cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expert opinions, fuzzy probabilities, and warnings: toward a mathematical method for evaluating warning “read and heed” effectiveness

Abstract In many situations, and particularly in legal matters, decisions may be based on whether some possibility is judged to be “more probable than not”, as for example, whether a warning, had it been present, would “more probably than not” have prevented an injury. The probability of a warning accomplishing its purpose of preventing injury can, in principle, be computed based on probability calculus. However, this paper proposes that: (1) such computations must use “fuzzy” probability statements which as a result produce a range of weighted possibilities for the final outcome and, moreover; (2) the critical statistic for determining whether the outcome is “more probable than not” is the median rather than the mean of the possible outcomes. This paper briefly outlines the mathematics for such computations and provides several examples. The paper basically treats fuzzy probabilities as standard “random variables” restricted to the range of [0,1]. For brevity, this paper only treats the multiplication of two or more fuzzy probabilities. However, this is adequate for evaluation of a two stage “read and heed”, or of longer multiple step linear sequences and is indicative of the general approach. Treatment of the additive and general case will be found in later publications.
Shock layer analysis for a single-component in preparative elution chromatography

The onset of the nonlinear behavior of band profiles in elution chromatography is investigated by studying the profile of the shock layer caused by a finite mass transfer resistance in the absence of axial dispersion for a single component. A closed-form analytical expression of the shock layer is obtained for a parabolic isotherm. This solution depends on a dimensionless number which may be used to characterize the degree of nonlinear behavior of the band profiles and to select the model most appropriate for their accurate description. The profiles resulting from this solution are compared with those obtained by numerical calculations under different conditions to assess the influence of the assumptions made. The differences observed illustrate the sensitivity of the elution profiles to small changes in the equilibrium isotherm.
Pharmacologic analysis of LY188695 (KB-2413), 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinyl)-benzimidazole difumarate, a potent histamine1 receptor antagonist.

LY188695 was evaluated bothin vitro andin vivo in the guinea pig to determine its pharmacologic profile. The compound antagonized histamine-induced contractions of ileum, aorta, and trachea, with pKB values of 9.9, 9.9, and 9.2 respectively. In the lung parenchymal strip, LY188695 caused a rightward shift of the histamine concentration-response curve with a reduction in the maximal response at all antagonist concentrations tested. The reason for this effect is unknown, but it was not due to a nonspecific depressant action of the compound on the parenchyma. Selectivity was shown by its inactivity against leukotriene D4, bradykinin, prostaglandin F2α, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin on various guinea pig and rat smooth muscles. Similary, H2 receptor-mediated relaxation of the rat uterus was unaltered by LY188695. Increases in total pulmonary impedance caused by i.v. histamine to anesthetized guinea pigs were reduced by as little as 3 μg/kg given orally 1 hour prior to histamine challenge. In this system, LY188695 was 15 times more potent than chloropheniramine and 100 times more potent than terfenadine. Similar responses elicited by acetylcholine were not antagonized by LY188695. A duration of action greater than 4 hours was observed in this model. Ovalbumin given i.v. to sensitized guinea pigs increased total pulmonary impedance which was markedly decreased after oral administration of 30 or 100 μg/kg LY188695. These results indicate that LY188695 is a very potent antagonist of H1-mediated responses and suggest that this agent might be useful in disease states characterized by an overproduction of histamine.
The translation-rotation paradox in the nucleation theory

The factor of 1017 proposed by Lothe and Pound in the theory of nucleation of droplets from the vapor phase is studied using classical statistical mechanics. The controversial factorΦ is derived from partition functions for an isolatedn-mer and for ann-molecular cluster imbedded in the bulk liquid phase. The rotational degrees of freedom have no place inΦ, in agreement with Reiss, Katz, and Cohen's treatment. It is proved that the surface free energy of a cluster is proportional to the surface area. The estimate of what Lothe and Pound called the replacement term is different from those of previous authors. It is concluded thatΦ is written as a ratioΦ =Ν g/Νl, where Νg andν l , are the volumes per molecule in the gas phase and in the liquid phase, respectively. For water at 300‡K,Φ is approximately equal to 104.
The Paper Divide

The transition of serial collections from a paper format to an electronic format has created a syndrome of rising expectations in academia. The speed and convenience of accessing peer-reviewed journal articles at the desktop has led to an increasing demand for more electronic serials. Concurrent with improved access to journal articles via locally owned electronic serials, Interlibrary Loan (ILL) services offered by large academic libraries are now routinely providing electronic versions of scholarly documents to the user's desktop in one or two days. This has created a situation where electronic ownership of a serial is the preferred option but electronic delivery via ILL is a reasonable alternative. Locally held paper serials used to be the best option for users. Now paper serials are increasingly viewed as an inconvenience, creating a “Paper Divide” between electronic serial ownership and electronic ILL service. Moreover, published reports indicate that electronic serials are less costly to maintain th...
Repair of Orbital Blow-out Fractures With Nasoseptal Cartilage†

The goals of reconstruction in orbital blow-out fractures are to restore floor continuity, provide support of orbital contents, and prevent fibrosis of soft tissues. Although ease of use has popularized alloplasts, autogenous material provides greater biocompatibility and results in low rates of infection, extrusion, and migration. Nasoseptal cartilage is an easily accessible, abundant, autogenous source that provides support to the orbital floor and minimal donor site morbidity. Thirteen patients who presented with orbital blow-out fractures underwent reconstruction with nasoseptal cartilage. Follow-up at 3 months to 4 years shows one patient with persistent manifest enophthalmos requiring further augmentation. There were no recipient or donor site complications. Nasoseptal cartilage is an underutilized and superior material for reconstruction of orbital blow-out fractures.
Isolation and Characterization of Four Gram-Positive Nickel-Tolerant Microorganisms from Contaminated Sediments

Microbial communities from riparian sediments contaminated with high levels of Ni and U were examined for metal-tolerant microorganisms. Isolation of four aerobic Ni-tolerant, Gram-positive heterotrophic bacteria indicated selection pressure from Ni. These isolates were identified as Arthrobacter oxydans NR-1, Streptomyces galbus NR-2, Streptomyces aureofaciens NR-3, and Kitasatospora cystarginea NR-4 based on partial 16S rDNA sequences. A functional gene microarray containing gene probes for functions associated with biogeochemical cycling, metal homeostasis, and organic contaminant degradation showed little overlap among the four isolates. Fifteen of the genes were detected in all four isolates with only two of these related to metal resistance, specifically to tellurium. Each of the four isolates also displayed resistance to at least one of six antibiotics tested, with resistance to kanamycin, gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin observed in at least two of the isolates. Further characterization of S. aureofaciens NR-3 and K. cystarginea NR-4 demonstrated that both isolates expressed Ni tolerance constitutively. In addition, both were able to grow in higher concentrations of Ni at pH 6 as compared with pH 7 (42.6 and 8.5 mM Ni at pH 6 and 7, respectively). Tolerance to Cd, Co, and Zn was also examined in these two isolates; a similar pH-dependent metal tolerance was observed when grown with Co and Zn. Neither isolate was tolerant to Cd. These findings suggest that Ni is exerting a selection pressure at this site for metal-resistant actinomycetes.
Kinetic inductance memory cell

A Josephson memory cell based on kinetic inductance is proposed and analyzed. The size of the cells can be as small as 1/100 that of conventional superconducting memory cells. However, the kinetic inductance memory cell cannot utilize magnetically coupled read and write circuitry. The authors propose a current injected read/write architecture. >
Reconciling molecular signatures across markers: mitochondrial DNA confirms founder effect in invasive North American house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus)

Well-characterized species introductions provide opportunities to compare the genetic signatures of known founder effects across classes of molecular markers. The release of small numbers of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) into the eastern United States in the 1940s led to substantial interest in the effects of this introduction on genetic diversity in this now abundant species, an issue that has been highlighted by a recent Mycoplasma disease epidemic that most intensively affects the introduced and potentially genetically depauperate house finch populations. Previous studies comparing genetic diversity levels in native and introduced house finch populations produced seemingly disparate results: comparisons based on amplified fragment length polymorphism, RFLP mtDNA, and allozyme markers found essentially equivalent levels of diversity in eastern and western populations, whereas microsatellite markers showed clear reductions in diversity in the introduced populations. Here we employ sequence variation at the ND2 mtDNA locus to further compare levels of diversity between the four native and five introduced house finch populations that were previously examined in the microsatellite study. We found substantially lower ND2 haplotype richness and diversity across all introduced populations of house finches. The majority of sequence variation (78%) was detected within subpopulations, with the remainder (22%) explained by the historical status of each population (native or introduced). Our results are consistent with previous microsatellite evidence for a founder effect during the introduction of eastern house finches, and suggest that the mtDNA founder effect was particularly severe, likely owing to a male-biased sex ratio at the time of introduction coupled with the lower effective population size of clonally inherited markers. We discuss how the inconsistencies between past studies of house finch diversity can inform the usefulness of distinct marker sets for detecting molecular signatures of founder events.
Space efficient fast isosurface extraction for large datasets

In this paper, we present a space efficient algorithm for speeding up isosurface extraction. Even though there exist algorithms that can achieve optimal search performance to identify isosurface cells, they prove impractical for large datasets due to a high storage overhead. With the dual goals of achieving fast isosurface extraction and simultaneously reducing the space requirement, we introduce an algorithm based on transform coding to compress the interval information of the cells in a dataset. Compression is achieved by first transforming the cell intervals (minima, maxima) into a form which allows more efficient compaction. It is followed by a dataset optimized non-uniform quantization stage. The compressed data is stored in a data structure that allows fast searches in the compression domain, thus eliminating the need to retrieve the original representation of the intervals at run-time. The space requirement of our search data structure is the mandatory cost of storing every cell ID once, plus an overhead for quantization information. The overhead is typically in the order of a few hundredths of the dataset size.
The Federalization of Crime and Sentencing

Inspired by Judge Deanell Reece Tacha, a former member of the U.S. Sentencing Commis sion, this Issue analyzes the impact of the federalization of crime and sentencing on the federal and state criminal justice systems. Federalization refers to the growing number of federal statutes that criminalize behavior traditionally within the purview of state and local law enforcement. In addition, it encompasses federal legislation that mandates states to institute changes in their criminal justice systems either in response to grant incentives or under threat of . withdrawal of federal funding. The vast growth of federal criminal jurisdiction raises not only constitutional concerns but unprecedented structural and financial burdens for the federal government and federal courts as well. As the recently published ABA Task Force Report on Federalization indicates, federalization does not appreciably affect the types of violent crime of most concern to Americans. Because of their limited use, federal criminal statutes are often more of symbolic than practical value. Nevertheless, they impact the federal structure of our government and, in the words of the Report's Executive Summary, constitute "an unwise allocation of scarce resources needed to meet the genuine issues of crime." Federal mandates will ultimately create more uniform standards for the states. While such a development could be considered advantageous, it undermines the principles of federalism and leads to diminished experimentation by states.
Study of the backward facing step flow problem in microchannels using micro particle image velocimetry

Flow at a backward facing step feature (1:5 expansion ratio) in a microchannel has been studied using micro particle image velocimetry (μPIV). The onset and development of a recirculation flow was studied as a function of flow rate. This flow pattern was further used to investigate two major parameters affecting μPIV measurements; the depth-of-focus and recording time-intervals between images in a μPIV double-frame. The onset of recirculation was initiated at flowrates that correspond to Reynolds numbers, Re>95, which is well beyond the typical working range of microfluidic devices (Re=0.01-10). The recirculation flow has a 3D structure due to the dimensions of the microchannel and the effect of no slip condition on the walls. The cross correlation algorithm used for deriving velocity fields from μPIV recordings was found not to be sensitive to variation of depth-offocus and output flow fields were similar as long as the overall optical focus remained within the upper and lower bounds of the microchannel. However, variation of time intervals between images in a μPIV pair resulted in quantitatively and qualitatively different flow patterns for a given constant flowrate and depth-offocus.
Edge diffraction and field transition along shadow boundaries using UTD

When electromagnetic fields strike sharp surface discontinuities, such as edges and corners, they create a diffraction phenomenon. In high-frequency methods, the field generated when a wave impinges upon a PEC wedge can be accounted by using geometrical optics (GO), based more on Snellpsilas law of reflection, and diffraction, based on Fermatpsilas principle for diffraction [1]. The diffraction phenomenon and its field contributions can be accounted for by utilizing diffraction coefficients for the appropriate discontinuities. One set of diffraction coefficients were derived by Keller [2], and they were dubbed as Kellerpsilas diffraction coefficients based on geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). These diffraction coefficients exhibited singularities along the incident and reflection shadow boundaries (ISB and RSB), and limited their use. Another set of diffraction coefficients were derived by Kouyoumjian and Pathak [3], and they were dubbed as the K & P diffraction coefficients based on the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD). The UTD diffraction coefficients eliminated the singularities along the ISB and RSB and provided smooth transition from one side to the other side of the respective shadow boundaries. This was accomplished by introducing transition functions in the UTD formulation which removed the singularities and provided a more accurate representation of the field at and near the shadow boundaries. The UTD diffraction coefficients received international acclaim and expanded the application of diffraction theory to many otherwise intractable boundary-value problems, from simple geometries (such as strips and ground planes) to more complex (such as airframes, ships, and ground vehicles). Some of these applications will be illustrated in this presentation.
Tectonic evolution of the Himalayan thrust belt in western Nepal: Implications for channel flow models

We present a new geologic map of western Nepal and three balanced regional cross sections in the Himalayan thrust belt. The minimum shortening between the South Tibetan detachment and the Main Frontal thrust is 485–743 km and suggests that total Himalayan shortening may exceed 900 km. All rocks involved in the thrust belt are of upper crustal affinity, implying that a comparable length of Indian lower crust and mantle lithosphere was subducted beneath Tibet. Major structural features are the Subhimalayan thrust system, Lesser Himalayan imbricate zone, Dadeldhura thrust sheet, Lesser Himalayan duplex, Ramgarh thrust sheet, Main Central thrust sheet, and a north-dipping normal-sense shear zone, possibly related to the South Tibetan detachment. These structures are continuous along the entire Nepalese portion of the Himalayan thrust belt. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages from the Ramgarh thrust zone, Greater Himalayan rocks, and the lower part of the Tethyan sequence support a kinematic model in which major thrust systems in Nepal propagated southward from early Miocene time onward. The geometry and kinematic history of the thrust belt in western Nepal are not compatible with recent models for southward ductile extrusion of Greater Himalayan rocks in a mid-crustal channel. Instead, the thrust belt in western Nepal behaved like a typical forward propagating thrust system, involving unmetamorphosed, brittlely deformed rocks in its frontal part and ductilely deformed, higher-grade metamorphic rocks in its hinterland region. Although our results do not support published versions of the channel flow model, they provide additional geological and geo-chronological data that will assist future attempts to develop geodynamic models for the Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic system.
Mechanisms of lung endothelial barrier disruption induced by cigarette smoke: role of oxidative stress and ceramides

The epithelial and endothelial cells lining the alveolus form a barrier essential for the preservation of the lung respiratory function, which is, however, vulnerable to excessive oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic insults. Whereas profound breaches in this barrier function cause pulmonary edema, more subtle changes may contribute to inflammation. The mechanisms by which cigarette smoke (CS) exposure induce lung inflammation are not fully understood, but an early alteration in the epithelial barrier function has been documented. We sought to investigate the occurrence and mechanisms by which soluble components of mainstream CS disrupt the lung endothelial cell barrier function. Using cultured primary rat microvascular cell monolayers, we report that CS induces endothelial cell barrier disruption in a dose- and time-dependent manner of similar magnitude to that of the epithelial cell barrier. CS exposure triggered a mechanism of neutral sphingomyelinase-mediated ceramide upregulation and p38 MAPK and JNK activation that were oxidative stress dependent and that, along with Rho kinase activation, mediated the endothelial barrier dysfunction. The morphological changes in endothelial cell monolayers induced by CS included actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, junctional protein zonula occludens-1 loss, and intercellular gap formation, which were abolished by the glutathione modulator N-acetylcysteine and ameliorated by neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition. The direct application of ceramide recapitulated the effects of CS, by disrupting both endothelial and epithelial cells barrier, by a mechanism that was redox and apoptosis independent and required Rho kinase activation. Furthermore, ceramide induced dose-dependent alterations of alveolar microcirculatory barrier in vivo, measured by two-photon excitation microscopy in the intact rat. In conclusion, soluble components of CS have direct endothelial barrier-disruptive effects that could be ameliorated by glutathione modulators or by inhibitors of neutral sphingomyelinase, p38 MAPK, JNK, and Rho kinase. Amelioration of endothelial permeability may alleviate lung and systemic vascular dysfunction associated with smoking-related chronic obstructive lung diseases.
A Guide to the Basic Logic Dialect for Rule Interchange on the Web

The W3C Rule Interchange Format (RIF) is a forthcoming standard for exchanging rules among different systems and developing intelligent rule-based applications for the Semantic Web. The RIF architecture is conceived as a family of languages, called dialects. A RIF dialect is a rule-based language with an XML syntax and a well-defined semantics. The RIF Basic Logic Dialect (RIF-BLD) semantically corresponds to a Horn rule language with equality. RIF-BLD has a number of syntactic extensions with respect to traditional textbook Horn logic, which include F-logic frames and predicates with named arguments. RIF-BLD is also well integrated with the relevant Web standards. It provides Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs), XML Schema datatypes, and is aligned with RDF and OWL. This paper is a guide to the essentials of RIF-BLD, its syntax, semantics, and XML serialization. At the same time, some important RIF-BLD features are omitted due to the space limitations, including datatypes, built-ins, and the integration with RDF and OWL.
The Past and Likely Future of an Educational Form A Textbook Case

At a time when it is seen as increasingly “obsolete,” this article analyzes the textbook as an evolving pedagogical form, as a changing medium comprised of smaller media components. These components include images, diagrams and also oral prompts, which have changed not so much through technical innovation as in synchrony with larger cultural and epistemological developments. This article investigates the increasingly sophisticated structuring of this textual and visual content, and the gradually sublimated “oral” interaction simulated through cues and interrogatives. These components have become highly conventionalized and elaborate, characteristics generally ignored to the detriment of publically-funded “open” e-textbook projects. Following Thomas Kuhn’s famous analyses of knowledge “paradigms,” this article concludes that the textbook’s features provide an indispensable animating didactic function.
Shear-free turbulent boundary layers. Part 1. Physical insights into near-wall turbulence

Direct numerical simulation is used to examine the interaction of turbulence with a wall in the absence of mean shear. The influence of a solid wall on turbulence is analysed by first considering two ‘simpler’ types of boundaries. The first boundary is an idealized permeable wall. This boundary isolates and elucidates the viscous effects created by the wall. The second boundary is an idealized free surface. This boundary complements the first by allowing one to isolate and investigate the kinematic effects that occur near boundaries. The knowledge gained from these two simpler flows is then used to understand how turbulence is influenced by solid walls where both viscous and kinematic effects occur in combination.Examination of the instantaneous flow fields confirms the presence of previously hypothesized structures (splats), and reveals an additional class of structures (antisplats). Statistical analysis of the Reynolds stresses and Reynolds stress transport equations indicates the relative importance of dissipation, intercomponent energy transfer, and energy transport. It is found that it is not the structures themselves, but the imbalance between structures which leads to intercomponent energy transfer. Remarkably, this imbalance (and hence near-wall intercomponent energy transfer) is controlled by viscous processes such as dissipation and diffusion. The analysis presented herein is a departure from past notions of how boundaries influence turbulence. The efficacy of these qualitative physical concepts is demonstrated in Part 2 where improved near-wall turbulence models are derived based on these ideas.
Why Didst Thou Go? Predictors of Retention, Transfer, and Attrition of Special and General Education Teachers from a National Perspective

In view of the paucity of national data on the associations between predictor variables and teacher retention, school transfer, and attrition in special education, we sought to provide such data from a national probability sample of 4,798 public school teachers from the 1989 Teacher Followup Survey (Faupel, Bobbitt, & Friedrichs, 1992). The analysis focused on teacher retention and turnover (i.e., school transfer and attrition) of special education teachers (SETs) in comparison with general education teachers (GETs). Results showed that teacher turnover decreased as the following variables increased: teacher age (until retirement age), the number of dependent children, the level of certification, the number of years since the last degree was earned, teaching experience and salary level. The importance of these and other relationships for designing strategies to maximize teacher retention is discussed.
The Universality of Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings

The universality of Rogers' science is discussed within the context of science and religion with an emphasis on an alive universe. Barrett's power theory is presented as an exemplar of the universality of Rogers' science. The implications of an alive universe are discussed. Rogers and Barrett are recognized for their contributions to nursing science and the sacred alive universe.
A search engine for natural language applications

Many modern natural language-processing applications utilize search engines to locate large numbers of Web documents or to compute statistics over the Web corpus. Yet Web search engines are designed and optimized for simple human queries---they are not well suited to support such applications. As a result, these applications are forced to issue millions of successive queries resulting in unnecessary search engine load and in slow applications with limited scalability.In response, this paper introduces the Bindings Engine (BE), which supports queries containing typed variables and string-processing functions. For example, in response to the query "powerful ‹noun›" BE will return all the nouns in its index that immediately follow the word "powerful", sorted by frequency. In response to the query "Cities such as ProperNoun(Head(‹NounPhrase›))", BE will return a list of proper nouns likely to be city names.BE's novel neighborhood index enables it to do so with O(k) random disk seeks and O(k) serial disk reads, where k is the number of non-variable terms in its query. As a result, BE can yield several orders of magnitude speedup for large-scale language-processing applications. The main cost is a modest increase in space to store the index. We report on experiments validating these claims, and analyze how BE's space-time tradeoff scales with the size of its index and the number of variable types. Finally, we describe how a BE-based application extracts thousands of facts from the Web at interactive speeds in response to simple user queries.
signal to noise and distortion ratio considerations for nonlinear communication channels

Many communications components are nonlinear and have a peak power or peak amplitude constraint. Nonlinearity generates distortions and thus an appropriate performance measure is the signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR). In this paper, we are interested in finding the nonlinear mapping that maximizes the SNDR subject to the peak amplitude constraint. The answer is a soft limiter with gain calculated based on the noise power and the probability density function of the input amplitude. We also investigate a bounding relationship between the SNDR and capacity of the nonlinear channel. The results of this paper can be applied for efficient transmission of high peak-to-average power ratio signals such as OFDM or for optimal linearization of nonlinear devices.
Epigenetic regulation of axon and dendrite growth

Neuroregenerative therapies for central nervous system (CNS) injury, neurodegenerative disease, or stroke require axons of damaged neurons to grow and re-innervate their targets. However, mature mammalian CNS neurons do not regenerate their axons, limiting recovery in these diseases. Although neurons' intrinsic capacity for axon growth may depend in part on the panoply of expressed transcription factors, epigenetic factors such as the accessibility of DNA and organization of chromatin are required for downstream genes to be transcribed. Thus, a potential approach to overcoming regenerative failure focuses on the epigenetic mechanisms regulating regenerative gene expression in the CNS. Here we review molecular mechanisms regulating the epigenetic state of DNA through chromatin modifications, their implications for regulating axon and dendrite growth, and important new directions for this field of study.
Crosslinking and degradation in γ-irradiated poly-n-alkyl acrylates

Polymers of methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, n-octyl, and n-cetyl acrylate were gamma -irradiated in vacuo, and the effects of irradiation temperature (-- 196 to 56 deg C) on energy yields for crosslinking and degradation estimated from gel fractions and swelling behavior of the gel. The extent of degradation was independent of polymer structure and reaction temperature, suggesting a molecular chain breaking process. Crosslinking, found to occur predominantly on the alkyl side chain, was independent of temperature above and below the polymer softening point, but was several fold higher for irradiations above the softening point; these data seemed to reflect the importance of segmental mobility of radiation produced polymer radicals in the crosslinking step. (auth)
Multilocus behavior in random environments. I. Random Levene models.

In this paper the consequences of natural selection acting on several loci simultaneously in a spatially fluctuating environment are described. The fitnesses of the genotypes are assumed to be additive both within and between loci. The environment is assumed to be made up of a very large (effectively infinite) number of patches in which fitnesses are assigned at random. The resulting deterministic model is called a Random Levene Model and its properties are approximated by a system of differential equations. The main equilibrium properties are that (1) the linkage disequilibrium is zero and (2) the correlations in fitnesses between alleles at different loci are the principle determinants of the dynamic inter-locus interactions. Although there is no epistasis as conventionally defined, the equilibrium state at the two loci are highly interdependent, the governing principle being that two alleles at different loci whose fitness are negatively correlated across environments have a higher overall fitness due to the reduction in their variance in fitness through the negative correlation. When a large number of loci are considered, they naturally fall into correlation groupings which lead to an enhanced likelihood for polymorphism over that predicted by single-locus theory.
Surface Cracks: Size and Failure Prediction Using Long Wavelength Measurements

An investigation of scattering from surface cracks has been conducted. In particular, the change in the reflection coefficient of a Rayleigh wave, incident on a surface indentation crack, has been measured as the sample is stressed to fracture. The acoustic measurements have been correlated with the stable crack extension that precedes final failure. The crack extension behavior of as-indented specimens was found to differ appreciably from that of annealed specimens. Cracks in the annealed samples exhibited partial crack tip closure, but little stable extension, whereas cracks in the as-indented samples displayed both crack closure and irreversible crack growth. This behavior has been rationalized by invoking concepts based upon the residual stresses created by indentation. Machining damage was also investigated. We observe that long slot-like cracks are generated due to machining damage. These cracks exhibit a behavior similar to isolated cracks in the presence of residual stress. Because machining generates a large number of cracks, and because scattering from slot-like cracks is more complicated than scattering from isolated cracks, statistical modeling has to be used for accurate failure prediction.
Pemphigoid vegetans: a case report and review of the literature

Pemphigoid vegetans is an exceptionally rare intertriginous variant of bullous pemphigoid characterized by vegetative and purulent lesions present in the groin, axillae, thighs, hands, eyelids and perioral regions. The clinical, histopathological and immunofluorescent profile of a new case of pemphigoid vegetans in a 79-year-old man is reported. Our patient had papillomatous plaques with pustules in the bilateral inguinal folds, which clinically resembled pemphigus vegetans. Also suggesting pemphigus vegetans, an initial skin biopsy showed eosinophilic spongiosis, while a second biopsy showed histological and immunological features diagnostic of pemphigoid. Because only a few cases of pemphigoid vegetans have been reported in the literature, clinical and morphological data are scant. Most reported cases were successfully treated with topical antibiotics or steroids; therefore, appropriate diagnosis of this rare lesion will assist management.
Estimation of Heat and Mass Fluxes Over Arctic Leads

Abstract Recent work on the turbulent transfer of scalar quantities following a step increase in the surface value of the scalar is directly applicable to the problem of estimating heat and mass transfer from Arctic leads in winter. If the turbulent flux is nondimensionalized as a Nusselt number N and the flow regime over the lead is parameterized by the fetch Reynolds number Rr, either the exponential transfer relation N = 0.08 × Rr0.76 or the linear relation N = 1.8 × 10−3Rr + 1100 describes the available data. Because N can be the Nusselt number for sensible heat, latent heat or condensate flux, Nusselt numbers of these scalar fluxes are equal for a given lead—Rr. The transfer relations and this Nusselt number equality are powerful estimation tools. With the transfer relations, turbulent fluxes can be computed from standard meteorological observables; and from the Nusselt number equality, partitioning of the turbulent fluxes can be evaluated— in particular, the partitioning of the heat flux between sen...
The Role of Topoisomerases and Apoptosis in the Mechanism of Action of Preactivated Compounds

In this chapter a description of the experimental data obtained to enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanism of action of pMC540, merocil and merodantoin is provided. The first set of experiments was designed to assess the potential involvement of oxygen derived species in the pMC540 mediated cytotoxicity. The rationale for this approach, at the time, was based on the observations that the in vitro cytotoxicity profile of pMC540 paralleled the one observed during conventional photodynamic therapy with native MC540, a process known to involve reactive oxygen species. Therefore, involvement of reactive oxygen species was chosen as a first step towards investigating the potential mechanism of action of pMC540. A brief description of these studies is followed by a discussion of the data related to the involvement of topoisomerases, apoptosis, mitochondrial morphology and function in the observed cytotoxicity mediated by preactivated compounds.
A hybrid model for short-term air pollutant concentration forecasting

The paper focuses on short-term forecasting of air pollutants including SO2, NO2, O3 and PM2.5. A hybrid model of nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) network and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) is applied. The NARX network is used to solve the problem of nonlinear and multidimensional while the ARMA model is aimed to improve the flexibility for different pollutants. The performance of the hybrid model is evaluated by data of pollutant concentration as basic input, and observed/forecast weather condition as exogenous input. The model overcomes the nonlinear and multidimensional problem and shows promising overall results for all the pollutants over traditional method.
Perceived Appropriateness of Shared Decision-making in the Emergency Department: A Survey Study.

Objectives The objective was to describe perceptions of practicing emergency physicians (EPs) regarding the appropriateness and medicolegal implications of using shared decision-making (SDM) in the emergency department (ED). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of EPs at a large, national professional meeting to assess perceived appropriateness of SDM for different categories of ED management (e.g., diagnostic testing, treatment, disposition) and in common clinical scenarios (e.g., low-risk chest pain, syncope, minor head injury). A 21-item survey instrument was iteratively developed through review by content experts, cognitive testing, and pilot testing. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted. Results We approached 737 EPs; 709 (96%) completed the survey. Two-thirds (67.8%) of respondents were male; 51% practiced in an academic setting and 44% in the community. Of the seven management decision categories presented, SDM was reported to be most frequently appropriate for deciding on invasive procedures (71.5%), computed tomography (CT) scanning (56.7%), and post-ED disposition (56.3%). Among the specific clinical scenarios, use of thrombolytics for acute ischemic stroke was felt to be most frequently appropriate for SDM (83.4%), followed by lumbar puncture to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage (73.8%) and CT head for pediatric minor head injury (69.9%). Most EPs (66.8%) felt that using and documenting SDM would decrease their medicolegal risk while a minority (14.2%) felt that it would increase their risk. Conclusions Acceptance of SDM among EPs appears to be strong across management categories (diagnostic testing, treatment, and disposition) and in a variety of clinical scenarios. SDM is perceived by most EPs to be medicolegally protective.
Predicting Sexual Assault Perpetration Among Heterosexually Active Young Men

Data from an online community sample of young men were analyzed to test predictors of sexual assault perpetration. We used structural equation modeling to test the relative contributions of specific sub-types of childhood adversity to subsequent sexual aggression. Mediators included hostile masculinity, impersonal sexual behavior and attitudes, and substance use variables. Findings suggested that childhood sexual abuse had direct and mediated effects on sexual assault perpetration, but hostile masculinity was the only proximal factor significantly related to aggression. Childhood polytrauma was also associated with increased perpetration risk, suggesting that prevention efforts may be aided by increased attention to childhood maltreatment.
Retractions Onto Spheres

(1964). Retractions Onto Spheres. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 71, No. 5, pp. 481-484.
Analysis of Converted-wave Extended Images For Migration Velocity Analysis

Converted-wave data have been recognized to have potential in complementing conventional compressional data. However, imaging for converted-waves is more difficult mainly due to the need for estimating shear-wave velocities, in addition to compressional-wave velocities. The common practice is to obtain the shear-wave velocity by registering PS and PP images. Despite its low cost, this procedure is prone to error due to the assumption of imaging simple structure and due to the high potential for cycle skipping. On the other hand, we could obtain S velocities by adapting wave-equation migration velocity analysis (MVA) tools for shear waves. Our assumption is that we can update the S velocities while keeping the known P velocity fixed. We assume that the P-wave velocity is known from MVA of the PP component of the data, then we estimate the S-wave velocity from MVA on the PS component of the data. If Pand S-wave velocities are all correctly estimated, corresponding PP and PS events match in the migrated depth sections. This velocity analysis can make use of both common image gathers (CIGs) and common image point gathers (CIPs). We derive the moveout function for CIPs of converted-wave images and find that they present more complicated moveout than their pure-mode counterparts. We explore the applicability of differential semblance optimization (DSO) to the PP and PS gathers (CIPs and CIGs) to obtain objective functions, based which we can construct optimal velocity models. We find that the objective functions for both PP and PS data are convex, which warrants their use for migration velocity analysis using efficient gradient-descent numerical optimization schemes.
Assessing the stationary energy storage equivalency of vehicle-to-grid charging battery electric vehicles

A study has been performed to understand the quantitative impact of key differences between vehicle-to-grid and stationary energy storage systems on renewable utilization, greenhouse gas emissions, and balancing fleet operation, using California as the example. To simulate the combined electricity and light-duty transportation system, a detailed electric grid dispatch model (including stationary energy storage systems) was combined with an electric vehicle charging dispatch model that incorporates conventional smart and vehicle-to-grid capabilities. By subjecting smaller amounts of renewable energy to round-trip efficiency losses and thereby increasing the efficiency of renewable utilization, it was found that vehicle-to-grid energy storage can achieve higher renewable utilization levels and reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to stationary energy storage systems. Vehicle-to-grid energy storage, however, is not as capable of balancing the power plant fleet compared to stationary energy storage systems due to the constraints of consumer travel patterns. The potential benefits of vehicle-to-grid are strongly dependent on the availability of charging infrastructure at both home and workplaces, with potential benefits being compromised with residential charging availability only. Overall, vehicle-to-grid energy storage can provide benefits over stationary energy storage depending on the system attribute selected for improvement, a finding amenable to managing through policy.
Liver Injury Assessment by Vetscan VS2 Analyzer and Most Frequently Used ALT/GTP Reagent

Background and aim Liver injury is estimated by serum alanine aminotransferases (ALT) levels in experimental animal models. Laboratories use various techniques to measure ALT levels including assay reagents and chemistry analyzers. VetScan VS2 (VS2) is widely used in veterinary clinics and research laboratories for highly reproducible, convenient and effective testing. Alternatively, ALT liquid reagent is used by laboratories to estimate liver injury in animal studies. The aim of this study was to perform comparative analyses of data obtained from these two assays in two different animal models.
Multilingual Mixed Programming and Data Switching in Dispatch Application System

A data communication technology based on byte-stream is presented in this paper.The principle of data parse,data type conversion,methods of serialization and version control are introduced in detail.At last,a cross-platform application system for grid reservoir dispatch based on one set of model algorithm program,which has two human-computer interface modes such as client/service(C/S) and browser/service(B/S) is implemented.
Identification of histopathologic risk groups in stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.

This study was undertaken to identify histopathologic risk factors in 100 women with stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix treated surgically. Histologic factors included maximum depth of stromal invasion, presence of lymph-vascular invasion, mitotic activity, nature of the tumor-stromal borders, plasma cell-lymphocyte stromal response, histologic grade, and metastases to regional lymph nodes. Using a multifactorial analysis, the maximum depth of stromal invasion was found to be the most important prognostic indicator (P less than .0001). The depth of invasion also correlated significantly with the presence of nodal metastases (P less than .0001), lymph-vascular space invasion (P = .0003), and "spreading" versus "pushing" borders (P = .0315). The number of mitoses, grade of tumor, or plasma cell-lymphocyte stromal response did not correlate significantly with depth of stromal invasion. Lymph-vascular involvement, although present in 59% of the patients, did not significantly affect survival. Depth of stromal invasion and lesion diameter were combined to constitute three risk groups: Patients with small size cervical tumors (less than 2 cm), regardless of depth of stromal invasion, as well as patients with intermediate size lesions (2.1 to 3 cm) with stromal invasion less than or equal to 1.5 cm, constituted a low-risk group; the intermediate-risk group was comprised of those patients with cervical lesions between 2.1 and 3 cm in size and deep stromal invasion (greater than 1.5 cm), as well as those patients with large cervical lesions (greater than 3.0 cm) and stromal invasion less than or equal to 1.5 cm.2+ (greater than 3 cm) and deep stromal invasion (greater than 1.5 cm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the jaws: A clinicopathologic and DNA analysis of five cases and review of the literature with discussion of its relationship to ameloblastic fibroma

Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma, the malignant counterpart of the ameloblastic fibroma, is a rare odontogenic tumorcharacterized by benign epithelium and a malignant fibrous stroma. We have compared nuclear DNA content of five ameloblastic fibrosarcomas and three ameloblastic fibromas by image analysis. The three ameloblastic fibromas were diploid, whereas 1 of 5 ameloblastic fibrosarcomas was aneuploid. There was no correlation with histologic grade and aneuploidy. These five new cases were also added to a review of the literature, bringing the total cases of reported ameloblastic fibrosarcomas to 51. The ameloblastic fibrosarcoma occurs at a later age (mean, 27.5 years) compared with reported ameloblastic fibromas (mean, 14.6 to 22 years), which supports a step-wise malignant transformation. There was histologic documentation that 44% of ameloblastic fibrosarcomas developed in ameloblastic fibromas. In view of this data and of the reported cumulative recurrence rate of 18.3% for ameloblastic fibroma, it is recommended that ameloblastic fibromas be treated with complete surgical excision and long-term follow up rather than simple curettage or enucleation.