cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"Justice of the Marketplace": Legal Disputes and Economic Activity on America's Northeastern Frontier, 1700–1860

The analysis of markets, courts, and civil litigation on the northeastern frontier of the United States provides a valuable opportunity to assess the evolution of institutions during economic development. The data set pools longitudinal and cross-sectional observations on 30,000 lawsuits filed in Maine during the critical period between 1700 and 1860. The earliest legal institutions moderated both social and economic norms, but courts quickly began to specialize in commercial issues. The residence of debtors and creditors and changes in spatial characteristics over time yield insights into the nature and extent of capital markets and impersonal exchange. The distribution and disposition of property and debt cases indicate that early markets were well developed and orderly; the evidence of “social tension” between debtors and creditors was minimal. The results do not support the standard claim of a transition from interactions based on community norms to impersonal market exchange late in the eighteenth ce...
On contigs and coverage.

Abstract This work revisits the classic problem of coverage in genomic shotgun assembly (the “Lander-Waterman statistics”). A novel formulation, based on the analysis of an autonomous Markov automaton, is presented, and two main conclusions are derived. The first is an evaluation of the minimum multiplicity (“coverage”) required to achieve uninterrupted covering (one single contig) with a prescribed confidence level. The second is a detailed analysis of the effect of replacing the hypothesis of fixed-length genomic fragments with that of an arbitrary distribution of lengths over a finite interval.
The Effectiveness of an Early-Grade Literacy Intervention on the Cognitive Achievement of Brazilian Students

Beginning in 2007, the Literacy Program at the Right Age (Pacto pela Alfabetizacao na Idade Certa [PAIC]) in Brazil’s Ceara state required municipal schools to implement a tiered, whole-school earl...
Images of Withdrawal Behavior in Disasters: Some Basic Misconceptions

starting point is the perspective of those persons or organizations who are most involved in disaster control and relief activities. Most agencies and officials assume victim populations withdraw as soon as possible from impact areas (23). This assumption involves three not altogether consistent images of withdrawal behavior. One image is that of "panic"; another is that of "dependency". Additionally superimposed on these two images is another one of "control". That is, whether withdrawal be thought of in the form of panic and/or dependency, the assumption is made that such behavior can be controlled. Certain misconceptions about all three images will be examined.
X-linkage and genetic heterogeneity in bipolar-related major affective illness: reanalysis of linkage data.

SUMMARY It has been suggested that an X-linked dominant allele operates in the genetic transmission of bipolar (manic-depressive) illness. Linkage studies with X-chromosome markers have remained inconclusive, showing both positive and negative results. Some of the ambiguity may be attributed to imprecise analytic methods and genetic heterogeneity. In this report, recently published pedigree series are reanalysed for linkage using a systematic method of pedigree analysis (Liped 3) with an accurate age-of-onset correction. Linkage heterogeneity is assessed through a two-recombination fraction heterogeneity test suggested by Smith (1963). The results are as follows: (1) Close linkage of bipolar illness to colourblindness (deutan and protan) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency appears to be present in some pedigrees, with estimated recombination fractions of θ= 0.05 and 0.00, respectively; (2) Linkage with the Xg blood group cannot be supported. These results are consistent with known linkages on the X chromosome.
1‐Benzoyl‐2(S)‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methoxy‐6(S)‐carbo­methoxy‐1,2,5,6‐tetra­hydro‐1,3‐pyrimidine: a useful precursor of α‐alkyl­ated aspartic acids

In the title compound, C18H24N2O4, the tert-butyl and carbo­methoxy substituents on the central ring are syn with respect to each other. The conformation of the central ring is such that the C atom carrying the carbo­methoxy group lies 0.609 (2) A out of the mean plane of the other five atoms.
Effects of Neonatal 6-Hydroxydopamine Treatment on Catecholamine Levels and Behavior During Development and Adulthood

The effects of neonatal intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (50–400 μg) treatment on catecholamine levels in various brain regions, and on motor activity, were investigated in rats during development and adulthood. At 30 days catecholamine levels were lower in the frontal cortex and ventral diencephalon: minor reductions were observed in midbrain and pontine regions. At 90 days the effects of 6-OHDA treatment were similar in frontal and rostral midbrain regions but in the pontine area norepinephrine levels were substantially elevated. Behavioral tests in a stabilimeter indicated 6-OHDA-treated rats were hyperactive during development, at 25 and 35 days of age, as well as in adulthood. However, 6-OHDA-treated rats did not differ from controls in habituation. These effects are interpreted as supporting the notion that low catecholamine levels in the forebrain alter activity during development and in adulthood.
On the optical dispersive properties of HgCdTe as a function of depth

An overview of the properties of the absorption coefficient of mercury cadmium telluride that may make this material useful for intrinsic hyperspectral detection is presented. A review of recent work on modeling the absorption coefficient is provided, and new directions for achieving an analytical representation with higher fidelity are suggested.
Technology Insight: current status of endoscopic ultrasonography

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become the most accurate imaging modality for locoregional cancer staging of the gastrointestinal tract. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) has added a new level of accuracy for EUS in nodal staging, with reported numbers in the 90% range for luminal and pancreaticobiliary disease. In addition, new non-gastrointestinal applications are being evaluated, such as the role of EUS-FNA for the staging of non-small-cell lung cancer and exploration of the posterior mediastinum. Furthermore, the same techniques that make safe tissue sampling possible are being explored for their use as interventional applications, such as EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis, fine-needle injection, EUS-guided pseudocyst drainage, and EUS-guided cholangiography and pancreatography. This review describes the current clinical status of EUS in gastrointestinal oncology, as well as future and novel indications and therapeutic strategies for this technology.
In vitro activity of LY146032 (Daptomycin) against selected aerobic bacteria

The in vitro activity of the new lipopeptide antibiotic LY146032 was generally four-fold greater (MIC 90 ⩽ 0. 5μg/ml) than that of vancomycin against methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistantStaphybcoccus aureus and coagulase-negative species ofStaphylococcus. Enterococci,Streptococcus bovis, group B and viridans streptococci, andCorynebacterium group J-K isolates were inhibited by ≤ 4μg/ml of LY146032, which represented activity equivalent to or greater than that of vancomycin. Unlike vancomycin, LY146032 was bactericidal forEnterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium andListeria monocytogenes. Due to its bactericidal properties LY146032 appeared to represent an improvement over vancomycin and teicoplanin.
Fluctuations of Gonadotropin Levels in Children

ABSTRACT Gonadotropin levels have been measured at frequent intervals during a waking 3-hr period in 3 normal adults and 19 children and young adults. Peaks in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were observed in pubertal boys similar to those in adults. Significant peaks were not observed in prepubertal children or males with hypogonadotropism, nor were their levels distinguishable from each other. Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were more constant in adults and pubertal subjects as exemplified by smaller ranges of levels and ratios of high to low levels. Early pubertal boys (stage 2) had lower mean levels and ranges of LH and mean levels of FSH than later pubertal boys. Boys with delayed puberty had FSH and LH levels statistically the same as those with normal puberty. The occurrence of significant periodic LH peaks appears to be a phenomenon of sexual maturity.
Nucleotide variants within the IQGAP1 gene in diffuse-type gastric cancers.

IQGAP1 is recognized as a negative regulator of cell–cell adhesion at adherens junctions in several cell types, including gastric mucosal cells. The histopathologic appearance of diffuse gastric carcinoma is defined by non- or poorly cohesive tumor cells, indicating abnormal intercellular adhesion. Hence, we screened 38 gastric cancers for activating point mutations in IQGAP1. In 2 of the 33 diffuse gastric cancers, there was a missense nucleotide change predicted to alter the amino acid sequence in the GAP-related domain, which includes part of the binding site for the activated small G proteins Cdc42 and Rac1. Many intronic IQGAP1 gene changes were observed, and several occurred more frequently in diffuse-type gastric cancers than in intestinal-type gastric cancers. A highly variable pentanucleotide repeat was identified in the final intron of IQGAP1. The most expanded six-repeat sequence was present exclusively in diffuse-type gastric cancers. Additionally, 19 diffuse cases and two intestinal cases exhibited silent coding region nucleotide alterations. Taken together, our results suggest that IQGAP1 coding sequence mutations are not a frequent event in gastric cancer, but do occur in a subset of diffuse-type gastric carcinomas. Additional studies analyzing other proteins involved in cell adhesion may lead to a better molecular understanding of the histopathologic appearance of diffuse gastric cancers. ' 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Use of Inertial Altitude in the Determination of the Convective-Scale Pressure Field over Land

Abstract Pressure perturbations are measured from an aircraft by subtracting its pressure altitude from its actual altitude. The pressure perturbation is equal to the resulting “D-value” multiplied by the acceleration of gravity and density of air. Normally, the actual altitude is measured using a radar altimeter, but this becomes increasingly difficult over increasingly complex terrain. Here, we document a technique in which inertial altitude is used instead of radar altitude, eliminating the need for extremely accurate navigation or simple terrain, and apply it to document the pressure field at the base of an evolving cumulus congestus in CCOPE. Analysis of both this case study and aircraft self-calibration maneuvers in clear, undisturbed air suggests that a D-value (pressure) accuracy of 2 m (20 Pa) is achievable at cumulus-congestus scales. This accuracy is degraded, however, if the phenomenon of interest is large compared to the flight track.
Enhanced Reliability and Renewed Applications of the Deltopectoral Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction

Bakamjian introduced the deltopectoral skin flap in 1965, and thereafter it was used extensively for reconstructive surgery of the head and neck. Flap failure rates of 10% to 25% were reported, necessitating the development of alternative methods of reconstruction and eventually relegating the flap to historical references. Since 1991, we have used the deltopectoral flap in 24 patients for reconstruction after head and neck tumor surgery. Simple technical modifications have been used to enhance the reliability of this flap, with no observed failures or even partial flap loss. The deltopectoral flap remains a versatile and reliable tissue source that can be used simultaneously with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for a variety of complex head and neck reconstructions.
Dimensions of R&D location in the United States

Abstract R&D activities in the United States, as in other advanced economies, are geographically concentrated in certain types of locations. This study presents data on the location of four dimensions of R&D in the U.S.: industrial R&D laboratories, scientists and engineers engaged in R&D, scientists and engineers employed by the federal government, and research universities. Industrial R&D is much more concentrated in large urban areas than the other dimensions, and appears to locate more in response to the location of manufacturing activity than to the location of research universities and federal research facilities. The location of R&D employment, which includes government university, and industrial employees, is associated with facilities for all three types of R&D. Because of these factors, R&D in the U.S. is found on a significant per capita basis in 44 of 177 urban areas, most of them in the northeastern portion of the country. When two dimensions, industrial R&D laboratories and R&D employees, are combined as a measure of R&D concentration, the locational pattern is less clustered regionally. Ten urban areas in all regions of the U.S. are identified as important complexes of R&D. Since the location of R&D is a major indicator of comparative advantage for technological activities and the economic potential of urban regions, only a few areas of the U.S. are likely to remain important in the generation of innovations.
Reduced autophagy in livers of fasted, fat-depleted, ghrelin-deficient mice: Reversal by growth hormone

Plasma growth hormone (GH) and hepatic autophagy each have been reported to protect against hypoglycemia in the fasted state, but previous data have not linked the two. Here we demonstrate a connection using a mouse model of fasting in a fat-depleted state. Mice were subjected to 1 wk of 60% calorie restriction, causing them to lose nearly all body fat. They were then fasted for 23 h. During fasting, WT mice developed massive increases in plasma GH and a concomitant increase in hepatic autophagy, allowing them to maintain viable levels of blood glucose. In contrast, lethal hypoglycemia occurred in mice deficient in the GH secretagogue ghrelin as a result of knockout of the gene encoding ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), which catalyzes a required acylation of the peptide. Fasting fat-depleted Goat−/− mice showed a blunted increase in GH and a marked decrease in hepatic autophagy. Restoration of GH by infusion during the week of calorie restriction maintained autophagy in the Goat−/− mice and prevented lethal hypoglycemia. Acute injections of GH after 7 d of calorie restriction also restored hepatic autophagy, but failed to increase blood glucose, perhaps owing to ATP deficiency in the liver. These data indicate that GH stimulation of autophagy is necessary over the long term, but not sufficient over the short term to maintain blood glucose levels in fasted, fat-depleted mice.
A formal method for composing a network command language

A formal method is introduced for the development and definition of command languages for heterogeneous computer networks. The network command languages are developed from the command languages of the systems constituting the network. This is done by defining a common presentation model for the system command languages and constructing the network command language by applying a composition principle to the commonly represented languages. The common presentation model is defined as a Vienna Development Method (Meta IV) abstract processor for command languages. System command languages are represented by means of predicate functions which are defined on the abstract domains of the abstract processor. This allows a straightforward formulation of the composition principle as a function for the logical combination of predicate functions. Two sample network command languages are composed out of two hypothetical command languages. The results are related to the International Organization for Standardization Open Systems Interconnection model (ISO OSI).
Rhyolites contaminated with metapelite and gabbro, Lipari, Aeolian Islands, Italy: products of lower crustal fusion or of assimilation plus fractional crystallization?

Pleistocene lavas from Monte S. Angelo and Chiesa Vecchia volcanoes on Lipari contain two suites of inclusions. A metapelitic suite consists of gneisses and granulites with combinations of cordierite, garnet, corundum, hercynite, andalusite, sillimanite, orthopyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite, biotite, plagioclase, and quartz. A gabbroic suite has cumulus texture and contains plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and magnetite. All megacryst phases in the lavas appear to be derived from rock fragments, with the exception of euhedral strongly zoned calcic plagioclase, and none has grown by homogeneous nucleation from liquid represented by the groundmass, which is peraluminous rhyolite (>70 wt% SiO2, >6 wt% K2O). Ground-mass microcrysts were nearly all derived from disaggregated metapelites; overgrowths of alkali feldspar on plagioclase and of orthopyroxene on clinopyroxene, and quartz intergrown with alkali feldspar, are the only phases that grew from the rhyolitic liquid. Euhedral cordierite, hercynite, and plagioclase at the margins of some rock fragments grew by reaction of metapelite with liquid.
Non-Fermi liquid behavior as a consequence of Kondo disorder

Abstract We describe a route based on disorder towards non-Fermi liquid behavior in Kondo alloys. Disorder in the f -parameters leads to a distribution of local Kondo temperatures, P ( T K ). When this distribution is such that P (0) ≠ 0, the system exhibits non-Fermi liquid behavior, due to the presence of dilute low- T K spins which are unquenched at finite temperatures.
New aquatic sites of the fungus Sommerstorffia spinosa

When studying zoosporic fungi in the waters of northeastern Poland tbe authors found new sites of a rare fungus - Sommerstorffia spinosa Arnaudow. Its growth was observed in water samples collected from limnologically different reservoirs, from the spring Jaroszowka, the oligotrophic type (Lake Biale), through mesotrophic (Lake Wigry) to the polytrophic type (pond Fosa with high content of hydrogen sulphide under ice cover). This fungus was also found in the river Biala, which flowing through Bialystok gets polluted by municipal wastes. Moreover, the successive stages of S. spinosa development in the aquatic environment are described.
Non-linear static and dynamic deformations of shells of revolution†

Abstract The rate equation method, previously developed by the authors, is extended to the analysis of static and dynamic finite deformations of shells of revolution. As an example of the technique, the static and dynamic response of an initially flat plate under spatially uniform, but time varying pressure, is analyzed. Full non-linear shell equations are used in the analysis, and results are presented for large static deflections as well as for large amplitude free and forced vibrations. The accuracy of the rate equation method is verified by comparison with known solutions obtained by other methods. This comparison also establishes the superiority of the rate equation method over other existing methods as far as calculation times and computer storage requirements are concerned.
A low-power implantable neuroprocessor on nano-FPGA for Brain Machine interface applications

This paper presents the implementation of a low-power and implantable neuroprocessor on low-cost nano-FPGA for data reduction and on-the-fly spike sorting in Brain Machine Interface applications. Detailed analysis of efficient utilization of the hardware resources, power consumption and design scalability are provided. The prototype we report here enables simultaneous processing of 32-channel data sampled at 25 kHz/channel with 8-bit/sample resolution with less than 5 mW power consumption for all modes of operation (monitoring, compression and sensing) at 1.2 V core voltage supply on a 5 mm × 5 mm nano-FPGA.
The presence and effect of bias in trials of early enteral nutrition in critical care

Summary Background Randomized trials suggest that early enteral nutrition is beneficial in critically ill adults. However, methodologic bias can overestimate benefit. Objective To assess the potential effect of methodologic bias on these trials. Study design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data source Randomized trials identified in electronic searches of PUBMED, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, and in various handsearches. Methods The primary (mortality, morbidity) and secondary (time on ventilator or in intensive care unit/hospital, cost) outcomes were abstracted from each identified trial comparing early enteral nutrition to no/delayed enteral nutrition. Each trial was assessed for six domains of methodologic bias (sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, intention-to-treat, selective outcome reporting, other). No low risk of bias trial (adequate in all six domains) was identified, so such trials could not be compared to the others. Instead, meta-analyses of trials with more or fewer risks were compared in the following ways: adequate methodology to deal with ≥3 or ≤2 domains; Jadad scores ≥3 or ≤2; adequate versus not adequate for each domain. Data synthesis In the 15 identified trials, early enteral nutrition appeared to improve mortality and infectious morbidity. Mortality benefit was observed only in trials with more risks of bias; infectious morbidity benefit was observed in some analyses of trials with fewer bias risks. Limitations Small numbers of trials and missing information. Conclusions The benefits attributed to early enteral nutrition were either seen only in trials with high risks of bias or may result from residual risks of bias.
FAQ finder: a case-based approach to knowledge navigation

In this paper, we will discuss a class of systems, called FAQ FINDER systems, that use a natural language question-based interface to distributed information sources, specifically files organized as question/answer pairs such as FAQ files. In using these systems, users enter question in natural language and the system attempts answer that question, using FAQ files as a resource. We combined two technologies in developing these systems: statistically based IR engines and more semantically based "language matchers". The power of our approach rises out of two features: first, we are using knowledge sources that have already been designed to answer the commonly asked questions in a domain and are more highly organized than free text; second, these systems do not have to comprehend the queries they receive. They only have to identify the relevant files and then match against the segments of text that are used to organize the files themselves. >
Differential regulation of CASZ1 protein expression during cardiac and skeletal muscle development.

Background: The zinc-finger transcription factor CASZ1 is required for differentiation of a distinct population of cardiomyocytes during development. However, expression of Casz1 mRNA is detected throughout the developing heart, suggesting the spatial regulation of CASZ1 occurs at the protein level. Relatively little is known about posttranscriptional regulation of Casz1 in the heart. Results: We generated antibodies that specifically recognize CASZ1 in developing Xenopus embryos, and performed immunofluorescence analysis of CASZ1 during cardiac development. CASZ1 was detected throughout the developing myocardium. CASZ1 was restricted to terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes, and was down-regulated in cells that re-enter the cell cycle. We determined that CASZ1 expression correlated with terminal differentiation in cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscle cells, and lymph-heart musculature. Conclusions: This study indicates that spatially distinct expression of CASZ1 protein may be due to posttranscriptional control of Casz1 mRNA during cardiac development. The results of this study provide insights into the role of Casz1 in cardiac function and in the differentiation of other cell types, including skeletal muscle and lymph heart. Developmental Dynamics 243:948–956, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrinsic Motivation and the Acquisition and Maintenance of Four Experiential States

Abstract Research on the antecedents of intrinsic motivation has shown competence, self-determination, excitement, and affiliativeness to be key determinants. The present study tested Reeve and Cole's (1987a) analysis of how these experiential states affect intrinsic motivation. They were hypothesized to function as both maintaining stimuli and intrinsic rewards to increase self-report and behavioral measures of intrinsic motivation. Using the method of subjective graphing, 59 female and 50 male American college students reported maintaining or not maintaining, acquiring or not acquiring, or being ambivalent on each experiential state during a bowling session. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed that maintainers of each experiential state had higher levels of intrinsic motivation than nonmaintainers, substantiating that experiential states function as maintaining stimuli to sustain intrinsic motivation. Acquirers of self-determination and excitement (but not of competence or affiliativeness) had hi...
Abnormal regulation of HGP by hyperglycemia in mice with a disrupted glucokinase allele

Glucokinase (GK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose in β-cells and hepatocytes, and mutations in the GK gene have been implicated in a form of human diabetes. To investigate the relative role...
Cellular automaton of idealized brain tumor growth dynamics

A novel cellular automaton model of proliferative brain tumor growth has been developed. This model is able to simulate Gompertzian tumor growth over nearly three orders of magnitude in radius using only four microscopic parameters. The predicted composition and growth rates are in agreement with a test case pooled from the available medical literature. The model incorporates several new features, improving previous models, and also allows ready extension to study other important properties of tumor growth, such as clonal competition.
Targeted Disruption of the Meprin β Gene in Mice Leads to Underrepresentation of Knockout Mice and Changes in Renal Gene Expression Profiles

Meprins are multidomain zinc metalloproteases that are highly expressed in mammalian kidney and intestinal brush border membranes and in leukocytes and certain cancer cells. Mature meprins are oligomers of evolutionarily related, separately encoded α and/or β subunits. Homooligomers of meprin α are secreted; oligomers containing meprin β are plasma membrane associated. Meprin substrates include bioactive peptides and extracellular matrix proteins. Meprins have been implicated in cancer and intestinal inflammation. Additionally, meprin β is a candidate gene for diabetic nephropathy. To elucidate in vivo functions of these metalloproteases, meprin β null mice were generated by targeted disruption of the meprin β gene on mouse chromosome 18q12. Analyses of meprin β knockout mice indicated that (i) 50% fewer null mice are born than the Mendelian distribution predicts, (ii) null mice that survive develop normally and are viable and fertile, (iii) meprin β knockout mice lack membrane-associated meprin α in kidney and intestine, and (iv) null mice have changes in renal gene expression profiles compared to wild-type mice as assessed by microarray analyses. Thus, disruption of the meprin β allele in mice affects embryonic viability, birth weight, renal gene expression profiles, and the distribution of meprin α in kidney and intestine.
Biochemical and structural characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis beta-lactamase with the carbapenems ertapenem and doripenem.

Despite the enormous success of β-lactams as broad-spectrum antibacterials, they have never been widely used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) due to intrinsic resistance that is caused by the presence of a chromosomally encoded gene (blaC) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our previous studies of TB BlaC revealed that this enzyme is an extremely broad-spectrum β-lactamase hydrolyzing all β-lactam classes. Carbapenems are slow substrates that acylate the enzyme but are only slowly deacylated and can therefore act also as potent inhibitors of BlaC. We conducted the in vitro characterization of doripenem and ertapenem with BlaC. A steady-state kinetic burst was observed with both compounds with magnitudes proportional to the concentration of BlaC used. The results provide apparent Km and kcat values of 0.18 μM and 0.016 min−1 for doripenem and 0.18 μM and 0.017 min−1 for ertapenem, respectively. FTICR mass spectrometry demonstrated that the doripenem and ertapenem acyl−enzyme complexes remain stable over ...
A Measurement-Oriented Approach to Modeling Packet Loss in IP Networks

The support for quality of service has become an absolute must in present data communication networks, as they must now adapt in order to transport time-critical applications, such as voice and video. Great efforts have been made to make the best-effort IP infrastructure suitable for these next-generation applications. QoS frameworks such as IntServ and DiffServ are helping the goal of deploying virtually any communication over IP networks, with a preference of service providers to use DiffServ, due to a number of technological and operational reasons. However, DiffServ lacks complete formal specification-which negatively impacts performance and consistency across implementations-and many of the current partial DiffServ models are flawed by their lack of taking into account variabilities in packet sizes. As previous research has shown, this omission all but renders the models unusable in a number of scenarios. This paper proposes a measurement-based method to include such variabilities in mathematical models. The rationale for using a measurement-based approach versus an analytical one, as well as results and validation of this approach, are also discussed.
Effect of Voluntary Exercise and Diet on the Unfolded Protein Response in the Brain of Mice

Effect of Voluntary Exercise and Diet on the Unfolded Protein Response in the Brain of Mice
Advances in the use of odour as forensic evidence through optimizing and standardizing instruments and canines.

This paper explores the advances made in identifying trace amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that originate from forensic specimens, such as drugs, explosives, live human scent and the scent of death, as well as the probative value for detecting such odours. The ability to locate and identify the VOCs liberated from or left by forensic substances is of increasing importance to criminal investigations as it can indicate the presence of contraband and/or associate an individual to a particular location or object. Although instruments have improved significantly in recent decades—with sensitivities now rivalling that of biological detectors—it is widely recognized that canines are generally still more superior for the detection of odourants due to their speed, versatility, ruggedness and discriminating power. Through advancements in the detection of VOCs, as well as increased standardization efforts for instruments and canines, the reliability of odour as evidence has continuously improved and is likely to continue to do so. Moreover, several legal cases in which this novel form of evidence has been accepted into US courts of law are discussed. As the development and implementation of best practice guidelines for canines and instruments increase, their reliability in detecting VOCs of interest should continue to improve, expanding the use of odour as an acceptable form of forensic evidence.
The Natural History, Distribution, and Conservation of Lonely Rainfrogs, Pristimantis eremitus

Abstract Natural history and behavioral information for species of the genus Pristimantis is scarce. We conducted an extensive study of Pristimantis eremitus, a vulnerable species for which there is scant biological information. We monitored 17 individuals for movements and intraspecific interactions for 13 mo. We describe the species’ variation in dorsal color and pattern, which we used to uniquely identify individuals during the study. We also present results on the habitat utilization and home range of this species, providing evidence that this species shows a preference toward the bromeliad microhabitat when compared with other microhabitat types. We also describe the advertisement call and associated behaviors of the species. We update the known distribution of the species. Our data provide a baseline for future researchers to survey and identify individuals of P. eremitus, and which could be applied comparatively to other species where little of their natural history is known. We also show how an in...
Oncogenes and Human Cancers

Recent molecular genetic studies have shown that most human cancers display a series of multiple genetic alterations. These alterations presumably underlie the multi-factorial etiology and multistage progression of the tumors, although in most cases the precise sequence of genetic events remains unclear. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis are probably the most important single question in cancer research, because when we understand the process of malignant transformation, we are likely to be able to devise means of cancer prevention.1–3 So, many distinct genes and gene products have been implicated in cancer and a few basic concepts have recently emerged.
Adhesion-regulated G1 cell cycle arrest in epithelial cells requires the downregulation of c-Myc

Adhesion to the extracellular matrix is required for the expression and activation of the cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes, and for G1 phase progression of non-transformed cells. However, in non-adherent cells no molecular mechanism has yet been proposed for the cell adhesion-dependent up-regulation of the p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI), and the associated inhibition of cyclin E-CDK2. We now show that in epithelial cells the expression of c-Myc is tightly regulated by cell-substrate adhesion. When deprived of adhesion, two independently derived mammary epithelial cell lines, 184A1N4 and MCF-10A, rapidly decrease their level of c-Myc mRNA and protein. This decrease in levels of c-Myc correlates with G1 phase arrest, as indicated by hypophosphorylation of pRb and inhibition of the activity of the cyclin E-CDK2 complex. In 184A1N4 cells, cell-substrate adhesion is required for the suppression of p27, and induction of cyclin E, E2F-1, but not cyclins D1 and D3. Enforced expression of c-Myc in non-adherent 184A1N4 and MCF-10A cells reverses the adhesion-dependent inhibition of cell cycle progression. Restoration of c-Myc in non-adherent cells induces the expression of E2F-1, and hyperphosphorylation of pRb in response to EGF treatment. In addition, expression of c-Myc results in the anchorage-independent activation of the CDK2 complex, the associated upregulation of cyclin E, and the destabilization and degradation of p27 by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Our study thus suggests that c-Myc is the link between cell adhesion and the regulation of p27 and cyclin E-CDK2. Furthermore, we describe a role for c-Myc in adhesion-mediated regulation of E2F-1.
INCIPIENT MOTION RESPONSE DETECTION OF ARTICULATED COASTAL REVETMENT UNDER WAVE LOADING

Articulated coastal revetments (ACRs) are armoring options for abating earthen levee wave erosion. Stability criteria for ACR design typically allow initial, minor damage during design wave loading conditions (USACE, 2006). Minor wave damages may worsen progressively if not repaired before another design wave loading event. If minor ACR damages evolve under wave action to the point of unraveling, the underlying levee will become exposed to wave forces that could result in breaching (Pilarczyk, 1998). Vulnerability exists in this scenario for catastrophic flood risk management system failure. Current ACR stability limits for maintaining structural integrity under wave attack exist between the thresholds of structure incipient motion and that of initial damage criteria. Using an ACR stability limit that maintains structural integrity would greatly reduce the potential of repeat damage resulting in armor failure. A design challenge exists due to a knowledge gap in detecting and analyzing ACR performance between the thresholds of incipient motion and initial damage (Herbich, 1999). In this research, the threshold of incipient motion for ACRs is explored through small-scale experimentation. Data analysis, including correlations between hydrodynamic forcings and structure responses, extended our understanding of ACR system behavior in specific structural configurations and wave loading conditions.
ASM Comments on Legislation Restricting Use of Antibiotics in Animal Feed: ASM addresses recent legislative efforts aimed at the problem of antibiotic overuse

Antimicrobial resistance is spreading worldwide among bacteria that are pathogenic to humans—threatening public health and intensifying concern about the extensive use of antimicrobials in food production. There currently is a shortage of scientific data on the actual magnitude of antimicrobial resistance directly linked to agricultural use. But ASM believes there is sufficient evidence to demand a much closer, more thorough look at the potential effects of food production practices on our ability to treat human infections. It clearly is time for a coordinated, strongly science-based effort to minimize the negative effects of resistant pathogens.
The Impact of Management Support and Education: Easing the Causality between Change and Stress in Computing Environments

The proliferation of technological developments within the computer industry has created a rapidly changing environment directly responsible for a certain level of stress and anxiety in the individ...
Polynomial homotopy continuation on GPUs

The purpose of the software presentation is to announce a library to track many solution paths defined by a polynomial homotopy on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Developed on NVIDIA graphics cards with CUDA SDKs, our code is released under the GNU GPL license. Via the C interface to PHCpack, we can call our GPU library from Python.
Surveillance of Disinfection in Medical Institutions in Downtown of Dazhou City

Objective To find out the problems in disinfection in medical institutions in downtown of Dazhou and analyze the reasons by evaluate the data of disinfection surveillance from 2005 to 2008.Method The sampling was conducted according to "Disinfect technical specification" by the Ministry of Health and the evaluation was conducted according to "Hospital disinfection standard "and"Evaluation and standard of disinfection and sterilization". Results The overall qualified rate of disinfection in the medical institutions in downtown of Dazhou was 91.45%,92.69%,97.33% and 98.91% respectively from 2005 to 2008.The overall qualified rate of disinfection in hospitals was 94.40%,94.92%,98.72% and 99.68% respectively,and that in clinics was 87.99%,90.03%,96.01% and 98.35% respectively. Conclusion The qualified rate of disinfection increased year by year in medical institutions in downtown of Dazhou,which was higher in hospitals than in clinics.
Making cities smarter than their bankers

As complex organisms, modern cities monitor their financial health and longevity, like Olympic athletes and hospital patients. The banking system encircles and ensnares people, buildings and environments defining cities, credit rating some higher, no matter their quality of life, disaster mitigation, infrastructure buffers or exposures. This paper explores technologies for smart cities to use the banking system to better advantage, through more coherent measures, innovation policies and incentives for livability. Municipal banking, credit ratings, sustainability bonds, crowd-sourcing and crowd-funding solutions for smart cities are also discussed.
A microliter oxygen electrode system for sperm suspensions.

A newpolarographic oxygen electrode system is described which can accept sperm suspensions with volumes as low as 50μl. In this configuration, the electrode tip forms the base of the suspension reaction chamber, and there is no stirring. Consequently, structured fluids such as cervical mucus can be applied. Measurements can be performed in as little time as 10minutes. The system reliably measures oxygen consumption rates as low as 0.1mm Hg/minute, so that mammalian sperm suspensions with concentrations of the order of 1×10 6 viable cells/ml can be applied. Sample experiments, comparing the oxygen uptake of human spermatozoa in semen and in Tyrode's solution, are described.
Cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck.

The clinical features of melanoma and various regimens of treatment have been studied throughout the years. A melanoma can be cured if it is discovered early and adequately removed surgically. Survival decreases progressively as tumors recur locally, satellite nodules develop, and regional lymph nodes become involved.
Open Tibia Fractures: Staged Treatment

This is a 24-year-old male without significant past medical or surgical history who was involved in an isolated motorcycle accident. He presented to the trauma bay with a right open proximal third tibial shaft fracture. There were no other reported injuries. He reports only pain about the affected extremity that is relieved with administered analgesics.
Effects of Accuracy of Instructions on Human Behavior: Correspondence with Reinforcement Contingencies Matters

Subjects were assigned to one of four groups in which they received instructions about how to respond on a schedule of reinforcement. Instructions informed subjects as to which of two keys to respond on to earn points. Percentage of accuracy of instructions were held constant for each condition but varied across the three conditions for each group; the percentage of accuracy level within each condition for the four groups was: 0-50-100, 100-50-0, 60-50-40, and 40-50-60 percent. The results were summarized as follows: (1) Instruction-following was highly correlated with the accuracy of the instructions; (2) variability in instruction-following was related to how reliable the instructions were; and (3) instruction-following was affected by accuracy of the instructions subjects received in previous conditions. These results were interpreted to suggest that instructional control can be accounted for via the three-term contingency and that the source of instructional control lies in the contingencies of reinforcement and not the instructions themselves.
Wire Drag Operations using Raydist "T"

This paper describes a two-month wire drag project using Raydist "T" , a new passive form of the Raydist radiolocation system. Operations were conducted in the lower Chesapeake Bay by the Rude and Heck , wire drag vessels of the National Ocean Survey (NOS) (formerly U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey). Raydist DR-S has been in regular use by the Rude and Heck for nearly four years. The only modifications required to convert existing DR-S shipboard installations for Raydist "T" operations were accomplished by module substitution in the DR-S Navigators. Shipboard CW transmitters, needed for range-range operation, were not employed. The ground network and shipboard equipment are described, and the method of conducting wire drag operations using Raydist "T" is discussed. Results of the two-month project are presented, along with a comparison of the operational and performance characteristics of Raydist "T" with those of the range-range and 3-station hyperbolic forms of Raydist.
DIORAMA enhances efficiency of a mass casualty incident: System and experimentation

In this paper we show DIORAMA efficiency in a simulated Mass Casualty Incident drill. As shown by our results DIORAMA system has achieved orderly transport of patients from site of injury to collection point, all red before the yellow were transported (no order was obeyed in the paper drills). We also show that DIORAMA system was used by responders with very short training time and by responders that are not familiar with each other. The qualitative results show that DIORAMA system was found to be user friendly and useful in tracking patients and responders in real time.
Temporal patterns of imidacloprid resistance throughout a growing season in Leptinotarsa decemlineata populations

BACKGROUND The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is a major agricultural pest of commercial potatoes. Pest managers use a combination of control tactics to limit populations, including multiple insecticides. Finding a window of insecticide susceptibility and understanding genetic responses to insecticide exposure during a growing season may provide novel management recommendations for L. decemlineata. RESULTS We examined temporal changes (during one growing season) in phenotypic response between a susceptible population and an imidacloprid-resistant population. Beetles remained more susceptible to imidacloprid in the susceptible population throughout the growing season. Estimated mean LC50 values varied throughout the growing season in the resistant population, with increased susceptibility among overwintered and recently emerged adult beetles compared with a heightened level of resistance in the second generation. RNA transcript abundance was compared among multiple time points through the growing season, showing that cuticular proteins and cytochrome p450s were highly upregulated during peaks of measured resistance. CONCLUSION Temporal variation in imidacloprid susceptibility of L. decemlineata was observed, which included early time points of susceptibility and later peaks in resistance. Heightened resistance occurred during the second generation and correlated to increased transcript abundance of multiple mechanisms of resistance, including multiple cuticular protein and cytochrome p450 transcripts. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
The Activation of Protein Kinase A by the Calcium-Binding Protein S100A1 Is Independent of Cyclic AMP

Biochemical and structural studies demonstrate that S100A1 is involved in a Ca2+-dependent interaction with the type 2α and type 2β regulatory subunits of protein kinase A (PKA) (RIIα and RIIβ) to activate holo-PKA. The interaction was specific for S100A1 because other calcium-binding proteins (i.e., S100B and calmodulin) had no effect. Likewise, a role for S100A1 in PKA-dependent signaling was established because the PKA-dependent subcellular redistribution of HDAC4 was abolished in cells derived from S100A1 knockout mice. Thus, the Ca2+-dependent interaction between S100A1 and the type 2 regulatory subunits represents a novel mechanism that provides a link between Ca2+ and PKA signaling, which is important for the regulation of gene expression in skeletal muscle via HDAC4 cytosolic–nuclear trafficking.
The impact of behavioural risk-reduction interventions on willingness to pay to avoid sexually transmitted infections: a stated preference study of justice-involved youth

ABSTRACTRisky health behaviours, such as smoking, drinking and risky sex, are substantial contributors to the U.S. morbidity rates and healthcare costs. While economic models typically regard preferences as stable, a growing literature suggests that information, including how it interacts with intentions and attitudes, plays an important role in unhealthy behaviours. Relatedly, a large health literature demonstrates that theory-based behavioural interventions can successfully change risky behaviour. This study uses the contingent valuation (CV) survey method to investigate the impact of behavioural interventions on a novel outcome measure: the willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid the consequences associated with risky behaviour. Using novel pre- and post-intervention data from Project MARS (Motivating Adolescents to Reduce Sexual Risk), this study estimates the impact of the intervention on elicited WTP to avoid sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is found that after the intervention, participants’ el...