cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High frequency oscillatory ventilation in a cohort of children with respiratory failure.

OBJECTIVES Our objective was to determine survival and variables associated with poor outcomes for patients requiring high frequency oscillatory ventilator (HFOV) support. We tested the ability of markers of oxygenation to predict outcome, specifically, the oxygenation index (OI), both prior to and after initiation of HFOV. We also aimed to examine the effect of immunocompromised condition (IC), and specifically stem cell transplant (SCT), on outcome. DESIGN A retrospective, observational study was performed at two pediatric intensive care units (ICU) and included patients treated with HFOV over a 5 year time period. Oxygenation index and PF ratios were calculated for all patients prior to and at 24 h of HFOV support. RESULTS Of the 134 patients meeting inclusion criteria, mortality was 42% with a higher rate of mortality (P < 0.001) for both immunocompromised (66%) and SCT patients (83%). Survivors had improved markers of oxygenation at 24 h as compared to non-survivors (P < 0.001). IC and SCT were the variables most closely associated with mortality. Survivors were placed on HFOV earlier than non-survivors. The OI at 24 h of HFOV support was the best predictor of mortality among markers of oxygenation. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of patients, use of HFOV for pediatric respiratory failure demonstrated a mortality rate in keeping with published data. The presence of an immunocompromised condition was a risk factor for mortality in severe respiratory failure with SCT recipients having the lowest survival rate. The OI at 24 h was the best predictor of mortality, especially in immunocompromised and SCT patients.
Mining multimedia data for meaning

The explosion of images, video and multimedia is creating a valuable source for insights. It can tell us about things happening in the world, give clues about a person's preferences or experiences, indicate places of interest in a new town, and even capture a rolling log of our history. But, as a non-traditional source for data mining, there are numerous challenges to be overcome in order to handle the volume, velocity and variety of multimedia data in practice. In this talk, we review several application areas across Web, social media, mobile and safety/security and show how they benefit from mining of multimedia data. We review novel approaches for modeling semantics and automatically classifying visual contents and demonstrate examples in the context of IBM Multimedia Analysis and Retrieval System (IMARS).
The Online Banking Behavior of Generation Y

This paper constitutes a descriptive study of the online banking and financial behavior of Generation Y consumers based on 110 completed surveys. Topics covered in this study were drivers behind their choice of bank, online banking behavior, and influencers of financial decisions. Research findings suggest that Generation Y does not wade through information overload – instead, they resort to alternatives steps in product selection, such as, relying on a personal recommendation by a trusted influencer. Although generation Y spends much of their time online, survey findings indicate that college students are still learning how to use online banking, relying instead on their parents and the ATM for all their banking needs.
Monte Carlo Investigation of Rebinning Material Density Distributions of Lung Parenchyma Phantoms in Proton Therapy

In this work we present a Monte Carlo study of proton irradiation of lung parenchyma phantoms for particle energies that are typically used for proton therapy, ranging from 150 to 200 MeV. The Brag...
Indication of laser in ENT and head & neck surgery

Indication of LASER in E.N.T. and Head—Neck surgery have been discussed along with some basic knowledge of LASER.
An Unbiased Temporal Representation for Video-Based Person Re-Identification

Person re-identification (re-id) aims to associate pedestrians across different camera views. As compared to the still image-based re-id, video-based re-id provides not only the spatial information but also the temporal dependency among frames. Most of the existing works apply the convolutional neural networks as a spatial feature extractor and then use backpropagation through time (BPTT) to train recurrent neural networks for temporal information. However, the long-term dependency is very hard to learn in RNNs via BPTT due to gradient vanishing or exploding. In the re-id task, the long-term dependency is quite common since the key information (iden-tity of the pedestrian) exists most of the time along the given sequence. Thus, the importance of a frame should not be determined by its position in a sequence, which is usually biased in state-of-the-art models with RNNs. In this paper, we argue that long-term dependency can be very important and propose an unbiased siamese recurrent convolutional neural network architecture to model and associate pedestrians in a video. Experimental results on two public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Microwave Photonic Subsystems-on-Chip

Microwave photonic subsystems are rapidly evolving from discrete to chip-scale implementations, enabled by the tight integration of active/passive photonic integrated circuits into multi-chip-modules. This paper reviews the recent advances in this field.
Evaluating Human Patient Simulation Fidelity and Effectiveness for Combat-Medical Training:

Two leading causes of survivable combat deaths are hemorrhage and airway compromise. Although individual medical-training competency requirements are met using human-patient simulation (HPS), the e...
Multi-year reproducibility of hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp-derived insulin sensitivity in free-living adults: Association with incident prediabetes in the POP-ABC study.

Abstract Objective The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) is the “gold standard” for measuring insulin sensitivity (Si-clamp). Here, we determined the reproducibility of serial HEC data in healthy subjects. Research design and methods The Pathobiology of Prediabetes in A Biracial Cohort study assessed incident prediabetes in healthy African Americans (AA) and European Americans (EA) with parental type 2 diabetes mellitus during 5.5 years of follow-up. Assessments included anthropometry, OGTT, and HEC. Ninety subjects (44 AA, 46 EA) who underwent Year-1HEC consented to Year-3 HEC. We calculated coefficients of variation (CVs), 95% limits of agreement, and repeatability coefficients for Year-1 and Year-3 data, and assessed the association of change in Si-clamp with incident prediabetes. Results The mean (SD) baseline age was 47.5 ± 8.13y, body mass index was 30.4 ± 9.16 kg/m2, fasting plasma glucose was 93.7 ± 7.82 mg/dL and 2-hrPG was 126 ± 26.8 mg/dL. Si-clamp (umol/kg/min·pmol/L−1) was 0.071 ± 0.04 in Year 1 and 0.067 ± 0.04 in Year 3 (P = 0.22). Year 1 and Year 3 values were strongly correlated (r = 0.81, P Conclusions The HEC is reproducible over ~2 years in free-living individuals, with a temporal decline in Si-clamp that predicts prediabetes risk.
A paradigm shift in the global strategy of MNEs towards business ecosystems: A research agenda for new theory development

Abstract This paper addresses the theories of global strategy from the contrasting perspectives of MNEs and business ecosystems. A business ecosystem approach has become pervasive regarding strategic management and international business. Although this perspective can be useful to describe the specific phenomenon of new business models at the system level, it seems that scholars have yet to develop a new normative theory on why, when, and how firms benefit from business ecosystems. The existing theories of the global strategy for MNEs are originated from the extensive research streams about ownership advantages from the standpoint of Coase's theory of the firms. In contrast, international business scholars may need to turn attention to some alternative research streams that can provide a fertile ground for building a new theory of global strategy for business ecosystems from the perspective of Hayek's dispersed knowledge economy. For the purpose of facilitating this paradigm shift in global strategy, this article proposes (1) a theory-building framework to identify assumptions, theoretical pillars, and theoretical building blocks and (2) a research agenda to shed light on new directions for global strategy research and help scholars to develop normative research beyond the descriptive research on business ecosystems.
Utilization of Epigenome-wide DNA Methylation for Longitudinal Comparison of White Blood Cell Proportions Across Preeclamptic and Normotensive Pregnancy by Self-Reported Race

Objective: We utilized epigenome-wide DNA methylation data to estimate/compare white blood cell (WBC) proportions in plasma across preeclamptic (case) and uncomplicated, normotensive (control) pregnancy. Methods: We previously collected methylation data using Infinium MethylationEPIC Beadchips during the three trimesters in 28 cases and 28 controls (21 Black, 7 White participants/group). We employed the Houseman regression calibration method to estimate and compare neutrophil, monocyte, B cell, NK cell, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell proportions across pregnancy and between cases and controls. Results: We observed changes in WBC proportions across pregnancy within cases and controls that varied by cell type and race. Neutrophils represented the largest WBC mean proportion in all three trimesters for cases (Mean+/-SD: 67.2+/-9.6% to 74.4+/-12%) and controls (64.2+/-11% to 74.0+/-7.9%). Mean B cell proportions were significantly lower in cases than controls in Trimester 1 (5.25+/-0.02% versus 6.30+/-0.02%, p=0.02). The remaining mean cell proportions did not significantly differ in the overall sample. Stratified analyses revealed race-specific differences. In White participants (n=14): (1) neutrophil proportions were significantly higher in cases in Trimester 1 (p=0.04), but significantly lower in Trimester 2 (p=0.02), (2) B cell proportions were significantly lower in cases in Trimester 1 (p=0.001). No significant differences were detected among Black participants (n=42). Conclusions: Although chronic inflammation characterizes preeclampsia, few studies have investigated WBCs across pregnancy. We report differences between cases and controls across pregnancy. Our findings in a small sample demonstrate the need for additional studies investigating the relationship between race and WBCs in pregnancy, which could provide insight into preeclampsia pathophysiology.
acetylation of homocholine and β-methylcholine in rat brain

Abstract A nitrogen phosphorus-gas chromatographic procedure was modified to determine the extent of in vivo acetylation of the choline analogs homocholine and β-methylcholine. Infusion of homocholine (18 μmoles) for 2 hours into the lateral ventricle of the rat produced 2.3 nmoles/gram of acetylhomocholine which represented 0.035% of the detected homocholine. Infusion of the same quantity of β-methylcholine produced 1.0 nmole/gram of acetyl-β-methylcholine representing 0.025% of the detected β-methylcholine. Although pretreatment with hemicholinium-3 reduced the amount of acetylated product formed from either analog, the reduction was significant only for acetyl-β-methylcholine (p
Information Modification for Time-Limited Decision Making

Decision support systems (DSS) are valuable tools for information management and decision making guidance, and are vital in decision environments that are inherently dynamic or that leverage a time pressure on the operator. In this work, we detail the application and effectiveness of several decision support techniques in a time-limited decision environment. These techniques, namely heuristic (HIA) and optimal experimental design (OED) information acquisition/restriction, represent heuristic and probabilistic approaches to decision support. In addition to these techniques, participants were given a selection of tasks that allowed free acquisition of information in order to determine their default behavior. Results show that all heuristic and one of the two probabilistic decision support strategies increased accuracy, and that all strategies resulted in faster decision making. Furthermore, free acquisition analysis indicates that participants default to probabilistic strategies even during extended periods of poor performance, which complicates the discussion around “optimal” decision support strategy.
Association Between the Economic Environment and the Living Organ Donation Rate: Evidence and Implications

Background We studied the contribution of the economic environment to an individual's decision to donate an organ by examining the relationship between the unemployment rate and the living donation rate. Study Design We obtained living organ donation data from the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) containing 134,138 organ donation events from 1990 through 2016. We obtained monthly unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from 1990 through 2016, and obtained quarterly real gross domestic product (real GDP) by state from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) from 2005 through 2016. We conducted graphical and statistical analysis with regression modeling using state and time fixed effects. Results Descriptive graphical plots suggest that unlike the unemployment rate, the donation rate is non-cyclical over time, implying little association between the two factors. This is conferred by a linear regression model using state and calendar month fixed effects, where we found no significant association between the unemployment and donation rates (95% CI [-0.004, 0.008], interpreted as the change in number of donations per 100,000 people associated with 1% change in the unemployment rate). We also did not find any significant association between the real GDP and the donation rates. Subgroup analysis by sex, race, and age also revealed no significant associations. Conclusions The unemployment rate and the real GDP do not appear to be associated with the living organ donation rate, suggesting that the economic environment may not play a major role in the decision to donate an organ.
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) from Poultry Litter for Removal of Chromium (Cr (VI)) from Wastewater.

Pakistan, an agricultural country, raises 146.5 million commercial and domestic poultry birds, which generate around 544,831 tons of waste per year. This waste finds its final disposal in agricultural land as soil fertilizer or disposal site amendment. The usage of poultry litter for this purpose is uncontrolled, which results in environmental degradation such as emission of greenhouse gases, e.g., methane. However, alternative options such as thermochemical conversion of poultry litter can offer better solutions where this waste can be used as a low-cost carbon source for the synthesis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs). In this study, efforts were made to utilize this cheap and plentiful carbon source for the synthesis of CNTs in the presence of Ni/Mo/MgO as a catalyst, through pyrolysis. For a better yield of carbon product, the optimum ratio for the catalysts (Ni/Mo/MgO) was found to be 4:0.2:1. Furthermore, the process parameters were also optimized for better carbon yield. A good yield of CNTs resulted from a pyrolysis time of 12 min, a temperature of 825 °C, and a catalyst weight of 100 mg. The structure and morphology of the produced nanotubes were confirmed through X-ray Diffractometer (X-RD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The environmental application of the nanotubes was tested in a synthetic chromium solution in the lab using a batch experiment. Different experimental conditions (pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) were optimized to improve the adsorption of Cr (VI) by carbon nanotubes and a UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used at 540 nm to measure the absorbance of Cr (VI). The results showed that up to 81.83% of Cr (VI) removal was achieved by using 8 mg of CNTs at pH 3 with 400 rpm at 180 min of contact time. Thus, it was concluded that poultry litter can be a useful source for the synthesis of MWCNTs and thereby removal of Cr (VI) from industrial tanneries’ wastewater.
Stable local dynamics for day-to-day departure time choice

Abstract Existing dynamical systems for day-to-day departure time choice are either unstable, or stable but assuming drivers to possess complete information and make decisions on both arrival and departure times. In this paper, we present a new dynamical system with local shifting of departure times, such that a driver only defers or advances his/her departure time to a time interval later or earlier with lower costs. We establish the asymmetrical upper bounds of the deferral and advance coefficients for the discrete model to be well-defined. We then derive the continuous version as a kinematic wave model and present some examples of symmetrical deferral and advance coefficients. We demonstrate that the stationary state of the dynamical system is the same as the user equilibrium, and the user equilibrium is proved with Lyapunov's second method to be stable for the symmetrical deferral and advance coefficients. With numerical examples, we verify the analytical results and examine the model's sensitivity to different factors with different combinations of heuristic asymmetrical coefficients and theoretically stable symmetrical coefficients. Both analytical and numerical results confirm that the new dynamical system is asymptotically stable in a stability region. This study provides some guidelines on how to derive new day-to-day dynamical system models of departure time user equilibrium. Such a dynamical system can potentially be applied to solve the general dynamic traffic assignment problem in the future.
Design and calibration of a closed loop tip-tilt control for a pyramid-Shack-Hartmann hybrid wave-front sensor

The Hybrid Wave-front Sensor (HyWFS) has previously been developed as a combination of a Pyramid Wave-front Sensor (PyWFS) and a Shack-Hartmann Wave-front Sensor (SHWFS) to capture the desirable properties of each when operated with an unresolved guide beacon. A pyramid prism placed at a focus divides the beacon light into four beams. At a reimaged pupil, a lenslet array creates four separate spot patterns on a detector. The measured intensities may be analyzed both in the manner of a PyWFS and a SHWFS, generating two approximations of the wave front that together achieve the high sensitivity of the PyWFS and the high dynamic range of the SHWFS. Given its inherent sensitivity, calibrating the HyWFS is challenged by the effects of local vibrations and air currents in the laboratory. To overcome this problem, a prototype HyWFS has been built that features a closed loop tip-tilt control sub-system. The design includes additional pupil planes, a Fast Steering Mirror (FSM), and a tip-tilt sensor. The prototype HyWFS will be calibrated with low-order Zernike polynomials at a variety of amplitudes to confirm the sensor’s sensitivity, dynamic range, and the effectiveness of the tip-tilt control loop. The effect of the tip-tilt loop will be quantified by comparing calibration qualities while the loop is active and inactive. The residual wave-front error is anticipated to decrease with active tip-tilt control in both the PyWFS mode and the SHWFS mode. With improved accuracy, the HyWFS is another step closer to on sky operation in a closed loop adaptive optics system.
Imaging of Fetal Anomalies

■ Routine ultrasound in early pregnancy (before 24 weeks gestation) is useful for gestational age assessment, identification of multiple pregnancies, and identification of unsuspected fetal anomalies (strong evidence).
The Performance Impact of Advance Reservation Meta-scheduling

As supercomputing resources become more available, users will require resources managed by several local schedulers. To gain access to a collection of resources, current systems require metajobs to run during locked down periods when the resources are only available for metajob use. It is more convenient and efficient if the user is able to make a reservation at the soonest time when all resources are available. System administrators are reluctant to allow reservations external to locked down periods because of the impact reservations may have on utilization and the Quality of Service that the center is able to provide to its normal users. This research quantifies the impact of advance reservations on and outlines the algorithms that must be used to schedule metajobs. The Maui scheduler is used to examine metascheduling using trace files from existing supercomputing centers. These results indicate that advance reservations can improve the response time for metajobs, while not significantly impacting overall system performance.
Annual summary of vital statistics 1979: with some 1930 comparisons

Data for this article, as in previous reports, are drawn principally from the Monthly Vital Statistics Report, published by the National Center for Health Statistics. The international data come from the Demographic Yearbook and the quarterly Population and Vital Statistics Report, both published by the Statistical Office of the United Nations, which has also been kind enough to provide directly more recent data. Except for mortality data by cause and age, which are based on a 10% sample, all the United States data for 1979 are estimates by place of occurrence based upon a count of certificates received in state offices between two dates, one month apart, regardless of when the event occurred. Experience has shown that for the country as a whole the estimate is very close to the subsequent final figures. There are, however, considerable variations in a few of the states, particularly in comparing data by place of occurrence with data by place of residence. State information should be interpreted cautiously.
X-ray measurements of stresses and defects in EFG and large grained polycrystalline silicon ribbons

The Bond method was employed to measure the lattice parameter in an area of 0.4 mm in diameter of EFG Si-ribbons to an accuracy of + or - 0.00008 A. A Bond goniometer was built which included a goniostat with a special specimen holder to mount ribbons 1 m in length and 75 mm in width which could be rotated about two orthogonal axes, and a Leitz microscope for precision alignment of a particular area into the center of the goniostat and the small primary X-ray beam. The (321) planes were found to be parallel to the surface of the ribbons with an angular spread of about 15 deg. The poles of the (111) planes clustered about an angle of 25 deg away from the surface normal, again with a spread of 10 deg. The lattice parameter of a small piece of ribbon material was found to be a sub o = 5.43075 A. A maximum stress of 115 MPa was observed in a fractured ribbon which corresponded to the fracture stress of single crystals of Si.
Re-thinking Design Studio Pedagogy: Collaboration Between Architecture and the Allied Disciplines

Building on research from the past two academic years and papers presented asa result of that research this paper is based on additional research and added variables to test the viability of collaborative studios between Architecture (ARC), Building Construction Science(BCS) and Interior Design (ID) students. The studios explored are based on three different collaborative methods. The first method is a three-week charette teaming students from ARC,BCS, and ID. The second method is a semester-long studio where collaboration was limited to ARC and BCS students who were physically separated and then came together for set assignments determined by the faculty. The third method pairs the first two methods to cohabitate the ARC and BCS students to encourage better collaboration in addition to modified assignments based on lessons learned from past collaborations.The variables between each studio include number of studio iterations, collaboration time, cohabitation of each collaboration, varying faculty for each iteration, and year-level/experiencelevel of the students. Consistencies on pedagogy from each studio were both preconceived and also developed over the length of the studio exploration and will be discussed in more depth and detail in the following paper.The collaborations will be analyzed based on data collected from all prior collaborative studios. The three-week charette studio collected data via a variety of surveys conducted over the three weeks of the studio, which included both quantitative and qualitative data. The semester long studio will use data from two surveys conducted during the semester to gauge student perceptions and information learned. This data will then be consolidated to garner successes and failures to move forward into the third iteration of both studios to improve the collaboration for the upcoming studios, as well as future iterations.
Development and implementation of a dynamic vapor compression refrigeration model into vemESRDC ship thermal management tool

A simplified dynamic vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) model was developed for the purpose of obtaining quick thermal responses of complex refrigeration systems, and it was implemented into vemESRDC ship thermal management tool. In this work, the VCR model was implemented as an air-conditioning unit used to cool ship compartments. The implementation was verified by solving a simple problem composed of nine volume elements representing a ship compartment. The VCR system was modeled with control volumes (CVs) and appropriate mass and energy balances were applied to each CV based on the laws of heat transfer and thermodynamics. Resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations were solved using a pertinent numerical method and subsequently, temperature variations in the compartment, condenser, and evaporator were computed along with heat transfer rate through the compartment wall and the air-conditioning unit. Simulation results demonstrated the updated simulation tool's ability to capture rapid dynamic thermal responses of both compartment and VCR at a low computational cost.
Myxedema Coma In The Elderly

Background: Myxedema coma in the elderly, although uncommon, is frequently overlooked and has a high mortality rate. Signs and symptoms are many and are often insidious. Nearly every organ system is involved. Prompt recognition and treatment are mandatory for a successful outcome. Methods: A case study is presented. Using the key words “myxedema” with the word “aged,” MEDLINE files were searched from 1989 to present. Articles dating before 1989 were accessed from the reference lists of the more recent articles. Results and Conclusions: This review describes the signs and symptoms of myxedema coma in the elderly. Epidemiology and histopathology of the disorder are discussed. Prompt recognition and emergency medical treatment are essential for a successful outcome. Prevention requires screening of elderly patients at risk for hypothyroidism and assuring thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
Active subclusters in percolative hopping transport.

In materials exhibiting localized states due to disorder or due to impurity sites, the standard model for transport is the random-resistance network with an exponentially wide distribution of resistances. dc currents are carried on paths where the largest resistance is as small as possible, but the paths exist on clusters of resistors that percolate across the sample. This model differs from common percolative transport where equal resistors are found in randomly placed bonds on a lattice. In such systems transport is usually most active on the backbone subcluster of the percolation cluster. We believe that transport in the random-resistance network actually occurs on an essentially different current-carrying subcluster. We study some of the properties of this subcluster using a computer model. These properties are important for understanding various transport phenomena in impurity conduction, conducting polymers, amorphous semiconductors, and a variety of other disordered solids.
Incumbency and its perceived advantage: A comparison of 1982 and 1990 congressional advertising strategies

This article examines the relationship between choice of message strategy— especially the decision to “go negative” in advertisements—as a function of incumbency and the perception of incumbency advantages that are held by both challengers and incumbents. Research questions developed from congressional campaigns studied in 1982 are examined using data from the 1990 election cycle. Findings from the 1982 and 1990 studies indicate that there are strong similarities between the two election cycles. Specifically, emphasis in campaign advertising messages on issues or the candidate's personal qualities is independent of incumbency status. However, the choice to “go negative” and emphasize an opponent's characteristics is strongly predicted by both incumbency status and the perception of how much the incumbent in the race benefits from his or her tenure in office.
Estrogen-induced alterations in the myoepithelial cells of the rat mammary gland

Estradiol benzoate was injected into virgin rats, at a concentration of 50 microgram/day, for 7 days. The animals were fixed by perfusion and the mammary glands prepared for electron microscopy. Many myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands were altered as a result of the estradiol treatment. The affected cells had a markedly reduced number of myofilaments that were restricted to a specific region of the cytoplasm. Large foot-like projections with many vesicles extended from the myoepithelial cells into the surrounding connective tissue. The altered cells also had more organelles, suggesting that their metabolic activity was increased. Nuclei in the altered cells had deep infoldings that may reflect an increase in nuclear/cytoplasmic exchanges. The results of this study indicate that estradiol causes specific morphological alterations in myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland.
Effects of temperature and adult age on the oviposition rate of Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), the lesser cornstalk borer.

Mated female lesser cornstalk borer ( Elasmopalpus lignosellus [Zeller]) moths were held in constant temperatures ranging from 17 to 35°C to determine the effect of temperature on oviposition and longevity. Over the temperature range tested, adult female longevity decreased linearly as temperature increased. Total fecundity (total number of eggs laid per female) and average oviposition rate (total fecundity at a given temperature divided by the average longevity at the same temperature) varied nonlinearly with temperature. A two-independent-variable polynomial response surface significantly described effects of temperature and female age on daily oviposition rate. Maximum egg production occurred between 27.5 and 30.5°C.
Aroma-active compounds of wild rice (Zizania palustris L.)

Abstract Wild rice (Zizania palustris L.), an aquatic cereal grain, is gaining in popularity among consumers due to its unique nutty, roasted flavor. This study assessed the volatile chemistry of cooked wild rice to determine the odor-active compounds using a dynamic headspace system with Tenax trap, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), GC–olfactometry (GC–O), and descriptive sensory analysis. Traditional brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) was used to contrast with wild rice. Seventy-one volatile compounds were identified by GC–MS; six accounted for 50.2% of the total relative concentration of volatiles. A complex mixture of 33 odor-active compounds was identified by GC–O with nutty and roasted being the dominant aroma notes. Primary contributors to the unique nutty, roasted aroma were benzaldehyde, 2-n-butylfuran, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, furfural, methylpyrazine, and 2-pentylfuran. Descriptive sensory analysis illustrated the distinct aroma differences between brown and wild rice in that brown rice was primarily described as having ‘cooked-rice’ and ‘buttery’ aroma attributes and wild rice as ‘nutty’, ‘smoky’, ‘hay-like’, ‘earthy’, and ‘green’. The fermentation and parching steps in the processing of wild rice appear to create the unique nutty, roasted aroma of cooked wild rice. The data provide the foundation upon which wild rice product chemistry and consumer preference can be integrated and used to optimize critical processing steps and select for progeny with superior flavor in wild rice breeding programs.
Detection Algorithms in Hyperspectral Imaging Systems: An Overview of Practical Algorithms

Hyperspectral imaging applications are many and span civil, environmental, and military needs. Typical examples include the detection of specific terrain features and vegetation, mineral, or soil types for resource management; detecting and characterizing materials, surfaces, or paints; the detection of man-made materials in natural backgrounds for the purpose of search and rescue; the detection of specific plant species for the purposes of counter narcotics; and the detection of military vehicles for the purpose of defense and intelligence. The objective of this article is to provide a tutorial overview of detection algorithms used in current hyperspectral imaging systems that operate in the reflective part of the spectrum (0.4 - 24 μm.) The same algorithms might be used in the long-wave infrared spectrum; however, the phenomenology is quite different. The covered topics and the presentation style have been chosen to illustrate the strong couplings among the underlying phenomenology, the theoretical framework for algorithm development and analysis, and the requirements of practical applications.
Yield response of long-term mixed grassland swards and nutrient cycling under different nutrient sources and management regimes.

The response of a long-term, mixed-species hayfield in Maine, USA, to commercial fertilizers and liquid dairy manure was evaluated over a 6-year period, including the effects on yield, nutrient concentration and cycling, forage species composition and soil nutrient levels. Nutrient treatments included an unamended control, N fertilizer, NPK fertilizer and liquid dairy manure (LDM). The application rates of plant-available N, P, and K were constant across treatments. Application of nutrients in any form increased forage yield, generally by 2–4 t dry matter (DM) ha−1 year−1. Yield from NPK fertilizer was 0·05–0·25 higher than from LDM, due to differences in N availability. Yield responses to P and K were minimal and there appeared to be no difference between P and K in fertilizer and manure. The forage sward became increasingly dominated by grass species as the experiment progressed; application of P and K in fertilizer or LDM allowed Agropyron repens to increase at the expense of Poa pratensis. Forage nutrient removal accounted for all applied N and K, and nearly all applied P, throughout the study period, demonstrating the important role these forages can play in whole-farm nutrient management.
Influence of exercise on anxiety level in patients with anxiety disorders

Abstract The occurrence of anxiety symptoms during exercise was evaluated in 66 patients with DSM-III defined anxiety disorders and 37 normal subjects. The incidence of subjective anxiety was approximately 20% in both groups; however, exercise-sensitive patients (ie, exercise acutely increased their anxiety levels) reported greater severity than normals. Thirty-one percent (11) of the 36 patients with panic attacks were exercise-sensitive but only 7% (2) of the other 30 patients were sensitive. For sensitive individuals, the severity of subjective anxiety was a direct function of exercise intensity. Exercise-sensitive patients had higher SCL-90R anxiety factor scores than nonsensitive patients.
Severe methemoglobinemia on reexposure to benzocaine

We report a 65-year-old male who developed severe methemoglobinemia only on reexposure to benzocaine. The patient needed two awake fiberoptic intubations for emergency surgeries. On the second exposure, the patient was septic and malnourished, and he was taking acetaminophen. He developed a methemoglobin level of 55%. Possible reasons for the methoglobinemia on reexposure are discussed in this report.
Influence of diuretics on renal calcium excretion the duration of action of single and multiple injections of puromycin on leucine incorporation and hepatic catalase activity

Es wurde die Dauer der Hemmung der Leucin-14C-Inkorporation in Proteine von subzellularen Fraktionen der Mauseleber nach einmaliger und mehrfacher Gabe von Puromycin untersucht, ebenso der Einfluss von Puromycin auf die Katalaseaktivitat der Leber.
Sub-10 nm FinFETs and Tunnel-FETs: from devices to systems

In this paper, a detailed device/circuit/system level assessment of sub-10nm GaSb-InAs Tunneling Field Effect Transistors (TFET) versus Silicon FinFETs operating at near-threshold voltages is reported. A source underlapped GaSb-InAs TFET is used to achieve lower subthreshold swings than previously reported TFETs and an analytical justification is provided to explain the observed improvement. Through atomistic, 2D ballistic simulations using self-consistently, coupled Non-equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF)-Poisson approach, GaSb-InAs TFET and Silicon FinFET device characteristics are derived from which compact models are extracted for SPICE simulations. Circuit simulations of a 6-stage inverter chain show that sub-10nm underlapped TFETs are especially suited for near-threshold computing because of their ability to achieve higher throughput while consuming ∼100x lower power compared to Si FinFETs. To analyze the suitability of sub-10 nm TFETs for medium-throughput and ultra-low power applications in future very large scale integrated designs, a LEON3 processor is synthesized at V DD =0.25V. The impact of interconnect parasitics on the performance of TFETs is considered by studying the power-performance of the LEON3 under varying wire-load conditions. Under moderate interconnect parasitics, TFETs-based processor is shown to exhibit more than 50% power reduction compared to FinFETs.
Disposition and health outcomes among infants born to mothers with no prenatal care.

Abstract Objective This study assessed infant disposition and health outcomes among offspring born to mothers without prenatal care, based on maternal characteristics and the reason for lack of prenatal care (i.e., denial of pregnancy, concealment of pregnancy, primary substance use, financial barriers and multiparity). Methods A retrospective record review was completed at an urban academic medical center. Subjects were women who presented at delivery or immediately postpartum with no history of prenatal care (N = 211), and their infants. Results Infants of mothers with substance use problems had the highest rates of referral to child protective services and out-of-home placement at discharge, though mothers with other reasons for no prenatal care also experienced both referral and placement. Infants born to mothers using substances experienced the highest rates of neonatal intensive care unit admission, and the lowest mean birth weight. Conclusions Though those without prenatal care experienced a variety of adverse outcomes, substance use problems were most frequently correlated with adverse infant outcomes. Mothers who either had lost custody of other children or with substance use problems were at highest risk of losing custody of their infants. Those who denied or concealed their pregnancy still frequently retained custody. Practice implications Among mothers without prenatal care, those with substance use problems were least likely to retain custody of their infant at hospital discharge. Custody status of the mother's other children was also independently associated with infant custody. Mothers who denied or concealed their pregnancy still often retained custody. Referrals of mothers with no prenatal care for psychiatric evaluation were rare, though referrals to social work were frequent. Child protective services occasionally did not investigate referrals in the denial and concealment groups. Healthcare providers should be aware of the medical and psychological needs of this vulnerable population of infants and mothers.
Impact of non-solvents on the structural features and enzymatic digestibility of cellulose regenerated from an ionic liquid

The choice of non-solvent has a dramatic influence on the morphology/crystallinity of regenerated cellulose obtained following ionic liquid (IL) dissolution. This, in turn, greatly impacts the enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose. The use of ethanol (in contrast to water) provides a high surface-area, amorphous regenerated material ideal for hydrolysis—ethanol is also more facile to separate from the IL than water during the recovery/recycling process for the IL.
Prostaglandin E2-9-ketoreductase of rat testis

Abstract Prostaglandin E 2 -9-ketoreductase, an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of PGE 2 to PGE 2α , occurs in both the cytoplasmic and microsomal fractions of rat testis. The cytosolic enzyme has a very high specific activity, 150–300 ng PGF 2α formed/mg protein/minute, about 20–40-fold higher than that reported for any other tissue. The apparent Km of this ketoreductase is 153 μM. Although either NADH or NADPH can function as cofactors, NADPH is a more effective coenzyme than NADH. Prostaglandin E 2 -9-ketoreductase activity is inhibited by NAD + , NADP + , FAD and Cu ++ . NADPH protects the inhibition of the enzyme by NAD + , but not inhibition by NADP + . The activity of the reductase is not affected by the addition of Mg ++ , Ca ++ , EDTA, EGTA, cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. The specific activities of the cytosolic enzyme of the interstitial and seminiferous tubule compartments of the testis are approximately equal. This is the first report on the presence of this enzyme in testis.
Effects of enterally administering granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to suckling mice.

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract development is influenced by multiple growth factors, some of which are delivered directly to the GI lumen, as they are swallowed constituents of amniotic fluid, colostrum, and milk. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), traditionally known as a granulocytopoietic growth factor, is an example of one such factor. However, it is not clear whether the large amounts of G-CSF that are normally swallowed by the fetus and neonate have systemic effects on circulating neutrophils or local effects in the developing intestine. To assess this, we administered either active or heat-denatured (control) recombinant human G-CSF to 5- to 7-d-old C57BL/6 × 129SvJ mice. Pups received either a low dose (3 ng) that was calculated to approximate the amount of G-CSF swallowed in utero from amniotic fluid or an isovolemic high dose 100 times larger (300 ng). Oral dosing was performed daily for either 3 or 7 d, after which pups were killed and measurements were made on the blood and the GI tract. Absolute blood neutrophil counts and immature to total neutrophil ratios did not differ from controls in any of the test groups. However, intestinal villus area, perimeter, length, crypt depth, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen index increased significantly among those that were treated with active G-CSF. Thus, in suckling mice, enterally administered G-CSF had no effect on the concentration of circulating neutrophils but had trophic effects on the intestine. We speculate that the G-CSF present in amniotic fluid, colostrum, and milk acts as a topical intestinal growth factor and has little or no granulocytopoietic action.
Packet Scheduling in Optical FIFO Buffers

Recent advances in optical technology show the possibility of building all-optical buffers in the near future. These buffers are usually composed of a number of fiber delay lines (FDLs) and optical switches. Incoming packets are stored for a limited time by going through optical delay lines. Optical switches transfer these packets among different delay lines, or send them towards the output line if a packet is to leave the system. As a direct consequence of using optical technology, one of the major constraints in this setting is that the size of switch needs to be small. In this paper, we show the feasibility of constructing a FIFO queue of size N by using only O(log N) 2times2 switches. A simple scheduling algorithm that achieves this bound is developed. The proposed structure provides an efficient way of storing optical packets using a minimal number of delay lines and switches.
Synapse Distribution Suggests a Two-Stage Model of Dendritic Integration in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Summary Competing models have been proposed to explain how neurons integrate the thousands of inputs distributed throughout their dendritic trees. In a simple global integration model, inputs from all locations sum in the axon. In a two-stage integration model, inputs contribute directly to dendritic spikes, and outputs from multiple branches sum in the axon. These two models yield opposite predictions of how synapses at different dendritic locations should be scaled if they are to contribute equally to neuronal output. We used serial-section electron microscopy to reconstruct individual apical oblique dendritic branches of CA1 pyramidal neurons and observe a synapse distribution consistent with the two-stage integration model. Computational modeling suggests that the observed synapse distribution enhances the contribution of each dendritic branch to neuronal output.
Colonic complications of the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome

Ischaemic colitis in the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome led to surgical complications of colonic necrosis or haemorrhage in 4 out of 62 patients treated during an 8-year period. Perforation occurred in the 2nd week of the illness and regular cultures of peritoneal dialysate fluid gave early warning of impending perforation. Persistent haemorrhage occurred late in the illness, and required surgical excision of the affected bowel.
Aroyl disulfides as promoter‐modifiers for copolymerization of butadiene and styrene

Benzoyl, anisoyl, veratroyl, p-bromobenzoyl, p-phenylbenzoyl, p-benzoylbenzoyl, p-methylsulfonylbenzoyl, p(N,N-dimethylsulfonamido)-benzoyl and -naphthoyl disulfides are promoters of the emulsion copolymerization of butadiene and styrene, but exhibit little effect on the polymer properties. Furoyl, phenyl, p-chlorophenyl and p-bromophenyl disulfides are neither promoters nor modifiers.
Familial clustering of habitual constipation: a prospective study in children from West Virginia.

Objective To investigate familial clustering of habitual constipation in pediatric patients who attended our medical facilities. Patients and methods Children with the diagnosis of functional, habitual constipation or patients without constipation and their respective family members were prospectively recruited to our study. Constipation was established in all participants using a standard questionnaire (Rome criteria). Results A total of 112 children and their families participated in the study, of which 37 were probands families (test) and 75 children and their respective family members constituted the control group. A total of 310 family members completed the questionnaire. No significant differences were found between the study and the control groups in age, sex, or family size. Siblings or parents from the study group (probands) had significantly higher rates of constipation compared with the control group (30% vs 7% and 42% vs 9%, respectively; P = 0.001). Conclusions Habitual constipation in children seemed to cluster in families. The pathophysiology behind this phenomenon is yet unknown.