cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integrated environment for filter design

Analog filters and direct digital filters are implemented using digital signal processing techniques. Specifically, Butterworth, Elliptic, and Chebyshev filters are implemented using the Motorola 56001 Digital Signal Processor by the integration of three software packages: MATLAB, C++, and Motorola's Application Development System. The integrated environment allows the novice user to design a filter automatically by specifying the filter order and critical frequencies, while permitting more experienced designers to take advantage of MATLAB's advanced design capabilities. This project bridges the gap between the theoretical results produced by MATLAB and the practicalities of implementing digital filters using the Motorola 56001 Digital Signal Processor. While these results are specific to the Motorola 56001 they may be extended to other digital signal processors. MATLAB handles the filter calculations, a C++ routine handles the conversion to assembly code, and the Motorola software compiles and transmits the code to the processor. >
Isoparametric Hypersurfaces with Four Principal Curvatures

Let M be an isoparametric hypersurface in the sphere S n with four distinct principal curvatures. Munzner showed that the four principal curvatures can have at most two distinct multiplicities m1 ,m 2, and Stolz showed that the pair (m1 ,m 2) must either be (2, 2), (4, 5), or be equal to the multiplicities of an isoparametric hypersurface of FKM-type, constructed by Ferus, Karcher and Munzner from orthogonal representations of Clifford algebras. In this paper, we prove that if the multiplicities satisfy m2 ≥ 2m1 −1, then the isoparametric hypersurface M must be of FKM-type. Together with known results of Takagi for the case m1 = 1, and Ozeki and Takeuchi for m1 = 2, this handles all possible pairs of multiplicities except for four cases, for which the classification problem remains open.
Trioctylphosphine: A General Phosphorus Source for the Low-Temperature Conversion of Metals into Metal Phosphides

Metal phosphides can have important properties such as superconductivity, magnetoresistance, magnetocaloric behavior, catalytic activity, and lithium intercalation capacity, which make them useful for a variety of technological applications. Bulk metal phosphides usually require high temperatures and harsh reaction conditions to form, and metal phosphide nanocrystals can also be challenging to synthesize. Here we elaborate on a recently developed alternative approach for synthesizing metal phosphides, which involves the solution-mediated reaction of pre-formed metals with trioctylphosphine (TOP) at temperatures below 370 °C. This chemical conversion strategy is shown to be general and highly versatile, successfully forming a wide range of transition-metal and post-transition-metal phosphides using a range of both bulk and nanoscale metals as precursors. Metal nanocrystals, bulk powders, foils, wires, thin films, lithographically patterned substrates, and supported nanocrystals can all be converted to meta...
Advances in Nb3Sn Performance

Nb{sub 3}Sn wires with non-Cu critical current densities (J{sub c}) that surpass 3 kAmm{sup -2} at 12 T and 4.2 K are commercially available in piece lengths longer than 10 km. Accelerator-type magnets that utilize these conductors have achieved record magnetic fields. This article summarizes key developments in the last decade that have led to these significant improvements in the performance of Nb{sub 3}Sn wires.
The Spectral Radius and the Maximum Degree of Irregular Graphs

Let $G$ be an irregular graph on $n$ vertices with maximum degree $\Delta$ and diameter $D$. We show that $$ \Delta-\lambda_1>{1\over nD}, $$ where $\lambda_1$ is the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of $G$. We also study the effect of adding or removing few edges on the spectral radius of a regular graph.
Electrochromic lithium nickel oxide thin films by RF-sputtering from a LiNiO2 target

Thin films of lithium nickel oxide were deposited by rf sputtering from a stoichiometric LiNiO 2 target. The films exhibit excellent reversibility in the potential range 1.1 to 3.8 V versus Li/Li + and could be cycled in a liquid electrolyte half cell with a switching range ΔT Photopic close to 70%. The photopic coloration efficiency of this anodically coloring material was typically -30 to -40 cm 2 C -1 . The switching performance of a device utilizing a lithium nickel oxide film as counter electrode and a tungsten oxide electrochromic film is reported. The device switched from 75% photopic transmittance to 2%, with color neutrality and a coloration efficiency of 65 cm 2 C -1 .
Evolution of the Petasis−Ferrier Union/Rearrangement Tactic: Construction of Architecturally Complex Natural Products Possessing the Ubiquitous cis-2,6-Substituted Tetrahydropyran Structural Element

The frequent low abundance of architecturally complex natural products possessing significant bioregulatory properties mandates the development of rapid, efficient, and stereocontrolled synthetic tactics, not only to provide access to the biologically rare target but also to enable elaboration of analogues for the development of new therapeutic agents with improved activities and/or pharmacokinetic properties. In this Account, the genesis and evolution of the Petasis−Ferrier union/rearrangement tactic, in the context of natural product total syntheses, is described. The reaction sequence comprises a powerful tactic for the construction of the 2,6-cis-substituted tetrahydropyran ring system, a ubiquitous structural element often found in complex natural products possessing significant bioactivities. The three-step sequence, developed in our laboratory, extends two independent methods introduced by Ferrier and Petasis and now comprises: condensation between a chiral, nonracemic β-hydroxy acid and an aldehyd...
Different approaches to TMD Evolution with scale

Many apparently contradictory approaches to TMD factorization and its non-perturbative content exist. This talk evaluated the different methods and proposed tools for resolving the contradictions and experimentally adjudicating the results.
Fluctuation and dissipation in de Sitter space

In this paper we study some thermal properties of quantumeld theories in de Sitter space by means of holographic techniques. We focus on the static patch of de Sitter and assume that the quantumelds are in the standard Bunch-Davies vacuum. More specically, we follow the stochastic motion of a massive charged particle due to its interaction with Hawking radiation. The process is described in terms of the theory of Brownian motion in inhomogeneous media and its associated Langevin dynamics. At late times, wend that the particle undergoes a regime of slow diusion and never reaches the horizon, in stark contrast to the usual random walk behavior atnite temperature. Nevertheless, the uctuation-dissipation theorem is found to hold at all times.
The gas phase reactivity of aliphatic polyethers towards OH radicals: Measurements and predictions

Using the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique, absolute rate constants were determined for the gas phas reactions of hydroxyl radicals with a series od aliphatic polyethers. At 298 K, the measured rate constants (in units of 10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 ) were: 2,2-dimethoxypropane, (3.9±0.2) ; 2,2-diethoxypropane, (11.7±1.3); 1,2-dimethoxypropane, (14.3±1.5); 2-methoxyethylether, (17.5±1.1); 2-ethoxyethyether, (26.8±2.4); 1,1-dimethoxyethane, (8.9±1.0); and 1,1,3-trimethoxypropane, (16.7±1.0). The temperature dependencies of the rate constants for 2-2-dimethoxypropane and 2,2-diethoxypropane, reactions (1) and (2), were studied over the temperature range 240-440 K and are expressed by the Arrhenius equations: k 1 =(3.55±0.39)×10 −12 exp[(30±35)/T] cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 ; k 2 =(1.06±0.25)×10 −11 exp[(15±75)/T] cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . Implications of the results are discussed in terms of reaction mechanisms and the prediction of gas phase OH radical reaction rates for alphatic polyethers
Understanding and Advancing the Concept of `Nonmarket'

The term nonmarket is increasingly applied to environments, institutions, organizations, and exchanges that are also labeled as noneconomic and social. Why has this new term been coined and widely adopted, and what are its distinct denotations? The author traces the development of this concept through four perspectives on nonmarket, which are integrated into an overarching definition, after relating them to major theories and pointing to major research challenges. The constituting and correcting of markets, firms, and noneconomic institutions are the central concerns of nonmarket studies that bear on all organizing projects.
Borehole climate reconstructions: Spatial structure and hemispheric averages

[1] Ground surface temperature (GST) reconstructions determined from temperature profiles measured in terrestrial boreholes, when averaged over the Northern Hemisphere, estimate a surface warming of � 1 K during the interval AD 1500– 2000. Other traditional proxy-based estimates suggest less warming during the same interval. Mann et al. [2003a] have raised two issues with regard to borehole-based reconstructions. The first focuses on the need for spatial gridding and area-weighting of the ensemble of borehole-based GST reconstructions to yield an average hemispheric reconstruction. The second asserts that application of optimal detection techniques show that the GST only weakly displays the spatial structure of the surface air temperature (SAT). We demonstrate the consistency of GST warming estimates by showing that over a wide range of grid element area and occupancy weighting schemes, the five-century GST change falls in the range of 0.89–1.05 K. We examine the subhemispheric spatial correlation of GST and SAT trends at various spatial scales. In the 5-degree grid employed for optimal detection, we find that the majority of grid element means are determined from three or fewer boreholes, a number that is insufficient to suppress site-specific noise via ensemble averaging. Significant spatial correlation between SAT and GST emerges in a 5-degree grid if low-occupancy grid elements are excluded, and also in a 30-degree grid in which grid element means are better determined through higher occupancy. Reconstructions assembled after excluding low-occupancy grid elements show a five-century GST change in the range of 1.02–1.06 K. INDEX TERMS: 1645 Global Change: Solid Earth; 1699 Global Change: General or miscellaneous; 3309 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Climatology (1620); 3322 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Land/atmosphere interactions; 3344 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Paleoclimatology; KEYWORDS: boreholes, paleoclimate, spatial analysis, surface temperature
Variation in Marginal Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer between Locations

A logistic growth equation with time and location varying parameters was used to model corn response to applied nitrogen. A nonlinear dummy-variable regression model provided a parsimonious representation of site and time effects on parameter values. The model was used to test for the equality of the mean marginal product of nitrogen fertilizer between locations on the coastal plain of North Carolina. Monte Carlo simulation and bootstrap simulation were used to construct finite sample covariance estimates. Results support rejection of the hypothesis that mean marginal products are equal when nitrogen is applied at 168 kg/ac. A comparison of bootstrapped errors and asymptotic errors suggests that results based on asymptotic theory are fairly reliable in this case.
Progress in Experimental Measurements of the Surface–Surface Casimir Force: Electrostatic Calibrations and Limitations to Accuracy

Several new experiments have extended studies of the Casimir force into new and interesting regimes. This recent work will be briefly reviewed. With this recent progress, new issues with background electrostatic effects have been uncovered. The myriad of problems associated with both patch potentials and electrostatic calibrations are discussed and the remaining open questions are brought forward.
Cross - correlation of the Cosmic Microwave Background with the 2MASS galaxy survey: Signatures of dark energy, hot gas, and point sources

We cross-correlate the cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropies observed by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) with the projected distribution of extended sources in the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). By modeling the theoretical expectation for this signal, we extract the signatures of dark energy [integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect (ISW)], hot gas [thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect], and microwave point sources in the cross-correlation. Our strongest signal is the thermal SZ, at the $3.1--3.7\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction based on observations of x-ray clusters. We also see the ISW signal at the $2.5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level, which is consistent with the expected value for the concordance $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$ cosmology, and is an independent signature of the presence of dark energy in the Universe. Finally, we see the signature of microwave point sources at the $2.7\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level.
Fault-tolerant ring embedding in de Bruijn networks

A method of embedding a ring in a d-ary de Bruijn multiprocessor network in the event of multiple node (processor) failures is presented. In particular, the algorithm guarantees that a (2/sup n/-n-1)-node ring will be found in a binary de Bruijn network with a single faulty node, where 2/sup n/ is the total number of nodes in the network. It is also shown that a (d/sup n/-1)-node ring can always be found in the presence of d-1 link failures, when d is a prime power and the network contains d/sup n/ nodes. The latter is accomplished by constructing d-1 edge-disjoint cycles each of length d/sup n/-1. A modification of the graph that allows it to admit a Hamiltonian cycle in the event of d-1 edge failures is also discussed. >
Ribosome binding of a single copy of the SecY complex: implications for protein translocation

The SecY complex associates with the ribosome to form a protein translocation channel in the bacterial plasma membrane. We have used cryo-electron microscopy and quantitative mass spectrometry to show that a nontranslating E. coli ribosome binds to a single SecY complex. The crystal structure of an archaeal SecY complex was then docked into the electron density maps. In the resulting model, two cytoplasmic loops of SecY extend into the exit tunnel near proteins L23, L29, and L24. The loop between transmembrane helices 8 and 9 interacts with helices H59 and H50 in the large subunit RNA, while the 6/7 loop interacts with H7. We also show that point mutations of basic residues within either loop abolish ribosome binding. We suggest that SecY binds to this primary site on the ribosome and subsequently captures and translocates the nascent chain.
Configuration compression for the Xilinx XC6200 FPGA

One of the major overheads in reconfigurable computing is the time it takes to reconfigure the devices in the system. This overhead limits the speedups possible in this exciting new paradigm. In this paper me explore one technique for reducing this overhead: the compression of configuration datastreams. We develop an algorithm, targeted to the decompression hardware imbedded in the Xilinx XC6200 series field-programmable gate array architecture, that can radically reduce the amount of data needed to transfer during reconfiguration. This results in an overall reduction of about a factor of four in total bandwidth required for reconfiguration.
Variability of bothersome menopausal symptoms over time – a longitudinal analysis using the Estonian postmenopausal hormone therapy trial (EPHT)

Background: Very little data are available on the natural course or level of disturbance of vasomotor symptoms among middle-aged women. Using readily collected trial data we studied the persistence of vasomotor symptoms among untreated women. Methods: In a trial comparing combined hormone therapy to placebo or no treatment (control groups), a cohort of women aged 50–59 at recruitment were followed annually by questionnaires. Women in the control groups (n = 486) were grouped by the number of years followed, with the prevalence and severity of symptoms calculated both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Results: About two thirds of the women (67%) reported vasomotor symptoms and half (46%) bothersome symptoms at recruitment. In the cross-sectional analysis, their prevalence declined between recruitment and 1-year follow-up (32% bothersome symptoms) and 2-year follow-up (27%). Thereafter it remained about the same level. In the longitudinal analysis, there was a notable variation in the prevalence of disturbing vasomotor symptoms over time, time entering the study and the compliance to the surveys. In the two groups having most follow-up times, the proportion of women with bothersome symptoms first increased and then decreased. Conclusions: There was a notable variability in the development of disturbing vasomotor symptoms over time in a selected group of women aged 50–59. Population-based follow-up studies of untreated women would be useful to estimate the symptom burden.
Global Governance and Human Development: Promoting Democratic Accountability and Institutional Experimentation

This paper identifies two elements for global governance critical to the pursuit of human development: democratic accountability and institutional experimentation. The paper stresses the critical importance of organizing effective global institutions for the purpose of human development and briefly discusses some major challenges that can and do affect the international community. It summarizes the theoretical underpinnings for the primacy of institutions as derived from two strands of development theory and the extent towards which these ideas have been acted upon in developing frameworks of global governance. The paper discusses these two principles in light of some of the major challenges that can and do affect the international community as a whole, and some of the decentralized forms of governance that are being developed as developing countries assert themselves in debates on institutional organization. It focuses on the global financial crisis as a case study in the inadequacies of current global g...
Total Synthesis of Aigialomycin D.

The first total synthesis of resorcinylic macrolide aigialomycin D was described. The resorcinylic moiety was constructed by a highly efficient Diels−Alder reaction using a disiloxydiene and a 14-membered “ynolide” as the dienophile synthesized by ring-forming olefin metathesis.
After the Ban: The Japanese Market for U.S. Beef

The author would like to acknowledge Mark Fischer, International Marketing Manager-Meat, Livestock, and Genetics, Iowa Department of Economic Development, Des Moines, Iowa, for organizing the Japan Meat Mission 2006, during which a great deal of information presented in this paper was obtained. Major financial support for the mission was provided by the Iowa Beef Industry Council, the Iowa Pork Producers Association, and the Iowa Department of Economic Development. However, any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations. Funding for the author’s participation in the meat mission was provided by MATRIC. Available online on the MATRIC Web site:
Configurational assignment of α-chiral carboxylic acids by complexation to dimeric Zn–porphyrin: host–guest structure, chiral recognition and circular dichroism

A circular dichroic (CD) exciton chirality method based on host–guest chiral recognition has been developed to determine the absolute configuration of carboxylic acids with an α-stereogenic center; an amide C=O→Zn coordination, identified by infrared spectroscopy and computations, is involved in this complexation.
Message Scheduling for Efficient Data Communication Under Varying Channel Conditions

This paper deals with the problem of optimizing the decisions as to when to schedule transmissions of messages under varying channel conditions. A cost function is minimized which is a sum of delay cost and resource cost. An exponential delay cost function is utilized which is unconventional, but has some realistic qualities as well as mathematical convenience. Most of the analysis is based on using the two-state Markov model of channel conditions. However, to improve realism, the bad channel state is assumed in some cases to have several modes of different expected durations, but the mode is not known to the user. Results are derived for two cases. One case is that of a single, lightly loaded two-state channel where a message arrives during a bad state. A second case is where there is time sharing of transmission over different channels where conditions on the different channels vary differently.
Cues and control in Expert-Client Dialogues

We conducted an empirical analysis into the relation between control and discourse structure. We applied control criteria to four dialogues and identified 3 levels of discourse structure. We investigated the mechanism for changing control between these structures and found that utterance type and not cue words predicted shifts of control. Participants used certain types of signals when discourse goals were proceeding successfully but resorted to interruptions when they were not.
Remarkably Stable Tetrahedral Intermediates: Carbinols from Nucleophilic Additions to N–Acylpyrroles

Asaresultoftheir transient nature, the utilityof these compounds inorganicchemistryremainslimited. Theisolation of tetrahe-dralintermediatescouldprovideinsightintotheacyl-transferprocess as well as useful compounds for organic synthesis.Whiletheadductsformedbytheadditionoforganometallicreagents to N-methoxy-N-methylamides
Marriage: for love, for money…and for time?

Married couples enjoy meaningful economies in time, often choosing to specialize where one spouse focuses on market work and the other on household production and childcare. Using data from the American Time Use Survey 2003–2008, I estimate significant marriage effects upon time use. Most married women gain 33–34 min of leisure each weekday when compared to single women. While marriage does not lead to more leisure for husbands, it allows them to allocate time away from home and towards market work. Lower-income couples work more at home and for pay, and spend less time in leisure than their single counterparts. The temporal and financial gains from marriage for most people are inconsistent with its declining prevalence.
Do Beta Pricing Models Explain January Mean Reversion in Stock Returns

Jegadeesh (1991) finds evidence of January mean reversion in stock returns. In this paper we attempt to distinguish between two competing economic explanations of January mean reversion in returns: (1) mispricing in irrational markets versus (2) predictable time variation in security risk premia. Excess portfolio returns are decomposed into “explained” and “unexplained” components using the Fama-French (1993) pricing model. The explained excess returns exhibit January mean reversion. The unexplained excess returns are not mean reverting. Mean reversion is therefore consistent with rational pricing in the framework of the Fama-French model. Mean reversion can be attributed to the component of return related to a relative distress factor (SMB). A comparison with the Chen, Roll, and Ross (1986) macroeconomic factors reveals that mean reversion is due to the components related to SMB and bond default premium.
On recoding in arithmetic algorithms

Recoding is the process of transforming between digit sets. It is used to reduce the cost and delay of the implementation of arithmetic algorithms, such as digit-recurrence and parallel algorithms for multiplication, division/square-root, and in compound operations. We present a simple and systematic basis for developing these recodings.
Evaluation of recent atmospheric density models

Abstract Precision radar tracking data taken in 1985 on two spherical satellites has been used to evaluate atmospheric density models: Jacchia 1971 [CIRA 1972], Jacchia 1977, and MSIS 1983, using Cook's definition of Cd /2/. The satellites have perigee heights of 270 km and 780 km. For each day, using numerical integration, an independent trajectory was computed, including a drag scale factor (S). The difference of S from unity represents the error in the atmospheric model used to compute the drag. At 270 km the three models performed equally well, as S was consistently close to unity. This was true for all hour angles and latitudes. At 780 km the scale factors ranged from 0.1 to 1.8 for all models. However, for the Jacchia 1977 model, the average scale factor was 0.943, and represents the best model at that altitude. Computer timing was also done. For orbit computation, drag models need further improvement, and the Jacchia 1977 model seems the best available today in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency.
Dynamics of periodically kicked oscillators

We review some recent results surrounding a general mechanism for producing chaotic behavior in periodically kicked oscillators. The key geometric ideas are illustrated via a simple linear shear model.
Lowering the Bar to Raise the Bar: Licensing Difficulty and Attorney Quality in Japan

By easing the difficulty of the Japanese bar-exam equivalent, recent changes increased the quality of young lawyers. The result is counterintuitive, but a relaxation in a licensing standard can have this effect if it lowers the costs to taking a test enough to increase the number and quality of the people willing to go to the trouble of sitting for it. We explore the theoretical circumstances under which this phenomenon can occur and discuss the evidence that this is indeed what happened in Japan.
An Exploration of the Permanent-Determinant Method

The permanent-determinant method and its generalization, the Hafnian-Pfaffian method, are methods to enumerate perfect matchings of plane graphs that were discovered by P. W. Kasteleyn. We present several new techniques and arguments related to the permanent-determinant with consequences in enumerative combinatorics. Here are some of the results that follow from these techniques: 1. If a bipartite graph on the sphere with $4n$ vertices is invariant under the antipodal map, the number of matchings is the square of the number of matchings of the quotient graph. 2. The number of matchings of the edge graph of a graph with vertices of degree at most 3 is a power of 2. 3. The three Carlitz matrices whose determinants count $a \times b \times c$ plane partitions all have the same cokernel. 4. Two symmetry classes of plane partitions can be enumerated with almost no calculation.
Motivation, personal beliefs, and limited resources all contribute to self-control

What effects do motivation and beliefs have on self-control? We tested this question using a limited resource paradigm, which generally has found that people show poor self-control after prior exertions of self-control. Recent findings have suggested that motivation and even belief in unlimited willpower can render persons immune to ego depletion. We replicated those findings, but also showed they are limited to cases of mild depletion. When depletion is extensive, the effects of motivation and subjective belief vanished and in one case reversed. After performing only one self-control task, the typical pattern of self-regulation impairment was ameliorated among people who were encouraged to regard willpower as unlimited (Experiment 1) or motivated by task importance (Experiment 2). Those manipulations failed to improve performance among severely depleted persons who had done multiple self-control tasks. These findings integrate ideas of limited resources, motivation, and beliefs in understanding the nature of self-control over time.
Nanopackaging: Nanotechnologies and Electronics Packaging

Nanotechnologies are being applied to microelectronics packaging, primarily in the applications of nanoparticle nanocomposites, or in the exploitation of the superior mechanical, electrical, or thermal properties of carbon nanotubes. Composite materials are studied for high-k dielectrics, electrically conductive adhesives, conductive "inks," underfill fillers, and solder enhancement. These trends are demonstrated by paper presentations over the past few years at ECTC and other conferences, which show research to be concentrated in relatively few laboratories, with little work being done on the packaging requirements of the new nanoelectronics technologies. Future needs (predictably) include education and software development
T phase observations in global seismogram stacks

The T phase, conversion of acoustic to seismic energy, is typically observed as a high-frequency wave train at hydrophones or coastal seismic stations. Here we show that the T phase can be observed in broadband waveform stacks of ∼5200 earthquakes recorded by the Global Seismic Network. To enhance the phase arrivals in stacks, we apply short-time window average over long-time window average filtering to individual traces before stacking. Although the T phase arrival is visible in stacks from seismograms filtered at 0.5–5 Hz, it appears much stronger at higher frequencies (2–8 Hz) and is further enhanced by only stacking seismograms from oceanic paths. Stacking only subsets of the data depending on continental path lengths on the receiver side shows that the T phase can be observed at stations up to 4∘ inland from the coast, and changes in the T phase arrival time correspond to reasonable crustal velocities.
Quantum harmonic oscillator systems with disorder

We study many-body properties of quantum harmonic oscillator lattices with disorder. A sufficient condition for dynamical localization, expressed as a zero-velocity Lieb-Robinson bound, is formulated in terms of the decay of the eigenfunction correlators for an effective one-particle Hamiltonian. We show how state-of-the-art techniques for proving Anderson localization can be used to prove that these properties hold in a number of standard models. We also derive bounds on the static and dynamic correlation functions at both zero and positive temperature in terms of one-particle eigenfunction correlators. In particular, we show that static correlations decay exponentially fast if the corresponding effective one-particle Hamiltonian exhibits localization at low energies, regardless of whether there is a gap in the spectrum above the ground state or not. Our results apply to finite as well as to infinite oscillator systems. The eigenfunction correlators that appear are more general than those previously studied in the literature. In particular, we must allow for functions of the Hamiltonian that have a singularity at the bottom of the spectrum. We prove exponential bounds for such correlators for some of the standard models.
Fractional calculus and the evolution of fractal phenomena

Abstract It is argued that the evolution of complex phenomena ought to be described by fractional, differential, stochastic equations whose solutions have scaling properties and are therefore random, fractal functions. To support this argument we demonstrate that the fractional derivative (integral) of a generalized Weierstrass function (GWF) is another fractal function with a greater (lesser) fractal dimension. We also determine that the GWF is a solution to such a fractional differential stochastic equation of motion.
Ruthenium(III) chloride-catalyzed chemoselective synthesis of acetals from aldehydes

A mild and chemoselective acetalization procedure for the protection of various aldehydes in the presence of ketones is described.
Problem characterization in tracking/fusion algorithm evaluation

The performance of a tracking/fusion algorithm depends very much on the complexity of the problem. This paper presents an approach for evaluating tracking/fusion algorithms that consider the difficulty of the problem. Evaluation is performed by characterizing the performance of the basic functions of prediction and association. The problem complexity is summarized by means of context metrics. Two context metrics for characterizing prediction and association difficulty are normalized target mobility and normalized target density. These metrics should be presented along with the performance metrics. The context metrics also support more efficient generation of input data for performance evaluation. Simple tests for evaluating basic tracking algorithm functions are presented.
Development of Comprehensive Detailed and Reduced Reaction Mechanisms for Combustion Modeling

ChungK. Law received aB.Sc. in Physics from theUniversity ofAlberta in 1968,anM.A.Sc. inAerospace Studies from the University of Toronto in 1970, and a Ph.D. in Engineering Physics from the University of California at San Diego in 1973. Since graduation he has been associated with the General Motors Research Laboratories, Princeton University, Northwestern University, and the University of California at Davis. In 1988 he returned to Princeton University, where he is the Robert H. Goddard Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. Law’s research interests cover various physical and chemical aspects of fundamental combustion phenomena. He is a Fellow of AIAA and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the President of the Combustion Institute (2000–2004), and a recipient of a number of professional awards for technical contributions. He is author or coauthor of over 300 journal publications.
On the Productive Value of Biodiversity

The paper investigates the value of biodiversity as it relates to the productive value of services provided by an ecosystem. The value of biodiversity is linked with a deterioration in the functioning of the ecosystem. The analysis examines how the value of an ecosystem can be “greater than the sum of its parts”. First, we propose a general measure of the productive value of biodiversity. The measure involves an experiment that divides the ecosystem into sub-systems that are less diverse, keeping aggregate resources constant. Second, the value of biodiversity is decomposed into four components, reflecting the role of complementarity, scale, convexity, and catalytic effects. This provides new and useful information on the sources, determinants and dynamics of biodiversity value.
Quantization of minimal resolutions of Kleinian singularities

In this paper we prove an analogue of a recent result of Gordon and Stafford that relates the representation theory of certain noncommutative deformations of the coordinate ring of the nth symmetric power of C 2 with the geometry of the Hilbert scheme of n points in C 2 through the formalism of Z-algebras. Our work produces, for every regular noncommutative deformation O λ of a Kleinian singularity X = C 2 /Γ , as defined by Crawley-Boevey and Holland, a filtered Z-algebra which is Morita equivalent to O λ ,s uch that the associated graded Z-algebra is Morita equivalent to the minimal resolution of X. The construction uses the description of the algebras O λ as quantum Hamiltonian reductions, due to Holland, and a GIT
CMAC-Based Backstepping Sliding Mode Control of PMSM

The paper describes a hybrid approach to the problem of controlling permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with unmodelled dynamics and unknown external disturbances. First, the backstepping sliding mode (BS) controller based on the equation of PMSM is elaborated. Its effect is to achieve a stable control. Then the cerebellar model arithmetic computer (CMAC) controller is implemented to compensate uncertainties. Furthermore, the nonlinear disturbance observer (DO) is applied to estimate the time-varying lumped disturbance D(t) for improving the precision of the tracking control. The proposed CMAC-based method can acquire high control performance in the presence of disturbance and guarantee the stability of closed-loop systems on the basis of the Lyapunov theorem. The effectiveness and robustness are demonstrated through simulation results obtained for the tracking control of PMSM.
Industrial Location and Spatial Inequality: Theory and Evidence from India

The authors argue that spatial inequality of industry location is a primary cause of spatial income inequality in developing nations. Their study focuses on understanding the process of spatial industrial variation: identifying the spatial factors that have cost implications for firms, and the factors that influence the location decisions of new industrial units. The analysis has two parts. First the authors examine the contribution of economic geography factors to the cost structure of firms in eight industry sectors and show that local industrial diversity is the one factor with significant and substantial cost-reducing effects. They then show that new private sector industrial investments in India are biased toward existing industrial and coastal districts, whereas state industrial investments (in deep decline after structural reforms) are far less biased toward such districts. The authors conclude that structural reforms lead to increased spatial inequality in industrialization, and therefore, income.
The evolution of frequency distributions: relating regularization to inductive biases through iterated learning.

The regularization of linguistic structures by learners has played a key role in arguments for strong innate constraints on language acquisition, and has important implications for language evolution. However, relating the inductive biases of learners to regularization behavior in laboratory tasks can be challenging without a formal model. In this paper we explore how regular linguistic structures can emerge from language evolution by iterated learning, in which one person’s linguistic output is used to generate the linguistic input provided to the next person. We use a model of iterated learning with Bayesian agents to show that this process can result in regularization when learners have the appropriate inductive biases. We then present three experiments demonstrating that simulating the process of language evolution in the laboratory can reveal biases towards regularization that might not otherwise be obvious, allowing weak biases to have strong effects. The results of these experiments suggest that people tend to regularize inconsistent word-meaning mappings, and that even a weak bias towards regularization can allow regular languages to be produced via language evolution by iterated learning.
INTEREST RATE PARITY AND THE BEHAVIOR OF THE BID‐ASK SPREAD

We use a stochastic frontier regression model to test interest rate parity (IRP) with bid- ask spreads for the Belgian franc, the Deutschmark, and the Swiss franc. The forward markets tested have become efficient in the sense that IRP holds well. The bounds provided by IRP do not appear to be binding, however. We provide evidence that in spite of the overall goodness of fit of the model, the arbitrage margins are sometimes violated, implying possible arbitrage opportunities. The percentage bid-ask spread is consistently higher for the Belgian franc than for the Deutschmark and the Swiss franc. Spreads are increasing functions of the time to maturity and volatility. Spread-size clustering is more severe than price-level clustering and appears to be inversely related to volatility and positively related to the trading volume. We find no evidence of significant calendar-day effects on spread size.
Synthesis of the c-glycoside of methyl α-D-altropyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-glucopyranoside

The C‐glycoside of methyl α‐d‐altropyranosyl‐(1→4)‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside 2 was prepared in a convergent fashion, from readily available precursors, 4‐O‐tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐d‐erythro‐S‐phenyl monothiohemiacetal 13 (five steps from D‐ribose) and the known acid, methyl 2,3,6‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐4‐C‐(carboxymethyl)‐4‐deoxy‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside 17 (seven steps from methyl α‐d‐glucopyranoside). The key reactions in the synthesis are the oxocarbenium ion cyclization of thioacetal‐enol ether 19 to a C1 substituted glycal 20, and the stereoselective hydroboration of 20 to the α‐C‐altroside 21. †This paper is Dedicated to Professor Gerard Decotes on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
Non-abelian dark sectors and their collider signatures

Motivated by the recent proliferation of observed astrophysical anomalies, Arkani-Hamed et al. have proposed a model in which dark matter is charged under a non-abelian ``dark'' gauge symmetry that is broken at ~1 GeV. In this paper, we present a survey of concrete models realizing such a scenario, followed by a largely model-independent study of collider phenomenology relevant to the Tevatron and the LHC. We address some model building issues that are easily surmounted to accommodate the astrophysics. While SUSY is not necessary, we argue that it is theoretically well-motivated because the GeV scale is automatically generated. Specifically, we propose a novel mechanism by which mixed D-terms in the dark sector induce either SUSY breaking or a super-Higgs mechanism precisely at a GeV. Furthermore, we elaborate on the original proposal of Arkani-Hamed et al. in which the dark matter acts as a messenger of gauge mediation to the dark sector. In our collider analysis we present cross-sections for dominant production channels and lifetime estimates for primary decay modes. We find that dark gauge bosons can be produced at the Tevatron and the LHC, either through a process analogous to prompt photon production or through a rare Z decay channel. Dark gauge bosons will decay back to the SM via ``lepton jets'' which typically contain >2 and as many as 8 leptons, significantly improving their discovery potential. Since SUSY decays from the MSSM will eventually cascade down to these lepton jets, the discovery potential for direct electroweak-ino production may also be improved. Exploiting the unique kinematics, we find that it is possible to reconstruct the mass of the MSSM LSP. We also present several non-SUSY and SUSY decay channels that have displaced vertices and lead to multiple leptons with partially correlated impact parameters.
The Anatomy of the Grid: Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations

"Grid" computing has emerged as an important new field, distinguished from conventional distributed computing by its focus on large-scale resource sharing, innovative applications, and, in some cases, high performance orientation. In this article, the authors define this new field. First, they review the "Grid problem," which is defined as flexible, secure, coordinated resource sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions, and resources--what is referred to as virtual organizations. In such settings, unique authentication, authorization, resource access, resource discovery, and other challenges are encountered. It is this class of problem that is addressed by Grid technologies. Next, the authors present an extensible and open Grid architecture, in which protocols, services, application programming interfaces, and software development kits are categorized according to their roles in enabling resource sharing. The authors describe requirements that they believe any such mechanisms must satisfy and discuss the importance of defining a compact set of intergrid protocols to enable interoperability among different Grid systems. Finally, the authors discuss how Grid technologies relate to other contemporary technologies, including enterprise integration, application service provider, storage service provider, and peer-to-peer computing. They maintain that Grid concepts and technologies complement and have much to contribute to these other approaches.
Financing for climate change

Abstract This paper argues that the 2009 pledge of $100 billion in 2020 by rich countries for mitigation and adaptation should not be used for mitigation by commercial firms in developing countries, since that would artificially create competitive advantage for such firms and provoke protectionist reactions in the rich countries where firms must bear the costs of mitigation, thereby undermining the world trading system. The costs of heating the earth's surface should be borne by all emitters, just as the price of copper and other scarce resources is paid by all users, rich or poor. That will still leave scope for rich country help in adaptation to climate change and in bringing to fruition new technologies to reduce emissions.
Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei

The most viable scenario for modelling of active galactic nuclei includes a supermassive black hole (with the mass of 106–109 Solar masses) accreting the galaxian matter from its vicinity. The release of the gravitational energy of the infalling matter is ultimately responsible for the large radiative output of those objects, and in some cases, for formation and acceleration of powerful relativistic jets. This paper outlines our current understanding of the structure of AGN, and summarizes the observational evidence for black holes in those objects.
Convergence of the Random Vortex Method

This will be rather informal and imprecise. For precise statements and proofs, see the references. I will first explain my motives and goals in studying the particle system that is the random vortex method. Then I will outline the proof of the convergence theorem. For more basic discussion of vortex methods, see the book [2]. Information on the practical success of vortex methods for computing viscous and inviscid flows can be found in [6]. Despite many published demonstrations of the effectiveness of vortex methods, the methods still have many vocal opponents. I hope this confusion will be clarified over the next few years, but I will not comment on it here. Recently, Long [7] has announced a different proof that leads to a sharper convergence theorem than the one discussed here.
Structure-based kernels for the prediction of catalytic residues and their involvement in human inherited disease

Motivation: Enzyme catalysis is involved in numerous biological processes and the disruption of enzymatic activity has been implicated in human disease. Despite this, various aspects of catalytic reactions are not completely understood, such as the mechanics of reaction chemistry and the geometry of catalytic residues within active sites. As a result, the computational prediction of catalytic residues has the potential to identify novel catalytic pockets, aid in the design of more efficient enzymes and also predict the molecular basis of disease. Results: We propose a new kernel-based algorithm for the prediction of catalytic residues based on protein sequence, structure and evolutionary information. The method relies upon explicit modeling of similarity between residue-centered neighborhoods in protein structures. We present evidence that this algorithm evaluates favorably against established approaches, and also provides insights into the relative importance of the geometry, physicochemical properties and evolutionary conservation of catalytic residue activity. The new algorithm was used to identify known mutations associated with inherited disease whose molecular mechanism might be predicted to operate specifically though the loss or gain of catalytic residues. It should, therefore, provide a viable approach to identifying the molecular basis of disease in which the loss or gain of function is not caused solely by the disruption of protein stability. Our analysis suggests that both mechanisms are actively involved in human inherited disease. Availability and Implementation: Source code for the structural kernel is available at www.informatics.indiana.edu/predrag/ Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.