cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ventilation in the patient with unilateral lung disease.

One of the more difficult ventilator problems confronting physicians in the critical care setting is the management of patients who have unilateral lung disease (ULD). Conventional ventilatory support that applies the same flow and pressure to both lungs fails to produce adequate gas exchange in many clinical situations in which the pathology involves one lung exclusively or predominately. Application of traditional methods to improve ventilatory support may result in worsening of the gas exchange and injury to the more normal lung. The aim of this article is to review the ULDs in which traditional ventilator support has been reported to be ineffective or detrimental and review modalities and methods of support developed and reported to manage successfully patients who have these conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of lateral positioning and independent-lung ventilation (ILV) in these situations.
Immigrant Spanish as Liability or Asset? Generational Diversity in Language Ideologies at School.

Latino students’ educational success is central to America’s prosperity—in traditional immigrant destinations and in New Latino Diaspora locations, previously unfamiliar with Latinos. Implicated in this success is the reception young immigrants receive, especially the ways in which they are identified in schools. We describe findings from 6 years of ethnographic research in a high school and an elementary school in the New Latino Diaspora and describe divergent ideologies of Mexican-immigrant Spanish circulating in each context. We show how monoglossic language ideologies in the 2 schools frame teenage immigrants as deficient and younger immigrant children as proficient. These ideologies influence both elementary and high school decisions about how to serve immigrant students, and they shape students’ own language practices, which have implications for their learning opportunities and future trajectories. We argue that attention to these divergent language ideologies is necessary for understanding differe...
Synthesis, physicochemical properties, and antitumor activities of analogs of l-phenyl-3-benzyl-3-methyltriazenes

To study the effect of substituents on the antitumor activities of analogs of 1-phenyl-3-benzyl-3-methyltriazenes, a series of compounds was designed and synthesized in which the substituent on the 1-phenyl was an electron-withdrawing group and the substituent on the 3-benzyl had a broad range of physicochemical properties. Of the 13 analogs prepared and tested against Sarcoma-180 in the mouse, five showed significant activity. The results were submitted to discriminant analysis to determine structure-activity relationships.
Memory correlation effects on quantum noise in lasers and masers.

We demonstrate how spontaneous-emission noise in lasers and masers can be reduced through memory effects of the lasing atoms. We show that for short measurement times the spontaneous-emission noise can be smaller than the usual Schawlow-Townes limit. We discuss a general model for atomic memory effects and derive expressions for the noise correlation function, phase diffusion, and the emitted spectrum. Furthermore, we allow for a frequency distribution over the lasing atoms and hence account for Doppler broadening or a selective excitation of the atoms.
Reactions of (η5-C5H5)(η5-C5Me5)Zr[Si(SiMe3)3]X (X Cl, Me) complexes with carbon monoxide and the isocyanide 2,6-Me2C6H3NC. Crystal structure of (η5-C5H5)(η5-C5Me5)Zr[η2-C(N-2,6-Me2C6H3)Si(SiMe3)3]Cl

Abstract The new tris(trimethylsilyl)silylzirconium derivative (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Zr[Si-(SiMe 3 ) 3 ]Cl ( 1 ) is prepared by reaction of (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )ZrCl 2 with (THF) 3 LiSi(SiMe 3 ) 3 . Mixed alkyl/silyl complex (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Zr[Si(SiMe 3 ) 3 ]Me ( 2 ) is obtained after treatment of 1 with MeMgBr. Reactions of compounds 1 and 2 with carbon monoxide and 2,6-Me 2 C 6 H 3 NC are described. Carbon monoxide inserts cleanly into the ZrSi bond of 1 , giving the η 2 -silaacyl (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Zr[η 2 -COSi(SiMe 3 ) 3 ]Cl ( 3 ). The reaction of 2 with CO proceeds via the intermediate (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Zr[η 2 -COSi(SiMe 3 ) 3 ]Me ( 4 ) to the enolate hydride (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Zr[OC)CH 2 )Si(SiMe 3 ) 3 ]H ( 5 ). A mechanism for this rearrangement is proposed. This chemistry contrasts with that previously observed for (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 Zr[Si(SiMe 3 ) 3 ]Me, which reacts with CO to cleanly give the stable acyl (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) 2 Zr[Si(SiMe 3 ) 3 ](η 2 -COMe). Methyl iodide and compound 5 react to give the iodide (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Zr[OC(CH 2 )Si(SiMe 3 ) 3 ]I ( 6 ) and methane. The reaction of 5 with 2 equivalents of HCl provides a new synthetic route to an acylsilane, MeCOSi(SiMe 3 ) 3 . Reactions of 1 and 2 with the isocyanide 2,6-Me 2 C 6 H 3 NC give the insertion products (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Zr[η 2 -C(N-2,6-Me 2 C 6 H 3 )Si(SiMe 3 ) 3 ]Cl ( 7 ) and (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Zr[η 2 -C(N-2,6-Me 2 C 2 H 3 )-Me]Si(SiMe 3 ) 3 ( 8 ), respectively. Steric crowding in these compounds is evidenced by restricted rotation about the NC(xylyl) bonds. An X-ray crystal structure of 7 has been determined. Crystals of 7 are monoclinic, P 2 1 / c , with a 18.276(6) A, b 9.993(3) A, c 21.550(5) A, β 106.25(3)°; V 3779(2) A 3 , Z = 4, R F 6.63%, 6.63%, R w F 6.48%.
Source of sialogastrone, a gastric inhibitory substance in human saliva.

Human saliva contains a substance that inhibits gastric secretion when administered intravenously to dogs or rats. The purpose of this study was to determine which one of the salivary glands elaborates this substance. Individual samples of whole, parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual saliva were collected from normal human subjects. The amount of inhibitory substance in each sample of saliva was estimated by its inhibitory action on the 4-hr, gastric secretion of pylorus-ligated rats. Of the secretions from the 3 principal salivary glands, that from the sublingual glands had the greatest inhibitory effect on gastric secretion of rats. It is proposed that the gastric inhibitory substance present in saliva be called sialogastrone.
JIT Systems and External Logistics Suppliers

Just‐in‐time (JIT) systems have evolved from a few selected implementations in the automobile industry into a widespread business practice. Early understanding of JIT models indicated that JIT can reduce inventory in the production system through the elimination of wasteful activities. This understanding led some researchers to suggest that JIT warehousing or JIT logistics are contradictions in terms since JIT′s purpose is to eliminate warehousing by delivering components just as they are needed. However, more recent studies of JIT practices indicate that an opportunity exists to use JIT benefits. Discusses the benefits of outsourcing logistics functions to external suppliers in order to enhance JIT performance. Additionally, a survey of services provided by JIT logistics suppliers is presented as well as criteria for selecting the “best” logistics supplier.
Real options: a commercial bank lending application

We extend existing real‐option theories by incorporating the stochastic interaction between unit price and cost, applied in commercial bank lending. We further empirically examine an implication derived from the model as to the relationship between lending practices in the banking industry and future uncertainties. We focus on lending institutions to analyze the effect of uncertainties on lending (investment) decisions for several reasons. First, it is easy to identify the main sources of uncertainties for the assets and liabilities of the financial institutions – default risk and interest rate changes. Second, the commercial lending institution provides a unique environment in which the correlation between investment costs (liabilities) and output (loans) price is quite high and positive since both depend heavily on interest rates. Finally, bank loans may be subject to a high degree of irreversibility (e.g., substantial loss in defaults). The real option model explains the relationship between levels of lending, loan‐toassets, and the uncertainties regarding interest income and expenses. The correlation between interest income and loan expenses, in particular, explains cross‐sectional loan activities, which confirms the importance of risk management. These results also show that as banks increase one type of risk, e.g., interest rate risk, they decrease another type of risk, e.g., lending risk as measured by loans/assets.
Image restoration techniques using Compton backscatter imaging for the detection of buried land mines

Earlier landmine imaging systems used two collimated detectors to image objects. These systems had difficulty in distinguishing between surface features and buried features. Using a combination of collimated and uncollimated detectors in a Compton backscatter imaging (CBI) system, allows the identification of surface and buried features. Images created from the collimated detectors contain information about the surface and the buried features, while the uncollimated detectors respond (approximately 80%) to features on the surface. The analysis of surface features are performed first, then these features can be removed and the buried features can be identified. Separation of the surface and buried features permits the use of a globbing algorithm to define regions of interest that can then be quantified [area, Y dimension, X dimension, and center location (xo, yo)]. Mine composition analysis is also possible because of the properties of the four detector system. Distinguishing between a pothole and a mine, that was previously very difficult, can now be easily accomplished.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A standard set of American-English voiced stop-consonant stimuli from morphed natural speech

Linear predictive coding (LPC) analysis was used to create morphed natural tokens of English voiced stop consonants ranging from /b/ to /d/ and /d/ to /g/ in four vowel contexts (/i/, /ae/, /a/, /u/). Both vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) and consonant-vowel (CV) stimuli were created. A total of 320 natural-sounding acoustic speech stimuli were created, comprising 16 stimulus series. A behavioral experiment demonstrated that the stimuli varied perceptually from /b/ to /d/ to /g/, and provided useful reference data for the ambiguity of each token. Acoustic analyses indicated that the stimuli compared favorably to standard characteristics of naturally-produced consonants, and that the LPC morphing procedure successfully modulated multiple acoustic parameters associated with place of articulation. The entire set of stimuli is freely available on the Internet (http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~lholt/php/StephensHoltStimuli.php) for use in research applications.
Judgments about the capabilities of city councillors and support for female representation on city council

Abstract Building on an earlier analysis of this data set, this study investigates the association between respondents' gender-stereotyping of city councillors with respect to work-related capabilities and their support for female representation on city council under conditions of low information. The earlier research found substantial gender-stereotypic bias in respondents' judgments about the office-related capabilities of male and female city council members. This analysis finds that the more positively women's capabilities to perform in office are evaluated, the more support there is for increased female representation on city council. In general, being “qualified” gets a candidate support but being female, for the most part, does not garner additional support. The double bind of this situation, however, is that female candidates are at a disadvantage because voters (in the sample) see men generically as being more able to meet the demands of serving on city council and increased female representation on city council can not occur unless individual female candidates are elected.
Effect of denervation on enzyme levels in indirect flight muscles of the desert locust

Abstract 1. 1. The prothoracic recurrent nerve, which supplies four out of the five motor units of the mesothoracic dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscle of the desert locust ( Schistocerca gregaria ), was severed 3–4 days before the last ecdysis. 2. 2. The specific activities of three enzymes were measured 1 week after the last ecdysis in denervated and control mesothoracic dorsal longitudinal muscles. 3. 3. Denevation did not affect the levels of enolase (E.C. 4.2.1.11), which normally increases slightly during this developmental period, or of lactate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.27), which normally decreases significantly during this period. 4. 4. Denervated muscle did show much lower levels of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.8); this enzyme normally rises ten- to twentyfold during the 1 week following ecdysis. Thus, denervation results in rather specific inhibition of the developmental increase in this enzyme activity.
Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 5 (ERK5) Mediates Prolactin-stimulated Adult Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone and Olfactory Bulb

Prolactin-stimulated adult neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and olfactory bulb (OB) mediates several reproductive behaviors including mating/pregnancy, dominant male pheromone preference in females, and paternal recognition of offspring. However, downstream signaling mechanisms underlying prolactin-induced adult neurogenesis are completely unknown. We report here for the first time that prolactin activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a MAP kinase that is specifically expressed in the neurogenic regions of the adult mouse brain. Knockdown of ERK5 by retroviral infection of shRNA attenuates prolactin-stimulated neurogenesis in SVZ-derived adult neural stem/progenitor cells (aNPCs). Inducible erk5 deletion in adult neural stem cells of transgenic mice inhibits neurogenesis in the SVZ and OB following prolactin infusion or mating/pregnancy. These results identify ERK5 as a novel and critical signaling mechanism underlying prolactin-induced adult neurogenesis. Background: Signaling mechanisms underlying prolactin-induced adult neurogenesis are unknown. Results: Prolactin activates ERK5 in SVZ; suppression of ERK5 expression in vitro and erk5 deletion in vivo attenuates prolactin-induced adult neurogenesis. Conclusion: ERK5 is an important mediator in prolactin-stimulated adult neurogenesis. Significance: Elucidation of signaling pathways underlying prolactin-induced adult neurogenesis is critical for understanding the fundamental role of adult neurogenesis in reproductive functions and behaviors.
Theoretical considerations in calculation of terminal phase half‐ times following oral doses, illustrated with model data

Concentrations of drugs in plasma following oral doses, when plotted as a function of time, invariably display a growth and decay curve. the terminal phase of this curve is commonly used for calculation of a half-time (sometimes designated the 'half-life') of the drug concentration in plasma. However, difficulty is often experienced in assigning a suitable time point as that of commencement of the terminal phase. This paper examines theoretically and with model data the issue of whether there is a useful systematic relation between this time and other identifiable times such as that of maximum concentration. The conclusion is reached that no rule of thumb can be applied. It is stressed that computer simulation, statistical testing for linearity, and comparison with data obtained following intravenous doses are all necessary before a conclusion can be reached that a particular half-time has been validly assessed.
Fear, anger, fruits, and veggies: interactive effects of emotion and message framing on health behavior.

Objective Message framing is a theoretically grounded health communication strategy designed to motivate action by emphasizing the benefits of engaging in a particular behavior (gains) or the costs of failing to engage in the behavior (losses). This study investigated whether the effectiveness of a framed message depends on the emotional state of the message recipient. We examined effects of fear versus anger, emotions that frequently occur within the context of health decision-making.
Legitimating prayer gestures in the twelfth century. The De Penitentia of Peter the Chanter

Different from his predecessors and successors, Peter the Chanter (d. 1197) justified prayer gestures by their presence in a sacred book rather than by their use by successful historical figures. From the bible he derived a canon of seven de‐individuated body postures, described each in words and, unique at the time, provided for pictures of each mode. An examination of the nine extant manuscripts of his work and their 59 pictures shows, however, that pictures could never be mere translations of texts: in each manuscript the postures vary with the age and status of the “mannequins”; represented. The Chanter's failure to recognize this points to his, and his readers’, clerical status. Clerks were the defenders of the Word, yet they were here called upon to learn how to image themselves in ritual through images, which they corporately scorned. Peter's attempt at a technologization of submission postures remains significant, however. It is congruent with the general technical direction of high medieval thinking.
Plasma proteomics shows an elevation of the anti-inflammatory protein APOA-IV in chronic equine laminitis

Equine laminitis is a devastating disease that causes severe pain in afflicted horses and places a major economic burden on the horse industry. In acute laminitis, the disintegration of the dermal-epidermal junction can cause the third phalanx to detach from the hoof wall, leaving the horse unable to bear weight on the affected limbs. Horses that survive the acute phase transition into a chronic form of laminitis, which is often termed “founder”. Some evidence suggests that chronic laminar inflammation might be associated with alterations in the endocrine and immune systems. We investigated this broad hypothesis by using DIGE to assess global differences in the plasma proteome between horses with chronic laminitis and controls. We identified 16 differentially expressed proteins; the majority of these were involved in the interrelated coagulation, clotting, and kininogen cascades. Clinical testing of functional coagulation parameters in foundered horses revealed a slight delay in prothrombin (PT) clotting time, although most other indices were within normal ranges. Upregulation of the intestinal apolipoprotein APOA-IV in horses with chronic laminitis was confirmed by western blot. Our results support the hypothesis that localized laminar inflammation may be linked to systemic alterations in immune regulation, particularly in the gastrointestinal system. Gastrointestinal inflammation has been implicated in the development of acute laminitis but has not previously been associated with chronic laminitis.
Altered Stress-Induced Anxiety in Adenylyl Cyclase Type VIII-Deficient Mice

Stress results in alterations in behavior and physiology that can be either adaptive or maladaptive. To define the molecular pathways involved in the response to stress further, we generated mice deficient (KO) in the calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase type VIII (AC8) by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. AC8 KO mice demonstrate a compromise in calcium-stimulated AC activity in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and brainstem. Hippocampal slices derived from AC8 KO mice fail to demonstrate CA1-region long-term depression after low-frequency stimulation, and AC8 KO mice also fail to activate CRE-binding protein in the CA1 region after restraint stress. To define the behavioral consequences of AC8 deficiency, we evaluated AC8 KO mice in the elevated plus-maze and open field. Although naive AC8 KO mice exhibit indices of anxiety comparable with that of wild-type mice, AC8 KO mice do not show normal increases in behavioral markers of anxiety when subjected to repeated stress such as repetitive testing in the plus-maze or restraint preceding plus-maze testing. These results demonstrate a novel role for AC8 in the modulation of anxiety.
Successful preparation and analysis of a 5-site 2-variable DNA library

DNA code sequences generated by the program SynDCode were used to construct a 5-site, 2-variable computational DNA library by parallel overlap self-assembly. The final library was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to obtain a fragment of the expected size. Twelve library sequences randomly selected from the library by cloning were sequenced and found to be distinct and correctly assembled library strands. A Birthday Problem-like analysis suggests that we have all 32 different molecules in our library mixture. We then developed new protocols using DNA hybridization to successfully identify single members of this library. We have also used this protocol to analyze mixtures of clones from the library. This approach shows the experimental validation of the ability to distinguish different sequences generated from the SynDCode program. We are in the process of working out protocols to separate out specific library members and to expand this library.
Factored operating systems (fos): the case for a scalable operating system for multicores

The next decade will afford us computer chips with 100's to 1,000's of cores on a single piece of silicon. Contemporary operating systems have been designed to operate on a single core or small number of cores and hence are not well suited to manage and provide operating system services at such large scale. If multicore trends continue, the number of cores that an operating system will be managing will continue to double every 18 months. The traditional evolutionary approach of redesigning OS subsystems when there is insufficient parallelism will cease to work because the rate of increasing parallelism will far outpace the rate at which OS designers will be capable of redesigning subsystems. The fundamental design of operating systems and operating system data structures must be rethought to put scalability as the prime design constraint. This work begins by documenting the scalability problems of contemporary operating systems. These studies are used to motivate the design of a factored operating system (fos). fos is a new operating system targeting manycore systems with scalability as the primary design constraint, where space sharing replaces time sharing to increase scalability.We describe fos, which is built in a message passing manner, out of a collection of Internet inspired services. Each operating system service is factored into a set of communicating servers which in aggregate implement a system service. These servers are designed much in the way that distributed Internet services are designed, but instead of providing high level Internet services, these servers provide traditional kernel services and replace traditional kernel data structures in a factored, spatially distributed manner. fos replaces time sharing with space sharing. In other words, fos's servers are bound to distinct processing cores and by doing so do not fight with end user applications for implicit resources such as TLBs and caches. We describe how fos's design is well suited to attack the scalability challenge of future multicores and discuss how traditional application-operating systems interfaces can be redesigned to improve scalability.
Conservative Versus Surgical Treatment of Mallet Finger: A Pooled Quantitative Literature Evaluation

Background: Although common, mallet finger represents a spectrum of injuries for which there are many questions about the best form of treatment. A long-standing controversy continues as to strategies and techniques of treatment. This quantitative literature analysis is the first that makes use of an evidence-based evaluation process to pool across studies the outcomes of conservative versus surgical treatment of closed mallet finger injuries of both acute and chronic or recurrent types. Methods: Published articles in English were sought using multiple methods, including the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, reference review, and correspondence with selected experts. Both observational and randomized trials were included. Results were summarized in terms of 95 percent confidence intervals, and sensitivity analysis was performed for two other amounts of residual extensor lag. Results: Of the 41 reports retrieved, 26 met inclusion criteria, including 21 for initial acute treatment (1146 pooled digits) and 5 for chronic or recurrent treatment (148 pooled digits). Successful outcomes were found in about 77 percent of mallet fingers treated conservatively by splintage, including 480 patients who were observed for a 2-year period. Patient satisfaction with conservative treatment was found to be about 83 percent in 6 studies recording overall patient satisfaction (315 pooled patients). Successful outcomes of surgical treatment for acute mallet finger averaged about 85 percent in 3 studies (60 pooled digits) and about 73 percent in 5 studies of chronic or recurrent mallet finger. Conclusions: Conservative treatment of at least 80 percent of mallet finger injuries is safe, effective, well accepted by patients, and cost efficient compared with surgical treatment. Multiple types of surgical procedures are available when surgery is indicated for a limited number of open or otherwise complex mallet finger injuries as well as for chronic or recurrent mallet finger.
Significance of circulating capsular antigen in Klebsiella infections.

Klebsiella capsular antigen (KCA) was detected in serum by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in 8 of 31 patients with klebsiella bacteremia, in two nonbacteremic patients with pneumonia and meningitis, respectively, and in the cerebrospinal fluid only of 1 of the 31 bacteremic patients. It was also detected in cerebrospinal fluid, urine (two patients each) empyema fluid, and abscess drainage (one patient each). Patients whose bacteremias were associated with a discernible tissue focus (e.g., pneumonia) tended to have detectable serum KCA more often than those with "primary bacteremia." A fatal outcome occurred in six of nine bacteremia patients with detectable serum KCA compared with 4 of 22 without demonstrable antigen (P < 0.05). Persistent antigenemia and antigenuria aided in the diagnosis of perinephric abscess in one patient, and increasing levels of serum KCA anticipated treatment failure in another patient with pneumonia. The presence of detectable KCA in the serum of patients infected with klebsiella thus appeared to correlate with severity of infection, with persistence of active foci, and with a poorer prognosis than in those patients who had no detectable antigen. Whether the presence of this antigen itself plays any pathogenic role needs to be further clarified.
The Passage of Counselor Legislation in the 1991 Arkansas State Legislature

In the summer of 1990, the Board of Directors of the Arkansas Associationfor Counseling, Guidance, and Development (now the Arkansas Counseling Association) committed to proposing a legislative package to the 1991 Arkansas General Assembly that included bills to grant privileged communication to school counselors; a third-party payment bill for licensed professional counselors; and a resolution calling for the reduction of noncounseling-related duties for school counselors. This article details the legislative efforts of the Arkansas Association for Counseling, Guidance, and Development in the 1991 Arkansas General Assembly and provides insight for other American Association for Counseling and Development (now the American Counseling Association) state affiliates in planning and implementing a successful legislative program.
Increased Tidal Ranges Coinciding with Jamaica Bay Development Contribute to Marsh Flooding

Abstract Sea level rise has been identified as a possible factor contributing to marsh loss in Jamaica Bay, New York. However, Jamaica Bay has also experienced increases in tidal ranges throughout as a consequence of natural and engineering modifications that occurred in the bay during the first half of the twentieth century. The increases in the elevations of high tides are of the same order as the increase in regional sea level that occurred since the early 1900s. Marsh inundation in the bay is thus greater than noted to date and greater than that in adjacent bays where tidal ranges have been more stable. Changes in tidal hydrodynamics may be one more factor to consider in the list of potential causes of marsh loss in Jamaica Bay.
Phase-to-amplitude modulation conversion using Brillouin selective sideband amplification

We demonstrate an effective method for converting a phase modulated signal to an amplitude modulated signal by employing the powerful Brillouin selective sideband amplification technique. We further demonstrate several applications of this technique in various photonic systems, including microwave frequency multiplication, photonic microwave signal mixing with gain, microwave harmonic signal up-conversion, and coherent heterodyne signal detection.
Conjoint-HoQ: evolving a methodology to map market needs to product profiles

This paper presents a methodology, Conjoint-HoQ (House of Quality (HoQ)) which is meant to provide an alternative approach to the traditional HoQ tool. Specifically, the proposed method derives relationship scales – replacing the designer-determined scales in the traditional approach – through integration of conjoint analysis into the HoQ framework. The steps of the Conjoint-HoQ method are presented in detail with an accompanying hypothetical example: the design of a hair dryer. Additionally, the internal validation of the method is demonstrated and a discussion regarding external validation is included. A number of research issues critical to implementation in industry are also identified and discussed. The resulting methodology is representative of the evolution of design tools required to improve the validity of design decisions and sets a foundation for supporting the emerging paradigm of mass customisation.
IL-16 expression in lymphocytes and microglia in HIV-1 encephalitis

IL-16 is a natural ligand for the CD4 molecule and is known for its chemotactic and anti-HIV-1 activities. We determined IL-16 expression in human brain tissue with HIV-1 encephalitis by specific immunocytochemistry and showed that infiltrating lymphocytes and activated microglia express IL-16. IL-16 immunoreactivity was particularly pronounced in microglial nodules. In vitro, human foetal microglia and not astrocytes produce IL-16, and HIV-1 infection up-regulates microglial IL-16 release in a Nef-dependent manner. These results support the notion that, in the brain, IL-16 is a macrophage-lineage specific modulator of the inflammatory response and HIV-1 expression. Recruitment of IL-16+ T cells and microglia/macrophages may represent an innate response to HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system that counterbalances viral stimulatory factors.
A Novel Case of Bilateral High Myopia, Cataract, and Total Retinal Detachment Associated with Interstitial 11q Deletion

Purpose: Jacobsen syndrome, also known as 11q deletion syndrome, is a rare condition characterized by multiple anomalies, including developmental delay, cardiac abnormalities, blood dyscrasias, distal limb abnormalities, craniofacial anomalies, and variable ophthalmic manifestations. The syndrome’s phenotype is due to a terminal deletion and is usually severely debilitating, frequently associated with fatality. Interstitial deletions, not involving the terminal end, have been associated with a more variable and less severe phenotype.Methods: Herein, we describe a case of interstitial 11q deletion in a 16 year-old female with associated systemic and craniofacial abnormalities as well as a novel combination of ocular findings, specifically strabismus, high myopia, bilateral cataracts, and bilateral total retinal detachments.Results: This case report highlights the necessity for a detailed ophthalmic examination of patients with both interstitial and terminal deletions of the long arm of chromosome 11.
Occupational Therapy in Early Intervention: A Family-Centered Approach

This article describes a framework for occupational therapy service provision in early intervention settings and presents pilot data aimed at examining the framework's effectiveness. The Family-Centered Framework for Early Intervention is a synthesis of concepts from the Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner & Burke, 1980) and from the literature on play. It encompasses a systematic, holistic approach that considers the child and the family within the context of their life environments. In this framework, play is used both as an evaluative tool and as an intervention modality that addresses the volition, habituation, and performance of the child and family as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the environment. Play is also used as a primary measure of competence and change. This framework may be useful in defining occupational therapy roles for the early intervention population.
In vitro antibiotic activity of 11 beta-lactam antibiotics in a cancer center

Two-thousand, five-hundred and twenty-four bacterial isolates were tested against 11 new beta-lactam antibiotics in a prospective study conducted in a cancer center. E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae were the most common gram-negative organisms isolated, while S. aureus and Enterococcus were the most common organisms among the gram-positive. The new cephalosporins were more active than the semisynthetic penicillins against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae (p less than 0.001). Mezlocillin had better activity than the other semisynthetic penicillins against most of the gram-negative organisms as well as the enterococci. As a result, mezlocillin was preferred as a beta-lactam agent to be employed with an aminoglycoside as empiric antibiotics for febrile patients with neoplasia.
An attack by a warthog, Phacochoerus africanus, on a newborn Thomson's gazelle, Gazella thomsonii

This note reports a previously undescribed behaviour of an attack by a warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) on a newborn Thomson’s gazelle (Gazella thomsonii). Most instances of interspecific aggression in wild animals occur in the contexts of predation (Polis, Myers & Holt, 1989; Kamler et al., 2007) or competition (e.g. Moore, 1978; Berger, 1985; Loveridge & Macdonald, 2002; Schradin, 2005). However, warthogs are omnivores that are not known to prey on gazelle and only rarely include animal protein in their diets (Cumming, 1975). Also, the two species typically associate closely without overt signs of aggression and exhibit subtle differences in diet, which minimize competition for forage (Mwangi & Western, 1998). Examination of unusual interspecific interactions such as this challenges the scientific community to consider and evaluate alternative drivers for the behaviour, which may then be useful in accounting for other seemingly aberrant occurrences.
The Ambiguity of Equity in International Law

International law is sometimes interpreted differently by international lawyers representing different national, societal and doctrinal traditions. Thus, there is often a more difficult problem of understanding and explaining even apparently simple usages in international law than is sometimes appreciated. For example, the notion of equity in international law is subject to such different interpretations that an analysis of the concept may serve as a warning of how dangerous it is to assume that language in international law necessarily has a single or settled meaning. The work below is, first, descriptive: to explain some prevalent doctrinal perceptions of the role of equity in international law; second, analytical: to evaluate how well or poorly such doctrine works in explaining recent international practice; and, third, prescriptive: to elaborate a third perception of the role of equity in international law that may help both to bridge some of the gaps in theory and to facilitate a clearer and more consistent understanding of what equity means in practice. Finally, a few concluding comments consider the larger problem of understanding international law from differing perspectives.
3D dislocation dynamics: stress–strain behavior and hardening mechanisms in fcc and bcc metals

A dislocation dynamics (DD) model for plastic deformation, connecting the macroscopic mechanical properties to basic physical laws governing dislocation mobility and related interaction mechanisms, has been under development. In this model there is a set of critical reactions that determine the overall results of the simulations, such as the stress-strain curve. These reactions are, annihilation, formation of jogs, junctions, and dipoles, and cross-slip. In this paper we discuss these reactions and the manner in which they influence the simulated stress- strain behavior in fcc and bcc metals. In particular, we examine the formation (zipping) and strength of dipoles and junctions, and effect of jogs, using the dislocation dynamics model. We show that the strengths (unzipping) of these reactions for various configurations can be determined by direct evaluation of the elastic interactions. Next, we investigate the phenomenon of hardening in metals subjected to cascade damage dislocations. The microstructure investigated consists of small dislocation loops decorating the mobile dislocations. Preliminary results reveal that these loops act as hardening agents, trapping the dislocations and resulting in increased hardening.
Optimal Prepayment of Fixed Rate Residential Mortgages: An Empirical Analysis

While many home buyers apply for 30-year fixed-rate real estate loans in order to avoid interest rate risk and minimize monthly payments, amortizing the loan over its full 30-year term is rarely optimal, since accelerating payments generally result in substantial interest savings, and rapid equity build up. The study demonstrates that the prepayment decision depends critically on the relationship between the after-tax mortgage rate and the effective after-tax return on alternative investments (opportunity cost of capital). It is shown that the calculation of the effective after-tax rate on alternative investments is non-trivial, and is determined by the investor's investment horizon, number of years before and after retirement, ordinary income tax rates before and after retirement, capital gains tax rates before and after retirement, the distribution of total returns between ordinary income and capital gains, and the portion of capital gains that can be deferred. An algorithm is developed to calculate effective after-tax rates of return on alternative investments, and a Windows based computer program is developed to facilitate application.
Monotonic Networks

Monotonicity is a constraint which arises in many application domains. We present a machine learning model, the monotonic network, for which monotonicity can be enforced exactly, i.e., by virtue of functional form. A straightforward method for implementing and training a monotonic network is described. Monotonic networks are proven to be universal approximators of continuous, differentiable monotonic functions. We apply monotonic networks to a real-world task in corporate bond rating prediction and compare them to other approaches.
EFFICIENCY CONSIDERATIONS IN A NEW MULTILENGTH SCALE PLATE THEORY WITH DELAMINATION

Efficiency and accuracy considerations in a new type of multi-length scale theory for the analysis of laminated plates in the presence of delaminations are examined within the context of the cylindrical bending problem. The theoretical framework is based on the use of a two-length scale displacement field obtained from a superposition of arbitrary forms of global and local displacement effects. This framework introduces a unique coupling between the length scales and represents a novel two-length scale or local-global approach to plate analysis. Given the theory's ability to utilize different combinations of the global and local displacement effects it is important to have some insight into how the local and global displacement effects interact. It is shown that the present theory can accurately predict the overall through the thickness distributions of the displacement components and the axial stress using computationally efficient combinations of the global and local displacement fields. To accurately predict the transverse displacements directly from the constitutive equations it is necessary to utilize moderate expansions for both types of displacement fields. However, if somewhat less accuracy is acceptable it is shown that more computationally efficient combinations can provide reasonable estimates of these stresses.
Predictive Modeling of Estrogen Receptor Binding Agents Using Advanced Cheminformatics Tools and Massive Public Data

Estrogen receptors (ERα) are a critical target for drug design as well as a potential source of toxicity when activated unintentionally. Thus, evaluating potential ERα binding agents is critical in both drug discovery and chemical toxicity areas. Using computational tools, e.g. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models, can predict potential ERα binding agents before chemical synthesis. The purpose of this project was to develop enhanced predictive models of ERα binding agents by utilizing advanced cheminformatics tools that can integrate publicly available bioassay data. The initial ERα binding agent data set, consisting of 446 binders and 8,307 non-binders, was obtained from the Tox21 Challenge project organized by the NIH Chemical Genomics Center (NCGC). After removing the duplicates and inorganic compounds, this data set was used to create a training set (259 binders and 259 non-binders). This training set was used to develop QSAR models using chemical descriptors. The resulting models were then used to predict the binding activity of 264 external compounds, which were available to us after the models were developed. The cross-validation results of training set [Correct Classification Rate (CCR)) = 0.72] were much higher than the external predictivity of the unknown compounds (CCR= 0.59). To improve the conventional QSAR models, all compounds in the training set were used to search PubChem and generate a profile of their biological responses across thousands of bioassays. The most important bioassays were prioritized to generate a similarity index that was used to calculate the biosimilarity score between each two compounds. The nearest neighbors for each compound within the set were then identified and its ERα binding potential was predicted by its nearest neighbors in the training set. The hybrid model performance (CCR=0.94 for cross validation; CCR=0.68 for external prediction) showed significant improvement over the original QSAR models, particularly for the activity cliffs that induce prediction errors. The results of this study indicate that the response profile of chemicals from public data provides useful information for modeling and evaluation purposes. The public big data resources should be considered along with chemical structure information when predicting new compounds, such as unknown ERα binding agents.
Scorpion toxin-induced amylase secretion in guinea pig pancreas: evidence for a new neurotransmitter.

AbstractScorpion toxin, a substance that induces neurotransmitter release by depolarizing neurons, was used to stimulate amylase release from guinea pig pancreatic lobules. Scorpion toxin was found to act selectively on acinar cell neurons but not directly on acinar cells. The toxin's action on lobules was blocked by tetrodotoxin, whereas scorpion toxin itself had no effect on isolated pancreatic acini. Toxin-induced amylase secretion from pancreatic lobules included two components, one that was atropine sensitive and one that was atropine resistant. This finding is consistent with the notion that scorpion toxin releases cholinergic and noncholinergic transmitters. Both cholinergic and noncholinergic effects showed a similar dose dependence, being maximal at a toxin concentration of 3 μg/ml. The noncholinergic pathway was not mediated through the CCK receptor since it was not blocked by dibutyryl cyclic GMP, a CCK antagonist. Moreover, the noncholinergic mechanism appeared to have a different biochemical ...
Development of the optic nerve in Xenopus laevis I. Early development ancl organization

Development of the Xenopus laevis optic nerve was studied by light and electron microscopy from embryonic stage 26, before the retina has formed, to juveniles, 8 months postmetamorphic. Low-power EM photographs of sections through the retinal optic nerve (RON), middle optic nerve (MON) and chiasmatic optic nerve (CON) were prepared at different stages and the areas containing large axons (0.5 micron) were traced in optic nerve reconstructions. Ordering of fibre size along a dorsoventral axis was noted in the embryonic nerve, and this pattern persisted throughout development. Most large fibres, myelinated and unmyelinated, occupy an eccentric dorsocentral position in the MON while small axons are seen in a ventral peripheral crescent. In the CON, the dorsal one third to one half is occupied by large fibres while the ventral CON contains small fibres exclusively. If, as assumed, large axons are older than small axons (0.1-0.3 micron), then patterns of large and small axons along the nerve might reveal a chronotopic fibre ordering. Chronotopic ordering was confirmed by autoradiographic analysis of the distribution of old, labelled fibres and young, unlabelled newly arriving fibres in optic nerves between stage 51 and 57. The young-old labelling pattern corresponds to the small and large axon patterns respectively, in all sections of the optic nerve. Chronotopic ordering of fibres in the developing optic nerve can be explained, in part, by the dorsoventral asymmetric marginal growth of the developing retina and the phenomenon of fibre following as ganglion cell axons join near neighbour fascicles in the retina, converge at the optic disc and grow through the optic nerve.
Semi-Blind Multiuser Detection Based on Subspace Tracking and Kalman Filter

Semi-blind multiuser detection is investigated for multicarrier CDMA(MC-CDMA)uplink.A semi-blind multiuser de- tection algorithm based on subspace tracking and Kalman filter is proposed.This algorithm exploits the spreading sequences of all known users to modify constraint condition and solves the optimization problem by adopting the modified projecting approximation subspace tracking with deflation(PASTd)algorithm and Kalman filter.As a result,the performance of the system is improved by making use of all the known information and the computational complexity is reduced to avoid the problem of eigen-decomposition in conventional Kalman filter.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method offers high detecting performance and has strong ability to eliminate multi- ple-access interference.
Natural substitutions at highly conserved T1-domain residues perturb processing and functional expression of squid Kv1 channels.

Shaker-type K-channel α-subunits (SqKv1A, B, D) expressed in neurons of the squid stellate ganglion differ in the length of their N-termini and in the species of amino acid present at several points in the T1 domain, an intracellular region involved in the tetramerization process during channel assembly. Heterologous expression of wild-type SqKv1A, B, and D in Xenopus oocytes reveals large differences in the level of both functional channels (assayed by whole-oocyte voltage clamp) and total channel protein (assayed by immunoblotting). Functional expression is poorest with SqKv1A and by far the best with SqKv1D. Biophysical properties of the three SqKv1 channels are essentially identical (assayed by cell-attached patch clamp). Site-directed mutagenesis was used to determine whether the observed differences in expression level are impacted by two residues in the T1 domain at which SqKv1A and B (but not D) differ from the consensus sequences found in many other taxa. In SqKv1A, glycine is substituted for arg...