cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Torque and reactive power control of a doubly-fed induction machine by position sensorless scheme

A novel control strategy to realize decoupled control of torque and reactive power for a doubly excited induction machine using a position sensorless scheme is proposed. The critical issues related to the torque angle estimation and control for a doubly excited induction machine are discussed. Compared to the other position sensorless schemes for a doubly fed machine, the proposed control method uses only the rotor voltages and currents as the feedback signals, which substantially reduces the costs and enhances the reliability of the position sensorless control of a doubly fed AC machine. Computer simulation and experimental results are given to verify the position sensorless control scheme. >
Stability of a Hurwitz polynomial under coefficient perturbations: necessary and sufficient conditions

Necessary and sufficient conditions for a perturbed polynomial to remain Hurwitz are given. The conditions allow considerable freedom in allocating different weights to various coefficients to reflect different levels of uncertainty in the coefficients. The new conditions are an extension of a previous result of the author in which sufficient conditions for the same problem were obtained.
Efficacy of selamectin, spinosad, and spinosad/milbemycin oxime against the KS1 Ctenocephalides felis flea strain infesting dogs

Background A study was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of selamectin, spinosad, and spinosad/milbemycin oxime against the KS1 strain of Ctenocephalides felis on dogs.
Intravenous Levetiracetam in Children With Epilepsy

Intravenous levetiracetam recently became available for use in patients aged >16 years. There are few data about its safety and efficacy in children. We retrospectively analyzed data from children treated with intravenous levetiracetam. Ten patients (6 female, 4 male), aged 3 weeks to 19 years, were treated with intravenous levetiracetam at a mean dose of 50.5 mg/kg/day for a mean duration of 4.9 days. Four patients received intravenous levetiracetam for acute repetitive seizures/status epilepticus, and three as replacement for oral levetiracetam because administration of oral levetiracetam was temporarily infeasible. One patient each received intravenous levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis during brain biopsy, as maintenance treatment after acute seizures, and as substitute for sodium valproate. Three of four patients with acute repetitive seizures/status epilepticus became seizure-free; the fourth patient had a partial reduction in seizure frequency. All three patients who received intravenous levetiracetam as substitute for oral levetiracetam tolerated the switch well. The other three patients were seizure-free on intravenous levetiracetam. No serious adverse effects were observed, and all patients completed treatment with intravenous levetiracetam for the intended period. Intravenous levetiracetam may be effective in various clinical situations requiring intravenous administration of an antiepileptic drug.
Specificity of Learning: Why Infants Fall Over a Veritable Cliff

Nine-month-old infants were tested at the precipice of safe and risky gaps in the surface of support. Their reaching and avoidance responses were compared in two postures, an experienced sitting posture and a less familiar crawling posture. The babies avoided reaching over risky gaps in the sitting posture but fell into risky gaps while attempting to reach in the crawling posture. This dissociation between developmental changes in posture suggests that (a) each postural milestone represents a different, modularly organized control system and (b) infants' adaptive avoidance responses are based on information about their postural stability relative to the gap size. Moreover, the results belie previous accounts suggesting that avoidance of a disparity in depth of the ground surface depends on general knowledge such as fear of heights, associations between depth information and falling, or knowledge that the body cannot be supported in empty space.
Thresholds and related problems in time delay estimation

The accuracy of time delay estimates obtainable in active localization systems is investigated. The authors concentrate on narrowband signals for which, due to ambiguities in the time delay estimates, the Cramer-Rao bound is not achievable for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values below a certain threshold. The dual problems of determining the threshold SNR below which the Cramer-Rao is not achievable and obtaining a realizable bound for SNR values below that threshold is addressed. Thresholds and realizable bounds for the single and multiple echo problems are evaluated by applying the Barankin bound. It is shown that the thresholds are essentially independent of the target separation. >
Enhancement of Commutation of Current-Source Inverter-Fed Synchronous Machines By Pole-Face Compensating Windings

Enhancement of SCR commutation in inverter fed synchronous motors by the addition of a pole face compensating winding is explored. Design oriented algebraic performance equations are developed for the inverter fed synchronous machine including a compensating winding. Derived performance curve plots which compare the machine performance with and without the compensator are shown.
Control of Male Sexual Behavior and Sexual Orientation in Drosophila by the fruitless Gene

Sexual orientation and courtship behavior in Drosophila are regulated by fruitless (fru), the first gene in a branch of the sex-determination hierarchy functioning specifically in the central nervous system (CNS). The phenotypes of new fru mutants encompass nearly all aspects of male sexual behavior. Alternative splicing of fru transcripts produces sex-specific proteins belonging to the BTB-ZF family of transcriptional regulators. The sex-specific fru products are produced in only about 500 of the 10(5) neurons that comprise the CNS. The properties of neurons expressing these fru products suggest that fru specifies the fates or activities of neurons that carry out higher order control functions to elicit and coordinate the activities comprising male courtship behavior.
Mountains and Pit Bulls: Students' Metaphors for College Transitional Reading and Writing

In this article, we describe an approach to uncovering learners' literacy-oriented conceptualizations while they are enrolled in transitional, or developmental, reading and writing classes in a college context. This approach entailed eliciting and then analyzing the metaphors for academic literacies produced by students in 15 sections of a mandatory paired reading and writing course. We examine major themes that emerged from our analysis en route to promoting and discussing the utility of short stem prompts as being beneficial to instructors for understanding their students' conceptualizations of reading and writing for their own pedagogical purposes. We conclude with an extended pedagogical implications section, wherein we provide narrative descriptions of the use of metaphors in a college transitional reading class as practical suggestions for how such prompts can be used in classroom settings to support students' apprenticeships into academic literacy practices.
Advanced glycation of type I collagen and fibronectin modifies periodontal cell behavior.

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been linked to pathogenic mechanisms of diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about the contribution of protein glycation to periodontal disease in patients with diabetes. Therefore, this study investigated whether glycation of type I collagen (COLI) and fibronectin (FN) modified the behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLs). Methods: Procedures for rapid in vitro glycation of COLI and FN used methylglyoxal (MG). Formation of AGEs was analyzed by changes in protein migration using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting with antibodies specific for MG-glycated proteins. Experiments then characterized the effects of glycated FN and COLI on the behavior of hGFs and hPDLs. Results: MG glycated COLI and FN in <6 hours. Confirming the specificity of the reactions, antibodies specific for MG-induced AGEs reacted with glycated FN and COLI but not with control proteins. In cell culture experiments, glycated FN was significantly less efficient in supporting the attachment of hGFs and hPDLs (P <0.05). Moreover, the morphologic parameters, including length, area, perimeter, and shape factor, were altered (P <0.001) for cells on both glycated proteins. Finally, cell migration was reduced on glycated FN and COLI (P <0.001). Conclusions: MG treatment efficiently glycated COLI and FN, providing a new tool to study the effects of diabetes on periodontal disease. The substantial effects of glycated COLI and FN on hGF and hPDL behavior indicated that protein glycation contributed to the pathogenesis and altered periodontal wound healing observed in patients with diabetes. J Periodontol 2008;79:2190-2199.
Layered Approach to Intrinsic Evolvable Hardware using Direct Bitstream Manipulation of Virtex II Pro Devices

An integrated platform for fast genetic operators is presented to support intrinsic evolution on Xilinx Virtex II pro field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Dynamic bitstream compilation is achieved by directly manipulating the bitstream using a layered design. Experimental results on a case study have shown that a full design as well as a full repair is achievable using this platform with an average time of 0.4 microseconds to perform the genetic mutation, 0.7 microseconds to perform the genetic crossover, and 5.6 milliseconds for one input pattern intrinsic evaluation. This represents a performance advantage of three orders of magnitude over JBITS and more than seven orders of magnitude over the Xilinx design tool driven flow for realizing intrinsic genetic operators on a Virtex II Pro device.
Remarks on finite gain stabilizability of linear systems subject to input saturation

This paper deals with (global) finite-gain input/output stabilization of linear systems with saturated controls. For a class of neutrally stable systems, it is shown that the feedback law suggested by the passivity approach indeed provides stability, with respect to every L/sup P/ norm. Explicit bounds on closed-loop gains are obtained, and they are related to the norms for the respective systems without saturation. >
Correlation of Heart Rate During Norepinephrine Infusion with Pulse Pressure Following Amyl Nitrite Inhalation

Conway and Smith have suggested that a decrease in the pulse pressure following inhalation of amyl nitrite might be associated with loss of aortic elasticity. Studies in this laboratory have suggested that a decreased bradycrotic response during infusion of norepinephrine might also be associated with loss of aortic elasticity. It was hoped that further support might be given to such a hypothesis if both procedures gave similar results in the same patients. The present study was designed to compare the effect of inhalation of amyl nitrite on the pulse pressure and infusion of norepinephrine on the heart rate in normal, hypertensive, and arteriosclerotic subjects.
Automated wear characterization for broaching tools based on machine vision systems

Abstract Monitoring tool wear is essential to ensure consistently high quality of machined products. In the past, tool wear has been well characterized in common machining processes such as turning or milling. However, for cutting complex profiles, such as linear broaching, the only method reported for quantifying tool wear has been manual characterization of flank wear. This leads to significant information loss and large measurement variability. In response to these limitations, this paper presents a new measurement system that quantifies broaching tool wear based on the overall wear area. The proposed method uses automated image cropping and digital imaging processing tools to determine the affected area without requiring any manual intervention. A measurement system analysis has been performed on a hexagonal linear broach to determine the variance introduced by the measuring procedures and the image processing analysis. After implementing this measurement system, tool wear characterization for broaching tools becomes more precise, facilitating cross-industry collaboration, making operator training less intensive, and improving quality control practices.
Use of Controlled Ventilation in a Clinical Setting

Mechanical ventilation has long been used to maintain ventilation in humans when the lungs are rendered incapable of oxygenation or when respiration is affected by central nervous system depression, but it has only recently been applied to similar cases in dogs and cats. Although manual ventilation is still the more common form of ventilation in dogs and cats, mechanical intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) is a much more efficient and reliable means of maintaining the highest quality of respiratory assistance. With proper training, technicians can use IPPV to support compromised animals until they are capable of maintaining normal oxygen concentrations.
Chemical Characteristics of Custom Compost for Highbush Blueberry

Recent development of markets for blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) produced under Organic certification has stimulated interest in production of composts specifically tailored to its edaphic requirements. Blueberry is a calcifuge (acid-loving) plant that responds favorably to mulching and incorporation of organic matter into soil. Many composts are high in pH and soluble nutrients, and may not be suited to blueberry. This chapter describes recent improvements in developing chemical criteria for composts that indicate potential suitability for blueberry. The experimental work, which was conducted in western Oregon, USA, confirmed that acidic pH (<5.5) is the most important characteristic needed in a custom compost for blueberry. Composts with pH < 6 are rare, so a testing protocol to quantify the pH buffering capacity of compost (CBC) and the quantity of acidity needed to reduce compost pH to 5.0 was developed. Median compost buffering capacity (n = 36) was 0.20 mol H+/kg/pH unit, and median elemental S (So) addition required for acidification to pH 5 was 8 g So/kg, assuming full reaction of So to H+. In compost acidified with So to a final pH of 5–6, EC was increased 1.6 fold, accompanied by increased solubility for K and Na (1.3–1.4×); P, Ca, and Mg (3.2–3.6×); and SO4-S (5.2×). Blueberry plants accumulated K supplied by compost, accompanied by reduced plant uptake of Mg, reduced growth, and possible Mg deficiency. Compost acidification to below pH 6 improved blueberry plant growth and Mg uptake. We conclude that compost can be used to increase soil organic matter for blueberry, but that compost N must be limited to low analysis values (total N < 20 g/kg) in order to avoid problems with high pH, EC, and excess K. Because all compost feedstocks that met USDA-Organic certification requirements needed acidification to reach the desired pH level for blueberry (<5.5), future research should focus on economical, safe, and reliable methods for compost acidification that are acceptable under Organic certification rules.
Aeroacoustic analysis of a high-speed open rotor

Owing to their inherent fuel efficiency, there is renewed interest in developing open rotor propulsion systems that are both efficient and quiet. The major contributor to the overall noise of an open rotor system is the propulsor noise, which is produced as a result of the interaction of the airstream with the counter-rotating blades. Prediction of the propulsor noise is, therefore, a necessary ingredient in any approach for designing low-noise open rotor systems that can meet community noise regulations and have acceptable cabin noise levels. To that end, there has been a resurgence of activities in the aeroacoustic modeling of open rotors in recent years. While direct numerical simulations are gaining traction, the bulk of existing prediction capability resides in hybrid approaches in which the aerodynamics of the open rotor system is computed via CFD and is used as input in some appropriate “linear” acoustic model for computing the open rotor noise. At NASA the focus has been on assessing the utility o...
Modernization and the Politics of Communalism: A Theoretical Perspectve1

It has been said that technological and economic development lead ultimately to the decline of communal conflict, and that the emergence of new kinds of socio-economic roles and identities undercuts the organizational bases upon which communal (that is, “racial,” “ethnic,” “religious,” or “tribal”) politics rests. In the past decade, several scholars working in culturally plural societies have challenged this conventional view. They have suggested that communalism may in fact be a persistent feature of social change, and that the dichotomous traditionmodernity models which have often guided our empirical investigations have obscured this theoretical alternative and thereby produced false expectations concerning the direction of change. This paper attempts to synthesize the various elements of this emerging theoretical perspective through the formulation of several propositions which link modernization to communalism. While our discussion will draw primarily upon the Nigerian experience for illustrative material, the propositions are intended to be applicable across societies. “Communalism,” in this paper, refers to the political assertiveness of groups which have three distinguishing characteristics: first, their membership is comprised of persons who share in a common culture and identity and, to use Karl Deutsch's term, a “complementarity of communication;” second, they encompass the full range of demographic (age and sex) divisions within the wider society and provide “for a network of groups and institutions extending throughout the individual's entire life cycle;” and, third, like the wider society in which they exist, they tend to be differentiated by wealth, status, and power.
Feeding Studies of the Aeneus Catfish, Corydoras aeneus, on Aquatic Midges

In an effort to find a fish suitable as a predator on the Clear Lake gnat ( Chaborus astictopus Dyar & Shannon (Diptera: Culicidae)), several species have been given laboratory study. By introducing fish into aquarium tanks with lake mud and an assemblage of bottom organisms of known quantity, it was possible to determine the number of each species eaten after a period of feeding by the fish. By far the most effective bottom feeder found was the little aeneus catfish, Corydoras aeneus (Gill). This species was found most effective against species of the midge family Chironomidae, being almost 100% effective in all tests run.
Laser-ablation profiles in graphite - An application of the Heat-Balance Integral method

Application de la methode integrale de bilan thermique au probleme de la description et de l'interpretation de la formation de crateres dans un graphite polycristallin irradie par laser
The Lowland Patayan in the southern U.S. Southwest: Tracking vessel movement through ceramic compositional analyses

We evaluate possible source areas for the ancestral Yuman (Lowland Patayan) ceramics at Las Colinas (AZ T:12:10 [ASM]) in Arizona's Phoenix Basin approximately 1000–1200 CE, using neutron activation analysis and other compositional data from southern California, the eastern Papagueria in Arizona, and Las Colinas. Our study finds no evidence of ceramic vessels moving long distances between these different regions occupied by the Lowland Patayan, although vessels may have been moved over shorter distances. The Patayan ceramics at Las Colinas were not made there, but could have been made within a several-days walk of Las Colinas using an undocumented source of phyllite for temper.
Effect of Health Intervention for Tuberculosis among Floating Population in Hangu District of Tianjin

[Objective]To analyze the effect of health intervention for tuberculosis(TB) among floating population in Hangu district of Tianjin,provide the scientific evidence for exploring effective TB health intervention measure among floating population.[Methods]With cluster random sampling,the questionnaires investigation was conducted in some floating people engaged in clothes processing,food service,building and waste recovery.[Results]After many kinds of TB health intervention activities,including providing propaganda materials,putting up posters,developing health consulting activities,hosting the knowledge courses and so on,the awareness ratio of the key knowledge about TB prevention and control was increased significantly,from 36.68% before intervention to 81.42% after intervention.The attitude and behaviors related TB also improved.It is indicated that the TB health intervention obtain the certain effect.[Conclusion]TB health education and propaganda for floating population should be strengthened,and various health intervention activities should be carried out,so as to improve the consciousness of TB prevention and effectively control TB among floating population.
Newly formulated, protein quality-enhanced, extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, corn-, soya-, sugar- and oil-containing fortified-blended foods lead to adequate vitamin A and iron outcomes and improved growth compared with non-extruded CSB+ in rats.

Citation: Delimont, N. M., Fiorentino, N. M., Opoku-Acheampong, A. B., Joseph, M. V., Guo, Q., Alavi, S., & Lindshield, B. L. (2017). Newly formulated, protein quality-enhanced, extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, corn-, soya-, sugar- and oil-containing fortified-blended foods lead to adequate vitamin A and iron outcomes and improved growth compared with non-extruded CSB+ in rats. Journal of Nutritional Science. doi:10.1017/jns.2017.15
Northerners at War: Reflections on the Civil War Home Front. By J. Matthew Gallman

J. Matthew Gallman’s new collection of essays, Northerners at War , is as much a work of academic autobiography as it is of historical scholarship. Gallman has brought together a collection of eleven previously published essays that, over the years, have not only contributed to our understanding of the Northern home front during the Civil War, but also map out the academic journey and various intellectual pursuits of one of the leading scholars of Pennsylvania’s Civil War experience.
Regulation of autophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, and cellular bioenergetics by 4-hydroxynonenal in primary neurons

ABSTRACTThe production of reactive species contributes to the age-dependent accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria and protein aggregates, all of which are associated with neurodegeneration. A putative mediator of these effects is the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), which has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial function, and accumulate in the postmortem brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. This deterioration in mitochondrial quality could be due to direct effects on mitochondrial proteins, or through perturbation of the macroautophagy/autophagy pathway, which plays an essential role in removing damaged mitochondria. Here, we use a click chemistry-based approach to demonstrate that alkyne-4-HNE can adduct to specific mitochondrial and autophagy-related proteins. Furthermore, we found that at lower concentrations (5–10 μM), 4-HNE activates autophagy, whereas at higher concentrations (15 μM), autophagic flux is inhibited, correlating with the modification of key autoph...
Estimation of Random Coefficient Multilevel Models in the Context of Small Numbers of Level 2 Clusters.

Multilevel data are a reality for many disciplines. Currently, although multiple options exist for the treatment of multilevel data, most disciplines strictly adhere to one method for multilevel da...
Nuclear safety launch approval: Multi-mission lessons learned

Launching a NASA radioisotope power system (RPS) mission requires compliance with two Federal mandates: the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) and launch approval (LA), as directed by Presidential Directive/National Security Council Memorandum 25. Nuclear safety launch approval lessons learned from multiple NASA RPS missions, one Russian RPS mission, two non-RPS launch accidents, and several solid propellant fire test campaigns since 1996 are shown to have contributed to an ever-growing body of knowledge. The launch accidents can be viewed as “unplanned experiments” that provided real-world data. Lessons learned from the nuclear safety launch approval effort of each mission or launch accident, and how they were applied to improve the NEPA/LA processes and nuclear safety of subsequent RPS missions, are presented. The current emphasis on cost improvements to future NEPA/LA processes are placed into context of these historical nuclear safety improvements, with a caution that certain cost improvements may have the short-term effect of lowering NEPA/LA costs but at the expense of curtailing potential nuclear safety improvements. The reader should note that changes are not made lightly, and a benefit is sought through the change. These improvements may be in other areas besides cost.
Message Authentication: Information Theoretic Bounds

The goal of message authentication is to ensure that an accepted message truly comes from its acclaimed transmitter. It has wide applications in ecommerce and other areas. For example, when a stock broker receives a trading instruction for an account, he or she needs to verify that it is the owner of the account, and not someone else, who sends the instruction.
Simulation of Deformation-Induced Anisotropy in Metal Forming Applications

A micromechanical based polycrystalline analysis for modeling strain-induced anisotropy in metal forming applications is presented. Several examples involving rolling are presented in order to demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to predict textures and residual stresses.
Reactive Oxygen Molecules in the Kidney

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a normal consequence of aerobic respiration, as a response to immunologic stimulation, and as a by-product of many oxidationreduction reactions in living organisms. The kidney is a site of significant aerobic metabolism. In its role of maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, the kidney accounts for 10% of whole body oxygen consumption while making up less than 1% of total body mass1. Circulating immune elements (including neutrophils, monocytes, immune complexes) and activated intrinsic glomerular cells (macrophages, mesangial cells) are involved in a majority of glomerulonephritides2. ROS can mediate some of the glomerular damage. The arachidonic acid cascade, responsible for both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor substances essential to normal renal function, is both initiated by and a source of ROS3. However, the production of ROS is, under most circumstances, balanced by intrinsic antioxidant defenses4. Understanding the relationship between ROS production and antioxidant defenses will clarify the role of ROS in renal disease.
Speculation and Hoopla: Is Diversity Expected in Cyanobacterial Circadian Timing Systems?

Cyanobacteria are an extremely diverse group of photoautotrophic prokaryotes. Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 has become the model cyanobac-terium for biological research directed at understanding the circadian timing mechanism and its central role in prokaryote circadian biology. Working primarily with S. elongatus, genetic and biochemical experimentation over the past two decades has identified the key components (and their functions) of a fascinating circa-dian timing mechanism. Of course, many basic questions remain regarding cyanobacterial circadian biology. Among those questions: is there a model system that can accurately represent such a diverse group of organisms? As a first step toward addressing that question, this chapter introduces several aspects of cyano-bacterial diversity and then discusses the similarities and differences among likely circadian clock protein components from 39 different species of cyanobacteria. Although sound conclusions remain elusive, the information within the chapter should at least serve as a reminder to interpret model system data within the biological context under which it was determined. Ecology and evolutionary history are always important components of understanding molecular biological data.
Standardized Patients and Gynecological Teaching Associates

Standardized patients (SPs) are people judiciously recruited, hired, and trained to portray patients in order to support health-care trainees through formative and summative educational activities designed to develop clinical skills. SP Educators are a critical part of the training process to coach SPs to authentically portray patients, assess learners, and provide behaviorally based feedback. SPs are used in OB/GYN simulation activities for case portrayals and in hybrid simulations with mannequins and partial task trainers. Specialized SPs, known as gynecological teaching associates (GTAs), also provide education with invasive exams including the speculum, bimanual, and rectal exams to learners using their own bodies. This chapter describes the various manners in which SPs and GTAs are used for OB/GYN simulation activities.
Social Media and Free Open Access Medical (FOAM) Education

Narrative review of free open access medical education (FOAM) and its effects on the medical community including, but not limited to, medical societies, residency curricula, patient care guidelines, and medical journals. This review will inform the reader of the positive effects and potential controversies of FOAM. Online medical education has revolutionized the way medical personnel access information through several platforms including blogs, podcasts, social networking, and media sharing sites. These have received mixed reviews in terms of efficiency, reliability, professionalism, ethics, and confidentiality. Since its creation, FOAM has had a dramatic impact on the medical community. Despite the current mixed reviews, its popularity continues to rise among medical professionals. This popularity will enrich future literature reviews and can help guide the medical community in understanding, modifying, and potentially developing policies that benefit clinicians and patients alike.
Simulating North American Weather Types With Regional Climate Models

Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are able to simulate small-scale processes that are missing in their coarser resolution driving data and thereby provide valuable climate information for climate impact assessments. Less attention has been paid to the ability of RCMs to capture large-scale weather types (WTs). An inaccurate representation of WTs can result in biases and uncertainties in current and future climate simulations that cannot be easily detected by standard model evaluation metrics. Here we define 12 hydrologically important WTs in the Contiguous United States (CONUS). We test if RCMs from the North American CORDEX (NA-CORDEX) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model large physics ensembles (WRF36) can capture those WTs in the current climate and how they simulate changes in the future. Our results show that the NA-CORDEX RCMs are able to simulate WTs more accurately than members of the WRF36 ensemble. The much larger WRF36 domain in combination with not constraining large-scale conditions by spectral nudging results in lower WT skill. The selection of the driving global climate model (GCM) has a large effect on the skill of NA-CORDEX simulations but a smaller impact on the WRF36 runs. The formulation of the RCM is of minor importance except for capturing the variability within WTs. Changing the model physics or increasing the RCM horizontal grid spacing has little effect. These results highlight the importance of selecting GCMs with accurate synoptic-scale variability for downscaling and to find a balance between large domains that can result in biased WT representations and small domains that inhibit the realistic development of mesoscale processes. At the end of the century, monsoonal flow conditions increase systematically by up to 30 % and a WT that is a significant source of moisture for the Northern Plains during the growing seasons decreases systematically up to -30 %.
A Near-Infrared Phosphorescent Nanoprobe Enables Quantitative, Longitudinal Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics during Radiotherapy

Hypoxia plays a key role in tumor resistance to radiotherapy. It is important to study hypoxia dynamics during radiotherapy to improve treatment planning and prognosis. Here, we describe a luminescent nanoprobe, composed of a fluorescent semiconducting polymer and palladium complex, for quantitative longitudinal imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics during radiotherapy. The nanoprobe was designed to provide high sensitivity and reversible response for the subtle change in hypoxia over a narrow range (0-30 mmHg O2), which spans the oxygen range where tumors have limited radiosensitivity. Following intravenous administration, the nanoprobe efficiently accumulated in and distributed across the tumor, including the hypoxic region. The ratio between emissions at 700 and 800 nm provided quantitative mapping of hypoxia across the entire tumor. The nanoprobe was used to image tumor hypoxia dynamics over 7 days during fractionated radiotherapy and revealed that high fractional dose (10 Gy) was more effective in improving tumor reoxygenation than low dose (2 Gy), and the effect tended to persist longer in smaller or more radiosensitive tumors. Our results also indicated the importance of the reoxygenation efficiency of the first fraction in the prediction of the radiation treatment outcome. In summary, this work has established a new nanoprobe for highly sensitive, quantitative, and longitudinal imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics following radiotherapy, and demonstrated its value for assessing the efficacy of radiotherapy and radiation treatment planning. SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents a novel nanoagent for the visualization and quantification of tumor hypoxia.
The use of collaborative testing with baccalaureate nursing students

Abstract The overall purpose of the study was to compare the mean Assessment Technologies Institute Comprehensive Assessment test scores between students taught using collaborative testing (CT) versus those using traditional pedagogy. A descriptive, comparative, and nonequivalent study design of 35 baccalaureate nursing students enrolled in the last nursing essential course. The finding showed that CT has short-term benefit on retention; however, it does not improve long-term retention among nursing students.
Translational Bioinformatics Curricula in Graduate Biomedical Informatics Programs

Today, most biomedical disciplines have significant computational components. Many depend on collection, management and analysis of data from genes and gene products. There is a continuum of educational needs in bioinformatics from exposure to bioinformatics concepts, to skills development toward using bioinformatics tools, to the ability to undertake research toward development of new methods in bioinformatics. The former often takes place through graduate programs in the basic biomedical sciences alongside biomedical coursework and research training. Training for those who undertake research and develop new computational methods in bioinformatics is traditionally offered through stand-alone bioinformatics graduate programs and often with broad pan-biology scope. Certain bioinformatics programs are offered as a track or specialty area within a biomedical informatics graduate program. These programs generally focus on bioinformatics targeted at improvements in human health, or Translational Bioinformatics (TBI). The focus of this chapter is on curricula and delivery of Translational Bioinformatics programs offered within the umbrella of a biomedical informatics graduate program.
Transmission of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus from Persistently Infected Cattle to Pregnant White-tailed Deer

Substantial impact of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on the cattle industries has prompted introduction of organized control programs in many states. These programs primarily focus on identification and removal of persistently infected (PI) cattle, the main source of BVDV transmission. In addition to cattle, BVDV may infect a large number of species within the order Artiodactyla as demonstrated by seropositivity. The white-tailed deer is the most abundant wild ruminant species in North America and BVDV infection has been documented in this species. Recently, experimental inoculation of pregnant white-tailed deer resulted in the birth of a persistently infected fawn. Considering the role of PI cattle in the maintenance of BVDV within cattle populations, PI white-tailed deer that harbor and shed the virus continuously may hamper successful execution of control efforts. The objective of this study was the investigation of interspecific BVDV transmission by cohabitation of PI cattle with pregnant white-tailed deer.
Use of Tendon Allograft for Recurrent Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Instability in Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome: A Case Report

Background Subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon can be a challenging problem to the surgeon, with no options described for failure following autologous reconstruction. It is our intention to provide guidance on technique by describing our experience in a 20-year-old male with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. Case Description The patient presented with pain and snapping of the ECU tendon, and failed both immobilization and ECU reconstruction with autologous extensor retinaculum. A gracilis tendon allograft was used to reconstruct the ECU sheath, in addition to ulnar groove deepening. At 1-year follow-up, the patient had no pain and the ECU was stable without recurrent subluxation. Literature Review To the authors' knowledge, the use of tendon allograft for stabilization of recurrent ECU subluxation following surgical repair or reconstruction has not been previously described in the medical literature. Clinical Relevance Utilization of tendon allograft is a viable technique to stabilize the ECU tendon while minimizing the risk in relying on compromised autologous tissue. This report represents the first account of successful reconstruction following failed autologous reconstruction.
Complex-type asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins synthesized by Schistosoma mansoni adult males contain terminal beta-linked N-acetylgalactosamine.

Abstract Many studies have shown that the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni contains glycoproteins whose oligosaccharide side chains are antigenic in infected hosts. We report here that adult male schistosomes synthesize glycoproteins containing complex-type N-linked chains that have structural features not commonly found in mammalian glycoproteins. Adult male worms were incubated in media containing either [3H]mannose, [3H]glucosamine, or [3H]galactose, and the metabolically radiolabeled oligosaccharides on newly synthesized glycoproteins were analyzed. Schistosomes synthesize triantennary- and biantennary-like complex-type asparagine-linked chains that contain mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-acetylgalactosamine. Interestingly, none of the complex-type chains contain sialic acid, and few of the chains contain galactose. Since N-acetylgalactosamine is not a common constituent of mammalian-derived N-linked chains, we investigated the position and linkage of this residue in the schistosome-derived glycopeptides. Virtually all of the N-acetylgalactosamine was beta-linked and in a terminal position. The unusual features of the S. mansoni glycoprotein oligosaccharides support the possibility that they may be involved in the host immune response to infection.
A Shift in Microglial β-Amyloid Binding in Alzheimer's Disease Is Associated with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are two common pathologies associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and inflammation in the brain; neither is well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate human post-mortem brains from AD subjects with purely parenchymal pathology, and those with concomitant CAA (and age-matched controls) for differential expression of microglia-associated Aβ ligands thought to mediate Aβ clearance and the association of these receptors with complement activation. Homogenates of brain parenchyma and enriched microvessel fractions from occipital cortex were probed for levels of C3b, membrane attack complex (MAC), CD11b and α-2-macroglobulin and immunoprecipitation was used to immunoprecipitate (IP) CD11b complexed with C3b and Aβ. Both C3b and MAC were significantly increased in CAA compared to AD-only and controls and IP showed significantly increased CD11b/C3b complexes with Aβ in AD/CAA subjects. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize these interactions. MAC was remarkably associated with CAA-affected blood vessels compared to AD-only and control vessels. These findings are consistent with an Aβ clearance mechanism via microglial CD11b that delivers Aβ and C3b to blood vessels in AD/CAA, which leads to Aβ deposition and propagation of complement to the cytolytic MAC, possibly leading to vascular fragility.
Protest in the time of cholera: disease and the metaphors of health and politics

In the wake of the January 2010 earthquake, UN troops leaking fecal waste into the Artibonite River introduced cholera to Haiti. Soon after, Haitians began demonstrating against the UN presence in the nation, using cholera and its implications as the crux of their accusations. The UN responded by painting protesters as a disruptive minority interfering with the political health of the nation, also using metaphors of disease to justify their actions. This article channels social movement theories to complicate media discourses surrounding protests. I argue that the cholera outbreak provided symbols and a discourse for engaging in a larger political struggle between the Haitian public and UN troops. While interrogating the use of disease metaphors by protesters and the media, this article reveals underlying assumptions about the geographies of health, simultaneously offering a more insightful reading into cultural and political reactions to the outbreak in Haiti.
Through the looking glass: Symmetry in behavioral principles?

Baron and Galizio (2005) have reprised and updated Michael's regretfully neglected (1975) paper on the lack of functional or interpretative distinctions between positive and negative reinforcement. They conclude that 30 years of subsequent intensive research into contingencies of consequences and related areas have not modified Michael's original thesis: Positive and negative reinforcement are equivalent. As the following commentary will attest, I am of two minds on this effort. On the one hand, I applaud a move toward coherence in a fundamental concept; on the other, the means by which this is achieved is not always clear and in some ways abandons a functional account of behavior.
Inductance enhancement in global clock distribution networks

Current research in high-speed clock distribution network focuses on techniques that require a substantial number of analog circuits such as RF clock and PLL arrays (Gutnik and Chandrakasan, 2000) or the introduction of opto-electronic devices (Mule, et al., 2002). This paper presents an alternate approach to increase the bandwidth of global clock lines by inserting passive spiral inductors in global clock networks. Simulations indicate that spiral inductor insertion can be used to obtain a five-fold increase in bandwidth. This technique can be used to extend the use of electrical clock networks currently employed in Cu-CMOS processes.
CD18 Is Required for Intestinal T Cell Responses at Multiple Immune Checkpoints

The intestinal immune response to oral Ags involves a complex multistep process. The requirements for optimal intestinal T cell responses in this process are unclear. LFA-1 plays a critical role in peripheral T cell trafficking and activation, however, its role in intestinal immune responses has not been precisely defined. To dissect the role of LFA-1 in intestinal immune responses, we used a system that allows for segregation of T cell migration and activation through the adoptive transfer of LFA-1-deficient (CD18−/−) CD4+ T cells from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice into wild-type BALB/c mice. We find that wild-type mice adoptively transferred with CD18−/− DO11.10 CD4+ T cells demonstrate decreases in the numbers of Ag-specific T cells in the intestinal lamina propria after oral Ag administration. We also find that in addition to its role in trafficking to intestinal secondary lymphoid organs, LFA-1 is required for optimal CD4+ T cell proliferation in vivo upon oral Ag immunization. Furthermore, CD18−/− DO11.10 CD4+ T cells primed in the intestinal secondary lymphoid organs demonstrate defects in up-regulation of the intestinal-specific trafficking molecules, α4β7 and CCR9. Interestingly, the defect in trafficking of CD18−/− DO11.10 CD4+ T cells to the intestinal lamina propria persists even under conditions of equivalent activation and intestinal-tropic differentiation, implicating a role for CD18 in the trafficking of activated T cells into intestinal tissues independent of the earlier defects in the intestinal immune response. This argues for a complex role for CD18 in the early priming checkpoints and ultimately in the trafficking of T cells to the intestinal tissues during an intestinal immune response.
Application of Aryloximes as Solid-Phase Ketone Linkers

In both solution and the solid phase, a variety of ketone oxime anions have been treated with 4-substituted-2-fluorobenzonitriles to give the corresponding nucleophilic aromatic substitution aryloxime adducts. Under aqueous acidic conditions, these adducts underwent cyclization to give the corresponding ketones. Suzuki and amide coupling reactions were also successfully performed on two resin-bound oximes followed by subsequent cyclorelease to give ketone product in good yields and purities.