cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Estrogen Receptor α Expression in the Hypothalamus by Sex Steroids: Implication in the Regulationof Energy Homeostasis

Sex differences exist in the complex regulation of energy homeostasis that utilizes central and peripheral systems. It is widely accepted that sex steroids, especially estrogens, are important physiological and pathological components in this sex-specific regulation. Estrogens exert their biological functions via estrogen receptors (ERs). ERα, a classic nuclear receptor, contributes to metabolic regulation and sexual behavior more than other ER subtypes. Physiological and molecular studies have identified multiple ERα-rich nuclei in the hypothalamus of the central nervous system (CNS) as sites of actions that mediate effects of estrogens. Much of our understanding of ERα regulation has been obtained using transgenic models such as ERα global or nuclei-specific knockout mice. A fundamental question concerning how ERα is regulated in wild-type animals, including humans, in response to alterations in steroid hormone levels, due to experimental manipulation (i.e., castration and hormone replacement) or physiological stages (i.e., puberty, pregnancy, and menopause), lacks consistent answers. This review discusses how different sex hormones affect ERα expression in the hypothalamus. This information will contribute to the knowledge of estrogen action in the CNS, further our understanding of discrepancies in correlation of altered sex hormone levels with metabolic disturbances when comparing both sexes, and improve health issues in postmenopausal women.
Review of Robert Whitaker, Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America

Books exposing the misdeeds of the pharmaceutical industry are so common these days that pharma-‐bashing has become a genre unto itself. Especially in the realm of psychopharmacology, the pharmaceu...
Observations of twinning in alpha plutonium by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Twins have been observed in monoclinic alpha-phase plutonium using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). These twins may be deformation twins or growth twins but are most likely growth twins as the sample was prepared by vapor to solid sputter deposition. Crystallographic analysis of electron diffraction data indicates that the composition or twin plane is the (201). This was confirmed using stereographic projection analyses as well as by comparisons of experimentally determined diffraction patterns with computer generated patterns. A theoretical deformation twinning system for alpha plutonium incorporating the (201) as the twin plane has not previously been predicted. Further work is necessary to uniquely identify the complete twinning system for either annealing/growth or deformation twin formation in alpha plutonium.
Neck Circumference Measurements in Second Trimester Fetuses with Down's Syndrome

Ultrasound examinations were performed on 132 normal fetuses between 12 and 25 weeks of gestation to measure the fetal neck circumference (NC), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), a...
Child behavior disorders by age and sex based on item factoring of the revised Bristol Guides

Standardized teacher observations of 2,527 schoolchildren, selected at random for the revised Bristol Social Adjustment Guides were partitioned into four subsamples consisting of 797 5- to 10-year-old boys, 758 5- to 10-year-old-girls; 508 11- to 15-year-old boys, and 464 11- to 15-year-old girls, respectively. The children were observed by over 900 teachers and rated on 104 indicators of maladaptive behavior. Item scores for each age/ sex sample were subjected to first- and second-order factor analysis, with varimax rotation yielding identical second-order models of behavior disorder across age and sex samples and somewhat different first-order models for each sample. Comparison of derived dimensions with dimensions emergent in other behavior problem research indicated considerable consistency. Moreover, the similarity of the factorially derived dimensions confirmed the cross-age and -sex generality of the syndromes known as unforthcomingness, hostility, and depression, and provided reasonable support for the utility of the syndrome of inconsequence, although it was apparent that inconsequence stands as more a composite of underlying factor dimensions reflecting hyperactive and attention-seeking behaviors. While the withdrawal syndrome found factorial support, its integrity was clearly specific to child age and sex.
Extracting query modifications from nonlinear SVMs

When searching the WWW, users often desire results restricted to a particular document category. Ideally, a user would be able to filter results with a text classifier to minimize false positive results; however, current search engines allow only simple query modifications. To automate the process of generating effective query modifications, we introduce a sensitivity analysis-based method for extracting rules from nonlinear support vector machines. The proposed method allows the user to specify a desired precision while attempting to maximize the recall. Our method performs several levels of dimensionality reduction and is vastly faster than searching the combination feature space; moreover, it is very effective on real-world data.
A bus-monitor unit for fault-tolerant system configurations

Abstract This paper presents the design of a bus-monitor unit whose function is to detect and mask errors arising in modular redundant systems by monitoring their respective buses. The error recovery is accomplished by detecting the failed unit and appropriately multiplexing the fault-free system buses. The unit is also capable of recording faults observed in the monitored buses and reporting them to the operator upon request. Another unique feature of the bus-monitor unit is its capability to classify faults into transient and permanent ones. Efficient utilization of this feature allows the bus-monitor to increase the effective lifetime of the redundant units by allowing components that experience transient errors to participate in the error recovery process. In addition, the unit is designed with self-checking features, thus providing on-line error detection that can be utilized to recover from failures occurring in the bus-monitor unit itself. Finally, the architecture of the bus-monitor unit is suitable for single chip implementation. All these features make the bus-monitor a very appealing device for implementations of highly reliable fault-tolerant systems.
The Role of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease is the most prevalent late-onset neurodegenerative disorder of unknown origin.
On Zenga and Bonferroni curves

Three alternative inequality curves are considered as competitors of the classical Lorenz curve as descriptors of income inequality. The Bonferroni curve and the Zenga-07 curve appear to be essentially equivalent to the Lorenz curve. They each determine the parent distribution up to scale factor, and they each yield an inequality partial order that is equivalent to the Lorenz order. The Zenga-84 curve is more problematic. It is scale invariant, but it is possible that different distributions can have the same Zenga-84 curve. Thus it fails to identify the parent distribution up to a scale factor.
Depo provera®: A review

Abstract 1. 1. Depo Provera, 150 mg every 3 months, has given life table and Pearl Index pregnancy rates of below 1 and usually below 0.5 in a variety of studies in the U.S. and abroad. 2. 2. Continuation rates have usually ranged from 50 to 80 percent at 1 year and 40 to 68 percent at 2 years. They are thus comparable with those of other modern contraceptive methods. 3. 3. Bleeding patterns are generally disturbed with a considerable proportion of patients showing amenorrhea and with irregular and occasionally heavy bleeding being common in women who are not amenerrheic. 4. 4. Weight gain has been a frequently observed side effect. 5. 5. Return to normal menstruation and fertility is usually delayed by a few months after discontinuing the drug. Data on return to fertility are sufficiently extensive to assure that most women regain fertility. They are not sufficiently extensive to assure that normal fertility rates return. 6. 6. No convincing conclusions can be reached on carcinogenic potential. It seems clear that Depo Provera induces breast nodules in dogs and that the nodules have, in some instances, become invasive and have metastasized. The appropriateness of the test system for predicting carcinogenic hazard in the human being is unknown. Evidence on increased incidence of dysplasia or carcinoma-in-situ of the uterine cervix among Depo Provera users is being vigorously debated in U.S. government circles but there is no conclusive evidence that Depo Provera alters the normal incidence of cervical atypia either upward or downward. 7. 7. Continued high doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate depress adrenal cortex function. Evidence on effects by the regimen of 150 mg every 3 months is inconclusive. Clinical evidence of adrenal Insufficiency has not been encountered. 8. 8. Depo Provera appears to produce a diabetogenic stress of moderate magnitude. The development of clinical diabetes has been rare. 9. 9. Evidence on effects on lactation is limited but adequate to assure that no markedly deleterious effect on quantity of milk occurs and, in fact, gives some evidence of increased quantity. Knowledge is lacking of secretion of the drug in the milk.
Long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning: An evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management

The objective of this guideline is to assist poison center personnel in the out-of-hospital triage and initial management of patients with suspected exposure to long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (LAAR). An evidence-based expert consensus process was used to create this guideline. It is based on an assessment of current scientific and clinical information. The panel recognizes that specific patient care decisions may be at variance with this guideline and are the prerogative of the patient and health professionals providing care. The grade of recommendation is in parentheses. 1) Patients with exposure due to suspected self-harm, abuse, misuse, or potentially malicious administration should be referred to an emergency department immediately regardless of the doses reported (Grade D). 2) Patients with symptoms of LAAR poisoning (e.g., bleeding, bruising) should be referred immediately to an emergency department for evaluation regardless of the doses reported (Grade C). 3) Patients with chronic ingestion of LAAR should be referred immediately to an emergency department for evaluation of intent and potential coagulopathy (Grade B). 4) Patients taking anticoagulants therapeutically and who ingest any dose of a LAAR should have a baseline prothrombin time measured and then again at 48-72 hours after ingestion (Grade D). 5) Patients with unintentional ingestion of less than 1 mg of LAAR active ingredient can be safely observed at home without laboratory monitoring. This includes practically all unintentional ingestions in children less than 6 years of age (Grade C). 6) Pregnant patients with unintentional exposure to less than 1 mg of LAAR active ingredient should be evaluated by their obstetrician or primary care provider as an outpatient. Immediate referral to an ED or clinic is not required (Grade D). 7) Patients with unintentional ingestion of 1 mg or more of active ingredient and are asymptomatic should be evaluated for coagulopathy at 48-72 hours after exposure (Grade B). 8) Physicians' offices or outpatient clinics must be able to obtain coagulation study results in a timely manner, preferably in less than 24 hours, for patients who require outpatient monitoring (Grade D). 9) Gastrointestinal decontamination with ipecac syrup or gastric lavage is not recommended (Grade D). 10) Transportation to an emergency department should not be delayed for administration of activated charcoal (Grade D). 11) Patients with dermal exposures should be decontaminated by washing the skin with mild soap and water (Grade D). 12) The administration of vitamin K is not recommended prior to evaluation for coagulopathy (Grade D).
Accurate mass multiplexed tandem mass spectrometry for high-throughput polypeptide identification from mixtures.

We report a new tandem mass spectrometric approach for the improved identification of polypeptides from mixtures (e.g., using genomic databases). The approach involves the dissociation of several species simultaneously in a single experiment and provides both increased speed and sensitivity. The data analysis makes use of the known fragmentation pathways for polypeptides and highly accurate mass measurements for both the set of parent polypeptides and their fragments. The accurate mass information makes it possible to attribute most fragments to a specific parent species. We provide an initial demonstration of this multiplexed tandem MS approach using an FTICR mass spectrometer with a mixture of seven polypeptides dissociated using infrared irradiation from a CO2 laser. The peptides were added to, and then successfully identified from, the largest genomic database yet available (C. elegans), which is equivalent in complexity to that for a specific differentiated mammalian cell type. Additionally, since on...
Effect of radiofrequency ablation on atrial mechanical function in patients with atrial flutter

Abstract Atrial stunning, as assessed by left atrial appendage emptying and increased spontaneous echo contrast, is known to occur following direct-current cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFl). Little is known on atrial mechanical function and the time course of atrial recovery following radiofrequency ablation of AFl. Fourteen patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation of persistent typical counterclockwise AFl were enrolled. Two-dimensional and pulse Doppler transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) were performed before ablation and immediately following restoration of sinus rhythm. Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast grades, left atrial appendage emptying fractions, and peak left atrial appendage emptying velocities were measured. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed immediately after ablation, then repeated after 1 day, 1 week, and 6 weeks to measure peak transmitral velocities and percent atrial contribution to ventricular filling. Left atrial appendage emptying velocities decreased significantly following AFl termination (44 ± 23 cm/s before ablation vs 25 ± 14 cm/s after ablation, p = 0.01). Left atrial appendage emptying fractions also decreased significantly (0.48 ± 0.1 preablation vs 0.34 ± 0.17 postablation, p = 0.02). New spontaneous echo contrast developed in 4 patients (29%) after ablation. Four patients had complete atrial standstill after ablation, and 1 patient developed a new left atrial appendage thrombus. The percent atrial contribution to ventricular filling recovered progressively over 6 weeks with significant improvement in peak transmitral velocities at day 7. Thus, atrial stunning occurs after catheter ablation of AFl and may lead to rapid formation of thrombus in the left atrial appendage. Significant improvement in left atrial function occurs in 7 days.
My-Star: A Methodology and System for Tracing and Analyzing Requirements

This paper describes a methodology developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and designed for the process of requirements engineering and management. MY-STAR provides techniques for specifying, refining, allocating, baselining,sharing, changing, storing, and reporting on requirements and requirements metrics.
Evolutionary Implications of Mechanistic Models of TE-Mediated Hybrid Incompatibility

New models of TE repression in plants (specifically Arabidopsis) have suggested specific mechanisms by which TE misregulation in hybrids might result in the expression of hybrid inviability. If true, these models suggest as yet undescribed consequences for (1) mechanistic connections between hybrid problems expressed at different postzygotic stages (e.g., inviability versus sterility), (2) the predicted strength, stage, and direction of isolation between diverging lineages that differ in TE activity, and (3) the association between species attributes that influence TE dynamics (e.g., mode of reproduction, geographical structure) and the rate at which they could accumulate incompatibilities. In this paper, we explore these implications and outline future empirical directions for generating data necessary to evaluate them.
Ranging of conspecific songs by Kentucky warblers and its implications for interactions of territorial males

Kentucky warblers (Oporornis formosus) each sing a single song pattern. To determine whether males could range (estimate the distance to) conspecific songs, we presented clean and reverberated versions of strangers' songs to 12 males in a factorial design. To assess differences between the playbacks and the subjects' own songs or neighbors' songs, we measured differences in minimal repetition periods between repeated acoustic elements in songs, features that could contribute to assessment of reverberation. Results indicated that Kentucky warblers can range conspecific songs and that similarity between playback songs and established neighbors' songs or a subject's own songs did not enhance this ability. Direct evidence that males misjudged the distance to reverberated playbacks excluded other interpretations of the results based on differences in the detectability or habituation of clean and reverberated songs. These results suggest further that assessment of reverberation is sufficient for ranging and that perceptual analysis of song is not necessarily linked to overt production. As a consequence, repertoires of songs do not necessarily promote interference between territorial neighbors.
A novel method for cyclopentanone annulation. The use of 1-(2-ketoalkyl) cyclopropanols to obtain cyclopentanones.

Abstract The condensation of alkyl-substituted thermodynamic enolates with ethyl bromomagnesium cyclopropanone hemiacetal (a cyclopropanone equivalent) provides 1- (2-ketoalkyl) cyclopropanols which in turn are converted into 3-hydroxycyclopentanones by treatment with base.
Mapping Salt Tracer Penetration Into the Hyporheic Zone With GPR Attenuation

Because ground penetrating radar (GPR) attenuation is strongly dependent on effective conductivity, time-lapse changes in attenuation should be able to be used to map conductivity changes. We tested the validity and field practicality of using surface-based multi-offset reflection gathers to map attenuation changes due to the introduction of a saline solution into the hyporheic zone of a mountain stream. A preliminary analysis of our GPR data revealed an unexpectedly high level of system noise in the GPR amplitudes. The noise masked the true conductivityinduced attenuation, and only a broad conductivity trend could be discerned over portions of the GPR transects.
A sensitive technique to clone low abundance receptor transcripts from single microdissected tissue punches.

Tissue microdissection is a rapidly growing technique with wide applicability in the field of gene expression analysis as improved RNA extraction and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques provide the sensitivity to amplify transcription products from increasingly small numbers of cells. In spite of these advances, isolation, cloning and regional localization of rare or low-abundance mRNA from very small tissue samples remain a difficult and challenging task, especially when high degenerate primers are to be used. We have addressed this problem using a combination of optimized techniques and purification steps added between individual reaction steps. The extreme sensitivity resulting from these modifications permits cloning of new members of a closely homologous gene family from only one microdissected tissue sample and widens the applicability of tissue microdissection. Using this protocol, nested degenerate PCR primers were designed to amplify members of the large and relatively homologous olfactory receptor (OR) gene family from RNA extracted from 125-μm diameter punches of tissue microdissected from 16-μm sections of the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of the mouse. Levels of OR mRNA in these punches are extremely low, due to the small volume of tissue and the low abundance of OR mRNA in MOB tissue. Several ORs were amplified, cloned and sequenced from a series of individual tissue punches, and in situ hybridization was used to verify the presence of mRNA corresponding to the cloned OR sequences in MOB sections.
A multigrid method for the solution of ion transport using the Poisson Nernst Planck equations

Recently there has been much interest in simulating ion transport in biological and synthetic ion channels using the Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations. However, many published methods exhibit poor convergence rates, particularly at high driving voltages, and for long-aspect ratio channels. The paper addresses the development of a fast and efficient coupled multigrid method for the solution of the PNP equations. An unstructured cell-centered finite volume method is used to discretize the governing equations. An iterative procedure, based on a Newton-Raphson linearization accounting for the non-linear coupling between the Poisson and charge transport equations, is employed. The resulting linear system of equations is solved using an algebraic multigrid method, with coarse level systems being created by agglomerating finer-level equations based on the largest coefficients of the Poisson equation. A block Gauss-Seidel update is used as the relaxation method. The method is shown to perform well for ion transport in a synthetic channel for aspect ratios ranging from 16.67 to 1667 for a range of operating parameters.© 2007 ASME
Impact of Water Integration on Space Station Freedom Propellant Availability

Water is an important resource on the Freedom Space Station and is essential for life support, laboratory, and general spacecraft operations. Overall distribution is provided by the integrated water system (IWS), which uses water collected from the environmental control and life support system (ECLSS) and Shuttle Orbiter to support extravehicular activity (EVA) and laboratory experiment requirements. Typically, this integrated approach to water handling yields an available excess that can be electrolyzed into gaseous oxygen and hydrogen propellants. In fact, recognition of this potentially "free" resources was the major reason for selecting an electrolysis propulsion system and integrated water distribution for the Freedom Station. This approach also eliminates redundant hardware and reduces operations costs associated with propellant resupply and disposal of waste water. The availability of excess water strongly depends on the operational, design, and performance characteristics of the systems that interface with the IWS. This paper describes the water usage of these systems, identifies the key parameters influencing the overall water balance, and assesses their impact on propellant availability for the propulsion system.
Investigation of crystal surface finish and geometry on single LYSO scintillator detector performance for depth-of-interaction measurement with silicon photomultipliers

Abstract Depth of Interaction (DOI) information can improve quality of reconstructed images acquired from Positron Emission Tomography (PET), especially in high resolution and compact scanners dedicated for breast, brain, or small animal imaging applications. Additionally, clinical scanners with time of flight capability can also benefit from DOI information. One of the most promising methods of determining DOI in a crystal involves reading the signal from two ends of a scintillation crystal, and calculating the signal ratio between the two detectors. This method is known to deliver a better DOI resolution with rough crystals compared to highly polished crystals. However, what is still not well studied is how much of a tradeoff is involved between spatial, energy, temporal, and DOI resolutions as a function of the crystal surface treatment and geometry with the use of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) as the photo detectors. This study investigates the effects of different crystal surface finishes and geometries on energy, timing and DOI resolutions at different crystal depths. The results show that for LYSO scintillators of 1.5×1.5×20 mm 3 and 2×2×20 mm 3 with their surfaces finished from 0.5 to 30 μm roughness, almost the same energy and coincidence timing resolutions were maintained, around 15% and 2.4 ns, respectively across different crystal depths, while the DOI resolutions were steadily improved from worse than 5 mm to better than 2 mm. They demonstrate that crystal roughness, with proper surface preparing, does not have a significant effect on the energy and coincidence timing resolutions in the crystals examined, and there does not appear to be a tradeoff between improving DOI resolution and degrading other detector performances. These results will be valuable to guide the selection of crystal surface conditions for developing a DOI measurable PET detector with a full array of LYSO scintillators coupled to SiPM arrays.
Asymptotic normality of the NPMLE of linear functionals for interval censored data, case 1

We give a new proof of the asymptotic normality of a class of linear functionals of the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (NPMLE) of a distribution function with “case 1” interval censored data. In particular our proof simplifies the proof of asymptotic normality of the mean given in Groeneboom and Wellner (1992). The proof relies strongly on a rate of convergence result due to van de Geer (1993), and methods from empirical process theory.
A unified chain-thermal theory of fundamental flammability limits

The existence and causes of fundamental flammability limits, of combustibles have been investigated by identifying the critical states at which steady propagation of the laminar premixed flame in the doubly-infinite domain fails to be possible due to the simultaneous influence of radiative heat loss and branching-termination chain mechanisms. Flame propagation was simulated with detailed chemistry and transport properties, with radiative heat loss from H2O, CO2, and CH4, and by using the arc-length continuation technique to generate the extinction turning points. Cases studied include the flammabilities of lean methane/ air and rich hydrogen/air mixtures, and also effects of pressure, chain termination rates, radiating species, and radiation intensity on the state of flammability. Results demonstrate the existence of the extinction turning point behavior for all dependent flame parameters as the fuel concentration approaches the limits, indicating that weaker mixtures cannot sustain steady flame propagation. The limit flame speed and the flame temperature reduction, relative to the corresponding adiabatic values, are in close agreement, with the predictions from activation energy asymptotic theory. It is further shown that slightly before the turning point is reached, the normalized sensitivity of the dominant termination reaction to variations in the dominant branching reaction attains a value of unity and, starts to increase rapidly, indicating that chain mechanism is crucial in inducing the rapid weakening of the reaction intensity as the flammability limit is approached. The present study therefore unifies existing concepts of flammability limiets, based on either heat loss or chain termination, by showing that they are simultaneously operative and important at the fundamental flammbility limits.
Food intake and struvite crystalluria in ferrets.

Four adult, castrated, male ferrets were studied in two similar trials for effects of food intake on variables hypothesized to promote struvite (ammonium, magnesium, phosphate hexahydrate) crystal formation in urine. Struvite crystalluria occurred in three of the four ferrets. Urine pH (UpH) averaged 6.6 for these ferrets. UpH in the ferret without crystalluria was 6.0. By simple linear regression analysis, no relationship was found between the amount of food ingested and the urinary concentration and excretion of magnesium and phosphorous. However, urine osmolality and excretion of both protein and ammonium were correlated to food intake (P<.05). Ways in which these effects could promote struvite crystal formation are discussed.
Corrosion Prediction from Polarization Scans Using an Artificial Neural Network Integrated with an Expert System

Abstract Artificial neural networks are forms of artificial intelligence that learn correlative patterns between input and output information without a specific model. Then, they use the learned re...
Human responses to various conditions of water temperature

Skin-surface temperatures on thehuman hand were obtained immediately following six exposure times ranging from 5 to 60 sec. for water temperatures varying in 5° increments from 10° to 40°C. The surface of the skin was found to respond rapidly and regularly to both the temperature and time of exposure. In a second study 30 Ss exposed a hand for 5 or 30 sec. to water temperatures ranging from 10° to 45°C. and made ratings on scales of pain and comfort as well as attaching a verbal label (cold, cool, tepid, etc.) to each experience. The experience of cold became more intense over these time intervals while the experience of warmth became less, and with the threshold constant taken into account the sensations of pain and discomfort were found to follow a psychophysical power law. The usefulness of these sorts of data for interpreting the effects of noxious stimuli in basic learning studies is discussed.
Effects of Seating Arrangement on Group Participation

Summary The relationship between position in a seating arrangement and group participation was examined in a field setting with use of 198 men and women (college students and adults in the communit...
Risk factors and hospitalization costs of Dementia patients: Examining race and gender variations

Aims: To examine the variation in risk factors and hospitalization costs among four elderly dementia cohorts by race and gender. Materials and Methods: The 2008 Tennessee Hospital Discharged database was examined. The prevalence, risk factors and cost of inpatient care of dementia were examined for individuals aged 65 years and above, across the four race gender cohorts - white males (WM), black males (BM), white females (WF), and black females (BF). Results: 3.6% of patients hospitalized in 2008 had dementia. Dementia was higher among females than males, and higher among blacks than whites. Further, BF had higher prevalence of dementia than WF; similarly, BM had a higher prevalence of dementia than WM. Overall, six risk factors were associated with dementia for the entire sample including HTN, DM, CKD, CHF, COPD, and stroke. These risk factors varied slightly in predicting dementia by race and gender. Hospital costs were 14% higher among dementia patients compared to non-dementia patients. Conclusions: There exist significant race and gender disparities in prevalence of dementia. A greater degree of co-morbidity, increased duration of hospital stay, and more frequent hospitalizations, may result in a higher cost of inpatient dementia care. Aggressive management of risk factors may subsequently reduce stroke and cost of dementia care, especially in the black population. Race and gender dependent milestones for management of these risk factors should be considered.
Autoxidation of milk lipids

Published November 1960. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog
It is hard to get a grip on it

Journal of Clinical Anesthesia - In Press.Proof corrected by the author Available online since samedi 11 janvier 2014
Enabling Ecologically Sustainable Global Development for the Semiconductor Capital Equipment Industry

Reducing ecological impact of global economic development is an important emerging trend; this research will present an adaptable business framework to benefit from this trend in the context of semiconductor manufacturing. There is an apparent need for new market-based strategies that will reduce the ecological footprint of new products. Numerous industries have specifically identified this as a relevant business objective, therefore generating streams of research spanning business social responsibility, public policy, global standards, and regulations among others. The majority of existing research is contained in separate domains with no apparent attempt at an interdisciplinary approach to address the ecologically sustainable development challenge. However, the socioeconomic nature of such a problem presents a unique complexity to business, which necessitates the inclusion of both commercial and psychological dimensions. Existing research provides little insight for how to proceed with customer driven approaches for the development of ecologically and economically sustainable products. A commercial framework is needed to fully deploy the resourcefulness of business institutions towards the goal of sustaining global growth. Developing marketing models that encompass customer economic and social motivations is a suitable framework for including ecological considerations in the business decision-making process. Factors relating to customer belief about environmental utility of ecological product attributes, perceptions of the economic importance of these attributes, and ecological concern affect global new product development in such framework.
Fetal grafts containing suprachiasmatic nuclei restore the diurnal rhythm of CRH and POMC mRNA in aging rats

We assessed whether fetal tissue containing the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) can restore age-related changes in the diurnal rhythm of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and anterior pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA. Young, middle-aged, and middle-aged SCN-transplanted rats were killed at seven times of day. In young rats, CRH mRNA exhibited a diurnal rhythm in the dorsomedial paraventricular nuclei but not in other subdivisions of the nuclei. No rhythm was detected in aging rats. SCN transplants restored a rhythm in CRH mRNA, but the timing was not precisely the same as in young animals. POMC mRNA exhibited a daily rhythm in young rats. Aging abolished the rhythm and decreased the average mRNA level; fetal transplants restored the rhythm, but the amplitude remained attenuated. These data are the first demonstration that fetal tissue can restore the diurnal rhythm of a neuroendocrine axis that is driven by the SCN. We conclude that the neuroendocrine substrate from the aging host remains capable of responding to diurnal cues to express diurnal rhythmicity in CRH/POMC mRNA when fetal SCN transplants confer the appropriate signals.
Technology transfer in US government and university laboratories: advantages and disadvantages for participating laboratories

Based on findings from a national survey of government and university R&D lab directors, the authors examine perceptions of advantages and disadvantages of technology transfer. Four points stand out. First, laboratory directors, regardless of sector, are generally optimistic about the payoffs of technology transfer. Second, there is surprisingly little difference between university and government laboratory directors' views. Third, the research mission of the laboratory is related to directors' assessments of the problems and benefits accruing from technology transfer activity. Finally, laboratories stressing development research encounter fewer disadvantages from technology transfer activity than those involved chiefly in basic or applied research oriented laboratories. The benefit most commonly cited by both government and university laboratory directors is increased public visibility for the laboratories' activities, and both indicate that the greatest problem is time taken away from the laboratories research activities. >
The case for ultraviolet light therapy in nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy—report of two cases and review of the literature

Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) is an emerging skin disease in patients with renal failure [1]. It is characterized by skin induration that affects the upper and lower extremities, and may progress to involve other areas of the body. Recent reports suggest that NFD may not be limited to the skin and could affect internal organs [2–5]. In all these patients, NFD appeared to be progressive and to affect vital organs including the heart and lungs. In one report, the patient apparently died from complications related to severe skin fibrosis involving the trunk and precluding dialysis catheter replacement [5]. Although there are no consistently effective therapies reported in the literature, ultraviolet light therapy in various forms, including photodynamic therapy and photopheresis has been recently reported to improve the disease [6–10]. Systemic lupus erythematosus was reported only recently to be a cause of renal failure in patients with NFD, and herein we extend this observation [11]. Ultraviolet light is known to exacerbate the cutaneous and perhaps even the systemic manifestations of lupus, which may deter clinicians from treating NFD with this form of therapy in lupus patients. Conversely, ultraviolet light therapy has been reported to improve lupus symptoms [12]. We report two patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to systemic lupus erythematosus who developed NFD and in whom ultraviolet light therapy, namely psoralen plus ultraviolet light A (PUVA) and extracorporeal photopheresis, resulted in significant improvement of NFD without exacerbation of their lupus symptoms. We then review the recent literature on NFD and summarize the published cases treated with the most successful therapies.
Formation of a highly ordered poly (N,N'-bis-phenoxyphenylpyromellitimide) powder using a high pressure curing technique

A high-pressure curing technique was developed to help determine the effects of solvent presence during the thermal curing of the polyimide poly (N,N'-bis-phenoxyphenylpyro-mellitimide) (PMDA-ODA). A powder form of this aromatic polyimide was produced from a polyamic acid solution using the high-pressure thermal curing technique. Preliminary characterization of the powder indicates a high degree of crystallinity with a measured density of 1.46 ± 0.01 g/cm3 and a distinct melting point of 594°C. The addition of chemical curing agents to the polyamic acid solution prior to thermal treatment reduced the amount of crystallinity observed in the cured material. Molecular weight measurements of the polyamic acid precursor and powder suggest that the high degree of order observed in the powder is a result of degradation during cure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.11
Motion capture assisted animation: texturing and synthesis

We discuss a method for creating animations that allows the animator to sketch an animation by setting a small number of keyframes on a fraction of the possible degrees of freedom. Motion capture data is then used to enhance the animation. Detail is added to degrees of freedom that were keyframed, a process we call texturing. Degrees of freedom that were not keyframed are synthesized. The method takes advantage of the fact that joint motions of an articulated figure are often correlated, so that given an incomplete data set, the missing degrees of freedom can be predicted from those that are present.
A parallel algorithm for standard cell placement

Summary form only given. The placement problem is an important issue in the design process of VLSI chips. It is necessary to have an optimum placement so that all electrical connections between cells are routed in a minimum area without violating any physical constraints. The ALOPEX algorithm can easily be implemented in a hierarchical SIMD parallel processing architecture. It requires simple processing elements which do not need to be fully interconnected to implement the algorithm. The ALOPEX algorithm has been shown, through computer simulations, to be applicable to solving the traveling salesman problem. Since the placement problem is similar to the traveling salesman problem, a method of applying the ALOPEX algorithm has been developed for the placement problem, and computer simulations have been performed. >
Clavicle fractures in the United States military: incidence and characteristics.

ABSTRACTBackground: Although it is generally known that clavicle fractures represent a common injury of the shoulder girdle in the general population, the true incidence in the active duty military population is unknown. Given the implications for such injuries on the ability to perform occupation-specific tasks, determining the incidence in the U.S. military population is worthwhile. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of clavicle fractures in the U.S. military and to identify any demographic risk factors for injury. Methods: We performed a query of the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database with the code from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, for clavicle fractures for the years 1999 through 2008. An overall injury incidence was calculated, in addition to multivariate analysis, to determine independent risk factors among the following demographic considerations: sex, race, branch of military service, rank, and age. Results: During the study period, a total...
In-vivo measurements of ultrasound attenuation in normal or diseased liver

Ultrasonic attenuation coefficients of liver have been derived from echoes received by a modified commercial B-scan imaging instrument. Values have been measured from selected regions within liver scans of 59 individuals, of which 15 cases were presumed normal (based on medical histories), and the remainder were involved with diffuse liver disease such as alcoholic cirrhosis, chemotherapy toxicity, chronic hepatitis, and liver metastases. Medical histories on most individuals include the results of serum liver function enzymes, conventional B-scan examinations, and exposure to drugs and alcohol. The results of CT abdominal scans (N = 13) and/or liver biopsy (N = 12) were also available. The results show that normal attenuation values for human liver are 0.054 +/- 0.009 Np/cm-MHz (0.47 dB/cm-MHz) with a frequency dependence of fn, where n = 1.05 +/- 0.25, in agreement with in vitro studies of mammalian liver. In diffuse liver disease, no relationship was found between the attenuation coefficient and the results of CT or conventional ultrasonic examination. A trend towards higher attenuation with increased fibrosis and fat, as graded from liver biopsies, was noted, but the results were generally not statistically significant. However, a significant correlation was found between high values of attenuation and abnormal liver function tests. High attenuation is also found with ingestion of alcohol, chemotherapeutic agents, and steroids, all of which may affect liver composition.
A dispersion management scheme for reducing SOA-induced crosstalk in WDM links

The penalty imposed on the multichannel wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) link employing cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) caused by the cross-gain modulation (XGM) in the SOAs is analyzed and shown to depend on the dispersion management scheme utilized in the link. Based on the results of the analysis, a novel dispersion management scheme is proposed to prevent the repetition of the bit patterns at each SOA stage. Numerical calculations show that with the proposed dispersion management scheme, the crosstalk is mitigated and the performance is significantly improved.
A biomechanical model of electroporation of a biological membrane

To describe the mechanism of the electroporation of a biological membrane, a biomechanical model of the critical potential difference /spl Delta//spl Psi//sub 0/ of electroporation has been developed, for a small membrane patch with an equivalent charge q, a mass m, a thickness L, on the positive or the negative side of a membrane and in a direct current pulse field. The model elucidates that: /spl Delta//spl Psi//sub 0/ is proportional to mL/sup 2//q/spl tau/o/sup 2/ and exp(/spl Delta/E/sub d//RT), where /spl tau//sub 0/ is the critical time width of the externally imposed electric pulse, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature of an electroporation system, /spl Delta/E/sub d/(>0) is a thermodynamic energy of molecules in the biological membrane and it has been defined as a net dragging energy between a patch and a membrane. By fitting two sets of experimental data (/spl Delta//spl Psi//sub 0/vs. T),-/spl Delta/E/sub d/ has been estimated in the range of noncovalent bonds (van der Weals, hydrogen and ionic interactions). This result is consistent with the current view of the cohesive forces in biological membranes. Using the model, a set of experimental data of /spl Delta//spl Psi//sub 0/ vs. /spl tau//sub 0/ can be quantitatively fitted well also.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN PRIVACY PREFERENCES

A normative study of differences in privacy preferences among men and women who lived in various areas of the United States was completed. A Privacy Questionnaire measured six dimensions of privacy: Reserve, Isolation, Intimacy with Family, Intimacy with Friends, Anonymity, and Solitude. The inventory was administered to 225 men and women college students from five geographical regions: Southwest, Midwest, Mountain States, West Coast, and Northwest. Significant and meaningful differences were found in the privacy preferences between men and women and among people residing in the various geographical regions.
The organic composition of Comet C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) I. Evidence for an unusual organic chemistry

Abstract We used the NIRSPEC instrument on the Keck-2 telescope atop Mauna Kea, HI to observe Comet C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) in a Target of Opportunity campaign on UT 2001 July 9.5, 10.5 August 4.4, 10.5. We measured seven organic parent volatiles (C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 2 , HCN, CH 4 , CO, CH 3 OH, H 2 CO) simultaneously with H 2 O. We obtained absolute production rates and relative abundances for parent volatiles, and also measured rotational temperatures for several of these species. The chemical composition of C/2001 A2 differs substantially from any comet we have observed to date. The abundances we measure (relative to H 2 O) for C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 2 , HCN, and CH 3 OH are enriched by a factor of ∼2 to 3 in C/2001 A2 compared with most comets in our database. Other molecular species were detected within the typical range of measured abundances. C/2001 A2 presented a unique opportunity to study the chemistry of a fragmenting comet where pristine areas are exposed to the Sun.
On the dimensionality of odor space

There is great interest in understanding human olfactory experience from a principled and quantitative standpoint. The comparison is often made to color vision, where a solid framework with a three-dimensional perceptual space enabled a rigorous search for the underlying neural pathways, and the technological development of lifelike color display devices. A recent, highly publicized report claims that humans can discriminate at least 1 trillion odors, which exceeds by many orders of magnitude the known capabilities of color discrimination. This claim is wrong. I show that the failure lies in the mathematical method used to infer the size of odor space from a limited experimental sample. Further analysis focuses on establishing how many dimensions the perceptual odor space has. I explore the dimensionality of physical, neural, and perceptual spaces, drawing on results from bacteria to humans, and propose some experimental approaches to better estimate the number of discriminable odors.