cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demarcation of Radiological Zones

Survey results are of little value if the data is not effectively communicated and understood by radiation workers. The radiological status of plant areas must be communicated to individuals by means of a zoning and posting convention. To be effective a standardized nomenclature for the various radiological zones should be established and utilized to demarcate radiological areas. Licensing authorities throughout the world have established standardized posting terms and designations for use in their areas of jurisdiction. Various conventions may use a color code or number designation to classify the magnitude of radiation levels or contamination levels present within a given area. The radiological sign posting convention promulgated by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission in Part 10, Chapter 20 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10CFR20) is presented here.
Dynamics of cell proliferation and cell death during the emergence of primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the immature central nervous system in transgenic mice

Abstract Cell proliferation and cell death play critical roles in embryonic development, postnatal tissue maintenance, and tumor formation. To understand the interplay between cell proliferation and death in tumor formation, we studied these two processes in nascent primitive neuroectodermal tumors that arose postnatally from neuroepithelial cells ventral to the median eminence of transgenic mice (designated rTH-Tag mice) carrying a Simian virus 40 large T antigen transgene driven by a rat tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. Cell proliferation continued in the neuroepithelium of the ventral median eminence in wild-type and transgenic animals for the first 2 weeks of postnatal life but subsided completely in the wild-type mice after 2 weeks of age. In contrast, mitotic activity persisted in these progenitor cells of the rTH-Tag mice, and there was a dramatic increase in mitotic activity after 10 weeks leading to the formation of primitive neuroectodermal tumors despite sustained cell death activity. We conclude that primitive neuroectodermal tumors originate from progenitor cells in the ventral median eminence of rTH-Tag mice in early postnatal life when progenitors fail to respond to signals to exit the cell cycle. Thus, the disruption of mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation and cell death in the developing brain may underlie the emergence of primitive neuroectodermal tumors in the rTH-Tag mice.
Complex polymorphic genetic architecture underlies trans-regulatory variation among strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Heritable variation in gene expression is common within species. Much of this variation is due to genetic changes at loci other than the affected gene and is thus trans-acting. This trans-regulatory variation is often polygenic, with individual variants typically having small effects, making the genetic architecture of trans-regulatory variation challenging to study. Consequently, key questions about trans-regulatory variation remain, including how selection affects this variation and how trans-regulatory variants are distributed throughout the genome and within species. Here, we show that trans-regulatory variation affecting TDH3 promoter activity is common among strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Comparing this variation to neutral models of trans-regulatory evolution based on empirical measures of mutational effects revealed that stabilizing selection has constrained this variation. Using a powerful quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping method, we identified ∼100 loci altering expression between a reference strain and each of three genetically distinct strains. In all three cases, the non-reference strain alleles increased and decreased TDH3 promoter activity with similar frequencies, suggesting that stabilizing selection maintained many trans-acting variants with opposing effects. Loci altering expression were located throughout the genome, with many loci being strain specific and others being shared among multiple strains. These findings are consistent with theory showing stabilizing selection for quantitative traits can maintain many alleles with opposing effects, and the wide-spread distribution of QTL throughout the genome is consistent with the omnigenic model of complex trait variation. Furthermore, the prevalence of alleles with opposing effects might provide raw material for compensatory evolution and developmental systems drift. Significance statement Gene expression varies among individuals in a population due to genetic differences in regulatory components. To determine how this variation is distributed within genomes and species, we used a powerful genetic mapping approach to examine multiple strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite evidence of stabilizing selection maintaining gene expression levels among strains, we find hundreds of loci that affect expression of a single gene. These loci vary among strains and include similar frequencies of alleles that increase and decrease expression. As a result, each strain contains a unique set of compensatory alleles that lead to similar levels of gene expression among strains. This regulatory variation might form the basis for large scale regulatory rewiring observed between distantly related species.
Trait sensitivities to seagrass fragmentation across spatial scales shape benthic community structure

The structure of local ecological communities is thought to be determined by a series of hierarchical abiotic and biotic filters which select for or against species based on their traits. Many human impacts, like fragmentation, serve to alter environmental conditions across a range of spatial scales and may impact trait-environment interactions. We examined the effects of environmental variation associated with habitat fragmentation of seagrass habitat measured from microhabitat to landscape scales in controlling the taxonomic and trait-based community structure of benthic fauna. We measured patterns in species abundance and biomass of seagrass epifauna and infauna sampled using sediment cores from 86 sites (across 21 meadows) in Back Sound, North Carolina, USA. We related local faunal community structure to environmental variation measured at three spatial scales (microhabitat, patch and landscape). Additionally, we tested the value of species traits in predicting species-specific responses to habitat fragmentation across scales. While univariate measures of faunal communities (i.e. total density, biomass and species richness) were positively related to microhabitat-scale seagrass biomass only, overall community structure was predicted by environmental variation at the microhabitat, patch (i.e. patch size) and landscape (i.e. number of patches, landscape seagrass area) scales. Furthermore, fourth-corner analysis revealed that species traits explained as much variation in organismal densities as species identity. For example, species with planktonic-dispersing larvae and deposit-feeding trophic modes were more abundant in contiguous, high seagrass cover landscapes while suspension feeders favoured more fragmented landscapes. We present quantitative evidence supporting hierarchal models of community assembly which predict that interactions between species traits and environmental variation across scales ultimately drive local community composition. Variable responses of individual traits to multiple environmental variables suggest that community assembly processes that act on species via traits related to dispersal, mobility and trophic mode will be altered under habitat fragmentation. Additionally, with increasing global temperatures, the tropical seagrass Halodule wrightii is predicted to replace the temperate Zostera marina as the dominate seagrass in our study region, therefore potentially favouring species with planktonic-dispersing larva and weakening the strength of environmental control on community assembly.
Characteristics of child psychiatric outpatients with slow processing speed and potential mechanisms of academic impact.

While slow processing speed (PS) is well documented in youth with ADHD, growing evidence suggests that this difficulty affects children with other neuropsychiatric conditions. Clarifying the relationship between slow PS and different forms of psychopathology is important clinically, given the potential impact of PS on academic functioning, and conceptually. In 751 youth, ages 6–21, consecutively referred for neuropsychiatric evaluation, we examined the association between slow PS (i.e., Wechsler PS Index < 85) and seven neuropsychiatric diagnostic groups. In 492 of these youth, we also related slow PS to eight psychopathology symptom dimensions. Finally, we modeled the relationship between PS, other cognitive functions and academic achievement. Data are from the Longitudinal Study of Genetic Influences on Cognition. Analyses included one-sample t tests, ANOVA, logistic regression, mixed modeling, and structural equation modeling (SEM), controlling for age, sex, and medication. Compared to normative data, all clinical groups showed PS decrements. Compared to referred youth without full diagnoses and accounting for other psychopathology, risk for slow PS was elevated in youth with autism spectrum disorder (OR = 1.8), psychotic disorders (OR = 3.4) and ADHD-inattentive type (OR = 1.6). Having multiple comorbidities also increased risk for slow PS. Among dimensions, inattention (OR = 1.5) associated with slow PS but did not fully explain the association with autism or psychosis. In SEM, PS had direct effects on academic achievement and indirect effects through working memory. Findings extend evidence that PS relates to multiple aspects of child psychopathology and associates with academic achievement in child psychiatric outpatients.
Machine learning as a detection method of Strombolian eruptions in infrared images from Mount Erebus, Antarctica

Abstract Mount Erebus, Antarctica, has a persistent lava lake with Strombolian eruptions. Volcanic eruptions can be automatically detected with multiple methods such as cross-correlation of seismic recordings and identifying anomalies in gas emissions. We demonstrate a new method of detecting Strombolian eruptions by training a convolutional neural network to automatically categorize eruptions in infrared images obtained from the rim of the crater above the Ray lava lake atop Mount Erebus. Over 9 million images were obtained from previous research ( Peters et al., 2014a ). The infrared images were shot during a span of over 2 years; one image every 2 s when weather conditions did not hinder the electrical supply. Training was performed with infrared images of the eruptions detected through seismic cross-correlation with a stacked waveform. Eruptions detected using machine learning on infrared images from December 2013 through December 2014 correctly categorized 84% of the detections as eruptions. The remaining 16% were caused by effects from the plume confounding the neural network. Nearly all of the eruptions detected utilizing seismic cross-correlation were also categorized correctly by the neural network during periods for which image data was available. We concluded machine learning is an effective method for classifying the characteristics of Strombolian eruptions which further improves the ability to study their origins while assessing the hazards posed by volcanic eruptions.
Biosynthesis of terpene pheromones in hemiptera/stink bugs

Abstract Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are known to release pheromones that belong to the class of terpene compounds. Cyclic 15-carbon sesquiterpenes with a bisabolane type skeleton typically serve as aggregation pheromones in common pentatomid pests such as the southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula) and the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys). This chapter describes recent findings in the de novo biosynthesis of terpene pheromones in stink bugs with a focus on terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes that convert farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), a common intermediate of terpene biosynthesis, to pheromone precursors. The TPS proteins share sequence similarity with trans-isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDSs) of the core terpene pathway indicating that insect TPSs have evolved from IDS progenitors. The transition from IDS to TPS function has been described in other insects (e.g. Coleoptera) and gives rise to the discovery of similar enzymes and pathways and the study of their evolutionary emergence in terpene pheromone and semiochemical biosynthesis in different insect lineages.
Physics-Informed Neural Network Super Resolution for Advection-Diffusion Models.

Physics-informed neural networks (NN) are an emerging technique to improve spatial resolution and enforce physical consistency of data from physics models or satellite observations. A super-resolution (SR) technique is explored to reconstruct high-resolution images ($4\times$) from lower resolution images in an advection-diffusion model of atmospheric pollution plumes. SR performance is generally increased when the advection-diffusion equation constrains the NN in addition to conventional pixel-based constraints. The ability of SR techniques to also reconstruct missing data is investigated by randomly removing image pixels from the simulations and allowing the system to learn the content of missing data. Improvements in S/N of $11\%$ are demonstrated when physics equations are included in SR with $40\%$ pixel loss. Physics-informed NNs accurately reconstruct corrupted images and generate better results compared to the standard SR approaches.
Involvement of the digestive system in COVID-19. A review

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is leading to high mortality and a global health crisis. The primary involvement is respiratory; however, the virus can also affect other organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract and liver. The most common symptoms are anorexia and diarrhea. In about half of the cases, viral RNA could be detected in the stool, which is another line of transmission and diagnosis. covid19 has a worse prognosis in patients with comorbidities, although there is not enough evidence in case of previous digestive diseases. Digestive endoscopies may give rise to aerosols, which make them techniques with a high risk of infection. Experts and scientific organizations worldwide have developed guidelines for preventive measures. The available evidence on gastrointestinal and hepatic involvement, the impact on patients with previous digestive diseases and operating guidelines for Endoscopy Units during the pandemic are reviewed.
General Exemptions and Immunities

In areas where federal, state, or local governments have adopted economic or social policies that conflict with open competition, Congress sometimes has resolved these conflicts by creating explicit statutory exemptions - often industry-specific - from the antitrust laws. In the absence of a specific statutory exemption, federal courts have developed exemptions and immunities for conduct involving some degree of government action. These exemptions and immunities derive from principles of federalism and other constitutional considerations, and from the related doctrine of deference to government decision making.
Leadership and Context: Reading the Room

Leadership effectiveness is highly dependent upon each situation that takes place—in other words, there is no “one size fits all” for leadership. Although there are various perspectives on the subject, a large body of research suggests that complex relationships exist between multiple organizational factors and leadership. Contingency theories identify influential factors such as the task being completed, the leader’s personality, and the makeup of the work team, among other factors. In sum, we must recognize that leader communication must be tailored to address a plethora of contextual factors. This chapter also provides practical suggestions for tailoring effective leadership communication to various individuals/groups and contexts. This includes information on tailored communication and how to engage in-group and out-group members. Another critical contextual consideration is choosing the right channel of communication, in addition to the right time, message, and response. This chapter also draws from message design logic in explaining how leaders effectively craft messages in situations that vary in complexity. In considering context, we will also consider how elements of LMX may change when applied across different cultural settings.
Syndecan-2 expression enriches for hematopoietic stem cells and regulates stem cell repopulating capacity.

Abstract The discovery of novel hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) surface markers can enhance understanding of HSC identity and function. We have discovered a population of primitive bone marrow (BM) HSCs distinguished by their expression of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, Syndecan-2, which serves as both a marker and regulator of HSC function. Syndecan-2 expression was increased 10-fold in CD150+CD48-CD34-c-Kit+Sca-1+Lineage-cells (long-term – HSCs, LT-HSCs) compared to differentiated hematopoietic cells. Isolation of BM cells based solely on Syndecan-2 surface expression produced a 24-fold enrichment for LT-HSCs, 6-fold enrichment foralpha-catulin+c-kit+ HSCs, and yielded HSCs with superior in vivo repopulating capacity compared to CD150+ cells. Competitive repopulation assays revealed the HSC frequency to be 17-fold higher in Syndecan-2+CD34-KSL cellscompared to Syndecan-2-CD34-KSL cells and indistinguishable from CD150+CD34-KSL cells. Syndecan-2 expression also identified nearly all repopulating HSCs within the CD150+CD34-KSL population. Mechanistically, Syndecan-2 regulates HSC repopulating capacity through control of expression of Cdkn1c (p57) and HSC quiescence. Loss of Syndecan-2 expression caused increased HSC cell cycle entry, downregulation of Cdkn1c and loss of HSC long-term - repopulating capacity. Syndecan-2 is a novel marker of HSCs which regulates HSC repopulating capacity via control of HSC quiescence.
Detection, sorting, and immortalization of dual expresser lymphocytes from human peripheral blood samples.

Summary This protocol describes how to identify Dual Expressers (DEs), a rare type of lymphocyte that co-expresses B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors, by flow cytometry using a cocktail of four antibodies. It also shows the subsequent gating strategy for detecting and sorting DEs and the generation of EBV-immortalized DE lymphoblastoid cell lines and clones for antibody production and cloning antigen receptors. Use of this protocol maximizes detection of DEs and minimizes inclusion of doublets. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ahmed et al. (2019) .
LONGITUDINAL RELATIONS BETWEEN PEER VICTIMIZATION AND DELINQUENCY: THE MEDIATING ROLES OF SADNESS, FEAR, AND ANGER

LONGITUDINAL RELATIONS BETWEEN PEER VICTIMIZATION AND DELINQUENCY: THE MEDIATING ROLES OF SADNESS, FEAR, AND ANGER
The Impact of the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique on Course Evaluations

This project reports the results of two studies that investigated the impact on course evaluations of using partial credit iterative responding (PCIR) with the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IF-AT) forms on summative course assessments. This project also quantifies grade inflation from utilizing different PCIR schemes and documents the percentage of possible partial credit students learned. Study 1 compared evaluations in courses where exams were manipulated. Study 2 compared evaluations in courses where daily reading quizzes were manipulated. Results from Study 1 revealed that multiple course evaluation scores increased 10% in the PCIR condition. Students earned 75% of the partial credit available through PCIR, which resulted in a 10% increase in their exam scores. Results from Study 2 revealed no difference in course evaluations between conditions. Students earned roughly 40% of the partial credit available through PCIR, resulting in a 4 to 8% increase in their quiz scores, depending on the PCIR scheme.
Child Sexual Abuse Evaluations

Accurate estimates of true and false child sexual abuse evades researchers and the determination of whether sexual abuse has occurred is a complex problem. In recent years, the research community has been polarized over whether child victims of sexual abuse or nonabuse are grossly misidentified, to what degree children are suggestible, and whether false positive or false negative errors create the greatest harm. This chapter describes the scientific-practitioner model for evaluating allegations of child sexual abuse, a model previously proposed by the author. According to this model, conclusions regarding child sexual abuse are based upon empirically established relationships between data and the behavior in question, rather than on subjective opinions. To address critical issues in these assessments, this chapter reviews two sources for information: published research and the law. Child sexual abuse is defined, focusing on risk factors for abuse and the meaning of symptoms. Studies citing the incidence and prevalence of child sexual abuse are reviewed. Topics include early memories, the impact of stress on memory, and the development of autobiographical memory. Since recall is subjected to the effects of suggestibility, research on this topic is considered. The structure of the assessment interview and a review of the research on the three most frequently used evaluation tools (anatomical dolls, projective instruments, and drawings) is described. Keywords: accommodation syndrome; anatomical dolls; child sexual abuse; child sexual abuse evaluations; early memory; normative behavior; projective tests; rapport; suggestibility
Analysis and issues of developing a build-up laminate multi-chip-module

In order to study and provide valuable insight into the technical issues involved with the design of a specific packaging technology, a build-up laminate MCM was developed and built as a test vehicle. The following case study examines the ensuing electrical, thermal, and mechanical analysis, as well as a detailed wiring feasibility study. The design, analysis and verification techniques used are discussed and compared against existing data for single-chip modules of the same technology.
Sistemas familiares y dictadura franquista en Luna lunera de Rosa Regàs

Las siguientes lineas analizan Luna lunera (1999) de Rosa Regas a traves de la optica de la teoria de los sistemas familiares y explora la manera en que el texto logra capturar las matrices de poder de la Espana franquista dentro de los confines de la familia patriarcal. Mi analisis combina una lectura arquetipica del abuelo con teorias relevantes de sistemas familiares y subraya la manera en que la sociedad franquista es creada y reproducida a traves de las interacciones existentes entre los miembros del sub-nucleo de la nacion, esto es, entre miembros de la familia.
Radionuclide scanner and analogue computer coupling. I. Use for varying organ content, and allowing for radiodecay with one or more radionuclides.

Abstract Some present limitations to the use of rectilinear scanners can be circumvented by coupling the scanner directly to an analogue computer. With such coupling it is possible to scan one radionuclide in the presence of a second, or to scan two radionuclides simultaneously. The rapid decay of radionuclides with half-lives of the order of a few minutes can be automatically corrected. Use of these short-lived radionuclides, which deliver a small radiation dose, should allow scanning to be extended to children and to pregnant women. Potential uses of the scanner-plus-computer coupling to correct for varying background or organ content are discussed. Although digital techniques allow greater sophistication, the analogue system is inexpensive, on-line, and compatible with present rectilinear scanners. It is suggested that these techniques are also adaptable for use with gamma-ray cameras and related devices.
X-ray emission from cataclysmic variables

We review X-ray observations of cataclysmic variables and theoretical work on X-ray emission from them, emphasizing recent developments.
Applications of Local Antibiotics in Orthopedic Trauma

Local antibiotics have a role in orthopedic trauma for both infection prophylaxis and treatment. They provide the advantage of high local antibiotic concentration without excessive systemic levels. Nonabsorbable polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a popular antibiotic carrier, but absorbable options including bone graft, bone graft substitutes, and polymers have gained acceptance. Simple aqueous antibiotic solutions continue to be investigated and appear to be clinically effective. For established infections, such as osteomyelitis, a combination of surgical debridement with local and systemic antibiotics seems to represent the most effective treatment at this time. Further investigation of more effective local antibiotic utilization is ongoing.
On the predictability of link lifetimes in urban MANETs

Link lifetime prediction is occurs frequently in MANET routing protocols. For example, in assigning cache timeout values and route durations, routing protocols make implicit predictions of link lifetime. Some protocols even make explicit predictions. In this paper the predictability of residual link lifetimes is examined. This investigation is performed via simulations that make use of detailed models of urban areas. Propagation is modeled using beam-tracing.
Military applications of a cockpit integrated electronic flight bag

Converting the pilot's flight bag information from paper to electronic media is being performed routinely by commercial airlines for use with an on-board PC. This concept is now being further advanced with a new class of electronic flight bags (EFB) recently put into commercial operation which interface directly with major on-board avionics systems and has its own dedicated panel mounted display. This display combines flight bag information with real time aircraft performance and maintenance data. This concept of an integrated EFB which is now being used by the commercial airlines as a level 1 certified system, needs to be explored for military applications. This paper describes a system which contains all the attributes of an Electronic Flight Bag with the addition of interfaces which are linked to military aircraft missions such as those for tankers, cargo haulers, search and rescue and maritime aircraft as well as GATM requirements. The adaptation of the integrated EFB to meet these military requirements is then discussed.
Prevalence, injury rate and, symptom frequency in generalized joint laxity and joint hypermobility syndrome in a "healthy" college population.

Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) and joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) are gaining increased attention as potential sources of pain and injury. The aims of this study were to evaluate prevalence of GJH and JHS and to determine whether musculoskeletal injuries and symptoms commonly attributed to GJH and JHS were more common within a “healthy” college student population. The study involved a convenience sample of 267 college and graduate students, aged 17–26. GJH was assessed using the Beighton score with a cutoff of 5/9, while JHS was assessed using the Brighton criteria. Injury history and symptoms were assessed by recall. Prevalence of GJH was 26.2 % overall (females 36.7 %, males 13.7 %). Prevalence of JHS was 19.5 % overall (females 24.5 %, males 13.7 %). Injury rates were not significantly different for individuals who had GJH vs. those who did not have GJH. Individuals with JHS were significantly more likely to have had sprains, back pain, and stress fractures. Symptoms were no different between those with GJH and those who did not have GJH. However, individuals with JHS were significantly more likely to report clumsiness, easy bruising, and balance problems than those who did not have JHS. GJH and JHS were relatively common in this healthy college student population; GJH was not associated with increased incidence of injury or symptoms commonly attributed to JHS, but JHS was associated with increased incidence of some injuries and symptoms.
Determination of perfluorinated surfactants in surface water samples by two independent analytical techniques: liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and 19F NMR.

Perfluorinated surfactants are an important class of specialty chemicals that have received recent attention as a result of their persistence in the environment. Two analytical methods for the determination of perfluorinated surfactants in aqueous samples were developed in order to investigate a spill of 22 000 L of fire retardant foam containing perfluorinated surfactants into Etobicoke Creek (Toronto, Ontario). With the first method, aliquots of surface water (0.2−200 mL) were preconcentrated using solid-phase extraction. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was employed for identification and quantification of each perfluorinated surfactant. Total perfluorinated surfactant concentrations in surface water samples ranged from 0.011 to 2270 μg/L, and perfluorooctanesulfonate was the predominant surfactant observed. Interestingly, perfluorooctanoate was detected in surface water sampled upstream of the spill. A second method employing 19F NMR was developed for the determination of total perfluori...
Differences in Dynamics and Stability of the Wild Type Beta-Amyloid Aβ1-40, and ΔE22-Aβ1-39 (Japanese) Mutant Protofibril Structures, a Molecular Dynamics Study

Alzheimer's disease has been identified as a neurodegenerative disorder associated with protein misfolding due to the aggregation of monomeric beta-amyloid proteins (Aβ) to form fibrillar plaques. Experimental attempts to chemically analyze the structure of Aβ protofibrils and elucidate the mechanism of fibril formation have yet to reveal much about the molecular etiology of AD, due to the low solubility and non-crystalline nature of Aβ. It has been shown experimentally that the ΔE22-Aβ1-39 (Japanese) mutation of β-amyloid leads to production of typical Aβ fibrils essentially instantaneously, much faster than the fibril formation in wild-type (WT) Aβ1-40. To better understand the fibril-forming mechanism of the Japanese mutant peptide, we ran several long all-atom explicit water molecular dynamics simulations of the mutant and WT structures starting from NMR Alzheimer's β-amyloid fibrils (PDB-ID: 2LMN, 2LMO, 2LMP, 2LMQ). The NMR data suggest two different configurations of the fibrils consisting of either two- or three-stacks. Our WT simulations show that the two-stack model is energetically the most stable configuration; both stacks twist around their central axis in a cooperative manner to form a helical structure without any separation between strands. In contrast, monomers rapidly separate from the top and bottom of the three-stack systems. Simulations with just one-stack from either the two- or three-stack systems display the same twist motion, but monomers from the top and bottom of the stack start to separate. These observations suggest that the two-stack system is the most stable nucleation unit. Japanese mutants built for the one-stack system starting from WT protofibril models remain more stable (∼150 kcal/mol) throughout our simulations compared to the WT one-stack system. This might explain the almost instantaneous fibril formation observed for the ΔE22-Aβ1-39 mutation.
Fatty Change of the Granular Pneumocyte

Fat vacuoles develop in the granular pneumocytes of guinea pigs exposed to severe hypoxia in low-pressure chambers. The ostiniophilic lamellar bodies are apparently reduced in size and decreased in number. The fatty change of the granular pneumocyte may represent a metabolic alteration and interfere with the production of surfactant. This hypoxic lesion of the pneumocyte may be a significant factor in high-altitude pulmonary insufficiency.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF F CENTERS: HYPERFINE INTERACTIONS IN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE

It is shown that the observed width of the microwave electron spin resonance absorption lines associated with $F$ centers in KCl, NaCl, and KBr crystals can be attributed to hyperfine interactions between the $F$-center electron and the nuclear magnetic moments of the ions adjacent to the $F$ center. The width arises from the distribution of nuclear moment components. Theoretical calculations of the width are in good agreement with observation provided that the $F$-center wave function is treated as a linear combination of atomic orbitals; wave functions calculated on continuum models are shown to be unsatisfactory. The theory is confirmed by a comparison of observations on $F$ centers in crystals of ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$Cl and ${\mathrm{K}}^{41}$Cl. If the width is attributed to interactions with the nearest sets of K and Cl ions, the experiments lead directly to quantitative values of the electronic charge density at the K and Cl nuclei: one finds ${|\ensuremath{\Psi}(\mathrm{K})|}^{2}=0.70\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and ${|\ensuremath{\Psi}(\mathrm{Cl})|}^{2}=0.12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to mate separation and reunion in the zebra finch

Abstract The adaptive value of social affiliation has been well established. It is unclear, however, what endogenous mechanisms may mediate affiliative behavior. The Australian zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata ) breeds colonially and adults maintain lifelong pair bonds that may be disrupted in the wild due to high mortality rates. Many of its natural, social behaviors are maintained in laboratory conditions, making this species well suited for studying the mechanisms of affiliation. This study examines the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to pair mate separation and reunion in zebra finches. We measured plasma corticosterone (CORT) and behavioral changes following separation from a pair bonded mate, and again upon reintroducing the mate or an opposite-sex cagemate. Plasma CORT concentrations were: (1) elevated during pair mate separation, even in the presence of other same-sex individuals, and (2) reduced to baseline upon reunion with the pair mate but not upon re-pairing with a new opposite-sex partner. These findings show that zebra finches exhibit hormonal responses to separation and reunion specifically with a bonded pair mate and not with other familiar conspecifics. In addition, alterations in behavior during separation and reunion are consistent with monogamous pair bond maintenance. This study presents evidence for adrenocortical involvement in avian pair bonding, and for hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal activation in response to an ecologically relevant social stressor.
“Sign Right Here and You're Good to Go”: A Content Analysis of Audiotaped Emergency Department Discharge Instructions

Study objective The goal of this study is to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the quality and content of verbal discharge instructions at 2 emergency departments (EDs). Methods This was a secondary data analysis of 844 ED audiotapes collected during a study of patient–emergency provider communication at 1 urban and 1 suburban ED. ED visits of nonemergency adult female patients were recorded with a digital audiotape. Of 844 recorded ED visits, 477 (57%) audiotapes captured audible discharge instructions suitable for analysis. Audiotapes were double coded for the following discharge content: (1) explanation of illness, (2) expected course, (3) self-care, (4) medication instructions, (5) symptoms prompting return to the ED, (6) time-specified for follow-up visit, (7) follow-up care instructions, (8) opportunities for questions, and (9) patient confirmation of understanding. Analysis included descriptive statistics, χ 2 tests, 2-sample t tests, and logistic regression models. Results Four hundred seventy-seven of 871 (55%) patient tapes contained audible discharge instructions. The majority of discharges were conducted by the primary provider (emergency physician or nurse practitioner). Ninety-one percent of discharges included some opportunity to ask questions, although most of these were minimal. Only 22% of providers confirmed patients' understanding of instructions. Conclusion Verbal ED discharge instructions are often incomplete, and most patients are given only minimal opportunities to ask questions or confirm understanding. Please see page 316 for the Editor's Capsule Summary of this article.
Synthesis of 1‐methoxypoly(oxyethylene)benzocyclobutene and its diels–alder reactions

A new poly(ethylene glycol) derivative, 1-methoxypoly(oxyethylene)benzocyclobutene (1) was prepared from the reaction of 1-benzocyclobutenyl 1-hydroxyethyl ether with mesylate of methoxypoly(oxyethylene) in tetrahydrofuran. The degree of end-group conversion, as determined by NMR, was 100%. The Diels–Alder reactions of 1 with maleic anhydride and N-phenylmaleimide were carried out in refluxing toluene to obtain the corresponding adducts (2 and 3, respectively) in excellent yields. NMR analyses of 2 and 3 indicated complete conversion of 1 to the corresponding products. The reaction of 2 with o-toluidine resulted in complete conversion of the anhydride adduct to the corresponding products. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1934–1938, 2004
The Performance of the Perkin-Elmer Model 21 in the Region 210mu to 2000mu

The Perkin-Elmer Model 21 Infrared Recording Spectrophotometer presently has the ability to provide accurate, high resolution absorption spectra in the infrared portion of the spectrum from 2 to 37μ. (1-3) This paper describes the conversion of this instrument for operation in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared from 210 to 2000μ. This is a logical extension of the performance of this instrument. Its original design principles make it well suited in many respects for operation as a universal transmittance recording absorption spectrophotometer. It employs an all-reflecting f4.5 optical system and its null balance principle is not limited to any one region of the spectrum. The mechanical and electronic systems are stable and capable of handling the signals produced by photocell as well as thermal detectors.
Laboratory measurements of the 7.5–9.38-mm absorption of gaseous ammonia (NH3) under simulated jovian conditions

An attempt is made to infer the abundance and distribution of ammonia from RF emission measurements more accurately than heretofore, on the basis of the results of laboratory measurements for the mm-wave opacity of gaseous ammonia under simulated Jovian atmosphere conditions. The measurements were conducted at various frequencies in the 32-40 GHz range at 2 atm and 203 K; the atmospheric mixture was 88.34 percent H2, 9.81 percent He, and 1.85 percent NH3. Experimental results are found to be readily modeled by the Gross (1955) line-shape factor, rather than that of Van Vleck and Weisskopf (1945).
Toxicity to Adult Brown Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in a Glass-Vial Bioassay of Selected Insecticide Mixtures

Abstract. Recently, the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), has become the dominant species in the stink bug complex on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in Central Texas. Options to control the insect depend mostly on and are limited to the use of insecticide. Data are needed to determine the toxicity of currently available insecticides to brown stink bug and develop baseline mortality to assess resistance to insecticides in Central Texas. Using a glass-vial bioassay, the LC10 and LC50 values for selected commercially formulated insecticides, the technicalgrade active ingredients, and mixtures of active ingredients were determined for brown stink bugs captured in black-light traps near farmlands in Caldwell County, Texas. The LC10 and LC50 values showed the mixtures of technical-grade insecticides were 37- to 526- and 58- to 384-fold, respectively, more toxic to brown stink bug compared to the respective commercial formulations. The toxicological response of the technical-grade active ingredients rela...
UNESCO and the Politics of Cultural Heritage in Tibet

Abstract This article examines United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) cultural heritage policies and Chinese state-directed tourism policies in contemporary Tibet. It begins with a brief overview of the tourism industry in Tibet, and moves to a discussion of UNESCO's focus on the preservation of world cultural sites in the name of universal values, noting how this aids state claims to authority over culture as a tool in state-building in places such as Tibet and Indonesia. The article then examines the effects state tourism policies have had on specific Tibetan sites, based on field visits to Lhasa and Shigatse in 2001 and 2002 and Xiahe (Gansu Province) in 2004. In a word, the Potala Palace, as a world cultural heritage and a place of religious activities, has drawn the attention of the world. With the deepening of the reform, opening and modermization drive and along with the implementation of the going-west strategy, the Potala Palace has become a treasure of the wor...
The diminishing returns to sample information in the beta-binominal process

Sample information can be of great economic value, but in the information-theoretic sense the value of large quantities of information is easily exaggerated. In any particular instance, management having knowledge of the costs entailed in an information search, and having diligently quantified the potential payoffs of each decision, their judgments as to the likelihoods of various outcomes, and their attitudes toward risk will have the preferred sampling decision signalled by that sampling procedure or sample size that maximizes expected utility. In general, however, and particularly in situations where management is unwilling, unable, or unlikely to adapt its decision-making process to that of the decision-theoretic framework, the present analysis reveals that while sample information is indeed a valuable commodity, rapidly dimishing marginal returns to sample size are realized immediately. This suggests that the virtues of a large sample are more limited than one's intuition might suppose, and that despite the economist's often overlooked need to be concerned with information flows in economic analysis, a proportionate concern with the role ofadditional information is likely to be unwarranted.
Reach‐ and catchment‐scale determinants of the distribution of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in south‐eastern Michigan, U.S.A.

Summary 1. We investigated the diversity and distribution of freshwater mussels at 40 sites in an agricultural catchment, the River Raisin in south-eastern Michigan, to relate mussel assemblages and individual taxa to reach and catchment-scale variables. Unionids were surveyed by timed searches in 100-m reaches, and in-stream and riparian habitat were quantified as well as flow, water chemistry and channel morphology. Land use/cover and surficial geology were determined for site subcatchments and riparian buffers. 2. Some 21 mussel species were found overall; richness ranged from 0 to 12 living species per site. From the upper to middle to lower catchment, the number of individuals, number of species, Shannon–Weaver diversity and relative abundance of intolerant unionids all declined significantly. 3. Four groupings based on overall mussel diversity and abundance were significantly related to reach-scale habitat variables. The richest mussel assemblages were associated with sites with higher overall habitat quality, greater flow stability, less fine substratum, and lower specific conductance. 4. Stepwise multiple regressions revealed that the distribution and abundance of the total mussel assemblage, as well as the most common species, could be predicted from a combination of reach- and catchment-scale variables (R2 = 0.63 for total mussels, R2 = 0.51–0.86 for individual species). 5. Flow stability, substratum composition and overall reach habitat quality were the most commonly identified reach-scale variables, and measures of surficial geology were the most effective catchment-scale variables. The spatial pattern of geology is likely to be responsible for the diversity gradient from the upper to the lower catchment. 6. Prior studies, attempting to explain mussel distributions from local habitat features alone, have found relatively weak relationships. By employing a combination of reach- and catchment-scale habitat variables, this study was able to account for a substantial amount of the spatial variability in mussel distributions.
Recent changes in smoke/haze events in Phoenix, Arizona

The recent explosive population growth in Phoenix, Arizona is forcing policy-makers to develop an increased understanding of air quality meteorology in the desert setting. In this investigation, the long-term smoke/haze data base from Phoenix is analyzed to determine the magnitude of temporal changes in smoke/haze frequencies and durations. The results reveal no changes in smoke/haze frequency and intensity, but significant increases in the duration of these events. The findings appear to be related to the impact of the growing urban heat island on the structure of local inversion layers. The results suggest a link between urban-induced temperature and wind changes and air quality levels within a growing metropolitan area.
The fate of integrated DNA in Gaeumannomyces graminis transformants

The fate of integrated transforming DNA in fungicide (benomyl or phleomycin)-resistant transformants of Gaeumannomyces graminis was investigated. Transforming DNA was mitotically and meiotically stable in several transformants. However, other transformants of varieties graminis and tritici were less resistant to fungicide after meiosis. Hybridization analyses indicated that transforming DNA in ascospore progeny had rearrangements and/or deletions, and that similar events could occur during a second meiotic cycle, further reducing their levels of resistance. Rearrangements and/or deletions were most common in transformants with multiple copies of a benomyl-resistance (Benr) plasmid. Transforming sequences were not extensively methylated, even when present in multiple copies.
Hemolytic Streptococci in Raw Market Milk

Summary A total of 444 samples of raw market milk from as many different dairy farms was examined for the presence of hemolytic streptococci of both wide-zone and narrow-zone types. Such streptococci were found in 134 of these samples and were distributed among the Lancefield serologic groups as follows: group A in three samples, group B in 125, group C of the animal type in one, group C of the human type in two, group D in two, group B in two, group G in six and group H in one. Only four samples contained streptococci which could not be assigned to a group. Nineteen samples of raw cream were tested and group B streptococci were found in five of them. Approximately half of the group B streptococci produced double zones of hemolysis in rabbit blood agar.
Computer simulation of the carbon activity in austenite

Abstract Carbon activity in austenite is described in terms of an Ising-like f.c.c. lattice gas model in which carbon interstitials repel only at the distance of nearest neighbors. A Monte Carlo simulation method in the petit canonical ensemble is employed to calculate directly the carbon activity as a function of composition and temperature. The computed activities are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data, similarly for the decomposition of the activity to the partial molar enthalpy and entropy.