cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural reconstruction and zonation of a tilted mid-crustal magma chamber: The felsic Chemehuevi Mountains plutonic suite

Structural relief resulting from middle Tertiary extensional deformation in the Chemehuevi Mountains of California exposes a unique cross section through an extensive (>280 km 2 ) calc-alkalic, compositionally zoned, sill-like granitic intrusion of Late Cretaceous age. Minimum estimates for emplacement pressure, 4 to 6 kbar, imply that the Chemehuevi Mountains plutonic suite was initially intruded at mid-crustal depths and has undergone 10° to 15° of postemplacement tilting, tectonic denudation, and erosion. Reconstruction of the pre-Tertiary (pre-tilt) configuration suggests that this metaluminous to peraluminous granitic suite exhibits crude normal, vertical, and temporal zonation from granodiorite to granite. The zonation involves a decrease in age and an increase in silica away from the walls and roof, the youngest and most evolved members being concentrated toward the center and floor of the intrusion. The lower part of the intrusion had a flat floor, which was penetrated by at least three feeder dikes providing magma to the chamber. The chamber grew laterally in stages, each pulse being more evolved than the preceding one. Structural reconstruction indicates that the roof is less than 1 km above the exposed top of the intrusion, suggesting a tabular geometry with an aspect ratio of about 5:1. The magma apparently ponded along the contact between undeformed Proterozoic basement above and subhorizontally foliated mylonitic gneisses below, and was therefore structurally controlled. This reconstruction provides information on the geometry of mesozonal intermediate to silicic magma chambers. In addition, the restoration provides a rare opportunity to observe crosscutting relations between different types of mid-crustal structures (thick mylonitic shear zones, granitic intrusions, and temporally unrelated detachment faults), the geometry of which emphasizes the need for careful evaluation of seismic reflection profiles across complexly deformed and intruded continental crust.
The influence of water of hydrolysis on microstructural development in sol-gel derived LiNbO3 thin films

The effect of water of hydrolysis on nucleation, crystallization, and microstructural development of sol-gel derived single phase LiNbO 3 thin films has been studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A precursor solution of double ethoxides of lithium and niobium in ethanol was used for the preparation of sol. DSC results indicated that adding water to the solution for hydrolysis of the double ethoxides lowered the crystallization temperature from 500 °C (no water) to 390 °C (2 moles water per mole ethoxide). The amount of water had no effect on the short-range order in amorphous LiNbO 3 gels but rendered significant microstructural variations for the crystallized films. AFM studies indicated that surface roughness of dip-coated films increased with increasing water of hydrolysis. Films on glass, heat-treated for 1 h at 400 °C, were polycrystalline and randomly oriented. Those made with a low water-to-ethoxide ratio had smaller grains and smaller pores than films prepared from sols with higher water-to-ethoxide ratios. Annealing films with a low water concentration for longer times or at higher temperatures resulted in grain growth. Higher temperatures (600 °C) resulted in grain faceting along close-packed planes. Films deposited on c-cut sapphire made with a 1:1 ethoxide-to-water ratio and heat-treated at 400 °C were epitactic with the c-axis perpendicular to the film-substrate interface. Films with higher concentrations of water of hydrolysis on sapphire had a preferred orientation but were polycrystalline. It is postulated that a high amount of water increases the concentration of amorphous LiNbO 3 building blocks in the sol through hydrolysis, which subsequently promotes crystallization during heat treatment.
Experimental and numerical analysis of friction and wear behavior of polycarbonate

Static and kinetic contact of a steel ball against a polycarbonate half-plane was experimentally examined to study its friction and wear behavior. Changes in friction were correlated with the apparent wear volume. The finite element method, using a physically based visco-plastic constitutive model, simulated the initial stage of sliding contact through indentation, sliding and unloading stages. Detailed deformation history was examined to understand the friction and wear mechanisms for the glassy polymeric material. The experimental and numerical results correlated well, qualitatively, in the coefficient of friction and the deformed surface profile.
Fractal clusters in the learning curve

Abstract From the scaling nature of the learning curve it is deduced that time-saving changes in productivity should occur in self-similar clusters.
The truth must be in here somewhere: Examining the gender discrepancy in self‐reported lifetime number of sex partners

One of the most consistent and troubling findings in sexuality research is that men report a substantially greater number of sexual intercourse partners compared to women. In a population that is more or less closed and is comprised of approximately equal proportions of men and women, such a finding is illogical. In the current article, I review the primary explanations that have been offered for this gender discrepancy and review the relevant data that exist for each explanation. Afterwards, I present data from two studies in which I further explored the apparent gender discrepancy and factors that may account for it. The first study involved a sample of college students (N = 324), whereas the second study was based on a nationally representative sample of adults (N = 2,524; 1994 General Social Survey, Davis & Smith, 1994). In Study 1, accounting for a lack of inclusion of casual sex partners and for self‐rated dishonesty in reporting did not affect the gender discrepancy in lifetime number of sex partne...
Determination of a natural valence-band offset: The case of HgTe-CdTe.

A method to determine a natural valence-band offset (NVBO), i.e., the change in the valence-band maximum energy which is intrinsic to the bulk band structures of semiconductors is proposed. The HgTe-CdTe system is used as an example in which it is found that the valence-band maximum of HgTe lies 0.35 + or - 0.06 eV above that of CdTe. The NVBO of 0.35 eV is in good agreement with the X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurement of the heterojunction offset. The procedure to determine the NVBO between semiconductors, and its implication on the heterojunction band lineup and the electronic structures of semiconductor alloys, are discussed.
Rat PPAR delta contains a CGG triplet repeat and is prominently expressed in the thalamic nuclei.

Abstract We have isolated a new rat sequence containing motifs of a nuclear hormone receptor from a brain cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA clone showed a strong homology to the human NUCI and the mouse peroxisome proliferator activated receptor δ (PPARδ). We therefore refer to this new clone as rat PPARδ (rPPARδ). The new feature of rPPARδ is a 14 CGG triplet repeat on the 5′ untranslated region, not previously reported in either NUCI or mPPARδ. We found that rPPARδ was expressed as a 3.5-kb transcript which showed a wide distribution in adult rat tissues. Abundant expression was detected in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney and lung. Weaker expression was noted in the liver, spleen and testis. To determine the specific brain localization of rPPARδ we performed in situ hybridization analysis. Prominent expression was observed in the thalamus, particularly in the posterior part of the ventral medial nucleus, a site responsive to pain and cold stress. These results raise the possibility that PPARδ might play a role in modulating response to thermal and pain sensations.
Electron microscopy of the tumulus and origin of associated structures within the tegument of Eubothrium salvelini Schrank, 1790 (Cestoidea: Pseudophyllidea)

Abstract Tedesco J. L. and Coggins J. R. 1979. Electron microscopy of the tumulus and origin of associated structures within the tegument of Eubothrium salvelini Schrank, 1790 (Cestoidea: Pseudophyllidea). International Journal for Parasitology 10 : 275–280. Validity of the tumulus, a new organ recently described on the tegument of Eubothrium salvelini , is confirmed. Spherical, dense inclusions approximately 0.23–0.29 μm were associated with the tumulus and with subtegumental cell bodies. Origin of these inclusions within subtegumental cell bodies and their transport via ducts to the tumulus is described. Inclusions are synthesized within granular endoplasmic reticulum and packaged by Golgi apparatus prior to transport. Inclusions were observed only in association with the tumulus within the tegumental distal cytoplasm.
GIANT VACUOLES OBSERVED IN DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM

Large intracellular vacuoles, >4 μm in diameter and either round or oval-shaped, were observed infrequently in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae of axenically-grown strain AX2 (only 1 in 10 6 –10 8 cells). These previously unreported single or multiple “giant” vacuoles were more common, however, in newly germinated KAX3 cells (0.55% of the population) and AT-K neg , a strain that lacks an esterase (0.47% of the population). A vacuolar H +ATPase was enriched in their membranes of intracellular giant vacuoles, indicating that the vacuoles were related possibly to both endosomes and the contractile vacuole compartment. When monitored over time, giant vacuoles protruded from, and retracted back into cells under hyperosmotic conditions, suggesting an osmoregulatory role for these vacuoles. Some of the intracellular and protruded giant vacuoles harbored a fluid-phase marker, fluorescein-labeled dextran, implying a pinocytotic origin for the vacuoles.
Politico‐Military deception at Sea in the Spanish civil war, 1936–39

(1990). Politico‐Military deception at Sea in the Spanish civil war, 1936–39. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 84-112.
Acceptability of aircraft noise

Abstract The problems related to criteria of acceptibility of aircraft noise in a community are most challenging and require the application of many scientific disciplines and arts, including political and economic ones, before they can be equitably settled for the best interests of man and his society. The problems deserve urgent attention, inasmuch as they bode to become worse rather than better as aviation progresses. It would appear that present-day knowledge about the generation, measurement and effects of noise on man are sufficiently advanced, or nearly so, to allow the specification of the exposures to aircraft noise that might be considered socially acceptable.
A Three Dimensional Computer Display

Abstract A simple device for producing an autostereoscopic visual computer display is described.
The role of SDF-1α-ECM crosstalk in determining neural stem cell fate.

The consequences of central nervous system injury are far-reaching and debilitating and, while an endogenous repair response to neural injury has been observed in recent years, the mechanisms behind this response remain unclear. Neural progenitor/stem cell (NPSC) migration to the site of injury from the neural stem cell niches (e.g. subventricular zone and hippocampus) has been observed to be vasophilic in nature. While the chemotactic stimuli directing NPSC homing to injury is not well established, it is thought to be due in part to an increasing gradient of chemotactic cytokines, such as stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α). Based on these recent findings, we hypothesize that critical crosstalk between SDF-1α and the extracellular matrix (ECM) drives injury-induced NPSC behavior. In this study, we investigated the effect of SDF-1α and ECM substrates (Matrigel, laminin, and vitronectin) on the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of NPSCs in vitro using standard assays. The results demonstrated that SDF-1α and laminin-based ECM (Matrigel and laminin) significantly and synergistically enhanced NPSC migration and acute neuronal differentiation. These effects were significantly attenuated with the addition of AMD3100 (an antagonist against the SDF-1α receptor, CXCR4). SDF-1α alone significantly increased NPSC proliferation regardless of ECM substrate, however no synergy was observed between SDF-1α and the ECM. These results serve to elucidate the relationship between adhesive and soluble signaling factors of interest and their effect on NPSC behavior following neural injury. Furthermore, these results better inform the next generation of biomaterials aimed at stimulating endogenous neural regeneration for neural injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
Serum-mediated enhancement of ANF accumulation in the culture medium of cardiac atriocytes

Abstract Cultured cardiac myocytes provide a useful system for investigating ANF biosynthesis and regulation. It has previously been demonstrated that the predominant form of ANF stored in and released from this myocyte model is the 17kD prohormone, proANF. We report here that as quantitated both by radioimmunoassay and by SDS-PAGE of intrinsically labelled ANF released from these cardiocytes, the addition of serum promotes a 5–6 fold increase in ANF accumulation in the medium of these cells as compared to ANF accumulation in the presence of a defined chemical medium alone. The stimulating effect of serum is immediate and persists in a linear manner for at least 120 minutes. This effect of serum can be reproduced by the addition of albumin or other proteins to the medium but not by alterations in osmolality. Whether this phenomenon represents enhanced release of proANF or is secondary to inhibition of proANF degradation has yet to be determined.
Problems of dialysis techniques in the study of macromolecule binding of drugs

Abstract The binding of methyl orange to bovine serum albumin has been investigated by means of equilibrium and differential dialysis. In order to obtain reproducible and exact results, the binding of the ligand to the membrane must always be studied. A significant binding gives with equilibrium dialysis, as well as with the differential dialysis, erroneous results. The correction as proposed by Klotz et al. was an am floration. But the most correct binding curve is obtained by including the membrane binding in the total binding phenomenon.
Optical properties of Au-Ag nanoboxes studied by single nanoparticle spectroscopy.

The optical properties of two Au−Ag nanobox samples with average edge lengths of 44 and 58 nm and wall thicknesses of 6 and 8 nm, respectively, have been studied by single particle spectroscopy. The measurements gave an average line width of Γ = 306 ± 7 meV with a standard deviation of σ = 30 meV for the 44-nm boxes, and Γ = 350 ± 9 meV with σ = 35 meV for the 58-nm boxes. These line widths are much broader than those of gold nanorods with comparable resonance energies. The increased broadening is attributed to a combination of surface scattering of electrons, as well as increased radiation damping for the nanoboxes. Discrete dipole approximation calculations have been performed with and without surface scattering of electrons to compare with the experimental spectra. The calculations confirm that both electron-surface scattering and radiation damping are important effects in this system.
Levels of organization in urban navigation

This study examined the relationship between urban experience, indexed by residential proximity to and lifetime frequency of contact with an urban center, and the ability to identify five different levels of information pertinent to navigation. Lower levels included traditional spatial components of place, path and node. Higher levels included functional urban goals (destinations) and their strategic ordering (itineraries). Identifications of each component were made from photographs of its parts. Identifications of destinations and itineraries correlated highly with nodes. Indices of experience correlated more highly with functional than spatial identifications. More experienced subjects generally identified more components at all levels, and higher-level identifications were generally more difficult, but closer residents were less likely to find functional identifications more difficult than spatial. Results are discussed in terms of skill acquisition and variations in urban transactions.
Flow visualization of interactions among large coherent structures in an axisymmetric jet

Interactions between large coherent structures are visualized with both schlieren photography in two air jets and dye photography in a water jet. The density difference needed for the schlieren technique is provided by an electrically heated wire ring surrounding the jet. External forcing with either single axisymmetric, single non-symmetric, combined axisymmetric or combined non-symmetric modes was applied. It was found that forcing the jet with a pair of different spinning modes leads to azimuthal distortions of the mean flow. This observation confirms and explains existing hotwire data. Simultaneous excitation with two axisymmetric modes may produce structures of higher modes or even cause structurally undistinguishable development. Streamwise structures are observed both in the unforced jet and in the axisymmetrically forced jet. They do not seem to be caused by a Gortier instability from the concave curvature of the conventional nozzle, since they were also found in a jet flow from a specially designed nozzle with only convex contraction surface.
A Monsoon in Delhi: Anna Hazare, the Lokpal Bill, and the Future of India

Political corruption in India is a perennial problem that has recently been exposed by two spectacular scandals involving the sale of telecommunications spectrum and the troubled 2010 Commonwealth Games. A disgust for this graft and corruption bred a massive protest in Delhi with a hunger strike by veteran activist Kisan Baburao “Anna” Hazare as its centerpiece. Hazare demanded the passage of a specific version of a bill that would establish an anti-corruption ombudsman called the Jan Lokpal. After Hazare had starved himself for approximately two weeks, the Indian parliament passed the legislation that Hazare had demanded. In this article, I examine the political implications of this movement, as well as whether or not the Lokpal will be effective in its mission of combating corruption.
An invariant basis for natural strain which yields orthogonal stress response terms in isotropic hyperelasticity

A novel constitutive formulation is developed for finitely deforming hyperelastic materials that exhibit isotropic behavior with respect to a reference configuration. The strain energy per unit reference volume, W, is defined in terms of three natural strain invariants, K1–3, which respectively specify the amount-of-dilatation, the magnitude-of-distortion, and the mode-of-distortion. Distortion is that part of the deformation that does not dilate. Moreover, pure dilatation (K2=0), pure shear (K3=0), uniaxial extension (K3=1), and uniaxial contraction (K3=−1) are tests which hold a strain invariant constant. Through an analysis of previously published data, it is shown for rubber that this new approach allows W to be easily determined with improved accuracy. Albeit useful for large and small strains, distinct advantage is shown for moderate strains (e.g. 2–25%). Central to this work is the orthogonal nature of the invariant basis. If η represents natural strain, then {K1,K2,K3} are such that the tensorial contraction of (∂Ki/∂η) with (∂Kj/∂η) vanishes when i≠j. This result, in turn, allows the Cauchy stress t to be expressed as the sum of three response terms that are mutually orthogonal. In particular (summation implied) t=Ai∂W/∂Ki, where the ∂W/∂Ki are scalar response functions and the Ai are kinematic tensors that are mutually orthogonal.
The Implications of Immortal Grief in Shelley's ADONAIS and Keats's THE FALL OF HYPERION

Critics have thoroughly canvassed Percy Shelley's Adonais, an elegy on the death of John Keats, in search of allusion. One heretofore neglected passage, however, links the two poets further and can...
Repeated nucleation in an undercooled aluminum droplet

Abstract The theory of nucleation phenomena is most often described in terms of the average behavior of a very large number of individual, independent nucleation events. The direct observation of these events is a technological challenge, particularly in the condensed phases. We present here a technique which has been used to observe the repeated nucleation of solid phase Al from the liquid in the same 80 μm droplet. A total of 845 events were recorded under nearly identical conditions and a statistical analysis is presented. The observed nucleation rates indicate that multiple nucleation mechanisms were active. The relationship between this method and the droplet population technique are discussed and bounds on the accuracy of this result are presented which are useful for the design of future experiments.
On the number of solitons for the intermediate long wave equation

Abstract In this work we use an extension of the WKB method to nonlocal problems to count number of solitons produced by an arbitrary slowly varying initial disturbance in the ILW (Intermediate Long Wave) evolution equation. The results give the complete description for the range of parameters. In the course of the analysis we also recover the results for the Benjamin-Ono equation, recently obtained by dimensional arguments and verified by numerical simulations by Miloh et al. [5] and ingeniously by Matsuno [3], under a specific and still unproved assumption regarding the additive behavior of the conservation laws for the Benjamin-Ono equation.
Separation of phenols from dilute aqueous solution by use of tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide as extractant

ABSTRACT Trioctyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) is examined as an extractant for phenol and other phenolic compounds. Equilibrium distribution coefficients have been measured for extraction of phenol, dihydroxybenzenes, and trihydroxybenzenes by solvents composed of TOPO in various diluents. Results are interpreted in terms of a model based upon complexation stoichiometry, allowing for solvation of uncomplexed solute as well. TOPO is a strong complexant for all the phenolic solutes studied. The nature of the diluent has a significant effect upon distribution coefficients, and in the case of an alcohol diluent reduces the distribution coefficient for phenol considerably. The degree of complexation remains appreciable at temperatures which would be used for regeneration of phenol by distillation. This makes it necessary to use a diluent boiling at least 70°C to 80°C higher than the boiling point of phenol, which is 182°C. Regeneration studies are reported for isobutyl heptyl ketone, dimethyl naphthalene, and a mix...
The art and science of preventing and treating HIV disease in children: a life cycle approach

Dr Abrams will review current scientific knowledge in the area of pediatric HIV infection from infancy through adolescence and will identify critical gaps that significantly impact successful care of children with HIV disease. She will explore three interconnected themes: evolution of physical and psychological development throughout childhood; the relationship between the child and her family; and importance of psychological, behavioral, and social issues as they affect successful treatment of the HIV infected child as well as vulnerability of the uninfected adolescent to acquisition of HIV infection. Combining experiences from HIV programs in resource rich and resource constrained settings, Dr. Abrams will highlight a number of pressing questions warranting urgent scientific inquiry.
INTERNATIONAL CHILD WELFARE: GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATORS AND A CASE STUDY FROM CYPRUS

This article outlines challenges and opportunities educators and students face while attempting to develop a global perspective in social work. It discusses the need for more international focus in the classroom and increased field placements in non-Western countries. Exercises using an in-depth case study of the historic and current dynamics of Cyprus are proposed. After centuries of strife, Cyprus remains divided between Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities. This case provides social work educators with classroom material lending itself to both student self-reflection and a greater understanding of imperialism, colonization, and marginalization by Western nations and how those elements affect student ideologies. Particular attention is paid to the need for culturally informed and self-reflective international approaches to child welfare.
The Hyperplastic Gingivitis of Wegener's Granulomatosis*

A rare case of hyperplastic gingivitis as a manifestation of Wegener's granulomatosis is presented. These lesions when present are pathognomonic and may be the patient's main complaint. The use of immunosuppressive drugs, particularly cyclophosphamide, have greatly enhanced prognosis, especially when treatment is started before renal involvement. The dentist may therefore be very influential in determining prognosis.
Relationship of 60-Hz electric-field parameters to the inhibition of growth of Pisum sativum roots.

Roots ofPisum sativum were chronically exposed to 60-Hz electric fields ranging from 215–430 V/m and current densities from 1.5–2.7 mA/cm2. Adjustments of the exposure medium's conductivity (0.035–0.14 mho/m) allowed for distinction between a field or a current induced perturbation in root growth rates. Inhibition of root growth rates was directly related to the magnitude of the applied field and not the current density. The results are consistent with the postulate that the applied field acts upon the cell membrane and perturbs its function.
Expresion of cell adhesion molecule CD44 in primary tumors of the liver: an immunohistochemical study

CD44, a widely distributed integral membrane protein, has been implicated in tumor invasion and metastatic spread in some human carcinomas and lymphomas. In this study, 35 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma from 32 patients (11 cholangiocarcinomas, 9 hepatic adenomas, and 5 cases of focal nodular hyperplasia, a non-neoplastic lesion) were examined by immunohistochemical methods for expression of CD44. The mouse monoclonal antibody A3D8 was used on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue; this antibody does not distinguish between standard CD44 and splice variants. Positive membrane staining was seen in 13 of 35 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (12 of 32 patients), 8 of 11 cases of cholangiocarcinoma, and 1 of 9 cases of hepatic adenoma. The strongest staining for CD44 was seen in two cases of fibrolamellar carcinoma, but CD44 expression was otherwise not related to degree of tumor differentiation. All five cases of focal nodular hyperplasia were negative for CD44. In non-neoplastic liver, hepatocytes were negative; sinusoidal lining cells and portal lymphocytes were positive; bile ducts and proliferating bile ductules were focally positive in some cases. Anatomic stage at time of presentation was similar in both groups of patients, with most patients presenting with stage III or IV disease. A trend towards slightly longer survival in patients whose hepatocellular carcinomas were CD44 negative was noted. These results show that aberrant CD44 expression is present in a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas and in most cholangio-carcinomas. The relationship between CD44 expression and tumor spread is unclear in this group of tumors, but is unlikely to be a simple association between CD44 expression and metastatic potential.
Using evidence-based medicine principles to improve quality of patient care in pediatric surgery.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is defined strictly as "the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients." A requirement for the successful implementation of EBM principles, with the goal of improving patient care, is knowledge related to the hierarchy of evidence and other concepts. The highest level of evidence is produced from prospective, hypothesis-testing research protocols, which currently are rare in the pediatric surgery literature. There are obstacles to conducting these studies in pediatric surgery because of the rarity of many disease conditions; however, with careful planning and funding, such studies can and should be performed.
Increased chatter: cyclic dipeptides as molecules of chemical communication in Vibrio spp.

Cell-to-cell communication in bacteria via chemical signal molecules has been intensively studied in the past decade, leading to an appreciation of the wide variety of mechanisms and overlapping systems bacteria use to communicate with each other and coordinate population-dependent gene expression.
The characteristics and motivations of health answerers for sharing information, knowledge, and experiences in online environments

In Web 2.0 environments, people commonly share their knowledge and personal experiences with others, but little is known about their background characteristics and motivations. Thus, the current study examines some of the characteristics and motivations common among answerers, who produce health-related answers to questions asked by anonymous others in a social Q&A site, Yahoo! Answers. An online survey questionnaire was distributed to top and recent answerers to investigate their demographics, areas of health expertise, and other characteristics related to answering behaviors online. Also, 10 motivation factors are proposed and tested in the survey: enjoyment, efficacy, learning, personal gain, altruism, community interest, social engagement, empathy, reputation, and reciprocity. Findings show that altruism is the most influential motivation, while personal gain is the least. Enjoyment and efficacy are more influential than other social motivations, such as reputation or reciprocity, although there are some variations across different groups of answerers. Motivational factors among top answerers or health experts are further analyzed. The findings of this study have practical implications for promoting health answerers to share knowledge and experiences in social contexts. Furthermore, the study design of the current study can be used to examine motivations of answerers in other topic areas as well as other social contexts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An experimental review of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors

Abstract A review of the elastic form factors of the proton and neutron in the space-like region is presented. A summary of the results of the pioneering elastic electron-nucleon scattering experiments and their interpretation is given along with a theoretical background. Recent results from Rosenbluth separations and experiments using polarized beams and polarized targets or recoil nucleon polarimeters are summarized. Future prospects for extending or improving the present measurements are outlined.
Don't make excuses! Discouraging neutralization to reduce IT policy violation

Past research on information technology (IT) security training and awareness has focused on informing employees about security policies and formal sanctions for violating those policies. However, research suggests that deterrent sanctions may not be the most powerful influencer of employee violations. Often, employees use rationalizations, termed neutralization techniques, to overcome the effects of deterrence when deciding whether or not to violate a policy. Therefore, neutralization techniques often are stronger than sanctions in predicting employee behavior. For this study, we examine ''denial of injury,'' ''metaphor of the ledger,'' and ''defense of necessity'' as relevant justifications for violating password policies that are commonly used in organizations as used in (Siponen and Vance, 2010). Initial research on neutralization in IS security has shown that results are consistent regardless of which type of neutralization is considered (Siponen and Vance, 2010). In this study, we investigate whether IT security communication focused on mitigating neutralization, rather than deterrent sanctions, can reduce intentions to violate security policies. Additionally, considering the effects of message framing in persuading individuals against security policy violations are largely unexamined, we predict that negatively-framed communication will be more persuasive than positively-framed communication. We test our hypotheses using the factorial survey method. Our results suggest that security communication and training that focuses on neutralization techniques is just as effective as communication that focuses on deterrent sanctions in persuading employees not to violate policies, and that both types of framing are equally effective.
Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Medial Branch Block in Obese Patients: A Fluoroscopically Confirmed Clinical Feasibility Study

Background and Objectives: Obesity is a major risk factor for lower back pain. Fluoroscope-guided medial branch block is a common diagnostic tool in these patients. Although approach to the facet joint guided by ultrasound has been demonstrated successfully in lean patients, its success in obese patients is unknown. We therefore evaluated the success rate of real-time ultrasound approach in obese patients in a clinical feasibility study. Methods: We performed a total of 84 medial branch blocks in 20 obese patients (body mass index, >30 kg/m2) using ultrasound. We studied the success rate, measured depth to the facet joint, and assessed radiation dose and pain relief. Results: Our success rate was 62% (52/84 blocks) when using ultrasound to guide needle placement. The average distance from skin to target point at the transverse process was 76 mm (SD, 15 mm). Skin-target depth was significantly different between L4 and L5 on both sides (P = 0.01). The needle advancement could not be tracked to the target. The verbal rating scale scores before, immediately after, and 24 hrs after the procedure were 7.1 (SD, 2.4), 4.3 (SD, 3.1), and 3.8 (SD, 2.7), respectively. The average radiation dose was 0.226 mGy/m2 (SD, 0.196 mGy/m2). Conclusion: Medial branch blocks in obese patients cannot be performed by ultrasound guidance exclusively.
Abstract 2980: An integrated cross-species transcriptional network analysis of metastatic susceptibility

Metastatic disease is the proximal cause of mortality for most cancers and remains a significant problem for the clinical management of neoplastic disease. Recent advances in global transcriptional analysis have enabled better prediction of individuals likely to progress to metastatic disease. However, minimal overlap between predictive signatures has precluded easy identification of key biological processes contributing to the pro-metastatic transcriptional state. To overcome this limitation, we have applied network analysis to two independent human breast cancer data sets and three different mouse populations developed for quantitative analysis of metastasis. Analysis of these data sets revealed that the gene membership of the networks is highly conserved within and between species, and that these networks predicted distant metastasis free survival. Furthermore these results suggest that inherited susceptibility to metastatic disease is cell autonomous in ER+ tumors and associated with the mitotic spindle checkpoint. In contrast, susceptibility to metastasis is tumor non-autonomous in ER- patients and associated with an inherited difference in immune infiltration of the primary tumor. These results suggest that the application of network analysis across species may provide a robust method to identify key biological programs associated with human cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2980. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2980
Variable selection and dependency networks for genomewide data

We describe a new stochastic search algorithm for linear regression models called the bounded mode stochastic search (BMSS). We make use of BMSS to perform variable selection and classification as well as to construct sparse dependency networks. Furthermore, we show how to determine genetic networks from genomewide data that involve any combination of continuous and discrete variables. We illustrate our methodology with several real-world data sets.
All-optical packet compression of variable length packets from 40 to 1500 B using a gated fiber loop

A scalable loop-based packet compression scheme capable of handling variable length Internet protocol packets, from 40 to 1500 B, is proposed and demonstrated. The technique uses per packet variable compression ratio to achieve fixed compressed output packet size independent of input packet size. This technique allows variable length packets to be stored in fixed delay optical buffers and has application to optical packet switching, optical multiplexing, and optical grooming. These results demonstrate the largest packet size compressed to date. Error-free compression and verification of 1500-B packets compression from 2.5 to 10 Gb/s is demonstrated with a measured power penalty of /spl sim/2.2 dB.
Genetic relationships and diversity of commercially relevant Echinacea species

The genus Echinacea is comprised of nine species, which are perennial herbs indigenous to North America and which have been traditionally used as medicinal plants for centuries. Three Echinacea species, E. angustifolia, E. purpurea, and E. pallida, are currently being traded internationally in the natural products market. Echinacea products constitute a significant portion of this growing, multi-billion dollar industry. The increasing popularity of Echinacea products has led to the expansion of wildcrafting and commercial cultivation to meet the growing demand for plant material. Echinacea is considered of value as a nonspecific immune stimulant, and claims of its efficacy have been tentatively supported by both laboratory and clinical studies. This study used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to determine the genetic relationships of the three Echinacea species of commercial interest, to evaluate the level of diversity present within germplasm of each of the three species, and to compare accessions of each species available from different sources. A total of 101 RAPD markers were generated for the 76 individuals of four species included in the analysis. NTSYS-pc was used to evaluate the genetic relationships of the three species and to determine the general level of overall diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed using pruned marker sets corrected for the dominant nature of RAPD markers. AMOVA revealed that most of the variation occurred within accessions of the same species, though some accessions of both E. pallida and E. angustifolia were found to be significantly different from other accessions of the same species.
Exports, Employment, and Production: A Causal Assessment of U.S. States and Regions*

Rising foreign exports are generally perceived to be a driving force behind U.S. regional economic growth. Yet relatively little empirical attention has been paid to the question of causality between foreign exports and economic growth at the regional level. The belief that exports are an engine of economic growth stems from traditional export base theory. This theory indicates that multi- plier effects and externalities associated with export expansion are key sources for regional economic growth. While the notion of an export base is often accepted tacitly by regional development researchers, economic theory actually suggests a number of different interpretations of the causal relationship between exports and growth. Heckscher-Ohlin factor endowment theory postulates, for example, that growth of exports is driven by regional labor and capital supplies. Alternatively, new international trade theory suggests that there is a bidirectional relationship between exports and regional economic growth. Exports are thought to enhance regional growth through promotion of economies of scale in production, but local economic conditions, including strong product demand and agglomeration (exter- nal) economies, are also thought to promote the growth of exports. In this study, I investigate the causal relationship between international manufacturing exports and manufacturing employment, productivity, and output across the states and in major multistate regions. Results offer general support for bidirectional causality between exports and state economic growth but also indicate some important variations among the different regions of the country.
1‐(N,N‐Dimethylamino)‐2‐methyl‐1‐propene

(1; R = Me) [6906-32-7] C6H13N (MW 99.20) InChI = 1S/C6H13N/c1-6(2)5-7(3)4/h5H,1-4H3 InChIKey = IHSJXWLJYTXOCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2; R,R = (CH2)4) [2403-57-8] C8H15N (MW 125.24) InChI = 1S/C8H15N/c1-8(2)7-9-5-3-4-6-9/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = PAXNHQZTZQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3; R,R = (CH2)2O(CH2)2) [2403-55-6] C8H15NO (MW 141.24) InChI = 1S/C8H15NO/c1-8(2)7-9-3-5-10-6-4-9/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = RSEUOMWVYSLIKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4; R,R = (CH2)5) [673-33-6] C9H17N (MW 139.27) InChI = 1S/C9H17N/c1-9(2)8-10-6-4-3-5-7-10/h8H,3-7H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = ZQZUJFQBFGFJMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (5; R,R = (CH2)6) [94167-75-6] C10H19N (MW 153.30) InChI = 1S/C10H19N/c1-10(2)9-11-7-5-3-4-6-8-11/h9H,3-8H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = KHWQCRNQVJXYOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (either the enamine nitrogen or its β-carbon atom is nucleophilic, undergoing substitution or conjugate addition;1 can take part in 1,2- or 1,4-cycloaddition1) Physical Data: (1) bp 89–90 °C; n20D 1.4221; IRCC 1680 cm−1. (2) bp 50 °C/14 mmHg; n20D 1.4739; IRCC 1674 cm−1. (3) bp 59–60 °C/17 mmHg; n20D 1.4676; IRCC 1675 cm−1. (4) bp 65–67 °C/12 mmHg; n20D 1.4676; IRCC 1675 cm−1. (5) bp 85–86 °C/12 mmHg; n20D 1.4845; IRCC 1667. Preparative Methods: the usual method of preparation for these enamines is the condensation of a secondary amine with isobutyraldehyde (2-methylpropanal) (eq 1).2 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: colorless liquid; readily reacts with water or atmospheric oxygen. Should be stored under dry nitrogen.
Recognition of functional groups by chemical ionization mass spectrometry

A means of recognition of functional groups in organic molecules using chemical ionization mass spectrometry is described. Mass spectra of 34 C27-steroids using methane, isobutane and ammonia as reagent gases are recorded and correlations with structure proposed. Ammonia chemical ionization spectra are most instructive, generally yielding abundant ions of four types: an ammonium adduct [M+ NH4]+, an ammonia displacement ion [M + NH3 - X]+, a protonated molecular ion [M + H]+ and an elimination ion [M - X]+. Both the [M + H]+ and [M - X]+ ions appear to derive from the ammonium adduct [M + NH4]+, and the ion [M + NH3 - X]+ derives by a nucleophilic displacement of an elimination fragment X by neutral ammonia. Steroid ketones and olefins give predominantly [M + NH4]+ and [M + H]+ ions, whereas alcohols and esters give a three-component pattern of [M + NH4]+, [M + NH3 - X]+ and [M - X]+ ions. Spectra derived using methane or isobutane as reagent gas contain three major ion types: the protonated molecular ion [M + H]+, the hydride abstraction ion [M - H]+ and the elimination ion [M - X]+. Steroid ketones give the [M + H]+ion predominantly; the olefins give both [M + H]+ and [M - X]+ ions. Steroid alcohols give [M + H]+, [M - X]− ions. Recognition by these means of functionality in nonsteroid compounds appears also to be possible.
Experience with an Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Program in a Neurology Specialty Clinic

OBJECTIVE:To describe an adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting program that was developed in a university-affiliated neurology specialty clinic.METHODS:Reportable ADRs were identified through 3 mechanisms: by clinicians through routine visits, by patients who were encouraged to follow up with the pharmacist in the clinic, and by the pharmacist who contacted high-risk patients. Patient demographics, the suspected drug(s), elements to define probability, and outcomes were documented, collated, and analyzed for trends and opportunities for continuous quality-improvement efforts. Information was shared with clinic administrators and clinicians. Serious ADRs were reported to the Food and Drug Administration.RESULTS:The experience during a 1-year period, during which 40 ADRs were reported, is described. Medications by frequency of report and types of reactions are reported. None of the ADRs required admission to the hospital. Pharmacy personnel reported the majority of ADRs (92.5%).CONCLUSIONS:This program is s...
Blood Group Associations With Parasites, Bacteria, and Viruses

Although recent investigations into the human blood groups have proceeded mainly at the molecular level, the RBC remains an exquisite model to study the expression of various genes and their related proteins. Although DNA may be informative, it may not always give meaningful information regarding protein expression on cell surfaces, which is where binding occurs. Because of their easy accessibility, RBCs will continue to be used as a major tool in the investigation of the causative agents for disease, whether they be viral, bacterial, or parasitic in nature.
Sphingolipids and glycoproteins are differentially trafficked to the Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion.

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that multiples within the confines of a membrane-bound vacuole called an inclusion. Approximately 40-50% of the sphingomyelin synthesized from exogenously added NBD-ceramide is specifically transported from the Golgi apparatus to the chlamydial inclusion (Hackstadt, T., M.A. Scidmore, and D.D. Rockey. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92: 4877-4881). Given this major disruption of a cellular exocytic pathway and the similarities between glycolipid and glycoprotein exocytosis, we wished to determine whether the processing and trafficking of glycoproteins through the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane in chlamydia-infected cells was also disrupted. We analyzed the processing of several model glycoproteins including vesicular stomatitis virus G-protein, transferrin receptor, and human histocompatibility leukocyte class I antigen. In infected cells, the posttranslational processing and trafficking of these specific proteins through the Golgi apparatus and subsequent transport to the plasma membrane was not significantly impaired, nor were these glycoproteins found associated with the chlamydial inclusion membrane. Studies of receptor recycling from endocytic vesicles employing fluorescently and HRP-tagged transferrin and anti-transferrin receptor antibody revealed an increased local concentration of transferrin and transferrin receptor around but never within the chlamydial inclusion. However, Scatchard analysis failed to show either an increased intracellular accumulation of transferrin receptor or a decreased number of plasma membrane receptors in infected cells. Furthermore, the rate of exocytosis from the recycling endosomes to the plasma membrane was not altered in chlamydia-infected cells. Thus, although C. trachomatis disrupts the exocytosis of sphingolipids and the Golgi apparatus appears physically distorted, glycosylation and exocytosis of representative secreted and endocytosed proteins are not disrupted. These results suggest the existence of a previously unrecognized sorting of sphingolipids and glycoproteins in C. trachomatis-infected cells.