cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MODIFICATION OF THE WORD-RECOGNITION THRESHOLD BY HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION AND MONETARY REWARD.

The effectiveness of hypnotic suggestion, monetary reward, and a control condition (no special incentive) in reducing the recognition threshold for common English words was measured, using 3 groups of 11 Ss. Threshold reductions were obtained ultimately under all 3 conditions, although the reductions occurred sooner with the two incentive conditions. Since, for all three groups, initial thresholds were apparently inflated by Ss expectancy for hypnosis, the subsequent threshold reductions may reflect merely the termination of this expectancy and not the direct influence of the incentive conditions. The interpretation is offered that hypnotic or monetary incentives for threshold reduction may be relatively ineffective when Ss operate initially near optimal levels.
TU‐G‐BRC‐03: A Novel Markerless Technique for Real‐Time Lung Tumor Tracking

Purpose: A critical component missing in the radiotherapy process for lungcancer is real‐time monitoring of lungtumors. The large planning margin that is typically required to account for rumor motion compromises sparing of critical structures and normal tissues. A novel markerless method has been developed to monitor lungtumor motion during treatment.Methods: The method automatically identifies lungtumors directly on continuous MV treatment beam images. Prior information from planning CT and contours is used to generate three sets of DRRs for lungtumors, other moving organs, and static organs, respectively. Composite DRRs are produced by combining three sets of DRRs, with weighting factors assigned to compensate for different attenuation coefficients between MV and kV x‐ray energies. Individual locations of three set of DRR are optimized by comparing with acquired MV treatment beam images using a normalized cross correlation algorithm. The method was evaluated by monitoring a target moving inside a chest cavity phantom. It was also applied retrospectively to online MV images from lungcancer patients. Results: In phantom studies, the target and target motion characteristics were successfully located within seven different treatment fields; the detected target locations have a maximum deviation of 0.8 mm from expected locations. Lungtumors in lung patients were successfully tracked. Although the planning 4D CT indicated that the lungtumor motion range was within 0 mm, real‐time tracking suggested that: a) the lungtumor motion pattern is not regular; and b) the average tumor locations, the respiratory frequencies, and the tumor motion amplitude (range) vary considerably during treatment. Conclusions: This tracking method, which requires no implanted markers and can be performed with no additional imaging dose, will enable clinicians to reduce margins and safely deliver higher doses by accounting for the effects of displacement and motion during treatment.
From mistress to hooker: 40 years of cartoon humor in men's magazines

This paper explores mass media humor and its relationship to the changing nature of male sexual mores and prostitution. All cartoons in the two leading men's magazines,Esquire andPlayboy, with prostituion as the topic were subjected to a content analysis. The change in content of these cartoons over the 40 year period covered is described.
Group Process as a Mechanism of Change in the Group Treatment of Anger and Aggression

Angry reactions can present unique challenges to the process of conducting group therapy, especially when providing group treatment to participants who have histories of angry or aggressive behavior. This article briefly reviews relevant literature and describes a group-based violence reduction training program (VRTP). The VRTP conceptualizes anger and aggression from a frustration-aggression framework and employs treatment derived from research in the area of social problem-solving. An emphasis is placed on how fostering group experiences consistent with Irving Yalom's classic work on the theory and practice of group therapy can reinforce skill acquisition and general treatment responsiveness. Management of the group process is a plausible mechanism of change in group treatment of anger. We highlight the challenges and benefits of dealing with anger-infused communication while ensuring the integrity of the overall group process. Case examples are provided for illustration of VRTP. Future research can answer important questions about group process and mechanisms of change in group-based treatments for anger and aggression.
A method for distinguishing power-law and approximate power-law behavior in glassy relaxation: Ionic conducting glasses

The question of whether an apparent power-law behavior in the ac conductivity of glasses is a real power-law, or is the product of a factor linear in the frequency and logarithmic corrections is important for the interpretation of the data. The former behavior is predicted by theories which invoke scaling relations a priori and attribute the frequency dependence to hierarchical scaling, multifractal scaling, or anomalous diffusion on fractal structures. The latter behavior is a natural result of a pair approximation. A simple procedure is suggested for the purpose of distinguishing the two possibilities. The procedure involves plots of the locus of ordered pairs of frequency and temperature for which the imaginary part of the dielectric constant is a constant.
New information content in RNA base pairing deduced from quantitative analysis of high-resolution structures

Non-canonical base pairs play important roles in organizing the complex three-dimensional folding of RNA. Here, we outline methodology developed both to analyze the spatial patterns of interacting base pairs in known RNA structures and to reconstruct models from the collective experimental information. We focus attention on the structural context and deformability of the seven pairing patterns found in greatest abundance in the helical segments in a set of well-resolved crystal structures, including (i-ii) the canonical A.U and G.C Watson-Crick base pairs, (iii) the G.U wobble pair, (iv) the sheared G.A pair, (v) the A.U Hoogsteen pair, (vi) the U.U wobble pair, and (vii) the G.A Watson-Crick-like pair. The non-canonical pairs stand out from the canonical associations in terms of apparent deformability, spanning a broader range of conformational states as measured by the six rigid-body parameters used to describe the spatial arrangements of the interacting bases, the root-mean-square deviations of the base-pair atoms, and the fluctuations in hydrogen-bonding geometry. The deformabilties, the modes of base-pair deformation, and the preferred sites of occurrence depend on sequence. We also characterize the positioning and overlap of the base pairs with respect to the base pairs that stack immediately above and below them in double-helical fragments. We incorporate the observed positions of the bases, base pairs, and intervening phosphorus atoms in models to predict the effects of the non-canonical interactions on overall helical structure.
Proteomic analysis of iron acquisition, metabolic and regulatory responses of Yersinia pestis to iron starvation

Background The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the bubonic plague. Efficient iron acquisition systems are critical to the ability of Y. pestis to infect, spread and grow in mammalian hosts, because iron is sequestered and is considered part of the innate host immune defence against invading pathogens. We used a proteomic approach to determine expression changes of iron uptake systems and intracellular consequences of iron deficiency in the Y. pestis strain KIM6+ at two physiologically relevant temperatures (26°C and 37°C).
Polymeric microcapsules of alachlor and metolachlor: preparation and evaluation of controlled-release properties.

The microencapsulation of alachlor and metolachlor in the polymers cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl cellulose, poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(α-methylstyrene) with different emulsifiers is de...
Urban Population Distribution with Various Road Networks: A Simulation Approach:

Models by urban economists explain the changing pattern of urban population distribution by the increase of income and improvements of transportation over time while ignoring the complexity and var...
Combustion in the Mixing Zone Between Two Parallel Streams

Bluff body flame stabilization depends on the existence of a sheltered wake behind the body in which hot gas recirculates. The hot-wake gas ignites fresh combustible mixture; ignition occurs in a mixing zone between hot gas and external stream. Thus the mixing zone is of critical import in bluff body flameholding and demands further study. An experimental arrangement was devised to simulate important features of the bluff body mixing zone while permitting controlled study of the variables involved. The mixing zone between two parallel gas streams, one hot and one of combustible mixture, was studied. Ignition of the combustible stream was achieved with this arrangement, and many interesting phenomena were observed. Ignition was possible only above a certain temperature of the hot stream, ignition temperature depending markedly on fuel type, and related to fuel-activation energy. Burning was first seen in the mixing zone at some distance downstream from first contact of the streams. Further downstream a vigorous flame appeared tha t propagated into the combustible stream. The propagating flame was established only when the residence time of combustible material in the mixing zone was long enough to lead to ignition of a mass adequate to serve as a secondary ignition source. This result was applied to the explanation of bluff body flame stabilization and blowoff.
Preparation and characterization of glucose oxidase covalently linked to nickel oxide.

Abstract The enzyme glucose oxidase (β- d -glucose:O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.4) has been covalently coupled to NiO on Ni screening. The product is extremely stable over a long time and shows greater thermal stability than soluble enzyme. Kinetic values are similar to the soluble enzyme.
Cyberbanks and other virtual research repositories.

Few things seem more a part of the material world than biological specimens. Yet the processes by which collections of specimens are assembled, translated into information, combined with more information, and distributed are taking research repositories into the virtual realm. The term “virtual” has a number of meanings, and so a research repository can qualify as virtual in a variety of ways. The term would seem to apply, for example, to (1) constructing a repository by forming a network among institutions; (2) using the Internet or the World Wide Web to solicit specimens and information; (3) integrating web-based technology into the operation of the bank; (4) using the Internet or web-based technology to manage relationships with donors or collection sites and recipients; and (5) digitizing specimens. The all-digital repository would seem the most virtual of all possible repositories, a true cyberbank.
Quantitation of intracellular free calcium in single adult cardiomyocytes by fura-2 fluorescence microscopy: calibration of fura-2 ratios.

Isolated rat myocytes incubated with the acetoxy methyl ester of fura-2 contained partially hydrolyzed esters, necessitating in vivo calibration of the signals obtained by fluorescence microscopy for calculation of pCa. Ionophores did not produce reliable R′ max and R′ min values in respiring myocytes, and elevated free calcium caused individual cells to hypercontract and burst. These difficulties were overcome by superfusion with a glucose-free buffer containing an inhibitor and an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. R′ max and R′ min values obtained by ionophore treatment of deenergized myocytes were normalized to an in vitro calibration curve. Resting pCa derived from the individual curves averaged 6.9 for calcium-tolerant rod-shaped myocytes.
13C13C coupling constants in a series of η2-alkene complexes of rhodium(I)

Abstract 1 J(CC) has been determined in a series of closely related η 2 -alkenerhodium(I) complexes and found to decrease by about 22 Hz on coordination. It is also observed to be linearly related to the electronegativity of the substituent in coordinated CH 2 CHX) X  C, O or Si).
Dynamic Gene Expression Analysis Links Melanocyte Growth Arrest with Nevogenesis

Like all primary cells in vitro, normal human melanocytes exhibit a physiologic decay in proliferative potential as it transitions to a growth-arrested state. The underlying transcriptional program(s) that regulate this phenotypic change is largely unknown. To identify molecular determinants of this process, we performed a Bayesian-based dynamic gene expression analysis on primary melanocytes undergoing proliferative arrest. This analysis revealed several related clusters whose expression behavior correlated with the melanocyte growth kinetics; we designated these clusters the melanocyte growth arrest program (MGAP). These MGAP genes were preferentially represented in benign melanocytic nevi over melanomas and selectively mapped to the hepatocyte fibrosis pathway. This transcriptional relationship between melanocyte growth stasis, nevus biology, and fibrogenic signaling was further validated in vivo by the demonstration of strong pericellular collagen deposition within benign nevi but not melanomas. Taken together, our study provides a novel view of fibroplasia in both melanocyte biology and nevogenesis.
Posthuman international relations. Complexity, ecologism and global politics

by Erika Cudworth and Stephen Hobden, London, Zed Books, 2012, vii + 215 pp., ₤70.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-84813-515-4 This bold, intellectually demanding book offers a radical critique and refound...
Adenosine and the homeostatic control of sleep: effects of A1 receptor blockade in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus on sleep-wakefulness

The orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) are critical for wakefulness [McCarley RW (2007) Neurobiology of REM and NREM sleep. Sleep Med 8:302-330]. Recent evidence suggests that adenosine (AD), a homeostatic sleep factor, may act via A1 receptor (A1R) to control orexinergic activity and regulate sleep-wakefulness [Thakkar MM, Winston S, McCarley RW (2002) Orexin neurons of the hypothalamus express adenosine A1 receptors. Brain Res 944:190-194; Liu ZW, Gao XB (2006) Adenosine inhibits activity of hypocretin/orexin neurons via A1 receptor in the lateral hypothalamus: a possible sleep-promoting effect. J Neurophysiol]. To evaluate the role of AD in the orexinergic LH and its influences on sleep-wakefulness, we designed two experiments in freely behaving rats: First, we bilaterally microinjected 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine (DPX) (1.5 pmol and 15 pmol), a selective A1R antagonist into the LH during the light cycle and examined its effect on spontaneous sleep-wakefulness. Second, we performed 6 h of sleep deprivation. Thirty minutes before the animals were allowed to enter recovery sleep, 15 pmol of DPX was bilaterally microinjected into the LH and its effects on recovery sleep were monitored. Microinjection of DPX into the orexinergic LH produced a significant increase in wakefulness with a concomitant reduction in sleep, both during spontaneous bouts of sleep-wakefulness and during recovery sleep. Local administration of DPX into the LH produced a significant increase in the latency to non-REM sleep during recovery sleep. However, total slow wave (delta) activity during non-REM sleep phase of recovery sleep remained unaffected after DPX treatment. This is the first study that implicates endogenous adenosine to have a functional role in controlling orexinergic tone and influencing the homeostatic regulation of sleep-wakefulness.
Agricultural Research and Alternative Farmers’ Information Needs

Research on sustainable agriculture is underfunded in the United States. Therefore, the topical relevance and the dissemination of this research must be carefully targeted to reach farmers. This paper investigates the actual linkages between local alternative farmers and the information dissemination efforts of publicly funded researchers who obtained grants from a federal/regional program. This analysis is based on a mail survey of twenty sustainable farmers in the Illinois Sustainable Agriculture Society, fifty farmers in the Illinois Organic Crop Improvement Association, and forty-two researchers who received grant funding from the North Central Region of the USDA's (United States Department of Agriculture) Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (USDA-SARE) program between 1988 and 1996. Appropriate statistical techniques were employed to analyze the relatively small sample sizes. Findings suggest that the local needs of farmers are not being met by the national and regional efforts of USDA-SAR...
Energy level spacing distributions

Abstract The probability function P 1 ( s ) for the next-nearest neighbour spacing in the infinite dimensional limit, is computed and compared with Porter's result for 3 × 3 random real symmetric matrices. The probability function for Dyson's unitary ensemble β = 2; P 0 ( s ; 2), for the nearest neighbour spacing, is also computed. It is compared with results for 2 × 2 random hermitian matrices.
Concurrent measures of protein kinase C and phosphoinositides in lithium-treated bipolar patients and healthy individuals: a preliminary study.

Abstract This study examined the hypothesis that lithium inhibits the PI signaling pathway in humans during in vivo administration by concurrently measuring PKC isozymes and platelet membrane phosphoinositides in lithium-treated patients and healthy individuals. The platelet membrane and cytosolic levels of PKC alpha, beta I, beta II, delta, and epsilon were measured using Western blotting. The relative platelet membrane contents of phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) were measured with two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Nine euthymic lithium-treated bipolar subjects and 11 healthy control subjects were studied. Compared to control subjects, lithium-treated bipolar patients had significantly lower levels of cytosolic PKC alpha isozyme ( t -test=−3.24, d.f.=17, P =0.01) and PIP 2 platelet membrane levels ( t -test=−2.51, d.f.=18, P =0.02), and a trend toward reduced levels of cytosolic PKC beta II isozyme ( t =−2.17, d.f.=17, P =0.05). There was no significant correlation between PIP 2 and any of the PKC isozymes. These preliminary findings suggest that chronic lithium treatment may decrease the levels of both cytosolic PKC alpha isozyme and membrane PIP 2 in platelets of bipolar disorder patients.
Soret coefficient and isothermal diffusivity of aqueous solutions of five principal salt constituents of seawater

Abstract The thermal diffusion (Soret) coefficient and isothermal (Fickian) diffusivity have been measured for aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (28.5 g kg −1 ), sodium sulfate (5.0 g kg −1 ), magnesium chloride (5.0 g kg −1 ), magnesium sulfate (5.0 g kg −1 ), and calcium chloride (5.0 g kg −1 ) at pressures from atmospheric to 620 bars and temperatures from 0.5 to 40°C. Interpolating equations for both Soret coefficient and isothermal diffusivity as functions of temperature and pressure are given for each of the five electrolytes. From measured values of diffusivity, a mean value of the Stokes-Einstein radius is determined for each salt. Prediction of the diffusivity assuming a constant Stokes-Einstein radius yields a fit to the data nearly as good as interpolation from a four-coefficient empirical formula, except for the case of calcium chloride.
What is the significance of the binding of proteoglycans to amyloid

While proteoglycans seem to bind to amyloids, the consequence of this binding on amyloid formation or deposition is unknown. The hypothesized roles of this binding that were suggested by Drs. Snow and Wight are discussed and other potential roles are addressed.
Metallurgical instabilities during the high temperature low cycle fatigue of nickel-base superalloys

An investigation is made of the microstructural instabilities that affect the high temperature low cycle fatigue (LCF) life of nickel-base superalloys. Crack initiation processes, provoked by the formation of carbides and the coarsening of the grains of the material at high temperatures are discussed. Experimental results are examined, and it is concluded that LCF behavior can be understood more fully only if details of the material and its dynamic behavior at high temperatures are considered. The effects of high stress, dislocation debris, and increasing environmental damage on the life of the alloy are discussed.
Revisão analítica da biblioteca do futuro

Originalmente na forma de citacoes de consagrados autores norte-americanos, pontuando os mais significativos temas sobre a biblioteca do futuro, em um periodo de dez anos (1983-1994), este riquissimo estado-da-arte e agora traduzido e condensado em lingua portuguesa e devidamente autorizado pelo Council on Library Resources (CLR), de Washington, D.C., USA. Para maior alcance desta materia emergente, adotou-se uma fala pessoal, didatica e interpretativa, obedecendo, porem, a orgânica do original, na ordem a saber: introducao, visao do futuro, definicoes de bibliotecas digitais; publicacao impressa versus digital, aplicacoes e instrumentos de acesso a informacao tecnologica; editoracao, papeis e motivacao dos atores e projetos no sistema digital; projetos e bibliotecas do futuro, incluindo o perfil do bibliotecario de referencia e o papel das escolas de biblioteconomia; para onde vao as bibliotecas na virada do seculo e um senso de urgencia. Finda-se com uma bibliografia e um indice conjugado de autores e assuntos.
THE ALLEGED OCCURRENCE OF ADRENALIN IN THE MEALWORM

Wense has reported the isolation of crystalline adrenalin from larvae of the beetle Tenebrio molitor. An attempt to repeat his procedures failed to yield any evidence of adrenalin. Analysis of mealworm extracts by paper chromatography and colorimetric means also yielded no indication of adrenalin, though adrenalin added to mealworms can be detected by these procedures in amounts less than 1 mg. per 100 gm. Mealworm extracts reveal on the paper chromatogram the presence of two other orthodiphenols, neither of which appears to be dopa but which may be 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, compounds recently isolated elsewhere from this organism.
The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads.

The dramatic benefits to be obtained from modern cardiac surgical procedures have, among other things, crystallized the need for a more accurate diagnosis of heart disease. One of the most elusive of these conditions is right ventricular hypertrophy, and more definite criteria for its recognition are greatly needed. Roentgenologists and clinicians have attacked the problem, but the roentgenographic diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy is notoriously difficult and radiologists differ in their opinions as to the reliability of the criteria thought to be of diagnostic importance.1–4 Various authors have described the electrocardiographic pattern of marked right ventricular hypertrophy in the standard limb leads5–10 and in the precordial leads.11–15,27 The criteria for the diagnosis of the lesser degrees of right ventricular hypertrophy have not been clearly established in either standard or precordial leads, nor has the frequency of the significant findings been accurately defined. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the patterns seen in sixty cases of right ventricular hypertrophy and to differentiate normal right axis deviation (due to position of the heart) from abnormal right axis deviation (due to right ventricular hypertrophy).
Isolation and Mapping of Phosphotransferase Mutants in Escherichia coli

Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in enzyme I or Hpr, the two common components of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system, were isolated by a simple, direct method. The ptsI locus, the structural gene for enzyme I, and the ptsH locus, the site of mutations leading to loss of Hpr activity, are adjacent genes and could be part of a single operon. These two genes lie between the purC and supN markers in the order: strA... guaB-purC-ptsI-ptsH-supN-dsdA... his.
The synthesis, spectroscopic, electrochemical and X-ray diffraction characterization of novel bridged ferrocene precursors for use in self-assembled monolayers

Abstract The synthesis of 1,6-diferrocenylhexane-1,6-dione (I), 1-ferrocenylcarbonyl-2-ferrocenylcyclopentene (II) and 1,6-diferrocenylhexane (III) is reported. All three compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and infra-red spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Compounds I and III each exhibit a single two electron transfer, while compound (II) exhibits two single electron transfers. Compounds (I) and (II) were further studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In compound (I), both carbonyl groups are in plane with the adjacent ferrocenyl Cp ring. For compound (II) one of the ferrocenyl Cp rings is coplanar with the carbonyl group, the other with the double bond of the cyclopentene ring, but the C O moiety and the double bond are basically perpendicular to each other.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity and Osteoclasts in Experimental Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Tissue

Previously, we and others showed that broad spectrum pharmaceutical inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity reduces intraosseous tumor burden and bone degradation in animal models of bone metastasis. Herein, we used specific assays to measure net enzymatic activities of individual MMPs during colonization of bone by prostate cancer cells. PC3 cells were injected into the marrow of human fetal femurs previously implanted in SCID mice. Net MMP-9 activity in bone tissues peaked 2 weeks after injection, coinciding with a wave of osteoclast recruitment. In contrast, MMP-2 and MT1-MMP activity did not change. In vitro, co-culture of PC3 cells with bone tissue led to activation of pro-MMP-9 and increases in secreted net MMP-9 activity. Activation of pro-MMP-9 was prevented by metalloprotease inhibitors but not by inhibitors of other classes of proteases. Ribozyme suppression of MMP-9 expression in PC3 cells did not affect pro-MMP-9 activation or net MMP-9 activity and did not affect the phenotype of bone tumors. siRNA targeting of MMP-9 expression in preosteoclasts in vitro demonstrated that tumor-induced preosteoclast motility was dependent on MMP-9 expression. These data suggest that osteoclast-derived MMP-9 may represent a potential therapeutic target in bone metastasis and provide a rationale for the development of MMP-9-specific inhibitors.
Thermal inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores in cow's milk.

Decimal reduction time (time to inactivate 90% of the population) (D) values of Bacillus anthracis spores in milk ranged from 3.4 to 16.7 h at 72°C and from 1.6 to 3.3 s at 112°C. The calculated increase of temperature needed to reduce the D value by 90% varied from 8.7 to 11.0°C, and the Arrhenius activation energies ranged from 227.4 to 291.3 kJ/mol. Six-log-unit viability reductions were achieved at 120°C for 16 s. These results suggest that a thermal process similar to commercial ultrahigh-temperature pasteurization could inactivate B. anthracis spores in milk.
Teaching utility applications of power electronics in the first course on power systems

This paper takes a top-down approach, where first various utility applications of power electronics is briefly described and the role of power electronics as an interface is discussed. The utility applications of power electronics are categorized as follows: distributed generation, power electronic loads, power quality solutions and transmission and distribution (T&D). This presentation also examines the role of power electronics in various applications. Solid-state switches and converters as an interface, which are both roles of power electronics in the power system application, are also discussed. Lastly, the presentation is designed to act as a roadmap to new applications and associated power electronics system. Therefore, a large list of references and Internet resources is included in the presentation.
Important clinician information needs about family members in the intensive care unit

Abstract Purpose Clinicians often lack key information regarding intensive care unit (ICU) families. Our objective was to identify (1) important information for clinicians to know about ICU families when making decisions and (2) important information for families to know about patients from clinicians. Materials and methods We identified important information items through a literature review and semistructured interviews. A separate cohort of family members, nurses, and physicians from 2 ICUs in a single institution were asked to prioritize the identified information as necessary for decision making. Results We identified 21 items important for clinicians to know about families and 32 items important for families to know about patients from clinicians. Themes important for clinicians to know about family members included family background, questions, understanding, goals, concerns, well-being, and requests for additional help. Themes important for families to know about the patient included diagnosis, treatments, prognosis, clinical status, schedule, comfort, goals of care, medical team, and family participation. Conclusions Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, we identified important information for ICU clinicians to know about family members and for family members to know about patients. The identified information can be used to guide strategies and tools to improve assessment of and communication with families.
Wives’ Employment and Spouses’ Marital Happiness Assessing the Direction of Influence Using Longitudinal Couple Data

The authors investigate the direction of the relationship between marital happiness and wives’ full-time employment using the 1987 to 1988 and 1992 to 1994 waves of the National Survey of Families and Households. First, the authors predict change in wives’ employment between the two waves using marital happiness and other Time 1 characteristics. The results show that shifting into full-time employment is more likely for unhappily married than for happily married wives. Second, they examine how changes in wives’ employment between Times 1 and 2 influence marital stability and changes in marital happiness. The authors find that contrary to frequently invoked social and economic theories, wives’ full-time employment is associated with greater marital stability. Nonetheless, changes in wives’ employment have no significant effect on how marital quality changes between Times 1 and 2.
Detecting and characterizing semantic inconsistencies in ported code

Adding similar features and bug fixes often requires porting program patches from reference implementations and adapting them to target implementations. Porting errors may result from faulty adaptations or inconsistent updates. This paper investigates (1) the types of porting errors found in practice, and (2) how to detect and characterize potential porting errors. Analyzing version histories, we define five categories of porting errors, including incorrect control- and data-flow, code redundancy, inconsistent identifier renamings, etc. Leveraging this categorization, we design a static control- and data-dependence analysis technique, SPA, to detect and characterize porting inconsistencies. Our evaluation on code from four open-source projects shows that SPA can detect porting inconsistencies with 65% to 73% precision and 90% recall, and identify inconsistency types with 58% to 63% precision and 92% to 100% recall. In a comparison with two existing error detection tools, SPA improves precision by 14 to 17 percentage points.
Defining and Refining Heart Failure Risk Stratification to Optimize Patient Selection for Cardiac Transplantation

VO2, BNP, GFR, RAP, CI, LVEDP, EF, Na, BUN, MR, LVEDD, PCWP, PVCs, VT, QRS, LBBB, COPD, DM, TpnI, alb, CAD, OSA, Hct, RDW, CRT, ICD, HRV—the complex alphabet soup of heart failure risk assessment used to inform clinical decision making, select patient cohorts for trials, and ensure that expensive and supply-limited treatments are utilized in the most effective and equitable manner. Despite the seeming complexity of this task, heart failure clinicians have become facile at integrating multiple distinct variables into a cohesive understanding of risk using baseline patient characteristics, measures of cardiac structure and function, biomarkers, and assessment of functional capacity. The prognostic significance of many risk-associated parameters, such as ejection fraction, ventricular size, and the pathogenesis of heart failure are firmly established. However, recognition of the importance of common comorbidities and the rapidly evolving field of novel biomarkers that represent perturbation of normal biological pathways or markers of early organ damage have reshaped and refined contemporary risk assessment. More recently, larger datasets have facilitated the derivation and validation of multivariable risk-prediction models, such as the Heart Failure Survival Score, the Seattle Heart Failure Model, and the ESCAPE Risk Score.1–3 Article see p 6 In this issue of Circulation: Heart Failure , Kato et al4 re-examine the pivotal role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure risk assessment and extend the sentinel work by Mancini that validated VO2 as a potent predictor of short- and intermediate-term mortality.5 Mancini’s original observation that a peak VO2 <14 mL/kg per min was associated with excessive morality led to its …
The Latent Structure of Criminal Persistence: A Taxometric Analysis of Offending Behavior from Late Adolescence to Early Adulthood in Adjudicated Male Delinquents

This study examines the latent structure of offending persistence from late adolescence through early adulthood. Self-reported involvement in drug crimes, person crimes, and property crimes between the ages of 17 and 21 years were analyzed in 1,160 male members of the Pathways to Desistance study (Mulvey, 2012). Scores on the three indicators were subjected to longitudinal (by summing across the five time periods) and cross-sectional (by testing each individual time period) taxometric analysis. Outcomes obtained using the mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC), maximum covariance (MAXCOV), and latent mode factor analysis (L-Mode) taxometric procedures revealed consistent support for continuous latent structure in both the longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses. It would appear that continued criminal involvement beyond adolescence is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon and that it may be more productive to order individuals along a persistence-desistance continuum than assign them to mutually exclusive categories, trajectories, or typologies.
Information Rates and Errors Using Decision Feedback

Comparison is made between one-way communication links using binary block codes and a similar link with decision feedback. The known reduction in word error probability is shown. Earlier papers consider only the encoding entropy rate. In this paper the equivocation and rate are computed for single-error detection and single-error correction double-error detection codes with and without feedback.
Distributed top-k monitoring

The querying and analysis of data streams has been a topic of much recent interest, motivated by applications from the fields of networking, web usage analysis, sensor instrumentation, telecommunications, and others. Many of these applications involve monitoring answers to continuous queries over data streams produced at physically distributed locations, and most previous approaches require streams to be transmitted to a single location for centralized processing. Unfortunately, the continual transmission of a large number of rapid data streams to a central location can be impractical or expensive. We study a useful class of queries that continuously report the k largest values obtained from distributed data streams ("top-k monitoring queries"), which are of particular interest because they can be used to reduce the overhead incurred while running other types of monitoring queries. We show that transmitting entire data streams is unnecessary to support these queries and present an alternative approach that reduces communication significantly. In our approach, arithmetic constraints are maintained at remote stream sources to ensure that the most recently provided top-k answer remains valid to within a user-specified error tolerance. Distributed communication is only necessary on occasion, when constraints are violated, and we show empirically through extensive simulation on real-world data that our approach reduces overall communication cost by an order of magnitude compared with alternatives that o er the same error guarantees.
Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Indol-3yl-acetic Acid III. PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A TRYPTAMINE-FORMING L-TRYPTOPHAN DBCARBOXYLASE FROM TOMATO SHOOTS

A tryptamine-forming, L-tryptophan decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.27) from tomato shoots, has been partially purified and characterized. The properties of the enzyme were compared with those of tryptophan transaminase isolated from the same tissue, and separation of these two enzymes by ammonium sulphate fractionation clearly demonstrated that tryptamine forma tion was due to the activity of the decarboxylase enzyme. Tryptophan decarboxylase was found to be pyridoxal phosphate dependent and appeared to have substrate affinities different from those of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.28) found in animal tissue. The importance of tryptophan decarboxylase in the biosynthesis of indol-3yl-acetic acid is discussed.
Measuring coastal sea-surface salinity of the Louisiana shelf from aerially observed ocean color

We have demonstrated the ability of airborne radiance and irradiance sensors to detect the persistent salinity gradient of the Atchafalaya plume and corresponding color fronts as observed by in-situ shipboard measurements as well as STARRS. We used an empirical algorithm A cdom (412) =3D 0.227}(R rs 510/R rs 555)−2.022 (1) for CDOM from D'Sa et al. 2006. Their study was conducted in the same region (Louisiana Shelf) and time of year (March) as our study and it was performed with similar optical equipment. This study resulted in an Ocean Color Salinity model that can measure with ~88% accuracy the Sea-Surface Salinity of the Louisiana shelf. A multi-linear regression for salinity, based on two of the optical channels, provides an excellent qualitative proxy for large scale coastal salinity in the Atchafalaya plume region (y=−3D0.0082⋆x+0.34, R2=3D0.90, n=3D5220). We then developed two algorithms from the May and November data. This was done to create two seasonal equations for salinity.
Micro-lasers on a silicon chip: toward silicon photonics

Demonstration and performance of micro-lasers on a silicon micro-electronic chip are reviewed. These devices use the Raman and parametric nonlinearities of thermal silica grown on silicon and exhibit sub-100 micro Watt thresholds at high quantum efficiency.
Subband vector excitation coding with adaptive bit-allocation

A study of the combination of VSC (vector excitation coding) with subband coding is reported. In subband VXC (SBVXC), the burden of redundancy removal is split between the frequency domain and time domain to take advantage of both predictive coding and subband coding techniques. The conventional adaptive bit-allocation method used in subband coding has been generalized for use in SBVXC. Simulated comparisons of several coding schemes, including one comparing SBVXC with the full-band VXC, are presented. Results show that a two-band version of SBVXC can produce fairly clear, intelligible, and natural-sounding synthetic speech at 4.8 kb/s and very high quality speech at 8 kb/s with a reasonable complexity. >
Disorder and funneling effects on exciton migration in treelike dendrimers

The center-bound excitonic diffusion on dendrimers subjected to several types of nonhomogeneous funneling potentials is considered. We first study the mean first passage time (MFPT) for diffusion in a linear potential with different types of correlated and uncorrelated random perturbations. Increasing the funneling force, there is a transition from a phase in which the MFPT grows exponentially with the number of generations g to one in which it does so linearly. Overall the disorder slows down the diffusion, but the effect is much more pronounced in the exponential compared to the linear phase. When the disorder gives rise to uncorrelated random forces there is, in addition, a transition as the temperature T is lowered. This is a transition from a high-T regime in which all paths contribute to the MFPT to a low-T regime in which only a few of them do. We further explore the funneling within a realistic nonlinear potential for extended dendrimers in which the dependence of the lowest excitonic energy level on the segment length was derived using the time-dependent Hatree-Fock approximation. Under this potential the MFPT grows initially linearly with g but crosses over, beyond a molecular-specific and T-dependent optimal size, to an exponential increase. Finally we consider geometrical disorder in the form of a small concentration of long connections as in the small world model. Beyond a critical concentration of connections the MFPT decreases significantly and it changes to a power law or to a logarithmic scaling with g, depending on the strength of the funneling force.
On the usefulness of type and liveness accuracy for garbage collection and leak detection

The effectiveness of garbage collectors and leak detectors in identifying dead objects depends on the accuracy of their reachability traversal. Accuracy has two orthogonal dimensions: (i) whether the reachability traversal can distinguish between pointers and nonpointers (type accuracy), and (ii) whether the reachability traversal can identify memory locations that will be dereferenced in the future (liveness accuracy). This article presents an experimental study of the importance of type and liveness accuracy for reachability traversals. We show that liveness accuracy reduces the reachable heap size by up to 62p for our benchmark programs. However, the simpler liveness schemes (e.g., intraprocedural analysis of local variables) are largely ineffective for our benchmark runs: one must analyze global variables using interprocedural analysis to obtain significant benefits. Type accuracy has an insignificant impact on a garbage collector's ability to find unreachable objects in our benchmark runs. We report results for programs written in C, C++, and Eiffel.
Interview with Sam Selvon

(1979). Interview with Sam Selvon. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 420-437.
Introduction to Total Materials Management

Materials management is an organizational philosophy that has evolved through application of the systems approach to management, an approach that provides for integration of all management functions.1 A primary objective of this philosophy is to coordinate all business activities that are part of the materials cycle, from supplier through company operations and on to the customer. Materials management is an umbrella that integrates all the critical materials-related subfunctions, and, as such, is a major company function, among such others as engineering, finance, and manufacturing. (See Figure 1-1.)
Evaluation of Three Methods for Determining Initial Vancomycin Doses

Dosing methods proposed by Matzke et al., Moellering et al., and Lake and Peterson were used to predict initial doses of vancomycin for serum concentration simulation using a two-compartment open model. Previously reported pharmacokinetic data from 25 of 28 patients were used to simulate steady-state serum vancomycin concentrations for doses derived from the three methods. The Matzke method failed to provide simulated one-hour postinfusion levels less than 30 micrograms/mL in 48 percent and troughs greater than 5 micrograms/mL in more than 88 percent of the patients. The Moellering method succeeded in achieving this goal in 96 percent of the simulated one-hour levels, and in 72 percent of the troughs when a six-hour dosing interval was selected. For the 8 mg/kg Lake-Peterson doses, one-hour levels greater than 30 micrograms/mL occurred in 28 percent of the simulations, and for the 10 mg/kg doses this increased to 40 percent. The 8 mg/kg doses resulted in trough simulations less than 5 micrograms/mL in 28 percent and the 10 mg/kg reduced this to only 20 percent. These simulations indicated that the Moellering nomogram with the six-hour dosing interval was the most successful method for initial dose selection, but early serum concentration monitoring and adjustment of initial empirical and nomogram-derived doses is necessary to assure safe and effective vancomycin serum concentrations.
Intraductal Papilloma with Benign Pathology on Breast Core Biopsy: To Excise or Not?

The management of intraductal papillomas on core biopsy continues to be controversial. Papillomas with atypia are typically excised. However, it is unclear whether surgical excision is warranted for benign lesions. A retrospective review of our institution’s pathology and radiology databases from January 2009 through May 2014 identified 119 patients with a diagnosis of benign papilloma without atypia on core biopsy. We determined the rate of carcinoma identification on surgical excision. The average patient age was 52.8 years (range 24–84 years). Indication for core biopsy included: abnormal imaging (n = 106), nipple discharge (n = 21), or palpable mass (n = 24). Seventy-five patients underwent surgical excision after core biopsy. Sixteen patients (21.3 %) had atypia in the excision specimen (combination atypical ductal hyperplasia, n = 11; atypical lobular hyperplasia, n = 8; lobular carcinoma-in situ, n = 3), 15 (93.8 %) of which were in the surrounding breast tissue. Two patients (2.7 %) had malignancy (ductal carcinoma-in situ and micropapillary carcinoma-in situ). As a result of surgical findings, 12 % of patients had a change in management. In comparing those with benign findings on surgical pathology and those whose disease was upstaged, there was no statistically significant difference in family history of breast cancer, indication for core biopsy, mammographic findings, or location of papilloma. Benign papillomas diagnosed on core biopsy are rarely upstaged to malignancy on surgical excision. However, at least 21 % of patients may have atypical findings in the surrounding tissue, which could change clinical management. Surgical excision should be considered in patients with benign papillomas.
Clinical development of reovirus for cancer therapy: An oncolytic virus with immune-mediated antitumor activity.

Clinical development of reovirus for cancer therapy: An oncolytic virus with immune-mediated antitumor activity
Disruption of Gypsy Moth Male Sex Pheromone Behavior by High Frequency Sound

Males of the day-flying moth Lymantria dispar L. (gypsy moth), while flying upwind toward a pheromone source, respond to high frequency (>15KHz) sounds by deviating sharply from the established flight course and flying away rapidly. Pheromone-stimulated males fanning their wings while walking on the substrate “freeze” momentarily in response to high-frequency sound. The puncturing of both tympana eliminates auditory behavior, whereas perforation of only one tympanum causes highly directional flight course deviations toward the perforated (silent) side. The retention of ultrasonic sensitivity in this essentially day-flying species may be explained by the selective advantage from bat predation gained by individuals active near dusk.