cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eat and run: prioritization of oxygen delivery during elevated metabolic states

Abstract The principal function of the cardiopulmonary system is the matching of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport to the metabolic requirements of different tissues. Increased oxygen demands ( V ˙ O 2 ), for example during physical activity, result in a rapid compensatory increase in cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow to the appropriate skeletal muscles. These cardiovascular changes are matched by suitable ventilatory increments. This matching of cardiopulmonary performance and metabolism during activity has been demonstrated in a number of different taxa, and is universal among vertebrates. In some animals, large increments in aerobic metabolism may also be associated with physiological states other than activity. In particular, V ˙ O 2 may increase following feeding due to the energy requiring processes associated with prey handling, digestion and ensuing protein synthesis. This large increase in V ˙ O 2 is termed “specific dynamic action” (SDA). In reptiles, the increase in V ˙ O 2 during SDA may be 3–40-fold above resting values, peaking 24–36 h following ingestion, and remaining elevated for up to 7 days. In addition to the increased metabolic demands, digestion is associated with secretion of H+ into the stomach, resulting in a large metabolic alkalosis (alkaline tide) and a near doubling in plasma [HCO3−]. During digestion then, the cardiopulmonary system must meet the simultaneous challenges of an elevated oxygen demand and a pronounced metabolic alkalosis. This paper will compare and contrast the patterns of cardiopulmonary response to similar metabolic increments in these different physiological states (exercise and/or digestion) in a variety of reptiles, including the Burmese python, Python morulus, savannah monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus, and American alligator Alligator mississipiensis.
Observations of mean and turbulent flow structure in a free-floating macrophyte root canopy

Free-floating macrophytes often grow in dense mats, and their feathery, unanchored roots form canopies at the water surface that can affect stream hydraulics and water quality. This study examines the physical interactions between a common species of free-floating macrophyte, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and surrounding water flow to better understand the hydrodynamic effects of free-floating macrophyte root canopies. Experiments in an open-channel flow chamber were conducted to examine flow fields through and around root canopies. The presence of the root canopy in the channel caused deflection of flow around and reduced velocities within the canopy. Increased Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy were observed beyond 50% of canopy length, culminating in a large wake region immediately downstream. Vertical profiles of mean streamwise water velocity beyond 50% of canopy length exhibited inflection points, suggesting mixing layer development analogous to mixing layers in leaf canopies of terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. The vertical turbulent structure exhibited sweeps, coherent vortices, and increased mixing efficiency along the canopy edge. Although turbulent mixing increased outside the root canopy, limited turbulent exchange between the root canopy and the open water was observed. This implies low momentum flux across the canopy–water interface, and therefore we expect residence time in the root canopy to be dominated by horizontal advection.
Aliasing rejection in Precision Decomposition of EMG signals

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods in Precision Decomposition (PD) of indwelling and surface electromyographic (EMG) signals has led to the recent development of systems that can automatically resolve most instances of complex superposition among action potentials. The remaining errors have to be corrected by a user-interactive editing process. Typically, 25% to 50% of such errors involve action-potential aliasing, whereby the action potential of a motor unit is incorrectly identified in signal data that actually supports the action potential of another motor unit. To drastically reduce this class of errors, we have added a new aliasing-rejection mechanism in PD algorithms. Experimental results on real EMG signals show that aliasing-related errors of the Precision Decomposition technique are thereby reduced by 80% to 90%.
Canine hyperadrenocorticism: Part 1

AETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is a common clinical syndrome in middle-aged to older dogs, resulting from an excessive circulating cortisol concentration. This is caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumour (pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, PD-HAC, or ‘Cushing’s disease’) in 85% of cases but occasionally results from an adrenal gland tumour (adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, AD-HAC). The two types of HAC are indistinguishable clinically (Feldman et al., 2004). PD-HAC is seen most frequently in smaller breeds and there is no sex predisposition. AD-HAC is more common in larger breeds and two thirds of cases are female.
Preserving operation effects relation in group editors

Consistency maintenance is a critical and challenging issue in many interactive groupware applications that can be modeled as group editors. This paper addresses two open consistency problems: divergence and operation effects relation violation. While the former has been partly solved, the latter has never been addressed in any published work. We propose a novel approach to solving both problems in the same framework. Particularly it preserves the effects relation of concurrent operations so that convergence is achieved automatically. Our work provides a new perspective into group editors and operational transformation algorithms.
Effects of 28 days of resistance exercise and consuming a commercially available pre-workout supplement, NO-Shotgun ® , on body composition, muscle strength and mass, markers of satellite cell activation, and clinical safety markers in males

Purpose This study determined the effects of 28 days of heavy resistance exercise combined with the nutritional supplement, NO-Shotgun®, on body composition, muscle strength and mass, markers of satellite cell activation, and clinical safety markers.
Distributed Shortest Path Algorithms

Consider a graph G(V,E) with a distinguished node called the root and with some positive weight associated with each direction on each edge. The length of a path in the graph is the sum of the weights in the direction of the path over the edges of the path. The shortest path problem is to find a minimum weight path from each node to the root. In the special case where each edge has unit weight, we call the shortest path problem the minimum hop problem.
Nucleotide- and Stoichiometry-dependent DNA Supercoiling by Reverse Gyrase*

Reverse gyrase is a unique type IA topoisomerase that can introduce positive supercoils into DNA. We have investigated some of the biochemical properties of Archaeoglobus fulgidus reverse gyrase. It can mediate three distinct supercoiling reactions depending on the adenine nucleotide cofactor that is present in the reaction. Besides the ATP-driven positive supercoiling reaction, the enzyme can introduce negative supercoils with a nonhydrolyzable analog, adenylyl imidodiphosphate. In the presence of ADP the plasmid DNA is relaxed almost completely, leaving a very low level of positive supercoiling. Surprisingly, the final supercoiling extent for all three distinct reactions depends on the stoichiometry of enzyme to DNA. This dependence is not due to the difference of reaction rate, suggesting that the amount of enzyme bound to DNA is an important determinant for the final supercoiling state of the reaction product. Reverse gyrase also displays exquisite sensitivity toward temperature. Raising the reaction temperatures from 80 to 85 °C, both of which are within the optimal growth temperature of A. fulgidus, greatly increases enzyme activity for all the supercoiling reactions. For the reaction with AMPPNP, the product is a hypernegatively supercoiled DNA. This dramatic enhancement of the reverse gyrase activity is also correlated with the appearance of DNA in a pre-melting state at 85 °C, likely due to the presence of extensively unwound regions in the plasmid. The possible mechanistic insights from these findings will be presented here.
Conventional and Newer Reconstruction Techniques in CT

Heightened concerns over increasing radiation dose from CT scanning have highlighted limitations of real-time image reconstruction methods using conventional filtered back-projection techniques. Significant advances in computational power have enabled commercial availability of several iterative approaches for CT image reconstruction and processing. These techniques enable radiation dose reduction, as well as opportunity to improve scanner resolution, while reducing some image artifacts. In this chapter, we review the technical basis of conventional and newer reconstruction techniques for CT.
A Species-Specific Approach to Modeling Biological Communities and Its Potential for Conservation

Community-level approaches to biological conservation are now recognized as a major advance in most current single-species conservation and management practices. Existing approaches for modeling bio- logical communities, have limited utility, however, because they commonly examine community metrics (e.g., species richness, assemblage "types") and consequently do not consider the identity of the species that com- pose the community. This is a critical shortcoming because the functional differences among species ulti- mately translate into the differential vulnerability of biological communities to natural and human-related environmental change. To address this concern I present a novel, species-specific approach to modeling com- munities using a multiresponse, artificial neural network. This provides an analytical approach that facili- tates the development of a single, integrative model that predicts the entire species membership of a commu- nity while still respecting differences in the functional relationship between each species and its environment. I used temperate-lake fish communities to illustrate the utility of this modeling approach and found that pre- dictions of community composition by the neural network were highly concordant with observed composi- tions of the 286 study lakes. Average similarity between observed and predicted community composition was 80% (22 out of the 27 species correctly classified), and the model predicted a significant portion of the com- munity composition in 91% of the lakes. I discuss the importance of the lake habitat variables for predicting community composition and explore the spatial distribution of model predictions in light of recent species in- vasions. The proposed modeling approach provides a powerful, quantitative tool for developing community predictive models that explicitly consider species membership, and thus each species' functional role in the community. Such models will contribute significantly to the study and conservation of biological communities.
Context-dependent plasticity of aggressive signalling in a dynamic social environment

Frog choruses are dynamic social environments in which males must balance the conflicting demands of attracting a female and defending their calling site. The optimal trade-off is probably one that adaptively tracks temporal and spatial changes in the local social environment. Previous studies have indicated that a male frog's propensity to interact aggressively with its nearby neighbours reflects patterns of plasticity that could allow for such tracking. We presently do not know the mechanisms underlying plasticity in aggressive signalling in frogs, nor do we understand how plasticity depends on variation in social context. In this field playback experiment with spring peepers, Pseudacris crucifer, we investigated how differences in the type of signalling interactions (a form of social context) experienced by calling males influence the plasticity of aggression directed towards nearby neighbours in the chorus. We used the habituation–discrimination experimental paradigm to present males with calls simulating a new neighbour that was initially either aggressive (producing a mixture of advertisement and aggressive vocalizations) or nonaggressive (producing only advertisement calls). We found that interacting with an initially aggressive versus nonaggressive neighbour had negligible effects on the plasticity of a male's aggressive response, but that subsequent changes in social context (e.g. a switch to aggressive calling by a previously nonaggressive neighbour) greatly influenced a male's aggressive responsiveness. We discuss our results in terms of short-term habituation as a mechanism for the plasticity and specificity of aggressive signalling behaviour in frog choruses.
The Effect of Question Order on Disclosure of Intimate Partner Violence: An Experimental Test Using the Conflict Tactics Scales

Two plausible but contradictory approaches to question order in research on sensitive or criminal behavior are (1) that presenting the questions in a sequence corresponding to a culturally recognized behavior pattern will facilitate disclosure, and (2) that presenting questions in random order will result in more disclosure because random order disrupts response sets. The question order of the original Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS1) used the culturally recognized sequence approach, and the revised CTS (CTS2) used a modified random order. This experiment was designed to determine which of these two question orders results in more disclosure of physical and sexual assault of a dating partner. The standard version of the CTS2, which has the questions from each of the 5 scales interspersed in a slightly modified random order, was administered to every second student in a sample of 417 university students. The other half of the sample were given the same instrument but with the questions in the culturally recognized sequential order used in the CTS1. The cultural sequence order begins with the socially approved behaviors in the Negotiation scale and ends with scales measuring antisocial and the criminal behavior such as the Physical Assault scale. The results indicate that the CTS2 random order produced significantly higher disclosure rates for the scales that measure criminal behavior (Physical Assault, Injury, and Sexual Coercion) and made no difference for the other CTS2 scales (Negotiation and Psychological Aggression). Although these results suggest that the CTS2 random order is the preferred approach, reasons to treat that conclusion with caution are presented.
International Students in Atlantic Canada

International students are viewed as potential new immigrants. “International graduates are young with advanced English language skills, with fully recognized qualifications, locally relevant professional training and a high degree of acculturation” (Hawthorne, L. International Migration Review 39(2):663–696, 2005). These characteristics are believed to facilitate their integration into both the labour market and society as a whole. In addition, international students are also sources of revenue for local educational institutions and help strengthen local markets for goods and services. Siddiq et al. (Report prepared for CAMET by Dalhousie University, School of Public Administration, Halifax 2010) found that international students contributed $175 million of new money to the Atlantic Canadian economy in 2009–2010 (see box 5.1).
Surveying and Mapping in the United States

The history of surveying and mapping is the history of civilization. A complete collection of maps would be the best kind of a record of man's activities on earth, but it would be a bulky volume. J...
After the Affair: Healing the Pain and Rebuilding Trust When a Partner Has Been Unfaithful. By Janis Abrahms Spring with Michael Spring. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., 1996. 304 pages, paperback, $13.00. ISBN 0-06-017236-3.

(1998). After the Affair: Healing the Pain and Rebuilding Trust When a Partner Has Been Unfaithful. By Janis Abrahms Spring with Michael Spring. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., 1996. 304 pages, paperback, $13.00. ISBN 0-06-017236-3. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 263-264.
Does it really matter? The pessimistic interpretation of contralateral anterior laxity as a predictor of ACL reconstruction outcomes: Commentary on an article by Sung-Jae Kim, MD, PhD, et al.: "Does anterior laxity of the uninjured knee influence clinical outcomes of acl reconstruction?".

Kim et al. investigated the role of contralateral knee laxity as a predictor of clinical outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The authors should be applauded for this pursuit and attempt to investigate a previously unexamined predictor of these outcomes. The reader should not, however, overlook the fact that the significant differences, on which the conclusions hinge, are in fact clinically insignificant and the authors’ conclusions are therefore grossly overstated. Many authors have explored the role of nonmodifiable patient-specific risk factors such as sex, age, excessive posterior tibial slope, and generalized ligamentous laxity as predisposing factors for ACL injury. Myer et al.1 determined that knee hyperextension and side-to-side differences in anterior-posterior laxity resulted in fivefold and fourfold increases in the odds of ACL injury, respectively, in a large prospective cohort of female soccer and basketball players. The authors of another study2 found that generalized ligamentous knee laxity and knee hyperextension were more common among those who sustained an ACL injury compared with controls. Uhorchak et al.3 determined that …
Packing 360∘ domain walls of identical circulation on planar ferromagnetic nanowires with notches using circular magnetic fields

360∘domain walls (DWs) have generated substantial interest with the recognition that their minimal stray field creates only short range interactions, leading to a potentially higher packing density for data storagedevices compared to 180∘ DWs. The topology of neighboring 360∘ DWs with identical circulation allows a higher packing density than that of 360∘ DWs of opposite circulation. Our simulations demonstrate the process by which we can pack 360∘ DWs of identical circulation on a long wire with 100 nm width (in y) and 4 nm thickness (in z), studying different size and shape notches to pin the DWs. The process to generate these walls follows a series of circular fields with non-uniform magnetic field strength that decreases as 1/r as if created by an infinitely long wire passing current into or out of the page and centered just above the notches. We are able to pin two 360∘ DWs of the same circulation on adjacent 16 nm (x) by 32 nm (y) rectangular notches 100 nm apart and on adjacent triangular notches of the same area that are 100 nm apart. The location and strength required of the series of fields is different for the different notches. Such stable high density packing of 360∘ DWs in simulations is unprecedented and suggests the potential for high density information storage.
Nutritional Studies on Two Gasteromycetes: Phallus Ravenelii and Crucibulum Levis

Two species of Gasteromycetes, Phallus ravenelii and Crucibulum levis were studied in liquid culture. The utilization of nutrients was determined by average mycelial dry weight of 2–6 replicates. O...
Decentering the Study of Jewish Identity: Opening the Dialogue With Other Religious Groups

While social science research in Jewish studies is important for the particular knowledge it conveys about and for Jews, it also raises more general questions about the complicated and sometimes ambivalent nature of contemporary ethnic and religious identity in the sociological study of religion and ethnicity. This article focuses on Jewish identity as a way of raising questions about the relationship between religiosity and ethnicity; the dialectical nature of assimilation; and the methodological implications raised by defining identity subjectively or objectively for both qualitative and quantitative research. Our aim in sharing these explorations is to raise questions about the ways in which particularistic concerns and explorations of one group can deepen and/or provoke similar explorations in other contemporary religious and ethnic groups and vice versa.
Rapid and efficient redox processes within 2D covalent organic framework thin films.

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are ideally suited for organizing redox-active subunits into periodic, permanently porous polymer networks of interest for pseudocapacitive energy storage. Here we describe a method for synthesizing crystalline, oriented thin films of a redox-active 2D COF on Au working electrodes. The thickness of the COF film was controlled by varying the initial monomer concentration. A large percentage (80–99%) of the anthraquinone groups are electrochemically accessible in films thinner than 200 nm, an order of magnitude improvement over the same COF prepared as a randomly oriented microcrystalline powder. As a result, electrodes functionalized with oriented COF films exhibit a 400% increase in capacitance scaled to electrode area as compared to those functionalized with the randomly oriented COF powder. These results demonstrate the promise of redox-active COFs for electrical energy storage and highlight the importance of controlling morphology for optimal perfor...
Epidemiological Study on 3363 Cases of Hyperthyroidism

[Objective]To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of patients with hyperthyroidism,and provide evidence for developing control measures.[Methods]Medical records of 3363 cases of diagnosed hyperthyroidism treated in a hyperthyroidism-specialized medical center of Liuzhou City in 2007 were statistically analyzed.[Results]806 cases were male (23.9%) and 2557 were female (76.03%) in the recruitment,the ratio of male to female was 1:3.17. The age ranged from 2 to 91 years with an average of 35.67. The highest prevalence (2548 cases,75.77%) was found in age group of 20~50 years. 48.14% of patients (1292 cases) were peasants and 25.63% (688 cases) had temporary jobs.[Conclusion]Most cases of hyperthyroidism are peasants; female patients are more than male patients; the occurrence of hyperthyroidism skews in younger age. The adoption of preventive measures was based on the specific causes of hyperthyroidism.
Issues in Aggregating Time Series: Illustration Through an AR(1) Model

Intra-individual variation is time dependent variation within a single participant’s time series. When data are collected from more than one subject, methods developed for single subject intra-individual relationship may not fully work and laws governing inter-individual relationship may not apply to intra-individual relationship. There are relative few methods in dealing with the analysis of pooling multiple time series. This article aims to investigate empirically the comparability of methods for pooling time series data and to address related issues through an AR(1) model. In this article, multiple time series are formulated, pooling estimation methods are derived and compared, simulation studies results are summarized, and related practical issues are addressed.
Altered maternal lipid metabolism is associated with higher inflammation in obese women during late pregnancy

Inflammation is elevated in obese pregnant women and is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Maternal lipid metabolism and its relationships with maternal inflammation, insulin resistance and neonatal metabolic health are poorly understood in obese pregnant women. 18 lean (age: 26.1 ± 5.0 years, pre-pregnancy BMI: 21.5 ± 1.9 kg/m2) and 16 obese (age: 25.0 ± 4.8 years, pre-pregnancy BMI: 36.3 ± 4.3 kg/m2) women participated in this case-control study during the third trimester of pregnancy. Maternal plasma markers of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP)) were measured at rest, and lipid concentration and kinetics (lipid oxidation rate and lipolysis) were measured at rest, during a 30-minute bout of low-intensity (40% VO2peak) exercise, and during a recovery period. Umbilical cord blood was collected for measurement of neonatal plasma insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and lipid concentration. Neonatal body composition was measured via air displacement plethysmography. Pregnant obese women had higher plasma CRP (9.1 ± 4.0 mg/L versus 2.3 ± 1.8 mg/L, p<0.001) and higher HOMA-IR (3.8 ± 1.9 versus 2.3 ± 1.5, p=0.009) compared to pregnant lean women. Obese women had higher lipid oxidation rates during recovery from low-intensity exercise (0.13 ± 0.03 g/min versus 0.11 ±0.04 g/min, p=0.02) that was associated with higher maternal CRP (r=0.55, p=0.001). Maternal CRP was positively associated with maternal HOMA-IR (r=0.40, p<0.02) and systolic blood pressure (r=0.40, p<0.02). Maternal lipid metabolism-associated inflammation may contribute to insulin resistance and higher blood pressure in obese women during pregnancy.
Pathophysiology of Central Nervous System Regulation of Anterior Pituitary Function

Central nervous system (CNS) regulation of anterior pituitary function involves the interaction of two major bodily systems — the nervous and endocrine systems. A discussion of both the role of the CNS in hormonal regulation and of hormonal effects on CNS function is outside the scope of this chapter, which will focus mainly on selected aspects of the role of the CNS in hormonal regulation.
Assessing Analytical Similarity of Proposed Amgen Biosimilar ABP 501 to Adalimumab

ABP 501 is being developed as a biosimilar to adalimumab. Comprehensive comparative analytical characterization studies have been conducted and completed. The objective of this study was to assess analytical similarity between ABP 501 and two adalimumab reference products (RPs), licensed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (adalimumab [US]) and authorized by the European Union (adalimumab [EU]), using state-of-the-art analytical methods. Comprehensive analytical characterization incorporating orthogonal analytical techniques was used to compare products. Physicochemical property comparisons comprised the primary structure related to amino acid sequence and post-translational modifications including glycans; higher-order structure; primary biological properties mediated by target and receptor binding; product-related substances and impurities; host-cell impurities; general properties of the finished drug product, including strength and formulation; subvisible and submicron particles and aggregates; and forced thermal degradation. ABP 501 had the same amino acid sequence and similar post-translational modification profiles compared with adalimumab RPs. Primary structure, higher-order structure, and biological activities were similar for the three products. Product-related size and charge variants and aggregate and particle levels were also similar. ABP 501 had very low residual host-cell protein and DNA. The finished ABP 501 drug product has the same strength with regard to protein concentration and fill volume as adalimumab RPs. ABP 501 and the RPs had a similar stability profile both in normal storage and thermal stress conditions. Based on the comprehensive analytical similarity assessment, ABP 501 was found to be similar to adalimumab with respect to physicochemical and biological properties.
Alcohol and sexual assault victimization: Research findings and future directions

Abstract Alcohol use by victims and/or offenders is associated with at least half of all sexual assaults (Abbey, 2002). However, the bidirectional relationship between alcohol and sexual assault is convoluted. While there is a significant body of literature dedicated to examining this association, the relationship remains unclear, and comprehensive recent literature reviews are lacking. This review focuses on the relationship between alcohol consumption and adult sexual assault among individuals in the general and college student populations. Studies from 2000 to the present are included and focused on: (a) the prevalence of alcohol-related sexual assault, (b) the link (and directionality) between alcohol and sexual assault, (c) the role of situational and behavioral risk factors for alcohol-related sexual assault; (d) disclosure, social reactions, and recovery outcomes, specific to alcohol-involved assaults; (e) mediators and moderators of the link between alcohol and sexual assault; and (f) directions for future research.
The Role of Cloud Computing Architecture in Big Data

In this data-driven society, we are collecting a massive amount of data from people, actions, sensors, algorithms and the web; handling “Big Data” has become a major challenge. A question still exists regarding when data may be called big data. How large is big data? What is the correlation between big data and business intelligence? What is the optimal solution for storing, editing, retrieving, analyzing, maintaining, and recovering big data? How can cloud computing help in handling big data issues? What is the role of a cloud architecture in handling big data? How important is big data in business intelligence? This chapter attempts to answer these questions. First, we review a definition of big data. Second, we describe the important challenges of storing, analyzing, maintaining, recovering and retrieving a big data. Third, we address the role of Cloud Computing Architecture as a solution for these important issues that deal with big data. We also discuss the definition and major features of cloud computing systems. Then we explain how cloud computing can provide a solution for big data with cloud services and open-source cloud software tools for handling big data issues. Finally, we explain the role of cloud architecture in big data, the role of major cloud service layers in big data, and the role of cloud computing systems in handling big data in business intelligence models.
On convergence of the linear extended state observer

Motivated by the gap between theory and practice in control problems, Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (LADRC) addresses a set of control problems in the absence of precise mathematical models. LADRC depends on the quick convergence of a unique state observer, known as the extended state observer, proposed by Han. This paper shows numerically the tracking condition and the absolute error estimation of this observer for a class of nonlinear and uncertain motion control problems.
Factors governing the shear response of prestressed concrete hollowcore slabs under fire conditions

Abstract This paper presents results from numerical studies on the effect of critical factors governing the shear response on prestressed concrete (PC) hollowcore slabs exposed to fire. A validated three dimensional finite element model is applied for evaluating failure of fire exposed prestressed concrete (PC) hollowcore slabs under different limiting states, including through shear. This model accounts for temperature induced property degradation in concrete and prestressing strands, cracking in concrete, varying fire exposure, loading and restraint conditions. The factors varied in the parametric study include, slab depth, load level, loading pattern, axial restraint, level of prestressing, and fire scenario. Results from parametric studies show that slab depth, load level, loading pattern, axial restraint, level of prestressing and fire scenario have significant influence on the fire response of PC hollowcore slabs, and failure under these conditions can occur through shear limiting state prior to reaching flexural limiting state. Results from parametric studies are further utilized to propose a simplified approach for evaluating shear capacity PC hollowcore slabs under fire conditions.
Anomalous Reverse Breakdown of CIGS Devices: Theory and Simulation

Copper indium gallium selenium (CIGS) photovoltaic (PV) devices exhibit unique reverse breakdown characteristics in terms of the dependence on temperature, light intensity, photon energy, and buffer layer material. In this work, the theoretical basis of potential reverse breakdown mechanisms are described and compared to available data. Quantitative analysis performed with semiconductor device simulation indicates that none of the conventional reverse breakdown mechanisms can account for the observations. Further work to better understand the reverse current-voltage characteristics of CIGS PV devices will provide insight to improve performance and reliability.
Biochemical Events Involved in IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Activation for Mediator Release

Bridging of IgE receptors on mast cells and basophilic granulocytes induces the activation of membrane-associated enzymes, such as serine protease, methyl-transferases and adenylate cyclase, followed by an enhancement of PI turnover and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. Our results suggest that activation of the serine protease and phospholipid methylation induce an enhancement of PI-turnover, which results in an accumulation of diacylglycerol (DAG) in plasma membranes, and that DAG, in turn, activates protein kinase C. We suspect that an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and DAG may lead to the release of arachiconate through the activation of phospholipase A2 and diacylglyceride lipase.
Writing and Story Telling as an Aid in Learning Math

It might be said that story telling is the oldest form of teaching and learning in which early humans discussed the important questions by passing down stories from generation to generation. This paper discusses the nature of literature in math education with a sample poem and story.
Implicit Racial Bias and Police Use of Lethal Force: Justifiable Homicide or Potential Discrimination?

Implicit bias seems to be a universal primitive function of all brains. Police officers have been found to have near universal implicit bias against racial and ethnic minorities. This does not mean that discriminatory behavior (explicit bias) has to inevitably follow. Reports of police use of lethal force have found that African Americans are far more likely to be shot and killed than their numbers in the population would predict. The actual number of individuals killed by police is not certain since the reporting of lethal force by police departments is voluntary. Evidence suggests that appropriate training of police can help reduce any tendency for police officers to exhibit discriminatory lethal violence against African Americans. We recommend the following changes: required reporting of all police shootings and the circumstances surrounding the shootings, counter training for implicit bias for all police officers, organizational policy and legislative reforms for law enforcement, and more diligent prosecution of inappropriate use of lethal force by police officers.
BioPlex Display: An Interactive Suite for Large-Scale AP-MS Protein-Protein Interaction Data.

The development of large-scale data sets requires a new means to display and disseminate research studies to large audiences. Knowledge of protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks has become a principle interest of many groups within the field of proteomics. At the confluence of technologies, such as cross-linking mass spectrometry, yeast two-hybrid, protein cofractionation, and affinity purification mass spectrometry (AP–MS), detection of PPIs can uncover novel biological inferences at a high-throughput. Thus new platforms to provide community access to large data sets are necessary. To this end, we have developed a web application that enables exploration and dissemination of the growing BioPlex interaction network. BioPlex is a large-scale interactome data set based on AP–MS of baits from the human ORFeome. The latest BioPlex data set release (BioPlex 2.0) contains 56 553 interactions from 5891 AP–MS experiments. To improve community access to this vast compendium of interactions, we developed BioPle...
Non-Reciprocal electromagnetics in time-varying systems

Time-varying systems have recently gained significant attention for the design of nonreciprocal devices. Here, we present a tutorial and overview of the recent progress in this topic, including different approaches to use time-varying systems to break reciprocity and the different applications for antenna systems, including isolators, circulators, nonreciprocal antennas, nonreciprocal metasurfaces and topological insulators for radio-waves and light.
Lentic and lotic odonate communities and the factors that influence them in urban versus rural landscapes

Habitat alteration via urbanization has very different effects on even closely related taxa. Most research investigating the ecological effects of urbanization has focused on birds or mammals, resulting in a relatively poor understanding of how the species richness and community composition of invertebrates may change. We quantified differences in species richness of adult odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) at lentic and lotic sites in urban and rural landscapes, and we examined environmental factors that might drive the differences in community composition that we observed. For lotic sites, species richness did not differ between urban versus rural sites for either dragonflies or damselflies. For lentic sites, urban and rural sites contained similar dragonfly species richness, but damselfly species richness was significantly lower at urban sites than at rural sites. Differences in lentic odonate community composition were associated with the amount of urban development within 150 m of each site, mean algal coverage, and distance to the urban center. At lotic sites, water temperature and distance to the urban center were correlated with differences in odonate community composition. The differing responses to urbanization observed in this study were probably a consequence of differences between lentic versus lotic ecosystems and between dragonflies versus damselflies in dispersal capability and habitat specificity. Given that different environmental factors affected these taxa differently in lentic and lotic sites, maintaining the highest level of odonate diversity possible across a landscape will require the use of different management practices for each ecosystem type.
The role of AP-1 family transcription factor networks in regulating Th17 cell identity

CD4 T cells can adopt one of two opposing fates: a helper T cell (Th) specialized in supporting pathogen clearance, or a regulatory T cell (Treg) that attenuates immune responses. IL-17A-producing inflammatory Th17 cells stand out among Th cells, possessing a high level of inherent plasticity in response to altered environments. The underlying mechanisms controlling such flexibility are largely unknown. In this regard, we have identified the AP-1 family of transcription factors (TFs) as key regulators of Th17 cell identity. Our previous work revealed the pioneering role of BATF in supporting global enhancer accessibility and flexibility in CD4 T cells, and here, we describe an antagonistic AP-1 TF, JunB, that limits Th17 plasticity. Indeed, we find that CD4 T cells deficient in JunB exhibit dysregulated effector cytokine and TF expression signatures, and lack disease potential in a mouse model of autoimmunity. In particular, JunB serves to restrain inappropriate Treg and Th1 differentiation. Here, we (i) use fate-mapping reporter mice to dissect the requirement for JunB in maintaining Th17 cell stability, (ii) define the JunB targets that facilitate subset conversion events; (iii) define novel genomic lineage-restriction elements regulated by AP-1 complexes; and (iv) define activating and repressing roles of JunB that support Th17 lineage stability. Such mechanistic insight is key to guiding future work aimed at exploiting the AP-1 balance in Th17 cells to divert damaging inflammatory responses into favorable regulatory responses.
Time-Amplifier Enhanced Phase Noise Filter

This letter presents a time-amplifier (TA) enhanced phase noise filter (TAPNF). The PN improvement strategy and resettable low noise TA design are presented. The 10-GHz TAPNF achieves 13.6/13.4/14.4-dB PN suppression and −125/−129/−132-dBc/Hz PN sensitivity at 1-MHz offset with the 20/40/80-ns delay lines, respectively. Compared with the PNF without TA, the TAPNF demonstrates 9 dB better PN sensitivity. This TAPNF is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process with 1.4 mm $\times \,\, 1.6$ mm chip area and consumes 94.6-mW power.
Abstract P287: Autonomy Supportive Healthcare Providers Influence Self-Determined Motivation for Physical Activity in Women With Cardiovascular Disease

Introduction: Data consistently indicate women with CVD do not regularly engage in physical activity (PA) at levels recommended to reduce CVD risk. Evidence supports healthcare providers delivering health behavior recommendations using an autonomy supportive approach may enhance self-determined motivation to initiate behavior change and support ongoing maintenance of healthy behavior. However, this has not been well documented in women with CVD. It was hypothesized that: 1) greater perceived autonomy support from healthcare providers by women with CVD would be associated with greater autonomous motivation and greater perceived competence for physical activity as well as greater physical activity itself, and 2) perceived autonomy support, perceived competence for PA, and autonomous motivation, would predict greater physical activity in women with CVD. Methods: A cross-sectional, correlational study with a convenience sample of 103 predominantly white (93.2%), educated (92.3%), community-dwelling, English speaking women (mean age 64.7 years [SD 10.3]), with a self-reported history of CVD was conducted. Data were obtained via reliable and valid self-report questionnaires measuring demographic and clinical variables (age, social support, depressive symptoms, CVD symptoms, comorbidity), motivation-related variables (perceived autonomy support, autonomous motivation, perceived competence), PA, and perceived PA limitations. Relationships among the motivation-related variables, PA, and PA limitations were examined using hierarchical multiple linear regression. Greater perceived autonomy support from healthcare providers was significantly associated with greater autonomous motivation (r = .26, p Conclusions: Findings support the association between an autonomy supportive approach by healthcare providers and autonomous or self-determined motivation for PA in women with CVD. Perceived competence in ability to be physically active predicted perception of PA limitations in this population. Interventional studies testing effects of autonomy support from healthcare providers on motivation for PA in women with CVD are needed.
Time-temperature Superposition and High Rate Response of Thermoplastic Composites and Constituents

The high strain rate response of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) laminae and laminates is of interest to support computational modeling of applications where impact damage may occur. In this study, the efficacy of utilizing time-temperature superposition principles (tTSP) to determine the high strain rate response of UHMWPE composites is investigated. Constituent and composite tensile properties are measured at various temperatures and strain rates. Testing was completed at thermo-rheologically equivalent temperature-strain rate combinations to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of the shifting approach. Analysis of modulus and failure data indicated that at the composite level, tTSP may not be applicable, while at the lamina level tTSP may be applicable, therefore high strain rate properties are estimated.
Global solar magnetic field evolution over 4 solar cycles: Use of the McIntosh Archive

The McIntosh Archive consists of a set of hand-drawn solar Carrington maps created by Patrick McIntosh from 1964 to 2009. McIntosh used mainly H, He-I 10830A and photospheric magnetic measurements from both ground-based and NASA satellite observations. With these he traced polarity inversion lines (PILs), filaments, sunspots and plage and, later, coronal holes over a ~45-year period. This yielded a unique record of synoptic maps of features associated with the large-scale solar magnetic field over four complete solar cycles. We first discuss how these and similar maps have been used in the past to investigate long-term solar variability. Then we describe our work in preserving and digitizing this archive, developing a digital, searchable format, and creating a website and an archival repository at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). Next we show examples of how the data base can be utilized for scientific applications. Finally, we present some preliminary results on the solar-cycle evolution of the solar magnetic field, including the polar field reversal process, the evolution of active longitudes, and the role of differential solar rotation.
Decision Tree Divide and Conquer Classification

When classification needs to be apparent, kNN or naive Bayes we presented earlier may not be useful as they do not generate explicit classification rules. In some cases, we need to specify well stated rules for our decisions, just like a scoring criterion for driving ability or credit scoring for loan underwriting. The decisions in many situations actually require having a clear and easily understandable decision tree to follow the classification process start to finish to judge.
Unisexual Broods of Asphondylia Species¹ in New Floral Bud Galls on Mesquite in New Mexico

Monogeny is a phenomenon where a female gall midge produces unisexual broods within galls. Although it has been reported in other cecidomyiid gall midges, it has not been described in the genus Asphondylia. We report that not only do female Asphondylia prosopidis Cockerell induce a new floral bud gall type on mesquites (Prosopis spp.), but also predominantly produce unisexual galls (89%) on mesquites in Arizona and New Mexico. Among mixed galls (11%), the sex ratio was approximately 2:1 between females and males. When considering the use of Asphondylia spp. and other gall midges as biological control agents against invasive plants, it is critical to identify and release both male and female-galled racemes during initial gall establishment.