cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and optimization of rectangular cold spray nozzle: Radial injection angle, expansion ratio and traverse speed

Abstract A cold spray nozzle with radially injected powder was numerically modeled and experimentally validated. The gas flow field and particle trajectories were simulated for various injection angles and expansion ratios. Injection angle was seen to affect particle distribution and injection pressures. The effect of expansion ratio was numerically studied and experimentally verified with stainless steel powders. For this material system, highest deposition efficiency was observed at an overexpanded flow regime. High deposition rate was accompanied by strain rate induced phase change. In addition, the effect of traverse speed (between 1 and 6 mm/s) was assessed experimentally. While the speed did not affect bond strength and coating hardness, an optimum speed was found where there was a substantial increase in deposition rate.
Revolutions per minute: technology–travel–writing, 1800–1940

During the Victorian era and the decades immediately bracketing it, Great Britain revolutionised the technology of travel. In this era, the new railways whisked people and goods across the island a...
Happily (n)ever after: the cruel optimism of Disney’s romantic ideal

AbstractDrawing on Ahmed’s articulation of the performativity of affect, we analyze how Disney love, as it is constructed in Disney Princess films, acts pedagogically as a “happy object” that orien...
Diagnosis and Management of Leukemic and Lymphomatous Meningitis

Background Leukemic and lymphomatous meningitis is a major presentation of primary or secondary central nervous system (CNS) involvement by aggressive lymphomas or acute leukemia. Methods The medical literature and ongoing clinical trials were reviewed on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment of leukemic and lymphomatous meningitis. Results Treatment for secondary leukemic and lymphomatous meningitis remains unsatisfactory, and efforts should be made to prevent and treat subclinical disease. Intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy remain the main therapeutic approaches for this disease. Outcomes have improved in patients with primary CNS lymphoma and meningeal involvement. Conclusions Appropriate selection of patients at high risk for leukemic and lymphomatous meningitis is important so that preventive strategies can decrease the incidence of this complication of leukemia and lymphoma. Use of chemotherapy agents that cross the blood-brain barrier and the adoption of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have increased the proportion of patients whose primary disease is cured.
Removal of Triphenylphosphine Oxide by Precipitation with Zinc Chloride in Polar Solvents

While the use of triphenylphosphine as a reductant is common in organic synthesis, the resulting triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) waste can be difficult to separate from the reaction product. While a number of strategies to precipitate TPPO are available, none have been reported to work in more polar solvents. We report here that mixing ZnCl2 with TPPO precipitates a TPPO–Zn complex in high yield in several common polar organic solvents. The solvent compatibility of this procedure and the reliability of the precipitation in the presence of polar functional groups were examined to show the utility and limitations of this method.
Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with dornase alfa in patients with cystic fibrosis: a systematic review.

Background A major component of sputum in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is polymerized DNA, a byproduct of degraded neutrophils. Dornase alfa (dornase) selectively cleaves extracellular DNA and reduces the viscosity of sputum. It improves mucociliary clearance and pulmonary function. The benefit of dornase on CF-associated sinusitis is less clear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to systematically review the use of dornase on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in CF patients. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement was followed for this systematic review. Ovid Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library were searched. The search terms "dornase alfa," "deoxyribonucleases," "rhinosinusitis," and "cystic fibrosis" were used to find articles published between 1990 and 2016. The articles were reviewed for study design, level of evidence, and clinical outcomes. Results Sixty-two articles were identified; 6 met the inclusion criteria (104 patients). Improvement measured by sinonasal symptoms, endoscopic and radiographic findings, and pulmonary function was variably reported between the studies. Sinonasal symptoms were shown to improve in all studies with use of intranasal topical dornase. Three placebo-controlled studies showed that topical dornase significantly improved sinonasal symptoms more than saline alone. The impact on pulmonary function and radiographic and endoscopy findings was variable. Conclusion Topical intranasal dornase appears to improve sinonasal symptoms in CF patients to a greater degree than saline alone. The impact on other outcomes is less clear. Larger studies are needed to fully elucidate the true efficacy of dornase alfa in the treatment of CRS in CF patients.
The Role of Physical Activity in the Association Between Smoking Status and Quality of Life.

Objectives Nonsmoking status and physical activity have, individually, been shown to be associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The objective of this study was to assess whether the relationship between smoking status and HRQoL is modified or influenced by physical activity. Methods Data were extracted from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey dataset (N = 332680) in 2015. Logistic regression models were used to address study objectives. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL), measured using eight domains (general health, physical health, mental health, activity limitations, pain, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and vitality), was regressed on smoking status without and with adjustment for age, race, gender, education, marital status, income, employment, healthcare coverage, comorbidity, body mass index, flu vaccination, alcohol use, and physical activity. Smoking status by physical activity interaction term was added to the adjusted model and evaluated for significance. Results There were significant smoking status by physical activity interaction effects on general health, physical health, activity limitations, and depressive symptoms domains. Among those who exercised, relative differences in the odds of a high HRQoL was smaller between former smokers and nonsmokers and larger between current smokers and nonsmokers when compared to those who did not exercise. Similarly, there were sharper relative differences between those who exercised and those who did not exercise among former smokers than among current smokers. Conclusions Smokers who successfully quit smoking (former smokers) may benefit from enhanced HRQoL that tends towards that of nonsmokers if they adopt physical activity in their daily routine. Implications Behavioral interventions that combine smoking cessation and physical activity may be more effective than either smoking cessation or physical activity alone in improving the quality of life measures such as overall, physical and mental health, and degree of limitation to activities due to poor health. Health care providers can support patients who successfully quit smoking to add exercise to their daily routine with the expectation of enhanced HRQoL.
AF64A: A USEFUL TOOL IN CHOLINERGIC RESEARCH

AF64A (ethylcholine aziridinium) has generated considerable interest following the demonstration by Fisher and colleagues, in 1980 (1, 2), that it can induce a persistent central cholinergic hypofunction in vivo. A variety of studies have since been conducted using this compound, in several laboratories, employing a wide array of applications. Neurochemical, electrophysiological, biochemical, morphological and behavioral studies have been completed to date. Data obtained are beginning to provide information regarding the possible mode of action of AF64A, and its selectivity vis-a-vis the cholinergic system in vivo. Findings reported from these studies (excluding the behavioral observations) will be surveyed in this chapter, and our current under-standing of the mode of action of AF64A will be discussed in light of these findings.
The Dynamics of Industrial Development in a Resource-Rich Developing Society: A Political Economy Analysis:

This article criticizes the resource curse thesis for neglecting the interplay of international factors and domestic politics, that is the political settlement, in explaining industrial performance...
Shoe cushioning affects lower extremity joint contact forces during running

This study evaluated the effect of running shoes with differing midsole cushioning on ankle, knee and hip contact forces during running. Joint contact forces were estimated in 40 recreational runne...
Allosteres to regulate neurotransmitter sulfonation

Catecholamine neurotransmitter levels in the synapses of the brain shape human disposition-cognitive flexibility, aggression, depression, and reward seeking-and manipulating these levels is a major objective of the pharmaceutical industry. Certain neurotransmitters are extensively sulfonated and inactivated by human sulfotransferase 1A3 (SULT1A3). To our knowledge, sulfonation as a therapeutic means of regulating transmitter activity has not been explored. Here, we describe the discovery of a SULT1A3 allosteric site that can be used to inhibit the enzyme. The structure of the new site is determined using spin-label-triangulation NMR. The site forms a cleft at the edge of a conserved ∼30-residue active-site cap that must open and close during the catalytic cycle. Allosteres anchor into the site via π-stacking interactions with two residues that sandwich the planar core of the allostere and inhibit the enzyme through cap-stabilizing interactions with substituents attached to the core. Changes in cap free energy were calculated ab initio as a function of core substituents and used to design and synthesize a series of inhibitors intended to progressively stabilize the cap and slow turnover. The inhibitors bound tightly (34 nm to 7.4 μm) and exhibited progressive inhibition. The cap-stabilizing effects of the inhibitors were experimentally determined and agreed remarkably well with the theoretical predictions. These studies establish a reliable heuristic for the design of SULT1A3 allosteric inhibitors and demonstrate that the free-energy changes of a small, dynamic loop that is critical for SULT substrate selection and turnover can be calculated accurately.
Identifying commonly used and potentially unsafe transit transfers with crowdsourcing

Abstract Public transit is an important contributor to sustainable transportation as well as a public service that makes necessary travel possible for many. Poor transit transfers can lead to both a real and perceived reduction in convenience and safety, especially for people with disabilities. Poor transfers can expose riders to inclement weather and crime, and they can reduce transit ridership by motivating riders who have the option of driving or using paratransit to elect a more expensive and inefficient travel mode. Unfortunately, knowledge about inconvenient, missed, and unsafe transit transfers is sparse and incomplete. We show that crowdsourced public transit ridership data, which is more scalable than conducting traditional surveys, can be used to analyze transit transfers. The Tiramisu Transit app merges open transit data with information contributed by users about which trips they take. We use Tiramisu data to do origin-destination analysis and identify connecting trips to create a better understanding of where and when poor transfers are occurring in the Pittsburgh region. We merge the results with data from other open public data sources, including crime data, to create a data resource that can be used for planning and identification of locations where bus shelters and other infrastructure improvements may facilitate safer and more comfortable waits and more accessible transfers. We use generalizable methods to ensure broader value to both science and practitioners. We present a case study of the Pittsburgh region, in which we identified and characterized 338 transfers from 142 users. We found that 66.6% of transfers were within 0.4 km (0.25 mi.) and 44.1% of transfers were less than 10 min. We identified the geographical distribution of transfers and found several highly-utilized transfer locations that were not identified by the Port Authority of Allegheny County as recommended transfer points, and so might need more planning attention. We cross-referenced transfer location and wait time data with crime levels to provide additional planning insight.
How does the type of equity compensation of audit committee affect audit fees

Abstract Based on agency theory, if equity compensation aligns audit committee members' interests with those of shareholders, the audit committee will provide effective oversight and demand more thorough audit coverage and scope. This will result in higher audit fees paid to the external auditor. This study specifically examines the associations between the types of equity compensation of audit committee members and audit fees. Our findings show differential impacts of equity compensation of audit committee in the forms of option grants and stock awards on audit fees. Specifically, equity compensation using stock awards is more effective than using option grants in aligning the interests of audit committee members with the interests of shareholders to provide better oversight of financial reporting.
Improved wavelengths of Fe V and Ni V for analysis of spectra of white dwarf stars

We summarize measurements of improved wavelengths of Fe V and Ni V in the vacuum ultraviolet.
On Szegő's theorem for a nonclassical case

In this paper we prove Szegő's Theorem for the case when a finite number of Verblunsky coefficients lie outside the closed unit disk. Although a form of this result was already proved by A.L. Sakhnovich, we use a very different method, which shows that the OPUC machinery can still be applied to deal with such nonclassical cases. The basic tool we use is Khrushchev's formula that in the classical case relates the absolutely continuous part of the measure and the N-th iterate of the Schur algorithm. It is noteworthy that Khrushchev's formula makes the proof short and extremely transparent. Also, we discuss Verblunsky's theorem for the case in question.
Primary care providers’ attitudes and knowledge of bariatric surgery

Despite the increasing obesity prevalence among American adults, relatively few qualified patients proceed to bariatric surgery. Suggested explanations include referral barriers for weight loss management at primary care provider (PCP) visits. This study aims to assess the referral and practice patterns of PCPs treating patients with obesity. Our goal is to understand treatment barriers in order to implement targeted interventions that enhance quality of care. A 39-question electronic survey was emailed to PCPs at a single academic institution with community physicians. Questions explored providers’ demographics, referral patterns, and knowledge of pathophysiologic obesity mechanisms and bariatric surgery qualifications. Frequency and univariate analyses were performed and compared providers’ demographics, positions, and BMIs between referring providers and non-referring providers. Of 121 surveys distributed, we achieved a 33.9% response rate (n = 41). 78.0% stated that > 15% of their patients in the preceding year were classified as obese. PCPs indicated initiating weight loss management conversations < 50% of the time with 48.8% of patients. Provider-identified barriers to discussing weight loss surgery included being unsure if patient’s insurance would cover the procedure or if patients would qualify (24.4% vs. 19.5%). In addition, 43.9% of providers felt that the risks of bariatric surgery outweigh the benefits. Despite a large percentage of patients cared for by PCPs being classified as obese, few providers initiate discussions on weight loss options with potentially eligible surgical candidates. The barriers identified indicate an opportunity for improved education on patient qualifications, strategies for streamlining conversations and referrals, and reinforcement of the safety of surgical weight loss. Providers’ desire for this education demonstrates an opportunity to work toward minimizing the referral gap by increasing patient conversations about these topics.
The Effects of Embedding Closed-ended Cognitive Probes in a Web Survey on Survey Response.

Web, or online, probing has the potential to supplement existing questionnaire design processes by providing structured cognitive data on a wider sample than typical qualitative-only question evalu...
Characterization of the coformycin biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces kaniharaensis.

Coformycin and pentostatin are structurally related N-nucleoside inhibitors of adenosine deaminase characterized by an unusual 1,3-diazepine nucleobase. Herein, the cof gene cluster responsible for coformycin biosynthesis is identified. Reconstitution of the coformycin biosynthetic pathway in vitro demonstrates that it overlaps significantly with the early stages of l-histidine biosynthesis. Committed entry into the coformycin pathway takes place via conversion of a shared branch point intermediate to 8-ketocoformycin- 5 ′ -monophosphate catalyzed by CofB, which is a homolog of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide ribotide (SAICAR) synthetase. This reaction appears to proceed via a Dieckmann cyclization and a retro-aldol elimination, releasing ammonia and D-erythronate-4-phosphate as coproducts. Completion of coformycin biosynthesis involves reduction and dephosphorylation of the CofB product, with the former reaction being catalyzed by the NADPH-dependent dehydrogenase CofA. CofB also shows activation by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) despite the reaction requiring neither a phosphorylated nor an adenylated intermediate. This may serve to help regulate metabolic partitioning between the l-histidine and coformycin pathways.
Clinical Presentation and Imaging Findings of Patients with Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas with an Angiographic Pseudophlebitic Pattern

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The pseudophlebitic pattern is an increasingly recognized angiographic manifestation of chronic venous congestion in the setting of a cranial dural arteriovenous fistula. We sought to study the clinical and radiologic manifestations of patients with the pseudophlebitic pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas evaluated at our institution from 2008 to 2020. Angiograms were reviewed to classify dural arteriovenous fistulas and document the presence or absence of a pseudophlebitic pattern, defined as the presence of serpiginous and tortuous collateral, bridging, and cortical veins with an associated delay in circulation time of the normal brain. We then studied the association between the pseudophlebitic pattern and clinical presentation and MR imaging findings. RESULTS: Two hundred one patients were included. Patients with a pseudophlebitic pattern had more hemorrhage (22.8% versus 8.4%, P = .005), gait changes and ataxia (6.0% versus 0.0%, P = 0.002), cognitive changes (6.9% versus 1.4%, P = .04), and seizures (8.6% versus 2.1%, P = .03). On MR imaging, the pseudophlebitic pattern was associated with higher rates of cerebral edema (70.9% versus 2.9%, P CONCLUSIONS: The pseudophlebitic pattern was associated with high rates of brain parenchymal changes and neurologic symptoms in this cohort of patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas.
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 7 (USP7) and USP10 mediate deubiquitination of human NHE3 regulating its expression and activity

Na+ /H+ exchanger NHE3 of human or primates differs from NHE3 of other animals by having a PY motif, which mediates interaction with the E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase Nedd4-2. Ub-conjugation of human NHE3 by Nedd4-2 regulates endocytosis of NHE3 but does not affect its cellular expression. Because Ub-conjugation is a reversible process, the aim of this study is to identify deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) regulating the post-endosomal fate of human NHE3. Using an activity-based chemical screening, we identified ubiquitin specific protease-7 (USP7) and USP10 that bind NHE3. The roles of DUBs in regulation of NHE3 were studied by determining the effects of silencing of USP7 and USP10. Knockdown of USP7 or USP10 resulted in increased NHE3 ubiquitination and decreased NHE3 expression at the surface membrane and cellular level. The endocytic retrieval of NHE3 was promoted by depletion of USP7 or USP10, with increased association of NHE3 with Rab5a and Rab7. Inhibition of USP7 and USP10 by chemical inhibitors or knockdown had an additive effect on NHE3. In addition, NHE3 half-life was reduced accounting for decreased NHE3 protein abundance. NHE3 is inhibited by protein kinase A. Activation of PKA by forskolin decreased the binding of USP7 and USP10 to NHE3, while increasing ubiquitination of NHE3. Knockdown of USP10 had an additive effect on PKA-dependent inhibition of NHE3. These findings demonstrate that USP7 and USP10 are DUBs that regulate NHE3 ubiquitination and expression, and reveal a new mechanism of NHE3 inhibition involving DUBs.
Arsenite oxyanions affect CeO2 nanoparticle dissolution and colloidal stability

While highly reactive cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are widely used in industry, their transport in aquatic systems is not well understood. To fill this knowledge gap, the interactions of CeO2 NPs with arsenite (As3+), a toxic metalloid and potential co-present contaminant, were investigated with respect to CeO2 NP colloidal stability, dissolution, and surface redox reactions. Arsenite showed distinctive effects at different concentrations, with a high As3+ concentration (10−4 M) inducing 90% of CeO2 NPs to settle from solution after 8 hours, while lower As3+ concentrations (10−5 or 10−6 M) led to only 20% of CeO2 NPs settling. The dissolution of NPs was most significant in the 10−5 M As3+ system owing to a lesser extent of aggregation, exposing more CeO2 surface for dissolution. In the three As3+ concentration systems, >97% of aqueous arsenic remained as As3+ over 6 hours. On the NP surface, adsorbed AsIII was oxidized to AsV, resulting in 58–70% of the adsorbed arsenic remaining as AsIII. Simultaneously CeIV was reduced to CeIII, increasing CeIII on the CeO2 NP surface from 17% (without arsenite) to 21–25% (with arsenite). Further mechanistic analyses revealed that the adsorption of arsenite was the main contributor to neutralizing the CeO2 NP surface potential, enhancing particle sedimentation. These findings suggest that the fate and transport of CeO2 NPs in our experimental systems are strongly affected by arsenite concentration and its adsorption on NPs. The results also highlight the importance of the interplay between NP aggregation, oxidation, and dissolution in predicting the behaviors of CeO2 NPs and associated toxic elements in aquatic systems.
The Effect of Antithrombotics on Hematoma Expansion in Small- to Moderate-Sized Traumatic Intraparenchymal Hemorrhages

Background Although pre-injury antithrombotic agents, including antiplatelets and anticoagulants, are historically associated with expansion of traumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage (tIPH), the literature has poorly elucidated the actual risk of hematoma expansion on repeat computed tomography (CT). The objective was to determine the effect of antithrombotic agents on hematoma expansion in tIPH by comparing patients with and without pre-injury antithrombotic medication. Methods The volume of all tIPHs over a 5-year period at an academic Level 1 trauma center was measured retrospectively. The initial tIPH was divided into 3 equally sized quantiles. The third tercile, representing the largest subset of tIPH, was then removed from the study population because these patients reflect a different pathophysiologic mechanism that may require a more acute and aggressive level of care with reversal agents and/or operative management. Per institutional policy, all patients with small- to moderate-sized hemorrhages received a 24-hour stability CT scan. Patients who received reversal agents were excluded. Results Of the 105 patients with a tIPH on the initial head CT scan, small- to moderate-sized hemorrhages were Conclusions In small- to moderate-sized tIPH, withholding antithrombotic agents without reversal may be sufficient.
Risk Dynamics Around Restatement Announcements

We investigate the dynamic nature and temporal daily changes in systematic (beta), as well as idiosyncratic and total risk around restatement announcements. We find that beta increases by 51% at restatement announcement but it reverts to the pre-restatement level within one month. However, idiosyncratic risk experiences a longer-term increase of approximately 20% following a restatement. Cross-sectional analysis shows that the results are more pronounced for restatements associated with irregularity. Overall, our findings suggest that risk components are time-varying with the systematic component rapidly mean-reverting but the idiosyncratic component experiencing a longer-term increase.
Soror Maria do Céu’s Virgin Mary and the male Gaze

In her late-baroque play, Clavel, y Rosa, the Portuguese nun playwright Soror Maria do Ceu incorporates an allegorical figure that embodies the active Virgin Mary that emerged in Europe during the medieval period. By doing so, Soror Maria creates a strong female protagonist that effectively escapes the male gaze of her multiple suitors onstage while simultaneously modeling appropriate behavior for the nun spectators of her play.
Childhood cancer survivors face markedly worse overall survival after diagnosis with breast cancer, melanoma, or colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at elevated risk of secondary malignancies (SM). Enhanced screening for SM is recommended, but compliance is poor. We hypothesized that CCS with adult-onset SM (colorectal cancer [CRC], melanoma, or breast cancer [BC]) would present with more advanced disease and have decreased overall survival (OS). METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program was queried for patients diagnosed with cancer at age less than or equal to 18 also diagnosed with adult-onset CRC, melanoma, or BC. A cohort without a history of prior malignancy was likewise identified. Tumor features and clinical outcomes were compared. RESULTS CCS with a SM (n = 224) were compared with patients without a childhood cancer history (n = 1,392,670). CCS were diagnosed younger (BC = 37.6 vs. 61.3, p < 0.01, CRC = 35.0 vs. 67.1, p < 0.01, melanoma = 29.6 vs. 61.3 years old, p < 0.01). CCS with BC were more likely to have Stage III or IV disease (25.2% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.01). Hormone-receptor expression also differed; CCS were less likely to develop Luminal A-type tumors (48.6% vs. 66.9%, p = 0.01). After age-adjustment, CCS had worse OS (Hazard ratio: CRC = 2.449, p < 0.01, melanoma = 6.503, p < 0.01, BC = 3.383, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION CCS were younger when diagnosed with a SM. After age-adjustment, OS was diminished. Heightened surveillance may be necessary for CCS diagnosed with SM.
Estimation of Market Power in a Nonrewable Resource Industry

In nonrenewable resource industries, the existence of a markup of price over marginal market cost may reflect the existence of an implicit user cost for the resource rather than market power. We show that valid estimates of market power can be obtained by the joint estimation of a restricted cost function and an inverse supply relation. Estimation of the model with data for the largest firm in the international nickel industry indicates that output price substantially exceeded marginal market cost, with most of the difference due to the exercise of market power rather than the user cost of the resource.
Mechanisms of Toxic Injury by Asbestos Fibers: Role of Oxygen-Free Radicals

In comparison to a variety of innocuous and/or “nuisance” dusts, asbestos is unique because of its association with an increased risk in man of pulmonary fibrosis, pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, and bronchogenic carcinoma (Craighead and Mossman 1982). All of these diseases occur following an initial inflammatory reaction to asbestos in the lung and peritoneum. Increased proliferation and abnormal differentiation of the affected cell types then ensue - phenomena culminating in disease (Fig. 1).
Poisoned: The True Story of the Deadly E. Coli Outbreak that Changed the way Americans Eat: By Jeff Benedict

(2012). Poisoned: The True Story of the Deadly E. Coli Outbreak that Changed the way Americans Eat: By Jeff Benedict. Food, Culture & Society: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 518-520.
A Binding Protein for Glutamine and Its Relation to Active Transport in Escherichia coli

Abstract Escherichia coli contains a binding protein for glutamine which has been isolated by osmotic shock, purified, and characterized. It has a Kd of 3 x 10-7 m and, of the naturally occurring amino acids, only glutamine is bound. The γ-glutamylhydrazide and γ-glutamylhydroxamate competitively inhibit both the binding reaction and the uptake of glutamine by intact cells. The protein exhibits native tryptophan fluorescence with an emission maximum at 336 nm when excited at 280 nm. Addition of 1 µm glutamine specifically causes a spectral shift and quenching of fluorescence. The kinetics of binding have been investigated by following the fluorescence change using a stopped flow apparatus. The k for the forward reaction is 9.8 x 107 m-1 sec-1 and the k for the back reaction is 16 sec-1. The transport of glutamine is also highly specific, with a Km of 0.8 x 10-7 m. A mutant has been isolated which has a 3-fold higher initial rate of transport and 3.0 times more binding protein than the parent strain. Other mutants, resistant to γ-glutamylhydrazide, have been isolated which have only 10% of the initial rate of transport and about 10% of the binding protein. These data suggest a role for the glutamine binding protein in active transport. Furthermore, growth in a rich medium represses both transport and the formation of binding protein. Additional evidence is provided by the fact that the initial rate of glutamine uptake is reduced 90% by osmotic shock while certain other transport systems are maintained, and this is associated with release of the glutamine binding protein.
The Mortality of Acquired Aplastic Anemia in Children

The course of 58 children under age 16 yr with verified acquired aplastic anemia, treated at the Children’s Hospital Medical Center of Boston, 1958-70, has been reviewed. All but one child received androgen, corticosteroid, and supportive therapy. Forty-one of the children (71%) have died, 15 (26%) are alive, and 2 (3%) have been lost to follow-up. Deceased patients had a higher proportion of lymphocytes ( p <0.01) and a relative deficiency of hematopoietic precursor cells on initial bone marrow examination. They did not differ significantly from survivors with regard to age, sex, or fetal hemoglobin concentration, and nearly all patients had intense depression of the initial peripheral blood counts. The median survival for the group was less than 6 mo; all 11 new patients hospitalized over the last 5 yr died within 6 mo of starting treatment with oxymetholone and other androgen preparations. Evaluation of treatment for acquired aplastic anemia in children is difficult because of the variable natural history of the disorder. Our findings suggest that androgen therapy often fails to alter the short lethal course of the disease in children requiring hospitalization for complications of severe pancytopenia.
An inverse approach to the construction of fracture hydrology models conditioned by geophysical data: An example from the validation exercises at the Stripa Mine

Abstract One approach for the construction of fracture flow models is to collect statistical data about the geometry and hydraulic apertures of the fractures and use this data to construct statistically identical realizations of the fracture network for fluid flow analysis. We have found that this approach has two major problems. One is that an extremely small percentage of visible fractures may be hydrologically active. The other is that on any scale you are interested in characterizing usually a small number of large features dominate the behaviour ([1] Transport Processes in Porous Media. Kluwer Academic, The Netherlands, 1989). To overcome these problems we are proposing an approach in which the model is strongly conditioned by geology and geophysics. Tomography is used to identify the large features. The hydraulic behaviour of these features is then obtained using an inverse technique called “simulated annealing.” The first application of this approach has been at the Stripa mine in Sweden as part of the Stripa Project. Within this effort, we built a model to predict the inflow to the Simulated Drift Experiment (SDE), i.e. inflow to six parallel, closely-spaced holes, the N- and W-holes. We predict a mean total flow of approx. 3.1 (l/min) into the six holes (two-holes) with a coefficient of variation near unity and a prediction error of about 4.6l/min. The actual measured inflow is close to 2l/min.
Demonstration of background-free, phase-preserving parametric up-conversion at the single-photon level

We demonstrate single-photon-level phase preservation in an up-converting interferometer. The up-conversion process is background-free to within experimental uncertainty, allowing high fringe contrast even at low photon levels. This enables faithful up-conversion of entangled photon pairs.
Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive pantothenate kinase (coaA) mutants of Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli mutants conditionally defective in the conversion of pantothenate to coenzyme A were isolated and characterized. The gene was designated coaA and localized between argEH and rpoB near min 90 of the chromosome. The coaA15(Ts) mutation caused a temperature-sensitive growth phenotype and temperature-dependent inactivation of pantothenate kinase activity assayed both in vivo and in vitro. At 30 degrees C, coaA15(Ts) extracts contained less than 20% of the wild-type pantothenate kinase activity; the kinase had near normal kinetic constants for the substrates ATP and pantothenate and was inhibited by coenzyme A to the same degree as the wild-type enzyme. These data define the coaA gene as the structural gene for pantothenate kinase.
A New Approach to Understand the Fundamental Cause of Gravity, and Time Dilation in Special and General Relativity

In present article, the 'space' is considered as a physical entity, and the gravity is discussed as a consequence of equal and opposite interaction between 'mass' and the 'space' around every mass. In order to explain the cause of gravity, a very new concept of root force is introduced as a fundamental nature of 'mass' and the 'space' both. The unit of root force is (?m?kg/s) or square root of newton. It is learnt that may be, it is a root force which gives mass to every particle and make existence possible. The exact nature of root force is beyond current understanding of physics. Another new concept of super-vacuum (absolute emptiness) is also introduced in this paper. This concept is essential to understand the importance of the 'space'. It is concluded that 'mass' and 'space' shares equal and opposite interaction, which causes gravitation. And magnitude of root force causes time dilation.
Simulation for sagittal plane lifting activities

Biomechanics provide estimation of various mechanical stresses acting on the body while a person manually handles an object. Although motion analysis systems are available for dynamic biomechanical analyses, uses of such systems are mostly performed in laboratory due to high cost of the equipment and the expertise required in using them. Industrial ergonomists have limited access to dynamic biomechanical analyses. This paper reports a dynamic simulation model developed for biomechanical analyses of sagittal lifting activities. The model simulates the dynamic motion of lifting tasks for five body joints: the elbow, shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle. The inputs of the model include initial and final joint postures; gender, weight, and height; weight of load; lifting height; and container dimensions. The output provides the angular trajectories of the five joints. The model without any video inputs predicts the motion patterns of the lift. Actual motion data were collected using 10 subjects in the laboratory for 360 lifts which included 12 lifting tasks in combination of two lifting heights, two container sizes, and three weights of load. Good results were obtained from the dynamic planar motion simulation model. The predicted motion patterns from the simulation closely resemble the observed motion pattern.
Focus and Ellispsis in Comparatives and Superlatives- A Case Study

This research was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under Contract ONR N00014-90-C-0085 with the Office of Naval Research.
Mythologie und Alchemie in der Lehrepik des frühen 17. Jahrhunderts

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Thomas Reiser Year: 2011 Pages: 480 Publisher: De Gruyter ISBN: 978-3-11-023316-2 (hard cover).
Tim Dant, Television and the Moral Imaginary: Society Through the Small Screen

In Television and the Moral Imaginary, British sociologist Tim Dant exhibits a formidable grasp of sociological and philosophical theory, including Durkheim, Sartre, Lacan, and Kant, and combines this knowledge with cultural, media, and television scholarship, including John Thornton Caldwell and Raymond Williams, to reconsider the cultural value of television. Through these theoretical frameworks, Dant describes how our phenomenological experience of television, which he redefines as television spectatorship rather than reading, appeals to what Dant refers to as our moral imaginary. This concept, which Dant explains in great detail, might be best defined as the unique transmission of the golden rule delivered through the small screen via imitation and affect rather than formal pedantry.
Review of Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hawai'i and Adjacent Seamounts. Part 2: Genera Paracalyptrophora Kinoshita, 1908; Candidella Bayer, 1954; and Calyptrophora Gray, 1866

Nine deep-water primnoid octocoral species are described from Hawaiian waters, four of them as new species, bringing the total number of octocoral species known from Hawai‘i to 94. Candidella gigantea is reported for the first time subsequent to its original description from Fiji in 1889. To place the two new species of Calyptrophora in context, all 16 species in the genus are keyed and analyzed in a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis. Although the analysis did not support the species complexes and species groups established by Bayer, it did suggest two distinct clades based on characters such as the opercular cowl, inclination of the polyps, and cross section and sculpture of the basal scale spines.
Adsorption characteristics of traces of barium, beryllium, cadmium, manganese, lead and zinc on selected surfaces

Abstract The adsorption characteristics of Ba, Be, Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn on Pyrex, flint glass and polythene surfaces during storage under different conditions are described. It is concluded that the method of stabilization of water samples recommended by EPA, i.e. addition of 5 ml of 16 M HNO 3 per liter, is satisfactory. Stabilization and concentration with a mixed ligand system is recommended, except for Mn and Ba which are not extracted quantitatively. Extraction with APDC and MIBK is unsatisfactory for storage purposes.
FIREARMS OWNERSHIP, GUN CONTROL ATTITUDES, AND NEIGHBORHOOD ENVIRONMENT

Consensus has not been reached on whether a relationsip exists among violent crime, fear of crime, and firearms ownership. The questions addressed here are how, if at all, the neighborhood environments of urban blacks and whites affect their patterns and levels of gun ownership, what their attitudes are toward gun regulation, and whether there is a relationship between gun regulation attitudes and firearms ownership. Data collected through a mail questionnaire from white and black residents of high and low homicide risk neighborhoods in Detroit were used to test the questions. Results indicate, for the most part, that blacks and whites hold different attitudes toward gun regulation, that gun regulation attitudes affect gun ownership patterns, and that only in one instance did neighborhood environment explain gun ownership relatively well.
Studies of the mode of stimulation by external acidification and raising the internal free calcium concentration of the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibers.

A study has been made of the mechanism underlying stimulation of the Na efflux in barnacle muscle fibers by protonation of a HCO3-containing bathing medium and by microinjecting Ca2+. This became possible as a result of the availability of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor in the lyophilized form. The results obtained are as follows: Injection of the protein kinase inhibitor of Walsh (free of EDTA and phosphate) causes a biphasic effect on the Na efflux: inhibition is followed by stimulation. Omission of external Ca2+ before injecting the protein inhibitor results in abolition of the biphasic response. The delayed stimulation observed in the presence of external Ca2+ is largely abolished by injecting EGTA. Injection of the protein inhibitor causes complete abolition of the stimulatory response of the Na efflux to external acidification. Ouabainpoisoned fibers injected with graded amounts of CaCl2 show a stimulatory response to as little as a 10−6 M-solution. Injection of 0.03 M-protein inhibitor completely reverses the stimulation of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux caused by injection of 0.1 M-CaCl2. Fibers allowed to soak in Ca2+-free ASW for a short period of time show a marked rise in the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux on restoring external Ca2+ provided the fibers are injected with protein inhibitor beforehand. Injection of 0.1 M-CaCl2 fails to modify the stimulated efflux. Fibers bathed in Ca2+-free ASW for a short period of time show a marked rise in the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux, not following restoration of external Ca2+, but following injection of 0.1 M-CaCl2. This effect is completely reversed by injecting 0.03 M-protein inhibitor. The above results are compatible with the view that a fraction of the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux is modulated by myoplasmic cAMP and that external acidification causes stimulation as the result of activation of protein kinase by newly formed cAMP. They are also compatible with the view that the protein inhibitor of Walsh may act not only as an inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase reaction but also as a feedback regulator of the membrane adenyl cyclase system or that the preparation of Walsh may contain an additional substance that has the ability to act as an adenyl cyclase inhibitor.
Asymmetric segregation of Numb and Prospero during cell division

A CELL can divide asymmetrically by specifically segregating a determinant into one of its daughter cells1. The Numb protein is a candidate for such a determinant in the asymmetric cell divisions of the developingDrosophila nervous system2,3. Numb is a membrane-associated protein that localizes asymmetrically during cell division and segregates into one daughter cell, where it is required for the specification of the correct cell fate3a¤-5. Here we show that a nuclear protein, Prospero6,7, translocates to the membrane at the beginning of cell division and colocalizes with Numb throughout mitosis, suggesting a common mechanism for asymmetric segregation. Numb and Prospero localization is coupled to mitosis and tightly correlated with the position of one of the two centrosomes. In contrast to centrosome positioning, however, Numb and Prospero localization is independent of microtubules. Cytochalasin D treatment suggests that the process is also independent of actin. We propose that there is an organizer of asymmetric cell division which provides positional information for both the orientation of the mitotic spindle and asymmetric localization of Numb and Prospero.
EFFECT OF STIMULUS PREVIEW AND SUPPLEMENTAL VISUAL CUES ON CHILDREN'S SPATIAL REPRESENTATION AND PERCEPTUAL- MOTOR ANTICIPATION IN A DISCRETE TRACKING TASK

Summary.-90 children, Grades 1 to 5, performed an anticipatory tracking task under 3 conditions: supplemental visual cues, stimulus pattern preview, and control; they then drew the pattern of the tracking stimulus. Analyses showed anticipation in masked tracking and correct pattern drawing to be age-related and means of task solution heavily dependent upon experimental condition. A number of studies have been carried out with adults to demonstrate that motor behavior is not dissociated from higher mental processes and to discover how these processes develop in the course of learning a motor task. Vince (1953), investigating the relationship between intellectual processes and hand movements during the tracking of an irregular zig-zag pattern, stressed that intellectual activity was important in learning to formulate the problem and to correct errors but could not be considered separate from motor activity, since responses were limited by the "idea of the pattern." The development of intellectual activity was parcly dependent upon the character of the motor response, and vice-versa. Adams ( 1961) and Poulton (1957b), in reviewing such studies, have concluded that indeed intellectual processes are an important feature of skilled motor performance, and Piaget's (1952) view that sensory-motor schemas provide the foundation for and are continuous with pre-operational and operational thought suggests a further link between these two classes of behavior. It seems useful, therefore, to study the development of children's intellectual processes through their performance on motor tasks similar to those used in studies with adults. For example, Davol and Hastings (1967) have shown Piaget-like stages in a spatial relations task, and Connolly (1968a, 1968b) found age-related changes in both card sorting and serial assembly tasks. Bock4, extending Vince's experiment downward to Grades 2 through 4, found that allowing Ss to see part of the zig-zag pattern just tracked resulted in significantly poorer performance and that anticipatory behavior was present in all grades. Anticipation is considered necessary for smooth performance of many complex perceptual-motor skills (Poulton, 1957b) and a basic feature of intellectual development during the earliest years (Piagee, 1952). Poulton ( 1957b) has
Inherent ductility in amorphous Ta2O5 films

Thin films (30 to 80 nm) of refractory tantalum metal were successfully sputter-deposited on uniformly deformable fluoropolymer and polyimide substrates in stress free form. These films were later anodized into amorphous Ta2O5 which is a non-porous (barriertype) oxide with excellent corrosion resistant properties. X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy studies were carried out on tantalum and Ta2O5 to determine the chemical composition and oxidation states of elements. Thin tantalum and Ta2O5 films on fluoropolymer substrates contained fluorine as an impurity while similar films on polyimide substrate contained no fluorine and, in general, fewer impurities. Both thin tantalum films and the corresponding anodic oxides, when deformed in tension to 10% strain, exhibited the expected ductile behaviour of metals where slip bands were observed in the electron microscope. In some cases, minor cracks were observed in the deformed anodic films due to suspected local detachment of the film from the substrate.