cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the potential of in-home devices for improving medication adherence

We conducted five focus groups with seniors and middle-aged participants who live independently in their own homes to assess the potential value of a home-centered medication reminder system concept. The medication reminder system was conceptualized as a system that uses a television and set-top box, mobile phones and other in-home accessories as a means to set and deliver medication reminders. We found that the main value perceived by participants in the medication reminder system was its ability to provide multiple channels for them to be reminded of medications. The mobile phone, due to its advantages in portability and privacy, was considered to be the most useful device on which to receive reminders. Most participants saw value in receiving secondary reminders on other devices in their home such as the TV, PC, and other in-home accessories. Design implications along with other findings about the challenges faced by participants in managing their medications are discussed.
Addendum to the Editorial “Joint Guidance on Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in Neuroendocrine Tumors”

TO THE READERSHIP: The purpose of the editorial in the May issue (1) was to bring to the attention of the readership a guidance document written collaboratively by 3 organizations, including the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (2). The decision to publish this document in the European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging was made collaboratively by the 3 organizations, as was the decision to publish the editorial in The Journal of Nuclear Medicine. Incidentally, we described clinical trials with these agents that are getting under way in the United States. We overlooked mentioning the availability of 2 ongoing Food and Drug Administration–authorized investigational new drug (IND) trials on high-activity 111 In-octreotide (IND no. 72,037) (3,4 )a nd 177 Lu-octreotate (IND no. 78,256) peptide receptor radionuclide therapies in the United States. These ongoing trials are available at the Excel Diagnostics and Nuclear Oncology Center in Houston, Texas.
Overcoming the barriers to xenotransplantation: prospects for the future

Cross-species transplantation (xenotransplantation) has immense potential to solve the critical need for organs, tissues and cells for clinical transplantation. The increasing availability of genetically engineered pigs is enabling progress to be made in pig-to-nonhuman primate experimental models. Potent pharmacologic immunosuppressive regimens have largely prevented T-cell rejection and a T-cell-dependent elicited antibody response. However, coagulation dysfunction between the pig and primate is proving to be a major problem, and this can result in life-threatening consumptive coagulopathy. This complication is unlikely to be overcome until pigs expressing a human 'antithrombotic' or 'anticoagulant' gene, such as thrombomodulin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor or CD39, become available. Progress in islet xenotransplantation has been more encouraging, and diabetes has been controlled in nonhuman primates for periods in excess of 6 months, although this has usually been achieved using immunosuppressive protocols that might not be clinically applicable. Further advances are required to overcome the remaining barriers.
Involvement of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Estrogen Inhibition of Oocyte Maturation Mediated Through the G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (Gper) in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Oocyte maturation (OM) in teleosts is under precise hormonal control by progestins and estrogens. We show here that estrogens activate an epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) signaling pathway in fully grown, denuded zebrafish (Danio rerio) oocytes through the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (Gper; also known as GPR30) to maintain oocyte meiotic arrest in a germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) bioassay. A GPER-specific antagonist, G-15, increased spontaneous OM, indicating that the inhibitory estrogen actions on OM are mediated through Gper. Estradiol-17beta-bovine serum albumin, which cannot enter oocytes, decreased GVBD, whereas treatment with actinomycin D did not block estrogen's inhibitory effects, suggesting that estrogens act at the cell surface via a nongenomic mechanism to prevent OM. The intracellular tyrosine kinase (Src) inhibitor, PP2, blocked estrogen inhibition of OM. Expression of egfr mRNA and Egfr protein were detected in denuded zebrafish oocytes. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, ilomastat, which prevents the release of heparin-bound epidermal growth factor, increased spontaneous OM, whereas the MMP activator, interleukin-1alpha, decreased spontaneous OM. Moreover, inhibitors of EGFR (ErbB1) and extracellular-related kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2; official symbol Mapk3/1) increased spontaneous OM. In addition, estradiol-17beta and the GPER agonist, G-1, increased phosphorylation of Erk, and this was abrogated by simultaneous treatment with the EGFR inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that estrogens act through Gper to maintain meiotic arrest via an Src kinase-dependent G-protein betagamma subunit signaling pathway involving transactivation of egfr and phosphorylation of Mapk3/1. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that EGFR signaling in vertebrate oocytes can prevent meiotic progression.
Evolutionary constructivism and humanistic psychology

An evolutionary constructivist approach combining Donald Campbell’s selection theory (also known as evolutionary epistemology) with constructivist theories is discussed as it pertains to four issues typically associated with humanistic approaches to psychology: (a) embodiment, (b) agency, (c) human science, and (d) becoming. Ways in which selection theory informs these four issues by adding a naturalistic approach to the usual humanities-oriented emphasis of humanistic psychology are presented.
Cardiovascular risk stability: From grade school to high school☆

School-based, cardiovascular risk reduction programs have increased dramatically over the past decade. Though a wide range of evaluation plans have been implemented, limited longitudinal data are available to estimate the effectiveness of these risk reduction programs. The purposes of this study were to describe the stability of risk factors, the changes in cardiovascular risk from grade school to high school, and the differences in risk between gender. The sample (N = 195) of high school students was developed from three cohorts of elementary school students who participated in a risk reduction program in the sixth grade. Three to six years had elapsed since the students participated in the risk reduction program, thus providing a longitudinal view of participants' risk. Subject risk for obesity and high cholesterol level was stable although significant changes were noted for heart rate recovery and blood pressure. The only gender difference in risk was for elevated cholesterol level among female students. Nursing implications are presented.
Small and Medium Enterprises across the Globe : A New Database

This paper describes a new cross-country database on the importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This database is unique in that it presents consistent and comparable information on the contribution of the SME sector to total employment and GDP across different countries. The dataset improves on existing publicly available datasets on several grounds. First, it extends coverage to a broader set of developing and industrial economies. Second, it provides information on the contribution of the SME sector using a uniform definition of SMEs across different countries, allowing for consistent cross-country comparisons. Third, while we follow the traditional definition of the SME sector as being part of the formal sector, the new database also includes the size of the SME sector relative to the informal sector. This paper describes the sources and the construction of the different indicators, presents descriptive statistics, and explores correlations with other socioeconomic variables.
Characterizing the formation and regeneration of hairpin vortices in a laminar boundary layer

A free surface water channel is used to study hairpin vortex formation created by fluid injection through a narrow slot into a laminar boundary layer. Particle imagevelocimetry flow-field measurements of injections into quiescent cross-flow conditions confirm that elongated ring vortices are produced with a nondimensionalized circulation strength that is approximately linear with formation time. Unlike circular ring vortices, a limiting strength is not observed at a nondimensional formation time of 4 due to the proximity of the counter-rotating vortex pair. Identical injections are made into a laminar boundary layer at different free-stream velocities and streamwise slot positions (485 ≤ Reδ∗ ≤ 584) with average injection velocity ratios between 0.08 and 0.16. Visualizations indicate that the shear layer between the low x-momentum injected fluid and the boundary layer creates a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that forms the hairpin vortex head which then monotonically decreases in circulation strength with downstream distance. A similar process can form, or regenerate, a secondary hairpin vortex upstream of the primary vortex with a circulation strength of the head that is comparable to the strength of the primary head at the time of regeneration. However, the legs of the primary vortex continue to strengthen up to regeneration. The peak circulation in the legs is not directly correlated to the strength of the original elongated ring vortex. However, when the circulation is scaled with the injection momentum ratio it is linearly related to scaled injection time. It is proposed that the injection momentum ratio and nondimensionalized injection time based on the wall normal penetration time can be used to identify threshold conditions which produce a secondary vortex. It is suggested that this criterion may be used to identify the minimum strength of flow structures that would be capable of regeneration and thus transition initiation.
The behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) syndrome in psychiatry

The primary goal of this article is to critically discuss the syndromic overlap that exists between early behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD)--the most common clinical syndrome associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)--and several primary psychiatric disorders. We begin by summarising the current state of knowledge regarding FTLD, including the recent discovery of FTLD-causative genetic mutations. Clinicopathological correlations in FTLD are subsequently discussed, while emphasising that clinical syndromes of FTD are dictated by the distribution of FTLD pathology in the brain. We then review a large number of cases with suspected and confirmed bvFTD that had previously been diagnosed with a primary psychiatric disorder. The clinical and neuroscientific implications of this overlap are discussed, focusing on the importance of early diagnosis for clinical and therapeutic reasons. We propose that largely due to the paucity of biomarkers for primary psychiatric disorders, and the limited use of FTLD-related biomarkers by psychiatrists at present, it is very difficult to separate patients with early bvFTD from those with primary psychiatric disorders based on clinical grounds. Furthermore, specific limitations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 5 criteria for bvFTD may inadvertently discourage recognition of bvFTD in mental health settings. Clinically, more research is needed to develop tools that allow early differentiation of bvFTD from primary psychiatric disease, as bvFTD therapies will likely be most effective in the earliest stages of disease. From a neuroscience perspective, we argue that bvFTD provides an excellent paradigm for investigating the neural basis of psychiatric disorders.
Tax Competition, Tax Arbitrage and the International Tax Regime (La competencia fiscal, el arbitraje fiscal y el regimen fiscal internacional)

A translation into Spanish of Reuven S. Avi-Yonah's "Tax competition, tax arbitrage and the international tax regime": La competencia fiscal, el arbitraje fiscal y el r?gimen fiscal internacional.
White Dwarf Asteroseismology and the 12C(α, γ)16O Rate

Due to a new global analysis method, it is now possible to measure the internal composition of pulsating white dwarf stars, even with relatively simple theoretical models. The precise internal mixture of carbon and oxygen is the largest single source of uncertainty in ages derived from white dwarf cosmochronometry, and it contains information about the rate of the astrophysically important, but experimentally uncertain, 12C(?, ?)16O nuclear reaction. Recent determinations of the internal composition and structure of two helium-atmosphere variable (DBV) white dwarf stars, GD 358 and CBS 114, initially led to conflicting implied rates for the 12C(?, ?)16O reaction. If both stars were formed through single-star evolution, then the initial analyses of their pulsation frequencies must have differed in some systematic way. I present improved fits to the two sets of pulsation data, resolving the tension between the initial results and leading to a value for the 12C(?, ?)16O reaction rate that is consistent with recent laboratory measurements.
Fortified Human Milk for Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Correction of Mineral Inadequacies

Very low birthweight (VLBW) infants fed human milk fortified with pasteurized, lyophilized skim and cream fractions of mature human milk developed signs of calcium and phosphorus inadequacy despite retentions of nitrogen and energy that were similar to intrauterine references. Sixteen VLBW infants were fed a revised preparation of fortified human milk (Group FM2, fresh mother’s milk plus human skim milk, calcium lactate, and mono- and dibasic phosphates) and compared to 10 similar infants fed cow milk-based formula (Group CM). Birthweight and gestation were similar (<1.35 kg and 30 weeks, respectively). Both groups received similar intakes (per kg/d) of N (479 mg), energy (129 kcal), and P (69 mg); Ca intake was greater in group CM (144 vs 128 mg). Ninety-six hour balance studies were performed at 25 (B1) and 38 (B2) days of age. N retention, 330 vs 317 mg/kg/d, and metabolizable E, 106 vs 108 kcal/kg/d were similar between groups, FM and CM, respectively. Despite greater intakes of calcium in CM and similar intakes of P in both groups, absorption and retention of Ca and P were greater in FM2.
Evaluation of a New Single-Gradient, Ficoll-Hypaque with Hypotonic Lysis Method for Leukocyte Separation

Objective: Separation techniques for radiolabeled leukocytes possess inherent problems: procedure length, leukocyte numbers and contaminates (e.g., platelets and erythrocytes). A new leukocyte separation technique is compared to current methods. Methods: These four leukocyte separation methods were compared: volex sedimentation (VS), volex sedimentation with hypotonic lysis (VL), Ficoll-Hypaque two density gradients (FH) and a new single density gradient Ficoll-Hypaque with hypotonic lysis (FL). CBC data was used to determine the cellular composition of each method. Time to perform each method was also documented. In vitro viability of the leukocytes separated by the FL method was compared to the FH separation method using Chemotaxis and trypan blue staining. Results: The VS and VL methods demonstrated the largest number of leukocytes and platelets. The FH and FL techniques yielded reduced numbers of platelets and erythrocytes with a high percentage of neutrophils present (average ~94%). FH required the most time (3 hr) for the separation completion, whereas VL required the least time (90 min). FH and FL methods yielded viable leukocyte populations by Chemotaxis and trypan blue staining evaluation. Conclusions: The new FL separation method compares favorably to other leukocyte separation techniques. The reduction in the number of cell contaminants, increased percentage of neutrophils present, a viable leukocyte population, and the time required to perform the method are all factors which make the FL technique attractive.
Natural language processing: a survey

The first part of this survey presents some of the basic concepts and terms used in Natural Language Processing (NLP), both in Natural Language generation and in Natural Language interpretation. The second part describes recent theoretical and applied research results. It concludes with a discussion of NLP and its relation to knowledge management systems.
Depression in adolescents. Context, manifestations, and clinical management

The phenomenon of adolescent depression combines depressive symptoms with adolescent developmental variables and contextual factors, such as family patterns, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, gender, biologic factors, and individual experience with personal loss. These developmental and contextual factors lead to specific adolescent manifestations of depression, such as academic problems, sexual activity, substance abuse, conduct disorders, pain, eating disorders, and the potential for suicide. Assessment of the depressed adolescent includes specific questions concerning these possible manifestations and problem behaviors. Thorough assessment always includes questioning about the possibility and lethality of suicidal ideation. Modes of treatment include counseling, various forms of individual and group psychotherapy, environmental manipulation, and use of psychopharmacologic agents. Follow-up care is essential for the prevention or early treatment of future depressive episodes. The ultimate goal of care of the depressed adolescent is to prevent suicide and to minimize disruption of the adolescent developmental process.
Interannual Variability in North Atlantic Weather: Data Analysis and a Quasigeostrophic Model

AbstractThis paper addresses the effect of interannual variability in jet stream orientation on weather systems over the North Atlantic basin (NAB). The observational analysis relies on 65 yr of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (1948–2012). The total daily kinetic energy of the geostrophic wind (GTKE) is taken as a measure of storm activity over the North Atlantic. The NAB is partitioned into four rectangular regions, and the winter average of GTKE is calculated for each quadrant. The spatial GTKE average over all four quadrants shows striking year-to-year variability and is strongly correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).The GTKE strength in the northeast quadrant is closely related to the diffluence angle of the jet stream in the northwest quadrant. To gain insight into the relationship between the diffluence angle and its downstream impact, a quasigeostrophic baroclinic model is used. The results show that an initially zonal jet persists at its initial latitude over 30 days or longer, while a tilted ...
Simulation of Vibration Characteristic and Optimization for Parallel Robot Based on ADAMS

A structure optimization method using virtual prototype simulation was put forward. The principle of vibration and stimulated vibration test on dynamic characteristic of parallel robot were analyzed, and the skeleton of swept sine and design process of stimulated vibration test were given, then flexible model and stimulated vibration model of parallel robot was built in ADAMS in order to do the simulation of stimulated vibration test. The system was applied on stimulating force and produced displacement response. The characteristic of stimulated vibration test was obtained and the weak links could be found, based on that, the structure optimization method was proposed. After the optimization, the simulation result is good.
Analysis on the cost of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in Guizhou province from 2008 to 2010

Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the economic burden of the epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in Guizhou province from 2008 to 2010. Methods Based on the data of patients with epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, 50 patients were investigated randomly. Direct methodology was utilized to calculate the hospital medical cost as one part of the direct cost of illness; the treatment cost was calculated after hospital discharge and the direct non-medical cost was calculated using the visiting methodology by retrospective investigation of patients and their families; retrospective investigation, human capital approach and DALY were combined to calculate the indirect cost of illness. The total cost of illness was equal to the sum of total direct cost of illness and the total indirect cost of illness. Results There were 36 cases of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis reported in Guizhou province per year from 2008 to 2010. The average cost of illness was about 16.6 thousand Yuan per patient, and the annual average cost of illness was about 592.0 thousand Yuan. The DALY caused cost took up 59.75 percent of the total cost, the direct medical cost took up 21.07 percent, the direct non-medical cost took up 16.05 percent, and the loss of work took up 3.13 percent. Conclusion The cost of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis was a heavy burden to the society in Guizhou province.
Motivated but not active: the dilemmas of incorporating interactive dance into gym class.

Background:Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) is considered a tool to help children promote a healthy active lifestyle. Empirical studies in this field have been largely unexplored. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between students’ mastery experiences, situational motivation, and physical activity levels in DDR. Methods:One hundred and ninety-five seventh, eighth, and ninth graders participated in a 2-week DDR unit. Students’ physical activity levels and situational motivation [intrinsic motivation (IM), identified regulation (IR), external regulation, and amotivation) were measured for 3 classes. Results:Students were motivated to play DDR, but their moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was low (ie, mean = 4.95%). In addition, students with successful mastery experiences had significantly higher IM, IR, and MVPA. Conclusions:Although students were motivated for DDR, they were not physically active in DDR. In addition, successful mastery experience played an important role in...
Magnetic Particle Imaging tracks the long-term fate of in vivo neural cell implants with high image contrast

We demonstrate that Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) enables monitoring of cellular grafts with high contrast, sensitivity, and quantitativeness. MPI directly detects the intense magnetization of iron-oxide tracers using low-frequency magnetic fields. MPI is safe, noninvasive and offers superb sensitivity, with great promise for clinical translation and quantitative single-cell tracking. Here we report the first MPI cell tracking study, showing 200-cell detection in vitro and in vivo monitoring of human neural graft clearance over 87 days in rat brain.
Association Between Antidepressants Use During Pregnancy and Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE Antidepressants have been reported in several studies in the literature to be associated with the development of autistic disorder symptoms in children exposed to them during the time of their mothers' pregnancies. There have also been reports of neurodevelopment delays associated with exposure to antidepressants in the same conditions. DESIGN We searched the PUBMED, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, and ERIC for original articles published between January 1983 and May 2013 to identify studies on the association between autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and neurodevelopment delays in children and exposure to antidepressants during pregnancy. CONCLUSION At the end of our preliminary work, we retained only three articles that were pertinent to the purpose of our study. We extracted the available data in Excel files and then did a meta-analysis. The final results showed a positive association between the exposure to antidepressants in utero and autistic spectrum disorders.
Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Ion Channels

The release of Ca 2+ ions from intracellular organelles is a key step in a wide variety of biological functions. In cardiac and skeletal muscle, in response to an action potential, the release of Ca 2+ ions through Ca 2+ -release channels into the cytoplasm leads to muscle contraction, in a process referred to as ‘excitation–contraction coupling’. The Ca 2+ -release channels are also known as ‘ryanodine receptors (RyRs)’ because the plant alkaloid ryanodine modifies their function by binding with high affinity and specificity. The RyRs are 2200-kDa multiprotein complexes composed of four 560-kDa RyR subunits and four small FK506 binding protein subunits. They are regulated by multiple endogenous effectors that include Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , adenosine triphosphate, protein kinases, and calmodulin. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules determine the redox state and modulate the activity of the RyRs.
Fear, disgust, and information processing in specific phobia: the application of signal detection theory.

Abstract A growing body of research suggests that individuals with small animal and blood-injection-injury (BII) phobias respond to phobia-relevant stimuli with a combination of fear and disgust. Despite the recognition that disgust may serve a functional role in phobic avoidance behavior, little is known about biased information processing for disgust-related material. Two studies examined recognition memory, using signal detection analyses, for phobia-relevant and general disgust pictures. Study 1 failed to find differences between spider phobics, BII phobics, and nonphobics in discrimination ability (d′) and response bias (c) for spider, surgical, and two categories of general disgust pictures. Results indicated that all participants responded in a liberal manner toward surgical and disgust pictures, whereas they responded more conservatively when judging spider pictures. Study 2 also failed to find differences between BII phobics and nonphobics in discrimination ability and response bias for surgical and disgust pictures presented at 500 and 50 ms exposure durations. All participants again adopted a liberal response bias toward surgical and disgust pictures, although only under the 500 ms stimulus presentation condition. These results do not suggest the presence of preferential information processing of phobia-relevant or general disgust elicitors among phobic participants. The functional value of disgust-mediated information processing biases is questioned given the available literature. Implications and suggestions for continued information processing research for fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobia are outlined.
Correction: Salivary inflammatory markers and microbiome in normoglycemic lean and obese children compared to obese children with type 2 diabetes.

Background There is emerging evidence linking diabetes with periodontal disease. Diabetes is a well-recognized risk factor for periodontal disease. Conversely, pro-inflammatory molecules released by periodontally-diseased tissues may enter the circulation to induce insulin resistance. While this association has been demonstrated in adults, there is little information regarding periodontal status in obese children with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesized that children with T2D have higher rates of gingivitis, elevated salivary inflammatory markers, and an altered salivary microbiome compared to children without T2D. Methods Three pediatric cohorts ages 10–19 years were studied: lean (normal weight—C), obese (Ob), and obese with T2D (T2D). Each subject completed an oral health survey, received a clinical oral examination, and provided unstimulated saliva for measurement of inflammatory markers and microbiome analysis. Results The diabetes group was less likely to have had a dental visit within the last six months. Body mass index (BMI) Z-scores and waist circumference/height ratios were similar between Ob and T2D cohorts. The number of carious lesions and fillings were similar for all three groups. The gingival index was greater in the T2D group compared to the Ob and C groups. Although salivary microbial diversity was minimal between groups, a few differences in bacterial genus composition were noted. Conclusions Obese children with T2D show a trend toward poorer oral health compared to normal weight and obese children without T2D. This study characterizes the salivary microbiome of children with and without obesity and T2D. This study supports a modest link between T2D and periodontal inflammation in the pediatric population.
Impact of a Weight Management Intervention on Eating Competence: Importance of Measurement Interval in Protocol Design

Purpose:To examine changes in eating competence (EC) in 12-month weight loss intervention.Design:Randomized, parallel-arm with weight loss phase (baseline to month 4) and weight-maintenance phase (months 4-12).Setting:Face-to-face in University classrooms, supervised and self-directed fitness sessions at University fitness center, and home.Participants:Premenopausal, mostly college-educated Pennsylvania women, body mass index >25 (n = 101).Intervention:Twenty-eight, 1-hour classes tailored for extremes of the Dietary Guidelines’ fat recommendations, based on social cognitive theory, problem-based learning delivery over 12 months. Exercise component included supervised and self-directed stretching, aerobics, and strength training.Measures:Anthropometrics, lipid profile, blood pressure, 24-hour dietary recalls, cognitive behavioral measures, Satter Eating Competence Inventory (ecSI).Analysis:General linear model repeated measures analysis of variance for outcome variables.Results:A total of 40% (n = 40) com...
America COMPETES at 5 years: An Analysis of Research-Intensive Universities’ RCR Training Plans

This project evaluates the impact of the National Science Foundation's (NSF) policy to promote education in the responsible conduct of research (RCR). To determine whether this policy resulted in meaningful RCR educational experiences, our study examined the instructional plans developed by individual universities in response to the mandate. Using a sample of 108 U.S. institutions classified as Carnegie “very high research activity”, we analyzed all publicly available NSF RCR training plans in light of the consensus best practices in RCR education that were known at the time the policy was implemented. We found that fewer than half of universities developed plans that incorporated at least some of the best practices. More specifically, only 31% of universities had content and requirements that differed by career stage, only 1% of universities had content and requirements that differed by discipline; and only 18% of universities required some face-to-face engagement from all classes of trainees. Indeed, some schools simply provided hand-outs to their undergraduate students. Most universities (82%) had plans that could be satisfied with online programs such as the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative's RCR modules. The NSF policy requires universities to develop RCR training plans, but provides no guidelines or requirements for the format, scope, content, duration, or frequency of the training, and does not hold universities accountable for their training plans. Our study shows that this vaguely worded policy, and lack of accountability, has not produced meaningful educational experiences for most of the undergraduate students, graduate students, and post-doctoral trainees funded by the NSF.
Distraction of the Midface: Le Fort III and Monobloc

Gillies and Harrison [1] reported the first Le Fort III advancement osteotomy, which underwent relapse, and Gillies vowed never to repeat the procedure. The technique was later refined and popularized by Tessier [2] who placed iliac bone graft between the separated bony segments and performed the intraorbital osteotomy posterior to the medial canthus. The technique was eventually promoted and practiced in the younger patient [3]. The monobloc acute advancement was reported and popularized by Ortiz-Monasterio et al. [4]. However, in the Le Fort III/monobloc acute advancement osteotomy, there were multiple problems. Bone grafts had to be harvested, and there was a hardware burden, including maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). The infection rate was relatively high, especially in the monobloc procedure. Overall, these procedures had a high morbidity rate with a prolonged operating time and hospital stay.
Tax Spike Firms

I propose a measure of tax risk that uses large ex-post payments to tax authorities to capture firms that might be exposed to future tax risk (tax spike firms). I first validate my measure by showing that tax spike firms indeed face higher future tax risk, as measured by future large tax payments and tax volatility. In addition, these firms have high historical ETRs, which contrasts with the use of low ETRs as a proxy for tax risk in prior research. I then provide evidence that tax spike firms face higher financing costs when raising funds in the syndicated loan market. Finally, using a large hand-collected sample of tax disclosures, I find that lenders charge the largest penalties to firms that disclose a tax settlement and to firms that do not provide proper disclosures explaining their tax spikes. Overall, my study contributes to a better understanding of the types of firms that are exposed to tax risk and the economic consequences these firms face.
Disturbance reduces the differentiation of mycorrhizal fungal communities in grasslands along a precipitation gradient

Given that mycorrhizal fungi play key roles in shaping plant communities, greater attention should be focused on factors that determine the composition of mycorrhizal fungal communities and their sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance. We investigate changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community composition across a precipitation gradient in North American grasslands as well as changes occurring with varying degrees of site disturbance that have resulted in invasive plant establishment. We find strong differentiation of AM fungal communities in undisturbed remnant grasslands across the precipitation gradient, whereas communities in disturbed grasslands were more homogeneous. These changes in community differentiation with disturbance are consistent with more stringent environmental filtering of AM fungal communities in undisturbed sites that may also be promoted by more rigid functional constraints imposed on AM fungi by the native plant communities in these areas. The AM fungal communities in eastern grasslands were particularly sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance, with disturbed sites having low numbers of AM fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) commonly found in undisturbed sites, and also the proliferation of AM fungal OTUs in disturbed sites. This proliferation of AM fungi in eastern disturbed sites coincided with increased soil phosphorus availability and is consistent with evidence suggesting the fungi represented by these OTUs would provide reduced benefits to native plants. The differentiation of AM fungal communities along the precipitation gradient in undisturbed grasslands but not in disturbed sites is consistent with AM fungi aiding plant adaptation to climate, and suggests they may be especially important targets for conservation and restoration in order to help maintain or re-establish diverse grassland plant communities.
Moving On in the 1920s

Jung’s “Zurich School” had established outposts in New York and London. Although his theories of psychological types and fantasy-thinking influenced the development of personality assessment, his opposition to deterministic models that left no place for the living psyche meant that his greatest impact would be among creative individuals outside mainstream psychology. His ideas about fostering self-expression were popular among progressive educators on both sides of the Atlantic. Anthropologists like Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict considered the role of types in their study of culture. Like D. H. Lawrence, Jung was interested in the “spirit of place” and visited New Mexico where he discussed mythology with a Pueblo elder. An Anglo-American colony settled in Zurich and attended the seminars he was beginning to conduct.
Sensor-based analysis of object-use patterns for the automatic assessment of cognitive status

Indications of cognitive impairments such as dementia and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are often subtle and may be frequently missed by primary care physicians. These impairments are not uncommon: approximately 0.46% of Americans are hospitalized for brain injury each year and it is estimated that by 2050 up to 13 million Americans may have Alzheimer's disease—the most common form of dementia—quadruple the number that did in 2002. This dissertation proposes and investigates ways in which machine inference and wireless sensors can be used to support the assessment of cognitive functioning. The central hypothesis is that object-usage data collected from wireless sensors during the performance of daily activities are sufficient to assess cognitive impairment. I first investigate the ability to recognize individuals based on their sensed object-usage patterns during a simple task. This experiment constitutes an initial step in understanding how well object-use patterns can be automatically observed and analyzed. A preliminary study, using the simple task of preparing a cup of coffee, demonstrated the ability to correctly recognize ten individuals with 77% accuracy based on nine trials from each individual as training data. The dissertation then directly addresses assessment of cognitive impairment with a study in which individuals with TBI made a pot of coffee. Four features were derived from the sensed data and compared to the subjects' scores on standard neuropsychological evaluations. A key result is that Edit Distance, the most knowledge-rich feature, significantly correlates with an apparent indicator of general neuropsychological integrity, namely the first principal component of the neuropsychological assessments. Since cognitive impairments are measured along many dimensions, suggestive correlations between the computed features and individual assessments are also presented. Lastly, I present a preliminary study that investigates the possibility of differentiating impaired individuals from unimpaired individuals. Data was collected from five subjects with TBI and five matched, unimpaired subjects; analysis was done using the same set of computed features. Although the study is preliminary, it is interesting that Edit Distance is able to perfectly differentiate the impaired subjects from the unimpaired and that full results are consistent with those from the assessment study.
Singers without borders: a performer’s rotulus and the transmission of jeux partis

The jeu parti – a debate in song weighing questions of love, sex, wealth, ethical behaviour – enjoyed popular acclaim across social classes in thirteenth-century France. Despite the appeal of these...
Supporting positive behaviors through yoga: An exploratory study

Universal interventions that incorporate contemplative practices, such as yoga and mindfulness, have resulted in positive outcomes, such as increasing emotion regulation. Preliminary evidence sugge...
Localization as an entanglement phase transition in boundary-driven anderson models

The Anderson localization transition is one of the most well studied examples of a zero temperature quantum phase transition. On the other hand, many open questions remain about the phenomenology of disordered systems driven far out of equilibrium. Here we study the localization transition in the prototypical three-dimensional, noninteracting Anderson model when the system is driven at its boundaries to induce a current carrying nonequilibrium steady state. Recently we showed that the diffusive phase of this model exhibits extensive mutual information of its nonequilibrium steady-state density matrix. We show that this extensive scaling persists in the entanglement and at the localization critical point, before crossing over to a short-range (area-law) scaling in the localized phase. We introduce an entanglement witness for fermionic states that we name the mutual coherence, which, for fermionic Gaussian states, is also a lower bound on the mutual information. Through a combination of analytical arguments and numerics, we determine the finite-size scaling of the mutual coherence across the transition. These results further develop the notion of entanglement phase transitions in open systems, with direct implications for driven many-body localized systems, as well as experimental studies of driven-disordered systems.
Optimal Sensor Selection for Active Fault Diagnosis using Test Information Criteria

Abstract A method for the optimal selection of sensors in active fault detection and isolation tests is presented. The usefulness of test information is improved using parametric sensitivities derived by a digital twin of the system. In this model-based approach, inputs are manipulated to maximize output sensitivities with respect to faults and minimize the joint confidence region between faults and other uncertain parameters. Two criteria are used to select optimal sensors based on information theory. The optimal selection is dependent on measurement precision, as shown in a case study of a virtual three-tank system subject to multiple faults.
Single Pulse Charge Pumping Measurements on GaN MOS-HEMTs: Fast and Reliable Extraction of Interface Traps Density

In this article, we report on the single pulse charge pumping (SPCP) measurements as a method to extract the interface trap density ( ${N} _{\text {it}}$ ) on the GaN metal–oxide–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MOS–HEMTs). The electron capture and emission processes are monitored in the time domain and studied during the rising and falling edges of a gate voltage pulse. Two different gate stacks are studied by SPCP including epitaxial Mg0.25 Ca0.75O (MgCaO) and amorphous Al2O3. The signature charge pumping (CP) current peaks are observed enabling a direct extraction of ${N} _{\text {it}}$ as low as $1.4\times 10^{{11}}$ cm−2 with gate voltage sweeping from OFF-state to ON-state in the GaN MOS-HEMT with epitaxial MgCaO gate stack. A significant reduction of ${N} _{\text {it}}$ by the MgCaO gate stack compared to Al2O3 only gate stack is also confirmed by the SPCP method. SPCP realizes a direct ${N} _{\text {it}}$ measurement on GaN transistors and confirms the high quality interface between the single crystalline epitaxial MgCaO and GaN. It is verified as a fast and reliable interface characterization method on III–V HEMTs, gate-all-around nanowire transistors, and 2-D transistors, which do not exhibit body contacts as the conventional Si transistors needed for conventional CP measurements.
Hormonal Solution for (Root) Hair Extension

Root hairs are tubular outgrowths of a subset of root epidermal cells serving multiple roles, including plant anchorage in the soil, water and nutrient absorption, and symbiotic interactions with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes ([Salazar-Henao et al., 2016][1]). Root hairs form an interface
Collective-mode dispersion of atomic Fermi gases in a honeycomb optical lattice: Speed of sound of the attractive Kane-Mele-Hubbard model at half filling

We examine the superfluid states that emerge in the Kane–Mele model as a result of the on-site short-range attractive interaction U. The collective-mode dispersion is defined by the solutions of the Bethe–Salpeter (BS) equation in the generalized random phase approximation. The slope of the low-energy (Goldstone) mode and the corresponding sound velocity at half filling, calculated within the BS formalism, has been compared with the corresponding results obtained previously by the T-matrix approximation. The difference between the two approaches is that the T-matrix approximation takes into account only the ladder diagrams, and neglects the bubble ones. For this reason, the sound velocity in the direction toward point M, calculated within the T-matrix approximation, is about 4% less than the result obtained by employing the BS equation.
Is axillary imaging for invasive lobular carcinoma accurate in determining clinical node staging

Preoperative evaluation of clinical N-stage (cN) is difficult in breast cancer patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Our goal was to assess the predictive value of axillary imaging in ILC by comparing imaging cN and pathologic N-stage (pN). A single-institution retrospective review was performed for newly diagnosed stage I–III ILC patients undergoing preoperative breast imaging from 2011 to 2016. Clinicopathologic factors; mammogram, MRI, and ultrasound findings; and surgical pathology data were reviewed. Sub-analysis for pN2-N3 patients was performed to determine imaging sensitivity for patients with a larger nodal disease burden. Statistical analysis included sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of each imaging modality. Of the total 349 patients included, 70.5% were cN0, and 62% were pN0 (p = 0.03). For all patients, mammogram sensitivity was 7%, specificity 97%, PPV 50%, NPV 72%; ultrasound sensitivity was 26%, specificity 86%, PPV 52%, NPV 67%; MRI sensitivity was 7%, specificity 98%, PPV 80%, NPV 51%. For pN2/N3 patients, 38% were identified as cN0. Mammogram sensitivity was 10%; ultrasound 42%; MRI 65%. Pathology evaluation of N2/N3 patients indicated LN were replaced with ILC but maintained normal architecture. The average largest pathologic tumor deposit (1.5 ± 0.8 cm) correlated with average largest imaging LN size (1.4 ± 0.6 cm) (p = 0.58). A statistically significant difference between clinical and pathologic N-stage exists for ILC patients. MRI was most sensitive for identification of pN2-N3 patients and should be considered part of routine axillary imaging evaluation for ILC patients.
Neonatal Epileptic Encephalopathies

The majority of neonatal seizures are related to common diagnoses, including hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and intraventricular hemorrhage. While relatively uncommon, neonatal epileptic encephalopathies represent an important group of neonatal seizure disorders that require immediate diagnosis and intervention. In this review, we provide a summary of the benign and severe neonatal epilepsy syndromes. While benign epilepsy syndromes have favorable prognoses, rapid and accurate diagnosis may prevent an unnecessarily long course of antiseizure medications. The severe epilepsy syndromes may be related to a number of underlying genetic disorders and often carry a poor prognosis. Herein we review diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and provide a set or algorithms for said purposes.