cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Massive renal size is not a contraindication to a laparoscopic approach for bilateral native nephrectomies in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).

Objective To determine if massive renal size should be a contraindication for attempting a laparoscopic approach to bilateral native nephrectomies in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed all laparoscopic bilateral nephrectomies performed for ADPKD at our institution from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2012. We stratified patients by kidney weight (with or without at least one kidney weighing >2500 g) and compared perioperative data, complications, and status of kidney allografts. Additionally, the subset of patients with at least one kidney weighing >3500 g was compared with the rest of the cohort. Results We identified 68 patients; mean (range) individual kidney weight was 1984 (197–5042) g. In all, 24 patients had at least one kidney weighing >2500 g, yet patients in this group were not significantly different from the rest of the cohort for complications, estimated blood loss, transfusion rate, or duration of hospitalisation. For those who underwent simultaneous renal allotransplantation, native kidney size was not associated with graft outcomes. Additionally, of the six patients with at least one kidney weighing >3500 g, only one required a blood transfusion, and the group had no intraoperative or postoperative Clavien grade ≥3 complications. None of the cohort required conversion to open surgery. Conclusion Massive size of polycystic kidneys is not a contraindication to attempting a laparoscopic approach to bilateral nephrectomies in an experienced, high-volume centre.
Selecting measures for human factors research

Selecting measures is a necessary component of human factors research. Proper selection must take into account the representation problem (how is the assignment of numbers to objects or phenomena justified?) and the uniqueness problem (to what degree is this assignment unique?). Other key human factors measurement issues include subject representativeness, variable representativeness, and setting representativeness. It is difficult to create a single measure that captures essential characteristics of complex systems. Several examples illustrate how theory can guide measurement selection in such diverse human factors research as vigilance, turning off warning alarms, information requirements for military command centers, subjective workload, heart-rate signal analysis, and heat stress in nuclear power plants.
Natural Language Semantics using Probabilistic Logic

Abstract : With better natural language semantic representations, computers can do more applications more efficiently as a result of better understanding of natural text. However, no single semantic representation at this time fulfills all requirements needed for a satisfactory representation. Logic-based representations like first-order logic capture many of the linguistic phenomena using logical constructs, and they come with standardized inference mechanisms, but standard first-order logic fails to capture the graded aspect of meaning in languages. Distributional models use contextual similarity to predict the graded semantic similarity of words and phrases but they do not adequately capture logical structure. In addition there are a few recent attempts to combine both representations either on the logic side (still, not a graded representation), or in the distribution side (not full logic). We propose using probabilistic logic to represent natural language semantics combining the expressivity and the automated inference of logic, and the gradedness of distributional representations. We evaluate this semantic representation on two tasks, Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) and Semantic Textual Similarity (STS). Doing RTE and STS better is an indication of a better semantic understanding. Our system has three main components, 1. Parsing and Task Representation, 2. Knowledge Base Construction, and 3. Inference. The input natural sentences of the RTE/STS task are mapped to logical form using Boxer which is a rule based system built on top of a CCG parser, then they are used to formulate the RTE/STS problem in probabilistic logic. Then, a knowledge base is represented as weighted inference rules collected from different sources like WordNet and on-the-fly lexical rules from distributional semantics.
CO2 storage by sorption on organic matter and clay in gas shale

Abstract In the work described in this paper, we developed simulations of methane production and supercritical carbon dioxide injection that consider competitive sorption of methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on both organic matter and the clay mineral montmorillonite. We used the results of these simulations to assess the potential for storage of CO 2 in a hydraulically fractured shale gas reservoir and for enhanced recovery of CH 4 . Assuming equal volume fractions of organic matter and montmorillonite, amounts of CO 2 adsorbed on both materials were comparable, while methane desorption from clays was greater than desorption from organic material. CO 2 injection simultaneous to CH 4 production in two separate wells enhanced the contribution of methane desorption from 3535 to 6401 metric tons, while storing 82 metric kilotons of CO 2 .
Physical Separation of Streptococcal Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Glycohydrolase from Streptolysin O

Streptococcal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide glycohydrolase (NADase) with a molecular weight of about 55,000 and an isoelectric pH of 8.55 was isolated from crude streptolysin O (SLO) preparations. NADase differed from SLO in size, charge, and immunological behavior. Streptococcal NADase is considered to have no role in the hemolytic process because it has no hemolytic activity; conversely, partially purified SLO showed no NADase activity. The hemolytic activity of crude SLO was completely inhibited by anti-tetanolysin, whereas the NADase activity in the same reaction mixture was unaffected. Experiments involving double diffusion in agar also demonstrated immunological nonidentity of the two proteins.
Radioprotection of the Brain White Matter by Mn(III) N-Butoxyethylpyridylporphyrin–Based Superoxide Dismutase Mimic MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+

Cranial irradiation is a standard therapy for primary and metastatic brain tumors. A major drawback of radiotherapy (RT), however, is long-term cognitive loss that affects quality of life. Radiation-induced oxidative stress in normal brain tissue is thought to contribute to cognitive decline. We evaluated the effectiveness of a novel mimic of superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD), MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+)(Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-n-butoxyethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin), to provide long-term neuroprotection following 8 Gy of whole brain irradiation. Long-term RT damage can only be assessed by brain imaging and neurocognitive studies. C57BL/6J mice were treated with MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+) before and after RT and evaluated three months later. At this time point, drug concentration in the brain was 25 nmol/L. Mice treated with MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+)/RT exhibited MRI evidence for myelin preservation in the corpus callosum compared with saline/RT treatment. Corpus callosum histology demonstrated a significant loss of axons in the saline/RT group that was rescued in the MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+)/RT group. In addition, the saline/RT groups exhibited deficits in motor proficiency as assessed by the rotorod test and running wheel tests. These deficits were ameliorated in groups treated with MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+)/RT. Our data demonstrate that MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+) is neuroprotective for oxidative stress damage caused by radiation exposure. In addition, glioblastoma cells were not protected by MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+) combination with radiation in vitro. Likewise, the combination of MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+) with radiation inhibited tumor growth more than RT alone in flank tumors. In summary, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+) has dual activity as a neuroprotector and a tumor radiosensitizer. Thus, it is an attractive candidate for adjuvant therapy with RT in future studies with patients with brain cancer.
A mixed-integer transshipment model for tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) marketing in Honduras.

Tilapia production in Honduras has increased in recent years. However, lack of thorough understanding of domestic markets and coordinated production efforts have hampered the development of a domestic market. This study quantified marketing costs for tilapia marketed in Honduras and developed a mixed-integer transshipment mathematical programming model to identify the most profitable marketing alternatives for small- and medium-scale farmers. Of the total marketing costs ($0.07–$0.41/kg), 40–73% were for transportation and 13–30% for packaging costs. This depended upon farm size, location, and the specific market targeted. Model results suggested restaurants as primary targets with supplemental production delivered to supermarkets in relative proximity to the selected restaurants. The model selected cities with sufficient restaurant demand to absorb the farm's total production. Farms with high production levels can take advantage of the reduced transport cost of larger trucks and sell excess product to al...
New players and puzzles in the Hedgehog signaling pathway

Abstract Members of the Hedgehog (Hh) family of signaling proteins control cell fates and proliferation during animal development in part by regulating the transcription of specific genes. Depending on the tissue, Hh can act over long or short distances, to signal directly or by inducing secondary signals. Recent discoveries include new components of the pathway as well as novel regulatory mechanisms involving cholesterol, proteolysis, and the cytoskeleton. The role of Hh in carcinogenesis is underscored by the identification of mutation in several pathway components in skin and brain tumors.
Assessing the state of knowledge of utility-scale wind energy development and operation on non-volant terrestrial and marine wildlife

A great deal has been published in the scientific literature regarding the effects of wind energy development and operation on volant (flying) wildlife including birds and bats, although knowledge of how to mitigate negative impacts is still imperfect. We reviewed the peer-reviewed scientific literature for information on the known and potential effects of utility-scale wind energy development and operation (USWEDO) on terrestrial and marine non-volant wildlife and found that very little has been published on the topic. Following a similar review for solar energy we identified known and potential effects due to construction and eventual decommissioning of wind energy facilities. Many of the effects are similar and include direct mortality, environmental impacts of destruction and modification of habitat including impacts of roads, and offsite impacts related to construction material acquisition, processing and transportation. Known and potential effects due to operation and maintenance of facilities include habitat fragmentation and barriers to gene flow, as well as effects due to noise, vibration and shadow flicker, electromagnetic field generation, macro- and micro-climate change, predator attraction, and increased fire risk. The scarcity of before-after-control-impact studies hinders the ability to rigorously quantify the effects of USWEDO on non-volant wildlife. We conclude that more empirical data are currently needed to fully assess the impact of USWEDO on non-volant wildlife.
An early classic study of freeze avoidance in marine fish

![Figure][1] John Duman discusses Per Sholander et al.'s classic paper ‘Supercooling and osmoregulation in northern fishes’, published in the Journal of Cell and Comparative Physiology in 1957. Marine teleost (boney) fishes are thermal conformers (body temperature equals water
Effects of Maturation on Changes in Lung Mechanics During Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Histamine in Piglets. 1796

Background. Increases in lung resistance (RL) due to i.v. histamine bolus are reported to become more pronounced with postnatal maturation (Dreshaj et al; J. Appl. Physiol. 81(4): 1785-1791, 1996). Objective. To determine if postnatal development affects the changes in RL and lung elastance (EL =1/compliance) during constant infusion of histamine. Methods. We continuously measured airway opening pressure (Pao), flow and esophageal pressure (Pes) during 30-minute intravenous infusions of histamine in seven tracheostomized, anesthetized, paralyzed and mechanically ventilated (constant tidal volume) piglets [3 newborn (4-6 days, 2.5-3.0 Kg) and 4 weaned (8 weeks, 12.3-18 Kg)]. Measurements were repeated at two concentrations (0.5 and 5.0 μg/Kg/min). RL and EL were determined by multiple linear regression; i.e., Pao(t)-Pes(t)=RL·flow(t) + EL·volume(t). Results. For both groups, RL and EL increased with histamine in a dose dependent fashion. The increases in EL were comparable regardless of dose. Changes in RL were similar at the lower histamine dose (figure). At the higher dose, the increases in RL were similar during early infusion ( 10 min) in older piglets. Conclusion. Differences in the response to histamine, in older versus newborn piglets, were only evident as a sharper rise in RL during the latter part of the higher dose infusion. Such age dependence of RL is consistent with histamine bolus data. We speculate that this phenomenon may be related to increased central airway involvement in the response as opposed to a predominantly peripheral effect because: 1) the sharp rise in RL did not coincide with a similar increase in EL, and 2) rise in RL only occurs late, when accumulation of histamine may have led to bolus-like conditions. Supported in part by an equipment grant from Novametrix Medical Systems Inc.
Tables of Exact and Approximate Expected Values of Certain Ratios and Reciprocals of Multinomial Random Variables Useful in Life Testing

An approximation to complicated expressions for expectation of multinomial random variables in life testing is introduced. The approximation is based on the Dirichlet distribution. Tables are included to show the accuracy of this approximation.
A knowledge based model for the study of power system steady-state operation

Abstract This paper presents a knowledge based model for power system steady-state studies. In this model, a power system is represented by three components: power system states, power system operations, and the knowledge base which contains the knowledge about the use of the operations. In the proposed model, the knowledge representation and inference are different from the existing approaches in this area in three aspects. First, the knowledge about power system states and operations is represented by two sets of predicates and frame based structures. This allows efficient data exchange between the model and power flow software. Second, in this model, power system operations are represented by the data structures which are similar to bus and branch data structures used in a power flow program. Third, a special-purpose inference algorithm is developed to manipulate the process of analysis, calculation, and modification of power flow studies. This model is implemented on the IBM 4381 computer and shows high efficiency when used to study a practical power system problem.
Validation of a Feedback-Controlled Elbow Simulator Design: Elbow Muscle Moment Arm Measurement

The Allegheny General Hospital (AGH) elbow simulator was designed to be a closed-loop physiologic simulator actuating movement in cadaveric elbow specimens via servoelectric motors that attach to the tendons of the biceps, brachialis, triceps, and pronator teres muscles. A physiologic elbow simulator should recreate the appropriate moment arms throughout the elbow's range of motion. To validate this design goal, muscle moment arms were measured in three cadaver elbow specimens using the simulator. Flexion-extension moment arms of four muscles were measured at three different pronation/supination angles: fully pronated, fully supinated, and neutral; pronation-supination moment arms were measured at three different flexion-extension angles: 30 deg, 60 deg, and 90 deg. The tendon-displacement method was used in these measurements, in which the ratio of the change in musculotendon length to the change in joint angle was computed. The numeric results compared well with those previously reported; the biceps and pronator teres flexion-extension moment arms varied with pronation-supination position, and vice versa. This is one of the few reports of both flexion-extension and pronation-supination moment arms in the same specimens, and represents the first use of closed-loop feedback control in the AGH elbow simulator. The simulator is now ready for use in clinical studies such as in analyses of radial head replacement and medial ulnar collateral ligament repair. Copyright © 2009 by ASME.
A Critique Of Waiver Research: Critical Next Steps in Assessing the Impacts of Laws for Transferring Juveniles to the Criminal Justice System

Of the many recent changes in juvenile justice, none are more prominent than waiver laws designed to more easily transfer young offenders to adult courts. These laws create more options to punish youth as if they were adults, leading some to question the need for a separate juvenile justice system. As yet, however, we have little systematic empirical basis for assessing the effectiveness of these laws. To help develop the foundation for such an assessment, this article examines the leading intended and unintended impacts identified by researchers. It then discusses critical research gaps that must be addressed if we are to develop a balanced and empirically informed assessment of the effectiveness of waiver.
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Preferences for Government Investment in Energy Programs: Support for New Energy Production vs. Energy Conservation

With energy legislation pending in Congress, research is urgently needed on the public's preferences for environmental policies. This study investigated preferences for government investment in new...
SEMANTICS-BASED SIMILARITY DECISIONS FOR ONTOLOGIES

Many data representation structures, such as web site categories and domain ontologies, have been established for semantic-based information search and retrieval on the web. These structures consist of concepts and their interrelationships. Approaches to determine the similarity in semantics among concepts in data representation structures have been developed in order to facilitate information retrieval and recommendation processes. Some approaches are only suitable for similarity computations in pure tree structures. Other approaches designed for the Directed Acyclic Graph structures yield high computational complexity for online similarity decisions. In order to provide efficient similarity computations for data representation structures, we propose a geometry-based solution. Similarity computations are based on geometric properties. The similarity model is based on the proposed geometry-based solution, and the online similarity computation is performed in a constant time.
The performance of reduced magnetic field power lines: theory and measurements on an operating line

Power engineers have been trying to find transmission line geometries that will reduce fields. One of the reduced field geometries is the double circuit, low reactance line. The results of a measurement and a theoretical program to study the magnetic field performance of such a double circuit 230 kV line with only one circuit energized and with both circuits paralleled in a low reactance configuration are presented. The measurements show that the reduced field line is more sensitive to deviations from balanced currents. >
The Probability Law of the Busy Period for Two Types of Queuing Processes

A simple combinatorial method is given for the determination of the joint distribution of the length of the busy period and the number of customers served during this period for two types of single-Berver queuing processes. 1 Customers arrive at a counter according to a Poisson process and the service times have a general distribution, 2 customers arrive at a counter according to a recurrent process and the service times have an exponential distribution.
Sensitivity analysis for building energy simulation model calibration via automatic differentiation

High-fidelity building energy simulation models are established on well-known physical laws and attempt to faithfully represent a real building. The numerical solution of differential algebraic equations that interpret thermal balance of buildings is included in building energy simulation models. It thereby leads to highly discontinuous systems that involve a large number of sub-routine calls and model switches during the execution. To acquire a building energy simulation model with good quality, parameter sensitivity analysis is well-advocated since it aims to target those parameters from the parameter pool in a specific building that hold more influence on the building thermal performance than others. Since building energy simulation models are given in a large piece of program codes and encapsulate a series of sub-models, the existing sensitivity analysis is built on Monte Carlo simulation and statistics-based random sampling methods only, e.g., Monte Carlo sampling and Latin Hypercube sampling methods, which are extremely time-consuming. We propose to perform the sensitivity analysis of a first-principle high-fidelity building energy simulation model via a straightforward differential sensitivity analysis method that relies on the estimation of derivatives. A key technical challenge is that the complexity of the model prohibits the analytical differentiation, while the numerical differentiation is sensitive to step size and suffers from the truncation error. We, hence, propose to adopt an automatic differentiation method, which exploits the operator overload feature of object oriented programming language, to obtain accurate numerical estimations of derivatives in an automated and computationally efficient way.
Implementing morphological operations using programmable neural networks

Abstract Neural networks have been studied for decades to achieve human-like performances. There has been a recent resurgence in the field of neural networks caused by new topologies and algorithms, analog VLSI implementation techniques, and the belief that massive parallelism is essential for high performance image and speech recognition. This paper presents a novel idea of implementing image morphological operations using programmable neural networks. The architecture has the optional programmable logic/analogy framework, hence, it can handle a variety of binary and gray-scale processings and avoid some of the limitations of threshold logic networks. An example of applying this network to illustrate the activation of neocognitron for visual pattern recognition is also provided.
Effect of diet composition and fasting on lipogenesis in lean and polygenic obese mice

A line of mice was developed which exhibited spontaneous obesity when fed commercial laboratory ration low in fat content. Obese mice were compared to a nonobese related line to determine whether energy source in the diet would affect onset of obesity. Experimental diets-beef tallow (38% of calories as beef fat and 2% as corn oil), corn oil (40% corn oil) or low-fat (2% corn oil)-were instituted ad libitum at the time of weaning. When the mice reached 6 months of age, lipogenesis was investigated by injecting intravenously3H2O and glucose-U-14C.3H2O and glucose-U-14C incorporation into fatty acids of fed mice was greater for obese than for lean mice. Fatty acid synthesis was inhibited by high-fat diets compared to low-fat diet in both lines. Of the 2 high-fat diets, the corn oil diet inhibited fatty acid synthesis about twice as much as beef tallow diet. There was no line effect on tritium incorporation into cholesterol. Cholesterol synthesis from glucose-U-14C was greater in obese than lean mice. Diets had no effect on tritium and glucose-U-14C incorporation into cholesterol. Fasting reduced fatty acid synthesis in all mice, but total body fatty acid synthesis was not affected by lines or dietary treatment under fasted conditions. These data suggest that degree of lipogenesis, in part, explains obesity. A failure of inhibition of lipogenesis or an enhanced efficiency in fat deposition by feeding beef tallow compared to corn oil diet may explain the fact that lean mice fed the beef tallow diet tended to be more obese that lean mice fed corn oil or low-fat diets.
Evidence for a Lifshitz transition in electron-doped iron arsenic superconductors at the onset of superconductivity

A study shows that in electron-doped Ba(Fe1−xCox)2As2, the presence or absence of superconductivity and antiferromagnetism can be linked directly to changes in the Fermi surface—as measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
Oil prices and energy technology innovation: An empirical analysis

Abstract To achieve environmental sustainability and reduce their vulnerability to oil shocks, countries can develop new energy technologies. Technological advances reduce the cost of structural changes in the energy economy, and thus also increase the political feasibility of such changes. But what explains international variation in the form and quality of energy technology innovation? We build on previous theories and offer an integrated account: increasing oil prices reinforce existing sectoral innovation systems, both politically and economically, thus allowing public policymakers and private entrepreneurs to profitably invest in new energy technologies. We test this theoretical argument against data on public R&D expenditures and patents in the domain of renewable energy technology for industrialized countries from 1989 to 2007. We find strong support for the interactive hypothesis. Thus, we contribute to literatures on (i) domestic responses to international shocks, (ii) environmental sustainability and energy security, and (iii) the political economy of technology innovation.
Place: A Short Introduction by Tim Cresswell

Tim Cresswell. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 168 pp., photos and index. $24.95 paper (ISBN 1-4051-0672-7). It seems an almost impossible undertaking to write “a short introduction” to the...
High-performance capillary electrophoresis measurement of dolastatin-10

A high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) assay was used to determine the concentration of a potent cytotoxic agent, dolastatin-10, in human plasma. Following extraction from plasma, using a solid-phase C18 cartridge, capillary zone electrophoresis was used to separate, detect and quantitate dolastatin-10 using the structurally related compound dolastatin-15 as the internal standard. Migration times for both dolastatins are less than 20 min. The recovery of the drug was approximately 90% and was quantified over the assay range of 39 to 5000 ng/ml with good precision and accuracy. The method is linear up to 5000 ng/ml with a lower limit of detection of 25 ng/ml. Data resulting from the use of the assay for the in vitro metabolism of the drug are presented. This is the first report of a validated HPCE assay for determining dolastatin-10 levels in human plasma.
Thyroid Hormone Excess Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Transcripts in Bone Marrow Cell Cultures: Divergent Effects on Vertebral and Femoral Cell Cultures

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) regulate bone development, growth, and turnover. Studies have suggested that different skeletal sites respond differently to thyroid hormones. Therefore, we examined the in vitro T3 responsiveness of cells committed to the osteoblast lineage as a function of skeletal location. Bone marrow cells derived from female rat femurs and vertebrae were cultured using conditions that induce osteogenic differentiation. Cells from both sites formed mineralized bone nodules in primary and secondary culture. In femoral cultures, collagen type I (coll I) and osteocalcin (OC) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels increased from the earliest time point examined (day 3) to a maximum on day 12 and thereafter declined to undetectable levels. T3 increased both OC and coll I mRNA, resulting in a continuous expression throughout the culture period. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene expression was detected at very low levels by Northern analysis of femoral total RNA, and T3 only marginally enhanced IGF...
Long-distance Lienard-Wiechert potentials and qq-bar spin dependence.

The long-range spin dependence of the qq interaction is considered in a model in which the confining potential is required to be the static limit of retarded scalar and vector potentials analogous to the Lienard-Wiechert potentials of classical electrodynamics. A generalization of Darwin's method is used to obtain the corresponding Hamiltonian. The long-distance spin-dependent interaction is found to be determined completely by only two potentials: namely, the static scalar and vector potentials. This is to be compared with the four potentials required in Eichten and Feinberg's general formulation. Two different solutions are allowed by Gromes's theorem. In one, the scalar potential can be linear; in the other, it must be logarithmic.
Abiraterone Acetate, A Novel Adrenal Inhibitor in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

The androgen receptor remains the key player in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Available agents capable of blocking early adrenal androgen production have limited activity and can lead to significant toxicities. Abiraterone acetate, a pregnenolone analog, is a small molecule that irreversibly inhibits CYP17, a rate-limiting enzyme in androgen biosynthesis. Several clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of this compound in men with metastatic CRPC. Recently, a randomized phase 3 trial evaluating abiraterone acetate in docetaxel-refractory CRPC patients demonstrated a survival improvement over placebo-treated patients (14.8 vs 10.9 months; HR 0.646; P < 0.0001). A similar trial in the pre-chemotherapy setting has completed accrual and is undergoing analysis. Here we review the rationale and clinical development of abiraterone acetate in men with CRPC.
Finite-amplitude time-periodic states in viscoelastic taylor-couette flow described by the UCM model

Abstract Time-dependent simulations using the EEME finite-element method are reported for calculation of the linear stability and nonlinear dynamics of the transition to time-periodic, viscoelastic flow in axisymmetric TaylorCouette flow between parallel cylinders. The linear stability analysis is based on time integration of the linearized finite-element equations and reproduces the oscillatory linear instability recently analyzed by Larson et al. past a critical Deborah number Dec. Linear analysis presented here shows that the viscoelastic instability corresponds to a secondary flow structure composed of multiple toroidal flow cells nested radially, and that these cells travel across the gap between the cylinders. Nonlinear simulations demonstrate the existence of supercritical, i.e. for De - Dec > 0, time-periodic flow states. For only small changes in De >Dec, the flatness of the neutral stability curve with variation in the flow cell height leads to nonlinear interactions between flows that are closely spaced in De. These interactions will make the observation of simple oscillations near onset extremely difficult.
Evaluating the teaching of clinical preventive medicine

Abstract Background: A study was undertaken to determine the amount, methods, and adequacy of instruction in clinical preventive medicine topics in the medical school curriculum at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) in the 1996–1997 academic year. Methods: A protocol of 35 clinical preventive medicine topics was developed. The preclinical (Years 1 and 2) curriculum was evaluated by reviewing all syllabi and other printed materials for the presence and quantity of instruction in the specific clinical preventive medicine topics. The clinical curriculum (Years 3 and 4) was evaluated by asking students on completion of eight clinical clerkships to answer a questionnaire. Clerkship directors were also asked to answer the same questionnaire. Results: In the preclinical curriculum, clinical preventive medicine topics were found to receive 63.3 hours of instruction (4.2% of total instruction hours). Counseling and screening topics received the most hours (31.3 and 20.5, respectively) with immunization/prophylaxis and prenatal care receiving considerably less (4.0 and 2.4 hours, respectively). In the clinical curriculum, students reported receiving an average of 118.5 hours of instruction in preventive medicine (5.9% of total instruction hours). Clerkship directors reported more than twice as many hours of instruction (330.8) as students. Overall, only 50% of students reported that a topic had been covered in a clerkship when the clerkship director reported that it had been covered. Both students and clerkship directors reported that exposure to clinical preventive medicine topics was in general inadequate. Conclusions: Instruction in clinical preventive medicine constituted a relatively modest percentage of the total instruction time in both the preclinical and clinical curriculums at UCSF. Some topics were only minimally covered in the curriculum, and instruction during the clinical years was variable across students and clerkships. The disparity in the amount of instruction in clinical preventive medicine reported by students and faculty illustrates the importance of using multiple methods, including student input, to evaluate curriculum content.
Effects of host mineral re-equilibration during uplift and cooling on the fidelity of primary hydrothermal fluid inclusions: a theoretical example using Mississippi Valley-type ore fluids

At the moment of its trapping as a primary fluid inclusion, a hydrothermal fluid is typically at or near equilibrium with multiple mineral species at depth and temperature. After trapping, however, the isolated inclusion fluid can re-equilibrate only with its own host mineral species during later uplift and cooling to surface conditions. Because the solubility versus temperature behavior is unique for each host mineral species, identical inclusions trapped at the same time within different species may re-equilibrate in a disparate manner upon cooling and become variably less representative of the original trapped fluid once they reach ambient temperature. To test the significance of this effect, a series of theoretical equilibrium reaction models was constructed in which a trapped hydrothermal fluid characteristic of Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits is cooled in contact with silicate, sulfide and carbonate hosts, respectively, from 100 to 25°C. Dissolved base metal concentrations are predicted to decline by two to four orders of magnitude in inclusions in all hosts, due to the precipitation of optically undetectable masses of sulfide daughter minerals. Fluids in the calcite host show the greatest decline in dissolved base metals upon cooling, due to its retrograde solubility and consequent shift in the pH and aqueous C speciation of the fluid. δ13C values for CO2 in all hosts become depleted by 2–7‰ relative to the original trapped fluid, with depletions again being the greatest for the calcite host due to its retrograde dissolution. Analytical techniques that extract and analyze the complete contents of fluid inclusions at room temperature can account for the predicted precipitation of microscopic daughter minerals during cooling, but may not compensate for chemical changes caused by the retrograde dissolution of calcite. Such solubility effects are another reason to be cautious in using carbonate minerals for fluid inclusion studies, in addition to their undesirable physical properties of softness, deformability and perfect cleavage.
Dendrimer-Activated Surfaces for High Density and High Activity Protein Chip Applications

Highly functional Si and glass surfaces for protein immobilization have been prepared by a facile activation of native surface silanol groups. Poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers of generations 1-5 were immobilized onto the surface using a facile room-temperature coupling procedure that involved activation of native silanol groups of glass using 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole under anhydrous conditions. The dendrimer-coated surfaces were used to immobilize proteins and were characterized with respect to surface loading and activity. A number of different chemical, physical, and biochemical techniques including contact angle measurement, ellipsometry, and fluorescence microscopy were used to characterize the resulting surfaces. Increasing the dendrimer generation past G-3 led to increased surface amine content, immobilized protein concentration, and the activity of immobilized alkaline phosphatase (used as a test system). Very high activity of the immobilized proteins in the case of higher generation (G-4 and G-5) dendrimers led us to conclude that such an approach has true potential for creating highly functional surfaces for protein chip applications.
Characterization of TPC-H queries for a column-oriented database on a dual-core amd athlon processor

In this paper, we characterize the performance of the TPC-H benchmark for a popular column-oriented database called MonetDB running on a dual-core AMD Athlon machine. Specifically, we measure the performance of key microarchitectural components and analyze in detail the nature of various stalls namely cache stalls, branch misprediction stalls and resource stalls. We compare our results with published results on the characterization of TPC-H for row-oriented databases. As opposed to the previous approaches, we use thread-level monitoring of database threads to study the performance of the database in isolation from the rest of the system.
Comprehensive Phytochemical Profile of Soy Protein Isolate

Although an FDA health claim for soy protein has been issued, the potential health benefits of soy foods remain controversial among scientists, especially with regard to soy infant formula. The UV detectable isoflavones have been the focus of the majority of studies concerning health-related effects of soy protein isolate (SPI). However, the chemical identities and health effects of other SPI phytochemicals without UV absorption properties are less well-studied. In the current study, we employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods to reveal a complicated phytochemical profile for SPI consisting of 136 phytochemicals. Also, we have quantitated many of these SPI phytochemicals so that dietary intakes can be estimated for foods containing SPI. On a weight/weight basis, fatty acids are the largest group of phytochemicals in the extract (64.13% total fat), followed by saponins (21.48%), and then isoflavones at 6.82%. Of the 56 lysophospholipids identified in SPI, 0.50% was lysophosphatidylcholines and 0.23% was lysophosphatidylethanolamines.
Space environment simulator for studies of the effects of the space environment on materials.

Space environment simulator for analysis of spacecraft material reliability during long- duration space mission
p66Shc-a longevity redox protein in human prostate cancer progression and metastasis: p66Shc in cancer progression and metastasis

p66Shc, a 66 kDa proto-oncogene Src homologous-collagen homologue (Shc) adaptor protein, is classically known in mediating receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and recently identified as a sensor to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and as a longevity protein in mammals. The expression of p66Shc is decreased in mice and increased in human fibroblasts upon aging and in aging-related diseases, including prostate cancer. p66Shc protein level correlates with the proliferation of several carcinoma cells and can be regulated by steroid hormones. Recent advances point that p66Shc protein plays a role in mediating cross-talk between steroid hormones and redox signals by serving as a common convergence point in signaling pathways on cell proliferation and apoptosis. This article first reviews the unique function of p66Shc protein in regulating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Subsequently, we discuss its novel role in androgen-regulated prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and the mechanism by which it mediates androgen action via the redox signaling pathway. The data together indicate that p66Shc might be a useful biomarker for the prognosis of prostate cancer and serve as an effective target for its cancer treatment.
Membrane properties of cultured rat sympathetic neurons: morphological studies of adrenergic and cholinergic differentiation.

Abstract Dissociated neurons from the newborn rat superior cervical ganglion were grown under conditions which lead to either adrenergic or cholinergic differentiation. Lectins and toxins were used to detect differences in the cell membrane associated with transmitter status, age of the neurons, or location on the neurons. These ligands were made visible in the light or electron microscope by coupling to rhodamine or colloidal gold. The density of binding sites for concanavalin A (Con A), ricin (RCA60), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) increased with age in culture on both adrenergic and cholinergic cells. Soybean agglutinin (SBA) binding increased about threefold on adrenergic axons, but failed to increase on neurons induced to become cholinergic by medium conditioned by rat heart cells (CM). The effect of CM on SBA binding paralleled previously described effects of CM on transmitter production; the CM binding pattern developed slowly and was not readily reversible. Mature adrenergic neurons also appeared to bind more WGA than neurons in CM cultures. Tetanus toxin gold binding was uniform, but low, on axons of adrenergic and cholinergic neurons at all ages. In contrast, cholera toxin binding decreased with age on adrenergic axons. Binding sites for SBA and tetanus toxin were found to be less numerous on the cell body surface than on the axonal surface. Thus growth in CM induces fundamental changes in the phenotype of developing sympathetic neurons involving the cell membrane as well as transmitter choice. Differences also appear with maturation and between axonal and somatic cell surface membranes.
Comparative utilization by sarcoma-180 cells in culture of 14C-labelled uracil, 6-azauracil, and their ribosides

Abstract The riboside of 6-azauracil-2-14C, 6-azauridine-2-14C, a potent inhibitor of the reproduction of sarcoma-180 cells in culture, is accumulated in the acid-soluble extractives of the cells, while 6-azauracil-2-14C, which is inactive as an inhibitor of the growth of these cells, is taken up extremely poorly. Similarly, the radioactivity of uridine-2-14C and uridine-2-14C-5'-phosphate is readily assimilated by these tumour cells, in contrast to that of uracil-2-14C, which is utilized only to a limited extent. Accordingly, the difference in the inhibitory activity of 6-azauracil and its riboside, azauridine, on the growth of sarcoma-180 is attributed to the relative capacities of these neoplastic cells to assimilate uracil and its ribose-containing derivative, uridine, upon which capacities the assimilation of the analogues are dependent.
Connecting links between the urea cycle and the TCA cycle: a tutorial exercise

Some interesting points arose in a discussion on the links between the urea cycle and the TCA cycle. That aspartate is regenerated from fumarate is well known. One of the prime precursors of urea, the bicarbonate ion, is also formed from the CO2, which is generated by the TCA cycle. The flux of acetyl CoA through the TCA cycle can indirectly affect the urea cycle by altering the levels of N-acetyl glutamate.
The divorced eutectoid transformation in steel

Experiments are presented which show that the eutectoid transformation in steel can occur by two different modes for temperatures just slightly below A 1. In the normal mode, the transformation product is lamellar pearlite. The second mode occurs if the austenite contains cementite particles or nuclei with a spacing on the order of a few microns or less. In this case, the transformation product consists of spheroidal cementite particles in a ferrite matrix. This second mode is here called the divorced eutectoid transformation (DET), after recent work by Sherby and co-workers. A literature survey shows that the faster kinetics of the DET over lamellar pearlite in the presence of inhomogeneous austenite was established before 1940, but has received little attention. The inhomogeneities are generally small cementite particles. Experiments show that the DET does not occur by a shell of one phase (ferrite) forming around the other phase of the eutectoid (cementite), as is the case in divorced eutectic growth. Rather, a fairly planar austenite/ferrite front simply advances into the austenite, with no apparent effect on its shape being produced by the cementite particles. A first-order kinetic model is presented for the growth velocity as a function of undercooling below A 1 and is compared to the velocity vs undercooling for lamellar pearlite. The simple model indicates that the velocity of the divorced mode should be faster than the lamellar mode at low undercooling for cementite nuclei distributed in the austenite with spacings less than a few microns. This result is consistent with the experimental data.
Is a field theory of perseverative reaching compatible with a Piagetian view

This commentary is a brief reflection on the relationship between the embodied cognition analysis and a Piagetian theoretical position. In particular, the place of A-not-B in the larger Piagetian framework and the importance of the concept of mental representation, in contrast with perceptual understanding, are noted.
Caught in Between: A Behavioral View of Organizational Change During Institutional Change

This study investigates organizational change in the context of institutional change from the behavioral perspective. Organizations situated in institutional change have to attend to two distinct g...
Hydroxyapatite: Vibrational spectra and monoclinic to hexagonal phase transition

Fundamental studies of biomaterials are necessary to deepen our understanding of their degradation and to develop cure for related illnesses. Biomineral hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 is the main mineral constituent of mammal bone, and its synthetic analogues are used in biomedical applications. The mineral can be found in either hexagonal or monoclinic form. The transformation between these two phases is poorly understood, but knowing its mechanism may be critical to reversing processes in bone related to aging. Using density functional theory, we investigate the mechanisms of the phase transformation and estimate the transition temperature to be 680 K in fair agreement with the experimental temperature of 470 K. We also report the heat capacity of hydroxyapatite and a peculiarity in its phonon dispersion that might allow for non-destructive measurements of the crystal composition with applications in preventive medical screening for bone mineral loss.
Influence of the Oviduct and Ovum on Cyclic Ovarian Activity in the Rat

THE muscular and secretory activity of the female genital tract has been implicated in the processes of gamete transport with emphasis on the role of the uterus and oviduct. It is well known that the physiological activity of these two portions of the female genital tract varies with respect to the hormonal phases of the ovarian cycle1. The ampullary portion of the oviduct plays still another important part as the site of fertilization in most mammals. In spite of the wealth of information concerning mechanisms of tubal transport, there has been a lack of knowledge concerning any additional interactions between the oviduct and ovary. It has been reported by Bishop2 that secretions of the oviduct undergo changes in response to cyclic ovarian activity.