cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of maternal stress on the transmammary transfer and protective capacity of herpes simplex virus-specific immunity

In adults, psychological stress regulates immune responsiveness in part via the increased levels of corticosterone that are produced as a result of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. However, there is a lack of knowledge as to the role such regulation may play in the neonate. Neonates are severely compromised in their ability to generate an immune response to pathogens encountered after birth and therefore rely heavily on maternally derived antibody acquired postnatally through the milk. This passive transfer of antibody is critical for protection of the neonate from severe herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and mortality. Using a well-established postnatal restraint/light stress model, we determined whether maternal stress and the associated increases in corticosterone would affect the transmammary transfer of antibody and subsequent neonate susceptibility to HSV-associated mortality. Serum corticosterone levels were markedly increased in lactating mice subjected to the restraint/light stress, and increased levels of corticosterone were transferred through the milk of these stressed mothers to their neonates. Despite these increases in corticosterone, the transmammary transfer and accumulation of total and HSV-specific IgG in neonate serum remained intact. This milk-derived, HSV-specific antibody alone protected the neonate from systemic viral spread. Interestingly, postnatal maternal stress significantly increased neonate survival after HSV-2 infection despite no apparent alteration in viral spread. These studies demonstrate that although the transmammary transfer of antibody is unaffected by maternal stress, stress may be enhancing components of antiviral immunity that are effective in protecting neonates from HSV-associated mortality.
Brachial Plexus Injury in the Newborn Infant

Brachial plexus palsy occurs at a frequency of approximately four cases in 1,000 births. The most obvious signs of trauma to the brachial plexus in the newborn are limp hypotonic arm, paucity or lack of movements, and abnormal posture of the affected limb. ETIOLOGY In most cases, there has been a complicated delivery with prolonged, difficult labor. The infant is often large. The mechanism of injury is traction upon the brachial plexus. Excessive stretching may occur in either breech on vertex presentation, as the head and neck are forced into lateral flexion to deliver the shoulders. The slightly higher incidence on the right side is attributed to the greater frequency of left occiput anterior presentation. Experimental studies have shown that resistance to structural disruption by tensile forces differs in various segments of the brachial plexus. Neuronal elements surrounded by soft tissues are less vulnerable to injury than nerve roots; the latter are adjacent to bone as they exit through the foramina and course along the grooves of the transverse processes. ANATOMY Clinical signs relate to the site of the lesion. The distribution of weakness reflects the anatomy of the brachial plexus (Figure), whereas the abnormal postures of the affected extremity are caused by the imbalance and unopposed action of muscles that remained innervated.
Mobilization and protest: the struggle to save Karura Forest in Nairobi, Kenya

Recent literature in geography and related sciences has sought to demonstrate the role of different forms of spatialities such as space, place, scale and mobility in structuring social movement formations. In so doing, the literature has gone beyond the conventional structural explanations of the development of collective organized resistance. Within this line of scholarship, some have called for the need to go beyond focusing on single positions of spatiality in isolation from others and to address how multiple spatialities, combined, influence the development and practices of social movements. A fuller understanding of how multiple spatialities impact movements must also include consideration of empirical cases beyond the current focus on North American, European and Latin American contexts. This paper, therefore, investigates the development of a loosely organized resistance movement in Kenya and its efforts in the late 1990s to protest against government-sanctioned plans to privatize Karura Forest, a ...
Information Capacity of Seeing Limited Imaging Systems

We apply Shannon’s statistical information measure to calculate the maximum capacity of a ground-based astronomical imaging system to process the information in the objects it views under varying strengths of atmospheric turbulence and detector noise.
Letting Go: Separation-individuation in a Wife of an Alzheimer's Patient

Conflicts surrounding separation-individuation issues may affect decision making and reluctance to use available help among older spouse caregivers for Alzheimer's patients. This paper describes an intermittent, focused social work intervention to help overcome personal and intrapsychic barriers to using available help. Therapeutic goals, common themes, and implications for practice with caregiving wives are discussed, with specific attention to supporting the wife in her wish to "responsibly finish" rather than separate from a marital bond.
Mechanical Transmission of Turkey Coronavirus by Domestic Houseflies (Musca Domestica Linnaeaus)

SUMMARY. Domestic houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeaus) were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit turkey coronavirus (TCV). Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to TCV by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum comprised of turkey embryo–propagated virus (NC95 strain). TCV was detected in dissected crops from exposed flies for up to 9 hr postexposure; no virus was detected in crops of sham-exposed flies. TCV was not detected in dissected intestinal tissues collected from exposed or sham-exposed flies at any time postexposure. The potential of the housefly to directly transmit TCV to live turkey poults was examined by placing 7-day-old turkey poults in contact with TCV-exposed houseflies 3 hr after flies consumed TCV inoculum. TCV infection was detected in turkeys placed in contact with TCV-exposed flies at densities as low as one fly/bird (TCV antigens detected at 3 days post fly contact in tissues of 3/12 turkeys); however, increased rates of infection were observed with higher ...
Monazite trace-element and isotopic signatures of (ultra)high-pressure metamorphism: Examples from the Western Gneiss Region, Norway

Abstract Monazite U–Pb and trace-element data were gathered from six high- to ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) samples from the Western Gneiss Region, Norway, using LASS (laser-ablation split-stream ICP-MS) to investigate variations in monazite composition during high-pressure metamorphism. The UHP monazites were found to contain up to 7600 ppm Sr, 110 ppm non-radiogenic Pb, relatively weak negative Eu anomalies, and Y concentrations as low as 500 ppm. Amphibolite-facies monazite that rims the UHP monazite in one sample contains Y concentrations up to 1.6 wt.%, Sr as low as 13 ppm, and no detectable non-radiogenic Pb. The UHP monazite composition (high Sr–Pb) is interpreted to result from growth in the absence of feldspar, possibly aided by increased compatibility of Sr–Pb–Eu2 + in the monazite crystal structure at high pressure. Sr in monazite as a proxy for feldspar stability may be a useful tool not only in studying high-pressure metamorphism, but also in determining timescales of melting and crystallization, when the amount of feldspar changes over time.
The Practice: A Recent Blow for Third-Party-Payor Plaintiffs

Commentary and analysis of the Second Circuit’s decision in UFCW Local 1776 and Participating Employers Health and Welfare Fund v. Eli Lilly and Co. (Sept. 10, 2010), reversing class certification approved by District Judge Jack Weinstein in class litigation based on alleged injuries resulting from the pricing and sale of the pharmaceutical Zyprexa. The litigation involved the ability of a third party payors ― in this instance various unions and their affiliated health care funds ― to recover compensation from the pharmaceutical companies for economic harm as a result of overpricing in the sale of the prescription drug. The chief class claims centered on violation of federal RICO provisions. In granting class certification, Judge Weinstein agreed with the plaintiffs’ classwide theories of generalized proof of reliance that formed the basis for the third-party payor RICO claims. Judge Weinstein certified the third party payors’ RICO class predicated on the overpricing theory, but declined to certify an individual payor class or one based on state consumer-protection laws. The court found that the class could use generalized proof to show that Zyprexa was overpriced as a result of Lilly's excessive claims of utility as well as its disavowal of secondary effects. Weinstein held that the plaintiffs could prove reliance on a classwide basis because the alleged fraud was directed through mailings on which doctors relied, causing third party overpayments. The Second Circuit, invoking its own prior precedent in McLaughlin v. American Tobacco Co., 522 F.3d 215 (2d Cir 2008), again disapproved of the application of classwide theories of generalized proof of reliance in RICO claims. The court indicated that to recover damages under RICO, a plaintiff must show a substantive RICO violation, injury to the plaintiff's business or property and that such injury was by reason of the substantive RICO violation. The plaintiffs contended that the third parties’ injury was caused by physicians relying on Lilly's misrepresentations and thereby prescribing Zyprexa. The court held that because reliance was a necessary part of the plaintiffs' causation theory, the plaintiffs had to demonstrate that reliance could be shown by generalized proof. The court then concluded that reliance could not be demonstrated by generalized proof and therefore class certification was not appropriate under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).
Book Review of Corporate Strategic Planning, by Noel Capon, John U. Farley, and James M. Hulbert, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988

Corporate Strategic Planning (CSP) reports on an important study of planning practices and the value of those practices. Though it is a long book, nearly 500 pages, one can get almost the full benefit by reading about 200 pages. In fact, CSP contains an excellent summary (Chapter 11) that is only 33 pages; this chapter should be sufficient for most readers. My review assesses what the book has to offer and provides a guide to the potential reader.
Scientific Basis for Efficient Extraction of Uranium from Seawater. I: Understanding the Chemical Speciation of Uranium under Seawater Conditions

In recent years, the prospective recovery of uranium from seawater has become a topic of interest owing to the increasing demand for nuclear fuel worldwide and because of efforts to find sustainable alternatives to terrestrial mining for uranium. To date, the most advanced and promising method of extracting and concentrating uranium from seawater involves the use of polymeric sorbents containing the amidoxime binding moiety. Among a number of different moieties investigated, glutaroimide-dioxime is the most promising one, forming very stable complexes with U(VI) even in the presence of carbonate. To properly assess the affinity of uranium toward the amidoxime substrates, a comprehensive knowledge of the aqueous chemical equilibria of uranium is required. With this aim, in this paper we review the chemical equilibria of uranium (as UO22+) in seawater, focusing on the solution equilibria leading to the formation of the stable complexes, Mm(UO2)(CO3)3(2m–4)(aq) (M = Ca or Mg, m = 0–2). These binary and terna...
Reproducibility of the measurement of colonic proliferation using bromodeoxyuridine across laboratories.

Although measures of colonic cell proliferation are being used as potential intermediate markers in chemoprevention studies, measurement standardization is still ongoing. This study was designed to assess the reproducibility of the labeling index quantification, as measured by bromodeoxyuridine, across four laboratories experienced in its use. Each institution submitted 10 slides, with one circled area of each slide to be scored. Each site followed its standard procedures for scoring colonic crypts; no attempts to standardize these procedures were made. There was high concordance among the laboratories on whether scorable crypts were present on a particular slide, but only two pairs of laboratories demonstrated agreement statistically greater than that predicted by chance. The overall difference among the sites on the number of scorable crypts was marginally significant (P = 0.083), and there was a highly significant overall difference in the magnitude of the labeling index (P 0.75) was observed among the reported labeling index values for each pair of laboratories. Without standardized training, these laboratories may differ in the crypts considered appropriate for counting and in whether cells are counted as labeled or unlabeled. These results suggest that standardized training in scoring across all sites performing labeling index determinations is required to assure reproducibility across sites or studies. These results may also help explain discrepancies in the average values of the labeling index reported in the literature.
Possible Paradigm Shifts in Broadband Policy

Debates over Internet policy tend to be framed by the way the Internet existed in the mid-1990s, when the Internet first became a mass-market phenomenon. At the risk of oversimplifying, the Internet was initially used by academics and tech-savvy early adopters to send email and browse the web over a personal computer connected to a telephone line via networks interconnected through in a limited way. Since then, the Internet has become much larger and more diverse in terms of users, applications, technologies, and business relationships. More recently, Internet growth has begun to slow both in terms of the number of connections and overall traffic. The major exception to this pattern is wireless, which has exhibited accelerating growth and has begun consistently to provide speeds in excess of 10 Mbps. Moreover, the emergence of the smartphone provides the most recent example of how changes in collateral technologies can play a key role in transforming network usage. These changes underscore that the Internet may be undergoing a paradigm shift and that generalizing from the past serves little purpose when circumstances have materially changed. Furthermore, policymakers should avoid regulating based on any particular vision of the technological future. Instead, they should craft policies designed to preserve room for experimentation with different approaches, which will require tolerating a significant degree of nonuniformity, uncertainty, and disruption.
Dynamic Stability of Armor Units – A BEM Approach

A method is presented for predicting primary stability of armor units on a breakwater exposed to solitary waves. A 2-D flow model is developed based on a boundary element method for simulating run-up of a nonbreaking solitary wave on an impermeable, smooth slope. Since Laplace equation subject to exact boundary conditions is solved by the model, the 'mild slope' restriction in using a 1-D long wave model is eliminated. Schemes including inductive wave generation, Lagrangian shoreline motion and free surface regridding are proposed. The run-up flow model is then coupled with an armor stability model to predict a stability number for armor units as function of time and location on the slope. Aspects such as applicability of Morison-type approach and selection of lift coefficient are examined. Results of computed wave run-up and armor stability are compared with experimental data.
Why Black Johnny Cant Write College English

is an insidious racist myth going about town. And it is seeping into our institutions of higher learning comforting the well-meaning but frustrated instructor, justifying the ill-intentioned but educated professor, and courting the black man with the zeal and near hysteria of the legendary spinster on her last chance for marriage. And the myth finds success, for it comes on the heels of the Open Admissions policy at universities all over the country which has unleashed a Pandora Box of problems not the least of which is, how do you teach the Afro-American to write English on a college level? The myth patiently soothes. It explains that the black man is a highly oral, verbal person. It is not that he does not know English but he is ill at ease with writing it. Speaking is his forte. There lies his strength and the solution. The secret of his success in writing is knowing how to tap his orality. The myth continues. Look where the black man has triumphed. As an entertainer, there is non pareil. He can liven any dead situation with his colorful speech. Take a ride through Harlem. It is alive with talk, yejls, greetings. On one corner a religious revival meeting lilting between music and words, on another, the vigor and magnetism of a young militant swaying his crowd; then the more sober politician, the smooth talk of the hustler, the cat-calls of the fly dudes, the panicked whisper of the junkie, the joyful shouts of brotherhood exchanged with a hand slap. And as with all myths, there is some truth. Yes, there is color and excitement in the talk of the black
Adaptive Algorithm for Speech Endpoint Detection in Sound Environment in Rooms

Enclosed space is a typical application environment for the technique of speech recognition.Traditional studies in the speech endpoint detection usually consider the white noise environment,but rarely the room reverberation case.In the sound fields in rooms the correct rate of isolated word recognition degrades dramatically.One of the most important reason is the ineffective speech endpoint detection algorithm.A new adaptive detection method based on the short-term energy and relative autocorrelation sequences(RAS) is presented.This method eliminates the noise energy and can work in an effective and adoptive way in white noise circumstance,and can correct the end point of the reverberant speech.The experimental results are based on endpoint detection and recognization system demonstrate that this method performs well when the speech is affected by the white noise and the room reverberation.
Methods to Study Mitotic Homologous Recombination and Genome Stability

Spontaneous mitotic recombination occurs in response to DNA damage incurred during DNA replication or from lesions that do not block replication but leave recombinogenic substrates such as single-stranded DNA gaps. Other types of damages result in general genome instability such as chromosome loss, chromosome fragmentation, and chromosome rearrangements. The genome is kept intact through recombination, repair, replication, checkpoints, and chromosome organization functions. Therefore when these pathways malfunction, genomic instabilities occur. Here we outline some general strategies to monitor a subset of the genomic instabilities: spontaneous mitotic recombination and chromosome loss, in both haploid and diploid cells. The assays, while not inclusive of all genome instability assays, give a broad assessment of general genome damage or inability to repair damage in various genetic backgrounds.
The Written Case/Project Alternative Approach in Marketing Management

In trying to become more customer oriented within the classroom, this professor has attempted several different types of learning/teaching activities. One such activity involved a choice by each student concerning the nature of the work involved in a Marketing Management course. Implementing a modified type of contractual grading approach, each student was given the choice of writing a term paper or writing 9 cases or doing neither within the course. This paper is a report of the methodology of the approach that was used during the spring semester, 1982.
Demonstrating Diagnostic Error in the Care of Simulated Pediatric Inpatients

Diagnostic errors in medicine result in substantial harm to patients. Premature diagnostic closure, the acceptance of a diagnosis before its full verification, is a common source of error. We hypothesized that premature closure could be demonstrated during simulation with pediatric residents. Resident teams participated in one of two pairs of simulated patient cases. A text page to the residents briefly describing the patient started each case. The description contained either a symptom (Sx) or an incorrect diagnosis (iDx). The remainder of each case was scripted and presented identically. Data regarding evaluation, treatment, and correct diagnosis was collected in real time on a standardized recording tool. Comparisons between case descriptions (Sx vs. iDx) were analyzed with Fisher’s exact test and the nonparametric Wilcoxon test for equal location. Sixty-one residents participated. In all four cases, residents seemed to more frequently consider the correct diagnosis when they started with a symptom than when they started with the incorrect diagnosis (67, 75, 88, 93 % vs. 24, 44, 87, 88 % for cases 1–4, respectively). In three cases, groups who began with the symptom may have considered the correct diagnosis early in the case (22, 50, 25, 67 % vs. 0, 22, 47, 50 %). Symptom-receiving residents also obtained more or equivalent information and more frequently began appropriate therapy. These results did not reach statistical significance. Simulated cases provide an opportunity to evaluate cognitive error and may allow teaching avoidance strategies.
Let's get emotional about science

Towards the end of my PhD at the University of London, I saw the BBC television series The Ascent of Man by Jacob Bronowski. I enjoyed the series enormously, but I also realized how incomplete my physics education had been until then. The only morsels of the history of science that I remember receiving as an undergraduate were from my good teacher Russell Stannard, who is now at the Open University. Of all our lecturers, he was the only one who was comfortable and willing to take a few minutes now and then to connect us with the historical events that shaped the very physics that we were learning.
Integration of linear variable filters on CMOS for compact emission and absorption sensing

A compact optical spectrometer approach is presented that integrates multiple linear variable filters (LVFs) onto a CMOS imaging sensor for measurement of liquid-phase fluorescence and absorption that provides a 3.77–6.08 nm spectral resolution over a 400–1050 nm wavelength range. For fluorescence detection, we demonstrate detection limits of 0.28 nM for Quantum Dot emitters and 32 ng/mL for near-infrared fluorescent dyes. For colorimetric absorption detection, the system provides detection limits comparable to those obtained with a conventional spectrometer and a laboratory optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). As an exemplary application, we utilize the instrument for quantification of the concentration of chlorine in water.
An upper bound on the algebraic connectivity of outerplanar graphs

In this paper, we determine upper bounds on the algebraic connectivity, denoted as a(G), of maximal outerplanar graphs. We show that if G is a maximal outerplanar graph on n12 vertices not of the form K1Pn1, then a(G)1 with equality holding for exactly two maximal outerplanar graphs on 12 vertices. We show this by assigning labels y1,,yn to the vertices and showing the existence of vertex labellings such that uvE(G)(yuyv)2vV(G)yv2<1.
Rare Presentation of Metastatic Cystic Trophoblastic Tumor in a Patient Without Prior Chemotherapy

Cystic trophoblastic tumor (CTT) is a rare testicular germ cell tumor (GCT) predominantly seen in post-chemotherapy patients. It is prognostically similar to teratoma and requires no additional chemotherapy in the absence of a nonteratomatous GCT component. We report a case of metastatic CTT in a patient with primary testicular teratoma without prior chemotherapy. Retroperitoneal lymph node metastases contained teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, and CTT. The CTT was β-hCG positive and SALL4 negative by immunohistochemistry (IHC). CTT can arise in metastatic testicular GCT in treatment naive patients. An important differential diagnosis is choriocarcinoma due to treatment implications, and SALL4 IHC may help.
Changes in Perceived Burnout among Camp Staff Across the Summer Camp Season

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Burnout is considered a major problem in a variety of occupational contexts, and especially in human service professions. Researchers have postulated that burnout could result in the reduction of performance, quality of life, and other factors including turnover and absenteeism (Whipp, Tan, & Teo, 2007). Given the negative consequences associated with burnout syndrome, scholars have begun investigating factors that fuel individuals to thrive in the face of adversity and avoid feelings of burnout. To date, there is lack of depth examining the prevalence of burnout in camp contexts; initial results indicate substantial deterioration of well-being and high levels of burnout in camp counselors during the summer (Bailey, Kang, & Kuiper, 2012). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between camp counselors’ resiliency and levels of burnout at different phases throughout the summer. The participants in this study were 80 summer camp counselors from one traditional, residential summer camp in the U.S. Northeast. The sample was comprised of 38 males and 42 females. The average age of the participants was 19.20 years (SD = 2.07), with the majority of participants being Caucasian (77), with the remaining participants reporting African American (2), and Asian (1). All staff members completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory three times, and the CD-RISC, a multidimensional measure of resilience, once during the summer. Following initial assessments, 3 x 2 (Time x Gender) Mixed ANCOVAs were used to examine changes to the three burnout constructs of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment over time while taking gender into consideration and holding perceived resilience constant. Based on the metric underlying the scale of measurement, perceived depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment were low at all three iterations. Emotional exhaustion was low-moderate at time point one, and low at time points two and three. Based on the mean values K. males perceived significantly higher depersonalization at all three time points. No significant differences were found between males and females for emotional exhaustion, reduced personal accomplishment, or resilience. Camp counselors who displayed high resiliency tended to present depressed levels of emotional exhaustion during the third iteration of the survey. Furthermore, resilience correlated significantly with reduced personal accomplishment at each of the three iterations. This suggests that counselors with high resiliency were shielded from the effects of burnout specifically at the end of the summer. Subscribe to JPRA
Coalescence-induced jumping of immersed and suspended droplets on microstructured substrates

The coalescence-induced jumping of liquid droplets on superhydrophobic structured substrates is investigated numerically using a three-dimensional multiphase lattice Boltzmann method. The numerical...
Making speedy connections: how to encourage students to connect quickly for group work

ABSTRACTStudents in formal courses are often required to work together on group projects. This article features methods that faculty and students can employ to create the groups. Included are metrics students may use to assess their contributions to the group experience as well as the contributions of their peer classmates.
Considerations on Teaming and Leadership

So far we have discussed a vast range of best practices, techniques, guidelines, and tools that are typically associated with agile thinking. By now, one important question is likely to come up: How can we apply these to a real-life project? What are the considerations that need to be taken into account? In the next three chap. we will look at specific aspects that need to be considered in order to make your agile software development project successful. We have structured them into three categories: Teaming and leadership (Chap. 5) Architecture, design, and planning (Chap. 6) Execution, implementation, and test (Chap. 7)
The importance of burn wound size in determining the optimal calorie:nitrogen ratio

Calorie requirements in hypermetabolic burned patients have been established based on burn size and patient weight. However, the requirement for nitrogen (N), especially with variable open wound sizes, is not clear. Thirty-six adult burned patients were fed with diets containing two different calorie to N (kcal:N) ratios--150:1 (group 1) and 100:1 (group 2)--and N balance was studied with wounds of different sizes. Calorie requirements were calculated with the Curreri formula (25 cal X weight (kg) + 40 Cal X % body surface area [BSA] burned). Daily N balance was calculated from total N intake less total N output (estimated by adding 4 gm to the measured 24-hour urea N production). The data were selected on 233 patient-days when actual calorie intakes were 100% to 150% of the calculated requirement. For a wound size of 1% to 10% BSA, group 1 patients had an N balance of +2.33 gm/day and group 2, +5.54 gm/day. For a wound size of 11% to 30% BSA, N balance was +0.13 and +3.49 gm/day, respectively. For a wound size of 31% to 60% BSA, N balance was -3.38 and +3.88 gm/day, respectively. The traditional 150:1 kcal:N ratio may be adequate for patients with open wounds of less than 10% BSA. Patients with greater than 10% BSA open wounds require a dietary regimen containing a nonprotein kcal: N ratio of 100:1 in order to achieve positive N balance.
Metal-Semiconductor Transition in Tl2Ru2O7

Tl2Ru2O7 possesses two valence states for Tl and since the seventh oxygen atom is not necessary to maintain crystal structure (A2B2O6 pyrochlors are known), TI2Ru2O7 tends to be off stoichiometry viz, T1 2-e +3 T1 e +1 Ru2O7-e, where 0<e<0.5. However, e cannot be determined chemically because of low accuracy for oxygen analysis. Instead, the cell parameter a. at room temperature provides the independent variable to differentiate samples. Approximately 40 samples spanning this range of composition have been synthesized. A representative set is presented.
Circadian Health and Light: A Report on the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Workshop

Despite the omnipresence of artificial and natural light exposure, there exists little guidance in the United States and elsewhere on light exposure in terms of timing, intensity, spectrum, and other light characteristics known to affect human health, performance, and well-being; in parallel, there is little information regarding the quantity and characteristics of light exposure that people receive. To address this, the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, in the Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, held a workshop in August 2016 on circadian health and light. Workshop participants discussed scientific research advances on the effects of light on human physiology, identified remaining knowledge gaps in these research areas, and articulated opportunities to use appropriate lighting to protect and improve circadian-dependent health. Based on this workshop, participants put forth the following strategic intent, objectives, and strategies to guide discovery, measurement, education, and implementation of the appropriate use of light to achieve, promote, and maintain circadian health in modern society.
Yeke Caaji, the Mongol-Oyirod Great Code of 1640: Innovation in Eurasian State Formation

This paper is concerned with a well known but little-studied document from the mid seventeenth century, often called The Mongol-Oirat Great Code of 1640, or simply Yeke Caaji, Great Code, in old Mongolian. Historically it marked one of the last political strategies of two divisions of the Mongol Empire, established by Chinggis Khaan in 1206, to remain free of external political authority. The introduction explores the geo-political context of the Great Code and posits that it was an important and innovative document that established the political sovereignty of multiple non-imperial states. The document is based on Mongolian and Buddhist ideological principles and was an effort to coordinate multiple polities in order to withstand the early imperial enterprise of the Manchus. A translation of the twenty-page Great Code, from Western Mongolian Clear Script is included as well as a Latin script transliteration of the original text.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as the presence of excessive fat accumulation in the liver in individuals without significant alcohol consumption or other etiologies of chronic liver disease. It is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States and is rapidly becoming the most common indication for liver transplantation. NAFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from simple steatosis or nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), progressing through nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and advanced fibrosis, to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Most patients with NAFLD are asymptomatic and are often diagnosed incidentally. They often present with elevated liver enzymes on routine blood work or with incidental findings of hepatic steatosis (HS) on imaging studies performed for other reasons. In this chapter we will discuss the epidemiology, natural history, diagnosis modalities, assessment of disease severity, and the available treatment options for NAFLD.
Dynamic Resource Management of Heterogeneous Mobile Platforms via Imitation Learning

The complexity of heterogeneous mobile platforms is growing at a rate faster than our ability to manage them optimally at runtime. For example, state-of-the-art systems-on-chip (SoCs) enable controlling the type (Big/Little), number, and frequency of active cores. Managing these platforms becomes challenging with the increase in the type, number, and supported frequency levels of the cores. However, existing solutions used in mobile platforms still rely on simple heuristics based on the utilization of cores. This paper presents a novel and practical imitation learning (IL) framework for dynamically controlling the type (Big/Little), number, and the frequencies of active cores in heterogeneous mobile processors. We present efficient approaches for constructing an Oracle policy to optimize different objective functions, such as energy and performance per Watt (PPW). The Oracle policies enable us to design low-overhead power management policies that achieve near-optimal performance matching the Oracle. Experiments on a commercial platform with 19 benchmarks show on an average 101% PPW improvement compared to the default interactive governor.
Current Policy Challenges in Genomic Medicine.

Background: Molecular genetic testing has raised a variety of policy issues, ranging from privacy to reimbursement. Recently, payment policies have become of paramount importance as Medicare implemented the first significant change to test pricing since 1984 and announced a broad national coverage policy for the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in cancer patients that contains significant restrictions. Regulatory and oversight concerns have been important topics for discussion as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Congress, and stakeholders have focused on new approaches to regulation of laboratory-developed tests (LDTs). Patents on gene sequences and relationships between genetic variants and clinical phenotypes have been points of contention since the field’s inception. Two Supreme Court cases invalidated patents on gene sequences and biological relationships, ushering in the era of NGS and precision medicine. However, a recent legislative proposal threatens to reverse these gains and restore gene patents as barriers to progress in genetic and genomic testing and the implementation of genomic medicine. Content: This review discusses current issues in payment policy, laboratory oversight, and gene patenting and their potential impacts on genetic and genomic testing. Summary: Coverage and reimbursement policies present serious challenges to genetic and genomic testing. The potential for FDA regulation of LDTs looms as a significant threat to diagnostic innovation, patient access, and the viability of molecular genetic testing laboratories. Changes in patent law could cause gene patents to reemerge as barriers to the advancement of genomic medicine.
Predictive habitat suitability models for nesting woodpeckers following wildfire in the Sierra Nevada and Southern Cascades of California

Woodpeckers are often focal species for informing management of recently burned forests. Snags generated by wildfire provide key nesting and foraging resources for woodpeckers, and nest cavities excavated by woodpeckers are subsequently used by many other species. Habitat suitability models applicable in newly burned forest are important management tools for identifying areas likely to be used by nesting woodpeckers. Here we present and test predictive models for mapping woodpecker nest-site habitat across wildfire locations that can be used to inform post-fire planning and salvage logging decisions. From 2009 to 2016, we monitored 313 nest sites of 4 species—Black-backed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus), Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus), White-headed Woodpecker (D. albolarvatus), and Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus)—from 3 wildfires in the Northern Sierra Nevada and Southern Cascades 1–5 yr after fire. Using these data, we developed habitat suitability index models that compared nest vs. non-nest sites for each species using (1) exclusively remotely sensed covariates, and (2) combinations of remotely sensed and field-collected covariates. We emphasized predictive performance across wildfire locations when selecting models to retain generalizable habitat relationships useful for informing management in newly burned locations. We identified models for all 4 species with strong predictive performance across wildfire locations despite notable variation in conditions among locations, suggesting broad applicability to guide post-fire management in the Sierra Nevada region. Top models for nest-site selection underscored the importance of high burn severity at the local scale, lower burn severity at the 1-km scale, mid-sized nest-tree diameters, and nest trees with broken tops. Models restricted to remotely sensed covariates exhibited similar predictive performance as combination models and are valuable for mapping habitat across entire wildfire locations to help delineate project areas or habitat reserves. Combination models are especially relevant for design of silvicultural prescriptions.
Disordered Eating Attitudes, Demographics, and Snack Patterns in Overweight and Obese US College Students

Objectives An unhealthy snack pattern may impact a person's overall health and quality of life. College students are at risk for disordered eating attitudes (DEA) due the elevated mental and physical demands of higher education. This could lead to a greater snack intake that could replace meals. DEA could also be influenced by demographics. Our objective was to evaluate the association between DEA, snack patterns, stress level, and demographics.
Vaccinia Virus Polyriboadenylate Polymerase: Covalent Linkage of the Product with Polyribonucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide Primers

Abstract A polyriboadenylate [poly(A)] polymerase, purified from vaccinia virus cores, was stimulated by polydeoxyriboadenylate: polydeoxyribothymidylate [poly(dA:dT)] and by polyribocytidylate [poly(C)] primers suggesting mechanisms of either transcription or terminal addition. Evidence for the latter was obtained by the demonstration of covalent linkages between the poly(A) products and both primers. In 99% dimethylsulfoxide-sucrose gradients, the sedimentation of poly(A) formed with poly(dA: dT) primer was reduced after DNase I treatment and the sedimentation of poly(A) formed with poly(C) primer was reduced by RNase A treatment, whereas the sedimentation of poly(A) formed without primer was not affected by either. Formation of a phosphodiester bond between primer and product was demonstrated by means of isotope transfer experiments. 32P from α-[32P]ATP was transferred to 2′(3′)-CMP after alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis of the poly(C)-primed polymerase reaction product. Transfer primarily or exclusively to 3′-dTMP was found after enzymatic hydrolysis of the poly(dA: dT)-primed polymerase reaction product. The elution pattern of the poly(A) polymerase from DNA-cellulose suggested that a single enzyme catalyzes the attachment of adenylate residues to both polyribonucleotide and polydeoxyribonucleotide primers; nevertheless the purest enzyme preparations contain two bands resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Is a diverting ostomy needed in mid-high rectal cancer patients undergoing a low anterior resection after neoadjuvant chemoradiation? An NSQIP analysis

Introduction A diverting stoma is often performed at the time of low anterior resection (LAR) for rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT) to protect the anastomosis. The aim of this study was to compare surgical outcomes in large cohorts of mid-high rectal cancer patients undergoing LAR after nCRT with and without a diverting stoma. Methods Patients undergoing LAR for rectal cancer (ICD-9 diagnosis code 154.1) after nCRT were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database records from 2005 to 2012. Using Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for LAR for mid-high rectal tumors, patients were stratified into diverting stoma (CPT: 44146, 44208) or no diverting stoma (CPT: 44145, 44207) cohorts. Emergency resection, stage IV disease, and permanent end colostomy patients were excluded. Results We included 1,406 patients in the analysis. All patients received nCRT; 607 (43%) received a diverting stoma and 799 (57%) were not diverted. The diverted group was more likely to have a higher body mass index (28.3 vs 27.4 kg/m2; P = .02) and hypertension (46% vs 39%; P = .002). Otherwise, the group demographics and comorbidities were comparable. Overall morbidity was 28% for the entire cohort with no differences in deep organ space infection, sepsis and septic shock, unplanned reoperation, duration of stay, or overall mortality between the groups. Conclusion Diverting stoma does not decrease mortality or infectious complications in mid-high rectal cancer patients undergoing LAR after nCRT. The decision to construct a protective stoma should not be driven solely on the receipt of nCRT.
Comparison of analyzing power and polarization in the reaction 3H(p, n)3He

Abstract The polarization P y for the 3 H(p, n) 3 He reaction was measured for energies between 2 and 4 MeV. Special care was given to minimizing the effects of background and to interpreting the experimental spectra. The new values for P y are significantly higher than previous values, and comparison to the available data for the analyzing power A y for the same reaction now shows that in this energy range P y and A y are equal within experimental uncertainties. This equality negates earlier conclusions that sizeable differences existed between these observables. In particular, our new results demonstrate that in this reaction the effects of charge symmetry breaking on differences between these observables must be small.
Robustness analysis of a multirate digital controller design for a multivariable missile autopilot

Criteria are developed for evaluating the robustness properties and performance of a synchronous-feedback multirate digital control system. These techniques are used to evaluate a multirate controller for a multivariable missile autopilot. The proposed method focuses on the frequency response of the multirate system and uses a singular-value-based approach to evaluate the robustness properties of the multirate feedback system. >
“It's a Sad, Sad Story”: Teaching Emotional Connections and Tone in Literature

AbstractThis article examines a teacher's attention to tone in literature. Framing their study within transactional theory for meaning making, the authors analyzed transcripts and student work to understand the importance of teaching students to produce drawings and writing related to emotional connections with a short story. Findings suggest that a lesson connecting visual art with literature can guide teaching and learning on the nebulous concept of tone.
Clinical Decision Making in the Treatment of Mania.

Nine agents are now Food and Drug Administration-approved for acute treatment of bipolar mania, and several other agents are being studied for efficacy. With multiple treatment options available, clinicians face the challenge of selecting among agents. Although clinicians may consult the American Psychiatric Association's Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Bipolar Disorder, Second Edition, when selecting a treatment for bipolar mania, decisions about many aspects of treatment, such as choosing among agents, comparing combination therapy versus monotherapy, and individualizing treatments, remain complex. Considering data from recent clinical studies that have compared the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of medications for bipolar mania both between and within classes may facilitate such treatment decisions.
Statistical estimation of Lévy-type stochastic volatility models

Volatility clustering and leverage are two of the most prominent stylized features of the dynamics of asset prices. In order to incorporate these features as well as the typical fat-tails of the log return distributions, several types of exponential Levy models driven by random clocks have been proposed in the literature. These models constitute a viable alternative to the classical stochastic volatility approach based on SDEs driven by Wiener processes. This paper has two main objectives. First, using threshold type estimators based on high-frequency discrete observations of the process, we consider the recovery problem of the underlying random clock of the process. We show consistency of our estimator in the mean-square sense, extending former results in the literature for more general Levy processes and for irregular sampling schemes. Secondly, we illustrate empirically the estimation of the random clock, the Blumenthal-Geetor index of jump activity, and the spectral Levy measure of the process using real intraday high-frequency data.
Collisionless electrostatic interchange instabilities

The linear Vlasov dispersion equation for electrostatic plasma instabilities driven by gravity and weak density gradients perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field is derived and solved numerically. Two interchange instabilities emerge: the well-known fluid mode at long wavelengths and a kinetic model at wavelengths short compared with the ion gyroradius. The properties of both instabilities are studied, as well as the effects of gravity on the universal and lower-hybrid density drift instabilities. The results show that the kinetic interchange generally has a larger growth rate than the fluid interchange instability, indicating that, whenever the latter is present in a collisionless plasma, the former may also be found.