cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation and research priorities for FCTC articles 13 and 16: Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship and sales to and by minors

Introduction Article 13 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) calls for a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS), and Article 16 calls for prohibition of tobacco sales to and by minors. Although these mandates are based on sound science, many countries have found provision implementation to be rife with challenges. Objective This paper reviews the history of tobacco marketing and minor access restrictions in high-, middle-, and low-income countries, identifying past challenges and successes. We consider current challenges to FCTC implementation, how these barriers can be addressed, and what research is necessary to support such efforts. Specifically, we identify implementation and research priorities for FCTC Articles 13 and 16. Discussion Although a solid evidence base underpins the FCTC's call for TAPS bans and minor access restrictions, we know substantially less about how best to implement these restrictions. Drawing on the regulatory experiences of high-, middle-, and low-income countries, we discern several implementation and research priorities, which are organized into 4 categories: policy enactment and enforcement, human capital expertise, the effects of FCTC marketing and youth access policies, and knowledge exchange and transfer among signatories. Future research should provide detailed case studies on implementation successes and failures, as well as insights into how knowledge of successful restrictions can be translated into tobacco control policy and practice and shared among different stakeholders. Conclusion Tobacco marketing surveillance, sales-to-minors compliance checks, enforcement and evaluation of restriction policies, and capacity building and knowledge transfer are likely to prove central to effective implementation.
New mechanism for foam cell generation in atherosclerotic lesions.

Abstract Because of a close association between platelets and macrophages in early fatty streak lesions, the hypothesis was tested that platelets contribute to lesion progression by directly enhancing macrophage cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulation. Both the rate of cholesterol esterification and the accumulation of CE were increased within 24 h of the co-culture of adherent macrophages with platelets. Maximum increases in esterification and CE accumulation were observed within 3 to 4 d of culture and were greater than 10-fold over controls. Optimum accumulation of CE by 5 X 10(5) was obtained with 5 X 10(8) autologous platelets. When similar amounts of free cholesterol were supplied with platelets, red blood cells (RBC), RBC ghosts, or sonicated RBC, only platelets enhanced macrophage CE accumulation, which indicates specificity for platelets. Products released from platelets 30 min after thrombin stimulation were active as well. The results suggest that platelets and/or substances shed by activated platelets are potent mediators of macrophage CE accumulation.
Effect of sodium deprivation on the tissue uptake and metabolism of 3H-1,2-d-aldosterone in rats.

The effect of sodium deprivation on the tissue uptake and metabolism of 3H-l,2-d-aldosterone was studied in male Holtzman rats. The total CH2Cl2-soluble aldosterone radioactivity was determined in each tissue extract. All tissues, other than blood and spleen, from sodium- deprived rats contained more CH2CI2-S0Iuble radioactivity but the per cent as aldosterone was less than control at 5 min after injection. Livei from the sodium-deprived rats at 15 and 30 min exhibited a significantly smaller percentage of counts present as aldosterone. At 60 min heart, kidney, liver, muscle and spleen from sodiumdeprived rats showed significantly less radioactivity than did tissues from control rats. The ta/2 for 3H-aldosterone in blood of sodium-deprived rats was 19 min as compared with 32 min in control animals. Since these data suggested an increased rate of metabolism in sodium-deprived rats, the biliary excretion of 3H-aldosterone in both groups was monitored by continuous bile collection for 5.5 hr. During the firs...
Ultrafast Polarization Response of an Optically Trapped Single Ferroelectric Nanowire

One-dimensional potassium niobate nanowires are of interest as building blocks in integrated piezoelectric devices, exhibiting large nonlinear optical and piezoelectric responses. Here we present femtosecond measurements of light-induced polarization dynamics within an optically trapped ferroelectric nanowire, using the second-order nonlinear susceptibility as a real-time structural probe. Large amplitude, reversible modulations of the nonlinear susceptibility are observed within single nanowires at megahertz repetition rates, developing on few-picosecond time-scales, associated with anomalous coupling of light into the nanowire.
DICHOPTIC AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION COMBINATION: A COMPARISON

Two experiments, in which information from two different kinds of degraded (low-pass filtered and regionally averaged or blocked) visual stimuli (aircraft silhouettes) was combined, are reported. In the first experiment, the degraded images were perceptually combined by being separately presented to each eye in a dichoptic viewing situation. Both stimuli in both presentations were masked by identical random visual interference. When the two stimuli were visually fused, performance in a discrimination task was enhanced over that in control situations in which only one of the two stimuli was presented. In the second experiment the two degraded stimuli were physically superimposed prior to binocular presentation, with a similar result. The results of this hybrid (masking/binocular summation) experiment suggest that true advantageous information pooling occurs when these two types of degraded stimuli are combined either physically or dichoptically.
A biologically inspired analog IC for visual collision detection

We have designed and tested a single-chip analog VLSI sensor that detects imminent collisions by measuring radially expanding optic flow. The design of the chip is based on a model proposed to explain leg-extension behavior in flies during landing approaches. We evaluated a detailed version of this model in simulation using a library of 50 test movies taken through a fisheye lens. The algorithm was evaluated on its ability to distinguish movies ending in collisions from movies in which no collision occurred. This biologically inspired algorithm is capable of 94% correct performance in this task using an ultra-low-resolution (132-pixel) image as input. A new elementary motion detector (EMD) circuit was developed to measure optic flow on a CMOS focal-plane sensor. This EMD circuit models the bandpass nature of large monopolar cells (LMCs) immediately postsynaptic to photoreceptors in the fly visual system as well as a saturating multiplication operation proposed for Reichart-type motion detectors. A 16/spl times/16 array of two-dimensional motion detectors was fabricated in a standard 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The chip consumes 140 /spl mu/W of power from a 5 V supply. With the addition of wide-angle optics, the sensor is able to detect collisions 100-400 ms before impact in complex, real-world scenes.
3-D computer simulations of resolution effects of multidetector point focusing SPECT imaging

The authors present an efficient algorithm and the results of its application in simulating the three-dimensional (3-D) projection data resulting from a 3-D distribution of radioactivity. The algorithm was applied to a series of geometrical mathematical phantoms and to a realistic mathematical brain phantom. The authors simulated the projection data from a multidetector single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system with point focusing collimators. The simulated projection data were then reconstructed using the manufacturer's software. The objects simulated included simple geometrical solids such as spheres and sheets, as well as the distribution of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in a realistic brain slice. Spheres were chosen as a model for brain structures such as caudate nucleus, thalamus, and cerebellum; sheets were selected as representing lateral cortical gray matter regions. The results of these simulations indicate the existence of significant qualitative and quantitative artifacts in reconstructed human brain images. >
Dynamic Lean Management of the Naval Construction Process

Abstract:The naval and private construction industries face shared problems in regard to cost over-runs and delays that may be addressed in part through improvements to the construction process. The scope of this study is to examine the naval construction process from design to implementation, with special emphasis on the role of design sharing and constructability. We use the System Dynamics methodology to model the construction process and conduct simulations to examine the impact of project management decisions. We conclude that increased constructability efforts and design sharing mitigate the impact of cost over-runs and project completion delays, and that when limited resources exist it is best to focus improvement efforts early rather than later.
Attacking Parsing Bottlenecks with Unlabeled Data and Relevant Factorizations

Prepositions and conjunctions are two of the largest remaining bottlenecks in parsing. Across various existing parsers, these two categories have the lowest accuracies, and mistakes made have consequences for down-stream applications. Prepositions and conjunctions are often assumed to depend on lexical dependencies for correct resolution. As lexical statistics based on the training set only are sparse, unlabeled data can help ameliorate this sparsity problem. By including unlabeled data features into a factorization of the problem which matches the representation of prepositions and conjunctions, we achieve a new state-of-the-art for English dependencies with 93.55% correct attachments on the current standard. Furthermore, conjunctions are attached with an accuracy of 90.8%, and prepositions with an accuracy of 87.4%.
Indoor localization based on LEDs

LEDs have many advantages compared with the conventional lamps. Therefore LEDs are expected to be the next generation of lamps that will be widely installed to replace conventional lamps. Due to their rapid response times, LED's can be modulated at very high-speeds, which allows the possibility of simultaneously providing communication while illuminating. Considering these facts, a system can be designed to receive (using a single photodiode or a camera) and analyze LED signals. Furthermore, such a system should be able to facilitate position estimation tasks either for people or vehicles, especially in indoor navigation tasks where the LED positions are known. Herein two methods — single photo-detector and array photo-detector (camera) — are introduced. The single photo-detector approach is used to detect the existence and the specific identity of an LED. The array photo-detector approach measures the angle-of-arrival of the LED signal. Navigation methods based on this measured information is considered.
Development and morphology of class II Kenyon cells in the mushroom bodies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera.

Class II Kenyon cells, defined by their early birthdate and unique dendritic arborizations, have been observed in the mushroom bodies of evolutionarily divergent insects. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Class II (also called clawed) Kenyon cells are well known for their extensive reorganization that occurs during metamorphosis. The present account reports for the first time the occurrence of mushroom body reorganization during metamorphosis in holometabolous insect species outside of the Diptera. In the honey bee, Apis mellifera, Class II Kenyon cells show signs of degeneration and undergo a subtle reshaping of their axons during metamorphosis. Unlike in Drosophila, reorganization of Class II Kenyon cells in the honey bee does not involve the loss of axon branches. In contrast, the mushroom bodies of closely related hymenopteran species, the polistine wasps, undergo a much more dramatic restructuring near the end of metamorphosis. Immunohistochemistry, dextran fills, and Golgi impregnations illuminate the heterogeneous nature of Class II Kenyon cells in the developing and adult honey bee brain, with subpopulations differing in the location of dendritic arbors within the calyx, and branching pattern in the lobes. Furthermore, polyclonal antibodies against the catalytic subunit of Drosophila protein kinase A (anti-DC0) label an unusual and previously undescribed trajectory for these neurons. The observed variations in morphology indicate that subpopulations of Class II Kenyon cells in the honey bee can likely be further defined by significant differences in their specific connections and functions within the mushroom bodies. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:325–339, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laboratory and Field Evaluations of Two Bacillus thuringiensis Formulations, Novodor and Raven, for Control of Cottonwood Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of two Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner formulations, Novodor and Raven, for controlling cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). In laboratory bioassays, larvae or adults were added to petri dishes containing Populus × euramericana Guinier ‘Eugenei’ foliage that had been treated with distilled water (control) or one of the commercial Bt formulations at either high or low label rates. Survival was recorded on a 24-h basis, and leaf area consumed was measured at the conclusion of all trials. Significant differences from the control in mortality and leaf area consumption resulted in the Novodor and Raven treatments for all life stages tested; however, adults were better able to withstand the effects of B. thuringiensis toxins than were the immatures. Early- and late instar C. scripta populations were monitored in the field (1998 and 1999) after treatment with either water or various concentrations of one of the commercial Bt formulations. Significant mortality resulted with all concentrations and for all life stages tested compared with the control (tap water). The commercial formulations also were tested under plantation conditions as part of a long-term defoliation study. Both Novodor and Raven reduced cottonwood leaf beetle defoliation damage after a single application, giving high efficacy for control of cottonwood leaf beetle under the conditions and concentrations evaluated.
Achieving Speaker Gender Equity at the American Society for Microbiology General Meeting

ABSTRACT In 2015, the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) General Meeting essentially achieved gender equity, with 48.5% of the oral presentations being given by women. The mechanisms associated with increased female participation were (i) making the Program Committee aware of gender statistics, (ii) increasing female representation among session convener teams, and (iii) direct instruction to try to avoid all-male sessions. The experience with the ASM General Meeting shows that it is possible to increase the participation of female speakers in a relatively short time and suggests concrete steps that may be taken to achieve this at other meetings. IMPORTANCE Public speaking is very important for academic advancement in science. Historically women have been underrepresented as speakers in many scientific meetings. This article describes concrete steps that were associated with achieving gender equity at a major meeting.
THE RESULTS OF OPERATIVE FIXATION OF TUBERCULOUS SPINES

1. Sixty-nine per cent. of eighty-four patients who have had fusion operations for tuberculosis have no complaints, have a solid posterior fusion, and show no increase of deformity. 2. Eighteen of these patients were, at the time of operation, from one to ten years of age. Seventy-two per cent. of this small group have an excellent result, indicating that for children the operation is safe and effectual. 3. Eighteen per cent. of these eighty-four patients are dead. 4. The stability of a kyphos is mainly dependent upon adequate anterior vertebral-body contact. Correction obtained by abduction of its jaws causes instability by producing a dead space in the diseased area. Posterior spine fusion does not restore sufficient stability to maintain correction obtained in this manner. 5. Eight of nine patients with preoperative neurological complications from cord pressure were subjectively cured. There is probably little relation between their operations and the disappearance of symptoms.
Peptide identification via constrained multi-objective optimization: Pareto-based genetic algorithms: Research Articles

Automatic peptide identification from collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry data using optimization techniques is made difficult by large plateaus in the fitness landscapes of scoring functions, by the fuzzy nature of constraints from noisy data and by the existence of diverse but equally justifiable probabilistic models of peak matching. Here, two different scoring functions are combined into a parallel multi-objective optimization framework. It is shown how multi-objective optimization can be used to empirically test for independence between distinct scoring functions. The loss of selection pressure during the evolution of a population of putative peptide sequences by a Pareto-driven genetic algorithm is addressed by alternating between two definitions of fitness according to a numerical threshold. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated Modeling of Building HVAC Systems for MPC

Model predictive control (MPC) offers a tremendous scope in optimizing the consumption of energy by building HVAC systems. This paper presents an automated real-time procedure for the development of linear parametric models of building air-conditioning systems through system identification for the implementation of the MPC algorithms. The procedure is used to decide on the various aspects of system identification such as selecting the model structure, the inputs to the system, the interaction of the systems with their neighbors, and the updating of the model coefficients in real-time. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by modeling the various components air-conditioning systems of a real building. The root mean squared error was used as a performance metric to gauge the models. The paper also demonstrates that a 15 minute sampling interval is sufficient to model the dynamics of the air-handling unit and the room temperatures, but a faster sampling rate may be required to model the VAV boxes.© 2014 ASME
Isolation of (CO)1– and (CO2)1– Radical Complexes of Rare Earths via Ln(NR2)3/K Reduction and [K2(18-crown-6)2]2+ Oligomerization

Deep-blue solutions of Y(2+) formed from Y(NR(2))(3) (R = SiMe(3)) and excess potassium in the presence of 18-crown-6 at -45 °C under vacuum in diethyl ether react with CO at -78 °C to form colorless crystals of the (CO)(1-) radical complex, {[(R(2)N)(3)Y(μ-CO)(2)][K(2)(18-crown-6)(2)]}(n), 1. The polymeric structure contains trigonal bipyramidal [(R(2)N)(3)Y(μ-CO)(2)](2-) units with axial (CO)(1-) ligands linked by [K(2)(18-crown-6)(2)](2+) dications. Byproducts such as the ynediolate, [(R(2)N)(3)Y](2)(μ-OC≡CO){[K(18-crown-6)](2)(18-crown-6)}, 2, in which two (CO)(1-) anions are coupled to form (OC≡CO)(2-), and the insertion/rearrangement product, {(R(2)N)(2)Y[OC(═CH(2))Si(Me(2))NSiMe(3)]}[K(18-crown-6)], 3, are common in these reactions that give variable results depending on the specific reaction conditions. The CO reduction in the presence of THF forms a solvated variant of 2, the ynediolate [(R(2)N)(3)Y](2)(μ-OC≡CO)[K(18-crown-6)(THF)(2)](2), 2a. CO(2) reacts analogously with Y(2+) to form the (CO(2))(1-) radical complex, {[(R(2)N)(3)Y(μ-CO(2))(2)][K(2)(18-crown-6)(2)]}(n), 4, that has a structure similar to that of 1. Analogous (CO)(1-) and (OC≡CO)(2-) complexes of lutetium were isolated using Lu(NR(2))(3)/K/18-crown-6: {[(R(2)N)(3)Lu(μ-CO)(2)][K(2)(18-crown-6)(2)]}(n), 5, [(R(2)N)(3)Lu](2)(μ-OC≡CO){[K(18-crown-6)](2)(18-crown-6)}, 6, and [(R(2)N)(3)Lu](2)(μ-OC≡CO)[K(18-crown-6)(Et(2)O)(2)](2), 6a.
Relationship of native and introduced mycorrhizal fungi to mycorrhizal dependence of Andropogon gerardii and Koeleria pyranidata

(1990). Relationship of Native and Introduced Mycorrhizal Fungi to Mycorrhizal Dependence of Andropogon Gerardii and Koeleria Pyranidata. Mycologia: Vol. 82, No. 6, pp. 779-782.
Evolutionary Ecology, Elite Feasting, and the Hohokam: A Case Study from a Southern Arizona Platform Mound

A number of researchers have shown that the abundance, diversity, and size of prey consumed or displayed at a feast can be used by elites to solidify and/or aggrandize their social position. Expectations for archaeological signatures of elite feasting—derived from ethnographic studies, archaeological research, and ecological theory—are used to assess the archaeofaunal record from selected contexts of the Marana platform mound site, located in southern Arizona. The magnitude of work conducted in the region provides a unique opportunity to address the importance of feasting as a mechanism of power consolidation among Hohokam elites. Here, we examine a hypothesized locus of elite feasting among the Classic period Hohokam (ca. A.D. 1250). A relatively high concentration of animal bone derived from a burned room adjacent to the Marana platform mound was first thought to represent debris from elite feasting. Analysis reveals a proportionate taxonomic profile that is similar to the remainder of the community and an overwhelming abundance of small game relative to large prey. Neither situation is consistent with elite feasting expectations. These results argue for a form of feasting among non-elites that likely served to promote intragroup solidarity or political support within the community.
X-ray Holographic Microscopy by Self-Interference Incoherent Digital Holography

New approach to full-field soft x-ray holographic microscopy is being developed based on the principle of self-interferencce incoherent digital holography, with simple optical configurations and higher efficiencies. Theorectial and preliminary experimental results will be presented.
Inhibitory action of extracts of mammalian skin on pigment formation.

SummaryThe inhibitory effect on melanin formation of aqueous extracts of isolated human epidermis and of homogenates of rabbit skin was found' to be due to heat-stable, dialyzable, non-protein-like sulfhydryl compounds which were counteracted by cupric ions and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. A direct relationship was found between the -SH concentration and the inhibitory power of extracts of human epidermis. Ultraviolet irradiation caused an immediate decrease in the amount of water-extractable -SH compounds of the skin of colored rabbits. No such decrease could be observed in albino animals. These findings support the previously advanced theory that pigment forming stimuli cause pigmentation by oxidizing or destroying the sulfhydryl compounds of the epidermis, whereupon the enzyme can freely act on the melanin precursor.
Description of New Postcranial Elements of Mylodon darwinii Owen 1839 (Mammalia: Pilosa: Mylodontinae), and Functional Morphology of the Forelimb

Abstract. Since its original description nearly two hundred years ago, the late Pleistocene (Ensenadan—Lujanian SALMA) ground sloth genus Mylodon from South America has had a variety of taxonomic issues. The end result is that diagnostic characters for the genus and its only species, M. darwinii, include only skull, tibia, and astragalus features. While other postcranial remains have been found, they have been too fragmentary to provide any significant taxonomic characters. The rediscovery of a specimen of M. darwinii (previously listed as Glossotherium robustum) collected in the mid-1920s near Orient in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina and housed in the Field Museum of Natural History, provides an opportunity to expand the diagnosis for this taxon based on diagnostic skull and astragalus remains that are associated with an atlas and associated vertebrae, and most of the left forearm, carpus, and other elements of the manus. These bones all show features that distinguish M. darwinii from contemporaneous m...
A Marine Dipole Source for Low Frequency Seismic Acquisition

Two or more octaves of low frequencies may be added to the seismic band with a new type of marine source that remedies the low frequency ghost notch problem and possesses useful low frequency radiation characteristics. The ghosting characteristic of conventional marine sources has a node that notches the low frequencies. In contrast, the ghosting characteristic of a marine dipole source has an antinode that amplifies the low frequencies. With adequate forcing, the marine dipole source can radiate far field amplitudes at low frequencies that are useful for seismic exploration.
Effect of autumn management on winter annual weeds prior to cotton planting.

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of autumn tillage and herbicide applications on the control of cutleaf evening-primrose prior to planting cotton. In one study, different timings and combinations of autumn disking and glyphosate applications were evaluated following harvest of the preceding cotton or corn crop. Treatments implemented following corn harvest were inconsistent for annual winter weed control. Relative to the nontreated control, treatments that included disking or glyphosate at 5 wk after harvest (WAH) of cotton had lower cutleaf evening-primrose ground cover estimates and plant population densities, with the exception of glyphosate applied at 5 WAH in 2004. Critical establishment of cutleaf evening-primrose occurred in these studies around 5 wk after cotton harvest (first week of November), whereas post-corn harvest treatments were applied prior to cutleaf evening-primrose establishment. In the second study, pre-plant applications of 2,4-D in three tillage systems were evaluated for cutleaf evening-primrose growth. Application of 2,4-D effectively controlled cutleaf evening-primrose, leaving no green plants at the time of cotton planting. There were differences in the number of cutleaf evening-primrose remnant plants among both tillage and 2,4-D systems. Conventional tillage had fewer cutleaf evening-primrose plants than reduced tillages. Application of 2,4-D to both strip-tillage and no-tillage reduced cutleaf evening-primrose plant density by 70% or greater. Although there was no effect of tillage system on cotton yield, preplant applications of 2,4-D increased cotton growth and yield relative to nontreated controls. 2,4-D was an effective option for cutleaf evening-primrose control prior to cotton planting.
The management of obesity.

A primary requirement is that the physician avoid a scolding attitude, which will only set up barriers between him and the patient; another is to seek out positive personal motivations and propose regimens that fit into the framework of the patient's own habits, progressing if necessary by small steps. The contribution that can be made by exercise, amphetamines, and jejunoileal bypass in the massively obese is detailed.
Molecular genetic studies of colon cancer.

Molecular genetic studies of tumor-specific allele loss have only lately been recognized as an effective way of locating cancer genes on human chromosomes. During the past year this approach has detected three colon cancer genes, believed to be tumor- (or growth-) suppressors, on chromosomes 5q, 17p, and 18q, respectively. The presence of activated ras genes (growth promoters) in colorectal adenomas or carcinomas was not associated with specific loss of any of these tumor-suppressor genes. Linkage studies have confirmed the involvement of the genes on 5q (FAP) and 18q (Lynch syndrome II) in hereditary colon cancers, but their respective roles in familial versus sporadic disease remain to be defined. Molecular cloning of these genes will reveal more of their nature and permit early detection and, thereby, prevention of some familial colon cancers (such as FAP).
DB-Risk: The Game of Global Database Placement

Geo-replication is the process of maintaining copies of data at geographically dispersed datacenters for better availability and fault-tolerance. The distinguishing characteristic of geo-replication is the large wide-area latency between datacenters that varies widely depending on the location of the datacenters. Thus, choosing which datacenters to deploy a cloud application has a direct impact on the observable response time. We propose an optimization framework that automatically derives a geo-replication placement plan with the objective of minimizing latency. By running the optimization framework on real placement scenarios, we learn a set of placement optimizations for geo-replication. Some of these optimizations are surprising while others are in retrospect straight-forward. In this demonstration, we highlight the geo-replication placement optimizations through the DB-Risk game. DB-Risk invites players to create different placement scenarios while experimenting with the proposed optimizations. The placements created by the players are tested on real cloud deployments.
The Combination of Resveratrol and High-Fluence Light Emitting Diode-Red Light Produces Synergistic Photobotanical Inhibition of Fibroblast Proliferation and Collagen Synthesis: A Novel Treatment for Skin Fibrosis.

Background Skin fibrosis is a debilitating condition that significantly impacts patient quality of life. Ultraviolet phototherapy is currently used to treat several diseases featuring skin fibrosis. High-fluence light-emitting diode-generated red light (HF-LED-RL) does not cause DNA damage associated with skin cancer, and it is generally regarded as safe, portable, and cost-effective. Early clinical observations suggest that LED-generated light may possess antifibrotic effects, although these findings are largely unexplored. Previously published research demonstrated that HF-LED-RL decreases fibroblast proliferation and collagen in vitro. Objective The goal of this study was to compare the combination effects of HF-LED-RL alone with HF-LED-RL in combination with resveratrol. Materials and methods It is hypothesized that resveratrol, an active ingredient in red wine, a potent antioxidant scavenger of reactive oxygen species, and an inhibitor of collagen production, may synergistically decrease fibroblast proliferation and collagen production when combined with HF-LED-RL. Results In this study, evidence is provided that resveratrol combined with HF-LED-RL acts synergistically to decrease fibroblast proliferation and procollagen 1A1 production, and this represents a new potential therapeutic modality that is termed the "photobotanical" effect due to the combined light and botanical properties observed. Conclusion The study, discovery, and use of photobotanical combinations may usher in new therapeutics or phototherapy adjuvants for the treatment of dermatologic diseases.
Laminates for MEMS and BioMEMS

This paper describes a new way to build MEMS and BioMEMS devices using laminate technologies borrowed from the packaging industry. This approach to building MEMS departs from the traditional silicon approach, and offers many advantages, including the ability to design and build the package at the same time as the device itself. The use of MEMS fabrication techniques, combined with microelectronics manufacturing technology allows a host of integrated devices to be built using novel materials and processes. This frees the MEMS designer from the significant limitations imposed by silicon and its related materials and processes. Devices can be built that are intended for high power applications, optical applications, or biomedical applications.
SmartMom Rebooted: A Cyberfeminist Art Collective Reflects on its Earliest Work of Internet Art

subRosa, a cyberfeminist art and theory collective was organized as a reading group researching issues of feminism, science, embodiment, and technology. As part of a residency at Carnegie Mellon University’s “STUDIO for Creative Inquiry” subRosa members Faith Wilding and Hyla Willis collaborated to produce SmartMom our first interactive Web-based project about the rapidly developing new biotechnological/medical/reproductive field known as Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) and the increasing medical, technological, and state control of women’s bodies, sexuality, pregnancy, and birth. This illustrated essay describes the project’s origins, theory, research, and visual components, as well as its pedagogical and critical content, which examines the ways in which reproduction is being technologically managed increasingly linked to “smart” space and military technologies.
Education Attainment and Parity Explain the Relationship Between Maternal Age and Breastfeeding Duration in U.S. Mothers.

Background:Prior research in high-income countries finds that young mothers tend to breastfeed their infants for shorter durations than older mothers; however, there are gaps in our understanding o...
The Never-Ending CCTLD Story

Country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs) are the two-letter suffixes used by countries to denote their Internet addresses. Examples include .fr (for France), .tv (for Tuvalu) and .uk (for the United Kingdom). When ccTLDs were first developed, ccTLD policymaking was not high on the international lawmaking agenda. However, as the Internet explodes and as countries begin to realize the potential of this key information infrastructure, ccTLDs have received significant attention from the international community. Added to the ccTLD policymaking debate is the creation and development of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a non-profit corporation formed to assume responsibility for the IP address space allocation, protocol parameter assignment, domain name system management, and root server system management functions previously performed under U.S. Government contract by IANA and other entities. This book chapter recounts the power struggle over the control of the Domain Name System and authority to delegate and administer ccTLDs. It traces how ccTLD policymaking has been transformed from ad hoc, informal coordination to international, contract-based governance. It also discusses the various major players in the ccTLD debate: ICANN, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), ccTLD managers, national governments, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
The swash of solitary waves on a plane beach: flow evolution, bed shear stress and run-up

The swash of solitary waves on a plane beach is studied using large-scale experiments. Ten wave cases are examined which range from non-breaking waves to plunging breakers. The focus of this study is on the influence of breaker type on flow evolution, spatiotemporal variations of bed shear stresses and run-up. Measurements are made of the local water depths, flow velocities and bed shear stresses (using a shear plate sensor) at various locations in the swash zone. The bed shear stress is significant near the tip of the swash during uprush and in the shallow flow during the later stages of downrush. In between, the flow evolution is dominated by gravity and follows an explicit solution to the nonlinear shallow water equations, i.e. the flow due to a dam break on a slope. The controlling scale of the flow evolution is the initial velocity of the shoreline immediately following waveform collapse, which can be predicted by measurements of wave height prior to breaking, but also shows an additional dependence on breaker type. The maximum onshore-directed bed shear stress increases significantly onshore of the stillwater shoreline for non-breaking waves and onshore of the waveform collapse point for breaking waves. A new normalization for the bed shear stress which uses the initial shoreline velocity is presented. Under this normalization, the variation of the maximum magnitudes of the bed shear stress with distance along the beach, which is normalized using the run-up, follows the same trend for different breaker types. For the uprush, the maximum dimensionless bed shear stress is approximately 0.01, whereas for the downrush, it is approximately 0.002.
Socioenvironmental, Personal, and Behavioral Correlates of Severe Obesity among an Ethnically/Racially Diverse Sample of US Adolescents

Abstract Background: Severe obesity among adolescents, also known as class 2 and 3 obesity, is increasing in prevalence, yet, little is known about adolescents with severe obesity. The objective of this study was to identify the socioenvironmental, personal, and behavioral correlates of severe obesity among an ethnically/racially diverse sample of US adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of data from participants in the EAT 2010 study (n = 2706) was conducted. Adolescents completed in-class surveys, and height and weight were measured. Severe obesity was defined as a BMI ≥120% of the 95th percentile or ≥35 kg/m2; class 1 obesity as a BMI ≥95th percentile but below severe obesity cut points, overweight as a BMI 5th percentile. General linear models were used to identify differences between adolescents by weight status, adjusted for covariates. Results: Nine percent of adolescents had severe obesity. Compared with peers ...
Managing the Innovators for exploration and Exploitation

I analyze how to manage employees to achieve a balance between exploration and exploitation in large established firms. Previous studies suggest that, although firms need to undertake both exploration and exploitation simultaneously, this is difficult either because of the scarcity of resources or because of the incompatibility of these two processes. Proposed solutions have been ambidexterity, punctuated equilibrium or specialization. I suggest another method: managing employees. Specifically, I argue that using the so-called “innovative” system of human resource management practices, consisting of team-based incentive system, team-based job design, and job rotation, enables the firm to undertake exploration and exploitation simultaneously because it provides the psychological safety for people to explore new knowledge to make novel products and develops employees to have the perspective-taking capability that enables the integration of knowledge cross-functionally for efficiency. Using the so-called “traditional” system of human resource management practices, consisting of individual-based incentive system, individual-based job design, and no job rotation, has limited impact on either exploration or exploitation because it does not create the psychological safety for people to explore new knowledge and does not develop the perspective-taking capability needed for exploitation. Moreover, mixing practices from both systems is better than only using the traditional system in achieving exploration or exploitation, but less effective than only using the innovative system as the mix of practices can create inconsistent expectations on employees.
Biogeography of the Marine Red Algae of the North Atlantic Ocean

The temperate marine red algal flora of the North Atlantic Ocean contains two principal components: a former Arctic flora, and the remnant of a mid- to late-Tethyan flora. The problem for the biogeographer is to determine how these floras were assembled and subsequently modified. My evaluation is based on an analysis of morphological characters that define family clusters, families, genera and infrageneric taxa among Rhodophyta. The following scenario is suggested by these observations.
Storage 2020: A Vision for the Future of HPC Storage

Author(s): Lockwood, GK; Hazen, D; Koziol, Q; Canon, RS; Antypas, K; Balewski, J; Balthaser, N; Bhimji, W; Botts, J; Broughton, J; Butler, TL; Butler, GF; Cheema, R; Daley, C; Declerck, T; Gerhardt, L; Hurlbert, WE; Kallback-Rose, KA; Leak, S; Lee, J; Lee, R; Liu, J; Lozinskiy, K; Paul, D; Prabhat; Snavely, C; Srinivasan, J; Stone Gibbins, T; Wright, NJ
Risk of fentanyl-involved overdose among those with past year incarceration: Findings from a recent outbreak in 2014 and 2015.

Overdose is the leading cause of unintentional injury-related death. Rhode Island (RI) has the highest rate of illicit drug use nationally and the 5th highest overdose mortality rate. RI has experienced an outbreak of fentanyl-related overdoses. In incarcerated populations, risk of overdose is greatly elevated. However, little is known about fentanyl-related overdose post-release. In the current analyses, we identify changes in fentanyl-related fatal overdose among those who died in 2014 and 2015 who were incarcerated in the year before death. We linked data from the RI Office of the Medical Examiner with records from the RI Department of Corrections. We calculated risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals using log-binomial regression to compare risk of fentanyl-involved overdose death. We also compared median time to death since release, median sentence length, and median number of incarcerations in 2014 and 2015. Results indicate that the risk of dying of a fentanyl-related overdose increased (RR: 1.99 (95% CI: 1.11-3.57, p = 0.014)) from 2014 to 2015 among those with past year incarceration. This study is one of the first to describe fentanyl-related fatal overdose among those with past year incarceration. In 2015 the median sentence was longer among those with a fentanyl-related overdose death and the median time from release to death among all who had past year incarceration extended past 90 days. Access to medications for addiction treatment, overdose education, and naloxone should be available during community re-entry and extended beyond the early post-release period.
WAEA Keynote Address Behavioral Environmental Economics: Money Pumps & Nudges

Herein we explore how money pumps from rational choice theory and nudges from behavioral economics work toward helping create better environmental policy. We examine the role of money pumps in environmental policy, and whether policymakers can use nudges to "supercharge" incentives. We summarize insight that has emerged from both camps in the areas of conflict/cooperation and mechanism design.
Storm Over Lorraine

During the night of August 25, an express courier from Paris galloped into The Hague with troubling news for the States General. A French army was marching toward the frontier of the Spanish Netherlands. The prince of Tarento had announced his resignation from his offices under the States General.
Fixing the Bias in Current State K-12 Education Rankings

State education rankings published by U.S. News and World Report, Education Week, and others, play a prominent role in legislative debate and public discourse concerning education. These rankings are based partly on achievement tests, which measure student learning, and partly on other factors that do not measure student learning. When achievement tests are used as measures of learning in these conventional rankings, they are aggregated in a way that provides misleading results. To overcome these deficiencies, we create a new ranking of state education systems using disaggregated achievement data and excluding less informative factors that are not directly related to learning. Using our methodology changes the order of state rankings considerably. Many states with right-to-work laws in the South and Southwest score much higher. Furthermore, we create another ranking of states based on the efficiency of education spending. In this efficiency ranking, achieving successful outcomes while economizing on education expenditures is considered better than doing so through lavish spending. Again, Southern states that are ranked low in conventional rankings experience a reversal of fortune. Finally, our regression results indicate that unionization has a powerful negative influence on educational outcomes.
Rasch Analysis of the Emotional and Behavioral Screener

The present study examined the measurement properties of the Emotional and Behavioral Screener (EBS), a universal screening instrument which identifies students presenting with emotional and behavioral problems. The primary research questions sought to examine the degree to which the EBS item responses fit the Rasch model through evaluating fit of item responses to the Rasch model and item-measure correlations. The sample consisted of K-12 students with emotional disturbance (n = 1138) and with no identified disabilities (n = 1096). Students were rated by their teachers on the 10-item EBS. The findings suggested the EBS possesses favorable measurement properties such that most items had (1) overall good fit to the Rasch model, (2) a few items across age/gender that assess internalizing problems were found to be somewhat problematic, (3) the item hierarchy was found to align with logical and theoretical expectations, and (4) teachers endorsed the response options in a reliable and predictive manner with response categories mostly being distinguishable from one another. Overall, the results justify the interpretations and decisions made with the EBS scores.
An Online Collaborative Ecosystem for Educational Computer Graphics

We introduce a coding framework that supplements introductory computer graphics courses, with the goal of teaching graphics fundamentals more effectively and lowering the excessive barrier of entry to 3D graphics programming. In particular, our framework provides tiny-graphics.js, a new WebGL-based software library for implementing projects, including an improved organization system for graphics code that has greatly benefited our students. To mitigate the difficulty of creating 3D graphics-enabled websites and online games, we furthermore introduce the “Encyclopedia of Code”—a World Wide Web framework that encourages visitors to learn 3D computer graphics, build educational graphical demos and articles, host them online, and organize them by topic. Our own contributed examples include various interactive tutorials and educational games. Some of our modules expose students to new graphics techniques, while others explore new modes of online learning, collaboration, and computing. In comparison to earlier online graphics coding platforms and mainstream graphics educational materials, the resources that we have developed offer a significantly unique set of features for both inside and outside our classrooms.