cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Future of Arctic Sea Ice

Arctic sea ice is a key indicator of the state of global climate because of both its sensitivity to warming and its role in amplifying climate change. Accelerated melting of the perennial sea ice cover has occurred since the late 1990s, which is important to the pan-Arctic region, through effects on atmospheric and oceanic circulations, the Greenland ice sheet, snow cover, permafrost, and vegetation. Such changes could have significant ramifications for global sea level, the ocean thermohaline circulation, native coastal communities, and commercial activities, as well as effects on the global surface energy and moisture budgets, atmospheric and oceanic circulations, and geosphere-biosphere feedbacks. However, a system-level understanding of critical Arctic processes and feedbacks is still lacking. To better understand the past and present states and estimate future trajectories of Arctic sea ice and climate, we argue that it is critical to advance hierarchical regional climate modeling and coordinate it with the design of an integrated Arctic observing system to constrain models.
Self-referent phenotype matching: theoretical considerations and empirical evidence.

In most birds and mammals, young are raised in family groups. The phenotypes of nestmates and parents are thus reliable cues for recognition of conspecifics and kin. However, in some species, young develop alone, or in broods of mixed relatedness (e.g. because of multiple paternity or maternity), or among heterospecifics or unrelated conspecifics (brood parasites). Under these circumstances, the best referent (model) for discriminating close from distant kin and heterospecifics from conspecifics might be one's own self. This recognition process is known as self-referent phenotype matching. Here we review recent experimental evidence of self-referencing and suggest that behavioral neuroscience can provide new tools and insights into how it works (its proximate mechanistic and ontogenetic bases) and why it exists (its adaptive significance).
Influence of biopsy perineural invasion on long-term biochemical disease-free survival after radical prostatectomy.

Objectives. To investigate the influence of biopsy perineural invasion (PNI) on long-term prostate-specific antigen recurrence rates, final pathologic stage, and surgical margin status of men treated with radical prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy offers the best chance for surgical cure when performed for organ-confined disease. However, the histologic identification of PNI on prostate biopsy has been associated with a decreased likelihood of pathologically organ-confined disease. Methods. Seventy-eight men with histologic evidence of PNI on biopsy underwent radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon between April 1984 and February 1995 and were compared with 78 contemporary matched (biopsy Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen level, clinical stage, age) controls without PNI. Biochemical disease-free survival and pathologic findings were compared. Results. After a mean follow-up of 7.05 ± 2.2 years and 7.88 ± 2.7 years (P = 0.04) for patients with biopsy PNI and controls, respectively, no significant difference in the long-term prostate-specific antigen recurrence rates was observed (P = 0.13). The final Gleason score and pathologic staging were also similar in this matched cohort. Although the numbers of neurovascular bundles resected were comparable between the groups, no difference was found in the rate of positive surgical margins identified (13% versus 10%, P = 0.62). Conclusions. We were unable to show that PNI on needle biopsy influences long-term tumor-free survival.
Special Considerations in Pediatric Psychiatric Populations

Proper treatment of the pediatric psychiatric population can be challenging. Emergency department (ED) boarding, availability of child and adolescent psychiatrists, lack of parental understanding, and inexperience working with children with special needs are just some of the obstacles the ED physician will encounter. We discuss the risk stratification and interventions necessary when dealing with children and adolescents presenting with suicidal ideation and violent behavior. In addition, we discuss the unique approaches to patients with autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Collisions between two solitary waves. Part 2. A numerical study

Collisions between two solitary waves are investigated using a numerical scheme. The phase shifts and maximum amplitude of a collision are checked with a corresponding perturbation calculation and compared with the available experiments. We found a wave train trailing behind each of the emerging solitary waves from a head-on collision. The properties of the wave train are in agreement with those of the perturbation solution. After the collision, the solitary waves recover almost all of their original amplitude for the length of time in our calculation. However, the difference (less than 2 % of their original value) persists and accounts for the energy residing in the wave train.
Dynamic optimization of a linear-quadratic model with incomplete repair and volume-dependent sensitivity and repopulation.

Abstract Purpose: The linear-quadratic model typically assumes that tumor sensitivity and repopulation are constant over the time course of radiotherapy. However, evidence suggests that the growth fraction increases and the cell-loss factor decreases as the tumor shrinks. We investigate whether this evolution in tumor geometry, as well as the irregular time intervals between fractions in conventional hyperfractionation schemes, can be exploited by fractionation schedules that employ time-varying fraction sizes. Methods: We construct a mathematical model of a spherical tumor with a hypoxic core and a viable rim, which is most appropriate for a prevascular tumor, and is only a caricature of a vascularized tumor. This model is embedded into the traditional linear-quadratic model by assuming instantaneous reoxygenation. Dynamic programming is used to numerically compute the fractionation regimen that maximizes the tumor-control probability (TCP) subject to constraints on the biologically effective dose of the early and late tissues. Results: In several numerical examples that employ five or 10 fractions per week on a 1-cm or 5-cm diameter tumor, optimally varying the fraction sizes increases the TCP significantly. The optimal regimen incorporates large Friday (afternoon, if 10 fractions per week) fractions that are escalated throughout the course of treatment, and larger afternoon fractions than morning fractions. Conclusion: Numerical results suggest that a significant increase in tumor cure can be achieved by allowing the fraction sizes to vary throughout the course of treatment. Several strategies deserve further investigation: using larger fractions before overnight and weekend breaks, and escalating the dose (particularly on Friday afternoons) throughout the course of treatment.
Glutathiolation Regulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Induced Caspase-3 Cleavage and Apoptosis: Key Role for Glutaredoxin in the Death Pathway

Caspase-3 cleavage and activation are known to play central roles in apoptosis. However, the mechanisms that regulate caspase-3 cleavage remain elusive. Glutaredoxin (Grx) is a ubiquitous redox molecule that is unique in its ability to regulate S-glutathiolation (glutathiolation) of proteins. Here we show the essential role of Grx in caspase-3 cleavage via regulation of caspase-3 glutathiolation. Grx activity was significantly upregulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in endothelial cells. Small interference RNA knock down of Grx significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced endothelial cell death because of attenuated caspase-3 cleavage concomitant with increased caspase-3 glutathiolation. Enhanced caspase-3 cleavage by wild-type Grx overexpression was reversed by catalytically inactive Grx (C22S), demonstrating a requirement for thioltransferase activity. Cysteine-to-serine mutations (C163S, C184S, and C220S) of caspase-3 that were predicted to prevent glutathiolation showed increased cleavage compared with wild-type caspase-3. This inverse correlation between caspase-3 glutathiolation and cleavage was further confirmed by the observation that in vitro glutathiolation of caspase-3 inhibited its cleavage with recombinant caspase-8. Furthermore, Grx association with caspase-3 was decreased by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of caspase-3 regulation by Grx in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis.
Bilateral arterial thoracic outlet syndrome with intermittent subclavian artery occlusion

Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome presentation is frequently misdiagnosed because of its varied clinical presentation. We present a case of a young female who presented with right upper extremity Raynaud’s phenomenon. She was ultimately referred for a vascular medicine consultation after inability to palpate the radial pulse by the neurologist. She was diagnosed with arterial thoracic outlet syndrome, secondary to a congenital cervical rib, which was contributing to intermittent subclavian artery occlusion. She underwent cervical and first rib resection and returned 6 months later with symptoms in the left upper extremity. Her clinical presentation, diagnosis and therapeutic options are discussed in this article along with a review of the literature.
Assessment and validation of the learning and behavioral style of hyperactive children

Abstract The present study determined whether hyperactive youth, as a group, would report greater preference for stimulation than nonhyperactive youth. This would validate prior work documenting improved performance for hyperactive children under conditions of increased stimulation. To this purpose 114 and 133 nonhyperactive (2nd through 7th grades) were administered the Math-Learning Preference Questionnaire (MLPQ) that tied preference questions to specific math tasks to which the children had prior exposure. Findings were that the children reported optimal learning conditions for math with greater social and movement stimulation. Older children of both groups preferred more background auditory and visual stimulation than did younger children. More severely disordered children also reported preferences for more background auditory stimulation during math facts and story problems. The computer was most often selected for practicing math facts and hard copy materials were selected for problem solving tasks. The group and grade effects provide validity for the MLPQ and suggest that further specificity may be obtained from individual preference profiles.
mRNA transcription determines the lag period for the induction of pineal melatonin synthesis in the Syrian hamster pineal gland.

The nocturnal pattern of Syrian hamster pineal melatonin synthesis is characterized by a 6–8 h lag period, followed by a late-night, short-duration peak in both N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content. Administration of cycloheximide (20 mg/kg body weight) given either at the time of lights out or 4 h into the dark phase to Syrian hamsters blocked the nocturnal increase in both pineal NAT activity and melatonin content. Actinomycin D (5 mg/kg body weight) prevented the nocturnal increase in both constituents only when it was administered at darkness onset, being significantly less effective when injected after 4 h of dark exposure. Reinduction of melatonin production by isoproterenol (2 mg/kg body weight) administration to acutely light-exposed animals during late darkness was prevented by cycloheximide, but not by actinomycin D administration. The results suggest that whereas Syrian hamster pineal melatonin production requires protein synthesis both early and late in the dark phase, the transcription of a putative NAT-related mRNA, which occurs only during the early night, seems to determine the lag period in melatonin synthesis and pineal responsiveness to β-adrenergic receptor agonist stimulation.
EFFECT OF PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT ON SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC BREAST CANCER

The effect of psychosocial intervention on time of survival of 86 patients with metastatic breast cancer was studied prospectively. The 1 year intervention consisted of weekly supportive group therapy with self-hypnosis for pain. Both the treatment (n = 50) and control groups (n = 36) had routine oncological care. At 10 year follow-up, only 3 of the patients were alive, and death records were obtained for the other 83. Survival from time of randomisation and onset of intervention was a mean 36.6 (SD 37.6) months in the intervention group compared with 18.9 (10.8) months in the control group, a significant difference. Survival plots indicated that divergence in survival began at 20 months after entry, or 8 months after intervention ended.
Experimental Evaluation of SI Engine Operation Supplemented by Hydrogen Rich Gas from a Compact Plasma Boosted Reformer

It is well known that hydrogen addition to spark-ignited (SI) engines can reduce exhaust emissions and increase efficiency. Micro plasmatron fuel converters can be used for onboard generation of hydrogen-rich gas by partial oxidation of a wide range of fuels. These plasma-boosted microreformers are compact, rugged, and provide rapid response. With hydrogen supplement to the main fuel, SI engines can run very lean resulting in a large reduction in nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emissions relative to stoichiometric combustion without a catalytic converter. This paper presents experimental results from a microplasmatron fuel converter operating under variable oxygen to carbon ratios. Tests have also been carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of a microplasmatron fuel converter generated gas in a 1995 2.3-L four-cylinder SI production engine. The tests were performed with and without hydrogen-rich gas produced by the plasma boosted fuel converter with gasoline. A one hundred fold reduction in NO x due to very lean operation was obtained under certain conditions. An advantage of onboard plasma-boosted generation of hydrogen-rich gas is that it is used only when required and can be readily turned on and off. Substantial NO x reduction should also be obtainable by heavy exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) facilitated by use of hydrogen-rich gas with stoichiometric operation.
Cross-Talk Between Nitric Oxide and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Malaria

Malaria has re-emerged as a global health problem, leading to an increased focus on the cellular and molecular biology of the mosquito Anopheles and the parasite Plasmodium with the goal of identifying novel points of intervention in the parasite life cycle. Anti-parasite defenses mounted by both mammalian hosts and Anopheles can suppress the growth of Plasmodium. Nonetheless, the parasite is able to escape complete elimination in vivo, perhaps by thwarting or co-opting these mechanisms for its own survival, as do numerous other pathogens. Among the defense systems used by the mammalian host against Plasmodium is the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), catalyzed by an inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Nitric oxide produced by the action of an inducible Anopheles stephensi NO synthase (AsNOS) may be central to the anti-parasitic arsenal of this mosquito. In mammals, iNOS can be modulated by members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) cytokine superfamily. Transforming growth factor-beta is produced as an inactive precursor that is activated following dissociation of certain inhibitory proteins, a process that can be promoted by reaction products of NO as well as by hemin. Ingestion by Anopheles of blood containing Plasmodium initiates parasite development, blood digestion which results in the accumulation of hematin (hemin) in the insect midgut, and induction of both AsNOS and TGF-beta-like (As60A) gene expression in the midgut epithelium. Active mammalian TGF-beta1 can be detected in the A. stephensi midgut up to 48h post-ingestion and latent TGF-beta1 can be activated by midgut components in vitro, a process that is potentiated by NO and that may involve hematin. Further, mammalian TGF-beta1 is perceived as a cytokine by A. stephensi cells in vitro and can alter Plasmodium development in vivo. Bloodfeeding by Anopheles, therefore, results in a juxtaposition of evolutionarily conserved mosquito and mammalian TGF-beta superfamily homologs that may influence transmission dynamics of Plasmodium in endemic regions.
The first births and ongoing pregnancies associated with sperm cryopreservation within evacuated egg zonae

This new procedure principally aims to avoid a second or possibly multiple surgical procedures for sperm extraction from the male partner in cases of limited amounts of sperm cells, where normal freeze-thaw protocols would fail. Patients (n = 34) diagnosed as azoospermic, extreme oligozoospermic, or oligoasthenozoospermic underwent the process of sperm cryopreservation within evacuated egg zonae. Other samples were allocated to conventional sperm freezing. Sperm samples were acquired using testicular sperm extraction (TESE), microepididymal sperm aspiration (MESA), or fresh ejaculate. Subsequently, five of these 34 couples have undergone in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and achieved normal fertilization using post-thawed spermatozoa frozen under zonae pellucidae in conjunction with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The average fertilization rate for the post-thaw injected spermatozoa was 65%. This is comparable with the regular fertilization rate of 65% for combined MESA and TESE using fresh spermatozoa. All patients underwent embryo transfer. The average implantation rate per embryo was 31%; nearly the same for regular MESA/TESE ICSI cycles (32%). The first pregnancy associated with this procedure concluded with the full term delivery of healthy twin girls on July 18, 1997. The remaining four thaw procedures resulted in another twin delivery, an ongoing singleton gestation, a negative pregnancy test and a biochemical pregnancy respectively.
Expression of lineage markers by CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells of adult mice.

Abstract Objective By using a murine transplantation model, we studied the relationship between CD34 expression and expression of CD4 and Mac-1 by hematopoietic stem cells of normal adult mice. Materials and Methods. Cells from Ly-5.1 C57BL/6 mice were used as test cells and lethally irradiated Ly-5.2 mice were used as recipient mice. Peripheral blood was obtained 6 months posttransplantation to analyze engraftment of donor-derived cells. Results. First, we determined that CD34 − long-term reconstituting cells are CD4 − , while some CD34 + stem cells express CD4. We then studied Mac-1 expression. Mac-1 − and Mac-1 low populations of both CD34 − and CD34 + cells were capable of long-term reconstitution. Mac-1 high population of CD34 + cells but not of CD34 − cells also engrafted. Conclusions. These results strongly indicate that depletion of Mac-1 + and CD4 + cells in stem cell purification may inadvertently discard significant populations of CD34 + stem cells. Since positive selection based on CD34 expression is the current practice for purification of human stem cells, our studies may possess implications in the purification of human hematopoietic stem cells.
Exploring the connections among residential location, self-selection, and driving: Propensity score matching with multiple treatments

A large number of studies have investigated the association between the built environment and travel behavior. However, most studies did not explicitly quantify the contribution of residential self-selection to the connection. Using the 2006 data collected from a regional travel diary in Raleigh, NC, this study applies propensity score matching to explore the effects of the regional location of individuals' residences on their vehicle miles driven. We found that residential location plays a more important role in affecting driving behavior than residential self-selection; and that the self-selection effect is non-trivial when we compare driving behavior between urban residents and people living in other areas. Therefore, for such comparisons, the observed influence of residential locations on driving should be appropriately discounted when we evaluate the causal impacts of the built environment on travel behavior.
Highly irregular data accesses with hot spots on a coarse-grained parallel machine

This paper describes deterministic communication-efficient algorithms for performing highly irregular data accesses with hot spots on a coarse-grained parallel machine. The general random access read/write operations with hot spots can be completed in C /spl mu/n/p (+ lower order terms) time and is optimal and scalable provided n/spl ges/O(p/sup 3/+p/sup 2//spl tau///spl mu/) (n is the number of elements distributed across p processors, /spl tau/ is the start-up overhead and 1//spl mu/ is the data transfer rate). C is a small constant between 3 and 4 for the random access write operation, slightly higher for the random access read operation. Monotonic random access reads/writes can be completed with smaller constants and are optimal for smaller n as well.
Reflector Moderated Reactors

The complete spatial separation of moderator and uranium fuel bearing regions are shown by experiment to result in critical reactors with low critical mass and relatively uniform fissioning density. Studies of several of these experiments to establish the accuracy of a numerical method of calculation (SNG) for this class of problems show good correspondence between theory and experiment. This method is then used for a useful survey of critical mass and U/sup 235/ atomic density as a function of geometry for the best moderators, D/sub 2/O and Be. (auth)
Optimal Ramsey taxation with hidden actions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the problem of optimal Ramsey taxation in a finite-planning-horizon, representative-agent endogenous growth model including government expenditures as a productive input in capital formation and also with hidden actions. Design/methodology/approach – Technically, Malliavin calculus and forward integrals are naturally introduced into the macroeconomic theory when economic agents are faced with different information structures arising from a non-Markovian environment. Findings – The major result shows that the well-known Judd-Chamley Theorem holds almost surely if the depreciation rate is strictly positive, otherwise Judd-Chamley Theorem only holds for a knife-edge case or on a Lebesgue measure-zero set when the physical capital is completely sustainable. Originality/value – The author believes that the approach developed as well as the major result established is new and relevant.
Evaluation of tetrazolium as a histochemical index of adrenal cortical activity.

SummaryThe application of the tetrazolium technic to a histochemical differentiation of the zonal activity of the various zones of the adrenal cortex is indicated. The functional activity of the cortical cells would appear to be paralleled by comparable changes in the ability of the cell to reduce tetrazolium. The implication of this type of approach to the problem of adrenal cytophysiology is discussed.We are indebted to Mr. Jack Godrich for the microphotography in this study.
Serum transaminases and aldolase in rats inoculated with Trypanosoma lewisi.

SummaryGlutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), but not aldolase, were elevated in the serum of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi. Increased serum transaminase activity is believed to come from the host' tissues, which presumably are damaged by the parasite, as well as from the disintegrating parasite cells. All 3 enzymes were also present in lysed parasite cells. Here, transaminase activity was high, but aldolase was present in only minimal amounts. GPT was 9-fold more concentrated than GOT.
EVALUATING RISK-PREDICTION MODELS USING DATA FROM ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS.

The availability of data from electronic health records facilitates the development and evaluation of risk-prediction models, but estimation of prediction accuracy could be limited by outcome misclassification, which can arise if events are not captured. We evaluate the robustness of prediction accuracy summaries, obtained from receiver operating characteristic curves and risk-reclassification methods, if events are not captured (i.e., “false negatives”). We derive estimators for sensitivity and specificity if misclassification is independent of marker values. In simulation studies, we quantify the potential for bias in prediction accuracy summaries if misclassification depends on marker values. We compare the accuracy of alternative prognostic models for 30-day all-cause hospital readmission among 4548 patients discharged from the University of Pennsylvania Health System with a primary diagnosis of heart failure. Simulation studies indicate that if misclassification depends on marker values, then the estimated accuracy improvement is also biased, but the direction of the bias depends on the direction of the association between markers and the probability of misclassification. In our application, 29% of the 1143 readmitted patients were readmitted to a hospital elsewhere in Pennsylvania, which reduced prediction accuracy. Outcome misclassification can result in erroneous conclusions regarding the accuracy of risk-prediction models.
Prolonged Cardiac Allograft Donor Distance Does Not Impact Long-Term Survival

s S57 December 2014. Endpoints were incidence of transplantation, waitlist dropout for death or medical worsening, and post-transplant death. Grafts were allocated by simulation to patients according to blood type, morphological and age matching and CRS value, with national sharing. Simulated and historical cumulative incidences of events were compared using a competing risk model for WL events and a Cox model for post transplant death. Results: nCAS significantly decreases the overall mortality from the placement on the waiting list and improves both pre and post transplant patient outcomes. In reducing the transplant access rates gap between High Urgency (HU) and non HU patients, it also provides more equitable dropout risks. Conclusion: A patient-based allocation system including a CRS with objective criteria would correct the excess of positive discrimination for HU patients, providing more equitable results and a very promising alternative to our current CAS. Its combination to a national sharing of all organs would also decrease both WL and post transplant mortality, providing a « just in time » heart allocation for all candidates, improving both efficacy and efficiency.
Blind Source Separation Based on Two-Segment Natural Gradient Algorithm

There are two common algorithms based on natural gradient method,which are fix-step-size algorithm and adaptive step-size algorithm,respectively.Fix-step-size algorithm has a very fast convergence rate in the initial stage of Blind Source Separation.As iteration goes on,however,the step size gradually leads to poor robust performance.On the other hand,for adaptive method,the relatively small initial step size inevitably leads to more times of iteration.To further reduce the contradiction between convergence speed and convergence robust,as well as redundancy computation,two-segment method is therefore proposed in this paper.In addition,the adaptive step formula is modified by the related coefficient with high order.Computer simulation result confirms the effectiveness in improving convergence rate and robustness,as well as reduction of computation in BSS problem.
Preventing or reducing smoking-related complications in otologic and neurotologic surgery

Purpose of reviewTo discuss effects of smoking on otologic surgery in an era of electronic (e-) cigarettes and proposals for legalization of marijuana. Physiologic mechanisms and clinical outcomes are presented.Recent findingsTobacco smoke can cause a variety of tissue effects that may adversely imp
Analytic Hypoellipticity for a New Class of Sums of Squares of Vector Fields in \({\mathcal {R}}^3\)

This paper is devoted to a substantial generalization of previous work on the analytic hypoellipticity of sums of squares \(P=\sum _1^4X^2_j\) of real vector fields with real analytic coefficient in three variables. For p(x, y) quasi-homogeneous in (x, y), consider the vector fields $$\begin{aligned} X_1 = \frac{\partial }{\partial x}, \quad X_2=-\frac{\partial }{\partial y} + p(x,y)\frac{\partial }{\partial t}, \quad X_3=x^{n_1}\frac{\partial }{\partial t}, \quad X_4=y^{n_2}\frac{\partial }{\partial t}, \end{aligned}$$ \( n_1, n_2 \ne 0\). We show that the operator $$\begin{aligned} P=\sum _1^4 X_j^2, \end{aligned}$$ well known to be \(C^\infty \)-hypoelliptic, is actually analytic hypoelliptic near the origin in \({\mathcal {R}}^3\).
Relaxation or breakup of a low-conductivity drop upon removal of a uniform dc electric field

Electric--field induced deformation and relaxation of a prolate low--conductivity drop. At time $t={t}_{\text{initial}}$, a spherical drop is placed under a uniform DC electric field given by ${\mathbit{E}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$, directed from left to right. The drop attains a steady--state three--lobed configuration at $t={t}_{\text{deform}}$. Upon removal of the applied field, the drop achieves breakup at $t={t}_{\text{relax}}$ via an end--pinching mechanism.
Multi-heterodyne dispersion spectroscopy using fabry-pérot quantum cascade lasers

Two Fabry-Perot quantum cascade lasers (FP-QCLs) are used in a differential dual comb configuration to perform swept multi-heterodyne dispersion spectroscopy of low pressure nitrous oxide at kHz ramping rates.
Beneath the material surface of things: Commodities, artifacts, and slave plantations

Archaeologists understand that artifacts can be studied from many different perspectives. Among such analytical possibilities, viewing artifacts as commodities—objects produced for exchange within concrete social contexts—provides an excellent way for historical archaeologists to conceptualize the important roles material objects play in capitalist societies. This perspective accepts that artifacts have both economic and social lives. Within the historic period, slave plantations provide an excellent research universe in which to evaluate the applicability of the artifacts-as-commodities approach.
The Role of Coordination Environment and pH in Tuning the Oxidation Rate of Europium(II)

The EuII/III redox couple offers metal-based oxidation-sensing with magnetic resonance imaging making the study of EuII oxidation chemistry important in the design of new probes. Accordingly, we explored oxidation reactions with a set of EuII -containing complexes. Superoxide formation from the reaction between EuII and dioxygen was observed using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, oxidation kinetics of three EuII -containing complexes with bromate and glutathione disulfide at pH values, including 5 and 7, is reported. In the reaction with bromate, the oxidation rate of two of the complexes increased by 7.3 and 6.7 times upon decreasing pH from 7 to 5, but the rate increased by 17 times for a complex containing amide functional groups over the same pH range. The oxidation rate of a fluorobenzo-functionalized cryptate was relatively slow, indicating that the ligand used to impart thermodynamic oxidative stability might also be useful for controlling oxidation kinetics.
Clinical Presentation, Prognostic Factors and Treatment Outcome of Multiple Myeloma (MM) in African American (AA) Patients.

Abstract AAs have the highest incidence of MM among all racial groups. The impact of race on disease presentation and outcome is the focus of this retrospective study. We analyzed 118 patients of 200 AA patients evaluated at our center from 1998 to 2006. The median age was 54 yrs (range: 28–75); 12 (10%) were younger than 40 yrs. Main presenting symptoms included pain (n= 60, 51%), spinal cord compression (n=9, 8%) and fatigue (n=26, 22%). Eleven patients (9%) were diagnosed following routine blood work and 8 (7%) progressed from prior MGUS. Four patients, all 2 mg/dl (n=32, 28%), albumin 5.5 g/mL (n=32, 28%) and > 3.5–5.5 (n=19, 17%). Ten patients required Hemodialysis, including 3 at initial presentation. Eighty-eight percent had Durie/Salmon stage III. Cytogenetics samples were available for 100 patients; the median number of samples was 4 per patient (range: 1–15). Abnormal karyotype was detected in 29% of the first sample and in 27% of the patients on follow samples. Hyperdiploid karyotype was seen in 16% of the patients and hypodiploid in 6%. Complex abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 3, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14 and 17 were detected in 17, 10, 5, 6, 6, 14, 6, 7 of the patients, respectively. Induction therapy included dexamethasone (n=21, 18%), dexa/thalidomide (n=29, 25%) and various chemotherapy regimens including MP, VAD, DT-PACE, bortezomib (n=65, 55%). Eight-eight patients (75%) received high dose chemotherapy (transplant) at a median of 0.7 yrs (range: 0.1, 9.2 yrs) after diagnosis; however, only 45% were transplanted within 12 months of diagnosis. After transplant 22% of the patients received consolidation chemotherapy and 40% received thalidomide maintenance; 10% had tandem transplants. A complete, near complete or partial response was achieved by 9 %, 1% and 66% of the patients before transplant and by 26%, 22% and 45% after transplant, respectively. Median event free survival after transplant was 1.9 yrs (CI: 1.5–2.7). Median survival from transplant was 4.6 yrs (CI: 3.9–7.6) and 6.7 yrs (CI: 5–8.6) from diagnosis. Median survival after relapse was 2 yrs (CI: 1.1–3) for transplanted patients. The median follow up for entire group (n=118) was 4 yrs and the median survival from diagnosis was 7.4 yrs (95% CI: 5–8.6 yrs); median survival has not been reached yet for non-transplanted nor MGUS patients. A Cox regression model revealed that B2M and abnormalities of chromosome 13 were predictive of survival (p=0.0001, 0.0017, respectively). These data were compared to the landmark analysis of newly diagnosed MM patients by Kyle et al. (2003). AA patients presented at a younger median age 54 yrs with 10 % 7 yrs., a significant improvement in the last 5 years compared to the 3 yr survival reported for MM (AA and Caucasians) patients in the last 3 decades.
Evaluation of electronic technology to assess lamb carcass composition

Accurate price signals are essential for producers of American lamb to ensure production of uniformly lean animals. Development of carcass merit-pricing systems will require the use of objective technology for assessing carcass composition or lean distribution. The objective of this study was to evaluate electronic technologies for accurate determination of lamb carcass composition. Lambs (n = 106) were selected as a representation of U.S. market lambs that transcended geographic location, sex, breed, carcass weight, yield grade, and production system. The independent variables used to predict lamb composition varied with the technology. The electronic technologies tested included realtime ultrasound, optical reflectance probe, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and electromagnetic scanning (TOBEC). All technologies, except realtime ultrasound, were tested on warm (prerigor) carcasses and repeated after a 24-h chill. Longitudinal ultrasonic scans of fat and muscle tissue depth and grading probe fat depths were marginal predictors of proportional carcass yield. The TOBEC measurements often accounted for more variability associated with kilograms of dissected lean and percentage of carcass lean than did carcass weight. Equations from TOBEC measurements were the most accurate predictors of weight and percentage of dissected and fat-free lean. Bioelectrical impedance measurements of resistance and reactance combined with carcass weight were also good predictors of carcass composition. Prediction of carcass lean distribution by measures of TOBEC were the most accurate for prediction of leg lean. The implications of usefulness of these technologies will depend on the commitment of the U. S. sheep industry in development of a lamb price discovery system based on carcass composition.
Attempts to Suppress Episodic Memories Fail but do Produce Demand: Evidence from the P300-Based Complex Trial Protocol and an Implicit Memory Test.

Instructions to voluntarily suppress memories of a mock crime have been reported to result in decreased P300 amplitude during a P300-based concealed information test (CIT) and reduced autobiographical Implicit Association Test (aIAT) D scores, supporting successful suppression. However, one such study, (Hu et al., Psychological science 26(7):1098–1106, 2015) used the P300-based Complex Trial Protocol with a 50–50 target to nontarget ratio, which could impose much response switching and thereby drain cognitive resources, also resulting in reduced P300. The present study replicated Hu et al. (Psychological science 26(7):1098–1106, 2015) with one major variation—a less intrusive 20–80 target to nontarget ratio that required less response switching. Detection rates were high using both the brainwave-based CIT (90% accuracy) and the aIAT (87% accuracy). However we found no significant differences between the suppression and simple guilty groups on the major indices of concealed information detection, which compare probe and irrelevant P300 responses. While we did find that overall P300 amplitude was reduced in the suppression group, this reduction was not specific to probe responses. Additionally, while there were group differences in aIAT hit rates, there were no differences in aIAT D scores. Taken together, these findings suggest that the previously demonstrated reductions in P300 are a reflection of task demand rather than of effective voluntary memory suppression.
Establishing the Research Agenda for Increasing the Representation of Women in Engineering and Computing.

While there is an extensive body of research on gender equity in engineering and computing, there have been few efforts to glean insight from a dialogue among experts. To encourage collaboration and to develop a shared vision of the future research agenda, a two day convening of 50 scholars who work on the topic of gender in engineering and computing was held at a rural conference center. The structure of the conference and the location allowed for time to reflect, dialogue, and to craft an innovative research agenda aimed at increasing the representation of women in engineering and computing. This paper has been written by the conference organizers and details the ideas and recommendations from the scholars. The result is an innovative, collaborative approach to future research that focuses on identifying effective interventions. The new approach includes the creation of partnerships with stakeholders including businesses, government agencies, non-profits and academic institutions to allow a broader voice in setting research priorities. Researchers recommend incorporating multiple disciplines and methodologies, while expanding the use of data analytics, merging and mining existing databases and creating new datasets. The future research agenda is detailed and includes studies focused on socio-cultural interventions particularly on career choice, within undergraduate and graduate programs, and for women in professional careers. The outcome is a vision for future research that can be shared with researchers, practitioners and other stakeholders that will lead to gender equity in the engineering and computing professions.
Prostaglandin Biosynthesis and Metabolism as Measured by Radioimmunoassay

The extent to which unlabeled ligand competes with radioactive ligand for a limited number of receptor sites in a macromolecule serves as a basis for quantitation in competitive protein binding assays. Often, picogram amounts of a particular compound can be estimated. Once the receptor molecule and labeled ligand are available, the assays are relatively simple to perform: mixtures containing labeled ligand, receptor molecule, and sample are incubated; free labeled ligand is separated from receptor-bound labeled ligand, and the extent of binding is determined. Although natural receptors have been employed in several competitive binding assays, their use is limited by their availability and stability. Thus antibodies have been produced to develop radioimmunoassays.
Faculty and staff members' perceptions of internships in the College of Agriculture at Iowa State University

Given its theoretical potential, an experiential internship could serve substantial purposes for all that participate: students, educational institutions, and employers. The value of an internship in college curricula has received increased attention in recent years. Internships appear to offer benefits to all three entities. While the benefits of internships toward students and employers are generally well known, little information concerns their potential benefits to educational institutions. Faculty and staff members' support and commitment are vital in planning and implementing the program. Identification of their concerns and perceptions of internships is the first step in gaining respect for the programs. The College of Agriculture at Iowa State University is committed to excellence in preparing students for careers or further education. Some types of internships have been offered as means to achieve this goal in the departments of the College. Currently, there is little information available on the faculty and staff perceptions of internship programs in the College of Agriculture. Two hundred and eight faculty and staff members, with undergraduate teaching and/or advising responsibilities in the College of Agriculture at Iowa State University, were mailed questionnaires asking the extent of their agreement with the benefits and disadvantages of an internship and their opinions as to the purpose and development of the program. A total of 109 (44.7%) faculty and staff members completed and returned the questionnaire. Results of this study indicate that most faculty and staff respondents, especially those having associated experiences in some types of internships, held positive perceptions about the value of internships. The respondents were neutral about the potential disadvantages
Constitutive NOS expression in cultured endothelial cells is elevated by fluid shear stress.

The role of chronic fluid shear stress on endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) levels may have an important role in vessel diameter control. We subjected primary human umbilical ve...
Triple-rigorous Storytelling: A PI's Reflections on Devising Case Study Methods with Five Community-based Food Justice Organizations

Case study research provides scholarly paths for storytelling, with systematic methodological guides for achieving epistemological rigor in telling true stories and deriving lessons from them. For docu­menting and better understanding work as complex as community organizing for food justice, rigorous storytelling may proffer one of the most suitable research methods. In a five-year action-research project called Food Dignity, leaders of five food justice community-based organizations (CBOs) and academics at four universities collaborated to develop case studies about the work of the five CBOs. In this reflective essay, the project’s principal investigator reviews methods used in other food justice case studies and outlines the case study methods used in Food Dignity. She also recounts lessons learned while developing these methods with collaborators. The community co-investigators show her that telling true stories with morals relating to justice work requires three kinds of methodological rigor: ethical, emotional, and epistemological.
Multistage Stochastic Unit Commitment Using Stochastic Dual Dynamic Integer Programming

Unit commitment (UC) is a key operational problem in power systems for the optimal schedule of daily generation commitment. Incorporating uncertainty in this already difficult mixed-integer optimization problem introduces significant computational challenges. Most existing stochastic UC models consider either a two-stage decision structure, where the commitment schedule for the entire planning horizon is decided before the uncertainty is realized, or a multistage stochastic programming model with relatively small scenario trees to ensure tractability. We propose a new type of decomposition algorithm, based on the recently proposed framework of stochastic dual dynamic integer programming (SDDiP), to solve the multistage stochastic unit commitment (MSUC) problem. We propose a variety of computational enhancements to SDDiP, and conduct systematic and extensive computational experiments to demonstrate that the proposed method is able to handle elaborate stochastic processes and can solve MSUCs with a huge number of scenarios that are impossible to handle by existing methods.
Ligand-based improvement of enantioselectivity in the catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation of dialkyl substituted olefins

Abstract A high level of asymmetric induction was achieved in the asymmetric dihydroxylation of dialkyl substituted olefins using 9-O-aryldihydroquinidines as ligands.
Early Prognostication of 1-Year Outcome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: The FRESH Score Validation

ABSTRACT Background and Aim: The FRESH score is a tool to prognosticate long-term outcomes after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here, for the first time, we aimed to externally validate the disability part of FRESH using its original four score variables. Methods: A total of 107 patients with SAH were prospectively enrolled in the Yale Acute Brain Injury Biorepository between September 2014 and January 2018. 12-month functional outcome was recorded prospectively by trained study investigators using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). FRESH-scores were calculated retrospectively using the original score variables. We used R2 statistics to assess goodness of fit, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to assess ability of the score to discriminate between favorable and unfavorable (defined as mRS 4-6) outcome. Results: We identified 86 patients with SAH with complete 1-year follow-up data. Mean age was 60 years, 60% were women. An aneurysmal bleeding source was found in 71% of patients. 80% underwent aneurysm coiling, and 5% clipping. Sixteen percent of patients were considered high grade on admission (Hunt&Hess score 4 or 5). Discrimination of the FRESH score between favorable and unfavorable outcome was high (AUC 90.8%, confidence interval 81.9%-96.5%). Nagelkerke's (.54) and Cox&Snell's R2 (.35) indicated satisfactory fit. Exclusion of patients without aneurysmal etiology of SAH did not significantly alter model performance. Conclusions: FRESH, a prognostication score of long-term outcomes in patients with SAH showed excellent score performance in this external validation. FRESH may guide the efficient use of hospital resources, family discussions, and stratification of patients in future randomized controlled trials.
Fear and Loathing on Twitter: Exploring Negative Rhetoric in Tweets During the 2018 Midterm Election

This chapter contributes to research on the strategic use of emotions in political campaigns by gauging the presence of negative rhetoric in the social media posts of congressional candidates. Leveraging a dataset of tweets posted by candidates for the U.S. House during the last two months of the 2018 midterm election, we utilize a dictionary-based automated text analysis program to estimate the amount of negative language used by the candidates. Our results demonstrate that the campaign context can affect the likelihood that candidates use negative rhetoric in their tweets, as does gender and partisanship. Challengers, those in competitive races, losers, women, and Democrats were more likely to use anxious, sad, and angry words in their tweets during the run-up to Election Day 2018.