cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bit error probability of noncoherent M-ary orthogonal modulation over generalized fading channels

Using a method recently reported in the literature for analyzing the bit error probability (BEP) performance of noncoherent M-ary orthogonal signals with square-law combining in the presence of independent and identically distributed Nakagami-m faded paths, we are able to reformulate this method so as to apply to a generalized fading channel in which the fading in each path need not be identically distributed nor even distributed according to the same family of distributions. The method leads to exact expressions for the BEP in the form of a finite-range integral whose integrand involves the moment generating function of the combined signal-to-noise ratio and which can therefore be readily evaluated numerically. The mathematical formalism is illustrated by applying the method to some selected numerical examples of interest showing the impact of the multipath intensity profile (MIP) as well as the fading correlation profile (FCP) on the BEP performance of M-ary orthogonal signals over Nakagami-m fading channels. These numerical results show that both MIP and FCP induce a non-negligible degradation in the BEP and have therefore to be taken into account for the accurate prediction of the performance of such systems.
Parameterization of hemispheric heating and temperature variance fields in the lower troposphere

Indirect observational estimates are obtained of the covariance of diabatic heating and temperature at 850 mb, and of the implied value of the Newtonian cooling coefficient, for winter and summer mean conditions over the Northern Hemisphere. Combining the Newtonian approximation for heating and the Austausch approximation for the horizontal transient eddy heat transport we obtain a simple formula for the variance of the temperature at 850 mb in terms of the climatological mean temperature field at that level. Hemispheric fields computed from this formula seem to be an acceptable first approximation to the observations
Effect of LVAD outflow conduit insertion angle on flow through the native aorta.

Background and aim: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of surgical anastomosis configuration of the aortic outflow conduit (AOC) from a continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) on the flow fields in the aorta using CFD simulations. The geometry of the surgical integration of the LVAD is an important factor in the flow pattern that develops both in series (aortic valve closed, all flow through LVAD) and in parallel (heart pumping in addition to LVAD).Methods: CFD models of the AOC junctions simulate geometry as cylindrical tubes that intersect at angles ranging from 30° to 90°. Velocity fields are computed over a range of cardiac output for both series and parallel flow.Results: Our results demonstrate that the flow patterns are significantly affected by the angle of insertion of the AOC into the native aorta, both during series and parallel flow conditions. Zones of flow recirculation and high shear stress on the aortic wall can be observed at the highest angle, gradually decre...
DIETARY CAFFEINE, GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN SENSITIVITY IN MICE

Mice consumed diets which contained caffeine and predominated in either corn starch, sucrose or hydrogenated vegetable oil. When compared by means of an oral glucose tolerance test to mice which had eaten the same diets without caffeine, it was found that they had a more rapid return of blood glucose to resting values. In vivo measurements of glucose uptake by diaphragm and epididymal fat pad revealed differences in this adaptation to caffeine. The adaptive mechanism appeared to vary with type of diet. When mice were given caffeine chronically in their drinking water there was evidence of adaptation occurring in the ability of muscle to increase glycogen stores in the presence of caffeine in vitro. No differences were found in other tissue glycogen levels.
The invasion of Lake Orta (Italy) by the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852): a new threat to an unstable environment

Procambarus clarkii is an invasive, prolific and aggressive species introduced into Italy for commercial use since the 1980s. In November 2010, this red swamp crayfish was detected in Lake Orta, a large, deep, Italian subalpine lake. Well-known for its 80year heavy pollution by copper, Lake Orta has been gradually colonized by biota, after its chemical recovery in the 1980s. The lake is still far from being comparable to other subalpine lakes for taxa composition and seasonal dynamics. Lake Orta may be regarded as an unstable environment, in which the invasion by this voracious species deserves particular attention. After the present early detection, we plan to perform interventions to minimize negative impacts of P. clarkii to both the ecology and economy of the region. The latter may be particularly important in the case of the Lake Orta because of a persistence of heavy metals in the sediments.
PIGMENT GRANULE FORMATION IN SLATE, A COAT COLOR MUTANT IN THE MOUSE.

Slate (slt) is an autosomal recessive mutation which affects the pigment granule attributes, size, shape and number, in the cortex and medulla of the hair, in the epithelial melanocytes of the eye, and in the neural crest-derived melanocytes of the uveal tract and Harderian gland. Pigment granules are reduced in number in all of the pigmented sites, they are unusually large, and they are quite irregular in shape. In addition, there is a tendency of slt granules to clump together in the medulla of the hair. Studies of pigment granule genesis in the epithelial, uveal and Harderian gland melanocytes indicate that the reduced number of granules found in the presence of slt is due both to the synthesis of fewer melanin granules, and to the fusion of individual granules into progressively larger pigmented bodies. Granule size thus increases at the expense of granule number. Since granule shape becomes more irregular as granule size increases, it appears that the effects of slt on pigment granule size, numberand shape are inter-related.
Comprehensive heat exchange model for a semiconductor laser diode

By measuring the total energy flow from an optical device, we can develop new design strategies for thermal stabilization. Here we present a comprehensive model for heat exchange between a semiconductor laser diode and its environment that includes the mechanisms of conduction, convection, and radiation. We perform quantitative measurements of these processes for several devices, deriving parameters such as a laser's heat transfer coefficient, and then demonstrate the feasibility of thermal probing for the nondestructive wafer-scale characterization of optical devices.
Te125 Mössbauer effect study of neutron capture effects in PbTe, Te and TeO2

Abstract The Mossbauer emission spectra of Te 125 in PbTe, Te metal, and TeO 2 have been measured following neutron capture in Te 124 . Mossbauer data for each sample were taken after the source irradiation and following thermal annealing. The irradiation conditions were chosen so that only the thermal neutron capture induced defects should have a significant effect on the environment of the Mossbauer emitting nuclei. Comparison of the data taken before and after the source annealing showed no differences in linewidth, isomer shift, quadrupole splitting, or resonance intensity within the standard deviations of the parameters. The results show that the thermal neutron capture process in Te 124 does not affect the Te 125 Mossbauer spectra. The possible reasons for this are discussed. The results also indicate that the anomalous isomer shift reported by Stepanov and Aleksandrov in a similar experiment on PbTe is probably caused by a high background of fast neutron induced displacements.
Experimental validation of critical temperature-pressure theory of scuffing

A series of experiments was conducted for validating a newly developed theory of scuffing. The Critical Temperature-Pressure (CTP) theory is based on the physisorption behavior of lubricants and is capable of predicting the onset of scuffing failures over a wide range of operating conditions, including the contacts operating in the boundary lubrication and in the partial elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regimes. According to the CTP theory, failures occur when the contact temperature exceeds a certain critical value which is a function of the lubricant pressure generated by the hydrodynamic action of the EHL contact. A special device capable of simulating the ambient conditions of the partial EHL conjunctions (of contact temperature, pressure, and the lubricant pressure) was constructed. A ball-on-flat type wear tester was put inside a pressure vessel, completely immersed in a highly pressurized bath of mineral oil. The temperature on the flat specimen was gradually increased while the ball was slowly...
MEASUREMENT OF SUBJECTIVE VALUES

Four different value laws are developed and tested by using them to predict the scale values of composite stimuli from the scale values of their components. These four laws are: an additive law, a square-root law, a logarithmic, and a negative exponential law. They are tried out on a set of food preferences by means of Pearson's Method of False Position. The negative exponential law of diminishing returns gave the best fit to the data but was not markedly better than any of the other laws.
Profiles in Science for Science Librarians: “Now We Are All Sons of Bitches!”: The Atomic Life of Kenneth Bainbridge

Kenneth Bainbridge was one of numerous physicists working from 1943 to 1945 on the creation of the atomic bombs for the Manhattan Project. However, unlike the many other physicists at Los Alamos, New Mexico, who worked on their atomic theories on paper, Bainbridge was an engineer, and he was placed in charge of the actual “Trinity” test—to make the bomb into reality. Much of the success of launching the world into the atomic age was his. However, today he is almost completely forgotten. This article is a reintroduction of the many accomplishments of this man and of his seven-word expletive.
The Review of English Studies Prize EssayMarvell and the Strategic Imagination: Fortification in Upon Appleton House

While recent scholarship has done much to illuminate the political and topical thrust of Andrew Marvell’s Upon Appleton House, his use of the language of military theory, reaching its apex in his playful description of Nun Appleton’s fortress-shaped garden, has received less attention. Yet both Marvell’s politics and his poetic technique are intertwined with his attitude toward military theory, a discourse in which the representation of landscape is necessarily political. This article reveals how Marvell drew on the distinctive political and social meanings that had accrued to one portion of the technical military discourse of his day, the science of fortification and siegecraft, in order to reinterpret the consequences of the English Civil War. For Marvell, the militarization of England, while causing its fall into postlapsarian history, simultaneously made a new imperial era possible.
Theory-Pluralism in Public Administration: Epistemology, Legitimacy, and Method

Neopragmatists in public administration (PA) consistently argue that neopragmatism upgrades regular pragmatism. This claim rests on the contention that pragmatism is host to epistemic foundationali...
Modeling asset returns with alternative stable distributions

In the 1960's Benoit Mandelbrot and Eugene Fama argued strongly in favor of the stable Paretian distribution as a model for the unconditional distribution of asset returns. Although a substantial body of subsequent empirical studies supported this position, the stable Paretian model plays a minor role in current empirical work. While in the economics and finance literature stable distributions are virtually exclusively associated with stable Paretian distributions, in this paper we adopt a more fundamental view and extend the concept of stability to a variety of probabilistic schemes. These schemes give rise to alternative stable distributions, which we compare empirically using S&P 500 stock return data. In this comparison the Weibull distribution, associated with both the nonrandom-minimum and geometric-random summation schemes dominates the other stable distributions considered-including the stable Paretian model.
Stability of photochemical mechanisms for photogalvanic cells

Abstract A general analysis of the stability properties of photochemical mechanisms for photogalvanic cells is presented. We consider a model, recently introduced, for photoredox systems in which a one-electron redox couple (here an inorganic couple) reacts with a two-electron redox couple (here an organic dye). We consider first the case of a well-stirred cell. A linear stability analysis and then a thermodynamic stability analysis are carried out for each of six possible mechanisms allowed by the model; similar analyses are performed to determine the stability at certain coordinates of the kinetic “phase diagram” where two (or more) mechanisms may compete. Taken together, the results of these analyses indicate that the photostationary state is asymptotically stable in all the kinetic regimes investigated. We next study how these conclusions are changed when diffusion of the reactants is taken into account explicity. The general analysis is then specialized to treat a particular well-known photogalvanic cell, the iron—thionine system. The identity and the stability of the photostationary state for this system are investigated and are then quantified as functions of the concentration of the metal ion Fe 3+ and the system illumination. Our results on this specific photogalvanic system are examined in the light of known results on the stability properties of coupled chemical networks and the correlated with a recent study of the optimum efficiency of photogalvanic cells for solar energy conversion.
DISPLACED INTRA-ARTICULAR CALCANEUS FRACTURES TREATED WITH THE GALVESTON PLATE

From January 1992 to August 1993, 59 calcaneal fractures in 48 patients were treated. Thirty-three fractures in 31 patients were displaced intra-articular fractures and were treated with open reduction and internal fixation through an extensile lateral approach with the Galveston plate (Smith and Nephew, Richards, Memphis, TN).Complete radiographs and CT scans were available for 32 of the fractures. The CT scan classification of Sanders was used. The distribution of the fractures was: IIA, N = 17; IIB, N = 2; IIC, N = 2; IIIAB, N = 7; IIIAC, N = 2; IV, N = 2. Sixteen (50%) had calcaneocuboid joint involvement. Preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements of Bohler's angle, Gissane's angle, talocalcaneal angle, and Achilles tendon fulcrum distance were made. Clinical follow-up on 23 fractures in 22 patients at an average of 21 months is presented. Seventy percent of the patients have no pain or only occasional pain not requiring medication. Using the Maryland Foot Score for assessment, 78% of t...
Acquisition of English Grammatical Morphology by Native Mandarin-Speaking Children and Adolescents: Age-Related Differences.

Purpose This 5-year longitudinal study investigated the acquisition of 6 English grammatical morphemes (i.e., regular and irregular past tense, 3rd person singular, progressive aspect –ing, copula ...
Novel strategies for treatment of resistant hypertension.

Resistant hypertension, defined as blood pressure (BP) remaining above goal despite the use of 3 or more antihypertensive medications at maximally tolerated doses (one ideally being a diuretic) or BP that requires 4 or more agents to achieve control, occurs in a substantial proportion (>10%) of treated hypertensive patients. Refractory hypertension is a recently described subset of resistant hypertension that cannot be controlled with maximal medical therapy (≥5 antihypertensive medications of different classes at maximal tolerated doses). Patients with resistant or refractory hypertension are at increased cardiovascular risk and comprise the target population for novel antihypertensive treatments. Device-based interventions, including carotid baroreceptor activation and renal denervation, reduce sympathetic nervous system activity and have effectively reduced BP in early clinical trials of resistant hypertension. Renal denervation interrupts afferent and efferent renal nerve signaling by delivering radiofrequency energy, other forms of energy, or norepinephrine-depleting pharmaceuticals through catheters in the renal arteries. Renal denervation has the advantage of not requiring general anesthesia, surgical intervention, or device implantation and has been evaluated extensively in observational proof-of-principle studies and larger randomized controlled trials. It has been shown to be safe and effective in reducing clinic BP, indices of sympathetic nervous system activity, and a variety of hypertension-related comorbidities. These include impaired glucose metabolism/insulin resistance, end-stage renal disease, obstructive sleep apnea, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. This article reviews the strengths, limitations, and future applications of novel device-based treatment, particularly renal denervation, for resistant hypertension and its comorbidities.
Surrogate Markers in AIDS Clinical Trials: Conceptual Basis, Validation, and Uncertainties

The identification of surrogate markers for clinical end points has important implications for the conduct of AIDS clinical trials, the approval of drugs for the treatment of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the management of HIV infection. In this paper, the concept of a surrogate marker and the properties of an ideal marker are discussed. The steps required for the empirical verification of a potential marker are then addressed, and current information on surrogate markers for AIDS is reviewed. Studies conducted to date indicate that the effects of a new drug on numbers of CD4 lymphocytes account only partly for its ultimate impact on the clinical progression of HIV infection. Consequently, the potential benefits of early approval of a drug based on its effect on CD4 lymphocytes must be weighed against the uncertainty about its ability to actually delay clinical progression.
Polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors on a novel 800&#176;C glass substrate

A new polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistor (TFT) technology using a potentially low-cost glass substrate is reported. Transistors are made using modified conventional n-channel MOS processes at temperatures of 800°C or less, with a final hydrogen implantation step. These transistors show leakage currents of 2 × 10-11A/µm of channel width, ON-to-OFF current ratios of 1 × 104at V ds = 9.0 V, and good dc stability. This combination of polycrystalline silicon transistors on potentially low-cost glass substrates offers a new option in the choice of active device technology for large-area flat-panel liquid crystal displays (LCD's).
Reversible chemisorption on highly dispersed Ru catalysts

Abstract Hydrogen and carbon monoxide adsorptions have been studied by static gas volumetric measurement on a range of highly dispersed Y-zeolite-supported ruthenium catalysts prepared by ion exchange. At ambient temperature, the adsorption isotherms indicated two distinct types of adsorption—reversible (composed of both physisorption and weak chemisorption) and irreversible (strongly chemisorbed). The catalysts were highly dispersed and had average particle diameters ranging from 0.9 to 1.6 nm. Reversible hydrogen chemisorption was found to be a function of average particle diameter and dispersion. On the other hand, reversible carbon monoxide chemisorption seemed to be mainly due to interaction with the support.
Screening for severe combined immunodeficiency in newborns

This issue of the Journal is devoted to the critical concept of screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), a long-sought goal of clinical immunologists engaged in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for SCID, a congenital disease of many causes that is fatal in the first 1 to 2 years of life. The clinical immunologists chosen for the reviews in this thematic issue were selected for their expertise in the diagnosis and management of infants with SCID, their leadership in devisingmethods of early diagnosis of SCID, and their ability in implementing the current method of detecting a low number of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in the blood of neonates. Rebecca Buckley’s clinical review presents an overall view of the long quest for a screening test for SCID. It is an excellent account of how investigators arrived at the use of the TREC assay to detect SCID (low T-cell count) in infants with immune deficiency who are threatened by opportunistic infections. One of the early tests proposed to alert pediatricians to problems of SCID was the absolute lymphocyte count. Here, pediatricians had to remember the temporary lymphocytosis in the neonatal period that provides newborns with approximately 3 times the number of lymphocytes seen in older children. Excellent age-adjusted control data on healthy children from birth to 18 years of age are now available. The 10th and 90th percentiles of normal lymphocyte values are 3400 and 7000 cells/mL in the first 3 months of life. Therefore a value of 1000 lymphocytes/mL, which is the normal adult mean average, does not apply to neonates and should serve as an alarm for repeat testing or referral to an immunologist for further evaluation. Because neonates with SCID are usually healthy at birth because of maternal antibody protection, obtaining a complete blood count and absolute lymphocyte count would require justification and would be costly. The proposal by Chan
Specific heats of solid natural neon at five molar volumes and of the separated neon isotopes at P =0

Direct measurements of the constant volume specific heatC v are reported for solid natural neon at several molar volumes (13.39–12.39 cm3/mole) at temperatures from 1 K to the melting line. All samples were solidified in a high-pressure bomb at the melting line (maximum conditions of 53 K and 2.5 kbar) and molar volumes for the melting line are given. The extrapolations of these data to 0 K result in a↺ 0(V) relation for which↺ 0(P=0,T=0)=75.1±0.1 K and an average Gruneisen parameter γ0=2.51±0.03. These data can be represented at all temperatures and for all volumes by a single reduced curve asC V [T/↺ 0(V)], with a maximum deviation of ±0.8% nearT/↺ 0=0.12. The deviations are systematic with volume and consistent with a temperature-dependent contribution to the Gruneisen parameter of 1±1%. The melting line parameters are used to test the Lindeman melting relation, and systematic deviations are found. Much less complete measurements ofC V for the separated neon isotopes20Ne and22Ne are consistent with the reduced curve for natural neon, and with anM −0.5dependence for↺ 0, where M is the isotopic mass.
An indentation-based method to determine constituent strengths within nanolayered composites

Abstract This work presents a new method to determine the flow strengths of the constituents in nanolayered composites, by coupling finite element simulations of nanoindentation with experimental hardness and micropillar compression data. This enhances the capability of separate nanoindentation and micropillar compression tests, which provide only bulk values of flow strength. This expanded capability is critical to understanding how interfaces mediate dislocation nucleation and propagation in each phase. The new method is validated using in-situ diffraction studies of deforming Cu/Ni nanolayered composites with [0 0 1] interfaces. Here, 20 nm thick Ni layers are shown to have ∼3 times the flow strength of neighboring 20 nm Cu layers. These flow strengths are comparable to those for pure electrodeposited nanocrystalline (d = 20 nm) Cu and Ni, respectively. A Tabor factor of 2.7—often assumed in the literature—may be inappropriate if the ratio of constituent flow strengths is large (>1.5:1).
Evanescent field fibre-optic chlorine sensor

Abstract An evanescent field fibre-optic sensor for detecting chlorine in water is proposed and studied experimentally. The technique is based upon evanescent field absorption through the colour development of reacting diethyl phenylene diamine with chlorine, which forms an azo compound. Sensor systems with single and multi-fibre sensing elements were designed, constructed and evaluated for linearity of response, sensitivity, and reproducibility of results. The experimental results establish the feasibility of detecting low concentration chlorine in water using the proposed method. The results for an improved design are indicative of reasonably good reproducibility and linearity of the sensor response.
Changing household consumption to address climate change: social scientific insights and challenges

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)-intensive consumption can be an important route to reducing the GHG emissions that cause climate change. To effectively mitigate climate change by reforming human consumption patterns we must have a comprehensive understanding of the linkages between consumption and climate change and how consumption may be altered. This article begins by reviewing the empirical research that links consumption and GHG emissions and identifies GHG-intensive actions and systems. We then identify four social science understandings of consumption: the consumer as homo economicus, the predictably irrational consumer, the locked-in consumer, and the socially organized consumer. These understandings of consumption that emerge from economics, psychology, anthropology,andsociologyleadustodifferentconclusionsonwhatcanbedoneto change consumption patterns to mitigate climate change. To effectively transform consumption, we advocate the implementation of a range of policy solutions and explore several levers for managing change. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Interface of Work to Family Conflict and Racioethnic Identification: An Analysis of Hispanic Business Professionals

This article examines work to family conflict for Hispanic Business Professionals with varied levels of Hispanic identity. Based on this study of 971 Hispanics from across the United States, results show that level of Hispanic identity moderates the relationship between work to family conflict and job satisfaction. The authors posit that identification with a culture of collectivism may attenuate the negative impact of work to family conflict on job satisfaction, enabling Hispanic professionals to view work as a way of supporting the family and contributing to the greater good of the groups to which they belong.
Low level lead and inhibition of erythrocyte pyrimidine nucleotidase.

Abstract Pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase (P5N, EC 3.1.3.5) appears to be a sensitive index of exposure to low level lead. In 21 children 2 to 5 years old with blood leads of 7 to 80 μg/dl there was a negative linear correlation of blood lead and red cell P5N: r = −0.60 (P m lead acetate for 24 days. The blood lead of treated rats increased from the control value of 8.3 ± 1.3 to 36.0 ± 0.5 on day 24; P5N decreased from 18.3 ± 0.8 units to 9.0 ± 1.0 and was below control values at a blood lead of 25. There was a significant negative linear correlation of blood lead and P5N: r = −0.85; n = 17; P
Predicting plausible impacts of sets of climate and land use change scenarios on water resources

Abstract Our world is changing at an unprecedented rate in terms of climate and land use, but these changes can affect our water resources. Hence, we need a methodology that can predict both their individual and agglomerative ramifications. Using the Little Miami River (LMR) watershed as a case study, this paper describes a spatial analytical approach integrating mathematical modeling and geographical information sciences to quantitatively examine the relative importance of the separate and combined hydrologic and water quality impacts of climate and land use changes. The Hydrologic Simulation Program – Fortran (HSPF) model was chosen in this study to simulate stream flow and nutrient transport process. Five hypothetical climate change scenarios were used to cover the possible ranges of variability in the year 2050. An enhanced population-coupled Markov-Cellular Automata (CA-Markov) land use model was developed to predict the 2050 land use pattern. When these scenarios were incorporated into the HSPF model, the future conditions in the LMR basin were postulated. The findings demonstrated that: 1) the LMR watershed would experience an increase in flow and nutrients under the 2050 land use projection, 2) stream flow and water quality impacts would be amplified when both climate and land use changes were simultaneously considered, 3) land use change (and in the case of the LMR watershed, urbanization) could help to alleviate water shortage during the dry years, 4) total phosphorus and nitrogen would increase under all future climate and land use scenarios; the highest increase was found under the combined wettest and future land use scenarios, and 5) the described approach is effective in simulating the hydrologic and water quality effects of climate and land use changes in a basin scale. These results are relevant to planners; they can be useful in formulating realistic watershed management policies and mitigation measures.
Chromatin structure of the ribosomal RNA genes of Tetrahymena thermophila as analyzed by trimethylpsoralen crosslinking in vivo.

Abstract Rapidly growing Tetrahymena thermophila were treated with 4,5′,8-trimethylpsoralen plus various doses of 360 nm radiation to crosslink their DNA in vivo . The DNA was then purified, the palindromic, extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were isolated, and the positions of crosslinks were mapped by electron microscopy of the DNA under totally denaturing conditions. The bulk DNA contained crosslinks separated by intervals of 200 and 400 base-pairs, indicative of a nucleosome chromatin structure. The distribution of distances between adjacent crosslinks in the rDNA differed in transcribed and non-transcribed regions. At subsaturating levels of photoreaction, the transcribed regions showed a novel pattern with adjacent crosslinks separated by intervals of 215, 335, and 460 basepairs. The distribution was consistent with an altered conformation of nucleosomes or with a chromatin structure in which proteins other than histones play a major role. The central spacer region of the rDNA showed a broad distribution of distances between crosslinks with no apparent unit of periodicity. Only the terminal spacer regions showed a pattern of crosslinkage that could be reconciled with a nucleosome structure. The frequency of crosslinking in vivo along the rDNA molecules was related to transcriptional activity: the spacer regions were protected from trimethylpsoralen crosslinking in vivo , while the gene regions were relatively accessible. The palindromic rDNA molecules from log phase cells were predominantly in the linear conformation after fixation of the secondary structure in vivo with trimethylpsoralen. Cruciform structures with enough intrastrand base-pairing to be recognized by electron microscopy were not observed.
On the nonexistence of plane‐polarized large amplitude Alfvén waves

A theorem is presented which shows that purely Alfvenic plane-polarized large-amplitude disturbances in the solar wind are not possible and will never be observed. The theorem establishes that there is no nontrivial plane-polarized magnetic-field configuration in which the parameter B-squared is constant throughout all space. It is noted, however, that more general nonplanar Alfvenic disturbances may well exist.
Status and Goals of Local School Wellness Policies in Virginia: A Response to the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004

By fall 2006 each school division participating in the National School Lunch Program was mandated to establish a local wellness policy. The study objective was to assess schools' plans for the policy, including goals for food, nutrition education, and physical activity and evaluation. Surveys were administered to 132 School Health Advisory Board coordinators in Virginia in early 2006; 92 (69.7%) responded. The findings highlight gaps toward meeting minimum requirements for the policy and give guidance on how nutrition educators and researchers can provide expertise to optimize the policy and document progress and impacts on children's health related to the policy.
Cytokine-dependent induction of CD4++ T cells with cytotoxic potential during influenza virus infection

Recent evidence has identified the role of granzyme B- and perforin-expressing CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic potential in antiviral immunity. However, the in vivo cytokine cues and downstream pathways governing the differentiation of these cells are unclear. Here, we have identified that CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic potential are specifically induced at the site of infection during influenza virus infection. The development of CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic potential in vivo was dependent on the cooperation of the STAT2-dependent type I interferon signaling and the interleukin-2/interleukin-2 receptor alpha pathway for the induction of the transcription factors T-bet and Blimp-1. We showed that Blimp-1 promoted the binding of T-bet to the promoters of cytolytic genes in CD4+ T cells and was required for the cytolytic function of the in vitro- and in vivo-generated CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic potential. Thus, our data define the molecular basis of regulation of the in vivo development of this functionally cytotoxic Th subset during acute respiratory virus infection. The potential implications for the functions of these cells are discussed.
Alfabetização, linguagem e ideologia

This article conceives literacy as a form of cultural policy. It criticizes literacy theories in order to make room for a new approach. It also focuses on literacy campaigns, especially those carried out in former colonies of Africa. Finally, the paper argues that if literacy programs are to adopt a liberating perspective, they must be based on the students' own language.
Translating evidence into practice to prevent central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections: a systems-based intervention.

Background The central venous catheter (CVC) is a necessary, yet inherently risky, modern medical device. We aimed to carry out a systems-based intervention designed to facilitate the use of maximal sterile barrier precautions and the use of chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis during insertion of CVC. Methods All patients in whom a CVC was inserted at a medical-surgical intensive care unit at a university-affiliated public hospital were included in a before-after trial. The standard CVC kit in routine use before the intervention included a small sterile drape (24” by 36”) and 10% povidone-iodine for skin antisepsis. We special ordered a customized kit that, instead, included a large sterile drape (41” by 55”) and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol. Both the standard kit in use before the intervention and the customized kit included identical CVCs. Baseline data included the quarterly CVC-associated bloodstream infection (BSI) rates during the 15 months before the intervention. Comparison data included the quarterly CVC-associated BSI rates during the 15 months after we instituted exclusive use of the customized kit. Results The mean quarterly CVC-associated BSI rate decreased from a baseline of 11.3 per 1000 CVC-days before the intervention to 3.7 per 1000 CVC-days after the intervention (P Conclusion Infection control interventions that rely on voluntary changes in human behavior, despite the best intentions of us all, are often unsuccessful. We have demonstrated that a systems-based intervention led to a sustained decrease in the CVC-associated BSI rate, thereby resulting in improved patient safety and decreased cost of care.
The renal mechanism for urate homeostasis in normal man

Abstract In thirty-two studies on ten normal subjects, renal urate secretion and reabsorption have been estimated by noting the decrement in UV urate : C inulin produced by a maximally effective dose of pyrazinamide (TS ur ), a drug which markedly although probably not completely inhibits tubular urate secretion. In each subject studies were performed in the control state, after decreasing plasma urate with allopurinol, and following elevation of plasma urate levels by RNA loading. Urate reabsorption remained at an average of 98 per cent of filtered load at all plasma levels, thereby indicating progressive augmentation of reabsorptive transport velocity with increasing filtered loads. Also, tubular secretion per nephron was a direct function of plasma urate concentration. Although plasma urate levels ranged as high as 12.8 mg. per 100 ml., at no time was there evidence for attainment of a secretory or reabsorptive tubular transport maximum. A provisional normal standard was set forth, relating TS ur to plasma urate concentration through a regression treatment with appropriate confidence limits. These data suggest that normal man displays an augmented rate of bidirectional urate transport with increasing substrate availability. Due to the nature of this bidirectional transport system, an increase in secretory rate serves to increase net urate excretion and thereby provides the homeostatic mechanism which tends to minimize the hyperuricemic response to an increase in uric acid synthesis. The pyrazinamide suppression technic appears to provide a means of assessing the integrity of this homeostatic mechanism within the residual nephrons of the chronically diseased kidney or in patients who have gout.
Comparative study on the properties of WMA mixture using foamed admixture and free water system

Abstract Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies that use a foaming effect are one of the most commonly used WMA technologies due to their cost-effectiveness. The concept behind the foamed WMA is that the water turns to steam and is dispersed throughout the asphalt, which provides corresponding temporary reductions in viscosity while requiring no extra additives. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate both WMA techniques using foamed admixture and free water systems. For foamed admixture, ADVERA® WMA was selected; whereas for free water systems, WMA was foamed by injecting a small amount of water that was produced under a laboratory setup. Subsequently, for the asphalt mixture preparation, the mixture design used was based on specifications for a local asphalt mixture used in Michigan, USA. The nominal maximum aggregate size is 9.5 mm and the designed traffic level is less than 3 million ESALs based on the current Superpave™ asphalt mixture design procedure. The control mixture and WMA mixture were evaluated through the asphalt pavement analyzer rutting test, flow number test, indirect tensile strength ratio, and the four point beam fatigue test. From the results, it was found the fatigue life of most of the samples prepared with ADVERA® WMA were higher than the control hot mix asphalt (HMA). However, foamed WMA has a significantly lower aging factor compared to control HMA which results in higher rutting potential.
Internalizing and Externalizing Personality Dimensions and Clinical Problems in Adolescents

Ostensible psychiatric comorbidity can sometimes be explained by shared relations between diagnostic constructs and higher order internalizing and externalizing dimensions. However, this possibility has not been explored with regard to comorbidity between personality pathology and other clinical constructs in adolescents. In this study, personality pattern scales from the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory in a sample of 492 adolescent inpatients were subjected to a principal components analysis to yield oblique internalizing and externalizing dimensions. Relations between personality dimensions and well-established measures of psychopathology (depression, alcohol abuse, drug abuse) and other indicators of clinical dysfunction (self-esteem, suicidality, violence) were assessed before and after controlling for these higher-order personality dimensions. Associations between personality scales and indicators of psychopathology and clinical dysfunction were minimal with these higher order components controlled. These results suggest that internalizing and externalizing personality dimensions explain most of the associations between personality patterns and indicators of psychopathology and clinical dysfunction in adolescent patients.
Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Protease Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4)

Background Protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) which is activated by proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminal exodomain. This generates a tethered ligand that activates the receptor and triggers downstream signaling events. With the current focus in the development of anti-platelet therapies shifted towards PARs, new reagents are needed for expanding the field’s knowledge on PAR4. Currently, there are no PAR4 reagents which are able to detect activation of the receptor.
THE RESTORATION OF OILED SHORELINES BY THE PROPER USE OF CHEMICAL DISPERSANTS

ABSTRACT Currently, mechanical cleanup techniques are conventionally utilized to restore oil contaminated shorelines, such as marshland, beaches, sea walls, etc. Such methods can cause severe environmental damage. The approach is also inefficient in that oil removed from a shore surface by water jets or similar techniques can readily redeposit on a neighboring surface. This paper reviews the shortcomings of the expensive mechanical cleanup methods and presents the overall mechanism and technique for restoration using chemical agents. Although the use of chemicals in intertidal zones has not been well accepted by some environmental and regulatory groups, there is limited documentation that use of these agents results in less environmental damage and more rapid and economical shoreline restoration than mechanical alternatives. In support of this argument, an actual instance wherein an extensive Tampa, Florida shoreline had been oiled by a spill from the S/S Delian Appolon and subsequently chemically restore...
Reduced order observer based identification of base isolated buildings

The objective of this study is to identify system parameters from the recorded response of base isolated buildings, such as USC hospital building, during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Full state measurements are not available for identification. Additionally, the response is nonlinear due to the yielding of the lead-rubber bearings. Two new approaches are presented in this paper to solve the aforementioned problems. First, a reduced order observer is used to estimate the unmeasured states. Second, a least squares technique with time segments is developed to identify the piece-wise linear system properties. The observer is used to estimate the initial conditions needed for the time segmented identification. A series of equivalent linear system parameters are identified in different time segments. It is shown that the change in system parameters, such as frequencies and damping ratios, due to nonlinear behavior of the lead-rubber bearings, are reliably estimated using the presented technique. It is shown that the response was reduced due to yielding of the lead-rubber bearings and period lengthening.
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) use, measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, and autistic disorder: The results of a parent survey

The present study was performed to determine whether acetaminophen (paracetamol) use after the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination could be associated with autistic disorder. This case-control study used the results of an online parental survey conducted from 16 July 2005 to 30 January 2006, consisting of 83 children with autistic disorder and 80 control children. Acetaminophen use after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was significantly associated with autistic disorder when considering children 5 years of age or less (OR 6.11, 95% CI 1.42-26.3), after limiting cases to children with regression in development (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.11-14.3), and when considering only children who had post-vaccination sequelae (OR 8.23, 95% CI 1.56-43.3), adjusting for age, gender, mother's ethnicity, and the presence of illness concurrent with measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Ibuprofen use after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was not associated with autistic disorder. This preliminary study found that acetaminophen use after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination was associated with autistic disorder.
Diffusion of the solvent and the solute in dilute alloys of face centered cubic metals

Abstract The diffusion of both the solvent and of the impurity is examined theoretically in dilute alloys assuming that diffusion occurs by the migration of lattice vacancies. Three important effects are described and their magnitudes are determined by fitting the theory to experimental data (mostly on dilute silver alloys). First, there exists a binding energy between a multivalent impurity and a lattice vacancy in a monovalent solvent. Second, if the impurity produces a dilation of the lattice, there will be reductions in the activation energies associated with solvent diffusion and with impurity diffusion. The reductions are proportional to the impurity concentration and can be calculated if the activation volumes are known. The D o s for solvent and impurity diffusion are found from experiment to also decrease with the concentration of impurities giving dilation. Finally it is shown that impurities from other rows of the periodic table than the solvent have a migration energy which differs slightly from that of the solvent. Transition metal impurities are not considered.
The Impact of Climate on Southeast Asia, circa 950–1820: New Findings

The recent discovery of continuous tree-ring series starting as early as 1030 CE has for the first time made possible the reconstruction of historical climates for much of mainland Southeast Asia. Perhaps the most dramatic finding is that wide cyclic fluctuations in the reach and volume of monsoon rains contributed substantially to both the genesis and the collapse of the charter civilizations of Angkor, Pagan, and Dai Viet. From circa 1450–1820 climate continued to influence political and economic development, but its impact appears to have diminished both because the amplitude of hydrological fluctuations decreased markedly, and because new sources of power rendered early modern Southeast Asian states more resilient. A pioneering collaborative effort by a historian and a paleoclimatologist, this paper promises three benefits: It can help to solve a variety of local historiographic puzzles, it can facilitate construction of a synchronized historical narrative for mainland Southeast Asia as a whole, and it can aid comparisons between mainland Southeast Asia and other sectors of Eurasia.
Man-Machine Photogrammetric Systems and System Components

Abstract : Under the influence of ideas from control and communication theory, new trends have developed in the design of photogrammetric data-processing systems. In this paper a number of concepts applied to the design of such systems are discussed, with emphasis on the digital man-machine systems and system components. The main characteristics of contemporary photogrammetric systems are outlined in regard to both their hardward and software, including some remarks on automation and orthophoto-techniques. The general descriptions are supported by examples from two systems: one predominantly digital and the other predominantly analog. These examples concern the instrumental developments in the Photogrammetric Research Laboratories of the National Research Council of Canada. (Author)