cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of hemorrhagic stroke in older persons taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Results from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System.

Background Hemorrhagic strokes have not declined in the United States despite a decline worldwide. Purpose To identify hemorrhagic stroke risk associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), other medications associated with increased risk for hemorrhagic stroke, and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, gender, and age. Methods A post hoc design was used to examine predictors of hemorrhagic stroke for adults of age 65 years and older from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System database. The initial sample consisted of all cases reported during the third quarter of 2016 and the second quarter of 2018 with an NSAID as the primary suspect for the adverse drug event (ADE). An additional 397 cases with warfarin as the primary suspect were included in the final sample (N = 3,784) to test for bias from including only NSAID as the primary ADE suspect cases. Extracted data included the primary ADE (hemorrhagic stroke or other ADE), age, gender, primary suspect drug (NSAID or warfarin), and presence of a second NSAID, rivaroxaban, warfarin, clopidogrel, antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants), inhaled corticosteroids, diabetes, or cardiovascular medications. Logistic regression was used to predict hemorrhagic stroke. Results Aspirin and warfarin increased the risk for hemorrhagic stroke by 3.458 and 3.059, respectively. Presence of an additional NSAIDs reduced the risk by 48%. Implications for practice Hemorrhagic stroke risk specific to older adults may provide helpful estimates for practitioners as they weigh the risk benefit of prescribing aspirin as an antiplatelet therapy for older adults.
An Evolving View of Phylogenetic Support

If all nucleotide sites evolved at the same rate within molecules and throughout the history of lineages, if all nucleotides were in equal proportion, if any nucleotide or amino acid evolved to any other with equal probability, if all taxa could be sampled, if diversification happened at well-spaced intervals, and if all gene segments had the same history, then tree building would be easy. But of course none of those conditions are true. Hence the need for evaluating the information content and accuracy of phylogenetic trees. The symposium for which this historial essay and presentation were developed focused on the importance of phylogenetic support, specifically branch support for individual clades. Here I present a timeline and review significant events in the history of systematics that set the stage for the development of the sophisticated measures of branch support and examinations of the information content of data highlighted in this symposium.
Gender equity, labor rights, and women’s empowerment: lessons from Fairtrade certification in Ecuador flower plantations

Certification programs seek to promote decent work in global agriculture, yet little is known about their gender standards and implications for female workers, who are often the most disadvantaged. This study outlines the gender standard domains of major agricultural certifications, showing how some programs (Fair Trade USA, Rainforest) prioritize addressing gender equality in employment and others (Fairtrade International, UTZ) incorporate wider gender rights. To illuminate the implications of gender standards in practice, I analyze Fairtrade certification and worker experience on certified flower plantations in Ecuador, drawing on a qualitative and quantitative field research study. (1) I show how Fairtrade seeks to bolster the wellbeing of female workers, addressing their workplace needs via equal employment, treatment, and remuneration standards and their reproductive needs via maternity leave and childcare services. My research demonstrates that for female workers, addressing family responsibilities is critical, since they shape women’s ability to take paid jobs, their employment needs, and their overall wellbeing. (2) I show how Fairtrade seeks to bolster the rights of women workers through individual and collective capacity building standards. My findings reveal how promoting women’s individual empowerment serves as a precondition for collective empowerment, and how targeting traditional labor rights is insufficient for empowering female workers, since their strategic choices are curtailed largely outside the workplace. While Fairtrade certification bolsters the wellbeing and rights of female workers in and beyond the workplace, much still needs to be done before women can claim their rights as workers and citizens.
Conatraints on $\Delta G$ from Prompt Photon plus Jet Production at HERA-$\vec{N}$

The utility of prompt photon plus associated jet production for constraining the size and shape of the polarized gluon density of the proton $\Delta G$ is examined at $\sqrt{S}=40$ GeV, appropriate for the proposed HERA-$\vec{N}$ polarized $\vec{p}\vec{p}$ collider experiment. The calculation is performed at next-to-leading order (O($\alpha\alpha_s^2$)) in QCD. The reliability of the predictions are examined in some detail.
Implementing clinical decision support for oncology advanced care planning: A systems engineering framework to optimize the usability and utility of a machine learning predictive model in clinical practice.

330Background: Machine learning models are well-positioned to transform cancer care delivery by providing oncologists with more accurate or accessible information to augment clinical decisions. Man...
Cross-sectional and prospective associations between self-reported sleep characteristics and cognitive function in men and women: The Midlife in the United States study.

Sleep behaviour is an important contributing factor in healthy human ageing and cognitive function. Previous studies have linked sleep deficiency with cognitive decline in older adults. However, there is need for more prospective investigations that focus on specific domains of cognitive function. The present study analysed cross-sectional and prospective associations between self-reported sleep and cognitive function in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Weekday and weekend sleep duration and habitual sleep quality were obtained via questionnaire data. Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone was conducted to assess overall cognitive function, as well as episodic memory and executive function. We found significant trend for both long weekday and weekend sleep (>8 hr) and lower episodic memory scores in the overall sample. Sex-specific cross-sectional analysis demonstrated men with longer weekend sleep duration have lower overall cognitive function scores, and a negative association between weekend sleep and episodic memory scores. Women demonstrated a positive association between weekend sleep duration and executive function scores. There was no prospective significance for overall or sex-specific analysis. Our present results suggest that sleep duration may contribute to cognitive function, and future studies should include objective sleep measurements and focus on the potential cognitive benefits of improving sleep to further elucidate this association.
Contamination of Soils By Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Publisher Summary Contamination of soils by petroleum hydrocarbons causes drastic changes in microbiological, chemical, and physical properties of soil. Crude oil and natural gas are the two commonest petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants of soils. Davis discovered that treating soils with natural gas would produce characteristics comparable to those of naturally occurring “paraffin dirt.” Crude oil and natural gas appear to produce similar effects in many soils. Microorganisms are also responsible for many of the conditions observed in soils that have become contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Bacteria generally create reducing conditions in media from which oxygen is excluded. When natural gas or petroleum displaces the oxygen from the soil atmosphere, vigorous microbial activity may result in an increase of substances in a chemically reduced state. Large changes in the oxidation-reduction potential occur during the decomposition and assimilation processes that take place when saturated hydrocarbons are added to soils.
Coming of age [history of word processing]

Coming of age tales are not merely stories about growing older. They speak of renewing a community, conquering fear, and pushing back the darkness. We tend to tell them in a heroic mode, which places the leading character at the center of the action. But such stories are best understood as telling a universal tale about an experience that an entire community shared, illustrating how that community itself grew and progressed. This article-coming of age tale-involves not a machine but an application: word processing.
On the Existence of the Exchange Rate When Agents Have Complete Home Bias and Non-Time Separable Preferences

Colacito and Croce (2006) study the dynamics of the growth rate of the real exchange rate, when the preferences of the representative consumers in the two countries are defined only over the domestic good and characterized by non-time separability a la Epstein and Zin (1989). This paper shows that an equilibrium of this economy exists in which exchange rates are well defined and it can be interpreted as the limiting case of an economy in which preferences are defined over both domestic and foreign goods.
Finding ‘my kind of teaching’: How a drama project became a teacher’s expressive teaching moment

This case study examines how a teacher defined ‘my kind of teaching’. We focus on a dramatic production of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and frame the teacher’s discussion with Dewey’s significant moments of experience. Findings indicate the teacher shifted her role to a facilitator position, learned alongside her students, and connected her past experiences with acting. Implications point to expressive teaching moments as experiences in which teachers might extend state-mandated curricula, connect with their personal lives, and find delight in teaching.
Friday, September 3, 2010—outskirts of Lafayette, IN

“So, I think I know what you did wrong,” Delta said as she pulled into the warehouse parking lot. “What I did wrong?! He wronged me,” Karyn protested while folding a fresh stick of gum and plopping it into her mouth.
The Dynamics of Poetics and Forgiveness in Adelaide Procter's ‘Homeless’

Adelaide Procter's “Homeless” can be read as a case study in the dynamics of poetics and forgiveness, taking into account the poem's various Victorian contexts and formal practices. Procter seems to see forgiveness as a dynamic process, shifting for different readers. While Procter writes in a theological framework, using the sentimental Catholic figure of the rosary, she also engages with arguments that some might consider “secular”, such as female employment and sexual double standards. With sentimental and religious poetics, then, Procter enters Victorian discussions as controversial as those of female sexuality and economic practice to challenge accepted Victorian notions of sin, forgiveness, and social equity.
The Quadratic Family and the Mandelbrot Set

We return once again to the study of the dynamics of quadratic functions. In this chapter we consider the quadratic family qc(z) = z2 + c. We demonstrated in exercise 10.4 that all real quadratic functions are topologically conjugate to a real polynomial of the form qc(x) = x2 + c for some c. This fact extends to the complex quadratic polynomials; all complex quadratic polynomials are topologically conjugate to a polynomial of the form qc(z) = z2 + c. We will take direction for our study of the quadratic family from our previous work with the logistic map hr(x) = rx(1 − x).
Functional regulation of the dentate gyrus by GABA-mediated inhibition.

Abstract Dentate granule cells are characterized by their low levels of excitability, an important aspect of hippocampal function, which distinguishes them from other principal cells of the hippocampus. This low excitability derives in large part from the degree and nature of GABAergic inhibition evident in the dentate gyrus. Granule cells express a unique and complex assortment of GABA A receptor subunits, found in few areas of the brain. Associated with this receptor complexity, granule cells are endowed with both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA A receptors with distinctive properties. In particular, extrasynaptic GABA A receptors in granule cells exhibit high affinity for GABA and do not desensitize. This results in activation of a tonic current by ambient levels of GABA present in the extracellular space. This tonic current contributes significantly to the circuit properties of the dentate gyrus. Both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA A receptors exhibit profound dysregulation in animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy, which may contribute to the hippocampal hyperexcitability that defines this disorder.
The Transformation of Judicial Self-Restraint

In his Jorde Symposium Essay, Judge Richard Posner identifies three forms of judicial restraint. He then argues that the third type, Thayerian judicial restraint characterized by a strong reluctance to declare legislative or executive action unconstitutional unless the unconstitutionality is so clear that it is not open to rational question, has disappeared because constitutional theory renders judges both certain that constitutional questions have right answers and confident that they are able to discern them. In this Essay, I respond by suggesting that Thayerian restraint has not disappeared. Rather, it has been transformed from a type of individualized self-restraint in which a lone jurist, reasoning from first principles, decides to forbear into a more systemic rule of constitutional adjudication that permeates the two most prevalent forms of contemporary constitutional litigation: habeas corpus petitions and damages actions. In habeas cases, federal courts will forbear from overturning state court convictions simply because constitutional errors occurred; they will intervene only when the state courts were unreasonably wrong. In a similar vein, in § 1983 and Bivens actions, qualified immunity doctrine means that federal courts will conclude that an official violated the Constitution, but will then grant judgment to the official anyway because, at the time of the underlying events, unconstitutionality was open to debate.
Everyday Sound Perception and Aging

Age related hearing loss is extensively documented in both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies but there are no direct studies of the ability of older persons to perceive everyday sounds. There is evidence suggesting some impairment. Vanderveer (1979) observed that older listeners had difficulty interpreting environmental sounds but did not report any performance data. Demands imposed by the stimulus properties of this type of sound and by the perceptual and cognitive processes found to mediate perception of this sound in college-aged listeners may present difficulty for older listeners. Forty-seven members of a retired organization were given a subset of sounds that had been used in previous identification studies. Identification data for the same set of sounds had been previously obtained from high school and college students (Ballas, Dick, & Groshek, 1987). The ability of the aged group to identify this set of sounds was not significantly different from the ability of a student group. In fact, unc...
Generation of plate-like behavior and mantle heterogeneity from a spherical, viscoplastic convection model

[1] How plate tectonics arises from mantle convection is a question that has only very recently become feasible to address with spherical, viscoplastic computations. We present mainly internally heated convection results with temperature-dependent viscosity and explore parts of the Rayleigh number (Ra)–yield stress (σy) phase space, as well as the effects of depth-dependent σy, bottom heating, and a low-viscosity asthenosphere. Convective planform and toroidal-poloidal velocity field ratio (TPR) are affected by near-surface viscosity variations, and TPR values are close to observed values for our most plate-like models. At the relatively low convective vigor that is accessible at present, most models favor spherical harmonic degree one convection, though models with a weaker surface viscosity form degree two patterns and reproduce tomographically observed power spectra. An asthenospheric viscosity reduction improves plate-like nature, as expected. For our incompressible computations, pure bottom heating produces strong plumes that tend to destroy plates at the surface. This implies that significant internal heating may be required, both to reduce the role of active upwellings and to form a low-viscosity zone beneath the upper boundary layer.
An Update of Studies of the Bootheel Lineament in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, Southeastern Missouri and Northeastern Arkansas

Five trenches across the Bootheel lineament, a possible surface expression of one of the coseismic faults of the great New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 and 1812, indicate that ground failure took place along this 135-km-long feature, probably in 1811 or 1812. The morphology and en echelon pattern of the north-northeast-trending lineament are suggestive of strike-slip displacement on a fault. Three trenches cross portions of the lineament along which liquefied sand was injected. Vertically displaced strata were observed in two of these trenches, but the displacement could be due to collapse caused by the removal of liquefied sand from below. Shear zones exposed in two other trenches do not appear to be directly related to liquefaction and may represent near-surface deformation associated with deeper deformation along potentially seismogenic structures.
Clinical evaluation of an automated nucleic acid isolation system.

Nucleic acid isolation is among the most technically demanding and labor-intensive procedures performed in molecular diagnostic laboratories. Although considerable progress has been made in automating the amplification and detection steps of nucleic acid amplification assays, sample preparation is still performed manually in many laboratories. Various automated systems have been developed to streamline these procedures, ranging from versatile robotic stations to systems dedicated to specific amplification platforms or formats. The MagNA Pure LC system (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN) uses robotics, precision pipettors, and magnetic glass particles to purify DNA, RNA, mRNA, or total nucleic acid from various sample types. The samples are dissolved and simultaneously stabilized by incubation with a buffer containing denaturing agents and proteinase K. Nucleic acids are bound to the surface of the magnetic glass particles, and several washing steps remove the unbound substances. The purified nucleic acids are then eluted in a low-salt buffer, with elution volumes ranging from 50 to 100 μL. The instrument can process up to 32 samples in 1.5 h; it can also automate PCR set-up and transfer the purified nucleic acids directly into a wide variety of reaction vessels, including LightCycler capillary tubes (Roche Applied Science), 96-well microplates, standard PCR tubes, and COBAS AMPLICOR amplification rings (Roche Diagnostics). We developed and verified MagNA Pure LC (software Ver. 2.1) protocols for use with a quantitative test for cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA (COBAS AMPLICOR MONITOR CMV Test) (1) and a qualitative test for hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA (AMPLICOR HCV Test version 2.0) (2). The MagNA Pure LC total nucleic acid reagent set was used to recover CMV DNA and HCV RNA from EDTA plasma. The starting sample volume in each case was 200 μL. The total nucleic acid isolation reagent set and instrument were used as recommended by the manufacturer with the following …
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, forms drug-tolerant persister cells.

Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease, which affects an estimated 300,000 people annually in the United States. When treated early, the disease usually resolves, but when left untreated, it can result in symptoms such as arthritis and encephalopathy. Treatment of the late-stage disease may require multiple courses of antibiotic therapy. Given that antibiotic resistance has not been observed for B. burgdorferi, the reason for the recalcitrance of late-stage disease to antibiotics is unclear. In other chronic infections, the presence of drug-tolerant persisters has been linked to recalcitrance of the disease. In this study, we examined the ability of B. burgdorferi to form persisters. Killing growing cultures of B. burgdorferi with antibiotics used to treat the disease was distinctly biphasic, with a small subpopulation of surviving cells. Upon regrowth, these cells formed a new subpopulation of antibiotic-tolerant cells, indicating that these are persisters rather than resistant mutants. The level of persisters increased sharply as the culture transitioned from the exponential to stationary phase. Combinations of antibiotics did not improve killing. Daptomycin, a membrane-active bactericidal antibiotic, killed stationary-phase cells but not persisters. Mitomycin C, an anticancer agent that forms adducts with DNA, killed persisters and eradicated growing and stationary cultures of B. burgdorferi. Finally, we examined the ability of pulse dosing an antibiotic to eliminate persisters. After addition of ceftriaxone, the antibiotic was washed away, surviving persisters were allowed to resuscitate, and the antibiotic was added again. Four pulse doses of ceftriaxone killed persisters, eradicating all live bacteria in the culture.
Abetimus sodium: a medication for the prevention of lupus nephritis flares.

Background: Lupus nephritis, one of the most severe and therapeutically challenging manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), has been the target of drug development by La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company. Abetimus sodium, an example of the La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company's Tolerance Technology® is an intravenously administered tetrameric oligonucleotide conjugate that safely reduces antidouble-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies. Given the importance of anti-dsDNA antibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis, the Phase II and III trials were designed to evaluate whether treatment with abetimus sodium could prolong the time to renal flare in cohorts of patients at high risk of nephritic flares. Objective and methods: The available data regarding abetimus were reviewed and the current status of the drug's development program is reported. Conclusions: Animal studies have demonstrated the ability of abetimus to reduce the titers of anti-dsDNA antibodies as well as of antidsDNA antibody-secretin...
Political Shocks and Social Movements

This special issue of American Behavioral Scientist, “Activism After 9/11,” addresses a void in the social movement research literature and illuminates the practical implications of political shocks, or dramatic changes to international and/or national systems that fundamentally alter the processes, relationships, and expectations that drive political interactions, on social movements and democratic processes. The nine original research articles in this volume examine how political shocks shape state response and, in turn, how these responses—represented in both policy and rhetoric—affect movement trajectories, opportunities for democratic expansion, democratic participation and protest, and coalition building. The work in this issue highlights the need for social scientists and citizens alike to understand how political shocks like 9/11 affect consensus, dissent, state transparency, and democratic processes more generally.
Turbulent Flow Structure Inside a Canopy with Complex Multi-Scale Elements

Particle image velocimetry laboratory measurements are carried out to study mean flow distributions and turbulent statistics inside a canopy with complex geometry and multiple scales consisting of fractal, tree-like objects. Matching the optical refractive indices of the tree elements with those of the working fluid provides unobstructed optical paths for both illuminations and image acquisition. As a result, the flow fields between tree branches can be resolved in great detail, without optical interference. Statistical distributions of mean velocity, turbulence stresses, and components of dispersive fluxes are documented and discussed. The results show that the trees leave their signatures in the flow by imprinting wake structures with shapes similar to the trees. The velocities in both wake and non-wake regions significantly deviate from the spatially-averaged values. These local deviations result in strong dispersive fluxes, which are important to account for in canopy-flow modelling. In fact, we find that the streamwise normal dispersive flux inside the canopy has a larger magnitude (by up to four times) than the corresponding Reynolds normal stress. Turbulent transport in horizontal planes is studied in the framework of the eddy viscosity model. Scatter plots comparing the Reynolds shear stress and mean velocity gradient are indicative of a linear trend, from which one can calculate the eddy viscosity and mixing length. Similar to earlier results from the wake of a single tree, here we find that inside the canopy the mean mixing length decreases with increasing elevation. This trend cannot be scaled based on a single length scale, but can be described well by a model, which considers the coexistence of multi-scale branches. This agreement indicates that the multi-scale information and the clustering properties of the fractal objects should be taken into consideration in flows inside multi-scale canopies.
Significance of nystatin uptake for its antifungal action.

Summary1) Time sequence for inhibition of yeast respiration and glycolysis by nystatin is described and its significance is discussed. 2) A series of nystatin-resistant : sensitive pairs of Candida strains was examined. With various pairs, resistance of growth to nystatin was accompanied by similar resistance of metabolic activity to the agent. Resistant strains absorbed less nystatin than did sensitive organisms under same conditions, but there was no quantitative correlation between sensitivity and absorption. Reduced uptake of nystatin is probably only one of the ways by which resistance can be achieved. 3) Addition of serum albumin, zymosan, uranyl ions, arsenate, or dinitrophenol could protect yeast metabolism in varying degrees against the action of nystatin. Inhibition, once obtained, could not be reversed. The protective action of various agents approximated that expected from their effect on absorption of nystatin by yeast. 4) The methyl ester and N-acetyl derivatives of nystatin, which do not in...
Fine-scale isotopic heterogeneities and fluids in the deep crust: a40Ar/39Ar laser ablation and TEM study of muscovites from a granulite-eclogite transition zone

Spectacular exposures on Holsnoy Island, western Norway, reveal that eclogites formed in situ from adjacent anhydrous granulites as a result of the localized infiltration of fluids. Stepwise and laser40Ar/39Ar experiments on muscovite from the eclogites have been used in conjunction with electron microprobe and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis to examine the behavior of argon under high pressure metamorphism and subsequent cooling. Muscovites with 0.10–0.17Na/(Na + K) yield40Ar/39Ar plateau and integrated ages in the range 450–465 Ma, 20–35 Myr older than40Ar/39Ar muscovite plateau ages from adjacent eclogite samples. Laser40Ar/39Ar analyses on ∼ 75 μm spots across two single muscovite grains from these samples are approximately uniform at 444.2 ± 1.9 (21 spots) and 443.3 ± 1.7 Ma (26 spots). However, incremental heating of high sodic (0.18–0.32 (Na/(Na + K)) muscovite failed to yield a plateau. Laser40Ar/39Ar analyses of 100 areas from two single grains from this sample reveal complex two-dimensional patterns with variable apparent ages in the range of 445–625 Ma. Electron microprobe measurements obtained from one of the grains reveal that the paragonite content is also highly variable both parallel and perpendicular to (001). All the TEM bright field images obtained from this mica yield information consistent with a single homogeneous phyllosilicate phase, yet several of the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analyses document locally intergrown muscovite and sodic muscovite, possibly in an exsolution relationship on a unit cell scale. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) analyses obtained over a 5–100 nm scale on the same sample reveal great range and heterogeneity inNa/K, including pure muscovite, although no separate paragonite domains were found. In contrast, muscovite grains with consistent laser spot fusion and plateau ages show little heterogeneity inNa/K at the microprobe level. These data provide evidence of variable fluid-mediated incorporation of excess40Ar under high pressure eclogite facies conditions at the time of the development of the sodic muscovite compositions. The data indicate that fine-scale heterogeneities in argon isotopic compositions were generated during eclogite facies equilibration and were preserved as the rocks were cycled back to the surface. Despite the influx of free fluids in the rocks at high pressure, the heterogeneities are best reconciled with local buffering and limited mobility of the fluids, at least during the final stages of equilibration.
Global Minimum Mass for Aerobraking Tethers

Introduction T HE proposed system consists of an orbiter and a probe connected by a long, thin tether (see Fig. 1). When the spacecraft arrives at a planet, the probe travels through the atmosphere and aerodynamic forces provide the change in velocity required to capture the vehicle into orbit around the planet, thus eliminating the need for chemical rockets. During the maneuver, the orbiter remains outside the sensible atmosphereand requiresno aerodynamic shielding.Near periapsis, large aerodynamic torques on the vehicle tend to spin the tether and plunge the orbiter into the atmosphere,but this effect can be eliminated by spinning the tether in the opposite direction during approach, as shown in Fig. 1. There are two maneuver types for the tethered-aerobraking maneuver. In the vertical dumbbell maneuver, the tether is closely alignedwith the local vertical near periapsis, i.e.,®min 1⁄4 0 in Fig. 1. The maximum tension for this maneuver occurs outside of the atmosphere and is primarily due to spin rate. The case of ®min greater than zero is referred to as an inclined maneuver; it exhibits maximum tension during the atmospheric  ythrough. Knowledge about the dynamics of these maneuvers permits us to bound certain variables in the following analysis. In Ref. 1, the (local) optimum tethermass is found using an exterior penalty, directionset method. This direct search techniquehas several drawbacks including computational intensiveness, sensitivity to the initial guess, convergenceproblems, and lack of feedback to the user if the algorithmdoes not converge.In this Note, a method is employedthat alleviatestheseproblemsandshows that previously found local minima are globally optimal solutions.
Using Hypothetical and Actual Applicants in Assessing Person‐Organization Fit: A Methodological Note

The relationship between a group's self-stereotype and the group's perceptions of the suitability of the applicant to enter the group was examined using hypothetical and actual applicants. Results indicated that the greater the similarity of the description of a hypothetical applicant to the group's self-stereotype, the higher the applicant's suitability ratings. A similar relationship was found using actual applicants to these same groups. Methodological implications of using actual and experimentally generated stimulus materials in research on selection decisions are discussed.
Detection of Predators and Habitat Choice by Small Bluegills: Effects of Turbidity and Alternative Prey

Abstract Studies of sunfish Lepomis spp. have demonstrated that predation regulates size-specific habitat use and competitive interactions both within and among species. However, all of these studies were conducted in clear-water systems with dense littoral vegetation, resulting in well-defined littoral and open-water habitats. In contrast, little is known about predator–prey interactions among fishes that inhabit turbid lakes and reservoirs. In these systems, turbidity reduces detection (reaction) distance for both predator and prey, and can eliminate submerged vegetation that serves as a refuge. In laboratory experiments, we quantified reaction distance of juvenile bluegills Lepomis macrochirus to a predator, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and determined shifts by bluegills between nearshore and offshore habitats across a turbidity gradient. Bluegill reaction distance declined as a negative power function of turbidity from less than 2 m in clear water to 23 cm at 10 nephelometric turbidity units...
New Insights into Volume Grating Formed in Pr3+-Doped Silicate Glasses Using FWM and x-scan Techniques

The effective size of the grating region in Pr3+-doped silicate glass was found to be smaller than the write-beams size. This was confirmed by the X-scan technique. FWM and X-scan result produced consistent ?n values.
Atypical protein kinase C activity is required for extracellular matrix degradation and invasion by Src-transformed cells

Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms have been shown to mediate Src-dependent signaling in response to growth factor stimulation. To determine if aPKC activity contributes to the transformed phenotype of cells expressing oncogenic Src, we have examined the activity and function of aPKCs in 3T3 cells expressing viral Src (v-Src). aPKC activity and tyrosine phosphorylation were found to be elevated in some but not all clones of mouse fibroblasts expressing v-Src. aPKC activity was inhibited either by addition of a membrane-permeable pseudosubstrate, by expression of a dominant-negative aPKC, or by RNAi-mediated knockdown of specific aPKC isoforms. aPKC activity contributes to morphological transformation and stress fiber disruption, and is required for migration of Src-transformed cells and for their ability to polarize at the edge of a monolayer. The λ isoform of aPKC is specifically required for invasion through extracellular matrix in Boyden chamber assays and for degradation of the extracellular matrix in in situ zymography assays. Tyrosine phosphorylation of aPKCλ is required for its ability to promote cell invasion. The defect in invasion upon aPKC inhibition appears to result from a defect in the assembly and/or function of podosomes, invasive adhesions on the ventral surface of the cell that are sites of protease secretion. aPKC was also found to localize to podosomes of v-Src transformed cells, suggesting a direct role for aPKC in podosome assembly and/or function. We conclude that basal or elevated aPKC activity is required for the ability of Src-transformed cells to degrade and invade the extracellular matrix. Word count: 249.
True histiocytic lymphoma : A study of 12 cases based on current definition

True histiocytic lymphoma (THL), as it is currently defined, is a rare entity. We report 12 cases of THL seen at Stanford over the last ten years. By definition, the neoplastic cells in each case showed histological and immunological evidence of histiocytic differentiation. Seven females and five males ranged in age from 9 to 67 years. Sites of involvement included lymph node, soft tissue, bone, stomach, small intestine, mediastinum, kidney, breast and salivary gland. Lymph nodes showed diffuse architectural effacement and/or a paracortical pattern of involvement. The infiltrates involved other tissues in a diffuse pattern. Cytologically the cells were characterized by abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and enlarged, indented eccentrically placed nuclei containing prominent nucleoli. In all cases the cytological features were sufficiently atypical to indicate a neoplastic infiltrate. Paraffin section immunophenotyping demonstrated reactivity of the atypical cells for CD15, 43, 45RO, 45RB, 68, lysozyme and/or...
Gabapentin increases extracellular glutamatergic level in the locus coeruleus via astroglial glutamate transporter-dependent mechanisms

Gabapentin has shown to be effective in animals and humans with acute postoperative and chronic pain. Yet the mechanisms by which gabapentin reduces pain have not been fully addressed. The current study performed in vivo microdialysis in the locus coeruleus (LC) in normal and spinal nerve ligated (SNL) rats to examine the effect of gabapentin on extracellular glutamate concentration and its mechanisms of action with focus on presynaptic GABA-B receptors, astroglial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), and interactions with α2δ subunits of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and endogenous noradrenaline. Basal extracellular concentration and tissue content of glutamate in the LC were greater in SNL rats than normal ones. Intravenously administered and LC-perfused gabapentin increased extracellular glutamate concentration in the LC. The net amount of glutamate increased by gabapentin is larger in SNL rats compared with normal ones, although the percentage increases from the baseline did not differ. The gabapentin-related α2δ ligand pregabalin increased extracellular glutamate concentration in the LC, whereas another α2δ ligand, 3-exo-aminobicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2-exo-carboxylic acid (ABHCA), did not. Selective blockade by the dihydrokainic acid or knock-down of GLT-1 by the small interfering RNA abolished the gabapentin-induced glutamate increase in the LC, whereas blockade of GABA-B receptors by the CGP-35348 and depletion of noradrenalin by the dopamine-β-hydroxylase antibody conjugated to saporin did not. These results suggest that gabapentin induces glutamate release from astrocytes in the LC via GLT-1-dependent mechanisms to stimulate descending inhibition. The present study also demonstrates that this target of gabapentin in astrocytes does not require interaction with α2δ subunits in neurons.
A Discounted Value Approach in Developing Optimal Ordering Policies

ABSTRACT A major assumption in inventory theory in general and in the area of price changes in particular is that the demand for an item is fixed. It is possible that the reduction in price may result in an increase in demand. In fact this is a reason for the sale offered by many organizations. In this paper we use the familiar net present value approach commonly used in financial decision making to analyze and formulate optimal inventory ordering policies. This approach is more accurate and straight-forward than the average annual cost method that is usually used for comparison of alternative inventory policies.
Causes of high mortality in colorectal surgery: a review of episodes of care in Veterans Affairs hospitals.

Abstract Background The episode of care for colorectal surgery in 8 outlier Veterans Affairs Hospitals with high mortality and the volume outcome relationship in 118 Hospitals are examined. Methods A total of 103 deaths were reviewed. Mean age was 74 with 63% of the patients undergoing emergency surgery; 54% of the patients had malignant disease and 21% had metastatic disease. Results Nineteen percent of the patients had a delay in diagnosis, 22% had delay in surgery and 14% should have received a different surgery usually less radical. In addition, system related issues were identified in 19% of the cases and practitioner related issues in 20% of the cases. The Spearman rank correlation between colorectal surgery volume and unadjusted mortality was 0.114 ( P = 0.22). Conclusion Colorectal surgery death is prevalent in elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery for malignancy or metastatic disease and is not related to hospital volume. Timely diagnosis, less radical surgery while optimizing system based pathways might improve outcome.
Small angle X-ray scattering investigations of pore structure changes during coal gasification

Abstract The evolution of the internal pore structure and surface area for an anthracite coal char is investigated by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for different degrees of CO 2 gasification. The SAXS data are interpreted with a model of interpenetrating spherical voids, and show that significant changes in pore structure occur during pyrolysis and up to 7% conversion. Further changes in the scattering behaviour are more gradual. Results obtained at high conversions are affected by scattering from mineral matter. The usefulness of a model to interpret SAXS data is demonstrated.
Nasogastric drainage may be unnecessary after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a comparison of routine vs selective decompression.

Background Limited data exist for the use of nasogastric decompression after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), when postoperative nasogastric tube (NGT) use remains the standard of care. This study seeks to evaluate the effects on patient outcomes of routine vs selective NGT use after PD. Study design Two hundred and fifty patients undergoing PD between July 2003 and February 2012 by a single surgeon at an academic center were evaluated as 2 consecutive cohorts of 125 patients. The first patient cohort had NGTs placed intraoperatively and maintained until clinically indicated. In the second cohort, NGTs were selectively maintained only in rare circumstances, such as inability to extubate the patient postoperatively. The primary outcomes evaluated were postoperative NGT insertion and reinsertion, delayed gastric emptying incidence, time to dietary tolerance, and length of stay. Secondary analysis examined overall surgical morbidity and additional specific complications of interest. Results Mean patient age was 63.4 years and the most common indication was pancreatic neoplasm. Patients in both the routine and selective placement groups were evaluated in an intent-to-treat manner. In the selective group, NGTs were maintained in 9 patients postoperatively (7.2%). Need for NGT insertion and reinsertion and duration of NGT replacement did not differ significantly between selective and routine groups. Overall complication rates were similar, however, patients in the selective group had decreased incidence of delayed gastric emptying (p = 0.015), length of stay (p Conclusions Routine postoperative nasogastric decompression in patients undergoing PD appears unnecessary in many cases, and can adversely impact postoperative course. Selective NGT usage seems an appropriate treatment strategy.
The Hatchability of Chicken Eggs Fumigated With Increasing Levels of Formaldehyde Gas Before Incubation

Abstract INTRODUCTION PREINCUBATION fumigation of both chicken and turkey eggs with formaldehyde (HCHO) gas is being increasingly applied at the farm level for early destruction of microbial contamination of the shell surface. For many years, researchers have studied both conventional and high level HCHO fumigation effects on incubating eggs (Gwatkin, 1926; Marcellus et al., 1930; Insko et al., 1941; Harry and Binstead, 1961; Lancaster, 1962). Limited data are available on high level HCHO fumigation influence on egg hatchability when the gas is applied at room temperature (24°C.) shortly after the eggs are laid and before incubation. Lancaster et al. (1954) reported little or no adverse effect on developing embryos when eggs were subjected to high concentrations of HCHO gas (22 mg. per cu. ft. (28.3 1.) of air) before incubation. Clarenburg and Romijn (1954) found a significant adverse effect on hatchability of eggs subjected to preincubation fumigation when they had been stored. . .
Techno Savvy: a Web 2.0 curriculum encouraging critical thinking

This paper reports results from a case study focused on understanding student practices regarding production-oriented problem-solving with digital media. Thirty-seven students participated in an elective curriculum called, “Techno Savvy,” a nine-week course focused on student exploration of global issues, and designed around Web 2.0 tools. Socio-constructivist theory provided the theoretical lens to write and study the curriculum. Complexity in student practices using digital media tools to determine critical thinking is highlighted. Data were analyzed for patterns observed in student practices, video, artifacts, oral, and written work. Results suggest that student interaction and practices afforded by tools and content within the curriculum encourage critical thinking. This study implies a need for further classroom research linking pedagogical approaches with digital media to critical thinking and achievement.
Channel evolution of Des Moines Lobe till drainage ditches in southern Minnesota (USA)

Some drainage ditches in the intensively managed row-crop agricultural region of southern Minnesota evolved from a trapezoidal form to multi-staged channel forms similar to natural streams. Older ditches constructed in cohesive sediment of the Des Moines Lobe till tend to follow a channel evolution model developed by Simon and Hupp. Site cross sections, longitudinal water and bed profiles and bed material particle size were determined according to Harrelson and others at 24 older ditch reaches, 5 newly constructed ditch reaches and 13 natural stream reaches. Morphological features were hypothesized to change from trapezoidal form to flat bench banks, similar to benches found in natural stream channels. All data were statistically analyzed with respect to drainage area using regression, because channel form is directly related to drainage area for a given climate, geology and land use. Results show similar regression slope and intercept for bankfull channel width and bankfull cross-sectional area (CSA) of older ditches and natural streams compared to typical trapezoidal designed ditches. Evolved ditches developed a small floodplain bench above the ditch bed and adjusted their bankfull widths similar to natural stream channels with respect to drainage area. Old ditches showed a relatively strong R 2 (0.82, 0.68) for channel CSA and width, a weaker R 2 (0.45) for water surface slope, and little to no correlation with bed particle size. Channel form appears to have adjusted more quickly than bed facets and/or bed particle size distribution. However, stepwise regression determined that D84, width/depth ratio and mean bankfull depth explained 83 % of the variability of channel features across varying drainage areas. Findings suggest a possible reduction of long-term maintenance costs if older ditches are allowed to evolve over time. A stable ditch form similar to natural streams is typically self-sustaining, suggesting that prior to a scheduled clean-out, the ditch should be examined for hydraulic capacity, sediment transport and bank stability.
Copper-chelatin: isolation from various eucaryotic sources.

Abstract Low molecular weight copper-containing proteins have been isolated from a variety of eucaryotic sources after exposure of organisms to high levels of copper. The proteins identified in rat kidney, rabbit liver, chicken liver, and in yeast resemble one another and display strong similarity to Cu-chelatin, the protein previously isolated from livers of copper-treated rats. In addition to having similar solubility properties in media containing organic solvents, all these proteins have approximate molecular weights of 8000, display similar absorption spectra and contain high amounts of cysteine, averaging about 15 mol%. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels reveals identical mobility. The major portion of the copper in all proteins is diamagnetic but can be released as epr-detectable Cu 2+ -EDTA, in the presence of EDTA, by sulfhydryl reagents and oxidizing compounds. In yeast, the copper-stimulated formation of Cu-chelatin is dependent on de novo protein synthesis. These results show that in all eucaryotic organisms examined, Cu-chelatin is formed in response to exposure to high levels of copper.