cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract WP322: Inhaled Nitric Oxide Augments Cerebral Blood Flow in Healthy Subjects

Introduction: Optimizing cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a cornerstone of clinical management for a number of neurologic disease states, most notably acute ischemic stroke. Transdermal nitric oxide do...
Contribution of Face and Core Layers to Lateral Load Resistance of Single-Shear Metal-to-Particleboard Single-Screw Connections

The lateral load-slip behavior of a single-shear metal-to-particleboard single-screw connection (SMPSC) was investigated. The connection consisted of a layered particleboard main member fastened to a metal plate as a side member using a 4.8-mm diameter sheet metal screw. A mechanics-based approach was used to evaluate critical factors on the lateral load resistance performance of SMPSCs. Experimental results indicated that ultimate screw-bearing strengths in face and core layers of evaluated particleboard materials were 100.0 and 29.9 MPa, respectively. This significant difference of screw-bearing strength in material layers significantly affected the lateral resistance load capacity of SMPSCs. The proposed mechanical models considering material layer effects on screw-bearing strengths were verified experimentally as a valid means for deriving estimation equations of lateral resistance loads of SMPSCs evaluated in this study.
Headache Triggers as Surprise

OBJECTIVES To examine the hypothesis that surprising experiences of headache triggers are associated with daily headache activity. BACKGROUND Little is known about the specific environmental or behavioral interactions that might trigger a headache attack in a prone individual. We propose that headache trigger exposures can be usefully characterized, not only by their mechanisms of action, but also on the degree of "surprise" they present to the individual. This hypothesis is based on elements of information theory: that unusual events and experiences carry more information than common events and experiences and that headache attacks are associated with reactions to uncommon or unexpected biopsychosocial exposures. METHODS A secondary analysis of the Headache Prediction Study, this prospective cohort study followed N = 95 individuals with episodic migraine who contributed 4195 days of diary data. Information was collected on daily levels of several common headache triggers: number of caffeinated beverages, number of alcoholic beverages, stress (Daily Stress Inventory), and mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States). The probability of observing variations in each trigger was used to estimate the "surprisal" of experiencing each trigger, and this information, measured in bits, was used to predict headache attacks. RESULTS Participants experienced a headache attack on 1613 of 4195 days (38.5%). Each of the triggers was modestly related to the probability of experiencing a future headache in a complex manner that involved interactions between current headache status, current levels of the trigger, and lagged (previous) levels of the trigger. However, when expressed as a surprisal, the associations were simplified and strengthened. For example, each of the individual trigger surprisals exhibited a meaningful association with the development of a future headache attack (expressed as a 1 SD change in surprisal), with odds ratios ranging from a low of 1.11 (95%CI: 1.00 to 1.24) for alcohol to a high of 1.30 (95%CI: 1.14 to 1.46) for stress. The individual surprisals could be summed for total trigger surprise and exhibited a reliable association with new onset headache, OR 1.35 (95%CI: 1.17 to 1.49). This score exhibited superior discrimination between headache and non-headache days from all of the individual triggers (ignoring base rate, AUC: 0.61; AUC: 0.71 with base rate). CONCLUSIONS Diverse headache triggers can be uniformly described using their probability distributions. Rare values of headache triggers, or surprising values, were found to have consistent associations with headache activity across a variety of triggers. This finding, if validated in external data using other triggers, has potential to be used to conceptualize the influence of a wide range of headache triggers.
Partnership-Health Associations Among Bisexual Individuals in a U.S. Population-Level Sample

Bisexual individuals face health disparities compared to heterosexual and other sexual minority individuals. Romantic partnership status is an underexplored protective factor of bisexual health, de...
Radar Scattering in Firn and its Implications for VHF/UHF Orbital Ice Sounding

Radar sounding of ice from orbit has been successful on Mars [1], is planned for the Galilean satellites [2], and is attractive for earth [3] as a complement to current airborne instruments [4], but of major concern is the poorly constrained but potentially seriously limiting contribution of firn clutter [5]. To inform this issue, we analytically model electromagnetic scattering in the upper 100 meters of the ice column for continental ice sheets and evaluate the effects of variable platform altitude, frequency, and range resolution on clutter power. Our results show that volume scattering from air inclusions is insignificant and unlikely to constrain deep ice sounding. Rather, firn scattering is dominated by quasispecular reflections from layers of varying density which, at orbital altitudes, may contribute significantly to clutter due to the small angles of illumination. This layer clutter can be mitigated by a careful choice of range resolution for center frequencies below 200 MHz, but is practically unavoidable above 250 MHz. Firn layer clutter is likely to significantly constrain UHF orbital ice sounding, making a VHF instrument the more practical choice.
Adapting underwater acoustic communication networks to changing oceanic conditions Using opportunistic multipath signaling schemes

A fundamental bottleneck to high data-rate shallow water acoustic communications is rapidly fluctuating delay spread, which is caused by highly unpredictable multipath scattering by the moving sea surface, sea bottom as well as fluid motion. A rich literature exists on how to track and mitigate the mutipath interference and thus recover the direct arrival between the transmitter and receiver. This talk will review some of the recent methods proposed, in particular light of different representations of the channel multipath in delay, time, frequency domains and combinations thereof. The talk will also present how the different representations of channel multipath can be exploited to design opportunistic signaling schemes that exploit rather that mitigate multipath effects. We will also discuss the impact of such opportunistic signaling, particularly in the context of diversity strategies in communication networks.
Older adults' experiences with a tablet-based self-management intervention for diabetes mellitus type II: A qualitative study.

Abstract Technological interventions to support self-management can potentially help older adults manage their health, live active lives, and maintain their independence. The objective of this study was to assess individuals’ experiences and perceptions of using a tablet-based application for 30 days as a component of routine diabetes self-management care in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the context of daily living. A qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews was used. The participants found the tablet-based application to be a beneficial and valuable component of their routine self-management activities. Five themes emerged from the interviews, namely self-dependence, awareness, positive impact on attitude and behavior, support, and balance. Findings from the individual interviews indicate that technological applications have a unique potential to support the foundations for attitude and behavioral changes toward self-management behaviors and activities, thus improving clinical outcomes.
Open Shortest Path First

Enterprise networks are large, complex, and typically organized along enterprise lines. While RIP is fine for smaller networks, at the enterprise level RIP becomes very problematic. In some cases, RIP updates can comprise more than 25% of the network traffic.
Empowered but powerless? Reassessing the citizens’ power dynamics of the German energy transition

Abstract As citizens in Germany are increasingly protesting against wind power plants, participating in planning processes, or supporting wind power plants financially, their role in the energy transition, especially their power on the local level needs to be thoroughly examined. Using an actor-centric framework, this case study analyzes the power of citizens in the context of the planning process of four wind power plants in the south of Germany. While so far, the general approach towards citizens was not differentiated, this paper proposes a distinction of citizens, based upon the social and local position relevant in the planning process. Most citizens can exert soft means of power, such as influencing local discourses or appealing towards local incumbents to implement their concerns. Citizens in Special Positions have the most possibilities as they own land, are wealthy, or in official positions themselves. Nevertheless, citizens are not official actors, and their power is highly dependent on local circumstances, the presence of key actors, and the capability of local incumbents.
ACTINOMYCES ODONTOLYTICUS, A RARE CAUSE OF A COMMON PROBLEM

Along the US-Mexico border, many residents seek health care in Mexico due to lower cost. 62-year-old male presented to El Paso with shortness of breath and bilateral leg swelling. Patient denied past medical problems, dental procedures or IV drug use. He was diagnosed with infective endocarditis (
Knock-in rats with homozygous PSEN1L435F Alzheimer mutation are viable and show selective γ-secretase activity loss causing low Aβ40/42 and high Aβ43.

Familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are caused by mutations in the gene encoding amyloid precursor protein, whose processing can result in formation of β-amyloid (Aβ). FAD can also result from mutations in the presenilin 1/2 (PSEN1/2) genes, whose protein products partially compose the γ-secretase complex that cleaves Aβ from amyloid precursor protein fragments. Psen1 KO mice and knock-in (KI) mice with homozygous FAD-associated L435F mutations (Psen1LF/LF ) are embryonic and perinatally lethal, precluding a more rigorous examination of the effect of Alzheimer's disease-causing Psen1 mutations on neurodegeneration. Given that the rat is a more suitable model organism with regard to surgical interventions and behavioral testing, we generated a rat KI model of the Psen1LF mutation. In this study, we focused on young Psen1LF rats to determine potential early pathogenic changes caused by this mutation. We found that, unlike Psen1LF/LF mice, Psen1LF/LF rats survive into adulthood despite loss of γ-secretase activity. Consistent with loss of γ-secretase function, Psen1LF/LF rats exhibited low levels of Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42 peptides. In contrast, levels of Aβ43, a longer and potentially more amyloidogenic Aβ form, were significantly increased in Psen1LF/LF and Psen1LF/w rats. The longer survival of these KI rats affords the opportunity to examine the effect of homozygous Psen1 Alzheimer's disease-associated mutations on neurodegeneration in older animals.
IC Camouflaging Optimization and Evaluation

The advancing of reverse engineering techniques has complicated the efforts in intellectual property protection. Proactive methods have been developed recently, among which layout-level IC camouflaging is the leading example. However, existing camouflaging methods are rarely supported by provably secure criteria, which further leads to an overestimation of the security level when countering latest de-camouflaging attacks, e.g., the SAT-based attack. This chapter focuses on evaluating and improving the resilience of IC camouflaging strategies against de-camouflaging attacks. A provably secure camouflaging framework is developed based on a low-overhead camouflaging cell generation strategy and an AND-tree camouflaging strategy. An evaluation framework is also proposed that is capable of empirically evaluating the security of all the camouflaging strategies.
ASSESSING THE STRATIGRAPHIC INTEGRITY OF PLANKTIC AND BENTHIC 14C RECORDS IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC FOR Δ14C RECONSTRUCTIONS AT THE LAST GLACIAL TERMINATION

There is a growing database of radiocarbon (14C) reconstructions from biogenic carbonate taken from marine sediment cores being used to investigate changing ocean circulation and carbon cycling at the end of the last great ice age. Reported here are 14C results from a marine core taken in the Makassar Straits of the western equatorial Pacific that was intended to test whether there was evidence of geologic carbon release to the ocean during the glacial termination. A thorough investigation of planktic and benthic 14C ages with stable isotopes and CT-scans revealed extensive burrowing in the upper 2 m of the core that displaced younger sediments downward by more than half a meter into the glacial section of the core. The vertical displacement is evident in both planktic and benthic fossils. However, the extent of displacement and the stratigraphic disturbance became evident only after multiple measurements of different species and genera. A CT-scan prior to sampling would be an effective screening tool to avoid sampling problem cores such as this.
Correlation between ictal SPECT injection timing and epileptogenic focus localization

3117 Introduction: A brain SPECT is a measure of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and injection of a radioactive tracer during the ictal or interictal period is an established method for localizing the epileptogenic focus. Subtracting the interictal from the ictal SPECT and fusing with an anatomical brain scan increases the sensitivity and specificity of SPECT imaging. This technique in combination with electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring assists in the presurgical evaluation of patients with focal epilepsy. Prior work suggests that timing of injection relative to seizure onset is critical for optimal results. We aimed to study the relationship between documented injection time, clinical and EEG onset times, seizure type, and SPECT findings. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients at our institution who have undergone ictal-interictal SPECT in the last four years. Ictal SPECT is performed in the epilepsy monitoring unit under continuous video-EEG. When seizure onset is identified, a trained neurology nurse promptly injects the radiopharmaceutical, 99mTc-hexamethyl-propyleneamine oxime (HM-PAO). The nurse must be prepared to stay bedside for up to six hours each day, observe the patient for clinical signs of a seizure, and inject promptly at seizure onset based on these physical signs. Due to the nature of seizures, determining exactly when to inject can be a difficult task. To evaluate our injection process, the documented injection times were compared with clinical and EEG onset times. The images were then reviewed to evaluate radioisotope distribution and epileptogenic focus. The analysis of injection time to seizure onset times assist in evaluating if delayed injections correlate to unexpected SPECT findings. Results: Twenty-two patients underwent ictal-interictal SPECT studies. Four out of the 22 patients did not have a seizure during the six-hour period with the radiotracer present. Of the remaining 18 patients, the mean time from clinical onset to injection was 38 seconds. The mean time from EEG onset to injection was 31 seconds, with two of the 16 patients showing no EEG changes. Three seizure types occurred including ten focal aware (FA), five focal loss of awareness (FLOA), and three focal to bilateral tonic-colonic (FBTC). We expect the imaging results to provide additional insight into the radioisotope distribution and how that correlates to injection latency. Conclusions: Ictal-interictal SPECT provides a noninvasive option for presurgical analysis of epileptogenic focus. To ensure accurate SPECT images are acquired, the radioisotope injection must begin as close to the onset of a patient’s seizure as possible. The clinical onset typically differs from the EEG onset times, and this study showed a six second difference of mean times. The ictal injection challenges and variance of onset times lead us to believe discrepancies could be found in ictal-interictal SPECT findings with further analysis.
Pono: A Flexible and Extensible SMT-based Model Checker

Symbolic model checking is an important tool for finding bugs (or proving the absence of bugs) in modern system designs. Because of this, improving the ease of use, scalability, and performance of model checking tools and algorithms continues to be an important research direction. In service of this goal, we present Pono, an open-source SMT-based model checker. Pono is designed to be both a research platform for developing and improving model checking algorithms, as well as a performance-competitive tool that can be used for academic and industry verification applications. In addition to performance, Pono prioritizes transparency (developed as an open-source project on GitHub), flexibility (Pono can be adapted to a variety of tasks by exploiting its general SMT-based interface), and extensibility (it is easy to add new algorithms and new back-end solvers). In this paper, we describe the design of the tool with a focus on the flexible and extensible architecture, cover its current capabilities, and demonstrate that Pono is competitive with state-of-the-art tools.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Occurring During Treatment With Palbociclib.

Palbociclib (Ibrance™) has been marketed since 2015 for patients with metastatic hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer. We report here the case of a patient who presented with a posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) during treatment with this new targeted therapy. The 67-year-old woman presented prodromal headaches followed by occurrences of two episodes of generalized convulsive seizures. The brain MRI revealed a bilateral, globally symmetrical, sub-cortical parietooccipital fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hypersignal of the white matter. The patient recovered after palbociclib discontinuation with no further neurological signs. A follow-up MRI performed one month upon palbociclib discontinuation showed a decrease in the FLAIR signal abnormalities. Altogether, the clinical presentation was consistent with PRES. This case report aims to encourage physicians whom patients are treated with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors to cautiously monitor symptoms suggesting PRES in contexts known to promote its occurrence such as that of arterial hypertension, immunosuppression, and/or autoimmune disease. PRES should be considered in the event of seizure, headache, and/or visual disturbances.
Potential of several native and introduced warm season grasses as components of Silvopastures in the Southeastern United States

The goal of this study was to evaluate growth and nutritional characteristics of seven warm season grasses, including several natives, produced under simulated partial shading (50%) typical of loblolly pine silvopastoral systems in the southeastern United States. Forages included ‘Tifton 9’ bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), ‘Alamo’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), ‘Kaw’ Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), ‘Americus’ Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), ‘Harrison’ Florida paspalum (Paspalum floridanum), and Nacogdoches Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides). Shade affected several quality parameters, including crude protein (CP) (p < 0.0001), acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p = 0.0413), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) (p < 0.0001), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) (p = 0.0132). Shade affected the parameters differently depending on forage type, but generally improved quality by increasing CP, IVTD, and TDN; however, shade significantly increased ADF (p = 0.0413), though the magnitude was small (344.2 vs. 351.1 g kg−1), and increases were isolated to big bluestem and bahiagrass. Shade reduced dry matter yield (DMY) (p < 0.0001), and there were differences among forage species (p < 0.0001). Bahiagrass and Florida paspalum showed the highest yields, regardless of shade treatment. Gamagrass and Florida paspalum would likely have performed better if harvested by days of rest, instead of by height. These could be viable forage species to a silvopasture system, but further studies should be conducted. Based on overall quality and yield, potential beef cattle gains, and persistence under intensive defoliation, the best forage was bahiagrass (introduced), and the best selections for native grasses were switchgrass and Indiangrass. These results indicate that there is potential for several warm season forages, including native grasses, to maintain productivity and quality under shade, which would increase the site-specific options for forage selections in this system.
Human neural stem cell transplantation for improved recovery after spinal cord injury

Abstract Stem cell-based therapies for neurological disorders have been investigated for several decades. Fundamental properties of stem cells include the ability to self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate into multiple cell types. Pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells, can differentiate into cells of all three primary germ layers. Progenitor cells, such as neural stem cells, have a limited proliferative capacity and differentiate along more specific lineages. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are an attractive candidate for stem cell transplantation in SCI. This chapter focuses on considerations and clinical evidence for transplantation of NSCs to improve recovery after SCI, including attenuation of neuropathic pain.
Heat transport properties of feldspathoids and ANA zeolites as a function of temperature

The phonon component of thermal diffusivity (D) was measured up to temperatures (T) of ~1350 K using laser-flash analysis from leucite, analcime, pollucite, nepheline, sodalite, and petalite, many of which were single crystals. From electron microprobe analysis, nepheline is a solid solution, Na2(Na1.2K0.71)Al3.88Si4.10O16, whereas the other minerals have nearly endmember chemical compositions. From near-IR spectra, hydroxyl contents range from ~200 ppm to 1 wt%. At 298 K, D is low (0.51–0.75 mm2 s−1) for the zeolites and the solid-solution nepheline but moderate (1.9–2.2 mm2 s−1) for the endmember feldspathoids. For leucite, D decreases with increasing T until reaching the tetragonal to cubic phase transition whereupon D increases. A complex polynomial is required to describe D(T) for leucite, due to the displacive transition. For the other samples, as observed for most minerals, D decreases up to dehydration which terminated the runs and is described by FT −G + HT where G varies from 0.14 to 1.44 and H is negligible to 0.0006 K−1. Available heat capacity and volumetric data were used to calculate thermal conductivity as a function of T. For sodalite and petalite, k decreases with T, whereas for the remaining phases, k is roughly constant and low, ~1.5 Wm−1 K−1.
History, philosophy and sociology of science in science education: Results from the third international mathematics and science study

Throughout the history of enhancing the public scientific literacy, researchers have postulated that since every citizen is expected to have informal opinions on the relationships among government, education, and issues of scientific research and development, it is imperative that appreciation of the past complexities of science and society and the nature of scientific knowledge be a part of the education of both scientists and non-scientists. HPSS inclusion has been found to be an effective way to reach the goal of enhancing science literacy for all citizens. Although reports stated that HPSS inclusion is not a new educational practice in other part of the world, nevertheless, no large scale study has ever been attempted to report the HPSS educational conditions around the world. This study utilizes the rich data collected by TIMSS to unveil the current conditions of HPSS in the science education of about forty TIMSS countries. Based on the analysis results, recommendations to science educators of the world are provided.
Some Observations of Turbulence in the 80 TO 110 Km Region of the Upper Atmosphere

Some recent measurements of turbulence in the 80–110 km region obtained by both the radio-meteor and chemical release methods are summarized. The velocity probability density, the structure function, eddy diffusivities, heating rate, and the altitude and seasonal variation of the energy balance parameters of the turbulence are discussed. Some aspects of the apparent disagreement between meteor trail and chemical release measurements are presented, and a proposed qualitative model is offered for the behavior of turbulence in this region of the atmosphere and for the interpretation of the experimental results. This model ascribes the chemical release wind fluctuations and the small-scale meteor wind differences to turbulence, but attributes the large-scale meteor wind fluctuations to gravity wave action. Dissipation of tidal and gravity wave energy is proposed as a source of the turbulence energy, and some aspects of the wave-to-turbulence transfer are discussed.
Expression of the mucosal homing receptor alpha4beta7 correlates with the ability of CD8+ memory T cells to clear rotavirus infection.

The integrin α4β7 plays an important role in lymphocyte homing to mucosal lymphoid tissues and has been shown to define a subpopulation of memory T cells capable of homing to intestinal sites. Here we have used a well-characterized intestinal virus, murine rotavirus, to investigate whether memory/effector function for an intestinal pathogen is associated with α4β7 expression. α4β7hi memory phenotype (CD44hi), α4β7− memory phenotype, and presumptively naive (CD44lo) CD8+ T lymphocytes from rotavirus-infected mice were sorted and transferred into Rag-2 (T- and B-cell-deficient) recipients that were chronically infected with murine rotavirus. α4β7hi memory phenotype CD8+ cells were highly efficient at clearing rotavirus infection, α4β7− memory cells were inefficient or ineffective, depending on the cell numbers transferred, and CD44lo cells were completely unable to clear chronic rotavirus infection. These data demonstrate that functional memory for rotavirus resides primarily in memory phenotype cells that display the mucosal homing receptor α4β7.
A Potential-based Framework for Online Multi-class Learning with Partial Feedback

We study the problem of online multi-class learning with partial feedback: in each trial of online learning, instead of providing the true class label for a given instance, the oracle will only reveal to the learner if the predicted class label is correct. We present a general framework for online multi-class learning with partial feedback that adapts the potential-based gradient descent approaches (Cesa-Bianchi & Lugosi, 2006). The generality of the proposed framework is verifled by the fact that Banditron (Kakade et al., 2008) is indeed a special case of our work if the potential function is set to be the squared L2 norm of the weight vector. We propose an exponential gradient algorithm for online multiclass learning with partial feedback. Compared to the Banditron algorithm, the exponential gradient algorithm is advantageous in that its mistake bound is independent from the dimension of data, making it suitable for classifying high dimensional data. Our empirical study with four data sets show that the proposed algorithm for online learning with partial feedback is comparable to the Banditron algorithm.
Argument for sling surgery to replace bladder suspension for stress urinary incontinence.

I would appear most appropriate to have an update on surgery for stress urinary incontinence in 2000 as it is now just over 50 years since the first bladder suspension report by Marshall, Marchetti, and Krantz,1 even though this report was admittedly intended as a trial of a procedure first described for the management of incontinence following prostatic resection after abdominoperineal resection for carcinoma. One would think that modifications to this procedure and the development of new procedures for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) ultimately led to the pubovaginal sling, especially since the sling appears to have recently become the procedure of choice for urologists.2 The interesting aspect is that this was not an orderly progression from suspension surgery to the use of the sling. In fact, sling surgery was the original manner in which female SUI was managed, preceding the first suspension report1 by nearly 50 years3–5—another example that there is nothing truly new in surgery and that “what goes around, comes around.”
Ballistic random walker.

We introduce and investigate the scaling properties of a random walker that moves ballistically on a two-dimensional square lattice. The walker is scattered (changes direction randomly) every time it reaches a previously unvisited site, and follows ballistic trajectories between two scattering events. The asymptotic properties of the density of unvisited sites and the diffusion exponent can be calculated using a mean-field theory. The obtained predictions are in good agreement with the results of extensive numerical simulations. In particular, we show that this random walk is subdiffusive. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Triplet correlation function for hard sphere systems

Monte Carlo simulation data are presented for the triplet correlation function g (3) (r,s,t), for a hard sphere system. Results are reported for reduced densities ρσ3 between 0·3 and 0·88, and reduced distances r/σ from 1·02 to 2·42 for all possible configurations. Comparisons with the PY3 theory show excellent agreement for all cases studied. A table of the complete simulation results is available separately.
Magnetic field dependence of the carrier concentration in a modulation doped dilute magnetic semiconductor quantum well structure

The subband structure of a dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) quantum well embedded in a modulation doped non-magnetic host is evaluated as a function of applied magnetic field. Because of the large effective g-value of carriers in the DMS layer, the application of a dc magnetic field can lead to a strong spin polarization of the electron gas in the quantum well. For a quantum well containing few carriers at zero magnetic field, a substantial increase in carrier concentration can result from the application of a dc magnetic field.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE FOR HIGH SPEED AIRCRAFT USING A SEMI-ANALYTICAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS PROCEDURE AND MULTILEVEL DECOMPOSITION

Abstract A multidisciplinary design optimization procedure is developed for the simultaneous improvement of sonic boom, aerodynamic and structural performance of high speed aircraft. The coupled problem is decomposed into two levels of optimization. At the first level, optimization is performed for simultaneous reduction in sonic boom and improvements in aerodynamic performance using a nonlinear programming technique. An advanced CFD solver is used to evaluate the supersonic flow field about high speed aircraft configurations. Sonic boom analysis is performed using an extrapolation procedure. The wing structural performance is improved at the second level using a hybrid optimization technique that solves the problem with both continuous and discrete design variables. The wing load carrying member, modelled as a composite box beam, is analyzed using a quasi-one-dimensional, finite element model. A discrete semi-analytical sensitivity analysis technique is employed for evaluating the aerodynamic and sonic b...
Quasiparticle mean free path in YBa2Cu3O7 measured by the thermal Hall conductivity.

Asymmetric scattering of quasiparticles by pinned vortices in YB${\mathrm{a}}_{2}$C${\mathrm{u}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ produces an unusually large thermal Hall conductivity ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ in the mixed state. In high fields, the ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ vs field profile displays strong curvature, which allows the zero-field mean free path ${l}_{0}$ of the quasiparticles to be determined. We find that ${l}_{0}$ undergoes a remarkable increase from 90 \AA{} near 90 K to 2500 \AA{} at 15 K. The scattering rate changes by a factor of 3 between 90 and 75 K. We discuss implications for the scattering mechanism. From ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ and ${l}_{0}$, we obtain a new estimate of the thermal conductivity of in-plane quasiparticles.
Nasoalveolar Molding: Prevalence of Cleft Centers Offering NAM and who Seeks It:

Introduction: Nasoalveolar molding (NAM) is a treatment option available for early cleft care. Despite the growing debate about the efficacy of nasoalveolar molding, questions remain regarding its prevalence and the demographic characteristics of families undergoing this technique prior to traditional cleft surgery. Objectives: To determine the number of teams currently offering nasoalveolar molding and to identify salient clinical and sociodemographic variables in infants and families who choose nasoalveolar molding compared with those who choose traditional cleft care across three well-established cleft centers. Results: Via phone surveys, 89% of the U.S. cleft teams contacted revealed that nasoalveolar molding is available at 37% of these centers. Chart reviews and phone correspondence with caregivers indicate that the average distance to the cleft center was 65.5 miles and caregiver age averaged 30.9 ± 5.7 years. Of families who chose nasoalveolar molding, 85% received total or partial insurance cover...
Fabrication and characterization of electrospun osteon mimicking scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Abstract Skeletal loss and bone deficiencies are a major worldwide problem with over 600,000 procedures performed in the US alone annually, making bone one of the most transplanted tissues, second to blood only. Bone is a composite tissue composed of organic matrix, inorganic bone mineral, and water. Structurally bone is organized into two distinct types: trabecular (or cancellous) and cortical (or compact) bones. Trabecular bone is characterized by an extensive interconnected network of pores. Cortical bone is composed of tightly packed units, called osteons, oriented parallel along to the axis of the bone. While the majority of scaffolds attempt to replicate the structure of the trabecular bone, fewer attempts have been made to create scaffolds to mimic the structure of cortical bone. The aim of this study was to develop a technique to fabricate scaffolds that mimic the organization of an osteon, the structural unit of cortical bone. We successfully built a rotating stage for PGA fibers and utilized it for collecting electrospun nanofibers and creating scaffolds. Resulting scaffolds consisted of concentric layers of electrospun PLLA or gelatin/PLLA nanofibers wrapped around PGA microfiber core with diameters that ranged from 200 to 600 μm. Scaffolds were mineralized by incubation in 10× simulated body fluid, and scaffolds composed of 10%gelatin/PLLA had significantly higher amounts of calcium phosphate. The electrospun scaffolds also supported cellular attachment and proliferation of MC3T3 cells over the period of 28 days.
Isolation of (R)-(+)-Pulegone from the European Pennyroyal Mint, Mentha Pulegium

Students obtain, via steam distillation, pennyroyal essential oil that is analyzed by capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. TLC experiments establish conditions for preparative scale purification of the major oil component via flash column chromatography. The terpene obtained, (R)-(+)-pulegone, is characterized spectroscopically, employing at a minimum mass spectral molecular ion and fragmentation patterns, IR, and 300-MHz 1H NMR. Optionally, 13C and 2-D correlation NMR spectra can be utilized to enable unambiguous assignment of all C and H resonances. The project has been successfully incorporated into our upper-level advanced organic chemistry laboratory. The experiment provides opportunities for instruction in and experience with a wide variety of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Further, it centers on a plant and natural product well suited for the discussion of contemporary health care issues surrounding nontraditional/alternative medicine and herbal remedies.
Formation of explosive compounds in acid-contaminated leaded rubber gloves Part I: theoretical analysis

Abstract The formation of explosive compounds has been reported in the chemical reaction system where leaded rubber gloves have been in contact with nitric acid. It is speculated that this explosive compound is lead fulminate. An extensive literature review does not show a clear picture regarding the formation of lead fulminate. On the other hand, a complex scenario in the reaction system can be justified which might lead to the formation of several organo-lead compounds that are explosive materials but do not have fulminate ions in their structure. The production of ‘lead fulminate’ by the reaction of leaded Neoprene rubber with nitric acid and its identification are technically difficult. Part I of this paper presents the theoretical analysis and suggests possible reaction products, and Part II of the work describes the experimental verification of the reaction system.
Spectral representation for elastic photon--photon scattering

The derivation of spectral forms in source theory has recently been systematically developed for systems of scalar particles. Elastic photon-photon scattering in lowest nonvanishing order is here studied as a simple, but representative, example of the additional considerations necessitated by paeticles having intemal quantum numbers. The amplitude is determined as a double-spectral form augmented by a single-spectral one, the latter being related to the imposition of gauge invariance. Also prcsented is some discussion on how, in source theory, one obtains at givcn order all the contributions to the amplitude. (auth)
Weaving instructional explanations in history

This paper contributes to a growing body of research on the study of classroom learning and instruction in specific subject matter areas. It addresses the broad issue of the nature of and occasions for instructional explanations in history. Based on a study that traced the classroom instruction of one exemplary US history teacher for an entire semester, the paper presents a typology of instructional explanations in this discipline. Analysis of the lessons shows how the teacher uses each type of instructional explanation and how students acquire competence in constructing their own explanations as the year progresses.
Structure-activity relationships (SARs) among mutagens and carcinogens: a review.

This review is an introduction to methods for evaluating structure-activity relationships (SARs), and, in particular, to those methods that have been applied to study mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. A brief history and some background material on the earliest attempts to correlate molecular structure and biological activity are included. Most of the discussion focuses on modern methods utilizing extrather-modynamic and physical property variables such as the Hansch method and SIMCA, and approaches based on molecular connectivity such as the ADAPT, CASE, and Enslein methods. In general, the latter class is potentially the most useful in the study of the large and structurally diverse databases so often encountered in the study of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. They also are not very sensitive to lab-to-lab variances in reported activities and outright misclassifications in activities of some compounds. This is chiefly because the statistical treatments used in these methods tend to dilute the importance of outliers. The methods using physicochemical and extrathermodynamic variables are especially important in relatively small, congeneric databases and can help fine-tune the role of physicochemical properties in mechanistic hypotheses. All of the above methods have been used to look at mutagenicity and carcinogenicity and some of the results reported in the literature are reviewed here. As far as specific methods go, ADAPT, CASE, SIMCA and the Enslein approach all seem to have similar classification powers (in the range of 75–95%), depending very much on the database studied. The emphasis in this review is on showing that the use of these computer-aided storage, retrieval and analysis techniques is a timely approach to predicting and even understanding the toxicity of environmental substances. However, each of the methods discussed is still under development, and their potential usefulness for predictive purposes is still being explored.
Maternal vitamin D status and small-for-gestational-age offspring in women at high risk for preeclampsia.

Objective To examine the association between second-trimester maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations and risk of small for gestational age (SGA) in singleton, live births.
Review of engineered tribological interfaces for improved boundary lubrication

Recent advances in smart surface engineering and coating technologies offer unique possibilities for better controlling friction and wear under boundary or marginally lubricated rolling, sliding or rotating contact conditions. Specifically, such coatings can be tailored to meet the increasingly multi-functional application needs of future engine systems by enabling them to operate in lower viscosity oils with reduced sulfur and phosphorous. Using these technologies, researchers have already pioneered the development of a variety of nano-composite and super-hard coatings providing longer tool life in demanding machining and manufacturing applications. The same technologies can also be used in the design and development of novel coating architectures providing lower friction and wear under boundary-lubricated sliding conditions. For example, such coatings can be tailored in a very special way that while one of the phases can favorably react with certain additives in engine oils to result in an ideal chemical boundary film; the other phases can provide super-hardness and hence resists wear and scuffing. Because of their very dense microstructure and high chemical inertness, these coatings can also provide superior protection against oxidation and corrosive attacks in aggressive environments. The use of solid lubricant coatings may also improve the tribological properties of sliding contact interfaces under boundary lubricated sliding conditions. When fluid and boundary films fails or is broken down, such coatings can carry the load and act as a back-up lubricant. Other smart surface technologies such as laser texturing and/or dimpling, laser-glazing and -shotpeening have also become very popular in recent years. In particular, laser texturing of control or coated surfaces have opened up new possibilities for further manipulation of the lubrication regimes in classical Stribeck diagrams. Controlling dimple size, shape, orientation, and density, researchers were able to modify both the width and the height of the boundary lubrication regimes and thus achieve lower friction and wear at sliding and rotating contact interfaces. Overall, smart surface engineering and coating technologies have matured over the years and they now become an integral part of advanced machining and manufacturing applications. They can also be used to meet the increasingly stringent and multi-functional application needs of demanding tribological applications. In this paper, selected examples of recently developed novel surface engineering and coating technologies are introduced, and the fundamental tribological mechanisms that control their friction and wear behavior under boundary lubrication regimes are presented.
Eye Classification, Sex, and Math Anxiety in Learning Disabled Children: Behavioral Observations on Conservation of Volume

Benbow and Benbow suggest that myopia and maleness are advantages in mathematical giftedness; however, the influence of these biological correlates on learning disabilities is not yet as clearly defined. 29 learning disabled children (aged 7—13 yr.; eye class diagnosed) performed two Piagetian tasks on conservation of volume, one using numbered blocks to rebuild an original house whose “rooms” were cued by an illogically ordered system, and one using plain blocks to recreate an unnumbered house. A modification of the Preschool Observation Scale of Anxiety was used to observe frequencies of overt physiological behavioral indicators of anxiousness during task performances. No significance was noted by eye class; however, a significant interaction of sex by task did occur. Means differed by sex significantly on the numbered tasks. Implications are discussed in terms of certainty times versus correctness and facilitative versus debilitative anxiety.
Perinatal maternal ethanol effects on pregnant mice and on offspring viability and growth : influences of exposure time and weaning diet

C57BL/6 mice were maintained on liquid diets containing 27.5% ethanol-derived calories beginning on gestational day 12. For one group, the liquid diet was replaced with laboratory chow on the morning of gestational day 18, ±24 hr before delivery. For a second group, the diet was continued for 7 days postnatally. Two additional groups were pair-fed isocaloric sucrose diets, and a final group was maintained on normal laboratory chow. The mice consumed sufficient amounts of diet to provide near 30 g ethanol/kg/day during pregnancy and slightly greater amounts during the first postpartum week. The ethanol diet produced no maternal deaths and did not alter weight gain during gestational days 12–17 of pregnancy. The results confirmed previous reports that dietary ethanol exposure under conditions that have rather minor effects on the pregnant mouse can substantially affect the fetus. As previously reported, when exposure was terminated 24 hr before delivery, neonatal mortality was elevated by -30%, but birth weight was not altered. When the diet was extended into the lactation period, mortality was delayed but not reduced, possibly by reducing the severity of ethanol withdrawal. Birthweight was reduced by 10% when exposure continued until birth, suggesting that low birthweights for fetal ethanol-exposed (FEE) mice can be eliminated by terminating exposure –24 hr before delivery. As in previous reports, FEE mice with normal birthweights had an attenuated preadolescent growth spurt, suggesting that low birthweights and attenuated postnatal growth are likely mediated by different mechanisms. The reduction in periadolescent growth of FEE mice resulted in weight deficits that persisted into adulthood and could not be accounted for by a reduction in calories consumed.
A Comparative Assessment of High Speed Rotorcraft Concepts (HSRC): Reaction Driven Stopped Rotor/Wing Versus Variable Diameter Tiltrotor

Presented at the 2nd World Aviation Congress and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, October 13-16, 1997.
Analysis of Nonderivatized Neutral and Sialylated Oligosaccharides by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

An HPLC/MS method has been developed that allows rapid, direct analysis of underivatized sialylated as well as neutral oligosaccharides. The method involves the separation of oligosaccharides from salts and proteins using RP-HPLC with a formic acid/acetonitrile/water mobile phase system and on-line electrospray mass spectrometry analysis in the positive ion mode. Under the solution conditions employed, both neutral and acidic (sialylated) oligosaccharides are protonated and therefore detected. In contrast to MALDI-TOF MS, no loss of sialic acid is observed when operating in the positive ion mode. Furthermore, the capability of this method to provide quantitative estimates of the relative abundance of each oligosaccharide mass has been demonstrated using fetuin as a model compound.