cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doubling the chromosome number of bahiagrass via tissue culture

Crop improvement in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) is limited by apomixis in most natural tetraploids, however, diploid sexual types occur. Production of sexual tetraploids by chromosome doubling will allow hybridization with apomictic tetraploids. Diploid bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) embryogenic callus tissue was exposed to three concentrations of three antimitotic chemical agents, colchicine, oryzalin and trifluralin. Callus was generated to plants and ploidy was evaluated by stomata size, mitotic chromosome counts, and flow cytometry. A total of 310 plants were verified as tetraploid of 1,432 plants that reached transplanting size. All treatments yielded 4x plants. The mean percentage success over all treatments was 22%, with means of 31% for oryzalin, 24% for colchicine and 16% for trifluralin. The high rates of success indicate that all agents can be successfully used to double chromosome numbers in bahiagrass. The percentage of 4x plants ranged from 9% (20 μM trifluralin) to 43% (20 μM oryzalin). Several treatments adversely affected regeneration. Mitotic chromosome counts are difficult and labor intensive in bahiagrass. Therefore, leaf stomata measurements were used as a preliminary screen. Data gave a bimodal distribution with overlapping tails and based on chromosome counts would have given an error rate of 12%. Flow cytometry analysis of regenerated plants resulted in mean nucleus fluorescence distributions consistent with control diploid or tetraploid values. These values agreed with chromosome counts, and this method is recommended for determining bahiagrass ploidy level. Research goals and available resources should be taken into consideration when selecting a treatment for chromosome doubling in bahiagrass.
Budding Yeast SKP1 Encodes an Evolutionarily Conserved Kinetochore Protein Required for Cell Cycle Progression

The budding yeast SKP1 gene, identified as a dosage suppressor of a known kinetochore protein mutant, encodes an intrinsic 22.3 kDa subunit of CBF3, a multiprotein complex that binds centromere DNA in vitro. Temperature-sensitive mutations in SKP1 define two distinct phenotypic classes. skp1-4 mutants arrest predominantly as large budded cells with a G2 DNA content and short mitotic spindle, consistent with a role in kinetochore function. skp1-3 mutants, however, arrest predominantly as multiply budded cells with a G1 DNA content, suggesting an additional role during the G1/S phase. Identification of Skp1p homologs from C. elegans, A. thaliana, and H. sapiens indicates that SKP1 is evolutionarily highly conserved. Skp1p therefore represents an intrinsic kinetochore protein conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution and may be directly involved in linking kinetochore function with the cell cycle-regulatory machinery.
On the Objectives of Industrial Engineeringfrom the Perspectives of the Energy Efficiency

The focus of Industrial engineering has always been efficiency. While industrial engineering has contributed significantly to the improvement of productivity and quality of life, the objective function in the models used in industrial engineering normally measures of efficiency of products or processes. However, the efficiencies of products or services are normally indirect measures of quality of life. Therefore, this paper will illustrate some discrepancies between what we measure and what we need in some aspects of energy efficiency. In manufacturing, transportation, and services, energy efficiency has improved tremendously using the current measures in food processing, in fuel efficiency of cars and trucks, or in heating and air conditioning. However, the total energy consumption per capita in developed countries remains high. The improvement in products and processes may not be reflected in serving human needs. For example, while car fuel efficiency has improved many times in the last 100 years, commuting times become longer and longer. Commuting time is directly related to our livelihood in modern cities, as measured in some basic elements of Maslow's hierarchy of human needs. This paper intends to draw attention to the measure or objective function in optimizations through the perspectives of energy efficiency. We first gather information on improvements in energy efficiency in cars, food supply chains, and heating and air conditioning systems in commonly accepted measures. We will then contrast them with the improvements in satisfying human needs. The evidence reveals interesting food for thought for industrial engineering and for engineering and science in general. In addition, we developed an energy efficiency measure for commuting that is directly linked to our needs, demonstrated its usage with some examples, and provided ideas for future research. We hope our measure on energy efficiency in commuting would lead to new measures or objectives for industrial engineers in product design, manufacturing, transportation, process design, and city planning.
The discovery and structure-activity relationships of 2-(piperidin-3-yl)-1H-benzimidazoles as selective, CNS penetrating H1-antihistamines for insomnia.

Abstract A series of 2-(3-aminopiperidine)-benzimidazoles were identified as selective H 1 -antihistamines for evaluation as potential sedative hypnotics. Representative compounds showed improved hERG selectivity over a previously identified 2-aminobenzimidazole series. While hERG activity could be modulated via manipulation of the benzimidazole N1 substituent, this approach led to a reduction in CNS exposure for the more selective compounds. One example, 9q , retained a suitable selectivity profile with CNS exposure equivalent to known centrally active H 1 -antihistamines.
Surface analysis of BPA-polycarbonate/ poly(butylene terephthalate) blends by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to measure the surface composition of polycarbonate/ poly(butylene terephthalate) blends. The blend surface is enriched in PC compared to the bulk, with the surface PC/PBT ratio equal to about 1.6 times to bulk formation. For blends containing an impact modifier as a third component, the XPS spectra of the molded surface indicates that no impact modifier is present within the XPS sampling depth. A spectral simulation scheme improves the accuracy of the computed PC/PBT ratio over conventional data reduction schemes involving curve fitting.
Superheating and supercooling in normal- metal-plated superconductors☆

Abstract Supercooling and superheating have been observed for unplated and copper-plated indium spheres. The supercooling field is Hc3 for the unplated and Hc2 for the plated samples. The ratio Hc3/Hc2 increases with decreasing temperature. The superheating field is reduced by copper-plating.
Application of transmission electron detection to x-ray mask calibrations and inspection

Masks used for the manufacture of integrated circuits by x-ray lithography can be calibrated and inspected in a scanning electron microscope by using the transmitted electron detection mode. By their nature, these masks present a measurement subject unique from most (if not all) other objects in semiconductor processing because the support membrane is, by design, x-ray transparent. This characteristic can be used as an advantage in electron beam- based mask metrology since, depending upon the incident electron beam voltages, substrate composition and substrate thickness, the membrane can also be essentially electron transparent. The areas of the mask where the absorber structures are located are essentially x-ray opaque as well as electron opaque. Viewing the sample from a perspective below an x-ray mask can provide excellent electron signal contrast (depending upon the instrument conditions) between the absorber structure and the membrane. Thus, the mask can be viewed in the transmitted electron detection mode of the scanning electron microscope, and precise and potentially accurate dimensional measurements can be made. One unique advantage to this is that in the transmitted electron detection mode, the modeling of the electron beam\specimen interaction becomes far less difficult than in the modeling of typical secondary electron images of opaque objects. The inelastically scattered beam electrons and the low- energy secondary electrons can be excluded from the detector and, therefore, need not be accurately modeled. Therefore, absorber structure width (linewidth) measurement standards can be potentially calibrated with less difficulty and higher accuracy than standards calibrated by more conventional means. The transmitted electron detection mode is also useful, because of the high contrast of the image, for the determination of mask defects and high- density particle detection as well as for registration measurements.
Na-ATPase and NaK-ATPase activities in gills of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

A study of the thermal responses of Na-ATPase and NaK-ATPase activities in microsomes prepared from gill tissue of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) revealed further evidence that the two activities are distinct from one another. Arrhenius plots of the NaK-ATPase from sea water-adapted fish and the Na-ATPase from fresh water-adapted fish were linear (Fig. 4) with estimated activation energies of 19.5 and 7.7 kcal/mole, respectively. The Na-ATPase and NaK-ATPase both showed optimum activity at 45°C (Figs. 2 and 3). The Mg-ATPase from fresh water fish showed a distinct temperature optimum at 24°C (Fig. 1) while Mg-ATPase activity from sea water fish was optimum at temperatures of about 15–24 °C (Fig. 3). The Na+ dependence of the Na-ATPase and the NaK-ATPase was examined at an assay temperature of 37 °C (Fig. 5) and the results compared with those obtained at 13 °C. No apparent differences were noted for the Na-ATPase, but with the NaK-ATPase both theK0.5 for Na+ and optimum Na+ concentration increased at the higher assay temperature. Finally, evidence is presented showing the Na-ATPase to be distinct from Mg-ATPase activity in fresh water trout gill microsomes.
The use of the isotope Cr51 for studying destruction of red cells in healthy humans.

(1958). The Use of the Isotope CR51 for Studying Destruction of Red Cells in Healthy Humans. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 122-132.
Crystal-melt interface stresses: atomistic simulation calculations for a Lennard-Jones binary alloy, Stillinger-Weber Si, and embedded atom method Ni.

Molecular-dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations have been used to compute the crystal-melt interface stress $(f)$ in a model Lennard-Jones (LJ) binary alloy system, as well as for elemental Si and Ni modeled by many-body Stillinger-Weber and embedded-atom-method (EAM) potentials, respectively. For the LJ alloys the interface stress in the (100) orientation was found to be negative and the $f$ vs composition behavior exhibits a slight negative deviation from linearity. For Stillinger-Weber Si, a positive interface stress was found for both (100) and (111) interfaces: ${f}_{100}=(380\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mJ}∕{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ and ${f}_{111}=(300\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mJ}∕{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. The Si (100) and (111) interface stresses are roughly 80 and 65% of the value of the interfacial free energy $(\ensuremath{\gamma})$, respectively. In EAM Ni we obtained ${f}_{100}=(22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}74)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mJ}∕{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, which is an order of magnitude lower than $\ensuremath{\gamma}$. A qualitative explanation for the trends in $f$ is discussed.
An architecture to automatically store and update MEDLINE data for text mining

This paper discusses an architecture that is used in gene clustering based on functional keyword associations from MEDLNE abstracts. The architecture is designed to store the statistics of the words and documents and supports incremental updating of the statistics when a new batch of MEDLINE data becomes available. The data stored in the architecture are in a form ready to be used without a need for further calculations, thus reducing the time to run a query. The system is also intended to be used as a test bed to experiment with new algorithms.
Close but not committed? The multiple dimensions of relational embeddedness

Abstract This research addresses the complexity of embedded inter-firm ties. Based on both qualitative and quantitative data from field research in the computer motherboard manufacturing industry, this paper investigates the origins of close ties and committed relationships, and explores the relationships between these two dimensions of embedded inter-firm relationships. The results show that companies establish close relationships with their partners to resolve coordination uncertainty due to a high level of task interdependence in their exchanges, and that firms become more collaboratively committed when they seek to alter a disadvantaged power asymmetry. At the same time, the fieldwork found an underlying conflict between the embeddedness dimensions of closeness and commitment: too much closeness reduces a partner’s commitment. These findings have significant implications for the formation of embedded corporate ties as well as the effects of embeddedness on organizations.
Sexual Risk Behaviors by Relationship Type and Trauma History Among HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men

The association of trauma exposure and coping style to sexual risk behavior has yet to be fully examined in the context of primary and casual sexual partnerships. The current study assessed a high risk sexual behavior—unprotected anal intercourse (UAI)—in a high risk population of HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) with a history of trauma. Using audio computer-assisted self-interview technology, 132 HIV-positive MSM completed measures of trauma exposure, trauma symptoms, coping strategies, and sexual risk behavior. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that completing more years of education and having experienced sexual abuse were positively associated with UAI with casual partners. Additionally, use of active coping was negatively associated with UAI with casual partners and the final model significantly predicted variance in UAI with casual partners. However, no variables were significantly associated with UAI with primary partners, suggesting that sexual risk behavior with primary partners may be associated with factors not commonly assessed in risk prediction or prevention research. We discuss the results in the context of developing new or modifying existing interventions to address rates of sexual risk in the relationships of HIV-positive MSM.
Quantifying copepod kinematics in a laboratory turbulence apparatus

Abstract We describe application of a new apparatus that permits simultaneous detailed observations of plankton behavior and turbulent velocities. We are able to acquire 3D trajectories amenable to statistical analyses for comparisons of copepod responses to well-quantified turbulence intensities that match those found in the coastal ocean environment. The turbulence characteristics consist of nearly isotropic and homogeneous velocity fluctuation statistics in the observation region. In the apparatus, three species of copepods, Acartia hudsonica, Temora longicornis, and Calanus finmarchicus were exposed separately to stagnant water plus four sequentially increasing levels of turbulence intensity. Copepod kinematics were quantified via several measures, including transport speed, motility number, net-to-gross displacement ratio, number of escape events, and number of animals phototactically aggregating per minute. The results suggest that these copepods could control their position and movements at low turbulence intensity. At higher turbulence intensity, the copepods movement was dominated by the water motion, although species-specific modifications due to size and swimming mode of the copepod influenced the results. Several trends support a dome-shaped variation of copepod kinematics with increasing turbulence. These species-specific trends and threshold quantities provide a data set for future comparative analyses of copepod responses to turbulence of varying duration as well as intensity.
Heparin and small caliber polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in the carotid arteries of rats

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts having an internal diameter of 1 mm were implanted in the common carotid arteries of rats with or without the simultaneous application of various heparin regimens. Graft patency was determined from postoperative angiograms, and grafts that were patent 40 days after surgery were harvested for light microscopic examination. The level of anticoagulation produced by the various heparin regimens was measured in separate groups of rats and found to be clinically therapeutic. All of the grafts from rats that did not receive heparin were occluded at 24 hours. In the two groups of rats that received high doses of heparin, 5 of 10 and 4 of 11 grafts were patent 40 days postoperatively. There were no patent grafts three days postoperatively in the group receiving low doses of heparin. The grafts that were patent 40 days postoperatively had lumens that were completely lined with presumptive endothelial cells. Further laboratory experimentation is needed before PTFE small caliber grafts can be recommended for use in humans.
Exposure to nicotine enhances the behavioral stimulant effect of nicotine and increases binding of [3H]acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors.

Rats were given daily injections of nicotine sulfate in doses ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg. The behavioral effect of these injections was measured as locomotor activity in photocell cages. Repeated administration of the same dose to each rat resulted in an enhancement of the stimulant effect of nicotine. This enhanced behavioral effect was quite pronounced within 5 days of repeated injection. Tissue from the cerebral cortex of these rats, exposed to nicotine for 5 days, was assayed for binding of [3H]acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors. These relatively small doses of nicotine resulted in 18–26% increases in cortical nicotinic receptors, compared to saline-treated rats. Rats exposed to 0.2 mg/kg of nicotine for 5 days and then given saline for 7 days still showed an enhanced behavioral response to nicotine on the eighth day after exposure, and nicotinic binding in the cortex was still elevated. However, 21 days after exposure to nicotine both the behavioral response to nicotine and the binding values had returned to the same values as those of saline-treated rats. These data imply that the increased binding of [3H]acetylcholine to nicotinic sites and the enhanced behavioral effect of nicotine are functionally linked.
Characterization of chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) from alternative translation initiation.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to identify and characterize chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) from alternative translation initiation. The alternatively translated chicken MDA5 had an open reading frame of 3309 base pairs, shorter than the predicted chicken MDA5 sequence by 549 base pairs and longer than the recently published chicken MDA5 (GU570144) by 303 base pairs. The domain architecture was conserved among MDA5 molecules from various vertebrates. The alternatively translated chicken MDA5 shared high genetic identity to zebrafinch MDA5, but not to fish or mammalian MDA5. Various concentrations of chicken MDA5 transcripts were detected in different chicken tissues, with the highest concentration found in the intestine (1.4 × 10 10 copy/mg tissue). Chicken interferon (IFN-β) expression was dependent on the dose of pCDNA3.1-MDA5-long transfection in DF1 cells without double-stranded RNA stimulation. DF1 cells transfected with polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) had significantly ( p p > 0.05) changes in mRNA expression of chicken MDA5 and IFN-β. Chicken MDA5 mRNA level did not change significantly ( p > 0.05) in DF1 cells treated with imiquimod or bacterial DNA. The results indicate that although chicken MDA5 is phylogenetically different from mammalian MDA5, the domain architecture remains conserved. Chicken MDA5 can be detected in various tissues and functions to signal the activation of chicken IFN-β when overexpressing or being stimulated by poly(I:C).
The Oriskany in West Virginia

Commercial oil and gas possibilities from the Oriskany series of the Devonian in West Virginia were first demonstrated in 1918, but no commercial production was developed until 1930. In 1934-35 three fields, now having a proved area of 43,000 acres, were opened in Kanawha County. The Oriskany sandstone is a sheet deposit in West Virginia and underlies approximately three-fourths of the state from its outcrop along the eastern edge before it thins and disappears in the western part. The sand ranges in thickness from probably more than 200 feet in the northern part to an average of 40 feet in the producing fields. A very definite water table is present on the eastern margin of the gas belt. This is apparently trapped water, as rock pressures in the Kanawha County fields do not indicate hydrostatic control. The sand varies from coarse-grained (1. +millimeter) to fine-grained (0.1 millimeter) sand. Normally, the upper part of the sand is much coarser than the middle or lower section; however, alternate coarse- and fine-bedded sand is very common and is very sugges ive of cross-bedding. Calcium carbonate is the main cementing material in the sand, although near the western limits of deposition silica is the predominating cementing medium. Porosity in the proved fields ranges from 6.8 to 11 per cent. Open flows in the various fields range from 46,000 to 22 million cubic feet, with rock pressures varying from 1,100 to 1,940 pounds. Carbon dioxide and distillate are present in the gas in these fields. The carbon-dioxide content of the gas increases in wells high on the structure, while the distillate decreases. To date, 21 dry holes and 124 gas wells have been completed, and a daily open flow of 625,725,158 cubic feet developed. Anticlinal structure is of primary importance for production, but proper sand conditions are also necessary. Due to converge ce, anticlines, as expressed on the deeper horizons, are shifted from their surface or shallow subsurface location. The reflection seismograph has been a very valuable aid in checking the positions of these axes and will, no doubt, help materially in areas where water is thought to be present.
Gas exchange in San Francisco Bay

Gas exchange across the air-water interface is one of the most important processes controlling the concentrations of dissolved gases in estuarine systems. A brief review of principles and equations to predict gas exchange indicates that both current shear and wind shear are possible sources of turbulence for controlling gas exchange rates in estuaries. Rates of exchange determined by constructing a mass balance for radon-222 indicate that wind shear is dominant in San Francisco Bay. Because many estuaries have wind shear and current speeds comparable to this system, this conclusion may be true for other systems as well. A compilation of gas exchange rates measured in San Francisco Bay with those for other wind-dominated systems updates previous compilations and yields an equation for predicting gas exchange: $$ {K_L} = 34.6{R_V}{\left( {{D_{m20}}} \right)^{1/2}}{\left( {{U_{I0}}} \right)^{1.5}} $$ where R v is the ratio of the kinematic viscosity of pure water at 20° C to the kinematic viscosity of water at the measured temperature and salinity, Dm20 is the molecular diffusivity of the gas of interest at 20°C in cm2 s −1, U10 is the wind speed at 10 meters above the surface in m s−1, and KL is the liquid phase gas transfer coefficient in m d−1. This relationship fits the available field data within 20% for wind speeds between 3 and 12 m s−1. It is used to show that the residence time of dissolved oxygen in San Francisco Bay should range from 2 days during windy summer periods to as much as 15 days during calm winter periods. Because these times are short compared to time constants for other processes controlling oxygen distribution in this system, dissolved oxygen concentrations in San Francisco Bay are usually near atmospheric equilibrium. Other systems, such as Chesapeake Bay, may differ. There, despite ample air-water gas exchange rates, some bottom waters become anoxic during summer months due to slow vertical mixing.
Dimensions of power and IS implementation

This paper analyzes the failure of an initiative of the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and Public Safety. It argues that an inability to understand power relationships during systems analysis, design, and implementation has serious implication on the well being of an organization and its business processes; thus, it is a key factor in IS's project failure. The argument is conducted by evaluating various dimensions of power. Lessons are drawn that return to the importance of considering organizational power issues in implementing a successful computer-based system and in realizing an information technology enabled strategic change initiative.
R70-14 Some Results on Cascade Decomposition of Automata

The automaton decomposition procedure described by Zeiger1 does not necessarily yield a unique cascade decomposition of a given machine M. This paper describes some characteristics of the machines in any such decomposition of M which may be predicted by examining states of M that are permuted under some input sequence x. The principal results fall into three main categories: cascade consequences of tapes which permute proper subsets of QM, the sate set of M; consequences of symbols which permute QM; and the decomposition of definite automata.
Exercise, aging, and Alzheimer disease.

tality, 2,3 improved cardiovascular health, 4–6 reduced falls, 7 enhanced physical function, 8–10 reduced depression, and enhanced well-being. 11,12 These benefits have been observed in patients with specific chronic conditions, including arthritis, 13 diabetes, 14–17 and cardiovascular disease. 18,19 A paper in this issue of Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders provides data suggesting that exercise may play a role in reducing the risk of cognitive decline. As the authors note, the evidence of a beneficial effect of exercise in reducing cognitive decline is mixed. The main question in interpreting the results of observational studies is related to the well-known difference at baseline between persons who exercise and sedentary persons— especially the tendency for persons to naturally become more sedentary as they experience greater physiologic decline—either due to age or the development of a chronic disease. This tendency would confound the relationship between exercise and cognitive decline. Furthermore, most randomized trials of exercise and cognition are not long enough or large enough to demonstrate an enduring benefit on age-related cognitive decline, let alone whether exercise might reduce the incidence of a chronic neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer disease (AD). In our judgment, there are several interesting questions that suggest themselves from the paper in this month’s issue of Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders: “Exercise level and cognitive decline: The MoVIES Project.” The first is the mechanism by which exercise might reduce the rate of decline. One mechanism is the fact that exercise does reduce the risk of vascular disease. As more research indicates that traditional vascular disease risk factors are associated with AD, it is logical to expect that exercise could exert its effects as a protective risk factor through this mechanism. Results from animal models have shown positive effects of exercise on a wide range of brain health and function. 20–22 A recently published study, 23 based in part on work from animal models, suggests that exercise and aerobic fitness may have a more direct effect on brain tissue loss in aging humans. This study examined the relationship between aerobic fitness and variations in brain tissue density on high-resolution MRI scans in 55 adults 55 years of age and older. They found the expected declines in tissue densities as a function of age in the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. In addition, and “more importantly,”
The rush to inscribe: Reflections on the 35th Session of the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO Paris, 2011

This paper describes new developments and deliberations at the 35th Session of the World Heritage Committee in Paris in June 2011. One of the most striking aspects of this year’s meetings was the vocal challenge to the expert status and authority of the Advisory Bodies (ICOMOS and IUCN) by the Committee in making recommendations for site inscription. By the end of the meetings they had overturned 22 of the Advisory Body recommendations previously presented in the Draft Decision. Many of those challenges reflect a broader desire to inscribe properties within nations that have been historically underrepresented on the World Heritage List. I also suggest, however, that long-standing political allegiances and new socioeconomic alliances were key factors in voting trends, while heritage sites themselves and their specific requirements received less substantive discussion. The ramifications of these developments for States Parties and communities in terms of site conservation and management can only be assessed in years to come.
A paleomagnetic pole position from the folded Upper Devonian Catskill red beds, and its tectonic implications

Stable paleomagnetic components in the Upper Devonian Catskill red beds yield a pole position at lat 43.5°N, long 124.2°E (A 95 = 4.5°). On the basis of results from a regional fold test on a collection of 54 samples from nine sites in the central Appalachians, we conclude that the magnetization predates folding and is therefore pre-Permian in age. This Catskill pole is similar to previously published Devonian poles obtained from flat-lying formations of cratonic North America. The positive fold test of the Catskill red beds is the first for rocks of Devonian age from the North American craton and eliminates the possibility that a Permian remagnetization occurred. Some samples, moreover, contained antiparallel characteristic magnetizations of both normal and reversed polarity, which further strengthens the arguments for a Late Devonian age of the magnetization. The Devonian poles of cratonic North America are, as previously noted by Kent and Opdyke, significantly different from Late Devonian poles of the New England-Canadian Maritime province area. This suggests the possibility that after Late Devonian time, the New England-Maritime province underwent sinistral strike-slip movements relative to cratonic North America.
Self-Esteem and Dishonest Behavior Revisited

Abstract Research within the framework of cognitive consistency theory has generally shown that high self-esteem is a deterrent to dishonest behavior. The degree to which this relationship holds across subject sex is unclear, however, because available studies have produced contradictory findings. The present study examined whether the esteem/honesty relationship would be specified by subject sex when focusing on a behavior that is unquestionably more dishonest than behavior studied in prior research, namely, actual cheating on a classroom exam. The findings indicated a significant deterrent effect of high self-esteem for women but not for men. The results are interpreted as supporting the sex-role socialization explanation advanced by Mussen, Rutherford, Harris, and Keasey (1970), who found similar results in a more contrived experimental arrangement.
Metamaterial broadband angular selectivity

We present a method that achieves light selection based purely on the angle of propagation, by tailoring the overlap of the bandgaps of multiple one-dimensional photonic crystals, each contains metamaterial and with a different periodicity.
Simulation of hybrid computer architectures: simulators, methodologies and recommendations

In the future, high performance computing systems may consist of multiple multicore processors and reconfigurable logic coprocessors. Industry trends indicate that such coprocessors will be socket compatible to microprocessors and will be integrated on existing multiprocessor motherboards without any glue logic. Due to these trends, it is likely that such hybrid computing machines will be a breakthrough for various High Performance Computing (HPC) applications. It is essential to investigate the computer architecture of such hybrid computing machines that utilize reconfigurable logic coprocessors as application accelerators in a HPC system. Simulation can be used to aid this architectural research and guide design space exploration. In this paper, we first present a representative architecture for future hybrid computing machines. Next we present a survey of existing simulators and simulation methodologies for simulation of components of hybrid computing systems. FInally, we present some of the challenges and recommendations to encourage research in hybrid computing machines and their simulators.
In Pursuit of the Public Interest

What does the injunction “serve the public interest” really mean for public managers, and why is it important? By way of an answer, this analysis systematizes different perspectives on the public interest and offers a multifaceted formulation of the public manager’s duty. It is a process involving the exploration of two concerns—democracy and mutuality—in the current time frame and two others—sustainability and legacy—in the future time frame.
Coherent Spin Manipulation in Molecular Semiconductors: Getting a Handle on Organic Spintronics

Organic semiconductors offer expansive grounds to explore fundamental questions of spin physics in condensed matter systems. With the emergence of organic spintronics and renewed interest in magnetoresistive effects, which exploit the electron spin degree of freedom to encode and transmit information, there is much need to illuminate the underlying properties of spins in molecular electronic materials. For example, one may wish to identify over what length of time a spin maintains its orientation with respect to an external reference field. In addition, it is crucial to understand how adjacent spins arising, for example, in electrostatically coupled charge-carrier pairs, interact with each other. A periodic perturbation of the field may cause the spins to precess or oscillate, akin to a spinning top experiencing a torque. The quantum mechanical characteristic of the spin is then defined as the coherence time, the time over which an oscillating spin, or spin pair, maintains a fixed phase with respect to the driving field. Electron spins in organic semiconductors provide a remarkable route to performing "hands-on" quantum mechanics since permutation symmetries are controlled directly. Herein, we review some of the recent advances in organic spintronics and organic magnetoresistance, and offer an introductory description of the concept of pulsed, electrically detected magnetic resonance as a technique to manipulate and thus characterize the fundamental properties of electron spins. Spin-dependent dissociation and recombination allow the observation of coherent spin motion in a working device, such as an organic light-emitting diode. Remarkably, it is possible to distinguish between electron and hole spin resonances. The ubiquitous presence of hydrogen nuclei gives rise to strong hyperfine interactions, which appear to provide the basis for many of the magnetoresistive effects observed in these materials. Since hyperfine coupling causes quantum spin beating in electron-hole pairs, an extraordinarily sensitive probe for hyperfine fields in such pairs is given.
Electoral competition and digital development in India and South Africa

In the last decade many developing country governments made efforts to improve service delivery and access to information through the use of new information and communication technologies (ICTs). The character of these efforts, however, varies widely both across and within countries, resulting in continued inequality to access. What incentives influenced the initiation of these projects? How might variation in these incentives have affected the projects themselves? To answer these questions I compare the efforts of sub-national governments in India and South Africa to implement ICT-enabled service centers. In particular I consider what factors led to the implementation of ICT initiatives in urban versus rural areas. I find that politicians use ICT projects to achieve specific electoral goals and thus electoral conditions, specifically the character of political competition and ruling party support bases, can help to explain decisions to implement service centers for rural or urban populations. I use the cases of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in India and the Western Cape and Gauteng in South Africa to illustrate this argument.
Determination of the Inactivating Alterations in Two Mutant Alleles of the Neurospora crassa Cross-Pathway Control Gene cpc-1

cpc-1 is the locus specifying what is believed to be the major trans-activating transcription factor that regulates expression of amino acid biosynthetic genes subject to cross-pathway control in Neurospora crassa. Mutants altered at this locus are incapable of the global increase in gene expression normally seen in response to amino acid starvation. Using polymerase chain reaction methodology we have cloned and sequenced the inactive mutant allele, cpc-1 (CD15). The cpc-1 (CD15) mutation was found to be a single base pair deletion in codon 93 of the cpc-1 structural gene. A second, presumed lethal, allele, cpc-1 (j-5), also was investigated. Northern analyses with strains carrying the cpc-1 (j-5) allele revealed that no cpc-1 mRNA is produced. Southern and genetic analyses established that the cpc-1 (j-5) mutation involved a chromosomal rearrangement in which a break occurred within the cpc-1 locus, normally resident on linkage group VI; a small fragment from the left arm of linkage group VI, containing the cpc-1 promoter region and ylo-1, was translocated to the right arm of linkage group I. Other studies indicate that the cpc-1 locus itself is not essential for viability. Lethality previously attributed to the cpc-1 (j-5) mutation is due instead to the production of progeny that are deficient for essential genes in an adjoining segment of linkage group VI. Molecular characterization of cpc-1 (j-5) X ylo-1 pan-2 duplication progeny indicated that cpc-1 is normally transcribed towards the linkage group VI centromere.
Strategic Frameworks of Ethic Management in MNEs: Theoretical Discussions and Model Development

Our proposed framework of strategic ethics management is assumed to improve both economic and ethical goals of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). Especially, we considered financial values of these two mutually exclusive objectives so that this framework will allow MNEs to consider financial performance of business operations and ethical business conducts. With positive correlation between ethical business conducts and long-term financial performances, the strategic ethics management should be able to use business ethics as competitive advantages in global operations to increase long-term profitability.
Magnetoelastic bandwidth compression

A bandwidth compression process is described which uses the magnetoelastic normal modes of a ferrimagnetic crystal as independent subharmonic oscillators. The critical power level and mode density for this process are discussed and dynamic range is shown to be strongly dependent upon crystal geometry. Measurements have been made on a device with a 60-MHz input frequency and a 30-MHz output frequency. Spectrograms of voice signals before and after two-to-one bandwidth compression are presented and the possibility of obtaining bandwidth expansion is discussed briefly.
The Dynein Gene Family in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

To correlate dynein heavy chain ( Dhc ) genes with flagellar mutations and gain insight into the function of specific dynein isoforms, we placed eight members of the Dhc gene family on the genetic map of Chlamydomonas. Using a PCR-based strategy, we cloned 11 Dhc genes from Chlamydomonas. Comparisons with other Dhc genes indicate that two clones correspond to genes encoding the alpha and beta heavy chains of the outer dynein arm. Alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences spanning the nucleotide binding site indicates that the remaining nine clones can be subdivided into three groups that are likely to include representatives of the inner-arm Dhc isoforms. Gene-specific probes reveal that each clone represents a single-copy gene that is expressed as a transcript of the appropriate size (>13 kb) sufficient to encode a high molecular weight Dhc polypeptide. The expression of all nine genes is upregulated in response to deflagellation, suggesting a role in axoneme assembly or motility. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms between divergent C. reinhardtii strains have been used to place each Dhr gene on the genetic map of Chlamydomonas. These studies lay the groundwork for correlating defects in different Dhc genes with specific flagellar mutations.
Ecology of Red‐Tailed Hawk Predation in Alberta

The Red—tailed Hawk population on a 60—mile2 (156—km2) area in central Alberta was studied during 1965—68. This migratory population was present from early April to September each year. Breeding red—tails occupied open and forested habitats with equal facility, taking prey species from all cover types associated with nesting sites. Mammals, chiefly Richardson's ground squirrels and snowshoe hares, comprised 66% of total prey biomass taken by red—tails; waterfowl comprised 18%. Representation of meadow voles in the red—tail diet reflected annual variations in vole densities, but there was no consistent relationship between snowshoe hare and Ruffed Grouse densities and their utilization by red—tails. Numbers of adult red—tails resident on the study area varied little from year to year, and nesting success was not directly related to changes in cyclic hare and grouse populations. Red—tails took between 1.9 and 7.0% of the adult hares, and 0.3—0.8% of the juveniles on the study area during mid—April through August, 1966—68. Estimates of red—tail predation on Ruffed Grouse over this same period were 1.4 to 5.1% of adults, and 0.9 to 2.2% of juveniles. Calculated losses of Richardson's Ground squirrels to Red—tailed Hawks during 1967 and 1968 ranged from 22 to 60% in three populations. Losses of adults were especially high, and may have exceeded 90% in one instance. Adult male ground squirrels were significantly more vulnerable than adult females.
The What, When, and Why of Phonetics in Learning French Pronunciation*

French in America, and a bugbear for others, although the term phonetic method in the study of a language was born for the public at large about fifty-two years ago. In these fifty-two years there have been thirteen high-school and thirteen college generations, in which the phonetic method in learning French pronunciation in our schools could have not only been born, but also passed from childhood to adolescence and to adulthood. But the great mass of our teachers, like the teachers in other countries, are so strongly chained to the slavery of traditional methods of language teaching that the phonetic method is still in its infancy in our midst. If it is not growing fast among us, however, it is being pushed ahead somewhere else. We read, for example, in the Instructions du 2 septembre, 1925, relatives aux programmes de l'enseignement secondaire dans les lycees et colleges of France, the following information in regard to the teaching of foreign languages in that country: "We cannot understand at present why professors of foreign languages continue to ignore phonetics. It should be the guardian of their good pronunciation. Does this mean that the time has come to require the universal use of it in the classes? We do not think so, for, since phonetics is not taught in all universities, all candidates for teaching and young professors are not prepared for it. Certain masters find in phonetics a very precious help in teaching pronunciation; others, by the unwise use of the international transcription, have rendered their task discouraging and more difficult. On the whole, we cannot recommend it too highly to teachers."' As to the teaching of the pronunciation of foreign languages in Germany, we shall quote from the "Suggestions" given a few years ago by the Prussian Superintendent of Schools to the teachers
Design and integration of novel SCR-based devices for ESD protection in CMOS/BiCMOS technologies

Robust and novel devices called high-holding low-voltage trigger silicon controlled rectifiers (HH-LVTSCRs) for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection of integrated circuits (ICs) are designed, fabricated and characterized. The S-type current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the HH-LVTSCRs are adjustable to different operating conditions by changing the device dimensions and terminal interconnections. Comparison between complementary n- and p-type HH-LVTSCR devices shows that n-type devices perform better than p-type devices when a low holding voltage (V/sub H/) is allowed during the on-state of the ESD protection structure, but when a relatively high holding voltage is required, p-type devices perform better. Results further demonstrate that HH-LVTSCRs with a multiple-finger layout render high levels of ESD protection per unit area, applicable in the design of ICs with stringent ESD protection requirements of over 15 kV IEC.
Transient plasma ignition

This paper presents images of transient plasma applied in varied circumstances to fuel ignition and subsequent combustion. The transient plasma occurs during the formative phase of an arc discharge, and persists for /spl ap/50 ns. The results demonstrate that transient plasma ignition initiates combustion efficiently, produces excited species distinct from traditional spark ignition, and that for some applications, including reduced delays to ignition, the approach is advantageous.
UPLAND FOREST VEGETATION OF THE OZARK MOUNTAINS IN NORTHWESTERN ARKANSAS

Abstract Quantitative data on structure and composition of all strata of vegetation were collected from 20 study sites in the Boston Mountains Subsection of the Ozark Mountains of northwestern Arkansas in June 2004. All study sites were located at upper slope or ridgetop positions and occurred at elevations > 457 m. Oaks (Quercus spp.) were dominants in the tree stratum (stems ≥ 10 cm DBH) for all 11 sites located 590 m. In these higher elevation sites, various other species, including sugar maple (Acer saccharum), were relatively more important. Hickories (Carya spp.) were consistently present but usually achieved dominant or codominant status only at higher elevations. Dogwood (Cornus florida) and red maple (A. rubrum) were the two most important species represented in the small tree (stems ≥ 2.5 cm but < 10 cm DBH) stratum. The Ozark data set was compared with data obtained from a series of topographically similar study sites in the central Appalachian Mountains of easter...