cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does a SWT Reverse Contagion Effect Exist from Humans to Automation

This study examines passengers’ level of trust after a failure in a member of the flight crew. This study seeks to establish the possible presence of a reverse contagion effect wherein passenger trust in automated system components is affected by an error in a human system element. Trust was measured in five human entities and five automated aids with participants from both India and the United States. The human entities include the pilot, the co-pilot, the flight attendant, the maintenance manager, and the CEO of the airline. The automated aids were the oxygen masks, the auto-pilot system, the airplane’s flaps, the landing gear, and the video screens on the backs of the seats. This study was conducted in three stages, including two three-way ANOVAs to determine to effect, and meditation analyses to determine if affect mediates the effect. Participants were posed with two hypothetical scenarios, a control condition and a failure condition. The participants rated their levels of trust in the five different human entities and the five different automated aids. Trust was measured on a 7-point Likert type scale from –3 to +3. Questions relating to the participants’ feelings were also asked to measure affect. The results showed a decrease in trust in the automated aid after the human failure, as well as a country effect, and a mediating effect of affect.
Study Area Recommendation via Network Log Analytics

With the current surge in the number of devices connected to the Internet all over the world, usage of network bandwidth has also seen a huge increase. This has led to network traffic congestion and slowdowns. It is increasingly important to anticipate future network usage, which would help prepare and provide adequate infrastructure or service support. In this paper, we propose a model that uses machine learning techniques to analyze network logs of access points installed throughout the campus of San Jose State University (SJSU) to predict its network usage at a future point in time. We also propose to build a classification model to classify user's browsing behavior as either study or leisure, based on the content of the pages they view. Hence, the final model will be able to predict network throughput of access points and the type of activity they will be used for. We utilize these models in a novel mobile phone application we designed that helps students choose an appropriate place to study or hang out at a chosen time in the near future. Our application combines the use of mobile phone sensors for localization with the power of machine learning models executed in the cloud to provide a seamless user experience for students and faculty alike.
Approximate Computing in Numerical Analysis Variable Interval Computing - Extended Abstract

Based on Smale’s machines over the reals [9], we will formalize approximate computing in numerical analysis. Classical numerical computing generate and accumulate minute errors that lead to real errors; to avoid that error estimations in the forms of $\epsilon-\delta$ have to be embedded in the scheme of computing. Such Fundamental Theorems are formulated and proved. By errors a pre-matured version that was withdrawn has appeared in IFSA/NAFIPS2019.
Influence of neutron irradiation on deep levels in Ge-doped (010) β-Ga2O3 layers grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

The impact of high energy neutron irradiation on the creation of specific radiation-induced deep level defect states and the ensuing influence of these defects on the electronic properties of (010) β-Ga2O3, doped with Ge and grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, were explored. A significant amount of carrier removal was observed in the irradiated samples exposed to 1 MeV equivalent neutron fluences of 8.5 × 1014 cm−2 and 1.7 × 1015 cm−2, which suggests the formation of compensating defects by neutron irradiation. Using a combination of deep level transient/optical spectroscopy (DLTS/DLOS) techniques to probe the entire ∼4.8 eV bandgap with high energy resolution, three specific trap states were introduced by neutron irradiation at EC-1.22 eV, EC-2.00 eV, and EC-0.78 eV. Of these, the former two states, observed by DLOS, were also present prior to irradiation, whereas the trap at EC-0.78 eV, observed by DLTS, was not evident prior to neutron irradiation. The radiation dependence suggests that intrinsic point defects are the likely physical sources for these states. Subsequent lighted capacitance-voltage measurements further revealed that these three states are the source for the observed strong carrier compensation, with the trap at EC-2.00 eV appearing as the strongest compensating defect for the neutron-irradiated β-Ga2O3.
Prediction of antibacterial activity in ionic liquids through FTIR spectroscopy with selection of wavenumber by PLS

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) are novel organic salts with a wide melting temperature range that have enormous potential for industrial use. The study aims to predict the antibacterial activities of ILs against most commonly occurring bacteria in the environment i.e. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) and Steptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) thorough Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The cationic parts of prepared ionic liquids include Imidazolium, Pyridinium, Quaternary ammonium and Tetraalkylphosphonium, while the anionic part includes Bromide, Methane sulphonate, Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, Dichloroacetate, Tetrafluoroborate and Hydrogen sulphate. For ILs prediction Partial Least Squares (PLS) based models were implemented by FTIR spectral data. Spectral wavelength selection and number of latent variables were optimized by minimizing the cross-validation root mean square error (RMSE). PLS based models showed good prediction of antibacterial activity against E. coli (RMSE ​= ​2.26), E. aerogenes (RMSE ​= ​2.37), K. pneumoniae (RMSE ​= ​1.25), P. vulgaris (RMSE ​= ​1.95), P. aeruginosa (RMSE 3.40) and S. pyogenes (RMSE ​= ​2.83). Moreover, the data properties are also studied and are used to explain the prediction behavior of validated models. The results indicated that FTIR could be used as a rapid method to estimate the antibacterial activities of ionic liquids.
Components of Emotion Regulation Flexibility: Linking Latent Profiles to Depressive and Anxious Symptoms:

Emotion regulation flexibility has been conceptualized as a multicomponent construct that consists of context sensitivity, repertoire, and feedback responsiveness. Although individuals with greater...
Two Men and Twenty Years of Meetings: Norman Amaker, Derrick Bell, and The Midwestern People of Color Legal Scholarship Conference from 1990-2010

The article focuses on the special roles that the late Professors Norman Amaker and Derrick Bell played in the development of the People-of-Color-Legal-Scholarship Movement. In closing, the article summarizes the speech on "Law as a Religion" that Professor Bell delivered at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the Midwestern People of Color Legal Scholarship Conference, which held its first meeting at Loyola University Chicago in 1990.
Perceived home sleep environment: associations of household-level factors and in-bed behaviors with actigraphy-based sleep duration and continuity in the Jackson Heart Sleep Study.

Study objectives In an older African-American sample (n=231) we tested associations of the household environment and in-bed behaviors with sleep duration, efficiency, and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO). Methods Older adult participants completed a household-level sleep environment questionnaire, a sleep questionnaire, and underwent 7-day wrist actigraphy for objective measures of sleep. Perceived household environment (self-reported) was evaluated using questions regarding safety, physical comfort, temperature, noise, and light disturbances. In-bed behaviors included: watching television, listening to radio/music, use of computer/tablet/phone, playing video games, reading books, and eating. To estimate the combined effect of the components in each domain (perceived household environment and in-bed behaviors), we calculated and standardized a weighted score per sleep outcome (e.g., duration, efficiency, WASO), with a higher score indicating worse conditions. The weights were derived from the coefficients of each component estimated from linear regression models predicting each sleep outcome while adjusting for covariates. Results A standard deviation increase in an adverse household environment score was associated with lower self-reported sleep duration (β=-13.9 minutes, 95% confidence interval: -21.6, -1.7) and actigraphy-based sleep efficiency (β=-0.7%, -1.4, 0.0). A standard deviation increase in the in-bed behaviors score was associated with lower actigraphy-based sleep duration (β=-9.7 minutes, -18.0, -1.3), sleep efficiency (β=-1.2%, -0.9, -0.6), and higher WASO (5.3 minutes, 2.1, 8.6). Conclusion Intervening on the sleep environment, including healthy sleep practices, may improve sleep duration and continuity among African-Americans.
Evolution of temperature indices in the periglacial environment of the European Alps in the period 1990–2019

Air temperature in the European Alps shows warming over recent decades at an average rate of 0.3 °C/10 years, thereby outpacing the global warming rate of 0.2 °C/10 years. The periglacial environment of the Alps is particularly important for several aspects (i.e. hydropower production, tourism, natural hazards, indicator of global warming). However, there is a lack of specific and updated studies relating to temperature change in this environment. In order to fill this gap, the recent temperature trends in the periglacial environment of the Alps were analyzed. Mean/maximum/minimum daily air temperatures recorded by 14 land-based meteorological stations were used, and the temperature indices for the period 1990–2019 were calculated. The periglacial environment of the Alps showed a warming rate of 0.4 °C/10 years, 0.6 °C/10 years and 0.8 °C/10 years for the mean/maximum/minimum temperatures, respectively. These warming rates are higher than that observed for the entire Alpine area. In 2050 many glaciers of the Alps below 3000 m altitude are expected to be extinct, and all the areas previously occupied by glaciers will become periglacial. In order to manage and adapt to these changes, more in-depth climate analyses are needed. This is necessary for all the mountainous areas of the world, which are undergoing similar changes.
Olfactory Hallucinations as a Non-motor sign of Parkinson’s disease – A Single Center Experience (P2.8-039)

Objective: To assess the prevalence of Olfactory Hallucinations (OlfH) in patients presenting to a tertiary movement disorders outpatient clinic. Background: Hallucinations are a non-motor feature of alpha synucleinopathies and occur in 20–50% of patients with PD. Due to a lack of awareness as well as paucity of structured questionnaires/tests that target psychosis assessment with an emphasis on olfactory hallucinations (OlfH), these are often missed during clinical consultations. Design/Methods: Singe site, cross-sectional (ongoing, total n = 200), IRB approved study. Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease per UK brain bank criteria by a movement disorder specialist were consecutively enrolled with their informed consent and completed a questionnaire and self-administered a University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Inability to understand the instructions due to language barrier or severe underlying pathology were exclusion criteria. Results: Of the 130 patients who completed the study so far, 36% were women and 64% men. Mean age was 66.3 ± 9.6 year. Approximately 18% of the patients (28) had a prior olfactory assessment. 23 (17.7%) patients endorsed olfactory hallucinations, of which 15 (65%) were men. Hallucinations in other sensory modalities were also reported: Visual (15.3%), Auditory (8.46%) and Tactile (6.9%). In the patients with OlfH (n=23); concurrent sensory hallucinations included visual (30.4%), auditory (17.3%) and tactile (13%). 2 patients reported hallucinations in all four modalities. 43% of patients with OlfH had a poor sense of smell objectively (UPSIT showed severe microsmia or anosmia). The most commonly described hallucinations were “smoke/cigarette smoke”. While most reported that OlfH were infrequent, 18% (n=2) reported hallucinations lasting >1 hour and found them unpleasant and upsetting. Conclusions: Non-motor symptoms of PD are often missed in routine clinical practice and have far-reaching implications in patient care. OlfH tend to be underreported with prevalence ranging from 2.1% to 10% in prior studies compared to 17.7% in our cohort. Disclosure: Dr. Chandra has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schiess has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Medtronic. Dr. Schiess has received research support from Medtronic. Dr. Mehanna has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Global Kinetics Corporation, Neurocrine Biosciences, Teva Neurosciences and Adamas pharamceuticals. Dr. Mehanna has received research support from Northera.
Abstract 169: Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Hematopoietic Stem Cell Oxidant Stress Attenuates the Differentiation, Skews M1/M2 Specification of Monocytes/Macrophages and Delays Wound Healing in db/db Mice

Rationale After recruitment to wounds, monocytes differentiate into macrophages which play a central role in all stages of wound healing. Wound healing is significantly delayed in type 2 diabetes and it is related to macrophage specification into M1/M2 phenotype, but the mechanism remains unknown. Objective This study tested the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes induces hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) oxidant stress that reduces their differentiation towards monocytes and skews the specification of M1/M2 phenotype, thereby causing delayed wound healing. Methods and Results HSCs were sorted from bone marrow of WT and db/db type 2 diabetic mice. DCF staining showed significant oxidant accumulation in HSCs from db/db mice which was reversed by the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Bone marrow monocyte concentration (FACS analysis of cell surface markers f4/80, cd14 and cd115) was significantly lower in db/db mice than in WT mice. NAC also reversed the reduced differentiation towards monocyte. Wound closure rate was significantly delayed in db/db mice. Macrophages were isolated from wounds and their concentration and M1/M2 phenotype were quantified by flow cytometry. During the inflammatory phase of wound healing, macrophage concentration was decreased and the proportion of M1 macrophage was lower in db/db mice than in WT mice. During new tissue formation phase , macrophage concentration was decreased and the proportion of M2 macrophage was lower, but M1 macrophage was higher in db/db mice than in WT mice. During tissue remodeling phase , macrophage concentration was increased and M1 macrophage remained higher in db/db mice, but no difference was observed in the proportion of M2 macrophage. The reduced differentiation of HSCs towards monocytes and the delayed wound closure phenotype of db/db mice could be transferred to WT mice by transplanting db/db HSCs into lethally irradiated WT mice. Conclusion Type 2 diabetes-induced HSC oxidant stress impairs HSC differentiation towards monocytes, skews the M1/M2 specification of macrophages and thereby accounts for the delayed wound healing. Type 2 diabetes-induced HSC oxidant stress may be a heretofore unrecognized critical regulator of dysinflammation in type 2 diabetes.
Optimal co-ordination of overcurrent relays in the interconnected power systems using break points

Abstract Interconnected power systems are multi-loop structured. In such networks, the determination of settings for all overcurrent relays can be carried out in different forms and may be quite complicated. Optimal coordination of overcurrent relays is a solution to find optimal time setting of the relays in interconnected networks. However, the optimal coordination method without using correct and efficient starting points i.e. the location of initial relays in the procedure for settings may cause many miscoordinations or the solution may not converge. In this paper an innovative approach is proposed in which both optimal coordination and break points for initial relays to find the settings of overcurrent relays are utilized. The fault location is in front of main relay and network configuration is so that maximum current flows through backup relay. Therefore, network configuration is taken into consideration and the suggested approach reflects configuration changes. A comparison between optimal coordination of overcurrent relays with or without break points and the conventional procedure of overcurrent relays coordination is presented. The results show the advantages of the proposed method.
Mobility and Function in Elastin and Collagen

13C- and 2H-labelled amino acids have been incorporated into elastin and collagen and rotational correlation times of the labelled sites have been derived from an analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation parameters and line-shapes. The elastin experiments were designed to discriminate between the various models that have been proposed to account for the rubber-like elasticity of elastin. The correlation times of carbonyl carbons of the elastin backbone show that elastin chains are very flexible at the molecular level. In addition, the molecular dynamics and viscoelastic behaviour of elastin are well correlated over a wide range of temperatures and solvents. These results all support the rubber-like network model of elastin structure. The collagen experiments were designed to investigate the intermolecular interactions between molecules in collagen fibres. Correlation times of labelled sites in the collagen backbone and side-chains show that substantial flexibility, especially of the side-chains, takes place in reconstituted (non-cross-linked) collagen fibrils. Therefore, the interactions between side-chains that presumably direct and stabilize the fibrillar assembly take place in fluid domains. The molecular flexibility is not affected by the presence of cross-links but is absent when the collagen is mineralized.
Computer simulations of the Noise Injection Experiment

An objective of the Noise Injection Experiment (NIE) is to calibrate the numerical methods used to estimate the noise level in the proposed internal, cowound voltage sensors to be used in the superconducting magnets, such as those in ITER and TPX. A time-varying magnetic field is applied to the sample windings and the pick-up signals in the parallel and helical sensors (some are internally terminated) are measured. A computer model is developed to predict the results, and the measurements are compared with the computer simulations.
Suppression of the Effector Phase of Inflammatory Arthritis by Double-Stranded RNA Is Mediated by Type I IFNs

Innate immune receptors that recognize nucleic acids, such as TLRs and RNA helicases, are potent activators of innate immunity that have been implicated in the induction and exacerbation of autoimmunity and inflammatory arthritis. Polyriboinosine-polyribocytidylic acid sodium salt (poly(IC)) is a mimic of dsRNA and viral infection that activates TLR3 and the RNA helicases retinoic acid-induced gene-1 and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5, and strongly induces type I IFN production. We analyzed the effects of systemic delivery of poly(IC) on the inflammatory effector phase of arthritis using the collagen Ab-induced and KRN TCR-transgenic mouse serum-induced models of immune complex-mediated experimental arthritis. Surprisingly, poly(IC) suppressed arthritis, and suppression was dependent on type I IFNs that inhibited synovial cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production. Administration of exogenous type I IFNs was sufficient to suppress arthritis. These results suggest a regulatory role for innate immune receptors for dsRNA in modulating inflammatory arthritis and provide additional support for an anti-inflammatory function of type I IFNs in arthritis that directly contrasts with a pathogenic role in promoting autoimmunity in systemic lupus.
Secular humanism and "scientific psychiatry"

The Council for Secular Humanism identifies Secular Humanism as a "way of thinking and living" committed to rejecting authoritarian beliefs and embracing "individual freedom and responsibility ... and cooperation." The paradigmatic practices of psychiatry are civil commitment and insanity defense, that is, depriving innocent persons of liberty and excusing guilty persons of their crimes: the consequences of both are confinement in institutions ostensibly devoted to the treatment of mental diseases. Black's Law Dictionary states: "Every confinement of the person is an 'imprisonment,' whether it be in a common prison, or in private house, or in the stocks, or even by forcibly detaining one in the public streets." Accordingly, I maintain that Secular Humanism is incompatible with the principles and practices of psychiatry.
Features and Outcomes of Patients With Ischemia Isolated to the Right Side of the Colon When Accompanied or Followed by Acute Mesenteric Ischemia

Background & Aims Patients with ischemia isolated to the right side of the colon (IRCI) frequently have poor outcomes. IRCI and acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) are caused by reductions in blood supply from the superior mesenteric artery and its branches. We investigated a group of patients with IRCI associated with AMI that developed initially or shortly thereafter, and compared outcomes of patients with IRCI and AMI vs those with only IRCI. Methods We performed a retrospective study of data collected from 313 consecutive patients with colonic ischemia who were hospitalized at Montefiore Medical Center in New York from 1998 through 2009. Based on colonoscopy, biopsy analyses, and surgery reports, we identified patients with IRCI with concurrent or proximately developing AMI (IRCI+AMI) and those with only IRCI. Demographics, evaluation, disease distribution, and outcome data were compared between groups. Results Of 313 patients with colonic ischemia, 20.8% had IRCI; of these, 84.6% had only IRCI and 15.4% had IRCI+AMI. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was found more frequently in patients with IRCI+AMI (40.0%) than in patients with IRCI alone (12.7%; P P 3 /μL; P P = .001), and 30-day mortality was higher among patients with IRCI+AMI (70.0% vs 14.5% for patients with only IRCI; P Conclusions Based on an analysis of 313 patients with colonic ischemia, patients with IRCI+AMI have even more severe disease than those with IRCI alone. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was observed more frequently in patients with IRCI+AMI. Patients with IRCI+AMI had increased levels of blood urea nitrogen and/or white blood cell counts. Patients with IRCI should undergo vascular imaging analyses immediately to detect AMI; patients without AMI should be monitored closely for its subsequent development.
Algorithm to infer the structures of molecular formulas within a reaction pathway

MECHEM is a computer aid for elucidation of reaction pathways that was developed over the last 5 years. The program searches systematically and comprehensively for the simplest multistep reaction pathways (or mechanisms) that are consistent with the experimental constraints formulated by the experimentalist, any ad hoc assumptions, and the program's internal theory. Previous articles have reported the basic pathway-generation algorithm and another algorithm that tests the structural soundness of individual steps. This article introduces an algorithm to solve another basic problem: Given a multistep pathway containing a mixture of molecular structures and formulas, assign possible structures to the formulas while obeying (and exploiting) the constraint imposed by the pathway steps. With this new algorithm, MECHEM is now approaching competence as an interactive tool for elucidating some catalytic reaction pathways, which is the current chemical focus. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) Infection Alters Bone Marrow Transcriptome in Chickens

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a major cause of disease impacting animal health. The bone marrow is the reservoir of immature immune cells; however, it has not been examined to date for gene expression related to developmental changes (cell differentiation, maturation, programming) after APEC infection. Here, we study gene expression in the bone marrow between infected and non-infected animals, and between infected animals with mild (resistant) versus severe (susceptible) pathology, at two times post-infection. We sequenced 24 bone marrow RNA libraries generated from the six different treatment groups with four replicates each, and obtained an average of 22 million single-end, 100-bp reads per library. Genes were detected as differentially expressed (DE) between APEC treatments (mild pathology, severe pathology, and mock-challenged) at a given time point, or DE between 1 and 5 days post-infection (dpi) within the same treatment group. Results demonstrate that many immune cells, genes and related pathways are key contributors to the different responses to APEC infection between susceptible and resistant birds and between susceptible and non-challenged birds, at both times post-infection. In susceptible birds, lymphocyte differentiation, proliferation, and maturation were greatly impaired, while the innate and adaptive immune responses, including dendritic cells, monocytes and killer cell activity, TLR- and NOD-like receptor signaling, as well as T helper cells and many cytokine activities, were markedly enhanced. The resistant birds’ immune system, however, was similar to that of non-challenged birds. The DE genes in the immune cells and identified signaling models are representative of activation and resolution of infection in susceptible birds at both post-infection days. These novel results characterizing transcriptomic response to APEC infection reveal that there is combinatorial activity of multiple genes controlling myeloid cells, and B and T cell lymphopoiesis, as well as immune responses occurring in the bone marrow in these early stages of response to infection.
Opening the State Box: Domestic Sources Revisited

book's foreword (p. ix). It is innovative and yet more than vaguely familiar, with many of its intellectual antecedents and potential connections left unidentified. Finally, it is a definite contribution to the literature, but it stops short of a vision that adequately captures the true social complexity of global politics (no easy task!). Nonetheless, Contested Social Orders and International Politics is an excellent volume overall, with unusually well-written and thought-provoking contributions that international relations theorists will enjoy and profit from reading. One of the most successful chapters in the book is Skidmore's splendid introduction, which other aspiring editors might well use as a model. Skidmore explains the "social orders" approach and contrasts it to realist and liberal perspectives in relation to seven longstanding debates in the field (for example, relative versus absolute gains, interdependence and war, and the domino theory). He attempts to place social orders within an earlier literature, paying particular attention to Karl Polanyi, several German historians, and Gregory Nowell. Finally, he summarizes the arguments of each of his contributors and considers how an emphasis on social orders might help us better understand present and future world trends.
Recent work on photoperiodism

In the 16 years which have elapsed since the appearance of the first paper of Garner and Allard on photoperiodism in 1920, there has been a rapid accumulation of literature dealing with various phases of the subject. Much the greater portion of this research, especially in the earlier years, has been directed toward broad development of the numerous forms of visible response to relative length of day and night, as observed in a very large number of species, but with considerable emphasis on initiation of sexual reproduction, the formation of tubers and related structures, interrelationship of the light period and other factors of the environment, and the comparative responses of closely related forms differing as to the geographical latitude of their origin. The literature on photoperiodism through the year 1932 has been reviewed elsewhere by the writer (15) and earlier reviews have been published by Schick (34), Redington (30) and Kellerman (17), so that the present discussion will be limited chiefly to developments in the subject during the past 5 or 6 years. It would lead too far afield to attempt to cover all phases of photoperiodic response or to review within the space available all papers which have appeared, even with respect to those features dealt with. As a whole, the new work during the past half dozen years clearly shows a trend toward study of the mode of action of the light period, this problem having been approached from various angles, and in some instances, with very interesting results.
Object Properties and Frame of Reference in Spatial Memory Representations

Abstract Considerable evidence suggests that humans flexibly select reference frames for spatial memory based on qualities such as the shape of the environment, the configuration of elements, and one's own egocentric experience of the space. We propose that the elements, or objects themselves, may also convey useful information about salient reference orientations. In Experiment 1, participants viewed objects elongated along their front-back axis that were either all oriented in the same direction or oriented at 10 different randomly selected directions. Participants in the random orientation condition were most accurate at the orientation they visually experienced at learning, whereas participants in the shared orientation condition were most accurate at an orientation consistent with or orthogonal to the coincident object orientations. Experiment 2 replicated these effects using animals that were less elongated but had clear conceptual orientations. These results suggest that the principles governing sp...
Distribution Free Bounds for Service Constrained (Q, r) Inventory Systems

A classical and important problem in stochastic inventory theory is to determine the order quantity (Q) and the reorder level (r) to minimize inventory holding and backorder costs subject to a service constraint that the fill rate, i.e., the fraction of demand satisfied by inventory in stock, is at least equal to a desired value. This problem is often hard to solve because the fill rate constraint is not convex in (Q;r) unless additional assumptions are made about the distribution of demand during the lead-time. As a consequence, there are no known algorithms, other than exhaustive search, that are available for solving this problem in its full generality. Our paper derives the first known bounds to the fill-rate constrained (Q;r) inventory problem. We derive upper and lower bounds for the optimal values of the order quantity and the reorder level for this problem that are independent of the distribution of demand during the lead time and its variance. We show that the classical economic order quantity is a lower bound on the optimal ordering quantity. We present an efficient solution procedure that exploits these bounds and has a guaranteed bound on the error. When the Lagrangian of the fill rate constraint is convex or when the fill rate constraint does not exist, our bounds can be used to enhance the efficiency of existing algorithms. c 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 47: 635{656, 2000
I Got More Data, My Model is More Refined, but My Estimator is Getting Worse! Am I Just Dumb?

Possibly, but more likely you are merely a victim of conventional wisdom. More data or better models by no means guarantee better estimators (e.g., with a smaller mean squared error), when you are not following probabilistically principled methods such as MLE (for large samples) or Bayesian approaches. Estimating equations are particularly vulnerable in this regard, almost a necessary price for their robustness. These points will be demonstrated via common tasks of estimating regression parameters and correlations, under simple models such as bivariate normal and ARCH(1). Some general strategies for detecting and avoiding such pitfalls are suggested, including checking for self-efficiency (Meng, 1994; Statistical Science) and adopting a guiding working model. Using the example of estimating the autocorrelation ρ under a stationary AR(1) model, we also demonstrate the interaction between model assumptions and observation structures in seeking additional information, as the sampling interval s increases. Fu...
Small Proportion of Opposite Geometric Isomer increases Potency of Synthetic Pheromone of Oriental Fruit Moth

THE sex pheromone of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), which is emitted by the female to lure the male for mating, was reported by Roelofs et al. to be (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate1 (formerly referred to as cis-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate). The attraction of this lure is enhanced by the addition of a ten-fold quantity of synergist, dodecyl alcohol2.
Who Benefits Most from College?: Evidence for Negative Selection in Heterogeneous Economic Returns to Higher Education

We consider how the economic return to a college education varies across members of the U.S. population. Based on principles of comparative advantage, positive selection is commonly presumed, i.e., individuals who are most likely to select into college benefit most from college. Net of observed economic and non-economic factors influencing college attendance, we conjecture that individuals who are least likely to obtain a college education benefit most from college. We call this theory the negative selection hypothesis. To adjudicate between the two hypotheses, we study the effects of completing college on earnings by propensity score strata using an innovative hierarchical linear model with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. For both data sources, for men and for women, and for every observed stage of the life course, we find evidence suggesting negative selection. Results from auxiliary analyses lend further support to the negative selection interpretation of the results.
Simulation of Polymer Solutions by Dissipative Particle Dynamics

Abstract Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) is employed to model the dynamics and rheology of polymer solutions, and suspensions of spherical particles with adsorbed polymers. Static and dynamic scaling relationships for the variation of radius of gyration and relaxation time with polymer chain length are reviewed, demonstrating that the DPD polymer solution model correctly represents the effects of hydrodynamic interaction and excluded volume. Rheological simulations for both polymer solutions and polymer-sphere suspensions predict Newtonian viscosities at low shear rate followed by shear-thinning behavior as a reduced shear rate of unity is approached. Both the Newtonian viscosity and the extent of shear-thinning are greatly enhanced in the case of good solvents, compared to the viscosity curves for polymers and polymer-spheres structures dissolved in theta solvents and poor solvents.
Cultural Analysis of Religious Change and Movements

In this article I review a cultural perspective on religion and suggest that cultural analysis resolves current debates over the nature of religion as either collectivist or individualist. I use one type of cultural analysis, institutionalism, to present an interpretive overview of religious change and movements in historical contexts of global instrumental rationality, in particular the expansion of state authority. The usefulness of this approach is revealed in interpreting Protestantism in the United States, Islamic fundamentalism, and movements and trends in global Roman Catholicism. While not reflecting precisely the views of the authors of this collection, this article introduces the studies of the recent restructuring of religion in the United States (Robert Wuthnow), Islamic fundamentalisms in Iran and Syria (Mansoor Moaddel). and global Roman Catholicism (Jose Casanova).
Morphology of solution-and melt-polymerized poly(p-oxybenzoate/2,6-naphthoate) copolymers: Single crystals, disclination domains, and superlattices

Abstract The morphology of nascent poly (p-oxybenzoate/2,6-oxynaph-thoate) copolymers of 3/1, 1/1, and 1/3 mole ratio composition, prepared by bulk solution and confined thin film melt and solution polymerization (CTFMP, CTFSP), is described. While the bulk solution polymerization (at 300°C in heat transfer fluids) yields only spherical aggregates of smaller spheres, both CTFMP and CTFSP yield lamellar crystals suitable for electron diffraction (ED); hk0 patterns are obtained resembling those from the homopolymers. Shearing of the solution-polymerized material permits obtaining ED fiber patterns; as expected nonperiodic c-axis reflections are obtained, the 002 spacing corresponding to that observed by x ray for the same compositions. The effect of annealing near Tk-m is examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and ED. In thicker CTFMP films a superlattice structure is observed. It is apparently composed of ribbons on edge, of uniform width and thickness, with step changes in the width and, i...
The Influence of Parents' Marital Relationship and Women's Status on Children's Age at First Sex in Cebu, Philippines

This study examines the intergenerational effects of parents' marital relationship and the status of women on children's age at first sexual intercourse in Cebu, Philippines. Matched longitudinal data for 1,661 mothers and their children are analyzed. The mothers were interviewed in 1994, when their children were aged 9 to 11, about sociodemographic characteristics, their marital relationships, and women's status. Cox proportional hazards models are used to assess unmarried children's age at first sex as reported by the children in 2005 at ages 20 to 22. After multivariate adjustment, the analysis indicates that when parents make household decisions jointly, sons report delaying first sex. In households in which mothers have higher status, daughters report delayed first sex. The results demonstrate that long-term positive effects on children, particularly delaying first sex, occur in families in which parental decisionmaking is cooperative and in which women have high status.
Heterogeneity of immunoglobulin-associated molecules on human B cells identified by monoclonal antibodies.

Abstract Two covalently linked transmembrane molecules, encoded in mice by the mb-1 and B29 genes, have been defined as integral components of the antibody receptor units expressed on B cells. We have produced monoclonal antibodies against an exposed extracellular epitope on the putative human equivalent of the mouse B29 product. These antibodies, CB3-1 and -2, were used to show that cytoplasmic expression of this molecule begins in human pro-B cells (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-positive, mu chain-negative), whereas surface expression coincides strictly with surface immunoglobulin expression of all isotypes. Immunochemical analysis of the human immunoglobulin-associated molecules revealed greater molecular heterogeneity than has been noted for the murine analogues. This molecular heterogeneity of immunoglobulin-associated molecules varied as a function of differentiation stage and the immunoglobulin isotypes expressed by B-lineage cells. Our data support the hypothesis that biochemical heterogeneity of the surface immunoglobulin-associated molecules may contribute to the variability in biological effects of antigen receptor crosslinkage on B cells of different maturational stages. Because the CB3 antibodies are capable of down-modulating the antigen receptors on all B cells, they may prove therapeutically useful as universal B-cell suppressants.
Osteogenic nodule formation from single embryonic stem cell-derived progenitors.

The process of bone formation can be approximated in vitro in the form of a mineralized nodule. Osteoprogenitors and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the immediate precursors of the osteoprogenitor, ...
Convection–Diffusion Model for the Prediction of Anthropogenically-Initiated Wildfire Ignition

A spatial interaction model to predict anthropogenically-initiated accidental and incendiary wildfire ignition probability is developed using fluid flow analogies for human movement patterns. Urban areas with large populations are identified as the sites of global influencing factors, and are modeled as the gravity term. The transportation corridors are identified as local influencing factors, and are modeled using fluid flow analogy as diffusion and convection terms. The model is implemented in ArcGIS, and applied for the prediction of wildfire hazard distribution in southeastern Mississippi. The model shows 87 % correlation with historic data in the winter season, whereas the previously developed gravity model shows only 75 % correlation. The normalized error for convection–diffusion model predictions is about 5 % in the winter season, whereas the gravity model shows an error of 7 %. The proposed model is robust as it couples a multi-criteria behavioral pattern within a single dynamic equation to enhance predictive capability. At the same time, the proposed model is more costly than the gravity model as it requires evaluation of distance from intermodal transportation corridors, transportation corridor density, and traffic volume maps. Nonetheless, the model is developed in a modular fashion, such that either global or local terms can be neglected if required.
Structure of Styrene Molecular Lines on Si(100)-(2 × 1):H

First-principles electronic structure calculations have been used to study the structure of styrene lines on H-covered Si(100). The predicted structures are less symmetric than the close-packed, parallel-ring structure that has been inferred from STM images, and the results suggest other possibilities that should be considered. In particular, the rings at chain ends are likely to be fluxional, favoring structures with rings that are perpendicular to the other rings in the row. The charge state of the dangling bond at the chain end does not affect the favored orientation of the rings, and the structure at the H-terminated end of the line is not different from that at the end with the dangling bond. Comparisons are made among predictions with different cluster models, different electronic structure methods (DFT and MP2), and different basis sets.
The first European GaN workshop (EGW-1)

Abstract The past several years have seen GaN move from a research topic to a major segment of the worldwide compound semiconductor market. The booming interest in GaN has been driven by the development of Candela class blue, blue-green, and now green commercial LEDs which have rapidly replaced entrenched SiC- and GaP-based LED technologies, and promise to dramatically grow the whole LED market enabling bright, full colour, large area LED displays, and LED-based traffic signals.
Asymptotic analysis of the spatial discretization of radiation absorption and re-emission in Implicit Monte Carlo

We perform an asymptotic analysis of the spatial discretization of radiation absorption and re-emission in Implicit Monte Carlo (IMC), a Monte Carlo technique for simulating nonlinear radiative transfer. Specifically, we examine the approximation of absorption and re-emission by a spatially continuous artificial-scattering process and either a piecewise-constant or piecewise-linear emission source within each spatial cell. We consider three asymptotic scalings representing (i) a time step that resolves the mean-free time, (ii) a Courant limit on the time-step size, and (iii) a fixed time step that does not depend on any asymptotic scaling. For the piecewise-constant approximation, we show that only the third scaling results in a valid discretization of the proper diffusion equation, which implies that IMC may generate inaccurate solutions with optically large spatial cells if time steps are refined. However, we also demonstrate that, for a certain class of problems, the piecewise-linear approximation yields an appropriate discretized diffusion equation under all three scalings. We therefore expect IMC to produce accurate solutions for a wider range of time-step sizes when the piecewise-linear instead of piecewise-constant discretization is employed. We demonstrate the validity of our analysis with a set of numerical examples.
Atmospheric observations of enhanced NO2‐HONO conversion on mineral dust particles

Nitrous acid is an important precursor for OH radicals in the polluted troposphere. The heterogeneous conversion of NO2 to HONO, howver, is currently not well understood. Simultaneous measurements of HONO and NO2 in Phoenix in summer 2001 using long path differential optical absorption spectroscopy show raios of chemically formed secondary [HONO] to [NO2] that rarely exceeded 3%. During tow nocturnal dust storm events, however, a significant increase of this ratio was observed. The unprecedented high values of secondary [HONO]\[NO2] near 19% suggest a highly efficient NO2 to HONO conversion process on mineral dust particles. The particle composition in Phoenix is similar to other mineral dusts, implying that the enhanced NO2 conversion could be an important HONO, and therefore also OH, source in regions where pollution and dust storms coincide.
Self-incompatibility related glycoproteins of Brassica are produced and secreted by transgenic tobacco cell cultures

Abstract A Nicotiana tabacum cell line was transformed, using particle bombardment, with constructs encoding the Brassica stigma glycoproteins, S-locus glycoprotein(SLG)-6 and S-locus related glycoprotein-1, under the control of a duplicated cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the nos terminator sequence. Calli and cell suspension lines that express each of the two proteins were recovered. Using specific antibodies, the foreign proteins can be detected in the cells, the cell wall eluate and the culture medium. The characteristic band patterns representing glycoforms (and isoforms) of the transgenically produced proteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate and isoelectric focusing protein gels are very similar to those from Brassica stigmas. Partial purification of SLG from the culture medium is described and the potential of the system for studying the biochemical basis of self-incompatibility is discussed.
A note on a heteroscedastic model

Abstract In this article the author considers a regression model where the variance of the error term is a linear combination of certain independent variables and compares four different estimators of the coefficients of this linear combination, They are (1) the estimator proposed by Goldfeld and Quant and called the Modified Glejser Method, (2) the estimator proposed by Hildreth and Houck, (3) the generalized least squares method, and (4) the maximum likelihood estimator. It is shown that the first two are asymptotically not fully efficient whereas the last two are.
Impact of resist blur on MEF, OPC, and CD control

This paper will consider the basic concepts of resist blur in a chemically amplified resist process, and the implications of this blur to lithography. In particular, use of a double Gaussian form for the resist blur will be explored. A simple lithographic model utilizing a double Gaussian resist blur was developed and applied to the rapid calculation of lithographic CDs. A typical gate patterning problem was modeled, both with and without assist features, using several different resist blur functions. The OPC treatment was found to be profoundly affected by the resist blur, especially the long-range component. The MEF of small pitch patterns was a sensitive indicator of the short-range blur. The rapid modeling capability allowed large Monte Carlo simulations to explore CD variation at different pitches, pointing out pitches that were particularly vulnerable to CD variation.