cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of race on outcome after definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of race (black vs. white) on the outcome of patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. METHODS Between 1983 and 1997, 686 patients completed definitive, twice-daily radiotherapy (RT) alone or combined with a planned neck dissection; no patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. The minimum follow-up was 2 years, and median follow-up was 7 years for living patients. No patients were lost to follow-up. Fifty-five patients were black (8%). RESULTS Although the two groups had similar 5-year local-regional control rates (black patients vs. white patients: 70% vs. 76%, respectively; P = 0.275), black patients had double the risk for distant recurrence compared with white patients (27% vs. 13%; P = 0.012). The 5-year cause-specific and absolute survival rates were lower for black patients (52% vs. 74% [P = 0.001] and 29% vs. 52% [P < 0.001], respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed that race was an independent predictor of freedom from distant metastasis (P = 0.013), cause-specific survival (P = 0.005), and absolute survival (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although equal local-regional control rates can be achieved in black patients and white patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, the risk of distant recurrence was significantly higher in black patients and resulted in decreased survival. Reevaluation of current strategies for pretreatment metastatic work-ups and development of more effective systemic therapy will be key to improving the survival disparity in this group. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Geomagnetic dipole moment collapse by convective mixing in the core

Convective mixing in the fluid outer core can induce rapid transient decrease of the geomagnetic dipole. Here we determine rates of dipole moment decrease as a function of magnetic Reynolds number following convective instability in a numerical dynamo and in axisymmetric kinematic flows. Our calculations show that mixing flows induce reversed magnetic flux on the core-mantle boundary through expulsion of mostly poloidal magnetic field by convective upwellings. The dipole field collapse is accelerated by enhanced radial diffusion and meridional advection of magnetic flux below the core-mantle boundary. Magnetic energy cascades from the dipole to smaller scales during mixing, producing a filamentary magnetic field structure on the core-mantle boundary. We find that the maximum rate of dipole moment decrease on century time scales is weakly sensitive to the mixing flow pattern but varies with the velocity of the flow approximately as cRm^β , with Rm the magnetic Reynolds number and (c, β) ≈ (0.2 ± 0.07, 0.78 ± 0.05). According to our calculations, a mixing flow in the outer core with Rm in the range of 200–300 can account for the historically-measured rate of decrease of the geomagnetic dipole moment, although it is unlikely that a single mixing flow event with this intensity would cause a full dipole collapse or polarity reversal.
Trust in virtual teams

Virtual teams are becoming increasingly more common in organizations around the country and around the world. In virtual teams, members often do not have the opportunity to meet in person and must interact through computer-mediated technologies, which eliminate social cues. Team members generally have no previous experience working together, and the lifespan of the team is short. However, to work efficiently and productively, team members must develop a sense of trust amongst the team and between team members and managers. This paper discusses aspects of virtual team functioning, including the importance of trust in organizations, communication characteristics of virtual teams, and developing trust on virtual teams. It also offers avenues for further research on virtual teams.
The primary steps in the photochemistry of W(CO)5L: subpicosecond photochemistry

Abstract The ligand substitution photochemistry of [W(CO)5L] (L= py,pip) exhibits higher quantum yields in the singlet region than the triplet region. Across the lowest singlet, yields are higher for 1E than 1A components. [W(CO)5S] (S = solvent) forms in less than 20 ps on 355 nm excitation. The primary products observed at 50 ps vary as a function of both leaving group, L, and entering group, S. Solvent effects are consistent with a key role for vibrational relaxation of [W(CO)5S] on the ground state surface. Heller theory can account for the relative reactivity of triplets, but it is seen that an account of the singlets must exploit more than has yet been brought to bear. Hollebone's octet rule is promising, implying limited utility for Born-Oppenheimer and Franck-Condon Approximations.
Odynophagia After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation

A 74-year-old man with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, requiring multiple cardioversions for unstable rapid ventricular rates, was referred for electric isolation of his pulmonary veins. Wide-area circumferential ablations, combined with targeting of pulmonary vein potentials, were used to electrically isolate all 4 pulmonary veins. Before ablation, a transesophageal echocardiogram was performed after induction of general anesthesia. Ablation was performed with a closed, irrigated 4-mm tip (Chilli catheter, Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) with power levels of 30 W on the anterior left atrial wall and 20 W posteriorly. The temperature was limited to 40°C. An esophageal temperature probe was inserted for continuous monitoring but was difficult to advance to its proper location. Ablation was guided by a 3-dimensional representation of a contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography (CT) scan (Ensite Fusion, St Jude Medical, Minnetonka, MN). Intravenous heparin was administered to maintain the activated clotting time at 350 to 400 seconds. …
Autonomy, Automation, and Systems

Automation technologies which support autonomy in artificial intelligence systems are discussed. The motivation for system control architecture is reviewed, and the concept of an operating system for autonomous control is examined. Design requirements for complex automated systems are summarized, and system engineering tool applications in design support are discussed.
Effect of the El Chichón volcanic cloud on the surface radiative regime in central Alaska

Abstract Five years of detailed radiation measurements were taken at Fairbanks, Alaska. These data showed that the El Chichon volcanic cloud had a major impact on the surface radiative regime, the maximum of which was observed in winter 1982/83, about 9 months after the eruption. The direct beam of the solar radiation was reduced by as much as 38% (3-month mean value), the ratio of diffuse over global radiation was increased by 91%, and the global radiation was reduced by about 5%. These values show that the volcanic cloud was a strong forward scatterer, while relatively little energy was absorbed or reflected back to space. Further, the aerosol optical depth and Linke's turbidity factor were calculated, and both displayed substantial increases. Effects of the stratospheric dust cloud were seen all through 1983 and the spring of 1984. In summer 1984, however, the radiative values were back to “normal.” Our values were compared to other observations at lower latitudes and, in general, a good agreement was ...
GUSTO V: should it affect clinical practice? Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries.

The results of GUSTO V were equivocal and should not lead physicians to change how they treat myocardial infarction.
Secretion of the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase from Escherichia coli containing the hemolysin operon

The extracellular calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase produced by Bordetella pertussis is synthesized as a 215-kDa precursor. This polypeptide is transported to the outer membrane of the bacteria where it is proteolytically processed to a 45-kDa catalytic subunit which is released into the culture supernatant [Masure, H.R., & Storm, D.R. (1989) biochemistry 28, 438-442]. The gene encoding this enzyme, cyaA, is part of the cya operon that also includes the genes cyaB, cyaD, and cyaE. A comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences encoded by cyaA, cyaB, and cyaD with the amino acid sequences encoded by hlyA, hlyB, and hlyD genes from the hemolysin (hly) operon from Escherichia coli shows a large degree of sequence similarity [Glaser, P., Sakamoto, H., Bellalou, J., Ullmann, A., & Danchin, A. (1988) EMBO J. 7, 3997-4004]. Complementation studies have shown that HlyB and HlyD are responsible for the secretion of HlyA (hemolysin) from E. coli. The signal sequence responsible for secretion of hemolysin has been shown to reside in its C-terminal 27 amino acids. Similarly, CyaB, CyaD, and CyaE are required for the secretion of CyaA from Bordetella pertussis. We placed the cyaA gene and a truncated cyaA gene that lacks the nucleotides that code for a putative C-terminal secretory signal sequence under the control of the lac promoter in the plasmid pUC-19. These plasmids were transformed into strains of E. coli which contained the hly operon. The truncated cyaA gene product, lacking the putative signal sequence, was not secreted but accumulated inside the cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Eigenvalues of the Potential Function V=z 4 ±Bz 2 and the Effect of Sixth Power Terms

The one-dimensional Schrodinger equation in reduced form is solved for the potential function V=z4+Bz2 where B may be positive or negative. The first 17 eigenvalues are reported for 58 values of B in the range −50 ≤ B ≤ 100. The interval of B between the tabulated values is sufficiently small so that the eigenvalues for any B in this range can be found by interpolation. At the limits of the range of B the potential function approaches that of a harmonic oscillator with only small anharmonicity. The effect of a small Cz6 term on this potential is studied and it is concluded that a previously reported approximation formula is quite applicable but only for positive values of B. The success of the quartic–harmonic potential function for the analysis of the ring-puckering vibration is shown; it is also demonstrated that the same potential serves as a useful approximation for many other systems, especially those of the double minimum type.
The barrier attribute of filled functions

A number of filled functions was proposed recently. This paper presents a new perspective of the filled functions: their barrier attribute. More filled functions can be constructed according to this new interpretation. Two of them are with finite barriers while the remains are with infinite barriers.
Facilitating the deployment of ad-hoc virtual organizations with integrated social and overlay networks

Deploying virtual organizations (VOs) is difficult for small- and medium-scale collaborations: the overheads in establishing and managing trust, and in deploying and managing computational resources distributed across multiple organizations are daunting to many potential users, presenting a barrier to entry that significantly hinders wider deployment of VOs. We advocate an approach where social networking and self-configuring overlay virtual networks are integrated in a novel way that allows simple deployment and management of ad-hoc infrastructures for VOs. There are three central principles in our approach: (1) user relationships which have been increasingly recorded in social networking systems provide the opportunity to bootstrap trust relationships; (2) connections established at a social networking layer can efficiently be mapped to the IP layer of virtual network overlays to support existing TCP/IP applications for collaboration and resource sharing while maintaining security against untrusted parties; and (3) systems integrating social and virtual networks can be self-configuring, enabling deployment of collaborative infrastructures by non-experts. We discuss motivations for this approach, describe a prototype implementation which integrates the Facebook social network and the IPOP overlay network, and discuss a use case scenario towards ad-hoc social cycle-sharing virtual Condor pools.
Stopped-Flow Microperfusion Studies of Urate Absorption from the Rat Proximal Tubule

AbstractThe absorptive flux of [2-14C]urate in the rat proximal tubule was examined using stopped-flow and continuous-flow microperfusion techniques. In the stopped-flow studies, the luminal perfusion was a steady-state equilibrium solution and the luminal contact time was 60 sec. The ratio of disintegrations per minute (dpm) of urate in the reaspirated sample to the initial solution (C/I) was 0.42 ± 0.02 in control experiments. The addition of either phloridzin or ρ-chloromercuribenzoate to the perfusion solution resulted in significantly higher C/I ratios of 0.52 ± 0.03 (P < 0.05) and 0.61 ± 0.006 (P < 0.01), respectively. Substitution of choline for sodium in the perfusion solution or the addition of probenecid did not significantly change the C/I ratio. In continuous-flow microperfusion studies, the fractional absorption of urate from an isotonic saline solution averaged 10.2 ± 0.8%/mm tubule and was significantly inhibited by the addition of probenecid to the perfusion solution. Urate absorption from...
Parasitic and Phoretic Arthropods of the Oldfield Mouse (Peromyscus polionotus) from Burned Habitats with Additional Ectoparasite Records from the Eastern Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontomys humulis) and Southern Short-Tailed Shrew (Blarina carolinensis)

Abstract We recorded 12 species of parasitic or phoretic arthropods from 112 live-trapped oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus) in southeastern Georgia, U.S.A.: 1 species of sucking louse (Hoplopleura hesperomydis), 1 flea (Peromyscopsylla scotti*), 1 bot (Cuterebra fontinella*), 2 ticks (Dermacentor variabilis and Ixodes scapularis), 3 mesostigmatid mites (Androlaelaps fahrenholzi, Haemogamasus liponyssoides,* and Haemogamasus longitarsus*), 2 fur mites (Glycyphagus hypudaei, Radfordia subuliger*), and 2 chiggers (Euschoengastia peromysci* and Leptotrombidium peromysci*) including the first records (asterisked names) for 7 species from this host. We recorded 4 species of arthropods, all of them mites, from 1 eastern harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys humulis): A. fahrenholzi, R. subuliger, E. peromysci,* and L. peromysci,* including 2 new records (asterisked) from this host. We also recorded 6 species of mites from 5 southern short-tailed shrews (Blarina carolinensis): the mesostigmatids Echinonyssus blarina...
Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Barotropic Flows in Spectral Space on a Sphere

AbstractNumerical simulations of atmospheric circulation models are limited by their finite spatial resolution, so large-eddy simulation (LES) is a preferred approach to study these models. In LES, a low-pass filter is applied to the flow field to separate the large- and small-scale motions. In implicitly filtered LES, the computational mesh and discretization schemes are considered to be the low-pass filter, while in the explicitly filtered LES approach, the filtering procedure is separated from the grid and discretization operators and allows for better control of the numerical errors. The aim of this paper is to study and compare implicitly filtered and explicitly filtered LES of atmospheric circulation models in spectral space. To achieve this goal, the results of implicitly filtered and explicitly filtered LES of a barotropic atmosphere circulation model on a sphere in spectral space are presented and compared with the results obtained from direct numerical simulation (DNS). Different numerical exper...
Evaluation of Calibration Methods for Zeeman Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Computer Modeling

Computer modeling was used to compare calibration curves and relative concentration errors for normal, linearized, and three-field Zeeman GFAAS. The model assumed that either photon shot noise or the combination of photon shot and analyte fluctuation noise were limiting and that the sole source of nonlinearity was stray light. For absorbance, the calibration range and the relative concentration error for all three methods are almost identical. The difference is a reduced-sensitivity curve for three-field Zeeman, which offers a relative concentration error advantage in the concentration region where the most sensitive curve rolls over. For integrated absorbance, the sum of absorbances over the analytical peak, linearized Zeeman provides a significant relative concentration error advantage over the other methods at the high concentration end of the calibration curve. The calibration range is effectively extended by at least 1.5 orders of magnitude. This advantage arises from integration of absorbances which have a linear relationship to concentration. At high concentrations, absorbances computed for normal and three-field Zeeman are nonlinear with respect to concentration. Three-field Zeeman offers no advantage over normal Zeeman for integrated absorbance.
Complex genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant NS041646. I would like to thank Dr. David Patterson, Dr. Patrick Bosque, Dr. Miles Brennan, and Sharon Trilk, for helpful comments and corrections.
Interception of discrete oxygen species in aqueous media by cholesterol: Formation of cholesterol epoxides and secosterols

The oxidation products of cholesterol oxidized by different dioxygen species, hydroxyl radical, or triatomic species ozone variously implicated in biological oxidtions are compared. Some products are unique to the oxygen species involved, whereas others, such as the isomeric cholesterol 5,6-epoxides, are formed broadly by many oxygen species. The resolution of the isomeric cholesterol 5,6-epoxides by capillary column gas chromatography on SE-30 or SE-54 has been achieved.
Communicating thin: A grounded model of Online Negative Enabling Support Groups in the pro-anorexia movement

The pro-anorexia movement provides support for those with anorexia and adopts an ‘anti-recovery’ view of the disease.The internet has allowed pro-anorexia followers (proanas) to exchange messages in anonymous virtual communities where they encourage one another to be thin. Through the analysis of pro-ana websites using grounded theory, four themes encompassing eight communicative strategies were identified: 1) co-constructing an ana personal identity; 2) self-loathing ana; 3) advising ana; and, 4) group ana encouragement. An emergent grounded model explicates underlying theoretical principles that indicate a new type of social support group, the Online Negative Enabling Support Group (ONESG), in which members encourage negative or harmful behaviors, accept ‘self’ or ‘other’ negative messages without correction from others and co-construct an affectionate ‘enabling in-group’ that evolves online ‘weak-tie’ support into ‘strong ties’ used to combat stigma in their offline world.
Development of undergraduate and graduate programs in computational science

There is a pressing need for a workforce with the modeling and simulation skills associated with computational science. A number of national studies have substantiated those needs with respect to the future competitiveness of USA in research and development, the innovation of new products, and the competitiveness of many industries. Creating computational science programs at academic institutions organized along disciplinary boundaries represents a challenge because aspects of computer science, mathematics, and a science or engineering domain are required parts of any program. Gaining agreement on the associated requirements, integrating the classes with those in the traditional curriculum, and obtaining the necessary support through academic and administrative reviews represent substantial challenges. Clark Atlanta University, the University of Mary Washington, and Southern University are all working on establishing undergraduate or graduate programs in computational science and have had a number of common experiences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subdural Hematoma in Infants Without Accidental or Nonaccidental Injury: Benign External Hydrocephalus, a Risk Factor

Benign external hydrocephalus (BEH) is considered a self-limiting condition in infants. Subdural hematoma (SDH) in infants without a history of trauma indicates nonaccidental injury (NAI). The authors studied whether SDH can complicate BEH without apparent trauma. Out of 45 children younger than 3 years with nontraumatic SDH, 9 (7 boys) with mean age 6 months had BEH as risk factor. Symptoms included increasing head size (8), fussiness, and irritability (3). Three had up-gaze restriction, 1 axial hypotonia, and 6 normal examination. Neuroimaging showed prominent extra-axial spaces; SDH was bilateral (6), subacute (5). Other etiological workup for SDH was negative except NAI in 1. Two required evacuation of SDH and subdural-peritoneal shunt; others managed conservatively. Development was normal in 8 on follow-up. On follow-up imaging of 8, SDH completely resolved in 3, markedly reduced in 3, and remained stable in 2. BEH is a risk factor for SDH in infants, thus not always benign.
Normalization of contralateral metabolic function following temporal lobectomy demonstrated by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

We studied 10 medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients prior to surgery using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to localize seizure foci. We found significantly elevated creatine/N-acetylaspartate (Cr/NAA) unilaterally in 8 and bilaterally in 2 patients. Five patients have been studied again 1 year after surgery. In the 2 patients with bilateral temporal seizure onsets, MRSI showed normalization of Cr/NAA in the unoperated contralateral tissue following surgical elimination of seizures. This study suggests that metabolic recovery can occur in contralateral temporal areas following surgical treatment of partial epilepsy.
Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis : A Model Pathogen of Arabidopsis

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsisdis (Hpa) is a naturally occurring pathogen of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana, upon which it causes downy mildew disease. Hpa has been utilized since the late 1980s as a model pathogen of Arabidopsis to elucidate fundamental aspects of plant-oomycete interactions. Hpa is also a model for obligate biotrophic pathogens that cannot exist apart from their hosts, and for downy mildew pathogens that cause destructive diseases of crops. The recently sequenced genome of Hpa isolate Emoy2 has opened the door to deeper understanding of many aspects of plant-oomycete interactions, most notably the first genome-level insights into the molecular basis and evolution of the obligate biotrophy. Additionally, bioinformatic screens of the Hpa genome have identified a large collection of virulence genes (e.g., RxLR effectors). Functional analyses of these genes, along with the experimental tools of Arabidopsis, is already providing new insights into the mechanisms through which oomycetes manipulate host cells. These and other applications of data from the Hpa genome will ultimately translate into new strategies to control downy mildew and other oomycete diseases.
Near infrared detectors for fiber-optics

There is considerable interest in developing high-speed, low-noise avalanche photodiodes for operation in the 1.2-1.6 µm wavelength range where silicon detectors are inadequate. The lattice matched quaternary material systems InGaAsP/InP and GaAlAsSb/GaSb are being actively studied by many different research groups. Devices fabricated from both of these compound semiconductor materials systems have demonstrated high quantum efficiency (50-70% without antireflection coatings) and short response times (60-250psec). Unfortunately, the reported avalanche gains obtained from these devices have been quite low (<10-50), and although the reported dark currents at low bias voltage (∼1/2 of the breakdown voltage) have been very low, the leakage currents at the bias voltages required to achieve the moderate values of avalanche gain have been very large (≥10 µA). In the few cases where the noise performance of these devices has been measured, the shot noise due to the large leakage currents has been the dominant noise source. Recent results of attempts to improve this situation are reviewed.
TECHNICAL NOTE---Solving Linear Cost Dynamic Lot-Sizing Problems in O(n log n) Time

In this paper, we study capacitated dynamic lot-sizing problems with or without backorders, under the assumption that production costs are linear, that is, there are no setup costs. These two dynamic lot-sizing problems (with or without backorders) are minimum-cost flow problems on an underlying network that possess a special structure. We show how the well-known successive shortest-path algorithm for the minimum-cost flow problem can be used to solve these problems in O(n2) time, where n is the number of periods in the dynamic lot-sizing problems, and how, with the use of dynamic trees, we can solve these problems in O(n log n) time. Our algorithm also extends to the dynamic lot-sizing problem with integer variables and convex production costs with running time O(n log n log U), where U is the largest demand value.
Conversations and Collaborations What Has Really Changed

On a Wednesday in late January 2014, as we in Indiana were feeling less than happy about the weather (yet another 5 or 6 inches of snow on the ground, and wind chills that would literally freeze a raw egg in minutes—I saw it on the news one afternoon), I got an e-mail from my Program Chair, Rosemary Phelps. She was finishing up the 2014 program to submit to the American Psychological Association (APA) and needed the title of my presidential address by Sunday. Say what??? I had no idea what I was going to talk about, much less what I was going to call this phantom speech. Yet another surprise no one warned me about. So, I told my husband, Martin, my dilemma. He said I should just call it “Nelson” and be done with it. It is the perfect title, he said—noncommittal, yet intriguing at the same time. I could talk about anything I wanted with a title like that. Nelson, you see, is our dog. When I asked Nelson what he thought about the title, he indicated a distinct preference for a snack and a walk, and not necessarily in that order, thank you very much. Next I turned to Debbie Nolan, the Society of Counseling Psychology’s (SCP’s) Executive Director. She laughed, and initially concurred with the Nelson option. Then she said, “Why not use your presidential theme as the title?” Amazing—why didn’t I think of that? The woman is a genius. So, I tweaked it a bit, and finally there was a title. Hurrah! Inspired now, and more than a little afraid, I started working on the address that weekend in January. I wrote the introduction and the ending, but the snow melted before I got back to the meat of the document. Similar to many
Mumps Virus Replication in Chick Embryo Lung Cells: Properties of Ribonucleic Acids in Virions and Infected Cells

Abstract Ribonucleic acid (RNA) species in mumps virions and in infected cells were compared. The predominant RNA species in virions labeled with 3H-uridine sedimented at 50S; RNA species sedimenting at 28, 18, and about 10S were also present. The virion-associated RNA species sedimenting slower than 50S contained some nucleotide sequences similar to 50S virion RNA. Although mumps virus replication was severely inhibited by high concentrations of actinomycin D, some virus was made, and virus-specific RNA species accumulated in infected cells. Mumps virus resembled other paramyxoviruses in inducing, in infected cells, synthesis not only of 50S RNA but also of slower sedimenting RNA species with a peak distribution at about 18S, complementary in base sequences to 50S virion RNA. In addition, base sequences of the parental type were relatively abundant in the RNA species sedimenting slower than 50S; these may represent precursors of the slowly sedimenting RNA species associated with virions. Ribonuclease-resistant RNA was detected in infected cells; this may represent replicative or transcriptive intermediates. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide severely depressed accumulation of labeled 50S RNA in infected cells but did not interfere with accumulation of RNA species sedimenting slower than 50S. Actinomycin D treatment had a similar effect. Annealing of genomes and virus-induced complementary RNA species of Newcastle disease virus, Sendai virus, and mumps virus did not reveal any base sequence homologies.
Protocadherins and Synapse Development

Three families of protocadherin (Pcdh) genes, Pcdh-α, -β, and -γ, are clustered in a tandem array on a single chromosome in mammals. Members of these Pcdh families are expressed in an overlapping, combinatorial manner in the nervous system and the proteins they encode are present at some synaptic sites. This has led to the hypothesis that protocadherins may provide an adhesive code involved in the specification of synaptic patterning. Mice in which the 22-gene Pcdh-γ cluster has been deleted or disrupted die shortly after birth with synaptic defects that may be consistent with such a function. This chapter reviews these and other recent data on the organization, expression, and function of the clustered Pcdh genes and enumerates several unanswered questions that will be important to address in future work.
Must We Fear a Post-Cold War Multipolar System?:

The probable transition from a bipolar to a multipolar international system has inspired divergent predictions about the likely consequences for global stability. This article places two recent exemplary deductive models under examination, in order to evaluate the validity of their conclusions about the alleged stability of the cold war's bipolar competitive world relative to that of multipolar systems. A review of the empirical evidence generated by inductive investigations of this relationship suggests that acceptance of the pessimistic thesis that multipolar systems are inherently unstable would be premature, and that, if intervening variables are considered, a rival, more pacific image of a future multipolar world is equally plausible.
Implementing an Advanced Simulation Tool for Comprehensive Fault Analysis

Many large scale system blackouts involve relay misoperations. Traditional relay algorithms and settings need to be evaluated under a variety of fault and no-fault system-wide scenarios to better understand the causes for misoperations. New fault diagnosis algorithms also need to be developed to assure improved relaying performance and then evaluated under various scenarios. This paper introduces advanced fault analysis simulation software based on the interactive MATLAB and ATP simulation. The software consists of two major parts, power system simulation and relay algorithm evaluation. The former part can automatically generate thousands of system-wide events at one time and extract the transients for fault studies. The latter part includes the traditional distance relay model and two new advanced fault diagnosis algorithms. The structure of the software enables easy simulation setup for different power system models
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Child and Adolescent Bipolar Spectrum Disorders

Pediatric bipolar spectrum disorders (BPSDs) are serious conditions associated with morbidity and mortality. Although most treatment research has examined pharmacotherapy for pediatric BPSDs, growing literature suggests that psychosocial interventions are also important to provide families with an understanding of symptoms, course, and treatment of BPSDs; teach youth and parents methods for coping with symptoms (e.g., problem solving, communication, emotion regulation, cognitive-behavioral skills); and prevent relapse. Thirteen psychosocial intervention trials for pediatric BPSDs were identified via a comprehensive literature search and evaluated according to the Task Force on the Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures guidelines. All interventions were examined adjunctive to pharmacotherapy and/or treatment as usual (TAU). No well-established or questionably efficacious treatments were identified. Family psychoeducation plus skill building was probably efficacious (i.e., Multi-Family Psy...
Production Equations for Unsteady-State Construction Processes

The production equation called Little's law has been applied to construction data recently. However, Little's law was derived for steady-state conditions assuming constant input and output rates and long production runs. Production in construction is inherently temporary, and learning curves and environmental influences often render input and output rates unequal and nonlinear. Starting with a conservation of mass formulation, general equations for work-in-process and cycle time for unsteady-state conditions and limited run production are developed. The motivation behind these equations is to explain common trends in production variables seen on construction projects. Previous studies have shown that when output from a construction production system is drastically increased, a significant upward impact is also seen on cycle time and work-in-process, and this work provides underlying theory and equations to explain these trends. Cycle time and work-in-process equations are presented as functions of time and on average. Data from construction activities are used to show that unsteady-state conditions commonly occur. Reasonable simplifications of the general equations provide guidelines for buffer sizing and resource allocation decisions.
High-frequency observations of pH under Antarctic sea ice in the southern Ross Sea

Although predictions suggest that ocean acidification will significantly impact polar oceans within 20-30 years, there is limited information regarding present-day pH dynamics of the Southern Ocean. Here, we present novel high-frequency observations of pH collected during spring of 2010 using SeaFET pH sensors at three locations under fast sea ice in the southern Ross Sea. During these deployments in McMurdo Sound, baseline pH ranged between 8.019-8.045, with low to moderate overall variation (0.043-0.114 units) on the scale of hours to days. The variation was predominantly in the direction of increased pH relative to baseline observations. Estimates of aragonite saturation state (VAr) were .1 with no observations of subsaturation. Time series records such as these are significant to the Antarctic science community; this information can be leveraged towards framing more environmentally relevant laboratory experiments aimed at assessing the vulnerability of Antarctic species to ocean acidification. In addition, increased spatial and temporal coverage of pH datasets may reveal ecologically significant patterns. Specifically, whether such variation in natural ocean pH dynamics may drive local adaptation to pH variation or provide refugia for populations of marine calcifiers in a future, acidifying ocean.
VGTA: variation-aware gate timing analysis

As technology scales down, timing verification of digital integrated circuits becomes an extremely difficult task due to gate and wire variability. Therefore, statistical timing analysis is inevitable. Most timing tools divide the analysis into two parts: 1) interconnect (wire) timing analysis and 2) gate timing analysis. Variational interconnect delay calculation for block-based /spl sigma/TA has been recently studied. However, variational gate delay calculation has remained unexplored. In this paper, we propose a new framework to handle the variation-aware gate timing analysis in block-based /spl sigma/TA. First, we present an approach to approximate variational RC-/spl pi/ load by using a canonical first-order model. Next, an efficient variation-aware effective capacitance calculation based on statistical input transition, statistical gate timing library, and statistical RC-/spl pi/ load is presented. In this step, we use a single-iteration C/sub eff/ calculation which is efficient and reasonably accurate. Finally we calculate the statistical gate delay and output slew based on the aforementioned model. Experimental results show an average error of 7% for gate delay and output slew with respect to the HSPICE Monte Carlo simulation while the runtime is about 145 times faster.
Glucose protection from MPP+-induced apoptosis depends on mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthase.

MPP+ inhibits mitochondrial complex I and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase causing necrosis or apoptosis of catecholaminergic neurons. Low glucose levels or glycolytic blockade has been shown to potentiate MPP+ toxicity. We found that MPP+ caused concentration-dependent apoptosis of neuronally differentiated PC12 cells and that glucose, but not pyruvate, supplementation reduced apoptosis. Oligomycin concentrations sufficient to inhibit ATP synthase blocked the decreased apoptosis afforded by glucose supplementation. Laser-scanning confocal microscope imaging of chloromethyl-tetramethylrosamine methyl ester fluorescence to estimate DeltaPsiM showed that MPP+ and atractyloside reduced DeltaPsiM, while cyclosporin A (CSA) and glucose supplementation reversed decreases in DeltaPsiM caused by MPP+. Oligomycin blocked the effect of glucose supplementation on DeltaPsiM. These findings show that (i) MPP+-induced and atractyloside-induced apoptosis are associated with reduced DeltaPsiM; (ii) CSA maintains DeltaPsiM and reduces MPP+-induced apoptosis; and (iii) glucose supplementation maintains DeltaPsiM, likely by glycolytic ATP-dependent proton pumping at ATP synthase and reduces MPP+-induced apoptosis.
Report on The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964: Engineering

In the last issue of BSSA, there appeared a book review of the report: The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964: Engineering, published by the National Academy of Sciences. The reviewer commented that it was unfortunate that the volume was not published shortly after the earthquake instead of 9 years later. As chairman of the engineering panel that prepared the report, I should like to reply to this comment; not to defend the late appearance of the volume, but to call attention to the source of the difficulty so that future earthquake reports may avoid it. Although there is always a tendency for the authors of papers for such reports to postpone writing in order to make further studies, the papers in the Engineering volume were essentially complete 5 years ago. The delay was a consequence of NAS having decided to prepare and publish a comprehensive report on the Alaska earthquake, of which the Engineering volume was only one of eight, and to do this in the standard way, with standard editorial procedure, and adhering to the high NAS standards. A smallish report on an earthquake can profit from a well-coordinated project of inspection, writing, and publication, in that there is good intercommunication, duplications are avoided, consistency can be achieved, etc. It is clear now that a closely coordinated effort can cause unacceptable delay in publishing a large report on a major earthquake. It would be my recommendation that future major earthquake investigations and reports be subdivided into essentially independently funded segments, such as Seismology, Geology, Engineering, Sociology, etc., with only moderate attention paid to consistency, duplication, etc.; and the reports should be published independently. I think there would also be an advantage in subdividing the engineering investigation and report into three relatively independent segments dealing, respectively, with engineering design and practice, earthquake engineering research, and socio-economic impact. The advantages of doing this would be more complete coverage of the event, and quicker publication. The disadvantages would be less consistency, possibly some duplication, and perhaps differences in published format; however, the disadvantages would be outweighed by the advantages. The eight volumes of The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964, taking 13 in of shelf space and weighing 30 pounds, provide a massive collection of information that will be of great use; it is certainly the most impressive earthquake report ever published. It could have been better, of course; but, then, the perfect earthquake report has never been written and never will be. However, this should not deter us from trying to do better next time.
Design For Testability: Where does it Fit in the Design Flow?

? The design cycle can be broken into the “Design Creation” (or logic design) phase followed by the “Design Implementation” (or physical design) phase. Logic synthesis is used to provide a mapping of the existing design description from a higher level of abstraction onto a lower level. ? DFT is inserted into a circuit by making structural changes to it. For example, scan and BIST are added by inserting special cells/circuits to enable the desired behavior during test. Since DFT is achieved via additions to the circuit description, DFT is considered as a part of Design Creation. ? The entire design (mission logic plus DFT circuits) can be processed by EDA software to transform the gatelevel descriptions into a physical implementation (i.e. placement and routing), usually represented in the form of a GDS II tape.
Electromagnetic Field for a Symmetric Biconvex Microlens with Arbitrary Illumination

A spheroidal coordinate separation-of-variables solution is applied to theoretically investigate the focusing and imaging properties of a symmetric biconvex microlens. Calculations are performed for five, ten, and twenty wavelength diameter microlenses.
The Structural and Dynamic Effects of Inhibitor Binding to Protein Kinase C βII

Protein kinase C βII (PKCβII) regulates diverse cellular signaling pathways involved in B-cell activation, insulin signaling, and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Aberrant PKCβII activity has been implicated in a variety of human diseases including diabetic retinopathy and B-cell immunodeficiency. Accordingly, PKCβII has become a popular target for small molecule based inhibition. However, the effects of available inhibitors on the conformational dynamics and allosteric couplings essential for PKCβII function remains largely unknown. This lack of knowledge hampers the development of improved inhibitors and limits our understanding of how disease-associated mutations in distal sites can interfere with inhibitor efficacy. Here we combine conventional and enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with bioinformatics analysis to characterize distinct flexibilities and internal dynamical couplings upon inhibitor binding. MD simulations revealed increased flexibility of the nucleotide-binding P-loop and turn motif of the regulatory C-terminal tail when bound to the ATP-competitive inhibitor Bisindolylmaleimide I (BIM1). Dynamical cross-correlation analysis revealed variations between ATP and inhibitor states localized to the turn motif, P-loop, helix αE, and helices αG and αH of the GHI-subdomain. The ATP state displays stronger couplings between the turn motif and P-loop, as well as distinct couplings between active-site residues that are lost upon inhibitor binding. Furthermore, correlation network path analysis indicates that the inhibitor decouples the P-loop and catalytic loop from the turn motif. In addition, residues mediating distinct ligand-dependent couplings were identified in the C-terminal tail and N-lobe of the catalytic domain. Somatic mutations of a subset of these residues have been observed in cancer samples and the functional and structural dynamic effects of these mutations are currently been investigated.
Protein phosphatase 2A interacts with the Src kinase substrate p130 CAS

In this study, we report that the Src substrate Cas (p130 Crk-associated substrate) associates with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a serine/threonine phosphatase. We investigated this interaction in cells expressing a temperature-sensitive mutant form of v-Src. v-Src activation (by shifting cells from the nonpermissive to the permissive temperature) led to an increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of v-Src and Cas, as well as in the association between v-Src and Cas. v-Src has previously been shown to bind to PP2A and to phosphorylate the catalytic subunit of PP2A, resulting in inhibition of phosphatase activity. We found that the association between v-Src and PP2A decreased as cells were shifted to the permissive temperature. In contrast, the levels of PP2A that co-immunoprecipitated with Cas increased when v-Src was activated. We obtained similar results in pull-down experiments with immobilized Microcystin, a PP2A inhibitor. Serine/threonine phosphorylation of Cas has previously been shown to occur in a cell cycle regulated matter. Treatment of NIH3T3 cells with okadaic acid, a PP2A inhibitor, augments the serine/threonine phosphorylation of Cas that occurs at mitosis. Furthermore, PP2A dephosphorylates serine residues on Cas in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that PP2A may be involved in the cell cycle-specific dephosphorylation of Cas.
Understanding Multi Scale Pad Effects in Chemical Mechanical Planarization

A multi-physics model encompassing chemical dissolution and mechanical abrasion effects in CMP is developed. This augments a previously developed multi-scale model accounting for both pad response and slurry behavior evolution. The augmented model is utilized to predict scratch propensity in a CMP process. The pad response delineates the interplay between the local particle level deformation and the cell level bending of the pad. The slurry agglomerates in the diffusion limited agglomeration (DLA) or reaction limited agglomeration (RLA) regime. Various nano-scale slurry properties significantly influence the spatial and temporal modulation of the material removal rate (MRR) and scratch generation characteristics. The model predictions are first validated against experimental observations. A parametric study is then undertaken. Such physically based models can be utilized to optimize slurry and pad designs to control the depth of generated scratches and their frequency of occurrence per unit area.
Abel Stability Test of Mixed Nitric Ester at Different Temperatures

In order to shorten the test cycle of Abel stability and reduce amounts of the nitric ester in production line,the influence of temperature on the stability test result was studied using the NG-based mixed nitric ester and the relevant energetic binder as samples.The results of three stability test methods,i.e.30 min/72 ℃,15 min/80 ℃,12 min/82 ℃,are unanimous,and that the test methods at higher temperature can shorten the test cycle significantly and improve the analysis speed.