cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compstat, OODA Loops and Police Performance Management

Kevin Walsh is a Senior Fellow of the Homeland Security Management Institute at Long Island University. Prior to this, he achieved the rank of Captain during a 25-year career in the NYPD, having conducted numerous assignments in patrol, management analysis and planning, narcotics, internal affairs and training functions. Vincent Henry is Director and Associate Professor at the Homeland Security Management Institute at Long Island University. He was previously at the NYPD, retiring after a 21-year career during which he had intensive involvement in a host of NYPD management initiatives, including the development and implementation of the Compstat process. In this article, Walsh and Henry propose that the OODA (Observe-Orient-Decide-Act) Loop, a model of decision making and organizational learning developed and widely applied in the military context, gives insight into the success of Compstat, a police management system that dramatically increases the speed of dissemination of accurate crime analysis data while promoting improved decentralized decision making and problem solving in order to reduce crime and achieve organizational goals.
Penetration depth measurement of radionuclides in contaminated porous surfaces

Abstract Radionuclides which are accidentally released in a nuclear facility may deposit on porous surfaces of the structure and diffuse into it. The release inside the containment of the TMI-2 may serve as an example. For the decontamination programme it is essential to know the quantity of the radionuclides released and penetration depth into the porous surfaces. The applicability of a measurement method based on the ratio between the intensities of two gamma lines was analysed. The measurement system contains a highly collimated large volume Ge(Li) spectrometer. The interpretational model developed was verified experimentally using a stack of layers composed of 24 Na-doped aluminum foils and lead layers. The 24 Na was produced by irradiating aluminum in the BREAZEALE Reactor at Pennsylvania State University. The analysis shows that the average penetration depth obtained from the measured results is sufficiently accurate for the decontamination programme.
Role of cytochrome P1 in the induction of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase in a murine hepatoma cell line and its mutants

NAD(P)H:Quinone oxidoreductase (QR) is a widely-distributed enzyme that promotes obligatory two-electron reductions of quinones and thereby protects cells against the cytotoxicity of quinones and their metabolic precursors. QR is induced by a wide variety of chemoprotectors in many animal tissues as well as in the Hepa 1c1c7 murine hepatoma cell line. Such inducers fall into two families: dual inducers (e.g. polycyclic aromatics, azo dyes, beta-naphthoflavone) that elevate QR as well as cytochrome P1-450, and selective inducers of QR (e.g. tert-butylhydroquinone and other redox-labile diphenols). Induction by the first family of inducers depends on binding to the Ah (Aryl hydrocarbon) receptor and the associated expression of a functional cytochrome P1-450 enzyme, whereas the induction by redox-labile diphenols does not appear to be receptor-mediated. In order to analyze the possible role of the cytochrome P1-450 system in the induction of QR, we examined this process in the Hepa 1c1c7 cells and in four mutants of this cell line that are defective in the induction or expression of functional cytochrome P1-450. tert-Butylhydroquinone was an effective inducer of QR in all of the cell lines, and this process does not, therefore, depend on a functional cytochrome P1-450 enzyme. In contrast, azo dyes and polycyclic aromatics induce QR in the parent cell line but not in the various types of cytochrome P1-450-defective mutants. We conclude that the Ah receptor and cytochrome P1-450 function are involved in the induction of QR by certain azo dyes and polycyclic aromatics, but not by phenolic antioxidants.
Molecular transition moment determination by Autler-Townes spectroscopy: D 1Πu-E,F 1Σg+ bands of H2

Abstract We investigate theoretically the determination of vibronic transition moments between two electronic states of a molecule by using the Autler-Townes effect (also known as ac, optical or dynamical Stark splitting) in a double optical resonance experiment. We calculate the Autler-Townes spectra of some representative bands of H2(D 1Πu-E,F 1Σg+) and examine their dependences on laser detuning, intensity, bandwidth, and the Doppler effect. As input to our calculation, the D-E,F electronic transition moment and the (ν′=0–15, ν=3, 6 and 7) vibronic transition moments have been computed. Our investigation shows that with moderate laser requirement, the Autler-Townes splitting of a large number of D-E,F vibronic transitions in H2 should be observable so that their transition moments may be deduced experimentally.
Effects of Extracellular Egg Factors on Sperm Guanylate Cyclase

Extracellular factors from the sea urchin egg induce a change in the electrophoretic mobility of an abundant sperm membrane phosphoprotein. The modified protein was identified as guanylate cyclase. The mobility shift of the cyclase was shown to be associated with a decrease in its enzymatic activity.
Dynamics of a one-dimensional spinor Bose liquid: A phenomenological approach

The ground state of a spinor Bose liquid is ferromagnetic, while the softest excitation above the ground state is the magnon mode. The dispersion relation of the magnon in a one-dimensional liquid is periodic in the wave number $q$ with the period of $2\ensuremath{\pi}n$, determined by the density $n$ of the liquid. Dynamic correlation functions, such as, e.g., spin-spin correlation function, exhibit power-law singularities at the magnon spectrum, $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{m}(q,n)$. Without using any specific model of the interparticle interactions, we relate the corresponding exponents to independently measurable quantities $\ensuremath{\partial}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{m}/\ensuremath{\partial}q$ and $\ensuremath{\partial}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{m}/\ensuremath{\partial}n$.
At-risk drinking in an HMO primary care sample: prevalence and health policy implications.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of at-risk drinking using varying alcohol use criteria. METHODS: A period prevalence survey was conducted in 22 primary care practices (n = 19372 adults). RESULTS: The frequency of at-risk alcohol use varied from 7.5% (World Health Organization criteria) to 19.7% (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism criteria). A stepwise logistic model using National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism criteria found male gender, current tobacco use, never married status, retirement, and unemployment to be significant predictors of at-risk alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Public health policy needs to move to a primary care paradigm focusing on identification and treatment of at-risk drinkers.
Lipid status after combined pancreas-kidney transplantation and kidney transplantation alone in type i diabetes mellitus

This study was designed to compare changes in lipid status following organ transplantation between type I diabetes mellitus (DM-I) patients receiving combined pancreas-kidney transplantation (PKT) with those receiving kidney transplantation alone (KTA). A retrospective chart review was used to identify pre- and posttransplantation fasting total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in three groups: DM-I patients receiving KTA (DM:KTA; n = 14), DM-I patients receiving PKT (DM:PKT; n = 20), and kidney transplant recipients without DM (NDM; n = 16). The groups were matched for age, gender, weight, duration of dialysis, smoking history, and duration of diabetes mellitus. Linear regression was used to analyze differences in lipid trends over time (up to 24 months posttransplantation) and the effects of prednisone dose, cyclosporine dose, and serum creatinine. Preoperative TC was significantly lower in the DM:KTA group (P < 0.05) compared with DM:PKT or NDM. There were no significant differences in preoperative TG between the three groups. TC and TG decreased over time only in DM:PKT (P = 0.0112, P = 0.0278, respectively). TC increased and TG was unchanged over time in DM:KTA (P = 0.0003, P = 0.1103, respectively). Neither TC nor TG changed over time in NDM. Trends of TC and TG for DM:PKT were significantly different from DM:KTA (P < 0.01 for both). Trend of TC for NDM was also significantly different from DM:PKT (P = 0.0061). Prednisone dose was significantly related to TC in DM:KTA and NDM (P < 0.01) while cyclosporine dose was significantly related to TC for DM:KTA only (P = 0.0013) in the presence of time. None of the variables tested (prednisone dose, cyclosporine dose, and serum creatinine) significantly affected TG in the presence of time. In summary, TC and TG decreased over time only in DM:PKT. In contrast, TC increased while TG was unchanged in DM:KTA over the same interval (0-24 months). If these trends continue, the beneficial change in lipids in the DM:PKT group may translate into a net improvement in atherosclerosis-mediated events for diabetic patients with chronic renal failure who receive PKT compared with those who do not.
The electrophile counterattack response: Protection against neoplasia and toxicity

Exposure of rodents or their cells in culture to low doses of a wide variety of chemical agents, many of which are electrophiles, evokes a coordinated metabolic response that protects these systems against the toxicity (including mutagenicity and carcinogenicity) of higher doses of the same or other electrophiles. This response involves enhanced transcription of Phase 2 enzymes: glutathione transferases, NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, UDP-glucuronsyltransferases, and epoxide hydrolase, as well as the elevation of intracellular levels of reduced glutathione. We suggest that this cellular adaptation, which occurs in the liver and many peripheral tissues, be designated as the "Electrophile Counterattack" response. Seven families of highly diverse chemical agents that elicit this response include: oxidatively labile diphenols and quinones; Michael reaction acceptors (olefins conjugated to electron-withdrawing groups); isothiocyanates; organic hydroperoxides; vicinal dimercaptans; trivalent arsenicals; heavy metals (HgCl2, CdCl2) as well as mercury derivatives with high affinities for sulfhydryl groups; and 1,2-dithiole-3-thiones. An analysis of the molecular mechanisms of these enzyme inductions was carried out by transient expression in hepatoma cells of a plasmid containing a 41-bp enhancer element derived from the 5'-upstream region of the mouse glutathione transferase Ya gene, and the promoter region of this gene, linked to a human growth hormone reporter gene. The concentrations of 28 inducers (belonging to the seven chemical classes) required to double growth hormone production in this system spanned a range of four orders of magnitude and were closely and linearly correlated with the concentrations of the same compounds required to double the specific activity of quinone reductase in murine hepatoma cells. We therefore conclude that the regulation of these Phase 2 enzymes (and possibly also that of glutathione synthesis) by all of these inducers is mediated by the same enhancer element that contains AP-1-like sites. Similar enhancer sequences are present in the rat glutathione transferase Ya gene, and in the upstream regulatory regions of the quinone reductase genes of rat and human liver.
A series method of calculating control-system transient response from the frequency response

THE methods of calculating the closed-loop frequency response (control ratio C/R) of a linear control system are well known and straightforward.1 To calculate the transient response to a step reference input, which in some cases may be more important, is more difficult. Of the various methods1?4 for calculating this transient response, the Laplace transformation is perhaps the most rigorous and also the most laborious, especially if the control ratio C/R has numerous poles. Partly because of this difficulty, the frequency response has predominated over the transient response in analysis and design. There is need for a simple, fast method of calculating the step transient response, preferably from the frequency response.
VLS growth of Si nanocones using Ga and Al catalysts

Vapor–liquid–solid growth of needle-like silicon nanocones via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition from SiCl4 and using Ga and Al catalysts is reported. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the nanocones are composed of an oxide shell with a Si core. Energy dispersive spectroscopy along the length of the nanocones indicates that the catalyst is gradually consumed during the growth process, resulting in the needle-like morphology. Growth of the Si nanocones may occur via H2 reduction of SiCl4 at 9501C, during which HCl(g) is generated as the reaction by-product. In this growth mechanism, the gradual etching of the Al/Ga catalyst by HCl leads to a gradual decrease of the catalyst volume, and hence the tapered Si nanowire morphology.
Workload Transitions in Driving

Driver mental workload is an often studied concept, however less attention is given to the question of transitions in driver workload. Fourteen adult drivers completed a simulated driving task following a navigation system which would fail at certain intervals. Subjective measures of driver workload were taken and demonstrate that the recovery from a driving stressor is asymmetrical and time-delayed. Drivers' subjective ratings of workload remained high after the stressors were removed. Findings and implications are discussed. Language: en
ON STRONGLY REPLETE LATTICES, SUPPORT OF A MEASURE, AND THE WALLMAN REMAINDER

LetX be an abstract set andL a lattice of subsets ofX. To eachL-regular measure on the algebra generated byL, there are associated two measures on appropriate algebras of the Wallman space. In terms of these measures, we can obtain characterization forσ-smoothness,τ-smoothness, and tightness of the original measure. In particular, tight regular measures and their properties are investigated.
Puerto Rican parent'ss understanding of their young children's development: P.I.A.G.E.T. program impacts on family involvement in culturally and linguistically diverse populations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of a parent involvement program, Project P.I.A.G.E.T., on parents' understanding of their children's development. Subjects were 29 Puerto Rican parents whose Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) children were enrolled in the parent involvement program. With the help of home visiting paraprofessionals provided by the project, parents were trained, for six months, to use various strategies and skills in helping their children learn. The program effects were measured by a commercially available test, Alpern–Boll Developmental Profile II. The study revealed that P.I.A.G.E.T. parent involvement program was effective in improving the involved parents' understanding of their children's various developmental areas. Implications for increasing CLD parents' involvement on educating their children are also presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expression of α isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase in human heart

We studied expression of isoforms of Na,K-ATPase in normal and diseased human hearts. Na,K-ATPase alpha-isoform mRNA in samples from normal human left ventricle (LV) was composed of 62.5%, alpha 1, 15% alpha 2 and 22.5% alpha 3 on average. There was an increase in expression of the alpha 3 isoform in samples from failing hearts, but expression of all three isoforms decreased in pressure-overloaded right ventricle (RV).
Alfvén-cyclotron instability with singly ionized helium: Linear theory

[1] The Alfven-cyclotron anisotropy instability is driven by a sufficiently large proton temperature anisotropyT⊥/T∥ > 1 where ⊥ and ∥ denote directions perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the background magnetic field Bo. Here kinetic linear theory for a magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless plasma is used to study this instability at propagation parallel to Boin the presence of a relatively tenuous, relatively cool, isotropic, singly ionized helium component. A sufficiently dense helium component splits the Alfven-cyclotron instability into two branches: a proton cyclotron branch at frequencies above the helium cyclotron frequency but below the proton cyclotron frequency, and a helium-ion cyclotron branch at frequencies less than the helium ion cyclotron frequency. If the helium ions are much cooler than the protons and are sufficiently dense, the helium-ion cyclotron branch can become unstable at wavelengths considerably shorter than the unstable waves of the proton cyclotron branch, favoring excitation of enhanced fluctuations which resonate with geomagnetically trapped electrons of energies between 500 keV and 2 MeV.
The glass transition temperature of star-shaped polystyrenes

The glass transition temperatures of linear and four- and six-branched regular star polystyrenes are measured by penetration, differential scanning calorimetry, and a density gradient technique. The results of the three methods show that the glass transition temperature depends on the concentration of chain ends in the polymer sample. An attempt is made to assess the influence of the presence of the branch point on the glass transition temperature using a series of four-branched polystyrenes containing varying amounts of isoprene near the branch point. However, any effect of the central branch point on the glass transition temperature is obscured by plastification of polystyrene by polyisoprene.
The impact of transference and countertransference in activity group therapy

The effective use of countertransference reactions in children's group psychotherapy is discussed. Countertransferences activated by the group dynamics or by the dynamics of individual group members must be analyzed and understood by the therapist if they are to be utilized. The analysis of resistances in children's therapy groups is enhanced by the therapists' awareness of their own countertransference reactions. Clinical examples are presented.
SPATIAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE FLOWS THROUGH THE SOUTHEAST ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION NETWORK

Cooperative effort among electrical energy utilities is one possible response to increasing stress on generation and transmission systems. Increased interregional flows are a direct consequence of cooperative efforts. Any inefficient electrical flows that may occur among cooperating utilities represent a real cost to society because energy is lost. The Southeast region of the United States provides an ideal situation for investigating the efficiency of flows of electricity. The out-of-kilter algorithm (OKA) is applied to the electrical system of the Southeast abstracted as a graph. Flows are analyzed under various assumptions concerning generative efficiency. Texas and Florida are established as areas where cooperative efforts are inhibited by lack of transmission capacity under possible stress.
OVERVIEW OF APPROACH AND LIMING OF LAKES FOR THE LAKE ACIDIFICATION MITIGATION PROJECT (LAMP)

ABSTRACT The LAMP research is designed to evaluate chemical and biological response to liming in three different drainage lakes in the Adirondacks. The three lakes vary in size, residence time, chemical composition, and biological community composition, encompassing the range of lakes considered in an operational lake liming program. This ecological experiment provides data for use in evaluating specific questions about liming effects on lake ecosystems; namely, fish and other biotic responses to liming, the effects of liming on acidic impulses during spring runoff, and questions related to metal availability and to modeling of pH and ANC. This paper provides an overview of LAMP, describes the liming of Cranberry Pond and Woods Lake in May 1985, and introduces more detailed papers in this symposium by Drisooll et al., Gloss et al., and DePinto et al. that describe the chemical and biological effects of liming and the ability to predict reacidification. Overall, these initial results of LAMP support the th...
Effect of transaction trust on e-commerce relationships between travel agencies

Abstract This study attempts to examine wholesaler construction of trust mechanism in B2B commerce in the travel industry. Eight hundred and sixty-eight travel agencies in Taiwan were surveyed, yielding 212 valid returned surveys. Results show a great difference between party trust and control trust, showing that retailers are primarily concerned with image and reputation, and less with concrete measures to enhance control trust. Finally, this study concluded with recommendations for how wholesalers can improve trust mechanisms, so as to consolidate and retain the trust beliefs and trust attitudes of the retailers for future transactions.
Spontaneous oscillations of intracellular calcium in single bovine parathyroid cells may be associated with the inhibition of parathyroid hormone secretion.

PTH secretion is tightly regulated by extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]e) and in turn regulates calcium homeostasis through its action on target tissues. We investigated the mechanism and physiological significance of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) levels in relation to the secretion of PTH in single bovine parathyroid cells. [Ca2+]i was recorded using digital imaging microscopy, and secretion of PTH was correlated in the same cell using the reverse hemolytic plaque assay. In individual parathyroid cells, oscillations of [Ca2+]i were present in response to specific stimuli. Like secretory activity, response to [Ca2+]e concentrations was heterogeneous. Oscillations of [Ca2+]i occurred spontaneously in 22% of cells at inhibitory concentrations of [Ca2+]e. Oscillations were present only in high [Ca2+]e (> or = 1.8 mM) and not noted at lower concentrations of [Ca2+]e. The interval and amplitude of [Ca2+]i oscillations were 42 +/- 2 sec, and 20 +/- 1 nM (mean +/- SE), respectively. Oscillations were rapidly aboli...
Defining and Estimating Global Mean Temperature Anomalies

Methods used to quantify temperature changes of the earth must be assessed relative to an appropriate definition of global mean temperature. In this paper, global mean temperature is defined and the adequacy of using weighted average anomalies to estimate a global mean anomaly is investigated, with special emphasis on the effects of gridding and data reuse. Distane weighting is shown to be effective for estimation gridpoint temperature anomalies but it is not optimal for estimating regional or global means. Gridding is shown to be more effect than using irregularly spaced individual temperature anomalies in the estimation of regional or global means. The reuse of station data in the calculation of averages for neighboring grids is not recommended. 17 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Modulation of HIV-enhancer activity by heterologous agents : a minireview

The enhancer region of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two 10-bp (5'-GGGACTTTCC) repeats (core enhancers) which constitute the binding sites for the ubiquitous inducible cellular transcription factor, NF-kappa B. The NF-kappa B motifs of the LTR play a central role in transcriptional activation of the LTR by several heterologous viral proteins and various external chemical and physical stimuli. Activation of the HIV enhancer by these agents may lead to the onset of HIV gene expression resulting in active viral replication. Viral genes and chemical agents, which interfere with the activity of the enhancers may be useful in inhibiting HIV gene expression, thereby suppressing HIV replication.
The Effect of Chlorine Addition on the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane at Millisecond Contact Times

Abstract The effect of chlorine addition to the feed stream was studied for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over Pt/α-Al 2 O 3 monoliths at short contact times. The addition of 1 part Cl 2 per 100 parts O 2 (∼0.25% of the feed) resulted in increased ethane conversion and increased ethylene selectivity, and consequently higher ethylene yields. However, higher levels of chlorine addition (up to 5 Cl 2 per 100 O 2 ), while resulting in even higher ethane conversion, resulted in reduced selectivity to ethylene and no improvement in ethylene yields. The catalysts demonstrated enhanced performance even after the chlorine was removed from the feed; this was attributed to modification of the catalyst surface. The addition of chlorine resulted in a doubling of Pt dispersion, which persisted even after chlorine was no longer present on the surface. It is hypothesized that this change in catalyst microstructure is responsible for the observed improvements caused by chlorine addition.
Enhancing student learning of research methods through the use of undergraduate teaching assistants

By using a quasi-experimental design, in this study, we test the effect of undergraduate teaching assistants on student learning. Data were collected from 170 students enrolled in four sections of a quantitative research methods course, two sections without undergraduate teaching assistants and two sections with undergraduate teaching assistants, over two semesters. Results indicate that having undergraduate teaching assistants in the classroom can result in higher student performance. Students in the sections with undergraduate teaching assistants earned higher grades, were more likely to pass the course with a C or higher and performed better on half of the student learning outcomes than students in the sections without an undergraduate teaching assistant. Based on the overwhelmingly positive results on student learning, we would recommend the active use of undergraduate teaching assistants in the classroom, but especially for courses that students find challenging.
Deviations from Schmid's law in uni‐directional strain

The various causes for deviations from schmid's law are examined theoretically. The by far largest contribution to such deviations is found to be due to the Peierls-Nabarro force via the “breathing” of the dislocations core volumes in their motion over Peierls hills and valleys. The changes of flow stress resulting from this cause could be as much as 10% of the normal stress component acting on the slip planes of the dislocations, but more typically amount to a few percent, it is believed. The effects of the normal stress component on the formation energy of dislocation cores, and on “jog dragging” or point defect formation, respectively, are of similar magnitude. Together, they cause a fractional change of the flow stress about equal to the ratio of the observed flow stress to the value of the modulus of rigidity. While these effects are probably noticeable but not important in normal tensile tests and situations which these are designed to simulate, they are believed to have great potential importance in at least three areas: 1) friction and wear, 2) deformations at very high speeds, and 3) deformations under very high pressures, including those encountered in advanced technology, in deep sea applications, and in the earth's interior. Die verschiedenen grunde fur Abweichungen vom Schmidschen-Gesetz werden theoretisch untersucht. Es wird gefunden, das der bei weitem groste Beitrag zu derartigen Abweichungen durch die Peierls-Nabarro-Kraft uber das “Atmen” der Versetzungskernvolumina bei ihrer Bewegung uber Peierls-Hugel und -Taler verursacht wird. Die daraus resultierenden Anderungen der Flusspannung konnen bis zu 10% der Normalkomponente der Spannung betragen, die auf die Gleitebene der Versetzungen wirkt, jedoch wird angenommen, das ein Betrag von einigen Prozent typischer ist. Die Einflusse der Normalkomponente der Spannung auf die Bildungsenergie der Versetzungskerne und auf “jog-dragging” oder bzw. Punktdefektbildung sind von ahnlicher Grose. Zusammen erzeugen sie eine Teilanderung der Flusspannung, die etwa gleich dem Verhaltnis der beobachteten Flusspannung zu dem Wert des Festigkeitsmoduls ist. Wahrend diese Effekte wahrscheinlich bemerkenswert jedoch nicht wesentlich sind bei den normalen Bruchtests und Situationen, die angelegt sind, diese zu simulieren, so wird jedoch angenommen, das sie eine grose potentielle Bedeutung in wenigstens drei Fallen haben: 1) Reibung und Verschleis, 2) Deformationen bei sehr hohen Geschwindigkeiten und 3) Deformationen unter sehr hohen Drucken, einschlieslich der in fortgeschrittenen Technologien angetroffenen, in Tiefseeanwendungen und im Erdinneren.
Dynamic systems and analog computation

The term analog computation evokes numerous associations; the planimeter, the slide rule, the differential analyzer, and other physical computing devices are modeled by mathematical equations with diverse applications. By drawing a careful distinction between analog and digital computation, it becomes possible to compare the use of analog computation in the solution of various optimization problems with the use of digital computation. The famous open question of complexity theory for digital computation, whether or not P = NP, owes its practical importance to the ability of the Turing machine model for digital computation to provide a realistic, ideal model for a digital computer. It being widely assumed that P ? NP, NP-complete decision problems are widely regarded as intractable. (Here we remind the reader that this kind of complexity analysis deals with worst case analysis of infinite families of combinatorial optimization problems, and intractability refers to asymptotic rate of growth of computational requirements for larger and larger problem instances. For further reference, see [GJ].)
Ammonium sulfate fertilization of blueberries on a mineral soil

Abstract From 1976 through 1979 blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum, cv. Bluecrop) plots received five rates of ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2 SO4] supplying 28, 84, 140, 196 and 252 kg nitrogen (N)/hectare/ year. Response was measured by fruit yield and mineral element analysis of leaves and soil. The highest average yield was produced from plots receiving 140 kg N/hectare, from plants with a leaf N of 1.96 to 2.06 percent dry weight, and from soil with a pH of about 4.6.
In vivo hormonal regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 mRNA in the immature rat ovary.

Despite the potential importance of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) to follicular development, the hormonal regulation of tfris antgonadotropic IGFBP has not been investigated. Therefore, it was the objective of this study to eludicate the role of gonadotropins and estrogen in the in vivo regulation of IGFBP-5 mRNA expression. Two models of follicular development in immature rats were used. Specifically, rats were hypophysectomized and treated with FSH and/or diethylstilbestrol (DES). Alternatively, terminal follicular development was induced in intact immature rats by pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and hCG. The IGFBP-5 mRNA in whole ovarian RNA was assayed by Northern blot hybridization. Localization of expression in PMSG mid HCG-stimulated (ovaries was further assessed by in situ hybridization. Expression of IGFBP-5 mRNA was increased in ovaries from hypophysectomized rats. Treatmet with FSH and/or DES did not alter the abundance of this mRNA. Treatment with PMSG induced a transient increase in IGFBP-5 expression that was localized in a subset of α-inhibin-negative follicles. At later times after PMSG, IGFBP-5 expression persisted in the surface epithelium but was not detected in large preovulatory follicles. In vitro studies affirmed the antigonadotropic action of IGFBP-5. In vivo expression oj IGFBP-5 in the rat ovary is moderated by hormonal treatment both in terms of total expression and follicular localization.
Effect of elevating serum lipids on luteinizing hormone response to gonadotrophin releasing hormone challenge in energy-deficient anestrous heifers.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding a bypass fat on luteinizing hormone (LH) response to gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) in noncyclic Holstein heifers. Twelve cyclic Holstein heifers were fed a complete diet at 40% net energy for maintenance (NEm) until cessation of ovarian activity. Based on weights and condition scores, heifers were assigned to either a control or treatment diet containing 0.45 kg bypass fat and fed at an energy level of 85% NEm. Diet adjustments were made following weekly weighings. GnRH challenges were conducted at four periods: prior to initial energy deprivation, at termination of 40% NEm feeding, and twice more at 21-d intervals after 85% NEm feeding began. Blood was sampled via a jugular catheter every 15 min for 5 h, and GnRH was injected after the fourth sample. None of the heifers exhibited estrous activity after the initial energy deprivation. Heifers on the bypass fat diet continued to lose weight during the treatment period, while the control heifers gained a slight amount of weight. Baseline and peak concentrations of LH were not significantly affected by time or diet. Time to GnRH-induced LH peak was longer (53 vs 130 min, P < 0.01) after 40% NEm and remained greater at all times thereafter. Serum lipid levels increased 82.5% among heifers being fed the bypass fat. Energy restriction had no effect on the magnitude of LH response to GnRH but did delay response time.
Corn fiber gum and milk protein conjugates with improved emulsion stability.

Abstract Corn fiber gum (CFG), an alkaline hydrogen peroxide extract of the corn kernel milling by-product “corn fiber” was covalently conjugated with β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and whey protein isolate (WPI). Covalent coupling of CFG to protein was achieved by dry heating reaction (Maillard-type) of CFG and protein mixtures (3:1) for up to 7 days at 75 °C and 79% relative humidity. The formation of the CFG and protein conjugate was confirmed by SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The conjugates as well as pure proteins and pure CFG were compared for their ability to stabilize oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions with 5% and 10% orange oil by turbidimetric and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) methods respectively. Measurements of turbidities, particles size distribution and average particle size in emulsions have shown that CFG–protein conjugates prepared by dry heating at 75 °C and 79% relative humidity for up to 2 days were more effective at stabilizing emulsions at room temperature than was CFG or protein alone.
Zero-Temperature Magnetic Transition in an Easy-Axis Kondo Lattice Model

We address the quantum transition of a spin-$1/2$ antiferromagnetic Kondo lattice model with an easy-axis anisotropy using the extended dynamical mean field theory. We derive results in real frequency by using the bosonic numerical renormalization group (BNRG) method and compare them with quantum Monte Carlo results in Matsubara frequency. The BNRG results show a logarithmic divergence in the critical local spin susceptibility, signaling a destruction of Kondo screening. The $T=0$ transition is consistent with being second order. The BNRG results also display some subtle features; we identify their origin and suggest means for further microscopic studies.
Reliability assessment of mechanical components using fuzzy-set theory

An approach to assessing the reliability of mechanical components, especially for pressure vessels and piping, is proposed in which the vagueness and fuzziness in variables have been considered. In this method, a fuzzy-random reliability model is developed by using a fuzzy-set theory. This particular theory can be described as a generalization of the classical set theory. Using a fuzzy-set theory, a failure event is defined in a more flexible form than usual. In particular, the concept of nonfuzzy probability of fuzzy events is used to derive a reliability approach which includes the subjectivity of human judgment. Meanwhile, a constructive way for generating a membership function of fuzzy set is also provided in the paper.
Effect of cell swelling on ER/PM junctional interactions and channel assembly involved in SOCE

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) regulates critical cellular functions and is determined by precise ER/plasma membrane (PM) junctional interactions. Here we have assessed the effect of hypotonic cell volume increase on SOCE in a salivary gland epithelial cell line (HSG). Thapsigargin (Tg) activated a 2APB- and 1microM Gd(3+)-sensitive, inwardly rectifying, cation current, I(SOC), while hypotonic solution (150mOsm) induced cell swelling and activated an outwardly rectifying cation current that was blocked by 100microM Gd(3+) but not by 2APB. HTS addition before or after Tg attenuated the sensitivity of Ca(2+) influx to 2APB and 1microM Gd(3+). After HTS-induced volume increase, while stimulation of cells with Tg resulted in intracellular Ca(2+) release without Ca(2+) influx, stimulation with CCh caused neither internal Ca(2+) release nor Ca(2+) influx. Importantly, HTS caused the ER to recede from the plasma membrane which prevented Tg-stimulated clustering of STIM1 in the ER/PM region and association of STIM1 with TRPC1 and Orai1. Disruption of SOCE was dependent on the level of hypotonic stress as 225mOsm HTS induced relatively less cell swelling or disruption of SOCE. These results demonstrate that epithelial cells can tolerate small increases (up to 5%) in cell volume while larger increases lead to disruption of ER-PM interactions that are critical for activation of SOCE. We suggest that loss of SOCE could impact cell function and contribute to the deleterious effects of severe hypotonic stress.
Estrogen replacement therapy after treatment for localized breast carcinoma: Patient responses and opinions

BACKGROUND. Women who reach menopause after receiving treatment for breast carcinoma have been advised to avoid estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), but the validity of this practice is being reappraised and the need for prospective studies is discussed. The likely response of potential participants to the tangible rather than theoretic option for ERT provides not only useful information for planning such studies hut also important insights into the attitudes and expectations of breast cancer survivors. METHODS. Women with a history of localized breast carcinoma, potentially eligible for participation in this prospective ERT study, were interviewed in person or by telephone and were asked to consider participation in a prospective, randomized study of ERT. In addition, information was obtained regarding their disease stage, estrogen receptor (ER) status, age at diagnosis, age at interview, and elapsed time since cancer treatment. RESULTS. The authors contacted 555 women ; 137 did not meet criteria for study participation. Among the 418 women eligible for the program, one-third indicated a lack of interest and cited travel, financial, or age considerations. One-third of the women were apprehensive about ERT risk and declined. Forty women (13%) were either already receiving ERT or were seeking a prescribing physician. Finally, 17% of the women enrolled in our study. There were no differences among the groups with respect to disease stage, ER status, age at diagnosis and interview, or time elapsed since cancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS. Women with a history of breast carcinoma harbor considerable reluctance regarding ERT for the management of menopausal health concerns. However, a significant minority have already opted for EHT and up to 20% may become participants in clinical programs. Plans for large scale trials of ERT in this subset of women require careful attention to patient attitudes and concerns.
Total Neutron Cross Sections of Be, C, F, Co, and Ge

Neutrons in the energy range 3.8 to 8.1 Mev were used to determine the total neutron cross sections of Be, C, F, Co, and Ge. Transmission measurements were made in steps of 100 kev with a neutron energy spread of 100 kev. The present data are compared with previous results.
Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in obese and overweight children

To compare the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders such as functional constipation (FC), functional abdominal pain (FAP), functional abdominal pain syndrome (FAPS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) between a large cohort of healthy obese/overweight children and normal-weight children. Healthy children between the ages of 4 and 18 years were eligible for recruitment from the Yale Pediatric Primary Care clinic, Yale Adolescent clinic and a local private practice in Orange, CT, USA. Study subjects or their parents were interviewed using a questionnaire based on the ROME III standardized criteria for diagnosing functional gastrointestinal disorders. Medical records were reviewed to collect information about age, gender, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity and chronic medical conditions. Children were classified into obese, overweight and normal-weight based on their BMI for age and gender. Data were analyzed to compare the prevalence of FC, FAP, FAPS and IBS between obese/overweight children and normal-weight children. A total of 450 children (45% males) were recruited. There were 191 (42%) obese/overweight children and 259 (58%) normal-weight children. FAPS (odds ratio (OR) =2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21–3.64, P=0.007), FC (OR=1.83, 95% CI: 1.12–2.98, P=0.01), and IBS (OR=2.59, 95% CI: 1.40–4.79, P=0.003) were significantly more prevalent in the obese/overweight children than in the normal-weight children. Of the obese/overweight children, 47% had at least one functional gastrointestinal disorder compared with 27% of the normal-weight children (P⩽0.001). Only 36% of the children with functional gastrointestinal disorders sought medical attention for their symptoms. Obese/overweight children have a higher prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders than normal-weight children. Almost half of the obese/overweight children had at least one functional gastrointestinal disorder.
THE MPA CAPSTONE EXPERIENCE: FHE ESSENCE OF ANALYSIS IS SURPRISE

A final course, or project is a standard requirement in Master of Public Administration (MPA) programs. This requirement is intended to permit the student to demonstrate advanced ability in the discipline. This article examines one such course at Florida State University. The course included readings, exercises, oral presentations, and a written report. This author assesses the merits and drawbacks of the course as well as notes the unintended consequences that resulted. In concluding the article, the author makes several recommendations for future courses based on the experiences gained in the Florida state model.
Lessons from f ( R , R c 2 , R m 2 , L m ) gravity: Smooth Gauss-Bonnet limit, energy-momentum conservation, and nonminimal coupling

This paper studies a generic fourth-order theory of gravity with Lagrangian density $f(R,{R}_{c}^{2},{R}_{m}^{2},{\mathcal{L}}_{m})$, where ${R}_{c}^{2}$ and ${R}_{m}^{2}$ respectively denote the square of the Ricci and Riemann tensors. By considering explicit ${R}^{2}$ dependence and imposing the ``coherence condition'' ${f}_{{R}^{2}}={f}_{{R}_{m}^{2}}=\ensuremath{-}{f}_{{R}_{c}^{2}}/4$, the field equations of $f(R,{R}^{2},{R}_{c}^{2},{R}_{m}^{2},{\mathcal{L}}_{m})$ gravity can be smoothly reduced to that of $f(R,\mathcal{G},{\mathcal{L}}_{m})$ generalized Gauss-Bonnet gravity with $\mathcal{G}$ denoting the Gauss-Bonnet invariant. We use Noether's conservation law to study the $f({\mathcal{R}}_{1},{\mathcal{R}}_{2}\dots{},{\mathcal{R}}_{n},{\mathcal{L}}_{m})$ model with nonminimal coupling between ${\mathcal{L}}_{m}$ and Riemannian invariants ${\mathcal{R}}_{i}$, and conjecture that the gradient of nonminimal gravitational coupling strength ${\ensuremath{\nabla}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}{f}_{{\mathcal{L}}_{m}}$ is the only source for energy-momentum nonconservation. This conjecture is applied to the $f(R,{R}_{c}^{2},{R}_{m}^{2},{\mathcal{L}}_{m})$ model, and the equations of continuity and nongeodesic motion of different matter contents are investigated. Finally, the field equation for Lagrangians including the traceless-Ricci square and traceless-Riemann (Weyl) square invariants is derived, the $f(R,{R}_{c}^{2},{R}_{m}^{2},{\mathcal{L}}_{m})$ model is compared with the $f(R,{R}_{c}^{2},{R}_{m}^{2},T)+2\ensuremath{\kappa}{\mathcal{L}}_{m}$ model, and consequences of nonminimal coupling for black hole and wormhole physics are considered.
Toward a Comprehensive Theory of Variable Performance Differences and Differential Spaced Practice Effects Between Anticipation and Study-Test Methods

Summary Given the list design, two elusive puzzles persisted for decades: (a) negative spaced practice effects in verbal learning, and (b) inconsistent results in comparing anticipation and study-test methods. Both mysteries may be approached by investigating effects of the retention interval, consisting of two components: Types I (intercycle, rest) and II (work, intervening events) intervals. To this end, three paired-associate learning experiments using 178 male and female college students were conducted, each comparing the two methods with both massed and spaced practice. Both significant and nonsignificant superiority of the study-test method was observed with massed, as well as with spaced, practice. Relative performance differences between the methods are explainable by the retention interval hypothesis, but absolute differences cannot be so explained. By the coalescing of the retention interval hypothesis and the test trial potentiating model, a more comprehensive hybrid theory might evolve to reso...
Abstract 3429: AKAP12/SSeCKS inhibits peritoneal metastasis by regulating chemokine production

AKAP12/SSeCKS/Gravin (AKAP12) is thought to act as a metastasis suppressor through its direct scaffolding of major signaling proteins such as PKC, PKA and Src, in a spatiotemporal manner (1). For example, AKAP12 inhibition of Src-mediated oncogenic signaling, including induction of VEGF secretion by tumor cells, correlates with inhibition of neovascularization at metastatic sites (2). We have established AKAP12-null (KO) mice and demonstrated that they are cancer-prone in regards to the formation of spontaneous prostatic dysplasia and to carcinogen-induced skin cancer formation (3, 4). However, the role of AKAP12 in host microenvironment in regards to tumor or metastasis control has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we utilized an orthotropic, subcutaneous injection model of B16F10 melanoma to address whether the loss of AKAP12 in the host facilitates metastasis. Although the size of the primary tumors was similar in WT vs. KO mice, KO mice exhibited increased rates of peritoneal metastasis. The peritoneal fluid (PF) of KO mice was more potent than WT-PF in inducing in vitro chemotaxis. Comparison of the cytokines/chemokines using antibody arrays showed a severe upregulation of multiple potential chemoattractants in the KO-PF, including CXCL9/10/11, known ligands for CXCR3, a chemokine receptor upregulated 12-fold in B16F10 versus the low-metastatic B16F0 variant. Pre-injection of KO-PF, but not WT-PF, into WT mice was sufficient to induce high levels of peritoneal metastasis from subcutaneous sites. Taken together, our study suggests that AKAP12 controls metastasis by regulating the production of chemoattractants in the peritoneum, produced either by local microenvironmental cells or by recruited inflammatory cells. References: (1) Gelman, I. H. (2002) Front Biosci 7, 1782-1797. (2) Su, B., Zheng, Q., Vaughan, M.M., Bu, Y., and Gelman, I.H. (2006) Cancer Res. 66, 5599-5607 (3) Akakura, S., Huang, C., Nelson, P. J., Foster, B., and Gelman, I. H. (2008) Cancer Res. 68, 5096-5103. (4) Akakura, S., Bouchard, R., Bshara, W., Morrison, C., and Gelman, I. H. (2011) Int. J. Can. 129, 2025-2031. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3429. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3429