cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathologic features of primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies.

In the mammalian liver, 60 % of the cellular components are hepatocytes while the remainder (35 %) includes biliary epithelium, Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, fat storing cells and connective tissue cells. Although neoplasms of hepatocytes are the most common, a significant number of both benign and malignant primary liver neoplasms arising from other cell types can develop, such as tumors of bile duct epithelium (Table 1). In addition, the liver is one of the most susceptible sites for metastatic tumors arising from other organs of the body. Not too long ago, liver tumors were left untreated because the liver was considered a complex and mysterious organ inaccessible to surgery. Advances in imaging procedures and surgical techniques over the past 40 years have revolutionized the approaches to the treatment of benign and malignant liver tumors. Subsegmentectomy, segmentectomy, lobectomy, and transplantation are routinely performed for the treatment of primary and metastatic liver tumors with minimal morbidity and mortality. Since accurate diagnosis remains the key to clinical and surgical management, the emphasis of this chapter is on classification, morphological features and differential diagnosis of malignant neoplasms of the liver.
Milieu intérieur: the search for myocardial arteriogenic signals.

Claude Bernard, the father of modern physiology, applied the scientific method to medicine and described the importance of context for physiological system functions. Bernard coined the term “ milieu interieur ” ([1][1]). Today we recognize this physiological context and the intrinsic adaptive
Methods for Physical Characterization of Phase-Separated Bodies and Membrane-less Organelles

Membrane-less organelles are cellular structures which arise through the phenomenon of phase separation. This process enables compartmentalization of specific sets of macromolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids), thereby regulating cellular processes by increasing local concentration, and modulating the structure and dynamics of their constituents. Understanding the connection between structure, material properties and function of membrane-less organelles requires inter-disciplinary approaches, which address length and timescales that span several orders of magnitude (e.g., Angstroms to micrometer, picoseconds to hours). In this review, we discuss the wide variety of methods that have been applied to characterize the morphology, rheology, structure and dynamics of membrane-less organelles and their components, in vitro and in live cells.
In support of Pinto: Pernambuco as the type locality of Thalurania watertonii

Long-tailed Woodnymph Thalurania watertonii is known with certainty from Pernambuco, Alagoas and Sergipe, north-east Brazil, but the type specimen is still listed, albeit with reservations, as having been taken 3,000 km to the west in Guyana. The collector, Charles Waterton, gave the specimen to George Loddiges in 1844, claiming he took it 20 years earlier on the Mibiri Creek, south of what is now Georgetown. However Waterton, who had a particular interest in hummingbirds, also collected 58 birds in forest near Recife, Pernambuco, in 1816. Given these facts, the total absence of other records of the species from Guyana and its replacement there by Fork-tailed Woodnymph T. furcata, it seems far more likely that Waterton simply misremembered where he collected his specimen of T. watertonii and that the type locality is, as O. M. O. Pinto judged, Pernambuco (more specifically coastal Pernambuco).
The worthless remains of a physician's calling: Max Weber, William Osler, and the last virtue of physicians.

On the centenary of Max Weber’s “Science as a Vocation,” his essay still performs interpretative work. In it, Weber argues that the vocation of a scientist is to produce specialized, rationalized knowledge that will be superseded. Weber says this vocation is a rationalized version of the Protestant conception of calling or vocation (Beruf), tragically disenchanting the world and leaving the idea of calling as a worthless remains (caput mortuum). A similar trajectory can be seen in the physician William Osler’s writings, especially his essay “Internal Medicine as a Vocation,” in which the calling of a physician is described as both rational and noble. While Osler’s conception of the physician’s vocation has been formative for contemporary medicine, physicians are reporting burnout and leaving medical practice at escalating rates. As physicians abandon their noble vocations, an alternative conception of a physician’s vocation is needed. From the worthless remains of the physician’s rational and noble vocation, the labor of a physician can find grounding in humility.
Probabilistic Shaping for VCSEL-MMF Links

We analyse the benefits of probabilistic shaping in reducing received power requirements in error-free VCSEL-MMF links. Experimental results demonstrate nearly 1 dB reduction for the same net data rate. All results are through 100m of OM5 fiber at 10−12 SER.
Emerging Trends and Challenges of Women in Family Businesses: Millennials, Hispanics, and Siblings

Although efforts have been directed towards understanding the nature and capability of women in family businesses, several areas need further discussion. The growth of women, including Millennials ...
A Software Defined Multi-Path Traffic Offloading System for Heterogeneous LTE-WiFi Networks

Ever growing mobile users, devices and applications lead to tremendous volume of mobile network traffic nowadays. Current cellular network infrastructure is facing the problem of lacking sufficient bandwidth. Many existing works propose to solve this issue by offloading mobile traffic to wireless local area network. However, traditional single path communications limit the traffic offloading performance due to the network handoff caused by user mobility. To further explore the benefits and potential of traffic offloading in heterogeneous mobile networks, we develop a software-defined and multipath-based network aggregation system specifically for LTE-WiFi traffic offloading in this paper. Our system relies on Multipath TCP and Software-Defined Networking technologies: the former is run on mobile devices to create TCP subflows over multiple network connections, while the latter is leveraged to direct those subflows for proper usage of network bandwidth via a centralized controller. To obtain the appropriate bandwidth allocation, we formulate traffic offloading as a network optimization problem. Furthermore, the controller configures the rate of subflows in each radio access network to optimize the objective of load balancing and fairness. The devised controller is also responsive to network status change, and the centralized design facilitates network resource management and policy making. A prototype of our traffic offloading system is implemented using network emulator Mininet-WiFi. Emulation results prove its efficiency in throughput maximization, fairness, and service continuity in heterogeneous LTE-WiFi networks.
No Rest for the Dead: Lack of an Archaeological Survey Halts a Major Rail Project

AbstractThe Honolulu Rail Transit is an upcoming urban rail transit system that is currently under construction on the island of Oahu. Since being approved by the Honolulu City Council in 2005, the...
Entrustable Professional Activities: Do General Surgery Residents Trust Them?

BACKGROUND The American Board of Surgery has initiated a pilot study to investigate the incorporation of Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) into the training of general surgery residents (GSR). Limited data exist on perception of EPAs by GSR. We aimed to assess the impact of EPAs on GSR for 2 included program topics: inguinal hernia and general surgery consultation. STUDY DESIGN A 21-question, cross-sectional, Likert scale survey was distributed to 64 GSR at an urban university hospital to assess perceptions and apprehensions regarding EPA implementation. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze differences in responses between junior residents (PGY 1-3) and senior residents (PGY 4-5), and by gender of respondent, α = 0.05. RESULTS Forty-one (64%) GSR completed surveys. Approximately one-half of respondents had “faint to some” knowledge about EPAs. Fifty-seven percent of GSR were “moderately to highly concerned” about being assessed by attending surgeons with whom they did not have a prior relationship. Additionally, concerns were raised about being assessed by attending surgeons who may have observed their patient interaction only in part. Most GSR expressed “little to no concern” about impact of EPAs to potentially increase workload, the view of their program director as to their clinical competency, or American Board of Surgery plans to use collected data. Forty-two percent GSR in PGY 1 to 3 were “moderately to highly” concerned about impact on progression to the next year of residency, whereas senior GSR had “little to no concern.” Most GSR (57%) expressed “moderate to high” concern about emergency medicine attending physicians evaluating them. Similar themes regarding EMA evaluation were identified in the comments section of the survey. Conclusions EPAs are intended to be a major part of GSR's competency-based assessment and advancement. More work needs to be done to alleviate concerns as to who should provide assessments, as well as in defining how EPAs will be used to assess clinical competency.
Learning through language: towards an educationally informed theory of language learning

Language learning is a complex process, regardless of the age, grade level, or native-speaking proficiency of the learner. The concepts behind language learning in both English-dominant and English...
Reflective Writing in a Principal Preparation Program

Reflective writing has become part of a vastspectrum of professional practices across academia,which includes the hard sciences—notably in thefields of medicine and nursing, as well as in thehumanities, including social work, higher education,teacher education, and educational leadership. In thisarticle, we seek to describe the results of aninvestigation in the preparation of school leaders through reflective writing. Our engagement with self-reflective writing is explicitly designed to help future educational leaders identify and promote the skillsthat help leaders identify inequity in schools. Thepreliminary administrative credential program in thisstudy is rooted in efforts to prepare equity-drivenschool leaders who integrate dispositions, concepts,and actions into their daily practice.
Design is (A)live: An Environment Integrating Ideation and Assessment

Design coursework is iterative and continuously-evolving. Separation of digital tools used in design courses disaffects instructors' and students' iterative process experiences. We present a system that integrates support for design ideation with a learning analytics dashboard. A preliminary study deployed the system in two courses, each with ~15 students and 1 instructor, for three months. We conducted semi-structured interviews to understand user experiences. Findings indicate benefits when systems contextualize creative work with assessment by integrating support for ideation with a learning analytics dashboard. Instructors are better able to track students and their work. Students are supported in reflecting on relationships among deliverables. We derive implications for contextualizing design with feedback to support creativity, learning, and teaching.
The Role of Host PKCα During Intracellular Cryptosporidium Infection

Protein Kinase C-α (PKCα) is a serine/threonine kinase that has recently been associated with increased susceptibility in several enteric infections through regulation of host cell actin cytoskeleton. In the scope of Cryptosporidium infection, changes in PKCα expression and activity have been reported in vitro. Past studies have shown Cryptosporidium requires host cell actin polymerization during infection with the identification of some important mediators, [e.g. c-Src, PI3K, Cdc42, N-WASP, Arp 2/3 complex], however a potential mechanism between PKCα and regulation of actin has not been established. Hence, the aim of this review is to present an overview of the progress made thus far attempting to understand changes in host cell characteristics during Cryptosporidium infection and to propose the role of PKCα during this process. We report on findings in the field using techniques such as immunofluorescent imaging, RNA-seq, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Although the data linking PKCα and Cryptosporidium is limited in the field, the mechanism outlined is promising for PKCα as a potential target for treatment of cryptosporidiosis.
Wave optics simulation of grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging using 4D Mouse Whole Body (MOBY) phantom.

PURPOSE Demonstrate realistic simulation of grating-based x-ray phase-contrast imaging (GB-XPCI) using wave optics and the four-dimensional Mouse Whole Body (MOBY) phantom defined with non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS). METHODS We use a full-wave approach, which uses wave optics for x-ray wave propagation from the source to the detector. This forward imaging model can be directly applied to NURBS-defined numerical phantoms such as MOBY. We assign the material properties (attenuation coefficient and electron density) of each model part using the data for adult human tissues. The Poisson noise is added to the simulated images based on the calculated photon flux at each pixel. RESULTS We simulate the intensity images of the MOBY phantom for eight different grating positions. From the simulated images, we calculate the absorption, differential phase, and normalized visibility contrast images. We also predict how the image quality is affected by different exposure times. CONCLUSIONS GB-XPCI can be simulated with the full-wave approach and a realistic numerical phantom defined with NURBS.
An Exponentially Small μ-TERM in String Theory

We describe a mechanism that produces an exponentially small μ-term on the world-volumes of D5 branes wrapping a deformed and fibered A3 singularity. The small μ arises due to brane instanton effects which can be calculated after a geometric transition at one of the nodes of the singularity.
Predicting Multiple Sclerosis From Gait Dynamics Using an Instrumented Treadmill: A Machine Learning Approach

Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurological condition which widely affects people 50-60 years of age. While clinical presentations of MS are highly heterogeneous, mobility limitations are one of the most frequent symptoms. This study examines a machine learning (ML) framework for identifying MS through spatiotemporal and kinetic gait features. Methods: In this study, gait data during self-paced walking on an instrumented treadmill from 20 persons with MS and 20 age, weight, height, and gender-matched healthy older adults (HOA) were obtained. We explored two strategies to normalize data and minimize dependence on subject demographics; size-normalization (standard body size-based normalization) and regress-normalization (regression-based normalization using scaling factors derived by regressing gait features on multiple subject demographics); and proposed an ML based methodology to classify individual strides of older persons with MS (PwMS) from healthy controls. We generalized both across different walking tasks and subjects. Results: We observed that regress-normalization improved the accuracy of identifying pathological gait using ML when compared to size-normalization . When generalizing from comfortable walking to walking while talking, gradient boosting machine achieved the optimal subject classification accuracy and AUC of 94.3 and 1.0, respectively and for subject generalization, a multilayer perceptron resulted in the best accuracy and AUC of $\mathbf {80\%}$ and 0.86, respectively, both with regression-normalized data. Conclusion: The integration of gait data and ML may provide a viable patient-centric approach to aid clinicians in monitoring MS. Significance: The results of this study have future implications for the way regression normalized gait features may be clinically used to design ML-based disease prediction strategies and monitor disease progression in PwMS.
Vulnerabilities, gaps, and the future of physical and technological security measures

Abstract This chapter addresses the vulnerabilities and associated gaps between the current physical and technological security measures and those required at/in ports and needed to address the evolving threats and to minimize risk.
Role of IL-23 neutralization in psoriasis – insights from a mechanistic PK/PD model and meta-analysis of clinical data

Abstract Blocking of IL-23 has shown a profound effect on patient outcomes in psoriasis. The current IL-23 binding monoclonal antibodies show differences in dosing regimens, pharmacokinetics, affinity for the target, and efficacy outcomes in the clinic. The goal of the current work is to use a mechanistic pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics mathematical model to estimate projected free IL-23 neutralization for the different therapeutic molecules and connect it to clinical efficacy outcomes. The meta-analysis indicates a sigmoid-like relationship and suggests that the best current anti-IL23 antibodies are close to saturating the efficacy that can be achieved by this pathway in psoriasis.
Filling typed holes with live GUIs

Text editing is powerful, but some types of expressions are more naturally represented and manipulated graphically. Examples include expressions that compute colors, music, animations, tabular data, plots, diagrams, and other domain-specific data structures. This paper introduces live literals, or livelits, which allow clients to fill holes of types like these by directly manipulating a user-defined GUI embedded persistently into code. Uniquely, livelits are compositional: a livelit GUI can itself embed spliced expressions, which are typed, lexically scoped, and can in turn embed other livelits. Livelits are also uniquely live: a livelit can provide continuous feedback about the run-time implications of the client’s choices even when splices mention bound variables, because the system continuously gathers closures associated with the hole that the livelit is filling. We integrate livelits into Hazel, a live hole-driven programming environment, and describe case studies that exercise these novel capabilities. We then define a simply typed livelit calculus, which specifies how livelits operate as live graphical macros. The metatheory of macro expansion has been mechanized in Agda.
Alignment constraints

Alignment is among the principal constraint families found in Optimality Theoretic approaches to phonology. Much of the discussion in the recent literature (Eisner 1997; Kager 2001, 2005; McCarthy 2003; Buckley 2009), however, has focused on difficulties arising within the standard Generalized Alignment (McCarthy and Prince 1993a, 1993b) framework. In this article, I propose a definition of alignment constraints that differs from the Generalized Alignment definition in several fundamental respects. The most important, perhaps, is that the proposed approach does not require alignment directly. It encourages alignment indirectly by prohibiting specific configurations of misalignment (Ellison 1995; Zoll 1996; McCarthy 2003). Additional differences include an alternative to gradient evaluation for deriving distance-sensitive violation assessment and the crucial use of both distance-sensitive and distance-insensitive assessment to produce basic directionality effects. The article draws on examples from metrical stress theory, the area in which alignment constraints have been most heavily employed, to demonstrate that the proposed definition produces the same essential directionality effects as the Generalized Alignment definition while avoiding its most significant shortcomings.
Tailoring plasticity mechanisms in compositionally graded hierarchical steels fabricated using additive manufacturing.

While there exists in nature abundant examples of materials with site-specific gradients in microstructures and properties, engineers and designers have traditionally used monolithic materials with discrete properties. Now, however, additive manufacturing (AM) offers the possibility of creating structures that mimic some aspects of nature. One example that has attracted attention in the recent years is the hierarchical structure in bamboo. The hierarchical architecture in bamboo is characterized by spatial gradients in properties and microstructures and is well suited to accommodate and survive complex stress states, severe mechanical forces, and large deformations. While AM has been used routinely to fabricate functionally graded materials, this study distinguishes itself by leveraging AM and physical metallurgy concepts to trigger cascading deformation in a single sample. Specifically, we have been successful in using AM to fabricate steel with unique spatial hierarchies in structure and property to emulate the structure and deformation mechanisms in natural materials. This study shows an improvement in the strength and ductility of the nature-inspired “hierarchical steel” compared with conventional cast stainless steels. In situ characterization proves that this improvement is due to the sequential activation of multiple deformation mechanisms namely twinning, transformation-induced plasticity, and dislocation-based plasticity. While significantly higher strengths can be achieved by refining the chemical and processing technique, this study sets the stage to achieve the paradigm of using AM to fabricate structures which emulate the flexibility in mechanical properties of natural materials and are able to adapt to in-service conditions.
Work Begins Today: Quaker Volunteers in Depression-Era Kentucky, 1933

In the summer of the watershed year of 1933, a group of young Quaker volunteers, members of the Home Service Di vision of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), embarked on a mission in a small mining camp in the eastern coal region of Kentucky. Previous groups of Quakers had worked in the area, but their primary concern had been relief. In 1933, with the federal government's taking over immediate relief efforts, the Quakers felt freer to look for more permanent forms of aid. Their goal was to reconstruct some semblance of community in the devastated coal region, stressing communal cooperation and "Quaker techniques, and perhaps ultimately to organize a colonization project which would return the miners to a more stable farming life. The Friends sent to the community of Hemphill in Letcher County recorded for posterity what they saw, felt, and thought that season in Kentucky. They left a remarkable journal of two hundred pages of daily entries kept over the summer.1 Begin ning the mission with radical concepts but nebulous plans, the Quakers' ideals were challenged by stubborn poverty, a new optimism that the government might serve as the agent of change in the coal fields, and the Quakers' own doubts about how far their mission might be taken. While the Quakers were genuinely concerned and respectful of those whom they hoped to help, a certain, perhaps inevitable, cultural gap was also present, hindering the Quakers' embrace of more radical reforms in favor of smaller gains, such as organizing clubs and teams for the town. In the end, the concessions made by the
Structure, function and evolution of the mitochondrial replicative DNA helicase (570.1)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) helicase is an essential part of the mtDNA replisome. The mtDNA helicase shows high amino acid sequence homology with bacteriophage T7 gene 4 protein (T7gp4), which has both DNA primase and DNA helicase activities in its N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD), respectively. Although the NTD of mtDNA helicase in metazoa does not have detectable primase activity, retention of extensive amino acid sequence homology throughout most eukaryotic lineages suggests other important roles, such as in protein stability and/ or protein-protein interactions. Here, we investigate the structural and biochemical properties of the NTD of Drosophila mtDNA helicase by constructing two N-terminal truncated variants: a full-length NTD (including both the zinc binding domain (ZBD) and the RNA polymerase domain (RPD)), and a ZBD only construct. We show that NTD and ZBD constructs of Drosophila mtDNA helicase contain an iron-sulfur cluster, most likely a 2Fe-2S, as determined by mass spectro...
Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) — a chronic inflammatory disease affecting synovial tissue in multiple joints — is associated with long-term morbidity and early mortality despite considerable advances in understanding its pathogenesis. Although the identity and role of specific inciting agents is uncertain, immune-mediated mechanisms are likely of crucial importance. The evidence to support a role of CD4+T cells in the immune response in RA patients is substantial, albeit circumstantial [1, 2]. The strongest arguments are: (1) the association of disease susceptibility and outcome with HLA-DR4 antigens and in particular with the “shared epitope” (2) the large number of CD4+T cells that infiltrate the rheumatoid synovium and express activation markers such as HLA-DR; and (3) the modest therapeutic efficacy of interventions directed at T cells. It has become increasingly clear, however, that other cells, in particular activated macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play a critical role in clinical signs of inflammation and in destroying articular structures in chronic disease [3–6]. At present, it is unclear whether sustained T cell activation is required to perpetuate such processes. It is conceivable that after a first phase mediated via T cell dependent pathways, macrophage-and fibroblast-dependent processes become increasingly important as autonomous promoters of synovial inflammation and joint destruction (Fig.1).
Rent seeking and rent setting with asymmetric effectiveness of lobbying

This paper provides a more general model of the determination of rent-seeking costs by combining the following features: endogenous rent determination, asymmetric effectiveness of contending agents in their lobbying efforts, and multiple periods. In doing so, the paper generalizes some aspects of the work of Applelbaum and Katz (1987), Rogerson (1982), Leininger (1992) and Kohli (1992). Some results obtained are: (i) in the short run, when the regulator's salary is higher than in an alternative occupation, both the per unit cost of rent-seeking and the total rent set by regulator are highest for the same value of the relative effectiveness parameter; (ii) in the long run, an increase in the effectiveness parameter leads to a reduction in the social costs of rent seeking; (iii) in a repeated game, the equilibrium rent is lower the higher is the regulator's discount factor.
AN EVALUATION OF SELF‐MONITORING TO IMPROVE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE

This study evaluated the effects of self-monitoring by swimmers to improve their performance and assessed the effects of reactivity to observer presence on their performance. Seven public high school swim team members self-monitored their behavior on dry erase boards to increase the number of assigned laps completed at practice. Reactivity to observer presence was assessed as a confederate, recorded the number of laps completed during observer absent conditions. The percentage of assigned laps completed increased during the self-monitoring phases. The self-monitoring and feedback phase further increased the percentage of assigned laps completed and increased the participants' mean level of reporting accuracy. The effects from the reactivity assessment were mixed across participants. Further research is needed to examine reactivity effects in sport settings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Going Global: Re-Framing Service-Learning in an Interconnected World

This essay argues for the importance of re-framing international service-learning as global service-learning. This includes recognizing the entire “ecology of education,” the interconnected web of relationships in which learning can occur at home and abroad. It draws upon the experiences of developing a new program in global studies at Providence College that focuses on civic engagement with global and local communities, along with interviews and a focus group with majors in the program. The essay concludes with a call for using service-learning as a vehicle to educate global citizens not merely as a one-time experience, but rather as part of an integrated curricular process.
A hierarchical multipath approach to QoS routing: performance and cost evaluation

Efforts to provide connection oriented service over the inherently best-effort Internet started almost right after its birth. Today, there exist a multitude of solutions that have been proposed but have never been implemented due to their impracticability. We propose a practical solution for fast, low cost, scalable, and yet accurate QoS routing. We propose to use hierarchical approaches to make the scheme practical and cost-effective. At the same time, we increase network utilization and decrease inaccuracy of stale information by the use of multiple paths. An extensive simulation of the various permutations of schemes over a large set of topologies and traffic conditions validate the proposed schemes and prove conclusively that hierarchical schemes with multiple path capabilities not only result in significantly lower overhead, but also give high levels of QoS performance. This paper presents the architecture of our schemes, the multiple path computation algorithm, and the simulation results validating our claims.
Incidence and Stratification of Adverse Events Associated with Sedation: Is There a Benchmark?

A significant and growing number of children receive sedation for procedures performed outside of the operating room each year. While a large number of studies have reported on adverse events occurring in association with procedural sedation in many of these settings, benchmarks for sedation adverse event rates have not been formally established. The intent of this chapter is to add some clarity to the concept that, unlike adverse outcomes (e.g., death, permanent neurologic injury) that are largely preventable and should not occur, the occurrence of adverse events is unavoidable, and acceptable rates of adverse events should exist. Once acceptable rates of sedation adverse events are established, sedation providers and programs should be able to compare their individual outcomes to these national and international standards. This chapter will examine current sedation practice outside the operating room and associated adverse events. It will focus on important barriers that must be overcome before meaningful adverse event rates may be determined and best practice guidelines established.
Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical implications of erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies in dogs, cats, and horses

Deficiencies of enzymes involved in erythrocyte metabolism can have significant effects on erythrocyte function and survival. Animals with pyruvate kinase (PK) or phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiencies have shortened erythrocyte life spans and regenerative anemia. PK-deficient dogs (but not PK-deficient cats) develop progressive myelofibrosis and osteosclerosis of bone marrow and hemochromatosis and cirrhosis of the liver. PFK-deficient dogs have sporadic episodes of hyperventilation-induced intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. Cytochrome b5 reductase (Cb5R) deficiency in dogs and cats results in persistent methemoglobinemia and cyanotic mucous membranes. Severe deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the rate-controlling enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, resulted in anemia with eccentrocytosis in an American saddlebred colt. Horses with erythrocyte flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) deficiency have both eccentrocytosis (attributable to severe deficiency in glutathione reductase activity) and methemoglobinemia (attributable to Cb5R deficiency); the dual enzyme deficiency occurs because FAD is a required cofactor for both enzymes. Erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies do not usually shorten life expectancy, except for PK-deficient dogs and potentially PFK-deficient dogs during a hemolytic crisis. Although enzyme deficiencies are rare causes of anemia and methemoglobinemia, the ability to diagnose deficient animals allows for the possibility of eliminating these undesirable traits in future breeding. DNA-based assays are available for PK and PFK deficiencies; whereas, biochemical tests of enzyme activity are required for other deficiencies. Continued research is needed to document additional enzyme deficiencies that likely occur and to develop additional DNA-based assays to detect heterozygous animals.
On the dissipation due to wave ringing in nonelliptic elastic materials

Initial-boundary value problems describing the mechanics of nonelliptic elastic materials give rise to solutions that involve phase boundaries, the motion of which can dissipate mechanical energy. We investigate whether this dissipation, acting alone, can drive such a system toward equilibrium. Moving phase boundaries are regarded as a localized dissipative mechanism, and we consider a model which specifically excludes dissipation away from a phase boundary (such as that due to viscoelastic damping). In the problem under consideration, wave packets reverberate between the fixed external boundary and a single internal phase boundary. The phase boundary remains stationary unless it is acted upon by one of these wave packets, and each such interaction dissipates a finite amount of energy while causing the initiating wave packet to split into a reflected wave packet and a transmitted wave packet. Consequently, the number of wave packets increases in a geometric fashion. Each individual interaction of a wave packet with the phase boundary is, in a certain sense, mechanically underdetermined, and we augment the mechanical theory with two alternative energy criteria, each of which determines a different interaction dynamics. These alternative energy criteria are motivated by considerations of maximizing the energy dissipation in the system. We treat a system that is perturbed out of an initial minimum energy equilibrium state by a disturbance at the external boundary. A framework is developed for treating the resulting wave reverberations and calculating the energy dissipation for large time. Numerical computation indicates that the total energy dissipated in both versions of the dynamical problem is that which is necessary to settle into a new energy-minimal equilibrium state. We then establish the same result analytically for a meaningful limit involving a vanishingly small dynamical perturbation.
Occupational silica and solvent exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in urban women.

Objective To assess the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with occupational exposure to silica dust and organic solvents in an urban population. Methods Women with SLE were identified through both community screening and hospital databases in 4 predominantly African American neighborhoods in Boston. Female control patients were volunteers from the same communities and were screened for the absence of connective tissue disease. Demographic factors, smoking history, and a detailed occupational history, including exposures to specific chemicals, were obtained by in-person interviews. The exposure assessment was based on independent evaluation of the occupational history by 2 reviewers who were blinded to each subject's disease status. The risks associated with exposure to silica and solvents were analyzed using multivariate conditional logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. Results Ninety-five patients and 191 age- and race-matched controls were included in this analysis. Exposure to silica for longer than 1 year was associated with SLE (odds ratio [OR] 4.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.7–11.2). An exposure-response effect was seen for longer duration of exposures to silica (P for trend = 0.01). The association between occupational exposure to organic solvents and SLE was not statistically significant (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.34–3.2). Conclusion Silica exposure from a variety of industrial occupations in urban areas is associated with an increased risk of SLE. A longer duration of exposure to silica dust is associated with greater risks. This study provides further impetus for additional research into the influence of modifiable exposures on the pathogenesis of SLE.
The addition of bisulfite to 5-fluorouracil. Evidence for a change in rate determining step

Abstract The kinetics of bisulfite addition to 5-fluorouracil were studied as a function of increasing concentrations of potential general acids. Values of k obsd [ SO 3 = ] measured at 25°C and ionic strength 1.0 M increased linearly and then became invariant with increasing concentrations of either HSO3− or (OHCH2CH2)2N+C(CH2OH)3 HCl (BisTris+HCl). A small kinetic hydrogen-deuterium isotope effect ( k HS k DS = 1.10 ) was observed for the general acid catalysed portion of the addition reaction. The kinetics of bisulfite elimination from 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil-6-sulfonate were studied in ethanolamine buffers. As previously observed with 1,3-dimethyl-5,6-dihydrouracil-6-sulfonate, this reaction is subject to general base catalysis and exhibits a large kinetic hydrogen-deuterium isotope effect ( k 2 H 2 O k 2 D 2 O = 3.8 ). The kinetic results for the addition reaction are consistent with a multistep reaction pathway involving the initial formation of an oxyanion sulfite addition intermediate (II) which subsequently adds a proton and undergoes tautomerization to yield the final 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil-6-sulfonate product. Thus the elimination of bisulfite from 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil-6-sulfonate probably proceeds by an ElcB mechanism which involves, at relatively low concentrations of general base, rate determining general base catalyzed proton abstraction from carbon 5 to yield intermediate II followed by the rapid elimination of sulfite to yield 5-fluorouracil. These results may be related to both the enzymatically catalyzed dehalogenation of bromoand iodouracil and the methylation of deoxyuridylate by thymidylate synthetase.
Constraint, syntax and meaning in paired-associate learning

The phenomenon of sentential facilitation of paired-associate learning was investigated by dividing 224 sixth-grade Ss into 14 groups according to the character of verbal pretraining provided. Subjects were given pretraining that consisted of pre-exposure to verbal strings, each of which contained one of the eight pairs of nouns to be learned. Three properties of these verbal strings were manipulated: Meaningfulness, Syntactic Structure, and Constraint. Pre-exposure to verbal strings facilitated the learning of paired associates only when the strings were characterized by both meaningfulness and syntactic structure. The experiment also produced empirical support for the notion of constraint. A continuum of facilitation was detected, in which verbs produced the greatest facilitation, prepositions a median amount, and conjunctions the least.
The Role of Power and Competition in Contracting Out: An Analysis of Public Transportation Markets

Market forces provide a foundation for the expectations of efficiency in contracting out. However, often the lack of competition in particular industries creates powerful companies that are able to negotiate contracts in their favor, reducing improved performance for government agencies. To study how market power influences performance in service delivery in the transit industry, we examine individual contracts as our unit of analysis. We hypothesize that a vendor’s market power directly influences an individual contract’s operational efficiency. We find that the lack of competition in the execution of contracts is an important determinant of agency performance.
Construction engineering and project management II: agent-based modeling and simulation in construction

Agent-based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS) is a relatively new development that has found extensive use in areas such as social sciences, economics, biology, ecology etc. Can ABMS be effectively used in finding answers to complex construction systems? The focus of this paper is to provide some answers to this question. Initial experimentation is conducted to understand the advantages of using ABMS either in isolation or in combination with traditional simulation methodologies. The paper provides a summary of this experimentation, conclusions and sets the agenda for future research in this area.
Expressive and receptive language in Prader-Willi syndrome: report on genetic subtype differences.

Abstract Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), most recognized for the hallmark hyperphagia and food preoccupations, is caused by the absence of expression of the paternally active genes in the q11-13 region of chromosome 15. Since the recognition of PWS as a genetic disorder, most research has focused primarily on the medical, genetic, and behavioral aspects of the syndrome. Extensive research has not been conducted on the cognitive, speech, and language abilities in PWS. In addition, language differences with regard to genetic mechanism of PWS have not been well investigated. To date, research indicates overall language ability is markedly below chronological age with expressive language more impaired than receptive language in people with PWS. Thus, the aim of the present study was to further characterize expressive and receptive language ability in 35 participants with PWS and compare functioning by genetic subtype using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4 (CELF-IV). Results indicate that core language ability is significantly impaired in PWS and both expressive and receptive abilities are significantly lower than verbal intelligence. In addition, participants with the maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) genetic subtype exhibit discrepant language functioning with higher expressive vs. receptive language abilities. Future research is needed to further examine language functioning in larger genetic subtype participant samples using additional descriptive measures. Further work should also delineate findings with respect to size of the paternal deletion (Type 1 and Type 2 deletions) and explore how overexpression of maternally expressed genes in the 15q11-13 region may relate to verbal ability. Learning outcomes: After reading this article, the reader will be able to: (1) summarize primary characteristics of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), (2) describe differentiating characteristics for the PWS genetic subtypes, (3) recall limited research regarding language functioning in PWS to date, (4) summarize potential genetic variations of language ability in Prader–Willi syndrome, and (5) summarize language ability in PWS with respect to adaptive functioning.
Production of protein nanoparticles by electrospray drying

Abstract The feasibility of producing relatively monodisperse and biologically active insulin particles by electrospray drying is demonstrated. The process entails dissolving dry insulin in an acidic ethanol–water solution. The solution is then electrosprayed and, after solvent evaporation, dry residues can be collected on suitable deposition substrates. Particles were sized visually, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and aerodynamically, using an inertial impactor. When electrosprays of nearly saturated solutions were operated in the stable cone-jet mode, impactor data showed that the particle average aerodynamic diameter ranged from about 88 to 110 nm in diameter and the distributions were quasi-monodisperse with relative standard deviation estimated at approximately 10%. SEM obsevations for the same conditions showed average particle dimensions ranging from 98 to 117 nm, with predominantly doughnut shapes. Smaller particles can be generated by decreasing the insulin concentration and/or by spraying smaller liquid flow rates. Although the maximum production rate for monodisperse insulin nanoparticles from a single cone-jet is low, at about 0.23 mg h-1 overall production can be increased by multiplexing the device with microfabrication techniques. Increasing production rate from a single cone-jet by at least one order of magnitude can be achieved also by increasing the liquid flow rate. The resulting particles have larger sizes, on the order of 600 nm, but particle monodispersity is compromised and particle morphology is drastically modified, probably as a consequence of a different electrospray operating mode. The biological activity of the electrospray-processed insulin samples was confirmed by comparing binding properties on insulin receptors against a control sample.
Malleolar fractures in athletes

Abstract Ankle injuries occur frequently in the athlete. The incidence of ankle fractures has been estimated to be 250,000 per year in the United States; therefore, it is one of the most common fractures treated by the orthopedic surgeon. The usual mechanism of injury is supination-eversion, making up 42% to 72% of ankle fractures. With displaced fractures, anatomic reduction of the joint and rigid internal fixation are crucial for proper healing and returning to sports activities.
Moment‐tensor spectra of the 19 Sept 85 and 21 Sept 85 Michoacan, Mexico, earthquakes

IDA records of the 19 Sept 85 Michoacan earthquake and its large aftershock of 21 Sept 85 have been used to estimate source-mechanism spectra and total-moment spectra MT(ω) in 1-mHz bands over the frequency interval 1-11 mHz. Source mechanisms, obtained by the phase-equalization method of Riedesel and Jordan, show no significant frequency dependence and no significant non-double-couple components. The best average double-couple solution has a strike, dip and rake of 289° ± 4°, 19° ± 15° and 76° ± 5° for the main event, and 293° ± 3°, 24° ± 12° and 73° ± 4° for the aftershock. Total-moment spectra, obtained by the power-spectral method of Silver and Jordan, are parametrized by a total integrated moment MT0 and a characteristic time τc. For the main event, we obtain MT0 = (10.7 ± 2.0) × 1020 N−m and τc = 49 ± 7 s; the corresponding parameters for the aftersnock are MT0 = (2.6 ± 0.6) × 1020 N−m and τc = 30 ± 11 s. Both events are relatively slow; in particular, the aftershock has a larger characteristic time than either the fast-rupturing 29 Nov 78 Oaxaca or the 14 Mar 79 Petalan earthquakes, although the static moments are about the same. Our results support the model of the main shock as a multiple-rupture event with moment release occuring as long as 100 s after the initial break.
Western medicine's attempt to become more scientific: Examples from the United States and Thailand [1]

Abstract Historically, scientism has been a prominent rationale both for the extensive Westernization of other indigenous medical systems, and for a vigorous pursuit of orthodoxy within Western medicine. But the 19th century colonial spread of Western medicine preceded the 20th century achievement of relative scientific orthodoxy within Western medicine, epitomized in the United States by the Flexner reforms in medical education. At the same time, increased technical standards in medical education led to unsolved problems of production and availability of physicians. Also the ideological success of science within academic Western medicine preceded the improvements in medical efficacy which resulted from the application of new science and technology to therapy. Considerations of medical efficacy include amelioration of suffering, as well as effects upon mortality (which are more conclusively demonstrable) and the curing of an individual's disease (which is a more popular expectation). In contemporary Western medicine there remain contradictions between therapeutics and the scientific study of disease. And in the West and elsewhere there remain a variety of medical sub-cultures. Continued or increased emphasis in medicine upon the pursuit of science may be neither universal nor eufunctional.