cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Districts to Schools: The Distribution of Resources across Schools in Big City School Districts.

Abstract While the distribution of resources across school districts is well studied, relatively little attention has been paid to how resources are allocated to individual schools inside those districts. This paper explores the determinants of resource allocation across schools in large districts based on factors that reflect differential school costs or factors that may, in practice, be related to the distribution of resources. Using detailed data on school resources and student and school characteristics in New York City, Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio, we find that schools with higher percentages of poor pupils often receive more money and have more teachers per pupil, but the teachers tend to be less educated and less well paid, with a particularly consistent pattern in New York City schools. We conclude with implications for policy and further research.
Wavelet analysis to characterize cluster dynamics in a circulating fluidized bed

A common hydrodynamic feature in heavily loaded circulating fluidized beds is the presence of clusters. The continuous formation and destruction of clusters strongly influences particle hold-up, pressure drop, heat transfer at the wall, and mixing. In this paper fiber optic data is analyzed using discrete wavelet analysis to characterize the dynamic behavior of clusters. Five radial positions at three different axial locations under five different operating conditions spanning three different flow regimes were analyzed using discrete wavelets. Results are summarized with respect to cluster size and frequency.
Structural Complexity in Architecture-Centric Software Evolution

In a previous Computer column, "How Business Goals Drive Architectural Design" (Aug. 2007, pp. 101-103), an architecture-centric approach to software design in which the final architecture embodies the systemic properties and nonfunctional requirements that are critical to the application's success was proposed. Here, it is considered whether such an approach produces systems that are subsequently easier to evolve. Using an Internet-based collaborative system and its whiteboard subsystem as an example, it is shown that architecture-centric methods can result in a significantly improved system that not only meets its quality expectations but is not excessively complex.
Dietary Protein-Induced Increases in Urinary Calcium Are Accompanied by Similar Increases in Urinary Nitrogen and Urinary Urea: A Controlled Clinical Trial

Abstract To determine the usefulness of urinary urea as an index of dietary protein intake, 10 postmenopausal women were enrolled in and completed a randomized, double-blind, cross-over feeding trial from September 2008 to May 2010 that compared 10 days of a 45-g whey supplement with 10 days of a 45-g maltodextrin control. Urinary nitrogen, urinary calcium, urinary urea, and bone turnover markers were measured at days 0, 7, and 10. Paired sample t tests, Pearson's correlation statistic, and simple linear regression were used to assess differences between treatments and associations among urinary metabolites. Urinary nitrogen/urinary creatinine rose from 12.3±1.7 g/g (99.6±13.8 mmol/mmol) to 16.8±2.2 g/g (135.5±17.8 mmol/mmol) with whey supplementation, but did not change with maltodextrin. Whey supplementation caused urinary calcium to rise by 4.76±1.84 mg (1.19±0.46 mmol) without a change in bone turnover markers. Because our goal was to estimate protein intake from urinary nitrogen/urinary creatinine, we used our data to develop the following equation: protein intake (g/day)=71.221+1.719×(urinary nitrogen, g)/creatinine, g) ( R =0.46, R 2 =0.21). As a more rapid and less costly alternative to urinary nitrogen/urinary creatinine, we next determined whether urinary urea could predict protein intake and found that protein intake (g/day)=63.844+1.11×(urinary urea, g/creatinine, g) ( R =0.58, R 2 =0.34). These data indicate that urinary urea/urinary creatinine is at least as good a marker of dietary protein intake as urinary nitrogen and is easier to quantitate in nutrition intervention trials.
Autoregulation of glucocorticoid receptor gene expression

Abstract Glucocorticoid receptors are members of a highly conserved family of steroid receptor proteins, which are ligand-dependent transcription factors. Previous studies have shown that the presence of functional glucocorticoid receptors is a prerequisite for manifestation of cellular responses to hormone. Glucocorticoid receptors undergo down-regulation following treatment with glucocorticoids. To define the molecular mechanisms that are involved in this process we have analyzed the down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptors both in HeLa cells, which contain endogenous receptors, and in cells containing receptors that have been introduced by DNA transfection. Our results show that cells that contain glucocorticoid receptors—either endogenous or transfected—undergo down-regulation of steroid-binding capabilities, as well as reductions in receptor protein and mRNA levels, in a remarkably similar fashion. DNA sequences in the coding region of the human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA appear to be sufficient to account for down-regulation of receptor. This novel finding suggests that unique mechanisms are involved in controlling glucocorticoid receptor homeostasis.
Use of Color Doppler Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Iatrogenic Subclavian Artery Pseudoaneurysm

Pseudoaneurysms resulting from inadvertent cannulation of the subclavian artery are rare, with only three prior cases reported in the English literature. Generally, they have required surgical correction. We present a case of a right subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm resulting from an unsuccessful attempt at cannulation of the right internal jugular vein by the middle approach. In this patient, successful closure of the pseudoaneurysm was accomplished with prolonged manual compression guided by vascular ultrasound and Doppler color flow imaging.
Noise and vibration isolation across sandwich structures

The transmission of sound and vibration across a sandwich structure has been studied in this paper. The main research issues are identified and the applied concept has been explained in detail. This concept has been validated in a previous study. It has been observed that successful manipulation of certain material parameters can minimize the sound and vibration transmission through the structure significantly. The results of this work could provide guidelines for material scientists to design new composite materials with better vibration and noise transmission properties.
Metabolism and mineralization of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine inside poplar tissues (Populus deltoides x nigra DN-34).

Poplar tissue cultures and leaf crude extracts (Populus deltoides × nigra DN-34) were exposed to [U-14C]hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and incubated under light and in the dark. Poplar tissue cultures were able to partially reduce RDX to hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX), regardless of the presence or absence of light. However, further transformation of RDX, MNX, and DNX required exposure to light and resulted in the formation of formaldehyde (CH2O), methanol (CH3OH), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Similarly, transformation of RDX by poplar leaf crude extracts required exposure to light. Neither reduction of RDX to MNX and DNX nor mineralization into CO2 were recorded in crude extracts, even when exposed to light, suggesting that both processes were light-independent and required intact plant cells. Control experiments without plant material showed that RDX was partially transformed abiotically, by the sole action of lig...
Competition and combativeness in courtship: Reports from women

The relationship between a partner's perceived level of competitiveness and combativeness in courtship is examined, based on reports from 296 women. Competitiveness is seen as a direct measure of efforts to control. Results show that even high levels of competitive behaviors experienced as “pleasant” are unrelated to combativeness. However, as scores on a measure of “unpleasant” competitiveness increase, so do scores on a measure of psychological and physical combativeness. Findings are compared with those from an earlier study based on reports from men.
Ethanol- and nicotine-induced membrane changes in embryonic and neonatal chick brains

In order to study the effects of EtOH and/or nicotine on brain membrane fatty acid composition, various concentrations of EtOH and/or nicotine were injected into the air sac of chicken eggs at 0 days of incubation. Controls were injected with saline. Experimental groups were injected with either 200 micromol EtOH/kg egg, 100 micromol nicotine/kg egg, 200 micromol nicotine/kg egg, 200 micromol EtOH/kg and 100 micromol nicotine/kg egg, or 200 micromol EtOH/kg and 200 micromol nicotine/kg egg. In all experimental groups, EtOH- and nicotine-induced decreases in brain long-chain polyunsaturated membrane fatty acids were observed in stage 44 embryos, stage 45 embryos, and neonatal chicks. These EtOH- and nicotine-induced decreases in brain membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids correlated with elevated levels of brain lipid hydroperoxides and reduced brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC. 3.1.1.7) activities.
A multivariate method for relating groups of measurements connected by a causal pathway

Abstract The multivariate regression model solved by partial least squares, PLS, is extended to more than one predictor block; two algorithms are discussed in detail. The performance of the method is tested by applying it to a water quality problem. Several underlying factors are revealed. Contributions of the various ions are assigned to the different polluting run-offs.
Use of vitamin D analogs in chronic renal failure

Abstract Renal osteodystrophy is the term used to describe the spectrum of bone diseases associated with chronic renal failure. Deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) plays a major role in the development of renal osteodystrophy, in particular the evolution of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In recent decades, our understanding of the complex interactions between calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) has increased, resulting in a rational approach to therapy in which vitamin D analogs have become an essential component. The initial vitamin D analogs that have been in widespread clinical use include calcitriol (1,25-[OH] 2 D 3 ) and alfacalcidol (1α-[OH]D 3 ). These agents have been extensively studied to optimize their effects on secondary hyperparathyroidism. The occurrence of significant hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia limiting their use has led to the development of alternative vitamin D analogs that effectively reduce PTH secretion without causing these complications. Recently, 3 such analogs, 22-oxa-1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 (OCT), 1α-(OH)D 2 (doxercalciferol), and 19-nor-1,25-(OH) 2 D 2 (paricalcitol), have been released for clinical use. Only paricalcitol has been studied in comparative human clinical trials with calcitriol in dialysis patients. Preliminary findings suggest a clinical advantage over calcitriol, however, analysis of the larger comparative studies are forthcoming. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Segmentation of myocardium using deformable regions and graph cuts

Deformable models and graph cuts are two standard image segmentation techniques. Combining some of their benefits, we introduce a new segmentation system for (semi-) automatic delineation of epicardium and endocardium of Left Ventricle of the heart in Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). Specifically, a temporal information among consecutive phases is exploited via a coupling between deformable models and graph cuts which provides automated accurate cues for graph cuts and also good initialization scheme for de-formable model that ultimately leads to more accurate and smooth segmentation results with lower interaction costs than using only graph cut segmentation. In addition, we define deformable model as a region defined by two nested contours and segment epicardium and endocardium in an unified way by optimizing single energy functional. This approach provides inherent coherency among the two contours thus leads to more accurate results than deforming separate contours for each target. We show promising results on the challenging problems of left ventricle segmentation.
Towards patient-specific modeling I: hemodynamics in a growing aneurysm

Modeling aneurysm growth using stress-mediated growth laws requires accurate knowledge of the hemodynamic stresses and strains acting on the aneurysm wall due to the internal blood flow and the external tissue support. Therefore, solving the coupled problem of blood flow and vessel wall deformation represents a critical step in the evaluation of these hemodynamic stresses, but for large, patient-specific models of the vasculature one that is computationally expensive. In this work, we present the application of a new formulation, the Coupled Momentum Method for Fluid-Solid Interaction (CMM-FSI), to compute blood flow and vessel wall deformation under realistic ranges of pressures for large patient-specific models of the cerebro-vasculature. The method couples the equations of the deformation of the vessel wall at the variational level as a boundary condition for the fluid domain. We consider a strong coupling of the degrees-of-freedom of the fluid interface and the wall domains. The effect of the vessel wall boundary is therefore added in a monolithic way to the fluid equations, resulting in a remarkably robust and computationally-efficient scheme. The method is applied to patient-specific model of the Circle of Willis featuring a saccular aneurysm, using resistance outflow boundary conditions. The wall normal and shear stresses resulting from the simulation can then be used as the hemodynamic forces mediating the aneurysm wall adaptation in the algorithm shown in the second part of this work.
ELECTROMAGNETIC PRODUCTION OF HYPERNUCLEI

We review the results of recent studies and calculations of Λ-hypernuclear excitations via electromagnetic probes [the (e, e′K+) and (γ, K+) reactions]. After discussing the importance of the probe, we present and analyze the theoretical features of a model (based on Feynman diagrams) for studying the process. The special kinematics of the nuclear (e, e′K+) reaction, involving high momentum transfers, is discussed. We then present cross section calculations. Using first a nonrelativistic nuclear structure model, we present results for the exclusive and inclusive electromagnetic hypernuclear excitations and for a large range of nuclear masses. Next, we calculate cross sections using the fully-relativistic form of the transition operator and relativistic Dirac-nuclear-and hypernuclear- structure model. In this context, we analyze the effects of the large scalar and vector potentials of the relativistic model and of the Dirac-spinor wave functions of the proton and the Λ-hyperon, on the calculated quantity. The relativistic-model calculations are presented for both pseudoscalar (PS) and pseudovector (PV) KNΛ vertex couplings and we discuss in detail the different theoretical predictions obtained in the two cases. Throughout the paper, we emphasize several uncertainties regarding the determination of coupling constants, PS vs PV coupling schemes, and relativistic uncertainties. Finally, we present technical and experimental considerations for the study of the (e, e′K+) and (γ, K+) reactions at the continuous electron beam accelerator facility (CEBAF), which is currently under construction in Newport News, Virginia.
What's at Stake in the Civic Education Debate?

Many political scientists and other educators and administrators in higher education are concerned with the increasing political disengagement among college-age students. A substantial body of research indicates that collegeage young people lack basic political knowledge and have low-levels of political efficacy. Still, some political scientists are reluctant to embrace a civic mission for political science. This paper examines the sources of such reluctance and argues that the discipline as a whole will benefit materially by pursuing an active role in civic education.
Sodium Requirement of the Young Chick Fed Purified Diets

Abstract THE earliest quantitative estimate of the sodium requirement of the young growing chick was reported by Sjollema (1935) who concluded that a level of 0.4 to 0.5% sodium was required for the first month of life. Other early determinations of the chicks’ requirement for sodium were expressed as the salt (sodium chloride) requirement. Several investigators (Halpin et al., 1936; Barlow et al., 1948; Bearse and Berg, 1946; and Slinger et al., 1950) have reported supplemental sodium chloride values ranging from 0.25 to 2.0%, depending on the diet employed, to be required for optimum chick growth. Heuser (1952) using a diet containing 0.41% salt concluded that no significant growth response could be obtained above the 0.25% addition of salt. With a semipurified basal diet containing only 0.019% sodium, Burns et al. (1953) found the requirement for sodium to reside between 0.10 and 0.30% of the diet; the higher level being required…
SELF-CONCEPT AND JOB SATISFACTION: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN TWO INSTRUMENTS

This cross-validated study focuses on the stability and replicability of the relationship between self-concept as measured by the Tennessee Self-concept Scale and job-related attitudes as measured ...
Hydroxyurea-Induced Leg Ulceration in 14 Patients

Background: Hydroxyurea is an antineoplastic agent commonly used to treat myeloproliferative disorders and other nonneoplastic conditions. Objective: To further define the typical features of hydro...
Analysing cell lineage with a recombinant retrovirus

Analysis of neural cell lineage in vertebrates has been limited by a lack of methods for introducing stable tracers into individual cells at relatively late stages of development. Recent progress in the design of recombinant retroviral vectors provides a novel approach to this problem. When a retrovirus infects a dividing cell, its genome integrates into a chromosome of the infected cell and is inherited by that cell's progeny. For lineage tracing, viral structural genes are replaced by a bacterial beta-galactosidase gene; infected cells are therefore unable to produce new virions, but can produce galactosidase, which is detectable histochemically. By infecting cells and identifying their progeny at appropriate stages, it has been possible to obtain new data on cell lineage in retina, cerebral cortex, optic tectum, and peripheral nerve.
Exacerbation of tobacco smoke mediated apoptosis by resveratrol: An unexpected consequence of its antioxidant action

Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound rich in grapes and red wine, has been reported to protect cells against oxidative damage and cell death by increasing cellular antioxidant/detoxification capacity. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for respiratory diseases and oxidative damage is implicated in its pathogenesis. Here we investigated the enhancement of antioxidant capacity by resveratrol and its potential protection against cell death caused by cigarette smoke in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE1). At concentrations that did not affect cell growth, resveratrol activated Nrf2 signaling and increased the expression of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase-1, heme oxygenase-1, and the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase. Surprisingly, instead of protecting against cell death, resveratrol significantly enhanced cigarette smoke extract-induced apoptosis. To define the underlying mechanism, the effect of resveratrol on caspase activity was examined and it was found that resveratrol significantly enhanced cigarette smoke-stimulated caspase activity. In conclusion, results from this study suggest that although resveratrol increased antioxidant and detoxification capacity, it increased rather than protected against cigarette smoke-induced apoptosis.
Effects of catch size and codend type on the escapement of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from pelagic trawls

Abstract The effectiveness of codend meshes in permitting the escapement of undersized walleye pollock ( Theragra chalcogramma ) in the Bering Sea pelagic trawl fishery was tested during 13 July–1 August 1994. The alternate-haul method was used to compare catches made with treatment codends (i.e. large mesh codends) and a standard codend (i.e. small mesh codend). Four catcher vessels towed test codends that were fitted directly to their trawl gear. Codends were detachable, and catches were delivered to a factory trawler where sampling took place. Catch weights using treatment codends ranged from 0.3 to 79 t. Escapement of undersized pollock (less than 36cm) decreased as catch size increased for all treatment codends, until the retention of small pollock in the treatment codends was not significantly different from that in the standard codend (i.e. when catches of treatment codends exceeded 40 t). Potential benefits of codend mesh size regulations for this large-volume fishery are therefore debatable unless catch sizes are somehow restricted.
Evaluation of the Megaduct sweat collector for mineral analysis.

Accurate measurement of sweat mineral loss is important for whole body mineral balance estimates and dietary reference intake formulation. Currently, common localized sweat collection methods such as the pouch and patch techniques may be limited by skin encapsulation and/or hidromeiosis, which may alter sweat mineral concentrations. The design of the newly developed Megaduct sweat collector may avoid these possible limitations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of the Megaduct sweat collector for mineral analysis. Megaduct sweat collectors were affixed to ten volunteers on the final day of a heat acclimation protocol; collection time, sweat volume, and mineral concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, potassium, sodium, and zinc were measured. Megaduct filling required a collection period of 62 ± 3 min due to a small collection surface (22.1 cm2). The mineral content of the sweat was 0.3 ± 0.1 mmol L−1, 1.5 ± 1.5 µmol L−1, 8.5 ± 2.1 mmol L−1, 43.2 ± 15.0 mmol L−1, and 10.1 ± 5.7 µmol L−1 for Ca, Cu, K, Na, and Zn, respectively. The Megaduct sweat collector appears to avoid skin encapsulation and hidromeiosis, and captures sweat with similar mineral concentrations as reported in the literature for pouches. However, the filling time of the Megaduct (>60 min) may not capture possible changes in sweat mineral concentrations that are documented to occur in as little as 15 to 30 min.
Persistent and Radiation-Induced Currents in Distorted Quantum Rings

Persistent and radiation-induced currents in distorted narrow quantum rings are theoretically investigated. We show that ring distorsions can be described using a geometrical potential term. We analyze the effect of this term on the current induced by a magnetic flux (persistent current) and by a polarized coherent electromagnetic field (radiation-induced current). The strongest effects in persistent currents are observed for distorted rings with a small number of electrons. The distortion smoothes the current oscillations as a function of the magnetic flux and changes the temperature dependence of the current amplitude. For radiation-induced currents, the distortion induces an ac component in the current and affects its dependence on the radiation frequency and intensity.
An Academic Woman as a Token: A Case Study

Through a case history of the author's experiences as one of the first civilian faculty members at an United States military academy, tokenism under extreme circumstances and its effects on an individual are described. Hypotheses for future work in the area are proposed, and coping strategies are explored. Women's support groups, psychotherapists, social psychologists, sociologists, and policymakers are exhorted to be aware of tokenism and to work together to break the downward spiral of debilitating events that tokenism creates.
Single-neutron energies near N=28 and the absence of the N=34 subshell closure in the Ti isotopes

The surprising absence of the $N=34$ subshell closure in the exotic nucleus $^{56}\mathrm{Ti}$ is highlighted by examining the experimental single neutron energies along the $N=28$ isotopes, which are extracted from previously existing data on single-neutron transfer reactions on stable isotones and nuclear masses. The results point out the role of the monopole effect of the tensor force on the ${f}_{7/2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{f}_{5/2}$ splitting and confirm the prediction of the reduction of this splitting in the $Zg20$ isotones. In addition, the importance of making similar measurements of the distribution of single neutron and single neutron hole strength in the exotic $Zl20 N=28$ isotones is discussed. Measurements of the ($d,p$) reaction and the neutron knockout reaction on the exotic nucleus $^{46}\mathrm{Ar}$ have provided proof of principle for the necessary reactions, and advances presently taking place in detector technology will soon provide the tools necessary for reliably mapping the distribution of neutron strength in detail.
Long-term effects of obesity on employment and work limitations among U.S. Adults, 1986 to 1999.

Objective: To determine the relationships between BMI and workforce participation and the presence of work limitations in a U.S. working-age population. Research Methods and Procedures: We used data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationwide prospective cohort, to estimate the effect of obesity in 1986 on employment and work limitations in 1999. Individuals were classified into the following weight categories: underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30), and obese (BMI ≥ 30). Using multivariable probit models, we estimated the relationships between obesity and both employment and work disability. All analyses were stratified by sex. Results: After adjusting for baseline sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, exercise, and self-reported health, obesity was associated with reduced employment at follow-up [men: marginal effect (ME) −4.8 percentage points (pp); p < 0.05; women: ME −5.8 pp; p < 0.10]. Among employed women, being either overweight or obese was associated with an increase in self-reported work limitations when compared with normal-weight individuals (overweight: ME +3.9 pp; p < 0.01; obese: ME +12.6 pp; p < 0.01). Among men, the relationship between obesity and work limitations was not statistically significant. Discussion: Obesity appears to result in future productivity losses through reduced workforce participation and increased work limitations. These findings have important implications in the U.S., which is currently experiencing a rise in the prevalence of obesity.
Total and state-selective charge transfer in He2+ + H collisions

Total and state-selective cross sections for charge transfer in ~1–1000 keV/u He2+ + H collisions have been calculated using a variety of theoretical approaches, namely, the classical trajectory Monte Carlo, atomic-orbital close-coupling and lattice, time-dependent Schrodinger equation methods. Comparison of the results with available experimental measurements and other theoretical cross sections indicates the regimes in which each method is most reliable. The present cross sections, tabulated here, and their evaluation in light of existing data, provide a new benchmark for this inelastic channel in the fundamental collision system He2+ + H over a wide range of collision energies and final quantum levels.
Osmoregulation by the aphid Myzus persicae: A physiological role for honeydew oligosaccharides

The dry matter content of honeydew produced by Myzus persicae feeding on artificial diets increased with increasing sucrose concentrations of the diet. Whereas the diet osmolalities ranged from 828 to 1800 milliosmolal, the honeydew osmolality was relatively constant (about 500 milliosmolal). This osmoregulatory capacity is achieved largely by variations in the mean molecular weight of glucose-containing honeydew oligosaccharides.
Serum pepsinogen I and gastrin in relation to extent and location of intestinal metaplasia in the surgically resected stomach

A study of 177 patients undergoing distal subtotal gastrectomy indicates that a preoperative serum pepsinogen I (PGI) level below 20 ng/ml predicts the presence of gastric carcinoma and the degree of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric antrum. The serum gastrin level was not predictive of carcinoma or of the degree of intestinal metaplasia. Of the 15 patients with a low serum PG I level, 13 had carcinoma and 2 had atypical polyps. The PG I level in a stored serum sample from 4 of 30 patients fell from normal to abnormal over a period of 8–9 years. Each of these converters had invasive carcinoma of the stomach. This suggests that persons showing a fall in serum PG I to abnormal levels during serial analyses should be evaluated for the possibility of gastric carcinoma.
The axial summit graben and cross-sectional shape of the East Pacific Rise as indicators of axial magma chambers and recent volcanic eruptions

Abstract The axis of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) undulates up and down hundreds of meters over distances of 30–200 km along strike, the deep areas occurring at transform faults and other ridge axis discontinuities such as overlapping spreading centers (OSCs). We have suggested that systematic variations in depth and cross-sectional shape of the rise are indicators of the changes in the local axial magmatic budget along a given ridge segment [1]. A comparison of recently collected multichannel seismic (MCS) data [2] with our Sea Beam and SeaMARC II data have allowed us to test and advance this hypothesis. Along the EPR from 9° to 13°N there is an excellent correlation between three parameters that are all directly related to the phase of a magmatic cycle along a given ridge segment: the cross-sectional shape of the rise, the presence or absence of an axial summit graben, and the presence or absence of a shallow axial magma chamber (as interpreted from MCS data). Where the axial magma chamber is present, the cross-sectional shape of the ridge is broad and an axial summit graben is recognized along the axis. In contrast, where the cross-sectional shape of the rise is narrow and triangular, an axial magma chamber is not detected and an axial summit graben is absent. These ridge axis characteristics tend to occur along deeper portions of a given ridge segment, often near ridge axis discontinuities. We suggest that these systematic variations in ridge axis morphology (cross-sectional shape) and structure (presence or absence of an axial graben) reflect spatial and temporal variations in the magmatic budget of the ridge axis. Where the magmatic budget is waxing, shallow-level magma reservoirs in the crust and underlying upper mantle swell, creating a broad axial bulge with a summit graben. Where the magmatic budget is diminished, the crustal magma chamber is small ( This proposed correlation of shape, structure and magmatic parameters fails along only two short portions of the ridge. In these areas there is evidence for an axial magma chamber and the rise has a broad cross-sectional shape, but there is no summit graben. Bottom photographs and submersible results, however, show that in these areas the rise crest is covered with very fresh lavas undisrupted by faulting, suggesting that the summit graben has been recently filled in by lava flows, and the development of a summit graben (or a linear caldera) by volcano-tectonic collapse has not yet occurred.
Specific thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of quinidine in biological fluids.

Abstract A sensitive, accurate and specific spectrodensitometric method has been developed for the determination of quinidine in biological fluids. It involves extraction of quinidine, dihydroquinidine and metabolities, their separation on thin layers and quantitation of the corresponding spots by direct scanning in a densitometer at 278 nm. A linear relationship was obtained between the ratio of the peak area of an unkown sample to that of the standard and the concentration of the compounds at 0.1–4 μg/ml. The recovery from plasma was from 96 to 103% for quinidine and from 93.5 to 98.5% for dihydroquinidine. A comparison was made between this thin-layer chromatographic method and the fluorimetric assay frequently used for the determination of quinidine in plasma at present. The method is recommended for clinical asays and pharmacokinetics studies.
Use of a Spark Source Mass Spectrograph for the General Analysis of Geological Samples

For many years the spark source mass spectrograph has been used to analyze geological samples for trace impurities. The sensitivity variation between elements, a factor of two or three, has limited the use of this instrument in analyzing for major constituents. Experimental results show that these deviations are fairly constant for individual elements in samples of the same general composition. These deviations can be used as empirical correction factors to improve survey-type analyses of geological samples. Measurements of major constituents and trace impurities in several geological materials are reported.
Regulation of Professions in the US and Europe: A Comparative Analysis

In this paper is analyzed the regulation of access to and activity of certain professions, namely of lawyers and physicians. A quick review of the economic theory of regulation of professions, namely (a) Why regulate, (b) How to regulate, and (c) What to regulate is presented. We suggest a set of indicators to measure the quality of regulatory restrictions (hence exposing comparative inefficiencies) in professional activities. We conclude that generally speaking the US followed by Norway, the UK [England and Wales] and Belgium perform better in terms of efficient regulation, whereas Germany, Austria and Portugal perform badly for both legal and medical professionals. Other countries (including the Netherlands, Spain, France) vary. Our results are somehow consistent with previous reports.
A new low-noise FET structure

A novel monolithic FET topology has demonstrated improved minimum noise figure when compared with a conventional pi-gate FET. The structure, referred to as the spider FET, has allowed noise figures to be achieved in monolithic LNA applications that are 0.3 dB lower than in the standard 0.5- mu m GaAs MESFET ion-implantation process. The improved spider FET performance is achieved by reducing the gate feed resistance and minimizing the parasitic gate-to-source capacitance in the region of the gate feed. The spider FET shows promise in 0.25- mu m MESFET and HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) applications, as well as in power FET applications. >
The Implications of the Formation of Local Networks in the Global Online Knowledge Network: Case Study of South Korea

This study, conceptualizing a search engine as an online knowledge network, examines how a local network is formed in the presence of a global online knowledge network. The network literature has explained how a larger network gets larger and becomes dominant, but fails to explain the prevalence of small, local networks over the global network, which is found in some countries. This is especially true in South Korea, where the market share of the global online knowledge network is the lowest in the world. Conducting a case study of Korea, the present research attempts to explore the chasm between the network literature and the reality from the perspective of network and content.
An algorithm to extract three-dimensional motion by marker tracking in the kV projections from an on-board imager: Four-dimensional cone-beam CT and tumor tracking implications

The purpose of this work is to extract three-dimensional (3D) motion trajectories of internal implanted and external skin-attached markers from kV cone-beam projections and reduce image artifact from patient motion in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) from on-board imager. Cone beam radiographic projections were acquired for a mobile phantom and liver patients with internal implanted and external skin-attached markers. An algorithm was developed to automatically find the positions of the markers in the projections. It uses normalized cross-correlation between a template image of a metal seed marker and the projections to find the marker position. From these positions and time-tagged angular views, the marker 3D motion trajectory was obtained over a time interval of nearly one minute, which is the time required for scanning. This marker trajectory was used to remap the pixels of the projections to eliminate motion. Then, the motion-corrected projections were used to reconstruct CBCT. An algorithm was developed to extract 3D motion trajectories of internal and external markers from cone-beam projections using a kV monoscopic on-board imager. This algorithm was tested and validated using a mobile phantom and patients with liver masses that had radio-markers implanted in the tumor and attached to the skin. The extracted motion trajectories were used to investigate motion correlation between internal and external markers in liver patients. Image artifacts from respiratory motion were reduced in CBCT reconstructed from cone-beam projections that were preprocessed to remove motion shifts obtained from marker tracking. With this method, motion-related image artifacts such as blurring and spatial distortion were reduced, and contrast and position resolutions were improved significantly in CBCT reconstructed from motion-corrected projections. Furthermore, correlated internal and external marker 3D-motion tracks obtained from the kV projections might be useful for 4DCBCT, beam gating and tumor motion monitoring or tracking.
Bringing the “Power” to Cerner's PowerChart for Antimicrobial Stewardship

The electronic medical record (EMR) has huge potential for facilitating antimicrobial stewardship efforts by directing providers to preferred antimicrobials. Cerner PowerChart currently holds the number 2 position in the EMR market. Although PowerChart has limited "out of the box" functionalities to optimize stewardship efforts, there are many potential utilities that can be developed to assist in stewardship practice. However, to harness the stewardship potential of the EMR system, significant hospital information technology resources are needed. Herein we describe the experiences of 3 large healthcare systems utilizing Cerner to facilitate prior authorization of antimicrobials, prospective audit and feedback of antimicrobials, and supplemental stewardship strategies.
Macrophage heterogeneity in tumor resistance: Cytostatic and cytotoxic activity of corynebacterium parvum-activated and proteose peptone-elicited rat macrophages against Moloney sarcoma tumor cells☆

Peritoneal macrophages from proteose peptone and Corynebacterium parvum (CP)-treated Lewis and Brown Norway rats were separated into subpopulations by centrifugation on discontinuous gradients of Ficoll. Four macrophage subpopulations were prepared and tested for cytostatic and cytotoxic activity against syngeneic and allogeneic Moloney sarcoma tumor cells. Macrophages were cocultured with tumor cells for 48 hr, whereupon either the inhibition of [125I]iododeoxyuridine uptake was measured (cytostasis) or the tumor monolayers were observed for cytotoxic effects. CP-Activated macrophages from heavy-density portions of the gradient (8–10% and 10%-pellet) were highly cytostatic and cytotoxic to both the syngeneic and allogeneic tumor cells while macrophages from the light-density portions (4–6 and 6–8% Ficoll bands) were not. Proteose peptone-stimulated macrophages from the heavy-density portions of the gradient were cytostatic but not cytotoxic to the tumor cells. The effector macrophages from the CP-activated pool were large, well-differentiated cells as determined by electron microscopic examinations and had enhanced phagocytic activity when contrasted with the noncytotoxic, less dense macrophages.
Experimental measurements of the ORION photoinjector drive laser oscillator subsystem

Timing jitter measurements have been conducted on the ORION photoinjector laser oscillator pulse train output with respect to a ultra low noise crystal rf oscillator running at 79 1/3 MHz, the 36th harmonic of S-Band. The ORION laser oscillator subsystem consists of a Spectra-Physics Tsunami ultra-fast tunable (750 - 850 nm) laser pumped by a diode pumped Spectra-Physics Millennia VsP 5 W. Overall laser oscillator subsystem performance will be presented. These measurements consist of the laser oscillator generated noise and transfer function from the RF reference input of the laser to an external photodiode RF output. Timing jitter measurements of less than 500 fsec have been attained with the laser oscillator tuned to 800 nm.
Thermal management of a C4/CBGA interconnect technology for a high-performance RISC microprocessor: the Motorola PowerPC 620/sup TM/ microprocessor

This paper presents various thermal management options for a high-performance RISC microprocessor available for controlled-collapse-chip-connection (C4) die attached to a ceramic-ball-grid-array substrate (CBGA), as they apply to air-cooled systems. Computational-fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are used to solve the conjugate heat transfer problems and a thermal test vehicle mounted to a printed-circuit board was used to validate the models. The internal package's contribution is typically less than 18% of the overall junction-to-ambient temperature rise. Of this 18%, approximately 85% is associated with the thermal paste internally sealed; while, the lid and the silicon chip account for the other 15% (approximately equal). For moderate airflow applications in the 1 to 4 m/s, the PowerPC 620 microprocessor will require a relatively large heat sink, approximately 20 times that of the C4/CBGA package, to maintain its die-junction temperature. The proper selection of a thermal interface material is critical in minimizing the thermal contact resistance between the package and the heat sink. Considering, the low interface pressure, the synthetic grease offers the best performance.
Molecular structure and vibrational spectra of dithionite ion by ab initio calculations

Abstract The structure of the dithionite ion, S 2 O 4 2− , is examined using quantum chemical calculations. These studies strongly suggest that only the C 2h (trans) isomer is stable in solution. The C 2v (cis) form reported in Na 2 S 2 O 4 ·2H 2 O is stabilized by crystal forces. The calculated vibrational spectrum of the C 2h form is in excellent agreement with that observed in aqueous solution. Taking into account the negative frequency calculated for the C 2v structure yields a calculated spectrum in good agreement with that observed for the crystal.
Electron backscatter corrections for parallel-plate chambers.

The wall of an ionization chamber is commonly assumed to have a negligible effect on chamber response in electron beams. For cylindrical chambers with thin walls this assumption is valid. However, parallel‐plate chambers commonly possess large mechanical supports which may affect chamber response in a manner not accounted for in current dosimetry protocols. This is due to changes with energy in the relative backscattered electron fluence between chamber support and phantom materials. To investigate this effect, electron backscatter from low atomic number materials has been measured with electrons from 6 to 20 MeV. The effect of the diameter and thickness of the backscatteringmaterial has also been studied. Based on these data, Lucite and polystyrene chambers in water phantoms are expected to underrespond by 1% and 2% at 6 MeV. The expected underresponse decreases to 0.8% and 0.4% for polystyrene and Lucite at 12 MeV and is insignificant above 16 MeV. Two commercially available parallel‐plate chambers were compared with a cylindrical chamber in electron beams from 6 to 20 MeV. Using the 20‐MeV intercomparison, the expected chamber responses at the lower energies were calculated and compared with measurements. Both parallel‐plate chambers underresponded by approximately 1% at 6 MeV and 0.5% at 9 MeV which is qualitatively consistent with the electron backscatter data. Recommendations for minimizing electron backscatter effects through chamber design are discussed.
Reduced timing variability in patients with unilateral cerebellar lesions during bimanual movements

Timing variability on a repetitive tapping task was studied in subjects with unilateral cerebellar lesions. During unimanual tapping, within-hand variability was larger when tapping with the ipsilesional hand in comparison to tapping with the contralesional hand. However, variability in the impaired hand was greatly reduced when subjects tapped with two hands together. The improvement in within-hand variability during bimanual tapping was associated with a reduction in central variability rather than response implementation variability according to the two-process model of Wing and Kristofferson (1973). It is proposed that (1) each half of the cerebellum independently regulates the temporal aspects of movements on the ipsilateral side and (2) temporal coupling constraints require these separate signals to be integrated prior to response implementation for bimanual movements.
EFFECTS OF RAPID WORD RECOGNITION TRAINING ON SENTENCE CONTEXT EFFECTS IN CHILDREN

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the degree to which practice in isolated word recognition would affect children's speed of recognizing words presented within a sentence context. In the first experiment, it was found that both isolation and context methods of word recognition practice, relative to a control group, increased the speed with which second and third graders read words presented within a sentence context. In the second experiment, isolation practice was used to increase the speed of word recognition and the effect of this practice on developmental differences in the magnitude of sentence context effects was examined. Results indicated that word recognition practice had a marked impact on the benefit derived from reading words presented within a congruous versus a neutral sentence context and that this impact was relatively greater for younger readers. Specifically, the degree of facilitation ordinarily produced by congruous context in third graders was significantly reduced for those words on which practice had been given. In contrast, the effect of practice on the degree of contextual facilitation observed in sixth graders was much smaller. The results suggest that increased speed of word recognition per se interacts in a compensatory fashion with reliance upon context as an aid to facilitate word recognition. The purpose of the present study was to examine predictions derived from the time-locked assumption of the interactive-compensatory model proposed by Stanovich and West (1979). More specifically, this study investigated the effects of rapid word recognition training on the magnitude of sentence context effects in children. In studies investigating sentence context effects, the subject is instructed to read an incomplete sentence that serves as the context (e.g., "They went to the lake to do some"). The deleted last word is then presented and the latency to naming this last word is measured. It is usually found in these studies (e.g., Schwantes, 1982, 1985) that younger readers, relative to more experienced readers, show greater contextual facilitation for naming semantically congruous