cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"We're called upon to be nonjudgmental": A qualitative exploration of United States medical students' discussions of abortion as a reflection of their professionalism.

Abstract Objectives Medical educators may assess learners’ professionalism through clinical scenarios eliciting value conflicts – situations in which an individual's values differ from others’ perceived values. We examined the extent to which United States (US) medical students’ discussion of abortion highlights their professionalism according to the 6 American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) professionalism competencies. Study design We conducted anonymous, semistructured qualitative interviews with 74 US medical students applying to OB/GYN residency. Interviews explored attitudes toward abortion and abortion case vignettes. We analyzed interview transcripts using directed content analysis for alignment with the AAMC professionalism competencies: humanism, patient needs superseding self-interest, patient autonomy, physician accountability, sensitivity to diverse populations, and commitment to ethical principles. Results Students’ genders, races, religions, and geographic regions were diverse. Attitudes toward abortion varied, but all students commented on themes related to at least 1 AAMC professionalism competency when discussing abortion care. Statements demonstrating students’ humanism, prioritization of patient autonomy, and sense of physician accountability were common. Most comments reflected positive professionalism practices, regardless of personal views on abortion or provision intentions; very few students made statements that were not aligned with the AAMC professionalism competencies. Conclusions All students in this study exhibited professionalism when discussing abortion, regardless of personal views on abortion or intention to provide this care. Case-based discussions involving abortion could be used to explore professionalism competencies among medical learners. Implications Discussing abortion has the potential to elicit values conflict, which enables learners to exhibit professionalism. Case-based abortion education should be included in medical school curricula to measure medical professionalism in future physicians, and to serve as a tool for teaching professionalism in medical school.
The Role of Peer Victimization in Predicting Aggression and Internalizing Problems in Early Childhood: The Moderating Effect of Emotion Regulation and Gender

Research Findings: This study (N = 300; M age = 44.72 months, SD = 4.39) aimed to elucidate the distinct pathways leading to maladjustment in early childhood by examining whether or not peer victim...
Research on Security Threat Assessment for Power IOT Terminal Based on Knowledge Graph

Due to the large number of terminal nodes and wide deployment of power IOT, it is vulnerable to attacks such as physical hijacking, communication link theft and replay. In order to sense and measure the security risks and threats of massive power IOT terminals in real time, a security threat assessment for power IOT terminals based on knowledge graph was proposed. Firstly, the basic data, operation data and alarm threat data of power IOT terminal equipment are extracted and correlated, and the power IOT terminal based on knowledge graph is constructed. Then, the real-time monitoring data of the power IOT terminal is preprocessed. Based on the knowledge graph of the power IOT terminal, the safety analysis and operation analysis of the terminal are carried out, and the threat index of the power IOT terminal is perceived in real time. Finally, security operation and maintenance personnel make disposal decisions on the terminals according to the threat index of power IOT terminals to ensure the safe and stable operation of power IOT terminal nodes. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional IPS, the method can effectively detect the security threat of the power IOT terminal and reduce the alarm vulnerability rate.
Word Accent and its Relation to the Syllable and to the Breath Group

The “breath group” is a division recognized by phoneticians of all schools. In the breath group the dynamic pattern which constitutes the “group” is made by the word accents. That the syllables have varying degrees of stress, and that they are subordinated and grouped in rhythmic forms has been a commonplace since Aristotle. In poetry we have called the rhythmic unit-groups “feet” and have noted the regular patterns; feet may also be observed in prose, following Aristotle, but the patterns are not regular.
Security of e-systems

In recent years, the dependence of people on electronic syslarge amounts of data collected by honeypots. Via tems (e-systems) has increased tremendously. Examples of e-systems widely used in everyday life include stand-alone computers, wired and wireless networks, cellular telephony networks, corporateWeb sites, electronic service, e-commerce and e-payment systems, and e-government systems. Because of the aforementioned spread of e-systems, many corporations and businesses rely heavily on the effective, proper, and secure operation of them. In most cases, such systems are used for storing, transmitting, and exchanging sensitive and confidential information, unauthorized access of which entails loss of money and credibility as well as the release of confidential information to competitors or enemies. This security is a crucial factor for these systems; however, its implementation must be cost-efficient so as to enable their widespread use. The aim of this special issue of the Journal of Security and Communication Networks is to highlight recent research in the broad area of e-systems security. We hope that this issue will be a useful reference for current and future trends in the very active area of wireless sensor networking. We received 10 papers from all over the world. Each paper was reviewed by at least two qualified reviewers. We have accepted six papers; thus, the acceptance rate for this issue is 60%. The articles in this special issue are organized as follows. The first article is entitled “A Hybrid NFC– Bluetooth Secure Protocol for Credit Transfer Among Mobile Phones” and is authored by David M. Monteiro, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Jaime Lloret, and Sandra Sendra. The article proposes a mobile peer-to-peer communication system that can be used for money transfers. The proposed system is based on near field communication and Bluetooth technology and thus utilizes a hybrid communication protocol that combines the security characteristics of near field communication and the relatively high Bluetooth data transfer rates. The proposed system was deployed and evaluated in real environments with good results. The second article is in the area of Web service security is entitled “Characterization of Attacks Collected from the Deployment of Web Service Honeypot” and is authored by Abdallah Ghourabi, Tarek Abbes, and Adel Bouhoula. It proposes a honeypot implementation for Web services. The proposed system addresses the problem of the very
Plastic Anisotropy of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B Sheet

The anisotropic plastic responses of commercial magnesium alloy AZ31B sheets in the stress-relieved and soft-annealed conditions are found to be similar. Measurements of the r-value (r = d□w/d□t) for tensile samples oriented 0, 45, and 90° from the rolling direction highlight a strong in-plane anisotropy, with r(0°)∼1 and r(90°)∼3.5. This in-plane anisotropy is somewhat surprising given the nearly ideal basal texture present in the material. Simulations of the plastic response which incorporate the initial texture and the strain hardening of the individual grain-level deformation modes enable us to conclude that the slight off-basal character of the texture is enough to induce a change in the balance between the activities of basal and prismatic slip. The tendency of the grain’s basal poles to tilt from the normal direction towards the rolling direction is enough to enable easy basal slip to accommodate the majority of the strain during tension along the rolling direction (0°). During tension along the transverse direction (90°), however, the majority of the strain is accommodated by the harder prismatic slip mode, which induces little change in the thickness, while producing a strong reduction in the width.
On the future of genetic research in bipolar and schizophrenic syndromes.

According to suggested statistical guidelines (Lander and Kruglyak, 1995), there are several confirmed BP susceptibility loci across the human genome (18p11.2, 21q21, 18q22, 4pter, Xq26, and possibly others). Similarly there are several confirmed loci for SZ (6p22–4, 8p22-4, 13q32, 22q11 and possibly others). The actual susceptibility sequences for these loci have not been identified, despite substantial effort. It is anticipated that several of these susceptibility loci will yield specific disease genes, so it is useful to consider what types of studies might improve our understanding of these genetic influences on risk for BP and SZ disorders
Structure-volume relationships for proteins. Dilatometric study of the reaction of bovine hemoglobin with sodium dodecylsulfate, hydrogen and hydroxylions.

Abstract This study of the volume changes produced by the reaction of bovine hemoglobins with acids, bases and an anionic detergent, sodium dodecylsulfate, established that the disruption of the quaternary structure is the primary factor which determines the magnitude and character of the volume effects. However the protein's composition has a profound influence on the kinetics and the fine details of the volume isotherms as demonstrated by comparison with human hemoglobins, (Katz, S., Beall, J. A. and Crissman, J. K., Jr (1973) Biochemistry 12, 4180–4185). The protonation of bovine hemoglobins in water produced volume isotherms qualitatively similar to the corresponding human hemoglobins; however, the values for the bovine hemoproteins were about 25% smaller. Time-dependent volume effects resulted during the protonation of bovine methemoglobin in water and 8 M urea; this did not occur in the corresponding human counterpart. The positive volume isotherms produced by the reaction of NaOH with bovine hemoglobins in water were similar to those of the human hemoglobins except that the magnitudes of the maxima were about 40% larger than those of the human hemoproteins. However in 8 M urea the linear volume rise produced by the neutralization of bovine hemoglobin was virtually identical to that of human hemoglobin; this indicates that these proteins upon alkaline-urea denaturation lose their individual characteristics. The reaction of sodium dodecylsulfate with these hemoproteins caused sharp volume decreases which reached minima at about 0.08 M detergent concentration. While the isotherms for bovine hemoglobins were similar to those of human hemoproteins the degree of change for the bovine hemoglobins was about 15% smaller. Interestingly, while the human hemoproteins exhibited time-dependent volume effects upon reaction with this detergent, the bovine hemoglobins achieved steady state values 2–3 minutes after mixing.
Performance Characterization of High-Level Programming Models for GPU Graph Analytics

We identify several factors that are critical to high-performance GPU graph analytics: efficient building block operators, synchronization and data movement, workload distribution and load balancing, and memory access patterns. We analyze the impact of these critical factors through three GPU graph analytic frameworks, Gun rock, Map Graph, and VertexAPI2. We also examine their effect on different workloads: four common graph primitives from multiple graph application domains, evaluated through real-world and synthetic graphs. We show that efficient building block operators enable more powerful operations for fast information propagation and result in fewer device kernel invocations, less data movement, and fewer global synchronizations, and thus are key focus areas for efficient large-scale graph analytics on the GPU.
Manure and wastewater management for cattle feedlots.

The United States has 102 million cattle and calves (average for 1995-1997), and in 1996, a monthly average of 9.2 ± 1.1 million animals (head, hd) were in beef cattle feedlots being finished for slaughter (TCFA 1997). These finishing cattle generally range in liveweight from 272 to 544 kg, averaging approximately 408 kg/hd. During a normal 150-d finishing period, each animal excretes about 900 kg of collectible dry manure solids, or about 1800 kg of dry manure per head of feedlot capacity per year. Hence, the estimated annual dry manure production from the nation’s cattle on feed is approximately 18 million metric tons (t)/yr.
Comparison of contaminant leachability to quantity of binder material

Abstract Three separate S/S treatment technologies were applied to each waste and are differentiated by the binder additive used in the S/S process. The wastes were treated with two concentrations of each binder additive. Contaminant release properties of the treated wastes were assessed using two extraction tests; the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and the California Waste Extraction Test (WET). The extraction tests were performed on the untreated wastes and on treated wastes following a twenty-four hour cure period. Treatment efficiencies (TE) were calculated for each treatment process to determine contaminant mobility reduction. The calculations were based on levels of the contaminants detected in the leachates of the untreated waste extraction tests and the leachates of the treated waste extraction tests. All data were normalized to account for dilution effects of water and binder addition during application of the S/S treatment technology. This paper discusses the results of contaminant release tests applied to the FO11 and FO12 listed hazardous wastes and changes in contaminant mobility related to the amount of binder added during application of S/S. It is concluded that increased binder concentration resulted in an increase in TE in 32 of 35 S/S systems evaluated. Increase in cement binder concentrations significantly increased contaminant immobilization in 64 percent of the S/S systems evaluated; increase in kiln dust binder concentrations significantly increased contaminant immobilization in 67 percent of the S/S systems evaluated; increase in lime/fly-ash binder concentrations significantly increased contaminant immobilization in only 16 percent of the S/ S systems evaluated.
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induces an immediate, but transient increase in mitotic activity uncoupled from DNA synthesis in the monolayer cultures of rat keratinocyte

A single wave of mitotic activity was observed in a monolayer culture of rat keratinocytes immediately after exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. A peak for cells in prophase, observed at 10 min after the exposure, was followed by a peak for metaphase at 20 min, for anaphase at 25 min and telophase at 30 min after the exposure. Thereafter, the mitotic activity began to subside. This transient stimulation of mitotic activity resulted in an increase of population density in the monolayer culture. There was neither a stimulation of DNA synthesis during this period nor a change of the DNA content after the mitotic activity was completed. This single burst of synchronous mitotic activity which did not require a substantial stimulation of DNA synthesis suggests that the effect was on the initiation process of mitosis among a subpopulation of cells, presumably cells delayed in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Strategic Approach to Group Anger Management with Incarcerated Murderers

It is difficult to apply psychotherapeutic interventions to persons that are poorly motivated or strongly opposed to treatment. Incarcerated murderers tend to resist and resent psychotherapeutic efforts in ways that parallel their opposition to, and resentment of, authority. Incarcerated male murderers manifested consistent changes in attitudes toward treatment efficacy and their own culpability as function of partipating in 12-week anger management groups. Four qualitatevely different stages were evident during treatment as the prisoners' resistive responses were actively encouraged. Stage I involved initial apathy that was easily converted into negativism upon confrontation. Stage II, lasting from approximately week 3 to week 6, involved emerging interest in group process and content and was accompanied by increased participation and questioning. About halfway through the training program, prisoners moved into Stage III which lasted until approsimately the 9th week. At this time, they began to rebel aga...
Apparatus for the measurement of the faraday effect

With a view to the statistical analysis of mixtures of hydrocarbons a compensation method for the measurement of the Verdet constant is developed. Some details concerning the field coils and their arrangement are given. The advantages of the compensation system are sketched. The applicability of an objective method has been checked.
X-ray diffraction study of the phase purity, order, and texture of ductile B2 intermetallics

Representatives (AgY, CuY, AgEr, CuDy, MgY and MgCe) of the newly discovered family of ductile stoichiometric B2 intermetallic (metal-rare-earth element, MR) compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction, to determine if their anomalous ductility is related to an exceptional level of phase purity, lack of chemical ordering or a strong crystallographic texture. Brittle NiAl served as an anti-type in this study. We found that all of the rare-earth compounds, except MgY, have a significant volume fraction (-5-20vol.%) of second phases (M{sub 2}R intermetallics and R{sub 2}O{sub 3} oxides), which has not been reported in previous studies of these materials. The most ductile of observed MR compounds, AgY, is highly ordered. A moderate texture was observed in AgY, which may explain its higher ductility (using polycrystal modeling) as compared to other MR compounds. However, the intrinsic polycrystalline ductility of these compounds in the randomly textured state (like that observed in CuY) still has no specific, definitive explanation.
Waalbot II: Adhesion Recovery and Improved Performance of a Climbing Robot using Fibrillar Adhesives

This paper presents the design and optimization of a wall-climbing robot along with the incorporation of autonomous adhesion recovery and a motion planning implementation. The result is Waalbot II, an untethered 85 g robot able to climb on smooth vertical surfaces with up to a 100 g payload (117% body mass) or, when unburdened, on planar surfaces of any orientation at speeds up to 5 cm/s. Bio-inspired climbing mechanisms, such as Waalbot IIâs gecko-like fibrillar adhesives, passive peeling, and force sensing, improve the overall climbing capabilities compared with initial versions, resulting in the ability to climb on non-smooth surfaces as well as on inverted smooth surfaces. Robot length scale optimization reveals and quantifies trends in the theoretical factor of safety and payload carrying capabilities. Autonomous adhesion recovery behavior provides additional climbing robustness without additional mechanical complexity to mitigate degradation and contamination. An implementation of a motion planner, designed to take into account Waalbot IIâs kinematic constraints, results in the ability to navigate to a goal in complex three-dimensional environments while properly planning plane-to-plane transitions and avoiding obstacles. Experiments verified the improved climbing capabilities of Waalbot II as well as its novel semi-autonomous adhesion recovery behavior and motion planning.
Sharing Analysis of the Behavior of Electrons in Some Simple Molecules

The behavior of the electrons in the simple hydrides of the first row of eight elements, LiH, BeH2, BH3, CH4, NH3, H2O, and HF, together with H2 and the complex He2, is described at the one-electron level within the conceptual framework provided by the sharing index I(ζ; ζ‘), which gives a quantitative measure of the sharing of an electron between the two points ζ and ζ‘, and the underlying sharing amplitude 〈ζ; ζ‘〉. With the exception of He2, bond indices, self-sharing indices, delocalization indices, volume−point sharing indices, and sharing amplitudes are determined for the set of molecules from results of MP2/6-31++G** calculations. The calculations involving He2 use a different basis set. The trends in all of these indices track the differences in the traditional electronegativities of the elements. The uniqueness of the carbon−hydrogen bond in methane among all the bonds described in this paper is associated with the equal participation of carbon and hydrogen in the sharing of an electron between th...
Gandhi, Non-Cooperation, and Socio-civic Education in Gujarat, India: Harnessing the Vernaculars

This article offers an interconnected, grounded understanding of how two Gandhian endeavours in the city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India, make us rethink the notion of "education" in terms of civic and communal engagement. Drawing on local, vernacular ways of living, learning, being, reasoning, and believing—in this case Gujarati—I show how these endeavours engage in civically minded projects in the wake of two devastating events in the city, namely a massive earthquake in 2001 and horrendous Hindu-Muslim riots in 2002. The exploration is intended to not only move us all toward rethinking traditional notions of "education," but toward offering insights into how critical practice functions in non-Western contexts.
A new technique for measuring weak neutron scattering in low energy resonances

Abstract A new technique for measuring low energy neutron scattering has been developed. This method incorporates a 6 Li glass detector plus a large liquid scintillator anti-coincidence mantle and provides high neutron efficiency, fast timing for time-of-flight spectrometry, and an extremely good discrimination against background in the glass due to neutron capture. This technique was tested by measuring scattering in the first seven resonances of tungsten.
Modified oatmeal and chocolate chip cookies: evaluation of the partial replacement of sugar and/or fat to reduce calories

Oatmeal and chocolate chip cookies were prepared using a non-sucrose sweetener blend (dextrose/acesulfame-K) and/or prune puree to replace 50% of the sugar and/or fat, respectively, following manufacturers’ recommendations. Similar effects of modification were found for both cookie types. Specific gravity (P < 0.05) and water activity (P < 0.05) increased with modification; cookie spread (P < 0.05) decreased. Probing (P < 0.05) revealed that the increase in hardness and chewiness associated with fat reduction was moderated to some extent when coupled with sugar reduction. Sensory assessments of texture using the Consumer Profile Ballot reflected the instrumental textural assessment. There were few significant sensory differences between the full-fat/full-sugar control oatmeal cookie and either modified oatmeal cookie. In chocolate chip cookies, sensory results (P < 0.05) suggest an increase in off-flavours and bitterness, and a decrease in sweet and buttery attributes with modification. Panelists indicated that all formulations of each cookie type were acceptable with ratings above mid-point on the scale for flavour and texture acceptability. Total fat reduction was 32% and 45% in the oatmeal and chocolate chip cookies respectively. Caloric reductions were 14–15% in the modified oatmeal cookies, and 12–13% in the modified chocolate chip cookies.
Approximation of bandlimited functions

Abstract Many signals encountered in science and engineering are approximated well by bandlimited functions. We provide suitable error bounds for the approximation of bandlimited functions by linear combinations of certain special functions—the prolate spheroidal wave functions of order 0. The coefficients in the approximating linear combinations are given explicitly via appropriate quadrature formulae.
LES Investigation of Flow and Heat Transfer in a Channel With Dimples and Protrusions

LES calculations are conducted for flow in a channel with dimples and protrusions on opposite walls with both surfaces heated at three Reynolds numbers, ReH = 220, 940, and 9300 ranging from laminar, weakly turbulent to fully turbulent, respectively. Turbulence generated by the separated shear layer in the dimple and along the downstream rim of the dimple is primarily responsible for heat transfer augmentation on the dimple surface. On the other hand, augmentation on the protrusion surface is mostly driven by flow impingement and flow acceleration between protrusions, while the turbulence generated in the wake has a secondary effect. Heat transfer augmentation ratios of 0.99 at ReH = 220, 2.9 at ReH = 940, and 2.5 at ReH = 9300 are obtained. Both skin friction and form losses contribute to pressure drop in the channel, with form losses increasing from 45% to 80% with an increase in the Reynolds number. Friction coefficient augmentation ratios of 1.67, 4.82 and 6.37 are obtained at ReH = 220, 940, and 9300, respectively. Based on the geometry studied, it is found that dimples and protrusions may not be viable heat transfer augmentation surfaces when the flow is steady and laminar.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough due to gastro-esophageal reflux disease and postnasal drip syndrome.

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and postnasal drip syndrome (PNDS) are common causes of chronic cough. In patients with normal chest radiographs, GERD most likely causes cough by an esophageal-bronchial reflex. When GERD causes cough, there may be no gastrointestinal symptoms up to 75% of the time. While 24-h esophageal pH monitoring is the most sensitive and specific test in linking GERD and cough in a cause and effect relationship, it has its limitations. There is no general agreement on how to best interpret the test and it cannot detect non-acid reflux events. While some patients improve with minimal medical therapy, others require intensive regimens. Surgery may be efficacious when intensive medical therapy has failed. Because there are no pathognomonic findings of PNDS, the diagnosis is inferential and is based upon a combination of clinical findings, the results of ancillary testing, and the response to specific therapy. Specific therapy depends upon the rhinosinus disease(s) causing the PND. A common error in managing PNDSs is to assume that all H(1)-antagonists are equally efficacious. The second-generation, relatively non-sedating H(1)-antagonists have been found to be less effective than the first-generation agents in treating cough due to non-histamine-mediated PNDSs.
suppression from hadron-nucleus to nucleus-nucleus collisions

Abstract We explore the combined role of inelastic final-state scattering with nucleons and comoving secondary particles in the suppression of J ψ production for hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions, as functions of target mass, beam energy, and transverse energy. Our interpretation of recent data suggests that nuclear scattering dominates the suppression for π + A collisions at 125 GeV while a comparable contribution from scattering in a dense comover gas emerges for O + U and S + U at 200 AGeV.
Determination of biomass concentration by capacitance measurement

Lack of development of measuring devices for application in fermentation and biochemical processing has hindered proper and optimal control of such processes to achieve the maximum yield of products. One of the most important variables in biochemical processing involving microorganisms is the cell concentration as the concentration of microorganisms is related to substrate consumption rate and product formulation rate in several fermentations. In a control situation, availability of cell concentration data instantaneously and continuously would enable closer monitoring and better operation of fermentation systems.
Blastocyst protein synthesis during obligate delay of implantation and embryo activation in the western spotted skunk

The in utero protein synthetic activity of embryos of the western spotted skunk has been examined by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The results indicate that delayed-implanting embryos synthesize a large variety of proteins with molecular weights from 200,000. Delayed-implanting blastocysts synthesize several very large proteinaceous molecules which do not appear to be produced by activated, preimplantation embryos. Activated embryos show increased synthetic activity, but there are many qualitative similarities in the molecular weight profiles characteristic of delay and activated blastocysts.
Anti-tuberculosis immunity induced in mice by vaccination with Mycobacterium smegmatis over-expressing Antigen 85B is due to the increased influx of IFNγ-positive CD4 T cells into the lungs

BCG vaccine is unsafe for use in patients with AIDS. Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm), an avirulent species unlike virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv, Mtb) has been used as a carrier vaccine with ambiguous results due to the elicitation of poor immune responses to antigens in mice. In this study, we over-expressed the immunodominant antigen 85B in M. smegmatis (Msm-OEAg85B) and compared the immunogenicity of Msm-OEAg85B with that of wild-type Msm. Mice which were vaccinated with either Msm or Msm-OEAg85B and challenged 2 weeks later with Mtb. Vaccine-induced protection and lung T cell responses were evaluated post vaccination and post challenge. Unlike wild-type Msm that elicited minimal T cell responses in mice, MsmOE-Ag85B induced enhanced CD4+IFNgamma+ T cell responses that leveled off over 2 weeks. After virulent challenge at 2 weeks, Mtb grew progressively in the lungs of naive mice and mice vaccinated with wild-type Msm, but showed reduced growth (<0.6 log(10)) and therefore protection in Msm-OEAg85B-vaccinated mice. Lungs of Msm-OEAg85B-vaccinated mice showed increased numbers of CD4+IFNgamma+ T cells suggesting that the reduced bacterial growth was likely due to the enhanced T cell response in lungs. Since wild-type Msm was unable to protect but Msm-OEAg85B was, we suggest that Msm can be genetically manipulated to over-express selected Mtb antigens, thereby paving the way for safer vaccines that can be used in immunodeficient patients.
New bounds of degree-based topological indices for some classes of c -cyclic graphs

Making use of a majorization technique for a suitable class of graphs, we derive upper and lower bounds for some topological indices depending on the degree sequence over all vertices, namely the first general Zagreb index and the first multiplicative Zagreb index. Specifically, after characterizing c -cyclic graphs ( 0 ? c ? 6 ) as those whose degree sequence belongs to particular subsets of R n , we identify the maximal and minimal vectors of these subsets with respect to the majorization order. This technique allows us to determine lower and upper bounds of the above indices recovering some existing results in the literature as well as obtaining new ones.
Studies of point defects in SrF2 crystals by nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract The jump frequencies and the activation energies of F - interstitials and vacancies in SrF 2 crystals have been obtained from the temperature dependence of spin-lattice relaxation time of 19 F.
Changes in Fluorescence in a Frog Sartorius Muscle Following a Twitch

IN a recent publication1 it was proposed that the blue autofluorescence of living tissues may largely be due to the reduced pyridine nucleotide of the mitochondria. An opportunity to test this hypothesis is afforded by the specific response of the intramitochondrial pyridine nucleotide to an increase of concentration of adenosine diphosphate following a muscle twitch. This increase of concentration of adenosine diphosphate has been shown by spectro-photometric observations to cause an oxidation of reduced pyridine nucleotide of the mitochondria both in the isolated mitochondria2 and intact muscles3. Thus muscle contraction elicits a specific response of intramitochondrial pyridine nucleotide. Such a specific test is required to distinguish between the fluorescence of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides because both may be bound forms and therefore have indistinguishable maxima at 443 mµ4.
Activism and the Limits of Symmetry: The Public Relations Battle Between Colorado GASP and Philip Morris

Litigation has forced tobacco companies like Philip Morris to disclose more than 7 million internal documents, including previously confidential public relations plans. We draw from this archive, as well as from activist materials, to demonstrate that, despite vigorous industry efforts to thwart them, activists in this case employed strategies of values advocacy and inoculation and capitalized on economic benefits to persuade publics. This watershed case poses continued challenges for the 2-way symmetrical or mixed-motive theoretical model of public relations. Accounting for public relations activism and understanding its voice in influencing contemporary public debate requires that scholars move beyond this widely accepted model that stresses compromise between activists and organizations. An alternative rhetorical theory of activist public relations is posited to account for groups that refuse to accommodate opponents.
Bayesian hierarchical modeling for a non-randomized, longitudinal fall prevention trial with spatially correlated observations.

Because randomization of participants is often not feasible in community-based health interventions, non-randomized designs are commonly employed. Non-randomized designs may have experimental units that are spatial in nature, such as zip codes that are characterized by aggregate statistics from sources like the U.S. census and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. A perennial concern with non-randomized designs is that even after careful balancing of influential covariates, bias may arise from unmeasured factors. In addition to facilitating the analysis of interventional designs based on spatial units, Bayesian hierarchical modeling can quantify unmeasured variability with spatially correlated residual terms. Graphical analysis of these spatial residuals demonstrates whether variability from unmeasured covariates is likely to bias the estimates of interventional effect. The Connecticut Collaboration for Fall Prevention is the first large-scale longitudinal trial of a community-wide healthcare intervention designed to prevent injurious falls in older adults. Over a two-year evaluation phase, this trial demonstrated a rate of fall-related utilization at hospitals and emergency departments by persons 70 years and older in the intervention area that was 11 per cent less than that of the usual care area, and a 9 per cent lower rate of utilization from serious injuries. We describe the Bayesian hierarchical analysis of this non-randomized intervention with emphasis on its spatial and longitudinal characteristics. We also compare several models, using posterior predictive simulations and maps of spatial residuals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
The self conceived in memory

Early theorists (e.g. James, 1892) recognized the relationship between the self‐concept and memory. Moreover, this approach has guided recent research with adult subjects (e.g. Markus and Sentis, 1982). It is proposed that the view that the self‐concept is a system of understanding which exists in memory has important implications for apprehending the emergence of the self‐concept. The merit of this view is that it facilitates predictions about both developmental and individual differences in children's self‐concept. Specifically, 1) if the self exists in memory, then age‐related changes observed in memory should also be found for the self; 2) individual differences should be observed due to the encoding of unique events in children's lives. Three studies are presented with pre‐school and school age children which provide support for these predictions.
An electron microscopic study of lesion-induced synaptogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. I. Magnitude and time course of degeneration

Summary Synapses in the rat dentate gyrus are rapidly lost after removal of the primary input from the entorhinal cortex. In this paper we describe the extent and time course of degeneration and in the subsequent paper the nature of the reinnervation process. The synapses of entorhinal afferents are remarkably concentrated in their zone of termination. Unilateral removal of the rat entorhinal cortex results in the loss of about 86% of all synapses in the outer three-fourths of the molecular layer of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus. Entorhinal synapses are all asymmetric (Gray type I) and terminate on dendritic spines. Analysis of the degeneration reaction provides a means to examine the characteristics of the loss of a relatively homogeneous afferent on a single cell type. The morphological characteristics of the degenerating terminals showed some heterogeneity; both the electron lucent and electron dense types of degenerating termimals were identified. The electron lucent type was observed only at short survival times. The time course of the loss of degenerating terminals was resolvable into two components, each of which followed first order decay kinetics. Thus degenerating entorhinal terminals behaved as a population which disappeared randomly at a rate dependent on the fraction of terminals present at any time. The loss of degenerating terminals was accompanied by the loss of the postsynaptic sites. At short survival times the majority of postsynaptic sites (defined by the presence of a postsynaptic density) had disappeared. There was also a loss of complex spines and some shrinkage of the molecular layer.
High-pressure Raman studies of polycrystalline BaTiO 3

We report Raman-scattering studies of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ under pressure up to 8.6 GPa. Our data show evidence for two structural phase transformations, one at around 2 GPa which corresponds to the previously reported tetragonal to cubic phase transition and a new one near 5 GPa. The persistence of strong Raman lines well beyond the tetragonal to cubic phase transition suggests the presence of significant disorder in the high-pressure cubic phase. In the case of polycrystalline samples, the disorder may arise not only from off-center positions of Ti atoms as was proposed earlier for single crystals but also due to grain boundaries and intergrain stresses. Raman spectra of other known phases of ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ are also compared for possible contributions to the breakdown of Raman selection rules at high pressure.
Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid−Amine Solutions: Tunable Solvents for Efficient and Reversible Capture of CO2

Solutions of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and commercially available amines were found to be effective for the capture of CO2 as carbamate salts. RTIL solutions containing 50 mol % (16% v/v) monoethanolamine (MEA) are capable of rapid and reversible capture of 1 mol of CO2 per 2 moles MEA to give an insoluble MEA−carbamate precipitate that helps to drive the capture reaction (as opposed to aqueous amine systems). Diethanolamine (DEA) can also be used in the same manner for CO2 capture in RTILs containing a pendant hydroxyl group. The captured CO2 in the resulting RTIL−carbamate salt mixtures can be readily released by either heating and/or subjecting them to reduced pressure. Using this unprecedented and industrially attractive mixing approach, the desirable properties of RTILs (i.e., nonvolatility, enhanced CO2 solubility, lower heat capacities) can be combined with the performance of amines for CO2 capture without the use of specially designed, functionalized “task-specific” ionic liquids. By ...
Aristotle's Elusive Summum Bonum

The philosophy of Aristotle (384–322, b.c.e. ) remains a beacon of our culture. But no part of Aristotle's work is more alive and compelling today than his contribution to ethics and political science — nor more relevant to the subject of the present volume. Political science, in his view, begins with ethics, and the primary task of ethics is to elucidate human flourishing . Aristotle brings to this topic a mind unsurpassed in the depth, keenness, and comprehensiveness of its probing.
Excited-State Energies and Electronic Couplings of DNA Base Dimers

The singlet excited electronic states of two π-stacked thymine molecules and their splittings due to electronic coupling have been investigated with a variety of computational methods. Focus has been given on the effect of intermolecular distance on these energies and couplings. Single-reference methods, CIS, CIS(2), EOM-CCSD, TDDFT, and the multireference method CASSCF, have been used, and their performance has been compared. It is found that the excited-state energies are very sensitive to the applied method but the couplings are not as sensitive. Inclusion of diffuse functions in the basis set also affects the excitation energies significantly but not the couplings. TDDFT is inadequate in describing the states and their coupling, while CIS(2) gives results very similar to EOM-CCSD. Excited states of cytosine and adenine π-stacked dimers were also obtained and compared with those of thymine dimers to gain a more general picture of excited states in π-stacked DNA base dimers. The coupling is very sensiti...
Spectroscopic examination of polyethylenimine backbone polynucleotide models

The UV absorptions of nucleic acid analogs with a polyethylenimine (PEI) backbone and uracil- and thymine-containing pendants have been examined. For the solvents used (water, basic aqueous solutions, and DMSO), significant hypochromicity is observed. The uracil-containing polymers have been shown to interact with polyA in an aqueous solvent at pH 7 (tris buffer). The interaction is proportional to the size of the polymer. A correlation is attempted between the properties of the analogs and their biological activity.
Ovarian Reserve Screening: What the General Gynecologist should Know:

Ovarian reserve tests are an indirect measurement of a woman’s remaining follicular pool and give an estimate of her sensitivity to ovarian stimulation and her prognosis for success with fertility treatments. They cannot be used to predict future fertility or the exact timing of the decline or cessation of fertility. It is important to become familiar with these tests and understand their correct performance and interpretation, including their limitations. We review the correct timing and interpretation of the most commonly accepted tests of ovarian reserve, and suggest which patient populations will benefit most from screening. Discussed in detail are the natural age-related decline in fecundity, basal follicle stimulating hormone and estradiol levels, the clomiphene citrate challenge test, and use of transvaginal ultrasound for antral follicle counts. Other tests, such as for ovarian volume, anti-Mullerian hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone, are di...
Assessment and treatment of depression in medically ill children

The consequences of depression in medically ill children include the disability and morbidity that is associated with depression in any patient. They also include an exacerbation of the underlying medical disease and nonadherence to treatment. Thus, medically ill children who are depressed constitute a special, high-risk group of patients who may suffer from severe consequences above and beyond those that are expected in a medically sound population. This manuscript reviews methodologic and practical difficulties that are associated with the diagnosis and treatment of depression in this group of patients. Because treatment of depression in medically ill children may well lead to improvement in medical and psychiatric outcome, there is pressing need for the careful study of potential treatment options in this specific group of patients.
Influence of infusion systems on pharmacokinetic parameters of tobramycin in newborn infants.

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of intravenous infusion systems on the pharmacokinetic parameters of tobramycin in newborn infants. Thirty infants (gestational age 28–38 weeks; bi
Quasilinearization and curvature of Aleksandrov spaces

We present a new distance characterization of Aleksandrov spaces of non-positive curvature. By introducing a quasilinearization for abstract metric spaces we draw an analogy between characterization of Aleksandrov spaces and inner product spaces; the quasi-inner product is defined by means of the quadrilateral cosine—a metric substitute for the angular measure between two directions at different points. Our main result states that a geodesically connected metric space \({\left(\mathcal{M},\rho\right)}\) is an Aleksandrov \({\Re_{0}}\) domain (also known as a CAT(0) space) if and only if the quadrilateral cosine does not exceed one for every two pairs of distinct points in \({\mathcal{M}}\) . We also observe that a geodesically connected metric space \({\left(\mathcal{M},\rho\right)}\) is an \({\Re_{0}}\) domain if and only if, for every quadruple of points in \({\mathcal{M}}\) , the quadrilateral inequality (known as Euler’s inequality in \({\mathbb{R}^{2}}\)) holds. As a corollary of our main result we give necessary and sufficient conditions for a semimetric space to be an \({\Re_{0}}\) domain. Our results provide a complete solution to the Curvature Problem posed by Gromov in the context of metric spaces of non-positive curvature.
A multifactor exploration of the photobleaching of Suwannee River dissolved organic matter across the freshwater/saltwater interface.

A four factor central composite experimental design was applied to explore the photobleaching of Suwannee River dissolved organic matter (SRDOM) at 350 nm as a function of the tetravariate system of [SRDOM], total [Fe(III)], [NO3-], and salinity. The ranges of each factor were set to cover their likely concentrations at the freshwater/saltwater interface, to encompass the possible conditions encountered during the transition from the terrestrial to marine environment. Each experiment was carried out using a minimum of 25 different initial conditions, with 3−6 replicates/condition. The resulting data set mapped out the effects of multiple photoactive components on the rate of photobleaching. Under the conditions tested (nominally total [Fe(III)] 0.00−4.00 μM; [NO3-] 0.00−60.00 μM; SRDOM 0.00−30.00 mg/L; salinity 0.00−35.00 ppt, polychromatic illumination, pH 8.2) all samples photobleached at all wavelengths measured, and the absorption at 350 nm bleached the most rapidly. The most important factor for pred...
A Phase-Sensitive Detection Method Using Diffractive Optics for Polarization-Selective Femtosecond Raman Spectroscopy

A phase-sensitive detection method that uses two diffractive optics for femtosecond nonresonant Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated. One diffractive optic is used for generating the three input pulses for the third-order nonlinear experiment, and the second is used for recombining the signal with a passively phase-locked local oscillator derived from the probe pulse. This approach allows for phase-sensitive detection, direct phase calibration, control over all field polarizations, and removal of unwanted two-pulse signal contributions. Experiments on the intermolecular dynamics of CS2 and CH3CN demonstrate that the birefringent (in-quadrature) signal amplitude is significantly greater than the dichroic (in-phase) contribution. Polarization-selective measurements are used to project the isotropic birefringent response for CS2, which suppresses reorientational dynamics and allows interaction-induced effects to be observed.