cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transit metropolis: a 21st century perspective

Abstract In The Transit Metropolis, written in 1998, I identified two ways which transit services and urban development patterns have been integrated globally: by adapting cities to transit and by matching transit services to urbanization patterns. This chapter revisits the transit metropolis models in light of powerful and unfolding megatrends—aging societies, shifting demographics, changing employment structures as well as changing lifestyles (e.g., collaborative consumption), public policy agendas (e.g., decarbonizing cities), and technological advances like autonomous mobility. Collectively, such forces buttress arguments for adaptive cities that are resourceful and efficient as well as adaptive transit that offers a more diverse, often-atomized set of mobility choices. It is argued that both models of sustainable mobility and urbanism can, and indeed should, coexist in any metropolitan context. International case experiences are highlighted in this regard.
The extremely low energy cost of biosynthesis in holometabolous insect larvae.

Abstract The metabolic cost of growth, which quantifies the amount of energy required to synthesize a unit of biomass, is an important component of an animal’s ontogenetic energy budget. Here we investigated this quantity as well as other energy budget variables of the larvae of a holometabolous insect species, Vanessa cardui (painted lady). We found that the high growth rate of this caterpillar cannot be explained by its metabolic rate and the percentage of the metabolic energy allocated to growth; the key to understanding its fast growth is the extremely low cost of growth, 336 Joules/gram of dry mass. The metabolic cost of growth in caterpillars is 15–65 times lower than that of the endothermic and ectothermic species investigated in previous studies. Our results suggest that the low cost cannot be attributed to its body composition, diet composition, or body size. To explain the “cheap price” of growth in caterpillars, we assumed that a high metabolic cost for biosynthesis resulted in a high “quality” of cells, which have fewer errors during biosynthesis and higher resistance to stressors. Considering the life history of the caterpillars, i.e., tissue disintegration during metamorphosis and a short developmental period and lifespan, we hypothesized that an energy budget that allocates a large amount of energy to biosynthesizing high quality cells would be selected against in this species. As a preliminary test of this hypothesis, we estimated the metabolic cost of growth in larvae of Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) and nymphs of Blatta lateralis (Turkestan cockroach). The preliminary data supported our hypothesis.
A Review of Computational Models for Falling Liquid Films

In this chapter, a comprehensive review of numerical studies for falling liquid films over plain flat surfaces and horizontal tubes have been presented in terms of flow hydrodynamics and coupled heat and mass transfer. The early studies on the falling film transport models were based on simplified assumptions, and the reduced equations yielded approximate solutions. Developments in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) led by Professor Spalding at Imperial College since the 1960s have enabled the solution of the full set of equations, and space- and time-accurate solutions. The present review primarily discusses recent studies that are based on the solution of the full set of coupled liquid–gas flow equations and highlights some key observations based on these studies. For liquid film flow over plain flat surfaces, the review highlights the important role of interfacial waves and the associated enhancement in the sensible heat transfer rates. However, the impact of these interfacial waves on coupled heat and mass transfer and the potential interaction of these waves with the gas medium is not fully understood. For film flow over horizontal tubes, the recent literature has made significant progress through full-scale models and employing sharp interface capturing techniques. Time- and space-resolved calculations for falling film evaporation over horizontal tubes are currently limited in the literature, but could reveal key underlying mechanisms and/or assist in developing underlying models related to dry-out conditions.
The Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience With Health Outcomes in Adolescents: An Observational Study:

The relationship between Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), resilience, and health outcomes has not been as thoroughly studied in adolescents. Adolescents completed the ACEs Questionnaire and a ...
Study on the COVID-19 infection status, prevention and control strategies among people entering Shenzhen.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed cases overseas have continued to rise in the last months, and many people overseas have chosen to return to China. This increases the risk of a large number of imported cases which may cause a relapse of the COVID-19 outbreak. In order to prevent imported infection, the Shenzhen government has implemented a closed-loop management strategy using nucleic acid testing (NAT) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and requiring 14 days of medical observation for individuals with an overseas tour history (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan province and other countries). Our study aims to describe the status of COVID-19 infection among people entering Shenzhen, and to evaluate the effect of the closed-loop management strategy. We undertook a descriptive study and risk analysis by the entry time, time of reporting, and local confirmed cases in countries of origin. The NAT were completed in Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ten district-level CDCs, and fever clinics. A total of 86,844 people from overseas entered Shenzhen from January 1 to April 18, 2020; there were 39 imported COVID cases and 293 close contacts. The infection rate of people entering was 4.49‰ [95% Confidence interval (CI): 3.26‰–6.05‰]. Fourteen imported cases (35.9%) came from the UK, and nine (23.08%) came from the USA. People entering from the USA since March 9 or from the UK since March 13 are the high-risk population. As of July 17, there have been no new confirmed cases in Shenzhen for 153 days, and the numbers of confirmed case, close contacts, and asymptomatic cases are 0. The closed-loop management has been effective in preventing imported infection and controlling domestic relapse. The distribution of entry time and report time for imported cases overseas was similar. This shows that it is important to implement closed-loop management at the port of entry.
Estimating myofiber cross-sectional area and connective tissue deposition with electrical impedance myography: A study in D2-mdx mice

Introduction Surface electrical impedance myography (sEIM) has the potential for providing information on muscle composition and structure noninvasively. We sought to evaluate its use to predict myofiber size and connective tissue deposition in the D2-mdx model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods We applied a prediction algorithm, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, to select specific EIM measurements obtained with surface and ex vivo EIM data from D2-mdx and wild-type (WT) mice (analyzed together or separately). We assessed myofiber cross-sectional area histologically and hydroxyproline (HP), a surrogate measure for connective tissue content, biochemically. Results Using WT and D2-mdx impedance values together in the algorithm, sEIM gave average root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of 26.6% for CSA and 45.8% for HP, which translate into mean errors of ±363 μm2 for a mean CSA of 1365 μm2 and of ±1.44 μg HP/mg muscle for a mean HP content of 3.15 μg HP/mg muscle. Stronger predictions were obtained by analyzing sEIM data from D2-mdx animals alone (RMSEs of 15.3% for CSA and 34.1% for HP content). Predictions made using ex vivo EIM data from D2-mdx animals alone were nearly equivalent to those obtained with sEIM data (RMSE of 16.59% for CSA), and slightly more accurate for HP (RMSE of 26.7%). Discussion Surface EIM combined with a predictive algorithm can provide estimates of muscle pathology comparable to values obtained using ex vivo EIM, and can be used as a surrogate measure of disease severity and progression and response to therapy.
NK cells in brain tumors: From biology to treatment

Abstract Natural killer cells are key elements of the innate immune defense system. Its inherent therapeutic advantages include not requiring prior sensitization to target transformed malignant cells, decreased incidence of graft-versus-host disease, and activation via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These biological properties of NK cells have favored its exploration and use in adoptive immunotherapy for brain tumors over recent years. Even though the last few years have witnessed an explosion of biological data, targeted therapy including adoptive cellular therapy for highly aggressive brain tumors such as GBM and DIPG, survival outcome continues to remain dismal. This is being increasingly attributed to an immunosuppressive cross talk between tumors and the immune microenvironment, which interferes with NK cell tumor homing, activation, and cytotoxicity. Improved understanding of biological mechanisms underlying therapeutic failure and resistance to NK cell therapy will allow development of combination therapy that will circumvent or overcome immunosuppression and improve outcomes in patients with brain tumors. Genetic engineering of NK cells is also being considered to improve targeting of brain tumors. These strategies could involve either NK cells alone or in combination with other immune strategies, to address multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms that have contributed to therapeutic failure of immunotherapy against brain tumors.
Pathophysiology of the Lymphatic System in Patients With Heart Failure: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

The removal of interstitial fluid from the tissues is performed exclusively by the lymphatic system. Tissue edema in congestive heart failure occurs only when the lymphatic system fails or is overrun by fluid leaving the vascular space across the wall of the capillaries into the interstitial space. This process is driven by Starling forces determined by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and organ-specific capillary permeabilities to proteins of different sizes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the generation of lymph in different organs, the mechanics by which lymph is returned to the circulation, and the consequences of the inadequacy of lymph flow. We review recent advances in imaging techniques that have allowed for new research, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches to the lymphatic system. Finally, we review how efforts to increase lymph flow have demonstrated potential as a viable therapeutic approach for refractory heart failure.
Teacher Report of Students' Dialect Use and Language Ability.

Purpose For many school-age children, teachers are the first professionals to refer for speech/language services. However, many speech-language pathologists note that students without language diso...
Safeguard Measures in Jordan

The paper examines safeguard measures as applied in Jordan according to its domestic law and the US-Jordan Free Trade Agreement. The paper provides analysis of safeguard investigation and injury analysis.
Approximating Pandora's Box with Correlations.

The Pandora's Box problem asks to find a search strategy over $n$ alternatives given stochastic information about their values, aiming to minimize the sum of the search cost and the value of the chosen alternative. Even though the case of independently distributed values is well understood, our algorithmic understanding of the problem is very limited once the independence assumption is dropped. Our work aims to characterize the complexity of approximating the Pandora's Box problem under correlated value distributions. To that end, we present a general reduction to a simpler version of Pandora's Box, that only asks to find a value below a certain threshold, and eliminates the need to reason about future values that will arise during the search. Using this general tool, we study two cases of correlation; the case of explicitly given distributions of support $m$ and the case of mixtures of $m$ product distributions. $\bullet$ In the first case, we connect Pandora's Box to the well studied problem of Optimal Decision Tree, obtaining an $O(\log m)$ approximation but also showing that the problem is strictly easier as it is equivalent (up to constant factors) to the Uniform Decision Tree problem. $\bullet$ In the case of mixtures of product distributions, the problem is again related to the noisy variant of Optimal Decision Tree which is significantly more challenging. We give a constant-factor approximation that runs in time $n^{ \tilde O( m^2/\varepsilon^2 ) }$ for $m$ mixture components whose marginals on every alternative are either identical or separated in TV distance by $\varepsilon$.
Fever and flagellate dermatosis in an otherwise healthy woman

We report a rare presentation of adult-onset Still disease (AoSD) with flagellate dermatosis and unknown trigger. Atypical skin findings have been increasingly reported for AoSD and may be associated with worse prognosis and systemic complications. Increased awareness of nonclassic skin findings in AoSD may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
On the Horizon: Desiring Global Queer and Trans* Studies in International and Intercultural Communication

We must always be aware of the strengths and limitations of the intellectual traditions that we have been taught, in much the same way that we must be aware of the limits of our own cultural experi...
Copy number variants associated with epilepsy from gene expression microarrays.

We aimed to identify novel copy number variations (CNV) that might contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by recurring seizures and various serious comorbidities, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurologic dysfunction. CNV have recently been considered as important risk factors for epilepsy. With public gene expression data from brain tissue of 23 epilepsy patients and 23 healthy controls, we detected CNV using the R language package CAFE. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation was performed in a further nine patients and 10 controls. Functional analyses of the genes in the validated CNV were also carried out, using Ingenuity pathway analysis. Three copy number abnormalities (19q13.33, 19q13.11 and 4q35.1) were detected with the gene expression data. The duplication in 19q13.33 (approximately 1.22 million bases) was further validated in three additional epilepsy patients, and the deletion in 19q13.11 (approximately 855 kilobases) was further validated in another two epilepsy patients. The functional analyses of the genes in these two CNV suggested that they may be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The CNV that we detected may be common genetic etiological factors of epilepsy, and there is potential for the identification of a novel biomarker for treatment from these CNV regions.
Verification of VLSI Designs

We present a method for formal proof of correctness of VLSI designs. Our approach is an adaptation of software verification techniques that works on circuit networks rather than program flowgraphs. The method may be viewed as a dual of Floyd’s method for program verification in which the roles of state and control are interchanged. We illustrate the approach with the semi-automatic verification of a simple NMOS design, and discuss its application to large scale VSLI designs. A proof of soundness of the method is presented in a forthcoming paper [ShS 83].
Continuous speech recognition using modified stack decoding algorithm

This paper attempts to recognize a speech sequence with a series of words. We represent words with HMM models and use a modified version of stack decoding method [1][2] as the primary algorithm to recognize words. This type of method allows us to recognize a streaming sequence of speech signal as we receive it. We introduced a heuristic function that works with stack decoding algorithm. We also observed how model parameters affect the performance of the algorithm.
Considering the Ectopic Pituitary Gland in Evaluation of the Nasopharyngeal Mass.

Importance Extracranial pituitary ectopia is an uncommon finding characterized by all or a portion of the pituitary gland situated in an aberrant location. Often these lesions come to clinical attention only once they begin to function abnormally or increase in size significantly. Observations We describe an incidentally noted, asymptomatic pedunculated nasopharyngeal lesion in a 13-month-old girl that may be an extracranial pituitary gland. Consideration of this rare anomaly cautioned against performing a biopsy and may have prevented inadvertent removal of functional pituitary tissue. We describe the embryologic origins of ectopic pituitary tissue, discuss the differential diagnosis for nasopharyngeal lesions in children, and emphasize physical and radiologic findings suggestive of ectopic pituitary tissue to prevent potential inadvertent removal of this rare anomaly. Conclusions and Relevance We report this unusual case to review embryologic origins of ectopic pituitary tissue and to alert otolaryngologists of the need to consider ectopic pituitary tissue in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal lesions in children.
Anomalous Origins Of Bilateral Anterior Cerebral Arteries (ACA) From The Cavernous Internal Carotid Arteries (ICA). (P5.024)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our presentation is to describe a rare case of anomalous origins of the bilateral ACAs from the cavernous ICAs and review the embryologic reasons for such anomalies. BACKGROUND: The ACA conventionally is a branch of the supraclinoid ICA emanating as one of the two terminal branches of the ICA. Occasionally, the ACA arises from the ICA at the level of the ophthalmic artery as the ‘infraoptic course of the ACA’. Bilateral anomalous origins are unusual and we present a case of anomalous origins of bilateral ACAs from the bilateral cavernous ICAs well below the origins of the ophthalmic arteries. DESIGN/METHOD: We report a case of bilateral origins of ACAs from the cavernous ICAs demonstrated by 3D time -of-flight MRA of the brain and CTA of the brain. These anomalies we have dubbed as ‘hypophyseal origins’ of the ACAs. RESULTS: This is a case report of anomalous origins of bilateral ACAs from the cavernous ICAs in a 68 year old female being investigated for the cause of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. These anomalies were incidental and have nothing to do with the subarachnoid hemorrhage. The subarachnoid hemorrhage was due to a right vertebral artery aneurysm. We discuss possible embryologic origins of these anomalies. CONCLUSION: This is the first description of bilateral cavernous ICAs origins of bilateral ACAs. Literature search did not yield any other similar case. We speculate on the embryogenesis of these anomalies and their possible clinical significance. Disclosure: Dr. Pedavally has nothing to disclose. Dr. Omojola has nothing to disclose.
Naloxone-reversible effects of d-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide-induced behavioral activity in rats.

In the first experiment, male rats were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) with either saline, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 μg d-Ala2-Met5-enkephalinamide (ENK). Uncannulated controls were not injected but were handled similarly. The subsequent behavior of each animal was observed by means of a video system, and was recorded automatically with a system of two crossing photocell beams. Quadrant crossing, rearing, and photocell interruptions of the ENK groups decreased initially, but later increased above control levels. Grooming decreased with all doses and head movement decreased with the two highest doses of ENK. Wet-dog shakes were observed for all ENK groups. In the second experiment, icv-cannulated rats were maintained in the activity chambers and injected each morning with icv-saline followed by an ip saline injection 25 min later. They were habituated to the surroundings and injection procedures for 3 days. On the fourth day, half of the 50 rats were injected with 25 μg ENK in 2.5 μl, icv, while the other half were injected with saline and returned to their original activity chamber. Half of each group was injected ip 25 min after the icv injection with 5 mg/kg naloxone or saline, and the activity was recorded for about 4 more hr. Four to five rats from each group were treated similarly for the next 3 days. The activity of the ENK-injected group was higher overall than that of the controls. Naloxone reduced the activity of both the ENK-injected and saline-injected rats. Furthermore, the activity of the ENK-treated rats increased over successive days, whereas that of the controls did not. These results suggest that (1) the increased activity was due to the direct effects of ENK, and (2) some naturally occurring activity may involve endorphins.
An Examination of Confinement Effects in High-Silica Zeolites

The environment provided by the zeolite channels has been examined in high-silica zeolites having the MFI (ZSM-5), CHA (Chabazite), MOR (Mordenite), TON (ZSM-22), MTW (ZSM-12), FER (Ferrierite), and FAU (Faujasite) structures. Calorimetric measurements of CH4 and O2 at ∼210 K showed that structure affects the adsorption properties in a manner which depends on the pore dimensions. The differential heats for CH4 at low coverage were 28 kJ/mol in FER, 27 kJ/mol in TON, 25 kJ/mol in MOR, 21 kJ/mol in MFI, 20.5 kJ/mol in MTW, 19.5 kJ/mol in CHA, and 14 kJ/mol in FAU. However, calorimetric data for acetonitrile in the acidic forms of these zeolites gave heats that were independent of structure within experimental error, with differential heats for the 1:1 adsorption complexes all being 100 ± 10 kJ/mol. A possible explanation lies in the additional orientation-dependent interaction resulting from the hydrogen bonding. These topology-sensitive, orientational interactions are observable in the temperature-sensitiv...
Oculomotor responses to gradual changes in target direction

Smooth pursuit tracking of targets moving linearly (in one dimension) is well characterized by a model where retinal image motion drives eye acceleration. However, previous findings suggest that this model cannot be simply extended to two-dimensional (2D) tracking. To examine 2D pursuit, in the present study, human subjects tracked a target that moved linearly and then followed the arc of a circle. The subjects' gaze angular velocity accurately matched target angular velocity, but the direction of smooth pursuit always lagged behind the current target direction. Pursuit speed slowly declined after the onset of the curve (for about 500 ms), even though the target speed was constant. In a second experiment, brief perturbations were presented immediately prior to the beginning of the change in direction. The subjects' responses to these perturbations consisted of two components: (1) a response specific to the parameters of the perturbation and (2) a nonspecific response that always consisted of a transient decrease in gaze velocity. With the exception of this nonspecific response, pursuit behavior in response to the gradual changes in direction and to the perturbations could be explained by using retinal slip (image velocity) as the input signal. The retinal slip was parallel and perpendicular to the instantaneous direction of pursuit ultimately resulted in changes in gaze velocity (via gaze acceleration). Perhaps due to the subjects' expectations that the target will curve, the sensitivity to the image motion in the direction of pursuit was not as strong as the sensitivity to image motion perpendicular to gaze velocity.
Local and landscape effects on butterfly density in northern Idaho grasslands and forests

Understanding butterfly response to landscape context can inform conservation management and planning. We tested whether local-scale resources (host and nectar plants, canopy cover) or landscape context, measured at two scales, better explained the densities of four butterfly species. The density of Coenonympha tullia, which has host plants strongly associated with grassland habitats, was positively correlated with the amount of grassland in 0.5- and 1-km radius landscapes and only occurred in forests when they bordered grasslands. For the other species, Celastrina ladon, Cupido amyntula, and Vanessa cardui, local-scale resources better explained butterfly densities, emphasizing the importance of local habitat quality for butterflies. These three species also used host plants that were distributed more heterogeneously within and among habitat types. Our findings demonstrate the importance of host plant spatial distributions when determining the scale at which butterfly density relates to resources, and we recommend that both these distributions and landscape context be evaluated when developing butterfly monitoring programs, managing for species of concern, or modeling potential habitat.
Oral health effects of smokeless tobacco use in Navajo Indian adolescents

Recent reports have suggested that the use of smokeless tobacco is increasing in adolescents, and is particularly high in Native Americans, causing concern about possible effects on oral health. In this study, 226 Navajo Indians, aged 14–19, were interviewed regarding their use of smokeless tobacco (ST), cigarettes, and alcohol. Midbuccal and mesiobuccal sites on all fully erupted permanent teeth (excluding third molars) were examined for the presence of gingival bleeding, gingival recession, calculus, and loss of periodontal attachment. The oral mucosa was examined for evidence of leukoplakia. 64.2% (145) of the subjects (75.4% of the boys and 49.0%. of the girls) were users of ST. Of these, over 95% used snuff alone or in combination with chewing tobacco. 55.9% used ST one or more days per week. 52.2% consumed alcohol, usually beer or wine, and 54.0% smoked cigarettes. 25.5% (37) of the users and 3.7% (3) of the non-users had leukoplakia. The duration (in years) and frequency of ST use (days per week) were highly significant risk factors associated with leukoplakia. However, the concomitant use of alcohol or cigarettes did not appear to increase the prevalence of these lesions. No consistent relationship was observed between the use of ST and gingival bleeding, calculus, gingival recession, or attachment loss, either when comparing users to non-users or when comparing the segment where the tobacco quid was habitually placed to a within-subject control segment. In view of these results, there is little doubt that smokeless tobacco is significantly related to the etiology of leukoplakia. As some evidence exists that smokeless tobacco use is a significant risk factor associated with oral carcinoma, intervention programs to discourage the use of smokeless tobacco by adolescents should be a public health priority.
Examining the Coping Response to Peer Relational Aggression Victimization

Purpose. Relational aggression, rumor spreading, backstabbing, and social isolation, is psychologically damaging for adolescent girls. The purpose of this study was to provide an explanation of victimization response after experiencing peer relational aggression victimization. Methods. Grounded theory techniques were used to gain an understanding of the victimization experience and the coping responses used. Findings. A theory of coping after experiencing peer relational aggression victimization was generated. Girls voiced feelings of hurt and anger after the experience and expressed the following ways of coping as a result: distancing from others, retaliation against the aggressor, discussing their feelings with friends and family, writing their feelings down, and/or confronting the aggressor. Clinical Implications. Nurses should be aware of the phenomenon and asses, for incidences of relational aggression victimization so that they may provide strategies to assist the adolescent and her family with positive coping mechanisms in order to prevent maladaptive responses.
Species and function lost: Role of drought in structuring stream communities

Drought is an important natural disturbance that influences community structure by altering species composition, abundance, and richness. Human-induced alterations of the hydrologic cycle and climate change can exacerbate the impact of drought, potentially leading to species extirpations and changes in community structure. These changes in community structure can lead to substantial alterations and losses of ecosystem functions. Nutrient recycling is an important ecosystem function that helps modify rates of production and food web structure. Animals are important in cycling and storing nutrients in aquatic ecosystems through feeding, growth, and excretion. Freshwater mussels are long-lived animals, often living more than 20 years, and perform important ecosystem functions such as nutrient storage and cycling. Mussels dominate benthic biomass in many aquatic systems, and thus can be an essential component affecting nutrient dynamics. Unfortunately, they are experiencing rapid declines. In this study, we surveyed freshwater mussel populations across nine sites in three rivers in the south-central U.S. immediately before and after an exceptional, regional drought. We characterized the hydrological severity of the drought and estimated mussel biomass loss and the consequent loss of mussel-provided nutrient cycling and storage. We determined if losses differed between mussel thermal guilds and how such losses might influence nutrient dynamics and stoichiometry. Additionally, we investigated whether losses caused by the drought were intensified by different land cover types. Our surveys indicated that there were declines in both density and biomass of mussels, and greater losses were associated with areas that had less forest cover. This die-off resulted in a lower availability of N and reduced P storage by freshwater mussels in these rivers, potentially altering system nutrient availability. Additionally, our analyses showed that thermally sensitive species have lower tissue N:P. Thus, our results show that differences in species tolerance to drought may lead to varying storage and release of nutrients. Further studies incorporating net flux and storage will allow scientists to better understand the repercussions of species loss to ecosystem function.
The effect of an impulsive knee valgus moment on in vitro relative ACL strain during a simulated jump landing.

Background We tested the hypothesis that impulsive compression, flexion and valgus knee moment loading during a simulated one-footed jump landing will significantly increase the peak relative strain in the anteromedial region of the anterior cruciate ligament compared with loading without the valgus moment. Methods Ten cadaveric knees [mean (SD) age: 67.9 (7.6) years; 5 males; 5 females] were mounted into a custom fixture to simulate a lower extremity impact loading of approximately 1600 N. Triaxial load cells monitored the 3D tibial and femoral impulsive force and moments at 2000 Hz, while 3D tibiofemoral kinematics were measured at 400 Hz. Pre-impact quadriceps, hamstring and gastrocnemius muscle forces were simulated using pretensioned steel cables. A differential variable reluctance transducer measured the relative strain in the anteromedial aspect of the anterior cruciate ligament. With the knee initially in 25° flexion, 10 trials were conducted with the impulsive force directed 4 cm posterior to the knee joint center in the sagittal plane (“neutral” loading) to cause a flexion moment, 10 trials were conducted under a similar loading, but with the force directed 15° lateral to the knee sagittal plane (“valgus” loading), and the 10 neutral loading trials were then repeated. A non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to test the hypothesis using a P < 0.05 significance level. Findings The peak normalized anterior cruciate ligament strain was 30% larger for the impulsive compression loading in valgus and flexion compared with an impulsive compression loading in isolated flexion (P < 0.05). Interpretation Minimizing the abduction loading of the knee during a jump landing should help reduce anterior cruciate ligament strain during that maneuver.
The Mystery Behind the Code: Differentiated Instruction with Quick Response Codes in Secondary Physical Education

Imagine asking your students to flash a mobile technology device at a wall poster and scan a small barcode to receive directions on how to complete a physical activity. After scanning, the student ...
The flying ice cube: Velocity rescaling in molecular dynamics leads to violation of energy equipartition

This article describes an unexpected phenomenon encountered during MD simulations: velocity rescaling using standard protocols can systematically change the proportion of total kinetic energy (KE) found in motions associated with the various degrees of freedom. Under these conditions, the simulation violates the principle of equipartition of energy, which requires a mean kinetic energy of RT/2 in each degree of freedom. A particularly pathological form of this problem occurs if one does not periodically remove the net translation of (and rotation about) the center of mass. In this case, almost all of the kinetic energy is converted into these two kinds of motion, producing a system with almost no kinetic energy associated with the internal degrees of freedom. We call this phenomenon “the flying ice cube.” We present a mathematical analysis of a simple diatomic system with two degrees of freedom, to document the origin of the problem. We then present examples from three kinds of MD simulations, one being an in vacuo simulation on a diatomic system, one involving a low resolution model of DNA in vacuo, and the third using a traditional all-atom DNA model with full solvation, periodic boundary conditions, and the particle mesh Ewald method for treating long-range electrostatics. Finally, we discuss methods for avoiding the problem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 726–740, 1998
Together We Stand: America, Britain, and the Forging of an Alliance – By James Holland

This is an excellent “story” in the sense of a series of connected events—a chronological account of the, ultimately, successful North African campaign in 1942–1943—and in that it is eminently read...
Children's comprehension and production of derivational suffixes.

Relational knowledge of 21 derivational suffixes conveying six different meanings was investigated with 120 children from 3rd to 8th grade, and with 40 adults. The results obtained from a nonsense-word paradigm indicated that suffixes were comprehended with greater accuracy than they were produced, particularly by the children. Children in the 5th through 8th grades were more accurate than children in the 3rd and 4th grades in both suffix comprehension and production. Children and adults demonstrated greatest accuracy in both comprehension and production with the meaning “without X” (conveyed by the suffix less). Overall, they showed low comprehension accuracy with a diminutive suffix, ette, and the suffix ful, meaning “character of X.” They showed low production accuracy with “can be Xed” (able). Productive suffixes were produced more frequently than less productive suffixes to convey a given meaning.
Spatial patterns of Asian immigration flow to the United States: A cross‐national study

Immigration to the United States has shifted radically since the Immigration Act of 1965. Immigration from Europe has decreased, and that from Central and South America and Asia has increased. The 1965 Act removed previous restrictions on immigration from Asian countries. As a result, the proportion of immigrants from Asia has increased dramatically. The objective of this article is to examine the spatial patterns of relative flow of Asian immigrants to the United States. An immigration index, expressing the rate of immigration from a selected Asian country, relative to the all-Asian rate of immigration, is calculated and mapped to identify source countries of over- and under-representation. The study found that the volume of flow originated from 18 of the 29 selected countries of Asia is more or less consistent with the overall immigration rate of the continent. The remaining 11 countries sent a relatively smaller number of immigrants. This finding has important policy implications for the government agencies concerned with U.S. immigration policies. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hsps and aging

Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) are increasingly being implicated in aging phenotypes and control of life span across species. They are targets of the conserved heat-shock factor and insulin/IGF1-like signaling pathways that affect life span and aging phenotypes. Hsps are expressed in tissue-specific and disease-specific patterns during aging, and their level of expression and induction by stress correlates with and, in some instances, predicts life span. In model organisms, Hsps have been shown to increase life span and ameliorate aging-associated proteotoxicity. Finally, Hsps have emerged as key components in regulating aging-related cellular phenotypes, including cell senescence, apoptosis and cancer. The Hsps, therefore, provide a metric of individual stress and aging and are potential targets for interventions in aging and aging-related diseases.
Molecular and cell biological aspects of Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of several types of chronic and very common dementing disorders, affecting individuals aged 65 years or older. During the last five years, an enormous growth in the field has enriched our understanding of this complex condition. Molecular genetic studies have identified at least three genes that, when mutated, cause the autosomal dominant, early-onset familial form of the disease. The late-onset, most common forms of the disease are likely to be associated with various genetic susceptibility factors. The application of cell biological techniques has given insight into basic aspects of the functions of important proteins involved in disease progression, and transgenic animal studies have further enriched our knowledge of the pathophysiological aspects of the disease. More efficient therapeutic drugs to retard its progression have been developed, as well as techniques to identify the preclinical phase of the disorder. Although we are still lacking the molecular basis and order of events involved in the disease process, the future for AD research, as well as for AD patients, is more promising than ever before.
Distribution of hypocretin (orexin) immunoreactivity in the feline pons and medulla

The distribution of hypocretin-1 (hcrt-1) and hypocretin-2 (hcrt-2) immunoreactivities in the cat brainstem was examined using immunohistochemical techniques. Hcrt-1- and hcrt-2-positive fibers with varicosities were detected in almost all brainstem regions. However, no hcrt-1- or hcrt-2-immunoreactive neuronal somata were observed in the cat brainstem. Both hcrt-1- and hcrt-2-labeled fibers exhibited different densities in distinct regions of the brainstem. In most brainstem regions, the intensity of hcrt-1 immunoreactivity was higher than that of hcrt-2 immunoreactivity. The highest densities of hcrt-1- and hcrt-2-positive fibers were found in the nucleus raphe dorsalis (RD), the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) and the locus coeruleus (LC), suggesting an important role for these peptides in functions related to sleep-wake behavior.
Interhemispheric asymmetry of regional cerebral blood flow in prepubescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The prefrontal cortex is asymmetric in both structure and function. In normal subjects, the right prefrontal cortex is activated more than the left during response inhibition. Patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impaired response inhibition and altered structural interhemispheric asymmetry. This study was conducted to examine the functional interhemispheric asymmetry during response inhibition in children with ADHD. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the level of motor hyperactivity. Blood flow tracer (99m)Tc-ethyl cysteinate dimer was injected while subjects were performing a response inhibition task (RIT), followed by single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). After three-dimensional reconstruction, filtering and smoothing, individual scans were morphed to a template. Three average group images were created from individual scans. Each average group image was subtracted voxel-by-voxel from its mirror image to compare the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the right and left cerebral hemispheres, yielding images of significant interhemispheric rCBF asymmetry. The severe hyperactivity group exhibited most prefrontal left>right rCBF asymmetry and left>right occipitoparietal asymmetry. Reversal of functional prefrontal asymmetry in boys with severe motor hyperactivity supports the hypothesis of right prefrontal cortex dysfunction in ADHD.
Fiber based Multimodality Endomicroscope

OCT and nonlinear microscopy are imaging technologies that have found many biomedical applications. We will present the development of fiber based endoscopic OCT, MPM and CARS system as well as the integration of this system with other imaging modalities for clinical applications.
First-principles calculations of the adsorption of nitromethane and 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) molecules on the alpha-Al2O3(0001) surface.

First-principles calculations that are based on spin-unrestricted density functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation have been used to study the adsorption of nitromethane and 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene molecules on the Al(111) surface. The calculations employ (3 x 3) aluminum slab geometries and three-dimensional periodic boundary conditions. On the basis of these calculations, we have determined that both dissociative and nondissociative adsorption mechanisms are possible, depending on the molecular orientation and the particular surface sites involved. In the case of dissociative chemisorption, O-atom ion by Al surface atoms has been determined to be the dominant mechanism. The dissociated O atom forms strong Al-O bonds with the neighboring Al sites around the dissociation sites. In addition, the radical species obtained as a result of O-atom elimination remains bonded to the surface. In some instances, both O atoms of the nitro group dissociate and oxidize the aluminum surface. Finally, for the case of nondissociative adsorption, various N-O-Al bridge-type bonding configurations can be formed. On the basis of the data provided from these studies, it can be concluded that oxidation of the aluminum surface readily occurs, either by partial or complete dissociation of the O atoms from the NO 2 group.
The chemical composition of the periostracum of the molluscan shell

Abstract 1. 1. Fifteen amino acids were present in the periostracum of each of twenty-seven species of gastropods and bivalves. 2. 2. Glycine usually accounted for 40 per cent or more of the amino acids of the periostracum of marine and fresh-water bivalves and of fresh-water and terrestrial gastropods. 3. 3. The periostracum of marine gastropods has less glycine and higher ranges of lysine, arganine, aspartic acid and serine than that of fresh-water species. 4. 4. The amino acid composition of Potamopyrgus periostracum was altered by culturing in different salinities. 5. 5. Electron microscopic examination of the periostracum of twelve genera of gastropods showed that fresh-water species had two layers, terrestrial species had a single layer and marine species had a single or incomplete layer.
Retina-derived microglial cells induce photoreceptor cell death in vitro.

In animals with retinal degeneration, the presence of activated microglial cells in the outer retina during the early stages of injury suggests that they may be involved in the ensuing photoreceptor cell death. In the following study, we investigated the effects of rat retina-derived microglial cells on a photoreceptor cell line (661w) using cell culture techniques. The difficulty of obtaining pure populations of photoreceptor cells necessitated our use of the 661w photoreceptor cells generated from retinas of transgenic mice. 661w Cells were incubated for 24-48 h in basal medium or basal medium conditioned by activated microglial cells (MGCM) or Muller cells (MCCM), and tested for cell death using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The induction of apoptosis in the 661w cells by MGCM was investigated using Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and DNA laddering. Treatment of 661w cells with MGCM for 48 h resulted in approximately 73% of cells dead as compared with 19-20% of cells grown in either basal medium or MCCM. Serum supplementation or pretreatment with heat did not abolish the cytotoxicity of MGCM. More TUNEL-positive cells were observed in MGCM-treated cultures as compared with those in basal medium. Bands in multiples of approximately 180 bp formed DNA ladders in MGCM-treated but not in basal medium-treated samples. Our study shows that microglial cells release soluble product(s) that induce degeneration of cultured photoreceptor cells. Moreover, the mechanism of microglia-induced photoreceptor cell death may involve apoptosis similar to that observed in animals with retinal degeneration.
The use of proxies in community integration research.

Cusick CP, Brooks CA, Whiteneck GG. The use of proxies in community integration research. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1018-24. Objective: To assess the level of agreement between persons with various disabilities and their proxies in reporting community integration outcomes using the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART). Design: Reliability study. Setting: Participants living in the community for a minimum of 6 months after onset of disability or completion of inpatient rehabilitation. Participants: Persons (n = 983) with disability resulting from amputation, burn, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury (SCI), stroke, or traumatic brain injury and their self-selected proxies. Interventions: Telephone interview of subjects (FIM™ instrument, CHART); proxies (CHART). FIM instrument assesses the degree of assistance with physical and cognitive subscales; CHART measures community integration in 6 subscales: physical, cognitive, and economic independence, and mobility, social integration, and occupation. Main Outcome Measures: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to assess participant-proxy agreement, and stepwise multiple regressions were used to identify patterns of difference in agreement based on disability type and demographic variables. Results: Thirty-seven of the 38 items examined for the entire sample yielded moderate to strong ICCs. Multiple regression analyses indicated that proxies overrated participants with severe functional cognitive disabilities on the mobility subscale (p <.001), overrated participants with less than a high school education on the total CHART score (p <.01), and underrated participants with SCIs on the occupation subscale (p <.01). Differences in all cases, however, were less than 6 points out of a possible score of 100 per subscale. Conclusions: Participant-proxy agreement across the 6 disability groups provided evidence in support of the inclusion of proxy data for persons with various types of disabilities in community integration research. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation