cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Direct Instruction on Ninth Graders' Understanding of Unreliable Narrators

Abstract This study examined the effects of direct instruction in understanding unreliable narrators (narrators whose moral and intellectual qualities call into question their reporting of or judgments on the details of a story) on the think-aloud protocols of 5 successful and 5 less successful ninth-grade readers. The students were selected from the classes of two teachers who provided direct instruction to each of two ninth-grade classes. One successful student and one less successful student who did not receive the instruction also participated in the study. The students made think-aloud protocols, verbal records of everything they thought while reading, on each of two stories both before and after the instruction. The instruction began by having the students generate criteria for evaluating the reliability of narrators and consider how they reconstructed the meaning of a story when a narrator was unreliable. The instructions then asked the students to evaluate the reliability of narrators in a series ...
Salicylate Suppresses Macrophage Nitric-oxide Synthase-2 and Cyclo-oxygenase-2 Expression by Inhibiting CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein-β Binding via a Common Signaling Pathway

We determined whether salicylate at pharmacological concentrations inhibits nitric-oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions in RAW 264.7 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Cells were treated with sodium salicylate (10(-7)-10(-4) m) or vehicle for 30 min followed by LPS+IFN-gamma for up to 24 h. Salicylate suppressed NOS-2 and COX-2 protein levels and promoter activities stimulated by LPS+IFN-gamma for 4 h in a concentration-dependent manner but had no effect on NOS-2 expression stimulated by the combined agonists for 24 h. Results from promoter analysis indicate that the binding of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) to its cognate site at -150/-142 on the NOS-2 promoter region was essential for NOS-2 expression at 4 h but not at 24 h. Salicylate reduced C/EBPbeta binding at 4 h and did not alter its binding at 24 h. NOS-2 and COX-2 protein levels and C/EBPbeta binding stimulated by LPS+IFN-gamma for 4 h were inhibited by a similar battery of signaling inhibitors, suggesting a common pathway for NOS-2 and COX-2 expression. Kinetic analysis indicates that NOS-2, similar to COX-2 expression, at 4 h was largely due to the action of LPS, which induced C/EBPbeta binding, whereas its expression at a longer time point was contributed by IFN-gamma. Our findings implicate two distinct pathways for NOS-2 expression induced by LPS+IFN-gamma. Salicylate at pharmacological concentrations is capable of suppressing the early phase of NOS-2 and COX-2 expression by blocking C/EBPbeta binding.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES OF ERYTHROPOIESIS IN CULTURED CHICK BLASTODERMS

The erythropoietic area of very early chick embryos was cultured as a tissue for up to nine days to study the changes in red cell type and hemoglobin type, the cell cycle time, the cell population kinetics, and the DNA synthetase activity of these cells. It was found that the area vasculosa without the participation of the embryo proper contained the information and the timing mechanism required to produce not only the early primitive erythroid cell population, but also in due course, the later definitive cell type, each with its appropriate hemoglobin types. Also the precursors of the definitive cell type are active in DNA synthesis and therefore are probably in cycle very early in the culture period.
Comparison of elemental concentrations between peach tree short life and healthy trees before and after tree death

Abstract Individual peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were monitored prior to the development of peach tree short life (PTSL) to determine if nutrient deficiencies and/or imbalances were causative factors in PTSL development. Twig concentrations of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn were determined in March and December of each year. In the final year of the study, elemental concentrations were also determined in April after visual symptoms of PTSL were evident. Elemental concentrations in healthy trees were compared to concentrations in trees which eventually died due to PTSL. Significant differences in P and K concentrations between PTSL and healthy trees were found in 1986 and 1987 but no consistent trends were apparent. The greatest differences between PTSL and healthy trees were found after visual symptoms of PTSL appeared. In most cases, elemental concentrations were greater in trees exhibiting PTSL symptoms than in healthy trees. The data indicate that differences were symptoms of the PTSL com...
Modified Puestow procedure for the management of chronic pancreatitis in children

Abstract Purpose To present our experience with the modified Puestow procedure in the management of children with chronic pancreatitis. Methods Retrospective chart review of patients treated between 2003 and 2012. Results Six patients underwent a modified Puestow procedure (lateral pancreaticojejunostomy) for the management of chronic pancreatitis, three females and three males. Four patients had hereditary pancreatitis (three with confirmed N34S mutation in the SPINK1 gene), one patient had chronic pancreatitis of unknown etiology, and one patient with annular pancreas developed obstructive chronic pancreatitis. The pancreatic duct was dilated in all cases, with a maximum diameter of 5 to 10 mm. Median time between onset of pain and surgery was 4 years (range: 1–9). Median age at surgery was 7.5 years (range: 5–15). Median hospital stay was 12 days (range: 9–28). Median follow up was 4.5 years (range: 5 months to 9 years). All patients had temporary postoperative improvement of their abdominal pain. In two patients the pain recurred at 6 months and 2 years postoperatively and eventually required total pancreatectomy to treat intractable pain, 3 and 8 years after surgery. Two patients were pain free for two years and subsequently developed occasional episodes of pain. The two most recent patients are pain free at 1 year (obstructive chronic pancreatitis) and 5 months (hereditary pancreatitis) follow-up. Two patients developed type I diabetes mellitus 10 and 12 months postoperatively (one with hereditary and one with idiopathic chronic pancreatitis). Conclusion We conclude that the modified Puestow procedure in children is feasible and safe. It seems to provide definitive pain control and prevent further damage to the pancreas in patients with obstructive chronic pancreatitis. However, in patients with hereditary pancreatitis, pain control outcomes are variable and the operation may not abrogate the progression of disease to pancreatic insufficiency.
A comparison of the dynamics of simple (Fourier) and complex (non-Fourier) mechanisms in texture segregation.

Abstract Models of texture segregation frequently feature two processing mechanisms: simple , linear channels (1st-order, Fourier mechanisms) and complex channels (2nd-order, non-Fourier mechanisms). Using texture patterns designed to segregate primarily as a result of activity in one set of channels or the other, we employed the method of cued response to obtain speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) functions measuring the time course of texture segregation processing in simple and complex channels. Here, both simple-channel and complex-channel patterns are composed of Gabor-patch texture elements, thus equating input to simple channels and the first stage of complex channels. Subjects were required to identify the orientation of a rectangular texture region embedded in a background field of a different texture. SAT functions were obtained by requiring subjects to respond within 200 ms after an auditory cue. We found that: (1) when segregation depended primarily on activity in simple channels, performance was faster and better than when it depended primarily on complex channels; (2) in contrast to a previous study (Sutter, A., & Graham, N. (1995). Investigating simple and complex mechanisms in texture segragation using the speed-accuracy tradeoff method. Vision Research , 35, 2825–2843), simple-channel (Fourier) patterns composed of two textured regions were just as easily segregated as simple-channel patterns in which one of the regions was blank instead of textured; (3) performance with complex-channel patterns composed of diagonally oriented Gabor-patches was considerably worse than performance with complex-channel patterns composed of vertically and/or horizontally oriented Gabor-patches; (4) among simple-channel patterns containing only one region of texture (background-only or rectangle-only), there were minimal differences in performance; and (5) as in previous experiments, there were large individual differences in the segregation of complex-channel (non-Fourier) patterns. All of the above results can be explained within the framework of the simple- and complex-channels model of texture segregation.
Arbitrary control of a quantum electromagnetic field

We present a cavity QED interaction which forces the ground state of a cavity field mode to evolve into an arbitrary quantum state at a prechosen time ${t}^{*}$. This method does not involve either atom-field state entanglement or the projections characteristic of quantum measurement.
Three-state combinatorial switching in hemoglobin tetramers: comparison between functional energetics and molecular structures.

Abstract In a previous study on cyanomethemoglobin the 10 tetrameric species (each with a unique combination of ligated and unligated subunits) were found to exhibit three distinct free energies of cooperative interaction. The distribution of these free energies among the partially ligated species is incompatible with a two-state mechanism of molecular switching and requires a minimum of three molecular structures with distinctly different free energies of heme-heme interaction. Ligand-linked transitions between the three cooperativity states were found to be "combinatorial"--i.e., dependent upon changes in both the number and specific configuration of bound ligands. Here we present results from two other chemical systems that mimic intermediate oxygenation states. In these systems the heme iron is replaced by manganese in certain of the subunits. We find the same distribution of cooperative free energies as reported for the cyanomethemoglobin system. These results demonstrate that the three-state combinatorial nature of cooperative switching is neither a special feature of the cyanomet reactions nor of the substitution of manganese for iron, but reflects a fundamental property of hemoglobin. These findings are compared with crystallographic structural results on partially ligated hemoglobins.
THE ISOLATION AND LIPID COMPOSITION OF MYELIN-FREE AXONS FROM RAT CNS1

—Myelin-free axons were isolated from rat CNS using a modification of the method of De Vrieset al. (1972). On a dry weight basis, the axons contained 15·2% lipid composed of 19·4% cholesterol, 56·9% phospholipid and 23·7% galactolipid with a weight ratio of cerebroside to sulfatide of 3·6-1. The phospholipid was composed of 11·0% ethanolamine phosphatides (44·4% in the plasmalogen form), 21·0% choline phosphatides (9·3% in the plasmalogen form), 4·5% sphingomyelin, 4·5% phosphatidyl serine, 4·3% phosphatidyl inositol, 3·0% diphosphatidyl glycerol and 8·5% unidentified phospholipid. The rat axons contained 0·18 μg ganglioside NeuNAc/mg dry wt. In addition to the 4 major brain gangliosides, the rat axons contained gangliosides GD2 and GD3. The axonal galactolipid could not be accounted for by myelin contamination as revealed by electron microscopy, absence of the characteristic ratio of myelin specific proteins in the axonal protein profile as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the axonal level of the myelin marker enzyme 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphohydrolase. The relationship between lipids of axons isolated from rat and bovine CNS, and rat whole brain and CNS myelin is discussed.
A Tabulation of Hilbert Transforms for Electrical Engineers

The Hilbert transform has found application in the analysis of single-sideband signals and angle modulation in communication systems. This extensive tabulation of this transform should prove handy for engineers as much as the more popular Laplace transform tabulations. Such a comprehensive listing of Hilbert transforms is not available in any published work so far.
Machiavelli's Legacy: Domestic Politics and International Conflict

Research examining the effect of regime type on conflict has focused on the democracy/autocracy continuum expounded in the political philosophies of liberal thinkers such as Kant and Schumpeter. While this concentration has yielded impressive results (democratic peace), it seems plausible that other conceptions of regime type may yield similar success. This paper examines the philosophy of Machiavelli and develops a measure of his “imperial regimes.” These states, which can either be democratic or autocratic, should exhibit an increased propensity to initiate international conflict. Testing this contention in Renaissance Italy (1250–1494) and the modern international system (1920–1992), this paper finds strong empirical support. Machiavelli's views illuminate key differences between democracies and autocracies that have been previously overlooked. Thus, it deepens rather than replaces our conception of how domestic institutions affect international conflict.
The Reagan “Mandate,” Public Law and the Ethics of Policy Change

The development of post-election polling techniques makes it possible to examine the nature of electoral mandates more precisely, and therefore to compare them with the mandate claims of winners. On that basis, we can more accurately assess the limits of the “administrative presidency” in individual cases. This article first summarizes the evidence regarding the 1980 Reagan mandate, and then proceeds to describe prominent cases in which his administration tried (with uneven success) to reverse or greatly re-orient purported statutory intent. Finally, it sketches some propositions regarding the appropriate limits of policy change in the absence of changes in organic statutes, and evaluates the cases discussed in light of these propositions, suggesting that a legitimate part of executive discretion revolves around how to reach statutory goals but not whether to pursue them. It concludes that the limits of what has to be permissible for effective operation of the system are probably broader than critics of a...
Esophageal duplication cyst with unusual manifestations.

A duplication of the esophagus in a 21-year-old man presenting with acute chest pain and unusual anatomic course is described. Only part of the lesion was removed, as it extended to the opposite chest. The patient remains asymptomatic 16 months postoperation.
Interactions between heavy metal chelators and botulinum neurotoxins at the mouse neuromuscular junction

Abstract Exposure of isolated mouse hemidiaphragms to botulinum neurotoxins, 0.1 nM BoNT-A or BoNT-B, at 36 °C reduced nerveelicited peak isometric twitch tension to 50% of control values at 55 min (BoNT-A) to 68 min (BoNT-B) after application. Either coincubation of BoNT with the heavy metal chelator TPEN, preincubation with TPEN followed by BoNT, or application of TPEN after BoNT but before neuromuscular block, delayed the onset of muscle failure in a dose-dependent manner by up to five-fold. TPEN doses between 2 and 10 μM were required to antagonize significantly the muscle block produced by BoNT, and the delay in onset was maximal between 10 and 50 μM TPEN. Treatment of muscles with a Zn2+-TPEN coordination complex, rather than TPEN alone, eliminated any beneficial effects of TPEN on BoNT intoxication, indicating that these effects were mediated by chelation of Zn2+. Other metal chelators that were not as membrane permeant as TPEN were ineffective in delaying BoNT paralysis, suggesting that TPEN acts by chelating intraterminal Zn2+. In the absence of BoNT, TPEN caused a dose-dependent increase in nerve-elicited twitch tension with a half-maximal concentration at 8 μM. There was no corresponding change in twitches from direct electrical stimulation of the muscle. After BoNT (A or B serotype) had reduced the muscle twitch by 20 to 70%, however, subsequent application of TPEN rapidly depressed nerve-elicited twitches. The shift from potentiation to depression after BoNT treatment suggests that presynaptic vesicle mobilization and/or release involve Zn2+-dependent enzymes and that BoNTs interact with these enzyme pathways.
Quantitative analysis of the phospholipids of some marine bioluminescent bacteria.

Quantitative analyses of the phospholipids of three strains of marine bioluminescent bacteria were carried out after separation by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. The phospholipids of all three species consisted of about 75% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 13% phosphatidyl glycerol and 7% cardiolipin. The composition was only slightly affected by drastic changes in the growth conditions. One of the species contained poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. The fatty acids of another species contained principally straight and branched-chain 16 and 18 carbon fatty acids. No clue as to the nature of the elusive “aldehyde factor” of bacterial bioluminescence was found by analysis of aldehyde deficient mutants, indicating that possibly the factor is not a major phospholipid of these bacteria.
SU‐FF‐T‐438: Using Diode Dosimeters to Characterize Dose in the Buildup Region of High‐Energy Photon Beams

Purpose: For external photon beams, the depth dependence of the stopping power ratio between air and water in the buildup region is difficult for accurate quantitative characterization. Qualitatively the depth dependence increases as the photon energy increases above the cobalt‐60 energy. As a result, the depth dependence is often ignored and the “uncorrected” percentage depth dose curves are being used in many clinics. However, accurate knowledge on dose in the buildup region is important for applications such as the tangential beam setup. This work is to look for a dosimeter that measures with ease the correct photon beam PDD curves for all depth in phantom including the buildup region and beyond. Method and Materials: The PDDs of a 10 MV photon beam at field size of 10×10 cm2 and 100 cm SSD was scanned in a water‐tank with a cylindrical (Scanditronix, RK) ion chamber, a parallel‐plane (NACP) ion chamber, and a diode dosimeter (Scanditronix, designed for photon field with back‐scatter absorber). The raw scan readings were corrected only for the effective point shifts as defined for depth beyond dmax. The Monte Carlo code EGS was used to generate the “true” PDD curve. Results: The ion chambers, diode and EGS show good agreement beyond the dmax region. In the buildup region, the diode matches the EGS curve within 3% while the two ion chamber curves differ from the EGS curve by 5% to 20%. Conclusion: A scanning diode dosimeter can be designed to generate true PDD curves, with a simple effective point correction, for both the buildup region and beyond for high energy photon beams. The ease of use afforded by such diode dosimeters would mean more availability of true PDD curves at clinic, including the dose buildup region.
Natural growth lines in echinoid ossicles are not reliable indicators of age: a test using Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

. Natural growth lines in the ossicles of echinoids have been used to estimate age, calculate growth curves, and infer population age-structure. However, few studies evaluate whether these bands are added annually–a critical assumption of the aging technique. We tested whether the banding pattern is annual in Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Sea urchins were tagged with a fluorescent marker, released into tidepools, and collected 1 year later. We quantified the position of the fluorescent mark relative to subsequent growth bands. In 30 individuals ranging in test diameter from 14 to 77 mm, and in a series of ∼2 mm size intervals, we examined 3 interambulacral plates (aboral, ambital, and oral) and a rotula from Aristotle's lantern. Overall, only 7 sea urchins (23%) added a complete band to all 4 ossicles. In 6 sea urchins (20%) at least 1 ossicle added more than 1 complete band. In many sea urchins, especially those >55 mm in diameter, most ossicles added less than 1 band. The banding pattern in ossicles seriously underestimates age in S. droebachiensis and population parameters inferred from these growth lines are biased. Before using the growth-band aging method in other echinoids, it must be demonstrated that 1 band is added annually for all sizes in a population under field conditions.
Formation, characterization and electronic structure of thallium-based strontium analogues superconductors

Abstract XRD and EDS results suggested that three intermediates including 1201∗, 1212∗ and 1201 occurred in Y-sub. 1212 phase. XPS studies in Th-sub. ones indicated the variation of hole concentration may occur at Tl-0 layers as the Th content changed.
Seven Factor Response Surface Optimization of a Double-Stage Lye (NaOH) Peeling Process for Pimiento Peppers

A double-stage lye (NaOH) peeling process involving pretreatment (concentration, c1 temperature, T1 time, t1), holding time (th), and post-treatment (C2, T2, t2) was introduced for pimiento peppers (Capsicum annum L. cv. ‘Truhart’). The effect of the seven factors on four responses (unpeeled skin, peeling loss, product yield, and texture) were studied using Response Surface Methodology. Processing times (t1 and t2) and lye concentrations (c1 and c2) were the most important factors, while processing temperatures (T1 and T2) and holding time (th) had no significant effect on the peeling operation. A mild pretreatment of c1≅ 3.2% NaOH for t1= 130 sec combined with a relatively strong post-treatment of c2≅ 8% NaOH for t2= 60 sec at T1= T2= 84°C and th= 45 sec was found to result in an optimum process. The double-stage process was more effective than the conventional single-stage operation.
The utility of intraoperative blood flow measurement during aneurysm surgery using an ultrasonic perivascular flow probe

OBJECTIVE Inadvertent vessel compromise is one major cause of unfavorable outcome from aneurysm surgery. Existing strategies for intraoperative assessment of this complication have potential limitations and disadvantages. We assessed the utility of quantitative intraoperative flow measurements using the Transonic ultrasonic flow probe (Transonic Systems, Inc., Ithaca, NY) during aneurysm surgery. METHODS Of all aneurysms treated surgically at our institution from 1998 to 2003, 103 patients with 106 aneurysms were identified in whom intraoperative flow measurements were available for analysis. We assessed the frequency of flow compromise and clip repositioning and correlated these with postoperative angiography and stroke. RESULTS Significant (>25%) reduction in flow rate was apparent in 33 (31.1%) cases, and resulted in clip repositioning in 27 (25.5%), with return to baseline flow except for two cases with vessel thrombosis/dissection. In the other six cases, flow reduction was owing to spasm resolving with papaverine (n = 3) or responded to retractor repositioning (n = 3). In another six (5.7%) cases, unnecessary clip repositioning was avoided (n = 3) or safe occlusion of the parent vessel for trapping of the aneurysm was allowed by confirming adequate distal flow (n = 3). Aneurysms of the basilar, middle cerebral, anterior communicating, or carotid terminus were more likely to be associated with flow compromise (odds ratio, 4.3; P = 0.03). Postoperative angiography corroborated vessel patency in all cases, and no unexpected large vessel occlusions or strokes were evident. CONCLUSION Use of the ultrasonic flow probe provides real-time immediate feedback concerning vessel patency. Vessel compromise is easier to interpret than with Doppler, and faster/less invasive than intraoperative angiography. Intraoperative flow measurement is a valuable adjunct for enhancing the safety of aneurysm surgery.
Positive Parenting During Adolescence and Career Success in Young Adulthood

Research findings suggested that positive parenting behaviors during adolescence continue to have lasting effects on children, even when they enter young adulthood; though few studies have investigated how positive parenting behaviors affect career success in young adulthood. Career success is central to young adults’ identity formation, life satisfaction, marital relations and mental health. In this study, we examine how positive parenting behaviors influence young adults’ career success. Using a large, nationally representative, and longitudinal sample, results from regression analyses suggested that positive parenting behaviors during adolescence were positively associated with young adults’ career outcomes, including career satisfaction, career autonomy, career commitment, and income. Furthermore, the association between positive parenting during adolescence and career success was mediated in part by education attainment in young adulthood.
Structure and Search of the Internal Lexicon.

The aim of the paper is to examine alternative views of how the internal lexicon is structured and searched. To do this we examine the effect of a key variable, word frequency, on lexical decision. A theoretical analysis is made of the implications of the standard explanation of word frequency effects in terms of a frequency-ordered, serially searched internal lexicon. We test these implications in an experiment in which word frequency and composition of the experimental lists are varied. List composition is varied by altering the word frequency ranges included in the list. The results show effects of list composition that rule out frequency-ordered, serially searched models. Alternative models are considered and one of these developed in detail. This model is based on the idea of two internal lists. One is a shorter, ready-access list consisting of high-frequency words. The other is the complete list. The subject chooses lists for search on the basis of his knowledge of the experimental lists being presented.
Evaluation of the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor – betrixaban

Introduction: For over 60 years vitamin K antagonists have been the mainstay of oral therapy for treatment and prevention of venous and arterial thromboembolic disease. The emergence of two new classes of orally administered anticoagulants, direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors have drastically changed the landscape in the management of these disease states. Betrixaban, an orally administered direct factor Xa inhibitor, is entering a Phase III trial and undergoing investigation for similar indications as apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban. Areas covered: The chemical development of betrixaban, pharmacokinetic differences between betrixaban and currently available novel anticoagulants and future considerations for clinical use. Expert opinion: Betrixaban, the fifth novel oral anticoagulant in line for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, possesses some unique pharmacokinetic characteristics in comparison with the currently available novel anticoagulants, including limited renal excretion, ...
Testing and space qualification of the NEAR laser range finder

The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission is the first mission of the NASA Discovery Program. The NEAR spacecraft, developed and tested by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL), embarked on a four year mission on February 17, 1996. During the three- year cruise phase, the satellite will fly near the asteroid Mathilde and will receive an energy boost during an Earth swing-by in 1998. In 1999 NEAR will begin its year long orbit around the asteroid 433 Eros to collect scientific data using several instruments including an imager, a magnetometer, an X-ray/Gamma-ray detector, and a laser altimeter. The NEAR Laser Rangefinder (NLR) will provide altimetry data for characterizing the topography of Eros from a distance of 42 km. The instrument was designed and tested to meet the requirements of the NEAR space environment. In this paper we review the NLR design, present the test philosophy, highlight the tests, and present test results.
The Giffords shootings in Tucson: Exploring citizen-generated versus news media content in crisis management

Abstract This study expands on previously published research into the role citizen generated content plays in the coverage of crisis situations and discusses implications for public relations practitioners who must respond to this type of coverage. Using a content analysis of newspapers and the websites of cable and broadcast news networks, the authors explored the use of both official versus non-official sources and the use of citizen generated content during coverage of the January 2011 shootings in Tucson that injured Rep. Gabrielle Giffords (D-Ariz.) and 12 others, and killed six people. Results revealed reporters were more likely to use non-official sources. Reporters also were more likely to use non-official technology sources, or citizen generated content, than official technology sources such as web-based news releases and statements. This study finds additional support for the concept that crisis managers must learn to deal with reporters’ use of citizen generated content while also leveraging social media to control their organization's message during a crisis.
Economic characteristics and management challenges of the Hawaii pelagic longline fisheries: Will a catch share program help?

Abstract To date, none of the fisheries in the U.S. Pacific Islands Region is managed under a catch share program. In light of the NOAA policy to encourage the use of catch shares as a fishery management tool, the Western Pacific Fishery Management Council (WPFMC) listed six commercial fisheries, including the Hawaii pelagic longline fishery, the largest in the region, as potential candidates for catch share programs. This study examines the baseline economic characteristics and the main challenges facing the Hawaii pelagic longline fishery and evaluates the impact of these on the desirability and feasibility of a catch share program for this particular fishery.
Estimates of primary production by remote sensing in the Arctic Ocean: Assessment of accuracy with passive and active sensors

Abstract The Arctic Ocean, including its regional shelf seas, is assumed to play an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, the true magnitude of annual production is unknown, as in situ data are sparse in time and space. Remote sensing technology has the potential to provide large scale estimates of phytoplankton biomass at much higher frequency and spatial coverage than shipboard observations in this remote region. Subsurface peaks in both biomass and primary production (PP), which are the characteristics of the Arctic, are shown to limit the reliability of ocean color based integrated PP (IPP) models in the Chukchi Sea. Here we report that the retrievals of IPP from remotely sensed ocean color data were accurate only when limited to 1.2 optical depths, which severely constrains the utility of ocean color remote sensing for the assessment of Arctic Ocean dynamics. Active sensors such as LIDAR, can, in combination with passive ocean color, dramatically improve our ability to estimate IPP for the Arctic. IPP retrievals were improved to within a factor of 2–3 of the measured values, when the vertical distribution of Chl a was determined to a resolution of 1 m using modeled LIDAR retrievals of the beam attenuation coefficient. This was far better than models using only passive ocean color. The instrument specifications of the current NASA spaceborne LIDAR (CALIOP) allow for the retrieval of K d at a depth resolution of 23 m. Even with this constraint, however, the accuracy of the modeled IPP was improved over passive ocean color retrievals to approximately a factor of 3. The Arctic is a perfect location to merge ocean color and LIDAR measurements as the polar orbit of CALIOP provides complete grid coverage of the area every 8 days, crossing the horizontal gradients in Chl a already known to exist from passive ocean color observations.
An extension of Newton-type algorithms for nonlinear process control

This study extends the multistep, Newton-type formulation [Li and Biegler (1989) Chem. Eng. Res, Des., 67, 562–577]for nonlinear constrained process control. The computation of the control law is based on an augmented performance index, which improves the performance of the method over the original formulation. A number of modifications are also introduced in the computational algorithm to extend the range of problems, eliminate steady-state offsets, and extend the output predictive horizon to infinity. We show that the global stability properties of the original Newton controller are preserved by the present modifications. Moreover in the absence of active constraints, the method behaves as an extension of the linear quadratic regulator for, exhibiting therefore excellent stability properties for a large range of tuning parameters. The capabilities of the method are illustrated by application to various process examples.
Breast reconstruction today.

Present surgical techniques and prostheses now permit any woman who has had a mastectomy to be reconstructed. Whether a womanshould have breast reconstruction must be decided only after full discussion of prognosis and attainable goals with the woman herself. A variety of choices of procedure, timing, and extent of surgery are available.
HIV gp41 Trans-Membrane Domain Promotes both Stalk and Fusion Pore Formation in Poly(Ethylene-) Glycol Mediated Membrane Fusion

The trans-membrane domain (TMD) of gp41 is essential for efficient fusion between HIV-1 and its host cell in vivo. HIV virus with gp41 mutated by R696L is reported to be defective in infectivity and fusion (Helseth, J Vir, 1990, 6314), so we have examined both native and R696L gp41 TMDs’ effects on PEG-mediated fusion of PC/PE/SM/CH (35/30/15/20) SUVs. Lipid mixing (LM), contents mixing (CM) and leakage (L) time courses were fitted globally to a 3-state sequential model (Weinreb & Lentz, BJ, 2007, 4012), from which we obtained estimates of rate constants for conversion between states as well as probabilities of LM, CM and L for each state. The WT peptide increased the rates of stalk (k1) and fusion pore (k3) formation in a cooperative fashion (maximum effect seen at ∼ 0.25mol% peptide or 6 peptides/vesicle). R696L peptide had no effect on k3 and a very minor effect on k1. At this concentration, CD spectroscopy showed the WT peptide to be ∼ 39% helix, 39% unordered, and 22% β-sheet, but to increase in β- and decrease in α-content at high peptide/lipid ratios up to 1/50. Neither peptide affected the extent of content mixing, but the R696L mutant actually inhibited the extent of lipid mixing. The native but not the mutant peptide increased the probability of content mixing in the stalk intermediate. Studies with hexadecane as a space-filling agent showed that the TMD peptide was unlikely to promote fusion by this mechanism. Analysis of transition state thermodynamics suggests that the TMD may disrupt interfacial packing so as to promote penetration of lipid acyl chains into the inter-bilayer space as a means of catalyzing stalk formation. Supported by NIGMS grant 32707 to BRL.
A novel method for piezoelectric transducers placement for passive vibration control of geometrically non‐linear structures

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an effective and novel methodology to determine optimal location of piezoelectric transducers for passive vibration control of geometrically complicated structures and shells with various curvatures. An industry‐standard aircraft leading‐edge structure is considered for the actuator placement analysis and experimental verification.Design/methodology/approach – The proposed method is based on finite element analysis of the underlying structure having a thin layer of piezoelectric elements covering the entire inner surface with pertinent boundary conditions. All the piezoelectric properties are incorporated into the elements. Specifically, modal piezoelectric analysis is performed to provide computed tomography for the evaluations of the electric potential distributions on these piezoelectric elements attributed by the first bending and torsional modes of structural vibration. Then, the outstanding zone(s) yielding highest amount of electric potentials can b...
Continuous Process for Ammonium-Lactate Fermentation of Deproteinized Whey

Abstract A mathematical model was developed to describe a process for the continuous fermentation of lactose to lactic acid with neutralization to a constant pH by ammonia. Equations for the steady state were used to simulate the effect of cell-retention time on substrate, product, and cell-mass concentrations in a single-stage system. The theoretical predictions then were validated by laboratory experiments in which reconstituted and supplemented deproteinized whey was fermented continuously by an adapted culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus at pH 5.5 and 44C without sterilization or asepsis. Lactate concentration was maximum (58.7 mg/ml) at a cell-retention time of 27h, and cell mass was maximum (1.9 mg/ml) at 9.3h. The single-stage continuous fermentation of deproteinized whey as compared to that of whole whey resulted in similarly high product accumulation and of substrate utilization at similarly high conversion rates. The fermentation of deproteinized whey also was simulated for operation with two stages in series at various retention-time ratios, the results of which predicted that the combined retention time could be reduced to 17h with results as good as that with the single-stage operation.
Optimization of fuzzy membership function parameters

In the design of a generic fuzzy logic controller, the parameters associated with fuzzy membership functions are defined in an ad hoc or arbitrary manner. This paper presents a scheme to obtain these parameters automatically via the optimization of a performance measure. Numerical optimization techniques are used to obtain the optimal values of fuzzy membership function parameters such that the performance measure is minimized. An example of the design procedure is provided by applying the developed scheme to the problem of autonomous vehicle following.
Experimental Infection of Rhesus Monkeys with Lassa Virus and a Closely Related Arenavirus, Mozambique Virus

As a model for the pathogenesis of Lassa fever in humans, nine rhesus monkeys were inoculated with Lassa virus. Three monkeys had had a previous asymptomatic experimental infection with Mozambique virus, a closely related arenavirus; these monkeys were protected from illness and viremia and manifested only mild pathologic lesions. The other animals developed severe disease and viremia. At necropsy, hepatocellular necrosis, interstitial pneumonia, a unique pulmonary arteritis, adrenal gland necrosis, encephalitis, and uveitis were prominent pathologic lesions which correlated with the organ titers of virus. One animal infected with Lassa virus developed prolonged viremia, a typical immune response, and sudden onset of lower limb paralysis after recovery; at necropsy chronic proliferative arteritis of the spinal cord, brain, and heart was evident. Similarities and differences in the pathologic lesions in this model and Lassa fever in humans indicate that care must be taken in interpreting the results of experiments concerning immune prophylaxis, pathogenesis, and treatment in rhesus monkeys.
From junior to senior: advice from the benefit of 20/20 hindsight

As the first recipient of both the Women in Cell Biology Junior and Senior Awards, I look back to identify key components that have provided the foundation for my successful research career. In retrospect, the three most important building blocks have been: identify- ing and pursing important problems; attracting and mentoring talented postdoctoral fellows and students; and establishing and nurturing strong collaborations.
Running the Machine

Let’s return to the analysis of the book on the table in Fig. 4.1. With the book at rest, we identified two forces on the book: Ftable, the table pushing up on the book and Fearthh, the earth pulling down. Now suppose we push the book so that it moves to a new position on the table top—there is a displacement As of the book. Two more forces enter here as shown in Fig. 5.1: the force of the hand pushing the book, Fhand and the frictional force that the rough tabletop exerts on the sliding book, Ffriction.
The effects of impulsive noise upon human hearing sensitivity (8 to 20 kHz).

The effects of impulsive noise exposure upon hearing sensitivity from 8 000 to 20 000 Hz were determined for a sample of 23 young military veterans. The subjects' histories consisted primarily of major incidents of weapons fire. Based on audiometric configuration, the subject sample was divided in two groups characterized by predominantly unilateral or bilateral shifts in threshold sensitivity. This division was consistent with history information. The main finding was extensive threshold shifts from 8 000 to 20 000 Hz which was highly individual-specific and unpredictable. High frequency audiometry frequently revealed extensive changes not evident in the 250 through 8 000 Hz range.
Young Children's Understanding of Thought Bubbles and of Thoughts

In a series of 4 studies, we explored preschoolers' understanding of thought bubbles. Very few 3-year-olds or 4-year-olds we tested knew what a thought-bubble depiction was without instruction. But, if simply told that the thought bubble "shows what someone is thinking," the vast majority of 3-year-olds and 4-year-olds easily understood the devices as depicting thoughts generally and individual thought contents specifically. In total, these children used thought-bubble depictions to ascertain the contents of characters' thoughts in a variety of situations; appropriately distinguished such depictions from mere associated actions or objects; described thought bubbles in the language of mental states; judged that persons' thoughts in these depictions were subjective in the sense of person-specific (and hence 2 people can have different thoughts about the same state of affairs); and judged that thought-bubble thoughts (a) were representational in the sense of depicting or showing some other state of affairs, (b) were mental and thus showed intangible, private, internal thoughts unlike real pictures or photographs, and (c) can be false, that is, can depict a person's misrepresentation of some state of affairs. We discuss the implications of these findings for young children's understanding of thoughts and thought bubbles, for their learning and comprehension of pictorial conventions, and for the use of thought bubbles to assess children's early understanding of mind.
Pulmonary Complications of Hemoglobinopathies

Hemoglobinopathies are diseases caused by genetic mutations that result in abnormal, dysfunctional hemoglobin molecules or lower levels of normal hemoglobin molecules. The most common hemoglobinopathies are sickle cell disease (SCD) and the thalassemias. In SCD, an abnormal hemoglobin alters the erythrocyte, causing a chronic hemolytic anemia, which can lead to pulmonary parenchymal damage and impaired vascular function. Pulmonary complications of SCD include the acute chest syndrome (ACS), reactive airways disease, pulmonary hypertension (PH), and pulmonary fibrosis. Episodes of ACS and the development of PH both increase the risk of death in patients with SCD. Both α and β thalassemia are characterized by impaired production of hemoglobin subunits, and severity of disease varies widely. Although screening studies suggest that PH is a common complication for patients with thalassemia, its impact on survival is unknown. Understanding the pathogenesis, diagnostic options, and prevention and treatment strategies for such complications is critical for clinicians who care for these patients. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and clinical presentation of pulmonary complications associated with hemoglobinopathies, with a focus on recent advances in pathogenesis and treatment.
An Experimental Method to Continuously Measure Permeability of Fiber Preforms as a Function of Fiber Volume Fraction

Liquid composite molding processes have the potential to produce complex shaped parts utilizing tailored fiber reinforcements and inserts. Existing simulation tools have the capability to predict t...
Power Output Force Generation by a MEMS Phase Change Actuator

A microelectromechanical-systems-based phase change actuator has been developed and tested for high-speed mechanical power output and force generation. This actuator is well suited for a variety of advanced devices like tactile displays or micro fluidic systems. The device features two thin membranes that bound a cavity filled with working fluid. The working fluid boils at low temperature. Two sizes of actuator are tested, an actuator with membrane sidelengths of 5 mm and an actuator with top membrane sidelength of 10 mm. Two top membrane materials are explored consisting of 2 μm thick silicon and 300 nm thick silicon nitride. Heat addition is through the lower membrane which is fabricated with novel capillary structures designed to increase the efficiency of actuator operation. The actuator is shown to produce up to 2.6 mW of mechanical power output and generate an applied force of 43 mN. Operating speeds up to 100 Hz are demonstrated.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: a new case report and identification of two novel mutations (Gly156A1a and Val217Ile), only one of which (Gly156A1a) is deleterious.

Abstract Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency results in an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disease characterized by initial involvement of cellular immunity and neurological manifestations with subsequent abnormalities of humoral immunity. The initial presentation and clinical course has varied widely in the relatively few published cases. The molecular basis has been reported in only 10 patients, precluding evaluation of phenotype–genotype relationships. We now report clinical, immunologic, and molecular findings in a new case of relatively early onset that emphasizes hypotonia and developmental delay as early manifestations. The patient carried two novel missense mutations (Gly56A1a and Val217Ile) on the same allele in apparent homozygosity. Expression of each of the mutant enzymes in vitro demonstrated that the Gly156A1a mutation abolished enzyme activity while the Val217Ile mutation was without obvious effect and is therefore a normal variant. Such “normal” polymorphisms might be associated with a variable response to the immunosuppressive PNP inhibitors currently in clinical trials.
Experiments on pore closure during hot isostatic pressing and forging

The effect of stress on pore closure was studied by hot isostatic pressing and hot forging of sintered Al2O3, cubic ZrO2, and finer-grained Al2O3/ZrO2 (cubic) composite materials containing pores remnant of monosized plastic spheres. For the temperature-time conditions explored, plastic deformation was the dominant mechanism for pore shape change and closure. Namely, only pores in the highly deformable two-phase material were observed to either change shape (under uniaxial forging) or shrink (during hot isostatic pressing). Large plastic strains (0.3 to 0.6, dependent on location) were required to produce pore closure under forging conditions. At temperatures where the two-phase materials were sufficiently deformable to affect pore closure, pores close to the surface would puncture as the thin web of material separating the pore from the surface was deformed into the pore. These results are discussed in terms of the common practice of finishing by hot isostatic pressing of sintered materials.