cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Where are the most ancient stars in the Milky Way

Author(s): El-Badry, Kareem; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Wetzel, Andrew; Quataert, Eliot; Weisz, Daniel R; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Hopkins, Philip F; Faucher-Giguere, Claude-Andre; Keres, Dusan; Garrison-Kimmel, Shea | Abstract: The oldest stars in the Milky Way (MW) bear imprints of the Galaxy's early assembly history. We use FIRE cosmological zoom-in simulations of three MW-mass disc galaxies to study the spatial distribution, chemistry, and kinematics of the oldest surviving stars (z form ≳ 5) in MW-like galaxies. We predict the oldest stars to be less centrally concentrated at z = 0 than stars formed at later times as a result of two processes. First, the majority of the oldest stars are not formed in situ but are accreted during hierarchical assembly. These ex situ stars are deposited on dispersion-supported, halo-like orbits but dominate over old stars formed in situ in the solar neighbourhood, and in some simulations, even in the galactic centre. Secondly, old stars formed in situ are driven outwards by bursty star formation and energetic feedback processes that create a time-varying gravitational potential at z ≳ 2, similar to the process that creates dark matter cores and expands stellar orbits in bursty dwarf galaxies. The total fraction of stars that are ancient is more than an order of magnitude higher for sight lines away from the bulge and inner halo than for inward-looking sight lines. Although the task of identifying specific stars as ancient remains challenging, we anticipate that million-star spectral surveys and photometric surveys targeting metal-poor stars already include hundreds of stars formed before z = 5. We predict most of these targets to have higher metallicity (-3 l [Fe/H] l -2) than the most extreme metal-poor stars.
Getting Off on the Right Foot: Psychological Contracts, Socialization Theory and Library Student Workers

Abstract Academic libraries rely on student employees to manage a wide range of operational areas. Employing students can be beneficial to the library, to the students, and to the library patrons, but there are also challenges in recruiting, training, and supervising a student workforce. In this article, we introduce two frameworks from human resources management that describe and explain new relationships between employees and employers. Psychological contracts are tacitly held expectations by employees and employers that direct attitudes and behaviors about the work, attitudes toward the organization, and interpersonal relationships. Socialization refers to the wide range of tactics that organizations and newcomers may take to adjust to a new work situation. In the article, we first explore each of the constructs and provide a short review of empirical studies that show the relevance of each construct as it pertains to student workers in libraries. We then offer some suggestions for steps library managers can take based on these frameworks to maximize the benefits of the student employee workforce for the students and for the organization.
Nanoscale mechanical degradation of titanium/PETI-5 adhesive interface due to thermal exposure

Titanium substrates coated with silicate/zirconate sol-gel and plasma sputtered chromium have been adhered using a combined PETI-5 polyimide psuedo-thermoplastic primer/adhesive system. Composite laminates were exposed to thermal aging up to 2000 hours at 194°C, subsequently interface analysis was performed using nanoindentation to determine material modulus degradation and plastic deformation changes. Inhomogeneities at the interface mandated that both low loads (as low as 25 μN) and a 90°cube-corner diamond tip be utilized to obtain sub-micron resolution. Sol-gel coated and chromium coated titanium substrates exhibited a pronounced step-wise gradient across the interface dependent upon the indent load level and corresponding depth. Thermal aging produced an increase in both the PETI-5 primer and adhesive modulus by 20% and upwards of 30%, respectively. Sol-gel modulus increased by approximately 15% with environmental exposure and at an exposure level at 1000 hours, the chromium modulus increased approximately 20%. An decrease in plastic deformation resulting from thermal aging observed and reported, combined with material modulus alteration, is thought to be critical in predicting the overall life in adhesion joints within mission critical aerospace structures.
Pain in terminally ill patients: guidelines for pharmacological management.

Successful pharmacological treatment of pain in terminally ill patients is possible most of the time. It requires a determination of the type of pain syndrome (i.e. nociceptive, neuropathic or mixed). Complete pain assessment also requires an understanding of other dimensions of suffering that a patient may be experiencing on psychological, social and spiritual/existential levels. The World Health Organization has introduced a three-step approach to treating pain. Opioids are the mainstay of therapy for moderate to severe pain at the end of life. Familiarity with the pharmacokinetics, equianalgesic dose and adverse effects of opioids is necessary for their safe and effective use. In addition, adjuvant analgesics such as antiepileptic drugs, antidepressants and local anaesthetics are often needed to optimise pain control, especially in patients with neuropathic pain. Given the complex aetiology of pain states, combinations of classes of adjuvants may sometimes be needed for effective treatment.
Sensor technology for future atmospheric observation systems

The remote sensing instruments that will be needed for research in atmospheric environmental quality in the future are considered. The needs are determined on the basis of a model that incorporates scientific knowledge objectives, measurement needs, and potential space missions, spacecraft and instruments in order to discern the technology requirements. While emphasis is placed on global surveys that make full use of the synoptic observation capabilities of spaceborne sensors, the importance of airborne and ground-based sensors in this research is also recognized. Several of the instruments that are identified to fulfill the knowledge objectives are spectrometers and radiometers using such passive measurement techniques as interferometer correlation absorption radiometry, and heterodyne spectrometry. Lidar instruments are also seen as important future developments.
Analyzing Railguns with Excel: Simple Numerical Integration for the Classroom

Any teacher of elementary physics can attest to the waning interest of students when all they are exposed to are boxes sliding down planes. In an effort to motivate interest, it is often useful to borrow examples from the real world. This way the students find it easy to identify the relevance of the subject matter. In addition, high-tech applications can be inspirational and serve to motivate the students to look deeper into the phenomena. One example of a technology that makes students sit up and pay attention are railguns. They are easily demonstrated using YouTube videos, especially now that the U.S. Navy has begun to release publicity videos of their latest designs and associated fact sheet and papers. This paper gives some background and simple models of the relevant physics of railguns.
Perfect Diffraction with Multiresonant Bianisotropic Metagratings

One of the most desirable functions of a diffraction grating is its ability to scatter incident light into a specific diffraction order with near-perfect efficiency. While such asymmetry can be achieved in a variety of ways, for example, by using a sawtooth (blazed) geometry, a recently emerged approach is to use planar metagratings comprised of designer multiresonant periodic units (metamolecules). Here we demonstrate that a bianisotropic metamolecule supporting four resonances of the appropriate symmetry can be used as a building block for achieving perfect diffraction. Coupled-mode analysis shows that these resonant modes provide a small number of orthogonal electromagnetic radiation patterns that are needed to suppress transmission/reflection into all but one diffraction order. Bianisotropy caused by breaking the metamolecule’s mirror symmetry enables a normally incident wave to excite two otherwise “dark” resonant modes through near-field couplings. We design and experimentally realize such bianisotr...
Decision-making algorithm for ascending aortic aneurysm: Effectiveness in clinical application?

Abstract Objective The risk of rupture and dissection in ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms increases as the aortic diameter exceeds 5 cm. This study evaluates the clinical effectiveness of a specific algorithm based on size and symptoms for preemptive surgery to prevent complications. Methods A total of 781 patients with nondissecting ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms who presented electively for evaluation to our institution from 2011 to 2017 were triaged to surgery (n = 607, 77%) or medical observation (n = 181, 24%) based on a specific algorithm: surgery for large (>5 cm) or symptomatic aneurysms. A total of 309 of 781 patients did not undergo surgery. Of these, 128 (16%) had been triaged to prompt repair but did not undergo surgery for a variety of reasons ("surgery noncompliant and overwhelming comorbidities" group). Another 181 patients (24%) were triaged to medical management ("medical" group). Results In the "surgery noncompliant and overwhelming comorbidities" versus the "medical" group, mean aortic diameters were 5 ± 0.5 cm versus 4.45 ± 0.4 cm and aortic events (rupture/dissection) occurred in 17 patients (13.3%) versus 3 patients (1.7%), respectively (P Conclusions Patients with ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms who did not follow surgical recommendations experienced substantially worse outcomes compared with medically triaged candidates. The specific algorithm based on size and symptoms functioned effectively in the clinical setting, correctly identifying both at-risk and safe patients.
Response of argr− spheroplasts of Escherichia coli to extracted arginine repressor

Abstract Spheroplasts of Escherichia coli , produced by lysozyme-EDTA treatment of the argr − strain 977 (derived from strain K12), synthesize enzymes of the arginine system at derepressed rates, in an enriched arginine-sorbitol medium at 37° with aeration. Addition of extracts from arginine-grown (repressed) cells of the argr + strain 961 (also derived from K12), but not of extracts from (derepressed) cells of 977, brings about a pronounced, concentration-dependent repression of the formation of arginine enzymes, including acetylornithine δ-transaminase, acetylornithinase, and ornithine transcarbamylase.
Lion-Porcupine Interactions in Africa, Including Impacts on Lion Predatory Behavior

Although African crested porcupines Hystrix spp. represent 0.5–34% of lion Panthera leo kills, interactions between the two species are poorly documented. Here we review porcupine-lion interactions and their impact on lion behaviour, including: 1) lion predation on porcupines; 2) lions injured or killed by porcupine quills; and 3) a case of a lion severely injured by a porcupine quill. Porcupine quills can be effective weapons and sometimes seriously wound lions, resulting in death. Death from quills can be a slow process and under these circumstances, death may be the result of starvation or infection (septicaemia).
Abstract 4611: Identifying drivers of mammary tumorigenesis & elucidating the mechanisms of cancer initiation in DNA replication defective Chaos3 mice

Distinguishing commonly deleted genes as drivers or passengers of human cancers are key to delineating mechanisms of tumor initiation. The “Chaos3” mouse model of spontaneous breast cancer carries a missense mutation in a gene called Mcm4 (minichromosome maintenance 4), causing destabilization of the MCM2-7 replicative helicase, which in turn causes elevated genomic instability. Approximately 80% of female mice homozygous for this mutation in the C3HeB/FeJ strain background develop mammary tumors with an average latency of 12 months. Genomic analysis of these tumors revealed a recurrent subset of genes with copy number alterations such as Arid1a and Nf1. This project aims to: 1) test whether the genes Arid1a and Nf1 act as mammary tumor drivers in the Chaos3 breast cancer model; 2) understand the genome-wide effects of Arid1a loss in mammary tumorigenesis; 3) identifying potential therapeutic targets for Arid1a-deficient mammary tumors; and 4) unravel the mechanism by which destabilization of MCM2-7 replicative helicase leads to cancer onset. To achieve these aims, several experiments such as conditional mutagenesis, CUTandRUN, RNA-seq, and replication timing profiling were conducted to address my aims. Preliminary data indicates that heterozygous loss of Arid1ain Chaos3 mammary tumors produces a distinct transcriptional profile compared to mammary tumors without Arid1a deletion. Additionally, Chaos3 primary cells have markedly altered replication timing patterns in certain regions of the genome that might explain increased susceptibility to mutations. My experiments can validate new candidates like Arid1a as a driver of sporadic breast cancer in humans. In addition, these studies will not only lend insight into how key tumor suppressors are deleted in the Chaos3 model, but also potentially reveal features of genomic regions that are particularly susceptible to genetic or environmental perturbations to DNA replication. The Chaos3 sporadic breast cancer mouse model mimics sporadic human luminal breast cancer and can be used as a tool to better understand the biology and genetics of a common disease that plagues women worldwide. Citation Format: Marquita Winters, John Schimenti. Identifying drivers of mammary tumorigenesis & elucidating the mechanisms of cancer initiation in DNA replication defective Chaos3 mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4611.
Characteristics of US Counties With High Opioid Overdose Mortality and Low Capacity to Deliver Medications for Opioid Use Disorder.

Importance Opioid overdose deaths in the United States continue to increase, reflecting a growing need to treat those with opioid use disorder (OUD). Little is known about counties with high rates of opioid overdose mortality but low availability of OUD treatment. Objective To identify characteristics of US counties with persistently high rates of opioid overdose mortality and low capacity to deliver OUD medications. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study of data from 3142 US counties from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017, rates of opioid overdose mortality were compared with availability in 2017 of OUD medication providers (24 851 buprenorphine-waivered clinicians [physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants], 1517 opioid treatment programs [providing methadone], and 5222 health care professionals who could prescribe extended-release naltrexone). Statistical analysis was performed from April 20, 2018, to May 8, 2019. Exposures Demographic, workforce, lack of insurance, road density, urbanicity, opioid prescribing, and regional division county-level characteristics. Main Outcome and Measures The outcome variable, “opioid high-risk county,” was a binary indicator of a high (above national) rate of opioid overdose mortality with a low (below national) rate of provider availability to deliver OUD medication. Spatial logistic regression models were used to determine associations with being an opioid high-risk county. Results Of 3142 counties, 751 (23.9%) had high rates of opioid overdose mortality. A total of 1457 counties (46.4%), and 946 of 1328 rural counties (71.2%), lacked a publicly available OUD medication provider in 2017. In adjusted models, compared with the West North Central division, counties in the East North Central, Mountain, and South Atlantic divisions had increased odds of being opioid high-risk counties (East North Central: odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% CI, 1.19-4.12; Mountain: OR, 4.15; 95% CI, 1.34-12.89; and South Atlantic: OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.26-7.11). A 1% increase in unemployment was associated with increased odds (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.15) of a county being an opioid high-risk county. Counties with an additional 10 primary care clinicians per 100 000 population had a reduced risk of being opioid high-risk counties (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.85-0.93), as did counties that were micropolitan (vs metropolitan) (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.50-0.90) and those that had an additional 1% of the population younger than 25 years (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.98). Conclusions and Relevance Counties with low availability of OUD medication providers and high rates of opioid overdose mortality were less likely to be micropolitan and have lower primary care clinician density, but were more likely to be in the East North Central, South Atlantic, or Mountain division and have higher rates of unemployment. Strategies to increase medication treatment must account for these factors.
Careful numerical study of flowfields about asymmetric external conical corners

A numerical study of the flowfield about asymmetrical external axial corners formed by the juncture of swept compressive wedges is presented. The geometrical configuration allows a unified treatment of external corners typical of delta wings and rectangular inlets. The study investigates how the flow transitions from a symmetrical flowfield with a cross-flow stagnation point at the corner to an asymmetrical flowfield for which the flow spills over the corner. The effects of leading-edge sweep, wedge compression, and corner radius are investigated.
Indicators per Factor in Confirmatory Factor Analysis: More is not Always Better

Although some research in confirmatory factor analysis has suggested that more indicators per factor are generally better, studies have also documented that sample size requirements increase as mod...
Multi-morbidities are Not a Driving Factor for an Increase of COPD-Related 30-Day Readmission Risk

Background and Objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in the United States. COPD is expensive to treat, whereas the quality of care is difficult to evaluate due to the high prevalence of multi-morbidity among COPD patients. In the US, the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) was initiated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to penalize hospitals for excessive 30-day readmission rates for six diseases, including COPD. This study examines the difference in 30-day readmission risk between COPD patients with and without comorbidities. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we used Cox regression to estimate the hazard ratio of 30-day readmission rates for COPD patients who had no comorbidity and those who had one, two or three, or four or more comorbidities. We controlled for individual, hospital and geographic factors. Data came from three sources: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Databases (SID), Area Health Resources Files (AHRF) and the American Hospital Association's (AHA's) annual survey database for the year of 2013. Results COPD patients with comorbidities were less likely to be readmitted within 30 days relative to patients without comorbidities (aHR from 0.84 to 0.87, p < 0.05). In a stratified analysis, female patients with one comorbidity had a lower risk of 30-day readmission compared to female patients without comorbidity (aHR = 0.80, p < 0.05). Patients with public insurance who had comorbidities were less likely to be readmitted within 30 days in comparison with those who had no comorbidity (aHR from 0.79 to 0.84, p < 0.05). Conclusion COPD patients with comorbidities had a lower risk of 30-day readmission compared with patients without comorbidity. Future research could use a different study design to identify the effectiveness of the HRRP.
Space-efficient Query Evaluation over Probabilistic Event Streams

Real-time decision making in IoT applications relies upon space-efficient evaluation of queries over streaming data. To model the uncertainty in the classification of data being processed, we consider the model of probabilistic strings --- sequences of discrete probability distributions over a finite set of events, and initiate the study of space complexity of streaming computation for different classes of queries over such probabilistic strings. We first consider the problem of computing the probability that a word, sampled from the distribution defined by the probabilistic string read so far, is accepted by a given deterministic finite automaton. We show that this regular pattern matching problem can be solved using space that is only poly-logarithmic in the string length (and polynomial in the size of the DFA) if we are allowed a multiplicative approximation error. Then we show how to generalize this result to quantitative queries specified by additive cost register automata --- these are automata that map strings to numerical values using finite control and registers that get updated using linear transformations. Finally, we consider the case when updates in such an automaton involve tests, and in particular, when there is a counter variable that can be either incremented or decremented but decrements only apply when the counter value is non-zero. In this case, the desired answer depends on the probability distribution over the set of possible counter values that can range from 0 to n for a string of length n. Under a mild assumption, namely probabilities of the individual events are bounded away from 0 and 1, we show that there is an algorithm that can compute all n entries of this probability distribution vector to within additive 1/poly(n) error using space that is only O(n). In establishing these results, we introduce several new technical ideas that may prove useful for designing space-efficient algorithms for other query models over probabilistic strings.
Risk of keratinocyte carcinomas with vitamin D and calcium supplementation: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

Background It is unknown whether dietary supplementation with vitamin D or calcium prevents keratinocyte carcinomas, also known as nonmelanoma skin cancers. Objectives This study aimed to determine whether daily vitamin D or calcium supplementation alters the risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods The Vitamin D/Calcium Polyp Prevention Study is a completed multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, partial 2 × 2 factorial, randomized clinical trial of vitamin D, calcium, or both for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. During 2004-2008, a total of 2259 men and women, 45-75 y of age, recently diagnosed with a colorectal adenoma, were randomly assigned to 1000 IU/d of vitamin D3 or placebo and 1200 mg/d of calcium carbonate or placebo for 3 or 5 y, and followed after treatment ended. Reports of incident BCC or SCC were confirmed from pathology records. Results During a median follow-up of 8 y, 200 (9%) participants were diagnosed with BCC and 68 (3%) participants were diagnosed with SCC. BCC incidence was unrelated to treatment with vitamin D compared with no vitamin D (HR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.26), calcium compared with no calcium (HR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.39), and both agents compared with neither (HR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.51). SCC incidence was unrelated to treatment with vitamin D compared with no vitamin D (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.49, 1.27), but there was suggestive evidence of beneficial treatment effects for calcium compared with no calcium (HR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.01) and both agents compared with neither (HR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.91). Conclusions Calcium alone or in combination with vitamin D may reduce the risk of SCC, but not BCC. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00153816.
Optimizing Xeon Phi for Interactive Data Analysis

The Intel Xeon Phi manycore processor is designed to provide high performance matrix computations of the type often performed in data analysis. Common data analysis environments include Matlab, GNU Octave, Julia, Python, and R. Achieving optimal performance of matrix operations within data analysis environments requires tuning the Xeon Phi OpenMP settings, process pinning, and memory modes. This paper describes matrix multiplication performance results for Matlab and GNU Octave over a variety of combinations of process counts and OpenMP threads and Xeon Phi memory modes. These results indicate that using KMP_AFFINITY=granlarity=fine, taskset pinning, and all2all cache memory mode allows both Matlab and GNU Octave to achieve 66% of the practical peak performance for process counts ranging from 1 to 64 and OpenMP threads ranging from 1 to 64. These settings have resulted in generally improved performance across a range of applications and has enabled our Xeon Phi system to deliver significant results in a number of real-world applications.
Academic stress management through framework and outcome-based learning

Stress is associated to personal inadequacies at work. Academic stress from facilitator-learner role ambiguity in learning process; grade and skill expectations from the employers is mostly ignored. United Arab Emirates (UAE) offers multi-disciplinary qualifications through many institutions to meet global employment. The study aims to assess the potential academic stressors resulting poor performance and learning stress in UAE and the support of framework/outcome-based learning in metacognition; reducing academic stress and anxiety by establishing an effective deeper learning experience. Through qualitative research method comparing the impact of outcome/framework-based teaching pedagogy among undergraduate students majoring business administration, the research reveals positive relationship between outcome-based learning and deeper learning reporting higher level of satisfaction, increased responsibility and achievement of cognitive abilities during the course. The research scope is limited towards analysing the National Qualification Authority (NQA) developed qualification framework of Emirates (QFE) as an ideal model to deliver outcome-based courses to undergraduate learners (level 7 in the QFE).
Simulations of Axion Minihalos

The axion, motivated as a solution to the strong $CP$ problem, is also a viable dark matter candidate. The axion field takes random values in causally disconnected regions if the symmetry breaking that establishes the particle occurs after inflation, leading to white-noise density fluctuations at low wave numbers and forming dense minihalos with sub-planetary masses subsequently. There have been two recent proposals that appear capable of testing this scenario, namely using pulsar timing arrays and studying cosmological microlensing caustics. Motivated by these proposals, we use N-body simulations to study the formation of substructures from white-noise density fluctuations. The density profiles of our relaxed axion minihalos can be described by the Navarro-Frenk-White profile, and the minihalos' concentration number agrees well with a simple, physically-motivated model. We develop a semianalytic formula to fit the mass function from our simulation, which agrees broadly at different redshifts and only differs at factor of two level from classic halo mass functions. This analytic mass function allows us to consider uncertainties in the post-inflation axion scenario, as well as extrapolate our high-redshift simulations results to the present. Our work estimates the present-day abundance of axion substructures, as is necessary for predicting their effect on cosmological microlensing caustics and pulsar timing. Our calculations suggest that if pulsar timing and microlensing probes can reach recent sensitivity forecasts, they may be sensitive to the post-inflation axion dark matter scenario, even when accounting for uncertainties pertaining to axion strings. For pulsar timing, the most significant caveat is whether axion minihalos are disrupted by stars, which our estimates show is mildly important at the most relevant masses. Finally, as our gravitational simulations are scale invariant, the results can be extended to models where the dark matter is comprised of other axion-like particles and even clusters of primordial black holes.
Abstract PO093: Identifying the landscape of intratumoral microbes via a single cell transcriptomic analysis

The goal of this study is to develop a new method to characterize taxonomically which microbes are present intracellularly in which cell types in the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microbiome impacts many aspects of tumor development including tumorigenesis, mutagenesis, response to chemotherapy and the immune response. A recent computational approach showed that bacterial reads found in sequencing tumor samples and taxon abundances are predictive of cancer type. Recent experimental evidence suggests that some bacteria in the tumor microbiome may reside intracellularly. We sought to answer two questions: 1) which microbes, especially bacteria, reside intracellularly in a tumor sample and 2) in which cell types do these microbes preferentially reside? We developed a computational pipeline, CSI-Microbes (computational identification of Cell-type-Specific Intracellular Microbes), to identify cell-type-specific intracellular microbes from single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data. CSI-Microbes builds on the observation that in contrast to extracellular microbes and contaminants, some cell-type-specific intracellular microbes would exhibit differential abundance between cell types. For validation, we show that CSI-Microbes identifies Salmonella as the only differentially abundant microbe in a scRNA-seq dataset in the subset of immune cells that were deliberately infected with Salmonella. Next, we recapitulate known findings that Merkel cell polyomavirus and Fusobacterium exist intracellularly in tumor cells in Merkel cell carcinoma and in colorectal carcinoma, respectively. We then apply CSI-Microbes to analyze scRNA-seq data from numerous cancer types. We find that Streptomyces is differentially abundant in the tumor cells of both breast and head-and-neck cancer. We identify three bacterial genera and four fungal genera that are differentially abundant specifically in the tumor cells of melanoma samples. We additionally find evidence for the reactivation of herpesvirus in the plasma cells of a patient with basal cell carcinoma after immune checkpoint blockade therapy. These sequence-based findings raise the possibility that these tumor-specific intracellular microbes may play functional roles in tumor metabolism and drug response in these cancer types. As such, they also may be a source of neo-antigens, which can potentially be targeted using T cell therapies. In sum, CSI-Microbes offers a new way for fast, single cell RNA-seq based identification of likely intracellular bacteria living within specific cell populations in tumors, markedly extending upon previous studies aimed at inferring microbial abundance from bulk tumor samples. Citation Format: Welles Robinson, Fiorella Schischlik, E. Michael Gertz, Alejandro A. Schaffer, Eytan Ruppin. Identifying the landscape of intratumoral microbes via a single cell transcriptomic analysis [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2020 Oct 19-20. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2021;9(2 Suppl):Abstract nr PO093.
Using reinforcement learning to minimize taxi idle times

Taxis spend a large amount of time idle, searching for passengers. The routes vacant taxis should follow in order to minimize their idle times are hard to calculate; they depend on complex effects ...
Self-reported Signaling

In many real-world settings, an action that affects the value of a product or service is self-reported rather than publicly observable. We investigate self-reporting when the action serves as a signal. In our model, a sender chooses an action, and then sends a message concerning the action to multiple receivers. Receivers then bid for the sender's service after deciding whether to audit the sender. We find that self-reporting can reverse the standard result in signaling models that there is overinvestment in the signal, and that the possibility of misrepresentation may in fact improve welfare given self-reported signaling.
CVLAN: a requirements definition for a real-time local area network in land combat vehicles

Provides the framework from which to design and implement a realtime LAN architecture for combat vehicles. The focus of this effort was to define a realtime LAN architecture capable of adapting to fault induced variations in network loading, and still meet the time constraints of critical messages. We specified benefit based, dynamic scheduling as the means by which this can be accomplished. In order to facilitate meeting time constraints, we proposed a means to reduce uncertainty and processing time in a message's critical time segment through logical addressing and the use of a priori information. There is currently an implementation effort underway for this architecture. The first part of this effort is the design and implementation of a logical link sub-layer based on the requirements described herein. This effort will focus on developing a benefit based scheduling algorithm and metric to measure scheduler performance. Another significant aspect of this effort is the integration of the LLC functions in such a way that message set-up processing can be removed from the critical time segment of a message. In the second part we will analyze the performance of this sub-layer on the two variations of token passing protocols. The goal of this effort will be to assess the suitability of either protocol for the types of real-time message transmissions found in combat vehicles. The realization of this architecture will provide a means for the developers of combat vehicles, or any other LAN based system that operates in a harsh, non-deterministic environment, to attain a more maintainable system that is able to adapt to fault induced variations in network loading.
Experimentation in Software Engineering.

Abstract Empirical software engineering research can be organized in several ways, including experiments, cases studies, and surveys. Experiments sample over the variables, trying to represent all possible cases; cases studies sample from the variables, representing only the typical cases(s). Every case study or experiment should have a hypothesis to express the desired result. The experimental design is especially important because it identifies key variables and their relationships. The design uses balancing, blocking, and local control to help minimize error. Analysis techniques depend on the design, the distribution of the data, and the type of investigation being carried out. Different techniques allow us to look at variable interaction and to look at combinations of effects. Using a technique similar to a board game, we can determine when we have enough evidence to demonstrate clear relationships among variables.
The transfer of training: What really matters.

Although organizations invest billions of dollars in training every year, many trained competencies reportedly fail to transfer to the workplace. Researchers have long examined the ‘transfer problem’, uncovering a wealth of information regarding the transfer of training. Inconsistencies remain, however, and organizations may find it difficult to pinpoint exactly which factors are most critical. Using Baldwin and Ford's model of transfer, we identify the factors relating to trainee characteristics (cognitive ability, self-efficacy, motivation, perceived utility of training), training design (behavioral modeling, error management, realistic training environments) and the work environment (transfer climate, support, opportunity to perform, follow-up) that have exhibited the strongest, most consistent relationships with the transfer of training. We describe our reasoning for extracting such variables from the literature and conclude by discussing potential implications for practice and future research.
Relating two formal models of path-vector routing

This paper unifies two independently developed formalisms for path-vector routing protocols such as the border gateway protocol (BGP), the standard inter-domain routing protocol for the Internet. Sobrinho (2003) and Griffin, Jaggard, and Ramachandran (2003) proved conditions for guaranteed protocol convergence, but as these works operate at different levels of abstraction in modeling the protocols, the relationship between them is not obvious. Here we provide a rigorous translation between these two frameworks and use it to connect the convergence results, yielding a more complete set of analysis tools than in either framework alone. We motivate our discussion by presenting an example of applying both frameworks to analyze a set of protocols; in doing so, we show how the models, in conjunction, give important guidelines for protocol design.
Mitigation of normal tissue radiation injury: evidence from rat radiation nephropathy models

Normal tissue radiation injury is a common complication of radiation therapy and is also a major concern after accidental or belligerent radiation exposure, and until recently, it was deemed untreatable. Both experimental and clinical evidence now show that radiation injury can be alleviated by agents started after irradiation but before manifestation of that injury (a therapeutic approach called “mitigation”). Mitigation of normal tissue injuries would improve clinical radiation therapy, and it will be an essential medical countermeasure for accidental or belligerent radiation exposures. In rat radiation nephropathy models over 30 potential mitigators have been tested, some (e.g., angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers) have been found to be quite effective, but many others appear ineffective, and a few have actually made injury worse. For the most part, work with the successful agents, and the agents that made radiation injury worse, is in the peer-reviewed literature. However, we have found it difficult to publish information on the agents that were ineffective, although we suspect that others have tried some of the same agents and also found them ineffective. Here, we review all agents we know of that have been tested to date in rat radiation nephropathy models, with the goal of helping to prevent needless duplication of studies.
Arizona’s Senate Bill 1070: Targeting the Other1 and Generating Discourses and Practices of Discrimination and Hate

The state of Arizona, through its Senate Bill 1070, has made legal the practice of profiling as one of the key tools to regulate migration and differentiate those who are presumed to be residing in the state without legal documents. The state is encouraging xenophobia and empowering the groups with a strong anti-immigrant sentiment to become directly involved in the monitoring of such practice. History has shown us that when the state and large sectors of civil society exclude the “other” and criminalize his/her presence, hate toward the “other” is the most common result. The consequences of such a dynamic can result in an increase in racism, segregation, and an intensification of social violence and state repression. By tearing down the social and economic relationship between those who can legally reside in the state and those who are excluded, a future of a common ethos of inclusion and mutual respect is seriously jeopardized.
Ceramic Preforms with 2D Regular Channels for Fabrication of Metal/Ceramic‐Reinforced Composites

Aligned regular 2D channels were fabricated in alumina via two routes: soft metal and carbon fibers. The soft metal route was accomplished employing centrifugal forces to eject the molten metal from the green matrix. The carbon fiber route was accomplished by burning out the carbon fibers between 450°C and 630°C. In both methods, pressureless sintering followed, yielding the desired 2D channel profiles. Some porous preforms exhibited higher fracture strength than the solid specimens, and this has been attributed to the ability of the channels to reduce the population and distribution of cracks in the porous material.
A comparative analysis of variational methods for inelastic and reactive scattering

Abstract In this paper we discuss recent developments in algebraic variational calculations of quantum mechanical amplitudes for rearrangement scattering in terms of a scattered wave variational principle (SWVP) equivalent to that of Schlessinger. We demonstrate that the variational functional of the generalized Newton variational principle (GNVP) involving the L 2 amplitude density can be interpreted in terms of the scattered wave, and we show that the functional is variationally correct to second order both in the error in the amplitude density and in the error in the scattered wave. This provides a way to unify recent treatments of rearrangement scattering and it suggests new choices for the basis functions in both the GNVP and the SWVP. The success of the GNVP suggests that an efficient basis set for the SWVP should include the half integrated Green's functions (HIGF) introduced earlier in the context of the GNVP. By using the formal relation between the HIGFs and the L 2 basis functions used in the GNVP, we may incorporate various physical effects either into the L 2 basis functions used to expand the L 2 amplitude density or into the HIGF used to expand the non-L 2 scattered wave. We show how these ideas can be used to make many of the matrix elements independent of energy, while at the same time retaining the convenience that most basis functions are L 2 and also retaining excellent convergence properties found in our earlier GNVP studies.
Blood consult: resistant and progressive essential thrombocythemia

A 40-year-old man presented in 1992 to his local hospital and was found to have chest discomfort, blue discoloration of his extremities, and a platelet count in excess of 1000 × 109/L. He was started on aspirin and platelet pheresis with a marked improvement to the duskiness of his toe.
Active Microwave Soil Moisture Research

This paper summarizes the progress achieved in the active microwave remote sensing of soil moisture during the four years of the AgRISTARS program. Within that time period, from about 1980 to 1984, significant progress was made toward understanding 1) the fundamental dielectric properties of moist soils, 2) the influence of surface boundary conditions, and 3) the effects of intervening vegetation canopies. In addition, several simulation and image-analysis studies have identified potentially powerful approaches to implementing empirical results over large areas on a repetitive basis. This paper briefly describes the results of laboratory, truck-based, airborne, and orbital experimentation and observations.
Optical Pumping between Levels of a Bistable State of Alkali Atoms Trapped in Rare-Gas Matrices

The results of pseudopotential calculations of the interaction of an alkali atom with its rare-gas neighbors in a solid matrix are presented. They can explain an interesting effect which appears to be due to optical pumping between two equilibrium positions in a bistable trapping site.
Jovellanos en sus escritos íntimos: el paisaje y la emoción estética de lo sublime

The Diario (Diary) foregrounds Jovellanos’s interest in recording Spain and its geography in a historical, statistical, economic and political sense. Like his celebrated report on political economy, the Informe sobre la ley agraria (Report on Agricultural Law), the Diario creates a moral and civil conscience that is profoundly oriented toward the social reform of Spain. Even so, the circumstance of his exile causes his gaze to acquire in this intimate work a quality unlike that of the Report. Jovellanos describes the disturbing beauty of wild landscapes and experiences in his Diary the emotional commotion that Burke (Philosophical Enquiry, 1757) and Kant (Critique of Judgment, 1790) recorded as the sublime. The pages of his Diary on which the word “sublime” and its accompanying emotions appear reveal an anxiety that threatens to undermine Jovellanos’s commitment to societal progress and the power of reason; that is, the suppositions of rational subjectivity that underlay his work as politician and writer. The concept of the sublime introduces narrative spaces of great emotion that reveal an important turn toward an epiphanic subjectivity that in successive decades would come to the fore in Romanticism. However, Jovellanos tempers his enthusiasm. On the threshold of the sublime he takes a step back. His self-alienation appears to prohibit the reader entry into zones of his private person and to frustrate the expectation of the reader of such intimate literature that he will come to know the man. And yet, it is precisely in these moments of hesitation where the reader is allowed access to the diarist´s inner struggle and to his negotiations between his private self and his social persona.
Thermo-optomechanical oscillations in high-Q ZBLAN microspheres

We demonstrate thermo-optomechanical oscillators based on high-Q spherical ZBLAN microcavities and characterize their oscillatory behavior both theoretically and experimentally. We discuss the relevance of the outcomes for sensing applications.
The influence of propylene on CO hydrogenation over silica-supported ruthenium

Abstract Reactions of C 3 H 6 , H 2 , and CO were studied over Ru SiO 2 . Processes of hydrocarbon chain growth were investigated by comparing product distributions observed in the reactions of C 3 H 6 and H 2 , and of C 3 H 6 , H 2 , and CO. In the latter experiments, the source of carbon in the products was identified by using 13 C-labeled CO and unlabeled C 3 H 6 and analyzing the products by isotope-ratio gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hydrogenation to C 3 H 8 is the dominant reaction in the absence of CO. Small conversions of C 3 H 6 to CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , and C 4+ products are also observed. Schemes for C 3 H 6 hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation are discussed and a chain growth mechanism for C 3 H 6 homologation is proposed. The latter involves C 1 , C 2 , and C 3 monomer units and is shown to describe the observed product distribution. The presence of CO enhances homologation relative to hydrogenolysis and suppresses hydrogenation. The addition of C 3 H 6 to a CO H 2 feedstream reduces the rate of CO hydrogenation to form hydrocarbons. However, the overall rates of production of C 4+ hydrocarbons increase with increasing C 3 H 6 partial pressure as a result of C 3 H 6 homologation. The formation of butanal and butanol via hydroformylation is also observed. Comparisons between the reactions of C 2 H 4 and C 3 H 6 are made and implications of their similarities and differences are discussed.
Prediction of motor performance from childhood history.

Some previous research (Reich, 1968) showed a significant relationship between cognitive categorization behavior and early childhood experience. Although the work was exploratory, it showed that the more the early experience with cognitive (as opposed to motor) events, the greater the complexity of later behavior. The present study reports further preliminary data on the relation of early motor experience and motor behavior (pursuit rotor performance), which is presumably independent of cognitive factors. A significant relationship would encourage attempts to predict laboratory behavior from pre-experimental experi