cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic, clinical, and humanistic outcomes (ECHOs) of pharmaceutical care services for minority patients: a literature review.

Abstract Background The U.S. population of racial/ethnic minorities continues to increase; however, health disparities and poor health outcomes among many of them continue to be a major public health problem confronting the U.S. health care system. Objectives The objective of this review was to summarize published pharmaceutical care services literature reporting economic, clinical, and/or humanistic outcomes (ECHOs) among racial/ethnic minorities. Studies that reported differences by race/ethnicity and studies where most participants were from multiracial/ethnic minorities were included. Methods PubMed and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases were searched for articles that reported the effects of pharmaceutical care on ECHOs among racial/ethnic minorities published between January 1980 and November 2010. The literature review was focused on racial groups that included black/African-American, Native American, Indian American Asian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander patients, and ethnic group that was non-white Hispanic/Latino patients. Results There were 24 articles that studied the impact of pharmaceutical care on ECHOs by race/ethnicity or where most participants were from multiracial/ethnic minorities. Twenty-three studies reported that pharmaceutical care has a positive impact on health outcomes of the studied populations. About half of the studies meeting inclusion criteria evaluated only 1 type of patient outcome, primarily clinical outcomes. Education/consultation and medication/therapy management were the most commonly evaluated types of pharmaceutical care services throughout the studied groups. Comprehensive disease management was evaluated mainly in multiracial/ethnic populations and blacks/African-Americans. Few studies adopted randomized controlled designs, which make it difficult to attribute changes in patient outcomes to the provision of pharmaceutical care. Nine studies that involved cooperation between pharmacists and other medical professionals reflect an increased tendency for interprofessional collaboration in the current health care system. Conclusion This review shows that there is a positive relationship between pharmaceutical care and ECHOs in patients from racial/ethnic minority groups. However, more studies are needed to document the effects of pharmaceutical care on reducing racial/ethnic health disparities and to determine which interventions are most effective among certain groups with health disparities.
P. Herennius Dexippus: The Greek World and the Third-Century Invasions*

The legend of the Scythians and the books of Athens, with Petrus Patricius' comments on it, raises precisely the most crucial question about the culture and society of later Antiquity: what was the relationship between the all-pervasive literary culture of the time, with its obsessive and apparently sterile fascination with the classical past, and men's conduct in the world ? The question cannot of course be answered. If we wished to stress the positive and vital aspects of Imperial Greek culture, we could partly avoid answering it by concentrating on a few figures of real intellectual stature in the second to early fourth centuries, and thereby pointing to a number of fields in which the Greek Renaissance saw significant, sometimes revolutionary, progress. Ptolemy, Galen, Diophantus, Origen, Plotinus, Porphyry and Eusebius all in their different ways marked an epoch in the intellectual history of Europe. Even a man of much lesser originality, Cassius Dio, provided the Byzantine world with its definitive account of the history of Rome. But we can also try, if not to answer the question properly, at least to raise some themes directly relevant to it.
Will the possibility of divorce discourage marriage-specific investment?

Abstract Becker et al. (1977) argue that the possibility of divorce discourages the accumulation of marriage-specific capital. Their argument has been confirmed by empirical studies that assume labor supply and marriage-specific investment are negatively related. We argue that since it is possible for individuals to increase marriage-specific investment without changing labor supply simultaneously, the conventional approach using the change in labor supply to infer to the change in marriage-specific investment may lead to a biased conclusion. This paper incorporates dynamic and stochastic optimal control approach into a material-spiritual goods framework. The model disentangles marriage-specific investment form other marital effort, and demonstrates that only part of effort devoted to marriage is marriage-specific investment and only the individuals who have spiritual and emotional needs make marriage-specific investment. Marriage-specific investment is highest in marriages where individuals behave altruistically, lower in marriages where individuals behave selfishly, and zero in marriages where spiritual goods are not valued. The model also implies a result that is contrary to conventional wisdom: the possibility of divorce does not always discourage, and may even encourage, marriage-specific investment. Since the impact of the divorce risk on marriage-specific investment depends on three factors: time preference, the level of the risk and the correlation between the divorce risk and marriage-specific capital, it could be optimal for an individual to invest more under uncertainty than in the corresponding risk-free world if he or she can well understand and predict his or her partner's spiritual needs. The key factor in the decision process is the confidence in predicting the partner's spiritual needs.
Behavioral and biological responses ofCotesia marginiventris to kairomones of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda.

Potential kairomone sources of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), were bioassayed with females ofCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) in Petri dishes (10 cm diam). MatedC. marginiventris females, ranging in age from 1 to 3 days exhibited the most intense bioassay responses to potential sources of kairomone. Contacting a FAW-damaged corn leaf modified the pattern of movement inC. marginiventris from random to one exhibiting a significant increase in klinokinesis. No significant differences were present in kairomone responses of nonconditioned and conditioned parasitoids and parasitoid response to kairomones did not change throughout the photophase (0800–1800 hr). Removal of one, both, or the first eight antennal segments reduced or eliminated the response of the parasitoid to kairomones. Female parasitoids did not exhibit a preference for corn leaves damaged by a particular fall armyworm instar and parasitization rates were highest in larvae 48 hr old.
A Lumped-Parameter Model for Adaptive Dynamic MR Damper Control

The dynamic behavior of a small-scale magnetorheological damper intended for use in a tremor-suppression orthosis is characterized through experimental analysis and mathematical modeling. The combined frequency response of both the electromagnetic coil and the fluid particles is modeled by a third-order transfer function. The output of this function is an effective current that, combined with piston position and velocity, is empirically related to the resistance force of the damper. The derived model demonstrates high-fidelity to experimental testing of the damper under variable piston velocity and applied current within the expected frequency range of pathological tremor. The model is, thus, deemed suitable for use in a control algorithm for the mechanical suppression of tremor via magnetorheological damping.
Probing local structure in the yellow phosphor LaSr2AlO5 : Ce3+, by the maximum entropy method and pair distribution function analysis

The compound LaSr2AlO5 was recently introduced as a competitive Ce3+ host material for blue-pumped yellow phosphors for use in white light emitting diodes. A crucial feature of the crystal structure of LaSr2AlO5 is that La, which is the host site for Ce3+, is located in the 8h positions of the I4/mcm crystal structure, a site equally shared with Sr. While the average crystal structure of LaSr2AlO5 as revealed by Rietveld analysis of laboratory and synchrotron X-ray diffraction data suggests nothing untoward, maximum entropy method analysis of the synchrotron X-ray data reveals the existence of conspicuous non-sphericity of the electron density. Pair distribution function analysis of the data suggests that despite their occupying the same crystallographic site, La and Sr possess distinct coordination environments, and the environment around La is more compact and regular than the environment suggested by the Rietveld refinement of the average structure. The absorption and emission from Ce3+ centers is controlled by the local coordination and symmetry, and the use of powerful new tools in unraveling details of these strengthens the rational search for new phosphors for solid state white lighting.
30 REGULATORY ADAPTATION OF CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS AND THE LDL-RECEPTOR PATHWAY IN MEVALONIC ACIDURIA

HMG-CoA reductase activity, 14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol and cholesteryl ester formation were studied in fibroblasts from 6 patients with mevalonic aciduria due to mevalonate kinase deficiency (MK−) in response to different concentrations of LDL and non-lipoprotein cholesterol. Despite a virtually complete deficiency of mevalonate kinase in extracts of fibroblasts derived from the patients, there was still significant activity for the cholesterol biosynihetic pathway, assessed by monitoring 14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol in intact fibroblast monolayers. In the presence of LDL MK− cells produced -30% of the control cell lines and showed a significant increase into the control range after complete withdrawal of cholesterol. Adequate cholesterol biosynthesis was assured by a highly increased and partially unsuppressable HMG-CoA reductase activity in MK− cells as compared to controls. For patients, the mean activity of HMG-CoA reductase of 63.3 ± 44.1 pmol/min/mg protein (± ISD, range 37.7-146.2) was significantly higher than the mean value in control fibroblasts of 11.1 ± 3.5 (range 8.0-14.9). In addition, cholestyl ester formation, an indicator of the LDL receptor pathway, was twofold increased in the patients' cells, whereas cholestyl ester formation from non-lipoprotein cholesterol was undistinguishable from controls. Apparently an inhibition of intracellular cholesterol biosynthesis is counteracted by an increased activity of HMG-CoA reductase as well as of the LDL receptor pathway. The increased activity of the LDL receptor in the presence of an excess of exogenous cholesterol proves the existence of a single common regulatory mechanism of cholesterol biosynthesis and the LDL receptor pathway. The latter mechanism, which is demonstrated by this “experiment of nature”, should be reponsible for the observed reduction of LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. However, the long term use of these drugs cannot be recommended in children or pregnant women in view of the severe multisystemic pre- and postnatal pathology of mevalonic aciduria. The exact pathobiochemical mechanisms are still unclear and may involve a shortage of non-sterol isoprenes. (Supported by DFG grant Ho 966/2-2)
Innovative Approaches for the Development of Antidepressant Drugs: Current and Future Strategies

Depression is a highly debilitating disorder that has been estimated to affect up to 21% of the world population. Despite the advances in the treatment of depression with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), there continue to be many unmet clinical needs with respect to both efficacy and side effects. These needs range from efficacy in treatment resistant patients, to improved onset, to reductions in side effects such as emesis or sexual dysfunction. To address these needs, there are numerous combination therapies and novel targets that have been identified that may demonstrate improvements in one or more areas. There is tremendous diversity in the types of targets and approaches being taken. At one end of a spectrum is combination therapies that maintain the benefits associated with SSRIs but attempt to either improve efficacy or reduce side effects by adding additional mechanisms (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2C, α-2A). At the other end of the spectrum are more novel targets, such as neurotrophins (BDNF, IGF), based on recent findings that antidepressants induce neurogenesis. In between, there are many approaches that range from directly targeting serotonin receptors (5-HT2C, 5-HT6) to targeting the multiplicity of potential mechanisms associated with excitatory (glutamate, NMDA, mGluR2, mGluR5) or inhibitory amino acid systems (GABA) or peptidergic systems (neurokinin 1, corticotropin-releasing factor 1, melanin-concentrating hormone 1, V1b). The present review addresses the most exciting approaches and reviews the localization, neurochemical and behavioral data that provide the supporting rationale for each of these targets or target combinations.
A rodent model of metabolic surgery for study of type 2 diabetes and positron emission tomography scanning of beta cell mass

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a worldwide healthcare problem with major socioeconomic implications. Metabolic surgical procedures have been shown to improve diabetes, but the mechanism of action is poorly understood. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rodent is a type 2 diabetic animal model that is ideally situated for studying the effect of surgery on diabetes; however, the operative mortality is high. The aim of this study was to describe the operative technique, improvements in perioperative management, and the technique of micro-positron emission tomography (PET) scanning of the β-cell mass in GK rodents. Methods A total of 53 GK rats were divided into 1 of 3 operative groups: sham, sleeve gastrectomy, and duodenojejunal bypass. A subset of animals underwent micro-PET scanning with [11C]-dihydrotetrabenazine to determine the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 binding index, an indicator of β-cell mass. Results The 30-day mortality in the sham and sleeve gastrectomy rodents was 0; however, 2 sleeve gastrectomy rodents developed enterocutaneous fistula and 1 developed an abscess. In the duodenojejunal bypass group, the initial mortality rate was close to 90%; however, refinements in the surgical technique and perioperative management (fluids, antibiotics, pain control) lowered the mortality rate to 60%. The surgical technique is discussed in detail. [11C]-Dihydrotetrabenazine uptake in the pancreas was demonstrated on micro-PET scanning in the sham and duodenojejunal bypass rodents. Conclusion Intensive medical management in the perioperative period and attention to the operative technique lowered the mortality. [11C]-Dihydrotetrabenazine micro-PET scanning is a feasible method for assessing the β-cell mass in GK rodents and could prove to be an important modality for evaluating β-cell performance in type 2 diabetes.
First hand: hands across the sea.

FIGURE 1: One of 2 walls in my office with portraits of overseas fellows. “H ands Across the Sea” is the title of a military march composed in 1899 by John Philip Sousa, and it remains one of his more popular marches. When asked about the inspiration for the march, Sousa stated, “A sudden thought strikes me: Let us swear eternal friendship,” and the march was dedicated to all of America’s allied countries. Today, we are witnessing great interest and energy within our national academic societies as they seek to enhance involvement from our overseas colleagues in a number of ways, including identification as a Guest Nations at our national meetings, more inclusion in the academic programs, and membership in our professional societies. Being actively involved in the international committees of our major professional societies, I have been thrilled to see these directions for personal reasons as well. Over the past 30 years, I have been privileged to host over 240 visiting surgeons from at least 42 countries from around the globe (Fig.1). Well over 100 have come from European countries, in part owing to the facility of language with many taking advantage of the scholarship opportunities afforded through the AO Foundation in Switzerland. In addition, over 70 visiting surgeons have come from Latin America, 63 from Asia and the Pacific Rim, and 13 from the Middle East and Africa. Whereas clearly our visiting surgeons have gained from the academic exchanges as well as the social experience of living in Boston, I am sure that it is our Hand and Upper Extremity Service that has benefitted the most. Our fellows and residents have had the opportunity to recognize the many differences in health care throughout the world, perhaps appreciate some of the resources and teaching that they are privileged to enjoy, and become aware that similar knowledge, skill, and dedication exists throughout the world. From an academic perspective, these collaborations have resulted in over 40 peer review publications with the first author being an overseas fellow, 5 book chapters, and 12 analytic and clinical reviews. It has been a personal joy to witness how many of our visitors have succeeded in their own countries by contributing in many ways to our specialty including rising to positions of leadership. From a social perspective, my wife, Beryl, and I have enjoyed hosting many of our visitors to our home either along with our sports journal club or as dinner guests or for special outings. We vividly remember the special feeling we had during my overseas trauma fellowship in Switzerland when we were invited to one of our host’s homes. It should come as no surprise that there will be cultural and social differences that might result in minor glitches. These have included unanticipated rather striking
Phase and Amplitude Detection System for the Stanford Linear Accelerator

A computer controlled phase and amplitude detection system to measure and stabilize the RF power sources in the Stanford Linear Accelerator is described. This system measures the instantaneous phase and amplitude of a 1 microsecond 2856 MHz RF pulse and will be used for phase feedback control and for amplitude and phase jitter detection. This paper discusses the measurement system performance requirements for the operation of the Stanford Linear Collider, and the design and implementation of the phase and amplitude detection system. The fundamental software algorithms used in the measurement are described, as is the performance of the prototype phase and amplitude detector system.
Sensing Endotoxins from Within

The human innate immune system identifies Gram-negative bacteria by recognizing lipopolysaccharides (LPS), components of the microbial cell wall ( 1 ). This detection triggers massive inflammatory responses that help eradicate infections, but may also result in immunopathology if regulated improperly. Hence, LPS is also referred to as endotoxin. More than a century after its discovery, the molecular basis for the inflammatory activity of endotoxin was finally revealed by the discovery that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces innate and adaptive immune responses to LPS ( 2 ). TLR4 is the founding member of the mammalian Toll-like receptor family, and its discovery heralded a new age in the study of host-microbe interactions. On pages 1250 and 1246 of this issue, Hagar et al. ( 3 ) and Kayagaki et al. ( 4 ), respectively, reveal the existence of cellular responses to LPS that do not depend on TLR4. The search for the new LPS receptor can now begin.
Miscibility of Poly(arylene phosphine oxide) Systems and Bisphenol A Poly(hydroxy ether)

A number of new aryl phosphorus-containing polymers were found to be miscible with the commercially significant bisphenol A-based poly(hydroxy ether)s (PHE) over the entire composition range by dif...
Devotionalism Reclaimed: Re-mapping Sacred Geography in Contemporary Korean Buddhism

This paper provides an examination of the popular practices of contemporary Buddhism and the major Buddhist pilgrimage sites, in particular. These pilgrimage sites are old, sacred places of worship where Buddha’s relics were enshrined or are famed for miraculous stories of Bodhisattvas or Arhats. Contemporary sacred places are differentiated from traditional ones by the number of people who flock to them. Traditional places were important mostly to local people and to Buddhist monks. Economic growth since the mid-1980s, however, has caused hundreds of thousands of people to visit these places year-round, and, to accommodate these visitors, temples have built modern facilities, including paved roads, lodging, and parking spaces. With the influx of visitors, these sites have accumulated wealth but are also faced with the many challenges that come with dealing with huge numbers of visitors. Some sites simply offer a convenient place for worship and to receive the blessings of Buddhist deities; others have developed diverse programs of lectures and meditation for their visitors. Since 1994, the Chogye-jong central administration has taken control of some of these sites and has used the wealth for the education of the sangha. Some local factions, however, have fought against such administrative control.
GENETIC CONTROL OF CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN THE RAT. I. TRANSFER OF DTH TO BACTERIAL ANTIGENS IS RESTRICTED BY THE B REGION OF RT1.

SUMMARY The genetic basis of allogeneic restriction in the transfer of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to soluble Listeria monocytogenes antigens (LMA) in rats was analysed using a set of congenic strains. The DTH parameter assayed was the localization of radiolabelled donor lymphoblasts in subcutaneous antigen stimulation sites in the ear. Sharing of the RT1.B region between the donor and host was essential for the transfer of DTH to LMA, which suggests that the RT1.B region codes for restriction elements controlling antigen recognition by TDTH cells. The recombinant haplotype RT1r1 was exceptional in that transfer of DTH to A-region matched recipients was, at least in part, possible. Measurement of donor lymphoblast localization in DTH sites afforded an opportunity to quantify allogeneic effects influencing localization of sensitized donor cells in DTH sites borne by alien recipients. Both RT1.B and RT1.A region differences could induce allogeneic effects, but they were an order of magnitude lower than those based on restricted recognition by donor T cells.
Global attractivity of solutions of nonlinear delay differential equations with a forcing term

Abstract In this paper, we give sufficient conditions for every solution of the delay differential equation x ′ ( t ) = − p ( t ) f ( x ( t − τ ) ) + r ( t ) , to converge to zero. Our results extend and improve several known results in the literature. An application of our main results to an equation derived from mathematical biology is also given.
Experimental investigation of liquid water formation and transport in a transparent single-serpentine PEM fuel cell

Liquid water formation and transport were investigated by direct experimental visualization in an operational transparent single-serpentine PEM fuel cell. We examined the effectiveness of various gas diffusion layer (GDL) materials in removing water away from the cathode and through the flow field over a range of operating conditions. Complete polarization curves as well as time evolution studies after step changes in current draw were obtained with simultaneous liquid water visualization within the transparent cell. The level of cathode flow field flooding, under the same operating conditions and cell current, was recognized as a criterion for the water removal capacity of the GDL materials. When compared at the same current density (i.e. water production rate), higher amount of liquid water in the cathode channel indicated that water had been efficiently removed from the catalyst layer. Visualization of the anode channel was used to investigate the influence of the microporous layer (MPL) on water transport. No liquid water was observed in the anode flow field unless cathode GDLs had an MPL. MPL on the cathode side creates a pressure barrier for water produced at the catalyst layer. Water is pushed across the membrane to the anode side, resulting in anode flow field flooding close to the H2 exit.
THE WHEAT GRAIN DURING DEVELOPMENT WITH REFERENCE TO NATURE, LOCATION, AND ROLE OF ITS TRANSLOCATORY TISSUES

The structure of the crease region of the developing wheat grain was studied with reference to the nature and role of its tissues. The vascular bundle, which extends from base to apex at the bottom of the furrow (crease), and the chalaza and nucellar projection, which lie between the bundle and the endosperm, were also studied. It was established that nutrient substances move through these 3 tissues into the endosperm of the developing kernel. The time of such movemelnt was studied. Findings of this study were correlated with those of other investigators.
OSO-7 results on coronal emission near 304 A

The spectral composition and spatial distribution of equatorial coronal emission near 304 A is examined. Spectral scans indicate that the predominant line is from Si xi. Comparisons of observations with calculations of intensity changes with altitude indicate that collisional excitation is important near the Sun but that photoexcitation becomes dominant beyond about 1.3 R ⊙ from the solar center. Observed and calculated intensities are in approximate agreement for abundances and electron densities that are within the range of observed values.
Coupled transport of glutamate and sodium in a cerebellar nerve cell line.

The cerebellar nerve cell line e1 has a very effective active transport system for glutamate. Glutamate uptake is dependent on extracellular Na+ and furthermore, 22Na+ uptake is stimulated by glutamate, indicating that glutamate uptake and Na+ uptake are coupled. Two molecules of Na + are transported for each molecule of glutamate. The Km for glutamate is found to be 5 × 10−5M in both the glutamate uptake assay and the 22Na+ uptake assay, providing additional evidence for glutamate-Na+ coupling. Pre-incubation with ouabain, which inhibits the Na+-K+ ATPase, results in a gradual inhibition of glutamate uptake due to the deterioration of the Na+ gradient. Tetrodotoxin, however, has no effect on glutamate-induced 22Na+ uptake, showing that this Na+ flux does not occur via voltage-dependent Na+ channels. Studies on the specificity of the e1 glutamate transport system show that it is distinct from systems that transport alanine and glycine. l-Glutamate, d-aspartate, l-cysteate, and l-cysteine sulfinate are able to utilize the transport system efficiently. d-Glutamate, l-homocysteate, N-methyl-d, l-aspartate, and kainic acid are very poor substrates for the glutamate transport system, and in addition do not stimulate 22Na+ uptake. These data allow us to distinguish the glutamate transport system from the glutamate receptor which is known to mediate depolarization in response to all nine of the above compounds. Thus, e1 does not have an excitatory glutamate receptor.
Catching Gray Cygnets: an initial exploration

In this paper, we describe exploratory experiments for detecting potential "Gray Cygnet" cases that follow a known Black Swan. Gray Cygnets (GCs) are cases that are highly similar and subsequent to novel, surprising, provocative, exceptional cases, so-called Black Swans. They too are surprising, exceptional and provocative in the sense of continuing the change initiated by the Black Swan. Our experiments were carried out using a corpus of common law cases from the United States, particularly New York and Massachusetts, and the United Kingdom primarily in the era 1852-1916 during which there was dramatic change in the prevailing doctrine regarding recovery for damages by a remote buyer. It was provoked by the 1852 landmark case Thomas & Wife v. Winchester and elaborated in subsequent cases. Our methods use similarity measures from Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) based on classic claim lattice and nearest neighbor techniques. We also define and use "supreme on-point cases" (sopc's) that reside in the root node of a claim lattice. We define four simple tests to determine whether a problem case is a potential Gray Cygnet. The tests use the position of a known Black Swan in the analysis of a problem case, specifically whether it appears as a sopc, or mopc, and/or as a nearest neighbor. We also use the tests as an ensemble by using the decision of their majority vote. To evaluate the performance of our tests, we created an answer key based on a closed form definition of a GC in our domain.
Magnetic and optical response of tuning the magnetocrystalline anisotropy in Fe3O4 nanoparticle ferrofluids by Co doping

Abstract Co x Fe 3− x O 4 (0⩽ x ⩽0.10) nanoparticles coated with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide as a surfactant were synthesized by a co-precipitation technique. The Fe:Co ratio was tuned up to x =0.10 by controlling the Co 2+ concentration during synthesis. The mean particle size, determined by transmission electron microscopy, ranged between 15±4 and 18±4 nm. The superparamagnetic blocking temperature and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant of the ferrofluids, determined using ac and dc magnetic measurements, scale approximately linearly with cobalt concentration. We also find distinct differences in the optical response of different samples under an applied magnetic field. We attribute changes in field-induced optical relaxation for the x =0 and 0.05 samples to differences in the anisotropic microstructure under an applied magnetic field.
A new stem parrot from the Green River Formation and the complex evolution of the grasping foot in Pan-Psittaciformes

ABSTRACT Deposits from the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation preserve exceptional fossils from one of the most diverse Paleogene avifaunas worldwide. Stem lineage parrots are well represented in this avifauna. Here we report a new species of Pan-Psittaciformes (crown clade parrots and their stem lineage relatives). The new species shares several features with extant parrots that are not present in the contemporaneous clades Halcyornithidae and Messelasturidae, including a wider pelvis, deeper trochlea cartilaginis tibialis, and larger pygostyle. Morphology of the foot suggests strong grasping ability and an arboreal ecology. Phylogenetic analysis of a combined data set of morphological and molecular sequence data resulted in limited support for a sister-group relationship between the new taxon and Quercypsittidae as well as a previously unrecognized clade including Vastanavidae, Halcyornithidae, and Messelasturidae. Regardless of whether this phylogeny or alternate hypotheses are preferred,...
Instability of the wet x soap film

For idealized, infinitely thin (“dry”) soap films, an Xis unstable, while for very thick (“wet”) soap films it is minimizing. We show that for soap films of relatively small but positive wetness, the Xis unstable. Full stability diagrams for the constant liquid fraction case and the constant pressure case are generated. Analogous questions about other singularities remain controversial.
Ecological Interactions Between Bythotrephes cederstroemi and Leptodora kindtii and the Implications for Species Replacement in Lake Michigan

The zooplankton predator, Leptodora kindtii, declined in abundance at an offshore reference station in Lake Michigan in the mid-1980s following the invasion of another zooplankton predator, Bythotrephes cederstroemi. Both predators feed largely on daphnid prey and it was observed that densities of three Daphnia species declined in abundance at the reference station following the Bythotrephes invasion. Circumstantial evidence would suggest that the native predator, Leptodora, was competitively suppressed by Bythotrephes. However, results of laboratory experiments presented here show that Bythotrephes will readily attack and eat Leptodora when the predators are maintained under concentrated densities, even if alternative prey are available for the Bythotrephes. There was no evidence in these experiments that Leptodora attacked or ate Bythotrephes. These results imply that predation by Bythotrephes on Leptodora may alternatively account for the collapse of Leptodora in offshore Lake Michigan. In this note I discuss evidence in support of competition and predation as alternative hypotheses to explain the pattern of species replacement, Bythotrephes for Leptodora, observed in Lake Michigan. The existing data are not definitive and tempt further inquiry.
Towards Radical Atoms — Form-giving to transformable materials

Form, as the externalization of an idea has been present in our civilization for several millennia. Humans have used their hands and tools to directly manipulate and alter/deform the shape of physical materials. Concurrently, we have been inventing tools in the digital domains that allow us to freely manipulate digital information. The next step in the evolution of form-giving is toward shape-changing materials, with tight coupling between their shape and an underlying digital model. In this paper we compare approaches for interaction design of these shape-shafting entities that we call Radical Atoms. We use three projects to elaborate on appropriate interaction techniques for both the physical and the virtual domains.
The insulin-like growth factor system in vascular smooth muscle: Interaction with insulin and growth factors

Abstract Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) occur throughout the vascular tree and have important physiological functions. They are also involved in pathological processes such as development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions, restenosis following angioplasty, and in hypertension. This review is focused on the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in proliferation, migration, and hypertrophy of vascular SMCs and its interaction with insulin and other growth factors. The IGF-I receptor is highly expressed in SMCs in intact arteries and in cultured SMCs and is activated by binding of IGF-I to the two α-subunits. Insulin and IGF-II from the circulation can interact with the IGF-I receptor at higher concentrations. Insulin receptors are few or absent in SMCs and circulating insulin concentrations in vivo are probably too low for a direct action of insulin on the IGF-I receptor in SMCs. Receptor activation initiates a number of signal transduction pathways. Increased phosphatidylinositol turnover and calcium mobilization correlates with actin filament reorganization and stimulation of directed migration of the SMC in a gradient of IGF-I. The effects of IGF-I receptor activation on signal transduction pathways (eg, the MAP kinase cascade) implicated in DNA synthesis and proliferation are weak and this correlates with the meager mitogenic activity of IGF-I in SMC. Several components of the IGF-system in SMC are regulated by growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). IGF-I is downregulated by decreased metabolism (eg, diabetes and fasting) and in these states levels of IGF-I mRNA and IGFBP-2 and -4 mRNA are decreased. On the contrary, SMC hypertrophy is associated with increased levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-4 mRNA. In conclusion, the IGF-system in SMCs is likely to play an important role in SMC migration and the response of the SMCs to metabolic deprivation, and hypertrophy.
Immobilized glycerol-based liquid membranes in hollow fibers for selective CO2 separation from CO2–N2 mixtures

Abstract Glycerol-based liquid membranes immobilized in the pores of hydrophilic microporous hollow fibers have been studied for selective separation of CO 2 from a mixed gas (CO 2 , N 2 ) feed having low concentrations of CO 2 characteristic of gases encountered in space walk and space cabin atmosphere. The immobilized liquid membranes (ILMs) investigated consist of sodium carbonate–glycerol or glycine-Na–glycerol solution. Based on the performances of such liquid membranes in flat hydrophilic porous substrates [Chen et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38 (1999) 3489; Chen et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39 (2000) 2447], hollow fiber-based ILMs were studied at selected CO 2 partial pressure differentials (Δ p CO 2 range 0.36–0.50 cmHg), relative humidities (RH range 45–100%), as well as carrier concentrations. The sodium carbonate concentration was primarily 1.0 mol/dm 3 ; the glycine-Na concentration was 3.0 mol/dm 3 . The sweep gas was always dry helium and it flowed on the shell side. Very high CO 2 /N 2 selectivities were observed with porous polysulfone microfiltration membranes as substrate. As in the case of flat film-based ILMs (see references above), feed side RH is an important factor determining the ILM performances. Generally, lower permeances and greater CO 2 /N 2 selectivity values were observed at lower feed stream RHs. When the feed side average RH=60%, p CO 2 ,f =0.005 atm and glycine-Na concentration was 3.0 M, the CO 2 /N 2 separation factor observed was over 5000. Prolonged runs lasting for 300 h showed that the hollow fiber-based ILM permeation performances were stable.
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and central nervous system drug penetration: what next?

The current prevalence of cognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals is surprisingly high, even in those with undetectable plasma HIV RNA. The aetiology is unknown but one possibility is inad...
Comparison of Multiequation Turbulence Models for Several Shock Boundary-Layer Interaction Flows

Several multiequation eddy viscosity models of turbulence are used with the Navier-Stokes equations to compute three classes of experimentally documented shock-separated turbulent boundary-layer flows. The types of flow studied are: (1) a normal shock at transonic speeds in both a circular duct and a two-dimensional channel; (2) an incident oblique shock at supersonic speeds on a flat surface; and (3) a two-dimensional compression corner at supersonic speeds. Established zero-equation (algebraic), one-equation (kinetic energy), and two-equation (kinetic energy plus length scale) turbulence models are each utilized to describe the Reynolds shear stress for the three classes of flows. These models are assessed by comparing the calculated values of skin friction, wall pressure distribution, velocity, Mach number, and turbulent kinetic energy profiles with experimental measurements. Of the models tested the two-equation model results gave the best overall agreement with the data.
Echocardiogram in common (single) ventricle: angiographic-anatomic correlation.

Common ventricle is a rare congenital anomaly in which the ventricular chamber receives blood from two separate atrioventricular (A-V) valves or a common A-V valve. Diagnosis of common ventricle was established in 55 patients aged 3 months to 33 years (mean 10 years) at cardiac catheterization in all 55 and at operation or autopsy in 24. In common ventricle with two angiographically demonstrable A-V valves (47 patients), the echocardiographic features included: (1) simultaneous recording (in the same sonic beam with the transducer held stationary) of the echoes of an anterior and a posterior A-V value without an intervening septal echo (45 of 47 patients); (2) absence, on a base to apex scan, of the ventricular septal echo in the usual position separating the A-V valves (47 of 47 patients); (3) recording, in patients with common ventricle and outflow chamber, of this small outflow chamber anterior to the A-V valves (20 of 23 patients); and (4) recording of echographic continuity of the posterior A-V valve and great artery (27 of 31 patients). In common ventricle with a common A-V valve (8 patients), the echocardiographic features included: (1) a single demonstrable A-V valve, located posteriorly in the ventricle, which showed a large amplitude of excursion during diastole; and (2) absence of a second A-V valve echo or ventricular septal echo. Eight patients were studied postoperatively after surgical correction by ventricular septation. Echographic features included visualization of a prosthetic septum that produced a dense echo and divided the common ventricle into “right” and “left” ventricular chambers. This septum had a large excursion anteriorly during systole. Because common ventricle is now amenable to surgical correction, echocardiography should play an important role in assessment of ventricular anatomy in this complex congenital cardiac defect.
Rotationally excited CO from formaldehyde photodissociation

Abstract CO(J=26–63) produced by 355 nm photolysis of H2CO was observed by VUV laser-excited flourescence. The temporal behavior of CO(J=36) indicates that rotationally excited CO fills the role of the long-lived intermediate in formaldehyde photodissociation.
Lattice models of semicrystalline polymers: the Flory theorem implies that mean-field predictions are exact

Abstract The statistical properties of several different ensembles of properly packed (i.e. non-mean-field) lattice chain systems that model the amorphous domains of semicrystalline polymers are studied by Monte Carlo calculations. The models are shown to obey accurately mean-field predictions as long as comparisons are limited to isotropic regions. This is seen as a direct consequence of the Flory theorem. In fact, this calculation is a particularly sensitive computer simulation test of the Flory theorem, because it permits calculations to be performed in the absence of chain ends.
ELEVATED ERYTHROCYTE ADENOSINE DEAMINASE (ADA) ACTIVITY IN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE (AIDS): 40

ELEVATED ERYTHROCYTE ADENOSINE DEAMINASE (ADA) ACTIVITY IN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASE (AIDS): 40
CHANGES IN ACTIVITY OF CYTOCHROME OXIDASE DURING ADAPTATION OF GOLDFISH TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES.

Abstract 1. 1. Cytochrome oxidase from muscle of goldfish showed an increased activity with gold acclimation and decreased activity with warm acclimation when measured at an intermediate temperature. Activity of t he enzyme from 5°C fish was three to five times greater than from 30° fish when measured 15°. 2. 2. Measurements at various temperatures showed a translation toward the left of the rate-temperature curves with cold acclination. The Q10 over the linear range was 2·1 for enzyme preparations from fish acclimated to 5, 15, 25 or 30°. 3. 3. Enzyme activity measured at the temperatures of acclimation was maximal at 25°. 4. 4. After 2 hr of heating at 45° the cytochrome oxidase was 80 per cent inactivated, irrespective of acclimation temperature. 5. 5. After 5–10 min of heat treatment, the activity of the enzyme from 5° fish was higher than its activity without heating, decline in activity of enzyme from 15° fish was delayed, but activity from fish acclimated to 25–30° declined directly. 6. 6. It is concluded that cold acclimation causes an increase and warm acclimation a decrease in amount of cytochrome oxidase in goldfish muscle, also that in cold acclimation there is either an increase in a heat-sensitive inhibitor or a change which causes prolongation of thermal activation.
A distributed compensator for a nonlinear control problem

Many systems exhibiting self-excited oscillations of determinate amplitude may be modelled by a system of differential equations which includes the scalar nonlinear equation (cf. discussion in [1]) y + h(�, y, y)y + k(�, y) = u(t) + g*x(t) (I) where h, k are smooth functions involving a bifurcation parameter �. We will assume that, uniformly in �, yk(�, y) > 0, ?k/?y(�, 0) > 0 and that ?0 ? k(�, y)dy = ?. Further, we assume that the function h may be expressed in the form h(�, y, y) = -h1(�, y)y + h2(�, y)(y)3... with h1 (�, y) > 0 uniformly throughout the y interval of interest. Also, we assume that there is a value of �, call it �0, such that (�-�0)h2 (�, y) > 0, in the same region. Under these assumotions one can show that for � > �0 there is a unique periodic solution yp(t, �) near y = y = 0 with weriod T(�), a smooth function of � with-T(�0) equal to the common period of all solutions of the linear oscillator equation y + ?k/?y(�0, 0)y, having average amplitude A(�) =1/T(�) ?0 T(�)((yp(t, �))2+(yp(t, �))2)dt The question which we address initially is: suppose u(t) = 0, g = 0 in (I) and we have a single measurement (t) = ay(t) + by(t) available from the system (I). Assuming fixed for the present, ?p(t, �) = ayp(t, �) + byp(t, �) will be the data obtained from the periodic solution yp(t, �). How may we obtain an estimate of the system state vector (yp(t, �), yp(t, �)) from present and recorded bast values of ?p(t, �)? With T = T(�) assumed fixed, let us consider the system with delay w(t) = v(t) v(t) = v(t-T). (II) The oeriodic function ?p (t, �) is a particular output corresponding to a particular solution of this system. For w(t) = yp (t, �), w(t) = v(t) = yp(t, �) will satisfy (II) if yp (t, �) is periodic with period T. Then ?(t) = ?p (t, ) = aw(t) + bv(t). (III) The question now becomes one of constructing an observer (cf. [2]) for the system (II) based on the observation (III), so that the estimated state will tend, asymototically, to the state (yp(t, �), yp(t, �)) in an appropriate sense. Our paper will concern the construction of the estimator and the nature of the convergence of the estimate. We will also discuss feedback synthesis of the control u(t) from this estimate. We will also deal with the case wherein a controlled elastic system x = Ax + cy(t) + dy(t) + fu(t) (IV) is coupled to the nonlinear oscillator (I).
The role of Latino/Hispanic communities in health services research: strategies for a meaningful partnership

This paper critically assesses the important elements of the Latino/Hispanic community's participation in health services research and the known barriers to effective collaboration, and provides suggestions that may contribute toward a meaningful partnership among health care providers, researchers and the community. The discussion focuses on central strategies for community participation to help improve existing health care services' effectiveness, specifically for low-income Latino/Hispanic groups. It reviews current approaches for including communities in health care delivery and health services research and draws examples from the author's experiences of working with Latino/Hispanic communities for almost 20 years. The data implies that mutual benefits can be derived from forging alliances and meaningful partnerships between the health services research community and the Latino/Hispanic community.
Cognitive Skills Training: Impact On Drug Abuse Counseling And Readiness For Treatment

As part of an NIDA-sponsored project, the current study investigated the effectiveness of a skills program we developed called the TCU Cognitive Skills Module (CSM). The program was developed to address cognitive deficits that may impede substance abuse treatment within the criminal justice system. Probationers in a 4-month residential program (followed by 3 months of aftercare) were randomly assigned (by community) to receive standard treatment or treatment enhanced with the CSM program. Peer ratings, individual ratings of the community, and counselor assessments revealed that the CSM was effective in increasing perceived treatment effectiveness (particularly midway through the program). There was also some support for the CSM being especially effective for probationers who enter treatment with lower levels of treatment readiness.