cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hall cell geartooth sensor with 15 gauss sensitivity

A monolithic sensor for detecting time-varying magnetic fields, which combines precision analog circuits with a Hall cell, is described. The device withstands the rigorous environment of an automobile engine ignition control system where it detects teeth on a rotating ferrous wheel. The open-collector digital output responds to field changes of 15+or-1 G over a -55 degrees C to 150 degrees C range. Yield is improved by laser trim of silicon chromium resistors, eliminating the process dependence of Hall cell sensitivity. An AC-coupling scheme using an external 1- mu F capacitor rejects system offsets of several hundred G while allowing full sensitivity with signals as slow as 4 Hz. Other features include controlled startup and shutdown behavior and insensitivity to system noise. The 110-transistor. 10.700-mil/sup 2/ device is packaged in a 4-pin SIP, and operates on a single 5- to 16-V supply. >
The Crisis at Age Seven

School age, like all other age levels, opens with a critical or turning-point period; this was described in the literature as the crisis at age seven before the other age levels were described. It was noted for a long time that in making the transition from preschool to school age, the child changes abruptly and becomes more difficult with respect to rearing than he was previously. This is a kind of transitional stage— he is no longer a preschooler and not yet a school child.
Cytogenetic profile of patients with acute myeloid leukemia and central nervous system disease

BACKGROUND: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) infrequently involves the central nervous system (CNS). This study was undertaken in patients with AML to determine whether cytogenetic findings predict CNS involvement. METHODS: The medical records of 1354 patients with AML who were treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between January 2000 and December 2008 were reviewed. Forty patients (3%) had CNS involvement at time of presentation or disease recurrence, of whom 37 had conventional cytogenetics performed on bone marrow aspirate material. Demographics, treatment, and status at last follow-up were collected. RESULTS: Eleven patients (30%) had a diploid karyotype, and 14 patients (38%) had complex cytogenetics. Only 5 of the 40 patients had CNS disease at diagnosis, and the remaining patients had CNS disease at relapse. Patients who developed CNS disease were younger (P = .019), had a higher white blood cell (WBC) count at diagnosis (P = .001), had higher lactate dehydrogenase level (LDH) levels (P < .0001), and had higher percentages peripheral blast cells (P = .024) at diagnosis compared with the rest of the population. In addition, patients with CNS disease had higher rates of chromosome 16 inversion (P < .001), chromosome 11 abnormality (P = .005), and trisomy 8 (P = .02) and had a tendency toward complex cytogenetics (P = .2) compared with the control group (patients who had AML with no CNS involvement). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AML and CNS disease often had higher LDH levels and WBC counts at diagnosis, and they often presented with chromosome 16 inversion and chromosome 11 abnormalities. The current study indicated that the overall survival of patients with AML who had CNS involvement is poor. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The amphipathic alpha helix: a multifunctional structural motif in plasma apolipoproteins.

Publisher Summary The dominant structural motif of the peripheral apolipoproteins is the amphipathic helix, which is responsible for the reversible association of these proteins with lipids, as well as for many biological functions mediated by these apolipoproteins. This chapter reviews the different classes of amphipathic helices, using a combination of powerful computer programs to develop a comparison database and to analyze these structures. It also discusses their evolutionary origins, physical-chemical properties, X-ray structure determination, and conformational analysis. Although the structures of these lipoprotein classes are similar, they differ in relative proportion of lipids, in the apolipoprotein: lipid ratio and in the apolipoprotein species. The amphipathic α helix plays a pivotal role in the structure and functions of the exchangeable apolipoproteins. Site-directed mutagenesis and other molecular biology-based techniques are available for probing the structural motif. The location and properties of the amphipathic helices in apolipoproteins and the results are compared with recently developed and ever-expanding computer methods for the location and characterization. A variety of structure-function studies, including the activation of lipoprotein lipase, receptor recognition, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activation, and antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities are also discussed.
Testing embedded cores and SOCs-DFT, ATPG and BIST solutions

Summary form only given. This tutorial presents a range of design and test techniques and considerations for incorporating high level testability into high performance SOC designs, constructed using embedded cores. Different solutions are proposed around DFT, ATPG and BIST techniques, and their implementation explained from the design and test viewpoints, for different components of SOCs. Capabilities of test automation tools to aid such implementations are explained alongside. Finally, a framework for design planning to assist in test logic implementation and validation, to meet aggressive design cycle times, is presented.
Energy storage for use in load frequency control

Certain energy storage technologies are well-suited to the high-frequency, high-cycling operation which is required in provision of load frequency control (LFC). To limit the total stored energy capacity required while reducing the cycling burden on traditional thermal generators, the LFC signal may be split between thermal generators and energy storage units. To evaluate the dispatch of energy storage units in concert with thermal generators, this paper presents energy-duration curves and ramp-rate-duration curves as graphical tools. The energy storage requirement and thermal ramping requirement may also be graphically compared to provide insight for cost evaluations.
Some evaluations of link polynomials.

For every oriented link L in the 3-sphere there is a 2-variable Laurent polynomial PL(f, m ) ~ 7/[/? ±1, m±l]. It is defined uniquely by the formulae (i) Pv = 1 for the unknot U; (ii) ~?PL+ + e-XPL_ + mPL0 =0 , where L+, L_, and L0 are any three links identical except within a ball where they are as shown in Figure I. Details are given in [ F Y H L M O ] and [L-M 1]. This two-variable polynomial is related to At., the Alexander polynomial, and Vz., the Jones polynomial, by
Coupling from AII amacrine cells to ON cone bipolar cells is bidirectional

The AII amacrine cell is a critical interneuron in the rod pathway of the mammalian retina. Rod signals pass into cone pathways by means of gap junctions between AII amacrine cells and ON cone bipolar cells. Filling AII amacrine cells with Neurobiotin produces labeling of cone bipolar cells by means of these gap junctions. However, tracer injections into bipolar cells do not produce labeling of the AII network (Vaney [1997] Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 38:267–273), which suggests that the AII/bipolar gap junctions allow the passage of tracer in only one direction. This mechanism stands in contrast to physiological results, which indicate that light adapted signals can pass from ON cone bipolar cells into the AII network (Xin and Bloomfield [1999] Vis Neurosci. 16:653–665). Here, we report that a variety of ON and OFF bipolar cells are sometimes anomalously coupled to the A-type horizontal cell network. These relatively rare examples do not result from dye injection errors, but seem to represent minor developmental errors. However, this provides a method to obtain Neurobiotin-filled cone bipolar cells without the necessity of impaling them with a microelectrode. Under these conditions, Neurobiotin spreads from ON cone bipolar cells into neighboring AII amacrine cells. The dye-coupled AII amacrine cells, positively identified by double labeling with an antibody against calretinin, were centered around anomalously coupled ON bipolar cells. These results indicate that AII/bipolar cell gap junctions allow tracer coupling in both directions, consistent with previous physiological results. The previous failure to detect the passage of neuronal tracer from injected bipolar cells to AII amacrine cells may reflect electrode damage or perhaps the asymmetrical voltage sensitivity of a heterotypic gap junction. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:408–422, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Role of ventrolateral medulla in generating the 10-Hz rhythm in sympathetic nerve discharge

We recorded changes in right inferior cardiac and either left inferior cardiac or left vertebral sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) produced by unilateral microinjections of GABA-A and excitatory am...
Macaca fascicularis are highly susceptible to an RT‐SHIV following intravaginal inoculation: a new model for microbicide evaluation

Background Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) is a major target for antiretroviral strategy to block or curtail HIV infection. A suitable RT-SHIV/macaque model is urgently needed for the evaluation of HIV/AIDS therapies and microbicides specifically targeting HIV-1 RT. Methods Fifteen cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were divided into three groups (n = 5) and intravaginally inoculated with 4800, 1200, or 300 TCID50 of RT-SHIVtc. Systemic infections of RT-SHIVtc exposed macaques were determined by both virological and immunologic parameters during 24 weeks post-challenge. Results Within 2 weeks post-inoculation, 13 of 15 macaques became infected as confirmed by virus isolation, plasma viral RNA, proviral DNA, declined CD4+T cell counts in peripheral blood and seroconversion. Conclusions Results serve to validate the infectivity and pathogenicity of RT-SHIVtc following vaginal exposure in M. fascicularis. This RT-SHIVtc/macaque model could be suitable for the pre-clinical evaluation of non-nucleoside RT inhibitor-based anti-HIV microbicides.
Une lutte contre « le plus forcené des Yankees » : Edmond de Nevers et les Irlandais des États-Unis

A partir d’une discussion portant sur les relations entre les Irlandais et les Canadiens francais, cet article presente les grandes lignes de la pensee racialiste d’Edmond de Nevers (1862-1906), un auteur chez qui se lit sans doute le mieux la theorie des races qui dominait chez l’elite intellectuelle a son epoque. L’incorporation annoncee des Canadiens francais au sein de la grande Republique americaine representait, a ses yeux, l’occasion d’une confrontation inevitable avec l’esprit collectif irlandais. Quelles seraient les relations entre ces deux groupes majoritairement catholiques ? Comment allaient-ils interagir ? Et surtout, qu’est-ce que la « science des races », telle qu’interpretee par Nevers, pouvait bien apprendre a ceux et celles qui tentaient de scruter l’avenir de l’Union americaine a un moment nevralgique de son histoire ?
Adsorption of ammonia on graphene

We report on experimental studies of NH3 adsorption/desorption on graphene surfaces. The study employs bottom-gated graphene field effect transistors supported on Si/SiO2 substrates. Detection of NH3 occurs through the shift of the source-drain resistance maximum ('Dirac peak') with the gate voltage. The observed shift of the Dirac peak toward negative gate voltages in response to NH3 exposure is consistent with a small charge transfer (f approximately 0.068 +/- 0.004 electrons per molecule at pristine sites) from NH3 to graphene. The desorption kinetics involves a very rapid loss of NH3 from the top surface and a much slower removal from the bottom surface at the interface with the SiO2 that we identify with a Fickian diffusion process.
An Analysis of Candidates for Addition to the Clean Air Act List of Hazardous Air Pollutants

There are 188 air toxics listed as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the Clean Air Act (CAA), based on their potential to adversely impact public health. This paper presents several analyses performed to screen potential candidates for addition to the HAPs list. We analyzed 1086 HAPs and potential HAPs, including chemicals regulated by the state of California or with emissions reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). HAPs and potential HAPs were ranked by their emissions to air, and by toxicity-weighted (tox-wtd) emissions for cancer and noncancer, using emissions information from the TRI and toxicity information from state and federal agencies. Separate consideration was given for persistent, bioaccumulative toxins (PBTs), reproductive or developmental toxins, and chemicals under evaluation for regulation as toxic air contaminants in California. Forty-four pollutants were identified as candidate HAPs based on three ranking analyses and whether they were a PBT or a reproductive or developmental toxin. Of these, nine qualified in two or three different rankings (ammonia [NH3], copper [Cu], Cu compounds, nitric acid [HNO3], N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, sulfuric acid [H2SO4], vanadium [V] compounds, zinc [Zn], and Zn compounds). This analysis suggests further evaluation of several pollutants for possible addition to the CAA list of HAPs.
Comparison of three ionic liquid-tolerant cellulases by molecular dynamics.

Abstract We have employed molecular dynamics to investigate the differences in ionic liquid tolerance among three distinct family 5 cellulases from Trichoderma viride , Thermogata maritima , and Pyrococcus horikoshii . Simulations of the three cellulases were conducted at a range of temperatures in various binary mixtures of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate with water. Our analysis demonstrates that the effects of ionic liquids on the enzymes vary in each individual case from local structural disturbances to loss of much of one of the enzyme's secondary structure. Enzymes with more negatively charged surfaces tend to resist destabilization by ionic liquids. Specific and unique structural changes in the enzymes are induced by the presence of ionic liquids. Disruption of the secondary structure, changes in dynamical motion, and local changes in the binding pocket are observed in less tolerant enzymes. Ionic-liquid-induced denaturation of one of the enzymes is indicated over the 500 ns timescale. In contrast, the most tolerant cellulase behaves similarly in water and in ionic-liquid-containing mixtures. Unlike the heuristic approaches that attempt to predict enzyme stability using macroscopic properties, molecular dynamics allows us to predict specific atomic-level structural and dynamical changes in an enzyme's behavior induced by ionic liquids and other mixed solvents. Using these insights, we propose specific experimentally testable hypotheses regarding the origin of activity loss for each of the systems investigated in this study.
Phase transformations in solid cyclohexanol: Growth rates and morphology from visual observations

Abstract Cyclohexanol exists in at least four solid forms: form I is a rotational form in which the molecules exhibit a hindered rotation; the other, non-rotational forms are II, III, and pre-II. The morphology and growth rates have been determined by optical methods as a function of temperature for the transformations I → II, I → III, I → pre-II → II, and II → III. The I → II transformation follows the theory of continuous growth with an activation energy of 7.3 ± 0.3 kcal/mol and a pre-exponential factor of 3 X 106 cm/hr. For very small supercooling there is some deviation from this behavior. The I → III transformation seems to proceed by a mechanism of lateral growth for supercoolings up to about 10° but then to change over at larger supercoolings to a mechanism of continuous growth, in close agreement with the predictions of the Cahn theory. In the region of continuous growth the activation energy is 9.9 ± 0.5 kcal/mol and the pre- exponential factor is 1 X 109 cm/hr. The II → III transformation gives evidence of being a transformation from a superheated rather than a supercooled phase. Very rough estimates give a transition temperature of –64°C, an activation energy of 17 kcal/mol, and a pre-exponential factor of 8 X 1015 cm/hr.
In situ evidence for renitrification in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the polar aura validation experiment (PAVE)

[1] In-situ measurements of nitric acid (HNO3), ozone (O3), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were made from the NASA DC-8 during the Polar Aura Validation Experiment in January/February 2005. In the lower stratosphere (9–12.5 km, potential temperature 300–350 K) characteristic compact relationships were observed between all three gases. The ratio HNO3/O3 averaged 3.5 (±0.7) ppt/ppb. Samples with enhanced HNO3/O3 (>4.0) were most abundant under the edge of the Arctic Polar vortex in airmasses with enhanced mixing ratios of both gases (>400 ppb O3 and >2000 ppt HNO3) and reduced mixing ratios of N2O (<305 ppb), indicating air from higher levels in the stratosphere. Relationships to N2O in the anomalous samples under the vortex edge indicate that increases in HNO3/O3 reflect renitrification at DC-8 flight levels, with no indication of significant O3 loss. Renitrified air was only observed at potential temperatures above 340 K, and was most abundant on the PAVE flights on 27 and 29 January.
Ricoeur, Rawls, and Capability Justice

A review of Molly Harkirat Mann, Ricoeur, Rawls, and Capability Justice (London and New York: Continuum Books, 2012), pp. 232.
Notes on the mechanism of action of gibberellic acid.

Gibberellic acid induces de novo synthesis of α-amylase in barely aleurone tissue by modifying a post-transcriptional control point.
Influence of fuel-reduction forest thinning on growth of an arboreal forage lichen

Abstract Significant differences in microclimate have been found within crowns of dispersed vs. clumped leave trees resulting from fuels reduction treatments in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. The question remained whether these differences in abiotic conditions might be biologically significant to arboreal epiphyte communities. The objective of our experiment was to assess growth of transplants of a lichen epiphyte, Bryoria fremontii, in relation to differences in within-crown vapor pressure deficits (VPD) among no-thin control, and understory (U-thin) and overstory (O-thin) fuels reduction prescriptions. Transplant annual relative growth ranged from 6.2–11.6%. We expected Bryoria growth would be greatest in trees in intact forest of the control and less in the O-thin after treatment, but there was no statistical difference. The control had the highest VPDs and the least growth before thinning. Bryoria grew best, both before and after thinning, in trees nearest streams and in the U-thin where VPDs were lowest. Classification and regression tree analysis revealed a positive correlation between Bryoria growth and greater basal area (BA) surrounding study trees before thinning, and lower VPDs after thinning. Topographic positions of the study plots confounded within-crown VPDs among treatments and therefore on Bryoria growth. The U-thin plot had a lower topographic position that was more affected by a moisture-influenced riparian microclimate than the more upland control and O-thin plots. However, results consistently suggest that greater BA surrounding trees buffers their within-crown microclimate and favors Bryoria growth. Fuels treatments that thin from below and leave large, live trees in a clumped pattern may foster Bryoria, providing an important food source for the northern flying squirrel and associated arboreal food webs. Stand reconstructions have demonstrated an historical precedent for such a forest spatial pattern.
Numerical Loading of a Maxwellian Probability Distribution Function

A renormalization procedure for the numerical loading of a Maxwellian probability distribution function (PDF) is formulated. The procedure, which involves the solution of three coupled nonlinear equations, yields a numerically loaded PDF with improved properties for higher velocity moments. This method is particularly useful for low-noise particle-in-cell simulations with electron dynamics. PACS Nos.: 52.35.Py, 52.30.Jb, 52.55.Fa
Circular dichroism properties of ethidium bromide-deoxyribonucleic acid complexes.

Abstract Ethidium bromide (EB) exhibits upon interaction with DNA induced optical activity between 290 to 400mμ and 440 to 540mμ. The dependence of circular dichroism on temperature and EB to DNA molar ratios indicates that “nearest-neighbor” interactions between ethidium molecules positioned within segments of the helix are the main source of optical activity in the 290 to 350mμ region. Optical activity between 440 to 540mμ may be induced by isolated ethidium molecules, interacting with double stranded DNA.
Marine carbon reservoir, Corg-Ccarb coupling, and the evolution of the Proterozoic carbon cycle

The post–2.0 Ga Proterozoic C isotope record reveals two distinct, yet interrelated trends: a stepwise increase in average δ13C from ∼0‰ (calculated with respect to the Peedee belemnite isotope standard) prior to ca. 1.3 Ga to >+5‰ in the Neoproterozoic, and a concomitant increase in the magnitude of isotopic excursions. Steady-state and non–steady-state models suggest that these fundamental changes are best explained by a combination of evolving burial fluxes and a secular decrease in the size of the marine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) reservoir. The DIC reservoir size affects the sensitivity of the isotopic system to biogeochemical perturbation. Major rearrangements of carbon cycling during the Proterozoic, in part related to the evolving marine carbon reservoir, permit elevated δ13C values to be sustained for geologically long time spans. Recognition of this dependence on DIC reservoir size provides, for the first time, a direct link between changing carbonate precipitation styles and the marine C isotope record and may help constrain estimates of Proterozoic p CO2.
High speed optoelectronics polyphase scheme for sampling and demultiplexing RF analog signals

A novel optoelectronic scheme for optical sampling and parallel demultiplexing of different phases (polyphase) of an input analog signal is presented. With this scheme higher sampling rate can be attained by scaling. A unique feature of this approach is that the electrical-in to electrical-out signal transfer is maintained for the optoelectronic sampling and demultiplexing process. We demonstrate the basic tenets of this approach by implementing an optoelectronics two-stages divide-by-four decimator circuit where the first stage demultiplexs a sampled signal having a repetition rate f into its even and odd subsamples with each subsample having a repetition rate of 2 / f , and the second stage demultiplexs the even and odd subsamples into four subsamples, odd/odd, odd/even, even/odd and even/even, each subsample having a repetition rate of . 4 / f As a practical testing, a 100MHz RF electrical signal was sampled at the rate of 1.28GSPS (Giga/Samples/Sec) and demultiplexed into four 320GSPS sampled signals.
Determining where physical therapists get information to support clinical practice decisions

Objective To determine the information sources utilised by physical therapists (PTs) to support clinical decisions. Methods Physical therapists in the United States were invited via professional listservs and electronic newsletters to participate in an online survey. Results Journal articles were the most frequently utilised source of information, followed by databases (PubMed was most frequent). The frequency of utilising evidence-based resources was not significantly affected by the number of years of experience as a physical therapist (PT), working in a state that allows direct access to PT services or doctoral vs masters/bachelors degree. Conclusions Compared with a previous study (1994), there has been a transition in physical therapy information seeking, with greater reliance on evidence-based information.
Effects of Stimulus Differentiation Training upon Hypotheses, Strategies, and Stereotypes in Discrimination Learning among Kindergarten Children.

Abstract Two groups of kindergarten children received stimulus differentiation training either with feedback (experimental S s) or without (controls), prior to presentation of a series of discrimination-learning problems using blanktrial probes. Results were as follows: Performance of both groups was virtually perfect during differentiation training (less than one error per 1000 trials). In transfer, however, experimental S s solved more problems, generated more consistent S s during blank-trial probes, manifested fewer response sets, were more likely to abandon a disconfirmed H , sampled more locally consistent S s following errors, and retained a confirmed H more frequently than control S s. Experimental S s also manifested strategy Sys (hypothesis sampling systems) predominately, while controls generated only stereotypes. Findings were discussed in relation to theoretical perspectives derived from Piagetian theory and developmental learning theory.
Two Types of Wisdom

The concept of wisdom is largely ignored by contemporary philosophers. But given recent movements in the fields of ethics and epistemology, the time is ripe for a return to this concept. This article lays some groundwork for further philosophical work in ethics and epistemology on wisdom. Its focus is the distinction between practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom or between phronesis and sophia. Several accounts of this distinction are considered and rejected. A more plausible, but also considerably more complex, account is offered. The discussion sheds light on the relation between practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom, and on the positive character of each.
Alleviation of Fluorine Toxicity in Starting Turkeys and Chicks with Aluminum

Aluminum (Al) compounds were evaluated as fluorine (F) toxicity alleviators in starting broiler chicks and turkeys. Added F levels from NaF ranged from 0 to 1000 ppm, whereas Al levels varied from 0 to 800 ppm. Al was fed either as Al2O3 or Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O. When fed as the sulphate salt, 800 ppm of Al completely prevented the toxic effect of at least 1000 ppm of F. Al2O3 was not effective as an alleviator of fluorine toxicity. When the mode of action of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O against F toxicity was studied in colostomized turkeys it was apparent that F absorption occurred but was probably less efficient than previously reported in ruminants. Al significantly (P less than .05) reduced F absorption in turkeys. Urinary F levels were: 2.4 ppm in birds fed a control diet (26 ppm F), 17.8 ppm in birds fed a diet with 1000 ppm F, and 6.7 ppm in birds fed the high F diet with 800 ppm Al as the sulphate salt. In addition, data from this study indicated that starting broiler chicks were more tolerant (800 ppm F) than starting turkeys (600 ppm F) to fluorine toxicosis.
A Multiscale Approach to Multi-Component Wetting

Laser scanning confocal microscopy has been applied to study segregation in multi-component wetting. By labeling the two components of a blend with contrasting fluorescent dyes, the approximate local concentration can be determined from the relative fluorescence intensities. As a proof of concept, a coarsely blended mixture was imaged and parameters were adjusted to achieve good spectral separation of the two components. The technique was then applied to a well-blended drop of the two components and one component was observed to segregate to the air interface.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The college journey and academic engagement: how metaphor use enhances identity-based motivation.

People commonly talk about goals metaphorically as destinations on physical paths extending into the future or as contained in future periods. Does metaphor use have consequences for people�s motivation to engage in goal-directed action? Three experiments examine the effect of metaphor use on students� engagement with their academic possible identity: their image of themselves as academically successful graduates. Students primed to frame their academic possible identity using the goal-as-journey metaphor reported stronger academic intention, and displayed increased effort on academic tasks, compared to students primed with a nonacademic possible identity, a different metaphoric framing (goal-as-contained-entity), and past academic achievements (Studies 1�2). This motivating effect persisted up to a week later as reflected in final exam performance (Study 3). Four experiments examine the cognitive processes underlying this effect. Conceptual metaphor theory posits that an accessible metaphor transfers knowledge between dissimilar concepts. As predicted in this paradigm, a journey-metaphoric framing of a possible academic identity transferred confidence in the procedure, or action sequence, required to attain that possible identity, which in turn led participants to perceive that possible identity as more connected to their current identity (Study 4). Drawing on identity-based motivation theory, we hypothesized that strengthened current/possible identity connection would mediate the journey framing�s motivating effect. This mediational process predicted students� academic engagement (Study 5) and an online sample�s engagement with possible identities in other domains (Study 6). Also as predicted, journey framing increased academic engagement particularly among students reporting a weak connection to their academic possible identity (Study 7). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of a Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Influence of Inclusion of Powertrain Dynamics

This paper builds on our previous published works in which we had employed nonlinear model predictive control for the (sub)optimal power management of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). In addition to the battery’s state of charge, in this work we include the effect of inertial powertrain dynamics in the control-oriented model that are usually ignored because of their fast dynamics. We show how inclusion of the new state removes the need for a separate rule-based strategy for engine start/stop and can result in considerable improvement in the fuel economy as shown by closed-loop simulations over a high-fidelity power-split HEV model.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Nonorthogonal tight-binding model for germanium

We present a pair of nonorthogonal tight-binding (TB) models for germanium within the NRL-TB approach. One uses an ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$ basis, and is optimized for total-energy calculations by fitting to the total energy and band structures of several high-symmetry lattice structures. The other uses an ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}{d}^{5}$ basis to accurately reproduce the diamond lattice band structure, including three conduction bands. We present tests of the ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$ TB model on bulk properties, including high-symmetry lattice structure energies and volumes and the diamond lattice elastic constants, phonons, and band structure. We also present results for point defect formation and relaxation energies and low index surface energies and stresses, many of which have not been calculated using the density-functional theory (DFT), as well as some medium size clusters. Taking advantage of the computational efficiency of the TB approach, we go beyond the capabilities of standard density-functional theory, combining it with molecular dynamics to simulate finite temperature properties of Ge. We get good agreement with experiment for the atomic mean-squared displacement and the melting point approximated using the Lindemann criterion, as well as the linear thermal-expansion coefficient. In another demonstration of the efficiency of the TB approach, we present results for the structure and electronic properties of a high angle twist grain boundary (GB). In agreement with DFT simulation we see a range of structures with comparable energies, all with electronic states deep in the band gap. In contrast to previous work we find some different geometries with perfect fourfold coordination of all atoms in the GB. Despite the perfect coordination, these structures also have deep electronic states in the gap, indicating that the GB will be electrically active.
Understanding Simulation Solutions to Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problems with Stochastic Task Durations

AbstractThe project scheduling problem domain is an important research and applications area of engineering management. Recently introduced project scheduling software such as Risk+, @Risk for Project, SCRAM and Risk Master have facilitated the use of simulation to solve project scheduling problems with stochastic task durations. Practitioners, however, should be made aware that the solution algorithm used in these software systems is based on the implicit assumption of perfect information, an assumption that jeopardizes the feasibility of solution results. This paper discusses the impact of assuming perfect information, introduces a multi-period stochastic programming based model of the project scheduling problem with stochastic task durations, and presents an alternative simulation algorithm that does not assume the availability of perfect information. A simple case study is used to illustrate the practical implications of applying simulation to address project scheduling problems with stochastic task d...
Filipino Masculinity and Psychological Distress: A Preliminary Comparison Between Gay and Heterosexual Men

This article reports on a study that compared Filipino gay (N = 43) and heterosexual (N = 767) men on measures of male role attitudes and behavior, depression, and anxiety. The authors used the Filipino Adherence and Conflict with Expectations of Masculinity Questionnaire to assess 7 male role dimensions, as well as the Mehrabian Trait Anxiety and Depression Scales and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale. Analyses indicated that Filipino gay men conformed less to, and experienced greater conflict with, norms for family orientedness and for respectful deference to spouse, women, and elders. Gay men’s anxiety was associated with less conformity to the male role prescription to be strong. Heterosexual men’s depression was associated with less conformity to the role prescription to be family oriented. The discussion explores the divergent attitudes of gay and heterosexual men regarding family life, as well as implications for clinical practice and public policy.
Pathophysiology of Helicobacter pylori-induced Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease

Helicobacter pylori causes persistent infection and inflammation in the human stomach, yet only a small fraction of persons harboring this organism develop peptic ulcer disease. An important question is why this variation in infection outcome exists. Recent studies have demonstrated that H pylori isolates possess substantial phenotypic and genotypic diversity that may engender differential host inflammatory responses that influence clinical outcome. Further investigation in this field may help to define which H pylori-infected persons bear the highest risk for subsequent development of peptic ulcer disease, and thus enable physicians to focus eradication therapy.
Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography: The Interventional Neurology Perspective

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Cerebral angiography (CA) is increasingly used in clinical practice with advances in neurointerventional therapy. We present our CA experience performed by neurologists at an academic institution. METHOD CA performed between July 2005 and March 2008 was reviewed. Major neurological outcome was defined as a new neurological deficit lasting >24 hours or worsening of pre-existing neurological deficit by 4 points on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Major non-neurological outcomes were defined as any death within 24 hours of the procedure, vascular injury requiring surgery, arteriovenous fistula, or pseudo-aneurysm formation and access site hematoma >5 cm, and/or requiring blood transfusion. RESULTS In total 661 angiograms were performed over 30 months. CA indications were ischemic stroke in 210/661 (31.7%), hemorrhagic stroke in 321/661 (48.6%), trauma for 16/661 (2.4%), presurgical epilepsy workup 95/661 (14.3%), and other conditions 19/661 (2.9%). Mean age of the group was 49 ± 18 years. Permanent neurological deficit occurred in .2% (1 patient) and reversible neurological deficits occurred in .2% (1/661). Major non-neurological complications occurred in .9% (6/661). All these rates were less than established guidelines. CONCLUSIONS The safety and efficacy of CA performed by interventional neurologists is acceptable by current guidelines.
A charged residue at the subunit interface of PCNA promotes trimer formation by destabilizing alternate subunit interactions.

Eukaryotic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential replication accessory factor that interacts with a variety of proteins involved in DNA replication and repair. Each monomer of PCNA has an N-terminal domain A and a C-terminal domain B. In the structure of the wild-type PCNA protein, domain A of one monomer interacts with domain B of a neighboring monomer to form a ring-shaped trimer. Glu113 is a conserved residue at the subunit interface in domain A. Two distinct X-ray crystal structures have been determined of a mutant form of PCNA with a substitution at this position (E113G) that has previously been studied because of its effect on translesion synthesis. The first structure was the expected ring-shaped trimer. The second structure was an unanticipated nontrimeric form of the protein. In this nontrimeric form, domain A of one PCNA monomer interacts with domain A of a neighboring monomer, while domain B of this monomer interacts with domain B of a different neighboring monomer. The B–B interface is stabilized by an antiparallel β-sheet and appears to be structurally similar to the A–B interface observed in the trimeric form of PCNA. The A–A interface, in contrast, is primarily stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. Because the E113G substitution is located on this hydrophobic surface, the A–A interface should be less favorable in the case of the wild-type protein. This suggests that the side chain of Glu113 promotes trimer formation by destabilizing these possible alternate subunit interactions.
Acquisition of message‐production skill by younger and older adults: Effects of age, task complexity, and practice

This study investigated the impact of age, task complexity, and practice on adult message‐production‐skill acquisition and performance. Participants (30 older adults and 30 college students) learned a sequence for describing geometric arrays and then employed this organizing sequence in a series of 90 performance trials. Half of the participants learned a six‐step (high task‐complexity) sequence, while the remaining participants learned a three‐step (low task‐complexity) sequence for describing the arrays. The results suggest that overall message‐production speed is characterized by a “complexity effect” (i.e., an interaction between age and task complexity such that younger adults exhibited superior performance relative to their older counterparts, and this difference was more pronounced under complex‐task conditions). Complexity effects were also found for initial message‐production‐skill performance and rate of skill acquisition: older adults exhibited slower initial performance and slower rates of ski...
Density functional theory and quadratic complete basis set ab initio studies of the HNSi to HSiN isomerization and hydrogen insertion reactions with further isomerizations of the insertion products

Abstract Ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) computational studies were performed in order to determine the potential energy profiles for the inter-conversions of the small silicon–nitrogen built chemical systems: HSiN, HNSi, HSiNH2, and HNSiH2. Three hybrid DFT methods demonstrated high reliability in computing structures and potential energy profiles for these chemical transformations. The stability of some of these molecular systems and their interconversions was discussed and computational results were compared with experimental observations when available.
Detecting Early to Mild Glaucomatous Damage: A Comparison of the Multifocal VEP and Automated Perimetry

PURPOSE. To gain better understanding of the relationship between abnormalities detected by the multifocal VEP (mfVEP) compared with those detected by static achromatic, automated perimetry in patients with glaucoma. METHODS. Fifty patients were studied who had open-angle glaucoma that met the following criteria: (1) a mean deviation (MD) of better than 8 dB in both eyes on the 24-2 Humphrey visual field (HVF) test (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA); and (2) glaucomatous damage in at least one eye, as defined by a glaucomatous optic disc and an abnormal 24-2 HVF test result (pattern standard deviation [PSD] 5% and/or glaucoma hemifield test [GHT] results outside normal limits). Monocular mfVEPs were obtained from each eye by using a patternreversal dartboard array, 44.5° in diameter, which contained 60 sectors. Recording electrodes were placed at the inion (I) and I4 cm, and also at two lateral locations up 1 cm and over 4 cm from I. Monocular and interocular mfVEP probability plots were derived by comparing the results with those of normal control subjects. For both the HVF and mfVEP probability plots, a hemifield was classified as abnormal if three or more contiguous points were significant at less than 5%, with at least one at less than 1%. RESULTS. Of the 200 hemifields tested (50 patients two eyes two hemifields), 75 showed significant clusters on the HVF, and 74 (monocular probability plot) and 93 (monocular or interocular plot) showed significant clusters on the mfVEP. Overall, the HVF and mfVEP results agreed on 74% of the hemifields, and 90 hemifields were normal and 58 were abnormal on both the mfVEP (interocular and/or monocular abnormal) and HVF cluster tests. Of the 52 disagreements, 35 hemifields had a significant cluster on the mfVEP, but not on the HVF, whereas the reverse was true of 17 hemifields. A caseby-case analysis indicated that misses and false-positive results occurred on both the HVF and mfVEP tests. CONCLUSIONS. As predicted from a theoretical analysis, under these conditions (i.e., the signal-to-noise level) the HVF and monocular mfVEP tests showed a comparable number of defects, and, with the addition of the interocular test, the mfVEP showed more abnormalities than the HVF. However, although there were abnormalities detected by the mfVEP that were missed by the HVF, the reverse was true as well. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:492‐ 498) DOI:10.1167/iovs.030602
Sulfadiazine prophylaxis in children and adolescents with inactive rheumatic fever.

Summary 1. In fifty-one inactive rheumatic children and adolescents treated with prophylactic sulfadiazine for eighty-seven patient years, one recurrence of active rheumatic fever was observed. In an equal number of closely matched controls observed throughout the same time period, one probable and six definite recurrences of active rheumatic fever occurred. 2. No instances of sulfadiazine toxicity necessitating permanent discontinuanceof treatment were encountered. 3. It would seem more protective to the patient and more convenient in a clinic group to maintain prophylaxis throughout the year.
A re-examination of modeled and measured soil moisture spatial variability and its implications for land surface modeling

Abstract Using a spatially distributed water and energy balance model, we investigate the spatial structure of surface fluxes and states for the Washita '92 field experiment and the August campaign of the Washita '94 field experiments. For Washita '92, the model is validated against gravimetric and remotely sensed soil moisture, and for Washita '94, the model is validated against gravimetric soil moisture and measured energy fluxes. The model is shown to reasonably represent land–atmosphere interactions during the experimental periods. Scaling analysis of remotely sensed and modeled soil moisture and modeled latent heat flux is indicative of multiscaling behavior. The temporal behavior of the soil moisture scaling exponents for various moments suggests the existence of three distinct regimes during a dry-down. The multiscaling behavior inferred from simulated soil moisture and latent heat flux is hypothesized as a relationship which is a function of average soil moisture. Similar scaling analysis of important land surface properties indicates simple scaling for porosity, field capacity and wilting point, and multiscaling for residual soil moisture, leaf area index and the soils-topographic index. This is consistent with model results, which indicate a transition from simple scaling to multiscaling with dry-down. It is hypothesized that this transition is governed by the scaling properties which in wet conditions control infiltration (porosity, field capacity, leaf area index) to properties which in dry conditions control drainage (residual moisture content and soils-topographic index) and evaporation (wilting point, leaf area index). Land surface models which fail to incorporate these features will most likely be unable to capture the dynamic nature of soil moisture spatial variability.
Dark Current Phenomena in InSb Metal Insulator Semiconductor (MIS) Detectors

Infrared systems applications often require low noise detectors to achieve background limited performance. In this paper, the dark current (noise) mechanisms of InSb MIS detectors will be discussed from a theoretical viewpoint and a model of the dark current phenomena will be presented. Device measurements will be presented to qualify the model. The total well capacity of an MIS detector is determined by the insulator capacitance and the height of the applied voltage pulse that switches the device into deep depletion (Q = CoxVI. As VI is increased beyond some threshold value, the dark current is seen to increase more rapidly, leading to excess detector noise. This "breakdown" is attributed to carrier tunneling from states at the interface into the conduction band. This is due to the higher fields associated with increasing the voltage pulse height. A model that qualitatively describes this phenomenon is presented along with experimental data for InSb devices. InSb MIS infrared detectors integrate minority carriers that are generated in the potential well beneath a transparent metal gate (see Figure 1). This integrated charge is read out by collapsing the potential well, which causes the collected carriers to recombine in (or be injected into) the substrate, thereby creating a current in an external circuit. The well is then reestablished, initiating charge integration. This is the principle of the Charge Injection Device (CID).1 The collected charge includes both photogenerated carriers (which arise from incident radiation) and dark current. This paper is the result of a study of the physical mechanisms that contribute to the generation of dark carriers in CIDs which will ultimately limit the detector's performance.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Behavioral Contributions to Acquisition of Gonorrhea in Patients Attending an Inner City Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic

To begin to define the behaviors that influence gonorrhea acquisition, a case-series of patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic was surveyed. Although gonorrhea rates were similar, men and women differed in sexual behaviors predictive of infection. Men with a new or casual partner were more likely to have gonorrhea than men with no such partners (adjusted odds ratio = 2.7); this finding did not hold true for women. Condom use in the previous month reduced the chances of gonorrhea acquisition for both men and women. More than 33% continued to engage in sexual activity after onset of symptoms or knowledge of sexually transmitted disease exposure. Individuals with repeated episodes of gonorrhea exhibited an array of risk-taking behaviors, such as intravenous drug use and casual sex partners. These data suggest the complex nature of the behaviors and sexual contexts within which gonorrhea acquisition occurs.