cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of E2A translocations in leukemias via fluorescence in situ hybridization

Three rearrangements in ALL disrupt E2A and create E2A fusion proteins: the t(1;19)(q23;p13) and E2A-PBX1, t(17;19)(q22;p13) and E2A-HLF and a cryptic inv(19)(p13;q13) and E2A-FB1. While E2A is fused to PBX1 in most ALLs with a t(1;19), 5-10% of cases have translocations that appear identical, but do not affect E2A or PBX1. Because more intensive therapy improves the outcome of patients with E2A-PBX1positive (1;19) translocations, it is critical to identify this subset of patients so that appropriate therapy can be administered. In addition, there are balanced and unbalanced variants of the t(1;19) and controversy exists regarding the clinical significance of this distinction. We have developed a two-color fluorescence in situ hybridization assay that accurately detects E2A translocations in metaphase and interphase cells, distinguishes between balanced and unbalanced variants and identifies patients with a t(1;19) who lack E2A-PBX1 fusion. We found that clonal microheterogeneity is common in patients with E2A translocations and most patients have mixtures of cells with balanced and unbalanced translocations, suggesting that this distinction represents two ends of a continuum rather than distinct biological entities. These reagents should have widespread clinical utility and be useful for translational and basic research studies involving E2A translocations and this region of chromosome 19p13.
Information theory for DNA sequencing: Part I: A basic model

DNA sequencing is the basic workhorse of modern day biology and medicine. Shotgun sequencing is the dominant technique used: many randomly located short fragments called reads are extracted from the DNA sequence, and these reads are assembled to reconstruct the original sequence. By drawing an analogy between the DNA sequencing problem and the classic communication problem, we define an information theoretic notion of sequencing capacity. This is the maximum number of DNA base pairs that can be resolved reliably per read, and provides a fundamental limit to the performance that can be achieved by any assembly algorithm. We compute the sequencing capacity explicitly for a simple statistical model of the DNA sequence and the read process.
Adrenal responsiveness in pre- and postpartum dairy cows.

Abstract Adrenal responsiveness was evaluated by injecting 10 multiparous dairy cows with 200 IU adrenocorticotropin between −13 and −2 days prepartum (I) and postpartum between 24 and 40h (II) and 21 and 24 days (III). Concentrations of glucocorticoids following injection were influenced by day of injection, temperature, and minimum percent relative humidity but not by breed, breed × injection day interaction, or age of cow. Likewise differences in regressions for adrenal response and mean response (ng/ml) for the three injections were nil. Mean concentrations at peak (45, 60, and 120min postinjection samples) adjusted for preinjection concentrations also did not differ for the three periods of injection. Mean concentrations of glucocorticoids in plasma for daily samples between −13 and −2 days prepartum were 5.3±.4 (n=61), reached a peak of 14.8±.3ng/ml the day of calving, and remained high for 2 days postpartum. Estradiol increased through prepartum sampling from 23.3 to 339.6±94.1 pg/ml the day of calving, then declined abruptly. Progestins began to decline about −5 days prepartum from mean concentration of 4.09±.62 (n=25) and attained low concentrations (.30±.06ng/ml) 2 days postpartum. Although there was a surge of glucocorticoids at parturition, this was not associated with a modification in adrenal responsiveness or with prepartum concentrations of other steroid hormones of plasma. Adrenal potential in prepartum and postpartum dairy cows appears well maintained.
Telomere maintenance is dependent on activities required for end repair of double-strand breaks

Telomeres are functionally distinct from ends generated by chromosome breakage, in that telomeres, unlike double-strand breaks, are insulated from recombination with other chromosomal termini [1]. We report that the Ku heterodimer and the Rad50/Mre11/Xrs2 complex, both of which are required for repair of double-strand breaks [2-5], have separate roles in normal telomere maintenance in yeast. Using epistasis analysis, we show that the Ku end-binding complex defined a third telomere-associated activity, required in parallel with telomerase [6] and Cdc13, a protein binding the single-strand portion of telomere DNA [7,8]. Furthermore, loss of Ku function altered the expression of telomere-located genes, indicative of a disruption of telomeric chromatin. These data suggest that the Ku complex and the Cdc13 protein function as terminus-binding factors, contributing distinct roles in chromosome end protection. In contrast, MRE11 and RAD50 were required for the telomerase-mediated pathway, rather than for telomeric end protection; we propose that this complex functions to prepare DNA ends for telomerase to replicate. These results suggest that as a part of normal telomere maintenance, telomeres are identified as double-strand breaks, with additional mechanisms required to prevent telomere recombination. Ku, Cdc13 and telomerase define three epistasis groups required in parallel for telomere maintenance.
Masculine Bias in the Attribution of Personhood: People = Male, Male = People

Silveira (1980) noted that not just masculine generics, but also neutral terms, have masculine connotations; she called this the “people = male” bias. Her hypothesis takes two forms: people = male, a male is more likely seen as a person than is a female; and male = people, a person is more likely believed to be male than female. A total of 108 female and 91 male college students participated in three studies. Study 1 tested male = people. Participants referring back to a female or male protagonist as a woman/man or as a person were significantly more likely to refer to the male with a nongender-specific term. Studies 2 and 3 tested people = male. In Study 2, reanalysis of data from Hamilton and Henley (1982) showed that hearing unbiased generics promoted male-biased mental imagery in men. In Study 3, participants' imagined “typical person” was significantly more likely to be male than female.
Wavelength measurements of 13C16O laser transitions

Abstract Wavelength measurements of 160 13 C 16 O laser lines in the range from 1500 to 1900 cm −1 have been made with a conventional grating spectrometer. The accuracy of the measurements is about ±0.003 cm −1 . Although more precise measurements of these lines will ultimately be made using microwave beating techniques, the present results should be of interest for the determination of improved molecular constants for CO and especially for the various spectroscopic applications of the CO laser.
Allergic emergencies in the physician's office.

Allergen immunotherapy may result in anaphylaxis without previous warning signs, such as a previous systemic reaction. Large local reactions are not predictive of future systemic reactions based on several published studies. Emergency medications and equipment should be kept current, and emergency preparedness by staff must be a priority. The overall rarity of severe anaphylaxis in a physician’s office may create a sense of false security. Staff should know when to call for emergency help, and it is advised that they inform the physician immediately of all immunotherapy systemic reactions. Early administration of sc epinephrine will help control and stop most but not all systemic reactions to injection therapy.
THE SEROLOGICAL GROUPING OF CANDIDA ALBICANS STRAINS ISOLATED IN THE KRAKOW PROVINCE IN THE YEARS 1963-1965 BY MEANS OF AGAR GEL DIFFUSION TEST

One hundred forty sevenCandida albicans strains isolated from different clinical specimens were serologically differentiated. Agar gel diffusion test inBjorklund modification was applied inCandida albicans grouping. Autolysates prepared from the strains under study and from the group A and B standard strains ofHasenclever were used as antigens against anti-Candida albicans group A rabbit immune sera. Among 147 examined strains isolated from 107 patients, 137 strains were classified as belonging to group A and only 10 (9.3 %) strains as belonging to group B.
Hierarchical Partition of Unity Field Compositions (HPFC) for Optimal Design in the Presence of Cracks

In this paper, the theory of Hierarchical Partition of Unity Field Compositions (HPFC) is applied for the analysis of cracks and for the optimal design in the presence of cracks. In the HPFC procedure, the geometrical, material and behavioral fields defined over primitive domains are composed through Boolean operations similar to the Constructive Solid Geometry Procedure of CAD. Here, cracks are modeled as compositions of a continuous field with a discontinuous enrichment field. Convergence of the composed fields is ensured by developing constructions that obey the partition of unity property. Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) which are a common choice for modeling curves and surfaces in CAD systems are used to discretize the geometry, material, and behavioral felds (local approximations) over the primitive regions and to describe crack shapes as well as the discontinuous behavioral feld corresponding to the crack. Following several validation examples, crack propagation simulations without remeshing...
Privacy promises that can be kept: a policy analysis method with application to the HIPAA privacy rule

Organizations collect personal information from individuals to carry out their business functions. Federal privacy regulations, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), mandate how this collected information can be shared by the organizations. It is thus incumbent upon the organizations to have means to check compliance with the applicable regulations. Prior work by Barth et. al. introduces two notions of compliance, weak compliance (WC) and strong compliance (SC). WC ensures that present requirements of the policy can be met whereas SC also ensures obligations can be met. An action is compliant with a privacy policy if it is both weakly and strongly compliant. However, their definitions of compliance are restricted to only propositional linear temporal logic (pLTL), which cannot feasibly specify HIPAA. To this end, we present a policy specification language based on a restricted subset of first order temporal logic (FOTL) which can capture the privacy requirements of HIPAA. We then formally specify WC and SC for policies of our form. We prove that checking WC is feasible whereas checking SC is undecidable. We then formally specify the property WC entails SC, denoted by Δ, which requires that each weakly compliant action is also strongly compliant. To check whether an action is compliant with such a policy, it is sufficient to only check whether the action is weakly compliant with that policy. We also prove that when a policy ℘ has the Δ-property, the present requirements of the policy reduce to the safety requirements imposed by ℘. We then develop a sound, semi-automated technique for checking whether practical policies have the Δ-property. We finally use HIPAA as a case study to demonstrate the efficacy of our policy analysis technique.
Evidence for cloud venting of mixed layer ozone and aerosols

Abstract Observations are presented which substantiate the hypothesis that significant vertical exchange of ozone (O3) and aerosol pollutants occurs between the mixed layer and the free troposphere during cumulus cloud convective activity. Flight experiments conducted in July 1981 utilized the airborne UV-DIAL (Ultra-Violet Differential Absorption Lidar) system developed by NASA. This system provides simultaneous range resolved O3 concentration and aerosol backscatter profiles with high spatial resolution. Data were obtained during the afternoon along east-west and south-north intersecting transects over North Carolina in the presence of active, non-precipitating cumulus clouds. Evening transects were obtained in the area indicated by trajectory calculations to be the current position of the air mass sampled earlier in the day. Space-height cross-section analyses for the evening flight show the cloud ‘debris’ as patterns of aerosol and O3 in excess of the ambient free tropospheric background. The O3 excess was approximately the value of the concentration difference between the afternoon mixed layer and free troposphere measured in the afternoon from independent in-situ vertical soundings made by another aircraft.
Cloning the laboratory mouse.

A brief account is given of early attempts to clone mammals (mice) by transferring cells (nuclei) of preimplantation embryos into enucleated oocytes, zygotes or blastomeres of two-cell embryos. This is followed by a brief review of recent successes using adult somatic cells: mammary gland cells for sheep, muscle cells for cattle and cumulus cells for mice. We have developed a technique for cloning the laboratory mouse by transferring cumulus cell nuclei into enucleated oocytes. With this technique, we have produced a population of over 80 cloned animals, and have carried the process over four generations. Development and fertility of these appear normal. However, the yield is very low; only approximately 1% of injected oocytes are carried to term. The challenge is now to understand the reason for this high loss. Is it a problem of technique, genomic reprogramming, somatic mutation, imprinting or incompatible cell cycle phases?
Electromagnetic interference in J/psi decays

We point out the importance of properly separating the electromagnetic and ''direct'' contributions to psi-particle exclusive decay modes before a meaningful comparison with theoretical predictions can be made. This is illustrated using the decays J/psi ..-->.. rho..pi.. and J/psi ..-->.. KK* (892), with particular attention to tests of the SU(3) properties of J/psi. An experiment is suggested to observe the effects of electromagnetic interference in e/sup +/e/sup -/ ..-->.. rho..pi.. just below the J/psi mass, and its implications are discussed. (AIP)
ACTION OF NICOTINE ON THE ELECTROPLAX AND DIFFERENCE OF POTENCY BETWEEN IONIZED AND UNIONIZED FORMS.

Abstract The effect of nicotine and the pH dependence of its potency were tested on the monocellular electroplax preparation of Electrophorus. 1. Nicotine (5·10 −5 M) blocks the action potential reversibly within 5 min. The stepwise depolarization of the membrane by increasing concentrations is shown. 2. Curare inhibits the effect of nicotine. Both compounds act at the synapse only. The mode of action is competitive. In contrast, the toxin obtained from clam affects the preparation without interference with the effect of nicotine. 3. Increasing the pH from 6.2 to 9.0 decreases the potency of nicotine by a factor of 2–3 and, in addition, increases the time required for reaching the equilibrium potential by a factor of 5–10. 4. The degree of ionization of nicotine has been evaluated in relation to potency of action.
Scalable near real-time failure localization of data center networks

Large-scale data center networks are complex---comprising several thousand network devices and several hundred thousand links---and form the critical infrastructure upon which all higher-level services depend on. Despite the built-in redundancy in data center networks, performance issues and device or link failures in the network can lead to user-perceived service interruptions. Therefore, determining and localizing user-impacting availability and performance issues in the network in near real time is crucial. Traditionally, both passive and active monitoring approaches have been used for failure localization. However, data from passive monitoring is often too noisy and does not effectively capture silent or gray failures, whereas active monitoring is potent in detecting faults but limited in its ability to isolate the exact fault location depending on its scale and granularity.Our key idea is to use statistical data mining techniques on large-scale active monitoring data to determine a ranked list of suspect causes, which we refine with passive monitoring signals. In particular, we compute a failure probability for devices and links in near real time using data from active monitoring, and look for statistically significant increases in the failure probability. We also correlate the probabilistic output with other failure signals from passive monitoring to increase the confidence of the probabilistic analysis. We have implemented our approach in the Windows Azure production environment and have validated its effectiveness in terms of localization accuracy, precision, and time to localization using known network incidents over the past three months. The correlated ranked list of devices and links is surfaced as a report that is used by network operators to investigate current issues and identify probable root causes.
Argon beam coagulation for post-tonsillectomy hemostasis

Abstract Objective: The study goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of argon beam coagulation (ABC) in the prevention of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. ABC provides monopolar coagulation by arcing ionized argon gas to the target tissue; it is not a laser. Methods: Two consecutive studies were performed as follows. In the first, a retrospective analysis of post-tonsillectomy bleeding in 344 patients was conducted. Final tonsil fossa hemostasis was achieved with ABC (257 patients) or with electrocoagulation (EC) (87 patients). In the second, a prospective, randomized, patient-blind study of post-tonsillectomy bleeding was conducted in 88 patients. Final hemostasis was achieved using ABC in one fossa and EC in the other fossa, with the sides chosen at random. Results: Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage was defined as the expectoration of fresh blood, as opposed to blood-streaked saliva. The rates of bleeding for the 2 studies were as follows. In study 1 for EC, 20% for adults, 6.5% for children, and 10.3% for total; for ABC, 4.7% for adults, 0.6% for children, and 1.9% for total. In study 2 for EC, 19.2% for adults, 1.6% for children, and 6.8% for total; for ABC, 7.7% for adults, 0.0% for children, and 1.1% for total. The rates of hospital admission for observation or reoperation to treat the bleeding in study 1 for EC were 8% for adults, 6.5% for children, and 6.9% for total; for ABC, 1.2% for adults, 0.6% for children, and 0.7% for total. Corresponding rates for study 2 for EC were 15.4% for adults, 1.6% for children, and 5.7% for total; for ABC, 3.8% for adults, 0.0% for children, and 1.1% for total. Conclusion: ABC is more effective than EC for hemostasis after tonsillectomy. The costs of ABC use vs the savings achieved from reduced bleeding are discussed. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;126:316-20.)
Stutterers' Projection of Listener Reaction

A group of 20 stutterers and matched controls were shown movie film segments of ten persons reported to be listening to individual speakers. The subjects were asked (a) to indicate if the unseen sp...
Study of SONET OC-3 terminal multiplexer architecture

Architecture for OC-3 Terminal Multiplexer is presented in this paper, which could be used as a practical implementation guide for SONET OC-3 Terminal Multiplexer. Basic ingredients in SONET are introduced for those who need to be familiar with SONET standard. The hardware architecture including System Control and Transmission is then proposed. A brief introduction to software architecture is also introduced in this paper.
Breakup of H 2 + by photon impact

Total and partial cross sections for breakup of the ground rovibronic state of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ by photon impact are calculated using the exact nonadiabatic nonrelativistic Hamiltonian without approximation. The converged results span six orders of magnitude. The breakup cross section is divided into dissociative excitation and dissociative ionization. The dissociative excitation channels are divided into contributions from principal quantum numbers 1--4. For dissociative ionization, the fully differential cross section is calculated using a formally exact expression. These results are compared with approximate expressions. The Born-Oppenheimer expression for the dissociative ionization amplitude is shown to be deficient near onset. A Born-Oppenheimer approximation to the final state is shown to give accurate results for the sharing of kinetic energy between the electronic and the internuclear degrees of freedom---the doubly differential cross section. To accurately calculate the triply differential cross section, including the angular behavior, it is shown that nonadiabatic wave functions for both initial and final states are required at low electron energies.
Differences in rural landscape perceptions and preferences between farmers and naturalists

Abstract A long history of human–nature interactions mediated by agriculture, resulted in high biodiversity in Japanese rural landscapes. This diversity faces drastic decline due to the changes following the socioeconomic circumstances regarding agriculture. Rural conservation will require cooperation among major stakeholders, and knowing how preferences for and perceptions of rural landscapes differ among them can help crafting and implementing effective conservation measures. This study investigated how perceptions of rural landscapes in the Arai-Keinan region, Niigata, Japan differ among people having very different relationships to them. In a photograph-based semantic differential survey, farmers and naturalists, major stakeholders in rural conservation, rated both rice paddy and woodland landscapes. In determining preferences for rice paddy landscapes, perceptions of stewardship and openness were significantly more important for farmers, whereas those of naturalness and biodiversity were significantly more important for naturalists. Such group differences were not found for woodland landscapes. Analysis of perceptions for landscape changes suggested that farmers may have higher normative criteria for rural landscapes than naturalists. Group preferences for intensified rice paddies on sloped topography may conflict, and any rural conservation planning effort should carefully consider that farmers and naturalists consider different aspects of landscapes as important.
The use of adsorbed cellulase in the continuous conversion of cellulose to glucose

Cellulose strongly adsorbs cellulase at pH 4.0-5.0, 25-50°C, conditions which are optimum for the enzyme action. The adsorbed enzyme is sufficient to digest the cellulose with no replenishment of enzyme even though the liquid phase containing the sugar is continuously removed. As cellulose is digested, the released enzyme is readsorbed on excess or newly added cellulose with retention of activity. Sugars can be separated from the enzyme-cellulose complex by simple filtration or centrifugation or by retaining the enzyme-cellulose complex in a column from which the sugar solution is eluted. Adsorbed cellulase has been used to produce syrups containing 5-14% glucose continuously from stirred reactors containing 10-20% cellulose, or from cellulose columns.
Possible implications of connectionism

As far as I can tell the most exciting thing happening in AI these days is the invasion of the brain people (a.k.a. the connectionists). The connectionists haven't really invaded the AI community in the sense of making a planned assault it just seems that connectionism is the sexiest thing around. The AI community has very suddenly become very interested in connectionist techniques and it is only a slight exaggeration for me to say thai all the first year graduate students I meet express an interest in connectionism. So perhaps it would be useful to talk about the status of connectionism with respect to the old formal/commonsense semantic arguments. Let's try to pigeon-hole this new paradigm in terms of our old formal/procedural/episodic/semantic distinctions and see what happens.
Navigating Digital Sheet Music on the Web: Challenges and Opportunities

Affordable digital sheet music readers, along with the recent proliferation of Web sites hosting digital sheet music, necessitate a more detailed discussion of these valuable resources with a focus on copyright and website functionality in addition to coverage and quality. The phrase “digital sheet music” represents music digitized from its original paper format and music that is digitally produced in an electronic format. Web sites with digital sheet music content are most commonly hosted by individuals, libraries, professional societies and organizations, or companies, although content can also be disseminated through peer‐to‐peer sharing networks. Understanding some of the differences between host sites will help end users 1) better navigate their online options; 2) effectively search for and evaluate available content; and 3) form realistic expectations when searching for music scores in electronic format.
Assessment of Corrosion Resistance and Metal Ion Leaching of Nitinol Alloys

Nitinol usage for biomedical implant devices has received significant attention due to its high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. However, surface treatments are known to affect surface charge, surface chemistry, morphology, wettability, and corrosion resistance. In this investigation, the corrosion resistance of a binary and various ternary Nitinol alloys was determined after being subjected to electropolishing, magnetoelectropolishing, and water boiling and passivation. Cyclic polarization in vitro corrosion tests were conducted in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) in compliance with ASTM F 2129-08 before and after surface treatments. The concentrations of dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte were also determined by ICPMS.
Health Impact Assessments in India: Exploring a Possible Community Health Policy Innovation

India is now beginning to use Health Impact Assessments (HIAs) to better understand the health impacts of environmental projects. In this paper we analyze how Health Impact Assessments are executed in India and explore the feasibility of expanding the implementation and impacts of HIAs in India. Observations made in this paper regarding India's implementation of HIAs include: nongovernment organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in executing HIAs, powerful Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) context frames how HIAs are conducted, and, the need for more preventative HIA investigations that take a closer focus on "community health" issues.
Superimposed stents in the management of acute recoil after Palmaz-Schatz stenting

We report a patient in whom aorto-ostial stenting with a Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent was complicated by significant acute elastic recoil, despite appropriate positioning of the stent and full expansion of a high-pressure, postdilatation balloon. Superimposing a Palmaz biliary stent overcame the inward radial force of this lesion and achieved an adequate lumen.
High precision automated conductometric titrations with the bipolar pulse technique

An automated conductometric titration system has been designed and investigated. Stepper motor driven burets have been constructed to provide precise delivery of small volumes of titrant. A bipolar pulse conductance instrument of wide dynamic range is briefly reviewed as a tool in conductometric titrations. Several types of titrations have been carried out to investigate the accuracy and reproducibility of this apparatus. The precision for titrant volumes of 40µl is ±0.64% relative standard deviation.
Rebuilding the health care system in Afghanistan: an overview of primary care and emergency services

Developing nations have many challenges to the growth of emergency medical systems. This development in Afghanistan is also complicated by many factors that plague post-conflict countries including an unstable political system, poor economy, poor baseline health indices, and ongoing violence. Progress has been made in Afghanistan with the implementation of the Basic Package of Health Service (BPHS) by the Ministry of Public Health in an effort to provide healthcare that would have the most cost-effective impact on common health problems. Trauma and trauma-related disability were both identified as priorities under the BPHS, and efforts have begun to address these problems. Most of the emergency care delivered in Afghanistan is provided by the military sector and non-governmental organizations. Security, lack of infrastructure, economic hardship, difficult access to healthcare facilities, poor healthcare facility conditions, and lack of trained healthcare providers, especially women, are all problems that need to be addressed. The long-term goal of quality healthcare for all Afghan citizens will only be met by a combination of specific goal-oriented projects, foreign aid, domestic responsibility, and time.
Fluorescent Lipoidal Spectra of Human Tissue

HIEGER1 pointed out that most of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons studied were highly fluorescent and they produced characteristic bands in the regions 4,000, 4,180 and 4,400 A. The investigation of the presence or absence of similar spectrographic characteristics in non-malignant and malignant tissues was instituted with the end in view that it might shed some light on the presence of possible carcinogens in the latter.
The Tsimerinov Sign: To Detect Non-Organic Weakness of the Upper Extremity (P06.025)

Objective: Examination of a new neurological sign to detect non-organic unilateral upper extremity weakness. Background Clinical signs, such as the Hoover sign, can differentiate between organic and non-organic paresis. This study evaluated a new sign, the Tsimerinov sign (TS), that takes advantage of complementary opposition of arm muscles while flexing or extending one elbow against resistance to check for non-organic weakness. Design/Methods: Patients with unilateral arm weakness were examined. Manual strength testing was performed on both arms individually. Then, the examiner performed the TS by holding the patient9s forearms with the elbows at a 30 degree angle and asking the patient to flex or extend the elbow of the normal (non-paretic) arm. In patients with non-organic weakness, there was complementary opposition of the contralateral (paretic) arm with extension or flexion at the elbow, respectively. The weakness was judged non-organic if the paretic arm had greater strength during this complementary opposition maneuver than during manual testing. A separate group of healthy volunteers without a complaint of arm weakness were examined to confirm the clinical finding of complementary muscle oppositional actions. Patients and volunteers were examined by one or two independent physicians. Results: Seventy-three total examinations were performed on 54 subjects. First, 23 patients without a complaint of arm weakness were examined, and 22/23 (96%) of these had a negative TS. Then, 31 patients with unilateral arm weakness were examined. Of these patients, 21 were found to have organic weakness after thorough diagnostic evaluation. The remaining 10 patients had no identified organic cause for their weakness. All 10 patients with non-organic weakness had a positive TS and the sign was negative in all patients with organic weakness (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%). Conclusions: The Tsimerinov sign is useful for determining if unilateral arm weakness is non-organic. Disclosure: Dr. Lombardi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Barton has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eliashiv has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc, UCB Pharma, Lundbeck Research USA, GlaxoSmithKline, Inc. Dr. Chung has nothing to disclose. Dr. Muthukumaran has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tsimerinov has nothing to disclose.
Insulin-like growth factor II-messenger RNA-binding protein-3 and lung cancer.

AbstractInsulin-like growth factor II-messenger RNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3) is an oncofetal RNA-binding protein that promotes tumor cell proliferation by enhancing IGF-II protein synthesis and inducing cell adhesion and invasion by stabilizing CD44 mRNA. IMP3 expression has been studied in many human neoplasms with growing evidence that IMP3 is a biomarker of enhanced tumor aggressiveness. IMP3 expression has been correlated with a poorer phenotypic profile including increased risk of metastases and decreased survival. Only a few studies have examined IMP3 expression in lung cancers. We review here the literature concerning IMP3 expression in lung neoplasms, specifically adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. IMP3 immunohistochemical expression was reported in 27-55% of cases of primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma and in 75-90% of cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. In adenocarcinoma, IMP3 expression was reported to be correlated with more poorly differenti...
Mechanism of Cerebral Aneurysm Bruits: Resonance of Parent Artery and Aneurysm

Cerebral aneurysms have distinct sounds that peak at a frequency between 260–660Hz, very different from the spectrum without aneurysms [1]. While this phenomenon has been known for years, the exact cause of bruits is not known. Figure 1 shows the spectrums of sounds from a healthy subject and a 65-year-old patient with a 16mm aneurysm at the paraclinoid segment of the internal carotid artery using a digital electronic stethoscope. The healthy subject has a peak at 96Hz, and the spectrum for the aneurysm patient peaks at 403 Hz.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Investigation of pH and temperature effects on FRET systems for glucose sensing

Glucose monitoring is of critical importance in the life of Type I and many Type II diabetics. This research furthers work toward a minimally invasive implantable glucose sensor based on fluorescence detection. Current experimental models use heterogeneous fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) systems for sensing; ideally, the response of one fluorophore bound to a large polysaccharide is enhanced greatly in the presence of glucose while the other fluorophore bound to a glucose sensitive protein is diminished or unaffected. Many fluorophores are affected by environmental factors such as pH and temperature. FRET experiments using two fluorophores, tetramethylrodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) and fluoroscein isothiocyanate (FITC), are performed evaluating the effects of fluctuations over the range of pH 4-8 and temperature 25-45 degree(s)C for various concentrations of glucose in a flow cell. TRITC is bound to the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A), and FITC is bound to dextran molecules of varying sizes.
Increased amount of extracellular ATP in stimulated hippocampal slices of seizure prone mice

Inbred DBA/2 (D2) mice have an inherited susceptibility to audiogenic seizures (AGS), whereas inbred C57BL/6 (B6) mice are resistant to these seizures. AGS susceptibility is genetically associated with a reduction of a brain Ca2+-ATPase activity. A novel apparatus was used for monitoring simultaneously the electrical activity and ATP release from brain slices. The amount of extracellular ATP detected in hippocampal slices following the electrical stimulation of Schaffer collaterals is significantly greater in D2 mice than in B6 mice. We suggest that the increased level of extracellular ATP in D2 mice is associated with reduced brain Ca2+-ATPase activity.
Surgical management of atresia ani and perineal hypospadias in a miniature donkey foal

Summary A 3-week-old miniature donkey was evaluated for tenesmus and constipation resulting from atresia ani. The foal was also diagnosed with hypospadias extending from its perineum to the glans penis and caudoventral penile deviation. A common opening on the perineum allowed faeces and urine to be excreted together, preventing complete intestinal obstruction. Surgical correction of the atresia ani was performed, along with resection of the incomplete urethra, nonfunctional penis and testes. The anal and perineal reconstruction procedures resolved the miniature donkey's difficulty in defaecation. The anourethral portion of the repair healed, but the anoperineal portion dehisced and healed by second intention. The client was satisfied with the outcome.
Articulatory Dynamics of Fluent Utterances of Stutterers and Nonstutterers

High speed cineradiography is used to describe the kinematics and spatial and temporal organization of perceptually fluent speech gestures for six stutterers and seven normal speakers. Movements of...
Photoemission studies of LaF 3

Quantum-yield and photoelectron-energy-distribution measurements on evaporated LaF3 films have been made in the photon energy range 10–27 eV. Photoemission from the F−2p valence band indicates a bandwidth of 3.5 ± 40.3 eV and a photoelectric threshold of 11.7 ± 0.3 eV. The photoelectron spectra exhibit features that can be identified as density-of-states structures of the valence and conduction bands. An attempt is made to relate these structures to the initial and final states of ultraviolet transitions.
Building Functional Models: Designing an Elbow

Previous work suggests that children largely perceive science as the passive observation and recording of events. In contrast, studies of practicing scientists show a concern with building and testing models. In this study we investigated the role of a design context for developing children's understanding of science as the construction and revision of models. Grade 1-2 children were given the task of building a model that works like a human elbow. Via discussion, model building, evaluation, and revision, children came to understand that not only motion but also constraints on motion were important qualities to include in their models. Moreover, review of classroom activity and analysis of the postmodeling interview sug- gest that as early as first grade, children's model-evaluation skills may be quite amenable to development: In comparison to a nonmodeling peer group, modelers were largely able to ignore perceptual qualities when asked to judge the functional qualities of models. Further, they showed an understanding of the modeling process in general that was similar to that of children 3-4 years older. J Res Sci Teach 34: 125-143, 1997. Recent studies suggest that children perceive science largely as a passive process of ob- serving and recording events. In their view, good scientists are those who attend acutely and make accurate and complete records of all that they observe (Carey, Evans, Honda, Jay, & Unger, 1989; Songer & Linn, 1991). Yet, accounts of the work of professional scientists paint a far different picture, one dominated by building and testing models (e.g., Giere, 1988; Hestenes, 1992). In these accounts, model building and testing are essential to the development of theory—models both channel observations and drive the resulting interpretations (Hestenes, 1992). In contrast, children's views of models, like their views of scientific practice in general, reflect a belief that observation is theory-free and unproblematic. Thus, children tend to view models primarily as physical copies of phenomena, rather than as tools in the service of theory construction and testing (Grosslight, Unger, Jay, & Smith, 1991). In this study, we investigated the role of a design context for developing children's appreci- ation of science as a model-construction and model-revision process. We chose the design focus because the process of design affords the potential for children to construct, apply, debate, and
Dogs, Cats, and Diabetes

All developmental stages pose unique challenges for families. The transition from childhood to adolescence is often difficult for families to understand and deal with effectively. Parents of adolescents must find ways to let go of some of the control while still remaining close to their child. This is difficult when adolescents are prone to rebellion, defiance of convention, and separation from family. Health care providers who work with adolescents with diabetes have reported that adolescent patients are often the most difficult patients. It may be, however, that adolescents are not so difficult. Rather, it may be that the developmental transition to adolescence requires different strategies for relating to adolescents versus younger children. A useful way to understand this developmental transition is to compare and contrast how one may interact with a dog versus a cat.1 Dogs are much like children in that they are dependent on others, enjoy being around a variety of people, tend to respond to discipline, and are usually up for just about anything. Cats, on the other hand, are more like adolescents. Cats are independent, enjoy their solitude, need a great deal of cajoling to do things, and are difficult to discipline. Both dogs and cats enjoy affection from their caregivers. Dogs typically are open to any type of affection: belly rubs, ear scratches, rough-and-tumble play, and so forth. Cats, however, require affection on their own terms. One has to think like a cat to know how to approach the cat to give it affection. Otherwise, the caregiver risks rejection from the cat. There are many striking parallels between dogs and cats on the one hand and children and adolescents on the other. Despite the differences between cats and dogs (or children and adolescents), they both need affection, involvement, and limit setting. Roberts et al. …
Sublabral clefts and recesses in the anterior, inferior, and posterior glenoid labrum at MR arthrography.

To determine the prevalence of a normal variant cleft/recess at the labral–chondral junction in the anterior, inferior, and posterior portions of the shoulder joint. One hundred and three consecutive patients (106 shoulders) who had a direct MR arthrogram followed by arthroscopic surgery were enrolled in this IRB-approved study. Scans were carried out on a 1.5-T scanner with an eight-channel shoulder coil. The glenoid rim was divided into eight segments and the labrum in all but the superior and anterosuperior segments was evaluated by two radiologists for the presence of contrast between the labrum and articular cartilage. We measured the depth of any cleft/recess and correlated the MR findings with surgical results. Generalized estimating equation models were used to correlate patient age and gender with the presence and depth of a cleft/recess, and Cohen’s kappa values were calculated for interobserver variability. For segments that were normal at surgery, a cleft/recess was present within a segment on MR arthrogram images in as few as 7 % of patients (within the posteroinferior segment by observer 1), and in up to 61 % of patients (within the posterosuperior segment by observer 1). 55–83 % of these were only 1 mm deep. A 2- to 3-mm recess was seen within 0–37 % of the labral segments, most commonly in the anterior, anteroinferior, and posterosuperior segments. Age and gender did not correlate with the presence of a cleft/recess, although there was an association between males and a 2- to 3-mm deep recess (p = 0.03). The interobserver variability for each segment ranged between 0.15 and 0.49, indicating slight to moderate agreement. One-mm labral–chondral clefts are not uncommon throughout the labrum. A 2- to 3-mm deep smooth, medially curved recess in the anterior, anteroinferior or posterosuperior labrum can rarely be seen, typically as a continuation of a superior recess or anterosuperior labral variant.
Generating goal-oriented models from creative requirements using model driven engineering

The KAOS framework aims to avoid eliciting ambiguous or irrelevant requirements and allows efficient and easy communication between stakeholders. Nevertheless, KAOS is designed mainly for requirements engineers, not so much for other important stakeholders, that understand better other kinds of models, such as mind maps. Thus, this paper proposes an approach for generating KAOS goal models from mind maps by adopting model-driven techniques. The use of mind maps, as a creative and agile requirements technique, aims to encourage the construction of KAOS goal models more effectively and in a simpler way by involving all kinds of stakeholders that do need to know about KAOS. Our approach also contains the definition of a systematic process and is applied to an industrial case application.
Effect of tumor necrosis factor administration in vivo on lipoprotein lipase activity in various tissues of the rat

When added to murine adipocytes in culture, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) decreases the levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Semb et al (1987. J. Biol Chem. 262: 8390-8394) have shown that administration of murine TNF to rats decreases lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the epididymal fat pad with maximal inhibition requiring several hours. We have now tested the effects of treatment of rats with TNF on LPL activity in a variety of tissues and find that few show decreases in LPL under conditions that acutely increase serum triglycerides. Ninety minutes after treatment of male rats with human TNF (25 micrograms/200 g, i.v.), serum triglycerides rose 2.2-fold but there was no decrease in LPL activity in epididymal fat. Sixteen hours after TNF treatment LPL activity had decreased by 44% in epididymal fat, consistent with the previously reported data. In contrast, in female rats, no significant decrease was seen in LPL activity in parametrial adipose tissue at either 90 min or 16 hr after TNF administration despite increases in serum triglycerides (1.8-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively). There was little change in LPL activity in most other adipose tissue sites of male or female rats at either time after TNF treatment. No effect of TNF was seen on heart or diaphragm muscle LPL at any time. TNF treatment of both male and female rats produces consistent increases in de novo hepatic lipogenesis in vivo under conditions that increase serum triglycerides. It is unlikely that the limited effects of TNF on LPL in vivo can account for the rapid and sustained increase in serum triglycerides.
Drug Court as Both a Legal and Medical Authority

This article explores how addiction is conceptualized in a drug court program. Through observations and interviews in a drug court in a large northeastern city, the author reveals how the court uses ambiguous and inconsistent medicalized language to describe addiction, extending the label of addiction to behaviors not just associated with using drugs, but with selling drugs as well. Ultimately, drug courts incorporate a medicalized notion of addiction to further their own control over drug-related issues, since they become the authority of both the client's treatment and their punishment.
The effect of the use of improved climate forecasts on variable costs, input usage, and production

Three economic models varying in aggregation, crops analyzed, and regions modeled are used to determine potential impacts of the use of improved climate forecasts on agriculture. DiAerent regions and crops both within a region and between regions may be aAected diAerently. Expected values of variables such as costs, yields, input usage, etc., may increase or decrease with the use of improved climate forecasts. Further, current changes in the US Federal Farm Program may increase the value of improved climate forecasts because of the elimination of most planting restrictions, acreage reduction, and disaster assistance. The addition of catastrophic crop insurance appears to decrease the value of improved forecasts. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.