cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Costimulating Factors and Signals Relevant for Antigen Presenting Cell Function

The antigen-specific activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes is absolutely dependent on ligands expressed on the surface of specialized hematopoietic cells1 known as antigenpresenting cells (APC). Recent results from many laboratories suggest that these ligands include: major histocompatibility complex (MHC) -encoded class II molecules that are important for presenting antigenic peptides to the T cell antigen receptor (TCR); adhesion molecules that facilitate the formation of T cell/APC conjugates; and molecules that transduce nonspecific costimulatory signals upon binding their complementary T cell receptors1-3. The efficiency of various APC types in their capacity to stimulate T cells can therefore be influenced by qualitative and/or quantitative differences in the expression or function of any of these molecules. Here we describe our analysis of the contribution of antigen-presentation, adhesion, and costimulation to the functional APC potency of dendritic cells and B cells.
Benchmarking Hierarchical Script Knowledge

Understanding procedural language requires reasoning about both hierarchical and temporal relations between events. For example, “boiling pasta” is a sub-event of “making a pasta dish”, typically happens before “draining pasta,” and requires the use of omitted tools (e.g. a strainer, sink...). While people are able to choose when and how to use abstract versus concrete instructions, the NLP community lacks corpora and tasks for evaluating if our models can do the same. In this paper, we introduce KidsCook, a parallel script corpus, as well as a cloze task which matches video captions with missing procedural details. Experimental results show that state-of-the-art models struggle at this task, which requires inducing functional commonsense knowledge not explicitly stated in text.
Constricted migration modulates stem cell differentiation

Tissue regeneration at an injured site depends on proliferation, migration, and differentiation of resident stem or progenitor cells, but solid tissues are often sufficiently dense and constricting that nuclei are highly stressed by migration. In this study, constricted migration of myoblastic cell types and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) increases nuclear rupture, increases DNA damage, and modulates differentiation. Fewer myoblasts fuse into regenerating muscle in vivo after constricted migration in vitro, and myodifferentiation in vitro is likewise suppressed. Myosin II inhibition rescues rupture and DNA damage, implicating nuclear forces, while mitosis and the cell cycle are suppressed by constricted migration, consistent with a checkpoint. Although perturbed proliferation fails to explain defective differentiation, nuclear rupture mislocalizes differentiation-relevant MyoD and KU80 (a DNA repair factor), with nuclear entry of the DNA-binding factor cGAS. Human MSCs exhibit similar damage, but osteogenesis increases-which is relevant to bone and to calcified fibrotic tissues, including diseased muscle. Tissue repair can thus be modulated up or down by the curvature of pores through which stem cells squeeze.
Thermal transport properties of Fe–Co alloys

This study reports temperature-dependent electrical resistivity ($$\rho $$) and thermal conductivity ($$\kappa $$) of four commercially available Fe–Co alloys in a temperature range of 3–400 K. Dominant scattering mechanisms that govern temperature dependence of thermal conductivity were inferred from an analysis employing Wiedemann–Franz law, while Matthiessen approximation was used for the temperature-dependent electrical resistivity.
Characterization and Transcriptional Activation of the Immediate Early Gene ARC During a Neural Correlate of Classical Conditioning.

Plasticity and learning genes require regulatory mechanisms that have the flexibility to respond to a variety of sensory stimuli to generate adaptive behavioral responses. The immediate early gene (IEG) activity–regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) is rapidly induced not only by neuronal stimulation but also during a variety of learning tasks. How ARC is regulated in response to complex stimuli during associative learning remains to be fully detailed. Here, we characterized the structure of the ARC gene in the pond turtle and mechanisms of its transcriptional activation during a neural correlate of eyeblink classical conditioning. The tARC gene is regulated in part by the presence of paused polymerase (RNAPII) that is poised at the promoter for rapid gene induction. Conditioning induces permissive chromatin modifications in the tARC promoter that allows binding by the transcription factor cAMP response element–binding protein (CREB) within 5 min of training. During learning acquisition, the pausing factor negative elongation factor (NELF) dissociates from the promoter thereby releasing RNAPII for active transcription. Data additionally suggest that the DNA insulator protein CCCTC–binding factor (CTCF) is required for transcription by mediating a learning-induced interaction of the ARC promoter with an enhancer element. Our study suggests that the learning-inducible IEG tARC utilizes both paused RNAPII and rapid chromatin modifications that allow for dynamic gene responsiveness required when an organism is presented with a variety of environmental stimuli.
Laryngeal control in Korean stop production

Abstract: An electromyographic (EMG) study was made to investigate the actions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles in the production of Korean stops. The results indicated that coordinated action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles characterized the different types of Korean stops. Type III (aspirated) stop appeared to be characterized by marked suppression of all the adductor muscles immediately before the articulatory release. In type I (forced) stop, thyroarytenoid (VOC) showed a sharp increase in activity before the stop release, which presumably resulted in an increase in inner tension of the vocal folds as well as in constriction of the glottis during or immediately after the articulatory closure. In type II (lax) stop, the suppression of adductors was less predominant and there was no transient increase in VOC activity before release. It seems reasonable to consider, at least for Korean stops, that the laryngeal articulatory adjustment is not limited in a simple dimension of adduction-abduction of the vocal folds, but another dimension, represented by VOC activity for example, also must be taken into consideration.
Geographic Distribution of Strumigenys epinotalis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Strumigenys epinotalis (former Pyramica epinotalis) is a tiny arboreal ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) first found in Costa Rica in 1924. The earliest known US specimens were collected in Florida and Louisiana in 2009. I compiled 33 site records of S. epinotalis from nine countries: Brazil (4 sites), Colombia (1), Costa rica (3), Ecuador (1), Mexico (9), Nicaragua (1), Panama (1), Paraguay (1), and the US (12). the US sites come from four states: Alabama (1), Florida (6), Louisiana (4), and Mississippi (1). Strumigenys epinotalis has been recorded from widely scattered Neotropical sites in ranging from Paraguay (24.1°S) to central Mexico (20.1°N). records of S. epinotalis in Louisiana and Florida are from considerably higher latitudes (27.2–30.6°N). the US populations may be non-native, or they could be at the northern end of the ant's native range. Most S. epinotalis records apparently come from relatively intact forests, often in swampy areas, and all known nests have been found up in trees, either inside epiphytes or in cavities within trees. I have sampled ants at hundreds of sites in South and Central Florida through vegetation beating and I have only found this species twice. Given the extreme scarcity of S. epinotalis records across its enormous known range, it seems possible that native populations of S. epinotalis occur all along the Gulf coast of Mexico and the US, but have been overlooked.
Floods and rivers: a circular causality perspective

An improved understanding of changes in flood hazard and the underlying driving mechanisms is critical for predicting future changes for better adaptation strategies. While recent increases in flooding across the world have been partly attributed to a range of atmospheric or landscape drivers, one often-forgotten driver of changes in flood properties is the variability of river conveyance capacity. This paper proposes a new framework for connecting flood changes to longitudinal variability in river conveyance, precipitation climatology, flows and sediment connectivity. We present a first step, based on a regional analysis, towards a longer-term research effort that is required to decipher the circular causality between floods and rivers. The results show how this system of interacting units in the atmospheric, hydrologic and geomorphological realm function as a nonlinear filter that fundamentally alters the frequency of flood events. To revise and refine our estimation of future flood risk, this work highlights that multidriver attribution studies are needed, that include boundary conditions such as underlying climate, water and sediment connectivity, and explicit estimations of river conveyance properties.
Interventions to Prevent Illicit and Nonmedical Drug Use in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance Illicit and nonmedical (use in ways other than instructed) drug use is common in adolescents and young adults and increases the risk of harmful outcomes such as injuries, violence, and poorer academic performance. Objective To review the benefits and harms of interventions to prevent illicit and nonmedical drug use in children, adolescents, and young adults to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. Data Sources MEDLINE, PubMED, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (January 1, 2013, to January 31, 2019 [children and adolescents]; January 1, 1992, to January 31, 2019 [young adults Study Selection Clinical trials of behavioral counseling interventions to prevent initiation of illicit and nonmedical drug use among young people. Data Extraction and Synthesis Critical appraisal was completed independently by 2 investigators. Data were extracted by 1 reviewer and checked by a second. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the effect sizes associated with the interventions. Main Outcomes and Measures Number of times illicit drugs were used; any illicit drug or any cannabis use. Results Twenty-nine trials (N = 18 353) met inclusion criteria. Health, social, or legal outcomes such as mental health symptoms, family functioning, consequences of drug use, and arrests were reported in 19 trials and most showed no group differences. The effects on illicit drug use in 26 trials among nonpregnant youth (n = 17 811) were highly variable; the pooled result did not show a clinically important or statistically significant association with illicit drug use (standardized mean difference, −0.08 [95% CI, −0.16 to 0.001]; 24 effects [from 23 studies]; n = 12 801;I2 = 57.0%). The percentage of participants using illicit drugs ranged from 2.3% to 38.6% in the control groups and 2.4% to 33.7% in the intervention groups at 3 to 32 months’ follow-up. The median absolute risk difference between groups was –2.8%, favoring the intervention group (range, –11.5% to 14.8%). The remaining 3 trials provided a perinatal home-visiting intervention to pregnant Native American youth. One trial (n=322) found a reduction in illicit drug use at 38 months (eg, cannabis use in the previous month, 10.7% in the intervention group and 15.6% in the control group) but not at earlier follow-up assessments. Across all 29 trials, only 1 trial reported on harms and found no statistically significant group differences. Conclusions and Relevance The evidence for behavioral counseling interventions to prevent initiation of illicit and nonmedical drug use among adolescents and young adults was inconsistent and imprecise, with some interventions associated with reduction in use and others associated with no benefit or increased use. Health, social, and legal outcomes were sparsely reported, and few showed improvements.
Veterans' Response to an Automated Text Messaging Protocol During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is using an automated short message service application named "Annie" as part of its coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response with a protocol for coronavirus precautions, which can help the veteran monitor symptoms and can advise the veteran when to contact his or her VA care team or a nurse triage line. We surveyed 1134 veterans on their use of the Annie application and coronavirus precautions protocol. Survey results support what is likely a substantial resource savings for the VA, as well as non-VA community healthcare. Moreover, the majority of veterans reported at least 1 positive sentiment (felt more connected to VA, confident, or educated and/or felt less anxious) by receiving the protocol messages. The findings from this study have implications for other healthcare systems to help manage a patient population during the coronavirus pandemic.
The association between maternal human papillomavirus (HPV) experiences and HPV vaccination of their children.

HPV vaccination prevents most HPV-related cancers yet vaccination rates remain low. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the association between maternal HPV experiences and HPV vaccination u...
Engage, empower, evolve: Developing an institutional teaching philosophy to engage staff

Writing a personal Teaching Philosophy Statement (TPS) can be useful for articulating espoused beliefs related to teaching and learning. In this paper, general approaches to the writing of a TPS are first explored, and the range of possible uses are examined. The article then goes on to consider the development and implementation of an institutional philosophy, outlining the approach taken at one college, along with the outcomes and resulting benefits. Pointers are provided for others who might wish to replicate the process in order to positively engage teachers at all stages of the teaching career lifecycle. The experience indicated that the process is as important as the final product, and that a TPS can have broad institutional application. It was recommended that a staff-facing TPS might work better than attempting to also make it student-facing.
Generating the Top $K$ Solutions to Weighted CSPs: A Comparison of Different Approaches

The weighted constraint satisfaction problem (WCSP) is a general and very useful combinatorial optimization tool. Despite its importance, the task of generating the top $K$ solutions to it is understudied. One benefit of generating the top $K$ solutions is in creating a framework for “human-in-the-loop AI”. Most real-world problems cannot be modeled accurately/completely up front and, hence, generating the top $K$ solutions gives users a chance to exercise preferences that are not explicitly included in the modeling phase. In this paper, we first discuss the importance of generating the top $K$ solutions to WCSPs in various contexts. We then propose various approaches to do so and empirically compare them. We include approaches based on quadratization, pseudo-Boolean optimization, constraint propagation, and integer linear programming. Together, they cover all major algorithmic ingredients derived from constraint programming (CP), artificial intelligence (AI), and operations research (OR).
Research on Efficiency Improvement of High Frequency Transformer in UPS based on Maxwell

On-line UPS occupies a large proportion in today's standby power market due to its rapid dynamic response and clean power output. The bi-directional DC-DC converter can replace the directional DC-DC in both commercial mode and battery mode of UPS, and realize the sharing of power transformer, inductor and power switch components in two DC-DC circuits, so as to achieve the goal of large charging current, high power density and low cost. In UPS, the loss of magnetic components is the main factor affecting the efficiency of bi-directional converter. In order to improve the efficiency of bidirectional DC-DC, a high frequency transformer is designed. Maxwell software is used in this paper to simulate the transformer losses in different winding arrangements, so as to select the optimal winding arrangements, reducing the transformer winding losses and improving the converter efficiency. Finally, the prototype is made and debugged to verify the feasibility of the design.
Out-of-Place and In-Place Policing: An Examination of Traffic Stops in Racially Segregated Philadelphia

It is commonly argued that Black people may be more likely to be stopped by the police in majority White neighborhoods due to a natural tendency to first observe and then scrutinize that which seems out of the ordinary. Anecdotal evidence of police officers appearing equally drawn to White people in predominantly Black neighborhoods is sometimes presented to suggest that the phenomenon is race neutral. Motivated by such narratives, we examine the extent to which Black versus White racial categorization encourages police scrutiny in out-of-place and in-place contexts. Applying the veil-of-darkness and vehicle search threshold tests, we find that in-place or out-of-place, being seen as White is always an advantage in Philadelphia.
Surface conversion of single-crystal Bi2Se3 to β-In2Se3

Abstract In this work, we demonstrate that the surface layers of single-crystal layered-2D Bi2Se3 can be converted to layered-2D rhombohedral β-In2Se3 by annealing under a trimethylindium (TMIn) flux. Samples were prepared in a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) chamber, then transferred under vacuum to a surface analysis chamber for analysis with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy. Additional ex situ characterization included x-ray diffraction, transmission-electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping, and Raman spectroscopy. The resulting single-crystal β-In2Se3 adopts the rhombohedral crystal structure (space group R-3m) and orientation of the underlying Bi2Se3, and the excess Bi atoms generated by this process create an underlying region of Bi-rich BixSey. Due to the difference in bandgap between Bi2Se3 and In2Se3, this conversion reaction presents a pathway to lateral heterojunctions if only selected regions are converted by masking the surface to spatially define the TMIn exposure. The conversion may also have implications for heteroepitaxy, because the in-plane lattice constants of Bi2Se3 and In2Se3 (0001) surfaces match those of InP and GaAs (1 1 1), respectively, and the natural cleavage planes of a layered-2D crystal facilitate substrate removal and reuse.
Sparrow Wars, Reptilian Eucalypts, and Xenophobes

American Perceptions of Immigrant and Invasive Species . Strangers on the Land. By Peter A. Coates . University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006. 266 pp. $39.95, £26.95. ISBN 9780520249301. Coates examines the reactions of 19th- and early-20th-century Americans to nonnative species such as starlings, gypsy moths, and eucalyptus.
Myocardial hibernation, stunning, or both?

Myocardial “hibernation” is a term first used by Rahimtoola (10) for a condition of sustained abnormal contraction presumed due to chronic underperfusion in patients with coronary heart disease, in whom revascularization could lead to recovery of global or regional ventricular function. Braunwald and Rutherford (3) suggested that hibernating myocardium results from months or years of ischemia, and that ventricular dysfunction persists until blood flow is restored.
H/sub /spl Omega// control for singularly perturbed sampled data systems

The H/sub /spl prop// control problem for singularly perturbed discrete-time systems is studied. The system is decomposed into the continuous time slow subsystem and discrete time fast subsystem. The suboptimal state feedback controllers for such systems are formulated using the theory of the two-person zero-sum differential game. The optimal controller for the discrete-time fast subsystem is obtained. >
B-Field Determination from Magnetoacoustic Oscillations in Kilohertz Quasi-periodic Oscillation Neutron Star Binaries: Theory and Observations

We present a method for determining the B-field around neutron stars based on observed kilohertz and viscous quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) frequencies used in combination with the best-fit optical depth and temperature of a Comptonization model. In the framework of the transition layer QPO model, we analyze the magnetoacoustic wave (MAW) formation in the layer between a neutron star surface and the inner edge of a Keplerian disk. We derive formulas for the MAW frequencies for different regimes of radial transition layer oscillations. We demonstrate that our model can use the QPO as a new kind of probe to determine the magnetic field strengths for 4U 1728-42, GX 340+0, and Scorpius X-1 in the zone where the QPOs occur. Observations indicate that the dependence of the viscous frequency on the Keplerian frequency is closely related to the inferred dependence of the MAW frequency on the Keplerian frequency for a dipole magnetic field. The MAW dependence is based on a single parameter, the magnetic moment of the star as estimated from the field strength in the transition layer. The best-fit magnetic moment parameter is about (0.5-1) × 1025 G cm3 for all studied sources. From observational data, the magnetic fields within distances less than 20 km from the neutron star for all three sources are strongly constrained to be dipole fields with the strengths of 107-108 G on the neutron star surface.
Conversion of fogwater and aerosol organic nitrogen to ammonium, nitrate, and NOx during exposure to simulated sunlight and ozone.

Although organic nitrogen (ON) compounds are apparently ubiquitous in the troposphere, very little is known about their fate and transformations. As one step in addressing this issue, we have studi...
Some thoughts on phyllotaxis

Abstract Here I offer some brief comments on the present and future of phyllotaxis models.
Predictors of hip arthroscopy outcomes for labral tears at minimum 2-year follow-up: the influence of age and arthritis.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to perform a retrospective case-control outcome analysis at a minimum 2-year follow-up using a validated hip arthroscopy outcome measure to determine whether arthritis or age is predictive of outcomes after hip arthroscopy for labral pathology. Methods We identified 176 consecutive patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for labral tears performed between 2001 and 2009 to complete the Modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS) and Hip Outcome Score questionnaires. Patients who underwent additional surgeries or reported an MHHS of less than 80 were compared with the control group of patients who achieved good to excellent surgical results on the MHHS (>80) to calculate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals by use of the independent variables of patient age of 40 years or older and age below 40 years and the presence of grade 4 Outerbridge changes found at arthroscopy. Results Of 176 patients, 125 (71%) were contacted: 27 patients had undergone additional surgery in the follow-up period, and 98 completed questionnaires. The mean patient age at surgery was 40.9 years (range, 17.3 to 62.8 years) at a mean follow-up of 4.3 years (range, 2 to 10.4 years). Of 98 respondents, 71 (72%) obtained a good to excellent surgical outcome, with 84% reporting satisfaction. The presence of osteoarthritic changes at the time of arthroscopy was predictive of worse outcome scores compared with the nonarthritic cohort (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.3; P = .02). Youth (age P Conclusions Of the 98 patients who completed the questionnaires in this study, 71 (72%) obtained good to excellent outcome scores. Overall satisfaction among patients undergoing hip arthroscopy was high (84%). Patients aged younger than 40 years did better than older patients, and arthroscopically identified arthritis was predictive of worse surgical outcomes. Level of Evidence Level III, case-control study.
The theory and estimation of endogenous zoning

Abstract In this paper we develop and test a political theory of zoning. In our model, jurisdictions compete through their choice of tax-expenditure packages and zoning regulations. Voters choose among jurisdictions via the Tiebout mechanism. Thus local fiscal variables, zoning, and the demographic makeup of communities are all simultaneously determined. Our empirical estimates indicate that zoning decisions are consistent with externality, fiscal, and exclusionary motives. After controlling for selection bias we find that land-use regulations appear to ‘follow the market’ and do not appreciably affect housing values. In contrast, we show that characteristics-zoning regulations have significant effects on housing values.
Autologous intestinal reconstruction surgery

Multidisciplinary management of intestinal failure has progressed over the last 30 years, facilitating the transition to enteral autonomy in many pediatric patients. However, there remains a select group of patients who reach a plateau in advancement of their enteral nutrition. Numerous surgical options have been pursued to attempt to slow intestinal transit, taper dilated bowel, and promote intestinal adaptation. The purpose of this chapter is to review the current literature on autologous intestinal reconstruction surgery, including a brief historical perspective, descriptions of procedures, and reported surgical outcomes.
High-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy in rat liver using magic angle turning at a 1 Hz spinning rate

It is demonstrated that a high-resolution (1)H NMR spectrum of excised rat liver can be obtained using the technique of magic angle turning (MAT) at a sample spinning rate of 1 Hz. A variant of the phase-corrected MAT (PHORMAT) pulse sequence that includes a water suppression segment was developed for the investigation. The spectral resolution achieved with PHORMAT approaches that obtained from a standard magic angle spinning (MAS) experiment at a spinning rate of several kHz. With such ultra-slow spinning, tissue and cell damage associated with the standard MAS experiment is minimized or eliminated. The technique is potentially useful for obtaining high-resolution (1)H spectra in live animals.
Systematic identification of cell cycle regulated transcription factors from microarray time series data

The cell cycle has long been an important model to study the genome-wide transcriptional regulation. Although several methods have been introduced to identify cell cycle regulated genes from microarray data, they can not be directly used to investigate cell cycle regulated transcription factors (CCRTFs), because for many transcription factors (TFs) it is their activities instead of expressions that are periodically regulated across the cell cycle. To overcome this problem, it is useful to infer TF activities across the cell cycle by integrating microarray expression data with ChIP-chip data, and then examine the periodicity of the inferred activities. For most species, however, large-scale ChIP-chip data are still not available. We propose a two-step method to identify the CCRTFs by integrating microarray cell cycle data with ChIP-chip data or motif discovery data. In S. cerevisiae, we identify 42 CCRTFs, among which 23 have been verified experimentally. The cell cycle related behaviors (e.g. at which cell cycle phase a TF achieves the highest activity) predicted by our method are consistent with the well established knowledge about them. We also find that the periodical activity fluctuation of some TFs can be perturbed by the cell synchronization treatment. Moreover, by integrating expression data with in-silico motif discovery data, we identify 8 cell cycle associated regulatory motifs, among which 7 are binding sites for well-known cell cycle related TFs. Our method is effective to identify CCRTFs by integrating microarray cell cycle data with TF-gene binding information. In S. cerevisiae, the TF-gene binding information is provided by the systematic ChIP-chip experiments. In other species where systematic ChIP-chip data is not available, in-silico motif discovery and analysis provide us with an alternative method. Therefore, our method is ready to be implemented to the microarray cell cycle data sets from different species. The C++ program for AC score calculation is available for download from URL http://leili-lab.cmb.usc.edu/yeastaging/projects/project-base/ .
Mechanisms of the killing of cultured hepatocytes by hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Mechanisms of H2O2-induced cell injury were explored in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Cells prepared from male rats and cultured for 1 day prior to treatment were killed by H2O2 either added directly to the medium at 0.25–2 m m or generated in situ by glucose oxidase (0.25–2 U/ml) or xanthine oxidase (20–120 m m /ml) and 2 m m xanthine. Catalase protected the cells in each case. Lipid peroxidation as measured by the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) preceded the cell death due to H2O2 added directly to the cultures or generated in the medium. The antioxidants N,N′-diphenylp-phenylenediamine (DPPD) and promethazine prevented the accumulation of MDA in both cases and protected the cells treated with H2O2 directly. DPPD and promethazine did not react directly with H2O2. Other antioxidants including butylated hydroxytoluene, vitamin E, and N-propylgallate had varied protective activity against the addition of H2O2 in proportion to their ability to reduce MDA accumulation. In glucose oxidasetreated cultures, DPPD and promethazine prevented the cell killing during the first hour but failed to protect between 1 and 3 h despite prevention of lipid peroxidation. The cell killing between 1 and 3 h in the presence of DPPD was prevented by catalase indicating its dependence upon continued generation of H2O2. Further addition of H2O2 in the presence of DPPD also increased the number of dead cells without lipid peroxidation. The data are consistent with at least two mechanisms of hepatocyte killing by H2O2. The first pathway is prevented by the antioxidants DPPD and promethazine and is very likely related to the peroxidation of membrane phospholipids. The second is independent of lipid peroxidation yet dependent upon the continued presence of H2O2.
The uses of planning and the decay of strategy

The development and decay of Western thought on military planning over three centuries privileged one form of strategic thinking over another, reducing the ability of Western armed forces to deal with contemporary threats. The new military science called, by 1810, ‘strategy’, promised victory within a framework that privileged long-term institutional and state security. Building on anthropological, historical, and sociological insight, driven by empathy with the enemy, it eventually became possible to conceive of bloodless war. As military and political contexts became increasingly complicated in the nineteenth century, though, theorists of strategy such as Clausewitz struggled to adapt to epistemic change. But unable to adapt to new kinds of knowledge, military institutions suppressed cultural insights required for adaptation. Instead they stressed easier-to-teach tools like mapping, anticipation of enemy movements, and rapid response. In the 21st century the American military remains entrenched in the l...
Unmet Needs for Specialty, Dental, Mental, and Allied Health Care among Children with Special Health Care Needs: Are There Racial/Ethnic Disparities?

We examined racial/ethnic disparities in unmet specialty, dental, mental, and allied health care needs among children with special health care needs (CSHCN) using data on 38,866 children in the National Survey of CSHCN. Compared with White CSHCN, Black CSHCN had significantly greater unmet specialty (9.6% vs. 6.7%), dental (16% vs. 8.7%), and mental (27% vs. 17%) health care needs. Hispanic CSHCN had greater unmet dental care needs (15.8% vs. 8.7%). Black females had greater unmet mental health care needs than other groups (41% vs. 13-20%). Most disparities disappeared after multivari - ate adjustment. Significant risk factors for unmet health care needs included uninsurance, having no personal doctor/nurse, poverty, and condition stability and severity. Eliminat- ing unmet specialty, dental, and mental health care needs for all CSHCN, and especially minority CSHCN, may require greater efforts to reduce poverty and increase insurance coverage among CSHCN, better mental health care assessment of Black female CSHCN, and ensuring all CSHCN have a medical home.
Atmospheric scales of biotic dispersal

Abstract Recent advances in meteorological technologies and techniques are providing new insight into microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale aerobiological processes. For example, Lidar systems have identified microscale characteristics of atmospheric turbulence over agricultural fields which cannot be readily determined by conventional (site-specific) atmospheric sensors. Also, neutrally buoyant superpressure balloons (tetroons) have been tracked more than 400 km per night indicating atmospheric pathways of migrating insects between agricultural regions in south-central Texas. Such atmospheric trajectories often reveal substantial day-to-day variation of aerobiological pathways and, consequently, affect the risk of pest infestations and host infections. Further, the NEXRAD network of WSR-88D Doppler weather radars can measure the aerial abundance, speed, and displacement direction of concentrated biota over areas of >1000 km 2 . Emphasis is placed on identifying biologically-relevant, temporal and spatial scales of atmospheric motion and other atmospheric variables which help control the abundance and dispersal of airborne biota, specifically insects, spores, pollen, fungi, and plant pathogens. Major technologies, including the NEXRAD network of WSR-88D Doppler weather radars, are described, and examples are presented for aerobiological applications.
Renal neoplasms in adult survivors of childhood Wilms tumor.

Purpose: Survivors of childhood Wilms tumor have been followed by large collaborative studies for approximately 31 years. In this time a number of second malignant neoplasms have been documented in these Wilms tumor survivors and they are at higher risk for such development compared with the general population. To our knowledge no renal neoplasms have been previously reported in patients successfully treated for Wilms tumor in childhood.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the cases of 4 adults in whom Wilms tumor was treated in childhood by radical nephrectomy and adjuvant therapy and who presented to our institution with complex cystic or solid renal masses in the contralateral kidney. Parameters, including patient age at Wilms tumor diagnosis, Wilms tumor treatment modalities, age at second malignant neoplasm presentation and resected renal lesion pathology were outlined. A thorough literature review was performed to identify the development of renal malignancies as second malignant neoplasms in survivor...
Differential localization and turnover of infectious bronchitis virus 3b protein in mammalian versus avian cells

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) 3b protein is highly conserved among group 3 coronaviruses, suggesting that it is important for infection. A previous report (Virology 2003, 311:16-27) indicated that transfected IBV 3b localized to the nucleus in mammalian cells using a vaccinia-virus expression system. Although we confirmed these findings, we observed cytoplasmic localization of IBV 3b with apparent exclusion from the nucleus in avian cells (IBV normally infects chickens). IBV 3b was virtually undetectable by microscopy in mammalian cells transfected without vaccinia virus and in IBV-infected mammalian cells because of a greatly reduced half-life in these cells. A proteasome inhibitor stabilized IBV 3b in mammalian cells, but had little effect on IBV 3b in avian cells, suggesting that rapid turnover of IBV 3b in mammalian cells is proteasome-dependent while turnover in avian cells may be proteasome-independent. Our results highlight the importance of using cells derived from the natural host when studying coronavirus non-structural proteins.
Prognostics-Based Two-Operator Competition in Proactive Replacement and Service Parts Procurement

Effective prognostics and timely maintenance of degrading components can improve the availability and economic efficiency of an engineering system. However, possible shortage of required service parts usually makes near-zero downtime difficult to achieve. To coordinate service parts availability with scheduled maintenance, it is necessary for the operator to decide when to order the service parts and how to compete with other operators in parts procurement. In this article, we consider a situation where two operators are to make prognostics-based replacement decisions and strategically procure the needed service parts. When a competition occurs, each of the operators has a bounded continuum of strategies. A one-shot sequential game (Stackelberg game) is formulated and a sequential, constrained maximin experimental design approach is proposed to facilitate searching for the equilibrium solution. This approach is quite useful in handling cases where the follower's best response to the leader's strategy, bot...
Microwave spectrum, dipole moment and conformation of 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one has been recorded from 18.0 to 40.0 GHz. Both a -type and b -type R -branch transitions in the ground state as well as a -type transitions in the first three excited states of the right-bending and the first excited state of the ring-deforming mode are assigned. The ground state effective rotational constants are determined to be A = 5143.00 ± 0.04, B = 2703.14 ± 0.02 and C = 1864.29 ± 0.01 MHz. Analysis of the measured Stark effects gives the dipole moment 5.08 ± 0.04 D with components of |μ a | = 4.96 ± 0.02, |μ b | = 1.01 ± 0.09 D and |μ c | = 0.45 ± 0.01 D. It is shown that the ring skeleton is non-planar from the magnitude of the μ c component of the dipole moment as well as from the value of I a + I b − I c . From the experimental data, the ring bending mode appears to be governed by a double minimum potential function with a barrier to the planarity larger than 250 cm −1 .
Percutaneous computed tomography-guided gastric remnant access after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Abstract Background The bypassed portion of the stomach is difficult to access and evaluate after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Access to the excluded stomach may be needed for nutritional support or decompression owing to acute distension and obstruction. We report our experience with percutaneous, computed tomography (CT)-guided gastrostomy tube placement into the gastric remnant after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). Methods Of 569 consecutive LRYGB procedures performed, 9 patients underwent successful percutaneous, CT-guided gastrostomy placement. One additional patient was referred from another facility. We reviewed the indications, interval from surgery to the intervention, interval to removal, complications, and success or outcome of the procedure in our patient population. Results Ten patients underwent percutaneous, CT-guided gastric remnant gastrostomy tube placement. The indications included distended gastric remnant in 6, nutritional access in 4, and remnant drainage after leak in 1. Of the 10 patients, 2 had undergone previous gastric operations. The attempt at percutaneous gastrostomy was unsuccessful in 1 additional patient, who subsequently required laparoscopic gastrostomy (success rate 91%). Conclusion In selected patients after LRYGB, CT-guided gastrostomy tube placement is safe and efficient. It may be used to manage complications of LRYGB, serve as a bridge to definitive surgery, or offer a convenient route for enteral nutritional support.
Embedding Media for 1–2 Micron Sectioning. 2. Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Combined with 2-Butoxyethanol

A hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomer medium incorporating 2-butoxyethanol requires 2 stock solutions for embedding. Solution A: 80 ml of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.) is mixed well with 16 ml of 2-butoxyethanol; 0.27 gm of benzoyl peroxide, the catalyst, is added and permitted to dissolve. Heating to 40–50 C may be used to accelerate its solution. Solution B: polyethylene glycol 200 or 400, 15 parts, and N,N-dimethylaniline, 1 part, are mixed thoroughly. Tissues are dehydrated in the customary manner to absolute ethanol or other comparable dehydrant, infiltrated completely with A, then cast in a mixture consisting of 42 parts of A well mixed with 1 part of B. Polymerizaion occurs in 4–7 hr. In a water bath at 20 C the time required was about 7 hr; at 28 C, 4 hr. This medium is based on the author's water-polyethylene glycol-hydroxyethyl methacrylate monomer medium (Stain Techn., 42: 119–23, 1967).
Elemental carbon isomerism

A systematic mathematically based approach is made to categorize the different stereochemical possibilities for finite carbon clusters comprised of fully bonded smooth nets of carbon atoms all of which are trigonally hybridized. An exceptional richness of ideas and theorems from topology, differential geometry, and graph theory are found to be relevant and to govern not only the conventional chemical graph-theoretic molecular interconnection patterns but also topo-geometric features of the stereochemically conceivable structures and their associated strain. The usually considered fullerenes (with or without isolated pentagonal rings) form but a fraction of the overall possibilities, some of which e.g., do not require pentagonal rings (or other “small” rings). But too there emerges from the theory certain special structures which turn out often to correspond to experimentally observed fullerenes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Wrong Side(s) of the Tracks: The Causal Effects of Racial Segregation on Urban Poverty and Inequality

A striking negative correlation exists between an area’s residential racial segregation and its population characteristics, but it is recognized that this relationship may not be causal. I present a novel test of causality from segregation to population characteristics by exploiting the arrangements of railroad tracks in the nineteenth century to isolate plausibly exogenous variation in areas’ susceptibility to segregation. I show that this variation satisfies the requirements for a valid instrument. Instrumental variables estimates demonstrate that segregation increases metropolitan rates of black poverty and overall black-white income disparities, while decreasing rates of white poverty and inequality within the white population. (JEL I32, J15, N31, N32, N91, N92, R23) Contents The Wrong Side(s) of the Tracks: The Causal Effects of Racial Segregation on Urban Poverty and Inequality † 34
Plasma atropine concentrations via intravenous, endotracheal, and intraosseous administration

Abstract To date, there have been limited studies on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous atropine and no pharmacokinetic studies on the endotracheal or intraosseous administration of atropine. This study examines the time to peak plasma concentration of atropine following intravenous, endotracheal, and intraosseous administration in anesthetized monkeys using a triple crossover design. Plasma atropine was assayed by a radioreceptor method. The time to peak plasma concentration of atropine was shortest with intravenous administration; and longest with endotracheal administration. The mean plasma concentration of atropine was significantly higher in intravenous administrations than in endotracheal administrations at 0.75 and 2 minutes; compared to that noted in intraosseous administrations, the concentration was significantly higher only at 0.75 minutes. The mean plasma concentration of atropine administered intraosseously was significantly higher than that of endotracheal administrations at 5 minutes and was greater than that of intravenous and endotracheal administrations for the samples collected from 5 to 30 minutes. The endotracheal and intraosseous routes provide alternatives to the intravenous administration of atropine when intravenous access is limited ornot available.
One year in the life of Bufo punctatus: annual patterns of body temperature in a free-ranging desert anuran.

The Mojave Desert is characterized by hot dry summers and cold winters. The red-spotted toad (Bufo (Anaxyrus) punctatus) is the predominant anuran species; yet little is known of their thermal histories and strategies to avoid temperature extremes. We measured body temperature (Tb) in free-ranging adult toads across all four seasons of a year using implanted data loggers. There is marked individual variation in the temperatures experienced by these toads. As expected, toads generally escape extreme seasonal and diel temperature fluctuations. However, our data demonstrate a much wider estimated Tb range than was previously assumed. Though often for short periods, red-spotted toads do experience Tb as low as 3.1°C and as high as 39.1°C. All animals showed periods of prolonged thermal stability in cooler months and wider diel oscillations in warmer months. Red-spotted toad thermal history is likely a function of site choice; the exploitation of different refuges results in diverse thermal experiences. These data represent the most complete record of thermal experiences for a desert anuran and reveal greater extremes in body temperature than previously suggested.
Effective sign extension elimination for java

Computer designs are shifting from 32-bit architectures to 64-bit architectures, while most of the programs available today are still designed for 32-bit architectures. Java, for example, specifies the frequently used “int” as a 32-bit signed integer. If such Java programs are executed on a 64-bit architecture, many 32-bit signed integers must be sign-extended to 64-bit signed integers for correct operations. This causes serious performance overhead. In this article, we present a fast and effective algorithm for eliminating sign extensions. We implemented this algorithm in the IBM Java Just-in-Time (JIT) compiler for IA-64. Our experimental results show that our algorithm effectively eliminates the majority of sign extensions. They also show that it improves performance by 6.9p for jBYTEmark and 3.3p for SPECjvm98 over the previously known best algorithm, while it increases JIT compilation time by only 0.11p.
The Constitutional Significance of the Financial Settlement of 1690

Historians have displayed a curious ambivalence towards the English Revolution of 1688. On the one hand, they have argued that it preserved the monarchy; on the other, that it altered it. Edmund Burke was one of the earliest to voice this ambivalence. ‘The Revolution was made', he wrote in 1790, ‘to preserve our ancient, indisputable laws and liberties and that ancient constitution of government which is our only security for law and liberty.’ But then he added,’ They [who led at the Revolution] secured soon after the frequent meeting of parliament, by which the whole government would be under the constant inspection and active control of the popular representative and of the magnates of the kingdom.’ Macaulay expressed the same uncertainty in a single sentence: ‘But, though a new constitution was not needed, it was plain that changes were required.’