cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the viscoelastic moduli of complex fluids using the generalized Stokes–Einstein equation

We obtain the linear viscoelastic shear moduli of complex fluids from the time-dependent mean square displacement, , of thermally-driven colloidal spheres suspended in the fluid using a generalized Stokes–Einstein (GSE) equation. Different representations of the GSE equation can be used to obtain the viscoelastic spectrum, G˜(s), in the Laplace frequency domain, the complex shear modulus, G*(ω), in the Fourier frequency domain, and the stress relaxation modulus, Gr(t), in the time domain. Because trapezoid integration (s domain) or the Fast Fourier Transform (ω domain) of known only over a finite temporal interval can lead to errors which result in unphysical behavior of the moduli near the frequency extremes, we estimate the transforms algebraically by describing as a local power law. If the logarithmic slope of can be accurately determined, these estimates generally perform well at the frequency extremes.
From positivity to possibility, propriety and necessity: Semantic change in culture

This paper addresses the development of construction-specific modal uses of hao ‘good’ in Mandarin discourse. My focus is the cultural relevancy of the pathway of change: an expression of value judgment gives rise to deontic modality in recurring discourse contexts. Mandarin is contrasted with Germanic languages with regard to lexical sources of change towards deontic modals. It is suggested that social interdependence of individuals and the cultural preference of collective agency are the driving forces behind the change of the Mandarin hao constructions as opposed to personal agency and autonomy which underlies the semantic development in Germanic.
Aggressive locally recurrent vulvar cancer: review of cases presented to Massachusetts General Hospital 1990 to present.

Isolated recurrences of squamous cell vulvar carcinoma treated by surgical reexcision have excellent outcomes. There is a subset of these patients who develop multiple local recurrences that are difficult to manage and have a high risk of dying from their cancers. We reviewed women presenting with vulvar cancer (200 patients) to Massachusetts General Hospital from 1990 to present and identified 12 women with aggressive, locally recurrent squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva. The identified women all had successful primary radical vulvectomy and groin node dissections with negative surgical margins (except patient 2) and lymph nodes with no lymphovascular space invasion. Seven women had underlying lichen sclerosis. Eight had a history of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or persistent carcinoma in situ. Ten patients had greater than three recurrences after primary surgical therapy. One died of recurrent vulvar cancer 10 months after her initial diagnosis. Two patients died after three recurrences. The only unifying clinicopathologic factor among these women was persistent lichen sclerosis and persistent carcinoma in situ. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that predisposed these premalignant lesions to transform into carcinomas will help predict in which women these are likely to reoccur and may help determine which women require more aggressive initial treatment.
PUGET SOUND FISHERIES AND OIL POLLUTION – A Status Report

ABSTRACT The Greater Puget Sound Basin is one of the largest oil handling areas on the West Coast of North America. Due to the increased local need for petroleum products and to the proposed influx of Alaskan North Slope crude oil in the near future, this area will undoubtedly experience even greater petroleum transportation and processing activities. In terms of living resources of economic value—fish, shellfish, waterfowl and aquatic animals—Puget Sound is one of the most productive estuaries on the Pacific Coast. There is increasing evidence that the extensive sport, commercial and aquacultural fisheries resources are threatened by pollution resulting from oil spilled in the transport, handling, and use of petroleum. This paper presents a stauts report of what is being done in the Pacific Northwest by the petroleum industry, state government and federal agencies to protect the environment prior to the anticipated expansion of the petroleum industry. Research activities which will provide additional inf...
Wnt/beta-catenin signaling plays an essential role in activation of odontogenic mesenchyme during early tooth development.

Classical tissue recombination studies demonstrated that initiation of tooth development depends on activation of odontogenic potential in the mesenchyme by signals from the presumptive dental epithelium. Although several members of the Wnt family of signaling molecules are expressed in the presumptive dental epithelium at the beginning of tooth initiation, whether Wnt signaling is directly involved in the activation of the odontogenic mesenchyme has not been characterized. In this report, we show that tissue-specific inactivation of β-catenin, a central component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, in the developing tooth mesenchyme caused tooth developmental arrest at the bud stage in mice. We show that mesenchymal β-catenin function is required for expression of Lef1 and Fgf3 in the developing tooth mesenchyme and for induction of primary enamel knot in the developing tooth epithelium. Expression of Msx1 and Pax9, two essential tooth mesenchyme transcription factors downstream of Bmp and Fgf signaling, respectively, were not altered in the absence of β-catenin in the tooth mesenchyme. Moreover, we found that constitutive stabilization of β-catenin in the developing palatal mesenchyme induced aberrant palatal epithelial invaginations that resembled early tooth buds both morphologically and in epithelial molecular marker expression, but without activating expression of Msx1 and Pax9 in the mesenchyme. Together, these results indicate that activation of the mesenchymal odontogenic program during early tooth development requires concerted actions of Bmp, Fgf and Wnt signaling from the presumptive dental epithelium to the mesenchyme.
A finite surface element model for plane-strain elastic contact

Abstract A deterministic numerical model for plane-strain elastic frictionless contact between topographically anisotropic surfaces is derived, verified and demonstrated. The interface is divided into long rectangular surface elements sharing deflection nodes on the x axis bisecting the interface. The contact pressure distribution is piecewise linear from node to node. Given a digitized microtopographical profile z ( x ) of each surface, the model uses a partitioned Gauss-Seidel method to compute iteratively the pressure or gap at each node and hence the normal load and contact area fraction. The pressure moment is set to zero by allowing one body to rotate about the y axis. The elastic load limit of the interface is determined by monitoring the computed subsurface stresses. A uniform average pressure distribution can be achieved by bowing the input profiles to a particular convex geometry, thus enabling the model to simulate the deformation mechanics of a small region within a larger interface. The model is efficient and accurate for multiple-contact interfaces between randomly rough surfaces represented by profiles a few thousand nodes long.
Buckling conditions for a dual-coated optical fiber

The elastic stability (buckling) condition for a short dual-coated optical-fiber experiencing mechanical and/or thermally induced compression is established based on the developed analytical (mathematical) predictive model. The problem is reduced to a situation when a cantilever beam of finite length is supported by a continuous elastic foundation and is subjected to a compressive force applied to the beam’s free end. Easy-to-use practical guidelines and a simple diagram are suggested for choosing the adequate length of the fiber and/or its flexural rigidity and/or the characteristics of the coating materials, so that the fiber remains elastically stable. The developed model can be used also in the design and reliability evaluations of composites, including nano-composites, and in flexible (large area) photonics when high-modulus and lowexpansion fibers are embedded into a high-modulus-and-low-expansion matrix and experience axial compression at low temperature conditions.
Regulation of macrophage migration by a novel plasminogen receptor Plg-RKT

Localization of plasmin on macrophages and activation of pro–MMP-9 play key roles in macrophage recruitment in the inflammatory response. These functions are promoted by plasminogen receptors exposing C-terminal basic residues on the macrophage surface. Recently, we identified a novel transmembrane plasminogen receptor, Plg-RKT, which exposes a C-terminal lysine on the cell surface. In the present study, we investigated the role of Plg-RKT in macrophage invasion, chemotactic migration, and recruitment. Plg-RKT was prominently expressed in membranes of human peripheral blood monocytes and monocytoid cells. Plasminogen activation by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) was markedly inhibited (by 39%) by treatment with anti–Plg-RKT mAb. Treatment of monocytes with anti–Plg-RKT mAb substantially inhibited invasion through the representative matrix, Matrigel, in response to MCP-1 (by 54% compared with isotype control). Furthermore, chemotactic migration was also inhibited by treatment with anti–Plg-RKT mAb (by 64%). In a mouse model of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, anti–Plg-RKT mAb markedly inhibited macrophage recruitment (by 58%), concomitant with a reduction in pro–MMP-9 activation in the inflamed peritoneum. Treatment with anti–Plg-RKT mAb did not further reduce the low level of macrophage recruitment in plasminogen-null mice. We conclude that Plg-RKT plays a key role in the plasminogen-dependent regulation of macrophage invasion, chemotactic migration, and recruitment in the inflammatory response.
A Theory of Organizational Response to Hospital Regulation: A Reply

A recently published general theory of organizational response to regulation is examined. A number of problems are observed in regard to the basic assumption underlying the theory, the directionality of predicted relationships forming the theory, the exclusion of goal attainment as a realistic motivation for managing, and the generality of the theory.
Seismology and structural geology

It is an axiom that the world's major seismic zones coincide with the zones in which crustal deformation is now in progress, and it is therefore evident that seismology and structural geology have many interests in common. And one has only to recall the importance of the third dimension—depth—to structural geology to realize how much reason geologists have to turn to the seismologists and other geophysicists for help in solving their fundamental problems. For, granting that erosion has made available for study a vertical section of the Earth s crust amounting to perhaps five miles, it yet remains true that to date the study of earth-structures has, for the most part, been developed on the basis of surface-observation, plus speculation. This is not the whole truth, because the studies of oil company geophysicists, and of other geophysicists, are coming to be known and appreciated by students of tectonics, but even so the structural geologist still lacks a number of basic facts which he must have if he is to arrive at clear-cut and definite answers to a number of fundamental questions regarding the nature of the deformational process and regarding the character of the structural features characteristically produced by tectonic disturbances.
Mycorrhizal fungal identity and richness determine the diversity and productivity of a tallgrass prairie system

We investigated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) species richness and composition on plant community productivity and diversity, and whether AMF mediate plant species coexistence by promoting niche differentiation in phosphorus use. Our experiment manipulated AMF species richness and identity across a range of P conditions in tallgrass prairie mesocosms. We showed that increasing AMF richness promoted plant diversity and productivity, but that this AMF richness effect was small relative to the effects of individual AMF species. We found little support for AMF-facilitated complementarity in P use. Rather, the AMF richness effect appeared to be caused by the inclusion of particular diversity- and productivity-promoting AMF (a sampling effect). Furthermore, the identity of the diversity-promoting fungi changed with P environment, as did the relationship between the diversity-promoting and productivity-promoting benefits of AMF. Our results suggest that plant diversity and productivity are more responsive to AMF identity than to AMF diversity per se, and that AMF identity and P environment can interact in complex ways to alter community-level properties.
Macrolevel Theory and Local-Level Inequality: Industrial Structure, Institutional Arrangements, and the Political Economy of Redistribution, 1970 and 1990

This study assesses the explanatory power of macrolevel political economy theory for redistribution across local areas. We focus on contentions about the role of industrial structure and institutional arrangements in income growth and inequality in two periods, 1970 and 1990. Specific hypotheses are derived from the Social Structures of Accumulation approach. These include (1) that redistribution processes have shifted, with manufacturing employment and institutional arrangements between capital-labor and state-citizens less able to generate local growth and reduce income inequality than in the past, and (2) that effects of manufacturing employment on inequality are partly contingent on local institutional context. These hypotheses are tested for U.S. counties using regression models that conceptualize geographic processes through spatial diffusion effects and nesting of counties within states. Results support most baseline, 1970 relationships suggested by theory. Other findings run counter to political e...
Responsiveness of selected biomarkers of tissue damage to external load and frequency during repetitive lumbar flexion/extension

Abstract Quantifying biomarkers related to tissues commonly injured in occupational settings may be useful for exposure assessment or predicting injury risk. Here, serum levels of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein (COMP), Interleukin-6 (IL6), and Creatine Kinase (CK) were obtained before and after participants completed a repetitive lumbar flexion/extension task. The task was done for one hour, using five combinations of external load and frequency. COMP levels did not change over time or between exposure conditions. IL6 levels were significantly affected by time and by external load, while CK levels were significantly affected by the load × frequency interaction. Greater external load and frequency (for CK only) resulted in greater peak values of IL6 and CK, and both biomarkers recovered by 24 h after task completion. Since IL6 and CK levels exhibited a dose–response relationship to exposure levels, they may have potential use in the occupational domain. Relevance to industry This study investigated the effects of external load and frequency, during repetitive lumbar flexion/extension, on biomarkers that reflect tissue injury. Responses of biomarkers related to muscle use and damage (IL6 and CK) support earlier epidemiological evidence, and these may have future value in predicting occupational injury risk.
Classical and molecular approaches for managing nematodes affecting potato

Potato cyst (Globodera spp.), root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), and root lesion (Pratylenchus spp.) nematodes are the most economically important nematodes of potatoes in temperate climates. Potato cyst nematodes occur worldwide and include two species, Globodera pallida (the white cyst nematode) and Globodera rostochiensis (the golden nematode), each composed of several pathotypes. The gene H1 which confers a high level of resistance to the golden nematode pathotype Rol, has been bred into several potato cultivars that are grown worldwide. Mapping of the H) gene has led to the development of a molecular marker to screen segregating populations for resistance to the golden nematode and to monitor the use of resistant cultivars in statutory control programs. Pathotype Ro2 of the golden nematode that overcomes H1-mediated resistance was recently discovered in New York State in the United States, and a high level of resistance to this pathotype has been identified. Several sources of resistance to G. pallida are...
On the domination of the products of graphs II: Trees

For a graph G, a subset of vertices D is a dominating set if for each vertex X not in D, X is adjacent to at least one vertex of D. The domination number, γ(G), is the order of the smallest such set. An outstanding conjecture in the theory of domination is for any two graph G and H, One result presented in this paper settles this question in the case when at least one of G or H is a tree. We show that for all graphs G and any tree T. Furthermore, we supply a partial characterization for which pairs of trees, T1 and T2, strict inequality occurs. We show for almost all pairs of trees.
Experimental investigation of the flowfield resulting from the interaction between an impinging jet and a rotating disk

Abstract The highly stressed blade attachment regions of high-temperature turbine disks can be cooled by fluid jets directed to impinge at or near the disk outer rim. With such a scheme the cooling effect can be both intense and localized. Earlier heat transfer studies suggest that the achieved cooling rates are closely related to the detailed flow structure in the region where the jet interacts with the disk wall boundary layer, where the velocity is maximum at the wall. The interaction is expected to be quite different from the usual situation of ajet in a crossflow, and the present study was conducted to document the details of the mean and fluctuating velocity fields in the interaction region. Tests were conducted in a specially fabricated chamber employing water as the test fluid, and the detailed structures of the turbulent velocity fields were measured by laser-Doppler velocimetric methods. With sufficient jet flow, the jet is found to penetrate very deeply into the wall boundary layer, with jet expansion against the direction of disk rotation observed even at the measurement locations closet to the disk.
N-15 Identification of nonpoint sources of nitrate contamination beneath cropland in the Nebraska Panhandle: two case studies

Abstract Monitoring of municipal wells near the town of Sidney and domestic wells near Oshkosh in Nebraska's Panhandle indicated the nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) levels were increasing and exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/l NO3-N in several wells. Both areas are located in narrow stream valleys that are characterized by well-drained soils, highly permeable intermediate vadose zones, shallow depths to groundwater, and intensive irrigated corn production. Both areas also have a large confined cattle feeding operation near the suspected contamination and potentially could be contaminated by more than on nitrate source. At Sidney NO3-N concentrations were measured in 13 monitoring wells installed along an east-west transect im the direction of groundwater flow, 26 private wells, and eight municipal wells. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were homogeneous beneath a 5 km by 1.2 km area and averaged 11.3 ± 1.8 mg/l NO3-N. The δ15N-NO3 values in the monitoring and municipal wells had a narrow range from +5.8 to +8.8%. The isotopic ratios are indicative of a mixed source of nitrate contamination, which originates from agronomic (commercial fertilizer N and mineralized N) N and animal waste. Both commercial fertilizer N and animal wastes are applied to the irrigated fields. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in two multilevel samplers installed downgradient from irrigated cornfields at the Oshkosh site averaged 20.1 ± 13.3 mg/l NO3-N and 37.3 ± 8.2 mg/l NO3-N. The δ15N-NO3 values spanned a narrow range from +3.5 to +5.9% and averaged +4.0 ± 0.5% and +5.0 ± 0.6%. These low values are indicative of leachates from commercial fertilizer applied to the irrigated fields.
Abnormalities of pulmonary function in patients with congestive heart failure, and reversal with ipratropium bromide

Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have baseline restrictive and obstructive abnormalities in pulmonary function. Thus, improvement of respiratory parameters may provide a new method for the treatment of CHF. Ipratropium is an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator with no reported cardiac or systemic effect. A pilot study was performed to investigate the acute effects of a 72 micrograms inhaled dose of ipratropium bromide on pulmonary function and pulmonary artery pressures in 18 nonsmokers and 11 smokers with severe (New York Heart Association class 2 or 3), stable CHF who were referred for orthotopic cardiac transplantation. An unmatched group of 10 healthy subjects (5 men and 5 women, mean age 36.8 +/- 1.8 years) were studied with pulmonary function testing alone. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in 15 of 18 nonsmokers with CHF showed a favorable response with a mean improvement of 5.1% (2.74 +/- 0.20 to 2.89 +/- 0.19 liter after drug treatment; p = 0.0026). Forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75) improved by 19% (2.50 +/- 0.25 to 3.09 +/- 0.28 liter/s; p = 0.0013). Eight of 11 smokers with CHF responded with a 9.5% increase in FEV1 (2.32 +/- 0.21 to 2.54 +/- 0.19 liter; p = 0.0006) and a 23.2% increase in FEF25-75 (1.82 +/- 0.38 to 2.37 +/- 0.46 liter/s; p = 0.0029). Pulmonary artery pressures, cardiac output, systemic arterial pressures, and cardiac rate and rhythm were unaffected by administration of the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Correlations of coronary plaque wall thickness with wall pressure and wall pressure gradient: a representative case study.

Background: There are two major hemodynamic stresses imposed at the blood arterial wall interface by flowing blood: the wall shear stress (WSS) acting tangentially to the wall, and the wall pressure (WP) acting normally to the wall. The role of flow wall shear stress in atherosclerosis progression has been under intensive investigation, while the impact of blood pressure on plaque progression has been under-studied. Method: The correlations of wall thickness (WT) with wall pressure (WP, blood pressure on the lumen wall) and spatial wall pressure gradient (WPG) in a human atherosclerotic right coronary artery were studied. The pulsatile blood flow was simulated using a three dimensional mathematical model. The blood was treated as an incompressible viscous non-Newtonian fluid. The geometry of the artery was re-constructed using an in vivo intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) 44-slice dataset obtained from a patient with consent obtained. The WT, the WP and the WPG were averaged on each slice, respectively, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed on slice averaged base. Each slice was then divided into 8 segments and averaged vessel WT, WP and WPG were collected from all 352 segments for correlation analysis. Each slice was also divided into 2 segments (inner semi-wall of bend and outer semi-wall of bend) and the correlation analysis was performed on the 88 segments. Results: Under mean pressure, the Pearson coefficient for correlation between WT and WP was r=� 0.52 (p<0.0001) by 2-segment analysis and r=� 0.81 (p<0.0001) by slice averaged analysis, respectively. The Pearson coefficient for correlation between WT and WPG was r=0.30 (p=0.004) by 2-segment analysis and r=0.45 (p=0.002) by slice averaged analysis, respectively. The r-values corresponding to systole and diastole pressure conditions were similar. Conclusions: Results from this representative case report indicated that plaque wall thickness correlated negatively with wall pressure (r=�0.81 by slice) and positively with wall pressure gradient (r=0.45). The slice averaged WT has a strong linear relationship with the slice averaged WP. Large-scale patient studies are needed to further confirm our findings.
Turbulence modeling effects on calculation of lobed nozzle flowfields

Two Reynolds-averaged Navier‐Stokes solvers, CFL3D and WIND, are applied to the subsonic turbulent jet flowfield originating from a six-lobed nozzle, with emphasis placed on turbulence modeling effects. The turbulence models investigated include linear one-equation and two-equation models and nonlinear two-equation explicit algebraic stress model (EASM) formulations. Two nozzle operating points are investigated, corresponding to exit Mach numbers of 0.30 and 0.94. Comparisons of calculated mean axial velocities and turbulence intensities are made with experimental data. All of the turbulence models were deficient in predicting the initial mixing rate exhibited by the experimental data. The one-equation model provided the best agreement with experimental data in the near field of the jet. The linear two-equation models and a modified EASM provided better agreement with data in the farfield. The Mach 0.30 k‐ω EASM calculation required a time-accurate calculation because of significant unsteadiness in the initial jet region, which is believed to be characteristic of the nozzle flow under consideration.
Temperament and intuition: A commentary on Feltz and Cokely

In this paper, we examine Adam Feltz and Edward Cokely's recent claim that "the personality trait extraversion predicts people's intuitions about the relationship of determinism to free will and moral responsibility" (INSERT REFERENCE). We will first present some criticisms of their work before briefly examining the results of a recent study of our own. We argue that while Feltz and Cokely have their finger on the pulse of an interesting and important issue, they have not established a robust and stable connection between extraversion and compatibilist-friendly intuitions.
Communication clarity in strategic management data sources

Researchers often use organizational documents as source material without considering that measurements of organizational attributes might vary according to the document type used. We examine the communication clarity, described by sensitivity and specificity, of three document types used to score organizational strategy variables. We hypothesize that each type will have greater sensitivity or greater specificity, depending upon document objectives and rhetorical devices. Using a partial least squares analysis method, all except one hypothesis were supported: communication clarity does vary by document type. Shortcomings of each document type are discussed and possible ways for strategy researchers to overcome those shortcomings are suggested.
Demographic, institutional and obstetrical risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage mortality

This study, initially presented at the SMFM Annual Conference in San Diego on 29 January 2009, sought to explore the risk factors for mortality from postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). A total of 138,316 cases of PPH from 1991 to 2000 were identified using the California Health Discharge Database. Data analysed included demographic information and clinical risk factors. PPH increased from 1.9% to 2.8%, while mortality rate decreased during the study period (1991-2000). Logistic regression showed that hysterectomy, hypertensive disorders, abruption, transverse caesarean delivery, and classical caesarean delivery, increased risk for PPH mortality, while manual placental extraction, episiotomy, and laceration repairs decreased risk. Two geographical regions, Inland Empire and Orange County, were associated with increased PPH mortality, despite having lower incidence of PPH. Teaching status and investor ownership of hospitals increased the risk of PPH mortality. There was no associated change in mortality based on hospital quality rating.
Elastic-Plastic Compaction of Geopressured Sandstone

The economic development of United States Gulf Coast geopressured-geothermal energy resources depends in part upon an improved understanding of reservoir rock response to long-term aquifer production. Although field experiments have shown that rock mechanical response can significantly influence well production rates and that sand production problems can prevent efficient reservoir depletion, the absence of general reservoir rock models has hindered analytical studies of such problems. This paper provides experimental property measurements and a three- dimensional elastic-plastic constitutive model for sandstone cored from the most active Gulf Coast geopressured well currently in operation.
The Relationship of Anger, Depression, and Perceived Disability Among Headache Patients

Depression is a common concomitant of headache. Conflict with regard to anger or the expression of anger has also been discussed in terms of its relationships to headache. The direction of the relationship between headaches and depression and/or anger is not clear from available research literature. Thus, the present study proposed to examine the interrelationships among measures of anger expression, depression and self-reported disability in a sample of chronic headache patients. It was predicted that there would be significant correlations between depression and perceived disability, and anger held in and perceived disability. Finally, it was predicted that anger held in would be shown to impact perceived disability by way of its relationship to depression. Path analysis was employed to investigate the relationships among the variables. Results showed a significant and positive relationship between depression and perceived disability, which supported the first hypothesis. Anger expression was not significantly related to perceived disability. Therefore, the second hypothesis was not supported. Anger-in, however, was strongly and positively related to depression. Although the causal direction of the relationships cannot be stated with certainty, the suppression of anger appears to be a moderating variable that amplifies the experience of depression among chronic headache patients.
Association between current asthma and secondhand smoke exposure in vehicles among adults living in four US states

Objective Many states have implemented laws prohibiting tobacco smoking in indoor public places. However, private settings remain a major source of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure for many people. We assessed the association between current asthma and SHS exposure in vehicles among adult never-smokers in Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi. Methods Data came from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a state-based telephone survey of US adults aged ≥18 years. Analyses were restricted to states (n=4) that administered an optional SHS module. Prevalence of self-reported asthma and past 7-day SHS exposure in vehicles was calculated by demographics, voluntary smoke-free vehicle rules and SHS exposure in homes, public places and workplaces. Logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted association between asthma and SHS exposure in vehicles. Results Among 17 863 never-smoking adults, 7.4% reported having current asthma, whereas 12.3% reported past 7-day SHS exposure in vehicles. Among adults with asthma, SHS exposure in vehicles was lower among those with voluntary smoke-free rules compared with those without voluntary smoke-free rules (9.5% vs 56.7%, p Conclusions Never-smoking adults recently exposed to SHS in a vehicle had higher odds of having current asthma compared with unexposed adults. Efforts are warranted to warn about the dangers of SHS and to encourage voluntary smoke-free rules in vehicles, especially among adults with asthma.
Gobichelin A and B: Mixed-Ligand Siderophores Discovered Using Proteomics.

“Omic” strategies have been increasingly applied to natural product discovery processes, with (meta-)genome sequencing and mining implemented in many laboratories to date. Using the proteomics-based discovery platform called PrISM (Proteomic Investigation of Secondary Metabolism), we discovered two new siderophores gobichelin A and B from Streptomyces sp. NRRL F-4415, a strain without a sequenced genome. Using the proteomics information as a guide, the 37 kb gene cluster responsible for production of gobichelins was sequenced and its 20 open reading frames interpreted into a biosynthetic scheme. This led to the targeted detection and structure elucidation of the new compounds produced by nonribosomal peptide (NRP) synthesis.
Metrological characterization of 3D imaging systems: progress report on standards developments

A significant issue for companies or organizations integrating non-contact three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems into their production pipeline is deciding in which technology to invest. Quality non-contact 3D imaging systems typically involve a significant investment when considering the cost of equipment, training, software, and maintenance contracts over the functional lifetime of a given system or systems notwithstanding the requirements of the global nature of manufacturing activities. Numerous methods have been published to “help” users navigate the many products and specifications claims about “quality”. Moreover, the “best” system for one application may not be ideally suited for another application. The lack of publically-available characterization methods from trusted sources for certain areas of 3D imaging make it difficult for a typical user to select a system based on information written on a specification sheet alone. An internationally-recognized standard is a vehicle that allows better communication between users and manufacturers. It is in this context that we present a progress report on standards developments to date in the diverse, but finite, world of non-contact 3D imaging systems from the nanometre to the 100 m range.
Composite or Confusion Seeking Coherence in Multiplicity

The importance and challenges of the teaching of nursing theory in Uganda are discussed in this introduction to the column that follows it. Two assumptions are questioned, the first is that it is easier to teach nursing students in places like Uganda concrete theories rather than abstract ones, and the other is that a composite of theoretical perspectives in nursing is more practical than a unified theoretical framework for nurses and advanced practice nurses.
Protection of HIF-1-deficient primary renal tubular epithelial cells from hypoxia-induced cell death is glucose dependent

Ischemic acute renal failure is a frequent clinical problem in hospitalized patients and is associated with significant mortality. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) mediates cellular adaptation to...
Lineage-specific responses of tooth shape in murine rodents (murinae, rodentia) to late Miocene dietary change in the Siwaliks of Pakistan

Past ecological responses of mammals to climate change are recognized in the fossil record by adaptive significance of morphological variations. To understand the role of dietary behavior on functional adaptations of dental morphology in rodent evolution, we examine evolutionary change of tooth shape in late Miocene Siwalik murine rodents, which experienced a dietary shift toward C4 diets during late Miocene ecological change indicated by carbon isotopic evidence. Geometric morphometric analysis in the outline of upper first molars captures dichotomous lineages of Siwalik murines, in agreement with phylogenetic hypotheses of previous studies (two distinct clades: the Karnimata and Progonomys clades), and indicates lineage-specific functional responses to mechanical properties of their diets. Tooth shapes of the two clades are similar at their sympatric origin but deviate from each other with decreasing overlap through time. Shape change in the Karnimata clade is associated with greater efficiency of propalinal chewing for tough diets than in the Progonomys clade. Larger body mass in Karnimata may be related to exploitation of lower-quality food items, such as grasses, than in smaller-bodied Progonomys. The functional and ecophysiological aspects of Karnimata exploiting C4 grasses are concordant with their isotopic dietary preference relative to Progonomys. Lineage-specific selection was differentially greater in Karnimata, and a faster rate of shape change toward derived Karnimata facilitated inclusion of C4 grasses in the diet. Sympatric speciation in these clades is most plausibly explained by interspecific competition on resource utilization between the two, based on comparisons of our results with the carbon isotope data. Interspecific competition with Karnimata may have suppressed morphological innovation of the Progonomys clade. Pairwise analyses of morphological and carbon isotope data can uncover ecological causes of sympatric speciation and define functional adaptations of teeth to resources.
Should the scope of addictive behaviors be broadened to include pathological gambling

Aims Pathological gambling is currently considered an impulse control disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). This paper considers the prospect of reclassifying and broadening the substance use disorders to include non-pharmacological addictions such as pathological gambling. Methods Literature reviews were conducted on areas relevant to pathological gambling and its classification and similarities to substance use disorders. Results The diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling are outlined across the three versions of the DSM since its initial introduction. The paper also describes instruments that have been used to assess the disorder, basic epidemiology and some biological and genetic data, especially in terms of potential overlap with substance use disorders. Similarities and differences with respect to treatments are reviewed as well. Conclusions Both advantages and disadvantages should be considered with respect to expanding the classification system to include pathological gambling within the context of addictive disorders.
Distributed reorder buffer schemes for low power

We consider two approaches for reducing the complexity and power dissipation in processors that use separate register file to maintain committed register values. The first approach relies on a distributed implementation of the reorder buffer (ROB) that spreads the centralized ROB structure across the function units (FUs), with each distributed component sized to match the FU workload and with one write port and two read ports on each component. The second approach combines the use of the previously proposed retention latches and a distributed ROB implementation that uses minimally-ported distributed components. Such a combination avoids any read and write port conflicts on the distributed ROB components (with the exception of possible port conflicts in the course of commitment) and does not incur the associated performance degradation. Our designs are evaluated using the simulation of the SPEC 2000 benchmarks and SPICE simulations of the actual ROB layouts in 0.18 micron process. The ROB power savings of up to 49% can be realized with only 1.7% performance loss on the average.
The tip of the tail: molecular identification of seahorses for sale in apothecary shops and curio stores in California

Millions of seahorses a year are traded internationally, with many eventually sold at retail shops as curios, as aquarium pets, and especially for use in traditional medicine. The entire genus is now protected by CITES, but conservation measures have been limited in part by difficulties with species identification and incomplete understanding of trade patterns. In this study, we use molecular techniques to make species- and population-level identifications of 56 seahorses sampled from both traditional medicine and curio shops in San Francisco and central California. Seahorses from medicinal sources included unexpectedly large numbers of the eastern Pacific Hippocampus ingens, a species poorly protected by current CITES export recommendations. Curio shops were dominated by H. barbouri, a spiny species that has been reportedly confused in trading records as H. histrix. Specific populations of origin could be inferred for several species through comparison with publicly available phylogeographic data. Our results underscore the strengths and weaknesses of current recommended export regulations, and we suggest that molecular forensics can help in verifying trade documentation and developing more effective conservation measures.
Structural and functional studies of the Ras-associating and pleckstrin-homology domains of Grb10 and Grb14

Growth factor receptor-binding proteins Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14 are adaptor proteins containing a Ras-associating (RA) domain, a pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain, a family-specific BPS (between PH and SH2) region and a C-terminal Src-homology-2 domain. Previous structural studies showed that the Grb14 BPS region binds as a pseudosubstrate inhibitor in the tyrosine kinase domain of the insulin receptor to suppress insulin signaling. Here we report the crystal structure of the RA and PH domains of Grb10 at 2.6-A resolution. The structure reveals that these two domains, along with the intervening linker, form an integrated, dimeric structural unit. Biochemical studies demonstrated that Grb14 binds to activated Ras, which may serve as a timing mechanism for downregulation of insulin signaling. Our results illuminate the membrane-recruitment mechanisms not only of Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14 but also of MIG-10, Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule, lamellipodin and Pico, proteins involved in actin-cytoskeleton rearrangement that share a structurally related RA-PH tandem unit.
Assessment of BRAF V600E Status in Colorectal Carcinoma: Tissue-Specific Discordances between Immunohistochemistry and Sequencing

Although sequencing provides the gold standard for identifying colorectal carcinoma with BRAF V600E mutation, immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the recently developed mouse monoclonal antibody VE1 for BRAF V600E protein has shown promise as a more widely available and rapid method. However, we identified anecdotal discordance between VE1 IHC and sequencing results and therefore analyzed VE1 staining by two different IHC methods (Leica Bond and Ventana BenchMark) in whole tissue sections from 480 colorectal carcinomas (323 BRAF wild-type, 142 BRAF V600E mutation, and 15 BRAF non-V600E mutation). We also compared the results with melanomas and papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC). With the Bond method, among 142 BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal carcinomas, 77 (54%) had diffuse VE1 staining and 48 (33%) had heterogeneous staining, but 17 (12%) were negative. Among 323 BRAF wild-type colorectal carcinomas, 196 (61%) were negative, but 127 (39%) had staining, including 7 with diffuse staining. When positivity was defined as staining in ≥ 20% of tumor cells, VE1 IHC had sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 93% for BRAF V600E mutation. With the Ventana method, among 57 BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal carcinomas, 36 (63%) had diffuse VE1 staining, whereas 6 (11%) had no or weak (<20% of tumor cells) staining. Among 33 BRAF wild-type colorectal carcinomas, 16 (48%) had no or weak staining, whereas 15 (45%) had heterogeneous staining. In contrast with colorectal carcinoma, Bond and Ventana VE1 IHC in melanoma and PTC were highly concordant with sequencing results. We conclude that VE1 IHC produces suboptimal results in colorectal carcinoma and should not be used to guide patient management.
Twelve-month contraceptive continuation and repeat pregnancy among young mothers choosing postdelivery contraceptive implants or postplacental intrauterine devices.

Objective To compare discontinuation rates and incidence of repeat pregnancy within 1 year among young mothers choosing postplacental intrauterine devices (IUDs) versus postpartum contraceptive implants. Study design We enrolled a prospective cohort of postpartum adolescents and young women who chose either postplacental IUDs or postpartum contraceptive implants prior to hospital discharge. We used chart review and phone interviews to assess device discontinuation (by request or expulsion) and pregnancy within 12 months. Results Of the 244 13-22 year-old participants, 82 chose IUDs (74 levonorgestrel IUDs and 8 copper IUDs), and 162 chose implants. Both groups had participant-requested discontinuation rates of 14% (9/67 IUD; 19/135 implant) within 1 year. Participants choosing IUDs had a 25% (17/67) expulsion rate. Median time to expulsion was 4.1 weeks (range: 0.4-29.3 weeks, 16/17 within 12 weeks), and participants recognized 15/17 expulsions. IUD initiators had significantly higher pregnancy rates by 12 months (7.6% vs. 1.5%, p=0.04). Most pregnancies occurred when women discontinued their initial device and did not start alternative contraception. Discussion Participant-requested discontinuation was similar in both groups. Differences in overall device discontinuation rates were due to IUD expulsions. Pregnancy rates by 12 months postpartum were lower than previously reported in this age group in both implant initiators and IUD initiators. Implications Young mothers who choose postplacental IUDs or postpartum contraceptive implants are unlikely to request removal within the first year. Clinicians should counsel postplacental IUD users that early expulsion is common (25%) and may be unrecognized (11% of expulsions). Patients should have a plan for contraceptive management should expulsion occur.
On Conflicts between Genetic and Developmental Viewpoints — And Their Attempted Resolution in Molecular Biology

This paper concerns the apparent rapprochement, now underway, between genetics and developmental biology.1 For there to be a rapprochement, of course, there must have been long-standing disagreements. The disagreements between embryology and genetics bear all the stigmata of a deep discordance between research traditions built on conflicting assumptions and practices. They have been discussed by many historians of science and shown to rest on conceptual and institutional differences, on differences in the experimental and field practices of geneticists and embryologists and on the distinctive behaviors of the biological materials they traditionally employed.’ Suffice to say that the disagreements were based in part on the absolute inability of geneticists to show how genes could account for the Bauplan of an organism and on their failure to give any weight to such phenomena as cytoplasmic gradients in the egg, polarities in the egg and the early embryo, cell death in organogenesis, and so on.3 These complaints against genetics were just and remain so, although that fact does not reveal whether they are biologically or philosophically important.
The combination of bevacizumab (B) and erlotinib (E) shows significant biological activity in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

4567 Purpose: HCC is the 5th most common solid tumor worldwide and the incidence is rising in western countries. >75% of patients (pts) have advanced disease and are ineligible for surgical or loco-regional therapies. Existing cytotoxic chemotherapy does not prolong pt survival and can have significant toxicity in cirrhotic pts. HCC are highly vascular tumors, and based on the prevalence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) in HCC, we are conducting a phase II, single-arm, open-label trial of B and E in pts with HCC. Patients and Methods: Eligibility criteria include biopsy-proven unresectable HCC, Child- Pugh class A or B cirrhosis, bilirubin = 2.0 mg/dL, transaminases (TA)= 5 x ULN, Plts = 50,000 K/UL and ECOG PS = 2. Prior allowed therapies are surgery, external radiotherapy, ablation, chemoembolization (TACE) and one systemic therapy. Pts receive B 10 mg/kg q14 days plus E 150 mg orally daily until PD or unacceptable toxicity. Results: The primary e...