cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Microscopic Theory of Clustering and Nucleation

The fundamental theoretical interestoin nucleation is that it is an important example of metastability. It is atransition phenomenon from an unstable state to a stable one, which may be understood from a “potential” in one dimension shown in Fig. 1. The source of this potential need not concern us here but may be viewed as the potential determining the steady solution to a Fokker-Planck equation, or on a macroscopic-continuum level a Ginsberg-Landau free energy.
2′3′Dideoxy-3′Thiacytidine (SddC) as an Anti-Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Agent

Dideoxycytidine (ddC) was found to be a potent inhibitor of HIV and HBV growth in culture. The activity of ddC against HIV was also demonstrated in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It was noted at the dosage employed to be effective against HIV, but patients developed peripheral neuropathy after a few months of treatment. The mechanism responsible for the delayed toxicity observed was proposed by us to be the inhibition of mitochondrial DNA synthesis in the target tissue. SddC (2′,3′dideoxy-3′thiacytidine) was discovered by others to have potent anti-HIV activities. This was confirmed by us. However, this compound is much less active than ddC in its inhibition of mitochondrial DNA synthesis. It is also less toxic to cell growth in culture. When SddC and 5-fluoro SddC were examined against HBV using an HBV-producing cell line (2.2.15) in culture, it was found to be at least 40-fold more potent than ddC in inhibiting HBV. The mechanism is due to the inhibition of episomal HBV DNA synthesis. HBV RNA synthesis and the integrated form of HBV DNA were not affected. The antiviral action is reversible, suggesting that continuous usage of SddC may be needed in order to achieve a therapeutic effect against AIDS and hepatitis. The SddC examined is a racemic mixture. Subsequent studies indicated that (−)SddC was more potent than (+)SddC against HBV and HIV in culture, whereas the cytotoxicity of (+)SddC is more than that of (−)SddC. The potential use of (−)SddC for the treatment of HIV and HBV is indicated. It is anticipated that (−)SddC will be less toxic than ddC in patients.
Differential Parental Care by Adult Mountain Plovers, Charadrius montanus

We studied chick survival of the Mountain Plover ( Charadrius montanus ) in Montana and found that chicks tended by females had higher survival rates than chicks tended by males, and that chick survival generally increased during the nesting season. Differences in chick survival were most pronounced early in the nesting season, and may be related to a larger sample of nests during this period. When compared to information about the nest survival of male- and female-tended plover nests, our chick data suggest a trade-off for adult plovers between the egg and chick phases of reproduction. Because Mountain Plover pairs have clutches at two nests at two different locations and show differential success between the sexes during the egg and chick phases, we offer that the Mountain Plover breeding system favours optimizing annual recruitment in a dynamic ecologic setting driven by annually unpredictable drought, grazing, and predation pressures.
Constraints experienced by beginning secondary science teachers in implementing scientific inquiry lessons

‘Science as inquiry’ is a key content standard in the National Science Education Standards to be enacted by US science teachers. This paper is the result of a study that was conducted in order to understand factors that impacted the inquiry-based instruction of 14 beginning secondary science teachers. These teachers were part of a collaborative university/school district induction program designed to facilitate inquiry-based instruction. For a period of 1 year, the teachers were followed in an attempt to understand their teaching beliefs, instructional practices, knowledge of the nature of science and scientific inquiry, and their experiences with inquiry instruction in the classroom. Case and cross-case comparisons revealed five main constraints that impacted their enactment of inquiry-based instruction: an understanding of the nature of science and scientific inquiry, content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, teaching beliefs, and concerns about management and students. This study reinforces the...
Discrepancies Between US Food and Drug Administration Vaccine Licensure Indications and Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommendations: Provider Knowledge and Attitudes

Abstract Purpose In the United States, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for licensure of vaccines. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is a federal advisory committee that provides guidance to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on use of vaccines. Discrepancies between FDA licensure indications and ACIP/CDC vaccine recommendations exist, challenging health care providers. The objectives of this study were: (1) to categorize differences between FDA vaccine licensure indications and ACIP/CDC vaccine recommendations for vaccines; and (2) to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pediatricians, family physicians, and obstetrician-gynecologists regarding their understanding of differences. Methods Information was extracted from FDAvaccine package inserts, and corresponding information was collected for ACIP/CDC vaccine recommendations (2000–2014) for vaccines in the childhood and adult immunization schedules. Surveys regarding knowledge of discrepancies were distributed electronically to members of the Georgia chapters of the American Academy of Pediatrics (GA-AAP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (GA-AAFP), and the national American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) in 2014. Findings Differences were identified in 20 instances: differences in age group indications were identified in 6, in dosing administration schedules in 4, and in immunocompromised hosts and pregnant women in 10. We received 145 (8.5%) responses from GA-AAP, 237 (9.5%) from GA-AAFP, and 869 (1.5%) from national ACOG members. A total of 105 (72%) GA-AAP respondents reported that they follow AAP recommendations and 168 (71%) GA-AAFP respondents follow ACIP recommendations. GA-AAP and GA-AAFP respondents generally were not aware of data the FDA considers for vaccine licensure or data that pharmaceutical company representatives are permitted to discuss. Respondents remain current with vaccine recommendations through review of materials from professional organizations, the CDC, and package inserts; Continuing Medical Education; and information from pharmaceutical representatives. A total of 780 (90%) ACOG respondents had no concerns regarding routinely recommended reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines (n = 730 [84%]) and influenza during pregnancy vaccines (n = 852 [98%]) to pregnant patients. However, these findings must be interpreted within the context of a low overall ACOG survey response rate. Implications Education regarding existence of and reasons for discrepancies between FDA licensure of and ACIP/CDC recommendations for vaccines and reasons for these differences could optimize immunization delivery.
Mixed lineage kinase-3 prevents cardiac dysfunction and structural remodeling with pressure overload.

Here, we identified a role for mixed lineage kinase-3 (MLK3) as a novel antihypertrophic and antiremodeling molecule in response to cardiac pressure overload. MLK3 regulates phosphorylation of the ...
Blocks4All: Making Blocks-Based Programming Languages Accessible for Children with Visual Impairments

Block-based programming environments such as Scratch are designed to make programming easier to learn for both children and adults. Unfortunately, these environments rely so heavily on visual features that they are inaccessible to people who are blind and use screen readers. To address this problem, we created Blocks4All, a block-based environment for the Apple iPad, which uses the touchscreen and VoiceOver, the built-in screen reader for iOS, to help make the environment accessible. Blocks4All differs from existing block-based environments in three main ways: (1) it uses select, select, drop instead of drag and drop to move blocks, (2) the blocks are placed on the bottom of the screen and are a fixed size so that they can easily be found by touch even without sight, and (3) it uses both audio and spatial cues to convey information about statements nested inside repeat loops and conditionals. In our presentation, we will show the features we developed and demonstrate how to write code that uses both conditional statements and repeat loops. We anticipate the demo will be useful both for instructors with students with visual impairments and developers of block-based environments. Handouts will be provided that describe Blocks4All and information about how to download a beta version.
American Jews and the Domestic Arena (April 2017 – July 2018): Politics, Religion, Israel, and Antisemitism

Many of the Jewish storylines over this past year have been built around themes related to Donald Trump’s persona and policies. This chapter is designed to explore the major issues that impacted American Jewish life over the course of this past year and examines the Trump Presidency, recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital, the Gaza Crisis, Iran Deal, Gun Violence, the Immigration Debate and the Jewish Response, the Kotel Controversy and the Nation-State Law, antisemitism and anti-Israel activism, Hurricane Harvey, Jewish Political Activism, National Jewish Gatherings, the Me Too Movement and its Implications for American Jews, Supreme Court Cases, and Judaism’s Religious Movements. Events on the political scene confirmed growing divisions among Jews over how to position themselves as part of American society and how to engage with Israel.
DIET and the Electronic Structure of Chemisorbed Molecules and Physisorbed Rare Gases

Most observables which characterize stimulated desorption, such as the yield (or cross-section) and the trans I ationa1 and internal energy distributions, result from dynamical processes which are now being quantitatively modeled [1,2]. However, such calculations require realistic ground and excited-state potential energy surfaces and excitation lifetimes, which are in turn determined by the electronic structure of the surface-adsorbate system. We also wish to understand the electronic dynamics of excitation creation and decay and the strength of adsorbate-adsorbate interactions which influence the localization (or self-trapping) probability of an excitation [2,3]. Fortunately, some general principles have emerged recently which simplify the interpretation of electronic structure in terms relevant to DIET. We summarize and illustrate these concepts, drawing upon our studies of chemisorbed CO and NO:Pt(111) and physisorbed rare gases on metals.
A Qualitative Study of Group Therapy Incorporating Rap Music with Incarcerated Individuals

This study aims to explore the lived experiences of the incarcerated population by incorporating elements of rap music in group psychotherapy. The group involved components of rap music such as emo...
The Study of EGR with EGC Gas Cleaning Technology on a Diesel Engine for Reducing Emissions

Consider these aspects of an automotive diesel engine's emission(NOx,CO,HC and PM),at the aim of reducing all of these,in this article an Exhaust Gas Recirculation(EGR) with External Exhaust Gas cleaning(EGC) system has been designed.This technology of EGR can reduce the emission of NOx efficiently;the technology of EGC can eliminate PM largely,at the same time the emissions of HC and CO will be also reduced.According to the results of the experiments,it has proved that the EGR with EGC system can solve the difficulty of reducing NOx and PM simultaneously,and can reduce diesel emissions considerably.
Microscopic definitions of anyon data

The algebraic theory of anyons is one of the most powerful tools for studying two-dimensional interacting topological phases of matter. However, despite its success, this formalism is lacking an important conceptual ingredient: concrete, microscopic definitions of the different pieces of `anyon data' that characterize anyon excitations. This paper fills the gap by providing precise operational definitions of every piece of anyon data.
Academic Health Centers as Healthy Learning Environments: “Form Follows Function” in Promoting Empathic Care

Empathy is a fundamental component of the Hippocratic doctor–patient experience. With ever increasing medical technologies, refinements in care delivery and venues for care, retaining empathy as a core competency for trainee clinicians is challenging. Additionally, the hierarchical health-care organization model of academic medicine that contributes to the trainee experience is dynamic and under strain. Time for patient care, time for self-care, and time to impart fundamental skills to trainees all compete for proper attention. Additionally, unprofessional behaviors, often due to provider burnout and lack of resilience, impede the ability to instill empathy in our trainees. This chapter will describe how the contemporary learning environment of academic health centers shapes the trainee’s experience and how the observation and teaching of human empathy can be preserved in such environments.
Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy as therapeutic approaches for neurological diseases

Neurological diseases are multifactorial, devastating diseases that are causative for various neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging evidence points that accumulation of unfolded, misfolded, insoluble, and damaged proteins inside the CNS cells such as microglia, astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells, leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and dysregulated autophagy, which, in turn, sets the stage for ensuing neuropathogenesis. Studies have also demonstrated that chronic ER stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) activates autophagy, and conversely, that blockade of autophagy aggravates ER stress with ensuing cell death, in turn, leading to the development and progression of neurodegeneration. ER stress and autophagy signaling pathways are thus of particular interest as target(s) for pharmacological intervention for the development of therapeutic strategies for various neurological diseases. Herein, we summarized the current knowledge of chronic ER stress/UPR and autophagy signaling pathways and their regulation in CNS cells such as microglia, astrocytes, neurons, oligodendrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells. We also reviewed various neurological diseases wherein ER stress/UPR, and autophagy play key roles and also discussed possible pharmacological interventions involving these processes.
A diffusion model analysis of sustained attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Objective Whether children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have deficits in sustained attention remains unresolved due to the ongoing use of cognitive paradigms that are not optimized for studying vigilance and the fact that relatively few studies report performance over time. Method In three independent samples of school-age children with (total N = 128) and without ADHD (total N = 59), we manipulated event rate, difficulty of discrimination, and use signal detection (SDT) and diffusion models (DM) to evaluate the cause of the vigilance decrement during a continuous performance task. Results For both groups of children, a bias toward "no-go" over time (as indexed by the SDT parameter B″ and the DM parameter z/a) was responsible for generating the vigilance decrement. However, among children with ADHD, the rate at which information accumulated to make a no-go decision (vNoGo) also increased with time on task, representing a possible secondary mechanism that biases children against engagement. At all time points, children with ADHD demonstrated reduced sensitivity to discriminate targets from nontargets. Conclusion Children with ADHD are particularly sensitive to the cost of task engagement, but nonspecific slower drift rate may ultimately provide a better conceptualization of the cognitive atypicalities commonly observed in that group. Results are interpreted in the context of updated conceptualizations of sustained attention and vigilance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Studies of Chemi-Ionization and Chemiluminescence in Supersonice Flows of Combustion Products

A stable ethylene/oxygen/argon flame is sustained and nearly complete combustion is achieved in the combustion chamber of an M = 3 supersonic nozzle, at a stagnation pressure of P 0 =1 atm. Ultraviolet and visible emission is detected both from the combustion chamber and from the M = 3 flow of combustion products. Temperature in the combustor, inferred from the visible emission spectra, is To = 2000 ± 200 K. Electron density in M = 3 flow of combustion products has been measured using Thomson discharge n, = 1.4 ± 0.2·10 8 cm -3 , at an ionization fraction of n e /N = (0.65 ± 0.15) · 10 -9 . This corresponds to an electron density of n e0 = 2.2 ·10 9 cm -3 in the combustor. The chemi-ionization current measured in the M = 3 flow is found to be proportional to the equivalence ratio in the combustor. The time-resolved chemi-ionization current is in very good correlation with the visible emission from ethylene-air and propane-oxygen-argon flames in the combustor at unstable combustion conditions. The results show that nearly all electrons can be removed from the supersonic flow of combustion products by applying a moderate transverse electric field. No effect of electron removal on visible emission has been detected. A similar result was obtained for nitric oxide β bands and cyanogen violet band emission, when nitric oxide was injected into the combustion product flow.
Proof transcription in high school geometry: a study of what teachers recognize as normative when students present proofs at the board

We investigated how US secondary mathematics teachers expect students to present geometric proofs at the board. We analyzed video records of geometry classrooms and found students to be engaged in a practice that we call proof transcription—i.e., mark-for-mark reproductions of previously completed proofs that were not reasoned reconstructions of arguments. To investigate whether or not US secondary mathematics teachers recognize transcriptions as routine occurrences when students presented proofs, we conducted a survey experiment. Participants (n = 60) viewed episodes of instruction and answered questions that elicited their reactions to those episodes. The analysis of open- and closed-ended responses to the survey indicated that participants recognized transcriptions as routine. Our study contributes a fine-grained description of what teachers expect from students when students are called to present their work at the board.
Abortion Referral Practices among a National Sample of Obstetrician-Gynecologists.

Abstract Background Obstetrician-gynecologists (ob-gyns) play a critical role in improving access to timely abortion care. This cross-sectional study estimates the proportion of ob-gyns providing abortion referral in the prior year and identifies predictors of direct (facilitated) referral compared with indirect referral (providing contact information). Methods In 2016–2017, we invited a national sample of 2,500 ob-gyns to complete a survey. We restricted the final sample of 1,280 respondents (52% response rate) to participants who had abortion-seeking patients in the last 12 months (n = 868, 68% of the sample). We calculated descriptive statistics by referral type and conducted logistic regression analyses to examine associations between physician and practice setting characteristics and abortion referral type (direct vs. indirect). Results Eighty-eight percent of ob-gyns provided abortion referral (479 [55%] indirect referrals; 287 [33%] direct referrals). Abortion provision in the prior year (adjusted odds ratio, 2.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.80–4.42) was a significant predictor of direct referrals. Compared with ob-gyns practicing in the Northeast, ob-gyns in the South had lower odds of direct referrals (adjusted odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.24–0.62), whereas those in the West had higher odds (adjusted odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–3.23). Ob-gyns providing direct referrals were more likely to practice within 25 miles of an abortion facility compared with those who provided indirect referrals (25% vs. 5%, respectively; p Conclusions Although the majority of ob-gyns refer patients for abortion care, most offer indirect referrals, only providing contact information for an abortion provider. Ob-gyns should facilitate referrals as access becomes more constrained, especially in regions where abortion facilities are limited.
Diasporas and Outsourcing: Evidence from Odesk and India

This study examines the role of the Indian diaspora in the outsourcing of work to India. Our data are taken from oDesk, the world's largest online platform for outsourced contracts, where India is the largest country in terms of contract volume. We use an ethnic name procedure to identify ethnic Indian users of oDesk in other countries around the world. We find very clear evidence that diaspora-based links matter on oDesk, with ethnic Indians in other countries 32% (9 percentage points) more likely to choose a worker in India. Yet, the size of the Indian diaspora on oDesk and the timing of its effects make clear that the Indian diaspora was not a very important factor in India becoming the leading country on oDesk for fulfilling work. In fact, multiple pieces of evidence suggest that diaspora use of oDesk increases with familiarity of the platform, rather than a scenario where diaspora connections serve to navigate uncertain environments. We further show that diaspora-based contracts mainly serve to lower costs for the company contacts outsourcing the work, as the workers in India are paid about the market wage for their work. These results and other observations lead to the conclusion that diaspora connections continue to be important even as online platforms provide many of the features that diaspora networks historically provided (e.g., information about potential workers, monitoring and reputation foundations).
Toward a Better Air-Assisted Flare Design for Purge Flow Conditions: Experimental and Computational Investigation of Radial Slot Flow into a Crossflow Environment

Enhancing the flare gas/air mixing process above the flare tip is critical to optimizing flare performance in terms of emissions. A new flare tip design using an aerodynamic nozzle (such as that us...
Analyses and Applications of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations' User Behavior in a Large University Campus Community

Efficient utilization and fast deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) Charging Stations (CS) are required to accommodate the rapid growth of PEV adoption. This paper investigates the behavioral pattern of public PEV charging stations situated in a university campus community. A year-long data of 16 PEV charging stations are analyzed to find out the correlation between station occupancy, energy usage, and charging activities. The analyses are followed by a generalized probabilistic load model to estimate the hourly aggregated PEV power consumption on a given day. The expected load estimation is validated and compared with an existing public charging network of another university campus. Case studies are done to show the power consumption for different PEV penetration scenarios and the charging impacts on the duck curve. Cost analysis is also provided to estimate the revenues for CS owners. Charging rates based on the duration of hours exhibit to be more beneficial for EV station owners compared to energy based rates. The in-depth load demand and charging cost analysis will assist the policy makers in planning future CS integration.
Macrovascular Thrombotic Events in a Mayo Clinic Enterprise-Wide Sample of Hospitalized COVID-19-Positive Compared With COVID-19-Negative Patients.

Abstract Objective To determine the difference in the rate of thromboembolic complications between hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–positive compared with COVID-19–negative patients. Patients and Methods Adult patients hospitalized from January 1, 2020, through May 8, 2020, who had COVID-19 testing by polymerase chain reaction assay were identified through electronic health records across multiple hospitals in the Mayo Clinic enterprise. Thrombotic outcomes (venous and arterial) were identified from the hospital problem list. Results We identified 3790 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 testing across 19 hospitals, 102 of whom had positive test results. The median age was lower in the COVID-positive patients (62 vs 67 years; P=.03). The median duration of hospitalization was longer in COVID-positive patients (8.5 vs 4 days; P Conclusion Early experience in patients with COVID-19 across multiple academic and regional hospitals representing different US regions demonstrates a lower than previously reported incidence of thrombotic events. This incidence was not higher than a contemporary COVID-negative hospitalized comparator.
Measurement of aggressive behavior in early childhood: A critical analysis using five informants.

Abstract Measurement of aggressive behavior in early childhood is unique given that relational aggression is just developing, physical aggression is still prevalent, and both forms of aggression are relatively overt or direct. The current study had three aims. The first aim was to examine the internal reliability, validity, and correspondence of five different assessments of aggressive behavior in early childhood: parent report, teacher report, observer report, child report, and naturalistic school-based observations. The second aim was to test a one- and two-factor model of early childhood aggression using confirmatory factor analysis. The final aim of the study was to investigate gender differences among different reports of aggression. Observations, teacher report, and observer (research assistant) report were collected in the children’s school, and parent report and child report were collected in a lab session at one time point (N = 300; 56% male; Mage = 44.86 months, SD = 5.55). Observations were collected using a focal child sampling with continuous recording approach, and previously validated measures were used for the remaining four informants. Results demonstrated that all measures were reliable with the exception of child report of relational aggression, and there was small to strong correspondence among the various informants. In addition, a two-factor structure of aggression provided the best fit to the data, providing evidence for divergence among relational and physical aggression. Finally, there were robust gender differences in physical aggression, but gender differences in relational aggression varied by method. The implications of different types of measurement are discussed.
Antiracist Opportunities in the Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education : Considerations for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion.

Authors in the Journal of Microbiology and Biology Education (JMBE) have demonstrated a clear commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) through commentaries, instructional approaches, and research. However, analysis of JMBE literature using Kendi's antiracist framework (How To Be an Antiracist, 2019) offers additional opportunities for growth. These opportunities are discussed and framed under five emergent conceptual categories (ECCs). First, capitalistic goals (e.g., productivity) are often drivers for DEI initiatives but disproportionately benefit those with power. Humanity-centered reasons, like honoring community values, are also important motivations. Second, faculty are often targeted as primary agents of change for DEI, but more powerful stakeholders such as department and institutional leadership can also implement equitable policies and practices to widen the impact of DEI initiatives. Third, study scopes are sometimes focused on the outcomes of inequity (e.g., lower retention rates for students of color) rather than the systemic causes (e.g., exclusivity of science). While outcomes are important to research, studies should create clear connections and distinctions between the systems and symptoms of inequity. Fourth, active learning and authentic research experiences are not automatically inclusive and do not necessarily validate students' identities. Such approaches may be more impactful when tailored for context and student background. Finally, language and communication can have broad impacts on DEI efforts. As a community, we may need to be more critical of our shared language and communication. This review discusses the five ECCs in depth and offers next steps for supporting DEI across the biology and microbiology education community.
Locally Corrected Nyström Method for Corrosion-Related Field Prediction in Piecewise-Homogeneous Electrolytes

In this paper, a boundary integral equation method is presented for the prediction of electrostatic fields in regions comprising piecewise-homogeneous electrolytes. The integral equation is discretized using the Locally Corrected Nystrom method. The method is validated through comparison of computed results to the analytic solution for a rectangular box filled with a piecewise-homogeneous electrolyte.
Exponentiation and Fourier transform of tensor modules of sl(n+1)

Abstract With the aid of the exponentiation functor and Fourier transform we introduce a class of modules T ( g , V , S ) of sl ( n + 1 ) of mixed tensor type. By varying the polynomial g, the gl ( n ) -module V, and the set S, we obtain important classes of weight modules over the Cartan subalgebra h of sl ( n + 1 ) , and modules that are free over h . Furthermore, these modules are obtained through explicit presentation of the elements of sl ( n + 1 ) in terms of differential operators and lead to new tensor coherent families of sl ( n + 1 ) . An isomorphism theorem and a simplicity criterion for T ( g , V , S ) is provided.
Homeownership and America's Financial Underclass: Flawed Premises, Broken Promises, New Prescriptions

Why does America have a love affair with homeownership? For many, buying a home is no longer in their best interest and may harm their children's educational opportunities. This book argues that US leaders need to re-evaluate housing policies and develop new ones that ensure that all Americans have access to affordable housing, whether rented or owned. After describing common myths, the book shows why the circumstances now faced by America's financial underclass make it impossible for them to benefit from homeownership because they cannot afford to buy homes. It then exposes the risks of 'home buying while brown or black,' discussing US policies that made it easier for whites to buy homes, but harder and more costly for blacks and Latinos to do so. The book argues that remaining racial discrimination and certain demographic features continue to make it harder for blacks and Latinos to receive homeownership's promised benefits.
Ecology in development : a rationale for three-dimensional policy

This combination of theoretical, topical and geographical focus integrates the social and natural science approaches to problems of ecology in development in South-west Asia. Permits coherent treatment, in an argument of reasonable length, of (1) some of the major areas of accumulation of ecological knowledge and insight in relation to development, (2) the changes of emphasis in ecological interests among planners, (3) the development and integration of theory (especially the efforts to straddle the boundaries of sociological and ecological understanding), (4) the changing perceptions of man's relation to nature, and (5) the underlying moral problems of management and welfare. The changes of orientation in each of these arenas over the last decade are treated below not simply as another stage of progress to confirm our faith in the perfectibility of man, but as a function of a larger historical process of increasing awareness and communication, the beginnings of which would have to be sought at least as far back as the Industrial Revolution.
Exploration of the Influence of Program Inputs on CMP Co-scheduling

Recent studies have showed the effectiveness of job co-scheduling in alleviating shared-cache contention on Chip Multiprocessors. Although program inputs affect cache usage and thus cache contention significantly, their influence on co-scheduling remains unexplored. In this work, we measure that influence and show that the ability to adapt to program inputs is important for a co-scheduler to work effectively on Chip Multiprocessors. We then conduct an exploration in addressing the influence by constructing cross-input predictive models for some memory behaviors that are critical for a recently proposed co-scheduler. The exploration compares the effectiveness of both linear and non-linear regression techniques in the model building. Finally, we conduct a systematic measurement of the sensitivity of co-scheduling on the errors of the predictive behavior models. The results demonstrate the potential of the predictive models in guiding contention-aware co-scheduling.
Using graph theory to reduce communication overhead in parallel systems

Parallel computer systems are often used when dealing with problems requiring high amounts of computation. While it is apparent that having multiple processors can reduce the computation time, the amount of reduction is not directly proportional to the increased number of processors. Communication overhead diminishes these gains, and it is caused by the inherent message exchanges between individual processors. It was found that by scheduling these message exchanges better performance can be achieved. A model called a collision graph was developed to transform the scheduling problem into a graph problem. Solving the communication reduction problem is shown to be synonymous with determining a maximum independent set while also considering the graph colorability. Since these graph problems are NP-Complete, heuristics are used to determine communication schedules. This paper presents the graph model and discusses the graph theory that leads to the selection of heuristics used in the scheduling process. The complexity of the developed algorithms as well as their performance is presented and analyzed. Results show that by scheduling the communication improvement of over 35% can be obtained as compared to baseline techniques.
Editor's perspective: Does South Asia matter? Rethinking South Asia as relevant in international business research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper (editorial) is to take a stock of the research focused upon South Asia, in order to evaluate if it has produced useful results, and to discuss its future directions as per the scope and mission of the South Asian Journal of Global Business Research. In view of pleas for greater attention to context effects, the authors use the concept of contextualization as the basis for analysis.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative content analysis of research published in 21 top‐tier business journals is employed, including a total of 96 articles focusing upon South Asia or any South Asian country.Findings – A contextualization typology is presented, related to purpose (whether context guides the research or not) and methodology (whether new or old framework and/or scales are used) and continuum of attention to contextualizations for hypotheses and/or research questions, and research findings in order to discuss the status of published South Asian research.Research limitations...
Scale collapse and the emergence of the power law species–area relationship

Aim The recently proposed maximum entropy theory of ecology predicts that all nested species–area relationships (SARs) will collapse to a single, universal curve that exhibits a decreasing log–log slope with increasing scale, suggesting that the power law form of the SAR is invalid at any scale. In this analysis we test the generality of this scale collapse behaviour and determine the scale at which approximate power law behaviour of the SAR is predicted to occur. Location Global. Methods We use common SAR models to recursively upscale SARs to (1) look for scale collapse of SARs built from different community assumptions and (2) identify the scale at which approximate power law SARs are recovered. We explore four SAR models in which species abundance distributions and the spatial aggregation of species vary within and across scales according to observed patterns. Results We show that scale collapse is a property of nested SARs, not of maximum entropy theory, and that many types of SARs can exhibit scale-collapsed curves that follow the general pattern of empirical communities. Moreover, we use the scale-collapsed curves to show that power law behaviour is not predicted to occur at the scale of most SAR studies and that variation in species spatial aggregation or the scaling of species abundance distributions are needed to produce power law SARs at realistic scales. Main conclusions Our findings show that power law behaviour of nested SARs is rare and that communities displaying approximate power law SARs may exhibit predictable characteristics within and across scale, such as interspecific variation in aggregation. Our findings regarding the general rarity of power law behaviour suggests that careful consideration of the curvature of a SAR and the scale of an ecological community are necessary before using power law SARs to predict biodiversity across scales.
Davis, A. S. (2012). Psychopathology of Childhood and Adolescence: A Neuropsychological Approach

The first edition of Psychopathology of Childhood and Adolescence: A Neuropsychological Approach covers an extensive range of topics, with a notable list of contributors. The text provides coverage...
Genetic Error, Sex, and Diploidy

Mathematical models and experiments on transformation are reported testing the hypothesis that sex and diploidy evolved as a DNA repair system. The models focus on the origin of diploidy and sex by studying selection between asexual haploids, sexual haploids, and diploids. Haploid cells are efficient replicators, while diploid cells are resistance to damage. A sexual haploid may combine the advantages of both: spending much of its life cycle in the haploid state, then temporarily fusing to become diploid, followed by splitting to the haploid state. During the diploid state DNA damage can be repaired, since there are two copies of the gene in the cell and one copy is presumed to be undamaged. Five basic rate parameters are employed: birth and death; genomic damage (for the haploids alone); and, for the sexual cell, fusion and splitting. Parameter space bifurcation diagrams for the equilibria are drawn, and solutions of the equations are described in terms of these diagrams. Each type of cell has a region of the parameter space that it occupies exclusively (given its initial presence in the competition). The haploid wins in environments characterized by low damage. The diploid wins in environments characterized by high damage, low mortality, and abundant resources. In general, only a single type of cell occupies a given portion of the space. We find, however, that competitive coexistence of an asexual diploid and sexual haploid is possible in spite of the fact that they are competing for a single resource (nucleotide building blocks). Sex can increase from rarity if matings occur with asexual cells. Only sex can cope with both high mortality and high damage. We then turn to natural bacterial transformation as a model system for the experimental study of sex. Natural transformation in distributed widely, but apparently sparsely, in all bacterial groups. A very preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the bacilli and related species indicates that transformation is probably not a diversifying force in bacterial evolution. However, it is difficult to be sure because of the ambiguity surrounding negative data. Experiments with the bacterium Bacillus subtilis indicate that transformation frequencies respond adaptively to DNA damage if homologous donor DNA is used. Several specific hypotheses for this response are considered. Recent work in other labs on the evolution of transformation is discussed from the point of view of the hypothesis that transformation functions in DNA repair.
Concentration-Dependent Exchange of Replication Protein a on Single-Stranded DNA Revealed by Single-Molecule Imaging

Replication protein A (RPA) is a ubiquitous eukaryotic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein necessary for all aspects of DNA metabolism involving an ssDNA intermediate, including DNA replication, repair, recombination, DNA damage response and checkpoint activation, and telomere maintenance [1], [2], [3]. The role of RPA in most of these reactions is to protect the ssDNA until it can be delivered to downstream enzymes. Therefore a crucial feature of RPA is that it must bind very tightly to ssDNA, but must also be easily displaced from ssDNA to allow other proteins to gain access to the substrate. Here we use total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and nanofabricated DNA curtains to visualize the behavior of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RPA on individual strands of ssDNA in real-time. Our results show that RPA remains bound to ssDNA for long periods of time when free protein is absent from solution. In contrast, RPA rapidly dissociates from ssDNA when free RPA is present in solution allowing rapid exchange between the free and bound states. In addition, the S. cerevisiae DNA recombinase Rad51 and E. coli single-stranded binding protein (SSB) also promote removal of RPA from ssDNA. These results reveal an unanticipated exchange between bound and free RPA suggesting a binding mechanism that can confer exceptionally slow off rates, yet also enables rapid displacement through a direct exchange mechanism that is reliant upon the presence of free ssDNA-binding proteins in solution. Our results indicate that RPA undergoes constant microscopic dissociation under all conditions, but this is only manifested as macroscopic dissociation (i.e. exchange) when free proteins are present in solution, and this effect is due to mass action. We propose that the dissociation of RPA from ssDNA involves a partially dissociated intermediate, which exposes a small section of ssDNA allowing other proteins to access to the DNA.
Acacia cyanophylla for forage and fuelwood in North Africa

Forage and wood yield of Acacia cyanophylla, also known as Acacia saligna, was studied in a 300–400 mm precipitation zone in Tunisia. Yields were measured during and after drought. This short (2–8 m) evergreen leguminous tree is used as a forage drought reserve in frost free regions where mean annual precipitation exceeds 250 mm. The standing crop of leafy forage builds up year after year for at least four years or until the tree is cut. It rapidly regrows after cutting from coppice shoots. The leaves provide high protein forage for sheep and goats during the long dry summer season typical of the Mediterranean climate as well as emergency forage during drought. The tree is used to stabilize moving sand dunes, and as a windbreak to protect cropland. It also provides fuelwood and increasaes soil nitrogen by fixation. The need for supplemental irrigation during establishment is a major constraint.
On the Absorption Spectrum of Sulphur Dioxide

An attempt to organize the absorption bands of sulphur dioxide in the region 3900-2600A has been made. The (000)\ensuremath{''} - (000)\ensuremath{'} transition $\ensuremath{\lambda}3129.5\mathrm{A}$ (31,945 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) has been definitely located from a study of the temperature behavior of the lower frequency bands. Two of the vibrational frequencies known in the normal state have been observed and the intervals between successive lower levels determined. One of the frequencies in the excited state has been definitely assigned and a tentative value has been assigned for a second frequency. The configuration of the excited molecule is discussed.
Control of dispersed-phase volume fraction in multistage extraction columns

Abstract An ultrasonic technique is employed for the control of the dispersed-phase volume fraction (holdup) in liquid—liquid column extractors. The technique is tested for a multistage extractor of pilot-plant scale where the holdup is continuously monitored in all stages. The average holdup in the column, calculated from the profile, is considered as the control variable, while the agitation speed is used as the manipulated variable. The volumetric flow rates are the other operating conditions and are considered as disturbance variables. Adaptive and nonadaptive control are demonstrated by applying the Dahlin algorithm. By inspection of the holdup profile, information about the operation of the column with respect to flooding or phase inversion is provided. This information is processed for driving the holdup set point in the proximity of flooding where optimum operation usually occurs. For the first time, holdup is controlled over a wide range of values from as low as 10% to as high as 90% of the holdup value at flooding. The importance of the ultrasonic technique for the control of extraction columns is that it can be readily applied for safe operation at optimum conditions for any type of existing or new extractors.
Symbolism of the Tower as Abjection

One of the most dramatic, horrifying and powerful images in the Tarot deck is the image of the Tower — trump # XVI — which in some decks is called The Tower of Destruction. This paper, employing the method of interpretive analytics, attempts to decipher the symbolism inscribed in the imagery of this card. What emerges as a result of interpretation is a two-fold hybrid of Kristeva’s (1982) theory of abjection and the Jungian and post-Jungian archetypal psychology. The paper also, focusing on both symbolic and semiotic features of the image, explores the conditions for the construction of subjectivity within a double process of negation and identification thus implicitly addressing the therapeutic implications of this card’s reading. The paper concludes, continuing the two-fold investigative approach, by expanding on the individual reading of the Tower and illustrating its meaning on the collective level as presented in a feminist tradition.
Computations of Buchsbaum–Rim multiplicities

Abstract The Buchsbaum–Rim multiplicity is a generalization of the Samuel multiplicity and is defined on submodules of free modules M ⊂ F of a local Noetherian ring A such that M ⊂ mF and F / M has finite length. Let A = k [ x , y ] ( x , y ) be a localization of a polynomial ring over a field. When F / M is isomorphic to a quotient of monomial ideals there is a region of the ( x , y )-plane which corresponds to F / M . We wish to compute Buchsbaum–Rim multiplicity using the areas of pieces of this region in a manner similar to that used to compute the Samuel multiplicity of a monomial ideal. We carry out these computations in the case where F has rank 2 and F / M ≅ I / J where I and J are monomial ideals, with the further restriction that I is generated by two elements and J is generated by at most three elements. We find that the Buchsbaum–Rim multiplicity is at most the difference of the Samuel multiplicities of J and I with equality often holding. When equality does not hold the Buchsbaum–Rim multiplicity is the difference of the Samuel multiplicities minus a term that can be expressed in terms of areas.