cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Quantified Stereological Macrodispersion Analysis Approach for Determining Microscale Influences on Nanocomposite Material Properties

A quantified stereological characterization approach is used to study the macrodispersion of polycarbonate/carbon nanotube nanocomposites with visually similar microstructures and differing material properties. Through the use of this stereological macrodispersion tool, observed agglomeration states are quantified from optical images of the nanocomposite cross-sections and resulting data processed with Wicksell's corpuscle problem to estimate the volume macrodispersion state. This characterization method provides an industry friendly tool for performance and quality assessment. Through mechanical and rheological property correlation, it is found that the size of agglomerates and frequency of large agglomerates are clear indicators of nanocomposite performance.
Quantum requirement in photosynthesis related to respiration.

Abstract 1. 1. The rates of photosynthesis and subsequent respiration of Chlorella pyrenoidosa were measured using an oxygen analyzer (sensitive to paramagnetism). The energy absorbed during the photosynthesis periods was determined and the quantum requirement calculated. 2. 2. Dark respiration rate was found to depend on the rate of light absorption during the period of photosynthesis and increased with increasing photosynthesis rate. 3. 3. The quantum requirement corrected for respiration, varied from 4.9 at a ratio of photosynthesis to respiration of 1.4 to 6.9 at a ratio of 12. Both uncorrected and corrected quantum requirements approach an experimental value of 7.4 at high light intensity. 4. 4. The lower quantum requirement obtained at low light intensity is believed to be due to a relatively greater importance of contribution of energy from respiration to photosynthesis. The relation between this contribution and the enhancement of dark respiration due to the level of photosynthesis to which the plants are conditioned is derived. 5. 5. Attempts to obtain the blue-light stimulation of photosynthesis with algae photosynthesizing in red light were unsuccessful.
Determination and interpretation of surface and atmospheric Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectral end‐members at the Meridiani Planum landing site

[1] Factor analysis and target transformation techniques have been applied to Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra to isolate the end-member surface and atmospheric component spectral shapes at Meridiani Planum. The surface spectral shapes recovered from the Mini-TES data set include coarse, gray hematite, surface dust, basaltic sand, and the silica/sulfate-rich outcrop. In addition, two atmospheric spectral shapes are identified, indicating the variable nature of the atmosphere over the course of the MER rover missions. Linear deconvolution of the basaltic spectral shape indicates that it is high in plagioclase and pyroxene, including pigeonite, with smaller amounts of glass/phyllosilicate and olivine. Linear deconvolution of the outcrop spectral shape indicates that it is composed primarily of amorphous silica/glass/phyllosilicates and Mg-, Ca-, and Fe-bearing sulfates, with smaller amounts of plagioclase.
Quantitative EEG Assessment During Neuropsychological Task Performance in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

This study evaluated the neuropsychological performance of adults with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) during the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Computerized Version 3 (WCST), and the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA). Quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) data were also collected during task performance to examine differences in cortical activity between groups and tasks. Results suggest that adults with ADHD demonstrated lower levels of performance on the PASAT and IVA, tasks that involve working memory and processing speed, and sustained attention, respectively. Adults with ADHD also had more upper alpha activity during the IVA. Lastly, for the ADHD group, an increased theta/beta ratio during the IVA was significantly related to poorer attentional performance. The current results support reinforcing specific types of cortical activity though EEG operant conditioning (neurofeedback) as a treatment option in adults with ADHD.
A Nomogram for the “Student”-Fisher t Test

Abstract A nomogram is given for estimating the probability (P) for a given value of the “Student”-Fisher t test (t ranging from 1 to 65) for values of degree of freedom from 1 to infinity). Values of P from 0.5 to 0.00001 are given.
Fluctuating dental asymmetry: variation among skeletal populations.

Recent investigations have shown that nongenetic, environmental factors can adversely affect dental growth and produce bilateral asymmetries in tooth size. When asymmetries do not favor either side, i.e., absence of directional asymmetry, the condition is termed fluctuating asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry of the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the total permanent dentition was compared among human skeletal populations which differ socio-economically and nutritionally. Odontometric data were collected from prehistoric hunters (Indian Knoll site), later aboriginal farming groups (Campbell and Larson sites), and a modern cadaver population (Hamann-Todd). The magnitude of asymmetry is expressed by the familiar correlation coefficient, r. The proportion, then, of intra-individual variation due to fluctuating asymmetry is equal to 1-r.
The VP1 N-terminal sequence of canine parvovirus affects nuclear transport of capsids and efficient cell infection.

The unique N-terminal region of the parvovirus VP1 capsid protein is required for infectivity by the capsids but is not required for capsid assembly. The VP1 N terminus contains a number of groups of basic amino acids which resemble classical nuclear localization sequences, including a conserved sequence near the N terminus comprised of four basic amino acids, which in a peptide can act to transport other proteins into the cell nucleus. Testing with a monoclonal antibody recognizing residues 2 to 13 of VP1 (anti-VP1-2-13) and with a rabbit polyclonal serum against the entire VP1 unique region showed that the VP1 unique region was not exposed on purified capsids but that it became exposed after treatment of the capsids with heat (55 to 75°C), or urea (3 to 5 M). A high concentration of anti-VP1-2-13 neutralized canine parvovirus (CPV) when it was incubated with the virus prior to inoculation of cells. Both antibodies blocked infection when injected into cells prior to virus inoculation, but neither prevented infection by coinjected infectious plasmid DNA. The VP1 unique region could be detected 4 and 8 h after the virus capsids were injected into cells, and that sequence exposure appeared to be correlated with nuclear transport of the capsids. To examine the role of the VP1 N terminus in infection, we altered that sequence in CPV, and some of those changes made the capsids inefficient at cell infection.
Coming to Performance Studies

Exploring ideas of home as a location of and for thought, action, and political praxis, this issue's Performance Space contains both a Performance in Review and the second installment of Coming to ...
FOXO1 Transcription Factor Inhibits Luteinizing Hormone β Gene Expression in Pituitary Gonadotrope Cells

Synthesis of luteinizing hormone (LH) is tightly controlled by a complex network of hormonal signaling pathways that can be modulated by metabolic cues, such as insulin. One group of candidate genes that may be regulated by insulin signaling in pituitary gonadotrope cells is the FOXO subfamily of forkhead transcription factors. In this study we investigated whether FOXO1 is expressed in gonadotropes and if it can modulate LH β-subunit (Lhb) gene expression. We demonstrated that FOXO1 is expressed in murine gonadotrope cells and that insulin signaling increased FOXO1 phosphorylation and cytoplasmic localization in a PI3K-dependent manner. We also showed that FOXO1 repressed basal transcription and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induction of both the murine and human LHB genes in LβT2 cells, suggesting that FOXO1 regulation of LHB transcription may be conserved between rodents and humans. Although we did not detect FOXO1 binding to the proximal Lhb promoter, the FOXO1 DNA binding domain was necessary for the suppression, suggesting that FOXO1 exerts its effect through protein-protein interactions with transcription factors/cofactors required for Lhb gene expression. FOXO1 repression mapped to the proximal Lhb promoter containing steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1), pituitary homeobox 1 (PTX1), and early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) binding elements. Additionally, FOXO1 blocked induction of the Lhb promoter with overexpressed SF1, PTX1, and EGR1, indicating that FOXO1 repression occurs via these transcription factors but not through regulation of their promoters. In summary, we demonstrate that FOXO1 phosphorylation and cellular localization is regulated by insulin signaling in gonadotropes and that FOXO1 inhibits Lhb transcription. Our study also suggests that FOXO1 may play an important role in controlling LH levels in response to metabolic cues.
Coherence Ordering for Ring-based Chip Multiprocessors

Ring interconnects may be an attractive solution for future chip multiprocessors because they can enable faster links than buses and simpler switches than arbitrary switched interconnects. Moreover, a ring naturally orders requests sufficiently to enable directory-less coherence, but not in the total order that buses provide for snooping coherence. Existing cache coherence protocols for rings either establish a (total) ordering point (ORDERING-POINT) or use a greedy order (GREEDY-ORDER) with unbounded retries. In this work, we propose a new class of ring protocols, RINGORDER, in which requests complete in ring position order to achieve two benefits. First, RING-ORDER improves performance relative to ORDERING-POINT by activating requests immediately instead of waiting for them to reach the ordering point. Second, it improves performance stability relative to GREEDY-ORDER by not using retries. Thus, the new RING-ORDER combines the best of ORDERING-POINT (good performance stability) with the best of GREEDY-ORDER (good average performance).
Sexual Health Outcomes in Adults with Complete Male Epispadias.

Purpose: Complete male epispadias is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by failed closure of the entire penopubic dorsal urethra. Epispadias repair is typically performed during infancy, and resultant genitourinary abnormalities can have a marked impact on adult life. We assess long-term post-reconstruction sexual health and fertility outcomes in adults with complete male epispadias.Materials and Methods: A total of 132 patients 18 years or older with complete male epispadias who had undergone reconstruction were identified from a prospectively maintained, institutionally approved database. Patients who could be contacted were asked to complete a telephone survey regarding sexual function. Reconstructive history and clinical details were obtained by chart/database review.Results: Of 132 patients with complete male epispadias 74 met inclusion criteria and 15 (20%) completed the questionnaire. Seven patients (47%) reported currently being in a relationship. Although 12 patients (80%) reported overall s...
Therapeutic doses of buspirone block D3 receptors in the living primate brain.

Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) antagonists may be effective medications for multiple substance use disorders (SUDs). However, no selective D3R antagonists are currently available for clinical testing. Buspirone, originally characterized as a 5-HT1A partial agonist and used as an anxiolytic, also binds to D3R and D4R with high affinity, with lower affinity to D2R, and interferes with cocaine reward. Here we used PET with [ 11 C]PHNO (D3R-preferring radioligand), [ 11 C]raclopride (D2R/D3R radioligand) and [ 11 C]NNC-112 (D1R radioligand) to measure occupancy of oral and parenteral buspirone in the primate brain. Intramuscular buspirone (0.19 and 0.5 mg/kg) blocked both [ 11 C]PHNO and [ 11 C]raclopride binding to striatum, exhibiting high occupancy (50–85%) at 15 min and rapid wash-out over 2–6 h. In contrast, oral buspirone (3 mg/kg) significantly blocked [ 11 C]PHNO binding in D3-rich regions (globus pallidum and midbrain) at 3 h, but had minimal effects on [ 11 C]raclopride binding (28–37% at 1 h and 10% at 3 h). Buspirone did not block [ 11 C]NNC-112. Our findings provide evidence that i.m. buspirone blocks D3R and D2R, whereas oral buspirone is more selective towards D3R blockade in vivo, consistent with extensive first pass metabolism and supporting the hypothesis that its metabolites (5- and 6′-hydroxybuspirone) merit evaluation for treating SUDs. They also indicate that for oral buspirone to achieve greater than 80% sustained D3R occupancy, as might be needed to treat addiction, higher doses (at least three-fold) than those used to treat anxiety (maximal 60 mg) will be required. Nonetheless, based on previous clinical studies, these doses would be safe and well tolerated.
Behavior Management in Inclusive Classrooms

PERHAPS THE PRIMARY REQUISITE FOR STUDENTS WHO ENTER INCLUSIVE SETTINGS IS THE ABILITY OF THE STUDENTS AND TEACHERS TO EFFECTIVELY DEAL WITH BEHAVIOR ISSUES. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO DESCRIBE (A) COMPONENTS OF EFFECTIVE BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND (B) HOW ONE TEACHER, FACED WITH A VARIETY OF STUDENT BEHAVIORS, WAS ABLE TO VIEW THE CONTEXT OF HER SITUATION, EVALUATE BOTH TEACHER AND STUDENT BEHAVIORS, AND BRING ABOUT DRAMATIC CHANGES IN HER CLASSROOM. DISCUSSION INCLUDES PROACTIVE METHODS TEACHERS CAN USE TO ENRICH CLASSROOM CLIMATES AND PROMOTE A COMMUNITY OF LEARNERS THAT INCLUDES STUDENTS WITH CHALLENGING BEHAVIORS.
The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity.

The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement learning and a “generic” error-processing system associated with the anterior cingulate cortex. The existence of the error-processing system has been inferred from the error-related negativity (ERN), a component of the event-related brain potential elicited when human participants commit errors in reaction-time tasks. The authors propose that the ERN is generated when a negative reinforcement learning signal is conveyed to the anterior cingulate cortex via the mesencephalic dopamine system and that this signal is used by the anterior cingulate cortex to modify performance on the task at hand. They provide support for this proposal using both computational modeling and psychophysiological experimentation.
Chromosome Morphology During the Spermatogenesis of Odontotermes Redemanni (Wasmann)

SUMMARYA general account of the important morphological features of the haploid chromosome during the spermatogenesis in the termite, Odontotermes redemanni (Wasmann) has been described. The behavior of the chromosomes in this species vary in many important points from the generalized picture and is interesting specially due to the formation of the sperm tetrad at the end of the spermatogenesis.
Age associated changes in membrane currents in rat ventricular myocytes

Objective: Action potential duration of senescent rat ventricular myocytes is longer than in young adults. The aim of the study was to determine whether age related changes in L-type calcium current (Ica), transient outward potassium current (ITo). and inwardly rectifying potassium current (IK1) are involved in the prolongation of the early (ICa, ITo) and late (IK1) portions of the rat action potential plateau. Methods: Whole cell voltage clamp techniques were used to study these currents in ventricular myocytes isolated from young (2-3 months), middle aged (8-9 months), and senescent (21-25 months) rats. Results: There were no differences in the magnitude of ICa among age groups once currents were normalised for capacitative surface area. The voltage dependence of ICa activation and steady state inactivation in the three age groups was also similar. At test potentials of 0 and +10 mV, there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) slowing in the time course of inactivation of Ica; the time constants of inactivation increased with age [young v old in ms(SEM): 0 mV, 22.2(2.2) v 38.0(5.0) (slow); +10 mV, 80(2.0) v 15.6(2.0) (fast)]. With internal EGTA to buffer intracellular Ca2+, no significant age related differences in action potential duration or the time course of ICa inactivation were observed. There was an age associated decrease in peak ITO density in the old (n=25) compared to the young (n=25) cell group (p < 0.05). The only age associated change in the kinetic properties of ITO was a small but consistent slowing in the time constants of inactivation at most test voltages measured. with significance occurring at 0 mV in the slow (τ2) component. Conclusions: ICa density is maintained in senescence; Ica inactivation, however, is slowed. Age related differences in action potential duration and ICa inactivation were reduced by buffering intracellular Ca2+. ITo channels appear to retain normal function through the aging process but overall there is a reduced channel density. The age associated changes in these currents should contribute to prolongation of action potential duration of the early plateau phase seen in the senescent rat. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :1968-1977
Mars Exploration Rover engineering cameras

The scientific payloads of the rovers will include a stereo pair of panoramic cameras and a microscopic imager.
SECONDARY SUCCESSION DYNAMICS IN ESTUARINE MARSHES ACROSS LANDSCAPE‐SCALE SALINITY GRADIENTS

Secondary succession plays a critical role in driving community structure in natural communities, yet how succession dynamics vary with environmental context is generally unknown. We examined the importance of seedling and vegetative recruitment in the secondary succession of coastal marsh vegetation across a landscape-scale environmental stress gradient. Replicate bare patches were initiated in salt, brackish, and oligohaline marshes in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA, and allowed to recover unmanipulated or with colonizing seedlings or vegetative runners removed for three years. Seed dispersal and seed bank studies were conducted at the same sites. We found that rates of recovery were 3-10 times faster in brackish and oligohaline marshes than in salt marshes. The fast pace of recovery in oligohaline marshes was driven by seedling colonization, while recovery was dominated by vegetative runners in brackish marshes and by both seedlings and runners in salt marshes. Seed and seedling availability was much greater in oligohaline marshes with up to 24 times the seed bank density compared with salt marshes. In contrast to the facilitated succession generally found in salt marshes, oligohaline marshes follow the tolerance model of succession where numerous species colonize from seed and are slowly displaced by clonal grasses whose recovery is slowed by preemptive competition from seedlings, contributing to the higher species diversity of oligohaline marshes. These findings reveal fundamental differences in the dynamics and assembly of marsh plant communities along estuarine salinity gradients that are important for conceptually understanding wetlands and for guiding the management and restoration of various types of coastal marshes.
Atheroprotective lipoprotein effects of a niacin-simvastatin combination compared to low- and high-dose simvastatin monotherapy

Background Niacin has multiple lipoprotein effects that may provide cardiovascular benefit when added to statin monotherapy. Methods In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial (n = 75) of magnetic resonance imaging of carotid atherosclerosis, we performed a secondary comparison of combination niacin-statin (simvastatin 20 mg/Niacin-ER 2G [S20/N]) to monotherapy with moderate (20 mg [S20]) and high-dose (80 mg [S80]) simvastatin on lipids, apolipoproteins (apo), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle subclasses, and inflammatory markers. Results At baseline, average age was 71, 72% were male, 62.5% used statins, and average LDL-cholesterol was 111 mg/dL. At 12 months, S20/N, compared to S80, significantly reduced apoB (−36.6% vs −11.9%; P = .05) and lipoprotein(a) (−18% vs +3.5%; P = .001) and had at least an equivalent effect on LDL-cholesterol (−39.3% vs −24.3%; P = .24). The combination reduced the proportion of subjects with atherogenic LDL pattern-B (50% to 11.5%) compared to S80 (56% to 56%) ( P = .01). Despite increases in plasma free fatty acids (+62.4%; F = 5.65, P = .005 vs S20 and S80), plasma triglycerides (−29.4%; F = 6.88, P = .002 vs S20 and S80), and very-low-density lipoprotein (−44.2%; F = 7.94, P P P = .01 vs both statin arms). Conclusions We demonstrate that full-dose niacin/moderate-dose simvastatin combination has sustained benefits on atherogenic apoB lipoproteins, at least comparable to high-dose simvastatin, while also raising HDL-cholesterol. Results of large clinical trials will inform whether niacin-statin combinations reduce cardiovascular disease events.
Random walks on the click graph

Search engines can record which documents were clicked for which query, and use these query-document pairs as "soft" relevance judgments. However, compared to the true judgments, click logs give noisy and sparse relevance information. We apply a Markov random walk model to a large click log, producing a probabilistic ranking of documents for a given query. A key advantage of the model is its ability to retrieve relevant documents that have not yet been clicked for that query and rank those effectively. We conduct experiments on click logs from image search, comparing our ("backward") random walk model to a different ("forward") random walk, varying parameters such as walk length and self-transition probability. The most effective combination is a long backward walk with high self-transition probability.
A fluid metamaterial with tunable anisotropy

We demonstrate a fluid metamaterial consisting of gold nanorods coated with an organic molecular corona, whose anisotropy can be controlled by applied mechanical shear force.
Sick-day management in type 1 diabetes

This article reviews the importance of sick-day management in persons with type 1 diabetes. Topics include current sick-day protocols and new technologies that may improve home management of uncontrolled diabetes in an attempt to avoid full-blown metabolic decompensation and the development of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is an acute life-threatening complication of diabetes that affects more than 100,000 persons per year in the United States, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Prevention of DKA with adequate sick-day management will reduce the human and economic toll of this complication. Increased awareness of this therapy, which involves frequent monitoring to detect hyperglycemia and ketosis and supplemental insulin administration, is key to its successful use at home. New methodologies that allow the detection of blood ketones at home may reduce the risk of progression to, or the severity of, DKA.
Average quantities accessible to the analysis of sedimentation equilibrium data for self-association systems

This paper shows that analysis of sedimentation equilibrium data, searching for average molecular weights, gives quantities which are dependent on the total protein concentration of the samples, while knowledge of the molecular weight of the monomeric subunits allows a more meaningful search for the concentrations of the individual polymeric components of the system. From these the various average molecular weights can be construed, and the various dissociation equilibrium constants evaluated. Also, in this paper considerations are proposed on the meaning of nonideality terms in associating systems and possible ways for estimating them. As an example the proposed procedures have been applied to measurements of sedimentation equilibrium in carbonmonoxyhemoglobin.
Impact of Cage Size and Enrichment (Tube and Shelf) on Heart Rate Variability in Rats

Rats respond physiologically and behaviorally to environmental stressors. As cage conditions can be aÂ stressor, it is important that experimental results acquired from caged rats are not confounded by theseÂ responses. This study determined the effects of cage size and cage enrichment (tube and shelf) on heartÂ rate variability (HRV) in rats as a measure of stress. Electrocardiogram data were collected from 5 maleÂ Sprague-Dawley rats, each implanted with a radio-telemetric transducer to assess the ratio of the low to highÂ frequency components of the HRV power spectrum (LF/HF). This ratio reflects the degree of sympatheticÂ versus parasympathetic nervous activity and increases with decreasing HRV. Rats were housed for 3 weeksÂ in each of the following cage conditions: small un-enriched, small enriched, large un-enriched and large enriched.Â Cage enrichment and/or larger cages did not significantly alter LF/HF values compared to the small,Â un-enriched cage condition, when considered independent of the sleep/wake cycle. However, when resultsÂ were pooled for all cage conditions, LF/HF significantly increased during the wake cycle compared to theÂ sleep cycle. Further analysis showed that this difference was only statistically significant for the un-enrichedÂ cage condition. Thus the presence of a tube and a shelf in a rodent cage can alter the diurnal rhythm of HRVÂ in rats and this should be taken into account when designing experiments in which HRV is an outcome.Â
Induced polarization in the H-2(gamma, vec n) H-1 reaction at low energy

The induced polarization, ${P}_{y}^{'}$, of the neutron in the deuteron photodisintegration from threshold up to 30 MeV is calculated using a variety of different, latest generation potentials---Argonne ${v}_{18}$, Bonn 2000, and Nijmegen I---and a realistic model for the nuclear electromagnetic current operator, including one- and two-body terms. The model dependence of the theoretical predictions is found to be very small. These predictions are systematically larger in magnitude than the measured ${P}_{y}^{'}$ values and corroborate the conclusions of an earlier, and much older, study. There is considerable scatter in the available experimental data. New and more accurate measurements of the induced polarization in the $^{2}\mathrm{H}$($\ensuremath{\gamma},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}$)$^{1}\mathrm{H}$ reaction are needed to establish unequivocally whether there is a discrepancy between theory and experiment.
Availability, Strengths and Limitations of US State Driver's License Data for Obesity Research.

Objectives: Driver’s license records in the United States typically contain age, sex, height, weight, and home address. By combining the body mass index (calculated from the reported height and weight) and address information, researchers can explore and quantify the relationships between obesity and specific environmental features surrounding the place of residence. We report here our experience obtaining those data and the current state of driver’s license data as an epidemiological resource. Methods: The specific state agency responsible for maintaining driver’s license databases was contacted by email, phone, or both methods for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Results: Fourteen states with a combined population of 89.8 million people indicated they could provide a total of 73.3 million unique driver’s license (and non-driver identification) data records with address, height, weight, gender, and age, representing 82% of the population in these states. Four additional states will provide data with a zip code but not the street address. A total of 52.6 million unique analyzable records from seven states has been acquired and analyzed. Obesity is more prevalent among males and those living in less urbanized areas. Conclusion: Driver’s licenses represent an underused resource for studying the geographic correlates of obesity and other public health issues.
Legal Outcomes and Legal Agents Adding Another Dimension to the Sex-Sentencing Controversy*

Although a number of theories of law stress the importance of examining the characteristics of deviance processing agents for understanding criminal sanctioning, empirical studies have generally neglected these variables. Using data from a sample of convicted felons, this study looks at (1) both the additive and interactive effect of the probation officer's gender on sentencing recommendations accorded male and female offenders and (2) whether the social and political context, measured by the time span 1965–1980, alters any noted dyadic effects. The results indicate that both male and female officers recommend that female offenders receive the less severe sentences. Moreover, the context in which these recommendations are made has almost no appreciable effect. The implications of the findings for both the available theoretical frameworks and policy considerations are discussed.
The Prevalence and Presentation of Methamphetamine Associated Cardiomyopathy: A Single Center Experience

Methamphetamine use is commonly accepted as an etiology of cardiomyopathy but there is very little data to characterize its presentation. Methamphetamine associated cardiomyopathy has a distinct presentation when compared to other etiologies of cardiomyopathy in California's San Joaquin Valley. We
Thucydides 5.26.3–5: the verb ἰσχυρίζεσθαι and a contrast in methodology *

Scholarly opinion has been divided over the interpretation of τοiς ἀπo χρησμῶν τι ἰσχυρισμένοις μoνον δὴ τοῦτο ἐχυρῶς ξυμβaν at Thucydides 5.26.3. On one hand, Dover and others maintain that Thucydides emphasizes the oracle's fulfilment, and adopt a somewhat neutral definition for ἰσχυρισαμένοις (‘venture to affirm’), while Marinatos argues that ‘By ἰσχυρισαμένοις Thucydides is diverting attention away from the oracle and instead focusing on those who made claims based on it.’ This paper studies the interpretations of ἰσχυρισαμένοις and will suggest a more precise understanding of the word.
Crowd control

Using crowdsourcing applications, humans around the world are transcribing audio files, conducting market research, and labeling data, for work or pleasure.
Images in clinical medicine. Coronary arteriovenous fistula on coronary angiography.

Figure 1. Coronary Arteriovenous Fistula on Coronary Angiography. A large coronary arteriovenous fistula can be seen originating in the left coronary artery, coursing over the lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle, and eventually emptying into the right atrium. The solid arrow indicates the origin of the fistula (not well visualized), and the open arrow indicates a normal-sized left anterior descending coronary artery, which is of much smaller caliber than the greatly dilated fistula. Patients with such fistulas often have loud continuous cardiac murmurs and may have congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia (due to a coronary-artery ”steal” phenomenon), and . . .
Analysis and establishment of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax

Objective To establish a quick, simple and convenient method of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Plasmodium vivax and compare with the method of PCR. Methods Two pairs of distinct LAMP primers were synthesized according to the sequences of P. vivax circumsporozoite protein (CSP) gene. The concentrations of Mg2+, dNTPs and Bst, the reaction temperature and the reaction time of LAMP were optimized. And design the experiment which default different primers of LAMP. The optimized LAMP was evaluated by sensitivity and specificity. The method of LAMP was tested with 133 patients′ blood samples. The results were compared with the microscopic method, which was considered as a golden standard for malaria parasite identification. The sensitivity and specificity of LAMP and multiplex PCR were compared and evaluated. Results By using LAMP, the sensitivity detection of recombinant plasmid Pv-rDNA (1:10 multiple dilution) was 10-10, it showed a sensitivity 100-fold higher than traditional PCR. Sample analyzing results from 68 Plasmodium vivax infected patients, 43 Plasmodium falciparum infected patients and 22 non-malaria patients with microscopic examination as the golden standard showed that the sensitivity of LAMP and multiplex PCR were 98.53% and 97.06% , respectively and the specificity of them were 86.15% and 100% , respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of LAMP were 88.16% and 98.25%,respectively, while the PPV and NPV of multiplex PCR were 100% and 97.01%, respectively. Conclusion The method is characterized by rapidity, ease of operation, high sensitivity and low equipment requirements, with preferable application prospects.
Autoradiography of Diffusible Compounds in Human Nonnucleated Erythrocytes: Studies with Tritiated Glucose and Adenine

In Autoradiography of Diffusible Compounds in Human Nonnucleated Erythrocytes: Studies with Tritiated Glucose and Adenine by Greenwalt et al. (Blood 35: No. 5, May, 624-636), Table 1, last line, P 0.1; page 631, second paragraph, seventh line, 98, 20 and 11 per cent should read 88, 23 and 11 per cent.
Mutually Exclusive Folding and its Escape Hatch: Designing Functional Polymers by Engineered Domain Swapping

Domain-swapped proteins are found throughout nature and play important roles in biology, e.g. cell-cell adhesion in the case of cadherins, as well as in some deposition disorders such as human prion disease. Domain-swapped proteins form dimers and oligomers by reciprocal exchange of polypeptides. The structure of the swapped oligomer is identical to that of the non-swapped monomer except at the site of strand exchange (hinge region). Here we show a general method for designing functional polymers through engineered domain swapping. Domain swapping is induced in a functional protein by inserting a small, stable protein (“lever”) with a long distance between its N- and C-termini into a surface loop of the functional host protein. The lever domain applies conformational stress to the host domain, ripping it apart at the point of insertion. Conformational stress is relieved when two or more host-lever fusion proteins refold intermolecularly via domain swap of their host domains. The function of the host domain is controlled by creating two constructs: one with a mutation disabling the function of the host introduced N-terminal to the lever insertion point, and one with another such mutation introduced C-terminal to the insertion point. The monomeric proteins are in the nonfunctional OFF state, but when they domain swap the wild-type sequence of the host is restored, resulting in the ON state. We have developed a family of host-lever constructs (RU series) in which ubiquitin (lever) is inserted into different surface loops of ribose binding protein (RBP; host). Here we use crosslinking, functional, and NMR structural experiments to demonstrate the successful switching of ribose binding function through induced domain swapping and have determined the preferred hinge region for swapping of RBP.
Sulfur Containing Materials

The use of sulfur in asphalt can considerably improve the quality of the product, it can reduce its price, and it can even reduce the energy consumed in melting the mixture. The disadvantage of sulfur–asphalt mixtures is that normally special mixing equipment is necessary,\ and in most of the present processes, blending is achieved in the field on the construction site. The fear that hydrogen sulfide release would seriously hamper the application has not proven to be justified, except in the roofing applications, where the temperature is frequently not well controlled and occasionally is kept intentionally very high to yield an easy flowing, thin coat. In road applications, asphalt is mixed with aggregate in various ratios that depend on the climate, the road use, thickness of the pavement, the local price of the ingredients, and the intended quality. There are two different types of products that fall under sulphur-concrete: sulfur-impregnated concrete and sulfur-bonded aggregates.
Visualizing Wind Farm Wakes Using SCADA Data.

As wind farms scale to include more and more turbines, questions about turbine wake interactions become increasingly important. Turbine wakes reduce wind speed and downwind turbines suffer decreased performance. The cumulative effect of the wakes throughout a wind farm will therefore decrease the performance of the entire farm. These interactions are dynamic and complicated, and it is difficult to quantify the overall effect of the wakes. This problem has attracted some attention in terms of computational modeling for siting turbines on new farms, but less attention in terms of empirical studies and performance validation of existing farms. In this paper, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition data from an existing wind farm is analyzed in order to explore methods for documenting wake interactions. Visualization techniques are proposed and used to analyze wakes in a 67 turbine farm. Four wake effects are observed; including wake deficit, channel speedup, and two potentially new effects, single and multiple shear point speedup.
Glutathione conjugation as a mechanism for the transport of reactive metabolites

From this and other chapters in this volume, it should be clear that GSH conjugation no longer represents a mechanism for the detoxication of xenobiotics or their metabolites. Although the majority of conjugations with GSH do facilitate the efficient excretion of xenobiotics from the body, many examples now exist where this process results in enhanced biological reactivity (Monks et al., 1990a; Monks and Lau, 1992, 1994). The number of examples in which GSH conjugation plays an important role in the generation of biologically reactive intermediates is expanding rapidly and GSH-dependent toxicity is manifested in many diverse ways. As emphasized in this chapter, GSH can act as a transport form for reactive metabolites, permitting the delivery of such metabolites to target tissues distal to the site of the initial conjugation. This type of GSH conjugate may be important in the mutagenic, carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, embryotoxic, cataractogenic, methemoglobinemic, and neurotoxic properties of a variety of redox active compounds (Monks and Lau, 1992).
Tendencies in Civic Education in Russia: The Perception of Patriotism among Secondary School Teachers

This paper discusses the ongoing patriotic education campaign in Russia and how school practitioners interpret patriotism and patriotic education. Patriotism is interpreted in Russia through the terms that span across the whole political and ideological spectrum from almost extreme left to extreme right and accurately reflects the existing dichotomy deeply enrooted in Russian culture and mentality. In this study, more than 300 Russia’s teachers participated in the survey about the elements of patriotic education (return rate – 77%). The author argues that despite a strong tendency to rationalize patriotism in political and educational discourses through traditionalistic and militaristic frameworks, teachers’ opinions about patriotism and patriotic education are more nuanced and pragmatic.
Teacher victimization, turnover, and contextual factors promoting resilience

Teacher victimization is a relatively understudied phenomenon that may contribute to teacher turnover. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between teacher reports of victimizat...
Explaining Motivational Needs Through Positive Affect and Brand Tribalism: An Abstract

Smartphone communities have relational and social attributes that parallel brand tribes: they demonstrate augmented forms of value systems, brand enthusiasm, and defense mechanisms (Taute & Sierra, 2014). Mobile communications users have been examined as tribes in Europe (Jurisic & Acevedo, 2011) and in the USA (Taute & Sierra, 2014); yet, determinants and outcomes of smartphone users’ brand tribalism need further inspection. To help close this research gap and offer acuity to this sequential process, we conjecture that positive affect toward a smartphone brand (PosAFF) antecedes both components of brand tribalism (i.e., defense of the tribe – DEFENSE and positivity associated with being a member of a brand tribe – TribePOS). In turn, these tribe dimensions lead to individuals’ motivational need for power (NPOWER) and need for achievement (NACHIEVE). Students enrolled in marketing courses at a southwestern US university completed the questionnaire during regularly scheduled classes. The mean age of respondents (N = 190) is 21.63 years (SD = 1.60). Whites (60%), Hispanics (28%), and Blacks (7%) are represented. In terms of favorite smartphone, iPhone (74%) and Droid (23%) are noted most.
Low-rank tensor integration for Gaussian filtering of continuous time nonlinear systems

Integration-based Gaussian filters such as un-scented, cubature, and Gauss-Hermite filters are effective ways to assimilate data and models within nonlinear systems. Traditionally, these filters have only been applicable for systems with a handful of states due to stability and scalability issues. In this paper, we present a new integration method for scaling quadrature-based filters to higher dimensions. Our approach begins by decomposing the dynamics and observation models into separated, low-rank tensor formats. Once in low-rank tensor format, adaptive integration techniques may be used to efficiently propagate the mean and covariance of the distribution of the system state with computational complexity that is polynomial in dimension and rank. Simulation results are shown on nonlinear chaotic systems with 20 state variables.
Mapping Latest Patterns of Urban Sprawl in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

ABSTRACTDespite the unprecedented rapid urbanization on many parts of the African continent, limited scholarly works have investigated the phenomenon of urban sprawl in African cities. This article...
Limited denitrification in glacial deposit aquifers having thick unsaturated zones (Long Island, USA)

The goal of this study was to demonstrate how the extent of denitrification, which is indirectly related to dissolved organ carbon and directly related to oxygen concentrations, can also be linked to unsaturated-zone thickness, a mappable aquifer property. Groundwater from public supply and monitoring wells in Northport on Long Island, New York state (USA), were analyzed for denitrification reaction progress using dissolved N2/Ar concentrations by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. This technique allows for discernment of small amounts of excess N2, attributable to denitrification. Results show an average 15 % of total nitrogen in the system was denitrified, significantly lower than model predictions of 35 % denitrification. The minimal denitrification is due to low dissolved organic carbon (29.3–41.1 μmol L−1) and high dissolved oxygen concentrations (58–100 % oxygen saturation) in glacial sediments with minimal solid-phase electron donors to drive denitrification. A mechanism is proposed that combines two known processes for aquifer re-aeration in unconsolidated sands with thick (>10 m) unsaturated zones. First, advective flux provides 50 % freshening of pore space oxygen in the upper 2 m due to barometric pressure changes. Then, oxygen diffusion across the water-table boundary occurs due to high volumetric air content in the unsaturated-zone catchment area.
Mechanisms Responsible for Radioactive Tracer Uptake in Malignancies

Tumors, a collection of cells altered so as to reproduce true to type, represent a growth against which the host can demonstrate no adequate control mechanisms. The tumor cell determines its own activities, irrespective of the biologic rules governing the growth of normal cells. Without this single characteristic, there would be no tumors.
Geometrical Simulation of Chip Production Rate in Micro-EndMilling

Abstract In conventional-scale machining, the mechanics of the tool-workpiece interface are dominated by shearing. But, in micro-machining, the mechanics of the tool-workpiece interface are affected also by ploughing and elasto-plastic workpiece deformation, due to the minimum chip thickness effect as the minimum chip thickness becomes comparable to the uncut chip thickness. Especially, the ploughing effect increases cutting forces resulting in poor surface integrity and burr formation. A clear understanding of the relationships between shearing, ploughing, and elasto-plastic deformation is required to manage these effects. Here, we propose that the chip production rate is an indicator of the state of the interaction at the tool-workpiece interface. In this paper, the influence of the minimum chip thickness effect is investigated by a geometrical simulation of the chip production rate due to the varying uncut chip thickness, less than or above the minimum chip thickness in micro-endmilling. The chip production rate is predicted by counting the number of chips generated by the intermittent engagement of the cutting tooth based on the trochoidal path. The simulation results predict as much as 50% reduction and 200% increase in the chip production rate at a certain chip volume range as the uncut chip thickness becomes smaller than minimum chip thickness assuming that the cutting edge radius is constant.
Facilitating Participatory Processes that Amplify Youth Voice and Action in Clinical Care Delivery and Research

With increased focus on positive youth development and adolescent-centered care, participatory processes that amplify youth voice in clinical care delivery and research are increasingly important. Youth participatory action research (YPAR) – where youth co-lead and conduct research aimed at identifying youth-centered policy, practice, and system change – may be applied across multiple settings and projects including youth leadership boards, youth-driven public health campaigns, and clinic quality improvement processes. This chapter will present examples of YPAR activities in multiple arenas, discuss resources and approaches to supporting youth participation in research or evaluation, and identify processes that support uptake of youth priorities into policy, practice, and system change. YPAR harnesses the creative power of youth to generate substantive change to the organizations built to serve them.
A systematically-revised ribosome profiling method for bacteria reveals pauses at single-codon resolution

In eukaryotes, ribosome profiling provides insight into the mechanism of protein synthesis at the codon level. In bacteria, however, the method has been more problematic and no consensus has emerged for how to best prepare profiling samples. Here, we identify the sources of these problems and describe new solutions for arresting translation and harvesting cells in order to overcome them. These improvements remove confounding artifacts and improve the resolution to allow analyses of ribosome behavior at the codon level. With a clearer view of the translational landscape in vivo, we observe that filtering cultures leads to translational pauses at serine and glycine codons through the reduction of tRNA aminoacylation levels. This observation illustrates how bacterial ribosome profiling studies can yield insight into the mechanism of protein synthesis at the codon level and how these mechanisms are regulated in response to changes in the physiology of the cell.