cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of residual stresses on domain switching in ferroelectric ceramic materials

In this article, an experimental investigation to study the effect of residual stresses on the nonlinear behavior of ferroelectric ceramic material is reported. The effect of residual stresses on the behavior at low electric field and mechanical stress is demonstrated first by showing the large difference in the linear properties measured from strain behavior under mechanical and electrical loading, and resonance method. This is followed by an investigation on the mechanism of polarization reversal due to cyclic electric field. Based on the observed large magnitude of strain and the comparison of the magnitude of the sum of transverse strains with the magnitude of strain in the poling direction it is concluded that polarization reversal due to cyclic electric field in the ferroelectric material at morphotropic phase boundary is the result of two successive 90o domain switchings. Finally, two types of combined loading experiments were conducted to investigate the residual stress and electric field effect on the mechanism of domain switching. The behavior under combined loading showed many new interesting characteristics, and possible mechanisms for such behavior is discussed. While most of the characteristics of the ferroelectric behavior observed in the present experimental study could be explained based on the residual stress state, the understanding of others need further studies.
Transcriptional Inhibition of Oxytocin Receptor Expression in Human Myometrial Cells by Melatonin Involves Protein Kinase C Signaling

Context: Our laboratory recently characterized the expression of the melatonin receptors in the human myometrium and showed that the expression of these receptors is suppressed during late pregnancy. Objective: In an effort to understand better the significance of melatonin in the human myometrium, we explored the mechanisms through which this hormone influences the expression of the oxytocin receptor in vitro. Design: The stable melatonin analog iodomelatonin was presented to cultured telomerase-immortalized myometrial cells of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase line under physiological doses and durations. Pharmacological inhibitors of melatonin binding, gene transcription, phospholipase C, and protein kinase C signaling were used to define the mechanism of melatonin action. Results: Our results reveal that melatonin significantly inhibits oxytocin receptor mRNA expression primarily via the melatonin 2 receptor. The melatonin-dependent decrease in oxytocin receptor transcripts involves suppressi...
Neural response to emotional salience in schizophrenia

Neuroimaging probes of brain regions implicated in emotion represent an important research strategy for understanding emotional dysfunction in schizophrenia. Anterior limbic structures, such as the ventral striatum and the amygdala, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the generation of emotional responses, although few studies to date have used emotion probes to target these areas in schizophrenia. With this goal in mind, emotionally salient visual images were used in a simple, nondemanding task. In all, 13 medicated, schizophrenic patients, five unmedicated patients, and 10 healthy volunteers viewed complex visual pictures and a nonsalient, blank screen while regional cerebral blood flow was measured with the [O-15] water technique. Pictures consisted of real world scenes with aversive, positive, and nonaversive content. Eye movements were recorded simultaneous with scan acquisition. Positron emission tomography images were analyzed for baseline, tonic activity, in addition to phasic changes ('activation') to salient stimuli. Lateral eye movement measures and on-line ratings showed good behavioral compliance with the task. Patients with schizophrenia showed impaired neural responses to salient stimuli in the right ventral striatum (VS), and they exhibited elevated tonic activity levels in the right VS and bilateral amygdala, inversely correlated with overall symptom severity. The patients also showed reduced modulation of visual cortex by salient stimuli. The results show that patients with schizophrenia exhibit impaired neural responses to emotionally salient stimuli in the VS, supporting a role for this structure in the pathophysiology of the illness. Reduced modulation of visual cortex by emotionally salient stimuli also suggests a failure to organize cerebral activity at a global level.
Functional equations with distortion and certain q-special functions

We show how some well-known q-special functions arise as solutions to analogue functional and difference equations using a doubly-indexed collection of algebras of formal power series type and the notion of distortion.
State-of-the-art in photovoltaic research and application☆

Abstract A review is given of the state-of-the-art of single and polycrystalline solar cells, which includes a short theoretical review, laboratory achievements, and production methods. The Si single and polycrystalline cell and the amorphous Si cell are described, including material preparation, crystal and sheet growth, and cell and panel production. Promising second generation thin film solar cells including GaAs, CdS(CuInSe 2 , and CdTe are briefly described. Economical aspects are discussed.
A laminated thin cylindrical shell under axisymmetric static loading

Abstract A model is used to discuss the behavior of a laminated shell in which the laminating mechanism is represented by springs which allow both separation and relative layeral motion of “slip” of the faces of the homogeneous isotropic layers. By varying the spring constants it is possible to determine the dependence of both the buckling load and the flexural response upon a wide range of conditions. It is the attempt here to use the most simple model possible which has physical relevance.
Rural-urban migration, urban unemployment and underemployment, and job-search activity in LDCs.

Abstract This paper analyzes unemployment and underemployment in LDCs within a quantity adjustment framework. Four extensions of the Harris-Todaro model are made, including allowances for more generalized job-search behavior, an urban traditional sector, preferential hiring by educational level, and labor turnover considerations. The result of these modifications is a much lower predicted unemployment rate, which accords more closely with actual observations. Some additional policy implications deriving from the analysis are noted.
Parameter estimation for dynamic HVAC models with limited sensor information

This paper presents an approach for identifying critical model parameters in a HVAC system using limited sensor information. Both static and dynamic nonlinear models are addressed here. Two numerical search algorithms, nonlinear least squares and simplex search, are used to estimate the parameters. The parameter estimation algorithm developed is validated on two different experimental systems, to confirm the practicality of this approach. Knowing the model parameters accurately can lead to a better model for control and fault detection applications.
GROWTH OF THE IDEAL GENERATED BY A QUADRATIC MULTIVARIATE FUNCTION OVER GF(3)

Let K be the field GF(3). We calculate the growth of the ideal Aλ where A is the algebra of functions from Kn → Kn and λ is a quadratic function. Specifically we calculate dim Akλ where Ak is the space of polynomials of degree less than or equal to k. This question arises in the analysis of the complexity of Grobner basis attacks on multivariate quadratic cryptosystems such as the Hidden Field Equation systems. We also prove analogous results over the associated graded ring and state conjectures for the case of a general finite field of odd order.
DNA synthesis kinetics, cell division delay, and post-replication repair after UV irradiation of frozen cells of E. coli B/r.

— Previous studies have shown that the relative yields of photoproducts produced in the DNA of Escherichia coli cells UV irradiated at -79°C differ from those produced at +21°C; the yield of DNA-protein cross-links was markedly enhanced at -79°C while the yield of thymine dimers was reduced. In the present studies, cells of E. coli B/r thy were frozen at -79°C, and then UV irradiated (254nm) while frozen(4.7 J m-2), or after thawing (22 Jm-2). Essentially the same survival, cell division delay, and DNA synthesis kinetics were observed for these two samples after irradiation, even though the UV fluence differed by a factor of ˜5. This supports previous observations that a correlation exists between the magnitude of the effects of UV radiation upon DNA synthesis kinetics and on cell survival. The weight average molecular weight of the pulse labeled DNA in the sample irradiated at +21°C was one-half that of the sample irradiated at -79°C, and complete repair of daughter-strand gaps was observed in both cases. Thus, UV-induced lesions produced in cells at -79°C (i.e. DNA-protein cross-links) appear to be amenable to post-replicational repair. While the overall DNA synthesis kinetics were the same for the two irradiation procedures, the apparent number of lesions produced per unit length of DNA was not. This suggests that each of the lesions produced in frozen cells, although apparently fewer in number, must cause a longer local delay in DNA synthesis than those lesions produced at +21°C.
Etch rate and surface morphology of plasma etched glass and glass-ceramic substrates

Abstract Micromachined transparent components are of interest for optical MEMS and miniaturized biological systems. The glass-ceramic GC6 developed by Corning is optically transparent, has a softening point in excess of 900 °C, and a thermal expansion coefficient matched to silicon. These properties make it useful for the construction of devices that combine thin film silicon electronics with MEMS systems. Both the precursor (‘green’) glass and the glass-ceramic etch at a similar rate, about 1/3 to 1/4 of that of SiO2 dry etched under identical conditions, indicating that chemistry rather than microstructure controls the etch rate. The cleaning steps used to clean the glass precursor profoundly influence the degree of surface roughness that develops during plasma etching. In glass-ceramics, however, the morphology of plasma etched surface is always very smooth, independent of the cleaning steps used. An etch model postulating that the removal of spinel crystals is the rate-limiting step can explain this observation.
Optimal Remediation Policy Selection under General Conditions

A new simulation-optimization model has been developed for the optimal design of ground-water remediation systems under a variety of field conditions. The model couples genetic algorithm (G A), a global search technique inspired by biological evolution, with MODFLOW and MT3D, and two commonly used ground-water flow and solute transport codes. The model allows for multiple management periods in which optimal pumping/injection rates vary with time to reflect the changes in the flow and transport conditions during the remediation process. The objective function of the model incorporates multiple cost terms including the drilling cost, the installation cost, and the costs to extract and treat the contaminated ground water. The simulation-optimization model is first applied to a typical two-dimensional pump-and-treat example with one and three management periods to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the new model. The model is then applied to a large-scale three-dimensional field problem to determine the minimum pumping needed to contain an existing contaminant plume. The optimal solution as determined in this study is compared with a previous solution based on trial-and-error selection.
Neuroserpin Protects Neurons from Ischemia-Induced Plasmin-Mediated Cell Death Independently of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Inhibition

The serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and the serine proteinase inhibitor neuroserpin are both expressed in areas of the brain with the highest vulnerability to hypoxia/ischemia. In vitro studies show that neuroserpin inhibits tPA and, to a lesser extent, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasmin. Experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) increases tPA activity and neuroserpin expression in ischemic tissue, and genetic deficiency of tPA or either treatment with or overexpression of neuroserpin decreases the volume of the ischemic lesion following MCAO. These findings have led to the hypothesis that neuroserpin's neuroprotection is mediated by inhibition of tPA's alleged neurotoxic effect. Ischemic preconditioning is a natural adaptive process whereby exposure to a sublethal insult induces tolerance against a subsequent lethal ischemic injury. Here we demonstrate that exposure to sublethal hypoxia/ischemia increases the neuroserpin expression in the hippocampal CA1 layer and cerebral cortex, and that neuroserpin induces ischemic tolerance and decreases the volume of the ischemic lesion following MCAO in wild-type and tPA-deficient (tPA-/-) neurons and mice. Plasmin induces neuronal death, and this effect is abrogated by either neuroserpin or the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Neuroserpin also attenuated kainic acid-induced neuronal death. Our data indicate that the neuroprotective effect of neuroserpin is due to inhibition of plasmin-mediated excitotoxin-induced cell death and is independent of neuroserpin's ability to inhibit tPA activity.
Use of Phenylacetyl Disulfide (PADS) in the Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Phosphorothioates

Abstract Oligodeoxyribonucleotide phosphorothioates, where one of the nonbridging oxygen of the internucleotide phosphate is formally replaced by a sulfur atom, are the first class to undergo human clinical trials. Ongoing phosphorothioate clinical trials against several disease targets has necessitated manufacture of very large quantities of oligonucleotide active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Clinical trial and future market demands have stimulated effort towards developing cost efficient large scale synthesis of these complex bio-molecules. This effort has culminated in the routine synthesis of 20-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotide phosphorothioates at 150 mmole scale using only 1.75-fold molar excess of amidites in less than 8 h total synthesis time.
The Science of Eliminating Health Disparities: Summary and Analysis of the NIH Summit Recommendations

In December 2008, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored the first NIH Summit showcasing its investment and contribution to health disparities research and unveiling a framework for moving this important field forward. The Summit, titled "The Science of Eliminating Health Disparities," drew on extensive experience of experts leading health disparities research transformation in diverse fields. The Summit also provided a historic educational opportunity to contribute to health care reform. The theme, addressing disparities through integration of science, practice, and policy, introduced a paradigm for advancing research through transformational, translational, and transdisciplinary research. Engaging active participation throughout the Summit generated recommendations bridging science, practice, and policy, including action on social determinants of health, community engagement, broad partnerships, capacity-building, and media outreach.
Predictability in a Model of Geophysical Turbulence

Abstract The nature of predictability is examined in a numerical model relevant to the midlatitude atmosphere and oceans. The approach followed is novel and uses new theoretical tools from information theory, namely entropy functionals, as measures of information content and their application to finite ensembles. Particular attention is paid here to the practical application of these methods to the problem of ensemble prediction in dynamical systems with state spaces of high dimensionality. In this case, typically only an estimate of the prediction probability distribution function is available at coarse resolution. A methodology for estimating the information loss implied by this limited knowledge is introduced and applied to the practical problem of measuring prediction information content in a model able to generate geophysical turbulence. The application studied here generates such turbulence through the mechanism of baroclinic instability via an imposed and constant mean vertical shear. In traditiona...
Rearrangements of azidoquinones VI. Thermal rearrangement of azido-1,4-quinones to 2-cyano-1,3-cyclopentenediones

Tetralledron Letters No.45, pPO 3947-3950, 1969. Pergamon Press. Printed in Great Britain. REARRANGEMENTS OF AZIDGQUINONlB VI. THERMAL REARRANGEMENT OF AZIDO-1, I-QUINONES TO 2-CYANO-1,3-CYCLOPENTENEDIONES Harold W. Moore, Walter Weyler, Jr., and II. Raymond ShelQn Department of Chemistry University of California Irvine, California 92664 (Xeceived in USA 18 July 1969; received in UK for publication 25 August 1969) Previously it was shown that azido-1,4-quinones undergo a highly stereoselective catalyzed ring contraction to y- cyanoalkylidlne- A Q’ ’ - butenoH&s. ’ acid Reported in the present communication is an investigation of the thermal decomposition d selected azido-1,4- quinones ( 1 ), a reaction also resulting in ring contraction giving the 2-cyano-1,3-cyclopen- tenedione ( 3) ring system. This rearrangement provides a new example of a very limited number of known methods in which thermal conversion of a six to a five membered ring can be accomplished. The general structures ( 1) and ( 3) illustrate the overall chemical transformation as indicated by the following possible mechanistic scheme (Scheme I).
Ontogeny of food-associated calls in cotton-top tamarins

Abstract Abstract. Adult cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus oedipus , use two chirps (C and D) almost exclusively in food contexts. The rate of calling in food contexts correlates positively with the food preference ranking of tested foods. The ontogeny of the production and usage of these food-associated calls was investigated in captive tamarins. Food preferences of 14 tamarins (4-29 months old) were determined, and their vocalizations were recorded in the presence of six foods, two non-food manipulable objects, an empty food bowl and a control condition. Across all ages, juvenile and subadult tamarins produced adult-like C- and D-chirps; however, 50% of food-associated calls, on average, were not structured like those of adults. Juveniles and subadults produced significantly more adult-like food-associated calls to non-food manipulable objects than in the control condition and used many other types of vocalizations in food contexts. Juvenile and subadult calling rate did not correlate with food preference in any age-related pattern. All juvenile and subadult tamarins showed different patterns of usage than reproductive adults. The feeding behaviour of juveniles and subadults is more highly competitive than that of adults, a difference which may partially explain the results found. Acting immaturely, regardless of age, may be beneficial for juveniles and subadults, enabling them to stay in the group and not be perceived as a threat by the breeding pair.
TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, INFORMATION AND DOMESTIC POLITICS: THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC GROUPS

A domestic ratification game nested within an international bargaining game establishes that domestic politics influences the outcome of international negotiations. When information on the domestic side is incomplete, an informational role of lobbies is established. Cooperation is more likely when domestic lobbies provide information to Congress about a treaty presented for ratification, especially when cooperation would not otherwise occur. As government becomes more divided, cooperation is less likely; when it does occur, the legislature is better off – internal divisions worsen the external leverage of states, while a united home front is the executive's best chance for obtaining her ideal agreement.
Interpreter services, language concordance, and health care quality. Experiences of Asian Americans with limited English proficiency.

BACKGROUND: Patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) have more difficulty communicating with health care providers and are less satisfied with their care than others. Both interpreter- and language-concordant clinicians may help overcome these problems but few studies have compared these approaches.
Growth in vitro of mycoplasma-infected human amnion cells, fl amnion cells, and mycoplasma-modified FL cells.

SummaryThe population doubling time for lines of FL human amnion cells infected with mycoplasma fermentans (strain HT) was increased (30 hr) compared to uninfected FL cells (17.5 hr). Infected FL cell lines from which mycoplasma was eliminated, had a doubling time of 21 hr and showed an increased resistance to reinfection, even several years after the mycoplasma elimination. Although the amounts of cell-associated mycoplasma were similar to those of infected FL cells, cytopathic effects and cell destruction were much less pronounced after reinfection of such lines. The amounts of cell-associated, as well as free mycoplasma, were reduced in cultures of primary amnion cells as compared to the transformed cells. Primary amnion cells were highly resistant to mycoplasma infection as judged by the number of glass-attached cells and lack of cell destruction. The theoretical and practical implications of these observations are discussed.
Membranes of mammary gland. IX. Concentration of glycosphingolipid galactosyl and sialyltransferases in Golgi apparatus from bovine mammary gland

Abstract Glycosyl transferases catalyzing the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to glucosyl ceramide and N-acetylnuer-aminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneur-aminic acid to lactosyl ceramide were enriched 10 to 15 times in Golgi apparatus relative to total particulate fractions. These transferase activities were low in rough endoplasmic reticulum and were absent from the plasma membrane-derived milk fat globule membrane.Sialyl transferases utilizing N-acetylneur-aminylgalactosylglucosylceramide and galactosyl - N - acetylgalactosaminyl - (N - acetylneuraminyl) -galactosylglucosylceramide as acceptors were also present in high specific activity in Golgi apparatus fractions. These results demonstrate that the neutral glycolipids and gangliosides of milk are glycosylated at the level of Golgi apparatus in the mammary epithelial cell.
Extensions to pedigree analysis. IV. Covariance components models for multivariate traits.

Often more than one quantitative trait is measured on each person in a set of pedigrees. The present paper suggests a class of covariance components models that will allow investigators to explore the genetic and environmental relationships between two quantitative traits. The theoretical framework for the models is given and criticized. We also discuss specific maximum likelihood methods for parameter estimation and hypothesis testing.
Ethoxy 6-methylpyridine-2-phosphonato complexes with 3d metal ions

Abstract Reaction of M Cl 2 ( M  Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) and M Cl 3 ( M  Ti, V, Cr, Fe) with diethyl 6-methylpyridine-2-phosphonate at elevated temperatures results in the precipitation of ethoxy 6-methylpyridine-2-phosphonate (E6MPP) metal complexes. Spectral evidence suggests that, in these compounds, E6MPP acts as a bidentate N,0-chelating agent. The new complexes were characterized by means of spectral and magnetic studies; the following structures are proposed: [ M (E6 M PP) 2 ] 2 ( M  Mn, Fe, Co, Ni): pentacoordinated, binuclear chelates containing two bridging and two terminal E6MPP ligands; one -POO oxygen acts as the bridging group in these complexes ( M  O  M bridges); M (E6MPP) 2 ( M  Cu, Zn): monomeric chelates, involving tetrahedral M O 2 N 2 moieties; M (E6MPP) 3 monomeric, distorted octahedral chelates, and Fe(E6MPP) 2 Cl, involving either a monomeric, pentacoordinated or a binuclear, chlorine bridged, hexacoordinated structure. The mechanism of formation of the new complexes is discussed, and preliminary data on the products of the reaction between 3 d metal dichlorides and diethyl pyridine- and 4-methylpyridine-2-phosphonates are presented.
High Tc superconductors and critical current measurement

Abstract With the introduction of high Tc superconductors, a number of problems associated with critical current, Ic, measurement have arisen. The existing Ic, measurement practices were developed and proved for low Tc superconductors. There are substantial differences between the two classes of materials. When the Ic concept was casually extended to the high Tc conductors, measurement inconsistency, ambiguity and, in some cases, invalidity followed. A discussion of the underlying philosophy of Ic measurement is presented and a number of measurement variables that can influence the measured Ic are discussed. Many of the problems stem from inadequate reporting practices, and recommendations are given for improving measurement reports.
Thought Happens: What Should the Library Do About It?

ABSTRACT Maintaining relevance in the digital age requires research libraries to rethink basics, beginning with how they support the mission of the academy. Research institutions are in the business of provoking thought and libraries should aid and abet that process. This presentation focuses on strategies for reinvigorating the library's role in the incubation, distillation, documentation, promulgation, and assemblage of thought.
Analysis of oil content of maize by wide-line NMR.

A series of experiments to define feasibility, accuracy, and precision of wide-line nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a nondestructive analytical tool for the oil content of living seeds is described. Corn samples, ranging from single seeds to 25 g, were scanned by NMR and gravimetrically analyzed. A high positive correlation (r = 0.99+) was invariably encountered. Single, 30-sec NMR scans on 25-g corn samples gave estimates within ±33 ing of the “true” oil content 95% of the time. Error associated with single, 30-sec scans of individual corn kernels amounted to ±1.3 mg of oil at the same confidence level. Samples containing more than 4.5% moisture contribute to the NMR signal, and therefore oil content is overestimated.
Waiting and unemployment

Waiting, a phenomenon that is essentially neutral, is a form of intentionality which can bestow striking qualities to our acts. It can establish or mold our very manner of existing as joyous, brooding, exciting, anguishing, etc. Waiting is a temporal experience most often characterized by its directedness toward the future. Though I am waiting "now" I am always waiting for something in the future which is a future not yet actualized. Even though the waiting may be un? defined in terms of a specific correlate as that suggested by the expression "just waiting around," the waiting is nevertheless directed toward an indefinable "something." When one becomes conscious of one's waiting there is frequently the recogni? tion that waiting is something which we must tolerate ? something to be endured. This seems to be in accord with Sartre's notion that freedom makes and must deal with its own obstacles, rewards, and failures. We frequently hear the value of something being weighed in terms of waiting. Such expressions as "good things are worth waiting for" or "it's not really worth the wait" capture this sense of toleration weighed in the light of worth. We are willing to tolerate wait? ing if and only if the waiting seems to be worth the desired result. The coefficient of adversity of waiting determines if and how we will act. For example, while it is generally more costly to fly than to drive or take the bus over long distances, many choose to fly because it is less aggravating and "worth the difference"; thus they are readily willing to suffer the financial loss. Waiting is generally uncomfortable for it is contrary and opposed to our average everyday uninterrupted sense of time. Waiting infringes on this free flow of time; it restricts our freedom and prevents us from doing what we want to do. It offers a dynamic margin of unpredictability which hovers over our situations. Waiting can be spoken of as an obstacle which we must suffer and overcome. It tears us away from our world in the sense that it accentuates and focuses our at? tention not to ourselves but to the ambiguity and uncertainty of our waiting. While ordinarily every event may seem to be an opportunity, waiting prevents us from the immediate fulfillment of our opportunities. This is especially evident when involved in a situation in which we do not know how long we will have to wait or whether our waiting will have been to no avail.
Teaching students with developmental disabilities to locate their AAC device

Students with autism and related developmental disabilities who do not speak are often taught to use some type of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system, such as a voice output communication aid (VOCA). One problem with such devices is that the person may be unable to communicate when the device is not readily accessible. We first taught three nonverbal students with autism to use a VOCA to request access to preferred items. Following this initial acquisition phase, however, none of the students would locate their VOCA when it was not within reach. A least-to-most prompting procedure was implemented to teach the students to locate their AAC device. The effectiveness of this procedure for teaching VOCA location skills was evaluated in a delayed multiple-baseline across subjects design. The results showed that the intervention was effective in teaching the students to locate their AAC device when they needed it to request access to preferred objects. Teaching VOCA location skills may be a useful and necessary component in AAC interventions for some people with developmental disabilities.
Relational extensions for OLAP

Enterprises have been storing multidimensional data, using a star or snowflake schema, in relational databases for many years. Over time, relational database vendors have added optimizations that enhance query performance on these schemas. During the 1990s many special-purpose databases were developed that could handle added calculational complexity and that generally performed better than relational engines. DB2Â® has added a number of features that make it more competitive with these special-purpose databases. In this paper, we define meta-data extensions that allow designers of multidimensional schemas to describe the structure of those schemas to multidimensional query and analysis tools. The SQL (Structured Query Language) extensions include a "cube" object that returns row sets that are "slices" of the cube. We also describe Web services for OLAP (on-line analytical processing) that provide meta-data for multidimensional data, as well as XML (Extensible Markup Language) query results.
Convergence proof for a projected gradient optimization algorithm

In a previous paper [1] we discussed a stochastic projected gradient algorithm (in the context of an adaptive signal detection problem) which can be used to find a constrained optimum point for a concave or convex objective function subject to linear or nonlinear constraints which form a connected region, even when we do not have the objective function available, but only have a noisy estimate of the objective function available. When the constraint consists of only one linear equation, we said that one can prove convergence to the constrained optimum value and bound the rate of convergence of the algorithm to the constrained optimum value. A proof was given in [1] under noise free conditions. The purpose of this short paper is to extend the proof to the noisy case.
Some Assumptions and Objectives for a World Criminology

The idea of a world criminology specialty emerged in response to the increasing magnitude of global social disorder—wars, revolutions, terrorist activities, riots, crimes, delinquency, deviancy. These problems, together with our increasing problems of ecology, overpopulation, starvation, energy, tyranny and injustice, disease, and arms build-up, threaten to produce social disorder the magnitude of which the world has not yet seen. Many scientists have predicted that the next two decades will find the human species submerged under a barrage of severe catastrophes as these unchecked forces repeatedly reach crises proportions. It is here suggested that criminologists and criminal justice practitioners begin scholarly and applied efforts toward development of a world criminology. This world criminology would take a global approach to the problems of social disorder and attempt to identify universal causative elements as well as universal principles and strategies relevant to the achievement of world order and...
If Planning is Everything, Maybe It’s Nothing

Where planning does not measure up to expectations, which is almost everywhere, planners are handy targets. They have been too ambitious or they have not been ambitious enough. They have perverted their calling by entering into politics or they have been insensitive to the political dimensions of their task. They ignore national cultural mores at their peril or they capitulate to blind forces of irrationality. They pay too much attention to the relationship between one sector of the economy and another while ignoring analysis of individual projects, or they spend so much time on specific matters that they are unable to deal with movements of the economy as a whole. Planners can no longer define a role for themselves. From old American cities to British new towns, from the richest countries to the poorest, planners have difficulty in explaining who they are and what they should be expected to do. If they are supposed to doctor sick societies, the patient never seems to get well. Why can't the planners ever seem to do the right thing?
The effect of sodium fluoride on parathyroid function in the rat as studied by peritoneal lavage.

Abstract Following the procedures previously reported from this laboratory nephrectomized rats were subjected to peritoneal lavage for eight successive hours with an isotonic buffered rinse to which NaF had been added in order to study its effect on calcium removal. In NaF treated, parathyroidectomized rats, the amount of calcium removed per hour had dropped 30% by the third hour of lavage and remained low thereafter. Control rats treated with NaF did not show a significant drop until the sixth hour, and this reached a magnitude of only 15%. Radiocalcium removal followed a similar pattern except that radioactivity removed was reduced in both groups by the second hour following NaF administration. Quantitative oesteoclast count in the metaphysis of the femur showed that NaF administration by this method had no effect on osteoclast count in parathyroidectomized rats but it did produce a dramatic proliferation of osteoclasts, both in size and number, in the parathyroid-intact animals. These experiments may be interpreted to show that the effect of NaF is to reduce the solubility of the apatite complex and thus to lower the basic level of equilibrium of calcium between fluid and solid phases. To compensate for this decreased level, the glands of the intact animals are required to increase secretion with an ultimate increase in osteoclast proliferation.
Technological Change and the Equilibrium Level of the National Income

I. The problem: effects of a change in one of the Keynesian "given data," 441. — Basic concepts: the national income in wage-units, 442; the aggregate demand function, 443; the aggregate supply function, 446; the price structure, 446. — Conditions of equilibrium, 446. — II. The meaning of technological progress, 449. — III. Effects of technological change upon the volume of the national income, 453. — Significance of the findings, 455. — IV. Employment and welfare, 455.
An encapsidated, subgenomic messenger RNA encodes the coat protein of carnation mottle virus

The translation strategy of carnation mottle virus (CarMV) in vitro has been generally assumed to involve internal initiation events on full-length, genomic RNA (4.3 kb). We suggest that this is, at least in part, incorrect. Encapsidated RNA, fractionated on denaturing sucrose gradients, or total RNA from CarMV-infected leaves, fractionated under non-denaturing conditions, was translated in an mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system. Evidence for subgenomic RNAs which encode a polypeptide of Mr 38 000 was found. This product was shown to be related to authentic CarMV coat protein by partial proteolysis with α-chymotrypsin and SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.
An Evaluation of Pharmacists' OTC Drug Consultations

Pharmacists' over-the-counter (OTC) drug consultations were examined for content and context. Objectives were to examine the line of questioning used by the pharmacist when faced with an OTC drug request, the appropriateness of the OTC drug recommended, and the communicatton skills of the pharmacist. Six Doctor of Pharmacy students were trained in the disguised shopper technique. Scenarios used were "laxative dependency in a possible ulcer patient using antacid" and "nasal rebound in a hypertensive male". Eighty-four community pharmacies in Atlanta were randomly selected and visited twice, once with each scenario presented by a different shopper. The majority of the pharmacists questioned the shoppers prior to making recommendations and provided directions for use with the products they recommended. Their communication skills were rated favorably. The majority of those pharmacists under age 30 made product recommendations satisfactory for the situation. The data lend credence to marketing activities aimed...
Evaluation of Pathogenic Indicator Bacteria in Structural Best Management Practices

This study evaluated the bacterial distribution and the survivability of bacteria associated with different particle size ranges in the sump water and sediments within two structural Best Management Practices (BMPs), called Vortechs, installed at two different sites in Providence, Rhode Island. Ten rain storms were sampled in year 2004. Five pathogenic indicator bacteria, E. coli, enterococci, fecal streptococci, total coliform, fecal coliform, were analyzed for samples in the sump water and sediments within two Vortechs. In both sump water and sediments within Vortechs, most of the bacterial were found to be associated with smaller particles, i.e., 80-95% of all pathogenic indicator bacteria were associated with particles less than 50 micro meter in the sump water, and 60-80% of all indicator bacteria were associated with particles less than 106 micro meter in the sediments. In the sump water, it was found that a surge of all indicator bacteria concentrations happened one-day after the rainfall stopped. This result was most significant for the bacteria associated with smaller particles. On the contrary, in the sediments, no dramatic change of bacterial concentrations was detected over the 5-day dry period following rain. At both sampling sites, much higher bacterial concentrations were detected in the sediments than in the sump water suggesting that sediments may have provided a favorable living environment for bacteria. The two sampling sites showed almost identical results in many aspects. Except the sump water at Site 2 had much lower bacterial concentrations than that at Site 1 suggesting higher bacterial contamination from highway runoff.
Enhancing Mutual Understanding Between Radiology Chairs and Hospital CEOs

Many radiologists work in hospital-based practices, and many hospitals rely on radiology for revenue to sustain their other health care programs and keep patients' and referring physicians' satisfaction high. It is vital that radiology department chairs and hospital CEOs work well together. Yet they often come from very different backgrounds and operate with very different sets of assumptions and objectives. The authors review these differences and suggest strategies radiologists and radiology leaders can adopt to improve their relationships with hospital administrators.
Influence of N,N′-(1,11-undecandiyl) bis (2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-carboxamide) (BAY02752) on gallstone formation and regression in hamsters

Summary A new hypolipidemic drug (BAY 02752) when added to a lithogenic hamster diet at dosages of 1000 and 500 mg per kg of diet significantly (p
APPLICATION OF THE LIQUID EXTRACTION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ORGANIC ACIDS IN PLANT SAP.

The method of Pucher, Vickery, and Wakeman (6) for the estimation of total organic acids by titration in tobacco leaf tissue has proved useful in studies of organic acid metabolism. The method described by Pucher and co-workers was devised for the extraction of organic acids from dried plant tissues. The present paper describes the application of the liquid extraction method for the titrimetric estimation of total organic acids in expressed plant sap with a discussion of the advantages offered by, and problems arising from, such a procedure. The method is based on the observation that the organic acids can be directly extracted by ether in an efficient liquid extraction apparatus, provided the sap is previously acidified with sulphuric acid (10). Description of apparatus
Estrogen stimulates galanin expression within luteinizing hormone- releasing hormone-immunoreactive (LHRH-i) neurons via estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) in the female rat brain

Abstract Among the many factors that integrate the activity of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neuronal system, estrogens play the most important role. Until recently, the belief has been that the LHRH neurons do not contain estrogen receptors and that the action of estrogen upon LHRH neurons is indirect involving several, estrogen-sensitive neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems that regulate the activity of the LHRH neurons. Based on our recent findings that LHRH neurons of the female rat co-express galanin, that galanin is a potent LHRH releasing peptide, and that estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) is present in LHRH neurons, we have evaluated the effect of 17β-estradiol on the expression of galanin within LHRH neurons. By combining immunocytochemistry for LHRH and in situ hybridization histochemistry for galanin, we demonstrate that 17β-estradiol stimulates galanin expression within 2 h following their administration to ovariectomized rats. Maximal expression, however, required a longer treatment regimen (3 days). These observations strongly suggest that estrogens stimulate galanin expression within LHRH neurons directly, via ERβ. Moreover, ERβ may mediate, at least in part, the positive feedback effect of estrogens during the preovulatory LHRH and subsequent LH surges.
Unburned Gas Temperatures in an Internal Combustion Engine. II:Heat Release Computations

Abstract A heat release model has been developed and applied to predict unburned gas temperature histories in both a knocking and a non-knocking engine.The model advances the state of the art in its treatment of boundary layers and by its formulation which uses algebraic equations of state instead of differential equations. The model predictions and unburned gas temperature agree exceptionally well with measured temperatures during the compression stroke.During combustion the predictions are slightly'less than the measurements but agree-within the error bounds of each.Similar temperature profiles are realized in both the knocking and the non-knocking cases providing an opportunity to study the role of pressure in the chemistry leading to autoignition.
Serious Crime in Urban Neighborhoods: Is There a Race Effect?

Most studies of the relationship between race and crime employ data aggregated at the city or SMSA level to show that high proportions of Blacks indicate high levels of crime. However, theoretical accounts of underlying criminogenic processes do not imply an effect for race, but rather involve explicit or implicit reference to the neighborhood as the unit of analysis. We combine 1990 census data with arrest records for 1989–1991 to generate complete block group information (n = 276) for a medium size southern city. Contrary to studies showing a relationship between racial composition and crime, we show that structural factors account for this effect completely. This finding challenges accounts of crime based on subculture and is consistent with accounts based on the social and economic structure of communities.
Carbon Nanotubes: Measuring Dispersion and Length

Advanced technological uses of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) rely on the production of single length and chirality populations that are currently only available through liquid-phase post processing. The foundation of all of these processing steps is the attainment of individualized nanotube dispersions in solution. An understanding of the colloidal properties of the dispersed SWCNTs can then be used to design appropriate conditions for separations. In many instances nanotube size, particularly length, is especially active in determining the properties achievable in a given population, and, thus, there is a critical need for measurement technologies for both length distribution and effective separation techniques. In this Progress Report, the current state of the art for measuring dispersion and length populations, including separations, is documented, and examples are used to demonstrate the desirability of addressing these parameters.
Sin nombre virus-specific immunoglobulin M and G kinetics in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and the role played by serologic responses in predicting disease outcome.

Background. Sin Nombre virus (SNV) is the primary cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the United States. Although other studies have demonstrated a possible association between neutralizing antibody titers and the severity of HPS, the exact nature of serologic responses and their association with outcomes have not been fully characterized. Methods. We examined immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) serologic responses in 94 clinical samples from 81 patients with confirmed HPS. We further compared a subset of 31 patients with fatal HPS and 20 surviving patients for whom samples were available within a week after the onset of HPS. Results. SNV-specific IgM antibodies displayed a trend suggesting an early peak, whereas IgG antibody values peaked later. Among individuals with samples from the first week after the onset of HPS, all surviving patients had SNV-specific IgG responses, compared with !50% of patients with fatal HPS, and the distribution of IgG responses was significantly higher in surviving patients. Conclusions. Production of SNV-specific IgM antibodies occurs early during the clinical course of HPS, whereas production of IgG antibodies may be more protracted. The presence and overall distribution of higher IgG antibody titers in surviving patients with HPS suggests that production of SNV-specific IgG may be a strong predictor of favorable outcomes.