cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Periodic disturbance time interval for suppression of the maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stored maize (Zea mays L.)

Abstract Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky threaten maize (Zea mays L.) storage in the tropical regions of low-income countries where maize is a staple. Disturbance of maize during storage can be an alternative to chemical treatment in suppressing populations of S. zeamais. Disturbance has been successful against insect pests of stored products, i.e. bean weevils, Acanthoscelides obtectus (say) (Coleoptera: Chysomelidae: Bruchinae) and lesser grain borers Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Prior research has not established a standard disturbance interval. This study tested various disturbance intervals to see determine suppression of S. zeamais populations in stored maize with four treatments: stationary jars (control) and jars disturbed at intervals of 8, 12 and 24 h. Jars contained 1 kg of 16 ± 0.7% wet basis moisture maize and 234 ± 51 adult S. zeamais stored at 27 °C, 70% r. h. and 12 h light and dark phases. Periodically, electric motors rotated jars through about 1.25 revolutions in 3 s. Three jars were selected randomly from each treatment every 40 d up to 160 d for analysis. Reduction in S. zeamais populations was 75%, 95% and 94% for 8, 12 and 24 h disturbance intervals, respectively, compared to the stationary jars after 160 d. The average quality of maize in all disturbed jars was better than in stationary jars, respectively, for moisture content (13 ± 1.1% vs. 21 ± 1.0%), bulk density (553.5 ± 1.1 kg/m3 vs. 231.7 ± 1.2 kg/m3), broken corn and foreign material (9 ± 1.2% vs. 68 ± 3.9%), insect damage (70 ± 4.5% vs. 100 ± 0.0%), and mold damage (0.4 ± 0.2% vs. 27 ± 17.2%). Disturbances of 12h and 24 h (once per day) proved the best intervals in suppressing S. zeamais populations and maintaining the quality of maize, much longer than previously reported. Of these two intervals, the less frequent 24 h disturbance interval may be an effective non-chemical approach to control S. zeamais in maize stored by smallholder farmers, requiring less effort.
Local Buckling of Cold-Formed Steel Members

An approximate analytical procedure for calculating the local buckling coefficient of cold-formed steel members with stiffened and unstiffened plate elements is presented. The effect of partial plastification prior to local buckling, caused by initial imperfections, is included in an empirical manner. Equations and charts are given for design office use. The analytical results compare well with test results. An example calculation is presented.
Body Fat Standards and Individual Physical Readiness in a Randomized Army Sample: Screening Weights, Methods of Fat Assessment, and Linkage to Physical Fitness

Body fat standards have been used by the military services since the early 1980s to prevent obesity and motivate good fitness habits. The Army Weight Control Program has continued to undergo evaluation and incorporate improvements based on emerging scientific findings. Recently drafted revisions of Department of Defense-wide procedures address issues of consistency and validity raised by external oversight groups. This study evaluated the impact of three proposed refinements of the Army Weight Control Program. Anthropometric measurements and fitness test performance were obtained in a randomized sample of 1,038 male and 347 nonpregnant female soldiers at three Army posts. Of this sample, 11% of men and 17% of women were overweight and overfat; 6.3 and 9.8%, respectively, were currently on the Army Weight Control Program. Screening weight tables that ensure women are not inappropriately striving to meet weights more stringent than "healthy" weight (i.e., body mass index < 25 kg/m2) still correctly identified all women for evaluation for the age-specific body fat standards. Body fat estimation using more valid DoD body fat equations that include an abdominal circumference for women reduced the number of female soldiers currently classified as exceeding fat standards, coincidentally resulting in a comparable prevalence of male and female soldiers over the fat standards (12%). A body fat allowance for young soldiers who scored very well on the physical fitness test could have benefited one-fourth of the soldiers exceeding fat standards and acknowledges biological variability in body fat thresholds. Whereas this linkage may motivate fitness habits, it complicates enforcement of reasonably achievable body fat standards. The proposed changes in fat screening and measurement methods are appropriate, but the impact to health and physical readiness of the Force cannot be accurately predicted or measured because of the absence of comprehensive baseline data and tracking mechanisms.
Chromosomal and gene amplification in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Chromosomal translocations leading to deregulation of specific oncogenes characterize approximately 50% of cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBL). To characterize additional genetic features that may be of value in delineating the clinical characteristics of DLBL, we studied a panel of 96 cases at diagnosis consecutively ascertained at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) for incidence of gene amplification, a genetic abnormality previously shown to be associated with tumor progression and clinical outcome. A subset of 20 cases was subjected to comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis, which identified nine sites of chromosomal amplification (1q21-23, 2p12-16, 8q24, 9q34, 12q12-14, 13q32, 16p12, 18q21-22, and 22q12). Candidate amplified genes mapped to these sites were selected for further analysis based on their known roles in lymphoid cell and lymphoma development, and/or history of amplification in tumors. Probes for six genes, which fulfilled these criteria, REL (2p12-16), MYC (8q24), BCL2 (18q21), GLI, CDK4, and MDM2 (12q13-14), were used in a quantitative Southern blotting analysis of the 96 DLBL DNAs. Each of these genes was amplified (four or more copies) with incidence ranging from 11% to 23%. This analysis is consistent with our previous finding that REL amplification is associated with extranodal presentation. In addition, BCL2 rearrangement and/or REL, MYC, BCL2, GLI, CDK4, and MDM2 amplification was associated with advanced stage disease. These data show, for the first time, that amplification of chromosomal regions and genes is a frequent phenomenon in DLBL and demonstrates their potential significance in lymphomagenesis.
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways

The posterior orbitofrontal cortex, anterior temporal sensory association areas and the amygdala have a key role in emotional processing and are robustly interconnected. By analogy with the pattern of connections in early processing sensory areas, anterior temporal sensory and polymodal association cortices send primarily feedforward projections to posterior orbitofrontal cortex and to the amygdala originating in the supragranular layers, in pathways that may provide signals about the external environment. The amygdala innervates all layers of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex, including the middle, or feedforward, target layers, in a pathway that may convey information about emotional context. The posterior orbitofrontal cortex targets dual systems in the amygdala which have opposite effects on central autonomic structures. Both pathways originate in posterior orbitofrontal cortex, but one targets heavily the inhibitory intercalated masses, whose activation can ultimately disinhibit central autonomic structures during emotional arousal. The other pathway innervates the central nucleus of the amygdala, and can lead to downstream inhibition of central autonomic structures, resulting in autonomic homeostasis. The choice of pathway may depend on emotional context, and probably involves other prefrontal areas, including lateral prefrontal areas, which have executive functions. Lateral prefrontal cortices issue feedforward projections that target layer 5 of orbitofrontal cortex, which is the chief output layer to the amygdala. These laminar-specific pathways suggest sequential and collaborative interactions in evaluating the sensory and emotional aspects of the environment for decision and action in complex behaviour.
Medical Treatment for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm – Much More Work To Be Done

A 45 year old executive presents to your office for risk assessment after learning that his sister required an ascending aortic aneurysm repair. He is a well-informed man, concerned about his personal risk for aortic disease, and undergoes a cardiac screen which reveals a dilated ascending aortic aneurysm, measuring a maximal diameter of 4.4 cm. His aortic valve is tricuspid. He is non-Marfanoid and asymptomatic. He realizes that he does not yet meet guideline criteria for aortic surgery, but he is also cognizant of the fact that he is approaching the cut-off for surgical intervention. He wishes to minimize his future risk of aortic rupture, dissection and aortic expansion and seeks your input. Should 'medical treatment' should be employed at this stage? Is there sufficient basis to initiate any form of pharmacotherapy? Would you start a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, an angiotensin receptor blocker, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (doxycycline), or a statin to reduce his aortic risk for rupture, dissection or need for surgical repair? Does your clinical decision match evidence from existing data? Our paper will address these issues among other questions relevant to the role of medical therapy for thoracic aortic disease.
Adding insult to injury: discontinuous insurance following spine trauma.

Background: Spine trauma patients may represent a group for whom insurance fails to provide protection from catastrophic medical expenses, resulting in the transfer of financial burden onto individual families and public payers. This study compares the rate of insurance discontinuation for patients who underwent surgery for traumatic spine injury with and without spinal cord injury with the rate for matched control subjects. Methods: We used the MarketScan database to perform a retrospective cohort study of privately insured spine trauma patients who underwent surgery from 2006 to 2010. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess the time to insurance discontinuation. Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to determine hazard ratios for insurance discontinuation among spine trauma patients compared with the matched control population. Results: The median duration of existing insurance coverage was 20.2 months for those with traumatic spinal cord injury, 25.6 months for those with traumatic spine injury without spinal cord injury, and 48.0 months for the matched control cohort (log-rank p < 0.0001). After controlling for multiple covariates, the hazard ratios for discontinuation of insurance were 2.02 (95% CI [confidence interval], 1.83 to 2.23) and 2.78 (95% CI, 2.31 to 3.35) for the trauma patients without and with spinal cord injury, respectively, compared with matched controls. Conclusions: Rates of insurance discontinuation are significantly higher for trauma patients with severe spine injury compared with the uninjured population, indicating that patients with disabling injuries are at increased risk for loss of insurance coverage.
Effect of regional alveolar hypoxia on gas exchange in pulmonary edema.

We studied the effects of left lower lobe (LLL) alveolar hypoxia on ventilation-perfusion (a/) heterogeneity in anesthetized dogs with acute (1-h-old) and mature (24-h-old) permeability pulmonary edema, induced by intravenous administration of 0.05 ml/kg of oleic acid. The left upper lobe was removed and a bronchial divider was placed to allow separate ventilation of the right lung (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] = 1.0) and the LLL (FiO2 = 1.0 or 0.05). Gas exchange was assessed using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. In acute pulmonary edema, LLL hypoxia reduced LLL blood flow and increased true shunt of the LLL compared with a hyperoxic control group. a/ heterogeneity of the LLL was markedly increased, indicated by increases in the logarithmic standard deviation of the perfusion distribution (log SD) and the retention index of dispersion corrected for shunt (DISPR*), Increases in true shunt and log SD were significantly greater than those observed with lobar hypoxia in normal lungs befor...
The relative effects of unemployment insurance parameters on search strategy

Abstract This paper theoretically examines the relative effect of two unemployment insurance parameters on search behavior. The relative influence of each parameter is found to depend upon what an individual could expect to earn if he worked part-time while searching.
Short pyrosequencing reads suffice for accurate microbial community analysis

Pyrosequencing technology allows us to characterize microbial communities using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences orders of magnitude faster and more cheaply than has previously been possible. However, results from different studies using pyrosequencing and traditional sequencing are often difficult to compare, because amplicons covering different regions of the rRNA might yield different conclusions. We used sequences from over 200 globally dispersed environments to test whether studies that used similar primers clustered together mistakenly, without regard to environment. We then tested whether primer choice affects sequence-based community analyses using UniFrac, our recently-developed method for comparing microbial communities. We performed three tests of primer effects. We tested whether different simulated amplicons generated the same UniFrac clustering results as near-full-length sequences for three recent large-scale studies of microbial communities in the mouse and human gut, and the Guerrero Negro microbial mat. We then repeated this analysis for short sequences (100-, 150-, 200- and 250-base reads) resembling those produced by pyrosequencing. The results show that sequencing effort is best focused on gathering more short sequences rather than fewer longer ones, provided that the primers are chosen wisely, and that community comparison methods such as UniFrac are surprisingly robust to variation in the region sequenced.
A YEAST PAF ACETYLHYDROLASE ORTHOLOG SUPPRESSES OXIDATIVE DEATH

Phospholipids containing sn-2 polyunsaturated fatty acyl residues are primary targets of oxidizing radicals, producing proapoptotic and membrane perturbing fragmented phospholipids. The only known phospholipases that specifically select these oxidized and/or short-chained phospholipids as substrates are mammalian group VII phospholipases A2s that were purified and cloned as PAF acetylhydrolases. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a short-chained phospholipid, and whether these enzymes actually are PAF hydrolases or evolved as oxidized phospholipid phospholipases is unknown. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which does not form or use PAF as a signaling molecule, contains an open-reading frame potentially homologous to mammalian group VII phospholipase A2s. We cloned this SPBC106.11c locus and expressed it in distantly related Saccharomyces cerevisiae that lack homologous sequences. The S. pombe locus encoded a functional phospholipase A2, now renamed plg7+, that hydrolyzed PAF and a synthetic oxidized phospholipid. Expression of human type II PAF acetylhydrolase or S. pombe Plg7p enhanced the viability of S. cerevisiae subjected to oxidative stress. We conclude that a single-celled organism with an exceedingly spare genome still expresses an unusually discriminating phospholipase A2, and that selective hydrolysis of phospholipid oxidation products is an early, and critical, way to overcome oxidative membrane damage and oxidant-induced cell death.
Comment on "A Declustering Criterion for Feature Extraction in Pattern Recognition

The purpose of this correspondence is to point out that the scaling procedure (as well as any nonsingular transformation) described in Section VI of the above paper1 is unnecessary.
Compromised stem cell mobilization following induction therapy with lenalidomide in myeloma

Compromised stem cell mobilization following induction therapy with lenalidomide in myeloma
Tumors of the Trachea

Tumors of the trachea are rare and create signs and symptoms that mimic common upper airway diseases. A tracheal mass is not usually considered in the clinical differential diagnosis of an affected patient and is often overlooked on chest radiographs. The purpose of this article is to prompt earlier diagnosis and improve long-term survival of patients with a tracheal tumor through the presentation of the salient clinical, pathological, and radiological features of a variety of benign and malignant tracheal diseases.
Creating Consistency and Control Out of Chaos: A Qualitative View of Planned Pregnancy during Adolescence

Adolescent pregnancy can have devastating effects for both mother and child. However, little is known about the experience of planned pregnancy among adolescents. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of themes identified in a previous study of the experience of planned adolescent pregnancy. The experience of planning a pregnancy during adolescence consists of typical adolescent behavior in that these girls demonstrated the need for control, invulnerability, and a present focus to their lives. In addition to this typical behavior, a component manifests itself in which adolescent girls make reproductive health choices to gain control. By establishing a level of control over their hectic and stressful lives, they are able to add meaning to their lives. The need for consistency and control seem to be linked, because many of the adolescent girls' statements reflected dimensions of both concepts. This initial, descriptive study can be used to further explore adolescent pregnancy and to develop interventions that might assist these girls to lead healthy lives.
Growth and oxygenation of single-crystal BiSrCaCuO and TlBaCaCuO superconductors

Self-flux methods for growing millimeter-sized crystals of Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 and centimeter-sized crystals of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 superconductors are described. Preparation protocols and post-synthesis oxygen treatments were devised to optimize sample quality, as manifested in dc magnetic susceptibility measurements. Other analytical methods, including Laue diffraction and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), have been brought to bear to assess the quality of our samples and to evaluate the extent of contamination from crucibles. It was found that the TlBaCaCuO material, while occasionally comprising true single crystals, often consists of syntactic intergrowth crystals with two or three phases coexisting.
Comparison of cell‐free and whole cell luminescence assays in toxicity testing

The effects of eight organic and eight inorganic compounds on light emission by two cell-free bioluminescent systems were compared to the effects of these substances on light emission by whole cells of Photobacterium phosphoreum (Microtox® strain). Crude luciferase preparations from the firefly (Photoniuspyralis) and Vibrio (Photobacterium) fischeri were exposed to the toxicants at or near the Microtox EC50 values for 0.25, 5, or 15 min and then reacted with the necessary reagents for luminescence (ATP for the firefly reaction; NADH, FMN and n-decylaldehyde for the bacterial extract). The light emission values, relative to controls, were then compared to those obtained after exposure of P. phosphoreum cells to the toxicants for the same duration. The three systems were found to differ in both response time and sensitivity. The firefly extract was found to be most sensitive to inorganics while whole cells of P. phosphoreum were most sensitive to organics after 0.25 min of exposure. However, after 5 and 15 min both systems were nearly equivalent in their sensitivity to the test toxicants. The V. fishceri cell extract was found to be extremely sensitive to three of the inorganics tested at 0.25 minutes, but was either unaffected or stimulated by the remaining inorganic and organic compounds at all times examined. Our results indicate that the sensitivity of detection of certain toxic compounds may be optimized by selection of a particular luminescent system.
Moving least-square reproducing kernel method Part II: Fourier analysis

Abstract In Part I of this work, the moving least-square reproducing kernel (MLSRK) method is formulated and implemented. Based on its generic construction, an m-consistency structure is discovered and the convergence theorems are established. In this part of the work, a systematic Fourier analysis is employed to evaluate and further establish the method. The preliminary Fourier analysis reveals that the MLSRK method is stable for sufficiently dense, non-degenerated particle distribution, in the sense that the kernel function family satisfies the Riesz bound. One of the novelties of the current approach is to treat the MLSRK method as a variant of the ‘standard’ finite element method and depart from there to make a connection with the multiresolution approximation. In the spirits of multiresolution analysis, we propose the following MLSRK transformation, F m,k ϱ,h u= ∑ i=1 np u,K,ϱ i K ϱ h (x−x i ,x)w 1 The highlight of this paper is to embrace the MLSRK formulation with the notion of the controlled fp-approximation. Based on its characterization, the Strang-Fix condition for example, a systematic procedure is proposed to design new window functions so they can enhance the computational performance of the MLSRK algorithm. The main effort here is to obtain a constant correction function in the interior region of a general domain, i.e. C ρh = 1. This can create a leap in the approximation order of the MLSRK algorithm significantly, if a highly smooth window function is embedded within the kernel. One consequence of this development is the synchronized convergence phenomenon—a unique convergence mechanism for the MLSRK method, i.e. by properly tuning the dilation parameter, the convergence rate of higher-order error norms will approach the same order convergence rate of the L2 error norm—they are synchronized.
Iminium Ion Cascade Reactions: Stereoselective Synthesis of Quinolizidines and Indolizidines.

Abstract A novel iminium ion cascade reaction has been developed that allows for the stereoselective synthesis of a variety of substituted aza-fused bicycles. The combination of amino allylsilanes and aldehydes (or ketones) was used to synthesize a number of quinolizidines and indolizidines in a one-pot reaction sequence. This technology has been used to effect the facile syntheses of several indolizidine and quinolizidine natural products including (±)-epilupinine, (±)-tashiromine, and (−)-epimyrtine. Substrate scope has been examined varying the type of amino allylsilanes (primary, secondary, and conjugated) and carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) to give a variety of fused ring structures. Varying the components chosen allows for the inclusion of synthetically useful functional groups at different positions on the core structure. The methodology has been used to construct the tricyclic core structures present in the cylindricine family and halichlorine.
Technical communications for computer users

It is felt that as computers are installed in organizations, people need three kinds of information. They need to know: (1) which systems are available; (2) how to begin to use them; and (3) how to apply them to their specific work. A method for analyzing the needs of new computer users is discussed. Specific vehicles for communication computing information are described, including newsletters, online and offline documentation, training courses, and demonstrations.
Blind predictions of local protein structure in CASP2 targets using the I-sites library.

Blind predictions of the local structure of nine CASP2 targets were made using the I-sites library of short sequence— structure motifs, revealing strengths and weak- nesses in this new knowledge-based method. Many turns between secondary structural ele- ments were accurately predicted. Estimates of the confidence of prediction correlated well with the accuracy over the whole set. Bias toward structures used to develop the library was minimal, probably because of the exten- sive use of cross-validation. However, helix positions were better predicted by the PHD program. The method is likely to be sensitive to the quality of the sequence alignment. A gen- eral measure for evaluating local structure predictions is suggested. Proteins, Suppl. 1:167-
Seasonal variation in serum cholesterol concentration.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL studies have repeatedly shown that high prevalence and incidence rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) are usually associated with an increased serum total cholesterol concentration (STCC) ,[l, 21. The STCC of the newborn white North American infant averages approximately 75 mg/lOO ml [3], a level even lower than those characteristic of ethnic groups in which atherosclerosis and CHD rarely occur [4]. It may, therefore, be inferred that there is no normal STCC but that the ideal concentration is the lowest. With the exception of certain hypertriglyceridemic states the STCC, which is relatively simple and inexpensive to measure, is a useful index of the serum total lipid concentration [5, 61. Efforts to diminish the risk of CI-ID are usually directed towards the reduction of serum lipids and their effectiveness is conveniently evaluated by periodic measurements of the STCC. Variations in serially measured STCC have long been recognized. Only recently has it become evident that these variations are neither random nor purely technical, but are, indeed, seasonal [7]. The magnitude of this variation may be large enough to obscure the effect of cholesterol-lowering agents. The world literature on this topic was exhaustively reviewed by PALOHEIMO in 1961’[8]. The present study was undertaken to determine the presence and the extent of seasonal variations in STCC in a group of well-studied middle-aged men.
Effect of pre-implanted helium on void swelling evolution in self-ion irradiated HT9

Abstract Void evolution in Fe ++ -irradiated ferritic-martensitic alloy HT9 was characterized in the temperature range of 400–480 °C between doses of 25 and 375 displacements per atom (dpa) with pre-implanted helium levels of 0–100 appm. A systematic study using depth profiling in cross-section samples was conducted to determine a valid region of analysis between 300 and 700 nm from the surface, which excluded effects due to the injected interstitial and the surface. Pre-implanted helium was found to promote void swelling at low doses by shortening the nucleation regime and to retard void growth at doses in the transient regime by enhancement of nucleation of small voids. Swelling was found to peak at a temperature of 460 °C. The primary effect of temperature was on the nucleation regime; nucleation regime was the shortest at 460 °C compared to that at 440 and 480 °C. The growth rate of voids was temperature-invariant. Steady state swelling was reached at 460 °C between 188 and 375 dpa at a rate of 0.02%/dpa.
CHEMICAL COMPARISON OF SAGITTARIUS AND FORNAX GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

Both Sagittarius (Sgr) and Fornax have a complex structure and a system of globular clusters (GCs) at variance with the classic concept of dwarf spheroidal galaxies: simple, uniform spherical systems. Sgr and Fornax are of similar total mass but present great differences in some aspects. We compare the GCs of these two galaxies using the results from spectroscopic studies available in the literature. The Sgr GCs present a wide range in metallicity and they can be divided in two groups: young, metal-rich clusters with a red horizontal branch (HB) and old, metal-poor clusters with a blue HB. On the other hand, the Fornax clusters show similar metallicity and have essentially the same age (with the possible exception of cluster 4 that seems to be 3 Gyr younger) but have a wide range of HB types. The most metal-poor cluster in the Sgr system, Ter 8, has a metallicity comparable with the Fornax globular results. Oxygen and α-elements abundances of the Fornax clusters and the metal-poor Sgr globulars are similar and, with the metal-rich Sgr clusters, they appear to follow the same patterns found in Galactic GC stars. The behavior of the light and heavy s-process elements with the iron content shows analogous results for the Sgr metal-poor clusters and the Fornax clusters. We can say that the Sgr GCs are more like those in the Milky Way (MW) with a range in metallicities while Fornax clusters are more similar to the very outer MW clusters with second parameter problems.
Exploring Changes in Computer Science Students' Implicit Theories of Intelligence Across the Semester

Our study was based on exploring CS1 students' implicit theories of intelligence. Referencing Dweck and Leggett's [5] framework for implicit theories of intelligence, we investigated (1) how students' implicit theories changed over the course of a semester, (2) how these changes differed as a function of course enrollment and students' self-regulation profiles, and (3) whether or not implicit theories predicted standardized course grades and performance on a computational thinking knowledge test. For all students, there were significant increases in entity theory (fixed mindset) and significant decreases in incremental theory (growth mindset) across the semester. However, results showed that students had higher scores for incremental than entity theory of intelligence at both the beginning and end of the semester. Furthermore, both incremental and entity theory, but not semester change in intelligence theory, differed based on students' self-regulation profiles. Also, semester change in entity theory differed across courses. Finally, students' achievement outcomes were weakly predicted by their implicit theories of intelligence. Implications for student motivation and retention in CS and other STEM courses are also discussed.
HLA-G is found in lipid rafts and can act as a signaling molecule.

Abstract HLA-G protein is the functional homolog of Qa-2, the product of the mouse preimplantation embryo development ( Ped ) gene. Embryos expressing Qa-2 on the cell surface exhibit a faster rate of preimplantation cleavage and preferential survival in utero compared with Qa-2–negative embryos. Qa-2 is glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linked in the cell membrane. As a result, Qa-2 proteins cluster in cholesterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid raft microdomains in the cell membrane and can signal via raft-associated intracellular signaling molecules. Using T cells as a model system, cross-linking of Qa-2 on the cell membrane has been shown to induce proliferation of resting cells. HLA-G, like Qa-2, lacks a cytoplasmic domain capable of transducing signals from the cell surface to the nucleus, but unlike Qa-2, HLA-G has a short six-amino acid cytoplasmic tail rather than a GPI anchor. To test whether HLA-G, like Qa-2, is located in lipid rafts and can act as a signaling molecule, we used an HLA-G transgenic mouse system. T cells were isolated and tested for HLA-G expression by immunofluorescence and for localization of HLA-G in lipid rafts by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Next, the T cells were cross-linked with anti–HLA-G antibody to test for induction of proliferation. Our novel results show that HLA-G, like GPI-linked Qa-2, is present in lipid rafts in the cell membrane and can act as a signaling molecule to induce proliferation of resting T cells.
The interpretation of compliance constants and their suitability for characterizing hydrogen bonds and other weak interactions

Compliance constants (or their inverses, relaxed force constants) have frequently been proposed as replacements for internal coordinate force constants because of their invariance properties. Recently, Grunenberg and co-workers have proposed using compliance constants as bond strength descriptors, particularly for weak bonds. In this paper, we critically assess this claim and conclude that the use of compliance constants in this regard is inappropriate.
Race, genetic ancestry and response to antidepressant treatment for major depression

The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) Study revealed poorer antidepressant treatment response among black compared with white participants. This racial disparity persisted even after socioeconomic and baseline clinical factors were taken into account. Some studies have suggested genetic contributions to this disparity, but none have attempted to disentangle race and genetic ancestry. Here we used genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to examine independent contributions of race and genetic ancestry to citalopram response. Secondary data analyses included 1877 STAR*D participants who completed an average of 10 weeks of citalopram treatment and provided DNA samples. Participants reported their race as White (n=1464), black (n=299) or other/mixed (n=114). Genetic ancestry was estimated by multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses of about 500 000 SNPs. Ancestry proportions were estimated by STRUCTURE. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect effects of observed and latent predictors of response, defined as change in the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) score from baseline to exit. Socioeconomic and baseline clinical factors, race, and anxiety significantly predicted response, as previously reported. However, direct effects of race disappeared in all models that included genetic ancestry. Genetic African ancestry predicted lower treatment response in all models. Although socioeconomic and baseline clinical factors drive racial differences in antidepressant response, genetic ancestry, rather than self-reported race, explains a significant fraction of the residual differences. Larger samples would be needed to identify the specific genetic mechanisms that may be involved, but these findings underscore the importance of including more African-American patients in drug trials.
Regenerative medicine and human models of human disease

Recent advances in stem-cell technology are now allowing the mechanisms of human disease to be studied in human cells. A new era for regenerative medicine is arising from such disease models, extending beyond early cell-based therapies and towards evaluating genetic variation in humans and identifying the molecular pathways that lead to disease, as well as targets for therapy.
Enhanced sub-micron colloidal particle separation with interdigitated microelectrode arrays using mixed AC/DC dielectrophoretic scheme

Dielectrophoretic separation of particles finds a va- riety of applications in the capture of species such as cells, viruses, proteins, DNA from biological systems, as well as other organic and inorganic contaminants from water. The ability to capture particles is constrained by poor volumetric scaling of separation force with respect to particle diameter, as well as the weak penetration of electric fields in the media. In order to improve the separation of sub-micron colloids, we present a scheme based on multiple interdigitated electrode arrays under mixed AC/DC bias. The use of high frequency longitudinalAC biasbreakstheshielding effectsthroughelec- troosmotic micromixing to enhance electric fields through the electrolyte, while a transverse DC bias between the electrode arrays enables penetration of the separation force to capture particles from the bulk of the microchannel. We determine the favorable biasing conditions for field enhancement with the help of analytical models, and experimentally demonstrate the improved capture from sub-micron colloidal suspensions with the mixed AC/DC electrostatic excitation scheme over con- ventional AC-DEP methods.
Quantitative Measurements of Individual Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Mixture by Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectrometry

Abstract Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) was used to obtain Raman spectra of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) composed of between three and seven fused rings when the compounds were pumped in the resonance and pre-resonance regions, a simple mixture of three PAHs could be optically separated through the wavelength selectivity of the resonant enhancement process. The spectrum from a component in the mixture and the spectrum of each pure component showed no significant differences when pumped at the same wavelength. Finally, lineshape analysis performed on the CARS spectra facilitated comparisons between classes of compounds and for quantitative purposes.
Upper Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminifera from West Side of Sacramento Valley: ABSTRACT

Outcrop samples from widely spaced localities in the Venado, Yolo, Sites, Funks, Guinda, and Forbes Formations, Yolo and Colusa Counties, California, contain a sparse but diagnostic fauna of planktonic Foraminifera. About 30 species are presently recognized, the greatest number of species and individuals belonging to the genus Globotruncana. These planktonics are described and preliminary correlations made with Cretaceous strata elsewhere. The siltstone and sandstone of the Venado Formation contain bi-keeled globotruncanids, Globotruncana helvetica, and species of Hedbergella suggestive of a Turonian age. These strata and the shales of the middle and upper Yolo Formation are tentatively correlated with Members II and III of the Redding area, California. Planktonic assemblages from the Sites, Funks, and End_Page 1083------------------------------ Guinda Formations include species of Globotruncana, Hastigerinoides, Schackoina, Hedbergella, and Heterohelix, and are assigned an "early" Senonian age. The Forbes Formation is characterized by Globotruncana arca, and species of Pseudotextularia and Globigerinelloides. These fossils occur in other described Campanian microfaunas from the Stanford University campus, the Marlife Formation of Fresno County, and the Kelly Ranch of Carlsbad. The pelagic Foraminifera from this area are correlative with microfaunas from the Austin and Taylor Groups of the Gulf Coast, and from the Turonian to Campanian stages of Europe. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1084------------
Alterations in tissue distribution of chlordecone (kepone) in the rat following phenobarbital or SKF-525A administration.

Phenobarbital (PB) or SKF‐525A were injected ip into adult male rats prior to administration of 1.6 μCi [14 C] chlordecone (CD) by gavage. Effects of these liver function modulators on tissue distribution of CD was assessed. In all cases, animals were sacrificed at 24 h following [ 14 C] CD gavage. The timing and number of injections of PB or of SKF‐525A were varied. Doses of PB (65 mg/kg) or of SKF‐525A (75 mg/kg) were used except as noted, and controls received saline. Specific radioactivities of major tissues were assayed by scintillation counting. Rats pre‐treated with a single dose of SKF‐525A at 6, 12, or 24 h prior to [ 14 C] CD administration did not differ systematically from controls in tissue [ 14 C] CD distribution. Similarly, PB administered at 6 h prior to [ 14 C] CD gavage was without effect on distribution. Rats pretreated 12 or 24 h before [ 14 C] CD with PB appeared to have increased liver specific activities and had reduced [ 14 C] CD levels in several other tissues. These trends were m...
Self-diffusion of14C in polycrystalline β-SiC

The14C self-diffusion coefficients for both lattice (D lc * ) and grain boundary (D bc * ) transport in high purity CVDβ-SiC are reported for the range 2128 to 2374 K. The Suzuoka analysis technique revealed thatD bc * is 105 to 106 faster thanD bc * ; the respective equations are given by $$\begin{gathered} D_{I c}^* = (2.62 \pm 1.83) \times 10^8 exp\left\{ { - \frac{{(8.72 \pm 0.14)eV/atom}}{{kT}}} \right\}cm^2 sec^{ - 1} \hfill \\ D_{b c}^* = (4.44 \pm 2.03) \times 10^7 exp\left\{ { - \frac{{(5.84 \pm 0.09)eV/atom}}{{kT}}} \right\}cm^2 sec^{ - 1} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ A vacancy mechanism is assumed to be operative for lattice transport. From the standpoint of crystallography and energetics, reasons are given in support of a path of transport which involves an initial jump to a vacant tetrahedral site succeeded by a jump to a normally occupied C vacancy.
Noncatalytic and catalytic conversion of ethane over VMg oxide catalysts prepared via solid reaction or mesoporous precursors

Abstract This paper deals with both noncatalytic and catalytic conversions of ethane. The effects of reactor configuration (empty tube, tube containing inert material or containing catalyst, and inert material), reaction temperature, reactant composition, and flow rate, as well as catalyst composition and structure, were systematically investigated. Two groups of VMg oxides, namely Meso-VMg (originated from mesostructured VMg oxide) and Mix-VMg (prepared via a solid reaction between vanadia and magnesia), were employed as catalysts. High conversions and selectivities were obtained at high temperatures during the ethane thermolysis to ethene, accompanied, however, by high carbon depositions, especially in the presence of a catalyst. The contribution of homogeneous reactions to the ODH of ethane was important at high, but less important at low temperatures particularly when the fraction of reactor occupied by inert silica granules was large. For the Mix-VMg catalysts, the ethane conversion and the ethene yield increased but the selectivity to ethene decreased with decreasing V/Mg atomic ratio. The Meso-VMg catalysts exhibited in most cases higher yields and selectivities to ethene than the Mix-VMg ones. In addition, a higher fraction of ethane converted to oxygenates (mainly formaldehyde) as liquid products was obtained over the Meso-VMg catalysts. Magnesium vanadates were identified in the Mix-VMg catalysts; they may represent the active phase for this series of catalysts. A V2O3 phase, which may contain highly dispersed magnesia, was identified and suggested to be responsible together with the large surface area for the high performance of the Meso-VMg catalysts.
The Application of Capital Budgeting Techniques to Non-Profit Church Organizations

This paper analyzes the application of discounted cash flow capital budgeting techniques to non-profit church organizations, and examines the resulting differences between for-profit firms and non- rofit church organizations. It demonstrates that the P cost of capital or church organizations is a steadily increasing function of debt level, and thereby implies that churches receive few fmancial benefits from debt fmancmg of capital projects. Ways to reduce exposure to financial risk through the use of internal financing and by delaying capital projects through the use of multiple services are explored. The importance of accurale forecasting of future attendance and contributions is also discussed, and several suggestions for future research are provided.
Rebuttal: Appraisal of Antihypertensive Drug Therapy

Despite the evidence provided by the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study, some physicians remained skeptical that treating hypertension could prevent cardiovascular damage or complications. In this short essay, Freis defended the VA study results.
3H-spiroperidol binding in human temporal cortex (brodmann areas 41–42) occurs at multiple high affinity states with serotonergic selectivity

3H-Spiroperidol labels multiple high affinity states with serotonergic selectivity in human prefrontal cortex and with dopaminergic selectivity in human caudate and putamen. The characteristics of the binding of this ligand in human temporal cortex have not been previously described. Brodmann areas 41–42 in the temporal cortex are associated with primary auditory sensation and, in epileptics, with auditory hallucinatory experiences. We found that in this region of the human brain, antipsychotic ligands bind at multiple high affinity states, the majority of which exhibit serotonergic, rather than dopaminergic, selectivity. Dose-response data is best resolved by a three-site fit. Results of the co-analysis of dose-response data with saturation data indicates that two of the3H-spiroperidol affinity states may represent the high and low affinity states of the serotonin (5HT)2 receptor, while a third affinity state may represent the 5-HT1A receptor.
The invention of radical reactions. Part XXIV. Relative rates of acylation and radical deoxygenation of secondary alcohols.

Abstract Secondary alcohols were transformed into various thiocarbonyl derivatives. Reduction of these compounds using tributyltin hydride and an initiator afforded the corresponding deoxy-compounds. Half-life and competitive measurements showed that all these reactions were fast and could be run to completion.
The Influence of Delinquent Peers on Delinquency: Does Gender Matter?.

Research indicates that gender is one of the strongest correlates of juvenile delinquency. Additionally, a growing body of literature suggests that the association with delinquent peers is an important predictor of delinquent behavior. Although a few studies have examined how delinquent peers condition the gender-delinquency relationship, the authors extend this body of literature by using longitudinal data from a sample of adolescents to explore the extent to which internal and external constraints condition the relationship between gender, delinquent peers, and delinquent behavior. Findings indicate that delinquent peer association is an important predictor of delinquency generally, but the effect varies across gender. Specifically, delinquent peer associations are a better predictor of delinquency among boys compared to girls. In addition, the effect of delinquent peers on delinquency varies according to the level of internal and external constraints. Future research directions for unraveling the role ...
What proportion of common diagnostic tests appear redundant

Abstract Purpose: To identify ancillary tests for which there are criteria defining the earliest interval at which a repeat test might be indicated, to determine how often each test is repeated earlier than these intervals and, if repeated, provides useful information. Subjects and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 6,007 adults discharged from a large teaching hospital during a 3-month period in 1991. We measured the proportion of commonly performed diagnostic tests that were redundant, and their associated charges. Results: Of the 6,007 patients discharged, 5,289 (88%) had at least one of 12 target tests performed. Overall, 78,798 of the target tests were performed during the study period, of which 22,237 (28%) were repeated earlier than test-specific predefined intervals. This percentage varied substantially by test (range, 2% to 62%). To assess how many early repeats were justified, we performed chart reviews in a random sample stratified by test. For two tests, nearly all the initial results in the sample were abnormal, and all repeats were considered justified. Of early repeats following a normal initial result for the remaining 10 tests, chart review found no clinical indication for 92%, and a weighted mean of 40% appeared redundant. Overall, 8.6% of these 10 tests appeared redundant; if these were not performed, the annual charge reductions would be $930,000 at our hospital, although the impact on costs would be much smaller. Conclusions: For some tests, an important proportion are repeated too early to provide useful clinical information. Most such tests might be eliminated using computerized reminder systems.
The Evolution of a Body of Knowledge Interdisciplinary Problem-Focused Research

Since World War II there has been a growing momentum for interdisciplinary problem-focused research (IDR) performed by teams of disciplinary specialists. Increased efforts to understand the nature and successful management of IDR have led to an exponential increase in, and a growing consolidation of scholarship on the subject. By tracing the evolution of the current body of knowledge on IDR, we can not only determine the sociological and epistemological factors in the production and use of that knowledge but also ascertain the current state of the art in the field.