA recovers non-highest-occupied-molecular-orbital excitations missed by the particle-particle RPA/TDA. With proper orbital restrictions, these restricted second RPAs and TDAs have a formal scaling of only O(N(4)). The restricted versions of second RPAs and TDAs are tested with various small molecules to show some positive results. Data suggest that the restricted second particle-hole TDA (r2ph-TDA) has the best overall performance with a correlation coefficient similar to TDDFT, but with a larger negative bias. The negative bias of the r2ph-TDA may be induced by the unaccounted ground state correlation energy to be investigated further. Overall, the r2ph-TDA is recommended to study systems with both single and some low-lying double excitations with a moderate accuracy. Some expressions on excited state property evaluations, such as ⟨Ŝ(2)⟩ are also developed and tested.
Experimental Investigation of Supercritical CO2 Trapping Mechanisms at the Intermediate Laboratory Scale in Well-defined Heterogeneous Porous Media

Abstract The heterogeneous nature of typical sedimentary formations can play a major role in the propagation of the CO2 plume, eventually dampening the accumulation of mobile phase underneath the caprock. From core flooding experiments, it is also known that contrasts in capillary threshold pressure due to different pore size can affect the flow paths of the invading and displaced fluids and consequently influence the build- up of non-wetting phase (NWP) at interfaces between geological facies. The full characterization of the geologic variability at all relevant scales and the ability to make observations on the spatial and temporal distribution of the migration and trapping of supercritical CO2 is not feasible from a practical perspective. To provide insight into the impact of well-defined heterogeneous systems on the flow dynamics and trapping efficiency of supercritical CO2 under drainage and imbibition conditions, we present an experimental investigation at the meter scale conducted in synthetic sand reservoirs packed in a quasi-two-dimensional flow-cell. Two immiscible displacement experiments have been performed to observe the preferential entrapment of NWP in simple heterogeneous porous media. The experiments consisted of an injection, a fluid redistribution, and a forced imbibition stages conducted in an uncorrelated permeability field and a homogeneous base case scenario. We adopted x-ray attenuation analysis as a non-destructive technique that allows a precise measurement of phase saturations throughout the entire flow domain. By comparing a homogeneous and a heterogeneous scenario we have identified some important effects that can be attributed to capillary barriers, such as dampened plume advancement, higher non-wetting phase saturations, larger contact area between the injected and displaced phases, and a larger range of non-wetting phase saturations.
Flow of Ground Water to a Well Near a Stream – Effect of Ambient Ground‐Water Flow Direction

An analytical model has been developed to evaluate and improve our knowledge of steady-state flow of ground water toward a well near a stream. This model differs from others in that the direction of ambient ground-water flow (i.e., regional ground-water flow) does not have to be perpendicular to a gaining stream, but can be oriented in any direction. Without using measured water levels, flow directions and rates can be calculated, i.e. estimated flow nets can be drawn based on the pumping rate, the ambient ground-water flow rate and direction, and the location of the well and stream. The model can be used to help determine the minimum rate of pumping that will induce infiltration from a stream to a well, and the components of pumping that are derived from the stream and the aquifer. The areal distribution of flow includes: a zone of induced infiltration from a stream toward a pumping well denoted the stream capture zone, a zone that includes all ambient ground water captured by a pumping well called the aquifer capture zone, and a zone downstream of the stream capture zone where water flows from the stream into the aquifer and then back to the gaining stream called the zone of induced throughflow. Each zone could be distinct geo-chemically. The concepts elucidated by the model are useful for ground-water pollution studies and for planning purposes. Normalized curves are presented to quickly determine the estimated boundaries between the stream capture zone and the zone of induced throughflow. An example of induced streamflow from Albuquerque, New Mexico illustrates application of the model.
Passing messages between biological networks to refine predicted interactions

Regulatory network reconstruction is a fundamental problem in computational biology. There are significant limitations to such reconstruction using individual datasets, and increasingly people attempt to construct networks using multiple, independent datasets obtained from complementary sources, but methods for this integration are lacking. We developed PANDA (Passing Attributes between Networks for Data Assimilation), a message-passing model using multiple sources of information to predict regulatory relationships, and used it to integrate protein-protein interaction, gene expression, and sequence motif data to reconstruct genome-wide, condition-specific regulatory networks in yeast as a model. The resulting networks were not only more accurate than those produced using individual data sets and other existing methods, but they also captured information regarding specific biological mechanisms and pathways that were missed using other methodologies. PANDA is scalable to higher eukaryotes, applicable to specific tissue or cell type data and conceptually generalizable to include a variety of regulatory, interaction, expression, and other genome-scale data. An implementation of the PANDA algorithm is available at www.sourceforge.net/projects/panda-net.
The latest suspect

Many genetic mutations and several environmental factors contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Yet another disease risk gene, one that is involved in calcium regulation, has been added to the mix.
AORTIC ORIGIN OF THE RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERY WITH PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS

rigin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta is a peculiar anomaly which stands halfway between a true 0 aplasia and a ductus arteriosus. Fraentzel [6], who in 1867 first described this malformation, regarded it only as an anatomical curiosity; however, recent reports [2-5, 7, 8, 101 indicate that this condition is a distinct clinical entity with an extremely dim prognosis. In the following we present a case of a 2-year-old child who, besides suffering from this disease, also had a large patent ductus arteriosus. Our patient was a 2-year-old boy who was known to have had a heart murmur since birth. He had normal mental but retarded physical development. There was no history of cyanosis or congestive heart failure. Physical Examination. Physical examination revealed a somewhat underdeveloped child not in apparent distress. Pulse rate was 122 per minut,e; blood pressure, 115/55 mm. Hg on the left arm and 125/50 on the right arm. Peripheral pulses were all palpable. The heart appeared to be enlarged to the left, with the forceful apical beat located in the left fifth interspace in the anterior axillary line. Pulmonary second sound was accentuated and split. There was a Grade 1 systolic murmur audible over the entire precordium with a maximum point of intensity in the left third interspace parasternally. X-ray and ECG. X-ray examination of the chest showed both ventricles to be enlarged. The pulmonary conus was prominent, and the vascular markings were equally heavy on both sides. Electrocardiogram indicated biventricular hypertrophy antl strain. Laboratory findings were noncontributory. Catheterization. A right heart catheterization was done through the dissected right saphenous vein. The catheter entered the right atrium, right ventricle, and main and left pulmonary arteries. The right pulmonary artery could not be entered. From the left pulmonary artery the catheter passed repeatedly through a patent ductus arteriosus and appeared in the descending aorta. The pressure was 85/2mm.Hg in the right ventricle, 80/45 in the pulmonary artery, antl 98/62 in the aorta. The oxygen saturation was 33.8% in the right ventricle, 48% in the pulmonary artery, antl 84% in the aorta. Cineangiography. Cineangiography was clone in three different catheter positions: With the catheter tip at the base of the right ventricle (Fig. lA), 10ml. of Angio-Conray were injected manually. The dye filled the right ventricle, which
Diagnosing bipolar disorder in trauma exposed primary care patients

Graves RE, Alim TN, Aigbogun N, Chrishon K, Mellman TA, Charney DS, Lawson WB. Diagnosing bipolar disorder in trauma exposed primary care patients. Objectives: Bipolar disorder (BD) is often under-recognized in non-psychiatric settings, especially in African Americans. The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) is a screening instrument proposed to show adequate sensitivity and specificity for bipolar spectrum disorders. The current study is an examination of the usefulness of this instrument in a trauma exposed subgroup of mainly African American patients attending primary care clinics. Methods: The sample is a part of a larger study exploring traumatic stress exposure and psychopathology. Consenting patients in 3 academically affiliated primary care clinics were asked to complete the MDQ. Ninety percent of the participants were African American. Diagnostic performance was determined in a trauma exposed subgroup by employing the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) as a gold standard. Results: Of the total group of 579 participants, 178 (30.7%) screened positive for BD along with 77 (33.7%) of the 228 trauma exposed subjects who were SCID interviewed. Only 13 (27%) of the MDQ positives met SCID criteria for BD and were true positives. The sensitivity was 61.9% and the specificity was 69%, with a positive predictive value of 16.8% and a negative predictive value of 94.7%. Conclusions: The MDQ was found to have low specificity in a predominately African American group of trauma exposed patients attending primary care.
Evidence for multipolaraties other than E2 in the 2H(d, γ)4He reaction☆

Abstract Angular distributions of the vector and tensor analyzing powers Ay(θ) and Ayy(θ) have been measured for the reaction 2 H ( →d , γ) 4 He at an incident energy of 10 MeV. Results are discussed in the light of recent efforts to determine the D-state amplitude in 4He. Evidence is found that the radiation contains multipoles other than E2, contrary to what has been widely assumed.
Modular assembly of optical nanocircuits

A key element enabling the microelectronic technology advances of the past decades has been the conceptualization of complex circuits with versatile functionalities as being composed of the proper combination of basic 'lumped' circuit elements (for example, inductors and capacitors). In contrast, modern nanophotonic systems are still far from a similar level of sophistication, partially because of the lack of modularization of their response in terms of basic building blocks. Here we demonstrate the design, assembly and characterization of relatively complex photonic nanocircuits by accurately positioning a number of metallic and dielectric nanoparticles acting as modular lumped elements. The nanoparticle clusters produce the desired spectral response described by simple circuit rules and are shown to be dynamically reconfigurable by modifying the direction or polarization of impinging signals. Our work represents an important step towards extending the powerful modular design tools of electronic circuits into nanophotonic systems.
A novel dimanganese complex linked by an unusually strong hydrogen bond. X-ray structure of the hydrogen-bonded complex and ab initio calculations

Abstract In an attempt to prepare the fluoro complex (CO)3(dppe)MnF (3) by treating a CH2Cl2 solution of the aqua complex [(CO)3(dppe)Mn(OH2)]BF4 (1) with NaF(aq), we isolated instead, the dimanganese complex, [(CO)3(dppe)Mn(OH2)⋯FMn(dppe)(CO)3]BF4 (2). The two moieties, 1 and 3, are held together by an unusually strong O–H⋯F hydrogen bond (O⋯F=2.458(3) A, H⋯F=1.52 A) between the aqua ligand on one manganese and the fluoro atom on the other manganese. Using as a simple model the interaction between +Li(H2O) and FLi, the hydrogen bonding distance O–H⋯F was calculated to be; O⋯F=2.443 A. Authentic 3 was prepared in a homogeneous system using CH2Cl2-soluble [Et4N]F.
Multiconvective Parameterizations as a Multimodel Proxy for Seasonal Climate Studies

Abstract A six-member multicoupled model ensemble is created by using six state-of-the-art deep atmospheric convective schemes. The six convective schemes are used inside a single model and make up the ensemble. This six-member ensemble is compared against a multianalysis ensemble, which is created by varying the initial start dates of the atmospheric component of the coupled model. Both ensembles were integrated for seven months (November–May) over a 12-yr period from 1987 to 1998. Examination of the sea surface temperature and precipitation show that while deterministic skill scores are slightly better for the multicoupled model ensemble the probabilistic skill scores favor the multimodel approach. Combining the two ensembles to create a larger ensemble size increases the probabilistic skill score compared to the multimodel. This altering physics approach to create a multimodel ensemble is seen as an easy way for small modeling centers to generate ensembles with better reliability than by only varying t...
Cosolvent-induced aggregation inhibits myosin ATPase activity by stabilizing the predominant transition intermediate.

High concentration of the cosolvent poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) induces reversible aggregation of skeletal myosin subfragment 1 (S1) and inhibition of its Mg-ATPase activity [Highsmith et al. (1998) Biophys. J. 74, 1465-1472]. In the present work the effect of aggregation on the various steps of the ATPase cycle was studied. The isomerization and hydrolysis steps of the cycle were not affected by S1 aggregation since the formation of the "trapped" S1.MgADP.phosphate analogue complexes, which mimic the prehydrolysis M*ATP and posthydrolysis M**ADP.P(i) transition states, proceeded without any hindrance. Similar conclusions could be reached from the chemical modification of Lys-83 and Cys-707 in the presence of MgATP and MgATPgammaS, which indicated that the most populated intermediate of the cycle in solubilized and aggregated S1 is M**ADP.P(i). The dissociation of the trapped S1.MgADP.phosphate analogue complexes resembling the M**ADP.P(i) state was strongly inhibited by PEG-6000, showing that the transition from this intermediate is prevented by the aggregation. This step is presumably inhibited because the coupled swinging of the lever arm from the closed to the open position is constrained by the close packing of aggregated S1.
Homotransplantation of tooth buds.

Abstract Freshly dissected molar tooth buds taken from 19-day rat foetuses were transplanted to adult male hosts. The sites of implantation were under the skin and under the oral mucosa. These grafts were rejected. Tooth buds of the same stage were cultured in a medium containing the host's serum for 12 days, and then transplanted to adult male hosts. None of these grafts was rejected. The development was slower than in vivo. The enamel failed to mature. The dentine calcified and root formation followed the normal pattern.
A New Sensor Array for Measuring Intra-Articular Pressure: Evaluation and Validation

Deficiencies The lumbar facet joints are the major load bearing elements in the lumbar spine posterior column and they are considered one of the anatomical structures that can cause low back pain. They also contribute to the amount and type of lumbar spine motion.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The impact of exchange rate changes on investment in research and development

Abstract Panel data on 360 U.S. manufacturing firms over the years 1975 to 1987 are used to identify the response of R&D spending to exchange rate changes. Only firms in industries with average R&D spending of at least 3 percent of sales revenue react to an exchange rate appreciation with increased R&D spending. Firms in industries with lower levels of R&D intensity do not. This finding can be interpreted to mean that only R&D intensive firms react to an increase in competitive pressure with more R&D effort.
Association of workload of on-call medical interns with on-call sleep duration, shift duration, and participation in educational activities.

Context Further restrictions in resident duty hours are being considered, and it is important to understand the association between workload, sleep loss, shift duration, and the educational time of on-call medical interns. Objective To assess whether increased on-call intern workload, as measured by the number of new admissions on-call and the number of previously admitted patients remaining on the service, was associated with reductions in on-call sleep, increased total shift duration, and lower likelihood of participation in educational activities. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study of medical interns at a single US academic medical center from July 1, 2003, through June 24, 2005. Of the 81 interns, 56 participated (69%), for a total of 165 general medicine inpatient months resulting in 1100 call nights. Main Outcome Measures On-call sleep duration, estimated by wrist watch actigraphy; total shift duration, measured from paging logs; and participation in educational activities (didactic lectures or bedside teaching), measured by experience sampling method via a personal digital assistant. Results Mean (SD) sleep duration on-call was 2.8 (1.5) hours and mean (SD) shift duration was 29.9 (1.7) hours. Interns reported spending 11% of their time in educational activities. Early in the academic year (July to October), each new on-call admission was associated with less sleep (−10.5 minutes [95% confidence interval {CI}, −16.8 to −4.2 minutes]; P Conclusion In this study population, increased on-call workload was associated with more sleep loss, longer shift duration, and a lower likelihood of participation in educational activities.
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase pseudogene, SHMT‐ps1: A unique genetic marker of the order primates

The serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) gene family is composed of three distinct loci. The cytosolic (cSHMT) and mitochondrial (mSHMT) genes constitute the functional members of the gene family, while the third member, SHMT-ps1, is a processed pseudogene descended from cSHMT. PCR analysis of 38 primate and nonprimate mammal species indicates that the reverse transcription event that gave rise to SHMT-ps1 might have occurred after the divergence of the primates from the rest of the mammals. In addition, direct sequencing of primate PCR products has revealed several features--including two deletions, an insertion, and two single base mutations--that are unique to specific phylogenetic branches of the order Primates. These unique features make the SHMT-ps1 locus a useful marker in molecular studies of the primates.
Psychological Theories of Crime and Delinquency

Several psychological theories have been used to understand crime and delinquency. This literature review categorizes these perspectives into five areas, provides a brief overview of each, and analyzes and synthesizes the relevant, elements within each area. The major perspectives reviewed are learning theories, intelligence theories, personality theories, theories of psychopathy, and cognitive and social development theories. These are included in the review because they met the following criteria: (1) major tenets of the theory had been used to explain crime, (2) the theory was considered significant by scholars in several disciplines, including psychology, and (3) the assumptions in the theory included a focus on the individual or internal processes or both.
Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in municipal sewage sludge ashes

Sludge ash residues from four cities that incinerate municipal sewage sludge were analyzed for isolated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Total amounts of PAHs in the ashes were in the range of 0.1–1μg/g. The ash containing the highest amount also exhibited the greatest variety of PAHs.
The man in the urn: the geological contributions of Joseph Stanley-Brown, geologist, financier, and presidential aide

Joseph Stanley-Brown (1858–1941) played a quiet but important role in the formation of the U. S. Geological Survey as a secretary of John Wesley Powell and James A. Garfield. He was also a long-time (40-year) editor of the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, and provided financial oversight of the Penrose Bequest for the Geological Society of America during the Great Depression. He made a number of other geological contributions as well. The remains of this geologist and financier are interred in the crypt of the Garfield Monument, near those of the President whom he once served as a secretary. That President was also knowledgeable about geology and was a champion of geological surveys on the state and national level.
How Might We Cure HIV

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not eliminate HIV-1 from latently infected reservoirs, and this remains the critical obstacle to the eradication of infection. Although ART is effective in suppressing viral load, life-long ART is burdensome in many respects. Given expanding numbers of HIV-infected individuals on ART worldwide, there is an urgent need to examine the possibility that innovative therapies might eradicate infection, and obviate the need for life-long medical therapy for HIV-positive people around the world. Several approaches to eradicating the latent HIV reservoir and curing infection have been proposed and are under study. An initial strategy seeks to induce the expression of the latent integrated proviral genomes within resting CD4+ T cells, so that viral proteins or particles may be revealed and allow these cellular reservoirs to be cleared. The inducing agents that have been studied recently are inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) such as suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Such induction of viral expression seems unlikely in itself to efficiently clear all latently infected cells. Therefore, it seems likely that parallel efforts to augment the HIV-specific immune response with specific immunotherapies or vaccination may be required. Recently, efforts to achieve immune augmentation by ex vivo expansion of viral specific cytotoxic T-cell lymphocytes derived from HIV-infected patients have yielded an augmented HIV-specific immune response in vivo, as have cellular vaccinations delivered by administration of dendritic cells. As HIV latency and the persistence of infection despite effective ART is multifactorial, the eradication of HIV infection may require multiple approaches.
A methyl-deficient diet modifies histone methylation and alters Igf2 and H19 repression in the prostate.

Background Folate and methyl-group deficiency has been linked to prostate cancer susceptibility, yet the mechanisms underlying these observations are incompletely understood. The region of the genome containing the imprinted genes insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) and H19, both of which display oncogenic functions, may be particularly sensitive to environmental influences. Methods To determine whether a methyl-deficient diet impacts epigenetic controls at the Igf2–H19 locus, we placed C57BL/6 mice containing a polymorphism at the imprinted Igf2–H19 locus on a choline and methionine deficient (CMD) diet. We interrogated this locus for expression and epigenetic changes in prostate tissues. Results A significant increase in both Igf2 and H19 expression was found in CMD prostate tissues compared to controls. These expression changes were reversible with shorter exposure to the CMD diet. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) revealed significant decreases in repressive histone modifications (dimethyl-H3K9) within the H19 promoter, as well as Igf2 P2 and P3 promoters. DNA methylation within these promoters was not altered. No significant change in Igf2 or H19 imprinting was observed. Conclusions These findings highlight the plasticity of the epigenome in an epithelial organ vulnerable to neoplastic change. They further suggest that chromatin modifications are more susceptible to methyl-deficient diets than DNA methylation at this locus. Prostate 68: 1187–1195, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A VLSI router design for hypercube multiprocessors

Abstract An efficient interprocessor communication mechanism is essential to the performance of hypercube multiprocessors. All existing hypercube multiprocessors only support one-to-one (unicast) communication. Multi-destination communication (multicast), which is highly demanded in many application areas, is not supported. Moreover, a store-and-forward routing scheme is usually used at each intermediate node, which further increases the communication delay. In this paper we present the hardware design of a VLSI router which is versatile in the sense that it supports unicast communication as well as multicast and broadcast communications. The router can handle messages with variable length and arbitrary number of destinations. For any type of communication, each destination will receive the source message in the minimum number of time steps. The total amount traffic created for message routing is minimum in the case of unicast and broadcast, and is very close to the optimal solution for multicast. Message passing is done in a distributed manner. The router handles message routing in a relay approach in which the routing decision is made immediately after the destination addresses are received. Architectural description of the router design is presented. A VLSI prototype design of the Message Handling Unit, an essential part of the router, is detailed.
Long-lasting aftereffect of brief prism exposure

The aftereffect of 15 min of active adaptation to wedge prism displacement was shown to persist for as long as 2 weeks.
Multiple isoforms of choline kinase from Caenorhabditis elegans: cloning, expression, purification, and characterization.

Abstract Choline kinase is the first enzymatic step in the CDP–choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. The genome of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans , contains seven genes that appear likely to encode choline and/or ethanolamine kinases. We cloned five and expressed four of these genes, and purified or partially purified three of the encoded enzymes. All expressed proteins had choline kinase activity; those that most closely resemble the mammalian choline kinases were the most active. CKA-2, a very active form, was purified to near homogeneity. The K m values for CKA-2 were 1.6 and 2.4 mM for choline and ATP, respectively, and k cat was 74 s −1 . CKA-2 was predominantly a homodimer as assessed by glycerol gradient sedimentation and dynamic light scattering. CKB-2, which was less similar to mammalian choline kinases, had K m values for choline and ATP of 13 and 0.7 mM, and k cat was 3.8 s −1 . Both of these highly purified enzymes required magnesium, had very alkaline pH optima, and were much more active with choline as substrate than with ethanolamine. These results provide a foundation for future studies on the structure and function of choline kinases, as well as studies on the genetic analysis of the function of the multiple isoforms in this organism.
IMPROVED SYNTHESES OF 1-ETHOXYALKYNES

(1972). IMPROVED SYNTHESES OF 1-ETHOXYALKYNES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 89-96.
Continuum computer architecture for exaflops computation

The ultimate computers in our long-term future will deliver exaflops-scale performance (or greater) and will look very different from today’s micro-processors and massively parallel computers. Ironically, however, their alien structures and operational behavior can be inferred from the same technology trends driving development of today’s conventional computing systems.
Two-dimensional beam shaping using hybrid acousto-optics with feedback

We theoretically demonstrate 2-dimensional beam shaping through adaptive feedback in two adjacent and orthogonally oriented acousto-optic devices with electrical feedback using experimentally determined parameters. Cases of positive and negative feedback from undiffracted and diffracted orders are investigated. In addition, we demonstrate the dependence of the final value of the induced grating strength in the acousto-optic cell on the feedback parameters.
Estrogen decreases inflammation and apoptotic signaling in the heart following severe burn injury

Patients with severe burn injury experience a rapid elevation in multiple circulating proinflammatory cytokines, with the levels correlating with both injury severity and outcome. Accumulations of these cytokines in animal models have been observed in remote organs, however data are lacking regarding early serial heart cytokine levels following burn injury, and the therapeutic effects of estrogen on these levels. Using an animal model, we studied the acute effects of a full-thickness third-degree burn on cardiac levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα. In addition, we analyzed the effect of estrogen on levels of cytochrome C, signifying apoptosis, and levels of NF-κB, signifying inflammation. Here, we hypothesized that acute estrogen treatment decreases inflammation in the heart and blocks the induction of apoptosis.
Women with pathologic stage I, II, and III non-small cell lung cancer have better survival than men.

Objective Bronchogenic malignancy is the number one cause of cancer deaths in both men and women worldwide. National registry-based studies have shown gender disparity in clinicopathologic characteristics and in survival. This study evaluates the risk factors and trends of lung cancer between genders. Methods A prospective cohort of consecutive patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were carefully clinically (all underwent dedicated positron emission tomography scans) and pathologically staged with stage I, II, or III disease underwent homogenous treatment algorithms and were followed up over a period of 7 years. Primary outcomes were 5-year survival and response to neoadjuvant therapy. Results There were 1,085 patients (671 men and 414 women). Groups were similar for race, pulmonary function, smoking history, comorbidities, neoadjuvant therapy, histology, and resection rates. Women were younger (p = 0.014), had a higher incidence of adenocarcinoma (p = 0.01), and presented at an earlier pathologic stage (p = 0.01) than men. The overall age-adjusted and stage-adjusted 5-year survival rate favored women (60% vs 50%, respectively; p Conclusions Despite uniform staging and treatment, the 5-year survival rate of women with stage I to III NSCLC was better than men overall and at each stage. Women are more likely to have adenocarcinoma, to present with earlier stage disease, and to be younger. Interestingly, women respond better to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Column chromatographic separation of acidic and neutral and basic metabolites of tyrosine and dihydroxyphenylalanine.

Abstract Liquid column chromatographic techniques for separation of tyrosine; dihydroxyphenylalanine; and acidic, neutral, and basic metabolites of tyrosine and catecholamines are described. These techniques permitted simultaneous separation of a wide spectrum of acidic and neutral metabolites of tyrosine and dihydroxyphenylalanine on one column. Rapid and complete separation of basic metabolites was carried out on a second column.
Orbital functional for exchange and correlation: self-interaction correction to the local density approximation☆

Abstract The local spin-density approximation (LSDA) for electronic exchange and correlation is corrected by subtraction of the residual self-interaction of each orbital, yielding an orbital functional theory as a direct generalization of density functional theory. In contrast to results of LSDA or Xα, accurate results are obtained for the total and correlation energies of light atoms, the long-range behavior of the density, and the stability of negative ions.
Are statins analogues of vitamin D

There are many reasons why the dietary-heart-cholesterol hypothesis should be questioned, and why statins might be acting in some other way to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Here, I propose that rather than being cholesterol-lowering drugs per se, statins act as vitamin D analogues, and explain why. This proposition is based on published observations that the unexpected and unexplained clinical benefits produced by statins have also been shown to be properties of vitamin D. It seems likely that statins activate vitamin D receptors.
Development of an Improved Approach for Selecting Storm-Water Best Management Practices

This paper discusses the development of a software-aided approach to best management practice (BMP) selection. Supported with input from a geographic information system (GIS), this software provides an algorithmic, mathematically based alternative to the inherently subjective approaches currently used to choose BMPs for management of storm-water runoff. The BMP selection software was applied to a study site located in the town of Blacksburg, Virginia. The software was utilized to identify BMP alternatives for a distributed storm-water management approach on the site. When compared with a base model with no runoff management, the traditional, detention-based management approach yielded 13.0% greater runoff rate reduction than did the distributed model. By contrast, the distributed storm-water management approach greatly outperformed the detention-based approach in removing pollutants from surface runoff. Although both runoff management strategies removed a significant portion of suspended sediment from the...
Leapfrogging revisited in Andean birds: geographical variation in the Tody‐tyrant superspecies Poecilotriccus ruficeps and P. luluae

I analysed geographical variation in size, colour and pattern quantitatively in the Rufous-crowned Tody-Tyrant Poecilotriccus ruficeps and Lulu Von Hagen’s Tody-Tyrant P. luluae, two component species of a superspecies inhabiting the northern Andes of South America. The conspicuously bridled P. r. melanomystax, here reported for the first time from the Andes of Venezuela and the Eastern Andes of Colombia, leapfrogs southward over populations of the plain-headed P. r. ruficeps in the Eastern Andes of Colombia, re-occurs in the Central Andes of Colombia, leapfrogs over populations of P. r. ruficeps in south-western Colombia and Ecuador, then ‘re-appears’ as the similarly bridled P. r. peruvianus in southern Ecuador and northern Peru. In a second example of leapfrogging, the recently described P. luluae from the Eastern Andes of northern Peru is separated from superficially similar populations of P. r. ruficeps by the distribution of P. r. peruvianus. Because of their striking plumage differences and lack of interbreeding, the two bridled forms, P. r. melanomystax and P. r. peruvianus, may together constitute a species separable from the plain-headed forms, P. r. ruficeps and P. r. rufigenis. Vocally, however, all forms of P. ruficeps are similar. I recognize Poecilotriccus r. rufigenis provisionally pending the accumulation of new material. Geographical variation in size among populations of P. ruficeps is weakly clinal or chaotic. Crown and back colour are geographically uniform, however, and are identical among all populations of both P. ruficeps and P. luluae. In colour of belly and face, P. luluae is exceptionally stable and unique. This contrasts with striking geographical variation in facial colour and pattern in P. ruficeps. Although differences in song syllables are apparent, samples of tape recordings are too small to justify conclusions about the potential role of voice in reproductive isolation.
Near-field focusing plates: Theory and experiment

Using a modulated grating-like surface, referred to as a near-field plate, we experimentally demonstrate focusing of microwave radiation in a pattern that mimics that of a negative-index slab. The near-field platepsilas resolution, of lambda/20, is well beyond the diffraction limit.
ROCK in a Stiff Place

Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the progression of atherosclerosis has revealed a vital role for the Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway associated with stiffening of the underlying extracellular matrix (Huynh et al., this issue).
Total Systemic Autoregulation in the Dog and Its Inhibition by Baroreceptor Reflexes

Although many organs maintain constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure, autoregulation in the total systemic circulation has only been reported in animals after destruction of the central nervous system. The present study examined the role of the baroreceptors in this autoregulatory response in open-chest dogs anesthetized with chloralose-urethane. Cardiac output was varied over nearly a twofold range by altering myocardial contractility with either inotropic agents or controlled myocardial ischemia. Cardiac output, determined by dye dilution, and mean aortic pressure stabilized within 3 minutes after the start of infusions of calcium (15-62 mg/min) into the cannulated left coronary artery or the reduction of coronary flow. With bilateral vagotomy and carotid sinus denervation, autoregulation of total peripheral flow was observed. Thus, changes in cardiac output evoked parallel changes in total peripheral resistance and wide variations in aortic pressure. However, with the baroreceptors intact, changes in cardiac output evoked inverse changes in total peripheral resistance which resulted in regulation of aortic pressure. We concluded that autoregulation in peripheral vascular beds could result in autoregulation of total peripheral flow after simple baroreceptor denervation. However, the baroreceptor reflexes normally achieved regulation of aortic pressure by inhibiting autoregulation in much of the peripheral circulation.
Traditional Chinese medicine diagnoses in a sample of women with fibromyalgia.

Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers various treatment modalities guided by TCM diagnoses. In the United States, acupuncture is a commonly employed TCM method for treating a variety of chronic illnesses. Three systematic reviews have been reported recently, reaching differing conclusions about the efficacy of acupuncture for the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM). Among the FM acupuncture studies considered in these reviews, none used TCM diagnosis as an inclusion/exclusion criterion or adjusted treatment based on TCM diagnosis. Overlooking TCM diagnosis may be a reason for such disparate results. Primary study objective To obtain TCM diagnoses in a sample of women meeting 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria for FM who were recruited for a yoga study and to investigate whether there is significant variability. Methods/design Two TCM practitioners conducted baseline TCM diagnostic examinations on 56 women with FM. A consensus diagnosis was reached based on standardised history, palpation and examination. Canonical discriminate analysis identified two baseline items which predicted TCM diagnosis. Setting School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University. Participants Women, ages 23–75, with FM recruited to a yoga intervention study Results Three primary TCM diagnoses were found in the population: Qi and Blood Deficiency (46.4%, CI 33.0% to 60.36%), Qi and Blood Stagnation (26.8%, CI 15.8% to 40.3%), and Liver Qi Stagnation (19.6%, CI 10.2% to 32.4%). Conclusion It is likely that previous studies of FM were treating a heterogeneous study population where variable results might be expected. Future acupuncture studies should either control for TCM diagnosis or consider its usefulness as an inclusion/exclusion criterion.
TCR and Lat are expressed on separate protein islands on T cell membranes and concatenate during activation

TCR movement in the T cell plasma membrane is not well understood. Using three different types of microscopy, Davis and co-workers identify separate islands of Lat and TCR molecules that concatenate after T cell activation.
Estimation of central venous pressure by ultrasound of the internal jugular vein

This article describes a simple, new technique using ultrasound (US) to estimate central venous pressure (CVP). The sonographic patterns of the internal jugular vein (IJV) with a low, normal, and elevated CVP are also described. Although bedside visual inspection of the height of the jugular veins as an estimate of CVP has been an integral part of the physical examination, its major limitation has been that the jugular veins are not always observable. In obese patients, a layer of fat often obscures the jugular pulsations. US has proven to be a powerful tool to noninvasively visualize neck veins in the emergency department. Bedside US of the IJV, performed by emergency physicians, provides immediate, important information that cannot be obtained without invasive catheters.
A new circularly polarized rectenna for wireless power transmission and data communication

Small distributed wireless sensors are becoming very important in many aspects of our lives. While low data rate passive sensors operate with little energy there is a need for moderate to high data rate distributed sensors for infrastructure monitoring and other applications. Such sensors will require their batteries or onboard capacitors to be charged when depleted for proper operation. In this letter, we propose a circularly polarized (CP) microstrip patch antenna that can function as a WLAN antenna in the 5.15-5.35 GHz and as a rectenna at 5.5 GHz.
Body Projects of Young Women of Color in Physics: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Science

Most research on underrepresented members in science focuses on gender or on race/ethnicity, ignoring intersections embodied by women of color. This article, which draws from a qualitative, longitudinal study, addresses this gap by focusing on ten minority female physics students who negotiate three incongruent realms: field of study, gender, and race/ethnicity. It examines ways in which these students sense that their belonging and competence in science are questioned because their bodies do not conform to prevalent images of the “ordinary” white male physicist. To persevere in physics, they engage in bodily projects of (1) approximating ordinariness through fragmentation, which entails using strategies of racial or gendered “passing,” or (2) rejecting these practices in favor of multiplicity, which entails employing stereotype manipulation or performances of superiority. By highlighting accounts of individuals who persevere in the elite physics field, this article provides insight into how university departments should reform to promote more women and underrepresented minorities in science.
SPLUNC1/BPIFA1 Contributes to Pulmonary Host Defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae Respiratory Infection

Epithelial host defense proteins comprise a critical component of the pulmonary innate immune response to infection. The short palate, lung, nasal epithelium clone (PLUNC) 1 (SPLUNC1) protein is a member of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing (BPI) fold-containing (BPIF) protein family, sharing structural similarities with BPI-like proteins. SPLUNC1 is a 25 kDa secretory protein that is expressed in nasal, oropharyngeal, and lung epithelia, and has been implicated in airway host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other organisms. SPLUNC1 is reported to have surfactant properties, which may contribute to anti-biofilm defenses. The objective of this study was to assess the importance of SPLUNC1 surfactant activity in airway epithelial secretions and to explore its biological relevance in the context of a bacterial infection model. Using cultured airway epithelia, we confirmed that SPLUNC1 is critically important for maintenance of low surface tension in airway fluids. Furthermore, we demonstrated that recombinant SPLUNC1 (rSPLUNC1) significantly inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm formation on airway epithelia. We subsequently found that Splunc1 −/− mice were significantly more susceptible to infection with K. pneumoniae , confirming the likely in vivo relevance of this anti-biofilm effect. Our data indicate that SPLUNC1 is a crucial component of mucosal innate immune defense against pulmonary infection by a relevant airway pathogen, and provide further support for the novel hypothesis that SPLUNC1 protein prevents bacterial biofilm formation through its ability to modulate surface tension of airway fluids.