cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Crystal Structure of Escherichia coli MoeA and Its Relationship to the Multifunctional Protein Gephyrin

Abstract Background: Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis is an evolutionarily conserved pathway present in archaea, eubacteria, and eukaryotes. In humans, genetic abnormalities in the biosynthetic pathway result in Moco deficiency, which is accompanied by severe neurological symptoms and death shortly after birth. The Escherichia coli MoeA and MogA proteins are involved in the final step of Moco biosynthesis: the incorporation of molybdenum into molybdopterin (MPT), the organic pyranopterin moiety of Moco. Results: The crystal structure of E. coli MoeA has been refined at 2 A resolution and reveals that the highly elongated MoeA monomer consists of four clearly separated domains, one of which is structurally related to MogA, indicating a divergent evolutionary relationship between both proteins. The active form of MoeA is a dimer, and a putative active site appears to be localized to a cleft formed between domain II of the first monomer and domains III and IV of the second monomer. Conclusions: In eukaryotes, MogA and MoeA are fused into a single polypeptide chain. The corresponding mammalian protein gephyrin has also been implicated in the anchoring of glycinergic receptors to the cytoskeleton at inhibitory synapses. Based on the structures of MoeA and MogA, gephyrin is surmised to be a highly organized molecule containing at least five domains. This multidomain arrangement could provide a structural basis for its functional diversity. The oligomeric states of MoeA and MogA suggest how gephyrin could assemble into a hexagonal scaffold at inhibitory synapses.
Industries, Firms, and Jobs : Sociological and Economic Approaches

What are the links among industrial structure, segmentation, the internal structure of firms, job characteristics, technology, productivity, labor markets, and product markets? The answers, posited by a distinguished group of sociologists and economists, have gained resonance as the field of economic sociology has grown. In this expanded edition, the editors and their economist colleague, Kevin Lang, explore the theoretical interstices and update the references. Sociologists and economists have responded differently to work within the other discipline. For some sociologists, the typical economic assumption of basic actors engaged in rational action is both unrealistic and objectionable. Other sociologists have not always agreed with everything economists do, they have seen "rational choice" as a partially true description of human behavior and as a starting point for sociological theorizing. Among economists, the situation is quite different: most have maintained their basic rational choice model while pushing aggressively into substantive areas previously addressed only by sociologists and political scientists. Industries, Firms, and Jobs is a welcome reassertion of an old tradition of interdisciplinary research. That tradition has recently weakened, largely because of an enormous expansion of the domain of neoclassical economics. The expansion has fed on two scientific developments: human capital theory and contract theory. This book is an invaluable resource for all economists, sociologists, labor specialists, and business professionals.
Network model of shape-from-shading: neural function arises from both receptive and projective fields

It is not known how the visual system is organized to extract information about shape from the continuous gradations of light and dark found on shaded surfaces of three-dimensional objects. To investigate this question, we used a learning algorithm to construct a neural network model which determines surface curvatures from images of simple geometrical surfaces. The receptive fields developed by units in the network were surprisingly similar to the actual receptive fields of neurons observed in the visual cortex which are commonly believed to be 'edge' or 'bar' detectors, but have never previously been associated with shading. Thus, our study illustrates the difficulty of trying to deduce neuronal function solely from determination of their receptive fields. It is also important to consider the connections a neuron makes with other neurons in subsequent stages of processing, which we call its 'projective field'.
Osmiophilic Polymer Generation: Catalysis by Transition Metal Compounds in Ultrastructural Cytochemistry

A transition metal compound that is bound in tissues by any appropriate cytochemical reaction may catalyze the generation of an insoluble osmiophilic polymer from organic monomers such as 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. When the polymers are treated with osmium tetroxide, electron-opaque, insoluble osmium blacks (coordination polymers of osmium) are formed at the sites of the particular macromolecule or enzyme permitting its light, and electron, microscopic localization. This approach represents a distinct advantage over earlier cytochemical methods because the shorter incubation time needed here results in less artifactual deposition of metal ions, and less tendency to crystallize the reaction product. In addition, the shorter incubation times permit longer fixation of tissues and hence less artifact due to enzyme diffusion.
Multiscale analysis of cancer cell mechanics

Physiological phenomena occur in complex 3D environments. However, the mechanics of cells in 3D under relevant conditions such as flow and chemical signals are not well understood. These mechanics can have important implications in pathological events such as cancer metastasis, where cancer cells undergo transformations that enable invasive behavior across constrictive physiological barriers. In our work, we have taken an integrated computational and experimental approach to establish a multiscale understanding of the fundamental mechanical properties of cancer cells in native-like conditions.
Conflict of Interest and the Talmud

A core value of Judaism is leading an ethical life. The Talmud, an authoritative source on Jewish law and tradition, has a number of discussions that deal with honesty in business and decision-making. One motive that can cause individuals to be unscrupulous is the presence of a conflict of interest. This paper will define, discuss, and review five Talmudic concepts relevant to conflict of interest. They are (1) Nogea B’Davar (being an interested party), (2) V’hiyitem N’keyim (behaving to ensure that one is above suspicion) (3) Lifnei Iver (placing a stumbling block before the blind), (4) Shokhad (accepting a bribe), and (5) Geneivat Da’at (deception and undeserved goodwill). Case examples will be used to apply these Talmudic principles to contemporary business practice. This will include discussion of these Talmudic concepts as it applies to specific contemporary business examples relevant to the boardroom, accounting firms, investment banking, politics, and government. It may be impossible to eliminate all conflicts of interest. However, knowledge and awareness of these Talmudic principles can help individuals in business settings better address the ethical issues that they confront.
Steam reforming of water-soluble fast pyrolysis bio-oil: Studies on bio-oil composition effect, carbon deposition, and catalyst modifications

Hydrogen can be generated from biomass by a number of processes. These include biomass gasification coupled with gas-cleanup and water-gas shift, bio-oil reforming, bio-oil gasification, and aqueous-phase processing of biomass. None is clearly superior to the others with the choice depending upon such factors as the nature of the feedstock, reaction limitations and the size of the processing plant. Recent progress in production of hydrogen from biomass is discussed including challenges associated with each process.
Shh establishes an Nkx3.2/Sox9 autoregulatory loop that is maintained by BMP signals to induce somitic chondrogenesis

Prior work has established that transient Shh signals from the notochord and floor plate confer a competence in somitic tissue for subsequent BMP signals to induce chondrogenesis. We have therefore proposed that Shh induces a factor(s) that renders somitic cells competent to chondrify in response to subsequent BMP signals. Recently, we have shown that forced expression of Nkx3.2, a transcriptional repressor induced by Shh, is able to confer chondrogenic competence in somites. In this work, we show that administration of Shh or forced Nkx3.2 expression induces the expression of the transcription factor Sox9 in the somitic tissue. Forced expression of Sox9 can, in turn, induce robust chondrogenesis in somitic mesoderm, provided that BMP signals are present. We have found that in the presence of BMP signals, Sox9 and Nkx3.2 induce each other's expression. Thus, Nkx3.2 may promote axial chondrogenesis by derepressing the expression of Sox9 in somitic mesoderm. Furthermore, forced expression of either Sox9 or Nkx3.2 not only activates expression of cartilage-specific genes in somitic mesoderm, but also promotes the proliferation and survival of the induced chondrocytes in the presence of BMP signals. However, unlike Nkx3.2, Sox9 is able to induce de novo cartilage formation in non-cartilage-forming tissues. Our findings suggest that Shh and BMP signals work in sequence to establish a positive regulatory loop between Sox9 and Nkx3.2, and that Sox9 can subsequently initiate the chondrocyte differentiation program in a variety of cellular environments.
CE activity patterns among Kentucky pharmacists: 1985–1987

This study reports on the CE activity of Kentucky pharmacists over a three-year period, 1985 to 1987. Data were obtained from the actual CE certificates submitted to the Kentucky Board of Pharmacy by pharmacists audited by the board as part of their relicensure process. The CE records for 300 pharmacists were examined for each year of the study period. The chi-square statistic revealed no significant differences between sex, geographic location, total number of programs reported, or total hours of CE reported when compared across the three years studied. The results show Kentucky pharmacists participated in six educational programs yearly on average and earned more hours of CE credit than the minimum requirement of 15 contact hours. These pharmacists had a preference for the home study format, accounting for nearly three-quarters of the programs used in 1985 and 1986 and over 80% in 1987. The majority of providers whose programs were used were ACPE-approved providers. Overall, Kentucky pharmacists used a wide variety of CE programs offered by a large number of different providers to meet their relicensure requirements.
α1,3Galactosyltransferase knockout pigs produce the natural anti-Gal antibody and simulate the evolutionary appearance of this antibody in primates.

Background Anti-Gal is the most abundant natural antibody in humans and Old World primates (apes and Old World monkeys). Its ligand, the α-gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R), is abundant in nonprimate mammals, prosimians and New World monkeys whereas it is absent in humans and Old World primates as a result of inactivation of the α1,3galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) gene in ancestral Old World primates, as recent as 20–28 million years ago. Since anti-Gal has been a “forbidden” autoantibody for >140 million years of evolution in mammals producing α-gal epitopes it was of interest to determine whether ancestral Old World primates could produce anti-Gal once α-gal epitopes were eliminated, i.e. did they carry anti-Gal encoding immunoglobulin genes, or did evolutionary selection eliminate these genes that may be detrimental in mammals synthesizing α-gal epitopes. This question was studied by evaluating anti-Gal prodution in α1,3GT knockout (GT-KO) pigs recently generated from wild-type pigs in which the α-gal epitope is a major self-antigen. Methods Anti-Gal antibody activity in pig sera was assessed by ELISA, flow cytometry and complement mediated cytolysis and compared to that in human sera. Results The study demonstrates abundant production of the natural anti-Gal antibody in GT-KO pigs at titers even higher than in humans. The fine specificity of GT-KO pig anti-Gal is identical to that of human anti-Gal. Conclusions Pigs and probably other mammals producing α-gal epitopes carry immunoglobulin genes encoding anti-Gal as an autoantibody. Once the α-gal epitope is eliminated in GT-KO pigs, they produce anti-Gal. These findings strongly suggest that similar to GT-KO pigs, inactivation of the α1,3GT gene in ancestral Old World primates enabled the immediate production of anti-Gal, possibly as a protective antibody against detrimental microbial agents carrying α-gal epitopes.
Geometric distortion correction in EPI by phase labeling using sensitivity encoding (plus)

Geometric distortion induced by magnetic field inhomogeneity is an intrinsic problem for echo-planar imaging (EPI). Most of the existing correction techniques require separate field map scans in addition to the measurement scans. The effectiveness of these methods requires consistent patient position between these scans, thus inter-scan patient motions degrade the correction results. We propose a new method for geometric distortion correction in EPI that derives the field maps from the measurements themselves, without the need of additional field map scans. This method takes advantage of parallel imaging and k-space trajectory modification to generate multiple images for field mapping from a single measurement needed. The derived field maps are retrospectively applied to the measurements. The proposed method has been successfully demonstrated on combined k- space data that simulate the data from the modified k-space trajectories. These data were acquired from a phantom and a human brain.
Stable isotope and chemical systematics of pseudotachylyte and wall rock, Homestake shear zone, Colorado, USA: Meteoric fluid or rock-buffered conditions during coseismic fusion?

[1] A hydrous fluid phase is critical in controlling effective stress and fault mechanics, and influencing the mineralogy and strength of materials within fault zones. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope and chemical analysis of wall rock gneiss, pseudotachylyte, and selected minerals in gneiss and pseudotachylyte from the Homestake shear zone was used to assess whether melting occurred in the presence of meteoric water or involved only minor amounts of H2O derived from micas in wall rock gneiss. Bulk pseudotachylyte has slightly lower δ18OSMOW than the whole rock protolith. δD for one bulk pseudotachylyte is essentially identical to biotite in gneiss; δD for two samples is lower by ∼20‰. Bulk pseudotachylyte has lower SiO2 and K2O, and higher Al2O3, FeO, MgO, CaO, and H2O, than gneiss. The lower SiO2 of pseudotachylyte compared to gneiss is explained by physical segregation of 25 to 72 volume % of quartz clasts from the mobile melt phase. Samples of gneiss and pseudotachylyte define a SiO2-δ18O mixing line between quartz and the most SiO2- and 18O-depleted pseudotachylyte. Physical segregation of quartz (highest oxygen isotope composition in the pseudotachylyte-gneiss system) accounts for the slightly lower oxygen isotope composition of bulk pseudotachylyte relative to gneiss. The similar δD of pseudotachylyte and biotite from gneiss in one sample is consistent with dehydration melting of biotite during frictional heating and dissolution of biotite-derived H2O in the melt. Late devitrification of glass and formation of greater amounts of fine-grained muscovite, accompanied by 10–30% loss of hydrogen as H2O, results in lower δD values in other samples. In general, melt generation occurred in a fault zone closed to infiltration of meteoric water. There was no free, H2O-rich pore fluid present at the time of slip to potentially influence the behavior of the fault.
Scene gist categorization by pigeons.

Scene gist categorization in humans is rapid, accurate, and tuned to the statistical regularities in the visual world. However, no studies have investigated whether scene gist categorization is a general process shared across species, or whether it may be influenced by species-specific adaptive specializations relying on specific low-level scene statistical regularities of the environment. Although pigeons form many types of categorical judgments, little research has examined pigeons’ scene categorization, and no studies have examined pigeons’ ability to do so rapidly. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained to discriminate between either 2 basic-level categories (beach vs. mountain) or a superordinate-level natural versus a manmade scene category distinction (beach vs. street). The birds learned both tasks to a high degree of accuracy and transferred their discrimination to novel images. Furthermore, the pigeons successfully discriminated stimuli presented in the 0.2- to 0.35-s duration range. Therefore, pigeons, a highly divergent species from humans, are also capable of rapid scene categorization, but they require longer stimulus durations than humans. Experiment 2 examined whether pigeons make use of complex statistical regularities during scene gist categorization across multiple viewpoints. Pigeons were trained with the 2 natural categories from Experiment 1 (beach vs. mountain) with zenith (90°), bird’s eye (45°), and terrestrial (0°) viewpoints. A sizable portion of the variability in pigeon categorization performance was explained by the systematic variation in scene category-specific statistical regularities, as with humans. Thus, rapid scene categorization is a process that is shared across pigeons and humans, but shows a degree of adaptive specialization.
Women's employment and the gain to marriage: the specialization and trading model.

This chapter critically examines the hypothesis that women's rising employment levels have increased their economic independence and hence have greatly reduced the desirability of marriage. Little firm empirical support for this hypothesis is found. The apparent congruence in time-series data of women's rising employment with declining marriage rates and increasing marital instability is partly a result of using the historically atypical early postwar behavior of the baby boom era as the benchmark for comparisons and partly due to confounding trends in delayed marriage with those of nonmarriage. Support for the hypothesis in multivariate analyses is found only in cross-sectional aggregate-level studies, which are poor tests of an individual-level behavioral hypothesis and which also present difficulty in establishing the appropriate causal direction. Individual-level analyses of marriage formation using longitudinal data and hazard modeling uniformly fail to support the hypothesis, while analyses of marit...
Graph Based Semi-Supervised Approach for Information Extraction

Classification techniques deploy supervised labeled instances to train classifiers for various classification problems. However labeled instances are limited, expensive, and time consuming to obtain, due to the need of experienced human annotators. Meanwhile large amount of unlabeled data is usually easy to obtain. Semi-supervised learning addresses the problem of utilizing unlabeled data along with supervised labeled data, to build better classifiers. In this paper we introduce a semi-supervised approach based on mutual reinforcement in graphs to obtain more labeled data to enhance the classifier accuracy. The approach has been used to supplement a maximum entropy model for semi-supervised training of the ACE Relation Detection and Characterization (RDC) task. ACE RDC is considered a hard task in information extraction due to lack of large amounts of training data and inconsistencies in the available data. The proposed approach provides 10% relative improvement over the state of the art supervised baseline system.
Social media divide: characteristics of emerging adults who do not use social network websites:

Public opinion has embraced social media as a vital tool to reach U.S. emerging adults, but this generation has not universally adopted social media technologies. Using in-depth interviews, this study examined the characteristics of 20 emerging adults (18 to 23 years old) who were non-adopters of social media. Compared to social media users, non-adopters had less economic stability, more fractured educational trajectories, and weaker support from parents and friends. Non-adopters did not use social media because they lacked access or leisure time, were not socialized into their use, lacked skills, or did not want to maintain social contacts via social media technologies. If social media are increasingly used in attempts to to improve young people’s lives, practitioners must understand who is left behind in the wake of these technologies.
Molecular cloning and expression of rat liver bile acid CoA ligase.

Bile acid CoA ligase (B22222222294) is responsible for catalyzing the first step in the conjugation of bile acids with amino acids. Sequencing of putative rat liver BAL cDNAs identified a cDNA (rBAL-1) possessing a 51 nucleotide 5′-untranslated region, an open reading frame of 2,070 bases encoding a 690 aa protein with a molecular mass of 75,960 Da, and a 138 nucleotide 3′-nontranslated region followed by a poly(A) tail. Identity of the cDNA was established by: 1) the rBAL-1 open reading frame encoded peptides obtained by chemical sequencing of the purified rBAL protein; 2) expressed rBAL-1 protein comigrated with purified rBAL during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; and 3) rBAL-1 expressed in insect Sf9 cells had enzymatic properties that were comparable to the enzyme isolated from rat liver. Evidence for a relationship between fatty acid and bile acid metabolism is suggested by specific inhibition of rBAL-1 by cis-unsaturated fatty acids and its high homology to a human very long chain fatty acid CoA ligase. In summary, these results indicate that the cDNA for rat liver BAL has been isolated and expression of the rBAL cDNA in insect Sf9 cells results in a catalytically active enzyme capable of utilizing several different bile acids as substrates.
Linear filtering on signals represented by non-uniformly spaced samples

Earlier work established that signals formed by composition of a bandlimited signal with a bijective time warping function can be reconstructed from prescribed sequences of nonuniformly spaced samples. A technique for linear filtering of this class of signals directly from sequences of nonuniformly spaced samples is described. An example of low-pass filtering a nonbandlimited signal represented by nonuniformity spaced samples using this method is presented. >
Dynamic filtering: multi-purpose architecture support for language runtime systems

This paper introduces a new abstraction to accelerate the read-barriers and write-barriers used by language runtime systems. We exploit the fact that, dynamically, many barrier executions perform checks but no real work -- e.g., in generational garbage collection (GC), frequent checks are needed to detect the creation of inter-generational references, even though such references occur rarely in many workloads. We introduce a form of dynamic filtering that identifies redundant checks by (i) recording checks that have recently been executed, and (ii) detecting when a barrier is repeating one of these checks. We show how this technique can be applied to a variety of algorithms for GC, transactional memory, and language-based security. By supporting dynamic filtering in the instruction set, we show that the fast-paths of these barriers can be streamlined, reducing the impact on the quality of surrounding code. We show how we accelerate the barriers used for generational GC and transactional memory in the Bartok research compiler. With a 2048-entry filter, dynamic filtering eliminates almost all the overhead of the GC write-barriers. Dynamic filtering eliminates around half the overhead of STM over a non-synchronized baseline -- even when used with an STM that is already designed for low overhead, and which employs static analyses to avoid redundant operations.
The Great Society Subway: A History of the Washington Metro by Zachary M. Schrag

Zachary M. Schrag, The Great Society Subway: A History of the Washington Metro (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).Zachary Schrag, a historian, has produced a spellbinding account...
Genomic Characterization of the LEED..PEEDs, a Gene Family Unique to the Medicago Lineage

The LEED..PEED (LP) gene family in Medicago truncatula (A17) is composed of 13 genes coding small putatively secreted peptides with one to two conserved domains of negatively charged residues. This family is not present in the genomes of Glycine max, Lotus japonicus, or the IRLC species Cicer arietinum. LP genes were also not detected in a Trifolium pratense draft genome or Pisum sativum nodule transcriptome, which were sequenced de novo in this study, suggesting that the LP gene family arose within the past 25 million years. M. truncatula accession HM056 has 13 LP genes with high similarity to those in A17, whereas M. truncatula ssp. tricycla (R108) and M. sativa have 11 and 10 LP gene copies, respectively. In M. truncatula A17, 12 LP genes are located on chromosome 7 within a 93-kb window, whereas one LP gene copy is located on chromosome 4. A phylogenetic analysis of the gene family is consistent with most gene duplications occurring prior to Medicago speciation events, mainly through local tandem duplications and one distant duplication across chromosomes. Synteny comparisons between R108 and A17 confirm that gene order is conserved between the two subspecies, although a further duplication occurred solely in A17. In M. truncatula A17, all 13 LPs are exclusively transcribed in nodules and absent from other plant tissues, including roots, leaves, flowers, seeds, seed shells, and pods. The recent expansion of LP genes in Medicago spp. and their timing and location of expression suggest a novel function in nodulation, possibly as an aftermath of the evolution of bacteroid terminal differentiation or potentially associated with rhizobial–host specificity.
Entity matching across heterogeneous data sources: An approach based on constrained cascade generalization

To integrate or link the data stored in heterogeneous data sources, a critical problem is entity matching, i.e., matching records representing semantically corresponding entities in the real world, across the sources. While decision tree techniques have been used to learn entity matching rules, most decision tree learners have an inherent representational bias, that is, they generate univariate trees and restrict the decision boundaries to be axis-orthogonal hyper-planes in the feature space. Cascading other classification methods with decision tree learners can alleviate this bias and potentially increase classification accuracy. In this paper, the authors apply a recently-developed constrained cascade generalization method in entity matching and report on empirical evaluation using real-world data. The evaluation results show that this method outperforms the base classification methods in terms of classification accuracy, especially in the dirtiest case.
Effect of Temperature Differentials on Density and Smoothness

A Roadware ARAN inertial profiler was used to calculate the International Roughness Index (IRI) for the Auburn University National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) test track tangent sections as well as three paving projects in Michigan. IRI values were calculated for short intervals rather than for the traditional 160 meters. These short intervals were able to identify easily localized anomalies in the pavement smoothness due to changes in the construction activities. They were also useful in evaluating relationship between IRI and mix variables in the short NCAT test track test sections. IRI repeatability immediately after construction was found to be 0.063 m/km in the right wheel path for mixes at the test track. The left wheel path tended to have higher and more variable IRI values. This was attributed to the left laser path being close to potentially segregated mix at the edges of the screed extension. The IRI variability increased with the traffic. Using this initial estimate of variability, some statistically significant differences due to mix variables such as aggregate source and/or binder grade can be seen. Results from the test track indicate that the finer mixes tended to have IRI values increase slightly as density increases. This suggests that working the fine mixes to obtain higher densities results in a higher initial roughness. This observation was also generally seen in the data from the Michigan field projects. IRI values decreased significantly within 6 months of trafficking for the majority of the mixes at the test track. This suggests that traffic can have a smoothing affect on the pavement for up to 6 months after the start of trafficking. All results from this research were based on construction of test track sections. These results should be verified on actual paving projects.
Nearly isomorphic torsion free abelian groups

Abstract Let K be the Krull-Schmidt-Grothendieck group for the category of finite rank torsion free abelian groups. The torsion subgroup T of K is determined and it is proved that K T is free. The investigation of T leads to the concept of near isomorphism, a new equivalence relation for finite rank torsion free abelian groups which is stronger than quasiisomorphism.
Ethanol Feeding and Choline Deficiency as Influences on Hepatic Choline Uptake

This study shows that rats fed a choline-deficient diet for 5 days have livers which under perfusion have an increased ability to take up exogenous cholinc. Choline-deficient animals fed the diet for 21 days have livers that show normal choline uptake. Animals fed ethanol for a 24-day period were shown to have livers which on perfusion took up higher quantities of choline than control livers. The results of the ethanol-feeding experiment are explained on the basis of the findings of other workers that ethanol increases the requirement for cho line in the liver. J. Nutr. 101: 533-538, 1971.
New cholesterol guidelines: Worth the wait?

An appraisal of the controversial new guidelines, with case scenarios illustrating their advantages and shortcomings.
Bakhtin, Dewey, and the Diminishing Domain of Shared Experience

This paper uses John Dewey’s accounts of education, expression, and art to argue that the relegation of artistic expression to the private sphere in fact, paradoxically, undermines the opportunities for human beings to cultivate their own individual autonomy. Insofar as cultural objects are matters of artistic expression, they have the special quality of potentially drawing the attention of the public to their created and contingent character, provided that they are created in a self-consciously shared political environment. I use Bakhtin’s account of the “Carnivalesque” to provide an example of a social and political environment that encourages such social participation, and therefore encourages greater human agency, and use this example to point to criticisms of contemporary culture.
The role of non-rapid eye movement slow-wave activity in prefrontal metabolism across young and middle-aged adults.

Electroencephalographic slow-wave activity (0.5-4 Hz) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is a marker for cortical reorganization, particularly within the prefrontal cortex. Greater slow wave activity during sleep may promote greater waking prefrontal metabolic rate and, in turn, executive function. However, this process may be affected by age. Here we examined whether greater NREM slow wave activity was associated with higher prefrontal metabolism during wakefulness and whether this relationship interacted with age. Fifty-two participants aged 25-61 years were enrolled into studies that included polysomnography and a (18) [F]-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography scan during wakefulness. Absolute and relative measures of NREM slow wave activity were assessed. Semiquantitative and relative measures of cerebral metabolism were collected to assess whole brain and regional metabolism, focusing on two regions of interest: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex. Greater relative slow wave activity was associated with greater dorsolateral prefrontal metabolism. Age and slow wave activity interacted significantly in predicting semiquantitative whole brain metabolism and outside regions of interest in the posterior cingulate, middle temporal gyrus and the medial frontal gyrus, such that greater slow-wave activity was associated with lower metabolism in the younger participants and greater metabolism in the older participants. These results suggest that slow-wave activity is associated with cerebral metabolism during wakefulness across the adult lifespan within regions important for executive function.
Molecular Anatomic Imaging: PET/CT, PET/MR and SPECT/CT

1965 Learning Objectives We discuss the concepts of traditional waiting areas in radiology and nuclear medicine departments, and the influence these have on patients. We further discuss new concepts in patient waiting areas, which include unique forms of patient education, patient activities and diversions to make the time spent in this area a comfortable and tolerable experience. We discuss and illustrate new waiting room for patients who are anxious and aggressive about their imaging exams. These incorporate patient education tools into the waiting room experience. We discuss communication and education techniques for healthcare staff of patients that are stressed or experience extended wait times. Patient anxiety or intimidation when entering the radiology or nuclear medicine departments may be heightened for patients that are new to the practice and for those with language challenges or limited literacy. Creating a friendly, welcoming environment that is easy to navigate, with availability of appropriate patient education materials may help encourage patient participation in the radiology health care experience. We discuss the concepts of the initial exposure and interaction as well as problems and challenges for patients in Radiology waiting rooms. We discuss and illustrate new ways of organizing and presenting radiology waiting areas that will result in improved patient satisfaction and patient care.We review the methods of communication and interaction with patients in order to increase patient satisfaction and reduce the challenges patients may have upon entering the radiology department. Reducing anxiety and increasing patient comfort in the waiting room will lead to increased patient compliance and better studies especially when considering artifacts such as motion on radiology examinations.
Predicting Seasonal Flight of European Pine Shoot Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Western Oregon

A linear regression model for predicting pheromone trap catch of male European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Denis & Schiffermuller), based on accumulated heat units is presented. The model was developed from 3 yr of maximum–minimum air temperature and pheromone trap data collected in western Oregon during 1986–1988. Data collected the following years, 1989–1990, were used to evaluate the model. A lower threshold (base) temperature of −2.2°C was used in calculating daily degree-days since 1 January. The model successfully predicted accumulated male moth catch to within 1–3 d during 1989. Predicted degree-day requirements (above −2.2°C) are 1,712 for 10% catch, 1,958 for 50% catch, and 2,205 for 90% catch.
Abstract 3104: HOXB7 promotes tumor progression via activation of the transformation growth factor-β signaling pathway.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Our previous studies have shown that overexpression of Hoxb7 delays tumors onset, but promotes tumor progression and metastasis in oncogene Her2/neu-induced mammary tumorigenesis, which is reminiscent of the dual role of TGF-β in breast cancer. To investigate whether HOXB7 directly or indirectly regulates the TGF-β signaling, we examined the phosphorylation levels of SMAD3, an important mediator of TGF-beta signaling, in primary mammary tumors derived from the Hoxb7 and Her2/neu double-transgenic mice and the Her2/neu mono-transgenic mice. Phosphorylation of SMAD3 is detected in a higher percentage of primary tumor tissues from double transgenic mice than that from Her2/neu mono-transgenic mice (69.2% versus 15.4%, p < 0.05), suggesting that Hoxb7 may activate TGF-β/Smad signaling in breast tumor tissues. In line with this finding, overexpression of HOXB7 induces expression of TGF-β ligands in both mouse and human breast cancer cell lines, leading to increased cell motility and invasiveness. The acquainted phenotypes in HOXB7-overepressing cells can be reversed by pharmacologic inhibition of TGF-β signaling. Promoter deletion analysis and Chromotin-immunprocipiration assay further demonstrated that HOXB7 can directly bind to and activate the promoter of TGFβ2. More importantly, expression of HOXB7 and TGFβ2 is strongly correlated in primary breast cancer tissues and associated with advanced stages of tumor progression and reduced survival rate. Taken together, our results suggest that HOXB7 may promote tumor migration, invasion and possibly metastasis through activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Citation Format: Shou Liu, Hongmei Zhang, Hexin Chen. HOXB7 promotes tumor progression via activation of the transformation growth factor-β signaling pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3104. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3104 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Hematological and Growth Response of Japanese Quail Fed an Iron-Copper Deficient Diet

Abstract The effects of iron, copper deficient skim-milk diets on hematology and growth of Japanese quail were determined. The feeding of iron, copper deficient diets resulted in rapid and severe reductions in packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, mean cell hemoglobin concentration and rate of growth, although livability was only slightly affected. Addition of iron and copper to the skim-milk diet only partially alleviated its adverse effects on hematology and growth.
Production of Ω - Hyperons in K - p Interactions at 5.5 GeV/c

The results of a search for ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ hyperon production and decay in ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions at 5.5-GeV/c ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ momentum are presented. Three unambiguous examples of ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ production were found, and the mass of the ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ was measured. The mass value obtained is 1671.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9 MeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$. Other details of the three events are given.
An in-depth analysis of polymer-analogous conjugation using DMTMM.

Combinatorial libraries have become increasingly popular in the field of functional biomaterials. One approach for creating diverse polymer libraries is polymer-analogous conjugation of functional groups to polymer scaffolds. In this study, we show that a water-soluble condensing agent, 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM), can be employed to conjugate two disparate model ligands, d-(+)-galactosamine (Gal) and agmatine (Agm), to the side chains of either poly(methacrylic acid) (pMAA) or poly(acrylic acid) (pAA) at various substitution ratios. The degree of substitution was found to be directly influenced by media pH, polymer concentration, structure of ligands, and polymer precursor. A nearly 2-fold increase in conjugation efficiencies for both ligands to pAA was achieved as compared to pMAA under identical conditions reaching up to 56% and 78% of Gal and Agm of total content, respectively. These two structurally similar polymers showed remarkably different performanc...
Analysis on status of HBV,HCV,HIV and Syphilis infection among drug addicts in Nanjing City

Objective:To investigate the status on the infection of HBV,HCV,HIV and Syphilis in a drug rehabilitation center in Nanjing and find out the related risk factors that these diseases were transmitted by blood or sex route among drug addicts so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of these diseases among them.Methods:Antibodies anti-HBV,HIV,HCV or Syphilis were detected in 160 drug addicts of a drug rehabilitation center in Nanjing in 2008 and the questionnaire was completed at the same time.The results were analyzed statistically.Results:The infection rate of HBV was 51.25%(82/160),HCV 53.13%(85/160),HIV 0%(0/160),and syphilis 10.29%(50/486).HCV and HBV were mainly transmitted by sharing syringes among the intravenous drug users.Conclusion:The infectious rate was higher among the drug addicts than among other general population.And the epidemic or transmission risk of HBV,HCV or Syphilis was higher among the investigated drug addicts.So,it is necessary to enhance surveillance,education and behavioral intervention for drug addicts.
Modulation of integrins and integrin signaling molecules in the pressure-loaded murine ventricle

Integrins are heterodimeric cell-surface receptors that link the extracellular matrix and the intracellular cytoskeleton and function as mechanotransducers. Signaling through integrins is important for cell growth, migration, and survival. Extracellular matrix is altered in the myocardium during hypertrophic induction and the transition to heart failure. The role of integrins in this process is poorly understood. Recently, integrin subunits have been identified that are dominantly expressed in striated muscle. We tested the hypothesis that since integrins are mechanotransducers, their expression and signaling would be modulated with murine left ventricular hemodynamic loading. The acute and chronic effects of pressure overload on changes in the expression of integrins, as well as related integrin-mediated signaling events were studied. Acute pressure loading increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, p42 and p44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Chronic loading: (1) increased expression of α1, α5, and β1 integrin transcripts and (2) increased protein expression of integrin subunits which are dominantly expressed in striated muscle (α7 and β1D) both by western blotting and immunofluorescent microscopy. These results show that adaptive responses of the myocardium to pressure overload include acute modulation of integrin-related signaling molecules and more chronic changes effect expression of integrin subunits, including ones dominantly expressed in muscle.
New frontiers in usability for users' complex knowledge work

Two years ago, Mike Albers organized and held a workshop on the usability challenges of computer-supported complex work. The enthusiasm generated by that workshop led to this special issue of Journal of Usability Studies (JUS). This special issue explores the problem of how to make human-computer interactions simpler for dynamic knowledge work.
Studying Voting as a Process

Presidential campaigns are inherently dynamic events that occur over a certain period of time. They have a defined beginning, around the time candidates throw their hats into the ring, along with a clear ending – Election Day. Throughout the campaign season, citizens are inundated with information about the candidates, whether they wish to pay attention to politics or not. One would have to read no newspapers or magazines, watch no television and listen to no radio, and have no contact with other people in order to avoid acquiring at least a little information about the candidates running for president. The amount of information available during a campaign varies, however, depending on the campaign cycle itself. During a contested primary season, for example, significant amounts of information are readily available, at least in those states holding contested primaries. On the other hand, once a candidate has locked up the nomination, the amount of information about the campaign may drop temporarily, only to be revived during the parties' conventions. Similarly, both the amount of information and the type of information available vary. Before this series of experiments began, we examined a selection of newspapers during the 1988 presidential election season and found evidence that issue-oriented information becomes much more readily available as campaigns progress, while candidate background information (such as family, education, prior jobs, etc.) predominates early in the primaries and then again early in the general election season (Lau, 1992).
Emotional Security Theory and Developmental Psychopathology

Emotional security theory was introduced over two decades ago to explain how and why children exposed to interparental and family conflict are at greater risk for developing psychopathology. Using developmental psychopathology as an evaluative lens, this chapter provides a review of the progress, challenges, and future directions in testing EST. After characterizing the distinctive properties of the goal system of emotional security in relation to developmental constructs outlined in other approaches, we review empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that emotional insecurity is a unique and robust mediator of multiple pathways involving family adversity and children's adjustment problems. Next, the chapter addresses the family, contextual, developmental sources underlying the multiplicity of pathways among family discord, emotional insecurity, and children's psychological functioning. Throughout the chapter, we distinguish between two formulations of EST to adequately characterize the significant developments in the history of the theory. Finally, we conclude by outlining scientific and clinical growing points for EST. Keywords: emotional security theory; interparental conflict; family processes; child coping; child psychopathology
Electronic Kiosks for Patient Satisfaction Survey in Radiology.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to analyze patient satisfaction surveys obtained via electronic kiosks in a tertiary-care academic radiology department to detect potential areas of improvement and to identify ways to improve survey response and completion rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS. All patient satisfaction surveys submitted via electronic kiosks and via online surveys between January 2015 and January 2016 were included in this retrospective study. The surveys consisted of questions regarding the patients' overall experience, cleanliness of the department, and interactions with the receptionist, technologist, nurse, and physician. Ratings were assessed using a 5-point scale (where 1 denotes poor and 5 denotes optimal) with an option for free-text comments. The likelihood of recommendation was regarded as an indicator of satisfaction and was our primary evaluation metric. Surveys with less than optimal ratings were analyzed in detail. RESULTS. Of 99,289 patients who visited the department, 6736...