cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the Fault System Optimally Control Primary Accident Costs

For the purposes of this article, I shall assume that the sole aim of any system of accident law is the minimization of the sum of (a) accident costs and (b) the cost of avoiding accident costs. I include in the latter the "cost" in pleasure forgone of undertaking a relatively less desirable but less accident-prone activity, or-what is really the same thing-the cost of engaging in an activity in a safer but more expensive or less pleasurable way.' I make this assumption for analytical purposes only. I do not for a moment believe this to be the only aim of accident law. The aim that a system of accident law be "just" or "fair" could only through a rather unhappy twisting of words-and valuation of things which cannot be valued-be made to come within my "cost" formulation. Yet fairness is ultimately a goal which any system of accident law must meet. Everything cannot be discussed at once, however, and, although I believe that the fault system can be shown to be quite "unfair" both relatively and absolutely, I will leave that demonstration to another piece. I shall also leave out of this discussion certain categories of accident costs even though their control fits within the aim I have hypothesized for the system. Specifically, I shall exclude what I have elsewhere called secondary accident costs, the costs of social and economic dislocations which all too often follow the immediate accident, especially if the initial cost burden is left unspread? A full discussion of fault as a minimizer of accident costs would, of course, take these costs into account. I do not do so here because the ways of minimizing these costs are so different from the ways of minimizing other accident costs that dealing with both together leads only to confusion. It can be demonstrated, however, that the fault system is both absolutely and in comparison with other possible systems a very poor "spreader" or "minimizer" of secondary costs.
Translation of mRNAs in Xenopus Oocytes

Oocytes of the frogXenopus laevishave been used formany years as a versatile system in which to translate isolated mRNA in vivo. Applications may include monitoring the efficiency ofmRNA translation or studying the function or identity of its protein product. The unique physiology of these synthetically active, yet quiescent, single cells causes them to be ideally suited to such assays. Because they are the precursors to rapidly developing embryos, regulation of endogenous mRNAs is also relevant to the understanding of embryonic gene expression.
GOITERS IN CHILDHOOD

CHILDREN with various types of goiter presently constitute approximately 16 per cent of the new admissions for primary endocrine disease seen in the Adolescent Endocrine Clinic at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Hence, it is evident that these conditions are by no means uncommon. In all fairness to the non-endocrinologist, however, the frequency of occurrence should be put in a second frame of reference. Such perspective is gained by noting that only about 1 per cent of the total new admissions to this hospital are comprised of patients with primary endocrine disorders. Thyrotoxic goiter and 5 other types will be given consideration; the latter include neonatal goiter, the goiters of adolescence and lymphocytic infiltration, the goiter of defective thyroxin synthesis and, finally, thyroid carcinoma. Iodine deficiency goiter has become so rare in this country as a result of prophylaxis as to deserve no more than mention. In the past 5 years we have encountered only 1 case, that in a boy of 8 years, a recent immigrant from the Italian Alps. NEONATAL GOITER Goiters in newborn infants are not seen frequently but every pediatrician who deals with neonates should be in a position to recognize the syndrome, understand its causation and prognosis and to advise therapy. These goiters are seen most frequently in infants born of mothers receiving iodides for hay fever or asthma or of mothers being treated for thyrotoxicosis with one of the thyroid synthesis blocking agents. In the first instance, iodide or an iodide metabolite appears to cross the placenta and block the fetal TSH secretion.
Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for a Literary Theory

Franco Moretti. Afterword by Alberto Piazza. London and New York: Verso, 2005. viii and 119 pp., graphs, maps, trees, notes, and index. $26.00 cloth (ISBN 1-84467-026-0). Even the most dutiful and ...
Logarithmic gap costs decrease alignment accuracy

Studies on the distribution of indel sizes have consistently found that they obey a power law. This finding has lead several scientists to propose that logarithmic gap costs, G (k) = a + c ln k, are more biologically realistic than affine gap costs, G (k) = a + bk, for sequence alignment. Since quick and efficient affine costs are currently the most popular way to globally align sequences, the goal of this paper is to determine whether logarithmic gap costs improve alignment accuracy significantly enough the merit their use over the faster affine gap costs. A group of simulated sequences pairs were globally aligned using affine, logarithmic, and log-affine gap costs. Alignment accuracy was calculated by comparing resulting alignments to actual alignments of the sequence pairs. Gap costs were then compared based on average alignment accuracy. Log-affine gap costs had the best accuracy, followed closely by affine gap costs, while logarithmic gap costs performed poorly. Subsequently a model was developed to explain the results. In contrast to initial expectations, logarithmic gap costs produce poor alignments and are actually not implied by the power-law behavior of gap sizes, given typical match and mismatch costs. Furthermore, affine gap costs not only produce accurate alignments but are also good approximations to biologically realistic gap costs. This work provides added confidence for the biological relevance of existing alignment algorithms.
Rooster attacks on children.

No doubt minor rooster assaults go unreported. Indeed, I have solicited reports of rooster peckings, clawings, and spurrings from many local farmers. Today, in parts of the world where people live closer to their animals, I assume such attacks are more common and the risk to small children well appreciated. Avian attacks provoke badinage in the literature1-3 as well as serious reports of this recreational hazzard to joggers who violate the attacker9s territory. The spectrum from large scalp lacerations inflicted by European buzzards4 to annoying pecks by red-winged blackbirds has been reported. In rural Delaware County in upper New York State, we treated two children seriously injured by roosters in the summer of 1985.
A single point mutation of Ala-25 to Asp in the 14,000-Mr envelope protein of vaccinia virus induces a size change that leads to the small plaque size phenotype of the virus.

Abstract The molecular defect responsible for a structural and functional abnormality of the 14,000-molecular-weight (14K) envelope protein of vaccinia virus has been identified. Through DNA sequence analysis of the entire 14K gene from wild-type vaccinia virus and three vaccinia virus mutants, a single base change of C to A was found that resulted in the substitution of Asp for Ala-25. This mutation is responsible for protein size abnormality, as documented by cell-free translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate of in vitro mRNA transcripts. In addition, through marker rescue experiments we show that this mutation is responsible for the small plaque size phenotype of vaccinia virus mutants. The structural consequence of the point mutation is a possible turn in an alpha-helix domain with destabilization of a hydrophobic interaction at the N terminus, resulting in monomers and trimers of vaccinia virus 14K protein with decreased electrophoretic mobilities. The functional consequence of the point mutation is a reduction in virulence of the virus.
Heideggerian Views of the Built Environment

David Seamon and Robert Mugerauer. eds. Dwelling, Place and Environment. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. vi. 310 pp. $15.00 (paper).
Activation of p56lck by p72syk through physical association and N-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation.

Abstract The p56lck and p59fyn protein tyrosine kinases are important signal transmission elements in the activation of mature T lymphocytes by ligands to the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex. The lack of either kinase results in deficient early signaling events, and pharmacological agents that block tyrosine phosphorylation prevent T-cell activation altogether. After triggering of the TCR/CD3 complex, both kinases are moderately activated and begin to phosphorylate cellular substrates, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for these changes have remained unclear. We recently found that the p72syk protein tyrosine kinase is physically associated with the TCR/CD3 complex and is rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated and activated by receptor triggering also in T cells lacking p56lck. Here we examine the regulation of p72syk and its interaction with p56lck in transfected COS-1 cells. p72syk was catalytically active and heavily phosphorylated on its putative autophosphorylation site, Tyr-518/519. Mutation of these residues to phenylalanines abolished its activity in vitro and toward cellular substrates in vivo and reduced its tyrosine phosphorylation in intact cells by approximately 90%. Coexpression of lck did not alter the catalytic activity of p72syk, but the expressed p56lck was much more active in the presence of p72syk than when expressed alone. This activation was also seen as increased phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Concomitantly, p56lck was phosphorylated at Tyr-192 in its SH2 domain, and a Phe-192 mutant p56lck was no longer phosphorylated by p72syk. Phosphate was also detected in p56lck at Tyr-192 in lymphoid cells. These findings suggest that p56lck is positively regulated by the p72syk kinase.
The Stability of W.I.S.C. IQ'S for Selected Children

(1957). The Stability of W.I.S.C. IQ'S for Selected Children. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 165-167.
A mathematical analysis of a fabric having non-orthogonal interlacings using strain energy methods

Abstract A simple model of a woven fabric with non-orthogonal thread interlacings is presented. A strain energy analysis is presented to determine the work required to deform a specimen. The analysis together with the model are used to solve for the case of biaxial loading in which one thread direction is held fixed.
THE "SAPUCAIA" GROUP OF LECYTHIS (LECYTHIDACEAE)

Four previously much confused species of Lecythis, which form a coherent group of species collectively known in Brazil as “sapucaias,” are described and differentiated in a key. A summary of their pollination and dispersal is presented as well as of their present-day distributions in relation to past geological and climatological events. Fruit variability, the cause of name proliferation in this group, is described and related to the problem of species concepts in the Lecythidaceae.
Supplementation of milled chia seeds increases plasma ALA and EPA in postmenopausal women.

Ten postmenopausal women (age 55.6 ± 0.8 years, BMI 24.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2) ingested 25 g/day milled chia seed during a 7-week period, with six plasma samples collected for measurement of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Subjects operated as their own controls with overnight fasted blood samples taken at baseline (average of two samples), and then after 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 weeks supplementation. Plasma ALA increased significantly after one week supplementation and was 138 % above baseline levels by the end of the study (overall time effect, P < 0.001). EPA increased 30 % above baseline (overall time effect, P = 0.019) and was correlated across time with ALA (r = 0.84, P = 0.02). No significant change in plasma DPA levels was measured (overall time effect, P = 0.067). Plasma DHA decreased slightly by the end of the study (overall time effect, P = 0.030) and was not correlated with change in ALA. In conclusion, ingestion of 25 g/day milled chia seeds for seven weeks by postmenopausal women resulted in significant increases in plasma ALA and EPA but not DPA and DHA.
Observations of Large-Amplitude Nonlinear Internal Waves from a Drifting Array: Instruments and Methods

Abstract This paper presents a novel methodology applied to the observation of large-amplitude nonlinear internal waves in the upper ocean from an array of drifting instruments. The characteristics of the instrument used—an Autonomous Drifting Ocean Station with acoustic current profilers (ADOS-A), which is a drifting buoy with a 200-m-long thermistor chain, several profiling acoustic current meters, and a GPS—are discussed. The ADOS-A is lightweight and relatively inexpensive and can be deployed from aircrafts or from ships of opportunity. Three packets of large-amplitude, nonlinear internal waves were observed in the South China Sea. The speed and the direction of propagation of the waves are accurately determined and their characteristics and evolution over space and time scales comparable with those of the waves, as they propagate through the array, are discussed.
WINTER ROOSTING AND FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF PIED WAGTAILS MOTACZLLA ALBA NEAR OXFORD, ENGLAND

Summary This study presents data on the roosting and feeding behaviour of Pied Wagtails around Oxford, England. During the winter of 1977–78, from two to 1200 wagtails roosted in a Phragmites reed-bed. Use of this roost was greatest during mild, windless weather and the birds apparently used alternate roosts during harsh weather. Movement between roosts sometimes occurred between sunset and sunrise. Morning ‘departure group’ size, number leaving per unit time and diversity of departure directions increased with roost size. Wagtails quickly left the vicinity in the morning. In the afternoon, they joined one or more pre-roost gatherings before entering the roost for the night. Behaviour upon arrival at the roost was variable: birds might enter the reeds quickly or circle in large groups before landing. Aerial revolutions and generally ‘restless’ behaviour often accompanied increases in roost size. Wagtail feeding rates varied significantly between and within habitats. Number of wagtails feeding on the flooded Port Meadow, located 2–3 km south of the main roost, varied from about five to over 60 on different days; these numbers were not correlated with feeding rates. In contrast, the number of birds feeding at a sewage farm was nearly constant all winter. Some wagtails show high fidelity to feeding areas but others do not. Five short-term food supplementation experiments indicated that wagtails knowledgeable about a dense food source are not followed in the morning by naive birds. Results of this study are discussed in relation to the predation, physiology and information centre hypotheses that have been suggested to explain communal roosting in birds. I conclude that the communal roosting system of Pied Wagtails has physiological and anti-predator functions. Wagtails appear to choose certain roosts because of the protection that they provide from adverse climate and predation.
Thermodynamic analysis of the iron-copper system I: The stable and metastable phase equilibria

Thermodynamic and phase diagram data in the Fe-Cu system are evaluated. For the liquid and fcc phases, the Margules-type of equations is used. For the bcc phase, the same type of equation is used to describe the non-magnetic contribution to the Gibbs energy. In addition, a magnetic term is included. Using the thermodynamic equations derived from equilibrium data, the stable and metastable equilibria of this system are calculated. Agreement between the calculated and experimental phase diagram is good except for temperatures higher than 1720 K. For these temperatures, the calculated liquidus tends to be higher. The possibility of supercooling which may account for some of the lower temperatures measured should not be excluded. The calculated metastable miscibility gap of the liquid phase also agrees with the experimental data.
Expression of JC virus regulatory proteins in human cancer: Potential mechanisms for tumourigenesis

JC virus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus that is the etiologic agent of the fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV is also linked to some tumours of the brain and other organs as evidenced by the presence of JCV DNA sequences and the expression of viral proteins in clinical samples. Since JCV is highly oncogenic in experimental animals and transforms cells in culture, it is possible that JCV contributes to the malignant phenotype of human tumours with which it is associated. JCV encodes three non-capsid regulatory proteins: large T-antigen, small t-antigen and agnoprotein that interact with a number of cellular target proteins and interfere with certain normal cellular functions. In this review, we discuss how JCV proteins deregulate signalling pathways especially ones pertaining to transcriptional regulation and cell cycle control. These effects may be involved in the progression of JCV-associated tumours and may represent potential therapeutic targets.
NMR assignment of the nonstructural protein nsp3(1066-1181) from SARS-CoV.

Sequence-specific NMR assignments of the globular core comprising the residues 1066–1181 within the non-structural protein nsp3e from the SARS coronavirus have been obtained using triple-resonance NMR experiments with the uniformly [13C, 15N]-labeled protein. The backbone and side chain assignments are nearly complete, providing the basis for the ongoing NMR structure determination. A preliminary identification of regular secondary structures has been derived from the 13C chemical shifts.
Maximum Likelihood Approaches to Variance Component Estimation and to Related Problems

Abstract Recent developments promise to increase greatly the popularity of maximum likelihood (ml) as a technique for estimating variance components. Patterson and Thompson (1971) proposed a restricted maximum likelihood (reml) approach which takes into account the loss in degrees of freedom resulting from estimating fixed effects. Miller (1973) developed a satisfactory asymptotic theory for ml estimators of variance components. There are many iterative algorithms that can be considered for computing the ml or reml estimates. The computations on each iteration of these algorithms are those associated with computing estimates of fixed and random effects for given values of the variance components.
Quantitation of Metronidazole in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitation of metronidazole in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed. The method is accurate and precise with an RSD of 0.68%, based on six readings. The excipients present in various dosage forms did not interfere with the assay procedure. A solution of metronidazole decomposed using heat showed 0% potency.
A paper-based 48-well microbial fuel cell array for rapid and high-throughput screening of electrochemically active bacteria

We demonstrate the use of a paper-based sensing platform for rapid and high-throughput characterization of microbial electricity-generating capabilities. For the first time, a 48-well microbial fuel cell (MFC) array was fabricated on paper substrates, providing 48 high-throughput measurements and highly comparable performance characteristics in a reliable manner. Spatially distinct 48 wells of the sensor array were prepared by patterning 48 hydrophilic reservoirs in paper with hydrophobic wax boundaries. The paper-based platform exploited the ability of paper to quickly wick fluid and promote bacterial attachment to the gold anode pads, resulting in an instant current generation upon loading of bacterial inoculum and catholyte. This paper-based 48-well MFC array does not require external pumps/tubings and represents the most rapid and the highest throughput test platform for electrogenic bacterial screening.
Structural Vulnerability and Health: Latino Migrant Laborers in the United States

Latino immigrants in the United States constitute a paradigmatic case of a population group subject to structural violence. Their subordinated location in the global economy and their culturally depreciated status in the United States are exacerbated by legal persecution. Medical Anthropology, Volume 30, Numbers 4 and 5, include a series of ethnographic analyses of the processes that render undocumented Latino immigrants structurally vulnerable to ill health. We hope to extend the social science concept of "structural vulnerability" to make it a useful concept for health care. Defined as a positionality that imposes physical/emotional suffering on specific population groups and individuals in patterned ways, structural vulnerability is a product of class-based economic exploitation and cultural, gender/sexual, and racialized discrimination, as well as complementary processes of depreciated subjectivity formation. A good-enough medicalized recognition of the condition of structural vulnerability offers a tool for developing practical therapeutic resources. It also facilitates political alternatives to the punitive neoliberal policies and discourses of individual unworthiness that have become increasingly dominant in the United States since the 1980s.
Succession in a rocky intertidal community; the importance of disturbance size and position within a disturbed patch

Abstract The effects on succession of the size of a disturbed patch and position within a disturbed patch were experimentally determined in a high intertidal community. Algae and barnacles were scraped off the rock to create gaps of three sizes (4 × 4, 8 × 8, and 16 × 16 cm). Data were collected in the perimeter and in central areas of the largest patches to determine positional effects. Limpet densities were higher both in smaller gaps and in the perimeters of large gaps. At the start of succession, algal cover was higher near the perimeters than near the centers of the large gaps. Late in succession, Pelvetiopsis limitata was the dominant component of the algal cover in the gap perimeters, while Endocladia muricata was the dominant component of algal cover in the gap centers. Neither gap size nor position within a gap influenced the species composition of recruiting algal thalli. Gap size and position within a gap did not affect the total amount of barnacle cover. Gap size influenced barnacle species composition. Balanus glandula was relatively more abundant than Chthamalus dalli in the larger gaps. These results support the prediction that the effects on succession of increasing gap size will be similar to the effects of moving towards the center of a gap.
INHIBITION OF GLUCURONOSYL TRANSFERASE BY STEROID HORMONES.

Abstract Pregnanediol, Δ 1 -17α-methyltestosterone, testosterone, estriol, 17α-methyltestosterone, progesterone, 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone, and 6α-methylprogesterone inhibited guinea pig liver glucuronosyl transferase using o -aminophenol, p -nitrophenol, and 4-methylumbelliferone as aglycones, while cholesterol, pregnanedione, pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, cortisone, estradiol, estrone, and methylandrostenediol did not. Pregnanediol glucuronide and estriol glucuronide also were inhibitors. Microsomes prepared as described contained little or no β-glucuronidase or uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid pyrophosphatase activity. Kinetic studies gave a K m for glucuronosyl transferase of 1.92 × 10 −4 using o -aminophenol as aglycone. The kinetics of pregnanediol glucuronide and 17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone inhibition were mainly competitive in type with K i of 3.24 × 10 −4 and 2.52 × 10 −4 , respectively.
Macro-Social Determinants of the Racial Composition of Major League Baseball Teams

Abstract Drawing on rational choice and conflict theories, this research examines the influence of several race-related variables on the racial composition of major league baseball teams for the decennial years 1960 and 1970. Taken together, the findings reveal that the effects of the racial and economic composition of SMSAs on the percentage of white starting positional players are era specific. During times of relative calm in race relations, the percentage of blacks and the level of black economic resources are found to be negatively related to the percentage of white starters. However, during periods of overt racial conflict, the same structural conditions are found to be positively related to the percentage of white starters. Thus, it appears that the state of race relations has a substantial contextual influence on the relationship between the social structure of market areas and the racial composition of major league baseball teams.
Dietary protein intakes and bone growth

Abstract Peak bone mass is a significant determinant of fracture risk later in life. Nutritional intakes, particularly proteins, are able to modulate the genetic potential, with effects starting as early as in utero. There is a positive correlation between yearly lumbar and femoral bone mass gain, and protein intake. Dairy products consumption positively influences bone mineral density at the spine, hip and forearm in adolescents, leading thereby to a higher peak bone mass. Nutritional intakes, particularly proteins, are associated to bone growth, hence to bone strength and resistance to fracture later in life. The growth hormone IGF-I-target organ axis is likely to be implicated in this process. Variations in the protein intake within the “normal” range can have a significant effect on skeletal growth and thereby modulate the genetic potential in peak bone mass attainment.
Application of antigen-antibody reactions on supporting media to the purification of proteins. I. A model system using bovine serum albumin and bovine γ-globulin

Abstract A general system for the purification of proteins utilizing the specificity of immunochemical reactions has been described. The system makes available highly purified antibody as a reagent without requiring dissociation from antigen. Data on the effectiveness of the method and discussion of its possible applications and limitations are presented.
Stability of nonlinear stochastic-evolution equations

Abstract Criteria for boundedness, asymptotic stability of sample paths given by solutions to nonlinear stochastic-evolution equations are presented. The analysis is based on a functional Ito formula, Liapunov and related functionals, and generalization of methods developed in finite dimensions. Applications to parabolic Ito equations are given.
The Epistle of Barnabas and the Two Ways of Teaching Authority

Although much attention has been given to the literary development of the Two Ways form of paraenesis within the Epistle of Barnabas, comparatively little analysis of its function within the letter’s argument has been undertaken. This lacuna in scholarship is addressed by (i) analyzing the function of Two Ways imagery in chs. 1-17 and (ii) investigating the relationship between the Two Ways form in chs. 18-21 and the preceding argument. The Two Ways imagery throughout the letter aims to strengthen the communal identity of the audience by fostering a strong sense of in-group awareness. That is, it sharpens the contrast between those who accept the author’s negation of Jewish identity through scripture and those who do not. The Two Ways form found at the end of the letter (chs. 18-21) both recapitulates this imagery and seeks to orient the audience’s identity around the author’s teaching authority.
Imaging and patient-specific simulations for the Fontan surgery: current methodologies and clinical applications.

Abstract Clinical observations together with recent modeling, imaging, and in vitro experiments have shown that the geometry of the Fontan connection plays a key role in energy losses, hepatic flow distribution, and associated strain on the cardiovascular system, all of which will in turn have an impact on the long-term clinical outcome. Recent advances in imaging and modeling of blood flow through the vascular system have the potential to improve surgical and clinical management strategies by 1) identifying the hemodynamics relevant to the initiation and progression of long-term complications, and 2) allowing bioengineers and clinicians to design optimized interventional treatments on a patient-specific basis. In this paper, we review the current state of the art in clinical imaging, experimental methods and numerical simulations as applied to the Fontan circulation, and discuss newly proposed surgical solutions and emerging methods for individualized surgical planning. Finally, we outline important challenges that remain before simulations can be used in day-to-day clinical practice for the management of single-ventricle patients.
Axioms for concurrent objects

Specification and verification techniques for abstract data types that have been successful for sequential programs can be extended in a natural way to provide the same benefits for concurrent programs. We propose an approach to specifying and verifying concurrent objects based on a novel correctness condition, which we call “linearizability.” Linearizability provides the illusion that each operation takes effect instantaneously at some point between its invocation and its response, implying that the meaning of a concurrent object's operations can still be given by pre- and post-conditions. In this paper, we will define and discuss linearizability, and then give examples of how to reason about concurrent objects and verify their implementations based on their (sequential) axiomatic specifications.
Reduced memory multi-layer multi-component rate allocation for JPEG2000

Hyperspectral images are acquired incrementally in a “push-broom” fashion by on-board sensors. Since these images are highly voluminous, buffering an entire image before compression requires a large buffer and causes latency. Incremental compression schemes work on small chunks of raw data as soon as they are acquired and help reduce buffer memory requirements. However, incremental processing leads to large variations in quality across the reconstructed image. The solution to this problem lies in using carefully designed rate control algorithms. We propose two such “leaky bucket” rate control algorithms that can be employed when incrementally compressing hyperspectral images using the JPEG2000 compression engine. They are the Multi-Layer Sliding Window Rate Controller (M-SWRC) and the Multi-Layer Extended Sliding Window Rate Controller (M-EWRC). Both schemes perform rate control using the fine granularity afforded by JPEG2000 bitstreams. The proposed algorithms have low memory requirements since they buffer compressed bitstreams rather than raw image data. Our schemes enable SNR scalability through the use of quality layers in the codestream and produce JPEG2000 compliant multi-layer codestreams at a fraction of the memory used by conventional schemes. Experiments show that the proposed schemes provide significant reduction in quality variation with no loss in mean overall PSNR performance.
Modern Infinitesimals and Delta-Function Perturbations of a Contact Discontinuity

This article applies nonstandard analysis — a modern theory of infinitesimals — to study generalized-function perturbations of contact discontinuities in compressible, inviscid fluids. Nonstandard analysis is an area of modern mathematics that studies extensions of the real number system to nonstandard number systems that contain infinitely large and infinitely small numbers. Perturbations of a contact discontinuity are considered that represent one-dimensional analogs of the two-dimensional perturbations observed in the initial evolution of a Richtmyer-Meshkov instability on a density interface. Nonstandard predistributions of the Dirac delta function, δ, and its derivatives, δ (n), are applied as the perturbations of a contact discontinuity. The one-dimensional Euler equations are used to model the flow field of a fluid containing a perturbed density interface and generalized solutions are constructed for the perturbed flow field.
Shell and operculum formation by immature roman snails Helix pomatia L. when treated with pp′-DDT

Abstract Roman snails ( Helix pomatia ) have been treated with pp′ -DDT from 2 wk of age until hibernation. Taking snail size into account, relatively low doses of DDT significantly reduced shell and operculum weight whereas higher doses of DDT did not cause this response. After reemergence from hibernation, the incidence of operculum eating was significantly higher among snails hibernating late in the season, and as exposure to DDT increased so operculum eating became more prevalent. Shell thinning in snails due to pesticide is likely to have occurred in some heavily treated agricultural localities if the response of other species to DDT is similar to that of Helix pomatia .
Immunoprecipitation of human H-Y antigen

In the absence of beta-2-microglobulin and MHC-determined cell surface antigens, cultured cells of the Burkitt lymphoma, Daudi, secrete testis-inducing H-Y antigen into the surrounding medium. We have precipitated Daudi-secreted H-Y antigen by two methods, one using mouse H-Y antibody and goat anti-mouse Ig, and the other using mouse H-Y antibody and Sepharose beads coated with protein A. The estimated molecular weight of the specific immunoprecipitate was 15,000–18,000 Daltons.
Seasonal hypoxia and models of benthic response in a Texas Bay

Hypoxia occurs during summer in the southeastern region of Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. The objectives of this study were to identify potential causes of recurrent hypoxic events, to determine hypoxic effects on benthic macroinfauna, and to develop models of benthic response. Long-term and short-term hydrographic surveys were performed, and macroinfaunal samples were collected from normoxic and hypoxic regions of the bay. Hypoxia occurred in seven of the nine summers sampled (1988 to 1996). In 1994, the hypoxic event persisted for approximately 3 wk. Hypoxic events were associated with water column stratification where the difference between bottom and surface salinity was as high as 7.2‰ and averaged 4.1‰ The salinity difference is surprising because water column stratification is not expected in shallow (< 4 m), windy (average 18.5 km h−1) bays. Stratification did occur—hypersaline bottom water in a relatively stagnant portion of the bay—in spite of mixing forces (i.e., high winds), giving rise to hypoxia. Benthic biomass decreased 12-fold, and abundance and diversity decreased 5-fold under hypoxic conditions. In addition, dominance patterns shifted as oxygen levels declined from 5 mg O2 1−1 to <1 mg O2 1−1. The polychaete Streblospio benedicti and oligochaetes tolerated low oxygen better than other infauna. Community response to hypoxic disturbance was fit to a nonparametric categorical model and a parametric logistic model. Biomass, abundance, and diversity exhibited a lag response at <3 mg l−1, and increased exponentially from 3 mg 1−1 to 6 mg 1−1. Based on both models, 3 mg 1−1 appears to define the breakpoint between normoxic and hypoxic benthic communities in Corpus Christi Bay. This value is higher than traditional definitions of hypoxia, <2 mg 1−1 or <2 ml 1−1 (ca. 2.8 mg 1−1). *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY085 00002
IVIG treatment of adenovirus infection-associated macrophage activation syndrome in a two-year-old boy: case report and review of the literature.

A 2-year-old boy with severe multiorgan disease (i.e., otitis, enteritis, bilateral pneumonia, encephalopathy, myocarditis, rash) was diagnosed with adenovirus-associated macrophage activation syndrome according to clinical and laboratory parameters (fever, hepatosplenomegaly, bicytopenia, hyperferritinemia, hypertriglyceridemia). He had no unusual history of earlier infections or a family history of hemophagocytic syndrome or immune defects. Intravenous immunoglobulin was administered to prevent exacerbation of the suspected incipient hemophagocytic syndrome. Clarithromycin, a macrolide with immunomodulatory effect, was included in the antibiotic regimen of the progressive pneumonia, followed by rapid amelioration and remission of clinical and laboratory findings. Causal links between treatment and clinical improvement are discussed and a brief review of the recent literature is included.
Change in oxide epitaxy on Ni(111): Effects of oxidation temperature

Abstract Studies of the oxidation of Ni(111) in the temperature range 30–275°C by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and ellipsometry have shown that the epitaxy of the oxide is dependent on the growth temperature. Below 150°C the commonly reported hexagonal p(2×2)-O and NiO(111) patterns are seen. For oxidation temperature above 200°C, LEED observations at low oxygen exposures reveal a superlattice pattern consistent with a lightly expanded NiO(100) lattice on Ni(111) with NiO[0 1 1] rotated 45° with respect to Ni[0 1 1]. This is followed by the development of an additional square pattern with NiO(100)‖Ni(111) and NiO[0 1 1]‖NiO[0 1 1]. NiO(111) covers the Ni substrate (as indicated by the disappearance of the Ni(111) LEED beams) after about 60 L of oxygen exposure. NiO(100), however, does not coalesce on Ni(111) after this exposure but rather thickens as large islands; the substrate beams remain visible after oxygen exposures of at least 500 L. The growth of the NiO(100) face above 200°C may be due to the instability of the (111) face of a crystal such as NiO while the (100) face is one of low surface energy.
On the Need for an International Lender of Last Resort

The frequency, virulence, and global spread of financial crises in emerging market countries in the last five years—Mexico in 1994, with the subsequent tequila contagion in Latin America and for a day or two in east Asia; east Asia in 1997 and 1998, with contagion spreading crisis within the region; Russia in 1998, itself affected by Asian contagion, with the Russian contagion spreading to Latin America in addition to eastern Europe and the rest of the former Soviet Union— has led to the most serious rethinking of the structure of the international financial system since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971. In the coming months and years, governments and international institutions will be putting in place a series of changes designed to strengthen the international financial system. The vision that underlies most proposals for reform of the international financial system is that the international capital markets should operate as well as the better domestic capital markets. To express the goal in this way is to drive home the point that volatility and contagion cannot be banished, for asset prices inevitably move sharply, and in ways that are significantly intercorrelated. But while volatility and contagion will always be with us, we can surely do better in reducing the frequency and intensity of emerging market financial crises, and the extent of contagion, than we have in the last five years.
Nitrogen rate and within‐row plant spacing effects on sweetpotato yield and grade

Abstract A 2‐yr study was conducted to evaluate the effect of within‐row spacing and nitrogen (N) fertility on sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] yield and quality. Conducted in North Alabama on a Hartsells fine sandy loam (fineloamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludult), the study consisted of four replications of a factorial arrangement of four within‐row spacings (15, 20, 25, and 30 cm) and 4 N fertility rates (0, 36, 72, and 108 kg N/ha). Nitrogen fertilization did not affect yield or quality of harvested storage roots and there was no significant interaction between row spacing and N rate in either year. In 1994, greatest total yield ofsweetpotatoes occurred with the narrowest within‐row spacing (15 cm), but in 1995 within‐row spacing did not affect total yield. In 1994, as within‐row spacing increased, yield of Jumbo sweetpotatoes increased.
Psychoeducational decision making, test scores, and descriptive data: Selected methodological issues

Abstract This article critically examines an experiment by Algozzine and Ysseldyke that found that school psychologists, teachers, and a variety of other professionals over rely on referrals and underuse test scores, as well as experiments by Huebner and colleagues that contradict these findings. More specifically, it compares subjects, test scores, and descriptive information that the subjects in these experiments received. It presents two experiments that systematically vary the “diagnosticity” of descriptive information (the extent to which it is stereotypic of learning disabilities) and the “usability” of test scores (the ease with which test scores can be applied). Finally, it provides suggestions for future research on test score use and for practice.
Advances in HTS films for high power microwave applications

This paper describes recent work at DuPont to extend the high power microwave performance of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ and Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ high-T/sub c/ superconducting (HTS) films. The YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ films grown by in-situ off-axis magnetron sputtering using are produced by in-situ off-axis sputtering with radiant substrate heating. The Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ films are produced by off-axis sputtering followed by annealing in oxygen and Tl/sub 2/O vapor. The microwave surface resistance and power handling of these films has been measured over a wide range of temperature (20 K to 100 K) using a HTS-sapphire resonator technique. At 70 K, the surface resistance of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ films remains below 65 /spl mu//spl Omega/ (@5.56 GHz) with microwave surface current densities up to 5/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/. At 70 K, the surface resistance of Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ films remains below 200 /spl mu//spl Omega/ (@8.1 GHz) with microwave current densities up to 2/spl times/10/sup 6/ A/cm/sup 2/.
Jurisdiction size and local public health spending.

Public health services refer to the actions taken by society to advance the health of the general population. Spending on public health services in the United States amounted to roughly US$64 billion in 2007 (Hartman et al. 2009). While the precise mix of services differs across health departments, most local public health spending funds the surveillance and prevention of communicable diseases, testing and preservation of water quality, maintenance of sanitary conditions (e.g., approval of septic systems), ensuring of food protection (restaurant inspections), and the providing of health information (National Association of County and City Health Officers [NACCHO] 2006). Relatively little is known about the determinants of public health expenditures probably because that spending only accounts for <3 percent of all health care costs (Hartman et al. 2009). However, many experts predict a more important role for public health in the future given the threat of bioterrorism attacks, concerns over emerging diseases such as avian flu and SARS, and the seemingly growing burden from natural disasters such as Katrina (Tilson and Berkowitz 2006).1 If so, a better understanding of public health spending variations may prove useful to public health policy makers. This paper focuses directly on the relation between jurisdiction size, in terms of population, and local public health spending. Theoretically, a fairly complex relation exists between these two variables because of the congestability, externality, and scale and scope economy effects potentially associated with public health services as discussed in the next section. Consequently, this paper uses a nationally representative sample of local health departments (LHDs) during 2005 to investigate empirically the relation between population size and local public health spending. The results suggest that the minimum efficient scale (MES) for the representative LHD occurs at a population of approximately 100,000.
Amphetamine effects on stimulus-elicited investigation in the mongolian gerbil

Abstract Inappropriate investigatory behaviors emitted following large doses of amphetamine may occur because the animal is more responsive to external stimuli than normal, or may be due to internal changes and not related to the stimuli. However, NaCl, low acute (0.5–2.0 mg/kg) or chronic (0.5–3.0 mg/kg) doses of d-amphetamine had no effect on normal investigation and habituation to a novel object. An acute dose of 3.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine significantly attenuated the investigation. Chronic injections of 3.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine resulted in less attenuation of investigation indicating the development of tolerance. Single injections of the same doses of amphetamine also attenuated investigation of a socially relevant odor. However, chronic injections caused a non-linear attenuation of investigation of the odor. It was concluded that, in the gerbil, amphetamine does not cause increased responsiveness to external stimuli; nor does it interfere with habituation. In fact, gerbils respond selectively to specific stimuli in spite of the probability that amphetamine-induced stereotypies are competing with stimulus-elicited investigation.
Irreversibility problem in NL-class relations

Abstract Algebraic languages for nested relations use two operators, nest and unnest , which change the nesting levels of nested relations. Consider a first-Normal-Form relation scheme R0 and a sequence seq of nest and unnest operators on R0 such that the last operator On of seq is an unnest operation on attribute Y. We say that seq is irreversible if there exists an instance r0 of R0 such that we cannot obtain the same relation instance we had before On if we nest seq (r0) on attribute Y. In this paper, we (1) give a necessary and sufficient condition that decides, using only the sequences seq , whether seq (R0) is irreversible or not; (2) give the algorithm test , which implements the condition in (1) in O(n8) time, where n is the length of the sequence seq ; (3) give a set of sound and complete axioms (i.e., inference rules) for functional (and strong functional) dependencies in one-level, NL-class relations.
A rapid lead test: public outreach and testing to detect leachable lead in ceramic ware.

A modification of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) lead screening test of ceramic ware was made to screen large numbers of samples in a short time frame. Ceramic ware in use by Davis and Sacramento, California residents was tested. Lead was leached from ceramic ware with citric acid and identified by rhodizonic acid in this quick, qualitative test. Of 92 individual pieces of pottery tested, approximately 6.6% were positive for leachable lead. Approximately 67% of the positive samples were handmade in Mexico. This rapid test is sensitive to two (2) parts per million (ppm, μg/g) leachable lead. Ceramic ware with detectable leachable lead levels may present a health risk to individuals who habitually use such items for food storage and/or consumption. Because only 20–30 minutes is needed to perform the test, immediate communication of results to the participant is possible.