cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of myosin expression during myotome formation

The first skeletal muscle fibers to form in vertebrate embryos appear in the somitic myotome. PCR analysis and in situ hybridization with isoform-specific probes reveal differences in the temporal appearance and spatial distribution of fast and slow myosin heavy chain mRNA transcripts within myotomal fibers. Embryonic fast myosin heavy chain was the first isoform expressed, followed rapidly by slow myosin heavy chains 1 and 3, with slow myosin heavy chain 2 appearing several hours later. Neonatal fast myosin heavy chain is not expressed in myotomal fibers. Although transcripts of embryonic fast myosin heavy chain were always distributed throughout the length of myotomal fibers, the mRNA for each slow myosin heavy chain isoform was initially restricted to the centrally located myotomal fiber nuclei. As development proceeded, slow myosin heavy chain transcripts spread throughout the length of myotomal fibers in order of their appearance. Explants of segments from embryos containing neural tube, notochord and somites 7-10, when incubated overnight, become innervated by motor neurons from the neural tube and express all four myosin heavy chain genes. Removal of the neural tube and/or notochord from explants prior to incubation or addition of d-tubocurare to intact explants prevented expression of slow myosin chain 2 but expression of genes encoding the other myosin heavy chain isoforms was unaffected. Thus, expression of slow myosin heavy chain 2 is dependent on functional innervation, whereas expression of embryonic fast and slow myosin heavy chain 1 and 3 are innervation independent. Implantation of sonic-hedgehog-soaked beads in vivo increased the accumulation of both fast and slow myosin heavy chain transcripts, as well as overall myotome size and individual fiber size, but had no effect on myotomal fiber phenotype. Transcripts encoding embryonic fast myosin heavy chain first appear ventrolaterally in the myotome, whereas slow myosin heavy chain transcripts first appear in fibers positioned midway between the ventrolateral and dorsomedial lips of the myotome. Therefore, models of epaxial myotome formation must account for the positioning of the oldest fibers in the more ventral-lateral region of the myotome and the youngest fibers in the dorsomedial region.
A correlation of psychrometric ratios for a flat plate

in a vertical tube., Ph.D. Dissertation, Purdue University, 6. L. B. KOPPEL and J. M. SMITH, Laminar flow heat West Lafayette, Indiana (1958). transfer for variable physical properties, J. Heat Transfer 3. B. R. MORTON, Laminar convection in uniformly 84, 157-163 (1962). heated vertical pipes, J. Fluid Me&. 8, 227-240 (1960). 7. P. M. WORSPIE-SCHMDT and G. LPPPWT, Heat transfer 4. B. R. MORTON, Laminar convection in uniformly heated and friction for laminar flow of gas in a circular tube at horizontal pipes at low Rayleigh numbers, Q. JI Mech. high heating rate, Znt. J. Heat Muss Transfer8,1281-1301 Appl. Math. 12(4), 41&420 (1959). (1965). 5. M. IQBAL and J. W. STACHIEWICZ, Influence of tube 8. E. &SAL and W. N. GILL, A note on natural convection orientation on combined free and forced laminar effects in fully developed flow, A.Z.Ch.E. JI 8(4), 570-574 convection heat transfer, J. Hear Transfer 88, 109-116 (1962). (1966).
Inflammatory Processes in Complex Regional Pain Syndromes

Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome, previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, has garnered increased attention in recent years. Many recent studies have attempted to better describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of symptoms. Despite recent advances to the fund of medical knowledge, the underlying pathophysiology and mechanisms involved in disease progression remain unclear. This review will synthesize and present current theories and data regarding the role of inflammatory cytokines and other mediators in both the central and peripheral nervous systems that contribute to the development and progression of CRPS.
Purification and serology of cucumber mosaic virus

CUCUMBER mosaic virus causes many important plant diseases and occurs as a group of strains differing in their host-range, symptoms produced, transmissibility and other properties. Few studies have been reported on the serological relationships among these strains, possibly because of their labile nature in vitro and their low concentration in the host plant. In crude host extracts the virus becomes non-infectious when stored for a few days or when diluted to approximately 10−3. The strain relationships have been studied previously by cross-protection tests. Although antisera to cucumber mosaic virus1,2 have been claimed, later attempts3 were unsuccessful. Antisera of low titre have been obtained to tomato aspermy4,5, a virus related to cucumber mosaic virus.
In vitro effect of testosterone on respiration of mouse liver and mammary tumor slices.

SummaryThe oxygen consumption of liver and spontaneous mammary tumor slices from female mice was initially slightly increased and then progressively decreased by increasing concentrations of added testosterone.
Best pharmaceuticals for children: how far have we come?

IntroductionPharmaceutical policy initiatives , such as the Best PharmaceuticalsforChildrenAct,havemadesigniﬁcant strides in improving pediatrics-focused therapeutics. At the same time, there is still a relative paucityof clinical pharmacology data in regard to the pediatric population.Here, we review past and current legislative efforts in the UnitedStates, highlight current limitations, and suggest future practice andpolicy initiatives to optimize pediatric drug therapy.BackgroundIn response to mounting concerns regarding the safety andefﬁcacy of medications used in pediatric populations, the BestPharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) was enacted in 2002.
Suppression of allograft immunity by 3,4,5,3′,4′',5′-hexachlorobiphennyl. II. Effects of exposure on mixed lymphocyte reactivity and induction of suppressor cell activity in vitro

Previous studies in our laboratory have established the sensitivity of the in vivo allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to suppression by 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl[(345)2-HxCB], a toxic, Ah receptor-binding polychlorinated biphenyl isomer. The present studies have examined possible cellular mechanisms for this suppression. A modest dose-dependent suppression of the proliferative response to alloantigen in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was observed with lymphocytes from B6 mice exposed to 10 or 100 mg/kg (345)2-HxCB while the CTL response generated in MLC was significantly suppressed only following exposure to 100 mg/kg (345)2-HxCB. The amount of time between treatment with (345)2-HxCB and sacrifice, which ranged from 2 to 23 days, did not appear to influence the degree of immunosuppression produced by (345)2-HxCB exposure. Mitomycin C-treated lymphocytes from B6 mice treated with (345)2-HxCB were not suppressive when added as third party cells to an independent MLC. However, if the mice were alloimmune, lymphocyte-mediated suppression of the MLC response was observed and directly correlated with the magnitude of the CTL response present in the same population. Thus, (345)2-HxCB-treated mice which had less CTL activity as compared to vehicle-treated mice also had less suppressor activity. Further analysis indicated that stimulator cell lysis by the CTL was likely to be responsible for the inhibitory activity of the alloimmune lymphocytes rather than suppressor cells per se. Avoidance of stimulator cell lysis by using H-2-incompatible MLC stimulator cells revealed the existence of antigen-nonspecific suppressor activity that was greater with lymphocytes from vehicle-treated than from (345)2-HxCB-treated mice, suggesting that both CTL and suppressor cell activities were suppressed by (345)2-HxCB exposure. Direct addition of (345)2-HxCB to lymphocyte cultures in vitro indicated a lack of direct toxicity of (345)2-HxCB on lymphoproliferative responses to mitogen or alloantigen at concentrations equal to or less than 1 x 10(-6) M. Thus, the in-vitro functional integrity of lymphocytes obtained from (345)2-HxCB-treated mice coupled with the lack of a direct lymphotoxic effect of (345)2-HxCB in vitro suggest an indirect mechanism of action for (345)2-HxCB-mediated suppression of CTL activity in vivo. Previous reports implicating suppressor cell induction and/or activation by Ah-receptor-binding halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons that mediate the inhibition of CTL generation were not confirmed in these studies.
Personal coping and social support for parents of handicapped children

Abstract Human services workers have long recognized that parents of handicapped children experience inordinate stresses. In recent years investigators have examined how such families deal with stress. This paper discusses stress in families of developmentally disabled children and how parents of special needs children draw on personal and social coping strategies to manage daily challenges. An overview of existing research is followed by a prescription for research on stress, personal coping, and social support. The authors call for prevention strategies to prevent stress-related maltreatment of special needs children.
Identification of a Selective Small-Molecule Ligand for HIV-1 Frameshift-Inducing Stem-Loop RNA from an 11,325 Member Resin Bound Dynamic Combinatorial Library

Molecules capable of binding a specific RNA sequence with high affinity and selectivity can serve as valuable tools for modulating RNA-dependent cellular events. In this communication, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of an 11,325 member dynamic combinatorial library, the largest prepared to date, that targets an RNA stem-loop critical to HIV proliferation. From this library, a molecule was identified that binds this RNA with high affinity and selectivity.
FIGARO: detecting nuclear materials using high-energy gamma-rays

Abstract The potential diversion of nuclear materials is a major international concern. Fissile (e.g., U, Pu) and other nuclear materials (e.g., D, Be) can be detected using 6–7 MeV gamma-rays produced in the 19F(p,αγ) 16O reaction. These gamma-rays can induce neutron emission via photoneutron and photofission processes in nuclear materials. However, they are not energetic enough to generate significant numbers of neutrons from common benign materials. Neutrons are counted using an array of BF3 tubes in a polyethylene moderator. A strong increase in neutron count rates is seen when irradiating depleted uranium, Be, D2O, and 6Li, with little or no increase for other materials (e.g., H2O, SS, Cu, Al, C, 7Li). Experiments using both photon and neutron shielding show that the technique is resistant to countermeasures. We have reduced the neutron background from proton beam reactions (thus increasing the system's sensitivity) and have tested a high-current gas cell which should be capable of operating at proton beam currents of up to 100 μA.
Separation of the periodontal ligament for atraumatic tooth extraction

Over 20 million tooth extractions are performed each year in the United States (2). During this procedure, the surgeon uses a periotome to sever the ligaments anchoring the tooth to the jaw. However, this technique has proven to be traumatic to the patient's hard and soft tissue and can result in longer recovery time. Damage to the surrounding tissue also prolongs any further dental treatment and requires more time in the operating room. The Periolectric is a piezoelectric based device employing vibratory oscillations to separate the surrounding soft tissues from the tooth thereby minimizing the risk of trauma during extraction.
Intramolecular Excited State Electronic Coupling Along an alpha-Helical Peptide.

Several families of peptides composed of alternating l-alanine (Ala) and α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residues with an appended N,N-dimethylanilino and/or 2-naphthalenyl group exist in MeOH and CDCl3 as α-helices. Steady state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements show that the distance and dihedral angle between the appended donor and acceptor and the alignment of the vectors for intramolecular charge transfer interaction (from donor to acceptor) with or against that of the helical dipole moment significantly influence the efficiency of photoinduced electronic coupling and, hence, of intramolecular fluorescence quenching.
High School Psychology Revisited: Student Performance In A College-Level Psychology Course.

Abstract There were no differences in achievement in a college-level general psychology course between students who had completed a high school psychology course and those students who had not completed a high school psychology course. The results are discussed in terms of the content, quality, and objectives of high school psychology courses. The discussion includes a consideration of the role of school psychologists in high-school-level psychology courses. Future trends in the teaching of psychology at the secondary and university level are reviewed.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Is a Target for Protein Tyrosine Nitration

A major mechanism of injury associated with the production of nitric oxide (NO*) in vivo is due to its diffusion-limited reaction with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, which in turn may cause nitration of protein tyrosine residues. To assess the physiological role of tyrosine nitration, it is crucial to identify the proteins that become nitrated. Therefore, we treated lysates from RAW 264.7 cells with 1 mM peroxynitrite and immunoprecipitated tyrosine nitrated proteins. This treatment resulted in the nitration of several proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 60-250 kD. One of these proteins was immunologically identified as the p85 regulatory subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, a key enzyme involved in the signal transduction cascade initiated by many agonists including growth factors. Treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with the NO* donor spermine NONOate also induced a nitration of the p85 subunit, demonstrating that this covalent modification also occurs in intact cells. Immunoprecipitation of the p110 catalytic subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase co-immunoprecipitated p85 in control lysates. However, p85 could not be detected in the same immunoprecipitates when the lysates had been preincubated with 1 mM peroxynitrite, indicating that the nitration of the p85 subunit may abrogate its interaction with the p110 subunit.
The effect of microtubular inhibitors on transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid. Inhibition of uphill transport without changes in transmembrane gradients of Na+, K+, or H+

Abstract A prior study indicated that vinca alkaloids partially inhibit the uphill transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Maximum inhibition reduced the steady-state α-aminoisobutyric acid distribution ratio by only 25% leaving a large residual gradient. Studies were undertaken in two independent laboratories to correlate alterations in α-aminoisobutyric acid transport induced by vinca alkaloids with electrochemical potential differences for Na + , K + , or H + across the cell membrane. Vincristine reduced the transmembrane steady-state gradient for α-aminoisobutyric acid by 13% (Richmond) or 18% (Alabama), respectively. Vinblastine reduced this gradient by 14.5%. There was no concurrent change in the chemical gradients for Na + , K + , or H + across the cell membrane. A small, 4.08%, increase in the Cl − distribution ratio would not account for the much larger change in α-aminoisobutyric acid gradients on the basis of a decrease in the electrochemical potential for intracellular Na + . These data indicate that the decrease in the α-aminoisobutyric acid gradient across the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell membrane induced by vinca alkaloids cannot be attributed to a fall in the transmembrane electrochemical potential differences for Na + , K + , or H + . The data suggest a role for cellular microtubules in the uphill transport of α-aminoisobutyric acid in this cell system.
Long, Highly-Ordered High-Temperature Superconductor Nanowire Arrays

The preparation and electrical properties of high-temperature superconductor nanowire arrays are reported for the first time. YBa2Cu3O7−δ nanowires with widths as small as 10 nm (much smaller than the magnetic penetration depth) and lengths up to 200 μm are studied by four-point electrical measurements. All nanowires exhibit a superconducting transition above liquid nitrogen temperature and a transition temperature width that depends strongly upon the nanowire dimensions. Nanowire size effects are systematically studied, and the results are modeled satisfactorily using phase-slip theories that generate reasonable parameters. These nanowires can function as superconducting nanoelectronic components over much wider temperature ranges as compared to conventional superconductor nanowires.
Multi-objective biogeography-based optimization technique for tuning PUMA 560’S controller

Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is one of the recently developed population-based algorithms which has shown impressive performance over evolutionary algorithms. BBO is based on the study of geographical distribution of biological organisms over space and time. In this paper, non-dominated sorting BBO (NSBBO) is proposed to tune proportional-derivative control system for the six degree arm manipulator PUMA 560. The BBO algorithm is based on mathematical models of biogeography, which describe the migration of species between habitats. To tune six PD controller of a PUMA 560 arm manipulator, we need to minimize simultaneously six position errors so there exists a multi-objective optimization problem. The NSBBO algorithm searches for the controller gains, so that integral absolute error in joint space is minimized. Results obtained show the effectiveness of the algorithm to optimize the controlling parameters and minimizing the error.
Influence of metal particle size and support on the catalytic properties of supported rhodium: CO$z.sbnd;O2 and CO$z.sbnd;NO reactions

Abstract The effects of metal particle size and support material on the kinetics of the COO2 and CONO reactions over Rh have been investigated. For the COO2 reaction in the CO-inhibition regime, both the specific rate and the apparent activation energy were found to be virtually independent of the Rh particle size, but moderately sensitive to the nature of the support material (with the low-temperature oxidation activity decreasing in the order Rh/α-Al2O3 > Rh/SiO2 > Rh/φ-Al2O3). The specific rate of the CONO reaction increased drastically with increasing Rh particle size; a 45-fold increase in specific rate was observed as the Rh particle size increased from 10 to 676 A. However, support material had only a small effect on both the activity and selectivity of Rh for the CONO reaction.
A New Set of Independent Postulates for the Algebra of Logic with Special Reference to Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica

Three sets of independent postulates for the algebra of logic, or Boolean algebra, were published by the present writer in 1904. The first set, based on the treatment in Whitehead's Universal Algebra, is expressed in terms of (K, +, X), where K is a class of undefined elements, a, b, c, , and a+b and aXb are the results of two undefined binary operations. The second set is expressed in terms of (K, < ), where a <b is an undefined binary relation be-
The taming of a co-polymerization problem with VODE

Abstract The dimensionless mathematical model describes a polymer granule in a heterogeneous copolymerization process, which produces one of several important polyolefins with Ziegler-Natta catalyst. We give numerical results and explain how we have recently improved the performance of our code for simulating this process. In particular, we use the ODE (ordinary differential equation) solver VODE, as we did earlier. However, our newer co-polymerization code is both much faster and more robust than the previous version, which we described elsewhere. As before, the mathematical model corrects previously published models of others. We also include comments on the model, explain how we have used a band matrix approximation to the Jacobian to achieve the current level of performance, and provide some insight to our computational results. Finally, we include CPU timing for VODE, LSODE, and DASSL, which supports the choice of VODE for this problem.
A statistical framework for query translation disambiguation

Resolving ambiguity in the process of query translation is crucial to cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), given the short length of queries. This problem is even more challenging when only a bilingual dictionary is available, which is the focus of our work described here. In this paper, we will present a statistical framework for dictionary-based CLIR that estimates the translation probabilities of query words based on the monolingual word co-occurrence statistics. In addition, we will present two realizations of the proposed framework, i.e., the “maximum coherence model” and the “spectral query-translation model,” that exploit different metrics for the coherence measurement between a translation of a query word and the theme of the entire query. Compared to previous work on dictionary-based CLIR, the proposed framework is advantageous in three aspects: (1) Translation probabilities are calculated explicitly to capture the uncertainty in translating queries; (2) translations of all query words are estimated simultaneously rather than independently; and (3) the formulated problem can be solved efficiently with a unique optimal solution. Empirical studies with Chinese--English cross-language information retrieval using TREC datasets have shown that the proposed models achieve a relative 10p--50p improvement, compared to other approaches that also exploit word co-occurrence statistics for query translation disambiguation.
Taurine, analogues and ethanol elicited responses.

Abstract The effect of taurine, of some of its precursors and major metabolic products on spontaneous locomotor activity were studied in mice. The effect of taurine and some analogues on certain ethanol-mediated responses were observed. Administration of taurine, 50 mg/kg, IP, did not significantly alter motility in experimental animals compared to controls. Behavioral depression was evident subsequent to injection of cysteine hydrochloride or taurocholic acid (50 mg/kg). Administration of taurocholic acid, 50 mg/kg, IP, 30 min prior to a narcotic dose of ethanol, 5 g/kg, IP, reduced the time required for the onset of ethanol-narcosis. Pretreatment with cysteic acid, 50 mg/kg, IP, prolonged ethanol-produced narcosis. Treatment with cysteic acid 30 min prior to ethanol, 2.5 g/kg, IP, was found to decrease whole blood ethanol concentration as compared to the respective controls without a concomitant changes in brain ethanol levels. Administration of taurocholic acid, 100 mg/kg, IP, decreased the intake of an ethanol solution in rats preferring 5% ethanol solution over water as the drinking fluid of choice. None of the compounds tested altered endogenous specific activity of mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase when given once daily (50 mg/kg, IP) for 10 consecutive days. The results suggest that both taurocholic acid and cysteic acid exert additive action to some of ethanol-elicited responses studied.
Light Amplification in a Thin Film

Light amplification at 6328 A in a rhodamine‐B‐doped polyurethane thin film is observed. The light‐guiding thin film is pumped transversely with a nitrogen laser. Superradiant light of the dye‐doped film is observed to be guided by the thin film. When a He–Ne light at 6328 A is coupled into the same thin film along the same path, amplification results. Maximum unsaturated gain on the order of 13 cm−1 was experimentally determined by two different methods in a single‐mode thin‐film light guide with a concentration of 3.3×10−2 mol/liter when wet.
A decade of experience with transthoracic and transhiatal esophagectomy.

Abstract Background: Morbidity and mortality remain significant for transthoracic (TT) and transhiatal (TH) esophagectomy. We report a case-specific approach employing either resection to minimize perioperative morbidity and mortality. Methods: All primary esophageal resections performed for benign and malignant esophageal disease were reviewed over a 10-year period. The operative approach was tailored to the location and extent of disease and the physiologic reserve of the patient. Results: In all, 115 patients underwent esophagectomy for benign (25) and malignant (90) disease. Fifty-six TT and 59 TH resections were performed. Four emergent TT cases did not have reconstruction. There was 1 hospital mortality. Perioperative transfusion was avoided in 65 patients. Respiratory complications occurred in 15. Three patients had a cervical anastomotic leak requiring open wound drainage. No association between resection type and complication was evident. Conclusions: The judicious use of both TT and TH esophagectomy resulted in an operative mortality of less than 1%, reduced operative blood loss, and a relatively low rate of perioperative complications.
Robust transmission regression models for linkage and association.

We present a general regression model that accounts for both linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD) when analyzing nuclear family data. The method does not require LD to exist in order to evaluate linkage, but if LD does exist, the power to detect linkage can increase due to improved information on linkage phase. The proposed method is general, allowing for a variety of traits (e.g., binary affection status, categorical and quantitative phenotypes), affecteds only analyses, and covariates. Covariates can be useful to assess heterogeneity of linkage and LD, as well as gene-environment interactions. Other advantages of our methods are that: LD parameters are not defined without linkage, so that population stratification cannot bias the analyses; a combined test for linkage and LD can be used to test for linkage; given the existence of linkage, an adjusted LD test useful for fine-mapping can be constructed; covariate effects can be flexibly modeled; and families containing a single child and families containing multiple offspring can be combined for a single analysis (capitalizing on the LD information provided by single-child families and the combined linkage and LD information provided by multiple offspring). The basic features of the regression model are presented, as well as discussions of potential applications and critical statistical issues. Genet. Epidemiol. 19(Suppl 1):S78–S84, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Glimpsing Eruptions on Europa

Second-closest to Jupiter (after Io) of the four large Galilean satellites, icy Europa is one of the strangest objects in the solar system ( 1 ). On page 171 of this issue, Roth et al. ( 2 ) present strong evidence for ongoing eruptions of plumes of water vapor from Europa's surface. This is a potentially major discovery, making Europa only the fourth object in the solar system known to exhibit ongoing internally powered geological activity, after Earth, Europa's volcanic neighbor moon Io, and Saturn's icy moon Enceladus.
Lectin activity from embryonic chick brain, heart, and liver: Changes with development☆

Abstract Extracts of embryonic chick brain, heart, and liver agglutinate glutaraldehyde-fixed trypsinized or pronase-treated rabbit erythrocytes. Agglutination activity of extracts from each organ was inhibited by a number of saccharides. Lactose was the most potent saccharide inhibitor of those tested. The specific agglutination activity of the extracts from each of the organs studied changed with development of the embryo. In general, specific agglutination activity declined later in embryogenesis, and after hatching. However, the pattern of developmental change differed for each of the organs tested. Liver was unusual in that, after hatching, agglutination activity rose again; and the agglutinin found at this time was apparently different from that found in the embryo.
Zone differences in ellipsometry of anisotropic materials with nonideal compensators

In conventional ellipsometry a quarter-wave plate that is not ideal introduces small errors in the ellipsometer readings. An ellipsometer with an ideal quarter-wave plate, when used to examine an anisotropic surface, gives readings that also appear to have errors. These deviations, however, are caused by the anisotropic sample itself. The contributions to ellipsometer readings from these two causes are discussed, and the exact equations for calculating the ellipsometer null settings with an imperfect wave plate and an anisotropic sample are presented.
Work in progress — Developing a curriculum to prepare engineers to participate in public policy

With the increasing proliferation of scientific knowledge and technological artifacts into society comes an increased need to regulate these artifacts and their use. The development and implementation of such regulations and laws in many cases requires both a technical understanding of the functioning of these artifacts and an understanding of how this technology interacts with social and natural systems, and would benefit from the involvement of a technical expert. Clearly, there is an important role to be filled by engineers in the public policy arena. However, there are very few engineers participating in public policymaking and very few engineering programs offer or encourage courses of study in policy. While there is agreement in the engineering education community that an increased focus on Engineering and Public Policy is a good idea, very little empirical evidence has been assembled to guide the establishment of these courses and programs. This paper reports on the development of an initiative at one university to develop a public policy curriculum for engineers that can easily be integrated into the existing engineering program.
A bond-diluted Ising ferromagnet with first- and second-neighbour interactions

The authors studied the effects of second-neighbour interactions on the critical temperature of the bond-diluted Ising model within the framework of the decorated Ising model. A suitable second-neighbour bond problem can be formulated and solved in the annealed limit. This limit is known to be quite reliable for Ising models without competing interactions. Plots of the critical-temperature and zero-temperature magnetisation versus concentration are given for various ratios of the second to first neighbour exchange coupling. When this ratio is very small, but finite, there is a tail in the phase boundary.
Possible role of cyclic AMP in the receptor-mediated regulation of glycosyltransferase activities in neurotumor cell lines.

: Exposure of mouse neuroblastoma cell line N4TGI to opiates or [d-Ala2,d-Leu5] enkephalin produced a naloxone-reversible inhibition of cyclic AMP synthesis and prevented, in a concentration-dependent manner, the formation of both ganglioside GM2 (GalNAc-[NeuNAc]-Gal-Glc-ceramide) from GM3 (NeuNAc-Gal-Glc-ceramide) and ganglioside GM1 (Gal-GalNAc-[NeuNAc]-Gal-Glc-ceramide) from GM2 in cell-free extracts. In contrast, the receptor-mediated elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by agents such as prostaglandin E1 (in the presence of isobutylmethylxanthine) or the addition of the cyclic AMP derivatives (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) markedly stimulated the activities of UDP-GalNAc:GM3,N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase and UDP-Gal:GM2,galactosyltransferase. An overall increase in the synthesis of gangliosides more complex than GM3 was also observed in the mouse neuroblastoma x hamster brain explant hybrid cell line NCB-20 following elevation of cyclic AMP levels by treatment with serotonin and pargyline. The data presented support the hypothesis that cyclic AMP may have a role in the regulation of sialoglycosphingolipid biosynthesis.
The use of lyophilized vein grafts in vascular access for chronic hemodialysis.

The feasibility of utilizing lyophilized veins for creation of A-V fistulas was examined in two studies. In Study I, the longevity of lyophilized vein fistulas was found to be comparable to that of fresh veins in the experimental animal. Study II showed that lyophilized cadaveric veins performed at least as well as bovine grafts when used for vascular access in chronic hernodialysis patients. The advantages of lyophilized veins for creation of A-V fistulas in dialysis patients are described.
A discussion on the utilization of elemental transmutation for efficient p-type doping in HgCdTe and HgCdTeSe: approach and methodology

For p-type doping of HgCdTe, As is preferred because of its relatively low diffusion coefficient, but it suffers from being amphoteric. In this paper, two possible techniques for incorporating As into HgCdTe that should ensure its presence only on nonmetal sites are presented and discussed. These methods are primarily based on the fact that Se can be readily incorporated into group VI sites and that 75Se naturally decays into 75As. Because the nuclear recoils associated with this decay are too small to displace arsenic atoms, substitutional p-doping should be ensured. In addition, a methodology for accurately determining the efficiency of these doping techniques and their influence on the electrical and optical properties of the material is presented.
Further results on evaporating bicomponent fuel sprays

Discussion de 3 modeles de vaporisation d'un combustible pulverise: a diffusion limitee, a diffusion infinie, a tourbillon. Influence du nombre de Lewis de la temperature d'air et de la volatilite du combustible sur l'evaporation du spray
Standardized Waste Form Test Methods

The Materials Characterization Center (MCC) is developing standard tests to characterize nuclear waste forms. Development of the first thirteen tests was originally initiated to provide data to compare different high-level waste (HLW) forms and to characterize their basic performance. The current status of the first thirteen MCC tests and some sample test results are presented: The radiation stability tests (MCC-6 and 12) and the tensile-strength test (MCC-11) are approved; the static leach tests (MCC-1, 2, and 3) are being reviewed for full approval; the thermal stability (MCC-7) and microstructure evaluation (MCC-13) methods are being considered for the first time; and the flowing leach test methods (MCC-4 and 5), the gas generation methods (MCC-8 and 9), and the brittle fracture method (MCC-10) are indefinitely delayed. Sample static leach test data on the ARM-I approved reference material are presented. Established tests and proposed new tests will be used to meet new testing needs. For waste form production, tests on stability and composition measurement are needed to provide data to ensure waste form quality. In transportaion, data are needed to evaluate the effects of accidents on canisterized waste forms. The new MCC-15 accident test method and some data are presented. Compliance testing needs required by the recent draft repository waste acceptance specifications are described. These specifications will control waste form contents, processing, and performance.
Altered nucleotide content and changes in mitochondrial energy states associated with copper deficiency in rat platelets

Dietary copper deficiency severely reduces platelet cytochrome c oxidase activity, but the effect of this perturbation on platelet energy metabolism is unknown. In this study, the effect of copper deficiency on platelet adenine nucleotide and GTP content was determined. Structural changes in platelet mitochondria during copper deficiency also were examined. Copper deficiency caused a 24% reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, a 113% increase in adenosine monophosphate (AMP) content, and a 36% reduction in GTP content. Because the secretory pool of ATP was not affected by copper deficiency, the changes observed in platelet nucleotide content most likely reflect an effect on the metabolic nucleotide pool. Furthermore, the number of platelet mitochondria exhibiting swollen cristae and high matrical density, characteristics suggesting that mitochondria are engaged in oxidative phosphorylation, was increased by copper deficiency. These findings indicate that copper deficiency can alter energy metabolism in platelets in a manner that is consistent with partial blockage of mitochondrial electron transport and reduced ATP production.
Psychiatric treatment of creative work block.

The treatment of a group of 14 patients of differing diagnostic categories, all of whom had achieved professional status in the graphic or performing arts and who had been blocked from pursuing their creative activity, is examined. The change in all cases from nonproductivity to productivity, as charted, is presumptive evidence to support the application of combined psychotherapeutic techniques—supportive, directive and analytic in nature. Descriptions of the specific aspects and application of these techniques in this type of patient are detailed. They are all introduced to indicate the value of their combined use in the therapeutic management of the artist patient who is blocked in pursuing creative work. It is felt by the writer that the very nature of the therapist's flexible application of a variety of psychotherapeutic techniques in the patient who is a creative artist will liberate this patient from his inhibition.
Latent period and viability of Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis urediniospores: Implications for biological control of yellow starthistle

Abstract Since the introduction of Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis into California in 2003, multiple urediniospore generations have been observed, along with teliospores and pycnia, on yellow starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis ). A field and laboratory study of urediniospore viability was conducted to determine the potential of using infected plant material for redistribution of inoculum into new areas. To better understand the life history of P. j. solstitialis , urediniospore viability was measured during the summer and fall when the host plant is usually senescent. Latent period (time from inoculation to pustule eruption) after field and laboratory inoculations was measured in order to determine the potential number of urediniospore generations that occur per year. Viability of urediniospores stored in the laboratory gradually declined over a period of 10 weeks; spore hydration increased germination. Based on the results obtained in this study, introductions of harvested infected plant material would have to be done quickly to offset losses in urediniospore viability. Urediniospore viability in the field decreased exponentially 86% near the coast and 97% in the Central Valley three weeks after production, and was negligible (0–0.2%) thereafter. Latent period ranged from four to five weeks at cool winter temperatures to two to three weeks at warm summer temperatures in both the laboratory and field. Results of this study suggest that urediniospores are not likely to remain viable through the summer and fall dry season. Teliospores, therefore, serve as the inoculum source when YST seedlings germinate in the winter. Approximately six urediniospore generations can be expected to occur each year in central-northern California under suitable conditions for disease.
Genome-wide patterns of polymorphism in an inbred line of the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

Anopheles gambiae is a major mosquito vector of malaria in Africa. Although increased use of insecticide-based vector control tools has decreased malaria transmission, elimination is likely to require novel genetic control strategies. It can be argued that the absence of an A. gambiae inbred line has slowed progress toward genetic vector control. In order to empower genetic studies and enable precise and reproducible experimentation, we set out to create an inbred line of this species. We found that amenability to inbreeding varied between populations of A. gambiae. After full-sib inbreeding for ten generations, we genotyped 112 individuals—56 saved prior to inbreeding and 56 collected after inbreeding—at a genome-wide panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Although inbreeding dramatically reduced diversity across much of the genome, we discovered numerous, discrete genomic blocks that maintained high heterozygosity. For one large genomic region, we were able to definitively show that high diversity is due to the persistent polymorphism of a chromosomal inversion. Inbred lines in other eukaryotes often exhibit a qualitatively similar retention of polymorphism when typed at a small number of markers. Our whole-genome SNP data provide the first strong, empirical evidence supporting associative overdominance as the mechanism maintaining higher than expected diversity in inbred lines. Although creation of A. gambiae lines devoid of nearly all polymorphism may not be feasible, our results provide critical insights into how more fully isogenic lines can be created.
Cloning, heterologous expression, and characterization of recombinant class II cytochromes c from Rhodopseudomonas palustris.

The cytochrome (cyt) c′, cyt c_(556), and cyt c_2 genes from Rhodopseudomonas palustris have been cloned; recombinant cyt c′ and cyt c_(556) have been expressed, purified, and characterized. Unlike mitochondrial cyt c, these two proteins are structurally similar to cyt b_(562), in which the heme is embedded in a four-helix bundle. The hemes in both recombinant proteins form covalent thioether links to two Cys residues. UV/vis spectra of the Fe^(II) and Fe^(III) states of the recombinant cyts are identical with those of the corresponding native proteins. Equilibrium unfolding measurements in guanidine hydrochloride solutions confirm that native Fe^(II)-cyt c_(556) is more stable than the corresponding state of Fe^(III)-cyt c_(556) (ΔΔG_f°=22 kJ/mol).
Wind, traffic and dust: The recycling of wastes

Indian conceptions about the earths recycling of wastes is an important domain for investigation. The use of dust as a cleansing agent leads the A. to inquire into local notions about elemental processes, the tropic cycle, and the role of the streets as venue and traffic as process in recycling the detritus and castaways of daily life. He relates local expectations about waste disposal to textual sources, utilises Ayurvedic theory and practice to understand traffic as a flow, and examines Samkhya philosophical underpinnings for a humoral world-view. By reviewing ethnographic and Indologic analyses of how bathing, or entering the flow, is experienced, he examines the deep implicit meaning of flows and churning. He argues that the very entering into traffic is transformative, an experience that is further sanctified in the ritual elaboration of some travel as pilgrimage. There emerge from his inquiry recurrent themes on flows, and their outcomes, for which he selects an ethnosociological frame on which such patterns, symmetries and inversion may coalesce into a single coherent design.
Metallic subwavelength-cavity semiconductor nanolasers

Miniaturization has been an everlasting theme in the development of semiconductor lasers. One important breakthrough in this process in recent years is the use of metal-dielectric composite structures that made truly subwavelength lasers possible. Many different designs of metallic cavity semiconductor nanolasers have been proposed and demonstrated. In this article, we will review some of the most exciting progresses in this newly emerging field. In particular, we will focus on metallic-cavity nanolasers with volume smaller than wavelength cubed under electrical injection with emphasis on high-temperature operation. Such devices will serve as an important component in the future integrated nanophotonic systems due to its ultra-small size. Semiconductor nanolasers based on subwavelength-scale metal cavities could become important light sources for integrated optical circuitry on silicon. In this paper, Kang Ding and Cun-Zheng Ning from Arizona State University in the USA review progress in this exciting and rapidly evolving field. They cover the achievement of milestones such as the reduction of cavity sizes to below the scale of one wavelength, operation at room temperature, continuous-wave emission and the use of electrical injection. They describe the design and operating principles of nanolasers, as well as the challenges faced in terms of device fabrication, overcoming cavity loss, high-temperature operation and waveguide integration. Future improvements in fabrication technology to address issues such as surface passivation and material deposition will bring further advances in device performance.
From Ego Depletion to Vitality: Theory and Findings Concerning the Facilitation of Energy Available to the Self

Vitality, or the energy available to the self, is a salient and functionally significant indicator of health and motivation. Previous models (e.g., Baumeister & Vohs, 2007) have suggested how such energy can be depleted but have focused less on how it can be maintained or enhanced. In this article, we describe a model of energy and vitality based on self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000). We review substantial evidence that, whereas the self-controlling regulation of behavior depletes vitality and energy, the autonomous self-regulation of behavior does not. A growing number of experimental and field studies also suggest that vitality and energy are enhanced by activities that satisfy basic psychological needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy. Lifestyles focused on extrinsic goals are less conducive to need satisfaction and thus engender less vitality. We conclude that social psychological factors associated with need satisfaction have important implications for health and vitality and for informing interventions.
Evidence Base Updates: The Evolution of the Evaluation of Psychological Treatments for Children and Adolescents

This article introduces a new feature in the journal: Evidence Base Updates. Starting with this issue of the journal, there will be one such update in each issue. The updates will focus on reviewing the treatments studies focused on a specific child/adolescent problem area and identifying those treatments with the strongest evidence base. Updates will use a revised set of criteria for evaluating the evidence, based on past work, but modified to emphasize methodological rigor of studies and designed to identify those treatments with questionable efficacy. The article also places the evaluation of psychological treatments in historical context. As well, the changes made in the criteria are discussed.
Comparisons between global warming potential and cost–benefit criteria for optimal planning of a municipal solid waste management system

Abstract Most previous optimization analyses for both short-term and long-term planning for solid waste management (SWM) overlooked global warming potential (GWP) impacts. This study integrates GWP and cost–benefit criteria to carry out optimal planning of a typical SWM system – the borough of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. The GaBi® software package was used to estimate the possible greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the scenario-based design process. Five managerial scenarios were organized with and without the inclusion of GWP concern within such an optimization analysis for SWM. With the aid of LINGO® software package, the optimization models were solved sequentially to allocate different waste streams subject to the market demand and possible carbon regulation to maximize net benefit and minimize GWP, simultaneously or independently. The planning scenario with respect to a carbon-regulated environment particularly minimizes the large environmental gap in traditional cost–benefit analyses for SWM. Major finding in this study clearly indicates that simply using traditional cost-effectiveness principle or cost–benefit analysis with no GWP concern cannot compete with alternatives with GWP concerns especially in a carbon-regulated environment. The analysis eventually led to the prioritization of the Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) option before disposing of waste streams at the landfill site. Such a systems engineering approach is transferable to other SWM systems for a better planning, design, and operation in the future.