cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADDRESSING THE NEEDS OF INCARCERATED INMATES WITH DEMENTIA: CREATING DEMENTIA-FRIENDLY PRISONS

U.S. prisons are experiencing a graying of their population, with many older inmates experiencing chronic conditions, including dementia. Older prisoners now represent 10% of the U.S. prison population and 18% of Illinois’ prison population. Aging inmates cost more to incarcerate due to their medical needs. Bureau of Prisons data estimate $881 million (19%) of its budget was spent to incarcerate aging inmates. Prisons are seeking solutions to address the unmet needs of older inmates, especially those with dementia. These older inmates with dementia face discrimination and exploitation within the prison population, and Correction Officers and clinicians lack training to understand and address their complex needs. Utilizing the Alzheimer’s Association’s, ACT on Alzheimer’s Toolkit we implemented four phases guiding communities’ adoption of dementia-friendly practices: we convened meetings with Illinois Department of Correction leaders, assessed community strengths and gaps by surveying prison wardens, analyzed findings and created an action plan to provide dementia training of prison staff to create a dementia friendly community. Our “Dementia-Friendly Prisons” program trains prison staff on understanding and providing supportive care and management to inmates with dementia, enabling staff to meet inmates’ needs, thereby creating an environment where inmates with dementia are safe and treated respectfully. Our program used an Appreciative Inquiry Four-D cycle approach (Discover-Dream-Design-Destiny) to engage and empower learners from a highly diverse workforce to develop into collaborative teams. Our program remedies a problem in the delivery of prison healthcare, serving a particularly vulnerable population and creates an adaptable model for other prisons and communities.
Nonlinear microscopy for detection of prostate cancer: analysis of sensitivity and specificity in radical prostatectomies.

Intraoperative evaluation of specimens during radical prostatectomy using frozen sections can be time and labor intensive. Nonlinear microscopy (NLM) is a fluorescence microscopy technique that can rapidly generate images that closely resemble HE 95% confidence interval) and 100.0% (97.0–100.0%), respectively. Interobserver agreement for NLM reading had a Fleiss κ = 0.95. The high cancer detection accuracy and rapid specimen preparation suggest that NLM may be useful for intraoperative evaluation in radical prostatectomy.
Multi-court judging and judicial productivity in a career judiciary: Evidence from Nepal

Abstract The rotation of judges across courts of equal seniority is a core, yet understudied, feature of career judiciaries. We examine the consequences of such rotation-induced spreading of judges' yearly court attendance across multiple courts, termed multi-court judging, for judicial productivity at disposing cases. Drawing on judge-level panel data from resource-starved Nepal, where multi-court judging alleviates courts' staffing and case disposition concerns, we find that multi-court judging exhibits a statistically and economically significant negative effect on judicial productivity at case resolution. The uncovered result cannot be explained by selection on unobservables, is robust to adoption of a dynamic panel instrumental variable approach, obtains under alternative model specifications, and survives a series of robustness checks. By identifying a hitherto unidentified cost associated with inter-court transfer of judges, our analysis provides a novel layer of considerations about judicial behavior and performance in career judiciaries.
Shapes with Coupled Deformations

Arches and shells are quintessential examples of structures whose elastic deformed shapes result from coupled deformations. A rectangular frame with arbitrary loading has multiple deformation types simultaneously, but they are not coupled in the sense meant here because each straight segment is essentially like the straight beam/rod of Chap. 1. By analogy, consider the difference between a beam resting on a continuous elastic foundation and one resting on discrete springs; the foundation affects the governing differential equations, the discrete springs affect the BCs. Elaborating on the consequences of this coupling is the primary focus of this chapter. This done by looking at long thin-walled structures with open cross sections.
In Situ Monitoring of Additive Manufacturing Using Digital Image Correlation: A Review

This paper is a critical review of in situ full-field measurements provided by digital image correlation (DIC) for inspecting and enhancing additive manufacturing (AM) processes. The principle of DIC is firstly recalled and its applicability during different AM processes systematically addressed. Relevant customisations of DIC in AM processes are highlighted regarding optical system, lighting and speckled pattern procedures. A perspective is given in view of the impact of in situ monitoring regarding AM processes based on target subjects concerning defect characterisation, evaluation of residual stresses, geometric distortions, strain measurements, numerical modelling validation and material characterisation. Finally, a case study on in situ measurements with DIC for wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is presented emphasizing opportunities, challenges and solutions.
18F-YJH08, a novel radioligand targeting the glucocorticoid receptor to understand the pathobiology of cancer and major depressive disease.

261 Objectives: The complexity of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling cannot be measured with direct tissue analysis in living subjects, which has stifled our understanding of GR’s role in human physiology or disease and impeded the development of selective GR modulators. Herein we report [18F]-5-(4-fluorobenzyl)-10-methoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-chromeno[3,4-f]quinoline ([18F]-YJH08), a radioligand that enables the first non-invasive measurements of tissue autonomous GR expression levels in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). YJH08 potently binds GR (Kd ~0.4 nM) with ~100-fold selectivity compared to nuclear hormone receptors in the same subfamily. [18F]-YJH08 was prepared via Cu(OTf)2(py)4-mediated radiofluorination of an arylboronic acid pinacol ester with ~12 % decay corrected radiochemical yield from starting [18F]fluoride ion. We applied treatment with the tissue-wide GR agonist dexamethasone, adrenalectomy, and generated an adipocyte specific GR knockout mouse to show that [18F]-YJH08 specifically binds GR in normal mouse tissues, including those for which aberrant GR expression is thought to drive severe diseases (e.g. brain, adipose tissue, kidneys). Remarkably, [18F]-YJH08 PET also revealed that JG231, a potent, specific and bioavailable HSP70 inhibitor, selectively degrades GR only in the adipose tissue of mice, a finding that foreshadows how GR targeted PET might be integrated into drug discovery to screen for selective GR modulation at the tissue level, beyond conventional screening at the transcriptional level. In summary, [18F]-YJH08 enables a quantitative assessment of GR expression levels in real time among multiple tissues simultaneously, and this technology is a first step toward unraveling the daunting complexity of GR signaling and rationally engineering tissue specific therapeutic modulators in vivo.
Distinguishing between One Voice Amplified Too Loudly or Many Voices Raised in Unison: How the NLRB is Deciding Cases Involving Social Media

TBD, Magaldi, Jessica, Sales, Jonathan and Cameron, Elizabeth Ann, Distinguishing between One Voice Amplified Too Loudly or Many Voices Raised in Unison: How the Nlrb is Deciding Cases Involving Social Media (September 10, 2018). Proceedings of the Midwest Academy of Legal Studies, 2017. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3247331
Reliability of a Rapid Screener for an Intercept Survey about Drug Use

Intercept surveys are a relatively inexpensive method to rapidly collect data on drug use. However, querying use of dozens of drugs can be time-consuming. We determined whether using a rapid screen...
On the Nature of Data Science

One can hear "Data Science" defined as a synonym for machine learning or as a branch of Statistics. I shall argue that it is far more than that; it is the natural evolution of the technology of very large-scale data management to solve problems in scientific and commercial fields. To support my argument, I shall give a brief introduction to two algorithms that are important in data science but that are neither machine learning nor statistics: locality-sensitive hashing and counting distinct elements. Biography: Jeff Ullman is the Stanford W. Ascherman Professor of Engineering (Emeritus) in the Department of Computer Science at Stanford and CEO of Gradiance Corp. He received the B.S. degree from Columbia University in 1963 and the PhD from Princeton in 1966. Prior to his appointment at Stanford in 1979, he was a member of the technical staff of Bell Laboratories from 1966-1969, and on the faculty of Princeton University between 1969 and 1979. From 1990-1994, he was chair of the Stanford Computer Science Department. Ullman was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1989, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2012, the National Academy of Sciences in 2020, and has held Guggenheim and Einstein Fellowships. He has received the Sigmod Contributions Award (1996), the ACM Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award (1998), the Knuth Prize (2000), the Sigmod E. F. Codd Innovations award (2006), the IEEE von Neumann medal (2010), the NEC C&C Foundation Prize (2017), and the ACM A.M. Turing Award (2020). He is the author of 16 books, including books on database systems, data mining, compilers, automata theory, and algorithms.
Bioimpedance Alterations of Knee Site Tissues During Dynamic Activity of Varying Intensity

Bioimpedance measurements collected during dynamic activities have alterations compared to static conditions as a result of contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle. Understanding these effects will be an important consideration for studies collecting this type of data during free-living. In this preliminary trial, 128 kHz knee tissue resistance was collected during 5 walking activities (e.g. treadmill walking and stair climbing) of increasing intensity from a single participant. Mean and maximum resistances were observed to increase with increasing activity, with 1.14 Ω (+1.80%) and 2.03 Ω (+6.48%) mean increases for the highest intensity treadmill walking (compared to the lowest) for the two localized tissue sites, respectively.
Eriksons Theorie der psychosozialen Entwicklung

Erik Erikson (1963, 1964, 1968) ist ein zeitgenossischer Ich-Psychologe, der mit seiner Theorie versucht hat, auf die Grundlagen der Freudschen psychoanalytischen Theorie aufzubauen und sie zu erweitern. Wie die anderen sogenannten Neo-Freudianer (z. B. Fromm, Homey, Sullivan) betont Erikson, wie wichtig Ich-Funktionen und soziale Einflusse fur das Verstandnis der Personlichkeit sind. Erikson ist vor allem durch seine Theorie der psychosozialen Entwicklung bekannt geworden, die er als eine Erweiterung von Freuds Vorstellungen uber das Durchlaufen von psychosexuellen Stadien sieht. Im Gegensatz zu Freud richtet Erikson jedoch seine Aufmerksamkeit verstarkt auf die Latenzperiode (mittlere Kindheit) und die Adoleszenz. Seine Entwicklungsstadien reichen vom Sauglingsalter uber das Erwachsenenalter bis hin zum hohen Alter.
CLASSIFICATION OF MISSISSIPPI SOUND AS TO ESTUARY HYDROLOGICAL TYPE

Mississippi Sound is classified as to estuary hydrological type by the method of Pritchard (1955). Differences in salinity between surface and near-bottom water were calculated from 2,401 pairs of observations made at 90 stations from 4 April 1973 to 12 April 1977. Frequency distribution tables, constructed by tallying the vertical salinity differences into three classes corresponding to three of Pritchard's estuary types (A, stratified; B, partially mixed; D, well mixed) were used to assess salinity structure of the water column. The greatest variation as to type occurred from January through June. From July through December, the water column becomes predominately uniform. Mississippi Sound is shown to be primarily wcll mixed with approximately one-third of the observations indicating partially mixed and less than 2% being stratified. The channels are characteristically stratified or partially mixed. The results of this study were in good agreement with thc previous classification by another method by the author which confirms that while dominately well mixed, Missis- sippi Sound also attains the characteristics of a partially mixed estuary and, highly localized, characteristics of a stratified
CP Violation in Exclusive B Decays: Recoil Phase Effect

In the perturbative QCD approach to exclusive B decays to two light mesons, the leading twist contribution corresponds to those diagrams in the Lepage-Brodsky expansion in which the would be spectator quark receives its recoil momentum via one gluon exchange. We show that the resulting amplitude, which in the spectator model is real, acquires an imaginary part which may be comparable in size to its real part. Thus, this source of the strong interaction phase in the amplitude must be taken into account in general to discuss, reliably, the expectations for CP violation in B decays at any B-Factory type scenario.
Predicting the solar thermochemical water splitting ability and reaction mechanism of metal oxides: a case study of the hercynite family of water splitting cycles

A screening method is developed to determine the viability of candidate redox materials to drive solar thermal water splitting (STWS) and the mechanism by which they operate using only the reduction enthalpy of the material. This method is applied to the doped-hercynite water splitting cycle, as well as FeAl2O4 and CoAl2O4, materials which have not been previously experimentally demonstrated for STWS. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of reduction energies coupled with our screening method predict H2 production capacities for iron and cobalt aluminate spinels to be in the order FeAl2O4 > Co0.5Fe0.5Al2O4 > CoAl2O4 with relative H2 production capacity ratios of approximately 1.0 to 0.7 to 2 × 10−4, respectively. Experimental measurements for 1500/1350 °C redox temperatures validate the H2 production capacity predicted by the screening method by demonstrating H2 production ratios of 1.0 to 0.6 to 0. Un-doped hercynite (FeAl2O4) is shown to be a viable STWS material for the first time with a higher H2 production capacity than traditional doped-hercynite materials. Theory and experiments show that redox of the aluminate family of spinel materials operates via an O-vacancy mechanism rather than a stoichiometric one, which is more typical for ferrites. The screening approach is generally useful for predicting the ability of new complex materials to drive STWS and the mechanism by which they operate, thus, providing a method to identify promising new candidate STWS materials.
Social Enterprise Development

Becoming sustainable or profitable is often the top concern for social entrepreneurs. Management teams of start-ups spend an exorbitant amount of time focused on furthering their business models. However, the social capital markets lack the efficiency of the traditional capital markets, making the process of capital raising a challenge for both nonprofit and for profit social ventures. Concurrently, scarce philanthropic, government and investment dollars have caused nonprofits to innovate new revenue generating businesses to augment their budgets. Nonprofits, struggling to survive in an increasingly competitive landscape, are working to become more efficient by adapting business models to their organizational needs. Trends in philanthropy have also forced the social sector to adapt. Some in the philanthropic sector has adopted venture capital principles to become more highly engaged with their grantees, and they now expect a higher level of performance. This rise of venture philanthropy has forced nonprofits to develop performance measurement tools and improve accountability within their organizations. As many nonprofits work to become more self-sustaining by diversifying their revenue streams beyond traditional foundation and government support, organizations are creating business ventures and corporate partnerships. This course is designed not only to educate students about the models and practices currently being pursued by these organizations, but also to provide practical tools that foster new innovations in this area.
How multiple causes combine: independence constraints on causal inference

According to the causal power view, two core constraints-that causes occur independently (i.e., no confounding) and influence their effects independently-serve as boundary conditions for causal induction. This study investigated how violations of these constraints modulate uncertainty about the existence and strength of a causal relationship. Participants were presented with pairs of candidate causes that were either confounded or not, and that either interacted or exerted their influences independently. Consistent with the causal power view, uncertainty about the existence and strength of causal relationships was greater when causes were confounded or interacted than when unconfounded and acting independently. An elemental Bayesian causal model captured differences in uncertainty due to confounding but not those due to an interaction. Implications of distinct sources of uncertainty for the selection of contingency information and causal generalization are discussed.
Electromechanical Energy Scavenging From Current-Carrying Conductors

This paper describes a novel method for scavenging energy for electric power systems sensing applications by the use of permanent magnets that couple to the magnetic field generated by an alternating current flowing through a nearby conductor. The resulting mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy using piezoelectric transduction. This electromechanical AC energy scavenging method is an attractive alternative to coil-based AC energy scavengers in cases where the scavengers cannot encircle the conductor. In such cases, the electromechanical AC energy scavenger has the potential to produce significantly more power than comparable coil-based methods. The components of an electromechanical AC energy scavenger are described in detail, and experimental data from prototypes that are fabricated and tested in our laboratory are shown. The 20 cm3 prototypes generated up to 2.7 mW of power each from 20 A of nearby current. Theoretical power densities of electromechanical AC energy scavengers are compared to the power densities of representative coil-based methods, showing that in some cases the electromechanical AC scavengers can generate an order-of-magnitude more power than coil-based AC scavengers. This paper demonstrates that electromechanical AC energy scavenging is a potential method for powering small size low cost stick-on wireless sensor networks.
Rank-based refactoring decision support: two studies

Refactoring can result in code with improved maintainability and is considered a preventive maintenance activity. Managers of large projects need ways to decide where to apply scarce resources when performing refactoring. There is a lack of tools for supporting such decisions. We introduce a rank-based software measure-driven refactoring decision support approach to assist managers. The approach uses various static measures to develop a weighted rank, ranking classes or packages that need refactoring. We undertook two case studies to examine the effectiveness of the approach. Specifically, we wanted to see if the decision support tool yielded results similar to those of human analysts/managers and in less time so that it can be used to augment human decision making. In the first study, we found that our approach identified classes as needing refactoring that were also identified by humans. In the second study, a hierarchical approach was used to identify packages that had actually been refactored in 15 releases of the open source project Tomcat. We examined the overlap between the tool's findings and the actual refactoring activities. The tool reached 100/86.7% recall on the package/class level. Though these studies were limited in size and scope, it appears that this approach is worthy of further examination.
An Experimental Study of the Performance Impact of Path-Based DoS Attacks in Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are considered as cost effective, easily deployable and capable of extending Internet connectivity. However, one of the major challenges in deploying reliable WMNs is preventing their nodes from malicious attacks, which is of particular concern as attacks can severely degrade network performance. When a DoS attack is targeted over an entire communication path, it is called a path-based DoS attack. We study the performance impact of path-based DoS attacks by considering attack intensity, medium errors, physical diversity, collusion and hop count. We setup a wireless mesh testbed and configure a set of experiments to gather realistic measurements, and assess the effects of different factors. We find that medium errors have significant impact on the performance of WMNs when a path-based DoS attack is carried out, and the impact is exacerbated by the MAC layer retransmissions. We show that due to physical diversity, a far attacker can lead to an increased performance degradation than a close-by attacker. Additionally, we demonstrate that the joint impact of two colluding attackers is not as severe as the joint result of individual attacks. We also discuss a strategy to counter path-based DoS attacks which can potentially alleviate the impact of the attack significantly.
Conference retrospective: an appropriate modeling infrastructure for cancer research.

Presentations and discussions at the symposium illustrate some general issues in biomedical modeling for cancer research. Given the motivations for modeling and assumptions concerning who should be involved in the modeling process, one can identify some basic needs to be met in supports to modelers. These concern both the models themselves and ways of presenting them to users. In conclusion, some thoughts are offered on economic and educational issues that may affect the infusion of modeling into biomedical research.
TH‐D‐BRA‐03: Genetic Susceptibility Radiation Exposure and Risk of Second Primary Breast Cancer

Background: Deficiencies in cellular responses to DNA damage can predispose to cancer.Ionizing radiation induces double strand breaks (DSB). Upon activation by DSB‐inducing agents ATM (for ataxia‐telangiectasia (A‐T) mutated) phosphorylates a large number of downstream targets including the products of several known breast cancer susceptibility genes (e.g. BRCA1 BRCA2 Chek2 p53). In this study we examine whether defects in these breast cancer susceptibility factors are associated with radiation‐induced induced breast cancers.Methods: The WECARE Study is a case‐control study nested within 5 population‐based cancer registries in the US and in Denmark. The 708 cases were women with asynchronous bilateral breast cancer (CBC) and the 1399 controls were women with unilateral breast cancer (UBC) individually matched to cases on year of birth race geographic region and date of diagnosis (interval). All participants were interviewed medical records were comprehensively reviewed and full genetic screening was conducted. For women who received radiation therapy (RT) absorbed radiationdoses to quadrants of the (CB) were estimated using dosimetry reconstruction. Rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using multivariable‐adjusted conditional logistic regression models.Results: The mean dose to the specific quadrant of the CB tumor was 1.1 Gy. Women 1.0Gy and with >5 year follow‐up had a 3‐fold increased risk of CBC (95% CI‐1.1–1.8). The RR of CBC associated with carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation was 4.2 (95% CI=2.8–6.1); however among carriers radiation was not associated with risk. Among women carrying rare ATM missense mutations the risk of developing CBC was slightly increased but was significantly elevated among women treated with RT and strongest for mutations selected on their likelihood to disrupt structure. Conclusions: Risk of radiation‐associated CBC was inversely related to age at exposure and dose dependent. A subgroup of rare mutations may increase risk of CBC among women with early onset breast cancertreated with RT. However the fraction of CBC attributed to this is quite small suggesting that radiation contributes little to the already high risk of CBC associated with carrying these breast cancer susceptibility factors. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the role of DSB in CBC 2. Understand the basic study design of the WECARE Study 3. Understand the issues relating to genetic susceptibility and CBC risk
Molecular characterization of the Drosophila vermilion locus and its suppressible alleles.

Abstract We have cloned vermilion (v), one of the genes required for brown eye pigment synthesis in Drosophila, using a mutant (vH2a) "tagged" with the transposon P factor. Mutations that disrupt v gene expression are clustered within approximately 2 kilobases of DNA. A 1.4-kilobase transcript, homologous to this same region, is present in v+ RNA but absent in RNA from several v mutants. The spontaneous v alleles that are suppressed by the suppressor of sable [su(s)] are apparently identical insertions of 412, a copia-like transposable element. Preliminary evidence suggests that su(s)-suppressible alleles at other loci may also be 412 insertions.
Old Medicine Women Anew: Reimaging and Reimagining the Blackfeet Matoki

Ethnographers wishing to capture images of “Vanishing Americans” in the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries were beholden to a rather narrow viewpoint. Such figures were white, male, and narrowly honed “documentary” photography. It is not a great surprise that among the Blackfeet tribes one of the greatest spiritual traditions of the Northern Plains has received short shrift. The Old Women's Society (Matoki) were one of the most powerful and esteemed Medicine Societies. As information about the women tends to be dispersed, this article is an attempt to re-view that identity and, perhaps, expand the discussion about them.
Development of a real-time multi-objective scheduler for a semiconductor fabrication system

Semiconductor wafer fabrication involves possibly one of the most complex manufacturing processes ever used. This causes a number of decision problems. A successful system control strategy would assign appropriate decision rules for decision variables. Therefore, the goal of this study is to develop a scheduler for the selection of decision rules for decision variables in order to obtain the desired performance measures given by a user at the end of a certain production interval. In this proposed methodology, a system control strategy based on a simulation technique and a competitive neural network is suggested. A simulation experiment was conducted to collect the data containing the relationship between the change of decision rule set and current system status and the performance measures in the dynamic nature of semiconductor manufacturing fabrication. Then, a competitive neural network was applied to obtain the scheduling knowledge from the collected data. The results of the study indicate that applyin...
Polyglutamine Disease: Acetyltransferases Awry

Recent evidence indicates that inhibition of histone acetyltransferases may be a primary cause of cellular pathogenesis in polyglutamine diseases such as Huntington disease; the results raise the possibility that pharmacologic manipulation of protein acetylation levels could be of therapeutic benefit.
Surface and finite size effects in critical phenomena

Field theoretic renormalization group methods are developed to described in a unified fashion the critical behavior of d = 4 − ϵ) systems of finite, semi-infinite and infinite extension with interacting boundaries. The theory clearly shows the presence of three regions depending on the value of a scaling variable η: (a) For η > ηdc the physics is quasi d-dimensional; (b) when η ≈ η∗ < ηdc, a quasi d′-dimensional (d′ < d) physics emerges; and (c) there is a dimensional crossover region for η ≈ ηdc which separates regions (a) and (b). This paper focuses on region (a) where usual e-expansion techniques are shown to be well behaved and where critical exponents are found to be the bulk ones, but non trivial dependences on the confining length scale and the surface interaction parameter persist. These e-expansions break down at η ≈ ηdc, and alternative methods, briefly discussed in this paper, are required to study the dimensionally reduced region (c). The general theory is illustrated for the N-vector model in both layered and semi-infinite geometries with various boundary conditions on the surfaces, and for the statistics of long polymer chains with excluded volume in presence of interacting interfaces. Finally, analogies are presented with mathematically related problems in particle physics.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Trace Quantities of Azinphos Methyl and Azinphos Methyl Oxon in Various Water Sources by Direct Injection and Trace Enrichment

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described for the determination of trace amounts of the organophosphate insecticide, azinphos methyl and its degradation product, azinphos methyl oxon, by direct injection and by trace enrichment. The compounds were analyzed on a uBondapak C18 column with UY detection at 224 nm. The mobile phase for the analysis was acetonitrile-water (50:50) at a flow rate of 1.3 ml/min. Ten minutes were required for the chromatographic analysis. Water from three sources, public water supply, stream, and ocean was analyzed for azinphos methyl and azinphos methyl oxon at concentrations as low as 11.9 and 11.3 ppb, respectively, without a clean-up, concentration or derivatization step. Azinphos methyl was quantitated at 0.29 ppb and azinphos methly oxon at 0.29 ppb by employing a concentration step involving a C18 Sep-Pak cartridge. The coefficients of variation for all determinations ranged from 0.77 to 9.06%. Peak heights were used for quanti-tation. Sev...
The Benefits of a Network Tasking Order in Combat Search and Rescue Missions

Networked communications play a crucial role in United States Armed Forces operations. As the military moves towards more network centric (Net-Centric) operations, it becomes increasingly important to use the network as effectively as possible with respect to the overall mission. This article advocates the use of a Network Tasking Order (NTO), which allows operators to reason about the network based on asset movement, capabilities, and communication requirements. The NTO is similar to the Air Tasking Order, which gives insight into the plan for physical assets in a military mission. In this paper we illustrate the benefit of an NTO in a Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) scenario. While demonstrating the CSAR mission, we assume the use of the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) for communication. Our premise is that the knowledge in an NTO can be used to achieve better CSAR missions and yield better decision-making opportunities to the mission commanders. Our results show that the End-to-End (ETE) delay with the aid of an NTO in high traffic conditions is shorter compared to those without the NTO and bandwidth requirements are also lower. In low traffic conditions, the ETE delay is shorter without the aid of an NTO, but at the cost of higher bandwidth utilization.
A New Sample of BL Lacertae Objects and Implications for Unified Schemes

This thesis presents the ROSAT-GreenBank (RGB) catalog of X-ray--and radio--emitting AGN and concentrates on the subclass of objects known as BL~Lacertae objects (BL Lacs). The RGB BL Lac sample is both large and statistically well-defined and therefore constitutes an ideal sample with which to study the characteristics of this rare class of AGN. We present the multiwavelength properties of 1,567 objects detected in both the ROSAT All-Sky Survey and the 1987 Green Bank radio survey. Followup low resolution spectroscopic observations of 171 bright RGB objects, including 38 newly identified BL~Lacs, are also presented. Combined with previous observations, we construct the RGB BL Lac catalog of 120 objects. From this, we select 35 objects for inclusion in the RGB Complete sample of Bright Objects which covers 3,970~deg2 of the sky and contains all sources with Sr,tot>20~mJy, FX>5×10-13~erg~s-1cm-2 and O<18.0~mag. We also use the characteristics RGB BL~Lac sample to test the unified scheme hypothesis. In particular, we investigate the distribution of sources on the αro-αox diagram, characteristics of the high energy continuum, and both the X-ray and radio logN-logS relationships to show the orientation-based unified scheme is generally consistent with the observed properties of BL~Lacs.
Photodynamic therapy for palliation of chest wall recurrence in patients with breast cancer.

Background and Objectives: Chest wall recurrence occurs in 5–20% of breast cancer patients. Until recently, the only treatments available were surgical resection or radiotherapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new modality that uses a photosensitizer and light to destroy tumor cells selectively. We report here our experience with PDT as a treatment for chest wall recurrence. Methods Seven patients with breast cancer who had chest wall recurrence despite previous therapy were treated with PDT. Four patients received one treatment, one received two treatments at the same site, one received two separate treatments at different sites, and one received three separate treatments at distinct sites. Response and adverse events were monitored. Results The total response rate of 91% (10/11), with complete response (CR) in 73% (8/11) and partial response (PR) in 18% (2/11), was based on total number of treatments. The mean time to lesion healing was 73 days (range <30–99 days). One patient experienced a photosensitivity reaction after exposure to direct sunlight. No other adverse events were recorded. Conclusions PDT is an effective treatment for chest wall recurrence in patients with breast cancer in whom other treatments have failed. PDT is also well tolerated, especially when compared with traditional therapies. J. Surg. Oncol. 68:209–214, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chemical Bonding of a Molecular Transition-Metal Ion in a Crystalline Environment

A theoretical description of the chemical bonding of transition metals and other complex metal atoms in molecules and solids has been formulated in terms of a spin-unrestricted self-consistent-field cluster model. This model permits the accurate calculation, from first principles, of electronic energy levels and wave functions for the cluster, but requires relatively little computer time. The cluster, which may be a free polyatomic molecule, part of a macromolecule, or a polyatomic complex in an ordered or disordered solid, is geometrically partitioned into contiguous atomic, interatomic, and extramolecular regions. The one-electron Schr\"odinger equation is numerically integrated within each region in the partial-wave representation for spherically averaged and volume-averaged potentials which include Slater's $X\ensuremath{\alpha}$ statistical approximation to exchange correlation. The wave functions and their first derivatives are joined continuously throughout the cluster via multiple-scattered-wave theory similar to that developed originally by Korringa. The effects of a particular environment on the cluster are described by boundary conditions, e.g., the matching of the solutions of Schr\"odinger's equation in the extramolecular region to those within the atomic regions at an artificial spherical boundary surrounding the entire cluster. This numerical procedure is repeated, using the wave functions obtained at each iteration to generate a charge density and new potential, until self-consistency is attained. The model is illustrated for the tetrahedrally coordinated permanganate ion (Mn${\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) in the stabilizing field of a typical crystalline environment KMn${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. The spin-unrestricted cluster calculation leads to a ground-state electronic structure of Mn${\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ which is consistent with the observed Van Vleck paramagnetism of permanganate crystals. Computer-generated contour maps of the cluster wave functions and charge densities are presented, showing the formation of directed chemical bonds. Both $\ensuremath{\pi}"$ and "$\ensuremath{\sigma}$ bonding" between oxygen $2p$ electrons and manganese $3d$ electrons are shown to be important. In conjunction with Slater's transition-state theory, which accurately describes the effects of orbital relaxation in optical transitions, the cluster model is used to interpret the measured optical properties of permanganate crystals. The characteristic purple color of KMn${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is shown to originate from the induced transfer of electrons between the oxygen ligands and central manganese atom in the Mn${\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cluster. Finally, with the use of larger clusters, the theoretical model is extended to the chemical bonding of transition-metal impurities in semiconductors and transition metals which are the biologically active centers of certain enzymes and proteins.
Effect of Cholesterol on Antigenicity of Streptolysin O.

Summary1. The observation of Hewitt and Todd that cholesterol neutralizes the hemolytic activity of streptolysin O is confirmed.2. The antigenicity of streptolysin O remains unchanged in cholesterol-neutralized mixtures.3. Under similar conditions streptolysin O neutralized by its specific antibody elicits virtually no immune response to streptolysin O.
Possible basis for the dichotomy in the action of DNA gyrase inhibitors on eukaryotes

A number of recent studies have suggested that inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase such as nalidixic acid (NAL) and novobiocin possessed genotoxic, DNA-inhibitory and teratogenic properties (Kowalczyk, 1980; McCoy et al., 1980; Czinn et al., 1981; Collins and Johnson, 1979; Lavin, 1981; Mattern and Painter, 1979; Crumplin, 1981; Von Wright and Bridges, 1981). In addition evidence has also been obtained that eukaryotic cells contained DNA gyrase-like enzymes (e.g., topoisomerases II) that are sensitive to inhibition by blockers of DNA gyrase (Baldi et al., 1980; Cozzarelli, 1980; Hsieh and Brutlag, 1980; Liu et al., 1980). Because these findings suggest that inhibitors of putative eukaryotic DNA topoisomerases II might induce genotoxic and developmental effects, it was thought of interest to investigate further the biochemical basis of the effects of NAL, a useful anti-infective agent, on eukaryotic systems. The present study deals with the metabolic effects of NAL on the developing American sea-urchin embryo. It had been shown previously that NAL interfered with sea-urchin development mainly at or following blastulation (Czinn et al., 1981) which was also found to be the stage of embryogenesis susceptible to inhibition by novobiocin and hydroxyurea. Both hydroxyurea and novobiocin inhibit sea-urchin DNA synthesis (Eisenberg et al., 1965; Speck et al., 1982). But while hydroxyurea blocks nucleoside diphosphate reductase, novobiocin is thought to act on a topoisomerase as well as on DNA polymerase (see below). Moreover, while the principal effect of hydroxyurea was blockage of DNA synthesis, which was accompanied by a slight inhibition in RNA synthesis and no effect on protein production; novobiocin-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis was accompanied by a significant stimulation of protein synthesis (Speck et al., 1982).
Visible Luminescence of Rare-Earth Yttrium Gallium Garnets

Yttrium galllum garnet (Y/sub 3/Ga/sub 5/O/sub 12/) was prepared with small percentagea of different rare earths substituted for yttrium. Garnets activated with Pr, Sm, Eu,Tb, Dp, Ao, Lr, and Tm are all luminescent. The emission and excitation spectra of the samples were measured at 77 deg K. The data were analazed in terms of the atomic energy levels of the impurity ions and the effects of crystalline field and of phonon interactions. Wherever possible, comments are made about whether the crystal field can betreated as possessing cubic or lower symmetry. (auth)
Individualization of immediate posttransplant immunosuppression: the value of antilymphocyte globulin in patients with delayed graft function

In patients with delayed graft function (DGF), the use of cyclosporine (CsA) has been reported to prolong DGF, increase the number of required dialyses, increase the duration of hospitalization, and be associated with decreased graft survival. Routine postoperative antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) use has been advocated, but ALG is associated with increased viral infection. We studied outcome of individualization of immunosuppression. Between 11/84 and 8/86, first-cadaver transplant recipients whose serum creatinine (Cr) fell greater than or equal to 30% in the first 24 hr (immediate function) were started on CsA and prednisone (P) (group 1, n = 26). The remainder were randomized to P and azathioprine (group 2, n = 32) or P and ALG (group 3, n = 26), and switched to CsA when serum Cr fell greater than 30% (minimum 5 days ALG for the ALG group). P taper was the same in all groups. Patients with DGF (groups 2 and 3) had longer preservation time and higher peak PRA (P less than .05) than group 1. Groups were otherwise equivalent. One and 2-year patient survival was 96% (3 cardiovascular deaths; all with functioning grafts). One-year graft survival was 87% for group 1, 87% for group 2, and 82% for group 3(NS). In patients requiring dialysis, mean day off dialysis was 12 +/- 3 in both groups 2 and 3. Mean hospital stay was 12.5 +/- 1.3 days for group 1, 21.6 +/- 2.1 days for group 2 (P less than .05 vs. 1 & 3), and 14.5 +/- 1.2 days for group 3 (NS vs. 1). The increased hospital stay for group 2 patients was mainly due to increased in-hospital rejections: 75% for group 2, (P less than .05 vs. group 1 [35%], and group 3 [11.5%]). In addition, more group 2 in-hospital 1st rejections were steroid resistant as compared to group 1; 46% group 1 patients have remained rejection free as compared to 0% group 2 (P less than .05 vs. 1 and 3) and 35% of group 3 (P less than .05 vs. 1 and 2). Mean serum creatinine at 6-12 months remained higher in patients with DGF (group 1 P less than .05 vs. 2 and 3). Rejection was the major cause of graft loss in all groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Performance of a fiber reinforced polymer web core skew bridge superstructure. Part I: field testing and finite element simulations

Abstract The structural behavior of a fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) web core skew bridge superstructure is studied in this two-part paper. The two-lane bridge is a simply supported superstructure with a 7.807 m span, 10.071 m wide and a 30° skew angle. The FRP bridge deck is a sandwich structure with a two-way web core matrix and faceskins, fabricated by a molding process with E-glass fibers and vinylester resins. Four field tests have been performed since then. In this first part, the bridge structural configurations and the field test results are presented. A finite element model is developed and validated by field testing to simulate the bridge structural behavior. The comparison of the field testing and numerical simulation results shows a good agreement and bridge is performing as designed.
Improving the Computational Efficiency of the Induced-Dipole Model in Amoeba via the 3-Body Approximation

Computational modeling at the atomistic level has undergone dramatic development to meet the challenge of adequately accounting for the many-body intermolecular interactions. Polarization is recognized in the force field development community as the most important many-body intermolecular interaction due to the fact that it is the slowest decaying of these, and major efforts have been underway to incorporate classical models of polarization in empirical force fields. However, the computational cost of calculating polarization for each energy/gradient evaluation has limited its practical use in adequate sampling of phase space that is necessary to obtain converged condensed-phase properties. More specifically, calculating polarization in the induced dipole regime requires the expensive iteration of the values of the induced dipoles to self-consistency for the entire system. To reduce the computational cost of the full N-body polarization calculation, we employ a truncation of the N-body energy expansion at the level of 3-bodies. This reduces the computational cost in several ways. First, the calculation of the induced dipoles for groups of 1 body, 2 bodies, and 3 bodies may be calculated exactly with matrix inversion, obviating the need for an iterative approach due to the small size of the system. Secondly, due to the fact that they are independent calculations under the 3-body approximation, the polarization energy for the system may be trivially parallelized. Finally, due to the decay of the polarization energy with distance, we may employ cutoffs. We first demonstrate that the 3-body approximation yields errors of 1-5% in the polarization energy for neutral systems compared to the N-body model. We then demonstrate the computational savings that result when parallelization is incorporated. Finally, we report the performance in capturing condensed-phase observables of water and solvated peptide and small molecule systems.
Age-related reductions in cerebral vasomotor reactivity and the law of initial value: a 4-year prospective longitudinal study

A group of 51 neurologically normal, middle-aged and elderly volunteers (aged 35-86 years; mean age 63.24 years) with and without risk factors for stroke were given annual tests of cerebral vasomotor reactivity to assess any changes in the cerebral vascular capacitance associated with advancing age that might alter cerebral vasomotor reactivity. Cerebral vasomotor reactivity was estimated as the difference in bihemisphere gray matter CBF measured by the 133Xe inhalation method in the steady state breathing room air, followed by a second measurement during inhalation of 100% oxygen. There were significant and progressive reductions in cerebral vasomotor reactivity during the 4-year longitudinal study. Positive linear correlations were apparent between initial steady-state mean bihemisphere gray matter CBF levels and degrees of vasomotor reactivity, suggesting that the Law of Initial Value plays an important role. This should be borne in mind when analyzing scores of cerebral vasomotor reactivity. In the present communication, analysis of covariance was used to correct for influences of initial CBF levels on vasomotor responses tested while breathing pure oxygen.
The location of American and Japanese multinationals in Europe

This paper examines the determinants of location choice of American and Japanese foreign direct investment in European manufacturing industries in the early 1990s. The new data used in this study covers 340 Japanese-owned affiliates and 2,312 US-owned affiliates distributed across 38 regions and 7 member states in the European Union. The statistical analysis finds, most importantly, that the location decisions of US and Japanese MNEs are not the same. The Japanese results are consistent with the behavior that firms consider production-cost factors more important than demand-side factors, suggesting Japanese firms’ motive to establish local production capacity to export within the EU market. On the contrary, both cost-side and demand-side factors are found important determinants of location choices for US firms. The results also suggest that location decisions are industry-specific.