cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Evidence for synthesis of proteins of chloroplastic ribosomes on cytoplasmic ribosomes.

The biosynthesis of proteins of chloroplastic (67 S) and cytoplasmic (83 S) ribosomes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi was studied in vivo using both wild type and the arginine auxotroph, arg-1. The incorporation of amino acids into nascent protein (chaseable label) and ribosomal structural protein (nonchaseable label) was examined. When cells of arg-1 were incubated with excess radioactive arginine, 83 S ribosomes were clearly labeled at 0.5 to 2.0 min. But, 67 S ribosomes were not, even though chloroplasts were carrying out protein synthesis. At these times much of the label in 83 S ribosomes was in nascent protein, but no labeled protein was found with 67 S ribosomes. When cells were pulse-labeled for 2 min and incubation continued, label was found in nascent protein of 83 S ribosomes at 2 and 4 min, but label was found only in structural protein at later times. In contrast, 67 S ribosomes did not become labeled until 6 min, and at no time from 2 to 20 min was label in nascent protein. When pulse-labeled cells were chased prior to 4 min, label in 83 S ribosomes decreased while label in 67 S ribosomes increased. At 6 min, chase had no effect on label in 83 S ribosomes, but increased label in 67 S ribosomes. The results could be explained if there was a delay in labeled amino acid reaching the chloroplast, or if 67 S ribosomes lost nascent protein during isolation. The results also indicated that labeled protein in 67 S ribosomes was not made on 67 S ribosomes, but appeared instead to have come from a pool of free labeled proteins whose ultimate source was nascent protein on 83 S ribosomes. When cells of arg-1 were labeled with radioactive arginine for 1 hour, both 67 S and 83 S ribosomes were clearly labeled, and were of equal specific radioactivities. Radioactivity was in structural protein. Similar results were obtained using wild type and radioactive leucine. Chloramphenicol was without detectable effect on labeling of structural protein of 67 S ribosomes, whether labeling was accomplished by incubating cells with radioactive amino acid for 2 min and chasing with unlabeled amino acid, or by incubating cells with radioactive amino acid for 60 min. Chloramphenicol, however, did effectively inhibit protein synthesis by the chloroplast, since it inhibited synthesis of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase. Also, chloramphenicol was ineffective as an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, since it was without inhibitory effect on synthesis of nascent protein attached to 83 S ribosomes. On the other hand, cycloheximide inhibited protein synthesis by the cytoplasm, since it inhibited synthesis of nascent protein attached to 83 S ribosomes. It also inhibited synthesis of structural protein of 67 S ribosomes. It was concluded that most proteins of 67 S ribosomes were made on 83 S ribosomes. The possibility that a few proteins of 67 S ribosomes were made on 67 S ribosomes was not excluded.
A Process Unit Modeling Framework within a Heterogeneous Simulation Environment

Abstract Rigorous dynamic simulation is becoming increasingly important at Linde Engineering, and therefore more detailled process unit models are required. In fact, the refinement of existing process unit models as well as the development of new ones is often part of dynamic simulation projects, especially when it comes to innovative processes. In order to facilitate model development within the heterogeneous simulation environment of Linde Engineering, a new Process Units Modeling Framework has been developed. Models developed within this framework may be used in Linde's inhouse simulator OPTISIM ®, as well as in the commercial process simulator UNISIM ®, which are both widely used at Linde Engineering.
Cache-conscious scheduling of streaming pipelines on parallel machines with private caches

This paper studies the problem of scheduling a streaming pipeline on a multicore machine with private caches to maximize throughput. The theoretical contribution includes lower and upper bounds in the parallel external-memory model. We show that a simple greedy scheduling strategy is asymptotically optimal with a constant-factor memory augmentation. More specifically, we show that if our strategy has a running time of Q cache misses on a machine with size-M caches, then every “static” scheduling policy must have time at least that of Q(Q) cache misses on a machine with size-M/6 caches. Our experimental study considers the question of whether scheduling based on cache effects is more important than scheduling based on only the number of computation steps. Using synthetic pipelines with a range of parameters, we compare our cache-based partitioning against several other static schedulers that load-balance computation. In most cases, the cache-based partitioning indeed beats the other schedulers, but there are some cases that go the other way. We conclude that considering cache effects is a good idea, but other features of the streaming pipeline are also important.
Strategy for the Management of Uncomplicated Retinal Detachments: The European Vitreo-Retinal Society Retinal Detachment Study Report 1

Objective To study success and failure in the treatment of uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs). Design Nonrandomized, multicenter retrospective study. Participants One hundred seventy-six surgeons from 48 countries spanning 5 continents provided information on the primary procedures for 7678 cases of RRDs including 4179 patients with uncomplicated RRDs. Methods Reported data included specific clinical findings, the method of repair, and the outcome after intervention. Main Outcome Measures Final failure of retinal detachment repair (level 1 failure rate), remaining silicone oil at the study's conclusion (level 2 failure rate), and need for additional procedures to repair the detachment (level 3 failure rate). Results Four thousand one hundred seventy-nine uncomplicated cases of RRD were included. Combining phakic, pseudophakic, and aphakic groups, those treated with scleral buckle alone (n = 1341) had a significantly lower final failure rate than those treated with vitrectomy, with or without a supplemental buckle (n = 2723; P = 0.04). In phakic patients, final failure rate was lower in the scleral buckle group compared with those who had vitrectomy, with or without a supplemental buckle ( P = 0.028). In pseudophakic patients, the failure rate of the initial procedure was lower in the vitrectomy group compared with the scleral buckle group ( P = 3×10 –8 ). There was no statistically significant difference in failure rate between segmental (n = 721) and encircling (n = 351) buckles ( P = 0.5). Those who underwent vitrectomy with a supplemental scleral buckle (n = 488) had an increased failure rate compared with those who underwent vitrectomy alone (n = 2235; P = 0.048). Pneumatic retinopexy was found to be comparable with scleral buckle when a retinal hole was present ( P = 0.65), but not in cases with a flap tear ( P = 0.034). Conclusions In the treatment of uncomplicated phakic retinal detachments, repair using scleral buckle may be a good option. There was no significant difference between segmental versus 360-degree buckle. For pseudophakic uncomplicated retinal detachments, the surgeon should balance the risks and benefits of vitrectomy versus scleral buckle and keep in mind that the single-surgery reattachment rate may be higher with vitrectomy. However, if a vitrectomy is to be performed, these data suggest that a supplemental buckle is not helpful. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Faster elliptic curve point multiplication based on a novel greedy base-2,3 method

In this paper a novel pre-computation technique for scalar point multiplication on elliptic curves is proposed. Compared to standard affine coordinates without pre-computation this method achieves a performance increase of 23% while requiring an additional increase in control and logic for the pre-computation step. This method achieves a (2m bits /spl times/ numpoints) reduction in storage overhead compared with other pre-computation techniques.
Charge state contamination during ion implantation of triply charge phosphorus

The need for higher energy implants in advanced semiconductor processing has led to the use of multiply charged species in order to overcome the high voltage limitations of conventional ion implanters. It is normally not recommended that such implants be performed in equipment without some form of filtration for the removal of low energy contaminants. However, multiply charged implants have been performed with success using implanters with no such filtration. In these cases, special precautions must be taken to minimize the implantation of low energy contaminants. An important specific case of such contamination during the implantation of a multiply charged atomic species X/sup n+/ is the extraction of a singly charged molecular species X/sub n//sup +/, which dissociates prior to magnetic analysis, yielding (among other things) the singly charged atomic X/sup +/. This latter species has a magnetic rigidity identical to that of the extracted, desired species X/sup n+/, and is therefore analyzed out to become a potential low energy contaminant. This paper presents a method that has been used to 1) identify such contamination as a cause of semiconductor device failure where the desired implanted species is P/sup +++/ and the contaminant is P/sup +/, and 2) define an operating space that minimizes the production of P/sup +/ in an implanter that uses no energy filtration to protect against such contamination. The method involves the monitoring of P/sub 2//sup +/, the diatomic, singly charged byproduct of the disintegration of P/sub 3//sup +/.
Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World – By Deirdre N. McCloskey

This is the second of six projected books that the author proposes on the topic of the modern bourgeoisie. The books are intended to be “a full scale defense of our modern form of innovation univer...
Maternal Dietary Protein Deficiency Decreases Amino Acid Concentrations in Fetal Plasma and Allantoic Fluid of Pigs

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that maternal dietary protein deficiency decreases amino acid availability to the fetus, thereby contributing to retarded fetal growth. Primiparous gilts selected genetically for low or high plasma total cholesterol concentrations (low line and high line, respectively) were mated, and then fed 1.8 kg/d of isocaloric diets containing 13% or 0.5% crude protein. At d 40 or 60 of gestation, they were hysterectomized, and maternal and fetal blood samples as well as amniotic and allantoic fluids were obtained for analyses of amino acids, ammonia and urea. Dietary protein restriction decreased (P < 0.05) the following: 1) maternal plasma concentrations of urea at d 40 and 60 of gestation; 2) fetal plasma concentrations of alanine, arginine, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), glutamine, glycine, lysine, ornithine, proline, taurine, threonine and urea at d 60 of gestation; 3) amniotic and allantoic fluid concentrations of urea at d 40 and 60 of gestation; and 4) allantoic fluid concentrations of alanine, arginine, BCAA, citrulline, cystine, glycine, histidine, methionine, proline, serine, taurine, threonine and tyrosine at d 40 of gestation, in gilts of both genetic lines. At d 60 of gestation, protein deficiency decreased (P < 0.05) allantoic fluid concentrations of arginine, cystine, glycine, taurine and tyrosine in low line gilts and of cystine, glutamine, ornithine, serine, taurine and tyrosine in high line gilts. Low line and high line gilts also differed remarkably in allantoic fluid concentrations of arginine, glutamine, ornithine and ammonia at d 40 and 60 of gestation. Our results suggest the following: 1) protein-deficient gilts maintain maternal plasma concentrations of amino acids by mobilizing maternal protein stores and decreasing oxidation of amino acids during the first half of gestation; 2) protein deficiency may impair placental transport of amino acids from the maternal to the fetal blood; and 3) low line and high line gilts differ in fetal amino acid metabolism. Decreases in concentrations of the essential and nonessential amino acids in the fetus may be a mechanism whereby maternal dietary protein restriction results in fetal growth retardation.
Observations on Gender, Political Science, and the Academy

This address focuses on selected aspects of gender in political science and the academy. The marginalization of the study of women and politics is discussed. Comparisons with other disciplines suggest that the way in which political science has defined itself (by focusing on public behavior) limits its inclusiveness. The overt feminist perspectives of some women and politics scholars may also be a contributing factor. The academic environment at both the institutional and departmental levels is examined. Also explored are noninstitutional issues such as differences in gender perspective that may significantly affect the work environment.
A20/TNFAIP3 inhibits NF-κB activation induced by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vFLIP oncoprotein.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K13/vFLIP (viral Flice-inhibitory protein) induces transcription of numerous genes through NF-κB activation, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the pathogenesis of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). In this study, we report that KSHV vFLIP induces the expression of the NF-κB regulatory proteins A20, ABIN-1 and ABIN-3 (A20-binding NF-κB inhibitors) in primary human endothelial cells, and that KS spindle cells express A20 in KS tissue. In reporter assays, A20 strongly impaired vFLIP-induced NF-κB activation in 293T cells, but ABIN-1 and ABIN-3 did not. Mutational analysis established that the C-terminal domain (residues 427–790) is critical for A20 modulation of NF-κB, but the ubiquitin-editing OTU (ovarian tumor) domain is not. In functional assays, A20 inhibited vFLIP-induced expression of the chemokine IP-10, reduced vFLIP-induced cell proliferation and increased IKK1 protein levels. Thus, we demonstrate that A20 negatively regulates NF-κB activation directly induced by KSHV vFLIP. By attenuating excessive and prolonged vFLIP-induced NF-κB activation that could be harmful to KSHV-infected cells, A20 likely has an important role in the pathogenesis of KSHV-associated diseases, in which vFLIP is expressed.
Port-of-entry safety via the reliability optimization of container inspection strategy through an evolutionary approach

Abstract Up to now, of all the containers received in USA ports, roughly between 2% and 5% are scrutinized to determine if they could cause some type of danger or contain suspicious goods. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding the type of attack that could happen via container cargo leading to devastating economic, psychological and sociological effects. Overall, this paper is concerned with developing an inspection strategy that minimizes the total cost of inspection while maintaining a user-specified detection rate for “suspicious” containers. In this respect, a general model for describing an inspection strategy is proposed. The strategy is regarded as an (n+1)-echelon decision tree where at each of these echelons, a decision has to be taken, regarding which sensor to be used, if at all. Second, based on the general decision-tree model, this paper presents a minimum cost container inspection strategy that conforms to a pre-specified user detection rate under the assumption that different sensors with different reliability and cost characteristics can be used. To generate an optimal inspection strategy, an evolutionary optimization approach known as probabilistic solution discovery algorithm has been used.
Finding localized associations in market basket data

In this paper, we discuss a technique for discovering localized associations in segments of the data using clustering. Often, the aggregate behavior of a data set may be very different from localized segments. In such cases, it is desirable to design algorithms which are effective in discovering localized associations because they expose a customer pattern which is more specific than the aggregate behavior. This information may be very useful for target marketing. We present empirical results which show that the method is indeed able to find a significantly larger number of associations than what can be discovered by analysis of the aggregate data.
Comparing collaboration and individual personas for the design and evaluation of collaboration software

Collaboration personas are a tool that can be used to design for groups. Prior work posits that collaboration personas can improve tool adoption by helping designers create collaboration tools that are better targeted to the goals, needs, and interactions between members of collaborative groups. We present a comparative study of design and user experience practitioners who used both collaboration personas and individual personas. Participants conducted a cognitive walkthrough and provided redesign suggestions for a collaboration tool. Our results show that the focus of the cognitive walkthrough and redesign task differed, with collaboration personas showing more group focus. Collaboration personas led to a more complete discussion, as indicated by a greater amount of time spent on the task compared to individual personas. Despite prior experience and training with individual personas, collaboration personas were preferred and better supported the task, since they focused on groups of people and their interactions.
The application of gordy's rule to monosubstituted phenyl compounds

Abstract The Gordy Rule and the harmonic oscillator approximation were applied to the t -vibration of monosubstituted phenyl derivatives for the elements of Group IVA through VIIA, i.e. , molecules with the general formula (phenyl) n X, n = 4, 3, 2, or 1. It was found that the general form of the Gordy Rule can be used for a particular value of n and that the t -vibration can be considered a pure (phenyl )-X stretching vibration, except for those molecules formed from the first-row elements. Further the constants of the Gordy Rule varied linearly with n and were different from those given by Gordy. The discrepancies for the derivatives of the first-row elements were explained in terms of vibrational coupling.
Selective labeling of human erythrocyte membrane components with tritiated trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid and picryl chloride

Abstract Treatment of intact human erythrocytes with tritiated trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) and picryl chloride (PC) resulted in labeling of their membrane components. Separation of these components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 1% SDS yielded three significant results: 1) in the protein region significant TNBS label was confined to a single sharp high peak centering on band 3 of Fairbanks et al. (1), 2) protein components of bands 1 and 2 contained significant amounts of PC label and were free of TNBS label, 3) the low molecular weight lipid components were heavily labeled by both reagents. Chemical separation of the protein and lipid components showed about 70% of the TNBS label and about 53% of the PC label to be in the protein fraction with the balance of the activity appearing in the lipid fraction. The selectivity of these membrane-penetrating reagents for different membrane components may be a function of their differing polarities.
Multispectral recognition techniques present status and a planned hybrid recognition system

Experiments with multispectral data have shown that it is possible to identify many desired terrain features. Such identifications often span large areas and are important in studies of crops, forestry, urban development, water resources, pollution control, hydrology, and many other aspects of ecological research. Experience has shown that high data processing speed is required for timely data reduction and application of the results. Techniques developed at The University of Michigan have solved the problem of keeping pace with the desired rate of recognizing objects in "real-time." However, three additional problems have been identified: 1. Setting up a processor such as the Michigan Processor (SPARC) requires considerable time. This time needs to be reduced. 2. Determination of an "optimum" setup cannot be done quickly or practically using such a processor by itself. 3. On line modification of the processing rule to account for natural variation seems necessary and requires computation which cannot be performed with an analog machine. A solution to these problems is proposed and discussed in this report. Specifications for a design approach are presented for a prototype hybrid multi-spectral processor (SPARC/H) having high throughput capability. The approach is to add an interacting digital machine to the system and reconfigure the analog machine design to be compatible with the digital system. The strength of our approach lies in the fact that algorithms have been developed which make effective use of the particular capabilitles of the two computers working together on a highly interactive basis. Study is still required to modify and develop these algorithms further for the digital machine and to determine the effectiveness of the man-machine interface. Study and specification of the final configuration needed for operational use can be pursued using this system as a tool.
Expression and Targeting of the Apoptosis Inhibitor, Survivin, in Human Melanoma

The newly described apoptosis inhibitor survivin is expressed in many human cancers and appears to play a critical part in both apoptosis regulation and cell cycle progression. Its potential role in malignant melanoma is unknown. In a panel of 30 malignant melanomas, survivin was strongly expressed in all cases (15 of 15) of metastatic malignant melanomas and 13 of 15 cases of invasive malignant melanomas by immunohistochemistry. In invasive malignant melanomas, survivin was also expressed in the in-situ component of the lesion. Survivin expression was found in all cases (11 of 11) of nevi, but not in melanocytes in sections of normal skin. The apoptosis inhibitor bcl-2 was expressed in 26 of 30 cases, but generally at lower levels than that of infiltrating lymphocytes. The mitotic index, as assessed by MIB-1 staining, was consistently higher in metastatic than invasive malignant melanomas. Assessment of apoptotic index by in situ end-labeling revealed extremely low rates of apoptosis in most malignant melanomas. Survivin expression by western blotting was detected in four human metastatic malignant melanoma cell lines but not in cultured normal human melanocytes. Transfection of both YUSAC-2 and LOX malignant melanoma cells with green fluorescence protein-conjugated survivin anti-sense or green fluorescence protein-conjugated survivin dominant negative mutant (Cys85Ala) resulted in increased apoptosis in the absence of other genotoxic stimuli. Two-color flow cytometry confirmed that YUSAC-2 cells transfected with survivin anti-sense expressed less endogenous survivin and exhibited an increased fraction of cells with sub-G1 DNA content. These data demonstrate that apoptosis inhibition by survivin may participate in the onset and progression of malignant melanomas, and suggest that therapeutic targeting of survivin may be beneficial in patients with recurrent or metastatic disease.
Neuropilin-1 Expression Is Induced on Tolerant Self-Reactive CD8+ T Cells but Is Dispensable for the Tolerant Phenotype

Establishing peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance is vital to avoid immune mediated destruction of healthy self-tissues. However, it also poses a major impediment to tumor immunity since tumors are derived from self-tissue and often induce T cell tolerance and dysfunction. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that regulate T cell tolerance versus immunity has important implications for human health. Signals received from the tissue environment largely dictate whether responding T cells become activated or tolerant. For example, induced expression and subsequent ligation of negative regulatory receptors on the surface of self-reactive CD8+ T cells are integral in the induction of tolerance. We utilized a murine model of T cell tolerance to more completely define the molecules involved in this process. We discovered that, in addition to other known regulatory receptors, tolerant self-reactive CD8+ T cells distinctly expressed the surface receptor neuropilin-1 (Nrp1). Nrp1 was highly induced in response to self-antigen, but only modestly when the same antigen was encountered under immune conditions, suggesting a possible mechanistic link to T cell tolerance. We also observed a similar Nrp1 expression profile on human tumor infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Despite high expression on tolerant CD8+ T cells, our studies revealed that Nrp1 had no detectable role in the tolerant phenotype. Specifically, Nrp1-deficient T cells displayed the same functional defects as wild-type self-reactive T cells, lacking in vivo cytolytic potential, IFNγ production, and antitumor responses. While reporting mostly negative data, our findings have therapeutic implications, as Nrp1 is now being targeted for human cancer therapy in clinical trials, but the precise molecular pathways and immune cells being engaged during treatment remain incompletely defined.
Hypervalent phosphorus species as aromatic and metallic species

Abstract Hypervalent species are much better with equatorial groups which help the plus charge on the central atom. The apical atoms have negative charge and require groups to make the negative species stable. This is shown.
The Relevance of the Study to Teacher-Education Programs.

The purpose of this article is to examine the relevance of the International Study of Achievement in Mathematics to those mathematics educators involved in the preparation of teachers. While the explicit purpose of the Study is not to provide directions for teacher-education programs, the Study nevertheless examines questions which indirectly involve the training of mathematics teachers. While all of the hypotheses in the Study deal with some aspect of education as they relate to mathematics, some hypotheses, namely Hypotheses 12-26, are involved with problems more directly related to the mathematics education community. In particular, Hypotheses 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, and 20, in the opinion of the writer, take on added significance when considering the preparation of mathematics teachers. To examine the questions raised by these hypotheses, one must consider the basic objective set forth by the Study. As stated on page 30 of Volume 1, the main objective of the Study is "to investigate the outcomes of various school systems by relating as many as possible of the relevant input variables to the output assessed by international test instruments." The IEA authors clearly state that the intent of the Study is not to confirm causal relationships (Hus6n, 1967, Vol. I, p. 31) but rather, among other things, to identify areas where additional research is needed.
INFORMATION SERVICES: ASSESSING THEIR VALUE

There are several reasons for thinking that special librarianship today is at a most interesting but also most serious and even critical stage. The life of Aslib, which one may reasonably say covers the life of special librarianship in this country, can be divided into two parts: from its commencement in 1924 until the beginning of the second world war, and from then until the present day. It may be somewhat arbitrary to make a particular date the dividing line, for the two periods merged into each other, but looking back it is possible to argue that the date 1939 was important. Equally so, it appears that we are now entering a new era in special librarianship, and that in, say, 1980 it will be possible to say that some time around now was a definite turning point. Whether the comments in 1980 are that there was a moving forward or a moving backward will depend on our actions in the immediate future.
Cognitive‐Developmental Factors in Emerging Sex Differences in Achievement‐Related Expectancies

This paper examines sex differences in achievement expectancies from a cognitive-developmental point of view. It has been reported consistently that females have lower initial expectancies for success than males. The antecedents of this difference are considered: (a) by examining when expectancy differences develop, and (b) by examining cognitive factors which may underlie these differential expectancies. The discussion of the first question is primarily empirical in nature; previous developmental studies of expectancy are reviewed and original data presented. Discussion of the second question is more theoretical and speculative. Based on the Weiner attributional model of achievement, the role of subjective perceptions in mediating expectancy differences is considered.
Independent regulation of cysteine and cystine transport in Penicillium chrysogenum.

Abstract l -Cysteine transport by nutrient-sufficient mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum is mediated by a relatively specific constitutive, energy-, pH-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent transport system (permease) (Km = 1.4 × 10−4m, Vmax = 2.1 μmoles/g-min). The level or activity of the permease varies only slightly with the degree of sulfur sufficiency and aeration of the mycelium. l -Cysteine is also a substrate of a general amino acid permease that develops as a result of nitrogen deficiency or carbon deficiency (Km = 3–5 × 10−5m, Vmax = 9–10 μmoles/g-min). l -Cystine transport is mediated by a relatively specific sulfur-regulated permease. Sulfur starvation results in a 30-fold increase in the Vmax for cystine transport (from 0.04 μmoles/g-min to 1.2 μmoles/g-min) with no change in the Km value (2–3 × 10−5 M). The accumulated l -cystine is rapidly reduced to l -cysteine. The possibility that the “cystine permease” is actually a combination of a derepressible, membrane-bound cystine reductase and the constitutive l -cysteine permease is discussed. l -Cystine is not a substrate of the general amino acid permease. l -Cysteine and l -cystine transport is independent of concurrent protein synthesis. In the presence of actidione, almost all of the transported label can be recovered from the soluble pool by boiling water extraction. However, the accumulated amino acids will not diffuse out of the mycelium, nor exchange with a large pool of external, unlabeled amino acids.
Multifocal ERG responses in infants.

Cone mediated electroretinographic (ERG) responses to full field stimuli are relatively mature early in infancy. Specifically, the sensitivity and saturated amplitude of the cone photoresponse are 60% to 70% of the adult values by age 10 weeks.1 Peripheral cones are the main contributors to these ERG responses, while cones in the macula, which comprises less than 5% of the total retinal area, contribute little. Thus, little is known about cone function in the immature central retina. It is well recognized that foveal cone structure does not reach maturity until well into childhood 2, 3 and that visual acuity has a protracted course of development.4 Although the maximum amplitude of the cone driven post-receptor component, the b-wave, is nearly the same in infants as in adults, the shape of the b-wave stimulus/response function differs. The infants’ stimulus/response function does not show a fall off with increasing intensity.1 This absence of the photopic hill 5–9 in infants has been attributed to immaturity of the ON and OFF bipolar cell responses.1 The multifocal ERG (mfERG) provides information about the functional topography of the central retina by recording responses from a large number of small, discrete regions.10, 11 Cone-initiated activity in the bipolar cells is the main contributor to the mfERG response.11, 12 The goal of the present study was to use the mfERG to investigate post-receptor processes in the central retina of healthy young infants.
ECDEX: A knowledge-based approach to conceptual design of engineering systems

Abstract This paper describes a knowledge-based approach to the domain independent conceptual design phase. We describe the development of “ECDEX”, the “Engineering Conceptual Design Expert” that generates concept variants (concept alternatives) during the conceptual design phase of engineering systems. ECDEX was developed using an expert system shell called CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System) and a C-program interface to aid the quantitative phase of concept evaluation. ECDEX internally develops function structures that are dependent on the number of solution principles for each sub-function selected during the process. After the function structures are developed, ECDEX searches for solution principles for each of the sub-functions considering that every combination needs to begin with the system input and end with the system output. After all combinations are developed, ECDEX performs the concept evaluation using evaluation criteria defined by the designer providing a set of ‘concept variants’. ECDEX is applied to three test cases; an impulse loading test rig, a hydro-electric generation plant and a fishing reel. The results from these three test cases demonstrate that ECDEX generates satisfactory conceptual designs of engineering systems.
Structure, sequence and expression of the mouse Cx43 gene encoding connexin 43

Gap junctions, membrane channels that mediate the diffusion of ions and small molecules between cells, are hypothesized to play a role in development and growth regulation. The Cx43 gene (encoding connexin 43) is one member of the gap junction gene family whose transcripts are expressed in a highly regionalized manner during mouse development. We cloned and sequenced Cx43 cDNAs from a 7.5-day mouse embryo cDNA library. These cDNA clones encode the authentic 43-kDa connexin. Analysis of RNA isolated from different regions of the 7.5-day mouse embryo revealed that Cx43 transcripts are differentially expressed, with expression detected in the embryo proper, but not in the extraembryonic region containing the ectoplacental cone. Using one of the newly isolated mouse Cx43 cDNA probes, we screened a mouse genomic DNA library and cloned the Cx43 gene. Restriction mapping and sequencing of the cloned genomic inserts revealed that Cx43 contains two exons and a 10.5-kb intron located in the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR). We mapped the Cx43 transcription start point (tsp) by RNase protection and primer extension analyses and showed that transcripts expressed in the 7.5-day mouse embryo and in adult tissues are initiated from the same tsp. The DNA sequence immediately upstream from the tsp contains a putative AP1-binding site and a degenerate TATA consensus sequence. A comparison of mouse, rat, human and bovine Cx43s showed that the 3'-UTR has an unexpectedly high degree of sequence homology. This includes conservation of four AUUUA motifs, a sequence associated with transcript instability in immediate early genes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MRI METHOD TO EVALUATE INTERNAL STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF TOMATO DURING COMPRESSION

The effects of compression on the structure of red Roma tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were observed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Images were acquired at six strain levels: 0%, 3%, 6%, 20%, 25% and no load sequentially for each of the replicates. The MR images revealed internal structural changes as the strain level increased; these changes were characterized by three displacement parameters: buckling angle (α), flattening angle (β) and columella position (h c ). The relative change of these parameters as a function ofstrain was evaluated by analysis ofvariance (ANOVA), which showed that the difference in the means was significant at the 0.05 level. In the post hoc analysis, structural changes at the low strains of 3 % and 6% were different than the structural changes at the higher strains of 20% and 25%. The columella position showed significant recovery after the load was released. In addition to structural changes, the NMR signal intensity changed as a result of the compression. In particular, signal intensity from the columella region and upper radial arm increased with strain level. However, further studies are required to analyze these changes statistically.
Long-term prognosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome and effective renal plasma flow

The long-term prognosis of diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+ HUS) was evaluated in a cohort of 127 of 149 children who had survived the acute phase. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were estimated by serial 51Cr-EDTA and 123iodine-hippurate clearances. All children had acute renal failure during the initial phase and 74% of patients were dialyzed. During the 1st year, mean GFR and ERPF increased continuously until a plateau was reached. In the 2nd year after the diagnosis of HUS, GFR was below 80 and ERPF below 515 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in 16% and 47% of patients, respectively. At the end of a median follow-up of 5.0 (range 2.0–13.2) years, the proportion of children with renal sequelae such as proteinuria ≥300 mg/l, hypertension, or a GFR <80 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was 23%. Anuria of more than 7 days’ duration and hypertension during the acute phase were statistically significant risk factors for an unfavorable outcome. A reduced ERPF in the 2nd year was found in 93% of patients with sequelae. Mean filtration fraction (SD) in these patients was 0.26 (±0.07) versus 0.19 (±0.05) in patients without sequelae (P<0.0001). These data suggest that loss of nephrons during the acute phase may implicate hyperfiltration in the residual functioning kidney mass leading to progressive renal disease. ERPF in the 2nd year after D+ HUS may serve as an excellent parameter to detect patients with a high risk of an unfavorable long-term outcome.
Disruption of primate social behavior by d-amphetamine and cocaine: differential antagonism by antipsychotics.

Psychostimulants lead to withdrawal from social interactions and to a decline of affective behavior in squirrel monkeys. These changes, in addition to motor stereotypies, may be related to stimulant-induced psychosis in humans. In the first of two series of experiments, 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine or 10 mg/kg cocaine, administered orally three times over 24 h to one adult male member of an established group (n=6–9), engendered stereotyped movements of the head and hands, reduced rest postures, and greatly reduced all forms of social initiatives. Chlorpromazine (0.25–1.0 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.25, 0.5 mg/kg), and physostigmine (0.04, 0.08 mg/kg), administered before the third amphetamine or cocaine injection, blocked the motor stereotypies and hyperactivity. Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and physostigmine did not reliably antagonize the pronounced reduction in social behavior. The second series of experiments focused on agonistic behavior in the context of resident-intruder confrontations and on affiliative behavior toward group members. d-Amphetamine (3×0.5 mg/kg) and, to a lesser extent, cocaine (3×10 mg/kg) decreased affiliative and agonistic behavior. Chlorpromazine (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.1, 0.25 mg/kg) did not block the severe disruption of the affiliative and agonistic behavior in amphetamine-treated monkeys; physostigmine (0.06 mg/kg) reversed the decline in time spent close to the familiar monkey in amphetamine-treated monkeys. By contrast, stimulant-induced stereotypies were effectively antagonized by chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and physostigmine. These results suggest that psychostimulant-induced changes in primate social behavior may be mediated by mechanisms other than those underlying motor stereotypies.
A new method for busbar protection stability improvement

As busbar is one of the most important power system nodes, the busbar protection is an essential component in network design, considering the power system stability and security. So busbar protection should fulfill the requirements of fast operating times for all kinds of busbar faults, security for external faults with heavy current-transformer (CT) saturation, and minimum delay for evolving faults. In order to meet the requirements above, a new method, called current phase comparison, is presented in this paper, which can achieve reliable busbar protection with minimum CT performance requirements. Thousands of RTDS test and MATLAB analyses have been performed, which proved that the stability of busbar protection can be greatly improved by this new algorithm. (4 pages)
Cost-effective policies for cervical cancer screening. An international review.

Screening programmes for cervical cancer have been credited with reducing the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer. The main components of these screening programmes are: (i) their level of organisation; (ii) the age at which women begin screening; (iii) the age at which women discontinue screening; (iv) the interval between repeat screens; (v) the frequency at which the programmes provide screening; and (vi) the response to an abnormal screening test. However, not all screening programmes are equally efficient and differences in programme components can result in big differences in their cost effectiveness. Studies that employ cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to examine the efficiency of different programme components can inform the development of cost-effective programmes. This article presents findings of an international review of cost-effectiveness studies of cervical cancer screening. These studies consistently find that certain types of programmes are more cost effective than others. Programmes that are centrally organised and implemented by the public sector are reported to be more cost effective than those that use public funds for screening at other medical visits (convenience screening), or those that provide guidelines for healthcare professionals and the public to promote spontaneous discretionary screening. There is also substantial agreement about the cost effectiveness of other programme components. When multiple screenings are possible, studies report that they should generally begin at age 25 to 35 years and end at age 65 to 70 years, although it is important that older women have 3 normal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears before the discontinuation of screening. The interval for repeat screens that is reported to provide the best balance between cost and life-years saved is between 3 and 5 years. However, when a choice must be made between screening more women fewer times, or screening fewer women more times, most studies indicate that it is more cost effective to prioritize resources to obtain at least one screening for each woman. The screening of previously unscreened and high-risk populations has been shown to be especially cost effective. Despite this agreement, many studies report that models of the cost effectiveness of screening for cervical cancer are sensitive to a number of parameters. Changes in the attendance rate of the programme, the quality of the Pap smear, and the cost of the Pap smear can markedly change the cost effectiveness of a screening programme. Finally, this review discusses different perspectives of social choice analysis (e.g. CEA and cost-benefit analysis), when the objective is to prevent cervical cancer and the options are to screen, detect and treat, to reduce behavioural risk factors, and/or to pursue promising biological research.
Assessing the needs of inner city youth: Beyond needs identification and prioritization☆

Abstract Many needs assessment studies have focused on identification and prioritization, but contextual needs assessment studies, which provide a more indepth analysis of community problems, are also possible, including attempts to monitor existing services and analyze breakdowns in the delivery system. Focusing on services for youths in an inner city neighborhood, the researchers not only ask youths, parents, and community leaders to identify needs, but also analyze which groups of youth seem most in need of which services. Furthermore, the study points to problems in the delivery system, particularly the lack of public awareness of existing services. While youths complain of unmet needs, they themselves fail to use services that could meet these needs. At the same time, moreover, many youths who are aware of available services shy away from them because of misconceptions about service delivery. The article concludes with suggesting possible solutions to these problems as well as implications for further research.
Pornography and Power

Critique de la conception politique du pouvoir qui sous-tend le debat opposant les feministes anti-pornographie, comme C. MacKinnon et A. Dworkin, et les feministes anti-censure defendant une position radicale en matiere de sexualite. Soulevant la question de la domination et de la subversion, l'A. aboutit a la conclusion paradoxale selon laquelle la consommation pornographique apparait comme le lieu de resistance et de liberation des femmes.
Untangling Amyloid-β, Tau, and Metals in Alzheimer’s Disease

Protein misfolding and metal ion dyshomeostasis are believed to underlie numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The pathological hallmark of AD is accumulation of misfolded amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau (ptau) proteins in the brain. Since AD etiology remains unclear, several hypotheses have emerged to elucidate its pathological pathways. The amyloid cascade hypothesis, a leading hypothesis for AD development, advocates Aβ as the principal culprit. Additionally, evidence suggests that tau may contribute to AD pathology. Aβ and tau have also been shown to impact each other’s pathology either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, metal ion dyshomeostasis is associated with these misfolded proteins. Metal interactions with Aβ and tau/ptau also influence their aggregation properties and neurotoxicity. Herein, we present current understanding on the roles of Aβ, tau, and metal ions, placing equal emphasis on each of these proposed features, as well as their...
Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation

Key Points 1. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common infection after liver transplantation and manifests as an asymptomatic infection or clinically as CMV syndrome (fever and myelosuppression) or tissue-invasive CMV disease. 2. The most common risk factor for CMV disease is donor positivity and recipient negativity for CMV, and severe impairment in immunity, especially with a pathogen-specific immune response, generally predisposes patients to CMV disease after transplantation. 3. The prevention of CMV disease after liver transplantation consists of preemptive therapy (antiviral therapy is administered only in the presence of a positive CMV polymerase chain reaction or pp65 antigenemia) or antiviral prophylaxis (an antiviral drug is administered to all patients at risk of CMV disease). 4. The treatment of CMV disease consists of intravenous ganciclovir (for severe disease) or oral valganciclovir (for mild to moderate CMV disease). Liver Transpl 16:S45-S53, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.