cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Agricultural Research System of the Former Soviet Union: Past and Future

In recent times, the agricultural research establishment of the Soviet Union represented a significant portion, some say more than one-quarter, of the global agricultural research system. Things have changed in several respects, even well before the break-up of the Union, mainly involving a variety of reductions in the effective capacity of the establishment. Most recently, this has been through severe underfunding of the many facilities that continue 'in service'. For many years, however, the system has shown symptoms of bloated bureaucracy, a situation not unknown elsewhere in the Soviet administration. The patchy data on various aspects of the research system, past and present, are presented and critically assessed as a prelude to developing sensible stances on investment and rationalization in the agricultural research systems of the Former Soviet Union. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized Frobenius groups

A pair (G. K) in whichG is a finite group andK◃G, 1<K<G, is said to satisfy (F2) if |C G (x)|=|C G/K (xK)| for allx∈G/K. First we survey all the examples known to us of such pairs in whichG is neither ap-group nor a Frobenius group with Frobenius kernelK. Then we show that under certain restrictions there are, essentially, all the possible examples.
Numerical Modeling of Fluid Transients by a Finite Volume Procedure for Rocket Propulsion Systems

This paper describes the application of a finite volume procedure for a fluid network to predict fluid transients following a rapid valve closure in a long cryogenic pipeline. The conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and the equation of state for real fluids are solved in the fluid network consisting of nodes and branches. In the present formulation, the speed of sound does not appear explicitly in the governing equations. Instead, the equation of state for a real fluid is solved in conjunction with the conservation equations to calculate the compressibility factor for modeling the wave propagation phenomenon. The numerical procedure is also capable of modeling the wave propagation due to phase change and gas-liquid mixture. The predicted history of pressure and velocity variation in a single pipe has been compared to the solution by the method of characteristics (MOC) for liquid oxygen (LO2 ), liquid hydrogen (LH2 ), and water (H2 O). The paper also presents the numerical solution of pressure surges for a gas-liquid mixture, condensation of vapor, and flow circuit with parallel branches and tailpipe.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
LC/MS analysis of cyclohexanedione oxime herbicides in water.

A multiresidue method for the determination of alloxydim (methyl 2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-5-[1-[2-propenyloxy)amino]butylidene]cyclohexanecarboxylate), clethodim (E,E)-(±)-2-[1-[[3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy]imino]propyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one), sethoxydim ((±)-2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one), and two metabolites, clethodim sulfoxide ((E,E)-(±)-2-[1-[[3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy]imino]propyl]-5-[2-(ethylsulfinyl)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one) and sethoxydim sulfoxide ((±)-2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-ethylsulfinyl)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one), in water by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray/mass spectrometry (LC/ES/MS) is reported. River water and distilled water were spiked at 0.08 and 0.8 μg L-1 with all three herbicides, which were then extracted from the water by C18-SPE (SPE = solid-phase extraction). The herbicides and metabolites were quantified and confirmed using selected ion monitoring. The percent...
Patterns and statistical analysis for understanding reduced resource computing

We present several general, broadly applicable mechanisms that enable computations to execute with reduced resources, typically at the cost of some loss in the accuracy of the result they produce.We identify several general computational patterns that interact well with these resource reduction mechanisms, present a concrete manifestation of these patterns in the form of simple model programs, perform simulationbased explorations of the quantitative consequences of applying these mechanisms to our model programs, and relate the model computations (and their interaction with the resource reduction mechanisms) to more complex benchmark applications drawn from a variety of fields.
Promoting long-term weight control: does dieting consistency matter?

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined whether long-term weight loss maintenance is enhanced by maintaining the same diet regimen across the week and year or by dieting more strictly on weekdays and nonholiday periods than at other times. METHOD: National Weight Control Registry participants (N=1429) indicated on an eight-point scale whether they dieted more strictly on weekends than weekdays, adhered to the same diet regimen throughout the week, or dieted more strictly on weekdays. Participants responded to a similar question about holiday and vacation eating. Participants were then followed prospectively to determine whether scores on these questions were related to self-reported weight regain over the subsequent 12 months. RESULTS: There was a linear relationship between scores on the dieting consistency questions and weight change over the 1-y period (P's <0.01), with smaller weight gains in those who reported more consistency. Participants who reported a consistent diet across the week were 1.5 times more likely to maintain their weight within 5 pounds over the subsequent year (OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.2–2.2) than participants who dieted more strictly on weekdays. A similar relationship emerged between dieting consistency across the year and subsequent weight regain. CONCLUSION: Dieting consistency appears to be a behavioral strategy that predicts subsequent long-term weight loss maintenance.
CONTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION TO QUALITY OF URBAN STORM RUNOFF

Summary Precipitation and runoff samples were collected for 13 storms in a nonindustrial urban area in Central Pennsylvania between July 1980 and June 1981. Runoff was collected from tree surfaces, a residential roof and street, a shopping mall parking lot, a downtown business district alley, and a heavily traveled street. Analysis of the water samples showed 10 to 25 percent of the nitrogen, 25 percent of the sulfate, and less than 5 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in water below a tree was deposited by the precipitation. The residential roof caused insignificant changes in water chemistry. The results for the four paved areas showed that all the nitrogen, and from 16 to 40 percent of the sulfate and 13, 4, and 2 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, respectively, in runoff was deposited by the precipitation. Precipitation can also be an important source of sulfate and phosphorus in runoff. All of the surfaces raised the pH of the runoff, with the largest increases, from a pH of 4 to about 7, occurring in runoff from the paved areas. Precipitation and runoff chemistry was not related to antecedent conditions such as the length of the preceding dry period.
Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity by the commensal microbiota

The microbial communities that inhabit the intestinal tract are essential for mammalian health. Communication between the microbiota and the host establishes and maintains immune homeostasis, enabling protective immune responses against pathogens while preventing adverse inflammatory responses to harmless commensal microbes. Specific bacteria, such as segmented filamentous bacteria, Clostridium species, and Bacteroides fragilis, are key contributors to immune homeostasis in the gut. The cellular and molecular interactions between intestinal microbes and the immune system are rapidly being elucidated. Here, we review advances in our understanding of the microbial populations that shape the mucosal immune system and create a protective defense that prevents infection while tolerating friendly commensals.
Treatment strategies for central nervous system infections

Central nervous system (CNS) infections continue to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Current strategies for prevention and therapy of CNS infection are compromised by incomplete understanding of the microbial-host interactions that contribute to its pathogenesis and emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Our development of successful strategies in prevention and treatment of bacterial meningitis requires multifactorial concepts and approaches, which include advances in vaccinology, epidemiology of meningitis, emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial agents, as well as the pathogenesis of meningitis. Prevention of bacterial meningitis targeting microbes has been effective, such as vaccination. The introduction of the protein conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis has changed the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis is efficacious in prevention against H. influenzae type b and N. meningitidis meningitis. Suspected bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency and requires empiric antimicrobial therapy without delay, but recognition of pathogens with increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents is an important factor in selection of empiric antimicrobial regimen. A more complete understanding of the microbial-host interactions that are involved in the pathogenesis of CNS infections and associated neurologic sequelae is likely to help in developing new strategies for prevention and therapy of CNS infection.
Spatial Aspects of Post‐1970 Work Force Migration in the United States

The author examines the spatial distribution of population and economic activities in the United States with particular reference to the phenomenon of renewed growth in nonmetropolitan areas. The study is based on an analysis disaggregated by region. Data are from the one percent Continuous Work History Sample (ANNOTATION)
Che Guevara’S New Man: Embodying a Communitarian Attitude

In the Platonic dialogue Crito, Socrates is presented with an apparent dilemma: should he flee Athens to avoid the death sentence handed down by the Athenian assembly, or should he accept the sentence even though the charges are unjust? Socrates imagines the laws of Athens asking, "Are we or are we not speaking the truth when we say that you have undertaken, in deed if not in word, to live your life as a citizen in obedience to us?"(Crito 52d24). As a citizen of Athens, Socrates has enjoyed all the privileges associated with that status. Consequently, for him, fleeing is not an option. Who would he be if he left Athens? In exile he would be an individual with no social ties.
FERMI SURFACE OF BERYLLIUM BY POSITRON ANNIHILATION

Measurements have been made of the angular correlation of photons from positron annihilation in single crystals of beryllium. The data yield areas of cross sections of the Fermi sea. The observed distributions of areas show an anisotropy which in in reasonable agreement with qualitative ideas of the Fermi surface of beryllium. Some evidence is seen of the higher momentum components of Bloch wave functions for electrons near a Brillouin zone boundary. (auth)
Observations of fine‐scale transport structure in the upper troposphere from the High‐performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research

[1] The Progressive Science Mission in December 2005 was the first research use of the new NCAR High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER) aircraft. The Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START) component of the mission was designed to investigate the dynamical and chemical structure of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Flight 5 of the Progressive Science mission was a START flight that sampled near the tropopause in an area between the main jet stream and a large, quasi-stationary, cutoff low. The large-scale flow in this region was characterized by a hyperbolic (saddle) point. In this study the in situ measurements by HIAPER are combined with flow analyses and satellite data to investigate the quasi-isentropic stirring of trace species in the upper troposphere. As expected from theoretical considerations, strong stretching and folding deformation of the flow near the hyperbolic point resulted in rapid filamentation of air masses and sharp gradients of constituents. Calculations of the stirring using operational meteorological analyses from the NCEP Global Forecast System model produced excellent agreement with HIAPER and satellite observations of trace species. Back trajectories indicate that elevated ozone levels in some filaments likely came from a large stratospheric intrusion that occurred upstream in the jet over the north Pacific Ocean. The methods presented here can be used with operational forecasts for future flight planning.
The transformation of British culture in the Eastern Cape, 1820–1860

The 1820 Settlers left behind them a rich legacy of material culture: a modelled landscape, houses, ceramics, gravestones and other categories of artefacts. By applying the theoretical principles of structuralism, this evidence reveals the way in which these families on an early nineteenth century frontier conceived of, and ordered, their world. In this paper, we argue that British culture was transformed in the Eastern Cape in this period. Rather than re‐creating the material culture of their mother country, settlers combined elements of the current Georgian order with the archaic forms of the earlier eighteenth century, producing a cultural world consistent with the re‐creation of an agrarian way of life.
Cargo Cults and Discursive Madness

Understood as mimetic portrayals of the image of unlimited good projected by European colonial culture, Melanesian cargo cults are therefore viewed as irrational within indigenous understandings. Consequently, Western anthropological discourse has sought to functionally normalize and nativize cargo cult behaviors at the expense of denying their non-rational character. The result has been a lexical and semantic uncertainty and explanatory instability in cargo cult discourse that can be analyzed as a type of discursive madness. A strategy of reading the madness of cargo cult discourse is outlined and applied to key anthropological texts, in particular Peter Worsley's The Trumpet Shall Sound.
Perfectionism and Peer Relations among Children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

The study examined perfectionism, symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression, and peer relationships among a clinical sample of 31 youth (age range 7-18 years) diagnosed with OCD. Using a correlational design, perfectionistic beliefs accounted for significant variance in OCD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and difficulties in peer relationships for children with OCD. One dimension of perfectionism, sensitivity to mistakes, was the most salient maladaptive aspect of perfectionism for this sample whereas another dimension, contingent self-esteem, emerged as the most salient adaptive dimension. Implications are discussed regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and developmental course of OCD among children and adolescents.
Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of the isolated fibrillar component of nucleoli from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells.

Abstract Nucleoli of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells were fractionated into granular and fibrillar components with solutions containing polyvinsulphate and Mg 2+ (PVS/Mg 2+ ) or solutions containing EDTA. After treatment with the PVS/Mg 2+ solutions, the morphology of the fibrillar component was similar to that in situ inasmuch as they contain fibrillar clusters as well as other fibrillar elements ranging in diameter from 150–700 A. The nucleotide composition of the RNA of the fibrillar and granular fractions was similar to that of ribosomal RNA. In agreement with earlier autoradiographic studies, the kinetics of incorporation of 32 P-orthophosphate into RNA in both fractions showed that the specific activity of the RNA of the fibrillar fraction was fourfold greater than that of RNA in the granular region at 15 min. After 2 h the specific activity of the RNA in the granular region was 1.5 times greater than that in the fibrillar region. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the fibrillar fraction contained fewer proteins than the granular fraction. Some of the proteins were common to both the nucleolar granular particles and cytoplasmic ribosomes while others appeared to be unique to this fraction.
Evolution of intrahost HIV-1 genetic diversity during chronic infection.

Abstract HIV-1 is one of the fastest evolving entities known. Given that census population sizes of HIV-1 within individuals are much greater than the inverse mutation rate, every possible single point mutation in the viral genome occurs each generation. This enormous capability to generate genetic variation allows for escape from immune surveillance and antiviral therapy. However, compared to this potential, populations of HIV-1 within individuals exhibit little genetic variation. This discrepancy between the known mutation rate of HIV-1 and the average level of genetic variation in the env gene observed in vivo is reflected in comparisons of the actual numbers of productively infected cells, estimated as 107, and the effective population size, estimated as 103. Using approximate Bayesian computation, we evaluated several hypotheses based on a variety of selective and demographic processes to explain the low effective population size of HIV-1. Of the models we examined, the metapopulation model, in which...
Curricular Teams: A New Wrinkle in Foreign Language Camps

The Foreign Language Camps at Virginia Tech have operated since 1981 providing week-long immersion experiences for approximately 150 high school students of French, German, and Spanish. This report describes a staffing concept and differentiated reward system at the Virginia Tech Camps: a curricular team composed of a high school teacher, a native speaker, and a junior counselor. This team effectively combines the unique expertise of each member: the teacher's knowledge and experience in teaching adolescents a target language; the native speaker's first-hand knowledge of language and culture; the junior counselor's experiences as a target language learner who is almost one of the campers' peers.
Future developments for fibre optics

Abstract Amazing progress has been made since the original development of low loss optical fibres. Attenuation levels of a few tenths of a decibel have been achieved as well as bandwidths of thousands of megahertz in graded index fibres. The major current challenge of the industry is to transfer these laboratory advances into practical cost effective hardware. At the same time, trends towards longer wavelengths and multiple wavelength operation are quite evident. The next decade of optical fibre technology should see many of these trends brought to fruition with the common availability of high performance cost effective fibres.
An Improved Method for the Purification and Refolding of r56-kDa Proteins from Gilliam and Kato strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi

: The immunodominant 56kDa outer membrane antigens from Orientia tsutsugamushi Kato and Gilliam strains were expressed as inclusion bodies (IBs) in E. coli. The IBs were purified and properly refolded with modifications of a previous procedure used for the production of Karp strain r56 antigen. A mixture of these three r56 proteins exhibited both high sensitivity and specificity for detection of O. tsutsugamushi antibodies by ELISA.
Reverisbility of the lactate dehydrogenase isozyme shift induced by low oxygen tension.

Abstract The shift of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in experimental animals under hypoxia from B (aerobic) to A (anaerobic) is confirmed and its reversibility after removal of the animals to room air is reported. These experiments are interpreted as further supportive evidence of a physiological adaptive role for the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme system. The slow adaptive process observed in this experimental situation presumably requires de novo enzyme synthesis, however, in the emergency of a sudden deprivation of oxygen the liberation of preformed A LDH could be a link in the rapid chain of events resulting in depressed cardiac muscle contractility which follows myocardial infarction. A recently proposed comprehensive explanation of the role of LDH isozymes is thus extended.
Early carotid endarterectomy after cerebral infarction.

The objective of the study was to review our recent experience with carotid endarterectomy performed within 30 days of completed cerebral infarction and to evaluate the role of computed tomographic (CT) scanning in the decision-making process. Twenty-seven of 302 operations (9%) were carried out during the 30-day time period. The mean interval between cerebral infarction and surgery was 14 days. Angiography revealed severe stenosis (greater than 75%) of the internal carotid artery in 19 patients. Severe stenosis with deep ulceration found in 6 patients and moderate stenosis (i.e., 50-75%) with deep ulceration was found in 2 patients. CT scans showed recent infarction in 4 patients and an old subcortical lacune in 2 patients. Twenty-two patients were neurologically stable with mild deficits and showed normal results on a CT scan performed 24 hours or more after the ischemic event. These patients underwent early cerebral angiography and carotid endarterectomy without permanent morbidity or mortality. Two patients with moderate stable neurological deficits and findings of recent infarction on CT scans had uneventful postoperative courses. Five patients who were neurologically unstable underwent surgery. The 2 patients with repeated transient ischemic attacks and normal findings on CT scans had uneventful postoperative courses. Two of the three patients with progressive neurological deficits and CT findings of recent cerebral infarction experienced extension of their infarcts after surgery. One of these patients died. Our personal experience, together with a review of previous reports, indicated that patients who have minimal residual neurological deficits and whose CT scans show normal findings are at low surgical risk, perhaps approaching that of patients with transient ischemic attacks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Management and Control of Interconnected Communications Networks

NATO is placing increased emphasis on the effective utilization of national military and PTT networks as an approach to achieve an early enhancement of the NATO Integrated Communications System (NICS) presently under implementation. Concepts for interconnection with national military transmission and switched networks are under active consideration to extend NICS services and enhance NICS survivability and flexibility. These concepts necessitate a much greater focus on interoperability aspects and on NATO/national interface arrangements across network boundaries for management and control. This paper highlights network management and control issues raised by these different uses of national military systems to enhance NATO communications survivability and flexibility across the threat spectrum.
Assistance: the work practices of human administrative assistants and their implications for it and organizations

Assistance - work carried out by one entity in support of another - is a concept of long-standing interest, both as a type of human work common in organizations and as a model of how computational systems might interact with humans. Surprisingly, the perhaps most paradigmatic form of assistance - the work of administrative assistants or secretaries - has received almost no attention. This paper reports on a study of assistants, and their principals and managers, laying out a model of their work, the skills and competencies they need to function effectively, and reflects on implications for the design of systems and organizations.
Adaptive reconstructive tau-openings: convergence and the steady-state distribution

A parameterized t-opening is a filter defined as a union of openings by a collection of compact, convex structuring elements, each scalar multiplied by the parameter. For a reconstructive t-opening, the filter is modified by fully passing any connected com- ponent not completely eliminated. Applied to the signal-union-noise model, in which the reconstructive filter is designed to sieve out clutter while passing the signal, the optimization problem is to find a parameter value that minimizes the MAE between the filtered and ideal image processes. The present study introduces an adaptation procedure for the design of reconstructive t-openings. The adaptive filter fits into the framework of Markov processes, the adaptive pa- rameter being the state of the process. There exists a stationary distribution governing the parameter in the steady state and conver- gence is characterized via the steady-state distribution. Key filter properties such as parameter mean, parameter variance, and ex- pected error in the steady state are characterized via the stationary distribution. The Chapman-Kolmogorov equations are developed for various scanning modes and transient behavior is examined. © 1996 SPIE and IS&T.
In vitro analysis of an RNA binding site within the N-terminal 30 amino acids of the southern cowpea mosaic virus coat protein.

Abstract Southern cowpea mosaic virus (SCPMV) is a positive-sense RNA virus with T = 3 icosahedral symmetry. The coat protein (CP) has two domains, the random (R) domain and the shell (S) domain. The R domain is formed by the N-terminal 64 amino acids (aa) and is localized to the interior of the particle where it is expected to interact with the viral RNA. The R domain (aa 1–57) was expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant protein (rWTR) containing a nonviral C-terminal extension with two histidine tags. The RNA binding site of the R domain was identified by Northwestern blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using recombinant wild-type and mutant R domain proteins. Deletions within the R domain revealed that the RNA binding site is localized to its N-terminal 30 aa. RNA binding by this element was found to be nonspecific with regard to RNA sequence and was sensitive to high salt concentrations, suggesting that electrostatic interactions are important for RNA binding by the R domain. The RNA binding site includes 11 basic residues, eight of which are located in the arginine-rich region between aa 22 and 30. It was demonstrated using alanine substitution mutants that the basic residues of the arginine-rich region but not those present at positions 3, 4, and 7 are necessary for RNA binding. None of the basic residues within the arginine-rich region are specifically required for RNA binding, but the overall charge of the N-terminal 30 aa is important. Proline substitution mutations within the N-terminal 30 aa, and alanine substitutions for prolines at positions 18, 20, and 21, did not affect the RNA binding activity of the R domain. However, it was demonstrated by circular dichroism (CD) that the conformation of the N-terminal 30 aa of the R domain changes from a random coil to an α-helix in the presence of 50% trifluoroethanol (TFE). The possible role for this structural change in RNA binding by the R domain is discussed.
Continued Fraction Approximants to the Brillouin-Wigner Perturbation Series

The Brillouin-Wigner series for the energy is converted into a continued fraction. Refinements on the Brillouin-Wigner formulas developed in recent publications are identified with alternate (${E}^{(n)}$) approximants to the continued fraction. A second sequence of approximants [${E}^{(n+\frac{1}{2})}$] occurs between successive terms of the ${E}^{(n)}$ sequence. These are useful in calculations as shown by an illustrative example, but do not possess the extremum property which is a valued characteristic of the first sequence. A general proof is given that the approximants ${E}^{(n)}$ are invariant under the $\ensuremath{\mu}$ transformation defined and verified for $n=1, 2, \mathrm{and} \ensuremath{\infty}$ in an earlier publication.
Photo-modification of the optical response in metal-dielectric composite

We study the possibility of developing broadband low-pass filters, with transparency windows in pre-set spectral ranges. Such filters are based on the unique optical properties of metal-dielectric composites near the percolation threshold. The near-infrared transparency windows are introduced in the spectra through optically controlled modification of the local film structure.
Pradimicin therapy of disseminated Candida tropicalis infection in the mouse

BMS 181184 (BMS), an analogue of pradimicin, was administered intravenously to neutropenic mice infected with either a fluconazole-susceptible or a fluconazole-resistant clinical isolate of Candida tropicalis. BMS prolonged survival at doses >3 mg kg-1 day-1, and at higher doses reduced tissue counts in mice. BMS was less potent mg for mg than amphotericin B. Combined BMS and amphotericin B were no more effective than either of the individual drugs.
Rheological and extrusion behavior of dental porcelain slurries for rapid prototyping applications

This study investigates rheological and extrusion behavior of dental porcelain slurries for rapid prototyping applications. The pH value of the slurry greatly influences its viscosity and rheological behavior and therefore plays an important role in the shape of the cross-section of the extrudate. A pseudoplastic slurry is a basic requirement for obtaining extruded lines with rectangular cross-sections. In addition to the effects of the rheological behavior of the slurry and its wettability on the substrate, the cross-sectional geometry of the extrudate is also strongly affected by extrusion parameters including the extrusion nozzle height, nozzle moving speed, extrusion rate, and critical nozzle height. Proper combinations of these extrusion parameters are necessary in order to obtain single line extrudates with near rectangular cross-sections and 3D objects with dimensional accuracy, uniform wall thickness, good wall uprightness, and no wall slumping. Formulas and procedures for determining these extrusion parameters are proposed and demonstrated in experiments. The results obtained have been explained in terms of the interactions among the rheological properties of the slurry, the shear rate imposed on the slurry during extrusion, the wettability of the slurry on the substrate, and the forced flow of the slurry during extrusion.
Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells

Egg and sperm cells (gametes) of the mouse are derived from a founder population of primordial germ cells that are set aside early in embryogenesis. Primordial germ cells arise from the proximal epiblast, a region of the early mouse embryo that also contributes to the first blood lineages of the embryonic yolk sac. Embryonic stem cells differentiate in vitro into cystic structures called embryoid bodies consisting of tissue lineages typical of the early mouse embryo. Because embryoid bodies sustain blood development, we reasoned that they might also support primordial germ cell formation. Here we isolate primordial germ cells from embryoid bodies, and derive continuously growing lines of embryonic germ cells. Embryonic germ cells show erasure of the methylation markers (imprints) of the Igf2r and H19 genes, a property characteristic of the germ lineage. We show that embryoid bodies support maturation of the primordial germ cells into haploid male gametes, which when injected into oocytes restore the somatic diploid chromosome complement and develop into blastocysts. Our ability to derive germ cells from embryonic stem cells provides an accessible in vitro model system for studies of germline epigenetic modification and mammalian gametogenesis.
S-MATCH: Verifiable Privacy-Preserving Profile Matching for Mobile Social Services

Mobile social services utilize profile matching to help users find friends with similar social attributes (e.g., interests, location, background). However, privacy concerns often hinder users from enabling this functionality. In this paper, we introduce S-MATCH, a novel framework for privacy-preserving profile matching based on property-preserving encryption (PPE). First, we illustrate that PPE should not be considered secure when directly used on social attribute data due to its key-sharing problem and information leakage problem. Then, we address the aforementioned problems of applying PPE to social network data and develop an efficient and verifiable privacy-preserving profile matching scheme. We implement both the client and server portions of S-MATCH and evaluate its performance under three real-world social network datasets. The results show that S-MATCH can achieve at least one order of magnitude better computational performance than the techniques that use homomorphic encryption.
The Role of Molecular Pathology in the Diagnosis of Cutaneous Lymphomas

Primary cutaneous lymphomas can be difficult to be distinguished from reactive mimics, even when integrating histologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical findings. Molecular studies, especially PCR-based antigen receptor gene rearrangement (ARGR) analysis, are frequently useful ancillary studies in the evaluation of cutaneous lymphoproliferations. The biologic basis of ARGR studies is discussed, as well as a comparison of various current protocols. The pitfalls and limitations of ARGR analysis are also highlighted. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of various cutaneous lymphomas are discussed. Some of these nascent discoveries may lead to the development of diagnostically useful molecular assays.
Lattice instabilities in non A-15 superconductors

Abstract Lattice instability is a common occurrence among high transition temperature superconductors and is not at all restricted to a unique crystal structure. There is, however, no universal correlation between the superconducting transition temperature and the structural instability temperature. Relationships between these two critical temperatures will be discussed with specific reference to the behavior of various Laves phases, Chevrel phases, and Th3P4 compounds.
Community child psychiatry: evolution and direction.

Sociocultural influences are seen as pre-eminent in the development of community child psychiatry, with special emphasis given to issues of social reform, race and poverty. Current status of the field is discussed within the framework of a typology that identifies programs as being clinically-adapted, socially-adapted, or community-adapted.
Managerial power: A neglected aspect of the performance appraisal interview

Abstract This field study investigated the relationships between three types of attributed managerial power (positive, coercive, and legitimate) with subordinates' perceptions of performance appraisal interview processes and their reactions to appraisal feedback. Attempts to improve job performance on the part of the subordinates were also assessed three months later by their managers. Managers perceived as high in positive power tended to be described as more participative in goal setting and less critical during the feedback interview, whereas managers perceived as high in coercive power were described as less participative. All three types of power related significantly with subordinates' reactions to the feedback. Only legitimate power, however, related to subordinates' attempts to improve job performance. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Is 20/20 vision good enough? Visual acuity differences within the normal range predict contour element detection and integration

Contour integration (CI) combines appropriately aligned and oriented elements into continuous boundaries. Collinear facilitation (CF) occurs when a low-contrast oriented element becomes more visible when flanked by collinear high-contrast elements. Both processes rely at least partly on long-range horizontal connections in early visual cortex, and thus both have been extensively studied to understand visual cortical functioning in aging, development, and clinical disorders. Here, we ask: Can acuity differences within the normal range predict CI or CF? To consider this question, we measured binocular visual acuity and compared subjects with 20/20 vision to those with better-than-20/20 vision (SharpPerceivers) on two tasks. In the CI task, subjects located an integrated shape embedded in varying amounts of noise; in the CF task, subjects detected a low-contrast element flanked by collinear or orthogonal high-contrast elements. In each case, displays were scaled in size to modulate element visibility and spatial frequency (4-12 cycles/deg). SharpPerceivers could integrate contours under noisier conditions than the 20/20 group (p = .0002), especially for high spatial frequency displays. Moreover, although the two groups exhibited similar collinear facilitation, SharpPerceivers could detect the central target with lower contrast at high spatial frequencies (p <. 05). These results suggest that small acuity differences within the normal range--corresponding to about a one line difference on a vision chart--strongly predict element detection and integration. Furthermore, simply ensuring that subjects have normal or corrected-to-normal vision is not sufficient when comparing groups on contour tasks; visual acuity confounds also need to be ruled out.
Characterization of a phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-specific phosphomonoesterase in rat liver nuclear envelopes.

Abstract Incubation of rat liver nuclear envelopes with [γ- 32 P]ATP resulted in the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-[4- 32 P]phosphate (PIP). Degradation of endogenously labeled PIP was observed upon the dilution of the labeled ATP with an excess of unlabeled ATP. This degradation was most rapid in the presence of EDTA, and was inhibited by MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 . To further characterize the degradative activity, phosphatidyl-inositol[4- 32 P]phosphate and phosphatidylinositol [4,5- 32 P]bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) were synthesized and isolated from erythrocyte plasma membranes. The 32 P-labeled phospholipids were then resuspended in 0.4% Tween 80, a detergent that did not inhibit degradation of endogenously labeled PIP, and mixed with nuclear envelopes. [ 32 P]PIP and [ 32 P]PIP 2 were degraded at rates of 2.25 and 0.04 nmol min −1 mg nuclear envelope protein −1 , respectively. Only 32 P was released from phosphatidyl[2- 3 H]inositol-[4- 32 P]phosphate, indicating that hydrolysis of PIP was due to a phosphomonoesterase activity (EC 3.1.3.36) in nuclear envelopes. Similarly, anion-exchange chromatographic analysis of the water-soluble products released from [ 32 P]PIP indicated that inorganic phosphate was the sole 32 P-labeled product. Hydrolysis of PIP was most rapid at neutral pH, and was not affected by inhibitors of acid phosphatase or alkaline phosphatase. Hydrolysis of PIP was also not inhibited by nonspecific phosphatase substrates, such as glycerophosphate, p -nitrophenylphosphate, AMP, or glucose 6-phosphate. Hydrolysis was stimulated by putrescine, and was inhibited by inositol 2-phosphate, spermidine, spermine, and neomycin.
First cumulant of the dynamic structure factor for rigid rings

Abstract The first cumulant of the dynamic structure factor is evaluated for rigid ring polymers. The results, together with those for flexible polymers, suggest that a careful experimental intercomparison of rings and open-chain polymers at low magnitudes of the scattering vector could serve to assess the degree of validity of the preaveraging approximation for the hydrodynamic interactions.
The effects of air cleaners on hay fever symptoms in air-conditioned homes

Abstract High-efficiency air cleaners that remove 99% of particles greater than 6 μ from the air are now available. We performed an 8-wk prospective double-blind crossover study of the efficacy of the addition of these cleaners to home central air conditioning. Twenty adults, allergic to ragweed, Alternaria , or both, kept daily medication records and symptom scores. We recorded daily outdoor pollen and mold counts, bimonthly inside and outside the home pollen and mold counts, and a physician's evaluation of efficacy. When the cleaners were in place, there was a trend toward lower symptom scores and also daytime and evening scores. Only the decrease in symptoms which occurred during night hours when the cleaners were in place were statistically significant. The correct sequence of cleaner placement was identified in 14 of the 20 cases. We conclude that the addition of a high-efficiency central air cleaner may add minimal improvement in hay fever to that provided by central air conditioning alone. The practical value of the device remains to be determined.
Water Pollution Simulation and Health Risk Assessment Through a Refined Contaminant Transport Model

To address the growing concerns on water pollution caused by pesticide losses, this study aimed at refining a contaminant transport model and applying it to health risk assessment for pesticide-contaminated water. It was an advance of the previous modeling works by integrating a dynamic two-big-leaf multilayer pesticide emission module with the existing pesticide runoff loss simulation model (PeLM). A risk assessment approach was further employed to evaluate the health effects based on the simulation of pesticide pollution by the refined model. The modeling performance and feasibility were examined through a case study conducted in the Auglaize-Blanchard Watershed, OH, USA. A widely used herbicide, atrazine, was targeted. Both the original and refined PeLM were tested and compared. The results indicated that the refined model had advantages in accounting for more pesticide transport processes and improving the simulation accuracy. The risk assessment results disclosed that atrazine concentrations in the river were usually lower than the American standards. To further explore the potential pesticide pollution problems and the associated health risks, a more stringent standard (i.e., Canadian guideline) was also employed. The results indicated that the daily average concentrations of the pesticide sometimes markedly surpassed the guideline, particularly during the wet season (May to August). Correspondingly, the maximum values of the chronic and acute hazard indices could exceed over 1.3 times of the recommended thresholds. The developed methodologies and findings would help raise concerns on pesticide pollution and provide support for decision making related to water pollution mitigation and quality management.
Quantitative visualization of ChIP-chip data by using linked views

Most analyses of ChIP-chip in vivo DNA binding have focused on qualitative descriptions of whether genomic regions are bound or not. There is increasing evidence, however, that factors bind in a highly overlapping manner to the same genomic regions and that it is quantitative differences in occupancy on these commonly bound regions that are the critical determinants of the different biological specificity of factors. As a result, it is critical to have a tool to facilitate the quantitative visualization of differences between transcription factors and the genomic regions they bind to understand each factor's unique roles in the network. We have developed a framework which combines several visualizations via brushing-and-linking to allow the user to interactively analyze and explore in vivo DNA binding data of multiple transcription factors. We describe these visualization types and also provide a discussion of biological examples in this paper.
Computation of Internal/Rotating Flows Using Recent CFD Techniques

We present two recent CFD techniques developed for numerical flux computation and grid generation. The numerical flux scheme, AUSM+, yields significant improvements over current popular schemes in terms of accuracy, simplicity of implementation, and generality to include other equations of conservation laws. The scheme has been shown to be free from inaccuracies/anomalies such as the “carbuncle phenomenon” associated with some celebrated upwind schemes. A new hybrid grid technique, termed DRAGON grid, has been developed to maximize the strengths of the Chimera grid and unstructured grid. Validation tests of these techniques and applications to rotating flows were conducted and their typical results are included in the paper.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Ubiquitination and Degradation of CFTR by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase MARCH2 through Its Association with Adaptor Proteins CAL and STX6

Golgi-localized cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-associated ligand (CAL) and syntaxin 6 (STX6) regulate the abundance of mature, post-ER CFTR by forming a CAL/STX6/CFTR complex (CAL complex) that promotes CFTR degradation in lysosomes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this degradation is unknown. Here we investigated the interaction of a Golgi-localized, membrane-associated RING-CH E3 ubiquitin ligase, MARCH2, with the CAL complex and the consequent binding, ubiquitination, and degradation of mature CFTR. We found that MARCH2 not only co-immunoprecipitated and co-localized with CAL and STX6, but its binding to CAL was also enhanced by STX6, suggesting a synergistic interaction. In vivo ubiquitination assays demonstrated the ubiquitination of CFTR by MARCH2, and overexpression of MARCH2, like that of CAL and STX6, led to a dose-dependent degradation of mature CFTR that was blocked by bafilomycin A1 treatment. A catalytically dead MARCH2 RING mutant was unable to promote CFTR degradation. In addition, MARCH2 had no effect on a CFTR mutant lacking the PDZ motif, suggesting that binding to the PDZ domain of CAL is required for MARCH2-mediated degradation of CFTR. Indeed, silencing of endogenous CAL ablated the effect of MARCH2 on CFTR. Consistent with its Golgi localization, MARCH2 had no effect on ER-localized ΔF508-CFTR. Finally, siRNA-mediated silencing of endogenous MARCH2 in the CF epithelial cell line CFBE-CFTR increased the abundance of mature CFTR. Taken together, these data suggest that the recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH2 to the CAL complex and subsequent ubiquitination of CFTR are responsible for the CAL-mediated lysosomal degradation of mature CFTR.
Ground state with electromagnetic field and temperature

We use the background-field method for dealing with the question of phase transition in an atmosphere of external electromagnetic field and temperature. Our approximation methods are somewhat different from earlier works, and we illustrate our procedure by applying to some simple systems. Differences with the earlier approach of summing over vacuum energies are pointed out.
Renal mitochondrial integrity during continuous gentamicin treatment.

Abstract Rats were given gentamicin over a period of 21 days. At 5, 10,14 and 21 days renal cortical mitochondria were isolated, and respiratory and Ca 2+ transport functions and cytochrome concentrations were determined. The mitochondrial data were correlated with indicators of deteriorating renal function and tissue gentamicin accumulation. During the first 10 days of chronic gentamicin treatment, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and cytochrome c concentrations declined significantly. This decline was followed by a partial spontaneous recovery by days 14 and 21. Cytochrome b concentration was not significantly different from normal. Parallel with the cytochrome concentration changes, State 3 respiratory activities with all substrates studied and the rates of Ca 2+ accumulation declined during the first 10 days and recovered spontaneously thereafter. It is concluded that chronic gentamicin treatment leading to renal failure inhibits mitochondrial energy-linked functions, which inhibition is induced by rate-limiting synthesis of those mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes coded outside the mitochondrion.