cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comity and Cooperation: Securities Regulation in a Global Marketplace

When the securities laws were enacted, and even later when Rule 10b-5 was promulgated, transactions in securities were primarily domestic in nature. A dramatic globalization trend, however, is presently transforming the nature of securities markets and the nature of transactions conducted in those markets. Courts will soon be faced with more frequent and more difficult decisions as to the scope of the antifraud protections of the U.S. securities laws.This article suggests that the time is ripe for the SEC or Congress to consider taking action to limit the extraterritorial application of the United States securities laws in antifraud cases. Furthermore, the SEC should look to its work in Regulation S and be guided by policies that further integrate world markets and prevent U.S. markets from being placed at a competitive disadvantage due to the stringency and over-zealous application of U.S. laws.
Practising Conservation Biology in a Virtual Rainforest World.

The interdisciplinary science of conservation biology provides undergraduate biology students with the opportunity to connect the biological sciences with disciplines including economics, social science and philosophy to address challenging conservation issues. Because of its complexity, students do not often have the opportunity to practise conservation biology. To increase exposure to this science, this paper describes a virtual rainforest island on which students collect data related to forest carbon storage, while also confronting ethical issues. Students are asked to independently make decisions, collect data and explore the island before writing a research report with recommendations for the future management of the island’s forests. The ethics of decision-making are addressed in the students’ research reports and are reinforced through guided class discussion. Students will complete this activity with increased ethical awareness, as well as a better understanding of the challenges associated with t...
Developing novel chemical entities for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders: an academic perspective.

Historically, most Federal Drug Administration-approved drugs were the result of “in-house” efforts within large pharmaceutical companies. Over the last two decades, this paradigm has steadily shif...
Effect of Character–Audience Similarity on the Perceived Effectiveness of Antismoking PSAs via Engagement

This study assesses the impact of character-audience similarity, a core aspect of tailored communication, on evaluation of antismoking public service announcements (PSAs). Smoker and persuader characters are distinguished to explore their different roles in message effectiveness. Daily adult smokers (n = 1,160) were exposed to four video PSAs randomly selected from a larger pool. Similarity scores were determined from matching in demographic (age, gender, race) and motivational factors (quitting status) between the audience and the PSA's characters. Results show that PSAs featuring distinctive smoker and/or persuader characters yielded significantly higher message engagement and perceived effectiveness (PE) than PSAs without characters. Given the presence of characters, smoker-audience similarity was positively associated with the engagement, which in turn enhanced PE. Persuader-audience similarity failed to predict increases in either engagement or PE.
Preparticipation evaluation of the adolescent athlete. Timing and content of the examination.

PreviewSports participation is an important and healthful part of the lives of many young people. Certain organized activities can, however, be a threat to health in some individuals. For this reason, preparticipation evaluation of the sports candidate's health is widely performed, but the optimum type and timing remain topics of some controversy. Dr Blum, director of a university adolescent health program, outlines a plan for such assessment.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Evaluation of Endothelialized Tissue-Engineered Constructs

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is an important technique for evaluation of the efficiency of endothelialization of tissue-engineered constructs incorporating a surface endothelial cell layer. Here, we describe methodologies for the preparation of such constructs for SEM analysis that are applicable to a broad range of tissue-engineered constructs.
‘A New Jewel in an Old Setting’: The Cultural Politics of Colonial Space

In many ways, the planning of New Delhi shared much in common with other twentieth-century high modernist building projects that sought to create a particular image of the ideal nation. Hardinge, his town planners, and his architectural board used the geometric precision of their town plan and their government structures to express the universal and timeless truths that inspired the spirit of British rule. These truths were none other than Britain’s professed love of reason and science, enlightened values that the British believed were the basis of their colonial rule. This enlightened foundation had led to a colonial government based on rationalism, a system of colonial justice based on the rule of law, and a political-economy that brought rural India into Britain’s larger maritime global economy, all of which, officials argued, had improved the lives of the Indian subjects in their care. As a well-planned city based on rational lines, New Delhi represented the highest ideals of the high modernist project. The apparent negative impacts of colonial rule were either ignored or understood as part of the painful process of making India modern.
From Alienation to Historical Transformation

Before I begin an exposition of the nature of Lukacs’ Mandan ‘orthodoxy’, his theory of objectification, and his view of history, it is necessary to say a few words about the term alienation.
Use of a glycosylation site database to improve glycopeptide identification from complex mixtures

New mass spectrometry instrumentation, particularly those with electron transfer dissociation fragmentation, has made the analysis of complex glycopeptide mixtures accessible. However, software tools need to be optimized for interpretation of this type of data. Glycopeptide identification is challenging due to the number of different peptide and sugar moieties that can be combined, leading to a large number of potential compositions to consider. In this manuscript, different strategies for reducing the number of peptides and glycopeptides considered in database searching are compared. Adaptation of the software Protein Prospector to support the use of a reference modification site database doubled the number of glycopeptide IDs. The potential of this as an improved analysis strategy is discussed.
The Promises and Pitfalls of 311 Data

Local governments operate 311 service request lines across the United States, and the publicly available data from these lines provide a continuously measured, geographically fine-grained, and non-self-reported measure of citizens’ interactions with government. It seems a promising measure of neighborhood political participation. However, these data are empirically and theoretically different from many common citizen-level participation measures. We compare geographically aggregated 311 call data with three other measures of political and civic participation: voter turnout, political donations, and census return rates. We show that rates of 311 calls are negatively related to lower cost activities (voter turnout and census return rates), but positively related to the high-cost activity of campaign donation. We caution against interpreting 311 data as a generic measure of political engagement or participation, at least in the absence of high-quality controls for neighborhood condition. However, we argue th...
Psychological park accessibility: a systematic literature review of perceptual components affecting park use

AbstractTraditional park accessibility studies relying on physical distance have critical limitations, because proximity alone does not predict park use, and contemporary cities struggle with a land shortage for more parks. Efficient, integrated methods of analysing the psychological dimension to park accessibility are scarce. Thus, this study examines factors constituting psychological park accessibility and measurement methods through a systematic literature review. Findings from the review show that psychological park accessibility stems from the perception of distance, park quality and the neighbourhood environment, which could be measured either quantitatively or qualitatively. The proposed conceptual framework would provide researchers with stronger predictive measurement tools for analysing park accessibility and instead of constructing new parks, planners could devise more effective strategies to improve current park use.
Multiple Subpial Transections for Medically Refractory Epilepsy: A Disaggregated Review of Patient-Level Data

Background Multiple subpial transections (MST) are a treatment for seizure foci in nonresectable eloquent areas. Objective To systematically review patient-level data regarding MST. Methods Studies describing patient-level data for MST procedures were extracted from the Medline and PubMed databases, yielding a synthetic cohort of 212 patients from 34 studies. Data regarding seizure outcome, patient demographics, seizure type, surgery type, and complications were extracted and analyzed. Results Seizure freedom was achieved in 55.2% of patients undergoing MST combined with resection, and 23.9% of patients undergoing MST alone. Significant predictors for seizure freedom were a temporal lobe focus (odds ratio 4.9; 95% confidence interval 1.71, 14.3) and resection of portions of the focus, when feasible (odds ratio 3.88; 95% confidence interval 2.02, 7.45). Complications were frequent, with transient mono- or hemiparesis affecting 19.8% of patients, transient dysphasia 12.3%, and permanent paresis or dysphasia in 6.6% and 1.9% of patients, respectively. Conclusion MST is an effective treatment for refractory epilepsy in eloquent cortex, with greater chances of seizure freedom when portions of the focus are resected in tandem with MST. The reported rates of seizure freedom with MST are higher than those of existing neuromodulatory therapies, such as vagus nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and responsive neurostimulation, though these latter therapies are supported by randomized-controlled trials, while MST is not. The reported complication rate of MST is higher than that of resection and neuromodulatory therapies. MST remains a viable option for the treatment of eloquent foci, provided a careful risk-benefit analysis is conducted.
Applying harm reduction to smoking

Harm reduction as applied to illicit drugs of dependence has included many different strategies (see Reuter and MacCoun, this issue, p. S28), some of which readily apply to smoking and some of which do not (for example, destigmatising use) (table). The idea of applying harm reduction strategies to smoking is not new and previous reviews of this notion have been published.1, 2 Implementing such strategies could produce several benefits: decreased morbidity and mortality, decreased secondhand harm to non-users, decreased health care expenditure, and increased cessation. Implementing such strategies could also produce several problems : decreased cessation, increased initiation, and the diversion of time, money, and effort from research into and treatment for smoking cessation. This article will focus on the use of safer delivery routes and decreasing drug intake as harm reducing strategies. Other papers in this volume (Orleans, p. S3 and Pinney, p. S10) discuss increasing access to treatment. For brevity, monitoring for associated diseases, protecting non-users, and destigmatising use will not be discussed. Because most low tar cigarettes reduce tar by dilution methods (for example, holes in the filters), most are of these are also low nicotine cigarettes.1, 3 The most recent review of the benefits of low tar, low nicotine cigarettes was the President’s Cancer Panel which concluded : The smoking of cigarettes with lower machine-measured yields has a small effect on reducing the risk of cancer caused by smoking, no effect on the risk of cardiovascular diseases and an uncertain effect on the risk of pulmonary disease.4 One of the reasons for the failure of the panel to state more resolutely that low tar, low nicotine cigarettes are beneficial was the absence of randomised trials of the effect of low versus high tar cigarettes on disease, or of longitudinal studies of …
Innenstädte im ländlichen Raum

Wahrend der Einzelhandel in Gros- und Mittelstadten aus wirtschaftsgeographischer Perspektive relativ gut erforscht und beschrieben ist, liegen vergleichsweise wenige Erkenntnisse uber Innenstadte im landlichen Raum vor. Da viele rurale Kleinstadte aber mit sich ahnelnden Herausforderungen (z. B. zunehmender Leerstand, mangelhafte Barrierefreiheit, ungeklarte Unternehmensnachfolgen) konfrontiert sind, identifiziert dieser Artikel die grundlegenden Mechanismen zur Steigerung bzw. Stabilisierung ihrer Attraktivitat als Lebens- und Wirtschaftsraum. Hierzu zahlen neben „harten“ Faktoren wie Erreichbarkeit oder Parkplatze zunehmend weniger greifbare Themenkomplexe wie Aufenthaltsqualitat, Multikontextualitat oder Service sowie ubergeordnete Konzepte des Stadtmarketings oder des Place Branding.
Spectroscopic studies of ligand perturbation effects on the half oxidized active site of busycon canaliculatum hemocyanin

We report the preparation and characterization of an important new series of hemocyanin derivatives containing a variety of anions bound to the cupric ion in a singly oxidized active site. Spectroscopic studies on these half met-L derivatives, Cu(I)…Cu(II)-L, where L = CN−, NO2−, CH3CO2−, and N3− reveal that the unpaired electron is localized on one copper in an approximately tetragonal site with a dx2 − y2 ground state. Ligand variation is used as a perturbation on the spectral features to show that the small molecule (and by analogy, oxygen in oxyhemocyanin) is bound in the equatorial plane of the copper.
Privacy Inalienability and Personal Data Chips

Even as new possibilities for trade in personal information promise new avenues for the creation of wealth, this controversial market raises significant concerns for individual privacy-consumers and citizens are often unaware of, or unable to evaluate, the increasingly sophisticated methods devised to collect information about them. This Essay develops a model of propertized personal information that responds to concerns about privacy and evaluates it in the context of tracking chips. It sets out the five critical elements of such a model, which is intended to fashion a market for data trade that respects individual privacy and helps maintain a democratic order. These five elements are: limitations on an individual’s right to alienate personal information; default rules that force disclosure of the terms of trade; a right of exit for participants in the market; the establishment of damages to deter market abuses; and institutions to police the personal information market and punish privacy violations.
Control of a lysine-biosynthetic step by two unlinked genes of Saccharomyces.

Abstract Evidence is presented to support the view that the conversion of α-aminoadipic acid to α-aminoadipic-δ-semialdehyde involves three different steps. Cell-free preparations of two of the lysine auxotrophs, ly 2 and ly 5 , fail to accomplish this conversion. These two mutants possess the activity for activation (step 1) and reduction (step 2), but lack the activity for hydrolysis (step 3). These mutants complement each other in the diploid and are mapped on two different chromosomes. However, they fail to complement in , vitro , indicating control of one biosynthetic step by two unlinked genes.
Superconductivity in Very Pure Metals

Recently it has been possible to obtain very pure (99.999+%) metals at a very reasonable cost due to the development of improved large scale purifying processes(1). Studies may now be performed cheaply on pure single crystal specimens of a type approximating the “ideal” specimen assumed in most theories of normal and superconducting metals. In this lecture we summarize the results obtained from experiments involving the superconducting properties (and some normal state properties) of such materials. These results are indicative of the new and interesting phenomena one might observe in very pure single crystal specimens. We will discuss only our own results, for reasons of time limitation and familiarity, although similar data are now found with increasing frequency in the literature.
Use of the Fractional Excretion of Urea in an Azotemic Nonoliguric State: Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome

The fractional excretion of urea is a useful tool to evaluate renal function in oliguric states; however, it remains unexplored in nonoliguric states. We evaluated its use to predict responses in patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome. This was a prospective observational study of 116 patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome referred over a 4-year period. Fractional excretion of urea and sodium, ejection fraction, mean arterial pressure, age, sex, diabetes, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), serum sodium and blood urea nitrogen were analyzed for effects upon serum creatinine and survival. Improvement of renal function correlated most significantly with FeUrea (P = 0.00001) followed by the FeNa (P = 0.005) but no other variable studied reached significance. Survival was best predicted by improvement of the serum creatinine at 24 h (P = 0.005) and 7 days after all inotropes were stopped (P = 0.001). A limitation of this study is that it cannot be extrapolated to all cardiorenal syndrome patients other than type 1. Also, the study was not randomized and those with potentially worse disease have had worse outcomes due merely to worse underlying disease. The success of the FeUrea may possibly be related to interference of dobutamine on creatinine levels. Despite being a nonoliguric state, the FeUrea appears to provide insight to those patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome whose renal function (as measured by serum creatinine) and survival might improve.
Linking Not-Quite-Vertical Scales Through Multidimensional Item Response Theory

This research concerns the application of multidimensional item response theory (e.g., Reckase, 2009) to link not-quite-vertical scales across age/grade levels. The approach allows scores to be rel...
Skeletal Survey Yield in Young Children with Femur Fractures.

Abstract Background Fractures are common in children, and it can be difficult to distinguish unintentional injuries from child abuse. Objective We describe circumstances of injury, prevalence of suspicion for physical abuse, and use of imaging to identify additional occult fractures in young children with femur fractures. Methods We reviewed the medical records for children younger than 48 months old with femur fractures treated at a pediatric referral hospital (2011–2013). We abstracted age, ambulation, injury circumstances, bruising, head trauma, additional fractures, and determination of injury suspicious for abuse. Results In 22 of 127 (17%) children with femur fractures, there was strong suspicion for physical abuse. Infants ≤ 12 months old accounted for 19 of 22 (86%) of those with suspicious injuries. In 2 of 22 (9%) with suspected abuse, the child could walk independently. In 8 of 22 (36%) with suspicious injuries, an injury event was reported as directly witnessed versus 50 of 105 (48%) of the unintentional injuries. Six of 22 (27%) with suspicious injuries had bruises versus 11 of 105 (10%) with unintentional injuries (χ2, p Conclusions Most children with femur fractures suspicious for abuse were ≤ 12 months old and not walking independently. Skeletal surveys identified additional fractures in 7% of children, and were useful in the forensic evaluation of non-ambulatory children ≤ 12 months old.
Mechanical-activated digital microfluidics with gradient surface wettability

This paper reports a simple yet effective droplet manipulation approach that can displace aqueous droplets over a long distance within the working plane. Repeated patterns with surface gradient wettability were created on a super-hydrophobic surface by laser irradiation. Aqueous droplets as small as 2 μL are moved on the patterns over a long distance under in-plane symmetric cyclic vibration. Typical droplet manipulation actions including droplet movement along a pre-determined trajectory, droplet mixing, and selective movement of multiple droplets were successfully demonstrated. Biochemical detection using this approach was demonstrated via a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. This approach allows for long-distance droplet movement and simultaneous manipulation of multiple droplets without sacrificing the manipulation efficiency or increasing the cross-contamination risk. The device can be fabricated outside cleanrooms and operated without special equipment. It provides a solid technical basis for developing the next generation of affordable open channel microfluidic devices for various applications.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Sleep Position: Does It Matter for Infants With a Cleft Palate?

Objective:To determine whether nonsupine sleep improves obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants with cleft palate undergoing polysomnography (PSG).Design:Retrospective chart review.Setting:Tertiar...
Knowledge and Awareness of Human Papillomavirus Among College Students in South Carolina

Despite the existence of a safe and effective vaccine, human papillomavirus (HPV) remains prevalent in the United States, with late adolescence and early adulthood being periods of increased risk. ...
Systematic analysis of bias and variability of morphologic features for lung lesions in computed tomography.

We propose to characterize the bias and variability of quantitative morphology features of lung lesions across a range of computed tomography (CT) imaging conditions. A total of 15 lung lesions were simulated (five in each of three spiculation classes: low, medium, and high). For each lesion, a series of simulated CT images representing different imaging conditions were synthesized by applying three-dimensional blur and adding correlated noise based on the measured noise and resolution properties of five commercial multislice CT systems, representing three dose levels (CTDIvol of 1.90, 3.75, 7.50 mGy), three slice thicknesses (0.625, 1.25, 2.5 mm), and 33 clinical reconstruction kernels from five clinical scanners. The images were segmented using three segmentation algorithms and each algorithm was evaluated by computing a Sorensen–Dice coefficient between the ground truth and the segmentation. A series of 21 shape-based morphology features were extracted from both “ground truth” (i.e., preblur without noise) and “image rendered” lesions (i.e., postblur and with noise). For each morphology feature, the bias was quantified by comparing the percentage relative error in the morphology metric between the imaged lesions and the ground-truth lesions. The variability was characterized by calculating the average coefficient of variation averaged across repeats and imaging conditions. The active contour segmentation had the highest average Dice coefficient of 0.80 followed by 0.63 for threshold, and 0.39 for fuzzy c-means. The bias of the features was segmentation algorithm and feature-dependent, with sharper kernels being less biased and smoother kernels being more biased in general. The feature variability from simulated images ranged from 0.30% to 10% for repeats of the same condition and from 0.74% to 25.3% for different lesions in the same spiculation class. In conclusion, the bias of morphology features is dependent on the acquisition protocol in combination with the segmentation algorithm used and the variability is primarily dependent on the segmentation algorithm.
Old Wives' Tales: Questing to Understand Visual Memories

Recalling memorable images of life events, reflecting, and then selecting action based upon that reflection is a fundamental human act that has not been explored adequately. This is the report of a...
Ketal-tethered ring-closing metathesis. An unconventional approach to constructing spiroketals and total synthesis of an insect pheromone

Abstract An unconventional approach to constructing spiroketals via ring-closing metathesis of cyclic ketals is described here. This method possesses good generality with no loss of stereochemical integrity at the spiro center under standard RCM conditions. This approach has been applied to the synthesis of an insect pheromone to demonstrate its synthetic potential.
Acquirers' Board Interlocks Behind Mergers and Acquisitions

This paper extends research on the strategic implications of boards of directors to those of board interlocks, which are considered either as sources of relational capital stemming from interfirm t...
Expanding Meaningfulness: Perceptions and Strategy Use of Chinese International Graduate Students in Disciplinary Reading

This qualitative case study explored two Chinese international graduate students’ beliefs about their reading and reading processes. The researcher interviewed the participants, asked them to read aloud, analyzed their reading using miscue analysis, and then discussed their reading with them using retrospective miscue analysis (RMA). The researcher found that readers’ beliefs were not static and text difficulty influenced the students’ reading beliefs and strategy use. Through RMA, both students became aware of their respective reading processes and they both became more confident as readers. This study suggests that RMA is an effective tool for English-as-an-additional language graduate students, as it helps in the construction of meaning and the improvement of disciplinary literacy skills.
Going beyond Environment to Context: Leveraging the Power of Context to Produce Change

This article discusses the processes and implications of going beyond environment to context. The article (a) provides an operational definition of context; (b) describes a multidimensional model of context that views context as being multilevel, multifactorial, and interactive; (c) describes how conceptual models of quality of life, human rights, and human functioning can be used in conjunction with the multidimensional model of context to identify opportunities and develop context-based change strategies that improve quality of life, human rights, and human functioning outcomes; and (d) describes a four-step approach to leveraging an understanding of context to produce change. The article concludes with a discussion of the advantages of and barriers to moving beyond environment to context.
The Use of Online Health-Management Tools and Health Care Utilization Among Older Americans.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The digital divide, or differences in access to technology, can have far-reaching consequences. This study identified disparities in access to online health-related technology. It then investigated associations between online health-related technology use and health care utilization among older adults in the United States. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study used a cross-sectional data set of 1,497 adults aged 51 and older from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study (HRS)'s supplemental module (Health Behaviors) and the RAND version of the HRS fat file. RESULTS Older age, being a racial/ethnic minority, married, uninsured, and having lower educational attainment, lower income, and reporting poorer health were each associated with lower levels of use of online health-management tools. The use of online health-management tools was associated with a 34% greater mean number of doctor visits (incidence rate ratio = 1.34, SE = 0.10, p < .05) than nonuse. However, such use was not associated with the number or type of hospitalizations. Indeed, only health care needs as measured by self-rated health status (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58, SE = 0.18, p < .05) and the number of chronic conditions were associated with hospitalizations (OR = 1.68, SE = 0.07, p < .05). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS While more research is needed to clarify the purposes (e.g., prevention vs. treatment) and outcomes of health care service utilization as a function of technology use, it may be wise to proactively tackle the digital divide as one upstream strategy for improving various health and health care outcomes among older adults.
Monarch: Google's planet-scale in-memory time series database

Monarch is a globally-distributed in-memory time series database system in Google. Monarch runs as a multi-tenant service and is used mostly to monitor the availability, correctness, performance, load, and other aspects of billion-user-scale applications and systems at Google. Every second, the system ingests terabytes of time series data into memory and serves millions of queries. Monarch has a regionalized architecture for reliability and scalability, and global query and configuration planes that integrate the regions into a unified system. On top of its distributed architecture, Monarch has flexible configuration, an expressive relational data model, and powerful queries. This paper describes the structure of the system and the novel mechanisms that achieve a reliable and flexible unified system on a regionalized distributed architecture. We also share important lessons learned from a decade's experience of developing and running Monarch as a service in Google.
A Holistic End-to-End Prescriptive Maintenance Framework

The concept of equipment maintenance is older than the industrial revolution. The mode, medium, and timing of maintenance during equipment life cycle have evolved from reactive maintenance to predictive maintenance to prescriptive maintenance. Prescriptive maintenance, which incorporates the Internet of Things, digitization, and artificial intelligence, has the potential to greatly improve upon proactive maintenance. The growth in applications based on prescriptive maintenance has been exponential. However existing solutions are piecemeal and lack complete solutions to keep equipment operating at optimal cost. We propose a Holistic end-to-end Prescriptive Maintenance Framework (HeePMF) that uses maintenance needs analysis, equipment, and operational data with predictive technologies and feedback to generate actionable insights. Other features implemented are personnel scheduling, supply chain improvement, field-replaceable unit (FRU) management, process improvement, and knowledge management. The working of framework (HeePMF) is demonstrated using datasets from the 2019 HACKtheMACHINE Data Science Competition. The implementation demonstrates data integration, selection of few critical discriminants using feature reduction, missing dataset computation, and noise removal. It ulilizes and demonstrates predictive algorithms to determine sub-components for impending failures at individual equipment and fleet levels, and then providing mechanism for complete repair solutions (FRUs order, service personnel scheduling, equipment downtime management). Steps like service personnel optimal deployment are implemented using a simulated dataset. This HeePMF is extensible and makes it truly prescriptive, resulting in a much reduced unplanned equipment downtime at optimal cost. This paper successfully defines extensible end-to-end holistic prescriptive equipment maintenance framework with optimal cost and demonstrates with a very thorough case study.
Creating Geologic Maps in the Twenty-First Century: A Case Study from Western Ireland

Techniques of geologic mapping and geologic map creation have changed significantly from traditional paper-based methods. Geologic mapping and data collection in the field is now primarily facilitated by mobile devices and dedicated geologic mapping software. Geologic map production has become a fully integrated process, importing digital data from the field and making use of cartographic software, such as ArcGIS and Adobe Illustrator, to create interactive geologic map products. Dissemination of geologic maps incorporates several types of map products to support the variety of uses that practitioners have for geologic maps and field data. Some of these map products include: 1. layered PDF maps, where layers can be toggled to show different map components; 2. Google Earth KML and KMZ files that can be viewed in the virtual 3D terrain of the geobrowser; and 3. GIS geodatabases that include not only the geologic map interpretation of a field area but also the primary field data. Geologic field data should also be archived in community databases, such as StraboSpot.org, so that future field workers can access and validate the data in their projects. This modern approach to creating geologic maps is highlighted in a case study from the lakes region of western Ireland, where undergraduate geoscience students have used digital mapping techniques in field exercises for several years. A brief discussion of the history of digital field mapping and map creation sets the stage for a discussion of modern techniques. Current best practices are highlighted for field mapping and data collection, geologic map creation, dissemination of map-related products, and archiving of data and products.
Characterization of liver GSD IX γ2 pathophysiology in a novel Phkg2-/- mouse model.

Abstract Introduction Liver Glycogen Storage Disease IX is a rare metabolic disorder of glycogen metabolism caused by deficiency of the phosphorylase kinase enzyme (PhK). Variants in the PHKG2 gene, encoding the liver-specific catalytic γ2 subunit of PhK, are associated with a liver GSD IX subtype known as PHKG2 GSD IX or GSD IX γ2. There is emerging evidence that patients with GSD IX γ2 can develop severe and progressive liver disease, yet research regarding the disease has been minimal to date. Here we characterize the first mouse model of liver GSD IX γ2. Methods A Phkg2−/− mouse model was generated via targeted removal of the Phkg2 gene. Knockout (Phkg2−/−, KO) and wild type (Phkg2+/+, WT) mice up to 3 months of age were compared for morphology, Phkg2 transcription, PhK enzyme activity, glycogen content, histology, serum liver markers, and urinary glucose tetrasaccharide Glcα1-6Glcα1-4Glcα1-4Glc (Glc4). Results When compared to WT controls, KO mice demonstrated significantly decreased liver PhK enzyme activity, increased liver: body weight ratio, and increased glycogen in the liver, with no glycogen accumulation observed in the brain, quadricep, kidney, and heart. KO mice demonstrated elevated liver blood markers as well as elevated urine Glc4, a commonly used biomarker for glycogen storage disease. KO mice demonstrated features of liver structural damage. Hematoxylin & Eosin and Masson's Trichrome stained KO mice liver histology slides revealed characteristic GSD hepatocyte architectural changes and early liver fibrosis, as have been reported in liver GSD patients. Discussion This study provides the first evidence of a mouse model that recapitulates the liver-specific pathology of patients with GSD IX γ2. The model will provide the first platform for further study of disease progression in GSD IX γ2 as well as for the evaluation of novel therapeutics.
Subtle differences in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in rhesus macaques

The emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants has caused global concerns about increased transmissibility, increased pathogenicity, and decreased efficacy of medical countermeasures. Animal models can be used to assess phenotypical changes in the absence of confounding factors that affect observed pathogenicity and transmissibility data in the human population. Here, we studied the pathogenicity of variants of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in rhesus macaques and compared it to a recent clade B.1 SARS-CoV-2 isolate containing the D614G substitution in the spike protein. The B.1.1.7 VOC behaved similarly to the D614G with respect to clinical disease, virus shedding and virus replication in the respiratory tract. Inoculation with the B.1.351 isolate resulted in lower clinical scores in rhesus macaques that correlated with lower virus titers in the lungs, less severe histologic lung lesions and less viral antigen detected in the lungs. We observed differences in the local innate immune response to infection. In bronchoalveolar lavages, cytokines and chemokines were upregulated on day 4 in animals inoculated with D614G and B.1.1.7 but not in those inoculated with B.1.351. In nasal samples, we did not detect upregulation of cytokines and chemokines in D614G or B.1.351-inoculated animals. However, cytokines and chemokines were upregulated in the noses of B.1.1.7-inoculated animals. Taken together, our comparative pathogenicity study suggests that ongoing circulation under diverse evolutionary pressure favors transmissibility and immune evasion rather than an increase in intrinsic pathogenicity.
Can the predictive processing model of the mind ameliorate the value-alignment problem?

How do we ensure that future generally intelligent AI share our values? This is the value-alignment problem. It is a weighty matter. After all, if AI are neutral with respect to our wellbeing, or worse, actively hostile toward us, then they pose an existential threat to humanity. Some philosophers have argued that one important way in which we can mitigate this threat is to develop only AI that shares our values or that has values that ‘align with’ ours. However, there is nothing to guarantee that this policy will be universally implemented—in particular, ‘bad actors’ are likely to flout it. In this paper, I show how the predictive processing model of the mind, currently ascendant in cognitive science, may ameliorate the value-alignment problem. In essence, I argue that there are a plurality of reasons why any future generally intelligent AI will possess a predictive processing cognitive architecture (e.g. because we decide to build them that way; because it is the only possible cognitive architecture that can underpin general intelligence; because it is the easiest way to create AI.). I also argue that if future generally intelligent AI possess a predictive processing cognitive architecture, then they will come to share our pro-moral motivations (of valuing humanity as an end; avoiding maleficent actions; etc.), regardless of their initial motivation set. Consequently, these AI will pose a minimal threat to humanity. In this way then, I conclude, the value-alignment problem is significantly ameliorated under the assumption that future generally intelligent AI will possess a predictive processing cognitive architecture.
The Conversation Canon

Should a judge interpret a statute like it is a conversation between friends? Judges sometimes do just that, searching for the meaning of statutory language in a variety of nonlegal sources, including transcripts of conversations. Although this method of interpretation is common, scholars and judges have failed to identify it and consider its consequences. This Article identifies the practice as a canon of statutory interpretation: the Conversation Canon. But, although it is a canon, it is a bad one. Because it leads to unpredictable results, fails to constrain the interpreter, and undermines important public values, the Conversation Canon is normatively unattractive and should be avoided.
Multiscale edge grammars for complex wavelet transforms

Wavelet domain algorithms have risen to the forefront of image processing. The power of these algorithms is derived from the fact that the wavelet transform restructures images in a way that makes statistical modeling simpler. Since edge singularities account for the most important information in images, understanding how edges behave in the wavelet domain is the key to modeling. In the past, wavelet-domain statistical models have codified the tendency for wavelet coefficients representing an edge to be large across scale. We use the complex wavelet transform to uncover the phase behavior of wavelet coefficients representing an edge. This allows us to design a hidden Markov tree model that can discriminate between large magnitude wavelet coefficients caused by texture regions and ones caused by edges.
/spl Lscr//sub 1/ controller design for a high-order 5-pool irrigation canal system

The aim of the work is to present an application of methods for solving the /spl Lscr//sub 1/ design problem, based on the scaled-Q approach, to a high-order, nonminimum phase system. We start by describing the system which is an open-channel hydraulic system (e.g. an irrigation canal). From the linearization and discretization of the set of two partial-derivative equations, a state-space model of the system is generated. This model is a high-order MIMO system (five external perturbations w, five control inputs u, five controlled outputs z', five measured outputs y, 65 states x) and is nonminimum phase. A controller is then designed by minimizing the /spl Lscr//sub 1/ norm of the impulse response of the transfer matrix between the perturbation w and the output z=[z/sup '//z/sup "/], where the five additional variables z" are defined as z"=D/sub u/u. Considering this additional transfer (w to z") in the minimization problem leads to a better posed problem and provides much better robustness margins. Time-domain template constraints are added in order to force integrators into the controller. The numerical resolution of the problem proved to be efficient, despite the characteristics of the system. The obtained results are compared in the time-domain to classical PID and LQG controllers, both on linear and non-linear simulated plants. The results proved to be very good in terms of performance and robustness, in particular for the rejection of the worst-case perturbation.
Veratryl alcohol-dependent production of molecular oxygen by lignin peroxidase.

Veratryl alcohol- and H2O2-dependent production of oxygen by lignin peroxidase isozyme H2 (LiPH2) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated. Veratryl alcohol oxidation by LiPH2 decreased with increasing concentrations of H2O2 while oxygen evolution increased. The absorption spectrum of the LiPH2 in these experiments indicated that it was in the compound II state. We propose that O2 production results from the one electron oxidation of H2O2 by the veratryl alcohol cation radical to yield superoxide, as the addition of superoxide dismutase stimulated oxygen production. It has been reported previously that oxygen is consumed in reaction mixtures containing lignin peroxidase, H2O2, veratryl alcohol, and oxalate (Popp, J. L., Kalyanaraman, B., and Kirk, T.K. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 10475-10480). In the presence of oxalate, we observed oxygen consumption that was dependent on the H2O2 concentration. The ability of other methoxybenzenes to mediate oxygen production appeared to be related to their redox potential. It was concluded that cation radicals can oxidize H2O2 by one electron which results in the production of superoxide and the evolution of molecular oxygen. Thus, the rates of LiPH2-catalyzed O2 consumption or O2 production are dependent on the relative concentrations of H2O2 and oxalate.
Terrestrial versus aquatic phenotypes correlate with hydrological predictability of habitats in a semiterrestrial salamander (Urodela, Plethodontidae)

Terrestrial adaptations by small, desmognathine salamanders in Appalachian stream communities have been viewed as evolved responses to large, aquatic, predatory congeners. We tested the role of moisture in the development of adaptive phenotypes in the small, semiterrestrial Desmognathus ocoee . We measured indicators of relative ter- restrial vs. aquatic phenotypes (i.e. tolerance of desiccation, anatomical depression of body/tail) using individuals from stream habitats having different flow regimes within each of three geographical locations. Salamanders from intermittent, first-order streams exhibited greater desiccation tolerance, took longer to reach tolerance limits, and had more anatomically depressed bodies/tails than those from second-order, perennial streams, regardless of loca- tion. Phenotypes of salamanders from second-order streams showed aquatic tendencies. Phenotypic variation was consistent with relative habitat stability and not with relative abundance of large congeners. MtDNA analysis revealed that individuals grouped together based on geographical location and not habitat type, implying that the observed phenotypic differences arose in situ at each geographical location. Recent phylogenetic reconstructions of the Desmognathus indicate that large, aquatic forms are derived, and their appearance corresponds with the late Cenozoic development of modern Appalachian topography. We propose that radiation of desmognathine lifestyles and associated phenotypes tracked the formation of moisture-stability gradients associated with the creation of cool, wet, montane habitats. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 91 , 227- 238. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: adaptation - community - Desmognathus - moisture - terrestrial - variation.
Epigenome-wide and transcriptome-wide analyses reveal gestational diabetes is associated with alterations in the human leukocyte antigen complex

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects approximately 10 % of pregnancies in the United States and increases the risk of adverse health outcomes in the offspring. These adult disease propensities may be set by anatomical and molecular alterations in the placenta associated with GDM. Results: To assess the mechanistic aspects of fetal programming, we measured genome-wide methylation (Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips) and expression (Affymetrix transcriptome microarrays) in placental tissue of 41 GDM cases and 41 matched pregnancies without maternal complications from the Harvard Epigenetic Birth Cohort. Specific transcriptional and epigenetic perturbations associated with GDM status included alterations in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, which were validated in an independent cohort, the Rhode Island Child Health Study. Gene ontology enrichment among gene regulation influenced by GDM revealed an over-representation of immune response pathways among differential expression, reflecting these coordinated changes in the MHC region. This differential methylation and expression may be capturing shifts in cellular composition, reflecting physiological changes in the placenta associated with GDM.
Measuring software for its reuse potential

The author examines a variety of software reusability measurement techniques and shows why the physical properties of software are important for determining reuse potential, and provides design guidelines for the structuring and analysis of software to enhance its reusability. A framework is given to evaluate the potential of software to be reused. A hierarchy for the analysis of software designs leads to a series of measures of the software code. These measures offer potential to control the design for reusability, but no empirical evidence exists at this time. >
Autoimmunity induced by chemicals.

Immunotoxicologic studies have demonstrated that autoimmune responses and/or autoimmune diseases are induced in humans and experimental animals by chronic exposure to various chemicals. The present review is focused on seven groups of chemically induced human disorders, i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis, pemphigus, glomerulonephritis, thyroiditis and hepatitis. Results obtained from studies of the available experimental counterparts of these diseases, i.e. those models obtained from the exposure of laboratory animals to various chemicals, are then analyzed. Finally, we present the lessons that can be derived from immunotoxicologic investigations regarding mechanisms of induction, heterogeneity of chemicals involved, humoral vs. cellular immune responses and genetic predisposition to chemically induced autoimmunity.