cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding strategic responses to interest group pressures

With the increasing prominence of special interest group activity in the organizational external environment, we build on the stakeholder literature on strategic management to explain how organizations respond to pressures from such groups. Using a model integrating institutional, resource dependence, resource-based, and cognitive theoretical perspectives, we examine the restaurant industry's response to the fat reduction pressure campaign run by a nutritional interest group, the National Heart Saver's Association (NHSA) in the early 1990s. Our findings indicate that susceptibility to institutional pressures partially affected accommodation to NHSA's demands, and more strongly affected organizational cognitions of those pressures. Our measure of resource dependence did not directly affect accommodation, but was significantly related to managerial cognitions. Resource-based factors had a strong direct effect on the extent of accommodation to the pressures of NHSA, and partially influenced measures of cognition. Further, our findings indicate that managerial cognition strongly influenced an organization's response to NHSA pressure. From these results we suggest strategies for managers as they try to make sense of and respond to interest group pressures. We also point to future avenues of inquiries for researchers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carnelley's Rule and the Prediction of Melting Point

Carnelley (1882) made some important and useful observations on the relationship between the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule and its melting point. According to Brown and Brown (2000. J Chem Ed 77:724-731), Carnelley's rule states "of two or more isometric compounds, those whose atoms are the more symmetrically and the more compactly arranged melt higher than those in which the atomic arrangement is asymmetrical or in the form of long chains." Carnelley's rule can best be understood and quantitated from the dependence of the entropy of melting upon molecular geometry.
Racial differences in scleroderma among women in Michigan.

Objective. To examine racial differences in disease onset, extent, manifestations, and survival among women with scleroderma. Methods. A retrospective cohort study of women with scleroderma, diagnosed in Michigan between 1980 and 1991, was conducted. Clinical, laboratory, and demographic data were abstracted from the patients' medical records. Results. A total of 514 women with scleroderma were identified: 117 (23%) were black and 397 (77%) were white. Among black women, the mean age at diagnosis was lower (44.5 years versus 51.5 years; P 40 mm/hour (P < 0.001) were more frequent among black women, while white women were more likely to have digital infarctions (P < 0.001). Survival at 7 years from diagnosis was 72.5% among black women and 77.6% among white women. Age-adjusted survival was significantly reduced among black women (P = 0.033), most likely because of increased diffuse involvement. Survival among those with renal or pulmonary involvement was also significantly reduced. Conclusion. Black women with scleroderma were significantly more likely than white women to develop diffuse disease, be diagnosed at a younger age, have a higher incidence of inflammatory features, and have a worse age-adjusted survival rate.
Identification and Validation of Src and Phospho-Src Family Proteins in Circulating Mononuclear Cells as Novel Biomarkers for Pancreatic Cancer

There is an urgent need to develop novel markers of pancreatic cancer to facilitate early diagnosis. Pancreatic carcinoma is characterized by marked stroma formation with a high number of infiltrating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that originate from circulating mononuclear cells (MNCs). We hypothesized that differential analysis of protein expression and phosphorylation in circulating MNCs from healthy nude mice and nude mice bearing orthotopic human pancreatic cancer would identify a surrogate marker of pancreatic cancer. These differences were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by Western blot analysis using antibody against phosphorylated tyrosine proteins (pY). Protein and phosphorylated protein spots of interest were identified by mass spectrometry and validated by Western blot analysis as candidate markers for pancreatic cancer. We found that the expression and phosphorylation of Src family proteins were significantly higher in circulating MNCs from mice bearing pancreatic cancer than in circulating MNCs from healthy mice. TAMs in mice with pancreatic tumors also had higher Src family protein expression and phosphorylation than resident macrophages in the pancreas of healthy mice. The expression and phosphorylation of Src family proteins were correlated with tumor weight; however, increased Src expression and phosphorylation also occurred in MNCs from mice with chronic pancreatitis. This is the first report to explore novel pancreatic tumor markers in circulating MNCs. Although the specificity of the marker for pancreatic cancer was low, it could be used to monitor the disease or to select high-risk patients with chronic pancreatitis.
Lidar measurements of stratospheric ozone and intercomparisons and validation.

A ground-based, high power differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system has been implemented to make long term, precise measurements or stratospheric ozone concentration profiles from about 20- to 50-km altitude. This lidar is located at an elevation of 2300 m in the San Gabriel Mountains, Southern California, and has been in operation since January 1988. Evaluation of the results obtained from this system has been provided through an intercomparison campaign, carried out during October/November 1988, and through long term comparison with SAGE II satellite measurements. This paper describes the implementation of the system and its operation, including the procedures for data analysis. Examples of ozone profiles measured, and intercomparisons with measurements made by other instruments, are presented; they show that the lidar is capable of producing high quality ozone measurements up to at least 45-km altitude.
Interaction of H2S with α-Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) surface

The atomic-scale structural changes in an {alpha}-Fe2O3 (hematite) (0 0 0 1) surface induced by sulfidation and subsequent oxidation processes were studied by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, LEED, and X-ray standing wave (XSW) measurements. Annealing the {alpha}-Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) with a H2S partial pressure of 1 x 10-7 Torr produced iron sulfides on the surface as the sulfur atoms reacted with the substrate Fe ions. The oxidation state of the substrate Fe changed from 3+ to 2+ as a result of the sulfidation. The XSW measured distance of the sulfur atomic-layer from the unrelaxed substrate oxygen layer was 3.16 Angstroms. The sulfide phase consisted of three surface domains identified by LEED. Formation of the two-dimensional FeS2 phase with structural parameters consistent with an outermost layer of (1 1 1) pyrite has been proposed. Atomic oxygen exposure oxidized the surface sulfide to a sulfate (SO{sup 2-}{sub 4}) and regenerated the {alpha}-Fe2O3(0 0 0 1) substrate, which was indicated by a (1 x 1) LEED pattern and the re-oxidization of Fe to 3+.
Cardiovascular risk profile of asymptomatic healthy young adults with increased femoral artery intima-media thickness: The Bogalusa Heart Study.

ABSTRACT Background Femoral artery intima-media thickness (IMT), like carotid IMT, is a surrogate indicator of atherosclerotic coronary and peripheral vascular diseases in middle-aged and older adults. This study examined the cardiovascular disease risk profile of asymptomatic young adults with increased femoral artery IMT. Methods Femoral artery IMT was measured by B-mode ultrasonography in 1080 black and white subjects (aged 24-43 years; 71% white, 43% male) enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Individuals versus bottom fifth (n = 54) percentiles distribution of femoral IMT were compared for traditional cardiovascular risk factors profile. Univariate analysis compared the two groups, t -tests and χ 2 tests were performed. Results The top and bottom fifth percentiles of IMT differed with respect to age ( P P P P P P P P = 0.01). Conclusion The observed adverse effect of cardiovascular risk factors on IMT of femoral artery, a surrogate measure of coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis, in asymptomatic young individuals underscores the need for risk factors profiling in early life. These observations have important implications in preventive medicine.
The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis?

In this article, we review the history of the social scientific study of leadership and the prevailing theories of leadership that enjoy empirical support. We demonstrate that the development of knowledge concerning leadership phenomena has been truly cumulative and that much is currently known about leadership. We identify the contributions of the trait, behavioral, contingency and neocharismatic paradigms and the results of empirical research on prevailing theories. Issues that warrant research in each of the paradigms and theories are described. Ten additional topics for further investigation are discussed and specific recommendations are made with regard to future research on each of these topics.
Characterization of SWCNT Bundle Based VLSI Interconnect with Self-heating Induced Scatterings

Performance of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle- based VLSI interconnects has been studied under the strong influence of scatterings induced by self-heating. Landauer Buttiker formalism along with Fourier heat transfer equation have been used to compute interconnect scattering parameters at various cross sectional areas of the interconnection. Cross sectional temperature calculation was performed using finite difference method considering temperature dependent thermal conductivity for primitive defect-less SWCNT bundles. Using the relaxation time approximation, we have studied scattering dynamics in calculating equivalent resistance. Electronic and thermal transport equations have been coupled and solved iteratively to get accurate estimation of temperatures and resistances. Study of scattering parameters shows low backscattering however significant transmission loss. Below 100GHz, for a 1µm long interconnect with 10 nm by10 nm cross sectional area shows S21 as high as 80dB. In terahertz regime transmission parameter S21 is in the range of few hundreds dB.
Asymptotically optimal repeated auctions for sponsored search

We investigate asymptotically optimal keyword auctions, that is, auctions which maximize revenue as the number of bidders grows. We do so under two alternative behavioral assumptions. The first explicitly models the repeated nature of keyword auctions. It introduces a novel assumption on individual bidding, namely that bidders never overbid their value, and bid their actual value if shut out for long enough. Under these conditions we present a broad class of repeated auctions that are asymptotically optimal among all sequential auctions (a superset of repeated auctions). Those auctions have varying payment schemes but share the ranking method. The Google auction belongs to this class, but not the Yahoo auction, and indeed we show that the latter is not asymptotically optimal. (Nonetheless, with some additional distributional assumptions, the Yahoo auction can be shown to belong to a broad category of auctions that are asymptotically optimal among all auction mechanisms that do not rely on ad relevance.) We then look at the one-shot keyword auction, which can be taken to model repeated auctions in which relatively myopic bidders converge on the equilibrium of the full-information stage game. In this case we show that the Google auction remains asymptotically optimal and the Yahoo auction suboptimal. The distributional assumptions under which our theorems hold are quite general. We do however show that the Google auction is not asymptotically revenue-maximizing for general distributions.
Viral vs. bacterial pulmonary infections in children (Is roentgenographic differentiation possible

This study was conducted to determine whether one could identify viral and bacterial pulmonary infections with confidence. It has been our impression for some time that one could differentiate viral from bacterial pulmonary infections on the basis of roentgenographic findings alone and to test this hypothesis, we conducted this study where the roentgenographic findings first were categorized as being due to viral or bacterial infection and then compared with clinical results. The overall accuracy was just over 90% and our method of analysis is presented.
American “prestige press” representations of the global hegemony of English

: An extensive body of scholarship exists on the complex ways in which various peoples, states, and regions outside core English-speaking countries are being affected by, and view themselves as being affected by, the global rise of English. However the different ways in which core country elites understand and represent their unique sociolinguistic position vis-a-vis the global ascendancy of English has received much less attention. This paper, as does the study whose results it summarizes, pays special attention to what Schiller (2000) has described as “the American situation” with respect to the global hegemony of English. It does so by way of critical interpretation of more than 200 accounts of the global spread of English published from January 1, 1991 to May 1, 2003 in five American-owned prestige press publications: the Los Angeles Times, the International Herald Tribune, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post. Its overall conclusion is that the prestige press representations examined frame English in terms that largely allow Americans to view the rise of English, and their apparently limited role in this phenomenon, in primarily (though not wholly) uncritical, non-reflexive, positive, and magnanimous fashion.
Performance management in unionized settings

Abstract While many employees in the industrial world work in unionized workplaces, the field has often failed to fully examine human resource management (HRM) practices in unionized settings. In this paper, we attempt to integrate the areas of HRM and industrial relations (IR), through an examination of performance management in unionized workplaces. Specifically, we examine the literatures concerning performance appraisal, goal setting, and organizational performance management for insights into how these areas have played out in unionized settings. We also carve out areas for future research.
The critical properties of n-alkanes using a low-residence time flow apparatus

A low residence time flow method for the measurement of the critical temperatures and pressures of thermally-unstable fluids was developed in this work. The low residence time at elevated temperatures minimizes decomposition and other reactions, making it possible to measure the critical properties of many unstable fluids. An extrapolation procedure was developed to obtain the critical properties of rapidly reacting substances, based on the linear behavior of the apparent critical property with residence time. The measured critical properties of 14 n-alkanes (pentane through octadecane) using this method are reported in this paper. The results extend the available data on the critical properties of the higher alkanes and reveal a possible error in the literature value for the critical pressure of tetradecane.
934 THE TWO-HOUR SICKLE CELL PREP (SCP) FOR RAPID DETERMINATION OF SICKLE HEMOGLOBIN (HB S)

934 THE TWO-HOUR SICKLE CELL PREP (SCP) FOR RAPID DETERMINATION OF SICKLE HEMOGLOBIN (HB S)
Response of 1/4-Scale Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Walls to Blast

The exterior walls of conventional structures are often constructed using concrete masonry units (CMUs), commonly called concrete blocks. A series of experiments was conducted at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center to determine the response of a one-way 14-scale CMU wall to the detonation of an explosive charge. Finite-element analyses were developed to predict the results of these experiments. Each CMU was modeled with eight-node continuum elements. Adjacent CMUs were tied together using a slide surface that models a rigid connection until a failure criterion is met. Based on the analyses, a charge standoff was selected to induce a near-failure response. Five blast-load experiments were conducted. Both pre- and posttest analyses compare reasonably well with experimental results.
The relationship of coronal pulp stone formation to experimental operative procedures

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the degree of pulp response elicited by cutting procedures and restorative materials was capable of increasing the incidence of pulp stone nidi and pulp stones. Four hundred seventy teeth were divided into eight separate groups according to their post-operative extraction time interval and examined histologically. The results suggest that there is some correlation between the incidence of pulp stone or nidus formation and an increase in postoperative extraction time interval. However, no significant correlation appeared to exist between formation of pulp stones or nidi and age of the patient, sex, thickness of remaining dentine beneath the cavity preparation, preparation time, or the traumatic potential of the operative procedure. Nidi and stones were most commonly seen perivascularly. In some instances, calcific formations could be seen in the lumina of vessels; in others, the vessel walls themselves were calcified but fresh blood cells could be seen in the lumina. A schematic diagram is presented to incorporate several hypotheses found in the literature and, at the same time, emphasize that thrombi formation and/or vascular-wall injury are possible mechanisms which may lead to the eventual formation of pulp stones.
Changes in brain amines associated with cancer anorexia

Abstract Analysis of indole amine metabolism within acute (Walker 256 carcinosarcoma) and chronic (methycholanthrene-induced sarcoma) animal models of cancer anorexia demonstrated elevated levels of plasma free tryptophan, whole brain tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in anorectic tumor-bearing rats. Whole brain levels of catecholamines were not changed within either tumor line. Regional central nervous system determination of tryptophan metabolism in rats bearing Walker 256 tumors revealed elevated tryptophan in the hypothalamus, corpus striatum, mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebellum and cortex, increased serotonin in the diencephalon and cerebellum and elevated 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the diencephalon, hippocampus, pons-medulla, cerebellum and cortex. Although tryptophan was significantly increased only in the corpus striatum and diencephalon of the more chronic methycholanthrene tumor model, serotonin concentration was elevated in the corpus stiratum, diencephalon, hippocampus, pons-medulla, cerebellum and cortex, while levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were significantly increased in all these areas as well as in the mesencephalon. Since similar changes in indole activity were not observed in pair-fed control rats, it is concluded that the elevated serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in tumor-bearing rats did not result from undernutrition alone. Assay of regional catecholamines revealed few food-relevant changes, with norepinephrine being elevated in the corpus striatum and decreased in the pons-medulla of tumor-bearing rats. Therefore, these experiments suggest that the increased serotonin metabolism observed in tumor-bearing rats may be involved in the etiology of the anorexia of cancer.
Sustained intravesical drug delivery using thermosensitive hydrogel.

Purpose. Direct instillation of drug solutions into the bladder through a urethral catheter (i.e., intravesical therapy) evades systemic adverse effects of drugs used for bladder diseases. However, conventional vehicles for these drugs fail to extend duration of drug exposure in the bladder beyond the first voiding of urine postinstillation. The current study seeks to overcome the aforementioned inherent limitation of intravesical drug administration by using thermosensitive hydrogel as a matrix for sustained intravesical drug delivery.
Effect of Conductive Walls on the Performance of a Pulsed Inductive Thruster

The magnetic field produced by the acceleration coil of a pulsed inductive thruster (PIT) interacts not only with the plasma current sheet but also with the conductive walls of the vacuum chamber in which testing is performed. A quantitative evaluation of this interaction and its effects is made through the use of both a magnetostatic model to compute the evolution of the magnetic field topology as the plasma moves and an inductive thruster performance model to calculate thruster performance. The 1-m-diameter PIT MkVa thruster is evaluated as it represents the most successful inductive thruster to date and was tested in a conductive vacuum chamber possessing a radius of 60 cm. As the conductive walls are moved radially inward, closer to the acceleration coil, the magnetic field topology becomes compressed, lowering the overall inductance of the coil and reducing the electromagnetic acceleration imparted to the plasma. The computed performance data indicate that as the chamber radius is increased from 60 cm to infinity, representing in space conditions, the specific impulse and thrust efficiency increase by 4% and 7.5%, respectively. This underscores the importance of testing a PIT in a chamber that is either constructed of a nonconducting material or is significantly larger than the thruster diameter when attempting to accurately measure thruster performance.
Model-based diagnosis in intensive care monitoring: The YAQ approach

YAQ is an ontology for model-based reasoning in physiologic domains. YAQ is based on a hybrid algebra of qualitative and numerical values, and is designed to benefit from the rich and ever-changing nature of information available in a critical care monitoring environment. The focus of the project is on diagnosis of clinical conditions, prediction of the effects of therapy, and therapy management assistance. Two models of diagnosis are implemented in YAQ: diagnosis based on associations, and model-based diagnosis. The ontology is applied to the domain of ventilator management in infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The article describes the diagnostic capabilities of YAQ, illustrates these concepts on examples taken from actual patient records, and reports the results of an evaluation of the diagnostic performance on the RDS/assisted ventilation domain model.
Contribution of Side-Chains to the Infra-Red Spectra of Proteins: the 6.5-µ Band

THE strong bands at 3 µ, 6 µ and 6.5 µ which dominate the absorption spectra of proteins in the fundamental region, and which have been observed as well in N-monosubstituted amides and in synthetic polypeptides, have been attributed to vibrations of the peptide links between the amino-acid residues forming the structural backbone of the protein molecule1. It has been established, however, that, in most proteins, side-chains carrying ionizable groups are joined to the polypeptide backbone, and that at the isoionic point the protein exists in the form of dipolar ions. Of the ionizable groups which have been identified, carboxyls occur in the greatest number and may be expected to contribute significantly to the absorption processes in the spectral region of interest.
The acute effect of phenylpropanolamine and brompheniramine on blood pressure in controlled hypertension : a randomized double-blind crossover trial

Study objective:To determine the acute effect of phenylpropanolamine, 75 mg, and brompheniramine, 12 mg, in combination (PPA/B) on blood pressure in patients with controlled hypertension, using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).
Regional expression and subcellular localization of the tyrosine-specific phosphatase SH-PTP2 in the adult human nervous system

The protein tyrosine phosphatase SH-PTP2 has been implicated in a variety of cell signaling cascades, including those mediating neuronal survival. We therefore investigated the expression of SH-PTP2 in the adult human nervous system using Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. SH-PTP2 immunoreactivity was noted only in neurons, but was not restricted to a specific neuronal type or location. Immunohistochemistry showed perikaryal staining, whereas Western blotting and ultrastructural analysis suggested that SH-PTP2 is present in axons as well. While immunohistochemistry showed a Nissl-like pattern in large motor neurons, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated a diffuse pattern of cytoplasmic staining, without apparent preferential localization. The presence of the SH2 domain-containing tyrosine-specific phosphatase SH-PTP2 in diverse neurons in the adult nervous system suggests that SH-PTP2 may play a role in a broad spectrum of neuronal responses.
The Impact of Pathological Narcissism on Psychotherapy Utilization, Initial Symptom Severity, and Early-Treatment Symptom Change: A Naturalistic Investigation

The impact of pathological narcissism on psychotherapy has seldom been investigated empirically, despite extensive clinical theory proposing that highly narcissistic individuals should be reluctant to engage in treatment and derive smaller benefits from therapy. In this study, we investigate the relationship between scores on the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI; Pincus et al., 2009), which assesses both narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability, and clinical variables in a sample of outpatients (N=60) at a community mental health center. Results indicated that grandiosity, but not vulnerability, was negatively related to the use of adjunctive services and positively predicted client-initiated termination of psychotherapy. In addition, grandiosity and vulnerability were related to initial levels of different symptoms in multilevel models using a subsample (n=41) but not generally related to the linear rate of symptom change in early psychotherapy. The results highlight the clinical utility of assessing pathological narcissism in a real-world psychotherapeutic context.
Cyclosporine A upregulates platelet-derived growth factor B chain in hyperplastic human gingiva.

Cyclosportne a (csa) is a widely used immunosuppressant for transplant patients and is also used for the treatment of a wide variety of systemic diseases with immunologic components. A prominent side effect of CSA administration is gingival overgrowth (hyperplasia). It has been postulated that CSA alters fibroblast activity through effects on various growth factors/cytokines. However, as yet, data concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in pathologic connective tissue proliferation are preliminary in nature. Our previous investigations concerning phenytoin-induced effects on platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) gene expression have demonstrated that other drugs which cause gingival overgrowth can upregulate macrophage PDGF-B gene expression in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate PDGF-B gene expression in gingival tissues of patients receiving CSA therapy and exhibiting gingival overgrowth to determine if similar PDGF-B upregulation occurs in response to CSA and to...
The Role of Interchange Reconnection in Facilitating a Filament Eruption

We study the interaction between an erupting solar filament and a nearby coronal hole, based on multi-viewpoint observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory and STEREO. During the early evolution of the filament eruption, it exhibits a clockwise rotation that brings its easternmost leg in contact with the oppositely aligned field at the coronal hole boundary. The interaction between the two magnetic-field systems is manifested as the development of a narrow contact layer in which we see enhanced EUV brightening and bi-directional flows, suggesting that the contact layer is a region of strong and ongoing magnetic reconnection. The coronal mass ejection (CME) resulting from this eruption is highly asymmetric, with its southern portion opening up to the upper corona, while the northern portion remains closed and connected to the Sun. We suggest that the erupting flux rope that made up the filament reconnected with both the open and closed fields at the coronal hole boundary via interchange reconnection and closed-field disconnection, respectively, which led to the observed CME configuration.
An Insight into an Approach to IT Architecture: A Best Practice Example, and Its Social Aspects, from a Leading Technology Company☆

Abstract The paper discusses the need for architecture in Information Technology (IT), the categories of requirements, and provides an insight into the practice and governance of IT Architecture as practiced in IBM, one of the world's leading technology companies. Insights into the architectural method and its social aspects are discussed.
Tonotopic organization of responses reflecting stop consonant place of articulation in primary auditory cortex (A1) of the monkey

Current source density and multiunit activity elicited by stop consonant-vowel syllables were examined in primary auditory cortex of an awake monkey. Relative amplitudes of the speech-evoked responses were determined by the onset spectra of the consonants and the tonotopic organization. This finding supports the psychoacoustic hypothesis that the onset spectra of stop consonants are important determinants for the discrimination of place of articulation.
On the RNA in cultured myeloma cells producing immunoglobulin.

Abstract The results of an investigation of RNA in a cell strain secreting immunoglobulin (MOPC 21) growing in cell culture are reported. Most of the cytoplasmic RNA is found in the polysomes, about half of which are associated with a membrane fraction. In several cell types the amount of RNA associated with the membranes varies and is correlated with the cell's ability to produce and secrete the antibody-like protein. In MOPC 21 both classes of polysomes are only degraded slowly in the presence of 5 μg/ml of actinomycin D. In an analysis of RNA synthesis, cells growing exponentially are found to incorporate most of the added precursor into stable RNA, mainly ribosomal. The amount of cytoplasmic mRNA synthesized is only a small part of the total RNA, but radioactivity in cytoplasmic heterodisperse RNA is differentially increased during incubation of the cells in 0.05 μg/ml of actinomycin D. An investigation of the hybridization of cytoplasmic RNA with DNA showed that this is and will be a useful method in the characterization of mRNA molecules in these cells. The results are discussed as they relate to further investigation of cytoplasmic RNA.
A GENERAL APPROACH FOR ANALYZING THE ARBITRARY MOTION OF A CIRCULAR DISK IN A STOKES FLOW

A concise analytic method is developed to investigate the arbitrary motion of a circular disk through an unbounded fluid satisfying Stokes equation. Four elementary motions are considered within the same mathematical framework: broadside translation, edgewise translation, in-plane rotation and out-of-plane rotation of a disk. Stokes equations are reduced to a set of dual integral expressions relating the velocity and traction in the plane of the disk. The dual integral equations are solved exactly for each motion and lead, in turn, to closed-form analytical expressions for the velocity and pressure fields. Although many of these results have been previously reported, the approach described here unifies the analysis of the four different motions and presents a straightforward solution technique.
Localization and physiological roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia

Our current understanding of the circuitry of the basal ganglia, and the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease has led to major breakthroughs in the treatment of this debilitating movement disorder. Unfortunately, there are significant problems with the currently available pharmacological therapies that focus on dopamine replacement or dopaminergic agonists. Because of this, much effort has been focused on developing novel targets for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G-protein coupled receptors activated by glutamate. These receptors are differentially distributed throughout the basal ganglia in a manner suggesting that they may provide novel targets for the treatment of movement disorders. In this review we summarize anatomical and physiological data from our work and the work of other laboratories describing the distribution and physiological roles of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the basal ganglia with emphasis on possible therapeutic targets.
A novel approach to fix an avulsion fracture of posterior cruciate ligament from the tibia when associated with a type C distal femoral fracture and a Hoffa fracture: a case report

Isolated avulsion fractures of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) from the tibia are uncommon. Further rare, are its association with a type C distal femoral fracture and a Hoffa fracture. Arthroscopic and open methods have been described to treat the tibial avulsion of PCL. We report a novel approach to repair the tibial avulsion of PCL when associated with a type c distal femoral fracture and a Hoffa fracture. We are not aware of any similar reports in the literature.
Role of Caspases in Death and Survival of the Plaque Macrophage

This review considers the role of macrophage cell death in formation of the necrotic core and in plaque progression, and lists many of the possible mediators of macrophage cell death. Among these, perhaps the most cited toxic agent is oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Whereas oxLDL can kill macrophage, and whereas the form of death is morphologically apoptotic, caspase inhibitors appear to be ineffective in preventing death. This finding is consistent with recent literature showing how the canonical caspase pathways are used for physiological cellular functions other than cell death. Plaque macrophages appear to be among the cells with this nonapoptotic signaling function for activated caspases. In many of the other cell types, caspase activation appears to play a critical role in cell differentiation. We discuss possible functions of plaque macrophage using the nondeath caspase pathway. Recent literature shows that physiological and developmental functions of many cell types require active caspases without progressing to cell death. We discuss the role of macrophage cell death in plaque progression, possible mediators of macrophage cell death, and the possible functions of plaque macrophage using the nondeath caspase pathway.
Exploring hepatitis B vaccination acceptance among young men who have sex with men: facilitators and barriers.

Abstract Background. Studies continue to show that the majority of men who have sex with men in the United States remain unvaccinated against hepatitis B despite the licensure of an efficacious vaccine in 1982. Methods. A theory-based, qualitative approach is used to explore acceptance of hepatitis B vaccination among men who have sex with men residing in Birmingham, Alabama. Results. A total of 62 self-identified men who have sex with men (mean age = 25 ± 2.3; range: 18–36 years) participated in one of eight focus groups. Among the findings of this study, participants reported low levels of perceived susceptibility to infection; lacked basic information about hepatitis B and hepatitis B vaccination; did not perceive their providers to be comfortable with discussing their same-sex sexual behavior; did not identify tangible or intangible benefits to vaccination; had limited access to health care and had little continuity of care; did not trust federally supported vaccination efforts; and reported the inundation of HIV prevention messages hampered their receptivity to health messages in general. Conclusions. There is an urgent need to enhance awareness and facilitate hepatitis B vaccination among men who have sex with men. While further research is necessary, our findings indicate that numerous barriers to hepatitis B vaccination exist that may result in low vaccination rates. Prevention efforts would benefit from addressing these barriers.
MATCHING, DISCRIMINATION, AND PAYOFFS1,2

Five different models for matching judgments are described. Each one is applied to an experiment employing both matching and ordered discrimination tasks, three payoff matrices, and three levels of stimulus discriminability. Under the matching instructions, subjects indicated whether two patterns of lights had the same or a different number of lights. Under the ordered discrimination instructions, subjects indicated which one of two patterns had more lights. One of the models consistently gives a better account of the individual and the pooled group data than the others, but even for this model the goodness-of-fit chi-squares are generally too large.
A New Smoothing Model for Analyzing Array CGH Data

Array based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a molecular cytogenetic method for the detection of chromosomal imbalances and it has been extensively used for studying copy number alterations in various cancer types. Our method captures both the intrinsic spatial change of genome hybridization intensities, and the physical distance between adjacent probes along a chromosome which are not uniform. In this paper, we introduce a dual-tree complex wavelet transform method with the bivariate shrinkage estimator into array CGH data smoothing study. We tested the proposed method on both simulated data and real data, and the results demonstrated superior performance of our method in comparison with extant methods.
Marine pathology: revealing the ocean's etiology to earthbound students

Harvell et al. (see pages 375-382) provide an excellent resource to help students bridge familiar topics in science with the unfamiliar. This review points out how little we know about diseases in the ocean and exemplifies the nature of science by discussing the process of investigating complex questions and showing that a lot of information is uncertain and awaits further exploration. Here we pre? sent a way to use this reading for a single class meeting, but this segment of instruction does not stand alone. It would fit well after a section on disease, viruses, immunology, or biogeochemical cycles.
The forced-choice preferential looking procedure: A psychophysical technique for use with human infants.

The present paper describes a forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) technique, which has been used to assess visual capacities and visual development in infants up to five months of age. The technique is based on Fantz's (1965, 1967) preferential looking technique, combined with a forced-choice approach to data collection ( Blackwell, 1953 ; Bush, Galanter and Luce, 1963 ). The logic of FPL and its use as a working laboratory technique are presented and discussed in detail. Its use to date in psychophysical studies of the development of vision in both human and monkey infants, and in assessment of infant vision in the clinical setting are summarized; and limitations on the interpretation of results are briefly discussed.
Multiparameter Hypothesis Testing and Acceptance Sampling

The quality of a product might be determined by several parameters, each of which must meet certain standards before the product is acceptable. In this article, a method of determining whether all the parameters meet their respective standards is proposed. The method consists of testing each parameter individually and deciding that the product is acceptable only if each parameter passes its test. This simple method has some optimal properties including attaining exactly a prespecified consumer's risk and uniformly minimizing the producer's risk. These results are obtained from more general hypothesis-testing results concerning null hypotheses consisting of the unions of sets.
Social dominance in male vasopressin 1b receptor knockout mice

We have previously reported that mice with a targeted disruption of their vasopressin 1b receptor gene, Avpr1b, have mild impairments in social recognition and reduced aggression. The reductions in aggression are limited to social forms of aggression, i.e., maternal and inter-male aggression, while predatory aggression remains unaffected. To further clarify the role of the Avpr1b in the regulation of social behavior we first examined anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors in Avpr1b knockout (Avpr1b -/-) mice. We then went on to test the ability of Avpr1b -/- mice to form dominance hierarchies. No major differences were found between Avpr1b -/- and wildtype mice in anxiety-like behaviors, as measured using an elevated plus maze and an open field test, or depression-like behaviors, as measured using a forced swim test. In the social dominance study we found that Avpr1b -/- mice are able to form dominance hierarchies, though in early hierarchy formation dominant Avpr1b -/- mice display significantly more mounting behavior on Day 1 of testing compared to wildtype controls. Further, non-socially dominant Avpr1b -/- mice spend less time engaged in attack behavior than wildtype controls. These findings suggest that while Avpr1b -/- mice may be able to form dominance hierarchies they appear to employ alternate strategies.
Spectroscopic study of chloranil charge-transfer complexes of amino acids and related compounds

Abstract The absorption maxima, molar absorptivities, infrared spectra, compositions, formation constants, and pH dependence of amino acid—chloranil complexes have been determined with purified chloranil The n -π charge-transfer interaction depends on the presence of an unprotonated amino group; pH 9 is optimal for complex formation, but once formed, the complex is stable in a highly acidic medium and may be quantitatively extracted by hexanol. The molar absorptivities of the chloranil complexes of glycine, iminodiacetic acid, NTA, EDTA, DTPA and TTHA were measured. There is a linear relationship between the logarithm of the molar absorptivities of their chloranil complexes and the number of carboxylic groups in the molecule. There is an inverse linear relationship between the molar absorptivities of chloranil—metal—EDTA complexes and the logarithm of the stability constants of the EDTA chelates. This leads to a new method of determining the stability constants of complexes involving a nitrogen-donating group.
Relative reactivities of tethered functional groups in the interior of a zeolite

The reactions of singlet oxygen with substrates containing both sulfide and olefinic linkages have been examined. The dramatic increase in sulfoxide formation in the interior of the zeolite in comparison to solution is attributed to zeolite stabilization of the persulfoxide intermediate and concomitant inhibition of physical quenching of singlet oxygen.
Inferring transcriptional and microRNA‐mediated regulatory programs in glioblastoma

Large-scale cancer genomics projects are profiling hundreds of tumors at multiple molecular layers, including copy number, mRNA and miRNA expression, but the mechanistic relationships between these layers are often excluded from computational models. We developed a supervised learning framework for integrating molecular profiles with regulatory sequence information to reveal regulatory programs in cancer, including miRNA-mediated regulation. We applied our approach to 320 glioblastoma profiles and identified key miRNAs and transcription factors as common or subtype-specific drivers of expression changes. We confirmed that predicted gene expression signatures for proneural subtype regulators were consistent with in vivo expression changes in a PDGF-driven mouse model. We tested two predicted proneural drivers, miR-124 and miR-132, both underexpressed in proneural tumors, by overexpression in neurospheres and observed a partial reversal of corresponding tumor expression changes. Computationally dissecting the role of miRNAs in cancer may ultimately lead to small RNA therapeutics tailored to subtype or individual.
Road-adaptive nonlinear design of active suspensions

Recently (1995) we proposed a novel nonlinear control design for active suspensions, which features a filter whose bandwidth is a nonlinear function of suspension travel; this filter results in an improved tradeoff between ride comfort and rattlespace usage. In this paper we augment this controller with a new road-adaptive algorithm which continuously monitors suspension travel and adjusts online the shape of the filter nonlinearity in response to different road profiles. This adaptive design realizes the true potential of active suspensions, which is their ability to yield better performance over a much wider range of road surfaces than passive suspensions.
Heterotic effects of wheat-rye chromosomal translocations on agronomic traits of hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under an adequate moisture regime

Translocated chromosomes T1BL⋅1RS and T1AL⋅1RS have been widely used in many wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs to develop high yielding cultivars. The objective of this study was to evaluate the heterotic effects of T1BL⋅1RS + T1AL⋅1RS, T1BL⋅1RS, and T1AL⋅1RS on yield and yield components of hybrid wheat grown under adequate moisture regimes. Thirteen hybrid wheats and seven parents with different chromosome constitutions relative to T1AL⋅1RS and T1BL⋅1RS were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Variable performance was observed among the hybrids tested. Two of the three hybrids with T1BL⋅1RS + T1AL⋅1RS, produced 25.26% and 44.64% more grain than the hybrids with only T1BL⋅1RS. This was due to increased biomass, harvest index (HI) and spike density. However, the combination of these two translocations resulted in reduced kernels/spike, spikelets/spike and spike length compared to the T1BL⋅1R Stranslocation alone. When comparing closely related parents, the parent with T1AL⋅1RS produced 23.51% more grain yield than the non-translocated parent. The presence of T1AL⋅1RS resulted in 10.37% heterotic advantage for yield due to increased biomass, KW, and spike density. When the two wheat-rye translocated chromosomes are present in the same hybrid, T1AL⋅1RS seems to have a positive effect on yield through spike density and HI, but masks the effects of T1BL⋅1RS for some agronomic traits.
NOTES ON TRANSIENT QUEUING BEHAVIOR, CAPACITY RESTRAINT FUNCTIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO TRAVEL FORECASTING,

Abstract : Increasingly, capacity restraint functions -- which describe travel performance or travel time and delay as a function of the volume using a facility and of the facility capacity -- are utilized in the trip distribution and assignment phases of the travel forecasting process. In essence, these capacity restraint functions when related to distribution and assignment models permit the analyst to insure equilibrium; that is, they enable the analyst to insure that the travel time used to determine interzonal transfers and to assign link volumes is equal to that travel time which would result if assigned volumes of the predicted magnitude did actually use the facilities in question. (Author)