cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of predicated execution on branch prediction

High performance architectures have always had to deal with the performance-limiting impact of branch operations. Microprocessor designs are going to have to deal with this problem as well, as they move towards deeper pipelines and support for multiple instruction issue. Branch prediction schemes are often used to alleviate the negative impact of branch operations by allowing the speculative execution of instructions after an unresolved branch. Another technique is to eliminate branch instructions altogether. Predication can remove forward branch instructions by translating the instructions following the branch into predicate form. This paper analyzes a variety of existing predication models for eliminating branch operations, and the effect that this elimination has on the branch prediction schemes in existing processors, including single issue architectures with simple prediction mechanisms, to the newer multi-issue designs with correspondingly more sophisticated branch predictors. The effect on branch prediction accuracy, branch penalty and basic block size is studied.
Generalized Formulation of Nonlinear Pitch-Yaw-Roll Coupling: Part I-Nonaxisymmetric Bodies

A nonlinear aerodynamic moment system, formulated in a previous study to apply to arbitrary motions of bodies of revolution in free flight, is generalized to include nonaxisymmetric bodies (e.g., aircraft) within a uniform treatment. Within the assumption of a linear dependence on coning rate, the total moment is shown to be compounded of the contributions from four simple motions and a clear physical meaning is attached to each contribution. Applied to aircraft motions, the formulation includes the nonlinear interactions between motions that normally are excluded in the classical treatment. The results may be useful in the design of experiments and the interpretation of results obtained therefrom.
Numerical Prediction of Hypersonic Flowfields Including Effects of Electron Translational Nonequilibrium

The degree of electron thermal nonequilibrium occurring in continuum, hypersonic, slender body, and blunt body flows is investigated. The effect of thermal nonequilibrium between the electron translational and vibrational-electronic modes on the predicted electron density and electron temperature is quantified at flight conditions characteristic of a slender hypersonic vehicle, as well as at a higher energy, superorbital flight condition of a blunt reentry vehicle. The most significant effect of electron thermal nonequilibrium on the flowfield is through the influence of the electron temperature on the magnitude of the chemical reaction rates in the high density shock layer. A twofold reduction in peak plasma density is predicted in the flow around the slender body when the electron nonequilibrium model is used, and this results in better agreement between the simulation results and the experimental electron density measurements. A change in the shape of the electron density profile with the use of the el...
Synchronous Timing of Multi-Energy Fast Beam Extraction during a Single AGS Cycle

Synchronous triggering of fast beams is required because the field of Kicker Magnets must rise within the open space between one beam bunch and the next. Within the Brookhaven AGS, Fast Extracted Beam (FEB) triggering combines nominal timing, based on beam energy with bunch-to-bunch synchronization, based on the accelerating rf waveform. During beam acceleration, a single bunch is extracted at 22 GeV/c and within the same AGS cycle, the remaining eleven bunches are extracted at 28.4 GeV/c. When the single bunch is extracted, a ''hole'', which is left in the remaining circulating beam, can appear in random locations within the second extraction during successive AGS cycles. To overcome this problem, a synchronous rf/12 counting scheme and logic circuitry are used to keep track of the bunch positions relative to each other, and to place the ''hole'' in any desired location within the second extraction. The rf/12 signal is used also to synchronize experimenters triggers.
COPD Surveillance—United States, 1999-2011

This report updates surveillance results for COPD in the United States. For 1999 to 2011, data from national data systems for adults aged ≥ 25 years were analyzed. In 2011, 6.5% of adults (approximately 13.7 million) reported having been diagnosed with COPD. From 1999 to 2011, the overall age-adjusted prevalence of having been diagnosed with COPD declined ( P = .019). In 2010, there were 10.3 million (494.8 per 10,000) physician office visits, 1.5 million (72.0 per 10,000) ED visits, and 699,000 (32.2 per 10,000) hospital discharges for COPD. From 1999 to 2010, no significant overall trends were noted for physician office visits and ED visits; however, the age-adjusted hospital discharge rate for COPD declined significantly ( P = .001). In 2010 there were 312,654 (11.2 per 1,000) Medicare hospital discharge claims submitted for COPD. Medicare claims (1999-2010) declined overall ( P = .045), among men ( P = .022) and among enrollees aged 65 to 74 years ( P = .033). There were 133,575 deaths (63.1 per 100,000) from COPD in 2010. The overall age-adjusted death rate for COPD did not change during 1999 to 2010 ( P = .163). Death rates (1999-2010) increased among adults aged 45 to 54 years ( P P = .008) but declined among those aged 55 to 64 years ( P = .002) and 65 to 74 years ( P P = .038), Asian/Pacific Islanders ( P P = .001). Geographic clustering of prevalence, Medicare hospitalizations, and deaths were observed. Declines in the age-adjusted prevalence, death rate in men, and hospitalizations for COPD since 1999 suggest progress in the prevention of COPD in the United States.
Optimized interleaving for online retrieval evaluation

Interleaving is an online evaluation technique for comparing the relative quality of information retrieval functions by combining their result lists and tracking clicks. A sequence of such algorithms have been proposed, each being shown to address problems in earlier algorithms. In this paper, we formalize and generalize this process, while introducing a formal model: We identify a set of desirable properties for interleaving, then show that an interleaving algorithm can be obtained as the solution to an optimization problem within those constraints. Our approach makes explicit the parameters of the algorithm, as well as assumptions about user behavior. Further, we show that our approach leads to an unbiased and more efficient interleaving algorithm than any previous approach, using a novel log-based analysis of user search behavior.
Is the Grass Greener? Current and Former Music Teachers’ Perceptions a Year After Moving to a Different School or Leaving the Classroom:

This study is the fourth in a series investigating the retention and turnover of music teachers using nationally representative data from the National Center for Educational Statistics. I identifie...
The Presence of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses of Trichoplusia ni on Cabbage from the Market Shelf

Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) annually suffers a massive epizootic caused by nuclear polyhedrosis viruses on the eastern seaboard of the United States. The examination of cabbage from 5 supermarket chain stores near Washington, D.C., showed that this epizootic begins in September, peaks in October, and declines in November. The amount of viable virus on this cabbage was about 7 million polyhedra per square inch of head leaf at the peak of the natural epizootic. Consumers eating raw cabbage receive large amounts of these viruses annually.
Paramagnetic Resonance of V 4 + in Ti O 2

The paramagnetic spectrum of vanadium in Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ has been observed at 10.14 and 22.68 kMc/sec. An analysis of the data indicates that the spectrum is due to single $d$ electrons of tetravalent vanadium ions located at titania sites in the lattice. The calculated values of the components of the $g$ tensor and the hyperfine interaction constant are: ${g}_{x}=1.915$, ${g}_{y}={1.912}^{5}$, ${g}_{z}={1.956}^{5}$, ${A}_{x}={0.0031}^{5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, ${A}_{y}=0.0043$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${A}_{z}=0.0142$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The axes of the magnetic coordinate systems of the two nonequivalent ions per unit cell are [$\overline{1}, 1, 0$], [0,0,1], [1,1,0] and [$\overline{1}, \overline{1}, 0$], [0,0,1], [$\overline{1}, 1, 0$].
Pressures required to produce intradermal wheals in normal human subjects.

ConclusionsThe pressures required to produce intradermal wheals in normal individuals varied from 1,000 to 3,200 mm Hg with a mean pressure of about 2,000 mm Hg. No consistent differences in wheal pressures were found between males and females, or among Whites, Negroes and Japanese.
Religious Benevolence as Social Control: A Critique of an Interpretation

AMONG social historians of the last two decades it has become standard to classify the post-Revolutionary generation of religious humanitarians as conservative and self-serving. Fearful of rising currents of secularism and egalitarianism in the new nation, these churchmen, so many students would have it, mounted a campaign of religious evangelism and created a system of local and national religious and benevolent societies in order to preserve their own declining status and to regain their earlier colonial position as the moral arbiters of American society. Such a conclusion about the nature of religious humanitarianism was first advanced in 1954 by John R. Bodo and Charles C. Cole. Charles I. Foster and Clifford S. Griffin offered in 1960 important variations on the main theme. Each approached the subject from a different perspective. While Bodo and Cole organized their studies around individual representatives from the clergy and focused on sermons as their sources, Foster and Griffin centered on both ministerial and lay members of the interdenominational societies and focused on the societies' reports. Yet all agreed that when these religious humanitarians founded Bible and tract societies, or promoted temperance and Sabbath observance, or tried to aid the urban poor, what they wanted in reality was to gain power over society for their own conservative, if not reactionary, ends. It was the desire for "social control," not social improvement, which lay behind their seemingly benevolent schemes., Moreover, it has recently been customary to stress the differences rather than
Active Front Wheel Steering System of 4×4 armored vehicle: Rejection of unwanted firing disturbance

Effect of firing force from the gun turret causes external disturbance to an armored vehicle. This disturbance has effected the dynamic performance of the armored vehicle while firing in a moving situation. Therefore, an active safety system is required in order to minimize the effect of firing disturbance to improve the dynamic performance and directional stability of the armored vehicle. In this paper, Active Front Wheel Steering System (AFWS) has been developed as an active safety system for the armored vehicle. An armored vehicle model using Pitman Arm Steering and DC motor model has been used to study the performance of the armored vehicle model using AFWS. In order to enhance the performance of AFWS, additional embodiment known as Estimated Yaw and Lateral disturbance Rejection (EsYLaR) has been included in the control strategy. The performance of the armored vehicle is evaluated in term of yaw rate, yaw angle, lateral acceleration and lateral displacement.
The acquisition of coping skills from computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders: It's all where you start

Aims: Ecstasy users espouse PLUR (peace, love, unity, and respect) and may have lower risk for sexual abuse than other drug users. We hypothesized that among ecstasy and marijuana users, those who use other illicit drugs have a higher likelihood of experiencing lifetime sexual abuse, especially females. Methods: Data come from the Tri-City study which recruited 644 recent ecstasy users, 16–59 years of age, from three sites in Florida,Missouri and Australia. Self-reported lifetime alcohol,marijuana, and other drug use (cocaine, heroin, sedatives, stimulants, opium, PCP, inhalants, hallucinogens, and steroids), lifetime sexual abuse, sex with a same sex partner, exchanging club drugs for sex, and number of sex partners were among the variables assessed. Analysis was restricted to 18–35 year olds (n=608) to reduce variance in years at risk. Results: Overall, 38% endorsed ecstasy and marijuana use only, of which 12% reported lifetime sexual abuse. Among 62% who endorsed additional illicit drug use, 20% reported lifetime sexual abuse. Multivariate analysis showed an increased risk of lifetime sexual abuse for females, those havingmore sex partners, and same sex partners, and for those who used additional drugs. Separate logistic regression analyses showed that among women, having 3 or more sex partners versus less than 3 increased the odds of reporting sexual abuse (OR=3.0). Among men, additional drug use (OR=4.1) and exchanging club drugs for sex (OR=3.2) increased the risk of sexual abuse compared to their counterparts. Conclusions: The risk of lifetime sexual abuse is higher among ecstasy and marijuana users who use additional illicit drugs than ecstasy and marijuana users alone. Gender differences in lifetime sexual abuse indicate a possible need for gender-specific interventions to reduce the riskof sexual abuseamongecstasyusers. Further studies are needed to assess temporality. Financial support: NIDA R01 DA-14854 (Cottler, PI).
CORRELATION BETWEEN BIOMASS REDUCTION OF SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP AND THE OCCURRENCE OF ALGAL BLOOMS IN LAKE QIANDAOHU

The Occurrenec of algal blooms has generally been considered as the result or the symptom of aquatic eutrophication.However,this traditional interpretation of the blooming mechanism could hardly explain why algal blooms did not occur when the nutrients were at a higher level while they did occur when the nutrients were at a lower level in Lake Qiandaohu.The results from this study through the investigation and analysis on the main ecological factors associated with algal bloom occurrence before and during the blooms that occurred in 1998 and 1999 showed that the average concentrations of nutrients(TN and TP),water levels and mean biomasses of icefish in the blooming years(1998 and 1999) were not significantly different from those before the blooming years(1993-1997)(P0.05).They also showed that the biomass of zooplankton when the algal bloom occurred was not significantly lower than those before.The lake was also in a mesotrophic state.The only significant difference noticeable was the biomasses of the two filter feeding silver carp and bighead carp,which were significantly lower in the blooms years than those of the previous years.Besides,water temperature has often been considered as one of the major causes of algal blooms,however,historical records from the local hydrological authorities have not showen any irregular variation of water temperature during those blooming years in Lake Qiandaohu.Thus it could be concluded that the lower biomass of silver carp and bighead carp might play a crucial role in relation to the algal blooms that occurred in the two years.While the existence of higher biomasses of icefish in 1998-1999 made it possible for the concomitant of lower biomasses of both zooplankton and the two Chinese carps,which weakened the top-down forces in the water body,and might be responsible for the occurrence of algal blooms in the two years.Thus the existence of high biomasses of icefish might be another cause of the algal bloom.
Excitonic emissions and above-band-gap luminescence in the single-crystal perovskite semiconductors CsPbB r 3 and CsPbC l 3

The ternary compounds $\mathrm{CsPb}{X}_{3}$ ($X=\mathrm{Br}$ or Cl) have perovskite structures that are being considered for optical and electronic applications such as lasing and gamma-ray detection. An above-band-gap excitonic photoluminescence (PL) band is seen in both $\mathrm{CsPb}{X}_{3}$ compounds. An excitonic emission peak centered at 2.98 eV, $\ensuremath{\sim}0.1$ eV above the room-temperature band gap, is observed for $\mathrm{CsPbC}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$. The thermal quenching of the excitonic luminescence is well described by a two-step quenching model, yielding activation energies of 0.057 and 0.0076 eV for high- and low-temperature regimes, respectively. $\mathrm{CsPbB}{\mathrm{r}}_{3}$ exhibits bound excitonic luminescence peaks located at 2.29 and 2.33 eV that are attributed to recombination involving Br vacancy centers. Activation energies for thermal quenching of the excitonic luminescence of 0.017 and 0.0007 eV were calculated for $\mathrm{CsPbB}{\mathrm{r}}_{3}$. Temperature-dependent PL experiments reveal unexpected blueshifts for all excitonic emission peaks in $\mathrm{CsPb}{X}_{3}$ compounds. A phonon-assisted step-up process leads to the blueshift in $\mathrm{CsPbB}{\mathrm{r}}_{3}$ emission, while there is a contribution from band-gap widening in $\mathrm{CsPbC}{\mathrm{l}}_{3}$. The absence of significant deep level defect luminescence in these compounds makes them attractive candidates for high-resolution, room-temperature radiation detection.
Superiority of salt restriction over diuretics in reducing renal hypertrophy and injury in uninephrectomized SHR

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were uninephrectomized (UNX) at 6 wk of age and given either standard chow (CON), low-sodium chow (LSC), or standard chow and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) added to the drinking water. Severe hypertension developed in all three groups. Forty-two weeks after UNX, proteinuria and glomerular sclerosis were significantly lower in LSC than in CON or HCTZ. The protective effect of salt restriction did not depend upon alterations in plasma renin concentration or glomerular hemodynamics. Micropuncture revealed that glomerular pressure was high in all three groups. Renal hypertrophy assessed by kidney weight, kidney-to-body weight ratio, glomerular volume, and glomerular capillary radius were reduced by salt restriction. These findings suggest that, in the setting of glomerular hypertension, hypertrophy promotes sclerosis. Salt restriction inhibits compensatory kidney growth and protects the kidney.
High-Content Imaging and Analysis of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) are investigated as a source of authentic human cardiac cells for drug discovery and toxicological tests. Cell-based assays using automated fluorescence imaging platform and high-content analysis characterize hypertrophic and toxicity profiles of compounds in hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CM) at the cellular and subcellular levels. In purified population of hPSC-CM loaded with cell tracer probe and cell death markers, both hypertrophic and toxicity profiles can be assessed in live cardiomyocyte cultures. Alternatively, in non-purified cultures of hPSC-CM, hypertrophy, proliferation, and cell death assays can be performed specifically in the cardiomyocyte subpopulation using antibodies directed against cardiac proteins and a combination of cell death- and proliferation-specific fluorescent probes.
A stillbirth calculator: Development and internal validation of a clinical prediction model to quantify stillbirth risk.

Objective To generate a clinical prediction tool for stillbirth that combines maternal risk factors to provide an evidence based approach for the identification of women who will benefit most from antenatal testing for stillbirth prevention. Design Retrospective cohort study Setting Midwestern United States quaternary referral center Population Singleton pregnancies undergoing second trimester anatomic survey from 1999–2009. Pregnancies with incomplete follow-up were excluded. Methods Candidate predictors were identified from the literature and univariate analysis. Backward stepwise logistic regression with statistical comparison of model discrimination, calibration and clinical performance was used to generate final models for the prediction of stillbirth. Internal validation was performed using bootstrapping with 1,000 repetitions. A stillbirth risk calculator and stillbirth risk score were developed for the prediction of stillbirth at or beyond 32 weeks excluding fetal anomalies and aneuploidy. Statistical and clinical cut-points were identified and the tools compared using the Integrated Discrimination Improvement. Main outcome measures Antepartum stillbirth Results 64,173 women met inclusion criteria. The final stillbirth risk calculator and score included maternal age, black race, nulliparity, body mass index, smoking, chronic hypertension and pre-gestational diabetes. The stillbirth calculator and simple risk score demonstrated modest discrimination but clinically significant performance with no difference in overall performance between the tools [(AUC 0.66 95% CI 0.60–0.72) and (AUC 0.64 95% CI 0.58–0.70), (p = 0.25)]. Conclusion A stillbirth risk score was developed incorporating maternal risk factors easily ascertained during prenatal care to determine an individual woman’s risk for stillbirth and provide an evidenced based approach to the initiation of antenatal testing for the prediction and prevention of stillbirth.
Community resilience and communication: dynamic interconnections between and among individuals, families, and organizations

Community resilience represents a community’s capacity to ‘bounce forward’ following an adverse event such as a disaster or crisis (Houston, 2015, p. 176). The bouncing portion of this resilience m...
Teledermatology in the United States: An Update in a Dynamic Era.

Abstract Background: Teledermatology is rapidly advancing in the United States. The last comprehensive survey of U.S. teledermatology programs was conducted in 2011. Introduction: This article provides an update regarding the state of teledermatology programs in the United States. Materials and Methods: Active programs were identified and surveyed from November 2014 to January 2017. Findings regarding practice settings, consult volumes, payment methods, and delivery modalities were compared to those from the 2011 survey. Findings from the Veterans Affairs (VA) were reported as an aggregate. Results: There were 40 active nongovernmental programs, amounting to a 48% increase and 30% discontinuation rate over five years. Academia remained the most common practice setting (50%). Median annual consultation volume was comparable with 263 consultations, but maximum annual consultation volume increased (range: 20–20,000). The most frequent payment method was self-pay (53%). Store-and-forward continued to be the m...
Examples of Commutative Rings. By Harry C. Hutchins

(1985). Examples of Commutative Rings. By Harry C. Hutchins. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 92, No. 4, pp. 300-301.
Minorities and the American Political and Legal Processes (Continued)

Political rights, such as the right to vote, may be distinguished from civil liberties (freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, religious freedom, the right to bear arms, the right to security against unreasonable searches and seizures, security against double jeopardy and excessive bail, the right to trial by jury, security against self-incrimination, and other rights mentioned in the Bill of Rights), and from civil rights. The term civil rights refers to rights to employment and to accommodations in hotels, restaurants, common carriers, and other places of public accommodation and resort.
Comparing the Yield of Staphylococcus aureus Recovery with Static versus Agitated Broth Incubation.

Given the lack of standardization of methodologies for microbial recovery from built environments, we sought to compare the yield of Staphylococcus aureus with a broth enrichment method when incubated in agitated versus static conditions. Five unique strains of S. aureus at five different concentrations were cultured to compare direct plating, agitated broth enrichment, and static broth enrichment culture methods. All samples were incubated at 35° in ambient air. The lowest concentration recovered across three replicates and five strains did not differ between culture methods (Fisher’s exact test, p=0.50); notably, recovery of S. aureus was equivalent between static and agitated broth incubation. When broth enrichment was used (both static and agitated), the burden of S. aureus growth was higher (by semiquantitative assessment of 4-quadrant streaking) compared to the direct plating culture method. Optimizing strategies for microbial recovery is essential, particularly in areas of lower biomass, given the paucity of research concerning microbial communities of built environments. The results of this study, in conjunction with other experiments investigating microbiomes of built environments, can help inform protocols for standardizing culturing methods within built environments.
Substituent Effects and Mechanism in a Mechanochemical Reaction

We report the effect of substituents on the force-induced reactivity of a spiropyran mechanophore. Using single molecule force spectroscopy, force-rate behavior was determined for a series of spiropyran derivatives substituted with H, Br, or NO2 para to the breaking spirocyclic C-O bond. The force required to achieve the rate constants of ∼10 s-1 necessary to observe transitions in the force spectroscopy experiments depends on the substituent, with the more electron withdrawing substituent requiring less force. Rate constants at 375 pN were determined for all three derivatives, and the force-coupled rate dependence on substituent identity is well explained by a Hammett linear free energy relationship with a value of ρ = 2.9, consistent with a highly polar transition state with heterolytic, dissociative character. The methodology paves the way for further application of linear free energy relationships and physical organic methodologies to mechanochemical reactions, and the characterization of new force probes should enable additional, quantitative studies of force-coupled molecular behavior in polymeric materials.
Guest Editors’ Introduction to the Special Section on the 33rd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2017)

The papers in this special section were presented at the 33rd International Conference on Data Engineering, ICDE 2017, that was held in San Diego, California, during April 19-22, 2017.
Effect of a post-hatch lipopolysaccharide challenge in turkey poults and ducklings after a primary embryonic heat stress.

Abstract The effect of embryonic thermal manipulation on the post-hatch immune response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was studied in Pekin ducklings and turkey poults. Commercial duck and turkey eggs were distributed among four treatments: SS-Control (37.5 °C from embryonic day [ED] 1 to 25); SS-LPS (37.5 °C from ED1 to 25 + LPS at D0 [hatch]); HH-LPS (38 °C from ED1 to 25 + LPS at D0; SH-LPS (37.5 °C from ED1 to 10 and 38 °C from ED 11 to 25 + LPS at D0). At ED16 and ED24, the egg shell temperature of the duck and turkey eggs in the HH and SH treatments were higher (P ≤ 0.01) than the SS treatment. Ducklings and poults in the HH treatment had the lowest yolk free body weight at hatch (P ≤ 0.05). At 24, 48, and 72 h post-LPS injection, ducklings and poults in the HH-LPS treatment had significantly reduced BW compared with the SS-Con treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS and HH-LPS treatments had increased plasma heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and lower splenic HSP70 mRNA amounts than the SS-LPS treatments at 24, and 48 h post-challenge (P ≤ 0.05). At 48 and 72 h, macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production in ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS and HH-LPS treatments was lower than in the SS-LPS treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS treatment had increased thymocyte proliferation compared to the SS-LPS treatment at 24, 48 and 72 h (P ≤ 0.05). At 24 h, ducklings in the SH-LPS treatment had increased splenic IL-10 and reduced IFNγ and IL-6 mRNA abundance. However, both ducklings and poults in the HH-LPS treatment had increased IFNγ, and IL-10 mRNA abundance compared to the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). At 48 h, SH-LPS ducklings and poults had lower splenic IL-10 mRNA abundance (P ≤ 0.05) while the HH-LPS treatment resulted in comparable splenic IL-10 mRNA compared to the SS-LPS treatment (P ≥ 0.05). Ducklings and poults in the SH-LPS treatment had increased thymic and splenic CD8+/CD4+ ratios at 24 h versus the SS-LPS treatment (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, embryonic thermal manipulation from ED11-25 increased extracellular HSP70 release, thymocyte proliferation and IL-10 but decreased splenic HSP70 and IFNγ mRNA amounts at 24 h post-LPS injection. This suggests that mild heat stress during the later stages of incubation could potentially prime the embryonic immune system thereby enhances the immune response as earlier than 24 h to eliminate the inflammatory response without affecting the growth performance by increase the extracellular release of HSP70 in both ducklings and poults. Continuous exposure to the small increase in temperature from ED 1–25 (HH) caused an imbalance between pro (IFNγ)- and anti-inflammatory cytokines(IL-10) which affects hatchling responses to an inflammatory challenge and increased mortality. The amount of extracellular HSP70 could potentially play an important role in modulating the immune response against inflammatory challenges.
The association between diabetes and olfactory impairment in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Evidence suggests that olfactory impairment (OI) may be a degenerative neurologic complication of diabetes; however, the association is not yet well established. The objective of this work was to systematically review existing literature on the association between diabetes and OI in adults, with meta-analysis of evaluable studies. Methods A literature search encompassing 358 abstracts from the last 75 years in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane was performed. English-language articles investigating adults with diabetes and OI in comparison to control groups with original data and ≥7 subjects were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was applied for quality assessment. Two investigators independently reviewed all articles. For meta-analysis, the odds ratio of OI in diabetes compared with control groups was calculated using the fixed effects model. Results The initial search yielded 358 abstracts, from which 21 articles were reviewed and 11 articles (n = 6,747) were included. Studies included were case-control (64%) or cross-sectional (36%) with evidence level 3b. On the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, the mean quality assessment score for case-control and cross-sectional studies was 7.4 (maximum of 9) and 7.0 (maximum of 10), respectively. A statistically significant association between diabetes and olfaction compared with controls was found in 6 (55%) of the 11 articles. Four studies were eligible for meta-analysis, which yielded an overall odds of having OI with diabetes as 1.58 times more likely than in control groups (95% CI [1.16, 2.16]; I 2 = 10.3%). Conclusions The reviewed studies support a significant association between diabetes and OI. Further studies are warranted to characterize this association. Level of evidence 3a.
Carbides and Nitrides of Zirconium and Hafnium.

Among transition metal carbides and nitrides, zirconium, and hafnium compounds are the most stable and have the highest melting temperatures. Here we review published data on phases and phase equilibria in Hf-Zr-C-N-O system, from experiment and ab initio computations with focus on rocksalt Zr and Hf carbides and nitrides, their solid solutions and oxygen solubility limits. The systematic experimental studies on phase equilibria and thermodynamics were performed mainly 40–60 years ago, mostly for binary systems of Zr and Hf with C and N. Since then, synthesis of several oxynitrides was reported in the fluorite-derivative type of structures, of orthorhombic and cubic higher nitrides Zr3N4 and Hf3N4. An ever-increasing stream of data is provided by ab initio computations, and one of the testable predictions is that the rocksalt HfC0.75N0.22 phase would have the highest known melting temperature. Experimental data on melting temperatures of hafnium carbonitrides are absent, but minimum in heat capacity and maximum in hardness were reported for Hf(C,N) solid solutions. New methods, such as electrical pulse heating and laser melting, can fill the gaps in experimental data and validate ab initio predictions.
Ethical Dilemmas in Rural Special Education: A Call for a Conversation about the Ethics of Practice:

Education and human services by their very nature imply an ethical imperative (Kelman & Warwick, 1972; Becker, 2005) as these areas of endeavor represent work designed to alter the development and ...
In the mind of the crime : Proving the mens rea of genocidal intent in the words of Ratko Mladić and other members of the joint criminal enterprise *

In this chapter, Dojcinovic focuses on the specific research and analytical project within the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the ICTY in the trial of Ratko Mladic, the Commander of the Bosnian Serb Army (VRS). The analytical model designed and utilized throughout this trial is based on the specific speech acts and utterances identified in all categories of evidence indicating genocidal and persecutory intent of the Accused shared with other members of the joint criminal enterprise (JCE) at all levels. The chapter places strong emphasis on the semantic content of the utterances, the type of intent identified in the utterances, the effect they may have had on the principle perpetrators, as well as their relevance, probative value and modes of admissibility as a special category of evidence. Ultimately, the chapter demonstrates that international criminal proceedings have seen the emergence of a new type of key evidence: a cognitive, linguistic, contextually-determined manifestation of mens rea within a shared historical, political and cultural referential framework. Dojcinovic argues that this emerging body of evidence requires a new set of rules and methods in international criminal proceedings, and a more comprehensive intellectual, scientifically-minded approach to the identification and interpretation of mental elements in mass atrocity crimes.
Functional Imaging of Immunotherapy: Response Criteria, Imaging Characteristics, and Novel Immunoimaging of Advanced Malignancies

Immunotherapy plays a vital role in the management of patients with a subset of advanced malignancies. The mechanism of action of these novel agents has led to the development of unique imaging characteristics that are important to recognize and categorize as these can have a profound impact on patient management. Additionally, the development of novel radioactive tracers as non-invasive imaging biomarkers offer a glimpse into the future use of functional imaging. Immunotherapy is known to cause toxicities referred to as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). By reviewing the different response criteria used for both anatomic and metabolic imaging, while understanding the imaging characteristics of more common irAEs, one can increase the diagnostic accuracy of complex oncologic cases. This article will provide a review of the mechanism of action of immunotherapy, response criteria used for diagnostic evaluation, imaging features of common irAEs, and novel immunoimaging.
Sincerely Fake: Exploring User-Generated Political Fakes and Networked Publics:

This article investigates user-generated political satire, focusing in particular on one genre: fake political accounts. Such fakes, created as social media profiles, satirize politicians or politi...
[Safety of two ventilator weaning strategies after high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective randomized controlled trial].

Objective To study the safety of two ventilator weaning strategies after high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) in preterm infants. Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted for 101 preterm infants with NRDS, with a gestational age of ≤32+6 weeks or a birth weight of ≤1 500 g, who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Xiamen Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020. The infants underwent HFOV as the preferred treatment. The infants were randomly divided into an observation group (50 infants with direct weaning from HFOV) and a control group (51 infants with weaning after HFOV was switched to conventional mechanical ventilation). The two groups were compared in terms of failure rate of ventilator weaning within 72 hours, changes in blood gas parameters at 2 hours before weaning and at 2 and 24 hours after weaning, respiratory support therapy, incidence rates of complications, and outcome at discharge. Results There was no significant difference in the failure rate of ventilator weaning within 72 hours (8% vs 14%, P > 0.05). The observation group had a significantly shorter duration of mechanical ventilation than the control group [(64±39) hours vs (88±69) hours, P 0.05). Conclusions For preterm infants with NRDS, the strategy of weaning directly from HFOV is safe and reliable and can reduce the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, and therefore, it holds promise for clinical application.
How to best conduct universal HIV screening in emergency departments is far from settled

HIV screening in the emergency department (ED), including universal screening irrespective of risk assessments, has shown strong promise in past studies, identifying many new cases of HIV infection among those who lack access to traditional HIV testing services. Yet, over the years a consistent set of challenges and limitations have presented themselves in settings throughout the United States. We review considerations for evaluating and improving the success of ED-based HIV screening programs in the United States.
Trust in God: an evaluative review of the literature and research proposal

Until recently, psychologists have conceptualised and studied trust in God (TIG) largely in isolation from contemporary work in theology, philosophy, history, and biblical studies that has examined...
Prospective Evaluation of an Abbreviated Test Battery to Screen for Neurocognitive Impairment in HIV-Positive Military Members.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects around 20–50% of people living with HIV (PLWH). Although batteries of tests are used to identify neurocognitive impairment (NCI), they are long and difficult to perform during a routine clinic visit, thus impairing the ability to diagnose HAND. Therefore, a brief yet sensitive screening tool to identify NCI is necessary. This study prospectively evaluated an abbreviated screening battery with reported 86.5%/87.1% sensitivity/specificity, identified from a planned post-hoc analysis in a prior neurocognitive study among military PLWH. Adult HIV-positive military beneficiaries in the U.S. Military HIV Natural History Study, who agreed to undergo a comprehensive seven-domain neuropsychological battery (16 tests), and who completed an additional 20-min abbreviated battery (AB), comprised of four tests, prior to the full battery (FB) were included in this analysis. A group of 169 individuals completed both tests, of which 25.4% had a positive AB and 17.8% had NCI on FB (global deficit score ≥ 0.5). With the FB as the reference standard, the specificity for the AB was 79.9% (73.2–86.5), however the sensitivity was 50.0% (32.1–67.9). In those with NCI by FB but not AB, the most common impaired domains were executive function (73.3%) and memory (73.3%), both being domains not fully tested by the AB. An abbreviated HAND screening battery of four tests requiring approximately 20 min provided a relatively high level of specificity but lacked sensitivity for detection of NCI. Inclusion of additional domains or alternative scoring approaches may improve sensitivity but require further study. Continued efforts are needed to develop an effective brief screening test for HAND.
Beyond the Gender Binary in Computing Education Research

Mathematician Eugenia Cheng offers a fresh framework for thinking about the problem of the under-representation of women in STEM. Cheng’s approach is grounded in her research field, category theory, which leads to her proposal that instead of focusing on a gender binary, we instead consider each person as being on a continuum from “congressive” (that is, focused on interdependence) to “ingressive” (focused on independence). The purpose of this poster is to consider the application of Cheng’s framework to computing education by focusing on three main questions: If we base computing education research on this framework, what might that look like? What might we gain, and what might we lose? Cheng’s framework applied to computing education research would change the methodology used in interventions that consider the participants’ gender. Gains from Cheng’s framework therefore include a way to research, analyze, and implement interventions in computer science education to improve representation that do not reify the gender binary and (further) marginalize non-cis-gendered students. However, adopting Cheng’s framework would create several hurdles, including the need for a valid instrument to assess placement on the continuum. And the framework may well fail to rectify the problem of under-representation. Nonetheless, Cheng’s framework, particularly in its ability to include all students, regardless of gender identity, is worth considering as a tool in computing education, not the least because it suggests a possible contrast to the status quo.
Crevice Corrosion of Implant Alloys—A Comparison of In-Vitro and In-Vivo Studies

As part of a program to evaluate a family of high-strength, high-ductility stainless steels (TRIP steels) for use in orthopedic implants, the crevice corrosion resistance of one of these steels (containing 4 percent molybdenum) was compared with the resistances of two alloys in current clinical use (Type 316L stainless steel and cast Vitallium alloy). The three materials were subjected to two types of in-vitro test and two types of in-vivo tests. In one in-vitro test, two-plate crevice assemblies of each material were weighed before and after a nine-month period of immersion in a physiological saline solution; concurrent potential measurements were made on noncreviced specimens. A rapid in-vitro electrochemical technique, called the PPR test, was used to determine crevice corrosion (or pitting) propagation rates and the potential, E p r o t , below which crevice corrosion (or pitting) cannot occur. By comparing E p r o t values with the long-term corrosions potentials, it was possible to predict the relative susceptibilities of the alloys to crevice corrosion. In one in-vivo test, bone/metal crevices were produced by inserting small cylindrical coupons of each alloy into holes drilled into the femurs of six mongrel dogs. In the other in-vivo test, bone plates of each alloy were fixed with mating screws to each humerus and to each femur of four rhesus monkeys: this type of specimen provided metal/metal and metal/bone crevices and most closely simulated expected service conditions. The cylindrical coupons, the bone plates, and the tissue surrounding each specimen were examined after exposure times of up to two years. The results of the two in-vitro tests and of the in-vivo tests in rhesus monkeys were entirely consistent: each test indicated that the TRIP steel is fairly susceptible to crevice corrosion, that Type 316L stainelss steel has limited susceptibility, and that cast Vitallium alloy is essentially immune to this form of localized corrosion. However, all alloys were much more resistant to crevice corrosion when implanted into dog bone, and the TRIP steel performed as well as the Type 316L stainless steel, though not as well as the cast Vitallium alloy. Thus, although we have demonstrated that it is possible to obtain good agreement between in-vitro and some in-vivo tests, the inconsistencies in the in-vivo results underline the need for a reevaluation of the animals and the in-vivo test techniques commonly used for assessing the suitability of candidate implant materials.
Antioxidant activity of papaya seed extracts against H2O2 induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells

Phytochemicals protect major biomolecules from oxidation caused by free radicals thus, prevent the onset of many chronic diseases. Papaya seeds are discarded after consuming the fruit, but they contain many bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the in-vitro antioxidant activity of papaya seeds and their effect on endogenous antioxidant enzymes in HepG2 cells. Papaya seeds were extracted in methanol and hexane. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity of methanol extracts (ME) and hexane extracts (HE) of seeds were determined. Modulation of endogenous glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) by ME & HE in oxidative stress induced cells were also evaluated in this study. Polyphenols and flavonoids in ME were 5.5 and 1.3 folds higher (p ≤ 0.05) compared to HE respectively. In-vitro antioxidant potential of ME was higher (p ≤ 0.05) compared to HE. Inducing oxidative stress, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lowered SOD, CAT, GPx activities and GSH levels in HepG2 cells. However, treating cells with ME induced CAT, GSH and GPx whereas, HE induced SOD, GPx and GSH. Overall, papaya seed extracts were effective in protecting HepG2 cells from oxidative stress.
GERMINATION PROPERTIES OF SPORES WITH LOW DIPICOLINIC ACID CONTENT

Keynan, A. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), W. G. Murrell, and H. O. Halvorson. Germination properties of spores with low dipicolinic acid content. J. Bacteriol. 83:395–399. 1962.—When the dipicolinic acid content of spores of Bacillus cereus strain T is reduced from 7.5 to 2 or 3%, the spores germinate spontaneously after heat activation and are sluggish in their response to l-alanine and other germination agents. Only germination initiated by calcium dipicolinic acid is unaffected. l-Alanine-induced germination is stimulated by exogenous dipicolinic acid. These results support the hypothesis that endogenous dipicolinic acid regulates the l-alanine-triggered germination.
Evaluation of Four Aerobiological Sampling Methods for the Retrieval of Aerosolized Pseudomonas Syringae

The Andersen six-stage impactor, the SAS (Surface Air System) impactor, the AGI-30 impinger, and gravity plates were evaluated for the retrieval of aerosol-released Pseudomonas syringae. The upper limits of the impactor samplers were exceeded at a spray concentration of 107 CFU/ml, indicating that these samplers are not appropriate for monitoring high airborne concentrations. Decreased cell concentrations were retrieved with increased sampling time for the Andersen and AGI samplers, indicating that a minimum sampling time is preferable for monitoring aerosolized vegetative cells.
Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex: who's in control?

A sophisticated study of error-related brain potentials in patients with prefrontal lesions addresses how we monitor performance and adjust cognitive control based on task demands.