cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined analysis of murine and human microarrays and ChIP analysis reveals genes associated with the ability of MYC to maintain tumorigenesis

The MYC oncogene has been implicated in the regulation of up to thousands of genes involved in many cellular programs including proliferation, growth, differentiation, self-renewal, and apoptosis. MYC is thought to induce cancer through an exaggerated effect on these physiologic programs. Which of these genes are responsible for the ability of MYC to initiate and/or maintain tumorigenesis is not clear. Previously, we have shown that upon brief MYC inactivation, some tumors undergo sustained regression. Here we demonstrate that upon MYC inactivation there are global permanent changes in gene expression detected by microarray analysis. By applying StepMiner analysis, we identified genes whose expression most strongly correlated with the ability of MYC to induce a neoplastic state. Notably, genes were identified that exhibited permanent changes in mRNA expression upon MYC inactivation. Importantly, permanent changes in gene expression could be shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to be associated with permanent changes in the ability of MYC to bind to the promoter regions. Our list of candidate genes associated with tumor maintenance was further refined by comparing our analysis with other published results to generate a gene signature associated with MYC-induced tumorigenesis in mice. To validate the role of gene signatures associated with MYC in human tumorigenesis, we examined the expression of human homologs in 273 published human lymphoma microarray datasets in Affymetrix U133A format. One large functional group of these genes included the ribosomal structural proteins. In addition, we identified a group of genes involved in a diverse array of cellular functions including: BZW2, H2AFY, SFRS3, NAP1L1, NOLA2, UBE2D2, CCNG1, LIFR, FABP3, and EDG1. Hence, through our analysis of gene expression in murine tumor models and human lymphomas, we have identified a novel gene signature correlated with the ability of MYC to maintain tumorigenesis.
The T-cell repertoire available for recognition of self-antigens

Abstract Autoimmunity can be viewed as the price we pay in order to have a highly diverse TCR repertoire. This is not to say that every effort isn't made by the immune system to prevent autoimmune disease. During thymic development, and later in the periphery, the TCR repertoire is continuously purged of cells that are activated by self-antigens. Other lymphocytes are recruited to join a legion of T regulatory cells that assist in preventing ‘friendly fire’. Recent studies continue to reveal the importance of the composition of the T cell repertoire in predisposing an individual to autoimmune disease.
Composite matched filter output partitioning

A common pattern recognition problem is finding a library element closest, in some sense, to a given reception. In many scenarios, optimal detection requires N matched filters for N library elements. Since N can often be quite large, there is a need for suboptimal techniques that base their decisions on a reduced number of filters. The use of composite matched filters (CMFs) (also called synthetic discriminant functions or linear combination filters) is one technique to achieve this reduction. For two level CMF outputs, the reduction is from N to log2N matched filters. Previously, the coefficients of the CMF output were restricted to positive values—often 0 and 1. We refer to such filters as binary CMFs. An alternative approach is to use −1 and +1 for filter coefficients. This alternative filter will be called a bipolar CMF. This paper demonstrates how the extension from a binary to a bipolar CMF greatly improves the detection performance while still maintaining the reduced computational requirements of the binary CMF. Furthermore, the bipolar CMF is invariant to scale: multiplying the input by a positive constant gives the same processor output. This desirable behavior does not exist for the binary CMF.
Adsorption and Thermal Behavior of Benzotriazole Chemisorbed on γ-Al2O3

Adsorption experiments for benzotriazole, (BTAH) on the γ-Al2O3 surface were carried out at 150 and 293 K. The thermal stability of the adsorbed layer was investigated. At low temperatures, adsorption results in the production of a thick condensed layer of BTAH. Strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds are observed. With increasing sample temperature, the BTAH molecules diffuse into the Al2O3 pore structure. Hydrogen bonding of the BTAH molecule specifically to isolated Al−OH groups is observed. Deprotonation of the BTAH molecule begins to occur through interaction, with the surface oxide anions near 300 K. As a result of such deprotonation-type interaction the production of associated surface OH groups and of the BTA- anion are observed. The BTA- anion is bound to the surface Lewis acid site via a nitrogen atom lone pair. Extensive thermal treatment (T = 573−623 K) causes decomposition of the adsorbed BTA- species, and modes related to the nitrogen ring disappear. After thermal treatment up to 873 K, IR spec...
Replacement of the 3′ untranslated variable region of mosquito-borne dengue virus with that of tick-borne Langat virus does not alter vector specificity

The four major flavivirus clades are transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, directly between vertebrates or directly between arthropods, respectively, but the molecular determinants of mode of transmission in flaviviruses are unknown. To assess the role of the UTRs in transmission, we generated chimeric genomes in which the 5′ UTR, capsid and/or 3′ UTR of mosquito-borne dengue virus serotype 4 (rDENV-4) were replaced, separately or in combination, with those of tick-borne Langat virus (rLGTV). None of the chimeric genomes yielded detectable virus following transfection. Replacement of the variable region (VR) in the rDENV-4 3′ UTR with that of rLGTV generated virus rDENV-4-rLGTswapVR, which showed lower replication than its wild-type parents in mammalian but not mosquito cells in culture and was able to infect mosquitoes in vivo. Neither rDENV-4 nor rDENV-4-rLGTswapVR could infect larval Ixodes scapularis ticks immersed in virus, while rLGTV was highly infectious via this route.
Unsaturated Phosphatidylcholine Acyl Chain Structure Affects the Size of Ordered Nanodomains (Lipid Rafts) Formed by Sphingomyelin and Cholesterol

How lipid composition affects the size of ordered domains (lipid rafts) in ternary lipid mixtures with cholesterol is unclear. We used FRET, DPH anisotropy, and quenching by the nitroxide-bearing molecule tempo to study raft size and raft thermal stability. Because FRET pairs with a relatively long distance range were used, FRET was not be able to detect very small nanodomains. In contrast, such domains could be detected by nitroxide quenching, which is of very short range, and anisotropy, which measures order of the lipids in immediate contact with the fluorescent probe. Ordered domain formation in lipid vesicles containing 1:1:1 sphingomyelin/DOPC/cholesterol or sphingomyelin/POPC/cholesterol were compared. These mixtures form co-existing ordered and disordered domains at lower temperatures and homogeneous disordered fluid domains at high temperature. The melting temperature, above which ordered domains disappear, was similar for these mixtures as measured by anisotropy and tempo quenching, but much higher for sphingomyelin/DOPC/cholesterol than for sphingomyelin/POPC/cholesterol when measured by FRET. This was true for more than one donor/acceptor FRET pair. We conclude that these mixtures form ordered domains with a similar stability. However, while domains large enough to detect by FRET form in sphingomyelin/DOPC/cholesterol under a wide variety of conditions, sphingomyelin/POPC/cholesterol has a tendency to form very small nanodomains. Because POPC is an abundant lipid in mammalian cells, this may be one reason that cellular ordered domains/rafts are very small.
Abstract models of reconfigurable architectures for synthesis and compilation

We propose a methodology for specifying abstract models of reconfigurable architectures. These models may be used by compilers, synthesis systems and other design agents to evaluate the correctness and performance of postulated reconfiguration schedules. We show how the proposed methodology can be used to model reconfigurable computation, interconnect, memory and I/O elements interacting with each other using various protocols. We illustrate the modeling approach through small case studies. The proposed methodology is embedded in a modeling language called PDL+ and its support environment called ARC.
Entry age, entry mode and academic performance on a Project 2000 common foundation programme.

With the increasing academic expectations in the United Kingdom arising from the demands of the recently-introduced Diploma in Higher Education/ Registration course (Project 2000) and with fairly substantial proportions of both unqualified (DC test) and mature entrants being admitted onto the course, a study was carried out into the relationship between entry age, entry qualifications and academic performance on the common foundation programme, which lasts for the first 18 months of the course The entry data and common foundation programme results of each student from the first three intakes, 258 in total, were reviewed A different subject design was used for the study m which students were placed into one of four groups, according to entry age and entry qualifications, which were (a) 17-21 conventional entry requirements met, (b) 22 + conventional entry requirements met, (c) 17-21 unqualified (DC test entrant), and (d) 22 + unqualified (DC test entrant) Results indicated that the performance of most mature students, whether qualified or not, was above average, with the qualified group securing the best results of any of the four groups Among the 17-21 age group, while the qualified performed as expected, the unqualified performed the worst of any of the four groups, registering both a high discontinuation rate and low overall mean scores for the programme No improvement in the relative performance of the 17-21 unqualified group was noted over the three cohorts and there were indications that under-performance among the unqualified group extended beyond the 17-21 age range In terms of recruitment, results could indicate a need for a change m policy, with evidence of proven academic ability being required from all younger applicants If continued recruitment of unqualified younger students is planned, then a more vigorously targeted policy of academic support and guidance for these students will be required Without this, it seems likely that poor performance and high wastage among this group will continue
Preparation and enhancing effect of 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-propanol dodecanoate (DAIPD) on the transepidermal penetration of clonidine, hydrocortisone, and indomethacin through shed snake skin

Abstract 1-(N,N-Dimethylamino)-2-propanol dodecanoate (DAIPD), a new biodegradable penetration enhancer was prepared by condensing lauroyl chloride with 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-propanol. The penetration enhancing effects of DAIPD on the transdermal delivery of clonidine, hydrocortisone, and indomethacin were evaluated using shed snake skin (Elaphe obsoleta) as the model membrane. Azone was used as a typical enhancer for comparison. DAIPD showed a 1.2-2-times greater promoting effect than azone for the above-cited drugs. In vitro biodegradability of DAIPD was demonstrated in the presence of porcine esterase. The results indicate that DAIPD increases markedly the transdermal delivery of several types of drug substances.
Flow Cytometry: A Rapid and Robust Adjuvant Technique for Pathological Diagnosis

.Immunophenotyping was performed using CD45, CD19, CD3, CD5, CD7, CD4, CD8, CD38, CD56, kappa, and lambda light chains. gating was performed using for-ward-side scatter and CD45-side scatter.A single large cluster observed in the lymphocyte region of the SSC/CD45 side scatter showed a high level of CD45 expression and was composed predominantly of T-cells (CD3+) with moderately high CD38 positivity (T-cell activation marker). nothing abnormal with respect to T-cell markers (CD3/CD5/CD7) was noted. reversal of the CD4:CD8 ratio (0.1) was also noted. CD19, kappa, lambda, and CD56 expression was not observed. Immu-nophenotyping results suggested non-neoplastic prolifera-tion of lymphocytes—primarily involving a T-cell compo-nent with an inverted CD4:CD8 ratio, which could also be a manifestation of immunosuppressive states and viral infections, e.g. EBv, Cmv, and HIv [1]. EBv Igm was positive (17.58 U ml
Changes in Cisplatin Delivery Due to Surface-Coated Poly (Lactic Acid)–Poly(∊-Caprolactone)Microspheres

Smooth muscle cell proliferation plays a major role in the genesis of restenosis after angioplasty or vascular injury. Local delivery of agents capable of modulating vascular responses, have the potential to prevent restenosis. However, the development of injectable microspheres for sustained drug delivery to the arterial wall is a major challenge. We demonstrated the possibility of entrapping an antiproliferative agent, cisplatin, in a series of surface coated biodegradable microspheres composed of poly(lactic acid)poly(caprolactone) blends, with a mean diameter of 2-10 pm. The microspheres were surface coated with poly ethylene glycol (PEG), chitosan (Chit), or alginate (Alg). A solution of cisplatin and a 50:50 blend of polylactic acid (PLA)-polycaprolactone (PCL) dissolved in acetone-dichloromethane mixture was poured into an aqueous solution of PEG (or polyvinyl alcohol or Chit or Alg) with stirring using a high speed homogenizer, for the formation of microspheres. Cisplatin recovery in microspheres ranged from 25-45% depending on the emulsification system used for the preparations. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the PLA-PCL microspheres were spherical in shape and had a smooth surface texture. The amount of drug release was much higher initially (20-30%), this was followed by a constant slow-release profile for a 30-day period of study. It has been found that drug release depends on the amount of entrapped drug, on the presence of extra cisplatin in the dispensing phase, and on the polymer coatings. This PEG or Alg-coated PLA/PCL microsphere formulation may have potential for the targeted delivery of antiproliferative agents to treat restenosis.
Determination of the nucleotide sequences at the extreme 5' and 3' ends of swine hepatitis E virus genome.

The nucleotide sequences at the extreme 5' and 3' ends of swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV) genome were determined, and genomic sequence of swine HEV is now complete. Sequence analysis revealed that the 3' and 5' non-coding regions (NCRs) of swine HEV are closely related to that of the US-1 and US-2 strains of human HEV. Like the two U.S. strains of human HEV, an extra G residue immediately proceeding the poly(A) tail was identified in swine HEV. The 5' NCR of swine HEV also differed from many HEV strains: it lacks an A residue at its 5' very end, and the extra 9 nucleotides in the US-2 strain. In the 3' NCR, swine HEV shared 90-91% nucleotide sequence identities with the US-1 and US-2 strains but only about 58-65% identities with other HEV strains. This study further suggests that the US-1 and US-2 strains of human HEV may be of swine origin. The availability of the complete sequence of swine HEV should facilitate the construction of an infectious cDNA clone of swine HEV.
How Can Decentralized Systems Solve System-Level Problems? An Analysis of Market-Driven New Orleans School Reforms

One of the biggest changes in New Orleans after Katrina was observed in the public school system. In this article, we describe the massive overhaul of the public school system in New Orleans post-Katrina and examine the types of problems that this type of decentralized market-oriented system will be most likely to solve as well as those it may struggle with. As examples, we use problems facing New Orleans public schools, namely, student discipline, information sharing with parents, and especially the human capital pipeline, to illustrate the challenges a regulated market system presents. We then present and apply to those cases a general framework for thinking about which of these types of problems a decentralized system will be best able to solve.
An active islanding detection method for small-scale distributed generators

This paper proposes a new islanding detection method for use in a small-scale, grid-interconnected distributed generator system. The proposed islanding detection method is based on voltage fluctuation injection, which can be obtained through high-impedance load switching on the grid periodically. The correlation factor between the periodic switching signal and the perturbed voltage is then used as an islanding detection index in the proposed islanding detection method. Experimental results demonstrate the principles of the proposed technique and show the new proposed method is reliable, economical, and easy to implement.
Analysis of Junction Transistor Audio Oscillator Circuits

Transistor oscillators, including Colpitts and Hartley types, have been analyzed using the low-frequency equivalent circuit for the transistor. Conditions for sustained oscillations and expressions for the frequency of oscillation and for the stability of this frequency with variation in transistor parameters have been derived for these circuits. In addition, reactance-stabilization conditions have been determined following the method which Llewellyn has applied to vacuum-tube oscillators.
Mechanisms involved in angiotensin II induced increases in cardiac output in pithed rats.

This study was conducted to determine the mechanisms by which angiotensin II (Ang-II) acutely increases cardiac output. Pithed Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared for continuous measurement of cardiac output by electromagnetic flowmetry. Ang-II (31-1000 ng/kg, i.v.) produced dose-related increases in cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume. Although the heart rate increases were abolished by beta-adrenoceptor blockade, the cardiac output responses were unchanged due to an offsetting increase in stroke volume. The constancy of the cardiac output response following beta-adrenoceptor blockade suggested that Ang-II increased cardiac output by constricting venous smooth muscle and thereby increasing venous return. This conclusion is supported by the observation that Ang-II produced marked increases in left ventricular end diastolic pressure that paralleled the increases in cardiac output. In fact, based on volume loading with Tyrode's solution, the changes in left ventricular end diastolic pressure produced by Ang-II should have resulted in even greater increases in cardiac output. However, it appears that the significant rise in peripheral resistance to Ang-II tended to counter the effects of increased venous return on cardiac output. In addition, the Ang-II-induced elevations in cardiac output were not altered by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. Therefore, catecholamines do not play a role in mediating the Ang-II effects. The results of this study support the conclusion that Ang-II is capable of increasing cardiac output by constriction of venous smooth muscle.
Comparisons with a Standard in Simulation Experiments

We consider the problem of comparing a finite number of stochastic systems with respect to a single system (designated as the "standard") via simulation experiments. The comparison is based on expected performance, and the goal is to determine if any system has larger expected performance than the standard, and if so to identify the best of the alternatives. In this paper we provide two-stage experiment design and analysis procedures to solve the problem for a variety of scenarios, including those in which we encounter unequal variances across systems, as well as those in which we use the variance reduction technique of common random numbersand it is appropriate to do so. The emphasis is added because in some cases common random numbers can be counterproductive when performing comparisons with a standard. We also provide methods for estimating the critical constants required by our procedures, present a portion of an extensive empirical study, and demonstrate one of the procedures via a numerical example.
Cloning and expression analysis of Fgf5, 6 and 7 during early chick development

FGFs with similar sequences can play different roles depending on the model organisms examined. Determining these roles requires knowledge of spatio-temporal Fgf gene expression patterns. In this study, we report the cloning of chick Fgf5, 6 and 7, and examine their gene expression patterns by whole mount in situ hybridization. We show that Fgf5’s spatio-temporally restricted expression pattern indicates a potentially novel role during inner ear development. Fgf6 and Fgf7, although belonging to different subfamilies with diverged sequences, are expressed in similar patterns within the mesoderm. Alignment of protein sequences and phylogenetic analysis demonstrate that FGF5 and FGF6 are highly conserved between chick, human, mouse and zebrafish. FGF7 is similarly conserved except for the zebrafish, which has considerably diverged.
Dural MALT lymphoma with disseminated disease

Central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma involving the dura mater is very rare and histologically is usually a subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) termed mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. We present a case of a 46-year old woman with dural MALT lymphoma that was found to also involve a lacrimal gland, inguinal lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed an extra-axial enhancing mass approximately 6 cm in maximum diameter along the right frontotemporal convexity. Histopathology of the resected dural mass showed MALT lymphoma expressing CD20, CD52, CD19, and CD38. Molecular studies of the B-cell receptor heavy chain demonstrated monoclonality at the involved sites. The patient was treated with four cycles of fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and rituximab with complete remission. She had recurrence in the subcutaneous tissue of the back at 12 months but has remained free of intracranial disease for 31 months. A review of the literature reveals 57 cases of dural MALT lymphoma. Only 4 had extra-CNS involvement at presentation, and only 3 had local recurrence of the dural tumor. Because of the indolent behavior of this tumor, the intracranial portion can be treated conservatively after resection with or without chemotherapy. Deferral of brain radiation can be considered with close clinical and neuroimaging follow up.
Epithelial Stem Cells: Stepping out of Their Niche

In this issue of Cell, Blanpain et al. (2004) have shown that two subpopulations of cells exist within the hair follicle stem cell niche. Despite being partially differentiated, clonal populations of suprabasal bulge region cells can regenerate skin and hair follicles as well as a new stem cell niche. The findings suggest that early lineage commitments of epithelial cells in the hair follicle may be reversible.
Accurate Solutions with the Semi-Explicit Assembly Water Model

Molecular simulations that are computationally cumbersome using explicit solvent models can be more tractable with implicit solvents. However, such continuum solvent approaches can struggle when the discrete nature of water is needed, often at the solute/solvent interface. We have developed a new solvation method, called Semi-Explicit Assembly (SEA), that merges the best of both routes - the efficiency of an implicit solvent with the microscopic detail and accuracy of an explicit solvent. Here, we give an overview of SEA and highlight some of our recent developments and applications. These include new continuum boundary treatments, application to larger biomolecules, and performance in studies involving blind predictions of solvation free energies.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
A structure-based method for protein sequence alignment

Motivation: With the continuing rapid growth of protein sequence data, protein sequence comparison methods have become the most widely used tools of bioinformatics. Among these methods are those that use position-specific scoring matrices (PSSMs) to describe protein families. PSSMs can capture information about conserved patterns within families, which can be used to increase the sensitivity of searches for related sequences. Certain types of structural information, however, are not generally captured by PSSM search methods. Here we introduce a program, Structure-based ALignment TOol (SALTO), that aligns protein query sequences to PSSMs using rules for placing and scoring gaps that are consistent with the conserved regions of domain alignments from NCBI's Conserved Domain Database. Results: In most cases, the alignment scores obtained using the local alignment version follow an extreme value distribution. SALTO's performance in finding related sequences and producing accurate alignments is similar to or better than that of IMPALA; one advantage of SALTO is that it imposes an explicit gapping model on each protein family. Availability: A stand-alone version of the program that can generate global or local alignments is available by ftp distribution (ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/SALTO/), and has been incorporated to Cn3D structure/alignment viewer. Contact: bryant@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Can an Elderly Stereotype Prime Degrade Performance on a Simulated Surgical Task

Automaticity literature has clearly demonstrated that the mere activation of stereotypes can have a negative impact on a perceiver's own behavior. If this finding transfers to the context of minimally invasive surgery (MIS), it is important to be aware of these effects and fully understand the implications. The current study looks at the possibility that the behavioral effects of automatic stereotype activation could occur during MIS. Specifically, will an elderly prime result in slower performance? Participants that received the elderly prime were slower and had more errors when completing trials after the prime than participants that received the young prime. These results suggest that surgical performance may be affected by stereotypes and the increased error rates found in the elderly population may not be due solely to the complexity of their care.
Improved thermal stability and hole mobilities in a strained-Si/strained-Si1-yGey/strained-Si heterostructure grown on a relaxed Si1-xGex buffer

Abstract A dual channel heterostructure consisting of strained-Si/strained-Si1−yGey on relaxed Si1−xGex (y > x), provides a platform for fabricating metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with high hole mobilities (μeff) which depend directly on Ge concentration and strain in the strained-Si1−yGey layer. Ge out-diffuses from the strained-Si1−yGey layer into relaxed Si1−xGex during high temperature processing, reducing peak Ge concentration and strain in the strained-Si1−yGey layer and degrades hole μeff in these dual channel heterostructures. A heterostructure consisting of strained-Si/strained-Si1−yGey/strained-Si, referred to as a trilayer heterostructure, grown on relaxed Si1−xGex has much reduced Ge out-flux from the strained-Si1−yGey layer and retains higher μeff after thermal processing. Improved hole μeff over similar dual channel heterostructures is also observed in this heterostructure. This could be a result of preventing the hole wavefunction tunneling into the low μeff relaxed Si1−xGex layer due to the additional valence band offset provided by the underlying strained-Si layer. A diffusion coefficient has been formulated and implemented in a finite difference scheme for predicting the thermal budget of the strained SiGe heterostructures. It shows that the trilayer heterostructures have superior thermal budgets at higher Ge concentrations. Ring-shaped MOSFETs were fabricated on both platforms and subjected to various processing temperatures in order to compare the extent of μeff reduction with thermal budget. Hole μeff enhancements are retained to a much higher extent in a trilayer heterostructure after high temperature processing as compared to a dual channel heterostructure. The improved thermal stability and hole μeff of a trilayer heterostructure makes it an ideal platform for fabricating high μeff MOSFETs that can be processed over higher temperatures without significant losses in hole μeff.
gender, work, and child care crossing borders in the life and work of Sally Lubeck

The focus of this article is on the themes of gender, work, and child care as they have been addressed in much of Sally Lubeck's work, in an attempt to understand her trajectory, and her diverse messages to us. In reading her work for this article, key themes stood out that focus our attention on Sally Lubeck's continuing fight for better public funding for child care/early education in the USA, and for a positive family policy that supports all families, particularly single mothers and their children in the United States. Her research attention was also focused on the wisdom expressed in local cultural systems, by parents and teachers, as well as within societal contexts where care and education for all families and children are prioritized.
Subgroup-Specific Associations in the Face of Overall Null Results: Should We Rush In or Fear to Tread?

Genetic and other host characteristics that have the potential to influence susceptibility to disease occurrence may exert that influence only in the presence of one or more environmental (or other genetic) exposures, and so epidemiologic studies of disease susceptibility are well advised to conduct
The Gridlock of Low Reading Achievement: Perspectives on Practice and Policy

In spite of an array of efforts and programs, low achievers in the primary grades almost invariably remain low achievers throughout their school careers. Rather than assuming that poverty and/or cultural differences are major impediments to literacy development, this paper recasts the problem as one of restricted access to the kinds of instruction that would develop self-improving, actively comprehending readers and accelerate achievement. This article reviews characteristics of low achieving readers' instructional experiences as participants in bottom-group classroom interactions and in remedial and special education programs to support this argument. Outdated beliefs about "slow learner" instruction drive current programs, policies, and regulations. To break the current gridlock of underachievement, we need to dramatically rethink our responses to children who find learning to read difficult.
« Zumanity : la spectacularisation de l'intime ou le pari impossible d'authenticité au Cirque »

Apres des annees de spectacles aphones et hauts en couleur, la parole s’immisce au Cirque du Soleil par la voix salee d’un travesti new-yorkais vetu de cuir qui nous convie a accepter le freak en soi. L’article explore, notamment a partir d’ouvrages savants sur les exhibitions et la tradition americaine du freakshow et du sideshow, la paradoxale proposition, a la fois intimiste et discursive, d’une parole revendiquant l’unicite. Zumanity, malgre la promesse d’une intimite spectaculaire, offre des gesticulations erotiques sans but, sans joie ni allegresse. Le sexe demeure, selon les numeros et la susurration voluptueuse du maitre de ceremonie, quelque chose qui ne nourrit ni ne rend heureux. Reprocher au cabaret erotique sa vacuite, c’est du meme coup critiquer celle de notre societe consommatrice et superficielle, representee en un condense caricatural a Las Vegas. Avec Zumanity, le Cirque du Soleil s’est eloigne du cirque pour frayer avec l’idee americaine du cabaret allemand de l’entre-guerre. En pretant la gouverne a des gens de theâtre, le Cirque s’est donne la permission de devier, encore une fois, des preceptes du genre circassien tout en cherchant a renouveler son style et son bassin de createurs et d’artisans. Le discours de Zumanity demeure etrangement metatheâtral (et metacircassien), dans la mesure ou il affirme la volonte et la capacite du Cirque du Soleil de reveler ses atouts sans gene ni honte. Le spectacle se targue d’en etre un sur l’intime – l’intimite du sexe, le devoilement de ses desirs, de ses perversions et de ses preferences. En realite, c’est le Cirque qui s’exhibe. Non pas un individu ni un regroupement, mais une entreprise a vocation culturelle qui revele son desir de faire americain, d’etre vu par et avec ceux qui comptent, de defrayer la chronique mondaine, de souligner sa propre audace.
Evaluation Of Ciliary Body Detachment In Hypotony

Purpose: This article describes an anatomic classification for the hypotonous eye and links this classification with approaches to the surgical treatment of this condition. The classification is based on very-high-resolution ultrasound scans and three-dimensional reconstruction of planar ultrasound scans. Methods: Standard 10-MHz B-scans and very-high-resolution (40-60 MHz) scans were performed with a planar motor system using the immersion method. The anatomic changes in the hypotonous eye were classified and correlated with clinical and ultrasonographic findings at the time of therapeutic intervention and after resolution of the hypotonous condition. Results: Hypotony is defined as low intraocular pressure most commonly due to ciliary body detachment or ciliary body dysfunction. With ciliary body detachment, three anatomically related causative types were identified: tractional hypotony, which has ultrasonographically demonstrable proliferative vitreociliopathy with membrane attachments between the ciliary body, iris, and formed vitreous; dehiscence hypotony, which has a modification in the scleral acoustic architecture consistent with a scleral break or wound dehiscence; and primary type hypotony, which has ciliary body detachment but no ultrasonographically demonstrable tractional component or scleral anatomic modification, but may have an iris scleral separation. Conclusions: Each type of ciliary body detachment hypotony may have a different management approach, so high-resolution ultrasound, particularly when shown with sequencing or three-dimensional displays to demonstrate the extent of detachment, can aid in the selection and implementation of appropriate therapy.
Myasthenia Gravis-Like Syndrome Presenting as a Component of the Paraneoplastic Syndrome of Lung Adenocarcinoma in a Nonsmoker

Adenocarcinoma of the lung is the most common form of lung cancer in nonsmokers. It is commonly seen in the periphery of the lungs. Myasthenia gravis is generally associated with mediastinal malignancies and rarely associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung. We present a case of a 38-year-old male nonsmoker with rapidly progressive adenocarcinoma of the lung associated with myasthenia gravis, a patient whom expired within 27 days of hospital admission and diagnosis.
Is Biventricular Fibrosis the Mediator of Late Complications in Tetralogy of Fallot

Childhood repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the great successes of congenital heart surgery, with now >90% of patients surviving to adulthood [(1)][1]. Late complications including sudden death, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure, however, persist. After childhood
Back to the Future of Conservation: Changing Perceptions of Property Rights & Environmental Protection

Property rights hold a central place in our Constitutional design and provide the foundation for America's market economy. Admiration of private property has not been universal, however. Some environmental scholars and policymakers have been particularly critical of classical liberal conceptions of private property on both theoretical and practical grounds, suggesting that traditional, classical liberal notions of property rights are incompatible with the demands of environmental protection. These perspectives influenced the development of command-and-control environmental regulation in the 1960s and 1970s. In recent years, however, the perception of private property's role in environmental conservation has begun to change. Disregard for the rights and interests of property owners spurred a "backlash" of opposition to environmental regulation. Environmental policymakers also came to recognize that the incentives created by land-use may compromise some conservation strategies. These developments spurred a reconsideration of the role of property rights in environmental policy, encouraging the development of more property-friendly regulatory strategies as well as the use of property rights themselves as a tool for environmental protection.
Lipid-lowering therapy after coronary artery bypass surgery: the Post-CABG trial.

The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft trial is an important milestone that documents the benefits of treating hypercholesterolemia in patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis w h o have had bypass surgery. In the present article, w e highlight the rationale, study design, and results of the Post-CABG study, which was recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
SURVIVAL CURVES SUBJECTED TO OCCASIONAL INSULTS

We describe a parametric family of survival curves which can be used to model time to event data in systems subjected to occasional insults or shocks. Parameters control the location, magnitude, and duration of the effect for each insult. We use these models to describe the survival history of a large cohort of Drosophila that were transferred to new vials on a weekly basis as their nutrient medium deteriorated. A periodic model with fewer parameters exhibits a good fit to the data.
Transient behavior in hybrid rockets

The combustion dynamics in hybrid rockets is studied to provide a basic input into transient motor processes, such as ignition, throttling, thrust termination and instability. The model treats the time dependent heat flow into the fuel, with ablation at the surface. The gasification uses a single effective heat to account for surface processes, such as vaporization, depolymerization, pyrolysis and particle ejection. A variable wall temperature is considered with an effective activation energy to describe the surface temperature variation during the transient. Application to ignition and throttling was described previously in reference 5. At moderate rates of wall heat flux change, the regression rate leads the local steady-state value, which in solid rockets leads to the well-known dp/dt extinction. At high rates of change of heat flux, however, it is shown that the regression rate lags the instantaneous steady state value. The model is then applied to an oscillating wall heat flux input where the leading or lagging response translates to a positive or negative phase shift. To account for the onset of instability, a coupling to the thermal lag in the solid is required. Our approach investigated here involves the response of the turbulent boundary layer to changes in the oxidizer flow rate. The scaling of the delay time for the boundary layer adjustment is obtained from the literature in the unsteady turbulent wall flows. This delay is then coupled with the thermal lag in the solid. * Doctoral student, Student member AIAA f Ret'd ST. V. P., CSD, Fellow AIAA A linearized treatment of this coupled system evidences some instabilities. Two features of experimentally observed instabilities are explained, namely the low frequency range which is associated with a solid thermal lag and the erratic character of the instability.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of BaxSr1-xTiO3 Thin Films for Frequency Agile Microwave Electronics

Oriented, single phase thin films (~5000A thick) of BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) have been deposited on to (100) MgO and LaAlO3 (LAO) single crystal substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). A strong correlation is observed between the microstructure of the deposited film and the dielectric tuning and loss at microwave frequencies. Microstructural defects observed in as deposited films include strain, due to film substrate lattice mismatch and oxygen and cation vacancies. Compensation of the ablation target with excess Ba and Sr is observed to increase the dielectric constant and to reduce the dielectric loss. Post-deposition, bomb annealing of films at high temperatures (1250°C) is observed to fill oxygen vacancies and increase grain size. The difference in the dielectric behavior for as-deposited and low temperature annealed BST films on MgO and BST films on LAO is observed and may be attributed to the differences in film stress. A further improvement in the dielectric behavior is observed by the addition of donor/acceptor dopants such as Mn. The data shows that ferroelectric thin films can be used to build tunable microwave circuits that offer significant performance advantages over devices made from conventional semiconducting materials.
Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for the Treatment of Influenza-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Immunocompromised Adults

Influenza infection in the adult immunocompromised hosts can have severe presentations and rapid progression to lower respiratory tract infection requiring mechanical ventilation, and it even can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Little is known about the role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for management in this setting. We present a review of the current literature on the subject.
SY09-5UPDATE ON EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR ALCOHOL USE DISORDER: RIDING THE WAVES OF MEDICATIONS DEVELOPMENT

Harmful alcohol use is a risk factor in more than 60 diseases and injuries resulting in approximately 2.5 million deaths per year worldwide, therefore effective treatments for alcohol use disorder (AUD) are needed. Among them, medications development represents a high priority in the alcohol …
The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Limits on Municipal Credit Ratings

The research focuses on the impact of the restrictiveness of tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) on the credit ratings of 566 U.S. municipalities over the 2007-2010 time period. The credit ratings used are by Moody’s rating agency, and municipal fiscal data are drawn from the Government Financial Officers Association’s (GFOA) Certificate of Achievement for Excellence in Financial Reporting program. Results suggest that more restrictive TELs imposed on municipalities by the states have a weak negative impact on credit ratings which will likely force municipalities to face higher interest costs.
Water-Soluble Components of Sesame Oil Reduce Inflammation and Atherosclerosis.

Abstract Atherosclerosis, a major form of cardiovascular disease, is now recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease. Nonpharmacological means of treating chronic diseases have gained attention recently. We previously reported that sesame oil aqueous extract (SOAE) has anti-inflammatory properties, both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we have investigated the antiatherosclerotic properties of SOAE, and the mechanisms, through genes and inflammatory markers, by which SOAE might modulate atherosclerosis. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) knockout female mice were fed with either a high-fat (HF) diet or an HF diet supplemented with SOAE. Plasma lipids and atherosclerotic lesions were quantified after 3 months of feeding. Plasma samples were used for global cytokine array. RNA was extracted from both liver tissue and the aorta, and used for gene analysis. The high-fat diet supplemented with SOAE significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions, plasma cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels in LDL-R...
Diffusion Coefficient in Water – Organic Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the values of diffusion coefficient in water of several organic compounds in a tabulated form. For the tabulation, an equation is selected for the diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water as a function of temperature. The tabulation is arranged by carbon number such as C, C2, and C3 to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. Values for regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The temperature range for use is also given in the columns (TMIN and TMAX). The equation should not be used for temperatures outside this range. Another column provides the code for the tabulation.The last three columns provide values for diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water at representative temperatures. A literature search is conducted in preparing the tabulation to identify data source publications. Both experimental values for the property under consideration and parameter values for estimation of the property are included in tabular form. The publications are screened and copies of appropriate data are made. These data are keyed into the computer to provide a database of values for compounds for which experimental data are available. The database also serves as a basis to check the accuracy of the estimation methods. Upon completion of data collection, estimation of values for the remaining compounds is performed. Data for polar and high molecular weight compounds are very limited. Also, few experimental data are available at high temperatures.
Frontal crash pulse assessment with application to occupant safety

Well tuned restraint systems are essential for occupant safety. A key parameter in this context is the crash pulse. TRW Automotive has examined suitable criteria for the characterization of crash pulses and proposed an extended pulse criterion. Furthermore, based on this extended criterion an approach has been investigated to give vehicle manufacturers and safety suppliers an early indication for the potentially recommended safety equipment.
Anaesthetic effects on regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism: three contemporary reasons to care

A basic understanding of how anaesthesia affects cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism is readily available as common textbookmaterial [1]. In general, most anaesthetic agents decrease cerebralmetabolism in a dose-dependentmannerwith variable effects on cerebral blood flow [2]. Despite a basic understanding of the cerebral effects of anaesthetics, the study of anaesthetic effects on cerebral blood flow andmetabolism remains a productive area of research with continued importance from both a clinical neuroanaesthesia and amechanism of anaesthesia frame of reference. This field of study is approaching a revolutionary phase that is partly technology driven (i.e. higher resolution scanners, agent-specific ligands, newer imaging methodology), but which is also a direct result of the plethora of data that now exists regarding the effects of various agents on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. This large literature allows conclusions to be drawn that encompass integrated observations about various specific agents and across various classes of agents. This article, therefore, will not attempt a comprehensive reviewof the entire literature [2], rather it will focus on integrating some general observations into a cohesive theoretical framework with the aim of providing additional insights. Three contemporary reasons to care about the study of anaesthetic effects on cerebral blood flow and metabolism can be organised as relating to: (1) the documented commonalities among agents, (2) the documented differences between agents, and (3) the detailed effects related to specific agents. These reasons are expanded upon more fully below.