cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-throughput microfluidic line scan imaging for cytological characterization

Imaging cells in a microfluidic chamber with an area scan camera is difficult due to motion blur and data loss during frame readout causing discontinuity of data acquisition as cells move at relatively high speeds through the chamber. We have developed a method to continuously acquire high-resolution images of cells in motion through a microfluidics chamber using a high-speed line scan camera. The sensor acquires images in a line-by-line fashion in order to continuously image moving objects without motion blur. The optical setup comprises an epi-illuminated microscope with a 40X oil immersion, 1.4 NA objective and a 150 mm tube lens focused on a microfluidic channel. Samples containing suspended cells fluorescently stained with 0.01% (w/v) proflavine in saline are introduced into the microfluidics chamber via a syringe pump; illumination is provided by a blue LED (455 nm). Images were taken of samples at the focal plane using an ELiiXA+ 8k/4k monochrome line-scan camera at a line rate of up to 40 kHz. The system’s line rate and fluid velocity are tightly controlled to reduce image distortion and are validated using fluorescent microspheres. Image acquisition was controlled via MATLAB’s Image Acquisition toolbox. Data sets comprise discrete images of every detectable cell which may be subsequently mined for morphological statistics and definable features by a custom texture analysis algorithm. This high-throughput screening method, comparable to cell counting by flow cytometry, provided efficient examination including counting, classification, and differentiation of saliva, blood, and cultured human cancer cells.
Creating Satisfied Employees in Christian Higher Education: Research on Leadership Competencies

This study investigated the leadership behaviors of presidents of Christian colleges and universities in North America. Data were collected from the chief financial administrator, the chief student affairs administrator, and the chief academic administrator on the independent variables of transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles for the university president and the dependent variable of followers’ job satisfaction. The data on the leadership behaviors consisted of five transformational leadership factors, three transactional leadership factors, and a single laissez-faire leadership and were collected using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. This inquiry sought to discover to what degree transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and laissez-faire leadership are practiced by presidents at member colleges and universities of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities. Second, the study attempted to identify the combination of transformational, transact...
AB initio many body perturbation theoretic study of small sodium clusters

Abstract Many-body perturbation theory has been applied to investigate the properties of neutral sodium clusters. Results have been compared with available theoretical and experimental data in the literature.
Altruism in Rats

Approach toward a squealing, distressed animal was not observed in 10 laboratory rats. These results indicate there is no basis to conclude that altruistic behavior exists in rats.
Toward an Anthropology of War Propaganda

Prior to the Rwandan genocide, the study of war propaganda had all but disappeared as a significant topic of interest for lawyers and social scientists. However, since the trials of war propagandists by international criminal tribunals, the study has been reignited. The reason is due to the manner in which legal actors discussed the effects of war propaganda and pronounced its criminality. They claimed that war propaganda constitutes incitement not only because it attempts to foment dangerously violent ideologies, but also because it actually causes mass violence. In defining war propaganda in this way, tribunals have shifted the crime of incitement from being inchoate to causal. This new precedent has led ethnographers to investigate the manner in which war propaganda has related to mass violence and to challenge the tribunal's purported causal link. Additionally, it has led legal researchers to generate novel theories about war propaganda that are conducive to the new precedent but would still benefit from the frameworks and methodologies of anthropology.
Who Needs Lewis Structures to Get VSEPR Geometries

Teaching the VSEPR (valence shell electron-pair repulsion) model can be a tedious process. Traditionally, Lewis structures are drawn and the number of “electron clouds” (groups) around the central atom are counted and related to the standard VSEPR table of possible geometries. A simpler method to deduce the VSEPR structure without first drawing Lewis structures is described. A sample lecture utilizing this methodology to determine VSEPR geometries is presented. Incorporated into the lecture are discussions of relevant topics including dipole moments, isomers, electron-pair repulsions, and bioinorganic chemistry. Although this lecture is aimed at first-year science majors, it can easily be modified and applied to nonscience-majors courses and advanced inorganic chemistry courses. A lab to accompany the lecture is available in the supporting material.
Studies in multidrug resistance reversal: a rapid and stereoselective synthesis of the dihydroagarofuran ring system

Several dihydroagarofuran esters have been reported to be effective multidrug resistance (MDR) reversing agents for both cancer cells and bacteria. We report a rapid synthesis of the dihydroagarofuran ring system from carvone in a sequence that is highlighted by a sequential conjugate addition/aldol sequence, a ring closing metathesis reaction, and a diastereoselective alkene reduction to provide an axial methyl group. The synthesis allows for differential esterification reactions as required to study the roles of these groups in MDR reversal.
AutoTutor: a human tutoring simulation with an animated pedagogical interface

This paper presents an overview AutoTutor, an intelligent tutoring system that engages in conversationally smooth dialogue with students. AutoTutor simulates the discourse patterns and dialogue moves of human tutors with modest tutoring expertise. In order to concretize the situation we begin with two short snapshots of AutoTutor in action. In one snapshot, involving an articulate and knowledgeable student, AutoTutor begins with a how question and then simply pumps for further information. In the other, with an inarticulate and less knowledgeable student AutoTutor begins with a why question and follows this with numerous hints and prompts until the topic is covered. The remainder of the paper describes the system's architecture, which is comprised of seven modules: a curriculum script, language extraction, speech act classification, latent semantic analysis, topic selection, dialogue move generation, and animated agent. AutoTutor responds to the learner in real time and runs of a single Pentium processor.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Singular Perturbation Problem in Exact Controllability of the Maxwell System

This paper studies the exact controllability of the Maxwell system in a bounded domain, controlled by a current flowing tangentially in the boundary of the region, as well as the exact con- trollability the same problem but perturbed by a dissipative term multiplied by a small parameter in the boundary condition. This boundary perturbation improves the regularity of the problem and is therefore a singular perturbation of the original problem. The purpose of the paper is to examine the connection, for small values of the perturbation parameter, between observability estimates for the two systems, and between the optimality systems corresponding to the problem of norm minimum exact control of the solutions of the two systems from the rest state to a specied terminal state.
Terahertz resonances and bolometric response of a single-walled carbon nanotube

We describe an experiment to measure terahertz standing wave resonances on an individual single-walled carbon nanotube. These resonances are a probe of the strength of electron-electron interactions in this 1D system. The experiment is conducted in the interferometer originally developed in our lab for terahertz spectroscopy using an antenna-coupled superconducting bolometer as a detector. The superconducting bolometer allows us to characterize the frequency-dependent coupling using the same antenna geometry and experimental configuration as the nanotube. As a precursor to this work, we have also studied the response of an individual single-walled nanotube to dc and rf Joule heating. These measurements enable us to determine the thermal conductance of the nanotube, and also to clearly distinguish between the thermal and non-thermal high frequency response.
Flexibilities of Single-Stranded Nucleic Acids Measured by Single Molecule FRET

The flexibilities of single-stranded RNA has not been as well studied as double-stranded RNA, despite their significant biological importance. Their values for persistence lengths have often been inferred from that of single-stranded DNA. In this poster, we compare the persistence lengths of poly rU and poly-dT as measured by single molecule FRET experiments. We show differences in flexibilities when the nucleic acids are in the presence of monovalent and divalent salts.
A comparison of long and short crack elastoplastic response using the boundary element method

Abstract The numerical results of the current study cover two modeling problems for two dimensional fatigue crack growth. The first is a comparison of the effects of crack tip plasticity on crack growth retardation through residual stresses ahead of the crack and through crack closure. The residual stress effect (often denoted retardation) and the crack closure effect are seen to be identical manifestations of the same plasticity process. The second is a comparison of elastoplastic crack opening for long and short cracks in plane stress and plane strain. Experimental data indicates that short cracks (large plastic zones) grow faster than long cracks at the same applied stress intensity factor. The present numerical results indicate that the loss of constraint for short cracks with large amounts of plasticity leads to a breakdown in LEFM conditions near the crack tip; the breakdown is seen as the development of significant crack blunting resulting in residual plastic strains or closures. The short crack effects grow with increasing ratios of applied stress to yield stress, and for decreasing crack tip constraint (going from plane strain to plane stress).
Analysis of restriction fragments of T7 DNA and determination of molecular weights by electrophoresis in neutral and alkaline gels.

The DNA of bacteriophage T7 is cut into seven unique fragments by the restriction endonuclease DpnII (or the equivalent MboI), 19 fragments by HpaI, and eight additional fragments by the combination of the two enzymes. The relative location of each fragment in the T7 DNA has been determined by a combination of techniques. If it is assumed that the length of any DNA molecule equals the sum of the lengths of the fragments produced from it by cleavage, and that electrophoretic mobility through agarose gels is a smooth function of the length of the DNA, then the known relationships between fragments provide enough conditions to define accurately the relative molecular weight of each fragment in the set. Absolute molecular weights are based on that of full-length T7 DNA. The fragments provide a convenient set of length standards covering the entire range from about 100 to 40,000 base-pairs (the length of T7 DNA). A horizontal slab gel system for electrophoresis on agarose gels is described. In this system, gels of very low concentrations do not distort during electrophoresis and accurate relative mobilities of large DNAs are obtained. Excellent resolution can be obtained for DNAs of molecular weights up to at least 26·5×106, a difference of less than 10% being readily resolved even for molecules of this size. Agarose and polyacrylamide gels can be prepared in alkaline solvents that denature native DNA and completely unfold the single strands. The fragments of T7 DNA have the same relative mobilities whether subjected to electrophoresis as single strands in alkaline gels or as double-stranded DNA in neutral gels, and resolution is comparable in the two states. Thus, electrophoresis in alkaline gels can provide accurate molecular weights for linear, single-stranded DNAs, and should be useful in analyzing DNA for single-strand breaks, depurinations or topological differences such as ring forms. In both neutral and alkaline gels, the relative mobilities of DNAs shorter than about 1000 base-pairs (or bases) are essentially insensitive to changes in voltage gradient, at least over the range of voltage gradients commonly employed. However, relative mobilities become increasingly sensitive to voltage gradient the larger the DNA, with DNAs longer than about 20,000 base-pairs (or bases) being severely affected. This effect is probably due to the ease with which large DNA molecules can be deformed from their equilibrium conformations, thus permitting them to penetrate channels in the gel that would exclude them in their unperturbed conformations. As a practical matter, this means that low voltage gradients must be used for separations of large DNAs by gel electrophoresis.
Prevalence and Trends in Smoking: A National Rural Study

Context: Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of and recent trends in smoking among adults by type of rural location and by state. Methods: Random-digit telephone survey of adults aged 18 years or older who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 1994-1996 (n = 342,055) and 2000-2001 (n = 385,384). The main outcome measure was current cigarette smoking, defined as persons who smoke every day or some days, while nonsmokers were those who smoke not at all or reported never having smoked as many as 100 cigarettes. Findings: The prevalence of smoking changed little from the mid-1990s; in 2000-2001, it was 22.0% in urban areas, 24.9% in rural adjacent areas, 24.0% in large rural nonadjacent areas, and 24.9% in small rural nonadjacent areas. For rural locations combined, smoking prevalence was not below the 12% goal of Healthy People 2010 for any state, although the 12.5% prevalence in rural Utah approached this target. Prevalence was [>/=]28% for rural residents of Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. Since the mid-1990s, the prevalence of smoking for rural respondents decreased by more than 2 percentage points in 6 states: California, Connecticut, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Utah. However, it increased by 2 percentage points or more in 10 states: Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas. Conclusions: Smoking remains a refractory public health problem. Better ways to curb smoking in rural America are needed.
Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone in the Healthy Elderly

Human growth hormone is widely sold and used as an antiaging drug, although its use for this purpose is controversial and has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In this stu...
Impact of Early Human Milk on Sepsis and Health Care Costs in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Impact of early human milk on sepsis and health-care costs in very low birth weight infants
Acute Dimethyl Sulphoxide Therapy in Experimental Brain Oedema, Effect of Dose and Concentration on Brain Water and Electrolyte Content

Albino rabbits with experimental brain oedema produced by a combined left hemisphere cryogenic injury and a metabolic insult by a 6-aminonicotinamide (6-ANA) were administered intravenous dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in varying concentrations and doses in the following manner: Subgroup A (concentration response) received 1.0 g/kg bolus of a 10, 20, 30, or 40% solution. Subgroup B (dose response) received as a 20% solution a 1.0 g/kg bolus, 1.5 g/kg bolus, or 2.0 g/kg infusion. One hour following administration of the agent, the animals were killed, their brains rapidly removed by craniectomy and brain water, sodium and potassium measured. Significant decreases in brain sodium and water content in the right hemisphere were noted in both subgroups A (p < 0.05) and B (p < 0.005) and in the left hemisphere in subgroup B only (p < 0.005). There is an apparent effect on brain oedema by a DMSO mediated sodium dependent water mobilization.
Simulation and virtual-reality visualization of blood hemodynamics: the virtual aneurysm

Intracranial aneurysms are the primary cause of non- traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Difficulties in identifying which aneurysms will grow and rupture arise because the physicians lack important anatomic and hemodynamic information. Through simulation, this data can be captured, but visualization of large simulated data sets becomes cumbersome and tedious, often resulting in visual clutter and ambiguity. TO address these visualization issues, we developed an automated algorithm that decomposes the patterns of 3D, unsteady blood flow into behavioral components to reduce the visual complexity while retaining the structure and information of the original data. Our structural approach analyzes sets of pathlines and groups them together based on spatial locality and shape similarity. Adaptive thresholding is used to refine each component grouping to obtain the largest and tightest cluster. These components can then be visualized individually or superimposed together to formulate a rich understanding of the flow patterns in the aneurysm.
A Comparison of Interpersonal Scripts in Clinically Depressed versus Nondepressed Individuals

Abstract This study examined the role of interpersonal scripts in differentiating between clinically depressed and nondepressed individuals. Subjects were 21 individuals diagnosed as having major depression and 21 matched controls. Narratives about interpersonal interactions were coded for interpersonal scripts by rating multiple components of a script (wishes, behaviors, and feelings of self; behaviors and feelings of other) for multiple contents (based on an interpersonal circumplex model). The depressed group was characterized by two antithetical scripts: in one script the self wishes to be and acts relying while feeling trusting and the other acts nurturing while feeling interested; in the other script the self wishes to be and acts distancing while feeling sad and the other acts neglecting while feeling apathetic. Implications of the findings for cognitive and interpersonal models of depression are discussed.
Hemispherical Reflectance Variations of Vegetation Canopies and Implications for Global and Regional Energy Budget Studies

The hemispherical reflectance (HR) variations of vegetation canopies are studied as a function of solar zenith angle, wavelength, and canopy characteristics (leaf area index, leaf orientation distribution, and leaf and soil optical properties). The radiative transfer model of Kimes (1984) is used to explain the radiative transfers that give rise to variations in the HR for various vegetation canopies as a function of sun angle. The results of this model are compared with those calculated from Sellers' (1985) analytical two-stream approximation. It is noted that the findings have significant implications for a wide range of global and regional energy budget studies.
Respiratory control and K+ transport in submitochondrial particles.

Abstract Respiratory control as measured by stimulation of respiration by an uncoupler has been demonstrated in certain submitochondrial particles after treatment with the energy transfer inhibitor, oligomycin (1). Similarly, respiratory control may be induced in ASU-particles by treatment with DCCD, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (2). The latter system has provided means by which the earliest stages of energy conservation in highly resolved submitochondrial particles may be examined. In the present study it was found that submitochondrial particles are capable of energy-linked K + transport and that this expenditure of energy causes the release of respiratory control induced by DCCD. Evidence is also provided that respiratory control can be achieved in highly resolved submitochondrial particles by means of purified coupling factors without addition of oligomycin or DCCD.
A Northern New Mexican ‘Fix’: Shooting up and Coming down in the Greater Española Valley, New Mexico

Sandwiched between the artist colonies and tourist centers of Santa Fe and Taos, northern New Mexico's greater EspaOola Valley is a New Mexican Hispanic or Nuevomexicano enclave and often considered a bastion of traditional Nuevomexicano culture. Despite the valley's location, this area remains off the artist and tourist track. Moreover, regional and national media sources report that the valley is a site of widespread heroin use. This article focuses on the act of using drugs in a place elaborately scripted by discourses that idealize Nuevomexicano traditional culture. In particular, this article (1) unpacks the conceptualization of culture as a cure for the problems that affect the community, (2) situates the study of drug use in EspaOola in a wider ethnographic context of drug use, and (3) suggests that drug use provides a momentary ‘fix’ that both reconciles and manifests the contradictions of many Nuevomexicanos’ lived experiences.
Incomplete information, income redistribution and risk averse median voter behavior

This paper extends the median voter model to include risk aversion. An expected utility maximizing median voter with an aversion to risk may behave differently than a median voter who is certain. A referendum on income redistribution from the top of the distribution to the bottom which fails when the median voter is certain may pass in the extended median voter model. Economic inefficiencies and the net losses accompanying redistribution are shown to play a pivotal role in determining the behavior of the risk averse median voter. The model is illustrated using a one percent Demogrant redistribution.
Murine CD4 T cells produce a new form of TGF-β as measured by a newly developed TGF-β bioassay.

Background It is generally assumed that T cells do not produce active TGF-β since active TGF-β as measured in supernatants by ELISA without acidification is usually not detectable. However, it is possible that active TGF-β from T cells may take a special form which is not detectable by ELISA. Methodology/principal findings We constructed a TGF-β bioassay which can detect both soluble and membrane-bound forms of TGF-β from T cells. For this bioassay, 293T cells were transduced with (caga)(12) Smad binding element-luciferase along with CD32 (Fc receptor) and CD86. The resulting cells act as artificial antigen presenting cells in the presence of anti-CD3 and produce luciferase in response to biologically active TGF-β. We co-cultured pre-activated murine CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells or CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells with the 293T-caga-Luc-CD32-CD86 reporter cells in the presence of anti-CD3 and IL-2. CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells induced higher luciferase in the reporter cells than CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. This T cell-produced TGF-β is in a soluble form since T cell culture supernatants contained the TGF-β activity. The TGF-β activity was neutralized with an anti-mouse LAP mAb or an anti-latent TGF-β/pro-TGF-β mAb, but not with anti-active TGF-β Abs. An anti-mouse LAP mAb removed virtually all acid activatable latent TGF-β from the T cell culture supernatant, but not the ability to induce TGF-β signaling in the reporter cells. The induction of TGF-β signaling by T cell culture supernatants was cell type-specific. Conclusions/significance A newly developed 293T-caga-Luc-CD32-CD86 reporter cell bioassay demonstrated that murine CD4 T cells produce an unconventional form of TGF-β which can induce TGF-β signaling. This new form of TGF-β contains LAP as a component. Our finding of a new form of T cell-produced TGF-β and the newly developed TGF-β bioassay system will provide a new avenue to investigate T cell function of the immune system.
Thermal Expansion of Synthetic β‐Spodumene and β‐Spodumene—Silica Solid Solutions

Synthetic β-Spodumene and several β-Spodumene-silica solid solutions were prepared, and their thermal expansion behavior was studied using high-temperature X-ray diffraction techniques. Data indicate that all β-Spodumenes are characterized by a pronounced anisotropy of thermal expansion much the same as that of the silica polymorph keatite. Anisotropy increases slightly and the volume expansion decreases as the compositions become richer in SiO2. Specimens with more than 80.8 wt% SiO2 at 130O°C and 1 atm contain P-cristobalite along with β-Spodumene. The lattice parameters of β-Spodumene compositions throughout the solid solution range were determined. The structural aspects of the anisotropy of thermal expansion are discussed.
Improved methods for isolating and validating indigenous biomarkers in Precambrian rocks

Hydrocarbon biomarkers in highly mature Precambrian rocks have the potential to provide important information about the diversity ecology, and evolution of early life, but studying them presents special analytical challenges. Extractable hydrocarbons are present in Archean and most Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks in such trace concentration that even slight contamination from petroleum-derived materials in situ or during drilling, storage, sampling, handling and laboratory analysis would compromise the results and, thereby, any consequent inferences. Here we report protocols that we have developed for the analysis of cores from several recently completed deep-time scientific drilling initiatives. By paying special attention to cutting, cleaning, crushing and extraction, it is possible to significantly reduce laboratory blanks to acceptable levels. When these methods are utilized, meaningful variations in the patterns of biomarkers over stratigraphic and lithologic boundaries provide compelling evidence for syngeneity.
THIRTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY

Hybridization of a nucleic acid probe to nucleic acids within cytological preparations permits a high degree of spatial localization of sequences complementary to that probe. This localization can be useful in a number of ways for answering biological questions. For example, in situ hybridization to the DNA of condensed chromosomes can be used to map the sites of particular sequences. Hybridization to the DNA of interphase nuclei can be used to study the functional organization of specific sequences within the diffuse chromatin that characterizes this stage of the cell cycle. In situ hybridization to cellular RNA allows a very precise analysis of the tissue distribution, as well as the temporal distribution, of any RNA species of interest. In some cases, the distribution of RNA within single cells has interesting biological implications. In addition, in situ hybridization makes it possible to study the RNA of individual cells without interference from the RNA of other cells in the same tissue. Thus it is possible to use the technique to detect RNAs that are present in only a small subset of cells. Such RNAs might never be detected in RNA extracted from a whole tissue because of dilution by other RNA species from the many cells which do not contain the RNA of interest. Because it depends on the concentration of RNA within a cell, rather than within a tissue, in situ hybridization is useful not only to show where an RNA is localized but, in some cases, it may be the best way to show that an RNA exists at all.
School-to-Work Transition: Identification of Employment-Related Outcome and Activity Indicators.

This study attempted to identify potential measures for evaluating the multiple outcomes and activities associated with programs designed to promote employment of youths with disab,Aities. It sought to identify measures for 17 program outcomes and 51 associated activities that had been identified previously by model demonstration transition project directors. Thirty project directors suggested both qualitative and quantitative measures for the evaluation of every outcome and activity. Also created was an in-depth task analysis of the 17 program outcomes and 51 associated activities and strategies associated with each outcome and activity. The study extended use of the systems-change model previously introduced by the authors. Tables and figures present study details including: employment-focused outcomes with the highest mean ratings; indicators of selected outcomes and activities across four conceptual levels (individual/family, program, organizational, an4 community); and conceptual and analytical models used. An appendix lists indicators for all outcomes and activities. (Contains 27 references.) (DB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** CA D(PARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIOhIAL RESOLIfICEE INFORMATION CENTER tERIC) CyKs document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been macte to improve reproducrion quality Points ol view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OEM position or policy Chapter Four School to Work Transition 91 School-to-Work Transition: Identification of Employment-Related Outcome and Activity Indicators"
Wnt-3A/β-Catenin Signaling Induces Transcription from the LEF-1 Promoter

Members of the Wnt family of secreted molecules have been established as key factors in determining cell fate and morphogenic signaling. It has long been recognized that Wnt induces morphogenic signaling through the Tcf/LEF-1 cascade by regulating free intracellular levels of β-catenin, a co-factor for Tcf/LEF-1 transcription factors. In the present study, we have demonstrated that Wnt-3A can also directly induce transcription from theLEF-1 promoter. This induction was dependent on glycogen synthase kinase 3β inactivation, a rise in free intracellular β-catenin, and a short 110-bp Wnt-responsive element (WRE) in the LEF-1 promoter. Linear and internal deletion of this WRE led to a dramatic increase in constitutiveLEF-1 promoter activity and loss of Wnt-3A responsiveness. In isolation, the 110-bp WRE conferred context-independent Wnt-3A or β-catenin(S37A) responsiveness to a heterologous SV40 promoter. Studies expressing dominant active and negative forms of LEF-1, β-catenin, GSK-3β, and β-catenin/LEF-1 fusions suggest that Wnt-3A activates the LEF-1 promoter through a β-catenin-dependent and LEF-1-independent process. Wnt-3A expression also induced multiple changes in the binding of factors to the WRE and suggests that regulatory mechanisms may involve modulation of a multiprotein complex. In summary, these results provide evidence for transcriptional regulation of the LEF-1 promoter by Wnt and enhance the mechanistic understanding of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the regulation of LEF-1-dependent developmental processes.
Modeling cyclic dispersion in autoignition combustion

A two-state discrete-time model is developed for the cycle-to-cycle dynamics in lean-fueled controlled autoignition engines. The main goal is to capture the cyclic variability in the combustion phasing which is a key performance variable in combustion control. The model is physics based, the states are the temperature and the fuel mass at intake valve closing, and simple enough so it may provide insights into the dynamics and causes of the behavior. The parameters are crudely calibrated using data that include late phasing approaching to misfire and the model captures the important effect of heat release during the re-compression of the residual gas. The model is shown to predict the coupling between cycles in the sense that, when driven by a stochastic input, the model reproduces the evolution and the magnitude of the cyclic variability with similar statistical properties to measured data.
Monochromatic x-ray imaging experiments on the Sandia National Laboratories Z facility (invited)

The Z facility is a 20 MA, 100 ns rise time, pulsed power driver for z-pinch plasma radiation sources. The Z facility can make >200 TW, 1–2 MJ, near-blackbody radiation sources through the compression of cylindrical wire arrays. These sources are being used as drivers to study inertial-confinement fusion capsule implosions, complex radiation–hydrodynamic jet experiments, and wire-array z-pinch physics tests. To backlight plasmas in this environment we have built diagnostics based on spherically bent crystals that provide high spatial resolution (9–10 μm), a narrow spectral bandpass (<0.5 eV), and a large field of view (4 mm×20 mm). These diagnostics use the 2 TW, multi-kJ Z-Beamlet laser to produce x-ray emission sources at 1.865 or 6.151 keV for backlighting.
External resonator turn-on time-delay effects with GaAs injection lasers at room temperature

Stimulated emission has been observed at the end of the current pulse for a GaAs injection laser operated with an external resonator at room temperature. It has been observed in the peak injection current range of 65- 95 A and for current pulse half-widths in the investigated range of 250-500 ns. This effect was found only when a diode was operated with the external resonator. Stimulated emission both during the current pulse and at the end of the current pulse also has been observed.
Bone volume collected from dental implant sites during osteotomy

Abstract Purpose: Little research has been done to determine the amount of bone harvested from implant site preparations using an inline bone collector. This study looked at the amount of bone that can be harvested from common dental implant osteotomies. Patients and Methods: A total of 24 implants were placed in 9 patients over a 3-month period. Implant size ranged from 3.75 × 13 mm to 4.75 × 13 mm. Nine implants were placed in the maxilla, and 15 implants were placed in the mandible. Seven patients were female, and 2 patients were male. The patient age ranged from 27 to 72 years. Four patients had implants placed within 5 years after tooth extraction, and 5 patients had implants placed 5 years after tooth extraction: an analysis of variance was used to determine if there were statistical differences between maxilla versus mandible, male versus female, and edentulism less than or greater than 5 years. Results: The average bone volume from the 24 osteotomies was 0.195 ± 0.099 mL. The average osteotomy site measured 4.02 × 12.90 mm. There were no statistical differences noted among maxilla and mandible, gender, or time of edentulism. Conclusions: When using an inline bone collector to harvest implant osteotomy sites, an average of 0.195 mL of bone can be obtained from a site approximately 4.0 × 13 mm. This bone can often be combined with a xenograft or alloplastic material to provide extra bulk to fill peri-implant defects. When multiple implant sites are prepared, often sufficient bone can be obtained with the bone collector alone. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Design of an underwater mine detection system

Underwater mines are an effective method of blocking shipping lanes and restricting naval operations resulting in significant negative economic and environmental impacts. Current mine clearance processes used by the United States Navy can take up to 200 times the cost and time required to place the minefield. This asymmetry highlights a weakness in the Navy's ability to effectively deal with the threat of underwater mines. To create a scenario that satisfies stakeholders' interests, the Navy needs to improve the effectiveness of its mine clearance systems with reduced process time, increased probability of detection, and removal of the risk of injury or loss of life to the system operators. The authors analyze the benefits of the use of autonomous, unmanned vehicles to tow the sonar through the water compared with current manned systems. Autonomous vehicles can be less expensive to operate while providing the same or better performance and reduce the risk of operator fatalities. Two existing sonar alternatives and five different towing vehicles are considered. A computer model of the vehicle dynamics and fuel burn is used to simulate each design alternative as it goes through the process of detecting underwater mines in a prospective minefield (e.g. mouth of the Chesapeake Bay). The model includes several assumptions regarding the type of mines to be detected, total area being covered, and the type of mine clearing operation. Results indicate that underwater vehicle alternative uses the least amount of energy. Additionally, the Raytheon sonar requires more energy to be towed through the water than the Klein sonar for all vehicle alternatives. The total utility of each alternative is determined based on its performance with regard to safety, speed, fuel economy, and probability of detection. A utility versus cost analysis indicates the best alternative.
CMU: Arc-Factored, Discriminative Semantic Dependency Parsing

We present an arc-factored statistical model for semantic dependency parsing, as defined by the SemEval 2014 Shared Task 8 on Broad-Coverage Semantic Dependency Parsing. Our entry in the open track placed second in the competition.
Neuromusculoskeletal computer modeling and simulation of upright, straight-legged, bipedal locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis (A.L. 288-1)

The skeleton of Australopithecus afaren- sis (A.L. 288-1, better known as "Lucy") is by far the most complete record of locomotor morphology of early homin- ids currently available. Even though researchers agree that the postcranial skeleton of Lucy shows morphological features indicative of bipedality, only a few studies have investigated Lucy's bipedal locomotion itself. Lucy's en- ergy expenditure during locomotion has been the topic of much speculation, but has not been investigated, except for several estimates derived from experimental data col- lected on other animals. To gain further insights into how Lucy may have walked, we generated a full three-dimen- sional (3D) reconstruction and forward-dynamic simula- tion of upright bipedal locomotion of this ancient human ancestor. Laser-scanned 3D bone geometries were com- bined with state-of-the-art neuromusculoskeletal model- ing and simulation techniques from computational biome- chanics. A detailed full 3D neuromusculoskeletal model was developed that encompassed all major bones, joints (10), and muscles (52) of the lower extremity. A model of muscle force and heat production was used to actuate the musculoskeletal system, and to estimate total energy ex- penditure during locomotion. Neural activation profiles for each of the 52 muscles that produced a single step of locomotion, while at the same time minimizing the energy consumed per meter traveled, were searched through nu- merical optimization. The numerical optimization re- sulted in smooth locomotor kinematics, and the predicted energy expenditure was appropriate for upright bipedal walking in an individual of Lucy's body size. Am J Phys
Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis: a biomechanical assessment of stability.

Background: Combined ankle and subtalar (tibiotalocalcaneal) arthrodesis is a procedure that can be used to successfully treat disabling foot and ankle arthropathy and is a reasonable salvage alter...
Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic and linoleic acids modulate the adhesion of tumor cells to endothelium via regulation of protein kinase C.

Abstract 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12[S]-HETE) and 13(S)-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13[S]-HODE), lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, respectively, previously have been suggested to regulate tumor cell adhesion to endothelium during metastasis. Adhesion of rat Walker carcinosarcoma (W256) cells to a rat endothelial cell monolayer was enhanced after treatment with 12(S)-HETE and this 12(S)-HETE enhanced adhesion was blocked by 13(S)-HODE. Protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine, calphostin C, and 1-(5-isoquinoline-sulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine, inhibited the 12(S)-HETE enhanced W256 cell adhesion. Depleting W256 cells of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate abolished their ability to respond to 12(S)-HETE. Treatment of W256 cells with 12(S)-HETE induced a 100% increase in membrane-associated PKC activity whereas 13(S)-HODE inhibited the effect of 12(S)-HETE on PKC translocation. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis revealed that in W256 cells 12-HETE and 13-HODE were two of the major lipoxygenase metabilites of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, respectively. Therefore, these two metabolites may provide an alternative signaling pathway for the regulation of PKC. Further, these findings suggest that the regulation of tumor cell adhesion to endothelium by 12(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE may be a PKC-dependent process.
Electrophoretic deposition improves catalytic performance of Co3O4 nanoparticles for oxygen reduction/oxygen evolution reactions

The effects of nanoparticle deposition on the catalytic activity of Co3O4 nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are evaluated for two deposition methods: dropcasting and electrophoretic deposition (EPD). It is found that the EPD catalyst films demonstrate better catalytic activity per unit mass than do the dropcast films, as defined by diffusion-limited current, by approximately 27% for ORR and 25% for OER. When accounting for different loading levels, the absolute activities of these catalysts are superior to those of other reported Co3O4 colloidal nanoparticulate catalysts without conductive additives, showing that this material has excellent intrinsic activity for future optimization. Inspection of the electrode kinetics shows that EPD catalysts have more favorable characteristics as exhibited by their smaller Tafel slope (96 mV per decade for EPD versus 109 mV per decade for dropcast films). We analyze this enhancement by determining the metal oxide surface area for each catalyst film using a novel sequential metal deposition technique starting with electrodeposition of Ag followed by Pb underpotential deposition (UPD). Through UPD experiments we find, surprisingly, that EPD films have a smaller surface area than the dropcast films. We conclude that EPD films are more active per unit surface area. When accounting for surface area and mass, the EPD catalyst outperforms dropcast by a factor of 2.5 for ORR and 2.6 for OER. We anticipate that morphological differences in the EPD films relative to the dropcast ones, such as particle coverage and electrical conductivity, are responsible for this behavior. Such a result has important implications for future studies on the structure of EPD-manufactured nanoparticulate thin films and on the mechanisms for performance enhancement in such catalysts.
Ambivalent Heritage: Between Affect and Ideology in a Colonial Cemetery

This article examines the significance of colonial cemeteries and explains why they are sites of neglect and decay in contemporary India. By examining the ideological and affective meanings of a co...
Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (adenosis) of the prostate: a case report with review of the literature

A 62-year-old male presented with symptoms of urinary obstruction and elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level of 3.61 ng/mL. Prostate needle biopsies showed benign prostatic tissue with a focus of crowded glands with minimal cytological atypia, fairly well-circumscribed with infiltrative appearance of glands at the edges. This focus had both small and larger glands with similar histological features. This focus was strongly positive for alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A-racemase (AMACR), but showed scattered patchy staining with basal cell markers (p63 and CK903/34βE12). Hence, the final histologic diagnosis was benign prostatic tissue with a focus of florid adenosis. Two subsequent follow-up prostate needle biopsies performed six and 12 months later both showed benign prostatic tissue with atrophic changes. This case highlights the utility of these three immunostains (AMACR, p63 and CK903/34βE12) in the accurate diagnosis of adenosis of the prostate on needle biopsy, and avoiding its misinterpretation as prostate adenocarcinoma.
Recruitment and retention strategies for expert nurses in abortion care provision.

Abstract Objective(s) The purpose of this thematic analysis is to describe recruitment, retention and career development strategies for expert nurses in abortion care provision. Study design Thematic analysis influenced by grounded theory methods were used to analyze interviews, which examined cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes associated with how nurses make decisions about participation in abortion care provision. The purposive sample consisted of 16 nurses, who were interviewed between November 2012 and August 2013, who work (or have worked) with women seeking abortions in abortion clinics, emergency departments, labor and delivery units and post anesthesia care units. Results Several themes emerged from the broad categories that contribute to successful nurse recruitment, retention, and career development in abortion care provision. All areas were significantly influenced by engagement in leadership activities and professional society membership. The most notable theme specific to recruitment was exposure to abortion through education as a student, or through an employer. Retention is most influenced by flexibility in practice, including: advocating for patients, translating one's skill set, believing that nursing is shared work, and juggling multiple roles. Lastly, providing on the job training opportunities for knowledge and skill advancement best enables career development. Conclusion(s) Clear mechanisms exist to develop expert nurses in abortion care provision. Implications The findings from our study should encourage employers to provide exposure opportunities, develop activities to recruit and retain nurses, and to support career development in abortion care provision. Additionally, future workforce development efforts should include and engage nursing education institutions and employers to design structured support for this trajectory.
Molecular Clocks Provide New Insights into the Evolutionary History of Galeichthyine Sea Catfishes

Intercontinental distributions in the southern hemisphere can either be the result of Gondwanan vicariance or more recent transoceanic dispersal. Transoceanic dispersal has come into vogue for explaining many intercontinental distributions; however, it has been used mainly for organisms that can float or raft between the continents. Despite their name, the Sea Catfishes (Ariidae) have limited dispersal ability, and there are no examples of nearshore ariid genera with a transoceanic distribution except for Galeichthys where three species occur in southern Africa and one in the Peruvian coast. A previous study suggested that the group originated in Gondwana, and that the species arrived at their current range after the breakup of the supercontinent in the Early Cretaceous. To test this hypothesis, we infer molecular phylogenies (mitochondrial cytochrome b, ATP synthase 8/6, 12S, and 16S; nuclear rag2; total ∼4 kb) and estimate intercontinental divergence via molecular clocks (penalized-likelihood, Bayesian relaxed clock, and universal clock rates in fishes). Age ranges for cladogenesis of African and South American lineages are 15.4–2.5 my, far more recent than would be suggested by Gondwanan vicariance; thus, the distribution of galeichthyines must be explained by dispersal or more recent vicariant events. The nested position of the Peruvian species (Galeichthys peruvianus) within the African taxa is robust, suggesting that the direction of the dispersal was from Africa to South America. The progenitor of the Peruvian species likely arrived at its current distribution with the aid of ocean currents, and several scenarios are discussed.