cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenging the Dogma of Tourniquet Pressure Requirements for Upper Extremity Surgery.

Background Traditional teaching supports upper extremity tourniquet pressure to be set at 250 mm Hg. Complications have been associated with increased pressure and duration of tourniquet use. We hypothesized that there will be no significant difference in intraoperative variables between tourniquet pressures of 125, 150, 175, or 200 mm Hg as compared with the current practice of 250 mm Hg during mini-open carpal tunnel release. Case Description A retrospective review was conducted of patients undergoing open carpal tunnel release from June 2009 to June 2012. Those undergoing surgery with a tourniquet pressure of 250 mm Hg were compared with those with lower tourniquet pressures regarding their demographics, operative and anesthesia time, and whether the tourniquet pressure needed to be increased to 250 mm Hg during surgery. Literature Review A total of 432 patients underwent carpal tunnel release over the 3-year period. There were no differences with respect to patient demographics. There was no significant difference between operative or anesthesia time between different tourniquet pressure groups. There were no reported problems with breakthrough bleeding or difficulty with visualization of structures in any of the pressure groups. None of the patients with lower tourniquet pressures needed the tourniquet pressure to be adjusted during surgery. Clinical Relevance This study demonstrated that using lower tourniquet pressures had no effect on the operation for open carpal tunnel release including effect on operative or anesthesia time, breakthrough bleeding, or complications directly related to tourniquet pressures. Orthopedic surgeons may consider reducing tourniquet pressures during carpal tunnel release.
Trend analysis of notifiable infectious diseases in Yizhou from 2002 to 2011

Objective To analyze the epidemic trend and character of notifiable communicable diseases in Yizhou from 2002 to 2011,and provide scientific evidence for the development of communicable diseases prevention and control strategies. Methods The data of notifiable communicable diseases from 2002 to 2011 were collected and analyzed with descriptively epidemiological methods. Results A total of 33230 cases of 24 notifiable communicable diseases in Yizhou from 2002 to 2011 were reported. 181 cases were dead,the annual mean incidence and mortality were 529. 82 per 100000 and 2. 82 per 100000 respectively. The proportion of natural foci of infectious diseases,the insect- borne infectious diseases,the intestinal infectious diseases had been decreasing annually,the respiratory infectious diseases kept balance,the blood- borne and sexually transmitted diseases had been increasing. Conclusions Overall,there is an increasing trend of notifiable infectious diseases from 2002 to 2011in Yizhou; We should further strengthen the work of surveillance,prevention and control of main infectious diseases such as tuberculosis,flu,hand foot and mouth disease,the blood-borne and sexually transmitted diseases.
Supply chain moral hazard strategy under asymmetric information condition

Based on the principal-agent theory,the effect on supplier's quality prevention decision and buyer's quality appraisal decision under asymmetric information in supply chain was studied.Three types of moral hazards in hidden actions in node enterprises of supply chain were considered,supplier's moral hazard decision model on the conditions of quality prevention level hidden was established,buyer's moral hazard decision model on the conditions of quality inspection level hidden was set up,and the supplier's and buyer's double moral hazard decision model on the conditions of quality prevention level and quality inspection level hidden was constructed.The optimal theory was applied to solve the moral hazard value of supplier and buyer.Quantitative description of the loss of expected revenues in three types of moral hazards was presented,and a simulation analysis was performed.Finally some suggestions on quality control decision and contracts design in quality management of the supply chain under the conditions of asymmetric information were presented.
The Joint Genome Institute Offers Resources Beyond a Core Facility: JGI now partners with thousands of scientists worldwide to broaden and deepen its research capabilities

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI) was established in 1997 to consolidate the department's programs and resources in DNA sequencing, informatics, and technology development. Soon after, the University of California, which manages the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where JGI was first situated, leased lab and office space in nearby Walnut Creek to house JGI activities. The early focus for JGI was the Human Genome Project. After its scientists completed their sequencing of three human chromosomes, however, JGI broadened its mandate in 2004 to become a national user facility, which now boasts thousands of users worldwide.
Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Computer-Aided Diagnosis

Computer-aided diagnosis is a diagnostic procedure in which a radiologist uses the outputs of computer analysis of medical images as a second opinion in the interpretation of medical images, either to help with lesion detection or to help determine if the lesion is benign or malignant. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are usually employed to formulate the statistical models for computer analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves are used to evaluate the performance of the ANN alone, as well as the diagnostic performance of radiologists who take into account the ANN output as a second opinion. In this chapter, we use mammograms to illustrate how an ANN model is trained, tested, and evaluated, and how a radiologist should use the ANN output as a second opinion in CAD.
Index Void Ratios of Sands from Their Intrinsic Properties

AbstractA comprehensive model for the index void ratios emax and emin of sands is presented. It is based on a large set of previously published sand properties as well as tests on 25 new materials including glass spheres and two types of rice. The new model uses the index void ratios of perfectly uniform spherical glass beads as baselines to which factors accounting for the three most influential intrinsic soil properties are applied. The three properties are particles roundness, R, sphericity, S, and the coefficient of uniformity, Cu. The following three factors led to the new model’s improvement over previous such efforts: (1) use of sands spanning a wide range of R, S, and Cu values; (2) consideration of the combined and coupled effects of R, S, and Cu; and (3) utilization of a recently developed computational geometry method on digital images to obtain precise values of R and S for large, statistically reliable numbers of particles.
Effects of deposition and supercritical CO2 treatment parameters on physical and electrical properties of pentacene thin films

Abstract The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of deposition and post-deposition supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) processing parameters on physical and electrical properties of pentacene thin films. Pentacene, a common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has been studied for its potential applications in organic thin film (OTF) transistors used for electronic devices, bio- and chemical sensors. One of the primary challenges is controlling thin film quality, which is driven by processing techniques. Here, organic vapor phase deposition was used to deposit OTF at three temperatures (623 K, 643 K, and 648 K) and two pentacene sources (singly-sublimed and triply-sublimed). The film surface was subsequently treated with benzene-1,4-diboronic acid (BDBA), in scCO 2 for further electrical property improvement. ScCO 2 film treatment was performed at 313 K and 323 K, for a nominal range of pressures, and with up to 5 mol% of methanol added as co-solvent. Results show that triply-sublimed pentacene deposited at a slower rate compared to singly-sublimed pentacene, especially at lower temperatures. Triply-sublimed pentacene films also exhibited a surface microtexture with more crystalline features and lower sheet resistivity after scCO 2 /methanol/BDBA treatment. BDBA sorption at the film surface depends on both film thickness and surface morphology, but not processing temperature alone.
Three Fundamental Distributions: Binomial, Gaussian, and Poisson

There are three distributions that play a fundamental role in statistics. The binomial distribution describes the number of positive outcomes in binary experiments, and it is the “mother” distribution from which the other two distributions can be obtained. The Gaussian distribution can be considered as a special case of the binomial, when the number of tries is sufficiently large. For this reason, the Gaussian distribution applies to a large number of variables, and it is referred to as the normal distribution. The Poisson distribution applies to counting experiments, and it can be obtained as the limit of the binomial distribution when the probability of success is small.
Optimal Use of Ozonation and GAC in Direct Filtration for Drinking Water Treatment

Results from pilot studies of the use of ozonation and biologically active GAC media to upgrade two existing direct filtration facilities are summarized. A comparison of preozonation followed by GAC filter media to post-filtration ozonation followed by a GAC contactor is made based on various aggregate measures of organic matter including DOC, THMFP, HAAFP, AOC and odors. The results show that ozonation and biologically active GAC media improve organic matter removal. For one plant, preozonation and post-ozonation at similar ozone to DOC ratios and GAC contact times produces very similar water quality while at the other plant, the post-ozonation option is significantly better. The choice of the location for ozonation and GAC at these facilities will ultimately depend on water quality goals and disinfection needs.
Nasal Cutaneous Flaps

Primary wound closure is possible for smaller skin defects of the nose, especially in the elderly patient, where nasal skin tends to be redundant. Defects that are 1 cm or smaller in size and located on the dorsum or sidewall are repaired most easily. This is accomplished by the advancement of opposing wound margins after wide undermining of the skin adjacent to the defect. Standing cutaneous deformities form at the margins of the repair and require excision, although some of the skin cone dissipates without treatment over 4–6 weeks.
Identification of Left Ventricle Failure on Pulmonary Artery CTA: Diagnostic Significance of Decreased Aortic & Left Ventricle Enhancement.

This study aimed to identify findings on non-ECG-gated CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) indicating decreased left ventricle (LV) systolic function, later confirmed by echocardiogram. After obtaining institutional review board approval, review was performed of emergency department (ED) patients who had CTPA and follow-up echocardiogram within 48 h, over 18 months. Patients with pulmonary embolus, suboptimal CTPA, arrhythmias or pericardial tamponade were excluded. One hundred thirty-seven patients were identified and divided into cases (LVEF 50%, n = 85). Two reviewers performed these analyses: measurement of enhancement in main pulmonary artery (MPA), LV, and aorta; subjective enhancement of LV and aorta (Ao) relative to MPA using a four-point Likert scale; contrast transit time (TD) to trigger CTPA and LV short & long axis dimensions. When available, the most recent N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level was recorded. Decreased aortic and LV subjective enhancement were the best predictors of LV systolic dysfunction. For Ao/MPA ratio, an optimal cutoff value of 0.20 resulted in a sensitivity of 0.54 and specificity of 0.93 (AUC = 0.83, 0.78–0.88 95% CI). A threshold of 86.7 HU for Ao enhancement resulted in a sensitivity of 0.68 and specificity of 0.90 (AUC = 0.82, 0.77–0.88 95% CI). A LV short axis diameter of more than 54.3 mm had a sensitivity of 0.62 and specificity of 0.98 (AUC = 0.88, 0.83–0.92 95% CI). For the LV long axis diameter, a cutoff of 87.5 mm resulted in a sensitivity of 0.66 and specificity of 0.84 (AUC = 0.78, 0.72–0.84 95% CI). With bolus timing, cases had a longer TD (13.4 vs. 10.4 s, p < 0.0001). Unsuspected LV systolic dysfunction can be recognized on a CTPA by identification of decreased aortic enhancement, LV enlargement and increased TD. This has important diagnostic implications for the patient presenting with shortness of breath, chest pain, or dyspnea.
The Role of Admissions Test Scores, Socioeconomic Status, and High School Grades in Predicting College Achievement

Although test scores are widely used in college admissions in the United States, their use is the subject of ongoing debate, partly because of the association between test performance and socioeconomic status (SES). Although test critics have argued that this association is due to the particular content of admissions tests or to the differential availability of coaching, large socioeconomic effects are also found in assessments that are tied to school achievement and for which coaching is not available, such as the National Assessment of Educational Progress and in other academic measures. Some commentators have argued, however, that high school grade-point average has a smaller correlation with SES than admissions test scores and is therefore a superior admissions criterion. In this paper I examine the association between SES and test scores, as well as the association between SES and high school grades, and discuss the relevance of this complex web of associations to college admissions research. While the perennial finding that socioeconomic inequities manifest themselves as educational inequities is disheartening, the analysis of performance differences can point the way toward possible remedies.
Head and neck position sense using a memory-driven joint position matching study

This study aimed to determine the acuity of head and neck position sense in a novel joint position matching paradigm using a head-mounted virtual reality display. The results show that the head-neck position sense acuity of healthy adults is generally within three degrees on matching trials and that acuity increases as the joint angle increases.
Properties of Ultrawideband Arrays

Highly thinning the elements required in a filled λ / 2-element spaced array can greatly reduce the quantity of electronics in the array and the data-handling requirements of an imaging system for a fixed number of array channels, greatly enlarge the aperture, and correspondingly improve its resolving power. The cost is a dramatic decrease in dynamic range. The resulting sparse array generally leaves the shapes of the main lobe and near-in sidelobes intact, but the loss in absolute gain implies that main lobe energy has been redistributed into the side radiation region. In conventional narrowband arrays, periodic thinning produces grating lobes of similar shape and strength to the main lobe. Aperiodic thinning destroys the coherent sidelobe buildup in the grating lobes but not the grating lobe energy, which becomes distributed throughout the visible region in a manner determined by the particular thinning procedure. It is common knowledge that sidelobe statistics are similar for a wide variety of thinning procedures, both deterministic and random, with a few notable exceptions1. Thus many proposed designs for high resolution two-dimensional arrays are based upon a random distribution of elements2.
The Application of Variance Analysis in FP&A Organizations: Survey Evidence and Recommendations for Enhancement

Accounting Variance Analysis, a tool widely taught in academic environments, is important to the financial planning and analysis (FP&A) departments of firms. However, there is a dearth of evidence on how variance analysis is really applied in practice. Investor relations quarterly presentations demonstrate a wide variety of formats and variance buckets. Our survey of the FP&A department of organizations finds that while variance analysis is viewed as a very valuable tool, there is significant variation on its actual use. We conclude with recommendations to improve usage of variance analysis.
The group 5 heterobenzenes arsabenzene, stibabenzene and bismabenzene

3 Spectral and Phssieal Properties . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.1 Structure Determinat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.2 N M R Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.3 Mass Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 3.4 Photoelectron (PE) and Electron Transmission (ET) Spectra . . . . . . 137 3.5 Dipole Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Long-Term Simulations with the Project Link System, 1978–1985

Publisher Summary This chapter presents new long-term simulations of the Project LINK system through 1985. Project LINK is a cooperative, international research activity linking structural econometric models of 13 developed market economies, 7 centrally planned socialist countries, and 4 developing regions into a world model closed by rudimentary models for the rest of the world. The chapter describes the Project LINK system, its appropriateness for medium- or long-term applications, and the methodology of the simulations. LINK Central, located at the Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, serves as the central computer repository for the associated models and data bank and bears the responsibility for forecasts and simulations of the system. The chapter presents a baseline solution from realistic initial conditions in 1978/1979 and trend extrapolations of exogenous variables through 1985. It further presents the scenarios for investment promotion through coordinated fiscal policies in13 organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) countries and the response to changes in world oil prices.
Determining the effect of newborn hearing screening legislation: an analysis of state hearing screening rates.

Objective This study was conducted to determine the effect of state Universal Newborn Hearing Screening legislation on the percentage of infants having their hearing screened within one month of birth. Methods Hearing screening data for 2000-2003 were obtained from state hearing screening programs. States with Universal Newborn Hearing Screening legislation were categorized according to legislation type and implementation status, and hearing screening rates were compared between states with implemented legislation and states with no legislation. Results Hearing screening rates among states that implemented Universal Newborn Hearing Screening legislation were significantly higher than rates in no-legislation states throughout the study period, although the mean screening rate among no-legislation states increased substantially from 2000 through 2003. The percentage of states attaining a 95% national screening quality indicator in each year was substantially greater among states with implemented legislation. In 2003, 76% of states with implemented Universal Newborn Hearing Screening legislation reported screening at least 95% of infants, compared with 26% of states without legislation. Although there is a greater likelihood of meeting the national screening target with Universal Newborn Hearing Screening legislation than without, other factors such as collaborative relationships and federal funding can also influence this outcome. Conclusion State legislation has had a positive effect on hearing screening rates and is one tool states can use to help ensure that infants are screened for hearing loss.
Sorting, cloning and analysis of specific human chromosomes

Recombinant libraries constructed from the DNA of individual metaphase chromosomes that had been partially purified by fluorescence activated flow sorting have been used to study gene amplification and rearrangement(Kanda et al, 1983), and they continue to be obtained (Davies et al, 1981; Kunkel et al, 1982) and used as sources of cloned probes to study chromosome aberrations (Tantravahi et al, 1983), such as deletions, X chromosome inactivation (Wolf and Migeon, 1982), and, via molecular linkage analysis(Botstein et al, 1980), the segregation of diseases in individual pedigrees (Davies et al, 1983). The present chapter will summarize some of our experience with this to chnology.
Marginal ulcer continues to be a major source of morbidity over time following gastric bypass.

Marginal ulcerations (MU) are a common and concerning complication following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. The aim of the present study was to examine the progression of MU and identify risk factors for the need for surgical intervention in patients with MU following RYGB. A New York state longitudinal administrative database was queried to identify patients who underwent RYGB between 2005 and 2010 and who were followed for at least 4 years for the development of MU using ICD-9 and CPT codes. Patients with perforation as their first presentation of MU were excluded. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was built to identify risk factors for surgical intervention. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. We identified 35,075 patients who underwent RYGB. Mean age was 42.47 ± 10.90 years and most were female (81.08%). There were 2201 (6.28%) patients with MU, of which 204 (9.27% of MU; 0.58% of RYGB overall) required surgery. The estimated cumulative incidence of having surgical intervention 1, 2, 5, and 8 years after MU diagnosis was 6% (95% CI 5–7%), 8% (95% CI 7–9%), 13% (95% CI 11–14%), and 17% (95% CI 13–20%), respectively. At time of MU diagnosis, younger age (HR 0.93 every 5 years, 95% CI 0.87–0.99), white race (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.15–2.23), and weight loss (HR 2.82, 95% CI 1.62–4.88) were independent risk factors for subsequent surgical intervention for MU. Estimated cumulative incidence of MU recurrence was 15% (95% CI 9–22%) and 24% (95 CI% 15–32%) at 6 and 12 months after surgical intervention. The need for surgical intervention for MU after RYGB is uncommon. Young age, white race, and marked weight loss are risk factors for surgical intervention. Such patients may benefit from early intensive medical therapy at the time of MU diagnosis.
Drivers’ Performance Examination using a Personalized Adaptive Curve Speed Warning: Driving Simulator Study

A great number of traffic accidents occur during curve negotiation maneuvers. Most of these accidents could be avoided if drivers are provided with information that better guide them through the ma...
Romanticizing the Republic: Hannah Arendt on Freedom, Rights, and the Modern State

This essay is critical of two standard interpretations of Hannah Arendt’s political thought which either praise her agonistic conception of politics or assume that she in fact embraces the need for normative institutional structures that give democratic pluralism form. I argue that Arendt’s emphasis on the existential primacy of freedom does not hold up to constitutional and political realities, especially within the context of the debates about civil rights in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. Paradoxically, it is precisely the existential primacy of freedom over rights, and over their institutional forms, that leaves democratic pluralism undefended. The stability of democratic pluralism requires a constitutional state, but Arendt consistently rejects the administrative demands of this state.
3487 Trust in Research Among Older Adults

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Adults, 60 years of age and older, are in high demand for enrollment in many types of health research. Here we aimed to examine baseline, 60-day and 120-day follow-up trust in research and researchers of Floridians 60 years of age and older engaged in University of Florida’s HealthStreet community engagement initiative. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: HealthStreet Community Health Workers (CHWs) assess health needs and trust in research of community members and screen for dementia, before providing medical and social services referrals and linkages to opportunities to participate in relevant health research at UF. In addition, participants are followed up at 60 and 120 days. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among the 2,193 older adults assessed by CHWs, 62.6% were female, 46.8% were African American, and 6.1% Hispanic/Latino. At baseline, 28.3% reported ever being in a research study; 7.7% reported not being interested in participating in research. Trust in research and researchers was high at baseline [scored from 1 to 10 where 10 was high; mean of 7.4 each for trust in research (SD=2.0) and trust in researchers (SD=2.1)] and high at both follow-ups [60 days 7.8 (SD=2.1) and 7.7 (SD=2) for trust in research and researchers respectively; 120 days 8.0 for both (SD=1.9 and 1.8 respectively)]. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Individuals who are 60 and older have high trust in research and researchers when approached and high interest in research. Their trust continues through work with HealthStreet CHWs. Community engagement is an important part of the pipeline for recruitment of older adults for research.
Collection of Real-Time Data with a Modular Detector System to Assess Injection Quality.

A modular radiation detector device that was developed by Lucerno Dynamics, LLC, collects data during the entire uptake period of a molecular imaging study and then retrospectively assesses these data for signs of dose infiltration. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of using this device for real-time, rather than retrospective, assessment of the injected dose. Methods: For 20 patients undergoing a clinical PET scan, we manually collected real-time counts from the device for 60 s and then compared the resultant time–activity curves with those generated from automated 60-min counts collected by the device. Results: The R2 value calculated for the averages across the 2 curves was 0.93 (93%), meaning the 2 curves matched statistically. Conclusion: The external detector device may be used to ascertain, within only 60 s, whether an injection is sufficient.
The Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon of Dieulafoy's Lesion.

Despite modern investigative innovations in the cutting edge field of gastroenterology, we are reminded of our contemporary limitations when we encounter the ever evasive Dieulafoy’s lesion (DL). Ever since it has been initially described in 1884, its rare but frustrating presence creates a calamitous situation. Even more so when it presents atypically, much like it did in our patient. This review of DL delves into the history, epidemiology, characteristics, the most current and innovative diagnostic measures available, as well as treatment and prevention of recurrence of these obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding sources.
Interaction of a downslope gravity current with an internal wave

We investigate the interaction of a downslope gravity current with an internal wave propagating along a two-layer density jump. Direct numerical simulations confirm earlier experimental findings of a reduced gravity current mass flux, as well as the partial removal of the gravity current head from its body by large-amplitude waves (Hogg et al., Environ. Fluid Mech., vol. 18 (2), 2018, pp. 383–394). The current is observed to split into an intrusion of diluted fluid that propagates along the interface and a hyperpycnal current that continues to move downslope. The simulations provide detailed quantitative information on the energy budget components and the mixing dynamics of the current–wave interaction, which demonstrates the existence of two distinct parameter regimes. Small-amplitude waves affect the current in a largely transient fashion, so that the post-interaction properties of the current approach those in the absence of a wave. Large-amplitude waves, on the other hand, perform a sufficiently large amount of work on the gravity current fluid so as to modify its properties over the long term. The ‘decapitation’ of the current by large waves, along with the associated formation of an upslope current, enhance both viscous dissipation and irreversible mixing, thereby strongly reducing the available potential energy of the flow.
Adjuvant Therapy in High-Risk Renal Cell Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating risk-benefit for adjuvant postoperative treatments in high-risk renal cell carcinoma by assessing reported disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), toxicity, and quality of life. Methods A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify relevant RCTs (from database inception through May 15, 2018). The results of the ATLAS trial were published while writing this manuscript, and the manuscript was updated accordingly. A generic variance-weighted random effects model was used to derive estimates for efficacy and common adverse effects. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q statistic and was quantified using the I2 test. Results Adjuvant therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors compared with placebo was observed to have a DFS hazard ratio [HR] of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.83-1.01) and an OS HR of 1.01 (95% CI, 0.89-1.15) (4 RCTs; 4417 patients). Analysis of DFS for sunitinib compared with placebo (n=1909) in the adjuvant setting detected an HR of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.67-1.19). Increased risk of grade 3 or 4 adverse events (relative risk [RR]=2.6; 95% CI, 2.28-2.97), diarrhea (RR=9.89; 95% CI, 4.22-23.14), fatigue (RR=3.11; 95% CI, 1.86-5.18), hypertension (RR=3.63; 95% CI, 2.99-4.41), and palmar/plantar dysesthesia (RR=2.70; 95% CI, 2.47-2.96) was observed. Conclusion Adjuvant vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in high-risk renal cell carcinoma did not improve OS or DFS, and there was a significant increased risk of toxicity in greater than half of the patients, leading to a decline in quality of life.
Dynamics of the diameter distribution after selection cutting in uneven- and even-aged northern hardwood stands: a long-term evaluation

Selection cutting is defined as a tool for uneven-aged silviculture. Dependence on diameter distribution by forestry practitioners for identifying stand conditions has led to misuse of selection-li...
Advances and challenges of electrokinetic dewatering of clays and soils

Abstract The development of electrokinetic dewatering technologies for clay and soil materials has steadily advanced for over 100 years. A review of the origins, important contributions, and recent work on the topic are presented. Research into the electrokinetic mechanisms have informed the design process and resulted in prototypes and pilot-scale implementations that are economically viable additions to current processes. The power demand and availability of dimensionally stable anode materials are the current challenges to industrial adoption of electrokinetic dewatering.
USE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC GLOBAL LONGITUDINAL STRAIN IMAGING TO PREDICT IMPROVEMENT IN BALLOON AORTIC VALVULOPLASTY (BAV) PRIOR TO DEFINITIVE AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) is used as a “bridge to decision” in patients deemed prohibitive risk for surgery or when the benefit of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) or surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) are unclear. This study evaluated if global longitudinal strain (
To What Purpose? The Ends and Means of History Education in the Modern World

Much about the world has changed over the past few decades, and as technology opens the floodgates of information about our past, history educators find themselves with numerous opportunities to employ new purposes and methods for teaching history. Yet in many ways, the manner in which we teach and learn about the past has stubbornly resisted change as codified knowledge, power dynamics, and national interests collide with more critical approaches to teaching history. However, one thing that history educators in the United States can largely agree upon is the important role that history plays in developing informed democratic citizens. It is through that lens—the learner as informed citizen—that this chapter unpacks the various orientations toward history education that have influenced the teaching and learning of history over the past few decades. In doing so, we touch on the ontological and epistemological concerns facing history educators as well as how they are reflected in state standards for the social studies. The chapter concludes with a brief review of influential literature on civics and history education published within the past five years to ponder the path that history education might follow in the future.
Abbreviated Musculoskeletal MRI Protocols: Counterpoint-Worsened Patient Care and Radiologist Burnout.

This article does not include an abstract. Please see the accompanying Point by Naveen Subhas.
The Block Booking of Films Re-Examined

Block booking, twice banned by the U.S. Supreme Court, involves selling motion pictures as a package. The most generally accepted explanation is that block booking prevented exhibitors from "oversearching" --from rejecting films revealed ex post to be of below-average value from an ex ante average-valued package. This article examines the way in which the practice developed, the nature of the optimization problem, and the specifics of block booking contracts, and finds little to support that hypothesis. First, block booking emerged at a time when there was no oversearching problem. Second, block booking was applied much more flexibly than a primary concern with oversearching would suggest. Third, exhibitors failed to make use of contractually-permitted opportunities to behave in ways block booking was posited necessary to avoid. This article proposes instead that block booking was primarily intended to cheaply provide in quantity a product needed in quantity, a claim made by movie producers of the time.
Physically Plausible Pose Refinement using Fully Differentiable Forces

All hand-object interaction is controlled by forces that the two bodies exert on each other, but little work has been done in modeling these underlying forces when doing pose and contact estimation from RGB/RGB-D data. Given the pose of the hand and object from any pose estimation system, we propose an end-to-end differentiable model that refines pose estimates by learning the forces experienced by the object at each vertex in its mesh. By matching the learned net force to an estimate of net force based on finite differences of position, this model is able to find forces that accurately describe the movement of the object, while resolving issues like mesh interpenetration and lack of contact. Evaluating on the ContactPose dataset, we show this model successfully corrects poses and finds contact maps that better match the ground truth, despite not using any RGB or depth image data.
Discrepancy Between Crystal Plasticity Simulations and Far-Field High-Energy X-ray Diffraction Microscopy Measurements

A three-dimensional dataset of Inconel-625 generated as part of the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Additive Manufacturing Challenge Series is considered to interrogate modeling errors in a crystal-plasticity finite-element (CPFE) framework. Grain-average elastic strains from this framework are compared to measurements made with far-field high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy (ff-HEDM) on a specimen loaded in tension at room temperature. The ff-HEDM measurements, taken when the specimen was held under load control, were made on the same microstructure considered in the CPFE framework. This one-to-one comparison enables a thorough investigation into modeling discrepancies, specifically those induced by improper boundary condition selection and inability to model stress relaxation events which are a likely characteristic of intermittent plasticity. It is shown that erroneously constraining the Poisson effect locally with kinematic boundary conditions induces over-estimates of off-loading-axis normal strains as far as 100 $$\upmu $$ m away from the over-constrained surface, which is roughly 14% of the overall height of the polycrystal in the loading direction. A second set of boundary conditions that relaxes the constraints on the previously over-constrained surface showed clear quantitative improvement in model predictions. Specifically, the errors in the normal components of strains in the off-loading-axes decreased. Further, it was observed that irrespective of which of the two boundary conditions was applied, the CPFE framework deviates considerably from measurements in the plastic regime compared to the elastic regime. This is mainly due to the increased frequency of strain drop (or stress relaxation) events occurring in the plastic regime, most likely caused by shearing of $$\gamma ^{\prime}$$ precipitates and other intermittent dislocation activity. The CPFE framework is unable to accommodate the stress relaxation in grains. Nevertheless, the framework is interrogated for its ability to predict such events by comparing predicted slip fields with measured grain-level relaxation events. It is demonstrated that the set of grains experiencing a strain drop (from ff-HEDM measurements) collectively had higher values of plastic strain (calculated from CPFE simulations) compared to the set of grains that did not experience a strain drop.
A Methodology for Early and Accurate Analysis of Inrush and Latency Tradeoffs during Power-Domain Wakeup

Power gating is used in almost all Low-power devices to lower leakage. In this power gating, the three important design parameters are the domain-wakeup latency (from sleep to active mode transition) time, the inrush-current when the power switches are turned on, and the voltage dip caused by the inrush current. Also, the analysis of these parameters has some uniqueness when there is an on-die power-supply system. In this paper we present a methodology for analyzing these parameters, followed by a case study involving analysis of all these parameters using circuit simulation (SPICE) for a wakeup latency critical low power SoC (System on a Chip).
After the Implosion: Trailing-Edge Guidelines for a New Era

This short article argues that the federal sentencing guidelines are both unprincipled and unstable (and certainly unloved) as currently constructed. The author suggests that the current leading-edge guidelines, in which advised sentences are fixed by a commission which leads judges to a sentence, be replaced by trailing-edge guidelines, in which the advisory baseline sentence would be created through a real-time electronic survey of judges' current practices in similar cases. Trailing-edge guidelines could provide uniformity and maintain the procedure of the current system while giving judges more discretion both in individual cases and in the way their decisions shape the guidelines themselves.
A New Model Army: Emerging Fish Models to Study the Genomics of Vertebrate Evo-Devo

Many fields of biology--including vertebrate Evo-Devo research--are facing an explosion of genomic and transcriptomic sequence information and a multitude of fish species are now swimming in this "genomic tsunami." Here, we first give an overview of recent developments in sequencing fish genomes and transcriptomes that identify properties of fish genomes requiring particular attention and propose strategies to overcome common challenges in fish genomics. We suggest that the generation of chromosome-level genome assemblies--for which we introduce the term "chromonome"--should be a key component of genomic investigations in fish because they enable large-scale conserved synteny analyses that inform orthology detection, a process critical for connectivity of genomes. Orthology calls in vertebrates, especially in teleost fish, are complicated by divergent evolution of gene repertoires and functions following two rounds of genome duplication in the ancestor of vertebrates and a third round at the base of teleost fish. Second, using examples of spotted gar, basal teleosts, zebrafish-related cyprinids, cavefish, livebearers, icefish, and lobefin fish, we illustrate how next generation sequencing technologies liberate emerging fish systems from genomic ignorance and transform them into a new model army to answer longstanding questions on the genomic and developmental basis of their biodiversity. Finally, we discuss recent progress in the genetic toolbox for the major fish models for functional analysis, zebrafish, and medaka, that can be transferred to many other fish species to study in vivo the functional effect of evolutionary genomic change as Evo-Devo research enters the postgenomic era.
Prolonged hematopoiesis in a primate bone marrow culture system: characteristics of stem cell production and the hematopoietic microenvironment

Maintenance of myelopoiesis and pluripotential stem cell production for prolonged periods in vitro hitherto has been limited to mouse bone marrow culture. In an effort to adapt the system for use in higher species, particularly in human and non-human primates, studies were undertaken using the prosimian species, Tupaia glis (tree shrew). In a number of experiments the duration of sustained normal hematopoiesis observed in cultures of this species, following a single inoculum of 5 X 10(6)--10(7) bone marrow cells, with or without addition of fresh allogeneic bone marrow exceeded 1 yr. Analysis of suspension cells obtained by weekly demidepopulation of such cultures revealed production of CFU-C, differentiating neutrophils, and basophils at high levels. Direct comparison with murine cultures indicated that in both species a complex series of cellular interactions takes place within an adherent environment of marrow-derived endothelial cells, macrophages, and fat-containing cells. Certain functional and ultrastructural features served to distinguish murine from Tupaia marrow cultures, and the prolonged duration of in vitro hematopoiesis in the latter species could be attributed to a regenerative capacity possessed by its adherent hematopoietic microenvironment. The availability of this primate marrow culture system should facilitate studies of hematopoiesis, viral leukemogenesis, and transplantation biology, which have more direct relevance to man than that provided by the existing murine system.
A programming competition for high school students emphasizing process

This paper describes the First Annual University of Memphis Programming Challenge. The event is a competition for high school computer programming students that encourages the use of a software development process above "hacking" skills. For the first competition, a project description was provided to all the registered teams who were then given one month to design, implement, and document a solution. On a preset day, all of the teams gathered at the University to present their work. Here we describe the Challenge format, some of the student projects, lessons learned from the event, and future plans for enhancing both the goal and the Challenge itself.
Ivory Ironies: Flows of Ivory from Africa to Asia

International ivory markets declined dramatically and then stabilized during the three decades since 1989, when the African Elephant Conservation Act was passed. But in the past two years, populations of African elephants from across the continent have come under tremendous stress again, as contact and commerce between Asian and African nations has soared. Official estimates indicate that 17,000 elephants were killed in 2011 alone, with projections that the actual number of elephant deaths approached 25,000. At the same time, customs seizures of ivory tripled in 2011 from the previous year, signaling a surge in the export of African ivory. The largest importer of African ivory is China, followed by the Philippines and Thailand. On reaching these destinations, ivory is fashioned into luxury items of adornment and religious icons. In the process, ivory of illegal provenance in Africa gains cultural and religious significance in Asia. This paper offers a review of current literature on several topics that converge in the current crisis facing African elephants: contemporary elephant conservation in Africa; flows of wildlife products, in particular ivory, between Africa and Asia; and the cultural significances of elephants and ivory in African and Asian contexts.
A simultaneous tri-band on-chip RF-interconnect for future network-on-chip

A simultaneous tri-band on-chip RF-interconnect for future network on-chip is demonstrated. Two RF bands in mm-wave frequencies, 30GHz and 50GHz, are modulated using amplitude-shift keying, while the base-band utilizes the low swing capacitive coupling technique. Each RF-Band and base-band carries 4Gbps and 2Gbps respectively. Three different bands, up to 10Gbps, are transmitted simultaneously across a shared 5mm on-chip differential transmission line. The energy per bit is 0.125pJ/b/mm in base-band, while RF-band is 0.09pJ/b/mm.
Process Results for the Integrated Near-Tank Treatment System Pilot Demonstration

The Near-Tank Treatment System (NTTS) is a supplementary waste treatment technology for Hanford tank waste being investigated as part of the Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management's Advanced Remediation Technologies (ART) Program to reduce the number of high-level waste (HLW) canisters that must be processed by the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). The NTTS combines four basic unit operations into one integrated processing plant: caustic leaching, cross-flow filtration, ion exchange, and electrochemical recovery of sodium. Each unit operation has been studied and tested at the bench scale and was combined into a pilot-scale unit for further development. The performance of the Continuous Sludge Leaching (CSL), Near Tank Cesium Removal (NTCR), and NTTS was evaluated by examining the process and analytical data. Overall, the NTTS integrated CSL and NTCR achieved an operational steady state that performed the waste treatment operations for which it was intended. The...
Utilizing indicator-based methods: ‘Measuring the impact of a science center on its community’

We have been generously provided an opportunity to write a rejoinder to Jensen and Lister’s chapter published in this volume. From the outset, we want to make it clear that we consider such dialogue healthy and constructive for the field. We appreciate the opportunity to clarify the points made by Jensen and Lister and thank this book’s editors for the opportunity to do so.
Real-Time Registration of Video with Ultrasound using Stereo Disparity

Medical ultrasound typically deals with the interior of the patient, with the exterior left to the original medical imaging modality, direct human vision. For the human operator scanning the patient, the view of the external anatomy is essential for correctly locating the ultrasound probe on the body and making sense of the resulting ultrasound images in their proper anatomical context. The operator, after all, is not expected to perform the scan with his eyes shut. Over the past decade, our laboratory has developed a method of fusing these two information streams in the mind of the operator, the Sonic Flashlight, which uses a half silvered mirror and miniature display mounted on an ultrasound probe to produce a virtual image within the patient at its proper location. We are now interested in developing a similar data fusion approach within the ultrasound machine itself, by, in effect, giving vision to the transducer. Our embodiment of this concept consists of an ultrasound probe with two small video cameras mounted on it, with software capable of locating the surface of an ultrasound phantom using stereo disparity between the two video images. We report its first successful operation, demonstrating a 3D rendering of the phantom's surface with the ultrasound data superimposed at its correct relative location. Eventually, automated analysis of these registered data sets may permit the scanner and its associated computational apparatus to interpret the ultrasound data within its anatomical context, much as the human operator does today.