cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-486: In Vivo Skin Dosimetry Using the Exradin W1 Plastic Scintillation Detector for Passively Scattered Proton Beam Therapy

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of plastic scintillation detectors used for skin dosimetry of patients undergoing passive scatter proton therapy. Methods: Following an IRB approved protocol, six patients undergoing passively scattered proton beam therapy for prostate cancer were selected for in vivo skin dosimetry using the Exradin W1 plastic scintillator. The detector was calibrated on a Cobalt-60 unit, and phantom measurements in the proton beam with the W1 and a calibrated parallel plate ion chamber were used to account for the under-response due to high LET at energies used for treatment. Measurements made in a heated water tank were used to account for temperature dependence. For in vivo measurements, the W1 is fixed to the patient’s skin with medical tape in the center of each of two laterally opposed treatment fields. Measurements will be performed once per week for each patient for the duration of treatment, for a total of thirty six measurements. The measured dose will be compared to the expected dose, extracted from the Eclipse treatment planning system. The average difference over all measurements and per-patient will be computed, as well as standard deviations. Results: The calibrated detector exhibited a 7% under-response in 225 and 250 MeV beams, and a 4% under-response when used at 37 °C (relative to the response at the calibration temperature of 20 °C). Patient measurements are ongoing. Conclusion: The Exradin W1 plastic scintillator detector is a strong candidate for in vivo skin dosimetry in passively scattered proton beams as PSDs are water equivalent and very small (2mm in diameter), permitting accurate measurements that do not perturb the delivered dose. This project was supported in part by award number CA182450 from the National Cancer Institute.
JBBM at 21: Variety of Theories, Methods, and Countries While Giving Further Voice to Emerging Markets Within Africa

ABSTRACTPurpose: The articles published in the Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing (JBBM) are reviewed for three themes: the varieties of theories used and tested, the methodologies of choice, and most pertinent to this article, the countries from which the data were obtained in the empirical studies.Methodology/approach: Literature review of the JBBM issues, all inclusive.Findings: The JBBM has had papers involving surveys 74%; case studies 11%; interviews 6%, experiments 4%, and networks 3%. There is a tremendous breadth of country representation, more than most other marketing journals.Research implications: The authors encourage more frequent investigations into emerging markets, using African countries as exemplars.Practical implications: To begin to understand marketing phenomena in the variety of African countries, the authors encourage researchers to establish partnerships, with African scholars and global multinationals whose marketing managers may have interest in understanding these marke...
Abstract 1805: Characterization of pyoluteorin derivatives as Mcl-1 antagonists

The evasion of apoptosis is considered to be a hallmark of cancers and a cause of resistance to anti-cancer therapies. Consistently, aberrant overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (e.g., Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1) is associated with tumorigenesis and increased resistance to chemotherapy in multiple malignancies. To date, several small-molecule Bcl-2 inhibitors that bind the BH3-binding pocket of the protein have entered clinical trials. These BH3 mimetics are known to induce apoptosis by disrupting the interactions between pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The most well characterized selective agents are the Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 and its orally active analog ABT-263 which inhibit Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL but not Mcl-1. Consequently, cancers with elevated Mcl-1 do not respond to these drugs. Moreover, Mcl-1 is frequently upregulated in cancer cells and compensates for the inhibition of Bcl-2 function by ABT-737, thereby mediating resistance to the drug. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop Mcl-1-specific inhibitors for the treatment of Mcl-1-dependent human cancers. We have recently identified and characterized the natural product marinopyrrole A (maritoclax) as a novel Mcl-1 inhibitor, which induces apoptosis by targeting Mcl-1 for proteasomal degradation without significant effects on mRNA levels. To determine the pharmacophore of maritoclax, we systematically altered or removed portions of the molecule to identify regions essential for inhibition of Mcl-1 and induction of apoptosis. To date, we synthesized over 40 derivatives of maritoclax and evaluated their inhibitory actions toward Mcl-1 and cytotoxicity in cell lines of human hematological malignancies. As a result, we have identified several pharmacophore sites in maritoclax that are required for biological activity and two pyoluteorin derivatives, KS04 and KS18, which bind to a similar site(s) in Mcl-1 as maritoclax, as determined by NMR titration experiments. Like maritoclax, KS04 or KS18 markedly reduced the half-life of Mcl-1 protein, induced apoptosis selectively in Mcl-1-dependent but not Bcl-2-dependent K562 cells, and acted synergistically with ABT-737 to enhance apoptosis in ABT-737 resistant HL60 cells. Moreover, the combination treatment of KS18 (10 mg/kg/d) and ABT-737 (20 mg/kg/d) significantly suppressed the growth of ABT-737-resistant HL60 xenografts in nude mice. Thus, further studies are warranted to develop pyoluteorin derivatives as a novel class of Mcl-1 inhibitors. Citation Format: Kenichiro Doi, Krishne Gowda, Qiang Liu, Shen-Shu Sung, Jyh Ming Lin, Shantu Amin, Thomas P. Loughran, Hong-Gang Wang. Characterization of pyoluteorin derivatives as Mcl-1 antagonists. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1805. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1805
Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting Analysis of the Induction and Expression of Acute Thermal Tolerance within the Cell Cycle

We have examined the cell cycle specificity of 45.5 degrees heat-induced toxicity and the induction and expression of thermal tolerance. Ultrapure populations of G1-, S-, and G2-M-phase cells were obtained through sequential centrifugal elutriation and flow cytometric cell sorting of Hoechst 33342-stained cells. We found no interaction of Hoechst 33342 with hyperthermia under staining conditions that gave good cytometric resolution of DNA distributions. Single dose-response survival curves indicated that S phase was the most sensitive to 45.5 degrees hyperthermia (Do = 1.97, 1.26, and 1.95 min for G1, S, and G2-M, respectively). Both S and G2-M phases exhibited a decreased ability from G1 to accumulate sublethal heat lesions as evidenced by decreased heat survival curve shoulders (Dq) = 13.7, 9.51, and 8.39 min for G1, S, and G2-M, respectively). Thermal tolerance, as measured by the decreased inactivation slope of the split-dose treatment, could be induced and expressed in G1, S, and G2-M phases. However, both the magnitude and temporal expression of tolerance were dependent on the position of the cell within the cell cycle at the time of the initial heat treatment. S-phase cells exhibited slightly less thermal tolerance as compared to G1 cells given isosurvival thermal induction doses as measured by the split-dose inactivation rate constants (heated/control = 8.37 and 5.62 for G1 cells at 12 and 24 hr and 7.68 and 5.27 for S-phase cells at 12 and 28 hr). Also, split-dose survival curves for cells heated in G2-M indicated a near total inability to accumulate heat-induced sublethal damage. Simultaneous bivariate (90 degrees light scatter and DNA content) progression analysis of heated replicates indicated that tolerance could probably be expressed in those cells which moved into other cycle compartments following the initial heat treatment. For instance, G1-phase cells preheated for 20 min began progression into normally heat-sensitive S phase between 24 and 28 hr after the heat treatment. This corresponded to approximately the time of maximal thermal tolerance expression. [3H]Thymidine suicide experiments also indicated that the ultimately clonogenic cells began movement into S phase at or near the time of maximal tolerance. In this case then, tolerance expression appeared to supersede the S-phase acute heat sensitivity. Heated S-phase cells began progression into G2-M between 4 and 12 hr, which corresponded temporally to large amounts of tolerance expression4 +
Congenital complete heart block. A classification and experience with 18 patients.

Abstract The clinical course of 18 patients with congenital complete heart block, who ranged in age up to 32 years, has been reviewed. In 17, cardiovascular diagnostic studies or necropsy were performed. The frequency of ventricular inversion (congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels) and associated cardiovascular malformations prompted a classification based on embryologic development of the heart. Ventricular inversion occurred in 8 patients, and normal bulboventricular loop development was present in 9. Cardiovascular malformations were noted in 13 of the 17 patients studied anatomically. Prognosis for well-being and long term survival is primarily related to (1) the presence or absence of cardiovascular defects and (2) the stability of the ventricular pacemaker. The complications of congestive heart failure or Stokes-Adams attacks occurred in 9 patients, 8 of whom had associated cardiovascular defects with a stable ventricular pacemaker. The only patient without a cardiovascular anomaly who experienced syncope had an unstable ventricular focus. Cardiovascular surgery is well tolerated in patients with congenital complete heart block. Artificial cardiac pacing is valuable in the supportive management of symptomatic infants with congestive heart failure or Stokes-Adams attacks. Its application in 2 infants, in whom a cardiac pacemaker was implanted, is described.
Middle Pennsylvanian, late Atokan-early Desmoinesian echinoderms from an intermontane basin, the Central Colorado Trough

Middle Pennsylvanian, Atokan and Desmoinesian, crinoids and echinoids are described from the Belden and Minturn Formations of the Central Colorado Trough. The echinoderms from the Minturn Formation were living in an active intermontane trough setting. They are found in two environments, on the flanks of phylloid algal reefs and in patches on abandoned delta lobes on the gently sloping substrate. Faunas are dominated by cromyocrinids and are similar to stable platform Terrigineous Facies Belt faunas of the Midcontinent. New species described are Dicromyocrinus beldenesis, Neoprotencrinus rockensis, and Sciadiocrinus wipsorum, Goleocrinus, and the columnal genera Blothronagma, Cyclocaudex, and Platyplateium are reported for the first time from the Minturn Formation. The columnal taxa Blothronagma cinctutum and Floricyclus angustimargo are believed to be cromyocrinids. B. cinctutum may be synonymous with Synarmocrinus molasensis, and Floricyclus angustimargo may be synonymous with Ulocrinus rockymontanus.
Biological Implications of Organic Compounds in Comets

Organic chemicals — compounds that contain carbon — are the substance of life and pervade the universe. Is there a connection between comets, which are rich in prebiotic organics, and the origin of life? Current concepts of biomolecular evolution are first reviewed, including the important paradigm of catalytic RNA At the very least, impacting comets appear to have supplied a substantial fraction of the volatile elements required for life shortly after the Earth formed. Some impacting material may even have survived chemically intact to directly provide necessary complex prebiotic organic chemicals. For life to originate and evolve in comets themselves, liquid H2O would be absolutely required: arguments for and against 26A1 radiogenic melting of cometary cores are presented. Cometary panspermia, if theoretically possible, is not necessary to explain the origin of life on Earth. The Halley spacecraft provide evidence against Earth-type microorganisms in this comet’s dust.
Alzheimer's γ-secretase under arrestin.

Production of the amyloid-β peptide in Alzheimer's disease by the γ-secretase complex can be regulated by certain G protein–coupled receptors. This regulation seems to be mediated by β-arrestin-2, whose expression was found to be elevated in Alzheimer's disease brains (pages 43–49).
Problems in additive number theory, III

Let ℕ, ℕ0, ℤ and ℕ d denote, respectively, the sets of positive integers, non-negative integers, integers and d-dimensional integral lattice points. Let G denote an arbitrary abelian group and let X denote an arbitrary abelian semigroup, written additively. Let |S| denote the cardinality of the set S. For any sets A and B, we write A∼B if their symmetric difference is finite, that is, if |(A \ B) ∪ (B \ A) | < ∞.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not affect alpha 2-adrenergic-mediated cerebral vasoconstriction

We assessed whether blocking nitric oxide (NO) synthase alters the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. In control animals (n = 6), CBF (microspheres), cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2), and electroencephalograph (EEG) were measured after 1 h of isoflurane (1.4% end-tidal) and before and 5, 10, and 20 min after injection of an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist (dexmedetomidine 10 micrograms/kg, intravenous bolus). Dogs in a second group (n = 6) were treated similar to control animals except that an irreversible blocker of NO synthase, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 40 mg/kg) was administered 1 h before induction of anesthesia. In control dogs, dexmedetomidine decreased CBF by 37% (P < 0.05). Blood flow remained decreased for the 20 min observation period in all brain regions except cerebellum and caudate. In the L-NAME group, control CBF was 45% less than baseline flow in the control group (P < 0.05) and dexmedetomidine further decreased CBF from 41 +/- 7 mL x 100 g-1 x min-1 to 24 +/- 2 mL.100 g-1 x min-1 (P < 0.05). There was no difference between groups in the percent of reduction of blood flow in any region after dexmedetomidine administration. Control CMRO2 was similar in the two groups and was unchanged by dexmedetomidine. These data demonstrate that L-NAME reduces CBF and that block of NO synthase does not affect alpha 2-adrenergic-mediated decreases in CBF during isoflurane anesthesia.
Metal and acid recovery options for the plating industry

Abstract The metal plating and finishing industry loses large amounts of raw materials, and while pollution prevention (P2) techniques and technologies are being used, there appears to be a disparity among platers in the extent of implementation. Surveys and interviews of South Carolina metal platers and finishers were conducted to explore the reasons for the lack of implementation of P2, to assess the extent of metal and acid recovery practiced, and to determine interest in various options for increasing recovery. Both standard recovery options (in-house recovery and centralized recovery facilities for sludge, spent solutions, and equipment rental) and innovative recovery options (rotating or shared recovery equipment and plating-industry specific and integrated industrial parks) were examined. All recovery options were compared with conventional treatment and each other based on technical, economic, and institutional factors. Although all the recovery options examined are conceptually feasible and have similar benefits, they are not all economically and institutionally feasible at this time for South Carolina platers. Based on the results of this research, it is recommended that platers, regulators, trade associations, and other parties in South Carolina focus on in-house recovery, including encouraging departments within captive plating shops to share recovery equipment. Platers in other regions as well as other industries will also find this research applicable. The two main variables that could change the results are geographic location, which affects transportation costs, and the political climate, which affects the desire to attract industry and the flexibility of the regulatory agencies.
Constrained tibial vibration does not produce an anabolic bone response in adult mice

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. High frequency, low-amplitude whole-body vibration (WBV) has been proposed as a treatment for osteoporosis because it can stimulate new bone formation and prevent trabecular bone loss. We developed constrained tibial vibration (CTV) as a method for controlled vibrational loading of the lower leg of a mouse. We first subjected mice to five weeks of daily CTV loading (0.5 G maximum acceleration) with loading parameters chosen to independently investigate the effects of strain magnitude, loading frequency, and cyclic acceleration on the adaptive response to vibration. We hypothesized that mice subjected to the highest magnitude of dynamic strain would have the largest bone formation response. We observed a slight, local benefit of CTV loading on trabecular bone, as BV/TV was 5.2% higher in the loaded vs. non-loaded tibia of mice loaded with the highest bone strain magnitude. However, despite these positive differences, we observed significantly lower measures of trabecular structure in both loaded and non-loaded tibias from CTV loaded mice compared to Sham and Baseline Control animals, indicating a negative systemic effect of CTV on trabecular bone. Based on this evidence, we conducted a follow-up study wherein mice were subjected to CTV or sham loading, and tibias were scanned at the beginning and end of the study period using in vivo microCT. Consistent with the findings of the first study, trabecular BV/TV in both tibias of CTV loaded and Sham mice was, on average, 36% and 31% lower on day 36 than day 0, respectively, compared to 20% lower in Age-Matched Controls over the same time period. Contrary to the first study, there were no differences between loaded and non-loaded tibias in CTV loaded mice, providing no evidence for a local benefit of CTV. In summary, 5 weeks of daily CTV loading of mice was, at best, weakly anabolic for trabecular bone in the proximal tibia, while daily handling and exposure to anesthesia was associated with significant loss of trabecular and cortical bone. We conclude that direct vibrational loading of bone in anesthetized, adult mice is not anabolic.
A Qualitative Examination of the Similarities and Differences of Elder Abuse Definitions Among Four Groups: Nursing Home Directors, Nursing Home Employees, Police Chiefs and Students

ABSTRACT A common claim found in the elder abuse literature is that different groups offer varying definitions of elder abuse. Very little research, however, has examined what these differences are and how the differences are manifested in various settings. To fill this void, this research examines the definitions of elder abuse provided by respondents from four groups in the Commonwealth of Virginia: nursing home directors (n = 54), nursing home employees (n = 132), police chiefs (n = 64), and students enrolled in upper-level sociology and criminal justice courses (n = 127). Results of standard thematic content analysis examining the elder abuse definitions show significant differences in several areas. Primarily, nursing home directors are more likely to define elder abuse from an ethical perspective whereas police chiefs and students are more likely to define elder abuse from a legalistic perspective. Implications are provided.
Sacroperineal anorectoplasty using intraoperative ultrasonography: Evaluation by computed tomography

A new operative technique that uses ultrasonography during sacroperineal or sacroabdominoperineal anorectoplasty was performed on seven patients with an intermediate or high anorectal malformation. Ultrasonography was used for the purpose of making a pull-through tunnel under visual guidance. The results of this technique were evaluated by computed tomography scanning to find the anatomic position of the pulled-through rectum in relation to the anal sphincter muscle. Postoperative computed tomography scans showed that the rectum was correctly placed in the center of the sphincter muscle in all patients.
Thermally-Induced Failures in Railroad Tapered Roller Bearings

An Association of American Railroads (AAR) class F (6 1/2 × 12) tapered-roller bearing assembly is modeled, using finite elements, to examine thermally-induced failures observed in the laboratory when the bearing is operating at relatively high speeds. It is hypothesized that this failure is caused by an unstable thermal expansion/internal bearing load feedback process. Sequentially-coupled, transient thermal and static structural models are used to obtain the thermal-mechanical transient time response as a function of speed, seal type, and lubricant starvation at the rib contact. The model assumes no external loads and zero initial preload (zero end-play). Therefore, the loads developed in the bearing are thermally-induced and self-equilibrated. Two train speeds, viz. 80 and 100 mph, are considered. Simulation results indicate that at axle rotational speeds equivalent to a train speed of 100 mph, a combination of grease starvation and heat flux from the contact seals cause high rib temperature and subseq...
Advances in variable selection methods II: Effect of variable selection method on classification of hydrologically similar watersheds in three Mid-Atlantic ecoregions

Abstract Hydrological flow predictions in ungauged and sparsely gauged watersheds use regionalization or classification of hydrologically similar watersheds to develop empirical relationships between hydrologic, climatic, and watershed variables. The watershed classifications may be based on geographic proximity, regional frameworks such as ecoregions or classification using cluster analysis of watershed descriptors. General approaches used in classifying hydrologically similar watersheds use climatic and watershed variables or statistics of streamflow data. Use of climatic and watershed descriptors requires variable selection to minimize redundancy from a large pool of potential variables. This study compares classification performance of four variable groups to identify homogeneous watersheds in three Mid-Atlantic ecoregions (USA): Appalachian Plateau, Piedmont, and Ridge and Valley. The variable groups included: (1) variables that define watershed geographic proximity; (2) variables that define watershed hypsometry; (3) variables selected using causal selection algorithms; and (4) variables selected using principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise regression. The classification results were compared to reference watersheds classified as homogeneous using three streamflow indices: Slope of flow duration curve; Baseflow index; and Streamflow elasticity using a similarity index ( SI ). Classification performance was highest using variables selected by causal algorithms (e.g., HITON-MB method, SI = 0.71 for Appalachian Plateau, SI = 0.90 for Piedmont, and SI = 0.72 for Ridge and Valley) compared to variables selected by stepwise regression ( SI = 0.72 for Appalachian Plateau, SI = 0.87 for Piedmont, and SI = 0.64 for Ridge and Valley) and PCA ( SI = 0.71 for Appalachian Plateau, SI = 0.76 for Piedmont, and SI = 0.57 for Ridge and Valley).
Mars surface active

The surface of Mars has shown itself to be a moderately active place, according to information compiled by Stephen D. Wall, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Kenneth L. Jones, Planetary Research, Inc., Pasadena, and presented by Wall at the AGU Spring Meeting. Researchers think the planet undergoes great dust storms each Martian year. (A Martian year consists of 667 25-hour-long Martian days.) Investigators knew dust interacted with the atmosphere, but didn't know what effect that had on surface conditions.
Invasive pulmonary mucormycosis with ruptured pseudoaneurysm.

A 67-year-old man presented with a dry cough. His medical history was notable for diabetes, prior cadaveric kidney transplantation, and immunologic suppression with daily prednisone and FK-506. Admission chest radiography demonstrated a pulmonary infiltrate. Subsequent bronchoalveolar lavage cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Despite antibiotics he developed hemoptysis, increasing infiltrates, and an enlarging left-sided pleural effusion. Chest computed tomographic scan demonstrated a large, heterogeneous intraparenchymal pulmonary mass consistent with a hematoma and free intrapleural fluid (Fig 1). Pulmonary arteriography confirmed the diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of the pulmonary artery (Fig 2). During the operation, the pleural space was filled with fresh clot. Proximal control of the pulmonary artery, followed by evacuation of hematoma and left lower lobectomy with lingulectomy were performed. The large defect in the pulmonary artery was excised with the specimen, and the vessel was transected through grossly normal tissue. An intercostal muscle flap was used to separate the arterial and vascular closures. Intraoperative cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and zygomyces. Pathologic work-up demonstrated invasive mucormycosis within the arterial walls. Figure 3 shows a cross-section of pulmonary artery with fungal hyphae invading wall (Gomori 61 second methemamine silver stain, original magnification 500). He was treated with antibiotics, amphotericin B, discontinuation of immunologic suppression, and hemodialysis. He was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 26. Mucormycosis is an opportunistic invasive fungal infection generally affecting immunocompromised patients [1–3]. Classic presentation is a cavitary pulmonary lesion on chest radiograph [2]. Invasion into surrounding structures including vessels and bronchi is common. Pseudoaneurysm develops after invasion and contained rupture of a pulmonary vessel. Diagnosis is usually delayed and frequently is established postmortem [1, 2]. Upon diagnosis amphotericin B should be started immediately [3]. Resection of localized disease improves survival, but despite aggressive treatment the mortality rate still approaches 80% [4].
Blood-brain barrier: structural components and function under physiologic and pathologic conditions

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the specialized system of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood, supplies brain tissues with nutrients, and filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream. The close interaction between BMVEC and other components of the neurovascular unit (astrocytes, pericytes, neurons, and basement membrane) ensures proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Transport across the BBB is strictly limited through both physical (tight junctions) and metabolic barriers (enzymes, diverse transport systems). A functional polarity exists between the luminal and abluminal membrane surfaces of the BMVEC. As a result of restricted permeability, the BBB is a limiting factor for the delivery of therapeutic agents into the CNS. BBB breakdown or alterations in transport systems play an important role in the pathogenesis of many CNS diseases (HIV-1 encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, tumors, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease). Proinflammatory substances and specific disease-associated proteins often mediate such BBB dysfunction. Despite seemingly diverse underlying causes of BBB dysfunction, common intracellular pathways emerge for the regulation of the BBB structural and functional integrity. Better understanding of tight junction regulation and factors affecting transport systems will allow the development of therapeutics to improve the BBB function in health and disease.
The magnetic field dependence of the flow stress in niobium

It is shown that the difference in flow stress between the superconducting state and the mixed state is more readily identifiable with the attenuation of an accoustic wave than with a simple rule of mixtures. This result is consistent, qualitatively, with the dislocation moving as an underdamped oscillator as has been shown for the case of lead and lead alloys. (GHT)
Statistical properties predicted by the ball and chain model of channel inactivation

It has been proposed that part of a voltage gated channel is a tethered ball and that inactivation occurs when this wandering ball binds to a site in the channel. In order to be able to quantitatively test this model by comparison to experiments we developed analytical solutions and numerical simulations of the distribution of times it takes the ball to reach the binding site when the motion of the ball is random and when it is also influenced by a directed force. If the motion of the ball is one-dimensional, at long times this distribution is a single exponential with a rate constant that is inversely proportional to the square of the length of the chain and does not depend on the starting position of the ball. This dependence on the chain length is not significantly altered if there are short range electrical forces between the ball and its binding site. These predictions suggest that to confirm the validity of this model additional experiments should be done to more precisely determine the form of this distribution and its dependence on the length of the chain.
Heat Conduction of the Boundary Layer in Liquid Helium II

In experiments on the thermal conductivity of liquid helium II, an anomalous heat conduction has been found in the vicinity of the heat source. The magnitude of this effect is given as a function of temperature and is shown to be independent of the heat flux. The effect has been ascribed to a thin layer of liquid helium in the vicinity of the energy source having a poor heat conduction. The existence of this layer is probably a consequence of the finite rate of conversion from superfluid to normal particles.
Precaution systems and ritualized behavior

In reply to commentary on our target article, we supply further evidence and hypotheses in the description of ritualized behaviors in humans. Reactions to indirect fitness threats probably activate specialized precaution systems rather than a unified form of danger-avoidance or causal reasoning. Impairment of precaution systems may be present in pathologies other than obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), autism in particular. Ritualized behavior is attention-grabbing enough to be culturally transmitted whether or not it is associated with group identity, cohesion, or with any other social aspect of collective ceremonies.
A multiscale statistical model for time series forecasting

We propose a stochastic grammar model for random-walk-like time series that has features at several temporal scales. We use a tree structure to model these multiscale features. The inside-outside algorithm is used to estimate the model parameters. We develop an algorithm to forecast the sign of the first difference of a time series. We illustrate the algorithm using log-price series of several stocks and compare with linear prediction and a neural network approach. We furthermore illustrate our algorithm using synthetic data and show that it significantly outperforms both the linear predictor and the neural network. The construction of our synthetic data indicates what types of signals our algorithm is well suited for.
Influence of hypoxia on ventilatory responses to intralaryngeal CO2 in cats

In decerebrate, vagotomized cats, induction of CO2 into the isolated laryngeal airway while systemic PCO2 is held constant evokes dose-related reflex changes in ventilatory activity. Because systemic hypoxia is known to exaggerate ventilatory responses to other types of laryngeal chemo- stimulation in neonates, we have compared the responses of phrenic and hypoglossal nerve activities to ventilation of the larynx with 10% CO2 during systemic hyperoxia (Fio2 = 1.00) to those during hypoxia (Fio2 = 0.12). Compared with hyperoxic baseline condition, hypoxia stimulated phrenic activity but attenuated the reduction in phrenic activity evoked by intralaryngeal CO2. Hypoglossal activity was increased by intralaryngeal CO2 and this response appeared to be reduced by hypoxia, but neither of these findings was statistically significant. The response of phrenic activity to intralaryngeal CO2 during systemic hypercapnia was similar to that during hypoxia. The increase of phrenic activity in response to hypoxia was prevented by carotid body resection. Similarly, the hypoxic attenuation of the phrenic response to intralaryngeal CO2 appeared to be absent after carotid body resection, although this finding was not established statistically. These results differ from previous reports of exaggerated laryngeal chemoreflex responses during hypoxia. The difference may reflect differences in the receptors and synaptic mechanisms of the reflexes, the severity and time course of hypoxia or the presence or depth of general anesthesia or sleep.
Middle ear barotrauma in scuba divers

Middle ear barotrauma is the most common health hazard of scuba diving. To investigate the overall incidence of middle ear barotrauma, a prospective incidence study of 51 novice divers and 46 experienced divers was conducted. Otoscopy was performed on the divers before and immediately following a single dive. The overall incidence of mild barotrauma was 40%, and the incidence of severe barotrauma was 27%. No tympanic membrane perforations were found. The most common presenting symptoms were difficulty clearing ears during descent, ear pressure, and ear pain. Barotrauma was not associated with diver age, sex, experience, otolaryngologic history, or medications. Barotrauma was associated with poor underwater visibility, difficulty clearing ears during ascent, and hearing loss after surfacing.
The effects of an expressive arts therapy group on female counselors-in-training: A qualitative study

The current study sought to explore the effects of an expressive arts therapy group on female counselors-in-training. The current study involved six female counseling graduate students participating in an expressive arts group. Various expressive arts activities were introduced across 13 weeks. Group members recorded their experiences from the group experience weekly in a reflective journal. Using qualitative methods the results indicated that (1) the group progressed through group stages; (2) the outcome of participating in expressive arts activities was consistent with previous research on the benefits of expressive arts therapies; and (3) female counselors-in-training noted counselor development effects as found in previous research. The results from the current study lend itself to promoting an optimum counselor training model and use of creative techniques in counselor development.
Variations and Multiple Functions of the Advertising Display of Western Grebes

Spectrographic analysis of the Advertising call of Western grebes showed seasonal and geographic variation, individual differences, and variation between birds of different sex, color phase, and pairing status. In each of these cases, I determined: 1) how the calls dif fered structurally, and 2) whether birds responded to playbacks of these differences in the field. Advertising is used by unpaired males to attract females. Unpaired males distinguish and ignore the calls of other males and paired females, but respond to calls of unpaired females of the same color phase. Paired birds also continue to use the Advertising call in a variety of contexts involving contact between individuals in large breeding groups. This means that unpaired males must somehow avoid confusing such calls with those of potential mates. Playback experiments showed that Western grebes accomplish this by varying call bout-length and by calling alternately back and forth. After pairing, Western grebes shift to shorter bouts (1-2 calls/bout) and reply only to their mate's call. Seasonal variation in call-bout length is then just a by-product of pairing status changes. Advertising thus is a very flexible "open signal", whose meaning depends on both its fine-grained structure and its social contexts.
Long Pulse Synchronous Traveling Wave Separator

A two-section traveling wave separated beam is under construction at Argonne National Laboratory. This beam will provide 1.5 to 2.5 GeV/c K- mesons to the 12 ft liquid hydrogen bubble chamber. This paper discusses various facets of the design and development of the deflecting structures.
Are Men and Women Really That Different? Examining Some of Sexual Strategies Theory (SST)’s Key Assumptions about Sex-Distinct Mating Mechanisms

Sexual Strategies Theory (SST; Buss and Schmitt 1993) suggests that, typically, men more so than women are more likely to spend proportionately more of their mating effort in short-term mating, lower their standards in short-term compared to long-term mating, feel reproductively constrained, and seek, but certainly not avoid, sex if pregnancy is likely in short-term relationships. A series of 4 survey studies each containing hundreds of college student participants from the western portion of the United States were conducted to test these hypotheses. The findings are inconsistent with SST but are consistent with Attachment Fertility Theory (AFT; Miller et al. 2005) that argues for relatively few evolved gender differences in mating strategies and preferences.
Fathers' and mothers' responses to infant smiles and cries

Forty-eight mother—father pairs watched a 6-minute videotape presentation of an infant during which time their skin conductance and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) were monitored. Mood scales were also administered. Half of the subjects saw a crying baby, while the other half viewed a smiling infant. The baby was labeled as “normal,” “difficult,” or “premature,” to equal proportions of the sample. All parents completed standard questionnaires concerning their own child. The smiling infant triggered positive emotions and negligible changes in autonomic arousal, whereas a crying infant was perceived as aversive and elicited diastolic blood-pressure and skin-conductance increases. Skin-conductance increases were especially apparent when the infant was described as “premature.” Mothers and fathers did not differ either in their responses to the stimulus baby or in their perception of their own child.
Allergenicity of Carbohydrates and Their Role in Anaphylactic Events

The IgE response to pollen allergens often includes IgE antibodies specific for glycosylation motifs on the pollen proteins. These oligosaccharides are present on many different species and are known as cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants. However, IgE antibodies to plant-derived cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants seem to have only minor clinical significance and have not been related to anaphylaxis. Recently, two novel forms of anaphylaxis have become apparent in the southeastern United States: 1) reactions during the first infusion of the monoclonal antibody cetuximab and 2) adult-onset delayed anaphylaxis to red meat. Detailed investigation of serum antibodies established that in both cases, the patients had IgE antibodies specific for the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose alpha-1, 3-galactose. Identification of these cases is helpful in avoiding infusion reactions to cetuximab or recommending specific avoidance of meat derived from mammals. However, the current evidence does not fully resolve why these IgE antibodies are so common in the Southeast or why the anaphylactic or urticarial reactions to red meat are delayed.
Aerial scene synthesis from images

Automated synthetic terrain and architecture generation is now becoming feasible with calibrated camera remote sensing. This poster implements computer vision techniques that have recently become popular to extract "structure from motion" (SfM) of a calibrated camera with respect to a target. This process will build off of Microsoft's popular "PhotoSynth" technique and apply it to geographic scenes imaged from an airborne platform. Additionally, it will be augmented with new features to increase the fidelity of the 3D structure for realistic scene modeling. This includes the generation of both sparse and dense point clouds useful for synthetic macro/micro-scene reconstruction.
Motivation through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory.

Abstract A model is proposed that specifies the conditions under which individuals will become internally motivated to perform effectively on their jobs. The model focuses on the interaction among three classes of variables: (a) the psychological states of employees that must be present for internally motivated work behavior to develop; (b) the characteristics of jobs that can create these psychological states; and (c) the attributes of individuals that determine how positively a person will respond to a complex and challenging job. The model was tested for 658 employees who work on 62 different jobs in seven organizations, and results support its validity. A number of special features of the model are discussed (including its use as a basis for the diagnosis of jobs and the evaluation of job redesign projects), and the model is compared to other theories of job design.
Long-term effects of status epilepticus in the immature brain are specific for age and model

Summary: Purpose: Status epilepticus (SE) is more common in children than adults and has a high mortality and morbidity rate. SE in adult rats results in long-term disturbances in learning and memory, as well as an enhanced seizure susceptibility to further seizures. In contrast, a number of studies suggest that the immature brain is less vulnerable to the morphologic and physiologic alterations after SE. The goal of this study was to determine whether the long-term consequences of SE during development on hippocampal plasticity and cognitive function are age and model specific. Methods: We used lithium-pilocarpine (Li-PC) to induce SE at different age points during development (P12, P16, P20) and evaluated the effects of this abnormal neural activity on spatial memory performance and seizure susceptibility in the animals beginning at P55, corresponding to young adulthood. Results: We demonstrated that SE at P12 did not result in any structural or functional changes detectable in adulthood, whereas SE at both P16 and P20 induced cell loss and mossy fiber sprouting within the hippocampus and cognitive impairment when the animals were tested as adults. Conclusions: Whereas the seizure threshold to generalized seizures was not altered, animals with SE at P20 showed an increased susceptibility to kindling in adulthood.
SU‐FF‐T‐322: Miniature TLDs for Use in Beta Dosimetry

Purpose: To demonstrate the production and utility of new miniature thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs) for use in electron fields such as those generated by 90 Sr / 90 Y intravascular brachytherapy (IVBT) sources Method and Materials: Square lithium fluoride Harshaw TLD rods were cut into 1×1×0.5mm3 “half‐microcubes” for measurements of dose near a Novoste Beta‐Cath 90 Sr / 90 Y IVBT source pellet. Calibration exposures were performed with a Tracerlab RA‐1 90 Sr / 90 Y ophthalmic applicator directly traceable to the NIST absorbed dose to water standard. All beta exposures were made in liquid water since it is the reference medium of interest. TLDs were read 24 hours post‐exposure using a Harshaw 3500 planchet reader. TLD mass was tracked throughout the investigation, and individual TLD response characterization factors were determined from 60 Co exposures before and after each 90 Sr / 90 Y exposure. Results: Radial depth dosemeasurement (and consequently radial dose function) results show slightly decreased volume averaging effects and increased precision of half‐microcubes compared to standard 1×1×1mm3 microcubes. Half‐microcube measurements also correspond within uncertainty estimates to radiochromic film data and to data published by Soares et al (Med Phys, 25(3), 1998), which is the current NIST standard for IVBT beta sources. Monte Carlo statistical modeling with the MCNP5 transport code served to corroborate the measured radial dose function. Conclusion: Particularly for investigation of beta emitting sources, decreasing the volume over which TLDs average dose provides slightly increased precision in the measurement of relative dose rate at the 2mm reference depth. Precision changes from 12.2% for microcubes to less than 11% for half‐microcubes at the 95% confidence interval. Both sets of measurements also avoid the experimental uncertainty inherent in most current published work by eliminating the conversion to water from data taken in water‐mimicking media. TLDs were used to take advantage of their relatively well‐known response to changes in energy, dose, and dose rate.
The Logic of Sexism Among Police

This research assumes an interpretive point of view to examine the underlying logic of sexist ideology among police. It is suggested that women police crystallize meanings of certain cultural oppositions in terms of gender categories. Female-male dichotomies become the basis for reading oppositions that are primarily organizational and these in turn are mediated by higher level meanings and unconscious fantasies about men and women. Men's sexist attitudes and behaviors towards policewomen are examined in terms of these historically specific and situationally derived cultural and unconscious meanings.
SENSORY MODULATION AND BEHAVIORAL CHOICE DURING FEEDING IN THE AUSTRALIAN FROG, CYCLORANA NOVAEHOLLANDIAE

This study investigates how visual and tactile sensory information, as well as biomechanical effects due to differences in physical characteristics of the prey, influence feeding behavior in the frog Cyclorana novaehollandiae. Video motion analysis was used to quantify movement patterns produced when feeding on five prey types (termites, waxworms, crickets, mice and earthworms). Twelve kinematic variables differed significantly among prey types, and twelve variables were correlated with prey characteristics (including mass, length, height and velocity of movement). Results indicate that C.␣novaehollandiae uses a different strategy to capture each prey type. Visual assessment of prey characteristics appeared to be more important in modulating feeding behavior than tactile cues or biomechanical effects. We propose a hierarchical hypothesis of behavioral choice, in which decisions are based primarily on visual analysis of prey characteristics. In this model, the frogs first choose between jaw prehension and tongue prehension based on prey size. If they have chosen jaw prehension, they next choose between upward or downward head rotation based on length and height of the prey. If they have chosen tongue prehension, they next choose between behavior for fast and slow prey. Final decisions may be the result of behavioral fine tuning based on tactile feedback.
Caricature of Darwinism

The Selfish Gene. By Richard Dawkins. Pp. xi + 224. (Oxford University; London, 1976.) £2.95.
Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Framework Structures : Influence of Cation Size on Metal-Oxygen-Metal Connectivity in the Alkaline Earth Thiazolothiazoledicarboxylates

We report the synthesis of four organic−inorganic frameworks of alkaline earth cations with the organic ligand 2,5-thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoledicarboxylate (C6N2S2O42−, Thz2−). Structures with remarkably different connectivities result when Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ react with Thz2−. Mg(Thz)(H2O)4 (I) forms a 1-D coordination polymer in which one carboxylate oxygen on each terminus of the ligand connects individual MgO6 octahedra from their axial positions, while the remaining equatorial sites are coordinated by water molecules. Ca2(Thz)2(H2O)8 (II) forms a 1-D coordination polymer in which dimeric clusters with 7-fold Ca coordination are connected via the ligand in a linear fashion, with a second, uncoordinated Thz2− providing charge balance. Sr(Thz)(H2O)3 (III) has 1-D infinite inorganic connectivity built from edge-sharing SrO7N polyhedra having one carboxylate oxygen and one water molecule acting as M−O−M bridges. Ba2(Thz)2(H2O)7 (IV) has 2-D inorganic connectivity based upon face- and edge-sharing BaO9N...