cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benzo[b]thiophene derivatives I. 6-methoxybenzo[b]thiophene analogs of plant growth regulators†

The acid catalyzed ring closure of an appropriately substituted phenyl ketoester sulfide served as the initial reaction in the synthesis of several 3,4- and 3,6-disubstituted benzo[b]thiophenes. One of these compounds, 4-methoxybenzo[b]thienyl-3-acetic acid, showed marked plant growth enhancement.
The Organization and Regulation of Voluntary Faculty

A large number of psychiatrists have been, or are currently, unpaid, voluntary, or “clinical” faculty. In 1987-1988, in 127 medical schools, there were approximately 122,000 clinical faculty members, outnumbering regular faculty by approximately two to one. Yet, in contrast to primary faculty, administrative policies (e.g., appointment, reappointment, promotion) regarding clinical faculty are often ill-defined or absent entirely. We discovered in a survey of 8 departments of psychiatry that most departments do not have separate administrative guidelines or policies for these faculty. This article addresses specific mechanisms for determining clinical faculty membership and duties and suggests policies for appointment, reappointment, and promotion. The authors focus on administrative management strategies, such as the creation of a departmental Clinical Faculty Committee and the consideration of quality assurance issues.
Fractal study and simulation of fracture roughness

This study examines the roughness profiles of the surfaces of fractures and faults by using concepts from fractal geometry. Relationships between fractal characteristics of profiles and isotropic surfaces are analytically developed and a deterministic representation of the roughness is examined.
Application of the blister test to the study of polymer–polymer adhesion

This article demonstrates the use of the blister test for measuring the fracture energy, Ga, of the interface between two incompatible polymers. We describe an apparatus in which a fluid was injected at constant rate at the interface between a solid, glassy polymer, and a thin rubbery overcoating to create a “blister.” The fluid pressure and blister geometry were measured as functions of time. An energy balance analysis reveals three independent methods for the calculation of Ga from the data. The method was applied to the system of polyisoprene/poly(methylmethacrylate). We used a sequential debonding procedure to obtain reproducible data following the theoretical predictions. The self-consistency of the data suggested that the adhesion energy could be calculated reliably from the pressure alone, without using the blister geometry.
Monolithic fabrication of strain-free (Al,Ga)As heterostructure lasers on silicon substrates

The first strain-free (Al,Ga)As heterostructure lasers fabricated monolithically on silicon substrates are presented. Residual thermal strain, following molecular beam epitaxial growth, was relieved by chemically separating patterned laser device layers from their substrates. Held in their original location the layers readhered, forming a bond sufficiently robust for subsequent device processing. Strain relief is ascertained through analysis of emission polarization of broad-area double-heterostructure lasers. >
Effectiveness of Shared Leadership in Wikipedia

Objective:The objective of the paper is to understand leadership in an online community, specifically, Wikipedia.Background:Wikipedia successfully aggregates millions of volunteers’ efforts to crea...
EFFECT OF METHIMAZOLE UPON THYROID CLEARANCE OF CIRCULATING IODIDE.

Thyroid glandular clearance of iodide was studied in the dog by serial measurements of arterial and thyroid venous plasma l3lI concentration and thyroid venous flow before and after the intravenous injection of methimazole. A prompt, transient increase in measured clearance was observed 10–30 min after methimazole in 9 of 10 experiments in which a large quantity of iodide carrier had been given with the tracer iodide131I, while there was no increase in observed clearance in 5 of 6 experiments in which carrier-free iodide-l31I was given. The results suggest that methimazole decreases the rate at which iodide within the gland enters the circulation but has little effect upon the rate at which circulating iodide enters the gland. This response to methimazole would appear to be distinct from its well-known effect on inhibiting organic binding of iodine. (Endocrinology 75: 89, 1964)
215. Vascularized bone marrow transplantation extends survival of vascularized skin allografts

Purpose Vascularized bone marrow allotransplantation is known to be the most effective way of multilineage chimerism induction in the experimental and clinical models. In this study, we introduce combined vascularized skin/vascularized bone transplantation model (VS/VB) to evaluate the effect of the VB transplantation on tolerance induction across strong MHC barrier, under αβ-TCRmAb+CsA treatment protocol. Methods Thirty-six-transplantations between ACI (RT1a) donors to Lewis (RT1I) recipients were performed in three experimental groups of six animals each. In isograft control group and allograft rejection control group no treatment was applied. The experimental group III of vascularized skin/vascularized bone allograft TCR/CsA for 7 days only. The efficacy of (VS/BM) was treated with ab immunosuppressive treatment and the level of chimerism in the peripheral blood of recipients were determined by flow cytometry (FC). Standard H+E technique was applied for the evaluation of the grade of graft rejection. Results The Isograft Control Group I transplants survived indefinitely. In allograft rejection control transplants were rejected between 5 and 9 days post-transplant. The survival time was significantly (p Conclusion Transplantation of the vascularized skin with vascularized bone resulted in significant prolongation of the allograft survival. Allotransplantation of the vascularized bone with marrow natural micro-anatomic environment increases of the donor-derived stem and progenitor cells engraftment resulted in the establishment of the stable, donor specific chimerism.
The amygdaloid complex and the medial and lateral ventricular eminences in staged human embryos

The amygdaloid complex was investigated in 36 serially sectioned staged human embryos, including 20 impregnated with silver. This is the first such account based on graphic reconstructions, 28 of which were prepared. Significant findings in the human include the following. (1) The medial (first) and (then) lateral ventricular eminences arise independently at stages 14 and 15, and unite only at stage 18 to form the floor of the lateral ventricle. (2) The future amygdaloid region is discernible at stage 14 and the amygdaloid primordium at stage 15. (3) The anterior amygdaloid area and the corticomedial and basolateral complexes appear at stage 16. (4) These three major divisions arise initially from the medial ventricular eminence, which is diencephalic. (5) Individual nuclei begin to be detectable at stages 17–21, the central nucleus at stage 23 and the lateral nucleus shortly thereafter. (6) The ontogenetic findings in the human embryonic period accord best with the classification used by Humphrey (J Comp Neurol 132, 135–165, 1968). (7) The lateral eminence, which is telencephalic, contributes to the cortical nucleus at stage 18. (8) The primordial plexiform layer develops independently of the cortical nucleus. (9) Spatial changes of the nuclei within the amygdaloid complex and of the complex as a whole begin in the embryonic period and continue during the fetal period, during the early part of which the definitive amygdaloid topography in relation to the corpus striatum is attained. (10) The developing amygdaloid nuclei are closely related to the medial forebrain bundle, which has already appeared in stage 15. (11) Fibre connections develop successively between the amygdaloid nuclei and the septal, hippocampal and diencephalic formations, constituting the beginning of the limbic system before the end of the embryonic period. Although the nucleus accumbens also appears relatively early (stage 19), connections between it and the amygdaloid complex are not evident during the embryonic period. (12) Influence of the olfactory bulb and tubercle on initial amygdaloid development, as postulated for rodents, is unlikely in the human. The findings exemplify the necessity of beginning developmental studies with the embryonic period proper.
Timing and space usage are disrupted by amphetamine in rats maintained on DRL 24-s and DRL 72-s schedules of reinforcement.

Rationale A differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule (DRL) delivers reinforcement only when the interresponse time (IRT) exceeds a fixed time interval, thereby shaping rats to discriminate the timing of their responses. However, little is known about the motor behavior and location of the rats in the chamber during the IRTs that lead to reinforcement. Although amphetamine is known to disrupt DRL timing behavior, the effects of this drug on non-operant motor behavior during DRL performance has not yet been quantified.
Centrosome and spindle pole body dynamics: A review of the EMBO/EMBL conference on centrosomes and spindle pole bodies, Heidelberg, September 13-17, 2002

Five years after the first meeting held on Centrosomes and Spindle Pole Bodies, a second meeting was organized by Tano Gonzalez, Eric Karsenti, Kip Sluder, and Mark Winey in Heidelberg, Germany. Sponsored by the gracious European community (EMBO/EMBL), the meeting was both spectacular and exhausting. The wealth of information delivered, the plethora of model systems and unique approaches described, and the free exchange of information by a cooperative and excited community of scientists overwhelmed all participants. Even the best prepared scholars could not have anticipated the avalanche of data and insights that poured from the presentations from beginning to end. Daily posters by young and senior scientists added dimension to round out the well-planned series of presentations. The meeting began with opening remarks by Eric Karsenti and Michel Bornens who reminded participants of the historical questions of the field. Where does the centrosome come from? What are the mechanisms that control centrosome assembly and duplication? How is duplication coordinated with the cell cycle? Why do some cells have centrosomes, while others do not? What are the components of the centrosome? Does the centrosome play an important role in disease?
Morphology and fracture properties of pure and reinforced aluminum‐epoxy adhesive joints

Several types of nonreinforced and reinforced epoxy-aluminum adhesive joints were prepared and investigated. High modulus carbon fibers and hollow glass microspheres were used as reinforcement. The amount of curing agent, postcure time, adhesive thickness, and type and amount of reinforcement were varied throughout this study, and their effect on fracture energy was determined. Unstable crack propagation through the adhesive layer was observed. Nodular morphology typified all fracture surfaces of nonreinforced adhesive joints, indicating the existence of an inhomogeneous thermosetting network. Electron microscopic evidence was obtained for plastic flow in crack initiation and crack arrest regions. The nature of this plastic flow was discussed in terms of changes in the resin morphology.
Single-fiber optical tweezers for cellular micro-manipulation

Optical Tweezers: First discovered in 1970, optical tweezers can now be generated and controlled.
An Investigation of Auditor Perceptions about Subsequent Events and Factors That Influence This Audit Task

Events that occur after the balance sheet date but before the audit report is signed and dated (subsequent events) may have a material effect on the financial statements and their users. New SEC reporting requirements reduce the time between the balance sheet and report dates, limiting the availability of subsequent event evidence. Professional groups, including the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), question whether sufficient evidence will exist if subsequent event information is not available. They fear that decreased availability of subsequent event evidence may lower the quality of both audit judgments and financial reporting. Scant prior research examines auditors' perceptions about subsequent events. Our study examines how auditors search for and discover subsequent event evidence and factors that influence this process. Responses from auditors representing all Big 4 firms and one national firm suggest that subseque...
Understanding the bottom-up SLR parser

This paper describes an application of one of the important abstract concepts taught in a compiler construction course. It demonstrates how the techniques behind the bottom-up SLR parser can be used to perform computer animation. The different phases of the implementation presented are identical to the ones used by the traditional compiler for parsing source codes written in high-level languages. This application can be used either to explain the different phases of the traditional compiler, or as an illustration of the bottom-up SLR parsing techniques applied in a non-traditional environment.
Defective-interfering particles of Sindbis virus II. Homologous interference

Abstract A fraction containing defective-interfering particles of Sindbis virus was isolated by equilibrium density centrifugation of Sindbis virus stocks prepared by serial, undiluted passage through BHK-21 cells. This fraction had a mean density of 1.22 g/cc and interfered with the yield of Sindbis virus to a much greater extent than with Eastern equine encephalitis virus. Interfering activity was not limited to the 1.22 g/cc region, but extended through to the 1.20 g/cc fractions of the equilibrium density gradients.
Low serum albumin level is associated with cytomegalovirus reactivation in patients with chronic lymphoproliferative diseases treated with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H)-based therapies.

BACKGROUND. Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H), a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD52 antigen, has been approved for the treatment of fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. However, the profound immunosuppression caused by alemtuzumab has been associated with infectious complications. METHODS. The authors report on the incidence and risk factors for development of symptomatic cytomegalovirus reactivation in 113 patients with chronic lymphoproliferative disorders who received alemtuzumab-based therapy. Kaplan-Meier methods were applied to generate survival curves, and the log-rank test was used to assess the difference between groups; in addition, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratio of death including 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS. Cytomegalovirus reactivation was diagnosed in 25 patients (22%), and most of those patients responded to antiviral therapy. Nine additional patients had asymptomatic cytomegalovirus viremia. CONCLUSIONS. With appropriate therapy, most patients achieved clearance of cytomegalovirus viremia. Low serum albumin was the only factor associated significantly with symptomatic cytomegalovirus reactivation. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Current-induced forces in molecular wires

We report first-principles calculations of current-induced forces in molecular wires for which experiments are available. We investigate, as an example, the effect of current-induced forces on a benzene molecule connected to two bulk electrodes via sulfur end groups. We find that the molecule twists around an axis perpendicular to its plane and undergoes a “breathing” oscillation at resonant tunneling via antibonding states. However, current-induced forces do not substantially affect the absolute value of the current for biases as high as 5 V, suggesting that molecular wires can operate at very large electric fields without current-induced breakdown.
A hybrid dynamic decision making methodology for defensive information technology contingency measure selection in the presence of cyber threats

The increased reliance on information technology systems and communications networks in support of the core organizational processes creates an environment where significant, and potentially catastrophic, losses can result from a loss or corruption of a critical information resource. Risk assessment is the widely accepted process used to understand, quantify, and document the effects of undesirable events on organizational objectives so that risk management, continuity of operations planning, and contingency planning can be performed. In this paper, we present the application of a simulation-based hybrid analytic dynamic forecasting methodology that combines the techniques of analytic hierarchy process, factor analysis, and spanning tree to the problem of selecting among a set contingency measures following events which place the organizational mission at risk. The methodology makes use of qualitative subjective assessments by subject matter experts at multiple levels of the organization and uses historical event occurrences (when available) to provide the decision maker with a ongoing recommendation of the best contingency measures to employ to assure the organizational mission objectives. The method is novel because it augments the decision maker’s experiential knowledge with a probabilistic forecast of the best contingency measure to take in response to events based upon subject matter expert knowledge, historical evidence, and the real-time status critical resources. The methodology provides a structured approach to mitigate operational risk in complex environments and decreases the time required to make decisions under conditions of uncertainty.
Effects of selection harvest and prescribed fire on the soil nitrogen status of ponderosa pine forests

Abstract One hundred years of timber harvest and reduced fire frequency have resulted in the conversion of once open stands of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests to dense forests dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Selection harvest and harvest with prescribed fire have been identified as possible tools to restore ponderosa pine stands to pre-settlement stand structures. Case studies were performed at three separate sites in western Montana to assess the influence of selection harvest and prescribed burning on soil N dynamics. These sites had been exposed to either selection harvest, selection harvest with prescribed burning, or a no-treatment control 0 (Lubrecht Experimental Forest), 2 (E/L Ranch), or 11 (Lick Creek Demonstration Site) years prior to initial soil analyses. Replicate soil samples were collected over at least two growing seasons at each site and analyzed for total C and N, potentially mineralizable N (PMN), short-term soil respiration rates, soil microbial biomass N, extractable NH4+ and NO3−, and soluble sugars (measured as 0.5 M K2SO4 extractable anthrone reactive carbon (KARC)). Selection harvest without prescribed burning had little or no influence on levels of available N or microbial activity relative to the control at all three sites. Selection harvest with prescribed fire, however, significantly increased extractable NH4+, NO3− and KARC immediately following treatment. Such differences were not observed 2 or 11 years following treatment. Potentially mineralizable N was significantly increased immediately following fire, but decreased to levels lower than the control 1 year following treatment. Levels of PMN were also found to be less than the control 2 and 11 years after treatment. Similarly, microbial biomass N was elevated immediately following prescribed burning, but was significantly lower than the control for up to 11 years following prescribed burning. Levels of mineralizable N were lowered within a year of treatment as a result of (1) N loss during soil heating, (2) N loss to plant uptake, and (3) potential leaching losses. The effect of reduced mineralizable N on long-term site productivity is not clear, however, these losses of N from the ecosystem should be considered along with stand mortality and yield when assessing the potential sustainability of forest management strategies.
Identification and characterization of receptors for tumor necrosis factor-α in the brain

Specific receptors for murine TNF have been identified in homogenates of rodent brain. These receptors are saturable and bind TNF with sufficient affinity to ensure occupancy by cytokine elaborated during infection. 125I-mTNF was detected in four specific complexes of Mr 130,000, 90,000, 66,000 and 60,000 after affinity labeling. Solubilization of brain membranes into detergent increased binding capacity 4-fold which indicates the presence of latent receptors for mTNF in the brain. Specific binding was greatest in the brainstem, least in the cerebellum and was also detected in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.
SHRINKING, NONSHRINKING, AND EXPANDING DIFFRACTION PEAKS.

Abstract An explanation of the shrinking, nonshrinking, and expanding diffraction peaks at high energy (≳10 BeV) is given in terms of two kinds of forces: (1) due to the exchange of the π-π, JPG = 0++, T = 0 antibound state or virtual state, and (2) due to the exchange of the JPG = 1−− vector meson (ω + φ). It is shown that the energy dependence of the diffraction peaks can essentially come from the vector meson exchange force, because this force falls off more slowly at high energy than the other force. Thus, for π+p and π−p scattering, as the vector meson force does not occur, we have little energy dependence or non-shrinking diffraction peaks. For pp and K+p scattering, the vector meson exchange force can have asymptotic behavior such that it decreases absorption as the energy increases and this behavior then gives shrinking diffraction peaks. For p ¯ p and K−p the vector meson exchange force changes sign and as a result, the absorption now increases as the energy increases. This behavior produces expanding diffraction peaks. The absorption (or inelasticity) at high energy has been dynamically related with the input forces, in the framework of an impact parameter formalism. The asymptotic behavior, which is found for the vector meson force, is explained in terms of a suitably constructed Mandelstam double spectral function. This explanation also indicates how the compositeness of the vector meson comes about. On the basis of unitarity argument, it is pointed out that the vector meson cannot behave as an elementary particle. The incident and the outgoing particles are treated as spinless.
Determining subnanomolar iron concentrations in oceanic seawater using a siderophore-modified film analyzed by infrared spectroscopy.

Iron is a bioactive trace element in seawater that regulates photosynthetic carbon dioxide drawdown and export from surface waters by phytoplankton in upward of 40% of the world’s oceans. While autonomous sensor arrays are beginning to provide high-resolution data on temporal and spatial scales for some key oceanographic parameters, current analytical methods for iron are not amenable to autonomous platforms because of the need for user involvement and wet chemistry-based approaches. As a result, very large gaps remain in our understanding of iron distribution and chemistry in seawater. Here we present a straightforward nanostructure-based method to measure dissolved iron in natural seawater. The device comprises an iron-specific chelating biomolecule, desferrioxamine B (DFB), covalently immobilized on a mesoporous silica film. Changes in infrared spectral signatures of the immobilized DFB upon Fe(III) complexation provide an accurate and precise measure of iron on the surface of a chip exposed to seawate...
Processing time predictions of current models of perception in the classic additive factors paradigm

Abstract This article explores the consequences for factorial additivity in a Sternberg [(1969). The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of donders method In: W.G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and performance II , Acta Psychologica , 30 , 276–315] additive-factors paradigm of the assumptions adopted by models of perception that relate the representation of a stimulus to decision time. Three example models, signal detection theory with the latency-distance hypothesis, stochastic general recognition theory, and a random walk model of exemplar classification, are interrogated to determine what type of interaction they predict factors will yield in a hypothetical factorial (choice) reaction time experiment in which the ‘empirical’ factors’ effects are manifest as parameter changes. All frameworks make the critical assumption that decision time depends on the perceptual representation of the stimulus as well as the architecture. As a consequence, nonadditivity of factors thought to affect different “stages” in the classical approach emerges within the current modeling approach. The nature of this influence is revealed through analytic investigations and simulation. Earlier empirical findings of failures of selective influence that have defied adequate explanation are reinterpreted in light of the present findings.
First-principles total-energy calculation of gallium nitride.

A first-principles total-energy calculation is performed on gallium nitride (GaN). The equilibrium lattice parameters, the bulk modulus, and the cohesive energy of GaN in the wurtzite structure is calculated and compared with experimental values. In our calculation, the ground state of GaN is a zinc-blende structure, and the difference between these two phases is around 1.4 mRy.
Dynamics of a Phytoplankton Community in AN Ice-Covered LAKE1

Changes in the species populations and plant pigment content of a community of phytoplankton in an ice-covered lake in eastern Massachusetts were followed closely for three months. During a snow-free period in January and February, a number of species of flagellated algae showed exponential increase to a maximum standing crop estimated at 31 mg C/100 cm2. The various species occupied characteristic levels in the water column, indicating a species-specific preference of light quantity, quality, or both. The layers of the water column receiving 0.5–20% of incident radiation accounted for over 95% of the phytoplankton. A snowfall caused a mass movement of most species to the uppermost 50 cm, a region previously avoided because of excess light. C14 measurements indicated adaptation to low light intensities and demonstrated graphically the effect of a snow cover. The community declined rapidly following a series of snowfalls which left 29 cm of snow on the ice and allowed only 0.2% of incident light to penetrate to the water column. Laboratory experiments revealed that two species of cryptomonads isolated from the lake are capable of growing at low temperatures in the dark on acetate but not on glucose and were also able to supplement heterotrophic growth with autotrophic growth in light of as low as 65 lux intensity.
Ring chromosomes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

A plant with 2n = 14 + 1 ring chromosomes was obtained in the progeny of a primary trisomie for chromosome 7 of a two-rowed cultivar, Shin Ebisu 16. The morphological characteristics of the trisomic plants with an extra ring chromosome were similar to the primary trisomic for chromosome 7 (Semierect), which suggests that it originated from this chromosome. The ring chromosomes were not completely stable in mitotic cells because of abnormal behavior. Chromosome complements varied in different plants and in different roots within a plant. Root tip cells and spikes with 2n = 14 and 14 + 2 ring chromosomes were observed on plants with 14 + 1 ring chromosomes. Breakage-fusion-bridge cycle was inferred. The ring chromosome was associated with two normal homologues forming a trivalent in 17.6% sporocytes at metaphase I. The transmission of the extra ring chromosome was 23.1% in the progeny of the plant with 14 + 1 ring chromosomes. Trivalent formation may have been much higher at early prophase stages which were difficult to analyze in barley; only 4 of 120 sporocytes analyzed showed an isolated ring at pachytene. The ring chromosome moved to one pole without separation in 24.7% of the sporocytes at AI, and divided in 27.1% sporocytes giving rise to 8-8 separation. Only 10% of the sporocytes showed bridge formation at AI.
Application of tunable diode laser absorption for trace stratospheric measurements of HCl: laboratory results.

In this paper we report the results of a laboratory study for detecting the important atmospheric molecule HCl using a tunable diode laser coupled to a multipass White cell. In contrast to many such prototype studies, the calibration in this work was carried out near the concentration range of interest and verified using three different techniques. Employing a 40-m path length, we have demonstrated a detection limit (SNR = 1) in the 150–230 parts-per-trillion range at pressures around 9 Torr.
Proposal for generating even and odd coherent states

Abstract It is shown how to produce the so-called even and odd coherent states, as superpositions of the form |α> ± |-α>, by the use of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a Kerr medium in one arm and a resonant two-level atom crossing one of the output ports of the interferometer.
The induction of milk protein synthesis in post-mitotic mammary epithelial cells exposed to prolactin

Abstract Prolactin causes the emergence of casein synthesis by mammary epithelial cells formed in vitro in the presence of insulin and hydrocortisone. Prolactin similarly exerts a stimulatory effect on the synthesis of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin.
Stimulation of cortical acetylcholine release following blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors in nucleus accumbens.

In vivo microdialysis techniques were used to determine the ability of glutamate receptors within the nucleus accumbens to transsynaptically modulate the basal forebrain cortical cholinergic system. Rats were implanted with a dialysis probe in the medial prefrontal cortex to measure changes in cortical acetylcholine efflux and in the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens to locally manipulate glutamate receptor activity. Intra-accumbens perfusion of the broad spectrum ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurentate (1.0, 5.0 mM) led to a dose-dependent increase (maximum of 200%) in cortical acetylcholine efflux. This stimulated efflux was reproduced with the intra-accumbens perfusion of the AMPA/kainate antagonist DNQX (0.1, 0.25, 2.5 mM; maximum increase of 200%) or the NMDA antagonist D-CPP (10.0, 100.0, 200 mM; maximum increase of 400%). These results reveal a significant glutamatergic tone within the accumbens of awake rats and support the hypothesis that accumbens efferents to basal forebrain modulate the excitability of the basal forebrain cortical cholinergic system.
Marking Cabbage Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Cesium

Cabbage loopers (CL), Trichoplusia ni (Huebner), adults reared on artificial diet containing 1 x 10/sup -2/ M and 1 x 10/sup -3/ M CsCl were marked with cesium (Cs) which could be detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The cesium marks from the 10/sup -2/ M CsCl diet were sufficient to last the expected lifetime of the insects. CL reared on diet containing 1 x 10/sup -1/ M CsCl did not survive. Unmarked females mated to males reared on artificial diet containing 1 x 10/sup -2/ M and 1 x 10/sup -3/ M CsCl were marked. CL reared on cotton plants sprayed with Cs solutions of 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ..mu..g/ml were marked sufficiently to last the expected lifetime of the insect. CL adults exposed for 72 h to cotton plants sprayed with Cs solutions of 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ..mu..g/ml were marked sufficiently to last the expected lifetime of the insect. CL adults reared from field cotton plants sprayed with CsCl solutions at rates of 1.24, 2.47, and 4.94 kg of CsCl per ha were marked. 12 references, 1 figure, 5 tables.
Association of weight change, weight control practices, and weight cycling among women in the Nurses' Health Study II.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of weight cycling with weight change, weight control practices, and bulimic behaviors. METHODS: A nested study of 2476 young and middle-aged women in the Nurses' Health Study II who provided information on intentional weight losses between 1989 and 1993. SAMPLE: In total, 224 women who were severe cyclers, 741 women who were mild cyclers, 967 age- and BMI-matched controls (noncyclers), and 544 women who did not weight cycle and maintained their weight between 1989 and 1993 completed a questionnaire in 2000–2001 assessing recent intentional weight losses, weight control practices, and weight concerns. RESULTS: After controlling for age and body mass index (BMI) in 1993, when weight cycling was initially assessed, mild cyclers gained an average of 6.7 pounds (lbs) more and severe cyclers gained approximately 10.3 lbs more than noncyclers between 1993 and 2001. Weight cyclers preferred to change their diet rather than to exercise to control their weight. Severe weight cyclers were less likely than noncyclers to use frequent exercise as a weight control strategy (odds ratio [OR]=0.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6–1.1). Cyclers were also more likely than noncyclers to engage in binge eating (mild cyclers: OR=1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.4; and severe cyclers: OR=2.5, 95% CI 1.7–3.5). Independent of weight cycling status, age, and BMI, women who engaged in binge eating gained approximately 5 lbs more than their peers (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Weight cycling was associated with greater weight gain, less physical activity, and a higher prevalence of binge eating. Low levels of activity and binge eating may be partially responsible for the large amount of weight regained by weight cyclers.
Intrinsic magnetic properties of the lunar body

Preliminary analysis of magnetic measurements by Explorer 35 in lunar orbit suggested an upper limit of 4 x 10(exp 20) gauss-cm3 for the magnetic moment of the moon. A more detailed analysis of a larger body of Explorer 35 data from measurements in the earth's magnetic tail has subsequently been performed. Reversal of the ambient tail field by 180deg when the moon and spacecraft traverse the neutral sheet permits a separation of permanent and induced field contributions to the total field observed near the moon. When compared to calculated permanent and induced field effects, the results of this analysis lead to new upper limits of 102' gauss-cm3 on the lunar magnetic moment and 4y on the lunar surface field. Limiting the moment induced in the moon by the magnetotail field permits an upper limit of 1.8 to be set on the bulk relative magnetic permeability of the moon.
One dimensional stochastic partial differential equations and the branching measure diffusion

An existence theorem in the spirit of Keisler [Ke], is proved for the simple one-dimensional diffusion equation driven by white noise modulated by a non-linear function of the solution. This is used to obtain a density and a Stochastic Partial Differential Equation in one dimension for the critical branching diffusion studied by Dawson et al.
Heterochromatization in opossum, Didelphys virginiana.

Somatic heterochromatization of the opossum,D. virginiana, was studied from prophase and tritiated thymidine-labeled metaphase chromosome preparations. In both sexes of this mammal, a number of prophase autosomes and the sex chromosomes were observed displaying deeply stained condensed areas. These chromosomal areas were interpreted as evidence for heterochromatization. The extent of heterochromatization in the opossum was found much greater in certain autosomes than either theX orY chromosome alone. This assertion that some opossum autosomes possess more heterochromatin than the sex chromosomes was supported by data collected on the terminal labeling patterns of the chromosomes. Metaphase autoradiographs prepared from cultured leucocytes of the animals unequivocally suggested that certain opossum autosomes completed replication later than the sex chromosomes. If one assumes that there is heterochromatin in the autosomes, as the evidence suggests, then it merely becomes a question as to what block of heterochromatin replicates last — a phenomenon that is probably size dependent.
Estrogen-Related Receptor γ (ERRγ) Mediates Oxygen-Dependent Induction of Aromatase (CYP19) Gene Expression during Human Trophoblast Differentiation

Differentiation of human cytotrophoblasts to syncytiotrophoblast and the associated induction of aromatase/hCYP19 gene expression are dependent upon a critical O2 tension; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain undefined. In this study, we provide compelling evidence that expression of the orphan nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ), is also O2 dependent, induced during human syncytiotrophoblast differentiation, and plays an obligatory role in the induction of placenta-specific hCYP19I.1 gene expression. Treatment with the selective ERRγ agonist, DY131, or overexpression of ERRγ, stimulated hCYP19 expression in syncytiotrophoblast. Overexpression of ERRγ prevented effects of hypoxia to repress hCYP19 gene expression in cultured trophoblasts. Conversely, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous ERRγ in primary trophoblasts markedly inhibited hCYP19 expression. Promoter and site-directed mutagenesis studies in transfected placental cells identified a nuclear receptor element within placenta-specific hCYP19 promoter I.1 required for ERRγ-stimulated activity. Recruitment of endogenous ERRγ to the nuclear receptor element region in hCYP19 promoter during trophoblast differentiation, assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation, was prevented by hypoxia. Deferoxamine-induced hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) levels decreased ERRγ expression, whereas knockdown of endogenous HIF-1α prevented ERRγ suppression by hypoxia. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of trophoblasts cultured in hypoxia revealed recruitment of HIF-1α to one of two putative hypoxia response elements in the ERRγ promoter, providing in vivo evidence of a direct HIF-1α involvement in ERRγ expression. Collectively, these novel findings identify ERRγ as an O2-dependent transcription factor and HIF-1α target gene that serves a critical role in the induction of hCYP19 expression during human trophoblast differentiation.
Schistosomiasis vaccine development: approaches and prospects

Mounting evidence for acquired immunity to schistosomiasis in humans supports the case for immunological intervention. On the other hand, rapid reinfection poses a threat to younger age groups due to the slow maturation of natural resistance. However, rational approaches, based on advances in immunology and molecular biology, have substantially increased the odds of producing an effective vaccine. Since the parasite cannot replicate in the human host and serious morbidity generally occurs only after a relatively long period of heavy worm burden, complete protection against infection is not essential. The chances of success would increase if more than one of the various host/parasite interphases were targeted, for example reducing morbidity through decreased worm loads as well as through suppression of egg production. Several promising schistosome antigens have now reached an advanced phase of development and are currently undergoing independent confirmatory testing according to a standardized protocol. A few molecules are being contemplated for scaled-up production but, so far, only one has reached the stage of industrial manufacture and safety testing. Since schistosomiasis cannot realistically be controlled by a single approach, vaccination is envisaged to be implemented in conjunction with other means of control, notably chemotherapy.
A Multiple User Satellite Communications Network Control Simulation

A synchronized (SYNC) network has been designed as a spread spectrum overlay of an existing communications system, EXCOM. These networks will share a direct multiple-access satellite transponder. The basic network, EXCOM, utilizes frequency division multiple access (FDMA) carriers with quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) modulation to which the SYNC network must appear as a stable noise floor across the entire transponder bandwidth. The SYNC network contains a centralized control system interfacing directly with the EXCOM control system. The EXCOM control system will specify the transponder power level available to the SYNC network. The SYNC control system must maintain this usage level to within ±1.0 dB, or the EXCOM control system will be triggered to readjust the EXCOM FDMA carrier power levels. To investigate the feasibility of meeting this requirement within the context of the SYNC network, a simulation has been performed. This paper out-lines the SYNC control problem and the predicted performance of the SYNC control system. The results suggest that the system is capable of satisfying the ±1.0 dB constraint placed on it by the EXCOM control system under the conditions assumed.
Max Weber: Wisdom and Science in Sociology

(1971). Max Weber: Wisdom and Science in Sociology. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 462-472.
Automatic detection of inter-application permission leaks in Android applications

The Android® operating system builds upon already well-established permission systems but complements them by allowing application components to be reused within and across applications through a single communication mechanism, called the Intent mechanism. In this paper, we describe techniques that we developed for statically detecting Android application vulnerability to attacks that obtain unauthorized access to permission-protected information. We address three kinds of such attacks, known as confused deputy, permission collusion, and Intent spoofing. We show that application vulnerability to these attacks can be detected using taint analysis. Based on this technique, we developed PermissionFlow, a tool for discovering vulnerabilities in the byte code and configuration of Android applications. To enable PermissionFlow analysis, we developed a static technique for automatic identification of permission-protected information sources in permission-based systems. This technique identifies application programming interfaces (APIs) whose execution leads to permission checking and considers these APIs to be sources of taint. Based on this approach, we developed Permission Mapper, a component of PermissionFlow that improves on previous work by performing fully automatic identification of such APIs for Android Java® code. Our automated analysis of popular applications found that 56% of the most popular 313 Android applications actively use intercomponent information flows. Among the tested applications, PermissionFlow found four exploitable vulnerabilities. By helping ensure the absence of inter-application permission leaks, we believe that the proposed analysis will be highly beneficial to the Android ecosystem and other mobile platforms that may use similar analyses in the future.
Effects of mismatch losses in photovoltaic arrays

Abstract Experimental and modeling results on the effects of mismatch losses in photovoltaic arrays are presented. Field tests conducted on each of the 192 modules are used to describe the variation in the properties of production run photovoltaic modules. Module specific estimates of a five-parameter module model are obtained by nonlinear regression. Mathematical models of four-module parallel string and series block photovoltaic array performance based on the five-parameter module model are developed and used to evaluate the variation in maximum output power and mismatch loss of arrays with random module orderings. Module maximum output power averaged 14% below the nameplate rating and exhibited a coefficient of variation of 2.1%. Mismatch losses were very small, never exceeding 0.53%. No differences between parallel string and series block arrays in array maximum output power were observed.
Protein structural failure in mid-IR laser ablation of cornea

Researchers have previously observed that tissue ablation with a free electron laser tuned to wavelengths between 6-7 μm is accompanied by remarkably little collateral damage. Attempts to explain these observations have invoked a wavelength-dependent loss of protein structural integrity; however, the molecular nature of this structural failure has been heretofore ill-defined. In this report, we evaluate several candidates for the relevant transition by analyzing the non-volatile debris ejected during ablation. Porcine corneas were ablated with a free electron laser tuned to either 2.77 or 6.45 μm - wavelengths that are equally well absorbed by hydrated corneas, but that respectively target water or protein as the primary chromophore. The ejected debris was characterized via gel electrophoresis, as well as FTIR, micro-Raman and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. We find that high-fluence (240 J/cm2) ablation at 6.45 μm, but not at 2.77 μm, leads to protein fragmentation. This fragmentation is accompanied by the accumulation of nitrile and alkyne species. Although these initial experiments did not detect significant protein unfolding, the loss of collagen triple-helix structure was evident using UV and vibrational circular dichroism. The candidate transition most consistent with all these observations is scission of the collagen protein backbone at N-alkylamide bonds. Identifying this transition is a key step towards understanding the observed wavelength-dependence of collateral damage.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Teacher and at-risk students' cognitions during open-ended activities: Structuring the learning environment for critical thinking☆

Abstract This study examined how a teacher structured the learning environment to foster critical thinking with a group of at-risk students in a nontraditional classroom setting. Forty-three boys attending an outdoor summer camp and their instructor were observed and videotaped during participation in critical thinking activities. Of these, four boys and their instructor participated in stimulated-recall interviews. Student scores increased significantly on a critical thinking test and the teacher used certain behaviors significantly more than others in structuring the learning environment. Content analysis of the interviews yielded three broad constructs or quintessential eroles that appeared to represent student and teacher retrospective constructions of the learning environment.
Elements of 'missing heritability'.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss the basis of 'missing heritability', which has emerged as an enigma in the post-genome-wide association studies (GWAS) era. RECENT FINDINGS: Alleles identified through GWAS account for a relatively small fraction of heritability of the complex phenotypes. Accordingly, a significant part of heritability of the complex traits remains unaccounted for ('missing heritability'). Recent findings offer several explanations, including overestimation of heritability of the complex traits and underestimation of the effects of alleles identified through GWAS. In addition, yet-to-be identified common as well as rare alleles might in part explain the 'missing heritability'. Moreover, gene-gene (epistasis) and gene-environmental interactions might explain another fraction of heritability of complex traits. Moreover, transgenerational epigenetic changes, regulated in part by microRNAs, might also contribute to the 'missing heritability'. SUMMARY: The new findings suggest a multifarious nature of the 'missing heritability'. The findings de-emphasize the focus on delineating the basis of 'missing heritability' and shift the focus to elucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which genomic and genetic factors govern the pathogenesis of the complex phenotypes.