cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Physiologically Responsive Human iPSC-Derived Intestinal Epithelium to Study Barrier Dysfunction in IBD

In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the intestinal epithelium is characterized by increased permeability both in active disease and remission states. The genetic underpinnings of this increased intestinal permeability are largely unstudied, in part due to a lack of appropriate modelling systems. Our aim is to develop an in vitro model of intestinal permeability using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human intestinal organoids (HIOs) and human colonic organoids (HCOs) to study barrier dysfunction. iPSCs were generated from healthy controls, adult onset IBD, and very early onset IBD (VEO-IBD) patients and differentiated into HIOs and HCOs. EpCAM+ selected cells were seeded onto Transwell inserts and barrier integrity studies were carried out in the presence or absence of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunofluorescence were used to determine altered tight and adherens junction protein expression or localization. Differentiation to HCO indicated an increased gene expression of CDX2, CD147, and CA2, and increased basal transepithelial electrical resistance compared to HIO. Permeability studies were carried out in HIO- and HCO-derived epithelium, and permeability of FD4 was significantly increased when exposed to TNFα and IFNγ. TEM and immunofluorescence imaging indicated a mislocalization of E-cadherin and ZO-1 in TNFα and IFNγ challenged organoids with a corresponding decrease in mRNA expression. Comparisons between HIO- and HCO-epithelium show a difference in gene expression, electrophysiology, and morphology: both are responsive to TNFα and IFNγ stimulation resulting in enhanced permeability, and changes in tight and adherens junction architecture. This data indicate that iPSC-derived HIOs and HCOs constitute an appropriate physiologically responsive model to study barrier dysfunction and the role of the epithelium in IBD and VEO-IBD.
The evolutionary origins of natural pedagogy: Rhesus monkeys show sustained attention following nonsocial cues versus social communicative signals

The natural pedagogy hypothesis proposes that human infants preferentially attend to communicative signals from others, facilitating rapid cultural learning. In this view, sensitivity to such signals is a uniquely human adaptation and as such nonhuman animals should not produce or utilize these communicative signals. We test these evolutionary predictions by examining sensitivity to communicative cues in 206 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using an expectancy looking time task modeled on prior work with infants. Monkeys observed a human actor who either made eye contact and vocalized to the monkey (social cue), or waved a fruit in front of her face and produced a tapping sound (nonsocial cue). The actor then either looked at an object (referential look) or looked toward empty space (look away). We found that, unlike human infants in analogous situations, rhesus monkeys looked longer at events following nonsocial cues, regardless of the demonstrator's subsequent looking behavior. Moreover younger and older monkeys showed similar patterns of responses across development. These results provide support for the natural pedagogy hypothesis, while also highlighting evolutionary changes in human sensitivity to communicative signals.
Impact of a Daily Hospital-wide Huddle on Urinary Catheter Device Utilization nd Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection Rates

Background Excess device utilization may lead to device-related complications and infections. Increasing awareness of indwelling urinary catheters (IUC) can promote early removal and reduce device utilization rates (DUR). We implemented a hospital-wide Daily Interdisciplinary Safety Huddle (DISH) with infection control and device components. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of DISH on IUC DUR and CAUTI rates. Methods Quasi-experimental study assessing DURs and infection rates before and after implementation of DISH. At DISH, infection prevention priorities and device utilization are discussed. Device use is reported by managers and the infection control practitioner (ICP) reviews indications and plans for removal. Use of external urinary catheter is encouraged and education is provided at the huddle and at the bedside. Data before and after implementation was compared. Paired T-test was used to assess for differences between both groups. Results DISH with infection prevention interventions was successfully implemented at a community hospital. The average DUR for IUC in ICU and non-ICU settings was reduced from 0.56 to 0.35 and 0.27 to 0.12 respectively. CAUTIs decreased by 87%. CAUTI rates decreased from 1.27/1000 IUC days (n=9) to 0.16 (n=1) after implementation. Conclusions A daily huddle with infection prevention and device components promoted IUC removal and reduced CAUTIs in ICU and non-ICU settings. The impact was more profound in non-ICU settings, where devices are less likely to meet indication. The reduction in CAUTIs had estimated cost savings of $110,793. stment or additional training and can bring major cost savings. DISH increased device removal, accountability and promotes a culture of safety. Our facility has remained CAUTI and CLABSI-free for more than 4 years. DISH was an important part of our journey to zero.
The Rich Young Man and the Boundary of Distributive Justice: An Economics Reading of Matthew 20:1–16:

This article proposes a novel way of resolving many of the challenges posed by traditional interpretations of the Matthean parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard (20:1–16) through a lens of econom...
Objective Measures of Two Musical Interpretations of an Excerpt From Berlioz's "La mort d'Ophélie".

Summary Objective/Hypothesis This study aimed to determine objective production differences relative to two emotional interpretations in performing an excerpt from a classical art song. The null hypothesis was proposed. Methods The first author recorded an excerpt from an art song. The excerpt was sung with two contrasting musical interpretations: an “empathetic legato” approach, and a “sarcastic” approach characterized by emphatic attacks. Microphone, airflow, and electroglottography signals were digitized. The vowels were analyzed in terms of intensity, long term average spectra, fundamental frequency (fo), airflow vibrato rate and extent, vowel onset slope, intensity comparison of harmonic frequencies, and glottal measures based on electroglottograph waveforms. Four consonant tokens were analyzed relative to airflow, voice onset time, and production duration. Results & Conclusions The emphatic performance had faster vowel onset, increased glottal adduction, increased intensity of harmonics in 2-3 kHz, increased intensity in the fourth and fifth formants, inferred subglottal pressure increase, increased airflow for /f/, and greater aspiration airflow for /p, t/. Vibrato extents for intensity, fo, and airflow were wider in the emphatic approach. Findings revealed larger EGGW25 and peak-to-peak amplitude values of the electroglottography waveform, suggesting greater vocal fold contact area and longer glottal closure for the emphatic approach. Long-term average spectrum analyses of the entire production displayed minor variation across all formant frequencies, suggesting an insignificant change in vocal tract shaping between the two approaches. This single-case objective study emphasizes the reality of physiological, aerodynamic, and acoustic production differences in the interpretive and pedagogical aspects of art song performance.
Examination of measurement invariance of the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale

Capability for suicide is frequently assessed using the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale (ACSS) or the Acquired Capability for Suicide Scale-Fearlessness About Death (ACSS-FAD); however, the measurement invariance of these self-report measures across relevant demographic groups has not been tested. The current study aimed to examine the measurement invariance of the ACSS and ACSS-FAD across (a) gender; (b) suicide attempt status; and (c) military deployment history in a sample of 2,551 participants (M = 28.92, SD = 10.73; 56.7% male, 68.5% White) who participated in one of several studies funded by the Military Suicide Research Consortium. Results indicated that the ACSS exhibited poor model fit; thus, further investigation of measurement invariance was not conducted. Furthermore, although partial measurement invariance of the ACSS-FAD was met for gender, scalar invariance was not supported across military deployment history, and no form of measurement invariance was met across suicide attempt status. Overall, given the lack of strong model fit and measurement invariance in the ACSS and ACSS-FAD across several demographic groups, new or modified self-report measures for capability for suicide may be warranted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Non-visual composing and coding

Both music creation tools and novice coding environments often use highly visual interfaces to aid in writing, editing, and navigation. Such designs fail to include blind users and may be totally inaccessible. This work sets out to develop a novel domain specific language, interface, and curriculum in partnership with students and teachers at the Filomen M. D'Agostino Greenberg (FMDG) School, a community music school that reaches blind and visually impaired musicians of all ages and skill levels. The project will consist of an iterative co-design phase and an implementation/evaluation phase in which a small number of students at the school will use the technology during a music composition course to create original works.
Canine Oncopanel: A capture-based, NGS platform for evaluating the mutational landscape and detecting putative driver mutations in canine cancers

Canine cancer, a significant cause of mortality in domestic dogs, is a powerful comparative model for human cancers. Revealing genetic alterations driving the oncogenesis of canine cancers holds great potential to deepen our understanding of the cancer biology, guide therapeutic development, and improve cancer management in both dogs and people. Next generation sequencing (NGS) based-diagnostic panels have been routinely used in human oncology for the identification of clinically-actionable mutations, enabling tailored treatments based on the individual's unique mutation profiles. Here, we report the development of a comprehensive canine cancer gene panel, the Canine Oncopanel, using a hybridization capture-based targeted NGS method. The Canine Oncopanel allows deep sequencing of 283 cancer genes and the detection of somatic mutations within these genes. Vigorous optimization was performed to achieve robust, high-standard performance using metrics of similar cancer panels in human oncology as benchmarks. Validation of the Canine Oncopanel on reference tumour samples with known mutations demonstrated that it can detect variants previously identified by alternative methods, with high accuracy and sensitivity. Putative drivers were detected in over 90% of clinical samples, showing high sensitivity. The Canine Oncopanel is suitable to map mutation profiles and identify putative driver mutations across common and rare cancer types in dogs. The data generated by the Canine Oncopanel presents a rich resource of putative oncogenic driver mutations and potential clinically relevant markers, paving the way for personalized diagnostics and precision medicine in canine oncology.
Soil bacteria protect fungi from phenazines by acting as toxin sponges.

Summary Many environmentally and clinically important fungi are sensitive to toxic, bacterially produced, redox-active molecules called phenazines. Despite being vulnerable to phenazine assault, fungi inhabit microbial communities that contain phenazine producers. Because many fungi cannot withstand phenazine challenge but some bacterial species can, we hypothesized that bacterial partners may protect fungi in phenazine-replete environments. From a single soil sample, we were able to co-isolate several such physically associated pairings. We discovered the novel species Paraburkholderia edwinii and demonstrated it can protect a co-isolated Aspergillus species from phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) by sequestering it, acting as a toxin sponge; in turn, it also gains protection. When challenged with PCA, P. edwinii changes its morphology, forming aggregates within the growing fungal colony. Further, the fungal partner triggers P. edwinii to sequester PCA and maintains conditions that limit PCA toxicity by promoting an anoxic and highly reducing environment. A mutagenic screen of P. edwinii revealed this protective program depends on the stress-inducible transcriptional repressor HrcA. We show that one relevant stressor in response to PCA challenge is fungal acidification and that acid stress causes P. edwinii to behave as though the fungus were present. Finally, we reveal this phenomenon as widespread among Paraburkholderia with moderate specificity among bacterial and fungal partners, including plant and human pathogens. Our discovery suggests a common mechanism by which fungi can gain access to phenazine-replete environments and provides a tractable model system for its study. These results have implications for how microbial communities in the rhizosphere as well as in plant and human infection sites negotiate community membership via a chemical dialectic.
Elements of the theory of interpretation: a life-and-intelligence (LI)-mimetic approach to education

The views presented here stem from the multiple factual and methodological resemblances that can be found among many domains of knowledge. The effort started with searching for BIO-mimetic tools of education and arrived at LI-mimetic approach. Admitting the significance of LI-resemblances can be instrumental for restructuring the system of undergraduate education. We are permeated by explications of the underlying connections to life, intelligence and intelligent systems within the scope of their multidisciplinary educational associations.
Software Reliability and Readiness Assessment Based on the Non-homogeneous Poisson Process

Abstract This chapter addresses the inten-elated issues of software reliability and readiness assessment based on open and closed software problem reports (SPRs). It describes a systematic methodology consisting of the following three steps: use of the Laplace trend statistic to determine reliability growth or decay, fitting non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) models and reliability or readiness assessment. The mathematical framework pertinent to the Laplace statistic and the NHPP models is discussed at length. SPR data from commercial and military systems are used throughout the chapter for illustration and explanation.
Mobile App Design for Teaching and Learning: Educators’ Experiences in an Online Graduate Course

This research explored how educators with limited programming experiences learned to design mobile apps through peer support and instructor guidance. Educators were positive about the sense of community in this online course. They also considered App Inventor a great web-based visual programming tool for developing useful and fully functioning mobile apps. They had great sense of empowerment through developing unique apps by using App Inventor. They felt their own design work and creative problem solving were inspired by the customized mobile apps shared by peers. The learning activities, including sharing customized apps, providing peer feedback, composing design proposals, and keeping design journals (blogging), complemented each other to support a positive sense of community and form a strong virtual community of learning mobile app design. This study helped reveal the educational value of mobile app design activities and the web-based visual programming tool, and the possibility of teaching/learning mobile app design online. The findings can also encourage educators to explore and experiment on the potential of incorporating these design learning activities in their respective settings, and to develop mobile apps for their diverse needs in teaching and learning.
‘What to Do’ About Climate Change Denial

The disinformation campaign about global climate change, pursued by a few, has influenced many. One of the basic problems is the relatively poor job we in the scientific community have done in educating the public, starting with students, on basic scientific principles. This allows the climate change deniers to persuade many people that climate change is not real, when the science, in fact, is incontrovertible.
Women's Rights

According to an ancient Chinese proverb, “Women hold up half the sky.” Indeed, women and men share equal responsibility for families, communities, and cultures. Unfortunately, women are rarely afforded or experience equal rights to men and all too often, women's human rights are not equated with fundamental human rights. Around the globe, women routinely experience social, economic, political, and other inequalities. In addition, many cultures simply turn a blind eye to the subordination of and violence against women and girls. Keywords: human rights; rape; sexual violence; gender roles
Natural Language Processing and Information Retrieval

Information retrieval addresses the problem of finding those documents whose content matches a user's request from among a large collection of documents. Currently, the most successful general purpose retrieval methods are statistical methods that treat text as little more than a bag of words. However, attempts to improve retrieval performance through more sophisticated linguistic processing have been largely unsuccessful. Indeed, unless done carefully, such processing can degrade retrieval effectiveness. Several factors contribute to the difficulty of improving on a good statistical baseline including: the forgiving nature but broad coverage of the typical retrieval task; the lack of good weighting schemes for compound index terms; and the implicit linguistic processing inherent in the statistical methods. Natural language processing techniques may be more important for related tasks such as question answering or document summarization.
In Search of an Integrative Theme for the Undergraduate Business Curriculum

The Business Core is typically a set of courses in the curriculum of many business schools which provides the student with a breadth of knowledge across all business disciplines. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a curricular model based upon the balanced scorecard (BSC) developed by Kaplan & Norton (1996). With its multi-dimensional approach that encompasses all business disciplines, the BSC framework provides a natural vehicle for integration. Moreover, with the flexibility in the choice of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and the potential for adding other perspectives, the BSC is infinitely adaptable and expandable.
Morphological Characterization of Kupffer and Endothelial Cells of Rat Liver Isolated By Counterflow Elutriation

Kupffer and endothelial cells of rat liver were purified by recirculating collagenase perfusion, metrizamide gradient, and counterflow elutriation. Every step of the isolation procedure was followed by light microscopy and histochemistry. The final fractions of purified sinusoidal cells were examined in their isolated state by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The scope of this manuscript is the detailed documentation and discussion of all technical aspects and problems of a rather new isolation technique, as well as the detailed description of the purified sinusoidal cells of the liver by scanning electron microscopy. Broader acceptance of this isolation procedure should lead to the specific characterization of biochemical and immunological functions of these cells and elucidate their pathophysiological significance.
Advanced packaging technologies for fully exploiting attributes of WBG power electronics

A set of technical parameters of power electronics package has been employed to characterize the packaging technologies, in order to improve the criteria such as efficiency, cost-effectiveness and reliability of wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductors in power conversion applications. Some technologies such as integrated gate driver, planar electrical interconnection, and integrated cooling have been developed. The comprehensive improvements in module's electrical, thermal performance and manufacturability help utilize fully the attributes provided exclusively by the WBG power semiconductors. The technical advancements lead to cost-effective, high efficiency, high power density in automotive electric power conversion systems.
Contribution of brown carbon and lensing to the direct radiative effect of carbonaceous aerosols from biomass and biofuel burning emissions

We present global direct radiative effect (DRE) calculations of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from biomass/biofuel burning addressing the interplay between two poorly constrained contributions to DRE: mixing state of black carbon (lensing) and light absorption by organic aerosol (OA) due to the presence of brown carbon (BrC). We use the parameterization of Saleh et al. (2014) which captures the variability in biomass/biofuel OA absorption. The global mean effect of OA absorption is +0.22 W/m2 and +0.12 W/m2 for externally and internally mixed cases, while the effect of lensing is +0.39 W/m2 and +0.29 W/m2 for nonabsorbing and absorbing OA cases, signifying the nonlinear interplay between OA absorption and lensing. These two effects can be overestimated if not treated simultaneously in radiative transfer calculations. The combined effect of OA absorption and lensing increases the global mean DRE of biomass/biofuel aerosols from −0.46 W/m2 to +0.05 W/m2 and appears to reduce the gap between existing model-based and observationally constrained DRE estimates. We observed a strong sensitivity to these parameters in key regions, where DRE shifts from strongly negative ( +1 W/m2) when accounting for lensing and OA absorption.
Tetrapod-like organization of the pituitary gland of the polyteriformid fishers, Calamoichthys calabaricus and Polypterus palmas

Abstract A hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system and median eminence which by light and electron microscopy are comparable to those of tetrapods are demonstrated in the polypteriformid fishes Calamoichthys calabaricus and Polypterus Palmas . Neurohemal contacts are found in the neurohypophysis. The interdigitation of the pars intermedia and neurohypophysis and the presence of a. saccus vasculosus are more piscine organizational features of the pituitary gland. The significance of these findings in the palaeoniscid relict group Polypteriformes is discussed.
Connections between markets and learning

We provide an overview of recent research exploring the striking mathematical connections that exist between market maker mechanisms for prediction markets and no-regret learning. We describe how these connections can be used in the design of efficient prediction markets over combinatorial outcome spaces.
Nitrogen dynamics in arctic tundra soils of varying age: differential responses to fertilization and warming.

In the foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska, different glaciation histories have created landscapes with varying soil age. Productivity of most of these landscapes is generally N limited, but varies widely, as do plant species composition and soil properties (e.g., pH). We hypothesized that the projected changes in productivity and vegetation composition under a warmer climate might be mediated through differential changes in N availability across soil age. We compared readily available [water-soluble NH4+, NO3−, and amino acids (AA)], moderately available (soluble proteins), hydrolyzable, and total N pools across three tussock-tundra landscapes with soil ages ranging from 11.5k to 300k years. The effects of fertilization and warming on these N pools were also compared for the two younger sites. Readily available N was highest at the oldest site, and AA accounted for 80–89 % of this N. At the youngest site, inorganic N constituted the majority (80–97 %) of total readily available N. This variation reflected the large differences in plant functional group composition and soil chemical properties. Long-term (8–16 years) fertilization increased the soluble inorganic N by 20- to 100-fold at the intermediate-age site, but only by twofold to threefold at the youngest site. Warming caused small and inconsistent changes in the soil C:N ratio and AA, but only in soils beneath Eriophorum vaginatum, the dominant tussock-forming sedge. These differential responses suggest that the ecological consequences of warmer climates on these tundra ecosystems are more complex than simply elevated N-mineralization rates, and that the responses of landscapes might be impacted by soil age, or time since deglaciation.
Recursively updated least squares based modification term for adaptive control

We present an approach for combining standard recursive least squares based regression with proven direct model reference adaptive control using a recursively updated modification term. This approach is applicable to adaptive control problems where the uncertainty can be linearly parameterized. The combined training law drives the adaptive weights smoothly to a recursively updated least squares estimate of the ideal weights and is shown to have a stability proof. Expected improvement in performance of the adaptive law is validated through simulation.
Effects of antidepressants on quality of life in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder

This review examines the effects of antidepressant medications on premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and the diminished quality of life (QOL) that accompanies the disorder. PMDD is a chronic condition in women that emerges in the second half of the menstrual cycle and remits during the menstrual period. The affective and behavioural symptoms of PMDD adversely affect functioning and QOL to a disabling degree, particularly in the domains of family and personal relationships, work productivity and social activities. The serotonergic antidepressants, specifically the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are effective for PMDD. Continuous and luteal-phase dosing regimens with SSRIs are similarly effective and well tolerated. Treatment of PMDD with a serotonergic antidepressant significantly improves functioning and QOL in all studies that have systematically examined QOL issues in this disorder. Although the data show that PMDD is effectively treated with serotonergic antidepressants and that functional impairment that accompanies the disorder is also improved with treatment, the social and economic burden of PMDD continues to be widely unrecognised. Greater awareness of the effectiveness of treatments and reliable measures of the direct and indirect healthcare costs of the disorder when it remains untreated are needed.
The structure and evolution of galacto-detonation waves - Some analytic results in sequential star formation models of spiral galaxies

Waves of star formation in a uniform, differentially rotating disk galaxy are treated analytically as a propagating detonation wave front. It is shown, that if single solitary waves could be excited, they would evolve asymptotically to one of two stable spiral forms, each of which rotates with a fixed pattern speed. Simple numerical solutions confirm these results. However, the pattern of waves that develop naturally from an initially localized disturbance is more complex and dies out within a few rotation periods. These results suggest a conclusive observational test for deciding whether sequential star formation is an important determinant of spiral structure in some class of galaxies.
Sn-Normal Semigroups of Partial Transformations

For an integer n ≥ 1, let and Sn be, respectively, the semigroup of partial transformations and the symmetric group on the set X = {1,…,n}. Then Sn is the group of units of . A subsemigroup S of is Sn-normal if for all a ∈ S and g ∈ Sn, g-1ag ∈ S. In 1976, Symons described the Sn-normal semigroups of full transformations of X. In 1995, Lipscomb and the second author determined the Sn-normal semigroups of partial injective transformations of X. In this paper, we complete the classification by describing all Sn-normal subsemigroups of . As a consequence of the classification theorem, we obtain a characterization of the automorphisms of any Sn-normal subsemigroup of .
Learning explicit and implicit visual manifolds by information projection

Natural images have a vast amount of visual patterns distributed in a wide spectrum of subspaces of varying complexities and dimensions. Understanding the characteristics of these subspaces and their compositional structures is of fundamental importance for pattern modeling, learning and recognition. In this paper, we start with small image patches and define two types of atomic subspaces: explicit manifolds of low dimensions for structural primitives and implicit manifolds of high dimensions for stochastic textures. Then we present an information theoretical learning framework that derives common models for these manifolds through information projection, and study a manifold pursuit algorithm that clusters image patches into those atomic subspaces and ranks them according to their information gains. We further show how those atomic subspaces change over an image scaling process and how they are composed to form larger and more complex image patterns. Finally, we integrate the implicit and explicit manifolds to form a primal sketch model as a generic representation in early vision and to generate a hybrid image template representation for object category recognition in high level vision. The study of the mathematical structures in the image space sheds lights on some basic questions in human vision, such as atomic elements in visual perception, the perceptual metrics in various manifolds, and the perceptual transitions over image scales. This paper is based on the J.K. Aggarwal Prize lecture by the first author at the International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Tempa, FL. 2008.
Atmosphere-Surface Interactions on Mars: Δ17O Measurements of Carbonate from ALH 84001

Oxygen isotope measurements of carbonate from martian meteorite ALH 84001 (δ18O = 18.3 ± 0.4 per mil, δ17O = 10.3 ± 0.2 per mil, and Δ17O = 0.8 ± 0.05 per mil) are fractionated with respect to those of silicate minerals. These measurements support the existence of two oxygen isotope reservoirs (the atmosphere and the silicate planet) on Mars at the time of carbonate growth. The cause of the atmospheric oxygen isotope anomaly may be exchange between CO2 and O(1D) produced by the photodecomposition of ozone. Atmospheric oxygen isotope compositions may be transferred to carbonate minerals by CO2-H2O exchange and mineral growth. A sink of17O-depleted oxygen, as required by mass balance, may exist in the planetary regolith.
Obesity: Challenges to ventilatory control during exercise—A brief review☆

Obesity is a national health issue in the US. Among the many physiological changes induced by obesity, it also presents a unique challenge to ventilatory control during exercise due to increased metabolic demand of moving larger limbs, increased work of breathing due to extra weight on the chest wall, and changes in breathing mechanics. These challenges to ventilatory control in obesity can be inconspicuous or overt among obese adults but for the most part adaptation of ventilatory control during exercise in obesity appears remarkably unnoticed in the majority of obese people. In this brief review, the changes to ventilatory control required for maintaining normal ventilation during exercise will be examined, especially the interaction between respiratory neural drive and ventilation. Also, gaps in our current knowledge will be discussed.
Reaction Chemistry of Sterically Crowded Tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)samarium1

Although (C5Me5)3Sm is an extremely sterically crowded molecule, it displays high reactivity with a variety of substrates including CO, THF, ethylene, hydrogen, nitriles, isonitriles, isocyanates, 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene, azobenzene, and Ph3PE (E = O, S, Se). The reactions include polymerization, insertion, ring-opening, and reduction. Depending on the substrate, (C5Me5)3Sm can react (1) as if it were a bulky alkyl complex of formula (C5Me5)2SmR in which R is an η1-C5Me5 group or (2) as if it were the zwitterion [(C5Me5)2Sm]+[C5Me5]- in which the [C5Me5]- component is a one-electron reductant. In the former mode, this compound (a) reacts with CO to form (C5Me5)2Sm(O2C7Me5), which has a ligand containing a nonclassical carbocationic center, (b) undergoes hydrogenolysis with H2 to form [(C5Me5)2Sm(μ-H)]2, (c) ring-opens THF to form (C5Me5)2Sm[O(CH2)4(C5Me5)](THF), (d) inserts PhCN to form (C5Me5)2Sm[NC(Ph)(C5Me5)](NCPh), 2, and (e) reacts with PhNCO to form 3, a product which can be rationalized by a C−N ...
Acute effects of aspartame on aggression and neurochemistry of rats

The inverse relationship between serotonin and aggression was investigated in rats treated with aspartame, a sweetener thought to interfere with the synthesis of this neurotransmitter. Eleven adult, male Long-Evans rats received either aspartame (200-800 mg/kg, IP) or the vehicle prior to testing in a standard resident-intruder paradigm. Contrary to our hypothesis, aspartame significantly decreased aggression as shown by increased latencies to the first attack and decreased number of bites per session. Corresponding with the effects on aggression, aspartame significantly increased striatal levels of serotonin. It was concluded that high doses of aspartame reduced aggressive attack via a serotonergic mechanism while the lower dose was without effect on either variable.
Multi-scale modeling predicts a balance of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 controls the granuloma environment during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are key anti- and pro-inflammatory mediators elicited during the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Understanding the opposing effects of these mediators is difficult due to the complexity of processes acting across different spatial (molecular, cellular, and tissue) and temporal (seconds to years) scales. We take an in silico approach and use multi-scale agent based modeling of the immune response to Mtb, including molecular scale details for both TNF-α and IL-10. Our model predicts that IL-10 is necessary to modulate macrophage activation levels and to prevent host-induced tissue damage in a granuloma, an aggregate of cells that forms in response to Mtb. We show that TNF-α and IL-10 parameters related to synthesis, signaling, and spatial distribution processes control concentrations of TNF-α and IL-10 in a granuloma and determine infection outcome in the long-term. We devise an overall measure of granuloma function based on three metrics – total bacterial load, macrophage activation levels, and apoptosis of resting macrophages – and use this metric to demonstrate a balance of TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations is essential to Mtb infection control, within a single granuloma, with minimal host-induced tissue damage. Our findings suggest that a balance of TNF-α and IL-10 defines a granuloma environment that may be beneficial for both host and pathogen, but perturbing the balance could be used as a novel therapeutic strategy to modulate infection outcomes.
Nested crossbar connection networks for optically interconnected processor arrays for vector–matrix multiplication

A family of new interconnection networks, termed the nested crossbar, has been developed. These networks are particularly well suited to optical interconnects due to their high bisection width and high degree of space invariance. Algorithms have been developed for computing vector-matrix multiplication with nested crossbar connected processor arrays with time growth rates between O(1) and O(N(1/2)). (N is the number of elements in the vector.) When these algorithms are implemented on holographic optically interconnected very large scale integrated processor arrays, the nested crossbar networks have area and time growth rates close to fundamental lower bounds. The nested crossbar networks also allow the use of a minimum number of transmitters and detectors.
Finite element solutions of two-dimensional contact problems based on a consistent mixed formulation

Abstract A consistent mixed finite element method for solving two-dimensional contact problems is presented. Derivations of stiffness equations for contact elements are made from a perturbed Lagrangian variational principle. For a contact element, both the displacement and pressure fields are independently assumed. In order to achieve a consisent formulation, thus avoiding any numerical instability, the pressure function is assumed in such a way that all non-contact modes in deformations must be excluded. Stiffness equations for four-noded and six-noded contact elements are given. Four numerical examples are included to demonstrate the methodology.
A meta‐analysis of fat intake, reproduction, and breast cancer risk: An evolutionary perspective

Objectives: This study is a systematic review of literature published up to May of 2010 aimed to identify relationships between dietary fat, and fat subtypes, with risk of breast cancer in women. Methods: Descriptive data, estimates of relative risk and associated 95% confidence interval (CI) were extracted from relative studies and analyzed using the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird. Results: Cohort study results indicated significant summary relative risks between polyunsaturated fat and breast cancer (1.091, 95% CI: 1.001; 1.184). In case-control studies no association between fat and breast cancer was observed. Post-menopausal women indicated a significant association between total fat (1.042, 95%CI: 1.013; 1.073), PUFA intake (1.22, 95% CI: 1.08; 1.381), and breast cancer. A non-significant inverse relation between intake of all fat types and breast cancer was identified in premenopausal women. Conclusions: These results support the idea that possible elevations in serum estrogen levels by an adult exposure to a high-fat diet would increase breast cancer risk. Furthermore, menopausal status was observed to affect women's risk of breast cancer. Higher risks of breast cancer were found in post-menopausal women consuming diets high in total fat and polyunsaturated fats. Conversely, dietary fat appears to have preventative effects in pre-menopausal women. This study takes a transformative approach combining epidemiological, biomedical, and evolutionary theory to evaluate how biocultural variations in risk factors (i.e., diet and reproduction) affect the evolution of breast cancers. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On non-linear estimation of a measurand

We consider an estimation problem described in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). The problem is concerned with estimating a measurand that is a non-linear function of input quantities. The GUM describes two methods for estimating the measurand—method 1 is based on the same non-linear function of input-quantity estimates and method 2 is based on the mean of that function of individual measurements. We use several examples to compare the two methods based on their mean-squared errors and to demonstrate that a uniformly preferred method may not be available except for the simplest cases. We also consider an approach based on the Monte Carlo method in Supplement 1 of the GUM for the problem and compare it with the two methods.
When opposites do (and do not) attract: Interplay of leader and follower self-identities and its consequences for leader–member exchange

Abstract Employees' self-identities, or the ways in which they define themselves relative to others, have implications for the quality of leader and follower relationships at work. Although self-identity has been examined within the context of transformational and charismatic leadership, its relevance for leader–member exchange (LMX) has received little attention. In this study we integrate LMX and self-identity theories. Doing so proved useful because it was found that leader and follower identities predicted LMX quality, as did the fit between leader and follower identities and interactions among fit at different self-identity levels. LMX quality fully mediated relationships of self-identity fit with job performance, regardless of whether LMX was reported by subordinates or their supervisors. Lastly, we also found that self-identity predicted LMX agreement across supervisors and subordinates. Implications of our findings for theory and practice are discussed.
In Monkeys Making Value-Based Decisions, LIP Neurons Encode Cue Salience and Not Action Value

In monkeys deciding between alternative saccadic eye movements, lateral intraparietal (LIP) neurons representing each saccade fire at a rate proportional to the value of the reward expected upon its completion. This observation has been interpreted as indicating that LIP neurons encode saccadic value and that they mediate value-based decisions between saccades. Here, we show that LIP neurons representing a given saccade fire strongly not only if it will yield a large reward but also if it will incur a large penalty. This finding indicates that LIP neurons are sensitive to the motivational salience of cues. It is compatible neither with the idea that LIP neurons represent action value nor with the idea that value-based decisions take place in LIP neurons.
UTILIZATION OF LIPOSOMES FOR CORRECTION OF THE METABOLIC DEFICIENCIES IN CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE (CGD)

Previous studies have shown that latex particles coated with glucose oxidase (GO) would partially correct the metabolic defects in CGD polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In order to develop a technique with better therapeutic advantage, we studied the efficacy of preparing liposomes (LP) containing the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generating GO. The activity of GO incorporated within the LP could only be demonstrated after treatment of the LP with Triton X-100. LP were coated with heat-aggregated human IgG, thereby increasing their capability to be phagocytized by PMN. CGD PMN oxidized glucose-l-14C upon phagocytosis of GO-containing LP at levels 4-fold greater at 30 min than CGD PMN stimulated either with latex particles or with heat-inactivated Go-containing LP. Similarly, CGD PMN increased their iodination activity 4-fold over 60 min upon exposure to GO-containing LP when compared to only a 1.3-fold increase upon exposure to heat-inactivated GO-containing LP plus zymosan. After 100 min of incubation with Staphylococcus aureus and GO-containing, LP CGD PMN killed 0.6 log bacteria compared to a 0.3 log bacteria kill with heat-inactivated GO-containing LP. We conclude that GO can be incorporated into LP and these LP can be internalized by CGD to generate H2O2. Thus, a potential therapeutic modality for CGD may be the administration of LP containing oxidant generating enzymes.
Service Learning With Children Affected by Poverty: Facilitating Multicultural Competence in Counseling Education Students

The author defines and presents a rationale for service learning, provides procedures for implementing service learning with children affected by poverty, and describes methods of facilitating multicultural counseling competence. Examples are provided from a graduate counseling class that conducted group play therapy with 11 African American children at a community center. La autora define y presenta una base para aprender de servicio, proporciona los procedimientos para aplicar el servicio aprender con ninos afectado por la pobreza, y describe los metodos de facilitar aconsejar la competencia multicultural. Los ejemplos se proporcionan de un graduado que aconseja la clase que realizo el grupo la terapia del juego con 11 ninos Americanos Africanos en un centro de la comunidad.
Congenital rubella syndrome with immunoglobulin disorder

A child with the congenital rubella syndrome and immunoglobulin abnormalitiescharacterized by a tremendous increase in IgM, delayed appearance of IgG, and absence of IgA, is described. “Rheumatoid factor” and cold agglutinins were present. Treatment with an antiviral agent, l-adamantanamine, was thought to result in clinical improvement. An unusual feature of the case was the late development of retinitis and cataracts.
Recording the Electrocardiogram during the Performance of the Master Two-Step Test: I

Various technics for recording the electrocardiogram while the patient was exercising on the Master two-step apparatus were evaluated. Satisfactory tracings were obtained both by radiotelemetry (when the apparatus was properly aligned) and a direct hook-up technic that requires only standard equipment. Recommended electrodes are described, electrode positions discussed, and possible pitfalls of the technics enumerated. It is concluded that for the specific purpose of monitoring the two-step test, radiotelemetry is unnecessary and perhaps less desirable than direct hook-up monitoring.
EARLY LIFE HISTORY TRAITS AND RECRUITMENT PATTERNS OF CARIBBEAN WRASSES (LABRIDAE)

Despite the fact that recruitment can significantly influence the population dynamics of benthic marine populations, relatively little is known about the biological and physical processes controlling recruitment. We selected eight closely related coral reef fishes (wrasses in the family Labridae) to examine the temporal and spatial patterns of juvenile recruitment to the Caribbean island of Barbados. We used a comparative approach to study the relationships among patterns of recruitment, early life history traits, and aspects of the physical environment. For 10 wk during each of three peak recruitment (spring) seasons (1990–1992), we used a biweekly census of recently settled juveniles (8–25 mm standard length, SL) to measure the abundance of six congeners, Halichoeres bivittatus, H. radiatus, H. poeyi, H. garnoti, H. pictus, and H. maculipinna, and two confamilial labrids, Thalassoma bifasciatum and Bodianus rufus. Analysis of the otoliths of a sample of collected specimens provided estimates of larval d...
A Miniature Membrane-less Biofuel Cell Operating under Physiological Conditions at 0.5 V

A biofuel cell operating at a power density of 50 μW cm 2 at a 0.5 V cell potential under physiological conditions (air saturated, pH 7.4, 0.14 M NaCI, 37.5°C, 15 mM glucose) is described. The cell had a glucose electro-oxidizing anode and an O 2 electroreducing cathode. The anodic electrocatalyst comprised the electrostatic adduct of glucose oxidase (GOx) a polyanion at physiological pH, and the polycationic redox polymer poly (N-vinyl imidazole), partially quarternized with 2-hromoethylamine and partially complexed with [Os(da-bpy) 2 Cl] +/2+ , (da-bpy = 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-bipyridine) (E = -160 mV vs. Ag/AgCl). The cathode electrocatalyst was the electrostatic adduct of bilirubin oxidase (BOD) also a polyanion at physiological pH, and the polycationic redox copolymer of polyacrylamide and poly (N-vinylimidazole), complexed with [Os(del-bpy) 2 Cl] +/2+ , where dcl-bpy = 4,4'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyridine (E°'= 350 mV vs Ag/AgCl). The anode and the cathode were 7 μm diam, 2 cm long carbon fibers, on which the catalytic enzyme-redox polymer adducts were cross-linked. When the miniature cell operated at 0.5 V, its 50 μW cm -2 initial power density decreased to 30 μW cm -2 after 2 days of continuous operation at 37.5°C.