cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-tree routing

An implicit premise of existing routing methods is that the routing topology must correspond to a tree (i.e. it does not contain cycles). In this paper we investigate the consequences of abandoning this basic axiom, and instead allow routing topologies that correspond to arbitrary graphs (i.e. where cycles are admissible). We show that adding extra wires to an existing routing tree can often significantly improve signal propagation delay by exploiting a tradeoff between wire capacitance and resistance, and we propose a new routing algorithm based on this phenomenon. Using SPICE to determine the efficacy of our methods, we obtain dramatic results: for example, the judicious addition of a few extra wires to an existing Steiner routing reduces the signal propagation delay by an average of up to 62%, with relatively modest total wirelength increase, depending on net size and the technology parameters. Finally, we observe that non-tree routing also significantly reduces signal skew. >
Is caviar a risk factor for being a millionaire

Anders Huitfeldt argues that the answer depends on your definition of “risk factor” and calls for greater clarity in research
Rousseau’s errors: they persist today in educational theory

In this essay, the author contends that the approach to education described by Rousseau in Emile is not only impractical but is founded on four misconceptions concerning human nature and development. These are (1) the vulnerable-child child fallacy (that children must be protected from learning the wrong things); (2) the stage-of-development fallacy (that children can learn only certain kinds of things at certain ages); (3) the lone-child-in-nature fallacy (that children learn best from interacting physically with nature, not from interacting verbally with other people); and (4) the controllability fallacy (that is is possible to know a child so well as to be able to control, through subtle means, what the child learns). The author’s own research indicates that the ideal environment for children’s natural, self-directed learning is very different from, in many ways opposite to, that outlined by Rousseau.
Introduction to the Anesthetic Agents

The intravenous administration of most anesthetics, in sufficient dosage to result in a surgical plane of anesthesia, is known to induce peripheral vasodilation and hypotension in mammals. There is increasing in vitro and in vivo evidence that, in the microcirculatory system, these dosages can exert direct depressant and vasodilator effects on vascular smooth muscle. Anesthetic agents appear to be able to; 1) directly inhibit vascular smooth muscle vasomotion, and 2) nonspecifically depress the vascular smooth muscle contractile response to a variety of neurohumoral substances and certain ions. This depressant activity seems to be related to the movement and/or translocation of Ca++ across the vascular membranes and intracellularly. There is some evidence that venous smooth muscle cells are more sensitive to these agents than are arterial smooth muscle cells.1 Smaller (20 micron diameter) arterioles tend to be more profoundly affected than larger arterioles. Influences on the microvascular beds tend to be both dose-dependent and tissue-specific.2
Abstract WP410: Comparison of Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound with Intracardiac Echocardiography in the Detection of Cardiac Right-to-Left shunt in Children and Young Adults

Background and Objectives: Right to left shunts (RLS) found with patent foramen ovale are implicated in the pathophysiology of cryptogenic stroke, migraine headaches as well as decompression illness. Our dysautonomia clinic has described a syndrome of neurocardiogenic syncope, stroke, migraine headaches and positive tilt table testing associated with atrial septal defects (ASD). All patients underwent transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) and intracardiac echocardiogram (ICE) testing. Methods: We performed a restrospective analysis of a prospectively obtained registry of patients that underwent shunt testing ± endovascular ASD closure. All patients had previously undergone a transthoracic echocardiogram bubble study (TTE) to confirm a RLS. Patients underwent general anesthesia and bilateral TCD monitoring of the middle cerebral artery. Valsalva was produced by the anesthesiologist (40mm Hg). Simultaneous assessment of RLS was performed using ICE and TCD monitoring after injection of agitated saline into the femoral vein sheath. If negative, a direct right atrial injection was performed. The size of ASD was measured by ICE independent of TCD results. Results: Between 9/2010 and 7/2012, 112 patients underwent testing. Patient characteristics are displayed in the table. RLS was found in 82.1, 81.1, and 71.4% by TTE, ICE and TCD, respectively. After peripheral injection (n=85), when compared to ICE, TCD had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of 96, 100, 100, 64 and 95%, respectively. Combined peripheral and intracardiac injections (N=112) when compared to ICE, TCD had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of 89, 100, 100, 66 and 90%, respectively. Conclusion: Transcranial Doppler ultrasound detection of right to left shunts remains a highly accurate, non-invasive tool. If closure of cardiac shunts is proven to prevent stroke, migraines or treat neurocardiogenic syncope, TCD might be considered the preferred screening method. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Russell on Acquaintance with Spatial Properties: The Significance of James

The standard, foundationalist reading of Our Knowledge of the External World requires Russell to have a view of perceptual acquaintance that he demonstrably does not have. Russell’s actual purpose in “constructing” physical bodies out of sense-data is instead to show that psychology and physics are consistent. But how seriously engaged was Russell with actual psychology? I show that OKEW makes some non-trivial assumptions about the character of visual space, and I argue that he drew those assumptions from William James’s Principles of Psychology. This point helps us take a fresh look at the complex relationship between the two men. In light of this surprising background of agreement, I highlight ways their more general approaches to perception finally diverged in ways that put the two at epistemological odds.
Short Term Regulation of SGLT2 by Insulin in vivo

Glucose homeostasis is a complex mechanism that requires the interplay between different organs. The kidney plays a central role in this process by re-absorbing 99.5% of the filtered glucose in the...
Endomucin inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration, growth, and morphogenesis by modulating VEGFR2 signaling

Angiogenesis is central to both normal and pathologic processes. Endothelial cells (ECs) express O-glycoproteins that are believed to play important roles in vascular development and stability. Endomucin-1 (EMCN) is a type I O-glycosylated, sialic-rich glycoprotein, specifically expressed by venous and capillary endothelium. Evidence has pointed to a potential role for EMCN in angiogenesis but it had not been directly investigated. In this study, we examined the role of EMCN in angiogenesis by modulating EMCN levels both in vivo and in vitro. Reduction of EMCN in vivo led to the impairment of angiogenesis during normal retinal development in vivo. To determine the cellular basis of this inhibition, gain- and loss-of-function studies were performed in human retinal EC (HREC) in vitro by EMCN over-expression using adenovirus or EMCN gene knockdown by siRNA. We show that EMCN knockdown reduced migration, inhibited cell growth without compromising cell survival, and suppressed tube morphogenesis of ECs, whereas over-expression of EMCN led to increased migration, proliferation and tube formation. Furthermore, knockdown of EMCN suppressed VEGF-induced signaling as measured by decreased phospho-VEGFR2, phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-p38-MAPK levels. These results suggest a novel role for EMCN as a potent regulator of angiogenesis and point to its potential as a new therapeutic target for angiogenesis-related diseases.
Pedagogy and practice in STEM field experiences: intersections of student and mentor identity and impacts upon student outcomes

ABSTRACTPracticums, internships and field experiences are essential components in many fields. These varied experiences embed both students and their mentors in immersive experiences. Such immersiv...
Learners’ performance in science using pangasinense as a language of instruction

The shifting of language as a medium of instruction in Philippine schools has significant effects on the learning performance of the students. Grade 1 to 3 used Mother as their medium of instruction by the time they reach grade 4, the language of instruction will shift to English. This paper aims to further analyze if shifting is something to consider as positive. Mixed-method design specifically explanatory sequential design was used to collect and analyze quantitative data through an examination and then obtained qualitative data through interviews. A Likert scale was used to reveal that there is no significant difference in the performance of the pupils who used Pangasinense and English as a medium of Instruction. Since most of the results were interpreted as a beginning, it evidently shows that the pupils at this level struggle with their competency; prerequisite and fundamental knowledge and skills have not been acquired or developed adequately. Therefore, the shifting then of the language can affect the learning ability of the student but not the language itself.
Facile Axial Ligand Substitution in Linear Mo≣Mo-Ni Complexes.

Clean axial ligand substitution reactions of heterometallic extended metal atom chains (HEMACs) supported by the dpa ligand (dpa = 2,2′-dipyridylamine) have been synthetically challenging due to side reactions that alter the trimetallic core. Following the hypothesis that a heterometallic core containing second-row transition metals would be more robust toward ligand substitution, we report the synthesis of three new heterotrimetallic compounds, Mo2Ni(dpa)4(OTf)2 (1), Mo2Ni(dpa)4(NCS)2 (2), and Mo2Ni(dpa)4(NCSe)2 (3) that are obtained cleanly and in good yield. Compound 1 may be synthesized either directly by reaction of Ni(OTf)2 with Mo2(dpa)4 (4) or indirectly, by reaction of Mo2Ni(dpa)4Cl2 (5) with 2 equiv of TlOTf. Axial ligand substitution on 1 via solutions containing NaNCS or KNCSe afford 2 or 3, respectively. X-ray crystal structures of 1, 2, and 3 present short Mo–Ni distances of 2.458(8)A /2.47(1) A, 2.548(1), and 2.546(1), respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate a 3-...
Abstract IA04: Opportunities for translational and discovery research: Next-Gen genomics

Recent advances in genomics now make it possible to consider enumerating all of the genetic lesions in specific cancers. These approaches will yield critical information regarding the identification, number, and types of alterations found in human tumors and are increasingly being applied prospectively to patient samples in the clinic. We have deployed an enterprise level cancer genotyping test, PROFILE, for all cancer patients at the Brigham and Women9s Hospital and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. This initial approach has already provided insight into how to integrate such efforts into clinical care. New technologies now also allow the interrogation of tumors from circulating nucleic acids. At the same time, complementary efforts to identify new targets and therapeutics are being used to increase the repertoire of agents to operationalize precision cancer medicine. Citation Format: William C. Hahn. Opportunities for translational and discovery research: Next-Gen genomics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR International Conference held in cooperation with the Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group (LACOG) on Translational Cancer Medicine; May 4-6, 2017; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
Esculturas africanas de Chile: lecturas de un patrimonio nacional en el escenario de la diferencia cultural

Since 1930 the Chilean sculptural heritage has a set of African sculptures that belonged to the avant-garde poet Vicente Huidobro. The foundational temporality of this heritage is examined, understood as the contexts of initial collection of the pieces within the framework of the European avant-gardes, the acquisition by the Chilean State and the first exhibition of the pieces by the National Museum of Fine Arts of Chile. The revision of this first temporality links the work and ideology of Huidobro with his sculptures and with the construction of knowledge and ideas about the cultural difference affirmed and expressed by state museums attuned to the legacy of European colonialism in Latin America and the emancipatory artistic and political movements, critical of Eurocentrism of the elites. This stage of the patrimonialization process of the African sculptures that finally became Chilean sculptural heritage, reveals the state museums as legitimate agents of the symbolic dispute for the construction of patrimonial sense around the cultural diversity. This challenge of the museums is relevant in the current Chilean context of the XXI century of intensification of the migratory flows that confront the Chilean society with itself before “the black”, “the afro”, “the other”.
Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (+)-Paraherquamide B⊥

The convergent stereocontrolled, asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-paraherquamide B is described. Key features of this synthesis include (1) an improved procedure to effect reduction of unprotected oxindoles to indoles; (2) a complex application of the Somei/Kametani coupling reaction; (3) a high-yielding and entirely stereocontrolled intramolecular SN2‘ cyclization reaction that constructs the core bicyclo[2.2.2] ring system; (4) a mild Pd(II)-mediated cyclization reaction that constructs a complex tetrahydrocarbazole; and (5) the chemoselective reduction of a highly hindered tertiary lactam in the presence of an unhindered secondary lactam, utilizing precoordination of the more reactive secondary lactam to triethylaluminum.
Increasing Online Interaction in Rural Special Education Teacher Preparation Programs

This article will highlight strategies to promote interactive distance education activities through special education teacher preparation programs. We begin the discussion by addressing the need fo...
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Meningioma

Meningioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor. Treatment alternatives for meningioma include surgery, radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), or a combination of these depending on patient- and tumor-specific factors. Meningioma outcomes are dictated by the extent of resection and other clinical and histopathologic features, including meningioma grade and setting, with outcomes from primary meningiomas being superior to outcomes from re-treatment of recurrent meningiomas; and patient age and medical comorbidities, much like meningioma size and location, may influence operative or other treatment decisions. For small meningiomas that are not immediately adjacent to critical structures such as the optic apparatus, single-fraction or fractionated SRS are safe and effective treatment alternatives to resection. In the adjuvant setting, SRS may also be used for incompletely resected meningiomas. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the use of SRS for meningioma, with an emphasis on practical day-to-day considerations, and guidelines and applications for clinicians.
Exact and efficient hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for accelerated Bayesian inference of gene expression models from snapshots of single-cell transcripts

Single cells exhibit a significant amount of variability in transcript levels, which arises from slow, stochastic transitions between gene expression states. Elucidating the nature of these states and understanding how transition rates are affected by different regulatory mechanisms require state-of-the-art methods to infer underlying models of gene expression from single cell data. A Bayesian approach to statistical inference is the most suitable method for model selection and uncertainty quantification of kinetic parameters using small data sets. However, this approach is impractical because current algorithms are too slow to handle typical models of gene expression. To solve this problem, we first show that time-dependent mRNA distributions of discrete-state models of gene expression are dynamic Poisson mixtures, whose mixing kernels are characterized by a piecewise deterministic Markov process. We combined this analytical result with a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm to create a hybrid numerical method that accelerates the calculation of time-dependent mRNA distributions by 1000-fold compared to current methods. We then integrated the hybrid algorithm into an existing Monte Carlo sampler to estimate the Bayesian posterior distribution of many different, competing models in a reasonable amount of time. We demonstrate that kinetic parameters can be reasonably constrained for modestly sampled data sets if the model is known a priori. If there are many competing models, Bayesian evidence can rigorously quantify the likelihood of a model relative to other models from the data. We demonstrate that Bayesian evidence selects the true model and outperforms approximate metrics typically used for model selection.
Exposure to Anti-tumor Necrosis Factor Medications Increases the Incidence of Pouchitis After Restorative Proctocolectomy in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND:Pouchitis is the most frequent complication after IPAA in patients with ulcerative colitis. Antibiotics represent the mainstay of treatment, suggesting a crucial role of dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of this condition. Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents have been shown to adversely impact
Abstract CN07-02: Immunotoxins targeting GPC3 for liver cancer

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface glypican that serves as a co-receptor for Wnt. Our laboratory has generated two high affinity antibodies targeting GPC3, HN3 and YP7. The HN3 human nanobody recognizes the N-lobe of GPC3, whereas the YP7 antibody recognizes the C-lobe of GPC3. Mutating residue F41 on the N-lobe of GPC3 inhibits binding of Wnt and the HN3 nanobody and inhibits activation of β-catenin. Both antibodies are fused to a fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38) to create recombinant immunotoxins. Interestingly, the HN3-derived immunotoxin (HN3-PE38) has superior antitumor activity as compared with the YP7-derived immunotoxin (YP7-PE38). Intravenous administration of HN3-PE38 causes regression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor xenografts in mice. Our study establishes GPC3 as a promising target for immunotoxin-based liver cancer therapy and demonstrates immunotoxin-induced tumor regression via dual mechanisms: inactivation of Wnt signaling via the HN3 nanobody and inhibition of protein synthesis via the PE bacteria toxin. However, immunogenicity and a short serum half-life may limit the ability of immunotoxins to transition to the clinic. To address these issues, we have recently engineered HN3-based immunotoxins to contain various deimmunized PE toxins. These new immunotoxins include HN3-T20, which is modified to remove domain II of the PE toxin and six T-cell epitopes. All of our immunotoxins display high affinity to human GPC3, with HN3-T20 having a KD value of 7.4 nM. A real-time cell growth inhibition assay demonstrates that a single dose of HN3-T20 at 1.6 nM is capable of inhibiting nearly all cell proliferation during the 10-day experiment. To enhance HN3-T20’s serum retention, we further engineer the HN3-T20 by adding a streptococcal albumin binding domain (ABD) and a llama single-domain antibody fragment (ALB1) specific for serum albumin. For the detection of immunotoxin in mouse serum, we develop a highly sensitive ELISA and find that HN3-ABD-T20 has a 45-fold higher serum half-life than HN3-T20 (326 min vs 7.3 minutes); consequently, HN3-ABD-T20 shows the best serum retention and remains detectible even after a 24-hour period in mice. Furthermore, addition of an albumin binding domain results in HN3-ABD-T20 mediated tumor regression in mice at a low dose (1 mg/kg). These data show that the albumin binding deimmunized immunotoxins are high potency therapeutics ready to be evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of liver cancer. Citation Format: Mitchell Ho, Bryan D Fleming, Tim F Greten, Ira Pastan. Immunotoxins targeting GPC3 for liver cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr CN07-02. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-CN07-02
Ageism: a new look at an age old problem in 3 timely contexts

Abstract Ageism is endemic in society and in healthcare settings. It exerts both overt and subtle effects on older patients, their families, clinicians, and trainees. Ageism is defined as stereotyping or discrimination against older people based on their age. Similar to racism and sexism, ageism involves holding negative stereotypes about older adults. Unlike other “ism's”, ageism is not routinely addressed in medical education settings or in discussions about the impact of implicit bias on efforts to promote diversity and inclusiveness. While there is evidence from empiric studies that negative attitudes towards older adults exist in healthcare and medical education settings, it is less clear how these attitudes can and should change. Are older adults helped or harmed by efforts to de-emphasize physiologic changes due to aging? Are they helped or harmed by efforts to highlight changes and possible limitations due to aging? How do we best help our colleagues to address ageism so we can prepare the next generation of physicians to provide excellent care to their older patients? How do we distinguish between advocacy and ageism? In this symposium, 3 geriatric psychiatrists who are also medical educators, explore the impact of ageist attitudes in three timely contexts for geriatric psychiatrists: 1) as consultants to institutional policy-making for cognitive capacity, forced retirement and related issues for physicians and others, 2) as educators recognizing and combatting ageism in the Hidden Curriculum of our medical schools, as the AAMC has launched an initiative to integrate the arts and humanities into undergraduate medical curricula, 3) as advisors to society in understanding the complexities of ageism in our current political climate. References: Bensadon BA, Teasdale T, Odenheimer GI. Attitude adjustment: Shaping medical students’ perceptions of older patients with a geriatrics curriculum Acad Med 2013;88:1630-1634. Tullo ES, Spencer J, Allan L. Systematic review: Helping the young to understand the old. Teaching interventions in geriatrics to improve the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of undergraduate medical students. JAGS 2010;58(10):1987-1993 Lammando MA, Ahmed I, Ellison JM. Cognitively impaired physicians: How do we detect them? How do we assist them? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018;26:631-640.
Toxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: a review

Nanotechnology has recently found applications in many fields such as consumer products, medicine and environment. Nanoparticles display unique properties and vary widely according to their dimensions, morphology, composition, agglomeration and uniformity states. Nanomaterials include carbon-based nanoparticles, metal-based nanoparticles, organic-based nanoparticles and composite-based nanoparticles. The increasing production and use of nanoparticles result in higher exposure to humans and the environment, thus raising issues of toxicity. Here we review the properties, applications and toxicity of metal and non-metal-based nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are likely to be accumulated in sensitive organs such as heart, liver, spleen, kidney and brain after inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that exposure to nanoparticles could induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a predominant mechanism leading to toxicity. Excessive production of ROS causes oxidative stress, inflammation and subsequent damage to proteins, cell membranes and DNA. ROS production induced by nanoparticles is controlled by size, shape, surface, composition, solubility, aggregation and particle uptake. The toxicity of a metallic nanomaterial may differ depending on the oxidation state, ligands, solubility and morphology, and on environmental and health conditions.
Implementation of Adaptive Step-Size Algorithm in Distribution Network for Optimal Location and Sizing of SAPFs

The traditional harmonic suppression strategies of SAPFs focus on compensating harmonic current of local nonlinear loads, which is inapplicable for the distribution network with plenty of distributed nonlinear loads. In this paper, an improved method based on adaptive step of comprehensive network harmonic suppression for determining optimal location and size of SAPFs is proposed. Foremost, the objective function is analyzed from a mathematical view and the complete procedure is established in detail. Then, an IEEE 18-bus test system is employed in the simulation to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed method. Simulation results verify that this method is efficient and economical in both situations when centralized or distributed nonlinear loads are connected in distribution network.
Better Diet Quality in the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act and WIC Package Reduced Childhood Obesity.

* Abbreviations: HEI 2010 — : Healthy Eating Index 2010 HHFKA — : Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act WIC — : Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children The reductions in the prevalence of childhood obesity achieved by the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA) and the changes in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food package have not been widely recognized. Both the HHFKA and the regulatory updates to the WIC package substantially changed the quality of the foods provided. Both changes improved diets and led to reductions in the prevalence of obesity in the most vulnerable youth served by these programs. The HHFKA was passed by Congress in 2010, and its implementation was required in schools by 2012. In the Act, Congress set age-appropriate caloric ranges, required that at least 51% of grains be whole grains, required students to take at least one-half cup serving of fruits or vegetables with every school breakfast or lunch, and required that schools offer 1 cup of flavored or unflavored fat-free milk or 1% milk. Despite concerns, the changes were not associated with an increase in plate waste.1 In several studies, researchers have confirmed an increase in the quality of school meals and in improved consumption. For example, dietary quality was assessed before and after implementation of the new HHFKA standards by using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI 2010) and food consumption data from the nationally representative NHANES.2 The HEI 2010 score reflected the degree to which dietary intake was consistent with the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The HEI 2010 scores among students aged 5 to 18 years were stratified by low-income, low-middle–income, and middle-high–income students and compared to those among non–school lunch participants in the same income categories. The HEI 2010 scores increased from 42.7 to 54.6 among school lunch participants compared to a decrease from 34.8 to 34.1 among nonparticipants. The differences in comparison with non–school lunch participants were 12.6, … Address correspondence to William H. Dietz, MD, PhD, Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 214 11th St NE, Washington, DC 20002. E-mail: dietzwcd4{at}gmail.com
Fostering MOUD use in justice populations: Assessing the comparative effectiveness of two favored implementation strategies to increase MOUD use.

Abstract Coaching is a favored strategy for the implementation of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), yet research has not adequately tested or assessed coaching dosages and mediums for overall effectiveness, nor have coaching doses been widely studied within criminal justice settings (CJS). Scaling up the use of MOUD, particularly in CJS, presents a challenge given the stigmatization of substance use disorder, funding for MOUD, availability and capacity of community-based treatment providers, leadership support, and the historical preference for behavioral therapy–based treatment practices. The University of Wisconsin's Center for Health Enhancement and Systems Studies (CHESS) and George Mason University's Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence! (ACE!) are conducting a randomized controlled trial to determine the optimal combination and dosages for two different coaching strategies to disseminate MOUD in justice-involved populations; those strategies are the NIATx model for process improvement and Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) model. NIATx coaches provide technical assistance in MOUD implementation and organizational change to help justice and treatment organizations to implement and disseminate MOUD for justice clients. The ECHO platform focuses primarily on the clinical provider by connecting the provider with expert MOUD prescribers to promote high-quality MOUD practices. The trial will have four study arms that compare high-dose and low-dose coaching, with and without ECHO. This will be the first trial that assesses the comparative effectiveness of two types of coaching methods at varying dosages for justice-involved individuals. The trial will be conducted with 48 jails and community-based treatment provider sites that handle justice-involved persons with opioid use disorder (OUD).
Impact of COVID-19-related lockdown on intravitreal injection clinic in an academic institution

Purpose : We sought to analyze the changes in clinical care following the restrictions that were implemented in Massachusetts in response to COVID-19 pandemic as well as to depict the visual outcomes in patients receiving intravitreal injections as part of a treatment regimen for either exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), central or branch retinal vein occlusion (CRVO, BRVO). Methods : A retrospective analysis of the intravitreal injection clinics of three retina specialists at Massachusetts Eye and Ear from December 2019 to June 2020 was performed. Demographic data of patients with either wet AMD, DR, CRVO or BRVO were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to quantitatively summarize the features of our cohort and box plots to illustrate the spread and differences of visual acuity among groups over time. Results : A total of 1,086 visits were scheduled within this period and more than a quarter of these visits were not completed [801 (74%) completed vs 285 (26%) cancel or no show;p=0.000]. The mean age of our cohort was 72.5±13.2 years (males: 72.48±13.2;females: 74±12.4;p=0.0524). Out of 259 cancel visits, 240 visits (93%) were canceled by the patients and 19 visits (7%) by the provider/institution (p=0.000). There was no significant difference in the appointment status (completed, cancel, no show) among males and females, among different providers, or diagnoses (p=0.225, p=0.131 and p=0.234 respectively). Asians and Caucasians were more likely to complete their visits (80% and 74% respectively) compared to patients of Hispanic, African American and American Indian ethnicities where more cancel/no show visits were observed (40%, 29% and 29% respectively;p=0.002). The highest numbers of cancel/no show appointments were reported in March (48.8%) and April (45.6%) and were significantly different when compared to the other months (p=0.000). Conclusions : Intravitreal therapy is the standard care for a variety of retinal disorders and adherence to the proposed treatment regimen is important to maximize the visual acuity benefits and maintain the gains in the long term. In this cohort it was noted that vast majority of visits were canceled by the patients whereas underrepresented minorities were more likely not to complete their scheduled visits which could be partially explained by the fact that these groups are also disproportionately affected by COVID-19.
Alternative Conservative Approach for Tooth Build-Up in Patients with Special Healthcare Needs

Purpose: The success of an artificial crown mainly depends on the biomechanical factors such as bonding capacity of cement between the crown and abutment tooth, and root strength of the abutment tooth. In this case series, we aim to provide insight on the potential use of the cast metal post and cost for patients with intellectual disabilities and severely compromised tooth structure. Material and Methods: The first patient was a 41-year old male with the chief complaint of a dislodged porcelain fused metal (PFM) crown of tooth #20 (mandibular left second bicuspid). The patient was informed about the advantages, disadvantages, and risks of each option. After further consideration and discussion with the parents and the patient, we decided to rebuild the coronal tooth structure with the cast metal post and core and prosthetic restoration with the same crown. Patient satisfaction was measured on the visual analog scale as 10/10. The second case involves a 26-year old female, who presented with a chief complaint of chronic lingering pain on tooth #9. The tooth structure was extensively damaged and un-supportive of the ferrule, therefore, it was decided to build a metal post and core instead of a fiber post. The prosthetic restoration was made with a monolithic zirconia crown and the patient was followed up twice in 6 months and graded the satisfaction as 10/10 on a visual analog scale. Results: The most common type of posts used in dentistry has been cast post and cores in the last decade which generally includes an additional laboratory stage where a custom post is prepared according to the impression taken from the prepared post space. Conclusions: Both the presented cases explain an interesting advantage of restoring a root canal treated tooth with a metal post and core system which implies that in a prefabricated post and core restored tooth failure, a metal post, and core can potentially be the treatment of choice instead of extracting the tooth.
Examining the benefits of extended reality in neurosurgery: A systematic review

Abstract While well-established in other surgical subspecialties, the benefits of extended reality, consisting of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies, remains underexplored in neurosurgery despite its increasing utilization. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of the effects of extended reality (XR) in neurosurgery with an emphasis on the perioperative period, to provide a guide for future clinical optimization. Seven primary electronic databases were screened following guidelines outlined by PRISMA and the Institute of Medicine. Reported data related to outcomes in the perioperative period and resident training were all examined, and a focused analysis of studies reporting controlled, clinical outcomes was completed. After removal of duplicates, 2548 studies were screened with 116 studies reporting measurable effects of XR in neurosurgery. The majority (82%) included cranial based applications related to tumor surgery with 34% showing improved resection rates and functional outcomes. A rise in high-quality studies was identified from 2017 to 2020 compared to all previous years (p = 0.004). Primary users of the technology were: 56% neurosurgeon (n = 65), 28% residents (n = 33) and 5% patients (n = 6). A final synthesis was conducted on 10 controlled studies reporting patient outcomes. XR technologies have demonstrated benefits in preoperative planning and multimodal neuronavigation especially for tumor surgery. However, few studies have reported patient outcomes in a controlled design demonstrating a need for higher quality data. XR platforms offer several advantages to improve patient outcomes and specifically, the patient experience for neurosurgery.
猫の特発性好酸球性肉芽腫：55症例における後ろ向き研究（1988–2003）

特発性好酸球性肉芽腫の猫55症例について後向き研究が行われた。初発年齢は，症例の93%で4歳以下であった。病変は主に口唇，大腿後縁または下顎に認められ，無症候性のことが多かった。症例の70%では丘疹-結節が，また症例の30%では線状病変が認められた。症例の78%では治療は行われず，中でも予後調査が可能であった症例（67%）では症状が自然寛解し，再発も認められなかった。
Prolog for imperative programmers

Once students master the imperative programming paradigm, they find it hard to learn to work with a declarative language such as Prolog. In order to help our students make the transition from imperative to pure declarative programming, we have identified many common misconceptions and pitfalls to which imperative programmers are susceptible. We have attempted to recast the semantics of commonly misunderstood data and control constructs in Prolog in terms of the more familiar imperative constructs. Furthermore, in order to promote declarative rather than imperative programming in Prolog, we have devised a set of programming templates, organized by input-output characteristics of the problems to which they apply. We have found that these templates are helpful in teaching logic programming in our Comparative Programming Languages course.In this paper, we will present the common misconceptions of imperative programmers as they begin programming in Prolog, and our attempts to dispel them. We will also present and analyze the templates we have developed to help our students make the transition from imperative to declarative programming. Finally, we will list some of the problems that our students have successfully solved over the years, as evidence of the effectiveness of the tools and techniques we present.
Mentoring and Being Mentored

This paper examines the interface of sexism and ageism when older women are part of a mentoring relationship as either mentors or prottgks. Specifically, issues related to transitional phases, chronological age, and causal attributions for success are reviewed. Educational policies more responsive to the needs of women mentors and protigis are suggested.
YES, VIRGINIA, LEMONS ARE YELLOW

This paper discusses a number of themes and arguments in The Quest for Reality: Stroud's distinction between “philosophical” and “ordinary” questions about reality; the similarity he finds between the view that coloris “unreal” and the view that it is “subjective”; his argument against thesecondary quality theory; his argument against the error theory; and the “disappointing” conclusion of the book.
Causes of Therapeutic Errors in Older Adults: Evaluation of National Poison Center Data

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the reasons for unintentional therapeutic errors in older adults, the types of medications most frequently involved, and the medical outcomes related to these adverse drug events. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of American Association of Poison Control Center's National Poison Data System (NPDS). SETTING: NPDS collects data from all U.S. poison centers. Data from 2002 to 2006 were examined. PARTICIPANTS: Cases involving adults aged 65 and older with a potentially toxic exposure due to unintentional therapeutic errors. MEASUREMENTS: Hazard factor analysis was conducted to identify medications that pose risk in this population. RESULTS: There were 140,786 older adults with reported therapeutic errors, of which 49,320 cases were followed to a known medical outcome. A major effect or death occurred in 596 cases (1.2% of cases with known medical outcome). The most common reasons for therapeutic errors were inadvertently took or given medication twice, wrong medication taken or given, and other incorrect dose. The reasons associated with the highest rate of major effect or death were drug interaction, health professional or iatrogenic error, and more than one product containing same ingredient. Certain medication classes such as analgesics, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, asthma therapies, psychotherapeutics, and some cardiovascular agents were associated with high hazard factors. CONCLUSION: Poison center data can be used to evaluate therapeutic errors in older adults to identify reasons associated with frequently reported errors, as well as reasons and medications involved with errors that result in serious outcomes. Knowing the reasons why they occur can aid in developing strategies for decreasing unintentional errors in older adults. Language: en
Aliphatic hydrocarbons of Cladosporium resinae cultured on glucose, glutamic acid, and hydrocarbons

The carbon source markedly influenced the qualitative and quantitative composition of cellular hydrocarbons in Cladosporium resinae. Total lipid and hydrocarbon content was greater in cells grown on n-alkanes than in cells grown on glucose or glutamic acid. Glucose-grown cells contained a spectrum of aliphatic hydrocarbons from C(7) to C(36); pristane and n-hexadecane comprised 98% of the total. Cells grown on glutamic acid contained C(7) to C(23) hydrocarbons; n-tridecane, n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, and pristane made up 74% of the total. n-Decane-grown cells yielded C(8) to C(32) compounds, and n-hexadecane (96%) was the major hydrocarbon. Cells grown on individual n-alkanes from C(11) to C(15) all contained C(11) to C(28) hydrocarbons, and cells grown on n-hexadecane contained C(11) to C(32) hydrocarbons. In n-undecane-grown cells, n-hexadecane and pristane made up 92% of the total, but in cells grown on C(12) to C(16)n-alkanes the major cellular hydrocarbon was the one on which the cells were grown. This suggests that cells cultured on n-alkanes of C(12) or longer accumulate n-alkanes prior to oxidizing them.
Observations of star formation

The present observational status of objects that have some bearing on star formation are reviewed: giant molecular clouds, cloud cores and T-Tauri stars, outflows, infall, disks, and interstellar chemistry. Prospects for the future are summarized.
Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Administration on Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Colonization in Adults with Comorbidities

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are endemic in health care settings. These organisms colonize the gastrointestinal tract and can lead to infection which is associated with increased mortality. There is no treatment for VRE colonization. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to examine the safety and efficacy of administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) for the reduction or elimination of intestinal colonization by VRE. Colonized adults were randomized to receive LGG or placebo for 14 days. Quantitative stool cultures for LGG and VRE were collected at baseline and days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56. Day 14 stool samples from some subjects were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) for LGG. Patients were closely monitored for adverse events. Eleven subjects, of whom 5 received LGG and 6 received placebo, were analyzed. No differences in VRE colony counts were seen at any time points between groups. No decline in colony counts was seen over time in subjects who received LGG. LGG was detected by PCR in all samples tested from subjects who received LGG but was only isolated in culture from 2 of 5 subjects in the LGG group. No treatment-related adverse events were seen. We demonstrated that LGG could be administered safely to patients with comorbidities and is recoverable in some patients' stool cultures. Concomitant administration of antibiotics may have resulted in an inability to recover viable organisms from stool samples, but LGG DNA could still be detected by qPCR. LGG administration did not affect VRE colonization in this study. (This study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov under registration no. NCT00756262.).
Simultaneous and complete control of light polarization and phase using high contrast transmitarrays

We report an efficient dielectric metasurface platform for complete control over polarization and phase of light with subwavelength spatial resolution. Using this platform, we experimentally demonstrate polarization switchable phase holograms and vector beam generators.
Relationships of Barge Bow Force-Deformation for Bridge Design

Loads generated during vessel collisions with bridges are inherently dependent on force-deformation characteristics of the impacting vessel. Currently in the United States, barge impact forces used in bridge design are computed with a force-deformation (crush-curve) model proposed by AASHTO. A recent study uncovered important limitations in the AASHTO barge-crushing model, and a revised procedure for developing barge force-deformation relationships was developed. However, relationships developed in this previous study were based on the assumption that impact occurred directly head on to the impacted pier; the scenario was unlikely. Impact more likely occurs at some oblique angle. This paper shows that barge impact forces on flat-faced pier surfaces (i.e., rectangular columns or waterline pile caps) are typically less severe when collisions occur at even small oblique angles. Thus, the current study focused on updating the prior crushing model to account probabilistically for reduced forces associated with...
An infinite-order solution to the Eddington problem or getting monkeys to type Shakespeare

Could a troupe of monkeys really produce Shakespeare if allowed to bang away at the word processor long enough? This age old question, commonly referred to as the Eddington problem, relates to fundamental issues of probability, and is examined in this article in a new light. Based on earlier research by the physicist William Bennett, Jr., the author describes a data structure which enables the computer to simulate the hypothetical monkeys. Exploiting principles of cryptology, the computer leads the simulated monkeys closer to their goal. Though the intent of the article is to encourage humanistic speculation, the final result proves to be quite practical and may come as a surprise to computer scientists and humanists alike.
Hypersonic characteristics of an advanced aerospace plane

A series of hypersonic wind-tunnel tests have been conducted in the NASA Langley Hypersonic Facilities Complex to obtain the static longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics of an advanced aerospace plane. Data were obtained at 0 to 20 deg angles of attack and -3 to 3 deg angles of sideslip at Mach numbers of 6 and 10 in air and 20 in helium. Results show that stable trim capability exists at angles of attack near maximum lift-drag ratio (L/D). Both performance and stability exhibited some Mach number dependency. The vehicle was longitudinally unstable at low angles of attack but stable at angles of attack near and above maximum L/D. It was directionally unstable with positive dihedral effect. The rudder showed an inability to provide lateral-directional control, and removing the vertical tail resulted in increased directional instability. Analytical predictions of the static longitudinal aerodynamic coefficients gave relatively good comparisons with the experimental data.
Mid-IR photothermal imaging with a compact ultrafast fiber probe laser

A mid-IR photothermal imaging system is presented that features an integrated ultrafast erbium-doped fiber probe laser for the first time. With a mid-IR tunable quantum cascade laser (QCL) as the pump laser, vibrational molecular modes are excited and the thermally-induced changes in the refractive index are measured with a probe laser. The custom-built, all-fiber ultrafast probe laser at telecommunication wavelengths is compact, robust and thus an attractive source compared to bulky and alignment sensitive Ti:sapphire probe lasers. We present photothermal spectra and images with good contrast for a liquid crystal sample, demonstrating highly sensitive, label-free photothermal microscopy with a mode-locked fiber probe laser.