cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple target detection using fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator

In this paper, we present a novel technique for multiple target detection using fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator. This technique, involving adjustment of the joint power spectrum (JPS) on the basis of the input-scene-only power spectrum, and apodization of the modified JPS on the basis of the reference signal power spectrum, is found to yield good correlation output. Simulation results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed technique.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dural adhesion to porous cranioplastic implant: A potential safety concern.

BACKGROUND Patient-specific implants are used for cranioplastic skull reconstruction when large bone flaps must be replaced or where there are complex or critical contours, especially near the face. These implants have a low complication rate, with poor fit and postoperative infection being the most common complications. We report here a potentially serious hazard that may arise from the use of porous implants. CASE DESCRIPTION A 45-year-old woman sustained severe head trauma in a motor vehicle accident that required urgent surgical intervention. Because of progressive resorption of her native bone flap, she underwent replacement of her native flap with a hard tissue replacement/patient-matched implant cranioplasty. Eight years later, she sustained a traumatic laceration over her vertex that necessitated removal of her cranioplastic implant because of persistent local infection. Intraoperatively, the dural flap was ingrowing and firmly adherent to the inside surface of the porous cranioplasty. After several failed attempts to remove the whole implant piecemeal, we attempted to dissect the dural flap from the brain surface to remove it together with the cranioplastic implant but exposure of the extensive cortical adhesions between the brain surface and the dural flap was compromised by the hard overlying cranioplastic implant. Despite our meticulous attempts to cut off these cortical adhesions, a perisylvian blood vessel was avulsed, resulting in intraparenchymal hemorrhage. CONCLUSION In this case, dural adhesion and ingrowth to the underside of the cranioplasty implant led to disastrous bleeding when the implant needed to be removed years after initial implantation.
Removable partial denture framework try-in

Removable partial denture frameworks must fit accurately to function properly and not cause injury to remaining teeth or soft tissue. This article presents a logical method and rationale for seating a removable partial denture framework and a review of several disclosing media used in the try-in procedure.
Single microbead SELEX for efficient ssDNA aptamer generation against botulinum neurotoxin

An efficient and easy-to-execute single microbead SELEX approach is developed to generate high affinity ssDNA aptamers against botulinum neurotoxin.
Hamiltonian for the nonrelativistic two-fermion bound state

We derive a Hamiltonian for the nonrelativistic quark-antiquark bound state. For the case of vector-particle exchange, anomalous-magnetic-moment terms are included. We find an anomalous spin-independent term that has not been previously noted. Also, the case of scalar-particle exchange is examined. Finally, possible implications are discussed.
Deficiency of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM32 in mice leads to a myopathy with a neurogenic component.

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H (LGMD2H) and sarcotubular myopathy are hereditary skeletal muscle disorders caused by mutations in TRIM32. We previously identified TRIM32 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that binds to myosin and ubiquitinates actin. To date four TRIM32 mutations have been linked to LGMD2H, all of which occur in the C-terminal NHL domains. Unexpectedly, a fifth mutation in the B-box of TRIM32 causes a completely different, multisystemic disorder, Bardet–Biedl syndrome type 11. It is not understood how allelic mutations in TRIM32 can create such diverse phenotypic outcomes. To generate a tool for elucidating the complex in vivo functions of TRIM32, we created the first murine Trim32 knock-out model (T32KO). Histological analysis of T32KO skeletal muscles revealed mild myopathic changes. Electron microscopy showed areas with Z-line streaming and a dilated sarcotubular system with vacuoles—the latter being a prominent feature of sarcotubular myopathy. Therefore, our model replicates phenotypes of LGMD2H and sarcotubular myopathy. The level of Trim32 expression in normal mouse brain exceeds that observed in skeletal muscle by more than 100 times, as we demonstrated by real-time PCR. Intriguingly, analysis of T32KO neural tissue revealed a decreased concentration of neurofilaments and a reduction in myelinated motoraxon diameters. The axonal changes suggest a shift toward a slower motor unit type. Not surprisingly, T32KO soleus muscle expressed an elevated type I slow myosin isotype with a concomitant reduction in the type II fast myosin. These data suggest that muscular dystrophy due to TRIM32 mutations involves both neurogenic and myogenic characteristics.
Linear Arrays with arbitrarily distributed elements

A linear array with general arbitrarily distributed elements is discussed. A matrix relationship is found between the elements of the array and its far-zone pattern. The lower bound of the stored energy and the Q factor of the array are found. A figure of merit for the array is defined.
Visualizing relationships between hydrology, climate, and water level fluctuations on Earth's largest system of lakes

Abstract Understanding drivers behind monthly, annual, and decadal water level fluctuations on the North American Great Lakes is a high priority for regional research and water resource management planning. The need for improved understanding of these relationships is underscored by a series of recent unprecedented extreme water level patterns, including (but not limited to) record low water levels on Lakes Michigan and Huron in December 2012 and January 2013. To address this need, we developed the Great Lakes Hydro-Climate Dashboard (GLHCD), a dynamic flash-based web interface that builds upon the previously-released Great Lakes Water Level Dashboard (GLWLD). In addition to including water level data and projections from the GLWLD, the GLHCD presents a range of hydrological and climatological data through an improved graphical user interface specifically designed to manage, and display simultaneously, a variety of data time series from different sources. By serving as a common portal to critical regional hydro-climate and water level data, the GLHCD helps visualize and explain lake level phenomena including water level declines across all of the Great Lakes in the early 1960s and their relationship to changes in regional precipitation, as well as the abrupt water level declines in the late 1990s and their relationship to remarkable changes in over-lake evaporation. By providing insight into these, and other important regional hydro-climate events, the GLHCD helps practitioners, researchers, and the general public improve their understanding of the drivers behind Great Lakes water levels, and to employ that understanding in prudent water resource management planning.
Manure Management Considerations for Expanding Dairy Herds

The requirements and considerations for manure management change as dairy operations evolve to larger herds. Changes in manure production, collection, treatment, storage, transport, and utilization are nearly always necessary as herd sizes increase. Land area requirements for nutrient utilization increase as animal numbers increase and also increase because of crop type, nutrient uptake capability, potential nutrient losses, and limits for nitrogen and phosphorus. Expansion of herd size may require obtaining, updating, or revising environmental permits from regulatory agencies. Options for reducing manure loading on existing facilities to accommodate larger herds include solids separation and off-site facilities. As herds become larger, economy of scale usually improves the ratio of costs to benefits for manure systems. Economic analysis of manure systems in Missouri showed that cost of manure management was reduced by approximately 50% per unit of milk produced as herd size increased from 100 to 500 cows. As systems for manure management become larger and more complex, engineering design inputs and requirements become more extensive. Traditional sources of engineering design and assistance, such as Cooperative Extension and Natural Resource Conservation Service, may no longer be adequate. Identification and utilization of alternate resources, such as private sector engineers, may be necessary. Retention of legal counsel who are familiar with the regulatory aspects of manure management may be advisable as herd size increases.
Sum-capacity of multiple-write noisy memory

Motivated by the emerging interests in non-volatile solid-state computer memories such as flash memories, this paper studies the problem of repeatedly storing information on memory cells with noise and state. The goal is to reliably convey t messages by writing X j j on an n-cell noisy memory p(y j |x j , y j−1 ), which stores Y j n at the j-th write. We model this problem as a channel with state and introduce the multiple-write noisy memory model, which includes the write-once memory and flash memory models as special cases. The t-write sum-capacity for the multiple-write noisy memory is established as equation where the maximum is over all pmfs p(x 1 ) П j t=2 p(u j |y j−1 ) and functions xj(u j , y j−1 ), j = 2, …, t. We derive three outer bounds on the capacity region and discuss their extension to other classes of memory models. These results extend Wolf, Wyner, Ziv, and Korner's work on the binary write-once memory and Fu and Vinck's work on the generalized write-once memory to noisy memories.
Effect of neonatal administration of a retroviral vector expressing α-l-iduronidase upon lysosomal storage in brain and other organs in mucopolysaccharidosis I mice

Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) due to deficient alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) activity results in accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in many cells. Gene therapy could program cells to secrete IDUA modified with mannose 6-phosphate (M6P), and enzyme could be taken up by other cells via the M6P receptor. We previously reported that newborn MPS I mice that were injected intravenously with 10(9) (high-dose) or 10(8) (low-dose) transducing units/kg of a retroviral vector (RV) expressing canine IDUA achieved stable levels of IDUA activity in serum and had reduced disease in heart, eye, ear, and bone in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the dose required for improvement in manifestations of disease in other organs was not reported. High-dose and low-dose RV mice with an average serum IDUA activity of 1037+/-90 U/ml (471-fold normal) and 43+/-12 U/ml (20-fold normal), respectively, had complete correction of biochemical and pathological evidence of disease in the liver, spleen, kidney, and small intestines. Although mice that received high-dose RV had complete correction of lysosomal storage in thymus, ovary, lung, and testis, correction in these organs was only partial for those that received low-dose RV. Storage in brain was almost completely corrected with high-dose RV, but was not improved with low-dose RV. The correction of disease in brain may be due to diffusion of enzyme from blood. We conclude that high-dose RV prevents biochemical and pathological manifestations of disease in all organs in MPS I mice including brain.
Magnetoquantum transport in a modulated 2D electron gas with spin–orbit interaction

Abstract We investigate the effects of spin–orbit interaction (SOI) and plane-perpendicular magnetic field on the conductivity of a two-dimensional electron system in the presence of one-dimensional electrostatic modulation. The calculations are performed when a low-intensity, low-frequency external electric field is applied. The Kubo formula for the conductivity is employed in the calculation. The single-particle eigenstates which depend on the strengths of the magnetic field, the SOI and modulation potential, are calculated and then used to determine the conductivity. We present numerical results for the conductivity along the channels as well as the tunneling conductivity perpendicular to the constrictions as functions of the modulation potential, the SOI and the magnetic field. We demonstrate that the effect of finite frequency is to related to the reduction of both the longitudinal and transverse conductivities.
A connection between Rayleigh fading and worst-case partial band interference

For FH/BFSK (frequency hopping/binary frequency-shift keying) on a worst-case partial-band Gaussian interference channel, the bit error probability results are well known for the extreme cases in which the signal is either nonfading or Rayleigh fading. In the present work the author fills in the region between these extremes by considering the general Nakagami-m fading model. Here the worst-case partial-band Gaussian interference results are given by a one-parameter family, which for m to infinity gives the Viterbi-Jacobs (1975) nonfading result and for m=1 gives the Rayleigh fading result. In the latter case a broadband interference strategy is optimal. Thus the Nakagami-m solutions provide a smooth one-parameter bridge between the Viterbi-Jacobs channel and the Rayleigh fading channel. The results show that the worst-case interference fraction rho increases as the fading variance increases, up to Rayleigh fading. Any fading less severe than Rayleigh, however slight the departure from Rayleigh, requires a partial-band strategy for sufficiently large E/sub b//N/sub I/. >
In situ ultrahigh vacuum friction measurement and wear track analysis of ion implanted 304 stainless steel

The dual ion implantation of Ti and C into 304 stainless steel has been found to reduce friction and wear in uhv. The implantation treatment producting this result, 4.6 x 10/sup 17/ Ti/cm/sup 2/ (180 keV) followed by 2.0 x 10/sup 17/ C/cm/sup 2/ (50 keV), produced TiC precipitates dispersed in an amorphous surface layer. Friction and wear track compositions were measured in situ with a scanning Auger microprobe without removing the pin from the track. This treatment decreased the friction coefficient from 1.2 to 0.6 to 0.8 and the wear track width from 342 ..mu..m after 1000 cycles. Relative to unimplanted 304, wear tracks formed in uhv and air on implanted 304 had more N and less C, with O and the metallic elements similar in concentration, in addition to the presence of Ti. Friction coefficients measured in air were less than those in uhv; track composition suggests that oxides or adsorbed moisture (and perhaps hydrocarbons) helped lower the friction in air. 22 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Multiple scale composition and spatial distribution patterns of the north-eastern Minnesota presettlement forest

Summary 1 Bearing tree data were used to characterize the composition and spatial structure of the southern boreal presettlement forest in north-eastern Minnesota, United States of America. Data collected during the General Land Office Survey (GLO) between 1853 and 1917, represents 35 324 samples (each with 1‐4 trees) in a 3.2 million-hectare landscape. Nine tree species contributed at least 1% to the overall composition. Individuals of white pine and red pine were larger than all other species and represented 9% of the tree population, while accounting for 27% of the standing basal area. Black spruce , paper birch and larch, the three most abundant species, collectively accounted for 51% of the population and 38% of the basal area. 2 Eight physiographic zones were characterized by differences in glacial histories, geological surfaces, soil complexes and topographic properties, and supported different compositional mixes of the nine important species. 3 Fifty-six per cent of all four-tree plots had three or four individuals of a single species. This level of conspecific aggregation is an order of magnitude greater than would be expected based on a random distribution of the same population of trees and species. Jack pine had the greatest plot-scale aggregation, with 45% of all plots containing jack pine trees having three or four jack pine individuals. Jaccard association of similarity values of species co-occurrence ranged from less than 0.05 to 0.24, indicating limited plot‐scale interspecific associations. 4 Landscape spatial patterns of the species were measured at two spatial scales, 1‐10 km and from 5 to 50 km. Conspecific autocorrelation patterns were positive while interspecific autocorrelation patterns tended to be either neutral or negative. Hence, plots dominated by any given species tended to spatially aggregate near other such plots, out to substantial distances. 5 Forest tree spatial patterns reflect complex fine to landscape-scale relationships involving environmental factors, disturbance events and regeneration strategies. Management and long-term conservation of forest landscapes should consider multiscale patterns in order to re-establish forest structural properties eliminated following the disruption of natural disturbance processes.
The New Scholarship in Teacher Education

This article, based on Ken Zeichner's 1998 Division K Vice-Presidential address, traces the development of teacher education research in the U.S. over the last 21 years. Five different segments of the new scholarship in teacher education are discussed together with their contributions to policy and practice in teacher education: survey research, case studies of teacher education programs, conceptual and historical research, studies of learning to teach, and examinations of the nature and impact of teacher education activities including self-study research. The development of Division K in AERA and the role and status of teacher education in research universities are discussed in relation to the development of this field of educational research.
Business Information Visualization for Decision-Making Support - A Research Strategy

concrete business domains to verify the effectiveness of the model. We hope that a new discipline for business information visualization will be established and it will have its own theoretical foundation and methodology. As the visualization of large data sets is a problem of concern in many management domains, this research has both theoretical and practical contributions.
Resorbable extracellular matrix grafts in urologic reconstruction

Purpose: There is an increasingly large body of literature concerning tissue-engineering products that may be used in urology. Some of these are quite complex (such as multilayer patient-specific cell-seeded implants) yet the most simple and successful products to date are also the most uncomplicated: resorbable acellular extra-cellular matrices (ECMs) harvested from animals. ECMs have been used in a variety of difficult urologic reconstruction problems, and this review is intended to summarize this complex literature for the practicing urologist. Methods: Medline search of related terms such as “SIS, small intestinal submucosa, ECM, extracellular matrix, acellular matrix and urologic reconstruction”. Manuscripts missed in the initial search were taken from the bibliographies of the primary references. Results: Full review of potential clinical uses of resorbable extra-cellular matrices in urologic reconstruction. Conclusions: Currently, the “state of the art” in tissue engineering solutions for urologic reconstruction means resorbable acellular xenograft matrices. They show promise when used as a pubovaginal sling or extra bolstering layers in ureteral or urethral repairs, although recent problems with inflammation following 8-ply pubovaginal sling use and failures after 1- and 4-ply SIS repair of Peyronie’s disease underscore the need for research before wide adoption. Preliminary data is mixed concerning the potential for ECM urethral patch graft, and more data is needed before extended uses such as bladder augmentation and ureteral replacement are contemplated. The distant future of ECMs in urology likely will include cell-seeded grafts with the eventual hope of producing “off the shelf” replacement materials. Until that day arrives, ECMs only fulfill some of the requirements for the reconstructive urologist.
Proliferation of embryonic cardiomyocytes in zebrafish requires the sodium channel scn5Lab

In mice, homozygous deletion of the cardiac sodium channel Scn5a results in defects in cardiac morphology and embryonic death before robust sodium current can be detected. In zebrafish, morpholino knockdown of cardiac sodium channel orthologs scn5Laa and scn5Lab perturbs specification of precardiac mesoderm and inhibits growth of the embryonic heart. It is not known which developmental processes are perturbed by sodium channel knockdown and whether reduced cell number is from impaired migration of cardiac progenitors into the heart, impaired myocyte proliferation, or both. We found that embryos deficient in scn5Lab displayed defects in primary cardiogenesis specific to loss of nkx2.5, but not nkx2.7. We generated kaede reporter fish and demonstrated that embryos treated with anti-scn5Lab morpholino showed normal secondary differentiation of cardiomyocytes at the arterial pole between 30 and 48 h post-fertilization. However, while proliferating myocytes were readily detected at 48 hpf in wild type embryos, there were no BrdU-positive cardiomyocytes in embryos subjected to anti-scn5Lab treatment. Proliferating myocytes were present in embryos injected with anti-tnnt2 morpholino to phenocopy the silent heart mutation, and absent in embryos injected with anti-tnnt2 and anti-scn5Lab morpholinos, indicating cardiac contraction is not required for the loss of proliferation. These data demonstrate that the role of scn5Lab in later heart growth does not involve contribution of the secondary heart field, but rather proliferation of cardiomyocytes, and appears unrelated to the role of the channel in cardiac electrogenesis. genesis 51:562–574. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A computer automated structure evaluation (CASE) approach to calculation of partition coefficient

A Computer Automated Structure Evaluation (CASE) approach to the calculation of partition coefficient (log P) has been developed. A linear regression equation was obtained linking the log P value of molecules to some of their fragments as identified by a CASE analysis. The relationship was obtained for a database consisting of 935 compounds (r2 = 0.93, s = 0.39, F(39, 895, 0.05) = 316.5). It was found that this approach produced accurate log P estimations even for complex molecules and, in general, gave better results than previously described techniques.
The driven pendulum, and E778 tune modulation

The angle theta that a rigid gravity pendulum driven by sinusoidal torque makes with the vertical satisfies d/sup 2/ theta /dt/sup 2/+(2 pi Q/sub I/)/sup 2/ sin( theta )=D cos(2 pi Q/sub M/t). The undriven average tune Q/sub free/ is Q/sub I/ for small angle oscillations, but decreases to zero as the amplitude is increased to pi . In general, the driven system behavior depends on D and Q/sub M/, the amplitude and tune of the driving torque. One of four dynamical phases which exist in the (D,Q/sub M/) parameter space exhibits massive chaos. The tune modulation part of the E778 nonlinear dynamics experiment tests the validity of the theoretical models which describe three phases, in an accelerator representation of this extremely simple system. The authors describe the models and present some of the experimental rules. Tune modulation is shown to play an important role in limiting the performance of proton storage rings like the SSC (Superconducting Super Collider). >
Participation Financing as a Solution to the Agency Problem of Perk Consumption in Small Firms

Although it has been suggested that participation financing may allow publicly traded firms to reduce the agency cost of perk consumption, the effect of this type of financing in small firms needs more discussion. The objective of the article is to analyze the small firm effects on the effectiveness of the participation financing in dealing with the agency problem of perk consumption. The participation option gives outside investors less protection against the excessive entrepreneur perk consumption when the firm’s default risk is high. By contrast, the option is more effective in firms with rapid growth or high levels of information asymmetry and therefore high monitoring costs.
Rule-Based System Architecting of Earth Observing Systems: Earth Science Decadal Survey

This paper presents a methodology to explore the architectural trade space of Earth observing satellite systems, and applies it to the Earth Science Decadal Survey. The architecting problem is formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem with three sets of architectural decisions: instrument selection, assignment of instruments to satellites, and mission scheduling. A computational tool was created to automatically synthesize architectures based on valid combinations of options for these three decisions and evaluate them according to several figures of merit, including satisfaction of program requirements, data continuity, affordability, and proxies for fairness, technical, and programmatic risk. A population-based heuristic search algorithm is used to search the trade space. The novelty of the tool is that it uses a rule-based expert system to model the knowledge-intensive components of the problem, such as scientific requirements, and to capture the nonlinear positive and negative interactions bet...
Water Compartmentation in Plant Tissue: Isotopic Evidence

The fast diffusion of water molecules in an aqueous solution (self diffusion coefficient 2.3 × 10−5 cm2 S−1) the high permeability of the biological membrane to water (permeability coefficient of ca. 10 × 10−5 cm s−1), and the small distances involved at the cellular level (typical cell diameter 3 × 10−5 cm) provide a strong basis for the generally accepted assumption that water in plant cells should be a well mixed pool. Thus, if isotopically labeled water, e.g., tritiated water, is introduced into leaves it would be expected that a complete equilibrium and isotopic homogeneity would be reached within a few seconds. It has long been recognized that this is not so, and this paper presents experimental evidence in conflict with this expectation and explores the biophysical basis for these observations.
Understanding the Planetary Life Support System: Next-Generation Science in the Ocean Basins

Driven by solar and internal geothermal energy, the complex processes interacting within the global ocean constitute the ‘flywheel’ of our planetary life-support system; it is the massive volume of the ocean that drives long-term weather and short-term climatic variations across the seas and onto the continents. Entirely new approaches to understanding the complexity, power, and vagaries of this ‘oceanic modulator’ are arising from the rapid implementation and use of submarine cabled networks that will provide unprecedented electrical power and bandwidth to thousands of increasingly sophisticated robot-sensor systems distributed throughout full-ocean environments. Partly triggered by the advent of a growing number of these cabled research systems, oceanographers are poised to benefit from a host of emergent technologies largely driven by investment from communities external to ocean sciences. Important developments include: robotics, biotechnology, cloud computing, in situ chemical and genomic sensors, extraction of novel biochemical materials, digital imaging, nanotechnology, serious gaming, new visualization technologies, computational simulations and data assimilation, seismo-acoustic tomography, and universal access to the Internet. Far more powerful than any one of these emerging technologies will be the convergence of the ensemble when applied to understanding the innate complexity of our planetary life support system – the global ocean. As these rapidly evolving capabilities are integrated into sophisticated, remote, interactive operations throughout the ocean basins for decades, a new era of a pervasive human tele-presence throughout entire volumes of our, once ‘inaccessible’ global ocean will be realized. Such capabilities are required to meet the onset of immense environmental and societal challenges in the coming decades that can only be addressed through optimally informed international collaboration. Marine Ecosystem Acoustics: A cost-efficient approach to ecosystem information
Metabolism in Perfused Dog's Head During Sodium Pentobarbital Depression ann Metrazol Stimulation

SummaryThe results of perfused head experiments show that during sodium pentobarbital depression there is a measurable reduction in both oxygen and glucose utilization. Metrazol administered during this depression returns the utilization of both to about the control levels or beyond.
Human serum-resistant retroviral vector particles from galactosyl (α1–3) galactosyl containing nonprimate cell lines

Human serum-resistant retroviral vector particles from galactosyl (α1–3) galactosyl containing nonprimate cell lines
Pediatric Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and by 2012, more than one third of American children were overweight or obese. As a result, increasingly, children are developing complications of obesity including liver disease. In fact, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common form of chronic liver disease seen in children today. Recently, there has been a burgeoning literature examining the pathogenesis, genetic markers, and role of the microbiome in this disease. On the clinical front, new modalities of diagnosing hepatic steatosis and hepatic fibrosis are being developed to provide non-invasive methods of surveillance in children. Lastly, the mainstay of treatment of pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been largely through lifestyle interventions, namely, dieting and exercise. Currently, there are a number of clinical trials examining novel lifestyle and drug therapies for NAFLD that are registered with the US National Institutes of Health ClinicalTrials.gov website.
A new Modulated Model Predictive Control method for mitigation of effects of constant power loads

In this paper a new Modulated Model Predictive Control (MPC) method has been proposed to overcome the stability problems caused by a constant power load (CPL) in cascaded converter system. The proposed method calculates the duty cycle of the converter switches based on the predicted value of the converter output voltage when two different switching configurations are chosen to be applied to the converter and associates the CPL current and voltage with the predictions to ensure the stabilization of the CPL states. The method does not need to be compensated for the delay introduced by the calculations over a wide operation range. Experimental results have been provided to support the idea.
The relation of therapy in pernicious anemia to changes in the nervous system; early and late results in a series of cases observed for periods of not less than ten years, and early results of treatment with folic acid.

Seventy patients with pernicious anemia have been observed for periods of not less than ten years. The clinical course in these cases has been analyzed with particular reference to changes in the neurologic status. Most of the patients, whether treated with oral preparations of stomach or liver, or parenteral crude or refined liver extracts, showed significant improvement of their neurologic manifestations. The period of improvement was limited, essentially, to the first year of therapy. Thirty-six members of the series received treatment regularly and were maintained consistently in complete hematologic remission. Fifteen of the patients did not adhere to an optimal therapeutic regimen, and their blood values were frequently abnormal, although definite relapses did not occur. In the former group there were no instances of development or progression of neural lesions. In the latter such adverse changes as did occur were transient and reversible on resumption of adequate therapy. Nineteen patients in the series suffered clinical and hematologic relapses after their initial response to intensive therapy. The end results in this group were not so favorable, but nevertheless serious progression of spinal cord involvement was rarely observed. The apparent infrequent occurrence of pronounced changes is attributed to the short duration of the relapses and to the relatively mild degree of nervous system involvement present when the diagnosis of pernicious anemia was made. It may be assumed that patients with more extensive neural disease who suffered relapses, progressed to a fatal termination. The observations reported in no way justify the conclusion that irregular or sub-optimal therapy is without serious risk. They are presented in order to indicate what the long-term clinical results may be in the case of patients with pernicious anemia, who frequently fail to adhere to an ideal therapeutic regimen. The early results of treatment with synthetic folic acid, as observed in a series of 15 patients, indicate that both the hematologic and neurologic response to this form of therapy is much less predictable than is the case with stomach or liver preparations. It is suggested that disturbance of folic acid metabolism is not the sole cause of either the hematologic or the neurologic manifestations of pernicious anemia, but that inability to utilize folic acid effectively may play a part in the development of both myeloid and neural abnormalities.
Size-Exclusion Chromatograph (SEC) in Biopharmaceutical Process Development

In developing biopharmaceuticals, one of the most vexing problems is aggregation. A key and routine tool in dealing with this issue, in the biopharmaceutical industry, is size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC can also be used to investigate many different biopharmaceutical issues (e.g., low molecular weight species, conformational changes, protein binding). However, in this chapter we will primarily focus our attention on biopharmaceutical product quality, in terms of monitoring and characterizing the aggregates that are found in these drugs. We will also call out specific attributes of the SEC columns and certain experimental parameters that are important in maximizing the SEC separations. In tackling this area, close attention will be given to how those parameters can be used to optimize the information one can extract from SEC measurements. In so doing, particular attention will be given to not only the utility and benefits of SEC, but also to potential risks and limitations in assess SEC data when altering certain SEC separation parameters. In addition, some underutilized or less common employed aspects of SEC that can be useful in developing these drugs will be discussed.
Prospect & progress of venetoclax in treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Introduction: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the overexpression of BCL2, a pro-survival protein responsible for impaired apoptosis, tumor initiation, disease progression, an...
Protoplanetary disk structure

Planets form from protoplanetary disks of gas and dust that are observed to surround young stars for the first few million years of their evolution. Disks form because stars are born from relatively diffuse gas (with particle number density n ~ 10 5 cm −3 ) that has too much angular momentum to collapse directly to stellar densities ( n ~ 10 24 cm −3 ). Disks survive as well-defined quasi-equilibrium structures because once gas settles into a disk around a young star its specific angular momentum increases with radius. To accrete, angular momentum must be lost from, or redistributed within, the disk gas, and this process turns out to require time scales that are much longer than the orbital or dynamical time scale. In this chapter we discuss the structure of protoplanetary disks. Anticipating the fact that angular momentum transport is slow, we assume here that the disk is a static structure. This approximation suffices for a first study of the temperature, density, and composition profiles of protoplanetary disks, which are critical inputs for models of planet formation. It also permits investigation of the predicted emission from disks that can be compared to a large body of astronomical observations. We defer for Chapter 3 the tougher question of how the gas and solids within the disk evolve with time.
Group living and pathogen infection revisited

Group living enhances the costs of pathogen infection by increasing the exposure of social individuals to infectious organisms. This hypothesis is well-supported, particularly for pathogens transmitted by close contact. However, recent and compelling research suggests that it is time to revisit this idea. Here, we focus on new findings which suggest that group living can: (i) enhance host resistance to pathogen infection, and (ii) reduce the fitness impacts of infection. This research raises the exciting possibility that there may be common anti-parasite benefits of group living, in addition to well-known pathogen costs.
Novel Imaging Based Biomarkers in Breast Cancer

Molecular imaging plays an ever-increasing role in the evaluation of breast cancer. While mammography, ultrasound, and MRI remain the primary imaging modalities involved in screening for and diagnosing breast cancer, positron emission tomography (PET) offers biochemical and quantitative molecular information specific to each tumor. 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), a tracer of glycolysis, is the most commonly used PET radiopharmaceutical in the clinic, utilized primarily for staging and restaging, and its role continues to evolve. However, PET tracers beyond FDG also demonstrate the ability to assess other aspects tumor biology and prediction and early assessment of treatment response. Novel PET tracers reviewed in this chapter, including those targeting steroid receptors, HER2 receptor, and cell proliferation, may serve as valuable biomarkers in clinical medicine and may also guide the development and used of targeted breast cancer therapy.
Predictability affects production: Thematic roles can affect reference form selection

Abstract Speakers use pronouns when referring to information that is topical, recently mentioned, or salient in the discourse. Although such information is often predictable, there is conflicting evidence about whether predictability affects reference form production. This debate centers on the question of whether reference form is influenced by the predictability of certain thematic roles. While some (Arnold, 2001) argue that referents in certain thematic roles are more likely to be pronominalized, others (Fukumura & van Gompel, 2010; Rohde & Kehler, 2014) argue that predictability does not play a role in determining referential form. We tested this puzzle in three experiments, using both a richly contextualized production paradigm, and two versions of the standard story-completion paradigm. In all experiments we manipulated the predictability of pairs of characters using transfer verbs. In all three experiments, we found that speakers used more pronouns when talking about the goal referent as opposed to the source. A rating experiment revealed that participants also expect goals to be mentioned more than sources. These results show that thematic role does affect both perceived predictability and the speaker’s choice of reference form.
Fasting rapidly increases fatty acid oxidation in white adipose tissue of young broiler chickens.

Upregulating the fatty acid oxidation capacity of white adipose tissue in mice protects against diet-induced obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Part of this capacity results from induction of brown-like adipocytes within classical white depots, making it difficult to determine the oxidative contribution of the more abundant white adipocytes. Avian genomes lack a gene for uncoupling protein 1 and are devoid of brown adipose cells, making them a useful model in which to study white adipocyte metabolism in vivo. We recently reported that a brief (5 hour) period of fasting significantly upregulated many genes involved in mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation pathways in white adipose tissue of young broiler chickens. The objective of this study was to determine if the effects on gene expression manifested in increased rates of fatty acid oxidation. Abdominal adipose tissue was collected from 21 day-old broiler chicks that were fasted for 3, 5 or 7 hours or fed ad libitum (controls). Fatty acid oxidation was determined by measuring and summing 14CO2 production and 14C-labeled acid-soluble metabolites from the oxidation of [1-14C] palmitic acid. Fasting induced a progressive increase in complete fatty acid oxidation and citrate synthase activity relative to controls. These results confirm that fatty acid oxidation in white adipose tissue is dynamically controlled by nutritional status. Identifying the underlying mechanism may provide new therapeutic targets through which to increase fatty acid oxidation in situ and protect against the detrimental effects of excess free fatty acids on adipocyte insulin sensitivity.
Frequent mild head injury promotes trigeminal sensitivity concomitant with microglial proliferation, astrocytosis, and increased neuropeptide levels in the trigeminal pain system

Frequent mild head injuries or concussion along with the presence of headache may contribute to the persistence of concussion symptoms. In this study, the acute ﻿effects of recovery between mild head injuries and the frequency of injuries on a headache behavior, trigeminal allodynia, was assessed using von Frey testing up to one week after injury,﻿ while histopathological changes in the trigeminal pain pathway were evaluated using western blot, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. ﻿ A decreased recovery time combined with an increased mild closed head injury (CHI) frequency results in reduced trigeminal allodynia thresholds compared to controls. The repetitive CHI group with the highest injury frequency showed the greatest reduction in trigeminal thresholds along with greatest increased levels ﻿of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Repetitive CHI resulted in astrogliosis in the central trigeminal system, increased GFAP protein levels in the sensory barrel cortex, and an increased number of microglia cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Headache behavior in rats is dependent on the injury frequency and recovery interval between mild head injuries. A worsening of headache behavior after repetitive mild head injuries was concomitant with increases in CGRP levels, the presence of astrocytosis, and microglia proliferation in the central trigeminal pathway. Signaling between neurons and proliferating microglia in the trigeminal pain system may contribute to the initiation of acute headache after concussion or other traumatic brain injuries.
THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA FOR IN-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST: A META ANALYSIS

Background: Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the favorable impact of Therapeutic Hypothermia (TH) in out of hospital cardiac arrest. The benefit of TH for patients with In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (IHCA) remains unclear. There have been no RCTs and results of observational
The effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goals on behavior, performance, and goal orientations

While most work on motivational climate in physical activity contexts examines only mastery and performance climates (e.g., Duda & Balaguer, 2007), a look to earlier and current work in the educational domain (e.g., Ames, 1984; Roseth, Johnson, & Johnson, 2008) demonstrates the need to examine cooperative climates as well. Cooperative climates emphasize working together to reach group goals. The current study examined the influence of assigned individualistic, competitive, and cooperative goals on behavior, performance, and task, ego, and cooperative goal orientations. College students ( N =198) were randomly assigned to experimental conditions. After hearing the assigned goal, participants played prisoner's dilemma tasks and completed questions assessing task, ego, and cooperative goal orientations. Results showed that the cooperative group participants used significantly fewer competitive behaviors and scored more points than competitive and individualistic group participants did, even after controlling for partner's behavior and points scored. Cooperative group participants also defined success in terms of working with partners more than competitive and individualistic group participants did; task and ego orientations did not vary between the three groups. As social orientations generally predict beneficial motivation-related outcomes (e.g., Hodge, Allen, & Smellie, 2008; Stuntz & Weiss, 2009), promoting a cooperative atmosphere in sport appears to have multiple benefits.
Methodological Considerations for Use of Routine Health Information System Data to Evaluate Malaria Program Impact in an Era of Declining Malaria Transmission.

Abstract. Coverage of malaria control interventions is increasing dramatically across endemic countries. Evaluating the impact of malaria control programs and specific interventions on health indicators is essential to enable countries to select the most effective and appropriate combination of tools to accelerate progress or proceed toward malaria elimination. When key malaria interventions have been proven effective under controlled settings, further evaluations of the impact of the intervention using randomized approaches may not be appropriate or ethical. Alternatives to randomized controlled trials are therefore required for rigorous evaluation under conditions of routine program delivery. Routine health management information system (HMIS) data are a potentially rich source of data for impact evaluation, but have been underused in impact evaluation due to concerns over internal validity, completeness, and potential bias in estimates of program or intervention impact. A range of methodologies were identified that have been used for impact evaluations with malaria outcome indicators generated from HMIS data. Methods used to maximize internal validity of HMIS data are presented, together with recommendations on reducing bias in impact estimates. Interrupted time series and dose-response analyses are proposed as the strongest quasi-experimental impact evaluation designs for analysis of malaria outcome indicators from routine HMIS data. Interrupted time series analysis compares the outcome trend and level before and after the introduction of an intervention, set of interventions or program. The dose-response national platform approach explores associations between intervention coverage or program intensity and the outcome at a subnational (district or health facility catchment) level.
Factors Influencing the Effects of Drugs Administered during Development on Adult Behavior

Studies on the effects of drugs administered during development on the subsequent behavior of the adult animal were given new direction about 10 years ago with a series of investigations by Werboff and his colleagues (Werboff et al., 1961; Werboff and Dembicki, 1962; Werboff and Havlena, 1962; Werboff and Kesner, 1963). In one of these studies (Werboff and Havlena, 1962) pregnant rats were treated chronically with either reserpine, meprobamate or chlorpromazine. After the offspring had matured, their behavior was compared to the behavior of offspring of untreated rats. It was found that there was motor impairment in the offspring of treated rats: their ability to move up an inclined plane was impaired. It was also observed that motor activity, as measured in an open field test, was reduced in offspring of treated animals. Although these studies have been criticized for inadequate control of postnatal rearing effects (see Joffe, 1969), they serve to illustrate the numerous variables which must be controlled before one can interpret the effects of a drug given during development on the subsequent behavior of the adult. These variables have been described in detail by Joffe (1969) and Kornetsky (1970).