cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON DEMAND: Fostering Student Engagement with Reading Materials: Using a Social Annotation Platform (15 mins)

Students who engage with course materials frequently have increased long-term learning compared to those that cram for a test. In many classes, this means reading and understanding written materials – but too often students do minimal reading. Perusall is a “social annotation” tool that creates an engaging reading experience for students who then come to lecture more prepared. Any PDF document can be uploaded, and students annotate as they read. They earn points for quality, asking and answering questions, and interacting with their classmates. Set up is straightforward and Perusall manages the grading automatically - freeing up time for high-quality interactions with students. This can be used in any discipline, in large or small sections, and in both online and face to face courses. Students interact in a familiar way (like social media), which has been especially helpful in building community in online and in large sections. It draws out students who typically stay quiet in class and faculty can interact with students in a way not possible on discussion boards. This technology is especially beneficial for ESL learners and others who struggle with reading, and it identifies trends of curiosity and confusion – providing data for faculty to tailor lecture or learning activities. Participants in this recorded session will witness a demonstration of the tool and will be provided with a course code to try out the tool firsthand where they can interact with other participants and with the presenter.
Potential Hexokinase II Inhibition by Benzimidazole Anthelmintics: Albendazole, Mebendazole and Fenbendazole

The nitrogen heterocycle benzimidazoles have been known to be anthelmintic drugs. Beyond that role, the benzimidazoles exhibit other pharmacological potential as anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anti-hypertensive and anticancer agents. A growing body of evidence supports the anticancer efficiency via treatment with benzimidazoles. The target proteins for pharmacological effect appear to be cell microtubules. However, it has been reported that the benzimidazoles could inhibit hexokinase II, which is a critical factor in the glycolysis pathway in humans. Here, we discuss on the most common benzimidazoles such as albendazole, mebendazole and fenbendazole and focus on the potential anticancer activities of the target enzyme hexokinase II. This review would give better insight in development of target-specific benzimidazole derivatives as potential anticancer therapeutics.
Generalized eigenfunction expansions and spectral decompositions

The paper relates several generalized eigenfunction expansions to classical spectral decomposition properties. From this perspective one explains some recent results concerning the classes of decomposable and generalized scalar operators. In particular a universal dilation theory and two different functional models for related classes of operators are presented.
Addiction and Health Care

Historically, addiction has been defined as a social problem, a medical problem, and a criminal justice problem. This range of definitions has led to the study of addiction by a variety of disciplines, including medical sociologists, sociologists of deviance or social problems, scientific and clinical researchers, and law enforcement and legal scholars. The relationship between addiction treatment and health care in the United States differs depending on the setting within which health care is delivered to addicted individuals, as well as the social, political, and legal context. The relationship between addiction treatment and health care is also shaped by legal and scientific definitions of addiction prevailing at the time. Keywords: addiction; drugs; disease; health care; medical sociology
Single-Molecule Tracking Photoactivated Localization Microscopy to Map Nano-Scale Structure and Dynamics in Living Spines

Super-resolution microscopy has rapidly become an indispensable tool in cell biology and neuroscience by enabling measurement in live cells of structures smaller than the classical limit imposed by diffraction. The most widely applied super-resolution method currently is localization microscopy, which takes advantage of the ability to determine the position of individual fluorescent molecules with nanometer accuracy even in cells. By iteratively measuring sparse subsets of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins, protein distribution in macromolecular structures can be accurately reconstructed. Moreover, the motion trajectories of individual molecules within cells can be measured, providing unique ability to measure transport kinetics, exchange rates, and binding affinities of even small subsets of molecules with high temporal resolution and great spatial specificity. This unit describes protocols to measure and quantify the distribution of scaffold proteins within single synapses of cultured hippocampal neurons, and to track and measure the diffusion of intracellular constituents of the neuronal plasma membrane.
BEHAVIOR OF IODINE AND XENON IN THE HOMOGENEOUS REACTOR TEST

The behavior of iodine and xenon was studied during the experimental program of the Homogeneous Reactor Test to evaluate the various methods proposed for removal of these fission products to reduce the biological hazard of iodine and minimize xenon poisoning. The observed retention of both iodine and xenon in the reactor high-pressure system considerably altered design removal concepts. Only 10 to 25% of the iodine in the high-pressure system circulated with the fuel solution, and xenon, formed by decay of iodine adsorbed on the walls, was retained on the walls up to 10 hr before diffusing back into the circulating stream. The xenon poison fraction was found to be 0.010 at full power of 5 Mw. (auth)
Chapter 13 Homonuclear two-dimensional cross-relaxation spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter describes homonuclear two-dimensional (2-D) cross-relaxation spectroscopy. Dynamic processes are generally examined in terms of migration of suitable labels from an initial to a final state. A choice of labels that do not interfere with the basic exchange processes allows process dynamics to be observed during equilibrium conditions. Nuclear magnetization is a convenient label for the study of exchange processes, because it does not perturb observed processes and one can label a large number of fragments by their respective resonance frequencies. Pulsed Fourier nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy allows all resonance frequencies to be recorded simultaneously. Two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier NMR spectroscopy traces resonance frequencies in two domains and is an excellent method for studying exchange processes; one domain can be attributed to the initial state and the other to the final state. A cross talk among different frequencies in the time domain indicates that exchange has taken place among the spin sites with the respective frequencies. 2-D exchange spectroscopy is a convenient tool for studying dynamic processes in liquids. It is best suited for elucidation of the slow incoherent magnetization transfer processes such as chemical exchange and cross-relaxation.
Sarbanes-Oxley After Three Years

This article reports on the experience with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the three years since its passage. In general, the costs have been significant and the benefits elusive. This suggests some lessons for future regulation.
Extraction of multiple motion trajectories in human motion

This paper presents a method for extracting multiple motion trajectories in human motions. We extract motion trajectories of body parts (hands and feet) using a new method based on optical flow information. This procedure is not sensitive to complicated backgrounds or color distribution of scenes. No body part model or skin color information is used in our method. We first detect Significant Motion Points (SMPs) and obtain motion trajectories by connecting related SMPs through frames using Modified Greedy Optimal Assignment (MGOA) tracker based on the distance, motion similarity, and optical flow information. We test our approach on actual ballet sequences from videos. The resulting trajectories can be used as potential features for activity recognition.
Histoplasmosis; a report of four cases, two in siblings; histoplasmin test and other diagnostic procedures.

Summary Four cases of histoplasmosis (two new and two previously reported) occurredin children living in a rural area in Loudoun County, Va., within a radius of ten miles of one another. The two new patients were brothers, constituting the first reported instance of histoplasmosis in siblings. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated in culture premortem from both, although neither reacted to histoplasmin. The possibility of transmission from one brother to the other is considered. A search for an animal reservoir in this area was not successful. Histoplasmin reactions in guinea pigs with experimental moniliasis are reported. The skin reactions induced in other mycoses indicate that histoplasmin is not a suitable diagnostic agent.
Encouraging the Beginning of Equitable Science Teaching Practice: Collaboration is the Key

(1999). Encouraging the Beginning of Equitable Science Teaching Practice: Collaboration is the Key. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 159-173.
On Synaptic Transmission, Neural Signals and Psychophysiological Phenomena

This paper is concerned with the “neuronal machinery” which is at the basis of observed psychophysiological phenomena. The “building blocks” are synapses, nerve fibers, and some simple nerve nets, since ultimately all psychophysical observations and, beyond that, all behavior mediated by the nervous system, must be explicable through the operations of these “building blocks.”
Cell Surface Antigens Associated with Murine Leukemia Virus: Definition of the GL and GT Antigenic Systems

Two new serological specificities were identified on the surface of murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-infected cells by direct and absorption immunofluorescence tests. Both antigens were detected with antisera prepared in rats that were growing transplants of syngenic MuLV-induced leukemias. Antigen G(L) was defined with the AKR leukemia K36 as the test cell; antigen G(T) was defined with the W/Fu leukemia C58(NT)D as the test cell. G(L) and G(T) antigens were serologically and genetically independent of the MuLV-induced Gross and G(IX) cell-surface antigens. G(L) and G(T) antigens were found in normal lymphoid cells of mice from high-leukemic strains, but not in lymphoid tissues of mice from most low-leukemic strains. Tumors and leukemias of mice of low-leukemic strains often were G(L) and G(T) positive. Similarly, infection of normal cells with MuLV resulted in expression of G(L) and G(T). With ferritin-labeled antibody the G(L) and G(T) antigens were observed on virus-free segments of the cell surface. Genetically, G(L) and G(T) antigens were each controlled by two dominant unlinked genes in AKR mice; these same antigens were each controlled by three or more dominant unlinked genes in C58 mice. Penetrance of G(L) and G(T) regulatory genes was dependent upon the Fv-1 genotype of the host. Expression of G(L) antigen was closely associated with virus production, whereas expression of G(T) antigen was less closely associated.
Adolescent insomnia as a risk factor for early adult depression and substance abuse

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between adolescent insomnia and mental health during adolescence and young adulthood. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and prospective study. SETTINGS: School and in home. PARTICIPANTS: Nationally based population sample of 4494 adolescents, 12 to 18 years old at baseline (mean = 15.83 years), with 3582 young adults, 18 to 25 years old (mean = 21.25 years) at 6- to 7-year follow-up. MEASURES: Self-report measures of mental health. RESULTS: Insomnia symptoms were reported by 9.4% of the adolescents. Cross-sectionally, adolescent insomnia symptoms were associated with use of alcohol, cannabis, and drugs other than cannabis; depression; suicide ideation; and suicide attempts (all P values < 0.01) after controlling for sex. Prospectively, insomnia symptoms during adolescence were a significant risk factor for depression diagnosis (odds ratio = 2.3) in young adulthood after controlling for sex and baseline depression. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to longitudinally evaluate insomnia symptoms during adolescence as a risk factor for mental health problems in young adulthood. The findings indicate that insomnia is a prevalent problem for adolescents and argue for future treatment-outcome studies to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of various insomnia interventions in this age group. Language: en
The relative performance of Bayesian and parsimony approaches when sampling characters evolving under homogeneous and heterogeneous sets of parameters

We tested whether it is beneficial for the accuracy of phylogenetic inference to sample characters that are evolving under different sets of parameters, using both Bayesian MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) and parsimony approaches. We examined differential rates of evolution among characters, differential character-state frequencies and character-state space, and differential relative branch lengths among characters. We also compared the relative performance of parsimony and Bayesian analyses by progressively incorporating more of these heterogeneous parameters and progressively increasing the severity of this heterogeneity. Bayesian analyses performed better than parsimony when heterogeneous simulation parameters were incorporated into the substitution model. However, parsimony outperformed Bayesian MCMC when heterogeneous simulation parameters were not incorporated into the Bayesian substitution model. The higher the rate of evolution simulated, the better parsimony performed relative to Bayesian analyses. Bayesian and parsimony analyses converged in their performance as the number of simulated heterogeneous model parameters increased. Up to a point, rate heterogeneity among sites was generally advantageous for phylogenetic inference using both approaches. In contrast, branch-length heterogeneity was generally disadvantageous for phylogenetic inference using both parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Parsimony was found to be more conservative than Bayesian analyses, in that it resolved fewer incorrect clades. © The Willi Hennig Society 2006.
The Nature and Functions of Dating in Later Life

Using the National Survey of Families and Households, logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors that are significant predictors of dating for persons aged 60 years and older. Stepwise regressions were also conducted to determine the effects of dating on the psychological well-being of older daters. The strongest predictor of the propensity to date in later life is gender, with men significantly more likely to engage in dating. A number of gender differences were noted as they relate to the likelihood of dating. In particular, age and social role involvement tend to influence older men's likelihood of dating, while health and mobility were significantly associated with dating among older women.
A note on the synthesis of fatty acids in bone marrow homogenates as affected by x-radiation.

1. 1. The synthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in bone marrow homogenates from untreated and X-radiated rabbits has been studied with α-14C-acetate as a precursor. 2. 2. Two and three-fold increases, respectively, over preradiation levels in saturated and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis were observed immediately after radiation. 3. 3. Whereas saturated fatty acid synthesis, which approached control values at 48 hours after radiation, again increased 312 times 72 hours after radiation, unsaturated fatty acid synthesis had fallen to 18% of the preradiation value. At 158 hours after radiation, the relationship between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis was reversed since unsaturated fatty acid synthesis had risen to 283% and saturated fatty acid synthesis had dropped to 58% of the preradiation value. 4. 4. Oxygen uptake and 14CO2 production increased immediately after radiation, reaching preradiation values 48 hours after exposure. 14CO2 evolution decreased steadily throughout the experimental period while oxygen uptake was unchanged 158 hours after exposure. 5. 5. Hemin synthesis after radiation has been found to behave in a manner similar to that observed in other studies. 6. 6. The term W has been introduced to denote the capacity of the bone marrow to synthesize fatty acids from α-14C-acetate.
Faunal and oxygen isotopic evidence for surface water salinity changes during sapropel formation in the eastern Mediterranean

The discovery of widespread anaerobic deposits (sapropels) in late Cenozoic sediments of the eastern Mediterrenean has prompted many workers to propose the periodic occurrence of extremely low surface salinities in the Mediterranean. Oxygen isotopic determinations and total faunal analyses were made at 1000-year intervals across two equivalent sapropels in two piston cores from the Levatine Basin. The sapropel layers were deposited approximately 9000 y.B.P. (Sapropel A) and 80,000 y.B.P. (Sapropel B). Significant isotopic anomalies were recorded by the foraminiferal species within Sapropels A and B in both cores. The surface dwelling species record a larger 18O depletion than the mesopelagic species suggesting that surface salinities were reduced by 2–3% during sapropel formation. The faunal changes associated with the sapropels also indicate that the oceanographic conditions which lead to anoxic conditions in the eastern Mediterranean involve the formation of a low salinity surface layer. The source of the low salinity water might be meltwater produced by disintegration of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet which drained into the Black Sea, into the Aegean Sea and finally into the eastern Mediterranean.
Cholestenone metabolism in man.

Abstract Cholestenone-4-C 14 has been administered orally to six subjects in eight studies for the purpose of comparing its behavior with that of dietary cholesterol. In an additional investigation the tracer was given intravenously. From 0.6 to 8.5% of the ingested dose was accounted for in plasma sterol. The presence of unaltered cholestenone in the blood has been established 4 hr. after oral ingestion of the tracer. At the time of maximum absorption in the plasma, essentially all of the radioactivity was present as cholestanol. From 65 to 100% of the radioactivity had been excreted in the stool after 2 weeks. In one subject, 1.1% was excreted in the urine, but in six other studies urinary excretion amounted to less than 0.2% of the radioactive dose. Cholestanol and coprostanol were the principal sterol transformation products in feces from labeled cholestenone. Cholesterol-C 14 was found only in very small amounts. The results indicate that the dynamic behavior of cholestanol in the plasma resembles that of cholesterol.
Urban Ethnography of the 1920s Working Girl

The 1920s was the era of the city. The urban population of the USA for the first time exceeded the population of rural areas and the nascent institutions of city life were flourishing. This article discusses the urban ethnography of the era with a focus on the way women and work was conceptualized, especially how ‘the city’ figured in explanation. Three ethnographies are examined —Frances Donovan'sThe Woman Who Waits (1920) and The Saleslady (1929) and Paul Cressey'sThe Taxi-Dance Hall (1932). Donovan and Cressey presented their empirical material to show that the so-called working girl faced a multifaceted world of opportunity in employment, not of disadvantage, as commonly emphasized in today's ethnographic studies of women and work. The conclusion reflects on the past, present and future in terms of the city's explanatory prominence in various eras.
Perfectionistic Thoughts, Personal Standards, and Evaluative Concerns: Further Investigating Relationships to Psychological Distress

This study investigated relationships between perfectionism and psychological distress in a sample of first year college students further divided between those who were enrolled in an honors curriculum (n = 60) and those who were not (n = 53). Participants completed the Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (PCI), the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), and the profile of mood states (POMS) at the start of the semester and then again 6 weeks later. Results revealed that one dimension of the MPS—maladaptive evaluative concerns (EC)—was positively associated with tension-anxiety and depression-dejection scores, while a second factor—pure personal standards (PS)—was negatively related to distress after extraneous variance was removed. Perfectionism cognitions as measured by the PCI either fully or partially mediated most relationships. Honors students reported higher personal standards than did controls, a difference that was consistent at 6-week follow-up.
COHERENT COSMIC-RAY MODEL BASED ON ''DIRECT'' MUON PRODUCTION.

We consider a cosmic-ray muon model in which a "directly produced" muon component with the same slope as the primary spectrum is added to the conventional pion-derived muons. It is found to be consistent with recent burst measurements, horizontal-air-shower data, atmospheric gamma-ray fluxes, and muon spectrograph measurements. It may also explain the anomalous mu-less air showers. The model requires that the photonuclear cross section increase at very high energies.
Interrogating the role of liposome size in mediating the dynamics of a chromophore in the acyl chain region of a phospholipid bilayer.

Abstract We have examined the temperature-dependent reorientation dynamics of perylene imbedded in bilayers of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), where the bilayers exist in the form of unilamellar vesicles. Previous work using 100-nm diameter DMPC vesicles has shown that the phase transition from the gel phase to the fluid phase can be detected using the reorientation dynamics of perylene. In this work we explore the vesicle size dependence of the perylene reorientation dynamics in DMPC vesicles. The size of the vesicles is determined by extrusion and the reorientation dynamics of perylene are measured as a function of vesicle size between 100-nm and 5-μm diameter. We find that, while the phase transition for DMPC is seen in smaller vesicles, perylene becomes insensitive to the phase transition for vesicles larger than ca. 800-nm diameter. We also find a discontinuous change in perylene reorientation dynamics with increasing vesicle size, and we consider this result in the context of the location of perylene within the bilayer.
CRM and retail service quality: front‐line employee perspectives

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the attitudes and beliefs of front‐line employees regarding how customer‐company interactions might be improved. Since front‐line employees are closely connected to customers, the resultant experiences and relationships with customers are highly dependent on their actions. However, little is written from the perspective of front‐line employees.Design/methodology/approach – Using a qualitative approach and employing an adaptation of the grounded theory method, this study uses front‐line employee participants with data collection occurring over a six‐month period. A variety of data sources were used including open‐ended reciprocal interviews, member‐checking interviews, observation, and collection of participant and researcher artifacts.Findings – Findings suggest that organizational changes initiated by management create strategically constructed silos that force implementation through people and systems to control and standardize the service interface and ...
Biomechanics of the Lumbar Disc

The human disc and the facets work in unison to transmit loads across a lumbar motion segment. For this reason, if one component is affected by the degenerative process, the other follows. Modern imaging techniques and clinical observations have adequately delineated morphological changes in the spinal structures, while in vitro biomechanical studies have revealed that repetitive complex loads may lead to loosening of spinal structures, annular tears, and herniated discs. In addition to such experimental methods, analytical models have been able to explain the role of mechanical factors in producing disc degeneration and herniation. Furthermore, these techniques are applicable to investigating various surgical stabilization procedures. From a biomechanical perspective, surgical procedures such as discectomy are effective in reducing pain due to a decrease in disc bulge following surgery. Excessive instability across the disc, however, may require the use of bone grafts, cages or other types of interbody spacers to restore disc height. Efforts are currently underway to restore disc mechanics via an artificial disc. The following review is aimed at outlining the role of mechanical foctors in both inducing and stabilizing the degenerated/herniated intervertebral disc.
Operating experience with a VMEbus multiprocessor system for data acquisition and reduction in nuclear physics

Summary form only given, as follows. A multiprocessor system based on commercially available VMEbus components has been developed for the acquisition and reduction of event-mode data in nuclear physics experiments. The system contains seven 68000 CPUs and 14 Mbyte of memory. A minimal operating system handles data transfer and task allocation, and a compiler for a specially designed event analysis language produces code for the processors. The system has been in operation for four years at the University of Pennsylvania Tandem Accelerator Laboratory. Computation rates over three times that of a MicroVAX II have been achieved at a fraction of the cost. The use of WORM optical disks for event recording allows the processing of gigabyte data sets without operator intervention. A more powerful system is being planned which will make use of recently developed RISC (reduced instruction set computer) processors to obtain an order of magnitude increase in computing power per node. >
On Two Recent Characterizations of Multivariate Normal Distribution

In this note we recall two recent characterizations of the multivariate normal distribution and give a few related remarks and examples.
E-Research Ethics and E-Planning: Emerging Considerations for Transformative Research

This paper examines the issues of boundaries in the increasingly complex work of e-research in general, and moves towards specific examples relevant to e-planning disciplines. It uses a framework of â€œresearch ethics 2.0,â€ and interrogates models of research ethics in novel research environments. Research ethics 2.0 as a framework forces us to move away from rigid models, monochronistic ways of thinking about ourselves in relation to research, to others, and to our environments, broadly conceived. Transformative research demands transformative models of research ethics.
The incentive effect of acceptance sampling plans in a supply chain with endogenous product quality

This article studies a firm that procures a product from a supplier. The quality of each product unit is measured by a continuous variable that follows a normal distribution and is correlated within a batch. The firm conducts an inspection and pays the supplier only if the product batch passes the inspection. The inspection not only serves the purpose of preventing a bad batch from reaching customers but also offers the supplier an incentive to improve product quality. The firm determines the acceptance sampling plan, and the supplier determines the quality effort level in either a simultaneous game or a Stackelberg leadership game, in which both parties share inspection cost and recall loss caused by low product quality. In the simultaneous game, we identify the Nash equilibrium form, provide sufficient conditions that guarantee the existence of a pure strategy Nash equilibrium, and find parameter settings under which the decentralized and centralized supply chains achieve the same outcome. By numerical experiments, we show that the firm's acceptance sampling plan and the supplier's quality effort level are sensitive to both the recall loss sharing ratio and the game format (i.e., the precommitment assumption of the inspection policy). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
Freeze-thaw and water tension effects on soil detachment.

Many areas of the northern United States and southern Canada, and particularly the 4 million ha of unirrigated cropland of the Northwestern Wheat and Range Region in the United States, experience severe water erosion under thawing soil conditions. Modeling soil erosion in these areas is hampered by a lack of knowledge of the relation of soil properties and moisture conditions to hydraulic resistance of thawing soils. This study was conducted to determine hydraulic and erodibility parameters of frozen and thawed soil under controlled moisture tension. A tilting flume was designed and constructed to allow near-natural freezing and thawing of a soil mass and to apply shear stress from flowing water. Flow tests were conducted for 90 min under soil moisture tensions of 50, 150, and 450 mm. A linear relationship was found between detachment and applied shear stress at a given time and moisture tension. Critical shear stress values showed little change with time. Rill erodibility decreased with increased soil moisture tension but changed more rapidly during tests at 50- and 150-mm tension. At 50-mm tension, the time-average erodibility, 689 g N -1 min -1 , was about the same, and the critical shear value, 1.53 N m -2 , about 60% of that found in tests of a similar Palouse silt loam soil tested under 50-mm tension without freezing. This study adds to the body of knowledge that indicates that the transient nature of rill erodibility during soil freezing and thawing should be considered to improve the accuracy of continuous simulation erosion models for winter conditions.
Impact of 6-Month Exercise Program on Weight Status and Associated Biomarkers in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Unintentional weight loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) predicts morbidity and mortality, but effectiveness of dietary supplementation is reduced in those with low body mass index. Exercise may be beneficial, particularly if started early. Thirty-one participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) completed measures of cardiovascular fitness, eating behavior, cognitive function, and body composition before and following a 6-month exercise program. Ghrelin, leptin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were measured to elucidate the relationship between cognition and response to exercise. Significant baseline relationships emerged among appetite and both cardiovascular fitness and neurocognition. Following the exercise program, improvements in cardiovascular fitness and healthy eating habits occurred, body composition and biomarkers remained stable, and cognition declined. This study suggests exercise may benefit persons with MCI by promoting healthier eating habits and possibly stabilizing body composition and biomarkers. Although increased fitness did not stabilize cognitive decline in MCI, exercise may positively impact eating behavior.
O Trabalho Escravo Contemporâneo e os Usos da História

O uso da palavra “escravidao” para descrever varias formas contemporâneas de exploracao suscita questoes de definicao legal. A escravidao nas Americas no seculo dezenove estava ancorada na reivindicacao de propriedade sobre pessoas, portanto usar o termo para caracterizar abusos modernos, quando nenhum Estado reconhece mais a propriedade sobre pessoas, pode representar um risco de anacronismo. Em debates parlamentares recentes, tanto na Franca quanto no Brasil, a acusacao de anacronismo foi feita pelos opositores do reconhecimento legal do crime de escravizacao. Evidencias historicas demonstram, entretanto, que o exercicio dos poderes inerentes ao direito de propriedade nao necessariamente derivam de um previo direito legal a propriedade. O controle sobre pessoas, equivalente a posse, podia ocorrer fora da lei e no entanto ser reconhecido como propriedade legal apos o fato. Na justaposicao de um caso de 1810, de Nova Orleans, na Louisiana, com a situacao que deu origem a decisao do caso Siliadin contra Franca pela Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos, esse artigo analisa os paralelos nas circunstâncias de escravidao urbana e os mecanismos atraves dos quais os “poderes inerentes ao direito de propriedade” foram exercidos, independente de qualquer direito de fato. O argumento apoia tanto a reforma do codigo penal frances para tornar o crime de escravizacao explicito, e a emenda proposta a Constituicao brasileira que elevaria as penas para o uso de trabalho escravo.
Systematic investigation of factors controlling supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of spiked and aged PCBs from edible tissues of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus).

Systematic investigation of factors controlling supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of spiked and naturally incurred (aged) PCBs from edible tissues of the Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) was undertaken. Effects of extraction pressure, temperature and time, CO2 flow rate and total volume, and collection temperature were assessed. Temperature dramatically impacted extraction efficiency, especially at lower pressures. Surprisingly, extraction of both spiked and aged PCBs was flow rate dependent, counter to prevailing views regarding the relative ease of SFE of spiked versus aged contaminants from environmental matrices. PCBs were optimally trapped on a 1:1 mixture of C18-modified and porous silica at 0°C and eluted with <2 mL isooctane at 90°C. A combined 10 min static/30 min dynamic extraction at 35.5 MPa and 150°C with a CO2 flow rate of 3 mL min−1 yielded maximum (quantitative) recoveries of spiked and aged PCBs. Resulting solvent extracts required no cleanup and could be analyzed directly by halogen-selective GC with MS confirmation.
Stereochemistry of Halogenation of some enyl complexes of palladium(II)

Abstract The halogenation of some enyl complexes of palladium(II) in dichloromethane was found to proceed with predominant retention of configuration at the carbon bearing palladium but wiht overall inversion of configuration in the presence of added halide ion in methanol. The results are interpreted in terms of an oxidative addition—reductive elimination mechanism.
Controls on silicate dissolution rates in neutral and basic pH solutions at 25°C

The pH-dependence of far from equilibrium steady-state dissolution rates of silicates can be understood by considering the detachment rates of their oxide components through surface protonation-deprotonation reactions. At high pH, where Si surface sites are deprotonated and therefore carry negative charge, detachment of silicon appears to control overall silicate dissolution rates. At low pH, near the zero point of charge of SiO2 (where surface charge is dominated by the other oxide components), detachment of the non-silicon structure-forming oxides apparently controls dissolution rates of multi-oxide silicates. Correlations between metal-oxygen site potentials and pH-dependent surface detachment reactions permit estimation of dissolution rates of a large number of silicates from pH 5 to pH 12.
On the Improvement of Deconvolution With Digitized Data Using a Runge-Kutta Integration Scheme

A relatively simple change in the treatment of the input function in numerical integration of high-order differential equations by Runge-Kutta methods provides substantial improvements in accuracy, particularly when the forcing function is in digitized form. The Runge-Kutta-Gill coefficients are modified to incorporate the changes; with pulse-type excitations, improvements on the order of 2 to 50 times greater accuracy are demonstrated.
Exploring the Sexuality of African American Older Women.

Aims To identify sexually-related themes of the sexuality of older African American women. Study design Mixed method. Place and duration of study Department of Psychology, California State University Northridge, between July 2009 and June 2011. Methodology We included 13 African American older women (57 to 82 years of age), 11 of whom self-identified as heterosexual, one as bisexual, and one as lesbian. We used a semi-structured interview protocol through which we explored some aspects of the respondents' sexuality (assessed at a superficial level, to be as tactful as possible). Moreover, we collected information on demographics and self-rated physical health. Two co-authors served as coders, and used content analysis to identify the most salient sexuality themes. Results Emerging themes were (in order from most to least endorsed): having sexual desire (often unfulfilled); engaging in less sexual activity in older age; experiencing changes in one's sexual life as a function of absence of a spouse; and exercising control over how one's sexual life is conducted. Motivated by the paucity of our sexuality data, we have also provided suggestions to scholars interested in conducting more in-depth further research on this topic with older African American women. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the common notion that older women are asexual is a myth, while lack of a suitable sexual partner is a problem reported by many African American older women who would otherwise enjoy sexual interaction.
Dynamic Models and Economic Growth

In this paper I propose to examine critically the validity of standard dynamic models as adequate representations of actual processes and hence as safe instruments of economic planning. Specifically, I will deal with the question of whether these models cover all the important factors involved in the process of reiterative equilibria, as each situation emerges from past decisions and activities. My answer to this new question — as I believe the question to be — is in the negative. But the paper presents a second, yet not subsidiary, interest in that the method by which the question was conceived and treated also is off the beaten path.
Validation of an automated fluorescein method for determining bromide in water

Abstract Surface, atmospheric precipitation and deionized water samples were spiked with μg l−1 concentrations of bromide, and the solutions stored in polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene bottles. Bromide was determined periodically for 30 days. Automated fluorescein and ion chromatography methods were used to determine bromide in these prepared samples. Analysis of the data by the paired t-test indicates that the two methods are not significantly different at a probability of 95% for samples containing from 0.015 to 0.5 mg l−1 of bromide. The correlation coefficient for the same sets of paired data is 0.9987. Recovery data, except for the surface water samples to which 0.005 mg l−1 of bromide was added, range from 89 to 112%. There appears to be no loss of bromide from solution in either type of container.
An algorithm for exact evaluation of multivariate functions and their derivatives to any order

Abstract A method is presented for automatically computing the exact value of all the partial derivatives up to any order of functions of several variables. The method uses principals developed previously for calculating first order derivatives but extends them with the principal of recursion to enable the calculation of higher order derivatives.
Implementation of Tillotson Equation of State for Hypervelocity Impact of Metals, Geologic Materials, and Liquids

Abstract The Tillotson equation of state (EOS), which was originally developed for the hypervelocity impact of metals, was augmented with an additional region in expansion to provide full coverage of the density-energy space and a new cavitation model for liquids. This EOS was implemented into CTH, Sandia National Laboratories Eulerian, finite-volume, shock physics code, for the general purpose of simulating hypervelocity impacts of metals, geologic materials, and liquids; however, the salient features of this EOS in both compression and expansion are evaluated for water given the ubiquity of available data. Addition of a cavitation model allows for treatment of liquid spall when the local pressure drops below the vapor pressure in events such as underwater blasts and high speed projectiles or fragments in liquids. The EOS is evaluated by comparing the response to previously published dynamic compression experiments. Additionally, the model results are compared against the Mie-Gruneisen and SESAME equations of state already in the CTH database.
Community social structure and issue differentiation : a study in the political sociology of welfare

(1968). Community Social Structure and Issue Differentiation: A Study in the Political Sociology of Welfare. Sociological Focus: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 1-16.
Addiction and Consent

(2002). Addiction and Consent. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 58-60.
Unique Management of a Congenital Polyp of the Prostatic Urethra

Congenital prostatic polyps are rare. The true incidence is not known due to limited reporting and confusion regarding pathological classification.1 Although generally identified in children, congenital fibroepithelial polyps have also been discovered in adults.2 Most patients present with varying degrees of irritative and obstructive voiding symptoms and hematuria but Downs noted that up to 13% may present with hematuria as the only complaint.2 Management of these lesions has been described using open and transurethral resection. We report a case of congenital fibroepithelial polyp, and to our knowledge present the first published transrectal ultrasound images of this lesion. We also describe a unique management approach using a polypectomy snare. CASE REPORT
Windows of opportunity for culture change around tobacco use in mental health settings.

BACKGROUND: Smoking rates among individuals with mental illnesses are significantly higher than in the general population and contribute to increased rates of morbidity and mortality.OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to generate a theory of the process by which to lower the prevalence of smoking in this population.STUDY DESIGN:Grounded theory methods, including constant comparison and theoretical sampling, were used to uncover the emerging process of addressing tobacco use in mental health settings from the perspective of national leaders.RESULTS:Participants suggested that the culture in mental health settings around tobacco use significantly contributes to the high rates of smoking and described barriers to and opportunities for culture change.CONCLUSIONS:The findings highlight several windows of opportunity that have begun to be explored. Leaders described current signs of change within mental health settings and expressed optimism about the possibility to lower future rates of smoking among ment...
Variable control of a batch retort and process simulation for optimization studies

A microcomputer was interfaced with a batch retort for digital PI control of the retort temperature. Six retort temperature profiles (three isothermal, sinusoidal, step, and ramp) were examined for processing pea puree to nearly the same lethality values in 211 × 400 cans. Thiamine content and steam consumption were measured. Thiamine retentions in non-isothermal processes were greater than in the isothermal processes, but there was no significant difference in the steam consumption. Lethality and thiamine retention were also simulated using a finite difference model for the same heating profiles, with good agreement with experimental results. the simulation suggests that differences in thiamine retention due to differing heating regimes are significant only for large lethality values and smaller cans. For F0 values smaller than 10 min, the simulation suggests that the sinusoidal heating regime will provide better thiamine retention. Limitations of the model and suggestions for future improvement are also discussed.
Acute nicotine activates c-fos and activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein mRNA expression in limbic brain areas involved in the central stress-response in rat pups during a period of hypo-responsiveness to stress

Abstract In adult rats, acute nicotine, the major psychoactive ingredient in tobacco smoke, stimulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), resulting in activation of brain areas involved in stress and anxiety-linked behavior. However, in rat pups the first two postnatal weeks are characterized by hypo-responsiveness to stress, also called the ‘stress non-responsive period’ (SNRP). Therefore, we wanted to address the question if acute nicotine stimulates areas involved in the stress response during SNRP. To determine neuronal activation, the expression of the immediate-early genes c-fos and activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (Arc) was studied in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), bed nucleus stria terminalis (BST) and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), which are areas involved in the neuroendocrine and central stress response. Rat pups received nicotine tartrate (2 mg/kg) or saline by i.p. injection at postnatal days (P) 5, 7 and 10 and their brains were removed after 30 min. We used semi-quantitative radioactive in situ hybridization with gene specific antisense cRNA probes in coronal sections. In control pups, c-fos expression was low in most brain regions, but robust Arc hybridization was found in several areas including cingulate cortex, hippocampus and caudate. Acute nicotine resulted in significant induction of c-fos expression in the PVN and CeA at P5, P7 and P10, and in the BST at P7 and P10. Acute nicotine significantly induced expression of Arc in CeA at P5, P7 and P10, and in the BST at P10. In conclusion, acute nicotine age dependently activated different brain areas of the HPA axis during the SNRP. After P7, the response was more pronounced and included the BST, suggesting differential maturation of the HPA axis in response to nicotine.
Induzierte chemische Abwehr bei Pflanzen

Erstaunliche Parallelen bestehen zwischen den chemischen Abwehrmechanismen von Tieren und Pflanzen als Reaktion auf Parasiten oder Pathogene. Die Biosynthese von Abwehrsubstanzen kann in Pflanzen durch mikrobielle Infektion oder Insektenfras induziert werden. So ist Volicitin 1 der erste bekannte Sekundarmetabolit aus Insekten, der eine pflanzliche Abwehrreaktion hervorruft. Eine Schlusselfunktion bei der Steuerung der chemischen Abwehr haben Derivate von Jasmonsaure 2.
Methodology‐dependent Variation in Documentation of Outcome Predictors in Out‐of‐hospital Cardiac Arrest

Objective: To identify variation in outcome predictor documentation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest associated with two different methods of data collection: concurrent questioning of personnel following a resuscitation attempt and archival report review. Methods: All patients ≤ 18 years old who had had out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, verified using the New York City 911 telephone system, between October 1, 1990, and April 1, 1991, were eligible for inclusion. The authors reviewed the first 200 cases of presumed primary cardiac arrest involving a resuscitation attempt from among 3,243 consecutive ambulance call reports for cardiac arrest occurring during the study period. This archival data set was compared with data for the same 200 cases gathered through direct interview of field personnel by trained paramedics. The two data sets had been compiled independently by different individuals, using the same data collection instrument, which conformed to the Utstein template. Results: Comparison of the data obtained from ambulance records with the data obtained from interviews of prehospital personnel revealed several areas of variance. Of note was a significantly lower proportion of bystander-witnessed ventricular fibrillation (VF) in the data set gathered from written reports (7% vs 18%; 95% CI for the difference 4–18%; p = 0.001). Conclusion: Differences in methods of collection of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest data are associated with a more than twofold variation in the reported incidences of witnessed cardiac arrests manifesting as VF. Methodology-dependent variation in this important “denominator” may produce substantially different estimates of survival within the same cohort of patients.