cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing the Tools of Implementation Science in Substance Use Disorders Treatment: Applications of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research

The implementation of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) and practices (EBPs) depends on both top-down and bottom-up responsibilities. Many articles in this special section on Implementation Science in Substance Use Disorders address the interaction between these two approaches when implementing new substance use disorder (SUD) treatments. Generally the articles place this interaction within the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), a relatively new and comprehensive synthesis of theories and conceptualizations of the components needed for successful implementation strategies. The range of SUD treatments covered includes well-established behavioral interventions, such as screening and brief interventions for alcohol, as well as new pharmacotherapies, such as buprenorphine for opiates. One contribution uses the CFIR to review continuing care interventions and self-help groups that can follow-up after more intensive clinical care. External and internal pressures for change drive implementation. The successful EBT/EBP implementations reviewed in these articles recognized these potential change drivers in designing their strategy for introducing the EBT/EBP, and they modified aspects of the EBT/EBP to satisfy many of these drivers. The CFIR model has limitations, as do the contributions to this special section. The implementation science field is new and developing rapidly, and many of the EBTs and EBPs were developed and tested through controlled studies evaluating the efficacy of interventions under controlled conditions, rather than examining their performance in the broader landscape of addiction treatment programs. These limitations may also be considered as boundary conditions to be explored in further research, implementation, and development of the next edition of the CFIR.
Personnel Security at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron

This paper concerns the safety and protection of personnel associated with high energy accelerators with special emphasis on the radiation hazards involved. General philosophies are considered and the personnel security system existing at the 33 BeV Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory is discussed in some detail.
Epitope recognition and T cell receptors in recurrent autoimmune anterior uveitis in Lewis rats immunized with myelin basic protein

Abstract Lewis rats immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP) develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and associated anterior uveitis (AU). Rats recover and become resistant to further reinduction of EAE. We investigated whether the resistance to reinduction of EAE was associated with the resistance to AU in LEW rats reinjected with MBP. We demonstrated that while rats remained resistant to EAE, they become susceptible to uveitis after recovery, and suffered a second episode of disease. The susceptibility to reinduced disease was associated with the recognition of new MBP epitopes. In contrast to the initial episode of AU, TCR Vβ8.2 predominance was not observed in the iris/ciliary body. Our results suggest that T cells specific for MBP, which are rapidly reactivated when re-exposed to antigen, are sufficient to induce clinical uveitis in LEW rats. This process may involve a shifting of T cell specificity from the major encephalitogenic peptide utilizing the Vβ8.2 receptor to a more diverse cell repertoire.
Thermodynamic properties of the zeolite stilbite

In this study, calorimetric measurements of the molar enthalpy of formation Δ f H 0 m at 298.15 K, molar heat capacity C 0 p,m (and, thus, the molar entropy 7 S 0 m ) from 5 to 350 K, and enthalpy increments H 0 m ( T ) — H 0 m (298.15 K) from 350 to 500 K were performed on a specimen of stilbite characterized by electron microprobe analysis. The empirical formula of the stilbite was Ca 1.019 Na 0.136 K 0.006 Al 2.180 Si 6.820 O 18 ·7.33 H 2 O. The following thermodynamic properties of stilbite at T = 298.15 K were determined: Δ f H 0 m ( T ) = −11033.6 ± 6.6 kJ mol −1 , C 0 p,m ( T ) = 808.73 ± 1.62 JK −1 mol −1 , S 0 m ( T ) – S 0 m = 805.54 ± 1.61 JK −1 mol −1 , Δ f S 0 m ( T ) = −2990.44 ± 1.86 JK −1 mol −1 and Δ f G 0 m ( T ) = −10142.0 ± 6.6 kJ mol −1 . The present Δ f G 0 m (stilbite) was combined with thermodynamic quantities from the literature to determine an equilibrium temperature for the reaction: stilbite = heulandite + H 2 O that is in close, but not exact, agreement with experimental phase equilibria. Retrieval of Δ f G 0 m (laumontite) from calorimetric and experimental values for the reactions: stilbite = laumontite + 3 SiO 2 + 3 H 2 O and heulandite = laumontite + 3 SiO 2 + 2 H 2 O gave results of −6778.9 and −6765.4 kJ mol −1 .
Pancake-to-brush transition in block copolymers

A first-order phase transition between an adsorbed (two-dimensional) polymer layer at low surface coverage and a stretched (brush-like) configuration at intermediate surface coverage is predicted using single-chain mean-field theory in grafted block copolymer layers. The phase transition is the result of the interplay between an attractive interaction of the tethered block monomers and the surface and a surface-coverage–dependent repulsion with the surface induced by the presence of the grafting block. This repulsion is in addition to the steric repulsion between the monomers of the tethered block. The critical point of the phase transition is found as a function of the strength of the polymer-surface attraction, tethered polymer-grafting block repulsion and tethered-block molecular weight. The findings of the theory are in agreement with different experimental findings both at solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces.
Molecular-scale electronics

A review of nonequilibrium electronic transport in molecules and molecular-scale synthetic systems is given. Although the basic concepts and mechanisms for electronic conduction in polymers have been discussed for some time, recently developed experimental techniques provide systems for their validation. New fabrication techniques that create metallic contacts to a small number of conjugated organic molecules allow the study of the basic transport mechanism of these systems and will provide direction for the potential development of molecular-scale electronic systems.
Buying For the Small Apparel Retail Store: Job Content Across Four Merchandise Categories:

The success of a retail store is dependent upon the skills and knowledge of the buyer. The purposes of this study were to investigate the job content of buyers in small apparel stores and to compar...
Nuclear transplantation: lessons from frogs and mice

Nuclear transplantation was developed 50 years ago in frogs to test whether nuclei from differentiated cells remain genetically equivalent to zygotic nuclei. Results from cloning experiments in frogs and mice indicate that nuclei gradually lose potency during development from embryonic to adult cells. However, even though adult mature lymphocytes were recently shown to remain genetically totipotent, no evidence exists to show that surviving clones originate from the nuclei of terminally differentiated cells. Thus, it is equally possible that many cloned animals are in fact derived from the nuclei of less differentiated adult cells such as adult stem cells. These cells might be more easily reprogrammed than terminally differentiated cells and may support development of a clone at a higher efficiency. Importantly, irrespective of the donor cell, clones display common abnormalities such as foetal and placental overgrowth. Indeed, gene expression analyses and extensive phenotypic characterisation of cloned animals suggest that most, if not all, clones suffer from at least subtle abnormalities.
Overriding Concerns: The Role of Electronic Medical Record–Based Best Practice Alerts in Reducing Unnecessary Laboratory Testing

In an era of rising healthcare costs and increasing emphasis on value-based healthcare spending, laboratory testing that is unnecessary, redundant, or otherwise wasteful is of increasing concern. Such testing may occur for myriad reasons including diagnostic uncertainty, defensive medicine, patient reassurance, or knowledge gaps regarding best practices. Whereas some studies have found the incidence of inappropriate laboratory testing to be as high as 95% (1), the true impact of laboratory overtesting is not known and likely varies between institutions and practice settings. The costs—both direct and indirect—of these unwarranted tests are subsequently passed on to the patient, third-party payer, or hospital depending on the reimbursement model. Multiple investigators have studied strategies to reduce unnecessary testing that include provider education, audit and feedback, incentives or penalties, and system-based interventions such as electronic order entry and clinical decision support systems (2). These interventions have met with varying success, with reported changes in use ranging from a 98% reduction to a 28% increase in testing (2). Techniques that use multimodality strategies to reduce laboratory overutilization seem to be most effective (3). With the widespread adoption of the electronic health record (EHR)2 in recent years, computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems have emerged as attractive targets for intervention, with the potential for interrupting unwarranted services before implementation. However, studies have shown mixed outcomes and cost savings with this approach (4–6). Cardiac troponin testing has drawn particular scrutiny for potential overuse because of the high proportion of hospitalized patients in whom this test is performed, as well as the frequent ordering of serial tests. In a recent study by Makam and Nguyen (7), cardiac biomarkers were measured in 16.9% of all emergency department visits in the US over a 2-year period, despite the absence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) symptoms in …
Dynein-dependent Movements of the Mitotic Spindle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Do Not Require Filamentous Actin

In budding yeast, the mitotic spindle is positioned in the neck between the mother and the bud so that both cells inherit one nucleus. The movement of the mitotic spindle into the neck can be divided into two phases: (1) Kip3p-dependent movement of the nucleus to the neck and alignment of the short spindle, followed by (2) dynein-dependent movement of the spindle into the neck and oscillation of the elongating spindle within the neck. Actin has been hypothesized to be involved in all these movements. To test this hypothesis, we disrupted the actin cytoskeleton with the use of mutations and latrunculin A (latrunculin). We assayed nuclear segregation in synchronized cell populations and observed spindle movements in individual living cells. In synchronized cell populations, no actin cytoskeletal mutant segregated nuclei as poorly as cells lacking dynein function. Furthermore, nuclei segregated efficiently in latrunculin-treated cells. Individual living cell analysis revealed that the preanaphase spindle was mispositioned and misaligned in latrunculin-treated cells and that astral microtubules were misoriented, confirming a role for filamentous actin in the early, Kip3p-dependent phase of spindle positioning. Surprisingly, mispositioned and misaligned mitotic spindles moved into the neck in the absence of filamentous actin, albeit less efficiently. Finally, dynein-dependent sliding of astral microtubules along the cortex and oscillation of the elongating mitotic spindle in the neck occurred in the absence of filamentous actin.
Evidence that changes in blood oxygen affinity modulate oxygen delivery: implications for control of tissue PO2 gradients.

Oxygen flux to respiring tissue depends upon the oxygen diffusion gradient between blood in the microvascular network and sites of oxygen utilization. Current knowledge of how this gradient is regulated is quite incomplete. The magnitude of the gradient is determined by a number of morphological and functional parameters, one of which is blood oxygen affinity. Experiments examining control of oxygen delivery have traditionally made use of induced changes in parameters determining systemic oxygen transport (FIO2, [Hb], and/or flow), with secondary effects on the pattern of PO2 values along the capillary. Changes in blood oxygen affinity, by contrast, allow one to observe effects of a change in PO2 downstream in the capillary while PO2 upstream and oxygen transport (CaO2 x flow) are not primarily affected.
Coherent cooperative transmission from multiple adjacent antennas to a distant stationary antenna through AWGN channels

The information transmission from a cluster of adjacent antennas to a distant stationary antenna through additive white Gaussian noise channels is considered. With the coherent cooperative transmission approach, information bits are first shared among this cluster of transmit antennas, and then these antennas adjust their carrier phases, carrier frequencies, and symbol timings, so that signals containing the same data arrive at the receive antenna coherently and thus combine constructively in the transmission medium. To achieve this, first, a common time scale must be tracked by all transmit antennas. This time scale is distributed in a master-slave style, with the clock of the receive antenna acting as the master clock. Secondly, due to the different propagation delays both from the master to the slaves, and from the transmit antenna to the receive antennas, pre-compensation is employed at transmit antennas. We derive a mathematical model for this transmission scheme. The probability density functions of variables in this model are determined, and the bit error rates are computed, for various data energy distributions and headers.
Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Carbamoylphosphonic Acid Functionalized Mesoporous Silica: A New Mercury-Free Sensor for Uranium Detection

This study reports a new approach for developing a uranium electrochemical sensor that is mercury-free, solid-state, and has less chance for ligand depletion than existing sensors. A carbon-paste electrode modified with carbamoylphosphonic acid self-assembled monolayer on mesoporous silica was developed for uranium detection based on an adsorptive square-wave stripping votammetry technique. Voltammetric responses for uranium detection are reported as a function of pH, preconcentration time, and aqueous phase uranium concentration. The uranium detection limit is 25 ppb after 5 minutes preconcentration and improved to 1 ppb after 20 minutes preconcentration. The relative standard deviations are normally less than 5%.
Resistance to insecticides in winter‐ and summer‐forms of pear psylla, Psylla pyricola

Summer-form pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, from sprayed pear were resistant to endosulfan (2·4-fold), methiocarb (2·5-fold), ethylan (5·8-fold), azinphos-methyl (7·7-fold), and fenvalerate (40·1-fold). Esterase (3·8-fold), glutathione transferase (1·8-fold), and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase (1·6-fold) detoxification enzyme activity was higher in resistant than in susceptible summer forms. Synergism by piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) was added evidence for cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases and esterases as resistance mechanisms. Reduced penetration may also have contributed to resistance, as indicated by a 1·6-fold slower penetration of azinphos-methyl in resistant than susceptible summer-forms. Similar differences in insecticide toxicity and esterase and glutathione transferase activities were observed between winter-forms of resistant and susceptible pear psylla. Winter-forms of P. pyricola were up to three times more tolerant to insecticides than summer-forms. Higher cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activity (1·7-fold) and slower azinphosmethyl penetration (2·1-fold) in winter-forms may have contributed to their greater insecticide tolerance; however, sequestration may also have been involved.
FIFO based multicast scheduling algorithm for VOQ packet switches

Many networking/computing applications require high speed switching for multicast traffic at the switch/router level to save network bandwidth. However, existing queueing based packet switches and scheduling algorithms cannot perform well under multicast traffic. While the speedup requirement makes the output queued switch difficult to scale, the single input queued switch suffers from the head of line (HOL) blocking, which severely limits the network throughput. An efficient yet simple buffering strategy to remove the HOL blocking is to use the virtual output queueing (VOQ), which has been shown to perform well under unicast traffic. However, it is impractical to use the traditional virtual output queued (VOQ) switches for multicast traffic, because a VOQ multicast switch has to maintain an exponential number of queues in each input port. We give a novel queue structure for the input buffers of a VOQ multicast switch by separately storing the address information and data information of a packet, so that an input port only needs to manage a linear number of queues. In conjunction with the multicast VOQ switch, we present a first-in-first-out based multicast scheduling algorithm, FIFO Multicast Scheduling (FIFOMS), and conduct extensive simulations to compare FIFOMS with other popular scheduling algorithms. Our results fully demonstrate the superiority of FIFOMS in both multicast latency and queue space requirement.
A Multiple Structured Frontal Zone-Jet Stream System as Revealed by Meteorologically Instrumented Aircraft

Abstract The distribution of wind, temperature, ozone, and turbulence within a multiple structured frontal zone-jet stream system is described using a combination of direct horizontal measurements by meteorologically-instrumented research aircraft and conventional aerological soundings. Results document the spatial continuity of these zones and associated intrusions of ozone-rich stratospheric air. Aircraft turbulence measurements show the zones with strong vertical wind shear and near-critical values of Richardson number are preferred regions of CAT encounter. Diagnostic calculations of the terms of the gradient thermal wind equation illustrate the importance of the sign and magnitude of the air trajectory curvature and its vertical derivative in maintaining regions of strong vertical wind shear and small Richardson number in the presence of weak horizontal thermal gradient.
The Battered β-Cell: Usual Suspects and Guilt by Association

Does it not astonish us that diabetes was recognized thousands of years ago and in a single century we rapidly developed life-saving therapies, yet we are still trying to identify initial causes of this disease (1–3)? It is true that we have made much more progress in understanding pathophysiological mechanisms for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) than we have for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Perhaps there is a message in this. T2DM is roughly 20 times more common than T1DM, it has at least several different phenotypes in humans, and its prevalence varies significantly among ethnic and racial groups. This suggests that T2DM is not a disease at all, but rather a syndrome—more like an association of signs and symptoms, such as fever, anemia, or pneumonia. In clinics and scientific literature, we tend to refer to T1DM as a single autoimmune disease, but we are vague about T2DM and refer to it as a multifactorial and polygenic disease. This is a reasonable enough concept, but one that opens the door to the possibility that there is no single gene that will explain T2DM. It is true that there are known important mutations in a few transcription factors in a small number of families of humans. Otherwise, however, it may take the loss of more than one gene's expression to develop T2DM in a single human … or it may take overexpression of more than one gene … or it may take a combination of loss and overexpression of different genes to establish the disease. This picture becomes ever more complicated when one adds epigenetic events as a possibility, especially considering how acutely epigenetic changes can come and then go after DNA repair is completed. Small wonder we have not yet identified the genetic cause of human T2DM. Actually, the term T2DM implies that we know more than we do, i.e. that there are only two forms of diabetes. This term arose by default because we decided to change the name of juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes to “type 1.” The term “type 2” was invented to cover the other 95% of cases of diabetes. That's a pretty large wastebasket and one that invites even worse tongue-in-cheek imprecision, i.e. terms such as type 1 and 1/2 diabetes, which implies an entity midway between type 1 and type 2. Other diabetes phenotypes, such as late onset of T1DM in adults and T2DM in children, clearly provide important pathophysiological clues.
Mutual exclusion problems for discrete event systems with shared events

The authors consider coordination problems for partially synchronized processes. They prove that the decidability of the mutual exclusion problem with shared events is not solvable in polynomial time. However, they also show that there is an interesting subclass of discrete event processes with shared events for which the mutual exclusion problem remains computationally feasible. >
Bidirectional control of saccadic eye movements by the disconnected cerebral hemispheres.

The present investigation demonstrates that callosotomy patient J.W. can generate either leftward or rightward saccades in response to color cues presented unilaterally. When asked to name the colors, performance was at chance for left visual field presentations, demonstrating a disability in interhemispheric transfer of chromatic information. The successful control of saccadic direction based on discriminative color cues that appear confined to a single hemisphere may suggest a capacity for bidirectional control of saccadic eye movements in the disconnected cerebral hemispheres.
An Evaluation of HPF Compilers and the Implementation of a Parallel Linear Equation Solver Using HPF and MPI

In this work, we evaluated the capabilities and performances of two commercially available HPF compilers, xlhpf[1] from IBM and pghpf[2] from the Portland Group. In particular, we examined the suitability of the two compilers for the development of a reservoir simulator. Because of the nature of reservoir simulation, multiple data distributions and data transfer between arrays of different data layouts are of great importance. An HPF compiler that does not provide these capabilities is unsuitable for the development of a parallel reservoir simulator. A detailed comparison of the functionalities of the two compilers and their suitabilities for reservoir simulator development are presented.To test the performance of the compilers, we used a parallel linear equation solver[3,4] that was developed to run on the CM5 and the Cray YMP. This solver is an important computational kernel in an in-house MPP reservoir simulator that is written in CM Fortran. Because the solver consumes about 90% of the CPU time in a typical reservoir simulation run with more than a million grid blocks, it can be used as an indicator of the performance of the simulator without having to convert it in its entirety. The solver was based on preconditioned Orthomin[5,6] and a truncated Neumann series preconditioner. Unlike solvers that are based on domain decomposition[7,8], the convergence behavior of this solver does not depend on the number of processors and therefore can scale better than domain decomposition based methods when the number of processors increases. This linear equation solver was found to be robust and efficient for the simulation of the giant oil reservoirs in Saudi Arabia and has been used in several field scale simulation studies with good success[4].The parallel solver was first implemented in HPF[9] and later in MPI[10] using hpf_local to improve the performance. Communication patterns of the solver include nearest neighbor communication, reduction function and general gather/scatter for handling the implicit bottom-hole pressure term. The solver has most of the features of a reservoir simulator to test the inter-processor communication bandwidth and floating point performance of the target machines. Its performance was compared for several MPP machines: CM5, IBM SP2, Cray T-3E and Cray Origin. The advantages and disadvantages of HPF and MPI are discussed from a programming as well as performance point of view.
Comparative effects of oil dispersants to the early life stages of topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) and kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera)

The acute effects of two oilspill dispersants were compared using the early life stages of two common nearshore marine organisms the topsmelt (Athennops affinis), a common fish in bays and estuaries, and the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), a canopy forming brown alga Testing was done under closed, flow through conditions, with spiked dispersant concentrations measured in real time using UV spectrophotometry Both dispersants were composed of complex mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants and solvents Median effect concentration data showed Athennops tests to be more sensitive to both dispersants than Macrocystis tests, with values ranging from 48 2 to 72 9 ppm (LC50) and 73 0 to 79 4 ppm (IC50), respectively, for Nokomis® 3, and from 43 7 to 45 8 ppm (LC50) and 73 0 to 95 9 ppm (IC50), respectively, for Slik A Way A different pattern was seen in NOECs, in which both species showed significantly higher sensitivity to Slik A Way than to Nokomis 3 (α = 0 05) Comparison of the present data with those previously compiled for the same products with two other species the red abalone (Hahotis rufescens) and a mysid (Holmesimysis costata), showed fairly consistent interspecific patterns among three of the four species, Holmesimysis tests were seen to be least sensitive to Nokomis 3 and second most sensitive to Shk A Way In addition, Shk A Way was more toxic to all species except Macrocystis
Designing Efficient Parallel Prefix Sum Algorithms for GPUs

This paper presents a novel and efficient method to compute one of the simplest and most useful building block for parallel algorithms: the parallel prefix sum operation. Besides its practical relevance, the problem achieves further interest in parallel-computation theory. We firstly describe step-by-step how parallel prefix sum is performed in parallel on GPUs. Next we propose a more efficient technique properly developed for modern graphics processors and alike processors. Our technique is able to perform the computation in such a way that minimizes both memory conflicts and memory usage. Finally we evaluate theoretically and empirically all the considered solutions in terms of efficiency, space complexity, and computational time. In order to properly conduct the theoretical analysis we used a novel computational model proposed by us in a previous work: K-model. Concerning the experiments, the results show that the proposed solution obtains better performance than the existing ones.
Celebrating 30 years of research accomplishments of the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study.

The landmark Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and its follow-up study, the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC), have changed the way that type 1 diabetes is treated, and have led to improvements in the health and quality of life of people with the disease. In this Perspective, we look back at the 30 years since the start of DCCT to celebrate the scientific achievements of the DCCT/EDIC study group and patient volunteers—achievements that have had far-reaching benefits for type 1 diabetes and beyond. The insights that continue to emerge from DCCT/EDIC underscore the importance of supporting long-term research on chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes. We also describe factors that contributed to the success of DCCT/EDIC, its public health implications, and how results continue to inform current-day research directions supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). A complementary Perspective from the DCCT/EDIC investigators summarizes the methods, and results, and clinical implications of these seminal studies (1). In the late 1970s to the early 1980s, there was considerable debate about whether the potential benefits of intensive glycemic control in reducing the development of diabetes complications outweighed the risks of hypoglycemia (2–4). The studies done before the DCCT were small and short in duration and had enrolled subjects with preexisting retinopathy, thus failing to resolve the controversy about the risks and benefits of intensive treatment or to address primary prevention. Moreover, some studies in individuals with established eye disease showed an early worsening of retinopathy with intensive blood glucose control (5–7). Delineation of the natural history of the preproliferative phases of diabetic retinopathy in conventionally treated type 1 diabetes and validation of retinal photography as an outcome measure provided the …
A Nanobody Activation Immunotherapeutic that Selectively Destroys HER2‐Positive Breast Cancer Cells

We report a rationally designed nanobody activation immunotherapeutic that selectively redirects anti-dinitrophenyl (anti-DNP) antibodies to the surface of HER2-positive breast cancer cells, resulting in their targeted destruction by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. As nanobodies are relatively easy to express, stable, can be humanized, and can be evolved to potently and selectively bind virtually any disease-relevant cell surface receptor, we anticipate broad utility of this therapeutic strategy.
The system matters: corruption and vote choice in Uganda

Many theories of democratic accountability expect voters to ‘throw the rascals out', yet high corruption and electoral competition coexist in many African countries. Extant explanations for the persistence of corruption – including coercion, lack of information, and vote buying – are insufficient to explain these patterns. To more fully explain this, this article makes a theoretical distinction between voters’ perceptions of the corruption of the political system and of individual politicians. Evidence from original interviews and focus group discussions, as well as public opinion data shows that many Ugandan citizens perceive their political system to be highly corrupt. Citizens react to these perceptions in two ways, each of which undermines electoral accountability for corrupt officials. First, many voters do not object to, and may even prefer, corrupt politicians in a system where a single ‘honest’ official is unlikely to reduce corruption overall. Second, some citizens respond to perceptions of syste...
Molecular imaging—its current role in cancer

Medical imaging has undergone extensive growth over the last few decades and now plays a central role in clinical oncology. The future of imaging in the management of oncology patients is molecularly targeted imaging agents. Molecular imaging differs from conventional anatomical imaging in that imaging probes are utilized to visualize target molecules-of-interest. It is envisioned that molecular imaging will have a major impact on oncology and personalized medicine by allowing earlier diagnosis, assessing early response to treatment and by predicting treatment response. It will, hopefully, also have an impact on drug development by streamlining preclinical and clinical tests for new drug candidates.
Response: proliferative versus functional anergy

We appreciate the interest shown in our work. In their comment, Visentini et al used cell proliferation studies to conclude that VH1-69-positive CD21high B cells in HCV patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia are anergic.[1][1] However, B-cell anergy was initially operationally defined as the inability
Analysis of Common Issues in Related Substances Study of Generic Drug

According to the requirements of the relevant guidelines on related substances for drug registration, the common issues in related substances study including some tipical cases of generic drugs are summarized.The solution of the issues are suggested.
Crystal structure of 3-(di-ethyl-amino)-phenol.

The title compound, C10H15NO, has two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. Each mol-ecule has a near-planar C8NO unit excluding H atoms and the terminal methyl groups on the di-ethyl-amino groups, with mean deviations from planarity of 0.036 and 0.063 A. In the crystal, hydrogen bonding leads to four-membered O-H⋯O-H⋯O-H·· rings. No π-π inter-actions were observed in the structure.
Using Social Media in System Project Development and Management: Survey and Extensions

This paper surveys and extends the use of social media technologies as part of project development and management. In particular, this paper investigates how social media technologies, such as wikis, blogs, micro-blogs and tagging, have been and can be used to facilitate project development and management, through communication and collaboration. However, we suggest going beyond simply communication and collaboration. In particular, we focus on using an analysis of digital media content to address a range of issues, including using social media content to facilitate capturing project history, doing an analysis of that content to facilitate documentation development, and monitoring content from social media to provide insights into project development. Domain-based characteristics of the text are investigated to discover meaning in social media content.
Hernia and Abdominal Wall Coding

For the purpose of CPT coding and reimbursement, hernia repairs are classified as inguinal or ventral, with a few other unusual hernia types. Each has its own subsection in CPT. There are separate codes for open and laparoscopic repairs. Some hernia repairs are further classified by age of the patient (premature infant, child, or adult), reducibility of the hernia (reducible or incarcerated/strangulated), and the recurrent nature of the defect (initial or recurrent hernia). Complex abdominal wall hernia repairs are described with a combination of codes, including a code for myofascial advancement flap when separation of components is performed. Most hernia repairs are valued to include placement of prosthetic mesh; however, open ventral hernia repair is not, and an add-on code is needed to code for mesh placement. Although hernia repair codes are fairly granular—that is, there are many descriptors to describe the procedure—not every technique has its own specific code, and newer techniques remain investigational by CPT criteria.
Existence of C(m)-Pseudo-Almost Automorphic Solutions

In this chapter we study and obtain the existence of C (m)-pseudo-almost automorphic solutions to some classes of first-order, second-order, and higher-order differential equations with operator coefficients whose forcing term is C (m)-pseudo-almost automorphic. For that, we will make extensive use of various tools including analytic semigroup and exponential dichotomy techniques.
Idea–driven R&D evolution: The ORNL seed–money programme

At any active research and development institution there must be a continuous evolution of research ideas and projects. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a US Department of Energy sponsored laboratory, the seed–money programme provides overhead funding for staff members to explore new ideas and to conduct proof–of–principle studies to facilitate this progression. Over 200 projects have been supported by this means. The execution and the success of the seed–money programme is described. In its 12–year history, seed money has helped initiate several new Laboratory programmes. Its success is due to two factors – a staff–oriented operation, and an idea–driven approach.
Structural and immunological characterization of a glycoconjugate based on the delipidated lipopolysaccharide from a nontypeable Helicobacter pylori strain PJ1 containing an extended d-glycero-d-manno-heptan

Abstract Structural characterization of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from a nontypeable Helicobacter pylori strain PJ1 and two corresponding mutants, PJ1 HP1283:cam and PJ1 HP1284:cam, was performed using a combination of NMR and mass spectrometric techniques. It resulted in the core structure that differed significantly from the one proposed previously. Overall architecture of PJ1 LPS was found to be consistent with a structural model described for several other H. pylori strains. It contained a polymer of d -glycero- d -manno-heptose ( dd -Hep) as the O-chain component, linked to α-1,6-glucan through a dd -Hep oligosaccharide. H. pylori PJ1 HP1283:cam LPS was missing dd -heptan, terminating with an α-1,6-glucan chain containing 5–13 glucose residues. LPS of strain PJ1 HP1284:cam was missing dd -Hep from the core and had β-GlcNAc attached directly to O-3 of the inner-core ld -Hep residue. To investigate the role of dd -heptan in protective immunity, delipidated LPS (dLPS) from strain PJ1 was conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and immunological properties of the resultant glycoconjugate dLPS(PJ1)-TT determined. The dLPS(PJ1)-TT conjugate was immunogenic in mice and rabbits and induced specific and cross-reactive functional antibodies against homologous and heterologous strains of H. pylori. Whole cell indirect ELISA performed on a selected number of H. pylori isolates confirmed that the immune response correlated with the presence of α-1,6-glucan and was not augmented by the dd -Hep content of these strains.
Reduced Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold After Performing a Cognitive Fatiguing Task.

Cognitive fatigue tasks performed before exercise may reduce exercise capacity. The electromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT) is the highest exercise intensity that can be maintained without significant increase in the electromyography (EMG) amplitude vs. time relationship. To date, no studies have examined the effect of cognitive fatigue on the estimation of the EMGFT. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine whether cognitive fatigue before performing exercise reduces the estimated EMGFT. Eight healthy college-aged men were recruited from a university student population and visited the laboratory on multiple occasions. In a randomized order, subjects performed either the cognitive fatigue task (AX continuous performance test) for 60 minutes on one visit (experimental condition) or watched a video on trains for 60 minutes on the other visit (control condition). After each condition, subjects performed the incremental single-leg knee-extensor ergometry test while the EMG amplitude was recorded from the rectus femoris muscle and heart rate was monitored throughout. Thereafter, the EMGFT was calculated for each subject for each visit and compared using paired samples t-test. For exercise outcomes, there were no significant mean differences for maximal power output between the 2 conditions (control: 51 +/- 5 vs. fatigue: 50 +/- 3 W), but there was a significant decrease in EMGFT between the 2 conditions (control: 31 +/- 3 vs. fatigue: 24 +/- 2 W; p = 0.013). Moreover, maximal heart rate was significantly different between the 2 conditions (control: 151 +/- 5 vs. fatigue: 132 +/- 6; p = 0.027). These results suggest that performing the cognitive fatiguing task reduces the EMGFT with a corresponding reduction in maximal heart rate response.
The Guanylate Cyclase Family

Following the discovery of adenylate cyclase (Sutherland et al. 1962), the enzyme guanylate cyclase was identified (Hardman and Sutherland 1969; Schultz et al. 1969; White and Aurbach 1969). By the time of its discovery, the “second messenger hypothesis” was well in place and it was initially felt that the mechanisms by which guanylate cyclase were regulated might fit the general model being developed for hormonal regulation of adenylate cyclase (Robison et al. 1967). However, that guanylate cyclase activity distributed to various cellular compartments, including the cytoplasm, and that for many years reproducible activation of guanylate cyclase in broken cell preparations was observed only with nitrovasodilators and similar agents, which interacted with the cytoplasmic form of the enzyme (Garbers 1989a), raised doubts about applications of the adenylate cyclase model to guanylate cyclase.
An empirical evaluation of costs and benefits of simplifying Bayesian networks by removing weak arcs

We report the results of an empirical evaluation of structural simplification of Bayesian networks by removing weak arcs. We conduct a series of experiments on six networks built from real data sets selected from the UC Irvine Machine Learning Repository. We systematically remove arcs from the weakest to the strongest, relying on four measures of arc strength, and measure the classification accuracy of the resulting simplified models. Our results show that removing up to roughly 20 percent of the weakest arcs in a network has minimal effect on its classification accuracy. At the same time, structural simplification of networks leads to significant reduction of both the amount of memory taken by the clique tree and the amount of computation needed to perform inference.
Capacitated Network Design on Undirected Graphs

In this paper, we study the approximability of the capacitated network design problem (Cap-NDP) on undirected graphs: Given G = (V,E) with non-negative costs c and capacities u on its edges, source-sink pairs (s i , t i ) with demand r i , the goal is to find the minimum cost subgraph where the minimum (s i , t i ) cut with u-capacities is at least r i . When u ≡ 1, we get the usual SNDP for which Jain gave a 2-approximation algorithm [9]. Prior to our work, the approximability of undirected Cap-NDP was not well understood even in the single source-sink pair case. In this paper, we show that the single-source pair Cap-NDP is label-cover hard in undirected graphs.
Augmenting User Identification with WiFi Based Gesture Recognition

Over the last few years, researchers have proposed several WiFi based gesture recognition systems that can recognize predefined gestures performed by users at runtime. As most environments are inhabited by multiple users, the true potential of WiFi based gesture recognition can be unleashed only when each user can independently define the actions that the system should take when the user performs a certain predefined gesture. To enable this, a gesture recognition system should not only be able to recognize any given predefined gesture, but should also be able to identify the user that performed it. Unfortunately, none of the prior WiFi based gesture recognition systems can identify the user performing the gesture. In this paper, we propose WiID, a WiFi and gesture based user identification system that can identify the user as soon as he/she performs a predefined gesture at runtime. WiID integrates with the WiFi based gesture recognition systems as an add-on module whose sole objective is to identify the users that perform the predefined gestures. The design of WiID is based on our novel result which states that the timeseries of the frequencies that appear in WiFi channel's frequency response while performing a given gesture are different in the samples of that gesture performed by different users, and are similar in the samples of that gesture performed by the same user. We implemented and extensively evaluated WiID in a variety of environments using a comprehensive data set comprising over 25,000 gesture samples.
An experimental and numerical study of granular flows through a perforated square lattice for central solar receiver applications

Abstract A proposed design for a concentrating solar power (CSP) receiver uses a granular material - such as sand - as the heat transfer and energy storage medium. Early designs of particle heating receivers (PHR) utilize a falling curtain of particles which directly absorbs the concentrated solar radiation. However, falling curtain receivers have several disadvantages, including significant heat and particle losses, and a short residence time within the irradiation zone. One design proposal which overcomes these challenges is the so called “impeded flow PHR design”, in which the particles flow over, around, or through a series of obstacles in the flow path. This reduces the average velocity of the particles, thereby increasing residence time in the irradiation zone of the receiver. It also reduces heat and particle losses from the receiver. However, granular flows through complex structures are not well understood, rendering a priori design of impeded flow PHR geometries difficult. To better understand these flows, lab scale models of a PHR design variant using a perforated square lattice at an oblique angle have been constructed, allowing granular flows through the receiver geometry to be experimentally analyzed. In addition, two different numerical modeling approaches - the discrete element method (DEM) model, and a two-fluid computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model - have been developed to model the flow of particles through the specified receiver geometry. The results of the DEM model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data with respect to mass flux, and better matches the experimental data than the CFD model.
Voices of the hero: dominant masculine ideologies through the speech of Japanese shōnen protagonists

This paper examines diachronic changes in the pronoun use and phonetic performance of protagonists in shōnen anime, a genre of animated work that is aimed predominately at adolescent boys. Utilising nearly forty years of shōnen anime, this study constructs a diachronic analysis of first-person pronoun usage, the primary pragmatic index of gender performance in Japanese, as well as average pitch and pitch range, which are frequently cited as salient phonetic markers of gender performance but are understudied in this area with regard to language in media. By analysing the way that changes in masculinity structures are reflected in performance of fictional protagonists, this paper demonstrates the necessity for further research on language use, particularly by protagonists, in fictional media, as well as on the way that dominant language ideologies are reproduced and consumed in the popular culture market.
Journalism Conundrum: Perceiving Location and Geographic Space Norms and Values

Journalists have been incorporating geographic space into their news work for centuries (Carey, 1987; Tuchman, 1978; Gasher, 2007; Mersey, 2009). The location of where the fire occurred, the parade took place, or the soccer match was played has always been a part of the story. However, in the process of incorporating geographic space into the story, how does that location of the news event matter to the news reader? Using the theoretical framework of Spatial Journalism (Schmitz Weiss, 2015), this study explores the perception of geographic space and how journalism might perpetuate existing notions of their definition of news in a geographic space (Hess & Waller, 2015) which combats the reality of what the public may identify as news near to them. Based on a national online survey administered to U.S. adults in fall 2017, the study finds that perceptions of proximity of news differ from existing journalistic structures.