cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presentation and management of a patient with subcutaneous metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

This Case Study describes a 60-year-old woman who presented with an enlarging subcutaneous lesion on her right flank, 6 months after having undergone treatment for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. The article highlights that rare cutaneous TCC metastases can mimic common benign and inflammatory processes, and the authors suggest treatment options for such patients. Background A 60-year-old female with a 6-month history of muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder presented with an enlarging subcutaneous lesion involving her right flank. She had previously undergone radical cystectomy, bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and ileal orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. Investigations Axial fused fluorodeoxyglucose PET–CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, fine needle aspiration with direct ultrasound guidance, excisional biopsy and immunohistochemistry. Diagnosis Subcutaneous and liver metastases of transitional cell carcinoma. Management Wide local excision of the subcutaneous lesion followed by combination gemcitabine–cisplatin chemotherapy. Gemcitabine was administered at a dose of 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15, and cisplatin was administered at a dose of 75 mg/m2 on day 1; the schedule was repeated every 28 days for three cycles.
Busy person patterns

This paper presents thirteen patterns that, when used together, we have found helpful to manage our busy lives. Recording these patterns in a format that others can both understand and use is the result of an assignment for a course on Patterns at Pace University with instructors Dr. Joe Bergin and Dr. Fred Grossman. Surprisingly, many of these patterns have general applicability to other areas of study. Good Enough, for example, draws from Linda Rising's same-named pattern for software development [1]. Others, like Just Start, can be found in various forms in other pattern languages (e.g. Coplien and Harrison's Get On With It [2] or Manns and Rising's Just Do It [3]).
Clone size variation in the human diploid cell strain, wi‐38

By mapping the location of isolated single cells; and then counting the number of cells at each location as a function of time. it was possible to accumulate data on the growth history for each of a large group of clones. The clone size distribution, its mean and standard deviation were computed for each day in culture. Variations in schedule of medium change and time of exposure to trypsin, did not measurably affect variation in clone size. Neither could clone size variation be accounted for on the basis of (1) occurrence of nondividing cells nor (2) presence of heritable growth rate variants in the population. It is probable that clone size variation under our conditions is primarily a consequence of a highly variable interdivision time among the constituent cells.
Influences of a calcium gradient on soil inorganic nitrogen in the Adirondack Mountains, New York.

Studies of the long-term impacts of acidic deposition in Europe and North America have prompted growing interest in understanding the dynamics linking the nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) cycles in forested watersheds. While it has been shown that increasing concentrations of nitrate (NO3−) through atmospheric deposition or through nitrification can increase Ca loss, the reciprocal effects of Ca on N transformation processes have received less attention. We studied the influence of soil Ca availability on extractable inorganic N (NO3− + NH4+) across a Ca gradient in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA. Our results did not show the direct Ca–N interaction that we had expected, but instead showed that exchangeable Ca coupled with soil moisture, soil organic matter, and ambient temperature accounted for 61% of the variability in extractable inorganic N across 11 sites over two growing seasons. Soil Ca concentrations were, however, positively related to sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and American basswood (Til...
Ivoryton, Connecticut: The Ivory Industry and Voluntary and Involuntary Migration in the Late Nineteenth Century:

The lower Connecticut River Valley was the site of the ivory industry in the United States commencing at the turn of the 19th century. Ultimately, two firms—Comstock, Cheney & Co. in Ivoryton and Pratt Read Co. in Deep River—came to dominate this industry. The demand for ivory resulted in environmental losses in Central and East Africa, as well as the forced displacement of many human beings. Since 75 percent of the ivory exported from this area went to these two towns in the lower valley, one can see the direct impact Ivoryton and Deep River had on the social, economic, and environmental life of Africa. The voluntary migration of people from Europe to Ivoryton and Deep River in the late 19th century to work in these factories paralleled other situations in the United States that were a result of the Industrial Revolution.
Influence of redox molecules on the electronic conductance of single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors: application to chemical and biological sensing.

In an effort to develop sensitive nanoscale devices for chemical and biological sensing, we have examined, using liquid gating, the conductance of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube-based field-effect transistors (SWCNT-FETs) in the presence of redox mediators. As examples, redox couples K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6 and K2IrCl6/K3IrCl6 are shown to modulate the SWCNT-FET conductance in part through their influence via the electrolyte gate on the electrostatic potential of the solution, as described by Larrimore et al. (Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 3129−1333) and in part through electron transfer between the redox mediators and the nanotubes. In the latter case, the rate of electron transfer is determined by the difference in chemical potential between the redox mediator and the SWCNTs and by the concentrations of the oxidized and reduced forms of the redox couple. Furthermore, these devices can detect the activity of redox enzymes through their sensitivity to the change in oxidation state of the enzyme substrate....
FOCAL ADHESION KINASE IS ABUNDANT IN DEVELOPING BLOOD VESSELS AND ELEVATION OF ITS PHOSPHOTYROSINE CONTENT IN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IS A RAPID RESPONSE TO ANGIOTENSIN II

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a structurally unique nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase that localizes to focal adhesion plaques. Regulation of its activity has been implicated in diverse signaling pathways, including those mediated by extracellular matrix/integrin interactions, G-protein coupled receptors for mitogenic neuropeptides, and certain oncogene products. To gain evidence for specific processes in which FAK may be involved in vivo, a study was initiated to determine its expression pattern during mouse development. FAK expression was detected in early embryos and appeared to be distributed throughout all cell types at about the time of neurulation. Subsequent to neural tube closure, expression became particularly abundant in the developing vasculature. This included expression in the medial layer of arteries populated by smooth muscle cells. In vitro studies using cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells demonstrate that FAK phosphotyrosine content is dramatically elevated in response to plating cells onto the adhesive glycoprotein, fibronectin. Also, enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK is observed in these cells upon stimulation with the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Thus, in vascular smooth muscle cells, like fibroblasts, FAK appears to play a role in signaling mechanisms induced by extracellular matrix components as well as G-protein coupled receptor agonists. The combined results of this study suggest that signaling through FAK may play an important role in blood vessel morphogenesis and function. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cognition and behavior

An important question in the debate over embodied, enactive, and extended cognition has been what has been meant by “cognition”. What is this cognition that is supposed to be embodied, enactive, or extended? Rather than undertake a frontal assault on this question, however, this paper will take a different approach. In particular, we may ask how cognition is supposed to be related to behavior. First, we could ask whether cognition is supposed to be (a type of) behavior. Second, we could ask whether we should attempt to understand cognitive processes in terms of antecedently understood cognitive behaviors. This paper will survey some of the answers that have been (implicitly or explicitly) given in the embodied, enactive, and extended cognition literature, then suggest reasons to believe that we should answer both questions in the negative.
Effects of cadmium on DNA-(Cytosine-5) methyltransferase activity and DNA methylation status during cadmium-induced cellular transformation.

Cadmium is a human carcinogen that likely acts via epigenetic mechanisms. Since DNA methylation alterations represent an important epigenetic event linked to cancer, the effect of cadmium on DNA methyltransferase (MeTase) activity was examined using in vitro (TRL1215 rat liver cells) and ex vivo (M.SssI DNA MeTase) systems. Cadmium effectively inhibited DNA MeTases in a manner that was noncompetitive with respect to substrate (DNA), indicating an interaction with the DNA binding domain rather than the active site. Based on these results, the effects of prolonged cadmium exposure on DNA MeTase and genomic DNA methylation in TRL1215 cells were studied. After 1 week of exposure to 0-2.5 microM cadmium, DNA MeTase activity was reduced (up to 40%) in a concentration-dependent fashion, while genomic DNA methylation showed slight but significant reductions at the two highest concentrations. After 10 weeks of exposure, the cells exhibited indications of transformation, including hyperproliferation, increased invasiveness, and decreased serum dependence. Unexpectedly, these cadmium-transformed cells exhibited significant increases in DNA methylation and DNA MeTase activity. These results indicate that, while cadmium is an effective inhibitor of DNA MeTase and initially induces DNA hypomethylation, prolonged exposure results in DNA hypermethylation and enhanced DNA MeTase activity.
A note on the legal considerations in decision science models of collaboration, information sharing and integration in supply chains

In this research note, we suggest that models, which ignore pertinent laws (including but not limited to competition laws) cannot approximate the risks and rewards of collaborative behaviour. This article discusses potential legal violations and seeks to encourage multidisciplinary approaches to the future development of decision science models of collaboration, information sharing and integration. It identifies future questions for research and proposes that a multidisciplinary team may be best equipped to explore them.
Effect of phase response curve skewness on synchronization of electrically coupled neuronal oscillators

We investigate why electrically coupled neuronal oscillators synchronize or fail to synchronize using the theory of weakly coupled oscillators. Stability of synchrony and antisynchrony is predicted analytically and verified using numerical bifurcation diagrams. The shape of the phase response curve PRC, the shape of the voltage time course, and the frequency of spiking are freely varied to map out regions of parameter spaces that hold stable solutions. We find that type 1 and type 2 PRCs can hold both synchronous and antisynchronous solutions, but the shape of the PRC and the voltage determine the extent of their stability. This is achieved by introducing a five-piecewise linear model to the PRC and a three-piecewise linear model to the voltage time course, and then analyzing the resultant eigenvalue equations that determine the stability of the phase-locked solutions. A single time parameter defines the skewness of the PRC, and another single time parameter defines the spike width and frequency. Our approach gives a comprehensive picture of the relation of the PRC shape, voltage time course, and stability of the resultant synchronous and antisynchronous solutions.
PredUs: a web server for predicting protein interfaces using structural neighbors

We describe PredUs, an interactive web server for the prediction of protein–protein interfaces. Potential interfacial residues for a query protein are identified by ‘mapping’ contacts from known interfaces of the query protein’s structural neighbors to surface residues of the query. We calculate a score for each residue to be interfacial with a support vector machine. Results can be visualized in a molecular viewer and a number of interactive features allow users to tailor a prediction to a particular hypothesis. The PredUs server is available at: http:// wiki.c2b2.columbia.edu/honiglab_public/index.php/ Software:PredUs.
Balancing Science and Informed Choice in Decisions about Vertebroplasty

Worldwide there are approximately 1.4 million persons with vertebral compression fractures.1 In the United States, there are approximately 750,000; only one third receive treatment.2 Prevalence estimates are imprecise because of heterogeneity in how vertebral fracture is defined.3 Annualized direct care expenditures for osteoporotic fractures in the United States were estimated to range from $12 billion to $18 billion in 2002.2 Several treatments (e.g., bed rest, bracing, and pain medications) have been designed to foster pain relief and allow for increased activities. Percutaneous vertebroplasty — the injection of polymethylmethacrylate directly into the vertebral compression fracture — has emerged as a treatment . . .
Superconducting tunneling in PdH

Abstract Tunneling measurements have been made on superconducting PdH films. The measured2Δ 0 / kT c ratio was 3.80 ± 0.15 meV. Structure was found in the tunneling density of states at an energy of 48 ± 2 meV, approximately the energy of optic phonons in PdH.
Growth hormone response to apomorphine and diagnosis: A comparison of three diagnostic systems

Our study takes a further look at the apomorphine test in the psychoses and affective disorders, with special reference to the use of different diagnostic systems. Patients meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or manic disorder were included. In addition to the RDC, diagnosis was also made using the DSM-III and ICD-9. All patients underwent an evaluation of peak GH response to apomorphine administration. The results show that RDC and ICD-9 are similar, in that for both systems, a high GH response correlates with a schizoaffective disorder and distinguishes those patients significantly from manic patients. The DMS-III brings in some new dimensions, in that schizophreniform disorder (6-month cut-off) is distinguished from schizophrenia. In addition, patients with affective symptoms and mood-incongruent psychoses are more closely related to schizophreniform disorder than to classical manic disorder.
WELFARE AND CITIZENSHIP: The Effects of Government Assistance on Young Adults' Civic Participation

Recent scholarship and public discourse highlight an apparent waning of civic engagement in the United States. Although the welfare state is generally thought to support democracy by reducing economic inequality, it may paradoxically contribute to political disempowerment of some groups. We examine the effects of state interventions on civic participation among young adults, hypothesizing that involvement with stigmatizing social programs, such as welfare, reduces political engagement while receipt of non-stigmatizing government assistance does not dampen civic involvement. Using official voting records and survey data from the Youth Development Study (YDS), a longitudinal community sample of young adults, a series of regression models suggests that welfare recipients are less likely to vote than non-recipients, whereas recipients of non-means tested government assistance participate similarly to young adults who do not receive government help. These effects hold even when background factors, self-efficacy, and prior voting behavior are controlled. Welfare receipt is not associated, however, with suppressed participation in non-state arenas such as volunteer work. Intensive interviews with YDS welfare recipients are used to illustrate and develop the analysis.
Spin-flip pairing in CuO2 superconductors

Abstract It is shown that virtual 2D paramagnon exchange in a material with short-range planar antiferromagnetic order leads to triplet pairing of itinerant electrons, in analogy to singlet pairing via virtual phonon exchange in BCS theory. Values of T c for CuO 2 layered perovskites are related by the theory to the electronic density of states and to a short-range magnetic order parameter. The theory is consistent with all well-established experimental and theoretical data for these materials.
Two-dimensional isotropic scattering in a semi-infinite cylindrical medium with refractive index greater than unity

Abstract Beginning with the solution for a medium with a refractive index of unity, results are presented for the back-scattered intensity and flux from a two-dimensional, semi-infinite, isotropic scattering medium with a refractive index greater than unity. The incident radiation is assumed to be collimated and normal to the surface of the medium. For a cosine varying boundary condition, the back-scattering intensity is expressed as a linear integral equation involving Fresnel reflection at the boundary and the reflection function for a medium with a refractive index of unity. For other boundary conditions, the solution can be obtained by superposition of the cosine varying case. Numerical results are tabulated and plotted for a cosine varying boundary condition and for a Gaussian laser beam. The influence of Fresnel reflection is discussed for a medium with a refractive index of 4 3 . Multiple scattering results are compared to the single and double scattering approximations. The behavior at large optical distances from the incident beam is also discussed. Scaling factors are proposed to reduce the computation effort.
Modeling Florida panther movements in response to human attributes of the landscape and ecological settings

This paper describes the development and results of an individual-based spatially explicit model created to assist in the potential reintroduction of the Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) to northern Florida, an area within its former range. The PANTHER model was created to incorporate human attributes of the landscape with ecological attributes to evaluate and identify landscape features and conservation strategies that will be critical to a population of panthers. The model mimics panther movement behavior using a C++ program, and implements panther moves over Geographic Information Systems (GIS) maps depicting land cover, roads, deer densities, and human densities. Sensitivity analysis revealed home range sizes were most sensitive to how panthers perceived the landscape, their place of reintroduction on the landscape, and gender-based rules. Panther interactions were dependent on perception distances. Home range placement within the study area was most similar to field studies when panthers ranked cypress as a tertiary rather than a secondary preferred land cover type. Model simulation results indicated locations along the Suwannee River where Florida panthers and humans would prefer to reside, both under 1990s landscape conditions, and under two possible future scenarios that predicted future human development. As human density and development were increased the use of hardwood hammocks (a land cover preferred by panthers) was predicted to decrease. Simulation results also indicated that panthers increased use of several other land cover types, were subjected to increased mortality on roads, and constricted their home ranges as human density and development increased. Model results can be used to support conservation actions that restrict development in areas along rivers and identify landowners who own land panthers would most likely use.
Are patients getting the "gist" in risk communication? Patient understanding of prognosis in breast cancer treatment.

Background. Many oncologists consult the Adjuvant! prognostic model to communicate risk with breast cancer patients; however, little is known about how effective that communication is. Methods. The authors analyzed this small data set featuring 20 breast cancer patients’ risk estimates, focusing on rankings or gist of the estimates. Results. Overall, there was no gain in the accuracy of patient rankings. The number of patients with more accurate estimates was matched by the number of patients with less accurate estimates after consultation, Conclusions. The current methods used by oncologists to present Adjuvant! risks were not effective in helping patients to get the gist of their risks.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE COMMUNICATION OF RESULTS

The communication of the results of medical tests used in epidemiologic studies or the results of such studies involve ethical issues. These issues range from the rights of subjects to receive these results to the obligation of investigators to communicate clearly and entirely not only the results but their meaning. This can be problematic in epidemiologic studies where biological or medical monitoring yields uncertain findings. Generally, the results of epidemiologic studies are group-oriented and have limited meaning for the individual. It is incumbent on investigators to express this limitation. The investigators may also have a responsibility to alert any subject with clinical conditions that require immediate or long-term follow-up.
Aromatic polyamides. VI. Synthesis of aromatic copolyamides and copolyamide-oxadiazoles in sulfur trioxide

Copolymerization of para-phenylenediamine sulfate (PPD-S), hydrazine sulfate (Hy-S), and terephthalic acid (TA) in SO3 yielded solutions of poly[p-(disulfonatophenylene)terephthalamide]–co-poly(p-phenylene-1,3,4-oxadiazole) (SPT-co-POx). Reaction of PPD-S, TA, and 4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid (SDBA) in SO3 gave sulfonated copolyamide (SPT-co-SPSDB) solutions. Solutions of both SPT-co-POx (mole % ratios of 70:30 to 90:10) and SPT-co-SPSDB (75:25 to 90:10) were anisotropic, illustrating liquid crystalline behavior for polymeric structures containing significant amounts of noncoaxial backbone components.
Concomitant Pulsatile Release of Prolactin and Luteinizing Hormone in Hypogonadal Women

The finding that exogenous LRF administration induces PRL release prompted us to examine the possibility that spontaneous pulses of PRL and LH may occur concomitantly in women. Blood samples were obtained between 0800 and 1600 h at 15-min intervals for a duration of 6-10 h in 10 hypogonadal women. Distinct pulsatile fluctuations of plasma PRL concentration were present in all subjects and 96% of these pulses were observed to coincide with LH pulses. The mean (+/- SE) increment of PRL (nadir to peak) was 4.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml (61.7 +/- 5.1%). The mean interval between pulses of LH was 87.6 +/- 3.6 min and between pulses of PRL was 110.4 +/- 10.4 min. The time course for the ascending and descending limbs of PRL pulses were similar to those of LH pulses, and qualitatively resembled those induced by pulses of exogenous LRF. The finding of a synchrony between the endogenous pulses of LH and PRL during the waking hours of the day in the hypogonadal woman suggests that pulsatile release of PRL and LH may be mediated through a common neuroendocrine mechanism.
Single-Case Experimental Designs for the Evaluation of Treatments for Self-Injurious and Suicidal Behaviors

Single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) provide a time- and cost-effective alternative to randomized clinical trials and offer significant advantages in terms of internal and external validity. A brief history and primer on SCEDs is provided, specifically for use in suicide intervention research. Various SCED methodologies, such as AB, ABAB, multiple baseline, and changing criterion designs, are described. Advantages and disadvantages of their use specifically for intervention research for suicidal and self-injurious behaviors are detailed.
Casein Components Soluble in Chloroform-methanol (2:1) and in Fifty Per Cent Aqueous Ethanol

Abstract Chloroform-methanol (2:1) extracted approximately 2% of protein from acid precipitated casein. This soluble fraction was identical qualitatively and quantitatively with the soluble casein fraction obtained by 50% aqueous ethanol extraction. γ-Casein and temperature-sensitive casein are the major components in the soluble casein fraction. Six or more minor components, including three in the λ-casein group, also are present.
Stability assessment of lyophilized intravenous immunoglobulin after reconstitution in glass containersand poly(vinyl chloride) bags

Human intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) has been in use for the past 20 years. This biological product is commonly provided in liquid or lyophilized dosage form. When the lyophilized product is rehydrated, it is usually administered within 2-3 h from time of complete dissolution. While this practice is advisable whenever possible, occasionally the patient or care-giver may need to delay the infusion. Hence, a study of the stability of lyophilized IGIV after reconstitution with water for injection was conducted. The reconstituted product was stored either in its original glass container or pooled into poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) bags. The effect of extended storage on the active ingredient (IgG), excipients (glucose, albumin) and extractables [sodium from glass vials, and di-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate and cyclohexanone from PVC bags] was evaluated. The stability of the active ingredient was evaluated by physico-chemical tests (molecularsize distribution, pH, appearance, total protein), monitoring titres of a specific antibody (hepatitis B surface antigen) and an antibody functional test (bacterial opsonization). To evaluate the risk of microbial contamination during reconstitution and pooling procedures, sterility, pyrogen and animal-safety tests were included in the protocol. The potential of IgG polymerizing in solution during storage and subsequent complement activation was evaluated by assaying for non-specific binding of complement (anti-complement activity). Results show that aseptically reconstituted IGIV is stable and remains sterile up to 48 h at 5 degrees C. The reconstituted product was also found to be stable at room temperature (25 degrees C) up to 12 h.
Dopamine and GABA Interaction in Basal Ganglia: GABA-A or GABA-B Receptor Stimulation Attenuates L-DOPA-Induced Striatal and Nigral ERK1/2 Signaling in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons. The primary drug used to treat PD symptoms is L-DOPA, but side effects such as dyskinesias limit its use. Previous findings show that L-DOPA treatment induces extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), a MAP-kinase protein. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is intimately involved in basal ganglia function. Our previous study using a unilaterally lesioned rat model of PD indicated that elevating GABA levels by GABA transaminase inhibitor, aminooxyacetic acid significantly attenuated L-DOPA-induced ERK phosphorylation in the striatum and substantia nigra (SN). The aim of the present study was to assess the role of GABA-A and GABA-B receptor by using a selective agonists, muscimol and baclofen respectively, on L-DOPA-induced ERK phosphorylation in the striatum and SN. Unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats were prescreened by apomorphine induced rotation test for the extent of DA loss. Lesioned rats were treated with L-DOPA alone or after muscimol or baclofen pretreatment. Appropriate control groups were used. Phospho-ERK levels, tyrosine hydroxylase (to ascertain DA loss) and substance P (an indirect marker for DA loss) levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry using coronal slices at the level of striatum and SN. L-DOPA administration induced a robust increase (>300%) in phospho-ERK1/2 levels in the striatum and SN. Muscimol as well as baclofen pretreatment attenuated the L-DOPA-induced increase in phospho-ERK1/2 levels by >60% in the striatum and SN. Muscimol and baclofen pretreatment also greatly reduced the number of L-DOPA induced phospho-ERK1/2 stained cells in the striatum as well as the contralateral rotational behavior. The present data taken together with our previous study indicate that the L-DOPA induced increase in ERK1/2 is attenuated by GABA via a GABA-A and GABA-B receptor linked mechanism. The study provides further insight into a dopamine-GABA-ERK interaction in the therapeutic and/or side effects of L-DOPA in the basal ganglia.
Role of Race and Ethnicity in Private Long-Term Care Insurance Ownership

Purpose of the Study: To determine if racial/ethnic disparities exist in the ownership of private long-term care insurance (LTCI) among current Medicare beneficiaries. Design and Methods: This study used the 2011 wave of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were employed to isolate the independent effects of race/ethnicity on LTCI uptake. Stratified multivariate analyses were used to further examine the effect of race/ethnicity on LTCI ownership. Results: 12.3% of Blacks and 5.8% of Hispanics, compared with 20.2% of Whites (p < .001), reported having LTCI coverage. We found that Hispanics were 48% less likely to have LTCI (p = .005) compared with Whites, whereas no difference was found between Blacks and Whites. Compared with White women, Hispanic women were 81% less likely to be insured (p < .001). Ethnic disparities persisted among individuals who, based on income and assets, are considered appropriate for purchasing private LTCI coverage. Implications: This study demonstrates that ethnic differences exist in the ownership of LTCI among elderly Americans. Additional research is needed to determine what factors are responsible for the apparent underrepresentation of Hispanics in the LTCI market.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis

In this chapter, we present LISREL’s measurement model in the context of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Processing Relative Clauses in Chinese.

This paper reports results from a self-paced reading study in Chinese that demonstrates that object-extracted relative clause structures are less complex than corresponding subject-extracted structures. These results contrast with results from processing other Subject-Verb-Object languages like English, in which object-extracted structures are more complex than subject-extracted structures. A key word-order difference between Chinese and other Subject-Verb-Object languages is that Chinese relative clauses precede their head nouns. Because of this word order difference, the results follow from a resource-based theory of sentence complexity, according to which there is a storage cost associated with predicting syntactic heads in order to form a grammatical sentence. The results are also consistent with a theory according to which people have less difficulty processing embedded clauses whose word order matches the word order in main clauses. Some corpus analyses of Chinese texts provide results that constrain the classes of possible frequency-based theories. Critically, these results demonstrate that there is nothing intrinsically easy about extracting from subject position: depending on the word order in the main clause and in a relative clause, extraction from object position can be easier to process in some circumstances.
Neoadjuvant immune stimulation improves long-term outcomes for esophageal carcinoma

INTRODUCTION: Histology is the gold standard for diagnosis of mesothelioma (MPM). However, an immunohistochemical panel is required since no single stain is diagnostic, making the diagnosis of MPM occasionally challenging. Microarray technology has been successfully applied to biomedical research for the discovery of novel biomarkers. Herein, we applied the gene ratio algorithm to discriminate MPM from all the other potentially confounding diagnoses.
Basic research opportunities focused on bio-based and bio-inspired materials and potential applications.

The U.S. Army Research Office (ARO) serves as the Army's premier extramural basic research agency in the engineering, physical, information and life sciences. ARO drives the national basic research agenda and programs in these areas to create new scientific discoveries and increase knowledge through high-risk, high-payoff research opportunities with academia and industry. ARO also ensures that the results of these efforts are made available to the Army research and development community for the pursuit of long-term technological applications. ARO is supporting emerging research opportunities in the areas of bio-based and bio-inspired materials that focus on four primary goals: (i) Using biology to produce materials, (ii) Using biology as a material, (iii) Integrating biology with synthetic materials, and (iv) Imparting properties inherent in biological systems to materials.
The strategic use of CAD: an empirically inspired, theory-based course

The inefficient use of complex computer systems has been widely reported. These studies show the persistence of inefficient methods despite many years of experience and formal training. To counteract this phenomenon, we present the design of a new course, called the Strategic Use of CAD. The course aims at teaching students efficient strategies to use a computer-aided drafting system through a two-pronged approach. Learning to See teaches students to recognize opportunities to use efficient strategies by studying the nature of the task, and Learning to Do teaches students to implement the strategies. Results from a pilot experiment show that this approach had a positive effect on the strategic behavior of students who did not exhibit knowledge of efficient strategies before the class, and had no effect on the strategic behavior of those who did. Strategic training can thus assist users in recognizing opportunities to use efficient strategies. We present the ramifications of these results on the design of training and future experiments.
Extended Visual Glances Away from the Roadway are Associated with ADHD- and Texting-Related Driving Performance Deficits in Adolescents.

The purpose of the research study was to determine whether ADHD- and texting-related driving impairments are mediated by extended visual glances away from the roadway. Sixty-one adolescents (ADHD =28, non-ADHD =33; 62 % male; 11 % minority) aged 16–17 with a valid driver’s license were videotaped while engaging in a driving simulation that included a No Distraction, Hands-Free Phone Conversation, and Texting condition. Two indicators of visual inattention were coded: 1) percentage of time with eyes diverted from the roadway; and 2) number of extended (greater than 2 s) visual glances away from the roadway. Adolescents with ADHD displayed significantly more visual inattention to the roadway on both visual inattention measures. Increased lane position variability among adolescents with ADHD compared to those without ADHD during the Hands-Free Phone Conversation and Texting conditions was mediated by an increased number of extended glances away from the roadway. Similarly, texting resulted in decreased visual attention to the roadway. Finally, increased lane position variability during texting was also mediated by the number of extended glances away from the roadway. Both ADHD and texting impair visual attention to the roadway and the consequence of this visual inattention is increased lane position variability. Visual inattention is implicated as a possible mechanism for ADHD- and texting-related deficits and suggests that driving interventions designed to address ADHD- or texting-related deficits in adolescents need to focus on decreasing extended glances away from the roadway.
Single-Point Approximations for Traffic Equilibrium Problem Under Uncertain Demand

The focus of this study is on developing solutions for the traffic equilibrium problem (TEP) when origin-destination demand is assumed to be uncertain. Instead of developing and solving an expensive stochastic solver, it proposes single-point approximate measures that provide a reasonably good estimate of the network performance. Seven approximation schemes that utilize the deterministic TEP to account for uncertain demand and illustrate how these approaches can be used to solve the problem are proposed. The performance of the different approximation measures on different demand distributions for the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, network is reported, and a consistent approximation scheme is identified that performs well for the problem. Such an approximation scheme can be used in solving the TEP accounting for stochastic demand when computational resources are scarce or when a stochastic solver is unavailable.
Traumatic trabecular lesions observed on MR imaging of the knee.

Examinations carried out on 302 consecutive patients with MR of the knee between January 1988 and March 1989 were reviewed for detection of trabecular lesion. Twenty-seven patients found presenting...
Position error predictions of a hard disk drive undergoing a large seeking motion with shock excitations

In this paper, we present numerical simulations to predict position errors of a hard disk drive (HDD) undergoing a long seeking-and-settling process while experiencing a shock excitation. The HDD model for simulations consists of a rotating spindle motor carrying multiple disks, a stationary base with a top cover, and a swinging head-stack assembly (HSA). The rotating part, stationary part, and swinging HSA are connected to one another via fluid-dynamic bearings, pivot bearings, and air bearings. The seeking-and-settling process consists of four segments: acceleration, coasting, deceleration, and settling. A 2-ms shock excitation is applied to each segment of the seeking-and-settling process, respectively, to evaluate severity of the shock excitations to position errors. Both linear and angular shock excitations are considered. Simulation results lead to the following significant conclusions. First, shock excitations generally result in two types of response: spindle vibration [e.g., half-speed whirls or (0,1) unbalanced modes in the form of rocking] and HSA vibration (e.g., torsional vibration of the voice coil or bending of the suspension arms). Moreover, spindle vibration response usually appears with large amplitude (per unit g) but damps out quickly due to its large damping. In contrast, HSA response usually appears with small amplitude (per unit g) but decays slowly due to its small damping. As a result, shock excitations applied near the beginning of the seeking-and-settling process are less detrimental because the larger spindle response has enough time to damp out before the heads settle on the desired tracks. In contrast, shock excitations applied to the end of the seeking-and-settling process tend to present large spindle response leading to significant position errors. In this case, the ability to rapidly reduce the position errors relies on performance and properties of the fluid-dynamic spindle motor.
Detection of junction spiking and its induced latch-up by emission microscopy

Electrical-overstress/electrostatic-discharge-induced latch-up failures have been observed on both MOS field and simulated failures. Using emission microscopy, this failure mode is determined to be due to junction spikings which form a p/sup +/ doped junction, creating a parasitic p.n.p.n. structure and inducing a localized SCR latch-up. A model for this failure mode is presented. The emission microscope readily locates the exact contact at which junction spiking occurs even in complex VLSI devices. Its characteristic emission pattern allows the failure mechanism to be determined without further destructive physical analysis. It provides a visual proof that current crowding occurs around the contacts during high-current events. >
Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Lipolysis

The sections in this article are: 1 Pathways of De Novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Lipolysis 1.1 Regulation in the Pathways for Lipogenesis and Lipolysis 1.2 Cellular Sites of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis 1.3 Isolated Cell Models for the Study of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis 2 Establishing Insulin and Glucagon as Regulators of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis 3 Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Regulation of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis 3.1 Criteria for Evaluating Putative Regulatory Mechanisms 3.2 Regulated Steps 4 Summary
Experience with statin use in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection

We reviewed the liver enzymes of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection currently taking statin drugs. We found no significant elevation of liver enzymes during statin treatment of the 17 patients reviewed.
Disposition of ceftazidime after intraperitoneal administration in adolescent patients receiving continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis.

Background: Peritonitis is the single most common complication in children maintained on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) and a significant cause of morbidity. Recent consensus guidelines for the treatment of peritonitis in children receiving peritoneal dialysis recommend the combined intraperitoneal administration of ceftazidime with either a first-generation cephalosporin or vancomycin. The objective of this study is to determine whether a continuous maintenance dose of intraperitoneal ceftazidime in the absence of a loading dose would maintain adequate serum and dialysate concentrations to be effective in the treatment of peritonitis. Methods: Five ambulatory patients on CCPD therapy were studied with continuous intraperitoneal administration of ceftazidime (125 mg/L). Blood, dialysate, and urine samples were collected at specified intervals during a 24-hour period. Ceftazidime concentrations were measured by using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Results: Mean serum concentrations at completion of the short rapid cycles and at 24 hours were 28.92 ± 13.64 and 23.92 ± 11.93 μg/mL, respectively. Serum bioavailability at 24 hours was 74% ± 6%. Mean dialysate concentrations at completion of the short rapid cycles and at 24 hours were 87.43 ± 19.18 and 32.06 ± 6.27 μg/mL, respectively. All 5 patients achieved serum and dialysate ceftazidime concentrations greater than the mean inhibitory concentration within 4 hours. Conclusion: In adolescent patients on CCPD therapy, a continuous maintenance dose of intraperitoneal ceftazidime in the absence of a loading dose achieves serum and dialysate levels greater than the mean inhibitory concentration of sensitive organisms within 4 hours that persist for 24 hours.
Tests for individual and population bioequivalence based on generalized p-values.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed new regulations that address the ‘prescribability’ and ‘switchability’ of new formulations of already-approved drugs. These new criteria are known, respectively, as population and individual bioequivalence. Two methods have been proposed in the bioequivalence literature for assessing population and individual bioequivalence that calculate an upper 95 per cent confidence bound for the bioequivalence criterion in question, and then test bio-equivalence by comparing this bound to the limit established by the FDA. In this paper we propose applying the generalized test function (GTF) methodology of Tsui and Weerahandi (Journal of the American Statistical Association 1989; 602–607) to this problem to produce tests based on a generalized p-value (GPV). This methodology allows us to construct hypothesis tests in the presence of nuisance parameters. Using simulation we show that these tests perform well in comparison to the confidence interval methods and have superior power for assessing population bioequivalence. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broadcast removal in systolic algorithms

A major difficulty with the automatic synthesis of systolic arrays is that many algorithms process data dependences that are not directly realizable in a systolic fashion. The authors consider one particular class of such data dependences, called data sharing or broadcast, in recurrence algorithms. They present a data routing scheme called propagation and show that all broadcasts can be systematically transformed into propagations. >
The Limits of Linked Suppression for Regulatory T Cells

Background: We have previously found that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T regs) can adoptively transfer tolerance after its induction with co-stimulatory blockade in a mouse model of murine cardiac allograft transplantation. In these experiments, we tested an hypothesis with three components: 1) the T regs that transfer tolerance have the capacity for linked suppression, 2) the determinants that stimulate the T regs are expressed by the indirect pathway, and 3) the donor peptides contributing to these indirect determinants are derived from donor MHC antigens. Methods: 1st heart transplants were performed from the indicated donor strain to B10.D2 recipients along with co-stimulatory blockade treatment (250μg i.p. injection of MR1 on day 0 and 250μg i.p. injection of CTLA-4 Ig on day 2). At least 8 weeks later a 2nd heart transplant was performed to a new B10.D2 recipient that had been irradiated with 450 cGy. This recipient was given 40 x 106 naive B10.D2 spleen cells plus 40 x 106 B10.D2 spleen cells from the first (tolerant) recipient. We performed 3 different types of heart transplants with using various donor. Results: 1. T regs suppress the graft rejection in an antigen-specific manner. 2. T regs generated in the face of MHC disparities suppress the rejection of grafts expressing third party MHC along with tolerant MHC. Conclusion: The limits of linkage appear to be quantitative and not universally determined by either the indirect pathway or by peptides of donor MHC antigens.
Design of Portable Multiplexer for Use with Spatial Domain Multiplexed Communication Systems

A portable multiplexer for use with spatially multiplexed optical fiber communications system is presented that utilizes multiple hollow core tubes at fixed angles adding stability, reliability, robustness and ease of use to spatial multiplexers.
Research of Impact of Wind on Radio Interference Due to ±800kV DC Transmission Line

The radio interference caused by HVDC power transmission lines is not only related to the voltage applied to the conductors and the arrangement of conductors,but also to the weather conditions,especially the wind greatly impacts on the radio interference.The mechanism of radio interference caused by HVDC power transmission line is analyzed.It is the first time in China to perform long-term testing and measurement of radio interference by UHVDC test line with actual sizes applied in UHVDC power transmission line and the radio interference characteristics of UHVDC power transmission line is researched,thus the law by which the wind impacts on radio interference is obtained.The strength of radio interference caused by DC corona resulted from UHVDC power transmission line becomes more intensive with the increase of wind speed when the wind blows from the negative polar conductor of UHVDC transmission line to its positive polar conductor.