cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of repeated treadmill testing and electrical stimulation on post-stroke gait kinematics

Improvements in task performance due to repeated testing have previously been documented in healthy and patient populations. The existence of a similar change in performance due to repeated testing has not been previously investigated at the level of gait kinematics in the post-stroke population. The presence of such changes may define the number of testing sessions necessary for measuring a stable baseline of pre-training gait performance, which is a necessary prerequisite for determining the effectiveness of gait interventions. Considering the emergence of treadmills as a popular tool for gait evaluation and retraining and the common addition of functional electrical stimulation (FES) to gait retraining protocols, the stability of gait kinematics during the repeated testing of post-stroke individuals on a treadmill, either with or without FES, needs to be determined. Nine individuals (age: 58.1±7.3 years), with hemi-paresis secondary to a stroke (onset: 7.3±6.0 years) participated in this study. An 8-camera motion analysis system was used to measure sagittal plane knee and ankle joint kinematics. Gait kinematics were compared across two (N=9) and five (N=5) testing sessions. No consistent changes in knee or ankle kinematics were observed during repeated testing. These findings indicate that clinicians and researchers may not need to spend valuable time and resources performing multiple testing and acclimatization sessions when assessing baseline gait kinematics in the post-stroke population for use in determining the effectiveness of gait interventions.
Construction of a yeast artificial chromosome contig encompassing the human acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) gene: toward the cloning of the ANLL/MDS tumor-suppressor gene.

Abstract The region surrounding the human acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF1) locus on chromosome 5q31 is of particular interest since it represents a critical region consistently lost in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients who have a demonstrable deletion of the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 5. It is proposed that an ANLL/MDS leukemia suppressor gene resides on 5q31. We have previously shown that the gene is most likely localized between FGF1 and PDGFRB/CSF1R loci. The region has also been linked to at least four other genetic diseases, Treacher Collins syndrome, diastrophic dysplasia, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and an autosomal dominant deafness, by linkage analysis. Here, we describe yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC) spanning 450 kb around the FGF1 gene. Six YAC clones were isolated from a human YAC library and their restriction enzyme maps were determined. The overlap of the clones with each other and with FGF1 cosmid and phage clones was characterized. Three of the YAC clones were found to contain the entire FGF1 gene, which spans more than 100 kb. Proximal and distal ends of several of these YAC clones were isolated for further overlap cloning. The proximal ends of both Y2 and Y4 were localized to previously isolated FGF1 DNA by sequence analysis. The distal ends of these two clones also hybridized to a human-hamster hybrid containing chromosome 5 as the only human genetic material. These results suggest that these YAC clones represent colinear DNA around the FGF1 locus. None of the YAC clones were found to contain the CD14 and GRL genes, the closest known proximal and distal markers (relative to the centromere) to the FGF1 gene, respectively. This contig is useful for the overlap cloning of the 5q31 region and for reverse genetic strategies for the isolation of disease genes in the region. Moreover, the three YAC clones that contain the entire FGF1 gene in cloned forms can be introduced into transgenic mice to study the tissue-specific regulation of its four distinct promoters.
Polyploid and multilocus extensions of the Wahlund inequality.

Abstract Wahlund's inequality informally states that if a structured and an unstructured population have the same allele frequencies at a locus, the structured population contains more homozygotes. We show that this inequality holds generally for ploidy level P , that is, the structured population has more P-polyhomozygotes . Further, for M randomly chosen loci ( M ⩾ 2 ), the structured population is also expected to contain more M-multihomozygotes than an unstructured population with the same single-locus homozygosities. The extended inequalities suggest multilocus identity coefficients analogous to F ST . Using microsatellite genotypes from human populations, we demonstrate that the multilocus Wahlund inequality can explain a positive bias in “identity-in-state excess”.
Comparing backpropagation with a genetic algorithm for neural network training

This article shows that the use of a genetic algorithm can provide better results for training a feedforward neural network than the traditional techniques of backpropagation. Using a chaotic time series as an illustration, we directly compare the genetic algorithm and backpropagation for effectiveness, ease-of-use, and efficiency for training neural networks.
Relative performance of moveout‐based multiple‐suppression methods for amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis and common midpoint (CMP) stacking

We apply three moveout-based methods for multiple suppression to simple synthetic common midpoint (CMP) gathers and compare their performance in terms of level of multiple rejection and, more importantly, in terms of (1) suitability of processed output for use in analysis of amplitude variations with offset (AVO), (2) primary-to-multiple amplitude (p/m) ratio of the data after CMP stacking, and (3) preservation of primary wavelet shape and amplitude on the stack. The three approaches are filtering in the frequency‐ wavenumber f ‐k domain, the Hampson method of filtering in the parabolic Radon transform domain, and a hybrid method that improves upon Hampson’s approach by using a variation of Harlan’s statistical pattern recognition approach to separate primaries from multiples in the parabolic Radon transform domain. The f ‐k approach is unsuitable prior to AVO analysis; moreover, it is little better in suppressing the multiples than the CMP stack itself. Hampson’s method performs considerably better and is suitable for both purposes, although it can yield distorted AVO response where multiples are relatively strong on input. At about 50% additional computation effort over that of Hampson’s method, the hybrid approach has superior treatment of amplitude behavior with offset. For many situations, the hybrid method yields up to twice the primary-tomultiples amplitude ratio on the CMP stack.
A Review of Non-Cystic Fibrosis Pediatric Bronchiectasis

With the implementation of vaccination programs and the use of antibiotics, developed countries have seen a decline in infection-related pediatric bronchiectasis. However, significant morbidity from bronchiectasis is still seen and both infectious and noninfectious causes of bronchiectasis in the pediatric population remain. A review of the literature will be presented including causes of pediatric bronchiectasis, clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory evaluation and imaging, as well as treatment options. This review stresses the importance of early evaluation and treatment in children with recurrent cough, sinusitis, potential foreign-body aspiration, or gastroesophageal reflux to prevent the complications of ongoing respiratory disease and bronchiectasis.
Interaction effects on low temperature hopping

Abstract The effect of electron-electron interactions on hopping transport is discussed in the low temperature limit. It is shown that certain many-electron excitations are important in addition to those considered in earlier studies. Mott's original method for the calculation of variable range hopping is adapted to correlated hopping. This results in a power dependence of the conductivity on the temperature, below a certain temperature.
ALIAS: A Graphical User Interface for an Ambulance Location Model

Like many operations research models, ambulance location models suffer from lack of practical implementation by those who could benefit from them. A major obstacle to adoption of such models is the emphasis their developers place on abstract mathematical principles, which overshadow the functional purpose of the models. This focus leads to impracticality in the presentation and usage of models, owing to such attributes as complex computer interfaces, cumbersome input and output procedures, and non‐intuitive presentation of results. Suggests a solution to these problems, in the form of a graphical interface system called ALIAS (Ambulance Location Identification and Analysis System).
The 122, 124Sn(t, p)124, 126Sn reaction at 20 MeV

Abstract The 122, 124 Sn(t, p) 124, 126 Sn reaction has been studied at an incident triton energy of 20 MeV. A large number of new levels are reported in both 124 Sn and 126 Sn, the majority of these being at excitation energies above 4.5 MeV. Distorted wave calculations are compared to the data with spins and spectroscopic information obtained. Several theoretical wave function sets for the tin isotopes are employed for the distorted wave form factor. Relatively large cross sections are seen for the levels above 4.5 MeV and these are interpreted as being of the particle-quasiparticle type.
Modified van der waals equation for the dense gaseous and liquid regions from PVT data for methane

PVT measurements available in the literature for methane in the gaseous and liquid regions were used with the van der Waals equation of state, to obtain values of the internal pressure parameter, a, where the covolume parameter was taken as b = vc/3. The conditions covered temperatures from 114.53°K (TR = 0.599) to 611°K (TR = 3.20) and pressures up to 3000 atm (PR = 65.50). A dimensionless relationship was developed for the dependence of the parameter a on density and temperature for the gaseous and liquid regions. Density values for methane were calculated from the resulting equation and were compared with the corresponding experimental values to produce an average deviation of 0.26% (791 points). This relationship also enabled the accurate prediction of density values for substances having similar critical compressibility factors as methane (zc = 0.289). For neon and ammonia, this relationship was found to have a limited applicability. On a employe, avec l'equation d'etat de van der Waals les mesures des pressions, volumes et temperatures deja publiees et faites sur le methane en zones gazeuses et liquides, pour obtenir les valeurs du parametre de pression interne a, en supposant que le parametre du covolume etait: b = vc/3. Les conditions en jeu comprenaient des temperatures variant entre 114.53°K (TR = 0.599) et 611°K (TR = 3.20) et des pressions s'elevant jusqu'a 3,000 atmospheres (PR = 65.50). On a mis au point une relation sans dimensions relativement a la dependence du parametre a de la densite et de la temperature dans les zones gazeuses et liquides. On a calcule les valeurs de la densite du methane a partir des equations resultantes et les a comparees avec les valeurs experimentales correspondantes; on a trouve un ecart moyen de 0.26% (791 points) entre les valeurs calculees et experimentales. Lesdites relations ont aussi permis de prevoir avec exactitude les valeurs de densite de substances qui avaient des facteurs de compressibility critique semblables a celui du methane (z = 0.289); dans le cas du neon et de l'ammoniac, on a trouve que ces relations n'avaient qu'une applicabilite limitee.
A general computing method for spatial cartilage thickness from co-planar MRI.

Techniques for assessing cartilage thickness from planar magnetic resonance (MR) images have traditionally accounted for surface curvature only in the image plane. Many joints, such as the knee and hip, have significant curvature normal (transverse) to the image plane which results in overestimation of in-plane cartilage thickness measurements. We developed a generalized computing method for calculating spatial thickness distribution of joint cartilage from co-planar MR images which accounts for transverse surface curvature. We applied the technique using fat-suppressed SPGR (spoiled gradient recalled in the steady-state) MR images of two human acetabulae and compared the results with a previously validated spherical model of the acetabulum which also accounts for transverse curvature of the cartilage surface. The agreement between the generalized model and validated spherical model was very good for both acetabular specimens (correlation: r = 0.998, p 0.63). We conclude that the generalized method is acceptable for computing spatial cartilage thickness distribution of joints with complex geometries, such as the knee.
He and Sr isotopic constraints on subduction contributions to Woodlark Basin volcanism, Solomon Islands

In order to assess the nature and spatial extent of subduction contributions to arc volcanism, Sr and He isotopic compositions are measured for dredged volcanic rocks from the Woodlark Basin in the western Pacific. {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr ratios increase geographically, from ocean ridge values (.7025-.7029) at the Woodlark Spreading Center to island arc ratios (.7035-.7039) in the Solomon Islands forearc, with intermediate values near the triple junction where the Woodlark Spreading Center subducts beneath the Solomon Islands. {sup 3}He/{sup 4}He ratios are also more radiogenic in the forearc (6.9 {plus minus} .2 R{sub a} at active Kavachi volcano) than along the spreading center, where values typical of major ocean ridges were found (8.2 - 9.3 R{sub a}). Very low {sup 3}He/{sup 4}He ratios occur in many triple junction rocks (.1 to 5 R{sub a}), but consideration of He isotopic differences between crushing and melting analyses suggests that the low ratios were caused by atmospheric (1 R{sub a}) and radiogenic ({approx} 0.2 R{sub a}) helium addition after eruption. Variations in unaltered, magnetic {sup 3}He/{sup 4}He, and {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr ratios are best explained by subduction-related fluid or silicate melt contributions to the magma source region, perhaps from ancient Pacific lithosphere. However,more » mantle volatiles dominate the generation of Woodlark Basin rocks despite extensive subduction in the region.« less
Visualization of a laser melt pool

Illumination of a laser melt pool simultaneously with focused and diffused argon-ion laser light is found to provide a greatly improved image of the molten surface.
Interactive 3D rapid-prototyping models

Today CAD programs are not just producing mind-blowing graphics pictures or convincing virtual models that can be interactively manipulated and changed. They also can yield tangible, physical artifacts, thanks to the development of many layered manufacturing techniques and the emergence of services such as Shapeways [2011] and Ponoko [2011],. Creating, manipulating, and studying such 3D artifacts adds a whole new loop of feedback to the design process. This extra experience is also highly useful in the teaching of computer-aided design. In a graduate course on Solid Modeling and Rapid Prototyping we have used the design and realization of dissection puzzles as a training tool. Dissection puzzles are particularly valuable design objects, since they not only train spatial understanding, but they also drive home issues concerning accuracy and tolerances in a very "hands-on" manner. In this poster and in the accompanying models we demonstrate some of the dissection models that we studied and elucidate the modeling issues associated with each type.
Clinically Significant Interactions of Psychotropic Agents with Antipsychotic Drugs

Various psychotropic drugs are commonly combined with antipsychotic agents. Such combinations can induce pharmacodynamically based, presumably additive, beneficial (e.g. sedative or mood-altering) effects or adverse autonomic, cardiac depressant and CNS intoxicating effects. Clinically significant interactions also arise through competition with or induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, particularly the CYP1A2 and CYP2D6 isozymes by which most antipsychotics are oxidised. Such pharmacokinetic interactions can elevate circulating concentrations of antipsychotics (both typical agents and the atypical antipsychotic clozapine) to potentially toxic ranges, which may lead to increased risks of adverse effects. Such interactions occur particularly with serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. Metabolic interactions that lead to lesser increases in antipsychotic concentrations may arise in combining these drugs with other antidepressants, benzodiazepines or propranolol. In contrast, most anticonvulsants, except valproic acid (sodium valproate), induce the oxidative metabolism of antipsychotics and can lower their plasma concentrations to potentially subtherapeutic levels, with unpredictable increases after their discontinuation. Since simultaneous use of multiple psychotropic agents is increasingly common, special caution is required to avoid untoward consequences of interactive adverse effects due to drug interactions, which can sometimes be severe or life-threatening.
Sleep maintenance difficulties in insomnia are associated with increased incidence of hypertension.

Abstract Study objectives We examined the relative contributions of sleep onset and sleep maintenance difficulties in insomnia as predictors of incidence and development of hypertension. Design This study is cross-sectional and longitudinal. Participants There were 967 adults with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition –based current insomnia. Measurements and results At baseline, participants were divided into 2 groups based on current diagnosis of hypertension. Prevalence of hypertension in this sample was 34.7%, which is higher than the prevalence in the general population previously documented at approximately 28%. Participants completed a follow-up assessment 1 year later that revealed a 5.4% incidence of hypertension. Analyses revealed that increases in sleep maintenance difficulties, not sleep initiation difficulties, between baseline and follow-up significantly predicted increased risk for incidence of hypertension. Analyses at baseline also revealed that sleep maintenance rather than sleep initiation difficulties marginally predicted increased severity of hypertension. Results suggest that risk for hypertension may be conferred through disruptions to blood pressure with nightly repeated or prolonged awakenings. Conclusions This study provides novel information regarding the risk of hypertension in insomnia via sleep maintenance difficulties. Findings from this study provide preliminary evidence for examining nighttime fluctuations of blood pressure and concomitant physiological changes (ie, catecholamines, heart rate, and sympathetic activation) due to wake during sleep as a mechanism for subsequent hypertension.
MEASURING THE AREAL DENSITY OF A FINITE ENSEMBLE

Plogical studies. The measure is constructed from the ratio of the area of a convex hull relauve to a reference containing region. The measurement of the area is demonstrated with the Surveyor's Area Formula, Hero's Formula, and Pick's Theorem. Research applications of the measure are outlined. Recently the author proposed a measure of the occupancy rate of a two-dimensional rectangular grid in the interpretation of spatial density information (O'Brien, 1993). The measure, called A,, was interpreted as a density (proportion of the total area occupied) for large samples. In the present paper a more sensitive method of density is introduced. This measure is based on the actual geometric area that the connected density points define in two-dimensional space. The new measure is useful regardless of the number of density points studied. In essence the new measure allows calculation of a normahzed expansion/contraction factor constructed by measuring the area of a point-connected polygon relative to the background area containing the points. The method is exemplified throughout by use of a simplistic data set. Fig. 1 shows an example of five points plotted on a rectangular coordinate system contained within a 5-ft. x 5-ft. region. The points have been connected to form a closed figure. The points in Fig. 1 can be connected in various ways to form a closed figure (polygon) from which to measure its area. The approach used in this paper provides a unique solution based on well-defined mathematical principles. Thus, the points in Fig. 1 labeled PI, P2, P,, and P4 are connected by straight lines to form a "convex hull." The edges of the hull were joined by means of the geometric algorithm described in Preparata and Sharnos (1985, pp. 104-106). Intuitively, the convex hull in Fig. 1 is constructed by imagining a rubber band stretched around all of the points, and when released the band assumes the shape of the hull. If the five points are then connected pairwise, no line falls outside the bounded figure.
The relationship between creative self-concepts, perceptions of global readiness, and travel experiences of engineering students

The purpose of this research paper is to examine the relationship between self-concepts relating to two attributes necessary for successful engineers in today's society: creativity and global readiness. Some previous studies have shown a positive relationship exists between multicultural exposure and later creative performance. However, no studies were found that examine the relationship between students' self-concepts of these attributes. This paper seeks to examine several hypotheses: 1) Students who have traveled internationally will have stronger global readiness and perceive global readiness as being more valuable. 2) Students who have had more international experiences will have higher creative self-efficacy, stronger creative identity, and perceive creativity as being more valuable to them. 3) Students who believe they are more globally ready will have higher creative self-efficacy and stronger creative identity. 4) Students who value global readiness will also value creativity. The results show that international experiences influence students' perceived value of global readiness and other measures of global readiness. Measures of creative self-concepts are impacted if students spend a significant length of time in an international setting.
Diagnostics of Shiva Nova high-yield thermonuclear events

Experiments with the Shiva Nova laser facility which produce yield levels of scientific break-even and above will result in neutron, x ray, and particle fluxes which will require specific attention to the survivability of diagnostic instrumentation. These yield levels will also allow the utilization of new diagnostics techniques which can provide detailed information on the state of the imploded fuel and pusher shells.
Superconductivity in rare earth and actinide compounds

Abstract Rare earth and actinide compounds and the extraordinary superconducting and magnetic phenomena they exhibit are surveyed. The rare earth and actinide compounds described belong to three classes of novel superconducting materials: high temperature, high field superconductors (intermetallics and layered cuprates); superconductors containing localized magnetic moments; heavy fermion superconductors. Recent experiments on the resistive upper critical field of high T c cuprate superconductors and the peak effect in the critical current density of the f-electron superconductor CeRu 2 are discussed.
Accounting for nonspecific enhancement in neuronal tract tracing using manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Manganese enhanced MRI (MEMRI) is an emerging technique for tracing neuronal pathways in vivo. However, manganese may leak into blood vessels or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after local injection and can be circulated to and taken up by brain regions that may not have connections to the targeted pathways. Comparing enhancement time courses after intranasal injection with intravenous infusion of MnCl 2 in rats, the early enhancements in the pituitary gland (Pit) and hippocampus indicate the contrasts in those regions in the olfactory tract-tracing experiment were caused by such systemic effects. Since the Pit has easy access to manganese from the blood and its signal is proportional to other brain regions after intravenous infusion, it was used as an internal reference for the systemic effects. Applying intensity normalization by the Pit signal to tract-tracing data from the olfactory bulb led to reduced contrast in the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that nonspecific enhancements in MEMRI tract-tracing studies may have to be taken into account and that normalization by the Pit signal can compensate these effects.
Neurobiological mechanisms controlling aggression : preclinical developments for pharmacotherapeutic interventions

Abstract Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches to the management of violent and aggressive behavior rely mostly on agents that act as receptor agonists or antagonists at subtypes of brain dopaminergic, GABAergic, and serotonergic receptors. Ethological experimental studies in animals have shown that drugs may modulate aggression by inhibiting motor activity, by distorting aggression-provoking or -inhibiting signals, by fragmenting behavioral sequences or temporal patterning, or by increasing the rate and intensity of aggressive acts. Evidence from animal studies points to large changes in selected brain dopamine, serotonin, and GABA systems during and following aggressive and defensive behavior. However, the specificity of drugs that are currently used to control aggressive behavior through their action as agonists or antagonists at subtypes of dopamine, serotonin or GABA receptors continues to be of concern. Similar to the effects of widely used traditional neuroleptics that nonselectively antagonize dopamine receptors, the range of behaviors which is suppressed by either D 1 or D 2 receptor antagonists is pervasive. At present, systemic administration of dopamine receptor antagonists in animal preparations does not target aggression-specific mechanisms. The GABA A /Benzodiazepine/Chloride ionophore receptor complex is implicated in the aggression-heightening effects of alcohol and benzodiazepines. Although early reports focused on the “taming” effects of benzodiazepine anxiolytics, low doses may enhance aggression in both animals and humans. Benzodiazepine antagonists block heightened aggression after low doses of alcohol or benzodiazepines. Agonists at certain 5-HT 1 receptor subtypes such as eltoprazine are potently effective in reducing aggressive behavior of males and females of various animal species under conditions that promote charging offensive-type aggression, without adversely affecting nonaggressive components of the behavioral repertoire. However, recent reports indicate that eltoprazine and related compounds may potentiate anxiety reactions in rodents, and question the behavioral specificity of these substances. Opioid receptor antagonists modulate primarily physiological and behavioral responses of defense and submission. Defeated animals show tolerance to opiate analgesia and withdrawal responses upon challenge with opioid receptor antagonists. Defensive and submissive vocalizations are potently blocked by opioid peptides. Substances that target specific receptor subtypes at serotonergic, GABAergic and opioidergic synapses are most promising for the selective modification of aggressive, defensive and submissive behavior patterns.
Cellular commitment and differentiation in the organ of Corti

The organ of Corti, the sensory epithelium of the mammalian cochlea, develops from a subset of cells located along the dorsal side (referred to as the floor) of the cochlear duct. Over the course of embryonic development, cells within the developing organ of Corti become committed to develop as each of the unique cell types within the organ, including inner and outer hair cells, and at least four different types of supporting cells. Moreover, these different cell types are subsequently arranged into a highly rigorous cellular mosaic that includes the formation of ordered rows of both hair cells and supporting cells. The events that regulate both the location of the organ of Corti within the cochlear duct, the specification of each cell type and cellular patterning remain poorly understood. However, recent results have significantly improved our understanding of the molecular, genetic and cellular factors that mediate some of the decisions required for the development of this structure. In this review I will present an overview of cochlear development and then discuss some of the most recent and enlightening results regarding the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of this remarkable structure.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the Eye: Current Concepts and Management Strategies

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. This review explores the history and epidemiology of MRSA infections with a detailed analysis of its molecular subtyping, target populations, virulence factors, and modes of transmission. In addition, it specifically discusses the spectrum of eye diseases caused by MRSA, reviews the current ophthalmic literature, addresses the controversy regarding ophthalmic antibiotic resistance to MRSA, and examines alternative treatment strategies.
Non-Fermi liquid regimes in U1−xMxPd2Al3(M=Y,Th)

Abstract The temperature-composition (T–x) phase diagram and NFL characteristics in the electrical resistivity ρ(T), specific heat C(T), and magnetic susceptibility χ(T) at low temperatures for the systems U 1−x M x Pd 2 Al 3 ( M = Y,Th ) are described. The T–x phase diagram, the NFL characteristics, and the underlying mechanism for the NFL behavior are distinctly different for M=Y3+ and Th4+, apparently reflecting the difference in valence of the M atom substituents, and suggesting that U is tetravalent in these two systems.
Successful HLA-identical bone marrow transplantation in a patient with interferon-γ receptor 2 deficiency and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection☆

Abstract Interferon gamma receptor-2 (IFNγR2) deficiency is characterized by increased susceptibility to nontuberculous mycobacteria and intracellular pathogens. We report successful HLA-identical bone marrow transplantation (BMT) of a patient with this defect. A Qatari male born to consanguineous parents presented with a CMV positive urine culture, while blood and urine mycobacterial cultures were initially negative. Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine was not administered due to a history of IFN-γ R2 deficiency in his deceased older sister. The patient was found to have the same defect. Parents initially refused BMT. He received prophylactic azithromycin but developed disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection requiring an aggressive regimen including amikacin, azithromycin, ethambutol, linezolid, rifampin and moxifloxacin. CMV infection was treated with ganciclovir, foscarnet, and CMV immune globulin. Splenectomy was performed at age 9 months, due to massive hypersplenism with subsequent growth of MAC. CMV DNA was positive until age 11 months, while mycobacterial blood cultures were positive until age 10 months. At age 13 months, he underwent bone marrow transplantation from his HLA-identical father. Pre-transplant conditioning included busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Post-transplant graft vs. host disease prophylaxis included methotrexate and cyclosporine. RFLP analysis revealed 98% donor cells on day +32 post-transplant. Transplant course was complicated by Clostridium difficile infection, fevers, hypertension and thrombocytopenia, but he is stable 94 days post-transplantation. Conclusions Our case is the only living patient who has undergone successful BMT for a defect in the IFNγR2. We conclude that bone marrow transplantation for IFNγR2 deficiency is an effective means of correcting this immunodeficiency.
Prevalence of 5-Lipoxygenase Expression in Canine Osteosarcoma and the Effects of a Dual 5-Lipoxygenase/Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor on Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Canine osteosarcoma is an insidious disease with few effective treatment modalities; therefore, use of pharmacologic intervention to improve mortality or morbidity is constantly sought. The use of cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitors has been an area of interest with limited efficacy based on retrospective examination of tumor expression and in vivo cell proliferation models. Recently, examination of dual cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors in human and canine oncology suggests that 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors may be an effective approach in vitro and during tumor induction in rodent models. Therefore, the authors decided to examine 5-lipoxygenase expression in primary canine osteosarcoma samples and have shown that approximately 65% of osteosarcomas label positive for cytoplasmic 5-lipoxygenase. Further examination of a cell culture and xenograft model shows similar 5-lipoxygenase expression. Surprisingly, a canine 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (tepoxalin) significantly reduced cell proliferation at physio...
Don’t Leave Sleep in the Dark: A Call for Integrative Cognitive Models

This special issue includes empirical research on the relationship between sleep and cognition, focusing on a variety of populations: Young, middle-aged, and older adults with insomnia, and patients with chronic pain. The editors of this special issue note the overlap between the dysfunctional cognitions observed in people with sleep problems with the cognitions observed in a variety of psychological and medial disorders. The editors call for researchers to integrate sleep into our models of cognitive dysfunction, medical and psychological pathology and well being, paying particular attention to how sleep disturbances may maintain or exacerbate said pathologies.
Growth, nutrient uptake capacities and tissue constituents of the macroalgae Cladophora vagabunda and Gracilaria tikvahiae related to site-specific nitrogen loading rates

Cladophora vagabunda (L.) van den Hoek and Gracilaria tikvahiae (McLachlan) have become dominant components of the macroalgal assemblage in Waquoit Bay, a Massachusetts embayment, possibly due to nitrogen (N) enrichment from anthropogenic inputs transported via groundwater. During 1989–1993, we measured site-related growth, ammonium uptake rates and tissue constituents of these macroalgae from areas subject to high N loading rates (Childs River) and lower N loadings rates (Sage Lot Pond). We also conducted in situ and microcosm enrichment experiments to determine what limited algal growth throughout the year. Our results indicated that these species are strongly affected by and have a strong impact on the N environment of this embayment. For example, C. vagabunda and G. tikvahiae from Childs River had higher light-harvesting pigments and tissue-N concentrations than Sage Lot Pond populations. Additionally, both Childs River populations showed greater site-specific growth and N uptake rates, particularly during the summer period of peak growth. In fact, maximum uptake rates of 90 and over 140 μmol dry wt g-1 h-1 for Childs River C. vagabunda and G. tikvahiae, respectively, suggest that these species can remove substanital quantities of N from overlying waters, and may be responsible for low (often (<1 μM) water-column nutrient concentrations during summer. In situ and tank enrichment experiments indicated that growth rates were limited by available N during summer, while P may be limiting during a brief period toward the end of the annual growth cycle (autumn). Under experimental enrichment, growth rates of Sage Lot Pond algae were similar to values measured at the site receiving higher N inputs, and generally, G. tikvahiae showed growth enhancement (up to 0.2 doublings d-1) under light-saturating conditions (0.5 m) while C. vagabunda showed nutrient-enhanced growth at 2.5 m. The effects of available nutrients on algal growth were strongly influenced by irradiance and temperature, resulting in a complex seasonal interaction that emphasized the dynamic nature of species response to N loading. Dominance by these two macroalgae in Waquoit Bay, as in other areas undergoing eutrophication, is likely related to physiological strategies that enable these species to tolerate large environmental variations, to take advantage of greater N availability and to survive indirect effects of N loading (e.g. reduced irradiance, anoxia).
Random Effects Models for Combining Results from Controlled and Uncontrolled Studies in a Meta-Analysis

Abstract A random effects model is used to analyze meta-analyses containing both controlled and uncontrolled studies. A noniterative estimator of the treatment effect is derived using least squares, with the between-study variance substituted by an empirical Bayes estimator. The estimator is shown to be strongly consistent when the between-study variance is known, and the variance estimator is also shown to be strongly consistent. The estimator is shown to have desirable heuristic properties.
Discrimination of ventricular tachycardia from sinus tachycardia by antitachycardia devices: value of median filtering

Abstract Rate and rate variation algorithms used by implantable devices designed for management of life-threatening arrhythmias have major limitations in separating physiologic sinus tachycardia (ST) from pathologic ventricular tachycardia (VT) requiring therapy. These algorithms presently utilize criteria such as simple heart rate, stability of rate, or derivative of rate (sudden onset) which assumes a gradual onset for ST and an abrupt onset for VT. An alternative method employing median filtering was designed, tested, and compared to a previously published sudden onset rate algorithm using the same data set for analysis of performance. In 50 patients, the onset of ST during exercise and onset of VT were analysed. To accommodate occasional outlying intervals which might affect rate derived by averaging, a five-cycle median filter was used to smooth heart rate. Results from using a ‘fixed-interval’ or a ‘percent’ change in the median gave better discrimination of ST and VT than previously published ‘fixed-interval’ or ‘percent’ change algorithms. The superiority of median filtering performance was validated by statistical measures.
Soot Volume Fractions in Volatile Matter Envelope Flames of Bituminous Coal Particles in Air and Oxy-Fuel Combustion

This work calculated volume fractions of soot in volatile matter envelope flames which form around burning single particles of bituminous coal. Both conventional combustion in air and simulated oxy-fuel combustion, with oxygen mole fractions in the range of 20–40% in CO2, were studied. Particles of 75–90 μm were injected in a bench-scale, transparent drop-tube furnace (DTF), at wall temperatures of 1400K. Upon ignition, optical pyrometry and high-speed photography were implemented to optically diagnose the burning particles. The method of Timothy et al[1] was applied to determine the instantaneous spatially-average soot volume fraction in these envelop flames. Results showed that soot shell forming around the particle was thicker and more luminous in air than the shell forming at the same O2 concentration in CO2. The soot volume fraction was decreased when N2 in air was replaced by CO2. Average soot volume fraction in the envelope flames in air was in the order of 7×10−5, whereas it was in the range 3.5×10−5 – 5.0×10−5 in oxy-fuel atmospheres.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Bivalirudin: a direct thrombin inhibitor.

Abstract Background: Studies of the anticoagulant effects of hirudin, which is derived from the saliva of the leech Hirudo medicinalis , led to the development of compounds that can directly inhibit thrombin activity without the need for additional cofactors. One of these is the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin, which has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use as an anticoagulant in patients with unstable angina undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Objective: This is a review of the pharmacologic properties, efficacy, tolerability, and potential cost-effectiveness of bivalirudin in the treatment of ischemic coronary syndromes. Methods: Articles were identified by searches of MEDLINE (1966–September 2001), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–September 2001), and the Iowa Drug Information Service (1966–September 2001) using the terms bivalirudin and Hirulog . The reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed for relevant articles. Results: Bivalirudin is a synthetic polypeptide that directly inhibits thrombin by binding simultaneously to its active catalytic site and its substrate recognition site. After intravenous administration, peak plasma concentrations occur in 2 minutes. In patients given a 1.0-mg/kg bolus followed by a 2.5-mg/kg per hour infusion, a median activated clotting time of 346 seconds is achieved with little interpatient or intrapatient variability. Clearance of bivalirudin occurs through a combination of renal elimination and proteolytic cleavage, and doses may need to be decreased in the presence of renal dysfunction. In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions, bivalirudin has been associated with equivalent efficacy but lower bleeding rates ( P P Conclusions: Given its high cost, bivalirudin should be reserved for use as an alternative to UFH, primarily in patients with HIT, until clinical trials have more clearly demonstrated its benefits in terms of efficacy or safety.
Merits and limitations of radionuclide approaches to viability and future developments

Radionuclide imaging approaches have proved useful for the noninvasive identification of a potentially reversible impairment of contractile function in human myocardium. Foremost among these approaches are (1) the thallium 201 uptake, redistribution, and reinjection technique and (2) the evaluation of blood flow and metabolism with positron emission tomography (PET). Both general approaches appear equally accurate in predicting the postrevascularization outcome of regional contractile function. In patients with severely depressed left ventricular function who are likely to benefit most from viability assessments, the available evidence suggests that the metabolic approach with PET outperforms the more conventional approach with201Tl. Several investigations have suggested that PET can identify those patients with a low probability of long-term survival, as well as patients in whom revascularization will reduce mortality rates, improve global left ventricular function, and relieve related symptoms of congestive heart failure. Moreover, several new radionuclide techniques are currently emerging. They probe key points of viable myocardium, such as residual oxidative metabolism, fatty acid uptake and oxidation, membrane function, and cellular homeostasis. Although initial observations have been encouraging, further validation and especially testing in those patients in whom viability assessment is clinically critical will be required. These new approaches may also offer new insights into the mechanisms of reversible contractile dysfunction in the human myocardium.
Tracking Neurocognitive Performance following Concussion in High School Athletes

AbstractObjective: To extend previous research designs and examine cognitive performance up to 30 days postconcussion. Method: A prospective cohort design was used to examine 2000 athletes from 8 mid-Michigan area high schools to compare baseline neurocognitive performance with postconcussion neurocognitive performance. All concussed athletes were readministered the Immediate Post Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) at 2, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days postconcussion. Results: A total of 72 high school athletes (aged 15.8 ± 1.34 years) sustained a concussion. A significant with in-subjects effect for reaction time (F = 10.01; P = 0.000), verbal memory (F = 3.05; P = 0.012), motor processing speed (F = 18.51; P = 0.000), and total symptoms following an injury (F = 16.45; P = 0.000) was found. Concussed athletes demonstrated a significant decrease in reaction time up to 14 days postconcussion (P = 0.001) compared with baseline reaction time. Reaction time returned to baseline levels at 21 days postinjury (P = 0....
The relationship between mating system and simultaneous hermaphroditism in the coral reef fish, Hypoplectrus nigricans (Serranidae)

Abstract The behaviour and reproductive ecology of the simultaneously hermaphroditic coral reef fish, Hypoplectrus nigricans (Serranidae), the black hamlet, was investigated in an effort to elucidate the relationship between simultaneous hermaphroditism and mating behaviour. The major features of the mating system are as follows. (1) Hamlets spawn only in pairs, one partner releasing eggs and the other fertilizing them. There is no selfing. (2) Eggs are planktonic. There is no parental care. (3) The major courtship display serves to advertise that an individual has ripe eggs. (4) A clutch is not released in a single spawn but is parcelled over several, usually with the same partner. (5) Partners generally alternate sex roles with each spawn: that is, they take turns giving up parcels to be fertilized. This active reciprocation of release of eggs, called egg trading, means that reproductive success as a male depends upon the ability to reproduce as a female. Since most of the reproductive effort of an individual is spent on female functions, egg trading provides a fecundity advantage to hermaphroditism, making it evolutionarily stable relative to dioecy (separate sexes). The advantage is analogous to that which parthenogenetic organisms have over sexual ones. The fecundity advantage under egg trading can account for the maintenance, but not the origin of simultaneous hermaphroditism, since hermaphroditism must be established before egg trading can evolve.
Perceptions of real estate agents on the role of professional training in ethical decision making

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceptions of the real estate agents on the role of the pre and post licensing training in enabling them to evaluate potential ethical conflicts in their work environment. The findings in this research indicate that real–estate agents/brokers perceive pre–post licensing ethical training as helpful in avoiding obstacles to moral awareness, moral action and developing moral intention. However, the findings also reveal that there is no sufficient evidence to claim that real estate agents view pre–post licensing ethical training as helpful to avoiding obstacles to moral reasoning. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed extensively.
Transfer RNA modifications: nature's combinatorial chemistry playground.

Following synthesis, tRNAs are peppered by numerous chemical modifications which may differentially affect a tRNA's structure and function. Although modifications affecting the business ends of a tRNA are predictably important for cell viability, a majority of modifications play more subtle structural roles that can affect tRNA stability and folding. The current trend is that modifications act in concert and it is in the context of the specific sequence of a given tRNA that they impart their differing effects. Recent developments in the modification field have highlighted the diversity of modifications in tRNA. From these, the combinatorial nature of modifications in explaining previously described phenotypes derived from their absence has emerged as a growing theme. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:35–48. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1144 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Porphyrin free base phosphorescence

Abstract The wavelength for heavy atom enhanced phosphorescence is unambiguously established by time resolved excitation spectra in 50% EPA and 50% ethyl iodide at 77 K for protoporphyrin (795 nm), mesoporphyrin (773 nm), octaethylporphin (768 nm), and porphin (785 nm). Excitation spectra also establish the phosphorescence wavelength of brominated protoporphyrin in EPA at 77 K to be 783 nm, with a quantum yield φp ∼ 9 × 10−4. Using laser excitation the phosphorescence quantum yields in EPA were found for protoporphyrin (φp ∼ 5 × 10−5), mesoporphyrin (φp