cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Values-Alignment Messaging Boosts Adolescents' Motivation to Control Social Media Use.

Two preregistered experiments with 2,733 U.S. high school students (age range = 13-19 years) compared the impact of different messages on adolescents' motivation to control social media use (SMU). A traditional message emphasized the benefits of avoiding SMU, whereas a values-alignment message framed controlling SMU as being consistent with autonomy and social justice. Compared to no message or a traditional message, in both studies, a values-alignment message led to greater motivation to control SMU immediately afterward, and in Study 2, awareness of "addictive" social media designs 3 months later. As hypothesized, values-alignment messaging was more motivating for girls than boys. Results offer preliminary support for leveraging adolescents' drives for autonomy and social justice to motivate self-regulation of SMU.
Catalytic asymmetric transformations of racemic α-borylmethyl-(E)-crotylboronate via kinetic resolution or enantioconvergent reaction pathways

We report herein catalytic asymmetric transformations of racemic α-borylmethyl-(E)-crotylboronate. The Bronsted acid-catalyzed kinetic resolution–allylboration reaction sequence of the racemic reagent gave (Z)-δ-hydroxymethyl-anti-homoallylic alcohols with high Z-selectivities and enantioselectivities upon oxidative workup. In parallel, enantioconvergent pathways were utilized to synthesize chiral nonracemic 1,5-diols and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with excellent optical purity.
COVID-19 Incidence and Hospitalization During the Delta Surge Were Inversely Related to Vaccination Coverage Among the Most Populous U.S. Counties

ABSTRACT Objective We tested whether COVID-19 incidence and hospitalization rates during the Delta surge were inversely related to vaccination coverage among the 112 most populous counties in the United States, comprising 44 percent of the country's total population. Methods We measured vaccination coverage as the percent of the county population fully vaccinated as of July 15, 2021. We measured COVID-19 incidence as the number of confirmed cases per 100,000 population during the 14-day period ending August 12, 2021 and hospitalization rates as the number of confirmed COVID-19 admissions per 100,000 population during the same 14-day period. Results In log-linear regression models, a 10-percentage-point increase in vaccination coverage was associated with a 28.3% decrease in COVID-19 incidence (95% confidence interval, 16.8 - 39.7%), a 44.9 percent decrease in the rate of COVID-19 hospitalization (95% CI, 28.8 - 61.0%), and a 16.6% decrease in COVID-19 hospitalizations per 100 cases (95% CI, 8.4 - 24.8%). Inclusion of demographic covariables, as well as county-specific diabetes prevalence, did not weaken the observed inverse relationship with vaccination coverage. A significant inverse relationship between vaccination coverage and COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 during August 20 – September 16 was also observed. The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 through June 30, 2021, a potential indicator of acquired immunity due to past infection, had no significant relation to subsequent case incidence or hospitalization rates in August. Conclusion Higher vaccination coverage was associated not only with significantly lower COVID-19 incidence during the Delta surge, but also significantly less severe cases of the disease. Public Interest Summary We tested whether COVID-19 incidence and hospitalization rates during the Delta variant-related surge were inversely related to vaccination coverage among the 112 most populous counties in the United States, together comprising 44 percent of the country's total population. A 10-percentage-point increase in vaccination coverage was associated with a 28.3% decrease in COVID-19 incidence, a 44.9 percent decrease in the rate of COVID-19 hospitalization, and a 16.6% decrease in COVID-19 hospitalizations per 100 cases. Inclusion of demographic covariables, as well as county-specific diabetes prevalence, did not weaken the observed inverse relationship with vaccination coverage. A significant inverse relationship between vaccination coverage and COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 during August 20 – September 16 was also observed. Higher vaccination coverage was associated not only with significantly lower COVID-19 incidence during the Delta surge, but also significantly less severe cases of the disease.
CHAPTER 7 – Enzymes II: Regulation

This chapter describes the regulatory activity of enzymes. A metabolic pathway involves various enzymes functioning in a sequential manner or in some unique arrangement to carry out a particular metabolic process. Control of a pathway is accomplished through modulation of the activity of only one or a few key enzymes. These regulatory enzymes usually catalyze the first or an early reaction in a metabolic sequence. A regulatory enzyme catalyzes a rate-limiting (or rate-determining) chemical reaction that controls the overall pathway. It may also catalyze a chemical reaction unique to that pathway, which is known as a committed step. The absolute amount of a regulatory enzyme may be altered through mechanisms that control gene expression. This regulation at the genetic level occurs during various phases of reproduction, growth, and development, with different metabolic pathways being turned on or off in accordance with the special requirements of each phase. Several short-term regulatory mechanisms control metabolic activity rapidly, and both substrates and some hormones play significant roles in regulating the concentration of key enzymes at this level. Many drugs or other chemicals can also increase levels of enzymes that affect their own metabolism. Regulation of metabolic processes can also accomplish the use of a multienzyme complex in which various enzymes are organized, so that the product of one becomes the substrate for an adjacent enzyme. Another type of regulation is accomplished by a series of proenzymes in which activation of the initial proenzyme by a biological signal activates the second proenzyme, which in turn activates the third. Regulation is also accomplished by compartmentalization of enzyme systems involved in anabolic and catabolic pathways into different cell organelles.
Placental transfer of chelated iron in the guinea pig.

Abstract Transplacental passage of maternally administered chelated iron was studied with the in situ perfusion technique of Money and Dancis. The placental barrier is impermeable to ferric citrate, ferric fructose, a number of amino acid chelates, and ferrioxamine iron chelates. Direct placental passage of iron administered bound to N,N′ ethylene bis (2-[2-hydroxy-5-cholorophenyl] glycine) (Cl-EHPG) was observed. Passage of iron from maternal to fetal compartments is not necessarily dependent upon differences in iron-binding capabilities of maternal or fetal transferrins or the presence of an intact fetus.
Word Level Confidence Annotation using Combinations of Features

This paper describes the development of a word-level confidence metric suitable for use in a dialog system. Two aspects of the problems are investigated: the identification of useful features and the selection of an effective classifier. We find that two parse-level features, Parsing-Mode and SlotBackoff-Mode, provide annotation accuracy comparable to that observed for decoder-level features. However, both decoderlevel and parse-level features independently contribute to confidence annotation accuracy. In comparing different classification techniques, we found that Support Vector Machines (SVMs) appear to provide the best accuracy. Overall we achieve 39.7% reduction in annotation uncertainty for a binary confidence decision in a travel-planning domain.
Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) flight demonstration

Cryostats for space applications have unique requirements including significant weight and volume limits as well as the need to take into account zero gravity when designing fluid systems. This chapter describes the design, testing and space operations of the Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) flight demonstration. Topics covered in the design of the SHOOT cryostats include: structural and thermal insulation design, phase separation and liquid acquisition systems, the use of thermomechanical pumps, instrumentation and safety. Operations on both the ground and on orbit are also discussed.
Language Preference and Perceptions of Healthcare Providers’ Communication and Autonomy Making Behaviors among Hispanics

Background To examine influence of language preference—English versus Spanish—on Hispanics’ perceptions of their healthcare providers’ communication behaviors. Methods Using the 2005 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we observed non-institutionalized Hispanics (n = 5197; US population estimate = 27,070,906), aged ≥18 years, reporting visiting a healthcare provider within the past 12 months. Results When compared to Spanish responders (reference group), English responders were more likely to report that their healthcare provider “always” listened to them carefully (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.78), “always” explained things so that they understood (adjusted OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.08–1.73), “always” spent enough time with them (adjusted OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.24–2.11),”always” asked them to help make decisions (adjusted OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.03–1.82), and “always” showed respect for treatment decisions (adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.27–2.19). Discussion Healthcare providers should consider the complex needs of Hispanic patients whose language of choice is not English.
Definitive spectroscopic determination of zero-field splitting in high-spin cobalt(II).

A high-spin Co(II) complex (3d7, S = 3/2), Co(PPh3)2Cl2 (Ph = phenyl), has been investigated in the solid state by both high-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR) and by variable-temperature, variable-field magnetic circular dichroism (VTVH-MCD). In HFEPR spectroscopy, the combination of variable sub-THz frequencies generated by backward wave oscillators (150−700 GHz, corresponding to energy 5−23 cm-1) and high magnetic fields (0−25 T) constitutes a novel experimental technique allowing accurate determination of a complete set of spin Hamiltonian parameters for this complex: D = −14.76(2) cm-1, E = 1.141(8) cm-1, gx = 2.166(4), gy = 2.170(4), gz = 2.240(5). Independent VTVH-MCD studies on multiple absorption bands of the complex yield D = −14(3) cm-1, E = 0.96(20) cm-1 (|E/D| = 0.08(2)), gx = 2.15(5), gy = 2.16(4), and gz = 2.17(3). This very good agreement between HFEPR and MCD indicates that there is no inherent discrepancy between these two quite different experimental technique...
Reproduction and development of the polychaete Stauronereis rudolphi , including a summary of development in the superfamily Eunicea

The life history of the dorvilleid polychaete Stauronereis rudolphi (Delle Chiaje) was studied through the F2 generation under laboratory conditions. The species released its gametes into the water where fertilization occurred. The pelagic larvae swam for one week before settling. Segments were added successively and sexual maturity was reached in one year of laboratory culture. Spawned adults recovered and began feeding a few days after spawning. The culture techniques and foods used to rear developing eggs, larvae, juveniles, and adults were described. Comparisons were made with other developmental studies in the superfamily Eunicea.
Interfacial defect structure at Sb2Te3 precipitates in the thermoelectric compound AgSbTe2

We analyze a line defect at the interface between tetradymite-structured Sb 2 Te 3 and rocksalt-structured AgSbTe 2 using high-resolution electron microscopy. By determining the step-height and Burgers vector of this defect, we show how motion of the defect, through a diffusive glide mechanism, can transform material from the rocksalt structure to the tetradymite structure. We discuss the atomic flux requirements for this defect motion. This analysis helps to explain the growth mechanism of tetradymite precipitates within rocksalt-structured chalcogenides.
Usefulness of the newly revised composite index of leading indicators as a quantitative predictor

Abstract This paper compares the performance of the current and earlier versions of the Commerce Department's Composite Index of Leading Indicators as predictors of quantitative (percentage) changes in real GNP. Almon-type distributed lag functions are estimated over a sample period covering the years 1948–1970. Tests of predictive accuracy focus on the post-sample period 1971–1975. The results, in terms of three commonly accepted measures of forecast accuracy (root mean square error, mean absolute error and Theil's U), indicate that the new index performs marginally better than the best of the older versions.
Two-dimensional biomechanical model for estimating strength of youth and adolescents for manual material handling tasks

Youth and adolescents are routinely engaged in manual material handling (MMH) tasks that may exceed their strength capability to perform the task and may place them at excessive risk for musculoskeletal disorders. This paper reports on a two-dimensional biomechanical model that was developed to assess MMH tasks performed by youth 3-21 years of age. The model uses age, gender, posture of the youth performing the MMH activity, and weight of the load handled as input, and provides an estimate of the strength demands of the task and spinal disc compression and shear force resulting from the activity as output. The model can be used to assess whether a specific MMH task exceeds the strength demands for youth of certain ages or genders, which of the internal muscle strengths are most affected, and provides information about the estimated spinal disc compression and shear forces on the spine as a result of the specified MMH task. These results would be helpful in deciding whether a task is appropriate for a youth to perform or whether a certain task modification may be sufficient in reducing the physical demands to a level acceptable for a youth of certain age and gender.
Influence of Season on Comb Development of Chicks Following Oral Administration of Methyl Testosterone

Abstract THE discovery of considerable amounts of male hormone in the feces of dairy cattle, (Riley and Hammond, 1942) raises the intriguing problem as to the possible functional activity of this hormone during pregnancy and lactation. It was considered important to determine the rate of elimination of the male hormone in individual cows during various physiological conditions. A simple biological assay method was developed consisting of feeding 10 percent dry cow manure in the chick starter ration in place of an equal amount of alfalfa meal (Turner, 1947). At 28 days of age the chicks were sacrificed, the comb cut off even with the head and weighed. To obtain an estimate of the amount of androgenic hormone present in manure, a comparison was made with the comb weight which could be stimulated by the oral administration of methyl testosterone. It was observed that chicks fed methyl testosterone at the rate of . . .
PREVENTION OF ENDOTOXIN EFFECTS IN A GRAFT-NEGATIVE SEPTICEMIA MODEL WITH POLYMYXIN B

The antibiotic polymyxin B sulfate has been shown to neutralize endotoxin lethality in chick embryos and adrenalectomized mice and to prevent endotoxin induced leukopenia, thrombocytopenia disseminated intravascular coagulation and renal cortical necrosis in rabbits. In this study, the anti-endotoxin effect of polymyxin B was investigated in experimentally induced septicemia in rabbits. The Pasteurella multocida organisms were sensitive to the antibacterial action of penicillin, but not to polymyxin B. Twenty-five animals pretreated with polymyxin showed positive blood cultures and significantly reduced plasma endotoxin levels (Limulus test) with normal white blood cell and platelet counts when analyzed six hours after the injection of live organisms. Polymyxin therapy, given after the animals had established endotoxemia-septicemia, reduced the plasma endotoxin levels and improved the survival, but had no effect on the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Forty-seven control animals treated only with saline revealed the characteristic findings of positive blood cultures, high endotoxin activity levels, severe leukopenia and thrombocytopenia and a high mortality rate. The best survival data were obtained in rabbits who were treated with both penicillin and polymyxin. The data suggests that polymyxin B is effective in neutralizing the endotoxin effects from live organisms and that the timing of polymyxin treatment is of critical importance.
Tentative compilation: A design for an APL compiler

The overall design of an APL compiler which achieves significant savings of temporary storage is outlined. A graphical intermediate representation for APL expressions is described. Transformations which may be applied to this intermediate representation to select improved array access orders are presented with examples of the storage savings obtained.
The Economic and Educational State of Black Americans in the 21st Century: Should We be Optimistic or Concerned?:

This report presents an overview of the economic and educational status of black Americans. In addition to summarizing blacks’ current economic condition, long-term trends are also presented. The purpose of this report is to highlight information that will accentuate the magnitude of the black socioeconomic disadvantage. My goal is to generate discussion about policies in which people have an awareness of the scale and time it will take to address racial inequality. Therefore, this report is more descriptive than prescriptive. To help facilitate thinking about potential policy directions, economic patterns are shown across various presidential administrations.
Leiomyosarcoma of the gastro-intestinal tract: general pattern of metastasis and recurrence

Clinically, epithelial cancers (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas) metastasize primarily by the lymphatic route, while mesenchymal sarcomas more frequently enter the blood stream directly. Nevertheless metastatic involvement of regional nodes has been seen in 13% of patients with soft tissue sarcomas and in 7% of bone sarcomas at initial presentation (29). About one-third of the leiomyosarcomas of the gastro-intestinal tract developed metastasis and about 90% of the metastasis were intra-abdominal (45). Liver is the most common site of metastasis, followed by peritoneal seeding and local recurrence or extension. Regional nodal metastasis also has been noted both initially and subsequently. The most important criterion of diagnosing leiomyosarcoma appears to be the presence of mitosis. Leiomyosarcoma with 1 mitosis per 2 high power fields or epithelioid leiomyosarcoma with 1 mitosis per 5 fields behaved aggressively. Additional criteria useful for diagnosing and for determining prognosis of malignancy include the presence of necrosis, cellular atypia, and the gross size of the tumor. In general, almost all tumors larger than 5 cm in diameter should be viewed with suspicion. For patients with gastric leiomyosarcomas, a proportion, sometimes as high as 14%, had perigastric lymph node involvement at diagnosis (9), and about 7% of those who relapsed had regional nodal metastasis (Table 2). For patients with leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine, about 5% of the patients had nodal metastasis initially, and 9% subsequently (Table 4). Regional lymphatic metastasis also has been reported in leiomyosarcoma of the colorectum. It is believed that wide resection of normal tissues (at least 10 cm margin on either side of tumor) and adjacent mesentery (with routine omentectomy for gastric lesions) not only may discover a higher frequency of occult metastasis in the regional lymph node, but will also decrease the chance of loco-regional relapse and the occurrence of sarcomatosis. As a result of this review and a previous one (30), the surgeon ought to consider when faced with a smooth muscle tumor of the gastro-intestinal tract a wide segmental resection including the adjacent mesentery and omentum, because (a) the precise histologic nature of the lesion (benign vs. malignant) is hard to define even by permanent sections; (b) the possibility of involvement of draining nodes exists and (c) little or no increase in morbidity is anticipated between a wide, as against a limited wedge or segmental resection of gastrointestinal tract. The last point does not need elaboration, except for the very unusual lesions of the duodenum, distal stomach or lower rectum. When adherence to this principle would require a pancreaticoduodenectomy, near total gastrectomy or abdominoperineal resection, it may be wise to establish a definitive histologic diagnosis of the primary lesion first, and to use a more conservative procedure initially.
Amphetamine microinjections into distinct striatal subregions cause dissociable effects on motor and ingestive behavior.

The mammalian striatum, although cytoarchitecturally consistent throughout its extent, is considered heterogeneous with regard to functional subregions. The present study investigated the behavioral effects of amphetamine microinjections into specific subregions within the striatum. These three sites, the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc), ventrolateral striatum (VLS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS), were selected on the basis of their differential afferent projections. Three groups of rats were implanted with guide cannulae aimed at these sites, and were tested in their home cages following intrastriatal administration of saline, 0.1, 1.0, or 5.0 micrograms amphetamine (0.5 microliters bilaterally). Spontaneous motor and ingestive behaviors (the rats were maintained ad libitum) were observed and recorded over a 40-min session. Amphetamine injected into the N.Acc produced a dose-dependent increase in locomotion and rearing and decreased the average duration of rears. No effects were found on feeding or drinking. Amphetamine injected into the VLS had no overall effects on motor behavior, except to decrease locomotion and rearing in the first 10 min following the high dose. During this period, however, VLS amphetamine-treated animals showed increased levels of feeding, with no effects on drinking. At the higher doses of amphetamine infused into the VLS, some rats showed a marked but short-lasting stereotyped biting of the forepaws. Amphetamine injected into the DLS resulted in no measurable changes in behavior. Findings are interpreted as evidence for the diversity of the striatal dopamine system, based on its limbic and cortical connections, and suggest in particular that the ventrolateral striatum may critically mediate oral behavior.
SU-GG-T-412: Modeling the Dose Rate Effect On High Dose Rate (HDR) Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) Treatment

Purpose: The objective of this study is to quantify the loss of radiobiological effect during a protracted Partial Breast Irradiation treatment using HDR interstitial brachytherapy and the MammoSite balloon applicator. Method and Materials: Given the relatively short half‐life of Ir‐192, a range of dose rates are employed clinically. The position and size of target relative to radiation source differs for MammoSite and an interstitial implant thereby affecting the treatment time. Two treatment plans (one for each modality) were used to simulate the treatment delivery with variable source strengths (3–9 Ci) and treatment times (250–1,000 s). The radiobiological effect was quantified using the Biologically Effective Dose (BED) formalism for each voxel of the target. These values were then aggregated, thereby removing the dose non‐uniformity contribution, into an Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUBED). Two models were employed: BED0 that simply takes into account the total dose, fraction size and α/β ratio, and BED1 which accounts for repair and the delivery time sequence. The PTV for the MammoSite applicator was 86.3 cc, and that of the interstitial implant was 120.5 cc (16 catheters). Results: While the EUBED0 for both modalities, assuming uniform dose distributions is 62.9Gy (α/β=4Gy, fraction size=3.4Gy), the effect of non‐uniform distributions raises the EUBED0 to 74.6Gy and 76.0 Gy for the interstitial case and the MammoSite applicator, respectively. When repair and the delivery time sequence is considered, EUBED1 drops dramatically to 54.5Gy, 39.5Gy and 36.4Gy, for treatment times one, two and three times longer than the actual treatment time. Similar results were noted with the MammoSite treatment.Conclusion: There appears to be a significant loss of radiobiological effect with protracted HDR treatments. We are advocating recording of treatment times along with other dosimetric parameters as these may impact the clinical outcome.
Multiple Driving Forces Required for Efficient Secretion of Autotransporter Virulence Proteins

Autotransporter (AT) proteins are a broad class of virulence proteins from Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that require their own C-terminal transmembrane domain to translocate their N-terminal passenger across the bacterial outer membrane (OM). But given the unavailability of ATP or a proton gradient across the OM, it is unknown what energy source(s) drives this process. Here we used a combination of computational and experimental approaches to quantitatively compare proposed AT OM translocation mechanisms. We show directly for the first time that when translocation was blocked an AT passenger remained unfolded in the periplasm. We demonstrate that AT secretion is a kinetically controlled, non-equilibrium process coupled to folding of the passenger and propose a model connecting passenger conformation to secretion kinetics. These results reconcile seemingly contradictory reports regarding the importance of passenger folding as a driving force for OM translocation but also reveal that another energy source is required to initiate translocation.
Boosting algorithms for simultaneous feature extraction and selection

The problem of simultaneous feature extraction and selection, for classifier design, is considered. A new framework is proposed, based on boosting algorithms that can either 1) select existing features or 2) assemble a combination of these features. This framework is simple and mathematically sound, derived from the statistical view of boosting and Taylor series approximations in functional space. Unlike classical boosting, which is limited to linear feature combinations, the new algorithms support more sophisticated combinations of weak learners, such as “sums of products” or “products of sums”. This is shown to enable the design of fairly complex predictor structures with few weak learners in a fully automated manner, leading to faster and more accurate classifiers, based on more informative features. Extensive experiments on synthetic data, UCI datasets, object detection and scene recognition show that these predictors consistently lead to more accurate classifiers than classical boosting algorithms.
Cellular phenotype switching and microvesicles

Cell phenotype alteration by cell-derived vesicles presents a new aspect for consideration of cell fate. Accumulating data indicates that vesicles from many cells interact with or enter different target cells from other tissues, altering their phenotype toward that of the cell releasing the vesicles. Cells may be changed by direct interactions, transfer of cell surface receptors or epigenetic reprogramming via transcriptional regulators. Induced epigenetic changes appear to be stable and result in significant functional effects. These data force a reconsideration of the cellular context in which transcription regulates the proliferative and differentiative fate of tissues and suggests a highly plastic cellular system, which might underlay a relatively stable tissue system. The capacity of marrow to convert to non-hematopoietic cells related to vesicle cross-communication may underlie the phenomena of stem cell plasticity. Additionally, vesicles have promise in the clinical arenas of disease biomarkers, tissue restoration and control of neoplastic cell growth.
Survey of North American bicycle commuters: design and aggregate results

Although interest exists in promoting bicycle commuting to help meet air quality and commuter-trip reduction goals, there are virtually no data on bicycle commuters. A comprehensive survey, distributed over the Internet and by mail, of such commuters has been conducted, with 2,374 responses received from all regions of the United States and Canada. Information was gathered in seven categories: about your commuting; about the facilities you use; about your bike; about your motivation; about safety/accidents; about your health; and about you and your household. Comments were also collected. Although the average bicycle commuter is a 39-year-old male professional with a household income in excess of $45,000 per year who rides 10.6 months per year, nearly one in five respondents was female. Average annual bicycle-commuting distance was 3100 km, although these same cyclists rode an average of 5500 km for all trip purposes. Just under 10 percent reported having an accident in the previous 12 months. A relative ...
Inhibition of Experimental Liver Cancer in Rats by Addition of an Adsorbent to the Diet.

SummaryThe relatively indigestible fractions of yeast, liver, and rice bran efficiently adsorb butter yellow (paradimethylaminoazobenzene) and thus remove this carcinogen from solution in vitro. In order to determine whether an adsorbent alone might confer protection against carcinogenesis, a riboflavin-free adsorbent clay, montmorillonite, was added to a diet containing butter yellow and fed to 20 young rats. During 175 days of feeding, only one of the 20 animals developed a palpable liver tumor, whereas 18 of 20 control rats developed such a tumor. That a considerable portion of the carcinogen was eliminated by adsorption upon the clay was indicated by the observation that the rats receiving the clay excreted 53% less carcinogenic dye in the urine than did the animals receiving no montmorillonite.
Reactions of small covalent molecules with coal: trifluoroacetic acid

Abstract Anhydrous ammonia, methanol, and other protonic reagents have been utilized for the chemical comminution of coal. In this investigation, subbituminous, low-volatile bituminous and high-volatile bituminouscoals have been comminuted readily by trifluoroacetic acid. Approximately 5% of the original coal dissolves during the trifluoroacetic acid treatment leaving a material which has a high calorific value. The pyritic and organic sulphur contents and the ash yields are greatly reduced. Micrographs after treatment show the layered structure of the coal.
Multivariable systems: Factorization of det[I+ FG] as a product of measurable gains

A determinantal technique of Bode is used to exhibit a factorization of det[ I + FG ] as a product of factors that are easy to measure and easy to interpret even when F is not diagonal. It is stressed that both F and G may be transcendental.
Non-linear dynamics of a geared rotor-bearing system with multiple clearances

The nonlinear frequency response characteristics of a geared rotor-bearing system are examined. A three-DOF dynamic model is developed which includes nonlinearities associated with radial clearances in the radial rolling element bearings and backlash between a spur gear pair; linear time-invariant gear meshing stiffness is assumed. The corresponding linear system problem is also solved, and predicted natural frequencies and modes match with finite element method results. The applicability of both analytical and numerical solution techniques to the multi-DOF nonlinear problem is investigated. Satisfactory agreement is found between the theory presented here and the available experimental data. Nonlinear modal interactions and differences between internal static transmission error excitation and external torque excitation are discussed. In addition, parametric studies are performed to understand the effect of system parameters such as bearing stiffness to gear mesh stiffness ratio, alternating to mean force ratio and radial bearing preload to mean force ratio on the nonlinear dynamic behavior.
Microbial reduction of perchlorate with zero-valent iron

Microbial reduction of perchlorate in the presence of zero-valent iron was examined in both batch and column reactors to assess the potential of iron as the electron donor for biological perchlorate reduction process. Iron-supported mixed cultures completely removed 65 mg/L of perchlorate in batch reactors in 8 days. The removal rate was similar to that observed with hydrogen gas (5%) and acetate (173 mg/L) as electron donors. Repeated spiking of perchlorate to batch reactors containing iron granules and microorganisms showed that complete perchlorate reduction by the iron-supported culture was sustained over a long period. Complete removal of perchlorate by iron-supported anaerobic culture was also achieved in a bench-scale iron column with a hydraulic residence time of 2 days. This study demonstrated the potential applicability of zero-valent iron as a source of electrons for biological perchlorate reduction. Use of zero-valent iron may eliminate the need to continually supply electron donors such as organic substrates or explosive hydrogen gas. In addition, iron is inexpensive, safe to handle, and does not leave organic residuals in the treated water.
Stroke in Young Adults: Progress and Opportunities

The epidemiology of stroke in young adults has been a relatively neglected area of study considering its relative prevalence in clinical practice; the relationship of oral contraceptive use, pregnancy
Global Approaches to Chromatin

Eukaryotic genomes, which comprise as many as 3 billion DNA bases, are packaged into a higher-ordered structure called chromatin. Over the last decade, biochemical and genetic analyses have led to an almost revolutionary understanding of chromatin as a fundamental regulator of genome function rather than as a structural scaffold. However, studies that focus on specific genes, proteins, and histone modifications are limited in their ability to describe comprehensively the structure and function of chromatin. Systematic approaches, reviewed here, are beginning to achieve this kind of global perspective.
Photoacoustic molecular imaging of ferritin as a reporter gene

Spectral analysis of photoacoustic (PA) molecular imaging (PMI) of ferritin expressed in human melanoma cells (SK-24) was performed in vitro. Ferritin is a ubiquitously expressed protein which stores iron that can be detected by PA imaging, allowing ferritin to act as a reporter gene. To over-express ferritin, SK-24 cells were co-transfected with plasmid expressing Heavy chain ferritin (H-FT) and plasmid expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP-C1) using Lipofectamine TM 2000. Non-transfected SK-24 cells served as a negative control. Fluorescent imaging of EGFP confirmed transfection and transgene expression in co-transfected cells. To detect iron accumulation in SK-24 cells, a focused high frequency ultrasonic transducer (60 MHz, f/1.5), synchronized to a pulsed laser ( 2 ), was used to scan the PA signal from 680 nm to 950 nm (in 10 nm increments) from the surface of the 6-well culturing plate. PA signal intensity from H-FT transfected SK-24 cells was not different from that of non-transfected SK-24 cells at wavelengths less than 770 nm, but was over 4 dB higher than non-transfected SK-24 cells at 850 ~ 950 nm. Fluorescent microscopy indicates significant accumulation of ferritin in H-FT transfected SK-24 cells, with little ferritin expression in non-transfected SK-24 cells. The PA spectral analysis clearly differentiates transfected SK-24 cells from nontransfected SK-24 cells with significantly increased iron signal at 850 ~ 950 nm, and these increased signals were associated with transfection of H-FT plasmid. As such, the feasibility of ferritin as a reporter gene for PMI has been demonstrated in vitro. The use of ferritin as a reporter gene represents a new concept for PA imaging, and may provide various opportunities for molecular imaging and basic science research.
Cellulosic separator applications : new and improved separators for alkaline rechargeable cells

Abstract A study has been established at Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division (NAVSURFWARCENDIV) and Rutgers University to obtain material analysis data on cellulosic separator properties such as tensile strength and swelling of alkaline-soaked film samples, degree of polymerization and crystallinity, cationic and anionic diffusion and penetration rates in alkaline media, and X-ray diffraction for crystallinity. These data are then related to cycleand wet-life information from model electrochemical cells as a function of separator composition on an alkaline chemistry rechargeable cell set. The first examples used in this program are silver-zinc rechargeable cells of 28 Ah capacity, identical in every respect except for the separator composition, which are being tested in statistically significant numbers under identical temperature and relative humidity conditions, with 45% KOH as the electrolyte. The cycle-life test regime of continuous cycling is: C/5 discharge to 1.30 V, and C/30 and C/60 charge to 2.03 V, while the wet-life test regime includes a 30-day wet-stand at full charge between cycles. At the outset of the cell testing, a baseline cell was selected from each set in the matrix after the so-called formation cycling was complete, and the physical properties of crystallinity, tensile strength, and degree of polymerization were re-measured. Then, at intervals during cycleand wetlife cycling, and as cells fail the life tests, these properties will be measured again for selected cells. In this way a correlation will be established between separator life under charge/discharge conditions in actual cells and the critical physical properties of each separator film. Eight separator compositions, all cellulose-based, are being evaluated. The purpose of the study is to utilize the cycle- and wet-life data which are a function of separator composition and physical properties in the alkaline chemistry rechargeable cell set, to designate a ‘best’ separator for incorporation into actual production cells by the manufacturing community for silver/zinc rechargeable cells. The recommendations will take the form of minimum separator physical properties which are beneficial to cell performance and long life, resulting in an improvement in the assets available for Fleet use in the US Navy. This paper discusses the data available to date on cycle- and wet-life, and their relationship to separator physical properties before and at several stages during cycling.
Fraunhofer Diffraction Effects on Total Power for a Planckian Source

An algorithm for computing diffraction effects on total power in the case of Fraunhofer diffraction by a circular lens or aperture is derived. The result for Fraunhofer diffraction of monochromatic radiation is well known, and this work reports the result for radiation from a Planckian source. The result obtained is valid at all temperatures.
Mechanism of the peroxidase activity of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase

In addition to its very efficient catalysis of the dismutation of superoxide ( O(2)(-) ) into O(2) plus H(2)O(2), Cu, Zn SOD acts less efficiently as a non-specific peroxidase. This peroxidase activity is CO(2) dependent although very slow peroxidation of some substrates occurs in the absence of CO2. The mechanism of that CO(2) dependence is explained by the generation of a strong oxidant at the copper site by two sequential reactions with H(2)O(2), followed by the oxidation of CO(2) to the carbonate radical that then diffuses into the bulk solution. This diffusible carbonate radical is then responsible for the diverse oxidations that have been reported. A different mechanism that involves the reduction of peroxymonocarbonate by the reduced superoxide dismutase to yield carbonate radical has been proposed. We will demonstrate that this mechanism is not supported by the available data. It seems likely that generation of the carbonate radical has relevance to the oxidative stress faced by aerobic organisms.
Chicken hepatic metabolism in vitro. Protein and energy relations in the broiler chicken--VI. Effect of dietary protein and energy restrictions on in vitro carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and metabolic hormone profiles.

l. Ross male broiler chicks growing from 14 to 28 days of age were fed 14 and 20% protein diets (4 kcal day-~/body wt °~ ) or 20 and 28% protein diets (2.8 kcal day-I/body wt °66 ) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to determine the effects of protein and energy intakes on in vitro lipogenesis (IVL) and net glucose production (NGP). Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucagon, thyroid hormones (T3 and T 4) and somatomedin-C (Sm-C) were estimated by radioimmunoassay. 2. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in IVL in the chicks given the higher daily protein intake. 3. The higher protein intake increased (P < 0.05) NGP while the lower energy intake decreased (P < 0.05) NGP. 4. Insulin, both thyroid hormones and Sm-C were affected by dietary energy and protein intakes.
Spatiotemporal correlations in criminal offense records

With the increased availability of rich behavioral datasets, we present a novel application of tools to analyze this information. Using criminal offense records as an example, we employ cross-correlation measures, eigenvalue spectrum analysis, and results from random matrix theory to identify spatiotemporal patterns on multiple scales. With these techniques, we show that most significant correlation exists on the time scale of weeks and identify clusters of neighborhoods whose crime rates are affected simultaneously by external forces.
Microtopography and the organization of two assemblages of coral reef fishes in the west indies

Abstract Two walls of Salt River Canyon, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands are at the same depth in the fore reef environment and are separated by only 100 m, but they differ in microtopography. Replicate visual censuses of the fish assemblages on these two walls, by four saturation divers, gave consistent estimates of the species assemblages on the two walls. Significant faunal differences between the two walls are best understood in terms of combined features of coloration, predator avoidance, and feeding habit displayed regularly by individuals occupying a given microhabitat. It appears that characteristic sets of environmental circumstances occur within a habitat with sufficient frequency to give a consistent direction to natural selection, producing the patterns we have observed. Thus, form and function is predictable in relation to microhabitat, although species occurrence is not. The “order” and “chaos” concepts of community structure in coral reef fish, with their narrow focus on the predictability of species occurrence, underemphasize the possibility for a simple and direct role for natural selection in shaping the functional characteristics of an assemblage on a small scale
Assessment of growth of formula-fed infants: evolutionary considerations.

Despite the general acknowledgment that breastfeeding is the most desirable means of feeding normal infants, it is evident that many infants are currently fed infant formulas and that evaluation of the adequacy of such formulas is an important topic in the field of pediatrics. During early infancy, growth is the most sensitive index of health, and growth is therefore a critical component in evaluation of the adequacy of a new infant formula. To use growth as a component of formula evaluation, it is necessary to select a reference population, and there is an ongoing debate about which of several reference populations is most suitable. On first consideration, the breastfed infant may seem a logical choice as a reference. It can be pointed out that the lactation process has been modified by evolutionary forces over millions of years, and human milk is generally agreed to be the model for development of infant formulas. Nowhere is the superiority of human milk over infant formula more clearly evident than in protection against infection. The major antiinfective components of human milk have not been incorporated into currently available infant formulas, and there is little likelihood that this will occur in the future. Nevertheless, based on an argument that will be presented, the overwhelming evidence that breastfeeding is the preferred way to nourish infants does not logically lead to the conclusion that data on growth of breastfed infants are suitable for assessment of growth of formula-fed infants. Growth of infants fed a new formula needs to be tested over an interval that includes a substantial portion of the neonatal growth spurt (ie, from 8 to 42 days of age). Data are available for intervals of 8 to 112 days, 14 to 112 days, and 28 to 112 days.1 Intervals beginning after 28 days of … Address correspondence to Samuel J. Fomon, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1083. E-mail: samfomon{at}aol.com
Photoionization of Fe XV from threshold to the K-shell

The photoionization cross section of Mg-like Fe?XV is calculated from the first ionization threshold to 700?Ryd using the R-matrix method. The detailed structure and resonances of the cross section across the L- and K-shell thresholds is described. These resonances are shown to enhance the photoionization rate of Fe?XV by up to several factors, when illuminated by an x-ray flux.
Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights.

More than 20,000 autopsy reports from several general hospitals were surveyed for the purpose of selecting brains without a pathological lesion that had been weighed in the fresh condition. From this number, 2,773 males and 1,963 females were chosen for whom body weight, body height, and cause of death had been recorded. The data were segregated into 23 age groups ranging from birth to 86+ years and subjected to statistical evaluation. Overall, the brain weights in males were greater than in females by 9.8%. The largest increases in brain weights in both sexes occurred during the first 3 years of life, when the value quadruples over that at birth, while during the subsequent 15 years the brain weight barely quintuples over that at birth. Progressive decline in brain weight begins at about 45 to 50 years of age and reaches its lowest values after age 86 years, by which time the mean brain weight has decreased by about 11% relative to the maximum brain weight attained in young adults (about 19 years of age). Computed regression lines for brain weights versus body heights and body weights and for ratios of brain weights to body heights and weights versus age groups show clearly differential rates of change in brain weights which are less affected by sex.
Infection of Grape Berry and Rachis Tissues by Phomopsis viticola

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine if Phomopsis viticola can infect grape berries directly and cause latent infections, or if fruit infection occurs via mycelial invasion from infected ra...