cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O princípio de precaução e a autonomia da ciência.

O principio de precaucao recomenda que, antes de implementar as inovacoes tecnocientificas, sejam tomadas precaucoes especiais e que se conduza pesquisa detalhada e de largo alcance sobre os riscos potenciais dessas inovacoes. Defendo o uso do principio contra a acusacao de que ele representa uma ameaca a autonomia da ciencia. Ao contrario, argumento que ele serve para enfrentar as distorcoes correntes das praticas cientificas, distorcoes que se seguem a sua subordinacao a valores comerciais e politicos.
Design considerations for TES and QET sensors

Abstract We summarize some of the effects that must be taken into account in the design of superconducting Transition Edge Sensors (TES) and Quasiparticle-trap-assisted Electrothermal-feedback Transition-edge-sensors (QET). For the TES these include determining time constants, maintaining voltage bias, avoid electrothermal oscillations, critical current limitations, and saturation. For QET phonon sensors, voltage bias was conceived to allow the simultaneous biasing of parallel TESs with different transition temperatures, and preventing normal-superconducting phase separation.
Finite element methods for the simulation of wave propagation in two-dimensional inhomogeneous elastic media

Several Galerkin procedures for obtaining approximate solutions for the wave equation in two-dimensional, inhomogeneous elastic media are presented. The numerical model utilizes an absorbing boundary condition in order to minimize the energy reflected by the artificial boundaries. Under certain smoothness hypotheses for the solution of the differential problem, optimal order convergence estimates are obtained.
A Unified Analysis of Pseudonoise Synchronization by Envelope Correlation

The problem of acquiring and maintaining synchronization of a pseudonoise code, particularly at low signal-to-noise ratios, is analyzed to determine the mean time to acquisition and the mean time to lose lock. An analysis procedure is developed which explicitly considers the search/lock strategy and the transition from search to lock. A practical example is included to demonstrate the technique.
Rhabdomyolysis secondary to keyboard overuse: Occupational hazard of the computer age

A 33-year-old man presented with rhabdomyolysis with bilateral forearm pain and a profoundly elevated creatine phosphokinase. The cause of his illness appears to be computer keyboard overuse soon after a viral illness. This is the first case report directly linking rhabdomyolysis with keyboard overuse.
Emerging theories and models of human computation systems: a brief survey

The ubiquitous access to computing systems has spurred the design of a variety of human computation systems, each aiming to harness the power of human computation to tackle problems that cannot be solved by today's computers alone. However, the rapid pace of progress in developing increasingly complex human computation systems has far outstripped the development of abstract models to evaluate, compare and generalize such systems. In this paper we present a brief thematic overview of the nascent theories and models of human computing systems by grouping them along key design choices in building such systems.
Hyaluronic acid-complement interactions—II. Role of divalent cations and gelatin

Native hyaluronic acid (HA) is reported to be a weak anticomplementary agent. However, the normal buffer systems used for complement tests incorporate gelatin, Ca2+ and Mg2+, which may bind to HA, influence its conformation and interfere with its anticomplementary reactions with complement components such as Cl. In this study, metal ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+), gelatin and fibronectin appeared to react with native HA preparations and block their anticomplementary effects on Cl. In previous studies, we obtained evidence for a relationship between reversible heat-induced HA conformational changes and a subsequent reversible increase in anticomplementary activity. The anticomplementary activity of heat-treated HA preparations was also reduced by gelatin.
The backdoor pathway to dihydrotestosterone

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is the androgen responsible for formation of the male external genitalia during embryogenesis and for most androgen-mediated events at male puberty. In most circumstances, testosterone (T) derived from the testis is converted to DHT by 5α-reductase type 2 in genital skin and prostate. By contrast, the testes of pouch young of the tammar wallaby and immature postnatal testes of several species synthesize 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, which is the proximal precursor of DHT in androgen-target tissues. Human steroidogenic enzymes efficiently catalyze all the required steps in a route to DHT that does not involve the T intermediate, called the ‘backdoor pathway'. This alternative pathway of DHT production appears to explain how potent androgens are produced in some normal and pathological conditions when the conventional androgen-biosynthetic pathways fail to account completely for the of patterns androgen synthesis that are observed.
Plasma Membrane Mechanisms in a Preclinical Rat Model of Chronic Pain

Abstract We have recently shown that the prolongation of prostaglandin E2 hyperalgesia in a preclinical model of chronic pain—hyperalgesic priming—is mediated by release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate from isolectin B4–positive nociceptors and its metabolism by ectonucleotidases to produce adenosine. The adenosine, in turn, acts in an autocrine mechanism at an A1 adenosine receptor whose downstream signaling mechanisms in the nociceptor are altered to produce nociceptor sensitization. We previously showed that antisense against an extracellular matrix molecule, versican, which defines the population of nociceptors involved in hyperalgesic priming, eliminated the prolongation of prostaglandin E2 hyperalgesia. To further evaluate the mechanisms at the interface between the extracellular matrix and the nociceptor's plasma membrane involved in hyperalgesia prolongation, we interrupted a plasma membrane molecule involved in versican signaling, integrin β1, with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide. Integrin β1 antisense eliminated mechanical hyperalgesia induced by an adenosine A1 receptor agonist, cyclopentyladenosine, in the primed rat. We also disrupted a molecular complex of signaling molecules that contains integrin β1, lipid rafts, with methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which attenuated the prolongation without affecting the acute phase of prostaglandin E2 hyperalgesia, while having no effect on cyclopentyladenosine hyperalgesia. Our findings help to define the plasma membrane mechanisms involved in a preclinical model of chronic pain. Perspective The present study contributes to a further understanding of mechanisms involved in the organization of messengers at the plasma membrane that participate in the transition from acute to chronic pain.
Sphingosine kinase isoforms as a therapeutic target in endocrine therapy resistant luminal and basal-A breast cancer:

Sphingosine kinase signaling has become of increasing interest as a cancer target in recent years. Two sphingosine kinase inhibitors, sphingosine kinase inhibitor (SKI)-II and ABC294640, are promising as potential breast cancer therapies. However, evidence for their therapeutic properties in specific breast cancer subtypes is currently lacking. In this study, we characterize these drugs in luminal, endocrine-resistant (MDA-MB-361) and basal-A, triple-negative (MDA-MB-468) breast cancer cells and compare them with previously published data in other breast cancer cell models. Both SKI-II and ABC294640 demonstrated greater efficacy in basal-A compared with luminal breast cancer. ABC294640, in particular, induced apoptosis and blocked proliferation both in vitro and in vivo in this triple-negative breast cancer system. Furthermore, Sphk expression promotes survival and endocrine therapy resistance in previously sensitive breast cancer cells. Taken together, these results characterize sphingosine kinase inhibi...
Relationship of drug involvement to dropping out of college

28 heavy drug users, 32 moderate drug users, and 35 nonusers were compared for how long they stayed in college following their entrance. As predicted, heavy drug users showed the least persistence. This finding was discussed in terms of motivational factors.
Is the Nexus of Gang Membership, Exposure to Violence, and Violent Behavior a Key Determinant of First Time Gun Carrying for Urban Minority Youth?

Two waves of longitudinal data from a high-poverty sample of minority youth living in extreme poverty was used to determine if the nexus (or intersection) of gang membership T1, exposure to violence T1, and violent behavior T1 is a precursor of first time gun carrying T2. The findings indicated a significant amount of overlap between gang membership, exposure to violence, and violent behavior. The multivariate findings also revealed that: (1) the effect of exposure to violence T1 on initiation of gun carrying T2 became non-significant after controlling for gang membership T1 and violent behavior T1; and (2) only 1.8% of youth were part of the nexus of gang membership T1, exposure to violence T1, and violent behavior T1, but they were 665% more likely to initiate gun carrying T2. The theoretical and policy implications of the findings for the prevention of youth gun violence as well as areas for future research are also discussed.
Immunochemical analysis of tissue antigens in different corneal layers and sclera

Abstract Tissue-specific antigens were studied in cornea and sclera with antisera absorbed with serum proteins. Both human and bovine corneal tissue-specific antigens were able to elicit a much stronger antibody response than scleral antigens. The presence of antigens, restricted only to individual corneal tissues, was established. Among the tissue antigens shared by different corneal tissues some were found to be common to all. Four antigens were shown to be shared by stroma and endothelium only, whereas one antigen was shared by stroma and epithelium. Thus, common ontogeny did not seem to be the only determining factor in the antigenic relation of different corneal tissues. Cornea and sclera were found to share antigens. These were restricted to the stromal layer. The anti-bovine corneal epithelium serum gave no precipitin reactions with sclera. Characteristic differences in the electrophoretic behavior of tissue-specific antigens from different corneal layers were observed. In agar immunoelectrophoresis the bovine epithelial antigens showed low electronegative net charge, while the endothelial antigens exhibited high electronegative net charge. The stromal antigens were evenly distributed along the electrophoretic path. The observed net charge differences are discussed in terms of the greater ion-binding capacity of endothelial vs. epithelial protoplasmic macromolecules.
Dynactin enhances the processivity of kinesin-2.

Kinesin-2 is a major microtubule-based motor in most cell types. Its in vitro motile properties have been analyzed extensively and been found to differ considerably from kinesin-1. Although recombinant kinesin-2 heterodimers exhibit processive movement, the processivity of the native kinesin-2 holoenzyme has never been evaluated. Kinesin-2 can interact with dynactin, a ‘processivity factor’ for cytoplasmic dynein, which may alter its motile properties. In this study, we analyze the in vitro motility of single native kinesin-2 molecules and determine the effects of dynactin on motor processivity. We find that individual native kinesin-2 molecules travel processively. Dynactin has no effect on velocity but significantly increases the run length of kinesin-2 movements. These results show that the interaction with dynactin has important functional consequences on the activity of the kinesin-2 motor.
Challenging the State: Churches as Political Actors in South Africa

In May 1987, the South African Council of Churches (SACC), under the auspices of the World Council of Churches, held a meeting in Lusaka, Zambia. The meeting's theme was "The Churches' Search for Justice and Peace in Southern Africa." At tending were representatives of the African National Congress (ANC) as well as members of other exiled organizations. It was at this conference that the SACC issued the above statement, declaring the illegitimacy of the South African state. This con ference was followed by another one in September 1989, at which the SACC, the Southern African Catholic Bishop's Con ference (SACBC), and the Institute for Contextual Theology (ICT), in cooperation with the Zimbabwe Council of Churches and the World Council of Churches convened a conference in Harare, Zimbabwe, dedicated specifically to the issue of the le gitimacy of the South African government. Again, the SACC concluded that the South African government did not satisfy the conditions of legitimacy (as defined by the conference partici pants) and was, therefore, an illegitimate government. This essay attempts to discover how the South African Coun cil of Churches came to the decision to declare the South Afri can regime illegitimate, and why it chose to do so at the
Robot‐assisted task‐specific training in cerebral palsy

Our goal was to examine the feasibility of applying therapeutic robotics to children and adults with severe to moderate impairment due to cerebral palsy (CP). Pilot results demonstrated significant gains for both groups. These results suggest that robot-mediated therapy may be an effective tool to ameliorate the debilitating effects of CP and provide new opportunities for reducing impairment and improving coordination.
On van der Waals dipole-dipole coefficients in alkali halides

Abstract The van der Waals dipole-dipole coefficients have been calculated for KC1, KBr, KI and AgCl from recent optical data using a method introduced by Mayer. A unique separation of the absorption into anion and cation contributions cannot be made, but by making a reasonable division into such components, ionic polarizabilities and van der Waals dipole-dipole coefficients can be calculated. These depend strongly on the local field correction made in calculating the electric dipole matrix element from the absorption coefficient. Using both no correction and the Lorentz-Lorenz correction, van der Waals coefficients considerably different from those of Mayer are found. For AgCl the concept of interionic dipole-dipole forces is vague, so that the van der Waals coefficients and ionic polarizabilities obtained from optical data are not meaningful.
Simulation of surface morphologies in crystal growth from the vapor

Abstract The morphological evolution of crystals that grow from an incongruent vapor by the surface nucleation and screw dislocation mechanisms is simulated with a Monte Carlo model. The model combines volume transport, based on a modified diffusion-limited aggregation process, with anisotropic surface kinetics without a SOS restriction. It is found that for a given set of simulation parameters and symmetry of the lattice, there is a critical size beyond which a crystal cannot retain its stable, macroscopically faceted shape. This critical size scales linearly with the mean free path in the vapor. While surface diffusion is seen to stabilize the growth morphology on the scale of the surface diffusion length, volume diffusion is always destabilizing. Surface roughness increases with increase in growth temperature and supersaturation, which reduce the anisotropy in kinetics through thermal and kinetic roughening, respectively. For the screw dislocation mechanism, that can dominate at low temperature and supersaturation, we find that the combined effect of bulk and surface diffusion reduces the terrace width of a growth spiral in its center region. At elevated temperature and supersaturation normal growth can dominate in corner and edge regions of a crystal, while the spiral growth mode prevails in the center of a facet.
Nitric oxide attenuates insulin- or IGF-I-stimulated aortic smooth muscle cell motility by decreasing H2O2 levels: essential role of cGMP

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) both play important roles in vascular remodeling. Moreover, nitric oxide (NO) is well established as a counterregulatory agent that opposes the acti...
Molecular basis of the specific subcellular localization of the C2-like domain of 5-lipoxygenase.

Abstract The activation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) involves its calcium-dependent translocation to the nuclear envelope, where it catalyzes the two-step transformation of arachidonic acid into leukotriene A4, leading to the synthesis of various leukotrienes. To understand the mechanism by which 5-LO is specifically targeted to the nuclear envelope, we studied the membrane binding properties of the amino-terminal domain of 5-LO, which has been proposed to have a C2 domain-like structure. The model building, electrostatic potential calculation, and in vitro membrane binding studies of the isolated C2-like domain of 5-LO and selected mutants show that this Ca2+-dependent domain selectively binds zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine, which is conferred by tryptophan residues (Trp13, Trp75, and Trp102) located in the putative Ca2+-binding loops. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the enhanced green fluorescence protein-tagged C2-like domain of 5-LO and mutants in living cells also show that the phosphatidylcholine selectivity of the C2-like domain accounts for the specific targeting of 5-LO to the nuclear envelope. Together, these results show that the C2-like domain of 5-LO is a genuine Ca2+-dependent membrane-targeting domain and that the subcellular localization of the domain is governed in large part by its membrane binding properties.
Communist and homosexual: The FBI, harry hay, and the secret side of the lavender scare, 1943-1961

With the development of the Cold War in the late 1940s and 1950s, a conflict that pitted the Communist bloc against the democratic West involving potential nuclear devastation and fears of domestic...
The Dependability of Student Evaluations of Teaching Effectiveness: Matching the Conclusions to the Design.

Carbno (1981) used generalizability theory as a conceptual framework for analyzing student ratings data from two courses taught by a single instructor. This article argues that unwarranted conclusions were reached in the study because its design included an improper operationalization of the object of measurement, given the problems addressed, and because the sample sizes employed were too small.
Protein subfamily assignment using the Conserved Domain Database

Domains, evolutionarily conserved units of proteins, are widely used to classify protein sequences and infer protein function. Often, two or more overlapping domain models match a region of a protein sequence. Therefore, procedures are required to choose appropriate domain annotations for the protein. Here, we propose a method for assigning NCBI-curated domains from the Curated Domain Database (CDD) that takes into account the organization of the domains into hierarchies of homologous domain models. Our analysis of alignment scores from NCBI-curated domain assignments suggests that identifying the correct model among closely related models is more difficult than choosing between non-overlapping domain models. We find that simple heuristics based on sorting scores and domain-specific thresholds are effective at reducing classification error. In fact, in our test set, the heuristics result in almost 90% of current misclassifications due to missing domain subfamilies being replaced by more generic domain assignments, thereby eliminating a significant amount of error within the database. Our proposed domain subfamily assignment rule has been incorporated into the CD-Search software for assigning CDD domains to query protein sequences and has significantly improved pre-calculated domain annotations on protein sequences in NCBI's Entrez resource.
Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of intact hemoglobin A2 by precursor ion isolation and detection

Precise and accurate quantification of proteins is essential in clinical laboratories. Here, we present a mass spectrometry (MS)-based method for the quantification of intact proteins in an ion trap mass spectrometer. The developed method is based on the isolation and detection of precursor ions for the quantification of the corresponding signals. The method was applied for the quantification of hemoglobin (Hb) A2, a marker used for the diagnosis of a β-thalassemia trait. The α and δ globin chains, corresponding to total Hb and HbA2, respectively, were isolated in the ion trap at specific charge states and ejected without activation. Areas of the corresponding isolated precursor ions were used to calculate the δ to α ratio. Three series of quantifications were performed on 7 different days. The standard curve fitted linearly (R(2) = 0.9982) and allowed quantification of HbA2 over a concentration range from 3% to 18% of total Hb. Analytical imprecision ranged from 3.5% to 5.3%, which is enough to determine if the HbA2 level is below 3.5% or above 3.7%. In conclusion, our method reaches precision requirements that would be acceptable for the quantitative measurement of diagnostic proteins, such as HbA2, in clinical laboratories.
Studies on the biliary efflux of GSH from rat liver due to the metabolism of aminopyrine.

Abstract The biliary efflux of GSH and GSSG due to aminopyrine was studied using perfused rat livers. The infusion of 0.8 mM aminopyrine led to a rapid rise in the amount of GSH released into the bile with only a small increase in the amount of GSSG released; caval GSH + GSSG efflux was unaffected. N -Benzylmidazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, completely blocked the response while phenobarbital pretreatment of the rats doubled the rate of GSH efflux. H 2 O 2 and selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase were not involved since livers from selenium-deficient rats perfused with aminopyrine released GSH at the same rate as control livers. Aminopyrine injected i.p. into conscious rats also stimulated biliary GSH efflux to the same extent as with perfused livers. Biliary release of GSH in the perfused livers could be duplicated by infusing formaldehyde. It is proposed that formaldehyde produced during the N -demethylation of aminopyrine by cytochrome P-450 combines reversibly with GSH to form S -hydroxymethylglutathione which is oxidized by formaldehyde dehydrogenase to S -formylglutathione. Formaldehyde formed in excess of its capacity to be metabolized enzymatically is released into the bile as S -hydroxymethylglutathione which then dissociates to its initial reactants.
Efficacy and mechanism of action of Deguelin in suppressing metastasis of 4T1 cells

Cancer related deaths in breast cancer patients are due to metastasis of the disease. Murine 4T1 cells (Murine mammary cancer cell line developed from 6-thioguanine resistant tumor) provide an excellent research tool for metastasis related studies because these cells are highly aggressive and readily metastasize to the lungs. In this study we determined the effect of Deguelin on in vivo/vitro growth and metastasis of 4T1 cells. Deguelin inhibited the in vitro growth of 4T1 cells in a time and dose dependent manner accompanied with reduced nuclear PCNA immunostaining. In cells treated with Deguelin, reduced expression of nuclear c-Met, and its downstream targets such p-ERK and p-AKT was observed. Deguelin reduced the cell migration in 4T1 cells as determined by scratch wound assay. Combined treatment with Deguelin + ERK or PI3K/AKT inhibitor had no additional effect on cell migration. These results indicated that the action of Deguelin on cell migration may be mediated by AKT and ERK mediated signaling pathways. In vivo, Deguelin treatment significantly inhibited growth of 4T1 cells. Deguelin also reduced the occurrence of metastatic lung lesions by 33 % when cells were injected intravenously into Balb/c female mice. There was no difference in the body weight, nor was there a difference in liver and spleen weights between vehicle treated-control and Deguelin-treated animals, which indicated that Deguelin was nontoxic at the dose used in the present study. These results provide rationale for developing Deguelin as a chemotherapeutic agent for triple negative breast cancer patients.
Teaching strategic text review by computer and interaction with student characteristics

Abstract The effect of explaining the value of text review was studied. Students ( n = 136) were randomly assigned to read a text passage displayed by computer with or without an explanation and in three presentation modes: required or optional review when answer to adjunct questions were incorrect, or reading the text without questions. Review groups learned more than those merely reading the text, and an interaction between student's prior knowledge and explanations indicated that explanation facilitated the learning of students with little familiarity with the material, while slightly impairing knowledgeable students' performance. The implications of these findings for using computers for such training and for ATI research are discussed.
USE OF FORMERLY PLOWED LAND IN NEW ENGLAND TO MONITOR THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD, ZINC AND COPPER IN MINERAL SOIL

In this study, we used once-plowed lands that have returned to forest for over 50 years to study the vertical distribution of meteorologically-deposited lead. These mineral soils were an essentially homogeneous 20 cm-thick layer when last plowed. As such, they were effectively a “clean slate” upon which pollutants deposited since the last plowing can be measured without the confounding aspects of well-developed natural soil horizons and the spatial heterogeneity of native forest soils. The concentration and amount of lead as well as copper and zinc, biologically active metals, were measured at five sites in New England. In the mineral soil, copper content ranged from 25 mg cm depth−1 m−2 at 0–2 cm depth to 37 mg cm depth−1 m−2 at 6–8 cm depth, but showed no consistent pattern with depth at all sites. Zinc concentrations and amounts increased with depth in the mineral soil to 14 μg g−1 and 167 mg cm depth−1 m−2, respectively. In contrast, lead showed a decrease with depth from 350 mg cm depth−1 m−2 at 0–2 cm depth to 102–108 mg cm depth−1 m−2 between 10 and 20 cm depth. At all five sites, decreases in lead concentration with depth were correlated with decreases in the amount of organic mater. Amounts of total lead deposited since the abandonment from plowing have been estimated at 1.4 g m-2 in rural sites. Thirty-five percent of this presumably anthropogenically-derived lead was in the forest floor; the remaining 65 % was in the upper mineral soil.
Reproductive success and nest attentiveness of mallard ducks fed Aroclor 1254

Abstract A dietary dosage of 25 ppm Aroclor 1254 fed to nine-month-old mallards Anas platyrhynchos for at least a month before egg-laying had no detrimental effect on reproductive success or nest attentiveness when hens were allowed to incubate their own eggs. The treatment caused no effect on number of hens laying, date of first egg laid or clutch size. Fertility of eggs was greater among Aroclor-treated birds (87·7%) than among controls (73·2%). Aroclor may have stimulated males to come into reproductive condition sooner than controls. Hatching of fertile eggs and survival of ducklings to 3 weeks of age were similar in treated and control groups. The number of times off the nest per day and total time off the nest per day were the same for control and Aroclor-treated hens in days 14–17 of incubation.
Low-Temperature Recombination of Electrons and Donors in n-Type Germanium and Silicon

We give a revised calculation of the recombination cross section of a conduction electron and an ionized donor impurity in $n$-type Ge and Si at liquid-helium temperatures. The energy-band structure of Ge and Si is taken into account and we show that the polarization of the phonons, which are emitted during the recombination process, is of great importance. The calculated cross sections agree reasonably well with experiment as regards temperature dependence, although the order-of-magnitude agreement is not as good.
Facilitative interactions of model- and experiencebased processes: Implications for type and flexibility of representation

People are often taught using a combination of instruction and practice. In prior research, we have distinguished between model-based knowledge (i.e., acquired from explicit instruction) and experience-based knowledge (i.e., acquired from practice), and have argued that the issue of how these types of knowledge (and associated learning processes) interact has been largely neglected. Two experiments explore this issue using a dynamic control task. Results demonstrate the utility of providing model-based knowledge before practice with the task, but more importantly, suggest how this information improves learning. Results also show that learning in this manner can lead to “costs” such as slowed retrieval, and that this knowledge may not always transfer to new task situations as well as experientially acquired knowledge. Our findings also question the assumption that participants always acquire a highly specific “lookup” table representation while learning this task. We provide an alternate view and discuss the implications for theories of learning.
Designed Synthesis of Solid State Structural Isomers from Modulated Reactants

A series of new, kinetically stable, crystalline superlattice compounds containing integral number of intergrown dichalcogenide layers were prepared through controlled crystallization of Ti/Se/Nb/S...
An Algebraic Study of Affine Real Ultrafilters

Abstract The families of affine semi-algebraic sets over a real-closed field Kand semi-linear sets over an ordered field enjoy many closure properties with algebraic and geometric significance. This paper studies the natural closure properies of Minkowski sums and scalar dilation. It gives an extension of the underlying vector space structure that enables the study of an arithmetic on the abstract points of their associated spectra. This arithmetic satisfies certain cancellation principles that motivates an investigation into an algebraic object weaker than a group and culminates with a version of the Jordan-Holder theorem. With the subsequent definition of dimension we show that the collection of affine real ultrafilters in K n is n-dimensional over the scalar ultrafilters.
Meta-information, and time: factors in human decision making

“Information” rarely arrives on our desk in splendid and anonymous isolation: It usually comes accompanied by various characteristics, one of which is its source. With a brief glance at the information, we look to see which person said it or sent it, or which organization supported it, or which journal it was published in. Perhaps unfortunately, the amount of attention given to the item of information may well stem from the perceived credibility level of its source. As an important facet of meta-information (i.e., information about the information being used for the decision), the impact of the credibility level of a source needs to be addressed and understood by any science of information. Information professionals most particularly need to be aware of the impact and effects of source credibility as they are, after all, often gatekeepers; as gatekeepers of information, they need to be aware of what it is that influences their perceptions of information quality, and thus what it is that influences their subsequent dissemination of the information. This article reports the results of experiments examining just one such influence: That of source credibility. Does, for instance, high credibility of an information source affect the way the information is used, and thus affect the product? To answer this question, information provided by organizations of varying levels of credibility was used in decision making tasks. The effects were examined under two conditions: When there was ample time, and when there were severe time constraints. Results confirmed that both source credibility and time influenced decisions, but when time and credibility were analyzed concurrently, the effects of source credibility weakened. Reasons for this unexpected outcome are offered in the article.
Comparisons between serum concentrations of thyroxine and thyroxine-binding proteins in samples simultaneously obtained from capillary, peripheral vein, central vein and aorta in newborn infants.

. Jacobsen, B. B. and Peitersen, B. (University Clinic of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, Fuglebakken, Copenhagen, Denmark). Comparisons between serum concentrations of thyroxine and thyroxine-binding proteins in samples simultaneously obtained from capillary, peripheral vein, central vein and aorta in newborn infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 43, 1979.—A total number of 40 newborn infants with various maturity were studied: 13 babies without perinatal events, 19 infants recovered from transient diseases, 6 infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and 2 infants with asphyxia indicating artificial ventilation. Comparisons were performed between serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (Alb) in capillary versus peripheral vein, aorta versus central vein and, finally, in peripheral versus central veins. In healthy infants serum T4 concentrations in capillary blood and peripheral vein did not differ significantly. Although serum concentrations of thyroid hormone-binding proteins tended to be increased in aortic compared to central venous specimens no statistically significant differences appeared. In infants in good clinical conditions serum T4, TBG, TBPA, and Alb levels were 6–8% higher in peripheral than in central veins, possibly primarily due to a hemo-concentrating effect of venous stasis. Therefore, in evaluation of the thyroid variables in newborn infants the technique of blood sampling must be considered. In most infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and in one asphyxiated baby a remarkable tendency to a low serum TBG and T4 concentration in peripheral compared to central vein samples, were observed.
Fulminant Heterotopic Ossification After Combat-related Amputation: A Report of 2 Cases

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the process of abnormal formation of lamellar bone in nonosseous tissues. In this case presentation, we describe patients with aggressive HO, which becomes symptomatic shortly after injury for which we have suggested the term "fulminant heterotopic ossification." These atypical presentations of fulminant HO highlight the necessity for continued research directed at improved understanding of HO and may suggest a role for early partial surgical excision as a definitive management strategy.
Substructure strengthening mechanisms

The mechanisms which give rise to substructural strength originate in the dislocation character of the substructure boundary, in the size of sources for continued slip which the boundaries permit, and in the size of the cells or subgrains. The interrelation of these factors must be considered in obtaining a general view of the strengthening.
Isomer Identification for Fullerene C84 by 13C NMR Spectrum: A Density-Functional Theory Study

Optimized geometries of all 24 isolated pentagon rule (IPR) abiding isomers of fullerene C84 have been calculated using density-functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. 13C NMR chemical shieldings are obtained employing the gauge-independent atomic orbital method. The calculated chemical shifts are in good agreement with experimental values for isomers 4, 22, and 23, all of which have been experimentally assigned without ambiguity. The calculated NMR spectra allow us to confirm earlier assignment and validate the DFT approach. The previously temporarily assigned isomers D2(II), C2, Cs(a), and Cs(b) are isomers 5, 11, 16, and 14, respectively. Discrepancies exist between the experimental and theoretical NMR spectra for isomers 19 and 24. The predicted NMR spectra for other isomers are also presented. The local geometry is determined largely by connectivity. The relationship between the chemical shift and the π-orbital axis vector (POAV) angle is far from linear, although the chemical shift genera...
Symbolically precise solutions to a homogeneous second order matrix ordinary differential equation with Macsyma

A batch file tube_ode2, written in Macsyma version 309.6 for the SUN 3/60 is presented, which uses Laplace transform theory to solve the homogeneous second order matrix ordinary differential equation F″(t) + RF (t) = 0, where F(t) is an n by n matrix with entries that are infinitely differentiable functions of the real parameter t, F″(t) is the second derivative of F (t) with respect to t, and R is an n by n matrix with constant entries. The batch file accepts R, and the initial conditions F(0) and F′(0) as matrices and the output is a matrix with functional entries. It is shown that if R, F(0), and F′(0) have rational entries, symbolically precise solutions are obtainable in all cases up to n = 4. Practice indicates that symbolically precise solutions are often obtainable for n > 4, as well. To accomplish this, the method of the adjoint is used in solving the matrix equation A L(F(t)) = P arising from the action of the Laplace transform on the given ODE, from which the final solution F (t) is computed as the inverse transform of L(F(t)). Macsyma's ilt function is utilized in this regard, with a boost from the user-defined function force_factor, which expresses the determinant of A as the product of quadratic factors.
Signalling an interest

SH2 domains mediate protein-protein interactions and are involved in a wide range of intracellular signalling events, but what is the basis of their specificity?
DCT coding for motion video storage using adaptive arithmetic coding

Abstract We describe a motion compensated hybrid DCT/DPCM video compression scheme, which has been proposed for the storage of compressed digital video. The scheme, an extension of a current CCITT/ISO proposal for compressing still-frame images, differs from other hybrid DCT proposals in several ways. (1) Reduction of DCT block-artifacts by implementing inverse AC-quantizers which are of finer granularity than the corresponding encoder quantizers. This process, which we label ‘AC-Correction’, is applied to intraframe coded frames. (2) Entropy coding by means of an adaptive binary arithmetic coder. Arithmetic coding results in better compression efficiency than Huffman coding, thus improving image quality when a fixed bandwidth channel is available. (3) Non-linear loop filtering that preserves edge definition. (4) Tight tolerances in the rate control of groups of frames.
Charge Exchange Losses during Cyclotron Acceleration: Experiment and Theory

Quantitative estimates of charge exchange (CE) losses during acceleration are very important in the design and operation of heavy ion cyclotrons. Such estimates have been made using a vacuum model computer code which was developed to establish vacuum requirements for the MSU superconducting heavy ion cyclotron. This code uses pressure and cross-section data to calculate the radial loss of beam due to charge exchange. Since CE cross sections and radial pressure profiles are not always well known, certain specific measurements have been made using the LBL 88-Inch Cyclotron to provide experimental data needed to test the code. These include measurements of pressure versus radius under vacuum conditions closely approximating those existing during acceleration of 14N4+ and 40Ar8+ beams. Beam intensity versus radius data demonstrating transmission losses for three beams are presented. Comparisons with theoretical predictions are given.
Estradiol impairs response inhibition in young and middle-aged, but not old rats

Abstract Estrogens have been shown to have a strong influence on such cognitive domains as spatial memory, response learning, and several tasks of executive function, including both working memory and attention. However, the effects of estrogens on inhibitory control and timing behavior, both important aspects of executive function, have received relatively little attention. We examined the effects of estradiol on inhibitory control and timing behavior using a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) task. Ovariectomized young (3 month), middle-aged (12 month), and old (18 month) Long–Evans rats were implanted with Silastic implants containing 0, 5 or 10% 17β-estradiol in cholesterol vehicle and were tested on a DRL task requiring them to wait 15 s between lever presses to receive a food reinforcer. The ratio of reinforced to non-reinforced lever presses did not differ across age in the cholesterol vehicle group. Conversely, 17β-estradiol impaired learning of the DRL task in young and middle-aged rats, but the learning of old rats was not impaired relative to vehicle controls following either 5% or 10% 17β-estradiol treatment. Overall, old rats also made fewer lever presses than both the young and middle-aged rats. These results provide new evidence that estrogens impair inhibitory control, an important aspect of self regulation, and add to existing evidence that estrogens differentially affect cognition at different ages.
Frontiers and new vistas in women in management research

This paper addresses the theoretical and methodological issues in women in management research, as the field emerges out of its adulthood and steps into the age of maturity. The four fundamental issues addressed are (i) the need to conduct extensive research in this area; (ii) the need for synthesizing previous research findings and establishing a solid theory base on which further work can progress; (iii) the appropriate methodologies for generating further knowledge in the area; and (iv) future directions for research on women in management, taking both a “basic” and “applied” research perspective.
Remote Control of Myosin Speed and Directionality using Light-Activated Gear-Shifting

Engineering molecular motors with dynamically controllable properties will allow selective perturbation of mechanical processes in vivo and provide sophisticated components for directed nanoscale transport in vitro. We previously constructed myosin motors that respond to a change in [Ca++] by reversing their direction of motion along the polarized actin filament [1]. To expand the potential applications of controllable molecular motors, we have now developed myosins that shift gears in response to blue light illumination. Light is a versatile control signal that can be readily modulated in time and space, and is generally orthogonal to cellular signaling. Using structure-guided protein engineering, we have incorporated LOV photoreceptor domains into the lever arms of chimeric myosins, resulting in motors that robustly speed up, slow down, or switch directions upon illumination. These genetically encoded motors should be directly deployable inside living cells. Our successful designs include constructs based on two different myosin classes, and we show that optical velocity control can be implemented in motors that move at microns/sec speeds, enabling practical biological and bioengineering applications.[1] Chen, L., Nakamura, M., Schindler,T.D., and Bryant Z. (2012). Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 252-6).
Modeling systems with high early failure occurrence patterns

Abstract Skew data are by no means exceptional and so various distributions such as lognormal, Weibull, Gamma, the Pareto family, the modified extreme value families, etc. have been noted and considered, (1, 3, 4, 5, 7) This paper puts forward the Alpha distribution and the inverse Gaussian distribution as reliability models for systems with high early failure patterns.
Intel's 80960: an architecture optimized for embedded control

Important features and capabilities of the 80960 are briefly examined, and an overview of its architecture is given. A detached discussion is presented of the register model, core instruction set, register operations, memory operations, control operations instruction cache, user-supervisor protection, interrupts, faults, and debug support. >
Threshold dose of estradiol for inducing sexual receptivity in ovariectomized French-Alpine goats

Abstract The minimum dose required, i.e., threshold dose, of estradiol (E 2 ) for inducing receptivity in ovariectomized goats was determined. Ovariectomized French-Alpine goats were treated with doses of E 2 ranging from 20 to 40 μ g during exposure to either ambient breeding season conditions or to constant 8L:16D artificial photoperiod conditions. Beginning 17 h following injection of E 2 , behavioral observations were conducted in the presence of sexually-experienced male goats. Five out of 6 goats housed in 8L:16D and 6 out of 7 housed in ambient conditions displayed receptivity after receiving 30 μ g of E 2 . The number of goats displaying receptivity following treatment with 20 μ g of E 2 was not significantly different than those receiving vehicle. Therefore, the minimum effective dose of E 2 for stimulating receptivity under either environmental condition was 30 μ g.
Excited State Enhancement Mechanism for Nonresonant Nonlinear Optical Processes

A general enhancement mechanism is discussed for nonlinear optical processes originating from real population of electronic excited states. Enhancement of greater than two orders of magnitude of nonresonant third harmonic generation from an optically pumped s1 electronic excited state is experimentally observed in a conjugated disc-like metallophthalocyanine.
Acclimation to temperature and temperature sensitivity of metabolism by ectomycorrhizal fungi

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi contribute significantly to ecosystem respiration, but little research has addressed the effect of temperature on ECM fungal respiration. Some plants have the ability to acclimate to temperature such that long-term exposure to warmer conditions slows respiration at a given measurement temperature and long-term exposure to cooler conditions increases respiration at a given measurement temperature. We examined acclimation to temperature and temperature sensitivity (Q 10 ) of respiration by ECM fungi by incubating them for a week at one of three temperatures and measuring respiration over a range of temperatures. Among the 12 ECM fungal isolates that were tested, Suillus intermedius, Cenococcum geophilum, and Lactarius cf. pubescens exhibited significant acclimation to temperature, exhibiting an average reduction in respiration of 20-45% when incubated at 23°C compared with when incubated at 11 or 17°C. The isolates differed significantly in their Q 10 values, which ranged from 1.67 to 2.56. We also found that half of the isolates significantly increased Q 10 with an increase in incubator temperature by an average of 15%. We conclude that substantial variation exists among ECM fungal isolates in their ability to acclimate to temperature and in their sensitivity to temperature. As soil temperatures increase, ECM fungi that acclimate may require less carbon from their host plants than fungi that do not acclimate. The ability of some ECM fungi to acclimate may partially ameliorate the anticipated positive feedback between soil respiration and temperature.
A computationally efficient method for modeling neural spiking activity with point processes nonparametrically

Point process models have been shown to be useful in characterizing neural spiking activity (NSA) as a function of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Most point process models of NSA are parametric as they are often efficiently computable. However, if the actual point process does not lie in the assumed parametric class of functions, misleading inferences can arise. Nonparametric methods are attractive due to fewer assumptions, but computation grows with the size of the data. We propose a computationally efficient method for nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation when the conditional intensity function, which characterizes the point process in its entirety, is assumed to be a Lipschitz continuous function but otherwise arbitrary. We show that by exploiting much structure, the problem becomes efficiently solvable and we compare our nonparametric estimation method to the most commonly used parametric approaches on goldfish retinal ganglion neural data. In this example, our nonparametric method gives a superior absolute goodness-of-fit measure than all parametric approaches analyzed.