cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered Biodistribution and Incidental Findings on Gallium and Labeled Leukocyte/Bone Marrow Scans

Gallium-67 citrate and labeled leukocyte imaging are established procedures for diagnosing inflammation and infection. Knowledge of the normal biodistribution of these tracers, variations, and unusual disease presentations improves the accuracy of their interpretation. During the first 24 hours after injection, the principal excretory pathway of gallium is renal; subsequently, excretion is primarily colonic. By 72 hours, approximately 75% remains in the body, equally distributed among soft tissues, liver, and bone/bone marrow. This normal distribution is subject to considerable variation. Nasopharyngeal and lacrimal gland uptake can be prominent. Breast uptake, generally faint and symmetric, is intense in hyperprolactinemic states such as pregnancy. Colonic uptake is very variable. Normally healing surgical incisions concentrate gallium for variable amounts of time. In patients receiving multiple transfusions renal, bladder, and bone activity are increased; liver and colon uptake are decreased. The contrast agent gadolinium exerts similar effects. At 24 hours after injection, the normal biodistribution of indium labeled leukocytes is limited to liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The normal biodistribution of technetium-labeled leukocytes includes, in addition to the reticuloendothelial system, colon, urinary tract, and occasionally gall bladder. Images obtained shortly after injection of labeled leukocytes show intense pulmonary activity, which decreases over time. Except in cystic fibrosis, segmental or lobar pulmonary activity indicates bacterial pneumonia. Diffuse pulmonary uptake is associated with various conditions but rarely with bacterial pneumonia. Labeled leukocytes do not accumulate in surgical wounds that heal by primary intention. They do accumulate in wounds healing by secondary intention, such as ostomies and skin grafts. Because labeled leukocytes accumulate in the bone marrow, complementary bone marrow imaging helps differentiate marrow activity from infection. Labeled leukocyte imaging is not useful for diagnosing spinal osteomyelitis because 50% or more of cases present as nonspecific decreased activity. This test is not useful for diagnosing septic arthritis because labeled leukocytes accumulate in inflammatory, noninfectious arthritis. Nodal uptake in patients with lower extremity joint prostheses produces incongruent white blood cell/marrow images in the absence of infection. Careful attention to uptake patterns minimizes this problem. Radiation effects on bone marrow activity are dramatic. Acutely, there is intense, diffusely increased activity. As inflammation subsides, and marrow becomes fibrotic, the irradiated area appears as decreased activity.
Defining a beta distribution function for construction simulation

In most applications of simulation to construction, the underlying probability distribution function (PDF) is generally unknown. Consequently, an expert has to select a PDF hoping that the one that is chosen matches the shape of the underlying distribution. This research attempts to quantify, through a sensitivity analysis, the effect of subjective information in choosing parameters for a Beta distribution to be used in earthmoving simulation models.
Mortality in patients with premature lower extremity atherosclerosis.

Objective Lower extremity peripheral artery disease occurs mostly in the elderly and is associated with high mortality. Limited data are available regarding long-term mortality in patients with premature lower extremity atherosclerosis (PLEA). Our objective was to determine the all-cause mortality and its predictors in younger PLEA patients. Methods We studied patients with severe PLEA who were χ 2 test, t -test, or Wilcoxon test. Survival times were estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and associations with covariates were tested using simple and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results A total of 564 patients were analyzed (46% female; 20% nonwhite; mean age 49.4 [6.4] years). Ninety-five percent of patients had ≥2 cardiovascular risk factors, 31% had coronary artery disease (CAD), and 10% had a history of cancer. During median follow-up of 5.6 years (interquartile range, 2.3-8.3 years), 108 deaths (19%) were recorded. Two-year estimated mortality (standard error) was 6% (0.01), and 5-year estimated mortality was 16% (0.02). In univariate regression analysis, patient age ( P = .04), prior amputation ( P P = .03), and established CAD ( P = .04) were associated with increased risk of mortality. Aspirin use and lipid-lowering therapy at the time of first evaluation were associated with improved survival ( P P = .02, respectively). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model identified age (hazard ratio [HR] for 5-year increase, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.36; P = .04), prior amputation (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.18-3.34; P = .01), history of cancer (HR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.36-4.07; P P P Conclusions Patients with PLEA demonstrate high all-cause mortality. No traditional cardiovascular risk factors predicted mortality. Aspirin therapy at the time of first evaluation was a significant and independent predictor of improved survival in patients with PLEA.
Gender Inequality in Education: accounting for women's subordination

Abstract This article is an attempt to apply a systematic use of theory to gender inequalities in education. It expands on the tenets of liberal, radical, and socialist feminist perspectives to account for differential gender outcomes in terms of educational access, attainment, and field of study choices. The State emerges as a key actor regulating and promoting educational processes and outcomes, and the perspective that most accurately captures the State's practices is socialist feminism. There has been a recent convergence in feminist thought toward the meshing of ideological and material elements in the explanation of women's subordination, bringing closer than ever the radical and socialist feminist perspectives. These perspectives detect severe limits in the State's ability to improve women's conditions while groups outside the State, particularly women‐run organizations, are identified as the most likely sources of significant educational change and thus social change, in the interests of women.
Problems, Politics, and Policy Streams: A Reconsideration US Foreign Aid Behavior toward Africa

This article is designed to explore the usefulness of an alternative conceptualization of the foreign assistance policy process. The common assumption is that US foreign aid outputs are rationally determined in response to external stimuli such as US security or economic interests or human need in a country. Yet, consistent with the logic of two-level games, foreign aid policy can become ensnared in domestic politics, especially those of a partisan distinction. In this article, I build an interactive model of foreign policy where external stimuli and domestic partisan differences are coupled to explain foreign assistance behavior toward Africa over the fiscal 1982–2003 period. I find that shifts in party control of the Presidency and the Congress lead to different valuations of the importance of external factors in making economic assistance policy. This interaction of domestic and foreign inputs serves to offer a fundamental reassessment of explanations concerning foreign assistance policy specifically, and foreign policy generally.
Degree-1 convection in the Martian mantle and the origin of the hemispheric dichotomy

[1] The surface of Mars appears dramatically different between the northern and southern hemispheres. Any endogenic origin for this hemispheric dichotomy must involve a pattern of mantle convection that reflects the shape of the dichotomy, primarily spherical harmonic degree-1. We investigated two mechanisms by which degree-1 convection may be initiated in the Martian mantle: (1) an endothermic phase change near the CMB and (2) viscosity layering in the mid-mantle. Using two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D spherical finite-element convection models, we explored the conditions under which each mechanism can produce degree-1 structures. The phase transition is only effective at generating degree-1 structures when the mantle viscosity is constant or weakly temperature-dependent (activation energy <100 kJ/mol), but the degree-1 pattern requires several billion years to develop. Increasing convective vigor in phase change models leads to reduced wavelengths for convective structures. Degree-1 convection can also develop in a layered viscosity mantle, with temperature- and depth-dependent viscosity. An overall sublithospheric radial viscosity variation of a factor of 100 including a factor of 8–25 jump in the midmantle can lead to formation of degree-1 structure in a timescale ranging from 100 My to several hundred My, consistent with the timescale for the formation of the dichotomy. Neither convective vigor nor the internal heating rate greatly affects the formation of degree-1 structures. We propose that degree-1 mantle convection induced by a layered viscosity structure may be responsible for the formation of the crustal dichotomy.
Assessment of hot flushes and vaginal dryness among obese women undergoing bariatric surgery.

ABSTRACTObjective Menopausal symptoms are associated with a negative impact on the quality of life, leading women to seek medical treatment. Obesity has been linked to higher levels of menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes. This assessment will explore whether the prevalence and bother of hot flushes and vaginal dryness change from pre- to post-bariatric surgery among obese midlife women.Methods This study is a longitudinal analysis of data from 69 women (ages 35–72 years) undergoing bariatric surgery with reported reproductive histories and menopausal symptoms at preoperative and 6-month postoperative visits. Prevalence of and degree of bother of hot flushes and vaginal dryness at pre- and post-surgery were compared using McNemar’s test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Results The reported degree of bother of symptoms associated with hot flushes decreased from pre- to post-surgery (p < 0.01). There was no significant change in the prevalence of hot flushes or vaginal dryness in the overall study sample.Co...
Possible Role of Toxin in the Formation of Virus-Like Plaques by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

SummaryThe possible mechanism involved in the production of virus-like plaques by P. aeruginosa in HeLa monolayers was investigated by testing the cytopathogenicity of sterile filtrates from the plaque-forming system on fresh HeLa monolayer cultures. The results indicated that two types of toxin were produced. One type designated Y was produced in the absence of serum and could be neutralized by the addition of serum. Conversely, the second type of toxin designated Z required the presence of serum for its production and was not neutralized by the addition of fresh serum. Since bacterial plaques are formed only in the presence of serum, toxin Z is indirectly implicated as the causative factor responsible for plaques in HeLa monolayers.
Unique effect of Cu(II) in the metal-induced amyloid formation of β-2-microglobulin.

β-2-Microglobulin (β2m) forms amyloid fibrils in the joints of patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment as a result of kidney failure. In the presence of stoichiometric amounts of Cu(II), β2m self-associates into discrete oligomeric species, including dimers, tetramers, and hexamers, before ultimately forming amyloid fibrils that contain no copper. To improve our understanding of whether Cu(II) is unique in its ability to induce β2m amyloid formation and to delineate the coordinative interactions that allow Cu(II) to exert its effect, we have examined the binding of Ni(II) and Zn(II) to β2m and the resulting influence that these metals have on β2m aggregation. We find that, in contrast to Cu(II), Ni(II) does not induce the oligomerization or aggregation of β2m, while Zn(II) promotes oligomerization but not amyloid fibril formation. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and new mass spectrometry-related techniques, we find that different binding modes are responsible for the different effects of Ni(II) and Zn(II). By comparing the binding modes of Cu(II) with Ni(II), we find that Cu(II) binding to Asp59 and the backbone amide between the first two residues of β2m are important for allowing the formation of amyloid-competent oligomers, as Ni(II) appears not to bind these sites on the protein. The oligomers formed in the presence of Zn(II) are permitted by this metal’s ability to bridge two β2m units via His51. These oligomers, however, are not able to progress to form amyloid fibrils because Zn(II) does not induce the required structural changes near the N-terminus and His31.
CORPORATE HIERARCHIES IN MARKETS: THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE AND STRATEGY ON ORGANIZATIONAL SURVIVAL.

Although corporate hierarchies are a dominant organizational form in U.S. industry, their effects on the survival of component business units remains relatively understudied. We examine the effects...
Should methods of detecting breast cancer be changed

Survival statistics for breast cancer have been stalemated for 30 years, principally because cancer is not detected early enough. Breast examination by the patient is important, but we must not depend too heavily on this method. Physicians should examine periodically the breasts of all women over 35 years of age and supplement the examination with other methods of detection. Three ancillary methods are discussed: mammography, thermography and xeroradiography.
Research and simulation on the resource optimization for the power communicaiton backbone network

For the power communication network,the main trend for its future backone optical transport network is the evolution from IP over SDH to IP over WDM.And so the Routing and Wavelength Assignment(RWA) will be one of key improtant problems.It has carried out the RWA simluation on a certain province electrical power communction backbone network,and both utilized wavelenth resource and network performance are compared for different network plan.Finally,a reasonable network plan schemes is recommanded.It is well shown that the appraoch should give a good reference to the choice of network optimization for power communication backbone optical network.
Hypersensitivity to Latex in Health Care Workers: Report of Five Cases:

Concern about transmission of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and hepatitis has greatly increased the use of latex gloves. Latex allergy is a newly emerging problem with potential life-threatening sequelae among health care personnel. Patients are also at risk. We report on five cases of latex allergy in health care workers who were using latex gloves for variable lengths of time before their allergic reaction. All workers had a significant history of reactions to other allergens, including inhalants and food. Each individual had at least one systemic symptom that was directly attributed to latex exposure. Reactions to latex ranged from severe contact urticaria (all cases), bronchospasm (three cases), angioedema (two cases), and rhinorrhea (one case) to anaphylactic reactions that required immediate attention in three cases. Levels of specific IgE to latex (as measured by in vitro enzyme immunoassay) and total IgE were elevated in all five patients (total IgE > 100 kU/L). Long-term treatment included avoidance of latex, administration of antihistamines, and desensitization to other, nonlatex allergens. Health care workers should have increased awareness of latex allergy. At risk are health care workers with a history of other allergies and those with atopic dermatitis or eczema. In vitro testing may be useful, especially in persons with skin conditions such as eczema or urticaria or for persons with a history of systemic reactions to the latex allergen as reported in these five cases.
The Marketplace of Emotions

This chapter promotes the position that political campaigns are the marketplace for emotions. Feelings are important in the cognitive process and to decision making. Key literature that established the connection between feeling and thinking is explored in addition to how political campaigns facilitate an environment specifically designed to activate this nexus between feelings and decisions. Every political campaign is contextually unique and therefore certain circumstances may invoke different feelings about candidates and political issues altogether. The political campaign is conceptually deconstructed to its basic elements and explored for its strategic endeavors to frame choices for voters in ways that elicit specific emotions.
The Impact of Balanced Budget Restrictions on States' Fiscal Actions

ABSTRACT: Although balanced budget rules are widely used throughout the world, there is considerable debate on whether and how they impact fiscal outcomes. Existing research shows that states with strict balanced budget rules address deficits by raising taxes and curbing expenditures. However, little is known about whether politicians can meet budget rules by shifting resources inter-temporally or by transferring revenues from funds not subject to balanced budget rules into funds that are required to meet a balanced budget. We show that, in addition to increasing taxes and cutting expenditures, states with strict balanced budget rules sell public assets and transfer resources across government funds to close the budget shortfall. Our findings suggest that current budget deficits not only influence the current-period taxpayers, but also impact future taxpayers and other funds within the government. The results complement existing research by expanding our understanding of the effects of balanced budget res...
Practical Endoscopy for Laser Interventions of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract

This chapter will cover the fundamentals of endoscopy in otolaryngology, beginning with a history of the substantial progress that has been made since endoscopy was first developed in the 1800s, followed by a brief overview of the anatomy of the upper aerodigestive tract, and concluding with a discussion of contemporary office-based and surgical endoscopic practices. Knowledge of the fundamentals of endoscopy both in the office and the operating room is critical to understanding our current capabilities for visualizing and manipulating structures within the upper aerodigestive tract.
Improving the utility of 1H-MRS for the differentiation of glioma recurrence from radiation necrosis.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) has shown promise in distinguishing recurrent high-grade glioma from posttreatment radiation effect (PTRE). The purpose of this study was to establish objective 1H-MRS criteria based on metabolite peak height ratios to distinguish recurrent tumor (RT) from PTRE. A retrospective analysis of magnetic resonance imaging and 1H-MRS data was performed. Spectral metabolites analyzed included N-acetylaspartate, choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), lactate (Lac), and lipids (Lip). Quantitative 1H-MRS criteria to differentiate RT from PTRE were identified using 81 biopsy-matched spectral voxels. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted for all metabolite ratio combinations with the pathology diagnosis as the classification variable. Forward discriminant analysis was used to identify ratio variables that maximized the correct classification of RT versus PTRE. Our results were applied to 205 records without biopsy-matched voxels to examine the percent agreement between our criteria and the radiologic diagnoses. Five ratios achieved an acceptable balance [area under the curve (AUC) ≥ 0.700] between sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing RT from PTRE, and each ratio defined a criterion for diagnosing RT. The ratios are as follows: Cho/Cr > 1.54 (sensitivity 66%, specificity 79%), Cr/Cho ≤ 0.63 (sensitivity 65%, specificity 79%), Lac/Cho ≤ 2.67 (sensitivity 85%, specificity 58%), Lac/Lip ≤ 1.64 (sensitivity 54%, specificity 95%), and Lip/Lac > 0.58 (sensitivity 56%, specificity 95%). Application of our ratio criteria in prospective studies may offer an alternative to biopsy or visual spectral pattern recognition to distinguish RT from PTRE in patients with gliomas.
Assessment of Local Heterogeneity in Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Hydrogel Networks.

Our current understanding of the mechanical properties of nanostructured biomaterials is rather limited to invasive/destructive and low-throughput techniques such as atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, and shear rheology. In this report, we demonstrate the capabilities of recently developed dual Brillouin/Raman spectroscopy to interrogate the mechanical and chemical properties of nanostructured hydrogel networks. The results obtained from Brillouin spectroscopy show an excellent correlation with the conventional uniaxial and shear mechanical testing. Moreover, it is confirmed that, unlike the macroscopic conventional mechanical measurement techniques, Brillouin spectroscopy can provide the elasticity characteristic of biomaterials at a mesoscale length, which is remarkably important for understanding complex cell–biomaterial interactions. The proposed technique experimentally demonstrated the capability of studying biomaterials in their natural environment and may facilitate future fabrication and ...
Learning from groundwater: Pragmatic compromise planning common goods:

Planners often struggle with the ethical ambiguity of compromise in the preparation of development plans. The plans they make face the resistance and criticism of powerful economic and political in...
Minimally Invasive Techniques: Transoral Robotic Surgery and Photodynamic Therapy

Chemoradiation is the standard at many cancer centers for the treatment of oropharyngeal cancers. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has reintroduced surgery as a viable option for patients with cancers of the tonsil and tongue base. Some cancers that were previously resected with midline mandibulotomies are now taken out completely from a less invasive transoral route. TORS can be used to resect tumors of the tonsil, tongue base, supraglottic structures, parapharyngeal space, nasopharynx, and some glottic tumors [1, 4, 10, 11, 13]. Its use in the oral cavity is limited, but it can be used to remove retromolar trigone tumors [5].
Specific Primary Ionization of H 2 , He, Ne, and A by High Energy Electrons

Monoenergetic electrons, magnetically separated from the continuous spectrum of a radioactive $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray source, are directed through a series of 3 thin-window G-M counters. A measurement of the efficiency of the first counter by the coincidence method yields information from which the specific primary ionization of its contained gas is calculated.Measurements of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, He, Ne, and A over the range of incident electron energies 0.2 to 1.6 Mev have been made and the data compared with the Bethe theory of primary ionization. By adjustment of two constants contained in the theoretical formula, it is possible to fit the data for each of the four gases within the experimental uncertainties. The adjusted formulas yield extrapolated values of the specific primary ionization which are fairly consistent with the work of others at lower and higher energies.
My Life Among The Polyominoes

My life as a mathematician was probably launched by my father. He had a scientific mind, and he was a very constructive man with the attitude that he could do anything. I also had an excellent high school teacher, Nemo Debely, who nurtured my interest in science and mathematics; in particular, he encouraged me to read Martin Gardner’s columns in The Scientific American about the time they began to appear in the late fifties. Inspired by my father’s example, I had the attitude toward mathematics that I could do it. When Deb gave me a classical problem in geometry, number theory, combinatorics, or whatever, I set to work thinking I would solve it. Of course, I never managed to solve Fermat’s Last Theorem, the four color conjecture (now a theorem), or to prove that there is an infinite set of prime pairs, but I learned a lot by trying. Mixed into this naive period was my first contact with Martin Gardner.
The Krotkoff sound

As the auscultatory method of blood pressure measurement relies fundamentally on the generation of the Korotkoff sound, identification of the responsible mechanisms has been of interest ever since the introduction of the method, around the turn of the century. In this article, a theory is proposed that identifies the cause of sound generation with the nonlinear properties of the pressure-flow relationship in, and of the volume compliance of the collapsible segment of brachial artery under the cuff. The rising portion of a normal incoming brachial pressure pulse is distorted due to these characteristics, and energy contained in the normal pulse is shifted to the audible range. The pressure transient produced is transmitted to the skin surface and stethoscope through deflection of the arterial wall. A mathematical model is formulated to represent the structures involved and to computer the Korotkoff sound. The model is able to predict quantitatively a range of features of the Korotkoff sound reported in the literature. Several earlier theories are summarized and evaluated.
Exceptionally Diverse: Neoliberal Multiculturalism, Race, and Risk

Putatively beleaguered whites facing “dark” enemy hordes have defined an important dimension of US foreign policy since the continental era. There are still elements of racialized framing in foreign policy, as seen in Grenada, South Africa, Somalia, Iraq, and Iran. Domestically, the loyalty of others based on race continues, particularly during crises. At the same time, racial animus often coexists with a more general treatment of risks and costs facing the US-led global economy, including piracy, nuclear weapons, and terrorist attacks. Domestically, inclusive hierarchy operates through demands for loyalty and service.
Robust Encoding of Spatial Information in Orbitofrontal Cortex and Striatum.

Knowing whether core reward regions carry information about the positions of relevant objects is crucial for adjudicating between choice models. One limitation of previous studies, including our ow...
Science Artisans and Open Science Hardware

Open science hardware (OSH) are prototypes of laboratory instruments that use open source hardware to extend the purely epistemic (improving knowledge about nature) and normative (improving society...
A new lichenicolous species of Toninia (Ramalinaceae) on Dermatocarpon in central North America

Toninia tecta, a non-lichenized obligately lichenicolous fungus, is described new to science. The species is known from several sites in midcontinental North America. Toninia tecta has an endokapylic thallus with dark superficial apothecia restricted to the sheltered undersides of thalli of saxicolous umbilicate species of Dermatocarpon. The new species is characterized by 3-septate ellipsoid ascospores, elongate filiform conidiospores, a reddish brown hypothecium and grey to greenish epithecium that reacts KOH–, HNO3 violet. Features of the species are compared with those of other lichenicolous taxa in the genus.
Poverty Status and Childhood Asthma in White and Black Families: National Survey of Children's Health.

Background: Living above the poverty line reduces the risk of physical illnesses, including childhood asthma (CA). Minorities’ Diminished Return theory, however, suggests that the protective effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on health are weaker for racial minorities than White families. It is unknown whether the association between SES and CA differs for White and Black families. Aims: Using a national sample, the current study compared Black and White families for the association between living above the poverty line and CA. Methods: Data came from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH), 2003–2004, a national telephone survey. A total of 86,537 Black or White families with children (17 years old or younger) were included in the study. This sample was composed of 76,403 White (88.29%) and 10,134 Black (11.71%) families. Family SES (living above the poverty line) was the independent variable. The outcome was CA, reported by the parent. Age, gender, and childhood obesity were the covariates. Race was conceptualized as the moderator. A number of multivariable logistic regressions were used in the pooled sample and specific to each race for data analysis. Results: In the pooled sample, living above the poverty line was associated with lower odds of CA. An interaction was found between race and living above the poverty line on odds of CA, indicating a smaller association for Black compared to White families. Although race-stratified logistic regressions showed negative associations between living above the poverty line and CA in both White and Black families, the magnitude of this negative association was larger for White than Black families. Conclusions: The health gain from living above the poverty line may be smaller for Black than White families. Due to the existing Minorities’ Diminished Return, policies that merely reduce the racial gap in SES may not be sufficient in eliminating racial health disparities in the United States. Public policies must go beyond reducing poverty to address structural and environmental risk factors that disproportionately impact Blacks’ health. Policies should help Black families gain health as they gain upward social mobility. As they are more likely to face societal and structural barriers, multi-level interventions are needed for the health promotion of Blacks.
Equivalent static stress for comparison to creep-dominated cyclic tests using a triangular waveform

Fatigue of ceramic matrix composites during cyclic loading has been a topic of recent interest [1–5]. Creep is one mechanism that could limit lifetime in hightemperature environments [6–15] and could be expected to occur under both cyclic and static loading conditions. A comparison of creep lifetime in both cyclic and static loading could be used to provide insight into failure mechanisms. To ensure that materials failing by the same mechanism in static and cyclic loading exhibit the same lifetime, the tests must be designed for the same creep rates. The comparability of stress states in both types of loading has been recently addressed for a sinusoidal waveform [16]. This letter examines the selection of an appropriate static stress using equivalent time average creep rates for direct comparison with triangular waveform cyclic results. Using the assumption that steady-state conditions occur during the majority of the creep lifetime, the time average creep rate in static loading has been recently reported as [16]:
Potassium-induced cardioplegia during normothermic cardiac arrest. Morphologic study of the effect of varying concentrations of potassium on myocardial anoxic injury.

Most corrective procedures as well as myocardial revascularization require a period of cardiac arrest, and numerous methods have been proposed to protect the myocardium during this ischemic episode. Potassium-induced cardioplegia is one method that appears to be of benefit in this setting. Since it is recognized that myocardial necrosis may result at very high doses of potassium, we examined the effect of varying concentrations of potassium on myocardial anoxic injury. Using an isolated rat heart preparation, we evaluated anoxic injury occurring with cardioplegic solutions containing various concentrations of K+, ranging from 15 to 200 mEq. per liter, during a 50 minute normothermic arrest followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. The transverse histologic sections of the left ventricular myocardium were analyzed for contraction band injury by morphometric and qualitative methods. Among the 62 animals studied the least severe anoxic injury was seen with K+ cardioplegia at concentrations of 25 and 30 mEq. per liter. At lower and higher concentrations there was little difference between the hearts exposed to anoxia with or without K+ cardioplegia. Potassium administered in very high doses, i.e., 100 or 200 mEq. of K+ per liter, led to contracture and extensive myocardial cell injury. This study suggests that potassium-induced cardioplegia is effective in reducing cell injury due to anoxia, and in this model an optimal concentration range was 25 to 30 mEq. per liter.
How the Power Law Distribution of Inputs and Outcomes Reconceptualizes Entrepreneurship Research

Over the last four decades, Academy of Management Review has devoted a great deal of attention to the scholarly debate about the theoretical nature of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial opportunities. Most recently, an entire Dialogue section of the journal was devoted to four articles that provided alternative ontological, epistemological, and philosophical views of “opportunity.” Inasmuch as the domain appreciates the effort to advance entrepreneurship theory, these arguments appear to constitute what past AMR editor-in-chief, Roy Suddaby, termed “fetishism,” where “theory becomes an exercise in writing and interpretation but is detached from the empirical world” (2014: 408). That reality was demonstrated in the Crawford, Aguinis, Lichtenstein, Davidsson, & McKelvey (2015) study, which discovered highly skewed power law distributions in all of the domain’s theoretically relevant input variables and all generalizable outcome measures. The significant number of outliers in these distribu...
Technology and Third-World Development: A Twenty- To Thirty-Year Retrospective

Hardly an important economic variable is unaffected by technological change and, in the longer term, technological transformation has a bearing on cultural values, social relationships, and configurations of political power. Little wonder, then, that the dynamics of technological advance continue to attract increasing attention among scholars and decision-makers, a concern that now extends to problems of, and promises for, the social and economic development of the Third World.
Suicide and Non-suicidal Self-Injury

Rates of suicide and self-harm have risen significantly in youth populations over the past 12 years (Murphy et al., Natl Vital Stat Rep 66:1–75, 2015). Suicide is also the 2nd leading cause of death in youth aged 10–24, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent in adolescents and young adults (Murphy et al., Natl Vital Stat Rep 66:1–75, 2015). Many families are unfamiliar with navigating the mental health system, and most turn to their primary care clinician with behavioral health concerns. As such, PCPs must be prepared to assess youth for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) and NSSI, develop a treatment plan, and refer them to the appropriate level of care. Common risk factors include existing psychiatric disorders, prior suicide attempts or knowing someone who has attempted/completed suicide, substance use, and general environmental factors (e.g., trauma, family dynamics, bullying, academic culture). In pediatric populations, it is impossible to ignore the role of the digital revolution: youth are often unable to experience any sort of break from life stressors, which in turn intensifies negative feelings and exacerbates pre-existing symptoms.
Re-Enchanting the World: Indigenous Peoples' Rights as Essential Parts of a Holistic Human Rights Regime

Indigenous peoples have maintained key features of their identity against many challenges over time. Under the banner-cry of cultural diversity, the modem community of states has recognized their rights to their culture, their self-determination, and their land. These novel communal rights are necessary elements of a legal regime that responds fully to human needs and aspirations.
Population-Based Evaluation of Lumbar Puncture Opening Pressures

Importance: Prior studies evaluating opening pressure (OP) have mostly involved lumbar puncture (LP) for diagnosis of neurologic disease or small cohorts of healthy volunteers and therefore the normal OP is not well-defined. Objective: The goal of this study was to establish the normal range of OP in a community-based population using the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA) and to evaluate factors that contribute to OP variability. Design: LP OP were obtained from participants aged 32-95 years between 11/1/07 and 10/1/17, as part of routine data collection for the MCSA, a longitudinal, population-based study of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Setting: A longitudinal, population-based study of residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Participants: There were 639 participants (56.8% male; 98.5% white) who underwent LP with recorded OP as part of the MCSA. Intervention: LP. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): LP OP was recorded along with variables that could possibly influence its variability, including age, body mass index (BMI), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Results: Six hundred thirty-nine participants (56.8% men) underwent LP with recorded OP; average age was 71.0 years (SD 10.9) with a mean BMI of 28.0 (SD 4.6). Mean OP was 155.4 mmH2O (SD 41.9) with a 95% reference interval of 82-242 mmH2O (range 60-314; Q1, Q3: 124, 182). Increasing age was associated with lower OP (p < 0.001), while increasing BMI was associated with higher OP (p < 0.001). Twelve (2%) participants had OP ≥ 250 mmH2O; they were younger [58.5 (SD 8.2), p < 0.001], had higher BMI [33.6 (SD 4.6), p < 0.001], and were more likely to have OSA (75%, p < 0.001). Among the 79 participants with repeat LPs within 2.5 years, the coefficient of repeatability (CR) was 64.9. Ten (12.7%) had an OP difference ≥50 mmH2O between serial LPs. Conclusions and Relevance: This large population-based study showed that LP OP can vary significantly among individuals. Higher OPs were associated with higher BMI and younger age.
Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Regression-Based Normative Data and Clinical Utility.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to provide regression-based normative data for the written, oral, and incidental recall trials of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). METHOD Regression-based normative equations for the written and oral trials were derived from 536 healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 91. Normative equations for the incidental recall trial are provided for a subset of the normative sample (age range = 60-91). The clinical utility of the newly developed norms was examined by comparing mean performance and rates of impaired scores for participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Within-group analyses were used to compare the new norms to the original published norms. RESULTS Age, education, and sex were all significant predictors of written trial performance, age and education were significant predictors of oral trial performance, and only age predicted incidental recall trial performance. As expected, the TBI group demonstrated the highest rates of impaired performance on both written and oral trials. Participants with dementia showed the highest rate of impaired scores on the incidental recall trial, followed by participants with amnestic MCI. Compared to traditional norming methods, the regression-based norms classified more clinical participants as impaired on both the written and oral trials. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive regression-based normative equations with demonstrated clinical utility are provided to improve the detection of cerebral dysfunction using the SDMT. A calculator with the normative equations is provided so that raw scores can be easily converted to demographically-corrected standardized scores.
SCING-Spinal Cord Injury Neuroprotection with Glyburide: a pilot, open-label, multicentre, prospective evaluation of oral glyburide in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury in the USA.

Introduction Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a devastating neurological disorder with no pharmacological neuroprotective strategy proven effective to date. Progressive haemorrhagic necrosis (PHN) represents an increasingly well-characterised mechanism of secondary injury after tSCI that negatively impacts neurological outcomes following acute tSCI. Preclinical studies evaluating the use of the Food and Drug Administration-approved sulfonylurea receptor 1-transient receptor potential melastatin 4 channel blocker glyburide in rodent models have shown reduced secondary microhaemorrhage formation and the absence of capillary fragmentation, the pathological hallmark of PHN. Methods and analysis In this initial phase multicentre open-label pilot study, we propose to enrol 10 patients with acute cervical tSCI to primarily assess the feasibility, and safety of receiving oral glyburide within 8 hours of injury. Secondary objectives include pharmacokinetics and preliminary evaluations on neurological recovery as well as blood and MRI-based injury biomarkers. Analysis will be performed using the descriptive and non-parametric statistics. Ethics and dissemination Glyburide has been shown as an effective neuroprotective agent in preclinical tSCI models and in the treatment of ischaemic stroke with the additional risk of a hypoglycaemic response. Given the ongoing secondary injury and the traumatic hyperglycaemic stress response seen in patients with tSCI, glyburide; thus, offers an appealing neuroprotective strategy to supplement standard of care treatment. The study protocol was approved by the Ohio State University Biomedical Institutional Review Board. The protocol was amended in February 2017 with changes related to study feasibility and patient recruitment. Specifically, the route of administration was changed to the oral form to allow for streamlined and rapid drug administration, and the injury-to-drug time window was extended to 8 hours in an effort to further enhance enrolment. Participants or legally authorised representatives are informed about the trial and its anticipated risks orally and in written form using an approved informed consent form prior to inclusion. The findings of this study will be disseminated to the participants and to academic peers through scientific conferences and peer-reviewed journal publications. Trial registration numbers NCT02524379 and 2014H0335.
The global governance of housing: 1945–2016

This article traces the underexplored history of global governance toward housing policy, from its origins in the postwar era United Nations through the Habitat III conference at Istanbul in 2016. ...
A Minimum-Risk Dynamic Assignment Mechanism Along with Approximations, Extensions, and Application to Refugee Matching

In the classic linear assignment problem, items must be assigned to agents in a manner that minimizes the sum of the costs for each item-agent assignment, where the costs of all possible item-agent pairings are observed in advance. This is a well-known and well-characterized problem, and algorithms exist to attain the solution. In contrast, less attention has been given to the dynamic version of this problem where each item must be assigned to an agent sequentially upon arrival without knowledge of the future items to arrive. Motivated by an application in the globally pressing domain of international asylum and refugee resettlement, specifically that of matching refugees and asylum seekers to geographic localities within a host country, this study proposes an assignment mechanism that combines linear assignment programming solutions with stochastic programming methods to minimize the expected loss when assignments must be made in this dynamic sequential fashion, and offers an algorithm for implementing the mechanism. The study also presents an approximate version of the mechanism and accompanying algorithm that is more computationally efficient, a prediction-based alternative approximation that combines stochastic programming with machine learning to achieve even greater efficiency, as well as heuristic mechanisms. In addition, the study provides an extension to dynamic batch assignment, where items arrive and must be assigned sequentially in groups. Real-world refugee resettlement data in the United States are used to illustrate the methods and show how they could be practically implemented in order to optimize refugees' and asylum seekers' employment prospects (or other integration outcomes) in their host countries.
Post-disaster sequential recovery planning for water distribution systems using topological and hydraulic metrics

Multiple pipeline failures in water distribution systems (WDS) caused by natural hazards such as earthquakes can significantly reduce the functionality of the systems. After a natural disaster, a q...
FedPARL: Client Activity and Resource-Oriented Lightweight Federated Learning Model for Resource-Constrained Heterogeneous IoT Environment

Federated Learning (FL) is a recently invented distributed machine learning technique that allows available network clients to perform model training at the edge, rather than sharing it with a centralized server. Unlike conventional distributed machine learning approaches, the hallmark feature of FL is to allow performing local computation and model generation on the client side, ultimately protecting sensitive information. Most of the existing FL approaches assume that each FL client has sufficient computational resources, and can accomplish a given task without facing any resource-related issues. However, if we consider FL for a heterogeneous IoT environment, a major portion of the FL clients may face low resource-availability (e.g., lower computational power, limited bandwidth, and battery-life). Consequently, the resource-constrained FL clients may give a very slow response, or, may be unable to execute expected number of local iterations. Further, any FL client can inject inappropriate model during a training phase that can prolong convergence time and waste resources of all the network clients. In this paper, we propose a novel tri-layer FL scheme, FedPARL, that reduces model size by performing sample-based pruning, avoids misbehaved clients by examining their trust score, and allows partial amount of work by considering their resource-availability. The pruning mechanism is particularly useful while dealing with resource-constrained FL-based IoT (FL-IoT) clients. In this scenario, the lightweight training model will consume less amount of resources to accomplish a target convergence. We evaluate each interested client's resource-availability before assigning a task, monitor their activities, and update their trust scores based on their previous performance. To tackle system and statistical heterogeneities, we adapt a re-parameterization and generalization of the current state-of-the-art Federated Averaging (FedAvg) algorithm. The modification of FedAvg algorithm allows clients to perform variable or partial amounts of work considering their resource-constraints. We demonstrate that simultaneously adapting the coupling of pruning, resource and activity awareness, and re-parameterization of FedAvg algorithm leads to more robust convergence of FL in IoT environment.
Factors Influencing Student STEM Learning: Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancy, 21st Century Skills, and Career Awareness

Social, motivational, and instructional factors impact students’ outcomes in STEM learning and their career paths. Based on prior research and expectancy-value theory, the study further explored how multiple factors affect students in the context of integrated STEM learning. High school STEM teachers participated in summer professional development and taught integrated STEM to students during the following school year, where scientific inquiry, biomimicry, 3D printing technology, and engineering design were integrated as instructional strategies. Surveys were conducted to measure teacher self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. Student STEM attitudes (self-efficacy and expectancy-value beliefs), 21st century skills, STEM career awareness, and STEM knowledge achievement were also measured using a survey and a custom-made knowledge test. Based on expectancy-value theory and literature, a path model was developed and tested to investigate causal relationships between these factors. The results revealed direct and indirect effects of teacher self-efficacy and outcome expectancy on students’ STEM knowledge achievements. Student STEM attitudes (self-efficacy and expectancy-value beliefs), 21st century skills, and STEM career awareness also significantly influenced STEM knowledge achievement directly or indirectly.