cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecdysteroid distribution during development of spinach

Abstract During the growth and development of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ), phytoecdysteroids are dynamically cycled between various leaves with an overall increase in total ecdysteroid content per plant. Within seeds, the embryo possesses 17 μg ecdysteroid per seed whereas the seed coat has only 1 μg ecdysteroid per seed. During the first 20 days of development the level of ecdysteroids on a μg per plant basis remains constant. After 20 days ecdysteroid content (μg per plant) increases with age. The physiological level of ecdysteroids within specific leaves cycles up and down with development on μg ecdysteroid per gram fresh weight basis. During this cycling ecdysteroids are synthesized in leaves subtending their site of accumulation, which is in the apical most leaves, as demonstrated by [2- 14 C]MVA radiolabel feed experiments. Movement of a post-sterol product, possibly ecdysteroids, is also supported by the radiolabel experiments. Transport of these products during growth and development of spinach would account for the physiological accumulation of ecdysteroids in the apical parts of the plant. The physiology of ecdysteroids observed in spinach provides the basis for a consistent interpretation of most previous reports of ecdysteroid levels in higher plants.
Quasicrystal formation in gas-atomized Zr80Pt20 powders

Gas-atomized powders with a nominal composition of Zr80Pt20 have been investigated as a function of powder size range. Atomized powders were screened to the following sizes for examination: <10 µm; +10, −20 µm; +20, −45 µm; +45, −75 µm; +75, −106 µm. For comparison of as-synthesized structure and crystallization behaviour, Zr80Pt20 melt-spun ribbons (MSRs) were also prepared. Results show that during atomization a metastable quasicrystalline (QC) phase is formed as the predominant phase independent of powder size; a small volume of amorphous phase and crystals were detected in finer and coarser sized powders, respectively. The QC grains formed during atomization are much larger than the nanosized quasicrystal obtained in the MSR, which is most likely attributed to the much slower cooling rates during gas atomization. Nucleation and growth occur during both rapid solidification routes. The formation of an icosahedral quasicrystal during gas atomization and melt spinning is consistent with previous suggesti...
A simple cohesive zone model that generates a mode-mixity dependent toughness

A simple, mode-mixity dependent toughness cohesive zone model (MDGc CZM) is described. This phenomenological cohesive zone model has two elements. Mode I energy dissipation is defined by a traction–separation relationship that depends only on normal separation. Mode II (III) dissipation is generated by shear yielding and slip in the cohesive surface elements that lie in front of the region where mode I separation (softening) occurs. The nature of predictions made by analyses that use the MDGc CZM is illustrated by considering the classic problem of an elastic layer loaded by rigid grips. This geometry, which models a thin adhesive bond with a long interfacial edge crack, is similar to that which has been used to measure the dependence of interfacial toughness on crack-tip mode-mixity. The calculated effective toughness vs. applied mode-mixity relationships all display a strong dependence on applied mode-mixity with the effective toughness increasing rapidly with the magnitude of the mode-mixity. The calculated relationships also show a pronounced asymmetry with respect to the applied mode-mixity. As a result, this dependence is similar to that observed experimentally, and calculated results for a glass/epoxy interface are in good agreement with published data that was generated using a test specimen of themore » same type as analyzed here.« less
A plate tectonic hypothesis for the genesis of porphyry copper deposits of the southern Basin and Range Province

Abstract The ages and distribution of porphyry copper deposits of the southern Basin and Range Province suggest an origin influenced by a mantle hot spot as this part of the North American plate moved N35–40°W at 3.57 ± 0.65 cm/yr during the interval of the Laramide Orogeny 72 to 52 my ago. This motion coupled with that of the hot spot interpretation of the Corner Seamounts region of the North Atlantic during the same time interval suggests that the North American plate rotated clockwise at an average rate of 0.35 degrees per million years. The apparent pole of rotation is located near 50°N latitude and 64°W longitude in the region of Anticosti Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The apparent diameter of the hot spot is 450 km. Northwesterly motion and clockwise rotation of the North American plate are compatible with existing concepts of plate tectonics, paleomagnetism, and paleoclimatology. The development of early Tertiary blankets of supergene enrichment and their partial destruction during the late Tertiary can be explained by a change from a warm and wet climate during the early Tertiary to a cooler and drier climate during the late Tertiary as this part of the North American plate moved northwesterly from a more tropical climate into a more temperate and arid zone. Orographic rain shadows produced by middle and late Tertiary mountain building in southern California were undoubtedly influencial in enhancing late Tertiary aridity.
Remember Me? Content Development in a User-Centered Services Library

As a response to the University of Kansas' (KU) strategic planning process and the need to identify budgetary efficiencies, the KU Libraries created a strategic plan and underwent a structural reorganization. In the new structure, the libraries went from thirty librarians doing collection development to seven selecting library materials for the core collection. The new, smaller, more agile department is responsible for all tasks related to collection development as the library moves from being a collection-centered institution to being user-centered. The new organization shifts the collection development paradigm from one based on academic disciplines to one that embraces a holistic view.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS FROM MULTIPLE OSCILLATORS: LESSONS FROM DIVERSE ORGANISMS

The organization of biological activities into daily cycles is universal in organisms as diverse as cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, plants, flies, birds and man. Comparisons of circadian clocks in unicellular and multicellular organisms using molecular genetics and genomics have provided new insights into the mechanisms and complexity of clock systems. Whereas unicellular organisms require stand-alone clocks that can generate 24-hour rhythms for diverse processes, organisms with differentiated tissues can partition clock function to generate and coordinate different rhythms. In both cases, the temporal coordination of a multi-oscillator system is essential for producing robust circadian rhythms of gene expression and biological activity.
Young drivers’ health attitudes and intentions to drink and drive

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate young drivers' intentions to drink and drive in the context of a health attitude model, the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). Methods: Licensed drivers attending college and ranging from 17 to 20 years of age ( n = 304) completed questionnaires assessing PMT variables in the context of drinking and driving. More than half the sample consisted of females (62%) and most were white (89%). The drivers rated the extent to which they found drinking and driving to be personally rewarding, their perceived vulnerability to the risks of drinking and driving, the severity of the risks, the response efficacy of alternative adaptive responses to drinking and driving, their self-efficacy for implementing alternative responses, and the response costs associated with the responses. The relationship between PMT variables and drivers' intention to drink and drive was tested using hierarchical multiple regression analyses with attitudes concerning drinking and driving (rewards, vulnerability, and severity) entered in the regression equation first, followed by attitudes concerning alternative adaptive responses (response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response costs). Results: The PMT model was found to predict intentions to drink and drive. Young drivers who perceived rewards for drinking and driving and who felt vulnerable to the risks of drinking and driving were significantly more likely to report intentions to drink and drive. Attitudes about alternative adaptive responses to drinking and driving, including perceiving low self-efficacy for implementing alternative responses and perceiving personal costs for engaging in alternative options, also contributed to drivers' intentions to drink and drive. Conclusions: Although teenaged drivers are well informed of the dangers of drinking and driving, they still put themselves and others at risk by driving after consuming alcohol. Health professionals promoting safer alternatives might consider how young drivers' attitudes about both drinking and driving and alternative adaptive responses contribute to their intentions to drink and drive.
The compact disk ROM: How it works: An offshoot of the compact digital audio disk, this multimegabyte storage technique is revolutionizing database technology

A description is given of the CD-ROM, or compact-disk read-only memory, which is an offshoot of the highly successful digital compact disk (CD) used for audio recording. It is a permanent optical digital storage device that, in conjunction with an associated drive, becomes a powerful peripheral for the personal computer. The disk puts multimegabyte permanently stored databases at the user's fingertips. Compared with traditional mass-storage media, like magnetic tape, the CD-ROM has many advantages, the most important being high capacity and relatively low cost. A 120-mm-diameter CD-ROM can hold as much data as 1400 to 1700 standard 360-kilobyte diskettes for an IBM personal computer, or up to 120 magnetic disks 133 mm in diameter, bringing the cost of a system to 0.0001 cent per bit. The formatting of data to correct errors and the way in which lasers read the data are explained.
Collisional relaxation of metastable electronic states of Fe(

The overall rate constants for collisional relaxation of metastable excited states of Fe+ by He, Ar, Kr, H2, 2H2, CO, N2, NO, CH4, and CH3OH have been studied by using charge-exchange ion-molecule reaction chemistry. The rate constants vary according to the nature of the quenching reagent as well as the energy level and electron configuration of the Fe+ ions. In general, NO, CH4, and CH3OH are the most efficient quenching reagents with rate constants that approach the Langevin collision rate, whereas the reaction rates for the rare gas atoms are slow and vary depending upon the specific electron configuration of the Fe+ ion. The mechanism of collisional relaxation is discussed with emphasis on a curve-crossing. mechanism for the rare gas atoms. An electron-transfer mechanism is described for the relaxation of high lying (Fe+)*.
Ligand Effects on Optical Properties of CdSe Nanocrystals

We report effects of various organic and inorganic ligands on optical properties of CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) by changes in their photoluminescence and absorbance spectra. Surface ligand loss occurring during dilution and purification of solutions of CdSe NCs leads to a decrease of photoluminescence intensity. The complex of trioctylphosphine with Se atoms on the surface of CdSe NCs is found responsible for the trap emission band that is red-shifted relative to the photoluminescence band edge.
SRI International's TACITUS system: MUC-3 test results and analysis

This site report is intended as a companion piece to the System Summary appearing in this volume and is best read in conjunction with it. In particular, it refers to the various modules of the system which are described in that paper.
Meditation for Quality Improvement of Medical Encounters: Single-Intervention, Vedanta-Based Meditation Effects on Vital Signs and Mood Indices

A 15-minute, single-intervention, individually guided, Vedanta-based meditation was evaluated for acute effects on vital signs and mood indices. This study included 99 volunteers. Subjects were led...
High Frequency Relaxation in Nematic Liquid Crystal Mixtures by Brillouin Scattering

Abstract Brillouin scattering as a function of scattering angles from 180° to ∼10° has been measured in the nematic phases of two liquid crystal mixtures, E. Merck ZLI-2861 and E7, without any preferred orientation. Such measurements at room temperature cover the frequency range from ∼10 to ∼1 GHz. The behavior of both the frequency shifts and linewidths is explained by a single time internal relaxation process with the characteristic frequencies 3.2 (ZLI-2861) and 1.2 (E7) GHz respectively. The behavior of the hypersonic attenuation shows no correlation with the static bulk viscosity in the nematic phase.
A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Available Trace Metals in Sea Water

Abstract Two methods for the determination of available trace metals CCd, Pb, and Cu) in sea water are compared. One method employs anodic stripping voltammetry at controlled pH (8.1, 5.3, and 2); the other method involves sample pretreatment with Chelex-100 resin before ASV analysis. Differences in the results are discussed in terms of the definition of available metal and differences in the analytical methods.
Computer-assisted evaluation of hand and arm function after thermal injury

Comprehensive care of the burned upper extremity requires accurate and complete evaluation of function, including two-point discrimination, active and passive range of motion, and grip strength. These evaluations, when performed serially during a course of therapy, are time-consuming and manpower-intensive. We tested the utility and accuracy of a commercially available computer-assisted impairment evaluation system when used to automate and standardize measurement of upper-extremity function. The function of 80 upper extremities was evaluated with both the conventional and the computer-assisted methods. The time required to perform a complete examination with each method was recorded, and measurements of grip strength and total active motion made with both methods were compared. Complete upper-extremity evaluation required an average of 20.3 minutes with the computer-assisted method, compared to 62.9 minutes with conventional means. Measurements of extremity function with computer-assisted and conventional methods had correlation coefficients of 0.984 for grip strength and 0.996 for total active motion. The computer-assisted impairment evaluation system was found to be a useful and accurate adjunct in the acute and rehabilitative management of burned upper extremities.
Solar photovoltaics - An aerospace technology

Specific problems affecting the development of low-cost silicon solar array power sources are discussed, taking into account the potential of realizing less than $0.50/per peak watt of silicon solar array technology. A utilization of less expensive processes for the manufacture of pure silicon and more economical procedures of silicon crystal and wafer production appear desirable. Attention is given to a sheet growth process example and a concept of pulsed processing for automated cell production.
Use of power tilt systems in everyday life.

Purpose. The goal of this study was to monitor and describe the use of power tilt systems in everyday life. Additionally, tilt measurements were used to determine if participants performed regular pressure reliefs.Methods. Wheelchair occupancy and seat position of 16 fulltime power wheelchair users were monitored regularly for 1–2 weeks. Daily wheelchair occupancy, typical position, time spent at different tilt angles, tilt frequency and pressure relieving tilt (PRT) frequency were described.Results. Participants used their tilt systems in many different ways, including subjects who typically sat at small (0–14°) tilt angles and subjects who typically sat at medium (15–29°) tilt angles. Few subjects tilted past 45°. Almost all subjects tilted throughout the day, with the median subject performing >3 tilts per hour of wheelchair occupancy. Despite the regular use, few subjects performed regular PRTs (median = 0.13/h)Conclusion. Differences in tilt-use illustrated the variability in function and activity am...
Starting to Untangle the Web of Cooperation, Coordination, and Collaboration: A Framework for Public Managers

As public administrators face complex problems, fiscal stresses, and resource shortages, innovative partnerships are needed to bring diverse stakeholders together to resolve these problems. Despite their frequent use, little has been done within the interorganizational literature to explore empirically the range of interactions potentially useful in interorganizational settings. This article presents a conceptual framework that may be used to differentiate among cooperation, coordination, and collaboration. By exploring empirical differences between interactions and identifying the conditions which warrant their use, a more detailed picture of interorganizational arrangements may be captured and utilized to improve the integration of public programs and services. Conclusions suggest that the framework's conceptual clarity will have implications for interorganizational theory and the practice of public management.
The Effects of Poultry Manure Based Formulations on Odor Generation During Phase I Mushroom Composting

Bioreactors were designed and built to study the effects of Phase I mushroom compost formulation on odor production. Three different poultry manure levels: 0x, 1x and 2x [0 %, 5.1 %, and 11.0 % dry weight basis, respectively] were used in compost formulations to determine if poultry manure influenced odor production. Air samples were collected for sensory odor measurements twice during the eight-day Phase I composting period (day one and day six) for three replicates. Phase I compost odors were quantified by a trained odor panel. Odor intensity and pleasantness ratings were significantly different on day one, however, neither the intensity nor the pleasantness was significantly different on day six. The amount of poultry manure used in formulation had no significant effect on total mushroom yield.
EXTRACTIVE FERMENTATION OF PHENYLALANINE USING UNCHARGED POLYMERIC BEADS

ABSTRACT Extractive fermentation was employed for the production of phenylalanine using an agitated and aerated fermenter. Uncharged polystyrene beads (Amberlite XAD-16) were packed in an external column and used to extract the phenylalanine in an intermittent fashion during the fermentation. Even though no cell separator was used and the fermentation broth was fed directly to the column, the overall system performed well without any clogging of the column. It was found that 43% of the phenylalanine could be extracted during the fermentation, and it was thus proved that extractive fermentation is an effective way to prevent the crystallization of phenylalanine. In addition, fermentation performance as also improved due to the relief of self-inhibition by phenylalanine. When 1.2 L of the beads was used and sufficient hydrophobic nutrients were present, the concentration and productivity increased 18% and 55% greater than in the control fermentation, respectively. These results show that extractive fermenta...
The ductile versus brittle response of L12 intermetallic bicrystals

Abstract A micromechanical model for understanding the brittleness of L12 intermetallic alloys is proposed. Based on the Rice-Thomson concept that the brittle versus ductile response of a crack tip is controlled by the competition between dislocation blunting of the tip and cleavage decohesion, the model shows that when glissile CSF-coupled dissociation of superdislocations occurs, an L12 intermetallic alloy may be intrinsically ductile, while APB-coupled dissociation leads to an intrinsically brittle behavior. Converting the DO22 structure to the L12 structure does not guarantee a ductile fracture behavior. In order to develop a ductile L12 alloy, the alloying element must be able to change the atomic bonding nature so that the CSF-coupled dislocation dissociation is promoted.
Image analysis techniques for characterization of pore structure of cement-based materials

Abstract This paper explores several image analysis techniques that provide insight into the nature of pore structure as observed in backscattered electron images of polished sections. Image analysis techniques used in this study include sizing, two-point correlation, and fractal analyses. The spatial parameters computed by these techniques have potential for relating microstructure to material properties. Specimens include plain cement paste, pastes with silica fume, and mortars. Tests include determination of total porosity, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), compression and flexural testing. The two-parameter fracture model is used to characterize fracture properties. Pore size distribution from MIP is compared to pore size distribution derived from BSE images.
Esmolol prevents and suppresses arrhythmias during halothane anaesthesia in dogs.

The antiarrhythmic effect of esmolol, a selective beta1 adrenoreceptor blocker, was evaluated in the presence of epinephrine induced arrhythmias in dogs (n = 6). The arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) during 1.2 MAC halothane in dogs was increased from 3.23 ± 0.25 (mean ± SD) to 30.90 ± 3.56 μg · kg−1 · min−1 (P < 0.001) by the prior administration of esmolol 0.5 μg · kg−1 bolus followed by an infusion at the rate of 150 μg · kg−1 · min−1. Higher esmolol infusion doses of 200 μg · kg−1 · min−1 further increased ADE to 99.0 ± 2.92 μg · kg−1 · min−1 (P < 0.001). After discontinuation of esmolol and during continued halothane anaesthesia, ventricular tachycardia was induced by increasing the infusion rate of the 100 μg · ml−1 solution of epinephrine. In all dogs ventricular tachycardia was restored to sinus rhythm by a bolus dose of esmolol (1 μg · kg−1). We conclude that esmolol pretreatment increases the ADE during halothane anaesthesia in dogs. Our data suggest that esmolol may be useful as an antiarrhythmic agent in the management of epinephrinerelated ventricular arrhythmias during anaesthesia in man.
Comparative analysis of methods for representing and searching for transcription factor binding sites

Motivation: An important step in unravelling the transcriptional regulatory network of an organism is to identify, for each transcription factor, all of its DNA binding sites. Several approaches are commonly used in searching for a transcription factor's binding sites, including consensus sequences and position-specific scoring matrices. In addition, methods that compute the average number of nucleotide matches between a putative site and all known sites can be employed. Such basic approaches can all be naturally extended by incorporating pairwise nucleotide dependencies and per-position information content. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of these basic approaches and their extensions in finding binding sites for a transcription factor of interest without erroneously identifying other genomic sequences. Results: In cross-validation testing on a dataset of Escherichia coli transcription factors and their binding sites, we show that there are statistically significant differences in how well various methods identify transcription factor binding sites. The use of per-position information content improves the performance of all basic approaches. Furthermore, including local pairwise nucleotide dependencies within binding site models results in statistically significant performance improvements for approaches based on nucleotide matches. Based on our analysis, the best results when searching for DNA binding sites of a particular transcription factor are obtained by methods that incorporate both information content and local pairwise correlations. Availability: The software is available at http://compbio.cs.princeton.edu/bindsites
Individual differences in diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC): association with clinical variables.

Laboratory pain research has been criticized as being irrelevant to the clinical experience of pain. Previous findings have been inconsistent with some studies suggesting that experimental pain responses may be related to the reported presence or severity of chronic pain, while others report no such associations. However, few of these studies assess a variety of laboratory pain responses, and none has assessed relationships between clinical pain and diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) in healthy subjects. We administered questionnaire measures of pain, quality of life, and psychological variables to a sample of healthy adults participating in a laboratory study of age differences in pain responses. DNIC was not related to other laboratory pain responses, psychological variables, or physiological variables measured in the present study. Regression models predicting health-related quality of life (e.g. pain, physical functioning) revealed that age, sex, and DNIC responses explained between 10 and 25% of the variance in these dependent measures. Of the laboratory pain variables, only DNIC was the sole consistent predictor of clinical pain and physical health, with greater DNIC responses related to less pain, better physical functioning, and better self-rated health. In addition, age differences in DNIC appeared to partially mediate age differences in physical functioning. These findings highlight the potential clinical relevance of experimental pain procedures and suggest that DNIC may be the laboratory pain response most closely associated with clinical pain and health-related variables.
Spin-cast and patterned organophosphonate self-assembled monolayer dielectrics on metal-oxide-activated Si.

An efficient process is developed for modifying Si with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) through in situ metal oxide surface activation and microcontact printing or spin-coating of phosphonic-acid-based molecules. The utility of this process is demonstrated by fabricating self-organized and solution-processed low-voltage organic thin-film transistors enabled by patterned and spin-cast phosphonate SAM/metal oxide hybrid dielectrics.
Reflected Shock Tube and Theoretical Studies of High-Temperature Rate Constants for OH + CF3H ⇆ CF3 + H2O and CF3 + OH → Products†

The reflected shock tube technique with multipass absorption spectrometric detection of OH radicals at 308 nm, using either 36 or 60 optical passes corresponding to total path lengths of 3.25 or 5.25 m, respectively, has been used to study the bimolecular reactions, OH + CF3H → CF3 + H2O (1) and CF3 + H2O → OH + CF3H (−1), between 995 and 1663 K. During the course of the study, estimates of rate constants for CF3 + OH → products (2) could also be determined. Experiments on reaction −1 were transformed through equilibrium constants to k1, giving the Arrhenius expression k1 = (9.7 ± 2.1) × 10-12 exp(−4398 ± 275K/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Over the temperature range, 1318−1663 K, the results for reaction 2 were constant at k2 = (1.5 ± 0.4) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Reactions 1 and −1 were also studied with variational transition state theory (VTST) employing QCISD(T) properties for the transition state. These a priori VTST predictions were in good agreement with the present experimental results but were too lo...
Structure determination and absolute configuration of cannabichromanone derivatives from high potency Cannabis sativa

Three new cannabichromanone derivatives were isolated from high potency cannabis, along with the known cannabichromanone. Full spectroscopic data, including the use of electronic circular dichroism and Mosher ester analysis to determine the absolute configuration of these compounds, are reported. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial, antimalarial, antileishmanial, and anti-oxidant activities.
Continuing Education Meets the Learning Organization: The Challenge of a Systems Approach to Patient Safety.

Since the release of the report of the Institute of Medicine on medical errors and patient safety in November 1999, health policy makers and health care leaders in several nations have sought solutions that will improve the safety of health care. This attention to patient safety has high-lighted the importance of a learning approach and a systems approach to quality measurement and improvement. Balanced with the need for public disclosure of performance, confidential reporting with feedback is one of the prime ways that nations such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia have approached this challenge. In the United States, the Quality Interagency Coordination Task Force has convened federal agencies that are involved in health care quality improvement for a coordinated initiative. Based on an investment in a strong research foundation in health care quality measurement and improvement, there are eight key lessons for continuing education if it is to parlay the interest in patient safety into enhanced continuing education and quality improvement in learning health care systems. The themes for these lessons are (1) informatics for information, (2) guidelines as learning tools, (3) learning from opinion leaders, (4) learning from the patient, (5) decision support systems, (6) the team learning together, (7) learning organizations, and (8) just-in-time and point-of-care delivery.
Preparation of lead zirconate titanate thin films by reactive magnetron co-sputtering

Abstract A reactive magnetron co-sputtering method with multiple metal targets was used to prepare lead zirconate titanate films, with Zr Ti ratios of 85 15 , 52 48 and 30 70 . The lead content was also varied. Films deposited on platinum coated silicon substrates followed by rapid thermal annealing crystallized in the perovskite structure at 600 °C and showed (100) preferred orientation. The effects of Pb content in the films and Zr Ti ratio on structural and electrical properties were investigated. Ti rich PZT films showed larger polarizations and higher coercive fields. Films which were nearly fatigue-free up to 10 [9] fatigue cycles have been prepared. Monitoring the operating voltage, current and power of the Pb target, and oxygen control during deposition were found to be important in the preparation of high quality PZT films.
Locating Arrays: A New Experimental Design for Screening Complex Engineered Systems

The purpose of a screening experiment is to identify significant factors and interactions on a response for a system. Engineered systems are complex in part due to their size. To apply traditional experimental designs for screening in complex engineered systems requires either restricting the factors considered, which automatically restricts the interactions to those in the set, or restricting interest to main effects, which fails to consider any possible interactions. To address this problem we propose a locating array (LA) as a screening design. Locating arrays exhibit logarithmic growth in the number of factors because their focus is on identification rather than on measurement. This makes practical the consideration of an order of magnitude more factors in experimentation than traditional screening designs. We present preliminary results applying an LA for screening the response of TCP throughput in a simulation model of a mobile wireless network. The full-factorial design for this system is infeasible (over 1043 design points!) yet an LA has only 421 design points. We validate the significance of the identified factors and interactions independently using the statistical software JMP. Screening using locating arrays is viable and yields useful models.
Viruses in Drinking Water and Groundwater

Viruses Viruses in the Environment Enteric Viruses in Water Environmental Water Sampling Program Conventional Cell Culture Assay The Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique Keywords: groundwater, viruses in; drinking water, viruses in; subsurface microbiology; viruses in drinking water; viruses in groundwater
Lenticulostriate aneurysms: a case series and review of the literature

Introduction Aneurysms of lenticulostriate artery (LSA) perforators are uncommon. There are few data on their natural history, and opinions differ on the treatment strategies. Objective We report a case series and summarize the most recent literature with current treatment recommendations. We propose an anatomical classification for these entities. Methods A retrospective review of all patients who were diagnosed with an LSA aneurysm on cerebral angiogram was performed. An extensive online literature search was performed to identify other studies reporting on the diagnosis and management of ruptured and unruptured lenticulostriate aneurysms. Results 48 cases were identified in the literature and reviewed: 27 patients were treated surgically; five cases were treated with endovascular therapy; two cases underwent gamma knife radiosurgery; and 13 cases were managed conservatively. We classified these aneurysms into three types: type 1 describes aneurysms arising from the middle cerebral artery next to a perforating LSA; type 2 is an LSA aneurysm from which the perforating artery or arteries arise—the type 2A subtype is one in which the aneurysm neck incorporates the origin of the perforating arteries and the type 2B describes perforating arteries arising from the dome of the aneurysm; and type 3 describes a fusiform aneurysm beyond the first loop or turn of an LSA. Conclusions LSA aneurysms are rare entities that present several treatment challenges. We have summarized the cumulative experience with these lesions and proposed a classification scheme that has treatment implications.
Multinational Impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza Pandemic: Evidence for a Smoldering Pandemic

Background The first pandemic season of A/H3N2 influenza virus (1968/1969) resulted in significant mortality in the United States, but it was the second pandemic season of A/H3N2 influenza virus (1969/1970) that caused the majority of deaths in England. We further explored the global pattern of mortality caused by the pandemic during this period. Methods We estimated the influenza-related excess mortality in 6 countries (United States, Canada, England and Wales, France, Japan, and Australia) using national vital statistics by age for 1967-1978. Geographical and temporal pandemic patterns in mortality were compared with the genetic drift of the influenza viruses by analyzing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequences from GenBank. Results In North America, the majority of influenza-related deaths in 1968/1969 and 1969/1970 occurred during the first pandemic season (United States, 70%; Canada, 54%). Conversely, in Europe and Asia, the pattern was reversed: 70% of deaths occurred during the second pandemic season. The second pandemic season coincided with a drift in the neuraminidase antigen. Conclusion We found a consistent pattern of mortality being delayed until the second pandemic season of A/H3N2 circulation in Europe and Asia. We hypothesize that this phenomenon may be explained by higher preexisting neuraminidase immunity (from the A/H2N2 era) in Europe and Asia than in North America, combined with a subsequent drift in the neuraminidase antigen during 1969/1970.
The International Study of IR

International Relations Scholarship Around the World (Worlding Beyond the West). Edited by Arlene Tickner, Ole Waever. London and New York: Routledge, 2009. 368 pp., $42.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-415-77236-5). How international is International Relations (IR)? This far-from-self-evident question is among the problematics that have led to this collection of essays, the first volume in a series of three volumes examining the IR discipline and state of international studies around the world. This foundational question—and a number of related ones—comes from the gap between, in the editors’ words, “critical, disciplinary self-reflection at the core and the periphery's revolt against IRs concepts” (p. 3). This project is driven by critical dissatisfactions with the mainstream of an “American social science” discipline (Hoffman 1977) that is theoretically parochial and methodologically unreflective, yet continues to be exceedingly powerful. The approach taken in this volume is to combine institutional analysis (broadly, the state of national teaching and research centers, journals and book publishing, relations with other national intellectual and political sectors) with the substance of IR: what intellectual concerns drive local IR communities, the state and status of local theory building, and the influence of Western IR “theory” on local intellectual practices? This is an extraordinarily difficult book to review for the range of cases it considers and the issues it brings up. It is impossible for a single reviewer to assess the current state of the field in Latin America, South Africa, Africa, East Asia, China, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Iran, the Arab world, Israel, Turkey, Russia, Central and Eastern Europe, Western Europe, the non-US Anglophone world, and the United States, each the …
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and results in an economic and social burden that is both substantial and increasing. The natural history of COPD is punctuated by exacerbations which have major short- and long-term implications on the patient and healthcare system. Evidence-based guidelines stipulate that early detection and prompt treatment of exacerbations are essential to ensure optimal outcomes and to reduce the burden of COPD. Several factors can identify populations at risk of exacerbations. Implementing prevention measures in patients at risk is a major goal in the management of COPD.
Counseling for Health

Good health and chronic diseases exist essentially as matters of habit as well as context in how people routinely go about the business of everyday living. Recently the crucial roles of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors in health and disease have been recognized, giving rise to the new fields of health psychology and behavioral medicine. The growing complexities involved yield a host of conceptual, methodological, and clinical problems. Examples include narrow definitions of health and disease, abuse of statistical significance testing in research, and confusing conceptualizations of chronic stress. To illustrate treatment possibilities, several ongoing broadly based intervention programs in the cardiovascular disease area are discussed. The many ways in which counseling psychologists might participate in problem areas in the health field clearly offer exciting challenges and opportunities.
Perspectives on the Impact of Lineup Composition, Race, and Witness Confidence on Identification Accuracy*

This paper addresses a number of issues suggested by the Lindsay and Wells (1980) study on lineup composition and identification accuracy. The interaction between bias in instructions to the witness, presence or absence of the criminal from the lineup, and similarity between the suspect and the lineup foils are discussed. Although Lindsay and Wells suggest that witness confidence has little or no relationship to witness accuracy, it is pointed out that a recent field study found a substantial accuracy-confidence relationship when criminal-present photo lineups were used. There are not yet clearcut findings on the accuracy-confidence relationship in criminal-absent lineups, partially because of ambiguity in the definition of confidence in this situation. Although there is much research on the impact of the race of suspect and witness on identification accuracy, little attention has been paid to the race of the person who constructs the photo or corporeal lineup. Recent research results lead to the prediction of an interaction between all three of these factors on identification accuracy, with greatest accuracy when the lineup constructor and lineup members are of the same race and the witness is of a different race. Issues in the applicability of the results of Bayesian analyses to the judicial system are briefly discussed. Potential issues include the tendency to see researchers solely as advocates for the defense, and the tendency of people to disregard statistical summaries such as base rate data and research results when making individual decisions. An additional issue concerns Bayesian diagnosticity ratios (derived from rates of correct and false identifications) which can be logically and statistically equivalent to one another but differ considerably in their legal applications and value relevance.
The Effect of Soil Water Regimes on Leaf Water Potential, Growth and Development of Soybeans

The growth and development of soybeans (Glycine max L. cv. Amsoy) was studied at soil matric potentials of −0.1 to −1.0 bars. Chlorophyll, photosynthesis, and leaf nitrogen per plant was greatest at −4 bars leaf water potential. Leaf area, number of internodes, plant height and dry weight of vegetative parts declined as leaf water potential decreased from −2 to −19 bars. Nitrogen content and nitrate reductase activity per g fresh weight determined the percentage protein of individual seeds but nitrogen content and nitrate reductase activity per plant determined the amount of total seed protein. The protein synthesized in the seed changed little in amino acid composition with changes in leaf water potential. Leaf water potentials above or below −4 bars decreased yield, total protein and total lipid but plants produced the largest percentage of individual seed protein at −19 bars leaf water potential.
Alphavirus Minus-Strand RNA Synthesis: Identification of a Role for Arg183 of the nsP4 Polymerase

A partially conserved region spanning amino acids 142 to 191 of the Sindbis virus (SIN) nsP4 core polymerase is implicated in host restriction, elongation, and promoter recognition. We extended the analysis of this region by substituting Ser, Ala, or Lys for a highly conserved Arg183 residue immediately preceding its absolutely conserved Ser184-Ala-Val-Pro-Ser188 sequence. In chicken cells, the nsP4 Arg183 mutants had a nonconditionally lethal, temperature-sensitive (ts) growth phenotype caused by a ts defect in minus-strand synthesis whose extent varied with the particular amino acid substituted (Ser>Ala>Lys). Plus-strand synthesis by nsP4 Arg183 mutant polymerases was unaffected when corrected for minus-strand numbers, although 26S mRNA synthesis was enhanced at the elevated temperature compared to wild type. The ts defect was not due to a failure to form or accumulate nsP4 at 40 degrees C. In contrast to their growth in chicken cells, the nsP4 Arg183 mutants replicated equally poorly, if at all, in mosquito cells. We conclude that Arg183 within the Pro180-Asn-Ile-Arg-Ser184 sequence of the SIN nsP4 polymerase contributes to the efficient initiation of minus strands or the formation of its replicase and that a host factor(s) participates in this event.
Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: A case-control study

Background & aims: The incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma has been recently increasing in the United States. In this case-control study, we used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database to evaluate the prevalence of known risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and explore other potential risk factors. Methods: We identified all patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma aged 65 years and older diagnosed between 1993 and 1999 in the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries (14% of the US population). Controls were randomly chosen from individuals without any cancer diagnosis in the underlying population of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results regions. We obtained information on risk factors from Medicare claims (parts A and B) for all cases and controls with at least 2 years of continuous Medicare enrollment. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were calculated in logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 625 cases and 90,834 controls satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cases were older than controls (78.7 vs. 76.5 years; P = .02) and were more likely to be male (48.3% vs. 36.8%; P P P P P = .003), diabetes (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0; P P = .002). Conclusions: This population-based study shows that in addition to previously well described risk factors, several others could be associated with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. These include hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, liver cirrhosis, and diabetes.
Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer after Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis Offers Oncologic Control and Sustains Quality of Life

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the feasibility and oncologic durability of performing prostate biopsy and open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) in patients who have previously undergone proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (PC-IPAA). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective review of all patients at our institution who underwent an RRP after a PC-IPAA between June 1992 and February 2009. Variables evaluated included demographic characteristics, biopsy technique, tumor pathology, surgical technique, complications, and functional and oncologic outcomes. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were identified. Mean prostate-specific antigen was 9.3 ng/mL (median, 5.9 ng/mL; range, 4.3 to 26.8 ng/mL). Prostatic biopsy was performed without complication by a variety of radiographic techniques. Successful RRP was achieved in all patients without pouch violation or pouch-related postoperative complications. The most common intraoperative finding was pelvic adhesions between the posterior prostate/seminal vesicles and the IPAA. Neurovascular bundle preservation was not altered by pelvic adhesions in any patient in whom this was the goal of the operation. Urinary continence was restored by 3 months in 94% of patients and erectile function returned without the use of medication in 73% who had neurovascular bundle preservation. Overall pouch function was subjectively unchanged postoperatively. Biochemical recurrence occurred in 3 patients and local recurrence in 2 patients. Only 1 recurrence occurred within 5 years of RRP during a mean follow-up of 5.7 years (median, 3.8 years; range, 0.3 to 14.5 years). CONCLUSIONS: Despite altered pelvic anatomy from previous PC-IPAA, prostate biopsy and RRP can be done safely and effectively. Previous PC-IPAA should not be a contraindication to RRP in men with clinically localized prostate cancer.