cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymerization of cyclic phosphazenes

Abstract The synthesis of inorganic macromolecules is a subject that has attracted sporadic attention since the 1940s. Activity in this area has waxed and waned in phase with new discoveries and seemingly insurmountable synthetic problems. Yet the long-range promise still exists that polymers based on chains of inorganic atoms offer the only solutions to many of the scientific and technological problems that will confront us during the next 15 or 20 years. One reason for the slow progress in this area has been the lack of interaction between organic polymer chemists on the one hand and small-molecular inorganic chemists on the other. The two conspicuous successes in the field so far [the poly(organosiloxanes) and the poly(organophosphazenes)] have resulted from a blending of these two disciplines. It is convenient to view the synthesis of inorganic macromolecules in terms of three different approaches: (1) the use of inorganic ring systems as polymerization ‘monomers’; (2) the study of small-molecule inorganic ring systems as ‘models’ to test exploratory reactions that would be much more difficult to perform on a macromolecule; (3) the use of preformed inorganic macromolecules as reactive intermediates for the substitutive synthesis of stable polymeric derivatives. All three aspects will be mentioned in this review. However, the model compound concept (2) has recently reviewed in detail (Allcock, ref 1), and only an introductory description will be given here. Similarly, the use of preformed inorganic macromolecules as substrates for substitution reactions has been discussed elsewhere (Allcock, refs 2–4). In this article, the use of inorganic ring systems as polymerization monomers is reviewed.
Lung function in former intravenous drug abusers: the effect of ubiquitous cigarette smoking.

Abstract purpose: To determine whether former intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs) demonstrate reductions in pulmonary function, especially in the diffusing capacity (DL co ), after adjustment for the effects of their ubiquitous smoking habit. Knowledge of baseline DL co in this high-risk group is important in evaluating the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and ensuing opportunistic infections. patients and methods: Measurements of single-breath DL co , forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) were compared with predictive values that adjust for the effects of smoking. Patients were 98 ambulatory former IVDAs regularly attending a methadone maintenance program (62 men and 36 women; 94 current smokers, two exsmokers, and two nonsmokers). results: When adjusted for smoking, FEV 1 and DL co were no different in the study sample than in cross sections of the general population: mean FEV 1 105% predicted (men) and 97% predicted (women), mean DL co 95% predicted (men) and 99% predicted (women). Eleven percent of the IVDAs had abnormal values for DL co ; only one subject had a value less than 50% of predicted. conclusions: Most former IVDAs who regularly attend an ambulatory methadone program have normal DL co values when the effects of smoking are taken into account. A decrease in DL co in such subjects is presumptive evidence of superimposed disease, most likely related to opportunistic infections or HIV-associated malignancy or alveolitis.
Halothane, Hypocapnia, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure in Neurosurgery

Recent studies by McDowall, Jennett, Barker, and Fitch [1–4] demonstrated that halothane may increase intracranial pressure, especially in patients with intracranial space-occupying lesions, and suggested that hypocapnia may not prevent such increases. A subsequent editorial [5] concluded that halothane is relatively contraindicated for intracranial surgery. The validity of this conclusion may be questioned because in the patients studied by the McDowall group, the levels of hypocapnia were inconstant, awake cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) was not measured, and the effect of halothane was observed for only 10 min. The present study was designed to examine the effect of continuous administration of halothane on CSFP at a constant level of hypocapnia induced either before or together with the introduction of halothane. In addition, the combined effect of droperidol, fentanyl, nitrous oxide, and hypocapnia on CSFP was examined.
A kinetic-model approach to quantify the effect of mass transport deposits on pore water profiles in the Krishna–Godavari Basin, Bay of Bengal

Abstract Mass transport deposits (MTDs) in the Krishna–Godavari basin from the eastern Indian margin are common sedimentary features over the modern continental slope. Quantitative understanding of the scale and age of these MTDs is relevant to understanding their triggering mechanisms and environmental feedbacks, as well as for interpreting pore water chemical profiles. Pore water profiles in sediments recovered during the 2006 Indian National Gas Hydrate Project (NGHP-01) expedition suggest that MTDs are present at seven of the ten sites cored in the Krishna–Godavari basin. Kinetic modeling of the S-shaped pore water sulfate and ammonium profiles from these sites provides quantitative estimates of the individual MTDs thickness, time elapsed after the event, rate of organic matter-fueled sulfate reduction, and time required to reach a new steady state. Model results suggest that the MTDs at the seven study sites are 8–25 m thick and are 300–1600 years old. Within the MTD sections, the organic matter-fueled sulfate reduction rates are 130–1200 mmol/m2/yr and the time needed to reach a new steady state ranges from 2000 to 3800 years. In comparison to depth-integrated sulfate reduction rates estimated in other regions, our estimates are relatively high reflecting the much thicker sulfate reduction zone that results from the MTDs. A positive correlation is observed between water depth and the MTD activity index defined as thickness of MTD package divided by its emplacement age. This correlation suggests the close relationship between MTD activity and water depth which agrees with previous studies of MTDs in this region and elsewhere. We caution against using the pore water data from sites experiencing significant MTDs to infer metabolic processes and to quantify steady-state reaction rates as our model results confirm the remarkable influence of transient MTDs on pore water profiles.
Mechanisms of T cell tolerance towards the allogeneic fetus

Work on the mechanisms of fetomaternal tolerance has undergone a renaissance in recent years, and the general outlines of a solution to this long-standing paradox of 'transplantation' immunology have come into view. Here, we discuss several mechanisms, recently described in mice, that either minimize the activation of maternal T cells with fetal or placental specificity, or minimize the possibility that such T cells, if activated, are able to harm the fetus. The T cell response to antigens expressed by the conceptus serves as a paradigm for the study of tissue-specific immune tolerance and is relevant to the pathogenesis of immune-mediated pregnancy complications.
Massive locally extensive prostate cancer

A massive, locally extensive adenocarcinoma of the prostate (2,246 ccm) presenting as constipation and a palpable abdominal mass, was treated with androgen deprivation resulting in a 94 percent reduction in tumor size, and relief of symptoms. Serum prostate-specific antigen was reduced from 4,029 to 0.4 ng/mL, after hormonal therapy was combined with radiation treatments for local disease control.
Age-dependent changes in glutamate oxidation by non-synaptic and synaptic mitochondria from rat brain

Abstract The oxidation of glutamate by non-synaptic and synaptic mitochondria from brains of 3-, 12- and 24-month-old rats was studied. With glutamate plus malate as substrates, non-synaptic mitochondria showed higher respiration rates than synaptic mitochondria in all the three age groups studied. The rate of oxidation of L-[1- 14 C] glutamate and the activities of NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase were also higher in non-synaptic mitochondria compared with synaptic mitochondria in three age groups. With glutamate plus malate as substrates, a significant reduction in state 3 respiration was observed in both mitochondrial populations from 12- and 24-month-old rats compared with 3-month-old animals. Although an age-dependent decrease in the oxidation of L-[1- 14 C] glutamate was observed in both non-synaptic and synaptic mitochondria from aging rats, the oxidation of [1- 14 C]-2-oxoglutarate was unaltered in non-synaptic and synaptic mitochondria from senescent rats. The activity of NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase was decreased with age in both mitochondrial populations, whereas aspartate aminotransferase was not altered with age. The results indicate that the oxidation rate of glutamate in rat brain mitochondria is decreased during aging.
Erosion of multilayered films fabricated from degradable polyamines: Characterization and evidence in support of a mechanism that involves polymer hydrolysis

Multilayered polyelectrolyte assemblies fabricated using hydrolytically degradable polyamines (1-3) erode gradually when incubated in physiologically relevant media. This investigation sought to characterize physically and chemically the erosion of films fabricated from these polymers and sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (SPS) and to investigate specifically the potential role of polymer hydrolysis in governing film erosion. The characterization of erosion using reflective infrared spectroscopy revealed changes in the carbonyl region of the spectrum that were consistent with the generation of polymer hydrolysis products. To evaluate the role of the esters in these materials more directly, we also synthesized a structural analogue of polymer 2 containing amide functionality rather than ester functionality. Assemblies fabricated from this amide-containing polymer did not erode significantly or release SPS into solution when incubated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Finally, we characterized the erosion of assemblies fabricated from polymer 1 in PBS buffer prepared with D 2 O rather than H 2 O. These assemblies eroded significantly more slowly in deuterated media than in buffer prepared with H 2 O. These results, when combined, provide support for the view that polymer hydrolysis plays an important role in governing the erosion of assemblies fabricated from these degradable polymers.
Exercise Training Reverses Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in an Experimental Model of VCP Disease

BackgroundThe therapeutic effects of exercise resistance and endurance training in the alleviation of muscle hypertrophy/atrophy should be considered in the management of patients with advanced neuromuscular diseases. Patients with progressive neuromuscular diseases often experience muscle weakness, which negatively impact independence and quality of life levels. Mutations in the valosin containing protein (VCP) gene lead to Inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) and more recently affect 2% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-diagnosed cases.Methods/Principle FindingsThe present investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of uphill and downhill exercise training on muscle histopathology and the autophagy cascade in an experimental VCP mouse model carrying the R155H mutation. Progressive uphill exercise in VCPR155H/+ mice revealed significant improvement in muscle strength and performance by grip strength and Rotarod analyses when compared to the sedentary mice. In contrast, mice exercised to run downhill did not show any significant improvement. Histologically, the uphill exercised VCPR155H/+ mice displayed an improvement in muscle atrophy, and decreased expression levels of ubiquitin, P62/SQSTM1, LC3I/II, and TDP-43 autophagy markers, suggesting an alleviation of disease-induced myopathy phenotypes. There was also an improvement in the Paget-like phenotype.ConclusionsCollectively, our data highlights that uphill exercise training in VCPR155H/+ mice did not have any detrimental value to the function of muscle, and may offer effective therapeutic options for patients with VCP-associated diseases.
Gas transport through sections of solid coal

Abstract Measurements were made for helium and methane flowing through thin discs of coal. Flow increased with pressure differential and temperature. At room temperature the flows along the bedding plane were: helium, 873 × 10 −10 cm 2 s −1 atm −1 , and methane 1.2 × 10 −10 cm 2 s −1 atm −1 . Flow rates were 50% lower across the bedding plane of the coal than along the coal seam. Activation energies were 3.9 kcal mol −1 (16.3 kJ mol −1 ) for helium and 13.6 kcal mol −1 (57.0 kJ mol −1 ) for methane for flow measured either along or across the bedding plane.
Socially Mediated Stimulus Control in Pigeons

Conditions necessary for the development of social interaction were examined with 7 Observer pigeons, each working beside a Model pigeon. Observer was conditioned to pay attention to the Model's behavior. Model's key pecking rate on a multiple fixed-ratio, extinction schedule was controlled by stimuli projected on his key (not visible to Observer), but Observer, whose key always remained the same color, had no discriminative stimuli except those provided by Model's behavior. More precise control of Observer's behavior occurred when Model could be both seen and heard than when Model could be heard only.
Increased breast cancer prevalence among female orthopedic surgeons.

Abstract Background: As a result of low-dose ionizing radiation exposure during clinical practice, female orthopaedic surgeons may be at increased risk for breast cancer. Methods: The 2009 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) membership directory was used to mail a survey to all female AAOS fellows. Survey responses were collected between June 2009 and June 2010 among 505 (69.7%) of the eligible women. We calculated standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by dividing the observed number of cancers among female orthopaedic surgeons by the expected number, based on the gender-specific, age-specific, and race-specific cancer prevalence statistics in the general U.S. population. We compared the distribution of breast cancer risk factors in our study population to that of the women in the 2007 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS, n=30,541). Results: Twenty-four women reported a prior diagnosis of invasive cancer. Female orthopaedic surgeons had a prevalence of c...
Semigroups of Transformations Commuting with Injective Nilpotents

Abstract For an injective nilpotent η in the semigroup P T n of partial transformations on a set with n elements, let C(η) be the semigroup of all elements of P T n commuting with η. The structure of C(η) in terms of Green's relations is determined (including the partial orders of ℒ-, ℛ-, and &#x1d4a5;-classes), the regular elements of C(η) are characterized, and a formula for the order of C(η) is given.
Assurance of Learning in the MIS Program.

This article describes the development of a systematic and practical methodology for assessing program effectiveness and monitoring student development in undergraduate decision sciences programs. The model we present is based on a student's progression through learning stages associated with four key competencies: technical, analytical, communicative, and managerial. Key learning activities are embedded in major courses, resulting in clear and documented demonstrated abilities from the student. The work is based upon what is formally known about student outcomes assessment and input from our own Management Information Systems (MIS) program stakeholders and accrediting bodies. The results of the assurance of learning model can be, in turn, used to refine curriculum and to meet accreditation standards.
A Silica Nanochannel and Its Applications in Sensing and Molecular Transport

We present the preparation, characterization, and analytical application of silica nanochannels in the size range of 5−100 nm. These cylindrical-shaped nanochannels are prepared using a simple laser-assisted mechanical pulling process, followed by partial enclosure into a glass micropipet. The nanochannels are characterized using a combination of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and resistance measurements in an electrolyte solution. The SEM results show that the nanochannel has circular geometry at the orifice. Ohmic response has been obtained from current−voltage measurements in KCl solutions using a silica nanochannel as small as 9 nm in diameter. These nanochannels have been utilized to sense single 40 nm polystyrene nanoparticles. A linear response has been observed between the detection rate and the concentration of nanoparticles in the range of 0−25 nM. The silica nanochannels have also been applied to the study of molecular transport of double-stranded DNA. Electroosmosis-dr...
Stimulation and inhibition of adenylyl cyclases mediated by distinct regulatory proteins

Adenylyl cyclases are under positive and negative control by guanine nucleotides and hormones1–3. Stimulatory responses are mediated by a guanine nucleotide- and Mg-binding regulatory component4–6 (Ns), a protein that has been purified to homogeneity7–9. Inhibitory responses have been hypothesized1–3,10,11 to be mediated by an analogous regulatory component (Ni) distinct from Ns, but definitive proof for this is lacking and these effects may result from modulation of Ns activity. Recently, Bordetella pertussis toxin has been shown12 to ADP-ribosylate a peptide that is not part of Ns, and this coincides with attenuation of hormonal inhibition of adenylyl cyclase12–17. We show here that cyc− S49 cells contain a substrate for ADP-ribosylation by pertussis toxin and that the toxin alters GTP dependent inhibition of cyc− adenyl cyclase activity18. As cyc− S49 cells do not contain Ns by several criteria5,19–24, we conclude that Ni is a distinct and separate regulatory component of adenylyl cyclase.
Interacting instantons and quantum mechanical metastability

Abstract The decay by tunneling of a quantum mechanical metastable state at finite temperature is described in terms of interacting instantons. The picture of instantons with arbitrary interaction strength is developed using complex classical paths. It is shown that there exists a temperature scale at which multi-instanton configurations “freeze”. Far below this scale the partition function of the theory is that of a gas of weakly interacting particles, while far above it the contribution of only one particle dominates. It is argued that this qualitative behavior is common to all quantum mechanical systems possessing a dilute gas regime at low temperatures.
Photoperiodic Induction of Diapause in a Predaceous Mite, Metaseiulus occidentalis,

Adult females of Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) exhibited an imaginal, reproductive diapause when reared under 8 hours of light per day at 19°C. Diapause was concluded spontaneously when the females were maintained under these conditions. Total productivity was lower than normal when the females in diapause eventually oviposited.
Topical pharmacotherapy for allergic rhinitis: nedocromil.

Abstract Nedocromil sodium is a mast-cell stabilizer that prevents or ablates both the acute and late phases of the allergic response. It is an antiinflammatory agent that is not a steroid. It is more potent than the currently available mastcell stabilizer, cromolyn, and maintenance therapy may be possible at less frequent intervals than the initially recommended regimen of 4 times daily. Nedocromil for pulmonary administration is currently available. The nasal form has undergone clinical trials but has not yet been released in the United States.
Abstract 2170: Body mass index and non-Hodgkin lymphoma survival in an ethnically diverse population: The Multiethnic Cohort study

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: Obesity increases the risk of death for several malignancies including breast and colon cancer. However, for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), the association between pre-diagnostic body mass index (BMI) and survival is unclear. We examined the association between BMI before diagnosis and overall and NHL-specific survival in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) study of African Americans, Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and Caucasians. Methods: MEC participants free of NHL at cohort entry and diagnosed with NHL as identified through linkages to SEER cancer registries and the National Death Index during follow-up were included in the current analyses (N=1348). Body mass index (BMI) was based on self-reported weight and height at cohort entry. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pre-diagnostic BMI categories in relation to all-cause and NHL-specific mortality while adjusting for known confounders. Results: The mean time from cohort entry to NHL diagnosis was 7.2±3.9 years (range: 0.0-15.0 years). The mean age at NHL diagnosis was 70.6 (range 45-89) years and the mean BMI at cohort entry was 26.5±4.7 kg/m2. After a mean follow-up of 4.3±3.5 years, 679 deaths including 457 NHL-specific deaths occurred. In multivariable models, obese patients (BMI ≥30.0) had higher all-cause (HR = 1.55, 95%CI = 1.21-2.00) and NHL-specific (HR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.35-2.52) mortality compared to patients with high-normal BMI (22.5-24.9 kg/m2). For overweight patients (BMI 25.0-29.9), the respective HRs were 1.29 (95%CI = 1.05-1.58) and 1.47 (95%CI = 1.14-1.89). A 35% higher risk of all-cause mortality was also observed in patients with low-normal BMI. When BMI was included in the model as a continuous variable, the risk of NHL-specific mortality increased by 3.3% for every increase in one unit of BMI (HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01-1.06, ptrend = 0.004). Stratification by NHL type suggested a higher NHL-specific mortality risk for chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma than for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. The interaction of BMI with ethnicity (p=0.83) was not significant. Conclusions: Pre-diagnostic obesity may be related to poorer overall and NHL-specific survival in NHL patients. Therefore, prediagnostic BMI may be a suitable prognostic marker for NHL patients. Citation Format: Qi Jie Nicholas Leo, Nicholas J. Ollberding, Lynne R. Wilkens, Laurence N. Kolonel, Brian E. Henderson, Loic Le Marchand, Gertraud Maskarinec. Body mass index and non-Hodgkin lymphoma survival in an ethnically diverse population: The Multiethnic Cohort study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2170. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2170
Mapping the operation of the DMT continuous flow CCN counter

This work thoroughly analyzes a new commercial instrument for measuring Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN), the Droplet Measurement Technologies Cylindrical Continuous-Flow Streamwise Thermal Gradient CCN Chamber (CFSTGC). This instrument can measure CCN concentrations at supersaturations from 0.06% to 3% (potentially up to 6%), at a 1 Hz sampling rate that is sufficient for airborne operation. Our analysis employs a fully coupled numerical flow model to simulate the water vapor supersaturation, temperature, velocity profiles and CCN growth in the CFSTGC for its entire range of operation (aerosol sample flow rates 0.25–2.0 L min − 1 , temperature differences 2–15 K and ambient pressures 100–1000 mb). The model was evaluated by comparing simulated instrument responses for calibration aerosol against actual measurements from an existing CCN instrument. The model was used to evaluate the CCN detection efficiency for a wide range of ambient pressures, flow rates, temperature gradients, and droplet growth kinetic...
Vertical geodesy without slope dependent errors—a proposed hydrostatic pressure level using water at 4°C

ABSTRACT Bilham, R., 1983. Vertical geodesy without slope dependent errors—a proposed hydrostatic pressure level using water at 4°C. In: P. Vyskocil, M.A. Wassef and R. Green (Editors), Recent Crustal Movements, 1982. Tectonophysics, 97: 337–349. Conventional vertical geodesy using spirit levelling has two fundamental shortcomings: it is expensive to perform and it is associated with systematic errors that are temperature and slope-dependent. A hydrostatic level is described that, in theory, can more than double the speed of 1st-order levelling and provide a measurement precision of better than 1 cm per vertical kilometer of traverse. In the favoured design digital quartz pressure transducers are used to measure the pressure at each end of a 100–200 m long flexible tube containing water at its maximum density. The entire instrument is maintained at 4 ± 1°C by truck-mounted machinery at the leading end of the hydrostatic level. The digitally recorded measurements are expected to provide a single set-up resolution better than 0.1 mm over a vertical range of 4–10 m, a random error of 0.3 mm/√km of horizontal traverse and a vertical precision of the order of one part in 105 independent of weather conditions.
Visual exploratory behavior in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

3 male squirrel monkeys were tested for visual preferences among another monkey, a toy snake, or an empty cage. The sight of another monkey was preferred to either of the other stimuli. The response shows little habituation but undergoes fairly rapid extinction.
Dickkopf-1 expression increases early in prostate cancer development and decreases during progression from primary tumor to metastasis.

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) frequently metastasizes to the bone and induces osteoblastic lesions. We previously demonstrated through over-expression of the Wnt inhibitor dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) that Wnts contribute to the osteoblastic component of PCa osseous lesions in vivo. METHODS To test the clinical significance of DKK-1 expression during PCa progression, tissue microarrays were stained for DKK-1 protein by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS DKK-1 expression index (EI) was found to increase in PIN and primary lesions compared to non-neoplastic tissue (106 ± 10 vs. 19 ± 6, respectively, where the EI is the product of the percent expression and staining intensity). DKK-1 expression was also found to be higher in all PCa metastatic lesions (56 ± 21 EI) compared to non-neoplastic tissues but was significantly decreased versus primary PCa lesions (P < 0.008). The decline in DKK-1 correlated with a shift of β-catenin staining from the nucleus to the cytoplasm suggesting possible mechanism for the observed decrease in DKK-1 levels during PCa progression. Within metastatic lesions, DKK-1 expression was least abundant in PCa bone metastases relative to all soft tissue PCa metastatic lesions except lymph node metastases. High DKK-1 expression within PCa metastases was further associated with shorter over-all patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate that elevated DKK-1 expression is an early event in PCa and that as PCa progresses DKK-1 expression declines, particularly in advanced bone metastases. The decline of DKK-1 in bone metastases can unmask Wnts' osteoblastic activity. These data support a model in which DKK-1 is a molecular switch that transitions the phenotype of PCa osseous lesions from osteolytic to osteoblastic. Prostate 68: 1396–1404, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Implementing a Substance Abuse Curriculum in a Medical School

Recent attention to the need for integration of substance abuse education throughout medical education prompted this description of one such program.
Widespread distribution of knockdown resistance mutations in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), populations in the United States.

We previously reported high deltamethrin resistance in bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, collected from multiple areas of the United States (Romero et al., 2007). Recently, two mutations, the Valine to Leucine mutation (V419L) and the Leucine to Isoleucine mutation (L925I) in voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene, had been identified to be responsible for knockdown resistance (kdr) to deltamethrin in bed bugs collected from New York (Yoon et al., 2008). The current study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of these two kdr mutations in 110 bed bug populations collected in the United States. Out of the 17 bed bug populations that were assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, two resistant populations collected in the Cincinnati area and three deltamethrin-susceptible lab colonies showed neither of the two reported mutations (haplotype A). The remaining 12 populations contained L925I or both V419L and L925I mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit gene (haplotypes B&C). In 93 populations that were not assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, 12 contained neither of the two mutations (haplotype A) and 81 contained L925I or V419L or both mutations (haplotypes B-D). Thus, 88% of the bed bug populations collected showed target-site mutations. These data suggest that deltamethrin resistance conferred by target-site insensitivity of sodium channel is widely spread in bed bug populations across the United States. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trap profiles of projector based optoelectronic tweezers (OET) with HeLa cells.

In this paper we present trap profile measurements for HeLa cells in Optoelectronic Tweezers (OET) based on a data projector. The data projector is used as a light source to illuminate amorphous Si creating virtual electrodes which are used to trap particles through dielectrophoresis. We show that although the trap stiffness is typically greater at the edges of the optical spot it is possible to create a trap with constant trap stiffness by reducing the trap’s size until it is similar to the object being trapped. We have successfully created a trap for HeLa cells with a constant trap stiffness of 3x10-6 Nm-1 (capable of moving the cell up to 50μms-1) with a 12μm diameter trap. We also calculate the depth of the potential well that the cell will experience due to the trap and find that it to be 1.6x10-16J (4x104 kBT).
Ecological concerns following Superstorm Sandy: stressor level and recreational activity levels affect perceptions of ecosystem

Coastal habitats are vulnerable to storms, and with increasing urbanization, sea level rise, and storm frequency, some urban populations are at risk. This study examined perceptions of respondents in coastal and central New Jersey to Superstorm Sandy, including: 1) concerns about ecological resources and effects (open-ended question), 2) information sources for ecology of the coast (open-ended), and 3) ratings of a list of ecological services as a function of demographics, location (coastal, central Jersey), stressor level (power outages, high winds, flooding) and recreational rates. “Wildlife” and “fish” were the ecological concerns mentioned most often, while beaches and dunes were most often mentioned for environmental concerns. Television, radio, and web/internet were sources trusted for ecological information. The data indicate 1) stressor level was a better predictor of ratings of ecological services than geographical location, but days engaged in recreation contributed the most to variations in ratings, 2) ecological services were rated the highest by respondents with the highest stressor levels, and by those from the coast, compared to others, 3) Caucasians rated ecological services higher than all others, and 4) recreational rates were highest for coastal respondents, and ratings for ecological services increased with recreational rates. Only 20 % of respondents listed specific ecological services as one of their three most important environmental concerns. These data will be useful for increasing preparedness, enhancing educational strategies for shore protection, and providing managers and public policy makers with data essential to developing resiliency strategies.
BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES UNDERLYING PHEROMONE-MODULATED FLIGHT IN MOTHS : LESSONS FROM SIMULATION STUDIES

Several mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the characteristic `zigzag' tracks produced by moths flying up an odor plume. To test which, if any, of these are capable of reproducing the animals' behavior, we constructed behavioral-level simulations. The simulations are as tightly constrained as possible by the known biology, and incorporate realistic physical effects such as air turbulence, and delays due to sensory transduction and axonal condition, to mimic the dynamics of sensory information encountered by real moths. Formulated as schemas, the models all share a common set of sensory and motor systems, but differ in the interposed control systems. We analyzed the behavior of the models with the same methods we use for real moths. Even the simplest of the models was capable of successful orientation some of the time, and of producing flight tracks similar to those of moths. Individuals which succeeded in tracking the odor plume produced average behavior not significantly different from that of real moths. As a population, however, none of the models was as successful as the moths. The best of the models had a success rate in tracking the plume of about 30%, compared to the average of 70% seen in the insects.
10.3.2 The Development of an Architecture Framework for Systems Engineering Process Simulators

Systems engineering process simulators can help users to explore risks and evaluate the consequences of various project, process, and organization decisions. These types of simulators can incorporate the complex system dynamics associated with various concerns and include critical factors, their associated relationships, and corresponding effects, allowing one to reason and explore various decision options. Simulators can also help educate current and new engineers to understand the multi-faceted issues related to systems engineering projects and processes. In support of the development of these types of simulators, this paper discusses the need for an architecture framework for systems engineering simulators. An architecture framework is proposed as an enabler to assist in the development of systems engineering process simulators.
Neurofibromas in NF1: Schwann Cell Origin and Role of Tumor Environment

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most prevalent dominantly inherited genetic diseases of the nervous system. NF1 encodes a tumor suppressor whose functional loss results in the development of benign neurofibromas that can progress to malignancy. Neurofibromas are complex tumors composed of axonal processes, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, perineurial cells, and mast cells. Through use of a conditional (cre/lox) allele, we show that loss of NF1 in the Schwann cell lineage is sufficient to generate tumors. In addition, complete NF1-mediated tumorigenicity requires both a loss of NF1 in cells destined to become neoplastic as well as heterozygosity in non-neoplastic cells. The requirement for a permissive haploinsufficient environment to allow tumorigenesis may have therapeutic implications for NF1 and other familial cancers.
Pattern recognition using Gaussian-filtered, shifted phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

Pattern recognition for real-time applications requires the detection scheme be a simple architecture, fast in operation, able to detect all the potential targets without generating any false alarms, and invariant to noise and distortion. Though several target detection algorithms have been proposed in the literature over the years, but most of them are found to be not as efficient in meeting all the above-mentioned objective requirements. A new Gaussian-filtered, shifted phase-encoded fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation technique has been developed in this paper for an optical pattern recognition system. The input noisy image is first filtered by using a Gaussian filter, which helps in overcoming the effect of background noise and distortions. Then the filtered image is correlated with the reference image using the proposed joint transform correlator, which eliminates the problems of duplicate correlation heights, false alarms and low discrimination ratio. The architecture involves optical devices including lenses and spatial light modulators, which guarantees the very fast operation required for real-time applications. Computer simulation results show that the algorithm can successfully discriminate between targets and non-targets contained in the input scene even in the presence of noise and can also make the best utilization of the correlation space.
Algal zonation in tidepools: experimental evaluation of the roles of physical disturbance, herbivory and competition

Abstract Tidepool algal community structure and organization is poorly understood relative to our understanding of communities on emergent intertidal substrata. The patterns and causes of algal zonation in small, steeply sided, mid-intertidal pools (potholes) were investigated on the Oregon coast. From top to bottom, pools were characterized by a foliose algal zone (pool edges), a crustose coralline algal zone (pool sides), and a bare zone (pool bottoms). These zonation patterns were extremely persistent. Erect fleshy algae fluctuated seasonally, with peaks in abundance during the summer. Seasonal variation was consistent between years, not only among all pools but also in individual pools. The relative importances of physical disturbance and biotic interactions in determining tidepool community structure were evaluated along a gradient of physical harshness. The pools studied here offered the opportunity to experimentally manipulate physical disturbance which is often difficult, rarely done, and essential to our understanding of community organization. Using a factorial experimental design, cobbles, limpets and coralline algae, a major space occupier in tidepools, were manipulated. Identically designed experiments were performed at both wave-exposed and wave-protected sites using identical replicate pools chiseled out of rock benches. Scouring by cobbles generally reduced the abundance of organisms in pools, limited them to higher areas in pools, or both. The effects of cobbles were especially apparent on pool bottoms or on the depth distribution of algae, suggesting that there was a strong vertical gradient of scouring where cobbles were present. This scouring gradient was confirmed in natural pools by measuring scouring rates with painted plates, and scouring evidently led to the zonation patterns observed in natural pools. Herbivores had no effect on algal distributions within tidepools, but evidently influenced the relative abundance of fleshy algae at different wave exposures. Abundant herbivorous snails at protected sites may have resulted in a high proportion of herbivore-resistant coralline algae and more bare space, while at exposed sites, herbivorous snails were scarce and fleshy algae were more abundant. Removal of all corallines resulted in an increase in the abundance of fleshy crustose algae at both sites, suggesting that corallines pre-empt space from fleshy crusts. Competition among fronds of erect algal groups was evaluated by reciprocally removing the fronds of erect fleshy and erect coralline algae. After the removal of erect fleshy or erect coralline algal fronds, only slight changes were observed over 18 months, suggesting that competition between algal fronds is unimportant in determining algal distribution and abundance. For these intertidal potholes, algal distributions within pools are largely determined by the physical process of scouring, but herbivores may cause between site variations in pool communities.
Non-invasive glucose monitoring from measured inputs

In recent years, there has been tremendous progress in the technological advancement of continuous-time glucose devices. However, even the most successful devices are at least semi-invasive, requiring subcutaneous insertion of a sensor, that affects patient comfort in addition to reoccurring costs for sensor placement. The objective of this work is the development of a continuous-time glucose modeling system that infers glucose levels from non-invasive measured inputs of activity, stress, and food components. The method appears to have excellent long term stability and the correction algorithm for using measured glucose is quite promising.
The Life Course of Severe Obesity: Does Childhood Overweight Matter?

Average body mass index (BMI) has increased substantially in recent years, prompting some to describe the growing prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) in the United States as an epidemic (Mokdad et al., 1999). Estimates vary across studies of the U.S. population, but between 11%–14% of children (Troiano & Flegal, 1998) and about 18%–25% of adults are now considered obese (Flegal, Caroll, Kuczmarski, & Johnson, 1998; Mokdad et al., 1999; Strauss & Pollack, 2001). The disease burden of obesity is substantial, with the number of deaths attributed to it estimated at 280,000 annually (Allison, Fontaine, Manson, Stevens, & VanItallie, 1999; Must et al., 1999). Not only is obesity associated with significant health risks, but also the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI’s) Guidelines (1998) identified three classes of obesity to reflect varying levels of risk: Class I (BMI ≥ 30 and BMI < 35), Class II (BMI ≥ 35 and BMI < 40), and Class III (BMI ≥ 40). Class I obesity raises the risk of many diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, but there is emerging evidence that risk for some diseases rises further with Class II and Class III obesity (NHLBI, 1998). Consistent with Allison et al. (1999), severe obesity is defined here as including Class II and Class III obesity (BMI ≥ 35). Although the prevalence of severe obesity in the United States has increased (Kuczmarski, Flegal, Campbell, & Johnson, 1994), relatively little is known about the antecedents and consequences of a BMI ≥ 35. To illustrate what is meant by severe obesity, a person 68 inches tall would need to weigh at least 230 pounds. At the same time that the prevalence of both adult and childhood obesity has increased in the United States, there have also been important discoveries regarding a life course approach to the epidemiology of chronic disease (Kuh & Ben-Shlomo, 1997). Research has accumulated in recent years demonstrating the importance of early life for the development of risk factors and chronic disease in adulthood (Blackwell, Hayward, & Crimmins, 2001; Preston, Hill, & Drevenstedt, 1998). The present research builds on this line of inquiry by using a life course perspective to examine the prevalence of severe obesity in adulthood. The risks of both severe obesity and mortality are examined with data from a national sample of adults that includes retrospective data on childhood overweight. Special attention is given to gender differences in the contribution of childhood overweight on the outcomes.
Inhibition of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Type 403 Stainless Steel in Sodium Sulfate Solutions

Abstract The effect of various organic and inorganic compounds in Inhibiting the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Type 403 stainless steel in 0.01 M Na2SO4 solution at 100 C has been Investigated...
Video-Assisted Techniques in the Management of Thoracolumbar Fractures

The thoracolumbar junction is the most common region of the spine to be affected by injuries. Acute instability with structural damage to the anterior load-bearing spinal column and posttraumatic deformity represent the most frequent indications for surgery. A standardized operating technique with instruments and implants specially developed for the endoscopic procedure, ranging from an angled, stable plate and screw implant to endoscopically implantable vertebral body replacements, have gradually opened up the entire spectrum of anterior spine surgery to endoscopic techniques at the thoracolumbar junction.
SU-FF-T-42: A Pesudo-IMRT Method for Improving the Dose Uniformity in the Spine in Cranial-Spinal Irradaition

Purpose: To improve the dose uniformity in the treatment volume in Craniospinal Irradiation (CSI) by using a pseudo‐IMRT method. Material & Method: A supine setup was used for both patient comfort and anesthesia administration. Opposed lateral fields with pedistal and collimator rotation were used for cranial irradiation, while PA field were used for the spine. The cranial plan was conventional. Since the standard uncompensated spine field has poor dose uniformity within the cord, a novel pseudo‐IMRT method was developed. By adding 2cm to each side of the spinal canal, a structure called “cord Band” was created. Then, the beam fluence and dynamic leaf sequences were optimized to deliver a uniform dose to the “cord band”. If two PA fields were used, a 4 to 6 cm region of overlap was provided. The optimization process smears out the hot and cold spots typically seen in conventional field matching, resulting in a configuration which is more forgiving of daily setup errors. Results: The pseudo‐IMRT method shows great improvement in dose coverage in the spine compared with the conventional uncompensated PA field. The percent volume covered by 95% of the prescribed dose increased form 88.3% to 98.3%. The percent volume over 110% decreased from 12.2% to 2.1%. The hot and cold spots resulted from matching the two PA fields in the conventional treatment are significantly reduced. This method increases the maximum dose outside treatment volume; however, this region is always located posterior to the vertebral body. Discussion: We have developed a pseudo‐IMRT treatment method for delivering a significantly improved uniform dose to the spine in the CSI. This method shows even more advantage in case two spine fields are required. The hot and cold spots are smeared out and the feathering between the two PA fields are eliminated.
A Population of Cold Cores in the Galactic Plane

Recent observations by the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) have revealed the presence of compact objects seen in absorption against bright mid-infrared emission from the Galactic plane. Examination of MSX and IRAS images of these objects reveal that they are dark from 7 to 100 μm. We find ~2000 clouds in a 1° × 180° scan along the Galactic equator. The data suggest these objects are dense (n > 105 cm−3), cold (T<20 K) cores, without accompanying envelopes.
Injunctive Norms and Problem Gambling among College Students

Two studies examined the relationships among injunctive norms and college student gambling. In study 1 we evaluated the accuracy of perceptions of other students’ approval of gambling and the relationship between perceived approval and gambling behavior. In study 2 we evaluated gambling behavior as a function of perceptions of approval of other students, friends, and family. In study 1, which included 2524 college students, perceptions of other students’ approval of gambling were found to be overestimated and were negatively associated with gambling behavior. The results of study 2, which included 565 college students, replicated the findings of study 1 and revealed positive associations between gambling behavior and perceived approval of friends and family. Results highlight the complexity of injunctive norms and the importance of considering the reference group (e.g., peers, friends, family members) in their evaluation. Results also encourage caution in considering the incorporation of injunctive norms in prevention and intervention approaches.