cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of sleep extension on sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms and driving behavior in adolescents with chronic short sleep

Abstract Objective/background Few adolescents report obtaining adequate amounts of sleep. Correlational studies have linked adolescent short sleep with driving crashes and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), a cluster of symptoms that include sluggishness and low persistence that are related to but distinct from inattention and sleepiness. The relationship between SCT and driving is understudied, and no study has experimentally examined the relationship between SCT and sleep. We examined the relationship between SCT and driving problems in a sample of chronically short-sleeping adolescents. We also examined whether experimentally extending sleep improved SCT and driving behaviors. Participants/Methods Licensed 16- to 18-year-old adolescents who regularly obtained five to seven hours of sleep completed a five-week at-home experimental protocol: a baseline week to determine typical sleep (TYP), followed in a counterbalanced order by two-week spans in which school-night bedtimes and rise times were (a) matched to TYP or (b) modified to extend (EXT) time in bed by 1.5 h/night. Sleep was monitored by actigraphy. Self- and parent-reported SCT and inattention and self-reported driving problems were recorded at baseline and following each condition. Of the 38 eligible participants who completed the baseline session, 24 completed all five weeks of the protocol. Results After controlling for inattention, only parent-reported SCT was significantly positively associated with self-reported purposeful driving violations at baseline. Adolescents reported lesser SCT during EXT than during TYP. Further, after controlling for inattention, participants who reported improvement in SCT demonstrated fewer driving problems during EXT than during TYP. Conclusions Preliminary findings suggest that extending sleep in short-sleeping adolescents may help alleviate SCT symptoms and improve driving.
Introduction to Data Management Using data.table

We already briefly introduced the data.table package. This package is the heart of this chapter, which covers the basics of accessing, editing, and manipulating data under the broad term data management. Although not glamorous, data management is a critical first step to data visualization or analysis. Furthermore, the majority of time on a particular analysis project may come from the data management. For example, running a linear model in R can take one line of code, once the data is clean and in the format that the lm() function in R expects. Data management can be challenging, because raw data come in all types, shapes, and formats; missing data is common; and you may also have to combine or merge separate data sources. In this chapter, we introduce both mechanical and philosophical techniques to approach data management. All packages used in this chapter are already in our checkpoint.R file. Thus you need only source the file to get started.
Can diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of clear cell renal carcinoma predict low from high nuclear grade tumors

To assess the diagnostic performance of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in predicting the Fuhrman nuclear grading of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). A total of 129 patients who underwent partial and radical nephrectomies with pathology-proven ccRCC were retrospectively evaluated. Histopathological characteristics and nuclear grades were analyzed. In addition, conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features were assessed in consensus by two radiologists to discriminate nuclear grading. ADC values were obtained from a region of interest (ROI) measurement in the ADC maps calculated from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) using b values of 50, 500, and 800 s/mm2. The threshold values for predicting and differentiating low-grade cancers (Fuhrman I–II) from high grade (Fuhrman III–IV) was obtained using binary logistic regression. The ADC cut-off value for differentiating low- and high-grade tumors was determined using classification analysis. Significant associations (P < 0.001) were found between nuclear grading, conventional MR features, and DWI. Hemorrhage, necrosis, perirenal fat invasion, enhancement homogeneity, and cystic component were identified as independent predictors of tumor grade. High-grade ccRCC had significantly lower mean ADC values compared to low-grade tumors. An ADC cut-off value of 1.6 × 10−3 mm2/s had an optimal predictive percentage of 65.5% for low-grade tumors above this threshold and 81% for high-grade ccRCC below this threshold. Overall predictive accuracy was 70.5%. The addition of ADC values to a model based on MRI conventional features demonstrates increased sensitivity and high specificity improving the distinguishing accuracy between both high-grade and low-grade ccRCC.
The Political and Intellectual Origins of New Political Science

AbstractIn 1967, the burgeoning discontent of many political scientists culminated in the establishment of the Caucus for a New Political Science. The Caucus included political scientists of many diverse viewpoints, but it was united methodologically by a critique of behavioralism and by the idea that political science should abandon the myth of a value-free science. This article reviews the political and intellectual origins of New Political Science by examining some of the major works of the late 1960s and early 1970s purporting to establish the foundations of a new political science. It concludes that new political science originated as a methodological critique of behavioralism, an empirical critique of pluralist theory, and a sociological critique of the relationship between political science and political power. However, by 1979, after a decade of organizational insurgency and conflict with the APSA, these strands of thought fused into a critique of capitalist society, while its methodological criti...
The effect of structural modifications on the thermal stability, melting points and ion interactions for a series of tetraaryl-phosphonium-based mesothermal ionic liquids

A family of mesothermal ionic liquids comprised of tetraarylphosphonium cations and the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amidate anion are shown to be materials of exceptional thermal stability, enduring (without decomposition) heating in air at 300 °C for three months. It is further established that three specific structural elements - phenoxy, phenacyl, and phenyl sulfonyl - can be present in the cation structures without compromising their thermal stability, and that their incorporation has specific impacts on the melting points of the salts. Most importantly, it is shown that the ability of such a structural component to lower a salt melting point is tied to its ability to lower cation-cation repulsions in the material.
In vitro assays of breast cancer stem cells

Aldehyde dehydrogenase and mammosphere assays enable the cost-effective quantification and characterization of cancer stem cells (CSCs) from cancer cell lines as well as cancer tissue. Here we describe the quantification of CSCs in breast cancer cell lines using aldehyde dehydrogenase and mammosphere assays under hypoxic (1% O2) and non-hypoxic (20% O2) culture conditions. Using this method, a significant enrichment of CSCs compared to bulk populations is observed when breast cancer cells are exposed to 1% O2 for 72 h.
Energy Efficient Hybrid Beamforming in Massive MU-MIMO Systems via Eigenmode Selection

Hybrid beamforming in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is one of the most promising techniques to meet rapidly increasing data rate demand of the fifth generation cellular system with reduced implementation costs. In this paper, we focus on a downlink communication scenario where a hybrid beamforming base station (BS) transmits data to multiple single-antenna users. Given the knowledge of channel state information of all users, the hybrid beamformers at the BS are designed to minimize the BS power consumption while the data rate needed to meet quality of service (QoS) requirement of each user is satisfied. Herein, the zero-forcing (ZF) beamforming is directly applied on the effective baseband channel, and the radio frequency (RF) beamformer is generated by matching the beamforming matrix columns, selected from a preset discrete Fourier transform (DFT) basis codebook, with the eigenvectors of the aggregated propagation channel, which is termed as eigenmode selection. We also present a phase array batch-switching structure to realize the eigenmode selection beamforming economically. Simulations demonstrate that substantial transmission power can be saved with the proposed eigenmode selection beamforming compared to existing propagation path matching schemes, especially in rich-scattering channels, while satisfying given QoS (data rate) requirements.
Retrobulbar Bupivacaine Irrigation for Postoperative Pain after Scleral Buckling Surgery: A Prospective Study

Abstract The authors conducted a prospective, randomized, double-masked clinical trial to determine if retrobulbar irrigation with bupivacaine hydrochloride 0.75% (Marcaine) has an effect on postoperative pain after scleral buckling surgery. Fifty consecutive patients undergoing scleral buckling under general anesthesia were randomized to receive either bupivacaine or balanced salt solution as a retrobulbar irrigation at the end of their retinal detachment procedure. Of the 25 patients who received bupivacaine, only three (12%) required parenteral pain relief in the first 24 hours after surgery. This was statistically significant when compared with the 18 (72%) of 25 patients requiring parenteral pain relief in the placebo group ( P
First trimester prenatal screening biomarkers and gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Biomarkers commonly assessed in prenatal screening have been associated with a number of adverse perinatal and birth outcomes. However, it is not clear whether first trimester measurements of prenatal screening biomarkers are associated with subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to systematically review and statistically summarize studies assessing the relationship between first trimester prenatal screening biomarker levels and GDM development. We comprehensively searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Scopus (from inception through January 2018) and manually searched the reference lists of all relevant articles. We included original, published, observational studies examining the association of first trimester pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and/or free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (free β-hCG) levels with GDM diagnosis. Mean differences were calculated comparing PAPP-A and free β-hCG multiples of median (MoM) levels between women who developed GDM and those who did not and were subsequently pooled using two-sided random-effects models. Our meta-analysis of 13 studies on PAPP-A and nine studies on free β-hCG indicated that first trimester MoM levels for both biomarkers were lower in women who later developed GDM compared to women who remained normoglycemic throughout pregnancy (MD -0.17; 95% CI -0.24, -0.10; MD -0.04; 95% CI -0.07-0.01). There was no evidence for between-study heterogeneity among studies on free β-hCG (I2 = 0%). A high level of between-study heterogeneity was detected among the studies reporting on PAPP-A (I2 = 90%), but was reduced after stratifying by geographic location, biomarker assay method, and timing of GDM diagnosis. Our meta-analysis indicates that women who are diagnosed with GDM have lower first trimester levels of both PAPP-A and free β-hCG than women who remain normoglycemic throughout pregnancy. Further assessment of the predictive capacity of these biomarkers within large, diverse populations is needed.
A Functional Tissue-Engineered Synovium Model to Study Osteoarthritis Progression and Treatment.

Little is known about the critical role of the synovium in joint homeostasis and osteoarthritis (OA). We describe a novel in vitro tissue-engineered (TE) model to investigate the structure–function...
What Would It Take to Get You into an Electric Car? Consumer Perceptions and Decision Making about Electric Vehicles

Americans buy millions of vehicles every year, but research on how those decisions are made, including personality and individual difference factors, has rarely taken full advantage of psychological insights. This is an increasingly important topic because, for instance, decisions to buy electric vehicles (EVs) rather than gasoline-powered vehicles have environmental and geopolitical consequences. A series of studies reveal the very different perceptions of EVs and gas vehicles. Although vehicle choices at the aggregate level were strongly correlated with economic considerations, individual consumer choices were correlated with delay discounting rates in Study 1 but not Study 2. These studies also did not find significant correlations between EV purchase decisions and a number of other individual difference traits often thought to be factors in such decisions (i.e., social value orientation, political attitudes, environmental attitudes, preference for novel products, or an array of core social values). Regression models indicate that factors which did predict vehicle choices concerns were about the performance and range of EVs, EV prevalence in general, and beliefs about what statements different vehicle types made about their owners and the owners' values. More attention to the vehicle-associated values and immediate performance/use issues can help to promote EV purchase decisions and subsequent improvements in environmental and political stability.
Reduced speech: All is variability.

Humans often communicate through reduced speech, where many sounds are altered or deleted. Even whole syllables or occasionally whole words can be deleted, as in the production [th jyth ɛm] for do you have time shown in the visual abstract. Such reduction is more common in spontaneous, casual, conversational speech, but it occurs in connected speech in formal settings, and rarely even in careful word-list reading. Such speech poses challenges for phonetic transcription, since it contains many sounds that do not seem to be any particular sound of the language and that are difficult to classify into categories. I argue this is because reduction operates largely outside the phonological system of the language. Reduced speech also poses questions about how listeners recognize the many possible forms of words, since speech seems to be made up entirely of variability. This article is categorized under: Linguistics > Linguistic Theory Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics.
Thinking about Feeling: Letitia Elizabeth Landon and the Problem of Professionalism

Letitia Elizabeth Landon’s critical reception, from her early success “The Improvisatrice” through her critical recovery in the late twentieth century, repeatedly returns to the question: are her p...
Free Relatives, Feature Recycling, and Reprojection in Minimalist Grammars

This paper considers how to derive free relatives—e.g. John eats [\(_{DP}\) what Mary eats]—in Minimalist Grammars. Free relatives are string-identical to indirect questions—e.g. John wonders [\(_{CP}\) what Mary eats]. An analysis of free relatives as nominalised indirect questions is easy to implement, but empirical evidence points instead to wh-words ‘reprojecting’ in free relatives. Implementing a reprojection analysis in Minimalist Grammars requires innovations to revise the stipulation that the probe always projects the head, and to allow features to be reused non-consecutively.
Physician Assistant Students’ Knowledge of Zika Virus: A Pilot Study:

Objective:The aim of this study was to assess physician assistant students’ knowledge about the screening, transmission, management, and prevention of Zika virus infection.Background:It is importan...
Blown-out myotomy: an adverse event of laparoscopic Heller myotomy and peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia

Background and Aims Although laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) or peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is highly effective, 10% to 20% of patients with achalasia remain symptomatic after treatment. In evaluating such patients, we have observed a pattern of failure associated with a pseudodiverticulum, or blown-out myotomy (BOM), in the distal esophagus. We aimed to assess risk factors and patient-reported outcomes associated with a BOM. Methods We reviewed our manometry database for patients with achalasia previously treated with LHM or POEM. We included patients who had a post-treatment esophagram within 1 year of their follow-up manometry. A BOM was defined radiographically as a wide-mouthed outpouching (>50% increase in esophageal diameter) in the area of the myotomy. Results One hundred twenty-nine patients with achalasia who underwent treatment were included; 23 (17.8%) had a BOM. Comparing patients with a BOM with those without, post-treatment Eckardt scores were significantly greater (5 vs 2, P = .002), type III achalasia was more common (39.1% vs 14.2%, P = .005), and LHM was more common than POEM (73.9% vs 26.1%, P = .013). The integrated relaxation pressure was also significantly greater in the BOM group (15.0 mm Hg vs 11.0 mm Hg, P = .025). Conclusions BOM is a common adverse event after myotomy for achalasia but is not seen after pneumatic dilation. Pretreatment type III achalasia, LHM as opposed to POEM, and a greater post-treatment integrated relaxation pressure were risk factors for developing a BOM. We speculate that esophageal wall strain in the area weakened by myotomy, whether from residual spastic contractility or continued esophageal outflow obstruction, may be the underlying mechanism of BOM development.
Hypertext as a strategy for teaching and assessing knowledge representation

This presentation will report background and strategy for teaching and assessing knowledge representation as an approach to the measurement of complex understanding of subject matter. Using history and chemistry topics and secondary school students proficient in the use of HyperCard, a series of studies will be described where students were to display their understanding of newly presented texts by relating important principles, events, and facts in linked stacks. Central to the study was the use of a linking strategy [13] that identifies types of possible relationships among elements (cards). Students were pretrained to use pull-down menus of eight types of relational link in one study and ten in a second study. Students were assessed on their relevant prior knowledge, their HyperCard representation, and an unannounced essay on the same topics as the representation. Scoring procedures for HyperCard knowledge representations are described and rater and score reliability data were calculated. Alternative metrics to characterize the data are also provided.
Temperature Normalization of Flexible Pavement Response Measurements

Full-scale accelerated flexible pavement testing often features embedded instrumentation to characterize the structural response of the pavement to changing external conditions such as tire loading, vehicle speed, temperature, aging and pavement condition. These measurements, such as horizontal tensile strain in the asphalt layers and compressive stresses in the underlying foundation layers, are often linked to distress development. A common challenge with these measurements is the confounding effect that temperature has on understanding the other effects and the need to normalize measurements to a standard reference temperature. This paper describes the approach to temperature normalization developed at the National Center for Asphalt Technology Pavement Test Track. The approach utilizes an exponential power function to develop section-specific temperature correction factors that effectively normalizes strain and pressure data to a standard reference temperature. Once temperature normalization has been completed, trends in the data related to aging and pavement damage are more easily identified and understood. Several case studies from prior Test Track investigations are presented to illustrate the normalization process and data interpretation.
Consistent weak forms for meshfree methods: Full realization of h-refinement, p-refinement, and a-refinement in strong-type essential boundary condition enforcement

Abstract Enforcement of essential boundary conditions in many Galerkin meshfree methods is non-trivial due to the fact that field variables are not guaranteed to coincide with their coefficients at nodal locations. A common approach to overcome this issue is to strongly enforce the boundary conditions at these points by employing a technique to modify the approximation such that this is possible. However, with these methods, test and trial functions do not strictly satisfy the requirements of the conventional weak formulation of the problem, as the desired imposed values can actually deviate between nodes on the boundary. In this work, it is first shown that this inconsistency results in the loss of Galerkin orthogonality and the best approximation property, and correspondingly, failure to pass the patch test. It is also shown that this induces an O ( h ) error in the energy norm in the solution of second-order boundary value problems that is independent of the order of completeness in the approximation. As a result, this places a barrier on the global order of accuracy of Galerkin meshfree solutions to that of linear consistency. That is, with these methods, it is not possible to attain the higher order accuracy offered by meshfree approximations in the solution of boundary-value problems. To remedy this deficiency, two new weak forms are introduced that relax the requirements on the test and trial functions in the traditional weak formulation. These are employed in conjunction with strong enforcement of essential boundary conditions at nodes, and several benchmark problems are solved to demonstrate that optimal accuracy and convergence rates associated with the order of approximation can be restored using the proposed method. In other words, this approach allows p -refinement, and h -refinement with p th order rates with strong enforcement of boundary conditions beyond linear ( p > 1 ) for the first time. In addition, a new concept termed a -refinement is introduced, where improved accuracy is obtained by increasing the kernel measure in meshfree approximations, previously unavailable.
Infusing Computing: A Scaffolding and Teacher Accessibility Analysis of Computing Lessons Designed by Novices

Creators of computing curricula do not always have formal pedagogical training. We investigated if exposing novice lesson designers to pedagogical best practices would result in the creation of lessons where evidence of successful use of these practices could be identified. We trained 29 high school students who were in a full-time computer science summer internship on how to create Snap! programming lessons for non-computing courses. Over the course of three weeks they developed computing-infused lessons on their choice of learning topic (science, business, language, etc.). We examined these lessons for their use of scaffolding, teacher accessibility, equity, and content. We found that students implemented many of the scaffolding techniques that they themselves experienced and created lessons that were detailed enough to be accessible for teacher use. We also identified significant relationships between both subject area and gender on equity scores, as well as an impact of collaboration on scaffolding type included. No difference in artifact quality was identified by prior student coding experience. This project represents an innovative way to engage students in learning more computer science while creating educational materials for computing in K-12 classrooms.
Autonomous Driving Landscape

The recent proliferation of computing technologies (e.g., sensors, computer vision, machine learning, and hardware acceleration), and the broad deployment of communication mechanisms (e.g., DSRC, C-V2X, 5G) have pushed the horizon of autonomous driving, which automates the decision and control of vehicles by leveraging the perception results based on multiple sensors. The key to the success of these autonomous systems is making a reliable decision in real-time fashion. However, accidents and fatalities caused by early deployed autonomous vehicles arise from time to time. The real traffic environment is too complicated for current autonomous driving computing systems to understand and handle. This chapter present state-of-the-art computing systems for autonomous driving, followed seven performance metrics and nine key technologies (Liu et al., IEEE Internet Things J, 2020. arXiv:2009.14349v3 [cs.DC]).
The Measurement of Low-Order Structure Factors and Thickness

In this chapter we discuss the accurate measurement of structure-factor amplitudes and specimen thickness by CBED. We assume that a simple, inorganic, small unit-cell crystal of known structure is to be analyzed. Then the refinement of a small number of low-order “bonding” reflections will allow a detailed three-dimensional map of the crystal charge density to be made. These low-order structure factors are refined together with other diffraction parameters such as the specimen thickness, the incident-beam directions, and the absorption coefficients. In general, these parameters are treated on an equal footing with the structure factors. The refined structure factors include the effect of Debye—Waller factors, so they are temperature dependent (see Section 3.1). (The refinement of lattice parameters is treated in Sections 5.4 and 3.6.) Earlier reviews of the subject can be found in Cowley (1967, 1969), Goodman (1978), and Spence and Carpenter (1986). A recent review of structure factor measurement by electron diffraction can be found in Spence (1992c). Sections 4.5 and 4.6 discuss the significance of the measured charge density and of the zero-order Fourier coefficient of potential.
Aggregated aggressiveness control on groups of TCP flows

The use of multiple concurrent parallel TCP flows is an easy way to achieve higher speed reliable data transfers. However, parallel TCP flows are inherently unfair with respect to single TCP flows. We suggest a new scheme called TCP-P, which controls aggressiveness of a group of parallel TCP flows by regulating their total aggressiveness (or unfairness) to be comparable to a single TCP flow, or any multiple thereof. TCP-P makes a group of N parallel TCP flows appear to other flows like k separable TCP flows – i.e., have strength k – through appropriate manipulations of increase and decrease behavior of the congestion windows of the TCP flows in the group. We implemented our scheme as part of Linux and experimental results show that the proposed scheme effectively controls aggressiveness of parallel TCP flows.
Infrared Welding of Thermoplastics. Colored Pigments and Carbon Black Levels on Transmission of Infrared Radiation

ABSTRACT This project evaluated the heating characteristics of infrared energy from a quartz-halogen lamp (maximum output at 0.89 m) on some colored polymers. One polymer was acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, ABS, pigmented with different colors: blue, green, orange, yellow, and red. Studies of the effect of carbon black on infrared absorption were made by making mixtures of polyethylene with different levels of carbon black. The polymers were made into films. Power and temperature measurements were taken by locating the film between an infrared heater and measuring the amount of energy that was transmitted through the film. Polymers pigmented with carbon black showed the least transmission (most absorption) and only very low levels of carbon black were needed to make them opaque. Examination of colored films of ABS showed increased transmission as the colors progressed through the spectrum from red to blue. That is, red absorbed more energy relative to the other colors even though the spectral output was weighted more heavily in the red part of the spectrum.
Generation of superoxide free radical during the autoxidation of thiols.

The autoxidation of dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, reduced glutathione, and ethyl mercaptan has been seen to involve the univalent reduction of oxygen. The superoxide radicals, so generated, were detected by their ability to reduce p-nitroblue tetrazolium to a formazan and by the inhibition of this reaction by superoxide dismutase. The rate of autoxidation of these thiols and the sensitivity of the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium to inhibition by superoxide dismutase were both augmented, as the pH was raised from 7.8 to 10.2. These results, lead to the proposal that thiols reduce nitroblue tetrazolium by at least two different pathways, one of which involves O2- and is therefore inhibitable by superoxide dismutase.
The SCD Architecture and its Use in the Design of Story-Driven Interactive Spaces

In this paper we examine story-driven interactive spaces and argue that story development requires centralized control of the actions of the characters that inhabit such environments. This argument leads us to propose the story-character-device (SCD) architecture that, unlike previous approaches, separates the locus of story control in a distinct software module. To exemplify the use of the architecture we examine an art installation (called “It”) that we built according to the SCD model. The development process of “It” is then compared to the design of another story-driven interactive space that used similar technology and thematic, the computer theater play “It/I”. By looking into the design process of the two environments, we conclude that the SCD architecture allows much more flexibility in the design process of story lines besides bringing an overall simplification of the control system.
Determination of fetal weight in utero

Abstract 1. 1. The importance of fetal weight in utero as it pertains to the current evaluation of the obstetrical patient is discussed. 2. 2. A review of the literature uncovered no accurate method for determination of fetal weight in utero. 3. 3. Several methods for evaluating fetal weight in utero, based on a study of 193 cases, are presented. 4. 4. A new method is introduced which uses the summation of the biparietal and basivertical diameters from the lateral obstetrical film and occipitofrontal and basivertical diameters from the anteroposterior obstetrical film taken on the 90 degree apparatus x-ray table devised by Hodges. 5. 5. The relative accuracy of this method, however, does not fall within the accepted range for determining fetal weight in utero. 6. 6. It is hoped this report may stimulate renewed interest in this problem.
Le Vote des Françaises: cent ans de débats 1848–1944ANNE-SARAH BOUGLÉ-MOALIC‘Féministe d'abord’: Cécile Brunschvicg (1877–1946)CÉCILE FORMAGLIO

It is a rare pleasure to review two such important books from the Collection Archives du Feminisme, directed by Professor Christine Bard (University of Angers). Each deals with aspects of feminist ...
Knut Hamsun at the movies in transnational contexts

This historical overview examines how the literary works of Knut Hamsun have been adapted into films over the past century, from early silent cinema to the digital age. It traces how different national and transnational cinemas have appropriated the author's texts at different historical moments. Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, for example, took a keen interest in two Third Reich adaptations of Hamsun novels ( Victoria and Pan ) in the 1930s. Pan remains the Hamsun novel most frequently adapted, while Henning Carlsen's 1966 pan-Scandinavian version of Hunger is arguably the artistic highpoint to date. Nations producing or co-producing Hamsun films include Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Russia, the United States, and Canada (Guy Maddin's 1997 Twilight of the Ice Nymphs ). Hamsun at the movies has shown remarkable elasticity, crossing multiple borders, and being appropriated by disparate national cinemas for surprisingly diverse ends.
Modeling Electromagnetic Field Coupling Through Apertures for Radio-Frequency Interference Applications

Electromagnetic field coupling between a digital platform and a radio-frequency antenna through an aperture represents one of the typical coupling paths responsible for radio-frequency interference (RFI) issues in mixed-signal systems. Conventional approaches of modeling radiation through an aperture and evaluating the shielding effectiveness of a metallic enclosure with apertures for classic electromagnetic interference (EMI) applications are not sufficient to handle modern RFI challenges. This paper discusses a segmentation method, together with impedance network representation, employed to divide the enclosure EMI problem into exterior and interior problems. With a port definition based on the vector roof-top basis function, the impedance network for the exterior domain was rigorously formulated using a method of moments solution for mixed potential integral equations. The impedance network for the interior domain was computed using the cavity method based on the analytical formula of 3-D Green's functions in a rectangular cavity. Connecting a pair of impedance networks yielded the overall impedance relationship between the interior port and the exterior port. Ewald's transform was used to accelerate the computation of Green's functions in a cavity with metallic walls, which yielded fast convergence of the series summation in Green's functions. Good agreement with a commercial full-wave tool validated the proposed approach.
Hypertrophic and hyperplastic effects of pregnancy on the rat uterine arterial wall

Objective : The purpose of this study was to characterize the cellular mechanisms (hypertrophy or hyperplasia) contributing to uterine arterial growth during pregnancy. Study Design : Vascular smooth muscle cells were enzymatically dispersed from radial uterine arteries from nonpregnant ( n = 4) and late pregnant (day 20 to 21, n = 6) Sprague-Dawley rats, and the axial length was measured. Midpregnant (days 9 to 11, n = 5), late pregnant ( n = 5), and nonpregnant ( n = 5) Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with bromodeoxyuridine, and immunohistochemistry was used to visualize dividing and nondividing vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in both radial and main uterine arteries. Results : Vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from late-pregnant vessels were 21 % longer than those from nonpregnant animals, increasing from 118 ± 4 μm in nonpregnant rats to 150 ± 7 μm in late-pregnant rats. Cell proliferation rates of both vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells were quite low in nonpregnant animals but increased significantly during pregnancy in both radial and main uterine arteries. The pattern of changes in cell division rates over time, however, varied between the different arterial segments: in midpregnancy rates of both vascular smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell division were highest in the smaller radial arteries, whereas at term the mitotic index values were increased in main uterine arteries. Conclusions : Gestational growth of the uterine vasculature is accomplished by a combination of both cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the arterial wall. Furthermore, local differences in cell division rates at different times during gestation suggest the existence of spatially discrete growth mechanisms within the vascular network.
Impact of Islet Transplantation on Diabetes Complications and Quality of Life

Insulin represents a life-saving therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes but, despite appropriate treatment, it prevents only partially long-term diabetic complications, while generating fatal hypoglycemic episodes. Islet transplantation gained attention because of its safety, effectiveness, and minimal invasiveness; however it remains a procedure reserved for a selected group of patients. The introduction of the Edmonton Protocol in 2000, based on a newly designed steroid-free immunosuppressive protocol, revamped the course of islet transplantation. The main goal of islet transplantation remains insulin independence, although the effect of islet transplantation can be more comprehensively evaluated in terms of frequency of hypoglycemic episodes and impact on diabetic complications and quality of life. Islet transplantation was shown to have positive consequences on cardiovascular, renal, neurologic, and ocular diabetic complications. The proof of concept for cellular replacement therapy in diabetes has been established with islet transplantation, it only needs to be improved and rendered widely available.
Educational programs in information systems: a report of the ACM curriculum committee on information systems

This report describes the status of educational programs in Information Systems at the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. levels. A survey was conducted during the period June 1977-June 1979 of schools of Business Administration, Departments of Computer Science, Engineering Colleges, and academic units offering programs in Information Systems. A one-page description of each program was then generated according to a standard format. This standardized description was used as a guide to summarize information about each program.The report outlines career opportunities in Information Systems and lists brief descriptions of positions available to graduates of Information Systems programs. The need for an Information Systems program and problem areas with respect to teaching information systems are discussed. The results of the survey include a listing of the most common names for the Information Systems program and an evaluation of the number of programs that met the guidelines established by the Curriculum Committee on Computer Education for Management in 1972 and 1973. A list of institutions by degree level that met the proposed guidelines is presented.
The incidence and prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of female children

Data obtained from a random sample of 930 adult women in San Francisco provide the soundest basis heretofore available for estimating the prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of female children. This article describes the methodology of this survey, as well as some of the key findings. For example: 16% of these women reported at least one experience of intrafamilial sexual abuse before the age of 18 years; 12% reported at least one such experience before the age of 14 years; 31% reported at least one experience of extrafamilial sexual abuse before the age of 18 years; and 20% reported at least one such experience before the age of 14 years. When both categories of sexual abuse are combined, 38% reported at least one experience before the age of 18 years; and 28% reported at least one such experience before the age of 14 years. Only 2% of the cases of intrafamilial and 6% of the cases of extrafamilial child sexual abuse were ever reported to the police. A plea is made for the urgent need to recognize the magnitude of the problem of child sexual abuse, and to act to prevent it.
Atypical mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: a disease as old as mankind, yet a persistent challenge.

Abstract The diagnosis of atypical cervicofacial lymphadenitis is often not readily clinically apparent. Parents may bring a child to the physician's attention long before the development of the classic findings. When assessing the child with acute-onset cervicofacial lymphadenitis, there are 2 imperative clinical determinations: Is the lymphadenitis of viral, bacterial, or mycobacterial etiology? If of mycobacterial etiology, is it an atypical or tuberculous mycobacterial process? The goal in management is to avoid misdiagnosis and lengthy duration of symptoms before appropriate therapy is instituted. This paper includes a case study–based review of the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children due to atypical mycobacterial organisms.
A Registering Low-Level Photometer*

A visual photometer has been devised which facilitates observations in the mesopic and scotopic ranges. By a special mechanical construction the observer is enabled to record about 60 readings without the necessity of removing his eye from the eyepiece of the instrument. Apart from its control box, the instrument is easily held in the hand. The field has an apparent diameter of 12 degrees, and is divided vertically.
Ultrasound-guided injection of ganglia with coricosteroids

Objective. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the use of ultrasound guidance in confirming intralesional injection of corticosteroids and local anesthetic into symptomatic ganglia, and to propose potential advantages of this technique. Design and patients. Ten patients (five men, five women) underwent ultrasound-guided injection of a ganglion. Seven ganglia were near the wrist, one was adjacent to a finger interphalangeal joint and two were adjacent to the talus. All were injected with a 1:1 mixture of long-acting corticosteroid and local anesthetic, the actual volume being dependent on the size of the ganglion. Three patients had a second injection 9–18 months following the initial injection. Results. In four patients the ganglia resolved completely. In five patients there was significant improvement, with a reduction in size of the ganglion and symptomatic relief. Conclusion. Ultrasound-guided injection insures intralesional deposition of corticosteroids and may provide an alternative to surgery in the management of ganglia.
State Estimation Over a Lossy Network in Spatially Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems

In this paper, we analyze stochastic stability of Kalman filter (KF) based state estimation over a lossy network in spatially distributed cyber-physical systems. We study a practical scenario in which sensors are arbitrarily deployed over an area to jointly sense the state of underlying physical system. The sensors directly communicate observations to a central state estimation unit over a network resulting in random loss in measurements and partial observation updates in KF. We analyzed stability of state estimation process in this scenario by establishing conditions under which steady state error covariance matrix is bounded. In contrast to previous work on gathered measurement scenario with intermittent loss, we considered a dispersed measurement scenario and established bounds on critical probability of receiving measurements over individual sensor communication links. Our analysis later exploited possible existence of spatial correlation among states in the filtering process and characterized its impact on the bounds. We further extended our analysis by considering correlated loss among sensor measurements. The overall analysis quantifies the trade-off between state estimation accuracy and the quality of underlying communication network. In addition, our analysis demonstrates that by exploiting spatial correlation among states, a higher degree of information loss (or lower network quality) can be tolerated to achieve a certain estimation accuracy. Since estimation accuracy directly impacts the stability of control operation, this analysis is critical for architecture and network planing design of cyber-physical systems.
Changes in oxygen consumption induced by fentanyl and thiopentone during balanced anaesthesia

Changes in whole body oxygen consumption due to bolus infusions of fentanyl and thiopentone given during "balanced anaesthesia" have been examined in 17 patients. It has been shown that fentanyl causes an average decrease in oxygen consumption of 4.9, 8.4, and 5.2 per cent at 5, 10 and 15 minutes after its infusion. Thiopentone causes an average decrease of 7.0, 8.8, and 1.9 per cent at 5, 10 and 15 minutes after infusion. It is believed that the effects of fentanyl and thiopentone on oxygen consumption are caused mainly by decreases in cerebral and myocardial oxygen consumption.
In vitro assembly of intermediate filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells

Abstract Intermediate filaments (IF) from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells can be disassembled at low ionic strength and reassembled upon addition of salt. Turbidimetric analyses show that reassembled IF exhibit the light scattering properties of long rods under physiological conditions (5 mM Na+/K+ phosphate, pH 7.2/170 mM NaCl at 21 degrees C). IF weight concentration, determined by centrifugation, is directly proportional to the optical density at 3000 nm. Thus, turbidity can be used as a quantitative assay for IF assembly. Turbidimetric and centrifugation analyses both indicate that IF assembly exhibits a critical protein concentration of 0.05-0.15 mg/ml. Above the critical concentration, IF weight concentration at steady-state is a linear function of the total protein concentration. Negative stain observations at early stages of the assembly process suggest lateral association of protofilaments to form short IF. This lateral association is accompanied by a rapid turbidity increase which is then followed by IF elongation and a slower turbidity increase to plateau. Further purification of IF by low/high-NaCl-induced cycles of disassembly/reassembly results in retention of 54- and 55-kilodalton (decamin) polypeptides. These results constitute a quantitative description of in vitro reassembly of IF from homogeneous cultures of nonkeratinizing cells and establish conditions for further studies on the regulation of IF assembly.
Surface properties and size of the ice nucleation site in ice nucleation active bacteria : theoretical considerations

Abstract Using heterogeneous ice nucleation theory, the ice nucleation probabilities for various surface properties, shapes, and sizes of heterogeneous nucleator particles have been calculated. These have been compared with experimentally measured sizes of the bacterial ice nucleators of Pseudomonas syringae and related ice nucleation active bacteria. Good fit was obtained for spherical, disk, and cylindrical ice-nucleator particles with ice-nucleator surface tension identical to that of ice. That is to say that the ice-nucleator surface mimics the surface of an ice particle of the same size and shape. The nucleation temperature was predicted to be dependent on the ice-nucleator surface area and volume. To move the nucleation temperature 1 °C higher, the ice-nucleator volume had to be enlarged by 1.3 fold at −13 °C and by 3.5 fold at −3 °C. On the basis of the predicted ice-like surface properties of the ice-nucleator, a mechanism is suggested for the aggregation of the ice-nucleator protein.
Recent improvements in the complexity of the effective Nullstellensatz

We bring up to date the estimates on the complexity of the effective Nullstellensatz and the membership problem.