cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective posterior thoracic fusions for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: comparison of hooks versus pedicle screws.

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients with major thoracic-compensatory lumbar C modifier curves treated with a selective posterior fusion using an all-hook construct versus pedicle screw construct. OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical and radiographic results of selective posterior thoracic fusion using hooks versus pedicle screws in patients with major thoracic-compensatory lumbar C modifier AIS curves. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although spontaneous lumbar curve correction often occurs following a selective thoracic spinal fusion, there are few reports that focus on selective posterior thoracic spinal fusion in the presence of a lumbar C modifier curve. METHODS Sixty-six consecutive patients with major thoracic-compensatory lumbar C modifier AIS curves underwent selective posterior thoracic fusion to T12 or L1 at a single institution (1987-2001). Hooks were used for instrumentation in 32 patients and pedicle screws were used in 34 patients. Patients were evaluated at a minimum 2-year follow-up. To test for differences between groups analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. RESULTS There was no statistical difference between the preoperative thoracic and lumbar Cobb values for the hook group versus the pedicle screw group. The amount of correction obtained surgically of the thoracic Cobb and the amount of spontaneous lumbar Cobb correction were significantly greater in the pedicle screw group (P < 0.001). The incidence of postoperative coronal decompensation, with a greater than 20 mm shift to the left of the C7 plumbline, was higher in the hook group (13 patients) as compared with the pedicle screw Group 4 patients (P < 0.005). There were no complications or reoperations in either group. CONCLUSION Selective thoracic fusion of main thoracic-compensatory lumbar C modifier AIS curves with pedicle screws allowed for better thoracic correction and less postoperative coronal decompensation than seen with hooks.
Chemically activated methylcyclobutane exothermicity of singlet methylene reactions and the heat of formation of singlet methylene

The specific decomposition rates of chemically activated methylcyclobutane produced from CH2(1A1) reaction with cyclobutane have been determined. CH2(1A1)was produced from ketene photolyses at 3340 and 3130 A and from diazomethane photolyses at 4358 and 3660 A. Comparisons of the excitation energies of the methylcyclobutane, determined by RRKM theory calculations, and the experimental results for the ketene systems, with thermochemically predicted maximum excitation energies, favor an Arrhenius A factor in the range of 5 × 1015 to 1 × 1016 sec−1 for methylcyclobutane. This result is consistent with (1) the comparison of RRKM theory calculations and the experimental unimolecular falloff for methylcyclobutane, (2) the comparison of experimental A factors for cyclobutane and other alkylcyclobutane decompositions, and (3) two out of three reported experimental A factors for methylcyclobutane. An analysis of these and previous results leads to a value of the CH2(1A1) ↔ CH2(3B1) energy splitting of 9±3 kcal/mole.
The Things they Carry: Ideology in an Urban Teacher Professional Community

This article provides an opportunity to extend the discussion about teacher communities as part of complex school reform models, specifically centered on those communities whose membership is drawn on a semi-voluntary basis. Through a sixteen-month long ethnography, I document the activities of an urban teacher professional community (TPC) at a high school located in a large city in the Northeast, serving a majority of linguistically and culturally diverse students. Guided by Sharp and Green’s definition of teacher ideologies, the study focuses on how TPC members negotiated curriculum, teacher learning, and student discipline, carrying ideologies that impacted the outcomes of the community’s work, originally intended to increase teacher collaboration and foster quality teaching.
Inferring growth rates from leaf display in tropical forest saplings

In temperate trees, the extension growth history of stems and branches is easily inferred from the positions of the rings of over-wintering bud-scale scars, allowing one to assess environmental responses from surveys of saplings (Beaudet & Messier 1998, Canham 1988, King 2001). But tropical trees rarely show such distinct demarcations of growth flushes. Furthermore, the frequency of flushing may vary with tree size and environment, and a number of tropical species, often light demanding, show continuous leaf production and extension growth throughout the year (Coley 1983). However, stem extension rates may also be correlated with leaf internode length (King 1993, 1994) and with the total length of the leaf display from the axis tip to the lowest leaf directly attached to it, i.e. the leaved stem length. (Note that ‘leaved stem length’ as used here differs from ‘crown depth’, defined as the vertical distance from the lowest to highest leaf over all axes, though the two measures may be correlated.) For a species with a leaf life span of precisely 1 y, the extension growth over the past year will be equal to the current leaved stem length. On the other hand, variation in leaf life span and past extension rates would reduce the correlation between these two variates. This paper examines the relationship between height growth rate and leaved stem length for saplings of three tree species of a wet tropical forest (La Selva, Costa Rica) and one species of a more seasonal tropical forest (Barro Colorado Island, Panama) to assess the utility of this potential measure of growth. Saplings were studied primarily in old-growth forests at the two study sites. The La Selva Biological Station of the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica (10 ◦ 26 � N, 84 ◦ 00 � W;
Plasma co-factors in adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation of human platelets.

THE aggregation of washed human platelets in vitro by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) requires calcium and is stimulated by the addition of platelet-free plasma1. The identity of the plasma activity has been the subject of recent conflicting reports. Hellem and Owren2 have suggested that the plasma factor is that entity missing in von Willebrand's disease; but others3,4 have found that ADP-induced platelet aggregation proceeds normally in plasma from patients with established von Willebrand's disease. McLean et al.5 and Cross4 have indicated that fibrinogen may be the plasma co-factor, and Caen6 has recently suggested that both fibrinogen and the anti-von Willebrand factor participate in ADP-induced platelet aggregation.
Evolution of a specialty: the case for the association of chiefs of interventional radiology.

Most physicians are students of the history of their profession. Some come by it naturally, others become intrigued during their training, while others simply hear it again and again from their professors until they embody an appreciation for where medicine has been and where it might go. In the big scheme of things, the history of interventional radiology (IR) is relatively short. Much of the earliest work predates even the definition of the specialty. But defined it became. And like so many other fields of study and practice, it has undergone a series of developments that have led to a maturing specialty that is now better organized and widely appreciated. Form follows function, and the administrative structure has followed device and technique breakthroughs. Academic centers have for quite a while supported increasingly focused IR divisions, while most moderate-to-large size private practice groups restrict the performance of advanced procedures to an IR section. Studying the development of other specialties and professions and applying those lessons to the current state of IR, we propose that a next logical step is a mechanism to allow IR chiefs to communicate better together, develop and refine skills particular to running an IR division, and facilitate sharing of data crucial to running an effective and efficient practice. We believe a new association, an Association of Chiefs of Interventional Radiology, would best provide such a mechanism. This communication will review the history of IR leadership, look at similar efforts by other fields, provide justification for such a group, and present a proposal for next steps in the process.
Chemical compatibility of CVD and plasma-assisted CVD Si3N4 and SiO2 coatings for thermal protection of carbon-carbon composite

Abstract Current thermal protection of carbon-carbon composites is based on SiC. Due to the large mismatch in the thermal expansion coefficients between the graphite substrate, SiC coatings crack or spall. When the thermal stress exceeds the high-temperature strength of the coating, the coating fails. Substitution of SiC by Si 3 N 4 can result in a substantial improvement in the coating performance due to the smaller mismatch in the thermal expansion coefficients. This work represents the study performed on Si 3 N 4 and SiO 2 coatings. Si 3 N 4 coatings for a 3D carbon-carbon composite were deposited using a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Thin samples suitable for the interfacial studies were prepared by ion-milling. Comprehensive coating characterization was performed on a TEM/STEM electron microscope. Similar studies were performed on oxidized Si 3 N 4 coatings and on a multiple Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2 coatings before and after high-temperature oxidation. The SiO 2 vitreous coating was deposited by a plasma-assisted CVD. Microstructural characterization of the coatings was performed using bright field, electron diffraction and ultra-thin window energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results related to high-temperature compatibility in C/Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2 are also presented and discussed.
Current concepts in the treatment of vitreous block, also known as aqueous misdirection

Vitreous block (VB), a rare secondary angle-closure caused by anterior rotation of the ciliary body, occurs in a variety of settings, but most frequently after glaucoma filtering surgery. The etiology remains unclear, but choroidal expansion and anterior vitreous abnormalities have been proposed. In the past, treatment of VB has yielded high rates of failure and recurrence. Advancements in surgical techniques, however, have led to improved visual outcomes. We review the history of this condition and present a stepwise approach to its diagnosis and treatment using modern imaging modalities and surgical techniques.
Specific D-glucose transport in sarcolemma vesicles.

The sarcolemmal fraction prepared from rat skeletal muscle consists of osmotically active vesicles that accumulate d-glucose in preference to l-glucose, apparently by facilitated diffusion into intravesicular space. Stereospecific d-glucose uptake by these vesicles is a saturable process, inhibited by phloridzin, by cytochalasin B, and by certain sugars, and enhanced by counterflow. An additional leak pathway permits entry of both d- and l-glucose into the vesicles. Stereospecific d-glucose transport by sarcolemmal vesicles is enhanced to a small extent by insulin, provided the hormone is administered prior to cell disruption. In membranes prepared from insulin-pretreated muscle, Ca2+ produces a small further enhancement. Local anesthetics preferentially inhibit stereospecific d-glucose transport. Apparent uptake of both d- and l-glucose is greater when vesicles are suspended in salt solutions rather than sucrose, an effect attributed to increased functional vesicular volume.
Investigating the differences in low-frequency noise behavior of npn and pnp SiGe HBTs fabricated in a complementary SiGe HBT BiCMOS on SOI technology

We present a comprehensive investigation of the fundamental differences in low frequency noise behavior between npn and pnp SiGe HBTs. Geometry effects on the low frequency noise are assessed, as well as the impact of interfacial oxide(IFO) thickness on pnp noise characteristics. Temperature measurements and ionizing radiation are used to probe the fundamental physics of 1/f noise in npn and pnp SiGe HBTs. The npn transistors show a stronger size dependence than the pnp transistors. The 1/f noise for pnp SiGe HBTs exhibits an exponential dependence on IFO thickness, indicating that IFO produces the main contribution. In most cases, the magnitude of the 1/f noise has quadratic dependence on the base current(IB), the only exception being for the post-radiation npn transistor biased at low base currents, which exhibits a near-linear dependence on IB. In the proton radiation experiments, the pnp devices show better radiation tolerance than the npn devices. The observed temperature dependence for both types is quiet weak, consistent a tunneling mechanism.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Economic and environmental evaluation of compressed-air cars.

Climate change and energy security require a reduction in travel demand, a modal shift, and technological innovation in the transport sector. Through a series of press releases and demonstrations, a car using energy stored in compressed air produced by a compressor has been suggested as an environmentally friendly vehicle of the future. We analyze the thermodynamic efficiency of a compressed-air car powered by a pneumatic engine and consider the merits of compressed air versus chemical storage of potential energy. Even under highly optimistic assumptions the compressed-air car is significantly less efficient than a battery electric vehicle and produces more greenhouse gas emissions than a conventional gas-powered car with a coal intensive power mix. However, a pneumatic–combustion hybrid is technologically feasible, inexpensive and could eventually compete with hybrid electric vehicles.
Database tools to acquire knowledge for rule-based expert systems

Abstract Knowledge acquisition is a complex and time-consuming stage of expert system development. Most database applications in large corporations have a large volume of data that can be used in decision making. This data can be processed by specialized, induction tools and knowledge discovery tools to generate the knowledge base (in the form of rules) for an expert system. Real-world databases, however, present some difficulties for knowledge discovery as they tend to be incomplete, redundant, and inconsistent. Subsequently, we describe a framework in which the available tools can be used to manipulate databases to remove these problems in order to improve the quality of the databases being processed for knowledge discovery.
1715 EFFECT OF INSULIN (I) AND ISOXSUPRINE (X) ON LUNG SURFACTANT PRODUCTION IN THE FETAL RHESUS MONKEY

We examined the effect of chronic hyperinsulinemia on lung lavage phospholipid (PL) content and composition. I (19 U/d for 20 d) was administered to fetal rhesus monkeys with an Alzet minipump implanted in the hind leg (Diabetes 28: 1058, 1979). Shamand non-operated animals were used as controls (C). X (5-10 mg/d for 20 d) was administered to additional mothers. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section at 134-147 d (term is 165 d). I levels were 49±14 and 4470±780 μU/ml and glucose levels were 43±6 and 21±6 mg/dl in the C and I-treated groups respectively. Results are shown in the table. Hyperinsulinemia did not inhibit surfactant production. This suggests that the increased incidence of RDS in infants of diabetic mothers may not be due to hyperinsulinemia but rather possibly to the concomitant hyperglycemia. X increased surfactant production. X may be useful in the prevention of RDS in humans. Supported by HD-11018 and HD-11343.
Reply to S. Barni et Al and M. Sun et Al.

The comments of Barni and Petrelli and Sun et al raise additional considerations and speculation that some yet unintended consequences could result from the study design that served as the basis for the study by Escudier et al, with its purpose of helping clinicians to understand patient and physician preferences for pazopanib versus sunitinib. I expressed my comments relating to the robustness of the overall interpretation of the study results in an accompanying editorial. We agree that the assessment of response was not made available to patients in the study by Escudier et al at the time of their preference choice. Given that the overall response rate in this study favored sunitinib, lack of this information could have certainly confounded the results. Whether the dropout of nearly a third of the patients in an otherwise small study constitutes a significant bias can and will continue to be debated. The groups commenting on this study now raise another spectrum of real and thorny issues that clinical investigations into patient preferences and outcomes must face. First, there is no precedent for switching a systemic therapy from one agent to another in still responding patients. Second, both letters emphasize that the subsequent response and the potential development of resistance mechanisms to an agent that was transiently used (as part of the study) is unknown, yet this unknown component of the study was subordinated to the determination of a patient preference outcome. Third, as Sun et al point out, the tolerability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors may improve with time, making the assessment of patient preference at arbitrarily selected earlier time points problematic. These are all real concerns and must be further investigated before a so-called maintenance-switch study design is used in future patient preference studies. Perhaps a more optimal future design could sequentially assess patient preferences (with appropriately designed instruments) up to the time of disease progression, and then perform similar assessments of the second-line therapy. We would have felt more comfortable had a study been performed in which patients were initially randomly assigned to either pazopanib or sunitinib until disease progression, with accompanying study of patient preferences. At progression, cross-over to the alternate agent would occur and similar assessments could be made. Had this been done, important information about comparable tolerability would be known, and subsequent responsivity and resistance characteristics would be better understood. These unresolved issues should not deter future research into patient and physician preferences of one pharmaceutical agent over another, but must be studied in more rigorous and better designed investigations that provide answers to the question at hand, with no concerns that either patient safety or clinical efficacy has been compromised.
National or global?—control vs flexibility

Abstract While organizational design has long been viewed as an aspect of strategy implementation, recent writers have asserted that an organization's structure includes environmental monitoring and control processes which help to shape management's view of their environment and to develop the strategy appropriate for that environment. This article examines three strategy-making approaches used in multinational corporations and some of the decision-making structures associated with them. The effect of these approaches on strategic decisions is explored along with how a firm might change from one mode to another. The authors discuss the implications for designing effective organization structures and making arrangements for monitoring the business environment.
Observations and Scale Analysis of Coastal Wind Jets

Abstract Blocking of onshore flow by coastal mountains was observed south of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, by the NOAA P-3 aircraft on 1 December 1993. Winds increased from 10 m s−1 offshore to 15 m s−1 nearshore and became more parallel to shore in the blocked region, which had a vertical scale of 500 m and an offshore scale of 40–50 km. These length scale and velocity increases are comparable to theory. The flow was semigeostrophic with the coast being hydrodynamically steep; that is, the coast acts like a wall and the alongshore momentum balance is ageostrophic. This is shown by the nondimensional slope parameter—the Burger number, B = hmN/fLm—being greater than 1, where hm and Lm are the height and half-width of the mountain, N is the stability frequency, and f is the Coriolis parameter. The height scale is given by setting the local Froude number equal to 1—that is, hl = U/N ∼ 500 m, where U is the onshore component of velocity. This scale is appropriate when hl is less than the mountain height...
Environment shapes health, including children's mental health.

At the end of the 19th century, nearly every American had lost friends and loved ones to illness and early death. During the course of the 20th century, there was a 30-year improvement in the American life span. Although this may seem a medical miracle, most of those added years of life were due to environmental changeVbetter water, food, and housing; less crowding; and safer workplaces. 1 These changes were often spearheaded by the advocacy of physicians, but became reality through the work of civic leaders, business people, engineers, and designers. What may have been seen as a hopeless Utopian effort to create cities and towns with healthy water, decent transit and schools, and civic centers such as libraries and hospitals turned out to be a spectacular public health success. Now, in the early years of the third millennium, the American public faces a new set of challenges. In the United States, we have transitioned from an era marked predominantly by infectious diseases to one dominated by chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease, diabetes, cancer, and mental disorders. 2 Addressing these modern ailments, clinicians and researchers have been working ever harder to promote healthy lifestyles and to offer the latest therapies and medications. However, there is much to be learned from the lessons of a century ago. Physicians, as daily witnesses to the ill health caused by contaminated water and intense crowding, were valuable advocates in the efforts to improve people_s living environments. The role of the physician is just as critical today: the challenges are different, but the environment still shapes many of our health problems, including those of mental health. Throughout humanity_s history, children have been immersed in the natural world, but over the past several generations, the natural environment has been dramatically displaced by the Bbuilt[ environment. Children now spend almost the entirety of their days in houses, schools, vehicles, and commercial facilities. Children
Synthesis and structural characterization of five new coordination polymer chain structures using a new, Z-shaped ligand, 2,2′-bis-(4-pyridylethynyl)tolane

Using the new ligand, 2,2′-bis-(4-pyridylethynyl)tolane we have synthesized five new coordination polymers: HgBr2[2,2′-bis-(4-pyridylethynyl)tolane] (1), HgI2[2,2′-bis-(4-pyridylethynyl)tolane] (2), Ni(acetylacetonate)2[2,2′-bis-(4-pyridylethynyl)tolane] (3), Zn(acetylacetonate)2[2,2′-bis-(4-pyridylethynyl)tolane] (4), and Cu(hexafluoro acetylacetonate)2[2,2′-bis-(4-pyridylethynyl)tolane]⋅CHCl3 (5). 2,2′-Bis-(4-pyridyl ethynyl)tolane is a rigid ligand with a Z-shape that promotes the formation of zig-zag chains. Compounds 1– 5 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction; and compounds 1– 3 were additionally characterized by IR, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 29.761(3) A, b = 5.0531(5) A, c = 16.7823(15) A, β = 104.090(2)∘, V = 2447.9(4) A3, Z = 4. Each mercury is bound to two tolane ligands and two bromine anions, resulting in a tetrahedral coordination environment. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2/c, with a = 20.3061(17) A, b = 5.6303(5) A, c = 24.5459(19) A, β = 110.338(2)∘, V = 2631.4(4) A3, Z = 4. Here also, each mercury is bound to two tolane ligands and two iodine anions in a tetrahedral coordination environment. The ligand orientation differs in compounds 1 and 2 being trans oriented in 1 and cis oriented in 2. Compound 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 14.5947(14) A, b = 6.3082(6) A, c = 18.3939(18) A, β = 112.112(2)∘, V = 1568.9(3) A3, Z = 2. Each nickel is bound to two tolane ligands and two bidentate AcAc anions, resulting in an octahedral coordination environment. Compound 4, which is isostructural with 3, also crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 14.6990(9) A, b = 6.2724(4) A, c = 18.6433(11) A, β = 112.8610(10)∘, V = 1583.86(17) A3, Z = 2. Compound 5 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with a = 6.5487(4) A, b = 11.6471(7) A, c = 14.3225(9) A, α = 70.1360(10)∘, β = 89.3990(10)∘, γ = 88.7680(10)∘, V = 1027.18(11) A3, Z = 1. Each copper in 5 is bound to two tolane ligands and two bidentate hfAcAc anions, resulting in an octahedral coordination environment identical to that found in 3 and 4.
Role of apoptosis and transforming growth factor β1 in fibroblast selection and activation in systemic sclerosis

OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that pathophysiologic events during the development of systemic sclerosis (SSc) may lead to selection and propagation of certain apoptosis-resistant fibroblast subpopulations. The aim of this study was to examine a possible role for apoptosis in fibroblast selection in SSc and the role of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1). METHODS We compared SSc and normal fibroblasts for their susceptibility to anti-Fas-induced apoptosis and analyzed 2 models that might lead to fibroblast resistance to apoptosis in this process: long-term exposure to either anti-Fas or TGFbeta1. RESULTS SSc-derived fibroblasts were resistant to anti-Fas-induced apoptosis, showing 5.5 +/- 17.2% (mean +/- SD) apoptosis, compared with 32.1 +/- 14.0% among normal fibroblasts (P < 0.05). Anti-Fas-selected normal fibroblasts showed 9.0 +/- 3.7% apoptosis, compared with 21.6 +/- 5.9% for sham-treated cells, which is consistent with the elimination of apoptosis-susceptible subpopulations. Normal fibroblasts subjected to 6 weeks of TGFbeta1 treatment showed not only resistance to apoptosis, but also proliferation (118.5 +/- 35.4%), after anti-Fas treatment, compared with sham-treated cells (35.1 +/- 11.1% apoptotic cell death). TGFbeta1 treatment also increased the proportion of myofibroblasts (47% versus 28% in controls). Cultured SSc fibroblasts had a greater proportion of myofibroblasts (32-83%) than did normal fibroblasts (4-25%). We also examined the relationship between collagen gene expression and the myofibroblast phenotype in normal and SSc skin sections. Only 2 of 7 normal sections had alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA)-positive cells (mean +/- SD score 0.29 +/- 0.49 on a scale of 0-3), but all SSc sections were positive for alpha-SMA, with a mean score of 1.90 +/- 0.88 for lesional and 1.50 +/- 0.71 for nonlesional sections. Scores for alpha1(I) procollagen messenger RNA (mRNA) in lesional skin (mean +/- SD 3.30 +/- 0.82 on a scale of 1-4) were significantly higher than in normal (1.43 +/- 0.79) or nonlesional (1.40 +/- 0.52) skin, but scores varied, and there was no correlation between collagen mRNA and alpha-SMA levels. CONCLUSION Our results show that resistance to apoptosis is an important part of the SSc phenotype. TGFbeta1 may play a role by inducing apoptosis-resistant fibroblast populations, and also by inducing myofibroblasts and by enhancing extracellular matrix synthesis.
Symbolic Boolean manipulation with ordered binary-decision diagrams

Ordered Binary-Decision Diagrams (OBDDs) represent Boolean functions as directed acyclic graphs. They form a canonical representation, making testing of functional properties such as satisfiability and equivalence straightforward. A number of operations on Boolean functions can be implemented as graph algorithms on OBDD data structures. Using OBDDs, a wide variety of problems can be solved through symbolic analysis. First, the possible variations in system parameters and operating conditions are encoded with Boolean variables. Then the system is evaluated for all variations by a sequence of OBDD operations. Researchers have thus solved a number of problems in digital-system design, finite-state system analysis, artificial intelligence, and mathematical logic. This paper describes the OBDD data structure and surveys a number of applications that have been solved by OBDD-based symbolic analysis.
The Distinction between Self and Not-Self in Children and Adolescents

The direction and extent of age-related differences in self-definition were studied in 120 students from age 6 to 16 years who were asked to identify 42 items as self or not-self. Total number of self-responses increased with age, and girls responded to slightly more items as self than boys. Body parts, identifying personal characteristics, and psychological processes were identified as self more frequently at all ages than significant others, self-related objects, and possessions. The direction of age-related change was toward greater self-extension and appeared to involve a reconceptualization of self and not-self relations.
Power and energy analysis on intel Single-Chip Cloud Computer system

Improving the computing performance of the multicore and many-core systems is one of the primary interests to computer architecture researchers currently. Message Passing Interface (MPI) and Multi-core techniques are converged to solve this problem. With performance enhancement, the power and energy consumption increase correspondingly. The Single-Chip Cloud Computer (SCC) is an experimental processor created by Intel Labs. This paper proposed an approach to study the power and energy consumption on the 48-core SCC many-core system and realized the message passing on the SCC. First, we profile the execution time, voltage and current on each running set. Later, we calculated the power and energy consumption, and compared them with increasing number of cores, varying voltage and frequency levels. Finally, we reached a conclusion focus on its scalability and relationship between power/energy consumption and system performance in terms of execution time.
Perceptions of Unfairness in Police Questioning and Arrest Incidents: Race, Gender, Age, and Actual Guilt

Much research on the topic of police fairness focuses on a general concept of fairness. However, it has been suggested that when individuals are asked how they feel about police overall, they base their answers on specific incidents (J. Frank, B. Smith, & K. Novak, 2005). The current study examines predictors of the perception of police fairness during the most recent incident of police contact. Results indicate that when individuals are asked to consider specific incidents of police arrest or questioning that they personally experienced, they appear to be very rational in their reason for perceiving that the police acted unfairly.
Bound States and Elementary Particles in the Limit Z 3 = 0

The limit ${Z}_{3}=0$ is studied in the Zachariasen model using dispersion theory techniques. The connection between bound states and elementary particles is demonstrated in this limit and it is shown how Castillejo-Dalitz-Dyson ambiguities are removed.
Nanoscale interfacial engineering to grow Ge on Si as virtual substrates and subsequent integration of GaAs

Abstract We have demonstrated the scalability of a process previously dubbed as Ge “touchdown” on Si to substantially reduce threading dislocations below 10 7 /cm 2 in a Ge film grown on a 2 inch-diameter chemically oxidized Si substrate. This study also elucidates the overall mechanism of the touchdown process. The 1.4 nm thick chemical oxide is first formed by immersing Si substrates in a solution of H 2 O 2 and H 2 SO 4 . Subsequent exposure to Ge flux creates 3 to 7 nm-diameter voids in the oxide at a density greater than 10 11 /cm 2 . Comparison of data taken from many previous studies and ours shows an exponential dependence between oxide thickness and inverse temperature of void formation. Additionally, exposure to a Ge or Si atom flux decreases the temperature at which voids begin to form in the oxide. These results strongly suggest that Ge actively participates in the reaction with SiO 2 in the void formation process. Once voids are created in the oxide under a Ge flux, Ge islands selectively nucleate within the void openings on the newly exposed Si. Island nucleation and growth then compete with the void growth reaction. At substrate temperatures between 823 and 1053 K, nanometer size Ge islands that nucleate within the voids continue to grow and coalesce into a continuous film over the remaining oxide. Coalescence of the Ge islands is believed to result in the creation of stacking faults in the Ge film at a density of 5 × 10 7 /cm 2 . Additionally, coalescence results in films of 3 µm thickness having a root-mean-square roughness of 8 to 10 nm. We have found that polishing the films with dilute H 2 O 2 results in roughness values below 0.5 nm. However, stacking faults originating at the Ge–SiO 2 interface and terminating at the Ge surface are polished at a slightly reduced rate, and show up as 1 to 2 nm raised lines on the polished Ge surface. These lines are then transferred into the subsequent growth morphology of GaAs deposited by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Room temperature photoluminescence shows that films of GaAs grown on Ge-on-oxidized Si have an intensity that is 20 to 25% compared to the intensity from GaAs grown on commercial Ge or GaAs substrates. Cathodoluminescence shows that nonradiative defects occur in the GaAs that spatially correspond to the stacking faults terminating at the Ge surface. The exact nature of these nonradiative defects in the GaAs is unknown, however, GaAs grown on annealed samples of Ge-on-oxidized Si, whereby annealing removes the stacking faults, have photoluminescence intensity that is comparable to GaAs grown on a GaAs substrate.
Modelling of small MOS devices and device limits

The paper reviews the various approaches to the modelling of small-geometry MOS devices. The physics and interaction of device properties in small MOSFETs are discussed as they apply to device and circuit design for VLSI. It is shown that statistical fluctuation of device geometry and the effect of parasitics is the primary determinant of circuit performance. Scaling theory for MOSFETs and limits to scaling are examined in the context of geometry and high-field effects. It is concluded that the incentives to scale geometries below 0.5 μm are small.
In Search of Understandings: Knowledge of US History up to 1877 among Preservice Teachers at Three Universities:

This article concerns the results of an online survey that interpreted understandings of United States history, up to 1877, among early childhood, elementary, and middle level preservice teachers f...
Frontal jump conditions for models of shallow, buoyant surface layer hydrodynamics

Moving frontal regions are often observed in coastal and inland waters when a buoyant surface layer is present. Examples of such phenomena are moving fronts behind which the spreading of buoyant surface plumes occur and the passage of thermocline surges in lakes. An approach to modeling the hydrodynamics of shallow, buoyant surface layers is suggested which partitions the flow field into a frontal region where dissipative effects are important and an internal wave region where they are not. This approach treats the frontal region as a horizontal discontinuity described by appropriate jump conditions and the wave region by the nonlinear, long internal wave equations. Frontal jump conditions are derived for use in such a model when applied to small-scale flows where earth rotation has a negligible effect. These conditions account for the transport of mass and momentum across the interface with the underlying fluid. They are also applicable to flows where the depth of the buoyant upper layer vanishes on the upstream side of the front. They thus represent an extension of the classical jump conditions associated with an internal bore or hydraulic jump. To illustrate their use in conjunction with the nonlinear internal wave equations, a problem is solved representing the sudden release of a shallow, buoyant upper layer into an unbounded domain. For zero interfacial transport the results are identical to the classical description of the analogous single layer problem posed by the sudden breaking of a dam. For nonzero transport, however, new features of the flow arise. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1981.tb01753.x
Analytical results for prediction of variable rainfall infiltration

Abstract The basic equations that govern water movement in unsaturated soils are presented for a boundary condition of variable rainfall rate at the soil surface. In particular, a differential equation for the water content at the soil surface is derived. Solutions are then obtained for the time evolution of water content at the soil surface assuming a power law form for the relative permeability to water as a function of normalized water content. Ponding time formulae are obtained and compared with other previously published relations. Water content profiles are also obtained and their shapes are displayed graphically for the case of an exponent of 2 in the power law form of the relative permeability to water for a constant rainfall rate. Formulae are also derived for the situation of a variable rainfall pattern. A methodology for the coupling of the analytical procedures with an implicit numerical solution of the water content at the soil surface is suggested as a cost-effective alternative to the strict numerical solution of the partial differential equation that governs the water content profile evolution. Postponding infiltration formulae and water content profile equations are also provided.
Issues in the design and use of a distributed file system

This paper discusses an independent file facility, one that is not embedded in an operating system. The distributed file system (DFS) is so named because it is implemented on a cooperating set of server computers connected by a communications, network, which together create the illusion of a single, logical system for the creation, deletion, and random accessing of data. Access to the DFS can only be accomplished over the network; a computer (or, more precisely, a program running on one) that uses the DFS is called a client. This paper describes the division of responsibility between servers and clients. The basic tool for maintaining data consistency in these situations is the atomic property of transactions, which protects clients from system malfunctions and from the competing activities of other clients. Several cooperating clients may share a transaction. The DFS provides an unconventional locking mechanism between transactions that supports client caches and eliminates a novel form of deadly embrace. We have implemented and put into service a system based on these concepts.
A microdialysis study of nucleus accumbens core and shell dopamine during operant responding in the rat

Abstract This investigation examined dopamine release and metabolism in nucleus accumbens core and shell during three operant tasks in the rat. Rats were trained to lever press on a fixed-ratio 5, variable-interval 30 s, or a tandem variable interval 30/fixed-ratio 5 schedules; these three schedules were chosen because they generate a wide range of response and reinforcement rates. After several weeks of training, dialysis probes were implanted into nucleus accumbens core or shell subregions. A single 30 min behavioural session was conducted during the dialysis test session. Rats lever pressing on each of the three operant schedules showed a significant increase in extracellular dopamine relative to the food-deprived control group during the behavioural session. In addition, increases in dopamine in nucleus accumbens shell were found to be significantly greater than in the core during the lever pressing period. Across all three schedules, extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens was significantly correlated with the number of lever presses performed, but was not correlated with the number of food pellets delivered. Analysis of covariance, which used amount of food consumed as the covariate, showed an overall group difference, indicating that dopamine levels increased in lever pressing animals even if one corrected for the amount of food consumed. These results indicate that dopamine release was more responsive in the nucleus accumbens shell than in the core during operant responding, and that increases in extracellular dopamine in nucleus accumbens are related to response rate rather than reinforcement magnitude.
Action of ethanol on responses to nicotine from cerebellar Purkinje neurons: relationship to methyllycaconitine (MLA) inhibition of nicotine responses.

The effect of ethanol on responses to nicotine from rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons was investigated using extracellular single-unit recording. Systemic administration of ethanol initially enhanced the nicotine-induced inhibition from 50% of the Purkinje neurons. However, irrespective of whether there was an initial enhancement, systemic administration of ethanol antagonized the response to nicotine from the majority of Purkinje neurons. When varying ethanol concentrations were electro-osmotically applied to this neuronal cell type, the responses to nicotine (6/8) were enhanced when a low concentration of ethanol (40 mM) was in the pipette, whereas the majority of nicotine responses (10/11) were antagonized when a higher concentration of ethanol (160 mM) was applied to Purkinje neurons. Thus, the concentration of ethanol presented to the neuron seemed to explain the biphasic consequence of systemically administered ethanol on responses to nicotine. In order to determine whether ethanol affected a specific nACh receptor subtype containing the α-7 subunit, it was initially established that the nicotinic antagonists, α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) and methyllycaconitine (MLA), which are associated with this subunit, had identical actions on responses to nicotine from Purkinje neurons. When MLA was tested against responses to nicotine from this cell type, MLA antagonized the response to nicotine from 45% (9/20) of the neurons tested. In a direct comparison of the action of ethanol to inhibit responses to nicotine with the action of MLA on the same Purkinje neuron, ethanol inhibited responses to nicotine on all neurons sensitive to MLA. However, ethanol also affected nicotine-induced neural changes from some Purkinje neurons not sensitive to MLA antagonism of nicotine. These data support the supposition that ethanol affects a nACh receptor subtype which has an α-7 subunit as well as other nACh receptor subtypes without this specific subunit.
Temperature measurements in cats with a chronically implanted sensing device.

Abstract This paper describes an inexpensive method of accurately monitoring temperature when a sensitive strip chart recorder is available. Silicon diodes were used as the sensing elements and were biased by a regulated power supply. Sensitivity is greater than 0.1°C and linearity was within the limits of measurement with a Haake Model FJ water bath and the associated monitoring thermometer over a 25°C temperature range.
An improved method for determination of cations in micro-sample volumes of gingival crevicular fluid in the dog.

Abstract A double-beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used with a sample cup attached to the nebulizer so that a known quantity of solution could be injected into the nebulizer. This injection technique allowed quantitative determination of both Ca and K in 1–3 μl samples and compared well with conventional atomic absorption for determination of both Ca and K with a variation between the two methods within 7.5 per cent. With gingivitis, the concentration of Ca in crevicular fluid was close to that of serum while the concentration of K in crevicular fluid was significantly higher than in serum. This method should prove useful for determination of the concentration of small quantities of cations in other body fluids.
The aesthetic education curriculum program: Past, present, and future

(1971). The aesthetic education curriculum program: Past, present, and future. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 10, A Regeneration of the Humanities, pp. 185-190.
Institutionalization of macromarketing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the genesis of the first Macro‐Marketing Seminar and to review the institutionalization of macromarketing which resulted from it.Design/methodology/approach – The paper briefly reviews the history of macromarketing, the changes in society and marketing thought, and the seminal research which led to the first Macro‐Marketing Seminar.Findings – Early macromarketing research was supplanted by a managerial marketing focus in mid‐twentieth century while at the same time society was awakening to the interconnections between human behavior and a broad range of societal problems. The early marketing theory seminars provided a template for the first Macro‐Marketing Seminar.Originality/value – The paper explains the resurgence of macromarketing which from that first pivotal Macro‐Marketing Seminar has blossomed into a multifaceted and institutionalized area of study.
A Measurement of Disk Ellipticity in Nearby Spiral Galaxies

We have measured the intrinsic disk ellipticity for seven nearby, nearly face-on spiral galaxies by combining Densepak integral-field spectroscopy with I-band imaging from the WIYN telescope. Initially assuming an axisymmetric model, we determine the kinematic inclinations and position angles from Hα velocity fields and the photometric axis ratios and position angles from imaging data. We interpret the observed disparities between kinematic and photometric disk parameters in terms of an intrinsic nonzero ellipticity . The mean ellipticity of our sample is 0.05. If the majority of disk galaxies have such intrinsic axis ratios, this would account for roughly 50% of the scatter in the Tully-Fisher relation. This result, in turn, places tighter constraints on other sources of scatter in this relation, the most astrophysically compelling of which is galaxy mass-to-light ratios.
Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of photosystem I adsorbed on hydroxyl-terminated monolayers

Abstract Direct electrochemistry studies on Photosystem I (PSI) were performed using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. PSI centers stabilized in aqueous solution by Triton X-100 surfactant were adsorbed on hydroxyl-terminated hexanethiol modified gold electrodes. We have identified the electron donor, P700, and the electron acceptor sites, FA/FB, based on the previously reported preferred orientation for P700 on hydroxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers. The reported potential values (EP700 = +0.51 V vs. NHE; EFA/FB = −0.36 V vs. NHE) correlate very well with the established literature for P700, while the weaker signal for FA/FB lies within previous literature values. We were able to identify both redox centers on the same voltammogram. The P700 center clearly shows reversible electrochemical behavior. The expected FA/FB reduction is small in comparison, reflecting the dominant orientation of PSI with the FA/FB centers farther away and the P700 center nearer the electrode surface. As a molecular diode, PSI does not permit reverse direction conductivity to the FB so the small FA/FB peaks reflect other orientations besides the predominant one. PSI adsorbed on a hydroxyl-terminated hexanethiol modified gold substrate displays a photoenhanced reduction current for the P700+ center in the presence of light and an electron acceptor, methyl viologen. This photoelectrochemical response demonstrates protein functionality after adsorption.