cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-wavelength injection seeded mid-infrared optical parametric oscillator for DIAL

We have constructed and fielded a multi-wavelength injection seeded mid-IR OPO source for DIAL. This OPO system was built for ground based remote sensing measurements of species with both broad (300 cm{sup -1}) and narrow absorption bandwidths (0.07 cm{sup -1} FWHM). The OPO utilizes a single frequency tunable diode laser for the injection seeded signal wavelength in the region from 6400 to 6700 cm{sup -1} and an angle phase-matched 5 cm LiNbO3 crystal to provide large tuning excursions on a slow time scale. The pump was a diode pumped Nd:YAG MOPA (9398 cm{sup -1}) running at 180 Hz. This pump source was repeatedly injection seeded with a different wavelength on each of film sequential shots forming a set of three pulses having wavelength separations on the order of 0.4 cm{sup -1} at a three color set repetition rate of 60 Hz. This combination of OPO signal and pump source produced a set of three time staggered idler wavelengths separated by 0.4 cm{sup -1} with the center wavelength tunable from 2700 to 3000 cm{sup -1}. This OPO system was used in field test experiments to detect the release of chemicals from a standoff distance of 3.3 Km. We present key OPO design criteria, performance data, and numerical simulations that agree with our observations of pump induced spectral impurities in the OPO output.
Web Information at Your Fingertips: Paper as an Interaction Metaphor

The prototype O system seamlessly integrates Web searching and browsing on touch-enabled tablets using two-handed gesture interaction, much like handling and marking content on a piece of paper. The system also leverages contextual information to infer user intent and significantly improve search results over traditional keyword-based approaches, enabling users to go beyond websites' "walled garden"' and more fully explore information objects.
Searching for meaning in negative events: concept analysis

Aim. The aim of this paper was to synthesize the literature related to meaning and present a conceptual analysis of searching for meaning in unexpected, significant, negative events. Background. Events or situations that are perceived as unexpected and negative (e.g. chronic and/or life-threatening illness) can disrupt life plans and lead to emotional distress. Nurses are in a key position to aid in the coping process by assisting individuals to integrate the meaning of an unexpected, negative event into the life experience. Methods. In May 2004, a comprehensive literature search using the terms meaning, search for meaning, meaning-making, making meaning, life change events, adaptation-psychological, stress, and coping was carried out. Of 339 possible references, 86 were included in the analysis. Findings. Global meaning refers to an individual's beliefs, values, and purpose/goals. Situational meaning refers to the meaning the individual attaches to a situation. When the meaning attached to the situation is not congruent with global meaning, meaning is considered shattered and a search for meaning ensues. In the search for meaning, people may attempt to change the meaning of the event (through reattributions or creating illusions) or change global meaning (through positive reappraisal, problem-solving coping, or revaluing ordinary events). Conclusion. Nurses are in a key position to assist people through negative events. The process of searching for meaning provides a solid foundation for the development of nursing interventions to assist individuals through difficult times. Research is needed to develop nursing interventions based on the process of the search for meaning, as well as measures reflective of the search for meaning.
Models for the human throat-wall and a study of the vocal tract from input/output measurements

Until now the human vocal tract area function and transfer function were studied from a time-series analysis of the speech signal alone, making some simple assumptions about the glottal source. In this paper we will present a study of the tract from measurements of the speech signal at the lips and the external throat-wall vibration signal near the glottis ("input/output measurements").
Substance P administration to neonatal rats increases adult sensitivity to substance P.

Abstract Substance P (SP) administered subcutaneously to neonatal rats on days 1–7 after birth produced long-term physiological changes. The changes included altered pain perception and increased sialogogic response to SP, although the hypotensive response to SP was unchanged. Early exposure to the peptide therefore influenced development, particularly with respect to two systems in which SP is physiologically active. Both changes may reflect an increased sensitivity of these systems to the effects of SP.
Analysis of electromyographic signals in human jaw closing muscles at various isometric force levels

The effect of sustained isometric contraction on surface electromyograph (EMG) and force signals derived from these muscles was examined. Premolar-molar region force was measured with a small unilaterally positioned force transducer. Subjects produced and sustained 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent isometric force levels, and measurements were made at the beginning and end of these efforts. There was no significant change in the resulting EMG/force ratio at any of the force levels. The EMG signal did exhibit a significant shift in its frequency both as the force level increased and during the sustained effort. Neuromuscular fatigue, when defined as a change in the EMG/force ratio, was not demonstrated even though there was a consistent change in the frequency of the EMG signal.
Conflict, parochialism and social differentiation in Portuguese society

One of the more challenging theoretical problems confronting the anthropologist today is the study of the relations between the units of his investigation-some kind of "community"-and the units of analysissome larger system of which they are a part. Even tribal societies, where the social and cultural characteristics of one local group tend to be replicated in others of the same tribe, there is often more differentiation than might be imagined. Furthermore, trade, ritual or other relationships between members of different tribes complicate any assumed independence of such units. Thus the kula ring which links the Trobrianders with their neighbors says something indispensable about the structure of the Trobriand society itself; the merbok path about that of certain Australian tribes, etc. In these cases it is relatively easy to trace the significance of this external interaction because it takes place largely in face-to-face situations. It is at least understandable that the anthropologist
Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Athletes on Synthetic Playing Surfaces A Systematic Review

Background:The effect of synthetic playing surfaces on the risk of injury in athletes is frequently debated in the orthopaedic literature. Biomechanical studies have identified increased frictional force at the shoe-surface interface, theoretically increasing the risk of injury relative to natural grass. This increase in frictional force is potentially relevant for the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture, where noncontact mechanisms are frequent. However, clinical studies examining this issue have shown mixed results.Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose of this study was to systematically review the available literature on risk of ACL rupture on natural grass versus artificial turf. We hypothesized that the risk of ACL rupture on synthetic playing surfaces would not be higher than that of natural grass playing surfaces.Study Design:Systematic review.Methods:A systematic keyword search was performed of OVID, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, and the PROSPERO International Prospecti...
Judging the quality of case study reports

In this paper, the authors outline how quality can be judged in “the typical product of alternative paradigm inquiry,” the case report. Their earlier work has focused on judging the quality of the inquiry process; this paper focuses on the product. They propose and discuss four criteria: resonance, rhetoric, empowerment, and applicability.
Division of labor among meiotic genes.

During meiosis, crossovers are regulated such that each pair of chromosomes has at least one crossover and multiple crossovers are evenly spaced. A new study leads to surprising insights regarding the timing of crossover regulation through the analysis of two genes involved in synaptonemal complex elongation.
Reducing thermal transient induced errors in thermopile sensors in ear thermometer applications

Abstract In ear thermometers and similar applications, thermopile sensors have to face a challenging thermal environment. The steady-state sensor temperature as well as the change of sensor temperature, heat flow, and thermal gradients have a significant impact on the sensor's reading. As opposed to the well-known steady-state sensor temperature (so-called “ambient temperature”), the effects of thermal transients have not jet been understood well in the past. They occur when the sensor warms up while the thermometer is inserted into the ear. They have to be treated in addition to the traditional (steady state) ambient temperature compensation. Isothermal packaging of the sensor significantly reduces the error due to thermal transients. This can be combined with mathematical prediction of the remaining error. Based on an analytical thermal model, we show that the error can be represented by a series of derivatives of the sensor housing temperature. Numerical calculation and compensation of the error in only first order combined with an isothermal package allows for an error reduction by the factor of 30.
Trends in computational intelligence in nuclear engineering

Several changes to the focus of Computational Intelligence in Nuclear Engineering have occurred in the past few years. With earlier activities focusing on the development of condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques for current nuclear power plants, recent activities have focused on the implementation of those methods and the development of methods for next generation plants and space reactors. These advanced techniques are expected to become increasingly important as current generation nuclear power plants have their licenses extended to 60 years and next generation reactors are being designed to operate for extended fuel cycles (up to 25 years), with less operator oversight, and especially for nuclear plants operating in severe environments such as space or ice-bound locations.
Fluorescence spectrum and lifetime of i-C3H7O radical

Abstract The fluorescence spectrum of i -C 3 H 7 O* radical, produced from the 193 nm laser photolysis of i -C 3 H 7 ONO in He, was measured and the electronic and vibrational assignments are made in comparison with the fluorescence excitation spectrum. The 0-0 band is at 27140 cm −1 or at 368.5 nm and the average CO vibrational frequency of the ground state is 960 ± 20 cm −1 . The fluorescence decay times were measured at various pressures of i -C 3 H 7 ONO. The linear least-squares plots of the decay rates against pressures of i -C 3 H 7 ONO provide the intercept with a value of (1.56±0.25) × 10 6 s −1 , corresponding to a collision free lifetime of 0.64 ± 0.09 μs, and the slope which gives a quenching constant of (3.54 ± 0.38 ) × 10 −10 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 .
African-American Reflections on Brazil's Racial Paradise

Acknowledgments Preface Introcution: The Myth of the Racial Paradise Part I: The Myth Affirmed (1900-1940) 1. "Brazilian Visitors in Norfolk" 2. "Brazil vs. United States" 3. "Brazil and the Black Race" 4. "Brazil" W.E.B. Du Bois 5. "Opportunities in Brazil: South American Country Offers First Hand Knowledge of the Solving of the Race Question" 6. "Brazil" Cyril V. Briggs 7. "Wonderful Opportunities Offered in Brazil for Thrifty People of All Races" Associated Negro Press 8. "South America and Its Prospects in 1920" L. H. Stinson 9. "Brazil as I Found It" E.R. James 10. "Sidelights on Brazil Racial Conditions" Frank St. Claire 11. "My Trip Through South America" Robert S. Abbott 12. "Sightseeing in South America" William Pickens Part II: The Myth Debated (1940-1965) 13. "The Color Line in South America's Largest Republic" Ollie Stewart 14. "Stewart in Error No Color Line in Brazil" James W. Ivy 15. Letter by W.E.B. Du Bois to Edward Weeks, Atlanta, Georgia, October 2, 1941 16. "Brazil Has No Race Problem" E. Franklin Frazier 17. "A Comparison of Negro-White Relations in Brazil and the United States" E. Franklin Frazier 18. Excerpt from Quest for Dignity: An Autobiography of a Negro Doctor Thomas Roy Peyton 19. "Brazilian Color Bias Growing More Rampant" George S. Schuyler 20. "The Negro in Brazil" Lorenzo D. Turner Part III: The Myth Rejected (1965-) 21. "From Roxbury to Rio-and Back in a Hurry" Angela M. Gilliam 22. "Brazil: Study in Black, Brown and Beige" Leslie B. Rout, Jr. 23. "Equality in Brazil: Confronting Reality" Cleveland Donald, Jr. 24. "'Mestizaje' vs. Black Identity: The Color Crisis in Latin America" Richard L. Jackson 25. "Black Consciousness vs. Racism in Brazil" Niani (Dee Brown) 26. "Brazil and the Blacks of South America" Gloria Calomee 27. "In Harmony with Brazil's African Pulse" Rachel Jackson Christmas
Statistical Aspects of Major (Intense) Hurricanes in the Atlantic Basin During the Past 49 Hurricane Seasons (1950-1998): Implications for the Current Season

Statistical aspects of major (intense) hurricanes, those of category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson scale (e.g., having a maximum sustained wind speed of greater than or equal to 50 M s (exp -1)), in the Atlantic basin during the interval of 1950-1998 are investigated in relation to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle and to the postulated "more" versus "less" activity modes for intense hurricane activity. Based on Poisson statistics, when the hurricane season is simply classified as "non-El Nino-related" (NENR), the probability of having three or more intense hurricanes is approx. 53%, while it is only approx. 14% when it is classified as "El Nino-related" (ENR). Including the activity levels ("more" versus "less"), the probability of having three or more intense hurricanes is computed to be approx. 71% for the "more-NENR" season, 30% for the "less-NENR" season, 17% for the "more-ENR" season, and 12% for the "less-ENR" season. Because the 1999 hurricane season is believed to be a "more-NENR" season, the number of intense hurricanes forming in the Atlantic basin should be above average in number, probably about 4 plus or minus 1 or higher.
Item Intercorrelations, Item-Test Correlations, and Test Reliability:

An alternative derivation was given of Gaylord's formulas showing the relationships among the average item intercorrelation, the average item-test correlation, and test reliability. Certain parallels were also noted in analysis of variance and principal component analysis.
Differential cholinergic innervation within functional subdivisions of the human cerebral cortex: A choline acetyltransferase study

The distribution of cholinergic fibers in the human brain was investigated with choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry in 35 cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the cerebral cortex. All cortical areas and all cell layers contained cholinergic axons. These fibers displayed numerous varicosities and, on occasion, complex preterminal profiles arranged in the form of dense clusters. The density of cholinergic axons tended to be higher in the more superficial layers of the cerebral cortex. Several distinct patterns of lamination were identified. There were also major differences in the overall density of cholinergic axons from one cytoarchitectonic area to another. The cholinergic innervation of primary sensory, unimodal, and heteromodal association areas was lighter than that of paralimbic and limbic areas. Within unimodal association areas, the density of cholinergic axons and varicosities was significantly lower in the upstream (parasensory) sectors than in the downstream sectors. Within paralimbic regions, the non-isocortical sectors had a higher density of cholinergic innervation than the isocortical sectors. The highest density of cholinergic axons was encountered in core limbic structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala. These observations show that the cholinergic innervation of the human cerebral cortex displays regional variations that closely follow the organization of information processing systems.
Plasma hemoglobin measurement techniques for the in vitro evaluation of blood damage caused by medical devices.

A sensitive measure of the in vitro blood damage potential of a medical device is the rate at which hemoglobin is released into the plasma from red blood cells flowing through the device. Presently there is no one widely accepted method for measuring the plasma hemoglobin concentration. Nine currently used assays, classified as either direct optical or added chemical techniques, were evaluated for accuracy, reproducibility, sensitivity, interference effects, and ease of use by adding hemoglobin (1-200 mg/dl) to saline, lipid, and bilirubin solutions and to normal cow plasma. Most of the assays displayed good linearity, accuracy, and reproducibility down to 1 mg/dl when interferents were absent. However, representative of the effects caused by interferents, the endogenous hemoglobin concentration of a typical cow plasma sample measured by the 9 techniques ranged from -2 to 39 mg/dl. Although used by fewer organizations, some of the direct optical spectrophotometric methods (e.g., the Cripps and Harboe baseline correction methods) are safer, easier, and more precise and accurate than the chemical addition methods used to measure plasma hemoglobin concentration from in vitro blood damage testing of medical devices.
Physiological monitoring during nmr measurements of animals

Abstract With the introduction of whole animal NMR, simultaneous measurement of various physiological parameters becomes desirable. Described is a system for monitoring body temperature, electrocardiogram, and respiration during surface coil measurement of 31P NMR using unanesthetized animals. Passive filtering is used to remove rf pulses from the physiological signals. Provision is made for electrically stimulating the animal. The principles are adaptable to other physiological parameters, and the probe could be modified for other nuclei.
Size-selective synthesis of immobilized copper oxide nanoclusters on silica.

We report a straightforward route for preparing bulk quantities of size-controlled and low size dispersity copper oxide nanoclusters on amorphous silica. Adsorption of the copper–dendrimer complex on the silica surface minimizes aggregation, which results in previously unachieved low size dispersity of the nanoclusters. Copper oxide nanoclusters with mean diameters of 1–5 nm with size dispersities of only 8–15% were prepared by calcination of silica impregnated with Cu(II)–poly(propylene imine) dendrimer complexes of varying stoichiometry. The size and size distribution of the copper oxide nanoparticles are tunably controlled by the ratio of the Cu(II) to the terminal primary amines in the copper–dendrimer complex, DAB-Amn–Cu(II)x, the surface coverage of the DAB-Amn–Cu(II)x, and the impregnation procedure. This method is anticipated to be useful in the preparation of other metal oxide nanoparticles, e.g., Ni and Fe, and with other oxide substrates.
Measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity by time domain reflectometry: a review

Non-destructive measurement of soil water content and electrical conductivity has been desired for many years. Recent development of time domain reflectometry (TDR) enables us to simultaneously obtain soil water content and electrical conductivity using a single probe with a minimal disturbance of soil. Research on water and solute transport in porous media using TDR has flourished in the last few years. In this review article, an overview of theoretical background for measuring water content and electrical conductivity is presented as well as characteristics of different types of probes. Limitations of applying TDR techniques to measuring soil water content and salinity are also addressed. The review is designed to equip other scientists and engineers with background information so that the development of TDR for studies on water and chemical movement can continue.
Building Technologically Based Online Trust: Can the Biometrics Industry Deliver the Online Trust Silver Bullet?

This article presents a model for managing online transactions by using biometrics to reduce the cost and risk of transactions. Biometric technologies may replicate the richness of human trust to a greater degree than other, more derivative security technologies. Here, we suggest that biometrics can lead to enhanced security in the exchange, thus removing online trust barriers. Yet, problems in the evolution of new markets constrain acceptance of biometrics as the solution to online trust.
Non-invasive evaluation of thoracic aneurysms

Sixty-six patients with possible abnormalities of the thoracic aorta were examined by CT and the data compared with standard chest radiographs, angiography and, in most, with the surgical findings. Using contrast enhancement computed tomography was able to evaluate and differentiate between a tortuous aorta, an atherosclerotic aneurysm, and aortic dissection and extra-aortic masses. Distinguishing pathological features are discussed. In aortic dissections angiography may be necessary to delineate the site of the intimal tear. Long term follow-up of aortic dissections, especially Type III, is best done by CT. Aneurysmal rupture or leakage, as well as extension into the abdominal aorta, can easily be ascertained by this method.
Concepts and language: Developing knowledge in science

Abstract This study of language and knowledge in the elementary science classroom was part of a larger three-year research project on teaching writing informed by systemic functional linguistics (SFL) theory ( Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004 ). This article analyzes the experiential function of language and its impact on knowledge in the context of the science classroom. The teaching of a science integration specialist learning about systemic functional linguistics theory was analyzed throughout a unit on rocks and minerals. Student writing was analyzed for clause-level knowledge of content and language. Findings showed how the teacher engaged 5th grade students in learning content and language through discussions, creating models and writing. Findings also showed that throughout the unit students gradually developed language and content knowledge and the ability to express it in writing through clauses. Implications highlight the importance of understanding the functional role of language in learning science content.
Alternating‐Current‐Assisted Poling of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)

A modification of the conventional poling procedure for piezoelectric materials was investigated because of inconsistencies in the literature. Preliminary investigations appeared to support the theory of ac-assisted poling. However, a temperature study/limited duty cycle experiment seemed to indicate that the increase in piezoelectric response was probably due to heat produced by the body in resonance.
Nasal Temperature can be used as a Reliable Surrogate Measure of Core Temperature

All current methods of core temperature monitoring have limitations. There is at least one skin temperature probe that can be modified to a nasal temperature probe (NP). This study was conducted to validate this modified skin temperature probe as an accurate surrogate measure of core temperature by comparing the temperature measurements obtained from NP to those from the esophageal stethoscope (ES). In 45 adult patients undergoing general anesthesia, one pair of simultaneous temperature measurements were obtained from the ES (E temp) and the NP (N temp). The NP was easily inserted in all patients. No patient developed epistaxis. The magnitudes of the differences between N temp and E temp measurements were 0.2°C or less in 43 out of 45 patients (95.6%); 0.1°C or less in 33 patients (73.3%). On average, the E temp was 0.05°C higher than the N temp. The 95% prediction interval for the E temp−N temp difference was −0.2°C to +0.3°C. Thus we expect the magnitude of the temperature difference to be less than 1/3°C in the next future individual patient. In adults, the NP readings closely match the core temperature readings obtained by ES and thus can be used as a reliable surrogate measure of core temperature. This technique may be useful and advantageous in various situations, particularly when other methods of core temperature monitoring are not available or reliable.
Exploratory analysis on the halo effect of strategic goals on IOS effectiveness evaluation

How do managers evaluate the effectiveness of IT use? Past literature showed that the assessment of IT effectiveness is not straightforward, especially when viewed in terms of "business outcomes," such as sales increase, firm profitability, and firm success. For inter-organizational systems (IOS), IT effectiveness evaluation is even more challenging, because these IOS are an integral part of a retail channel distribution system where several factors can influence business outcomes. Under such circumstances, IOS effectiveness evaluation is prone to a halo effect. A survey of retailers and suppliers showed that firms favorably judge IOS as long as their strategic goals are met, even when they do not recognize any IOS contribution towards accomplishing them. Conversely, IOS use was not appreciated when strategic goals were not met--even if IOS use benefits the firm at the operational or tactical level. In effect, IOS evaluation was overshadowed by the halo effects of strategic goal accomplishment.
A new technique to retrieve an intrabiliary stent: a case report.

Endoscopic placement of stents is routine in obstructive pancreaticobiliary disease. Perforation, pancreatitis, bleeding and cholangitis are early stent-related complications, whereas distal or proximal stent migration may present later. Management of a proximally migrated stent is a challenge for the endoscopist despite the choice of several different techniques. We describe a new technique we used to retrieve an intrabiliary stent whose distal end was embedded in the bile duct wall.
In remembrance of things past: Memory T cells and transplant rejection

A cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response is its ability to generate long-lived populations of memory T lymphocytes. Memory T cells are specific to the antigen encountered during the primary immune response and react rapidly and vigorously upon re-encounter with the same antigen. Memory T cells that recognize microbial antigens provide the organism with long-lasting protection against potentially fatal infections. On the other hand, memory T cells that recognize donor alloantigens can jeopardize the survival of life-saving organ transplants. We review here the immunobiology of memory T cells and describe their role in the rejection of solid organ allografts.
A comparison of modified convolutional codes with sequential decoding and turbo codes

In an effort to achieve bandwidth efficient but reliable communications at lower signal-to-noise ratios, NASA is evaluating its presently developed coding techniques by conducting simulations and tests. These tests will form a basis for comparison of these systems and some newly proposed systems for NASA's coding standards. NASA's present coding standards support convolutional inner codes and Reed-Solomon outer codes. Simulations of coding techniques under development indicate that some variation of convolutional codes with sequential decoding achieve a performance close to that of turbo codes. Compared to the turbo codes these convolutional codes advantages in computational complexity and aspects such as free and open architectures.
The energy flow inside a waveguide cavity using the SBR and GRE methods

The authors quantitatively and qualitatively compare the representation of the fields in the interior of an open-ended waveguide cavity with an electromagnetic plane wave excitation using the SBR (shooting and bouncing rays) and GRE (generalized ray expansion) methods. The basic difference in the SBR and GRE methods is in the way the rays are initially launched into the cavity. In the SBR method, and incident electromagnetic plane wave is modeled by a set of parallel GO (geometrical optics) rays that are launched into the cavity interior. In the GRE method, the incident field in the cavity aperture is replaced by equivalent surface currents which radiate the desired fields into the cavity interior. For parallel-plate waveguide cavities with apertures of 20 lambda and lengths up to 100 lambda , the SBR, GRE, and modal-based backscattering results all agree very well. >
All-Dielectric Electrooptic Sensor Based on a Polymer Microresonator Coupled Side-Polished Optical Fiber

A novel electrooptic (EO) electric field (E-field) sensor based on side-polished fiber coupled with an EO polymer microring resonator is proposed and demonstrated. An EO polymer waveguide with a ring shape is fabricated on the polished flat of an optical fiber. Light in the fiber evanescently couples into the resonator and forms resonant modes for certain wavelengths and produces notches in the output intensity of the fiber. External electric fields change the index of refraction of the ring waveguide and therefore dither its resonant wavelengths. For light of wavelength on the slope of a resonance notch, a change in the output intensity can be detected. The sensor is all dielectric without metal layers to distort the measured E-field. The resonant structure allows the sensor to potentially have much higher sensitivity than other electrooptic sensors based on Mach-Zehnder or polarization modulation. Since electrooptic polymers have higher electrooptic coefficients, lower dielectric constants and faster electrooptic responses than inorganic crystals, higher sensitivity, lower invasiveness, and higher bandwidth of E-field sensing can be expected. This sensor eliminates unreliable fiber-to-waveguide butt coupling as well as the high propagation loss encountered in the long straight EO polymer waveguides of sensors based on Mach-Zehnder structures. By using the fiber itself as the supporting substrate of the ring waveguide, the sensor can have small size and low disturbance to the measured electric field. The concept is demonstrated using AJLS103 EO polymer. A sensitivity of 100 mV/m has been achieved at frequencies up to 550 MHz (limited by the measurement system)
Antithrombotic Therapy and Outcomes After ICD Implantation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Artery Disease: An Analysis From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR)®

Background Management of antithrombotic agents after implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation is challenging, particularly among patients with atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease. Methods and Results Using data from National Cardiovascular Data Registry® Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Registry™ linked with Medicare claims data, we identified 25 180 patients with atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease who underwent implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation. Patients were categorized into 5 different groups according to antithrombotic agents prescribed at discharge (any 1 antiplatelet agent [A, n=6538], dual antiplatelet therapy [DA, n=3414], warfarin [n=5264], warfarin+A [n=7994], warfarin+DA [n=1970]). We assessed the primary outcomes occurring within 30 days of hospital discharge. Combinations of DA (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.87), warfarin+A (adjusted HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.69), and warfarin+DA (adjusted HR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.49 to 2.77) were associated with a higher bleeding risk. The risk of major adverse cardiovascular events was higher in patients discharged with A (adjusted HR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.33 to 2.16), DA (adjusted HR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.66 to 2.83), and DA+warfarin (adjusted HR: 1.61; 1.16 to 2.24). There was no association between postdischarge antithrombotic agents and thromboembolic events or device‐related complications. Conclusions Short‐term bleeding risk and major adverse cardiovascular events differ with usage patterns of antithrombotic agents, while the risk of thromboembolic events and device‐related complications is relatively constant. These data may help clinicians balance risks and benefits when choosing antithrombotic therapy following implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation.
A duality model of TCP and queue management algorithms

We propose a duality model of end-to-end congestion control and apply it to understanding the equilibrium properties of TCP and active queue management schemes. The basic idea is to regard source rates as primal variables and congestion measures as dual variables, and congestion control as a distributed primal-dual algorithm over the Internet to maximize aggregate utility subject to capacity constraints. The primal iteration is carried out by TCP algorithms such as Reno or Vegas, and the dual iteration is carried out by queue management algorithms such as DropTail, RED or REM. We present these algorithms and their generalizations, derive their utility functions, and study their interaction.
Three-Dimensional Green's Functions for a Multilayered Half-Space in Displacement Potentials

To advance the mathematical and computational treatments of mixed boundary value problems involving multilayered media, a new derivation of the fundamental Green's functions for the elastodynamic problem is presented. By virtue of a method of displacement potentials, it is shown that there is an elegant mathematical structure underlying this class of three-dimensional elastodynamic problems which warrant further attention. Constituted by proper algebraic factorizations, a set of generalized transmission-reflection matrices and internal source fields that are free of any numerically unstable exponential terms common in past solution formats are proposed for effective computations of the potential solution. To encompass both elastic and viscoelastic cases, point-load Green's functions for stresses and displacements are generalized into complex-plane line-integral representations. An accompanying rigorous treatment of the singularity of the fundamental solution for arbitrary source-receiver locations via an asymptotic decomposition of the transmission-reflection matrices is also highlighted.
Use of Neck Strap Muscle Intermuscular Coherence as an Indicator of Vocal Hyperfunction

Intermuscular coherence in the beta band was explored as a possible indicator of vocal hyperfunction, a common condition associated with many voice disorders. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was measured from two electrodes on the anterior neck surface of 18 individuals with vocal nodules and 18 individuals with healthy normal voice. Coherence was calculated from sEMG activity gathered while participants produced both read and spontaneous speech. There was no significant effect of speech type on average coherence. Individuals with vocal nodules showed significantly lower mean coherence in the beta band (15-35 Hz) when compared to controls. Results suggest that bilateral EMG-EMG beta coherence in neck strap muscle during speech production shows promise as an indicator of vocal hyperfunction.
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and isoproterenol testing in children: a valid adjunct to predict risk?

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) is the most common indication for invasive cardiac catheterization and electrophysiological testing in children. There are presently 2 predominant reasons for this. First, patients with WPW are, as the original 1930 investigators so eloquently pointed out, at risk for “paroxysmal tachycardia.”1 Supraventricular tachycardia is typically either orthodromic or, less commonly, antidromic reentrant tachycardia and can cause recurrent and debilitating symptoms. Present-day ablation techniques provide the promise of a cure for WPW in as many as 90% to 100% of patients who undergo this procedure with relatively low risk.2,3 Multiple studies have demonstrated the many medical, psychological, and financial benefits of ablation in the symptomatic WPW child.4–6 Article see p 73 The second reason that children with WPW undergo invasive catheterization and electrophysiological testing is to assess the risk of dying of ventricular fibrillation. The risk of sudden cardiac death in WPW in the pediatric population is, unfortunately, not known, and because of this, estimates of this risk have varied widely and range from 1% over a patient's lifetime to 0.0015 per patient-year.7,8 The reasons for not knowing this figure are myriad but ultimately stem from an inability to adequately identify both the numerator and denominator of WPW patients when creating these sorts of calculations. However, it would be fair and true to state that most authorities believe sudden cardiac death to be a rare event in both children and adults with WPW, especially in those patients who are asymptomatic. Thus, for the symptomatic child with WPW, most are in agreement that ablation, given the correct patient age, size, and history, is both appropriate and probably recommended in the majority of cases.9 However, the asymptomatic child with WPW poses significant problems for the pediatric electrophysiologist. …
Joint common mode voltage and differential offset voltage control scheme in a low-IF receiver

Direct RF sampling has recently been presented (K. Muhammad et al., Proc. IEEE Solid-State Circ. Conf, sec. 15.1, pp. 268-269, 527, 2004; K. Muhammad and R.B. Staszewski, Proc. IEEE Intl. Symp. on Circ. and Sys., sec. ASP-L29.5, 2004) in which an input RF signal is converted to current waveform, down-converted and integrated on a sampling capacitor. A rotating capacitor shares this charge with the sampling capacitor and transfers it to a subsequent discrete time switched-capacitor filter stage. In this paper, we present a mixed-signal approach for controlling the common mode voltage as well as injecting differential charge to compensate for the DC-offsets. This approach has been validated and incorporated in a commercial Bluetooth receiver IC realized in a digital 130 nm CMOS technology that meets or exceeds performance of other conventional Bluetooth radio architectures.
An improved analytic method to calculate emitter follower delay including emitter resistance

As bipolar transistor size decreases, emitter resistance becomes increasingly important in estimating transient delay. We use a quasi-linear large-signal bipolar junction transistor model and linear trial functions in coupled node equations to calculate delay of emitter followers including the effect of emitter resistance. When compared to SPICE simulations, our method produces accurate low-to-high delays for a factor of 10 increase in emitter resistance.
Direct Measurement of the Contributions of Type I and Type II 5′-Deiodinases to Whole Body Steady State 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine Production from Thyroxine in the Rat*

Production of T3 from T4 in tissues is catalyzed by two 5′-deiodinases, type I (D1) and type II (D2), but the quantitative contribution of each pathway to whole body T3 production is not well established. In the presence of propylthiouracil (PTU), D1, but not D2, can be effectively blocked, providing an experimental probe for addressing this problem. Decades ago, this approach provided indirect estimates ranging from 23–44% contribution by D2, based on plasma T3 appearance rate comparisons (PAR3 = PCR3 [T3]p) in periodically T4-injected athyreotic rats vs. controls. Two, more recent studies, using constant infusions of T4 for replacement, achieved 22% and 65% estimates, respectively, from PAR3 comparisons. We have revisited this problem more directly and precisely, with two major differences in experiment design. We used direct whole body steady state measurements of T3 production, instead of indirect plasma-only data (PAR3). We also used (euthyroid) physiological doses of both T4 (0.9 μg/day·100 g BW) an...
Molecular Regulation of Atrioventricular Valvuloseptal Morphogenesis

The majority of congenital heart defects arise from abnormal development of valvuloseptal tissue. The primordia of the valve leaflets and membranous septa of the heart are the cardiac cushions. Remodeling of the cushions is associated with a transitional extracellular matrix that includes sulfated proteoglycans and the microfibrillar proteins fibulin and fibrillin. Cushion formation is restricted to the AV canal and ventricular outflow tract regions of the primary heart tube. The proper placement of the cushions may be the result of the development of the primary heart tube as a segmented organ, as well as the subsequent looping of the heart. Segmentation of the heart tube may be demonstrated by the alternating molecular expression pattern along the longitudinal axis. In support of this hypothesis is the restricted expression of BMP-4 and msx-2 to the AV canal and ventricular outflow tract. The importance of looping for cushion positioning may imply that the iv and inv genes and retinoic acid are important for the proper patterning of the heart. The cells of the cushions evolve from endocardial cells that undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation. This developmental event is regulated by the myocardium and is probably due to the production of protein complexes, present within the cardiac jelly of the cushion-forming regions, that consist of fibronectin and the ES proteins. Both the cushion mesenchyme and its endocardial cell antecedents express JB3, an ECM protein. JB3 expression is also featured within the heart-forming fields of the primary mesoderm, from which the endocardial progenitors of the cushion cells originate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Vibrational analysis of crystalline diketopiperazine—II. Normal mode calculations

Abstract Based on our Raman and i.r. [1] data and assignments for DKP and five of its isotopic derivatives, we have refined an intramolecular force field in a non-redundant basis. This analysis shows that the cis peptide group may be best differentiated from the trans by the presence of an NH out-of-plane bend mode in the 800 cm −1 region. Several atom—atom potentials have been evaluated for their ability to explain observed lattice frequencies and internal mode splittings. Observed splittings in CO stretch modes can be accounted for by dynamical charge transfer and transition dipole coupling interactions.
a multidimensional representation of role terms

This article discusses a sorting task which has wide applications in anthropology. The task is illustrated with a study of English role terms. Several interesting dimensions emerge through multidimensional and hierarchical analyses of the sorting data.
Surgical Resection of a Giant Coronary Aneurysm

Coronary aneurysms are quite uncommon, and those qualifying as giant aneurysms are even more so. Currently, no standardized treatment protocol exists. We report the case of a 46-year-old man presenting with clinical signs and symptoms of acute myocardial infarction who was found to have a giant coronary aneurysm. The patient was initially evaluated with a computed tomography angiogram, which revealed a 9-cm aneurysm of the left circumflex coronary artery. Surgical resection of the aneurysm, ligation of the proximal circumflex artery, and bypass using the left internal mammary artery to vascularize the proximal circumflex artery was performed.
Prevention of Recurrent High-Grade Anal Neoplasia With Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccination of Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Nonconcurrent Cohort Study

Background. Most squamous cell anal cancers and precancerous lesions are attributed to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. By preventing HPV infection, quadrivalent HPV vaccine (qHPV) reduces risk of anal cancer/precancerous lesions in young men who have sex with men (MSM) without history of anal cancer/precancerous lesions. In our practice, many persons with history of precancerous anal lesions or high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN) have been vaccinated electively. We determined whether qHPV is effective at preventing recurrence of HGAIN. Methods. This nonconcurrent cohort study evaluated 202 patients with a history of previously treated HGAIN. Eighty-eight patients were vaccinated, and 114 patients were unvaccinated. We determined the recurrence rate of histologic HGAIN in vaccinated versus unvaccinated patients. Results. During 340.4 person-years follow-up, 12 (13.6%) vaccinated patients and 35 (30.7%) unvaccinated patients developed recurrent HGAIN. Multivariable hazards ratio (HR) analysis showed testing positive for oncogenic HPV genotypes within 8 months before study entry was associated with increased risk of recurrent HGAIN at 2 years after study entry (HR 4.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58‐10.40; P 5 .004), and qHPV was associated with decreased risk of recurrent HGAIN (HR .50; 95% CI, .26‐.98; P 5 .04). Among patients infected with oncogenic HPV, qHPV was associated with decreased risk of recurrent HGAIN at 2 years after study entry (HR .47; 95% CI, .22‐1.00; P 5 .05). Conclusions. qHPV significantly reduces HGAIN recurrence among MSM and may be an effective posttreatment adjuvant form of therapy. A randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm these results.
Light-Dependent Conversions of Endogenous α-Tocopherylquinone and Plastoquinone-D in Spinacia Oleracea Chloroplasts

Plastoquinone, a substituted benzoquinone occurring in the chloroplasts of plants (5), has been shown to be involved in and required for various photosynthetic electron transport reactions. Bishop (2) has shown that PQ-A4 is required to restore photoreductive activity to petroleum ether extracted chloroplasts. Similarly Krogmann (15) demonstrated the requirement for PQ-A in photophosphorylation. In addition to the PQ-A studied by the above workers there have been 3 new plastoquinone-type compounds reported which are similar in ultraviolet absorption spectra but which have different chromatographic characteristics and melting points (12). They have been given the names PQB, -C, and -D5. PQ-A is the compound first isolated and is commonly referred to simply as plastoquinone. Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) has been established as a functional intermediate in the respiratory electron transport chain of both plant and animal systems (6, 9). It has also been implicated in the photoreactions of the purple bacteria Rhodospirillumx rubrum (4). Vitamin K1, a naphthoquinone, has been shown to be a redox intermediate in the metabolism of Mycobacterium phlei (3). In this organism the quinone is converted to the chroman form (i.e., to a naphthotocopherol). It was demonstrated that the naphthotocopherol became phosphorylated and could then phosphorylate ADP to form ATP. These examples serve to show the significance of quinones in biological electron and energy transfer. The tocopherols and tocopherylquinones constitute another group of widely distributed chromanols and quinones. It was recently shown by the authors that a-tocopherol and a-TQ are contained within the chloroplasts of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaf tissue (11). This observation raised the question as to whether or not these compounds function in photosynthetic reactions. Experiments were conducted with spinach chloroplasts in which the amount of the oxidized form (aTQ) of the quinone was measured after various treatments of light exposure, NADP, and o-phenanthroline. The amount of oxidized PQ-D and PQ(A+B) was also measured. This work shows that the amounts of the oxidized form of a-TQ, PQ-(A+B), and PQ-D change as much as threefold after exposing the chloroplasts to light. The changes are reversible and are inhibited by o-phenanthroline. These observations support the hypothesis that a-TQ and PQ-D are functional intermediates in photosynthetic electron transport.