cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Health InnoVation Exchange (hive) – Bringing Together Government, Clinicians, Academia and Industry to Foster Health Innovation in New Zealand

The Health InnoVation Exchange (HIVE – www.hive.org.nz) is a social networking platform designed to support and foster innovation in the New Zealand healthcare sector. The HIVE is funded by New Zealand Ministry of Health (MoH) and is operated by the team at the National Institute for Health Innovation (NIHI) at the University of Auckland. Based on the Drupal Open Source platform, the HIVE brings together clinicians, health IT professionals, government officials, academic researchers and the health technology industry. The key to bringing together the disparate user groups targeted by the HIVE is a careful effort to cater to each group and offer a neutral ground for discussion: The homepage blog, created by the community and curated by Dr Chris Paton, targets the Health Innovation industry and technical workforce – such as IT managers for hospitals and CEOs of Health IT companies. Clinicians are drawn in by the HIVE e-Learning platform, used for Post-Graduate clinical courses at the University of Auckland. During their studies, clinicians can use the HIVE to communicate with other students and teachers, and hold discussions in private forums specifically set up for their courses. Senior government officials are brought into the discussions through a series of coordinated consultation efforts. For example, the Chair of the NZ Health IT Board at the NZ Ministry of Health used the HIVE to facilitate discussion about a new “Health IT Plan” for the country. In another example, the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST) used the site to promote a range of videos it produced to support a new multi-million dollar grant scheme to foster innovation in the NZ health sector. As these communities begin to discuss and form networks, they can use the HIVE to track their new connections by “friending” and posting private messages to each other. Fostering innovation in the health sector requires a careful building of trust across a range of different and difficult to access groups. The HIVE appears to be successfully achieving its objective of using a social media platform to build trust and to allow new innovation to flourish. []
Perspectives on Assessment of Educational Technologies for Informal Learning

Informal learning is a complex area, yet one that increasingly involves educational technologists in practice and research. Informal learning includes many different settings, contexts and goals, and draws upon many fields. Two fields that have yielded considerable research literature are museum/free-choice learning and informal science education. While some have defined informal learning as nonschool learning, the nature of informal learning includes dimensions such as location, timing, structure, control, pacing, regulation and content, and so informal learning is not necessarily tied to space. This means that informal learning can and does occur frequently in museums, after-school clubs, botanical gardens, zoos, science centers, and community centers, but can also be engaged in at home and also be integrated within formal school or college settings. Informal science education, museum learning and workplace learning are designed for varied outcomes and have different frameworks. Reasons for assessing for informal learning include to provide formative feedback to participants and to provide evaluation data to improve the organization’s learning goals. Methods for assessment for informal learning encompass both quantitative and qualitative approaches, including traditional tests and measures, but primarily rely on such methods as surveys, group and individual interviews, observations, artifact and product analysis, and sometimes ethnographic or case studies. Emerging educational technologies, such as social media, Web 2.0 tools, eLearning and online learning, provide fertile ground for continuing developments in informal learning and assessment.
D. Jones and B. Milicic: Kinship, Language and Prehistory: Per Hage and the Renaissance in Kinship Studies

This festschrift honors the social anthropologist Per Hage, best known for his work with Frank Harary applying models from graph theory to problems in anthropology. Toward the end of his career, Hage studied universals and patterns of change in kinship to better understand early human social organization. The contributions to the volume take up the cross-cultural and diachronic study of kinship and reflect the wide geographic breadth and temporal depth of Hage’s interests. Following a general introduction to the book (Chapter 1) and an introduction to Hage’s work (Chapter 2), the volume is divided into a section on kinship and prehistory based on historical linguistic and comparative ethnographic data—much of it from Hage’s unpublished notes—and a second section on the relationship between kinship terminologies and human cognition. The readers of this journal will likely find the first section of greatest interest, particularly Chapters 5 through 8, the focus of this review. Chapters 3 and 4 investigate the near universal distribution of the nursery kinship terms “mama/nana,” “papa/tata,” and “kaka”, making the case for common inheritance from our earliest linguistic history. The historical implications of the early history of nursery kinship terms are best laid out in Chapter 4, where the authors argue that early semantic shifts in “mama/nana” trace back to the early split between Khoisan and non-Khoisan languages and attest to a kinship system in the earliest era of human speech that reckoned sex, age status, and filiation. Chapters 5 through 8 focus, at least in part, on Africa. In Chapter 5, Christopher Ehret argues that the kinship system of proto-Nilo-Saharan speakers was probably matrilineal Iroquois (though it may have been Dravidian). However, Ehret is careful to address the possibility of multiple convergent innovations of matrilineality around the Proto-Northern Sudanic era in the historical context of a shift to food production, which may have favored the invention of matrilineality as men left their affairs to Afr Archaeol Rev (2011) 28:237–239 DOI 10.1007/s10437-011-9098-0
Semi-infinite Programs with Some Convexity

This and the next chapters of the book contain mainly some recent applications of the constructions and results of variational analysis and generalized differentiation presented above, as well as new developments required for such applications, to a remarkable class of optimization problems unified under the name of semi-infinite programming (SIP).
Early Pick's disease. A light and ultrastructural study.

A case of asymptomatic Pick's disease is reported. The pathologic findings were limited to the amygdala, Ammon's horns, hippocampal gyri and right fusiform gyrus. Numerous Pick bodies, Hirano bodies and granulovacuolar degeneration of neurons were found. Pick bodies ultrastructurally were composed of randomly arranged short osmiophilic filaments of 125 to 200 A diameter which did not contain definite lumen.
Mammalian responses to changed forest conditions resulting from bark beetle outbreaks in the southern Rocky Mountains

Spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks have impacted millions of acres of conifer forest from Alaska to northern Mexico. These species are native to North America, and periodic outbreaks have shaped the structure and composition of conifer forests for millennia. However, the extent and severity of current outbreaks, fueled by favorable climatic conditions and increased susceptibility of forests, are unmatched in recorded history. To characterize the response of a suite of mammalian species to beetle‐induced changes in vegetation in the southern Rocky Mountains, we deployed cameras at 300 randomly selected sites during summer 2013–2014. Selected sites spanned gradients of years elapsed since bark beetle outbreaks (YSO) and severity. We fit single‐season occupancy models to detection/non‐detection data collected for each species to examine a variety of plausible relationships between use of a given stand and YSO, severity, or both. Ungulates exhibited a positive association with bark beetle activity, although the nature of these associations varied by species. Elk (Cervus canadensis) were positively associated with severity, but not YSO; mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) exhibited the opposite relationship. Moose (Alces alces) responded in a quadratic fashion; use of forest stands adjacent to preferred willow habitat peaked 3–7 yr after an outbreak commenced, but only at high severity. Similarly, yellow‐bellied marmot use of impacted stands adjacent to rock outcroppings followed a quadratic trend, but only at high severity. Red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) use declined in severely impacted stands, likely as a response to diminished cone crops. Golden‐mantled ground squirrels (Callospermophilus lateralis) and chipmunks (Neotamias spp.) exhibited a shallow negative relationship with YSO, as did coyotes (Canis latrans). Contrary to our hypotheses, black bears (Ursus americanus), American marten (Martes americana), snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), and porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) did not appear to be substantially influenced by beetle activity. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) use was positively associated with YSO, but overall use declined as severity increased. Note that changes in probability of use described here could reflect changes in abundance, home range size, habitat use, or some combination, and in several cases, there was considerable uncertainty across competing models.
Conflict and Chaos on the Korean Peninsula: Can China's Military Help Secure North Korea's Nuclear Weapons?

Is China likely to intervene if war breaks out on the Korean Peninsula, and if so, does Beijing have the willingness and capabilities to deal safely with North Korea's nuclear program? Securing and...
Clostridium difficile Colitis

Clostridium difficile colitis should be suspected in patients with watery foul-smelling diarrhea who have recently been hospitalized or exposed to antibiotics. Stool should be evaluated for C. difficile toxin to establish the diagnosis. Abdominal exam, white blood cells (WBC), and renal function should be used to determine the severity of infection. Patients with fulminant colitis, such as signs of systemic toxicity, should have a computed tomography (CT) scan to determine the extent of inflammation and dilation of the colon. If the colon is perforated, a total abdominal colectomy with end ileostomy should be performed. Management of mild disease is with metronidazole and per oral (PO) vancomycin for severe disease. Severe-complicated disease is treated with a combination of vancomycin PO and metronidazole IV and vancomycin enemas if ileus is suspected. Fecal transplant should be considered in patients with relapsing or refractory disease.
An Institutional Approach to Fostering Inclusion and Addressing Racial Bias: Implications for Diversity in Academic Medicine.

AbstractIssue: While an increasingly diverse workforce of clinicians, researchers, and educators will be needed to address the nation’s future healthcare challenges, underrepresented in medicine (U...
133. The Changing Phenotypes and Genotypes of Invasive Pneumococcal Isolates From Children in Shenzhen During 2013–2017

Background The phenotypes and genotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn.) isolated from children with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) were changed in these years. The purpose of this study was to monitor this mutation trends before the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in China.
Characteristics associated with spine injury on magnetic resonance imaging in children evaluated for abusive head trauma

Spine injuries are increasingly common in the evaluation for abusive head trauma (AHT), but additional information is needed to explore the utility of spine MRI in AHT evaluations and to ensure an accurate understanding of injury mechanism. To assess the incidence of spine injury on MRI in children evaluated for AHT, and to correlate spine MRI findings with clinical characteristics. We identified children younger than 5 years who were evaluated for AHT with spine MRI. Abuse likelihood was determined a priori by expert consensus. We blindly reviewed spine MRIs and compared spinal injury, abuse likelihood, patient demographics, severity of brain injury, presence of retinal hemorrhages, and pattern of head injury between children with and without spine injury. Forty-five of 76 (59.2%) children had spine injury. Spine injury was associated with more severe injury (longer intensive care stays [P<0.001], lower initial mental status [P=0.01] and longer ventilation times [P=0.001]). Overall abuse likelihood and spine injury were not associated. Spinal subdural hemorrhage was the only finding associated with a combination of retinal hemorrhages (P=0.01), noncontact head injuries (P=0.008) and a diagnosis of AHT (P<0.05). Spinal subdural hemorrhage was associated with other spine injury (P=0.004) but not with intracranial hemorrhage (P=0.28). Spinal injury is seen in most children evaluated for AHT and might be clinically and forensically valuable. Spinal subdural hemorrhage might support a mechanism of severe acceleration/deceleration head injury and a diagnosis of AHT.
Democracy and ethical values from Islamic perspective

Inefficiency or inadequateness of Western liberal democracy at home is not the problematic of the rest because they have not experienced it yet! ‘Minimal democracy’ is the problematic of the reside...
DCHS1 DNA copy number loss associated with pediatric urinary tract infection risk.

Urinary tract infections (UTI), associated with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), can lead to chronic kidney disease. Genetic alterations in the innate immune defenses contribute to UTI risk. We investi...
Ndel1 promotes keratin assembly and desmosome stability

ABSTRACT Keratin intermediate filaments form dynamic polymer networks that organize in specific ways dependent on the cell type, the stage of the cell cycle, and the state of the cell. In differentiated cells of the epidermis, they are organized by desmosomes, cell-cell adhesion complexes which provide essential mechanical integrity to this tissue. Despite this, we know little about how keratin organization is controlled and whether desmosomes actively promote keratin assembly in addition to binding pre-assembled filaments. We recently discovered that Ndel1 is a desmosome-associated protein in differentiated epidermis. Here, we show that Ndel1 binds directly to keratin subunits through a motif conserved in all intermediate filament proteins. Further, Ndel1 is necessary for robust desmosome-keratin association and sufficient to reorganize keratins to distinct cellular sites. Lis1, a Ndel1 binding protein, is required for desmosomal localization of Ndel1, but not for its effects on keratin filaments. Finally, we use mouse genetics to demonstrate that loss of Ndel1 results in desmosome defects in the epidermis. Our data thus identify Ndel1 as a desmosome-associated protein which promotes local assembly/organization of keratin filaments and is essential for both robust cell adhesion and epidermal barrier function.
The preliminary experience of nnifocalization approach in pulmonaryary atresia with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries

Objective To evaluate the preliminary surgical experience of ' unifocalization approach' for pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries(PA/VSD/MAPCAs). Methods Between April 1999 and April 2007, 17 consecutive patients underwent 'Unifocalization' and other concomitant procedures for PM/VSD/MAPCAs. There were 7 males and 10 females with a mean age of 6.0 years(range from 0.8 to 18.0 years) and a mesa body weight of 20.0 kg (range from 6.5 to 55.0 kg). The mean native pulmonary artery index(PAI) was 133.7(42.0～366.1 )mm2/m2. Surgical approach through medi-an stemotomieswes in 10 patients (59%), through median sternotomy+ left thoracotomy in 5 patients (29%), and through median sternotomy + right thoracotomy in 2 patients (12%). 12 patients(71% ) underwent primary repair and unifocalization, among them, 1 palliative right ventricular outflow reconstruction and 1 systemic to pulmonary shunt had been performed one year before definitive re-pair of PA/VSD. 5 patients(29%) underwent unifocalization and palliative operation. Totally 44 MAPCAs were identified in this study group, among them 29 MAPCAs(66%) were transplanted, 5 MAPCAs (11%) were ligated, Interventional coil occlusion of 5 MAPCAs were performed in one patient preoperatively and another postoperativdy. Results There were 6 early hospital mortality (35%) .The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 174.3( 98.0～430.0) minutes and aortic cross damping time was 88.7(42.0～148.0) minutes. The mean mechanical ventilation time was 7.4(0.2～42.0)days and ICU stay was 11.8(0.2～60.0)days. The mean total neopulmonary arterial index(TNPAI) of 11 survivors was 249(102～496)mm2/m2. The causes of six early deaths were persis-tent low cardiac output syndrtrome or abrupt ventricular dysrhythmia resulting from severe hypoplastic pulmonary arteries in 2 patients whose TNPAI were lees than 200 mm2/m2 .One of the two patients with TNPAI was 341 mm2/m2, died of low cardiac output syndrome, ascertained by autopsy a severe pulmonary artery hypertension had been existing in regional pulmonary segments preoperatively, In the other 3 deaths with TNPAI beyond 4.50 mm2/m2 : one patient had severe pulmonary infection, effusion and acute renal failure, one had difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation and repeated airway bleeding and one had a refractory ventricular dysrhyshmia. Other complications included 1 phrenic nerve neurapraxia, 1 cerebral cortex blind ness, 1 bacillus cloacae pneumonia and pulmonary hemor-rhage, respectively. Conclusion The critical treatment of PA/VSD/ MAPCAs is a definitive repair and unifocalization of MAPCAs. This procedure is complicated. As a variety of pulmonary vasculopathy exists, it is common that the hypertensive and hypoplasic MAPCAs coexost in a patient, it needs to master the indication rationally and sophisticate the surgical technique persistently. Key words: Pulmonary atresia; Ventricular septal defects; Cardiac surgical procedures
Distance functions, bank output, and productivity

The current approach to determining banking productivity using multioutput distance functions or Malmquist indices is not appropriate. This problem is specific to banking and involves a balance sheet constraint. A solution involves respecifying the distance function; measuring banking output via user cost rather than balance sheet values; and including the output service flow from bank liabilities. The last two adjustments follow what is now done by government agencies for the banking industry in the national accounts. Productivity results from current distance function specifications are contrasted with our proposed solution to the balance sheet constraint using U.S. banking data from 2001, 2005, and 2010. Changes in bank productivity over this period are due primarily to interest rate changes associated with monetary policy, rather than technical change or improvements in efficiency. This is similar to the variation in manufacturing productivity over the business cycle resulting from changes in excess capacity and disruption of business plans.
Decline in endothelial function across the menopause transition in healthy women is related to decreased estradiol and increased oxidative stress

Endothelial function declines progressively across stages of the menopause transition; however, the mechanisms contributing to this decline are unknown. We hypothesized that differences in endothelial function among pre-, peri, and postmenopausal women are related to differences in estradiol and oxidative stress. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured in 87 healthy women categorized by menopause stage (24 premenopausal, 17 early and 21 late perimenopausal, and 25 postmenopausal) before and after 3 days of ovarian hormone suppression (gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist [GnRHant]) alone, and an additional 3 days of GnRHant with concurrent transdermal estradiol or placebo add-back treatment. In 82 women, FMD during acute vitamin C (antioxidant) infusion was measured before and after GnRHant + add-back. Before GnRHant, FMD was different among groups (p 0.54). After GnRHant alone, FMD decreased in pre- and peri- (p < 0.01), but not postmenopausal women, and was restored to premenopausal levels by estradiol add-back in the pre- and perimenopausal groups. Vitamin C improved FMD in pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women on GnRHant + placebo. There was no effect of vitamin C on FMD in women on GnRHant + estradiol. These observations support the concept that the decline in endothelial function across the menopause transition is related to the loss of ovarian estradiol. The decline in estradiol may alter redox balance, thereby increasing oxidative stress and impairing endothelial function.
Electron Landau damping of kinetic Alfvén waves in simulated magnetosheath turbulence

Turbulence is thought to play a role in the heating of the solar wind plasma, though many questions remain to be solved regarding the exact nature of the mechanisms driving this process in the heliosphere. In particular, the physics of the collisionless interactions between particles and turbulent electromagnetic fields in the kinetic dissipation range of the turbulent cascade remains incompletely understood. A recent analysis of an interval of Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations has used the field–particle correlation technique to demonstrate that electron Landau damping is involved in the dissipation of turbulence in the Earth's magnetosheath. Motivated by this discovery, we perform a high-resolution gyrokinetic numerical simulation of the turbulence in the MMS interval to investigate the role of electron Landau damping in the dissipation of turbulent energy. We employ the field–particle correlation technique on our simulation data, compare our results to the known velocity–space signatures of Landau damping outside the dissipation range, and evaluate the net electron energization. We find qualitative agreement between the numerical and observational results for some key aspects of the energization and speculate on the nature of disagreements in light of experimental factors, such as differences in resolution, and of developing insights into the nature of field–particle interactions in the presence of dispersive kinetic Alfven waves.
Finding a proper "Mate": Comparison of left ventricular assist devices using cerebral oximetry.

Introduction:Axial-flow and centrifugal-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) have been utilized in the management of heart failure, but it remains unknown whether these devices differ in end...
A risk-stratified approach toward safely resuming OnabotulinumtoxinA injections based on dosing and ambulatory status in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy during the Coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19).

Purpose After the onset of the Coronavirus pandemic of 2019-2020 (COVID-19), physicians who inject OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) were left with determining risks and benefits in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy. Many of these patients have pre-existing conditions that make them more prone to COVID-19 symptoms, and this susceptibility potentially increases after BoNT-A injections. Methods A retrospective chart review of 500 patients identified 256 pediatric patients with cerebral palsy who received an intramuscular BoNT-A injection to determine relative doses used for each Gross Motor Functional Classification Score (GMFCS). Data regarding age, weight, GMFCS, BoNT-A total body dosage, and inpatient hospitalizations for 6 months post-injection were collected. Differences between GMFCS levels were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance testing. Inpatient hospitalizations were recorded and assessed using relative risk to determine the population risk of hospitalization in the setting of initiating injections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Based on GMFCS level, patients who were GMFCS I or II received fewer units of BoNT-A medication per kilogram of body weight compared to GMFCS III-V (p Conclusions Resumption of BoNT-A injections during the time of COVID-19 requires a systematic approach based on risks and potential benefits. Data from this analysis does not show increased risk for patients who received injections historically; however, recommendations for resumption of injections has not previously been proposed in the setting of a pandemic. In this manuscript, a tiered approach to considerations for injections was proposed. Botulinum toxin type A injections have a history of improving spasticity in the pediatric patient with cerebral palsy. Ensuring appropriate selection of patients for injection with BoNT-A during this pandemic is increasingly important.
No Contagion, Only Interdependence: Measuring Stock Market Comovements

Heteroskedasticity biases tests for contagion based on correlation coefficients. When contagion is defined as a significant increase in market comovement after a shock to one country, previous work suggests contagion occurred during recent crises. This paper shows that correlation coefficients are conditional on market volatility. Under certain assumptions, it is possible to adjust for this bias. Using this adjustment, there was virtually no increase in unconditional correlation coefficients (i.e., no contagion) during the 1997 Asian crisis, 1994 Mexican devaluation, and 1987 U.S. market crash. There is a high level of market comovement in all periods, however, which we call interdependence.
Pose Error Analysis of 3-TPS Parallel Kinematics Machine with Constraint Mechanism

Parallel kinematics machine(PKM) has a relatively complicated structure which contains many kinematical pairs,how to realize its error analysis is currently a problem of PKM.Based on the 3-TPS PKM with constraint mechanism,the pose error models of parallel mechanism and constraint mechanism are separately established.The pose error caused by single geometrical error source is calculated.By using Monte-Carlo method,the statistic effect of geometrical error sources in either mechanism is analyzed.The analysis indicates that the geometrical error sources in constraint mechanism affect more on the pose of machine tool end.
What is the Role of the Quality Improvement Radiology Nurse

Abstract This article aims to report the role of the quality improvement radiology nurse. The quality improvement nurse must possess the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to deliver safe and quality care. There is a lack of guidance that describes the role of the quality improvement radiology nurse. The Quality Education for Nurses Framework and Kotter's model both provide a foundation for describing the role of the quality improvement radiology nurse. More research is needed to analyze the role of the quality improvement radiology nurse. Implications to nursing practice, education, and research are discussed.
Novel apoptosis imaging biomarker early predicts chemotherapy response in preclinical models: A comparative study with 18F-FDG PET

1666 Objectives Previously, we reported a small-molecular-weight peptide 99mTc-PSBP-SAAC-6 with high binding affinity to phosphatidylserine present on the cell surface( Xiong et al., J Med. Chem., 2011, in press). The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 99mTc-PSBP-SAAC-6 in detecting apoptosis induced by chemotherapy. Methods Two tumor models, B16F10 melanoma and 38C13 lymphoma were treated with 2 chemotherapy regiments. Early responses were assessed with 99mTc-PSBP-SAAC-6 for apoptosis and with 18F-FDG for glucose utilization. Nude mice B16F10 melanoma received a single dose of paclitexal (80 mg/kg, intravenously), and mice bearing 38C13 xenofrafts received clophosphamide (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Untreated mice were used as controls. For treated mice, γ-images with 99mTc-PSBP-SAAC-6 and µPET with 18F-FDG were acquired pre-chemotherapy and 1 day post-chemotherapy. Tumor growth curves were obtained by daily measurement of tumor volume. Additional groups of mice were killed immediately after the imaging sessions, and processed for autoradiography and caspase-3 and TUNEL analysis. Results In both tumor models, the uptake of 99mTc-PSBP-SAAC-6 increased significantly 1 day after treatment, while 18F-FDG uptake decreased significantly during the same time period. The average %changes in uptake value for 99mTc-PSBP-SAAC-6 were 142.4 ± 36.9% and 112 ± 42.9% for 38C13 and B16F10 tumors, respectively. The average %changes in uptake value for 18F-FDG were -67.36 ± 17.52% and -62.82 ± 4.53% for 38C13 and B16F10 tumors, respectively. The uptake of 99mTc-PSBP-SAAC-6 negatively correlated with 18F-FDG (r=-0.79, P Conclusions 99mTc-PSBP-SAAC-6 may be a useful agent for early assessment of treatment-induced apoptosis. Research Support This work was funded by the John S. Dunn Foundation, NSFC(no.30830038), and Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (no. S30203)
The Language of Service Encounters: A Pragmatic-Discursive Approach

Service encounters are ubiquitous in social interaction. We buy food and everyday items in supermarkets, convenience stores, or markets; we purchase merchandise in department stores; or we request information at a visitor information center. This book offers a comprehensive account of service encounters in commercial and non-commercial settings. Grounded in naturally occurring face-to-face interactions and drawing on a pragmatic-discursive approach, J. Cesar Felix-Brasdefer sets out a framework for the analysis of transactional and relational talk in various contexts in the United States and Mexico. This book investigates cross-cultural and intra-lingual pragmatic variation during the negotiation of service. The author provides a broad review of research on service encounters to date, and analyzes characteristics of sales transactions, such as participants' roles, pragmatic and discourse functions of relational talk and address forms, the realization of politeness, and changes in alignment from transactional to relational talk.
Domain-specific informative and indicative summarization for information retrieval

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose the use of multido ument summarization as a post-pro essing step in do ument retrieval. We examine the use of the summary as a repla ement to the standard ranked list. The form of the summary is novel be ause it has both informative and indi ate elements, designed to help di erent users perform their tasks better. Our summary uses the do uments' topi al stru ture as a ba kbone for its own stru ture, as it was deemed the most useful do ument feature in our study of a orpus of summaries.
The activation of muscle adenylate deaminase by substrate.

Abstract The kinetics of the deamination of 5'-adenosine monophosphate by rabbit muscle adenylate deaminase has been studied over a wide range of substrate and enzyme concentrations at pH 6.5. The kinetics in the presence of concentrations of the cationic activator K+ of 0.1 m or higher appears to be of normal Michaelis-Menten character, except that the apparent enthalpy of activation has the unusually high value of 19 kcal mole-1. At low K+ concentrations, the apparent specific activity of the enzyme depends on the concentrations of substrate, K+, and enzyme. In the absence of K+, a lag phase in the deamination reaction, observable by the stopped flow technique, indicates activation by substrate with an apparent second order rate constant of 7000 m-1 sec-1 at 25°. It is shown that a quantitatively consistent interpretation of all the data presented in this paper can be based on the allosteric model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux (Monod, J., Wyman, J., and Changeux, J.-P., J. Mol. Biol., 12, 88 (1965)), with the assumption that the enzyme is composed of six or more identical subunits. Equally satisfactory interpretations could undoubtedly be based on other models for apparent allosteric effects which have been proposed by other authors. A decrease in specific activity observed at very low enzyme concentrations, also in the absence of K+, suggests that the enzyme undergoes dissociation, with only the intact oligomer having catalytic activity.
The Hearts and Guts of White People

Beginning with the experience of a white woman's stomach seizing up in fear of a black man, this essay examines some of the ethical and epistemological issues connected to white ignorance. In conversation with Charles Mills on the epistemology of ignorance, I argue that white ignorance primarily operates physiologically, not cognitively. Drawing critically from psychology, neurocardiology, and other medical sciences, I examine some of the biological effects of racism on white people's stomachs and hearts. I argue for a nonideal medical theory focused on improving wellness in a society that systematically has damaged the health of people of color. The essay concludes that to be fully successful, critical philosophy of race must examine not just the financial, legal, political, and other forms of racism, but also its biological and physiological operations.
Control of multivariable two-time-scale nonlinear systems with disturbances

This paper focuses on multivariable two-time-scale nonlinear control systems with disturbances, modeled within the mathematical framework of singular perturbations. For such systems, we synthesize well-conditioned control laws that stabilize the fast dynamics, enforce a prespecified input/output response, eliminate the effect of disturbances on the output and guarantee boundedness of trajectories of the closed-loop system, for sufficiently small values of the singular perturbation parameter.
The Laser as a Tool to Supress the Background of Resonances and Threshold Effects in Electron Scattering

It is demonstrated with the help of model calculations that a laser field can be used to supress the background in electron scattering cross sections and to pick out only those parts which are rapidly varying as λ function of the incoming electron energy. Therefore it becomes possible to measure the pure Breit-Wigner peaks and threshold effects independent of the fact that interference between the resonances and the background in radiationless electron scattering is strong. The results are interpreted within the low frequency limit for free-free transitions. The AC Stark shift of the resonance is also observed.
Plenary Keynote Presentation IV Teaching men to sing: Challenges in the studio and rehearsal

Plenary Keynote Presentation IV: Panel Presentation from The Phenomenon of Singing International Symposium VIII. Held at Memorial University, St. John's NL, 2011. Introduction by Caroline Schiller (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada)
Biogenesis of β-Carotene in Mycobacterium kansasii

The biogenesis of beta-carotene in the photochromogen Mycobacterium kansasii consists of two reactions. The first reaction is photochemical, and is dependent on the wavelength of the incident light and on oxygen but is independent of temperature. The second reaction does not require illumination, and is dependent on the temperature and on oxygen. The latter, or dark reaction, requires the synthesis of new protein, and was shown to have the characteristics of an inducible system. Carotenogenesis was stimulated by incident light of wavelengths of 420, 540, and 650 nm. Immediately after illumination there was an increase in the synthesis of ribonucleic acid and beta-carotene accumulation started after a lag of 8 to 10 min. The synthesis of beta-carotene exhibited temperature dependence with an optimum of about 36 C.
Effects of Toluene on Escherichia coli

Jackson, Robert W. (University of California, San Diego, La Jolla), and J. A. DeMoss. Effects of toluene on Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:1420–1425. 1965.—When toluene is added at appropriate levels to exponentially growing cultures of Escherichia coli, a time-dependent loss of turbidity is observed which is concurrent with a loss of material to the medium and with unmasking of β-galactosidase. In addition, the galactoside permease system is totally destroyed. Electron micrographs confirm the indications that the cells are not being lysed by toluene, although the cytoplasm collapses to the interior of the cell. Included in the material lost from the cell after toluene treatment is 85% of the total ribonucleic acid (RNA), the principal source of which appears to be the ribosomes. The loss of RNA is temperature-dependent. Protein is also lost to the medium as a function of both temperature and available toluene. Up to 25% of the total protein is found in the medium, the precise amount depending on the level of toluene employed. Zone centrifugation studies of extracts from treated cells indicate that toluene elicits a rapid disaggregation of ribosomes that is terminated, at any stage, by disruption of the cells. The disaggregation is temperature-dependent and does not occur at 4 C. It appears to be distinct from the actual degradation of ribosomal RNA and is accompanied by an accumulation of small particles during the initial phases of treatment at 21 C. Toluene added to crude extracts of normal E. coli cells is unable to cause detectable ribosome destruction. Images
Sports Commerce and Peace: The Special Case of the Special Olympics

Today's sports commerce not only expands the number of international mega-sports events but also increases their value in effecting social change and promoting world peace. As athletes and spectators come together in ever-larger numbers, governments must col- laborate with non-governmental, private, and non-profit sectors to develop and implement the business of sports commerce benefiting host nations and local communities. This research identifies the relationship between sports commerce and peace as worthy of greater study. This article examines the role of international sporting events in contributing to social change in host countries and how these competitions may be able to create greater under- standing among athletes and related individuals and increase knowledge exchange on a larger scale. The research analyzes several mega-sports events, including the Olympics and the role of the Special Olympics (SO) - the largest amateur sports organization in the world - dedicated to bringing sports experiences to intellectually disabled athletes. This article highlights the transformative power of SO worldwide competitions and finds peace through commerce principles in SO innovative policies and programs. Over four decades, the SO, and particu- larly its World Games, have led to global initiatives for increasing self-confidence, self-esteem, social acceptance, health and general well-being among intellectually dis- abled persons. This research offers insights into the ways in which other mega-sporting events could adopt what is unique to SO. An Appendix outlines mega-sports events for future research on sports commerce and peace.
An abundant cell-surface polypeptide is required for swimming by the nonflagellated marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus

Abstract Certain marine unicellular cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus exhibit a unique and mysterious form of motility characterized by the ability to swim in liquid in the absence of flagella. An abundant cell-surface-associated polypeptide that is required for swimming motility by Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102 has been identified, and the gene encoding it, swmA, has been cloned and sequenced. The predicted SwmA protein contains a number of Ca2+-binding motifs as well as several potential N-glycosylation sites. Insertional inactivation of swmA in Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102 results in a loss of the ability to translocate, although the mutant strain, Swm-1, generates torque. This suggests that SwmA functions in the generation of thrust.
Regional and subunit specific changes in NMDA receptor mRNA and immunoreactivity in mouse brain following chronic ethanol ingestion.

Abstract Chronic ethanol treatment of mice has been shown to result in increased binding of dizocilpine and glutamate to hippocampal NMDA receptors. These changes were suggested to reflect an increase in NMDA receptor number that may underlie certain signs of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. However, there was no change in binding of a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, or of ligand binding to the glycine co-agonist site on the receptor after chronic ethanol treatment. Differential changes in the binding of particular ligands at the NMDA receptor suggested the possibility that chronic ethanol ingestion might selectively affect the expression of particular NMDA receptor subunits. Our current work demonstrates that chronic ethanol ingestion by mice, which results in the generation of physical dependence, also produces increases in the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit protein in the hippocampus and cerebellum (≈ 50% and 95%, respectively), and produces increases in the NR2A subunit protein in the hippocampus and cortex (≈ 25% and 40%, respectively). However, the mRNA levels for these subunits were not increased in the respective brain areas by the same ethanol treatment. The changes in NMDA receptor subunit expression in discrete areas of the brain may contribute to the previously observed changes in ligand binding and, possibly, signs of ethanol withdrawal.
OFDM Signal Identification and Transmission Parameter Estimation for Cognitive Radio Applications

Methods for identification of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals and estimation of fundamental OFDM parameters are developed in this paper. Detected transmissions are classified as single-carrier or multi-carrier. In the case of multi-carrier transmission, OFDM symbol duration and cyclic prefix (CP) length are estimated blindly using characteristics of OFDM transmission. For estimation of symbol duration and CP length, cyclostationarity of OFDM signaling is explored by using a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator. The proposed algorithms can be used in cognitive radio for identifying various OFDM-based transmissions and for electronic surveillance to detect illegal or enemy signals.
Commentary on “roles of student‐generated learning issues in problem‐based learning”

(1990). Commentary on “roles of student‐generated learning issues in problem‐based learning”. Teaching and Learning in Medicine: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 155-156.
Living in real time, side A (What is the Info Age?)

What is the Information Age? Everyone uses the term, but nobody defines it. In this paper, I formulate the principles of the Information Age and use the computer industry as proof of its existence. I answer some burning questions: What is the Information Age, how does it differ from the Machine Age, where is it leading, and what does it have to do with computers? I examine what it means to live and prosper in a constantly changing world, define the principles of an Information Age, and examine the Computer Age in the context of business warfare. After all, the computer industry is the best example of a civilization on speed. >
Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds

Publisher Summary Organometallic compounds refer to those containing at least one metal-carbon bond. They are in an interdisciplinary area between inorganic and organic chemistry. Studies of organometallic compounds have significantly advanced the understanding of chemical bonding, as these complexes show unique bonds and structures. Organometallic compounds have played a critical role in catalysis and organic synthesis, often leading to more efficient use of reagents, higher yields of products, and less use of energy. Organometallic compounds have also been used as precursors in the preparation of nanomaterials and microelectronic materials such as thin films in integrated circuits. Species containing M-C bonds have been found in biology as well. The vitamin B12 coenzyme contains a Co-C bond. Synthesis of M-C containing compounds plays a central role in the field of organometallic chemistry. Both the metals and ligands are diverse. The former include those of main group, transition metals, and lanthanide and actinide elements. The latter range from CO to multidentate organic molecules/groups. Since organometallic compounds contain metals and ligands, the synthetic methods are in general grouped into two types: reactions between metal species and preformed ligands or ligand precursors; and reactions of ligands in organometallic compounds yielding new ligands. The former is used in the preparation of Grignard reagents and organolithium reagents.
Nurturing a Democratic Community in the Classroom

Thayer-Bacon tells her story in a conversational tone that traces her personal and professional roots as she describes various chapters of her life: first as a philosopher, how she became involved in education, and then how that involvement became a career as a philosopher of education, in a large teacher education program, and now at a research institution. She sketches her philosophical contributions, as a pragmatist, feminist, postmodernist, and cultural studies scholar, to philosophy, philosophy of education, and education.
The judicialisation of politics: Contemporary trends in research on European and other courts

Courts, Law, and Politics in Comparative Perspective. By Herbert Jacob, Erhard Blankenburg, Herbert M. Kritzer, Doris Marie Provine and Joseph Sanders. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996. Pp.408, index. $20 (paper). ISBN 0–300–06379–2. The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany, 2nd ed. By Donald P. Kommers. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997. Pp.617, notes, sources, index. $75 (cloth), $34.95 (paper). ISBN 0–8223–1838–5. The Global Expansion of Judicial Power. Edited by C. Neal Tate and Torbjorn Vallinder. New York: New York University Press, 1995. Pp.556, index. $25 (paper). ISBN 0–8147–8227–2. Judicial Misconduct, A Cross‐National Comparison. Edited by Mary Volcansek. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996. Pp.163, index. $56 (cloth). ISBN 0–8130–1421–2. Law Above Nations, Supranational Courts and the Legalization of Politics. Edited by Mary Volcansek. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997. Pp.177, index. $50 (cloth). ISBN 0–8130–1537–5.
Dark Silicon [Guest editors' introduction]

This introduction to the special issue discusses"dark silicon"--chip area that must remain unclocked or underclocked--and highlights the five articles in the issue.
How Do the Dimensions of Perfectionism Relate to Mental Health

The present study examined the relationship between the two central dimensions of perfectionism, Pure Personal Standards (PPS) and Maladaptive Evaluative Concerns (MEC), and psychological distress as well as positive affect. The study also explored two potential mediators, self-concealment (SC) and contingent self-worth (CSW), of the relationship between these perfectionism dimensions and various mental health measures. Participants completed questionnaires assessing perfectionism, the two mediator variables, and a number of measures of mental health, including depression, fear of negative evaluation, positive affectivity, and eating disorder symptomatology. Analyses revealed that extracting out the MEC from PPS perfectionism scores using partial correlations removed the one significant correlation of PPS with psychopathology, and strengthened its positive correlation with well-being. In contrast, the MEC dimension of perfectionism was positively related to psychopathology and negatively related to well-being, even when controlling for PPS scores using partial correlations. Mediational analyses indicated that CSW significantly mediated the relationships between PPS and mental health, including fully mediating the relationship between PPS and each measure of psychopathology. Multiple mediational analyses revealed that SC and/or CSW mediated the relationships between MEC and mental health indices. These findings suggest that the central aspect of perfectionism related to psychopathology is the MEC dimension whereas PPS is more closely associated with positive features of mental health. Findings also suggest that future investigations of the relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology take into consideration the mediating effects of SC and CSW.