cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seed dormancy and germination-emerging mechanisms and new hypotheses.

Seed dormancy has played a significant role in adaptation and evolution of seed plants. While its biological significance is clear, molecular mechanisms underlying seed dormancy induction, maintenance and alleviation still remain elusive. Intensive efforts have been made to investigate gibberellin and abscisic acid metabolism in seeds, which greatly contributed to the current understanding of seed dormancy mechanisms. Other mechanisms, which might be independent of hormones, or specific to the seed dormancy pathway, are also emerging from genetic analysis of “seed dormancy mutants”. These studies suggest that chromatin remodeling through histone ubiquitination, methylation and acetylation, which could lead to transcription elongation or gene silencing, may play a significant role in seed dormancy regulation. Small interfering RNA and/or long non-coding RNA might be a trigger of epigenetic changes at the seed dormancy or germination loci, such as DELAY OF GERMINATION1. While new mechanisms are emerging from genetic studies of seed dormancy, novel hypotheses are also generated from seed germination study with high throughput gene expression analysis. Recent studies on tissue-specific gene expression in tomato and Arabidopsis seeds, which suggested possible “mechanosensing” in the regulatory mechanisms, advanced our understanding of embryo-endosperm interaction and have potential to re-draw the traditional hypotheses or integrate them into a comprehensive scheme. The progress in basic seed science will enable knowledge translation, another frontier of research to be expanded for food and fuel production.
Static Testing of Micro Propellers

Available performance data for micro propellers are very lacking. Prediction of micro propeller performance is made difficult due to the small Reynolds numbers (less than 50,000) at which the propellers operate. A test rig was designed and built at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in order to measure the static performance of micro propellers. A load cell and torque transducer measure the thrust and torque, respectively, created by a propeller. These results are then used to find the static thrust and power coefficients. Eighteen two-bladed propellers from different manufacturers and two threebladed propellers were tested with diameters ranging from 2.25 in. to 5 in. The hovering capabilities of the propellers were also analyzed.
GUT TRANSIT TIME (GT) IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS 499

Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants often have delayed passage of stools and feeding intolerance. There are no studies on total gut transit time in these infants. Sixteen VLBW infants (Birthweight 902±261g and gestational age 26±1.8 weeks) were enrolled when they were tolerating enteral feeds for more than 3 days. Infants with gastrointestinal malformations and those who developed necrotizing enterocolitis were excluded. None of the infants had hypothyroidism or cystic fibrosis. The GT was measured in each infant after administering 50 mg (0.5 ml) of carmine red dye by nasogastric route. The time of first appearance (T1) and the time of last appearance (T2) of red dye in stool was recorded. The study was repeated in each infant every 2 weeks until the infant reached a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks or was discharged from the hospital. Illness severity of each infant at the time of the study was assessed by the Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (NTISS). A total of 44 studies were performed in these 16 infants. Fourteen of the 16 infants were exposed to antepartum glucocorticosteroids and were fed mothers' milk.Table
The synthesis and study of some mercurated N-allylbarbital derivatives.

The synthesis and structure of N-allylbarbital were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the derivative obtained by direct alkylation of the metallic salt of barbital was substituted on the nitrogen in the 1 or 3 position. The tautomeric isomer was not obtained by any of the methods utilized. N-allylbarbital was mercurated by mercuric acetate in the presence of an alcohol. The reactions, of the mercurated compounds were investigated and the structure of these compounds established.
Leishmania mexicana: crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of culture-derived amastigotes and promastigotes

Abstract An antigenic comparison was made of the two developmental stages of the agent of American cutaneous leishmaniasis, Leishmania mexicana. Culture-derived promastigotes and amastigotes were used to immunize rabbits, and the resulting hyperimmune sera employed in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Distinct antigenic similarities and differences were found, and many of these protein antigens appeared to be surface membrane-associated.
Regiochemical aspects associated with the intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of munchnone derivatives

Abstract The regioselectivity of the internal cycloaddition of a series of N-( o -allylphenyl) substituted munchnones has been found to be markedly dependent on the substituent groups present.
Comparative analysis of some models of gene regulation in mixed-substrate microbial growth

Abstract Mixed-substrate microbial growth is of fundamental interest in microbiology and bioengineering. Several mathematical models have been developed to account for the genetic regulation of such systems, especially those resulting in diauxic growth. In this work, we compare the dynamics of three such models (Narang, 1998a. The dynamical analogy between microbial growth on mixtures of substrates and population growth of competing species. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 59, 116–121; Thattai and Shraiman, 2003. Metabolic switching in the sugar phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli . Biophys. J. 85(2), 744–754; Brandt et al., 2004. Modelling microbial adaptation to changing availability of substrates. Water Res. 38, 1004–1013). We show that these models are dynamically similar—the initial motion of the inducible enzymes in all the models is described by the Lotka–Volterra equations for competing species. In particular, the prediction of diauxic growth corresponds to “extinction” of one of the enzymes during the first few hours of growth. The dynamic similarity occurs because in all the models, the inducible enzymes possess properties characteristic of competing species: they are required for their own synthesis, and they inhibit each other. Despite this dynamic similarity, the models vary with respect to the range of dynamics captured. The Brandt et al. model always predicts the diauxic growth pattern, whereas the remaining two models exhibit both diauxic and non-diauxic growth patterns. The models also differ with respect to the mechanisms that generate the mutual inhibition between the enzymes. In the Narang model, mutual inhibition occurs because the enzymes for each substrate enhance the dilution of the enzymes for the other substrate. The Brandt et al. model superimposes upon this dilution effect an additional mechanism of mutual inhibition. In the Thattai and Shraiman model, the mutual inhibition is entirely due to competition for the phosphoryl groups. For quantitative agreement with the data, all models must be modified to account for specific mechanisms of mutual inhibition, such as inducer exclusion.
A kinetic Monte Carlo study of coarsening resistance of novel core/shell precipitates

Abstract A novel approach towards the design of coarsening-resistant nanoprecipitates in structural alloys was investigated by kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation. The approach is motivated by recent experimental results in Cu–Nb–W alloys showing that room temperature ion irradiation resulted in W nanoprecipitation, leading to exceptional stability of W-rich-core/Nb-rich-shell nanoprecipitates formed following thermal annealing (Zhang et al., 2013 [11]). Here, image simulations of atomically resolved scanning transmission electron microscopy are performed to establish that these W nanoprecipitates are highly ramified. Thermal precipitate coarsening in an A–B–C ternary alloy similar to Cu–Nb–W is then studied by KMC simulations, where the highly immiscible and refractory C solute atoms are initially distributed into fractal nanoprecipitates, or cores, which become coated by a shell of B atoms during elevated temperature annealing. Compared with nanoprecipitates generated by compact C cores, the ramified nanoprecipitates result in exceptionally high trapping efficiency of B solute atoms during thermal coarsening, and the efficiency increases with the cluster size. The KMC results are analyzed and rationalized by noting that, owing to the Gibbs–Thomson effect, when the curvatures of the shell of the precipitates are zero or negative, the microstructure is coarsening-resistant. Such morphology can be realized by facets, or by dynamic balance within positive, negative and zero curvatures.
Striped Bass Habitat Selection Rules in Reservoirs without Suitable Summer Habitat Offer Insight into Consequences for Growth

Abstract The traditional view of habitat requirements for inland striped bass Morone saxatilis suggests that these fish need dissolved oxygen (DO) levels above 2–3 mg/L and temperatures below 25°C to thrive. However, striped bass are found in reservoirs where hypolimnetic hypoxia forces them into warm temperatures (27–30°C) for much of the summer, and contrary to expectations, these populations do not consistently experience poor growth or mortality. We used telemetry of adult striped bass in Badin Lake, North Carolina, to characterize habitat selection by striped bass in systems with unsuitable summer habitat. As summer stratification developed, striped bass selected preferred temperatures of 20–23°C as long as the DO was at least 2 mg/L. Once hypoxia forced striped bass into warmer water, the fish concentrated at the top of the oxycline (defined as the depth just above the largest decline in DO occurring over a 1-m change in depth), which was 1–2°C warmer but had greater DO levels (4–8 mg/L) than the co...
Surficial extent and conceptual model of hydrothermal system at Mount Rainier, Washington

Abstract A once massive hydrothermal system was disgorged from the summit of Mount Rainier in a highly destructive manner about 5000 years ago. Today, hydrothermal processes are depositing clayey alteration products that have the potential to reset the stage for similar events in the future. Areas of active hydrothermal alteration occur in three representative settings: 1. (1) An extensive area (greater than 12,000 m 2 ) of heated ground and slightly acidic boiling-point fumaroles at 76–82 °C at East and West Craters on the volcano's summit, where alteration products include smectite, halloysite and disordered kaolinite, cristobalite, tridymite, opal, alunite, gibbsite, and calcite. 2. (2) A small area (less than 500 m 2 ) of heated ground and sub-boiling-point fumaroles at 55–60 °C on the upper flank at Disappointment Cleaver with smectite alteration and chalcedony, tridymite, and opal-A encrustations. Similar areas probably occur at Willis Wall, Sunset Amphitheater, and the South Tahoma and Kautz headwalls. 3. (3) Sulfate- and carbon dioxide-enriched thermal springs at 9–24 °C on the lower flank of the volcano in valley walls beside the Winthrop and Paradise Glaciers, where calcite, opal-A, and gypsum are being deposited. In addition, chloride- and carbon dioxide-enriched thermal springs issue from thin sediments that overlie Tertiary rocks at, or somewhat beyond, the base of the volcanic edifice in valley bottoms of the Nisqually and Ohanapecosh Rivers. Maximum spring temperatures of 19–25 °C and 38–50 °C, respectively, and extensive travertine deposits have developed in these more distant localities. The heat flow, distribution of thermal activity, and nature of alteration minerals and fluids suggest a conceptual model of a narrow, central hydrothermal system within Mount Rainier, with steam-heated snowmelt at the summit craters and localized leakage of steam-heated fluids within 2 km of the summit. The lateral extent of the hydrothermal system is marked by discharge of neutral sulfate-enriched thermal water from the lower flank of the cone. Simulations of geochemical mass transfer suggest that the thermal springs may be derived from an acid sulfate-chloride parent fluid which has been neutralized by reaction with andesite and highly diluted with shallow groundwater. The model may accomodate some of the thermal springs beyond the base of the edifice. Present heat flow from Mount Rainier is substantial relative to other Cascade Range volcanoes and does not appear to have diminished since at least the late 19th century. Evidence of older hydrothermal processes found in Holocene lithic tephra and debris avalanches record activity more extensive but similar in chemical composition to that of today.
In situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of flames

The feasibility of in situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy for imaging carbonaceous species in hydrocarbon flames is demonstrated using synchrotron radiation. Soft X-rays are absorbed by core level electrons in all carbon atoms regardless of their molecular structure. Core electron spectroscopy affords distinct advantages over valence spectroscopy, which forms the basis of traditional laser diagnostic techniques for combustion. In core level spectroscopy, the transition linewidths are predominantly determined by the instrument response function and the decay time of the core–hole, which is on the order of a femtosecond. As a result, soft X-ray absorption measurements can be performed in flames with negligible Doppler and collisional broadening. Core level spectroscopy has the further advantage of measuring all carbonaceous species regardless of molecular structure in the far-edge region, whereas near-edge features are molecule specific. Interferences from non-carbon flame species are unstructured and can be subtracted. In the present study, absorption measurements in the carbon K-edge region are demonstrated in low-pressure (Ptotal = 20–30 Torr) methane jet flames. Two-dimensional imaging of the major carbonaceous species, CH4, CO2, and CO, is accomplished by tuning the synchrotron radiation to the respective carbon K-edge, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) transitions and scanning the burner.
Theory of oxygen diffusion in the YBa2Cu3O7-x superconducting compound.

Oxygen diffusion coefficients in the YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital x}} superconducting compound are calculated by employing the pair approximation of the path probability method. The results show that the diffusion of oxygen in this compound is significantly dependent on the oxygen density and the degree of long-range order. It was found that the oxygen diffusion rate in the tetragonal phase is faster than that in the orthorhombic phase, with activation energies for diffusion of 0.8 and 1.2 eV, respectively, with the rate changing abruptly when the phase transformation takes place. We discuss the relationship between oxygen diffusion and each pair probability in connection with each pair's interaction energy values. The kinetics of oxygen diffusion obtained from the present model is discussed in the context of experimental values in the literature and with respect to twin boundary diffusion.
The energy spectrum of electrons and cosmic-ray confinement A new measurement and its interpretation

Measurements of the cosmic ray flux and electron energy spectrum from 5 GeV to 300 GeV, with an absolute uncertainty in the flux level of + or - 10 percent at low energies and + or - 30 percent at 100 GeV, are described. The measured spectrum appears to represent the competing processes of radiative energy loss in the interstellar medium and leakage out of the Galaxy. In the framework of the leaky box model and diffusion models, the result is most consistent with the picture of cosmic ray electrons spending an average of 10 million years in the Galaxy independent of electron energy, probably propagating in a halo as well as in the galactic disk.
Effect of Arsenicals on Liver Lipids of Rabbits

SummaryLiver injury in rabbits resulting from the administration of arsenicals in the form of arsphenamine and neoarsphenamine cause no significant changes from normal in the amount or distribution of the liver lipids.The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. G. A. Emerson of the Department of Pharmacology for furnishing the experimental material and to Dr. J. E. Andes of the Department of Pathology for the histological examination of the tissues.
Modifications to the endoscopic approach for anterior skull base lesions improve postoperative sinonasal symptoms.

Background/Objective Our institution previously showed that patients experience significant postoperative sinonasal symptoms for the first few months after endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal skull base surgery (eTNTS). Since our initial study we have modified our technique, discontinuing routine resection of the middle turbinate, maxillary antrostomies, and nasoseptal flaps. In this study, we analyze whether these technical modifications decrease postoperative sinonasal morbidity after eTNTS. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 93 consecutive patients who underwent eTNTS at a tertiary academic medical center from August 2011 to August 2012. Main Outcome Measures Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-20 and SNOT-22 scores preoperatively and after surgery. Results Compared with our previous study, our new cohort experienced a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in SNOT scores for the need to blow nose, runny nose, postnasal discharge, thick nasal discharge, wake up at night, reduced concentration, and frustrated/restless/irritable. Within the new cohort, patients who did not have a nasoseptal flap or middle turbinate resection had less worsening and faster improvement of nasal symptom scores after surgery. Conclusions Preserving normal sinonasal physiology during eTNTS by limiting middle turbinate resections, avoiding unnecessary maxillary antrostomies, and reducing the use of nasoseptal flaps when feasible results in less sinonasal morbidity and more rapid recovery during the postoperative period.
Immunocytochemical localization of aspartate and glutamate in the peripheral vestibular system

Abstract Controversy exists concerning the identity of the neurotransmitter in the mammalian peripheral vestibular system. Several candidates have been proposed, including the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate and the inhibitory amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Previous studies have demonstrated vestibuloneural electrophysiological activity associated with glutamate and aspartate. Paraffin sections of rat vestibular ganglia and end-organs were examined for the presence of glutamate-like and aspartate-like immunoreactivity. Our results demonstrate the presence of both aspartate-like and glutamate-like immunoreactivity in vestibular hair cells, peripheral vestibular nerve fibers, and vestibular ganglion cells. Minimal immunoreactivity was noted in the tissues surrounding these cells. These data add support to the hypothesis that the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate are involved in vestibular neurotransmission.
Performance Appraisal, Performance Management, and Firm-Level Performance: A Review, a Proposed Model, and New Directions for Future Research

AbstractThere has been a long history in management and industrial/organizational psychology of studying methods to improve performance at work. These efforts have traditionally been concerned with individual-level performance (with some attention paid to team performance as well); even when research began to more broadly consider the topic of performance management instead of just performance appraisal. However, the often unstated assumption was that, if an organization could effectively improve the performance of individual employees, this would accrue to improvements in firm-level performance as well. A review of the literature suggested that this link had never really been established in a direct way. Instead, we found considerable support for relating “bundles” of human resource (HR) practices to firm-level performance, and several models for how these practices could create the transformation from individual-level to firm-level performance. We drew upon several of these models, from somewhat diverse...
High Speed Liquid Chromatography of Pesticides

High speed liquid chromatography has just begun to be explored as an analytical technique for pesticides, particularly residues. It is the intent of this article to provide a comprehensive review of pesticide related applications, point out possibilities for better utilization of existing columns, describe some of the more promising experimental detectors and suggest approaches which could lead to the development of practical analytical methods.
Persistent Resistance: Commitment and Community in the Plowshares Movement

Although we know much about social movement recruitment, very little research focuses on member retention over time. Using the Plowshares movement as a case study, this article addresses the question of how long-term activist commitment is cultivated and sustained in a high-risk movement. Based on participant observation, in-depth interviews and survey data, I conclude that this movement has survived because leaders formed communities that function as plausibility structures. Through various rituals and cultural practices, these Catholic Left communities reinforce activist identity and strengthen members' normative, affective, and continuance commitment. Moreover, leaders implement strategies for countering the factors that foster movement exiting—namely, biographical unavailability, burnout, and weakening of ties to activist networks. By offering material and emotional support, and assistance with family responsibilities, these communities help activists overcome the barriers to long-term movement participation.
Numerical Prediction of Atherosclerotic Plaque Temperature as a Function of Plaque Size and Composition

Atherosclerotic plaque or cholesterol deposits in arteries with high likelihood of rupture experience an inflammatory cascade that produces a temperature inhomogeneity within the affected artery. As a result, a new and promising method to detect plaque vulnerability is based on the measurement of the arterial wall temperature (AWT). In this paper, the energy equation is solved to determine the plaque temperature distribution on the vessel wall considering blood flow, inflammatory cell density, and plaque size. Two different blood vessel shapes are considered: a stenotic straight artery, and an arterial bend, both with geometry and dimensions that correspond to the human aorta and a human coronary artery, respectively. These vessels were selected because atherosclerotic plaques are commonly encountered in such arteries. The plaque is located in the sites of low shear stress and variations in its volume and cell density are considered. The heat generation in the vulnerable plaque due to macrophage activation in inflammatory processes is taken from the literature. This paper presents steady state calculations. Reynolds numbers of 300 and 500 are used to represent maximum and minimum velocities during the cardiac cycle. Plots of plaque and arterial wall temperature as a function of macrophage concentration, and activation stage are presented; and the maximum plaque temperature is compared with arterial wall temperature values found in the literature.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Evidence that stock prices do not fully reflect the implications of current earnings for future earnings

Evidence presented here is consistent with a failure of stock prices to reflect fully the implications of current earnings for future earnings. Specifically, the three-day price reactions to announcements of earnings for quarters t + 1 through I + 4 are predictable, based on earnings of quarter r. Even more surprisingly, the signs and magnitudes of the three-day reactions are related to the autocorrelation structure of earnings, as if stock prices fail to reflect the extent to which each firm’s earnings series differs from a seasonal random walk.
Housing Recovery Lessons From Chile

Problem, research strategy and findings: The 8.8 magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami that struck south-central Chile on February 27, 2010, affected 75% of the country's population and damag...
Effects of saline consumption and adrenalectomy on water balance in rats.

Deviations from normal serum electrolyte levels were noted in rats maintained on tap water and isotonic saline and in bilaterally adrenalectomized rats provided isotonic and hypertonic saline solutions. Normal rats consumed approximately equal volumes of water and isotonic saline and evidenced a serum hyponatremia with no change in estimated plasma volume. Adrenalectomized animals indicated decreases in serum sodium and potassium levels but in addition plasma hypervolemia. Implications with respect to altered aldosterone production resulting from saline consumption are discussed.
A MODEL OF COMMERCIAL BANKING SYSTEM BEHAVIOR: AN ECONOMETRIC PREDICTIVE TEST

s of Doctoral Dissertations 481 further assumed that the joint market is stable in the comparative-statics sense; i.e., the "Hicksian" conditions of stability are met. Taken together, these a priori restrictions form the composite null hypothesis which is to be tested. The structural form of the model is then transformed into the reduced form. The logical implications of the restrictions on the structural-form parameters are derived and presented as predictions about the parameters of the reduced form. These predictions, along with the identifiability conditions, define an acceptance region, in terms of the reduced-form parameters, which is compatible with the model. The predictive test of the model consists of a comparison of the predicted values of the reduced-form parameters with the actual unconstrained estimates of these parameters and determining if the derived conditions for the acceptance of the model are satisfied. The results of the predictive test revealed only partial support for the proposed hypothesis. The statements about the signs and magnitudes of the parameters of the borrowings function were tested and found to be in agreement with the data. The amount of unborrowed reserves, the change in unborrowed reserves and the differential between the Treasury bill rate and the rediscount rate were all significant in determining the amount of member-bank borrowing from the Federal Reserve System. This finding is consistent with previous studies and lends support to an integrated version of both the "need" and "profitability" views of bank borrowing behavior. Structural-form parameter estimates and identifiability test statistics were also computed. If the identifiability conditions are satisfied, then the parameter estimates provide a convenient summary of the testing done in the reduced form. These conditions appear to have been met. The estimates confirmed the findings in regard to the borrowings function. The signs of the interest-rate coefficients in the remaining equations were as hypothesized but the magnitudes were not, nor were all the coefficients significant in the usual statistical sense. Analysis of the conflicting results in the reduced form also indicated that this pattern of behavior could be responsible for some of the disagreement between the predicted and actual estimates. Thus the testing has not confirmed the hypothesis that the banking system responds to interestrate changes in a systematic way with substantial elasticity, but has suggested a modified version of this behavior for further testing. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.195 on Sat, 03 Jun 2017 23:46:26 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Illicit substance detection using fast-neutron transmission spectroscopy

Abstract Fast-neutron interrogation techniques are of interest for detecting illicit substances such as explosives and drugs because of their ability to identify light elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Fast-Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy (FNTS) uses standard time-of-flight techniques to measure the energy spectrum of neutrons emitted from a collimated continuum source before and after transmission through the interrogated sample. The Monte Carlo transport code MCNP is used to model fast-neutron transmission experiments using a 9Be(d, n) source (Ed = 5 MeV). The areal densities (number of atoms per cm2), and the uncertainties, of various elements present in the sample are determined by an unfolding algorithm which includes the effects of cross-section errors and correlations. Results are displayed in the form of normalized densities, including their errors and correlations, which are then compared to the values for explosives and benign substances. Probabilistic interpretations of the results are discussed in terms of substance detection and identification.
Stimulus encoding in the A-B', AX-B and the A-B'r, AX-B paradigms

In a paired-associate transfer experiment, all Ss learned a second list in which the stimuli were compounds consisting of the stimuli of List 1 (component A) and a new component (X). Following List-2 learning, a test for List-2 stimulus selection revealed considerable selection of A in the A-B', AX-B paradigm, but more selection of X in the A-B'r, AX-B paradigm. The results were interpreted as support for Martin's Variable Stimulus Encoding Theory.
Expression of transcripts encoding AMPA receptor subunits and associated postsynaptic proteins in the macaque brain

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, regulating numerous cellular signaling pathways and controlling the excitability of central synapses both pre- and postsynaptically. Localization, cell surface expression, and activitydependent regulation of glutamate receptors in both neurons and glia are performed and maintained by a complex network of protein–protein interactions associated with targeting, anchoring, and spatially organizing synaptic proteins at the cell membrane. Using in situ hybridization, we examined the expression of transcripts encoding the AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1–GluR4) and a family of AMPA-related intracellular proteins. We focused on PDZ-proteins that are involved in the regulated pool and anchoring AMPA subunits to the cell membrane (PICK1, syntenin), and those maintaining the constitutive pool of AMPA receptors at the glutamatergic synapse (NSF, stargazin). In addition, we studied a fifth protein, KIAA1719, with high homology to the rat PDZ protein ABP, associated with the clustering of AMPA receptors at the glutamate synapse. The AMPA subunits showed significant differences in regional expression, especially in the neocortex, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum. The expression of other proteins, even those related to a specific AMPA subunit (such as ABP and PICK1 to GluR2 and GluR3), often had different distributions, whereas others (like NSF) are ubiquitously distributed in the brain. These results suggest that AMPA subunits and related intracellular proteins are differentially distributed in the macaque brain, and in numerous structures there are significant mismatches, suggesting additional functional properties of the associated intracellular proteins. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:530 –554, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: glutamate; ionotropic receptors; postsynaptic density proteins; regulated pool;
Acid Inactivation of Soybean Lipoxygenase With Retention of Protein Solubility

The use of acids to inactivate lipoxygenase in soybeans with retention of protein solubility was investigated. Inactivation of lipoxygenase was found to be irreversible when treated at pH 3.0 and below, irrespective of the acids used. The SDS-PAGE pattern showed the disappearance of lipoxygenase bands when soybeans were acid-treated at pH 3.0 and below. Acid treatment showed no effect on trypsin inhibitor and 60% trypsin inhibitor activity was removed by whey separation. Activity of urease was reduced to below 0.2 pH, when lipoxygenase was inactivated. PDI's of 70–76% were retained in the neutralized full-fat soy flour after treatment with acids at about pH 3.0 while full-fat soy material was 52–55%.
Giant idiopathic thymomegaly.

Apart from the anterior mediastinal position and the usual size of the normal thymus, aberrant locations and extreme size variations may occur. This is illustrated by an eight month old boy whose histologically normal thymus presented as a large mass in the right hemithoraz. It is the largest normal thymus on record in an infant. Thus, idiopathic thymomegaly should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of peripheral intrathoracic mass lesions.
Clonal variation of derepressed phosphatase in chromosomally mosaic cell cultures from a child with Down's syndrome.

Abstract Kinetic studies of the alkaline phosphatase activity of mass cultures of foreskin fibroblast cultures derived from six infants with Down's Syndrome (Mongolism) and nine controls failed to reveal any consistent differences in the repressed, derepressed and substrate-induced levels of enzyme activity between the two groups. One of the Mongol foreskin cultures and a skin culture derived from this patient were mosaic for 21 or 22 disomy, trisomy and quadrisomy. Kinetic analysis of the derepressed alkaline phosphatase of 34 clones from these cultures revealed four classes. The largest class (14 cases, “derepressible”) showed kinetics like those of the parental mass cultures. The phosphatase of a second group (10 cases, “super-repressed”) could not be derepressed. A third group (4 cases, “oscillatory”) showed decreasing, then increasing activities during the course of the 10–12 day experiments. One clone showed a rate of enzyme derepression (“hyper-de-repressible”) substantially higher than those of any other clone or mass culture. The data for five clones were ambiguous and could not be classified. All of the clones ceased to grow before the kinetic experiments could be repeated. Cytogenetic studies were done on 23 of the clones. The results provided evidence for the repeated occurrences of in vitro mitotic nondisjunction for chromosome 21 or 22. Two clones consisted predominantly of normal diploid cells; both were of the “super-repressed” type. However, one predominantly normal tetraploid clone was of the “derepressible” type. A “Mongol” tetraploid clone (94 chromosomes, including six nos. 21's or 22's) was also of the “derepressible” type, but had comparatively low enzyme activity. The other clones, predominantly G group (21 or 22) trisomie, fell into all categories of enzyme type. It is concluded that factors other than the ratio of small acrocentrics to total number of chromosomes and other than the total number of small acrocentric chromosomes are primarily responsible for the observed heterogeneity. These experiments, together with others which are discussed, suggest that established human fibroblast strains are mixtures of different somatic cell types, representing variations in genomic expression or “fixed differentiation” in vitro.
Kinetics of Intestinal Calcium Transport during Maturation in Rats

Summary: Young animals absorb and retain more calcium (Ca) than their older counterparts. The mechanism(s) for this age-related difference and the kinetics of intestinal calcium transport during maturation are not known. We determined, therefore, the unidirectional uptake and the transmural flux of [45Ca] in everted duodenal and jejunal sacs of suckling, weanling, adolescent, and adult rats using [3H] dextran as a marker of adherent mucosal volume. These measurements were carried out over a wide range of Ca concentrations (0.5-30 mM). Results indicate an evolving pattern of intestinal calcium transport with different kinetic characteristics emerging as the animals matured. The active component of transport became more pronounced with increasing age. In adult rats Km and Jmax of [45Ca] duodenal and jejunal uptake were several-fold greater than corresponding values for suckling rats. Transport at higher calcium concentrations (10-30 mM) was non-saturable, and the' permeability coefficient decreased with age. The transition to a more saturable process occurred around the time of weaning. These findings suggest that intestinal calcium transport is characterized by a maturation pattern that starts with a predominantly passive system during infancy and changes to a saturable active mechanism during maturation.
Corresponding states correlation for thermal conductivity of dense fluids

Abstract The simple principle of corresponding states may be generalized to include substances that depart from strict conformality by introducing state dependent shape factors. This approach is applied to thermal conductivity, and a general correlation is presented for the shape factors. Mixing rules derived from statistical mechanics, based on Enskog dense gas theory for thermal conductivity, provide a means for predicting thermal conductivities of dense gas and liquid mixtures of nonpolar substances. Results obtained are generally within experimental error.
Science on Television in the 21st Century: Recent Trends in Portrayals and Their Contributions to Public Attitudes Toward Science

Twenty-five years after George Gerbner and colleagues’ seminal report on television and science attitudes, there is a need to update the data on television’s portrayals of science and to revisit the cultivation question. We address this need by analyzing 21st-century television depictions of science and examining the relationships between exposure to television and attitudes toward science with an analysis of 2006 General Social Survey data. Content results show that scientists appear infrequently in prime-time dramatic programs, are typically White males, and are frequently cast in good or mixed roles rather than as evil scientists. Regarding the cultivation effect, we do not find a significant direct relationship between television viewing and negative attitudes toward science after relevant controls are taken into account. Additional results, however, indicate a displacement effect of television viewing on science attitudes and show significant interaction effects consistent with mainstreaming.
Kinetics of the reaction of SH and SD with NO2.

The rate constants for the reactions of NO 2 with SH and SD were measured between 250 and 360 K to be 2.8 x 10 -11 exp{(270 ± 40)/T(K)} and 2.6 x 10 -11 exp{(285 ± 20)/T(K)} cm 3 molecule-' s -1 , respectively. SH(SD) radicals were generated by pulsed laser photolysis of H 2 S(D 2 S) or CH 3 SH and detected via pulsed laser-induced fluorescence. The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectrum of SH was found to be contaminated by the presence of the SO radical. This contamination is suggested as a possible reason for differences among some of the reported values of k 1 in the literature. The title reaction influences the atmospheric lifetime of the SH radical when NO 2 is greater than 100 pptv, but the revised value of k 1 does not significantly alter our current understanding of SH oxidation in the atmosphere.
Bicarbonate Transport Under Nominally Bicarbonate-free Conditions in Bovine Corneal Endothelium

Abstract Fluid transport by the corneal endothelium is supported in air equilibrated, nominally HCO - 3 free Ringer's, yet it is inhibited by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors indicating dependence on the presence of CO 2 . It is possible that the CO 2 /HCO - 3 contained in air and/or the CO 2 derived from oxidative metabolism is sufficient to support HCO - 3 transport. This study investigates whether endothelial HCO - 3 transport mechanisms, Na + :HCO - 3 cotransport and C1 - /HCO - 3 exchange, are active in the nominal absence of HCO - 3 . In cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells the rate of intracellular pH (pHi) recovery following acid loading in air-equilibrated, nominally HCO - 3 -free solutions was slowed 75% by 0·5 mM amiloride (inhibitor of Na + /H + exchange), yet 60% of the acid load was still pumped out. This residual acid efflux (or base influx) was Na + -dependent, slowed 60 ± 15% by equilibration of solutions with 100% N 2 (to minimize CO 2 availability) and totally blocked by pretreatment with 100 μM DIDS, an inhibitor of Na + :HCO - 3 cotransport. Resting cells were acidified 0·19 ± 0·01 pH units by addition of 0·5 mM H 2 DIDS when perfused with air-equilibrated solutions, but only 0·03 ± 0·02 when perfused with 100% N 2 equilibrated solutions. Application of 500 μM acetazolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) also acidified resting cells, 0·11 ± 0·01 pH units, but the acidification was eliminated when cells were perfused with 100% N 2 -equilibrated solutions, indicating the presence of carbonic anhydrase activity under nominally HCO - 3 -free conditions. Cl - /HCO - 3 exchange activity was eliminated by 100% N 2 perfusion and slowed 29% by acetazolamide. Removal of exogenous CO 2 blocked acetazolamide induced acidifications while treatment with 10 μM oligomycin (or oligomycin plus 10 mM NaN 3 ) did not inhibit acetazolamide induced acidifications, indicating no contribution from metabolic CO 2 . Thus, it is concluded that under the conditions of these experiments: (1) both Na + :HCO - 3 cotransport and Cl - /HCO - 3 exchange are active under nominally HCO - 3 -free conditions, which may explain observations of fluid transport under these conditions and (2) only exogenous CO 2 contributes toward HCO - 3 transport under nominally HCO - 3 -free conditions.
A remote sensing model of construction-related soil disturbance in southern Arizona

Construction-related soil disturbance, such as road construction, trenching, landstripping, earthmoving and blasting, is a significant source of fugitive (or airborne) dust, and fugitive dust is a potential health hazard as well as a primary cause of decreased air quality. Presented here is a remote sensing change detection method using annual Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images spanning 1995 and 2009 over southern Arizona to identify and characterize construction-related soil disturbance. To guide development of the remote sensing method, spatial coordinates of construction activity permit inspections performed by a local environmental quality agency to control fugitive dust are obtained and processed in a GIS. Satellite change detection methods are compared with kernel density plots of the construction activity inspection points. Band differencing in the mid-infrared spectral region (TM band 5), with a change threshold of four standard deviations above and below the change image mean, is identified as a simple and effective method to identify construction-related soil disturbance. As an accuracy assessment, buffers of 920 meter radius were generated around each dust inspection point and around an equal number of random points in a GIS. The dust inspection point buffers captured statistically significantly more of the remote sensing change pixels as compared to random point buffers (P < 0.0001 in a Mann-Whitney rank sum U-test for each year compared; 44.3% change pixel capture rate average as compared to 16.2% for random points). The remote sensing model is used to estimate location and annual surface area of construction-related soil disturbance in eastern Pima County, Arizona during the fourteen year study period. With limited preprocessing and processing requirements, the proposed model is simple to perform and may be suited for public and other environmental and health agencies to identify and assess fugitive dust sources and inputs to total ambient dust predictive models.
Alkoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamates as insecticides.

Twenty-four new alkoxyphenyl N -methylcarbamates were prepared and evaluated as insecticides against the house fly ( Musca domestica L.), mosquito larva ( Culex quinquefasciatus Say), salt-marsh caterpillar ( Estigmene acrea (Drury)) and citrus red mite ( Panonychus citri (McG.)). Many of the compounds were highly insecticidal and the o - and m -ethoxy-, o - isopropoxy-, m -propoxy, 3,4-methylenedioxy-, 2,5-dimethoxy-, and 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl N -methylcarbamates were most active. The latter two compounds showed the highest toxicity and knockdown activity to the house fly. The compounds of this class were markedly synergized by piperonyl butoxide.
Loss of mate—A third individuation process

The concept of a third individuation process following the loss of a mate focuses on the structural psychological dynamics which may impede or foster a successful adaptation to such a loss. When adequate individuation has been impaired during adolescence, marriage may serve as an ego support which impedes further development. With the death of the mate, there exists the possibility of a third chance at individuation. This understanding of the underlying dynamics suggests a treatment focus with an emphasis upon structural rather than behavioral change. The bereaved mate must be helped to dissolve the tie to the internalized infantile object and so gain a more advanced level of separation-individuation.
The Q Wave in Precordial Electrocardiograms Overlying the Hypertrophied Right Ventricle: Intracavity Leads

Right ventricular cavity electrocardiograms were obtained in six subjects having qR patterns in V leads made from precordial sites overlying the hypertrophied right ventricle. Four of the six, unlike control subjects, had no initial R wave in the right ventricular cavity; one had only a questionable initial R wave. Simultaneous intracavity and precordial electrocardiograms suggested that the initial Q wave over the hypertrophied right ventricle is due to abnormal depolarization of the interventricular septum, and that the large R wave over the hypertrophied right ventricle is the result of delay in activation of the free wall of that chamber.
Medical versus spiritual orientations: Differential patient views toward recovery.

Background: Relapse among patients in substance abuse treatment has generated interest in identifying attitudinal factors that sustain recovery. Objective: To assess the relationship of attitudes toward approaches to motivation for treatment and Twelve Step beliefs. Methods: Dually diagnosed patients (N = 100) completed a survey assessing treatment attitudes, motivation, and Twelve Step beliefs. Results: Endorsement of medical services was positively correlated with motivation but unrelated to Twelve Step beliefs. Endorsement of religious services was unrelated to motivation but was associated with Twelve Step beliefs. Conclusions: Patients may have differing perceptions regarding routes to recovery based on preferences for professional services or spiritual resources.