cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indaziflam Herbicidal Action: A Potent Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitor

Cellulose biosynthesis is a common feature of land plants. Therefore, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) have a potentially broad-acting herbicidal mode of action and are also useful tools in decoding fundamental aspects of cellulose biosynthesis. Here, we characterize the herbicide indaziflam as a CBI and provide insight into its inhibitory mechanism. Indaziflam-treated seedlings exhibited the CBI-like symptomologies of radial swelling and ectopic lignification. Furthermore, indaziflam inhibited the production of cellulose within <1 h of treatment and in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike the CBI isoxaben, indaziflam had strong CBI activity in both a monocotylonous plant (Poa annua) and a dicotyledonous plant (Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]). Arabidopsis mutants resistant to known CBIs isoxaben or quinoxyphen were not cross resistant to indaziflam, suggesting a different molecular target for indaziflam. To explore this further, we monitored the distribution and mobility of fluorescently labeled CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins in living cells of Arabidopsis during indaziflam exposure. Indaziflam caused a reduction in the velocity of YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN:CESA6 particles at the plasma membrane focal plane compared with controls. Microtubule morphology and motility were not altered after indaziflam treatment. In the hypocotyl expansion zone, indaziflam caused an atypical increase in the density of plasma membrane-localized CESA particles. Interestingly, this was accompanied by a cellulose synthase interacting1-independent reduction in the normal coincidence rate between microtubules and CESA particles. As a CBI, for which there is little evidence of evolved weed resistance, indaziflam represents an important addition to the action mechanisms available for weed management.
Nutritional Intervention to Prevent (NIP) Type 1 Diabetes A Pilot Trial

The objective of this study was to describe a pilot trial of using an omega-3 fatty acid (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) to prevent islet cell autoimmunity in infants with an increased risk for developing type 1 diabetes (T1D). Infants from pregnant mothers who either have T1D (or the father or a previous child has T1D) and who entered the study in the third trimester or infants younger than age 5 months having a first-degree family member with T1D were eligible for the study. Infants from either group also had to have an increased genetic (HLA) risk for T1D (or multiple first-degree relatives with T1D) to be eligible. The study is a multicenter, 2-arm, randomized, double-masked clinical trial that will last 4 years (1 year of recruitment and 3 years of treatment). Treatment with DHA (or control) began in the last trimester of pregnancy or in the first 5 months after birth. Inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids, and C-reactive protein, are being measured along with fatty acids ...
Fatal miscommunication: English in aviation safety

Abstract: This paper critically analyzes the use of English in the field of aviation. International air traffic has played an increasingly important role in recent globalization, which stresses the massive movement of people. Many pilots and air-traffic controllers having a variety of Englishes, in terms of proficiency and local influence, share this communicative context. Proper use of phraseologic English is a crucial prerequisite for them to participate in the field. However, fatal accidents due to miscommunication where insufficient and improper English were contributing factors have still occurred. With particular focus on communication in air-traffic control (ATC), this paper reexamines some salient aviation accidents in order to critically analyze how communication breakdowns occurred and how various usages of Englishes account for them. It then introduces some attempts to avoid such communication breakdowns as well as analyzes limitations of those attempts. Finally, the paper proposes a few suggestions that may help aviation personnel to cooperatively achieve a better communicative context in aviation.
Visual pigment mixtures and scotopic spectral sensitivity in rainbow trout

Changes in scotopic visual sensitivity of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were induced by thyroxine and/or temperature treatments. The spectral sensitivities of these fish were correlated directly with changes in the absorption spectrum of a mixture of the two rod visual pigments, rhodopsin and porphyropsin. In contrast to earlier reports, these data for trout are more consistent with the hypothesis that labile binary visual pigment mixtures are useful in making short- or long-term adjustments for vision in a variable photic environment.
Increased urinary excretion of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in rats bearing Morris hepatoma 3924A.

Urinary excretion of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) increased in rats bearing Morris hepatoma 3924A, and a correlation coefficient of .842 was observed comparing nucleotide excretion and tumor size. Irradiation of tumor or 5-fluorouracil administration delayed the increases in urinary cyclic GMP and tumor size. Surgical removal of tumors resulted in a rapid decline in cyclic GMP excretion to baseline levels. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate excretion was not altered by implantation, irradiation, or excision of tumor.
Voltage induced torque in magnetic tunnel junctions

Abstract A mechanism is proposed for a voltage induced torque in magnetic tunnel junctions when the magnetizations on opposite sides of the junction are not parallel to each other. By taking into account the effect of the electron–electron interaction, we found in tunnel structures the possibility of an enhanced spin switching effect that, when normalized with respect to the current, can be much bigger than that in multilayers.
Arginine Vasotocin Facilitation of Advertisement Calling and Call Phonotaxis in Bullfrogs

Although the neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT) is found in several auditory and vocalization regions of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) brain, its functions in these areas are unknown. We examined the effects of AVT injection on two auditory-evoked reproductive behaviors: advertisement calling in male bullfrogs and call phonotaxis in female bullfrogs. AVT (500 micrograms; intraperitoneal) significantly increased advertisement call frequency and decreased calling latency in male bullfrogs, compared to saline injection. This dose of AVT also significantly decreased the time required for female bullfrogs to reach a call source as well as the latency of females to leave the starting position during call playback. In both males and females, these effects were significant at 0.5 hr and persisted until at least 2 hr after injection. AVT thus facilitated display of two sexually-dimorphic reproductive behaviors in bullfrogs. These effects may be due to direct effects of AVT on auditory processing regions in the bullfrog brain.
Aging in place: fall detection and localization in a distributed smart camera network

This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a distributed network of smart cameras whose function is to detect and localize falls, an important application in elderly living environments. A network of overlapping smart cameras uses a decentralized procedure for computing inter-image homographies that allows the location of a fall to be reported in 2D world coordinates by calibrating only one camera. Also, we propose a joint routing and homography transformation scheme for multi-hop localization that yields localization errors of less than 2 feet using very low resolution images. Our goal is to demonstrate that such a distributed low-power system can perform adequately in this and related applications. A prototype implementation is given for low-power Agilent/UCLA Cyclops cameras running on the Crossbow MICAz platform. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the fall detection as well as the precision of the localization using a simulation of our sample implementation.
The salty scrambled egg: Detection of NaCl toward CRL 2688

NaCl has been detected toward the circumstellar envelope of the post-AGB star CRL 2688 using the IRAM 30 m telescope, the first time this molecule has been identified in a source other than IRC +10216. The J = 7 → 6, 11 → 10, 12 → 11, and 18 → 17 transitions of NaCl at 1, 2, and 3 mm have been observed, as well as the J = 8 → 7 line of the 37Cl isotopomer. The J = 12 → 11 line was also measured at the ARO 12 m telescope. An unsuccessful search was additionally conducted for AlCl toward CRL 2688, although in the process new transitions of NaCN were observed. Both NaCl and NaCN were found to be present in the AGB remnant wind, as suggested by their U-shaped line profiles, indicative of emission arising from an optically thin, extended shell-like source of radius ~10''-12''. These data contrast with past results in IRC +10216, where the distribution of both molecules is confined to within a few arcseconds of the star. A high degree of excitation is required for the transitions observed for NaCl and NaCN; therefore, these two species likely arise in the region where the high-velocity outflow has collided with the remnant wind. Here the effects of shocks and clumping due to Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities have raised the densities and temperatures significantly. The shell source is thus likely to be clumpy and irregular. The chemistry producing the sodium compounds is consequently more complex than simple LTE formation. Abundances of NaCl and NaCN, relative to H2, are f ~ 1.6 × 10-10 and ~5.2 × 10-9, respectively, while the upper limit to AlCl is f < 2 × 10-9. These values differ substantially from those in IRC +10216, where AlCl has an abundance near 10-7. The NaCl observations additionally indicate a chlorine isotope ratio of 35Cl/37Cl = 2.1 ± 0.8 in CRL 2688, suggestive of s-process enhancement of chlorine 37.
A generalization and clarification of the Waller-Kraft wish list

Abstract The Waller-Kraft wish list is a collection of desired information retrieval system properties that has been discussed often. We show that there are certain ambiguities in the list as it currently exists, ambiguities caused by two distinct uses of the single phrase “query term weight.” Examples of the problems arising from the ambiguity are given, and shown to be solvable if the uses are kept distinct. A new wish list that properly distinguishes the meanings is created and discussed.
The ultrastructure of organelles appearing in spermatids and nutritive cells of Cipangopaludina malleata

The ultrastructure of organelles appearing in the early typical and atypical spermatids, and the nutritive cells of Cipangopaludina malleata has been examined by a Siemens' electron microscope Elmiskop I. Mitochondria appearing in the early typical spermatid have doughnut-like profiles in which the internal ridges appear as triple-layered membranes arranged radially and extending into the interior of the organelle without reaching the other side. Each membrane 40–60 A in width, separated by a clear interspace 60–90 A wide, is characterized by a porous structure 20–30 A in diameter which suggests a filtration apparatus for enzymes. Walls of the flattened saccules consisting the Golgi apparatus are calculated 35–60 A thick, in which an electron-lucent, porous structure about 30 A wide has been revealed. The smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is bordered by a triple-layered membrane consisting of two opaque layers with a less opaque interspace 20–30 A wide. The outer membrane ca. 15 A wide presents a more linear appearance than the dotted arrangement of the inner membrane 20–25 A thick. The plasma membrane is composed of a triple-layered structure where two dense lines 15 A wide are separated by a layer 20–30 A thick of less density.
Band intensity and line half-width measurements in N2O near 4.5μ☆

Abstract Integrated band intensities of the N2O ν3-fundamental and the overlapping (ν2+ν3−ν2)-band have been measured and found to be 1285 and 176 cm−2 atm−1, respectively, at 300°K. Nitrogen-broadened half-widths of rotational lines in the ν3-fundamental have been measured and are compared with previous measurements and theoretical calculations ; agreement with the calculations of Hirono (which are based on the Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory) is within the limits of experimental error up to a rotational quantum number of about 40.
Tabulation of human transthyretin (TTR) variants, 2003.

(2003). Tabulation of human transthyretin (TTR) variants, 2003. Amyloid: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 160-184.
Hepatoblastoma in familial adenomatous polyposis

A case of hepatoblastoma in a patient who had a family history of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and then went on to develop FAP is presented. The seven similar cases available in the literature are reviewed and discussed. Our patient is the first who did not exhibit lesions of congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.
Effects of basis set variations in SCF calculations of lithium fluoride

Abstract The effects of a systematic variation of basis sets are compared for SCF calculations of LiF as regards the electron density distribution and molecular properties such as dipole moment, force constant and bond distance. A minimal basis set that includes 2p on Li overweights Li and gives unrealistic bond properties. In extended basis sets the inclusion of 3d on fluorine polarizes electron density from behind F towards Li.
Modeling a spin-labeled fusion peptide in a membrane: implications for the interpretation of EPR experiments.

Site-directed spin-labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance are powerful tools for studying structure and conformational dynamics of proteins, especially in membranes. The position of the spin label is used as an indicator of the position of the site to which it is attached. The interpretation of these experiments is based on the assumptions that the spin label does not affect the peptide configuration and that it has a fixed orientation and distance with respect to the protein backbone. Here, the validity of these assumptions is examined through implicit membrane molecular dynamics simulations of the influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptide that has been labeled with methanethiosulfonate spin label. We find that the methanethiosulfonate spin label can occasionally induce peptide orientations that differ from those adopted by the wild-type peptide. Furthermore, the spin-label resides, on average, several Angstroms deeper in the membrane than the corresponding backbone Cα-atom even at sites pointing toward the solvent. The nitroxide spin label exhibits flexibility and adopts various configurations depending on the surrounding residues.
Lorentz transforms of the invariant Dirac algebra

The Dirac equation, as a 4×4-hyperbolic system on ℝ3, possesses an invariant algebra of global pseudodifferential operators-in the sense that conjugation with the Dirac time propagator leaves the algebra invariatn (cf. [CX]. Chapter 10). In this paper we examine the relation between the two invariant algebras att=0 and att'=0 when (t,x) and (t',x') are coordinates of Minkowsky space related by a (proper) Lorentz transform. For vanishing electromagnetic potentials these algebras are transforms of each other by the implied change of dependent and independent variables. In the general case such a space-time transform will make the potentials time dependent, hence also the algebra dependent on the initial plane.
Unlearning and spontaneous recovery in short-term memory

The experiment attempted to demonstrate unlearning and spontaneous recovery in a STM situation. In Experimental tests Ss learned two successive single syllables and then recalled both syllables in an unpaced recall task after having counted backwards for either 3, 9, or 18 sec. In Control tests Ss learned and recalled single syllables. Highly significant unlearning of the experimental first syllables was demonstrated. Some evidence for spontaneous recovery was presented.
Regulation of citrate synthase activity in strict and facultatively autotrophic Thiobacilli.

Abstract The citrate synthases of Thiobacillus denitrificans and T. neapolitanus are inhibited by ∝-ketoglutarate but not by NADH. These characteristics are in accord with a purely biosynthetic role for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in strict autotrophs. In contrast, the citrate synthases from two facultatively autotrophic thiobacilli, T. novellus and Thiobacillus A2, are not inhibited by ∝-ketoglutarate. The enzyme from Thiobacillus A2 resembles those of other Gram-negative bacteria in being inhibited by NADH whereas that from T. novellus is not. This may account, to some degree, for the better heterotrophic potential of Thiobacillus A2 compared with T. novellus .
Time-use auditing: An approach to validating social indicators

Following McCal,, ‘quality of life’ is defined as objective social conditions necessary to the general happiness, where ‘happiness’ is understood in the broad sense, as including all forms of intrinsically valuable experience, not just ‘feeling happy’. The argument is then made that in order for this definition to be fully implemented happiness in the broad sense must also be assessed. The latter half of the paper is devoted to describing a set of procedures, collectively called ‘time-use auditing’, for determining the extent to which an individual person is happy, in the broad sense, in a stated interval of time. Intrinsically valuable experience is analyzed into two dimensions: duration and level. The first is determined by time-budgeting and the second (in a general way) by Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specifically, Maslow's hierarchy is spelled out in concrete terms by means of “time-use rating structures’, each one specific to a particular time-use category; the authors have written rating structures for adolescents of either sex, ages 12 to 17 inclusive. By way of illustration, an audit of three weeks in the life of a 16-year-old girl is presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of what remains to be done, with special stress on writing time-use rating structures for other age groups and modifying structures already in existence to reflect the values of particular social groups.
Mathematical model for in situ oil shale retorting by electromagnetic radiation

Abstract A mathematical model for electromagnetic heating of oil shales is developed. The model simulates the process of oil and gas evolution and transfer through consolidated blocks of oil shale. The model includes equations for temperature, pressure, saturations, chemical reactions, mass conservation and source terms. The inert gases are all assumed to form one bulk species and the oil is assumed to be either in the gaseous or liquid phase. The chemical reactions include pyrolysis of kerogen and char, release of bound water, coking and decomposition of carbonates. Porosity and permeability are dynamic functions of the shale constituents. Non-linear relationships for viscosity, thermal properties and source terms are used as inputs to the model. A detailed solution to the monopole applicator fields is presented. A finite difference approximation to the differential equations is derived and solved using Newton's iteration technique. For the cases studied the solutions are quite stable. Numerical results are included and a preliminary study of the optimization of the heating process is presented. Reasonable agreement is obtained between the model and experimental results when a monopole antenna is used as a heat source.
The tau-path test for monotone association in an unspecified subpopulation: Application to chemogenomic data mining

Abstract In data mining and other settings, there is sometimes a need to identify relationships between variables when the relationship may hold only over a subset of the observations available. For example, expression of a particular gene may cause resistance to an anticancer drug, but only over certain types of cancer cell-lines. It may not be known in advance which types of cancer cell-lines (e.g., estrogen-regulated, newly differentiated, central nervous system) employ such a method of resistance. This situation differs from the usual setting in which partial correlations are estimated conditional on a known selection, such as the value of another variable. For any pair of variables of interest, the goal is to test if these are associated in some unspecified subpopulation that is represented by a subsample of the data we have available. Previous approaches rely heavily on bivariate normal assumptions, which are not easily adapted to non-linear association. We have tried several parametric and non-parametric approaches, and for both inferential and computational reasons have chosen to present a procedure based on a sequential development of Kendall’s tau measure of monotone association. The sequence is achieved by reordering observations so that the sample tau coefficients { T k } for the first k = 2 , … , n of the n observations form a monotone decreasing path, ending at Kendall’s tau coefficient T n . Boundaries are constructed so that 95% of the paths remain within the boundaries under the null hypothesis of independence. A boundary crossing at any point k is evidence of a stronger than expected association amongst a subpopulation represented by the k observations involved. The method is used to screen for association between gene expression and compound activity amongst types of cancer cell-lines in the NCI-60 database. More generally, the method may be used to deconvolve a mixture of absolutely continuous bivariate distributions with the same margins but differing in strength of association. We prove that a particular method of reordering the observations is optimal against any other ordering for simultaneously identifying the highest τ association in subsets of size k ( k = 2 , … , n ) . Furthermore, assuming a subpopulation of k , we present a way of quantifying how likely any observation is to be in that subpopulation.
Erratum to: Effects of acute relapses on neuropsychological status in multiple sclerosis patients

Age (years) Mean ± SD 44.0 ± 7.1 42.3 ± 7.2 0.387* Gender N (%) female 35 (66.0%) 75 (65.2%) 0.917 EDSS prior to relapse Median (range) 3.0 (1.0–7.5) 2.5 (0.0–7.0) 0.717 Cerebral FS prior to relapse Median (range) 0.0 (0.0–2.0) 0.0 (0.0–2.0) 0.777 SDMT 2 visits prior to relapse Mean ± SD 52.3 ± 11.6 52.5 ± 11.3 0.937* SDMT 1 visit prior to relapse Mean ± SD 53.6 ± 10.9 53.4 ± 11.6 0.658* MSNQ 1 visit prior to relapse Mean ± SD 15.0 ± 11.2 13.0 ± 10.8 0.112* MSNQ 2 visits prior to relapse Mean ± SD 14.1 ± 10.6 13.3 ± 11.0 0.666* Corticosteroid treatment N (%) 37 (56.9%) N/A
Grafting of PVA in Miniemulsion Copolymerizations of n-Butyl Acrylate and Methyl Methacrylate Using Water-Soluble, Partially Water-Soluble, and Oil-Soluble Initiators

Miniemulsion copolymerizations of methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate initiated with water-soluble (hydrogen peroxide, HPO), partially water-soluble (tert-butyl peroxide, TBHP), and oil-soluble (tert-butyl peroctoate, TBPO) initiators were carried out to study the grafting of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at the oil/water interface. The amounts of grafted PVA produced in miniemulsion polymerizations initiated with TBHP and TBPO were substantially less than those produced in the corresponding seeded emulsion polymerizations. Differences in the internal viscosities at the respective interfaces were proposed to explain these results. The amount of grafted PVA was determined as a function of the monomer to polymer (M/P) ratio in seeded emulsion polymerizations initiated with TBHP and was found to decrease with increasing M/P ratio. The grafting was followed as a function of conversion in miniemulsion polymerizations initiated with TBPO and where a continuous addition of SFS (sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate) ...
Clinically probable brainstem stroke presenting primarily as dysphagia and nonvisualized by MRI

Ten patients with clinically probable brain-stem stroke presenting primarily as acute dysphagia but without visible brainstem abnormality by MRI are described. The patients were evaluated with neurologic examinations, cinepharyngoesophagography, and brain MRI studies. Each patient solely or predominately experienced sudden pharyngeal dysphagia, and additional symptoms or signs other than dysphonia or dysarthria were scarce. Small vessel disease or cardiac embolism were the apparent causes of what appear to have been very discrete brainstem strokes in these patients. Acute pharyngeal dysphagia can be the sole or primary manifestation of brainstem stroke. A negative MRI study should not preclude consideration of this diagnosis, if brainstem stroke is otherwise clinically probable.
Influence of preparation features on retention and resistance. Part II: Three-quarter crowns

Abstract Four three-quarter crown variations were tested for retention and resistance and compared with results of a previous study. 15 Preparations with boxes or four grooves are the most retentive of the three-quarter crown designs used in the study. Lingual placement of proximal grooves enhanced the retention. Three-quarter crowns with V-shaped grooves are the least resistant of the preparation designs with retention/resistance features.
Acceptability of internet voting and CRM principles among the internet savvy

Many of the more important aspects of internet-voting policies, practices, and procedure file sharing include economic impacts, ethical issues, technical issues, and the legality of web-enabled voting; especially in relation to CRM concepts. A sample of 100 fully employed, professional and semi-professional service management and internet users, representing a college-educated and knowledge-based sample derived from the metropolitan section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was generated. As evident from the factor-based, Principal-Components Analysis (PCA) hypothesis-testing, the basic tenets of Online Technology, Accessibility, Political Awareness, Registered Voters, and Gender Issues accounted for 69.2% (adjusted 67.5%) of the explained variance in willingness to vote if online and was statistically significance (F = 40.804, P = 0.000). The most important were online technology (i.e., perceiving in a very positive light registering online, confidence in such technology, and actually voting online) and increased accessibility, as measured by having computer and internet access among potential and active voters.
The mathematical theory of resonances whose widths are exponentially small, II☆

Abstract It is shown how the rigorous justification of resonance widths in Paper I [5] can be simplified by exploiting Langer's trick of expanding the independent variable rather than the dependent variable [9].
Reactions of aqueous thorium nitrate solutions with hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Thorium peroxynitrate was prepared by the action of hydrogen peroxide upon acidified thorium nitrate solutions. From analyses of solid samples and from a study of the stoichiometry of solutions, the stoichiometric composition of the thorium peroxynitrate was found to be Th 6 (OO) 10 (NO 3 ) 4 ·10H 2 O. Peroxy bridges are believed included in an undetermined polymeric structure. The stability of the compound was studied and compared with the stability of uranium peroxide and hydrogen peroxide.
Failure of Thioctic Acid to Stimulate Chick Growth

Abstract Stokstad, Broquist and Patterson (1953) reported that they were unable to obtain significant growth increases in chicks by the addition of dl-thioctic acid (lipoic acid) to the diet, either in the absence or the presence of aureomycin or sulfasuxidine. DeBusk and Williams (1955), on the other hand, presented evidence that dl-thioctic acid stimulated the growth or food utilization or both of chicks and rats fed purified diets, and chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing alfalfa meal or a commercial chick starter. Except for slower growth, no symptoms of a thioctic acid deficiency were observed in the animals fed the experimental diets. In an attempt to reconcile the discrepancy in the results of these investigators, this laboratory conducted two experiments, one with crossbred New Hampshire × Barred Plymouth Rock chicks of mixed sex, hatched from the eggs of hens fed a corn-soybean meal diet and depleted of unidentified factors, and …
First Dark Matter Search Results from a Surface Run of the 10-L DMTPC Directional Dark Matter Detector

Abstract The Dark Matter Time Projection Chamber (DMTPC) is a low pressure (75 Torr CF4) 10 liter detector capable of measuring the vector direction of nuclear recoils with the goal of directional dark matter detection. In this Letter we present the first dark matter limit from DMTPC from a surface run at MIT. In an analysis window of 80–200 keV recoil energy, based on a 35.7 g-day exposure, we set a 90% C.L. upper limit on the spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross section of 2.0 × 10 − 33 cm 2 for 115 GeV/c2 dark matter particle mass.
Influence of prepartum exposure of beef heifers to winter weather on concentrations of plasma energy-yielding substrates, serum hormones and birth weight of calves.

Abstract The influence of exposure to ambient winter weather conditions (WW) during the final 90 d of gestation on serum hormones, plasma substrates, and birth weight of calves was evaluated in spring-calving, primiparous beef heifers. At of 192 ± 14 d of gestation, heifers were assigned by expected calving date, breed, and sire of fetus to one of two treatments. Thirteen heifers were assigned to thermoneutral environment (TN; 12°C) and housed in temperature-controlled rooms. Heifers in WW (n = 16) were maintained outdoors in drylots without access to shelter and given additional dietary energy when average weekly windchill fell below −6.7° C. Body weights, hip-heights and samples of serum and plasma were obtained biweekly until heifers were relocated, approximately 7 d prior to expected calving. Polynomial response curves for concentrations of glucose and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma and cortisol in serum were not influenced by treatment. However, average concentrations of NEFA in plasma were increased (P
Association of differentiation state of CD4+ T cells and disease progression in HIV-1 perinatally infected children.

Background In the USA, most HIV-1 infected children are on antiretroviral drug regimens, with many individuals surviving through adolescence and into adulthood. The course of HIV-1 infection in these children is variable, and understudied.
Growth and Survivorship of Larval Zebrafish Danio rerio on Processed Diets

Abstract Within the past decade the zebrafish or zebra danio Danio rerio has become a major vertebrate model for the study of developmental biology, neurobiology, and molecular genetics. Most research universities now include large zebrafish colonies where considerable resources are expended for their feeding and maintenance. Larvae are particularly labor intensive because they are commonly fed a live diet such as paramecia Paramecium sp. and brine shrimp Artemia sp. We evaluated 10 processed (i.e., nonliving) diets as alternatives to a live diet using the criteria of survivorship and growth during the 2–3 weeks following hatching. The test diets included commercial diets, two experimental diets, and freeze-dried brine shrimp. The control diet consisted of live paramecia and brine shrimp. Four experiments that varied in water exchange rate, aeration, and in the timing and method of diet delivery were conducted. No processed diet performed as well as the live-diet control when both larval survivorship and ...
Caffeine as a potential risk factor for theophylline neurotoxicity

Theophylline can cause life-threatening seizures when administered in excessive doses. The plasma concentrations associated with this neurotoxic effect vary widely among patients. To determine the reasons for the wide variation, an animal model of theophylline-induced seizures was developed and has now been used to determine the effect of pre-exposure to caffeine on theophylline-induced neurotoxicity. Male adult rats received an iv infusion of either caffeine citrate or sodium citrate solution for 15 min. Theophylline was then infused at a relatively rapid rate until onset of maximum seizures. A third group of rats received a rapid infusion of caffeine only until onset of seizures. Samples of blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid were obtained at that time for determination of caffeine and theophylline concentrations by HPLC. Prior exposure to caffeine was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the total amount of theophylline required to produce seizures and caused theophylline concentrations at all sampling sites to be significantly lower than in controls. Caffeine alone required a larger total dose and higher concentrations than theophylline alone to produce seizures. It is concluded that acute exposure to caffeine can increase the risk of theophylline-induced neurotoxicity.
Extreme Sensitivity of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and C Production to Inhibition by Cerulenin

Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C was completely inhibited by concentrations of cerulenin (4 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml, respectively) that did not affect either growth rate or final growth density. Type A toxin formation was not similarly inhibited.
MEMS-assisted spatially homogeneous endothelialization of a high length-to-depth aspect ratio microvascular network

The endothelialization of an engineered microvascular network is constrained by the mass transport of the endothelial cells through high length-to-depth (l/d) aspect ratio microchannels. This paper presents a deformable, reentrant microvascular scaffold as a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-assisted approach for spatially homogeneous endothelial cell seeding of high l/d (>200) aspect ratio microvasculature. Nickel electroplating and micromolding were employed for the fabrication of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) reentrant microvascular scaffold. A ‘stretch-seed-seal’ (‘3S’) operation was implemented for uniform incorporation of endothelial cells on the luminal surface of the elastomeric constructs. Confocal microscopy was utilized to establish the uniformity of endothelialization and to demonstrate the feasibility of this strategy.
Determination of formaldehyde by HPLC as the DNPH derivative following high-volume air sampling onto bisulfite-coated cellulose filters

Abstract A method is described for the specific collection of formaldehyde as hydroxymethanesulfonate on bisulfate-coated cellulose filters. Following extraction in aqueous acid and removal on unreacted bisulfite, the hydroxymethanesulfonate is decomposed by base, and HCHO is determined by DNPH (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) derivatization and HPLC. Since the collection efficiency for formaldehyde is moderately high even when sampling ambient air at high-volume flow rates, a limit of detection of 0.2 ppbv is achieved with 30 min sampling times. Interference from acetaldehyde co-collected as 1-hydroxyethanesulfonate is
Equality of essential spectra of quasisimilar subnormal operators

In this paper, it is shown that two quasisimilar subnormal operators have equal essential spectra.
Strengite Dissolution in Flooded Soils and Sediments

Strengite (FePO(4) . 2H(2)O) undergoes partial dissolution under the reducing conditions existing in a flooded soil. The greatest release of phosphate and iron occurs under conditions of low oxidation-reduction potential in combination with low pH.
Déjà vu or something new? The adaptation concept in the climate change literature

Abstract This paper reflects on the resurgence and meaning of the adaptation concept in the current climate change literature. We explore the extent to which the early political economic critique of the adaptation concept has influenced how it is used in this literature. That is, has the current conceptualization been enriched by the political economic critique of the 1970s and 1980s and thus represent something new? Or is the concept used in a way today that echoes previous debates; that is, is this a deja vu experience? To answer this question, we review the early political economic critique of the natural hazards school’s interpretations of vulnerability and adaptation. We then examine the revival of the adaptation concept in the climate change literature and discuss its main interpretations. For the purposes of this paper, the climate change literature encompasses the four IPCC reports and adaptation-focused articles in four scholarly journals: Global Environmental Change, Climatic Change, Climate and Development, and Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. Our content analysis shows the dominance (70%) of “adjustment adaptation” approaches, which view climate impacts as the main source of vulnerability. A much smaller percentage (3%) of articles focus on the social roots of vulnerability and the necessity for political–economic change to achieve “transformative adaptation.” A larger share (27%) locates risk in both society and the biophysical hazard. It promotes “reformist adaptation,” typically through “development,” to reduce vulnerability within the prevailing system. We conclude with a discussion of continuity and change in the conceptualization of adaptation, and point to new research directions.
New and Old Immunodeficiencies

Yesterday's immunodeficiencies emphasized the clinical and familial associations of the syndromes and date from the 1920s (ataxia-telangiectasia, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis), the 1930s (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), skipping the 1940s, but blossoming in the 15-y period from 1950 to 1965. In this period, primary immunodeficiencies affecting all the major limbs of the immune system were first described (1950: severe combined immunodeficiency; 1952: X-linked agammaglobulinemia; 1957: chronic granulomatous disease; 1965: C2 deficiency). Today's immunodeficiencies, as detailed in Stiehm's Immunologic Disorders in Infants and Children (Edition 1, 1973; Edition 2, 1980; and Edition 3, 1989) emphasize the immunologic and genetic aspects of immunodeficiency. These increased from 43 syndromes in the 1973 edition (34 primary, nine secondary) to 94 syndromes in the 1989 edition (66 primary, 28 secondary). This means that about two primary and one secondary immunodeficiencies have been uncovered annually. Tomorrow's immunodeficiencies, to be covered in Edition 4, will include new clinical and immunologic observations and molecular and biochemical studies that characterize some unique immunodeficiencies. These include the following six groups of defects: 1) neutropenic syndromes with hypogammaglobulinemia, including the WHIM syndrome; 2) phenotypic genetic syndromes with immunodeficiency including Bloom's syndrome and Schimke's immuno-osseous dysplasia; 3) natural killer cell defects associated with a) other primary immunodeficiencies, b) other nonimmunologic illness, and c) primary natural killer defects; 4) T-cell membrane defects; 5) IL defects; and 6) miscellaneous phagocytic illnesses including periodontitis and the asplenia syndrome.
855 HEMOSTATIC ABNORMALITIES AND THROMBOSIS DURING L-ASPARAGINASE (L-asp) THERAPY FOR ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

Because of unexpected thrombotic complications (12 cases of cerebral infarction, 4 cases of deep vein thrombosis), a comprehensive study of the hemostatic system was undertaken in children receiving L-asp as part of ALL induction therapy. Antithrombin (AT), plasminogen (PLAS), fibrinogen (FIB), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), thrombin time (TT), factor V (F-V), and platelet count were studied weekly for 7 weeks (wks) in 12 children who received 9 doses of L-asp in wks 1, 2, and 3 of induction therapy. AT, PLAS, and FIB decreased progressively in all patients (pts) with minimums in 3rd wk of L-asp: mean of 12 pts: 70%, 52%, and 31% of normal, respectively; lowest individual levels: 52%, 33%, and 11%, respectively. Functional and immunological assays of AT and PLAS gave identical results. AT and PLAS were normal 2 wks after L-asp; FIB within 3 wks. PT, PTT, and TT were prolonged during wks 1-3 and normal or shortened by wks 5-6. Platelet production rebounded during wks 3-5 as marrow remission occurred (>400,000/μl in 10 of 12 pts). F-V rose steadily from 112% of normal, pretherapy, to 158% wk 5. These data demonstrate multiple abnormalities during ALL therapy; changes in AT, PLAS, FIB, PT, PTT, and TT are due to L-asp. The net effect is a tendency to thrombosis, which may be explained by deficiencies of AT and PLAS, rapidly rising platelet counts, and elevated F-V, despite concurrent severe hypofibrinogenemia.
Can pions be the dominant linkage in multiperipheral cluster models

Abstract The consequence of pion-pole dominance in multiperipheral cluster models is investigated. It is shown that the observed size of hadronic total cross sections and the observed average multiplicities are incompatible with the premise that the dominant high energy production is the repeated-pion-exchange in a multiperipheral cluster chain. We discuss implications of our findings and comment on various alternatives for the search of a realistic multiperipheral cluster model.
Cortical granule-specific components are present within oocytes and accessory cells during sea urchin oogenesis.

The coordinate expression of cortical granule-specific components in sea urchin oogenesis was studied using antibody probes. The components used to generate the organelle-specific antibodies included the whole cortical granule exudate, fertilization envelopes, hyalin, beta, 1-3,glucanase, and Ig8. Using immunolocalization techniques at both the light and electron microscopic levels, these molecules were found to be specific to cortical granules in three distinct cell types: developing oocytes, eggs, and accessory cells. In early oocytes, each of the cortical granule components are coordinately accumulated in the developing cortical granules dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. No other organelle within the developing oocytes or eggs contained detectable levels of any of these epitopes. In the somatic interstitial tissue of the ovary, cortical granule components also were accumulated specifically within cortical granule structures. Found only in select accessory cells, these cortical granules were indisting...
Retarded van der Waals Forces at All Distances Derived from Classical Electrodynamics with Classical Electromagnetic Zero-Point Radiation

The van der Waals forces between a polarizable particle and a conducting wall and between two polarizable particles are calculated within the theory of classical electrodynamics with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation. This theory assumes the differential equations of traditional classical electrodynamics but changes the homogeneous boundary condition on Maxwell's equations to correspond to the presence of random classical electromagnetic radiation with a Lorentz-invariant spectrum. The van der Waals force calculations are performed exactly within the nonrelativistic equations of motion for the particles represented as point-dipole oscillators. The classical results are found to agree identically to all orders in the fine-structure constant $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ with the nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamic calculations of Renne. To fourth order, there is agreement with the perturbation-theory work of Casimir and Polder.
Constitutive relationships for elastic deformation of clay rock: Data Analysis

Geological repositories have been considered a feasible option worldwide for storing high-level nuclear waste. Clay rock is one of the rock types under consideration for such purposes, because of its favorable features to prevent radionuclide transport from the repository. Coupled hydromechanical processes have an important impact on the performance of a clay repository, and establishing constitutive relationships for modeling such processes are essential. In this study, we propose several constitutive relationships for elastic deformation in indurated clay rocks based on three recently developed concepts. First, when applying Hooke’s law in clay rocks, true strain (rock volume change divided by the current rock volume), rather than engineering strain (rock volume change divided by unstressed rock volume), should be used, except when the degree of deformation is very small. In the latter case, the two strains will be practically identical. Second, because of its inherent heterogeneity, clay rock can be divided into two parts, a hard part and a soft part, with the hard part subject to a relatively small degree of deformation compared with the soft part. Third, for swelling rock like clay, effective stress needs to be generalized to include an additional term resulting from the swelling process. To evaluate our theoretical development, we analyze uniaxial test data for core samples of Opalinus clay and laboratory measurements of single fractures within macro-cracked Callovo-Oxfordian argillite samples subject to both confinement and water reduced swelling. The results from this evaluation indicate that our constitutive relationships can adequately represent the data and explain the related observations.
Herpes simplex virus infections

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a member of the herpesviridae family. Recognised since ancient Greek times, the virus frequently infects human beings, causing a range of diseases from mild uncomplicated mucocutaneous infection to those that are life threatening. In the past 50 years, substantial advances in our knowledge of the molecular biology of HSV have led to insights into disease pathogenesis and management. This review provides a contemporary interpretation of the biological properties, function, epidemiology, and treatment of HSV diseases.
Dynamic performance of a random access code combining CDMA system

Previously (1994) the authors have analyzed the steady state performance of a random access code combining CDMA system. In this paper, the analysis is extended to the dynamic performance. We follow an approach similar to that used by Raychaudhuri (1981). The system is represented as a discrete-time Markov chain with the state being the number of backlogged terminals. At the start of a given time slot, each backlogged user k is characterized by P/sub k/(L) (the probability that user k transmits successfully a data packet formed by the combination of L previously transmitted copies). Unlike Raychaudhuri's system where the error rate on the channel is viewed by all transmitting users as the same constant during each time slot, P/sub k/(L) varies from one user to another. Its value is substantially increased through the code combining operation (increases with L). As a result, the number of retransmissions is minimized. The throughput and time-delay performance are significantly improved. We show through numerical analysis that the code combining system performs better than the conventional one. The effect of code combining on the stability is also investigated.
Elastic Region Solution of the Mode II Crack in an Elastic Perfectly Plastic Solid

The approximate stress field solution is found of the elastic region which surrounds the plastic zone of the stationary mode II crack in an elastic perfectly plastic and incompressible solid. The plastic zone solutions are given in a companion paper. The elastic region region stress field solution depends upon a determination of the crack plane (surface) dislocation distribution. Equations are derived to give this distribution. The elastic region stress field is found from an integration of the stress fields of all the dislocations present in the plastic zones and on the crack plane. A failed solution for the mode I crack also is considered in this paper.