cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical forces in the immune system

Leukocytes can completely reorganize their cytoskeletal architecture within minutes. This structural plasticity, which facilitates their migration and communicative function, also enables them to exert a substantial amount of mechanical force against the extracellular matrix and the surfaces of interacting cells. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that these forces have crucial roles in immune cell activation and subsequent effector responses. Here, I review our current understanding of how mechanical force regulates cell-surface receptor activation, cell migration, intracellular signalling and intercellular communication, highlighting the biological ramifications of these effects in various immune cell types.
Managed Care's Reconstruction of Human Existence: The Triumph of Technical Reason

To achieve its goals of managing andrestricting access to psychiatric care, managedcare organizations rely on an instrument, theoutpatient treatment report, that carriessignificant implications about how they viewpsychiatric patients and psychiatric care. Inaddition to involving ethical transgressionssuch as violation of patient confidentiality,denial of access to care, spurious use ofconcepts like quality of care, and harassmentof practitioners, the managed care approachalso depends on an overly technical,instrumental interpretation of human beings andpsychiatric treatment. It is this grounding ofmanaged care in technical reason that I willexplore in this study. I begin with a reviewof a typical outpatient treatment report andshow how, with its dependence on the DSM-IV,on behavioral symptoms and patient`functioning', on the biomedical model ofpsychiatric illness, and on gross quantitativemeasures, the report results in a crude,skeletonized view of the human being as acongeries of behavioral symptoms and functions. I then develop the managed care construal ofhuman existence further by showing itsgrounding in technical reason, exploring thelatter in its modern embodiment and deriving itand its opposite, practical reason, fromAristotle's distinction between technical andpractical reason, techne and phronesis. Inthis analysis of the role of technical reasonin managed care, I point out that managed caredid not have to develop its rationale de novobut could rather lift its arguments, e.g. thebiomedical model, from contemporary psychiatryand simply apply them in a restrictive manner. Finally, I conclude this study by arguing forpsychiatry's status as a discipline ofpractical knowledge.
Cation engineering on lead iodide perovskites for stable and high-performance photovoltaic applications

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on methylammonium lead iodide (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ) have shown unprecedentedly outstanding performance in the recent years. Nevertheless, due to the weak interaction between polar CH 3 NH 3 + (MA + ) and inorganic PbI 3 − sublattices, CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 dramatically suffers from poor moisture stability, thermal decomposition and device hysteresis. As such, strong electrostatic interactions between cations and anionic frameworks are desired for synergistic improvements of the abovementioned issues. While replacements of I − with Br − and/or Cl − evidently widen optical bandgaps of perovskite materials, compositional modifications can solely be applied on cation components in order to preserve the broad absorption of solar spectrum. Herein, we review the current successful practices in achieving efficient, stable and minimally hysteretic PSCs with lead iodide perovskite systems that employ photoactive cesium lead iodide (CsPbI 3 ), formamidinium lead iodide (HC(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 , or FAPbI 3 ), MA 1− x − y − z FA x Cs y Rb z PbI 3 mixed-cation settings as well as two-dimensional butylammonium (C 4 H 9 NH 3 + , or BA + )/MA + , polymeric ammonium (PEI + )/MA + co-cation layered structures. Fundamental aspects behind the stabilization of perovskite phases α-CsPbI 3 , α-FAPbI 3 , mixed-cation MA 1 − x − y − z FA x Cs y Rb z PbI 3 and crystallographic alignment of (BA) 2 (MA) 3 Pb 4 I 13 for effective light absorption and charge transport will be discussed. This review will contribute to the continuous development of photovoltaic technology based on PSCs.
Energy-preserving variational integrators for forced Lagrangian systems

Abstract The goal of this paper is to develop energy-preserving variational integrators for time-dependent mechanical systems with forcing. We first present the Lagrange-d’Alembert principle in the extended Lagrangian mechanics framework and derive the extended forced Euler-Lagrange equations in continuous-time. We then obtain the extended forced discrete Euler-Lagrange equations using the extended discrete mechanics framework and derive adaptive time step variational integrators for time-dependent Lagrangian systems with forcing. We consider three numerical examples to study the numerical performance of energy-preserving variational integrators. First, we consider the example of a nonlinear conservative system to illustrate the advantages of using adaptive time-stepping in variational integrators. In addition, we demonstrate how the implicit equations become more ill-conditioned as the adaptive time step decreases through a condition number analysis. As a second example, we numerically simulate the time-dependent example of a forced harmonic oscillator to demonstrate the superior energy performance of energy-preserving integrators for mechanical systems with explicit time-dependent forcing. Finally, we consider a damped harmonic oscillator using the adaptive time step variational integrator framework. The adaptive time step increases monotonically for the dissipative system leading to unexpected energy behavior.
Dosimetric effects of bolus and lens shielding in treating ocular lymphomas with low-energy electrons.

Abstract Radiation therapy is an effective treatment for primary orbital lymphomas. Lens shielding with electrons can reduce the risk of high-grade cataracts in patients undergoing treatment for superficial tumors. This work evaluates the dosimetric effects of a suspended eye shield, placement of bolus, and varying electron energies. Film (GafChromic EBT3) dosimetry and relative output factors were measured for 6, 8, and 10 MeV electron energies. A customized 5-cm diameter circle electron orbital cutout was constructed for a 6 × 6-cm applicator with a suspended lens shield (8-mm diameter Cerrobend cylinder, 2.2-cm length). Point doses were measured using a scanning electron diode in a solid water phantom at depths representative of the anterior and posterior lens. Depth dose profiles were compared for 0-mm, 3-mm, and 5-mm bolus thicknesses. At 5 mm (the approximate distance of the anterior lens from the surface of the cornea), the percent depth dose under the suspended lens shield was reduced to 15%, 15%, and 14% for electron energies 6, 8, and 10 MeV, respectively. Applying bolus reduced the benefit of lens shielding by increasing the estimated doses under the block to 27% for 3-mm and 44% for 5-mm bolus for a 6 MeV incident electron beam. This effect is minimized with 8 MeV electron beams where the corresponding values were 15.5% and 18% for 3-mm and 5-mm bolus. Introduction of a 7-mm hole in 5-mm bolus to stabilize eye motion during treatment altered lens doses by about 1%. Careful selection of electron energy and consideration of bolus effects are needed to account for electron scatter under a lens shield.
Does Providing Positive Airway Pressure for Sleep Apnea Change Health Care Utilization

Background:Sleep apnea is underdiagnosed and thus undertreated. If therapy for sleep apnea results in reduced health care utilization in an entire treated population, then decision-makers will have key information for allocating limited health care resources.Objectives:To determine whether positive
Internal linguistic discrimination: A survey of bilingual teachers’ language attitudes toward their heritage students’ Spanish

ABSTRACTThis study examined the presence of internal linguistic discrimination -i.e., the negative reaction of Spanish speakers towards the varieties of Spanish spoken by heritage speakers- among bilingual teachers in a school district in Texas. To this end, we conducted a study that analyzed the responses of 84 bilingual teachers to audio utterances reflecting specific linguistic features of Spanish varieties of the United States. Results showed that most of the bilingual teachers who participated in this study expressed negative reactions towards utterances that contained linguistic features (i.e., code-switching, overt pronouns) that characterize U.S. varieties of Spanish. Implications for the preparation of bilingual teachers are discussed here.
A "Dual" Cell-Level Systems PK-PD Model to Characterize the Bystander Effect of ADC.

Abstract Here, we have developed a cell-level systems PK-PD model to characterize the bystander effect of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Cytotoxicity data generated following incubation of Trastuzumab-vc-MMAE in cocultures of high HER2-expressing N87 and low HER2-expressing GFP-MCF7 cells were used to build the model. Single-cell PK model for ADC was used to characterize the PK of trastuzumab-vc-MMAE and released MMAE in N87 and GFP-MCF7 cells. The 2 cell-level PK models were mechanistically integrated to mimic the coculture condition. MMAE-induced intracellular occupancy of tubulin was used to drive the efficacy of ADC, and improvement in the tubulin occupancy of GFP-MCF7 cells in the presence of N87 cells was used to drive the bystander effect of trastuzumab-vc-MMAE. The “dual” cell-level PK-PD model was able to capture the observed data reasonably well. It was found that similar and high occupancy of tubulin by MMAE was required to achieve the cytotoxic effect in each cell line. In addition, estimated model parameters suggested that ∼60% improvement in the tubulin occupancy was required to attain half of the maximum bystander killing effect by the ADC. The presented model provides foundation for in vivo systems PK-PD model to characterize and predict the bystander effect of ADCs.
END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE PATIENTS WITH LOW SERUM ALBUMIN: IS PERITONEAL DIALYSIS AN OPTION?

Introduction:Low serum albumin is associated with high mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on chronic dialysis. Clinicians are reluctant to offer peritoneal dialysis (PD) as an option for dialysis for patients with low serum albumin due to concerns of loss of albumin with PD, but evidence supporting differences in outcomes is limited. We evaluated mortality based on dialysis modality in patients with very low serum albumin (< 2.5 g/dL).Methods:We analyzed United States Renal Data System (USRDS) data from 2010 to 2015 to assess mortality by modality adjusted for age, sex, race, employment, number of comorbidities, and year of dialysis initiation.Results:Low serum albumin (< 2.5 g/dL) was present in 78,625 (19.9%) of 395,656 patients with ESRD on chronic dialysis. Patients with low serum albumin were less likely to use PD as their first modality than those with higher albumin (3.1% vs 10.9%; p < 0.001). Use of PD was associated with lower mortality compared with hemodialysis (HD) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81 - 0.95, p < 0.05) in patients with low serum albumin. This difference was more pronounced in patients who had glomerulonephritis (HR = 0.72) or hypertension (HR = 0.81) than in those with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetes mellitus or other causes.Conclusion:Peritoneal dialysis is less likely to be the first dialysis modality in patients with low serum albumin requiring dialysis. However, PD is associated with lower mortality than HD in patients with low serum albumin on dialysis. We recommend advocating the use of PD in patients with low serum albumin.
Youth national service and women's political ambition: the case of Teach For America

ABSTRACTCould a prior history of activism through national service engender political ambition in women? We explore this question by examining Teach For America (TFA), as TFA is a prominent nationa...
Amiodarone is associated with increased short-term mortality in elderly atrial fibrillation patients with preserved ejection fraction

Amiodarone is commonly used in atrial fibrillation (AF). Long-term use of amiodarone is associated with significant toxicities especially in elderly patients. However, in the short term after hospitalization of AF, it remains uncertain whether the use of amiodarone will increase mortality. We aim to investigate whether Amiodarone affects short-term mortality in elderly patients after hospitalization for atrial fibrillation. We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study including patients (Age > = 60 years old) who were hospitalized between 07/01/2004 and 06/30/2019 with primary diagnosis of AF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > = 50%. Patients who were prescribed amiodarone during hospitalization but not before hospitalization are classified into Amiodarone group (341 patients). Patients who were not prescribed amiodarone are classified into non-amiodarone group (2171 patients). Propensity score matching was performed with 1:1 nearest-neighbor matching of Amiodarone group and Non-amiodarone group based on baseline variables. Univariate and Multivariate logistic regression were used to calculate the odds ratio of amiodarone use on in-hospital mortality, and multivariate cox regression was adopted to calculate the hazard ratio of amiodarone use on 100-day mortality. Patients’ baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were well matched in both groups. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression showed amiodarone group had higher in-hospital mortality (OR 10.27, p = 0.0268; 16.50, p = 0.0171) than non-amiodarone group and multivariate Cox regression suggested increased 100-day all-cause mortality (HR 2.34, p = 0.022). Amiodarone use in elderly patients with preserved ejection fraction is associated with increased in-hospital and 100-day all-cause mortality after hospitalization for AF.
Adaptive-HMD: Accurate and Cost-Efficient Machine Learning-Driven Malware Detection using Microarchitectural Events

To address the high complexity and computational overheads of conventional software-based detection techniques, Hardware Malware Detection (HMD) has shown promising results as an alternative anomaly detection solution. HMD methods apply Machine Learning (ML) classifiers on microarchitectural events monitored by built-in Hardware Performance Counter (HPC) registers available in modern microprocessors to recognize the patterns of anomalies (e.g., signatures of malicious applications). Existing hardware malware detection solutions have mainly focused on utilizing standard ML algorithms to detect the existence of malware without considering an adaptive and cost-efficient approach for online malware detection. Our comprehensive analysis across a wide range of malicious software applications and different branches of machine learning algorithms indicates that the type of adopted ML algorithm to detect malicious applications at the hardware level highly correlates with the type of the examined malware, and the ultimate performance evaluation metric (F-measure, robustness, latency, detection rate/cost, etc.) to select the most efficient ML model for distinguishing the target malware from benign program. Therefore, in this work we propose Adaptive-HMD, an accurate and cost-efficient machine learning-driven framework for online malware detection using low-level microarchitectural events collected from HPC registers. Adaptive-HMD is equipped with a lightweight tree-based decision-making algorithm that accurately selects the most efficient ML model to be used for the inference in online malware detection according to the users' preference and optimal performance vs. cost (hardware overhead and latency) criteria. The experimental results demonstrate that Adaptive-HMD achieves up to 94% detection rate (F-measure) while improving the cost-efficiency of ML-based malware detection by more than 5X as compared to existing ensemble-based malware detection methods.
Quantum Mechanics from the Matter Field Equations and Derivation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle

There were four notable opponents to the Copenhagen school in the formative years of quantum mechanics (who never did change their opposition!) — Planck, de Broglie, Schrodinger and Einstein. All four were also instrumental in the initial formation of quantum mechanics! In the arguments with these scholars, or anyone else who had serious, technical criticisms of the quantum theory, it is challenged by the supporters of the Copenhagen school (or its variants) that while the criticisms may be technically valid, one should also ask: Where is a candidate for a different theory of micromatter that could reproduce all of the successful mathematical predictions of quantum mechanics? The assertion is that until a satisfactory replacement appears on the scene, physicists should keep to the usual quantum mechanical scheme of calculation, in spite of its weaknesses, since it is, at least, an empirically successful theory.
The Jurisdictional Establishment Clause: A Reappraisal

Debates about the original meaning of the First Amendment's establishment clause have typically featured opposition between "separationists" and "accommodationists" of various shapes and sizes, but an altogether different interpretation holds that the establishment clause was not intended to constitutionalize any substantive principle of religious freedom at all: rather it was simply intended to affirm that religion would remain within the jurisdiction of the states (where virtually everyone at the time assumed it was and should be) and would not be placed within the jurisdiction of the new national government. In recent years, this jurisdictional interpretation has gained the support (in one or another version) of scholars including Akhil Amar and Philip Hamburger and of Justice Clarence Thomas, but it has been criticized by other scholars including Kent Greenawalt, Douglas Laycock, and Noah Feldman. This article carefully reviews the arguments and evidence, pro and con, and concludes that the jurisdictional interpretation provides the most persuasive account of the original meaning of the establishment clause. At least some of the objections from Greenawalt, Laycock and others reflect an assumed dichotomy between "jurisdictional" and "substantive" constitutional provisions. This article criticizes that assumption and reflects on what it means for a constitutional provision such as the establishment clause to be "purely jurisdictional" in nature.
Beyond Trauma: Post-resettlement Factors and Mental Health Outcomes Among Latino and Asian Refugees in the United States

War-related traumas impact refugees’ mental health. Recent literature suggests that structural and sociocultural factors related to the resettlement also become critical in shaping refugees’ mental health. So far, there is limited empirical evidence to support this claim among resettled refugees. Resettlement contextual factors that influence mental health outcomes were examined using Latino and Asian refugees (n = 656) from a nationally representative survey. Linear and logistic regressions predicted factors associated with the study’s outcomes (self-reported mental health, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders). Post-resettlement traumas were significantly associated with mental health outcomes, but pre-resettlement traumas were not. Unemployment, everyday discrimination, and limited English were significantly associated with mental health outcomes among both Latino and Asian refugees. The outcomes indicate that resettlement contextual factors have a significant association with refugees’ mental health. Therefore, future studies with refugees must pay closer attention to structural and sociocultural factors after resettlement.
Economic development initiative leads to building a $5 million EMC testing and training lab

The idea of developing a world-class EMC lab as part of an economic development initiative in Nebraska took root in 1997 when a group of local companies put their heads together with a large state university, a community college, economic development lobbyists and state legislators. The state of Nebraska funded the $5 million plan to put a lab in place and have it managed by an independent nonprofit entity known as the Nebraska Center for Excellence in Electronics (NCEE). This paper highlights just some of the steps and side steps taken to create and sell the concept to the state, specify the equipment and physical facility, and staff and manage it via a group of local businesses in a nonequity role, while meeting the requirements mandated by the state and the marketplace.
A frequency-based approach for mining coverage statistics in data integration

Query optimization in data integration requires source coverage and overlap statistics. Gathering and storing the required statistics presents many challenges, not the least of which is controlling the amount of statistics learned. We introduce StatMiner, a novel statistics mining approach which automatically generates attribute value hierarchies, efficiently discovers frequently accessed query classes based on the learned attribute value hierarchies, and learns statistics only with respect to these classes. We describe the details of our method, and present experimental results demonstrating the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach. Our experiments are done in the context of BibFinder, a publicly fielded bibliography mediator.
Ultrastructural and radioautographic studies of the digestive gland cells of Drosera capensis: I. Development and mucilage secretion

The digestive-gland cells of the carnivorous plant, Drosera capensis, were studied using morphologic and radioautographic techniques. Phases of gland development were carefully defined, and concurrent changes in ultrastructural morphology were established. In juvenile, nonsecreting glands, the Golgi stacks were rather small with relatively few cisternae. As the glands mature and begin mucilage secretion, the number of cisternae increases, and large secretory vesicles are formed by the Golgi stacks. Often, the gland cells are filled with numerous secretory vesicles. The most intense secretory activity was confined to the outer gland cells located at the apex of the gland. Further maturation is accompanied by a decrease of secretory activity as indicated by Golgi-apparatus morphology and the relatively long uptake times needed for incorporation of tritiated sugar. Differences in cell-wall structure were found with development and between mature inner and outer gland cells. The generality of secretory processes is discussed.
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing suppressive TTAGGG motifs inhibit AIM2 inflammasome activation

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) comprised of the immunosuppressive motif TTAGGG block TLR9 signaling, prevent STAT1 and STAT4 phosphorylation and attenuate a variety of inflammatory responses in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that such suppressive ODN abrogate activation of cytosolic nucleic acid-sensing pathways. Pretreatment of dendritic cells and macrophages with the suppressive ODN-A151 abrogated type I IFN, TNF-α, and ISG induction in response to cytosolic dsDNA. In addition, A151 abrogated caspase-1-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 maturation in dendritic cells stimulated with dsDNA and murine CMV. Inhibition was dependent on A151's phosphorothioate backbone, whereas substitution of the guanosine residues for adenosine negatively affected potency. A151 mediates these effects by binding to AIM2 in a manner that is competitive with immune-stimulatory DNA and as a consequence prevents AIM2 inflammasome complex formation. Collectively, these findings reveal a new route by which suppressive ODNs modulate the immune system and unveil novel applications for suppressive ODNs in the treatment of infectious and autoimmune diseases.
Building Back: Stratified Recovery After an EF–4 Tornado in Tuscaloosa, Alabama:

On April 27, 2011, an EF–4 tornado struck Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Historic damage from the storm coincided with a recessionary economy, a double blow from which the city has yet to recover. This study...
Examining characteristics of an observability formulation for nonlinear power systems

The concept of developing a technique to evaluate the observability of nonlinear systems in general, and its specific application to nonlinear power systems has been introduced in the past. This technique allows for the evaluation of system observability along the trajectories of the system dynamic states, providing the ability to trick the system through various perturbations. This paper focuses on qualifying the implications associated with the evaluation of the observability Jacobian due to the presence of dynamic loads (exponential recovery model) and varying the system/measurement differentiation indices for a given measurement set. These conditions are illustrated with a qualitative analysis of a 3-bus power system.
The Chloride Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors not only inhibit carbonic anhydrase(s) but also the active transport of chloride by the gastric mucosa. The concentrations required for the latter effect are 100 or more times that required to block functions ascribed to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. The slow rate of H+ ion secretion by the isolated mucosa is not inhibited by sulfonamide inhibitors. Agents that are the most potent inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase exert the greatest effect on chloride transport. Inactive analogs had no discernible effect on either system. For 15 agents, there is a striking parallel between their inhibition of chloride transport and the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase.
Safety hazards and motivation for safe work in the construction industry

This paper analyzes statistics of fatalities and injuries in construction work. Construction work is much more hazardous than most other occupations. Most accidents involve falls of persons and occur during work on roofs, scaffolds and ladders. Collapse of structures and falling materials also account for many fatalities. Many of these accidents can be avoided by the establishment of procedures and regulations to enhance safety. Many of the safety hazards are specific to the different job classification, and typically construction workers underestimate the hazards in their own work. This affects the motivation for adopting safe work procedures. The cost of construction accidents amounts to about 6% of total building costs. There are hence forceful monetary incentives in construction safety. Hopefully, these will encourage the industry as well as agencies to invest in this area. There are several urgent needs for research.
Crystallization of deoxyhemoglobin S by fiber alignment and fusion

Abstract Fibers of deoxyhemoglobin S obtained directly from lysed sickled red blood cells have been compared with fibers from chromatographically pure deoxyhemoglobin S solutions of known chemical composition. Electron micrographs of negatively stained specimens reveal that the molecular packing within the fibers remains largely invariant with changes in pH, ionic strength, Mg2+ concentration, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration, temperature or the method of deoxygenation. When solutions of chromatographically pure deoxyhemoglobin S are stirred, the fibers align into well defined fascicles. After several hours of stirring, long needles and twisted ribbons develop and in a relatively short time replace the fascicles in solution. With continued stirring all forms are replaced by small crystals. By use of electron microscopy and low-angle X-ray diffraction we have found these crystals to have cell parameters indistinguishable from those of crystals grown in polyethylene glycol and citrate/phosphate buffer at pH 5 to 6 (Wishner et al., 1975a). Our evidence indicates that crystal formation in stirred solutions of deoxyhemoglobin S is the result of a progressive alignment and fusion of the fibers, and that the molecular arrangement within the fibers is closely related to that within the crystal. The remarkable pH invariance of the molecular packing within the fiber and crystal structures is consistent with the dominance of hydrophobic bonding between molecules. The β6-valine contact observed by Wishner et al. (1975b) is apparently the pathological contact responsible for the polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S in vivo. On the basis of our observations and knowledge of the crystal structure we propose that the deoxyhemoglobin S fiber consists of eight molecular double strands, four of which run in each direction along the length of the fiber.
Citizen Involvement and Performance Management in Special-Purpose Governments

Performance management and citizen participation are being used by local governments to improve government accountability and responsiveness. In some cases, local governments are integrating these two trends. One area of local government in which this trend has not been assessed is special districts. Th is paper uses data from a study of nine special districts in the state of Texas to fi ll this void. To assess citizen participation in performance management among the districts, we interviewed district managers, analyzed minutes from governing board meetings, and conducted citizen focus groups in three regions of the state. Our fi ndings suggest that although districts may not yet be in tune with the latest performance management trends, they are making eff orts to engage citizens in other ways. We recommend ways that districts can build on these experiences and more eff ectively incorporate citizens in the development, analysis, and reporting of performance measures.
Reconceptualizing Mentoring at Work: A Developmental Network Perspective

We introduce social networks theory and methods as a way of understanding mentoring in the current career context. We iirst introduce a typology of “developmental networks” using core concepts from social networks theory—network diversity and tie strength—to view mentoring as a multiple relationship phenomenon. We then propose a framework illustrating factors that shape developmental network structures and offer propositions focusing on the developmental consequences for individuals having different types of developmental networks in their careers. We conclude with strategies both for testing our propositions and for researching multiple developmental relationships further.
2-D/Axisymmetric Formulation of Multi-Dimensional Upwind Scheme

A multi-dimensional upwind discretization of the two-dimensional/axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations is detailed for unstructured meshes. The algorithm is an extension of the fluctuation splitting scheme of Sidilkover. Boundary conditions are implemented weakly so that all nodes are updated using the base scheme, and eigen-value limiting is incorporated to suppress expansion shocks. Test cases for Mach numbers ranging from 0.1-17 are considered, with results compared against an unstructured upwind finite volume scheme. The fluctuation splitting inviscid distribution requires fewer operations than the finite volume routine, and is seen to produce less artificial dissipation, leading to generally improved solution accuracy.
Development of OPTIMOD - The new Space Shuttle Orbiter/Payload Thermal Integration Model

The development of the Orbiter/Payload Thermal Integration Model (OPTIMOD), a simplified Space Shuttle Orbiter thermal math model to be used for payload thermal integration analysis, is described. The Orbiter lower fuselage math model has been reduced to the minimum level of detail consistent with accuracy requirements. Instead, an 'environment radiation sensor', a simple closed-end cylinder oriented in a fixed position with respect to the Orbiter, is introduced. Equations are presented which relate the cylinder surface heating rates to external fuselage steady-state temperatures. These equations were derived from a regression correlation analysis of steady-state Orbiter thermal solutions for 2372 points on orbit, representing a complete range of vehicle-earth-sun orientations. An exponential equation is developed to relate the steady-state data to time-variant temperatures for the particular transient attitude timeline being simulated. The accuracy of OPTIMOD is shown to be excellent in the payload bay and to compare favorably with previous models in Orbiter elements outside the bay.
Design of membrane-inserting peptides: spectroscopic characterization with and without lipid bilayers.

This paper reports the spectroscopic characterization of two de novo peptides. The first sequence, Ala peptide = H2N-Ala27-Tyr-Lys6-CONH2, gives circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra characteristic of β structure in solution, binds to lipid bilayer vesicles poorly, and tends to precipitate in buffered 0.1 M salt solutions. In the second sequence, Leu peptide = H2N-Ala2-Leu3-Ala22-Tyr-Lys6-CONH2, three leucines are substituted for three alanine residues. This small sequence change results in CD spectra that are characteristic of helical structures, while the FTIR spectra give evidence for complex equilibria between multiple structures in solution. The Leu peptide does not precipitate in buffered salt solutions and binds to lipid bilayers. The polarized attenuated total reflectance infrared spectra provide evidence of a transmembrane orientation for the helical peptide in lipid bilayers. The collective spectroscopic results are summarized in a tentative model in which the Leu...
Multipole expansions and pseudospectral cardinal functions: A new generalization of the fast fourier transform

The polynomial or trigonometric interpolant of an arbitrary function f(x) may be presented as a critical function' series whose coefficients are the values of f(x) at the interpolation points. We show that the cardinal series is identical to the sum of the forces due to a set of N point charges (with appropriate force laws). It follows that the cardinal series can be summed via the fast multipole method (FMM) in O(Nlog[sub 2]N) operations, which is much cheaper than the O(N[sup 2]) cost of direct summation. The FMM is slower than the fast Fourier transform (FFT), so the latter should always be used where applicable. However, the multipole expansion succeeds where the FFT fails. In particular, the FMM can be used to evaluate Fourier and Chebyshev series on an irregular grid as is needed when adaptively regridding in a time integration. Also, the multipole expansion can be applied to basis sets for which the FFT is inapplicable even on the canonical grid including Legendre polynomials, Hermite and Laguerre functions, spherical harmonics, and zinc functions. 12 refs.
Cross-Cultural Moral Philosophy: Reflections on Thaddeus Metz: “Toward an African Moral Theory”

My remarks on Metz's project will focus on another angle than the one Metz uses. I am more interested in thinking about whether and how far ethical standards from different cultures really differ, how to understand those differences, and how to relate them to what is objectively good, independently of people's opinions on the matter. Of course one widely circulating opinion on the topic is that cross-cultural differences somehow demonstrate that there is no such thing as objective good at all - that each culture has its own conception of what is good, right, permitted, forbidden, and so on, and the differences are so wide that anyone at all familiar with this, can no longer take seriously the idea that there could be any "objective" values underlying such varied systems.
Urban earthquake hazard in developing countries: Squatter settlements and the outlook for Turkey

Abstract Rapid rates of population growth and urbanization are raising levels of disaster vulnerability in cities located in earthquake prone regions of the developing world. Particularly apt to suffer losses are the great masses of poor who occupy sprawling slums and squattments associated with so many urban centers of LCDs (less developed countries). Major socio-economic factors which intensify risk among this marginal urban sector are examined, particularly as they apply to cities in Turkey, a country stricken repeatedly by major earthquakes. The status of social research on hazard vulnerability in urban Turkey is assessed and recommendations are made for further study.
Experimental verification of a model for rotating reverse osmosis

Reverse osmosis (RO) is an efficient process for the removal of ionic and organic pollutants from contaminated water. In this study, rotating RO, which takes advantage of Taylor-Couette flow instabilities to reduce the flux decline related to concentration polarization and membrane fouling, was investigated experimentally and compared to a dynamic model based on RO membrane transport incorporating concentration polarization. The model matches the experiments quite well. Increasing the rotational speed and transmembrane pressure enhances the flux and rejection in rotating RO.
High contrast air-coupled acoustic imaging with zero group velocity lamb modes

The well known zero in the group velocity of the first-order symmetric (S1) plate wave mode has been exploited in air-coupled ultrasonic imaging to obtain significantly higher sensitivity than can be achieved in conventional air-coupled scanning. At the zero group velocity point at the frequency minimum of the S1 mode, a broad range of wavenumbers couple into the first-order symmetric mode at nearly a constant frequency, greatly enhancing transmission at that frequency. Coupled energy remains localized near the coupling point because the group velocity is zero. We excite the mode with a broadband, focussing, air-coupled transducer at the frequency of the zero group velocity point in the S1 mode. By exploiting the efficient coupling at the zero group velocity frequency, we have easily imaged a single layer of Scotch tape attached to a 6.4-mm thick Plexiglas plate and 3.2-mm Teflon inserts in a composite laminate.
The Drosophila IMD pathway in the activation of the humoral immune response

The IMD pathway signaling plays a pivotal role in the Drosophila defense against bacteria. During the last two decades, significant progress has been made in identifying the components and deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying this pathway, including the means of bacterial sensing and signal transduction. While these findings have contributed to the understanding of the immune signaling in insects, they have also provided new insights in studying the mammalian NF-κB signaling pathways. Here, we summarize the current view of the IMD pathway focusing on how it regulates the humoral immune response of Drosophila.
Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine Analogues Derived from Glyceric Acid: a New Class of Biologically Active Phospholipid Compounds.

Synthesis of a new class of phosphatidylcholine analogues derived from glyceric acid is reported for spectroscopic studies of phospholipases and the conformation of phospholipid side-chains in biological membranes, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques.
Burst and Transition Cues to Voicing Perception for Spoken Initial Stops by Impaired- and Normal-Hearing Listeners

The use of cues to voicing perception of initial stop consonants in multiple spoken syllables was studied for moderately/severely hearing-impaired (n = 43) and normal-hearing listeners (n = 12). Th...
507. Engineering a Novel AAV Variant for Purification Via Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising vector for human gene delivery that is being explored in clinical trials for cystic fibrosis, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. However, current purification protocols often rely upon long centrifugation steps, harsh solution conditions, and scalability issues. In addition, most novel AAV serotypes do not bind heparin sulfate, requiring the development of new affinity column, or other chromatography, strategies. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) has allowed for the quick and easy purification of proteins via the attachment of affinity tags such a hexahistidine (His6) sequence. Through the combination of a diverse AAV2 library and rational peptide insertions, we have successfully located an optimal insertion site for a His6 tag within the viral capsid. This mutant can be purified directly from crude cell lysate at yields exceeding 60%, while retaining near wtAAV2 gene delivery efficiency and titers on numerous cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, injection of high titer IMAC-purified vector into rat brain indicates that these vectors are capable of high efficiency gene delivery in vivo. This affinity chromatography method may provide advantages in ease of purification, purity, and scalability.
A pixelated pattern reconfigurable Yagi-Uda array for conformal loadbearing antenna structure (CLAS)

A conformal pixelated pattern reconfigurable Yagi-Uda array is proposed. The array operates at around 2.5 GHz and can steer the beam in the 45 and -45 degree directions with the help of RF switches and a metal reflector placed 1 inch below the array surface.
Control of Organ-specific Demethylation by an Element of the T-cell Receptor-α Locus Control Region

DNA methylation is important for mammalian development and the control of gene expression. Recent data suggest that DNA methylation causes chromatin closure and gene silencing. During development, tissue specifically expressed gene loci become selectively demethylated in the appropriate cell types by poorly understood processes. Locus control regions (LCRs), which are cis-acting elements providing stable, tissue-specific expression to linked transgenes in chromatin, may play a role in tissue-specific DNA demethylation. We studied the methylation status of the LCR for the mouse T-cell receptor α/δ locus using a novel assay for scanning large distances of DNA for methylation sites. Tissue-specific functions of this LCR depend largely on two DNase I-hypersensitive site clusters (HS), HS1 (T-cell receptor α enhancer) and HS1′. We report that these HS induce lymphoid organ-specific DNA demethylation in a region located 3.8 kilobases away with little effect on intervening, methylated DNA. This demethylation is impaired in mice with a germline deletion of the HS1/HS1′ clusters. Using 5′-deletion mutants of a transgenic LCR reporter gene construct, we show that HS1′ can act in the absence of HS1 to direct this tissue-specific DNA demethylation event. Thus, elements of an LCR can control tissue-specific DNA methylation patterns both in transgenes and inside its native locus.
Shakespeare's King Henry VIII and the triumph of the word

(1994). Shakespeare's King Henry VIII and the triumph of the word. English Studies: Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 225-245.
Oil Shales and Carbon Dioxide

During retorting of oil shales in the western United States, carbonate minerals are calcined, releasing significant amounts of carbon dioxide. Residual organic matter in the shales may also be burned, adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The amount of carbon dioxide produced depends on the retort process and the grade and mineralogy of the shale. Preliminary calculations suggest that retorting of oil shales from the Green River Formation and burning of the product oil could release one and one-half to five times more carbon dioxide than burning of conventional oil to obtain the same amount of usable energy. The largest carbon dioxide releases are associated with retorting processes that operate at temperatures greater than about 600 degrees C.
Comparative hematology and coagulation: Studies on rodentia (Rats)

Abstract 1. 1. Blood from adult male Wistar rats clotted rapidly in glass or siliconized tubes; the clots retracted and did not lyse. 2. 2. The serum prothrombin, plasma prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times were shorter than those of normal humans. 3. 3. In contrast, the thrombin and reptilase times were longer than those of normal human plasma, due apparently to the presence of a low-grade thrombin inhibitor in rat plasma. 4. 4. Coagulation factors, X, VIIIR: v W and IX assayed lower in rat than human plasma, while factors VIII:C and anti-thrombin III were higher. Values for other coagulation factors (II, V, VII, XI, XII and Fletcher) fell within the human range. 5. 5. Platelets were small and numerous. They aggregated well with ADP but poorly or not at all with collagen, ristocetin, thrombin, epinephrine, arachidonic acid and pig or bovine plasmas. 6. 6. Leukoeytes numbered 4–8 × 103 cells/mm3, a near human range and were predominantly lymphoeytic. 7. 7. Erythrocytes were small (MCV = 56–60 fl) and numerous (5.5–6.4 × 106 cells/mm3).
Compensation for Historic Injustices: Completing the Boxill and Sher Argument

Must people be compensated for injustices their ancestors suffered? If someone commits an injustice, it would seem that she should undo the effects of her transgression on all parties she has harmed, possibly including persons in subsequent generations. Victims' descendants might then have claims to compensation. However, nonidentity problems threaten any argument for reparation for historic injustices.1 In brief, the problem is this: how can any person have a claim to compensation for a wrong that was a condition of her existence? In such cases, there is no possible world in which the wrong
Driven Alfven waves and electron acceleration: A FAST case study

[1] Observations of electric and magnetic field oscillations and accelerated electron distributions within an inverted-V region suggest the propagation of an Alfven wave from the outer magnetosphere into the auroral acceleration region. This hypothesis is tested for a case study event by simulating the propagation of an Alfven wave driven by an oscillating potential in the outer magnetosphere. At the spacecraft altitude the waveform and the associated electron distributions and spectra formed due to acceleration in the Alfven wave field are similar to those observed. The results show that more than 50% of the downgoing wave Poynting flux is dissipated through electron acceleration parallel to the geomagnetic field.
Seventeen-year-old girl hospitalized for localized swelling, pruritus, tenderness, and lymphatic streaking with eosinophilia.

A variety of skin disorders are referred to allergists, especially when they are associated with other atopic symptoms and/or blood eosinophilia. Although urticaria and atopic dermatitis are the most common skin manifestations of allergic disease in children and adults, the clinician must maintain a high degree of suspicion with regards to other potential sources of IgE, including biting insects, in a patient with these symptoms.
Pulsed liquid impact machining of materials

Abstract This paper discusses the experimental determination of pulsed liquid impact machining thresholds as a result of spatial and temporal distributions of transient stresses in elastically deformable single crystal materials. The results presented in this paper illustrate the importance of the first stages of liquid impact and the subsequent removal of material by lateral outflow of high-speed liquid flows.
Teratogenic effects of ochratoxin A in mice

Treatment of pregnant mice ip with 5 mg/kg ochratoxin A on one of gestation days 7–12 resulted in increased prenatal mortality, decreased fetal weight (with the exception of those treated on day 9), and various fetal malformations. Exencephaly and anomalies of the eyes, face, digits, and tail were the most common defects. The most severe malformations were complete median facial clefts associated with exencephaly and eye defects. Skeletal defects also were noted involving the ribs, vertebrae, and skull.
Effects of AFO use on walking in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a pilot study.

Purpose:Although bracing in the late ambulatory stage of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has been described, the effects of ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) in earlier stages have not been evaluated. The aim of this pilot study was to describe the effects of dynamic response AFO (DR-AFO) use in boys wit