cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADP-ATP Exchange in Internally Dialyzed Squid Giant Axons

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the adenosine triphosphate–adenosine diphosphate (ADP–ATP) exchange in internally dialyzed squid giant axons. Experiments were designed to test whether the sodium pump or Na,K–ATPase of internally dialyzed squid giant axons can catalyze ADP-ATP exchange under conditions where ouabain–sensitive sodium–sodium (Na–Na) exchange is known to take place. Na–Na exchange is electroneutral, requires ADP as well as ATP, but does not hydrolyze the latter. Because one of the reactions catalyzed by membrane–bound Na,K–ATPase is a sodium-dependent ADP-ATP exchange, it has been proposed that Na–Na exchange and ADP-ATP exchange are manifestations of a single molecular operation. The chapter also presents a schematic summary of exchanges between internal perfusion capillary and axoplasm, both containing ATP and ADP in the steady state. Under the experimental conditions, the sodium-carrying enzyme can shuttle Na + several times across the membrane before ATP is released.
A resistance compensation control algorithm for a cable-driven hand exoskeleton for motor function rehabilitation

The resistance compensation, especially the friction compensation in the Bowden cable transmission is a difficult issue to be handled. Aimed to the resistance reduction requirement in the active rehabilitative motion, a resistance compensation control method is proposed. Based on the simplified transmission model, the resistance, including the cable friction as well as the mechanical moment of inertial, is formulated. To realize the compensation, force sensors are used to measure the force exerted by the human fingertip. With the proposed algorithm, the maximum finger-exerted force is reduced to less than one third of before. The experimental result demonstrates the validity of the proposed method.
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute: Image and Counter Image in Hanoverian Studies

This article aims to explore the shifting historical perceptions of John Stuart 3rd Earl of Bute, one of 18th century Britain's most controversial statesmen, from his own day to the present. It will show how and why partisan distortions have persistently militated against an objective assessment of his actions and abilities, until well after Namier and explain why only recent historiography has begun to project a more balanced picture. The essay is based on both extensive secondary manuscript sources, official and private.
Studies of naturally occurring modifications of sialic acids by fast-atom bombardment-mass spectrometry. Analysis of positional isomers by periodate cleavage

A variety of modifications of sialic acids have been described in nature. There are currently many difficulties in the detection and quantitation of these modified sialic acids from biological sources. We report here that fast-atom bombardment-mass-spectrometry (FAB-MS) of native sialic acids provides specific detection and quantitation of many previously known compounds. Derivatization of the sialic acids by reduction and peracylation under acidic conditions prior to FAB-MS provides further confirmation of their identity and improves the sensitivity of detection. Samples containing as little as 100 ng of a derivatized sialic acid loaded onto the FAB target allowed accurate identification. Mixtures of sialic acids could be analyzed, and minor components were seen, at levels undetectable by other currently known techniques. Analysis of known mixtures of different sialic acids gave reproducible relative signal intensities, indicating that quantitative data can be derived from the FAB-MS spectra. After reduction and peracylation, each sialic acid gave two major molecular ions, corresponding to the fully derivatized linear species and a lactone form, and a minor ion, corresponding to an anhydro form. Lactone formation was minimal in the case of four substituted sialic acids, indicating that the hydroxyl group at the 4-position is involved in lactonization. Differentiation between different positional isomers of the modified sialic acids could be achieved using controlled degradation with periodate, tagging of the fragments with p-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester under acid reducing conditions, peracylation, and FAB-MS of the derivatized products. We used this FAB-MS strategy to identify a novel sialic acid, 8-O-methyl-7,9-di-O-acetyl-N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid from the starfish Pisaster brevispinus, and to demonstrate the presence of a previously undetected sialic acid, 4,8-anhydro-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid in acid hydrolysates of horse serum. We also use FAB-MS to show that the alkaline conditions traditionally used for analytical de-O-acetylation of sialic acids causes substantial conversion of 4-O-acetylated sialic acids into the same anhydro compound.
Mathematics of students’ culture: A goal of localized ethnomathematics

Abstract Ethnomathematics is the mathematics of cultural groups, but often those cultural groups are “others” and “elsewhere”. However, it is also valuable to look inward to see the interaction of mathematics and one’s own culture. An assignment in a graduate course offers this opportunity to students. The assignment is to find an area of the student’s personal “culture” (sometimes defined rather broadly) and find its use of mathematics. Students are asked to write about (a) the cultural area; (b) how they are personally tied to it; and (c) how and where it uses mathematics. In addition to the paper, students make an oral presentation. Thus, all students learn (often surprising) aspects of their classmates’ non-professional life, and the presenter digs into areas of family and heritage that may not have been reviewed before. Since all students are classroom mathematics teachers, finding their own cultural mathematics is not only enlightening for themselves, but also offers opportunities to include new mathematics applications in their teaching. This paper includes much personal background that led to this assignment and is a report on more than a decade of using this it, including brief student examples.
Any questions left? Review of Ginzburg & Sag's Interrogative investigations

For better or worse, linguistics is rife with frameworks, each with its own ethos. Two important aspects of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar's are: (1) the search for an explicit and exhaustive account of the intricate syntactic and semantic facts that constitute one's grammar and (2) the hypothesis that general/universal and specific aspects of one's grammar are not qualitatively distinct. This book stands as a superb example of this ethos. It illustrates the fecundity of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (henceforth, HPSG) as a framework and advances our knowledge of the syntax and semantics of interrogatives. It is the most explicit description of the semantics and syntax of any area of English syntax of which this reviewer is aware. It thus sets up a healthy empirical benchmark for other theories of interrogatives. The sixty pages of appendices that detail the grammar discussed in the book and its almost complete implementation in the current version of the English Resource Grammar attest to this empirical bent. Any future theory will have to match it in accuracy before any metatheoretical issues (e.g. simplicity or explanatory adequacy) can be meaningfully discussed. Its precision and comprehensiveness will also, hopefully, lead to descriptions of unbounded dependencies and clause-types in other languages that are orders of magnitude more detailed than those currently available. Ginzburg & Sag's (G&S's) book also illustrates how possibly universal principles (such as the requirement that head-daughters and mothers of a local tree share information) and construction-specific requirements (such as the fact that the scope of
An innovation in nutrition education: development of a national nutrition test-item bank

A NNTIB prototype has been developed and implemented at the University of Alabama in Birmingham School of Medicine. The further development of the Bank as a shared national resource was considered at a workshop carried out in conjunction with the 1983 ASCN meeting. Through this forum it was confirmed that the concept of a NNTIB is both valid and viable, receiving the support of a variety of nutrition educators and the endorsement of the ASCN Committee on Nutrition Education. The general recommendations of the workshop participants were that a modification of the test-item bank prototype be used as the model for the development of a national bank. A key recommendation was the development of a committee to oversee the acceptance and review of test items included in the NNTIB. Recognizing that the major constraints in the development of a national bank are likely to be logistical, mechanical, and fiscal, it is our belief that each of the limitations could be overcome if the Bank were adopted by a parent society with a long-term commitment to its continued support and development. After such support has been identified and pilot trials have been carried out, the implications of the NNTIB for advances in the field of nutrition go well beyond improved quality of testing materials and extend into the critical area of the establishment of standards of nutrition education and certification of competency. The development of the NNTIB offers a challenge to nutrition educators, national nutrition organizations, and interested governmental agencies for their involvement and support.
A version of Strassen’s Theorem for vector-valued measures

A formulation of Strassen's Theorem is given for measures taking values in a Banach lattice. The main result (Theorem 2) corrects earlier work of the second author. In joint work of M. Marz and the second author [5, Theorem 3.7], a version of the theorem known in probability theory as "Strassen's Theorem" (see [8], [2, 11.6]) was generalized to the context of measures assuming values in a reflexive Banach lattice. In [7, Theorem 3.2], the second author announced an extension of the result to all order-complete Banach lattices. However, the proof given in [7, p.816] contains an error, leaving the validity of the result an open question. In Theorem 2 below, a result of this general type is proved for measures taking values in Banach lattices of a certain type: the so-called KB-spaces. The KBspaces occupy a position between the reflexive and the complete Banach lattices (reflexive =X KB =* complete), so that Theorem 2 is a generalization of [5, Theorem 3.7], but is not as strong as what was asserted in [7]. Our technique makes use of a Strassen-type result (given below as Theorem 1 and proved in [3]) for finitely additive measures with values in a complete Banach lattice. As a general reference for basic facts about vector measures, we recommend the text of Diestel and Uhl [1]. For Banach lattices, see [4], [6]. If A and B are fields on sets X and Y, respectively, then A x B is the field on X x Y generated by all rectangles E x F for E e A and F e S. The following result is Theorem 2.1 in [3]. It replaces the imprecisely stated and incompletely proved Theorem 2.2 of [7]. Theorem 1. Let A and B be countable fields on sets X and Y respectively and let A: G+ and i : B -G+ be finitely additive measures taking values in the positive cone of a divisible, a-complete, partially ordered group G. We assume that p(X) _= v(Y) = a for some a E G+. Let S be an arbitrary subset of X x Y and let C be the field on X x Y generated by S and the sets in A x B. For an element v E G with 0 < v < a, we consider the following conditions: i) There is a finitely additive measure p: C -+ G+ such that p(E x Y) = /1(E) and p(X x F) = v(F) for all E e A and F E B (i.e. p has marginals ,u and v) and such that p(S) = v. ii) Whenever E x F C S for E e A and F E B, then p(E) + v(F) < c + v. Received by the editors July 24, 1996 and, in revised form, October 28, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 28B05; Secondary 30C62, 46B42. (D1998 American Mathematical Society
Respiration and glycolysis in the human diploid cell strain wi‐38

Assessment of the respiratory and glycolytic capacity of non-growing WI-38 cells shows that, in the absence and presence of added glucose, the mean rates of oxygen consumption were 247 (QO2 = 5.61) and 208 (QO2 = 4.73) mμmoles/mg dry wt/hr., respectively. Mean glucose consumption was 225 mμmoles/mg dry wt/ hr. With uniformly labeled 14C glucose as substrate, 36 mμg atoms of carbon dioxide were produced, corresponding to 15–20% of the total cellular respiration. Mean values for lactate production in the presence and absence of glucose were 345 (QLO2 = 7.85) and 196 (QLO2 = 4.45) mμmoles/mg dry wt/hr., respectively. Human diploid cells in culture age, in the sense that their ability to proliferate decreases with time during serial subcultivation. Studies of their respiratory and glycolytic capacity as a function of the aging process showed that total respiration, glucose respiration and glycolytic capacity were relatively constant for cells in the middle and late passages and indicate that aging in this sense is not directly related to the respiratory and glycolytic capacity of the cell.
Hierarchical architectures in the third-generation cellular network

Third-generation wireless communication faces the challenges of rapidly increasing mobile user demand against limited radio bandwidth. Splitting cells into smaller cells can reduce the frequency reuse distance to improve network capacity within a certain area. Other than increasing the cost of the fixed infrastructure, cell splitting also causes the problem of increasing handoff rate and event the handoff failure rate when high-speed users roam in the network. To solve this problem, larger cells are overlaid on these smaller cells, and different classes of users (usually classified by speed) are initially assigned to the proper types of cells (i.e., proper tiers). We call this kind of cellular network a hierarchical cellular network. In this study, we review the different design techniques in the hierarchical architecture and some analytical tools to study the performance of these designs.
Function-algebraic characterizations of log and polylog parallel time

The main results of this paper are recursion-theoretic characterizations of two parallel complexity classes: the functions computable by uniform bounded fan-in circuit families of log and polylog depth (or equivalently, the functions bitwise computable by alternating Turing machines in log and polylog time). The present characterizations avoid the complex base functions, function constructors, anda priori size or depth bounds typical of previous work on these classes. This simplicity is achieved by extending the “tiered recursion” techniques of Leivant and Bellantoni & Cook.
Feedback Linearization for Control of Air Breathing Engines

The method of feedback linearization for control of the nonlinear nozzle and compressor components of an air breathing engine is presented. This method overcomes the need for a large number of scheduling variables and operating points to accurately model highly nonlinear plants. Feedback linearization also results in linear closed loop system performance simplifying subsequent control design. Feedback linearization is used for the nonlinear partial engine model and performance is verified through simulation.
Air to muscle and blood/plasma to muscle distribution of volatile organic compounds and drugs: linear free energy analyses.

Article on air to muscle and blood/plasma to muscle distribution of volatile organic compounds and drugs and linear free energy analyses.
Concluding remarks: The mitochondrial DNA replication bubble has not burst.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences has recently provided an opportunity to address points regarding possible revisions of the model for mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication [1,2]. The classic strand-displacement model begins with leading-strand synthesis proceeding for a significant distance before initiation of lagging-strand synthesis on the opposite, displaced single-stranded template. By contrast, strand-coupled synthesis is a traditional bi-directional model with largely duplex replication intermediates. The principal items of controversy remain as follows: (1) We noted that the enzymatic manipulations and 2D-gel electrophoresis employed by Holt and Jacobs would destabilize extensively single-stranded replication intermediates predicted by the strand-displacement model. Their response, that the single-stranded products of branch migration were not observed in their studies, is not helpful because their 2D-gel patterns feature enormous overexposed zones of hybridizing species. The intensity of these hybridization signals and of horizontal smears and diagonal spurs emanating from the main spot of non-replicating DNA could conceal a variety of heterogeneous molecular species. We are not convinced that the low intensity of replicative arcs observed with most hybridization probes employed by Holt and Jacobs reflects more than very rare species with an abundance too low to account for the bulk of mtDNA replication. (2) We suggested that transcription intermediates might contribute to the slow-moving arcs, which were shown to vary in abundance depending on the handling of
Dispersion-free transient-grating frequency-resolved optical gating.

We have developed a compact dispersion-free TG (transient-grating) FROG (frequency-resolved optical gating) by utilizing a mask that separates the input beam into three distinct beams focused into fused silica to create the FROG signal. Two of the beams are reflected off the same set of mirrors to ensure identical optical paths, eliminating the difficulty in establishing zero time delay between the beams. In addition, the use of only reflective optics avoids material dispersion in the FROG except for the mixing crystal. This TG FROG is capable of operating with an intensity of 1 × 1011 W/cm2 and has resolutions less than 0.5 and 1.3 fs for 25- and 10-fs input pulses, respectively.
Sorption and transport of CO2 in PVF2/PMMA Blends

The sorption and transport of CO2 in miscible PVF2/PMMA blends are reported at 35°C as a function of pressure from 1 to 25 atm. Significant plasticization by CO2 is evident for all blend compositions. This effect induced further crystallization of PVF2 for some blends, altered the shape of sorption isotherms for blends with a glassy amorphous phase, and resulted in permeabilities which increased with pressure for all compositions. Modified sorption and transport models to account for plasticization are used to analyze the data. The effect of crystallinity on observed behavior has been accounted for using approximate models to allow comparison of responses of sorption and transport with blend composition.
Gallium diffusion and diffusivity in CuInSe2 epitaxial layers

Ga diffusion in single crystal Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 (CIGS) epitaxial layers on GaAs was measured as a function of the Cu/In ratio in the CIGS. No Ga was supplied intentionally during deposition but Ga was released by the substrates into the growing film. The concentration profile of the Ga was determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry and was fit by numerical solution of Fick’s second law including motion of the surface and the possibility of Ga desorption from the surface. All films studied had Cu/(In+Ga) ratios greater than 1.0, which was determined by the Ga outdiffusion from the GaAs. The Cu/In ratio was controlled by the deposition conditions. The Ga diffusivity was a minimum near a Cu/In ratio of 1.0 and increased rapidly for both higher and lower values of this ratio. The diffusivity ranged from a minimum of 2.7×10−13 cm2/s at Cu/In=0.94 to 5×10−11 cm2/s−12 cm2/s at Cu/In=1.41 and 7×10−12 cm2/s at Cu/In=0.43. It was concluded that Ga diffuses on metal vacancies on either the Cu or In sublattice.
Large-Scale Atmospheric Conditions During the Intensification of Hurricane Carmen (1974) II. Diabatic Heating Rates and Energy Budgets

Abstract A diagnostic analysis Of the energetics of the large-scale flow during the development and intensification of Hurricane Carmen (1974) is presented. Data used in the study were taken during the Global Atmospheric Research Programs'(GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) and are described in a companion paper by Vincent and Waterman (1979). Kinetic energy and available potential energy budgets are calculated both in Eulerian (fixed) and quasi-Lagrangian (moving) frames of reference. Diabatic heating rates are also given. Kinetic energy budget results indicate that large-scale kinetic energy is lost to smaller scales during Carmen's intensifying stage; whereas, during its mature stage, large-scale motions are gaining kinetic energy at the expense of smaller scale motions. Diabatic heating calculations yield reasonable distributions of stable latent heat release and longwave radiative heating. Certain shortcomings are noted in the computational scheme for convective latent boat release. Boundary l...
The Distribution by Age of the Frequency of First Marriage in a Female Cohort

Abstract The schedule recording first marriage frequencies has been shown to take the same basic form in different populations, with differences only in the origin, area, and horizontal scale. It is shown here that a representative schedule is very closely approximated by a simple closed form frequency function, which is the limiting distribution of the convolution of an infinite number of exponentially distributed components. The schedule is approximated equally well by the convolution of a normal distribution (of age of entry into a marriageable state) and as few as three exponentially distributed delays. The latter convolution provides a plausible model of nuptiality, a model that receives surprising empirical support.
Multimedia content analysis: model-based approaches vs. data-driven approaches

The explosive growth of multimedia data on the Web has had a great impact on research, and opened a potentially controversial topic in the multimedia community about model-based approaches and data-driven approaches. In this panel, we expect intelligent discussions between the panelists and the audience on this topic. For example, which approach is more advantageous: model-based or data-driven? How can these two approaches learn from the latest developments of the other to further improve existing limitations? The debate in this panel and the insight shared by the panelists are highly anticipated and expected to inspire and drive researchers to answer these questions and push them into working on other, related problems.
Heat, Mass, and momentum transfer analogies for the fully developed turbulent flow of power law fluids in circular tubes

A new correlation is presented to describe heat and mass transfer at large Prandtl or Schmidt numbers to power law fluids in fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe. The resulting expression for the Stanton number differs from earlier semiempirical correlations in that it is based on a continuous eddy viscosity distribution from the wall to the center of the pipe and contains no adjustable parameters to be determined from heat transfer data. Nusselt numbers determined by the new correlation are in excellent agreement with data on heat transfer to both pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids.
A FURTHER NOTE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIES OF FARM SIZE

Efficiency has a precise meaning in the case of the optimally conditions associated with the perfectly competitive norm. However, the efficiency concept loses a precise meaning and much of its usefulness under real world conditions of uncertainty and costly information since efficiency is inescapably evaluative and cannot be defined and measured independently of the goals and knowledge of the decision maker. Similarly, the concept ‘economies of size’ is shown to lose its normative significance when specialised resources and other unique aspects of the firm are taken into account. Although the economist has no objective procedure by which to measure the efficiency of entrepreneurial activity, it is argued that in the real world of uncertainty and disequilibrium, there is always scope for entrepreneurial activity in the sense of unexploited profit opportunities.
Epiphytic lactic acid bacteria succession during the pre‐ensiling and ensiling periods of alfalfa and maize

Epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) succession during the pre-ensiling and ensiling periods were studied in 1989 for two cuttings of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), each harvested at three stages of maturity, and three whole-plant maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Twenty-three species and 306 strains were found. Epiphytic LAB counts were low and variable on the standing crops, particularly on alfalfa. Wilting increased LAB numbers slightly for alfalfa, but the chopping process increased the counts dramatically. Population shifts in LAB also took place during the pre-ensiling period. Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus faecium, and Ent. faecalis were predominant on both standing crops. Lactobacillus brevis dominated alfalfa at the second cutting, 10% bloom, but Lact. viridescens was predominant after chopping. The changes in LAB caused by wilting or chopping were reflected mainly in proportional changes of Lact. plantarum, Ped. pentosaceus, Ent. faecium and Ent. faecalis. Once the crops were ensiled, total LAB counts increased rapidly, reached a maximum within 1 d, and then declined after 7 d of fermentation. Enterococcus species decreased sharply or disappeared entirely after the early stages of the ensiling period, and the species most involved in microbial succession through day 7 were Lact. plantarum and Ped. pentosaceus. After 7 d, more species, e.g. Lact. homohiochii, Lact. brevis and Lact. gasseri, joined the succession and became prevalent, depending on the crop. Only two of the six alfalfa silages were well preserved, whereas all three maize hybrids underwent typical fermentations for this crop. No relationship was found between adequacy of silage fermentation and epiphytic LAB numbers or species on the pre-ensiled crops. Neither were pH changes during the fermentation explained by the epiphytic LAB count or population succession. Rather, the well fermented alfalfa silages were those ensiled at a high dry matter (DM) content (> 360 g/kg) and low buffering capacity (<450 meq/kg of DM). Only a few of the LAB strains were shown to be the same among the crops, thus indicating the specificity of LAB strains to an ecological niche.
Pyrophosphate stimulation of calcium uptake into cultured embryonic bones. Fine structure of matrix vesicles and their role in calcification

Abstract The onset of mineralization in embryonic chick femurs was studied as a model for the initiation of biological calcification. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of calcifying matrix vesicles within newly formed bone, and showed that these vesicles were the initial site of crystal deposition. Matrix vesicles were first seen on day 6 of embryonic development, and already were present in considerable numbers on day 7, at which time mineral deposition was just beginning. As a reflection of initial mineralization the uptake of 45Ca and 40Ca into 7-day-old bones was studied during 2 days in organ culture. A control level of uptake was established using a defined culture medium, P-6. Addition of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) to this medium caused a marked increase in calcium uptake into areas of matrix which normally calcify in vivo. The maximal 45Ca uptake, greater than 4-fold, was achieved with 4 μg of P per milliliter of PPi and was partially heat-inhibitable. Since the matrix vesicles are known to be rich in inorganic pyrophosphatase, it is proposed that mineralization is promoted in vesicles by the enzymatic hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. The membrane-bounded matrix vesicles appear to provide the necessary enzymes and environment to concentrate calcium and phosphate for initiating crystal formation.
Effects of Steady-State Bupropion on the Pharmacokinetics of Lamotrigine in Healthy Subjects

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of steady-state bupropion SR sustained-release (BUP) on the pharmacokinetics of a single 100-mg dose of lamotrigine (LTG). Design. Randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. Setting. Clinical Studies Ltd., Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Patients. Twelve healthy subjects. Intervention. Treatment A: LTG 100 mg with steady-state BUP 150 mg twice/day; treatment B: LTG 100 mg. Measurements and Main Results. The pharmacokinetics of LTG were determined by noncompartmental methods using plasma and urine concentrations. Geometric least squares mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals were calculated for treatment comparison. Safety assessments included clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, and adverse events monitoring. Pharmacokinetic parameters of LTG were not significantly different between treatments. Five subjects experienced seven mild, potentially drug-related adverse events (insomnia [2]; nausea, headache, facial pain, fatigue, and depression [1 each]) that resolved spontaneously. Conclusion. Steady-state BUP caused no clinically relevant changes in the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of LTG.
Y‐Ba‐Cu‐O superconducting fibers and wires by spray pyrolysis on carbon fibers

Superconducting YBa2 Cu3 O7−x fibers and wires have been prepared by spray pyrolysis of metal nitrate precursors on a commercial carbon fiber substrate, followed by heating in air and annealing in O2. The fibers were characterized by x‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and Tc and Jc measurements. The fibers consisted of well‐aligned crystals and no carbon, with a Tc (zero) of 82 K and a Jc of 2150 A/cm2 in zero field. Ag‐doped fibers were fabricated by adding AgNO3 in the precursor solution, and the Jc value nearly doubled with the addition of 4 wt. % Ag.
Trends in psychological distress, depressive episodes and mental health treatment-seeking in the United States: 2001-2012.

Abstract Background There has been an increase in the use of mental health services in a number of industrialized countries over the past two decades with little impact on mental health status of the populations. Few studies, however, have examined recent trends in mental health status in the US. Methods Using data from three large general annual population surveys in the US—the National Health Interview Survey, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and National Survey on Drug Use and Health—we examined temporal trends in non-specific psychological distress, depressive episodes and mental health treatment seeking over the 2001–2012 period. Results Prevalence of past-month significant psychological distress and past-year depressive symptoms changed little over time. However, a larger percentage of participants reported poor mental health for ≥15 days or 30 days in the past month in 2011–2012 (8.7% and 5.7%, respectively) than in 2001–2002 (6.6% and 4.6%). A larger percentage of participants in the later period also reported receiving mental health treatments. Limitations Possible changes in mental health status may have been missed due to the limited scope of assessments or the small magnitude of changes. Potential reciprocal influences between service use and mental health status could not be investigated because of cross-sectional data. Conclusions Despite increasing use of mental health treatments in the US in the first decade of this century, there is no evidence of decrease in prevalence of psychological distress or depression. Poor match between need for treatment and actual treatments received in usual care settings may partly explain the findings.
The inadequacy of the fish-bearing criterion for stream management

Dependence on the fish-bearing and non-fish-bearing designation in determining the regulation of stream management is questioned. The importance of intermittent, ephemeral, and very small first order channels as suppliers of invertebrates and detritus to permanently flowing, receiving streams that support juvenile salmonids warrant their protection during timber harvest. Small gravel bed roads serve many of the same functions as the small intermittent and ephemeral headwater channels. Therefore, many could be managed like small stream channels and eligible for exclusion from road decommissioning actions. Among the invertebrates inhabiting headwater streams, many have specific adaptations to low and seasonal flows. Given these considerations, it is clear that criteria other than the presence or absence of juvenile salmonids need to be considered in managing forested watersheds.
Promoting preservice teachers' professional growth through developmental portfolios

Abstract Using portfolios as assessment tools in teacher education programs is no longer in the discussion stage. Portfolios are becoming part of the assessment process. When candidates develop portfolios, they take on active roles that help them assume ownership of their professional growth. Portfolios can inspire reflection on the pre‐student teaching segment of the program and can serve as a bridge between the student and the novice professional. Having candidates construct portfolios before student teaching is emphasized. A rationale for the use of portfolios, descriptions of how portfolios have been used in the authors' teacher education programs, and the ways in which portfolios contribute to helping candidates make the transition from student to student teacher and student teacher to professional teacher are presented
Tumor necrosis factor-α enhances hypoxia–reoxygenation-mediated apoptosis in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells: critical role of protein kinase C

Background: Ischemia and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) released during ischemia both cause apoptosis and necrosis of myocardial tissues. Since endothelium may be critically important in determination of cardiac function, we examined the interaction between TNFα and hypoxia–reoxygenation with regard to induction of apoptosis and underlying signaling pathway in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Methods and results: HCAECs were cultured and exposed to hypoxia alone, hypoxia–reoxygenation, TNFα alone, TNFα plus hypoxia–reoxygenation, or TNFα only during the period of reoxygenation. Apoptosis was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, DNA nick-end labeling and DNA laddering. Hypoxia alone caused modest time-dependent apoptosis of cultured HCAECs, and reoxygenation increased the number of apoptotic cells ( P <0.01 vs. hypoxia alone). TNFα induced concentration-dependent apoptosis, and enhanced reoxygenation-mediated apoptosis in cultured HCAECs ( P <0.01 vs. hypoxia–reoxygenation alone). As expected, monoclonal antibody to TNFα significantly blocked the pro-apoptotic effect of TNFα-induced apoptosis ( P <0.01). TNFα-induced apoptosis was found to be associated with marked activation of protein kinase C (PKC), and pretreatment of cells with a specific PKC inhibitor markedly reduced TNFα-mediated PKC activity and apoptosis. Conclusion: These observations indicate that hypoxia alone causes modest apoptosis, reoxygenation increases apoptosis beyond that caused by hypoxia in cultured HCAECs. TNFα alone causes apoptosis, and further enhances apoptosis caused by hypoxia–reoxygenation. The activation of PKC plays a critical role in TNFα-induced apoptosis of cultured HCAECs.
Use of tissue adhesive in the closure of small incisions and lacerations

Over the last 10 years, in the operating rooms of Maternity and Children Hospital, Jeddah, more than 3,200 surgical incisions of skin made for minor surgical operations were closed without suturing by using tissue adhesive Histoacryl Blue. In addition to this, in the emergency rooms over 2,600 small lacerations of skin on various parts of the body were also repaired by the same technique. The method has certain distinct advantages over conventional suturing. The success rate was very high.
The superposition of transient low-level leakage currents in stressed silicon oxides

Abstract Thin films of silicon oxide were stressed at high voltages, which generated traps inside of the oxides and at the oxide interfaces. The transient low-level leakage currents were measured in these stressed oxides as a function of the magnitude of low voltages applied after the stress. It was found that the transient low-level leakage currents resulting from the application of two voltage pulses of different magnitudes with no relaxation time between the pulses were the same as the linear superposition of the currents resulting from each pulse when measured separately. The linear superposition of these transient currents can result in currents which change polarity during the application of a constant voltage across the oxide. This bipolar current is due to the transient charging and discharging of stress generated traps, which are distributed in space and energy within the oxide.
RELATIONSHIP OF CSF BETA ENDORPHIN CONCENTRATIONS TO ONE MINUTE APGAR SCORE

Concentrations of CSF beta endorphins were determined by a radioimmunoassay method in 23 neonates who underwent diagnostic lumbar puncture during the first 24 hours of life because of possible CNS infection. The birth weights of the infants ranged from 1.50 to 4.00 kg, with a median of 2.48 kg. The gestational ages ranged from 31 to 42 weeks, with a median of 36 weeks. One minute Apgar scores ranged from 2 to 9, with a median of 7. The median endorphin concentration in infants with Apgar scores of 2 to 5 (N=8) was 154 pg/ml (range 96-236 pg/ml), while that of infants with Apgar scores of 6 to 9(N=15) was 78 pg/ml (range 35-162 pg/ml). (p<0.01) The linear regression equation, correlating CSF beta endorphin concentrations with one minute Apgar scores was y = 15.1x + 208.7; r = -0.65; p<0.001. No relationship was observed between Apgar score and gestational age. The highly significant inverse correlation between one minute Apgar scores (a reflection of fetal oxygenation status) and CSF endorphin concentration supports the hypothesis that perinatal asphyxia is associated with increased synthesis of endogenous opioids by the CNS. It may be speculated that this increased endorphin production is causally related to the respiratory depression observed in asphyxiated neonates.
Computation of Domain-Averaged Shortwave Irradiance by a One-Dimensional Algorithm Incorporating Correlations between Optical Thickness and Direct Incident Radiation

A one-dimensional radiative transfer algorithm that accounts for correlations between the optical thickness and the incident direct solar radiation is developed to compute the domain-averaged shortwave irradiance profile. It divides the direct irradiance into four components and treats the direct irradiance in two separate, clear and cloudy columns to account for the fact that clouds attenuate the direct irradiance more than clear-sky. The horizontal inhomogeneity of clouds in the cloudy column is treated by the gamma weighted two-stream approximation, which assumes that the optical thickness of clouds follows a gamma distribution. The algorithm inputs the cloud fraction, cumulative cloud fraction as a function of height, and a parameter expressing the shape of the probability density function of the cloud optical thickness distribution in addition to inputs required for a two-stream radiative transfer model. These cloud property inputs can be obtained using ground- and satellite-based instruments. Therefore, the algorithm can treat realistic cloud overlap features and horizontal inhomogeneity of clouds in a framework of one- dimensional radiative transfer. Heating rates computed by the algorithm using cloud fields generated by cloud resolving models agree with those computed with a Monte Carlo model. If optical properties in computational layers that divide a vertically extensive cloud are correlated, the irradiance profile computed by the algorithm further improves.
Biobehavioral Aspects of Health and Aging Among People of Mexican Origin

There is a growing interest in developing a deeper level of understanding of the complex phenomena that make up the aging process. Efforts to pursue questions using a multivariate and ecologically valid approaches that include biological and behavioral factors have led to significant advances in our knowledge. This special issue presents a collection of papers that represent this "biobehavioral" perspective. Little is known concerning the biobehavioral aspects of Hispanic health and there is a dearth of systematic study of how individual biological factors interact with the environmental and cultural factors to affect health outcomes among the swiftly growing older population of Mexican origin, a subgroup of older minorities that exhibits unique morbidity and mortality patterns. The group of papers here represents important contributions to understanding the health consequences in later life for individuals of Mexican descent and addresses several areas of interest including but not limited to diabetes, cognitive impairment, metabolic syndrome, frailty, socio-economic status and contextual factors that impact health. The papers presented here use interesting and useful transdisciplinary approaches that increase our knowledge of health processes in older people of Mexican descent. This special issue also provides excellent examples of the critical linkages between biological variables broadly defined and traditional social stratification, social inequalities, and social justice and the ways in which they interact. The papers taken together suggest that the processes involved in aging and health are complex, particularly in people of Mexican descent, and requires the understanding of mechanisms at multiple causes and levels of analysis.
Imaging sports injuries of the foot and ankle

As health care evolves in the early twenty-first century, a combination of factors has increased the demand for accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of sports injuries in high-level athletes and throughout the general populous. Patient populations are gradually aging while simultaneously becoming increasingly fitness conscious, with older patients living a more athletic lifestyle and younger generations participating in a more diverse array of traditional and ‘‘extreme’’ sports. Patient education continues to improve with everexpanding media and internet resources. Growing patient demands compounded by a trend away from specialization by health care providers create a greater role for the science of imaging in injury diagnosis and assessment of pathology evolution and therapeutic response. Foot and ankle structures bear massive amounts of force during athletic activities and are naturally susceptible to a vast and ever-expanding array of injuries. MR imaging continues to become more widely available with a growing number of systems and shorter scan times, while technologic improvements allow for better anatomic detail and an increased sensitivity for pathology. Often the exact location and nature of an injury is governed by the principle of failure at the weakest point along a musculo-teno-osseous axis. This point of failure then varies with patient age and physical condition. Adolescents and young adults are most susceptible to bony growth plate or apophyseal injury, whereas tendinous and musculotendinous injuries are more prevalent in the middle aged [1,2]. Additionally, tendons themselves demonstrate a varying propensity for injury based on their anatomic course and stresses. Tendons that change direction at some point along their course employ a synovial sheath, which is protective but susceptible to inflammation. Others are subject to hypoxic degeneration and tearing at predictable locations when exposed to repetitive abnormal stresses. These locations are determined in large part by regional tendinous vascularity, with degeneration beginning in the relatively hypovascular portions of the tendon [3]. Ligaments are injured with one-time high-velocity traction or impaction stresses and can be sprained or ruptured. Bony injury can occur with high velocity one-time injuries or repetitive overuse
Lymphedema after sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND. Initial studies of sentinel lymphadenectomy for patients with breast carcinoma confirmed that the status of the sentinel lymph nodes was an accurate predictor of the presence of metastatic disease in the axillary lymph nodes. Sentinel lymphadenectomy, as an axillary staging procedure, has risks of morbidity that have yet to be defined. METHODS. Patients were enrolled in a two-phase protocol that included concurrent data collection of patient characteristics and treatment variables. During the first (validation) phase, 72 patients underwent sentinel lymph node excision followed by a level I‐II axillary dissection. After the technique had been established, the second phase commenced, during which only patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes underwent an axillary dissection. RESULTS. During the second phase, lymphedema was identified in 9 of 303 patients (3.0%) who underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy alone and in 20 of 117 patients (17.1%) who underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy combined with axillary dissection (P , 0.0001). Of 303 patients who underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy alone, 8 of 155 patients (5.1%) with tumors located in the upper outer quadrant and 1 of 148 patients (0.7%) with tumors in other locations developed lymphedema (P 5 0.012). CONCLUSIONS. The risk of developing lymphedema after undergoing sentinel lymphadenectomy was measurable but significantly lower than after undergoing axillary dissection. Tumor location in the upper outer quadrant and postoperative trauma and/or infection were identifiable risk factors for lymphedema. Cancer 2001;92:748 ‐52. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
A comparison of women's regret after vasectomy versus tubal sterilization

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare the 5-year cumulative probability of regret and risk factors for regret among women whose husbands underwent vasectomy with women after tubal sterilization. METHODS: A total of 525 women whose husbands underwent vasectomy were compared with 3672 women who underwent tubal sterilization in a prospective, multicenter, cohort study. RESULTS: The cumulative probability of a woman expressing regret within 5 years after her husband’s vasectomy was 6.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6, 8.6), which was similar to the 5-year cumulative probability of regret among women after tubal sterilization (7.0%, 95% CI 5.8, 8.1). Women who reported substantial conflict with their husbands before vasectomy were more than 25 times more likely to request that their husband have a reversal than women who did not report such conflict (rate ratio 25.3, 95% CI 2.9, 217.2). Similarly, women who reported substantial conflict with their husbands or partners before tubal sterilization were more then three times as likely to regret their decision and more than five times as likely to request a reversal than women who did not report such conflict (rate ratio 3.1, 95% CI 1.4, 7.0, and rate ratio 5.4, 95% CI 1.6, 17.6, respectively). CONCLUSION: Most women did not express regret after their husband’s vasectomy and the probability of regret was similar to sterilized women. However, when there was substantial conflict between a woman and her husband before vasectomy or tubal sterilization, the probability of subsequent request for reversal was increased.
Predictive value of early postmyocardial infarction modified treadmill exercise testing in multivessel coronary artery disease detection

We evaluated 57 patients with modified treadmill exercise testing and angiography early post-infarction (MI) to determine the predictive value of ST segment depression, angina, and an inadequate blood pressure response for multivessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD). ST segment depression alone identified MVCAD stenoses (≥ 70% diameter narrowing in two or more vessels) with sensitivity 54%, specificity 75%, and accuracy 60%. When ST segment depression and angina were considered a positive treadmill test result, a significant improvement in sensitivity (88%, p p p