cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of aging on the formation of bound residues after peroxidase-mediated treatment of 2,4-DCP contaminated soils.

This study evaluated the impact of solute−soil contact time on the formation of “bound” residue in two surface soils exposed to solutions containing 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) or DCP polymerization products (DPP). DPP was generated by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) mediated oxidative polymerization of 14C-labeled DCP in the soil slurry. Soils were preloaded with DCP or DPP for durations ranging from 2 h to 84 days. Bound residue was described as solute that was resistant to methanol extraction. Alkali extractions were conducted to estimate the 14C-activity associated with the humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin/mineral components of the soil. Changes in the distribution of the preloaded 14C-DCP and 14C-DPP were observed as a function of the solute−soil contact time. Results suggest that an assumption of sorption equilibrium based solely on the achievement of constant aqueous- or solid-phase solute concentrations can lead to erroneous conclusions about the establishment of true thermodynamic sorption equilibriu...
Linking selective vulnerability to cell death mechanisms in Parkinson's disease.

Two of the major unresolved questions in neurodegenerative diseases are the factors that determine which neurons degenerate and by what mechanism this occurs. There are several leads when it comes to Parkinson’s disease, and the studies reported by Zhu et al1 in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology suggest that there may be a link between oxidative stress and nonapoptotic cell death involving autophagic cellular mechanisms.
CONJUGATE NATURAL CONVECTION FROM AN ARRAY OF PROTRUDING HEAT SOURCES

Abstract Coupled conduction and natural convection heat transfer has been investigated numerically for protruding heat sources mounted to one vertical wall of a rectangular cavity. The heat sources simulate an array of computer chips mounted on a substrate of finite thermal conductivity. The back of the substrate and the horizontal walls of the cavity are assumed to be adiabatic, while the opposing vertical wall provides an isothermal heal sink. The fluid Prandtl number and the heater/fluid thermal conductivity ratio are fixed at 25 and 2350, respectively, corresponding to a dielectric fluid (FC-77, manufactured by 3M Company) and silicon chips. With increasing modified Rayleigh number (104 < Ra∗ LZ < 109), the cavity flow approaches boundary layer behavior, and more fluid penetrates the regions between protrusions. The effect of contact resistance between the heater and substrate is shown to be small for Rn th < 10 cm2 °C/W. With decreasing substrate thermal conductivity [1.48 W/ (m K) <. Ks < 148 W/(m K...
The interaction between Alzheimer amyloid β(1–40) peptide and ganglioside GM1‐containing membranes

The interaction between Alzheimer amyloid peptide Aβ(1–40) and membrane lipids was studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy under the conditions of physiologically relevant ionic strength and neutral pH. The peptide binds to the membranes containing ganglioside GM1 and upon binding undergoes a conformational transition from random coil to an ordered structure rich in β-sheet. This interaction appears to be ganglioside-specific as no changes in Aβ(1–40) conformation were found in the presence of various phospholipids or sphingomyelin. The isolated oligosaccharide moiety of the ganglioside was ineffective in inducing alterations in the secondary structure of Aβ(1–40). No interaction was observed between ganglioside GM1 and the N-terminal peptide fragment Aβ(1–28). Binding to the ganglioside is likely to modulate the neurotoxic and/or amyloidogenic properties of Aβ(1–40).
A physical analysis of the ion parametric resonance model.

We show, in elementary terms, using for the most part only elementary mathematics, the physical bases for the ion parametric resonance model so as to clarify the assumptions and consequences of the model. The analysis shows why, contrary to earlier conclusions, no combination of weak DC and AC magnetic fields can modify the transition rate to the ground state of excited ions. Although reinterpretations of the biological consequences of the motion of the excited ions circumvent that particular objection to the model, those changes introduce other difficulties. Also, other objections to the mechanism still stand; hence the model cannot account for any purported biological effects of weak extremely low frequency magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 19:181–191, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Alteration of in vivo glucose metabolism by cobaltous chloride

Abstract The effect of cobaltous chloride on glucose metabolism in intact mice has been investigated by radiorespirometry in animals treated with uniformly labeled [14C]glucose. Mice were pretreated with cobaltous chloride in doses ranging from 5 to 60 mg/kg and 30 min later were given 1 μCi of [U-14C]-glucose containing 100 mg glucose. Respiratory excretion of 14CO2 was decreased by cobaltous chloride, and in lower doses (5–25 mg/kg) this effect was dose-dependent. Additional experiments indicated the decreased respiratory excretion of 14CO2 was not a result of decreased bioavailability of glucose due to enhanced urinary excretion or inhibition of absorption and transport of glucose from the site of administration. These results indicate that cobaltous chloride inhibits glucose oxidation in intact mice as determined by respiratory excretion of 14CO2.
Quantum oscillation in the vortex state in unconventional superconductors

Abstract We extend an early analysis of magnetic quantum oscillation in clean type II superconductors to unconventional superconductors. Since the excess damping in the vortex state is proportional to 〈Δ 2 ( p )〉 (i.e. average over the quasi-particle trajectory on the Fermi surface perpendicular to the field), this will provide unique information on the anisotropy of the superconducting order parameter Δ( p ) .
An optimized solution for the diffusion equation on a non-uniform grid

A lowest order difference scheme has been developed for a spatially non-uniform grid such that the integrated square error is a minimum. This algorithm accommodates grid asymmetry and maintains reasonable accuracy without recourse to higher order approximations. Numerical experiments and computations of the Fourier response factor confirm the performance of the optimized asymmetric algorithm.
Preoperative Diagnosis and Management of Infants with Critical Congenital Heart Diseas

Operative repair with an associated low morbidity and mortality is available now for most infants with congenital cardiac defects. Precise preoperative diagnosis is an essential part of continuing attempts to lower the operative risk for these patients. In this review we cover major areas of concern in regard to preoperative diagnosis and management. Long-term follow-up studies with clinical, hemodynamic, electrophysiological, and exercise data are required to assess current diagnostic and therapeutic practices.
Detailed first-principles models of hydrogen permeation through PdCu-based ternary alloys

Abstract First-principles calculations offer a useful complement to experiments by characterizing hydrogen permeance through dense metal membranes. We report calculations that combine quantum chemistry calculations and cluster expansion methods to describe the solubility, diffusivity, and permeation of interstitial H in fcc Pd-based binary and PdCu-based ternary alloys. Specifically, we examine Pd96M4 and Pd70Cu26M4 where M = Ag, Au, Pt, Rh, Cu, Pd, and Ni. We analyze Pd-based binary alloys to demonstrate the capability of the cluster expansion approach, which we then extended to the PdCu-based ternary alloys. Our results make predictions about the properties of these alloys as membranes at moderate hydrogen pressures over the temperature range 600 ≤ T ≤ 1200 K.
Effect of large scale structures on turbulent flame propagation

Abstract The effect of laminar burning velocity, Reynolds number, and turbulent fluctuations on the propagation of a turbulent premixed flame stabilized behind a sudden expansion is investigated numerically using a reaction sheet model and line interface calculations of the front motion. Within this framework, flame propagation as an interface between reactants and products is due to the combined action of the advection of products and burning of reactants. Results indicate that turbulent flames have a narrow range of stability when propagating inside channels. At lean conditions, blowoff is caused by the low burning velocity and large turbulent fluctuations. At near-stoichiometric conditions, flashback may occur when the flame blocks the flow and propagates along the wall. Turbulent fluctuations establish an extra mass flux across the flame front that enhances burning at high Reynolds numbers and moderate burning velocities.
Transcriptionally active nuclei isolated from intact bone reflect modified levels of gene expression in skeletal development and pathology.

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression in vivo in bone, associated with normal development or skeletal disorders, to date, has not been studied. We report the successful isolation of nuclei that are transcriptionally active from normal and osteopetrotic rat bone. Transcription rates of cell growth and bone-related genes (including histone H4, c-fos, c-jun, TGFβ1, β2 macroglobulin, collagen, fibronectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and tartrate resistent acid phosphatase) change as a function of calvarial development from birth to 6 weeks and are selectively modified in osteopetrotic animals. Additionally, nuclei isolated from intact bone yield promoter binding factors. Bone nuclei, which transcribe faithfully and contain the normal complement of nuclear protein factors, offer a powerful approach for investigating in vivo gene regulation in skeletal development and pathology. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BRAIN, CSF, AND TUMOR PHARMACOKINETICS OF ALPHA -DIFLUOROMETHYLORNITHINE IN RATS AND DOGS

We have determined the pharmacokinetic parameters for diffusion of alpha-[5-14C]-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) from blood to brain, blood to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 9L rat brain tumor to adjacent brain, and blood to the subcutaneously-implanted 9L tumor in rats, and within the CSF of beagle dogs. DFMO diffusion across the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers is quite restricted in both rats and dogs, but diffusion across the defective capillary system of both subcutaneous and intracerebral 9L tumors in rats is not. Under steady-state plasma conditions in rats, uptake of DFMO by the intracerebral 9L tumor and diffusion from tumor 5-6 mm into adjacent brain is not restricted; tissue/plasma ratios were approximately 1. Therapeutic efficacy will therefore not be limited by transport of DFMO into tumor or to the extracellular environment of tumor.
Multivariate discretization of continuous variables for set mining

Many algorithms in data mining can be formulated as a set mining problem where the goal is to nd conjunctions (or disjunctions) of terms that meet user speci ed constraints. Set mining techniques have been largely designed for categorical or discrete data where variables can only take on a xed number of values. However, many data sets also contain continuous variables and a common method of dealing with these is to discretize them by breaking them into ranges. Most discretization methods are univariate and consider only a single feature at a time (sometimes in conjunction with the class variable). We argue that this is a sub-optimal approach for knowledge discovery as univariate discretization can destroy hidden patterns in data. Discretization should consider the e ects on all variables in the analysis and that two regions X and Y should only be in the same cell after discretization if the instances in those regions have similar multivariate distributions (Fx Fy) across all variables and combinations of variables. We present a bottom up merging algorithm to discretize continuous variables based on this rule. Our experiments indicate that the approach is feasible, that it does not destroy hidden patterns and that it generates meaningful intervals.
Violent extremist network representation and attack the network course of action analysis in social simulation

The representation of violent extremist networks (VENs) and their behaviors within social simulations is required in order to leverage models and simulations for use in attack the network course of action analysis. VENs appear throughout the world in multiple forms with varying objectives and behaviors. They exist as a subset of society, nested within and leveraging the underlying social network of a culture to further their own ends. The interdiction of these networks to presents a challenging task for law enforcement and military organizations due to their ability to change and adapt to the situation at hand. The use of social simulation with VEN representations and designed simulation experiments can provide decision makers with insights into the potential impact of their actions to attack the threat network to include the likely manner in which the VEN might adapt to counter the attack. This paper discusses the requirements to represent VENs within simulations, provides an overview of the current VEN representation within the Cultural Geography model, and provides a case study analysis of the use of social simulations for the exploration of possible futures in support of course of action analysis.
Crystal structure of Ara h 3, a major allergen in peanut.

The prevalence of food allergy has increased dramatically in recent years. Tremendous research progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of allergy and in identifying and charactering food allergens. Peanut is a major food allergen source and Ara h 3 is a major peanut allergen. Using overlapping short peptides, several linear IgE-binding epitopes in Ara h 3 have been defined before. However, the structure of Ara h 3 of the native allergen is not clear and information on conformational epitopes is lacking. Structural characterization of allergens is required for understanding the allergenicity of food allergens and for the development of immunotherapeutic agents. Previously, we have reported the crystallization of Ara h 3 purified from raw peanut. Here we report the crystal structure of Ara h 3 at 1.73 A resolution. Mapping of the previously defined linear epitopes on the crystal structure of Ara h 3 indicated that linear epitopes with more solvent exposure were those indicated by the literature to react with more patient sera. The structure of Ara h 3 may be used to assess the importance of conformational epitopes in further investigations.
A Generalized Multiple Scattering Method for Dense Vias With Axially Anisotropic Modes in an Arbitrarily Shaped Plate Pair

Numerical addition theorems of both axially anisotropic and axially isotropic parallel-plate modes are derived using a method based on boundary integral equations. This leads to a generalized multiple scattering (GMS) method for signal/power integrity analysis of dense vias in an arbitrarily shaped plate pair, which overcomes the limitation of the conventional multiple scattering method depending on the analytical addition theorems in an infinitely large or a finite circular plate pair. Both the numerical addition theorems and the GMS method have been validated by comparing results with either analytical expressions for special cases or full-wave simulations for more general cases. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the advantages of the generalized method over previous via models by taking into account the axially anisotropic modes due to the asymmetry caused by dense vias and/or arbitrarily shaped power/ground plate edges on via performance.
Boundary conditions in quantum transport theory

Abstract The problem of finding proper boundary conditions for the Wigner equation on the interval is considered. It is shown that self-adjoint boundary conditions in the Schrodinger equation lead in general to zero current It is proposed to use instead Bohzmann boundary conditions of inflow type.
Apparatus to Measure the Thermal Conductivity of Powders in Vacuum from 120 to 350°K

Thermal conductivity of powders in vacuum from 120 to 350 degrees k, measured by an apparatus enclosed in a sand-cast aluminum vacuum chamber
An exemplary evaluation of a program that worked: The high/scope Perry preschool project

We humans make a big thing about our being the only thinking, reflective critter, and make proclamations like 'the unexamined life is not worth living. ' ... The lion and the giraffe and the wombat...
Thinning and Prescribed Fire Effects on Fuels and Potential Fire Behavior in an Eastern Cascades Forest, Washington, USA

Prescribed fire and low thinning were applied to dry forests dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the eastern Washington Cascades. Experimental design was an unbalanced analysis of variance with 4 control units, 4 thin units, 2 burn units and 2 thin/burn units. Thinning was designed to reduce basal area to 10–14 m2 ha−1 in a non-uniform pattern and burning was a low intensity spring burn. Burn coverage was spotty, ranging from 23–51%, and considered ineffective in reducing fuels at the time of application by management and research personnel. Both thinning and burning had effects on vegetation and fuels variables. Thinning reduced canopy closure, canopy bulk density, and basal area, and increased canopy base height. Burning had no influence on these canopy variables. Thinning increased 10-hr timelag (0.62–2.54 cm) fuels. Burning decreased 1-hr (0–0.62 cm) and 10-hr timelag fuels, forest floor depth and mass, and increased fuelbed depth. There were interactions between thinning and burning for 1-hr and 10-hr timelag fuels, and fuelbed depth. These differences in fuel properties did not translate into differences in simulated wildfire behavior and tree mortality. Thinning did increase potential surface fire flame length under 97 percentile weather, and active crown fire potential decreased on thinned units, but basal area survival did not significantly differ between treatments under 80 and 97 percentile weather. The scale at which data are presented has a large influence on interpretation of results. For example, torching fire behavior, expressed as an average at the unit level, was low, but 17% of the individual plots (about 30 plots total per unit) across all treatments did exhibit potential torching behavior.
Synergistic anti-inflammatory activity of omega-3 lipid and rofecoxib pretreatment on macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production occurs via divergent NF-kappaB activation

UNLABELLED Omega-3 lipid pretreatment significantly decreases TNF-alpha production in LPS-stimulated Mphis; however, this response is only a partial inhibition, suggesting that other nonsubstrate- (lipid) dependent mechanisms are involved. The cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme is principally responsible for lipid metabolism; thus, a selective COX-2 inhibitor (Rofecoxib) would clarify if it is an omega-3 lipid direct effect or a COX-2 enzyme-associated modulated reduction in TNF-alpha. Moreover, potential synergy between omega-3 lipids and selective COX-2 inhibition is postulated. HYPOTHESIS Through divergent regulatory mechanisms, omega-3 lipids in combination with Rofecoxib will synergistically decrease the LPS-stimulated Mphi inflammatory response. METHODS RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with omega-3 lipids, Rofecoxib, or combination treatment and then washed and exposed to LPS. Supernatants were collected for ELISA, total proteins were obtained to determine COX-2 protein expression by Western blot, and nuclear extracts were isolated to determine NF-kappaB activation by electromobility shift assay. RESULTS TNF-alpha and PGE2 production was significantly decreased with omega-3 and Rofecoxib pretreatment, and with combination treatment a further decrease in TNF-alpha production was observed. COX-2 protein expression was demonstrated to increase in omega-3, Rofecoxib, and combination groups stimulated with LPS. No alteration in NF-kappaB activation was observed with Rofecoxib or combination pretreatment compared with LPS-stimulated control cells. Repletion of prostaglandin (PGE2) in the Mphi model significantly decreased TNF-alpha in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 lipids and Rofecoxib independently decrease TNF-alpha and PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated Mphi, yet in combination a synergistic reduction in TNF-alpha production is observed. Although the anti-inflammatory effects observed from omega-3 lipids are known to occur partially through decreasing NF-kappaB activation, we demonstrated that Rofecoxib or even a combination of omega-3 and Rofecoxib does not alter NF-kappaB activation, as seen with omega-3 lipids alone. These data support that combination treatment may result in decreased Mphi inflammation, yet this occurs via divergent mechanisms.
Essentialism, Absolutism, and Moral Relativism

It is always gratifying when another scholar endorses one's own publicly stated position on a controversial matter. It was therefore with distinct appreciation that I read John Banja's article crit...
Chronic rhinosinusitis symptoms and computed tomography staging: improved correlation by incorporating radiographic density.

Background: Traditional methods for staging of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) by computed tomography (CT) have not proven to be predictive of subjective reports of patients' symptoms. An objective measure of CRS severity that correlates well with patients' symptoms, particularly if available from CT data, would be a valuable tool in assessment of disease status and outcomes after surgery. Methods: Retrospective chart review of CRS patients with symptom data from the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory (RSI) and objective data from a sinus CT scan. CRS disease severity on CT imaging was measured according to the traditional Lund-Mackay scoring, as well as by raw measures of the densities of sinus opacities (in Hounsfield units [HU]) and density-weighted Lund-Mackay scoring. These data were related to symptom severity scores using a multivariate regression model. Results: There was no significant correlation between either raw density values of sinus opacities or weighted Lund-Mackay scores with facial or total symptom scores. Oropharyngeal symptoms scores were negatively correlated with the sum of “average HU” values (p = 0.036, β = −1.120) but were positively correlated with the sum of “maximum HU” values (p = 0.047, β = 1.221). There was a significant negative correlation between the systemic symptoms score and mean of “average HU” values (p = 0.010, β = −0.272). Finally, there was a positive correlation between “maximum HU” value-weighted Lund-Mackay score with nasal symptom scores (p = 0.016, β = 0.241), systemic symptom scores (p = 0.008, β = 0.605), and total symptom scores (p = 0.078, β = 0.179). Conclusion: Incorporation of radiographic characteristics of sinus opacification with Lund-Mackay scores offers greater predictive power of patients' subjective symptom severity. © 2012 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Scaling of exciton binding energy and virial theorem in semiconductor quantum wells and wires

Recent numerical calculations [F. Rossi, G. Goldoni, and E. Molinari, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 3527 (1997)] have revealed a shape-independent hyperbolic scaling rule for the exciton binding energy versus the exciton Bohr radius in semiconductor quantum wires, and an enhancement in the exciton binding energy in a quantum wire with respect to a quantum well for a given exciton Bohr radius. These findings were attributed to the existence of a constant (shape- and/or size-independent) virial theorem value (potential- to kinetic-energy ratio), respectively, for the wires and wells, and its value was found to be larger (=4) for wires than (=2) for wells. In order to elucidate the physics underlying the above results, we reexamine this subject by calculating the exciton binding energy and the corresponding virial theorem value in quantum wells and wires with infinite confinement barriers. We find the following. (i) The virial theorem value is nonconstant but approaches 2 from above when reducing the finite extension of the electron and hole wave functions in the confined directions. This is because the origin of the virial theorem value of 2 lies in the inverse square Coulomb force being the only interaction seen by the electron and hole. (ii) The scaling rule is nonhyperbolic, because the virial theorem value is not a constant. (iii) The virial theorem value and the exciton binding energy are larger in a wire than in a well for a given exciton Bohr radius, because the wire exciton has a smaller kinetic energy in the nonconfined direction. (iv) The origin of the shape-independent scaling rule for wires lies in the close similarity of the effective Coulomb potentials for wires with different shapes and widths. The virial theorem value being or not being a constant is irrelevant to the scaling rule. (v) There exists a more fundamental and practically more useful shape-independent scaling rule.
Comparing points-to static analysis with runtime recorded profiling data

We present an empirical study that sheds new light on static analysis results precision by comparing them with runtime collected data. Our motivation is finding additional sources of information that can guide static analysis for increased application performance.This is the first step in formulating an adaptive approach to static analysis that uses dynamic information to increase results precision of frequently executed code. The adaptive approach allows static analysis to (i) scale to real world applications (ii) identify important optimization opportunities. Our preliminary results show that runtime profiling is 10% more accurate in optimizing frequently executed virtual calls and 73% more accurate in optimizing frequently executed type checks.
Immunohistochemical localization of the β2 and β3 subunits of the GABAA receptor in the basolateral amygdala of the rat and monkey

Abstract The basolateral amygdala has a strong intrinsic inhibitory system mediated by GABA A receptors and is the main site of the anxiolytic actions of benzodiazepines. In an effort to identify the anatomical susbstrates for these transmitter and drug actions, immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyse the neuronal localization of the β2 and β3 receptor subunits of the GABA A –benzodiazepine receptor complex in the rat and monkey basolateral amygdala. The overall pattern of GABA A –benzodiazepine receptor immunoreactivity was very similar in both species. The density of the immunoreactivity in the neuropil varied in different nuclei of the basolateral amygdaloid complex. In both species the neuropil of the lateral nucleus exhibited the most robust staining. Immunoreactivity was also seen in neuronal perikarya and dendrites where it was localized to the cytoplasm and/or surface membrane. The cell type with the strongest immunoreactivity was a subpopulation of small non-pyramidal neurons that had numerous thin dendrites. Other larger non-pyramidal neurons were also stained. Pyramidal neurons in the rat and monkey basolateral amygdala exhibited light to moderate perikaryal staining that varied in different nuclei. The results of this study indicate that the pattern of GABA A –benzodiazepine receptor immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the rat and monkey basolateral amygdala closely resembled the distribution of benzodiazepine receptors localized in previous radioligand autoradiographic studies. The finding of intense immunoreactivity in subpopulations of non-pyramidal neurons suggests the existence of disinhibitory mechanisms which may be important for the activation of basolateral amygdaloid projection neurons.
Flexor Digitorum Profundus Tendon Tension during Finger Manipulation: A Study in Human Cadaver Hands

Abstract The purpose of this study was to measure the tension in the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon in zone II and the digit angle during joint manipulations that replicate rehabilitation protocols. Eight FDP tendons from eight human cadavers were used in this study. The dynamic tension in zone II of the tendon and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint angle were measured in various wrist and digit positions. Tension in the FDP tendon increased with MCP joint extension. There was no tension with the finger fully flexed and wrist extended (synergistic motion), but the tendon force reached 1.77 +/- 0.43 N with the MCP joint hyperextended 45 degrees with the distal interphalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints flexed. The combination of wrist extension and MCP joint hyperextension with the distal interphalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints fully flexed, what the authors term "modified synergistic motion," produced a modest tendon tension and may be a useful alternative configuration to normal synergistic motion in tendon rehabilitation.
Extended Glivenko-Cantelli Theorem in ARCH(p)-time series

Abstract In this paper we consider the uniform strong consistency of nonparametric innovation distribution function estimation in ARCH( p )-time series. We obtain the extended Glivenko–Cantelli Theorem for the residual-based empirical distribution function.
Fertility decline in Southern Appalachia: an anthropological perspective.

This article attempts to show how anthropological concepts and research methodologies can be utilized profitably in investigating contemporary population phenomena in the United States. Focusing on fertility decline in the southern Appalachian region, the authors: (1) review recent attempts by social scientists to explain the phenomena, noting their limitations; (2) indicate important explanatory variables which have heretofore not been considered, due mainly to the research designs utilized; and (3) argue that the anthropological community-study approach is one way of investigating these variables. The article concludes by calling attention to the need for interdisciplinary-multiprofessional efforts in population research.
Are Luddites confused

General opposition to ‘progress’ is often seen as involving a personification of technology as an evil spirit. One version of ‘luddism’ is defended here as worthy of serious debate. ('Luddism’ is an attempt to justify a general presumption that technical progress is bad for us, so technical innovations should not count as true achievement.) Our luddite says, ‘If technical powers, misused, will cause more harm than good, these powers should count as bad. And such harmful misuse is likely, since the dramatic, half‐blind changes resulting from technology will shortly damage world systems, swamping their adjustment‐mechanisms. “Superhuman”; powers go sour with merely human wisdom. “Know‐how”; tends inherently to pull ahead of “know‐whether”; ‘. This version of luddism is contrasted with various caricatures; luddite research priorities are outlined. Serious discussion is invited of the dangers inherent in further empowering fallible humanity.
Bemerkenswerte Ascomyceten der DDR I. Zu einigen Arten der Gattung Amprospora De Not

Funde von Lamprospora wrightii, L. dictydiola, L. miniata, L. crec'hqueraultii, L. ovalispora, L. macrantha und L. ascoboloides aus der DDR werden besprochen. Es wird eine Ubersicht uber die Merkmale der Gattung Lamprospora gegeben, darunter auch der okologischen Beziehungen unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Bryophilie. Eine Zusammenstellung der bryophilen Pyronemataceae und ihrer Moospartner zeigt die starke Bevorzugung akrokarper Laubmoose und unter diesen besonders allgemein verbreiteter und okologisch vielseitiger Pioniermoose. Ein vorlaufiger Schlussel fur die Lamprospora-Arten wird angefugt. Die Gattung Lamprospora umfast in ihrer gegenwartig ublichen Umgrenzung mehrere deutlich geschiedene Gruppen, die wahrscheinlich verschiedenen Gattungen zuzuordnen sind. New records of Lamprospora wrightii, L. dictydiola, L. miniata, L. crec'hqueraultii, L. ovalispora, L. macrantha, and L. ascoboloides for the DDR are reported. A survey of the genus Lamprospora and the species reported is given, including the ecological relations, especially the connection with mosses. The mosses related with species of Pyronemataceae are listed. A provisional key for species of Lamprospora is given. The genus Lamprospora includes in its actual limits various distinctly separated groups, probably belonging to different genera.
Photochemistry of Phenyl-Substituted 1,2,4-Thiadiazoles. 15N-Labeling Studies‡

Irradiation of 5-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole (6) resulted in the formation of benzonitrile (5), 3-phenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole (4), phenyl- and diphenyl-1,3,5-triazines (7 and 8), and a trace quantity of ...
The ultrastructural identification of reticulo-hypoglossal axon terminals anterogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase

Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis (RPc) produced anterograde labeling of axon terminals within the hypoglossal nucleus. Based on morphological parameters of vesicle population, membrane specializations, and postsynaptic articulations, two types of axon terminals derived from neurons in RPc end on hypoglossal neurons. More than half of the terminals contained spherical vesicles (S-type), established asymmetrical membrane specializations and contacted proximal and medium-sized dendrites. The remaining labeled terminals had flattened vesicles (F-type), symmetrical membrane densities and apposed medium and small dendrites. The morphological differences expressed in the two types of terminals may reflect physiological and/or pharmacological differences in the action of RPc neurons on motoneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus.
A simplified expression for the self/mutual impedance between coplanar and parallel surface monopoles

A simplified expression that is valid both for the self-and mutual impedances between two coplanar and parallel piecewise sinusoidal (PWS) surface monopoles is presented. In contrast to the currently existing two-dimensional integral form, the present expression involves only a one-dimensional integral. Further, the integrand remains regular even for the case of self-impedance and does not involve any special functions such as the exponential integral. It is in a form suitable for efficient implementation on a computer. The expressions are valid when the two surface monopoles are of the same size. Comparison is made with literature to demonstrate the validity of the expression.
Etiologic factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents

Abstract This article presents an overview of the literature on potential etiological factors in the development of PTSD in children. An etiological model for PTSD is offered which generates hypotheses for identifying links between exposure to traumatic events and consequent symptoms, as well as testing relationships between exposure variables and other possible mediating factors. Three possible kinds of interaction between etiologic and mediating variables, leading to different levels of symptoms, are presented. Findings from 25 recent studies examining etiologic factors are considered to form an empirical basis for current knowledge about PTSD in children. Severity of trauma exposure and parental trauma-related distress have consistently produced positive correlations with PTSD symptoms. Length of time since trauma exposure is consistently negatively correlated with PTSD severity. Findings regarding relationships between PTSD risk, age and gender are inconsistent at this time. Other gaps in our current knowledge and understanding are identified, and implications for future clinical and research efforts are discussed.
New eyes to see texture in ligand efficacy.

Two different but complementary resonance energy transfer techniques present researchers with new tools to visualize ligand-mediated activation of G protein–coupled receptors in living cells.
Graphical models for manpower planning

A work-force planning model is developed for minimizing the costs of standard wages, over-time wages, hiring and firing. The optimal work-force size and hiring/firing plan are found by plotting a labour requirement curve and calculating the change in cost due to infinitesimal changes in work-force size. Simple optimality criteria are derived by determining when the change in cost equals zero. Based on the model's assumptions, the following planning principles are identified: (1) Over-time and under-time should only be used during periods when the work-force size is not changing. (2) If work-force size is kept constant, the proportion of time in which over-time is used should equal 1/P, where P is the ratio of the over-time wage rate to the standard wage rate. (3) Cost changes gradually when the work-force size is either made larger or smaller than the optimum. Therefore, a wide range of work-force sizes yields costs that are close to the optimum.
The Law and Information Processing: Implications for Verdicts in Rape Cases1

This study investigated the effects of focus of attention (victim vs. defendant) and the ability to recommend a sentence in addition to rendering a verdict versus rendering only a verdict on judgments in a rape case. Support was found for the hypothesis that participants would more often find the defendant guilty, and would be more confident in their guilty verdict when a sentence could be recommended in addition to the verdict, compared to those who only recommended a verdict. This pattern was especially prominent for females. This finding is discussed in terms of the standard of reasonable doubt that mock jurors may impose on their verdict decision. Interactions between the independent variables suggest that these factors may prompt mock jurors to selectively attend to particular types of information at particular times.
Synapse-specific gene expression

Abstract Skeletal myofibers are specialized at the site of contact between nerve and muscle, and recent studies indicate that mechanisms involved in the formation of this specialized region are similar to mechanisms used to establish specialized domains in other syncytial cells. In this review experiments are summarized that indicate that nuclei in the synaptic region of syncytial myofibers are transcriptionally distinct from nuclei in the remainder of the myofiber, and the steps used to establish synapse-specific gene expression are compared with the mechanisms used to regulate gene expression among subsets of nuclei in other syncytia, namely the syncytial blastoderm of Drosophila melanogaster and the syncytial germ line of Caenorbabditis elegans.
Enumerated data types

The origins of many language features are hard to pin down. Not so with enumerated data types. These were invented by Niklans Wirth in the design of the Pascal programming language [1]. They permit convenience and greater safety in performing tasks that had to handled by mapping concepts to a subrange of the integers in previous languages. The feature is useful enough and easy enough to define and implement that no really modem language is without some form of it.The feature is still missing from Fortran. The proposed new standard for Fortran adds a version of the feature to the language [2]. However, it is present as part of a C-interoperability mechanism only. Unfortunately, it leaves out most of the aspects of the idea that make it useful to a programmer. And it is not even necessary for interoperation with C.This article describes the concept of enumerated data types and the properties the feature should include. It then describes the proposed version of the feature in Fortran. Some suggestions will be made about future directions.
Aging and generational patterns of alcohol consumption among Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans and mainland Puerto Ricans.

The relationship between aging and drinking among U.S. Hispanics is not well understood. The present study used data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to describe life-course patterns of alcohol consumption among Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Puerto Ricans residing in the mainland United States. Age differences in patterns of consumption among Mexican American and Puerto Rican males were found to reflect aging effects, as evidenced by increasing percentages of former drinkers coupled with consistently low percentages of abstainers at all ages. Among Cuban males, cohort effects were evidenced for middle-aged and older men by a continuation of low rates from younger years, as well as a sharp difference between the rates of the middle-aged and older cohorts and those of the younger cohort. Age differences among all three groups of females were found to reflect cohort effects, as evidenced by large proportions of life-long abstainers across all age cohorts.
The case of Ronald oedipal issues in the treatment of a seven‐year‐old boy

This article describes the treatment of a seven‐year‐old boy to illustrate some ways in which the concept of the Oedipus complex might be useful in postclassical psychoanalysis.
Algebraic feedback shift registers

A general framework for the design of feedback registers based on algebra over complete rings is described. These registers generalize linear feedback shift registers and feedback with carry shift registers. Basic properties of the output sequences are studied: relations to the algebra of the underlying ring; synthesis of the register from the sequence (which has implications for cryptanalysis); and basic statistical properties. These considerations lead to security measures for stream ciphers, analogous to the notion of linear complexity that arises from linear feedback shift registers. We also show that when the underlying ring is a polynomial ring over a finite field, the new registers can be simulated by linear feedback shift registers with small nonlinear filters.
The role of hepatitis C virus in fulminant viral hepatitis in an area with endemic hepatitis A and B

Abstract Background/Aims: The role of hepatitis C virus in fulminant hepatitis remains controversial and needs further investigation. The aim of this study was to examine the role of hepatitis C virus in fulminant hepatitis in an area with endemic hepatitis A and B. Methods: Serological markers of hepatitis C virus were studied in 62 adults from Taiwan with fulminant viral hepatitis. Results: Of 62 patients, 5 (8.1%) were infected with acute type B hepatitis, 11 (17.7%) were infected with acute non-A, non-B hepatitis, and the remaining 46 (74.2%) were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive but immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to hepatitis B core antigen negative. Of the latter, 11 (23.9%) were IgM antibody to hepatitis D virus positive, 16 (34.8%) had high-titered serum hepatitis B virus DNA (>1000 pg/mL) and were suspected to have hepatitis B virus reactivation, and the other 19 (41.3%) had no identified causes. Serum hepatitis C virus RNA was found in 5 (45.5%) of 11 patients with fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis, 3 (27.3%) of 11 HBsAg carriers with delta superinfection, and 6 (31.6%) of 19 HBsAg carriers with fulminant hepatitis of undetermined cause. Conclusions: Nearly half of fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis and about 20% of HBsAg carriers with superimposed fulminant hepatitis in Taiwan could be attributed to hepatitis C virus infection.
Individual differences in executive functioning and theory of mind: An investigation of inhibitory control and planning ability

This research examined the relative contributions of two aspects of executive function-inhibitory control and planning ability-to theory of mind in 49 3- and 4-year-olds. Children were given two standard theory of mind measures (Appearance-Reality and False Belief), three inhibitory control tasks (Bear/Dragon, Whisper, and Gift Delay), three planning tasks (Tower of Hanoi, Truck Loading, and Kitten Delivery), and a receptive vocabulary test (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test [PPVT-3]). Multiple regression analyses indicated that two inhibition tasks (Bear/Dragon and Whisper) were significantly related to theory of mind after accounting for age, receptive vocabulary, and planning. In contrast, the planning tasks did not share unique variance with theory of mind. These results increase our understanding of the specific nature of executive function-theory of mind relations during early childhood.
Mean force on a finite-sized rigid particle, droplet, or bubble in a viscous compressible medium

A force formulation to compute the axial acoustic mean second-order force on finite-sized compressible and rigid particles is presented. The flow inside and outside the spherical inclusion is considered viscous and compressible. Other than for volumetric pulsations of the bubble/droplet, the sphericity of the inclusion is maintained (taken to be unity). A far-field derivation approach has been used to compute the force due to standing and traveling waves; and the force is expressed as a multipole expansion (infinite series). In case of a bubble and a rigid particle, there exist three length scales that govern the mean second-order force: mean radius of the spherical inclusion (R0), wavelength of the incoming acoustics (λ), and the momentum diffusion thickness of the ambient fluid (δo). While R0 and λ are arbitrary, we assume the viscous length scale is negligibly small compared to the acoustic wavelength. In case of a droplet, however, the following additional parameters (inside to outside fluid ratios) a...
Linking species-area and species-energy relationships in Drosophila microcosms.

Resource availability is an important constraint on community structure. Some authors have suggested it conceptually links two of the most basic patterns in ecology, the species–area relationship and the latitudinal gradient in species richness. I present the first experimental test of this conjecture, by manipulating both the area and resource concentration of artificial larval drosophilid fly habitats and then allowing colonization from a natural species pool. Both the abundance and species richness of these habitats depended upon the total quantity of resources available, regardless of whether those resources were contained within smaller high-quality habitats or larger poor-quality habitats. While the intercepts of species–area relationships varied with resource concentration, they all collapsed onto the same species–energy curve. These results support the view that energetic constraints are of fundamental importance in structuring ecological communities, and that such constraints may even help explain ecological patterns such as the species–area relationship that do not explicitly address resource availability.
A two-stage stochastic optimization model for air traffic conflict resolution under wind uncertainty

This paper considers the air traffic conflict resolution problem in the context of wind uncertainty. Aircraft are assigned changes in airspeed to prevent conflict. The goal is to determine the optimal maneuver to balance deviation costs (e.g., fuel costs) and the probability of conflict. A two-stage recourse model is developed, in which new airspeeds are assigned in the first stage, based on expected costs due to possible corrective actions in the second stage. The second-stage considers the expected costs for any last-minute maneuvers to compensate wind modeling errors. The resulting model is solved in real-time via numerical methods, providing optimal airspeed values for the resolution of a conflict.