cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond laser microdissection isolating regenerating C. elegans neurons for single cell RNA sequencing

Our understanding of nerve regeneration can be enhanced by delineating its underlying molecular activities at single neuron resolution in small model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans. Existing cell isolation techniques cannot isolate regenerating neurons from the nematode. We present femtosecond laser microdissection (fs-LM), a new single cell isolation method that dissects intact cells directly from living tissue by leveraging the micron-scale precision of fs-laser ablation. We show that fs-LM facilitated sensitive and specific gene expression profiling by single cell RNA-sequencing, while mitigating the stress related transcriptional artifacts induced by tissue dissociation. Single cell RNA-sequencing of fs-LM isolated regenerating C. elegans neurons revealed transcriptional program leading to successful regeneration in wild-type animals or regeneration failure in animals lacking DLK-1/p38 kinase. The ability of fs-LM to isolate specific neurons based on phenotype of interest allowed us to study the molecular basis of regeneration heterogeneity displayed by neurons of the same type. We identified gene modules whose expression patterns were correlated with axon regrowth rate at a single neuron level. Our results establish fs-LM as a highly specific single cell isolation method ideal for precision and phenotype-driven studies.
Building a biomedical pipeline: the impact of the Idaho IDeA INBRE summer research experience at a primarily undergraduate institution.

Idaho Institutional Development Award (IDeA) Network for Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) aims to build biomedical research capacity and enhance the scientific and technology knowledge of the...
Comment on Paolisso et al. Impact of Admission Hyperglycemia on Heart Failure Events and Mortality in Patients With Takotsubo Syndrome at Long-term Follow-up: Data From HIGH-GLUCOTAKO Investigators. Diabetes Care 2021;44:2158-2161.

I read with interest the contribution by Paolisso et al. (1) about the performance of admission hyperglycemia (AH) (blood glucose >140 mg/dL) as a predictor of long-term prognosis in 76 patients with takotsubo syndrome (TTS), 28 with and 48 without AH. Patients with AH showed lower left ventricular ejection fraction on admission and discharge and higher levels of B-type natriuretic peptide and inflammatory …
Exploring Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Mindfulness Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk of Dementia: A Feasibility, Proof-of-Concept Study.

Objectives: This study sought to explore feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of aerobic training (AT), mindfulness training (MT), or both (MT + AT) on cognitive function in older in...
Teratogenicity and toxicity of the new BPA alternative TMBPF, and BPA, BPS, and BPAF in chick embryonic development

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely known, yet controversial, reproductive toxin, capable of inducing reproductive, developmental, and somatic growth defects across species. Due to scientific findings and public concern, companies have developed BPA alternatives remarkably similar to BPA. However, these alternatives have had much less testing and oversight, yet they are already being mass-produced and used across industries from plastics to food-contact coatings. The newest one, tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF), is the least well-studied and has never been investigated in embryological models, however it continues to be mass produced and found in various products. Here, we used the chicken embryotoxicity screening test to compare the toxicities and potencies of several BPA analogs including TMBPF. We exposed developing chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos in ovo, from embryonic day 5 to 12 (E5–12), to increasing concentrations of BPA, bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and TMBPF from 0.003–30 μM, and analyzed their developmental and toxic effects. The bisphenols significantly impaired development, growth, and survival in a dose-dependent manner, even at low, environmentally relevant concentrations of 3–30 nM. There was severely reduced growth and developmental delay, with exposed embryos averaging half the size and weight of control vehicle-treated embryos. The most common and severe dysmorphologies were craniofacial, eye, gastrointestinal, and body pigmentation abnormalities. The bisphenols caused concentration-dependent toxicity with the lowest LC50s (lethal concentration with 50% survival) ever demonstrated in chick embryos, at 0.83–2.92 μM. Notably, TMBPF was the second-most toxic and teratogenic of all chemicals tested (rank order of BPAF > TMBPF > BPS > BPA). These results underscore the adverse effects of BPA replacements on early embryo development and may have implications for reproductive health and disease across species, including pregnancy exposures in humans.
Status of Turtles on the Mississippi Coast

Sea turtles have declined in numbers and federal agencies have become concerned with the numbers drowned in trawls by commercial shrimpers. Records are given of freshwater turtles and of the gopher tortoise in low-salinity waters. These include the Florida cooter Pseudemys floridana, the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina, the alligator snapper Macroclemys temmincki, and the gopher Gopherus polyphemus. The diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin pileata is common in brackish waters of Alabama and Mississippi. All sea turtles of the western Atlantic Ocean may be expected in Mississippi waters except for the Pacific ridley Lepidochelys olzvacea, indigenous in northern South America in the Atlantic.
How Well Do Raters Agree on the Development Stage of Caenorhabditis elegans

The assessment of inter-rater reliability is a topic that is infrequently addressed in Caenorhabditis elegans research, despite the existence of sophisticated statistical methods and the strong interest in the field in obtaining reliable and accurate data. This study applies statistical modeling as a robust means of analyzing the performance of worm researchers measuring the stage of worm development in terms of the two independent factors that comprise "agreement", which are (1) accuracy, representing trueness, a lack of systematic differences, or lack of bias, and (2) precision, representing reliability or the extent to which random differences are small. In our study, multiple raters assessed the same sample of worms to determine the developmental stage of each animal, and we collected data linking each scorer with their assessment for each worm. To describe the agreement of the raters, we developed a structural equation model with latent variables and thresholds, which assumes that all the raters are jointly scoring each worm. This common factor model separately quantifies the two aspects of agreement. The stage-specific thresholds examine accuracy and characterize the relative biases of each rater during the scoring process. The factor loadings for each rater examine the precision and characterizes the random error of the rater. Within our group, we found that the overall agreement was good, while certain adjustments in particular raters would have decreased systematic differences. Hence, the use of developmental stage as an experimental outcome can be both accurate and precise.
Value and Limitations of Infant Tests: An Overview

The development of intelligence during infancy is impressive and measurable. The anthropometrist measures growth in head size, which reflects the growth of the brain. The neuropathologist measures cerebral DNA to estimate cell number and possible damage from malnutrition or other causes (Winick, 1970). The psychologist measures behavioral change by means of careful observations of responses to specific tasks. In this chapter we shall review critically infant tests and their contribution to the understanding of mental growth in the first months of life.
Decreased SMAD4 expression is associated with induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cetuximab resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting this receptor, is widely used to treat these patients. In the following investigation, we examined the role of SMAD4 down-regulation in mediating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cetuximab resistance in HNSCC. We determined that SMAD4 downregulation was significantly associated with increased cell motility, increased expression of vimentin, and cetuximab resistance in HNSCC cell lines. In the HNSCC genomic dataset obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas, SMAD4 was altered in 20/279 (7%) of HNSCC via homozygous deletion, and nonsense, missense, and silent mutations. When SMAD4 expression was compared with respect to human papillomavirus (HPV) status, HPV-positive tumors had higher expression compared to HPV-negative tumors. Furthermore, higher SMAD4 expression also correlated with higher CDKN2A (p16) expression. Our data suggest that SMAD4 down-regulation plays an important role in the induction of EMT and cetuximab resistance. Patients with higher SMAD4 expression may benefit from cetuximab use in the clinic.
Physical Health Conditions and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Offenders With Alcohol Use Diagnoses

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent among samples with diagnosed alcohol use disorders (AUDs), but few studies have evaluated the factors that account for this increased risk, and none have systematically evaluated the risk posed by comorbid physical health conditions. The present study evaluated the likelihood of perpetrating IPV among alcohol diagnosed offenders with medical health problems relative to healthy counterparts. Physical health and partner violence data provided by 655 criminal offenders with AUDs diagnosed during a court-ordered substance abuse evaluation were examined. One third of participants (35.3%) endorsed a physical health condition, and 46.4% reported perpetrating physical IPV. The odds of perpetrating IPV among participants with a physical health condition were 2.29 times larger than among healthy participants. Specific conditions emerged as risk factors for IPV, including brain injury, cardiac issues, chronic pain, liver issues, gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatitis, and recent injury. Findings highlight the importance of identifying and managing physical health conditions that may complicate IPV treatment efforts. Integrated behavioral and medical health treatment approaches may increase treatment compliance and reduce the risk of future partner violence among offenders with co-occurring issues, such as mental illness, addiction, and physical health conditions.
Roles and Rules: Ambiguity, Experimentation and New Forms of Stakeholderism in Germany *

A reified opposition between social cooperation (stakeholderism) and Neoliberal market solutions paralyzes political and scientific debate on reform in Germany today. This essay rejects that opposition by recasting the way in which each of the categories is under stood. Pressure to become more flexible in many areas of work and organizational life has not given rise to a blanket embrace of "the market" on a local level. Instead, it has induced wide spread experimentation with alternative forms of workplace and firm governance that involve continual and collaborative recomposition of stakeholder roles in and among firms and social actors. In other words, stakeholder governance is not disintegrating or giving way to the mar ket in Germany. It is being redefined. Experimentation with roles and rules by creative actors drives the alternative analysis. The argument is developed empirically by a discussion of current local trends in the system of industrial relations Rollen und Regeln: Ambiguitat, Experimente und neue Formen der Sozialpartnerschaft in Deutschland Zusammenfassung — Der Gegensatz zwischen Sozialpartnerschaft auf der einen Seite und neoliberalem Vermarktlichungsansatz auf der anderen paralysiert die politische wie wissen schaftliche Debatte in Deutschland. Dieser Essay widerspricht dieser pauschalen Entgegenset zung, indem er fordert, diese Kategorien neu zu fassen. Der Druck zur starkeren Flexibilisie rung von Arbeit und Organisadon hat nicht zu einer pauschalen Umarmung "des Marktes" auf lokaler Ebene gefuhrt. Vielmehr hat er vielfaltige Experimente mit alternativen Formen der Arbeits- und Unternehmensorganisation ausgelost — einschlieslich der kontinuierlichen und kollaborativen Rekomposition der verschiedenen Stakeholderrollen in und zwischen Unter nehmen und anderen gesellschaftlichen Akteuren. Mit anderen Worten: "stakeholder gover nance" disintegriert nicht oder lost sich in marktformige Koordination auf, sie wird vielmehr nur redefiniert. Die Experimente kreativer Akteure mit Rollen und Regeln treibt diese Ent wicklung. Das Argument wird auf der Basis empirischer Einsichten in gegenwartige lokale Entwicklungen des Systems industrieller Beziehungen in Deutschland entwickelt.
The role of individualism and collectivism as predictors of attributions for unethical work behavior : an empirical examination across two culturally diverse groups

OF THE DISSERTATION THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM AS PREDICTORS OF ATTRIBUTIONS FOR UNETHICAL WORK BEHAVIOR: AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION ACROSS TWO CULTURALLY DIVERSE GROUPS by Ana Azevedo Florida International University, 1997 Professor Mary Ann Von Glinow, Major Professor This dissertation addresses how the cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism affect the attributions people make for unethical behavior at work. The moderating effect of ethnicity is also examined by considering two culturally diverse groups: Hispanics and Anglos. The sample for this study is a group of business graduate students from two universities in the Southeast. A 20-minute survey was distributed to master's degree students at their classroom and later on returned to the researcher. Individualism and collectivism were operationalized as by a set of attitude items, while unethical work behavior was introduced in the form of hypothetical descriptions or scenarios. Data analysis employed multiple group confirmatory factor analysis for both independent and dependent variables, and subsequently
Long-Term Care and the Law

The law exerts a significant influence on the quality, accessibility, and affordability of long-term care (LTC) services that are, or that at some future time may be, needed by older Americans. The interaction between the legal system and the various participants involved in the provision and receipt of LTC - consumers, family members, providers, payers, regulators, and advocates - is complex and multi-faceted. This chapter, written for a textbook on long-term care, attempts to outline some of the most salient aspects of this interaction so as to equip the reader both to more fully and accurately appreciate the roles of the law and lawyers in shaping the long-term care environment and to evaluate the actual impact of the legal system on those whom it seeks to benefit, empower, oversee, or punish. Specific topics covered include: the sources and functions of legal authority; specific forms of legal regulation pertaining to long-term care; legal implications of consumer driven home- and community-based LTC; and behavioral manifestations of the regulatory environment.
Modifying Field Instructors' Supervisory Approach Using Stage Models of Student Development

Abstract There is a growing awareness of field instructors' need for training in their important role as educators (Abramson & Fortune, 1990; Raschick, Maypole, & Day, 1998; Raskin, 1994). Research suggests that due to workload demands field instructors tend to be expedient and practical in supervision (Rogers & McDonald, 1995), suggesting the importance of field instructor training that is relevant, accessible, and easy to implement. This article provides information about how and when MSW students typically learn certain skills coupled with a supervisory framework to help field instructors vary the structure, support, and supervisory focus of their supervision depending on the developmental level of their students. The framework is based on a synthesis of developmental stage models of students in social work (Holman & Freed, 1987; Saari, 1989) counseling, and psychology (Friedman & Kaslow, 1986; Ralph, 1980; Stoltenberg, McNeill, & Delworth, 1998). Implications for field instructor training are discussed.
Categorizing faults in the software build cycle decreases the total number of faults

Very little is actually known about the types of faults that programmers insert into their software. It is becoming more important that these faults are classified into different categories. In this paper a review of a programming technique where programmers are required to categorize their faults at each iterative build of the software build cycle is described. Experiments were carried out that measured the number of faults at each build both using this technique and not using this technique. The data collected suggests that requiring programmers to categorize their faults during the software build cycle decreases the total number of faults in a program.
Between Terror and Transcendence: A Reading of Kleist's Michael Kohlhaas

This essay reads Kleist's representation of the nexus of politics, religion, and violence in Michael Kohlhaas against today's discourse on religiously motivated terrorism. It shows that, unlike contemporary theories of terrorism, Kleist's text presents criminally and politically motivated violence as inseparably intertwined. Because Kohlhaas's actions are informed by conflicting motivations, they are morally ambiguous, a fact that Kleist highlights through numerous biblical references. Secondly, the essay argues that Kleist's text underlines the performative nature of violence and of sovereignty, and portrays both as reliant on public spectacles designed to affect their audiences. Finally, both violence and sovereignty are upstaged by the performative potency of language, by its ability not only to describe, but also to create reality. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert die Darstellung von Politik, Religion und Gewalt in Michael Kohlhaas im Hinblick auf die aktuelle Terrorismus-Debatte. Wahrend der Terrorismusdiskurs der Gegenwart versucht, kriminell und politisch motivierte Gewalt voneinander abzugrenzen, sind diese in Kleists Text unaufloslich miteinander verbunden. Kleist verwendet zahlreiche Anspielungen auf die Bibel, um die moralische Ambiguitat von Kohlhaas’ Handlungen zu betonen. Ferner zeigt Kleists Text, dass Gewalt und Herrschaft auf Inszenierung beruhen. Macht entsteht durch offentliche Spektakel, die sich gezielt an ein Publikum wenden. Wirkungsmachtiger als derartig fundierte Macht ist jedoch die Sprache, die Realitaten nicht nur beschreiben, sondern durch Beschreibung zu schaffen vermag.
Treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil.

Seventy patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with a 24-hour infusion of cisplatin, followed by a 5-day continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Among 31 patients without prior treatment, stage III (six patients) and IV (25 patients), there were seven complete responses (CRs) and 19 partial responses (PRs) for an overall response rate of 84%. In the group of 30 patients with recurrent disease after surgery and/or radiotherapy, there were five CRs and ten PRs (total response rate of 50%). Among nine patients who failed prior chemotherapy, there were two CRs and one PR. Performance status and stage had minor effects on response frequency. The projected survival in the no prior treatment group was 59% at 22 months while the median survival of the recurrent cancer group was nine months. Compared to our previous study using cisplatin-vincristine-bleomycin (COB) chemotherapy, our present regimen has a higher CR rate (P less than .008). Durations of response and survival in...
Decarboxylation of 2-keto fatty acids by brain

An enzyme system consisting of washed acetone powder of pig brain, adenosine triphosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, magnesium, fumaric acid, and ascorbic acid was found to catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-ketostearic acid. The products were carbon dioxide and heptadecanoic acid. Washing the enzyme powder with ethylene-diaminetetraacetate and other chelating agents destroyed the activity. Further properties of the enzyme system are described. It is believed that this enzyme system accounts in part for the 1-carbon degradation route for brain fatty acids.
Resistance of Bacillus subtilis var. niger Spores Occluded in Water-insoluble Crystals to Three Sterilization Agents

Theresistance todestruction ofspores ofBacillus subtilis var. niger occluded in crystals ofcalcium carbonate andexposed toethylene oxide andmoist anddry heatwasdetermined andcompared withthedestruction ofunoccluded spores. Occluded spores could notbeinactivated withethylene oxide. Resistance toinactivation wasapproximately 900and9times higher foroccluded thanforunoccluded spores subjected tomoist anddryheat, respectively, at121C.Theprotective effect maybedueeither totheunavailability ofoxygen fordestruction by oxidation ortoinhibition oftheloss ofessential cell constituents byvaporization. Evidence alsoimplicates thecrystal structure asathermal conductivity barrier. Occluded spores retained viability overa3-year period compared withunoccluded spores which decreased over90%during this period. Occluded spores ininsoluble materials areseldom encountered inthetechnology ofsterilization, butcould be themostcritical factor inthesterilization ofinterplanetary vehicles. Entrapped spores ininsoluble materials areusually difficult todetect, andareverystable as well asextremely resistant todestruction byheatandethylene oxide. Manypapers havebeenwritten onfactors whichinfluence theresistance ofmicroorganisms toa sterilizing agent. Sobernheim andMundel (13)foundthatspores insoil weresixtoeight times moreresistant tosterilization bymoist heat thanthesamenumber ofspores inalaboratory culture. Wehavefound soils having amuchhigher resistance todryheat, moist heat, andethylene oxide thanspore isolates cultured fromthesame soil. Theocclusion andsurvival ofmicroorganisms incrystals havebeenreported previously. Abbot, Cockton, andJones(1), usingvarious watersoluble crystals, observed anincreased resistance todestruction informaldehyde andethylene oxide. Theydemonstrated theinclusion oforganisms incrystals byuseoftheelectron microscope. RoyceandBowler (10) also noted that protection fromgaseous ethylene oxide wasprovided by water-soluble crystals.
Protective Effects of Specific Immunity to Viral Neuraminidase on Influenza Virus Infection of Mice

Antibody specific for viral neuraminidase can be demonstrated in mice following (i) pulmonary infection with influenza virus, (ii) immunization with ultraviolet-in-activated influenza virus, (iii) immunization with isolated neuraminidase of influenza A(2) virus, and (iv) passive immunization with sera of rabbits immunized with isolated A(2) neuraminidase. Neuraminidase antibody produced by any of these methods exerts a profound inhibiting effect on virus replication in the lungs of mice challenged with strains of virus having homologous neuraminidase protein, even in the absence of hemagglutinating inhibiting antibody to the challenge virus, and results in markedly decreased pulmonary virus titers and diminished lung lesions. These observations suggest that antineuraminidase immunity may play a significant role in the protection against influenza virus challenge observed in mice after infection or artificial immunization.
THE VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA AND STRUCTURE OF CYCLOOCTANE

The Raman and infrared spectra of cyclooctane have been obtained under several conditions of temperature and state of aggregation. The infrared spectra of gaseous, liquid and solid cyclooctane contain essentially the same bands. No unequal dependence of band intensities on temperature is observed in either the Raman or infrared spectrum of the liquid. This behavior is taken to imply that only one structural isomer of cycloooctane is present under ordinary conditions. Division of the vibrational spectrum into regions associated with the group frequencies present in the molecule and comparison of the spectrum in each region with that predicted for the various possible models allows one to select the “tub” form (point group D2d) as the most probable structure of cycloooctane. An assignment of frequencies is made on the basis of the “tub” model.
Pro-apoptotic activity of transiently expressed BCL-2 occurs independent of BAX and BAK.

BCL-2 suppresses apoptosis induced by a wide variety of stimuli in multiple cell types. Most of the in vitro studies that have examined the activity of BCL-2 have employed stable cell lines that ectopically express BCL-2. We have reported that BCL-2 is expressed at high levels in the absence of the 5'- and 3'-UTRs of the Bcl-2 gene and transient high level of expression results in potent cell death (Uhlmann et al., [1998]: JBC 278:17926-17932). Expression of BCL-2 under the transcriptional control of the cognate 5'- and 3'-UTRs express lower levels of BCL-2 and does not cause cell death. Our present results suggest that in contrast to BCL-2, transient expression of BCL-xL does not induce cell death and coexpression of BCL-xL with the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 does not suppress cell death. The pro-apoptotic activity of BCL-2 appears to involve activation of the cytochrome c/caspase 9/caspase 3 pathway. Elevated levels of BCL-2 expression results in N-terminal cleavage of BCL-2 at a novel site different from a previously identified caspase cleavage site at Asp 34 by a non-caspase protease. Transient expression of a BCL-2 mutant lacking aa 51-85 within the loop region induces efficient cell death and N-terminal cleavage of BCL-2 while a different deletion mutant lacking aa 30-91 induces reduced levels of cell death in the absence of BCL-2 cleavage suggesting that N-terminal processing of BCL-2 may be an amplification event in BCL-2-mediated cell death. Overexpression of BCL-2 in a Bax-null human colon cancer cell line (HCT116Bax-/-) induces efficient cell death. The pro-apoptotic activity of BCL-2 is also observed in a Bax-null cells in which BAK expression is inhibited by stable RNAi expression. Our results suggest that BCL-2 contains an intrinsic pro-apoptotic activity and can induce apoptosis independent of BAX and BAK under specific conditions.
Distributed Reputation Management for Electronic Commerce

One of the major challenges for electronic commerce is how to establish a relationship of trust between different parties. Establishing trust is nontrivial, because the traditional physical or social means of trust cannot apply directly in virtual settings. In many cases, the parties involved may not ever have interacted before. Reputation systems seek to address the development of trust by recording the reputations of different parties. However, most existing reputation systems are restricted to individual market websites. Further, relevant information about a party may come from several websites and from interactions that were not mediated by any website. This paper considers the problem of automatically collecting ratings about a given party from others. Our approach involves a distributed agent architecture and adapts the mathematical theory of evidence to represent and propagate the ratings that participants give to each other. When evaluating the trustworthiness of a given party, a peer combines its local evidence (based on direct prior interactions with the party) with the testimonies of others regarding the same party. This approach satisfies certain important properties of distributed reputation management and is experimentally evaluated through simulations.
Choice of tip augmentation techniques

There are a variety of means by which nasal tip projection can be increased. These techniques cannot be used interchangeably. The given pathology, as assessed by circumspect review of the entire nose and other facial features, will lead the surgeon to the proper choice of tip augmentation technique. The eminent role that the size of the lobule and the length of columella play in this choice cannot be overstressed. Although the columella and lobule relationship can best be assessed through a caudal view, the abnormalities often are discernable on the front view as well, especially to the keen eye. In this report, the different ways in which the nasal tip projection can be augmented, along with their indications and contraindications, will be discussed.
An analytical approach to system-level variation analysis and optimization for multi-core processor

In this paper, a variation-aware system-level design methodology is presented to analyze the throughput distribution under power, area and yield constraints at the early design stage of a multi-core processor. Based on compact system-level models and circuit-level Monte Carlo HSPICE simulations, the throughput distribution of a single core processor is obtained from an efficient top-down design approach that enables exploring a large multi-parameter design space spanning device-, circuit-, and system-level parameters. To reduce the impact of variations on a multi-core processor, disabling the slowest core and per-core clocking techniques are implemented and evaluated. Finally, a novel power reallocating technique that assigns more power to more power-efficient cores is proposed to further improve the yield and aggregate throughput of a multi-core processor.
Theory-based active ingredients of effective treatments for substance use disorders

This paper describes four related theories that specify common social processes that protect individuals from developing substance use disorders and may underlie effective psychosocial treatments for these disorders: social control theory, behavioral economics and behavioral choice theory, social learning theory, and stress and coping theory. It then provides an overview of the rationale and evidence for four effective psychosocial treatments for substance use disorders: motivational interviewing and motivational enhancement therapy, 12-step facilitation treatment, cognitive-behavioral treatment and behavioral family counseling, and contingency management and community reinforcement approaches. The presumed active ingredients of these treatments are described in terms of how they exemplify the social processes highlighted by the four theories. The identified common components of effective treatment include support, goal direction, and structure; an emphasis on rewards that compete with substance use, a focus on abstinence-oriented norms and models, and attempts to develop self-efficacy and coping skills. Several issues that need to be addressed to enhance our understanding of the active ingredients involved in effective treatment are discussed, including how to develop measures of these ingredients, how well the ingredients predict outcomes and influence conceptually comparable aspects of clients' life contexts, and how much their influence varies depending upon clients' demographic and personal characteristics.
The Cost of Treating Pneumonia in the Nursing Home Setting

Objective To determine the costs of treating pneumonia in the nursing home setting and explore what factors are most responsible for that cost with a view to reducing cost. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Thirty-six Missouri nursing homes participating in the study from April 1997 through September 1998. Participants Nursing home residents with pneumonia who were not hospitalized (n = 502). We included residents evaluated in the emergency department (ED) and returned to the nursing home without admission. Measurements Residents were evaluated by project nurses. Examination findings, diagnostic testing, and treatment information for 30 days following evaluation were abstracted from medical records. Bills were obtained for individuals evaluated in the ED. Results There was significant variation in the cost of treating pneumonia in nursing homes. Episode costs were higher for residents seen in the ED of a hospital, residents with decubitus ulcers, black residents, and residents in larger facilities. Although total episode costs were related to illness severity, most of the variation in cost is not explained by resident or illness characteristics. The average cost for treating an episode of pneumonia in the nursing home, over and above usual care, was $458. Conclusions There is wide variation in treatment for residents with similar clinical presentations. For residents at low risk of mortality, using less expensive antibiotics and reducing ED evaluation could result in cost reductions, although the effect on outcomes is unknown.
The Colonial American Jew: 1492-1776

A history of American Jews from 1492, when the first Jews came to America with Columbus, to the late 18th-century. This work includes sections on the legal and economic development of the early Jewish settlers and the nature of the Jews' integration into the larger Christian-American community.
Laboratory method for measuring the attractiveness of pheromones to adult Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

A technique was developed for evaluating the effects of pheromones on adult house fly, Musca domestica (L.), feeding. U-shaped pipettes were placed next to Celotex blocks treated with (Z)-9-tricosene in cages with 200 adult house flies. The pipettes were filled with sucrose so that a positive meniscus formed where flies could feed. The amount of sucrose consumed was determined by measuring the amount needed to refill the pipettes after 24 h. Flies ingested significantly more sucrose solution placed near a Celotex block treated with (Z)-9-tricosene than from a control without pheromone. The cis and cis/trans isomers of (Z)-9-tricosene were equally effective in increasing ingestion. Commercially available polyvinylchloride strips were not as effective as the Celotex block when both were treated with (Z)-9-tricosene. Evaluation of these (Z)-9-tricosene presentations using our new laboratory method precluded the need for more costly field evaluations.
A quantitative method for evaluating fluorescent antibodies and the conjugation process.

Abstract A method has been developed for the quantitative evaluation of fluorescent antibodies (conjugates) using flow microfluorometry. The method was used to compare several lots of conjugate prepared against hog cholera virus. Conjugate concentration and other variables influencing the method were investigated. The method has also been used to provide information for improving techniques of conjugate production. The use of flow microfluorometry to evaluate fluorescently tagged antibodies yields a method that exceeds the sensitivity of other fluorescence instruments as well as the human observer.
Oscillatory alpha-band suppression mechanisms during the rapid attentional shifts required to perform an anti-saccade task.

Abstract Neuroimaging has demonstrated anatomical overlap between covert and overt attention systems, although behavioral and electrophysiological studies have suggested that the two systems do not rely on entirely identical circuits or mechanisms. In a parallel line of research, topographically-specific modulations of alpha-band power (~ 8–14 Hz) have been consistently correlated with anticipatory states during tasks requiring covert attention shifts. These tasks, however, typically employ cue–target-interval paradigms where attentional processes are examined across relatively protracted periods of time and not at the rapid timescales implicated during overt attention tasks. The anti-saccade task, where one must first covertly attend for a peripheral target, before executing a rapid overt attention shift (i.e. a saccade) to the opposite side of space, is particularly well-suited for examining the rapid dynamics of overt attentional deployments. Here, we asked whether alpha-band oscillatory mechanisms would also be associated with these very rapid overt shifts, potentially representing a common neural mechanism across overt and covert attention systems. High-density electroencephalography in conjunction with infra-red eye-tracking was recorded while participants engaged in both pro- and anti-saccade task blocks. Alpha power, time-locked to saccade onset, showed three distinct phases of significantly lateralized topographic shifts, all occurring within a period of less than 1 s, closely reflecting the temporal dynamics of anti-saccade performance. Only two such phases were observed during the pro-saccade task. These data point to substantially more rapid temporal dynamics of alpha-band suppressive mechanisms than previously established, and implicate oscillatory alpha-band activity as a common mechanism across both overt and covert attentional deployments.
Effects of petroleum products on bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana)

Although research has been conducted on the effects of oil on the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, no similar studies have been completed on bull kelp, Nereocystis leutkeana, the dominant kelp in Washington State, British Columbia, and Alaska. The effects of three petroleum products [diesel fuel, intermediate fuel oil (IFO), and crude oil] were tested before and after weathering on N. luetkeana. Whole plants were exposed to petroleum product for 4 or 24 h and then transferred to the field; observations on the condition of the plants were made daily for 7 d. In addition, controlled bioassays were performed to measure the effects of petroleum exposure on net photosynthetic rate (NP) and respiration rate (R), using light-and dark-bottle techniques. These experiments verified the susceptibility of N. luetkeana tissue to the damaging effects of direct exposure to several oil types. The 4 h exposures to weathered diesel and unweathered IFO, and 24 h exposures to unweathered and weathered diesel and IFO resulted in moderate to severe damage to kelp tissue (i.e., clearly delineated bleached line accompanied by tissue necrosis). Weathered diesel was more toxic than unweathered diesel. The most severe damage to bull kelp was concentrated at the meristematic zone (junction of stipe and bulb) where new tissue growth occurs. Petroleum type significantly affected stipe and blade NP, R, and NP:R ratios. Diesel treatments had a greater negative effect on NP than did the IFO treatments. Based on these experiments, the relative ranking of the damaging effects of petroleum treatment on bull kelp are weathered diesel>unweathered IFO>unweathered diesel>weathered IFO>unweathered crude>weathered crude.
Laboratory measurements of digestion rate in O-group flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) at two temperatures

Abstract O-group flounders (Platichthys flesus L.) were allowed to fill their stomachs with live polychaetes (Nereis diversicolor), and to refill them after various periods of time. At both feedings the amount of food eaten was estimated. Assuming that the fish fill their stomachs to the same degree at both feedings, the amount of food eaten at the second feeding is equal to the amount digested between the two feedings, and the stomach content immediately before the second feeding can be calculated as the difference between the amounts eaten at the two feedings. By noting the degree to which the filled stomach expanded the body wall this assumption was found valid. An exponential model was fitted to the results: SCh = SC0 · e-r·h, where SCh and SC0 are the stomach contents at time 0 and h, respectively, h is the time in hours and r the rate-constant. At 10 °C r is estimated as 0.14 hour-1 and at 15 °C as 0.21 hour-1, which means that 13, respectively 19 % of the stomach content (weight) is digested every ...
Structural instability and relaxation in liquid and glassy phases near the fragile liquid limit

Abstract We consider two sorts of structural instability of glassy substances, each of which may be released by a relaxation process with its own characteristic relaxation time, and specific kinetic features. The first of these is the instability against relaxation out of the amorphous state into the crystalline state, while the second is the instability against relaxation within the amorphous state itself. The latter may often involve relaxation out of a homogeneous amorphous phase into a two-phase amorphous structure, but we will not specifically consider this liquid-liquid phase separation process here. In most glasses, the former (which is no more than the characteristic nucleation time) is much longer than the latter time. However, there are important classes of glasses, for instance the metallic glasses, in which the former is in fact the shorter time, a fact which is responsible for the inability to observe the glass transition phenomenon in such substances. In this paper we will be considering the relation between these two times and the specific kinetics of each. The nucleation time has been the subject of theoretical developments over a number of decades, and details will be omitted in order to concentrate on experimental studies of this phenomenon. We will described briefly the recently developed DSC techniques for determining the classical time-temperature-transformation curves for a variety of supercooled liquids, and the relation of these to the nucleation curves. The relaxation process within the amorphous state, which can be observed for cases where the nucleation time is relatively long, has a number of features which currently lack a complete explanation. In most cases the relaxation process is non-Arrhenius in its temperature dependence, nonexponential in its time dependence, and nonlinear in its structural state dependence. Some examples taken from glasses at the “fragile” edge of the deduced viscosity-temperature pattern for glassforming liquids are dealt with in detail, and the distinction between shear stress relaxation and thermodynamic stress relaxation is made. The possibility that near T g the latter relaxation time remains Vogel-Fulcher in form with T 0 ≡ T K (the Kauzmann temperature), in contrast with the common observations for (the decoupled) shear relaxation, is raised. Strong support for this notion is found in the current “specific heat spectroscopy” results of Nagel and co-workers. Microscopic relaxation processes, as observed using spectroscopic probes and neutron scattering techniques, are reviewed, and the difference in non-exponentiality from macroscopic relaxation are examined in the light of current theories. Finally, secondary relaxations in ionic and molecular glasses, and their relation to the fastest of all glassy state relaxation processes, the tunnelling modes (TLS), are briefly considered.
Metal Nanoparticles Acting as Light-Activated Heating Elements within Composite Materials

The photothermal effect of metal nanoparticles embedded in polymeric materials can be used to efficiently generate local heat for in situ thermally processing within an existing material. Fluorescent probes are employed as thermal sensors to allow dynamical measurement of the amplitude and rate of temperature change within the polymer matrix. The efficacy of this technique is demonstrated in polymer nanocomposite samples with different morphological characteristics, namely nanofibrous mats and thin film samples. For similarly thick materials and both types of sample morphology, average temperature increases on the order of ≈100s °C are readily obtained with dilute nanoparticle concentrations under relatively low irradiation intensity. Thus, the in situ photothermal heating approach has great potential for controllably driving a multitude of thermal processes, such as triggering phase transitions, generating site-specific cross-linking, or initiating chemical reactions from within a material.
RANS modeling for flow in nuclear fuel bundle in pressurized water reactors (PWR)

Abstract This paper presents use of Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) based turbulence model for single-phase CFD analysis of flow in pressurized water reactor (PWR) assemblies. An open source code called OpenFoam was used for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study using computational meshes generated using Shari Harpoon. The PWR assembly design used in this analysis represents a 5 × 5 pin design including structural grid equipped with mixing vanes. The design specifications used in this study were obtained from the experimental setup at Texas A&M University and the results obtained are used to validate the CFD software, algorithm, and the turbulence model used in this analysis.
Antenna applications of shielded EM analysis

Shielded planar EM (electromagnetic) analysis is not generally perceived as being an antenna analysis tool. However, a simple technique effectively removes the shielding box. This allows the extreme accuracy (i.e., numerically exact Green's function efficiently evaluated by an FFT, and perfect port calibration) of a shielded analysis to be applied to planar antenna analysis. The technique is validated by comparison with a free space dipole. The technique is illustrated with an RFID (radio frequency identification) dipole and a parametric analysis of a broad band quasi-log-periodic planar dipole.
Growth kinetics, self‐renewal, and the osteogenic potential of purified human mesenchymal stem cells during extensive subcultivation and following cryopreservation

Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of a subset of cells in human bone marrow capable of differentiating along multiple mesenchymal lineages. Not only do these mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess multilineage developmental potential, but they may be cultured ex vivo for many passages without overt expression of a differentiated phenotype. The goals of the current study were to determine the growth kinetics, self-renewing capacity and the osteogenic potential of purified MSCs during extensive subcultivation and following cryopreservation. Primary cultures of MSCs were established from normal iliac crest bone marrow aspirates, an aliquot was cryopreserved and thawed, and then both frozen and unfrozen populations were subcultivated in parallel for as many as 15 passages. Cells derived from each passage were assayed for their kinetics of growth and their osteogenic potential in response to an osteoinductive medium containing dexamethasone. Spindle-shaped human MSCs in primary culture exhibit a lag phase of growth, followed by a log phase, finally resulting in a growth plateau state. Passaged cultures proceed through the same stages, however, the rate of growth in log phase and the final number of cells after a fixed period in culture diminishes as a function of continued passaging. The average number of population doublings for marrow-derived adult human MSCs was determined to be 38 +/- 4, at which time the cells finally became very broad and flattened before degenerating. The osteogenic potential of cells was conserved throughout every passage as evidenced by the significant increase in APase activity and formation of mineralized nodular aggregates. Furthermore, the process of cryopreserving and thawing the cells had no effect on either their growth or osteogenic differentiation. Importantly, these studies demonstrate that replicative senescence of MSCs is not a state of terminal differentiation since these cells remain capable of progressing through the osteogenic lineage. The use of population doubling potential as a measure of biological age suggests that MSCs are intermediately between embryonic and adult tissues, and as such, may provide an in situ source for mesenchymal progenitor cells throughout an adult's lifetime.
A qualitative and quantitative analysis of verbal style and the elimination of potential leaders in small groups

This qualitative and quantitative analysis of conversations in small groups is a description of verbal style and its relationship to the process of leader elimination. Judgments about leadership potential were made on the basis of ethos evaluation which was affected by how group members adhered to the community norms for style and content. Individuals were eliminated as potential leaders if the interaction of their style and content created the impression that they did not contribute any ideas for the group task and they did not help to organize the group.