cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making building codes an effective tool for earthquake hazard mitigation

Abstract Investigators picking through the debris left by the Northridge earthquake in 1994 and Hurricane Andrew in 1992 found building codes had not provided the degree of protection against damage that many expected. We provide evidence that the problems of code enforcement in the United States that were uncovered for these events are not unique. We show the seismic provisions of codes receive low priority for enforcement by many local building departments, even in areas of moderate to high seismic hazard. Drawing lessons from experience in the United States with programs to foster greater energy efficiency in buildings, we discuss how the federal government and states can make building codes a more effective tool for earthquake hazard mitigation. Although the lessons we draw are specific to the United States, the broader implications of this research concern the role of higher-level governments in motivating local governments to address risks posed by natural hazards.
Oxidation Kinetics of Ge+-Ion Implanted Si

Kinetic data are provided for oxidation of Ge+-ion implanted Si over a range of temperature and oxidation ambient. Oxidation rates were enhanced in implanted Si and, over most of the range studied, found to be consistent with a modified reaction at the oxide/Si interface. However, this reaction is shown to be more complex than in virgin Si and could not be represented by a single activation energy. An anomalous behavior is exhibited at low-temperature for steam oxidation. This behavior is characterized and the mechanisms which are responsible are discussed.
Experiences with the therapy of sixty cases of deep mycotic infections.

Abstract Experiences with the treatment of over 60 cases of deep mycotic infections with seven antifungal agents are reviewed. Favorable results in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis and histoplasmosis with a new antibiotic, amphotericin B, are reported.
Transcriptional Control of COX-2 via C/EBPβ

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a highly inducible enzyme exerting diverse actions on cell functions, including proliferation, migration, and DNA damage. Enhanced COX-2 expression may be protective, but excessive expression may be harmful, causing inflammation, atheromatous plaque instability, and intimal hyperplasia. COX-2 transcriptional activation by proinflammatory mediators has been extensively characterized. In this review, the role of C/EBP in regulating COX-2 transcription is highlighted. Recent advances in control of COX-2 transcription by aspirin and salicylate and by a cell cycle-dependent endogenous mechanism are described. The recent progress sheds light on the pathophysiological mechanisms of COX-2 and new transcription-based strategy for controlling COX-2 overexpression and COX-2-mediated cardiovascular diseases.
An Exploration of the Relationship Between Case Study Methodology and Learning Style Preference

The purpose of this study was to look at the use of the case method approach in relation to the preferred learning style of students in an elementary science methods course. Ninety-seven students enrolled in an elementary and elementary/middle level science methods course at Midwest university participated in this study. Participants completed a Barsch Learning Styles Inventory to determine learning style preference. At the end of the semester, students were asked to rate the eight identified teaching methods utilized throughout the semester as to their effectiveness. This research shows that pre-service teachers found the use of case studies as potentially useful in helping them learn and process course content no matter what learning style preference the pre-service teacher has.
United States of Adolescence? Reconsidering US Youth Culture Studies

This article offers an analytic review of US youth culture studies, which is defined as research that recognizes the agency of youth - their meaning-making, cultural productions, and social engagements - in relationship to cultural and political contexts. The article focuses on four selected areas of research that are influential in US youth culture studies: developmental research, the ‘youth crisis’ literature, educational research, and subcultural and cultural studies. The discussion of each of the four areas is focused on one or two major theorists and a particularly illuminating question or problem that speaks to the larger question of how theory, methodology, and national context are intertwined. In conclusion, we attempt to develop a framework of ‘youthscapes’ to provide an analytic and methodological link between youth culture and nationalizing or globalizing processes, using our own research as examples. We envision a youthscape as a way of thinking about youth culture studies that revitalizes dis...
Adaptive significance of avian beak morphology for ectoparasite control

The beaks of Darwin's finches and other birds are among the best known examples of adaptive evolution. Beak morphology is usually interpreted in relation to its critical role in feeding. However, t...
Essential fatty acids and immune response

The implication that essential fatty acids (EFA) can affect immune response was based on the observation that EFA deficiency can accentuate or improve symptoms of certain autoimmune diseases in animals, and that supplementation of linoleic acid to animals reversed such effects. Furthermore, treatment of animals with cyclooxygenase inhibitors abrogated the effect of linoleic acid. Administration of cyclooxygenase inhibitors to animals enhanced both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. In vitro studies have shown that prostaglandin E (PGE) group inhibits both T and B lymphocyte functions; it is suggested that effects of EFA on immune response are, in part, mediated through eicosanoids. Growing evidence now suggests that the PGE group of prostaglandins can serve as a negative feedback modulator of immune response. However, in vitro effects of other cyclooxygenase-derived products, such as PGI2 and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) have not been well established, perhaps because of their instability in aqueous media. Unlike the PGE group, some of lipoxygenase-derived products of arachidonic acid have shown immunostimulatory effects, as assessed by lymphokine production in vitro. Whether such effects can be seen in vivo remains to be determined. Some lipoxygenase-derived products with strong chemotactic action may indirectly influence immune response by modulating the population of antigen-presenting macrophages in tissues. Thus, the net effect of eicosanoids synthesized in macrophages on modulating immune response may depend on relative amounts of cyclooxygenase-derived products as compared with lipoxygenase-derived products. Macrophages are the major source of eicosanoids among immunocompetent cells. The profile of eicosanoids, produced in vitro by macrophages, varies with type of stimuli and anatomical sites. It can also be affected by the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids, which in turn can be modified by the composition of dietary EFA. Whether manipulating dietary EFA can modulate immune response in normal humans and animals needs to be determined.
Memory system optimization of embedded software

The memory system often determines a great deal about the behavior of an embedded system: performance, power, and manufacturing cost. A great many software techniques have been developed over the past decade to optimize software to improve these characteristics. Embedded software design and compilation can take advantage of two important facts: the hardware target is known; and we can spend more time and computational effort to optimize the software. This paper surveys techniques for optimizing memory behavior of embedded software and points to some future trends in the field.
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) studies of argon ion induced desorption of carbon from tantalum

Abstract AES studies of argon ion induced desorption of carbon from tantalum were performed. The carbon adlayer was allowed to adsorb from a well characterized residual gas atmosphere, that was unvarying within 20%. The argon ions impact on the surface at an angle of 60° from the surface normal with energies between 0.2 to 1.0 keV. The total desorption cross section values measured under these conditions are 0.07 -1.1 × 10 -15 cm 2 .
Detection of free fractional electric and magnetic charge

Abstract Theoretically free fractional electric charge is not allowed while magnetic charge would be welcome. Experimentally neither has been demonstrated to exist. Here the outstanding evidence is reviewed and some current experimental directions are indicated.
Disposition of [14C]N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice.

N,N-Dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) is used as a polymerization accelerator, in industrial glues, and as an intermediate in dye and pesticide synthesis. There is potential for human exposure to DMPT. The disposition of oral and intravenous (iv) doses of [14C]DMPT in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice was investigated. A single iv (2.5 mg/kg) or oral (2.5, 25, or 250 mg/kg) dose of [14C]DMPT (1–25 μCi) was administered in an aqueous vehicle to male rats and mice. The 25-mg/kg oral dose was administered to females to investigate possible gender differences in disposition. However, no striking gender differences were observed. Since toxicity studies conducted elsewhere used a corn oil vehicle, the 250-mg/kg oral dose also was administered in corn oil to male rats; disposition was not dependent on vehicle. Excreta (through 24 h) and tissues collected at sacrifice were analyzed for total radioactivity. Dose-dependent differences in toxicity and disposition were observed. Toxicity at the 250-mg/kg oral dose to male mice was...
Are Kidneys Not Ischemic in Human Renal Vascular Disease

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (≥60% lumen occlusion) is a relatively common cause of nephropathy and secondary hypertension, and its frequency increases with age and the presence of cardiovascular disease.1 Renal vascular disease is present in 0.5% to 7.0% of patients over age 65 years, 5.5% of patients with chronic kidney disease, 22.0% of those starting dialysis, 28.0% of those with peripheral vascular disease, 34.0% of elderly patients with congestive heart failure, and up to 50.0% of patients with diffuse atherosclerotic vascular disease.1,2 Clinically, renal vascular disease presents a series of complex challenges, including limited sensitivity of imaging methods for detection, lack of tests that would conclusively establish the functional significance of the stenotic lesion, absence of reliable predictors of the response to revascularization, and uncertainty regarding the optimal method of treatment (medical, angioplasty/stenting, or surgical revascularization). After discovery, progression of renal vascular disease occurs in ≈50%, and 10% of stenotic vessels become occluded within 5 years.1 Progression is characterized initially by renal cortical thinning and loss of renal mass with preservation of glomerular filtration rate and later by further loss of renal mass accompanied by reduced glomerular filtration rate. Traditional pathophysiological concepts of renal vascular disease …
Assessment Can Be Friendly

In these days of high-stakes testing and emphasis on accountability, it's easy to lose track of the value of “low-stakes tests”—those many different approaches and techniques teachers can use to assess students' reading and writing in order to determine what is working for each child. The authors of this column review several books, including IRA's Reading Assessment (www.reading.orgpublicationsbbvbooksbk572index.html), that provide teachers with ideas and support for using a variety of assessments in the classroom.
Dynamically adaptable software with metacomputations in a staged language

Profile-driven compiler optimizations take advantage of information gathered at runtime to re-compile programs into more efficient code. Such optimizations appear to be more easily incorporated within a semantics-directed compiler structure than within traditional compiler structure. We present a case study in which a metacomputation-based reference compiler for a small imperative language converts easily into a compiler which performs a particular profile-driven optimization: local register allocation. Our reference compiler is implemented in the staged, functional language MetaML and takes full advantage of the synergy between metacomputation-style language definitions and the staging constructs of MetaML. We believe that the approach to implementing profile-driven optimizations presented here suggests a useful, formal model for dynamically adaptable software.
The Influence of Level of Processing on Advertising Repetition Effects

This research examines whether or not repetition of features of a stimulus are subject to wear-out effects that have until now only been tested for the stimulus as a whole. When consumers process features in either a shallower or deeper manner, the level of processing performed dictates the effect of repeated feature exposure on their judgments. When repeated exposures to features are processed in a shallower fashion, there is an enhancement in evaluations with no subsequent downturn, whereas repeated exposure to features that are processed more deeply results in evaluations that exhibit the classic inverted U-shaped pattern.
Cultural Discontinuities and Schooling

Anthropologists have long hypothesized that major differences in the school experiences of various populations lie in the discontinuities between their cultural backgrounds and the culture of the schools. Research has, therefore, generally focused on differences in cultural values, cognitive, motivational, communicative, and interactional domains that are presumed to affect school experience. This paper attempts to refine the cultural discontinuity hypothesis by distinguishing between three types of discontinuities: universal, primary, and secondary discontinuities. It is suggested that each is more or less associated with a distinct type of school “problems” and that some problems of racial or castelike minority students in societies like the United States arise principally from secondary cultural discontinuities. ANTHROPOLOGY, BLACK AMERICANS, CULTURAL DISCONTINUITIES, CULTURAL PLURALISM, MINORITY EDUCATION.
Effects of iproniazid and tranylcypromine on the half-life of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in rat brain and liver

Abstract The time course of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) levels in brain and liver of adult male Holtzman rats was determined with and without pretreatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitors iproniazid (32 mg/kg) and tranylcypromine (10 mg/kg) given i.p. DMT was given in doses of 1.0, 3.2 and 10.0 mg/kg i.p. DMT was assayed spectrophotofluorometrically and in some instances by a radioisotopic method. The results show that the half-life of DMT varied with different doses in the brain but not in the liver. Pretreatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitors prolonged the total period during which DMT was found. A linear relationship exists between the mean time required to reach minimal DMT concentrations and the mean duration of suppression of FR4 barpressing behavior in rats trained for a milk reward. The results suggest a direct involvement of DMT in inducing behavioral toxicity.
Distinct roles for the essential MYST family HAT Esa1p in transcriptional silencing

Among acetyltransferases, the MYST family enzyme Esa1p is distinguished for its essential function and contribution to transcriptional activation and DNA double-stranded break repair. Here we repor...
Beam Matching, Steering, and Design Using a CDC-924, an Oscilloscope, and Programs Developed at Argonne National Laboratory

Computer programs have been developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) to match given input beam phase-space conditions to desired output conditions in a system with up to six quadrupoles. An oscilloscope will produce beam envelopes, trace rays, or produce phasespace diagrams at given locations in a much larger simulated beam system. Provisions are available for treating off-axis and off-momentum beams. Elements include slits, drift space, quadrupoles, and bending magnets. The phasespace configuration accepted by a system with displaced elements, off-momentum beams, asymmetrically placed slits, and element apertures can be displayed on the oscilloscope. These features have been used to design experimental beams, tune the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS) external proton beam, and steer the ZGS external proton beam. Excellent agreement has been found between the program predictions and actual beam parameters. Measurements of beam spot sizes at one or more locations have been used to compute beam phase-space conditions which are subsequently used in the other programs. The programs used have been entitled WIEMNY, MATCH, and QUISP.
Automatic Generation of Simulation Monitors from Quantitative Constraint Formula

System design methodology is poised to become the next big enabler for highly sophisticated electronic products. Design verification continues to be a major challenge and simulation will remain an important tool for making sure that implementations perform as they should. In this paper we present algorithms to automatically generate C++ checkers from any formula written in the formal quantitative constraint language, Logic Of Constraints (LOC). The executable can then be used to analyze the simulation traces for constraint violation and output debugging information. Different checkers can be generated for fast analysis under different memory limitations. LOC is particularly suitable for specification of system level quantitative constraints where relative coordination of instances of events, not lower level interaction, is of paramount concern. We illustrate the usefulness and efficiency of our automatic trace analysis methodology with case studies on large simulation traces from various system level designs.
Emerging Markets Carry Trades and Financial Crises

Abstract This chapter identifies three crisis warning indicators driven from trading in emerging markets’ carry trades, and empirically examines whether these indicators could predict two major financial crises that hit the global financial markets in the last decades — The 1997–1998 Asian crisis and the 2007–2008 global crisis. The probit regression is used to examine the power of the three indicators in forecasting financial crises, using data from eight Asian emerging countries which serve as proxies for emerging markets, independent of the origination of the crisis. I use both fixed effect and random effect estimation to measure crisis impacts. The empirical results show that financial crises could have been predicted. Probit estimation show that carry trade returns can predict a financial crisis, and the estimation results are robust to both panel level and country-level analysis. These three indicators are by no means an exhaustive list of all possible predictors of financial crisis. The literature suggests other fundamental indicators of financial crises such as the current account deficit and foreign debt. However, this chapter cannot fully consider these indicators for lack of data at this point in time. Although financial crisis may be better predicted by the well-known fundamental indicators, the contribution of this chapter is simply that carry trade-related indicators can help in predicting crises.
Hypothesis tests for hydrologic alteration

Summary Hydrologic systems can be altered by anthropogenic and climatic influences. While there are a number of statistical frameworks for describing and evaluating the extent of hydrologic alteration, here we present a new framework for assessing whether statistically significant hydrologic alteration has occurred, or whether the shift in the hydrologic regime is consistent with the natural variability of the system. Four hypothesis tests based on shifts of flow duration curves (FDCs) are developed and tested using three different experimental designs based on different strategies for resampling of annual FDCs. The four hypothesis tests examined are the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS), Kuiper (K), confidence interval (CI), and ecosurplus and ecodeficit (Eco). Here 117 streamflow sites that have potentially undergone hydrologic alteration due to reservoir construction are examined. 20 years of pre-reservoir record is used to develop the critical value of the test statistic for type I errors of 5% and 10%, while 10 years of post-alteration record is used to examine the power of each test. The best experimental design, based on calculating the mean annual FDC from an exhaustive jackknife resampling regime, provided a larger number of unique values of each test statistic and properly reproduced type I errors. Of the four tests, the CI test consistently had the highest power, while the K test had the second highest power; KS and Eco always had the lowest power. The power of the CI test appeared related to the storage ratio of the reservoir, a rough measure of the hydrologic alteration of the system.
Why People with FASD Fall for Manipulative Ploys: Ethical Limits of Interrogators’ Use of Lies

People with FASD are easily manipulated by others, and such social vulnerability is a major reason why they are so likely to get into serious legal and other forms of difficulty. Police interrogations are also manipulative, in that a detective is attempting to use various ploys—including deceptive statements–to persuade someone to do something he is initially reluctant to do, namely admit to having committed a criminal act. In this paper, the authors use an audiotape of an actual interrogation of a young man with FASD who initially strongly denied guilt, to better understand the way interrogative manipulations (including lies) were used to break his will and get him to confess to a crime which he may or may not have committed.
Compressible sub-Alfvénic MHD turbulence in low-beta plasmas.

We present a model for compressible sub-Alfvenic isothermal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in low- beta plasmas and numerically test it. We separate MHD fluctuations into three distinct families: Alfven, slow, and fast modes. We find that production of slow and fast modes by Alfvenic turbulence is suppressed. As a result, Alfven modes in compressible regime exhibit scalings and anisotropy similar to those in incompressible regime. Slow modes passively mimic Alfven modes. However, fast modes show isotropy and a scaling similar to acoustic turbulence.
Federal Income Tax Treatment of Divisions of Property

This article addresses the application of federal income tax principles to divisions of property between co-owners, such as joint tenants or fractional share beneficiaries of a decedent’s estate. The article demonstrates that, although the general rule is that such a division is not a taxable event, there are numerous exceptions. The article develops specific rules for dealing with each type of co-ownership and recommends legislation that could improve the clarity and application of those rules.
Stability and Change: Intolerance of Communists

1. April K. Clark[1][1] 2. Michael Clark[2][2] 3. Marie A. Eisenstein[3][3] 1. 1Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN, USA 2. 2Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA 3. 3Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, USA 1. April K. Clark, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Department of History, Political Science, and Economics, Purdue University Calumet, 2200 169th Street, CLO #292, Hammond, IN 46323, USA. Email: april.clark{at}purduecal.edu Ever since Stouffer began to measure political tolerance a half century ago, multiple studies have shown that a number of social, psychological, and political characteristics play a significant role in influencing whether individuals want to extend civil liberties to fringe groups. However, less is known about the stability of tolerance attitudes over an individual’s lifetime. To address this problem, our research draws on a national U.S. multiple-generation, four-wave panel study stretching from 1965 to 1997. The intuitive appeal of the approach used in this study is to advance theoretical accounts for variations in political intolerance irrespective of generational placement, life cycle, and differences in the political context. Specifically, the panel design encourages an effort to examine the relative impact of the social, political, and psychological predictors on intolerance over time and across the same individuals, and to assess the consequences of how changes in these determinants affect some of our most fundamental hypotheses about the origins of these attitudes. [1]: #aff-1 [2]: #aff-2 [3]: #aff-3
Validating endpoints for therapeutic trials in fecal incontinence.

Background A 50% or greater reduction in the frequency of fecal incontinence (FI) recorded with daily bowel diaries is the primary endpoint in clinical trials of FI. Whether this difference is clinically important is unknown. The relationship between FI symptoms recorded with daily and weekly instruments is unknown. The contribution of psychological factors to quality of life (QOL) in FI is unclear. Methods Fecal incontinence severity was assessed with daily bowel diaries and periodic questionnaires (fecal incontinence severity score [FISS], FIQOL, 36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36], and hospital anxiety and depression scales) for 4 weeks before and during double-blind randomization to placebo or clonidine in 44 women with FI. The reduction in FI frequency was compared to the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) computed from the FISS. Endpoints of FI were compared between daily and weekly diaries. Key Results The FISS exceeded the MCID in 75% and 83% of patients in whom the FI frequency declined by 50–74% and ≥75% respectively. Parameters of FI measured with daily and weekly instruments were significantly correlated. The daily parameters explained 71% of the inter-patient variation in the FISS. The SF-36 health scores, rather than the FISS rating, explained a majority of the inter-subject variation in FIQOL. Conclusions & Inferences Most patients who report a ≥50% reduction in FI frequency experience a clinically important improvement. Weekly questionnaires accurately assess the severity of FI. Self-reported physical and mental health explained a greater proportion of the variance in FIQOL than FI symptom severity.
Sterility of Adult Indian Meal Moths and Their Progeny Reared from Gamma Irradiated Eggs

Eggs of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) were irradiated at different ages to determine the production and inheritance pattern of genetic damage and to assess the possible use of P1 or F1 adults for release in a sterile-insect release for population control. P1 fertility and the numbers of F1 adults were greatly decreased by 4-krad but not by 1- or 2-krad exposures to gamma irradiation. However, 2 krad was the highest dose that allowed an adequate percentage of the irradiated eggs (22.6%) to complete development to the adult. All combinations of age and dose that produced progeny (F1) were tested, and F1 progeny were almost fully fertile and produced normal numbers of F2 progeny. Irradiation of eggs for mass production of either sterile or partially sterile adults was found not to be feasible.
Radiation therapy in the treatment of minor salivary gland tumors.

Purpose Minor salivary gland cancers are rare and account for roughly 2% to 3% of all head and neck tumors. This is a retrospective review in a modern cohort of patients treated for this rare cancer with surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy. Materials and methods Between February 1990 and December 2010, 98 patients with cancer of the minor salivary glands were identified and treated at a single institution. The median radiation dose was 63 Gy. Outcomes assessed included local control (LC), locoregional control (LRC), and overall survival (OS). Toxicity was graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0. Competing-risk analysis using the Gray test was performed, with death as the competing risk. OS was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results With a median follow-up of 7.3 years, the 5- and 10-year LC and LRC rates were 87.9% and 83%, and 80.5% and 73.7%, respectively. Higher T stage and adenocarcinoma histology were the significant negative prognostic factors for both LC and LRC. Freedom from distant metastasis at 5 and 10 years were 83% and 63%, respectively. The median OS was 19.6 years. Overall, no grade 4 or 5 toxicities occurred, and 20% of the cohort experienced an acute grade 3 toxicity, and 6% with a grade 3 late toxicity. Conclusions In a modern cohort treated with surgery and radiotherapy, excellent outcomes can be achieved with lower toxicity rates compared with older published series.
Ground-State Electronic Structure in Charge-Transfer Complexes Based on Carbazole and Diarylamine Donors

The geometries, binding energies, and amounts of charge transferred in the ground state for a series of donor/acceptor organic π–π complexes have been characterized at the density functional theory level. We find that these compounds exhibit important changes in geometry upon complexation that is accompanied by a large binding energy. The amount of charge transferred from the donor to the acceptor depends highly on the substitution of the donor and can be roughly described by the electron donating or withdrawing ability of the substituent. Interestingly, there is a significant difference in the behavior of carbazoles and diarylamines upon substitution.
Antibiotic prescription for acute rhinosinusitis: Emergency departments versus primary care providers.

Objectives/Hypothesis We have previously identified patient characteristics associated with emergency department (ED) rather than primary-care provider (PCP) presentation for uncomplicated acute rhinosinusitis (ARS). Here we investigate potential disparities in prescription of antibiotics for patients presenting to a PCP versus ED for uncomplicated ARS. Study Design Cross-sectional study of the 2005 to 2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys. Methods A total of 37,975,715 patient presentations for uncomplicated ARS to PCPs and EDs. The primary outcome measure was prescription of an oral antibiotic, which was tested for association with clinical setting (PCP vs. ED) and clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic patient characteristics. Results Among adult ARS presentations, 57.0% received an antibiotic prescription from a PCP versus 59.1% in the ED. Pediatric patients also were commonly prescribed antibiotics by PCPs (52.9%) and EDs (51.4%). Compared to PCPs, EDs were not associated with antibiotic prescription for adults (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79–1.50, P = 0.613) or children (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.51–1.72, P = 0.840). Among PCP visits, antibiotic prescription was more likely in the Northeast United States (OR = 2.90, 95% CI: .31–6.38, P = 0.009). No other demographic, clinical, or socioeconomic patient characteristics, including insurance status, were associated with antibiotic prescription by PCPs or EDs. Conclusion More than half of ARS patients presenting to PCPs and EDs are prescribed antibiotics. There was no differential antibiotic prescription for ED versus PCP presentation. ARS patients in the Northeast were more likely to receive antibiotics from PCPs, whereas no such variation was seen for EDs. Interventions targeting PCPs, especially in the Northeast, may reduce excessive antibiotic utilization. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 126:2439–2444, 2016
Effects of Supplementing Holstein Heifers with Dietary Melatonin during Late Gestation on Growth and Cardiovascular Measurements of their Offspring.

The objective was to examine the effects of supplementing dams with dietary melatonin during late gestation on offspring growth and cardiovascular measurements. On day 190 of gestation, heifers (n = 20) were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments consisting of 20 mg of dietary melatonin per day [melatonin (MEL)] or no melatonin supplementation [control (CON)]. Dietary treatments were terminated on day 262 of gestation. At birth, calves were separated from their dams with no further treatments. Calf (n = 18) blood pressure, cortisol, nitrites and total antioxidant capacity were collected on weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 of age. Calf hepatic portal blood flow and concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 were determined on weeks 0 and 4 of age. Calf body weight, abdominal girth, hip height and wither height increased (p 0.05) between treatments. A main effect of calf age (p < 0.05) was observed for concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1, which was decreased at week 4 compared to week 0. An age by treatment interaction (p < 0.05) was observed for cortisol, which was decreased at week 2 in calves from MEL-treated dams compared to calves from CON-treated dams. Early post-natal growth was altered in offspring born to dams supplemented with dietary melatonin. This could lead to further foetal programming implications in conjunction with post-natal development.
Research on UCAV's Attacking Manner Against Ground Moving Targets

A maneuvering attack manner integrating surveillance and attack together was proposed for UCAV to attack moving surface target in uncertain area.Firstly,the velocity of target was educed from the secondary calibration to correct the collimation error,and the incorporated wind speed was introduced to simplify the model of fire control.Then,considering the constraints in both the target surveillance and target attacking,the possible path for surveillance and attack was given by taking full advantage of maneuvering capability of UCAV.Lastly,the automatic releasing criterion was obtained by comparing the no-control trajectory with the releasing region of the LGB at its collimation point.In addition,the way how to make another chance to start attack when the condition was not satisfied was indicated.The results of simulation prove the feasibility and rationality of this attack method,which could satisfy the actual battle demand.
Strength Analysis of Draw Hook Pin of Certain Automobile on Several Conditions

Targeting on the after-sale's feedback of the interference of the sling of trailer of the cross beam and the front safe,the article puts forward a plan to add a pin at the end of the draw hook.The test uses the finite module in front of the beam established by Hypermesh to simulate five different conditions of the real drive.And it uses Nastran to analyze the power reaction at the hook pin then compares with the original power.
Bilateral Vasal-Ureteral Communications

AbstractA patient with the rare occurrence of bilateral vasal-ureteral communications is reported.
The epidemiology of hepatitis B vaccination catch-up among AAPI children in the United States.

PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to report on progress in addressing a major health disparity. During the 1970s hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection rates in U.S. Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) children were 20-30 times higher than among white children. These rates remained 17 times greater among AAPI children into the 1990s. Now, although almost 90% of AAPI children born after 1993 receive hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) in time to prevent HBV infection, many born before 1993 do not. Among this group, household HBV transmission remains relatively high--0.5%-1% annually. METHODS In the mid-1980s household HBV transmission was studied among AAPI communities and by 1999 HepB coverage surveys, demonstration projects, and interventions in schools, communities, and provider offices were conducted followed by ethnic-specific controlled trials and cost-benefit research. The goal was established to reach 90% coverage by 2004. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Since 1995, catch-up efforts raised HepB coverage among AAPI children born 1983-1993 from 10% to 60%. Now, AAPI children targeted for catch-up are 9-19 years of age. Currently, most students entering middle school have not received their HepB series, but recently enacted middle school entry requirements in 26 states and Washington D.C. ensure at least 60% of AAPI students receive HepB by 12 years of age. High school students are less likely to have received HepB--no high school entry regulations are present to ensure vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Much progress has been made toward eliminating this health disparity. More progress can be made if more health departments in the largest cities conduct high school HepB interventions, starting in schools with the highest numbers of AAPI. In addition, physicians and nurses can remove existing barriers to vaccination services and implement effective tracking/reminder/recall procedures to ensure the AAPI teenagers in their practice receive HepB.
Peak to peak in Paleoindian time : Occupation of southwest Colorado

One-hundred and sixty-six Paleoindian projectile points from surface contexts in southwest Colorado are documented, analyzed, and evaluated in terms of existing models of Paleoindian adaptation to the Rocky Mountain environment. The southwestern Colorado projectile points-morphologically and in terms of raw material use-appear to share much in common with mountain traditions defined for other Rocky Mountain regions, and there is some basis for pursuing the notion that the roots of this mountain tradition may lie to the west, in the Great Basin.
Productivity Indexes, Production Functions, Cost Functions and Technical Change

Conceptually, there is little difference between production function studies and productivity studies. Both specify implicitly or explicitly the structure of the production system to be studied. Solow (1957) has shown that productivity analysis, in a production theory context, could be viewed as a decomposition of the production process to movements along the production function (expansion of output due to input augmentation) and shifts of the production function (technical change). Viewed from this angle, and assuming a single-output production system, the production function can be written as: $$ Y = f\left( {{X_1},\,{X_2}, \ldots, \,{X_i}, \ldots, \,{X_n},t} \right) $$ (2.1) where Y is output, X i is the i-th input and t is a technology variable that represents the shift in the production function over time or technical change. Assuming that technical change is Hicks-neutral (i.e., technological innovations do not affect the technically optimal ratio among the inputs), differentiating Y totally with respect to time, we obtain: $$ \frac{{dY}}{{dt}} = \sum\limits_{{i = 1}}^n {\frac{{\partial Y}}{{\partial {X_i}}}\frac{{\partial {X_i}}}{{\partial t}}} + \frac{{\partial Y}}{{\partial t}} $$ (2.2) denoting ẏ = (dY/dt), ẋ i = (dX i /dt) we get: $$ \mathop{Y}\limits^{ \cdot } = \sum\limits_{{i = 1}}^n {\frac{{\partial Y}}{{\partial {X_i}}}\mathop{{{X_i}}}\limits^{ \cdot } } + \frac{{\partial Y}}{{\partial t}} $$ (2.3) Rearranging to solve for the elasticity of technical change with respect to output, A˙, and multiplying and dividing the first term on the left hand expression in (2.3) by X i we get: $$ \mathop{A}\limits^{ \cdot } = \frac{{\partial \mathop{Y}\limits^{ \cdot } }}{{\partial t}}\frac{1}{Y} = \frac{{\mathop{Y}\limits^{ \cdot } }}{Y} - \sum\limits_{{i = 1}}^n {\frac{{\partial Y}}{{\partial {X_i}}}} \frac{{{X_i}}}{Y}\frac{{\mathop{{{X_i}}}\limits^{ \cdot } }}{{{X_i}}} $$ (2.4) where A can be interpreted as the percentage change in output induced by a small percentage change in technology.
Differences Between Black Normotensives and Black Hypertensives on Selected Parameters: A Preliminary Study

It is estimated that 15% to 20% of all adults, or about 35 million Americans, have definite hypertension or high blood pressure, 50% of them undiagnosed, with only 10% receiving adequate treatment. Another 25 million persons are estimated to have borderline hypertension (National High Blood Pressure Education Program, 1979). However, while prevalence of hypertension increases with advancing age in every age group, especially after adolescence (Schacter et al., 1976; Kotchen et al., 1974), the incidence is highest among blacks (Stamler et al., 1976; Syme et al., 1974). Freeman et al. (1983) and others have found that the disproportionate prevalence of hypertension in the black American population has been one of the most consistent results of epidemiologic blood pressure surveys. Epidemiologic surveys have established that high blood pressure is a major risk factor for both coronary heart disease (Kannel et al., 1976; Paul, 1971) and cerebrovascular disease (Ostfeld, 1980). It
The Influence of Multiple Ownership Interests and Decision-Making Networks on the Management of Family Forest Lands: Evidence from the United States

A national assessment of how the number of parcel owners influence family forest land management and use decisions in the US was conducted using a subset of the US Forest Service’s National Woodland Owner Survey Dataset. Seventy-two percent of single parcel family forest land ownership respondents of at least 4.05 ha had multiple owners. The extent to which past land management practices and future intentions for the land are influenced by the number of owners of an individual parcel was evaluated. We also examined how landowner decision-making networks are related to past practices and future intentions. Contrary to previous findings, our research suggests that having more than one owner does not necessarily reduce the likelihood that a variety of different forest management activities, including commercial timber harvesting or wildlife habitat improvement, will occur. Moreover, we found that one-owner forested parcels are less likely to have experienced activities like harvesting, invasive plant removal, fire hazard reduction, wildlife habitat improvement, and cost-share program participation than parcels with two or more than two owners. We also found that family member involvement in landowner decision-making has a minimal effect on past and planned land management actions, while the involvement of a forester or land manager in decision-making increases the likelihood many land management actions have been or will be undertaken.
An accurate compact model for gallium nitride gate injection transistor for next generation of power electronics design

A physics-based analytical and compact device model for an enhancement-mode gallium nitride gate injection transistor is presented in this work. The model is implemented in Saber® using MAST hardware description language (HDL). The physics-based model allows the user to extract the model parameters from the dc I-V and C-V characteristics that are readily available in the device datasheets. The classical drift-diffusion model of carrier transport is used to describe the lateral channel current resulting from a very large concentration of carriers at the AlGaN/GaN hetero-junction. The dynamic validation of the model has been demonstrated against the measured characteristics of a 600 V commercial Panasonic GaN transistor using a double-pulse test circuit. The simulated vs. measured device characteristics show satisfactory agreement and validate the model for future power electronics applications and design.
Abstract 16024: Effect of Tadalafil on Exercise Parameters in Young Fontan Patients

Aim: Sildenafil improves ventilatory efficiency during exercise in Fontan patients, but requires three times a day dosing. We sought to assess the effects of a long-acting phosphodiesterase-5 inhib...
METABOLIC ASTHMA: IS THERE A LINK BETWEEN OBESITY, DIABETES AND ASTHMA?

Childhood asthma and obesity have reached epidemic proportions worldwide, and the latter is also contributing to increasing rates of related metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. However, the relationship between asthma, obesity, and abnormal metabolism is not well understood nor has it been adequately explored in children. This article discusses the concept of metabolic asthma and the recent hypothesis that early derangement in lipid and glucose metabolism is independently associated with increased risk for asthma.
Subsyndromal Symptomatic Depression

There is very strong evidence in the literature indicating that the presence of subthreshold depressive symptoms is not a benign clinical condition. At least 5 separate investigational groups, including our own, have confirmed that the presence of depressive symptomology not reaching the diagnostic threshold for a DSM-III-R mood disorder diagnosis is correlated with social dysfunction, work impairment and absenteeism, and the potential risk of future episodes of major depression.
Limitation of splenic growth as studied by heterotopic splenic implants.

Multiple spleens were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue or the peritoneal cavity of inbred rats which had undergone splenectomy. The total weight of regenerated implants was compared to the weight of implanted tissue. The weight of recovered tissue was not a function of implanted spleen mass; rather, it approximated the unit ratio of the animal's own spleen. Those animals receiving more than ten spleens died by days 3–6 postimplantation, probably as a result of massive necrosis that occurred during the process of regeneration. When implants were made in a temporal sequence of two spleens every 3 days, the first set was uniformly successful, whereas regeneration was aborted in subsequent sets of implants. These observations are consistent with the conclusion that certain factors control the total mass of spleen in any one animal.
Medical simulation and training: breakthroughs and barriers

Medical Simulation and Training Technology has made considerable strides in the past ten years in both the maturity of the technology and in its acceptance by an ever expanding user community. The establishment of the Army's Medical Simulation and Training Centers and the creation of simulation centers at major Army Hospitals are further evidence of how this technology has been embraced. The US Army Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC) has been a major catalyst in the growth and acceptance of simulation for medical applications. On April 1-2, 2008 TATRC hosted a meeting of key government medical simulation stakeholders to assess the status of medical simulation policy and plans, identify shortfalls in medical simulation and training capability, list recommendations for future research, and where appropriate -- identify the need for standards. This paper will present a summary of the discussions during the two day meeting and the participants' recommendations on the way ahead for medical simulation and training.
Introduction to the Ratio-Positio Analysis of Platonic Doctrines

The examination of the complete body of the texts themselves led to a selection of certain major areas of study. In the light of the principles discovered in the last chapter, we can now define our study of these areas with some degree of precision. We propose to examine the texts within each area to determine what ratio-positio analyses of doctrines expressly and nominatim attributed to Plato and/or the Platonists Saint Thomas himself presents within each of the selected areas and to obtain as clear an understanding of these analyses, of their import and interrelationship, as the information at our disposal allows. Whatever the results of this study, they will at least be fundamental and immediately grounded in the texts.
A Prototype of In-Band Full-Duplex Free-Space Optical Transceiver

Free-Space-Optical (FSO) communication has become an attractive option over Radio Frequency (RF) communication due to having broader bandwidth, unlicensed band, higher spatial reuse, and enhanced security. In-band full-duplex FSO (IBFD-FSO) transceivers ensure, in some cases enhance, these features enabling future vision of smart communication and Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. Even though IBFDFSO transceivers can double the network capacity theoretically, overall performance and capacity is limited by interference and optical feedback. In this paper, we present a proof-ofconcept prototype of IBFD-FSO transceiver by implementing isolation technique to reduce optical feedback. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the isolation technique and performance through test-bed experiments using off-the-shelf components.