cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering geomorphology of rock glaciers

A partnership between geomorphology and engineering is facilitating human development in this harsh environment. Rock glaciers provide locations for urban water sources, construction borrow sources, drill sites, shaft and tunnel portals, ski tower supports, and dam abutments. Rock glaciers, as dynamic landforms, necessitate proper identification in the field. Placing structures on, in, or adjacent to rock glaciers requires an appreciation and understanding of their temporal stability. Internal and surface characteristics provide important clues to the development and deformation of rock glaciers. Rock glaciers play a significant role in the alpine debris transport system. Active movement and mass wasting are perhaps the most obvious geologic hazards affecting engineered works. The structure of the rock glacier is conducive to the production of a steady, continuous supply of meltwater during summer months. Thus, rock glaciers serve as alpine aquifers. Consideration of rock glaciers as potential aquifer sources requires caution because of the long-term impact of climate change on the temporal nature of the landform. From the rock glaciers that we have monitored for water quality characteristics, it appears that they provide quality potable water. This paper provides a foundation for appreciation and understanding of rock glaciers from an engineering geomorphologic point of view. The approach taken in this paper provides practical, important information to aid the engineer and engineering geologist in prudent evaluations of rock glaciers as potential sites for human development and uses. The bottom line of our paper is: rock glaciers must be avoided for essentially all structures.
Simultaneous in situ magnetospheric and ionospheric detection of detached plasmas

On January 19, 1972, in situ measurements by Explorer 45, orbiting in the magnetosphere near the equatorial plane, and ISIS 2, in a circular polar orbit at 1400 km, simultaneously detected patches of enhanced ionization outside the main body of the plasmasphere. The magnetospheric plasma region extended between (geomagnetic latitude) L values 3.4-4.8 and the ionospheric electron density enhancement extended between L values 3.6-4.4. The two plasma features were detected near 22 hours magnetic local time (MLT). Based on a number of observations, it is inferred that the plasma density enhancement persisted for more than 5 hours and extended over at least 2 hours in MLT near L = 5. These results provide experimental evidence that some detached magnetospheric plasma regions are signatures of a flux tube containing enhanced ionization throughout a volume extending from the topside ionosphere out to the equator.
√n-CONSISTENT ESTIMATION IN A RANDOM COEFFICIENT AUTOREGRESSIVE MODEL

Summary This paper deals with √n-consistent estimation of the parameter μ in the RCAR(l) model defined by the difference equation Xj=(μ+Uj)Xj-l+ej (je Z), where {ej: je Z} and {Uj: je Z} are two independent sets of i.i.d. random variables with zero means, positive finite variances and E[(μ+U1)2] < 1. A class of asymptotically normal estimators of μ indexed by a family of bounded measurable functions is introduced. Then an estimator is constructed which is asymptotically equivalent to the best estimator in that class. This estimator, asymptotically equivalent to the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator derived in Nicholls & Quinn (1982), is much simpler to calculate and is asymptotically normal without the additional moment conditions those authors impose.
Mutational Response of Habrobracon in the BIOSATELLITE II Experiment

experiment was designed to survey mature sperm and all different stages of oogenesis for mutational effects, particularly dominant lethality, recessive lethal and visible mutation frequencies, and inherited partial sterility. These were scored at all stages of the life cycle and all are total genome effects. Additional data were collected and are being accumulated on survival, life span, and biochemical and behavioral differences of the animals themselves.
Effects of egg yolk and glycerol levels in lactose-EDTA-egg yolk extender and of freezing rate on the motility of frozen-thawed stallion spermatozoa

Abstract Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of egg yolk and glycerol concentrations, freezing rate, and clarification of a lactose-EDTA-egg yolk extender on the post-thaw motility of stallion spermatozoa. In both experiments there was no influence of freezing rate (vapor vs controlled) on the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa after thawing. Furthermore, no significant interaction among treatments was detected. In Experiment 1, clarified (centrifuged at 34,400 × g for 30 min) lactose-EDTA-egg yolk extenders containing 16 or 20% egg yolk and 3 or 4% glycerol were superior to those containing 12% egg yolk or 2% glycerol, based on the percentage of progressively motile stallion spermatozoa at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min after thawing. However, in Experiment 2, clarification of the lactose-EDTA-egg yolk extender was detrimental to the ability of the stallion spermatozoa to survive after thawing; 4% glycerol was superior to 2% glycerol. The best extender based on the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa after thawing was nonclarified lactose-EDTA-egg yolk extender containing 20% egg yolk and 4% glycerol.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF DOUBLE COULOMB EXCITATION

Double E2 Coulomb excitation was observed by bombarding thick targets of natural tungsten with oxygen ions from a heavy-ion linear accelerater. The gamma rays arising from the decay of the excited states were observed with 1 x 11/2 in. NaI(Tl) crystals together with a 50-channel and a single-channel pulse-height spectrum showed two broad peaks, having mean energies of 114 and 250 kev. (W.D.W.)
Nephrotoxic medication exposure in very low birth weight infants

AbstractObjective: To quantify exposure to potentially nephrotoxic medications among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and determine the relationship of nephrotoxic medication exposure to acute kidney injury (AKI) in this vulnerable population.Methods: We reviewed 107 VLBW infants who survived to discharge from April 2011 to March 2012 and measured exposure to the following nephrotoxic medications: acyclovir, amikacin, amphotericin B, gentamicin, ibuprofen, indomethacin, iohexol, tobramycin and vancomycin. Acute kidney injury was determined by the KDIGO guidelines.Results: Exposure to ≥1 nephrotoxic medication occurred in 87% of infants. The most common exposures were gentamicin (86%), indomethacin (43%) and vancomycin (25%). There was an inverse linear relationship between birth weight and nephrotoxic medications received per day (R2 = 0.169, p < 0.001). Infants with AKI received more nephrotoxic medications per day than those who did not (0.24 versus 0.15; p = 0.003).Conclusions: VLBW infants are fre...
Evaluation of optical transceivers for mobile FSO applications

In order for mobile optical transceivers to communicate, the transceivers must be able to acquire and maintain a free-space optical link between them despite misalignments due to movement and the effects of atmospheric turbulence. Recently, novel transmitters and receivers, along with specifically designed control algorithms, were proposed that incorporated a fiber-bundle approach for improving the ease of acquiring and maintaining the link between two transceivers. Preliminary transmitter and receiver nodes have been constructed for testing the capabilities of this approach. This paper investigates the performance of a transmitter and receiver pair through experimental methods. The performance is evaluated on several key parameters, including initial acquisition time, up time of the link when perturbed by movement or simulated atmospheric impairment, and the link recapturing time once a connection is lost. The dependence of the key parameters is evaluated for different levels and types of perturbations, as well as design choices at the transmitter and receiver. The results show that the optical control system successfully recovered and maintained the link while the receiver was in motion, although the performance was impacted by the angular misalignment tolerance of the receiver. The strengths and limitations of the approach revealed by the experiments are also discussed, along with paths for further improvements.
Systematic review of prostate cancer’s association with body size in childhood and young adulthood

Body size relatively early in life may influence men's later rate of prostate cancer. We searched for published, English-language studies of the association between prostate cancer incidence or mortality and body size between ages 5 and 29 years. We summarized analyses of childhood body size, early-adult waist circumference, and early-adult body mass index (BMI). Most study designs were case-control or retrospective cohort studies, in which body size was self-reported and recalled. The few studies of childhood body size and early-adult waist circumference indicated null or weak associations. The results from studies of early-adult BMI were heterogeneous (p = 0.04) and showed evidence of funnel plot asymmetry. The random-effects rate ratio (RR) was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99, 1.14) per five-unit increase in BMI. Studies using measured (as opposed to self-recalled) height and weight (n = 3) tended to produce stronger associations: fixed-effects summary RR = 1.22 (1.06, 1.39). The same was true for studies that did not adjust for later-life BMI (n = 13): fixed-effects RR = 1.13 (1.06, 1.21). Examining only analyses of advanced or high-grade prostate cancers, results were heterogeneous (p or = 30). The exact relationships between early-life body size and prostate cancer remain unclear but appear to be weak.
Synthesis and thermal properties of crosslinkable phosphazene copolymers

Polyphosphazenes of formula [NP(OC6H4CN)x(OCH2CF3)2−x] (x = 0.04–2) were prepared. The copolymers were crosslinked via cyclotrimerization of the nitrilic function, using acid catalysts (chlorosulfonic acid, aluminum chloride) at elevated temperatures. The thermal properties of the crosslinked cyclomatrix polymer were compared to the linear polymer by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. When the 4-cyanophenoxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy ratios were less than 0.2, the crosslinked polymers were soluble in polar organic solvents.
Sensitivity of the frozen/melted basal boundary to perturbations of basal traction and geothermal heat flux: Isunnguata Sermia, western Greenland

A full-stress, thermomechanically coupled, numerical model is used to explore the interaction between basal thermal conditions and motion of a terrestrially terminating section of the west Greenland ice sheet. The model domain is a two-dimensional flowline profile extending from the ice divide to the margin. We use data-assimilation techniques based on the adjoint model in order to optimize the basal traction field, minimizing the difference between modeled and observed surface velocities. We monitor the sensitivity of the frozen/melted boundary (FMB) to changes in prescribed geothermal heat flux and sliding speed by applying perturbations to each of these parameters. The FMB shows sensitivity to the prescribed geothermal heat flux below an upper threshold where a maximum portion of the bed is already melted. The position of the FMB is insensitive to perturbations applied to the basal traction field. This insensitivity is due to the short distances over which longitudinal stresses act in an ice sheet.
Martin Luther King Jr.'s “I Have a Dream” and the Politics of Cultural Memory: An Apostil

In 1998, an Atlanta Federal District Court judge ruled that Martin Luther King's “I Have a Dream” speech was part of national history and that CBS did not need to seek permission to air it in an hi...
Salt substitution in surimi seafood and its effects on instrumental quality attributes

A reduction of dietary sodium intake is one of the strategies to decrease the risk for diet-driven cardiovascular disease. Salt (NaCl) is added during processing of seafood to enhance protein gelation, and hence, texture and flavor as well as microbial safety. This study compared effects of salt substitute and salt on physicochemical properties of heat-set surimi gels. Salt or salt substitute at 0 (control), 0.17, 0.34, and 0.51 mol/L was added to surimi. Addition of salt and salt substitute at 0.17 and 0.34 mol/L enhanced (P < 0.05) gel texture. However, the enhancement was generally better with salt. Gel whiteness decreased (P < 0.05) for surimi with salt at 0.34 and 0.51 mol/L and salt substitute at 0.51 mol/L. Salt and salt substitute lowered (P < 0.05) lightness (L*) and generally reduced redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). Water activity of gels with salt and salt substitute was reduced (P < 0.05), indicating increased microbial safety. Salt substitute reduced (P < 0.05) sodium content in surimi gels. This study demonstrates that salt substitute and salt resulted in similar physicochemical properties of surimi gels, but gels with salt substitute had lower sodium content. Therefore, salt substitute can replace NaCl in low-sodium surimi seafood products.
Effects of Iron and Copper Ions in Promotion of Selective Abscission and Ethylene Production by Citrus Fruit and the Inactivation of Indoleacetic Acid

Application of Cu(2+) (<10(-2) M) and Fe(3+) ions as aqueous solutions of chloride salts promoted fruit abscission, erratic rind damage, and ethylene production of various citrus species with little to no defoliation. Mixing of 10(-5) M Cu(2+) or Fe(3+) ions with equimolar indole-3-acetic acid resulted in a reduction of the ultraviolet absorption at 220 nanometers, and an increase at 245 nanometers. Ultraviolet irradiation accelerated the change by Fe(3+) and Cu(2+) ions in the absorption of indole-3-acetic acid. Pretreatment of indole-3-acetic acid with Fe(3+) and Cu(2+) ions for 6 hours resulted in more than 90% reduction in its growth-promoting activity in the Avena bioassay, even when cations were removed by chromatography. Acceleration of abscission by Fe(3+) and Cu(2+) ions could be related to both promotion of ethylene production and direct inactivation of auxin.
Functional relationships within the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus: genetic and physiological comparisons of the Hazelhurst and Concan subtypes.

Summary Seventeen temperature-sensitive mutants of the Concan subtype of the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus have been isolated following mutagenesis and assigned to two complementation groups: CC/A, containing three mutants, and CC/B, containing 14 mutants. Prototype mutants of these two Concan groups efficiently complemented prototype mutants of the Hazelhurst complementation groups (with the exception of the corresponding group) which correspond to genes specifying the L, N, M and NS proteins. The pattern of intersubtypic complementation allowed the correlation of the Concan CC/B group with the Hazelhurst B group (L gene) and of the Concan CC/A group with the Hazelhurst A group (N gene). In contrast, the Concan prototype mutants failed to complement the prototype mutant of each of the five Indiana complementation groups for which genetic assignments have been made. The partitioning of intracellular nucleocapsids of the Concan and Hazelhurst subtypes during isolation was identical, and distinct from that of Indiana serotype intracellular nucleocapsids. The M protein of the Concan, but not of the Hazelhurst, subtype was observed to migrate as a doublet on SDS-polyacrylamide gels electrophoresed in a phosphate buffer.
Latent aggression-promoting properties of mouse bladder urine activated by heat.

The aggression-promoting property of bladder urine in adult male mice was investigated. Under a newly developed stimulus application procedure (i.e., camel hairbrush applicator). Experiment 1 determined the minimal volume at which bladder and voided urine educed agonistic behavior in agressors. It was found that at least 0.05 ml of bladder urine and 0.03 ml of voided urine, both from intact males, were needed to induce significantly more attacks and uro-anal sniffs than respective urine types from castrated males. Also, bladder urine educed significantly less agonistic behavior than voided urine, both from intact males. Hence, the presence of a weak bladder urine chemosignal was confirmed. From these and previous findings, it was hypothesized that the chemocommunicative property of the weak bladder urine chemosignal could be accentuated by releasing the prochemosignal(s). Using 0.03 ml as the urine volume in Experiment 2, it was shown that heating bladder urine at 37 degrees C educed significantly more agonistic behavior than freezing bladder urine. The heating of bladder urine, however, effected significantly fewer attacks than the freezing of voided urine. It was concluded that bladder urine contains a latent and a free chemosignal, both of which are weak relative to voided urine chemosignal activity.
Constraint-based reasoning via Grobner Bases

Constraint-based reasoning is a problem-solving approach based on deductive reasoning. In this approach, a problem is modeled in terms of hypotheses and conclusion constraints, and it is solved via constraint satisfaction. The ability to handle linear and nonlinear algebraic constraints is essential for successful application of constraint-based reasoning in engineering. Due to the scarcity of algebraic techniques for satisfying nonlinear constraints, little attention has been paid to the use of constraint-based reasoning for solving nonlinear problems. This paper examines the use of the Grobner Bases method for satisfying nonlinear constraints in the context of constraint-based reasoning. After a brief introduction to the Grobner Bases method and its role in constraint-based reasoning, two examples are presented. The first example illustrates the use of Grobner bases, in the context of constraint-based reasoning, for reasoning about the behavior of beams. The second example illustrates the geometry configuration of truss structures via constraint-based reasoning.
Review: Intensive insulin therapy does not reduce mortality but increases severe hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients

Source Citation Kansagara D, Fu R, Freeman M, Wolf F, Helfand M. Intensive insulin therapy in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:268-82. 21320942
Use of JANAF Tables in Equilibrium Calculations and Partition Function Calculations for an Undergraduate Physical Chemistry Course

The usefulness of the JANAF tables is demonstrated with specific equilibrium calculations. An emphasis is placed on the nature of standard chemical potential calculations. Also, the use of the JANAF tables for calculating partition functions is examined. In the partition function calculations, the importance of the zero of energy is highlighted.
Reversing the downward spiral: lessons from W.T. Grant and Sears Roebuck

Executive Overview Organizations are often unaware of internal and external conditions that signify the beginning of decline because decline is measured in terms of financial reports that reflect performance in previous time periods. In addition, organizations often suffer greatly from periods of inaction that occur while the organization's decision makers try to determine if the negative trends are temporary and what actions, if any. should be taken to restore prior levels of success. The notion of decline beginning with a period of inadequate information provided to decision makers, encourages managerial vigilance, for both internal and external indicators of future pressures or upheavals. The general model of decline presented here provides a frame of reference for managers to develop strategies to avoid or mitigate decline-producing circumstances. The key points are illustrated by using examples from the progress of two major retailers, W.T. Grant and Sears Roebuck.
Conformationai analysis of naphtho[1,8-b,c]-1,5-dithiocin and its s-oxides in solution

Abstract The conformation and conformational barriers In dithioether 1 : naphtho(1,8- b , c ]-1,5-dithiocin were determined in solution by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopic analysis and AMl semiempirical computations. In solution the chair conformer of dithloether 1 is 0.6 kcal/mol lower in energy than the boat conformer. The barriers for chair-to-chair ring inversion and chair-to-boat conversion in this compound are 8.9 kcal/mol and 7.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Monosulfone 3 , disulfoxide 4 , and sulfoxide-sulfone 5 , adopt the chair conformation in solution in contrast to their boat conformation in the solid state. In solution the chair conformation for 3–5 with equatorial sulfoxides is more stable than either the chair conformation with axial sulfoxides or the boat conformers by at least 1 kcal/mol. The barrier for chair-to-chair ring inversion for monosulfone 3 has been determined to be 10.8 kcal/mol. In solution, disulfone 6 appears to adopt either a boat or chair conformation in contrast to the twist conformation in the solid state. The maximum barrier for ring inversion of 6 is 7 kcal/mol. New evidence for the geometry of the transition state for the ring inversion is presented.
Peripheral Localization of DNA Synthesis in the Seminiferous Epithelium

WHILE using autoradiography to study DNA synthesis and cell cycles of spermatogenesis, we have noted a consistent preferential localization of tritiated thymidine in spermatogonia of the peripheral seminiferous tubules of the testis, and a significantly lower thymidine uptake in the tubules of interior regions.
The Simultaneous Assay of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine in Plasma Using LC/MS/MS and Isotopically Labeled Internal Standards

Abstract An LC/MS/MS assay we published for tenofovir (TFV) plasma levels is a useful tool for monitoring the pharmacotherapy of HIV-positive individuals [T. Delahunty, L. Bushman, C.V. Fletcher, J. Chromatogr. B 830 (2006) 6–12]. A new combination therapy consisting of the TFV pro-drug (300 mg) and another reverse transcriptase inhibitor, emtricitabine (FTC, 200 mg) has become available in a convenient once-daily dosage form (Truvada). This widely used medication has prompted us to develop and validate a convenient assay to determine simultaneously TFV and FTC plasma concentrations. In view of their chemical similarity to the analytes, stable isotope internal standards (IS) were chosen. These consisted of TFV labeled uniformly with 13 C in the adenine moiety (Iso-TFV) and FTC labeled with 13 C and 15 N in the cytosine moiety (Iso-FTC). Trifluoroacetic acid was added to the patient's EDTA plasma (containing the IS) to produce a de-proteinated extract after high speed centrifugation. The extracts were directly injected into the mobile phase (3% acetonitrile/1% acetic acid, aq.) stream flowing at 200 μL/min. A Synergi Polar-RP, 2.0 mm × 150 mm, reversed-phase analytical column was used to achieve the chromatographic separation. Detection of the analytes was achieved by ESI positive ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The precursor/product transitions ( m / z ) in the positive ion mode were 288/176 and 293/181 ions for TFV and Iso-TFV, respectively and the precursor/product transitions ( m / z ) were 248/130 and 251/133 ions for FTC and Iso-FTC, respectively. When the analyte/IS abundance ratios were plotted against the specified concentrations, the linearity of the concentration curves were in the range 10 ng/mL to 1500 ng/mL for both analytes (250 μL plasma extracted), with a minimum quantifiable limit of 10 ng/mL for both analytes. The inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision for both TFV and FTC were within ± 20% at the LLOQ and ± 15% at the other QC levels. We have expanded the method originally designed for the assay of TFV alone to incorporate the simultaneous determination of the latter and FTC using stable isotope IS. This assay has been successfully used for the periodic monitoring of 678 HIV-positive patients being treated with the combination therapy.
A modified Runge-Kutta method

It is possible to replace k2 in a 4th-order Runge-Kutta for mula (also Nth-order 3 ≤ N ≤ 5) by a linear combination of k1 and the ki's in the last step, using the same procedure for computing the other ki's and y as in the standard R-K method. The advantages of the new method are: It re quires one less derivative evaluation, provides an error estimate at each step, gives more accurate results, and needs a minor change to switch to the RK to obtain the starting values.Experimental results are shown in verification of the for mula.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENTS ON FENFLURAMINE-INDUCED INCREASES IN PLASMA PROLACTIN AND CORTICOSTERONE IN RATS

Intravenous administration of 5-HT releasing agent, fenfluramine, to rats produced increases in plasma prolactin and corticosterone concentrations. Short-term or long-term treatment with either clorgyline or imipramine did not affect baseline levels of prolactin or corticosterone. On the other hand, short-term but not long-term lithium treatment significantly increased baseline levels of corticosterone but not of prolactin. Short-term treatment with lithium but not clorgyline or imipramine potentiated fenfluramine-induced increases in plasma prolactin but not corticosterone. On the other hand, long-term treatment with clorgyline but not imipramine or lithium attenuated fenfluramine's effect on plasma prolactin but not on corticosterone. These findings demonstrate differential effects of antidepressant treatments on fenfluramine-induced increases in plasma prolactin and corticosterone in rats and are consistent with several other clinical and animal studies demonstrating dissimilar actions of different antidepressant treatments on two different 5-HT-mediated neuroendocrine functions.
Spinodal Instabilities and Super-Planckian Excursions in Natural Inflation

Models such as Natural Inflation that use pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons as the inflaton are attractive for many reasons. However, they typically require trans-Planckian field excursions $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}g{M}_{\text{Pl}}$, due to the need for an axion decay constant $fg{M}_{\text{Pl}}$ to have both a sufficient number of $e$-folds and values of ${n}_{s},r$ consistent with data. Such excursions would in general require the addition of all other higher dimension operators consistent with symmetries, thus disrupting the required flatness of the potential and rendering the theory nonpredictive. We show that in the case of Natural Inflation, the existence of spinodal instabilities (modes with tachyonic masses) can modify the inflaton equations of motion to the point that versions of the model with $fl{M}_{\text{Pl}}$ can still inflate for the required number of $e$-folds. The instabilities naturally give rise to two separate phases of inflation with different values of the Hubble parameter $H$, one driven by the zero mode, the other by the unstable fluctuation modes. The values of ${n}_{s}$ and $r$ typically depend on the initial conditions for the zero mode, and, at least for those examined here, the values of $r$ tend to be unobservably small.
EVOKED EMOTION IN MARITAL THERAPY: NECESSARY OR EVEN USEFUL?

Greenberg and Johnson’s (1986) call for a greater emphasis on emotion in marital therapy is another indication that what has been called the cognitive revolution in psychotherapy is fizzling. Despite impressive accomplishments, the cognitive perspective has been beset by conceptual confusion (Coyne, 1982) and empirical findings which suggest that explicitly cognitive interventions add little to the benefits of simply getting patients to interact differently with their environments (Berman, Miller, & Massman, 1985; Miller & Berman, 1983). In many respects, Greenberg and Johnson’s model of therapy may be seen as a reaction to the excesses and deficiencies of the cognitive approach. The history of psychology suggests that an overemphasis on either cognition or emotion (or motivation, for that matter) leads to an inevitably fragmented, distorted, and incomplete view of the person-in-context (Coyne, 1981). Greenberg and Johnson’s theoretical model is in an early stage of development, and it remains to be seen to what extent it is a fresh solution or a mere perpetuation of the problems of the cognitive perspective. However, it is possible to take a pragmatic stance and examine what their model of therapy identifies as the opportunities and constraints that face the therapist working with couples. In particular, the model differs in key ways from a strategic approach to marital therapy (Coyne, 1984a, in press), and a comparison could prove informative. Greenberg and Johnson argue for the necessity of accessing and exploring the unacknowledged emotion that is assumed to underly a couple’s interactional patterns, and then assisting them to express this to each other. Such an evocation of affect stands in sharp contrast to the strategic therapist’s investment in keeping sessions “cool)) and “low-key,)’ frequently even by interviewing partners in conflictful marriages separately (Coyne, 1984b). For the strategic therapist, the session is typically seen as a staging area for change in the couple’s everyday life, rather than the place where change is to occur. There is a concern that a heated emotional exchange in a session may reflect the artificiality of therapy as an interactional context, and, in particular, the presence of the therapist as a possible ally, referee, or commentator. Such exchanges may not be representative of what occurs outside of therapy, and may leave the couple polarized and less prepared to undertake any initiative for change. Given the tasks of a strategic therapist, emotional displays in a session are generally viewed as a distraction, and they may interfere with the therapist’s ability to gather information about how the problem is being maintained in the couple’s everyday life, partition this problem into manageable issues, set goals, and redirect the couple’s miscarried efforts to resolve their difficulties.
Temporal Stability and Response-Order Biases in Participant Descriptions of Organizational Decisions

In this article the author discusses research he conducted that examined the accuracy of retrospective reports given by participants in organizational decisions for temporal stability and response-...
Ignition of Bulk 302 Stainless Steel in Oxygen by Laser Heating

The effect of oxygen pressure on the ignition temperature of cylindrical 302 SS specimens ignited by a focused CW CO2 laser beam in a cool, static, oxygen environment was investigated. The ignition temperature was determined quantitatively from the specimen temperature history obtained from a fast response, near infrared, two-color pyrometer, which recorded the temperature history of a spot approximately 0.5 mm in diameter and located at the center of the cylindrical 302 SS specimen's top surface. Ignition and combustion occurred in three stages. The first stage began with specimen heating and ended with ignition, the second stage corresponded to combustion, and the third stage represented cooling. The physical changes that occurred in the first stage are described.
Critical behavior in the dielectric properties of random self-similar composites.

A theory for the dielectric properties of self-similar composite media is presented, in which inclusions of one component are introduced recursively into a second component. The spectral-representation formalism, which gives a material-independent description of the recursive process, is used. General expressions are derived for critical exponents that describe the behavior of the dc conductivity, the static dielectric constant, and limits of the spectral function near the percolation threshold. The critical exponents depend on the form of the average dielectric function used at each stage of the recursive procedure. The Maxwell-Garnett and Bruggeman forms of this average dielectric function are chosen as examples. Applications of the theory to some dielectric properties of brine-filled porous rocks are discussed.
A comparison of two methods for accelerating the convergence of Fourier series

We compare the epsilon algorithm of Wynn with a generalization of summation by parts for accelerating slowly convergent Fourier series. The series considered are ∑nn−p cos nθ(sin nθ), ∑nJo(ny)cos nθ(sin nθ) and four series that arise from the numerical inversion Summation by parts is shown to be advantageous in the acceleration of Fourier sine series. Both acceleration techniques are shown to lead to approximately the same accuracy in accelerating the series that come from the Laplace transform examples.
A Rapid High Performance Liquid Ch80Matography System for the Separation of Gonadal Steroids

Abstract A radial compression reverse phase (C-18) column system in conjunction with a high performance liquid chromatograph has been developed which separates eighteen different gonadal steroids in a single run of forty minutes. In addition, three other gonadal steroids co-elute with two of the original eighteen but they could be separated by rechroraatography on an alkyl (C-8) HPLC column. This combination of two columns allows the complete separation of twenty-one gonadal steroids or metabolites of the progesterone, pregnenolone, 5-α reductase, and aromatose pathways in less than one hour compared to a few weeks required when thin layer and paper chromatorgraphy are used to separate these steroid as in the present method employed.
Conceptualizing a sunset ≠ using a sunset as a discriminative stimulus

Glenberg offers two different accounts of embodied conceptualization. The first fails in cases where no direct bodily interaction is possible. The second fails in cases where the object in question cannot serve as a discriminative stimulus; moreover, it yields inappropriate content even in cases where it can be applied. Glenberg's disregard for the conceptual agenda set by the social world is also disquieting.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Thick Concrete Structures

Concrete has been used in the construction of nuclear power plants (NPPs) due to three primary properties: its low cost, structural strength, and ability to shield radiation. Examples of concrete structures important to the safety of Light Water Reactor (LWR) plants include the containment building, spent fuel pool, and cooling towers. Use in these structures has made concrete’s long-term performance crucial for the safe operation of commercial NPPs. Extending LWR operating period to 60 years and beyond will likely increase susceptibility and severity of known forms of degradation. New mechanisms of materials degradation are also possible. This creates the need to be able to nondestructively evaluate the current subsurface concrete condition of aging concrete material in NPP structures. The size and complexity of NPP containment structures and heterogeneity of Portland cement concrete make characterization of the degradation extent a difficult task. Specially designed and fabricated test specimens can provide realistic flaws that are similar to actual flaws in terms of how they interact with a particular nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique. Artificial test blocks allow the isolation of certain testing problems as well as the variation of certain parameters. Representative large heavily reinforced concrete specimens would allow for comparative testing to evaluate the state-of-the-art NDE in this area and to identify additional developments necessary to address the challenges potentially found in NPPs.
Two CFAR algorithms for interfering targets and nonhomogeneous clutter

The greatest-of-order statistics estimator (GOOSE) constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and the censored greatest-of (CGO) CFAR are described. Both are designed to accommodate interfering targets in the reference window as well as control false alarms in the presence of clutter boundaries. Both succeed in accomplishing these tasks although the CGO-CFAR is preferred as it has a designed graceful degradation as the number of interfering targets exceeds the number of samples censored. The advantage of the GOOSE-CFAR is a theoretical one in that one can derive analytical results for clutter boundary analysis and thus not have to resort to simulations. >
Mild cognitive impairment: a history and the state of current diagnostic criteria

ABSTRACT Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a diagnostic classification used to describe patients experiencing cognitive decline but without a corresponding impairment in daily functioning. Over the years, MCI diagnostic criteria have undergone major changes that correspond to advancements in research. Despite these advancements, current diagnostic criteria for MCI contain issues that are reflected in the research literature. Methods: A review of the available MCI literature was conducted with emphasis given to tracing MCI from its conceptual underpinnings to the most current diagnostic criteria. A clinical vignette is utilized to highlight some of the limitations of current MCI diagnostic criteria. Results: Issues are encountered when applying MCI diagnostic criteria due to poor standardization. Estimates of prevalence, incidence, and rates of conversion from MCI to dementia reflect these issues. Conclusions: MCI diagnostic criteria are in need of greater standardization. Recommendations for future research are provided that could potentially bring more uniformity to the diagnostic criteria for MCI and, therefore, more consistency to the research literature.
Object prefetching using semantic links

To date the most common means of gaining access to the Internet continues to be via dial-up modem connections. These slow communication channels significantly affect the rendering of the majority of web pages. Higher speed communications channels can alleviate rendering latency but based on the web page's content, delays still are incurred. The technique of web object prefetching can expedite the presentation of web pages by utilizing the current web page's view time to acquire the web objects of future web pages. The proposed Semantic Link Prefetcher utilizes information associated with the current web page's hyperlink set to predict which web objects to prefetch during the limited view time interval of the current web page. The results presented in this paper show that this proposed method can be effective in improving a web browser's cache-hit percentage, while significantly lowering web page rendering latency.
The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Bm86 gene plays a critical role in the fitness of ticks fed on cattle during acute Babesia bovis infection

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an economically important tick of cattle involved in the transmission of Babesia bovis, the etiological agent of bovine babesiosis. Commercial anti-tick vaccines based on the R. microplus Bm86 glycoprotein have shown some effect in controlling tick infestation; however their efficacy as a stand-alone solution for tick control has been questioned. Understanding the role of the Bm86 gene product in tick biology is critical to identifying additional methods to utilize Bm86 to reduce R. microplus infestation and babesia transmission. Additionally, the role played by Bm86 in R. microplus fitness during B. bovis infection is unknown. Here we describe in two independent experiments that RNA interference-mediated silencing of Bm86 decreased the fitness of R. microplus females fed on cattle during acute B. bovis infection. Notably, Bm86 silencing decreased the number and survival of engorged females, and decreased the weight of egg masses. However, gene silencing had no significant effect on the efficiency of transovarial transmission of B. bovis from surviving female ticks to their larval offspring. The results also show that Bm86 is expressed, in addition to gut cells, in larvae, nymphs, adult males and ovaries of partially engorged adult R. microplus females, and its expression was significantly down-regulated in ovaries of ticks fed on B. bovis-infected cattle. The R. microplus Bm86 gene plays a critical role during tick feeding and after repletion during blood digestion in ticks fed on cattle during acute B. bovis infection. Therefore, the data indirectly support the rationale for using Bm86-based vaccines, perhaps in combination with acaricides, to control tick infestation particularly in B. bovis endemic areas.
Evaluating source trustability with data provenance: A research note

One of the main challenges in intelligence work is to assess the trustworthiness of data sources. In an adversarial setting, in which the subjects under study actively try to disturb the data gathering process ([5]), trustworthiness is one of the most important properties of a source. The recent increase in usage of open source data has exacerbated the problem, due to the proliferation of sources. In this paper we propose computerized methods to help analysts evaluate the truthfulness of data sources (open or not). We apply methods developed in database and Semantic Web research to determine data quality (which includes truthfulness but also other related aspects like accuracy, timelines, etc.). Research on data quality has made frequent use of provenance metadata ([3]). This is metadata related to the origin of the data: where it comes from, how and when it was obtained, and any relevant conditions that might help determine how it came to be in its current form. We study the application of similar methods to the particular situation of the Intelligence analyst, focusing on trust ([2]).
Multiple independent evolutionary solutions to core histone gene regulation

Background: Core histone genes are periodically expressed along the cell cycle and peak during S phase. Core histone gene expression is deeply evolutionarily conserved from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to human. Results: We evaluated the evolutionary dynamics of the specific regulatory mechanisms that give rise to the conserved histone regulatory phenotype. In contrast to the conservation of core histone gene expression patterns, the core histone regulatory machinery is highly divergent between species. There has been substantial evolutionary turnover of cis-regulatory sequence motifs along with the transcription factors that bind them. The regulatory mechanisms employed by members of the four core histone families are more similar within species than within gene families. The presence of species-specific histone regulatory mechanisms is opposite to what is seen at the protein sequence level. Core histone proteins are more similar within families, irrespective of their species of origin, than between families, which is consistent with the shared common ancestry of the members of individual histone families. Structure and sequence comparisons between histone families reveal that H2A and H2B form one related group whereas H3 and H4 form a distinct group, which is consistent with the nucleosome assembly dynamics. Conclusion: The dissonance between the evolutionary conservation of the core histone gene regulatory phenotypes and the divergence of their regulatory mechanisms indicates a highly dynamic mode of regulatory evolution. This distinct mode of regulatory evolution is probably facilitated by a solution space for promoter sequences, in terms of functionally viable cis-regulatory sites, that is substantially greater than that of protein sequences.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

▪ Abstract One of the most salient changes in the world economy since 1980 has been the move toward freer trade among countries across the globe. How do existing theories about trade policy explain this puzzle? Three sets of explanations are prominent. First, many focus on changes in trade policy preferences among domestic actors, either societal groups or political leaders. Second, scholars examine changes in political institutions to account for such policy change. Third, they seek explanations in changes in the international political system. Large-scale changes in political institutions, especially in the direction of democracy, may be necessary for the kind of massive trade liberalization that has occurred. But changes in preferences cannot be overlooked in explaining the rush to free trade. Moreover, the influence of international institutions has been important. Finally, the reciprocal impact of trade on domestic politics and the international political system is important. If the rush to free trad...
MICS transceivers: regulatory standards and applications [medical implant communications service]

The medical implant communications service (MICS) is an ultra-low power, unlicensed, mobile radio service for transmitting data in support of diagnostic or therapeutic functions associated with implanted medical devices. The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated the 402-405 MHz frequency band for MICS operations on a shared, secondary basis in 1999. Although it is a fairly new standard, its usage is rapidly increasing in medical implant devices such as cardiac pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, neurostimulators, hearing aids and automated drug delivery systems. This paper reviews the regulatory standards and the characteristics of MICS transceivers.
On Determining the Principal Source of Phosphorus Causing Summer Algal Blooms in Western Washington Lakes

Internal loading of total phosphorus (TP) calculated from mass balance averaged 68±21% of the total (internal + external) summer loading in 14 of 17 western Washington lakes that had internal loadi...
Boron Deficiency and Translocation Profiles in Sunflower

The distribution of carbon-14 down the stems of comparable boron-deficient and boron-sufficient sunflower plants after photosynthesis of 14CO2 by a single exposed leaf was investigated. In boron-deficient plants the advancing front of radioactivity was always found less far down the stem than in boron-sufficient plants. The general shape of the profile is the same in the two sets of plants. We conclude that the velocity of translocation is reduced in the boron-deficient plants.
CEO Ownership and Discretionary Investments

: This study investigates empirically the relationship between CEO ownership and discretionary investments such as RD R&D investments increase and then decline across increasing levels of ownership. Further, we find that R&D investments and CEO stock options are positively associated at high levels of option holdings. In contrast, capital expenditures do not vary with CEO ownership (stock or options). Finally, consistent with our underlying assumption, we find that the influence of R&D investments on future firm risk is significantly larger than that of capital expenditures. Our findings indicate that managerial risk aversion affects discretionary investments.
Leadership in the Service of Hospitality

The definition of leadership has changed considerably in the past one hundred years, beginning with the “great man” concept and, more recently, focusing on “transformational leadership.” The next s...
Defending against path-based DoS attacks in wireless sensor networks

Denial of service (DoS) attacks can cause serious damage in resource-constrained, wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper addresses an especially damaging form of DoS attack, called PDoS (Path-based Denial of Service). In a PDoS attack, an adversary overwhelms sensor nodes a long distance away by flooding a multi-hop end-to-end communication path with either replayed packets or injected spurious packets. This paper proposes a solution using one-way hash chains to protect end-to-end communications in WSNs against PDoS attacks. The proposed solution is lightweight, tolerates bursty packet losses, and can easily be implemented in modern WSNs. The paper reports on performance measured from a prototype implementation.