cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of the ASP organizing vision: the role of participation and trust

A new breed of IT service providers, termed Application Service Providers (ASPs), has emerged during the last several years. While the ASP paradigm is opening new options for strategic governance of organizational IT infrastructures, implementation of this model is fraught with several uncertainties. This chapter describes a particular type of uncertainty, termed the "know-what" uncertainty, that firms generally face as they implement any techno-organizational innovation, and discusses some specific know-what uncertainties associated with the client adoption of the ASP paradigm. The chapter then discusses the role that participation and trust (in the ASP organizing vision) play in mitigating the client-side know-what uncertainties during the course of adoption and implementation of this new IT governance model. The chapter also provides some recommendations for clients and vendors for making this new IT services paradigm a successful reality.
Endocrine Disruptors: A Potential Risk Factor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has increased dramatically in the past 20 years together with the obesity epidemic. Mirroring the increase in incidence of GDM is increasing use of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs are structurally similar to endogenous hormones and interfere with synthesis, secretion, activity, or elimination of natural hormones, resulting in adverse health effects, including diabetes, obesity, developmental disorders, etc. Although the association between bisphenol A (BPA), a well-studied EDC, and type 2 diabetes has been repeatedly investigated in epidemiological and animal studies, there is a dearth of studies examining EDCs and GDM. In fact, the impact of environmental toxins on perinatal health outcomes has largely been overlooked.Recognizing this research gap, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Society for Reproductive Medicine, and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics recently joined leading scientists and clinicians in a call for action to prioritize research in the consequences of exposure to toxic environmental agents on women's health. Evidence is emerging to suggest signaling molecules and EDCs are involved in the control of microRNA (miRNA) expression in trophoblast cells. We reviewed existing scientific evidence of EDCs as a risk factor for GDM as well as the potential role of miRNA in this association.
Association of Early Hemodynamic Profile and the Development of Systolic Dysfunction Following Traumatic Brain Injury.

While systolic dysfunction has been observed following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the relationship between early hemodynamics and the development of systolic dysfunction has not been investigated. Our study aimed to determine the early hemodynamic profile that is associated with the development of systolic dysfunction after TBI. We conducted a prospective cohort study among patients under 65 years old without cardiac comorbidities who sustained moderate–severe TBI. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed within the first day after TBI to assess for systolic dysfunction. Hourly systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, and confounding clinical variables (sedatives, fluid balance, vasopressors, and osmotherapy) were collected during the first 24 h following admission. Multivariable linear mixed models assessed the early hemodynamic profile in patients who developed systolic dysfunction, compared to patients who did not develop systolic dysfunction. Thirty-two patients were included, and 7 (22 %) developed systolic dysfunction after TBI. Patients who developed systolic dysfunction experienced early elevation of SBP, MAP, and heart rate, compared to patients who did not develop systolic dysfunction (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Patients who developed systolic dysfunction experienced a greater rate of decrease in SBP [−10.2 mmHg (95 % CI −16.1, −4.2)] and MAP [−9.1 mmHg (95 % CI −13.9, −4.3)] over the first day of hospitalization, compared to patients who did not develop systolic dysfunction (p < 0.01 for both comparisons). All sensitivity analyses revealed no substantial changes from the primary model. Patients who develop systolic dysfunction following TBI have a distinctive hemodynamic profile, with early hypertension and tachycardia, followed by a decrease in blood pressure over the first day after TBI. This profile suggests an early maladaptive catecholamine-excess state as a potential underlying mechanism of TBI-induced systolic dysfunction.
Robot Self-Assessment and Expression: A Learning Framework:

Future autonomous robots that operate in teams with humans should have capabilities that facilitate intuitive and/or implicit communication, for example in the form of emotional expressions. These ...
Discovering Multi-Scale Community Structures from the Interpersonal Communication Network on Twitter

Despite the controversies of privacy and ethics, spatially-embedded communication data from widespread and emerging online social networks provide an unprecedented opportunity to study human interactions at the global scale. Detecting communities of individuals who live close by and have strong communication among each other is critical for a variety of application areas such as managing disaster response, controlling disease spread, and developing sustainable urban spaces and infrastructure. The ease of long-distance travel and communication have generated a highly complex network of human interactions, in which long-distance and short-distance ties coexist in multiple scales. Also, there is a hierarchical spatial organization in human interaction networks which reflect historic and socio-political borders. Patterns of human connectivity cross these historic and socio-political borders at multiple geographic scales. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of human interactions necessitates analysis methods to take into account the complexity introduced by the multi-scale nature of human connectivity. This paper employs a spatially-constrained hierarchical regionalization algorithm to reveal multi-scale community structures in the interpersonal communication network on Twitter. The interpersonal communication network was constructed using a year of reciprocal and geo-located mention tweets in the U.S. between August 2015 and 2016. The results strikingly showed nested borders of cohesive regions at multiple scales, which are inherent to human communication patterns in the regional hierarchy of the U.S. Unsurprisingly, people communicated with others that live nearby, and multi-scale regions overlap with administrative boundaries of the states, cultural and dialectal regions, and topographical features. Furthermore, visualization of interregional communication patterns revealed a variety of spatial connectivity patterns such as poly-centricity, hierarchies, and spanning trees. Discovery of such patterns is essential for understanding of the complex social system that is influenced by long-distance ties.
Major Taylor in Australia

Over the last quarter of a century, sport history scholars and general enthusiasts have reacquainted themselves with the general narrative of Marshall ‘Major’ Taylor, his late nineteenth- and early...
Development and Application of a Quantitative Measure of Magnitude of Life Change

Not only are people more likely to get sick when they experience increased life change, the greater the magnitude of the change, the more serious the illness is likely to be.
Improving brachytherapy efficiency with dedicated dosimetrist planners.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the different factors affecting the procedure duration for high-dose-rate brachytherapy for gynecologic malignancies. Methods and Materials We prospectively recorded 86 consecutive vaginal cylinder (VC) treatments and 82 tandem and ovoid treatments. Key time points in the brachytherapy process, identity of the planner and checker, number of treatments per day, and fraction number per patient were recorded. The data were analyzed in a mixed effects linear regression model to account for the within patient correlation. Post hoc pair-wise comparisons were performed using a Dunnett's adjustment for comparisons to a single control group and using a Tukey adjustment for all pair-wise comparisons. Results We focused on several key time intervals in the treatment: total, nursing/anesthesia preprocedure, procedure, contouring, and planning times. In analysis, multiple factors significantly influenced VC timing but not tandem and ovoid timing. The planners were separated and analyzed based on experience and profession. Inexperienced physicists planning times were on average 18 min (p = 0.0010) and 14 min (p = 0.0038) slower than dedicated brachytherapy dosimetrist and experienced physicists, respectively. An increase in the number of procedures for the day of treatment increased the VC total time (p = 0.0218). The VC procedure time changed depending on whether it was the patients' first, second, or third VC treatment (p Conclusions The use of dosimetrists as dedicated planners for brachytherapy is more cost and time efficient. There are multiple variables affecting brachytherapy treatment with actionable opportunities to improve procedure scheduling.
Social Media Use in the Field of Orthopedic Surgery

Utilization of social media has drastically increased over the past decade. Millions of potential patients are using the Internet daily, often for obtaining healthcare-related information and usually before ever consulting with a physician. While the average orthopedic patient is very likely to participate in social media, orthopedic providers are participating at underwhelming rates. With the ability to reach thousands of individuals simultaneously, social media provides a unique platform to care for patients and an effective marketing tool. Additionally, there are many online professional networks that allow physicians to communicate with one another through social media to promote the spread of ideas and best practices. This chapter reviews the current landscape of social media use by both patients and providers, detailing how each group interacts online. Furthermore, this commentary provides tips on getting started on social media to foster a digital presence for a growing surgical practice.
Embryonic arsenic exposure reduces intestinal cell proliferation and alters hepatic IGF mRNA expression in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus).

Arsenic (As) is a toxicant found in food and water throughout the world, and studies suggested that exposure early in life reduces growth. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine mechanisms by ...
Book Review: Prison Religion: Faith-Based Reform and the Constitution, by Winnifred Fallers Sullivan

This is a book review of Prison Religion: Faith-Based Reform and the Constitution, by Winnifred Fallers Sullivan (Princeton University Press 2009).
Interference Removal From Electromyography Based on Independent Component Analysis

High-density surface electromyography (HD-EMG) provides detailed information about muscle activation. However, HD-EMG recordings can be interfered by motion artifacts and power line noise. In this paper, an interference detection and removal method with minimal distortion of the EMG was developed based on the independent component analysis (ICA). After the source separation, the independent components with power line noise were detected based on the spectra and were processed with notch filters. Components with motion artifacts were identified by analyzing the peak frequency of the spectrum, and motion artifacts were filtered with a high-pass filter and an amplitude thresholding method. The EMG signals were then reconstructed based on the processed source signals. The denoising performance was evaluated on both simulated and experimental EMG signals. The results showed that our method was significantly better than the digital filter method and the conventional ICA-based method where components with interferences were set to zero. Namely, our method showed a minimal distortion of the denoised EMG amplitude and frequency and a higher yield of decomposed motor units. Our interference detection and removal algorithm can be used as an effective preprocessing procedure and can benefit macro level EMG analysis and micro level motor unit analysis.
Climate and fishing drive regime shifts in consumer-mediated nutrient cycling in kelp forests.

Globally, anthropogenic pressures are reducing the abundances of marine species and altering ecosystems through modification of trophic interactions. Yet, consumer declines also disrupt important bottom-up processes, like nutrient recycling, which are critical for ecosystem functioning. Consumer-mediated nutrient dynamics (CND) is now considered a major biogeochemical component of most ecosystems, but lacking long-term studies, it is difficult to predict how CND will respond to accelerating disturbances in the wake of global change. To aid such predictions, we coupled empirical ammonium excretion rates with an 18-year time series of the standing biomass of common benthic macroinvertebrates in southern California kelp forests. This time series of excretion rates encompassed an extended period of extreme ocean warming, disease outbreaks, and the abolishment of fishing at two of our study sites, allowing us to assess kelp forest CND across a wide range of environmental conditions. At their peak, reef invertebrates supplied an average of 18.3 ± 3.0 µmol NH4+ m-2 hr-1 to kelp forests when sea stars were regionally abundant, but dropped to 3.5 ± 1.0 µmol NH4+ m-2 hr-1 following their mass mortality due to disease during a prolonged period of extreme warming. However, a coincident increase in the abundance of the California spiny lobster, Palinurus interupptus (Randall, 1840), likely in response to both reduced fishing and a warmer ocean, compensated for much of the recycled ammonium lost to sea star mortality. Both lobsters and sea stars are widely recognized as key predators that can profoundly influence community structure in benthic marine systems. Our study is the first to demonstrate their importance in nutrient cycling, thus expanding their roles in the ecosystem. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of warming events, and rising human populations are intensifying fishing pressure in coastal ecosystems worldwide. Our study documents how these projected global changes can drive regime shifts in CND and fundamentally alter a critical ecosystem function.
Timestamp-based Defense Mechanism Against Replay Attack in Remote Keyless Entry Systems

Proper security protocols should be considered as a critical requirement in today’s digital world to prevent adversaries from being able to gain access to valuables. Although numerous preventative mechanisms have been implemented, attackers adapt and develop new attack techniques to infiltrate existing technologies. The results of infiltration experiments revealed vulnerabilities in the radio frequency (RF) communication of cars and garages in remote keyless entry (RKE) systems as well. In this work, we present a timestamp-based solution to enhance the security of existing rolling-code based RKE system and demonstrate it through a prototype implementation.
Computational Modeling of the Gut Microbiota Predicts Metabolic Mechanisms of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection

Approximately 30% of patients who have a Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) will suffer at least one incident of reinfection. While the underlying causes of CDI recurrence are poorly understood, interactions between C. difficile and other commensal gut bacteria are thought to play an important role. In this study, an in silico metagenomics pipeline was used to process taxa abundance data from 225 CDI patient stool samples into sample-specific models of bacterial community metabolism. The predicted metabolite production capabilities of each community were shown to provide improved recurrence prediction compared to direct use of taxa abundance data. More specifically, clustered metabolite synthesis rates generated from post-diagnosis samples produced a high Enterobacteriaceae cluster with disproportionate numbers of recurrent samples and patients. This cluster was predicted to have significantly reduced capabilities for secondary bile acid synthesis but elevated capabilities for aromatic amino acid catabolism. When applied to 40 samples from fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) patients and their donors, community modeling generated a high Enterobacteriaceae cluster with a disproportionate number of pre-FMT samples. This cluster also was predicted to exhibit reduced secondary bile acid synthesis and elevated aromatic amino acid catabolism. Because clustering of CDI and FMT samples did not identify statistical differences in C. difficile abundances, these model predictions support the hypothesis that Enterobacteriaceae may create a gut environment favorable for C. difficile spore germination and toxin synthesis.
Isolated trisomy 11 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia - is the prognosis not as grim as previously thought?

Isolated trisomy 11 is a rare, poorly characterized cytogenetic abnormality in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although isolated trisomy 11 is detected in about 1% of AML cases in registry-based anal...
ENERGY LEVELS OF $sup 100$Ru.

The nuclear-level structure of $^{100}\mathrm{Ru}$ has been investigated through study of the radioactive decay of 16-sec $^{100}\mathrm{Tc}$ and 20-h $^{100}\mathrm{Rh}$. The experimental techniques employed include two-parameter Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) coincidence spectroscopy and NaI(Tl) $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ angular-correlation measurements. Altogether, 24 excited states of $^{100}\mathrm{Ru}$ have been observed below 3.5 MeV. Examination of previous $\mathrm{Ru}(n, \ensuremath{\gamma})$ data strongly suggests that at least seven of the observed levels are populated by primary $^{99}\mathrm{Ru}(n, \ensuremath{\gamma})$ transitions. The present results, combined with previous internal-conversion and angular-correlation data, yield unique spin-parity assignments for nine levels, four of which are ${0}^{+}$ (at 1130.4, 1740.6, 2051.5, and 2387 keV). Also, through selection-rule arguments, narrow limits have been placed on the spin-parity values for the remaining states, almost all of which are of low spin (\ensuremath{\le}2). The assignments deduced for the parent nuclei are ${1}^{+}$ for $^{100}\mathrm{Tc}$ and ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for $^{100}\mathrm{Rh}$. The $\ensuremath{\beta}$ branching of $^{100}\mathrm{Tc}$ is found to be anomalous in that the transitions to the lowest two ${2}^{+}$ levels are extremely hindered compared to those that proceed to the lowest two ${0}^{+}$ levels.
Encephalitis in adults caused by herpes simplex virus.

Herpes simplex virus causes the only viral encephalitis with an effective antiviral treatment; early treatment improves outcomes. Most cases in adults are caused by HSV-1 and occur equally in both sexes. Age of more than 50 years is an important risk factor.[1][1] The diagnosis should be considered
Who Gets to Say Who’s Who? Plessy’s Insidious Legacy

Plessy v. Ferguson’s legacy reaches far beyond Jim Crow’s “separate but equal” doctrine to perpetuate state control of personal identity. The 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision upheld white supremacy’s slave law power to say who’s who, epitomized in state power to declare some human beings not persons but mere property. It sanctioned government power to identify and categorize individuals and to direct their actions and interactions based on such identities and categories. In perpetuating unchecked state determination of individual identities, Plessy persists in its insidious denial of basic human rights and fundamental freedoms. To reestablish birthright personal autonomy over identity free of state subordination requires reforming U.S. law to recognize and accept the individuality of human diversity. Such a process requires abolishing state authority to arbitrarily assign personal identity by decree and recognize the basic personal autonomy of individuals to define, redefine, and express their individual identities.
Effects of obesity treatment-associated changes in mood and self-regulation on high emotional eating

Emotional eating (EmE) is a strong predictor of obesity, but not well-addressed within obesity treatments. Women with high EmE participating in small group obesity treatments emphasizing either self-regulation (n = 54) or typical instruction in weight-loss methods (n = 30) significantly improved scores on EmE related to depression and anxiety, self-regulation of eating, the mood dimensions of dejection and tension, and physical activity/exercise within this 6-month study. The self-regulation group had significantly greater improvements on EmE related to anxiety, and self-regulation. Significant predictions of reduction in EmE-depression and EmE-anxiety by decreased dejection and tension, respectively, were significantly mediated by self-regulation changes. Treatment-related increase in physical activity/exercise was associated with reduced dejection and tension. Subsequent analyses suggested only 2.5 moderate physical activity/exercise sessions/week were associated with significant mood improvements. Findings indicated that high EmE can be reduced within obesity treatments via a focus on exercise-induced mood improvements and self-regulatory skill development.
Ionizing irradiation-induced Fgr in senescent cells mediates fibrosis

The role of cellular senescence in radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We isolated radiation-induced senescent tdTOMp16 positive mesenchymal stem cells, established their absence of cell division, then measured levels of irradiation-induced expression of biomarkers of senescence by RNA-seq analysis. We identified a Log2 6.17-fold upregulation of tyrosine kinase Fgr, which was a potent inducer of biomarkers of fibrosis in target cells in non-contact co-cultures. Inhibition of Fgr by shRNA knockdown did not block radiation-induced senescence in vitro; however, both shRNA knockdown, or addition of a specific small-molecule inhibitor of Fgr, TL02-59, abrogated senescent cell induction of profibrotic genes in transwell-separated target cells. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) analysis of mouse lungs at day 150 after 20 Gy thoracic irradiation revealed upregulation of Fgr in senescent neutrophils, and macrophages before detection of lung fibrosis. Thus, upregulated Fgr in radiation-induced senescent cells mediates RIPF and is a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of this radiation late effect.
Abstract T MP20: Histone Methylation Patterns in Astrocytes are Influenced by Age Following Ischemia

Introduction: In animal models, ischemia results in larger infarcts in middle-aged females as compared to adult females. This age difference in infarct severity is associated with reduced functional capacity of astrocytes, a critical support cell. Astrocytes from middle-aged females synthesize less IGF-1, a neuroprotective growth factor, and display reduced ability to clear glutamate. The impaired response of astrocytes following stroke in middle-aged females may be related to epigenetic alterations, including histone methylation, that occur during aging. Hypothesis: We evaluated the hypothesis that astrocytes from middle-aged females would have a distinctive pattern of histone methylation following ischemia as compared to astrocytes from younger females, resulting in differential protein expression. Methods: The middle cerebral artery was occluded in adult (6 month) and middle-aged (11+ month) female Sprague Dawley rats (n=9-15). Astrocytes were extracted from the ischemic hemisphere 48 hours after ischemia. ChIP-seq was used to measure H3K4 and H3K9 trimethylation (me3) across the genome. In a second set of astrocytes, the expression of genes/proteins with highly methylated promoters was measured with either qPCR or ELISA immunoassays (n=6-7). Results: Adult females had more H3K4me3 peaks (912 vs 72) and fewer H3K9me3 (4 vs 22) peaks than middle-aged females. Increased H3K4me3 was found at promoters for genes encoding the mir17-20 cluster and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In agreement with the methylation data, astrocytes from adult females had higher protein levels of VEGF and greater expression of mir20 than middle-aged females (p<.05). Conclusions: This study found more H3K4me3 and less H3K9me3 in astrocytes from adult females indicating a general increase in gene transcription following ischemia. Increased trimethylation of mir20 was accompanied with increased expression of mir20 in astrocytes from adult females. Importantly, trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone 3 results in increased gene transcription whereas mir20 negatively regulates translation. This complex interaction of epigenetic modifications provides insight into possible mechanisms for differences in stroke severity observed during aging.
Radical thoughts about the life of MAO

Publisher Summary Monoamine oxidase (MAO)—a flavoenzyme that oxidatively deaminates a variety of biogenic and xenobiotic amines—plays an important role in the regulation of the intracellular concentrations of these monoamine neurotransmitters. Two different isozymes of MAO, known as MAO A and MAO B, have been identified; MAO A selectively oxidizes norepinephrine and serotonin and MAO B oxidizes phenylethylamine and benzylamine. Because of the importance of MAO in the treatment of neurological diseases, this chapter elucidates its catalytic mechanism so that this information can be used in the design of new classes of inactivators for this enzyme. Mechanism-based enzyme inactivators are unreactive compounds that bear a structural similarity to the substrate or product for a target enzyme. Once inside the active site, they are converted by the normal catalytic mechanism into species that inactivate the enzyme. These inactivators are important for the study of enzyme mechanisms because they are substrates for the target enzyme that are converted via the normal catalytic mechanism into products that inactivate the enzyme. From the inactivation mechanism, then, information about the catalytic mechanism can be gleaned. Much of the discussion in the chapter is based on this principle.
Mitochondrial DNA. II. Structure and physicochemical properties of isolated DNA.

The molecular topology and proportions of the DNA forms isolated from mitochondria of mouse fibroblasts (L-cells) were studied after removal of contaminating nuclear DNA by DNase. The DNA consisted of 40 to 60% covalently closed circular DNA monomers (4.74 ± 0.02μ; mol.wt 9.1 × 106), including 5% double-length molecules; in addition, up to 10% of the DNA consisted of multiple-length forms of two to four interlocked monomers; the remaining fraction contained mostly open (nicked) circles and some linear fragments; the latter could not be annealed to form circles. The total yield agreed with the chemically determined DNA content of L-cell mitochondria. A 3 to 5% difference in guanine + cytosine content was found for mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by three methods. A comparison of the contour lengths of circular mitochondrial DNA of ascites tumor cells, human liver, chicken liver and rat liver gave values of 4.76 ± 0.04μ, 5.06 ± 0.06μ, 5.20 ± 0.11μ and 4.94 ± 0.09μ, respectively, with slightly higher values for DNA bound to ethidium bromide. The small differences appear to reflect true differences in length, since co-spreading of mixtures of two types of DNA gave bimodal distributions with peak categories representative of the size of each DNA spread individually. The closed circular DNA component of L-cell mitochondria (DNA I) was isolated and studied with respect to the number of tertiary turns and its resistance to denaturation by alkali and heat. By electron microscopy, 33 ± 3 tertiary turns per molecule or 3.6 turns per 1 × 106 molecular weight were found. DNA I sedimented in alkaline CsCl 3.6 to 3.8 times faster than linear DNA. Electron microscopy showed highly twisted monomeric and some dimeric forms in the fast band, monomeric open duplex and single-stranded circles with linear strands peeling off or lying free in the slower bands. The Tm of DNA I in 0.1 SSC (standard saline citrate is 0.15 m-NaCl-0.015 m-sodium citrate) was about 22 °C higher than that of nicked mitochondrial DNA.
Beyond the “Cinderella effect”

A central thesis of this paper is that understanding the nature of child maltreatment is so complex that no one disciplinary specialty is likely to be sufficient for the task. Although life history theory is the guiding principle for our analysis, we argue that an evolutionary explanation adds precision by incorporating empirical findings originating from the fields of anthropology; clinical, developmental, and social psychology; and sociology. Although evolutionary accounts of child maltreatment have been largely limited to the role of the coefficient of relatedness, the prospective reproductive value of a child, and the residual reproductive potential of parents, a case is made for expanding this basic application. An explanatory model is presented that describes how ecological conditions as well as parental and child traits interact to influence the degree of parental investment. As shown in the model, these various “marker variables” alter parental perceptions of the benefits and costs associated with child care and promote low-investment parenting, which leads to disrupted family management practices and to a downward-spiraling, self-perpetuating system of coercive family interaction, increased parental rejection of the child, and even lower parental investment. Child maltreatment is the ultimate outcome of this downward trajectory of family relations.
The Location of the Poor in a Metropolitan Area: Positive and Normative Analysis

We seek to explain the stylized fact that poor households form the majority in the inner city of most American metropolitan areas. Using numerical simulations, we show that (1) typically there exist two equilibria: One in which the poor form the majority in the inner city and the other in which the rich form the majority; (2) when the metropolitan population is small, rich households "jump to the suburb" to obtain their desired public service, and this causes the growth path to select the equilibrium in which poor households are the inner city's majority; (3) whether having the poor form the inner city's majority is desirable depends on the metropolitan population and on whether efficiency or equity is the normative criterion.
Beyond Sloth--Physical Activity and Weight Gain

Why do some individuals gain weight in response to overeating, whereas others do not? A study in this week9s issue by Levine et al., discussed in the Perspective by Ravussin and Danforth, suggests that differences in fat gain can be accounted for by the energy expended in nonvoluntary physical activities such as fidgeting and maintenance of posture, termed nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). The underlying mechanism that allows humans to activate NEAT in response to overeating will require further study.
The utility of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor immunohistochemistry in the distinction of metastatic breast carcinoma from other tumors in the liver.

Abstract Context.—The distinction of metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (MBA) to the liver from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CC), and metastatic adenocarcinoma from other sites may require the use of immunohistochemistry. The use of antibodies directed against estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) has been suggested to help make this distinction. Objective.—To examine the utility of ER and PR immunohistochemistry in the distinction of MBA from HCC, CC, and other metastatic adenocarcinomas in the liver. Methods.—Ninety-two previously characterized hepatic neoplasms were identified, including HCC (n = 14), CC (n = 16), and metastatic tumors from breast (n = 17), colorectal (n = 14), pancreatic (n = 15), and esophageal/gastric (n = 16) origins. For all cases of metastatic tumor, the primary tumor was reviewed to verify the diagnosis. All tumors were graded as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Estrogen receptor and PR immunohistochemical staining was performed on...
LACTATION AND RISK OF BREAST CANCER IN A COHORT OF US WOMEN

The relation between lactation and risk of breast cancer was examined in a cohort of 89,413 parous female US registered nurses aged 30-55 years and free from cancer in 1976 who provided information on total duration of lactation in 1986. Between 1976 and 1986, 1,262 cases of breast cancer occurred during 785,958 person-years of follow-up. There was no independent association between lactation and the risk of breast cancer. After adjustment for age and parity, compared with women who had never lactated, the relative risks (and 95% confidence intervals (CI] were 0.95 (95% CI 0.84-1.08) for women with less than 7 months of lactation, 0.87 (95% CI 0.71-1.08) for 7-11 months, 0.94 (95% CI 0.77-1.14) for 12-23 months, and 0.98 (95% CI 0.76-1.28) for greater than or equal to 24 months (test for trend: z = -0.80, p = 0.42). The association did not differ by age or menopausal status. These results do not confirm reports that relatively short durations of lactation reduce the risk of breast cancer among younger women.
The Significance of Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal as a Source of Nitrogen and Phosphorus for Estuarine Waters

Several hundred million cubic meters of waterway sediment are dredged each year in the United States to maintain adequate navigation depth. A significant part of this dredging and dredged sediment disposal takes place in freshwater tidal, estuarine, and marine waters. U.S. waterway sediments contain sufficient quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds which, if released in available forms during dredged material disposal, could stimulate the growth of excessive amounts of algae and other aquatic plants in estuaries. This paper discusses the results of that portion of a comprehensive study conducted by the authors which assessed the significance of dredged sediments as a source of nutrients for U.S. estuarine waters.
Some quantitative relationships between two types of finite sample breakdown point

The two versions of finite-sample breakdown points, the addition breakdown point and the replacement breakdown point, have been employed in the derivation of the breakdown points for various estimators. However, for a given estimator, frequently only the version that is convenient in the derivation is selected. The connections between the two versions have not yet been formally explored in the literature. In this paper, quantitative relationships between the two versions of the breakdown point are formally established. The result obtained allows one to obtain the ABP directly from the RBP of estimators and vice versa and thus to avoid some unnecessary, sometimes tedious, derivations of breakdown points.
Trends and Characteristics of the Turkish Party System in Light of the 2011 Elections

This article offers an analysis of basic trends in the post-1980 Turkish party system. How has the Turkish party system evolved during the last eight elections? How do these characteristics change with the rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP, Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi)? Utilizing statistical methods informed by fieldwork conducted during the parliamentary elections of 2002, 2007, and 2011, the article suggests that Turkish elections exhibit unmistakable patterns of regionalization, which in turn have strongly contributed to the AKP's electoral ascendancy. Barring external shocks such as major economic crisis or leadership replacement, these regional patterns make it difficult for the opposition parties to effectively challenge the AKP.
Perception of Infrared Radiation by the Spiny Rat Mite Laelaps echidnina (Acari: Laelapidae)

Adult females of the spiny rat mite, Laelaps echidnina Berlese, were stimulated with incoherent infrared (IR) radiation. A response consisted of rapid, vertical movements or a single, laterally directed movement of legs I. In radiation tests with 1.6–7.0-wave lengths, the mites were most sensitive to a wavelength of 4.5 µ at an intensity of 0.25✕10−3 w cm−2. A test intensity (It), defined as the minimum intensity of radiation eliciting a 50% or greater kinetic response at the most sensitive wavelength, was established at 1.6✕10−4 w cm−2 and used at the 8 wavelengths subsequently tested. Responses above 50% occurred at wavelengths of 3.6 µ(60%), 4.5 µ (74%), and 5.0;µ(51%); responses below 50% were at wavelengths of 4.3 µ (26%), 6.0 µ (30%), and 7.0 µ (23%). Less than 3% response occurred at wavelengths of 1.6 and 2.2 µ. It was demonstrated that when tarsi I were positioned out of the beam or were amputated, the percent response of individuals, at the most sensitive wavelength (4.5 µ) at It, decreased to 3% and 8%, respectively. The IR receptors for those wavelengths tested appear to be located primarily on tarsus I. It is proposed that the IR receptors are the thin-walled setae on tarsus I and that they function as dielectric IR waveguides. This proposal is supported by the comparison of expected structural characteristics, such as base diameter, length, and taper, of an optimally designed dielectric antenna with the observed characteristics of the thinwalled setae on tarsus I.
Insights into Gene Modulation by Therapeutic TNF and IFNγ Antibodies: TNF Regulates IFNγ Production by T Cells and TNF-Regulated Genes Linked to Psoriasis Transcriptome

Therapeutic antibodies against tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (infliximab) and IFNγ (fontolizumab) have been developed to treat autoimmune diseases. While the primary targets of these antibodies are clearly defined, the set of inflammatory molecules, which is altered by use of these inhibitors, is poorly understood. We elucidate the target genes of these antibodies in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers. While genes suppressed by fontolizumab overlap with known IFNγ-induced genes, majority of genes suppressed by infliximab have previously not been traced to TNF signaling. With this approach we were able to extrapolate new TNF-associated genes to be upregulated in psoriasis vulgaris, an “autoimmune” disease effectively treated with TNF antagonists. These genes represent potential therapeutic targets of TNF antagonists in psoriasis. Furthermore, these data establish an unexpected effect of TNF blockade on IFNγ synthesis by T cells. Synthesis of IFNγ, a cytokine of Th1-polarized T cells, is suppressed by 8.1-fold (P 60% of individual T cells. These data suggest that TNF blockade with infliximab can suppress a major pathway of the adaptive immune response and this observation provides a key rationale for targeting TNF in “Type-1” T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
The electronic structures of pyridine-N-oxide and related compounds

The electronic structures of pyridinen-oxide, 2- and 4-methoxypyridinen-oxide, their conjugate acids, and 2- and 4-pyridone are calculated using the Pariser-Parr-Pople SCF-CI approximation. The results indicate that the1B1←1A1 transition of pyridinen-oxide lies in the same energy region as the transition previously assigned as beingn -π*. The strong electronic transitions in the 250–280 mμ region of pyridine-n-oxide, 4-methoxypyridinen-oxide, and 4-pyridone are assigned as being1A1←1A1.
Suppression of somatic crossing over in Glycine max (L.) merrill by deoxyribose cytidine.

The incidence of somatic crossing over on the leaves ofGlycine max var L65-1237 is reduced when seeds are treated with 1 to 2×10-4M solutions of deoxyribose cytidine. The major effect is seen after about 16 hours of soaking the seeds in water followed by nucleoside treatment. Suggestion is made regarding the positioning of heterochromatic regions of homologous chromosomes adjacent to each other and joined with the annuli of nuclear membrane (see Comings, 1968). It is hypothesized that nucleosides degrade the connecting microtubular remnants of spindle fibers and hence reduce the chances of somatic crossing over by disturbing the inter-chromosomal arrangements.
The enolic [C5H10O]+· and [C3H6O]+· ions formed from aliphatic ketones

The structures of reactive and nonreactive ions formed by McLafferty rearrangement in a variety of ketones are studied using metastable ion abundances and the kinetic energy released in metastable ion fragmentations. The loss of methyl radicals is studied in [C5H10O]+. ions and the mechanism delineated for ions formed in an initial configuration corresponding both to ketonic and enolic forms; the major mechanism in both cases appears to involve a common intermediate. Partial scrambling of hydrogen atoms on the C-1 and C-5 carbons and on the oxygen precedes methyl elimination. Loss of neutral ethylene from [C5H10O]+. ions is also studied and again the major mechanism occurs via a common species, intermediate in structure between a ketone and an enol; scrambling of hydrogen is much faster for ions that lose ethylene than for those which lose a methyl radical. Keto ions of formula [C3H6O]+. show no unimolecular loss of methyl. The stable [C3H6O]+. ions generated in the keto and enol forms are shown to preserve their initial structures, confirming the results of ion cyclotron resonance experiments. Reactive [C3H6O]+. ions formed from 2-pentanone molecular ions by McLafferty rearrangement are shown to have the same structures as reactive ions originally generated as enolic structures from 1-methylcyclobutanol. The paper highlights the relationship between hydrogen scrambling and keto-enol isomerization reactions in aliphatic ketones.
Beauty Is Only “Name” Deep: The Effect of First‐Name On Ratings of Physical Attraction

College students (n= 197) voted to select a beauty queen from among six photographs equivalent in physical attractiveness, as determined by rankings of 35 students from a separate university. Half the photographs bore a desirable first-name and half were assigned an undesirable first-name. As predicted, firstname had a significant effect on physical attraction: Girls with desirable firstnames received 158 votes to 39 for those with undesirable names. These data were discussed in terms of an additive, rather than an interactive, effect, due to the nature of the task. The strength of these findings was related to the study's ecological validity.
The role of cell-wall associated lipids in the pathogenesis of lesions in experimental murine nocardiosis vs lesions produced by Mycobacterium fortuitum

The pulmonary pathogens, Nocardia asteroides and Mycobacterium fortuitum classically produce a markedly different tissue response ranging from the acute suppurative lesion of nocardiosis to the granulomatous disease produced by the Mycobacterium. Both organisms have similar cell-wall associated lipids which have been chemically characterized as types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Earlier studies of virulence factors from M. tuberculosis and other Mycobacteria have shown that much of the host response is due to lipid constituency of the organism cell wall. In order to determine that contribution which the cell-wall associated lipids make in the pathogenesis of nocardiosis produced by N. asteroides and mycobacteriosis due to M. fortuitum, separate lipid fractions were obtained using the Anderson extraction technique as modified by Asselineau (Asselineau, J. 1966. The Bacterial Lipids. Hermann, Paris). These lipid fractions were injected into mice and the lesion development observed. Waxes A and D from the two organisms exhibited distinct differences in tissue response. Wax A from Nocardia produced a pronounced tissue response composed of multiple abscesses, macrophages, and reactive fibrous tissue. Wax A from Mycobacterium showed transient aggregations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mycobacteria-derived wax D elicited a marked granulomatous response which persisted throughout the duration of the study, contrasting with a minimally acute inflammatory response to Nocardia-derived wax D. The phosphatide and soluble-fat fractions also showed aggressive lesions; however, these were similar for both organisms. These results indicate that the differences in tissue response elicited by lipids from N. asteroides and M. fortuitum may reside in wax fractions A and D.
Maximum Likelihood and the EM Algorithm for 2D NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract By extending the maximum-likelihood method of Miller and Greene for one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, maximum-likelihood (ML) methods for two-dimensional spectroscopy are developed. The time-domain free-induction decay is modeled as a 2D signal ƒ(t1, t2), the superposition of exponentially decaying complex exponentials in both dimensions of unknown amplitudes, frequencies, and decays. The measurement is modeled as a 2D Gaussian process with mean ƒ(t1, t2) and fixed variance. The ML estimation problem is to choose the set of amplitudes, frequencies, and decays which minimizes the squared error between the measured FID and the parameterized signal model. An iterative expectation-maximization algorithm is proposed for solving the nonlinear least-squares problem, providing a method for estimating the signal parameters directly from the 2D FID. The ML method and implementation algorithm are tested by analyzing both simulated and experimental N-butanol data collected via the hypercomplex data-collection protocol.
Effect of supported employment on the vocational outcomes of persons with traumatic brain injury

This paper reports the job placement of 5 males with severe traumatic brain injury. An individual placement model of supported employment was used. All individuals were placed in competitive employment and received staggered intervention over time by trained employment specialists. A multiple baseline design across persons was used to evaluate results. All individuals had been unable to work consistently or at all in competitive work environments. The range of wages was $4.25 to $5.00 per hour with an average of 339 hours of employment specialist intervention time required per case. The major problems experienced by employment specialists were insubordinate and disruptive behaviors as well as other inappropriate social behaviors displayed at the job site.
Fumonisin B₁ induced neural tube defects were not increased in LM/Bc mice fed folate-deficient diet.

Scope Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is found in corn-based foods and is a possible risk factor for neural tube defects (NTDs). The mechanism(s) underlying NTD induction by FB1 in LM/Bc mice is not understood; however, evidence suggests disrupted folate transport is involved. Methods and results Female LM/Bc mice were fed folate-sufficient (control) or folate-deficient diet beginning 5 wk before mating, treated with 0 (vehicle), 2.5 or 10 mg/kg FB1 by intraperitoneal injection on embryonic days 7 (E7) and E8, and their fetuses examined on E16. Dose-dependent NTD induction was found in groups fed the control diet: 3 of 13 low-dose and 10 of 11 high-dose litters were affected. Among groups fed folate-deficient diet, NTDs were found only in 4 of 11 high-dose litters. In another trial, consumption of folate-deficient diet also resulted in fewer NTDs at a dose of 10 mg/kg FB1 and reduced maternal red blood cell folate levels by 80%. In utero death did not fully account for the differences in NTD rates. Conclusion Folate deficiency does not exacerbate NTD induction by FB1 in LM/Bc mice. Interactions between folate, other nutritional factors, and FB1 in this mouse model for NTDs are complex and require further investigation.
The value of early repair for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

A total of 20 children with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) underwent complete repair within the past six years. The drainage was supracardiac in 11, infracardiac in seven, and into the coronary sinus in two. At repair mean age was nine weeks, and weight was 3.7 km. Operative technique in extracardiac types included complete mobilization of the common vein with division of anomalous channel when possible. The incision in the confluent vein was extended into the lobar veins when necessary to permit extensive incorporation of this structure into the posterior wall of the left atrium and resulted in a nonobstructing stellate-type anastomosis.