cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonnormal dilations, disconjugacy and constrained spectral factorization

Such dilations with unitary [N-F] (or normal) M have been heavily used and the structure arises in physical situations. The next natural step is to study dilations which are non-normal. This paper treats an extremely simple (probably the simplest) situation of that type and the surprising conclusion is that the structure is deep (indeed has much more depth than the structure for dilation to a unitary operator), and is closely connected with classical differential equations. In fact this paper might interest researchers in ordinary differential equations, because what we do here gives a radical new approach to Sturm-Liouville disconjugacy theory (and yields very general theorems).
Contact transmission of wave motion between two solids with an initial gap

Abstract The paper treats the tranmission of wave motion from one solid to another when the bodies are initially separated by a small gap. If a pulse of elastic waves strikes the surface of one of the solids and the amplitude of the pulse is large enough, the solids can come into contact and interact locally. The dynamic interaction is treated using Coulomb's friction law, and a method is presented for finding the slip and stick zones in the contact region when the incidence angle of the pulse is subcritical. Unusual results are encountered for large friction coefficients.
Simulation of large multiscale structures using the finite difference time domain method (FDTD) hybridized with the Method of Moments (MoM)

In his paper we present a hybrid approach, comprising of a combination of the FDTD and the Method of Moments, designed for handling large multiscale structures that task the cpu time and memory very heavily when tackled by the conventional FDTD.
Performance simulation analysis of RISC-based multiprocessors under uniform and nonuniform traffic

Abstract This paper presents detailed performance simulation models for the RISC-based multiprocessors employing crossbar switch and Delta interconnection networks (INs) under both uniform and nonuniform load conditions. The models rely on a detailed model for the RISC uniprocessor that takes care of all interactions among internal units. The uniform traffic is studied by varying the alpha ratio of considered benchmark programs. The alpha ratio, α, is defined as the time spent performing I/O operations to the total execution time of the benchmark program. The prime performance metrics considered in this work are the speedup, probability of blocked request, and mean waiting time. Other metrics can easily be derived from these indices. The speedup of the crossbar switch and the Delta INs saturates as α becomes high. This is due to the saturation effect of the internal I/O pipeline. Moreover, it is found that the relationship between the speedup and the number of processors is linear and that the linearity parameters depend on the memory access load. For the nonuniform traffic case, it is found that clustering the crossbar switch multiprocessor system improves the performance significantly, while the Delta IN performance is improved by an increase in the probability of each processor P i accessing the memory modules M i + 2 n + 1 , n = φ , 1,2,…, etc.
Detection of a nonoccluded baculovirus in the freshwater crayfish cherax quadricarinatus in north america

Abstract A nonoccluded baculovirus was detected during a routine health examination of the tropical freshwater blue crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus reared in a farm in California, USA. The crayfish were progeny of captive-reared adults imported from Australia. There were no external or internal signs of disease in infected crayfish, but histological examination revealed eosinophilic to amphophilic intranuclear inclusions within the tubular epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas. The infected cells occurred throughout the hepatopancreas but never exceeded 10% of the cells constituting the tubule epithelium. Electron microscopy revealed numerous loosely enveloped, rod-shaped baculoviruses. The enveloped virions had a length of 292 ± 15 nm and a diameter of 102 ± 7 nm (mean ± SD). The cylindrical nucleocapsids often possessed squared ends and were 216 ± 13 nm in length by 47 ± 3 nm in width. There was no evidence of occlusion body formation similar to that known for certain other crustacean baculoviruses. Th...
Pregnenolone sulfate in human pregnancy plasma.

ABSTRACT A double isotope derivative method for the estimation of pregnenolone (3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one) sulfate in plasma is described. Acetic-1-14C-anhydride is used as reagent and 7α-3H-ammonium pregnenolone sulfate as indicator. Multiple chromatographies before and after acetylation and recrystallization to constant 3H/14C are used to achieve purification. The mean recovery of the indicator is 9 ± 4%. The average absolute deviation of paired samples is 1.5 μg/100 ml. Pregnenolone sulfate can be measured in plasma throughout normal pregnancy. Values are as high as reported values for progesterone. A gradient is shown between fetal and maternal compartments (F > M) and between umbilical artery and umbilical vein (A >V).
Assessment of respondent acceptability for preference measures in stuttering.

Abstract Purpose To assess the feasibility of using one or more of four standard economic preference measures to assess health-related quality of life in stuttering, by assessing respondents’ views of the acceptability of those measures. Method and results A graphic positioning scale approach was used with 80 adults to assess four variables previously defined as reflecting the construct of respondent acceptability (difficulty of decision making, clarity of text, reasonableness for decision making, and comfort in decision making) for four types of preference measurement approaches (rating scale, standard gamble, time trade-off, and willingness to pay). A multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance (p Conclusion The rating scale was perceived as the easiest, clearest, most reasonable, and most comfortable tool, but it is not a measure of utility (an economic term for desirability or worth). If utility is the objective, such as for cost-utility analyses in stuttering, then the present results suggest the use of standard gamble (rather than time trade-off). These results also support the use of willingness to pay assessments for cost-benefit analyses in stuttering. These findings supplement results previously obtained for other chronic conditions. Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to: (1) describe how four standard economic preference measures [rating scale (RS), time trade-off (TTO), standard gamble (SG), and willingness to pay (WTP)] can be used in economic analyses; (2) describe how RS, TTO, SG and WTP can be measured; and (3) describe how respondents perceive the use of RS, TTO, SG and WTP in measuring changes in stuttering.
Genomic instability and colon cancer.

Colorectal cancer affected ∼135,000 people in the United States in 2001, resulting in 57,000 deaths. At the cellular level, colorectal cancer results from the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to the transformation of normal colonic epithelial cells to colon adenocarcinoma cells. The loss of genomic stability appears to be a key molecular and pathogenetic step that occurs early in the tumorigenesis process and serves to create a permissive environment for the occurrence of alterations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. At least three forms of genomic instability have been identified in colon cancer: (1) microsatellite instability (MSI), (2) chromosome instability (i.e. aneusomy, gains and losses of chromosomal regions) (CIN), and (3) chromosomal translocations. Microsatellite instability occurs in ∼15% of colon cancers and results from inactivation of the mutation mismatch repair (MMR) system by either MMR gene mutations or hypermethylation of the MLH1 promoter. MSI promotes tumorigenesis through generating mutations in target genes that possess coding microsatellite repeats, such as TGFBR2 and BAX. CIN is found in the majority of colon cancers and leads to a different pattern of gene alterations that contribute to tumor formation. CIN appears to result primarily from deregulation of the DNA replication checkpoints and mitotic-spindle checkpoints. The mechanisms that induce and influence genomic instability in cancer in general and more specifically in colon cancer are only partly understood and are consequently under intense investigation. These studies have revealed mutation of the mitotic checkpoint regulators BUB1 and BUBR1 and amplification of STK15 in a subset of CIN colon cancers. The etiology of CIN in the other unexplained cases of colon cancer remains to be determined. Hopefully, discovery of the cause and specific role of genomic instability in colon cancer will yield more effective chemotherapy strategies that take advantage of this unique characteristic of cancer cells.
On the Role of Management in Socialist Development

Abstract This paper argues that the central problem of socialist management can only be understood in reference to the prevailing state of social relations in the economy. Social relations condition the development of organizational and motivational forces which play a greater role in determining economic performance than questions of optional resource allocation. This argument is illustrated with reference to the management experience in the USSR, Cuba, Yugoslavia, and Chile under Allende.
Reorganization energy of the CuA center in purple azurin: impact of the mixed valence-to-trapped valence state transition.

Mixed valence (MV) coordination compounds play important roles in redox reactions in chemistry and biology. Details of the contribution of a mixed valence state to protein electron transfer (ET) re...
Orbital-symmetry rules for chemisorption

We show it to be true in general and in graphite, in particular, that if one takes the proper combinations of the degenerate wave functions of the star of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$, the orbital symmetry rules for chemisorption can always be satisfied.
Body temperature regulation, energy metabolism, and foraging in light-seeking and shade-seeking robber flies

Robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) were studied in Panama from May through August. Of the 16 species examined, 5 perched and foraged in the sun and 11 perched and foraged in the shade. Thoracic body temperatures of light-seeking flies ranged from 35.2–40.6°C during foraging. Light-seeking flies regulated body temperature behaviorally by microhabitat selection and postural adjustments, and physiologically by transferring warmed haemolymph from the thorax to the cooler abdomen. Thoracic temperatures of shade-seeking flies passively followed ambient temperature in the shade and these flies did not thermoregulate. None of these robber flies warmed endothermically in the absence of flight. Resting oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ ) of both groups scaled with body mass to the 0.77 power. The factorial increment in $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ resulting from hovering flight ranged from 12 to 56. The $$\dot V_{O_2 } $$ increased markedly with body temperature in light-seeking flies and probably explains the greater foraging effort observed in these species. Wing loading of all 16 species of robber flies scaled with body mass to the 0.39 power. Large light-seeking flies had heavier wing loading than large shade-seeking flies. The differences in body temperature and wing loading between light-seeking and shade-seeking robber flies may be related to differences in flight speed and maneuverability during foraging.
Ultrastructural changes in the appendix of the Sauromatum guttatum inflorescence during anthesis

The ultrastructure of the epidermal and sub-epidermal cells of the appendix of the Sauromatum guttatum inflorescence reveals developmental changes during anthesis. These changes precede, and probably make possible, heat and odor production. Two days before D-day (the day of heat production and inflorescence-opening) the mitochondria of the epidermis divide; apparent division of the amyloplasts was observed at the same time. The presence of lipid bodies and peroxisomes in the epidermis was clearly evident. On D-day, the epidermis becomes a continuous layer in which the cell walls separating two adjacent cells disappear. At the same time, in the sub-epidermal cells, the mitochondria and the amyloplasts undergo division. The mitochondria become electron-dense, and their DNA is clearly visible. On that day, lipids as well as starch are being depleted. The peroxisomes change in structure every day, from D-2 to D-day. It has also been demonstrated by histochemical techniques that during anthesis the activity of cytochrome c oxidase (3,3-diaminobenzidine as a substrate) decreases whereas the activity of NADH dehydrogenase [tetrazolium salts: nitro-blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) or neotetrazolium chloride (NT) in the presence of NADH], increases. Oxygen consumption of isolated mitochondria from the D-day appendix was inhibited in the presence of the two tetrazolium salts to a different degree: oxidation of NADH in the presence of NBT was the most sensitive to inhibition, more so than the oxidation of malate and succinate. NT was less effective as an inhibitor in the presence of those three respiratory substrates.
SKIN LIPIDS. I. SAMPLING PROBLEMS OF THE SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES.

A review of the problems of sampling various skin tissues for study of lipids is presented following a survey of the anatomy and physiology of skin and its appendages.
Patients with Schizophrenia have a Reduced Neural Response to Both Unpredictable and Predictable Primary Reinforcers

One prevalent theory of learning states that dopamine neurons signal mismatches between expected and actual outcomes, called temporal difference errors (TDEs). Evidence indicates that dopamine system dysfunction is involved in negative symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ), including avolition and anhedonia. As such, we predicted that brain responses to TDEs in dopamine midbrain nuclei and target areas would be abnormal in SZ. A total of 18 clinically stable patients with chronic SZ and 18 controls participated in an fMRI study, which used a passive conditioning task. In the task, the delivery of a small amount of juice followed a light stimulus by exactly 6 s on approximately 75% of 78 total trials, and was further delayed by 4-7 s on the remaining trials. The delayed juice delivery was designed to elicit the two types of TDE signals, associated with the recognition that a reward was omitted at the expected time, and delivered at an unexpected time. Main effects of TDE valence and group differences in the positive-negative TDE contrast (unexpected juice deliveries-juice omissions) were assessed through whole-brain and regions of interest (ROI) analyses. Main effects of TDE valence were observed for the entire sample in the midbrain, left putamen, left cerebellum, and primary gustatory cortex, bilaterally. Whole-brain analyses revealed group differences in the positive-negative TDE contrast in the right putamen and left precentral gyrus, whereas ROI analyses revealed additional group differences in the midbrain, insula, and parietal operculum, on the right, the putamen and cerebellum, on the left, and the frontal operculum, bilaterally. Further, these group differences were generally driven by attenuated responses in patients to positive TDEs (unexpected juice deliveries), whereas responses to negative TDEs (unexpected juice omissions) were largely intact. Patients also showed reductions in responses to juice deliveries on standard trials, and more blunted reinforcer responses in the left putamen corresponded to higher ratings of avolition. These results provide evidence that SZ patients show abnormal brain responses associated with the processing of a primary reinforcer, which may be a source of motivational deficits.
Cryogenic systems for superconducting devices

The principles entering into the selection of cryogenic systems for superconducting magnet applications are reviewed. Types of refrigeration systems, operating temperature ranges and efficiency are all issues that must be evaluated in selecting the most appropriate cryogenic system. Specific examples of magnet systems currently under development are discussed in the context of these principles.
Quantum Circuits: From a Network to a One-Way Model

We present a translation from the standard network model of quantum computation to the one-way model of quantum computation. The translation is compositional, i.e., it preserves the structure of computations, which allows us to abstract the concrete realizations in a monadic abstraction layer. We briefly review the By-Product and Measurement Calculus approaches to combining circuits in the one-way model, and show how the procedures can be expressed in the exact same notation, bearing a direct relationship with the representation of circuits in the standard network model, and using monads. Discussions on improving the abstraction yield us to introducing an alternative approach to combining circuits in the one-way model: a graphical one.
Distinguished Fellow: Arthur S. Goldberger and Latent Variables in Econometrics

In 1988, Arthur Goldberger was honored as a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association. The citation notes that "his early applications and analysis of empirical models brought understanding to a whole generation of econometricians." Goldberger's later work on models with measurement error and latent variables led him into other fields, where he has had a profound influence: "His methodological and substantive findings, also in the area of behavioral genetics, stand as everlasting contributions of one who has successfully bridged the many gaps that separate the social disciplines." This paper reviews one major element of Goldberger's work—the role of latent variables in econometrics. Even here I am quite selective, developing a few themes in those areas where I have felt his influence most keenly. The systematic study of models with unobservable variables was resurrected by Zellner (1970) and Goldberger [8, 9] after a long period of neglect. 1 I begin by reviewing this and subsequent work on identificatio n, organizing the discussion along the lines of Goldberger's "multiple-indicator, multiple-cause" model. Consider, for example, an ongoing survey in which some of the same questions are asked on different occasions; for example, the questions might refer to the individual's education and to family background variables such as parent's education and family wealth. This method yields multiple but mismeasured indicators of the underlying true variables. The multiple indicators for these variables may allow us to eliminate biases due to measurement error 1Griliches (1974) traces some of the main developments prior to these papers and provides historical perspective.
Comparative responses of the yeast mutant strain GL7 to lanosterol, cycloartenol, and cyclolaudenol

Abstract Under anaerobic growth conditions the isomeric 4,4′,14-trimethylcholestane derivatives lanosterol and, more efficiently, cycloartenol satisfy the sterol requirement of the yeast sterol auxotroph Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GL7. Aerobic mutant growth is supported only by cycloartenol and not by lanosterol, suggesting different structural requirements for aerobic and anaerobic cells. It is proposed that the non-planar conformation imposed by the 9,19-cyclopropane ring of cycloartenol moderates the adverse membrane effects of the nuclear methyl groups at C-4 and C-14. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions cyclolaudenol, a C-24-methyl derivative of cycloartenol, is a significantly more effective sterol source for strain GL7 than cycloartenol. This result is in keeping with the predominance of C-24-methyl sterols (ergosterol) in wild-type yeast.
High-Affinity Choline Transport in Proteoliposomes Derived from Rat Cortical Synaptosomes

Functional high- and low-affinity choline transport processes from rat cortical plasma membranes were reconstituted in phosphatidylcholine bilayer liposomes. The high-affinity choline transporter demonstrated a pharmacological profile and ion dependency that were identical to those of intact synaptosomes. This preparation may be used to further characterize choline transport and, with appropriate supplementation, to investigate the release of acetylcholine in the absence of synaptic vesicles.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the acacia-ant Crematogaster mimosae.

We describe 10 microsatellite loci developed from Crematogaster mimosae, an ant species that nests mutualistically in Acacia drepanolobium trees in east Africa. Polymorphism ranged from 4 to 16 alleles per locus (mean = 7.3). Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.485 to 0.813 (mean 0.626), and from 0.502 to 0.894 (mean 0.674), respectively. These markers will foster studies of the population structure, colony structure, and reproductive strategies of these ants.
Mass Media Campaigns: The Odds Against Finding Behavior Change

The use of mass media has long been an attractive method for implementing and discharging institutional responsibility for the promotion of good health practices and the prevention of various social and health problems. Although there is a long history of such efforts, relatively little is known about the effects such campaigns might have. The large number of programs currently being conceived and implemented on local, state, and federal levels have not benefited as much as they might have from the experience of past mass media efforts. This paper reviews the history, commonalities, assumptions, and effects of planned largescale campaigns to communicate information to the general population to encourage moderation or abstinence in the use of alcohol, drugs, or tobacco. The concept of experimental design is critiqued regarding the appropriateness of such a model for evaluation of mass media campaigns. Suggestions are offered for making evaluations of such campaigns more able to generate useful information for program and planning purposes. This includes expanding evaluation questions through additional forms of inquiry rather than constricting the information obtained through methods based on assumptions of experimental design.
Service quality along the supply chain: implications for purchasing

Abstract The overall objective of this research was to explore the association between implementation of cooperative purchasing/supplier relationships, internal service quality, and an organization’s ability to provide quality products and services to its customers. Specifically, purchasing-related factors influencing internal and external product and service quality were identified from the literature and an internal service quality model was developed and then tested using empirical data. Survey data were collected from 118 US purchasing executives in a wide range of industries. The findings from this study indicate the existence of strong positive relationships between implementation of cooperative purchasing/supplier relationships, internal service quality, and the service and product quality provided to external customers. Additionally, the key role of purchasing in the integration and communication of quality expectations and quality performance throughout the firm is demonstrated.
Using fuzzy control to maximize profits in service level management

The growth of e-commerce is creating demand for services with financial incentives for service providers. Such services are specified by service level agreements (SLAs) in which revenue accrues with the number of completed transactions, and costs are incurred if response times go above a specified threshold. In this paper we propose a profit-oriented feedback control system that automates the admission control decisions in a way that balances the loss of revenue due to rejected work against the penalties incurred if admitted work has excessive response times. One approach to making these trade-offs is to employ classical control theory (e.g., proportional integral controllers); however, doing so requires a labor-intensive design process that tailors the controller to a specific workload and profit model. Instead, we develop a fuzzy control algorithm that implements hill climbing logic to maximize profits and handle the stochastics that make profits quite "bumpy." Our studies of a Lotus Notes® e-mail server reveal that the fuzzy controller requires little human intervention and is robust to changes in workloads and values of SLA parameters. Further, we prove that our design of the fuzzy controller leads to a value of the admission control parameter that maximizes steady state profits.
Totally implanted central venous access in a designated outpatient line clinic

Abstract Introduction. Totally implanted central venous access (TICVA) devices are the conduit of choice for administration of vesicant chemotherapy and have classically been placed in the operating room under direct fluoroscopic guidance. High-volume centers have been successful in placing TICVA catheters in ambulatory surgery. We hypothesized that TICVA devices could be safely and successfully placed in a designated, fully-staffed outpatient line clinic (DOLC). Methods. The DOLC is exclusively used for large volume placement of central venous catheters and TICVA. All patients analyzed required chemotherapy, and were referred to the DOLC for central venous access. Patients with indwelling electrical conduction devices, platelet count less than 50,000, or elevated prothrombin time and patients requiring conscious sedation were not appropriate candidates for DOLC. Results. Of 101 attempted TICVA in the DOLC, 97 were successfully placed: a technical success rate of 96% (97/101) without the aid of fluoroscopy or ultrasound. Inability to access the central vein occurred in four patients. Early complications include catheter malposition in 1% (1/97) and a 2% (2/97) incidence of pneumothorax. Late complications occurred in 2% (2/97) of patients requiring TICVA removal: one for infection and one for vessel thrombosis. Conclusions. Routine placement of totally implanted central venous catheters in a designated outpatient clinic, with personnel specifically trained to facilitate the procedure, is safe, efficient, and economical with appropriately selected patients.
Narrowing of cyclotron resonance lines in InSb at far-infrared laser frequencies☆

Abstract Cyclotron resonance lines in n-type InSb at 4.2K are observed to narrow as the resonant magnetic field is increased. A line shape analysis at λ = 337, 118.6 and 78.4 microm yields an electron-impurity scattering time τ greatly in excess of the one calculated from d.c. mobility measurements.
Multiperipheral models with charged particles

Abstract Techniques are developed to allow the inclusion of many particles with differing quantum numbers in the multiperipheral chain. Within the Chew-Pignotti multi-Regge model these techniques are applied to allow the inclusion of charge in the model. Two proposed models for the isospin structure of the chain, repeated isovector exchange and alternating isoscalar-isovector exchange are discussed; secondary intercepts, charged particle multiplicities, rapidity distributions for charged particles and cross sections for the production of charged prongs are calculated. One immediate result is that an isovector chain predicts that an incoming proton will emerge as a neutron two-thirds of the time (compared to the observed one-third); any realistic model must include isoscalar exchanges in the chain. It is suggested that, if the Pomeranchukon is generated by a simple subset of the available exchanges, then inclusive experiments should spotlight those Regge poles generated simultaneously with it. The utilization of charge correlations to explore this possibility is discussed.
Studies on the acute toxicity and irritating properties of the congeners in whisky.

Abstract The acute oral toxicity of a series of congeneric fractions prepared from whisky, their synthetic prototypes, furfural, and purified ethyl alcohol has been determined in rats. Of these materials furfural, an found to be the most toxic (LD50 = 0.135 ± 0.015 g/kg) and purified ethyl alcohol the least toxic (LD50 = 10.4 ± 0.75 g/kg). With the exception of the acid fraction, the effects of the other congeners came on more quickly and in surviving animals disappeared more quickly than was the case with ethyl alcohol. The acutely irritating effects of these same materials were studied on the rabbit eye. The acid fractions were found to be by far the most irritating, the other congeners fell in a middle range between this fraction and purified ethyl alcohol, which was the least irritating. The role which the congeners might play in the over-all pharmacologic action of whisky remains largely to be determined. The present state of knowledge would seem to suggest that their concentrations in whisky be kept in general at a minimal level compatible with their satisfactory contribution to its flavor, bouquet, and color.
Stromatolites and earth—sun—moon dynamics

Inclination of stromatolite columns, caused by nonvertical direction of averaged incident solar radiation, provides a signal for deducing astronomical and geophysical data at time of stromatolite formation. A sample of Anabaria juvensis (Bitter Springs Formation, central Australia) shows a sinusoidal growth pattern which, interpreted as an annual signal (obliquity of the ecliptic) with daily production of laminae, indicates ∼ 435 days per year, a result consistent with other available estimates. A sample of Inzeria from the same formation also shows a sinusoidal pattern and a similar estimate for days per year. Both samples indicate growth rates of centimeters per year. Several laboratory measurement techniques offer systematic procedures for extracting data.
Examining the Authoritarian Model of Counter-insurgency: The Soviet Campaign Against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army

In an effort to better understand the benefits and limitations of an authoritarian approach to counter-insurgency, this article examines the relationship between regime type and military effectiveness in the often neglected case of Soviet counter-insurgency operations in Western Ukraine. This study finds that the advantages authoritarian governments enjoy in designing, planning and implementing counter-insurgency campaigns – related to a lack of restraints and constraints – can all too easily become reversed through the excesses they permit.
Inhibition of phenytoin hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by several selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors

Several case reports have indicated that the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine increases phenytoin blood levels when given concurrently. The mechanism of this drug-drug interaction has been attributed to inhibition of CYP2C9-catalyzed hydroxylation of phenytoin to its major oxidative metabolite in humans, para-hydroxyphenyl phenyl hydantoin (HPPH). With a bank of human liver microsomes (HLM), four SSRIs (fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine) were tested for inhibition of HPPH formation. Initially, the K(m) and V(max) values of phenytoin hydroxylation to HPPH were determined in the individual HLM samples. The average K(m) (n=8) was 9.7+/-2.9 microM. The V(max) varied fivefold, with an average value of 113+/-53 pmol HPPH/min/nmol CYP450. All of the SSRIs inhibited HPPH formation; resulting Ki values were 31.1+/-10.1 microM (fluoxetine) (n=5), 51.1+/-9.4 microM (norfluoxetine) (n=3), 52.2+/-21.5 microM (sertraline) (n=3), and 80.0+/-7.2 microM (paroxetine) (n=3). Sulfaphenazole (10 microM), utilized as a positive control for inhibition of HPPH formation, inhibited phenytoin hydroxylation (>95%) in all HLM samples. Diclofenac hydroxylation to 4'-OH diclofenac, a specific marker for CYP2C9 activity, was determined in HLM1-HLM6 and was highly correlated with HPPH formation in HLM1-HLM6, indicating that phenytoin hydroxylation in human liver microsomes is largely due to CYP2C9. This work presents direct evidence that the effect of fluoxetine on phenytoin blood levels may be explained by inhibition of CYP2C9-catalyzed phenytoin hydroxylation. In light of typical SSRI blood levels observed in patients, this study also suggests that the risk of a SSRI-phenytoin interaction is highest with fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, and less likely with sertraline and paroxetine.
Why Do Some Children Have Difficulty Learning Mathematics? Looking at Language for Answers

ABSTRACT Some students enter the world of mathematics with a disadvantage. The authors explored the causes for this from a language-processing perspective. They were particularly concerned with students with potential learning disabilities or specific language impairments. They also explored the role of language-mediated instruction in creating an accumulation of ambiguity in the instructional environment. They offer inferences on how this ambiguity may cause insecurities among young learners, and they suggest preemptive methodologies to better prepare young learners for formal mathematics education.
Spectroscopic Studies of Molybdenum Isotopes with ( d , t ) Reactions

The ($d, t$) reactions on ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{94}$, ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{96}$, and ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{100}$ were studied with 17-MeV incident deuterons. The experimental angular distributions of the triton groups were compared with distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) calculations to determine the $l$ values and the spectroscopic factors. The ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and excitation energy of the levels found in this study are compared with those from ($d, p$) reactions leading to the same final states. The occupation numbers and single quasiparticle energies are calculated and compared with previous results.
The study of local school units in ten states

Surveys under United States Office of Education paving the way for organization of more efficient and economical educational systems.
Structural probing of off-target G protein-coupled receptor activities within a series of adenosine/adenine congeners.

We studied patterns of off-target receptor interactions, mostly at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the µM range, of nucleoside derivatives that are highly engineered for nM interaction with adenosine receptors (ARs). Because of the considerable interest of using AR ligands for treating diseases of the CNS, we used the Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) for probing promiscuity of these adenosine/adenine congeners at 41 diverse receptors, channels and a transporter. The step-wise truncation of rigidified, trisubstituted (at N6, C2, and 5′ positions) nucleosides revealed unanticipated interactions mainly with biogenic amine receptors, such as adrenergic receptors and serotonergic receptors, with affinities as high as 61 nM. The unmasking of consistent sets of structure activity relationship (SAR) at novel sites suggested similarities between receptor families in molecular recognition. Extensive molecular modeling of the GPCRs affected suggested binding modes of the ligands that supported the patterns of SAR at individual receptors. In some cases, the ligand docking mode closely resembled AR binding and in other cases the ligand assumed different orientations. The recognition patterns for different GPCRs were clustered according to which substituent groups were tolerated and explained in light of the complementarity with the receptor binding site. Thus, some likely off-target interactions, a concern for secondary drug effects, can be predicted for analogues of this set of substructures, aiding the design of additional structural analogues that either eliminate or accentuate certain off-target activities. Moreover, similar analyses could be performed for unrelated structural families for other GPCRs.
One-Pot Synthesis of (η6-Arene)bis(triphenylphosphine)(methyl)ruthenium(II) Cations. X-ray Structures of [(η6-C6H6)Ru(Me)(PPh3)2][AlCl2Me2] and the η5-Thiophene Analogue

We report one-pot syntheses for a series of complexes of the type [(η6-arene)RuIIMe(PPh3)2][AlCl2Me2] in high yields and X-ray structures of the η6-C6H6 and η5-thiophene derivatives. Other derivatives include fluorobenzene and mesitylene complexes, and all of the complexes are synthesized by addition of AlMe3 to RuCl2(PPh3)3 in the neat arene solvent or in an admixture with hexane for thiophene and fluorobenzene.
Host factor for coliphage Qβ RNA replication is present in Pseudomonas putida

Host Factor (HF)1, is a 12000 molecular weight polypeptide that is found in uninfected Escherichia coli and is required as a hexamer along with Qβ replicase for in vitro replication of Qβ phage RNA. It has recently been found to be associated with ribosomes and to bind tightly to poly(A).
Pretectotectal pathway: an ultrastructural quantitative analysis in cats.

Both the pretectum (PT) and the superior colliculus (SC) play an important role in directing eye movements and in sensorimotor coupling. A reciprocal connection between the PT and the SC has been described, which suggests a strong interplay between these two structures. We injected the cat SC with retrograde tracers and examined the labeled pretectotectal (PTT) cells at the light and electron microscopic level. PTT cells were distributed mostly in the nucleus of the optic tract and 93.1% contained gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). We also observed that PTT cells are located outside of pretectal regions distinguished by dense retinal terminals and clusters of cells that contain calbindin. This suggests that the GABAergic PTT cells are distinct from the GABAergic pretectogeniculate cells that have been previously described as being distributed within these regions. Finally, to determine the synaptic targets of PTT terminals, we injected the PT with anterograde tracers and examined terminals labeled in the SC at the ultrastructural level. The labeled PTT terminals were beaded fibers that were distributed mainly within the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the SC. Using postembedding immunocytochemistry, 94.5% were found to be GABAergic. The PTT terminals were mostly small in size and primarily contacted GABA-negative dendrites (88.1%) and in some cases somata (4.7%). The remainder terminated on GABAergic dendrites (7.2%). Our results suggest that the PTT cells constitute a separate population of GABAergic efferent cells in the PT, which may function to inhibit the activity of non-GABAergic SC efferent cells in the SGS. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:141–158, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
VIOLENCE, MENTAL HEALTH, SUBSTANCE ABUSE - PROBLEMS FOR WOMEN WORLDWIDE

The objective of this paper is to bring attention to the epidemic proportions and the burden of disease from the overlapping health and social problems of violence, psychiatric or psychological distress, and substance abuse. Research is needed to prevent, alleviate, and treat these global problems, particularly for women because, although these problems affect the entire population, there are more problems for women. An overview from diverse national and international literature on the three areas is presented. Among health care professionals--physicians, nurses, and others--there is a great need for increased awareness of the problems and culturally sensitive research to understand better the interrelations among violence and anger and mental disorders and substance abuse, not only in high-risk subgroups of the population such as inner-city youths, but also among women and others in the general population globally.
Meal preparation and cleanup time and cardiometabolic risk over 14 years in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Abstract Objective To determine whether baseline levels and longitudinal changes in meal preparation and cleanup time are associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in midlife women. Methods Subjects were 2755 midlife women enrolled in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a multi-ethnic, longitudinal cohort study in the United States. The five diagnostic components of the metabolic syndrome and meal preparation/cleanup time were assessed repeatedly across 14 years of follow-up (spanning 1996–2011) at seven U.S. sites. Mixed-effects logistic and ordered logistic models tested associations between meal preparation/cleanup time and odds of meeting criteria for metabolic syndrome and its individual diagnostic components. Results Women who spent more time preparing and cleaning up meals at baseline, or demonstrated greater increases in this activity, had greater increases over time in their odds of having metabolic syndrome and in the number of metabolic syndrome components for which they met criteria. Adjusted associations were observed between meal preparation/cleanup time and hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not abdominal obesity. Conclusions In midlife women, greater meal preparation/cleanup time is associated with the development of an adverse cardiometabolic risk profile. Public health interventions should place greater emphasis on cooking healthfully, not just cooking frequently.
A result in visual aesthetics.

Subjects were given eight forms and asked to sort them in a number of ways on the basis of overall similarity; they were also asked to state the order of their preferences among the forms. From the data generated, four tentative results emerged: 1 By giving ourselves an appropriate verbal set, we can make ourselves see (and categorize) a group of forms in many different ways. It appears, however, that there is a natural way of categorizing them which is independent of any verbal set, and which depends on the formation of visual non-verbal concepts. 2 Preference for the forms is dependent on the way the forms are seen—on the visual similarity dimensions. But the dependence is incomplete. It might perhaps be better called a linkage—comparable to the linkage between hue and brightness. 3 The peculiarly weak nature of this linkage suggests the hypothesis that the beauty of a form cannot be explained in terms of any visible qualities or attributes that it has, but only in terms of the operations performed in the brain of the observer. 4 Aesthetic discrimination is independent of all other kinds of perceptual discrimination.
SITE-DIRECTED SPIN-LABELING OF TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN VII AND THE 4B1 ANTIBODY EPITOPE IN THE LACTOSE PERMEASE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI

Functional lactose permease mutants containing single Cys residues at positions 233-255 and a biotin acceptor domain at the C terminus were solubilized in dodecyl beta-d-maltopyranoside and purified by avidin affinity chromatography. Each mutant protein was derivatized with a thiol-selective nitroxide reagent and examined by conventional and power saturation electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The EPR spectral line shapes and the influence of nonpolar O2 or polar potassium chromium oxalate relaxation agents on the saturation behavior of the spin-labeled proteins were measured in order to obtain information on the mobility of the spin-labeled side chains and their accessibility to the relaxation agents, respectively. The results provide evidence that residues Ser233-Asn246 are within the hydrophobic core of the membrane and that Phe247 is at the lipid headgroup-solvent interface. Along with Phe247, Phe250 and Gly254 are also surface-exposed, as indicated by studies on the epitope for monoclonal antibody 4B1 [Sun, J., Wu, J., Carasco, N., and Kaback, H. R. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 990-998]. Furthermore, the nitroxide-labeled intramembrane Cys replacements exhibit variations in mobility and accessibility that are consistent with the conclusion that TM VII is an alpha-helix in contact with surrounding helices in the tertiary structure of the permease.
Toward an Understanding of the Distinct Nature of L2 Writing: The ESL Research and Its Implications

Dealing effectively with L2 writers requires a clear understanding of the nature of L2 writing. In an attempt to develop such an understanding, 72 reports of empirical research comparing L1 and L2 writing were examined. The findings of this research indicate a number of salient differences between L1 and L2 writing with regard to both composing processes (and subprocesses: planning, transcribing, and reviewing) and features of written texts (fluency, accuracy, quality, and structure, i.e., discoursal, morphosyntactic, and lexicosemantic). Implications of the findings for L2 and L1 writing theory; future comparative writing research; and the practical concerns of assessment, placement, staffing, and instruction are discussed.
DYNAMIC STABILITY, TRAFFIC EQUILIBRIUM AND THE LAW OF PEAK-HOUR EXPRESSWAY CONGESTION

Abstract Anthony Downs's (1962) traffic congestion analysis is given a generalized theoretical foundation. It is demonstrated that only two equilibrium saddle points—one stable, the other unstable—can be attained. Once the stable equilibrium is reached, traffic planning and control measures such as drastically increased metering and/or a metropolitan rail transit alternative must be in place so as to maintain equilibrium. If not, the expressway system eventually reaches gridlock. It is also shown that the analyses of Thomson (1977) and Mogridge (1986) parallel Downs's analysis and lead to the same conclusion.
Lysosomal disruption: a factor in the pathogenesis of infection.

Abstract The facility with which certain bacteria produce abscesses in liver has been shown to be correlated with their ability to damage hepatic lysosomal membranes. The observations support the hypothesis that lysosomal membrane damage is an important factor in the initiation of bacterial infection, and may help explain why certain microorganisms have an affinity to produce infections in particular organs.
The pharmacokinetics of THC in fat and brain: resulting functional responses to marihuana smoking

A pleasant sensory perception (PSP), the high of THC or of marihuana consumption, is a consistent functional response to this drug only manifested by man, and which occurs concurrently with an increased heart rate. However, it has not been possible to relate consistently magnitude and duration of these functional markers to THC plasma concentration, whatever the route of administration. A re-analysis of all the available clinical and experimental data reporting the pharmacokinetics and storage of THC in tissues in function of time, have indicated that the discrepancies between functional responses and plasma molecular THC concentration may be accounted for by the pharmacokinetics of THC. The instant uptake and unlimited storage of THC by neutral fat limits the molecular concentration of the drug present in the plasma to a level which does not exceed 6 x 10(14) molecules/ml. The physicochemical nature of the membrane lipid bilayer (of the blood-brain barrier) will restrict the access of THC into the bilayer receptors and its: reactive enzymes. The PSP and increased heart rate of marihuana is correlated with the molecular concentration of THC in the bilayer (blood-brain barrier) of the order of 10(12)-10(14) molecules/ml. This number in turn would be related to the number of functional THC receptor sites in the lipid bilayer. THC would exert its functional properties on PSP and heart rate through a molecular transmission to specific receptor site and bilipid layer physicochemical interations. Rapid uptake and slow release of THC in fat associated with a rate-limited uptake into brain may be a general philogenetic mechanism which would protect brain function from prolonged exposure to xenobiotics like THC and other fat soluble drugs. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiophene derivatives as extremely high affinity P3′ ligands for the hydroxyethylpiperazine class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors

Abstract A series of hydroxyethylpiperazine HIV-1 protease inhibitors containing various monocyclic or bicyclic thienylmethyl substituents as P3′ ligands were prepared. They were found to exhibit extremely high potency in the enzyme inhibition assay. These inhibitors also proved to be highly effective against viral spread in a whole cell assay. Some representative compounds in this series have been examined for oral bioavailability in dogs and the pharmacokinetic properties were found to be somewhat related to their aqueous solubilities.