cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expressiveness and voting: Alternative evidence

Using aggregate time series analysis, this empirical study extends the Copeland and Laband [2002] analysis of expressive voting. After allowing for economic considerations in the form of tax rates and inflation, it is found that even the aggregate voter participation rate may reflect emotional voting behavior. The Vietnam War, Watergate, public dissatisfaction with government, and the opportunity to participate in Presidential elections, each of which can be viewed at some level as an issue evoking emotional responses rather than mere cost-benefit computations, all prove to significantly affect voter participation rates.
DS-viewer—an interactive graphical data structure presentation facility

DS-Viewer is a tool that is the result of a research project in data structure presentation within a program state. This tool addresses two distinct issues in this area: (1) to effectively present data structures themselves for a given program state and (2) to present groups of data structures and their interrelationships as described by their pointer definitions. Graphical presentations were developed to address these issues. For the data structure presentation, the user is provided a display window for any single data structure instance formatted with its fields and field values. Flexibility in display is provided by allowing the user a choice from the various value formats for each field. For groups of data structure instances, a graphical drawing space is provided in which pictures of these data structure instances and their interrelationships are drawn as blocks and arrows. The computer assists the user in drawing such a picture by describing its components, allowing the user to choose which to draw and to construct as much of the picture as desired.
The thermodynamics of dilute solutions of hydrogen in palladium and its substitutional alloys

Abstract A review has been given of the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of hydrogen in dilute solid solution in palladium and in binary solvents consisting of palladium containing a substitutional solute element. The properties of the binary Pd-H system can be understood in terms of simple mixing statistics and classical rate theory. The situation with respect to the ternary systems is not so unequivocable. A large volume of thermodynamic and kinetic data has been analyzed in terms of the cell model for such ternary solid solutions. In some cases the statistical theory is in impressive agreement with both sets of experimental data. In other cases, although the diffusion and thermodynamic behavior of the H-atoms can be described by modified forms of the cell theory, the modifications required are somewhat arbitrary in nature. Modern developments in fundamental calculations of the interactions between H-atoms and both ideal crystals and lattices containing defects have been briefly reviewed. Impressive agreement between the calculated H-atom binding energies to lattice defects and experimental values have been achieved.
Formal models and algorithms for decentralized decision making under uncertainty

Over the last 5 years, the AI community has shown considerable interest in decentralized control of multiple decision makers or "agents" under uncertainty. This problem arises in many application domains, such as multi-robot coordination, manufacturing, information gathering, and load balancing. Such problems must be treated as decentralized decision problems because each agent may have different partial information about the other agents and about the state of the world. It has been shown that these problems are significantly harder than their centralized counterparts, requiring new formal models and algorithms to be developed. Rapid progress in recent years has produced a number of different frameworks, complexity results, and planning algorithms. The objectives of this paper are to provide a comprehensive overview of these results, to compare and contrast the existing frameworks, and to provide a deeper understanding of their relationships with one another, their strengths, and their weaknesses. While we focus on cooperative systems, we do point out important connections with game-theoretic approaches. We analyze five different formal frameworks, three different optimal algorithms, as well as a series of approximation techniques. The paper provides interesting insights into the structure of decentralized problems, the expressiveness of the various models, and the relative advantages and limitations of the different solution techniques. A better understanding of these issues will facilitate further progress in the field and help resolve several open problems that we identify.
Refinement of an instrument to evaluate parental attitudes about follow-up care after an acute emergency department visit for asthma.

Introduction. Prompt follow-up after emergency department (ED) care for asthma allows the primary care provider (PCP) and family to review factors that led to the ED visit, update current care plans, and plan for prevention of future exacerbations. Methods. The Initial Questionnaire to assess parental impressions of Pros and Cons of follow-up was administered to parents who brought their children to the ED for treatment of an acute asthma exacerbation (N = 309). After a planned interim analysis, 19 new items were generated, and this Expanded Questionnaire was given to 198 parents. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify well-defined items and discard ambiguous and confusing items. Results. PCA of the Expanded Questionnaire revealed 18 of 43 items related to four dimensions of parents' Pros and Cons for obtaining follow-up care. Four distinct categories were identified: two Pros and two Cons. Pro items related to practical things parents get from a follow-up visit and to positive parental b...
Schizophrenia at the crossroads: a blueprint for the 80s.

Abstract It is clear that the greatest advance in the 70s has been made in descriptive psychopathology and to prevent this success from becoming a failure in the 80s, we must encourage innovative imagination to overcome the drift toward rigid application of standardized procedures. As for the improved outlook in outcome of schizophrenia, the evidence from long-term follow-up studies in Europe indicates that a significant proportion of schizophrenics have only one episode from which they recover and that an even larger proportion show an episodic course of several episodes with final remission. Only a small proportion remain chronically ill continuously but they are the ones who accumulate in our facilities and give schizophrenia its undeserved reputation for chronicity. The evidence has also shown that there is considerable doubt whether much of the chronicity that overwhelms our daily practicioners and engenders pessimism is indigenous to schizophrenia. There is reason to believe that it may be an artifact engendered by iatrogenic, ecogenic, and nosocomial factors. As for vulnerability markers, there are several potential candidates that have been found in both probands and their unaffected first-degree relatives with frequencies greater than chance expectancy. 1. 1. Cross-over index in reaction time (Shakow) 2. 2. Smooth pursuit eye movement index (Holzman) 3. 3. Continuous performance task (Kornetzky, Mirsky et al) 4. 4. Span of apprehension (Asarnow) 5. 5. Dichotic listening with distraction (spring) 6. 6. Platelet MAO We still have to determine whether these markers are vulnerability markers, episode markers, or residual markers. While the specificity of each of these markers for schizophrenia is still to be established, the possibility exists that patterns across these markers may serve to identify subgroups of schizophrenia and thus reduce the apparent heterogeneity of global schizophrenia. The availability of such markers, and the proposed behavioral and chemical challenges for eliciting episode markers as well as the possibility of early warning signs of the imminence of an episode, indicate that the future bodes well for supplementing the current clinical diagnoses and treatment with objective indicators that may succeed in reducing the heterogeneity of our nosological categories and reduce the excessive use of neuroleptics and other treatment modalities. These, together with the development of more knowledge about the role of the psychosocial factors in the development of episodes or in their triggering, ought to provide more efficient methods for therapeutic and preventive intervention.
Multi-network fusion for collective inference

Although much of the recent work in statistical relational learning has focused on homogeneous networks, many relational domains naturally consist of multiple observed networks, where each network source records a different type of relationship between the same set of entities. For example, data about organizations may contain both an email communication network and a network of coworker ties. Since collective classification models rely on propagating information throughout the relational network to improve predictions, multi-network methods will need to consider how to best combine relational information from various link sources. There are two opportunities to combine multi-source link information for relational classification: data fusion methods combine the available information during learning, while classification fusion methods learn and apply models independently on each network source, then combine model predictions during inference. Past work has focused primarily on data fusion techniques, where features and/or links from various sources are combined. However, as the number of links, sources, and/or features increases, this approach can lead to high variance in the learned model, and can also increase the amount of noise propagated during inference, which will degrade performance. In this work, we focus on classification fusion, which overcomes these limitations by learning independent models to reduce variance. In addition, we develop a novel approach to collective fusion, which interleaves the learned models during collective inference. We evaluate our methods on synthetic and real-world social network data, showing that collective fusion significantly outperforms other methods over a wide range of conditions.
The triangle law for Lyapunov exponents of large random matrices

For products,A(t)·A(t−1)...A(1), of i.i.d.N×N random matrices, with i.i.d. entries, a triangle law governs theN→∞ distribution of Lyapunov exponents, much like Wigner's quarter-circle law governs the singular values ofA(1). Our proof requires finite fourth moments and a bounded density; the result was previously derived only in the Gaussian case.
A multi-forest comparison of dietary preferences and seed dispersal by Ateles spp

Investigations of coevolutionary relationships between plants and the animals that disperse their seeds suggest that disperser-plant interactions are likely shaped by diffuse, rather than species-to-species, coevolution. We studied the role of dietary plasticity in shaping the potential for diffuse coevolution by comparing dietary fruit preferences and seed dispersal by 3 species of spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) in 4 moist forests in Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Surinam. In all forests, spider monkeys were highly frugivorous and preyed upon seeds of few species. We estimated dietary use of fruiting taxa based on absolute consumption and preference, which accounts for resource availability. Of the 59 genera that comprised the 20 most frequently consumed genera summed in each forest, only 3—Brosimum (Moraceae), Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) and Virola (Myristicaceae)—ranked within the top 20 at every forest. Most genera were within the 20 most frequently consumed at only 1 or 2 forests. Based on preferences, only 4 genera ranked in the 20 most-preferred in all 4 forests: Brosimum, Cecropia, Ficus (Moracae), and Virola. Patterns in fruit consumption and preference at the familial level were similar in that only 2 families—Myristicaceae and Moraceae—were in the 10 most-consumed or most-preferred in all 4 forests. Interforest variation in plant specific composition and abundances and supra-annual fruiting phenologies, combined with dietary flexibility of Ateles spp., may partly explain these patterns. Our results suggest that variation in plant community structure strongly influences dietary preferences, and hence, seed dispersal by spider monkeys. Thus, diffuse coevolution in spider monkey-plant relationships may be limited to few taxa at the generic and familial levels.
Confidants' feedback and traumatic life events

One hundred six undergraduate (83 women and 23 men) completed surveys concerning their most traumatic life event, the feedback they received following their disclosure of the event to others, and how they felt after the disclosure. Results indicated that the better they felt after disclosure, the less disturbed they were by thoughts of the event at the time of the study. In addition, the more personal the trauma was, the worse they felt after their disclosure, and the more disturbed they were about the trauma. However, no significant relation existed between the positivity (e.g., supportiveness) of their confidant's feedback and their present degree of disturbance. Implications for understanding the complex relation between confiding traumatic events and resolving feelings surrounding those events were discussed.
Reduction of the efficiency of extraction of lipophilic chemicals from water by dissolved organic matter

A study was made of the efficiency of liquid-liquid extraction of eight chlorinated hydrocarbons of varying lipophilicity from filtered (1 μm) organic free water, soil humic acid solution, lacustrine dissolved organic matter solution, and a natural water The efficiency of hexane extraction of the spiked chemicals without pH adjustment (i e the conventional technique) was reduced with increasing concentration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and increasing chemical lipophilicity At the same time, increasing amounts of the more lipophilic chemicals were found in subsequent extracts of the water at pH 12, and after chromic acid oxidation of the DOM The results indicated that conventional liquid-liquid extraction underestimates the concentrations of “dissolved” highly lipophilic chemicals in fresh water, the extent of the underestimation depending upon the nature of the DOM Sixteen day exposure experiments with filtered natural waters containing roughly 5 mg/L DOM indicated that 6 to 8% of the most lipophilic chemical tested, mirex, was not recovered by standard hexane extraction without pH adjustment, with 5 mg/L of a soil derived humic acid, 49% of mirex was not recovered by standard hexane extraction without pH adjustment For highly lipophilic chemicals that are not destroyed by chromic acid oxidation, it is recommended that total concentrations in filtered or centrifuged fresh waters be determined by the chromic acid oxidation/extraction technique
Book Reviews : Michael Smith. Program Evaluation in the Human Services. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1991, 157 pp

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviews singularly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness...
Pathogenic leishmania secrete antigenically related chitinases which are encoded by a highly conserved gene locus.

Shakarian, A. M., and Dwyer, D. M. 2000. Pathogenic Leishmania secrete antigenically related chitinases which are encoded by a highly conserved gene locus. Experimental Parasitology94, 238–242. Recently, we identified and characterized a single-copy chitinase gene (LdCht1) from Leishmania donovani, a protozoan pathogen of humans. It has been hypothesized that this parasite enzyme plays a critical role in the survival of all Leishmania species within their sandfly vectors and for their transmission to humans. Thus, in the current study, pulse-field gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization with the LdCht1 gene probe were used to demonstrate that this chitinase gene has been conserved across species lines of various pathogenic Leishmania. Further, immunoprecipitation and enzyme activity assays using an anti-LdCht1-peptide serum were used to show that the chitinases produced and released by this group of parasites possessed both highly conserved antigenic epitopes and enzyme activities. Results of these studies demonstrate that the chitinase gene locus and enzyme activity have been conserved across species lines among this group of human pathogens.
Experimenting with low-overhead OpenMP runtime on IBM Blue Gene/Q

As newer supercomputers continue to increase the number of threads, there is growing pressure on applications to exploit more of the available parallelism in their codes, including coarse-, medium-, and fine-grain parallelism. OpenMPi is one of the dominant shared-memory programming models and is well suited for exploiting medium- and fine-grain parallelism. OpenMP research has focused on application tuning, compiler optimizations, programming-model extensions, and porting to distributed-memory platforms; however, we have found that current algorithms used to implement basic OpenMP constructs have significant overheads and scale poorly. In this paper, we explore low-overhead, scalable algorithms for creating parallel regions and demonstrate reductions in overhead of up to a factor of 5 on an IBM Blue Gene®/Q node.
Neural and endocrine sensitivities to opioids decline as a function of multiparity in the rat

Abstract Hormonal changes during pregnancy regulate the onset of maternal behavior at parturition. In addition, the concentrations of β-endorphin and μ opioid receptors are higher during pregnancy and lower during lactation. Previous studies have shown that sensitivity of female rats to the disruptive behavioral effects of morphine changes as a function of the number of pregnancies and/or lactations the females undergo. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether central infusions of the endogenous opioid, β-endorphin, would disrupt maternal behavior. Next, we investigated the possibility that the neural sensitivity to β-endorphin changes with repeated pregnancies. And finally, we examined whether opioid-mediated endocrine responses also change as a function of multiparity. In the first study, bilateral infusions of low doses (0.06–0.72 nmol) of β-endorphin into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of lactating, primiparous rats disrupted maternal behavior. When comparable doses of β-endorphin were infused into the MPOA of age-matched, multiparous rats, the behavioral effects of β-endorphin were significantly attenuated. In response to suckling stimulation, an opioid-mediated endocrine response, primiparous mothers secreted more prolactin than did multiparous rats. Moreover, multiparous, but not primiparous, mothers were insensitive to the ability of naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to block suckling-induced increases in lrolactin. These findings indicate that reductions in neural sensitivity to opioids develop as females undergo repeated pregnancies and lactations, changes which affect both behavioral and endocrine functions.
Remarks on linearization of discrete-time autonomous systems and nonlinear observer design

Abstract This paper presents necessary and sufficient conditions under which a discrete-time autonomous system with outputs is locally state equivalent to an observable linear system or a system in the nonlinear observer form (Krener and Isidori, 1983). In particular, an open problem raised in Lee and Nam (1991), namely the observer linearization problem, is solved for a nonlinear system which may not be invertible (i.e., the mapping f may not be a local diffeomorphism ). As a consequence, the nonlinear observer design problem is solved by means of exact linearization techniques.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to bromodeoxyuridine

The characteristics of three mouse monoclonal antibodies to halogenated uridine derivatives are presented. Two, IU-1 and IU-2, are produced by hybridomas derived in our laboratory, and the third is the B-44 hybridoma described by Gratzner (7) and obtained commercially from Becton-Dickinson Monoclonal Center. Hybridomas IU-1 and IU-2 were derived from the fusion of spleen cells from a Biozzi High Responder mouse immunized with iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) conjugated to bovine serum albumin and SP2/0 mouse myeloma cells. This paper presents methods and results for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) against whole cells labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), ELISA against BrdUrd-labeled DNA, and a competition ELISA for free BrdUrd. All three antibodies show similar binding affinities and specificities. The IU antibodies react with BrdUrd and IdUrd when the nucleosides are either free in solution or incorporated into single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA). The antibodies do not recognize either halogenated base in double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA), nor do they react with uracil or bromocytidine. Weak binding to thymidine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, and unsubstituted ss-DNA occurs.
Charge Transfer Salts of Highly Oriented Fibers of Discotic Liquid Crystal HET-n

Abstract The charge transfer salt of highly oriented fibers of discotic liquid crystals of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexa-alkoxytriphenylene (HET-n) and 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexa-alkanoyloxytriphenylene (HAT-n) can be made by a strand technique followed by a doping process. As a result, the bromine doped HET-5 fiber shows a conductivity of three orders of magnitude higher than that of the bromine doped HET-5 powder.
Individual, Partner, and Partnership Level Correlates of Anal Sex Among Youth in Baltimore City

Anal sex is an efficient mode of STI transmission and studies indicate that anal sex is common among heterosexuals, including adolescents. We examined the association between individual, partner, and sexual partnership-level characteristics with anal sex among a household survey of 263 individuals aged 15–24 years in Baltimore City, Maryland. We used weighted multiple logistic regression to examine correlates of anal sex in a heterosexual partnership by gender. Twenty-nine percent of males and 15 % of females reported anal sex in a partnership in the past 6 months. For males, anal sex was associated with having two or more partners in the past 3 months (AOR = 13.93, 95 % CI 3.87–50.12), having been tested for HIV (AOR = 0.30, 95 % CI 0.12–0.72), and oral sex with a partner (AOR = 8.79, 95 % CI 1.94–39.78). For females, anal sex was associated with reporting having a main partner (AOR = 6.74, 95 % CI 1.74–23.65), partner meeting place (AOR = 3.03, 95 % CI 1.04–8.82), partner history of STI (AOR = 0.20, 95 % CI 0.05–0.85), and oral sex with a partner (AOR = 8.47, 95 % CI 1.08–66.25). Anal sex was associated with inconsistent condom use for both males (OR = 5.77, 95 % CI 1.68–19.79) and females (OR = 5.16, 95 % CI 1.46–18.30). We conclude that anal sex is a prevalent risk behavior among heterosexual youth and is associated with a range of factors at the individual and partnership levels. These findings provide support for comprehensive sex education that includes information about anal sex; findings from this study can inform public health campaigns targeting youth at risk for STIs.
Squamous cell metastasis from the tongue to the myocardium presenting as pericardial effusion

Cardiac metastasis from head and neck cancer is rarely encountered. We present a base-of-tongue squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis to the heart that was diagnosed antemortem. Autopsy series indicate that tongue cancer may metastasize more frequently to the heart than from other head and neck sites. However, none of these studies was controlled. Most importantly, cardiac metastasis should be suspected in any patient with cancer in whom new cardiac symptoms develop. The diagnosis is best confirmed with two-dimensional echocardiography or cardiac MRI. A myocardial or endocardial biopsy specimen can be obtained with angiographic guidance. Despite the improvement in diagnostic capability, available treatments are only palliative. All patients eventually die of their metastatic disease.
Ground and Aircraft Lidar Measurements of Sea Salt and Dust Plumes With A Small Wide Field Of View System

A small portable lidar system was recently used to derive aerosol optical concentrations from ground and aircraft platforms. The mini lidar uses a telescope setup with a relatively wide field of view allowing for measurements from close in (~60 m range) with no near field correction. In order to account for the large dynamic range, a custom logarithmic amplifier is used. Lidar measurements have been made in Hawaii and examples will be shown. More recently the Lidar was mounted on an aircraft for an experiment in the United Arab Emirates. In this case, the Lidar system was used to looking up, forward and down. The Lidar measurements looking up and down provided vertical profiles of aerosol concentrations. The lidar looking forward were used to derive quantitative aerosol extinction values using an existing and a new approach. Preliminary examples of this UAE data are shown. Being able to model aerosol phase functions is important for both satellite and Lidar aerosol retrievals. Mie theory is adequate for spherical particles but complex aerosols such as dust and organics are more difficult to model. Here we discuss phase function measurements we have made with our ground based polar nephelometer for sea salt and more recently for dust in the United Arab Emirates.
Managed care and patients' rights

HE ARTICLE BY STUDDERT AND GRESENZ 1 IN THIS ISsueofTHEJOURNALisavaluablecontributiontothe debate about US managed care policy and patients’ rights. The analysis of enrollee appeals from 2 California-basedhealthmaintenanceorganizations(HMOs)provides an important look inside the “black box” of prospective coverage decision making, which typically remains hidden from view in the absence of judicial appeal or the very occasional government study. Judicial review of prospective coverage decisions is rare because of the cost and complexity of litigation. Even retrospective appeals are unusual, given the inability in most health insurance disputes to recover damages for death or injuries caused by wrongfuldenialofbenefitsbygrouphealthplans, 2 alimitationthat reduces the economic feasibility of litigation. Based on direct review of thousands of appeals, the authors made several notable findings. First, appeals are rare. Four million enrollees produced about 15000 private coverage appeals over the 2-year time period from which the researchers drew their sample. Second, the majority of appeals concern services not yet furnished (ie, are prospective). Third, not all appeals involve traditional questions of medical necessity. While approximately one third of their
Station focus of NASA budget hearing

One of the most important events in this year's consideration of the NASA fiscal year 1994 budget request occurred on April 28 with the appearance of NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin and his senior staff before the House VA, HUD, Independent Agencies Appropriations Subcommittee, which largely determines the space agency's funding. Subcommittee chairman Louis Stokes (D-Ohio) said that “we face some very special problems this year.” He cautioned that the subcommittee is “totally dependent on the allocation which we are given,” referring to the money his subcommittee is given to fund all of the programs under its jurisdiction.
Aromatase activity in cultured ovaries from neonatally thymectomized mice with ovarian dysgenesis

The autoimmune oophoritis resulting from thymectomy at 3 days of age (Tx-3) in B6A female mice is characterized by dysgenic ovaries and circulating auto-antibodies against the oocyte (AOA). Dysgenesis of the ovaries starts around 24 days of age with a decline in numbers of the oocytes and follicles and is accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration. By 60 days of age the ovarian dysgenesis (OD) is complete with a preponderance of interstitial cells associated with elevated levels of testosterone (T). From 60-120 days of age the ovaries become progressively smaller in size and T levels rise. Since ovarian interstitial cells can produce T, assessment of aromatase activity was determined using cultured ovaries from 20-, 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-day-old mice. Similar or enhanced ability in aromatizing T to estradiol-17 beta (E2) was demonstrated by the ovaries from all Tx-3 mice compared with those from intact mice. At 30 and 60 days of age Tx-3 mice had increased circulating levels of E2 then the levels of E2 returned to those of intact mice at 90 and 120 days of age. The results indicate that the ovaries in Tx-3 mice may have an ability to aromatize T to E2 in culture, but apparently are not doing so at 90 and 120 days of age in situ. Further, ovaries of Tx-3 animals are able to aromatize T to E2 in the absence of organized follicular cells. These abnormal responses of ovarian hormones clearly demonstrate that the presence of AOA have a damaging effect on the endocrine activity as well as the morphology of the ovary.
Functionalized mesoporous materials for adsorption and release of different drug molecules: A comparative study

The adsorption capacity and release properties of mesoporous materials for drug molecules can be improved by functionalizing their surfaces with judiciously chosen organic groups. Functionalized ordered mesoporous materials containing various types of organic groups via a co-condensation synthetic method from 15% organosilane and by post-grafting organosilanes onto a pre-made mesoporous silica were synthesized. Comparative studies of their adsorption and release properties for various model drug molecules were then conducted. Functional groups including 3-aminopropyl, 3-mercaptopropyl, vinyl, and secondary amine groups were used to functionalize the mesoporous materials while rhodamine 6G and ibuprofen were utilized to investigate the materials' relative adsorption and release properties. The self-assembly of the mesoporous materials was carried out in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant, which produced MCM-41 type materials with pore diameters of {approx}2.7-3.3 nm and moderate to high surface areas up to {approx}1000 m{sup 2}/g. The different functional groups introduced into the materials dictated their adsorption capacity and release properties. While mercaptopropyl and vinyl functionalized samples showed high adsorption capacity for rhodamine 6G, amine functionalized samples exhibited higher adsorption capacity for ibuprofen. While the diffusional release of ibuprofen was fitted on the Fickian diffusion model, the release of rhodamine 6G followed Super Case-II transportmore » model. - Graphical abstract: The adsorption capacity and release properties of mesoporous materials for various drug molecules are tuned by functionalizing the surfaces of the materials with judiciously chosen organic groups. This work reports comparative studies of the adsorption and release properties of functionalized ordered mesoporous materials containing different hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups that are synthesized via a co-condensation and post-grafting methods for various model drug molecules.« less
Democratic education in neoliberal and neoconservative times

Given the increasing power of neoliberal and neoconservative agendas in education internationally, critically democratic policies and practices are now even more important. Yet, one of the major problems with critical work in education has been the fact that some of the academic leaders of the ‘critical pedagogy’ movement and of critical and democratic education in general in many nations have not been sufficiently connected to the actual realities of schools and classrooms. Yet, only when it is linked much more to concrete issues of educational policy and practice – and to the daily lives of educators, students, social movements and community members – can a critical and democratic education succeed. I point to a number of such linkages and suggest that because of this the ways we think about the role of education in social transformation needs to be made more nuanced and complex.
A band absorptance formulation for nonisothermal gaseous radiation

Abstract A method is presented by which correlations for the total band absorptance of vibration-rotation bands, applicable to isothermal gases, may be extended to predict the total band absorptance for nonisothermal gases. The method is analogous to the two-parameter Curtis-Godson approximation, and it consists of formulating the total band absorptance in terms of three parameters which describe an equivalent isothermal gas. These three parameters are chosen such that the nonisothermal band absorptance is correct in the linear, square-root and logarithmic limits. The formulation is shown to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data and other analytical predictions.
Use of upper-lid blepharoplasty full-thickness skin for peri-implant keratinized tissue grafting: a report of 2 cases.

Patients with an edentulous atrophic mandible re-stored with endosseous dental implants frequentlyhave an inadequate zone of keratinized tissue in theperi-implant region. Soft tissue reconstructive proce-dures are commonly required to establish a zone ofkeratinized tissue adjacent to the supracrestal implantstructure that will resist abrasion and adhere tightly tounderlying bone and provide a tight marginal seal. Avariety of procedures have been described to accom-plish this goal, such as free gingival grafts, allografts,pedicle grafts, and split-thickness skin grafts (STSG).This report presents the technique and describes 2cases that involved use of skin harvested from anupper eyelid blepharoplasty to augment the zone ofkeratinized tissue in edentulous implant patients.
LIQUID CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND THEIR EFFECT ON GAS HOLD-UP AND AXIAL MIXING IN BUBBLE COLUMNS

Abstract Liquid velocity profiles in a bubble column were measured with the aid of a hot-film anemometer. Two different types of profiles were detected that were characterized by the formation of a boundary layer at the column wall. Under slow flow conditions, the boundary layer is large and controls the liquid velocity profile, but in turbulent flow the boundary layer is very small and has no significant effect on the velocity profile. Microscopic and macroscopic balances were used to predict both the liquid velocity profile and the average liquid velocity. The effect of the liquid velocity profile and average velocity on axial dispersion and gas-hold-up are analyzed and design procedures are recommended.
Widespread Distribution in Polar Oceans of a 16S rRNA Gene Sequence with Affinity to Nitrosospira-Like Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria

We analyzed the phylogenetic compositions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the β subclass of Proteobacteria from 42 Southern Ocean samples. We found a Nitrosospira-like 16S rRNA gene sequence in all 20 samples that yielded PCR products (8 of 30 samples from the Ross Sea and 12 of 12 samples from the Palmer Peninsula). We also found this sequence in Arctic Ocean samples, indicating a transpolar, if not global, distribution; however, slight differences between Arctic and Antarctic sequences may be evidence of polar endemism.
Effect of norethindrone on submandibular glands and dental caries in female rats.

The effect of prolonged administration of norethindrone on the growth and development of submandibular glands and on the incidence of dental caries in rats was studied. Weanling female Sprague-Dawley strain rats were divided randomly into groups and were given daily subcutaneous injections of 30 60 or 90 mcg of norethindrone in .1 ml of steroid diluent for 9 or 14 weeks. Norethindrone in different dose levels caused in general a slight increase in wet weight and a significant increase in the diameter and relative number of granular tubules and in the sizes of acinar cells of submandibular glands. No significant changes in parotid gland weight were observed. Norethindrone in different dose levels caused an increase in the incidence of carious lesions but no differences in severity of carious lesions were observed between norethindrone treated groups of rats and their controls.
Interaction of mammalian kidney membrane and mitochondria in vitro.

Abstract 1. In many parts of the kidney tubule, there exists a close physical association of membrane and mitochondria apparently related to salt transport. The present study examines the influence of adding rat kidney membrane fragments on mitochondrial respiration in vitro. The results are compared with previous findings on the effect of rat kidney membrane fragments on cytoplasmic glycolysis. 2. The membrane fraction stimulates mitochondrial respiration. The stimulus decreases with higher levels of ADP and is abolished by dinitrophenol. Stimulus of glycolysis by kidney membranes is related to a specific coupling of membrane ATPase activity and phosphoglycerate kinase. The stimulus of respiration appears to be due solely to the enhanced availability of ADP in presence of an ATPase system.
The application of various coordinate transformations for rotating disk flow stability

Etude de la stabilite lineaire temporelle de l'ecoulement sur un disque tournant par une methode spectrale basee sur les polynomes de Chebyschev
Stereospecificity of 2-methylpiperidine binding to a nicotinic up-regulatory site in the rat brain P2 preparation

Abstract (±)-2-Methylpiperidine has a high degree of specificity in enhancing the binding of (−)-[ 3 H]nicotine in the rat brain P 2 preparation. (−)- and (+)-2-Methylpiperidine have been resolved. The (+) but not the (−) isomer increased the binding of (−)-[ 3 H]-nictine. The two isomers were equally effective in inhibiting the binding of (−)-[ 3 H]nicotine in high concentrations. These data provide additional support for a stereospecific nicotinic up-regulatory site.
Slowing Down: Age-Related Neurobiological Predictors of Processing Speed

Processing speed, or the rate at which tasks can be performed, is a robust predictor of age-related cognitive decline and an indicator of independence among older adults. This review examines evidence for neurobiological predictors of age-related changes in processing speed, which is guided in part by our source based morphometry findings that unique patterns of frontal and cerebellar gray matter predict age-related variation in processing speed. These results, together with the extant literature on morphological predictors of age-related changes in processing speed, suggest that specific neural systems undergo declines and as a result slow processing speed. Future studies of processing speed - dependent neural systems will be important for identifying the etiologies for processing speed change and the development of interventions that mitigate gradual age-related declines in cognitive functioning and enhance healthy cognitive aging.
The fast multipole method in the differential algebra framework

A method is presented that allows the computation of space charge effects of arbitrary and large distributions of particles in an efficient and accurate way based on a variant of the Fast Multipole Method (FMM). It relies on an automatic multigrid-based decomposition of charges in near and far regions and the use of high-order differential algebra methods to obtain decompositions of far fields that lead to an error that scales with a high power of the order. Given an ensemble of N particles, the method allows the computation of the self-fields of all particles on each other with a computational expense that scales as O(N). Using remainder-enhanced DA methods, it is also possible to obtain rigorous estimates of the errors of the methods. Furthermore, the method allows the computation of all high-order multipoles of the space charge fields that are necessary for the computation of high-order transfer maps and all resulting aberrations.
Introducing Research Methodology: A Beginner's Guide to Doing a Research Project by FLICK, UWE

The article reviews the book "Introducing Research Methodology: A Beginner's Guide to Doing a Research Project," by Uwe Flick.
The rotation group in plate tectonics and the representation of uncertainties of plate reconstructions

The calculation of the uncertainty in an estimated rotation requires a parametrization of the rotation group; that is, a unique mapping of the rotation group to a point in 3-D Euclidean space, R^3. Numerous parametrizations of a rotation exist, including: (1) the latitude and longitude of the axis of rotation and the angle of rotation; (2) a representation as a Cartesian vector with length equal to the rotation angle and direction parallel to the rotation axis; (3) Euler angles; or (4) unit length quaternions (or, equivalently, Cayley-Klein parameters). The uncertainty in a rotation is determined by the effect of nearby rotations on the rotated data. The uncertainty in a rotation is small, if rotations close to the best fitting rotation degrade the fit of the data by a large amount, and it is large, if only rotations differing by a large amount cause such a degradation. Ideally, we would like to parametrize the rotations in such a way so that their representation as points in R^3 would have the property that the distance between two points in R3 reflects the effects of the corresponding rotations on the fit of the data. It can be shown mathematically that this is impossible, but for rotations of small angle, it can be done to close approximation by using vectors in Cartesian coordinates. Thus, we are led to parametrizing the uncertainty separately from the parametrization of the best fitting rotation. This approach results in simpler, more efficient calculations than if uncertainties are described in terms of rotation parameters (i.e., latitude, longitude, and the angle). We illustrate this with the example of equations for determining the uncertainty in a composite rotation from the uncertainties of its constituents.
Single-Phase Flow and Heat Transport and Pumping Considerations in Microchannel Heat Sinks

Microchannel heat sinks are widely regarded as being among the most effective heat removal techniques from space-constrained electronic devices. However, the fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannels is not fully understood. The pumping requirements for flow through microchannels are also very high, and none of the micropumps in the literature is truly suitable for this application. Results are reported from a wide-ranging research program being conducted on microchannel heat sinks and micropumps to understand fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannels and to identify pumping requirements and suitable mechanisms for pumping in microchannels. In particular, experiments have been performed to show that conventional correlations for fluid flow and heat transfer adequately predict the behavior in microchannels of hydraulic diameters as small as 250 μ m. Pumping requirements of microchannel heat sinks have been analyzed, and the size of the microchannels have been optimized for minimum pumping requireme...
Electromagnetic launch science and technology in the United States enters a new era

Electromagnetic launch science and technology in the United States is on the threshold of a major new advance in its development. Significant developments in hypervelocity electromagnetic launch and in hypervelocity high-G guidance and control components have provided the impetus for exploring advanced electromagnetic weapon systems capable of providing revolutionary new capabilities. These systems include the electromagnetic launch of aircraft from navy aircraft carriers, hypervelocity electromagnetic guns on ships to provide protection and to launch guided projectiles to extraordinary ranges, and lightweight ground combat vehicles propelled by hybrid electric power protected by electromagnetic armor and capable of defeating advanced armor targets with lightweight hypervelocity penetrators from electromagnetic railguns. This presentation will summarize many of the technical advances leading to the decision to implement these new engineering efforts.
Determination of Poisson’s Ratio of Articular Cartilage by Indentation Using Different-Sized Indenters

Articular cartilage is often characterized as an isotropic elastic material with no interstitial fluid flow during instantaneous and equilibrium conditions, and indentation testing commonly used to deduce material properties of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Since only one elastic parameter can be deduced from a single indentation test, some other test method is often used to allow separate measurement of both parameters. In this study, a new method is introduced by which the two material parameters can be obtained using indentation tests alone, without requiring a secondary different type of test. This feature makes the method more suitable for testing small samples in situ. The method takes advantages of the finite layer effect. By indenting the sample twice with different-sized indenters, a nonlinear equation with the Poisson's ratio as the only unknown can be formed and Poisson's ratio obtained by solving the nonlinear equation. The method was validated by comparing the predicted Poisson's ratio for urethane rubber with the manufacturer's supplied value, and comparing the predicted Young's modulus for urethane rubber and an elastic foam material with modulii measured by unconfined compression. Anisotropic and nonhomogeneous finite-element (FE) models of the indentation were developed to aid in data interpretation. Applying the method to bovine patellar cartilage, the tissue Young's modulus was found to be 1.79 +/- 0.59 MPa in instantaneous response and 0.45 +/- 0.26 MPa in equilibrium, and the Poisson's ratio 0.503 +/- 0.028 and 0.463 +/- 0.073 in instantaneous and equilibrium, respectively. The equilibrium Poisson's ratio obtained in our work was substantially higher than those derived from biphasic indentation theory and those optically measured in an unconfined compression test. The finite element model results and examination of viscoelastic-biphasic models suggest this could be due to viscoelastic, inhomogeneity, and anisotropy effects.
The Evolution of Georgescu-Roegen's Bioeconomics

Georgescu-Roegen's work is usually divided into two categories, his earlier work on consumer and production theory and his later concern with entropy and bioeconomics beginning with his 1966 introductory essay to his collected theoretical papers published in the volume Analytical Economics. Most economists usually praise his earlier work on pure theory and ignore his later work which is highly critical of neoclassical economics. Those economists sympathetic to his later work usually take the position that he “saw the light” and gave up neoclassical theory some time in the 1960s to turn his attention to the issues of resource scarcity and social institutions. It is argued here that there is an unbroken path running from Georgescu's work in pure theory in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, through his writings on peasant economies in the 1960s, leading to his preoccupation with entropy and bioeconomics in the last 25 years of his life. That common thread is his preoccupation with “valuation.” The choices our spec...