cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Most Dangerous Profession: A Note on Nonsampling Error

Nonsampling errors are subtle, and strategies for dealing with them are not particularly well known within psychology. This article provides a compelling example of an incorrect conclusion drawn from a nonrandom sample: H. C. Lomard's (1835) mortality data. This example is augmented by a second example (A. Wald, 1980) that shows how modeling the selection mechanism can correct for the bias introduced by nonsampling errors. These 2 examples are then connected to modern statistical methods that through the method of multiple imputation allow researchers to assess uncertainty in observational studies. The APA's task force on Statistical Inference has received comments and suggestions from interested parties throughout the entire time I have served on it. These comments have always been treated by the task force with careful attention. In the most recent batch was a one-page missive from John Tukey containing seven suggestions. In the course of my professional life I have made many errors, but happily, ignoring statistical advice from John Tukey is not one of them. Tukey's fifth suggestion, in its entirety, is, "non-.ampling errors deserve greater attention, especially when randomization is absent. The formal statistical analysis treats only some of the uncertainties" (J. W. Tukey, personal communication, June 16, 1997). Indeed, but nonsampling errors are subtle, and strategies for dealing with them are not particularly well known within psychology. Thus, I think it would be worthwhile to provide a particularly interesting illustration of one and point the way toward alternative methodologies for interested readers.
Diquafosol tetrasodium: a novel dry eye therapy

The ophthalmic formulation of diquafosol tetrasodium (INS365), a P2Y2 receptor agonist, is targeted to treat dry eye disease through rehydration of the ocular surface. Existing pharmacological therapies for dry eye disease are limited, therefore, approval of this medication is anticipated. This review summarises key findings during development and in clinical trials including clinical effectiveness and safety. The relevance of P2Y2 receptor technology to dry eye disease and the disease process is discussed.
Computer-aided detection of clustered microcalcifications on digitized mammograms: A robustness experiment

Rationale and Objectives. The authors assessed the performance of an existing computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme for the detection of clustered microcalcifications in a large image database. Methods. A previously developed, rule-based system was used to assess detectability of microcalcification clusters in a set of 386 digitized mammograms with 239 verified clusters visible on 191 images. The test was performed without any reoptimization of the scheme. None of the 386 images had been used in any previous scheme development or testing procedures. Results. The CAD scheme achieved 89.5% sensitivity at an average false-positive detection rate of 0.39 per image. In 75% of all images, no false-positive findings occurred. Twenty-three of 25 false-negative findings (misses) occurred during the last two stages in the detection process. Conclusion. This scheme produced reasonable results in a large data set of images with a large variety of cluster characteristics.
Adaptive Neural Network Control and Wireless Sensor Network-based Localization for UAV Formation

We consider a team of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV?s) equipped with sensors and motes for wireless communication for the task of navigating to a desired location in a formation. First a neural network (NN)-based control scheme is presented that allows the UAVs to track a desired position and orientation with reference to the neighboring UAVs or obstacles in the environment. Second, we discuss a graph theory-based scheme for discovery, localization and cooperative control. The purpose of the NN cooperative controller is to achieve and maintain the desired formation shape in the presence of unmodeled dynamics and bounded unknown disturbances. Numerical results are included to illustrate the theoretical conclusions.
Feature extraction of event-related potential waveforms by neural networks

Artificial neural network (ANN) Methods may be useful in brain signal analysis, in which the signal characteristics are unknown and signal-to-noise ratios are well below one. The development of a neural network for classifying event-related potential data obtained from normal control subjects and from patients with multiple sclerosis is described. The classification strategy is then decoded by network analysis and compared with that obtained statistically. The network decision-making process is illustrated by three examples, showing the variation of the responses of internal hidden units to different input stimuli. >
Roles of uracil-DNA glycosylase and dUTPase in virus replication

Herpesviruses and poxviruses are known to encode the DNA repair enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG), an enzyme involved in the base excision repair pathway that specifically removes the RNA base uracil from DNA, while at least one retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) packages cellular UNG into virus particles. In these instances, UNG is implicated as being important in virus replication. However, a clear understanding of the role(s) of UNG in virus replication remains elusive. Herpesviruses, poxviruses and some retroviruses encode dUTPase, an enzyme that can minimize the misincorporation of uracil into DNA. The encoding of dUTPase by these viruses also implies their importance in virus replication. An understanding at the molecular level of how these viruses replicate in non-dividing cells should provide clues to the biological relevance of UNG and dUTPase function in virus replication.
Key role of endothelial importin-α in VEGF expression and gastric angiogenesis: novel insight into aging gastropathy.

Recent in vivo studies demonstrated that aging gastric mucosa has impaired angiogenesis and reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Angiogenesis is triggered by hypoxia and...
Phylogenetic Relationships of Fig Wasps Pollinating Functionally Dioecious Ficus Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences and Morphology

The obligate mutualism between pollinating eg wasps in the family Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and Ficus species (Moraceae) is often regarded as an example of co- evolution but little is known about the history of the interaction, and understanding the origin of functionally dioecious eg pollination has been especially difecult. The phylogenetic relationships of eg wasps pollinating functionally dioecious Ficus were inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene sequences (mtDNA) and morphology. Separate and combined analyses indicated that the pollinators of functionally dioecious egs are not monophyletic. However, pollinator relationships were generally congruent with host phylogeny and support a revised classiecation of Ficus. Ances- tral changes in pollinator ovipositor length also correlated with changes in eg breeding systems. In particular, the relative elongation of the ovipositor was associated with the repeated loss of function- ally dioecious pollination. The concerted evolution of interacting morphologies may bias estimates of phylogeny based on female head characters, but homoplasy is not so strong in other morpho- logical traits. The lesser phylogenetic utility of morphology than of mtDNA is not due to rampant convergence in morphology but rather to the greater number of potentially informative characters in DNA sequence data; patterns of nucleotide substitution also limit the utility of mtDNA endings. Nonetheless, inferring theancestral associationsofeg pollinatorsfrom the best-supported phylogeny provided strong evidence of host conservatism in this highly specialized mutualism. (Coevolution; maximum likelihood; mutualism; parametric bootstrapping; pollination.)
Teaching the Scientific Method in the Active Learning Classroom

Undergraduate classroom presentations of the scientific method in the social sciences usually involve a lecture on the nature of the scientific enterprise: the discovery of the “truth” (if such a thing even exists) about the relationship between some set of concepts, events, or phenomena by means of generating falsifiable hypotheses and testing them against data. The tendency of faculty, however understandable, to convert the presentation into an abstract discussion of the philosophy of science often obscures the basic issues for students. I present here a simple, active learning classroom exercise which sensitizes students to the difficulties of hypothesizing about and testing unobservable phenomena by appealing to students' intuitive understanding of the nature of knowledge and reality. I first describe the purposes and objectives of the activity in more detail, then discuss implementing this specific activity. Suggestions for activity adaptation and development by other instructors follow, and a brief discussion of sources and resources concludes.
Large-Area Wet Micro-Printing (LAMP) for Organic Device Patterning

An important challenge for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) manufacturing is patterning method of the organic materials used for different colors. In this talk, a Large-Area wet Micro-Printing (LAMP) technique is proposed and demonstrated for organic device patterning. A printing plate is first prepared by surface engineering so that a designed surface energy pattern is achieved. The printing plate is then coated with “ink,” brought into contact the device substrate, and the “ink” is transferred. With this approach, the red (R), green (G) blue (B) sub-pixel arrays needed in a full-color display can be printed in three successive steps, one step for each color. Both single-color pixel arrays and R, G, B sub-pixel arrays have been patterned as a demonstration of the feasibility of this method. The technique has the potential advantages of low-cost and high-throughput and it avoids some of the practical problems associated with the design and operation of an ink-jet apparatus.
Social and ethical implications of in vitro fertilization in contemporary China.

In March 1988 the People's Republic of China announced the birth of the first test-tube baby born to a 39-year-old infertile peasant woman. This surprise announcement appeared in strong contradiction to China's population reduction goals amidst a population crisis. Yet, the media attention given to this medical achievement would seem to be consistent with the political, social, and economic changes taking place in the last decade, including technological innovation as the key to a modern socialist nation. In short, this announcement highlights tensions facing China as it simultaneously attempts to modernize within a trans-national economy, control population, and maintain traditional Confucian family values within a rapidly changing context.
A resolution measure for the MUSIC algorithm and its application to plane wave arrivals contaminated by coherent interference

The authors present a deterministic approach to the resolution analysis of the MUSIC algorithm for resolving plane waved contaminated by coherent interference when ensemble average covariance matrices are used. A resolution measure to describe the resolution potential of MUSIC in resolving two plane waves in noise is introduced. A closed-form solution for the resolution measure is given, and the result is compared to the resolution threshold derived by M. Kaveh and A. J. Barabell (1986) when the covariance matrices are estimated from a finite number of snapshots. An approximate expression for the threshold signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is derived for the cases when SIRs are large and the coherent interference and direct arrivals are well separated in spatial frequency. Illustrations are given, using an 11-element uniform array, for the cases of plane wave reflection from an infinite plane and scattering from an infinite conducting circular cylinder. >
Patient comfort during pressure support and volume controlled-continuous mandatory ventilation.

BACKGROUND: Pressure-support ventilation (PSV) is more comfortable than volume controlledcontinuous mandatory ventilation (VC-CMV) in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure, in patients undergoing noninvasive ventilation. Physiologic measurements of patient status have been compared in PSV and VC-CMV in endotracheally intubated patients, but patient perception of comfort has not been measured in this population. OBJECTIVE: To determine if PSV is more comfortable than VC-CMV (volume-cycled, flow-limited) in intubated mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS: In a randomized prospective trial, patients underwent PSV and VC-CMV for 30 min each, separated by a 30 min washout with the baseline ventilation mode (pressure-regulated volumecontrol ventilation [PRVC]). The level of pressure support was set as the plateau pressure on VC-CMV with a tidal volume of 8 mL/kg minus the end-expiratory pressure. After each mode the patient was asked to mark his or her comfort level on a visual analog scale. RESULTS: Eleven of the 14 patients were more comfortable during PSV. The baseline mean comfort score (during PRVC) was 62 18 (95% confidence interval 51.7–72.5). The mean comfort score for PSV was 83 11 (95% confidence interval 76.9–89.6). The mean comfort score for VC-CMV was 70 18 (95% confidence interval 59.4–79.9). PSV was significantly more comfortable than VC-CMV (p 0.02) or PRVC (p 0.009), whereas the comfort scores for VC-CMV and PRVC were not significantly different (p 0.278). Respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, minute ventilation, and blood oxygen saturation showed no difference between PRVC, VC-CMV, and PSV. CONCLUSIONS: On average the patients felt more comfortable during PSV than during VC-CMV or PRVC, so PSV may be the preferred mode for awake intubated patients. Key words: mechanical ventilation, intubation, pressure support, volume controlled-continuous mandatory ventilation, pressureregulated volume-control ventilation, comfort. [Respir Care 2008;53(7):897–902. © 2008 Daedalus Enterprises]
Biochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage

In general, the involvement of biological systems in acid mine drainage can be arbitrarily divided into three categories: (1) the influence of acid drainage on biological systems, (2) the influence of organisms on formation of acid drainage, and, (3) biological means of abatement and treatment. Distinction between two categories of microbes is made on the basis of nutritional requirements. Both types have been discussed extensively in the literature (Dugan and Randles, 1968; Ivanov, 1964; Kelly, 1967; Silverman and Ehrlich, 1964).
Stare Decisis: Conservatism's One-Way Ratchet Problem

The doctrine of stare decisis serves several purposes, among them judicial efficiency, consistency, manageability, and reliance. These are all conservative virtues. Yet is it possible for a conservative-minded jurist to adhere strictly to principles of stare decisis that would require affirming precedents by progressive courts that did not similarly follow principles of stare decisis because of the progressive belief in an inevitable forward march of history? How is a conservative court to treat such precedent? If it adheres to it solely because of stare decisis, does not the ebb and flow of the Court between conservative and progressive majorities mean that the law will inexorably ratchet toward the progressive view? This book chapter explores this question, particulary in light of the Supreme Court's decisions in Romer v. Evans, Boy Scouts v. Dale, and Planned Parenthood v. Casey.
Effective field theory approach to tidal dynamics of spinning astrophysical systems

We develop a description of tidal effects in astrophysical systems using effective field theory techniques. While our approach is equally capable of describing objects in the Newtonian regime (e.g. moons, rocky planets, main sequence stars, etc.) as well as relativistic objects (e.g. neutron stars and black holes), in this paper we focus special attention on the Newtonian regime. In this limit, we recover the dynamical equations for the ``weak friction model'' with additional corrections due to tidal and rotational deformations.
The implications of race and ethnicity for shared decision-making.

TOPIC Shared Decision Making is an innovative health-care approach gaining ground as part of the shift toward patient-centered medicine. It involves collaboration and discussion between doctors and patients to arrive at mutually satisfying treatment decisions. It places a strong emphasis on the therapeutic alliance, empowering patients to play an active role in their own care. PURPOSE In this article, the author argues that research and development vis-a-vis shared decision-making must take serious account of ethno-racial status as a mediating variable. This may be a powerful determinant of broad orientations toward medical decision-making. SOURCES USED Medline was used to extract relevant papers which were analyzed and intertwined with the author's existing knowledge of relevant sociological and anthropological evidence and theory. CONCLUSIONS Specific proposals are made for a research agenda ensuring that ethno-racial issues are considered as a departure point rather than an afterthought in shared decision making model development.
Low temperature processed two-transistor-two-capacitor-based ferroelectric random access memory

We have demonstrated a low temperature fully integrated process for a ferroelectric random access memory array for potential flexible electronics applications. The memory cell is based on a two-transistor-two-capacitor structure, with cadmium sulfide as the semiconductor material for n-channel thin-film transistors, and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer as the ferroelectric material for capacitors. At VDD = 5 V, a voltage difference of ~1 V between the two states (0 and 1) is achieved at the output of the sense amplifier.
The social psychology of drinking and human sexuality.

This article reviews the experimental social psychology literature addressing the relation between drinking and sexuality in normal adult populations. In particular, it examines the role that psychosocial, as opposed to pharmacological, factors may play in alcohol's reputation as an aphrodisiac. The action of learned cognitive expectancies and social meanings surrounding drinking are illustrated in the differential effects that drinking has on the sexual reactions of men and women and of persons with differing personality dispositions. It is concluded that to the extent alcohol serves as an aphrodisiac, it is largely through psychosocially-determined interpretations of physical states and the ease with which attributions to drinking can be used to explain violations of sexual propriety that otherwise would have ego threatening implications.
Prevention of HIV/AIDS Mother-to-Child Transmission in Shunde District of Foshan City

Objective To investigate HIV prevalence among pregnant women in Shunde district,and explore the effective methods of obstructing HIV mother-to-child transmission.Methods Surveillance networks for HIV were established.Antenatal HIV screening tests pregnant women for HIV was conducted.Health education and drug intervention were also launched.Results A total of 30 672 samples were detected and 6 cases of HIV infection were found,with a positive rate of 1.96/10,000.Drug interventions on HIV/AIDS were conducted among the infected cases.The rate of correct answer to knowledge regarding HIV /AIDS was increased from 71.0%～81.7% before the intervention to 95.7%～100.0%.Conclusion The HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women in Shunde district was lower than in Yunnan and other places,but it tends to increase year by year.The establishment of surveillance networks,provision of HIV tests for pregnant women for the first time and preventive interventions was proved to be practical in controlling HIV mother-to-child transmission.
Upper-Extremity Deep-Vein Thrombosis A Retrospective Cohort Evaluation of Thrombotic Risk Factors at a University Teaching Hospital Antithrombosis Clinic

Background: Upper-extremity deep-vein thrombosis (UEDVT) causes significant morbidity and mortality and is not well characterized in the existing literature, particularly in underrepresented minorities such as African Americans. Objective: To describe the characteristics of a cohort of patients with UEDVT seen at an urban academic medical center. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study among patients with a confirmed UEDVT at the University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System between 1996 and 2011. Patients were identified by ICD-9 code for UEDVT. Variables collected include thrombotic risk factors and outcomes, including recurrent thrombosis and bleeding. Results: We identified 229 patients with UEDVT; 71% were African American, and 11% were diagnosed with sickle cell disease. The average number of UEDVT risk factors was 4.40 ± 1.5, the most common being central venous catheter (CVC) use (178, 78%). In the year following UEDVT, 13% experienced recurrent thrombosis, and 6% experienced m...
Relationship between motility and the transport and binding of divalent cations to the plasma membrane of human spermatozoa.

Measurements of fluorescence changes of the divalent cation probe chlortetra-cycline, which accumulates in the plasma membrane of human spermatozoa, and measurements of radioactive calcium uptake indicate that the plasma membrane of human spermatozoa is impermeable to calcium. Moreover, permeability to exogenous calcium is not changed when sperm motility is stimulated by agents which increase intracellular levels of adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Evidence is presented, however, which suggests that energy-dependent divalent cation binding to the plasma membrane is lowered when motility is increased by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
The National Lung Health Education Program and Managed Care

The National Lung Health Education Program (NLHEP) is a new healthcare initiative which encourages the early diagnosis of and intervention in patients who are in the process of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and related disorders. COPD is primarily a smoker’s disease. Lung injury is due to proteolytic and oxidative damage early in the course of disease and results in premature loss of lung function, as measured by forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Smoking cessation will retard this rate of decline and improve prognosis.
Putting Assessment Into Action: Selected Projects From the First Cohort of the Assessment in Action Grant

The assessment of services, activities, and programs designed to demonstrate value and highlight the impact of libraries is critical and much needed. We must know what our students are learning; we...
Chapter 151 – World Bank Solar Home Systems Projects: Experiences and Lessons Learned 1993–2000

Publisher Summary It is noted that twelve projects provide energy services to off-grid rural households in developing countries by enhancing markets for solar home systems and by removing barriers to their dissemination. This chapter reviews these project approaches, along with early implementation experience and lessons suggested by experience. Projects essentially pilot private-sector NGO delivery models and consumer credit delivery mechanisms. They pay first-cost subsidies and offer affordable system sizes. They also support policy development and capacity, and develop codes and standards and establish certification, and enforcement institutions, and finally conduct consumer awareness and marketing programs. In future, it is however, important to demonstrate sustainable and replicable business models, demonstrate regulatory models for energy-service concessions, and integrate rural electrification policy with solar-home-system delivery.
Communication intervention for individuals with Down syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: A systematic review was conducted to identify effective intervention strategies for communication in individuals with Down syndrome. Methods: We updated and extended previous reviews by ...
Vehicle monitoring and telecommunication systems for enhancement of trucking operations

The authors review current research dealing with potential applications of advanced vehicle monitoring and control systems. The University effort focuses on trucking operations, satellite telecommunications systems, and man-machine interfaces. The proposed system will provide position determination, two-way data communication and, eventually, voice communication capabilities. In addition to technical areas such as radio reception and protocol modifications, cost savings and other benefits are being studied. In investigating the human interface problem, research seeks to compensate for the possibly marginal communication skills of the driver, as well as the special nature of the satellite communication links. >
5.06 – Parental and Early Developmental Stress Impact on Neurodevelopmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Stress during specific developmental stages can alter the trajectory of normal neurodevelopmental processes, often leading to dysfunctional stress responsiveness, cognitive and metabolic disruptions later in life. Here we summarize our current knowledge of the effects of stress exposure during key periods of early brain development and the potential mechanisms by which stress imparts long-term changes in the developing brain. We describe the potential for lifetime stress exposures to alter the parental germ line and ultimately alter offspring brain programming. We discuss the mechanisms by which prenatal and early postnatal stress program the brain, highlighting the importance of the placenta in transmitting maternal stress signals to the developing fetus. Finally, we highlight the emerging role of the stress-sensitive gut microbiome in programming the gut-brain axis to ultimately influence brain function and behavior.
Participatory action research (PAR) as democratic disruption: new public management and educational research in schools and universities

AbstractPro-market and business approaches to management in the public sector (new public management – NPM) have created an audit culture in schools driven by top-down, high stakes accountability, and the fetishization of data. Within this context, authentic, qualitative, and democratic forms of inquiry, both in universities and schools, become easily co-opted. I argue in this article that the use of a community-based, participatory action research (PAR) stance has the potential to disrupt NPM and open up authentic and democratic spaces in which to engage in inquiry. The goal of democratization through a PAR stance is not an attempt to return to a pre-data driven past nor to make current neoliberal reforms more palatable, but rather to create more horizontal relationships among professionals, colleges of education, public schools, and low-income communities.
Fatigue in Younger and Older Drivers: Effectiveness of an Alertness-Maintaining Task

Objective:The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an alertness-maintaining task (AMT) in older, fatigued drivers.Background:Fatigue during driving increases crash risk, and previous research suggests that alertness and driving in younger adults may be improved using a secondary AMT during boring, fatigue-eliciting drives. However, the potential impact of an AMT on driving has not been investigated in older drivers whose ability to complete dual tasks has been shown to decline and therefore may be negatively affected with an AMT in driving.Method:Younger (n = 29) and older drivers (n = 39) participated in a 50-minute simulated drive designed to induce fatigue, followed by four 10-minute sessions alternating between driving with and without an AMT.Results:Younger drivers were significantly more affected by fatigue on driving performance than were older drivers but benefitted significantly from the AMT. Older drivers did not demonstrate increased driver errors with fatigue, and driving did not de...
Cost Allocation and Net Load Variability

A basic principle of electricity market design is that cost allocation should follow cost causation as closely as possible. As renewable resources play a larger role in electricity generation, system operators have become increasingly concerned about costs related to variability in net load. While variable generation resources have attracted a great deal of attention along these lines, load is a larger source of variability in most systems. This paper introduces a Shapley value framework to assess the total system cost attributable to electricity market participants that either exacerbate or alleviate net load variability. Furthermore, this paper investigates the extent to which these costs are adequately reflected in wholesale market prices. Numerical tests indicate that the cost of variability on the hourly time scale is in most cases internalized by market-integrated generators and buyers, mitigating concerns that variability imposes a socialized cost from ramping or cycling of thermal generators.
Streamlining Access, Usage, and Data for Libraries: Perspectives from Publishers and Libraries

Electronic resources librarians and publishers both depend on accurate account data to maintain an institution's access, collect usage statistics, and update contact and subscription information. B...
Performance testing of work shoes labeled as slip resistant.

The variability in friction and slip propensity across slip resistant (SR) shoes is poorly understood. This study aimed to quantify the impact of shoe design features on the available coefficient of friction (ACOF) across shoes labeled as SR. Differences in ACOF and the slipping rate across SR shoes were also quantified. Twelve shoes were tested across five types of flooring and three contaminant conditions using a whole shoe mechanical slip tester. Geometric and hardness parameters were measured to determine the effect of heel outsole design on ACOF. The rate of slipping was evaluated for three of the shoes on vinyl tile with canola oil using human subjects. Differences in ACOF were significant across shoe outsole designs (p < .001). ACOF was correlated with geometrical and hardness parameters. Rate of slipping was lower for the highest ACOF shoe (p < .001). This information can be used to guide SR shoe selection and design.
Disposition of tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane in male and female Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice following oral and intravenous administration.

AbstractTris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPME) and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH) have been detected in various biota and human tissues.The current studies were undertaken to investigate the disposition and metabolism of TCPME and TCPMOH in rats and mice.[14C]TCPME was well absorbed (≥66%) in male rats and mice following a single oral administration of 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg. The excretion of [14C]TCPME-derived radioactivity in urine (≤2.5%) and feces (≤18%) was low. The administered dose was retained in tissues (≥ 64%) with adipose containing the highest concentrations. The metabolism of TCPME was minimal. The disposition and metabolism of [14C]TCPME in females was similar to males.The time to reach maximum concentration was ≤7 h, the plasma elimination half-life was ≥31 h, and the bioavailability was ≥82% following a 10 mg/kg oral dose of [14C]TCPME in male rats and mice.The disposition of [14C]TCPMOH was similar to that of [14C]TCPME.Following an intravenous administration of [14C]TCPME or [14C]TCPMOH...
Long-acting parenteral combination antiretroviral loaded nano-drug delivery system to treat chronic HIV-1 infection: A humanized mouse model study.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients are often diagnosed in the chronic stage of HIV/AIDS. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved quality of life for HIV-infected patients. Present study describes a novel long-acting parenteral formulation of combination antiretroviral (cARV) loaded nano-drugs for treating chronic HIV-1 (cHIV) in a humanized-BLT (hu-BLT) mice model. The cARV (elvitegravir+tenofovir alafenamide+emtricitabine; EVG+TAF+FTC) drugs (mimicking marketed Genvoya® one-pill for HIV-treatment) were encapsulated in poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs). To establish cHIV, hu-BLT mice were intravaginally challenged with HIV-1 and maintained for 15 weeks. Plasma viral load (pVL) was monitored by RT-PCR to confirm cHIV. Baseline pVL (week 15) was comparable between treated (n = 10) and control (n = 5) mice groups. Subsequently, treatment hu-BLT mice received 3 subcutaneous doses of cARV NPs (417 mg/kg per dose; n = 10), biweekly, and a fourth/terminal dose a week later. Prior to each treatment and on sacrifice (week 24), pVL was determined. Within three subcutaneous doses of cARV NPs, a non-detectable pVL was established (week 19) and continued until week 22. After the establishment of a non-detectable pVL (week 19–22), 4 treated-mice were sacrificed for tissue drug concentration determination by LC-MS/MS analysis. A considerable amount of cARV was detected at the HIV-infection target and reservoir organs. Subsequently, pVL rebounded comparable to control group by week 24, (7 weeks post-terminal dosage). The present study demonstrated cARV NPs augments sustained ARV efficacy in the cHIV humanized-mouse model. Therefore, cARV NPs could be a novel delivery system to treat cHIV patients, by overcoming drawbacks of conventional cART.
Effects of pre-spark heat release on engine knock limit

Abstract It is well known that spark ignited engine efficiency is limited by end gas autoignition, commonly known as knock. This study focuses on a recently discovered phenomena, pre-spark heat release (PSHR) due to low-temperature chemistry, and its impact on knock behavior. Boosted operating conditions are more common as engines are downsizing and downspeeding in efforts to increase fuel economy and prone to PSHR. Experiments were prone at fixed fueling and air fuel ratio for a range of intake temperature that spanned the threshold for PSHR. It was found that when PSHR occurred, the knock-limited combustion phasing was insensitive to intake temperature; higher intake temperatures did not require retarded timings as it is usual. Inspection of the temperature–pressure history overlaid on ignition delay contours allow the results to be explained. The temperature rise from the low-temperature reactions moves the end gas state into the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) region, which terminates the heat release reactions. The end gas then resides in the long ignition delay peninsula, which inhibits knock.
Status of Experimental Investigations of ICF and X-Ray Lasers in SINPC

SINPC is the only place where experimental investigations of laser fusion are conducted in China. To date two Nd, glass laser facilities, LF-11(1.06 μ m, 0.53 μ m, 70 J, 0.3–0.8ns) and LF-12(1.053 μm, 2×800J, 0.1–1.0 ns), completed and installed in 1985 and 1986, respectively, have been routinely operated for physical experients to study basic processes of laser-plasma interactions. A great variety of diagnostics, such as XRD arrays, filter-fluorecser, x-ray pinhole cameras, plasma calorimeters, photodlodes, optical and x-ray streak cameras, OMA and neutron detectors, have been developed and activated. Simultaneuosly, we have established a microfabrication laboratory to develop target materials and target technology.
Synthesis and characterizations of A-site deficient perovskite Sr0.9Ti0.8-xGaxNb0.2O3

Abstract The effects of reduction and Ga-doping on the physicochemical properties of A-site deficient perovskites Sr0.9Ti0.8−xGaxNb0.2O3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) are reported. With 10% Ga doping, the sample sintered in air and treated at 1400 °C in H2 atmosphere exhibits the highest electrical conductivity. It is found that the Ga-doping lowers the sinterability but promotes the reduction of Sr0.9Ti0.8−xGaxNb0.2O3. The XRD analysis on the reduced samples suggests that some cations are reduced during the treatment. However, without high temperature pre-reduction, the improvement of Ga-doping is limited and the overall cell performance using Sr0.9Ti0.8−xGaxNb0.2O3 as an anode without catalysts is still relatively low.
Kurt Lewin’s Influence on the Field of Mental Health

Lewin’s contribution to the field of social psychology is clear. Schellenberg (1978) credits him with enormous influence and states that at least half of America’s most prominent social psychologists in the 1950’s and 1960’s were his students or close associates (p. 77). Back (1972) outlines his influence on both the academic study of group dynamics and the applications of his research and theory to organization development and human relations training (p. 99). His influence on the conduct of psychological research has been discussed at length by numerous writers.
What is the draw? Assessing a risk model and conventional exploration model of e-cigarette use

Background/Objective: The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among young adults has been increasing, leading to concern due to unknown health effects. The purpose of the current study is t...
Modeling Ion Beam Neutralization With 3D Particle-In-Cell Simulations

Ion beam neutralization during operation of ion sources requires current coupling between beam ions and electrons from the neutralizer. The current and charge density equalization during neutralization is practically accomplished in practice, however the exact process has not been adequately simulated due to the wide range of conditions. In order to resolve the role of electrons in the beam neutralization process, full particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are carried out using a high-fidelity electrostatic particle-incell code (EUPIC).
CHIP: Clustering Hotspots in Layout Using Integer Programming

Clustering algorithms have been explored in recent years to solve hotspot clustering problems in integrated circuit design. With various applications in design for manufacturability flow such as hotspot library generation, systematic yield optimization, and design space exploration, generating good quality clusters along with their representative clips is of utmost importance. With several generic clustering algorithms at our disposal, hotspots can be clustered based on the distance metric defined while satisfying some tolerance conditions. However, the clusters generated from generic clustering algorithms need not achieve optimal results. In this paper, we introduce two optimal integer linear programming formulations based on triangle inequality to solve the problem of minimizing cluster count while satisfying given constraints. Apart from minimizing cluster count, we generate representative clips that best represent the clusters formed. We achieve a better cluster count for both formulations in most test cases as compared to the results published in the literature in the ICCAD 2016 contest benchmarks as well as the reference results reported in the ICCAD 2016 contest website.
Total synthesis of diazaquinomycins H and J using double Knorr cyclization in the presence of triisopropylsilane

The first total synthesis of diazaquinomycins H (1) and J (2), which are promising anti-tuberculosis natural product leads, has been achieved via selective amidation of diamine 6 with Meldrum's acid derivatives, subsequent EDC coupling with 3-oxobutanoic acid, followed by double Knorr cyclization in the presence of triisopropylsilane (TIPS). We found that the addition of TIPS was crucial to obtain pure diazaquinomycins H and J, while preventing isomerization of the terminal iso-branched tail in sulfuric acid. Our developed synthesis provided diazaquinomycins H (1) and J (2) in 8 steps from commercially available starting materials in 25% and 21% overall yields, respectively. The spectroscopic data of synthetic diazaquinomycins H (1) and J (2) agreed very favorably with those of reported natural products.
Gray Matter Correlates of Finger Gnosis in Children: A VBM Study.

Abstract Accumulating evidence relates finger gnosis (also called finger sense or finger gnosia), the ability to identify and individuate fingers, to cognitive processing, particularly numerical cognition. Multiple studies have shown that finger gnosis scores correlate with or predict numerical skills in children. Neuropsychological cases as well as magnetic stimulation studies have also shown that finger agnosia (defects in finger gnosis) often co-occurs with cognitive impairments, including agraphia and acalculia. However, our knowledge of the structural and functional correlates, and the development of finger gnosis is limited. To expand our understanding of structural brain features that are associated with finger gnosis, we conducted a voxel-based morphometry study with 42 seven- to 10-year-old children, where we investigated the correlation between finger gnosis scores and whole-brain gray matter volume (GMV). Correlations between finger gnosis and GMV were found in a set of frontoparietal, striatal, and cerebellar areas. We also found sex differences in how GMV is associated with finger gnosis. While females showed a more distributed and extensive set of frontal and parietal clusters, males showed two striatal clusters. This study provides the first findings on structural brain features that correlate with finger gnosis.
Hyponatremia in the Dialysis Population

Sodium derangements are among the most frequently encountered electrolyte disorders in patients with end-stage renal disease. As dialysis patients are predisposed to hyponatremia via multiple pathways, assessment of extracellular volume status is an essential first step in disentangling potential etiologic factors. In addition, multiple large population-based studies indicate that proxies of malnutrition (e.g., low body mass index, serum albumin, and serum creatinine levels) and loss of residual kidney function are important determinants of hyponatremia in dialysis patients. Among hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients, evidence suggests that incrementally lower sodium levels are associated with increasingly higher death risk, highlighting the long-term risk of hyponatremia. Whereas in conventional survival models incrementally lower serum sodium concentrations are associated with worse mortality in hemodialysis patients, studies that have examined repeated measures of predialysis sodium have demonstrated mixed associations of time-varying sodium with higher mortality risk (i.e., U-shaped vs. inverse linear relationships). Although the causality of the hyponatremia-mortality association in dialysis patients remains uncertain, there are several plausible pathways by which lower sodium levels may lead to higher death risk, including central nervous system toxicity, falls and fractures, infection-related complications, and impaired cardiac function. Areas of uncertainty ripe for future studies include the following: (i) mechanistic pathways by which lower serum sodium levels are linked with higher mortality in dialysis patients, (ii) whether correction of sodium derangements improves outcomes, (iii) the optimal sodium target, and (iv) the impact of age and other sociodemographic factors on hyponatremia-outcome associations.
Familywise and per‐family error rates of multiple comparison procedures

In multiple testing scenarios, one of the more popular definitions of the error rate is the familywise error rate (FWER). The per-family error rate (PFER) is often not considered. The PFER deserves more attention than it currently receives. Both of these concepts were formulated by Tukey. We highlight some of the good and bad qualities of the FWER and the PFER. We find the FWER and PFER for four commonly used multiple comparison procedures.
Self-reported head injury symptoms exacerbated in those with previous concussions following an acute bout of purposeful soccer heading.

ABSTRACTRates of concussion in soccer are high, especially in female players. The primary aim of this study was to examine differences in self-reported concussion-related symptoms (CRS), balance (B...
Lyophilization for Water Recovery III, System Design

Mixed liquid/solid wastes, including feces, water processor effluents, and food waste, can be lyophilized (freeze-dried) to recover the water they contain and stabilize the solids that remain. Our previous research has demonstrated the potential benefits of using thermoelectric heat pumps to build a lyophilizer for processing waste in microgravity. These results were used to build a working prototype suitable for ground- based human testing. This paper describes the prototype design and presents results of functional and performance tests.
‘The path you will choose won’t be a fairy tale’: urban prefiguration and mountain Nostalgia in India’s Northwest Himalayas

Overlaid on a collage of street scenes, college students wrote: ‘Dear rest of India: Just so you know, I am a proud Indian no matter what my language is, how I look, what I wear, and where I am fro...
DLEEL: Multi-Predicate Spatial Queries on User-generated Streaming Data

This paper demonstrates DLEEL; a research system that supports scalable spatial queries with multiple predicates on user-generated data streams, such as social media streams. Supported queries include spatial-social queries and spatial-keyword queries, which are popular in different applications but have never been addressed in the challenging environment of streaming data, where data arrives with excessively high rates. DLEEL distinguishes itself with three novel contributions: (1) Indexing spatial-social data in for personalized real-time search: DLEEL is the first to address personalized queries on streaming spatial- social data through novel low-overhead indexing that scales for large amounts of data and users. The novel indexing has a hybrid storage architecture that trades off indexing overhead, memory consumption, and query latency. (2) Indexing spatial-keyword data for real-time search: DLEEL is the first to enrich existing spatial-keyword indexes with novel streaming data components. The new components reveal performance losses and gains from a system perspective, trading off the system overhead with flexibility to support a variety of queries. (3) Scalable query processing: DLEEL exploits the indexes content to smartly prune the search space on multiple dimensions and support efficient query latency for its different queries on excessive number of data records. DLEEL is demonstrated using a stream of 5 billions real tweets collected from Twitter APIs and real query locations obtained from a popular web search engine. DLEEL has shown superior performance with serving incoming queries with an average latency of few milliseconds while digesting hundreds of thousands of data records every second.
Proving and Probing the Presence of the Elusive C‐H∙∙∙O Hydrogen Bond in Liquid Solutions at Room Temperature

Hydrogen bonds (H bonds) play a major role in defining the structure and properties of many substances, as well as phenomena and processes. Traditional H bonds are ubiquitous in nature, yet the demonstration of weak H bonds that occur between a highly polarized C-H group and an electron-rich oxygen atom, has proven elusive. Detailed here are linear and nonlinear IR spectroscopy experiments that reveal the presence of H bonds between the chloroform C-H group and an amide carbonyl oxygen atom in solution at room temperature. Evidence is provided for an amide solvation shell featuring two clearly distinguishable chloroform arrangements that undergo chemical exchange with a time scale of about 2 ps. Furthermore, the enthalpy of breaking the hydrogen bond is found to be 6-20 kJ mol-1 . Ab-initio computations support the findings of two distinct solvation shells formed by three chloroform molecules, where one thermally undergoes hydrogen-bond making and breaking.
Coal dust in the wind: Interpreting the industrial past of South Wales

South Wales was once synonymous with coal, now among the most globally controversial natural resources due to its association with anthropogenic climate change. In the early twentieth century, Wale...