cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiratory and calcium transport properties of spiny lobster hepatopancreas mitochondria.

Mitochondria were isolated from the hepatopancreas of the Florida spiny lobster Panulirus argus using a high osmolarity medium containing 600 mm mannitol, 83 mm sucrose, 5 mm 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid, pH 7.6, 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 1 mm EDTA. O2 uptake and Ca2+ transport were measured by electrode methods in similar media (plus 4 mm KPi, 3.3 mm MgCl2, and 0.67 mg/ml BSA, with 80 mm KCl replacing a portion of the osmotic support). Substrate-supported respiration was observed to be coupled to phosphorylation of ADP or uptake of Ca2+ ions. State 3 rates (nanogram atoms O × minute−1 × milligram protein−1 ± SEM (N)) were: 49.2 ± 3.9 (19), succinate; 30.9 ± 3.9 (6), dl-palmitoyl carnitine; 29.0 ± 2.7 (9), l-malate; 40.0 ± 2.3 (3), l-glutamate; 27.7 ± 2.2 (5), d-3-hydroxybutyrate; and 26.4 ± 2.4 (18), l-proline ± pyruvate. α-Glycerol phosphate was not oxidized. Ca2+ uptake driven by succinate oxidation proceeded with Ca:O ratios of 4.0 ± 0.2 (SEM). Hepatopancreas mitochondria were not uncoupled by Ca2+ uptake in excess of 1100 ng atoms × mg protein−1. Ca2+ efflux could be induced by ruthenium red, indicating the presence of an active Ca2+ cycle. These mitochondria may provide a favorable model system in which to study regulation of the Ca2+ cycle.
Composition of glycoproteins secreted by tracheal explants from various animal species

Abstract 1. 1. The acidic and neutral glycoproteins secreted by cultured tracheal explants from pigs, sheep, rats, mice, monkeys, guinea pigs, dogs and chickens were purified and fractionated by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. 2. 2. The ratios of acidic to neutral mucus glycoproteins were compared for the above animais with that of mucus glycoproteins secreted by cultured human bronchi. 3. 3. The observed ratios of acidic to neutral glycoproteins ranged from 4.0 (mouse) to 7.2 (chicken and pig) from cultured tracheae; secreted human bronchial mucus had a ratio of 2.7. 4. 4. The ratio of acidic to neutral glycoproteins secreted by tracheal explants varied with duration of incubation of the trachea in culture.
PKCε Stimulated Arginine Methylation of RIP140 for Its Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Export in Adipocyte Differentiation

BACKGROUND Receptor interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a versatile transcriptional co-repressor that plays roles in diverse metabolic processes including fat accumulation in adipocytes. Previously we identified three methylated arginine residues in RIP140, which rendered its export to the cytoplasm; but it was unclear what triggered RIP140 arginine methylation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we determined the activated PKCepsilon as the specific trigger for RIP140 arginine methylation and its subsequent export. We identified two PKCepsilon-phosphorylated residues of RIP140, Ser-102 and Ser-1003, which synergistically stimulated direct binding of RIP140 by 14-3-3 that recruited protein arginine methyl transferase 1 to methylate RIP140. The methylated RIP140 then preferentially recruited exportin 1 for nuclear export. As a result, the nuclear gene-repressive activity of RIP140 was reduced. In RIP140 null adipocyte cultures, the defect in fat accumulation was effectively rescued by the phosphorylation-deficient mutant RIP140 that resided predominantly in the nucleus, but less so by the phospho-mimetic RIP140 that was exported to the cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study uncovers a novel means, via a cascade of protein modifications, to inactivate, or suppress, the nuclear action of an important transcription coregulator RIP140, and delineates the first specific phosphorylation-arginine methylation cascade that could alter protein subcellular distribution and biological activity.
Short-term effects of piperonyl butoxide in the deposition of dietary hydrocarbon in rat tissues

Abstract Administration of piperonyl butoxide to fed rats in doses below 1 10 of the LD50 in conjunction with orally administered hydrocarbons results in a greatly increased deposition of hydrocarbon in heart, lung, pancreas and splenic tissues over that in control animals. The action of piperonyl butoxide apparently takes place after absorption of hydrocarbon has occurred, but whether the effect is primarily inhibition of the oxidation of hydrocarbon in the liver, or stimulation of transport of hydrocarbon into the blood has not been established. The increased deposition of hydrocarbon in tissues under the influence of piperonyl butoxide is greater for octadecane than for nonacosane.
Optical sensing of analytes in aqueous solutions with a multiple surface-plasmon-polariton-wave platform

The commonly used optical sensor based on surface plasmon-polariton wave phenomenon can sense just one chemical, because only one SPP wave can be guided by the interface of a metal and a dielectric material contained in the sensor. Multiple analytes could be detected and/or the sensing reliability for a single analyte could be enhanced, if multiple SPP-wave modes could be excited on a single metal/dielectric interface. For that to happen, the partnering dielectric material must be periodically non-homogeneous. Using a chiral sculptured thin film (CSTF) as that material in a SPP-wave platform, we show that the angular locations of multiple SPP-wave modes shift when the void regions of the CSTF are infiltrated with a fluid. The sensitivities realized in the proof-of-concept experiments are comparable to state-of-research values.
Human sinonasal explant system for testing cytotoxicity of intranasal agents.

Background: Intranasal agents play a critical role in the management of sinonasal disorders. There are ongoing efforts to develop new intranasal medications to combat sinonasal disease. Some intranasal agents, however, can have cytotoxic effects on human sinonasal tissue. In order to facilitate safe drug discovery, we developed a simple and reliable in vitro screening assay using human sinonasal explants to measure the cytotoxic profiles of intranasal agents. Methods: We obtained sinonasal tissues from several regions of the nasal cavity from 12 patients undergoing endoscopic sinonasal surgery. These tissues were cultured on polytetrafluoroethylene membrane in serum-free growth medium. We determined the biochemical properties of these explants by measuring extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and performing histological analyses over a period of 1 to 2 weeks. We then examined the cytotoxic profiles of 13 intranasal agents by measuring extracellular LDH levels using the human sinonasal explant system. Results: Sinonasal explants exhibited a rapid reduction in extracellular LDH levels indicating stabilization in the culture environment within 2 days. Histological analysis showed maintenance of good cellular architecture for up to 2 weeks. The explants displayed intact epithelium and expressed βIII-tubulin and Ki-67. Of the 13 tested intranasal agents, 1% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), 5% ZnSO4, and Zicam application were cytotoxic. Conclusion: Based on the unique biochemical properties of the human nasal explant culture system, we developed a simple and reliable in vitro screening assay to determine the cytotoxic profiles of various intranasal agents by examining extracellular LDH levels and histopathology. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Fetal echocardiography during indomethacin treatment

Fetal echocardiograms were evaluated in 315 studies performed in 107 fetuses exposed to indomethacin. In the majority of cases, the results of the fetal echocardiography study were within normal limits (74%). The most common abnormal phenomena were tricuspid valve regurgitation (10%), ductal constriction (6%), tricuspid valve regurgitation and ductal constriction (5%), an increased ductal velocity (2%), and other (3%). The difference between the prevalence of ductal constriction in the whole series of studies (11%) compared to the prevalence of ductal constriction per fetus (25%) (p < 0.001) suggests that this phenomenon was only temporary and disappeared when medication was discontinued. The mean gestational age for detection of tricuspid valve regurgitation was 27.7 +/- 2.8 weeks and for ductal constriction, 30.9 +/- 2.1 weeks (t-test, p < 0.01). Trivial tricuspid valve regurgitation was detected at a mean of 26.7 +/- 2.2 weeks and significant tricuspid valve regurgitation at 29.6 +/- 2.3 weeks (t-test, p < 0.01). We conclude that indomethacin treatment is relatively safe for the fetal heart. The most common side-effects are tricuspid valve regurgitation and ductal constriction. Tricuspid valve regurgitation may be detected before ductal constriction, but by itself it is not a contraindication for the continued use of indomethacin.
Some negative results concerning prime number generators

Programs attributed to Wirth and Misra for generating the prime numbers up to a specified limit are investigated. It is shown that Wirth's program is incorrect according to three increasingly weak criteria, and a composite number is exhibited that the program accepts as prime. This is the smallest known counterexample, and could not have been found by the usual method of program testing—the program would run for trillions of years on the fastest computer before reaching it! Closely related counterexamples are given to a conjecture of Misra concerning his program. An appendix gives a particularly simple algorithmic proof of the Chinese remainder theorem.
Comparison of aconitine‐modified human heart (hH1) and rat skeletal (μ1) muscle Na+ channels: an important role for external Na+ ions

Neurotoxins such as aconitine (AC) bind to receptor site 2 on voltage-gated sodium channels and modify channel kinetics. Although AC modification typically induces hyperpolarizing shifts in sodium channel activation, the effects on channel inactivation seem to vary depending on the tissue origin of the channel. In the present study, the alpha subunits of human heart (hH1) and rat skeletal muscle (mu1) sodium channels were transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293t) cells. Whole-cell currents were examined before and after AC modification of the channels to determine whether the toxin had isoform-specific effects on channel kinetics. The magnitudes of the hyperpolarizing shifts in steady-state current activation and inactivation were similar for AC-modified hH1 and mu1 channels, and AC modification did not alter the voltage dependence of macroscopic current decay of either channel subtype. There were two notable differences between hH1 and mu1 channels after AC modification. First, the steady-state availability of AC-modified mu1 channels decreased by 5-10% after very negative conditioning pulses. Second, AC-modified mu1 channels inactivated completely at all voltages, whereas AC-modified hH1 channels exhibited sustained inward currents at voltages near the threshold of current activation. Interestingly, AC-modified hH1 channels inactivated completely if the external solution did not contain sodium ions. The data demonstrate that AC modification affects the activation of hH1 and mu1 channels similarly but affects inactivation of the two channels distinctly. The results also imply that the reduced inactivation of AC-modified hH1 channels at least partially depends on the presence of extracellular sodium.
Identifying the global core-periphery structure of science

While there is a consensus that there is a core-periphery structure in the global scientific enterprise, there have not been many methodologies developed for identifying this structure. This paper develops a methodology by looking at the differences in the power law structure of article outputs and degree centrality distributions of countries. This methodology is applied to five different scientific fields: astronomy and astrophysics, energy and fuels, nanotechnology and nanosciences, nutrition, and oceanography. This methodology uncovers a two-tiered power law structure that exists in all examined fields. The core-periphery structure that is unique to each field is characterized by the core's size, minimum degree, and exponent of its power law distribution. Stark differences are identified between technology and non-technology intensive scientific fields.
Mechanisms for Reduced Total Lung Capacity at Birth and during Hyaline Membrane Disease in Premature Newborn Monkeys

To determine whether the cause of reduced total lung capacity (TLC) in hyaline membrane disease (HMD) is due to alveolar collapse, alveolar edema, or both, TLC was measured by N2-washout in premature Macaca nemestrina monkeys during the first 3 h of life. The TLC of animals with HMD was only one-third that of healthy premature monkeys over the first 3 h of life (p < 0.01). At 3.5 h, lung tissue was rapidly frozen in situ during lung inflation to TLC. Samples of frozen lung tissue were freeze dried, embedded, sectioned, and examined by point counting. Animals with HMD had alveolar saccules filled with the residue of proteinaceous fluid, but little alveolar collapse was noted. The proportion of points falling on empty alveolar spaces was 74% in the healthy animals but only 18% in animals with HMD (p < 0.01); there was a 70-fold increase in the residue present in alveoli of animals with HMD (p < 0.05). In a separate experiment, rapid serial measurements of TLC by N2-washout showed that healthy premature monk...
Evidence that mitogenic lectins induce changes in lymphocyte membrane fluidity

MITOGENIC plant lectins, such as phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (con A), are useful tools to study the control of cell proliferation in lymphocytes. Recent evidence suggests that these mitogenic lectins trigger mitogenesis at the cell membrane1,2. It is likely that an understanding of the mechanisms by which these lectins stimulate lymphocytes will provide important clues to more general problems of the regulation of proliferation in eukaryotic cells.
Using content analysis to evaluate local master plans and zoning codes

Abstract Recent scholarship has focused on the sprawling landscape development patterns occurring across the US and the array of local planning and development management reforms advocated in response. This paper critiques the use of content analysis for evaluating local master plans and zoning codes in the context of those advocated reforms. I first discuss the adaptation of content analysis for evaluating plans and codes, and I argue that scholars need to have clear expectations about what functions a plan serves to make their evaluations meaningful. I characterize the plan as a “communicative policy act” and argue that the communicative content of that act (its policy focus) should be distinguished from the way in which that content is conveyed (its quality). I then characterize the larger policy context that frames recent scholarship on local planning and development management as the desire to reform local efforts to promote “neo-traditional landscapes.” Building on these discussions, I present an array of criteria for evaluating local master plans and zoning codes. I conclude by presenting findings from an analysis of plans and codes in central Michigan and discussing the use of content analysis for evaluating plans and codes in light of those findings.
Three-coordinate and four-coordinate cobalt hydride complexes that react with dinitrogen.

We report the formation and N2 reactivity of novel cobalt hydride complexes supported by bulky β-diketiminate ligands (L). Addition of KHBEt3 to LCoCl gives [LCo(μ-H)]2 (1) or K2[LCoH]2 (2), depending on the amount of borohydride used. Compound 2 is the first example of a crystallographically characterized hydride complex in which a transition metal is three-coordinate. Both 1 and 2 react with N2 at room temperature to give dinuclear N2 complexes with loss of H2.
Defaecation syncope and pulmonary thromboembolism in a cat

A 7-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was referred for worsening gastrointestinal and haematologic abnormalities. Physical status deteriorated further despite intravenous crystalloids, blood transfusion and nutritional support. Cardiorespiratory signs developed and the cat died suddenly while straining to defaecate. Diffuse thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, metastatic pancreatic carcinoma and histologic evidence of cardiomyopathy were present at necropsy. This is the first reported case of feline pulmonary thromboembolism associated with defaecation syncope. Predisposing factors for thrombotic disease in this case and aspects of human defaecation syncope are discussed. The risk of clot dislodgement by the Valsalva manoeuvre in patients with a thrombotic tendency is highlighted.
Quantitative analysis of crystal scale deformation heterogeneity during cyclic plasticity using high-energy X-ray diffraction and finite-element simulation

Abstract Modern high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXD) experiments coupled with a crystal-based finite-element model employing forward projection of virtual X-rays through each element is applied to study cyclic plasticity. An Okegawa mold copper specimen was cyclically deformed in situ at the Advanced Photon Source. The strain amplitudes of the cyclic experiments reached well into the plastic regime and diffraction images were generated at several points in the loading history using a HEXD methodology. Four grains within the bulk of a polycrystalline sample were tracked and interrogated with X-rays. Diffraction peak data were reduced to center of mass (COM) and full width at half maximum (FWHM) values in the detector coordinates 2 θ (radial) and η (azimuthal). The peaks evolved with cycles and changed significantly when the plastic strain amplitude was increased. Large changes in the peaks (especially the azimuthal FWHM values) were also observed during the course of one loading cycle; larger η FWHM values were seen at the compressive end of the cycles. This trend was reversed when the sample was initially loaded in compression. Diffracted intensity distributions were also seen to change significantly from one grain to the next. Using a virtual diffractometer model, COM and FWHM values were computed from the modeling results by projecting virtual X-rays through the finite-element mesh and compared to the experimental data. The finite-element polycrystal model serves as the final step in the data reduction process, revealing significant spatial heterogeneity of orientation, stress and plastic strain rate distributions. Studying these distributions collectively will be necessary to fully understand the detailed elastic–plastic deformation behavior within each grain and to explore problems such as microcrack initiation hypotheses in polycrystalline materials.
A theorem for Bayesian group decisions

This paper presents a natural extension of Bayesian decision theory from the domain of individual decisions to the domain of group decisions. We assume that each group member accepts the assumptions of subjective expected utility theory with respect to the alternatives from which they must choose, but we do not assume, a priori, that the group as a whole accepts those assumptions. Instead, we impose a multiattribute utility independence condition on the preferences of the group with respect to the expected utilities of its actions as appraised by its members. The result is that the expected utility of an alternative for the group is a weighted average of the expected utilities of that alternative for its members. The weights must be determined collectively by the group. Pareto optimality is not assumed, though the result is consistent with Pareto optimality.
Commentary: The Evolving Role of Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Photoaged Skin

Dr. Dover's research with aminolevulinic acid and intense pulsed light for photoaging was funded by DUSA Pharmaceuticals.
Office nail fold capillary microscopy using ophthalmoscope

A method for performing capillary microscopy using an ophthalmoscope is described. Using this technic, we examined 130 patients with various connective tissue diseases. As in prior studies, four patterns could be discerned; scleroderma (SD) pattern, lupus erythematosus (LE) pattern, normal pattern, and a nonspecific pattern. Of the patients with systemic SD, 70% had SD pattern. Of LE patients, 53% had LE pattern. There was little crossover. It is hoped that the use of the ophthalmoscope will result in the widespread use of capillary microscopy.
Geminal approach to vibronic models of superconductivity in crystals. I. The Jahn-Teller effect

Electronic geminals constructed as linear combinations of binary products of site functions are used to formulate a vibronic model of superconductivity in crystals that is based upon the approximation of independent correlated electron pairs obtained variationally from an electron-pair Hamiltonian and the Jahn–Teller effect. The cyclic symmetry of the system is taken into account and the geminals are sorted into doubly degenerate pairs. The Herzberg–Teller expansion of the pair Hamiltonian in terms of vibrational modes leads directly to the Jahn–Teller effect. A contact transformation of the vibronic Hamiltonian containing only linear terms lowers the energy of the system by a second-order term associated with the Jahn–Teller stabilization energy. A possible model for superconductivity in solids is proposed on the basis of the Jahn–Teller effect. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
NF-protocadherin, a novel member of the cadherin superfamily, is required for Xenopus ectodermal differentiation

Abstract Background: The assembly of complex tissues during embryonic development is thought to depend on differential cell adhesion, mediated in part by the cadherin family of cell-adhesion molecules. The protocadherins are a new subfamily of cadherins; their extracellular domains comprise cadherin-like repeats but their intracellular domains differ significantly from those of classical cadherins. Little is known about the ability of protocadherins to mediate the adhesion of embryonic cells, or whether they play a role in the formation of embryonic tissues. Results: We report the isolation and characterization of a novel protocadherin, termed NF-protocadherin (NFPC), that is expressed in Xenopus embryos. NFPC showed a striking pattern of expression in early embryos, displaying predominant expression within the deep, sensorial layer of the embryonic ectoderm and in a restricted group of cells in the neural folds, but was largely absent from the neural plate and surrounding placodal regions. Ectopic expression in embryos demonstrated that NFPC could mediate cell adhesion within the embryonic ectoderm. In addition, expression of a dominant-negative form of NFPC disrupted the integrity of embryonic ectoderm, causing cells in the deep layer to dissociate, though leaving the outer layer relatively intact. Conclusions: Our results indicate that NFPC is required as a cell-adhesion molecule during embryonic development, and its function is distinct from that of classical cadherins in governing the formation of a two-layer ectoderm. These results suggest that NFPC, and protocadherins in general, are involved in novel cell–cell adhesion mechanisms that play important roles in tissue histogenesis.
Metamorphic rocks of the Yap arc-trench system

The Yap trench-arc is a link between the Mariana and Philippine arcs; the latter are both loci of acive volcanism and seismicity but the Yap arc is formed of metamorphic rocks and has had few historic earthquakes. It does not appear to be an active subduction zone. The 8–9 km deep Yap trench has a steep west well, it has little or no sediment ponds on the trench slope. There is no modern volcanism and the few volcanic rocks present on Yap may be large fragments in a tectonic breccia. The main rock type on Yap is greenschist with textural evidence for intense penetrative deformation. The chemistry of these rocks, especially the Mg, Cr, Ni and Co abundances, suggest that the protolith was an ultramafic rock. Rocks from the trench wall east of Yap include amphibolite facies metabasite and metasediments, e.g. (1) Ca-Al-rich hornblende + labradorite + epidote schist; (2) calcite + diopside marble; (3) grossularite-andradite + diopside + vesuvianite calc-gneiss; and (4) diopside + calcite + epidote calc-gneiss. These units (1–4) are overlain by Yap ultramafic schists; a major tectonic break characterized by a polymictic breccia including clasts representative of Yap schists, metabasites, metasediment, pyroxenite and feldspathic gabbro separates the trench lithologies from the ultramafic schist. Other sites sampled in the trench wall have rocks typical of seamounts. It is proposed that a Tertiary(?) subduction zone was terminated when “un-subductible” seamounts blocked the trench. This led to overthrusting, from the west, of seafloor crust and upper mantle. The volcanic arc ceased to exist, some of its fragments are seen in the tectonic breccia. Termination of subduction may be caused by the blocking of subduction zones by large seamount-atoll chains or thickened oceanic crust such as the Caroline Ridge. In some cases this may lead to obduction of oceanic lithosphere.
A two-state microbial growth kinetics model

Abstract This study considers the possibility that dispersed bacteria and bacteria aggregated in floc possess different physiological states and that aggregation of dispersed cells to form floc particles is a reversible rate process. A suitable kinetic model of flocculation is proposed, in which the floc phase and dispersed phase bacteria exhibit different growth rates. Transient responses to changes in dilution rate and inlet concentration are investigated. Results are compared with experimental observations. Variation in observed yield factor and hysteresis of specific growth rate are observed.
The solubility of hydrogen and deuterium in alloyed, unalloyed and impure plutonium metal

Pressure-Composition-Temperature (PCT) data are presented for the plutonium-hydrogen (Pu-H) and plutonium-deuterium (Pu-D) systems in the solubility region up to terminal solubility (precipitation of PuH2). The heats of solution for PuHS and PuDS are determined from PCT data in the ranges 350-625°C for gallium alloyed Pu and 400-575°C for unalloyed Pu. The solubility of high purity plutonium alloyed with 2 at.% gallium is compared to high purity unalloyed plutonium. Significant differences are found in hydrogen solubility for unalloyed Pu versus gallium alloyed Pu. Differences in hydrogen solubility due to an apparent phase change are observable in the alloyed and unalloyed solubilities. The effect of iron impurities on Pu-Ga alloyed Pu is shown via hydrogen solubility data as preventing complete homogenization.
Zinc-blende-wurtzite polytypism in semiconductors.

The zinc-blende (ZB) and wurtzite (W) structures are the most common crystal forms of binary octet semiconductors. In this work we have developed a simple scaling that systematizes the T=0 energy difference \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{ZB}}$ between W and ZB for all simple binary semiconductors. We have first calculated the energy difference \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{ZB}}^{\mathrm{LDF}}$(AB) for AlN, GaN, InN, AlP, AlAs, GaP, GaAs, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, C, and Si using a numerically precise implementation of the first-principles local-density formalism (LDF), including structural relaxations. We then find a linear scaling between \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{ZB}}^{\mathrm{LDF}}$(AB) and an atomistic orbital-radii coordinate R\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}(A,B) that depends only on the properties of the free atoms A and B making up the binary compound AB. Unlike classical structural coordinates (electronegativity, atomic sizes, electron count), R\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} is an orbital-dependent quantity; it is calculated from atomic pseudopotentials. The good linear fit found between \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{ZB}}$ and R\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} (rms error of \ensuremath{\sim}3 meV/atom) permits predictions of the W-ZB energy difference for many more AB compounds than the 13 used in establishing this fit. We use this model to identify chemical trends in \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{ZB}}$ in the IV-IV, III-V, II-VI, and I-VII octet compounds as either the anion or the cation are varied. We further find that the ground state of MgTe is the NiAs structure and that CdSe and HgSe are stable in the ZB form. These compounds were previously thought to be stable in the W structures.
Stability of methane oxidation capacity to variations in methane and nutrient concentrations

Uptake rate constants for atmospheric methane consumption by the 4–6 cm depth interval of a forest soil did not change during 4 months incubation in vitro, even though atmospheric methane concentrations were significantly higher than in situ concentrations. Uptake rate constants were also unaffected by continous incubation at a constant methane concentration of 17 ppm for 2 weeks and 170 ppm for 3 weeks. Uptake rates during incubation with 1000 ppm methane increased 176-fold when assayed with 1000 ppm methane and 5.5-fold when assayed with 1.7 ppm methane. These enhancements were lost after subsequent incubation with atmospheric methane. The ratio of methane oxidized to carbon dioxide produced varied from 49–53% at methane concentrations up to 170 ppm. Incorporation of 14C-methane into phospholipids was 0.35% and 0.22% at atmospheric and 170 ppm methane concentrations, respectively, suggesting that patterns of assimilation were independent of methane concentrations. Addition of several carbon substrates (glucose, starch, yeast extract, methanol, ethanol, formate, acetate, malate, or lactate) to soils incubated at 1.7 or 100 ppm methane did not stimulate methane oxidation. Addition of copper, nitrate or a mineral medium also did not affect methane oxidation. However, incubations with 0.2 or 2% oxygen resulted in lower activity than with ambient air. The methane-consuming capacity of soil decreased exponentially with time when starved for methane by continuous incubation with air containing < 0.03 ppm methane. After 6.3 days of starvation, the soil lost 50% of its original activity; activity was not recoverable after further incubation with atmospheric methane. Methane uptake by soil was rapidly inhibited by the addition of antibacterial antibiotics (streptomycin, chloro-tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin) as well as by the eukaryotic antibiotic, cycloheximide. Culture suspensions of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b showed a similar sensitivity to both types of antibiotics. Cell suspensions of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Methylobacter albus consumed atmospheric methane, but consumption rates decreased continuously over a period of 15 days. In contrast, methane consuuption by soil incubated under the same conditions was temporally stable. However, cell suspensions of both cultures showed higher consumption rates for atmospheric methane when sprayed on sand relative to incubations in liquid media.
Red Hornbill Earrings: Ilongot Ideas of Self, Beauty, and Health

Red hombill earrings, for the Ilongots of northern Luzon, Philippines, are a visible sign that a man has taken a head. Initially as I tried to probe deeper into the meaning of red horbill earrings my Ilongot companions replied with what appeared to be the doctrine of the arbitrariness of symbols. The earrings, they said, are beautiful, nothing more and nothing less. Glittering, red, dangling from the upper earlobes, and worn especially when visiting (see Figure 1), the earrings are at once beautiful ornaments for the self and a badge indicating, for all to see, that the wearer has decapitated a fellow human. The significance of the earrings thus seems to reside both in their aesthetic quality and in their representation of the fact that a man has taken a head. A symbol at once arbitrary and beautiful, and a completed deed as a clear referent-the case might well be closed at this point. The Ilongots seem to have confirmed once again a classic theory of meaning in which the earrings are the signifier and the beheading of a victim is the signified. And that is that. Before I attempt to unpack further the meanings of these emblematic decorations for the human body I should briefly describe the people whose personal ornaments I am about to scrutinize. The Ilongots live in the hills of Luzon, Philippines, about 90 miles northeast of Manila. They number perhaps thirty-five hundred; they make their living by hunting and cultivating dry rice. Houses within local clusters are scattered and contain from one to three families with married
Hugs and smiles: demonstrating caring in a multicultural early childhood classroom

In many ways, teacher preparation programs have made great strides in preparing future teachers to work with an increasingly diverse population. However, there is still controversy about whether or not these courses are adequate and result in real change. This article represents a study that was designed to investigate preservice teachers’ beliefs about how they would express caring to English‐language learners (ELLs) in their classrooms. Results showed that most of the respondents in this group would demonstrate caring in ways that addressed surface culture and linguistic concerns but did not address potential deep culture differences. This study provides evidence for a need for further work in the area of multicultural education in the preparation of preservice teachers who will work with ELLs.
Age-Related Changes in Structure, Composition and Mechanical Properties of Swine Cortical Bone

Bone has a complex hierarchical structure spanning from nanometer to macroscopic dimensions. We apply several experimental methods at different structural scales to study the three fundamental aspects of this material: the structure, composition and mechanical properties. As a biological material, bone is constantly under development. These biological processes such as remodeling and aging are known to increase the susceptibility of bone to fracture. The age-related changes in the fracture toughness and other mechanical properties are manifested by the alteration of the bone structure and chemical composition [1]. Various studies addressed the changes in bone’s structure, composition and mechanical properties due to aging [2–5]. However, these studies were confined to only one or two of these aspects, separately. So there is still an open question about how these three aspects are correlated with each others. Thus, a comprehensive study is needed to address it.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Handedness in women with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol

Completed forms containing the Edinburgh handedness inventory were received from 77 women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Laterality scores (LSs; range: -100 to +100) were calculated for each respondent based on the handedness inventory and were compared with LSs from 514 female controls. The handedness distribution in the DES daughters was significantly shifted away from strong righthandedness compared with the handedness distribution in the controls (chi-square = 22.0, P < 0.0001). Possible explanations for the association between handedness and DES exposure are presented, and aspects of handedness measurement are discussed.
Activation volumes in enzymic catalysis: their sources and modification by low-molecular-weight solutes.

Abstract Changes in enzyme conformation are often accompanied by large changes in volume. Model compound studies suggest that these volume changes may derive from two sources: (i) "hydration density" effects due to changes in the exposure to solvent of protein groups which modify water density, and (ii) "structural" contributions arising from changes in the volume of the protein itself. An experimental approach was developed to test the validity of the predictions based on model compound studies for catalytic conformational changes. By examining the effects of different solutes on the activation volumes of different enzymic reactions, we show that both sources of volume change provide significant contributions to the activation volume.
Cluster condensations. The decarbonylation and dimerization of the sulphur-bridged cluster complexes Ru3(CO)8L(μ3-HC2Ph)(μ3-S) (L = CO and PMe2Ph). X-ray crystal structures of Ru3(CO)8(PMe2Ph)(μ3-HC2Ph)(μ3-S), [Ru3(CO)8(μ3-HC2Ph)(μ4-S)]2 and two isomers of [Ru3(CO)7(PMe2Ph)(μ3-HC2Ph)(μ4-S)]2

Abstract The compounds Ru3(CO)9(μ3-HC2Ph)(μ3-S) (1) and Ru3(CO)8(PMe2Ph)(μ3- HC2Ph)(μ3-S) (2) are decarbonylated when heated to 68°C and condense to form the dimers [Ru3(CO)8(μ3-HC2Ph)(μ4-S)]2 (3) and two isomers of [Ru3(CO)7(PMe2Ph)(μ3-HC2Ph)(μ4-S)]2 (4) and (5), respectively. Compounds 2, 3, 4 and 5 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 are open clusters that have a triply bridging sulphido ligand and a triply bridging HC2Ph ligand. Compounds 3, 4 and 5 are dimers of the decarbonylated forms of 1 and 2 that are joined by two S → Ru donor-acceptor bonds, one from each cluster to the other. Compounds 3 and 4 are centrosymmetric and were formed by the combination of enantiomers of the cluster precursors. Compound 5 is chiral but has overall C2 symmetry and was formed by the combination of enantiomerically similar monomeric units. Compound 5 is converted to 4 when heated, but the reverse does not occur.
Tissue changes with manual and electric brushes

Although manual and power toothbrushing seem equally effective, the latter has the advantage of being quicker.
Escalation and reinforcement in mother-child conflict: Social processes associated with the development of physical aggression

The objective of this study was to test a social interactional model of physical aggression. Specifically, this model hypothesizes that the performance of physical aggression has its roots in socialization settings that are characterized by high densities of aversive stimuli and that provide frequent reinforcement for escalation to high intensity aversive behavior during social conflict. Social conflicts were observed during 10 hr of interaction of each of 20 mothers and their 5-year-old sons; half of the sons were selected based on evidence of frequent aggression in home and school settings. Simple descriptive and sequential analyses indicated that aggressive relative to nonaggressive dyad members were more likely to engage in conflict, engaged in longer conflicts, were more likely to escalate to higher levels of aversiveness, and were less likely to de-escalate the intensity of conflict. In aggressive and nonaggressive dyads, the cessation of conflict contingent on the escalation of one dyad member was reliably associated with an increased likelihood of escalation and with escalation to higher levels of aversiveness by that member in the subsequent conflict. However, escalation occurred more frequently and was more likely to result in cessation of conflicts in aggressive than nonaggressive dyads.
H2 Approach for Optimally Tuning Passive Vibration Absorbers to Flexible Structures

Abstract : PASSIVE damping by vibration absorbers has been proven both reliable and successful in many areas of vibration control. Research into the optimal tuning of vibration absorbers has received increased attention lately; however, these tuning methods have only been practical on low-order systems (one or two modes). The design of a vibration absorber system is an optimization problem. In the general case, it is desired to couple multiple vibration absorbers to a structure with multiple vibrational modes. If the total mass of all of the actuators is fixed to some small value compared to the mass of the structure, then the design parameters are the set of absorber stiffnesses and damping coefficients.
Shade selection by color vision-defective dental personnel.

This investigation studied the impairment of Hue, Value, and Chroma matching by color vision-defective dental personnel. Color-defective dental personnel were found to make significantly greater errors in Hue and Chroma selection than normal-vision dental personnel. Value, the component of shade selection considered the most important was uneffected. Color-normal dental assistants were significantly more accurate in Hue and Chroma selection than color-defective dental personnel and could assist affected dentists in clinical situations.
Increased calpain correlates with Th1 cytokine profile in PBMCs from MS patients

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This study investigated whether expression and activity of the calcium-activated protease calpain correlated with Th1/Th2 dysregulation in MS patients during states of relapse and remission. Calpain expression and activity were significantly increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MS patients, compared to controls, with the highest expression and activity noted during relapse. Th1 cytokines were highest and Th2 cytokines were lowest in MS patients during relapse. Treatment with calpain inhibitor, calpeptin, decreased Th1 cytokines in PBMCs from MS patients. Calpain inhibitor also reduced degradation of myelin basic protein (MBP) by inhibiting the calpain secreted from MBP-specific T cells. Taken together, these results suggested calpain involvement in Th1/Th2 dysregulation in MS patients.
Theory of Hermitian pseudopotentials

Abstract A previously proposed theory of Hermitian pseudopotentials is examined from a new point of view. Two new ways of applying the theory are suggested, which have the advantage that an apparent difficulty is removed, and that the utility of the theory is extended.
The Two Worlds of Race: A Historical View

Franklin's essay traces the practices, policies, and laws that, from colonial times through the mid-1960s moment when he composed his essay, created and sustained the two worlds of race in America. He outlines the history of efforts from that period to alleviate racial distinctions and to foster a "world of equality and complete human fellowship." Franklin cautions, however, that even certain well-intentioned efforts to extend services, opportunities, and rights to African Americans sometimes reinforced segregation and discrimination. He considers how key historical, legal, political, and social developments from the twentieth century -- World War II, the growth of labor unions, the Great Migration, America's ascendancy as a world power, among others -- advanced racial equality in America while often intensifying the backlash from opponents to such equality. Still, Franklin concludes optimistically that however strident those opponents may be, they "have been significantly weakened by the very force of the numbers and elements now seeking to eliminate the two worlds of race."
The effect of gas flow patterns on radiative transfer in cylindrical furnaces

Abstract The prediction of performance of industrial furnaces is conventionally estimated by making gross assumptions as to the effect of temperature variations in the gas. The zone method of allowing for the effect, on radiative transfer, of the temperature variation in furnace enclosures has been applied to the problem of interaction between radiation and other modes of heat transfer. The effect of different flow patterns on the gas temperature-field and wall-flux distribution in a cylindrical furnace has been examined by use of the following flow models : plug flow ; parabolic velocity profiles ; ducted-jet flow (axial feed) with recirculation rates of 0, 1, and 11 times the flue-gas flow rate. A sixteenfold range of diameters and firing densities was studied. The reduced efficiencies were correlated, for a fixed surface temperature and for each of the flow models, in terms of a reduced firing rate. The wide range of heat flux distribution patterns found in the study emphasizes the need to include allowance for gas temperature variation in any furnace analysis in which the heat flux pattern is important.
Competition and Combative Advertising An Historical Analysis

This historical study contributes to the research literature on advertising and competition by exploring professional thought and economic theory as explanations for why advertisers might choose to...
Electrical properties of ACA joints assisted by conjugated molecular wires

Anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs) have been considered as one of promising interconnect materials for next generation high performance devices. However, high joint resistance and low current carrying capability of ACA joints have been a bottleneck to deploy ACAs in high power devices. In this study, we introduced conjugated dithiols into ACA formulations to construct the molecular wire junction between conductive fillers and metal pads to facilitate the electron transport through the joint. With introduction of molecular wires, the electrical conductivity and current carrying capability were significantly improved. The factors that lead to the improved electrical properties were discussed.
Ecosystem linkages revealed by experimental lake-derived isotope signal in heathland food webs

Cross-ecosystem movement of nutrients and biomass can have important effects on recipient systems. Emerging aquatic insects are subsidies to terrestrial ecosystems and can influence foodweb interactions in riparian systems. In a 2-year field experiment, we simulated aquatic insect deposition by adding adult midge carcasses (150 g dry mass m−2 year−1) to 1-m2 heathland plots at a site with low natural midge deposition. We established four levels of midge-addition treatments and measured stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in plants and arthropods within each treatment. We used a multiple-source isotope Bayesian mixing model to estimate the terrestrial versus aquatic contribution to the diets of arthropods. Aquatic resources were incorporated into plant, detritivore, and predator biomass. Detritivorous Collembola showed the greatest difference in isotope values (+3 ‰ δ15N and +4 ‰ δ13C) between midge-addition and reference treatments. Isotope values of small spiders followed the same trend of enrichment as Collembola while other arthropods (mites and large spiders) were only enriched after 2 years of midge addition. Although predator diets did not change, they became isotopically enriched via their likely prey (Collembola). Plants also had elevated δ15N (+1 ‰) in midge-addition treatments. The time required and amount of midge-derived C and N detected varied and depended on trophic position. Midge-derived nutrients were no longer present in arthropod biomass in the year following midge addition. Aquatic insect carcasses can be rapidly incorporated into terrestrial food webs in nearshore habitats, and repeated inputs can be detected at multiple trophic levels, thus highlighting the importance of the detrital pathway for aquatic to terrestrial cross-ecosystem subsidies.
Investigation of body effect of fully depleted n channel SOI device as a function of body bias

There have been several papers on threshold voltage models for fully depleted SOI NMOS devices. The particular case of the fully depleted SOI MOSFET under negative substrate bias has been discussed previously. However all the discussion so far has dealt with the case of low drain bias (typically 0.1 V). The important case of higher drain bias (a typical bias condition in circuits) has not been studied in detail. In this paper, the characterization result from subhalf-micron fully depleted SOI MOSFETs under such bias conditions is presented, followed by an analysis through device simulation which reveals the device physics that determines threshold behavior under such bias conditions.