cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Participation in some sports, not running, increases risk of knee and hip osteoarthritis

The rates of reduction of hip replacement (an end-stage treatment of hip OA) were 35.1%, 50.4%, and 38.5%, respectively. These data, combined with the body mass index (BMI) data of the runners, suggest that running reduced OA and hip replacement risk partially due to the lower BMI associated with runners. Furthermore, the study showed that increased running speed, distance, or years of running did not increase OA risk, but seemed to increase risk of hip replacement. The results also demonstrated that running presents no increased risk for OA compared to walking. The author argued that running may decrease OA more than walking due to the larger percentage of runners (89.5%) who exceeded 1.8 MET-h/day compared to walkers (52.8%). However, the study did not report jointspecific OA in the runners. This prospective cohort study has a large sample size, exceeding the number of surveyed runners 10 times compared to the number of runners surveyed in all previous cross-sectional running studies combined. 3 OA risks associated with participation in other vigorous sports are not clearly evidenced and consistent in the literature. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of sport activities on OA predictions (hip, knee, and ankle) provide some new insight. 4 The review, which initially identified 1294 studies and included 43 qualified studies according to a pre-defined set of criteria, included studies that had a large variation in the number of participants (16e8000) and duration of the study period (30 monthse40 years). Regarding the relationship between OA and sport activity, 12 papers met the inclusion criteria, including two retrospective cohort studies, two case series studies, seven caseecontrol studies, and one cross-sectional study. Either radiographic or magnetic resonance imaging was used to define OA in most of the studies; questionnaire, physician diagnosis, and selfreported pain and disability were also used in some of the studies. It was reported that participation in team sports was a risk factor for knee OA onset prior to 45 years of age. 5 One study identified participation in soccer as a risk factor for knee OA 6 while another study did not identify it as a risk factor. 7 Females had an increased risk of developing knee OA compared to males when participating in gymnastics or Kung Fu. 8 A caseecontrol study showed that an increased risk of developing knee OA was associated with participation in soccer, ice hockey, and tennis, but not in track and field, skiing, and orienteering. 9 However, after adjustment for knee
Overcoming health care disparities via better cross-cultural communication and health literacy

Health care disparities have multiple causes; the dynamics of the physician-patient encounter is one of the causes that can be modified. Here, we discuss specific recommendations related to cross-cultural communication and health literacy as practical steps to providing more equitable health care to all patients.
Detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus using recombinant gag proteins

The coding sequences of the core proteins p17 and p28 of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and cloned into the plasmid expression vector p-GEX-2T. Both p17 and p28 were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase. The recombinant proteins were affinity purified from induced bacterial lysates using glutathione-agarose beads. The purified proteins were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies against CAEV in goat sera and milk samples. Three different ELISA tests were developed based on p17, p28 or the combination of these two recombinant proteins (p17+p28). A comparison was made to an ELISA based on purified whole virus particles and to agar immunodiffusion test (AGID). Sera with conflicting results in the different ELISA tests were examined by Western blotting. There was a high correlation between the ELISA tests based on p17+p28 recombinant proteins and whole virus ELISA, with an estimated κ value of 0.92. Only 72–75% of the sera that tested positive in these two ELISA tests were positive in AGID. Antibodies to CAEV were detected in significantly more animals when serum samples were tested compared to milk samples. Based on the time and materials required to prepare the reagents, the recombinant based ELISA test was less expensive than the whole virus ELISA.
Study of magnetic fields from power‐frequency current on water lines

The magnetic fields from power-frequency current flowing on water lines were investigated in a new approach that involved an area-wide survey in a small town. Magnetic fields were measured outside the residence under power cables and over water lines, and each residence was characterized as to whether it received water from a private well or the municipal water system. The magnetic field data revealed two statistical modes when they were related to water supply type. The data also showed that in the case of the high mode, the magnetic field remained constant along the line formed by power drop wires, at the back of the house, and the water hookup service, in front of the house, all the way to the street. The patterns are explained by the coincidence of measurement points and the presence of net current flowing on power mains, power drop conductors, residential plumbing, water service hookups, and water mains. These patterns, together with other characteristics of this magnetic field source, such as the gradual spatial fall-off of this field and the presence of a constant component in the time sequence, portray a magnetic field more uniform and constant in the residential environment than has been thought to exist. Such characteristics make up for the weakness of the source and make net current a significant source of exposure in the lives of individuals around the house, when human exposure to magnetic fields is assumed to be a cumulative effect over time. This, together with the bimodal statistical distribution of the residential magnetic field (related to water supply type), presents opportunities for retrospective epidemiological analysis. Water line type and its ability to conduct power-frequency current can be used as the historical marker for a bimodal exposure inference, as Wertheimer et al. have shown.
Increasing stability with complexity in a system composed of unstable subsystems

Abstract We examine stability of Hoffman's symmetric model of the immune system x = S i − x i ∑ j=1 n K ji x j ; x i > 0; i= 1,2, …, n; (1) where Si > 0, Kij = Kji ⩾ 0. This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions on {Si} and {Kij} for Eq. (1) to have a unique, stable, steady-state solution. Determining existence of a steady-state solution requires a theorem delimiting the range R of a function F: D ⊆ Rn → R ⊆ Rn, where D is a (possibly proper) subset of Rn. This theorem may be new. If off-diagonal elements {Kij: i ≠ j} are non-zero with probability C and 0 T(n) = (ϱ + 1) 2 ϱ ln n n (2) As n → ∞, C T(n) → r > 1 implies P(n, C) → 0 . If we set {Kii = 0; i = 1, 2,…, n}, this result shows that accumulating more unstable subsystems increases the probability of stability of this system.
Alternative modes of self-cleavage by newt satellite 2 transcripts.

Abstract Synthetic transcripts of satellite 2 DNA from the newt undergo self-catalyzed cleavage in vitro. In this report we present evidence that there are at least two distinct modes of satellite 2 transcript self-cleavage. In one mode, a single cleavage domain folds into a structure which cleaves at a slow rate. This structure may be analogous to, or a variant of, the 'hammerhead' structure believed to be active during the self-cleavage of a number of infectious plant RNAs. In an alternative mode, multiple cleavage domains interact to cleave at an enhanced rate. The permutation of the repeated satellite 2 sequence determines which of these modes of cleavage will predominate, presumably by influencing the overall conformation of the RNA. We present a model for the self-processing of multimeric satellite 2 transcripts which incorporates both of these modes of self-cleavage.
Paraquat tolerant mutants in Ceratopteris: Genetic characterization and reselection for enhanced tolerance

Abstract A selection system in vitro utilizing the haploid phase of the fern Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. has been used to isolate mutations conferring tolerance to the herbicide paraquat. Initial studies characterized two separate recessive nuclear mutations that confer slightly different levels of tolerance. Tolerance is expressed in both the gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Segregation analyses and complementation tests in diploid sporophytes have shown the two mutants to be allelic. One of the mutants was used in a reselection experiment aimed at obtaining plants with enhanced tolerance. This resulted in the recovery of individuals with enhanced tolerance. Gametophytes of one of the reselections showed tolerance levels of 40-fold over the wild type and 2-fold over the mutant parent strain. In addition to being tolerant of paraquat, this strain exhibits significantly increased growth in comparison to the wild type, even in the absence of the herbicide.
Incidental Meckel's diverticulectomy in adults†

Background Incidental Meckel's diverticulectomy has been advocated by some surgeons because of the lower associated morbidity and mortality in this setting than when resection is indicated. Others have argued that the low risk of complication occurrence does not justify prophylactic removal. The issue remains controversial. Methods. Medical records of all adults undergoing Meckel's diverticulectomy at four acute care hospitals during the 5-year period 1989 through 1993 were retrospectively reviewed. Decision analysis was used to determine relative risks for incidental resection compared to indicated resection for a complication. Results. Ninety patients underwent incidental diverticulectomy. Morbidity was 2% and mortality 0%. Four patients underwent resection for a complication of their diverticulum. Morbidity and mortality were each 0%. Combining these results with previously reported results and using decision analysis, the conditional probabilities of producing surgical morbidity or mortality in the adult population at risk by only resecting symptomatic diverticula are 0.2% and 0.04%, respectively. The comparable risks for resecting all incidentally discovered diverticula are 4.6% and 0.2%. Conclusions. Incidental diverticulectomy in adults should be abandoned.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of soils and related materials. Relaxation of 13C nuclei in cross polarization nuclear magnetic resonance experiments

Abstract Relaxation of 13 C nuclei in a peat, a soil, and three soil fractions have been investigated in order to improve structural resolution and to investigate quantification of various carbon types. Rotating frame spin lattice relaxation times ( T 1 ϱ 's) and transverse relaxation times ( T 2 ′'s) are similar to those observed for coals. T 2 ′'s of carbons in different magnetic environments differ sufficiently that spectra can be obtained containing only nonprotonated carbon and methyl substituents if a 40 μsec delay without decoupling is inserted into the pulse programme before data acquisition (dipolar dephasing). Provided quantitative data is obtained in simple cross polarization experiments and allowance is made for loss in signal intensity of nonprotonated carbon during dipolar dephasing, then the fraction of aromatic carbon which is protonated in the samples can be determined.
PC2 and 7B2 Null Mice Demonstrate That PC2 Is Essential for Normal Pro-CCK Processing

Analysis of CCK content in extracts of whole forebrain from PC2 and 7B2 null mouse brain showed a significant decrease relative to wild-type brains. More detailed analysis revealed that CCK 8 amide levels in cerebral cortex and forebrain regions were more decreased than in hypothalamus. CCK 8 content in PC2 null mouse intestines was identical to control. Null mutant brains contained less CCK 8 than wild type and no other forms were seen when analyzed by gel filtration chromatography. No brain area examined was completely devoid of CCK, suggesting that other enzymes can partially compensate for the loss of PC2. This is the first demonstration that any endoprotease is important for CCK processing but also suggest the presence of a redundant system to ensure production of active CCK in the brain.
A study of the chemical effects of β-decay from 132Te to 132I using paper electrophoresis

Abstract The present investigation utilizes high voltage electrophoresis for the determination of iodine oxidation states resulting from the β-decay of 132 Te as both tellurite and tellurate in aqueous solution. The yield of periodate from basic Te(IV) growth solutions was shown to be negligible and that from basic Te(VI) growth solutions was shown to be significantly smaller than previously reported. The results are discussed in terms of the molecular species of tellurium likely to be present in the growth solutions.
Compiler error notifications revisited: an interaction-first approach for helping developers more effectively comprehend and resolve error notifications

Error notifications and their resolutions, as presented by modern IDEs, are still cryptic and confusing to developers. We propose an interaction-first approach to help developers more effectively comprehend and resolve compiler error notifications through a conceptual interaction framework. We propose novel taxonomies that can serve as controlled vocabularies for compiler notifications and their resolutions. We use preliminary taxonomies to demonstrate, through a prototype IDE, how the taxonomies make notifications and their resolutions more consistent and unified.
A FORECAST OF ACHIEVEMENT FROM STUDENT PROFILE DATA

Abstract A compelling case has been made by accounting leaders for the increased use of groups to enhance learning in the classroom. If an instructor wants to form groups based on achievement or skill levels at the beginning of an accounting course, the purpose of this paper is to show that achievement levels can be forecast from profile data obtained from students on the first day of class. Specifically, results of this study indicate that the intent of a student to major in accounting and the grade he or she made in Introductory Financial Accounting provide an accurate forecast of the achievement of that student in Introductory Managerial Accounting. Additionally, the study's findings suggest there is some basis for a template that can be applied to forecast achievement levels of students in other accounting courses.
Lexical factors in the word-superiority effect

In the Reicher-Wheeler paradigm, fluent readers can identify letters better when they appear in a word than when they appear in either a pronounceable pseudoword (a lexicality effect) or a single letter (a word-letter effect). It was predicted that if both of these effects involve a lexical factor, then adult acquired dyslexic subjects whose deficit prevents access to visual word form should show disruptions of the normal effects on the Reicher-Wheeler task. The results were that dyslexic subjects as well as matched control subjects showed a lexicality effect; however, while the control subjects showed a normal word-letter effect, the dyslexic subjects showed a reverse letter-superiority effect. Both effects, however, showed a systematic variation: As performance on lexical decision improved, the subjects' performance on words in the Reicher-Wheeler task was better than that for all the other conditions. These subject correlations were replicated by using data from a second lexical decision experiment, which utilized the same words and pseudowords that were used in the Reicher-Wheeler task. In addition, an item analysis showed that the words that the subjects had discriminated correctly in lexical decision showed a significant advantage over those that they had not, as well as an improvement relative to the other conditions. These results suggest that there is a lexical factor underlying the lexicality and word-letter effects, and it is proposed that the abnormal letter-superiority effect can be accounted for as the manifestation of other competing factors.
An update on road traffic monitoring in the United States

The author (1992)gave an overview of traffic monitoring programs in the United States. In this paper the author focuses on recent trends and changes to the programs.
Design of DNA Origami Machines and Mechanisms

This research introduces DNA origami as a viable approach to design and fabricate nanoscale mechanisms and machines. DNA origami is a recently developed nanotechnology that has enabled the construction of objects with unprecedented nanoscale geometric complexity via self-assembly. These objects are made up of thousands of DNA base-pairs packed into 3D structures with typical dimensions of 10–100nm. The majority of DNA origami research to date focuses on assembly of static 2D or 3D structures. In this work, we aim to extend the scope of DNA origami to include design of objects with kinematically constrained moving parts. Borrowing concepts from macro-scale kinematic mechanisms, we propose the concept of DNA Origami Mechanisms and Machines (DOMM) comprised of multiple links connected by joints. The links are designed by bundling double stranded DNA (dsDNA) helices to achieve the desired geometry and stiffness. The joints are designed by combining links with strategic placement flexible single stranded DNA (ssDNA) to enable motion in specific degrees of freedom. We detail design approaches for links and common joints including revolute, prismatic, and spherical, and discuss their integration into higher order mechanisms. As a proof of concept, we built a nanoscale hinge (revolute joint) and integrated four of these hinges into a prototype DOMM, namely a Bennett 4-bar linkage, which can be completely folded into a closed bundle geometry and unfolded into an open square geometry with a specified kinematic motion path. A kinematic analysis shows that the DNA Bennett linkage closely follows the 3D motion path of the rigid body counterpart. Our results demonstrate that DNA origami has high potential for the design and assembly of nanoscale machines. The ultimate goal of this work is to develop a library of nanoscale DNA-based links and joints that can be widely used in the design and assembly of higher order mechanisms and machines. We anticipate that, in the future, these components can be used to build nanorobots for useful applications including drug delivery, nanomanufacturing, and biosensing.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Cops and Cameras: Public School Security as a Policy Response to Columbine

After the shootings at Columbine High School, many public schools increased their visible security measures, such as use of security cameras and guards. This study assesses this policy response. Particular attention is given to the fear that prompted changes in school security, the types of visible security measures adopted by schools after Columbine, and the positive and negative consequences of these measures. Synthesizing the relevant literature highlights the lack of evaluative work regarding the effectiveness of school security and how little is known about the impact of security measures on students' civil liberty and privacy interests. Gaining a better understanding of school security can help officials make more informed decisions in response to rare, but highly publicized, violent crimes such as Columbine.
Drug Interactions and the Cytochrome P450 System The Role of Cytochrome P450 2C19

On the basis of the data currently available, the wild type cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) gene appears to be absent in 2 to 6% of Caucasian populations and up to 20% of Asian populations. A poor metaboliser phenotype therefore results. The CYP2C19 phenotype can be determined clinically by use of either mephenytoin or omeprazole as the probe. Since both drugs are metabolised primarily by CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes, they are both useful, competitive inhibitors of CYP2C19 activity available to researchers working in vitro. The 2 known mutant alleles of CYP2C19 do not result in the expression of active enzyme and can be tested by using small samples of whole blood. No rapid mutants have been identified. A number of drugs have been shown to inhibit CYP2C19 in vivo, including fluvoxamine and fluoxetine. Important drug interactions may result from inhibition of hepatic CYP2C19 activity in extensive metabolisers or from the interaction of CYP2C19 substrates with other pathways in poor metabolisers.
Role of adjuvant therapy in postsurgical quality-of-life and functional impairment.

1. Dziegielewski PT, Teknos TN, Durmus K, et al. Transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal cancer: long-term quality of life and functional outcomes [published online April 10, 2013]. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2013.2747. 2. Funk GF, Karnell LH, Christensen AJ, Moran PJ, Ricks J. Comprehensive head and neck oncology health status assessment.Head Neck. 2003;25(7):561-575.
Metastatic epithelioid sarcoma to the brain: palisaded necrosis mimicking glioblastoma multiforme.

Epithelioid sarcomas are rare, morphologically distinct tumors that have a propensity to arise in the extremities. Brain metastasis from epithelioid sarcoma are a relatively rare occurrence. We report a case of brain metastasis in a 50-year-old man who was previously diagnosed with an epithelioid sarcoma arising in the elbow. Before the diagnosis of brain metastasis, he had developed an axillary lymph node metastasis. He presented with neurologic symptoms of progressively worsening headache and loss of vision on the right side. He underwent gross total resection of an occipital lobe mass. Histologically, the tumor was focally characterized by prominent perinecrotic pseudopalisading and demonstrated immunoreactivity with antibodies to cytokeratin AE1/3 and CAM5.2; the tumor did not stain with glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody. The literature is reviewed and the morphologic distinction between metastatic epithelioid sarcoma and other central nervous system neoplasms is discussed.
An FFT algorithm for virtually stored data

Abstract An efficient, large array Fast Fourier Transform algorithm suitable for use with 16-bit minicomputers is presented. Even computers without extended mem
Crystallization of trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene and of hydrochlorinated segmented block copolymer derivatives from solution

Crystallization of trans-1,4-polyisoprene from the mixed solvent pair hexane/2-pentanone was carried out and the effects on the morphology of seeding and the solvent composition were studied. α-TPI lamellae obtained by crystallization from a single solvent, hexane, at 20°C and by mixed-solvent crystallization at 40°C were characterized by DSC, FTIR, and suspension epoxidation/C-13 NMR. Crystalline stem lengths of 14.5 and 18 and a fold length of 10 monomer units were found. Segmented block copolymers were prepared by reaction of TPI lamellae in acetone suspension with HCl at −7°C. These products were dissolved in 2-pentanone and precipitated at 0°C. A lamellar morphology, the details of which depend on the TPI block length, was observed by SEM; both preparations showed sharp endotherms; and the FTIR was characteristic of a combination of amorphous TPI, amorphous hydrochlorinated TPI, and of either the β crystalline form or both the α and β forms for TPI depending on the sample.
Effect of understory and border vegetation composition on phytophagous and predatory mites in Massachusetts commercial apple orchards.

Abstract Ground cover and border composition were determined using ordination in 28 Massachusetts commercial apple orchard blocks. The presence or absence of phytophagous and predatory mites was recorded after 2 min timed scans of ten randomly selected apple leaves and of the five most commonly occurring plants at ten aisle, row, and border sampling sites. Orchard ground cover vegetation was very diverse. Grasses were the predominant ground-cover in aisles, with broadleaf plants predominant in the rows. Orchard borders were somewhat less diverse than the orchards themselves. Rubus spp. were the most frequently occurring border plants. All types of phytophagous and predatory mites examined were significantly more likely to be found on herbaceous forbs and woody plants (dicots) than on grasses (monocots).
PRESTO-Tango as an open-source resource for interrogation of the druggable human GPCRome

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential mediators of cellular signaling and are important targets of drug action. Of the approximately 350 nonolfactory human GPCRs, more than 100 are still considered to be 'orphans' because their endogenous ligands remain unknown. Here, we describe a unique open-source resource that allows interrogation of the druggable human GPCRome via a G protein-independent β-arrestin-recruitment assay. We validate this unique platform at more than 120 nonorphan human GPCR targets, demonstrate its utility for discovering new ligands for orphan human GPCRs and describe a method (parallel receptorome expression and screening via transcriptional output, with transcriptional activation following arrestin translocation (PRESTO-Tango)) for the simultaneous and parallel interrogation of the entire human nonolfactory GPCRome.
Perturbations of the local environment of the single tyrosine residue in neurophysin upon ligand binding as determined by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence quenching

The neurophysins (NP) are proteins which function in neurohypophyseal peptide hormone transport and storage. We have been investigating the fluorescence properties of the single tyrosine residue (Tyr49) of bovine NPs. Since the intensity of Tyr49 fluorescence increases on ligand binding, measurements have been made with and without small peptides which bind at the hormone binding site. Steady-state iodide quenching produces Stern-Volmer plots with downward and upward curvature for NP and the NP:Phe-PheNH2 complex, respectively. Non-linear Stern-Volmer plots can result from multiple conformations of the solvated protein, multiple environments for the rotational isomers of the phenol side chain (rotamers), as well as from dynamic and static interactions of Tyr49 with the quencher. To help explain the steady-state data, time-resolved fluorescence quenching studies have been performed. Both NP and the NP:Phe-PheNH2 complex exhibit fluorescence intensity decays that can be fit by the sum of three exponentials that consist of the same time constants but with different weighting (amplitude) terms. With increasing [I-], the decay parameters for Tyr49 in NP are consistent with a multiple species model due to rotamers of Tyr49, the amplitudes are quencher independent and the lifetimes result in linear Stern-Volmer plots. The quenching studies on the NP:PhePheNH2 binary complex, however, cannot be analyzed in terms of a specific model because the fractional intensities of two of the exponential components are small.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Active‐Learning Approaches to the Business French Course: The Business French Research Paper

Active-learning and proficiency-oriented activities using meaningful contexts encourage students to participate, to apply classroom knowledge to practical problems, and to acquire the integrated skills that are essential to the student's personal and professional future. Inclusion of a business research paper written in stages and eventually shared with the whole class provides such active-learning opportunities.
Systemic and nigral application of amphetamine both cause an increase in extracellular concentration of ascorbate in the caudate nucleus of the rat

Unmodified microvoltammetric electrodes and electrochemically modified cylindrical electrodes, both constructed from carbon fibers, were used to determine changes in ascorbate concentration in the caudate nucleus of the anesthetized rat following administration of amphetamine. The increased ascorbate levels with systemic amphetamine originate from a CNS source, since the response is not eliminated in adrenalectomized animals, and does not occur when p-hydroxyamphetamine, an agent with peripheral actions similar to amphetamine, is used as a stimulus. Local application of amphetamine in the caudate nucleus results in an increase in catechols. However, this procedure results in a decrease of the extracellular concentration of ascorbate. Unilateral nigral infusion of dopamine or amphetamine leads to a significant increase in the concentrations of ascorbate detected bilaterally in the caudate nuclei with in vivo electrochemistry. In contrast, the paradigm causes a decrease in extracellular catechols on the ipsilateral side and an increase on the contralateral side. These experiments demonstrate that the extracellular level of ascorbate is not correlated with dopamine secretion. Furthermore, the data show that the action of amphetamine on ascorbate concentration in the caudate nucleus is in part mediated by the nigral actions of amphetamine.
Investment Decisions with Labor Bottlenecsks

This paper analyzes the keep‐versus‐replace decision whee labor shortages act as production bottlenecks, which can be lessened to some degree by employing new labor saving equipment. Additional realism is brought to the analysis by explicit consideration of product demand, learning, and multiple product situations.
The Social Exchange of Viral Ads: Referral and Coreferral of Ads Among College Students

Taking a consumer centric approach, this study investigates the social processes central to ads going viral. Specifically, insights into the intertwining roles of brand relationships and sharing motivations in the social exchange of advertising are explored. Two distinct referral decision-making processes were proposed and tested: referral and coreferral. Results offer evidence that brand relationships interact with sharing motivations to impact ad referral decision processes within social networking sites. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Plasticity, stability, and yield: The origins of Anthony David Bradshaw's model of adaptive phenotypic plasticity

Plant ecologist Anthony David Bradshaw's account of the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity remains central to contemporary research aimed at understanding how organisms persist in heterogeneous environments. Bradshaw suggested that changes in particular traits in response to specific environmental factors could be under direct genetic control, and that natural selection could therefore act directly to shape those responses: plasticity was not "noise" obscuring a genetic signal, but could be specific and refined just as any other adaptive phenotypic trait. In this paper, I document the contexts and development of Bradshaw's investigation of phenotypic plasticity in plants, including a series of unreported experiments in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Contrary to the mythology that later emerged around Bradshaw's ideas, Bradshaw was engaged in a serious and sustained empirical research program concerning plasticity in the 1950s and 1960s that went far beyond a single review paper. Moreover, that work was not isolated, but was surrounded by an already rich theoretical discourse and a substantial body of empirical research concerning the evolution of developmental plasticity and stability. Bradshaw recast the problem of how to understand (and control) plasticity and stability within an epistemic framework focused on genetic differences and natural selection.
Endpoints of spermatotoxicity in the rat after short duration exposures to fourteen reproductive toxicants

Multiple endpoints of spermatotoxicity in short duration tests (1-5 days exposure; 2.5-week assay interval) were investigated in a number of chemicals reported to produce minimal to severe reproductive effects when administered subchronically. Six of these chemicals (boric acid, dinoseb, 2,5-hexanedione, methoxychlor, metronidazole, ornidazole) produced substantial spermatotoxicity after 1 to 5 doses. Spermatotoxic effects of chlordimeform were equivocal while p,p'-DDT, n-hexane, and sodium chlorite were judged negative. Four chemicals with known acute effects (benomyl, busulfan, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, nitrobenzene) elicited expected histopathologic responses after a single dose. Testicular histology, testicular sperm head counts, cauda sperm counts, sperm morphology, and sperm velocity proved to be the most toxicologically sensitive endpoints in one or more of the studies, but histopathology of the testis and epididymis was the most consistent indicator of reproductive damage. The percentage of motile sperm and sperm concentration in the epididymal fluid were the least sensitive measurements. The data suggested that most chemicals with the potential to produce moderate to severe sperm damage are detectable with a short duration test. Complementary multiple endpoints enhanced the interpretation of results, often identified cellular targets, and provided insight on possible mechanisms. Specific responses were often similar to specific effects reported for subchronic exposures. A short duration test could be of value as a screen in structure-activity studies or to set priorities for chemicals requiring further evaluation. As a supplement to breeding studies, the data generated in the short test could also be used to enhance the design and interpretation of the longer tests.
Chiral separation of verapamil and related compounds using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with mixed micelles of bile salt and polyoxyethylene ethers

Abstract Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) using surfactant solutions containing sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), polyoxyethylene ethers, and methanol produced simultaneous baseline separation of the enantiomers of verapamil, norverapamil and gallopamil. Studies were conducted to determine the enantiomeric resolution obtained for verapamil and bi-2-naphthol with NaDC solutions, binary mixtures of NaDC with several polyoxyethylene ethers, and ternary mixtures of NaDC, polyoxyethylene ethers and methanol. Experiments were performed to determine the effect of three variables on chiral resolution: (1) the type of ether; (2) the mole fraction of ether in solutions with bile salt; and (3) the percentage of methanol in the mobile phase. The polyoxyethylene ethers studied included polyoxyethylene-8-decyl ether (C 10 E 8 ), polyoxyethylene-6-dodecyl ether (C 12 E 6 ), and polyoxyethylene-4-dodecyl ether (C 12 E 4 ). Simultaneous baseline separation of the enantiomers of verapamil, norverapamil and gallopamil was obtained using a solution containing the ether C 12 E 4 . The mole fraction of ether was 0.30 and the total surfactant concentration was 50 m M in this solution. The solvent mixture used for this separation was 25% methanol by volume.
OLFACTORY CUES AND SAND DIGGING BY MALE MICE

Male Swiss-Webster mice (N = 30) had access to a sand filled tube for 30 min. on 12 consecutive days. On Days 1 to 6 they dug sand that was clean, contained their own scent or was scented by other males. Ss dug significantly more scented (both own and other scented) than clean sand (F = 6.31, p < 01) and dug the scented sand at significantly faster rates (F = 4.05, p < .05). On Days 6—12 half the Ss in each group were switched to either clean or differently scented sand. No significant group differences were found although changes from scented to clean sand did depress the amount and rate of digging. Sand-digging studies have been used to test various motivational hypotheses, the present study illustrates the need for olfactory controls in such research and suggests the use of sand digging to study pheromones in mice.
Cluster assignment for high-performance embedded VLIW processors

Clustering is an effective method to increase the available parallelism in VLIW datapaths without incurring severe penalties associated with a large number of register file ports. Efficient utilization of a clustered datapath requires careful binding/assignment of operations to clusters. The article proposes a binding algorithm that effectively explores trade-offs between in-cluster operation serialization and delays associated with data transfers between clusters. Extensive experimental evidence is provided showing that the algorithm generates high quality solutions for representative kernels, with up to 33p improvement over a state-of-the-art binding algorithm.
Short-range production planning of continuous operations

Abstract A method is described for automatically scheduling production rates in certain systems of continuously operating manufacturing processes. The schedule which is suggested makes optimal use of available tankage in spire of random disturbances of supply and demand. Mathematically simple but exact, the method does not require knowledge of the statistical characteristics of the random fluctuations.
Means of transport

This essay proposes nothing new: literature is a means of transport, and the medieval may be a sign (and an excuse) for getting carried away. Neil Gaiman, Chretien de Troyes, and Lynda Hull do the driving.
Digitalis and other positive catecholamine-like inotropic agents in the management of congestive heart failure

Positive inotropic agents are used to improve the impaired cardiac contractility that characterizes chronic heart failure. Digitalis is the traditional drug given for this purpose. However, there is controversy about the effectiveness of digitalis in chronic heart failure. Analysis of the available data indicates the efficacy of digoxin in mild heart failure (i.e., New York Heart Association functional classes I and II) and the relative lack of efficacy in advanced heart failure (i.e., NYHA functional class IV). Further, digoxin can be stopped in a substantial number of patients without recurrence of congestive heart failure. In selected patients whose condition no longer responds to digoxin, the long-term administration of dobutamine may be an effective alternative approach.
Organizational governance and the grievance process: In need of a new model for resolving workplace issues

This article begins by providing insights from the research literature on the union and nonunion grievance processes in the United States. We then take a look at the status of “voice” in the American workplace and identify both inherent and practical implementation problems in providing employee “voice” regarding workplace rules. Finally, we lay out the elements of a viable system that would best meet the criteria for procedural and substantive due process in the employment relationship.
Discovery of Soybean Aphid Biotypes

The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)) is an invasive insect pest of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) that was fi rst reported in North America in 2000. There are currently no reports of soybean aphid bio- type diversity and this information is needed before aphid resistance genes are deployed. The objective of this research was to test for aphid biotype variation. The response of two A. glycines isolates, one collected in Ohio and the other in Illinois, were compared by infesting eight soybean genotypes in nonchoice tests. The same genotypes also were tested with the Ohio isolate using a choice test. In the nonchoice test, there was a signifi cant (P < 0.0001) effect of aphid isolate, genotype, and a signifi cant aphid isolate by soybean genotype interaction for the number of aphids per plant 10 and 15 d after infestation. The responses of the eight geno- types to the Ohio isolate in the choice test were similar to their responses in nonchoice tests. PI 200538 and PI 567597C were resistant to both the Ohio and Illinois isolates and will be useful sources of resistance to both isolates. These tests confi rm that there are at least two distinct biotypes of A. glycines in North America.
Picosecond, tunable, high-brightness hard x-ray inverse Compton source at Duke storage ring

We suggest a state-of-the art x-ray source using a compact electron storage ring with modest energy (less than 1 GeV) and a high power mm-wave as an undulator. A source of this type has x-ray energies and brightness comparable with third generation synchrotron light sources while it can be very compact and fit in a small university or industrial laboratory or hospital. We propose to operate an isochronous mm-wave FEL and a hard x-ray inverse Compton source at the Duke storage ring to test this concept. Resonant FEL conditions for the mm- wave will be provided by the off-axis interaction with an electromagnetic wave. A special optical resonator with holes for the e-beam is proposed for pumping a hard x-ray inverse Compton source with very high brightness. Simulation results of mm-wave FEL operation of the Duke storage ring are discussed. Expected performance of mm-wave FEL and hard x-ray inverse Compton source are presented.
Tibial hemimelia in Langer-Giedion syndrome-possible gene location for tibial hemimelia at 8q.

We report on a girl with Langer-Giedion syndrome or tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome, type II (TRPS II) with deletion on 8q, and the unusual findings of bilateral tibial hemimelia and unilateral absence of the ulna. An 8-year-old boy with TRPS II with bilateral tibial hemimelia was reported by Turleau et al. [1982: Hum. Genet. 62:183-187]. The critical region for TRPS II is 8q24.1. Although no genes involving limb development in the human have been identified in this region, two mouse syndromes are localized to the homologous chromosome region of 9A1-A4 which involve limb abnormalities. We propose that a gene involved in limb development is contiguous with the TRPS II gene which, when deleted, may cause tibial hemimelia.
Simple explanation of the ling et al. experiment on the clapping mode frequency

Recent precise measurements of the clapping (cl) mode frequency in He3-A (Refs. 1 and 2) show a discrepancy with an ordinary kinetic-equation theory3: a 6% difference between experimental data and theory remains even after taking the higher pairing and Fermi-liquid corrections into account. The Brusov-Popov path-integration theory4 is in much better agreement with the data of Refs. 1 and 2. The difference is less than 2% even without taking the above-mentioned corrections into account.
Problem‐oriented policing in public housing: identifying the distribution of problem places

Describes a problem‐oriented policing program in Jersey City that seeks to identify, analyze, and target drug, disorder, and violent crime problems in public housing. Describes the problem scanning and identification processes that were used to detect hot spot locations within six public housing sites in the study. Begins the research with a premise that public housing sites differ from one site to the next and that, even within some public housing sites, some common area places will have problems, while others will not. Research findings support this premise. Concludes that there is a distribution of crime problems both across and within public housing sites challenging the hot spot label universalistically applied to public housing sites. The problem identification process has implications for the way problem‐solving teams approach policing public housing sites.
Relationship Dissolution as a Life Stage Transition: Effects on Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors

In this paper, with the use of linear regressions to investigate how relationship dissolution affects sexual attitudes and behaviors, the authors address the stereotype that newly single people seek multiple sexual partners. Although the newly single people surveyed did obtain new sexual partners, the rate at which they acquired new partners did not support the stereotype. Specifically, men with custody of their children seemed oriented toward finding a steady partner. Additionally, men and women with low incomes reported relatively high rates of partner acquisition after relationship dissolution. The high rates reported by disadvantaged groups may be more directly related to familial instability accompanying poverty than to cultural characteristics associated with income or race. We argue that a life stage model with categorical stages in a rigid, anachronistic progression provides insufficient means to gain an understanding of newly single people.
Three Dimensional Domain Structure in Epitaxial Barium Titanate Thin Films

The three dimensional domain structure of barium titanate thin films was determined using a serial sectioning technique. The domain structure varied sharply through the film thickness, being primarily a-oriented near the substrate and increasingly c-oriented away from this interface. The variation in domain structure is explained in terms of a strain gradient due to partial relaxation of epitaxial coherency strains. The refractive index also varied through the film thickness. A simple relationship based on areal fraction of each domain type aptly described the changes in refractive index with domain structure. These results indicate the importance of understanding three-dimensional domain structure and its impact on film properties.
Constraining the size of the instantaneous alphabet in trellis quantizers

A method is developed for decreasing the computational complexity of a trellis quantizer (TQ) encoder. We begin by developing a rate-distortion theory under a constraint on the average instantaneous number of quanta considered. This constraint has practical importance: in a TQ, the average instantaneous number of quanta is exactly the average number of multiplies required at the encoder. The theory shows that if the conditional probability of each quanta is restricted to a finite region of support, the instantaneous number of quanta considered can be made quite small at little or no cost in SQNR performance. Simulations of TQs confirm this prediction. This reduction in complexity makes practical the use of model-based TQs (MTQs), which had previously been considered computationally unreasonable. For speech, performance gains of several dB SQNR over adaptive predictive schemes at a similar computational complexity are obtained using only a first-order MTQ.
SOME FURTHER REASSESSMENT OF THE SCHOLASTIC DOCTRINE OF USURY

SUMMARY This article offers a systematic criticism of the Scholastic usury doctrine from the standpoint of modern economics. There is also an effort to examine the conformity of the Scholastics' various major arguments against usury with their narrow conception of the usury problem. Dempsey and Schumpeter'S claims of important Scholastic contributions to interest theory receive special attention. With regard to medieval sources, the article relies mainly on the post-1938 writings of Noonan, Dempsey, Le Bras, and de Roover. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Vom Standpunkt der modernen Okonomie aus bietet dieser Artikel eine systematische Kritik der scholastischen Lehre uber den Wucher. Auch wird versucht, die verschiedenen Argumente der Scholastiker gegen den Wucher and ihre enge Definition des Wucherproblems auf ihre Vereinbarkeit zu prufen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird der Auffassung Dempseys and Schumpeters gewidmet, die Scholastiker hatten bedeutend zur Zinstheorie beigetragen. Fur die mittelalterlichen Quellen verlasst sich der Autor hauptsachlich auf die nach 1938 erschienenen Schriften von Noonan, Dempsey, Le Bras, Mclaughlin, and De Roover. RESUME L'auteur du present article fait, du point de vue de l'economie moderne, une critique systematique de la doctrine Scholastique de l'usure. Il essaie d'etudier la conformite des divers arguments majeurs des Scholastiques relatifs a l'usure avec leur conception etroite du probleme de l'usure. L'auteur porte un interet particulier aux affirmations de Dempsey et de Schumpeter en ce qui concerne l'apport important des Scholastiques dans le domaine de la theorie de l'interet. Quant aux sources medievales, 1'auteur se refere tout specialement aux ecrits de Noonan, Dempsey, Le Bras, McLaughlin et De Roover, posterieurs a 1938.