cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and PFGE typing of Salmonella enterica strains isolated from 2007–2012 in Guangdong, China

Salmonella enterica includes the major serovars associated with human salmonellosis. In this study, 1764 clinical Salmonella enterica isolates from diarrhea outpatients were collected from fifteen cities in Guangdong province, China, between 2007 and 2012. These isolates represent all of the Salmonella isolates collected from the province during that period. The isolates were characterized by serovar determination, antimicrobial susceptibility tests and PFGE fingerprint typing. The serovar distribution results demonstrated that Salmonella Typhimurium (n = 523, 29.65%) and Salmonella 4,5,12:i:- (n = 244, 13.83%) are the most common serovars causing infant salmonellosis, whereas Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 257, 14.57%) mainly causes human salmonellosis in adults. The serovar shift from Salmonella Enteritidis to Salmonella Typhimurium occurred in 2008. Antimicrobial susceptibility data showed a high burden of multidrug resistance (MDR) (n = 1128, 56.58%), and a 20%-30% increase in the number of isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin (n = 142, 8.05%) and third-generation cephalosporins (n = 88, 4.99%) from 2007–2012. Only 9.97% of isolates (n = 176) were fully susceptible to all agents tested. A high burden of MDR was observed in Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella 4,5,12:i:- for all age groups, and a reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones occurred particularly in infants (≤6 years). The dominant PFGE patterns were JPXX01.GD0004, JEGX01.GD0006-7 and JNGX01.GD0006-7. ACSSuT was the predominant MDR profile in the Salmonella Typhimurium & 4,5,12:i:- complexes, while ASSuT-Nal and ASSu-Nal were the major MDR profiles in Salmonella Enteritidis. The predominant PFGE patterns of the Salmonella Typhimurium & 4,5,12:i:- complexes and Salmonella Stanley were most prevalent in infants (≤6 years). However, no obvious relationship was observed between these PFGE profiles and geographic location. These data reveal the serovar distribution of isolates recovered from diarrhea patients, the characteristics of resistant strains and fingerprint typing in Guangdong from 2007 to 2012. These results highlight a serovar shift and a worrying percentage of MDR strains with increasing resistance to quinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. Thus, continued surveillance of Salmonella and their MDR profiles using combined molecular tools and efforts to control the rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella in Guangdong are needed.
Excited state vs. photoinduced charge separation in bundles of a polyamide containing pendant AlIII phthalocyaninetetrasulfonate groups. Potential applications to photocatalysis

Abstract A new polyimide containing pendant AlIIIphthalocyaninetetrasulfonate groups, [HOAlIII(pc)(SO3−)3(SO2N 2− and pendant 4−. This process stands in contrast with the photochemistry that tetrasulfonated AlIII phthalocyanine shows under the same experimental conditions of poly(HOAlIIItspc). The kinetics of the phthalocyanine radicals formation and disappearance is consistent with energy and charge transfers between phthalocyanine pendants in the bundle. Radical scavengers (methylviologen, O2, cathecol, lignine) present in the solutions of poly(HOAlIIItspc) trapped the phthalocyanine radicals demonstrating that scavenging reactions can compete with the slow radical–radical annihilation process and used for the photocatalysis of redox processes.
Superdeformation in the rare-earth region

Abstract The Strutinsky method is used to search for superdeformed, high-spin nuclides in the rare earth region. The single-particle potential parameters are based on level spacing obtained in studies of high-spin oblate states in this mass region. With these parameters, large gaps are found in the single-particle spectra of both protons and neutrons in 152 Dy, at high spin. Several other odd- and even-mass nuclides are suggested as possibilities for observing discrete transitions between superdeformed states.
Suberoyl Bishydroxamic Acid Activates Notch1 Signaling and Suppresses Tumor Progression in an Animal Model of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine malignancy that frequently metastasizes and has few treatments. This study was aimed at assessing the antitumor effects of suberoyl bishydroxamic acid (SBHA) in an in vivo model of MTC. Nude mice were injected with human MTC cells, and the groups were treated with SBHA (200 mg/kg) or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) in saline injection every other day for 12 days. Tumors were measured every 4 days and collected at 12 days for Western blot analysis. Treatment with SBHA resulted in an average 55% inhibition of tumor growth in the treatment group (P < .05). Analysis of SBHA-treated MTC tumors revealed a marked increase in the active form of Notch1 (NICD) with a concomitant decrease in achaete-scute complex-like 1 (ASCL1), a downstream target of Notch1 signaling, as well as the neuroendocrine tumor marker chromogranin A. Importantly, SBHA treatment resulted in an increase in protein levels of p21CIP1/WAF1, p27KIP1, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase and concomitant with a decrease in cyclin D1 and cyclin B1, indicating that the growth inhibition was due to both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, SBHA downregulated cell survival proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, but upregulated apoptotic proteins Bax, Bad, and Bmf. These results demonstrate that SBHA inhibits MTC growth in vivo. SBHA is a promising candidate for further preclinical and clinical studies in MTC.
Heavy-metal separation from sludge using chelating ion exchangers with nontraditional morphology

Abstract Solid-phase wastes or hazardous waste sites containing heavy metals are a major environmental concenr due to the toxicity characteristic of the heavy metal. Generally, in such cases the heavy metals constitute a small fraction (usually
Integrating discipline‐based anti‐plagiarism instruction into the information literacy curriculum

This paper discusses the importance of developing a discipline‐based approach to the issue of plagiarism in information literacy instruction sessions. Through an examination of how both higher education and academic librarianship view plagiarism, the growing need for anti‐plagiarism instruction, and the role librarians can take in anti‐plagiarism instruction, this article will offer insight into effective ways for librarians to reach out to both faculty and students facing the difficulties inherent in higher education in the wake of the cut and paste age. Practical examples of discipline‐specific, collaborative approaches and process‐based assignments in journalism will be discussed to show how both librarians and discipline faculty can successfully make connections between student needs and collective information literacy instruction activities.
Human lymphocytes bearing both receptors for complement components and SRBC.

Abstract Employing a mixed rosette method, the proportion of peripheral lymphocytes bearing both complement receptors and the capacity to bind to sheep erythrocytes (D-lymphocytes) was determined in relation to lymphocyte with easily detectable B- or T-cell markers in healthy persons and leukemic patients. A range of 0.5–8% D-lymphocytes was found to be present in peripheral blood of healthy persons. A reduced proportion of peripheral D-lymphocytes was observed in about 30% of 17 patients with lymphocytic leukemia. The surface markers of D-lymphocytes were investigated with preparations enriched with D-lymphocytes obtained with a BSA gradient centrifugation method. It was demonstrated with an immunofluorescent technique that normal D-lymphocytes lack detactable surface immunoglobulins. Another type of doubly-marked lymphocyte which possess both affinities for IgG and sheep erythrocytes may lack complement receptors, the relationship of these cells with D-lymphocytes remains to be further determined. Cells from a lymphosblastoid line possessing both receptors for complement and SRBC were found to have some common membrane markers of normal D-lymphocytes. Aside from the B- and T-populations, the doubly-marked lymphocytes may be important small subpopulations of human lymphocytes.
Culture, economic development, and national ethical attitudes ☆

Abstract To understand the influence of culture on ethical attitudes, a variety of countries must be compared simultaneously to avoid confounding of cultural dimensions. This study uses data from the World Values Survey to develop a measure of ethical attitudes that shows partial measurement invariance across 44 countries. Regressing the resulting latent means on four cultural dimensions [Hofstede G. Culture's Consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. 2nd ed. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 2001] and per capita gross domestic product (PCGDP) reveals effects that are not suggested by examining the predictors in isolation, and explains more variance than analysis of the raw means. However, the model does not account for ethical attitudes reported in Brazil, Japan, and the Philippines. In the remaining 41 countries, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and PCGDP are found to have negative influences on national ethical attitudes.
Framing the Chinese baby formula scandal: a comparative analysis of US and Chinese news coverage

This study examines how Chinese and US news media covered the 2008 Chinese baby formula scandal. It begins by drawing on framing theory to provide a theoretical groundwork for comparing Chinese and US news coverage of product safety issues—an area of growing international concern due to the ever-increasing globalization of the world economy. It then presents an analysis comparing how two leading news agencies, the Xinhua News Agency of China and Associated Press (AP) of the United States, framed the scandal. In terms of the topics that Xinhua and AP covered, a higher proportion of the stories from the latter agency mentioned causes of the contamination, effects of the contamination, responses to the contamination, and links between the baby formula scandal and other safety issues in China. In terms of overarching frames, Xinhua covered the scandal in ways that framed the Chinese government positively, whereas AP covered the issue in ways that framed the Chinese government negatively. The contrasts between...
Flexible Surface Model for Membrane Lipid-Protein Interactions

Membrane protein conformational changes, folding and stability, and membrane fusion may all involve elastic deformation of the bilayer. The development of solid-state deuterium NMR spectroscopy [1] provides a basis for experimentally investigating lipid structure and dynamics under external forces due to temperature, osmotic pressure, or lipid composition. Deuterium NMR relaxation illuminates long-range collective lipid interactions [1]. Non-specific properties of the bilayer play a significant role in modulating protein conformational energetics [2]. A flexible-surface model (FSM) describes the balance of curvature and hydrophobic forces in lipid-protein interactions. The FSM describes elastic coupling of membrane lipids to integral membrane proteins. Curvature and hydrophobic matching to the lipid bilayer entails a stress field that explains membrane protein activity and stability [3]. Rhodopsin provides an important example, where solid-state NMR studies [4,5] and FTIR spectroscopy [6] characterize the energy landscape of the dynamically activated receptor. Upon light activation rhodopsin becomes a sensor of negative spontaneous curvature [2]. Time-resolved UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopic studies show how membrane lipids forward or back-shift the metarhodopsin equilibrium due to chemically non-specific material properties [2]. Influences of bilayer thickness, nonlamellar-forming lipids, detergents, and osmotic stress on rhodopsin function are all explained by the new biomembrane model. By contrast, the older fluid-mosaic model including lipid rafts fails to account for such effects on membrane protein activity. According to the FSM, proteins are regulated by membrane lipids whose spontaneous curvature most closely matches the activated state within the lipid membrane. [1] M.F. Brown (1996) in Membrane Structure & Dynamics, pp. 175-252. [2] M.F. Brown (1994) Chem. Phys. Lipids 73, 159-180. [3] A.V. Botelho et al. (2006) Biophys. J. 91, 4464. [4] A.V. Struts et al. (2011) Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 18, 392-394. [5] A.V. Struts et al. (2011) PNAS 20, 8263-8268. [6] M. Mahalingam et al. (2008) PNAS 105, 17795-17800.
Uniqueness theorems for multidimensional inverse problems with unbounded coefficients

Abstract In [ A. G. Ramm, Inverse Problems 3 (1987) , L77–L82] a method to prove uniqueness theorems is given. The method uses an estimate of the solution to a partial differential equation with L∞(D) coefficients. Here the estimate is established for L2(D) coefficients and the resulting uniqueness theorems are formulated.
Solid-state physics: Single spins in silicon see the light.

The spin state of a single erbium atom in a tiny silicon transistor has been probed using laser light. The finding opens a path towards a hybrid spin–photon quantum-computing architecture. See Letter p.91 Central to most proposed schemes for solid-state quantum information technologies is the ability to detect the state of single electron spins. Electrical and optical read-out schemes have been demonstrated, but have yet to attain the high fidelities required for quantum information applications. Chunming Yin et al. have developed a hybrid scheme that promises to overcome these earlier efficiency obstacles. Specifically, they use optical excitation with high resolution to address an individual spin and change its charge state; this change is then detected efficiently with an electrical read-out.
ALGORITHM AND SIMULATION OF OPTIMAL CURRENT ANGLE CONTROL OF A SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVE

Abstract Based on the optimal current angle control concept of high performance reluctance motor, this paper develops an algorithm and a controller structure to implement this concept. In the proposed algorithm, the drive system states are categorized into transient and steady state according to the comparison with the goal state, and different control strategies are employed for transient and steady state in order to achieve the highest performance of the synchronous reluctance motor. Extensive digital simulation was performed to show that this control strategy has the advantage of faster transient response and highest steady-state performance as well as great speed reversal and load torque disturbance rejection capabilities
Some performance characteristics of disc gangs

Abstract The effect of number of discs in a gang on soil reaction forces was evaluated for gangs containing one to five discs. The performance of two different disc shapes was investigated, each at two operating angles. The angles and shapes were chosen to represent a wide range of operating parameters. Interaction was found to occur between discs; however, the interaction was not a function of the number of discs. The magnitude of the interaction was such that large errors would occur if gang draught force was calculated from single disc data only.
Comment on and addenda to “Arsenic in coal: A review” by Yudovich and Ketris

Abstract In their review of arsenic in coal, Yudovich and Ketris (2005) [Yudovich, Ya.E., Ketris, M.P., 2005. Arsenic in coal: a review. Int. J. Coal Geol. 61, 141–196.] largely overlooked the role that arsenic X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy can play in determining the mode of occurrence of arsenic in coal. Further, XAFS spectroscopy, being a direct method for determining arsenic speciation coals, can also be used to assess the critical assumptions and inferences present in less direct methods of arsenic speciation based on sequential leaching and other fractionation methods. This communication is designed to redress the oversight given arsenic XAFS spectroscopy in the review by Yudovich and Ketris.
Low temperature pulsed laser deposition of titanium carbide on bearing steels

This study focuses on the room temperature pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of titanium carbide (TiC), as a wear-resistant coating on 52100 and 440C bearing steels. The TiC films have been characterized using a variety of analytical techniques. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy have revealed the deposition of extremely smooth TiC films, having very high uniformity over large areas. Selected area electron diffraction in transmission electron microscopy has shown an excellent correlation between the observed lattice spacings in the deposited films and the reported literature values of TiC. The crystallite size of these films has been established by dark field transmission electron microscopy. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of these films were also investigated. Room-temperature PLD has been successful in depositing high-quality TiC films on bearing steel components, thus avoiding numerous problems that arise during conventional high-temperature deposition of such coatings on steels.
Characteristics of yeast causing clouding of dry white wines

Fourteen cultures of yeast were isolated from dry white wines which contained a cloud and/or sediment. These organisms were identified asS. chevalieri Guilliermond (2 cultures),S. carlsbergensis var.monacensis (Hansen) Dekker (1),S. oviformis Osterwalder (6),S. cerevisiae (2),Pichia alcoholophila Klocker (2), andCandida rugosa (Anderson) Diddens and Lodder (1).
On the meaning of probability

Abstract The issues surrounding the use of classical vs. Bayesian views of probability in safety assessments are discussed. Nine reasons are presented to substantiate the belief that the Bayesian notion is both philosophically and practically the better choice. A systems analysis view of the role and use of probability in safety assessments is also described. Such a view permits a thorough examination of underlying assumptions/caveats in order that points of discussion/disagreement can be delineated and resolved independently of the notion of probability adopted in the assessment.
SELF-PRESENTATION AND CONSUMER INTERACTION STYLES

It is hypothesized that self-presentation and consumer interaction styles are interrelated. Specifically those people who adopt an acquisitive self-presentation style are expected to be more assertive than others with respect to requesting information, seeking redress, and resisting sales requests. People adopting a protective self-presentation style are expected to be less assertive with respect to these same consumer interactions. The results of the study support the expectations and imply the importance of considering self-presentation styles in understanding interpersonal influence and interpersonal communications in the marketplace.
Inflation from flux cascades

Abstract When electric-type flux threads compact extra dimensions, a quantum nucleation event can break a flux line and initiate a cascade that unwinds many units of flux. Here, we present a novel mechanism for inflation based on this phenomenon. From the 4D point of view, the cascade begins with the formation of a bubble containing an open Friedmann–Robertson–Walker cosmology, but the vacuum energy inside the bubble is initially only slightly reduced, and subsequently decreases gradually throughout the cascade. If the initial flux number Q 0 ≳ O ( 100 ) , during the cascade the universe can undergo N ≳ 60 efolds of inflationary expansion with gradually decreasing Hubble constant, producing a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of adiabatic density perturbations with amplitude and tilt consistent with observation, and a potentially observable level of non-Gaussianity and tensor modes. The power spectrum has a small oscillatory component that does not decay away during inflation, with a period set approximately by the light-crossing time of the compact dimension(s). Since the ingredients are fluxes threading compact dimensions, this mechanism fits naturally into the string landscape, but does not appear to suffer from the eta problem or require fine-tuning (beyond the usual anthropic requirement of small vacuum energy after reheating).
Effects of Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation on DC93-500 Silicone

Vacuum ultraviolet radiation is among the space environment elements that can be hazardous to DC93-500 silicone film, which has been proposed for use on spacecraft exterior surfaces. Investigations have been conducted to examine vacuum ultraviolet effects on DC93-500 film. Laboratory exposure tests were used to determine the effectiveness of various wavelength ranges in causing optical and mechanical degradation and to determine intensity-dependence of optical and mechanical properties degradation. Results indicated that wavelengths between 185 and 200 nm were significantly more effective in causing degradation than wavelengths between 140 and 185 nm. These findings were consistent with results of vacuum ultraviolet ellipsometric optical measurements, which provided data on depth of penetration in DC93-500 as a function of wavelength. Wavelengths between 185 and 200 nm penetrate to depths between 1 and 3 μm in DC93-500, depths where bulk degradation is likely, whereas the penetration of shorter wavelengths is much more shallow and more likely to result in only surface degradation. Results of exposures of DC93-500 film samples to vacuum ultraviolet radiation of intensities between 1.5 and 5.5 times the sun’s intensity indicated no intensity-dependence of optical and mechanical property degradation.
Surface enrichment of Pt10Rh90(111): II. Exposure to high temperature environments at 760 Torr

The variation in the surface composition of a model catalyst surface, a Pt10Rh90(111) single crystal, has been studied after exposure to oxidizing and reducing gas phase environments at 760 Torr at temperatures typical of automotive catalytic converter operation using ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) with Ne20, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Under reducing conditions, the surface composition is enriched in Pt, consisting of 30% Pt in the surface layer. The Pt enrichment occurs only on the top one-two surface layers. This condition is identical to that obtained after annealing in vacuum at high temperature (1000°C) followed by cooling. Under oxidizing conditions, the surface layer quickly becomes enriched in Rh compared to the bulk, and is accompanied by oxidation of Rh to Rh2O3, as indicated by AES and XPS. The Rh enrichment in the oxide form extends several layers below the surface (5–6 nm), but the Rh oxide only accounts for part of the oxygen incorporated in the sample during the high temperature treatment in oxidizing conditions. This suggests a significant portion of the oxygen occupies interstitial sites in the alloy. Temperature programmed desorption in vacuum results in the observance of an intense oxygen desorption peak around 700°C, accounting for both the decomposition of surface Rh2O3 and removal of interstitial oxygen. At this point, the surface is still enriched in Rh, but is converted to a Pt-enriched surface by 950°C.
Benchmarking the application of quality function deployment in rapid prototyping

Abstract The increased importance of rapid prototyping of manufactured goods in the global market environment has generated extensive interest in “doing enough of the right things” the first time. One very successful approach, called Quality Function Deployment (QFD), introduced by the Mitsubishi Corporation of Japan in 1972, is a structured process for taking the needs and desires of the customer and translating them into technical engineering requirements. Providing products and services that meet the quality expectation of the customer is a challenge facing every corporation. QFD provides a way to ensure customer needs and expectations are addressed from concept through delivery. QFD is an excellent means of communication between interdepartmental teams of product development staff, design engineers, manufacturing engineers, marketing personnel and the final user of the product.
Phase transitions in Abelian lattice gauge theories

We study the Euclidean partition function of Abelian lattice (gauge) theories in various dimensions. Using generalizations of mathematical methods developed recently to study the XY model in two dimensions, we obtain useful expressions for the partition functions and physical pictures of the phases of these more complicated theories. Approximate duality relations and dilute gas approximations yield estimates of critical coupling constants which separate confining and non-confining phases for the rotor model in three dimensions and Abelian lattice gauge theory in four dimensions. Generalizations of this work to non-Abelian continuum theories are discussed.
A microscene approach to the evaluation of hyperspectral system level performance

Assessing the ability of a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) system to detect the presence of a substance or to quantify abundance requires an understanding of the many factors in the end-to-end remote sensing scenario from scene to sensor to data exploitation. While there are methods which attempt to model such an overall scenario, they are necessarily implemented with assumptions and approximations that do not completely capture the true complexity of the actual radiative transfer processes nor do they capture the range of variability that materials display in a natural setting. We propose one alternative to numerical data models that generate hyperspectral image cubes for system trade studies and for algorithm development and testing. This approach makes use of compact hyperspectral imagers that can be used in the laboratory to measure materials in a 'microscene' specific to one’s application. The key to acceptance of this approach is quantifying the distributions of spectra as points in n-D space so that one can compare the spectral complexity of laboratory generated microscene data to that of an earth remote sensing scene. The spectral complexity of the microscene generated in the lab is thus compared to airborne remotely sensed HSI. We produce and measure a microscene, estimate its data dimensionality, and compare that to similar estimates of dimensionality of airborne HSI data sets. Signal-to-clutter ratios (SCR) of the microscene are also compared to those derived from airborne HSI data. The results suggest the microscene is capable of producing a scene that is as complex, if not more so, than that of a hyperspectral scene collected from an airborne sensor. A scene classification analysis and a system trade study are conducted to illustrate the utility of the microscene for assessing system-level performance. This simple, low-cost method can provide proxy data with a distribution of points in n-dimensional (n-D) hyperspace that are indistinguishable from an earth remote sensing scene.
Evolutionary genetics of trophic differentiation in goodeid fishes of the genus Ilyodon

Some populations of one or more species of the goodeid fish genusIlyodon in certain tributaties of Coahuayana and Armeria rivers (.Jalisco and Colima, Mexico) are dichotomous with respect to morphological features that are presumptive trophic adaptations. A narrow mouth ‘morph’ (described asI. furcidens in the Rio Armeria) is sympatric with a broad mouth morph (namedI. xantusi). The morphs are additionally divergent in tooth and gill raker numbers and in coloration of mature males. Other populations are essentially continuous (nondichotomous') in these features.
A histopathologic study of bilateral aphakia with a unilateral intraocular lens in a child.

A 7-year-old boy who had had electrically induced cataracts since he was 6 months old underwent a lens extraction by phacoemulsification in his right eye. He later refused to wear a contact lens. When the boy was 10 years old, the lens of his left eye was removed by phacoemulsification and an intraocular lens was implanted. The intraocular lens functioned well and was tolerated by the boy until he died in an automobile accident at the age of 16 years. A histopathologic study of the eyes, which were obtained post mortem, showed a decreased corneal endothelial cell population, mild focal atrophy of iris structures, and mild lymphocytic infiltration in the implanted eye. Vitreous liquefaction and epiretinal membrane formation occurred in both eyes.
Computationally efficient determination of threshold voltages in narrow-channel MOSFETs including fringing and inversion effects

A method for computing threshold voltages for narrow-channel MOSFETs based on infinite-network theory is presented. The technique enables a domain contraction down to a narrow strip containing the gate contact. Its principal advantage is that it takes into account the fringing of the electric field in the infinite domain above and below the strip without any domain truncations outside the strip. Thus, it does not assume any artificial boundary conditions except at the extremities of the strip, and, consequently, provides more accurate results. Furthermore, the charges of the mobile carriers in the channel-inversion layer are not ignored. The method is general enough to take into account various other determinants. Moreover, the required nodal analysis need be made only for the nodes within the strip and, therefore, the number of equations to be solved is decreased by an order of magnitude, as compared to the standard finite-difference analysis. The computed depletion profile and the total charge of the surface mobile carriers change as the gate-contact width decreases, and this in turn increases the threshold velocity in conformity with the expected narrow-channel effect. >
Fused s-triazino heterocycles. XV. 13H-4,6,7,13a,13c-pentaazabenzo[hi]chrysene, 13H-4,7,13a,13c-tetraazabenzo[hi]chrysene, and 7H-3,7,10,10b-tetraazacyclohepta[de]naphthalene, three new ring systems

The reaction of N-cyano-N′-(6-amino-2-pyridyl)acetamidine (5a) and homophthalic anhydride followed by ring closure of the 2-[2-(carboxymethyl)phenyl]-5-methyl-1,3,4,6,9b-pentaazaphenalene intermediate (4a) gave 5-methyl-13-oxo-13H-4,6,7,13a,13c-pentaazabenzo[hi]chrysene (8a). An analogous series starting with 3-N-(6-amino-2-pyridyl)amino-2-cyano-2-butenenitrile (5b) in place of 5a gave in two steps 5-methyl-13-oxo-13-H-4,7,13a,13c-tetraazabenzo[hi]chrysene-6-carbonitrile (8b). Elemental analysis, ir and pmr spectra of 8a, 8b and several new model compounds aided in confirming the structures of 8a and 8b. The synthesis of one of these model compounds for 5b and phenylacetic anhydride led surprisingly to 2-methyl-9-phenyl-7H-3,7,-10,10b-tetraazacyclohepta[de]naphthalene (10) in addition to the expected 2-benzyl-4-cyano-5-methyl-1,3,-6,9b-tetraazaphenalene (7b).
Notch signaling as a therapeutic target

Signals transduced by Notch receptors influence differentiation and proliferation in a wide variety of cell types. Activation of a Notch signal by one of several ligands triggers a series of proteolytic cleavages that release the intracellular region of Notch from the membrane, allowing it ultimately to translocate to the nucleus and activate the transcription of downstream target genes. Recent studies have elucidated the roles of several key proteins that participate in and modulate these central events in Notch signal transduction. These advances offer a variety of potential avenues to manipulate Notch signaling for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of cancer and in stem cell maintenance.
The Development of Play in Infants, Toddlers, and Young Children:

The developmental domain of play is critical to early intervention efforts. It often may be one of the few areas that can be reliably and validly observed in infants, toddlers, and young children with, or suspected of having, developmental disabilities. It is imperative that professionals involved in early intervention efforts have a deep and broad knowledge and understanding of play. This article, the first in a two-part series, presents a comprehensive, illustrative review of the development of play in infants, toddlers, and young children.
Innate immunity and mucosal bacterial interactions in the intestine.

Purpose of reviewExciting progress has been made recently in identifying receptors and effector molecules of innate immunity. The review focuses on new insights and their applications to intestinal physiology in the areas of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (N
The patient's dreams and the countertransference

Dreams reported in psychoanalysis may reflect not only the transference of the patient, but also the countertransference, counterresistance, and counteranxiety of the psychoanalyst. Because of the communicative capacity of dreams, the analyst may use the patient's dreams as supervision. Objective signs are described that may indicate countertransference interference in the analyst's dream interpretation. Through a process of reciprocal, interactive dream interpretation, the dream's meaning about the transference—countertransference matrix can be clarified. Usually, there is an intermediate stage in working on a dream, during which the dream meaning is enacted in the dream‐interpretation process. Clinical examples include the “Lovely Dream”; reported by Freud, along with examples from the casebook of Gill and Hoffman (1982) and from the author's own practice.
Radiation from periodic structures excited by an aperiodic source

In the past, periodic structures have been extensively studied for guided waves along the surface, or for plane wave excitation. However, very little has been reported concerning the problem of exciting periodic structures by a localized source. The essential difficulty of this problem is due to the aperiodic nature of the source. This paper presents a study of a two-dimensional periodic structure excited by a magnetic line source. The structure consists of a grounded dielectric slab covered by a periodically slotted conducting plane. From the continuity of the fields in the slots, an infinite system of integral equations for the aperture fields is derived. Under the assumption of narrow slots, these equations are converted into a single integral equation by the use of the sampling technique, and the solution is expressed in an inverse Fourier transform. The integrand is then converted into a form of space harmonics which contains an infinite number of poles and branch points. The relationship between these singularities and the k-\beta diagram is clearly demonstrated. The radiation pattern is calculated and compared with experimental data. The Wood anomalies associated with leaky waves and the Rayleigh wavelength, and in particular, the relationship between the behavior of the field near the Rayleigh wavelength and the lateral waves are discusssed.
Upper Bounds on Scattering Lengths for Compound Systems: n-D Quartet Scattering

In the zero-energy scattering of a particle by a compound system under the conditions that (1) only one exit channel is open (elastic scattering) and (2) no composite bound state exists for the particle and the scattering system in the state of given total angular momentum, the Kohn variational principle gives an upper bound on the scattering length. This is one of several results given previously for the case of scattering by a center of force which may be taken over directly, provided conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied. As a particular application of these results, several previous calculations of the $n\ensuremath{-}D$ quartet scattering length, ${A}_{Q}$, based on the Kohn principle (the method of Verde and the static approximation of Buckingham and Massey are included) are reanalyzed using the rigorous criterion that the best result is the one giving the lowest value. Further, some calculations of ${A}_{Q}$ based on the Rubinow formulation, which do not necessarily provide a bound, are converted to the Kohn form, thereby obtaining, in addition to a bound, an improved approximation to the scattering length. Some limitations and possible extensions of the method are discussed.
Controlled micro release of pharmacological agents: measurements of volume ejected in vitro through fine tipped glass microelectrodes by pressure.

Abstract The amounts of substances delivered by applying pressure to fine. Theta-type, fluid-filled glass microelectrodes were quantitated by in vitro measurement. Relationships between the volumes ejected, the duration of pressure application, and tip size were investigated. The tip sizes ranged between ⩽ 0.6 and 1.2 μm o.d. and were suitable for recording intracellularly from cortical neurons in awake cats. With electrodes of tip sizes ⩾ 0.6 μm, the volumes of fluid ejected increased linearly with time. Volumes were determined by measuring the activity of ejected radio isotopes or the size of droplets of an aqueous solution expressed into mineral oil. Measurements were obtained over periods of up to 180 sec of pressure application (80 psi). The volumes expressed ranged between 10 1 −10 5 μm 3 . The rate of ejection increased as the tip size increased. Tips of 0.6 μm passed up to 2 × 10 2 μm 3 ; 0.9 μm, up to 4 × 10 3 μm 3 and 1.2 μm up to 5 × 10 4 μm 3 volumes for 30 sec of pressure application. The output rate was greater for ejections of ethanolic solution than for aqueous solution. The repeatability of ejection from individual electrodes was also tested. Relatively consistent, reproducible delivery was found for electrodes with tips between 0.6 and 1.2 μm. The results suggest that the pressure microinjection method affords more predictable, quantitative delivery than the iontophoretic method. Femtomolar (10 −15 M) amounts of pharmacologically active substances can be administered by such means.
Square-bounded partitions and Catalan numbers

For each integer k?1, we define an algorithm which associates to a partition whose maximal value is at most k a certain subset of all partitions. In the case when we begin with a partition ? which is square-bounded, i.e. ?=(? 1?????? k ) with ? 1=k and ? k =1, applying the algorithm ? times gives rise to a set whose cardinality is either the Catalan number c ??k+1 (the self dual case) or twice that Catalan number. The algorithm defines a tree and we study the propagation of the tree, which is not in the isomorphism class of the usual Catalan tree. The algorithm can also be modified to produce a two-parameter family of sets and the resulting cardinalities of the sets are the ballot numbers. Finally, we give a conjecture on the rank of a particular module for the ring of symmetric functions in 2?+m variables.
Time-Dependent Reliability Analysis on the Flexural Behavior of Corroded RC Beams before and after Repairing

It has been recognized that the quantitative performance evaluation of corroded reinforced concrete (RC) structures could aid in developing effective repair strategies. However, the current performance evaluation only focuses on the ultimate strengths criteria and do not consider the serviceability requirements. To consider both criteria and to facilitate the analysis, an analytical procedure is proposed for predicting the load-deflection behavior of intact and corroded RC beams. The corrosion effects considered here include the effects of corrosion on the area and yielding strength of the rebars, and the bond stress-slip behavior at the steel-concrete interface. The proposed procedure is then utilized to evaluate the time-dependent reliability of an RC beam with and without repair in terms of flexural strength and deflection performances. The effects of relative humidity and mixture design are also studied.
Emergency Medicine Education Intervention in Rwanda

Abstract Study objective: To describe the effectiveness of an emergency medical education program in a postwar developing country. Methods: A prospective, nonrandomized interrupted time-series study was conducted in an emergency department at a national referral hospital in Rwanda immediately after the 1994 civil war. Participants included 11 medical personnel staffing the ED comprising physicians, nurses, and medical assistants. International medical relief workers in the ED identified deficiencies by directly observing routine clinical practices. On the basis of this assessment, formal training programs in trauma resuscitation, airway management, wound care, and blood/fluid precautions were conducted. Subjects were then observed 1 week and 2 months after the educational programs and scored on a standardized data-collection form. Scores before and after intervention were compared with the use of Fisher's exact test to determine program effectiveness. Results: Educational interventions with statistically significantly longer term effects included wound management principles and blood/fluid precautions (before versus after intervention, P Conclusion: Educational seminars proved to have the greatest sustained effect on those behaviors requiring minimal equipment and noncomplex medical decisionmaking. [Erickson TB, VanRooyen MJ, Werbiski P, Mycyk M, Levy P: Emergency medicine education intervention in Rwanda. Ann Emerg Med December 1996;28:648-651.]
Auditory sensitivity and vocalizations of the field sparrow (Spizella pusilla)

The auditory sensitivity of the field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) was measured by behavioral audiometry. Two male birds were trained by instrumental avoidance conditioning to respond to pure tones. Thresholds for pure tones between .25 kHz and 12.0 kHz were measured over a number of days. Auditory sensitivity is greatest between 1.0 and 4.0 kHz and declines about 12 dB/octave from 2.0 kHz down to .25 kHz and from 2.0 kHz up to 8.0 kHz. Above 8 kHz, auditory sensitivity falls off steeply at the rate of about 70 dB/octave. The range of auditory sensitivity of the field sparrow compares favorably with the range of frequencies found in the vocal repertoire of this species.
High luminosity heavy quark and electromagnetic probes at RHIC

Abstract Here we give a brief introduction to the reviews of heavy flavor and electromagnetic probes at RHIC presented in this journal issue.
Senior travel buddies: sustainable ride-sharing & socialization

We are developing a system to be implemented at Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRCs) throughout the United States in an effort to encourage ride-sharing among residents in order to decrease their carbon emissions. We are focusing on senior citizens for two reasons. they are a growing segment of the population with driving habits that result in higher pollution, but they are also a population that is at risk of isolation and the mental and physical harm that can result from being isolated. Our system addresses both of these issues while leveraging the infrastructure and culture of CCRCs in addition to hiding the technology from the senior residents themselves.
Modulation of T-cell function by (R)- and (S)-isomers of albuterol: anti-inflammatory influences of (R)-isomers are negated in the presence of the (S)-isomer.

Abstract Background: β 2 -Adrenergic agonists interact with specific receptors on T lymphocytes to mediate anti-inflammatory activities. However, anti-inflammatory effects are not observed when β 2 -adrenergic agonists are administered in vivo as racemates. Objective: We hypothesized that anti-inflammatory influences are mediated by the (R)-isomer and are masked in the additional presence of the (S)-isomer. Methods: Antigen-specific T-cell lines were generated in the presence of recombinant human IL-2 and tetanus with or without varying concentrations of (R)- and (S)-isomers of albuterol alone or in combination. Parallel lines were generated in the presence of propranolol. Cells were briefly pulsed with PHA and evaluated for proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine secretion. Results: (R)-Albuterol significantly inhibited T-cell proliferation (77.0% ± 9.7% of control at 10 −8 mol/L and 61.1% ± 9.0% at 10 −7 mol/L). No influence was observed with (S)-albuterol alone. However, the addition of (S)-albuterol to (R)-albuterol mediated a dose-dependent increase in proliferation. At equivalent concentrations of the 2 isomers, proliferation was unchanged from the control, whereas at 10 −6 mol/L (S)-albuterol, proliferation was enhanced. Both the inhibitory effects of (R)-albuterol alone and the stimulating influence of (R)- plus (S)-albuterol were blocked in the additional presence of propranolol. (R)-Albuterol at 10 −8 mol/L inhibited IL-2 and IFN-γ production. Racemic albuterol (10 −8 mol/L each) had no influence on cytokine production; however, the combination of 10 −8 mol/L (R)-albuterol with 10 −6 (S)-albuterol stimulated production of IL-2 and IL-13. No effects were observed on apoptosis or cell viability. Conclusion: These studies confirm the β-adrenergic receptor-specific anti-inflammatory effects of (R)-albuterol. The racemate had minimal influences on proliferation or cytokine production. The presence of excess (S)-albuterol resulted in proinflammatory influences. We hypothesize that the (S)-isomer functions as an inverse agonist to switch the function of the β 2 -adrenergic receptor. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:449-54.)
hTERT is highly expressed in Ewing's sarcoma and activated by EWS-ETS oncoproteins

Although the fusion proteins EWS-ETS are uniquely associated with Ewing's sarcoma and have been shown to have transformational properties, they are not the only determinants of oncogenesis. Therefore, before molecular-based therapy can be initiated, a better understanding of the molecular network specific to Ewing's sarcoma is mandatory. Specimens from 31 patients with Ewing's sarcoma were analyzed immunohistochemically. We found that human telomerase reverse transcriptase was expressed highly (78%) in Ewing's sarcoma. The mean followup was 7 years (range, 1-21 years), and human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression was correlated with outcome. Because we did not find an association between expression pattern and survival, human telomerase reverse transcriptase may not serve as a tumor marker in Ewing's sarcoma. However, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter is shown to be activated by the fusion proteins. Therefore, transcriptional regulation via EWS-ETS may account for the high human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression in Ewing's sarcoma.
A Submerged Cage Designed for Aquatic Research

Abstract We describe the design for a submerged cage that is suitable for aquaculture research and is durable, portable, and affordable. The 1.0-m3 cages are constructed of galvanized-steel strips and semirigid, high-density polyethylene mesh. The strips are welded together to form panels. The mesh is attached to the panels with an adhesive or silicone before the panels are coupled with self-tapping sheet metal screws. Mesh security is aided by sandwiching the mesh between adjoining panels. As designed, the cage is easy to dismantle for transport and to reassemble on site without sacrificing strength. When disassembled, a cage is 1/10th of its original size. Total weight of a cage is 23 kg. For each cage, total material cost is approximately US$65, and estimated total construction cost is less than $120.
Homogeneous Hydrogenation of Alkenes Catalyzed by the Ruthenium−Hydride Complex (PCy3)2(CO)(Cl)RuH: Spectroscopic Observation of the Ruthenium−Ethyl and Ruthenium−Ethylene−Hydride Intermediate Species

The ruthenium−hydride complex (PCy3)2(CO)(Cl)RuH (1a) was found to catalyze the hydrogenation of terminal and cyclic alkenes. For example, the reaction of 1-hexene with 4 atm of H2 in the presence of 1a (1-hexene:1a = 8300:1) produced the hydrogenation product 2 (TON = 12 000 h-1). The treatment of 1a with excess ethylene led to the observation of both the ruthenium−ethyl and ruthenium−ethylene−hydride species 4a and 5a, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters for the equilibria among 1a, 4a, and 5a were estimated from the VT NMR data. These results are consistent with a monohydride mechanistic pathway.