cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain Herniation into Arachnoid Granulations: Clinical and Neuroimaging Features.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Brain herniation into presumed arachnoid granulations (BHAG) is an increasingly recognized entity. Though it has previously been described as isointense to brain matter on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we have encountered 21 cases in our clinical practice, many of which have signal abnormality in the herniated or adjacent parenchyma. We performed a systematic analysis on these cases to further understand the clinical significance. METHODS This is a retrospective analysis of cases collected from our clinical MRI practice. Each case was evaluated for location, size, lobe of origin, associated signal abnormality, symptoms, and the presence or absence of intracranial hypertension. RESULTS Twenty-one cases of BHAG identified in 16 patients. Seven cases (7/21, 33%) demonstrated signal abnormality in the herniated or underlying parenchyma. On serial imaging, the size of herniation either fluctuated (2/10, 20%) or stayed the same (8/10, 80%). The associated signal abnormalities increased (1/5, 20%), decreased (1/5, 20%), or remained stable (3/5, 60%). Four patients (4/16, 25%) had signs/symptoms that could be associated with the BHAG. Ten patients (10/16, 63%) had either imaging findings or clinical signs that could be associated with intracranial hypertension. CONCLUSION In contrast to previously reported cases, our study demonstrates that BHAG can be associated with MRI signal abnormalities of the herniated and adjacent brain. Symptoms are typically absent, though may be present in a small subset of patients, regardless of the presence of signal change or encephalomalacia of the involved brain. Indirect evidence of intracranial hypertension is present in a majority of patients but completely lacking in others.
Changes in Individual Sibling Relationships in Response to Life Events

Data from the first two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households are used to examine how individual sibling relationships change in response to life events in a gendered context. We find union formation is associated with a decline in sibling visits, as is transitioning from part- to full-time work. Becoming a parent increases support from a sibling and remaining childless over time is associated with more exchanges of support. Parental death decreases support to a sibling. Moving farther away lowers the number of visits, exchanges of support, and frequency of phoning or writing. However, for most of the life events examined, we find no significant effects on sibling relationships and little evidence that gender of siblings influences the effects of life events on sibling relationships. We conclude that the nature of individual sibling relationships remains relatively stable in the face of life events.
Methods for the Purification of Malignant Cells from Blood

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses methods for the purification of malignant cells from blood. Metastases are the end result of a complex series of events and the availability of methods to separate cancer cells from the circulation permits quantitation of cancer cell input into this multistep process. Such information can be used to identify potentially rate-regulating steps in the metastatic cascade and provide a more comprehensive picture of the metastatic process as a whole. Methods to separate cancer cells from the circulation must accommodate at least two critical features of cancer cell release from solid tumors, especially if quantitative recoveries are needed. Disseminating cancer cells occur asymmetrically in the circulation, Reliable estimates of circulating cancer cells are possible only if blood samples are taken from appropriate points in the circulation. Cancers growing in organs other than the lungs release cells into the caval system, which delivers them to the lungs or into the portal system in which case they are delivered to the liver. Also, the patients whose tumors release cancer cells into segments of the systemic circulation through which the cardiac output is known, such as patients with primary or metastatic lung tumors, can be sampled from the pulmonary vein during surgery or, alternatively, from the radial artery. Direct cytology permits morphologic evaluation of cancer cells, such as whether or not they occur as homogeneous and heterogeneous clumps but gives no indication of their viability. Postlabeling procedures identify cancer cells indirectly and are suitable only for cells with a high turnover rate.
Abstract P87: Cost-Effectiveness of Using High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein to Identify Intermediate and Low Cardiovascular Risk Individuals for Statin Therapy

Background - Half of all incident acute myocardial infarctions and strokes occur in individuals considered at low cardiovascular risk by conventional evaluation. In this study, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of using high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) testing to identify low- and intermediate-risk individuals who may benefit from long-term statin therapy. Methods and Results - A decision analytic Markov model with a societal perspective and a lifetime horizon was used to follow hypothetical cohorts of individuals with normal lipid levels and no clinical evidence of coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, or diabetes mellitus. The model was used to compare 1) a strategy of hs-CRP screening followed by statin therapy only in those with elevated hs-CRP levels, 2) current clinical practice guidelines and 3) a strategy of statin therapy at specified risk thresholds without hs-CRP testing. Assuming that statins are equally effective regardless of hs-CRP status and a cost of $1.10 per day, statin therapy without hs-CRP testing was the most cost-effective strategy. However, if hs-CRP identifies a subgroup of individuals with much greater than average relative risk reductions from statin therapy (54% vs. 29% relative risk reduction for myocardial infarction), then hs-CRP screening would be the most cost-effective strategy. Current clinical practice guidelines are the most cost-effective strategy if the incidence and severity of harms from statin use were higher than generally recognized. Conclusion - A strategy of statin therapy without hs-CRP testing is more cost-effective than current guidelines or a strategy of hs-CRP screening, assuming that statins are as effective in low- and intermediate-risk people as in high-risk individuals, are equally effective regardless of hs-CRP levels, and do not cause significant toxicity.
Mutations in AML: prognostic and therapeutic implications

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by the proliferation and aberrant differentiation of immature clonal myeloid cells. The prognosis of AML is variable, based on clinical features such as patient age, performance status, and comorbidities, as well as leukemia-specific genetic features including cytogenetics and molecular classification. The modern application of next-generation sequencing technology has uncovered marked heterogeneity and genomic complexity within AML, based on the presence or absence of cooperating mutations within functional categories such as epigenetic regulators, cell signaling and proliferation pathways, and master hematopoietic transcription factors. Although the treatment of AML has hitherto changed little in the past 40 years, the enhanced scientific understanding of AML pathophysiology and leukemogenesis has led to the recent development of multiple targeted and selective treatment approaches, and our increasing awareness of functional AML subsets will be evermore used to inform rational and personalized treatment strategies.
Alchourrón and von Wright on Conflict Among Norms

In an impassioned defense of deontic logic (1993), Carlos Alchourron provided us with a clear statement of many of his final positions on the subtle relations between defeasibility, deontic modality, and belief revision. Alchourron, the Argentine gentleman lawyer and polymath, stood at the apex where met three of this half-century’s most important developments in reasoning and the mathematical modeling of reasoning. His passing must be marked with the particular sadness of the loss of the rare opposing thinker worth forthrightly engaging (although it must be confessed that this author never succeeded in doing so).
Fundamentals of Gas-to-Particle Mass Transfer

Gas-to-particle mass transfer is studied analytically as well as numerically. Porous particles are modeled as a homogeneous assembly of sorbent material, forming a spherical, macroporous structure. The concentration in the macropores and in the solid is obtained as a function of time and space. The “Langmuir” theory is used to model sorption kinetics. Results show that, over a wide time range, the concentration in the solid is negligible, and the macropore concentration reaches a pseudo-steady state. For that case an analytical expression is derived for the macropore concentration inside the particle and at the particle surface in particular. It is shown that the surface concentration decreases with decreasing Biot numbers and increasing Thiele numbers. The analytical model discussed in this work can be utilized in computational mass transfer studies in lieu of the “perfect sink” assumption, in which the surface concentration is identically zero. Moreover, it captures the effects of enhanced mass transfer due to convection at the gas–particle interface.
Unusual Case of a Massive Macroglossia Secondary to Myxedema: A Case Report and Literature Review

Macroglossia is classified as true macroglossia, which exhibits abnormal histology with clinical findings, and relative macroglossia, in which normal histology does not correlate with pathologic enlargement. This report describes an atypical case of morbidity with massive macroglossia secondary to myxedema; the macroglossia enlarged over a 3-month period before being presented to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Houston, TX). Substantial enlargement of the tongue (16 cm long × 10 cm wide) was first attributed to angioedema, which was refractory to the discontinuation of lisinopril and a C1 esterase inhibitor. A core tongue biopsy examination was performed to rule out angioedema, amyloidosis, myxedema, and idiopathic muscular hypertrophy. Interstitial tissue was positive for Alcian blue and weakly positive for colloidal iron, which are correlated with hypothyroidism and a diagnosis of myxedema. However, the macroglossia did not resolve after correcting for hypothyroidism. The patient required a wedge glossectomy for definitive treatment. She recovered unremarkably, with excellent cosmesis and preservation of lingual and hypoglossal function. There are some case reports of massive macroglossia but none with myxedema as the primary etiology.
Quantitative Analysis in Multimodality Imaging: Challenges and Opportunities

This talk reflects the tremendous ongoing interest in molecular and dual-modality imaging (PET/CT, SPECT/CT and PET/MR) as both clinical and research imaging modalities in the past decade. An overview of molecular multi-modality medical imaging instrumentation as well as simulation, reconstruction, quantification, and related image processing issues with special emphasis on quantitative analysis of nuclear medical images are presented. This tutorial aims to bring the biomedical image processing community a review on the state-of-the-art algorithms used and under development for accurate quantitative analysis in multimodality and multi-parametric molecular imaging and their validation mainly from the developerâ€™s perspective with emphasis on image reconstruction and analysis techniques. It will inform the audience about a series of advanced development recently carried out at the PET instrumentation & Neuroimaging Lab of Geneva University Hospital and other active research groups. Current and prospective future applications of quantitative molecular imaging also are addressed, especially its use prior to therapy for dose distribution modeling and optimization of treatment volumes in external radiation therapy and patient-specific 3D dosimetry in targeted therapy toward the concept of image-guided radiation therapy.
On Association for the Foundation of Science, Language and Cognition, AFOS; some history and some recent developments

The initiative to form AFOS emerged in March 1993 and since then it is rapidly gaining momentum. At present it is supported by almost three hundred scholars from all over the world.
Intradialytic Hypotension: Potential Causes and Mediating Factors

Common causes of intradialytic hypotension include excessive ultrafiltration and/or use of antihypertensive medications prior to initiation of a hemodialysis treatment. An expanded differential diagnosis and evaluation may be required in cases of critically ill patients on hemodialysis – particularly those showing poor fluid responsiveness, elevation in lactate, or neurological changes. Care of the critically ill population mandates the need to be particularly aware of rare causes of intradialytic hypotension given preexistent malnutrition and accelerated clearance of water-soluble molecules as a result of renal replacement therapy.
Injectable biomimetic liquid crystalline scaffolds enhance muscle stem cell transplantation

Muscle stem cells are a potent cell population dedicated to efficacious skeletal muscle regeneration, but their therapeutic utility is currently limited by mode of delivery. We developed a cell delivery strategy based on a supramolecular liquid crystal formed by peptide amphiphiles (PAs) that encapsulates cells and growth factors within a muscle-like unidirectionally ordered environment of nanofibers. The stiffness of the PA scaffolds, dependent on amino acid sequence, was found to determine the macroscopic degree of cell alignment templated by the nanofibers in vitro. Furthermore, these PA scaffolds support myogenic progenitor cell survival and proliferation and they can be optimized to induce cell differentiation and maturation. We engineered an in vivo delivery system to assemble scaffolds by injection of a PA solution that enabled coalignment of scaffold nanofibers with endogenous myofibers. These scaffolds locally retained growth factors, displayed degradation rates matching the time course of muscle tissue regeneration, and markedly enhanced the engraftment of muscle stem cells in injured and noninjured muscles in mice.
Asymptotic Normality of Regression M-Estimators: Hadamard Differentiability Approaches

Incorporating an alternative derivation of the Jureckova-uniform asymptotic linearity of M-statistics (in regression parameters) based on Hadamard differentiability approaches, asymptotic normality and some other related properties of a general class of M-estimations of regression parameters are studied. A comparative study of the basic regularity conditions pertaining to alternative methods is also made along with.
Topological Phase Transitions in Multicomponent Superconductors.

We study the phase transition between a trivial and a time-reversal-invariant topological superconductor in a single-band system. By analyzing the interplay of symmetry, topology, and energetics, we show that for a generic normal state band structure, the phase transition occurs via extended intermediate phases in which even- and odd-parity pairing components coexist. For inversion-symmetric systems, the coexistence phase spontaneously breaks time-reversal symmetry. For noncentrosymmetric superconductors, the low-temperature intermediate phase is time-reversal breaking, while the high-temperature phase preserves time-reversal symmetry and has topologically protected line nodes. Furthermore, with approximate rotational invariance, the system has an emergent $U(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)$ symmetry, and novel topological defects, such as half vortex lines binding Majorana fermions, can exist. We analytically solve for the dispersion of the Majorana fermion and show that it exhibits small and large velocities at low and high energies. Relevance of our theory to superconducting pyrochlore oxide ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{2}{\mathrm{Re}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and half-Heusler materials is discussed.
Comparison of Injection Discomfort and Anesthetic Duration of Plain Polocaine versus Epinephrine containing Articaine and Lidocaine

COMPARISON OF INJECTION DISCOMFORT AND ANESTHETIC DURATION OF PLAIN POLOCAINE VERSUS EPINEPHRINE CONTAINING ARTICAINE AND LIDOCAINE
In Search of a Gold Standard Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Use in Chemotherapy- Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Clinical Trials.

Purpose:To test a reduced version—CIPN15—of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy scale (QL...
Umbilical Cord Stem Cells

The two most basic properties of stem cells are the capacities to self-renew and to differentiate into multiple cell or tissue types (1, 2, 3). Generally, stem cells are categorized as one of three types: embryonic stem cells (ES), embryonic germ cells (EG), or adult stem cells. ES cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastula (Fig. 1). They proliferate indefinitely and can differentiate spontaneously into all three tissue layers of the embryo (4) and into germ cells as well (5, 6, 7). EG cells are derived from primordial germ cells (see (Fig. 1), a small set of stem cells that reside in the protected environment of the yolk stalk, so that they remain undifferentiated during embryogenesis. As with ES cells, EG cells have the capacity to differentiate into all three tissue layers (8). Adult stem cells are found in most tissues and in the circulation. They may have less replicative capacity than ES or EG cells and, until recently, were thought to have restricted developmental fates (9). This classification system omits a significant source of stem cells derived from the extraembryonic tissues (umbilical cord, placenta and amniotic tissues/fluids), which are derived from neither the adult organism nor the embryo proper. This review will describe studies of stem cells derived from extraembryonic tissues with an emphasis on cells derived from umbilical cord, their developmental origins, and relationships to other types of stem cells and potential in regenerative medicine.
HIV knowledge among a sample of Puerto Rican and Mexican men and women.

This study assessed levels of HIV knowledge and identified factors associated with HIV knowledge among a sample of heterosexual Puerto Rican and Mexican men and women, ages 18 to 45. The sample consisted of 144 men and women living in San Diego County, California, who self-identified as being of Mexican ethnicity and 209 men and women living in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, who self-identified as Puerto Rican. Interviews were conducted by trained, bilingual interviewers. Data were collected on demographic variables, attitudes towards decision-making in relationships, and HIV knowledge and risk behaviors. Puerto Rican individuals were significantly more likely than Mexican individuals to respond correctly to almost one-half of the 12 HIV knowledge items. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of education, greater U.S. acculturation, legal status and birth in the United States, a self-focused locus of control in relationships, and being male were predictors of higher knowledge.
Constitutive versus seed specific expression in transgenic wheat: temporal and spatial control

Transgenic wheat plants from specific cultivars can now be routinely engineered in many laboratories. However, our understanding of the factors controlling transgene expression and stability in wheat compared to other cereals is rather limited. Only a few promoters have been tested in transgenic wheat, and relatively little is known of their relative activities and expression parameters. In the present study, the spatial and temporal properties of one heterologous constitutive promoter and one seed‐specific wheat promoter were investigated. We generated constructs with the reporter gene gusA (β‐glucuronidase) driven by: (a) the constitutive maize ubiquitin‐1 (ubi‐1) promoter, and (b) two different‐sized fragments of the seed‐specific low molecular weight glutenin (LMWG1D1) promoter from wheat. The activities of all three promoter constructs were comparable in endosperm tissue. A detailed analysis of spatial and temporal properties of the promoters is described. Heat shock treatment of transgenic plants carrying the ubi‐1: gusA construct resulted in a significant elevation in the levels of GUS activity. The inheritance of transgene expression levels and stability was evaluated over four generations, as a function of transgene integration patterns and copy number.
Towards Quantum Ground-State Cooling

Chapter 7 discusses a scheme to perform 3D ground-state cooling of a optically trapped nanosphere with a single cavity, and the potential applications of cooled microspheres in vacuum.
Chapter 30 Estimating the effects of trade policy

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the way imperfect competition affects the gains and losses from trade policies. It focuses on empirical models that estimate the impact of trade policies, with minimum structure imposed on the data. The welfare effects of trade policy under imperfect competition are decomposed into four possible channels: (1) a deadweight loss from distorting consumption and production decisions; (2) a possible gain from improving the terms of trade; (3) a gain or loss because of changes in the scale of firms; and, (4) a gain or loss from shifting profits among countries. The chapter focuses on the concept of deadweight losses and discusses the terms of trade, along with considering tariffs. It also reviews import quotas and their effect on product quality. In many industries, quotas have led to an increase in the quality of imports purchased, which is an optimal response by consumers and firms. The chapter discusses the effects of trade policy on the markups of firms, and thereby on their output and profits. It also reviews the evidence linking import competition, wages, and the employment for the United States and discusses the impact of changes in product variety.
R-E-S-P-E-C-T: The Role of Race, Gender, and Radio Consultants on Radio Airplay in 1960s Chicago, IL and Grand Rapids, MI

This article describes a dataset on pop songs that charted on the Billboard Top 40 and/or at one or more of five radio stations, three in Chicago, Illinois, and two in Grand Rapids, Michigan, from ...
Allegories of Gender: Transgender Autology versus Transracialism

This article explores how race and gender become distinguished from each other in contemporary scholarly and activist debates on the comparison between transracialism and transgender identities. The article argues that transracial-transgender distinctions often reinforce divides between autological (self-determined) and genealogical (inherited) aspects of subjectivity and obscure the constitution of this division through modern technologies of power.
The association between asymptomatic hyperuricemia and knee osteoarthritis: data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Summary Objective In vitro and clinical studies suggest that urate may contribute to osteoarthritis (OA) risk. We tested the associations between hyperuricemia and knee OA, and examined the role of obesity, using a cross-sectional, nationally representative dataset. Method National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III used a multistage, stratified probability cluster design to select USA civilians from 1988 to 1994. Using NHANES III we studied adults >60 years, with or without hyperuricemia (serum urate > 6.8 mg/dL), excluding individuals with gout (i.e., limiting to asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH)). Radiographic knee OA (RKOA) was defined as Kellgren–Lawrence grade ≥ 2 in any knee, and symptomatic radiographic knee osteoarthritis (RKOA) (sRKOA) was defined as RKOA plus knee pain (most days for 6 weeks) in the same knee. Results AH prevalence was 17.9% (confidence interval (CI) 15.3–20.5). RKOA prevalence was 37.7% overall (CI 35.0–40.3), and was 44.0% for AH vs 36.3% for normouricemic adults (p = 0.056). symptomatic radiographic knee osteoarthritis (sRKOA) was more prevalent in AH vs normouricemic adults (17.4% vs 10.9%, p = 0.046). In multivariate models adjusting for obesity, model-based associations between AH and knee OA were attenuated (for RKOA, prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.14, 95% CI 0.95, 1.36; for sRKOA, PR = 1.40, 95% CI 0.98, 2.01). In stratified multivariate analyses, AH was associated with sRKOA in adults without obesity (PR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.02, 2.71) but not adults with obesity (PR = 1.21, 95% CI 0.66, 2.23). Conclusions Among adults aged 60 or older, AH is associated with knee OA risk that is more apparent in adults without obesity.
Harnessing the power of immersive virtual reality - visualization and analysis of 3D earth science data sets

ABSTRACTThe availability and quantity of remotely sensed and terrestrial geospatial data sets are on the rise. Historically, these data sets have been analyzed and quarried on 2D desktop computers;...
Conclusion to Part III: The Future of the Spanish Car Industry

Part III closes with this chapter, which provides summary data on annual car production in Spain and focuses on how the country’s lower-than-EU-average labor costs fostered post-1989 growth. The final section speculates on Spain’s prospects for car production during the 2020s.
Multigrid Finite Element Methods for Electromagnetic Field Modeling

List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 2. Hierarchical Basis Functions for Triangles and Tetrahedra. 3. Finite Element Formulations of Electromagnetic BVPs. 4. Iterative Methods, Preconditioners, and Multigrid. 5. Nested Multigrid Preconditioner. 6. Nested Multigrid Vector and Scaler Potential Preconditioner. 7. Hierarchical Multilevel and Hybrid Potential Preconditioners. 8. Krylov-Subspace Based Eigenvalue Analysis. 9. Two-Dimensional Eigenvalue Analysis of Waveguides. 10. Three-Dimensional Eigenvalue Analysis of Resonators. 11. Model Order Reduction of Electromagnetic Systems. 12. Finite Element Analysis of Periodic Structures. Appendix A: Identities and Theorems from Vector Calculus. Index.
Energy flow control and sizing of a hybrid battery/supercapacitor storage in MVDC shipboard power systems

The propulsion system of a medium-voltage dc (MVDC) ship is subject to large thrust/torque variations due to interactions of the ship and the propeller with sea waves. These variations induce steep power fluctuations on the MVDC bus, adversely impacting the stability, efficiency and power quality. Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is a promising solution for mitigating these power fluctuations. Dictating the energy that the HESS components must deliver/absorb, the energy management strategy (EMS) impacts the size/capacity of the energy storage system (ESS). Based on this consideration, sizing and EMS of a battery/supercapacitor (SC) HESS are jointly optimised by using a deep reinforcement learning-based method. The proposed method splits the power between the HESS components such that while the operational constraints are satisfied, energy storage size and losses are minimised. Its features are adaptability to varying sea states, real-time implementation feasibility, while obviating the requirement for knowledge of the ship propulsion power profile. The efficacy of the joint sizing/EMS on reducing the ESS size is validated by comparing the sizes when battery-only, SC-only and HESS are employed in the MVDC shipboard power system. Real-time implementation feasibility and adaptability to various ship propulsion power profiles is confirmed through real-time simulations.
Therapeutic doses of recombinant factor VIIa in hemophilia generates thrombin in platelet-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

Background In hemophilia bypass therapy, a platelet-dependent mechanism is believed to be primarily responsible for recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa)'s hemostatic effect. rFVIIa may also possibly interact with other cells through its binding to endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) or cell surface phospholipids. Objectives We aim to investigate the relative contribution of platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms in rFVIIa-mediated thrombin generation in hemophilic conditions at the injury site. Methods Platelets were depleted in acquired and genetic hemophilia mice using anti-platelet antibodies. The mice were subjected to the saphenous vein injury, and the hemostatic effect of pharmacological concentrations of rFVIIa was evaluated by measuring thrombin generation at the injury site. Results Administration of anti-mouse CD42 antibodies to mice depleted platelets by more than 95%. As expected, hemophilia mice, compared with wild-type mice, generated only a small fraction of thrombin at the injury site. The depletion of platelets in hemophilia mice further reduced thrombin generation. However, when pharmacological doses of rFVIIa were administered to hemophilia mice, substantial amounts of thrombin were generated even in the platelet-depleted hemophilia mice. No differences in thrombin generation were detected among FVIII-/- , EPCR-deficient FVIII-/- , and EPCR-overexpressing FVIII-/- mice depleted of platelets or not. Evaluation of platelets by flow cytometry as well as immunoblot analysis showed no detectable expression of EPCR. Conclusions Our data suggest that pharmacological concentrations of rFVIIa generate thrombin in hemophilia in both platelet-dependent and platelet-independent mechanisms.
Lessons for Artificial Intelligence from Historical Uses of Soft Law Governance

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the latest example of an emerging technology that pushes regulatory and social boundaries. Stakeholders tasked with resolving these up-and-coming issues face a variety of choices in the selection and implementation of the most appropriate solution. In an effort to contribute to the analysis of alternatives, this Article summarizes the lessons learned from the utilization of soft law in the governance of four emerging technology fields as described in this special issue: (1) Environmental Technologies; (2) Nanotechnology; (3) Information and Communication Technologies (ICT); and (4) Life Sciences. Specifically, it examines the factors that contributed to the implementation of soft law by stakeholders and highlights the characteristics that differentiate it from its counterpart, hard law. The common denominator between AI and the technologies featured herein is their ability to influence significant changes in our society. With its analysis, this Article’s objective is to underscore practices that may maximize AI’s positive impact in the world.
Variation characteristics of coal rock layer and gas extraction law of surface well under mining pressure relief

In order to study the variation characteristics of coal rock layers and gas extraction law of surface well under mining pressure relief, in Taoyuan Coal Mine of Huaibei mining area, this paper carried out the researches of bottom hole flow pressure and extraction parameter monitoring of surface extraction wells and FLAC3D stress numerical simulation under mining pressure relief and obtained variation data of the bottom hole flow pressure, the extraction volume, and the in situ stress in mining progress. Based on on-site monitoring and numerical simulation results, the changes of coal rock layers in mining affected areas are divided into seven stages. The four stages in front of the mining position are the pressure relief stage (mining position to 15 m in front), the stress concentration stage (15 ~ 40 m in front), the pressure relief stage (40 ~ 65 m in front), and the stage near the original condition (> 65 m in front). The three stages behind mining position are the pressure relief stage (mining position ~ − 40 m), stress recovery stage (− 40 ~ − 250 m), and post-compaction stability stage (> − 250 m). It is found that the gas extraction curve of surface well in mining pressure relief has a positive skew distribution. The extraction stage can be divided into three stages: initial gas production, high production, and gas production attenuation. It is believed that the methane in gas mainly comes from the upper coal seam in initial stage and the main mining seam in the late mining period. According to researches, it is recommended that the “one well multi-purpose” surface gas extraction method can be actively explored in mining affected areas.
Natural Selection, Genetic Variation, and Human Diversity

Patterns of human genetic diversity observed in present-day individuals provide insight into our species evolutionary history and regions of the genome that have been influenced by natural selection. In this chapter, we discuss methods and models that have been used to better understand how selection has impacted human variation and review studies of natural selection in humans and the stories they reveal about human history.
Jointly Predicting Job Performance, Personality, Cognitive Ability, Affect, and Well-Being

Assessment of individuals' job performance, personalized health and psychometric measures are domains where data-driven ubiquitous computing will have a profound impact in the near future. Existing work in these domains focus on techniques that use data extracted from questionnaires, sensors (wearable, computer, etc.), or other traits to assess well-being and cognitive attributes of individuals. However, these techniques can neither predict individuals' well-being and psychological traits in a global manner nor consider the challenges associated with processing the often incomplete and noisy data available. In this paper, we create a benchmark for the predictive analysis of individuals from a perspective that integrates physical and physiological behavior, psychological states and traits, and job performance. We develop a novel data mining framework that can extract meaningful predictors from noisy and incomplete data derived from wearable, mobile and social media sensors to predict nineteen constructs based on twelve standardized and well-validated tests. The framework can be used to build a predictive model of outcomes of interest. We validate the framework using data from 757 knowledge workers in organizations across the United States with varied work roles. Our framework and resulting model provides the first benchmark that combines these various instrument-derived variables in a single framework to understand people's behavior. The results show that our framework is reliable and capable of predicting our chosen variables better than the baselines when prediction includes the noisy and incomplete data.
Interleukin-10 deficiency exacerbates inflammation-induced tau pathology.

Background The presence of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau is strongly correlated with cognitive decline and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. However, the role of inflammation and anti-inflammatory interventions in tauopathies is unclear. Our goal was to determine if removing anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) during an acute inflammatory challenge has any effect on neuronal tau pathology. Methods We induce systemic inflammation in Il10-deficient (Il10-/-) versus Il10+/+ (Non-Tg) control mice using a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to examine microglial activation and abnormal hyperphosphorylation of endogenous mouse tau protein. Tau phosphorylation was quantified by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Microglial morphology was quantified by skeleton analysis. Cytokine expression was determined by multiplex electro chemiluminescent immunoassay (MECI) from Meso Scale Discovery (MSD). Results Our findings show that genetic deletion of Il10 promotes enhanced neuroinflammation and tau phosphorylation. First, LPS-induced tau hyperphosphorylation was significantly increased in Il10-/- mice compared to controls. Second, LPS-treated Il10-/- mice showed signs of neurodegeneration. Third, LPS-treated Il10-/- mice showed robust IL-6 upregulation and direct treatment of primary neurons with IL-6 resulted in tau hyperphosphorylation on Ser396/Ser404 site. Conclusions These data support that loss of IL-10 activates microglia, enhances IL-6, and leads to hyperphosphorylation of tau on AD-relevant epitopes in response to acute systemic inflammation.
Hazel Wolf: Fighting the Establishment

When Hazel Wolf died, at the age of 101, more than nine hundred of her friends - from the governor of Washington to union organizers, from birdwatchers to hunters - crowded Town Hall in Seattle to honor the feisty activist and tell the often outrageous 'Hazel' stories that were their common currency. In this book, Hazel herself tells the stories. From twenty years of taped conversations, Susan Starbuck has fashioned both a biography and a historical document, the tale of a century's forces and events as played out in one woman's extraordinary life. Hazel Wolf earned a national reputation as an environmentalist and was awarded the National Audubon Society's Medal of Excellence, an honor she shared with Rachel Carson and Jimmy Carter. She laid the groundwork for a unique coalition of Native Americans and environmentalists who are now working together on issues related to nuclear energy, fisheries, and oil pipelines.She lectured and taught at schools and universities all over the United States. She lobbied Congress to maintain the national parks, and she corresponded with global leaders. But for all her influence, she never held a political post higher than precinct committee officer in Seattle's 43rd legislative district, and her highest office in the environmental movement was that of secretary in the Seattle Audubon Society, where she served for thirty-five years. This book follows Hazel Wolf from childhood to old age, a lifetime of burning with a fierce desire for justice. She saw the quest for justice as a collective responsibility. Time and again, she met that challenge head on. Whether organizing for labor rights or founding chapters of the Audubon Society, battling to save old-growth forests or fighting deportation to her native Canada as a Communist, over and over she put herself in the line of fire. 'I was just there', she said, 'powerless and strong, someone who wouldn't chicken out'.
CUMULATIVE DAMAGE THEORIES AND APPLICATION

A NUMBER OF THE CUMULATIVE-DAMAGE THEORIES WHICH ARE CURRENTLY AVAILABLE HAVE BEEN REVIEWED. SIGNIFICANT ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE MANNER IN WHICH FATIGUE DAMAGE IS ASSUMEED TO OCCUR AT DIFFERENT STRESS LEVELS WHEN THESE STRESS LEVELS OCCUR ALONE AND WHEN THEY ARE MIXED ARE ALSO DELINEATED. ON THIS BASIS THE SEVERAL THEORIES ARE IDENTIFIED AS STRESS-DEPENDENT OR STRESS-INDEPENDENT AND ARE CLASSIFIED FURTHER AS INTERACTION OR INTERACTION-FREE THEORIES. ALL OF THE THEORIES CONFORM IN THEIR GENERAL ASPECTS TO OBSERVED PHENOMENA. /ASCE/
Social Cognition in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (S33.006)

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with deficits in social cognition. BACKGROUND: Social cognitive deficits have been recognized in a variety of developmental and neurodegenerative disorders, and recently among adults with MS. The relation between social cognitive deficits and MS with respect to disease onset, age, and specific MS subgroups remains uncertain. This study tested whether social cognition is affected in the pediatric MS population. DESIGN/METHODS: Thirty-five (35) participants with pediatric-onset MS were compared to 32 healthy control participants on Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks and a measure of speeded information processing (the Symbol Digit Modalities Test). ToM tasks measured facial affect recognition (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test), understanding the perspective of another via identifying first- and second-order false beliefs, and understanding social faux pas. RESULTS: The pediatric MS participants performed significantly worse than healthy controls on facial affect recognition (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, p=0.004), understanding the perspective of another (identifying first- and second-order verbal false beliefs, p=0.03), and understanding social faux pas, (p=0.02). ToM performance was significantly correlated with speeded information processing (the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, p=0.01), an area sensitive to the cognitive impairment that can occur in MS. Findings were not accounted for by age, race, ethnicity, maternal education, disease duration, or degree of neurologic impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that over short time frames, stable or even improved performances on measures of cognitive ability can occur in pediatric MS. Rather than leading to decline, pediatric MS may instead adversely affect cognitive functioning by interfering with expected age-appropriate gains. Study Supported by: The Lourie Foundation, Inc., National Multiple Sclerosis Society (PP2106), National Multiple Sclerosis Society (10020073405), NIH R01N5071463, and the Slomo and Cindy Silvian Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Charvet has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as a consultant. Dr. Charvet holds stock and/or stock options in Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Cleary has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vazquez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Koznesoff has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bartolotta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Benhamroun has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krupp has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Neurosciences, Biogen Idec, EMD Serono, Betaseron/Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Guidepoint Consultants, and Novartis. Dr. Krupp has received royalty payments from Genzyme Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Biogen Idec, and Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Krupp has received research support from EMD Serono and Biogen Idec.
Double Your Trouble: Dual Arrest in Family Violence

When arrest is mandated for domestic violence crimes the arrest of two individuals, or dual arrest, often occurs. This study examines the characteristics of the crime and the people caught in dual arrests, with a special emphasis on the women arrested. The data were drawn from a population of 4138 disposed family violence cases in the criminal court, 448 of their arrest records, and 90 prosecutor files. Thirty three percent of the 448 cases disposed were dual arrests. Persons subject to dual arrest were primarily white, young, nonurban, unmarried employed persons. The incident was likely to involve alcohol or drug use and physical beating with hands or fists. Forty percent of the women arrested were previously victimized in a domestic violence incident. Findings suggest that dual arrests may reflect both the differential use of violence in domestic relations and the over enforcement of policy by some police departments.
Using the Structure-Function Linkage Database to Characterize Functional Domains in Enzymes

The Structure-Function Linkage Database (SFLD) is a web-accessible database designed to link enzyme sequence, structure and molecular function (Akiva et al., 2014; Pegg et al., 2006). Within the database, enzyme sequences are classified hierarchically into superfamilies, subgroups, and families (Figure 2.10.1). At the top of the hierarchy, distantly related enzymes within the same superfamily catalyze different overall reactions but are linked by a pattern of conserved amino acid residues in the active site that mediate a common chemical capability such as a partial reaction (Gerlt and Babbitt, 2001). At the bottom of the hierarchy, enzymes within the same family exhibit more sequence and structural similarities than proteins at the superfamily or subgroup level, and catalyze the same overall reaction via the same mechanism, mediated by a common set of catalytic residues. Figure 2.10.1 SFLD classification hierarchy. Sequences of unknown function are classified at a given level of the hierarchy only if sufficient evidence exists to support that classification. A sequence can be a member of a superfamily or subgroup even if its specific ... The SFLD also provides sequence similarity networks, useful for providing large-scale summaries of the relationships within large groups of related enzymes, and for making hypotheses regarding the function of uncharacterized proteins. Such hypotheses can be further investigated using SFLD data and tools, for example, the mapping of specific chemical capabilities to specific sequence and structural motifs. (See Basic Protocol.) Queries are currently limited to twelve superfamilies in the core SFLD (networks and detailed curation information available) and thirty-five additional superfamilies in the extended SFLD (networks and light curation information available). Additional superfamilies will be added as they can be curated.
Second Messenger Regulation of mRNA for Corticotropin-Releasing Factor

An understanding of how second messengers and their ligands are coupled to CRF gene activation is necessary if we are to understand the regulation of the CRF gene in physiological and pathological states. The protein kinase A, protein kinase C and glucocorticoid second messenger systems mediate most of the regulation of the CRF gene. In in vitro systems, CRF gene expression is stimulated 20-30-fold by activation of either the protein kinase A or the protein kinase C system. Glucocorticoid is able to inhibit stimulation via both pathways, but appears to be more effective in repressing activation mediated by protein kinase C. Glucocorticoid negative regulation requires the presence of glucocorticoid receptor possessing an intact DNA-binding domain, suggesting that this effect involves binding of the receptor to the CRF promoter. These in vitro studies should serve to guide investigators towards the possible mechanisms underlying CRF gene regulation in vivo.
Engaging in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning: A guide to the process, and how to develop a project from start to finish

Publisher Description: This is a book for anyone who has ever considered engaging in the scholarship of teaching and learning – known familiarly as SoTL – and needs a better understanding of what it is, and how to engage in it. The authors describe how to create a SoTL project, its implications for promotion and tenure, and how it fosters: • Increased satisfaction and fulfillment in teaching • Improved student learning • Increased productivity of scholarly publication • Collaboration with colleagues across disciplines • Contributing to a growing and important body of literature This guide provides prospective SoTL scholars with the necessary background information, foundational theory, tools, resources, and methodology to develop their own SoTL projects, taking the reader through the five stages of the process: Generating a research question; Designing the study; Collecting the data; Analyzing the data; and Presenting and publishing your SoTL project. Each stage is illustrated by examples of actual SoTL studies, and is accompanied by worksheets to help the reader refine ideas and map out his or her next steps. The process and worksheets are the fruit of the successful SoTL workshops the authors have offered at their institution for many years.