cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Youth Charter: Towards the Formation of Adolescent Moral Identity.

Abstract Studies of adolescent conduct have found that both exemplary and antisocial behaviour can be predicted by the manner in which adolescents integrate moral concerns into their theories and descriptions of self. These findings have led many developmentalists to conclude that moral identity‐‐in contrast to moral judgement or reflection alone‐‐plays a powerful role in mediating social conduct. Moreover, developmental theory and research have shown that identity formation during adolescence is a process of forging a coherent and systematic sense of self. Despite these well‐founded conclusions, many moral education programmes fail to engage a young person's sense of self, focus exclusively on judgement and reflection and make little or no attempt to establish coherence with other formative influences in a young person's life. The authors propose a new method, called “the youth charter”, for promoting adolescent self‐identification with a coherent set of moral standards.
Public review for LTCP: improving the performance of TCP in highspeed networks

LTCP is a new modification to TCP's congestion control to enable it to scale to high-speed networks. In comparison with prior work on high-speed congestion control, the paper explores an interesting design space: what if a single flow acts similarly to K virtual TCPs, where K is dynamically adjusted according to the network's congestion state; K increases in times of under-load to aggressively grab the available bandwidth and decreases in times of congestion to quickly release the bandwidth. The paper elaborates on how to design such a protocol and particularly how to make it fair when multiple flows with a different initial K share the same bottleneckThough I find it interesting to explore such a design, with much prior work on high-speed congestion control, it is unclear what LTCP can add. The paper claims that one of the contributions of LTCP is that "it retains the time-tested AIMD behavior of TCP." Yet, because of the dynamic value of K, LTCP does not really do AIMD. Besides, why is maintaining AIMD important? The paper does not elaborate on this issue; neither does it show that the use of different increase-decrease rule has hurt other high-speed congestion control protocolsOverall, LTCP is a nice piece of research but I would encourage the authors to argue more why their design is important given all prior work on the topic. Further, they should run more extensive simulations that explore multiple bottleneck links, and provide at least a simple analysis that supports the convergence claim.
Prolonged Fasting Increases the Response of the Renin- Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, but Not Vasopressin Levels, in Postweaned Northern Elephant Seal Pups

The 8- to 12-week postweaning fast exhibited by northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris) occurs without any apparent deleterious effects on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. However, during the fast the role of vasopressin (AVP) has been shown to be inconclusive and the involvement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has yet to be examined. To examine the effects of prolonged fasting on these osmoregulatory hormones, 15 postweaned pups were serially blood-sampled during the first 49 days of their fast. Fasting did not induce significant changes in ionic or osmotic concentrations, suggesting electrolyte homeostasis. Total proteins were reduced by day 21 of fasting and remained depressed, suggesting a lack of dehydration. Aldosterone and plasma renin activity exhibited a correlated, linear increase over the first 49 days of the fast, suggesting an active RAAS. Aldosterone exhibited a parabolic trend over the fast with a peak at day 35, suggesting a shift in the sensitivity of the kidney to aldosterone later in the fast. AVP was elevated at day 49 only, but concentrations were relatively low. RAAS was modified during the postweaning fast in pups and appears to play a significant role in the regulation of electrolyte and, most likely, water homeostasis during this period.
EXAFS analysis of cadmium(II) adsorption to kaolinite

The local molecular structure of Cd sorbed to kaolinite was examined with X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) over a range of pH and initial Cd solution concentrations, ([Cd{sub aq}]{sub in}). Quantitative analysis of kaolinite samples with [Cd{sub aq}]{sub in} of 100 {mu}M and pH 7, shows a single hydration sphere around Cd, consistent with an outer-sphere adsorption complex. At pH 9, a Cd-M coordination (where M stands for Si or Al) at second shell distance indicates the formation of inner-sphere adsorption complex(es) on edge sites. Although adsorption to Al edge sites is probably preferred, the similarity in atomic numbers between Al and Si and the small difference in bond lengths prevents us from distinguishing complexation to Si- versus Al-edge sites based on the XAFS data. The possibility of precipitation of Cd solid phases was ruled out due to similar local environment around Cd in samples prepared under air (where carbonate species would be present) and N{sub 2} atmospheres, and the absence of a Cd-Cd coordination characterizing a Cd-bearing solid phase. Finally, analysis of kaolinite samples with [Cd{sub aq}]{sub in} of 3 {mu}M, 10 {mu}M, and 100 {mu}M at pH 9 shows a consistent change in Cd-M distance and Debye-Wallermore » factor as a function of [Cd{sub aq}]{sub in}, suggesting a change in the type of inner-sphere complex being formed as a function of loading. Whether this means that there is a change in the relative importance of Al versus Si edge sites with loading, or whether adsorption of Cd to edge sites alters binding to other nearby sites, or some other factor, has not been determined at this time.« less
Chemical activation reactions of cyclic alkanes and ethers and tricyclodecane ring‐opened diradicals with O2: Thermochemistry, reaction paths, kinetics, and modeling

The initial unimolecular dissociation reactions of tricyclodecane (TCD, C10H16) and other cyclic alkanes and ethers in combustion systems are ring opening to form a dialkyl radical. These diradicals can undergo reassociation, further reaction with the alkyl fragments, or bimolecular reactions. Either of the two radical sites on this dialkyl radical can react with 3O2 to form a peroxy radical. This peroxy radical can further react with the alkyl fragment or undergo association to form a chemically activated peroxide. This energized peroxide has near 25 kcal mol−1 energy above that needed to cleave the weak ROOR bond, and cleavage of this peroxide bond to form a dialkoxy radical is found to be rapid under combustion conditions. The dialkoxy radicals formed can undergo beta scission reactions to form strong carbonyl bonds or undergo intra- and intermolecular abstraction reactions with the alkyl fragment or parent cyclic molecules. The exothermicity of the overall reaction to formation of carbonyls or new radical plus alcohols can serve to accelerate the overall combustion process. To our knowledge, these reactions are not considered in present combustion mechanisms. In this study, we evaluate the thermochemistry and kinetics of these reactions and use elementary reaction modeling to evaluate their importance to the TDC and C3 to C5 ring systems. Needed thermochemistry and kinetics of the three- to five-member cyclic alkanes and ethers are developed and also used for increased accuracy in work reactions for thermochemistry of the larger TCD system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 232–256, 2012
Measurement of Local DNA Reorganization on the Picosecond and Nanosecond Time Scales

Picosecond and nanosecond dynamics in the interior of DNA are observed for the first time as a dynamic Stokes shift in the fluorescence of a specially designed base-pair analogue. A recently synthesized coumarin C-riboside has been incorporated into an oligonucleotide in place of a normal purine·pyrimidine base pair. The dynamic Stokes shift of this probe occurs with components near 300 ps and 13 ns. These times are too long for solvent relaxation or simple vibrational motion of the DNA framework. They imply that the interior of DNA is a unique dynamic environment unlike either a fluid or a molecular crystal.
Cholinergic and adrenergic components in the neurohumoral control of the release of LH in the rabbit.

introduction The nervous system, in species like the rabbit which do not ovulate spontaneously, controls ovulation by stimulating the anterior lobe of the hypophysis to release lutenizing hormone; LH in turn (alone or in combination with FSH) activates maturation and rupture of the ovarian follicles (Hisaw, 1947). The nature of the mechanism by which the central nervous system exerts its influence on the hypophysis has been the subject of numerous investigations including those of Markee, Sawyer, and Hollinshead (1946–1948). Electrical stimulation experiments by these authors (1946) gave evidence that hypothalamic control of the anterior lobe, which almost certainly involves the pituitary stalk (Brooks, 1940), is not exerted via nerve fibers ending in the pars distalis. The results indicated, rather, that a humoral link, such as the hypophyseal portal system (Wislocki and King, 1936; Green and Harris, 1947), might transport a chemical mediator capable of stimulating the electrically-inexcitable gland cells.
Acceptance-Based Treatment for Smoking Cessation

This pilot study applied a theoretically derived model of acceptance-based treatment process to smoking cessation, and compared it to a pharmacological treatment based on a medical dependence model. Seventy-six nicotine-dependent smokers were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: Nicotine Replacement Treatment (NRT), or a smoking-focused version of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). There were no differences between conditions at posttreatment; however, participants in the ACT condition had better long-term smoking outcomes at 1-year follow-up. As predicted by the acceptance process model, ACT outcomes at 1 year were mediated by improvements in acceptance-related skills. Withdrawal symptoms and negative affect neither differed between conditions nor predicted outcomes. Results were consistent with the functional acceptance-based treatment model.
Single and double ionization of helium by intermediate-to-high-velocity He+ projectiles.

Ionization of helium target atoms by ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ projectiles at energies of 0.125 to 3.0 MeV/u (v=2.2--11 a.u.) has been investigated. Ratios of double-to-single ionization are determined for projectiles undergoing no charge change, electron capture, or electron loss, respectively, and cross sections for target single and double ionization are determined for projectiles undergoing no charge change or electron capture. Total cross sections for single-electron capture and loss by the incident ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ projectiles are also determined. The present measurements extend to higher velocities than earlier results obtained by other investigators. As found by other investigators, the double-to-single-ionization ratios associated with projectiles undergoing electron capture or loss are significantly larger than those associated with no projectile charge change. The effective charges for target single and double ionization by ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ projectiles are determined by normalizing to single- and double-ionization cross sections, respectively, for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ projectiles. For direct target ionization, i.e., ionization associated with no projectile charge change, the double-to-single-ionization ratios for ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$ projectiles are nearly equal at equal velocities. This implies that the cross sections for single and double ionization by ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ are altered by the same factor when compared to fully stripped ${\mathrm{He}}^{2+}$, a result which is consistent with the fact that the effective charges for single and double ionization are about the same.
Product fraud and product counterfeiting as a source of terrorist financing

This short contribution is a complementary addition that addresses unexplored aspects of our recent Security Journal article When Crime Events Defy Classification: The Case of Product Counterfeiting as White-Collar Crime. One of those unexplored aspects is regarding the proceeds of product fraud or counterfeiting as important to the conceptual studies on combating terrorism – this is currently a focus in Food Fraud regulations and laws. The current research is often based on the assumption of pure terrorists who are pure product counterfeiters. The important theoretical dimension of criminology is that product counterfeiting is one of the many sources of the funding of terrorism and the choice is based on the opportunity. There is evidence that if the opportunity related to product counterfeiting does not exist – or is reduced – the terrorist will select a different method to fund their operations. For example, product counterfeiting of CDs and DVDs was only one of many sources of funding of the 1993 World Trade Center attack. This article builds upon our previous work and reviews several key and influential reports for their assessment on the research question.
Partisan Journalism and the Rise of the Republican Party in South Carolina, 1959–1962

When political journalist William D. Workman, Jr., resigned from Charleston’s News and Courier and announced plans to run for the U.S. Senate in 1962, he said it would be “unethical” to combine “objective reporting with partisan politics.” Yet Workman’s personal papers reveal that, for three years, he and editor Thomas R. Waring, Jr., had been working with Republican leaders to build a conservative party to challenge Deep South Democrats. Workman’s story provides an example of how partisan activism survived in the twentieth-century American press, despite the rise of professional standards prohibiting political engagement.
The Role of Affect and Worldviews as Orienting Dispositions in the Perception and Acceptance of Nuclear Power1

Recent research in risk perception has examined the role of affect and worldviews as orienting dispositions that guide people’s decisions about complex and risky topics such as nuclear energy. This study tests and supports the hypothesis that worldviews and affect-laden imagery are highly predictive of perceptions of risk from nuclear power and support for that technology. Furthermore, affect and worldviews each contribute independently to the prediction of nuclear support. We find also that a person’s affective imagery associated with nuclear power is systematically related to their worldviews. We conclude that affect and worldviews appear to play similar roles as orienting mechanisms, helping people navigate in a complex, uncertain, and sometimes dangerous world. The implication of this view for the practice of risk communication is briefly discussed.
γ‐Radiation Effects on the Performance of HCCD‐PEG for Cs and Sr Extraction

Abstract Cobalt dicarbollide and polyethylene glycol in phenyltrifluoromethyl sulfone (HCCD/PEG in FS‐13) is currently under consideration for use in the process‐scale selective extraction of fission product cesium and strontium from acidic radioactive solutions. While the Cs and Sr solvent extraction efficiency of this formulation has been previously characterized, this solvent will be exposed to high radiation doses during use, and has not been adequately investigated for radiation stability. Here, HCCD/PEG was γ‐irradiated to various absorbed doses, to a maximum of 432 kGy, using 60Co. Irradiations were performed for the neat organic phase, and also for the organic phase in contact with 1 M‐nitric acid mixed by air sparging. Post‐irradiation solvent extraction measurements showed that Cs distribution ratios were unaffected; however, strontium distribution ratios decreased with the absorbed dose under both conditions. The decrease in the extraction efficiency for strontium was greater when in contact wi...
Nonlinear features for product inspection

Classification of real-time X-ray images of randomly oriented touching pistachio nuts is discussed. The ultimate objective is the development of a system for automated non-invasive detection of defective product items on a conveyor belt. We discuss the extraction of new features that allow better discrimination between damaged and clean items (pistachio nuts). This feature extraction and classification stage is the new aspect of this paper; our new maximum representation and discriminating feature (MRDF) extraction method computes nonlinear features that are used as inputs to a new modified k nearest neighbor classifier. In this work, the MRDF is applied to standard features (rather than iconic data). The MRDF is robust to various probability distributions of the input class and is shown to provide good classification and new ROC (receiver operating characteristic) data.
Computer Assisted Pathway Generation for Atrazine Degradation in Advanced Oxidation Processes

A model was developed to generate the complex degradation pathway of contaminants initiated by hydroxyl radical in the advanced oxidation processes. The model abstracts chemical structures into mathematic graphs. The manipulation of the graphs enumerates the reactions among the large number of molecules, radicals, and other intermediates in the advanced oxidation processes. Using Canonical Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification (Canonical SMILE) representation, the algorithm was able to simulate the reaction of contaminants containing both chain and ring structures. The input chemicals, reaction pattern, and the reaction rules could be specified by users through a graphical user interface. The degradation pathway of Atrazine was used as an example to demonstrate the capability of the algorithm. The generated reaction pathways were compared with those reported in literatures.
Econometric Evaluation of Asset Pricing Models

In this paper we provide econometric tools for the evaluation of intertemporal asset pricing models using specification-error and volatility bounds. We formulate analog estimators of these bounds, give conditions for consistency and derive the limiting distribution of these estimators. The analysis incorportes market frictions such as short-sale constraints and proportional transactions costs. Among several applications we show how to use the methods to assess specific asset pricing models and to provide nonparametric characterizations of asset pricing anomalies.
Immunologic aspects of otitis media.

The middle ear cleft is a modified gas pocket which functions normally when the gas contents are regulated by a normal eustachian tube, resulting in equalization of middle ear pressure to that of the environment. The most important regulator of this middle ear pressure is the eustachian tube, a critical passageway from the nasopharynx into the middle ear. Any alteration of eustachian tube mucociliary function caused by virus, allergy, pollutants, or alteration of the normal homeostasis of the nasopharynx will result in eustachian tube obstruction. This, in turn, leads to underventilation of the middle ear, and transudation of fluid. If bacteria or virus or viral-bacterial interaction leads to infectious disease of the middle ear, an immune response is produced as a result of the inflammatory response, allowing lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells to enter into the middle-ear mucosa. This article summarizes the immunologic reactivity in the middle ear following a viralbacterial inflammatory reaction in the middle-ear mucosa. Although secretory IgA is critical for protection of the nasopharynx, its function in the middle ear has still not been resolved. The evidence strongly suggests that IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses are responsible for eradication of middle ear pathogens. Finally, a review of alternative approaches to the prevention of otitis media is briefly discussed in this critical period of emergence of resistant bacteria to available antibiotics.
The Influence of Heterogeneous Optical Properties on Fluorescence Diffusion Tomography of Small Animals

We evaluated the influence of optical property maps on inversion of fluorescence data from mice. For highly absorbing regions (5x background) of sufficient size, heterogeneous optical property maps provide significant improvements over homogeneous maps.
The use of hypnosis with the hemodialysis patient.

Abstract Hypnosis appears to be a safe and effective tranquilizer for use with the anxious hemodialysis patients. A case is described where hypnosis effectively diminished the overwhelming anxiety, extinquished dependency on an artificial respirator, and enabled the patient to become medically manageable.
Minimum degree games for graphs

Abstract Given δ and n, a minimum degree game starts with n disconnected nodes. Two players alternate, each adding a new edge in turn, until the resulting graph has minimum degree at least δ. In the achievement game, the last player to move is the winner; in the avoidance game, the last to play is the loser. We determine a winning strategy for the avoidance game for every δ and n. The achievement game is much harder to analyze. We determine a winning strategy for δ⩽3 and every n. For arbitrary δ the form of a winning strategy is conjectured, but we have only proved it when n−δ is odd.
Performance, ethnography, and history: An analysis of displays by female bathers in the 1920s

This article proposes historical performance ethnography as a recuperative method that affords entry into cultures whose remoteness is a matter of time rather than place. As a means by which to interrogate narrative accounts of transgressive displays by women in the sport/leisure ritual of public bathing in the early American 1920s, historical performance ethnography illuminates as well the ways in which the female body serves as a site where cultural values are exhibited, endorsed, defied, mediated, and transformed. The performative emphasis inherent in this methodology effectively enables recovery of the ways in which women of past generations exerted autonomy and enacted resistance, and thus refutes blanket historical assessments of women's powerlessness throughout social history; a powerlessness often implied by the very silence of women's voices in many archival records.
Effects of developmental exposure to lead, magnesium and zinc mixtures on spatial learning and expression of NMDA receptor subunit mRNA in Fischer 344 rats

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is important for learning. Lead (Pb) exposure impairs learning ability and affects the NMDAR. This study tested whether developmental exposure to a combination of Pb, zinc (Zn), and magnesium (Mg) would result in effects different from those seen with individual metals. Fischer 344 (F344) rat pups of both genders were exposed from gestation day 5 to post-natal day (PND) 40, either to Pb, Mg, or Zn individually or to a (one-third or full concentration) mixture of the three metals. All Zn-treated pups died before PND7, but half of the litters given the full concentration mixture survived to PND40. Impaired learning in the Morris water maze was seen in the Mg and full concentration mixture groups. There were gender differences in NR2A subunit mRNA expression in the hippocampal CA3 region in the Mg and Pb groups, but combining the three metals in the full concentration showed no gender effect. Our results showed that exposure to all three metals affected mortality, learning ability and gender-dependent expression patterns of an NMDAR subunit in a different way from that seen with exposure to the individual metals.
A dimension and tolerance data model for concurrent design and systems integration

Abstract Dimensions and tolerances are critical engineering design information for defining shape requirements of manufactured parts. As technologies for new design analysis and manufacturing planning are being developed, they must be seamlessly integrated into a computer-aided product development environment. A data model is an effective technique to define the shareable semantics that are essential to the success of data communication in an integrated environment. This paper introduces a dimension and tolerance data model developed for the foundation of ISO 10303 Part 47. This model is a component of an overall product data model. The model has three major components: dimension schema, tolerance schema, and datum and shape aspect schema. These schema specify data resources and structures for describing dimension and tolerance characteristics of products. Based on this model, descriptions of dimensions and tolerances of products can be communicated between tolerance-related software application systems.
Scaling properties and anomalous transport of particles inside the stochastic layer.

Particle motion in a two-wave field is considered as a model for studying the kinetic (transport) properties inside the stochastic layer. The existence of an exact renormalization invariance of the separatrix with respect to the perturbation parameter and the approximate renormalization invariance for the exact equation of motion near a saddle point is shown. High accuracy symplectic integration is used to obtain the distribution function, its moments, and transport exponents. Scaling properties and anomalous transport have been found. It is shown that, depending on the parameters of the system, there is a possibility of modifying the fine (islands) structure of the stochastic layer, which leads to variations of the transport properties from the anomalous to the normal (Gaussian) ones.
Bone Cancer from Radium: Canine Dose Response Explains Data for Mice and Humans

Analysis of lifetime studies of 243 beagles with skeletal burdens of radium-226 shows that the distribution of bone cancers clusters about a linear function of the logarithms of radiation dose rate to the skeleton and time from exposure until death. Similar relations displaced by species-dependent response ratios also provide satisfactory descriptions of the reported data on deaths from primary bone cancers in people and mice exposed to radium-226. The median cumulative doses (or times) leading to death from bone tumors are 2.9 times larger for dogs than for mice and 3.6 times larger for people than for dogs. These response ratios are well correlated with the normal life expectancies. The cumulative radiation dose required to give significant risk of bone cancer is found to be much less at lower dose rates than at higher rates, but the time required for the tumors to be manifested is longer. At low dose rates, this time exceeds the normal life-span and appears as a practical threshold, which for bone cancer is estimated to occur at an average cumulative radiation dose to the skeleton of about 50 to 110 rads for the three species.
Ellipsometric function of a film–substrate system: Applications to the design of reflection-type optical devices and to ellipsometry*

The ratio ρ = Rp/Rs of the complex amplitude-reflection coefficients Rp and Rs for light polarized parallel (p) and perpendicular (s) to the plane of incidence, reflected from an optically isotropic film–substrate system, is investigated as a function of the angle of incidence ϕ and the film thickness d. Both constant-angle-of-incidence contours (CAIC) and constant-thickness contours (CTC) of the ellipsometric function ρ(ϕ,d) in the complex ρ plane are examined. For transparent films, ρ(ϕ,d) is a periodic function of d with period Dϕ that is a function of ϕ. For a given angle of incidence ϕ and film thickness d (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 90, 0 ≤ d < Dϕ), the equispaced linear array of points (ϕ,d + mDϕ) (m = 0, 1, 2,…) in the real (ϕ,d) plane is mapped by the periodic function ρ(ϕ,d) into one distinct point in the complex ρ plane. Conversely, for a given film–substrate system, any value of the ellipsometric function ρ can be realized at one particular angle of incidence ϕ and an associated infinite series of film thicknesses d, d + Dϕ, d + 2Dϕ, …. This analysis leads to (1) a unified scheme for the design of all reflection-type optical devices, such as polarizers and retarders, (2) a novel null ellipsometer without a compensator, for the measurement of films whose thicknesses are within certain permissible ranges, and (3) an inversion procedure for the nonlinear equations of reflection ellipsometry that separates the determination of the optical constants (refractive indices and extinction coefficients) of the film and substrate from the film thickness. Extension of the work to absorbing films is discussed.
Spaces N ∪ R and their dimensions

Abstract About spaces N∪ R (see [2, Exercise 5I]), the following are proved: (1) dim N∪ R = dim β(N∪ R )⧹N∪ R ,(2)if|β(N∪ R )⧹N∪ R | ℵ o , then no real-valued continuous fu ction on N∪ R is onto (and hence, dim N∪ R =0 ), (3) any compact metric space without isolated points is homeomorphic to some β(N∪ R )⧹N∪ R and (4)there are spaces X,X1 and X2 of the form N∪ R such that X=X1∪X2,X2 and X2 are zero sets of X, and dim X=n, dimX1=dim X 2=0, where n=1,2,… or ∞.
Strain differences in the laboratory rat : impact on the autonomic, behavioral, and biochemical response to cholinesterase inhibition

Intraspecies variation has been found to affect the physiological, behavioral, and biochemical responses to a variety of neurotoxicants, including the organophosphate diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). However, there is little information on long‐term physiological responses to neurotoxicant exposure using strain as a dependent variable. In the present study, radiotelemetry methodology was used to continuously monitor core temperature, heart rate, and motor activity for 4 d following administration of 1.5 mg/kg DFP (SC) in four common strains of rat: Sprague‐Dawley (SD), Long‐Evans (LE), Fischer 344 (F344), and Wistar (WST). The F344 rat was least susceptible to DFP in terms of both a minimal hypothermic response and recovery of the day‐night difference in core temperature. The SD strain was unusual in that its heart rate was elevated relative to the other strains after DFP, in spite of a marked decrease in core temperature and motor activity. The LE strain exhibited the largest reduction in core temperat...
A study on the structure and mechanical behavior of the Dasypus novemcinctus shell

Abstract Multiscale hierarchical structures, materials properties, and mechanical behaviors of the nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) shell were studied to provide fundamental knowledge for understanding biological composite systems. The nine-banded armadillo's dermal shell is characterized into three regions: the forward, band, and rear shells. The forward and rear shells comprise a sandwich composite structure of functionally graded material having relatively denser exterior bony layers and an interior bony network of foam. The forward and rear shell's strength (~ 1500 MPa) was greater than the intermediate band shell (~ 500 MPa). The band shell revealed a more complicated structure where adjacent bands are partially overlapped and connected with each other to provide flexibility, in addition to protection. Hardness tests showed that the top surfaces of each shell had hardness (~ Hv50) greater than the front and side surfaces (~ Hv40). Compression test results on the forward and rear shells showed a typical nonlinear deformation behavior similar to synthetic foams, where microbuckling is a key inelastic deformation mechanism. A comparison and contrasting study of the structure-property relations between the armadillo shell and other biological structural materials could provide fundamental understandings for deformation mechanisms that can lead to the development of novel bio-inspired safety system design methodologies.
DNA sequence analysis of X-ray induced Adh null mutations in Drosophila melanogaster.

The mutational spectrum for 28 X-ray induced mutations and 2 spontaneous mutations, previously determined by genetic and cytogenetic methods, consisted of 20 multilocus deficiencies (19 induced and 1 spontaneous) and 10 intragenic mutations (9 induced and 1 spontaneous). One of the X-ray induced intragenic mutations was lost, and another was determined to be a recombinant with the allele used in the recovery scheme. The DNA sequence of two X-ray induced intragenic mutations has been published. This paper reports the results of DNA sequence analysis of the remaining intragenic mutations and a summary of the X-ray induced mutational spectrum. The combination of DNA sequence analysis with genetic complementation analysis shows a continuous distribution in size of deletions rather than two different types of mutations consisting of deletions and point mutations'. Sequencing is shown to be essential for detecting intragenic deletions. Of particular importance for future studies is the observation that all of the intragenic deletions consist of a direct repeat adjacent to the breakpoint with one of the repeats deleted.
Phenotype-Genotype Association Study: From GWAS to NGS

표현형과 유전형을 연관시키는 것은 맞춤의학, 유전체의학의 근간을 이룬다. 이를 위해서 최근 대규모로 진행되고 있는 GWAS 연구는 많은 장점이 있지만 common variant hypothesis에 기초한 한계, 기전으로 연결되지 않기 때문에 발견된 결과를 질병의 원인 규명 및 예방에 활용할 수 없는 한계를 안고 있다. NGS의 도입으로 시퀀싱 비용이 낮아졌고, 바야흐로 개인유전체학의 시대가 도래했다. NGS의 발전 덕분에 rare variant hypothesis를 검증하는 것을 기술적으로 검증하는 것이 이제는 가능하다. GWAS에 찾아진 질병연관 common variants들이 사실상 rare variants의 종합적인 효과를 반영하는 것이라는 관찰들이 제기되고 있으며, 이러한 common variants와 연관된 유전자를 다시 환자군에서 시퀀싱함으로써 질병과 연관된 rare variants를 찾는 접근방법이 흥미롭게 대두되고 있다.
MR diagnosis of complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee: importance of anterior subluxation of the tibia.

The primary role of the anterior cruciate ligament is to resist anterior subluxation of the tibia. When the ligament is torn, the tibia is free to sublux anteriorly when the leg is pulled forward. In addition to visualizing the anterior cruciate ligament directly, MR imaging can show joint alignment. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of MR images of anterior subluxation of the tibia for diagnosing complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament.We evaluated the records of 120 consecutive patients who underwent MR imaging of the knee and subsequently had arthroscopy. Arthroscopy showed a complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament in 21 patients, a partial tear in eight patients, and an intact anterior cruciate ligament in 91 patients. Two radiologists together reviewed the MR images, and interpretation of anterior cruciate ligament integrity was reached by consensus. The anterior cruciate ligament was categorized as intact, completely torn, or partially torn on the basis of conventio...
Review Essay: Education by Hardship: Native American Boarding Schools in the U.S. and Canada

(1997). Review Essay: Education by Hardship: Native American Boarding Schools in the U.S. and Canada. The Oral History Review: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 117-124.
Application of Rapid Scanning Retinal Thickness Analysis in Retinal Diseases

Purpose: The authors have further developed their method of retinal thickness analysis to rapidly generate multiple optical cross sections of the retina and provide thickness maps at the posterior pole. The potential use of this method was evaluated in a number of macular disorders. Methods: A commercial prototype of the scanning retinal thickness analyzer was used to examine patients with a variety of macular diseases. A laser slit beam was projected on the retina and scanned across a 2- × 2-mm retinal area in 200 to 400 msec. The images of the intersection of the laser slit beam with the retina were recorded digitally and used for visualization of disease. Nine scans were combined, and an operator-free algorithm generated a three-dimensional thickness map at the posterior pole. Results: Cysts could be visualized in macular edema associated with diabetes mellitus and with retinal vein occlusion. The retinal thickness map quantitated the location, extent, and height of the edema. In serous detachment, the extent and the height of the retinal pigment epithelial elevation could be documented. In cases of suspected macular holes and pseudoholes, the diagnosis was considered more reliable than with conventional biomicroscopy. The extent of epiretinal membranes, the sites of adherence, and associated intraretinal cystic changes were identified. In glaucoma, the anatomic course of localized loss of neuronal retinal tissue could be traced. Conclusions: Scanning retinal thickness analysis provided multiple optical cross sections of the retina and yielded information useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of macular diseases. The three-dimensional thickness map provided quantitative information that may be useful for clinical management.
Numerical evaluation of the confluent hypergeometric function for complex arguments of large magnitudes

Abstract A numerical evaluator for the confluent hypergeometric function for complexarguments with large magnitudes using a direct summation of Kummer's series is described. Extended precision subroutines using large integer arrays to accumulate a single numerator and denominator are ultimately used in a single division to arrive at the final result. The accuracy has been verified through a variety of tests and they show the evaluator to be consistently accurate to thirteen significant figures, and on rare occasion accurate to only nine for magnitudes of the arguments ranging into the thousands in any quadrant in the complex plane. Because the evaluator automatically determines the number of significant figures of machine precision, and because it is written in FORTRAN 77, tests on various computers have shown the evaluator to provide consistently accurate results, making the evaluator very portable. The principal drawback is that, for certain arguments, the evaluator is slow, however, the evaluator remains valuable as a benchmark even in such cases.
The Two-Inspector Problem

Abstract Reinspection is often used in industrial quality control as a final means of ensuring higher outgoing quality. Effectiveness is limited by the fault rate effect, which shows decreasing defect detection performance with successive stages of reinspection. This paper uses a model of the human inspector as a conservative signal detector to examine the various ways in which two inspectors can be combined to achieve enhanced system performance. An optimization program was used to select the optimum payoff matrix for each inspector and, given this optimum payoff matrix, various options were evaluated. It was concluded, as expected, that two inspectors are better than one and that better inspectors give better system performance. Other results were not so obvious. The method of combining the inspectors had only a 5% to 10% effect on system performance and the degree of conservatism of the two inspectors gave even smaller differences. The choice of inspection strategy was robust to changes in incoming pro...
Uniaxial compression of fcc Au nanopillars on an MgO substrate: The effects of prestraining and annealing

Abstract The size-dependent strength of face-centered cubic (fcc) metals, as revealed by uniaxial compression of nanopillars, suggests that plasticity is dislocation source-controlled, with fewer sources in smaller pillars producing a “smaller is stronger” effect. To further investigate this phenomenon we have studied the effects of prestraining and annealing on the deformation properties of [0 0 1] Au nanopillars. By making pillars from an epitaxial film of [0 0 1] Au on [0 0 1] MgO, using focused ion beam machining, we are able to create both puck-shaped pillars that can be stably prestrained and pillars with a high aspect ratio, which can be tested in uniaxial compression. We find that prestraining dramatically reduces the flow strength of nanopillars while annealing restores the strength to the pristine levels. These unusual effects are not seen in bulk fcc metals, which behave in the opposite way. We discuss their possible causes in terms of dislocation densities using transmission electron microscopy.
Recommendation based on deduced social networks in an educational digital library

Discovering useful resources can be difficult in digital libraries with large content collections. Many educational digital libraries (edu-DLs) host thousands of resources. One approach to avoiding information overload involves modeling user behavior. But this often depends on user feedback, along with the demographic information found in user account profiles, in order to model and predict user interests. However, edu-DLs often host collections with open public access, allowing users to navigate through the system without needing to provide identification. With few identifiable users, building models linked to user accounts provides insufficient data to recommend useful resources. Analyzing user activity on a per-session basis, to deduce a latent user network, can take place even without user profiles or prior use history. The resulting Deduced Social Network (DSN) can be used to improve DL services. An example of a DSN is a graph whose nodes are sessions and whose edges connect two sessions that view the same resource. In this paper we present a recommendation framework for edu-DLs that depends on deduced connections between users. Results show that a recommendation system built from DSN-dependent parameters can improve performance compared to when only text similarity between resources is used. Our approach can potentially improve recommendation for DL resources when implicit user activities (e.g., view, click, search) are abundant but explicit user activities (e.g., account creation, rating, comment) are unavailable.
New evidence of ethanol's anxiolytic properties in the infant rat.

Abstract Ethanol induces appetitive, aversive, and anxiolytic effects that are involved in the development of ethanol use and dependence. Because early ethanol exposure produces later increased responsiveness to ethanol, considerable effort has been devoted to analysis of ethanol's appetitive and aversive properties during early ontogeny. Yet, there is a relative scarcity of research related to the anxiolytic effects of ethanol during early infancy, perhaps explained by a lack of age-appropriate tests. The main aim of this study was to validate a model for the assessment of ethanol's anxiolytic effects in the infant rat (postnatal days 13–16). The potentially anxiolytic effects of ethanol tested included: i) amelioration of conditioned place aversion, ii) ethanol intake in the presence of an aversive conditioned stimulus, iii) the inhibitory behavioral effect in an anxiogenic environment, and iv) innate aversion to a brightly illuminated area in a modified light/dark paradigm. Ethanol doses employed across experiments were 0.0, 0.5, and 2.0 g/kg. Results indicated that a low ethanol dose (0.5 g/kg) was effective in attenuating expression of a conditioned aversion. Ethanol intake, however, was unaffected by simultaneous exposure to an aversive stimulus. An anxiogenic environment diminished ethanol-induced locomotor stimulation. Finally, animals given 0.5 g/kg ethanol and evaluated in a light/dark box showed increased time spent in the illuminated area and increased latency to escape from the brightly lit compartment than rats treated with a higher dose of ethanol or vehicle. These new results suggest that ethanol doses as low as 0.5 g/kg are effective in ameliorating an aversive and/or anxiogenic state in preweanling rats. These behavioral preparations can be used to assess ethanol's anxiolytic properties during early development.
A Bidirectional DC–DC Converter With Overlapping Input and Output Voltage Ranges and Vehicle to Grid Energy Transfer Capability

A bidirectional buck-boost dc-dc converter and its control is presented for vehicle charging as well as for vehicle-to-grid energy transfer. The cascaded buck-boost topology allows overlapping input and output voltage ranges and a higher intermediate dc-bus voltage where the electric drivetrain traction inverter can be connected. The intermediate dc-link capacitor voltage is varied to improve the transient performances of the converter. The reference voltage of this capacitor is set based on the input and output voltage levels, and the power demand. The modularity, control flexibility, and excellent transient performance of the converter have been verified with simulation and experiments.
Development of a Program for Performance Evaluation of University Specialty Local Exhaust Systems for Compliance with the OSHA Laboratory Standard

Abstract Research facilities at the university where this program was developed currently occupy about 3200 laboratories containing 900 chemical laboratory hoods. A program of annual surveys of hood performance has been in place for 30 years. In addition to chemical laboratory hoods, university laboratories also contain more than 1300 specialty local exhaust ventilation (SLEV) systems for laboratory instrumentation, engineering pilot plant operations, semiconductor fabrication clean rooms, and physical plant shops. To comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Laboratory Standard 1910.1450, which requires verification that engineering controls are performing adequately, we developed a program to monitor performance of SLEV systems. Program development included: (1) survey of all laboratory spaces and identification of SLEV systems; (2) classification of systems and uses; (3) evaluation of design criteria by comparison with existing American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hyggenis...
Ab initio calculations of the optical properties of ions in glass

Abstract The current status and limitations of calculating local atomic arrangements and electronic structures of ions in crystals and glasses are reviewed briefly. This is followed by a discussion of the prospects for performing computer simulations of glass structure and ab initio calculations of optical properties of ions in glasses by the time of Professor Norbert Kreidl's 100th birthday.
Electron transport particles released upon lysis of spheroplasts of Escherichia coli B by Brij 58

Abstract The non-ionic detergent, Brij 58, has been shown to specifically lyse the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli . This communication examines the electron transport system in membrane fractions prepared from such lysates and compares this system to those prepared by mechanical procedures. 1. 1. The particulate fraction contained all of the respiratory carriers demonstrable in whole cells in essentially the same ratios although enriched by 3–5-fold over their concentration in whole cells. 2. 2. Succinate, formate, and NADH but not glutamate, malate, or dihydroorotate were actively oxidized by the particulate fraction. 3. 3. With the exception of the formate oxidase system which appeared to utilize a system bypassing flavoprotein and cytochrome b 1 , the other enzymatic activities appeared to function primarily through normal electron transport routes. 4. 4. The NADH oxidase and succinoxidase systems were sensitive to inhibition by 2- n -heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline- N -oxide and antimycin A. The results suggest that these inhibitors function at the level of cytochrome b 1 . 5. 5. All three activities were sensitive to complete inhibition by CN − . 6. 6. The results obtained from inhibitor studies coupled with the results obtained from examination of steady state, anaerobic, and chemical reduction of the respiratory pigments permitted a scheme for electron flow to be proposed.
Early selective visual experience and pattern discrimination in hooded rats

The early visual experience of hooded rats was restricted to either vertical or horizontal stripes. In a discrimination task pairing a gray surface and stripes of either the same orientation or an orientation orthogonal to that experienced during rearing, the rats made significantly fewer correct choices with the orthogonal orientation. However, the relatively lower overall performance of the vertically reared-horizontally tested animals was a major factor in the main effect of testing condition. We conclude that functional of the rat visual system through early selective visual experience is possible.