cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exemplary Program Evaluation and Review Technique (EXPERT) using projects

Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology's (ABET's) accreditation reform effort designed to foster effective "program evaluation" uses a set of criteria. This method allows programs to be flexible to many stakeholder needs. It also allows them to innovate while still maintaining a strong emphasis on educational quality. This process accreditation philosophy encourages "student outcomes" over mere "program inputs". The outcomes philosophy encouraged constructive interaction with program stakeholders to maintain competitive quality and relevance. Program Evaluation and Review Technique is outcomes based evaluation to examine the outcomes of projects and processes used in implementing student learning for accountability, effectiveness and continuous quality improvements. ABET uses all the seven items suggested below as indicators of "Program Evaluation", as a process. However, the reserved acronym for project evaluation and management is, "Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)". This paper addresses an Exemplary "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" (EXPERT) using projects, for the evaluation of outcomes and implementation of quality. Using an effective student project development from inception to implementation, the evidence is shown that, "outcomes assessment and the implementation of quality processes using student projects' learning outcomes are producing the desired innovation in educational programs".
Adaptive filters realized with nano-scale VLSI circuit technology

This paper investigates design strategies for achieving reliable performance in VLSI adaptive filters that are prone to transient errors due to increasingly smaller feature dimensions and supply voltages of the CMOS circuits. First it will be shown that stochastic search algorithms (e.g. Particle Swarm Optimization) have a natural resistance to transient errors. It is then shown how modular hardware based on residue number system (RNS) coding can be designed to more effectively manage transient errors in adaptive filters with stochastic search algorithms.
Economic dispatch of electric power systems with line losses

The authors present an overview of a method for calculating the economic generation dispatch using the power loss function and penalty factor for each plant. A generalized computer algorithm that uses an iterative solution of linearized cost functions to find the economic distribution of the power system generation is developed. The solution of the economic dispatch problem is based on Lagrangian multipliers and the transmission losses coupled with the generator cost functions. The transmission losses are obtained from the B loss coefficients, which approximate the system losses as a quadratic function of the real power generation. These B coefficients can be obtained by using the bus admittance matrix or the bus impedance matrix. An iterative method solves the nonlinear cost function by using the linearized cost functions with the system power loss functions. The final solution for economic dispatch problem is then obtained. A solution is presented for the example of the IEEE 18-bus system. >
Imaging diagnosis-pulmonary-tracheobronchial prolapse in a new Caledonian giant gecko (Rhacodactylus leachianus)

A 3-year-old male New Caledonian giant gecko, or Leach's gecko (Rhacodactylus leachianus) presented with acute lethargy and coelomic distention. Findings from survey radiographs and an upper gastrointestinal tract contrast study were consistent with severe aerophagia, a collapsed left lung, and hyperinflation of the right lung due to suspected bronchial obstruction. The gecko was treated with conservative medical management, but was found dead 5 days after presentation. Necropsy findings showed intussusception of the proximal left lung into the left mainstem bronchus and trachea.
The polycystic kidney disease-related proteins Bicc1 and SamCystin interact.

Mutations in either the Bicaudal-C or the Anks6 gene which encode the Bicc1 and SamCystin proteins 28 respectively cause formation of renal cysts in rodent models of polycystic kidney disease, however their 29 role in the mammalian kidney is unknown. Immunolocalization studies demonstrated that, unlike many 30 other PKD-related proteins, SamCystin and Bicc1 do not localize to the primary cilia of cultured kidney
Subcutaneous Unfractionated Heparin for Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in End-Stage Renal Disease

Objective:To report 3 cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with subcutaneous unfractionated heparin (UFH) bridged with warfarin.Case Summaries:Three patients with ESRD were successfully treated for VTE with unmonitored, fixed-dose subcutaneous UFH every 12 hours and doseadjusted warfarin. The first patient was initiated on continuous infusion UFH for deep-vein thrombosis, but due to poor vascular access, nurses were unable to consistently measure anti-Xa levels. Therefore, subcutaneous UFH 17,500 units (~245 units/kg/dose) every 12 hours was initiated. Oral warfarin 5 mg/day was started the following day. The patient received 4 days of inpatient subcutaneous UFH and then was discharged to complete the bridge as an outpatient. The second patient received subcutaneous UFH 10,000 units (~244 units/kg/dose) every 12 hours and oral warfarin 2.5 mg/day to treat a nonocclusive thrombus along her right femoral vein hemodialysis catheter. The patient receive...
The Jekyll and Hyde functions of caspases

Apoptosis is an ancient form of regulated cell death that functions under pathological and nonpathological contexts in all metazoans. More than a decade of intense research has led to extensive characterization of the core molecular mechanisms for apoptotic cell death. This includes the identification of a family of cysteine proteases, caspases, which are critical for the execution of apoptosis. Whereas completion of the proteolytic caspase cascade leads to elimination of a cell by apoptosis, caspase activation, when finely tuned, directs alternative cellular functions independent of cell death. Exciting recent developments have focused on uncovering nonapoptotic roles of caspases ranging from immune regulation to spermatogenesis, in highly specialized cellular frameworks.
From dislocation motion to an additive velocity gradient decomposition, and some simple models of dislocation dynamics

A mathematical theory of time-dependent dislocation mechanics of unrestricted geometric and material nonlinearity is reviewed. Within a ‘small deformation’ setting, a suite of simplied, but interesting, models, namely a nonlocal Ginzburg Landau, a nonlocal level set, and a nonlocal generalized Burgers equation are derived. In the nite deformation setting, it is shown that an additive decomposition of the total velocity gradient into elastic and plastic parts emerges naturally from a micromechanical starting point that involves no notion of plastic deformation but only the elastic distortion, material velocity, dislocation density and the dislocation velocity. Moreover, a plastic spin tensor emerges naturally as well.
Electromyogram as a Measure of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Fresh Water and Salt Water Mussels

The response of bivalves to heavy metals and other toxins has usually been determined by observing valve position (e.g., Davenport and Manley 1958; Borcherding 1992). Since mussels close their valves to avoid noxious stimuli, experimental delivery of chemicals is uncertain. To obtain constant results, Preston (1994 and personal communication) employed plastic spacers to hold the valves apart. This obviates the observation of valve position as an index of response, and some other method is required. Electromyography of intact mussels is one such index, and is shown to be a simple, effective and quantitative measurement of activity. Experiments are reported on the effects of added mercury on salt water and fresh water species. Parts of this work have appeared in brief form (Kidder and McCoy 1995).
Incomplete and Atypical Kawasaki Disease in a Young Infant: Severe, Recalcitrant Disease Responsive to Infliximab

This report describes a 7-week-old infant with incomplete and atypical Kawasaki disease, an acute vasculitis that predominantly affects infants and children. The patient was refractory to 2 doses of intravenous immunoglobulin and to high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone. He became afebrile only after 2 doses of infliximab. His prolonged, recalcitrant course was complicated by the development of peripheral gangrene and giant coronary artery aneurysms. Infants with incomplete and atypical Kawasaki disease are prone to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment failure and are at risk for the development of coronary artery aneurysms. In such patients, we suggest that consideration be given to early aggressive therapy with corticosteroids or infliximab added to intravenous immunoglobulin.
Ensembles in face recognition: tackling the extremes of high dimensionality, temporality, and variance in data

Random subspaces are a popular ensemble construction technique that improves the accuracy of weak classifiers. It has been shown, in different domains, that random subspaces combined with weak classifiers such as decision trees and nearest neighbor classifiers can provide an improvement in accuracy. In this paper, we apply the random subspace methodology to the 2D face recognition task. The main goal of the paper is to see if the random subspace methodology can improve the performance of the face recognition system given the high dimensional data, temporal, and distribution variant data. We used two different datasets to evaluate the methodology. One dataset comprises of completely unique subjects for testing, and the other dataset comprises of the same subjects (both in training and testing) but images in the test set are captured at different times under different conditions.
Agile logistics simulation and optimization for managing disaster responses

Catastrophic events such as hurricanes, earthquakes or floods require emergency responders to rapidly distribute emergency relief supplies to protect the health and lives of victims. In this paper we develop a simulation and optimization framework for managing the logistics of distributing relief supplies in a multi-tier supply network. The simulation model captures optimized stocking of relief supplies, distribution operations at federal or state-operated staging facilities, demand uncertainty, and the dynamic progression of disaster response operations. We apply robust optimization techniques to develop optimized stocking policies and dispatch of relief supplies between staging facilities and points of distribution. The simulation framework accommodates a wide range of disaster scenarios and stressors, and helps assess the efficacy of response plans and policies for better disaster response.
Three‐dimensional structure and kinetic features of reconnection exhaust jets

The structure of exhaust jets produced by a magnetic reconnection source region of width ∼3 RE in the out-of-plane direction is investigated with 3-D particle-in-cell simulations. The jet is found to separate into two segments, with the dawnward portion propagating ahead of, and expanding duskward in front of, the duskward one. In such conditions, an orbiting spacecraft would encounter repeated sharp Bz increases. Both segments exhibit east-west structures on scales of a few ion inertia lengths. The narrow Jy current sheets that produce the sharp Bz increases are associated with electron flows. The ion temperature components Tixx and Tiyy display markedly different behaviors, with the former exhibiting maxima both downstream and, in some locations, upstream of the front, while the latter exhibits maxima along the y extended front. The maximum load factor E·J at the front is several times larger in 3-D than in 2-D, is concentrated in numerous sub-ion-scale enhancements, and includes a significant ion dissipation contribution.
Prefrontal cortical regulation of brainwide circuit dynamics and reward-related behavior

Motivation for reward drives adaptive behaviors, whereas impairment of reward perception and experience (anhedonia) can contribute to psychiatric diseases, including depression and schizophrenia. We sought to test the hypothesis that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) controls interactions among specific subcortical regions that govern hedonic responses. By using optogenetic functional magnetic resonance imaging to locally manipulate but globally visualize neural activity in rats, we found that dopamine neuron stimulation drives striatal activity, whereas locally increased mPFC excitability reduces this striatal response and inhibits the behavioral drive for dopaminergic stimulation. This chronic mPFC overactivity also stably suppresses natural reward-motivated behaviors and induces specific new brainwide functional interactions, which predict the degree of anhedonia in individuals. These findings describe a mechanism by which mPFC modulates expression of reward-seeking behavior, by regulating the dynamical interactions between specific distant subcortical regions.
Altered pressor responses to NE and ANG II during cyclosporin A administration to conscious rats

Vasoconstriction and hypertension have been prominent during cyclosporin A (CSA) administration. To evaluate whether CSA modulates vascular responsiveness to pressor stimuli in the intact organism, CSA was administered via osmotic pump (10 and 20 mg.kg-1.day-1 ip vs. olive oil vehicle) for 2 wk. After 8 days, arterial pressure and dose-response relationships to norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and bradykinin were measured in conscious animals. Despite similar initial pressures, dose-response relationships were markedly attenuated to both norepinephrine and angiotensin II. Maximal responses were not affected, indicating a rightward shift without loss of peak effect. Vasodilation with bradykinin was not diminished. These changes were not evident after an acute CSA infusion at the same dose (10 mg.kg-1.day-1 over 2 h). Treatment with verapamil (0.505 mg/kg over 2 days) lowered basal arterial pressures but did not change the effects of CSA on pressor sensitivity. Despite attenuated pressor responses, renal vascular resistance was elevated and glomerular filtration diminished during CSA administration. These observations indicate that cyclosporin modifies vascular responsiveness to pressor stimuli in the rat and may explain the relative resistance of this species to cyclosporin-induced hypertension.
An antithyrotoxic factor for the rat not identical with vitamin B12.

SummaryGrowth was markedly reduced in hypothyroid rats fed purified rations containing casein as the dietary protein and sucrose as the dietary carbohydrate. The retardation in growth was completely counteracted by the administration of a water-insoluble fraction of liver. Crystalline vitamin B12 was ineffective. The protective factor in liver is distinct from any of the known nutrients including vitamin B12.
A Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection in Young Women

Background Although acute urinary tract infections are common in young women, the associated risk factors have not been defined prospectively. Methods We recruited sexually active young women who were starting a new method of contraception at a university health center or a health maintenance organization (HMO) and monitored them for six months for symptomatic urinary tract infections. Daily diaries and serial interviews were used to collect data on potential risk factors. Results Among 796 women, the incidence of urinary tract infections per person-year was 0.7 in the university cohort (mean age, 23 years; n = 348) and 0.5 in the HMO cohort (mean age, 29; n = 448). In both cohorts, there were strong dose–response relations between the risk of infection and both recent use of a diaphragm with spermicide (respective relative risks for one, three, and five days of use in the past week, 1.42, 2.83, and 5.68 in the university cohort, P<0.001; and 1.29, 2.14, and 3.54 in the HMO cohort, P = 0.04) and recent se...
Autoradiographic studies of antimitotic action of maleuric acid.

SummaryThe above results show that maleuric acid, at dosage level used, has at least 3 effects on cell cycle in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. It prevents incorporation of tri-tiated thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid, inhibits progression of premitotic cells into mitosis, and causes severe mitotic abnormalities which seem to result in a metaphase block.
Study on Processing of Induction Logging Signal and Its Application

The signal processing of induction logging is thoroughly studied, and the research results in recent ten years in the theories in signal processing of induction logging, the optimization design of filter, and the implementation of the processing of non-linear measurement are comprehensively stated. The limitation of the common geometrical factors is summarized; the idea of solving the problems in the optimization design of filter by related techniques and soft constrain methods is proposed; combining true resolution focusing with resolution matching greatly reduces the effects of borehole; adaptive non-linear processing of measurement is implemented. The results of this paper are applied to dual induction logging, high resolution induction logging, array induction image logging(AIT) and high resolution array induction log(HDIL).
Round-trip voronoi diagrams and doubling density in geographic networks

Given a geographic network G (e.g. road network, utility distribution grid) and a set of sites (e.g. post offices, fire stations), a two-site Voronoi diagram labels each vertex v∈G with the pair of sites that minimizes some distance function. The sum function defines the “distance” from v to a pair of sites s,t as the sum of the distances from v to each site. The round-trip function defines the “distance” as the minimum length tour starting and ending at v and visiting both s and t. A two-color variant begins with two different types of sites and labels each vertex with the minimum pair of sites of different types. In this paper, we provide new properties and algorithms for two-site and two-color Voronoi diagrams for these distance functions in a geographic network, including experimental results on the doubling distance of various point-of-interest sites. We extend some of these results to multi-color variants.
Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy in Pediatric Patients

Surgery has become an accepted treatment modality for carefully selected adults with intractable focal epilepsy. More recently, increasing numbers of pediatric patients with intractable epilepsy are also being referred for surgical consideration. Key elements of surgical candidacy include medically intractable focal epilepsy, a localized epileptogenic zone, and a low risk for new postoperative neurologic deficits. The most common etiologies of the epilepsies in pediatric surgical candidates are malformation of cortical development and low grade tumor but some patients with childhood onset temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis also present for early surgery. Based on results from several recent pediatric surgical series, the chance for favorable seizure outcome after surgery is not adversely affected by young age, with seizure-free postoperative outcome reported for 60% to 65% of infants, 59% to 67% of children, and 69% of adolescents, compared to 64% reported in a large, predominantly adult series. Some subgroups of patients have higher percentages of seizure-free outcome, including those with hippocampal sclerosis or low grade tumor. In addition to seizures, developmental issues are also a major concern in children with intractable epilepsy. Few quantitative data are available, but some anecdotal experience suggests that surgical relief of catastrophic epilepsy may result in resumption of developmental progression after surgery, although the rate of development often remains abnormal. In one series, best developmental outcomes were seen in patients with earliest surgery and highest level of preoperative development. For each patient, the timing of surgery must be carefully considered, based on a full assessment of the relative risks and benefits, derived from a detailed presurgical evaluation.
Skin Lesions and Other Associated Findings in Children with Abusive Head Trauma

When Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) is suspected, the presence of extracranial lesions can be a decisive factor in confirming the diagnosis. In this article, we briefly review and illustrate some of the skin lesions and other extracranial injuries frequently associated with AHT.
Editorial: Virtual Environments as Study Platforms for Realistic Human Behavior

As of 2013, US persons spend an average of 37 h per month using smartphone applications, another 27 h using the internet on personal computers, and 133 h watching live television (Nielsen, 2014). Coupled with the estimated 64% of US persons that own a smartphone (Pew, 2015), people are spending a large sum of their waking lives plugged into virtualized, but very real, software-mediated environments. In these cases, and where virtual environments (VEs) are meant to emulate the real-world for gaming and simulation, the psychological sciences now have an unprecedented opportunity to use them as mediums for understanding humans in the real-world (Bowers et al., 2008). VEs can be used to capture high fidelity data about human behavior in a way that far exceeds what can be captured in existing laboratory and daily experience research methods. The current challenge is to harness this data for observing and modeling how people use to manipulate their environment, forage for information, and work with people in organic, unstructured interactions. This research topic introduces new approaches and use-cases for how VEs can enhance the ecological validity of laboratory studies, and the generalizable study of human behavior in naturalistic, real-world environments, even though they may be virtual.
Dendritic growth shapes in kinetic Monte Carlo models

For the most part, the study of dendritic crystal growth has focused on continuum models featuring surface energies that yield six pointed dendrites. In such models, the growth shape is a function of the surface energy anisotropy, and recent work has shown that considering a broader class of anisotropies yields a correspondingly richer set of growth morphologies. Motivated by this work, we generalize nanoscale models of dendritic growth based on kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. In particular, we examine the effects of extending the truncation radius for atomic interactions in a bond-counting model. This is done by calculating the model's corresponding surface energy and equilibrium shape, as well as by running KMC simulations to obtain nanodendritic growth shapes. Additionally, we compare the effects of extending the interaction radius in bond-counting models to that of extending the number of terms retained in the cubic harmonic expansion of surface energy anisotropy in the context of continuum models.
PREVALENCE OF TRANSTHYRETIN CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE AND PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION USING THE 99MTC-PYROPHOSPHATE SCINTIGRAPHY

Background: The outcomes of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have remained largely unchanged. Myocardial transthyretin amyloid deposition (ATTR) has been found in autopsy studies in up to 30% of patients with HFpEF. The 99mTc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy (PYP) scan
Deficiency in DNA damage response, a new characteristic of cells infected with latent HIV-1

ABSTRACTViruses can interact with host cell molecules responsible for the recognition and repair of DNA lesions, resulting in dysfunctional DNA damage response (DDR). Cells with inefficient DDR are more vulnerable to therapeutic approaches that target DDR, thereby raising DNA damage to a threshold that triggers apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that 2 Jurkat-derived cell lines with incorporated silent HIV-1 provirus show increases in DDR signaling that responds to formation of double strand DNA breaks (DSBs). We found that phosphorylation of histone H2AX on Ser139 (gamma-H2AX), a biomarker of DSBs, and phosphorylation of ATM at Ser1981, Chk2 at Thr68, and p53 at Ser15, part of signaling pathways associated with DSBs, are elevated in these cells. These results indicate a DDR defect even though the virus is latent. DDR-inducing agents, specifically high doses of nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs), caused greater increases in gamma-H2AX levels in latently infected cells. Additionally, latently infected cells are...
Heat Exposure and Maternal Health in the Face of Climate Change

Climate change will increasingly affect the health of vulnerable populations, including maternal and fetal health. This systematic review aims to identify recent literature that investigates increasing heat and extreme temperatures on pregnancy outcomes globally. We identify common research findings in order to create a comprehensive understanding of how immediate effects will be sustained in the next generation. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guide, we systematically reviewed articles from PubMed and Cochrane Reviews. We included articles that identify climate change-related exposures and adverse health effects for pregnant women. There is evidence that temperature extremes adversely impact birth outcomes, including, but not limited to: changes in length of gestation, birth weight, stillbirth, and neonatal stress in unusually hot temperature exposures. The studies included in this review indicate that not only is there a need for further research on the ways that climate change, and heat in particular, may affect maternal health and neonatal outcomes, but that uniform standards for assessing the effects of heat on maternal fetal health also need to be established.
Dynamic connectivity modulates local activity in the core regions of the default-mode network

Segregation and integration are distinctive features of large-scale brain activity. Although neuroimaging studies have been unraveling their neural correlates, how integration takes place over segregated modules remains elusive. Central to this problem is the mechanism by which a brain region adjusts its activity according to the influence it receives from other regions. In this study, we explore how dynamic connectivity between two regions affects the neural activity within a participating region. Combining functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) in the same group of subjects, we analyzed resting-state data from the core of the default-mode network. We observed directed influence from the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the 10-Hz range. This time-varying influence was associated with the power alteration in the ACC: strong influence corresponded with a decrease of power around 13–16 Hz and an increase of power in the lower (1–7 Hz) and higher (30–55 Hz) ends of the spectrum. We also found that the amplitude of the 30- to 55-Hz activity was coupled to the phase of the 3- to 4-Hz activity in the ACC. These results characterized the local spectral changes associated with network interactions. The specific spectral information both highlights the functional roles of PCC–ACC connectivity in the resting state and provides insights into the dynamic relationship between local activity and coupling dynamics of a network.
More Global Cartels

The global price fixing cartels discovered and prosecuted in the late 1990s may be seen as the third great wave of such cartels in modern world economic history. While the history of ancient empires is replete with instances of state control over grain storage, long distance trade, and the distribution of food staples in urban areas, these took the form of state ownership or the regulation of private trade rather than unfettered private cartel behavior.1 Medieval European guilds incorporated many of the features of a cartel, but the power of such labor organizations did not extend beyond a city’s walls. The limited-liability companies that were given the task of exploiting areas of the world that were new to Europeans in the Age of Discovery did so with grants of monopoly by the state. However, these companies, far from forming joint ventures were usually at war with one another. It was not until the late 19th century that legal and economic conditions were ripe for the invention of private cartels that operated across national boundaries. Among those preconditions seems to be the limited-liability corporation, the establishment of foreign sales branches or subsidiaries, the telegraph and other electronic means of communication, modern methods of accounting and management controls, and the development of markets for homogeneous goods that are internationally tradable.
Orthogonal segment ligation

Orthogonal ligation is a convergent, amide-bond condensation strategy for two unprotected peptide segments regiospecific to a particular N-terminal amino acid. Conceptually, it is similar to other orthogonal strategies such as orthogonal protection, activation, and coupling used in chemistry to distinguish one functional group from another based on chemoselectivity. The ability of orthogonal ligation methods to avoid polymerization reactions may provide a tandem ligation scheme for coupling multiple peptide segments to further enhance the efficiency of convergent synthesis. To achieve the tandem ligation scheme using unprotected peptide segments without any protection or deprotection step, regioselectivity is required to distinguish one Nterminal amino acid from another during the sequential ligation steps. Over the past six years, our laboratory has developed a repertoire of orthogonal ligation methods toward this end [1-4]. These methods are based on two types of capture mechanisms: imine [1] and thioester [2,5]. Thiaproline ligation [1] is the first example demonstrating imine capture and the orthogonal ligation concept (Fig. 1). In aqueous conditions, this ligation employs an acyl segment carrying a glycoaldehyde ester 1 to capture an Nterminal (Nt) Cys segment 2a through an imine 3a, which rapidly tautomerizes to a thiazolidine ester 4a. The O-ester then rearranges to a stable amide bond, thiaproline (SPro) product 5a, at the ligation site. The thiaproline ligation is facile under aqueous conditions at pH 4 to 7. Although similar ligation reactions could occur with five other Nt-amino acids, including Nt-Ser 2b, -Thr 2c, -Trp 2d, -His 2e and -Asn 2f, these N-terminal amino acids do not readily undergo imine capture reaction in aqueous solutions and occur only slowly under non-aqueous conditions. This paper describes a new reaction condition for imine ligation with these six different N-terminal amino acids that leads to a thiaproline bond with Nt-Cys, an oxaproline bond with Nt-Ser or Nt-Thr, as well as other imidic bonds with NtTrp, Nt-His, and Nt-Asn (Fig. 1).
The Colonization Gradient and a Summary of the Archaeological Analysis

An examination of the distribution of settlement in colonial South Carolina should permit to observe the colonization gradient as a spatial phenomenon as the frontier expanded. The colonization gradient and its changing appearance as the colony expands may be illustrated by plotting the locations of central frontier settlements on a series of maps. To observe the colonization gradient as a process of change, an individual settlement that had attained the complexity of a frontier town or entrepot may be examined. If complete, data from such a site should yield evidence of the settlement's growth from a smaller dispersed settlement with a primarily domestic agricultural function to a larger settlement containing the multiple functions of an economic and political center. Only one such settlement has been extensively examined in South Carolina, the frontier town of Camden. This chapter presents material evidence from South Carolina highlighting that this region evolved as an insular frontier during the 18th century. These hypotheses were organized according to five subject headings, each of which deals with a separate aspect of the insular frontier process. The archaeological analysis produced data that support the test implications for each hypothesis, thereby demonstrating the occurrence of the insular frontier process.
Petri Nets and Manufacturing Systems

The purpose of this chapter is to define Petri nets and to introduce Petri net modeling in the context of manufacturing systems. The chapter begins with the formal definition of Petri nets and the properties of interest for manufacturing. This is followed by an example illustrating most of these concepts. Next, a methodology for modeling manufacturing systems with an example of its application is given. The example motivates the need for synthesis methods. Places of Petri nets are classified and additional concepts and assumptions are discussed to facilitate the presentation of the mutual exclusion theory developed later.
CHAPTER 25 – Interleukin-10

IL-10 is produced by many different cell types under a wide variety of stimuli. interleukin -10 (IL-10) is a key regulator of immune responses. Because of its ability to turn off cytokine production by T cells, IL-10 was originally described as a cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF). IL-10 receptor complex is expressed by many different immune and parenchymal cell types, and signal transduction is regulated by multiple other signaling pathways, and it is responsible for many different pathophysiological events. The chapter discusses a major area that delineates the immunomodulatory roles of IL-10 in important disease states, particularly autoimmune disease, transplantation, infection, and ischemia-reperfusion. The study is directed toward separating out the immunosuppressive from the immunostimulatory activities of IL-10. The biological spectrum of activity of vIL-10 versus cIL-10 suggests that it may be possible to channel the activity of IL-10 in the desired direction. The agonist and antagonist ligands remain to be discovered and characterized. The demonstration that IL-10 and IL-22 share the IL-10R2 subunit suggests an additional level of regulation through alternative heterodimers on the cell surface.
Gemsketch: Interactive Image-Guided Geometry Extraction from Point Clouds

We introduce an interactive system for extracting the geometries of generalized cylinders and cuboids from single-or multiple-view point clouds. Our proposed method is intuitive and only requires the object's silhouettes to be traced by the user. Leveraging the user's perceptual understanding of what an object looks like, our proposed method is capable of extracting accurate models, even in the presence of occlusion, clutter or incomplete point cloud data, while preserving the original object's details and scale. We demonstrate the merits of our proposed method through a set of experiments on a public RGB-D dataset. We extracted 16 objects from the dataset using at most two views of each object. Our extracted models represent a high degree of visual similarity to the original objects. Further, we achieved a mean normalized Hausdorff distance of 5.66% when comparing our extracted models with the dataset's ground truths.
Simulations of clean drops rising into a layer of dissolved surfactant

A computational study of clean drops rising into a layer of dissolved surfactant, modeling oil drops rising in the ocean, is presented. Drops are first accelerated by surface tension gradients before being slowed by accumulated surfactants on their surface.
Historical Thought and Historiography: Islamic Tradition

Islamic historiographic tradition developed across Muslim societies between the early eighth century and modern times, with a distinctive body of practices and forms owing little to those used in neighboring or preceding societies. History never became a formal discipline but was composed by self-taught amateurs, chiefly bureaucrats and religious scholars. Historical writing began with the biography of Muhammad and the controversial events of Islam's first decades, but eventually grew to encompass both history since the Creation and the events and notable persons of particular regions. In the twentieth century, Muslim historians have increasingly adopted the historiographic models of post-Enlightenment Europe.
Novel Stop Sign Detection Algorithm Based on Vehicle Speed Profile

Automated driving technology involves various modern in-vehicle systems that are designed to increase road traffic safety by helping drivers gain a better awareness of the road and its potential hazards as well as other drivers around them. Stop sign detection module is an integral part of these systems as it has great utility in automated or assisted driving applications. Although promising results have been achieved in the areas of stop sign detection and classification, these methods are heavily dependent on images and image processing algorithms and detection problem in the real world remains a challenging issue. In this paper, we propose a method to detect the stop sign, based on statistical analysis of data obtained by drive history, a project conducted by Ford Motor Company. Our detection algorithm is based on the speed profile where speed is zero or close to zero. Then, we apply clustering to our data set to extract the points with this common feature. In the end, results demonstrate that our algorithm can improve the stop sign detection efficiency and afford high precision where other algorithms are prone to failure.
Attachment and the Transition to Parenthood

In this chapter we discuss the transition to parenthood from the perspective of adult attachment theory. Attachment theory originated in the study of infants’ and children’s emotional bonds with caregivers. Several research groups have extended attachment theory into the study of both adults’ bonds of affection with particular relationship partners and their ways of relating to partners in general, called attachment styles. We focus on attachment styles and the way they relate to parents’ experiences during the transition. We first discuss attachment theory in general. Then we write about the problems that people with dysfunctional or insecure attachment styles encounter during the transition, and finally we present information about the change from insecure to secure attachment styles across the transition. The transition to parenthood is an interesting period of life for attachment theorists and researchers as it exposes the dysfunctional aspects of insecure attachment clearly. The most prominent dysfunctional effects of attachment styles arise among women who habitually fear that their relationship partners may abandon them or fail to provide support when needed (i.e., women with an anxious attachment style) and among men who typically shun intimacy and seek to maintain independence and autonomy in relationships (i.e., men with an avoidant attachment style). When they feel a lack of emotional support from their partners acutely, anxious women become deeply dissatisfied with their relationships. When they feel overburdened with responsibilities for childcare, avoidant men become equally dissatisfied. Perhaps the most interesting finding about the growth attachment security is that it can result from one’s own behavior, specifically one’s support for one’s relationship partner. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of new directions for the study of attachment theory during the transition.
Two iPSC lines generated from the bone marrow of a relapsed/refractory AML patient display normal karyotypes and myeloid differentiation potential.

Abstract Using iPSCs to study cancer has been complicated by the fact that many cancer cells are difficult to reprogram, which has been attributed to the genomic abnormalities present. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a complex disease that presents with various types of genomic aberrations that affect prognosis. Here we reprogrammed CD34+ cells from an AML patient containing a rare der(7)t(7;13) translocation associated with poor prognosis, who had relapsed and was refractory to current treatments. The generated AML-iPSCs displayed normal karyotypes and myeloid differentiation potential. These findings have implications for modeling and treating AML disease.
Extrapolated ADI Crank–Nicolson orthogonal spline collocation for coupled Burgers' equations

We use extrapolated alternating direction implicit Crank–Nicolson orthogonal spline collocation with splines of order r to solve the coupled Burgers' equations in two space variables and two unknow...
Chapter 8 – The Human Sexual Response

Previous chapters described how the human egg and sperm are formed and become mature. These gametes are then brought together during the sexual response cycle, which involves not only the mechanics of coitus (sexual intercourse), but also sexual arousal and other behaviors surrounding sexuality. This chapter discusses the response cycle in men and women and shows how malfunction of the cycle can occur. We also discuss gender identity and sex roles, and how hormones, pheromones, and drugs can influence our sex drive and the sexual response cycle.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

In a patient with abdominal aortic aneurysm and associated iliac artery occlusive disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia with periaortic lymph node mass, open repair was complicated by lymphatic leak in the groin. Management of lymphocutaneous fistula is described.
Technical Note: A data-driven method for estimating thecomposition of end-members from streamwater chemistryobservations

Abstract. End-Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) is a method of interpreting streamwater chemistry variations, and is widely used for chemical hydrograph separation. It is based on the assumption that the streamwater is a mixture of varying contributions from relatively time-invariant source solutions (end-members). These end-members are typically identified by collecting additional measurements of candidate end-members from within the watershed, and comparing these to the observations. This technical note introduces a complementary, data-driven method: Convex-Hull End-Member Mixing Analysis (CHEMMA), to infer the end-member compositions and their associated uncertainties from the streamwater observations alone. The method involves two steps. The first step uses Convex-Hull Non-negative Matrix Factorization (CH-NMF) to infer possible end-member compositions by searching for a simplex that optimally encloses the streamwater observations. The second step uses Constrained K-means Clustering (COP-KMEANS) to classify the results from repeated applications of CH-NMF to analyze the uncertainty associated with the algorithm. In an example application using the 1986 to 1988 Panola Mountain Research Watershed dataset, CHEMMA is able to robustly reproduce the three field-measured end-members found in previous research using only the streawater chemical observations. It also suggests the existence of a fourth end-member. Further work is needed to explore the constraints and capabilities of this approach.
Effect of Salts on TBAB Semi Clathrate Hydrate Formation: Application to Produced Water Desalination

Produced water (PW) is the water associated with crude oil production. It presents a huge environmental and economic problem in the oil and gas industry. Currently, the landfill is the primary disp...
A volume-ish theorem for the Jones polynomial of alternating knots

The Volume conjecture claims that the hyperbolic Volume of a knot is determined by the colored Jones polynomial. The purpose of this article is to show a Volume-ish theorem for alternating knots in terms of the Jones polynomial, rather than the colored Jones polynomial: The ratio of the Volume and certain sums of coefficients of the Jones polynomial is bounded from above and from below by constants. Furthermore, we give experimental data on the relation of the growths of the hyperbolic volume and the coefficients of the Jones polynomial, both for alternating and non-alternating knots.
Delay Gain Analysis of Wireless Multicasting for Content Distribution

In this work, we provide a comprehensive analysis of stability properties and delay gains that wireless multicasting capabilities, as opposed to more traditional unicast transmissions, can provide for content distribution in mobile networks. In particular, we propose a model and characterize the average queue-length (and hence average delay) performance of unicasting and various multicasting strategies for serving a dynamic user population at the wireless edge. First, we show that optimized static randomized multicasting (we call it ‘blind multicasting’) leads to stable-everywhere operation irrespective of the network loading factor (given by the ratio of the demand rate to the service rate) and the content popularity distribution. In contrast, traditional unicasting suffers from unstable operation when the loading factor approaches one, although it outperforms blind multicasting at small loading factor levels. This motivates us to study ‘work-conserving multicast’ policies next that always outperform unicasting while still offering stable-everywhere operation. Then, in the worst-case of uniformly-distributed content popularity, we explicitly characterize the scaling of the average queue-length (and hence delay) under a first-come-first-serve multicast strategy as a function of the database size and the loading factor. Consequently, this work provides the fundamental limits, as well as the guidelines, for the design and performance analysis of efficient multicasting strategies for wireless content distribution.
The dissociations of John Roberts: National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius and the discontents of judicial supremacy

The Supreme Court of the United States often finds itself at the center of political controversies due to the increased judicialization of value and policy matters. These controversies threaten the...
Increasing Self-efficacy in Mentoring Relationships for Aspiring Entrepreneurs in Community Colleges

Community colleges and universities increasingly offer entrepreneurial training to reach a larger portion of underrepresented students. This paper offers insights into what techniques mentors shoul...