cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte populations with 5′-nucleotidase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Abstract 5′-Nucleotidase (5′N) was studied histochemically in the isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes of 56 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Rai Stages 0-IV). Four patterns of enzyme distribution were observed. No enzyme was demonstrable in the lymphocytes of 18% of the patients and 45% had very low numbers of positive cells. Values within the normal range were present in 14% while 23% of the patients had supranormal numbers of 5′N-positive cells. The presence or absence of 5′N did not correlate with the B- and T-lymphocyte populations or with the serum immunoglobulin levels. The phytohemagglutinin stimulation ratio was greater than 20 in 5 of 8 patients in the normal pattern group but in only 2 of 24 in the low 5′N group. In the remaining patients this ratio was always less than 20. It was observed that although all four patterns of enzyme distribution were represented in patients classified clinical Stages 0, I, and II, none of the patients in Stages III and IV had a “normal” 5′N pattern.
Palmitoylation of the Cytoplasmic Domain of the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule N-CAM Serves as an Anchor to Cellular Membranes

The neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM is expressed at key sites during embryonic development and mediates homophilic adhesion between cells both in the embryo and in the adult. N-CAM is expressed in multiple forms and two of the major isoforms differ in their cytoplasmic domains, one (Id form) having an insert of 261 amino acids that is missing in the other (sd form). N-CAM has been previously shown to be palmitoylated. but the sites of acylation have not been localized. We show here that the cytoplasmic domain of the N-CAM became palmitoylated after transfection of a cDNA encoding N-CAM into COS-7 cells, and that this acylation occurs on the four closely spaced cysteines in the cytoplasmic domain of N-CAM. Moreover, when a cDNA encoding only the cytoplasmic domain was transfected into cells, the protein was palmitoylated and associated with membranes even though it lacked a membrane spanning segment. Site directed mutagenesis of the four cysteine residues to serines at positions 5. 11. 16, and 22 in th...
Mechanism, Kinetics and Potential Morphological Consequences of Solid-State Polymerization

The likely mechanism which allows the required migration of functional groups for solid-state polymerization (SSP) of polyamides and polyesters is shown to be interchange reactions. This “chemical diffusion” of functionality has exactly the same mathematical form as that of classical diffusion of small molecules. The consequent model for kinetics of SSP in fine geometries is seen to fit experimental data well. It yields an estimate of the critical distance over which the functionality jumps with each interchange reaction. The critical reaction distance thus obtained, ∼5 A, is similar to those determined from diffusion-controlled reactions of small molecules. The profound changes that interchange reactions can produce during SSP in the topology of chain segments in the intercrystalline regions of flexible and semirigid polymers, especially in oriented structures, are revealed.
Discriminative stimulus functions of AM-1346, a CB1R selective anandamide analog in rats trained with Δ9-THC or (R)-methanandamide (AM-356)

Objective To characterize in vivo the high-affinity cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) selective anandamide analog AM-1346 [alkoxyacid amide of N-eicosa-tetraenylamine] using drug discrimination procedures. d-Amphetamine and also morphine in the (R)-methanandamide-trained group (see below) were examined to assess pharmacological specificity.
Environmentally-stable femtosecond ytterbium fiber laser with hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber

We demonstrate for the first time an environmentally-stable, passively mode-locked ytterbium fiber laser with a hollow-core fiber for dispersion control. The laser generates 1-nJ pulses, which are dechirped to 70 fs.
Tanganyikan Nationalism as ‘Women's Work’: Life Histories, Collective Biography and Changing Historiography

Although nationalism in Tanzania, as elsewhere in Africa, has been criticized for its shortcomings, and a ‘Dar es Salaam School’ has been charged with succumbing to its ideological biases, few historians have revisited or questioned Tanzania's dominant nationalist narrative – a narrative created over 25 years ago. Biographies written in aid of this narrative depict nationalism in the former Trust Territory of Tanganyika as primarily the work of a few good men, including ‘proto-nationalists’ whose anti-colonial actions set the stage and provided historical continuity for the later western-oriented ideological work of nationalist modernizers.The life history narratives of women who became activists in the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) in the 1950s disrupt this view of progressive stages toward an emerging nationalist consciousness which reflected and borrowed heavily from western forms and ideals. They suggest that Tanganyikan nationalism was also and significantly the work of thousands of women, whose lives and associations reflected trans-tribal ties and affiliations, and whose work for TANU served to both construct and perform what nationalism came to signify for many Tanzanian women and men. Women activists did not simply respond to TANU's nationalist rhetoric; they shaped, informed and spread a nationalist consciousness for which TANU was the vehicle.Neither ‘extraordinary’ individuals (the usual subjects of male biography) nor ‘representative’ of ‘ordinary people’ (often the subjects of life histories), TANU women activists' lives reveal the severe limitations of the dichotomous characterizations of traditional biographical forms. Together, their narratives constitute a collective biographical narrative of great significance for our understanding of nationalism and nationalist movement in the former Tanganyika.
A self-guided algorithm for learning control of quantum-mechanical systems

This paper presents a general self-guided algorithm for direct laboratory learning of controls to manipulate quantum-mechanical systems. The primary focus is on an algorithm based on the learning of a linear laboratory input–output map from a sequence of controls, and their observed impact on the quantum-mechanical system. This map is then employed in an iterative fashion, to sequentially home in on the desired objective. The objective may be a target state at a final time, or a continuously weighted observational trajectory. The self-guided aspects of the algorithm are based on implementing a cost functional that only contains laboratory-accessible information. Through choice of the weights in this functional, the algorithm can automatically stay within the bounds of each local linear map and indicate when a new map is necessary for additional iterative improvement. Finally, these concepts can be generalized to include the possibility of employing nonlinear maps, as well as just the laboratory control instrument settings, rather than observation of the control itself. An illustrative simulation of the concepts is presented for the control of a four-level quantum system.
Go out and play, but mean it: Using frame analysis to explore recent news media coverage of the rediscovery of unstructured play

Abstract A frame analysis was conducted on newspaper articles, news magazine articles, and the transcripts of broadcast segments on the need for and rediscovery of unstructured play that appeared between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2010. This time frame was selected to coincide with the recent revival of interest in play, both among scholars and the public. The eight frames that emerged from the coverage reveal that the spontaneity in play valued by children and endorsed by scholars is absent from recent descriptions by journalists of play. Journalists did not frame play as a respite for children from daily life, or an “interlude” ( Huizinga, 1971, p. 21 ) undertaken to escape the real world. Play as portrayed through these frames must be productive – a “useful pastime” ( Chudacoff, 2007, p. 222 ). Descriptions of play by journalists support the “rhetoric of progress” discussed by Sutton-Smith. Play is seen as the “optimal state of being for children” ( Gentry, 2009, p. 14A ), rather than something a child simply wants to do for fun. Few of the sources consulted by journalists favor letting kids go off in an unsupervised fashion. Kids can play, but only if they do so in clearly defined spaces and according to clearly laid out schedules.
The concentrations of caesium-137 and strontium-90 in the flesh of brown trout taken from rivers and lakes in the British isles between 1961 and 1966: the variables determining the concentrations and their use in radiological assessments

Abstract Concentrations of caesium-137 and strontium-90 in the flesh of brown trout are reported from two complementary studies: a detailed study over a six-year period of Lake Trawsfynydd (Merioneth, North Wales), comparing quantities of radioactive fallout deposited and water and flesh concentrations for both radionuclides, and general surveys of waters throughout the British Isles. From the British Isles surveys caesium-137 concentrations are related to potassium concentrations in the water and strontium-90 concentrations to calcium concentrations in the water, both as specific activities and as concentration factors, for the whole range of conditions from very dilute calcium bicarbonate surface waters to the marine conditions of coastal waters. It is demonstrated that concentrations of caesium-137 in brown trout flesh from some Scottish waters were probably as high as any recorded from arctic ecosystems. Concentrations of both contaminants in trout flesh can be expressed as functions of water conductivity in calcium bicarbonate surface waters from Britain, and it is suggested that this may be a useful general approach to radiological assessments involving fish from many such surface waters. The radiological implications of the principal conclusions are discussed and simple “risk diagrams” are produced as a guide to the assessment of different situations. It is shown that strontium-90, at or below I.C.R.P. public drinking water concentrations, is unlikely to be a hazard as a result of the human consumption of trout from any area in the British Isles, but that caesium-137 is a potential hazard in some areas down to consumption rates as low as 0.4 g of flesh per day. The results of previous work with these two radionuclides in fresh-water ecosystems are briefly discussed in the context of the studies reported.
Microwave modulated photoluminescence in doped GaAs

Microwave modulated photoluminescence (MMPL) is a spectroscopy wherein a sample is placed in the electric field maximum of a microwave cavity and is simultaneously subjected to continuous optical pumping and chopped microwave electric fields. In this work, MMPL has been performed on GaAs epilayers with n- and p-type doping ranging from 1015 to 1020 cm-3. The MMPL spectra can be experimentally separated into two categories, fast and slow. The interaction is predominately faster in the lightly doped samples and slower in the heavily doped samples. These observations are consistent with a more-or-less constant rate of lattice heating per free carrier through free carrier energy relaxation. The magnitude of the temperature modulation through free carrier thermalization with the lattice, and hence the amplitude of the slower component of the MMPL, can be explained in terms of theoretical estimates for the rate of energy loss of the accelerated free carriers.
The oxidation of green river oil shale with perchloric acid Part I — The reaction of green river oil shale with perchloric of varying concentration and boiling point

Abstract A kerogen concentrate of Green River oil shale was prepared. The kerogen concentrate and the raw oil shale from which the kerogen concentrate was prepared were oxidized with perchloric acid of varying boiling point, concentration and oxidizing ability. The reaction was studied with reference to the percentage carbon converted to carbon dioxide, the color of the aqueous phase, and the amount of undissolved material. The results indicated that the presence of the silicate mineral structure had no effect on the oxidation of the organic material. A stepwise oxidation of the kerogen of Green River oil shale was effected by varying the reduction potential of the oxidizing agent, perchloric acid. Soluble oxidation products, suitable for subsequent analysis, were produced.
The contribution of electron microscopy to the differential diagnosis of tumors.

Summary From these selected examples of our own experience, as well as from the results obtained by others (Rosai and Rodriguez, 1968), it must be concluded that electron microscopy can, on occasion, be a significant aid in the accurate diagnosis of various neoplasms. While optimal fixation of tissues processed for electron microscopy produces excellent results with good cytologic preservation of the cellular organelles and extracellular components, the use of electron microscopy should not be excluded because the tissue has been fixed in formalin or routinely embedded in paraffin for light microscopy. Today, rapid fixation of minced tissue in glutaraldehyde with postfixation in osmium tetroxide provides the best preservation of the fine structure of cells (Sabatini et al., 1963). However, good results can be obtained if, instead of glutaraldehyde, minute pieces of tissue are originally fixed in buffered formaldehyde and processed according to the standard electron microscopic techniques. Furthermore, larger fragments of tissue fixed in formaldehyde and stored for prolonged periods of time can still be useful for diagnostic electron microscopy since many of the ultrastructural features used for diagnostic purposes are preserved even with prolonged formaldehyde fixation. Carson et al. (1973) have shown that phosphate buffered commercial formaldehyde provides satisfactory fixation for routine light and electron microscopy. In the past many investigators have suggested fixatives as substitutes for the usual light microscopy fixatives which could enhance ultrastructural preservation (Chambers et al., 1968). In our experience, all of these have been either financially unfeasible for large scale fixation or have provided suboptimal fixation for light microscopy specimens. Recently McDowell and Trump (1975) have introduced the use of a phosphate buffered mixture of 4% commercial formaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde as a fixative which, according to these investigators, gives satisfactory preservation for routine automated histologic processing and for electron microscopic studies. But, it should also be re-emphasized that electron microscopy is possible not only on tissue that has been fixed in formalin and processed shortly thereafter, but even when it had been stored in formalin for prolonged periods of time, or on tissue embedded in paraffin. A method of reprocessing for electron microscopy of formalin-fixed wet tissue, or formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded tissue, has been described (Zimmerman et al., 1972), as well as a method by which histologic sections of paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed postmortem specimens are prepared for electron microscopic study by what is called the “open-face” embedding (Rossi et al., 1970).
Effect of current stimulus on in vivo cochlear mechanics

In this paper, the influence of direct current stimulation on the acoustic impulse response of the basilar membrane (BM) is studied. A positive current applied in the scala vestibuli relative to a ground electrode in the scala tympani is found to enhance gain and increase the best frequency at a given location on the BM. An opposite effect is found for a negative current. Also, the amplitude of low-frequency cochlear microphonic at high sound levels is found to change with the concurrent application of direct current stimulus. BM vibrations in response to pure tone acoustic excitation are found to possess harmonics whose levels relative to the fundamental increase with the application of positive current and decrease with the application of negative current. A model for outer hair cell activity that couples changes in length and stiffness to transmembrane potential is used to interpret the results of these experiments and others in the literature. The importance of the in vivo mechanical and electrical loading is emphasized. Simulation results show the somewhat paradoxical finding that for outer hair cells under tension, hyperpolarization causes shortening of the cell length due to the dominance of voltage dependent stiffness changes.
The crystal and molecular structure of |2-keto-|7-deoxo-8-azacstrone methyl ether hydrohromide

The crystal and molecular structure of 12-keto-17-deoxo-8-azaeslrone methyl ether hydro-bromide (C18H24BrNO2) has been determined by a single crystal, x-ray diffraction study. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinie space group P21/n with unit cell constants a = 12.024 (2), b = 10.340 (1), c = 14.269 A (2), β = 104.12° (1). The structure was solved by the heavy atom method and refined by block-diagonal least-squares to a final R-value = 0.036 for the 8.35 independently measured, statistically significant reflections. All hydrogen atoms, including methyl hydrogens, were located.
Laboratory study on the mechanical behaviors of an anisotropic shale rock

Abstract Shale gas is becoming an important energy source worldwide. The geomechanical properties of shale rocks can have a major impact on the efficiency of shale gas exploration. This paper studied the mineralogical and mechanical characteristics of a typical gas shale in Ohio, USA. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses was employed to measure the microstructure and material composition of the shale rock. The anisotropic behaviors of shale rock, including compressive and tensile strengths, were experimentally measured. The characteristics of shale rock were also studied by nondestructive wave speed measurements. The shale demonstrated strong anisotropic behaviors with the tensile strengths perpendicular to the bedding plane around 300–360 times of that parallel to bedding plane. Results of ultrasonic tests indicated that both compression and shear wave velocities show strong anisotropic patterns. The compression wave speed was the smallest in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane; while the shear wave speed was the smallest in the direction parallel to the bedding plane. The ratio of wave speed anisotropy is around 1.3–1.4 for compression wave; the ratio of shear wave speed anisotropy is larger and more diverse compared with the compression wave anisotropy. This might be related to the larger variability in the frictional adhesive strength along bedding plane than the compressive adhesive strength.
Electronic structure and hyperfine interactions in thioether-substituted tyrosyl radicals

Abstract Electron-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computational studies of the cysteine cross-linked tyrosyl radical in apogalactose oxidase have led to conflicting ideas regarding spectral assignments and protein-environment effects. We report DFT calculations on model radicals that clarify these issues. Calculated Fermi contact interactions do not resolve the ambiguity in spectral assignments; better insight is provided by the anisotropy of the hyperfine interactions and the systematic effects of thioether substitution. DFT results on model systems do not account for salient properties of the apogalactose radical. This inadequacy suggests that the protein environment exerts significant effects on the electronic structure of the radical.
Control-Oriented Model of a Dual Equal Variable Cam Timing Spark Ignition Engine

A control-oriented engine model is developed to represent a spark ignited engine equipped with a variable cam timing mechanism over a wide range of operating conditions. Based upon laboratory measurements a continuous, nonlinear, low-frequency phenomenological engine model is developed. With respect to a fixed-cam timing engine, the VCT mechanism alters the mass air flow into the cylinders, the torque response, and the emissions of the engine. The developed model reflects all of these modifications and includes a representation of the breathing process, torque and emission generation, and sensor/actuator dynamics. The model has been validated with engine-dynamometer experimental data and can be used in powertrain controller design and development.
The Transcription Factor E2F-1 in SV40 T Antigen-Induced Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Degeneration

Transgenic targeting of SV40 large T antigen (Tag) expression to murine cerebellar Purkinje cells induces these normally postmitotic neurons to undergo DNA synthesis and apoptosis. It has been proposed that these effects of Tag are due to the binding of Tag to pRb, which leads to the release and activation of the transcription factor E2F. Here it is reported that E2F and CDC2, the protein product of a gene regulated by E2F, were detectable in the Purkinje cell nuclei of Tag expressing transgenic animals. To directly test whether E2F-1 is part of the mechanism of Tag-induced Purkinje cell degeneration, transgenic mice that overexpress E2F-1 specifically in cerebellar Purkinje cells were generated. Although E2F-1 itself did not affect Purkinje cells, it did accelerate Tag-induced ataxia and Purkinje cell loss, suggesting that E2F-1 can contribute to the mechanism of Tag-induced Purkinje cell degeneration.
Off-zone-center or indirect band-gap-like hole transport in heterostructures

Unintuitive hole transport phenomena through heterostructures are presented. It is shown that for large bias ranges the majority of carriers travel outside the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ zone center (i.e., more carriers travel through the structure at an angle than straight through). Strong interaction of heavy-, light-, and split-off hole bands due to heterostructure interfaces present in devices such as resonant tunneling diodes, quantum-well photodetectors, and lasers are shown to be the cause. The result is obtained by careful numerical analysis of the hole transport as a function of the transverse momentum k in a resonant tunneling diode within the framework of a $\mathrm{sp}3s*$ second-nearest-neighbor tight-binding model. Three independent mechanisms that generate off-zone-center current flow are explained: (1) nonmonotonic (electronlike) hole dispersion, (2) lighter quantum well than emitter effective masses, and (3) strongly momentum-dependent quantum-well coupling strength due to state anticrossings. Finally a simulation is compared to experimental data to exemplify the importance of a full numerical transverse momentum integration versus a Tsu-Esaki approximation.
The Underdevelopment of Development Literature: The Case of Dependency Theory

As a vehicle for the growing association of southern nationalists and Marxists, dependency theory is an important part of the history of our times, something much more than a school of academic writing. Whatever the varieties of analysis existing within this school (and there are many), a major historiographie shortcoming is common to most of its literature: having grasped the Hegelian insight that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, dependencistas exaggerate the point, making the mistake of refusing any autonomy, any specificity to the parts (southern countries) independently of their membership in the whole (the imperialist system established by the North). A better approach to the study of the place of the South in the international system is to emphasize the variety of state structures present there with their different abilities to mobilize forces internally and translate this into international rank. Southern advances are more substantial than many realize; the essay concludes that southerners should pay more attention to the real room for initiative and maneuver they have, but which dependency theory systematically overlooks. Most of the illustrative examples concern India, the Ottoman Empire, and Latin America before World War I.
UV assisted stabilization routes for carbon fiber precursors produced from melt-processible polyacrylonitrile terpolymer

Abstract A low-cost route for producing PAN-based carbon fibers is being developed. The approach involves forming polyacrylonitrile terpolymers that can be melt-spun into fibers. The fibers are then stabilized and carbonized to yield carbon fibers. Melt-processibility, however, precludes direct thermal stabilization of these polymeric fibers. Therefore, a precursor terpolymer containing acryloyl benzophenone (ABP) is used. The UV sensitivity of ABP moiety enhances the UV crosslinkability of the precursor fibers. After a brief exposure to UV radiation, the melt-spun terpolymer fibers can be oxidatively stabilized at 320 °C without melting and subsequently carbonized. UV–visible and ATR-IR spectroscopic analyses suggest that UV radiation induces the formation of free radicals which, in turn, cyclize the PAN. Cyclized PAN was characterized by a strong absorbance in UV–visible region (300–500 nm) due to conjugated >C C C N– bonds which were also detected by infrared spectroscopy.
Complex Expression Patterns for Na+,K+-ATPase Isoforms in Retina and Optic Nerve.

Three genetically distinct isozymes of the catalytic subunit of the Na,K-ATPase have been detected and have been designated alpha1, alpha2, and alpha3. To determine whether their expression is restricted to identifiable neurons and glia, specific monoclonal antibodies were used for immunofluorescent localization in the rat retina and optic nerve. The patterns of staining were markedly different, suggesting differences in cellular localization. Photoreceptor inner segments and optic nerve fibers expressed predominantly alpha3. Muller glia in the retina and astrocytes in the optic nerve expressed alpha1 and alpha2. Isolated, dissociated bipolar, horizontal, and Muller cells expressed different isozymes separately or in combination. The complexity of staining of neurons and their axons and dendrites suggested that Na,K-ATPase isozyme expression is not stereotyped, but is tailored to the ion transport needs of individual cell types, and targeted to specified membrane domains.
The Role of Fascial Slings in the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: A 2013 Update

During the last decade, a variety of commercial innovations in synthetic sling materials have emerged as a result of an evolution in the understanding of the pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and a push to less invasive surgical approaches. The advent of midurethral slings (MUS), with their relative ease of placement, has modernized and become the most commonly used technique for treatment of SUI. Nevertheless, this innovative technology has been associated with complications not previously associated with anti-incontinence procedures. In this article, we review the current literature regarding the use, indications, and efficacy of pubovaginal fascial slings (PVS) in the era of expanding synthetic sling use.
Maintenance of acinar cell organization is critical to preventing Kras-induced acinar-ductal metaplasia

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers owing to a number of characteristics including difficulty in establishing early diagnosis and the absence of effective therapeutic regimens. A large number of genetic alterations have been ascribed to PDAC with mutations in the KRAS2 proto-oncogene thought to be an early event in the progression of disease. Recent lineage-tracing studies have shown that acinar cells expressing mutant Kras(G12D) are induced to transdifferentiate, generating duct-like cells through a process known as acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM). ADM lesions then convert to precancerous pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) that progresses to PDAC over time. Thus, understanding the earliest events involved in ADM/PanIN formation would provide much needed information on the molecular pathways that are instrumental in initiating this disease. As studying the transition of acinar cells to metaplastic ductal cells in vivo is complicated by analysis of the entire organ, an in vitro three dimensional (3D) culture system was used to model ADM outside the animal. Kras(G12D)-expressing acinar cells rapidly underwent ADM in 3D culture, forming ductal cysts that silenced acinar genes and activated duct genes, characteristics associated with in vivo ADM/PanIN lesions. Analysis of downstream KRAS signaling events established a critical importance for the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in ADM induction. In addition, forced expression of the acinar-restricted transcription factor Mist1, which is critical to acinar cell organization, significantly attenuated Kras(G12D)-induced ADM/PanIN formation. These results suggest that maintaining MIST1 activity in Kras(G12D)-expressing acinar cells can partially mitigate the transformation activity of oncogenic KRAS. Future therapeutics that target both the MAPK pathway and Mist1 transcriptional networks may show promising efficacy in combating this deadly disease.
Psychometric Properties of the Texas Primary Reading Inventory for Early Reading Screening in Kindergarten

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the kindergarten Texas Primary Reading Inventory (TPRI; Texas Education Agency and the University of Texas System, 2004—2006) Mid-Year screeners with a sample of 180 students. The TPRI screeners were designed to determine which students are not at risk for later reading failure. Results indicated adequate internal consistency reliability and concurrent and predictive validity for screening purposes. Classification validity analyses indicated low false negative rates and high negative predictive power but substantial false positive rates and low positive predictive power. The TPRI Mid-Year screeners were found to be adequate instruments for identifying students who are unlikely in need of further assessment. Recommendations are provided for using the TPRI within a response-to-intervention or other prevention-based service delivery model.
Intrauterine growth of chronically instrumented rhesus monkey fetuses

The effect of surgical and experimental manipulations on intrauterine growth of the fetus was investigated in 61 rhesus monkey fetuses in which chronic preparations were attempted. The surgical procedure consisted of hysterotomy and insertion of vascular catheters and included unilateral ligation of the fetal carotid artery. The mother was kept in a restraining chair after the operation for the duration of the preparation (0 to 39 days). Thirty-four fetuses who died within 48 hours after operation served as the control group for the growth parameters. The remaining fetuses that survived 7 days or more after the operation were included in the experimental group. Body weight, crown-rump length, crown-heel length, and foot length of the fetus and placental weight were measured at the termination of the preparation. There were significant linear correlations between all parameters and gestational age. Comparison between the control and experimental groups revealed that none of the parameters from the experimental group differed significantly from those of the control group. No relationships were found between the duration of the preparation and any of the parameters. Total brain weights from 19 fetuses exhibited a significant increase with gestational age and these values were within the normal range reported previously. There were no significant differences in weight between right and left cerebral hemispheres. No evidence of unequal blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres was found with the radioactive microsphere technique. The data suggest that the surgery performed on both the mother and the fetus and prolonged maternal restraint did not alter intrauterine fetal development.
Factors influencing the output of an implantable force transducer.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Arthroscopically Implantable Force Probe (AIFP; MicroStrain, Burlington VT) for measuring force in a patellar tendon graft. Transducer drift, reproducibility of output due to the number of loading cycles and device location, and sensitivity to the tendon cross-sectional area were investigated. The AIFP was initialized, and then implanted into five human patellar tendon grafts three times; twice within the same location and once in a different location. The tendons were cyclically loaded in uniaxial tension for 500 cycles in each insertion site. The AIFP was then removed from the tendon and the baseline output was remeasured. It was determined that transducer drift was negligible. The relationship between the tensile load applied to the graft and AIFP output was quadratic and specimen dependent. The cyclic load response of the tendon–AIFP interface demonstrated a 24.9% decrease over the first 20 loading cycles, and subsequent cycling yielded relatively reproducible output. The output of the transducer varied when it was removed from the tendon and then reimplanted in the same location (range 3.7–109.4% error), as well as in the second location (range 1.5–202.8% error). No correlation was observed between the cross-sectional area of the tendon and transducer output. This study concludes that implantable force probes should be used with caution and calibrated without removing the transducer from the graft.
Bilateral anterior cingulotomy for chronic noncancer pain.

Objective To document the value of bilateral anterior cingulotomy for patients with intractable chronic noncancer pain. Methods Twenty-three patients who underwent 28 cingulotomies between 1979 and 1996 for chronic refractory pain were sent questionnaires regarding their subjective response to the surgery and its impact on their pain. Questions dealt with pre- and postoperative pain, ability to resume work or usual activity, medications, family and social interactions, and overall benefit of cingulotomy. Results were compared with long-term (average, 8 yr) clinical follow-up. In 13 patients, pain was predominantly caused by lumbar adhesive arachnoiditis or "failed back." The remainder had venous occlusive disease, ischemic bilateral leg pain, phantom leg pain, postoperative neck pain, or atypical facial pain. Results Eighteen patients returned questionnaires; two patients died of unrelated causes. Seventy-two percent of patients reported improvement in their pain, 55% were no longer taking narcotics, 67% noted improvement in their family life, and 72% noted improvement in their social interactions. Fifty-six percent of patients reported that the cingulotomy was beneficial, and 28% returned to their usual activities or work. Thirty-nine percent of patients developed transient or well-controlled seizures. Five patients required a second cingulotomy, and one patient did well despite developing brain abscesses. Patient assessments corresponded closely with clinical assessments. Conclusion Bilateral anterior cingulotomy is safe for patients with refractory chronic pain. Seizures reported in this series were well controlled with medication. More than half of all respondents thought they had a positive outcome and that cingulotomy was beneficial to them. There were no deaths related to the procedure.
Cognitive bias in the interpretation of physiological sensations, coping self-efficacy, and psychological distress after intimate partner violence

The authors tested a mediation model of trauma-related psychological distress based on social-cognitive theory (Bandura, 1997) among a sample of women (n = 55) who had recently experienced intimate partner violence. It was proposed that survivors of intimate partner violence who reported (a) greater cognitive bias when interpreting physiological sensations and (b) lower coping self-efficacy specific to recovery demands associated with intimate partner violence would also report more severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Further, coping self-efficacy was tested as a mediator of the associations between this type of cognitive bias and psychological distress variables (i.e., PTSD & Depression). Results of the cross-sectional analysis suggest that cognitive bias influenced PTSD and depression both directly and indirectly through coping self-efficacy. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Structural polymorphisms of complement receptor 1 (CR1) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and normal controls of three ethnic groups

CR1 exhibits a molecular weight polymorphism and variability in the number of C3b-binding sites. Because this may affect immune complex clearance, we used erythrocytes to investigate the CR1 size polymorphism in SLE patients from three ethnic groups. The CR1-C allele was found more frequently in African-Americans, but the frequency did not differ between controls (10%, n = 63) and SLE patients (9%, n = 79). A 160-kD band similar to CR1-C was noted in a number of patients and was shown to be a proteolytic cleavage fragment. The study shows that the smallest form of CR1, i.e. CR1-C, is not a genetic risk factor for SLE and that the frequencies of the CR1 structural alleles do not differ from race-matched healthy controls.
Source cuing: Memory for melodies

Source cuing is a source-monitoring process in which the retrieval of a memory trace is aided by the use of a memory probe that includes information that is indicative of the original source. This is in contrast tosource discrimination, where people need to retrieve the identity of the source of information. Thus, in source cuing, the source information is given, and in source discrimination, the source information is to be retrieved. The operation of source cuing was demonstrated in two experiments in which people had to identify which of two melodies had been heard earlier. Source cuing was present for information that was more indicative of the source (i.e., timbre), but not for information that was less indicative of the source (i.e., pitch). A third experiment demonstrated that the use of source cuing can be influenced by the retrieval context.
U.S. Government policy and integrated pest management.

Abstract The pursuit of integrated pest management (IPM) for forest protection followed the success of IPM in agriculture. Government policymakers, supported by forest pest management scientists and practitioners, directed that IPM be used to protect forests from the effects of insects and disease. Unfortunately, transferring the concept of IPM from agriculture to forestry has been more difficult than expected. IPM research-and-development program leaders need to review the reasons for these difficulties, establish realistic objectives (which should include the development of pest management tactics for integrated forest-resource management), and concentrate on producing IPM strategies that solve forest protection problems.
Eddy Correlation Measurements of the Dry Deposition of Particles in Wintertime

Abstract Eddy correlation measurements of the vertical fluxes of particles, momentum, heat and water vapor, were conducted over a partially snow covered field in central Pennsylvania during December 1985. The PMS ASASP-300 and CSASP-100-HV optical counters were used as sensors to measure particle-number fluxes. Overall, average dry deposition velocities for 28 half-hour runs were found to be 0.034 ± 0.014 and 0.021 ± 0.005 cm s−1 for particles in two size ranges, 0.15–30 and 0.5–1.0 μm, respectively. The average deposition velocity was close to results from prior wind-tunnel and theoretical investigations. These results were also comparable with those reported by other authors over grass. Relatively large sampling rates reduced the effects of counting noise on deposition measurements of 0.5–;1.0 μm particles. Small correlation coefficients between vertical velocity and the particle concentration were found even after corrections for the effects of counting noise. The normalized average surface deposition ...
Association of Mu-opioid and NMDA Receptors in the Periaqueductal Gray: What Does it Mean for Pain Control?

The brain has an endogenous descending control system to modulate pain. This system is thought to arise from the activation of output neurons in the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) that project to the rostroventral medulla, with a relay to the spinal cord to modulate incoming pain signals (Basbaum and Fields, 1984). Electrical stimulation or microinjection of opioids into the ventral portion of the PAG results in analgesia. Opioids activate the pathway by inhibiting tonic GABA release (or disinhibition). The disinhibition hypothesis predicts that morphine and glutamate stimulate the descending pathway via activation of different cell populations, opioids by inhibiting GABA interneurons or inhibitory projection neurons into the PAG, and glutamate by directly activating PAG output neurons. In this issue of Neuropsychopharmacology, Rodriguez-Munoz et al provide evidence for a close association of NMDA and mu-opioid (MOR) receptors in the PAG, suggesting that these two receptors are not only colocalized within the same cell population, but that there is bidirectional regulation of the NMDA/MOR interaction during acute morphine tolerance.
Visualization tools for computational electrocardiology (Proceedings Only)

ABSTRACT We have developed a suite of visualization and model construction tools for use in computing voltages and currentsin the human thorax due to cardiac electrical activity. The programs support interactive digitization of MRI images,automatic generation, manipulation and editing of three-dimensional meshes, and display of both surface and volumepotential distributions and volume current vectors. 2. INTRODUCTION This paper contains descriptions of two visualization systems which we have developed for studying problemsin computational electrocardiography, that is, the biophysical investigation of electrical fields in the thorax due tocurrent sources in the heart15. These tools have proved invaluable at virtually all stages of the research, from thedigitization of the MRI images which formed the basis of our geometrical model of the human thorax6 through theexamination and editing of the resulting triangulated surfaces and the tetrahedralized volumes2' 3, to, finally, thedisplay of both the input and output data from our simulations4' .
Reduced Serum Levels of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Females With Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes

Context: Previously, reduced levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a circulating marker of ovarian reserve, were found in females with Fanconi anemia (FA). FA, dyskeratosis congenita (DC), and Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) are inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) associated with high risks of bone marrow failure, leukemia, and solid tumors. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess AMH levels in females with DC or DBA. Design and Setting: This observational study used the National Cancer Institute's inherited bone marrow failure syndrome cohort at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Participants: The study included females with DC, unaffected female relatives of patients with DC, females with DBA, unaffected female relatives of patients with DBA, and unrelated healthy female volunteers younger than 41 years of age. Main Outcome measure: Serum AMH levels were measured. Results: Females with DC had significantly lower levels of AMH (median 0.55 ng/mL) compared with unaf...
Holy Men and Their Sky Journeys: A Cross-Cultural Model

Insights from cultural anthropology, a science that compares cultures, and cognitive neuroscience, a discipline that deals with the one thing that all human beings have had in common for millennia: the human body, contribute to the construction of a model for analyzing and interpreting sky journeys made in alternate states of consciousness (ASCs) and reported in ancient literature.
Perspectives on the changing healthcare system: teaching systems-based practice to medical residents

Purpose: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education restructured its accreditation system to be based on educational outcomes in six core competencies. Systems-based practice is one of the six core competencies. The purpose of this report is to describe Weill Cornell Medical College's Internal Medicine Residency program curriculum for systems-based practice (SBP) and its evaluation process. Methods: To examine potential outcomes of the POCHS curriculum, an evaluation was conducted, examining participants': (1) knowledge gain; (2) course ratings; and (3) qualitative feedback. Results: On average, there was a 19 percentage point increase in knowledge test scores for all three cohorts. The course was rated overall highly, receiving an average of 4.6 on a 1–5 scale. Lastly, the qualitative comments supported that the material is needed and valued. Conclusion: The course, entitled Perspectives on the Changing Healthcare System (POCHS) and its evaluation process support that systems-based practice is crucial to residency education. The course is designed not only to educate residents about the current health care system but also to enable them to think critically about the risk and benefits of the changes. POCHS provides a framework for teaching and assessing this competency and can serve as a template for other residency programs looking to create or restructure their SBP curriculum. Keywords: curriculum development; graduate medical education; core competencies; systems-based practice; healthcare systems (Published: 2 September 2013) Citation: Med Educ Online 2013, 18 : 20746 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v18i0.20746
Comment on “Piezonuclear decay of thorium” [Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 1956]

Abstract Cardone et al. [F. Cardone, R. Mignani, A. Petrucci, Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 1956] claim that cavitation speeds up radioactive decay of 228Th dissolved in water. The experimental evidence they presented was criticized by Ericsson et al. [G. Ericsson, S. Pomp, H. Sjostrand, E. Traneus, Phys. Lett. A 373 (2009) 3795]. This Comment focuses on a presumably-ignored trivial effect that might be responsible for the reported experimental results. It also contains suggestions for improving the quality of future investigations.
CDX2 Expression in Columnar Cell Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

The columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CCV-PTC) is a rare subtype of PTC that exhibits morphologic features often described as reminiscent of secretory endometrium or colonic adenomas/adenocarcinomas. CDX2, a nuclear transcription factor, is important for intestinal development. It is normally expressed in intestinal epithelium and is also detected in adenoma and adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract; however, it has also been reported in tumors of other sites with intestinal-type morphologic features. We evaluated CDX2 expression in CCV-PTC and in a thyroid tissue microarray composed of various benign and malignant thyroid lesions. CDX2 expression was identified in 6 (55%) of 11 cases of CCV-PTC, but not in any other benign and malignant thyroid lesions. We conclude that CDX2 is selectively expressed in CCV-PTC and can be used in distinguishing it from other variants of PTC with overlapping morphologic features.
Undoing Hegemonic Erasure: Afro-German Berlin in Armin Völckers’s Film Leroy (2007)

This article argues that racism alongside the verbal and physical neo-Nazi violence perpetrated in Leroy (2007) against the film’s eponymous teenaged Afro-German male lead pervade Berlin’s cinematic topography, thus pushing against the city’s self-stylization as a cosmopolitan “open city” that is tolerant towards its ethnic minorities. I assert that in questioning Berlin’s self-presentation, Leroy – a youth film, ethnic romantic comedy, and Berlin film – is ambiguous: while it disrupts some stereotypes about black masculinity, simultaneously it also uses ethnic tropes. Furthermore, I maintain that, visually, Berlin is constituted as a multivalent space that both supports and perturbs Afro-German identity, while through the use of hip hop the film creates a sonic Afro-German Berlin community. Finally, I show that the film’s satiric concluding image of Berlin as a utopian, post-racist cityscape calls attention to cinema’s role in employing the same racist tropes it aims to undo.