cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is vaccination against hepatitis B infection indicated in patients waiting for or after orthotopic liver transplantation

It is a common practice to immunize patients against hepatitis B infection while they are waiting for liver transplantation, but the efficacy of this practice is unclear. This is a retrospective analysis of the antibody response to 20 microg of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in patients waiting for and after liver transplantation. The response to vaccination was measured 1-3 months after completion of the vaccination series. The risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus after liver transplant was determined by reviewing the results of tests for hepatitis B infection in 171 patients who underwent transplantation for non-hepatitis B diseases and who had not been vaccinated. Fifty-seven patients awaiting transplantation were eligible for the study, and a response to vaccination was observed in only 9 (16%). Patients with cholestatic liver disease had a significantly higher response (6 of 14; 43%) compared with noncholestatic liver disease (3 of 43; 7%; P = .004). Forty-five liver transplant recipients were immunized against hepatitis B after transplantation, and only 3 (6.7%) developed an antibody response. The frequency of posttransplant hepatitis B infection in the 171 patients who were not immunized and who lacked any evidence of hepatitis B infection pretransplantation was 4 of 171 (2.3%). The response rate to immunization with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in patients with chronic liver disease who are waiting for a liver transplant and after transplantation is poor. Given the poor response to vaccination and the low risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus after transplantation, centers need to reconsider the routine use of the hepatitis B virus vaccine in patients awaiting liver transplantation.
Advanced supraglottic carcinoma: A comparative study of sequential treatment policies

Data from 131 consecutive patients with operable stage III or IV (American Joint Committee) supraglottic carcinoma were analyzed. Based on existing treatment policies at the time of presentation, patients received either preoperative radiation therapy (RT) (48 patients), surgery alone (42 patients), or postoperative RT (41 patients). Preoperative RT dose levels were either 2,000 rad in five fractions (33 patients) or 5,000 rad in 25 fractions (15 patients). Postoperative RT dosages were 5,000 to 6,000 rad in 6 to 6 1/2 weeks. Surgical procedures included either subtotal or total laryngectomy and radical neck dissection. Tumor control was achieved in 21 of 42 patients (50%) treated with surgery alone, 23 of 48 patients (48%) treated with preoperative RT, and 29 of 41 patients (71%) treated with postoperative RT (P = 0.005). The actuarial, recurrence-free survival at 5 years was 36% and 35%, respectively, in the surgery alone or preoperative RT groups as compared to 55% in postoperatively irradiated patients. The authors conclude that advanced but resectable supraglottic carcinomas may be best treated with surgery followed by RT, rather than with surgery alone or with combined preoperative RT and surgery.
Fine-scale mergers of chloroplast and mitochondrial genes create functional, transcompartmentally chimeric mitochondrial genes

The mitochondrial genomes of flowering plants possess a promiscuous proclivity for taking up sequences from the chloroplast genome. All characterized chloroplast integrants exist apart from native mitochondrial genes, and only a few, involving chloroplast tRNA genes that have functionally supplanted their mitochondrial counterparts, appear to be of functional consequence. We developed a novel computational approach to search for homologous recombination (gene conversion) in a large number of sequences and applied it to 22 mitochondrial and chloroplast gene pairs, which last shared common ancestry some 2 billion years ago. We found evidence of recurrent conversion of short patches of mitochondrial genes by chloroplast homologs during angiosperm evolution, but no evidence of gene conversion in the opposite direction. All 9 putative conversion events involve the atp1/atpA gene encoding the alpha subunit of ATP synthase, which is unusually well conserved between the 2 organelles and the only shared gene that is widely sequenced across plant mitochondria. Moreover, all conversions were limited to the 2 regions of greatest nucleotide and amino acid conservation of atp1/atpA. These observations probably reflect constraints operating on both the occurrence and fixation of recombination between ancient homologs. These findings indicate that recombination between anciently related sequences is more frequent than previously appreciated and creates functional mitochondrial genes of chimeric origin. These results also have implications for the widespread use of mitochondrial atp1 in phylogeny reconstruction.
Bone tissue composition varies across anatomic sites in the proximal femur and the iliac crest

The extent to which bone tissue composition varies across anatomic sites in normal or pathologic tissue is largely unknown, although pathologic changes in bone tissue composition are typically assumed to occur throughout the skeleton. Our objective was to compare the composition of normal cortical and trabecular bone tissue across multiple anatomic sites. The composition of cadaveric bone tissue from three anatomic sites was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared imaging: iliac crest (IC), greater trochanter (GT), and subtrochanteric femur (ST). The mean mineral:matrix ratio was 20% greater in the subtrochanteric cortex than in the cortices of the iliac crest (p=0.004) and the greater trochanter (p=0.02). There were also trends toward 30% narrower crystallinity distributions in the subtrochanteric cortex than in the greater trochanter (p=0.10) and 30% wider crystallinity distributions in the subtrochanteric trabeculae than in the greater trochanter (p=0.054) and the iliac crest (p=0.11). Thus the average cortical tissue mineral content and the widths of the distributions of cortical crystal size/perfection differ at the subtrochanteric femur relative to the greater trochanter and the iliac crest. In particular, the cortex of the iliac crest has lower mineral content relative to that of the subtrochanteric femur and may have limited utility as a surrogate for subtrochanteric bone.
Including Derivatives Providers in Intercreditor Arrangements

In this article, some of the most important considerations parties need to be aware of in structuring, negotiating, and documenting intercreditor arrangements with lenders and derivatives providers are discussed. This article especially emphasizes factors relevant for structuring a truly pari passu intercreditor relationship between lender creditors and creditors which are derivatives providers. Accordingly, it is focused on financings which: (i) are loan-based; (ii) are secured; and (iii) include a derivative.
ETF Expense Ratios: Are All Costs Borne by the Investor? An Empirical Analysis Using the Open-End Mutual Fund Model

On average, ETFs have lower annual expense ratios than open-end mutual funds due to a few functional differences. Both have fixed and variable costs which are incorporated in the expense ratio, and the assumption is that all costs are borne by the investor. We apply previous models for open-end funds to ETFs and find mixed results. Like open-end funds, larger and older ETFs tend to have lower expense ratios. Unlike open-end funds, ETFs that participate in no-transaction fee programs do not have higher expense ratios. Our results suggest that, among ETFs, all costs may not be borne by the investor.
Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foams Via POSS Blends

Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsequioxane molecules have been incorporated into a commercial polyurethane formulation to produce nanocomposite polyurethane foam. This tiny POSS silica molecule has been used successfully to enhance the performance of polymer systems using co-polymerization and blend strategies. In our investigation, we chose a high-temperature MDI Polyurethane resin foam currently used in military development projects. For the nanofiller, or “blend”, Cp 7 T 7 (OH) 3 POSS was chosen. Structural characterization was accomplished by TEM and SEM to determine POSS dispersion and cell morphology, respectively. Thermal behavior was investigated by TGA. Two methods of TEM sample preparation were employed, Focused Ion Beam and Ultramicrotomy (room temperature).
Pediatric Transport Triage: Development of an Objective Tool to Guide Selection of Team Configuration and Mode of Transportation

A modified Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) for transport has been successfully used to assess illness severity, but not to guide transport decision making. We have developed a Pediatric Transport Triage Tool (PT3) to objectively guide selection of transport mode and team configuration in order to improve care for children during transport. PT3 was created for the pediatric transport environment, incorporating objective evaluation of neurologic, cardiovascular and respiratory (NCR) systems along with a systems-based medical condition list to identify diagnoses requiring expedited transport and/or advanced team configuration not captured by …
The Transmission of Bartonella Infection in Albino Rats

The demonstration of the presence of Bartonella infection in albino rats in this country 1 calls for further investigation as to its extent and modes of transmission. Such a latent infection may interfere with many experiments in which white rats are used and has been the source of serious errors of interpretation.2 Furthermore, the similarity of this infection to Oroya fever suggests that some of the unknown features of the latter disease may be studied under experimental conditions and thus aid indirectly in the elucidation of the problem of Bartonella infection in general. Lauda demonstrated that the infection could be transferred from rat to rat by the inoculation of liver emulsion taken from rats made anemic by splenectomy. In a few instances, by the injection of massive doses of liver emulsion, he was able to produce the anemia in normal rats. Later he transmitted the infection by the injection of blood from an anemic rat into splenectomized rats. Lauda concluded that the infection is transmitted by contact and suggested that the virus should be searched for in the gastrointestinal tract of the infected animals. He was unaware at that time of the presence of Bartonella organisms but did find evidence that the virus was not filtrable.
Immunizing Effect of Old Tuberculin on Experimental Tuberculous Infection

SummaryOld Tuberculin when administered subcutaneously in large amount both before and during experimental tuberculous infection in guinea pigs, confers no demonstrable immunity. The view that the immunity that persists after desensitization by tuberculin is a result of the treatment is, therefore, not a valid one.
Single attosecond pulse generation using GDOG without the need to stabilize Carrier-Envelope phase

We demonstrate that CE phase stability is not required in GDOG method to generate single attosecond pulses when gate width is set smaller than optical cycle.
Bark Beetles, Leperisinus californicus and L. criddlei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Attacking Green Ash in North Dakota

Lesperisinus californicus Swaine breeds only in living tissue, usually pruning branches, but it sometimes invades tree boles, causing tree mortality. L. criddlei Swaine attacks cut trees, broken branches, trees girdled by rodents, and limbs or stems girdled earlier by L. californicus.
Sociological Notes on the Jam Session

These problems of choosing new occupations among the highly skilled occur only in complex cultures with especially developed division of labor. In most cultures readjustment is no more difficult than for the unskilled or semi-skiUed workers in our own society. The conclusion I wish to draw from this study is that the problems of middle age, like those of adolescence,12 are not intrinsic to the phase of life but rather a consequence of certain cultural conditions.
Diagnostic Imaging of Osteomyelitis of the Foot and Ankle

Accurate diagnosis of osteomyelitis is critical for early initiation of treatment of infection and preservation of the foot. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Imaging diagnosis often begins with radiographs due to their availability and low cost. Frequently X-rays don’t provide a definitive diagnosis and the patient requires further imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the diagnostic test of choice due to its good spatial and anatomic resolution, ability to image soft tissues as well as bones, high sensitivity and specificity as well as its wide availability. The combination of confluent low signal in the marrow on T1 weighted scans, high signal intensity within the marrow on T2 weighted scans and enhancement in the marrow post contrast in the presence of a skin ulcer that extends down to bone are the most useful signs on MRI for diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Patients with underlying neuroarthropathy present special challenges for diagnosis of osteomyelitis. This is due to the underlying disorganization and marrow edema that is often present secondary to the preexisting neuroarthropathy. Nuclear medicine studies such as technetium-labeled bone scan, white blood cell scans, and FDG-PET scans are also useful for diagnosis of osteomyelitis in patients for whom MRI is contraindicated or as problem-solving tools in patients with underlying neuroarthropathy.
“My Highest Priority Was to Absolve the Divine Laws”: The Theory and Politics of Hobbes’ Leviathan in a War of Religion:

In his autobiography, Thomas Hobbes stated that he wrote his most influential work of political theory, Leviathan, to “absolve the divine laws” in response to “atrocious crimes being attributed to ...
Retrospective evaluation of shortened prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time for the diagnosis of hypercoagulability in dogs: 25 cases (2006-2011).

Objective To evaluate the relationship between shortened prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values, clinical findings associated with hypercoagulability, suspicion of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), D-dimer concentrations, and thromboelastogram (TEG) indices. Design Retrospective observational study from 2006 to 2011. Setting University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals Twenty-three dogs with TEG tracings and shortened PT or aPTT values and 23 control dogs with TEG tracings and normal PT and aPTT values. Measurements and Main Results Parameters evaluated included signalment, coagulation testing results (PT, aPTT, D-dimer concentration), TEG measurements (R, K, α, maximal amplitude) and calculated clotting index, findings of clinical hypercoagulability (thrombosis of intravenous/intra-arterial catheters, vessel thrombosis, and suspected PTE). Dogs with shortened PT or aPTT had significantly more thrombus formation (P = 0.038), suspicion of PTE (P < 0.001), and increased D-dimer concentration (P < 0.001) compared to dogs with normal PT and aPTT values. There were no significant findings when compared to TEG values. Conclusions A shortened PT or aPTT in dogs may be indicative of a hypercoagulable state as evidenced by an increased incidence of thrombosis, frequency of suspected PTE, and increased circulating D-dimers. A prospective study is warranted to further evaluate the use of PT and aPTT to diagnose hypercoagulable states.
Polymeric Nanofibers and Nanofiber Webs: A New Class of Nonwovens:

Nanofiber is a broad phrase generally referring to a fiber with a diameter less than 1 micron. While glass fibers have existed in the sub-micron range for some time and polymeric meltblown fibers a...
Analysis on the Characteristics of Population Distribution of Measles Cases in Luoyang during 2009-2012

Objective To analyze the features of reported measles cases in recent years in Luoyang and explore the strategies on how to control epidemics of measles. Provide reference basis for measles control. Methods Use the method of descriptive epidemiology to analyze the data of measles cases which were collected by the disease surveillance report system and measles surveillance system. Results From 2009 to 2012,a total of 917 measles cases were reported in Luoyang with average annual incidence of 3.56/lakh. Measles illness were most commonly diagnosed in the children under the age of six and it accounts for 70.33 percent. The pre-school scattered children are the high-risk group in Luoyang. The incidence peak was noted during February-May of a year. The proportion of measles cases aged 1 year old increased significantly. 8.52 % of the cases have contacted obviously with rash and fever patient.31.66 % of the cases have been to hospital in 7-21 days prior to the onset of illness. Besides,winter and spring are seasons featured by high frequency and quick increase in the number of infected cases in the city. Conclusions From2009 to 2012,the incidence of measles in Luoyang is slightly higher than the average annual incidence of measles in Henan province.
252 CHANGES IN BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE UNDERGOING CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION.

Introduction There is little information on the changes in brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels during cardiac catheterization. We measured changes in BNP levels in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiac catheterization. Materials and Methods The study included 100 patients (mostly children), 34 underwent diagnostic and 66 interventional catheterization. Diagnoses were atrial septal defect (ASD) 17, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 11, aortic coarctation (CoA) 11, tetralogy of Fallot 13, single ventricle 12, ventricular septal defect (VSD) 2, and other 34. Interventional procedures included ASD device closure (17), PDA device closure (4), VSD device closure (2), coil occlusion of small PDA (7), coil occlusion aorto-pulmonary collaterals (12), dilation or stenting of CoA (11), dilation or stenting of pulmonary artery (13). BNP levels were measured (in pg/mL) using the Triage® BNP Test (Biosite Labs, San Diego, CA) before, immediately after, and 1 week after cardiac catheterization. Results BNP levels decreased immediately after CoA intervention (45.4 vs 26.7, p Conclusions BNP levels are not generally elevated and do not change acutely in the majority of patients with CHD who undergo cardiac catheterization. In this study, only patients who underwent CoA intervention had an acute significant decrease in BNP levels. The increase in BNP levels 1 week after the procedure may reflect changes in patient9s level of hydration.
Do multiple mechanisms drive the dominance of an invasive plant (Ranunculus ficaria, Ranunculaceae) along an urban stream?1

Abstract Invasive plant species are believed to decrease biodiversity and local abundances of native species. Examining the mechanisms of invasive species impacts can help direct restoration efforts, especially where species employ multiple mechanisms to increase their relative dominance and negatively affect native species. Ranunculus ficaria is an invasive species in many temperate deciduous forests in the northeastern United States, and is especially dense in highly disturbed urban riparian habitats. This species may prevent establishment of native species in invaded areas directly through competition or allelopathy. Alternatively, its success may simply be a consequence of a modified disturbance regime. We tested for direct effects of R. ficaria on the growth of a native riparian grass phytometer, Elymus riparius. We also examined three potential mechanisms by which R. ficaria could directly impact native plants: nutrient competition, light/space competition, and allelopathy. We tested for nutrient co...
STR Alleles and Amplification Artifacts

“The science of deduction and analysis is one which can only be acquired by long and patient study.”
Utilization of the oncoscan microarray assay in cancer diagnostics

Current strategies for cancer patient management include the use of genomic and proteomic test results to help guide therapeutic selection. The need for multi-target variant analysis is highlighted by the growing number of novel therapies to treat tumors with specific profiles and the increasing recognition that cancer is an extremely heterogeneous syndrome. Microarray analysis is a powerful genomic tool that provides genome-wide genetic information that is critical for guiding cancer treatments. Unlike constitutional applications of microarray analysis which are performed on whole blood samples, microarray analysis of solid tumors is challenging because tumor tissues are typically formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE). Genomic DNA extracted from FFPE tissues can also be fragmented into small pieces and yield much lower concentrations of DNA. We validated and implemented the Affymetrix OncoScan® FFPE assay to enable genome-wide analysis from these types of samples. The Affymetrix OncoScan® assay utilizes molecular inversion probes that generate multiplexed array hybridization targets from as short as 40 base-pairs of sequence and as low as approximately 80 ng of genomic DNA. OncoScan microarray analysis provides genomic information that includes structural variations, copy number variations and SNPs in a timely and a cost-effective manner from FFPE tumor tissues.
Middle cerebral artery aneurysm rupture in a neonate with interrupted aortic arch: case report

Arterial cerebral aneurysms in the neonatal population are rare, and while the association of interrupted aortic arch and intracranial aneurysm has been reported in the adult and pediatric population (three cases each), to date, it has not been reported in the neonate. We report the case of a 26-day-old girl who presented with a generalized seizure 2 weeks after undergoing congenital heart surgery. Head CT revealed diffuse SAH with a 1.7 × 2.9-cm frontal intra-parenchymal hematoma with subdural extension producing 3 mm of midline shift. CTA evidenced a 2-mm left MCA bifurcation aneurysm, and the patient was taken to the operating room for clipping. Twenty-four-hour post-operative head CT showed ventriculomegaly and an EVD was placed. It was removed 4 days later without the need for permanent CSF diversion, and after this, her hospital stay was uneventful and she was discharged home. At 25 months of age, she was meeting developmental milestones. At this time, she underwent further heart surgery and expired shortly thereafter due to cardiomyopathy. Here, we report the successful treatment of a ruptured neonatal aneurysm, and the first known case associated with interrupted aortic arch. Given the time and presentation, this patient likely illustrates the role of hemodynamic factors in the rupture of neonatal aneurysms. In reviewing all of the reported cases of neonatal aneurysms, promptly securing the aneurysm by either open clipping, parent vessel occlusion, or endovascular coiling is strongly preferable to no surgical intervention.
Black Liberation is a Moral Issue: Using 'Morality' to Organize Progressive Politics

In the aftermath of the massacre of nine Black church goers in Charleston, South Carolina, activist Bree Newsome gained national attention when she climbed the flagpole at the South Carolina state capitol grounds to remove the Confederate flag. After her arrest and subsequent release, she issued a statement claiming there was “no greater moral cause than liberation, equality and justice for all God’s people.” Newsome is just one of many African American activists who describe and understand their efforts within a frame of morality. In fact, in recent years, we have seen large numbers of African Americans, usually led by churches and church leaders, mobilize around a variety of political issues using explicitly moral frames. There has been a growing use of a “morality” frame by activists to promote policies such as expanding (or protecting) voting rights, addressing police brutality, addressing mass incarceration and increasing the minimum wage. Using “morality” in contemporary public policy discourse has most often been reserved for the religious right. However, this paper looks at recent progressive morality movements and instances of progressive uses of morality to advocate for public policy. We examine in particular, the Moral Mondays movement in North Carolina and “morality organizing” for police reform in Baltimore, Maryland in the wake of the Baltimore Uprisings. We will also weigh in on the effectiveness of using a moral frame to advocate for public policy - particularly when it comes to policy issues that are usually thought of as civil rights, environmental, criminal justice, etc. policy and have been recast as “moral”.
Radiation oncology residency selection: A postgraduate evaluation of factor importance and survey of variables associated with job securement

Abstract Background Medical students often choose to pursue a career in radiation oncology with limited meaningful exposure to the field. We previously identified factors that were most influential to an applicant's rank list order. Here, we sought to assess if residency graduates had differing views regarding those factors. We also polled recent graduates' attitudes of the current job market. Methods and materials An anonymous, internet-based survey was developed and distributed to graduates of radiation oncology residencies from 2003 through 2006 and 2012 through 2015 to assess the importance of factors with regard to residency selection, training, and job securement and attitudes toward the job market within the United States. Results Responses were received from 198 of 848 (23%) of those invited to participate. The respondents were divided into 2 cohorts for analysis, an "early" cohort (2001-2009) and a "contemporary" cohort (2010-2016). Respondents recalled "quality of clinical training," "perceived happiness of residents," and "sense of community among faculty and residents" as the 3 most important factors influencing the rank list. Postresidency, the most valued factors of the residency experience were "quality of clinical training," "geographic location," and "faculty mentorship." Factors that were assigned the greatest differential value in hindsight to influence the rank list included "faculty mentorship," "willingness of faculty to call employer," and "quality of alumni base." Sixty-four percent of respondents reported the job market to be difficult or very difficult. This perception was more common among contemporary graduates ( P Conclusion After training, residency graduates place higher value on factors in residency that can directly improve job procurement. This finding is more common among more recent graduates, potentially a result of the perception of a tightening job market with too many radiation oncologists in training.
A systematic review of patient perspectives on surveillance after colorectal cancer treatment.

Surveillance after colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment is routine, but intensive follow-up may offer little-to-no overall survival benefit. Given the growing population of CRC survivors, we aimed to systematically evaluate the literature for the patient perspective on two questions: (1) How do CRC patients perceive routine surveillance following curative treatment and what do they expect to gain from their surveillance testing or visits? (2) Which providers (specialists, nursing, primary care) are preferred by CRC survivors to guide post-treatment surveillance? Systematic searches of PubMed MEDLINE, Embase, the CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were conducted. Studies were screened for inclusion by two reviewers, with discrepancies adjudicated by a third reviewer. Data were abstracted and evaluated utilizing validated reporting tools (CONSORT, STROBE, CASP) appropriate to study design. Citations (3691) were screened, 91 full-text articles reviewed, and 23 studies included in the final review: 15 quantitative and 8 qualitative. Overall, 12 studies indicated CRC patients perceive routine surveillance positively, expecting to gain reassurance of continued disease suppression. Negative perceptions described in six studies included anxiety and dissatisfaction related to quality of life or psychosocial issues during follow-up. Although 5 studies supported specialist-led care, 9 studies indicated patient willingness to have follow-up with non-specialist providers (primary care or nursing). Patients’ perceptions of follow-up after CRC are predominantly positive, although unmet needs included psychosocial support and quality of life. Survivors perceived follow-up as reassuring, however, surveillance care should be more informative and focused on survivor-specific needs.
Grandfathers: Global Perspectives, Edited by Ann Buchanan and Anna Rotkirch

Grandfathers: Global Perspectives, edited by Drs. Ann Buchanan and Anna Rotkirch, is an intriguing and much needed book in several respects. It not only addresses grandparenting from an internation...
Hidden in Plain Sight: Classifying Emails Using Embedded Image Contents

A vast majority of the emails received by people today are machine-generated by businesses communicating with consumers. While some emails originate as a result of a transaction (e.g., hotel or restaurant reservation confirmations, online purchase receipts, shipping notifications, etc.), a large fraction are commercial emails promoting an offer (a special sale, free shipping, available for a limited time, etc.). The sheer number of these promotional emails makes it difficult for users to read all these emails and decide which ones are actually interesting and actionable. In this paper, we tackle the problem of extracting information from commercial emails promoting an offer to the user. This information enables an email platform to build several new experiences that can unlock the value in these emails without the user having to navigate and read all of them. For instance, we can highlight offers that are expiring soon, or display a notification when there»s an unexpired offer from a merchant if your phone recognizes that you are at that merchant»s store. A key challenge in extracting information from such commercial emails is that they are often image-rich and contain very little text. Training a machine learning (ML) model on a rendered image-rich email and applying it to each incoming email can be prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we describe a cost-effective approach for extracting signals from both the text and image content of commercial emails in the context of Gmail, an email platform that serves over a billion users around the world. The key insight is to leverage the template structure of emails, and use off-the-shelf OCR techniques to obtain the text from images to augment the existing text features offline. Compared to a text-only approach, we show that we are able to identify 9.12% more email templates corresponding to ~5% more emails being identified as offers. Interestingly, our analysis shows that this 5% improvement in coverage is across the board, irrespective of whether the emails were sent by large merchants or small local merchants, allowing us to deliver an improved experience for everyone.
Development and characterization of reduced graphene oxide films for transient electronics

Emerging interests in hardware security as well as environmental concerns have given rise to the field of transient or temporary electronics, which can be decommissioned by an external stimulus with minimal impact to the surrounding environment. In this study, an all graphene based film is produced by a one-step deposition process. The conversion of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) depends on an interfacial reduction reaction. Control of processing conditions such as the underlying substrate, pH of GO and the film drying environment results in an ability to tailor the internal architecture of the films and their electronic properties. Furthermore, the ability to create masks for selective reduction of GO during deposition was also demonstrated, which was used to create intricate yet well-defined patterns and connections required in electronic circuits and devices. All graphene based freestanding films with selectively reduced GO were used in transient electronics application as circuitry and RFID tag patterns.
Mysticism in Translation: Psychological Advances, Cautionary Tales

This study, which is intended to inform and guide at a “meta”-level, seeks to provide genealogical, historical, and methodological clarity vis-a-vis the encounter between psychology and mysticism. The first section offers a genealogy of the cousin terms mysticism and spirituality, tracing their development from a western, churched context to an unchurched, psychological one, culminating in James’ definitional strategy in his Varieties and Michel de Certeau’s nuanced portrait of the historical significance of the Freud-Rolland debate over the nature of the famous (and generic) “oceanic feeling.” The next section, relying on specific examples, will ask two related questions. First, what are the various positive contributions that psychology has afforded in its role as an interpreter of the mystical? Second, what are the various pitfalls linked to psychological analyses? The final section will argue for what will be called a constructivist, dialogical, transformational approach to the interaction between mysticism and psychology in which, ideally, multiple partners (e.g., textologists, theologians, historians, philosophers, clinicians, practitioners, comparativists, culture theorists) are seated at the table.
Risk and Preventive Negotiations

Preventive negotiation is associated with terms such as farsightedness and vision, and so inherently involves uncertainties. Risk is used here to refer to dangerous uncertainty: a shorthand summary for the definition used in the Introduction as "the expectation of negative consequences of current or potential, future phenomena or events." It refers to losses and so is the negative side of opportunity, which is the positive side of uncertainty and refers to gains. Probably chance, as commonly used, spans both. You run or take a chance or risk, but you seize a chance or opportunity: all three are uncertainties with different values. But risk is not just cost, loss, or expected damage; it is uncertain damage, the combination of loss and uncertainty. Indeed, risk depends on uncertainty, the replacement of 'certainty of no damageby no certainty of no damage'. However, preventive negotiations do not just have a risk aspect; among other things, risk is their subject.
IMPROVING THE SECURITY OF MOBILE-PHONE ACCESS TO REMOTE PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Cell phones are assuming an increasing role in personal computing tasks, but cell phone security has not evolved in parallel with this new role. In a class of systems that leverage cell phones to facilitate access to remote services, compromising a phone may provide the means to compromise or abuse the remote services. This paper presents the background to this class of systems, examines the threats they are exposed to, and discusses possible countermeasures. A concrete solution is presented, which is based on multi-factor authentication and an on-demand strategy for minimizing exposure. This solution is built on top of a representative off-the-shelf commercial product called SoonR. Rather than proposing a one-size-fits-all solution, this work enables end-users to manage the tradeoff between security assurances and the overhead of using the corresponding features. The contributions of this paper are a discussion of the problem and a set of guidelines for improving the design of security solutions for remote access systems.
Who Came First? The Egg or the Carton? An Analysis of Organic Packaging for Italian Retail Chain Esselunga

In light of the growing organic products and the rise of the hybrid citizen-consumer, defined by Johnston (2008) “as a concept (that) implies a social practice – “voting with your dollar” – that can satisfy competing ideologies of consumerism (an idea rooted in individual self-interest) and citizenship (an ideal rooted in collective responsibility to a social and ecological commons)” (p. 229), calls for more studies into green marketing on the connection between consumers agency and organic packages of food products is needed. This chapter examines organic advertising of the organic egg carton by Esselunga, one of the largest Italian chain supermarkets. Visually the package of the eggs reflects nostalgia for family owned farms, while also providing the consumer with technical legal jargon associated to organic farming and marketing regulations in Italy in alignment also with European Union regulations. These images and text serve to appease both the self and societal interest of the buyer. Through a qualitative content analysis of the package, this chapter argued that these forms of textual and visual communication are consistent with ‘compliance marketing’ and ‘green selling’ (King 1984; Peattie and Crane 2005), rather than serving to empower the buyer through valuable information. The paper discussed the implications of the findings for the citizen-consumer.
The Democratic Foundations of Policy Diffusion: An Introduction

Why do law reforms spread around the world in waves? In the dominant account of diffusion through technocracy, international networks of elites develop orthodox policy solutions and transplant these across countries without regard for the wishes of ordinary citizens. But this account overlooks a critical factor: in democracies, reforms must win the support of politicians, voters, and interest groups. This book claims that laws spread across countries in very public and politicized ways, and develops a theory of diffusion through democracy. I argue that politicians choose to follow certain international models to win domestic elections, and to persuade skeptical voters that their ideas are not radical, ill-thought-out experiments, but mainstream, tried-and-true solutions. This book shows how international models generated domestic support for health, family, and employment law reforms across rich democracies. Information that international organizations have endorsed certain reforms or that foreign countries have adopted them is valuable to voters. Public opinion experiments show that even Americans respond positively to this information. Case studies of election campaigns and legislative debates demonstrate that politicians with diverse ideologies reference international models strategically, and focus on the few international organizations and countries familiar to voters. Data on policy adoption from many rich democracies document that governments follow international organization templates and imitate the policy choices of countries heavily covered in national media and familiar to voters. The book provides a direct defense to a major criticism international organizations and networks face: that they conflict with domestic democracy. The book also explains how to design international institutions and transnational advocacy campaigns to spread laws more effectively. The introductory chapter follows.
Leisure studies as a calling

Leisure studies continues to consume the adult life of this reflective article's author. Celebrating the value of leisure and working in this area of study is an imperative that the world needs. Th...
Milestone analyses with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), targeted therapy (TT), and standard therapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) trials submitted to the U.S. FDA: An updated pooled analysis.

9010Background: Recent trials of ICIs in mNSCLC suggest that Objective Response Rate (ORR) and Progression Free Survival (PFS) may not fully capture clinical benefit. Novel endpoints such as milest...
The Phenomenology and Correlates of Flashbacks in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

Reexperiencing symptoms are a hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Relatively little research has examined flashbacks in individuals with PTSD, and theoretical attempts to define and c...
Filipino Nurses Competencies and Their Perspective on Asean Integration

The study intends to determine the level of competencies (knowledge, skills, & attitude) based on the Philippine Nursing core competency standards and nurse’s perspective on Asean integration to match with their competencies and determine their readiness towards the alliance. A descriptive quantitative design was used. The Survey questionnaire was conducted among nurses (112) working in the government hospital in Region XII such as Cotabato City, General Santos City, Kidapawan City, and Koronadal City. Focus group discussion and key informant interview were utilized. Findings revealed that nurses have the high knowledge, very competent, and moderately favorable attitude towards their role in client care, leadership and management, and research. Common themes emerged are, a. Clueless about Asean integration; b. Filipinos are globally competent. Nurses do not have an idea of the Asean integration. But they were not threatened because they considered themselves globally competent. Despite the information dissemination of the government regarding Asean Integration, this significant information did not reach the nurses working in the clinical area. Nurses have a different understanding of the Asean integration phenomenon because of the degree of exposure. However, competency wise, Filipino nurse believed they could keep up with the demands made by the integration.
The Differential Effects of Perceived Social Support on Adolescent Hope: Testing the Moderating Effects of Age and Gender

In an effort to deepen our understanding of the development of one future-oriented psychological strength, hope, we examined how multiple sources of perceived social support (i.e., parent, teacher, classmate, friend) predicted hope and if these relations were moderated by age and gender in adolescents across a 1-year time span. Our sample was composed of adolescents in middle and high schools with ages ranging from 10 to 19 years old (Mage = 14.19, SD = 2.05) living in the United States (N = 991). The results showed that perceived social support from parents significantly predicted later hope in adolescents, and this relation was moderated by age but not gender. Specifically, the effect of perceived social support from parents on later hope declined as age increased. Perceived social support from teachers, classmates, and friends did not predict later hope, after controlling for baseline hope and race; neither age nor gender moderated the relation between these sources of social support and hope. These findings suggest that it is necessary to consider the developmental needs associated with ages within adolescence when promoting adolescents’ hope, especially in the family context. Future directions to extend the understanding of hope development and implications of the findings in mental health practices are discussed.
Decisional Process for Miranda Waivers and Self-Incriminations

As a Constitutional safeguard, the validity of Miranda decisions is only considered when detainees have waived their Miranda rights. Pragmatically speaking, such waivers are almost never examined unless they are coupled with damaging self-incriminations. A careful analysis of waiver decisions integrates Miranda comprehension and reasoning within a hierarchical model. Determinants of decisions involve systematic examinations of how arrestees weighed the pros and cons of both exercising and waiving Miranda rights. From a nomothetic perspective, the Miranda Reasoning Measure (MRM) is evaluated closely for aggregate scores in the Exercise and Waive domains. From a case-specific perspective, the MRM—as well as open-ended inquiries—provide detailed information via item-level analysis. This analysis is enhanced by the Blackwood’s “salience-probability” approach. In addition, Miranda waiver decisions may strongly be influenced by response styles, such as acquiescence and compliance, both of which are addressed in detail.
Varicella Zoster Virus Vasculitis and Adult Cerebrovascular Disease

The role of Varicella zoster virus (VZV) in neurological illness, particularly cerebrovascular disease, has been increasingly recognized. Primary infection by VZV causes varicella (chickenpox), after which the virus remains latent in neuronal ganglia. Later, during aging or immunosuppression, the virus can reactivate causing zoster (shingles). Virus reactivation can also spread to cerebral arteries causing vasculitis and stroke. Zoster is a recognized risk factor for stroke, but stroke can occur without preceding zoster rash. The diagnosis of VZV cerebral vasculitis is established by abnormal brain imaging and confirmed by presence of viral DNA or anti-VZV antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment with acyclovir with or without prednisone is usually recommended. VZV vasculitis is a unique and uncommon stroke mechanism that has been under recognized. Careful diagnostic investigation may be warranted in a subgroup of patients with ischemic stroke to detect VZV vasculitis and initiate appropriate therapy. In the following review, we detail the clinical presentation of VZV vasculitis, diagnostic challenges in VZV detection, and suggest the ways to enhance recognition and treatment of this uncommon disease.
Circadian Rhythms: Implications for Health and Disease

Circadian rhythms are present in nearly all organisms studied, and are present throughout the human body. The proper coordination of these rhythms, both within the body, and with respect to the environment appears to be important for overall health. This article reviews the available data looking at the association between circadian dysregulation and cardiometabolic, neurologic, and neurodegenerative disease risk. In addition we discuss the limited but growing evidence supporting the use of circadian-based interventions to improve overall health.
Positronium Bose-Einstein condensation in liquid He 4 bubbles

A hollow spherical bubble containing thousands of spin-aligned triplet positronium (Ps) atoms in superfluid liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ would be stable against breakup into smaller bubbles, and the Ps would form a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with a number density of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and a BEC critical temperature ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}300$ K. Estimates suggest that one could make such bubbles in the laboratory containing ${10}^{5}$ Ps atoms using presently known methods.
Extraction of Distinct Neuronal Cell Types from within a Genetically Continuous Population

Single-cell transcriptomics of neocortical neurons have revealed more than 100 clusters corresponding to putative cell types. For inhibitory and subcortical projection neurons (SCPNs), there is a strong concordance between clusters and anatomical descriptions of cell types. In contrast, cortico-cortical projection neurons (CCPNs) separate into surprisingly few transcriptomic clusters, despite their diverse anatomical projection types. We used projection-dependent single-cell transcriptomic analyses and monosynaptic rabies tracing to compare mouse primary visual cortex CCPNs projecting to different higher visual areas. We find that layer 2/3 CCPNs with different anatomical projections differ systematically in their gene expressions, despite forming only a single genetic cluster. Furthermore, these neurons receive feedback selectively from the same areas to which they project. These findings demonstrate that gene-expression analysis in isolation is insufficient to identify neuron types and have important implications for understanding the functional role of cortical feedback circuits.