cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New X-ray scattering-based beam position monitor for high power synchrotron radiation

Abstract A new method of beam position monitoring for white synchrotron X-ray radiation has been developed. This method utilizes X-rays scattered from a graphite filter originally placed in the beam’s path to absorb the low-energy portion of the white beam. The graphite filter acts as an optical source plane for scattered X-rays at the beam’s footprint. The scattered X-rays exit the vacuum chamber and an image of the beam footprint is created using a pin-hole camera arrangement in combination with a phosphor screen and a CCD camera. The CCD camera records the image frames of the X-ray footprint from which a centroid position of the intensity is calculated. With proper calibration, the centroid position is easily converted to a beam position in microns. We have found that the intrinsic precision for determining the centroid position of an LED image of the camera system on an optical bench is about 0.06 microns. The new beam position monitor has been tested during a dedicated machine study when the X-ray beam position was changed by small amounts using local positron beam position controls. . The measurement error (standard deviation) of the actual X-ray beam position measurement was about 0.6 microns. In addition to providing beam position information the new device also provides vertical beam intensity profile and total beam intensity.
Destabilization of the plasma membrane of isolated plant protoplasts during a freeze-thaw cycle: the influence of cold acclimation.

Abstract In conclusion, isolated protoplasts are an excellent arena in which destabilization of the plasma membrane can be directly observed during a freeze-thaw cycle by cryomicroscopy. Destabilization is manifested in various ways—Intracellular ice formation, loss of osmotic responsiveness, or expansion-induced lysis. The incidence of any particular form of injury will depend on the freeze-thaw protocol and hardiness of the tissue from which the protoplasts were isolated. In all cases, however, cold acclimation directly increases the stability of the plasma membrane to the multiple stresses that arise during a freeze-thaw cycle. Such observations provide for functional differences in the plasma membrane that may now be used to consider the significance of any compositional changes in the membrane that might be determined.
Challenges to autonomous navigation in complex urban terrain

In the field of military Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV), military units are adapting their concept of operations to focus on their mission capabilities within populated cities and towns. These types of operations are referred to as MOUT (Military Operations on Urban Terrain). As more Soldiers seek to incorporate technology to enhance their mission capabilities, there then becomes a need for UGV systems to encompass an ability to autonomously navigate through urban terrains. Autonomous systems have the potential to increase Soldier safety by mitigating the risk of unnecessary enemy exposure during routine urban reconnaissance. This paper presents the development and methodology that the military has sought to increase mission capabilities by incorporating autonomy into manned/unmanned ground vehicles. The presented solution that has been developed through the Safe Operations of Unmanned systems for Reconnaissance in Complex Environments (SOURCE) Army Technology Objective (ATO) has the ability and has been tested to safely navigate through complex urban environments. This paper will also focus on the challenges the military has faced to develop the presented autonomous UGV.
Maßgeschneiderte Nanopartikel für den Wirkstofftransport in der Krebstherapie

Das Interesse der Medizin an der Nanotechnologie hat in kurzer Zeit stark zugenommen. Die Nanotechnologie konnte Losungen fur viele Probleme bieten, die mit herkommlichen Therapeutika einhergehen, wie etwa eine schlechte Wasserloslichkeit (zumindest was die meisten Antitumormittel angeht), fehlende Tumorspezifitat, nichtspezifische Verteilung, systemische Toxizitat und ein geringer therapeutischer Index. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden beachtliche Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung und Anwendung von technischen Nanopartikeln gemacht, um Krebs wirksamer zu behandeln. Zum Beispiel gelang der Einbau von Therapeutika in Nanopartikel, die hinsichtlich Grose, Form und Oberflacheneigenschaften optimiert wurden, um deren Loslichkeit zu verbessern, die Halbwertszeit im Blutkreislauf zu verlangern, ihre Bioverteilung zu verbessern und ihre Immunogenitat zu verringern. Auserdem wurden auch die pathophysiologischen Bedingungen, wie etwa die bessere Permeabilitat und der Retentionseffekt sowie die raumlichen Schwankungen des pH-Werts genutzt, um einen Transport von Nanopartikeln und ihrer Beladung zu Tumoren zu fordern. Ferner wurden tumordirigierende Liganden (z. B. kleine organische Molekule, Peptide, Antikorper und Nucleinsauren) an die Oberflache von Nanopartikeln addiert, um Krebszellen spezifisch durch selektive Bindung an oberflachenexprimierten Rezeptoren anzusteuern. Es wurde gezeigt, dass viele Arten von therapeutischen und/oder diagnostischen Substanzen (z. B. Kontrastmittel) mithilfe der gleichen Trager transportiert werden konnen, was Kombinationstherapien und ein Auslesen der Behandlungseffizienz in Echtzeit ermoglicht. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass sich passgenau hergestellte Nanopartikel als nachste Generation von Mitteln zur Krebstherapie und vielen anderen biomedizinischen Anwendungen entwickeln werden.
Packaging the IBM eServer z990 central electronic complex

The z990 eServerTM central electronic complex (CEC) houses four multichip-module-based processor units instead of one, as in the previous-generation z900 eServer. The multichip module (MCM) input/output pin density in z990 processor units is more than twice that of the MCMs in z900 processor units. This increase in packaging density and the consequent tripling of the current drawn by the processor units were accommodated by the first-time use of land grid array (LGA) MCM-to-board interconnections in an IBM zSeries® eServer. This was done by using innovative refrigeration cooling of the MCM with air cooling as backup, and by a new mechanical packaging and power distribution scheme. This paper describes the mechanical engineering of the CEC cage, the LGA MCM-to-board interconnection scheme, and the mechanical isolation of the MCM evaporator-heat-sink mass from the LGA contacts. The paper also describes the electrical power and the cooling solutions implemented to meet the more demanding requirements of the denser CEC package.
Autofluorescence imaging in the mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo

Activity dependent intrinsic autofluorescence was studied in mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo. The properties and flavoprotein origin of this autofluorescence signal were systematically evaluated, including the unique capability of differentiating between neuronal excitation and inhibition.
Nanoscale optical biosensors based on localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy

The Ag nanoparticle based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) nanosensor yields ultrasensitive biodetection with extremely simple, small, light, robust, and low-cost instrumentation. Using LSPR spectroscopy, the model system, biotinylated surface-confined Ag nanotriangles, was used to detect less than one picomolar up to micromolar concentrations of streptavidin. Additionally, the monitoring of anti-biotin binding to biotinylated Ag nanotriangles exhibited that the system could be used as a solution immunoassay. The system was rigorously tested for nonspecific binding interactions and was found to display virtually no adverse results. These results represent important new steps in the development of the LSPR nanobiosensor for applications in medical diagnostics, biomedical research, and environmental science.
Reducing disruption from subtle information delivery during a conversation: mode and bandwidth investigation

With proliferation of mobile devices that provide ubiquitous access to information, the question arises of how distracting processing information in social settings can be, especially during face-to-face conversations. However, relevant information presented at opportune moments may help enhance conversation quality. In this paper, we study how much information users can consume during a conversation and what information delivery mode, via audio or visual aids, helps them effectively conceal the fact that they are receiving information. We observe that users can internalize more information while still disguising this fact the best when information is delivered visually in batches (multiple pieces of information at a time) and perform better on both dimensions if information is delivered while they are not speaking. Interestingly, participants qualitatively did not prefer this mode as being the easiest to use, preferring modes that displayed one piece of information at a time.
Prediction of nuclear maturity from cumulus-coronal morphology: Influence of embryologist experience

A majority of in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs continues to evaluate oocyte maturity on the basis of cumulus-coronal morphology (CCM) even though marked asynchrony has been reported between CCM and nuclear maturity. This study was designed to examine changes in embryologists' ability to correctly predict nuclear maturity from CCM as a function of increasing experience. Nuclear maturity was assessed by inverted microscopy with a modified spreading technique at follicular aspiration. A second objective was to determine the percentage of oocytes which displayed asynchrony between CCM and nuclear maturity as assessed by embryologists with extensive experience in oocyte maturity evaluation. The three participating embryologists had directly evaluated 1304, 75, and 0 oocytes for nuclear maturity and CCM at study initiation and correctly predicted nuclear maturity from CCM in 74, 64, and 47% of oocytes, respectively. Embryologist 1 did not significantly change in predictive ability during the 17-month study period. Embryologist 2 significantly improved in predictive ability during the first 9 months of the study (841 oocytes evaluated) and plateaued thereafter, at a similar percentage of correct predictions as embryologist 1. Embryologist 3 continued to improve in predictive ability throughout the study period, reaching 61% correct predictions at the close of the study after evaluating 223 oocytes. Once embryologists had plateaued in their predictive ability, 72% of oocytes evaluated received the correct nuclear maturity classification based on CCM. Significantly fewer oocytes (54%; 375/690) evaluated by embryologists who had not plateaued in their predictive ability received the correct nuclear maturity classification based on CCM. These results indicate that embryologists' ability to predict oocyte nuclear maturity correctly from CCM continues to change over several months even when pretraining video recordings are used before beginning direct evaluations. After embryologists plateaued in their predictive ability, nuclear maturity still could not be correctly predicted from CCM in 28% of oocytes due to asynchrony between nuclear and CCM maturity. Based upon this, circumstances in which the spreading technique should be used for direct assessment of nuclear maturity as opposed to assessment of CCM only are discussed.
Myoepithelial-specific CD44 shedding contributes to the anti-invasive and antiangiogenic phenotype of myoepithelial cells.

Myoepithelial cells surround incipient ductal carcinomas of the breast and exert anti-invasive and antiangiogenic effects in vitro through the elaboration of suppressor molecules. This study examines one putative molecule, solubilized CD44 produced by myoepithelial shedding of membrane CD44. Studies with different human myoepithelial cell lines demonstrate that myoepithelial cells express and shed both the 85-kDa standard (CD44s) and the 130-kDa epithelial (CD44v8-10) isoforms, findings further confirmed by the use of isoform-specific antibodies. PMA pretreatment enhances CD44 shedding detected by two different methods at different time points: a reduction in surface CD44 at 2 h by flow cytometry and a marked decrease in both total cellular CD44 and plasma membrane CD44 at 12 h by Western blot. This shedding is both specific for CD44 and specific for myoepithelial cells. This shedding is inhibited by the chymotrypsin inhibitors chymostatin and alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin but not by general metallo-, cysteine, or other serine proteinase inhibitors. Myoepithelial-cell-conditioned medium and affinity-purified solubilized CD44 from this conditioned medium block hyaluronan adhesion and migration of both human carcinoma cell lines and human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
EFFECTS OF REGURGITATION AND REFLEX BLEEDING ON MORTALITY IN WESTERN BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS) TREATED WITH LANNATE

Larvae of the western budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis, displayed symptoms of hyperactivity, regurgitation, and reflex bleeding after topical application of 0.4 μg per 100 mg body weight of Lannate® (S-methyl N-[(methylcarbamoyl) oxy] thioacetimidate). When the larvae were kept in containers with non-absorbent surfaces, the ejected hemolymph and regurgitated fluids enveloped the larvae and mortality increased. The greater time required for the drying or clotting of ejected fluids in closed containers appeared related to the higher mortality which also occurred in closed containers. Fluorescent tracer methods were used to show that ejected fluids did not readily penetrate the tracheal system. However, when spiracles and cuticles of larvae were covered by the ejected fluids, both CO2 production and O2 consumption rates decreased below normal during prostration. When prostrate larvae were on an absorbent surface, respiration rates were well above normal. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG WIRKUNG VON ERBRECHEN UND REFLEXBLUTEN AUF DIE STERBLICHKEIT DES WESTLICHEN KNOSPENWICKLERS (CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS) NACH BEHANDLUNG MIT LANNATE Die Raupen des Westlichen Knospenwicklers, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, zeigten nach ortlicher Behandlung mit 0,4 μg pro 100 mg Korpergewicht Lannate® (S-methyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl) oxy] thioacetimidat) Symptome von Ubererregung, Erbrechen und Reflexbluten. Wurden die Larven in Behaltern mit nichtabsorbierenden Oberflachen gehalten, so bedeckten die ausgetretene Hamolymphe und die erbrochenen Flussigkeiten die Larven und erhohen die Sterblichkeit. Die langere Zeit, die zum Trocknen oder Gerinnen der abgegebenen Flussigkeiten in geschlossenen Behaltern erforderlich war, schien in Beziehung zu der hoheren Sterblichkeit zu stehen, die zugleich in geschlossenen Behaltern auftrat. Fluoreszenz-Nachweis-Methoden wurden benutzt, um zu zeigen, das die ausgeschiedenen Flussigkeiten nicht leicht in das Tracheensystem eindringen. Wenn jedoch die Stigmen und die Kutikula der Raupen mit den abgesonderten Flussigkeiten verschmiert waren, sanken sowohl die CO2-Produktion wie die Sauerstoffverbrauchsraten unter das wahrend der Behandlung normale Niveau. Wenn behandelte Larven auf einer absorbierenden Unterlage gehalten wurden, waren die Respirationsraten gut ubernormal.
Assessment of size-fractionated species of curium-244 via alpha spectrometry in groundwater

Curium was produced for experimental pro- grams for use as a heat source for isotopic electrical power generators and by 1968 approximately 5 kg had been pro- duced at the Savannah River Site (SRS). Size fractionated groundwater samples were collected near a disposal basin in F-Area at SRS in 1998 and in 2004. Separation of 244 Cm via extraction chromatographic methods was followed by alpha spectrometric measurement. In both years a trend of increasing Cm activities downstream of the seepage site was observed. Migration and immobilization resulting from base injection remediation between sampling dates explain large differences in 244 Cm concentration.
Myocardial Repair Around-The-Clock

> As an intern in 1952, we admitted patients with acute myocardial infarction wherever a bed was available on the medical service, but always as far from the nurses’ station as possible, so that they would not be disturbed by the commotion, especially the frequent telephone ringing. > > —Eugene Braunwald1 Significant advances in the diagnosis and management of patients with ischemic myocardial syndromes1,2 have occurred since Herrick’s classic description of acute myocardial infarction (MI) 102 years ago (1912). With progress in technology, it became clear that lethal ventricular arrhythmias were a common cause of death that could be prevented by immediate electric defibrillation of the heart. This led to the development of the modern coronary care units (CCU). These units facilitated continuous monitoring and defibrillation for life-threatening arrhythmias, the rapid treatment of recurrent myocardial ischemia, and early recognition and initiation of various therapies for pump failure and cardiogenic shock. Article, see p 1713 A consequence of the modern CCU environment (and critical care units in general) was the loss of the normal sleep–wake cycle for patients admitted to the busy critical care environment. Sleep is a restorative process, leading to important circadian variations in protein synthesis and cellular repair3 that affect many organs including the heart.4 Inadequate sleep induces a state of catabolism and impaired immunity, which may lead to delayed wound healing5,6 and altered myocardial energetics.7 With continued progress, the emphasis of CCU care has shifted to improving outcomes by reducing infarct size with early reperfusion frequently implemented with primary percutaneous coronary intervention during the initial hours of infarction. With this, time spent in the CCU is frequently <24 hours, with discharge to home within 72 hours. Thus, for contemporary patients, the synchrony between endogenous biological clocks and the external circadian …
Functional imaging with cellular resolution reveals precise micro-architecture in visual cortex

Neurons in the cerebral cortex are organized into anatomical columns, with ensembles of cells arranged from the surface to the whitematter.Withinacolumn,neuronsoftensharefunctionalproperties,suchasselectivityforstimulusorientation;columnswith distinctproperties,suchasdifferentpreferredorientations,tilethecorticalsurfaceinorderlypatterns.Thisfunctionalarchitecture was discovered with the relatively sparse sampling of microelectrode recordings. Optical imaging of membrane voltage or metabolic activity elucidated the overall geometry of functional maps, but is averaged over many cells (resolution >100mm). Consequently, the purity of functional domains and the precision of the borders between them could not be resolved. Here, we labelled thousands of neurons of the visual cortex with a calcium-sensitive indicator in vivo. We then imaged the activity of neuronal populations at single-cell resolution with two-photon microscopy up to a depth of 400mm. In rat primary visual cortex, neurons had robust orientation selectivity but there was no discernible local structure; neighbouring neurons often responded to different orientations. In area 18 of cat visual cortex, functional maps were organized at a fine scale. Neurons with opposite preferences for stimulus direction were segregated with extraordinary spatial precision in three dimensions, with columnar borders one to two cells wide. These results indicate that cortical maps can be built with single-cell precision.
Is systems biology a promising approach to resolve controversies in cancer research

At the beginning of the 21st century cancer research has reached an impasse similar to that experienced in developmental biology in the first decades of the 20th century when conflicting results and interpretations co-existed for a long time until these differences were resolved and contradictions were eliminated. In cancer research, instead of this healthy "weeding-out" process, there have been attempts to reach a premature synthesis, while no hypothesis is being rejected. Systems Biology could help cancer research to overcome this stalemate by resolving contradictions and identifying spurious data. First, in silico experiments should allow cancer researchers to be bold and a priori reject sets of data and hypotheses in order to gain a deeper understanding of how each dataset and each hypothesis contributes to the overall picture. In turn, this process should generate novel hypotheses and rules, which could be explored using these in silico approaches. These activities are significantly less costly and much faster than "wet-experiments". Consequently, Systems Biology could be advantageously used both as a heuristic tool to guide "wet-experiments" and to refine hypotheses and test predictions.
Dimensional crossover of thermal transport in few-layer graphene

The ability to propagate heat in a film should improve with increasing thickness. However, graphene has a higher thermal conductivity than graphite, despite having a smaller thickness. The crossover from two-dimensional to bulk graphite is now studied experimentally and explained theoretically. The results may pave the way to thermal management applications in nanoelectronics.
What The Evidence Shows About Patient Activation: Better Health Outcomes And Care Experiences; Fewer Data On Costs

Patient engagement is an increasingly important component of strategies to reform health care. In this article we review the available evidence of the contribution that patient activation—the skills and confidence that equip patients to become actively engaged in their health care—makes to health outcomes, costs, and patient experience. There is a growing body of evidence showing that patients who are more activated have better health outcomes and care experiences, but there is limited evidence to date about the impact on costs. Emerging evidence indicates that interventions that tailor support to the individual’s level of activation, and that build skills and confidence, are effective in increasing patient activation. Furthermore, patients who start at the lowest activation levels tend to increase the most. We conclude that policies and interventions aimed at strengthening patients’ role in managing their health care can contribute to improved outcomes and that patient activation can—and should—be measur...
Cellular Sensing of Viral DNA and Viral Evasion Mechanisms

Mammalian cells detect foreign DNA introduced as free DNA or as a result of microbial infection, leading to the induction of innate immune responses that block microbial replication and the activation of mechanisms that epigenetically silence the genes encoded by the foreign DNA. A number of DNA sensors localized to a variety of sites within the cell have been identified, and this review focuses on the mechanisms that detect viral DNA and how the resulting responses affect viral infections. Viruses have evolved mechanisms that inhibit these host sensors and signaling pathways, and the study of these antagonistic viral strategies has provided insight into the mechanisms of these host responses. The field of cellular sensing of foreign DNA is in its infancy, but our currently limited knowledge has raised a number of important questions for study.
Local intrinsic dimensionality of hyperspectral imagery from non-linear manifold coordinates

Recent advances in non-linear dimensionality approaches to hyperspectral image analysis have renewed interest in and provided a means to determine the intrinsic dimensionality of hyperspectral data. Of the many theoretical / computational approaches to dimensionality reduction, we discuss the local intrinsic dimensionality derived from the ISOMAP manifold approach. The ISOMAP algorithm itself provides one measure of global dimensionality, the eigenvalue spectrum. However, other estimation techniques are more easily adapted to determine the local dimensionality; chief among these are methods that measure minimum spanning path lengths for subsets of the full image. While intrinsic dimensionality is inherently scene dependent, knowledge of the information content, and underlying dimensionality, can guide data analysis methods and suggest appropriate data compression limits.
Modes and models for transcending cultural differences in international classrooms

Educators of international students are frequently challenged to cope with a clashing diversity of cultures in a classroom setting. This study examined what sorts of themes and images might resonat...
Monoubiquitin carries a novel internalization signal that is appended to activated receptors

Ubiquitin modification of signal transducing receptors at the plasma membrane is necessary for rapid receptor internalization and downregulation. We have investigated whether ubiquitylation alters a receptor cytoplasmic tail to reveal a previously masked internalization signal, or whether ubiquitin itself carries an internalization signal. Using an α–factor receptor–ubiquitin chimeric protein, we demonstrate that monoubiquitin can mediate internalization of an activated receptor that lacks all cytoplasmic tail sequences. Furthermore, fusion of ubiquitin in-frame to the stable plasma membrane protein Pma1p stimulates endocytosis of this protein. Ubiquitin does not carry a functional tyrosine- or di-leucine-based internalization signal. Instead, the three-dimensional structure of the folded ubiquitin polypeptide carries an internalization signal that consists of two surface patches surrounding the critical residues Phe4 and Ile44. We conclude that ubiquitin functions as a novel regulated internalization signal that can be appended to a plasma membrane protein to trigger downregulation.
Using a porous silicon photonic crystal for bacterial cell-based biosensing

This work demonstrates a method for non-invasively monitoring the growth and Φ6 virus infection of Pseudomonas syringae bacteria using a 1-D porous silicon photonic crystal and a white-light source coupled to a CCD spectrometer. Bacteria growth on porous Si leads to increased scattering efficiency that can be measured as a change in intensity of light reflected from a 1-D porous Si photonic crystal. A linear relationship between bacteria concentration and intensity of light at the photonic resonance is observed, and detection limits are similar to those obtained from optical density measurements. Upon infection with virus, decreases in scattered light intensity are observed at times that correlate with cell lysis caused by viral replication and subsequent bursting of bacteria cells. It is shown that measurements can be performed in real-time and in an incubator where cells remain in their ideal environment throughout the experiment. This method is well-suited for cell-based biosensing, because bacteria cells can be monitored remotely without the need for sampling cells for plating or optical density measurements.
Book reviews: Speech intelligibility and speaker recognition

This book is a fairly general collection of papers in the area of speech intelligibility prediction, measurement, and applications with some few articles in the speaker recognition area also included. The collection of papers does not exhaustively. The book is divided into 10 parts, each of which contains from2 to 6 papers. One part covers historical subjects. Three parts deal with intelligibility testing and the underlying speech factors affecting intelligibility. Five sections deal with applications areas, specifically architectural acoustics, audiology, communications, hearing, and analysis-synthesis.
Two paths of cluster evolution: global expansion versus core collapse

All gravitationally bound clusters expand, due to both gas loss from their most massive members and binary heating. All are eventually disrupted tidally, either by passing molecular clouds or the gravitational potential of their host galaxies. However, their interior evolution can follow two very different paths. Only clusters of sufficiently large initial population and size undergo the combined interior contraction and exterior expansion that leads eventually to core collapse. In all other systems, core collapse is frustrated by binary heating. These clusters globally expand for their entire lives, up to the point of tidal disruption. Using a suite of direct N-body calculations, we trace the ‘collapse line’ in rv−N space that separates these two paths. Here, rv and N are the cluster’s initial virial radius and population, respectively. For realistic starting radii, the dividing N-value is from 10 4 to over 10 5 . We also show that there exists a minimum population, Nmin, for core collapse. Clusters with N < Nmin tidally disrupt before core collapse occurs. At the Sun’s Galactocentric radius, RG = 8.5 kpc, we find Nmin 300. The minimum population scales with Galactocentric radius as R −9/8 G . The position of an observed cluster relative to the collapse line can be used to predict its future evolution. Using a small sample of open clusters, we find that most lie below the collapse line, and thus will never undergo core collapse. Most globular clusters, on the other hand, lie well above the line. In such a case, the cluster may or may not go through core collapse, depending on its initial size. We show how an accurate age determination can help settle this issue.
Comparative Studies of Crystalline Orientation and Morphology of Injection Molded Polyolefin Parts

Abstract We have studied the structural characteristics of the cross-sections of injection molded parts of various crystalline polyolefins including polyethylene (PE), isotactic polypropylene (PP), isotactic poly(butene-1) (PB1) and isotactic poly(4-methylpentene-1) (P4MP1). Polarized light microscopy, birefringence and wide angle x-ray diffraction pole figure analysis were used to investigate the samples. In most cases, high orientations were observed near the mold wall and isotropic molded part cores were found. However, highly oriented mold core regions were found in P4MP1. Significantly different types of crystalline orientation near the mold wall were observed among the various polyolefins. We represent the development of these differences through the components of a crystalline orientation tensor which represent changes in the state of orientation between melts in the mold prior to crystallization and the final crystalline molded part.
Rural Community Colleges

This chapter discusses the historic struggle to extend geographic access from before World War II to the end of the Baby Boom era (1965–1973), when states created/expanded community college systems to accommodate record numbers of new students. The significant differences in state-assigned missions, functions, organization and financing across rural, suburban, and urban community colleges today dates to this period. These differences impact rural colleges’ capacity to extend access and build sustainable regional innovation, with dramatic negative effect. The 2005 Basic Classification of Associate’s Colleges of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT) quantitatively analyzes National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)/Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) data on students, faculty, financial aid, and finances, disaggregating rural, suburban, and urban Associate’s Colleges. The relative invisibility of rural community colleges in national and state policymaking circles challenges these institutions perhaps as never before to find sufficient funding to fulfill their missions to provide postsecondary access, economic skill building, and cultural enrichment.
Measuring subnational government corruption in the developing world: A vulnerability-assessment framework

Decentralization has swept across the developing world over the past 30 years, but is faulted by some for increasing subnational government corruption. There is no empirical basis for such an argument—at least not yet. This article proposes a comprehensive framework for measuring subnational corruption by assessing, across nine components, government vulnerability to corrupt practices.
Continuous micro-/nano-fiber composites of polyamide 6/polyethylene oxide with tunable mechanical properties using a novel co-extrusion technique

Abstract Continuous fibrous composite tapes of polyamide 6 (PA6)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) containing over 16 thousand individual ribbon-like PA6 micro-/nano-fiber domains were produced using a novel co-extrusion and two-dimensional multiplication technique. This melt-based process is suitable for scaling-up, applicable to any melt-processable polymers, and highly adjustable in terms of material composition, tape geometry, and number/size of the fiber domains. The PA6 fibrous tapes were post-oriented to achieve superior mechanical properties that are comparable with commercial strong polymeric fibrous composite tapes. The high tunability of tape and fiber structure and properties makes the co-extruded PA6/PEO tapes a desirable candidate for various strong tape applications.
Do Women Still Care? Cohort Changes in US Women's Care for the Ill or Disabled

Increases in women’s labor-force participation and the time families spend at work have reduced the time families have available to care for one another. Recent evidence suggests that responses to these challenges vary for different types of care. While time spent on housework has declined, time devoted to care of children has increased. This paper examines cohort changes in another form of unpaid work, care for ill or disabled friends or family members, and assesses the influence of employment, attitudes, and need for care on age and cohort trends in carework. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, we estimate age and cohort differences in carework among women born between 1922 and 1952. We find a decline in overall levels of carework among more recent birth cohorts of women. However, we do not find cohort changes in the probability that women will provide more intense levels of care, defined as nine or more hours of care per week. The amount of illness and disability among family members partially reduces differences between cohorts, but women’s employment and attitudes about work and family do little to clarify changing patterns of care. Overall, our findings suggest that, even after the large-scale social changes of the twentieth century, women will continue to provide carework when necessary. Thus, the real concern for families is not whether ill or disabled members will have care, but rather, whether their careworkers receive the institutional support required to successfully balance paid and unpaid work.
Deep levels in n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial Schottky detectors by deep level transient spectroscopy and effects of edge termination on energy resolution

High resolution Schottky barrier alpha detectors have been fabricated on 20 µm n-type 4H-SiC epitaxial layers. The junction properties of the detectors were studied by current-voltage (I–V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. A thermionic emission model applied to the forward I–V characteristic revealed an effective surface barrier height of 1.72 eV and a diode ideality factor of 1.18 suggesting uniform spatial distribution of surface barrier height. The C-V measurements revealed a doping concentration of 1.8×1014 cm−3 which ensured a fully depleted (∼20 µm) detector at bias voltages as low as ∼70 V. Alpha spectroscopy measurements revealed an energy resolution of 0.5% for 5.48 MeV alpha particles. The performance of these detectors is limited by the presence of microscopic and macroscopic defects. Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) studies revealed the presence of Ti(c), Z½, and possible Ci1 defect centers. An improvement in detector resolution to ∼0.3% was observed after edge termination while evaluating effects of surface defects on device performance.
Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Critical Care: State of the Art

Prevention of pressure ulcers in the critically ill patient is a major responsibility of the critical care nurse. The authors review the causes of pressure ulcer development and the methods of identifying the patient at increased risk. Pressure relief strategies for use in critical care are presented, and currently available pressure reduction and relief devices are discussed. Because few research studies address pressure ulcer prevention in the critical care setting, future research in this area is needed to develop a reliable predictive tool for use with the critically ill patient. Level of risk needs to be linked with intervention to assist the nurse in managing the pressure relief options available in today's market. In the meantime, prevention of pressure ulcers in critical care patients requires vigilance and the best use of available knowledge in the field.
Poor warfarin dose prediction with pharmacogenetic algorithms that exclude genotypes important for African Americans.

Recent clinical trial data cast doubt on the utility of genotype-guided warfarin dosing, specifically showing worse dosing with a pharmacogenetic versus clinical dosing algorithm in African Americans. However, many genotypes important in African Americans were not accounted for. We aimed to determine whether omission of the CYP2C9*5, CYP2C9*6, CYP2C9*8, CYP2C9*11 alleles and rs12777823 G > A genotype affects performance of dosing algorithms in African Americans.In a cohort of 274 warfarin-treated African Americans, we examined the association between the CYP2C9*5, CYP2C9*6, CYP2C9*8, CYP2C9*11 alleles and rs12777823 G > A genotype and warfarin dose prediction error with pharmacogenetic algorithms used in clinical trials.The http://www.warfarindosing.org algorithm overestimated doses by a median (interquartile range) of 1.2 (0.02-2.6) mg/day in rs12777823 heterozygotes (P<0.001 for predicted vs. observed dose), 2.0 (0.6-2.8) mg/day in rs12777823 variant homozygotes (P = 0.004), and 2.2 (0.5-2.9) mg/day in carriers of a CYP2C9 variant (P < 0.001). The International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium (IWPC) algorithm underdosed warfarin by 0.8 (-2.3 to 0.4) mg/day for patients with the rs12777823 GG genotype (P < 0.001) and overdosed warfarin by 0.7 (-0.4 to 1.9) mg/day in carriers of a variant CYP2C9 allele (P = 0.04). Modifying the http://www.warfarindosing.org algorithm to adjust for variants important in African Americans led to better dose prediction than either the original http://www.warfarindosing.org (P < 0.01) or IWPC (P < 0.01) algorithm.These data suggest that, when providing genotype-guided warfarin dosing, failure to account for variants important in African Americans leads to significant dosing error in this population.
Odd-Degree Characters and Self-Normalizing Sylow 2-Subgroups: A Reduction to Simple Groups

Let G be a a finite group, p a prime, and P a Sylow p-subgroup of G. A recent refinement, due to G. Navarro, of the McKay conjecture suggests that there should exist a bijection between irreducible characters of p′-degree of G and NG(P) which commutes with certain Galois automorphisms. In this article, we explore one of the consequences of this refinement, namely a way to read off from the character table of G whether a Sylow 2-subgroup of G is self-normalizing. We provide a reduction to finite simple groups and begin an investigation of the problem for simple groups.
Discussion on preclinical evaluation of follow-on biologics

This paper reviewed the perspectives of US Food and Drug Administration and European Medi- cine Agency on preclinical evaluation of follow-on biologics,and proposed personal perspectives on preclinical eval- uation of follow-on biologics in China.
The Lived Experience in the Clinical Setting of Nursing Students With Disabilities.

Aim This qualitative study utilizes Moustakas's psychological phenomenology to explore the lived experiences in the clinical setting of nursing students with disabilities. Background Overall, the numbers of college students with disabilities are increasing, and more students with disabilities are being admitted into nursing programs. Method A purposive sample of 13 junior and senior baccalaureate nursing students with self-declared disabilities from two Northeastern baccalaureate nursing programs were interviewed. Findings Five main themes and 12 subthemes emerged from the data. The main themes are: masking a disability, revealing a disability, affecting clinical experiences, overcoming challenges in clinical, and sharing experiences with others. The findings include: missing out on clinical experiences, limiting clinical performance, and developing strategies to adapt to a disability. Discrimination was found to exist for nursing students with disabilities who realized that they were now responsible for managing their disabilitiesCONCLUSION: Recommendations are offered for faculty orientation programs and disability services offices.
Escalating health care costs: costs of litigation.

Although controlling the risks and costs of litigation is difficult, that goal is worth pursuing. Trumped-up malpractice claims, direct litigation costs, and defensive medicine contribute to the accelerating costs of U.S. health care but are not their driving force.
The Impact of Observed Variations in the Shear-to-Strain Ratio of Internal Waves on Inferred Turbulent Diffusivities

AbstractThe most comprehensive studies of the spatial and temporal scales of diffusivity rely on internal wave parameterizations that require knowledge of finescale shear and strain. Studies lacking either shear or strain measurements have to assume a constant ratio between shear and strain (Rω). Data from 14 moorings collected during five field programs are examined to determine the spatial and temporal patterns in Rω and the influence of these patterns on parameterized diffusivity. Time-mean Rω ranges from 1 to 10, with changes of order 10 observed over a broad range of scales. Temporal variability in Rω is observed at daily, weekly, and monthly scales. Observed changes in Rω could produce a 2–3 times change in parameterized diffusivity. Vertical profiles of Rω, Eshear, and Estrain (shear or strain variance relative to Garret–Munk) reveal that both local topographic properties and wind variability impact the internal wave field. Time series of Rω from each mooring have strong correlations to either shea...
Does the form of ownership affect firm performance? Evidence from US bank profit efficiency before and during the financial crisis

Abstract We examine the effect of the form of ownership on the profit efficiency of bank holding companies (BHCs) before and during the US financial crisis. For the pre-crisis period, the difference in profit efficiency between privately held and publicly traded BHCs is small. For the crisis period there is no statistically significant difference. These unexpected results suggest that agency issues do not affect the relative profit efficiency of private and public BHCs, or more likely, that these are offset by pressures for efficiency from capital markets and managerial labor markets and the advantages of specialization, a very important consideration in commercial banking.
Religion, Economic Development and Social Justice

So far in this book, I seem to have concentrated mainly on showing why it is a mistake to regard religion as a tool of social justice - at least in any direct way. In this chapter, I will, among other things, argue that religion, nonetheless, can play a very important, indirect, role in the attainment of social justice. Before I do that, however, I need to show what, if anything, economic development itself may have to do with social justice. What, I suppose, I do not have to do here is to make a case for the importance of economic development: that, it seems to me, has been done already by the large-scale conversion of world governments of all sorts to the capitalist model of free enterprise, economic development and a market economy.
Therapeutic Process: Definitions and Theory

The therapeutic process consists of a series of related interactions that progressively alter the nature of the relationship between therapist and client. The basic data are the totality of interactions from the first hello to the final good-bye. How this totality can be broken down in a way that will assist the therapist in maintaining technical control over the process makes the subject matter for this and the following two chapters. This chapter will introduce the theoretical constructs of the therapeutic process with logical and empirical definitions and take note of the relationships among the constructs. The following two chapters will give further elaboration of the constructs and demonstrate their use in maintaining technical control.
Raising Employment and Productivity with Producer Co-operatives

Two of the most serious problems faced both by the advanced industrial societies and by developing ones are high levels of unemployment and slow productivity growth. Innovative solutions to these problems are scarce, yet recent evidence has suggested that a traditional organisation, the worker or producer co-operative, may provide greater productivity and employment than other types of enterprises with similar products and levels of output. The purpose of this paper is to present some of the evidence as well as to suggest how the intrinsic behaviour of the cooperative firm may create a potential for increasing employment and productivity.
Living in a Material World: Does a Violation of Item 303 of Regulation S-K Satisfy the Materiality Element in a Rule 10b-5 Cause of Action?

This Comment considers whether a violation of Item 303 of Regulation S-K automatically satisfies the materiality element of a Rule 10b-5 cause of action. Item 303 requires disclosure of all information that is “reasonably likely” to the have a material effect on the company’s performance, while Rule 10b-5 limits disclosure to material information determined by a balancing of the magnitude of the event and the probability it will occur. First, this Comment surveys court decisions regarding how Item 303 materiality relates to Rule 10b-5 and determines that courts disagree on the implications of Item 303. Although one federal district court and one federal circuit court of appeals categorically rejected the notion that violations of Item 303 can support a Rule 10b-5 claim, this Comment argues that they can, provided the violation meets the materiality standards outlined by the Supreme Court. Second, this Comment analyzes the conceptual gap between the different disclosure requirements of Item 303 and Rule 10b-5 through a series of hypothetical scenarios. Although not ideal for plaintiffs, these hypotheticals demonstrate both the over- and under- inclusivity of Item 303 with respect to Rule 10b-5. Accordingly, this Comment concludes that a shortcut approach to Rule 10b-5 via Item 303 is not feasible. Although Item 303 violations could be material, not all violations will meet Rule 10b-5. Thus, some plaintiffs would have to establish materiality separately. Finally, this Comment provides an alternative, yet weaker, means of recovery through SEC enforcement and creation of “fair funds” for plaintiffs whose Rule 10b-5 claims failed because the Item 303 violation did not pass muster under Basic v. Levinson. This Comment ultimately concludes that Item 303, while indirectly useful to investors, is not a plaintiff’s silver bullet against companies who fail to adequately disclose.