cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapporteur’s summary

The five papers in Session II on computer applications cover a range of scientific problems which emphasize the essential role of modern computer technology and in particular interactive computer graphics in conducting advanced research in molecular biology, clinical medicine, and the neural sciences. The work of Bob Langridge in the application of interactive computer graphics to the study of large biological molecules, and the CAR-TOS system described by Cy Levinthal to produce three-dimensional reconstruction from serial histological sections to expand our knowledge of the anatomical relationships among nerves, are representative of the role that computers are playing in expanding the horizons of basic biological research. The insightful papers by Saul Amarel and D. R. Reddy, as well as the remarks of the session chairman, Ed Feigenbaum, represent exciting introductions to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to important problems in the life sciences. The paper by Amarel introduces the reader to the applications of AI to medicine and psychology, while the paper by Reddy describes the application of AI to computer speech understanding. The fascinating neural science research described by Joe Hind demonstrates the vital role of computers in research in auditory neurophysiology, especially in problems of spike train analysis arising in studies of auditorv stimulus coding.
The kinematics and morphology of NGC 520: One, two, or three galaxies

The peculiar galaxy NGC 520 (Arp 157) is often interpreted as an interacting pair of galaxies. The identification of the two bulges and overall morphology of the two galaxies has long been a puzzle which the authors attempt to solve here. New longslit optical spectroscopy and near-infrared images of NGC 520 are presented. These data suggest that the northwest peak is the bulge of one of two galaxies in the system. The other larger bulge is clearly evident in the K band image in the middle of the dust lane. The stellar radial velocity profile in the central 10 seconds of the larger bulge is consistent with counterrotation seen in the molecular gas component. This kinematic subsystem could be the remains of a merged gas-rich irregular.
MigThread: thread migration in DSM systems

Distributed shared memory (DSM) systems provide a logically shared memory over physically distributed memory to enable parallel computation on networks of workstations. In this paper, we propose an infrastructure for DSM systems to utilize idle cycles in the network by thread migration. To maintain high portability and flexibility, a generic thread migration package, MigThread, is implemented at language level. At compile-time, a preprocessor scans C programs to build thread state, detects possible thread adaptation points, and transforms the source code accordingly. At runtime, MigThread moves DSM threads around to utilize idle cycles on remote machines. Since the physical thread state is transformed into a logical form, MigThread is ready to be used in heterogeneous DSM systems. We implemented MigThread in a DSM system Strings. A comparison with other migration schemes and some performance measurements on real applications are reported to show the efficiency.
Range estimation of continuous transmission FM (CTFM) sonar for a fast moving target

This paper proposes an extension of the CTFM approach to estimate range and velocity for a fast moving target. Traditional CTFM processing assumes a stationary or slow moving target. However, for a fast moving target, the Doppler shift creates distortions in the estimated range. We propose a method whereby multiple Doppler shift channels are applied and then we look for minimal variance across all Doppler channels. Also a direct path signal elimination algorithm is proposed.
Robot-assisted hepatic mobilization and control of suprahepatic infradiaphragmatic inferior vena cava for level 3 vena caval thrombectomy: An IDEAL stage 0 study.

Robot-assisted level 1/2 inferior vena caval (IVC) thrombectomy techniques have been recently described for clinical use. Following the IDEAL recommendations on safe surgical innovation, we here describe a robotic approach for level 3 IVC thrombectomy in fresh frozen cadavers (IDEAL stage 0). In all cadavers (n = 3), hepatic mobilization with control of short hepatic veins, contralateral renal vein, infrarenal IVC and suprahepatic-infradiaphragmatic IVC could be achieved successfully, without converting to open surgery. Clinical feasibility of our technique remains to be tested.
Continuous dependence results for an ill-posed problem in nonlinear viscoelasticity

Holder continuous dependence on the initial data is established for a backward in time problem in nonlinear viscoelasticity. Both the one dimensional momentum equation and its multidimensional counterpart are studied. Since the initial-boundary value problem for each equation backward in time is ill-posed, a logarithmic convexity argument is employed to obtain these stability results.
In vivo ionizing irradiations produce deletions in the hprt gene of human T-lymphocytes

The hprt T-lymphocyte cloning assay, which detects mutations occurring in vivo in humans, has been used to examine mutants induced in patients receiving radioimmunoglobulin therapy (RIT) for cancer. Samples from 13 patients before treatment (controls) and 15 samples from 12 patients after treatment were studied for both mutant frequencies and molecular changes in the hprt mutant T-cell clones. Patients were studied up to 48 months after treatment. Post-RIT patients showed increased mutant frequencies as compared to pre-treatment values. T-cell receptor (TCR) gene analysis of mutant T-cell clones demonstrated that 84% arose independently, both pre- and post-treatment, which is the same proportion as seen in normal individuals. However, several individuals did show large sets of mutants with the same TCR gene rearrangement patterns. Molecular analysis of mutants demonstrated a greater proportion of mutations with hprt gene changes on Southern blots after RIT treatment than before (40% versus 20%). RIT increases the proportion of mutations with total rather than partial gene deletions or other gross structural changes compared to normal individuals or pre-treatment patients. These studies are defining the spectrum for radiation-induced hprt gene mutations in vivo in human T-lymphocytes.
GABA uptake inhibitors produce a greater antinociceptive response in the mouse tail-immersion assay than other types of gabaergic drugs

Antinociception produced by the GABA uptake inhibitors d,l- SKF-89976A and SKF-100330A was characterized and compared to that produced by other types of GABAergic drugs. Using the mouse tail-immersion assay it was found that the antinociception produced by the uptake inhibitors was antagonized by scopolamine, a cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonist. However, neither SKF compound demonstrated any significant affinity for muscarinic receptor binding sites suggesting that they are not direct-acting cholinomimetics. In vitro uptake experiments revealed that the SKF compounds selectively inhibit GABA transport, having no effect on the accumulation of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, beta-alanine or glycine. Moreover, antinociception and GABA uptake inhibition were stereoselective for SKF-89976A, with the d-isomer being more active in both tests. When comparing antinociceptive responses at maximally effective doses it was also found that the SKF compounds were substantially more efficacious than direct-acting GABA receptor agonists or a GABA transaminase inhibitor. These data suggest that uptake inhibitors may be facilitating GABA transmission in a system that is less affected by other types of GABAergic compounds.
Toxicity studies on noscapine.

Abstract Noscapine dissolved in dilute HCl had an LD50 of 83 mg/kg i.v. in mice. Acute toxicity by the subcutaneous route could not be determined, apparently owing to lack of absorption. The orally administered drug produced death in rats only in doses exceeding 800 mg/kg. Since the oral antitussive dose, both in animals and in man, is on the order of 1 mg/kg, a large margin of safety is indicated. Chronic oral administration to dogs of 30 mg/kg 5 days per week for 13 weeks yielded no signs of toxicity. Very high doses in rats, 0.2% or 0.5% in the diet, produced moderately enlarged livers, with slight increase in liver lipid. This finding was absent at a drug level of 0.05% in the diet, where the estimated drug intake was still far beyond the therapeutic dose.
PREPARATION AND STORAGE PROPERTIES OF DRUM DRIED WHITE YAM (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) FLAKES

The white yam Dioscorea rotundata Poir was characterized, drum dried to different moisture levels, and stored at temperatures of 21.l °C, 29.4 °C and 37.8 °C for 90 days. Fresh and stored samples were analyzed for changes in color, ascorbic acid and organoleptic qualities. Freshly dried and reconstituted yam flakes were judged highly acceptable compared to conventionally mashed fresh yam and retained acceptability through storage. The taste panel consisted of persons from several West African countries. Changes in the flakes during storage are described.
MODEL HAMILTONIANS FOR LOCAL QUANTUM FIELD THEORY

We study the problem of renormalization for the interaction of a charged scalar meson field with a fixed two-level point source. Our especial interest is coupling-constant renormalization. We study in particular the problem of obtaining eigenstates and eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian for the fixed-source theory. We propose a model for the fixed-source theory, in which mesons exist only if their momenta ($k$) lie within an infinite set of intervals: $0lkl{k}_{0}$, $\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\Lambda}lkl\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, $\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{2}lkl{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{2}$, etc., where ${k}_{0}$ is of the order of the meson mass, and $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ is much larger. We solve this model by treating the mesons in the nth interval (or lower) as a perturbation on mesons in the (n+1)st interval (and higher). This reduces the problem to the solution of two strongly cut-off Hamiltonians, one of which must be solved for an infinite sequence of coupling constants ${{g}_{n}}$, one for each momentum interval. We show that even if the low-momentum coupling constants ${g}_{1}$, ${g}_{2}$, etc., are small, the sequence goes to infinity as $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. We analyze the Lee model similarly; here the sequence is undefined above some finite value of $n$. We show a close analogy between our analysis and the analysis of quantum electrodynamics of Gell-Mann and Low. Then we analyze the full fixed-source Hamiltonian qualitatively. We expland the meson field in terms of a complete set of "wave-packet" states, the coefficients being discrete oscillator variables. The states are so chosen that the self-interactions of oscillators dominate the coupling between oscillators. For each order of magnitude for the meson momentum, there is one pair of oscillators coupled to the source; this coupling can be analyzed analogously to our model. The full fixed-source Hamiltonian is thereby reduced to the solution of a Hamiltonian for two oscillators coupled to a two-level source.
Plk2 Raps up Ras to subdue synapses.

We recently identified the activity-inducible protein kinase Plk2 as a novel overseer of the balance between Ras and Rap small GTPases. Plk2 achieves a profound level of regulatory control by interacting with and phosphorylating at least four Ras and Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). Combined, these actions result in synergistic suppression of Ras and hyperstimulation of Rap signaling. Perturbation of Plk2 function abolished homeostatic adaptation of synapses to enhanced activity and impaired behavioral adaptation in various learning tasks, indicating that this regulation was critical for maintaining appropriate Ras/Rap levels. These studies provide insights into the highly cooperative nature of Ras and Rap regulation in neurons. However, different GEF and GAP substrates of Plk2 also controlled specific aspects of dendritic spine morphology, illustrating the ability of individual GAPs/GEFs to assemble microdomains of Ras and Rap signaling that respond to...
Advances in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: human nutrition and toxicology

Abstract Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been applied with increasing frequency in the study of human nutrition and heavy metal toxicity. ICP-MS provides reliable isotope ratio determinations and superior metal concentration sensitivity. When combined with compound separation technology as part of the sample introduction phase, ICP-MS extends the tools available for studies of human metabolism and heavy metal poisoning. The basis for ICP-MS in these fields is reviewed, and examples are presented for zinc nutrition and lead toxicity to demonstrate the advances in ICP-MS. The prospect for kinetic models with ICP-MS data is explored.
Endogenous DNA damage as related to cancer and aging.

Abstract The endogenous background level of oxidant-induced DNA damage in vivo has been assayed by measuring 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (oh 8 dG), thymine and thymidine glycol in urine and oh 8 dG in DNA. The level of oxidative DNA damage as measured by oh 8 dG in normal rat liver is shown to be extensive (1/130 000 bases in nuclear DNA and 1/8000 bases in mitochondrial DNA), especially in mtDNA. The methylatio adduct 7-methylguanine (m 7 G) has also been found. m 7 G is one of about 5 adducts found on methylating DNA, and oh 8 dG is one of about 20 adducts found on oxidizing DNA, e.g., by radiation. We also discuss 3 hitherto unrecognized antioxidants in man.
Performance of SNA's LU-LU session protocols

SNA is both an architecture and a set of products built in conformance with the architecture (1,2,3). The architecture is layered and precisely defined; it is both evolutionary and cost effective for implementing products. Perhaps the largest component of cost effectiveness is performance: transaction throughput and response times. For SNA, this involves data link control protocols (for SDLC and S/370 channel DLC's), routing algorithms, protocols used on the sessions that connect logical units (LU-LU session protocols), and interactions among them.SNA's DLC and routing protocols have been discussed elsewhere (4,5,6); this talk examines protocols on sessions between logical units (LU-LU session protocols) and illustrates the results of design choices by comparing the performance of various configurations.
New small molecules for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Importance of the field: Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a slowly ongoing neuronal death, which affects neurotransmitter metabolism and causes a wide variety of motor and non-motor features. Until now, therapy approaches have predominantly focused on motor behavior associated with dopamine substitution.Areas covered in this review: This review aims to discuss putative reasons for recent failures of investigated treatment approaches, and to introduce currently tested and future compounds.What the reader will gain: We will describe how development programs of novel molecules now additionally consider non-motor features of PD as promising targets in order to obtain regulatory approval. Regulatory authorities increasingly exert influence on trial designs, demanding therapeutic effects that are not always clinically feasible given the variety of manifestations of the disease entity known as PD.Take home message: In the past, research pitfalls have resulted in the failure of promising new compounds...
Developing a neuroprotective therapy for Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases

Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) are slow and progressive neurological disorders that affect the lives of many thousands of patients and their families. Both diseases are characterized by selective neurodegeneration in specific brain areas, which causes long-term suffering and, ultimately, death. Although symptomatic treatment is available for Parkinson’s patients, therapies that inhibit disease progression are not available. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the pathological process, although the precise molecular mechanisms causing neuronal dysfunction and death remain elusive. Despite differences in the clinical manifestations of PD and HD, there are striking similarities in the underlying pathological processes. These observations suggest common pathways of neurodegeneration and tempt researchers to focus their efforts on pathological processes shared by both diseases. This article reviews some of the recent literature and discusses the feasibility of dis...
Approximate solution for nonlinear random vibration problems by partial stochastic linearization

Abstract The accuracy of the stochastic linearization methods is improved by the proposed method of partial stochastic linearization, in which only the nonlinear damping force in the original system is replaced by a linear viscous damping, while the nonlinear restoring force remains unchanged. The replacement is based on the criterion of equal mean work, performed by the nonlinear damping force in the original system and its linear counterpart. The resulting nonlinear stochastic differential equation is then solved exactly, keeping the equivalent damping coefficient as a parameter, which can be determined for a specific system by solving a nonlinear algebraic equation.
Professionalism in long-term care settings.

Abstract Speech-language pathologists who serve elders in a variety of long-term care settings have a variety of professional skills and responsibilities. Fundamental to quality service is knowledge of aging and communication changes and disorders associated with this process, institutional alternatives, and the changing nature of today's elders in long-term care. Excellence in service also involves meeting third party payers’ requirements, teamwork, and advocacy. In addition, professionalism is demonstrated through maintaining privacy, ethical practice, staff and family in-service and counseling, and self-care. Innovative programming also involves developing new outcome measures and environmental engineering that enhances the communication skills and opportunities of elders in long-term care settings. Learning outcomes As a result of this activity, the participant will: (1) describe the changing nature of long-term care settings and residents, (2) understand the broad and complex professional skills that contribute to excellence in practice in this setting.
Age-Related Changes in Motor Control During Unimanual Movements

Event related fMRI was used to investigate age-related changes in BOLD activity during the execution of right hand finger movements in internally or externally guided tasks. All of the younger adults exhibited typical (positive) BOLD responses in supplementary motor areas (SMA) bilaterally, and in the left sensorimotor cortex. Negative BOLD responses were found, however, in the right sensorimotor cortex of the younger adults. In contrast, all but one of the older adults had positive BOLD responses in SMA and sensorimotor cortex of both hemispheres. Across both tasks, older adults showed increased activity (relative to younger adults) in right ventrolateral premotor and medial premotor areas, but more so during the internally guided task. Overall, these results suggest age-related changes in motor control. The younger adults’ hemispheric asymmetry and the lack thereof in older adults suggest a fundamental change in interhemispheric communication as part of the normal aging process.
Optimal nonlinear approximation

We introduce a definition of nonlinear n-widths and then determine the n-widths of the unit ball of the Sobolev spaceW inL q. We prove that in the sense of these widths the manifold of splines of fixed degree with n free knots is optimal for approximating functions in these Sobolev spaces.
Outcome of caval division techniques for partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections to the superior vena cava.

Background Correction of a high partial anomalous pulmonary venous (PV) connection to the superior vena cava (SVC) may be complicated by sinus node dysfunction, or SVC or PV obstruction. We have used the caval division technique when the anomalous PV insert high above the cavoatrial junction and report our long-term outcome. Methods Between 1990 and 2009, 178 consecutive patients underwent operations for a partial anomalous PV connection. Caval division was used in 41 patients (23%). Median age was 34 years (range, 1.3 to 76 years). Thirty patients (73%) had an atrial septal defect. Eighteen patients (44%) underwent Warden procedure in which the SVC was divided, the upper end was connected to the right atrial appendage, and the remaining SVC served as a conduit for PV drainage to the left atrium through the atrial septal defect. A modified Warden was performed in 17 patients (41%) using a short ringed interposition graft between the SVC and the right atrial appendage. Six patients (15%) with persistent left SVC underwent right SVC division without reimplantation. Results No early deaths occurred. One Warden group patient (5%) required early reoperation for SVC obstruction. One patient (2%) with atrial fibrillation underwent a concomitant Maze procedure and permanent pacemaker implantation for tachybrady syndrome. All other patients remained in sinus rhythm at follow-up. Follow-up was complete in all patients (mean, 2 ± 2.6 years; maximum, 14 years). One noncardiac-related death occurred at 14 years. SVC obstruction developed in 3 Warden group patients (17%) and was managed with angioplasty and stenting. No patient had pulmonary vein stenosis on follow-up. Conclusions Caval division techniques appear to be effective, with low morbidity and mortality. The modified Warden procedure may decrease the risk of SVC obstruction. Late arrhythmias or PV obstruction are uncommon.
Psychophysical contrast calibration.

Electronic displays and computer systems offer numerous advantages for clinical vision testing. Laboratory and clinical measurements of various functions and in particular of (letter) contrast sensitivity require accurately calibrated display contrast. In the laboratory this is achieved using expensive light meters. We developed and evaluated a novel method that uses only psychophysical responses of a person with normal vision to calibrate the luminance contrast of displays for experimental and clinical applications. Our method combines psychophysical techniques (1) for detection (and thus elimination or reduction) of display saturating non-linearities; (2) for luminance (gamma function) estimation and linearization without use of a photometer; and (3) to measure without a photometer the luminance ratios of the display’s three color channels that are used in a bit-stealing procedure to expand the luminance resolution of the display. Using a photometer we verified that the calibration achieved with this procedure is accurate for both LCD and CRT displays enabling testing of letter contrast sensitivity to 0.5%. Our visual calibration procedure enables clinical, internet and home implementation and calibration verification of electronic contrast testing.
Development of enhanced capacity affinity microcolumns by using a hybrid of protein cross-linking/modification and immobilization

Abstract A hybrid method was examined for increasing the binding capacity and activity of protein-based affinity columns by using a combination of protein cross-linking/modification and covalent immobilization. Various applications of this approach in the study of drug–protein interactions and in use with affinity microcolumns were considered. Human serum albumin (HSA) was utilized as a model protein for this work. Bismaleimidohexane (BMH, a homobifunctional maleimide) was used to modify and/or cross-link HSA through the single free sulfhydryl group that is present on this protein. Up to a 75–113% increase in protein content was obtained when comparing affinity supports that were prepared with BMH versus reference supports that were made by using only covalent immobilization. Several drugs that are known to bind HSA (e.g., warfarin, verapamil and carbamazepine) were further found to have a significant increase in retention on HSA microcolumns that were treated with BMH (i.e., a 70–100% increase in protein-based retention). These BMH-treated HSA microcolumns were used in chiral separations and in ultrafast affinity extraction to measure free drug fractions in drug/protein mixtures, with the latter method giving association equilibrium constants that had good agreement with literature values. In addition, it was found that the reversible binding of HSA with ethacrynic acid, an agent that can combine irreversibly with the free sulfhydryl group on this protein, could be examined by using the BMH-treated HSA microcolumns. The same hybrid immobilization method could be extended to other proteins or alternative applications that may require protein-based affinity columns with enhanced binding capacities and activities.
Myocardial Fiber Orientation Mapping Using Reduced Encoding Diffusion Tensor Imaging

A precise knowledge of the myocardial fiber architecture is essential to accurately understand and interpret cardiac electrical and mechanical functions. Diffusion tensor imaging has been used to noninvasively and quantitatively characterize myocardial fiber orientations. However, because the approach necessitates diffusion to be measured in multiple encoding directions and frequently at multiple weighting levels, the required data set size may present a limitation on its acquisition time efficiency. Applying the principles of reduced encoding imaging (REI), four basic reconstruction schemes, keyhole using direct substitution, keyhole with baseline correction, symmetrically encoded REI with generalized-series reconstruction (RIGR), and asymmetrically encoded RIGR, are evaluated in terms of their accuracy in diffusion tensorfiber orientation mapping of excised myocardial samples. Results show that the performances of all REI schemes, at approximately 50% reduced encoding, are at least comparable with that of a control experiment consisting of proportionally reduced number of full k-space images. Moreover, although performances of the symmetrically and asymmetrically encoded RIGR schemes are similar, both methods provide significant improvements over the control experiment and the direct-substitution keyhole technique. These findings demonstrate the potential of the general REI methodology for diffusion tensor imaging and pave the way for modified schemes involving rapid imaging sequences or alternative k-space sampling strategies to achieve even better data acquisition time efficiency and performance.
Cushing's syndrome in childhood: update on genetics, treatment, and outcomes.

Purpose of review To provide an update on the genes associated with Cushing’s syndrome in children, as well as to familiarize the clinician with recent treatment guidelines and outcome data for children with Cushing’s syndrome.
Two populations of β‐spectrin in rat skeletal muscle

We use immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and centrifugation in sucrose density gradients to show that the product of the erythrocyte β-spectrin gene in rat skeletal muscle (muscle β-spectrin) is present in two states, one associated with fodrin, and another that is not associated with any identifiable spectrin or fodrin subunit. Immunofluorescence studies indicate that a significant amount of β-spectrin without α-fodrin is present in the myoplasm of some muscle fibers, and, more strikingly, at distinct regions of the sarcolemma. These results suggest that α-fodrin and muscle β-spectrin associate in muscle in situ, but that some muscle β-spectrin without a paired α-subunit forms distinct domains at the sarcolemma. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 37:7–19, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of Amiodarone Therapy in the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Cardiac Arrhythmias: Long Term Follow-Up

The clinical efficacy of amiodarone in the management of patients with complex cardiac arrhythmias refractory to therapy with two or more conventional or other investigational anti-arrhythmic agents was studied by long-term follow-up of patients who had received the drug for a period of at least three months. A total of 181 patients, classified into four groups (Group 1 – supraventricular arrhythmias, n = 42; Group 2 -frequent VPBs, n = 46, Group 3- nonsustained V-tach, n = 16; and Group 4 - sustained V-tach, n = 77) received a daily maintenance dose of 200–800 mg of Amiodarone for a period of up to 30 months. There were a total of 26 deaths (14 %). Ten of these were classified as probable arrhythmic deaths; however, all had either good or excellent response to therapy over a mean follow-up period of 14·9 months prior to death. The drug had to be permanently discontinued due to side effects only in three patients and in the majority of patients with side effects symptoms could be alleviated with adjustment of dosage, thyroid replacement therapy or transient cessation of therapy. We conclude that amiodarone is highly effective in the management of high-risk patients with complex refractory cardiac arrhythmias and that close monitoring and prompt recognition of side effects and appropriate adjustment of dosage or institution of Supplemental or replacement therapy (in less that 5% of patients) will allow continuation of amiodarone. The benefit of suppression of symptomatic arrhythmias and the potential of prevention of sudden death, far outweighs the incidence of severe side effects.
Chemopreventive strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma

In light of the high mortality rate associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), chemopreventive strategies to prevent or delay the development of this disease are attractive. This Review outlines advances in the field of HCC chemoprevention, in particular focusing on the potential of antiviral therapy against HBV and HCV, the cancer-modifying effects of statins, antidiabetic medications and aspirin, as well as dietary strategies.
Cardiac Tamponade from Central Venous Catheters Report of a Case and Review of the English Literature

A case of acute cardiac tamponade caused by an internal jugular central venous catheter which was successfully treated is reported. The English litera ture is reviewed and shows that tamponade can occur up to 37 days after inser tion and has a 65% mortality. The tamponade is usually caused by the actual infusate and not by blood.
Histochemical staining of the complex carbohydrates of the midgut of the mosquito, Culex tarsalis coquillett

Abstract Histochemical staining of the midgut epithelial cell surface complex carbohydrates of the mosquito Culex tarsalis was examined electron microscopically. The microvillar surface is composed primarily of neutral vic -glycoconjugates; positively stained by silver methenamine and silver protein. Lanthanum and alcian blue staining indicate that the microvilli contain a minimal anionic component; possibly phosphoglycoconjugates. Similarly, the intercellular junctions contain a predominance of neutral vic -glycoconjugates. In addition, the intercellular junctions contain fixed positive charges, based on en bloc phosphotungstic acid staining. The midgut basolateral membrane system and the basal lamina are both highly anionic; stained by ruthenium red, tannic acid, alcian blue and periodic acid-chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid. The basolateral plasma membrane also contains some vic -glycoconjugates. Selective staining indicates that the anionic component of the basolateral plasma membrane and the basal lamina is predominantly carboxyl groups; no specific staining for sulfo- or phosphoglycoconjugates was observed.
Abstract 4241: Glioma stem cells perform oxidative phosphorylation, while the rest of glioma cells perform aerobic glycolysis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC We have previously demonstrated that glioma stem cells have low 26S proteasome activity. Therefore, in order to visualize the 26S proteasome activity in living cells we have engineered glioma primary lines to stably express a fluorescent fusion protein, ZsGreen-ODC, which is recognized by the 26S proteasome and immediately degraded in an ubiquitin-independent manner. This fusion protein, thus reports for low proteasome activity in a live cell - glioma cells that have high proteasome activity will degrade the fluorescent fusion protein (ZsGreen-negative), while the glioma stem cells with low proteasome activity will accumulate the fluorescent protein (ZsGreen-high). This system has allowed us to visualize, track and separate the glioma stem cell population from the bulk of glioma cells for further characterization. We have employed this unique feature of glioma stem cells to analyze their metabolic state. Using ATP production and glucose uptake assays, as well as analyzing the production of lactic acid and consumption of oxygen we have obtained insight into the metabolic state of glioma stem cells in established and primary glioma lines, stably expressing the ZsGreen-ODC fusion protein. These cells lines were propagated as neurospheres in serum-free conditions, supplemented with growth factors, and at the time of the experiments the ZsGreen-negative population was separated from the ZsGreen-high population by FACS sorting. We have found that glioma stem cells with low proteasome activity (ZsGreen-high) produce more ATP and consume less glucose than the rest of glioma cells with high proteasome activity (ZsGreen-negative). Furthermore, the stem cell population produces less lactic acid and consumes more oxygen, and expresses less Glut-1 protein on the surface. Interestingly, when lactic acid is added to the growth medium the number of ZsGreen-high cells declines, indicating that the amount of lactic acid produced by the bulk of glioma cells in the tumor microenvironment might affect the number of glioma stem cells in the tumor. Taken together these preliminary results suggest that glioma stem cells are performing oxidative phosphorylation, while the bulk of the tumor is performing aerobic glycolysis - thus, metabolic PET tracers designed to detect glycolytically active cells would miss the small population of glioma stem cells. Also, given that elimination of glioma stem cells is crucial for a successful glioma therapy understanding their basic metabolic needs will be very important in designing successful therapies, especially since these results indicate that the glioma stem cell population maybe metabolically quite different from the bulk of glioma cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4241.
Children's Use of Transitional Objects during Daily Separations from Significant Caregivers:

Attachment behaviors of 105 toddlers were observed as the children separated from significant caregiver(s) at child care. Analysis indicated that children attached to a transitional object and using the object when separating engaged in ritualistic touching behaviors directed at a variety of targets. Results lend some support to the notion of transitional objects facilitating separation and reducing anxiety in mildly stressful situations.
Numerical Analysis of Fluid-Hammer Waves by the Method of Characteristics

Abstract The quasi-linear hyperbolic differential equations governing fluid-hammer phenomena in a two-dimensional plane or axisymmetric system are written as integrals along bi-characteristics and a streamline. A stepwise solution procedure is constructed by replacing the integrals by approximation formulas. Derivatives of dependent variables in directions outside the characteristic cone are eliminated and explicit solutions are obtained by linearly combining the remaining difference relations. Two solution schemes resulting from the two approximation formulas are examined for their numerical stability. Numerical calculations are carried out for a plane acoustic wave diffracting from a 90° sharp corner, and the result is compared with analytical solutions and experiment. Numerical results are further obtained for a simple problem involving a sudden expansion and contraction and the results are compared with one-dimensional acoustic solutions.
An N,N′-diaryl urea based conjugated polymer model system

Abstract An N , N ′-diphenyl urea was designed as a model system for aggregation phenomenon in poly(phenyleneethynylenes) (PPEs). The unmethylated N , N ′-diphenyl urea adopts an open, unfolded conformation in which the two diphenyl acetylene fluorophores are far enough away, mimicking the unaggregated state. Dimethylation forces the aromatic surfaces together into π–π contact, mimicking the aggregated state of PPEs. Analogous to bulk PPEs, this model system shows dramatic differences in quantum yield between the folded and unfolded states, with the unfolded urea having greater than 400-fold higher fluorescence quantum yield than its folded equivalent.
Dynamic interactions of dissolution, surface adsorption, and precipitation in an aging cobalt(II)-clay-water system

We have studied the dynamic interactions of mineral dissolution, cation surface adsorption, and precipitation in aqueous slurries initially containing kaolinite and millimolar quantities of cobalt(II) in 0.1 molar NaNO3 solution. Batch slurries spent an initial 24 hours at pH 4.2, then NaOH was added to increase pH to 7.8, where pH was maintained for several months. Dissolved Co, Al, and Si concentrations were monitored by ICP-MS; solid-phase products were characterized using EXAFS and TEM. At low pH, kaolinite dissolved, releasing Al and Si to solution. Aluminum hydroxide and aluminosilicate phases precipitated rapidly as pH increased. Cobalt uptake from solution began as pH increased and continued throughout the remainder of the experiment. Rapid surface adsorption and precipitation accounted for early Co uptake; much slower precipitation caused continued Co uptake. Cobalt adsorbed on kaolinite in the form of hydroxy-bridged polymers or multimers and precipitated as a hydrotalcite-like solid that contained aluminum ions derived from kaolinite and aluminum hydroxide dissolution. The cobalt hydrotalcite precipitate had the approximate stoichiometry [Co6Al2(OH)16(An−)2/n], with nitrate or silicate anions occupying A sites. Precipitate particles were several nanometers in diameter and some probably precipitated homogeneously. Some of the Co originally adsorbed was later incorporated into precipitate. Slow kaolinite dissolution near neutral pH limited the rate of Co uptake by precipitation, thereby accounting for the slow second stage of Co uptake. Continued changes in solution composition indicate that even this relatively simple system did not reach equilibrium under fixed solution conditions after several months. For this set of conditions, cobalt hydrotalcite appears to be the stable Co-containing phase, and its precipitation can reduce dissolved metal ion concentrations below levels achievable by simple adsorption on kaolinite.
An overview of considerations and approaches for developing in vivo EPR for clinical applications

This paper describes the rationale for carrying out EPR studies in human subjects in the clinical setting and the potential approaches and specific steps needed to make such studies feasible and useful. The suggested operational approach is to have the initial applications occur in as clinically useful and simple a manner as possible, with the expectation that once the technique is introduced and accepted in the clinical setting, that more complex and/or more technically difficult applications will be able to be developed. The initial approach should be based on EPR spectroscopy at 1.2 GHz focusing on clinical applications for which in vivo EPR provides a clearly useful approach to important clinical problems for which currently there is no good alternative approach, that can be carried out by measurements within 10 mm of the surface. The suggested initial clinical applications are: guiding tumor therapy for tumors and vascular disease by direct measurements of tissue pO2, characterizing and monitoring implanted drug delivery systems, and monitoring critical care.
Comparison of the dynamics of abstraction of primary vs. secondary hydrogens in the Cl+CD3CH2CD3 reaction

Abstract The Cl+CD 3 CH 2 CD 3 reaction has been investigated under single-collision conditions through resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization detection of the HCl and DCl products in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The degree of internal excitation of both DCl and HCl was found to be very low. The ratio of the HCl to DCl product yield was found to be 1.1±0.2. From analysis of time of arrival profiles, DCl is found to be mainly sideways scattered with respect to the incoming Cl atom, while HCl is scattered with a broad angular distribution peaking in the backward direction.
Linear time varying systems: Skew polynomial fractions

In this paper we consider matrix fraction descriptions for discrete-time linear time-varying systems. The main technical tool is the ring of skew Laurent series. We present several new results on existence and associated realization theory of polynomial matrix fraction descriptions.
Comparative sporicidal effect of liquid chemical germicides on three medical devices contaminated with spores of Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Background: The relatively limited variety of surfaces and geometries challenged in current sporicidal testing reduces the predictive value of these analyses when extrapolated to the wide variety of medical devices. The unknown spore load being challenged and the qualitative nature (growth/no growth) of those tests further prevent precise comparison among liquid chemical disinfectants. Hence, the relative activity of different chemical substances has not been clearly established, hindering selection of the best agent for each clinical situation. Methods: A micromethod was developed to assess sporicidal activity against Bacillus subtilis spores deposited on three different medical devices: carbon-steel dental burs silicone-rubber medical catheters, and titanium-alloy dental abutment screws. The spore load on each device and the recovery after three analytical steps were quantitatively assessed with spores radiolabeled with carbon 14 menthionine. Results: The killing of 2 to 7 × 10 6 spores loaded on three different devices and exposed to glutaraldehyde, fomaldehyde, copper ascorbate, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, or phenol for 30 minutes at 20° C ranged from a 10 3 -fold decrease for 10% hydrogen peroxide to zero decrease for 5% phenol. Our results suggest that the nature of the surface being challenged may affect the sporicidal activity of some chemical agents. Conclusion: The quantitative data presented allow comparison of the sporicidal effect of different liquid chemical agents. These findings may help prevent an overestimation of sporicidal activity and possible transmission of pathogens from the surface of improperly decontaminated medical devices.
Effects of a pre-existing food allergy on the oral introduction of food proteins: Findings from a murine model

Cashew-allergic mice develop elevated walnut-specific IgE upon oral feeding of walnut proteins. Ingestion of tree nuts in the presence of a known nut allergy could lead to additional sensitizations and anaphylaxis following subsequent exposure.
A fibrinogen-based precision microporous scaffold for tissue engineering

Fibrin has been long used as an effective scaffolding material to grow a variety of cells and tissue constructs. It has been utilized mainly as a hydrogel in varying concentrations to provide an environment in which suspended cells work to rearrange the fibers and lay down their own extracellular matrix. For these fibrin hydrogels to be useful in many tissue-engineering applications, the gels must be cultured for long periods of time in order to increase their mechanical strength to the levels of native tissues. High concentrations of fibrinogen increase the mechanical strength of fibrin hydrogels, but at the same time reduce the ability of cells within the scaffold to spread and survive. We present a method to create a microporous, nanofibriliar fibrin scaffold that has controllable pore size, porosity, and microstructure for applications in tissue engineering. Fibrin has numerous advantages as a scaffolding material as it is normally used by the body as temporary scaffolding for tissue regeneration and healing, and can be autologously sourced. We present here a scaffolding process which enhances the mechanical properties of the fibrin hydrogel by forming it surrounding poly(methyl-methacrylate) beads, then removing the beads with acetone to form an interconnected microporous network. The acetone serves the dual purpose of precipitating and fixing the fibrinogen-based scaffolds as well as adding strength to the network during polymer bead removal. Effects of fibrinogen concentration and time in acetone were examined as well as polymerization with thrombin. A natural crosslinker, genipin, was also used to add strength to the scaffolds, producing a Young's modulus of up to 184+/-5 kPa after 36 h of reaction. Using these methods we were able to produce microporous fibrin scaffolds that support cell growth and have mechanical properties similar to many native tissues.
Controller Design and Implementation for a 6-DOF Magnetically Levitated Positioner With High-Precision

This paper presents the controller design and implementation of a high-precision 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) magnetically levitated (maglev) positioner. This high-precision positioning system consists of a novel concentrated-field magnet matrix and a triangular single-moving part that carries three 3-phase permanent-magnet linear-levitation-motor armatures. Since only a single levitated moving part, namely the platen, generates all required fine and coarse motions, this positioning system is reliable and low-cost. Three planar levitation motors based on the Lorentz-force law not only generate the vertical force to levitate the triangular platen but control the platen’s position and orientation in the horizontal plane. All 6-DOF motions are controlled by magnetic forces only. The platen is regarded a pure mass system, and the spring and damping coefficients are neglected except for the vertical directions. Single-input single-output (SISO) digital lead-lag controllers are designed and implemented on a digital signal processor (DSP). This 6-DOF fully magnetically levitated positioner has a total mass of 5.91 kg and currently exhibits a 120 mm × 120 mm travel range. This positioner is highly suitable for semiconductor-manufacturing applications such as wafer steppers. Several experimental motion profiles are presented to demonstrate the maglev stage’s capability of accurately tracking any planar and 3-D paths.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A THEORETICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY IN RESEARCH ON STRATEGIC PROCESS

This paper incorporates an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the relationship between business strategy and top managers' personalities. The fundamental premise of this paper, derived from upper echelon theory, is that the study of managers within the context of their organizations or situations is more fruitful than the independent investigation of managers or organizations. The arguments are justified by drawing on studies from personality theory, career theory, and strategic management. Specific propositions concerning ideal matches between business-level strategies and managerial personality attributes are also developed, and their implications for organizational performance are discussed.