cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extinction of avoidance in rats: response availability and stimulus presentation effects.

Abstract A conditioned a versive stimulus presented in prolonged, continuous fashion is said to be flooded. Using a two-way shuttle avoidance task. Polin (1959) found that animals allowed to respond to flooded stimuli extinguish faster than animals prevented from responding to discrete stimuli of equal total duration. But, as Shearman (1970) noted, the CS presentation and response availability factors were confounded. He arranged them factorially, in a 2 × 2 design, again utilizing two-way avoidance, but found no differences between any of the experimental groups, although all groups extinguished faster than a regular extinction control group, the only group for which CS termination was response-contingent. Since there is evidence from one-way avoidance studies that response prevention facilitates extinction of avoidance with CS exposure held constant (Shipley et al., 1971). we repeated the Shearman design, using a one-way avoidance paradigm, and including a group for whom the aversive CS would be presented in discrete trials at increasing intensities. A separate aspect of the present investigation concerned the measurement of a fear response as well as the avoidance response. Results of several investigations have shown (e.g. Coulter et al. 1969; Linton et al. . 1970) that avoidance behaviour can be extinguished without the extinction of fear. It was thought useful to assess the generality of this result, since in two-factor theory, fear and avoidance are related. Two supplementary experiments replicated important conditions of the initial one, while examining whether response prevention and response non-availability have similar effects (II), and the relation between the fear test and the test for extinction (III).
METABOLISM OF ESTRONE IN MEN AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN1

THE LOW CONCENTRATION of urinary estrogens in the urine of men and non-pregnant women and the presence of large amounts of inactive phenolic materials has rendered difficult the identification, by isolation, of the nature of the estrogenic compounds present. Dingemanse et al. (1) have isolated estrone from the ketonic fraction of normal male urine. Heard and Hoffman (2) isolated estrone from the weak phenolic ketonic fraction of the urine of a young man after α-estradiol administration and recovered α-estradiol from the weak phenolic non-ketonic fraction of the same urine. We have recently reported the isolation of estriol from the urine of human males injected with estrone (3). The labor and difficulty of such isolation studies should not, however, prevent the determination, particularly in estrogen metabolism studies, by less direct methods of the presumed urinary content of the three native estrogens.
Metabolomic analysis and visualization engine for LC-MS data.

Metabolomic analysis by liquid chromatography−high-resolution mass spectrometry results in data sets with thousands of features arising from metabolites, fragments, isotopes, and adducts. Here we describe a software package, Metabolomic Analysis and Visualization ENgine (MAVEN), designed for efficient interactive analysis of LC−MS data, including in the presence of isotope labeling. The software contains tools for all aspects of the data analysis process, from feature extraction to pathway-based graphical data display. To facilitate data validation, a machine learning algorithm automatically assesses peak quality. Users interact with raw data primarily in the form of extracted ion chromatograms, which are displayed with overlaid circles indicating peak quality, and bar graphs of peak intensities for both unlabeled and isotope-labeled metabolite forms. Click-based navigation leads to additional information, such as raw data for specific isotopic forms or for metabolites changing significantly between condi...
Colony size does not predict foraging distance in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus : a puzzle for standard scaling models

Body size is often positively correlated with ecologically relevant traits such as fecundity, survival, resource requirements, and home range size. Ant colonies, in some respects, behave like organisms, and their colony size is thought to be a significant predictor of many behavioral and ecological traits similar to body size in unitary organisms. In this study, we test the relationship between colony size and field foraging distance in the ant species Temnothorax rugatulus. These ants forage in the leaf litter presumably for small arthropod prey. We found colonies did not differ significantly in their foraging distances, and colony size is not a significant predictor of foraging distance. This suggests that large colonies may not exhaust local resources or that foraging trips are not optimized for minimal distance, and thus that food may not be the limiting resource in this species. This study shows T. rugatulus are behaving in ways that differ from existing models of scaling.
The relation between energy and mass

ONE of the extremely important corollaries of the theory of relativity promulgated by Einstein in 1905 is the principle that all forms of energy possess inertia, which most commonly is associated with matter. Thus a body that contains heat energy should have somewhat more mass than an otherwise identical but colder body. Similarly, a hollow box with perfectly reflecting internal walls has more mass if radiant energy is streaming back and forth within these walls than if the radiation is absent.
Geochronology of the Monteregian Hills alkaline igneous province, Quebec

Three distinct groups of alkaline rocks can be recognized, on the basis of silica content, in the Monteregian Hills, Quebec: strongly undersaturated, slightly undersaturated to critically saturated, and oversaturated. The first two groups were derived from basanite and alkali picrite magmas, respectively, and yield distinct ages of intrusion clustered about 118 Ma and 136 Ma. The age data are not readily explained by the translation of the North American plate across a fixed mantle hotspot, but because the alkali picrite magmas were derived from greater mantle depths than the basanite magmas, the data do suggest an upward migration of the zone of melting. This change in the depth of melting may be a response to the upward transport of a metasomatic fluid, perhaps with a coupled rise in mantle isotherms.
Promotion by polychlorinated biphenyls of enzyme-altered foci in rat liver.

Abstract Aroclor 1254 is a complex mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) that upon prolonged administration has been reported to produce hepatic tumors in mice and rats. The ability of Aroclor 1254 to promote enzyme-altered foci was determined in an initiation/promotion bioassay in rat liver. Initiation was accomplished in rats that received a 2 3 partial hepatectomy followed in 24 h by diethylnitrosamine (DENA). Aroclor 1254 was administered to each rat 7, 28 and 49 days after the DENA and some of the rats were killed 21 days after each dose of Aroclor. The liver of rats that received Aroclor 1254 on either day 7 or on day 7 and 28 contained an increased incidence of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTase)-positive foci compared to partial hepatectomized and DENA treated rats given tricaprylin (the solvent for Aroclor 1254). Therefore, Aroclor 1254 was demonstrated to enhance the appearance of enzyme-altered foci after only a single oral dose.
Electromagnetic aircraft launch system development considerations

The US Navy is developing an electromagnetic aircraft launch system for its next generation of aircraft carriers. Its approach to the program is predicated on the state of the technology and expertise of the participants. A revised business model is discussed.
Right-border sequences enable the left border of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline Ti-plasmid to produce single-stranded DNA.

The T-region of nopaline-type Ti-plasmids (the portion of the plasmid that is transferred to plant cells) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is delimited by 23–25 bp direct repeats. They are nicked by the products of the virD locus and the presence of these nicked sites is correlated with the synthesis of single-stranded T-region copies. Despite previous indications to the contrary, we show that the pTiT37 T-region left border is capable of producing single-stranded DNA with high efficiency and that its ability to do so is totally dependent on right border-proximal cis-acting sequences, most probably overdrive, located several kilobases from the border. The absence of overdrive does not affect the single-strand nicking activity of the virD product but only the production of single-stranded copies from the nicked substrate.
Characterization of human folylpolyglutamate synthetase expressed in chinese hamster ovary cells

Chinese hamster AUX B1 cells lack the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) responsible for adding polyglutamates to folie acid. The human gene for FPGS was introduced into AUX B1 cells by cotransfection with human genomic DNA and either pSV2neo or pSV2gpt plasmid DNA. Cells were coselected for FPGS expression by growth in the absence of glycine, adenosine, and thymidine, and for drug resistance by growth in geneticin or mycophenolic acid. The presence of human enzyme in transfected cells was identified by relative enzyme activity determinations with ATP or dATP as substrates. The human HeLa cell enzyme displayed a 50% higher activity with dATP, and the hamster enzyme showed a 50% higher activity with ATP. Hamster and human enzymes also differed in the chain length of polyglutamates on cellular folate. Only monoglutamates were detected in AUX B1 cells, while wild-type hamster cells had predominantly hexa- and heptaglutamates, and human HeLa cells had predominantly hepta- and octaglutamates. Transformants with FPGS activity that showed a human enzyme preference for dATP also had folate polyglutamate chain lengths characteristic of the human enzyme.
Validation of a five-component optical model for estimating chlorophyll a and suspended mineral concentrations in Lake Ontario.

The model is shown to have lake-wide applicability to water quality determinations and is neither atmospheric nor data-set dependent. (AIP)
Low potassium dextran is superior to University of Wisconsin solution in high-risk lung transplant recipients.

Background The ideal solution for recovery of donor lungs remains unknown. Low potassium dextran (LPD) solution is most common, but University of Wisconsin (UW) solution is also used. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database allows assessment of preservation solutions in a large cohort of lung transplant (LTx) patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the UNOS data set for adult primary LTx patients (2005–2008) whose donor lungs were recovered with UW or LPD solution. Patients were stratified by UW vs LPD, and secondarily grouped by quartiles of the lung allocation score (LAS) to examine high-risk recipients. Kaplan-Meier (KM) short-term mortality (30 days, 90 days, 1 year) and rejection in the first year were examined for intervals with adequate follow-up. Cox proportional hazard regression using 11 variables examined all cause 1-year mortality. Results Of 4,455 patients, 4,161 (93.4%) received LPD lungs and 294 (6.6%) received UW lungs, and 1,105 patients (24.8%) died during the study. There was no mortality difference based on flush solution with all patients examined together. However, patients in the upper 2 LAS quartiles (Q3: 37.8–45.4, Q4: > 45.4) receiving LPD lungs had greater 1-year survival of 81.5% vs 73.5% ( p = 0.02). On multivariable analysis, flush with UW solution resulted in an increased risk of 1-year mortality (hazard ratio, 1.77. 95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.58; p = 0.003) vs LPD. Preservation solution did not affect rejection rates in the year after LTx. KM modeling demonstrated the effect of flush solution on survival ( p = 0.02). Conclusions This study is the largest modern cohort to evaluate the effect of donor lung flush solutions on survival in adult LTx. UW solution increases the risk of 1-year mortality in high-risk LTx recipients.
The effects of limiting nighttime aeration on productivity and lipid accumulation in Scenedesmus dimorphous

Abstract As algal research strives for economic viability of algal biomass as a resource for biofuels and bioproducts there are two key foci that need continued research: reducing energy consumption and utilizing ammonium as nitrogen source. One of the largest concerns in utilizing ammonium as a nitrogen source for algal cultivation is the volatility and toxicity associated with pH values greater than 8.0. In cultures aerated with increased CO 2 concentrations pH becomes problematic at night when the CO 2 supply is removed and the pH of the cultivation medium re-equilibrates with the atmosphere (typically) above a pH of 8.0. In photobioreactors, one of the ways to eliminate energy consumption is to minimize aeration and mixing at night, which also prevents the pH of the medium from increasing. However, by eliminating nighttime aeration cultures show a significant lag in lipid accumulation attributable to anoxic conditions. To minimize oxygen limitations, cultures were either periodically sparged or supplied with low aeration (less than 10% of daytime aeration) to minimize pH increase. The results showed similar productivities to highly aerated cultures with a decrease of more than 95% of nightly aeration requirements and concomitant energy consumption.
Thermal expansion and lattice anharmonicity of alkali-graphite intercalation compounds

We have measured the $c$-axis and $a$-axis thermal expansion of several alkalimetal---graphite intercalation compounds by means of x-ray scattering between 10 and 300 K. The $c$-axis thermal expansion depends strongly on the in-plane mass density of the alkali-metal atoms and the stage of the compound, and is largest for K${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$. The $a$-axis thermal expansion of K${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$ and K${\mathrm{C}}_{24}$ is negative in the considered temperature region and the room-temperature coefficient is twice as large as for pristine graphite. We have analyzed the $c$-axis data in terms of a one-dimensional quasiharmonic approximation, which yields Gr\"uneisen parameters 2 or 3 times as large as those for graphite.
Glycerol-3-phosphate is a critical mobile inducer of systemic immunity in plants

Pradeep Kachroo and colleagues show that glycerol-3-phosphate is a critical mobile inducer of systemic acquired resistance in plants.
The NMR spectrum and total geometry of selenophene determined in the liquid crystal medium ZLI 1167

The calculated 12C, 13C and 77Se spectra of selenophene have been reproduced from the observed proton NMR spectrum in the orienting medium Merck ZLI 1167, and the entire ring structure computed. The effects on structure of vibration, solvent dependence of couplings and temperature have been explored. Most notable was the observation of a substantial increase in the SeC bond length, comparable to that previously reported for selenophene in Merck Phase IV.
Does concomitant anterior/apical repair during midurethral sling improve the overactive bladder component of mixed incontinence?

Midurethral sling (MUS) can improve overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. It is unclear if anterior/apical prolapse (AA) repair provides additional benefit. We hypothesized that women with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) experience greater improvement in the OAB component of their symptoms after concomitant MUS and AA repair compared with MUS alone. This is a retrospective cohort study of women with bothersome MUI (defined by objective stress test and validated questionnaire) undergoing MUS alone (“MUS-only”) or concomitant MUS and AA repair (“MUS + AA”). Our primary outcome was the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Symptom Severity (OAB-q SS) change score 6 weeks after surgery. Of 151 women, 67 (44 %) underwent MUS-only and 84 (56 %) underwent MUS + AA. The MUS-only cohort was younger and had less severe baseline prolapse (p < 0.05 for both). Postoperative complications (predominantly UTI) occurred in 35 (23 %) patients and were similar between cohorts. For all subjects mean OAB-q SS scores significantly improved postoperatively (p < 0.05). Our primary outcome, OAB-q SS change score, showed no significant differences between cohorts (30 ± 26 MUS-only vs 25 ± 25 MUS + AA, p = 0.20), indicating similar improvements in OAB symptoms. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed no difference in OAB-q SS change score between cohorts; however, OAB-q SS change scores were lower for women with a postoperative complication (β = −19, 95 % CI −31 to −6; p < 0.01). In women with bothersome MUI, concomitant AA repair does not result in additional improvement in OAB symptoms over MUS alone. Patients with postoperative complications exhibit less improvement in OAB symptoms.
Polysomes and protein synthesis during development of Ilyanassa obsoleta

Abstract Polysomes from various stages of development of Ilyanassa obsoleta have been isolated and their protein synthetic activity determined. Unfertilized eggs have a small population of polysomes active in protein synthesis. Fertilization induces an increase in polysomes resulting in an increase in protein synthesis. Approx. a 5-fold increase in polysomes occurs by the veliger larval stage.
Cimetidine versus famotidine: the effect on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats.

The effects of Cimetidine and a new, potent H2-antagonist, famotidine, on the single dose pharmacokinetics of theophylline were examined in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 rats/group) received an i.v. dose of theophylline (6 mg/kg) alone a n d in conjunction with an i.v. dose of famotidine (10 mg/kg) or Cimetidine (10 mg/kg). Venous blood samples were collected serially for seven hours after theophylline infusion a n d analyzed for theophylline concentration by HPLC. Concomitant famotidine administration did not alter any of the pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline (AUC0-∞; 38.1±8.7 vs. 38.8±6.3 μg.hr.ml-1), while Cimetidine demonstrated a significant reduction in theophylline systemic clearance (0.11±0.02 vs. 0.16±0.02 L/hr/kg; p<0.001), a 40% prolongation of half-life (2.8±0.9 vs. 2.0±0.5 hr), with no change in the volume of distribution (0.39±0.1 vs. 0.41±0. 1 3 L/kg). These results suggest that in contrast to Cimetidine, famotidine, a non-imidazole H2-receptor antagonist, does not interfere with theophylline disposition in the rat.
A LIMITED SURVEY OF THE PHYLOGENETIC DISTRIBUTION OF POLYPHENOL OXIDASE

Abstract A variety of terrestrial and aquatic plant species were tested for the presence of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), using three different assay protocols. All aquatic green algae (Chlorella, Stigeoclonium, Microspora, Ulva and Spirogyra) tested have no detectable PPO except for a Trebouxioid alga (lichen symbiont), and Coleochaete. Of the Charalean algae Chara and Nitella, only the latter had measurable activity. Some hepatics (Conocephalum and Marchantia) possess the enzyme, but two species of Riccia tested do not. The anthocerotes Phaeoceros, Anthoceros and Notothylas have low, but easily detectable PPO. The mosses, Dicranum, Sphagnum and Thuidium, have no detectable activity. All of the ferns and fern allies tested have PPO activity. Among seed plants, PPO is undetectable in Ginkgo or any of the conifers tested. All but two species of the angiosperms surveyed possessed the enzyme. The Mr as determined by semi-native electrophoretic mobility, ranged widely from 30 000 to 200 000, depending upon species. All species with PPO activity measured by spectrophotometric or gel assay had cytochemically-detected activity localized to the thylakoid membranes, with cytochemical product accumulating in the lumen of the thylakoid.
Giving Up Homicide: Korowai Experience of Witches and Police (West Papua)

This paper examines the recent historical conjuncture of two regimes of violence in the lives of Korowai of West Papua: the endogenous violence of witches and witch execution, and the exogenous violence of Indonesian police. I argue that Korowai speakers' witchcraft beliefs and former practices of witch execution followed a culturally distinctive logic of shock and redemptive transaction, according to which violence could be generative of more positive qualities of relationship. By contrast, Indonesian police appear to Korowai as a qualitatively new kind of violent agent, with whom it is impossible to transact in any direct, potentially redemptive manner. In this situation, fear of police is the main reason Korowai say they have stopped executing witches. I also argue, however, that police violence appears to have had an additive local life beyond the scope of direct police involvement in local affairs. Reports, threats, figurative evocations, and emulative enactments of police violence are all now actively taken up by Korowai in their own projects of making a social world. Korowai reception of police violence has been profoundly mediated and shaped by local sociocultural principles. In this respect, the current intercultural dialogue of and about violence is one in which local and state agency have been complexly co-constitutive. In their own perception, Korowai speakers of southern West Papua presently live subject to two major regimes of violence. First, they are preoccupied with the existence among themselves of anthropophagous witches. Until recently Korowai sometimes executed men accused of witchcraft, sustaining rates of community-internal capital punishment unparalleled in the ethnographic and historical record except by other New Guinea societies with similar models of witch pathology (e.g. Kelly 1993; Knauft 1985; Steadman 1972). Meanwhile, since the 1980s, Korowai have experienced violent acts of firearm-bearing agents of the Indonesian government. Most violent police interventions in Korowai life have been provoked by witchcraft-related killings. Korowai, prompted by their ongoing encounter with the violence of the state, are presently reevaluating and renouncing their own regime of extraordinary endogenous violence. Korowai with whom I did my research in the mid-1990s now say that they have 'given up' (yaxtimo-)] homicide, including the execution of witches. In this paper, I develop two main ethnographically-based arguments about this disturbing historical conjuncture of 'two specific forms of the organization of violence' (Maclean 1998:110). First, I argue that witchcraft beliefs, witch persecution and other areas of Korowai life were organized by a culturally distinctive understanding of the basic nature and social implications of 'violence' as such. I make this point not only by examining Korowai speakers' endogenous practices of violence on their own, but also by examining how those endogenous practices have been suspended or modified in confrontation with the differently organized violence of the police. Second, I argue that police violence has had a
A note on condorcet sets

Suppose we have a set S2 of possible political platforms and a number N (preferably odd) of voters. The platforms will also be called points. If a platform P is preferred to a platform Q by a majority vote, we write P )bQ. We suppose that between any pair of points P and Q there is a relation either P )bQ or Q > P. In order that this should be realistic, we must assume that the number of points is at most countably infinite, but for simplicity we shall go further and assume that the number is finite. When P )p Q we say also that P preponderates Q or Q is preponderated by P. In this note, the word dominates is reserved for Pareto domination: P dominates Q if it is unanimously preferred to Q.
CuNesl: Compiling Nested Data-Parallel Languages for SIMT Architectures

Data-parallel languages feature fine-grained parallel primitives that can be supported by compilers targeting modern many-core architectures where data parallelism must be exploited to fully utilize the hardware. Previous research has focused on converting data-parallel languages for SIMD (single instruction multiple data) architectures. However, directly applying them to today's SIMT (single instruction multiple thread) architectures does not guarantee competitive performance. We propose cuNesl, a compiler framework to translate and optimize NESL into parallel CUDA programs for SIMT architectures. By converting recursive calls into while loops, we ensure that the hierarchical execution model in GPUs can be exploited on the "flattened" code. The performance gap between our auto-generated CUDA code and hand-crafted CUDA code thus narrows while programmability is greatly increased. Our compiler outperforms handwritten parallel code running on CPUs in terms of both execution time and programmability.
Sexual incompatibility and mate-recognition systems : a study of two species of sympatric salamanders (Plethodontidae)

Abstract Abstract. In those instances where sexually active individuals of closely related sympatric species encounter one another but fail to mate, one expects to find interspecific differences in some component(s) of their mate-recognition systems. This expectation was tested in a detailed laboratory study of two species of plethedontid salamanders found in sympatry in Virginia. Mountain dusky salamanders, Desmognathus ochrophaeus , and northern dusky salamanders, D. fuscus fuscus , were highly sexually incompatible; none of 60 interspecific encounters resulted in insemination, compared with 32 of 60 intraspecific encounters (experiment 1). Detailed analysis of intraspecific courtship encounters revealed qualitative and quantitative differences between these species in aspects of both the content and overall timing of courtship (experiment 2). However, similarly detailed analysis of interspecific encounters failed to reveal any contemporary role for behavioural differences in the maintenance of sexual incompatibility: males simply ignored heterospecific females (experiment 3). Species differences in female chemical cues may be of importance in this apparent lack of heterospecific recognition. Males of both species discriminated against the chemical cues of heterospecific females in Y-maze tests in which males were presented with substrate-borne conspecific and heterospecific cues simultaneously (experiment 4). These results indicate that attention must be paid to all components of mate-recognition systems if the biological basis of sexual incompatibility is to be understood fully. Had only interspecific differences in courtship behaviour patterns in this study been sought and found, the erroneous conclusion that these differences were responsible for the maintenance of sexual incompatibility might have been reached.
Racial Barrier Socialization and the Well-being of African American Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Mother-Adolescent Relationship Quality

Racial socialization has been suggested as an important factor in helping African American adolescents cope effectively with racism and discrimination. Although multiple studies have reported a positive link between racial pride socialization and psychological adjustment among African American youth, assessments of the association between adolescent adjustment and another dimension of racial socialization—racial barrier socialization—have yielded inconsistent findings. Using a sample of 190 African American adolescents, the present study focuses attention on the quality of mother-adolescent relations as an indicator of affective context, and examines its moderating influence on the association between racial barrier socialization and adolescent adjustment. Regression analyses indicated that the link between racial barrier socialization and adolescent adjustment is moderated by mother-adolescent relationship quality. However, these associations varied by gender.
Some basic concepts and thoughts on the space-time-analysis of rocks and mineral deposits in orogenic belts

The basic concepts and thoughts presented here are based on observations made during the past fifteen years in orogenic belts of the Alps, the Cordillera of South and North America, the Appalachians, and in the stable areas of the Canadian Shield and the Middle West of the United States.
Architecture of the Texas A&M Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Controller

Presents the software and hardware architectures of the autonomous underwater vehicle controller (AUVC) developed at Texas A&M University. It is a controller for a long range, highly reliable UUV. Capabilities include mission planning/replanning, path planning, energy management, collision avoidance, threat detection and evasion, failure diagnosis and recovery, radio communication, navigation, and recovery from its internal faults. In its first version, functions were partitioned among eighteen loosely coupled processes. Rule-based systems performed mission management and fault diagnosis, while algorithmic control systems were used for lower-level control. The original AUVC software was designed for a network of sixteen processors in planar-2 configuration, with redundant communication paths. A software component provided reliable distributed computing. The controller was tested using a simulated generic vehicle that contained twenty-one subsystems. Tests on the Large Diameter UUV (LDUUV), usin a six-processor version of the AUVC, are reported.
A Comparison of Pain and Its Treatment in Advanced Dementia and Cognitively Intact Patients with Hip Fracture

Advanced dementia patients may be at substantial risk for undetected or undertreated pain. To examine the treatment of pain following hip fracture, a prospective cohort study was conducted in an academic teaching hospital. Fifty-nine cognitively intact elderly patients with hip fracture and 38 patients with hip fracture and advanced dementia were assessed daily. The cognitively intact patients rated their pain on a numeric scale ranging from 0 (none) to 4 (very severe). Analgesics prescribed and administered were recorded and compared to hip fracture patients with advanced dementia. The advanced dementia patients received one-third the amount of morphine sulfate equivalents as the cognitively intact patients. Forty-four percent of cognitively intact individuals reported severe to very severe pain preoperatively and 42% reported similar pain postoperatively. Half the cognitively intact patients who experienced moderate to very severe pain were prescribed inadequate analgesia for their level of pain. Eighty-three percent of cognitively intact patients and 76% of dementia patients did not receive a standing order for an analgesic agent. These data reveal that a majority of elderly hip fracture patients experienced undertreated pain. The fact that advanced dementia patients received one-third the amount of opioid analgesia as compared to cognitively intact subjects-40% of whom reported severe pain postoperatively-suggests that the majority of dementia patients were in severe pain postoperatively. This study and others suggest that directed interventions to improve pain detection and alter physician prescribing practices in the cognitively impaired are needed.
Determination of carbon‐14 and/or tritium in the methyl group of organic compounds. Isotopic C‐methyl analysis

The determination of the millimolar radioactivity of C-methyl groups in selected carbon-14 and tritium labelled compounds by modification of the Kuhn-Roth method is presented. Oxidation of the radioactive sample in an open vessel using a solution of sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid allows radioassay of the C-methyl group as acetic acid. This procedure has been tested with a representative group of labelled compounds and found to be isotopically reliable.
WIC in Your Neighborhood: New Evidence on the Impacts of Geographic Access to Clinics

A large body of evidence indicates that conditions in-utero and health at birth matter for individuals' long-run outcomes, suggesting potential value in programs aimed at pregnant women and young children. This paper uses a novel identification strategy and data from birth and administrative records over 2005-2009 to provide causal estimates of the effects of geographic access to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). My empirical approach uses within-ZIP-code variation in WIC clinic presence together with maternal fixed effects, and accounts for the potential endogeneity of mobility, gestational-age bias, and measurement error in gestation. I find that access to WIC increases food benefit take-up, pregnancy weight gain, birth weight, and the probability of breastfeeding initiation at the time of hospital discharge. The estimated effects are strongest for mothers with a high school education or less, who are most likely eligible for WIC services.
Predictive Robot Programming: Theoretical and Experimental Analysis

As the capabilities of manipulator robots increase, they are performing more complex tasks. The cumbersome nature of conventional programming methods limits robotic automation due to the lengthy programming time. We present a novel method for reducing the time needed to program a manipulator robot: predictive robot programming (PRP). The PRP system constructs a statistical model of the user by incorporating information from previously completed tasks. Using this model, the PRP system computes predictions about where the user will move the robot. The user can reduce programming time by allowing the PRP system to complete the task automatically. In this paper, we derive a learning algorithm that estimates the structure of continuous-density hidden Markov models from tasks the user has already completed. We analyze the performance of the PRP system on two sets of data. The first set is based on data from complex, real-world robotic tasks. We show that the PRP system is able to compute predictions for about 2...
Safe use of segmental liver grafts from donors after cardiac death (DCD) in children with acute liver failure.

Summary Emergency liver transplantation is a life-saving procedure in selected subset of children with acute liver failure (ALF), when most recipients receive a segmental graft from a living or heart-beating deceased donor. The increased use of full-liver grafts from donors after cardiac death (DCD) has had a beneficial impact on elective liver transplantation in adults. These grafts however are more susceptible to poor initial function, and most centres are reluctant to consider their use as segmental grafts, let alone in the situation of ALF where good initial function is imperative. In this short article, we describe the use and successful outcome in two children aged 6 weeks and 6 years with acute liver failure who received reduced-size DCD liver grafts.
FM Verification for the 21st Century

Background: For children with hearing loss, the benefits of FM systems in overcoming deleterious effects of noise, distance, and reverberation have led to recommendations for use beyond classroom s...
Frequency planning and synthesizer architectures for multiband OFDM UWB radios

This work presents an analysis on frequency planning and synthesis for multiband (MB) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) radios operating in the range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The most important specifications for the frequency synthesizer in an MB-OFDM UWB transceiver are provided. A synthesizer architecture for an existing frequency plan is introduced along with a discussion on its performance and implementation. An alternative frequency plan and its corresponding synthesizer architecture are also proposed. It is shown how this modified frequency plan leads to a significant simplification in the synthesizer realization. The feasible performance of both synthesizer architectures is evaluated through macromodel simulations using realistic models for the building blocks. Finally, system-level simulation results showing the impact of synthesizer spurs on the bit error rate performance of an MB-OFDM UWB receiver in the presence of interferers are provided. The presented results and discussion provide valuable insight for the implementation of a 3.1-10.6-GHz UWB synthesizer.
The network as the target.

The conventional target centric model of drug discovery is pinned under the weight of prior success and the traditional problems of safety and efficacy for new molecules. An alternative to target centric drug development is to shift focus to the pathways that mediate both biology and pathophysiology. This method has the advantage of not requiring a priori knowledge of the small molecule target, but also comes with it several challenges including target determination. We suggest extending this notion more broadly across the drug discovery process using quantitative network structure-activity relationships (QNSAR), and discuss the steps necessary to test the hypothesis that systems biology approaches can be used to improve the drug discovery process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Developing and disseminating financial guidelines for American households

Household financial planning can be challenging and household members often lack basic financial literacy skills. This paper discusses the potential and pitfalls of one approach to solving these problems — the development and dissemination of financial guidelines simple enough to be explained in graphic form. The discussion is motivated by the history of nutritional guidelines, namely the Food Pyramid and MyPlate. Financial and nutritional choices share several salient features, including the trade-off between current and future choices, the underlying complexity of the problem, and the auspicious effect that simple rules-of-thumb can provide. We conclude that financial guidelines can be most effective if they meet the following criteria. First, the guidelines should be simple, accurate, and comprehensive. Second, alternative versions of the guidelines should be developed to reflect the divergent economic circumstances of people at different points in the life-cycle, or who for other reasons face different economic situations. Third, the guidelines should be designed to be a focal point for the development of new, appropriate financial products and services. Fourth, the financial guidelines should be widely disseminated from an unbiased source of financial information and planning.
pH measurements based on a palladium electrode

The feasibility of a metal palladium electrode as the pH sensor in air-saturated aqueous solutions was evaluated. The measurement was based on an “on-site” precleaning step and a potential decay process. The experimental results showed a linear pH response with a sensitivity of around 60 mV/pH and good reproducibiliry. The temperature effect on the measurement was also evaluated.
A method to predict breast cancer stage using Medicare claims

In epidemiologic studies, cancer stage is an important predictor of outcomes. However, cancer stage is typically unavailable in medical insurance claims datasets, thus limiting the usefulness of such data for epidemiologic studies. Therefore, we sought to develop an algorithm to predict cancer stage based on covariates available from claims-based data.
Cajal Bodies: The First 100 Years

▪ Abstract Cajal bodies are small nuclear organelles first described nearly 100 years ago by Ramon y Cajal in vertebrate neural tissues. They have since been found in a variety of animal and plant nuclei, suggesting that they are involved in basic cellular processes. Cajal bodies contain a marker protein of unknown function, p80-coilin, and many components involved in transcription and processing of nuclear RNAs. Among these are the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases and factors required for transcribing and processing their respective nuclear transcripts: mRNA, rRNA, and pol III transcripts. A model is discussed in which Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA. A parallel is drawn to the nucleolus and the preassembly of ribosomes, which are unitary particles involved in translation of proteins.
Logic Simulation On Massively Parallel Architectures

This work examines the mapping of logic simulation onto massively parallel computer architectures. We discuss alternative communication primitives for a massively parallel instruction set architecture and the impact of the choice of communication primitives on logic simulation. We have developed compilation tools to automatically map the simulation of an MOS transistor circuit onto a massively parallel computer. We analyze the efficiency of this mapping as a function of the available communication primitives. The compilation process is illustrated by describing our pilot implementation on a 32k processor Connection Machine.
An appreciation of 40 years.

A historic event for me occurred on March 6, 2007. That day marked the 40th anniversary of my Ohio licensure as a pharmacist. Forty years! I have but two words to say about the occasion: lifelong learning. In 1967, we had only two “pharma-co’s,” namely, pharmacology and pharmacognosy.
New mass spectrometry techniques for studying physical chemistry of atmospheric heterogeneous processes

Ambient particles and droplets have a significant effect on climate, visibility and human health. Once formed, they undergo continuous transformations through condensation and evaporation of water, uptake of low-volatility organic molecules and photochemical reactions involving various gaseous and condensed-phase species in the atmosphere. These transformations determine the physical and chemical properties of airborne particles, such as their ability to absorb and scatter solar radiation and nucleate cloud droplets. The complexity, heterogeneity and size of ambient particles make it challenging to understand the kinetics and mechanisms of their formation and chemical transformations. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical technique that enables detailed chemical characterisation of both small and large molecules in complex matrices. This capability makes MS a promising tool for studying chemical transformations of particles and droplets in the atmosphere. This review is focused on new and emergi...
Synergistic Role of Curcumin With Current Therapeutics in Colorectal Cancer: Minireview

Despite the use of surgical resection and aggressive chemotherapy, nearly 50% of patients with colorectal carcinoma develop recurrent disease, highlighting the need for improved therapies. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the major active ingredient of turmeric (curcuma longa) with no discernable toxicity, has been shown to inhibit the growth of transformed cells and colon carcinogenesis at the initiation, promotion, and progression stages in carcinogen-induced rodent models. In a Phase I clinical trial, curcumin has been found to be extremely well tolerated and effective. In this review, we summarized the current status of our knowledge about the effectiveness of curcumin when given in combination with current chemotherapeutics such as 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and gemcitabine in treatment of gastrointestinal cancers with particular reference to colorectal cancer. Existing data suggest that curcumin in combination with chemotherapy is a superior strategy for treatment of gastrointestinal cancer.
Mutual Best Friendship Involvement, Best Friends' Rejection Sensitivity, and Psychological Maladaptation

Rejection sensitivity (RS) refers to the tendency to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to experiences of possible rejection. RS is a clear risk factor for psychological maladaptation during early adolescence. However, there is growing evidence of significant heterogeneity in the psychological correlates of RS. To investigate when RS poses the greatest psychological risk during early adolescence, this study examines mutual best friendship involvement (or lack thereof) and the best friends’ RS as potential moderators of the associations between RS and psychological difficulties. Participants were 150 7th grade students (58 boys; M age = 13.05 years) who nominated their best friends, and reported on their RS, social anxiety, and self-esteem. Results from a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that mutual best friendship involvement and best friends’ RS were both significant moderators when fear of negative evaluation (a type of social anxiety) served as the dependent variable. The association between RS and fear of negative evaluation was stronger for adolescents without mutual best friends than adolescents with mutual best friends. In addition, the association between RS and fear of negative evaluation was the strongest for adolescents whose best friends were highly rejection sensitive (relative to adolescents whose best friends were moderately or low in RS). Findings highlight the importance of considering best friendships in studies of RS and strongly suggest that, although having mutual best friendships may be protective for rejection sensitive adolescents, having a rejection sensitive best friend may exacerbate difficulties. The significance of friends in the lives of rejection sensitive adolescents is discussed as well as possible applied implications of the findings and study limitations.
Risk of Arterial Thrombosis Not Increased by Sorafenib or Sunitinib

TO THE EDITOR: In an analysis assessing the risk of arterial thrombotic events (ATEs) with sunitinib or sorafenib in patients with cancer, Choueiri et al reviewed multiple studies using these agents. However, their finding of an increased risk of ATEs rests on their analysis of only three randomized controlled trials comparing sunitinib or sorafenib therapy with placebos, because the expected incidence of ATEs in uncontrolled trials is uncertain. They calculate a relative risk for thrombosis of 2.39 with sunitinib; however, this was not statistically significant (95% CI, 0.12 to 49.41). Their calculated relative risk in one of the three trials, that by Escudier et al, comparing sorafenib with a placebo for renal cell cancer, was statistically significant. However, because the authors failed to distinguish between incidence per treatment episode and incidence per unit of time (the more relevant statistic), their conclusions may be erroneous. In oncology clinical trials such as those reviewed, patients are generally not treated for a predetermined, fixed period of time; rather, they are treated until their cancer shows evidence of progression on computed tomography scans, at which time the patient is removed from the trial, and further adverse events are not recorded beyond 30 days after the end of treatment. Because sunitinib and sorafenib are beneficial oncology drugs, the patients in these trials often continued treatment with the active drug much longer than patients given a placebo; therefore, patients receiving the active drug had more time to develop conditions leading to adverse events, such as arterial thrombi. For example, in the study by Escudier et al, the median treatment duration with sorafenib was 5.8 months, versus 3 months with the placebo. This would translate into an average observation time of 6.8 months for patients treated with sorafenib, versus 4 months for patients who received the placebo.Twelve ATEs were recorded in patients receiving sorafenib during 3,067 patient-months of observation, versus two events in patients receiving the placebo during 1,804 patient-months of observation. The difference here is not significant (Fisher’s exact test, two-tailed, P .097). These three randomized trials show no clear evidence of an increased rate of significant arterial thrombi per patient per month with either sorafenib or sunitinib, compared with placebos. The same authors made the same error of confusing adverse event per treatment episode with the more important statistic of adverse event per unit of time in their article on bleeding with sunitinib and sorafenib, as was described in my letter. In their reply, the authors asserted that adverse effects, such as bleeding or thrombosis, occur early after drug exposure; however, I am unaware of any studies or clinical experience to support that hypothesis. A similar error was also made by Nalluri et al in a meta-analysis of venous thrombosis with bevacizumab, and when they calculated adverse events per unit of time, their results were no longer significant.