cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FOREST CONSERVATION, VALUE CONFLICT, AND INTEREST FORMATION IN A HONDURAN NATIONAL PARK

We argue that attempts to superimpose park regulatory regimes on existing land uses in the tropics represent conflicts between alternative cultural models of natural resource management. The results of such conflicts are unique regulatory regimes emerging from distinctive processes that redefine the terms and limits of natural resource use. In creating a scarcity of available resources, parks encourage social differentiation and greater awareness of societal patterns of inequality, establishing a potential for the articulation of demands for social and environmental equity. We evaluate these claims with a case study of the Cerro Azul Meambar National Park in Honduras. We base our analysis on 54 indepth interviews of Park residents in five Park communities.
The General Instability of a Class of Competitive Growth Processes

In recent papers [1, 2] Frank Hahn has raised serious doubts regarding the stability properties of neoclassical growth theory.
Chemo‐mechanical interaction in solid‐solid reactions

Deflagrations of solid reactants have been widely studied in the context of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. Propagating velocities of the order of sound speed or faster have not been contemplated, due to the belief that the processes determining thermal conduction and diffusion cannot support those rates. Experiments, by Enikolopyan, Gogulya and others, however, disproved those notions. A model for solid-solid reactions, which describe deflagration and detonation, is presented. The activation energy is large and the system requires significant preheating before ignition occurs. Based on experimental observations, the activation energy of a compressed system is lowered by the amount of elastic work done during compression. This phenomenon is included in the model. Ignition by impact and external thermal sources are investigated, and detonations develop only in the case of impact initiation. Interactions between the shock front and the reaction front are also investigated.
Acute refractory intestinal pseudo-obstruction in MELAS: Efficacy of prucalopride

In mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), a multisystem mitochondrial disorder, gastrointestinal involvement is frequent with dysphagia, chronic diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, delayed gastric emptying, and paralytic, often intractable, ileus.1 In this article, we report a patient with chronic gastrointestinal dysmotility and acute refractory intestinal pseudo-obstruction responsive to prucalopride.
Mitigation of CMOS device variability in the transmitter amplitude path using Digital RF Processing

Digital RF Processor (DRPTM)-based GSM/EDGE transmitter is built using dense and fast digital logic and comprises two converters that transform transmit modulation from digital to RF frequency/phase and amplitude analog domains. Using the concept of digital at the service of analog, DRP transmitters employ a number of estimation and compensation algorithms to provide robust performance in the presence of CMOS device variability. This paper describes digital techniques to counter the random and systematic mismatches in the amplitude path of the small-signal DRP transmitter. Furthermore, the DRP-based small signal polar EDGE transmitter utilizes a nonlinear digitally-controlled pre-power amplifier (DPA) with optimized power-added efficiency (PAE). The DPA is used for on-chip combination of the amplitude and phase modulation paths, which exhibit variable transfer characteristics due to process, voltage, temperature and aging. For stringent transmitter (TX) performance requirements, the DPA needs to be linearized in the dynamic TX operational environment. The techniques presented are employed in a commercial Texas Instruments single-chip GSM/EDGE radio realized in nanoscale CMOS.
World Health Organization‐defined eosinophilic disorders: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management

Disease overview: The eosinophilias encompass a broad range of nonhematologic (secondary or reactive) and hematologic (primary, clonal) disorders with potential for end-organ damage. Diagnosis: Hypereosinophilia (HE) has generally been defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count greater than 1,500/mm3 and may be associated with tissue damage. After exclusion of secondary causes of eosinophilia, diagnostic evaluation of primary eosinophilias relies on a combination of morphologic review of the blood and marrow, standard cytogenetics, fluorescent in situ hybridization, flow immunocytometry, and T-cell clonality assessment to detect histopathologic or clonal evidence for an acute or chronic myeloid or lymphoproliferative disorder. Risk stratification: Disease prognosis relies on identifying the subtype of eosinophilia. After evaluation of secondary causes of eosinophilia, the 2008 World Health Organization establishes a semimolecular classification scheme of disease subtypes including “myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1', chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified” (CEL, NOS), lymphocyte-variant HE, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), which is a diagnosis of exclusion. Risk-adapted therapy: The goal of therapy is to mitigate eosinophil-mediated organ damage. For patients with milder forms of eosinophilia (e.g., <1,500/mm3) without symptoms or signs of organ involvement, a watch and wait approach with close-follow-up may be undertaken. Identification of rearranged PDGFRA or PDGFRB is critical because of the exquisite responsiveness of these diseases to imatinib. Corticosteroids are first-line therapy for patients with lymphocyte-variant HE and HES. Hydroxyurea and interferon-alpha have demonstrated efficacy as initial treatment and steroid-refractory cases of HES. In addition to hydroxyurea, second-line cytotoxic chemotherapy agents and hematopoietic cell transplant have been used for aggressive forms of HES and CEL with outcomes reported for limited number of patients. Although clinical trials have been performed with anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) and anti-CD52 (alemtuzumab) antibodies, their therapeutic role in primary eosinophilic diseases and HES has yet to be established. Am. J. Hematol. 89:326–337, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sequential Development of Aneuploidy, Keratin Modifications, and γ-Glutamyltransferase Expression in Mouse Skin Papillomas

To elucidate the role and timing of expression of different premalignant and malignant markers in tumor promotion, we correlated alterations in keratin patterns and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) expression with the chromosomal status of individual mouse skin papillomas. Papillomas were induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene initiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate promotion. Individual tumors were randomly sampled at 20 and 35 weeks of promotion. Each tumor was cytogenetically analyzed and serial paraffin sections were used for GGT detection, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry studies. Monospecific antibodies elicited against keratins K1 (Mr 67,000) and K14 (Mr 55,000) were used to analyze keratin modifications. Most tumors at 20 weeks of promotion, although exhibiting aneuploidy, still presented high levels of the K1 differentiation-associated keratin. Later during promotion those tumors bearing the highest aneuploidy indexes were those that showed a marked decrease in or absence of the K1 protein. Furthermore, those same tumors with the highest levels of genomic alterations also exhibited foci of GGT activity. These results support the idea that the majority of papillomas under continuous promotion are progressing toward malignancy. Aneuploidy seems to precede detectable keratin modifications, and GGT activity appears to be the latest marker to be expressed.
Delayed thermal dilatations of cement paste and concrete due to mass transport

Abstract The delayed thermal dilatation of cement paste and concrete is caused by the diffusion of molecules of water and other species along mono- or multimolecular layers. Applying thermodynamics to this diffusion mechanism, the macroscopic constitutive equation is derived for the case of constant water content. Three different components of thermal dilatation are distinguished: (1) pure thermal dilatation, due to thermal dilatation of constituents; (2) thermal shrinkage or swelling, due to differences in latent heat (and entropy) along the diffusible layers; (3) hygrothermic dilatation, due to a change in relative vapor pressure with temperature at a constant water content. The first two components lead to delayed recovery while the third one results in continued delayed thermal dilatation. The dependence of these components on the water content is discussed. The theory is important for the thermoviscoelastic analysis of prestressed concrete reactor pressure vessels.
Molecular and Histologic Considerations in the Assessment of Serrated Polyps

Context.— Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease resulting from different molecular pathways of carcinogenesis. Recent data evaluating the histologic features and molecular basis of the serrated polyp–carcinoma pathway have significantly contributed to more comprehensive classifications of and treatment recommendations for these tumors. Objective.— To integrate the most recent molecular findings in the context of histologic classifications of serrated lesions and their implications in diagnostic pathology and colorectal cancer surveillance. Data Sources.— Published literature focused on serrated polyps and their association with colorectal cancer. Conclusions.— Three types of serrated polyps are currently recognized: hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and traditional serrated adenomas. The BRAF V600E mutation is one of the most frequent molecular abnormalities identified in hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated adenomas. In contrast, in traditional serrated adenomas, either BR...
Dissociation of gas-phase, doubly-charged uranyl-acetone complexes by collisional activation and infrared photodissociation

Abstract Past studies of fragmentation reactions of doubly-charged uranyl (UO22+) complexes have been impeded by very rapid water addition reactions that cause H2O adducts to dominate product ion spectra. The fragmentation of uranyl-acetone (aco) complexes ([UO2(aco)n]2+, n = 1–5), generated by electrospray ionization, is revisited here using: (a) collisional activation in a linear ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometer in which the level of background H2O is significantly lower, and (b) infrared multiple-photon photodissociation (IRMPD, 10.6 μm) in the LIT and a Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Lower levels of adventitious H2O in the LIT provided access to fragmentation of [UO2(aco)n]2+, n = 1–5. For n = 3–5, direct elimination of aco ligands is the favored fragmentation pathway. For n = 1 and 2, charge reduction reactions are dominant. For [UO2(aco)2]2+, the most abundant product ion is [UO2(aco)]+, while UO2+ is observed following collision-induced dissociation (CID) of [UO2(aco)]2+. Minor peaks corresponding to ligated [UO2OH]+ are also observed. The IRMPD experiments in the FT-ICR yielded highly accurate mass measurements that confirm composition assignments, and shed light on dissociation reactions in a gas-phase environment that is entirely free of adventitious H2O. For [UO2(aco)n]2+, n = 3–5, the primary photodissociation channel is direct aco elimination, along with charge-reduction pathways that involve intra-complex proton transfer and formation of species that contain enolate ligands. Similar pathways are observed for IRMPD measurements in the LIT.
AID hits the jackpot when missing the target

Activation induced deaminase is the single B cell specific factor mediating class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Numerous studies have shown that AID preferentially targets Ig substrates and also attacks non-Ig substrates to create DNA damage that contributes to lymphomagenesis. AID targeting to Ig loci is linked to transcription but the mechanism governing this process has been obscure. Here we discuss research that illustrates the connection between AID targeting to DNA substrates and transcription processes to reveal rules governing the specificity of AID attack. These observations are woven together to provide a integrated view of AID function and a surprising linkage with global regulation of gene expression.
A New Species of Paraschoengastia (Acari: Trombiculidae) from Venezuela1

Paraschoengastia magnatarsala , n. sp., is described from specimens collected from a short-tailed leaf-nosed bat, Carollia sp., taken in Venezuela.
Identification of polysaccharide-producing black yeasts.

(1976). Identification of Polysaccharide-Producing Black Yeasts. Mycologia: Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 685-688.
Psychological aspects of home care for the patient with end-stage renal disease.

Increased utilization of home therapy for end-stage renal disease has a profound effect on patients and their families. Common psychological problems faced by patients on home hemodialysis are reviewed and specific problems associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are discussed, such as marital discord, body image, and depression. Illustrative cases are presented and treatment suggestions are offered.
Second-Trimester Sonographic Thymus Measurements Are Not Associated With Preterm Birth and Other Adverse Obstetric Outcomes

Objectives Previous studies have demonstrated an association between adverse obstetric outcomes, such as preterm birth, and in utero inflammation. The fetal thymus, which can be visualized in the anterior mediastinum on obstetric sonography, may involute in response to such inflammation and thus may identify pregnancies at increased risk for these outcomes. We therefore sought to determine whether second-trimester fetal thymus measurements are associated with preterm birth. Methods Transabdominal fetal thymus measurements were prospectively obtained in singleton pregnancies at gestational ages of 18 weeks to 23 weeks 6 days during a 5-month period. The transverse and anterorposterior thymus diameters and the thymic-thoracic ratio were measured. Delivery outcomes were collected from our clinical database. The primary outcome was preterm birth, which we defined as delivery between 24 weeks and 36 weeks 6 days. Small for gestational age (SGA) and pregnancy-related hypertension, which are adverse obstetric outcomes that may also be associated with in utero inflammation, were included as secondary outcomes. Results We included 520 patients with thymus measurements and obstetric outcome data. The prevalence of preterm birth was 12.3% (n = 64). None of the thymus measurements were associated with preterm birth. Similarly, there was no association between thymus measurements and SGA or pregnancy-related hypertension. Conclusions Sonographic assessment of the second-trimester fetal thymus did not identify patients at increased risk for preterm birth, SGA, and pregnancy-related hypertension. Routine thymus measurements during the second-trimester anatomic scan are not clinically useful for prediction of preterm birth and other adverse outcomes.
Mining dam failure: Business as usual?

Abstract This opinion piece argues that the mining industry’s resistance to change hinders the implementation of efficient disaster protection. Government agencies still lack the capacity to enforce increasingly-complex environmental legislation. The result is that the industry engages in self-monitoring, which leads to it cutting corners when confronted with economic downturn. In spite of the headlines and outrage, people whose livelihoods are affected by a mining disaster may never be fully compensated.
Analysis of Food Hub Commerce and Participation Using Agent-Based Modeling: Integrating Financial and Social Drivers.

Objective:Factors influencing long-term viability of an intermediated regional food supply network (food hub) were modeled using agent-based modeling techniques informed by interview data gathered from food hub participants.Background:Previous analyses of food hub dynamics focused primarily on financial drivers rather than social factors and have not used mathematical models.Method:Based on qualitative and quantitative data gathered from 22 customers and 11 vendors at a midwestern food hub, an agent-based model (ABM) was created with distinct consumer personas characterizing the range of consumer priorities. A comparison study determined if the ABM behaved differently than a model based on traditional economic assumptions. Further simulation studies assessed the effect of changes in parameters, such as producer reliability and the consumer profiles, on long-term food hub sustainability.Results:The persona-based ABM model produced different and more resilient results than the more traditional way of modeli...
Association of α-adducin gene and G-protein 133-subuint gene with essential hypertension in Chinese

Objective To investigate the relationship between the α-adducin (ADD1) gene G460W and the G-protein beta 3-subuint (GNB3) gene C825T polymorphisms and essential hypertension (EH) in a northern Chinese Han population.Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 256 hypertensive patients and 495 normotensive controls.Polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction enzyme digestion was used to detect the polymorphisms of ADD1 and GNB3 genes.Their body mass index,blood lipids,blood glucose and blood uric acid levels were also determined.Results The allele frequencies of the ADD1 gene G460W and the GNB3 gene C825T polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.The WW frequency in the EH group was 35.2%,significantly higher than that in the normal group (27.4%, X~2= 4.768,P=0.029,OR=1.43).Adjusted for the conventional risk factors of hypertension,α-adducin polymorphism still played an independent role on systolic blood pressure.The genotypes CC,CT,and TT of the GNB3 gene in the EH group were 20%,52%,and 28% respectively,not significantly different from those in the control group (21%,53%,and 26% respectively,P =0.755).The frequencies of the alleles C and T of the GNB3 gene C825T were 46% and 54% respectively,not significantly different from those of the normotensive controls (47% and 53% respectively,P=0.561).Body mass index,blood lipids,and glucose level did not differ significantly among the three genotype groups in both EH and normotensive control groups.Conclusion The α-adducin gene may be a susceptible gene to EH in northern Chinese Han population,however,the GNB3 gene C825T polymorphism may not play a significant role in EH in the same population.
Intraluminal suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in Spontaneously Hypertensive rats.

AbstractIn models of middle cerebral artery occlusion using intraluminal suture, the size and the distribution of ischemic injury vary considerably among laboratories. In transcranial models of cerebral ischemia, a more consistent cerebral ischemic lesion is seen in Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (5HR). In the present study, we performed intraluminal suture occlusion ofthe MCA in SHR and compared its reproducibility with those in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Male 5HR and SO rats were anesthetized with halothane and subjected to 2 h of temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion by an intraluminal suture. Comparisons of regional cerebral blood flow figures taken throughout the experiment and lesion volume figures taken at 24 h after occlusion were made between the two groups. Total lesion volume in the SHR group was 263.6 ± 30.5 mm3 (mean ± SO), significantly larger and less variable than that in the SO group (145.4 ± 123.7mm3, p < 0.02). Throughout the ischemic period there was a tendency for rCBF to be lowe...
Factors regulating plasma cholesterol concentration.

Plasma cholesterol concentration in humans and animals is held at remarkably constant level under constant dietary condition. Critical reevaluation of our studies indicated that cholesterol absorption and fecal excretion rather than cholesterol synthesis play major role in regulating plasma cholesterol concentration in high- and low-responding rhesus monkeys. The high-responding monkeys are those who respond with mild increase in plasma cholesterol when fed high cholesterol diet while the low-responding monkeys are those who respond with mild increase in plasma cholesterol when fed an identical high cholesterol diet. Humans also respond differently when fed high cholesterol diet, i.e., there are high- and low-responding humans. I suggest that in humans also cholesterol absorption and fecal excretion rather than cholesterol synthesis play greater roles in the regulation of plasma cholesterol concentration.
Detection of Recurrence Patterns After Wedge Resection for Early Stage Lung Cancer: Rationale for Radiologic Follow-Up

Background Wedge resection for selected patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer is considered to be a valid treatment option. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recurrence patterns after wedge resection, to analyze the survival of patients under routine follow-up, and to recommend a follow-up regimen. Methods A retrospective analysis was done of 446 consecutive patients between May 2000 and December 2012 who underwent a wedge resection for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. All patients were followed up with a computed tomography scan with or without contrast. The recurrence was recorded as local (involving the same lobe of wedge resection), regional (involving mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes or a different lobe), or distant (including distant metastasis and pleural disease). Results Median follow-up for survivors (n = 283) was 44.6 months. In all, 163 patients died; median overall survival was 82.6 months. Thirty-six patients were diagnosed with new primary non-small cell lung cancer, and 152 with recurrence (79 local, 45 regional, and 28 distant). There was no difference in the incidence of recurrence detection detected by computed tomography scans with versus without contrast ( p = 0.18). The cumulative incidence of local recurrences at 1, 2, and 3 years was higher than the cumulative incidence for local, regional, and distant recurrences: 5.2%, 11.1%, and 14.9% versus 3.7%, 6.6%, and 9.5% versus 2.3%, 4.7%, and 6.4%, respectively. Primary tumor diameter was associated with local recurrence in univariate analysis. Conclusions Wedge resection for early stage non-small cell lung cancer is associated with a significant risk for local and regional recurrence. Long-term follow-up using noncontrast computed tomography scans at consistent intervals is appropriate to monitor for these recurrences.
Fabrication and testing of a newly designed slit system for depth-resolved X-ray diffraction measurements.

A new system of slits called `spiderweb slits' have been developed for depth-resolved powder or polycrystalline X-ray diffraction measurements. The slits act on diffracted X-rays to select a particular gauge volume of sample, while absorbing diffracted X-rays from outside of this volume. Although the slit geometry is to some extent similar to that of previously developed conical slits or spiral slits, this new design has advantages over the previous ones in use for complex heterogeneous materials and in situ and operando diffraction measurements. For example, the slits can measure a majority of any diffraction cone for any polycrystalline material, over a continuous range of diffraction angles, and work for X-ray energies of tens to hundreds of kiloelectronvolts. The design is generated and optimized using ray-tracing simulations, and fabricated through laser micromachining. The first prototype was successfully tested at the X17A beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source, and shows similar performance to simulations, demonstrating gauge volume selection for standard powders, for all diffraction peaks over angles of 2–10°. A similar, but improved, design will be implemented at the X-ray Powder Diffraction beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II.
Flurries: Countless Fine-Grained NFs for Flexible Per-Flow Customization

The combination of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) allows flows to be flexibly steered through efficient processing pipelines. As deployment of NFV becomes more prevalent, the need to provide fine-grained customization of service chains and flow-level performance guarantees will increase, even as the diversity of Network Functions (NFs) rises. Existing NFV approaches typically route wide classes of traffic through pre-configured service chains. While this aggregation improves efficiency, it prevents flexibly steering and managing performance of flows at a fine granularity. To provide both efficiency and flexibility, we present Flurries, an NFV platform designed to support large numbers of short-lived lightweight NFs, potentially running a unique NF for each flow. Flurries maintains a pool of Docker container NFs--several thousand on each host--and resets NF memory state between flows for fast reuse. Flurries uses a hybrid of polling and interrupts to improve throughput and latency while allowing multiple NFs to efficiently share CPU cores. By assigning each NF an individual flow or a small set of flows, it becomes possible to dynamically manage the QoS and service chain functionality for flows at a very fine granularity. Our Flurries prototype demonstrates the potential for this approach to run as many as 80,000 Flurry NFs during a one second interval, while forwarding over 30Gbps of traffic, dramatically increasing data plane customizability.
The Response of Cancer Cell Populations to Therapies

In this chapter we discuss, from an evolutionary perspective, the response of cancer cell populations to therapeutic intervention. There are many factors that influence therapeutic response. Here we focus on examples of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms of current interest to the cancer biology and evolution communities: the roles of (1) phenotypic plasticity and (2) the tumor microenvironment.
Ichnology of Pleistocene carbonates on San Salvador, Bahamas

Well preserved trace fossils are present in Pleistocene calcarenites of subtidal, beach, and dune facies on San Salvador, Bahamas. Most prominent are irregular boxworks of Ophiomorpha sp. that occur in current-bedded, medium to coarse skeletal calcarenites in association with fossil coral reefs in the subtidal facies. Ophiomorpha sp. also occurs in beds deposited in a tidal delta environment. Found with Ophiomorpha sp., often in abundance, are vertical burrow tubes assigned to Skolithos linearis. Trace fossils are absent from beds of the lower beach facies, but upper beach facies beds (backshore zone) contain distinctive Y-shaped crab burrows, attributed to the burrowing activity of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata. Rhizocretions formed of calcrete and initiated by plant root systems are present in all facies and are particularly well developed in eolianites of the dune facies. In some cases rhizocretions easily can be confused with trace fossils of invertebrate origin, particularly Ophiomorpha sp. Modern carbonate environments of San Salvador exhibit much trace-making activity and contain analogs for the Pleistocene trace fossils. The implications of these analogs for further interpretation of the trace fossils and their associated paleoenvironments are examined with respect to each trace fossil.--Modified journal abstract.
Universal Design of Mobile Apps: Making Weather Information Accessible

Mobile weather apps are just one class of products that ought to be developed under a Universal Design rubric. However, despite the large number of mobile weather apps available, most have not been developed from the ground up to be more universally accessible. This paper discusses a universally designed weather app that demonstrates how effective universal design can be for a commonly used service.
VisCMAQ: visualization of community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system

VisCMAQ, a visualization tool for EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system, which is developed in this study as an OpenGL based visualization tool that has the capability to render data on both regular and irregular grids. The objective of this development is to enable the software with additional flexibilities permitting it to read files in the netCDF format. This allows ready rendering of a wide range of dataset types, including not only chemical concentrations but also properties of atmospheric particulate matter (such as aerosols), meteorological variables, and gas and particulate emission rates. The present extensions also permit the easy rendering of varied spatial domains.
Superconducting Resonant Cavities

Superconducting cavities offer a means of obtaining extremely high Q resonators not easily available by other techniques at microwave frequencies. During the past fifteen years, a body of data has been accumulated on the microwave surface resistance and reactance of a few superconductors over almost the entire microwave spectrum. Resonant cavity techniques have been employed in many of these investigations. In these experiments the emphasis was not usually on designing cavities to obtain extraordinarily Mgh Q’s since in many experiments the high Q increases the difficulty of the measurement. Nevertheless, the data now available is directly applicable to the problem of designing high Q resonant cavities. In the following discussion, we shall review the basic physical principles, summarize some of the pertinent experimental data and discuss some of the practical problems of design and fabrication.
Good Science, Bad Science: The Contribution of the Modern Anthropologist to the Delivery of Human Rights

As the world changes, one challenge that confronts us is the end of the argument between humanities and sciences about what is said and is not science. Anthropological experience and tradition are ...
Mechanisms of Intracellular Calcium Movement Activated by Guanine Nucleotides and Inositol-1,4,5-Trisphosphate

It is now well established that the intracellular second messenger inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is involved in the release of Ca2+ from a Ca2+ -sequestering organelle, widely considered to be the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (Berridge and Irvine, 1984; Gill, 1985; Majeruset al., 1986). In a series of recent studies, we observed that a highly sensitive and specific guanine nucleotide regulatory process induces a release of Ca2+ in cells that appears very similar to that mediated by IP3(Gillet al., 1986; Uedaet al., 1986; Chueh and Gill, 1986). Our initial studies were conducted using either permeabilized cells or isolated microsomal membrane vesicles derived from the NIE-115 neuronal cell line; GTP-dependent Ca2+ release was observed to be very similar in the two preparations (Gillet al., 1986; Uedaet al., 1986). Recent studies (Henne and Soling, 1986; Jean and Klee, 1986; Chuehet al., 1987) have extended the number of diverse cell types in which the same GTP-activated Ca2+ release process is observed. In each cell type, submicromolar GTP concentrations rapidly effect a substantial release of Ca2+ sequestered via internal Ca2+ -pumping activity within a nonmitochondrial organelle, believed to be the ER. The Ca2+ -accumulating properties of this intracellular organelle have been described in detail in earlier studies with permeabilized cells (Gill and Chueh, 1985).
Strip cladding of propeller shafts with nickel alloy 625 by electroslag surfacing

A comprehensive comparison between electroslag (ESS) and submerged arc surfacing (SAS) using 30-mm-wide (1.2 in) x 0.5-mm- thick (0.20 in) nickel alloy 625 strip was conducted in both the as- deposited and stress relived (at 650oC [1200OF]) conditions. In most cases, exactly duplicate cladding conditions were used to best compare ESS with SAS. Nickel allot 625 strip was deposited on 10- cm-thick (4 in) flat plates and 64-cm-diameter (25 in) shafting using optimized ESS and SAS processes. Tension and face and side bend tests were performed on as-welded and stress-relieved cladding at room temperature. Microstructural analyses of the clad specimens were performed using optical and electron microscopy. Cladding parameters were found to affect the dilution, deposition rate, and penetration. Although ESS and SAS cladding possessed similar strength levels, the cladding deposited by ESS was shown to have greater ductility than that by SAS. Also, the resistance to solidification cracking of cladding by ESS was superior to SAS because of the reduced silicon, carbon, oxygen, and impurity levels which promote interdendritic Laves phase, niobium-rich MC carbides and inclusions. Compared with SAS, the ESS method proved to be not only more metallurgically favourable but also cost-effective.
Factors Associated with Use of Urban Emergency Departments by the U.S. Homeless Population

Objective.Homeless individuals frequently use emergency departments (EDs), but previous studies have investigated local rather than national ED utilization rates. This study sought to characterize ...
Benign prostatic epithelial polyp of the urethra.

AbstractAcquired polyps of the male urethra often present with hematuria and sometimes hemospermia. The histogenesis of these tumors has been debated. We report a case of a prostatic urethral polyp that proved to be of prostatic epithelial differentiation, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical identification of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostatic specific antigen within the tumor cells.
An optical nanoreporter of endolysosomal lipid accumulation reveals enduring effects of diet on hepatic macrophages in vivo.

The abnormal accumulation of lipids within the endolysosomal lumen occurs in many conditions, including lysosomal storage disorders, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and drug-induced phospholipidosis. Current methods cannot monitor endolysosomal lipid content in vivo, hindering preclinical drug development and research into the mechanisms linking endolysosomal lipid accumulation to disease progression. We developed a single-walled carbon nanotube–based optical reporter that noninvasively measures endolysosomal lipid accumulation via bandgap modulation of its intrinsic near-infrared emission. The reporter detected lipid accumulation in Niemann-Pick disease, atherosclerosis, and NAFLD models in vivo. By applying the reporter to the study of NAFLD, we found that elevated lipid quantities in hepatic macrophages caused by a high-fat diet persist long after reverting to a normal diet. The reporter dynamically monitored endolysosomal lipid accumulation in vivo over time scales ranging from minutes to weeks, indicating its potential to accelerate preclinical research and drug development processes.
Hot Streak Characterization of High-Performance Double-Serpentine Exhaust Nozzles at Design Conditions

The characterization and mitigation of hot streak phenomena in double-serpentine exhaust nozzles have strategic, operational, and tactical implications for future airborne weapon systems. However, ...
Interactive Effects of High or Low Feed Form and Phase of Feeding on Performance of Ross x Ross 708 Male Broilers Throughout a 46 d Growout

SUMMARY Previous research has focused on providing improved feed form (FF) in the finishing growth phase of broilers (>28 d) to optimize performance. However, it may be more economical to improve FF in earlier growth phases (
Divalent doping-induced thermoelectric power factor increase in p-type Bi2Te3 via electronic structure tuning

We use first-principles calculations to reveal the effects of divalent Pb, Ca, and Sn doping of Bi2Te3 on the band structure and transport properties, including the Seebeck coefficient, α, and the reduced power factor, α2σ/τ, where σ is the electrical conductivity and τ is the effective relaxation time. Pb and Ca additions exhibit up to 60%–75% higher peak α2σ/τ than that of intrinsic Bi2Te3 with Bi antisite defects. Pb occupancy and Ca occupancy of Bi sites increase σ/τ by activating high-degeneracy low-effective-mass bands near the valence band edge, unlike Bi antisite occupancy of Te sites that eliminates near-edge valence states in intrinsic Bi2Te3. Neither Pb doping nor subatomic-percent Ca doping increases α significantly, due to band averaging. Higher Ca levels increase α and diminish σ, due to the emergence of a corrugated band structure underpinned by high-effective-mass bands, attributable to Ca–Te bond ionicity. Sn doping results in a distortion of the bands with a higher density of states that may be characterized as a resonant state but decreases α2σ by up to 30% due to increases in the charge carrier effective mass and decreases in both spin–orbit coupling and valence band quasidegeneracy. These results, and thermal conductivity calculations for nanostructured Bi2Te3, suggest that Pb or Ca doping can enhance the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT to values up to ZT ∼ 1.7, based on an experimentally determined τ. Our findings suggest that divalent doping can be attractive for realizing large ZT enhancements in pnictogen chalcogenides.
The Fuel Gauge: A Simple Tool for Assessing General Surgery Resident Well-Being.

Objective Resident well-being is an increasingly relevant issue in medical education; however, there is no consensus on how to best measure well-being. The “fuel gauge,” is a simple, easy-to-use tool developed to measure resident well-being and previously applied in an Internal Medicine Residency Program at our institution. The current study sought to evaluate its acceptability and usefulness in a surgery program. Design Weekly fuel gauge data was retrospectively collected from August 2017 through December 2018 along with resident Postgraduate Year designations. Setting This study was conducted at a single, large general surgery residency program that rotates through a variety of hospitals, including a University hospital, a large county hospital, a Veterans Affairs hospital, and a freestanding Children's hospital. Participants Categorical general surgery residents at every level of training as well as preliminary interns and off service intern rotators from urology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and otolaryngology were eligible for the study. Fuel gauge submissions which did not denote a score were excluded from analysis. Results Out of 130 residents, 103 (79.2%) completed at least 1 fuel gauge assessment with a weekly mean response rate of 41.5%. Low scores were submitted by 39.8% of resident participants. Narrative feedback was provided in 6.2% of submissions with increased length associated with decreased fuel gauge score. Conclusions The fuel gauge was well accepted by a large general surgery program with no decline in participation rates over the study period. The tool provided residents with a direct line of communication with their program's administration, and a feasible way for the program director's office to monitor and identify residents who were struggling with regard to their well-being.
Alcam Mediated Cellular Interaction Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Repopulation and Self-Renewal

Abstract 1291 Alcam , which encodes the activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (CD166), is a cell surface immunoglobulin superfamily member mediating homophilic adhesion as well as heterotypic interactions with CD6. It has recently been shown that Alcam+ endosteal subset in the bone marrow contain hematopoietic niche cells able to support hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity. We examined Alcam mRNA levels and cell surface expression by quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry in various hematopoietic stem and progenitor subsets. We found that Alcam is highly expressed in long-term repopulating HSC (LT-HSC), multipotent progenitors (MPP), and granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (GMP). We use an Alcam null mouse allele to assess the function of Alcam in HSC differentiation and self-renewal. Clonogenic colony-forming progenitor serial-replating assay show that the replating potential of Alcam-deficient LT-HSCs is impaired. An in vitro single-cell differentiation assay of phenotypic LT-HSCs reveals that Alcam-deficiency leads to an enhanced granulocytic differentiation. In competitive repopulation transplantation, Alcam-deficient cells show a transient engraftment enhancement, however, the engraftment is significantly lower in secondary transplantation, suggesting that the self-renewal capacity of Alcam-deficient HSC is compromised. We performed a limiting-dilution transplantation assay and determined that the frequency of long-term repopulating cells in Alcam-deficient bone marrow is significantly reduced compared to wild type control. We further assessed the engraftment efficiency of phenotypically purified LT-HSCs. We show that the engraftment efficiency of Alcam-deleted LT-HSCs is significantly reduced compared to wild type LT-HSCs. Since Alcam-deleted HSCs are able to home efficiently to the bone marrow cavity, the engraftment defect is not due to inefficient homing upon transplantation. Collectively, These studies implicate Alcam mediated cell-cell interaction in the regulation of hematopoietic transplantation and recovery. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Shape optimization of tumbling wings

Tumbling wings are one of Nature’s many tricks to enhance the dispersal efficiency of flying seedpods. However, the interplay between the seedpod morphology and its dispersal range is not well understood. Here, we investigate the question of how planform geometry affects two-dimensional tumbling flight by designing wings of various planform and length-to-width ratios. Through a combination of experiments and modelling, we compare the wings’ flight characteristics, specifically the rotation rate and descent angle, both of which are key parameters in the wing’s ability to drift away from its initial location. Starting from the quasi-steady flight model proposed by Wang et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 733, 2013, pp. 650–679), we derive theoretical predictions of the performance of wings of arbitrary planform. Upon further simplifications, we arrive at a performance index based purely on wing geometry and we use it to obtain theoretically optimal wing shapes. These optimal predictions are then tested experimentally. We conclude by discussing the advantages and limitations of the theoretical approach and its utility in informing the design of aerodynamically efficient tumbling wings.
Clastic shorelines and deltas

Abstract Shorelines are the narrow zones on Earth surface where the land meets the sea. Deltas are parts of the shorelines where sediments accumulate and prograde seaward at the river mouths. Today, roughly 60% of the world’s population (i.e. ~4.8 billion people) live within 100 km from shorelines. Shorelines and deltas are arguably the most complex sedimentary systems because of the highly dynamic nature of the land–ocean interaction. A sound knowledge of sedimentary processes and products of the shoreline depositional systems is vital for exploitation of natural resources from ancient shoreline deposits and for managing modern coasts. This chapter deals with the sedimentary geology of the clastic shoreline systems. Processes related to river mouth, wave, tide, and bioturbation are discussed. Various depositional environments (e.g. deltas, beach/shoreface, and tidal flats) and their facies are described, including several modern and ancient examples.
The Vestiges of Childhood Interparental Conflict: Adolescent Sensitization to Recent Interparental Conflict

This study examined whether childhood interparental conflict moderated the mediational pathway involving adolescent exposure to interparental conflict, their negative emotional reactivity to family conflict, and their psychological problems in a sample of 235 children (Mage = 6 years). Significant moderated-mediation findings indicated that the mediational path among Wave 4 interparental conflict during adolescence, change in youth negative reactivity (Waves 4-5), and their psychological problems (Waves 4-6) was significant for teens who experienced low, rather than high, levels of childhood interparental conflict (Waves 1-3). Supporting the stress sensitization model, analyses showed that adolescents exposed to high interparental conflict during childhood evidenced greater increases in negative reactivity than their peers when recent parental conflicts were mild.
Evaluation of long term retention and utilization of the situation, background, assessment, recommendation (SBAR) communication technique.

Abstract Introduction: Effective communication as part of an interprofessional team is a required standard of pharmacy education. The Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation (SBAR) communication technique is an evidence-based method shown to improve patient safety, and is embedded in some curricula of pharmacy and other health care professions. The aim of this study is to determine whether students can utilize the SBAR communication technique during an interprofessional skills assessment one year following initial instruction. Methods: Students are initially trained on the SBAR technique in an interprofessional setting using the Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) method in the fall of the second professional year. One year later, students participated in a simulated interaction with a physician as part of the pulmonary module of the pharmacotherapeutics series. Faculty evaluators noted how many and which components of the SBAR technique students used during the interaction. The simulation was run for two academic years, results of which were compared. Results: There was a significant difference in the number of students who used all four components of SBAR. A significant difference also existed between the use of the “situation” and “background” components. Conclusion: The TeamSTEPPS method appears to be an effective method to train students on the SBAR communication technique and results in long term retention. Pharmacy programs should consider the use of the TeamSTEPPS method early in their curricula.
Capturing Initial Understanding and Impressions of Surgical Therapy for Parkinson's Disease

Background: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an underutilized surgical therapy for Parkinson's Disease (PD). Both physician and patient hesitancies have been described as potential barriers to DBS, but the specifics of patient perceptions of DBS have not been well-characterized in the general PD population. Objective: To characterize the understanding and impressions of surgical therapy in PD patients prior to formal surgical evaluation. Methods: A 30-question survey assessing impressions of surgical therapy for PD and understanding of DBS for PD was administered to PD patients seen at an urban movement disorders clinic. Results: One hundred and two patients completed the survey. When asked if they would undergo a hypothetical risk-free, curative brain surgery for PD, 98 patients responded "yes." Patients were more agreeable to "reversible," "minimally-invasive," and "incisionless" surgery. 51.2% thought DBS is an "effective" treatment for PD, 76.6% thought it was "invasive," and 18.3% thought it was "reversible." 45.2% reported fear of being awake during DBS surgery. Regarding costs, 52.4% were concerned that DBS was "very expensive" or "not covered by insurance." Initial source of information and perceived treatment effectiveness were not associated with concerns about DBS effectiveness or threats to normality. Negative perceptions of past surgery were associated with concerns about DBS altering mood and personality. Conclusion: Overall, patients expressed concerns regarding procedural efficacy, invasiveness, cost, and irreversibility-independent of the original source of information. Future studies are required to allow us to better understand the impact of these initial findings on DBS hesitancy and underutilization.
All Roads Lead to Risk: Malaria Threat to Travellers in the Roman World

L’interet recemment suscite par le role des pandemies et des epidemies dans l’histoire a mis en lumiere les tourments de la malaria dans le monde antique. Aucune etude n’a neanmoins produit jusqu’a...