cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body weight considerations in the B6C3F1 mouse and the use of dietary control to standardize background tumor incidence in chronic bioassays.

Abstract In B6C3F 1 mice, the rate of body growth influences susceptibility to liver neoplasia and large variations in body weight can complicate the interpretation of bioassay data. The relationship between body weight and liver tumor incidence was calculated for historical control populations of male and female ad libitum-fed mice (approx. 2750 and 2300 animals, respectively) and in populations of male and female mice which had been subjected to forced body weight reduction due to either dietary restriction or exposure to noncarcinogenic chemicals (approx. 1600 and 1700, respectively). Resulting tumor risk data were then used to construct idealized weight curves for male and female B6C3F 1 mice; these curves predict a terminal background liver tumor incidence of 15–20%. Use of dietary control to manipulate body growth of male B6C3F 1 mice to fit the idealized weight curve was evaluated in a 2-year bioassay of chloral hydrate. Cohorts of mice were successfully maintained at weights approximating their idealized target weights throughout the study. These mice exhibited less body weight variation than their ad libitum-fed counterparts (e.g., standard deviations of body weight were 1.4 and 3.4 g for respective control groups at 36 weeks). Historical control body weight and tumor risk data from the two male mouse populations were utilized to predict background liver tumor rates for each experimental group of the chloral hydrate study. The predicted background tumor rates closely matched the observed rates for both the dietary controlled and ad libitum-fed chloral hydrate control groups when each mouse was evaluated according to either its weekly food consumption or its weekly change in body weight.
The Role of Viscosupplementation in the Ankle Using Hylan G-F 20

The use of intra-articular injections of high molecular weight elastoviscous solutions of hyaluronan or hylans (cross-linked derivatives of hyaluronan) to treat arthritis is termed viscosupplementation. The function of viscosupplementation is to restore the rheologic properties of synovial fluid. Although anecdotal data exist, no long-term studies regarding the use of viscosupplementation in the ankle have been published to date. The goal of this clinical trial was to compare pain reduction following ankle arthroscopy versus that following ankle arthroscopy combined with weekly intra-articular instillation of hylan G-F 20 during the first 3 postoperative weeks. In the series of patients described in this report, we found that both treatment groups experienced statistically significantly decreased pain following the intervention (P = .002 and P = .0009 for the arthroscopy alone and arthroscopy plus hylan groups, respectively), and that those who received 3 intra-articular injections of hylan G-F 20 following ankle arthroscopy improved statistically significantly (P = .0014) more than did those who underwent arthroscopy as a sole therapy. These preliminary results suggest that viscosupplementation combined with arthroscopy may be more beneficial than arthroscopy alone, and provide further insight into the role of viscosupplementation in the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
Evidence of decreased concanavalin A induced suppressor cell activity in the peripheral blood and pulmonary lymph nodes of sheep with ovine progressive pneumonia.

Abstract Concanavalin A (Con A) induced suppressor cell activity was evaluated in a group of ovine progressive pneumonia virus-antibody positive sheep (OPPV+). Decreased levels of suppressor activity were observed in the peripheral blood and regional pulmonary lymph nodes of animals with clinical and pathological evidence of ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) when compared to animals with no lesions and animals with caseous lymphadenitis involving the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes. Decreased levels of Con A stimulated lymphocyte proliferation was also observed in the peripheral blood and iliac lymph nodes of sheep with OPP. Sheep with CPP were found to be hypogammaglobulinemic. Sera from OPPV+ sheep had no effect on T and B cell mitogen stimulated responses of lymphocytes from sheep seronegative for antibodies to ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV−) when compared to normal sheep serum.
Compact mufti-feed mufti-band antenna designs for wireless mobile devices

In this paper, we present a multi-feed multi-band planar antenna. Through the simulation and measurement of several prototypes, we demonstrate that the proposed design allows a single antenna to cover multi-bands without increasing antenna volume. The proposed design is especially suitable for nowadays wireless mobile devices.
Mixed-time implicit-explicit finite elements for transient analysis

Abstract A new family of implicit-explicit finite elements partition procedures is developed. It permits different time integration methods and/or different time steps to be used simultaneously in different parts of the mesh. Critical time step estimates and the computer implementation of this technique are presented. The new method proposed herein is straightforward, and clean and has been modularized so that many existing implicit computer codes can easily be modified to accomodate the present capabilities.
Hypervelocity impact experiments in surrogate materials

Abstract A requirement to perform experiments for hypervelocity impacts in substitute materials arises from the need for data at velocity ranges inaccessible in the laboratory. The role of melt and vapor in hypervelocity shielding designs cannot be assessed with the maximum velocity of approximately 8 km/sec that is achievable. As a consequence, there is interest in performing experiments in materials where the melt and vapor regimes occur at lower velocities. Such surrogate experiments can in principle be exact. A process in a surrogate material will be dynamically similar at one in the material of interest if the constitutive equations are the same to within three arbitray scale factors given by the ratios of the natural mass densities, sound speeds and viscosities. The experiments can ben performed at scaled size, velocity and time . Cadmium and zinc are considered as candidates to substitute for aluminum to allow velocity scaling. Their thermodynamic equations of state are constructed from existing data and the ANEOS analytical equation of state model. They are recast in a scaled form in which the satisfaction of the scalign requiremens can be assessed. Reasonable matching is attained. Testing in cadmium at a velocity of 6 km/sec is approximately dynamically similar to experiments in aluminum at 18.6 km/sec , a velocity factor of 3.1 .
Health Risks and Benefits of Bottled Water

Health and safety concerns have dramatically increased the consumption of bottled water in developed countries, including the United States. The economic and environmental impact of the many different bottled water products on the market is considerable, and the role and impact of bottled water for routine use is unclear, outside the setting of emergencies or natural disasters, when routine water sources may be unsafe. Evidence for routine health risks or benefits from using bottled water is limited. Patients who have specific health needs may wish to use bottled or filtered water. Physicians can use background information regarding the regulation, production, and possible health impact of bottled water to counsel patients.
207 High-Dose Fenoldopam Reduces Post Operative Ngal and Cystatin C Levels During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery

A total of 60 patients less than 1 year old were enrolled in this study: 30 received fenoldopam (group F) during CPB at the dose of 1 mcg/kg/min and 30 received placebo (group P). Differences in urine output, creatinine levels, baseline biomarkers levels, fluid balance and hemodynamic parameters were not present. Serum and urinary levels of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (sNGAL and uNGAL) and and cystatin-C (sCYS-C and uCYS-C) levels at the end of surgery (t1) and 12 hours after (t2) in group F vs group P were: sNGAL t1 88±37 ng/ml vs 107±42 ng/ml, sNGAL t2 88±44 ng/ml vs 107±42 ng/ml, uNGAL t1 22±29 ng/ml vs 60±71 ng/ml, uNGAL t2 15±13 ng/ml vs 34±59 ng/ml, sCYS-C t1 0.92±0.3 mg/l vs 1.06±0.2 mg/l, sCYS-C t2 1.126±0.3 mg/l vs 1.38±0.35 mg/l, uCYS-C t1 0.01±0.1 mg/l vs 0.196±0.34 mg/l, uCYS-C t2 0.05±0.005 mg/l vs 0.075±0.05 mg/l (always, p< 0.05). Systemic vascular resistances were 309±102 dyne*sec/cm−5 in group F vs 421±164 dyne*sec/cm−5 in group P (p=0.02). Oxygen delivery (DO2) in group F was 2474±878 ml O2/min vs 1818±797 ml O2/min in group P (p=0.02). Finally, a significant reduction in furosemide boluses (1 mg/kg) was observed in group F (OR 0.3, CI 95% 0.1-0.9, p: 0.03). Conclusions: The treatment with high-dose fenoldopam during CPB in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery for CHD significantly decreased serum and urinary levels of NGAL and CYS-C, optimized diuretics administration and improved perfusion during CPB.
The functional status of paraveinal mesophyll vacuoles changes in response to altered metabolic conditions in soybean leaves

Antibodies raised against tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) were used to probe the functional status of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) vacuole during changes in nitrogen metabolism within the leaf. Young plants grown under standard conditions had PVM vacuoles characterised by the presence of γ-TIP, which is indicative of a lytic function. When plants were then subjected to shoot tip removal for a period of 15 d, forcing a sink-limited physiological condition, the γ-TIP marker diminished while the δ-TIP marker became present in the PVM vacuole, indicating the conversion of the PVM vacuole to a storage function. When the shoot tips were allowed to regrow, the γ-TIP marker again became dominant demonstrating the reversion of these PVM vacuoles back to a lytic compartment. The changes in TIP markers correlated with the accumulation of vegetative storage proteins and vegetative lipoxygenases, proteins implicated in nitrogen storage and assimilate partitioning. This research suggests that the PVM vacuole is able to undergo dynamic conversion between lytic and storage functions and further implicates this cell layer in assimilate storage and mobilisation in soybeans.
Work-in-progress: program grading and feedback generation with Web-CAT

Web-CAT, the Web-based Center for Automated Testing, is the most widely used open-source automated grading system for programming assignments in the world. Web-CAT is customizable and extensible, allowing it to support a wide variety of programming languages and assessment strategies. Web-CAT is most well known as the system that "grades students on how well they test their own code," with experimental evidence that it offers greater learning benefits than more traditional output-comparison grading. This work-in-progress demonstration will show how Web-CAT can be used to automatically grade student work, assess conformance with coding style guidelines, provide students with feedback on how well they have tested their own code, and allow instructors to provide directed hints to students on where to focus their attention for improvements.
AN EXPERIENTIAL APPROACH TO FACILITATE ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION

Among university business students today there is much idealism and a strong belief in the rational model of business activity. For those who are headed for initial appointments in corporate structures there will be disillusionment. Whether entering a new organization as a first‐time employee, or entering a new position as an employee of long standing, individuals are likely to experience feelings of anxiety, helplessness, and surprise. This effect is commonly known as “entry shock.” In this paper we (1) review an experiential exercise designed for classroom use, (2) describe implications and use of the exercise in anticipatory socialization to help abate future business entry shock for students, (3) present the results of several such applications of the exercise, and (4) suggest procedures which may be used to facilitate the use of the exercise.
Immunology: polarizing a T-cell response.

Signals through Notch receptors regulate many developmental decisions. New evidence suggests that this pathway is also involved in dictating the tone of the immune response to infection.
A Study of Prejudice Reduction

Black men and women are an integral part of American society. They have played a part in our cultural and societal development since they were brought to this country in the 1600's. Although they are definitely a part of our society, the role they play can be questioned. For a nation whose founding was based on the equality of all men, and the rights of all people to share equality and justice, white supremacy both ideological and institutional has prevailed (Knowles and Prewitt, 1968:7). We are seeking here to determine whether this conflict-oriented pattern can be broken; i.e. can prejudice attitudes be subverted to open intergroup communications, developing into group interaction? If this process is carried to its logical conclusions, will there be mutual group acceptance and integration? Prejudice, largely because of its affective qualities, is rigidly implanted in a person's mind (Simpson and Yinger, 1965:10). Very simply, prejudice is an emotional and relatively unchangeable attitude directed from one group of people towards another group of people (Simpson and Yinger, 1965:10). While prejudice is an attitude, discrimination is an overt action; i.e. discrimination "is the categorical treatment of a member of a group because he is a member of that group, and supposedly, therefore, of a particular type" (Simpson and Yinger, 1965:13). Discrimination can be exhibited in many different ways. Economically, a group can be deprived of wealth, and even the barest necessities of life like food, clothing, and housing (Knowles and Prewitt, 1969:15). Judicially a group can be deprived of the benefits of laws and their protection. Socially a group can be deprived of membership in prestigious organizations, education in good schools, friendship, and associations with the majority group (Knowles and Prewitt, 1969). Discrimination is the systematic deprivation of various desired resources, goals, and interactions to a specific group. This can be done by clearly defining the minority group and segregating them from the rest of society.
News & Views: Now That Your Foot Is in the Door, Don't Put It in Your Mouth

In a previous article, we reviewed some of the key factors that postdoctoral candidates should do and avoid to secure an interview in a laboratory for a postdoctoral position (1). In this follow-up article, we asked successful Clinical Chemistry fellows and Commission on Accreditation in Clinical Chemistry (ComACC)3 program directors questions to supplement common-sense approaches to handling phone and in-person interviews for fellowship candidates and early-career professionals seeking their first “real” job. The interviews consisted of 11 open-ended questions that were intended to capture the expectations of potential employers, the preparation necessary for an interview, and some questions that interviewees might expect to encounter. The ComACC program directors included the 2003 AACC president, Dr. Thomas Moyer; the 2010 AACC president, Dr. Catherine Hammett-Stabler; the 2011 AACC president, Dr. Ann Gronowski; and recently elected AACC board member Dr. David Grenache. Dr. Nader Rifai, Editor-in-Chief of Clinical Chemistry , also offered some helpful advice. Successful interviewees included SYCL (Society for Young Clinical Laboratorians) members Dr. Steven Cotten, Dr. Mark Cervinski, and Dr. Laura Parnas. The questions were divided into 4 categories: preparation, during the interview, postinterview follow-up, and faux pas to avoid (Table 1). View this table: Table 1. Words of wisdom from program directors and successful interviewees. To prepare, successful interviewees all indicated that job seekers should know as much as they can about the place where they are interviewing and the people interviewing them. Applicants should read the job description thoroughly; if it indicates that a particularly specialty is required, then this specialty will indeed be required. Dr. Hammett-Stabler, Director of Clinical Chemistry, University of North Carolina, advises when applying for a job to “go to department's or business's web site and learn about it. Make sure you are going to be interested in doing the described job. Most importantly, do this before applying. Don't waste your time or theirs if you …
Electronic spectroscopy of an isolated halocarbocation: the iodomethyl cation CH2I+ and its deuterated isotopomers.

Building upon our recent observation of the gas-phase electronic spectrum of the iodomethyl cation (CH 2 I + ), we report an extensive study of the electronic spectroscopy of CH 2 I + and its deuterated isotopomers CHDI + and CD 2 I + using a combination of fluorescence excitation and single vibronic level (SVL) emission spectroscopies. The spectra were measured in the gas phase under jet-cooled conditions using a pulsed discharge source. Fluorescence excitation spectra reveal a dominant progression in ν 3 (C-I stretch), the frequency of which is markedly smaller in the upper state. Rotational analysis shows that, while the A constant is similar in the two states, the excited state has significantly smaller B and C constants. These results indicate a lengthening of the C-I bond upon electronic excitation, consistent with calculations which show that this transition is analogous to the well-known π-π* transition in the isoelectronic substituted formaldehydes. SVL emission spectra show progressions involving four of the six vibrational modes; only the C-H(D) stretching modes remain unobserved. The vibrational parameters determined from a Dunham expansion fit of the ground state vibrational term energies are in excellent agreement with the predictions of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A normal-mode analysis was completed to derive a harmonic force field for the ground state, where resonance delocalization of the positive charge leads to partial double bond character, H 2 C + -I↔ H 2 C=I + , giving rise to a C-I stretching frequency significantly larger than that of the iodomethyl radical.
Sodium tracer diffusion in an alkaline-earth boroaluminosilicate glass

Abstract Sodium tracer diffusion coefficients, D ∗ Na , have been measured in an alkaline-earth boroaluminosilicate glass in the temperature range 500–800°C by using the radioactive isotope Na-22. It was found that the activation energy of the sodium tracer diffusion changes near the strain point (666°C). Therefore, two Arrhenius-type functions are needed to describe the temperature dependence of D ∗ Na in this temperature range. Below 664°C, D ∗ Na =10 (−2.21±0.07) exp (−(129.9±1.2 kJ/mol) /RT) cm 2 / s and above 664∘C, D ∗ Na =10 (−0.23±0.15) exp (−(165.5±3.0 kJ/mol) /RT) cm 2 / s .
IT TAKES TWO TO BREASTFEED: The Baby's Role in Successful Breastfeeding

Abstract This article describes the influence of the baby on the process and duration of breastfeeding. A qualitative study of the experience of breastfeeding provided rich, contextual descriptions of breastfeeding in the lives of five families before and after the birth of their first babies. Knowledge, skill, and support of family and friends influenced breastfeeding duration, but only in the presence of baby satisfaction. The characteristics associated with baby satisfaction were competent suckling, “easiness,” and stamina. Based on these findings, it appears that, to be succesful, “it takes two to breastfeed.” Breastfeeding education should include much more information on the contribution of the baby to the process of breastfeeding. Health care providers should be skilled in both infant breastfeeding assessment and interventions to facilitate succesful breastfeeding.
At what age is a suction rectal biopsy less likely to provide adequate tissue for identification of ganglion cells

ABSTRACTObjective:The objective of this study was to determine at what age suction rectal biopsy is less likely to provide adequate tissue to detect submucosal ganglion cells in a child being evaluated for Hirschsprung disease.Patients and Methods:Children ≥1 year of age undergoing a rectal biopsy a
Peptone shock in the pertussis-sensitized mouse

Abstract The susceptibility of pertussis-sensitized mice to fatal shock varies with each peptone preparation. The peptone containing the greatest amount of histamine produced the highest mortality rate. It was confirmed that Bacto-Peptone, with relatively little histamine content, was without appreciable effect. The mechanism of death is probably neither the exogenous histamine administered nor the histamine or serotonin engendered but a combination of these and other factors, still unknown.
Production of optically thin free-standing oil films from the edge of a rotating disc

Abstract A method is described for forming thin free-standing oil films which are spun from the edge of a sharp-edged rotating disc. The films can be made thin enough to show strong optical interference colors when viewed in white light. The thinnest films have areal densities down to about 10–20 μg/cm 2 . A stable roughly triangular film with an area of about 10 cm 2 and fairly uniform thickness can be readily produced. Much larger films having either greater thickness or less stability are also possible. Films have been produced both in air and in vacuum.
Further evidence for the T−12 singularity in amorphous kondo alloys☆

A T−12 variation of resistivity with temperature near T = 0 is found in rapidly quenched amorphous NiPdP alloys containing up to 7 at.% Mn, providing further evidence for the existence of this new singularity. It is argued that the new resistivity term arises from interference between multiple scattering of conduction electrons by atoms in magnetic and non-magnetic states and is observed as a consequence of a short electron mean free path and breakdown of conservation of electron momenta in amorphous alloys.
Exploring key aspects in the formation of coaching relationships: initial indicators from the perspective of the coachee and the coach

Abstract This article explores coachees and coaches views on aspects important in the formation of the coaching relationship. The research uses a qualitative methodology. Semi-structured repertory grid interviews were conducted with six coachees and six coaches in the UK. Using content analysis, three primary themes, of bond and engagement, coach attitudes and characteristics, and collaboration were elicited. Findings suggest that coach self-awareness and awareness of the coachee are important to both coachees and coaches; adaptation of the coach to the individual coachee was important to some participants; that the bond and collaboration were perceived differently by participants, however not by coachees and coaches; and that trust was a key aspect of bond and engagement. The quality of interpersonal interactions between coachee and coach, and an emphasis on co-creation of the coaching relationship were highlighted as superordinate themes subsuming several of the study's findings. Recommendations for coa...
Computer vulnerability, consequences and preparedness - experiences from World Trade Center

Objectives To report the consequences of the computer system breakdown for three New York hospitals involved with the terrorist attack of September 11, the immediate measures performed to maintain function, and the following recovery and planning processes. Methodology Analysis of the experiences from the course of the event both with regard to the computer systems, the urgent salvage procedures, the impact on the functions in the hospitals, the existance/function of reserve systems, and the impact on planning for the future. Results The analysis showed an extensive dependence on computer technology for all functions in the hospitals and to a great extent abscense of prepared reserve or backup procedures. A dramatic cross-campus effort saved and restored the computer operations of the three involved hospitals, using Mount Sinai's resources as a backup. The experiences resulted in a plan to minimize or if possible eliminate these risks for dysfunction of the medical care system in similar events in the fut...
In vitro lymphocyte response of patients with uterine cancer as related to clinical stage and radiotherapy

Thirty-one patients with uterine cancer in different clinical stages were tested to determine numbers and immunologic responsiveness of their lymphocytes in peripheral-blood cultures to mitogenic stimulation. Seventeen patients were tested also at the end of radiotherapy and 16 patients were tested 3–6 months after radiotherapy to determine effects of radiation on responsiveness. The mean responses of the total group of untreated patients to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A (primarily T-cell mitogens) were only 59% and 56% of the responses of healthy controls. Eleven patients in Stage I had responses near control values, but six Stage IV patients had only 27 and 44% of the control responses. Mean response to pokeweed mitogen (primarily a B-cell mitogen) in cultures of untreated patients was not significantly less than control response. Responsiveness to all three mitogens declined in cultures of patients in all stages during radiotherapy to about 10% of control values and remained near 25% of control values 3–6 months after treatment. Decreased responsiveness of patients after therapy possibly results from radiation death of circulating lymphocytes. Reduced responsiveness after therapy for patients in early disease stages is probably not indicative of poor prognosis since excellent survival rates are reported for such patients.
Mechanistic imperatives for the evolution of glutathione transferases

Several significant advances in the understanding of the catalytic mechanisms, structures and evolution of glutathione transferases have occurred in the past year. These advances include new mechanistic information concerning the canonical soluble enzymes, the finding that the fosfomycin-specific enzyme, FosA, is a metalloglutathione transferase and a higher resolution projection structure of the microsomal enzyme.
Are physiological days of potato calculated accurately

Physiological days (P-days) of potato (Solanum tuberosum) are used as an indication of plant maturity and for timing of disease onset. The accuracy of weighting minimum and maximum temperatures to estimate diurnal temperature effect was evaluated and errors in P-day values were compared to a new method. P-days were calculated over three growing seasons using observed hourly temperatures; calculated from observed Tmin and Tmax (a slight modification of the original derivation); and computed from estimated hourly temperatures, using another method that estimated diurnal temperatures based upon a sinewave function for daytime temperatures and an exponential decay for temperature decrement during the night. The original derivation significantly overpredicted the actual P-days in each year, whereas the sine-negative exponential model consistently underpredicted P-days. The latter model was the more accurate, with only one year in three having a difference significantly greater than zero. Average errors were on the order of 1 to 6% of the true P-day value. Improved accuracy of P-day computation by using a novel method was negligible relative to the variation in appearance of spores ofAlternaria solani experienced in nature. However, future users of P-days should exercise due caution since the original method of calculating P-days may be less accurate than their application demands. An alternative is a less simplistic, physiologically-based, mechanistic model of potato growth.
Studies of detonation transition in a gradual area expansion for multi-cycle PDE applications

Abstract Experimental studies using ethylene/nitrogen/oxygen mixtures were conducted of the transition of a detonation from a pre-detonator to a tube of larger cross sectional area in which a significant area change occurs. The purpose of the work was to further understanding of the processes that allow establishing a detonation in the thrust tube of a hydrocarbon-fueled pulse detonation engine, using a pre-detonator operating only with air under dynamic fill conditions. Two sets of experiments were performed to explore specifically the use of overdriven detonation waves to initiate a thrust tube detonation using compact pre-detonators. Two important results were clear from these studies. The region containing obstacles in the pre-detonator must only be long enough to accelerate the deflagration wave up to the Chapman–Jouguet deflagration velocity and should terminate at this point. In addition, the distance between the last obstacle and the entrance of the transition section should be chosen so that an overdriven detonation wave enters the transition section. Although some intermittency in successful detonation transitioning was noticed for the shortest pre-detonator studied, the results clearly show that efficiently generating an overdriven detonation wave in the pre-detonator is a key parameter for obtaining a thrust tube detonation transition.
Fractionation of the components of role play in a right-hemispheric lesioned signer

Abstract Role play, a narrative device relying critically on the linguistic reference system of American Sign Language (ASL), also appropriates extrasyntactic devices such as signing style idiosyncrasies and facial caricature for the linguistic purpose of differentiating roles. Whereas the spatialized grammatical reference system has been shown to make demands on left hemisphere processing, role play may require right hemisphere processing. To investigate this issue we analysed role play in a 38-year-old, ASL-fluent, female hearing signer (A. S.) with a right parietal–occipital lesion. A. S. correctly reassigned first person reference, signalling attempted use of role play at the sentence level, despite its spatialized realization in ASL. However, she had difficulty with pragmatically appropriate changes in gaze direction, and with the use of caricature and shifts in body position, to distinguish roles. Analysis of the deficits in this right-lesioned signer's use of a single linguistic construction that c...
The Expected Mass Function for Low-Mass Galaxies in a Cold Dark Matter Cosmology: Is There a Problem?

It is well known that the mass function for halos in cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology is a relatively steep power law [n(M) ∝ M-2] for low masses, possibly too steep to be consistent with observations. But how steep is the galaxy mass function? We have analyzed the stellar and gas mass functions of the first luminous objects formed in a ΛCDM universe, as calculated in the numerical simulation described by Gnedin in 2000. We have found that suppression of the low-mass end of the galaxy mass function emerges naturally, implying that perhaps no "new physics" beyond the standard model is needed. Although previous pure semianalytic and combined N-body/semianalytic treatments of the galaxy formation problem have suggested this result, the calculation found here is derived from the first fully hydrodynamic simulation with (1) sufficient mass and spatial resolution to individually resolve low-mass galaxies, (2) a physically plausible star formation and UV photon generation algorithm, and (3) allowance for inhomogeneity in radiation emission and absorption. In particular, we find that the stellar mass function is consistently flat at the low-mass end. Moreover, while the gas mass function follows the dark matter mass function until reionization at z ~ 7, between z = 7 and z = 4 the gas mass function also flattens considerably at the low-mass end. At z = 4, the gas and stellar mass functions are fitted by a Schechter function with α ≈ -1.2 ± 0.1, significantly shallower than the dark matter halo mass function and consistent with some recent observations. In addition, the low-mass objects found in the simulation are consistent with the observed relationship between luminosity and velocity dispersion for dwarf spheroidals. The flattening of the mass function is a result of two factors: (1) the dark matter halo mass (differential) function is consistent with the Press-Schechter formulation at low masses n(M) ∝ M-2 and (2) heating/cooling and ionization processes seem to cause baryons to collect in halos with the relationship Mb ∝ M at low masses. Combining these two factors yields n(Mb) ∝ M, comparable to the simulation results. Finally, although the simulation ends at z = 4, processes such as mergers and additional gas ejection can only further suppress the mass function at low masses from z = 4 to the present epoch. If these processes are significant, the fact that the simulation at z = 4 produces a "turnover" in the gas mass function corresponding approximately to that observed in dwarf galaxies today suggests that ΛCDM could end up underproducing low-mass galaxies!
Effect of particle size on the prolonged action of subcutaneous danazol in male and female rats

Abstract Objective: To investigate the effects of two different particle sizes of danazol in male and female rats. Design: Prospective, vehicle-controlled study. Setting: Undergraduate college research facility and medical research laboratory. Animals: 18 castrated male rats and 18 cycling female rats. Intervention(s): Preparations of danazol with particle sizes of 2.05 μm or 5.2 μm were administered as a single subcutaneous injection of 400 mg/kg to castrated male rats or estrus-cycling females. Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum LH level in males and estrous cycle length in females. Result(s): In males, both preparations significantly ( P P Conclusions(s): The results demonstrate the prolonged effectiveness of a single subcutaneous dose of danazol and indicate that one might be able to predict the effective duration of activity by changing the particle size of the danazol administered.
Io: Galileo evidence for major variations in regolith properties

Galileo SSI images taken at different times early in the Jupiter orbital tour show striking, widespread changes in Io's color and albedo patterns that result from observing the satellite's surface at different lighting and viewing geometries. Such changes indicate significant variations in the photometric or light-scattering behavior of the Ionian surface from region to region, and thereby provide strong evidence for major lateral variations in regolith properties. In particular, the regolith particles in Io's bright equatorial band appear to be larger than, or have a higher density of internal scatterers than, those in the satellite's higher-latitude regions. Such heterogeneity is not surprising on Io, given the rapid rate of volcanic resurfacing.
Geoarchaeological insights gained from surficial geologic mapping, middle Moche Valley, Peru

We present the results of detailed surficial geologic mapping for a 10 km2 area of alluvial (quebrada) deposits located in the middle Moche Valley of Peru, where archaeological features and deposits provide cross-cutting relationships and numerical age control for late Holocene erosion and deposition associated with El Nino. Despite surfaces containing clasts that are heavily pitted and cracked due to salt weathering, archaeological and 14C dates indicate that most quebrada landforms in the study area are late Holocene in age and may reflect enhanced alluviation associated with increased El Nino activity beginning ca. 6000 cal yr B.P. Our study provides criteria for correlative dating of other Holocene landforms in the Moche Valley area but urges caution in long-distance (>100 km) correlation because of geographic variability in surface weathering. Surficial geologic mapping aided by archaeological age control allows improved understanding of the rates of landscape change important to the development of complex irrigation-based societies in the Peruvian Desert. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of periodic arrays of protein nanostructures using particle lithography

We introduce a new method of nanoparticle lithography to produce periodic arrays of protein nanostructures. The resulting protein arrays are characterized using atomic force microscopy. The periodicity and detailed morphology of these arrays can be varied by selecting latex particles with a desired size and the protein-to-latex ratio. Particle lithography offers the advantages of nanometer precision and high throughput. The proteins within the nanostructures retain the ability to bind corresponding specific antibodies. This approach provides an alternative means for production of a new generation of nanostructure-based biochips and sensors.
Anti-phagocytic mechanisms of Streptococcus pyogenes: binding of fibrinogen to M-related protein

A key attribute of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes is their ability to resist phagocytosis and multiply in human blood. M-related protein (Mrp) is a major anti-phagocytic factor but the mechanism whereby it helps streptococci to evade phagocytosis has not been demonstrated. We investigated phagocytosis resistance in a strain of serotype M4 by inactivating the mrp gene and also the emm, enn, sof and sfbX genes and by analysing the effect on streptococcal growth in blood and on complement deposition on the bacterial surface. Inactivation of enn4 and sfbX4 had little impact on growth in blood, but ablation of mrp4, emm4 or sof4 reduced streptococcal growth in human blood, confirming that Mrp and Emm are required for optimal resistance to phagocytosis and providing the first indication that Sof may be an anti-phagocytic factor. Moreover, antisera against Mrp4, Emm4 and Sof4 promoted the killing of S. pyogenes, but anti-SfbX serum had no effect. Growth of S. pyogenes in blood was dependent on the presence of fibrinogen and in the absence of fibrinogen there was a twofold increase in complement deposition. Inactivation of mrp4 resulted in a loss of fibrinogen-binding and caused a twofold increase in the binding of C3b that was inhibited by Mg-EGTA. Mrp contained two fibrinogen-binding sites, one of which is within a highly conserved region. These findings indicate that Mrp-fibrinogen interactions prevent surface deposition of complement via the classical pathway, thereby contributing to the ability of these streptococci to resist phagocytosis. This may be a common mechanism for evasion of phagocytosis because Mrp is expressed by approximately half of the clinical isolates of S. pyogenes.
The Convex Mirror as a Traffic Control Aid: A Report on the Human Factors Considerations:

A study was performed on the human factors characteristics of a mirror traffic control aid. The mirror aid studied was installed at a “T” intersection as an attempt to improve the detection of vehi...
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats bearing avian sarcoma virus-induced brain tumors.

Lewis rats bearing avian sarcoma virus (ASV)-induced brain tumors were injected with guinea pig spinal cord emulsion and complete Freund's Adjuvant to determine if they remained susceptible to induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The incidence of EAE among rats with small, and moderate sized gliomas was similar to non-tumor-bearing controls (P<0.5; P<0.9) while 18 o24 (75%) animals with large gliomas developed EAE as compared to 31 of 33 (93%) controls (P<0.05). The histologic features and geographical distribution of ‘ordinary’ EAE were seen in controls and were maintained in tumor-bearing rats. The presence of an intracranial tumor did not significantly alter the ability of Lewis rats to develop EAE.
CAPITAL BUDGETING, INTERTEMPORAL PROGRAMMING MODELS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO AGRICULTURE

Investment decision processes typically involve the selection of projects, the timing of their initiation and the determination of the amount to be invested in each time period. A linear programming model considered appropriate for solving such models is described, in which the multi-dimensional criterion function is expressed as a linear combination of the appropriately-weighted objectives. An empirical application is then discussed, the objectives of the firm being the maximization of tax-free cash and assets on hand at the end of the planning period. Finally, the appropriate length of the planning horizon, and some approaches to capital budgeting under non-certainty, are discussed.
Physical properties of Heusler-like Fe 2 VAl

A comprehensive characterization of the compound ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}$ was carried out. Samples grown by arc melting or the Bridgman method have Al and Fe deficiencies of up to 5 at. %. Czochralski-grown samples were Fe rich and Al deficient. X-ray diffraction implies appreciable antisite disorder in all of our samples. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements showed that the carrier density and scattering time had little sample-to-sample variation or temperature dependence for near-stoichiometric samples. FTIR and dc resistivity suggest that the transport properties of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}$ are influenced by both localized and delocalized carriers, with the former primarily responsible for the negative temperature coefficient of resistivity. Magnetization measurements reveal that near-stoichiometric samples have superparamagnetic clusters with at least two sizes of moments. We conclude that in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl},$ antisite disorder causes significant modification to the semimetallic band structure proposed theoretically. With antisite disorder considered, we are now able to explain most of the physical properties of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}\mathrm{VAl}.$ None of our data suggest heavy-fermion behavior in our samples.
Wave propagation in periodically layered elastic media based on an internal variable model

A phenomenological model of wave propagation in a periodically layered elastic media, with linear elastic constituents, which is based on an internal variable theory, is presented; the main result is a system of coupled second- and fourth-order partial differential equations which describe the motion of each constituent and which, in turn, appear to predict the correct qualitative behavior for both the composite (or main) wave and the precursor wave in the laminate.
Stark broadening of singly ionized neon lines

Abstract Stark profiles of 21 Ne II lines from 10 multiplets were measured in a low-pressure, pulsed arc. An electron density of 1.4 × 10 23 m -3 was determined by laser interferometry and an electron temperature of 28000 K was measured using relative intensities of 0 II impurity lines. These experimental data are compared with a previous experiment, with semiclassical theoretical results, and with semiempirical calculations. They agree well, within experimental uncertainties, with both the experimental and the semiclassical results. However, systematic discrepancies exist when compared with the semiempirical results and these exceed the uncertainties of both the calculation and experiments. Also, the experimental Ne II Stark widths show good agreement with a recent study of regularities in plasma-broadened spectral line widths.
Predicting compliance with home relaxation training.

The ability of self-prediction, self-motivation, a stress profile, and a state-trait personality measure to predict compliance with home-relaxation training was examined. Although several significant correlations were obtained between these dimensions and the practice of relaxation at home, only achievement orientation and self-motivation predicted adherence to the relaxation regimen for 27 college students.
The impact of depression and pain catastrophization on initial presentation and treatment outcomes for atraumatic hand conditions.

Background: Prior studies have suggested that patient-rated hand function is impacted by depression and pain catastrophization. We studied the impact that these comorbidities have on treatment outcomes. Methods: Two hundred and fifty-six patients presenting to an orthopaedic hand clinic were followed in this prospective cohort investigation. Patients who were prescribed treatment for atraumatic hand/wrist conditions were eligible for inclusion. At enrollment, all patients completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ; scale of 0 to 100, with 100 indicating the best hand performance). One month and three months after treatment, patients again completed the MHQ. Participants’ psychological comorbidity status was categorized as either affected (a CES-D score of ≥16, indicating depression, or a PCS score of ≥30, indicating catastrophization) or unaffected (a CES-D score of <16 and a PCS score of <30). Diagnoses and treatments for both the affected and unaffected groups were examined. The effect of time and patient status, and their interaction, on MHQ scores was evaluated by mixed modeling. Results: Fifty patients were categorized as affected and 206 as unaffected. Diagnoses and treatments differed minimally between the two groups. At the time of enrollment, the mean MHQ score of the unaffected group (64.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 62.5 to 67.3) was significantly higher than that of the affected group (48.1; 95% CI, 43.3 to 53.0). Both groups demonstrated similar significant absolute improvement over baseline at three months after treatment (an increase of 12.5 points [95% CI, 7.5 to 17.4] in the affected group and 12.8 points [95% CI, 10.4 to 15.3] in the unaffected group). Thus, at the time of final follow-up, the rating of hand function by the affected patients (60.6 [95% CI, 55.0 to 66.2]) was still significantly poorer than the rating by the unaffected patients (77.7 [95% CI, 75.0 to 80.5]). Conclusions: Although patients affected by depression and/or pain catastrophization reported worse self-rated hand function at baseline and at the time of follow-up, these patients showed similar absolute improvement in self-rated hand function following treatment compared with patients with unaffected status. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Flow cytometric evaluation of cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa processed using a new antibiotic combination.

Abstract Bovine spermatozoa cryopreserved in media containing two combinations of antibiotics were analyzed using a FACS analyzer and an EPICS V flow cytometer. Duplicate samples from 10 bulls with information on nonreturn rates were examined. Semen was processed using either penicillin-streptomycin-polymyxin-lincospectin (Regimen I) or gentamicin-tylosin-lincospectin (Regimen II). Spermatozoa were thawed at 37°C and incubated for 0, 1.5, and 3.0 h in 10 mM HEPES buffer at 39°C. Aliquots were then stained using a combination of 5(and-6)-carboxy-4′,5′ dimethyl fluorescein diacetate and hydroethidine. Flow cytometric analysis of the stained samples identified five fluorescent populations for the FACS analyzer and three for the EPICS V. There were no significant differences in the number of spermatozoa within similar fluorescent populations between antibiotic Regimens I and II for all incubation times with one exception. One spermatozoal population (FACS Analyzer), after 1.5 h of incubation, contained more cells with decreased viability (P
Band-structure instability in long-period one-dimensional superlattices under strong population inversion

In superlattices with a long period ($\ensuremath{\gtrsim}100$ \AA{}) the miniband structure depends noticeably on the number of free electrons present and on how those electrons are distributed in energy. The minigap width between the first and second miniband is decreased drastically by screening, if the lowest miniband is filled by doping. Transferring electrons from the first to the second miniband increases the minigap width again. For sufficiently strongly inverted nonequilibrium distributions, a drastic instability can occur in the band structure leading to an abrupt drastic reduction of the first minigap.