cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Students’ Struggles: Community College to the Rescue

Each year the USA welcomes a large number of international students who enter the country with bright dreams of success and earning an American college degree. Although many will enroll in the country’s most prestigious universities with confidence and high expectations of success, some will find the competitive atmosphere of American classrooms a challenging transition (Ramsay et al. 1999; Zhao et al. 2005). Some will be unprepared to live and learn in an all-English language environment, while others may encounter problematic cultural differences that interfere with their success. Some may encounter financial problems stemming in part from the higher cost of living in the USA as compared to their home countries. This chapter explores how international university students who initially started at four-year universities found assistance to these and other problems through the judicious use of community colleges.
The Determinacy of Equilibria 25 Years Later

The paper by G. Debreu, ‘Economies with a Finite Set of Equilibria’, appeared in Econometrica in 1970. As is commonly known, the paper has had since then a great impact on the style and the substance of economic theorizing. If I had been more energetic I would have verified this impact in the Index of Citations. Yet, whatever the latter says, it is bound to be a considerable underestimate of the impact. Often, the sign of the success of a paper is its being referred to only implicitly, without authors even being aware of the fact. In our case, for example, any user of the term ‘generic’ is indebted to Debreu’s paper. At any rate, the research directly inspired by the paper is enormous. By now it includes, at least, two full-length systematic books (Balasko, 1988, and Mas-Colell, 1985).
Predicting defect behavior in B2 intermetallics by merging ab initio modeling and machine learning

We present a combination of machine learning and high throughput calculations to predict the points defects behavior in binary intermetallic (A–B) compounds, using as an example systems with the cubic B2 crystal structure (with equiatomic AB stoichiometry). To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first application of machine learning-models for point defect properties. High throughput first principles density functional calculations have been employed to compute intrinsic point defect energies in 100 B2 intermetallic compounds. The systems are classified into two groups: (i) those for which the intrinsic defects are antisites for both A and B rich compositions, and (ii) those for which vacancies are the dominant defect for either or both composition ranges. The data was analyzed by machine learning-techniques using decision tree, and full and reduced multiple additive regression tree (MART) models. Among these three schemes, a reduced MART (r-MART) model using six descriptors (formation energy, minimum and difference of electron densities at the Wigner–Seitz cell boundary, atomic radius difference, maximal atomic number and maximal electronegativity) presents the highest fit (98 %) and predictive (75 %) accuracy. This model is used to predict the defect behavior of other B2 compounds, and it is found that 45 % of the compounds considered feature vacancies as dominant defects for either A or B rich compositions (or both). The ability to predict dominant defect types is important for the modeling of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of intermetallic compounds, and the present results illustrate how this information can be derived using modern tools combining high throughput calculations and data analytics. A method for quickly predicting the dominant equilibrium atomic-level defects in a material is developed by researchers in the USA. Crystalline materials derive many of their attributes from the regular and symmetric arrangement of their atoms. Consequently, a missing or an impurity atom can noticeably change these properties. A quantum physics method known as density functional theory calculations has proven to be a powerful method for predicting the influence of these so-called point defects. However, the brute-force application of these methods requires significant computing power, thus hindering its application in high throughput screening of thousands of materials for properties influenced by point defects. Bharat Medasani from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and co-workers combine machine learning with a few hundred density functional theory calculations to make this process much faster. They demonstrate the power of their approach by examining the properties of a family of binary intermetallic alloys.
The Effect of Lymphatic Interruption and Immediate Vascularization on the Afferent Arc of Skin Graft Rejection

Allografted skin is more rapidly rejected than other organs such as kidney and heart, and its survival is less easily prolonged by immunosuppressive agents or by immunologic enhancement (1). Many explanations for this phenomenon have been given: 1) the rate of vascularization has been suggested to be important in view of the fact that the vascularization of skin grafts is delayed for several days, whereas whole organ grafts are immediately vascularized. Delayed vascularization may result in ischemic damage with greater vulnerability to immunologic attack (2); 2) skin has a relatively rich lymphatic drainage system which is reestablished post-transplantation. Barker and Billingham (3) have demonstrated that the lymphatics are the prime source of sensitization in skin. Similar findings could not be demonstrated in kidney grafts (4); 3) evidence is also accumulating that there is a quantitative and/or qualitative difference in the antigenicity of skin and other organs (5); 4) whole organs evoke more of a humoral than cellular reaction than skin, and may be autoenhancing.
Outcomes in Melanoma Patients Treated with BRAF/MEK-Directed Therapy or Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Stratified by Clinical Trial versus Standard of Care.

OBJECTIVES Since 2011, metastatic melanoma treatment has evolved with commercial approval of BRAF- and MEK-targeted therapy and CTLA-4- and PD-1-blocking antibodies (immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICI). While novel therapies have demonstrated improved prognosis in clinical trials, few studies have examined the evolution of prognosis and toxicity of these drugs among an unselected population. We assess whether survival and toxicity reported in trials, which typically exclude most patients with brain metastases and poor performance status, are recapitulated within a commercial access population. METHODS 182 patients diagnosed with stage IV melanoma from July 2006 to December 2013 and treated with BRAF- and/or MEK-targeted therapy or ICI were prospectively studied. Outcomes and clinicopathologic differences between trial and commercial cohorts were assessed. RESULTS Patients receiving commercial therapy (vs. on trial) had poorer prognostic features (i.e., brain metastases) and lower median overall survival (mOS) when assessed across all treatments (9.2 vs. 17.5 months, p = 0.0027). While toxicity within trial and commercial cohorts did not differ, patients who experienced toxicity had increased mOS (p < 0.001), irrespective of stratification by trial status or therapy. CONCLUSION Metastatic melanoma patients receiving commercial treatment may represent a different clinical population with poor prognostic features compared to trial patients. Toxicity may prognosticate treatment benefit.
Intermediaries as Value Moderators in Electronic Marketplaces

The growth of E-commerce had suddenly changed the ground-rules for conducting business, linking the consumer directly to the producer. The digitization of content also meant faster and easier transmission of information from one point to another in a network, thus reducing the need for an intermediary. It was assumed that intermediaries would disappear resulting in frictionless commerce. This paper reexamines such claims of disintermediation and whether intermediaries generate friction in transactions. Theoretically, it argues the contrary, suggesting that intermediation is a necessary evil in e-commerce transactions. In order to justify such claims, the paper assumes that e-commerce exhibits network externality and reviews intermediation in the light Transaction Cost Economics and Agency Theory
Diverse Engineered Heme Proteins Enable Stereodivergent Cyclopropanation of Unactivated Alkenes.

Developing catalysts that produce each stereoisomer of a desired product selectively is a longstanding synthetic challenge. Biochemists have addressed this challenge by screening nature’s diversity to discover enzymes that catalyze the formation of complementary stereoisomers. We show here that the same approach can be applied to a new-to-nature enzymatic reaction, alkene cyclopropanation via carbene transfer. By screening diverse native and engineered heme proteins, we identified globins and serine-ligated “P411” variants of cytochromes P450 with promiscuous activity for cyclopropanation of unactivated alkene substrates. We then enhanced their activities and stereoselectivities by directed evolution: just 1–3 rounds of site-saturation mutagenesis and screening generated enzymes that transform unactivated alkenes and electron-deficient alkenes into each of the four stereoisomeric cyclopropanes with up to 5,400 total turnovers and 98% enantiomeric excess. These fully genetically encoded biocatalysts functi...
Interpreting the Bible as Literature: Historical and Contemporary Contexts with Implications for Christian Education:

Over the past 30 years, literary approaches to biblical interpretation have gained precedence in many religious and literary circles. However, confusion often exists regarding what “interpreting th...
Donor mesenchymal stem cell linetics after transamniotic stem cell therapy (TRASCET) for experimental spina bifida

Abstract Purpose We sought to examine donor mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) kinetics after transamniotic stem cell therapy (TRASCET) in experimental spina bifida. Methods Pregnant Sprague–Dawley dams exposed to retinoic acid for the induction of fetal neural tube defects received volume-matched intra-amniotic injections on gestational day 17 (E17; term=E22): either amniotic fluid MSCs (afMSCs) labeled with a luciferase reporter gene (n=78), or luciferase protein alone (n=66). Samples from twelve organ systems from each surviving fetus with spina bifida (total n=60) were screened via microplate luminometry at term. Results Donor afMSCs were identified exclusively in the placenta, umbilical cord, spleen, bone marrow, hip bones, defect, and brain. Luminometry was negative in control fetuses receiving luciferase alone (p Conclusions Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells engraft to specific sites after concentrated intra-amniotic injection in the setting of spina bifida. A hematogenous route encompassing the bone marrow as well as distant central nervous system homing are fundamental constituents of cell trafficking. These findings must be considered during eventual patient selection for transamniotic stem cell therapy in the prenatal management of spina bifida.
Reaction Processes (Chemical Kinetics) and Their Application to Muscle Biology

This chapter describes basics of cross-bridge models, and how to characterize muscle fiber (and myofibril) preparations in terms of elementary steps of the cross-bridge cycle. Models with two states, three states, and multi states are examined. Mathematical derivation to relate observed rate constants to the fundamental rate constants of the elementary steps are presented. The temperature effect of the rate constants, their activation energy, and reaction coordinates are discussed.
Facilitating Spiritual Reminiscence for People with Dementia: A Learning Guide.

This book is highly recommended as a resource for professionals providing services to people who have dementia, including those involved with dementia support groups. The book will be especially he...
From Cell Adhesion to Growth Control

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on cell adhesion. In a number of systems, it is possible to show under laboratory conditions that isolated single cells adhere to each other with specificity; that is that some combinations of cells can adhere to each other, while others cannot. Cell adhesion requires, as a minimal component, a protein that can bind to a complementary ligand on an adjacent cell. The methods for the study of cell adhesion are all macroscopic techniques that examine the average properties of many cells. It is possible that cell adhesion in different systems uses different molecules and that the adhesive events may involve cytoskeletal elements and complex rearrangements at the cell surface. The gap between the morphological and the chemical approaches remains, not by choice, but because of the quantitative aspects of the tools. The morphologist can examine a few cells in their natural environment; the chemist needs quantities of material several orders of magnitude in excess of what is required for morphology.
The forensic identification of textile fibers

Abstract: The professional perspective of the analyst shapes which characteristics are important for identification of the materials of interest. In the case of fibers and forensic science, the mindset is focused on limited sample size, murky origins, and potentially uncertain provenance. Microscopy, therefore, becomes the primary method of choice for forensic fiber identification.
Positron emission tomography of the cerebellum in autism.

On the basis of neurological evidence that autistic patients have fewer Purkinje and granule cells in the cerebellum as well as vermal cerebellar hypoplasia, the authors tested the hypothesis that autistic patients have cerebellar hypofunctioning. They used positron emission tomography of the cerebellum with ‘8F-labeled 2-deoxyglucose to study seven autistic patients and eight age-matched control subjects. The results showed no significant difference in mean cerebellar glucose metabolism between the two groups, but all mean glucose rates of the autistic patients were either equal to or greater than those of the control subjects. The implications of these findings are discussed. (Am J Psychiatry 1 989; 146:242-245)
POSSIBLE CLIMATIC CHANGE BY ANTHROPOGENIC CO 2 EMISSION

CO2emissions by the combustion of fossil fuels are globally distributed within the atmosphere. The atmospheric CO2 content is increasing. Interactive processes between radiation and CO2 result in an increase of the global temperature level. This causes a number of secondary climatic effects. On the other hand those climatic changes may be the cause of far reaching consequences to the world food production, the global ecology and to the economic, social and political structure of our society.
Computer extracted shape features of prostate capsule from MRI to predict biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer post-treatment.

e16579Background: Pre-treatment identification of biochemical recurrence (BCR) from MRI may enable the use of aggressive neo-adjuvant therapies for prostate cancer patients to improve prognosis. BC...
A Computed Tomography Analysis of the Success of Spinal Fusion Using Ultra-Low Dose (0.7 mg per Facet) of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 in Multilevel Adult Degenerative Spinal Deformity Surgery.

Study design Retrospective cohort study. Purpose To report on spinal fusion assessment using computed tomography (CT) after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery using ultra-low dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (RhBMP-2). Overview of literature The reported dose of RhBMP-2 needed for successful spinal posterolateral fusion in ASD ranges from 10 to 20 mg per spinal level. This study reports the use of ultra-low dose of RhBMP-2 (0.07 mg per facet) to achieve spinal fusion in multilevel ASD surgery. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent ASD surgery using ultra-low dose RhBMP-2 were recruited. Routine postoperative CT analysis for spinal fusion was performed by two spine surgeons. Inter-observer agreement was calculated for facet fusion (FF) and interbody fusion (IBF) at 6 and 12 months after the procedure. Results Six consecutive ASD patients with a mean age of 62 years (28-72 years) were examined. Each patient received a total dose of 12 mg with an average dose of 0.69±0.2 mg (0.42-1 mg) per single FF and 1.38±0.44 mg (0.85-2 mg) for IBF. Total 131 FF and 15 IBF were examined in the study, with 88 FFs and nine IBFs being analyzed specifically at 6 months after the surgery. FF and IBF reported by surgeons A and B at 6 months were 97.7% vs. 91.9% FF, respectively (κ=0.95) and 100% vs. 100% IBF, respectively (κ=1). Two patients underwent longitudinal follow-up CT at 12 months, and the FF rates reported by surgeons A and B were 100% vs. 95.8%, respectively (κ=0.96). Five out of nine facet (56%) non-unions were identified at the cross-links. The remaining four facet pseudarthrosis were noted at 1-2 spinal levels caudal to the cross-links. At the final clinical follow-up, there was no rod breakage, deformity progression, neurological deficit, or symptom recurrence. The Oswestry Disability Index improved by an average of 32.8±6.3, while the mental component summary of the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey improved by an average of 4.7±2.1, and physical component summary improved by an average of 10.5±2.1. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a CT that defined 92%-98% FF and 100% IBF using the lowest reported dose of RhBMP-2 in multilevel ASD surgery. The use of ultra-low dose RhBMP-2 reduces the RhBMP-2 related complications and healthcare costs.
Regional Nerve Block Decreases Opioid Use after Complete Sternal Sparing Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Purpose Less invasive techniques for left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation have shown promising outcomes but are associated with significant postoperative pain. We aimed to investigate the use of ultrasound-guided regional nerve blocks to improve pain management during these procedures. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients implanted with a HeartMate 3 LVAD via complete sternal-sparing approach at our institution from February 2018 to July 2018. Patients were grouped based on their postoperative pain management plan - those who received a regional nerve block plus multi-modal analgesia and a control group who received standard multi-modal analgesia alone. Pain scores and analgesic use were recorded for all patients during the initial 72 hours postoperatively. Results Preoperative characteristics were similar between cohorts. Of the 28 patients included in the study, 15 (54%) received a postoperative regional nerve block. Patients who received a nerve block had significantly lower pain scores (Figure 1) and required a lower dose of opioid analgesics (70.7 ± 13.9 vs 124.6 ± 19.3 morphine equivalents, p = 0.029) during the first 72 hours postoperatively (Figure 2). There was no difference in time to extubation, intensive care unit length of stay or hospital length of stay. Conclusion Optimizing postoperative analgesia using a regional nerve block is associated with decreased opioid use and decreased postoperative pain after complete sternal-sparing LVAD implantation. Regional nerve blocks should be included as part of a protocol-based postoperative pain management program.
MIQS: metadata indexing and querying service for self-describing file formats

Scientific applications often store datasets in self-describing data file formats, such as HDF5 and netCDF. Regrettably, to efficiently search the metadata within these files remains challenging due to the sheer size of the datasets. Existing solutions extract the metadata and store it in external database management systems (DBMS) to locate desired data. However, this practice introduces significant overhead and complexity in extraction and querying. In this research, we propose a novel Metadata Indexing and Querying Service (MIQS), which removes the external DBMS and utilizes in-memory index to achieve efficient metadata searching. MIQS follows the self-contained data management paradigm and provides portable and schema-free metadata indexing and querying functionalities for self-describing file formats. We have evaluated MIQS with the state-of-the-art MongoDB-based metadata indexing solution. MIQS achieved up to 99% time reduction in index construction and up to 172kx search performance improvement with up to 75% reduction in memory footprint.
Alcohol and Substance Abuse and Sport

For those working with competitive athletes, disclosures of alcohol, cannabis, or other substance use can be addressed during clinical encounters. This chapter reviews challenges and opportunities, screening options, the potential value of brief interventions during a patient visit, ways in which substance use can impact athletic performance and recovery, and suggestions/recommendations for the provider.
Introduction: The Projective Plane and Central Collineations

This book grew from the idea that much of projective geometry is the elaboration of a simple concept, the central collineation. A central collineation is a construction, carried out with just a straightedge and a device to construct parallel lines, following the simplest rules, that transforms one diagram into another. We call it a collineation because a line is always transformed to a line. We’ll soon explain the meaning of central. And how is a circle transformed? That is the marvelous part, for a circle becomes a parabola or ellipse or hyperbola—a conic section. And all conic sections can be formed this way.
Policy making under scarcity: reflections for designing socially just climate adaptation policy

Summary Limited information and insufficient resources are inherent challenges for climate policy, and policy makers must grapple with how to design and implement adaptation policies under conditions of scarcity. Drawing on empirical evidence from Honduras, Ethiopia, Haiti, and Puerto Rico, and analysis of the global landscape of adaptation finance, this perspective identifies ways that designing policy under conditions of scarcity can inadvertently lead to adaptation policies that reinforce inequality and fail to address underlying social vulnerabilities. It reflects on two sources of scarcity that impact adaptation policy—lack of data and lack of finance—and acknowledges that despite the non-ideal conditions this scarcity creates, adaptation policy will be designed under these conditions. The perspective highlights issues to be aware of when designing adaptation policy and calls for greater attention to the social justice implications in the policy design process.
Application of an added-sinusoid, signal-multiplexing scheme to a compact, multiplexed neutron scatter camera

Abstract The development of compact and portable neutron imagers could be transformative for nuclear nonproliferation and security. Of the currently feasible neutron imaging concepts, the neutron scatter camera is the one that can be made most compact and versatile. Beneficially, this design also inherently measures the energy of incident neutrons on an event-by-event basis. Single volume and quasi-single volume neutron scatters have been proposed to fully maximize the potential of neutron scatter cameras and enable truly man-portable neutron imagers. Such imagers will likely have a very large number of readout channels to maximize the efficiency, so signal multiplexing to reduce readout channels would significantly reduce costs and size and facilitate wide-spread deployment. In this work a multiplexing method based on adding well-defined sinusoids to detector signal is applied to a quasi-single volume neutron scatter camera comprised of 6-mm × 6-mm × 60-mm EJ-299-34 plastic scintillators coupled to arrays of SensL 60035 C-series silicon photomultipliers to create a multiplexed neutron imager (MiNI). Such straightforward multiplexing enables the use of more detector elements for a given number of available signal readouts. The necessary calibrations and system characterizations are carried out to assess the multiplexing method’s performance and to understand the behavior of the prototype MiNI. Its ability to successfully image a neutron source is demonstrated with a 252 Cf spontaneous fission source placed in various locations around the MiNI. Finally, neutron spectroscopy is also performed, and the feasibility and benefits of multiplexing a quasi-single volume neutron scatter camera are demonstrated.
The Impact of Television, Electronic Games, and Social Technology Use on Sleep and Health in Adolescents with an Evening Circadian Preference.

There are mixed findings when examining if technology use is harmful for adolescent sleep and health. This study builds on these mixed findings by examining the association between technology use with sleep and health in a high-risk group of adolescents. Adolescents with an evening circadian preference (N = 176; 58% female, mean age = 14.77, age range = 10–18) completed measures over one week. Sleep was measured via actigraphy. Technology use and health were measured using ecological momentary assessment. Technology use was associated with an increase in sleep onset latency; with better emotional, social, cognitive, and physical health; and with worse behavioral health. This study offers support for technology use having some benefits and expands research on technology use to adolescents with an evening circadian preference.
Parents Fine-Tune Their Speech to Children's Vocabulary Knowledge.

Young children learn language at an incredible rate. Although children come prepared with powerful statistical-learning mechanisms, the statistics they encounter are also prepared for them: Childre...
Exploring Shifts in Student Attitudes Toward Group Exams in College Calculus: The Case of Dane

As university instructors update modes of teaching and student engagement in STEM classes, concerns often arise about student resistance to different methods of teaching and learning. This research examines what it looks like from a student perspective to experience a shift in attitude by exploring the case of Dane, a white male student who changed his perspective from opposition to support of group exams in calculus. Part of this shift included a change in Dane’s view of his relation to others, as he began to see how working with others benefited himself, consider others’ experiences, and recognize how group exams can be helpful to everyone. We consider how Dane’s experience and attitudes are likely influenced by the racialized and gendered nature of mathematics, and we explore factors of Dane’s calculus classes that contributed to his shift in beliefs. Dane’s story raises questions about instructors’ role in not only working to garner student support for new teaching and learning practices, but interrogating deeper beliefs about what it means to do mathematics and the role of others in students’ mathematics engagement. This research also highlights the importance of exploring students’ experiences and attitudes in relation to the larger sociopolitical context of mathematics.
Adaptive MIMO Radar for Target Detection, Estimation, and Tracking

OF THE THESIS Adaptive MIMO Radar for Target Detection, Estimation, and Tracking by Sandeep Gogineni Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, 2012 Research Advisor: Dr. Arye Nehorai We develop and analyze signal processing algorithms to detect, estimate, and track targets using multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems. MIMO radar systems have attracted much attention in the recent past due to the additional degrees of freedom they offer. They are commonly used in two different antenna configurations: widely-separated (distributed) and colocated. Distributed MIMO radar exploits spatial diversity by utilizing multiple uncorrelated looks at the target. Colocated MIMO radar systems offer performance improvement by exploiting waveform diversity. Each antenna has the freedom to transmit a waveform that is different from the waveforms of the other transmitters. First, we propose a radar system that combines the advantages of distributed MIMO radar and fully polarimetric radar. We develop the signal model for this system and analyze the performance of the optimal Neyman-Pearson detector by obtaining approximate expressions for the probabilities of detection and false alarm. Using these
Distribution of fos-like immunoreactivity in the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn produced by stimulation of dural blood vessels in the rat

Neurophysiological studies have generally failed to find evidence of a specific ascending pathway for visceral nociception. However, pain that arises from deep or visceral tissues typically differs from cutaneous pain, particularly in its diffuse, poorly localized quality. In this study, the c-fos mapping technique was used in order to investigate possible differences in the distribution of central neurons activated by afferent pathways from cutaneous and deep tissues that may be related to the differing quality of the sensations they evoke. The distribution of neurons in the upper cervical and medullary dorsal horn that displayed fos-like immunoreactivity (fos-LI) was examined following mechanical stimulation of dural blood vessels (transverse and superior sagittal sinuses), and was compared to that found following mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimulation of facial sites. Dural stimulation was carried out Brevital anesthesia in rats that had received a chronic surgical exposure of the transverse and superior sagittal sinuses 2 d earlier. Localized mechanical stimulation of the dural surface of the transverse sinus produced a predominantly ipsilateral increase in the number of fos-LI neurons in the medullary and upper cervical dorsal horn (primarily laminae I and V), and in the transition region between the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and interpolaris. Stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus produced increases in fos-LI labeling that were generally smaller than those produced by transverse sinus stimulation. The distribution of fos-LI labeling in the dorsal horn induced by dural stimulation differed from that induced by facial stimulation in two ways. (1) Dural stimulation produced a more diffuse distribution of fos-LI than facial stimulation in the dorsal horn. Whereas facial stimulation produced a dense, localized zone of fos-LI labeling in the dorsal horn, dural stimulation produced fos-LI labeling that extended from the midlevel of caudalis to C2/C3, and also extended across a large portion of the ventrolateral-to- dorsomedial axis of the dorsal horn. This distribution roughly corresponds to the representation of most of the dorsal half of the head and face. (2) Dural stimulation produced a more restricted laminar distribution of fos-LI labeling than facial stimulation, in that the dural-induced labeling in the superficial dorsal horn was primarily restricted to lamina I, whereas facial stimulation typically induced substantial labeling in both lamina I and the outer part of lamina II. These differences in the central organization of the afferent pathways from dural and facial sites may contribute to the differences in the quality of sensations evoked by these pathways.
DEFINING MICROSATELLITE ALLELES BY GENOTYPING GLOBAL INDIGENOUS HUMAN POPULATIONS AND NON-HUMAN PRIMATES

Polymorphisms at variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci have been used in forensic science for almost decade. Microsatellite loci, especially tri-, tetra-, and pentanucleotide repeat loci, have shown great potential in personal identification and paternity testing. In this report, we describe results of genotyping three tetranucleotide repeat loci (D5S818, D7S820, D13S317) in 16 worldwide indigenous human populations and one chimpanzee population which were being developed for forensic applications. We demonstrate the utility of typing globally diverse populations in defining microsatellite alleles: Specifically (i) investigating the measurement errors of each allele using semi-automatic genotyping instrumentation and software, (ii) assessing the range of alleles, (iii) understanding the extent of allele frequency differences across worldwide populations, and (iv) identifying possible anomalous alleles with complex structures.
Mars Science Laboratory entry, descent and landing system verification and validation program

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission will land the next generation of robotic entry, descent, and landing (EDL) systems on Mars in 2010. Relative to previous missions, the MSL EDL architecture will deliver a significantly larger mass to a significantly higher altitude while maintaining a significantly tighter delivery ellipse. MSL is pushing the limits of EDL technologies qualified previously by the Mars Viking, Mars Pathfinder, and Mars Exploration Rover missions as well as introducing new elements into the architecture. Given the difficulties of conducting a meaningful end-to-end flight test on Earth, this combination introduces numerous challenges for the EDL verification and validation program. This paper discusses how system validation challenges influenced the design of the EDL architecture and highlights how some of the remaining challenges will be addressed to assure a successful landing of this unprecedented rover on Mars.
Eskimo languages in Asia, 1791 on, and the Wrangel Island-Point Hope connection

Merck’s statement about four “Sedentary Chukchi” (Eskimo) languages or language varieties along the coast of Chukotka in 1791 is thoroughly remarkable and worthy of careful interpretation. By his statement of their geographical distribution, the first three languages are very easy to identify, as 1) Sirenikski, 2) Central Siberian Yupik, explicitly including St. Lawrence Island, and 3) Naukanski. Merck’s language number four, “Uwelenski” he claims, startlingly, to be spoken along the Arctic Coast of Chukotka from Uelen as far as Shelagski Cape, 600 miles to the northwest. Serendipitously enough, Merck has 70 or so ”Uwelenski” words of cultural interest transcribed throughout his text. Careful studies of these words by this writer and also by Mikhail Chlenov show that “Uwelenski” is in fact a dialect of Central Siberian Yupik, thus part of a language continuum spoken from St. Lawrence Island to the Chaplino corner and the East coast of Chukotka, thence to the North coast of that mainland, treating Naukan as a “third Diomede” rather than as a mainland interruption. However there is no evidence that language number four, “Uwelenski,” actually a dialect of Merck’s language number two, was spoken beyond Kolyuchin Bay. Beyond that point, however, there was indeed a fourth Eskimo language. The second half of the paper concludes, from at least seven independent sources, that that fourth language was in fact none other than North Alaskan Inupiaq, spoken intermittently in pockets between Kolyuchin and Shelagski Cape, at least since the opening of Russian posts at Kolyma and into the nineteenth century, by north Alaskans from the Point Hope area, who also used Wrangel Island as a stopping place.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev activation can be achieved without Rev-responsive element RNA if Rev is directed to the target as a Rev/MS2 fusion protein which tethers the MS2 operator RNA.

Abstract The posttranscriptional trans activation of unspliced or partially spliced human immunodeficiency virus RNAs by the Rev regulatory protein is crucial for virus replication and is dependent on sequence-specific RNA binding by Rev. The cognate RNA target of Rev is contained within a highly structured, 244-nucleotide Rev-responsive element (RRE) RNA in the viral env gene. Here, we show that specific interaction with the RRE is not an absolute requirement for Rev function. When the RRE is replaced by a heterologous MS2 phage operator sequence, Rev will facilitate the cytoplasmic expression of human immunodeficiency virus mRNAs containing this sequence if directed to the MS2 operator via the RNA binding motif of the MS2 phage coat protein (MS-C) as a Rev/MS-C fusion protein. Rev/MS-C efficiently activated both RRE and MS2 targets. A mutation in the MS2 operator that abolished the coat protein binding in vitro rendered the mutant RNA nonresponsive to the fusion protein in vivo. Notwithstanding that Rev can be tethered to the viral RNAs via another RNA binding motif, the structural integrity of the N terminus of Rev was still required for optimal trans activation.
The Gilded Tortoise in Evelyn Waugh's BRIDESHEAD REVISITED and J.-K. Huysmans’s A REBOURS

In the most famous scene of J.-K. Huysmans's 1884 novel A Rebours (“Against Nature”), the dandy-hero Jean Des Esseintes purchases a live tortoise as a mobile decoration for his Oriental carpet. Unh...
THE IMPACT OF VERBAL PROMPTS ON CHILD SAFETY-BELT USE IN SHOPPING CARTS

Each year thousands of children are injured by falling from shopping carts. Buckling children into the seats of shopping carts could prevent many of these injuries. A combined reversal and multiple baseline across settings design was used to evaluate the impact of verbal prompts on shopping cart safety-belt use in two stores. Safety-belt use increased following implementation of the verbal prompt. This study extends the literature on the efficacy of verbal prompting in the promotion of safety-belt use.
A New Class of Market Share Models

Applications of market share models which implicitly rely on Luce's choice axiom have been widely criticized because they cannot account for the effects of differential product substitutability and product dominance. Three types of choice models---Tversky's Elimination-By-Aspects model, Tree Models, and Generalized PROBIT---have been offered as solutions to the problems identified with the Luce model, but they each suffer from limitations which have prevented their widespread application in marketing contexts. Tversky's elegant EBA model has not been widely used because it requires a large number of parameters and no special-purpose parameter estimation software has yet emerged. Tree models have been offered as more parsimonious special cases of EBA, but they are more restrictive in that they presume: 1 that products, and the process of choosing from among them, can be characterized in terms of hierarchical, attribute-based trees; and 2 that the aspects governing choice are well-known. Generalized PROBIT can paramorphically handle the problems with the Luce model, but parameter estimation software has proved problematic because it cannot guarantee a globally optimum solution. This paper proposes a new class of market share models. Rather than model the choice process explicitly, the new models simply scale the effects competing products have on each other's market share. These competitive effects are scaled in the context of a class of market-share models which: 1 do not assume a tree-like structure for the competing products; 2 do not presume any a priori knowledge about the attributes governing choice; 3 are characterized in terms of parameters that can be estimated using ordinary least-squares; and 4 provide clear managerial insight into the sources of competition. The paper begins with a brief review of previous work. Following the review, the paper offers a theorem and proof which guarantees the existence of the new class of models. The empirical validity and strategic utility of the models are demonstrated using two separate sets of data.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of endometrioid adenofibroma of the ovary.

We report the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology findings of endometrioid adenofibroma arising in the ovary of a 60-year-old woman who presented with vaginal bleeding. Imaging studies revealed a large pelvic mass, which was sampled by computed tomography-guided FNA and core biopsy. The FNA yielded cellular smears composed of bland endometrioid cells and fragments of ovarian-type stroma. The core biopsy showed a biphasic process comprising bland endometrioid glands in a spindle-cell stroma. Immunohistochemical studies performed on the core showed the stroma to be CD10-negative and smooth muscle actin-positive. Subsequent resection of the tumor confirmed the diagnosis and revealed an adenocarcinoma arising in the tumor that was not sampled by FNA. To our knowledge, the cytologic features of ovarian endometrioid adenofibroma have not been previously described. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:38–42. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plant Riboflavin Biosynthesis CLONING, CHLOROPLAST LOCALIZATION, EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION, AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SPINACH LUMAZINE SYNTHASE

Lumazine synthase, which catalyzes the penultimate step of riboflavin biosynthesis, has been cloned from three higher plants (spinach, tobacco, and arabidopsis) through functional complementation of an Escherichia coli auxotroph. Whereas the three plant proteins exhibit some structural similarities to known microbial homologs, they uniquely possess N-terminal polypeptide extensions that resemble typical chloroplast transit peptides. In vitro protein import assays with intact chloroplasts and immunolocalization experiments verify that higher plant lumazine synthase is synthesized in the cytosol as a larger molecular weight precursor protein, which is post-translationally imported into chloroplasts where it is proteolytically cleaved to its mature size. The authentic spinach enzyme is estimated to constitute
Time dependent pentylenetetrazol-like cues subsequent to diazepam administration

Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate which of two levers to press for milk reinforcement on a VI-20 schedule of reinforcement on the basis of whether they were injected subcutaneously with 0.75 mg/kg diazepam or 10.0 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol. Following discrimination acquisition, a dose-response function was generated for each drug during 5-min extinction periods. Subjects were then assigned to one of seven groups on the basis of their per cent responding during saline testing. Each group was injected with 5 mg/kg diazepam and then given a 5-min extinction test at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 h subsequent to injection. The results indicated that at the shorter time intervals the animals responded on the diazepam lever. However, as the time interval between injection and testing lengthened, responding on the PTZ bar gradually increased until by 12 h following injection with diazepam the animals were responding as though they had received an injection of 5 mg/kg PTZ. Following this period of rebound, choice behavior returned to baseline by 24 h post-injection.
Clinical comparison of six digitalis preparations by the parenteral route

A study was made in order to investigate if any clinical difference could be found between the effects of several digitalis and digitalis-like preparations. The drugs used were digitaline (digitoxin), acylanid (acetyl-digitoxin), lanoxin (digoxin), cedilanid D (deacetylated-lanatoside C), gitaligin (gitalin), and ouabain. These drugs were administered to 162 cases (138 suffering from heart failure and 24 controls) by intravenous injections (intramuscular in some). Full digitalization was obtained within two to four days with comparable doses. Clinical data, venous pressure and circulation times, roentgenologic and electrocardiographic data, were noted for seven days. A method of rating the effect of the drugs in the individual cases is described. The dose which is effective for intravenous digitalization is described for each drug on the basis of the present study. This total dose was ascertained by subtracting the average daily eliminated dose from the total received. The greatest effect on heart rate was obtained with digoxin and cedilanid. The greatest rapidity of effect was obtained with ouabain followed by digitoxin. The greatest decrease of signs of congestion was obtained with digitoxin, acetyl-digitoxin or digoxin. The greatest decrease of cardiac size was obtained with digitoxin or acetyl-digitoxin. This does not confirm previous studies of the authors according to which ouabain would exert a greater action than the above glycosides. The greatest changes of the electrocardiogram were exerted by digitoxin; the smallest, by cedilanid. This was considered as a point in favor of the latter. The greatest toxicity was found with digoxin while digitoxin did not seem to present special problems. Gitalin seems to have an intermediate position from the various points of view. The overall rating of the glycosides is discussed. This, however, should not be unduly stressed, as special indications were found for several glycosides.
Multiphoton absorption by F2 color center

Abstract Momentum translation method has been used to calculate the transition amplitude for the F 2 color center by multiphoton absorption. Numerical results are plotted for Nd-glass laser.
A standard for calibration and shading correction of a fluorescence microscope.

Background Numerous applications of fluorescence microscopy require quantitation of signal intensity in reproducible units. Two problems must be overcome to achieve this goal. First, due to various instrumental factors, the same sample imaged on two microscopes or even on the same microscope at different times may produce highly divergent readings. Second, because of shading, some areas within the same field may appear brighter than others despite the same amount of fluorophore. The first type of variability requires calibration using a sample of reproducible fluorescence yield; to correct for shading, a uniform fluorescent field is needed. Methods Standard slides were prepared by placing several microliters of 10%–50% w/v fluorescein or rhodamine between a coverglass and a slide. They were used to perform shading correction and normalization under a variety of imaging conditions. Results Concentrated fluorophores produced a uniform fluorescent field of moderate and reproducible brightness. By expressing the staining of a biological object in the units of standard slides, identical results were obtained irrespective of the imaging conditions or the microscope used. We compared shading correction based on concentrated fluorescein with two other standards. Concentrated fluorescein resulted in the best equalization of the field. Conclusions Standardization of fluorescent images can be achieved by normalizing them to the image of a concentrated solution of a fluorophore. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, this method can be used in clinical analysis as well as in routine laboratory practice. Cytometry 44:309–316, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Application of the pyrolysis-carbon isotope method for determining the maturity of kerogen in the Bakken shale

A maturity indexing procedure based on the isotopic difference between the total accumulated methane produced by exhaustive pyrolysis and the kerogen (Δ13C) and the mole ratio of methane to kerogen carbon (CMR), has been tested by applying a standardized technique, i.e. exhaustive pyrolysis (600°C for 120 hr) of extracted-powdered samples and measurement of the amounts and isotopic composition of the methane and kerogen carbon, on a suite of 15 Bakken shale samples. A linear relation was found between the carbon mole ratio of pyrolysis-derived methane and total organic carbon and the δ13C difference between the pyrolysis-derived methane and total organic carbon (r = −0.79); and between the amount of CH4 generated from exhaustive pyrolysis and H/C atomic ratios (r = +0.91).
Challenges and Promises of Becoming a Culturally Competent Counselor in a Sociopolitical Era of Change and Empowerment

This article explores the historical and sociopolitical contexts of the multicultural competency movement and the challenges and promise of becoming a culturally competent counselor. Specific attention is directed to the promise and opportunity for those who commit to a culturally competent personal and professional way of life.