cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Momentum and heat transfer in power-law fluid flow over two-dimensional or axisymmetrical bodies

Abstract Momentum and heat transfer in power-law fluid flow over arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional or axisymmetrical bodies are examined theoretically. The Merk type of series expansion technique is used for the momentum analysis. For convective heat transfer, a generalized coordinate transformation is employed to analyze the temperature field in a laminar boundary layer for the body with a step change in the surface temperature distribution. In both momentum and heat transfer, the solution to the governing equations are obtained as universal functions which are independent of the geometry of the problem. The numerical and closed-form solution to the universal functions are found and then applied to analyze wedge flow and flow over a circular cylinder.
A FINITE AUTOMATA MODEL OF SPIKING-BURSTING NEURONS

A simple qualitative model of spiking-bursting neurons is proposed. It is mainly built from the qualitative behavior observed in central pattern generators (CPG’s) and pacemaker neurons. It is a finite automata which is convenient for computer modelling even for large neural networks. The number of rules utilized in the finite automata are the minimum necessary to reproduce a great variety of phenomena. The validity of the model is determined using actual experimental measurements between two coupled neurons in CPG’s. We reproduce, in the framework of the model, the dynamic patterns observed in Tritonia’s escape swimming CPG. Finally, we study the dynamics of an open chain of 100 reciprocally coupled “symbolic neurons” and investigate the stable patterns reached with time.
Resonant tunneling of electromagnetic radiation in superlattice structures

The propagation of electromagnetic radiation in superlattice structures is considered. We present calculations of tunneling transmissivities for photons through GaAs–AlGaAs superlattice structures. Resonant tunneling (i.e., 100% transmissivity) occurs at incidence with wave numbers near the quasi-guided modes of the structure.
What cognitive science says about how students learn

Over the last two decades, there has been substantial effort by scientists on understanding how students learn science. Systematic research shows that effective instruction builds specifically on students’ prior knowledge and provides multiple opportunities for meaningful feedback in novel settings.
A kinematic model for the Late Cenozoic development of southern California crust and upper mantle

A model is developed for the young and ongoing kinematic deformation of the southern California crust and upper mantle. The kinematic model qualitatively explains both the overall seismic structure of the upper mantle and much of the known geological history of the late Cenozoic as consequences of ongoing convection beneath southern California. In this model, the high-velocity upper-mantle anomaly of the Transverse ranges is created through the convergence and sinking of the entire thickness of subcrustal lihtosphere, and the low-velocity upper-mantle anomaly beneath the Salton Trough region is attributed to high temperatures and 1-4 percent partial melt related to adiabatic decompression during mantle upwelling.
The Clinical Utility of Utility Assessment

The usefulness of utility assessment as a method for revealing individual patients' desires is limited by two methodological problems. Different utility assessment methods can yield inconsistent results, both within a single clinical context and in different contexts; and the methods may not reflect universal rules that a patient may wish to abide by. To make utility assessment useful to the clinician, future research needs to address these problems in the clinical context.
TISSUE AMINO ACID RESPONSES TO PARENTERAL NUTRITION

We have previously described significant differences in plasma amino acids, bile flow and biliary bile acid output between animals infused either glucose or glucose+amino acids. The present study was undertaken to determine liver, bile and brain amino acid responses to the infusion of these various nutrients. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (225-325g) were cannulated via the jugular vein and infused with either glucose (GLU) or glucose+amino acids (TPN) or were chow-fed (CHOW). After 5 days of the respective regimens, bile was collected for 4h, animals were killed and brain and liver obtained. The GLU animals received 164 (SD 7) kcal/kg/d, whereas TPN animals received 9.4 (0.5)g AA and 154 (8) kcal/kg/d. Both GLU and TPN animals lost weight and CHOW animals gained weight. In general, the tissue amino acid patterns were similar to those in plasma; most individual amino acids were different among groups in liver and bile whereas only threonine, valine and isoleucine concentrations were different among the groups in the brain. Essential to non-essential amino acid ratios (markers of protein nutritional status) were: 0.59, 0.51 and 0.36 in the plasmas; 0.18, 0.11 and 0.09 in the livers; and 0.29, 0.29 and 0.22 in the bile of TPN, CHOW and GLU animals respectively. The branch chain amino acids are actively accumulated in the liver from the plasma and then appear to be passively tranported down a concentration gradient into the bile. Thus, the amino acid responses to these nutritional manipulations indicate that tissues (primarily the liver) may be susceptible to the trophic and toxic effects of amino acids.
Information and Economic Analysis: A Perspective

Ten years ago, I delivered a paper before this group with the title, 'Information and Economic Analysis.' I chose the title deliberately: I did not call the subject on which I was speaking the 'Economics of Information' because to do so would have been to suggest that my topic, like the economics of agriculture, or the economics of industry, or the economics of labour represented another branch of specialisation within economics. I wanted to suggest that informational considerations were, in fact, central to the analysis of a wide variety of phenomena, that they constituted a central part of the Foundations of Economic Analysis. At the time, though economists had long paid lip service to the importance of information, there was little formal literature. The last decade has seen a burgeoning of the literature. It has become to the late 7O's and early 8O's what growth theory was to the early 6O's. And it has been greeted with some of the same scepticism. There seems to be a myriad ofspecial cases and few general principles. The little examples are often contrasted unfavourably with the generality of general equilibrium theory. What have we learned ? Have diminishing returns set in? Are there fruitful directions for future research, and if so, what are they? These are the questions which I wish to address here. The work of the past decade has made, I think, a fundamental and lasting contribution to economic analysis. The contributions have been both negative and positive: we have learned that much of what we believed before is of only limited validity; that the traditional competitive equilibrium analysis, though having the superficial appearance of generality in terms of superscripts and subscripts is indeed not very general; the theory is not robust to slight alterations in the informational assumptions. It is but a special and not very plausible 'example' among the possible set of informational assumptions which can be employed to characterise an economy. At the same time, the theory has been able to provide insights into phenomena about which the traditional model had nothing to say, or which seemed inconsistent or inexplicable within the competitive paradigm. It has provided some of the micro-foundations for macro-economics, it has provided the basis of a New Theory of the Firm, of a New New Welfare Economics, and of a theory of Economic Organisation (including a Comparison of Economic
Structural basis for the binding of an anti-cytochrome c antibody to its antigen: crystal structures of FabE8-cytochrome c complex to 1.8 A resolution and FabE8 to 2.26 A resolution.

Abstract A complete understanding of antibody-antigen association and specificity requires the stereochemical description of both antigen and antibody before and upon complex formation. The structural mechanism involved in the binding of the IgG1 monoclonal antibody E8 to its highly charged protein antigen horse cytochrome c (cyt c) is revealed by crystallographic structures of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of E8 bound to cyt c (FabE8-cyt c), determined to 1.8 A resolution, and of uncomplexed Fab E8 (FabE8), determined to 2.26 A resolution. E8 antibody binds to three major discontiguous segments (33 to 39; 56 to 66; 96 to 104), and two minor sites on cyt c opposite to the exposed haem edge. Crystallographic definition of the E8 epitope complements and extends biochemical mapping and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance with hydrogen-deuterium exchange studies. These combined results demonstrate that antibody-induced stabilization of secondary structural elements within the antigen can propagate locally to adjacent residues outside the epitope. Pre-existing shape complementarity at the FabE8-cyt c interface is enhanced by 48 bound water molecules, and by local movements of up to 4.2 A for E8 antibody and 8.9 A for cyt c. Glu62, Asn103 and the C-terminal Glu104 of cyt c adjust to fit the pre-formed VL “hill” and VH “valley” shape of the grooved E8 paratope. All six E8 complementarity determining regions (CDRs) contact the antigen, with CDR L1 forming 46% of the total atomic contacts, and CDRs L1 (29%) and H3 (20%) contributing the highest percentage of the total surface area of E8 buried by cyt c (550 A2). The E8 antibody covers 534 A2 of the cyt c surface. The formation of five ion pairs between E8 and flexible cyt c residues Lys60, Glu62 and Glu104 suggests the importance of mobile regions and electrostatic interactions in providing the exquisite specificity needed for recognition of this extremely conserved protein antigen. The highly homologous VL domains of E8 and anti-lysozyme antibody D1.3 achieve their distinct antigen-binding specificities by expanding the impact of their limited sequence differences through the recruitment of different sets of conserved residues and distinctly different CDR L3 conformations.
Linear and quadratic programming formulations of data assimilation or data reconciliation problems for a class of Hamilton-Jacobi equations

This article proposes a new method for data assimilation and data reconciliation applicable to systems modeled by conservation laws. The state of the system is written in the form of a scalar Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) partial differential equation (PDE), for which the solution is fully characterized by a LaxHopf formula. Using the properties of the solution, we prove that when the data of the problem is prescribed in piecewise affine form, the constraints of the model are in standard convex form, and can be computed explicitly. This property enables us to identify a class of data assimilation and data reconciliation problems that can be formulated using convex programs in standard form.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Comparison of Black and White Subjects

Objective To determine if the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) differs by racial group. Study Design Cross-sectional retrospective review. Setting University-based sleep disorders laboratory. Methods The study reviewed the results of 280 adult (>18 y) patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by overnight polysomnogram between July 1, 1999, and June 30, 2000. Factors analyzed included age, sex, race, presence of hypertension, body mass index (kg/m2), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and lowest oxygen saturation level. Results Blacks with OSA are significantly more obese and have significantly higher rates of hypertension than white subjects with OSA. Black females with OSA are significantly younger than white females at the time of diagnosis (P = .005). Black males with OSA have significantly lower oxygen saturations than white males (P = .025). Conclusion Black males who present to the otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon for evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing may be at increased risk of severe OSA.
Reproductive behaviour of female white-crowned sparrows: effect of dialects and synthetic hybrid songs

Abstract Previous laboratory studies showed that female white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli , performed more copulation solicitation displays when stimulated with male songs characteristic of their own local area than when stimulated by songs from other geographical locations. This female bioassay of male song was used in the present study to identify the relative contributions of different song components to the discrimination made by female subjects. In experiment 1, females responded with more solicitation displays when stimulated by a song dialect that was characteristic of their natal experience or of their breeding experience than when stimulated by a song dialect that was characteristic of a neighbouring population. In experiments 2 and 3, ‘hybrid’ songs were created which were synthesized from the two stimuli used in experiment 1. The females responded differentially to several of the hybrid songs. Replacing syllables of the ‘local’ dialect control song with those of a neighbouring population which sang a different dialect indicated two general kinds of results: (1) it was necessary to replace about half of the local song with alien song components to obtain a significant reduction in female display; (2) some regions of the song were more important than others in controlling female sexual response. The results have implications for the functional descriptions of song ‘dialects’ and for the more general proposition that different kinds of information are encoded in different parts of the songs of songbirds.
Effect of GABA Concentration on Current-Voltage Properties of the GABA(A) Receptor

The γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor functions as a chemical to voltage transducer in the central nervous system, converting neurotransmitter signals to changes in postsynaptic membrane potential. The kinetics of GABAergic currents are known to be affected by membrane potential, but the dependence on neurotransmitter concentration has not been fully explored. The present study investigates the current-voltage (IV) relationship of α1β2γ2s GABAA receptors across a range of GABA concentrations using whole-cell patch clamp of transfected HEK293 cells. We have determined and validated a voltage ramp protocol verses a more traditional stepwise procedure, in order to rapidly quantify rectification, hysteresis and the reversal potential at GABA concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 1000 μM. Results show that the rectification and hysteresis of the IV curves are dependent on GABA concentration, whereas the reversal potential is independent. Specifically, measures of rectification and hysteresis segregated into two distinct populations, at low (0.3-10 μM) and high (30-1000 μM) GABA concentrations. We provide evidence that the current-voltage properties of GABAA receptors are concentration dependent and, consequently, that the GABA concentration must be taken into context when designing experiments and interpreting results. Finally, these results have implications for a better understanding of synaptic responses where receptor location plays a role in the level of GABA exposure.
ASPECT-an Architecture SPECification Technique a report on work in progress

We discuss ASPECT, a first step towards a generic specification technique for software architectures. We present and discuss an abstract grammar for ASPECT that lists and relates to each other all the architectural elements that form ASPECT's vocabulary. After elaborating on the characteristics of these architectural elements, we illustrate their application in a small example.
Phonological process occurrence in phonologically disordered children

Recent research in phonological disorders has focused on phonological processes, to determine the number of children using particular processes. This study investigated individual patterns of phonological process occurrence in nine phonologically disordered children. The purpose of the study was to determine frequency of occurrence of each process for each child and frequency of occurrence of unusual processes. Results indicated that a small, basic subset of phonological processes seemed to account for the majority of errors made by these children. Unusual processes were primarily changes in word structure. Within the common framework of basic and unusual processes, the children realized the processes in unique ways.
An evaluation of a carboxylate adhesive cement.

Properties of a zinc phosphate and a carboxylate cement were measured and compared. Solubility, setting time, film thickness, and pH were similar, and tensile strengths were in the same range. The carboxylate cement was distinctly superior in its adhesion to both enamel and dentin under tensile loading, but little difference was observed when both cements were evaluated by measuring the tensile force needed to remove Class I inlays.
Evaluating Maturity of Cotton Fibers Using Image Analysis: Definition and Algorithm:

Maturity of cotton fibers refers to the extent of development of their secondary wall and is an important characteristic. To characterize and quantify cotton maturity, we have developed an imaging system based on our previous research on fiber cross- sectional shape analysis. In this paper, we focus on methods of characterizing cotton fiber maturity. We review the techniques for processing images of fiber cross sections, propose a new approach for describing cotton maturity and discuss other related char acteristics.
Methods for evaluating the performance of diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard: a latent class model approach

In many areas of medical research, 'gold standard' diagnostic tests do not exist and so evaluating the performance of standardized diagnostic criteria or algorithms is problematic. In this paper we propose an approach to evaluating the operating characteristics of diagnoses using a latent class model. By defining 'true disease' as our latent variable, we are able to estimate sensitivity, specificity and negative and positive predictive values of the diagnostic test. These methods are applied to diagnostic criteria for depression using Baltimore's Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study Wave 3 data.
Nuclear Power and the Mob: Extortion and Social Capital in Japan

Nuclear reactors entail massive non-transferrable site-specific investments. The resulting appropriable quasi-rents offer the mob the ideal target. In exchange for large fees, it can either promise to "protect" the utility (and silence the reactor's local opponents) or "extort" from it (and desist from inciting local opponents). Using municipality-level (1742 cities, towns, villages) and prefecture-level (47) Japanese panel data covering the years from 1980 to 2010, I find exactly this phenomenon: when a utility announces plans to build a reactor, the level of extortion climbs. Reactors have broad-ranging effects on social capital as well. In general, the perceived health costs to nuclear power are highest for young families. As a result, if a utility announces plans for a new reactor, these families disappear. Yet these are the men and women who invest most heavily in the social capital that keeps communities intact. When they disappear, reliance on government subsidies increases, and divorce rates rise. Firms stay away, and unemployment climbs.
A decade of hardware/software codesign

The term hardware/software codesign, coined about 10 years ago, describes a confluence of problems in integrated circuit design. By the 1990s, it became clear that microprocessor-based systems would be an important design discipline for IC designers as well. Large 16- and 32-bit microprocessors had already been used in board-level designs, and Moore's law ensured that chips would soon be large enough to include both a CPU and other subsystems. Multiple disciplines inform hardware/software codesign. Computer architecture tells us about the performance and energy consumption of single CPUs and multiprocessors. Real-time system theory helps analyze the deadline-driven performance of embedded systems. Computer-aided design assists hardware cost evaluation and design space exploration.
Hypertension, Nitrate-Nitrite, and Xanthine Oxidoreductase Catalyzed Nitric Oxide Generation: Pros and Cons

We read with great interest the article by Ghosh et al1 on the use of beetroot juice as a potential therapy for hypertension. This article proposes the intriguing concept that dietary nitrate in beetroot juice can be converted into therapeutically beneficial nitric oxide (NO) for use in treatment of essential hypertension. The proposed critical steps in NO generation seem to comprise conversion of nitrate into nitrite by bacteria present on the tongue, release of nitrite to the bloodstream, and conversion of nitrite into NO by erythrocyte-bound xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR). The production of NO …
Synthetic vision/enhanced vision system implementation

There is an emerging requirement within the world's air transport network to improve safety and increase productivity by enabling aircraft to perform visual flight operations under low-visibility weather conditions. Currently, the commercial aviation industry has centered its efforts at achieving this requirement around a millimeter-wave imaging radar and/or imaging infrared (IR) sensor, a Global Positioning System (GPS)-aided inertial navigation system, and a heads-up-display (HUD) to enable a minimum set of low-visibility functions. Honeywell has flight tested a 35-GHz radar as part of the Synthetic Vision System Technology Demonstration (SVSTD) program, and the authors describe the system implementation, signal processing, and resulting flight test results. The focus is on the terminal area navigation and landing problem in adverse weather using existing avionics with appropriate sensor and navigation upgrades. >
Seamless integration of CMOS and microfluidics using flip chip bonding

We demonstrate the microassembly of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microfluidics with integrated circuits made in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processes. CMOS-sized chips are flip chip bonded to a flexible polyimide printed circuit board (PCB) with commercially available solder paste patterned using a SU-8 epoxy. The average resistance of each flip chip bond is negligible and all connections are electrically isolated. PDMS is attached to the flexible polyimide PCB using a combination of oxygen plasma treatment and chemical bonding with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The total device has a burst pressure of 175 kPA which is limited by the strength of the flip chip attachment. This technique allows the sensor area of the die to act as the bottom of the microfluidic channel. The SU-8 provides a barrier between the pad ring (electrical interface) and the fluids; post-processing is not required on the CMOS die. This assembly method shows great promise for developing analytic systems which combine the strengths of microelectronics and microfluidics into one device.
Early performance estimation of super scalar machine models

A novel methodology and software tool for estimating the performance of high-performance machine models with concurrent, pipelined execution modes are presented. Such performance assessment is typically useful at early stages of the design cycle. Critical design decisions made with the aid of early estimators of the kind discussed can be expected to yield near-optimal final designs. >
Why Do Mutual Fund Advisory Contracts Change? Fund versus Family Influences

We examine changes in equity mutual funds' investment advisory contracts. Contracts generally pay the advisor a fee which is a percentage of the fund's total net assets. There are substantial advisory fee rate changes in both directions, with typical percentage fee shifts exceeding one-fourth. Our tests show that rate increases are associated with superior past market-adjusted performance, whereas rate decreases reflect economies of scale associated with growth. Consistent with family-level influences, there is clustering in the timing and direction of fee rate changes for funds in a given family. Economies of scale from family-level asset growth are reflected in lower advisory fees for individual funds. Superior (e.g., star) performance for individual funds has spillover effects and is associated with rate increases for a family's other funds. We also provide new evidence on fund and fund family choice between linear and piece-wise linear advisory contracts.
INVIGORATING WORLD SYSTEM THEORY as CRITICAL THEORY: Exploring Philosophical Foundations and Postpositivist Contributions

World system theory comprises two distinct lines of inquiry: macro-social studies of historical world-systems and ideological critique. World system theorists often shun ideological critique, but for two reasons I argue it must be foremost. First, without explicit attention to its philosophical foundations, world system theory rests upon several unexamined, uncomplementary, liberal premises. These premises pose conceptual puzzles. World system theorists frequently cast such puzzles as methodological, empirical, or theoretical problems, rather than as symptoms of ideological confusions requiring critique. Second, through explicit critique, theorists may transform implicit philosophical foundations into explicit ontological and epistemological groundings. Such groundings will enable world system theorists to better realize their critical, emancipatory goals and to resolve theoretical puzzles. One such puzzle -- the conceptual distinction between politics and economics -- recurs often, arising in the debates on the relation(s) between the state system and capitalism and thwarting efforts to demonstrate the unity of the world system. I suggest that world system theorists engage in explicit ideological critique to lay equally explicit ideologicalfoundations for their histories. I suggest a critical, conceptually historicist, "constructivist" approach that builds upon postpositivist critiques and introduces constitutive principles. I illustrate the virtue of this approach by demonstrating the unity of the modern world system.
Early phase insulin infusion and muscarinic blockade in obese and lean subjects

The effect of early phase insulin on postprandial levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucose, and glucagon was investigated in lean (n = 10) and obese (n = 12) subjects. Subjects underwent four conditio...
Studies on the Cone Cyclic GMP-Phosphodiesterase α’ Subunit Gene

Studies on animal models of retinitis pigmentosa and allied retinal degenerations have provided very useful information about the molecular basis of these diseases. The genes identified as responsible for the primary cause of the disorders in animals also have been found to be involved in some types of human retinal degenerations. For example, mutations in a rod photoreceptor-specific gene encoding the β-subunit of cGMP-phos- phodiesterase (β-PDE) (1–3) placed this gene as a strong candidate for the disease of rd mice. The β-PDE gene abnormality was confirmed to be the cause of the rd mouse disorder when the ill-fated photoreceptor cells were rescued in transgenic rd mice that had integrated the normal β-PDE gene into their genome (4). Later, another mutation in this gene was found to be responsible for the retinal degeneration of Irish setter dogs (5, 6). Hence, the rod β-PDE gene became a candidate for the cause of hereditary retinal degenerations in man. To date, 13 mutations of this gene have been described in families affected with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP) (7–11) and another mutation has been associated with autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness (12).
Arguments and Modifiers from the Learner's Perspective

We present a model for inducing sentential argument structure, which distinguishes arguments from optional modifiers. We use this model to study whether representing an argument/modifier distinction helps in learning argument structure, and whether a linguistically-natural argument/modifier distinction can be induced from distributional data alone. Our results provide evidence for both hypotheses.
Pleural fluid infection caused by Dietzia cinnamea

Dietzia cinnamea was recovered from pleural fluid in an immunocompromised patient by inoculating blood culture bottles and was identified with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The case shows the expanding ability of microbiology laboratories to identify rare organisms through newer techniques and technology.
A Robust Estimator for Almost Global Attitude Feedback Tracking

This article presents a robust and almost global feedback attitude tracking control scheme in conjunction with a robust deterministic estimator that constructs state estimates for feedback. These control and the estimation schemes use the natural and globally unique representation of rigid body attitude provided by rotation matrices. Attitude and angular velocity state estimates are constructed from discrete (possibly multi-rate) measurements and a deterministic filtering scheme. Computational implementation of this estimator-based tracking scheme is carried out with a Lie group variational integrator, which preserves the rotation matrix structure without need for reprojection. Numerical simulation results obtained using this integrator show the robust and almost global tracking properties of this scheme. We also compare the performance of this attitude tracking control scheme with a quaternion observer-based feedback attitude tracking control scheme that has appeared in recent literature. Numerical simulation results are obtained for tracking an oscillating angular velocity spin maneuver with both the attitude tracking schemes for a satellite in circular Earth orbit. These results demonstrate the advantages of our scheme in attitude tracking of continuous rotational motions.
CHF3 and NH3 Additives for Reactive Ion Etching of GaAs Using CCl2F2 and SICI4

Two fundamental requirements for RIE are the formation of nearly volatile etch products and sufficiently high physical bombardment to remove all substances on the surface. In this study, the GaAs wafer was in-situ pretreated with NH3 or CHF3 plasma prior to actual etching process. The main etchants are CCl2F2 and SiCl4. By adding these additives to the main etch gases, the resulting etch performance was significantly affected. For instance, DC self-bias of CCl2F2 plasma is relatively low and can increase with such gas addition, thus the etching properties related to physical bombardment change too. CHF3 improve GaAs etch rate in CCl2F2through increasing concentration of reactive chlorine-containing species. While CHF3 enhance etch rate in SiCl4 plasma. The as etched samples were examined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Details of the experimental results will be described.
Acquiring Health Information: Interpreting Terminology and Reported Search Sources

This study examines two main topics concerning the acquisition of health-related information. One was to explore how people interpret some relatively common terms used in the labeling of prescription and non-prescription drugs, specifically focusing on the terms “family history” and “MAOI.” The second is to determine the sources people report they would use to gather health information, or specifically, where they would go to get health-related information associated with an iron supplement. The results show that “family history” evoked an interpretation of older more than the younger blood relatives. Few persons could report what monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) meant. People report being more likely to consult the Internet or a health professional than any of the other sources listed. Implications for better health-related information acquisition through better-designed warning systems are discussed.
Results of Physical Examination among Primary and Middle School Students in Jianhu County of Jiangsu during 2008-2010

[Objective]To analyze the changes of health status among primary and middle school students in Jianhu county,provide a reliable scientific basis for prevention of related diseases effectively. [Methods]The physical examination data of 282 994 primary and middle school students in Jianhu county were analyzed and compared. [Results]In three years,the prevalence rate of poor eyesight has increased from 46.03% to 57.12%,and prevalence rate of obesity has increased from 10.88% to 16.76%,which showed a rising trend year by year,and the differences were significant(P0.01).The prevalence rates of poor eyesight and malnutrition in girls were significant higher than those in boys(P0.01).The prevalence rates of poor eyesight,malnutrition and trachoma in senior students were significant higher than those in junior students(P0.01). [Conclusion]The prevalence rate of common diseases in students has decreased in Jianhu county,especially malnutrition and trachoma.The prevalence rate of caries was stable with a slight decline,which was related to pit and fissure sealant project among grade three and four students.The poor eyesight and obesity had not been controlled effectively,which should be regarded as the key of school health in the future.It is necessary to carry out the feasible prevention measures,so as to reduce the incidence and improve the health of students.
RNA extraction and primary screening of reference genes in Camellia oleifera

In order to obtain high quality total RNA and stable reference genes in Camellia oleifera,taking fine cultivar ‘Huashuo' as materials,total RNA was extracted by a combination of ambion kit and CTAB method.The obtained total RNA has good integrity and high purity.A total of 14 genes were selected as candidates of reference genes based on the previously constructed transcriptome data in C.oleifera,and 22 primers were designed for the 14 genes.The reference genes suitable for different tissues or organs were rapidly screened out by RT-PCR reaction system optimization and agarose gel electrophoresis detection.ALB(albumin gene),EF1α(elongation factor gene),ETIF3H(eukaryotic translation initiation gene),UBC2(ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene) can be used as the reference genes for fruits,EF1α can be used as a reference gene for root,stem,flower and fruit,and ETIF3H can be used as a reliable reference gene for root,stem,leaf and fruit in C.oleifera.
Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States: stepping back from the brink.

Preventing and controlling resistance requires the engagement of many different sectors of society. However, the physician's role in this effort is singularly important.
Blur of Eye Movement as a Stimulus to the Development of Myopia

Reading as an activity is characterized by rapid eye movements. Such movements produce blur. The hypothesis that such blur represents the stimulus for the development of myopia can explain many aspects of the epidemiology of myopia and warrants additional investigation.
Engineers' Professional Rights

Engineering ethics has stressed the importance of the duties and responsibilities that engineers have to the public, employers, etc., but little attention has been given to the rights which engineers possess in virtue of their professional status. In this paper, an argument is developed that: (1)Explains what the concept of rights means; (2)describes what professional rights are and how they are justified; and (3)defends the thesis that engineers and engineering societies should recognize the significance of engineers' professional rights.
Cubozoan Envenomations: Clinical Features, Pathophysiology and Management

Cubozoa-class cnidarian (box jellyfish) envenomations constitute a complex medical challenge and public health threat. There are currently no validated standards of care for life-threatening stings. Increasing numbers and reported geographic ranges of serious cubozoan envenomations underscore the urgent need for mechanism-based emergency therapeutic options for lifeguards, first responders and clinicians. For the most part, treatment and management approaches have been symptom-driven, utilizing therapeutics familiar to the practitioner and often based on extrapolation from other envenomation sequelae, rather than cubozoan-specific standardized protocols. Newly elucidated mechanisms of pathogenesis provide a context for directed clinical research to test novel therapeutic approaches that could greatly diminish human suffering and improve outcomes. The current state of our understanding about the pathophysiology of cnidarian envenomation and emerging therapeutic options for the medically relevant cubozoans will be presented.
Digital holographic interferometry employing Fresnel transform reconstruction for the study of flow shear stabilized Z-pinch plasmas

The ZaP-HD flow Z-pinch project provides a platform to explore how shear flow stabilized Z-pinches could scale to high-energy-density plasma (plasma with pressures exceeding 1 Mbar) and fusion reactor conditions. The Z-pinch is a linear plasma confinement geometry in which the plasma carries axial electric current and is confined by its self-induced magnetic field. ZaP-HD generates shear stabilized, axisymmetric Z-pinches with stable lifetimes approaching 60 μs. The goal of the project is to increase the plasma density and temperature compared to the previous ZaP project by compressing the plasma to smaller radii (≈1 mm). Radial and axial plasma electron density structure is measured using digital holographic interferometry (DHI), which provides the necessary fine spatial resolution. ZaP-HD’s DHI system uses a 2 ns Nd:YAG laser pulse with a second harmonic generator (λ = 532 nm) to produce holograms recorded by a Nikon D3200 digital camera. The holograms are numerically reconstructed with the Fresnel tran...
Difficult Doctors, Difficult Patients: Building Empathy

Effective doctor-patient communication facilitates the therapeutic relationship, promotes patient physical and mental health, and improves physician satisfaction. Methods of teaching effective communication use a range of techniques, typically combining didactic instruction with simulated communication encounters and reflective discussion. Rarely are patients and physicians exposed to these instructions as colearners. The evidence for the utility of graphic stories, comics, and cartoons to improve patient comprehension and self-regulation is small but encouraging. The authors describe the use of graphic medicine as a teaching tool for engendering empathy from both the physician and the patient for the other during a shared clinical encounter. This use of educational comics in a colearning experience represents a new use of the medium as a teaching tool.
Passive immunization with CotH3 antibodies protects neutropenic mice from lethal mucormycosis through enhancing macrophage killing (MPF6P.660)

Mucormycosis is a fatal fungal infection caused commonly by Rhizopus. We recently identified R. oryzae CotH3 as a surface protein which mediates invasion of host cells. CotH3 is present in other fungi that cause mucormycosis. Previously, we found polyclonal anti-CotH3 antibodies (CotH3-Abs) to block host cell invasion by R. oryzae and protect diabetic ketoacidotic mice from mucormycosis. Because neutropenic patients are also predisposed to mucormycosis, we used a cyclophosphamide/cortisone acetate injected mice to detect if CotH3-Abs protect against mucormycosis. Mice were infected intratracheally with R. oryzae, Mucor, Lichtheimia, Apophysomyces, Rhizomucor, or Cunninghamella prior to treating with CotH3-Abs (0.3mg, 0.1mg or 0.03mg) at different times post infection (4, 16, or 48h). All treatment doses showed enhanced survival of mice infected with R. oryzae vs. placebo-treated mice when used 16h post infection (p<0.005). The 0.03mg dose given 16h post infection demonstrated better survival outcome vs. higher doses. Protection was time dependent with higher survival of mice receiving CotH3-Abs at earlier time points post infection. Further, CotH-Abs prolonged survival of mice infected with each of the other tested organisms. Finally, CotH3-Abs reduced tissue fungal burden in target organs and dramatically enhanced mouse macrophage killing via enhancing lysosomal synthesis. Our studies warrant further development of CotH3-Abs as a novel therapy for mucormycosis.
Abstract 802: Loss of function of Arid1a synergizes with MYCN in neuroblastoma pathogenesis

ARID1A is a key component of the SWI/SNF-A (BAF) chromatin-remodeling complex that is known to modulate chromatin structure and gene transcription. Recent exome and whole-genome resequencing has identified SWI/SNF as the most frequently mutated chromatin remodeler in human cancers, and ARID1A as the most highly mutated component among the SWI/SNF subunits, primarily in solid tumors. In high-risk neuroblastoma, ARID1A is mutationally inactivated in one allele in ~1% of patient tumors. In addition, ARID1A is deleted in one allele in at least 85% of cases with chromosome 1p deletions, which is the most common deletion found in neuroblastoma. Thus, ARID1A appears to function as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in a substantial fraction of high-risk neuroblastomas. The arid1a gene is duplicated in zebrafish, and the two genes are hence named arid1aa and arid1ab. We targeted each allele of the two genes using CRISPR/Cas genome editing system and recovered stable lines with loss-of-function mutations in each arid1a gene. arid1ab but not arid1aa homozygous mutation showed embryonic lethality. We bred these lines with a transgenic zebrafish line expressing high levels of MYCN in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system driven by the dopamine beta-hydroxylase promoter. Loss of one copy of either arid1aa or arid1ab dramatically accelerated the onset and increased the penetrance of MYCN-induced neuroblastoma. Loss of additional copies of arid1aa or arid1ab accelerated the tumor onset even futher, with the most rapid onset in compound heterosygotes of both genes. The compound heterosygotes showed increased fraction of sympathoadrenal cells in active cell cycle compared to the MYCN transgenic fish with wild type arid1a allales. Our long-term goal is to use the zebrafish model to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the highly dose-dependent tumor suppressor role of this component of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex in neuroblastoma, as a first step toward designing targeted therapies synthetic lethal with reduced expression levels of ARID1A. Citation Format: Hui Shi, Ting Tao, Cigall Kadoch, Thomas Look. Loss of function of Arid1a synergizes with MYCN in neuroblastoma pathogenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 802. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-802
Optimal Path Planning in Time-Varying Flows Using Adaptive Discretization

Autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs) are typically deployed for long periods of time in the ocean to monitor different physical, chemical, and biological processes. Given their limited energy budgets, it makes sense to consider motion plans that leverage the dynamics of the surrounding flow field so as to minimize energy usage for these vehicles. In this letter, we present a graph-search-based method to compute energy optimal paths for AMVs in 2-D time-varying flows. The novelty of the proposed algorithm lies in the use of an adaptive discretization scheme to construct the search graph. We demonstrate the proposed algorithm by computing optimal energy paths using an analytical time-varying flow model and using time-varying ocean flow data provided by the Regional Ocean Model System. We compare the output paths with those computed via an optimal control formulation and numerically demonstrate that the proposed method can overcome problems inherent in existing fixed discretization schemes.
Data-Driven Resiliency Solutions for Boards and Systems

Data analytics and real-time monitoring can be used to ensure that boards and systems operate as intended. This paper first describes how machine learning, statistical techniques, and information-theoretic analysis can be used to close the gap between working silicon and a working system. Next, it describes how time-series analysis can be used to analyze health status and detect anomalies in complex core router systems. Traditional techniques fail to identify abnormal or suspect patterns when the monitored data involves temporal measurements and exhibits significantly different statistical characteristics for its constituent features. This paper thus not only describes a feature-categorization-based hybrid method and a changepoint-based method to detect anomalies in time-varying features with different statistical characteristics, but also proposes a symbol-based health analyzer to obtain a full picture of the health status of monitored core routers. A comprehensive set of experimental results is presented for data collected during 30 days of field operation from over 20 core routers deployed by customers of a major telecom company.
Esophageal blood flow in the cat: normal distribution and effects of acid perfusion

The radioactive microsphere technique was used to estimate blood flow to different regions of the esophagus and to adjacent regions of the stomach before and after perfusion of the esophagus with hydrochloric acid (pH 1.5) for 5 min. Under resting conditions total blood flow, as well as blood flow to the mucosal-submucosal layer and the muscular layer, to both sphincters was significantly higher than to the esophageal body. Blood flow to the adjacent regions of the stomach was significantly higher than esophageal blood flow. Acid perfusion resulted in a large increase in total blood flow in both sphincters and the lower esophageal body. Gastric blood flow was not altered by acid perfusion. The esophageal hyperemia resulted primarily from an increase in blood flow to the muscular layer; mucosal-submucosal blood flow was increased only in the lower esophageal sphincter. The present study indicates that short periods (5 min) of gastroesophageal reflex may increase esophageal blood flow.
Proteins and the physics of complexity

The theme of the workshop, “Non linear excitation in biomolecules”, gests more general questions: Are all complex systems nonlinear? What are excitations in complex systems? Can investigations of proteins lead to new insights into nonlinear excitations? In these notes, I will try to answer these questions partially by first sketching what proteins are and then describing some aspects of their structure, energy landscape, and dynamics. The notes will be brief, but enough references to books and papers with more details will be given.
Japan’s Demographic Changes, Social Implications, and Business Opportunities

The “aging problem” should not be viewed as an economic encumbrance. It is better viewed in the context of the robustness of the economy. Expansion of the carrying capacity of the active labor force as well as active aging among older adults will decrease the burden on society. This chapter draws out social and cultural implications of demographic changes in the context of Japan’s transformation from a Fordist to post-Fordist economy. The distinction shifts attention to the social organization of technology-based service industries. The growing number of older persons and senior households means immense business opportunities for developing new solutions, products, and services. Older adults are potent consumers, willing and economically able to secure independent living and a high quality of life. This chapter discusses a number of emerging silver industries, including housing and real estate, food, pets, robotics, senior care appliances, and the funeral market.