cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Farmed Fish: A Valuable Source of Lipid Based Nutrients

The consumption of seafood (fish, molluscs, crustaceans) is associated with a number of positive health outcomes as a result of nutrient content [eg, protein, omega 3 (n–3) fatty acids, vitamin D]. Aquacultural “farmed” sources of marine and freshwater seafood total nearly 50% of total seafood production. Given the ability to modify the breeding and production of select, farmed species, there is the potential to optimize the nutrient quality and quantity in these species. The positive benefits of fish consumption are thought to be related in part to intake of long chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3). Aquaculture-derived Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) can be grown to optimize LCn3 and potentially other lipid soluble nutrients. In this chapter, the processes and inputs influencing the content of lipid soluble nutrients in farmed fish for human health outcomes will be discussed.
The Global Reach of Great Power

The sudden, shocking transition from John F. Kennedy to Lyndon B. Johnson in the White House inevitably created significant policy ripples reaching far beyond the abrupt change in leadership. American public opinion at all levels was profoundly affected by the assassination of the President. Following the series of shocks to the political nervous system of the United States in the 1960s and early 1970s, including the assassinations of Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, the extraordinary divisiveness and bitterness engendered by the Vietnam War, and the scandals of Watergate, Americans have become more cynical and less hopeful about their political environment. Consequently, only with difficulty can one recall the exceptional surprise which greeted the first Kennedy assassination both in the United States and in Europe and the rest of the world.
Stealthy control signal attacks in vector LQG systems

The problem of false data injection in a vector LQG system is studied in this work. An attacker compromises the input stream and modifies the control signals transmitted with the objective of increasing the quadratic cost incurred by the controller whilst maintaining a degree of stealthiness. The optimal adversarial control signals are characterized for a finite horizon LQG problem. The tradeoff between the increase in quadratic cost, and the detectability of data injection, as measured by the K-L divergence between legitimate and falsified data dynamics, is derived analytically. The optimal adversarial control signals are shown to be additive white Gaussian, independent of the state, with the sequence of variances derived as a function of system parameters and the desired cost increase.
Fast exact-arithmetic O(N) direct volume integral equation solver for large-scale interconnect extraction

We represent the dense system of volume integral equations (VIE) by an HSS (Hierarchically Semiseparable) matrix. We then develop a fast direct VIE solver of O(N) (linear) complexity, including both factorization and inversion, for the extraction of large-scale interconnects involving lossy conductors and inhomogeneous materials. The HSS-representation has a controlled accuracy; and the direct solution of the HSS matrix does not involve any further approximation. Numerical simulations of large-scale interconnects involving millions of unknowns on a single core CPU have demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed direct solver.
Simultaneous Targeting of SHH/ p53 Pathways in Large B Cell Lymphomas.

Abstract 1730 Poster Board I-756 The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway, associated with proliferative stem cell niches of many organs, is frequently deregulated in diverse cancers. We have previously shown that the SHH pathway augments the survival of tumor cells by inducing antiapoptotic molecules including bcl-2 and provides resistance to a number of conventional cancer therapies. Aberrant activation of the SHH pathway has been associated with activation and maintenance of lymphoid malignancies. Additionally, our recent data indicates that p63, a p53 family member and an important marker of stem cells has multiple interacting nodes with the SHH pathway. Based on these observations, we hypothesized i) that there is crosstalk between the SHH and p53/p63 networks in cells and, ii) inhibition of the SHH pathway with simultaneous activation of the p53 pathway would result in increased cell death in cancer cell lines of lymphoid origin. Using SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting and RT-PCR we surveyed a panel of 18 leukemia/lymphoma cell lines for components of the SHH pathway and the p53/p63/p73 network. Robust SHH pathway expression was observed in 15 of the 18 cell lines examined. Interestingly, in p53 deficient cell lines there was an increase in p63/p73 expression as compared to cell lines with wild type (WT) p53. A set of the previously analyzed diffuse large B- cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cell lines were selected and were representative of both p53 deficient and WT cell lines and also the activated B-like DLBCL (ABC) and germinal center B-like DLBCL (GCB) subgroups. These cells were treated with cyclopamine, an inhibitor of the SHH pathway and/or nutlin, an HDM2 antagonist. Cell viability (MTS assay) was measured using both compounds at various drug concentrations and time points. In addition we also investigated the effects of the drugs individually and in combination on components of the p53/p63 and SHH axes and their targets. Our findings suggest that treatment of p53 (WT) cell lines with a combination of nutlin and cyclopamine results in reduced cell survival than treatment with either drug alone and at lower drug concentrations and that the p53 status of the cell line may be more important in determining therapeutic response to the selected compounds. In addition the p53/p63 pathway may have a novel role in regulation of specific components of the SHH pathway in cells of lymphoid origin. In conclusion, these observations provide proof of concept that a combinatorial therapeutic approach, targeting both the p53 and SHH axes would provide a more robust and favorable response in large B cell lymphomas. Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by the The Mehta Family Foundation Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Control Theory for Closed-Loop Neurophysiology

This chapter presents an overview of emerging research problems at the boundary between control engineering and neuroscience, toward implementation of closed-loop paradigms for modulating brain activity. Emphasis will be placed on both recent theoretical developments—eg, system identification and controllability in neuronal networks—and real-world constraints in applications such as clinical deep brain stimulation, or optical stimulation in experimental neuroscience. Discussion will extend to how these constraints may necessitate the development of entirely new paradigms in systems and control theory that respond to the unprecedented challenges facing neuroscientists and neural engineers.
Plasmonic nanoantenna array with single-chip integrated metal-organic framework for infrared absorption gas sensing (Conference Presentation)

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) is a spectroscopic technique used to identify molecular fingerprints by resonant detection of infrared vibrational modes through coupling with the plasmonic modes of metallic nanostructures. Many reported works have demonstrated its capability to enhance the infrared absorption of solid or liquid samples. However, this technique has not been successfully applied to gas sensing yet due to the short light-matter interaction length and intrinsically weak absorption of gas compared to solid or liquid materials. Usually, IR gas sensing is conducted in a gas cell with a long absorption path. In the paper, we propose an integrated photonic device to expand the application of SEIRA to gas sensing by combining metal-organic framework (MOF) ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazole framework) with plasmonic nanoantenna array. The device consists of an Au nanopatch array on sapphire substrate and is covered by a thin layer of MOF material. The MOF thin film, which is a new class of highly nanoporous material, serves as a gas absorber to selectively adsorb and concentrate CO2 from ambient environment into the thin layer, which has a high spatial overlap with the high intensity optical field of the plasmonic nanopatch antenna array. Namely, we can effectively increase the gas molecule concentration at the hot-spots for the SEIRA device. The experimentally demonstrated peak IR enhancement factor of the device for carbon dioxide sensing is over 1,100 times.
Old Faithful Visitor’s Center Exhibit Observation Study

This report was a result of volunteer research orchestrated by Katy Duffy, Interpretive Planner, Yellowstone National Park. The data collection was a direct need for grant compliance for the National Science Foundation associated with exhibits for the new Old Faithful Visitor Education Center, which opened to the public in August, 2006. The objective of this research was to understand visitor interaction with these exhibits using an unobtrusive form of data collection.
The Antarctic Toothfish: A New Model System for Eye Lens Biology

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni as a model system for lens biology. One of the best-studied Antarctic fishes is the giant Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni. This fish is especially well suited to the study of eye biology, as it is a large fish with a very large eye lens comparable to that of the well-characterized cow Bos taurus lens. The basic properties of the overall lens stability were investigated by whole lens cooling experiments as well as the basic biochemistry of the component proteins. Whole lens cooling experiments were performed on unfrozen lenses and were done in comparison with cow lens as well as a tropical marine blackbar soldierfish Myripristis jacobus lens. Mammalian lenses such as the cow lens demonstrate a cold sensitivity, known as a cold cataract. One of the strongest aspects of the toothfish as a model system is the ability to make meaningful comparisons. There is a sister species of the toothfish, the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides, which lives in warmer waters, temperature just above freezing, around the South Georgia Islands and further up along the coast of South America to coastal waters of Peru and Uruguay.
Divergent risk factors for cerebellar and intraventricular hemorrhage.

To identify whether intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and cerebellar hemorrhage (CH) have common or divergent risk factors. This is a retrospective cross-sectional cohort of infants including all infants born <30 weeks from 2007 to 2016. Comprehensive perinatal and clinical factors were extracted from the medical record. Outborn infants, infants with major congenital anomaly, those transferred prior to discharge, and those with mixed or no brain injury were excluded. The remaining infants were divided into two groups: IVH only and CH only. Continuous variables were evaluated with the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test, and categorical variables were evaluated with Fisher’s exact test. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors which predispose infants towards injury type more than another, holding other factors constant. In total, 127 infants were included (CH n = 27, IVH n = 100). Compared to those with IVH, infants with CH were of lower EGA (p = 0.03), lower birth weight (p = 0.01), more often of multiple gestation (p = 0.03), more frequently born emergently (p = 0.03), had a greater number of ventilator days (p = 0.03), received postnatal steroids more often (p = 0.02), had a greater incidence of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and less frequently had pulmonary hemorrhage (p = 0.04). In multinomial regression analysis, three factors were identified which favored CH over IVH: multiple gestation (RR 4.70, 95% CI 1.56–14.21, p < 0.01), chorioamnionitis (RR 3.18, 95% CI 1.13–8.92, p = 0.03), and emergent delivery (RR 4.14, 95% CI 1.48–11.55, p < 0.01). Only advancing gestational favored IVH over CH (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65–0.85, p < 0.01). IVH and CH have unique risk factors. These results highlight the need to tailor neuroimaging surveillance to specific patient risk factors.
Making opportunistic networks in IoT environments CCN-ready: A performance evaluation of the MobCCN protocol

Abstract In future IoT environments it is expected that the role of personal devices of mobile users in the physical area where IoT devices are deployed will become more and more important. In particular, due to the push towards decentralisation of services towards the edge, it is likely that a significant share of data generated by IoT devices will be needed by other (mobile) nodes nearby, while global Internet access will be limited only to a small fraction of data. In this context, opportunistic networking schemes can be adopted to build efficient content-centric protocols, through which data generated by IoT devices (or by mobile nodes themselves) can be accessed by the other nodes nearby. In this paper, we propose MobCCN, which is an ICN-compliant protocol for this heterogeneous environment. MobCCN is designed to implement the routing and forwarding mechanisms of the main ICN realisations, such as CCN. The original aspect of MobCCN is to implement an efficient opportunistic networking routing scheme to populate the Forwarding Interest Base (FIB) tables of the nodes, in order to guide the propagation of Interest packets towards nodes that store the required data. Specifically, MobCCN defines the utility of each node as a forwarder of Interest packets for a certain type of content, such that Interest packets can be propagated along a positive utility gradient, until reaching some node storing the data. We evaluate MobCCN against protocols representing two possible endpoints of the spectrum, respectively in terms of minimising the data delivery delay and the resource consumption. Performance results show that MobCCN is very effective and efficient, as it guarantees very high delivery rates and low delays, while keeping the total generated traffic at a reasonable level and also saving local resources.
A Preliminary Checklist of Lichens for Lawrence County, Pennsylvania

Our collecting of lichens in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania has increased the known diversity to nearly 50 taxa. Before this study, the most recent published reports on lichens for the county were recorded nearly 60 years ago; hence, many of these records were historic. These aforementioned studies combined with the CNALH database have identified more than 30 taxa that have occurred in Lawrence County which totals 24 lichen species reported for the county. In this study, a collection of nearly 50 lichens were acquired in 2016 and 2017 from Lawrence County. Seventeen lichen species are reported as new to the county. This study demonstrates that lichen diversity in Lawrence County is underestimated.
CHANGES IN INSULIN AND SOMATOMEDIN RECEPTORS AND UPTAKE OF INSULIN, IGF-I AND IGF-II DURING MAMMARY GROWTH, LACTOGENESIS AND LACTATION

Receptors for insulin, IGF-I and IGF-II are present on growing, differentiating and lactating mammary epithelial cells. Scatchard analysis of these receptors indicate the presence of two receptor sites for insulin. In contrast, the type I and type II somatomedin receptors are composed of a single site in all physiological states examined. The type I somatomedin receptor cross-reacted with both insulin and IGF-II while the type II receptor only recognized IGF-II. Although the truncated form of IGF-I has a lower affinity for the type I receptor relative to native IGF-I it is more potent in stimulating mammary growth in vitro. This may be due to mediating effects of binding proteins. Mammary growth appears to be related to higher population of high affinity receptors for IGF-I in mammary tissue during pregnancy. Role of insulin, IGF-I and IGF-II during lactogenesis and galactopoiesis remains to be established.
Dynamic Multi-Stage Analysis of a Mistuned Aircraft Rotor with Foreign Object Ingestion

A dynamic multi-stage analysis was carried on an aircraft engine with a foreign object in its inlet. The analysed aircraft engine rotor included seven compressor stage and one turbine stage. Finite element method is used to analyse multistage coupling caused by the low engine order simultaneous excitation of the mistuned first and second compressor bladed discs and turbine bladed disc. Low EO excitation may occur due to foreign object ingestion, e.g. a bird strike. Blade mistuning and multi-stage coupling causes individual blades and bladed discs to vibrate simultaneously in particular stages. More blade stress peaks appeared in the mistuned system than in the tuned system, which shows that mistuning causes multistage coupling. This study has shown for the first time that mistuned compressor and a turbine bladed discs on a shaft have higher individual blade stress peaks and a different blade-to-blade stress distribution than mistuned bladed discs without a shaft. This shows that multistage coupling is very important. Mistuning effects were analysed for a specific aero-engine with one specific mistuning pattern and an exact amplification. However, the described effects are valid for other mistuning patterns. If we change the mistuning pattern on one bladed disc, the multistage coupling effects will also change but the general conclusions will be the same.
Photochemistry of ferritin decorated with plasmonic gold nanoparticles

The photochemistry of a plasmonic biomaterial that consisted of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) on the exterior of the iron sequestration protein, ferritin (Ftn), was investigated. The light driven photochemistry of the hybrid system was studied mechanistically and for the reduction of the high priority pollutant, chromate, Cr(VI) as CrO42−. In the absence of aqueous Cr(VI), but in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, the Fe(III) oxyhydroxide semiconducting core of Ftn underwent a photoreaction to release Fe(II) when exposed to light having wavelengths, λ 475 nm). Au/Ftn also facilitated the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the presence of visible light (λ > 475 nm), a reaction that was not observed if AuNP were not attached to the Ftn cage. Results also indicated that AuNP need to be intimately bound to Ftn to extend the photochemistry of Au/Ftn to longer light wavelengths, relative to Au-free Ftn.
Attending to the Alliance in the Application of the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: A Case Study:

As conceptualizations of mood and anxiety disorders shift toward a dimensional approach, transdiagnostic treatments have gained recognition and support. The Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic...
Growth at Cold Temperature Increases the Number of Motor Neurons to Optimize Locomotor Function

During vertebrate development, spinal neurons differentiate and connect to generate a system that performs sensorimotor functions critical for survival. Spontaneous Ca2+ activity regulates different aspects of spinal neuron differentiation. It is unclear whether environmental factors can modulate this Ca2+ activity in developing spinal neurons to alter their specialization and ultimately adjust sensorimotor behavior to fit the environment. Here, we show that growing Xenopus laevis embryos at cold temperatures results in an increase in the number of spinal motor neurons in larvae. This change in spinal cord development optimizes the escape response to gentle touch of animals raised in and tested at cold temperatures. The cold-sensitive channel TRPM8 increases Ca2+ spike frequency of developing ventral spinal neurons, which in turn regulates expression of the motor neuron master transcription factor HB9. TRPM8 is necessary for the increase in motor neuron number of animals raised in cold temperatures and for their enhanced sensorimotor behavior when tested at cold temperatures. These findings suggest the environment modulates neuronal differentiation to optimize the behavior of the developing organism.
Toward a Philosophy of STEAM in the Anthropocene

This paper proposes a philosophy of STEAM education in the current moment, the Anthropocene. Whereas many proponents of STEAM focus on outcomes related to cultivating a more creative and competitiv...
Expression of Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin on Leukemic Cells Mediates Their Interaction with Vascular Endothelium.

Abstract It has already been established that subsets of leukemic cells express receptors for pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Further studies have shown that these same leukemic cells also produce the ligand for these VEGF receptors, VEGF-A. This autocrine loop supports the invasion and proliferation of these particular leukemic cells. The VEGFR-2 signaling pathway is further dependent upon the co-activation of other pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. VE-cadherin is an endothelial cell-specific transmembrane cellular adhesion protein that when bound results in the dephosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and contributes to neo-vessel formation. Recent studies have suggested that VE-cadherin may be expressed by a unique subset of hematopoietic cells, raising the possibility that leukemic cells may express VE-cadherin as well. We therefore sought to identify the expression of VE-cadherin on leukemic cell lines and primary samples, and further determine its role in the interaction with VE-cadherin-positive endothelial cells. Leukemic cell lines and primary leukemias were screened for the presence of VE-cadherin by both RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Primary leukemic samples, as well as established cell lines for human erythroblastic leukemia (HEL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (KG-1a) were found to express VE-cadherin. VE-cadherin expression was further confirmed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, which demonstrated that approximately 15% of the total population was VE-cadherin-positive. Proliferation and migration assays utilizing neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to VE-cadherin were performed with no obvious effects. However, immunofluorescent staining of a co-culture performed with the above leukemic cells grown on a layer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) demonstrated that the leukemic cells and HUVECs interact via VE-cadherin. Furthermore, when these leukemic cells were injected into NOD-SCID mice subcutaneously, the VE-cadherin-positive cells localized around the vessels present within the leukemic chloroma. These data set forth the concept that a subset of leukemic cells expresses the protein VE-cadherin and that VE-cadherin is involved in the cell-to-cell interaction between a subset of leukemic cells and vascular endothelial cells. Heterotypic VE-cadherin interaction between leukemic cells and neo-vessels may increase the survival of leukemic cells and contribute to the generation of minimal residual disease. Therefore, inhibition of VEGFR-2 in conjunction with VE-cadherin may provide a novel strategy to eradicate minimal residual disease.
Testosterone replacement causes dose-dependent improvements in spatial memory among aged male rats

Testosterone has been shown to have dose-dependent effects on spatial memory in males, but the effects of aging upon this relationship remain unclear. Additionally, the mechanism by which testosterone regulates memory is unknown, but may involve changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) within specific brain regions. We tested the effects of age and testosterone on spatial memory among male rats using two spatial memory tasks: an object-location memory task (OLMT) and the radial-arm maze (RAM). Castration had minimal effect on performance on the RAM, but young rats (2 months) performed significantly fewer working memory errors than aged rats (20 months), and aged rats performed significantly fewer reference memory errors. Both age and castration impaired performance on the OLMT, with only the young rats with intact gonads successfully performing the task. Subsequent experiments involved daily injections of either drug vehicle or one of four doses of testosterone propionate (0.125, 0.250, 0.500, and 1.00 mg/rat) given to castrated aged males. On the RAM, a low physiological dose (0.125 mg) and high doses (0.500-1.000 mg) of testosterone improved working memory, while an intermediate dose (0.250 mg) did not. On the OLMT, only the 0.250 mg T group showed a significant increase in exploration ratios from the exposure trials to the testing trials, indicating that this group remembered the position of the objects. Brain tissue (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum) was collected from all subjects to assay BDNF. We found no evidence that testosterone influenced BDNF, indicating that it is unlikely that testosterone regulates spatial memory through changes in BDNF levels.
The Aging Metabolome—Biomarkers to Hub Metabolites

Aging biology is intimately associated with dysregulated metabolism, which is one of the hallmarks of aging. Aging-related pathways such as mTOR and AMPK, which are major targets of anti-aging interventions including rapamcyin, metformin, and exercise, either directly regulate or intersect with metabolic pathways. In this review, numerous candidate bio-markers of aging that have emerged using metabolomics are outlined. Metabolomics studies also reveal that not all metabolites are created equally. A set of core "hub" metabolites are emerging as central mediators of aging. The hub metabolites reviewed here are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate, α-ketoglutarate, and β-hydroxybutyrate. These "hub" metabolites have signaling and epigenetic roles along with their canonical roles as co-factors or intermediates of carbon metabolism. Together these hub metabolites suggest a central role of the TCA cycle in signaling and metabolic dysregulation associated with aging.
Rule-Based Cohort Definitions for Acute Respiratory Failure: Electronic Phenotyping Algorithm

Background: Acute respiratory failure is generally treated with invasive mechanical ventilation or noninvasive respiratory support strategies. The efficacies of the various strategies are not fully understood. There is a need for accurate therapy-based phenotyping for secondary analyses of electronic health record data to answer research questions regarding respiratory management and outcomes with each strategy. Objective: The objective of this study was to address knowledge gaps related to ventilation therapy strategies across diverse patient populations by developing an algorithm for accurate identification of patients with acute respiratory failure. To accomplish this objective, our goal was to develop rule-based computable phenotypes for patients with acute respiratory failure using remotely monitored intensive care unit (tele-ICU) data. This approach permits analyses by ventilation strategy across broad patient populations of interest with the ability to sub-phenotype as research questions require. Methods: Tele-ICU data from ≥200 hospitals were used to create a rule-based algorithm for phenotyping patients with acute respiratory failure, defined as an adult patient requiring invasive mechanical ventilation or a noninvasive strategy. The dataset spans a wide range of hospitals and ICU types across all US regions. Structured clinical data, including ventilation therapy start and stop times, medication records, and nurse and respiratory therapy charts, were used to define clinical phenotypes. All adult patients of any diagnoses with record of ventilation therapy were included. Patients were categorized by ventilation type, and analysis of event sequences using record timestamps defined each phenotype. Manual validation was performed on 5% of patients in each phenotype. Results: We developed 7 phenotypes: (0) invasive mechanical ventilation, (1) noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation, (2) high-flow nasal insufflation, (3) noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation subsequently requiring intubation, (4) high-flow nasal insufflation subsequently requiring intubation, (5) invasive mechanical ventilation with extubation to noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation, and (6) invasive mechanical ventilation with extubation to high-flow nasal insufflation. A total of 27,734 patients met our phenotype criteria and were categorized into these ventilation subgroups. Manual validation of a random selection of 5% of records from each phenotype resulted in a total accuracy of 88% and a precision and recall of 0.8789 and 0.8785, respectively, across all phenotypes. Individual phenotype validation showed that the algorithm categorizes patients particularly well but has challenges with patients that require ≥2 management strategies. Conclusions: Our proposed computable phenotyping algorithm for patients with acute respiratory failure effectively identifies patients for therapy-focused research regardless of admission diagnosis or comorbidities and allows for management strategy comparisons across populations of interest.
Teaching Clinical Reasoning and Critical Thinking: From Cognitive Theory to Practical Application.

Teaching clinical reasoning is challenging, particularly in the time-pressured and complicated environment of the ICU. Clinical reasoning is a complex process in which one identifies and prioritizes pertinent clinical data to develop a hypothesis and a plan to confirm or refute that hypothesis. Clinical reasoning is related to and dependent on critical thinking skills, which are defined as one's capacity to engage in higher cognitive skills such as analysis, synthesis, and self-reflection. This article reviews how an understanding of the cognitive psychological principles that contribute to effective clinical reasoning has led to strategies for teaching clinical reasoning in the ICU. With familiarity with System 1 and System 2 thinking, which represent intuitive vs analytical cognitive processing pathways, respectively, the clinical teacher can use this framework to identify cognitive patterns in clinical reasoning. In addition, the article describes how internal and external factors in the clinical environment can affect students' and trainees' clinical reasoning abilities, as well as their capacity to understand and incorporate strategies for effective critical thinking into their practice. Utilizing applicable cognitive psychological theory, the relevant literature on teaching clinical reasoning is reviewed, and specific strategies to effectively teach clinical reasoning and critical thinking in the ICU and other clinical settings are provided. Definitions, operational descriptions, and justifications for a variety of teaching interventions are discussed, including the "one-minute preceptor" model, the use of concept or mechanism maps, and cognitive de-biasing strategies.
Multiplexed analysis of neural cytokine signaling by a novel neural cell–cell interaction microchip

Multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) are widely applied in pre-clinical and clinical trials as a cell source to promote tissue regeneration in neurodegenerative diseases. Frequently delivered as dissociated cells, aggregates or self-organized rosettes, it is unknown whether disruption of the NSC rosette morphology or method of formation affect signaling profiles of these cells that may impact uniformity of outcomes in cell therapies. Here we generate a neural cell-cell interaction microchip (NCCIM) as an in vitro platform to simultaneously track an informed panel of cytokines and co-evaluate cell morphology and biomarker expression coupled to a sandwich ELISA platform. We apply multiplex in situ tagging technology (MIST) to evaluate ten cytokines (PDGF-AA, GDNF, BDNF, IGF-1, FGF-2, IL-6, BMP-4, CNTF, β-NGF, NT-3) on microchips for EB-derived rosettes, single cell dissociated rosettes and reformed rosette neurospheres. Of the cytokines evaluated, EB-derived rosettes secrete PDGF-AA, GDNF and FGF-2 prominently, whereas this profile is temporarily lost upon dissociation to single cells and in reformed neurospheres two additional cytokines, BDNF and β-NGF, are also secreted. This study on NSC rosettes demonstrates the development, versatility and utility of the NCCIM as a sensitive multiplex detector of cytokine signaling in a high throughput and controlled microenvironment. The NCCIM is expected to provide important new information to refine cell source choices in therapies as well as to support development of informative 2D or 3D in vitro models including areas of neurodegeneration or neuroplasticity.
Inclusive Making: designing tools and experiences to promote accessibility and redefine making

Background and Context: Making is celebrated for bringing exciting tools and learning opportunities to non-traditional designers. However, people with disabilities may find themselves excluded from...
Compressive behavior and stress–strain relationships of confined and unconfined UHPC

Abstract Superior physical and mechanical behavior of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has attracted lots of interest for its use in joints and connections of prefabricated elements. However, there is still a great potential for application of UHPC for larger applications and full structural elements, such as bridge columns. Some fundamental knowledge gaps at the material level still need to be filled to promote future structural designs. One of these gaps is understanding the compressive behavior of confined UHPC as compared to unconfined UHPC. To date, no extensive studies examined the confining effects of spirals representing transverse reinforcement in typical columns. This study focused on UHPC cylinders to establish a better understanding of the compressive behavior and stress–strain relationships of confined UHPC materials. More than 130 unconfined UHPC and UHPC cylinders confined with steel spirals with varying volumetric ratios of steel fibers (0%, 2%, 4%) and transverse reinforcement ratios (0%, 2%, 4%, and 8%) were tested under uniaxial compression. Two cylinder sizes were considered (2 × 4 in and 3 × 6 in) and effects of different specimen geometry aspects (e.g. end planeness) as well as test setup were investigated. The behavior of confined UHPC cylinders was obtained and compared with reference unconfined UHPC cylinders. Overall, the study shows that both steel fibers and steel spirals have contributory roles in confining effects but the effect of steel spirals is more compelling. Moreover, full stress–strain relationships of confined and unconfined UHPC are provided for future use.
Globalizing male attractiveness: Advertising in men’s lifestyle magazines in India:

This study examines the construction of new models of masculinity in men’s lifestyle magazine advertising in India. Using textual analysis of advertisements, the study shows how certain kinds of we...
Where Do Superstar Firms Go in Recessions? The Impact of Aggregate Fluctuations on Business Formation

This paper studies firm dynamics over the business cycle. Using administrative records from U.S. Census data, I document that exceptionally large firms tend not to be started in recessions. I also present evidence that financial conditions play an important role in determining the types of firms that are born at different stages of the business cycle. I then develop a general equilibrium model with incomplete markets and aggregate shocks. In the model, firms choose their target size at birth, which is key to account for the patterns observed in the data. Financial frictions in the form of collateral constraints slow the rate at which firms grow, and thereby affect larger businesses disproportionately; this discourages such firms from entering during recessions. I estimate the model using Bayesian methods, and find that financial shocks play a threefold greater role for large firms' entry relative to smaller businesses, which has important implications for micro-targeted government stimulus policies.
PowerSystems.jl — A power system data management package for large scale modeling

Abstract PowerSystems.jl is a package to organize and manipulate data for the study of energy systems with diverse modeling requirements. This software serves two main purposes: to reduce the burden of large power system data set development, and to promote reproducible research and simulation. PowerSystems.jl implements an abstract hierarchy to represent and customize power systems data and includes data containers for quasi-static and dynamic simulation applications. Key features include efficient management of large quantities of time series data, optimized serialization, and comprehensive validation capabilities. The paper includes detailed discussion and examples for reference.
Academic freedom, decolonization and the state in Africa

Intellectuals are in a strict sense a product of the societies in which they are historically located and from which they could not assume a sense of themselves as an independent social force. Nor ...
A remark on restriction theorems and their application to Strichartz estimates

We present an elementary approach to prove restriction theorems for particular surfaces for which the Tomas-Stein theorem does not apply, which in turn provide short proofs for well-known Strichartz estimates for associated PDEs. The method consists in applying simple restriction theorems to the level sets of the surfaces studied (for instance, spheres in the case of the cone) and then integrating the inequalities over all level sets. This allows for a different proof of sharp estimates for the wave equation, and of some estimates related to the Euler equations in the rotational framework.
The Berezin transform and operators on spaces of analytic functions

In this article we will illustrate how the Berezin transform (or symbol) can be used to study classes of operators on certain spaces of analytic functions, such as the Hardy space, the Bergman space and the Fock space. The article is organized according to the following outline. 1. Spaces of analytic functions 2. Definition and properties Berezin transform 3. Berezin transform and non-compact operators 4. Commutativity of Toeplitz operators 5. Berezin transform and Hankel or Toeplitz operators 6. Sarason’s example 1. Spaces of analytic functions. In this section we will introduce the spaces of analytic functions on which we will be working. We start with the following general definition. Definition 1.1. A reproducing functional Hilbert space on an open subset Ω of C is a Hilbert space H of functions on Ω such that for every w ∈ Ω the linear functional f 7→ f(w) is bounded on H. If H is a reproducing functional Hilbert space on set Ω, then by the Riesz Representation Theorem for every w ∈ Ω there is a unique element Kw ∈ H for which f(w) = 〈f,Kw〉, for all f ∈ H. We call the function Kw the reproducing kernel at w. Before we turn to a few examples we will prove some simple results about these reproducing kernels. The following proposition gives a way to compute the reproducing kernels. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 47B07, 47B35; Secondary 30C40, 31A05. Research of the author supported by summer grants from the University of Montana and the Montana University system. The paper is in final form and no version of it will be published elsewhere. [361]
Above the Houses

Your fingers test from the smoldering, plum-colored center of impact down to the eyebrow, the swollen lid. It's just a bruise, one more thing. Reaching for your toothbrush, you grimace at your mirrored self: shiner, spiky new haircut, the shocked face of upheaval?in short, a sight. He appears behind your image. Even now, in his gray sixties, your husband's face is fresh, like a precocious child just up from a nap. "My God, what happened to you?" Two weeks ago, just before the move, he said the same thing about the hair.
Human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Expression in Escherichia coli, purification, and characterization of a functionally and structurally asymmetric dimeric polymerase

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase isolated from viral particles contains two subunits, p51 and p66. We have produced both subunits in separate Escherichia coli strains using expression vectors. Stop codons were placed immediately after the codon for the carboxyl-terminal residue of the mature processed p51 and p66 subunits found in viral particles. Insertion of a methionine in front of the HIV protease cleavage site in the recombinant protein enabled synthesis of both subunits with the natural amino-terminal proline, since E. coli methionine aminopeptidase cleaves a Met-Pro amino-terminal linkage. That this occurred to an extent greater than 95% was confirmed by sequencing the purified subunits. Examination of the activities of the individual p51 and p66 subunits on a variety of templates and under solution conditions optimized for each subunit revealed a significant catalytic activity for the natural p51 subunit. This result contrasts to results reported earlier for many recombinant forms without the natural amino and/or carboxyl termini. As expected from earlier work, the optimal homopolymeric template for the p66 subunit was poly(rA). For the p51 subunit, poly(dC) was found to be the optimal template; its activity is 2- to 4-fold greater than p66 on poly(dC). The p51 subunit is 13- to 50-fold less active on poly(rC). These findings are discussed in the context of our earlier hypothesis (McHenry, C. S. (1989) in Molecular Biology of Chromosome Function (Adolph, K., ed) Chap. 5, Springer-Verlag, New York) that the HIV reverse transcriptase might be functionally asymmetric with distinct plus- and minus-strand polymerases.
Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation for the Treatment of Hypotension

Intrathoracic pressure regulation therapy is based upon the physiological principles of the inspiratory impedance threshold device which was developed to increase the return of venous blood back to the heart for treatment of a number of different clinical conditions associated with clinically significant hypotension, including cardiac arrest [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Intrathoracic pressure regulation therapy works by modulating pressures inside the thorax to augment circulation in states of low blood pressure. This technology was first used in the setting of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In the non-spontaneously breathing patient, by harnessing the chest wall recoil with a device that prevents air from entering the lungs each time the chest re-expands after a chest compression, an impedance threshold device (ResQPOD®, Advanced Circulatory Systems, Minneapolis, MN) lowers intrathoracic pressures, enhancing blood return to the heart while lowering intracranial pressures (drop in internal jugular vein pressure). In spontaneously breathing patients, inspiration through a differently configured impedance threshold device (ResQGard®) lowers intrathoracic pressures and similarly enhances cardiac preload and lowers intracranial pressures. Both mechanisms contribute to increases in cerebral perfusion during CPR and in spontaneously breathing patients. Based upon collaborative research with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the United States Army Institute for Surgical Research, the impedance threshold device has recently been recommended in spontaneously breathing patients for treatment of hypotension due to multiple potential causes, including blood loss, intradialytic hypotension, perioperative hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, and hypotension associated with labor and delivery [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. The technology was evaluated by NASA, as some astronauts develop severe orthostatic hypotension after space flight. It is now used as part of the care for astronauts after prolonged space flights. In this chapter, the potential use of intrathoracic pressure regulation for the treatment of hypotension will be discussed, including preliminary preclinical data on use of this approach to treat hypotension in pigs secondary to Escherichia coli peritonitis.
Recognition of Microbial Glycolipids by Natural Killer T Cells

T cells can recognize microbial antigens when presented by dedicated antigen-presenting molecules. While peptides are presented by classical members of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) family (MHC I and II), lipids, glycolipids, and lipopeptides can be presented by the non-classical MHC member, CD1. The best studied subset of lipid-reactive T cells are type I natural killer T (iNKT) cells that recognize a variety of different antigens when presented by the non-classical MHCI homolog CD1d. iNKT cells have been shown to be important for the protection against various microbial pathogens, including B. burgdorferi, the causative agents of Lyme disease, and S. pneumoniae, which causes pneumococcal meningitis and community-acquired pneumonia. Both pathogens carry microbial glycolipids that can trigger the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), leading to iNKT cell activation. iNKT cells have an evolutionary conserved TCR alpha chain, yet retain the ability to recognize structurally diverse glycolipids. They do so using a conserved recognition mode, in which the TCR enforces a conserved binding orientation on CD1d. TCR binding is accompanied by structural changes within the TCR binding site of CD1d, as well as the glycolipid antigen itself. In addition to direct recognition of microbial antigens, iNKT cells can also be activated by a combination of cytokines (IL-12/IL-18) and TCR stimulation. Many microbes carry TLR antigens, and microbial infections can lead to TLR activation. The subsequent cytokine response in turn lower the threshold of TCR-mediated iNKT cell activation, especially when weak microbial or even self-antigens are presented during the cause of the infection. In summary, iNKT cells can be directly activated through TCR triggering of strong antigens, while cytokines produced by the innate immune response may be necessary for TCR triggering and iNKT cell activation in the presence of weak antigens. Here, we will review the molecular basis of iNKT cell recognition of glycolipids, with an emphasis on microbial glycolipids.
A thermodynamic framework for the study of crystallization in polymers

In this paper, we present a new thermodynamic framework within the context of continuum mechanics, to predict the behavior of crystallizing polymers. The constitutive models that are developed within this thermodynamic setting are able to describe the main features of the crystallization process. The model is capable of capturing the transition from a fluid like behavior to a solid like behavior in a rational manner without appealing to any adhoc transition criterion. The anisotropy of the crystalline phase is built into the model and the specific anisotropy of the crystalline phase depends on the deformation in the melt. These features are incorporated into a recent framework that associates different natural configurations and material symmetries with distinct microstructural features within the body that arise during the process under consideration. Specific models are generated by choosing particular forms for the internal energy, entropy and the rate of dissipation. Equations governing the evolution of the natural configurations and the rate of crystallization are obtained by maximizing the rate of dissipation, subject to appropriate constraints. The initiation criterion, marking the onset of crystallization, arises naturally in this setting in terms of the thermodynamic functions. The model generated within such a framework is used to simulate bi-axial extension of a polymer film that is undergoing crystallization. The predictions of the theory that has been proposed are consistent with the experimental results (see [28] and [7]).