cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A survey of visual analytics for Explainable Artificial Intelligence methods

Abstract Deep learning (DL) models have achieved impressive performance in various domains such as medicine, finance, and autonomous vehicle systems with advances in computing power and technologies. However, due to the black-box structure of DL models, the decisions of these learning models often need to be explained to end-users. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) provides explanations of black-box models to reveal the behavior and underlying decision-making mechanisms of the models through tools, techniques, and algorithms. Visualization techniques help to present model and prediction explanations in a more understandable, explainable, and interpretable way. This survey paper aims to review current trends and challenges of visual analytics in interpreting DL models by adopting XAI methods and present future research directions in this area. We reviewed literature based on two different aspects, model usage and visual approaches. We addressed several research questions based on our findings and then discussed missing points, research gaps, and potential future research directions. This survey provides guidelines to develop a better interpretation of neural networks through XAI methods in the field of visual analytics.
Taking the 4D Nature of fMRI Data Into Account Promises Significant Gains in Data Completion

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful, noninvasive tool that has significantly contributed to the understanding of the human brain. FMRI data provide a sequence of whole-brain volumes over time and hence are inherently four dimensional (4D). Missing data in fMRI experiments arise from image acquisition limits, susceptibility and motion artifacts or during confounding noise removal. Hence, significant brain regions may be excluded from the data, which can seriously undermine the quality of subsequent analyses due to the significant number of missing voxels. We take advantage of the four dimensional (4D) nature of fMRI data through a tensor representation and introduce an effective algorithm to estimate missing samples in fMRI data. The proposed Riemannian nonlinear spectral conjugate gradient (RSCG) optimization method uses tensor train (TT) decomposition, which enables compact representations and provides efficient linear algebra operations. Exploiting the Riemannian structure boosts algorithm performance significantly, as evidenced by the comparison of RSCG-TT with state-of-the-art stochastic gradient methods, which are developed in the Euclidean space. We thus provide an effective method for estimating missing brain voxels and, more importantly, clearly show that taking the full 4D structure of fMRI data into account provides important gains when compared with three-dimensional (3D) and the most commonly used two-dimensional (2D) representations of fMRI data.
The Poet as Maker

This paper explores the key argumentative strategies by which Philip Sidney and Percy Bysshe Shelley deploy their conceptions of the poet in their prose works defending the place of poetry in English culture. Though Plantonists, both Sidney and Shelley ground their accounts of poetic creativity in the Aristotelian concept of the poet as maker. However, given the different historical, philosophical, and religious contexts which separate these two great theorists of poetic practice, what the poet makes in poetic creation diverges markedly for Sidney and Shelley. My discussion centers on exploring the precise nature of the faculty of imagination in the context of Sidney’s Renaissance understanding of human anthropology, and Shelley’s account of imagination in relation to Enlightenment concepts of modern science and philosophical pragmatism. Both Sidney and Shelley argue for poetry as originating in a divine source of power; this results in the ironic conclusion that Shelley proposes a more religious account of the poet than Sidney’s poet of Renaissance sensibility.
Cybercrime: The Investigation, Prosecution and Defense of a Computer-related Crime

Cybercrime: The Investigation, Prosecution and Defense of a Computer-Related Crime is a legal workbook for anyone involved in the rapidly developing area of cyber crimes. It comprehensively covers: determining what conduct is considered a cybercrime, investigating improper cyber conduct, trying a cybercrime case as a prosecuting or defending attorney, and handling the international aspects of cybercrimes. The book includes the contributions of four authors chosen for their proficiency and experience in cybercrime cases. Professor Susan Brenner is a nationally recognized expert in computer-based criminal conduct. Prosecuting attorney Ivan Orton has investigated and prosecuted numerous cybercrimes for the Seattle, Washington prosecutor's office. Likewise, defense attorney Joseph Savage has defended many individuals accused of cybercrimes. Finally, attorney Jessica Herrera has been involved in the international attempts to address cybercrimes as a member of the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the U.S. Department of Justice. The combined expertise of these authors will give those involved with cybercrimes - whether as attorneys, police officers, or policy makers - the knowledge they will need to be effective.
The Future of Employment, Wages, and Technological Change

The United States and other advanced economies enjoyed a remarkable period of sustained growth and broadly-shared prosperity from the late 1940s to the early 1970s. After a series of crises from the mid-1970s to mid-1980s the character of jobs and the structure of earnings changed markedly but the causes continue to be debated. Most workers' inflation-adjusted wages have stagnated since the early 1980s, employment security has fallen, and inequality has grown. One set of explanations emphasizes structural and institutional forces, such as employment shifts from manufacturing to services, deunionization, import competition, declining value of the minimum wage, macroeconomic shocks, and changing wage norms. Others stress the interplay of the supply of and demand for human capital, citing rising returns to education and skills, which they attribute to the spread of computer technology. The debate has significant implications for understanding the likely course of future labor market trends. Keywords: work; occupations; skills; wages; inequality; labor markets; technology
An attribute graph based approach to map local access control policies to credential based access control policies

Due to the proliferation of the Internet and web based technologies, today's collaborations among organizations are increasingly short-lived, dynamic, and therefore formed in an ad-hoc manner to serve a specific purpose. Such example environments include web-services, dynamic coalitions, grid computing and ubiquitous computing. These environments necessitate the need for dynamic, efficient and secure sharing of resources among disparate organizations. Although such secure sharing of resources can be achieved by means of traditional access control and authentication mechanisms, they are administratively difficult when the partnerships and interactions are short-lived and constantly changing. When allowing sharing of resources, the organization must ensure that its own security policies are adhered to. Our proposal is to allow users, external to the organization, access to internal resources of the organization, if they possess certain attributes similar to those possessed by the internal users. We begin by first examining the internal security policies within an organization and attempt to map them to credential based policies. In essence, we identify the attributes possessed by internal users relevant to a security policy, and map them to credential attributes that are understood across organizations. Access can then be granted to users once they submit these required credentials with the identified attributes. We present an attribute graph based methodology to accomplish such a mapping. In this paper, we assume that the local access control policies are limited to Role Based Access Control (RBAC) policies.
Is the Statistical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Implied by the Correspondence Principle

Our impresarion, Anton Zeilinger, ignored my pleas of ignorance and prevailed on me to talk about my discussions with John Bell about the foundations of quantum mechanics. This ‘debate’ was aborted by John’s tragic death shortly after we last met at a wonderful workshop in Amherst attended by several people in this audience. At that time, John’s last paper “Against Measurement” was about to be published.[1] It featured a wonderfully barbed attack on the treatment of measurement in my 1966 textbook. I was delighted that the most profound student of quantum mechanics since the Founding Fathers, and an old friend from CERN, had paid close attention to what I had written, because with but one exception, [2] no one publishing in the field had ever mentioned my work even when espousing a position that I had taken long before.
Type III InsP3 receptor channel stays open in the presence of increased calcium

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is the main calcium(Ca2+) release channel in most tissues. Three isoforms have been identified1,2,3,4,5,6, but only types I and II InsP3R have been characterized7,8. Here we examine the functional properties of the type III InsP3R because this receptor is restricted to the trigger zone from which Ca2+ waves originate9,10,11 and it has distinctive InsP3-binding properties12,13. We find that type III InsP3R forms Ca2+ channels with single-channel currents that are similar to those of type I InsP3R; however, the open probability of type III InsP3R isoform increases monotonically with increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, whereas the type I isoform has a bell-shaped dependence on cytoplasmic Ca2+. The properties of type III InsP3R provide positive feedback as Ca2+ is released; the lack of negative feedback allows complete Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Thus, activation of type III InsP3R in cells that express only this isoform results in a single transient, but global, increase in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+. The bell-shaped Ca2+-dependence curve of type I InsP3R is ideal for supporting Ca2+ oscillations, whereas the properties of type III InsP3R are better suited to signal initiation.
The Transplantation of Gastrointestinal Organs

Over a period of 33 years, it has become possible to successfully transplant individual intra-abdominal viscera or combinations of these organs. The consequences have been, first, new information about the metabolic interrelations that the visceral organs have in disease or health; second, the addition of several procedures to the treatment armamentarium of gastrointestinal diseases; and third, a more profound understanding of the means by which all whole organ grafts are accepted.
Exploring Internet e-business programming technologies

E-Businesses are being created at incredible rates every year. More and more companies are realizing the importance of having their company exposed on the web. Being able to create both an effective and highly efficient web site are the two most essential aspects when developing a web site for a potential client. Having an e-business that is user friendly is key. It is necessary to react as quickly as possible to clicks issued by clients, take inputs from a form, store data into databases, and dynamically respond to user requests. This research explores various tools to implement these tasks.
Valuing Financial Assets with Liquidity Discount: An Implication for Basel III

The unprecedented financial crisis in 2007 and 2008 and the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history prompted expedited regulation in the financial industry. A new Basel Accord has been proposed to further regulate the main risk that caused the crisis: liquidity risk. In a recent article, Chen [2012] presents a liquidity discount model in which financial securities can be evaluated with substantial discounts at the presence of a liquidity squeeze in the marketplace. In this article, we adopt this model to evaluate a selection of the 23 largest U.S. financial institutions (assets over $100 billion) to investigate the liquidity impact during the crisis period. We calibrate the model to market information such as market capitalization and volatility. We find that the model can provide significant predictive power of a bank’s liquidity health.
Developing Economies as Toyota Production Systems: Why the Analogy Makes Sense, How It Can Inform Industrial Policy

This presentation discusses developing economies in Latin America as compared to the Toyota Production System (TPS), an integrated socio-technical system, developed by Toyota, that comprises its management philosophy and practices. A comparison of INTA in Argentina and elsewhere is given. The author finds that the current production design and set up are provisional, but can be incrementally improved by benchmarking, error detection and correction. This presentation was presented at the Latin America/Caribbean and Asia/Pacific Economics and Business Association (LAEBA)'s 2nd Annual Meeting held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on November 28th-29th, 2005.
$sup 244$Cm PRODUCTION AND SEPARATION-STATUS OF THE PILOT PRODUCTION PROGRAM AT SAVANNAH RIVER

At Savannah River, 244Cm is being produced from 239Pu in reactor irradiations designed for successive neutron captures. A separations process, which has been successfully piloted, isolates curium f...
Endometriosis diagnosis and staging by operating surgeon and expert review using multiple diagnostic tools: an inter-rater agreement study.

Objective To determine agreement on endometriosis diagnosis between real-time laparoscopy and subsequent expert review of digital images, operative reports, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histopathology, viewed sequentially. Design Inter-rater agreement study. Setting Five urban surgical centres. Population Women, aged 18–44 years, who underwent a laparoscopy regardless of clinical indication. A random sample of 105 women with and 43 women without a postoperative endometriosis diagnosis was obtained from the ENDO study. Methods Laparoscopies were diagnosed, digitally recorded, and reassessed. Main outcome measures Inter-observer agreement of endometriosis diagnosis and staging according to the revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine criteria. Prevalence and bias-adjusted kappa values (κ) were calculated for diagnosis, and weighted κ values were calculated for staging. Results Surgeons and expert reviewers had substantial agreement on diagnosis and staging after viewing digital images (n = 148; mean κ = 0.67, range 0.61–0.69; mean κ = 0.64, range 0.53–0.78, respectively) and after additionally viewing operative reports (n = 148; mean κ = 0.88, range 0.85–0.89; mean κ = 0.85, range 0.84–0.86, respectively). Although additionally viewing MRI findings (n = 36) did not greatly impact agreement, agreement substantially decreased after viewing histological findings (n = 67), with expert reviewers changing their assessment from a positive to a negative diagnosis in up to 20% of cases. Conclusion Although these findings suggest that misclassification bias in the diagnosis or staging of endometriosis via visualised disease is minimal, they should alert gynaecologists who review operative images in order to make decisions on endometriosis treatment that operative reports/drawings and histopathology, but not necessarily MRI, will improve their ability to make sound judgments. Tweetable abstract Endometriosis diagnosis and staging agreement between expert reviewers and operating surgeons was substantial.
Properties of Bacteriophage T4 Mutants Defective in Gene 30 (Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ligase) and the rII Gene

Abstract In Escherichia coli K-12 strains infected with phage T4 which is defective in gene 30 [deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ligase] and in the rII gene (product unknown), near normal levels of DNA and viable phage were produced. Growth of such T4 ligase-rII double mutants was less efficient in E. coli B strains which show the “rapidlysis” phenotype of rII mutations. In pulse-chase experiments coupled with temperature shifts and with inhibition of DNA synthesis, it was observed that DNA synthesized by gene 30-defective phage is more susceptible to breakdown in vivo when the phage is carrying a wild-type rII gene. Breakdown was delayed or inhibited by continued DNA synthesis. Mutations of the rII gene decreased but did not completely abolish the breakdown. T4 ligase-rII double mutants had normal sensitivity to ultraviolet irradiation.
Structural genomics and drug discovery for infectious diseases.

The application of structural genomics methods and approaches to proteins from organisms causing infectious diseases is making available the three dimensional structures of many proteins that are potential drug targets and laying the groundwork for structure aided drug discovery efforts. There are a number of structural genomics projects with a focus on pathogens that have been initiated worldwide. The Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID) was recently established to apply state-of-the-art high throughput structural biology technologies to the characterization of proteins from the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) category A–C pathogens and organisms causing emerging, or re-emerging infectious diseases. The target selection process emphasizes potential biomedical benefits. Selected proteins include known drug targets and their homologs, essential enzymes, virulence factors and vaccine candidates. The Center also provides a structure determination service for the infectious disease scientific community. The ultimate goal is to generate a library of structures that are available to the scientific community and can serve as a starting point for further research and structure aided drug discovery for infectious diseases. To achieve this goal, the CSGID will determine protein crystal structures of 400 proteins and protein-ligand complexes using proven, rapid, highly integrated, and cost-effective methods for such determination, primarily by X-ray crystallography. High throughput crystallographic structure determination is greatly aided by frequent, convenient access to high-performance beamlines at third-generation synchrotron X-ray sources.
Potentiometric microdetermination of cadmium and mercury as their iodo complexes with cetylpyridinium chloride

Abstract The precipitation titrations of cadmium and mercury(II) as their iodo complexes vs cetylpyridinium chloride and tetraphenylarsonium chloride have been evaluated. Electromotive forces were monitored with a graphite rod coated with a solution of poly(vinylchloride) and dioctylphthalate in tetrahydrofuran and a double-junction reference electrode. Cadmium can be determined in the presence of a large excess of zinc.
Crack branching behavior in stress corrosion cracking of high strength steel

Abstract Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were conducted for low tempered AISI 4340 steel in 0.1 N H2SO4 solution and the effect of cracking branching on SCC was discussed on the basis of the stress distribution around crack tip and the dislocation pile-up model with the hydrogen atom interaction. The macro-branching angle, θmb and the stress intensity factor at macro-branching, k mb are predicted from the present theory. The predicted values are very close to the experimental vaues. The angle θmbwas constant independent of k MB and was about 60°. The value K MB was equal to or larger than 2.5 times K ISCC for 200°C and 400°C tempered specimens. When macro-branching crack occurs, the time to crack growth initiation at any stress intensity factor is prolonged to an almost constant value and crack growth rate, v is independent of stress intensity factor. Moreover, the main crack is accompanied with many micro-branching cracks as a preliminary stage for the macro-branching crack.
Design of a composite polymer plant using a simulation system

This paper describes the use of the General Purpose Simulation System (GPSS) to simulate the manufacture of a typical line of thermotropic liquid crystal polymer resins. Specifically considered were composite polymers based on parahydroxybenzoic acid with glass, graphite, or talc added as a filler or reinforcing agent. The process examined consists of a combination of batch and semicontinuous operations. Product campaigning and equipment cleaning requirements were also incorporated into the GPSS model. Different equipment configurations and manpower distributions were simulated to aid in the design of such a polymer plant. The simulation results were analyzed, and the calculated return on investment was used to select the final plant design.
Nonlinear oscillations: Amplitude bounds for second-order systems

Abstract The differential equation describing a driven circuit containing a nonlinear device with the characteristic i = F(e) (where | e | > e 0 , eF(e) > 0) may be reduced, by a transformation, to the pair of differential equations ẋ = −f(x) + g(y) + p(t) and ẏ = −h(x). Here p(t) is a periodic and bounded driver and f(x), g(y), and h(x) are odd degree polynomials (with leading coefficients positive) which approximate the device characteristic and xh(x) > 0 for all x ≠ 0. Sufficient conditions are derived for the solution trajectories to be eventually confined in a bounded subset of (x, y) space, thereby giving bounds on periodic and aperiodic oscillations. Other bounding curves which extend to infinity are discussed.
Quantitative characterization of the filiform mechanosensory hair array on the cricket cercus.

Background Crickets and other orthopteran insects sense air currents with a pair of abdominal appendages resembling antennae, called cerci. Each cercus in the common house cricket Acheta domesticus is approximately 1 cm long, and is covered with 500 to 750 filiform mechanosensory hairs. The distribution of the hairs on the cerci, as well as the global patterns of their movement vectors, have been characterized semi-quantitatively in studies over the last 40 years, and have been shown to be very stereotypical across different animals in this species. Although the cercal sensory system has been the focus of many studies in the areas of neuroethology, development, biomechanics, sensory function and neural coding, there has not yet been a quantitative study of the functional morphology of the receptor array of this important model system. Methodology/Principal Findings We present a quantitative characterization of the structural characteristics and functional morphology of the cercal filiform hair array. We demonstrate that the excitatory direction along each hair's movement plane can be identified by features of its socket that are visible at the light-microscopic level, and that the length of the hair associated with each socket can also be estimated accurately from a structural parameter of the socket. We characterize the length and directionality of all hairs on the basal half of a sample of three cerci, and present statistical analyses of the distributions. Conclusions/Significance The inter-animal variation of several global organizational features is low, consistent with constraints imposed by functional effectiveness and/or developmental processes. Contrary to previous reports, however, we show that the filiform hairs are not re-identifiable in the strict sense.
Unified description of electrophoresis and diffusion for DNA and other polyions.

The electrophoretic mobilities and diffusion coefficients of single- and double-stranded DNA molecules up to 50 000 bases or base pairs in size have been analyzed, using mobilities and diffusion coefficients either measured by capillary electrophoresis or taken from the literature. The Einstein equation suggests that the electrophoretic mobilities (μ) and diffusion coefficients (D) should be related by the expression μ/D = Q/kBT, where Q is the charge of the polyion (Q = zeo, where z is the number of charged residues and eo is the fundamental electronic charge), kB is Boltzmann's constant, and T is the absolute temperature. If this equation were true, the ratio μ/zD should be a constant equal to eo/kBT (39.6 V-1) at 20 °C. However, the ratio μ/zD decreases with an increase in molecular weight for both single- and double-stranded DNAs. The mobilities and diffusion coefficients are better described by the modified Einstein equation μ/NmD = eo/kBT, where N is the number of repeat units (bases or base pairs) ...
Differential productivity in young children's use of nouns and verbs

A fundamental question of child language acquisition is children's productivity with newly learned forms. The current study addressed this question experimentally with children just beginning to combine words. Ten children between 1;6 and 1;11 were taught four new words, two nouns and two verbs, over multiple sessions. All four words were modelled in minimal syntactic contexts. The experimenter gave children multiple opportunities to produce the words and made attempts to elicit morphological endings (plural for nouns, past tense for verbs). Overall, children combined the novel nouns productively with already known words much more often than they did the novel verbs-by many orders of magnitude. Several children also pluralized a newly learned noun, whereas none of them formed a past tense with a newly learned verb. A follow-up study using a slightly different methodology confirmed the finding of limited syntactic productivity with verbs. Hypotheses accounting for this asymmetry in the early use of nouns and verbs are discussed.
Histochemistry of the gingiva. III. The distribution of amino-peptidase in normal and inflammatory conditions.

Abstract The distribution of a proteolytic enzyme (aminopeptidase) in gingival tissue has been ascertained using two different histochemical methods. Its distribution in the connective tissue fibroblasts, endothelial cells of blood vessels and in the stratum germinativum and spinosum of the gingival epithelium increases in inflammatory conditions. Lymphocytes and granulocytes contain a large amount of enzyme. The possibility that the increased enzymatic activity might play a role in the denaturation of proteins linked to highly polymerized carbohydrates is discussed.
Real money balances and the productivity growth slowdown: The U.S. manufacturing sector, 1955–81

The model of labor productivity for the U.S. manufacturing sector was developed in this paper within the context of a three-input production function where time entered as a proxy for technical change. The growth rate of labor productivity was found equal to the share-weighted contributions from growth in the capital-labor ratio, changes in the composition of the capital stock, growth in the money-labor ratio, and total factor productivity.
The information content of an exact eigenfunction of a physical hamiltonian

It is shown that the information contained in the complete set of eigenfunctions of a Hamiltonian is the same as the information contained in any member of the set, subject to certain restrictions.
Diffusion of Energy-Conserving Innovations.

We suggest that people's decisions to adopt energy-conserving processes and products is a specific instance of the decision to adopt an innovation. Drawing on previous research, we postulate a set of eight dimensions by means of which energy-conserving innovations are evaluated. We further argue that people's perceptions of an innovation's characteristics, on these dimensions, determine their decisions to adopt that innovation. Again in keeping with past research, we suggest that information that determines people's perceptions of innovations is more likely to be transmitted via social networks rather than mass media or other channels of communication. Taken together, these propositions form a theory of the adoption and diffusion of energy-conserving innovations. A research program is sketched that would provide support for the theory.
Abstract P2-11-10: Intra-tumor heterogeneity affects multi-gene test prognostic risk stratification

INTRODUCTION: Multigene tests (MGTs) have entered clinical practice and patient management. All MGTs are currently performed in reference laboratories using RNA isolated from a tumor section. The effect of intra-tumor heterogeneity on detection of genes within these MGTs, and the subsequent ability of to predict prognostic risk, has received little attention. To examine this directly, we used nCounter analysis to measure the expression of genes from five MGTs (OncotypeDx, Mammaprint, EndoPredict, PAM50, and Breast Cancer Index) in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tumor sections compared to cores taken from the tumor block. METHODS: We selected 71 estrogen receptor (ER) positive node-negative tumors, all of which had clinical OncotypeDx scoring performed at Genomic Health Inc, and for which ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 clinical pathological measurements were available. For each patient we cut a 5uM section, and cut a 0.6mm core from a representative part of the tumor. If the tumor had an area of high focal Ki67 (n = 26), low PR (n = 13), or both (n = 5) cores were cut from these areas. In total we processed 181 samples. RNA was isolated using Qiagen RNAeasy kit, and 100ng used for nCounter analysis using a custom codeset incorporating five MGTs (n = 142 genes of which 12 are reference genes). MGTs were normalized to their respective reference genes, and nCounter OncotypeDx scores were scaled to the clinical OncotypeDx score for estimation of risk recurrence. RESULTS: Hierarchical clustering using all of the MGT genes combined (normalized to all reference genes) showed that the majority (61) of tumor samples clustered by patient, indicating greater inter than intra-tumor heterogeneity. However, when individual MGTs were examined alone, the intra-tumor heterogeneity increased. We found high correlation between Oncotype genes expression in the whole section versus representative tumor cores (r = 0.94). However, areas of low Ki67 and high PR staining showed low Ki67 and high PR gene expression, and consequently a slightly higher but not statistically significant recurrence score. For 17/75 (22.6%) patients, Oncotype Dx recurrence scores crossed the boundaries for low, intermediate and high risk. Conclusion: Inter-tumor heterogeneity is greater than intra-tumor heterogeneity for MGTs, and for the majority of patients a core of tumor gives gene expression measurements that are highly similar to a whole tumor section. This suggests that the tumor microenvironment (in our sample set mainly adipocytes) contribute little to the mRNA levels of MGTs. However, regions of high Ki67 or low PR within tumors have slightly higher OncotypeDx recurrence scores. The finding that recurrence scores differ by the tumor region that is sampled is consistent with other recent studies of intra-tumor genetic and transcriptomic heterogeneity, and indicates the potential clinical importance of these observations. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-11-10.
Missed Acute Ascending Aortic Dissection

We describe a patient who presented with classic symptoms and signs of acute aortic dissection that escaped detection despite state-of-the-art imaging techniques. We review the pertinent literature concerning the diagnosis of acute dissection of the ascending aorta and describe the types of dissection that might be missed with conventional diagnostic techniques. Repeated efforts should be made to diagnose aortic dissection even though initial studies may be negative in patients with clinical evidence of dissection.
One-dimensional laser cooling below the Doppler limit

A theoretical analysis is given for one-dimensional laser cooling below the Doppler limit of J=1/2 ground-state atoms. The laser field consists of a pair of counterpropagating, linearly polarized, low-power beams, whose polarization directions differ by an angle \ensuremath{\theta} (0\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\pi}/2). For \ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\ll}1, the effective optical-pumping time is shown to increase strongly near the nodes of the standing wave, and the cooling force can be much larger than that for \ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi}/2. Moreover, for \ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\ll}1, it can be shown that the stimulated part of the atomic diffusion is reduced considerably as compared with that for \ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi}/2. As a consequence it is possible to achieve an equilibrium atomic distribution that, for \ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\ll}1, is characterized by a mean kinetic energy that is lower than that predicted to occur for \ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi}/2. The equilibrium velocity distribution is not necessarily Maxwellian, and thus the temperature of the atomic ensemble may not be well defined. The achievable kinetic energy is so small that the cooled atoms may be trapped in the vicinity of the laser-field nodes.
Subretinal neovascularization after argon laser photocoagulation.

An investigation has been conducted to test different theories relating to the pathogenesis of the disciform response. Considered an important first step in this systematic study, a reproducible model of subretinal neovas-cularization in an experimental primate model has been developed. The following report describes the methodology, clinical appearances, and results including histopathologic and electron microscopic correlation.
The puzzle of women's “highbrow” culture consumption: Integrating gender and work into Bourdieu's class theory of taste

Abstract The fact that women are more likely than men to participate in traditional high status leisure activities constitutes one of the most consistent findings in the empirical study of cultural choice. Most explanations of this phenomenon point to the role of early socialization and society-wide cultural norms, but surprisingly, the more proximate influence of labor force participation and embeddedness in gendered occupational cultures has not been empirically explored. In this paper I fill this gap in the cultural participation and gender literature by asking whether extent of involvement in the labor force mediates the gender gap in highbrow consumption. I follow [Erickson, Bonnie H., 1996. Culture, class, and connections. American Journal of Sociology 102, 217–252] in considering the relative usefulness of arts-related culture at work as an important determinant of individual taste patterns. Further, I show how Bourdieu's own theory of class fractions is compatible with Erickson's emphasis on highbrow devaluation as a byproduct of the pragmatism of workplace “business culture”. In tandem with an eye toward gender dynamics, this modified Erickson–Bourdieu perspective can then be used to solve the puzzle of the gender difference in highbrow consumption.
On the Vertical Extrapolation of Mean Wind Power Density

Abstract A simple method of estimating the height variation of the mean wind power density is presented which accounts for the variation of the exponent p of the wind speed power law, with stability and roughness. Measurements are used to compare the new method to two previously suggested methods. The results indicate that the presently suggested method gives the most accurate estimate of the extrapolated mean wind power densities.
Early seral plant species' interactions with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community are highly variable

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are an important driver of plant community assembly, and as such may be critical for restoring plant communities. Previous work has shown that as plant communities develop, AMF density is a good predictor of what type of plant community is supported. However, interactions between plants, particularly facultative hosts, and AMF are often assumed from plant growth responses and lack concomitant AMF growth response data. We examined both plant and AMF responses in association using early- and mid-seral plant hosts and a homogenous AMF community. The goal was to determine how variable interactions are between facultative plant hosts and an AMF community. Plant responsiveness was measured using field soil with and without AMF. AMF density was measured by observing root colonization by AMF in a bioassay host plant grown in soils trained by the individual host plant species used in the plant responsiveness study. Plant species studied were highly variable in their interactions with AMF, and mutualisms, parasitisms, amensalisms and commensalisms were all prevalent. The presence of certain AMF facilitators may have a strong founder effect on plant communities and, where such feedbacks exist, identifying and utilizing these key interactions might facilitate the restoration of degraded ecosystems.
Moment analysis of near-equilibrium binding interactions during electrophoresis

The electrophoretic transport of three chemically reacting species, two of which can bind reversibly to form the third, is analyzed mathematically. The species are assumed to move horizontally through a long channel with different electrophoretic mobilities and diffusion coefficients. By considering small perturbations of the system about equilibrium or when one of the two binding species is much more abundant than the other, the governing advection-reaction-diffusion equations can be linearized and studied via the method of moments. The result is a set of coupled ordinary differential equations for the moments that can be solved analytically. Analysis of the long-time evolution of the moments yields mean velocities and dispersion coefficients for each species. The results provide a method for measuring the rate and equilibrium constants of binding reactions using capillary electrophoresis.
Aceto-Carmine-Lactophenol Preparations Of Paramecium Aurelia

Paramecia were killed and stained by adding a sat. soln. of carmine in acetic acid to a small drop of culture, cleared with 45% acetic acid as soon as the nuclei became darkly colored, and mounted in lactophenol (phenol crystals, 20 g.; lactic acid, 20 ml.; glycerol, 40 ml.; distilled water, 20 ml.). The mounting mixture was prepared by warming to dissolve the phenol and 20 drops of aceto-carmine added after cooling. Cover glasses were ringed with colorless nail polish or with asphaltum after slides had stood several days.
Endothelin-3-converting enzyme activity of the KEL1 and KEL6 phenotypes of the kell blood group system

The Kell blood group protein is a metalloendopeptidase that preferentially cleaves a Trp21-Ile22 bond of big endothelin-3 producing bioactive endothelin-3. Kell is a polymorphic protein, and 25 different phenotypes, because of point mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions, have been described. It was recently reported that a recombinant form of KEL1 (K, K1) phenotype, expressed in K562 and HEK293 cells, had no endothelin-3-converting activity, in contrast to the common KEL2 (k, K2) phenotype. We demonstrate that KEL1 red blood cells and also a soluble recombinant form of KEL1 protein (s-Kell KEL1) have similar enzymatic activity as the common Kell phenotype. In addition we show that KEL6 red blood cells, which are more prevalent in persons of African heritage than in Caucasians also have endothelin-3-converting enzyme activity and that the recombinant soluble form of KEL6 protein (s-Kell KEL6) has similar Km values as the wild-type.
The 22-item index of psychophysiological disorder: Psychological or organic symptoms?☆

Abstract There is an acute need for the development of a field instrument to measure true prevalence of mental disorder. One procedure widely used in epidemiological studies is the “22-Item Index of Psychophysiological Disorder”. Since the questionnaire contains both physiological and psychological items, it is possible that physical illness and psychological distress are mixed indiscriminately when using this Index. Recent studies question the utility of the Index and of the “causal” interpretation of its results. Studies indicating that lower socioeconomic groups have relatively higher rates of psychological disorder may “really” indicate class differences in propensity to express stress in physiological or psychological terms. In this study, we note that control for number of item in item clusters and for total number of symptoms for each respondent produced results which supported the validity of the “22-Item Index of Psychophysiological Disorder”. Our results differ sharply from those of other studies.
Introduction to Agile Software Development: Lean, Distributed, and Scalable Minitrack

Agile software development processes have been influenced by best practices in Japanese industry, particularly by lean product development principles [1] implemented at companies like Honda [2] and Toyota [3], and knowledge management strategies developed by Takeuchi and Nonaka [4], now at the Hitotsubashi Business School in Japan, and Peter Senge [5] at MIT. This minitrack will focus on advancing the state of the art or presenting innovative ideas related to agile methods, individual practices and tools. Accepted papers will potentially enrich the body of knowledge and influence the framework of thought in the field by investigating Agile methods in a rigorous fashion.
Passive cooling systems for cement-based roofs

In warmer climates, buildings made of cement-based materials often exhibit unfavorable thermal characteristics including higher interior temperature, especially in the absence of an active cooling mechanical system. The purpose of this research project was to investigate the thermal effects of newly designed passive cooling systems on concrete roofs in existing buildings. Each tested passive cooling system consists of a combination of materials that can reduce net heat load in buildings. Commercially available materials such as aluminum 1100 and galvanized steel were used as radiation reflectors; and polyurethane, polystyrene, polyethylene, and an air gap were used as insulation. Experimental results based on laboratory-scale prototypes show that the radiation reflector shape as well as the material selection of each passive cooling system led to reductions in heat conduction between 65 and 88% when compared to a control prototype. Each passive cooling system showed a slow thermal time response when compared to a plain concrete roof, which is a desirable characteristic for controlling thermal fluctuations when heat conduction is also reduced simultaneously. Transient empirical models to predict accurately the midpoint temperature of a cement roof were formulated with and without passive cooling systems in use.
Frozen shoulder: a consensus definition.

Introduction Frozen shoulder (FS) is a common diagnosis treated by orthopaedic surgeons and other physicians caring for musculoskeletal problems. However, there is no standard definition and classification for this common condition. Materials and methods We asked 211 clinician members of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons to review our proposed definition of FS and its classification into primary and secondary types. Secondary FS was further divided into intrinsic, extrinsic, and systemic types. The survey required responses to 5 specific questions via an analog scale (1, strongly disagree; 5, strongly agree). Agreement was defined as a 4 or 5 on the analog scale. Results We received 190 responses (90%). Eighty-two percent agreed with the proposed definition of FS. Eighty-five percent agreed that FS should be divided into primary and secondary types. Sixty-six percent agreed with subdivision of secondary FS into intrinsic, extrinsic, and systemic types. Eighty-four percent agreed that there was a clinical entity of primary or idiopathic FS. Eighty-five percent agreed that obtaining a consensus definition and classification of FS was a worthwhile endeavor. Discussion Significant benefits can be gained from the development of a standard definition and classification of FS, achieved through a consensus of shoulder specialists, that provides a strong foundation for potential acceptance by all musculoskeletal specialists who treat this condition.
Sex differences and evolutionary by-products

From the perspective of evolutionary theory, we believe it makes more sense to view the sex differences in spatial cognition as being an evolutionary by-product of selection for optimal rates of fetal development. Geary does not convince us that his proposed selective factors operated with “sufficient precision, economy, and efficiency.” Moreover, the archaeological evidence does not support his proposed evolutionary scenario.
Global Solutions for 3D Quadratic Schrödinger Equations

This is the firstof the three papers where we present a new method based on the concept of space-time resonance to prove global existence of small solutions to nonlinear dispersive equations. The idea is that time resonances (dynamical systems resonances) correspond to interactions between plane waves; but since for dispersive equations we deal with localized solutions, it is crucial to take also into account the traveling speeds of the different wave packets. Here we show how this idea, and the analytical method that this naturally suggests, leads to a simple proof of global existence and scattering for quadratic nonlinear Schrodinger equations in three dimensions.
Water-saturated and undersaturated melting relations of a granite to 35 kilobars

Biotite granite from the Sierra Nevada batholith was reacted, with known water contents in sealed platinum capsules, in a piston-cylinder apparatus between 10 and 35 kb. With the liquid just over-saturated with respect to water, temperatures for solidus and liquidus (quartz/coesite-out curve), respectively, are: 2 kb, 680°C, 715°C; 10 kb, 620°C, 725°C; 25 kb, 655°C, 800°C; 35 kb, 700°C, 850°C. The temperature interval is 35°C at 2 kb, 105°C at 10 kb, and 150°C at 35 kb, indicating that granite departs from a eutectic composition at depths greater than about 40–50 km. We conclude that crystal-liquid equilibria are not likely to yield primary rhyolite or granite magmas by partial fusion of oceanic crust in subduction zones. The solubility of water in granite liquids, in wt%, is 22.5 ± 2.5 at 25 kb and 810°C and 27 ± 2.5 at 35 kb and 850°C. These results indicate that a miscibility gap persists between water-saturated silicate magmas and aqueous vapor phase at least to pressures corresponding to 100 km depth in the mantle. The formation of kyanite near the liquidus of water over-saturated granite indicates that the aqueous vapor phase is enriched in alkalis and possibly silica, relative to the condensed phases.
Collective Interaction of a Compressible Periodic Parallel Jet Flow

A linear instability model for multiple spatially periodic supersonic rectangular jets is solved using Floquet-Bloch theory. The disturbance environment is investigated using a two dimensional perturbation of a mean flow. For all cases large temporal growth rates are found. This work is motivated by an increase in mixing found in experimental measurements of spatially periodic supersonic rectangular jets with phase-locked screech. The results obtained in this paper suggests that phase-locked screech or edge tones may produce correlated spatially periodic jet flow downstream of the nozzles which creates a large span wise multi-nozzle region where a disturbance can propagate. The large temporal growth rates for eddies obtained by model calculation herein are related to the increased mixing since eddies are the primary mechanism that transfer energy from the mean flow to the large turbulent structures. Calculations of growth rates are presented for a range of Mach numbers and nozzle spacings corresponding to experimental test conditions where screech synchronized phase locking was observed. The model may be of significant scientific and engineering value in the quest to understand and construct supersonic mixer-ejector nozzles which provide increased mixing and reduced noise.