cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperglycaemia after Stage I palliation does not adversely affect neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age in patients with single-ventricle physiology.

Objective Hyperglycaemia has been associated with worse outcome following traumatic brain injury and cardiac surgery in adults. We have previously reported no relationship between early postoperative hyperglycaemia and worse neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year following biventricular repair of congenital heart disease. It is not known if postoperative hyperglycaemia results in worse neurodevelopmental outcome after infant cardiac surgery for single-ventricle lesions. Methods Secondary analysis of postoperative glucose levels in infants Results Stage I palliation was performed on 162 infants with 13 hospital and 15 late deaths (17.3% 1-year mortality). Neurodevelopmental evaluation was performed in 89 of 134 (66.4%) survivors. Glucose levels at admission to the cardiac intensive care unit and during the first 48 postoperative hours were available for 85 of 89 (96%) patients. Mean admission glucose value was 274+/-91 mg dl(-1); the maximum was 291+/-90 mg dl(-1), with 69 of 85 (81%) patients having at least one glucose value >200 mg dl(-1). Only two patients had a value Conclusions Hyperglycaemia following Stage I palliation in the neonatal period was not associated with lower MDI or PDI scores at 1 year of age.
Reading to Learn: Theory, Strategies and Instructional Research:

This article provides three arguments for the pervasive use of textbooks to transmit knowledge to adolescents in secondary schools. In turn, four common problems with the use of textbooks are counter-argued. These problems are responded to from a theoretical perspective that is based in schema theory and psycholinguistics.Adolescents' interaction with text can be improved with concommitant improvements in reading comprehension and content learning by teacher choice of appropriate pedagogy. Recommendations for teacher developed activities before students read are provided. Likewise, a teacher developed activity for students use during reading and immediately after reading is provided. Finally, a sample activity for after reading is explained. The rationale for these activities is based on the assumptions of schema theory and psycholinguistics.Instructional research demonstrating the efficacy of these activities within the content area classroom is sparse. However, four studies supporting the use of one of ...
The Third Fossil Tsetse-Fly

AMONG some fossil insects collected in the Miocene shales of Florissant, Colorado, by Mr. Geo. Wilson, and transmitted to me by Mr. F. H. Ward, I find a beautifully preserved tsetse-fly. The insect is intermediate in size between the two fossil species previously fpund (both of which may be seen in the British Museum), and is evidently distinct. It may be called Glossina veterna, n.sp., and will be best distinguished by the following measurements in millimetres: length 12.5, length of wing 10.9, length of proboscis 4.1, length and width of abdomen each 5.6. The body and legs are brown or black, the abdomen without dark bands; the wings are hyaline, faintly brownish. The scutellum has long marginal and apical bristles, exactly as in the living species. The post-alar and first dorso-central bristles are also well preserved and normal. The anterior basal cell of the wing is about 0.6 mm. broad at end, its truncate apical end is short, and the lower margin does not bulge much near the end. The abdomen is hairy, as in living species. This excellent specimen affords additional evidence for the existence of two tsetse-flies in the American Miocene, astonishing as the fact is. The new species is nearest to G. osborni, but is too large to be the female of that form.
Gamma interferon modulation of prostaglandin E2 release from monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides intermedius, Bacteroides gingivalis, and Salmonella typhimurium.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Bacteroides species are less potent than enterobacterial LPS preparations when compared by pyrogenicity and bone resorption assays and by the localized Schwartzman reaction. In this investigation, LPS preparations from Bacteroides intermedius and Bacteroides gingivalis were examined for their capacity to stimulate PGE2 release from human monocytes relative to identical doses of Salmonella typhimurium LPS. In addition, the capacity of recombinant gamma interferon (IFN-γ) to potentiate PGE2 release was examined with each LPS preparation. Monocytes, separated by counter flow centrifugation, were exposed to LPS (1 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml) alone or in combination with IFN-γ (10 Units/ml). PGE2 levels (measured by RIA) were determined in monocyte culture supernatants exposed during the following incubation periods: 0-8, 8-24, 24-48, and 48-72 h. Monocytes treated with Salmonella LPS released 2 to 3-fold greater amounts of PGE2 than cells treated with Bacteroides species LPS preparations. Although IFN-y alone did not stimulate PGE2 release, Bacteroides-elicited PGE2 release was siginificantly increased when monocytes were cultured concomitantly with IFN-γ. PGE2 release elicited by Salmonella LPS was not significantly affected by interferon. These findings indicate that IFN-γ can markedly potentiate the release of PGE2 from monocytes stimulated with Bacteroides LPS. Furthermore, the observed weakness of these LPS preparations relative to Salmonella LPS can be largely overcome by co-treating monocytes with IFN-γ.
Kant, teleology, and evolution

This essay examines Kant's idea of organic teleology. The first two sections are devoted to Kant's analysis and justification of teleological conceptions in biology. Both the idea of teleology and Kant's anti-reductionism are derived from basic elements of his ‘critical’ treatment of the human intellect. The third section discusses the limitations Kant places on accounts of origins in the life world. It is argued that the limitations Kant places on accounts of the origins of species do not follow from his idea of teleology. The final section briefly outlines the fate of the Kantian formulation of teleology in the nineteenth century.
Variability in the use of supplemental oxygen for bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Abstract Despite the use of “oxygen dependence at 36 weeks postmenstrual age” to define bronchopulmonary dysplasia, criteria for the use of oxygen is rarely defined. We surveyed members of the Vermont Oxford Network regarding their criteria. Pulse oximetry saturation thresholds varied widely from
Psychological Stress and Cardiovascular Disease

There is an enormous amount of literature on psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. This report reviews conceptual issues in defining stress and then explores the ramifications of stress in terms of the effects of acute versus long-term stressors on cardiac functioning. Examples of acute stressor studies are discussed in terms of disasters (earthquakes) and in the context of experimental stress physiology studies, which offer a more detailed perspective on underlying physiology. Studies of chronic stressors are discussed in terms of job stress, marital unhappiness, and burden of caregiving. From all of these studies there are extensive data concerning stressors’ contributions to diverse pathophysiological changes including sudden death, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, and wall motion abnormalities, as well as to alterations in cardiac regulation as indexed by changes in sympathetic nervous system activity and hemostasis. Although stressors trigger events, it is less clear that stress “causes” the events. There is nonetheless overwhelming evidence both for the deleterious effects of stress on the heart and for the fact that vulnerability and resilience factors play a role in amplifying or dampening those effects. Numerous approaches are available for stress management that can decrease patients’ suffering and enhance their quality of life.
Marginalizing the Self: A Study of Citizenship, Color, and Ethnoracial Identity in American Society

From 1870 to 1952, naturalization legislation in the United States of America restricted citizenship to “free white persons” and “persons of African nativity” or “African descent.” Individuals categorized as “members of the Mongolian race” or as of neither “free white” nor “African descent or nativity” were excluded from membership in the American political community and designated “aliens ineligible for citizenship in the United States.” Examination of the appellate and Supreme Court adjudications of these matters reveals a juridical rhetoric that functioned to marginalize all those declared ineligible for civic status. Although the reasoning process employed by the courts was not dissimilar from that arising whenever individual disparate aggregates must be classified according to a limited set of categories, in the situations under study, it produced and legitimated an invidious hierarchy of peoples, a race-prejudicial sense of vertical group position, and a fundamental departure from the universalistic and individualistic claims that defended America as a thoroughgoing civil society.
Fast evaluation of Feynman diagrams

We develop a new representation for the integrals associated with Feynman diagrams. This leads directly to a novel method for the numerical evaluation of these integrals, which avoids the use of Monte Carlo techniques. Our approach is based on the theory of generalized sinc $[\mathrm{sin}(x)/x]$ functions, from which we derive an approximation to the propagator that is expressed as an infinite sum. When the propagators in the Feynman integrals are replaced with the approximate form all integrals over internal momenta and vertices are converted into Gaussians, which can be evaluated analytically. Performing the Gaussians yields a multi-dimensional infinite sum which approximates the corresponding Feynman integral. The difference between the exact result and this approximation is set by an adjustable parameter, and can be made arbitrarily small. We discuss the extraction of regularization independent quantities and demonstrate, both in theory and practice, that these sums can be evaluated quickly, even for third or fourth order diagrams. Last, we survey strategies for numerically evaluating the multi-dimensional sums. We illustrate the method with specific examples, including the second order sunset diagram from quartic scalar field theory, and several higher-order diagrams. In this initial paper we focus upon scalar field theories in Euclidean spacetime, but expect that this approach can be generalized to fields with spin.
The top 10 reasons why object-oriented programming can't be taught in CS 1

Over the past year we have changed our CS 1 course from a standard Pascal-based, procedural programming course into one that emphasizes C++ and object-oriented programming (OOP). While our experience to date indicates that this was a good decision for both our students and our department, the decision did not come easy. We struggled long and hard with many, if not most, of the questions and issues that have come to be associated with teaching OOP to undergraduates. This paper recounts our struggles, and presents our responses to the more serious of the pedagogical questions that we considered. In hindsight, many of the reasons we came up with for not using OOP in CS1 are seen to reflect our lack of understanding of the paradigm, our fear of the language, and our past experience teaching Pascal and the procedural paradigm. Furthermore, we believe that our reservations (which appear to be quite common) stemmed from a growing body of misleading OOP folklore that is contrary to our experience and that this paper attempts to dispel.
Comment on Boyer's multiattentional method

Spurred by Rabinow's (1999:181) aspiration "of making something new happen in a field of knowledge" but wary of pronouncements that smack of "rejecting theory as a norm of intellectual practice," Boyer asks us to reflect on "how we should best understand theory as intellectual practice." He sets the stage through a stimulating look at the development of social theory in the European tradition across several centuries, aimed at revealing the roots of contemporary expressions of concern, including Rabinow's, "regarding the exhaustion, crisis, or failure of theory" despite "epistemic abundance." In light of this discussion, he queries: "Is it sufficient to say that theory is a method of framing data, of determining causality, or of producing a meta-reading?" After referring to Bourdieu's depiction of the "proscriptive, authoritarian capacities of the 'theory effect'" (1991:106), Boyer goes on to mention his own work on "theory as language, specifically as an exclusionary register of professional communication and as a medium of value-circulation through practices of citation." However, rather than continue to list the "purposes" or "functions" of theory, Boyer proposes a "new way of thinking about social theory in terms of specialized analytical attentions" and "new ethics of theoretical complementarity" grounded in the explicit cultivation and valuation of what he calls the "multiattentional method" of analytic engagement. In another piece, Boyer (2008:39) defines intellectuals as "knowledge special? ists...especially... those who operate as members of professional networks in organizational or institutional contexts." I found it useful in writing this commentary to slightly reframe the orientation of understanding social theory as intellectual practice to one of understanding social theorizing as the practice of intellectuals. Further, despite, or perhaps because of, the discussion concerning "para-ethnography" in relation to the "de facto and self-conscious critical faculty that operates in any expert domain" (Holmes and Marcus 2005:237) and the
Heritability of polychotomous characters

Characters with phenotypic expression consisting of a response in one of several mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories are considered. Formulae relating heritability in the discrete, outward scale to heritability in underlying normal and exponential scales are presented. For the normal case with two response categories, results reduce to the well-known formula for heritability of binary traits.
Finite layer spectral method for thermal analyses of layered printed circuit boards

A finite layer spectral method (FLSM) which is designed for three-dimensional thermal analyses of layered printed circuit boards (PCBs) with surface mounted components is presented. The method can be extended to solve problems with internal heat sources. Using this method, designers descretize PCBs in one direction and basic thermal analysis theories are introduced to establish the relations between two adjacent layers. Systematic analytical methods have been developed to overcome so-called dimension catastrophe. The formulae for FLSM are very simple and general. It is easy to implement the corresponding computer code for general purposes. Numerical comparisons of FLSM results with those obtained from finite difference methods, analytical solutions, and available experimental results are very encouraging. The examples calculated in terms of FLSM show that this method gives very accurate and reliable results. >
Multiple output timing and trigger generator

In support of the development of a multiple stage pulse modulator at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, we have developed a first generation, multiple output timing and trigger generator. Exploiting Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) Micro Controller Units (MCU's), the timing and trigger generator provides 32 independent outputs with a timing resolution of about 500 ns.
Estradiol accelerates the effects of fluoxetine on serotonin 1A receptor signaling

A major problem with current anti-depressant therapy is that it takes on average 6-7 weeks for remission. Since desensitization of serotonin (5-HT)1A receptor signaling contributes to the anti-depressive response, acceleration of the desensitization may reduce this delay in response to antidepressants. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that estradiol accelerates fluoxetine-induced desensitization of 5-HT1A receptor signaling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) of rats, via alterations in components of the 5-HT1A receptor signaling pathway. Ovariectomized rats were injected with estradiol and/or fluoxetine, then adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and oxytocin responses to a 5-HT1A receptor agonist (+)-8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were examined to assess the function of 5-HT1A receptors in the PVN. Treatment with estradiol for either 2 or 7 days or fluoxetine for 2 days produced at most a partial desensitization of 5-HT1A receptor signaling, whereas 7 days of fluoxetine produced full desensitization. Combined treatment with estradiol and fluoxetine for 2 days produced nearly a full desensitization, demonstrating an accelerated response compared to either treatment alone. With two days of combined treatments, estradiol prevented the fluoxetine-induced increase in 5-HT1A receptor protein, which could contribute to the more rapid desensitization. Furthermore, EB treatment for 2 days decreased the abundance of the 35 kD Gαz protein which could contribute to the desensitization response. We found two isoforms of Gαz proteins with molecular mass of 35 and 33 kD, which differentially distributed in the detergent resistant microdomain (DRM) and in Triton X-100 soluble membrane region, respectively. The 35 kD Gαz proteins in the DRM can be sumoylated by SUMO1. Stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors with 8-OH-DPAT increases the sumoylation of Gαz proteins and reduces the 33 kD Gαz proteins, suggesting that these responses may be related to the desensitization of 5-HT1A receptors. Treatment with estradiol for 2 days also reduced the levels of the G-protein coupled estrogen receptor GPR30, possibly limiting to the ability of estradiol to produce only a partial desensitization response. These data provide evidence that estradiol may be effective as a short-term adjuvant to SSRIs to accelerate the onset of therapeutic effects.
Linear Free Energy Relationships in Glass Corrosion

Various theoretical models that have been proposed to correlate glass durability to their composition for a wide variety of silicate, borosilicate, and aluminosilicate glasses are examined. Comparisons are made between the predictions of these models and those of an empirical formulation extracted from existing data in the present work. The empirical approach provides independent confirmation of the relative accuracy of the silica release rate predictions of the different theoretical models in static leaching systems. Extension of the empirical approach used in this work are discussed. 23 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Internet hack back: counter attacks as self-defense or vigilantism?

The poor state of security on the Internet calls for more effective ways to protect networked systems from attacks. One solution is to be able to counter attack with offensive capabilities. With attacker information available, companies find themselves in a dilemma-counter attack for immediate self-defense, retaliate for future deterrence, inform the appropriate law enforcement authorities, or do nothing. We examine justification for the hack back self-defense and deterrence arguments in the context Of current technology and legal framework. This paper extends discussion of issues surrounding using offensive capabilities for defensive purposes to the civilian/commercial Internet context beyond information warfare.
A new species of Malacoceros (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Kick'em Jenny, a hydrothermally active submarine volcano in the Lesser Antilles Arc

A new spionid polychaete, Malacoceros jennicus, is described from the crater of a hydrothermally active submarine volcano near Grenada in the Caribbean, Lesser Antilles Arc region. The new species is characterized by having prominent lateral frontal horns on the prostomium, paired eye spots, neurosetae that include simple capillaries, inferior sabre setae, numerous bidentate hooded hooks, and a pygidium bearing four digitiform anal cirri surrounding the anus. Worms were collected in regions of diffuse venting with a suction sampler deployed on an ROV. Specimens representing a range of sizes including sexually mature and reproductive individuals containing eggs and sperm were found. Stable isotope analysis of 13C and 15N indicate mixed feeding on photosynthetic and hydrothermal vent source material.
Reduced Na+ Affinity Increases Turnover of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium MelB

ABSTRACT The melibiose permease of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (MelBSt) catalyzes symport of melibiose with Na+, Li+, or H+. Bioinformatics and mutational analyses indicate that a conserved Gly117 (helix IV) is a component of the Na+-binding site. In this study, Gly117 was mutated to Ser, Asn, or Cys. All three mutations increase the maximum rate (Vmax) for melibiose transport in Escherichia coli DW2 and greatly decrease Na+ affinity, indicating that intracellular release of Na+ is facilitated. Rapid melibiose transport, particularly by the G117N mutant, triggers osmotic lysis in the lag phase of growth. The findings support the previous conclusion that Gly117 plays an important role in cation binding and translocation. Furthermore, a spontaneous second-site mutation (P148L between loop4-5 and helix V) in the G117C mutant prevents cell lysis. This mutation significantly decreases Vmax with little effect on cosubstrate binding in G117C, G117S, and G117N mutants. Thus, the P148L mutation specifically inhibits transport velocity and thereby blocks the lethal effect of elevated melibiose transport in the Gly117 mutants.
Polymorphic typing of variables and references

In this article we consider the polymorphic type checking of an imperative language. Our language contains variables, first-class references (pointers), and first-class functions. Variables, as in traditional imperative languages, are implicitly dereferenced, and their addresses (L-values) are not first-class values. Variables are easier to type check than references and, in many cases, lead to more general polymorphic types. We present a polymorphic type system for our language and prove that it is sound. Programs that use variables sometimes require weak types, as in Tofte's type system for Standard ML, but such weak types arise far less frequently with variables than with references
Efficient code caching to improve performance and energy consumption for java applications

Java applications rely on Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers or adaptive compilers to generate and optimize binary code at runtime to boost performance. In conventional Java Virtual Machines (JVM), however, the binary code is typically written into the data cache, and then is loaded into the instruction cache through the shared L2 cache or memory, which is not efficient in terms of both time and energy. In this paper, we study three hardware-based code caching strategies to write and read the dynamically generated code faster and more energy-efficiently. Our experimental results indicate that writing code directly into the instruction cache can improve the performance of a variety of Java applications by 9.6% on average, and up to 42.9%. Also, the overall energy dissipation of these Java programs can be reduced by 6% on average.
Flail posterior leaflet of the mitral valve in acute rheumatic carditis.

A 6-year-old presented with acute respiratory distress and left-sided heart failure. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a mobile mass on the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve (MV) with moderate mitral regurgitation (Fig. 1). Antistreptolysin O titers were elevated, consistent with a preceding streptococcal infection. He developed pulmonary hemorrhage that led to surgical intervention. Intraoperative findings included two ruptured chordae tendinae (CT) to the posterior leaflet of the MV (Fig. 2). Chordal reattachment and posterior annuloplasty were performed.
Optical Through-Wafer Interconnects for 3D Hyper-Integration

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and demonstration of optical through-wafer interconnects (TWIs). The interconnects were built using standard CMOS and MEMS fabrication processes
Stabilization of α-Synuclein Secondary Structure upon Binding to Synthetic Membranes

α-Synuclein is a highly conserved presynaptic protein of unknown function. A mutation in the protein has been causally linked to Parkinson's disease in humans, and the normal protein is an abundant component of the intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies) characteristic of the disease. α-Synuclein is also the precursor to an intrinsic component of extracellular plaques in Alzheimer's disease. The α-synuclein sequence is largely composed of degenerate 11-residue repeats reminiscent of the amphipathic α-helical domains of the exchangeable apolipoproteins. We hypothesized that α-synuclein should associate with phospholipid bilayers and that this lipid association should stabilize an α-helical secondary structure in the protein. We report that α-synuclein binds to small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles containing acidic phospholipids, but not to vesicles with a net neutral charge. We further show that the protein associates preferentially with vesicles of smaller diameter (20–25 nm) as opposed to larger (∼125 nm) vesicles. Lipid binding is accompanied by an increase in α-helicity from 3% to approximately 80%. These observations are consistent with a role in vesicle function at the presynaptic terminal.
The role of connectivity in the theory of saturated/unsaturated flow through swelling media

[1] A thermodynamically consistent model for multiphase flow which allows for connected and disconnected phases in a swelling medium is developed using hybrid mixture theory with three spatial scales. The mesoscale of the medium consists of swelling particles and two bulk phases, such as liquid water and vapor. The particles are a combination of a vicinal liquid and a solid, which may swell or shrink as a result of interaction with the other bulk phases; an example is a mixture of montmorillonite platelets and water. The theory defines connected and disconnected bulk phases of liquid and vapor at the mesoscale to create a dual-porosity type model at the macroscale. The disconnected vapor phase consists of either buoyant bubbles or confined vapor packets. The incorporation of disconnected and connected phases is useful for modeling unsaturated swelling systems. The macroscale solid phase volume fraction is refined from previous hybrid mixture approaches for two-phase multiscale problems and is fully utilized in the field equations and the constitutive theory. Macroscale equations for each of the six phases are presented with bulk regions separated into connected and disconnected domains. A constitutive theory is derived by exploiting the entropy inequality for the mixture. Generalized Darcy's laws and the final set of field equations for the system are presented and compared with previous hybrid mixture theoretic results. Classical parallel flow models only consider disconnected bulk regions and therefore are only appropriate for drainage; the current system can be useful for both imbibition and drainage, including extremely dry systems.
Quadratic electroabsorption studies of third-order susceptibility mechanisms in dye-doped polymers

We apply quadratic electroabsorption to thin-film solid solutions of squarylium dye molecules in poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer to study the electronic and reorientational mechanisms in the third-order nonlinear-optical susceptibility. To interpret the data, we have generalized quadratic electro-optic response theory to include both electronic and hindered-molecular-reorientation mechanisms. Such a theory predicts that the ratio of two independent third-order susceptibility tensor components, namely, χ3333(3)/χ1133(3), characterizes the relative contribution of each mechanism. We have designed and built an experiment that measures this ratio as a function of temperature and wavelength. Results show that at room temperature and near the first electronic transition wavelength the response is dominated by the electronic mechanism and that the reorientational contribution dominates when the sample is heated above its glass-transition temperature. Furthermore, far off resonance, the sign of the imaginary part of the third-order susceptibility is positive and is consistent with the two-level model. We also discuss the possible role of electrostriction in our analysis. Quadratic electroabsorption is thus shown to be a versatile tool for measuring the imaginary part of the third-order nonlinear-optical susceptibility, which yields information about the role of the interaction of the polymer host with the dopant molecule
Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Catalyzes Hydrolysis of Pyridoxine-5′-β-d-Glucoside and Exhibits Parallel Developmental Changes of Hydrolytic Activities Toward Pyridoxine-5′-β-d-Glucoside and Lactose in Rats

Pyridoxine-5'-beta-D-glucoside (PNG) is a major form of vitamin B-6 in plant foods that exhibits partial bioavailability as vitamin B-6 in humans. We previously identified an intestinal mucosal cytosolic PNG hydrolase that catalyzes the partial hydrolysis of PNG absorbed without prior deglycosylation. Recent observations that the brush border membrane also catalyzes PNG hydrolysis led to the hypothesis that PNG hydrolysis may be another function of the beta-glucosidase lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) and, thus, brush border PNG hydrolysis would undergo a developmental decline similar to that of lactose hydrolysis. In this study, the relationships among hydrolytic activities in small intestinal cytosolic and brush border fractions in rats (n = 9 per group) of various ages (1-2 d and 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 wk) were examined. In vitro specific activities toward PNG and lactose were greater in brush border than cytosol, and these were greater in newborn rats than in all other age groups (P < 0.01). Brush border activities toward PNG and lactose and were closely correlated (r = 0.84; P < 0.0001). These findings suggest that the hydrolysis of PNG is catalyzed at least partially at the brush border and that the bioavailability of PNG may be influenced by the residual LPH activity in children and adults.
Inactivation of hepatitis A variants during heat treatment (pasteurization) of human serum albumin

BACKGROUND: Pasteurization of human serum albumin (HSA) is detailed in the US and European Pharmacopoeial monographs and therefore a process that allows for little variation in physiochemical variables. Nevertheless, differences of up to 3.9 log in hepatitis A virus (HAV) inactivation by pasteurization have been reported. Here, the hypothesis that the choice of HAV variant used in the pasteurization might contribute to this inactivation variability is evaluated experimentally. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The identity of four widely used cytopathic variants of the original HAV HM175 strain was determined by partial sequencing. These variants were used in pasteurization studies conducted under the principles of good laboratory practice, for which HAV-spiked HSA of 5 or 25% protein content was kept at 58 1°C for 600 10 minutes, and the
Treating Older Adults With Schizophrenia: Challenges and Opportunities

Schizophrenia affects people of all age groups. Treatment plans for older adults with schizophrenia must consider the effects of age on the course of the illness as well as on the response to antipsychotics and to psychosocial interventions. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia tend to become less severe, substance abuse becomes less common, and mental health functioning often improves. Hospitalizations are more likely to be due to physical problems rather than psychotic relapses. Physical comorbidity is a rule, however, and older age is a risk factor for most side effects of antipsychotics, including metabolic syndrome and movement disorders. We recently reported high rates of adverse events and medication discontinuation along with limited effectiveness of commonly used atypical antipsychotics in older adults. Psychosocial interventions such as cognitive behavioral social skills training are efficacious in improving functioning in older adults with schizophrenia. In formulating treatment plans for this population, a balanced approach combining cautious antipsychotic medication use with psychosocial interventions is recommended. Antipsychotic medications should generally be used in lower doses in older adults. Close monitoring for side effects and effectiveness of the medications and a watchful eye on their risk:benefit ratio are critical. In a minority of patients it may be possible to discontinue medications. Sustained remission of schizophrenia after decades of illness is not rare, especially in persons who receive appropriate treatment and psychosocial support-there can be light at the end of a long tunnel.
Conjugate-Image Impedances

A load having the conjugate impedance of the signal generator to which it is connected receives the maximum amount of power and is said to be matched on the conjugate-image basis. This method of impedance matching, when applied to active and passive four-terminal networks, is shown to be especially suitable for determining the limits of power amplification or loss. In contrast, an analysis on the usual image basis gives these results only if the image impedances happen to be pure resistances. The maximum power gain of a given network and the impedance terminations for achieving it are derived and are expressed in-concise form. The effects of impedance mismatching are likewise treated.
Self-inflicted Injuries in Childhood: A Review and Diagnostic Approach

Eleven clinical and behavioral syndromes that can result in self-inflicted injury in childhood and adolescence are reviewed and classified. The causes and remedies of such injuries vary both among and within these 11 classes. Pediatricians should be alert to the possible presence and meaning of self-injury.
Is the use of life history and narrative in clinical practice reimbursable? Is it occupational therapy?

Narrative and life history meth­ ods in occupational therapy offer practitioners an OppOrtu­ niry to undemand what might other­ wise remain an unspoken and informal part of therapeutic imeraction. In con­ trast to the formal information about a patient's medical and psychosocial con­ dition, therapists often gain insight into the patient's inner life (e.g., family back­ ground, favorite music, holiday and birthday traditions) through the sponta­ neous conversations that arise during treatment. This informal information is importam to occupational therapists because it fills in the details about the patients they are working with and how the illness experience is affecting, and will ultimately affect, the patients' lives. Informally collected data invariably find their way into treatment interventions, informing the selection of treatment goals, activities, and outcomes. The use of factors such as age, roles,
Synthetic Work: Methodology for Assessment of Human Performance:

The synthetic-work approach has provided one of the most important methodologies for the assessment of human performance. The basis of this approach is a laboratory work situation in which Ss work for 8 hr. per day over periods of 12 to 15 days at a job consisting of 6 tasks which have been embedded in a multiple-task performance battery (MTPB). Descriptions of each of the 6 tasks, the integration of the tasks into a job or synthetic-work situation, and the use of the methodology in assessing human performance are presented along with a summary of research conducted with this methodology.
Diet of copepods (Scopalatum vorax) associated with mesopelagic detritus (giant larvacean houses) in Monterey Bay, California

The feeding structures or “houses” of the giant larvacean Bathochordaeus sp. serve as both habitat and food for the calanoid copepod Scopalatum vorax. Gut contents of S. vorax include both microbial and metazoan associates of larvacean houses, and possibly the house-mucus matrix itself. Copepods were observed and collected from larvacean houses between 100 and 500 m in Monterey Bay, California, using a submersible ROV (remotely operated vehicle) from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Gut contents were compared to potential food items on the houses and in the open water (not associated with the house). Copepods were generalist feeders, with amorphous detritus, diatoms, and copepods or other crustacean parts dominating gut contents. Protozoans and algae other than diatoms were rarer in guts. Houses contained a diverse assemblage of microplankton and metazoans, both intact specimens and detrital remains of these. Numbers of diatoms and fecal pellets were enriched by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude on houses compared to numbers in surrounding water. Many of the abundant species of diatoms and copepods on houses occurred in S. vorax guts. This observation coupled with S. vorax feeding habits observed in situ and in the laboratory provide evidence for feeding on houses. S. vorax appears to possess special adaptations to living in a resource-limited environment, such as gorging as a feeding adaptation, chemosensory structures to help locate houses, and the ability to change feeding modes. Consumption of detritus at depth by S. vorax provides evidence that metazoans contribute to remineralization of particulate organic carbon in the mesopelagic zone.
One-Dimensional Chain of Anisotropic Spin-Spin Interactions. I. Proof of Bethe's Hypothesis for Ground State in a Finite System

Bethe's hypothesis is proved for the ground state of a one-dimensional cyclic chain of anisotropic nearest-neighbor spin-spin interactions. The proof holds for any fixed number of down spins.
Measurement of the axial dispersion coefficient of powders in a rotating cylinder: dependence on bulk flow properties

Abstract Rotating drums are encountered in numerous industrial applications, including blenders, rotary calciners, impregnators, coaters, granulators, and cement mixers. In all of these devices, the rotation of the drum is used to engender mixing of the granular material in the radial direction. Axial mixing, because of its significantly lower rate, can also have an impact on the process performance, especially when control of residence time is important. Typically, the particle dynamics in rotating drums are quantified as a function of process conditions, such as rotation speed, fill level, and cylinder size. Particle properties are also important, but previous studies have largely been limited to the effects of particle size. In this work, the quantification of the axial particle dynamics has been expanded to include the effect of bulk flow properties by studying a number of cohesive powders. Fick's second law was found to describe the axial dispersion behavior of cohesive particles. Therefore, changes in behavior can be characterized using the axial dispersion coefficient. The effect of material flow properties was found to be statistically significant; the flowability of the material (as measured using bulk flow properties) correlated significantly to the axial dispersion coefficient. Partial least squares was used to determine that 95% of the variation observed in the axial dispersion coefficient measurement can be explained using particle size, compressibility, and shear cell measurements.
Hydrothermal Change of Amorphous Aluminosilicate Estimated from the Heat of Immersion

Hydrophilicity of aluminosilicate materials is an important characteristics as an index of the degree of hydrothermal reaction and hydration of starting materials. Heat of immersion of amorphous aluminosilicate after hydrothermal treatment have been studied to clarify the meaning of the leading time of hydrothermal reaction. The heat of immersion and specific surface area are compared with structural data, XRD, DTA-TG, and IR. The hydrothermal reaction is divided into two stages: (1) hydration of amorphous aluminosilicate for the first stage and (2) crystallization of kaolinite for the second stage. The leading time of hydrothermal reaction is attributed to the hydration period of starting material.
Legislative Partisanship, Constituency and Malapportionment: The Case of California

Two principal problems were analyzed in the study: (1) the impact of malapportionment on party voting, and (2) the influence of constituency on legislative partisanship. The California Senate was used as a test case because it was generally considered to deviate from the pattern of party voting found in other two-party states, and because it was the most poorly apportioned upper chamber in the nation. It was found that the proportion of party votes in the Senate increased significantly after reapportionment, and gross malapportionment may have inhibited a trend toward more party voting. It was also found that there was a much stronger association between political and socioeconomic constituency variables and an index of partisan voting following elections in reapportioned districts.
Carotid Stenosis in Cardiac Surgery-No Difference in Postoperative Outcomes.

Background Debate over revascularization of asymptomatic carotid stenosis before cardiac surgery is ongoing. In this study, we analyze cardiac surgery outcomes in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis at a single hospital. Methods In this study, 1,781 patients underwent cardiac surgery from January 2012 to June 2013; 1,357 with preoperative screening carotid duplex were included. Patient demographics, comorbidities, degree of stenosis, postoperative complications, and mortality were evaluated. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed. Results Asymptomatic stenosis was found in 403/1,357 patients (29.7%; 355 moderate and 48 severe). Patients with stenosis, compared with those without, were older (71.7 ± 11 vs. 66.3 ± 12 years; p Conclusion This study suggests that patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis undergoing cardiac surgery are not at increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality; thus, prophylactic carotid revascularization may not be indicated.
Sorry, I Must Have Zoned Out: Tracking Mind Wandering Episodes in an Interactive Learning Environment

Mind wandering is the attentional shift from task-related thought to task-unrelated thoughts and can have disastrous effects on learning. Previous research has found that mind wandering is detrimental to comprehension during reading. However, to our knowledge, no research has investigated mind wandering during interactive educational learning environments. This paper discusses preliminary studies and a proposed line of research that aims to investigate models of mind wandering in the context of an interactive computerized learning environment. The proposed three-phase plan will develop a deep understanding of the factors that influence mind wandering with an eye towards developing intelligent learning environments that automatically detect and respond to minds when they begin to wander.
Post-train depression of ganglionic transmission in the presence of d-amphetamine.

Repetitive stimulation (30 Hz, 20 sec) of the preganglionic nerve to the hamster isolated stellate ganglion in a control solution had only small effects on the compound action potentials of the postganglionic nerve (0.2 Hz) after the train. When 10(-5) M d-amphetamine was added to the superfusing solution, the repetitive stimulation induced a post-train depression of the postganglionic compound action potential. The mean reduction of the compound action potential during the post-train depression in d-amphetamine was 37 +/- 15% and the duration was from 60 to 120 sec. Post-train depression only occurred after long conditioning trains and was never observed with less than 100 stimuli in the conditioning train. A post-train depression (45 +/- 8%) was also observed in the presence of 10(-5) M cocaine. The post-train depression in d-amphetamine was significantly reduced by the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, phentolamine (10(-5) M) and by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine (10(-6) M), but not by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (10(-5) M). There was no post-train depression in the presence of d-amphetamine in ganglia from five hamsters that were pretreated with reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p., 4 hr). Atropine (10(-6) M) increased and prolonged the post-train depression in the presence of d-amphetamine. These results indicate that repetitive stimulation in the presence of d-amphetamine leads to a post-train depression of the postganglionic compound action potential that is mediated by an action of endogenous catecholamines at alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Muscarinic cholinoceptors do not appear to be involved in the generation of the post-train depression.
Chromosomes and Kinetochores do More in Mitosis than Previously Thought

Chromosomes do more to promote their own distribution to the daughter cells in mitosis than we thought. A role of chromosomes in their own movement was made clear in the 1930’s when it was recognized that a site on each chromosome — the kinetochore or centromere — is essential for normal chromosome movement in mitosis and meiosis (review: Schrader, 1953). Since then, one certain role of the kinetochore has been identified: the mechanical attachment of each chromosome to the spindle. Now, new aspects of attachment have been revealed as well as less expected chromosomal activities. My aim is an informal account of recent surprises followed by some remarks on the nature of the kinetochore as a gene and its evolutionary origin. More extensive reviews of all but the most recent work include Rieder (1982), McIntosh (1985), and Brinkley et al. (1985)
Recent Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality in the United States and Public Health Goals.

Importance Heart disease (HD) and cancer are the 2 leading causes of death in the United States. During the first decade of the 21st century, HD mortality declined at a much greater rate than cancer mortality and it appeared that cancer would overtake HD as the leading cause of death. Objectives To determine whether changes in national trends had occurred in recent years in mortality rates due to all cardiovascular disease (CVD), HD, stroke, and cancer and to evaluate the gap between mortality rates from HD and cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research data system was used to determine national trends in age-adjusted mortality rates due to all CVD, HD, stroke, and cancer from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2011, and January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2014, overall, by sex, and by race/ethnicity. The present study was conducted from December 30, 2105, to January 18, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Comparison of annual rates of change and trend in gap between HD and cancer mortality rates. Results The rate of the decline in all CVD, HD, and stroke mortality decelerated substantially after 2011, and the rate of decline for cancer mortality remained relatively stable. Reported as percentage (95% CI), the annual rates of decline for 2000-2011 were 3.79% (3.61% to 3.97%), 3.69% (3.51% to 3.87%), 4.53% (4.34% to 4.72%), and 1.49% (1.37% to 1.60%) for all CVD, HD, stroke, and cancer mortality, respectively; the rates for 2011-2014 were 0.65% (−0.18% to 1.47%), 0.76% (−0.06% to 1.58%), 0.37% (−0.53% to 1.27%), and 1.55% (1.07% to 2.04%), respectively. Deceleration of the decline in all CVD mortality rates occurred in males, females, and all race/ethnicity groups. For example, the annual rates of decline for total CVD mortality for 2000-2011 were 3.69% (3.48% to 3.89%) for males and 3.98% (3.81% to 4.14%) for females; for 2011-2014, the rates were 0.23% (−0.71% to 1.16%) and 1.17% (0.41% to 1.93%), respectively. The gap between HD and cancer mortality persisted. Conclusions and Relevance Deceleration in the decline of all CVD, HD, and stroke mortality rates has occurred since 2011. If this trend continues, strategic goals for lowering the burden of CVD set by the American Heart Association and the Million Hearts Initiative may not be reached.