cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LA CHICHA Y ATAHUALPA: EL ENCUENTRO DE CAJAMARCA EN LA SUMA Y NARRACIÓN DE LOS INCAS DE JUAN DIEZ DE BETANZOS

El Encuentro de Cajamarca es probablemente el momento mas representativo de la conquista de los Incas y uno de los mas simbolicos en el establecimiento del sistema colonial en la region andina. Mediante el analisis de la version de Juan Diez de Betanzos que aparece en su Suma y Narracion de los Incas, este ensayo trata de proponer una lectura alternativa sobre dicho evento, en la cual el Inca Atahualpa, luego de haber consumido chicha en exceso, se encontraria embriagado al momento de confrontarse con Fray Vicente de Valverde, lo que le impediria discernir con claridad la amenaza que significaban los invasores
Update of the cincinnati experience in pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction

Surgical endeavors in the field of laryngotracheal reconstruction in children have received much interest in the past 15 years. A unique experience with laryngotracheal reconstruction in 203 children is reviewed. The majority (194) of the cases were classified as acquired; only nine were classified as congenital. Excluded from the study were those cases of stenoses managed endoscopically, all resections and end-to-end anastomoses, all anterior cricoid split procedures, and all cases of anterior glottic stenosis repaired by a laryngeal keel. The degree of stenosis was graded into four categories. Five different methods of laryngotracheal reconstruction were used depending on the pathologic lesion in the larynx and trachea. Of the 203 children, 186 (92%) were decannulated. The results support the use of laryngotracheal reconstruction in children with grades 2, 3, and 4 laryngeal stenosis.
Stereotypes: Racism and Its Effects on the 2008 Presidential Election and Our Citizens

This is such a historic time in our country’s story, due to the reprieve from the usual choice of middle-aged White males in a presidential election. The make-up of candidates’ age, race, and sex in the 2008 primaries and general election, allowed the unique opportunity for multiple stereotypes to be engaged. This was an exploratory qualitative study, relying on descriptive data, participant observation during the general election campaign, and in-depth interviews (N=8) that happened within six months after the election of Barack H. Obama, first African-American elected president of the United States. The purpose of this study is to examine the influences stereotypes of race had on the 2008 presidential election. My finding was that the preponderance of negative stereotypes in the campaigns counter-intuitively catalyzed the positive discussion of race. Degree Type Open Access Senior Honors Thesis Department Social Work Subject Categories Social Work This open access senior honors thesis is available at DigitalCommons@EMU: http://commons.emich.edu/honors/214 STEREOTYPES: RACISM AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE 2008 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AND OUR CITIZENS. By Mark Anthony Wheeler A Senior Thesis Submitted to the Eastern Michigan University Honors College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with Honors in Social Work Approved at Ypsilanti, Michigan, on this date 20-October-2009 Table of
High sensitivity molecular detection with enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA)-type immunosensing

Here we describe an immunosensing method, which is designed for high sensitivity sensing of various substances utilizing specificity of antigen–antibody (ELISA-type) interaction. The building up of the nanostructured sensing interface and the immunointeraction at the surface were characterized by atomic force microscopy. The proposed design makes potentially feasible attaining ultimate single-molecule sensitivity upon optimization of the system. The first non-optimized prototype described here has already demonstrated sensitivity to the presence of dinitrophenyl (DNP) in concentrations as low as 10 pM, which is 100 times better than reported limits of detection of DNP with a traditional enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay setup.
Lisdexamfetamine for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the prodrug lisdexamfetamine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults and describe its potential place in therapy.Data Sources:Primary literature published between January 1, 1990, and August 1, 2008, was selected from PubMed using the search key words lisdexamfetamine, Vyvanse, and NRP104. References of selected publications were also reviewed. Posters and abstracts of research presented at national meetings were reviewed when available. The product labeling for Vyvanse was also used.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Preference was given to published, randomized, and controlled research describing the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of lisdexamfetamine. Noncontrolled studies, postmarketing reports, and poster presentations were considered secondly. All published studies were included.Data Synthesis:Lisdexamfetamine is a prodrug of dextroamphetamine covatently bound t...
The use of gelatin microparticles to delay the release of readily water-soluble materials

The adsorption of D-arabinose onto gelatin microparticles demonstrated a Langmuirian adsorption pattern. Evaluation of the dissolution behaviour of D-arabinose-loaded gelatin microparticles suggested that the saccharide, loaded at a level below the adsorption saturation level, was released uniformly over a 14-h period after the loaded gelatin microparticles had been lyophilized for a second time. When dissolution curves were corrected for the initial burst effect seen after the gelatin microparticles had been loaded at higher levels of D-arabinose and lyophilized, steady-state release rates were also evident over prolonged periods. In addition, it was evident that the D-arabinose was adsorbed onto internal surfaces of the hydrated gelatin matrix. Calculation of this internal surface demonstrated the influence of the concentration of the glutaraldehyde used as a cross-linking agent and this parameter, in turn, influenced both the adsorption maxima and the subsequent equilibrium release rates. Application of this data base to a highly water-soluble complex polysaccharide antineoplastic agent, which has a higher molecular weight (22.4 kDa vs 150 Da), demonstrated similar behaviour in that a near zero-order release pattern over at least 16 h could be obtained by attention to the conditions under which the gelatin microparticles were made and subsequently loaded before lyophilization.
Obesity in the News: Do Photographic Images of Obese Persons Influence Antifat Attitudes?

News coverage of obesity has increased dramatically in recent years, and research shows that media content may contribute to negative public attitudes toward obese people. However, no work has assessed whether photographic portrayals of obese people that accompany news stories affect attitudes. In the present study, the authors used a randomized experimental design to test whether viewing photographic portrayals of an obese person in a stereotypical or unflattering way (versus a nonstereotypical or flattering portrayal) could increase negative attitudes about obesity, even when the content of an accompanying news story is neutral. The authors randomly assigned 188 adult participants to read a neutral news story about the prevalence of obesity that was paired with 1 of 4 photographic portrayals of an obese adult (or no photograph). The authors subsequently assessed attitudes toward obese people using the Fat Phobia Scale. Participants in all conditions expressed a moderate level of fat phobia (M = 3.83, SD = 0.58). Results indicated that participants who viewed the negative photographs expressed more negative attitudes toward obese people than did those who viewed the positive photographs. Implications of these findings for the media are discussed, with emphasis on increasing awareness of weight bias in health communication and journalistic news reporting.
Mycorrhizas and soil structure

In addition to their well-recognized roles in plant nutrition and communities, mycorrhizas can influence the key ecosystem process of soil aggregation. Here we review the contribution of mycorrhizas, mostly focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), to soil structure at various hierarchical levels: plant community; individual root; and the soil mycelium. There are a suite of mechanisms by which mycorrhizal fungi can influence soil aggregation at each of these various scales. By extension of these mechanisms to the question of fungal diversity, it is recognized that different species or communities of fungi can promote soil aggregation to different degrees. We argue that soil aggregation should be included in a more complete 'multifunctional' perspective of mycorrhizal ecology, and that in-depth understanding of mycorrhizas/soil process relationships will require analyses emphasizing feedbacks between soil structure and mycorrhizas, rather than a uni-directional approach simply addressing mycorrhizal effects on soils. We finish the discussion by highlighting new tools, developments and foci that will probably be crucial in further understanding mycorrhizal contributions to soil structure.
Operator-Observable Correspondence

Many of the problems inherent in quantum mechanics arise out of considerations concerning correlated systems. For example, if A M is a macroscopic observable of a system M with eigenstates φ 1, φ 2,... and ℬ S an observable of a system S with eigenstates ψ 1, ψ 2,..., one can ask questions about the value of A M for the joint system M + S when it is in a correlated state Σc i (φ i ⊗ψ i ). Problems such as Schrodinger’s Cat, Wigner’s Friend, or the celebrated ‘paradox’ of Einstein, Rosen, and Podolsky depend upon questions about correlated states. Another group of problems arise in the context of quantum field theory. For, in dealing with the phenomena of radiation it has become commonplace to treat divergent sums as though they possessed well-defined, albeit infinite, values and to perform mathematically fictitious operations upon equations containing such terms. However, one can find difficulties in more elementary quantum mechanical contexts and it is one aspect of these which I would like to discuss here.
Behavior-State Matching and Synchrony in Mother-Infant Interactions of Nondepressed versus Depressed Dyads.

The purpose of the study was to assess the degree to which depressed mother-infant dyads, relative to nondepressed mother-infant dyads,matched behavior states on a continuous scale from negative to neutral to positive affect. Furthermore, interaction synchrony in these two groups was determined by measuring the coherence of the dyads' behavior time series
Evaluation of MACH and DCCF correlation filters for SAR ATR using the MSTAR public database

The MACH and DCCF correlation filter algorithms are evaluated using the publicly released MSTAR data base. These algorithms can be used as a matching engine for automatic target recognition in SAR imagery. In practice, the required filters can be synthesized using model based signature predictions. In addition, the MACH and DCCF algorithms are optimized to be robust to variations (distortions) in the target's signature. Unlike Matched Filtering or other exhaustive template based methods, the proposed approach requires very few filters. The paper describes the theory of the algorithm, key practical advantages and details of test results on the public MSTAR data base.
CD44 mobilization in allogeneic dendritic cell–T cell immunological synapse plays a key role in T cell activation

CD44 is involved in several biological processes owing to its dual role as a cell adhesion and signaling molecule. In an allogeneic dendritic cell (DC)–T cell interaction model, we show here that CD44 gets clustered at the contact between T cells with mature but not immature DCs. Also, CD44 colocalized with lipid rafts at the immunological synapse (IS). Using DCs or T cells derived from CD44-deficient mice, we observed that the presence of CD44 on DCs and T cells is important for the formation of DC–T cell tight conjugates. However, deficiency of CD44 on DCs but not T cells affected the functional IS, as indicated by decreased phosphotyrosine and protein kinase C-θ enrichment at the synapse. Also, CD44-deficient DCs induced significantly decreased proliferation as well as IL-2 and IFN-γ production from allogeneic T cells. The polarization of CD44 at the synapse was also noted in an antigen (OVA)-specific, syngeneic DC–T cell interaction using OVA-specific T cells derived from OT-II mice. It was believed that large molecules such as CD44 were excluded from the IS. Results presented here show for the first time that CD44 is recruited to the IS during allogeneic DC and T cell interactions and plays an important role in subsequent T cell activation.
The origin of the Kunavaram amphibolites, Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Chemical and modal analyses of five Kunavaram amphibolites, together with mineralogical data on the pyroxenes and amphiboles, are given. Using petrochemical plots based on Niggli numbers, the trends of variation suggest an igneous origin.
Optimized dynamic grid-based DDM protocol for large-scale distributed simulation systems

Data distribution management (DDM) is one of the six services provided by HLA/RTI as complementarities of declaration/interests management to provide a flexible and extensive mechanism for further throttling the data placed on the network and delivered to federates based on simulated entities' interests of data. DDM is of essential importance especially for large scale distributed simulations. In the past a few years, two main types of DDM protocols have been developed, named region-based methods and grid-based methods. However, all of these techniques have their obvious drawbacks, which affect their deployment in most applications that require high performance and low overhead. In our previous work, we have proposed a dynamic grid-based DDM scheme that shows a great potential when compared to both region-based and grid-based approaches. In this paper, we wish to improve our previous scheme, which we refer to as optimized dynamic grid-based DDM, to further reduce irrelevant data that might be received by simulated entities.
A remark on the connection between the large deviation principle and the central limit theorem

We point out that under a suitable regularity condition the central limit theorem can be obtained as a consequence of the large deviation principle.
Localization of packet based radio transmitters in space, time, and frequency

We consider a scenario with multiple radio sources performing packet based transmissions. Each source is characterized by its power spectral density and on/off activity sequence. We propose to use a network of sensors for performing radio scene analysis. Each sensor computes the spectrogram of the received signal with a certain time and frequency resolution. Spectrograms from different sensors are collected and arraigned in a three-way array whose three dimensions correspond to space, time, and frequency indices.We propose an algorithm that recovers sources to sensors channel gain coefficients, power spectral densities and on/off activity sequences of the sources from the observed three-way array. Recovery process is illustrated with simulation examples involving 802.11b/g sources.
High spatial resolution hyperspectral spatially adaptive endmember selection and spectral unmixing

Linear spectral unmixing and endmember selection are two of the many tasks that can be accomplished using hyperspectral imagery. The quality of the unmixing results depends on an accurate estimate of the number of endmembers used in the analysis. Too many estimated endmembers produce over fitting of the spectral unmixing results; too few estimated endmembers produce spectral unmixing results with large residual errors. Several statistical and geometrical approaches have been developed to estimate the number of endmembers, but many of these approaches rely on using the global dataset. The global approach does not take into consideration local endmember variability, which is of particular interest in high-spatial resolution imagery. Here, the number of endmembers within local image tiles is estimated by using a novel, spatially adaptive approach. Each pixel is unmixed using the locally identified endmembers and global abundance maps are generated by clustering these locally derived endmembers. Comparisons are made between this new approach and an established global method that uses PCA to estimate the number of endmembers and SMACC to identify the spectra. Multiple images with varying spatial resolution are used in the comparison of methodologies and conclusions are drawn based on per-pixel residual unmixing errors.
Engaging Patients at the Front Lines of Primary Care Redesign: Operational Lessons for an Effective Program.

Article-at-a-Glance Background The lack of patient engagement in quality improvement is concerning. As part of an enterprisewide initiative to redesign primary care at UW Health, interdisciplinary primary care teams received training in patient engagement. Methods Organizational stakeholders held a structured discussion and used nominal group technique to identify the key components critical to fostering a culture of patient engagement and critical lessons learned. These findings were augmented and illustrated by review of transcripts of two focus groups held with clinic managers and 69 interviews with individual microsystem team members. Results From late 2009 to 2014, 47 (81%) of 58 teams have engaged patients in various stages of practice improvement projects. Organizational components identified as critical to fostering a culture of patient engagement were alignment of the organization's vision that guided the redesign with national priorities, readily available external experts, involvement of all care team members in patient engagement, integration within an existing continuous improvement team development program, and an intervention deliberately matched to organizational readiness. Critical lessons learned were the need to embed patient engagement into current improvement activities, designate a neutral point person(s) or group to navigate organizational complexities, commit resources to support patient engagement activities, and plan for sustained team-patient interactions. Conclusions Current national health care policy and local market pressures are compelling partnering with patients in efforts to improve the value of the health care delivery system. The UW Health experience may be useful for organizations seeking to introduce or strengthen the patient role in designing delivery system improvements.
X-Ray, Positron Emission, and Single Photon Emission Tomographic Bioimaging

Computer-aided tomography is commonly used for biomedical imaging in medicine and research. Most systems utilize some form of energized probe to either visualize tissues and/or localize a labeled compound. Common to all forms of tomographic imaging is the acquisition of cross-sectional images in a 360° rotation. Computer-interfaced software is used to reconstruct two-dimensional images into a three-dimensional representation. This allows selected two-dimensional images to be analyzed in any axis. In computed tomography (CT), also called computer-aided tomography or computerized axial tomography, X-rays produced by a cathode ray tube provide an external source of radiation that passes through the subject and are collected by a detector array. Density variations of different organs, tissues, and structures allow different amounts of radiation to penetrate and reach the detector to create an anatomical image.
Synthesis and extreme rate capability of Si-Al-C-N functionalized carbon nanotube spray-on coatings as Li-ion battery electrode.

Silicon-based precursor derived glass-ceramics or PDCs have proven to be an attractive alternative anode material for Li ion batteries. Main challenges associated with PDC anodes are their low electrical conductivity, first cycle loss, and meager C-rate performance. Here, we show that thermal conversion of single source aluminum-modified polysilazane on the surfaces of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) results in a robust Si–Al–C–N/CNT shell/core composite that offers extreme C-rate capability as battery electrode. Addition of Al to the molecular network of Si–C–N improved electrical conductivity of Si–C–N by 4 orders of magnitude, while interfacing with CNTs showed 7-fold enhancement. Further, we present a convenient spray-coating technique for PDC composite electrode preparation that eliminates polymeric binder and conductive agent there-by reducing processing steps and eradicating foreign material in the electrode. The Si–Al–C–N/CNT electrode showed stable charge capacity of 577 mAh g–1 at 100 mA g–1 and a remar...
Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal carcinoma is one of the deadliest malignant tumors. This article reviews its epidemiology, etiology, and clinical and endoscopic presentation, as well as methods for proper staging to identify the patients who will not benefit from surgery and require palliative therapy. The various treatment options are discussed in detail with an emphasis on the latest endoscopic palliative measures.
Assessment of Solar-to-Fuels Strategies: Photocatalysis and Electrocatalytic Reduction

The production of fuels in a solar refinery by the nonbiological conversion of CO2 and water is a potential sustainable solution to meet our future energy needs. We develop a general process model for a solar refinery that allows us to assess the energetic and economic feasibility of a specific process. We demonstrate the utility of this model by analyzing two specific cases: 1) the photocatalytic conversion and 2) the photovoltaic-powered electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to yield a methanol product. From the analysis, we posit specific catalytic, reaction engineering, process engineering, and solar utilities targets to compete with industrial methanol production. For the photocatalytic process, the most important challenge is to improve the solar-to-fuels efficiency to at least 15 %, whereas for the electrocatalytic reduction process, even with much improved current density, cell potential, and reaction selectivity, the process will be ultimately limited by the price of solar (or other renewable) electricity.
TU-H-CAMPUS-JeP2-02: Interobserver Variability of CT, PET-CT and MRI Based Primary Tumor Delineation for Lung Cancer

Purpose: Target delineation in lung cancer radiotherapy has, in general, large variability. MRI has so far not been investigated in detail for lung cancer delineation variability. The purpose of this study is to investigate delineation variability for lung tumors using MRI and compare it to CT alone and PET-CT based delineations. Methods: Seven physicians delineated the primary tumor volumes of nine patients for the following scenarios: (1) CT only; (2) post-contrast T1-weighted MRI registered with diffusion-weighted MRI; and (3) PET-CT fusion images. To compute interobserver variability, the median surface was generated from all observers’ contours and used as the reference surface. A single physician labeled the interface types (tumor to lung, atelectasis (collapsed lung), hilum, mediastinum, or chest-wall) on the median surface. Volume variation (normalized to PET-CT volume), minimum distance (MD), and bidirectional local distance (BLD) between individual observers’ contours and the reference contour were measured. Results: CT- and MRI-based normalized volumes were 1.61±0.76 (mean±SD) and 1.38±0.44, respectively, both significantly larger than PET-CT (p 0.05, two-samples t-test) for all imaging modalities except between tumor-mediastinum and tumor-atelectasis in PET-CT. The largest mean overall uncertainty was observed for tumor-atelectasis interface, the smallest for tumor-mediastinum and tumor-lung interfaces for all modalities. The whole tumor uncertainties for both BLD and MD were not significantly different between any two modalities (p>0.05, paired t-test). Overall uncertainties for the interfaces using BLD were similar to using MD. Conclusion: Large volume variations were observed between the three imaging modalities. Contouring variability appeared to depend on the interface type. This study will be useful for understanding the delineation uncertainty for radiotherapy planning of lung cancer using different imaging modalities. Disclosures: Research agreement with Phillips Healthcare (GH and EW), National Institutes of Health Licensing agreement with Varian Medical Systems (GH and EW), research grants from the National Institute of Health (GH and EW), UpToDate royalties (EW), and none (others). Authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine-Dependent Methylation of Chloroplast Proteins

It is well-known that the functional activity of proteins can be altered by post-translational modification, perhaps most notably by reversible phosphorylation (1,2). One such modification is the incorporation of methyl groups into proteins from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) resulting in carboxyl methylester formation (for reviews, see 3–6). Methyltransferase activity appears to be an almost ubiquitous phenomenon in both procaryotes and eucaryotes. At least two classes of methyltransferase exist which catalyse the methylation of distinct amino acids and which have different physiological roles. Class I enzymes catalyse the methylation of carboxylic acid residues of normal proteins and have thus far only been detected in bacteria where they catalyse the formation of L-glutamyl 7-methylesters on specific membrane chemoreceptors involved in Chemotaxis. In these cases the differential action of methylated and demethylated chemoreceptors controls the processing of sensory input. Demethylation is catalysed by L-glutamyl γ-methylesterases; such a protein has been isolated in pure form from Salmonella typhimurium (7) and from Bacillus subtilis (8).
Comparative analysis of anti-polyglutamine Fab crystals grown on Earth and in microgravity.

Huntington's disease is one of nine neurodegenerative diseases caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ)-repeat expansion. An anti-polyQ antigen-binding fragment, MW1 Fab, was crystallized both on Earth and on the International Space Station, a microgravity environment where convection is limited. Once the crystals returned to Earth, the number, size and morphology of all crystals were recorded, and X-ray data were collected from representative crystals. The results generally agreed with previous microgravity crystallization studies. On average, microgravity-grown crystals were 20% larger than control crystals grown on Earth, and microgravity-grown crystals had a slightly improved mosaicity (decreased by 0.03°) and diffraction resolution (decreased by 0.2 A) compared with control crystals grown on Earth. However, the highest resolution and lowest mosaicity crystals were formed on Earth, and the highest-quality crystal overall was formed on Earth after return from microgravity.
Zika Virus and Sexual Transmission: A New Route of Transmission for Mosquito-borne Flaviviruses .

Beginning in 2015, concern over a new global epidemic has spread in the media, governmental agencies, legislative bodies and the public at large. This newly emerging threat has been reported to cause symptoms ranging from mild fever, rash, and body aches, to severe birth defects and acute onset paralysis. The causative agent of this disease, Zika virus, is closely related to two other important human pathogens, dengue and West Nile Virus (WNV), but has some distinguishing features that has raised alarms from the scientific community. Like its two close relatives, this virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family, a class of single stranded RNA viruses with a positive sense genome and is spread primarily via the bite of an infected mosquito. However, this virus has demonstrated another route of transmission that is particularly concerning for people outside of the regions where the main mosquito vector for this virus is present. Sexual transmission of Zika virus has been increasingly reported, from both infected males and females to their partner, which has resulted in the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) issuing warnings to those living in or travelling to areas of Zika transmission to practice abstinence and/or avoid unprotected sexual contact for up to six months after infection with this virus. This perspective will outline the evidence for sexual transmission and persistence of viral infection in semen and vaginal secretions as well as review the animal models for sexual transmission of Zika virus.
Parental distress 6 months after a pediatric cancer diagnosis in relation to family psychosocial risk at diagnosis.

BACKGROUND This study was aimed at assessing fathers' and mothers' distress 6 months after a pediatric cancer diagnosis and at determining whether this is related to the level of family psychosocial risk 1 month after the diagnosis. METHODS A sample of 192 families completed the electronic Psychosocial Assessment Tool (ePAT) 1 month after the diagnosis. At 6 months after the diagnosis, 119 mothers and 98 fathers completed the Distress Thermometer for Parents (DT-P; of which n=132 had also completed the ePAT at baseline). The DT-P consists of a thermometer score ranging from 0 to 10 (with a score ≥ 4 indicating clinical distress), problem domains (total, practical, social, emotional, physical, cognitive, and parenting for children < 2 years old and for children ≥ 2 years old), and a desire for a referral. The DT-P scores of mothers and fathers were compared with the scores of a reference group of 671 mothers and 463 fathers with healthy children. Within the pediatric cancer group, the DT-P scores of families with elevated total ePAT-scores were compared with the DT-P scores of parents with universal ePAT scores. RESULTS Parents of children with cancer more often reported clinical distress on the DT-P than parents of healthy children (fathers, 59.2% vs 32.3%; P < .001; mothers, 63% vs 42.3%; P < .001) and reported more problems on all DT-P domains (P < .001 to P = .042) except for the parenting domain for children < 2 years old. Furthermore, the ePAT predicted parental distress 6 months after the diagnosis because parents with elevated ePAT scores reported more problems than parents with universal scores on the DT-P thermometer and most of the DT-P domains (P < .001 to P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS Initial ePAT risk scores at diagnosis are predictive of future mean levels of parental distress. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Development and Validation of the Microbiology for Health Sciences Concept Inventory

Identifying misconceptions in student learning is a valuable practice for evaluating student learning gains and directing educational interventions. By accurately identifying students' knowledge and misconceptions about microbiology concepts, instructors can design effective classroom practices centered on student understanding. Following the development of ASM's Curriculum Guidelines in 2012, we developed a concept inventory, the Microbiology for Health Sciences Concept Inventory (MHSCI), that measures learning gains and identifies student misconceptions in health sciences microbiology classrooms. The 23-question MHSCI was delivered to a wide variety of students at multiple institution types. Psychometric analysis identified that the MHSCI instrument is both discriminatory and reliable in measuring student learning gains. The MHSCI results correlated with course outcomes, showing the value of using the instrument alongside course level assessments to measure student learning. The MHSCI is a reliable and efficient way to measure student learning in microbiology and can be used both as a faculty development tool and an effective student assessment tool.
Interaction in a Year-Long Program

Every group interacts. It is actually impossible for a group not to interact. Even if a group of students are sitting in a room being totally silent, that is a form of interaction. Interaction involves in?uencing others or being infuenced by others. Silence in a group is infuential. Interaction is like communication in that it is impossible not to communicate. If a student walks into a room and refuses to talk to anyone, that is a form of communication. By refusing to interact and communicate with others, the student is communicating that the student is either shy and unsure of how to make friends, feels superior to other group members, fears group involvement, or has other personal concerns which keep the student from getting involved. Such inability or refusal to interact with others is a form of interaction, even though no words were spoken. The student alters the development of the group when the student fails to interact or participate. Any form of disruption to the development of group process, from shyness to blatant refusal, sti?es constructive interaction
Clipping-Enhanced Optical OFDM for IM/DD Communication Systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a candidate technique to provide high-speed data transmissions for optical communication systems. For intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) optical communication systems, the peak transmitted power limitation of light sources and nonnegative transmitted signal constraints can result in nonlinear distortions from clipping. In this paper, we propose a clipping enhanced optical OFDM (CEO-OFDM) for IM/DD communication systems to reduce the clipping effects. CEO-OFDM transmits the information that results from clipping the peak power, which allows the use of a higher modulation index to improve the signal to noise ratio in exchange for a larger bandwidth. For the same transmitted data rate, CEO-OFDM can achieve a lower bit error rate than DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM), asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) and unipolar OFDM (U-OFDM). By using a larger modulation constellation size, the proposed CEO-OFDM can support a higher throughput than other techniques when the same bit error rate is achieved.
Modeling user perception of interaction opportunities in collaborative human-computer settings

Interruptions are important for effective collaborative work, because agents often possess information required by others on their team. This need to get information from another agent arises in mixed human-computer teams as well as in homogeneous computer-agent environments. For example, a (human) driver may see changes in weather conditions that affect route selection while an automated navigation system without sensors does not. The navigation system may need this information to identify the best route. It is crucial to time interruptions, which are inherently disruptive, appropriately. Efficient interruption timing improves task performance as well as emotional state and awareness of the user, and decreases the negative effects of interruption (Adamczyk & Bailey 2004). A key aspect of reasoning about interruptions in collaborative settings is the ability to accurately estimate the costs and benefits of the interruption so that the outcome of the interruption positively affects group task outcomes. Cost estimation has been investigated in prior work on interruption management (Horvitz & Apacible 2003), but this work presumes a benefit to the user of having information the computer system can provide. The benefits of interruption have been studied in the adjustable-autonomy literature, but that work focuses on when to turn control over to a person (Tambe et al. 2006). Few models have combined these two aspects into an integrated decision making mechanism (Fleming & Cohen 2001), and none have done so in the kinds of fast-paced domains we consider, i.e., domains in which agents are distributed, conditions may be rapidly changing, actions occur at a fast pace, and decisions must be made within tightly constrained time frames. Furthermore, almost no attention has been paid to the possible discrepancy between a computer agent’s calculation of the utility of the interruption and a person’s estimation of the usefulness of the interruption. The failure to estimate accurately may lead to a person rejecting the interruption, and thus to a missed opportunity to improve team performance, turning the interruption into an unnecessary disturbance. Our research proposes a new model for interruption management. This model aims to help maximize the efficiency
Improving Family-School Collaboration in Transition Services for Students with Intellectual Disabilities: A Framework for School Psychologists.

ABSTRACTStrong collaborative partnerships between families, schools, and communities are essential to promote successful postgraduation outcomes for students with intellectual disabilities (ID) and...
Analytical and numerical simulation of electron beam induced current profiles in p-n junctions

The electron beam induced current (EBIC) mode of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a widely used technique for the quantitative assessment of minority carrier diffusion length and surface recombination. Point source (one-dimensional) and extended source (two-dimensional) analytical models are two widely used approaches to assess this information in geometry where the electron beam (e-beam) is parallel to the p-n junction. In this article, a two-dimensional (2D) analytical model is evaluated and compared with 2D finite element numerical simulations, where the electron beam-solid interaction is modeled using a Monte Carlo simulation coupled with a drift-diffusion solver. The simulations are computed for both low and high level injection conditions. The effect of an e-beam injection level on the shape of EBIC profiles is analyzed to evaluate limitations of the analytical models.
Transactive Mitigation Of Variability In The Output Of 1 MW Photovoltaic Array Using Volttron TM

We describe an experiment whereby the variability of a 1 MW photovoltaic array is minimized by the use of independent agents each acting in its own interest within a transactive market. This transactive market is herein used to minimize the variability of energy flows with respect to the utility interface on the Scott Park Campus of Energy and Innovation at the University of Toledo as part of the Northern Ohio Building-to-Grid Demonstration Project. The VOLTTRON platform developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is used to connect an agent representing this array with others representing the building automation systems of eight buildings and a 130 kWh capacity battery energy storage system.
Living and Co-constructing Liminal Pathways for Latinx Preservice Teachers:

Teacher preparation curriculums must consider the increasing multilingual student representation in our schooling systems. In Latin America, the publication of libros cartoneros reveals agentic mov...
Characterization of food cultivation along roadside transects with Google Street View imagery and deep learning

Abstract We describe the development of tools to exploit the enormous resource of street-level imagery in Google Street View to characterize food cultivation practices along roadside transects at very high spatial resolution as a potential complement to traditional remote sensing approaches. We report on two software tools for crop identification using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) applied to Google Street View imagery. The first, a multi-class classifier distinguishes seven regionally common cultivated plant species, as well as uncultivated vegetation, built environment, and water along the roads. The second, a prototype specialist detector, recognizes the presence of a single plant species: in our case, banana. These two classification tools were tested along roadside transects in two areas of Thailand, a country where there is good Google Street View coverage. On the entire test set, the overall accuracy of the multi-class classifier was 83.3%. For several classes, (banana, built, cassava, maize, rice, and sugarcane), the producer's accuracy was over 90%, meaning that the classifier was infrequently making omission errors. This performance on roadside transects is comparable with that of some remote-sensing classifiers, yet ours does not require any additional site-visits for ground-truthing. Moreover, the overall accuracy of the classifier on the 40% of images it is most sure about is excellent: 99.0%. For the prototype specialist detector, the area under the ROC curve was 0.9905, indicating excellent performance in detecting the presence of banana plants. While initially tested over the road network in a small area, this technique could readily be deployed on a regional or even national scale to supplement remote sensing data and yield a fine-grained analysis of food cultivation activities along roadside transects.
Impact of Obesity on Disease Activity and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

INTRODUCTION We conducted a cohort study on the impact of obesity on disease activity and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures in the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Partners cohort. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional and longitudinal study within IBD Partners, an internet-based cohort of >15,000 patients living with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). We included adult patients with IBD, with recorded body mass index (BMI), with at least 6 months of follow-up, excluding patients with BMI < 18.5 kg/m. We evaluated the independent effect of World Health Organization classes of obesity on risk of clinical relapse or persistent disease activity (using validated disease activity indexes) and PROMIS measures, using multivariate logistic regression and linear regression, respectively. RESULTS We included 7,296 patients with IBD (4,748 patients with CD, 19.5% obese; 2,548 patients with UC with intact colon, 20.3% obese). Obesity was independently, and in a dose-dependent fashion, associated with an increased risk of persistent disease activity or relapse in both patients with CD (class II or III obesity vs normal BMI: adjusted odds ratio, 1.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-2.68) and UC (adjusted odds ratio, 2.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.75-5.17). Obesity was also independently associated with higher anxiety, depression, fatigue, pain, and inferior social function scores in patients with CD and UC at baseline and with worsening depression, fatigue, pain, and social function in patients with CD on longitudinal assessment. DISCUSSION Obesity at baseline is independently associated with worsening disease activity and PROMIS measures in patients with IBD.
An Outreach Program with Hands-On, Physiology-Based Exercises Generates Questions about STEM Career Expectations.

Scientific advocacy and outreach programs are encouraged to increase public understanding of scientific knowledge and generate interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) c...
From Simple Healer to Doctorally Educated Clinician

The profession of physical therapy today is the culmination of various techniques, approaches, and knowledge sources from many different disciplines and philosophies. It is a highly dynamic and progressive field which focuses on incorporating new knowledge and techniques into the established practice: while some aspects can be traced back several millennia, others are the product of evolution and modernization within the field due to discoveries and advances in medical science as well as the needs and demands of the ever changing general population. In order to trace the evolution of the field, this review considered not only the direct progression, but also the cultural history that is associated with its development: the influencing factors in the world that allowed or required the changes that led to the profession as it is today. The evidence, therefore, incorporates contemporary sources throughout the frame of reference: relevant primary and secondary sources from the disciplines of history, medicine, and culture, among others.
The First Law

In the last chapter, you learned how to calculate the work done by and the heat transfer to a system that undergoes a specified change of state. On the other hand, you could not calculate the change of state caused by given values for the work and heat interactions. Furthermore, although you learned how to calculate the work done and heat transfer independent of one another, experience tells us that they are intimately related. Indeed there is a fundamental relation between the work done by a system, the heat transfer to the system, and its change of state. Exploring and exploiting this relation is one of the basic concerns of thermodynamics.
Acute compartment syndrome of the foot: An unusual case caused by Graston technique

The purpose of this case report is to describe an unusual cause of compartment syndrome of the foot that developed subsequent to the use of Graston technique in a patient who had recently underwent revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). A 60-year-old female presented for orthopedic follow-up care in the office, 10 days postoperatively following an explant of her right hip Prostalac® spacer (DePuy) for previous infection and conversion to right THA (DePuy CORAIL® Hip System) complaining of severe right foot pain, swelling with pressure in foot, paresthesia, and inability to bear weight. The patient had undergone Graston technique for bilateral foot swelling by her home physical therapist. The patient was clinically diagnosed with acute compartment syndrome (ACS) of her right foot and underwent intervention. The treatment consisted of acute fasciotomy of her right foot with vacuum-assisted closure application. Delayed closure was initiated once soft-tissue decompression occurred. Due to acute fasciotomy, ambulation was inhibited and physical therapy delayed. The postoperative course was uneventful following the release of tense compartments, weight bearing was resumed once incisions healed, and the patient was pain free while deep-venous thrombus prophylaxis was continued. No further issues occurred postoperatively, and the patient showed overall clinical improvement. Residual soft swelling can be expected following hip surgery, especially at the caudal end of limbs. Immobilization enhances this engorgement. However, due to the aggressive Graston technique performed by the therapist, the patient developed ACS of the foot. Graston technique has been documented to increase blood flow to treated areas. Early and aggressive intervention should be initiated if ACS is clinically or objectively found, as late detection may have disastrous results.
Shareholder Democracy: The Roots of Activism and the Selection of Directors

Integrated Risk Management and Corporate Governance can raise many issues related to the relationship between shareholders and directors. This Article will address four related topics. First, it will describe the concerns that have arisen from shareholder activism. Second, it will provide an overview of the origin and inevitability of increased shareholder activism.1 Third, it will discuss a fundamental issue arising from shareholder activism, namely how public companies elect their directors. Fourth, it will review shareholder democracy and shareholder access to corporations as required by the SEC, specifically focusing on an unusual procedure used historically by the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association-College Retirement Equities Fund (“TIAA-CREF”). Shareholder activism is driven by a deep political change arising from the rapidly developing structure of private pension plans.2 That change is accelerating and intensifying, and the director election process is exactly the type of issue that can animate the interests and expectations of a coalition of pension participants and investors.3