cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interlayer Structure and Dynamics of Cl-−LiAl2-Layered Double Hydroxide: 35Cl NMR Observations and Molecular Dynamics Modeling

35Cl NMR experiments and molecular dynamics modeling provide significant new insight into the structure and dynamics of the interlayer species in the layered double hydroxide (LDH) LiAl2(OH)6Cl·nH2O. The LiAl2 LDHs have wide ranging potential applications as catalysts, as filtration and exchange materials, and in drug and gene-therapy delivery systems, and many of these applications depend on the behavior of interlayer species. Room-temperature MAS and static 35Cl NMR data indicate that the Cl- environments vary significantly with hydration state. The fully hydrated paste form has three types of Cl-: surface Cl- that yields a sharp solution-like peak at 0 ppm, interlayer Cl- that yields a resonance dominated by uniaxial chemical shift anisotropy (CSA), and interlayer Cl- that yields a structureless peak that is not fully narrowed by MAS. The relative abundance of the CSA dominated peak increases with decreasing hydration and is the only resonance observed for fully dried samples. For the dehydrated sampl...
Robust control of microgrid frequency with attached storage system

In this paper, we propose a robust control strategy for reducing system frequency deviation, caused by load fluctuation and renewable sources, in a smart microgrid system with attached storage. Frequency and voltage deviations are associated with renewable energy sources because of their inherent variability. In this work, we consider a microgrid where fossil fuel generators and renewable energy sources are combined with a reasonably sized, fast acting battery-based storage system. We develop robust control strategies for frequency deviation reduction, despite the presence of significant (model) uncertainties. The advantages of our approach are illustrated by comparing system frequency deviation between the proposed system (designed via μ synthesis) and the reference system which uses governors and conventional PID control to cope with load and renewable energy source transients. All the simulations are conducted in the Matlab™ and Simulink™ environment.
Passive avoidance in psychopaths: The effects of reward.

Abstract Psychopaths perform as well as controls on passive avoidance tasks involving monetary punishments, but display passive avoidance deficits on tasks involving monetary rewards as well as punishments. Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that availability of reward disrupts passive avoidance learning in psychopaths by inducing a state of behavioral activation that hampers their ability to modulate a dominant response set for reward. Results for Experiment 1 were consistent with this hypothesis: when pausing to process punishment feedback required interruption of a dominant response set for reward, psychopaths paused less and displayed poorer passive avoidance learning than controls. However, results from Experiments 2 and 3 provided no evidence that availability of reward per se induced excessive behavioral activation or interfered with response modulation in psychopaths. The results complement previous research demonstrating that psychopaths perseverate response sets for reward and highlight a potential link between response perseveration and processing cues for punishment. However, they raise doubts about theoretical explanations that posit overactivation by reward as the psychological process underlying psychopaths' disinhibited behavior. We propose that psychopaths' poor self-regulation may reflect difficulty switching attention to process ‘nondominant’ information that is important for guiding ongoing behavior.
Periodic prolate spheroidal wavelets

Prolate spheroidal wavelets (PS wavelets) were recently introduced by the authors. They were based on the first prolate spheroidal wave function (PSWF) and had many desirable properties lacking in other wavelets. In particular, the subspaces belonging to the associated multiresolution analysis (MRA) were shown to be closed under differentiation and translation. In this paper, we introduce periodic prolate spheroidal wavelets. These periodic wavelets are shown to possess properties inherited from PS wavelets such as differentiation and translation. They have the potential for applications in modeling periodic phenomena as an alternative to the usual periodic wavelets as well as the Fourier basis.
Organization and Structure of Clouds and Precipitation on the Mid-Atlantic Coast of theUnited States. Part III: The Evolution of a Middle-Tropospheric Cold Front

Abstract The development of a complex middle-tropospheric frontal structure, the various weather associated with itsprogression across the United States, and its role in the production of precipitation in the eastern third of theUnited States are examined. The frontal structure consisted of two features: a middle-tropospheric cold front associated with a strong 500mb short wave that moved eastward from the Pacific Ocean, and a leeside warm front that formed in a northwardsloping zone of warm-air advection associated with a trough in the lee of the Rocky Mountains. The middletropospheric cold front overtook the leeside warm front to produce a warm occlusion-like structure'in the middletroposphere. As this system progressed eastward across the United States precipitation (from light rain to convectiveshowers) occurred along the leading edge of the middle4ropospheric frontal zone, well ahead of a decayingsurface trough. This study highlights the importance of middle-tropospheric frontal structures in the org...
SMALL-CELL MALIGNANT LESIONS OF THE THYROID GLAND*†

IN ALL the varied classifications of malignant thyroid neoplasms, about 20 per cent of the cases are relegated to a subdivision termed “anaplastic” or “undifferentiated.” These have perhaps been accorded less detailed study than the other more common groups. This, no doubt, stems partly from the prevailing impression that these lesions are uniformly fatal, and it has resulted in undeserved neglect of certain interesting and important entities. The anaplastic tumors may be broadly divided, on a histologic basis, into large-cell and small-cell types. The reported incidence of the latter varies in different series from 3 to 18 per cent (1, 2). Although previous studies have confirmed the view that no patients with large-cell carcinomas survive any appreciable length of time, several observers have noted the presence of occasional long-term survivors among the small-cell group. There has long been controversy over the possible existence of primary malignant lymphoma within this group. More recently, speculati...
Specific correlations between relative synonymous codon usage and protein secondary structure.

We found significant species-specific correlations between the use of two synonymous codons and protein secondary structure units by comparing the three-dimensional structures of human and Escherichia coli proteins with their mRNA sequences. The correlations are not explained by codon-context, expression level, GC/AU content, or positional effects. The E. coli correlation is between Asn AAC and the C-terminal regions of beta-sheet segments; it may result from selection for translational accuracy, suggesting the hypothesis that downstream Asn residues are important for beta-sheet formation. The correlation in human proteins is between Asp GAU and the N termini of alpha-helices; it may be important for eukaryote-specific sequential, cotranslational folding. The kingdom-specific correlations may reflect kingdom-specific differences in translational mechanisms. The correlations may help identify residues that are important for secondary structure formation, be useful in secondary structure prediction algorithms, and have implications for recombinant gene expression.
Cooling tower visible plume rise analyses by time integrated photographs

Abstract Cooling tower plume rise measurements are required for evaluation and validation of cooling tower plume rise models. In August 1981, five cooling tower plume defining experiments were conducted at the Geysers Geothermal Area in California during both valley nocturnal drainage flow conditions, and diurnal limited vertical mixing conditions on a mountain ridge. Sequential 300-s time integrated photographs of the plumes were made for several hours during each experiment. Time lapse movies were also made during the daytime experiments. Meteorological conditions were measured during all experimental periods by tethersonde and rawinsonde. The time integrated photographs have been analyzed to provide values of plume rise heights vs time for each of the experiments. Predictions by one version of the Argonne National Laboratory plume rise model are within a factor of 2 of the plume rise calculated from the photographs.
Learning and Programming in Classifier Systems

Both symbolic and subsymbolic models contribute important insights to our understanding of intelligent systems. Classifier systems are low-level learning systems that are also capable of supporting representations at the symbolic level. In this paper, we explore in detail the issues surrounding the integration of programmed and learned knowledge in classifier-system representations, including comprehensibility, ease of expression, explanation, predictability, robustness, redundancy, stability, and the use of analogical representations. We also examine how these issues speak to the debate between symbolic and subsymbolic paradigms. We discuss several dimensions for examining the tradeoffs between programmed and learned representations, and we propose an optimization model for constructing hybrid systems that combine positive aspects of each paradigm.
Blue up-conversion emission from U4+-ion doped into Cs2ZrCl6 single crystal under green light (19436 cm−1) excitation☆

Abstract For the first time blue up-conversion emission from U4+ (5f2)-ion doped into a Cs2ZrCl6 single crystal under green light (19436 cm−1) excitation has been observed and characterized. Five, blue emission bands, centered at 19780, 20010, and 20280 cm−1 for the 1I6→3H4 U4+-transitions and at 20700 and 20970 cm−1 for the 3P2→3H4 U4+-transitions, have been observed. This up-conversion process involves a two-photon absorption. Fluorescence efficiencies of 8.78 × 10−4 and 4.20 × 10−5 have been estimated for the 1I6→3H4 (19780, 20010 and 20280 cm−1) and the 3P2→3H4 (20700 and 20970 cm−1) emissions in U4+-ion, respectively, at room temperature for the sample doped with 1 wt% UCl4. An up-conversion mechanism is proposed.
Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization technique for atmospheric and sun glint correction of Landsat imagery

A technique for correcting for haze and sunglint in Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery in coastal regions has been developed and demonstrated using Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization of the band covariance matrix. This procedure is an adaptation of Wiener filtering and noise cancellation stochastic signal processing. Using a covariance matrix constructed from an over water portion of the image containing haze and sunglint pixels, a transfer function between infrared (IR) bands (e.g. TM 5) and visible bands (e.g. TM 2) is derived. This transfer function is then applied to the entire image and the visible band contribution predicted by the IR is subtracted from the measured visible signal, pixel by pixel. A comparison between images with and without haze of the same scene indicates that the procedure allows the observation of underwater features not previously visible.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Semiconductor materials for microwave devices

Microwave device performances have been rapidly improving due to recent developments in the areas of device construction and material preparation. In this paper emphasis is placed on material selection and preparation for several devices which are currently receiving attention throughout the industry. These include transferred electron devices, avalanche diodes, bipolar transistors, varactor and mixer diodes, and field effect transistors. The structures of these devices are considered with reference to the requirements which they place on the epitaxial layers. Various techniques of epitaxial growth are described together with the relative advantages and disadvantages of each.
Nematode.net update 2008: improvements enabling more efficient data mining and comparative nematode genomics

Nematode.net (http://nematode.net) is a publicly available resource dedicated to the study of parasitic nematodes. In 2000, the Genome Center at Washington University (GC) joined a consortium including the Nematode Genomics group in Edinburgh, and the Pathogen Sequencing Unit of the Sanger Institute to generate expressed sequence tags (ESTs) as an inexpensive and efficient solution for gene discovery in parasitic nematodes. As of 2008 the GC, sampling key parasites of humans, animals and plants, has generated over 500 000 ESTs and 1.2 million genome survey sequences from more than 30 non-Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. Nematode.net was implemented to offer user-friendly access to data produced by this project. In addition to sequence data, the site hosts: assembled NemaGene clusters in GBrowse views characterizing composition and protein homology, functional Gene Ontology annotations presented via the AmiGO browser, KEGG-based graphical display of NemaGene clusters mapped to metabolic pathways, codon usage tables, NemFam protein families which represent conserved nematode-restricted coding sequences not found in public protein databases, a web-based WU-BLAST search tool that allows complex querying and other assorted resources. The primary aim of Nematode.net is the dissemination of this diverse collection of information to the broader scientific community in a way that is useful, consistent, centralized and enduring.
Uptake and assimilation of amino acids by Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Planorbidae).

Abstract 1. 1. Biomphalaria glabrata were incubated in aquarium water containing tritiated amino acids. Specific activities of acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions of hemolymph and of tissue were measured from groups of snails maintained for various periods of up to 104 hr post-incubation. 2. 2. The specific activity of the acid-soluble fraction of the hemolymph and of the tissue was highest immediately after incubation and then decreased sharply. 3. 3. No label was detected in the hemolymph protein while a near-constant level of activity was maintained in the tissue protein. 4. 4. Uptake of exogenous amino acids increased with temperatures of the incubation medium in experiments done at 6, 14 and 26°C.
Discussion on “Life and Work of Bhaskar Kumar Ghosh” by Pranab Kumar Sen

Abstract A (co-)founding editor of this prestigious journal, Professor B. K. Ghosh (BKG), passed away at the age of 72 on August 3, 2008. This tribute to BKG includes my reminiscences of him and what I believe to be his most important legacy. It ends with some personal recollections from BKG's niece, Mallika Ghosh, in her own words.
Composition of native warm-season grasses for bioenergy production in response to nitrogen fertilization rate and harvest date.

Information about the interaction of harvesting and N fertilization on composition of warm-season grasses grown as biofuel feedstocks is limited. Our objective was to determine composition of warm-season grasses as influenced by N fertilization rates and harvest dates. A field study was conducted near Ames, IA, during 2006 and 2007. The experimental design was a split-split plot arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications. Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.), indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutrans L. Nash), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) were main plots. Three N application rates (0, 65, and 140 kg ha -1 ) were subplots, and 10 harvest dates were sub-subplots. In both years, delaying harvest increased cellulose, lignin, and C concentrations, but decreased ash and N concentrations, however, the magnitude of these effects varied among species. On average, big bluestem had the highest cellulose (430.5 g kg -1 ) and C concentration (450.5 g kg -1 ) while switchgrass had the highest lignin concentration (58.5 g kg -1 ) among four species. Big bluestem had the lowest ash concentration (47.5 g kg -1 ) whereas indiangrass had the lowest N concentration (5.5 g kg -1 ). With increasing rates of N, average N, C, cellulose, and lignin concentrations increased 19 to 29%, 0.6 to 2.2%, 0.7 to 5.7%, and 5.6 to 23.9%, respectively, whereas ash concentration declined 1.8 to 18.4%, varied among species. Our results indicated that in general, warm-season grasses supplied with N fertilizer at 140 kg ha -1 and harvest delayed until fall have the optimal composition for biomass feedstock production.
Templated one-step synthesis of compositionally encoded nanowire tags

Multimetal nanowire tags, with distinct encoding patterns, have been prepared using a one-step templated electrodeposition from solutions containing different concentrations of various metal ions. Such synthesis of compositionally encoded nanowire tags is substantially faster and simpler than the preparation of striped nanowires based on sequential plating steps from different metal solutions and leads to high identification accuracy. The alloy nanowire preparation route leads to a high coding capacity with a large number of distinguishable voltammetric signatures, reflecting the predetermined composition of the metal mixture plating solution (and hence the nanowire composition). Factors influencing the identification accuracy are evaluated using three-metal (In, Pb, Bi) alloy nanowires, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of the new route are discussed.
Effect of nonequilibrium phonons on the electron relaxation and transport

We review the recent theoretical study of the effect of nonequilibrium phonons on hot-carrier relaxation and transport. In a quantum well, the proper treatment of the electron-phonon coupling between electrons confined to two dimensions (2-D) by phonons traveling freely in three dimensions (3D) requires special care because phonon heating produces a bottleneck in the rate of transfer of energy from the carriers to the phonons. Because the carriers interact with phonons primarily when the latter are close to the quantum well, the latter should be described, not by plane waves, but by packets adapted to the shape of the carrier confinement. A quasi-equilibrium technique that retains off-diagonal elements in the phonon wave-vector permits an unrestricted treatment of the density operator equation. That in turn leads to a choice of wave packet that comes from solving the integrodifferential equations rather than by imposition. Moreover, if the carrier distribution is assumed in quasi-equilibrium with a given drift and temperature, the coupled partial differential equations are reduced to coupled ordinary differential equations that can be solved with modest computer power. Comparison with experimental results for steady flow of energy from carriers to phonons, and for time-dependent relaxation yields quantitative agreement.
Oxygenation of blood during inhalation of a liquid medium.

SummarySeven dogs were submerged in a hyperbaric chamber containing Ringer's solution equilibrated with oxygen at 8 atm. All animals were able to breathe the liquid for at least 8 minutes, and the 2 that survived maintained liquid-breathing for 1 hour. As long as the animals breathed the solution, their arterial O2 concentration was adequate or above normal; however, CO2 was gradually accumulating in the blood. Four of the dogs died in the chamber as a result of sudden apnea or of dyspnea and bronchiospasm followed by apnea. Histopathological examinations performed on those that died revealed hyperemia, vascular lesions, and neutrophilic infiltration in the lungs, but no atelectasis. Vascular lesions were also observed in the central nervous system; those in the medulla may have been responsible for the sudden apnea.
β-Arrestins regulate human cardiac fibroblast transformation and collagen synthesis in adverse ventricular remodeling

Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) produce and degrade the myocardial extracellular matrix and are critical in maladaptive ventricular remodeling that can result in heart failure (HF). β-Arrestins are important signaling molecules involved in β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) desensitization and can also mediate signaling in a G protein-independent fashion. We hypothesize that β-arrestins play an important role in the regulation of adult human CF biology with regard to myofibroblast transformation, increased collagen synthesis, and myocardial fibrosis which are important in the development of HF. β-Arrestin1 & 2 expression is significantly upregulated in adult human CF isolated from failing left ventricles and β-AR signaling is uncoupled with loss of β-agonist-mediated inhibition of collagen synthesis versus normal control CF. Knockdown of either β-arrestin1 or 2 restored β-AR signaling and β-agonist mediated inhibition of collagen synthesis. Overexpression of β-arrestins in normal CF led to a failing phenotype with increased baseline collagen synthesis, impaired β-AR signaling, and loss of β-agonist-mediated inhibition of collagen synthesis. β-Arrestin knockdown in failing CF diminished TGF-β stimulated collagen synthesis and also inhibited ERK phosphorylation. Overexpression of β-arrestins in normal CF increased basal ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 phosphorylation and enhanced TGF-β-stimulated collagen synthesis. This was prevented by pre-treatment with a MEK1/2 inhibitor. Enhanced β-arrestin signaling appears to be deleterious in CF by promoting a pro-fibrotic phenotype via uncoupling of β-AR signaling as well as potentiating ERK and Smad signaling. Targeted inhibition of β-arrestins in CF may represent a therapeutic strategy to prevent maladaptive myocardial fibrosis.
Self-reported use of communication techniques in the emergency department

Abstract Background Communication is considered a core competency for physicians. However, the Emergency Department setting poses significant and unique communication challenges. Objective The objective of this study was to explore self-reported use and perceptions of effectiveness and feasibility of communication techniques used by Emergency Physicians for communication with patients. Methods This cross-sectional study utilized a previously published survey on eight communication techniques. Respondents were asked to quantify their personal use and perceptions of effectiveness and feasibility of each technique. Responses were analyzed for differences based on practice setting (community, academic) and provider role (attending, resident). The survey was administered to a convenience sample recruited at the national meeting of the American College of Emergency Physicians. Results One hundred and sixty-nine participants were enrolled (70.5% male; 55.8% attending physicians, 44.2% residents; 66.2% practiced in academic settings). Using simple language and speaking slowly to patients were the only techniques identified as being used routinely by a majority of the sample (92.2% and 61.3%, respectively). A majority of the sample ranked seven of the techniques as effective; all techniques were considered feasible in the Emergency Department. No differences were noted across provider role or practice setting. Conclusion The majority of respondents are not utilizing communication techniques, despite their own beliefs that the techniques are effective and easy to implement in the Emergency Department. Additional research is needed to determine the effectiveness of these techniques and relevant barriers to their use.
Gradient elution techniques for capillary electrochromatography.

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a rapidly maturing technique, but still in need of further instrumental development and in need of unique applications that are not possible by traditional pressure-driven LC. We review the development of gradient elution schemes for CEC, beginning with pH gradients initially developed for capillary electrophoresis. Step gradients are the most easily instrumentally implemented, but provide less flexibility in separation than continuous gradients. Pressure-assisted CEC is easily adapted to gradient elution schemes, but does not offer the advantages of very high column efficiency provided by totally electro-driven mobile phases. The development of flow-injection interfaces allows a true solvent gradient to be generated by μ-LC pumps, with the mobile phase drawn into the separation capillary by pure electroosmotic flow. While requiring both a CEC instrument and a traditional pump or pumps capable of generating the gradient, this method offers advantages of greatly reduced column handling, prolonging column lifetimes, and allows simple autosampling. We also discuss voltage gradients, which provide a mobile phase velocity gradient.
NON-LOG-NORMALITY OF THE OCS LEASE BIDDING DATA.

A simple nonparametric technique is given that can detect deviations from normality in the right tail by combining Studentized maxima over samples of the same size. The technique is successfully applied to the 10-bid oil and gas lease data on the outer continental shelf of the U.S.
Electric field induced surface diffusion and micro/nano-scale island growth

Abstract An experimental study of electric field induced surface diffusion is presented. A stability analysis of conductive surfaces subjected to a normal uniform electric field shows that sufficiently strong electric fields can destabilize a flat surface, similar to strain induced surface evolution in strain mismatched semiconductor thin films. Further, electric field gradients such as those under a sharp electrode or in the fringe field in a capacitor can drive surface diffusion, leading to nano-scale and micro-scale surface structure growth. Experiments are conducted on gold surfaces at elevated temperatures around 250–350 °C, subjected to electric fields of the order of 10 8 – 10 9 V / m . Growth of islands as ridges was observed, the height of which was as high as 200 nm. A description of the initial surface normal velocity is developed by using the Maxwell–Rowgoski solution for the fringe field at the edge of a parallel plate capacitor.
Urethral Calculi in Five Horses

Urinary calculi are not uncommon in many domestic animals and man. Urethral calculi, however, occur infrequently in horses relative to other domestic species. Of 14 cases of urinary calculi in horses admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital during the past eight years, nine had cystic calculi, one had a ureteral calculus, and five had urethral calculi. One case had a cystic and a urethral calculus. The clinical findings, medical and surgical management, and postoperative results in five cases of urethral calculi are reviewed in this article.
High-risk behaviors associated with early smoking: results from a 5-year follow-up.

Abstract Purpose: To compare grade 7 nonsmokers, experimenters, and smokers on the basis of prevalence of other problem behaviors at both grade 7 and grade 12. Methods: Based on longitudinal self-report data from 4327 California and Oregon students, we used logistic regression to develop weighted estimates of the prevalence of academic difficulties, substance use, and delinquent behavior within the three smoking status groups at grades 7 and 12. Huber variance estimates, which adjust for weighting and clustering of observations, were used to assess the statistical significance of differences across groups. Results: Compared with nonsmokers, early smokers were at least 3 times more likely by grade 12 to regularly use tobacco and marijuana, use hard drugs, sell drugs, have multiple drug problems, drop out of school, and experience early pregnancy and parenthood. These adolescents were also at higher risk for low academic achievement and behavioral problems at school, stealing and other delinquent behaviors, and use of predatory and relational violence. Early experimenters were at significantly greater risk for these problems as well, although to a lesser extent than smokers. Importantly, the higher risk among experimenters and smokers of experiencing many of these problems was evident as early as grade 7. Conclusions: Early experimenters and smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to experience various problem behaviors by grade 12, with many of these problems evident as early as grade 7. Results suggest that substance use programs that target multiple problems in addition to smoking may be most effective for these high-risk adolescents.
Thermodynamics of aqueous mixtures of nonelectrolytes. V. Isobaric heat capacities and ultrasonic speeds for water + ethanenitrile mixtures at 25°C

Abstract Volumetric heat capacities and ultrasonic speeds were measured at 25°C for water + ethanenitrile mixtures over the entire mole fraction range using a flow microcalorimeter and pulse-echo-overlap equipment, respectively. Excess volumes and coefficients of thermal expansion reported previously were used in conjunction with the present data to yield isobaric and isochoric heat capacities, and isentropic and isothermal compressibilities. The present study supports the view that ethanenitrile acts as a structure breaker.
Predictors of Poor Oral Intake in Hospitalized Geriatric Patients

Hyperuricemia is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome as well as gout, which has increased in Korea. The aim of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality between hyperuricemia patients and controls. Out of 28,589 persons who participated in a Cancer Screening Examination Cohort (2008-2011), 9,010 participants (46% female) whose diet records were available formed the study sample. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from the electronic medical records and dietary intakes were obtained from 3-d food records. Diet quality was evaluated by food habit score (FHS), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), and mean adequacy ratio (MAR). The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 13.8 % (27.1% in men and 5.2% in women). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were higher but HDL cholesterol was lower in hyperuricemia patients (p<0.0001, respectively) than controls. Hyperuricemia patients had lower intake of vitamin A (p<0.004), vitamin C, folate, fiber, and calcium (p<0.0001, respectively) than controls. Vegetables and dairy products intake were lower, whereas alcohol intake was higher in hyperuricemia patients than controls (p<0.0001, respectively). The FHS and MAR in hyperuricemia patients were significantly lower than controls (p<0.0001, respectively). The NAR of vitamin A (p1⁄40.01), vitamin B2, vitamin C, folate and calcium (p<0.0001, respectively) were lower than controls. In conclusion, our data showed that hyperuricemia patients had higher BMI, worse lipid profile and diet quality than controls. Further studies are needed to clarify the dietary factor and to establish the evidence based dietary guideline for hyperuricemia patients.
The patient–physician relationship in surgical students

BACKGROUND: Students may become less adept at developing strong patient-physician relationships during medical school. We evaluated whether students choosing careers in surgery show a similar negative trend. METHODS: Scores from 2 validated measurements of medical personality were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. The Patient Provider Orientation Scale (PPOS) assesses whether students are more patient-centered or paternalistic, and the Physician Reaction to Uncertainty Scale (PRUS) measures willingness to disclose uncertainty. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2005, 236 students completed the PPOS and PRUS in the first and third year of medical school. Surgical students remained patient-centered in their first and third year of medical school (mean PPOS, 4.5 vs 4.54, respectively; P < .348). In addition, they became more willing to disclose uncertainty (mean PRUS improved from 25.5 to 23.8; P < .002). CONCLUSIONS: Students choosing careers in surgery maintain or improve upon personality traits that are important for developing strong patient-physician relationships.
Exact Solution for an N-Molecule-Radiation-Field Hamiltonian

The exact solution for a problem of $N$ identical two-level molecules interacting through a dipole coupling with a single-mode quantized radiation field at resonance is given. Approximate expressions for the eigenvectors and eigenvalues for the ground and low-lying excited states, as well as the most highly excited states, are developed and compared with the exact results.
The role of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in the positive illusory bias.

The present study examined the relationships among gender, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, depressive symptoms, and biases in perceptions of scholastic competence in children. Participants were 38 children with predominantly inattentive symptoms (IA), 59 children with predominantly hyperactive/impulsive symptoms or a combination of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention (HICB), and 83 control (CTL) children. HICB children overestimated their scholastic competence more than IA children when reading and math achievement scores were used as criteria and more than CTL children when math achievement and teacher perceptions of children's competence were used as criteria. IA children generally did not differ from CTL children with regard to estimations of competence. Regression analyses suggested that positive illusory self-perceptions are associated with more severe hyperactivity/ impulsivity, but not more severe inattention.
Lithographically patterned anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanostructures for fluorescence enhancement

A new fluorescence enhancement technical platform based on the lithographically patterned anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanostructures is reported for the first time. The fluorescence images of several types of fluorescent dyes on the AAO and Au-coated AAO substrates have been obtained and examined. Significant fluorescence enhancement has been observed. This type of AAO-nanostructure platform has potential applications, especially its integration with microdevices and microfluidic devices for fluorescence-based biological analysis.
Species differences in the behavior correlates of hippocampal RSA

The possibility that differences between species in the behaviors associated with hippocampal RSA were responsible for theoretical conflicts regarding the significance of this bioelectric response was examined. Specifically, a species associated with the voluntary movement theory learned a task associated with the attention theory regarding hippocampal RSA. Electrical activity from the dorsal and ventral hippocampus was monitored while rats learned and were shifted from a CRF to either a cued- or noncued-DRL schedule of reinforcement. Previous research had shown that cued-DRL training increased the incidence of dorsal RSA from the cat as a result of increased attention to the environmental cue that was guiding behavior. Since the same amount of voluntary movement is required of both cued- and noncued-DRL performance, it was predicted that rats performing on cued-DRL, like cats, would show an increase in the incidence of RSA as learning progressed. The results of both visual and computer derived power spectral-density analyses supported the hypothesis that dorsal RSA is associated with attention to environmental cues. Since rats behaviorally orient differently to stimuli than do cats, it was suggested that differences in the behavior correlates of dorsal RSA between species can be accounted for by a consideration of the orienting behavior of the species being studied.
Education and the environment

Far-reaching changes are occurring in university education. Some of these changes are intimately related to subject areas within geophysics, but university geophysicists are for the most part playing a passive role in critical examination of curricula and in developing new programs responsive to student interest in environmental problems. It seems to be that this situation is cause for concern. The following items suggest the issues which call for our thought and attention.
Laminar flow cells for single-molecule studies of DNA-protein interactions

Microfluidic flow cells are used in single-molecule experiments, enabling measurements to be made with high spatial and temporal resolution. We discuss the fundamental processes affecting flow cell operation and describe the flow cells in use at present for studying the interaction of optically trapped or mechanically isolated, single DNA molecules with proteins. To assist the experimentalist in flow cell selection, we review the construction techniques and materials used to fabricate both single- and multiple-channel flow cells and the advantages of each design for different experiments.
THE CHARACTERS OF A THIRD TRANSPLANTABLE CHICKEN TUMOR DUE TO A FILTERABLE CAUSE. A SARCOMA OF INTRACANALICULAR PATTERN

In Volume XVIII, Number 6, December, 1913, page 662, line 23 and following should read: Finally, artificial attenuation of the agent causing Chicken Tumor I, by heating, or glycerination, or storage after drying, has never so altered it that it will produce tumors resembling Chicken Tumor XVIII. The agents causing the two growths may nevertheless have some relationship to each other.
Stereotype threat and feedback seeking in the workplace

Abstract This study examined stereotype threat ( Steele & Aronson, 1995 ) in workplace settings and investigated relationships of stereotype threat to feedback seeking and feedback acceptance. Results from a sample of 166 African American managers showed that solo status in the work group predicted perceptions of stereotype threat. In addition, stereotype threat related positively to indirect feedback seeking and discounting of performance feedback from superiors. These findings have important implications for understanding the causes of group differences in job performance.
Measurements of positron-methane differential scattering cross sections

Relative differential cross sections (DCS's) have been measured for 4 to 200 eV ${\mathrm{e}}^{+}$-${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$ quasielastic scattering (elastic scattering plus rotational and vibrational excitations) from 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in a crossed-beam experiment. The observed DCS behavior, including diffraction effects at low energies, is very similar to that found earlier for ${\mathrm{e}}^{+}$-Ar elastic scattering. Comparisons between (${\mathrm{e}}^{+}$,${\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$)-(${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$,Ar) DCS measurements suggest that observed diffraction effects may be correlated with the sign of the net interaction potential and the degree of spherical symmetry of the target.
Basal Body Components Exhibit Differential Protein Dynamics during Nascent Basal Body Assembly

Basal bodies organize cilia that are responsible for both mechanical beating and sensation. Nascent basal body assembly follows a series of well characterized morphological events; however, the pro...
Sulfatase Activity of Keratinizing Tissues in X-Linked Ichthyosis

Summary: Arylsulfatases A and B were measured in the stratum corneum of four normal controls and two individuals with sex-linked ichthyosis. For arylsulfatase A, the mean Δ optical density/hr/mg protein value was 1.6 for controls and 2.0 for patients, whereas for arylsulfatase B values of 1.5 for controls and 1.4 for patients were observed. Assay of arylsulfatase C in the callus of four normal controls showed a mean Δ optical density/hr/100 mg callus of 0.63, whereas no or trace activity was detected in callus from four patients with x-linked ichthyosis. The assay of steroid sulfatase is best for studying microsomal sulfatase activity. Table 1 shows the activity of this enzyme in nails, callus, and hair bulbs from controls and patients with x-linked ichthyosis. No steroid sulfatase could be demonstrated in patients with x-linked ichthyosis. The values in normal controls and obligate heterozygotes are compared in Table 2. The mean value of the two groups is statistically different with P ± 0.05 using the Student t test. Speculation: bnalysis of keratinizing tissues for steroid sulfatase activity can be used for the definitive diagnosis of x-linked ichthyosis and may be of value in identifying heterozygotes. Analysis of these tissues may also be useful in studying a number of metabolic disturbances because other enzymes are also present.
Laser-excited fluorescence spectroscopy and crystal field analysis of europium(III)-doped cordierite glass

The 5D0→7F0-2 emission of Eu3+ in cordierite is reported. Fluorescence line-narrowed emission by the 5D0←7F0 transition was used to study local structure around the Eu3+ ion in cordierite glass. It was found that the Eu3+ ion forms quasi-molecular complexes with the non-bridging oxygen, enabling the FLN data to be accounted for in terms of a single non-random distribution of crystal field strengths.
Vagaries of the molecular clock

The hypothesis of the molecular evolutionary clock asserts that informational macromolecules (i.e., proteins and nucleic acids) evolve at rates that are constant through time and for different lineages. The clock hypothesis has been extremely powerful for determining evolutionary events of the remote past for which the fossil and other evidence is lacking or insufficient. I review the evolution of two genes, Gpdh and Sod. In fruit flies, the encoded glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) protein evolves at a rate of 1.1 × 10−10 amino acid replacements per site per year when Drosophila species are compared that diverged within the last 55 million years (My), but a much faster rate of ≈4.5 × 10−10 replacements per site per year when comparisons are made between mammals (≈70 My) or Dipteran families (≈100 My), animal phyla (≈650 My), or multicellular kingdoms (≈1100 My). The rate of superoxide dismutase (SOD) evolution is very fast between Drosophila species (16.2 × 10−10 replacements per site per year) and remains the same between mammals (17.2) or Dipteran families (15.9), but it becomes much slower between animal phyla (5.3) and still slower between the three kingdoms (3.3). If we assume a molecular clock and use the Drosophila rate for estimating the divergence of remote organisms, GPDH yields estimates of 2,500 My for the divergence between the animal phyla (occurred ≈650 My) and 3,990 My for the divergence of the kingdoms (occurred ≈1,100 My). At the other extreme, SOD yields divergence times of 211 My and 224 My for the animal phyla and the kingdoms, respectively. It remains unsettled how often proteins evolve in such erratic fashion as GPDH and SOD.
Unusual resistance of the ground squirrel to the development of dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis

Abstract This study was designed to examine the apparently unusual resistance to atherosclerosis in the adult male ground squirrel. In one study, serum lipid and lipoprotein patterns and concentrations of ground squirrels were observed after feeding for 26 weeks with either rodent chow or rodent chow supplemented with cholesterol. These two groups were compared to a third group fed chow diet for three weeks, then killed for baseline values to distinguish between aging effects and those induced by cholesterol feeding. No outstanding changes in the concentration and patterns of the serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins were observed in any groups. A higher serum phospholipid concentration in cholesterol-fed animals compared to animals fed chow diet alone for three weeks suggested that the rise was associated with aging rather than diet. The predominant lipoprotein fraction in all three groups was high-density lipoprotein (HDL). No lesions were found in the coronary arteries or thoracic and abdominal aortas. In a second study a primate diet with 50% egg yolk was given for 1 year. This diet caused elevation of serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels, and increased HDL, which had an unusual ability to carry as much cholesterol as the low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, no arterial lipid accumulation was observed. Light microscopic and ultrastructural studies of the coronary artery and aorta revealed nothing unusual, and in structure, they resembled those of other small rodents. The only striking finding was that very few degenerative aging changes were found in the aorta when compared to rats of a similar age. The study demonstrates that the ground squirrel does not develop marked hypercholesterolemia with cholesterol feeding and that the majority of the elevated levels of serum lipids, particularly cholesterol, are transported as α-lipoprotein. Both of these factors, plus the lack of degenerative aging changes in the arterial wall may play an important role in the resistance of this particular species to atherosclerosis.
Positive-ion mobility in dilute solutions of 4He in 3He

The mobility of positive ions in essentially pure 3He and in solutions with 100, 300, 1000, 3000, and 10,000 ppm of 4He has been studied at pressures of 60 Torr, 10, 20, and 25.6 bar. For temperatures below about 100 mK the pureliquid mobility data are consistent with a ln (T 0/T) behavior except at the very lowest temperatures, where field-dependent effects may cause departures; both phenomena are in agreement with recent calculations of Bowley based on the Josephson-Lekner formalism. In the more concentrated solutions an increase in the ion radius (corresponding to a decrease in the mobility) is observed starting below ~200mK; this is interpreted as a polarization-potentialinduced phase separation resulting in a liquid 4He-rich “halo” about the solid ion core. At still lower temperatures a vanishing 4He content causes the solution data to rather abruptly rejoin the pure-liquid data. At still higher 4He concentrations additional very low-mobility species are observed which are likely ions with large metastable halos produced by a large 4He concentration at the field-emission tip where the ions are created.
Erratum: "the robertson-taussky inequality revisited"

A counterexample is given to the permanental analog (of the titled determinantal inequality) asserted in the titled paper. The fault lay with an invalid identity used in its proof.
A Conceptual Design of a Linac-Stretcher Ring to Obtain a 2-GeV Continuous Electron Beam

In order to obtain a high duty factor, > 100 ?A 2-GeV electron beam, we have designed a linac-stretcher ring system. The system is an attractive option because it draws heavily on the existing accelerator technology. The linac-stretcher ring consists of a 2-GeV SLAC-type pulsed linac which injects into a storage ring. In between linac pulses, the stored electron beam is to extract resonantly. This design differs from those discussed recently in several important respects. The storage ring includes an RF system whose purpose is to control the beam orbit and rate of extraction from the ring. With an RF system in the ring, the injection scheme consists of a few turns of synchronous transfers of beam between the linac and storage ring.
Theoretical, methodological, and statistical implications of the inhalation rCBF technique for the study of brain-behavior relationships.

Abstract The use of noninvasive regional cerebral blood flow determinations to investigate brain-behavior relationships is reviewed. With competent control and design of experiments, including the strategy of holding sensory and motor components of tasks constant while varying only the cognitive instruction, the method can be valid for describing classical and known relationships as well as for discovering new ones. General phenomena of activation, such as the hyperfrontal response, are describable in addition to classical localized cortical functions. Further progress depends upon a sophisticated use of existing and new statistical techniques, rigorous deconfounding of experimental manipulations, and maintenance of an interdisciplinary collaboration in rCBF laboratories.