cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cotton rat Sihi- M3 is a minimally oligomorphic Mhc I-b molecule that binds the chemotactic peptide fMLF under stringent conditions

The leading model for class I-b evolution suggests non-polymorphic I-b genes evolve by gene duplication from polymorphic I-a genes. We recently found N-formyl peptide-specific orthologs of the class I-b gene H2-M3 in the rodent subfamily Sigmodontinae. To test if sigmodont M3 is a I-b gene, we sequenced M3 from wild cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) diverse at the class II locus, Sihi-DQA. These haplotypes carry a single allele of M3 that closely resembles H2-M3. However, peptide-binding assays showed that cotton rat M3 bound the chemotactic N-formylpeptide fMLF better than did rat or mouse M3. The Ala116→Lys substitution in cotton rat M3 might enhance binding of fMLF and is one of eight residues of M3 that interact with ligand residues P3 and P4 and that are positively selected, with a d N /d S ratio of 1.8. Thus, M3 is a class I-b gene in both sigmodontine and murine murids, but positive selection operates on a small subset of residues in the traditionally defined antigen recognition site.
Mechanisms for the anti‐inflammatory effects of adiponectin in macrophages

Adiponectin is an adipokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties. The development of alcoholic liver disease is thought to involve increased pro-inflammatory activity, mediated in part by the activation of hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells). Chronic ethanol feeding sensitizes hepatic macrophages to activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Adiponectin can normalize Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) mediated signaling in hepatic macrophages after ethanol feeding, likely contributing to the hepatoprotective effect of adiponectin in the progression of alcoholic liver disease. However, the mechanisms by which adiponectin suppress TLR-4 mediated responses are not well understood. Using the macrophage-like cell line, RAW264.7, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which adiponectin suppresses LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha production. Globular adiponectin (gAcrp)-mediated desensitization of LPS-stimulated responses in RAW264.7 macrophages was dependent on the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. gAcrp initially increased TNF-alpha expression in RAW264.7 macrophages; this TNF-alpha then contributed to increased expression of IL-10. This initial gAcrp-mediated increase in TNF-alpha production by macrophages was mediated via activation of ERK1/2-->Egr-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-dependent mechanisms. gAcrp-stimulated IL-10 expression was also dependent on the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein and the cAMP response element in the IL-10 promoter. In summary, these studies reveal a complex, integrated response of macrophages to gAcrp. gAcrp initially activated signaling pathways considered to be pro-inflammatory, with a subsequent increase in the expression of the potent, anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Increased IL-10 expression was ultimately required for the suppression of TLR4-mediated signaling by gAcrp.
The structure of metmanganoglobin

Abstract The structure of metmanganoglobin, in which Mn(III) replaces Fe(III) as the heme metal, has been compared with that of native hemoglobin by X-ray difference Fourier techniques. Their quaternary structures are identical and their tertiary structures are similar, as expected both from the close stereochemical correspondence between manganese porphyrins and the corresponding iron porphyrins, and from the similarities in functional properties previously reported. There are, however, a number of small but significant differences. The α-heme is essentially unperturbed by the metal substitution, in contrast to the β-heme. It appears that the sixth ligand of the β-heme, a water molecule in native hemoglobin, has been lost, and that the resultant five-co-ordinate β-heme in metmanganoglobin is distinctly ruffled in accord with quasi-S 4 symmetry. The loss of non-covalent ligand-globin interactions together with the heme ruffling produce numerous small perturbations in the β-globin, which are transmitted across the α 1 -β 1 interface to the α-globin. The α 1 -β 2 interface is only slightly perturbed. Metmanganoglobin thus displays some, but not all, of the structural features to be expected in a partially liganded hemoglobin: those arising directly from ligand loss from the β-hemes, and contraction of the ligand pocket in the β-chain, but not others, such as those which accompany a marked alteration in the distance of the proximal histidine from the mean plane of the porphyrin. The basic similarity in the structural and functional properties of manganoglobin and native hemoglobin demonstrates that hemoglobin function is not uniquely dependent on the co-ordination properties of the metal.
An alternative approach to relative indices of development and potential for change of the nation-state

Abstract Quantitative indices are proposed to reflect the degree of development and the potential for change of the nation-state. The former index is based upon the intensity of energy consumption, while the latter is defined as the product of agricultural land per capita and gross national product per capita. It is shown that acceptable levels of some welfare functions are achieved above a critical energy intensity called the development threshold, and it is postulated that above a higher critical level of energy intensity significant environmental deterioration will occur. Data is presented for 104 countries and high levels of change potential are shown to be correlated with a relatively large number of options for further development. On the other hand, very low levels of change potential are found in countries which have difficulty in supporting their populations. It is postulated that change potential is more useful than either population density or poverty as an indicator of when a country is in need of a vigorous population policy. It is concluded that below the development threshold further industrialization is beneficial while above it this may not be true. It is also concluded that at high levels of the change potential and at intensities below the development threshold high population growth rates may be tolerated.
Nitric oxide signaling triggered by the rheumatoid arthritis-shared epitope: A new paradigm for MHC-disease association?

Many immune-mediated diseases are associated with partic- ular MHC class I or class II alleles. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA-shared), the vast majority of patients possess HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding a shared epitope, which is a five-amino acid sequence motif in positions 70-74 of the HLA-DRchain. The mechanistic basis for this association is unknown. Here we discuss recent evidence suggesting that the shared epitope may act as an allele-specific ligand that triggers increased nitric oxide (NO) production in opposite cells with resultant immune dysregula- tion. We propose that by doing that, the RA-shared shared epitope may form an unintended bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, thereby allowing aberrant signaling events that could trigger disease.
Research on the Usability of the Defective Grid Structure

Regarding dangerous defects such as cracks and lack of fusion in the joint weld of conical head and tube of grid structures and presented problems in NDT, research on usability of the defective grid structure was carried out through theoretical computations and experimental tests of mechanical properties of defective welds with specification of Φ60×3.5mm. Specific advice concerning quality control of the joint weld is given.
Optical Effects of Electro-Rheological Fluids

Measurements have been made of the 525 nm re gion (green) light transmission through suspensions of silica in a liquid fluorocarbon. Transmission dropped when electrostatic field strengths up to 1350 V/mm were applied perpendicular to the light path, but no drop was detected for fields parallel to the light path. The transmission drop did not depend on incident polarization. We observed that an ER fluid changes the polarization of transmitted light with and without an applied electric field, but we were unable to resolve the dependence on the electric field.
Assessment of pingo distribution and morphometry using an IfSAR derived digital surface model, western Arctic Coastal Plain, Northern Alaska

Abstract Pingos are circular to elongate ice-cored mounds that form by injection and freezing of pressurized water in near-surface permafrost. Here we use a digital surface model (DSM) derived from an airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) system to assess the distribution and morphometry of pingos within a 40,000 km2 area on the western Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. We have identified 1247 pingo forms in the study region, ranging in height from 2 to 21 m, with a mean height of 4.6 m. Pingos in this region are of hydrostatic origin, with 98% located within 995 drained lake basins, most of which are underlain by thick eolian sand deposits. The highest pingo density (0.18 km− 2) occurs where streams have reworked these deposits. Morphometric analyses indicate that most pingos are small to medium in size (
Beyond the critical period : Processing-based explanations for poor grammaticality judgment performance by late second language learners

Abstract This research explores if poor grammaticality judgments of late (age of arrival ⩾ 12) second language learners often attributed to being beyond the critical period for language acquisition can be better explained by processing difficulties due to (1) low L2 working memory capacity, (2) poor L2 decoding, and/or (3) inadequate L2 processing speed. In Experiment 1, late L2 learners and native speakers performed measures of English working memory, decoding, and speed, and a grammaticality judgment task. Compared to native speakers, late L2 learners were poorer on all measures. L2 span, L2 decoding ability, and arrival age correlated with L2 judgment accuracy. Late L2 learners had less difficult judging some structures (e.g., word order, questions) than others (e.g., articles, regular past). To simulate these deficits, Experiment 2 placed native speakers under stressors relevant to memory (low or high digit load), decoding (noise), or speed (response deadline, compressed speech) during grammaticality judgment. Span and decoding scores correlated with judgment under relevant stressors. The stressors caused native speakers to show selective deficits in judgment, with some structures (e.g., word order) being less vulnerable to stress than others (e.g., regular past). Performance of natives under noise or memory stress paralleled that of late L2 learners, indicating a role for decoding and memory abilities in explaining poor grammaticality judgment.
Quantitative analysis of thrombomodulin-mediated conversion of protein C to APC: Translation from in vitro to in vivo

Thrombomodulin-bound thrombin cleaves protein C (PC) zymogen in blood plasma producing activated protein C (APC), which exerts anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and CNS-protective effects. Recombinant APC and thrombomodulin (TM) are both in clinical studies for management of acute conditions including sepsis. Methods that permit accurate measurement of APC in plasma are needed for clinical monitoring and mechanistic studies in animal models. However, the two existing methods require either long incubation periods with substrate, resulting in high background or they also recognize protein C inhibitor (PCI) complexed with APC (APC:PCI), which convolutes analysis of the amount of APC generated. Here we describe a robust quantitative in vivo assay that measures APC generation at both low levels of human protein C seen in chronic inflammatory disease and at physiological levels that shows a >99% fit with in vitro data.
Hypothalamic monoamine oxidase, a component in the serotonergic control of pituitary prolactin content in Carassius auratus L.

Abstract The role of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) was examined with regard to the control of pituitary prolactin content in the goldfish. Inhibition of MAO by means of intraperitoneal injection of pargyline resulted in significantly elevated brain serotonin content. Concomitantly, pituitary prolactin stores were also significantly elevated. Time-course and dose-response experiments revealed that pargyline at doses ≥25 mg/kg completely inhibited MAO and significantly increased brain serotonin and pituitary prolactin content within 12 hr. It is concluded that the enzyme MAO may be a significant component of the monoaminergic system of the goldfish, serving to modulate the serotonergic inputs to centers involved in the control of pituitary prolactin secretion.
Homogeneously-Alloyed CdTeSe Single-Sized Nanocrystals with Bandgap Photoluminescence

Homogeneously alloyed ternary CdTeSe magic-sized nanocrystals (MSNs) with bandgap emission were synthesized in 1-octadecene (ODE) via a noninjection one-pot approach featuring synthetic reproducibi...
X-ray astronomy

A brief history of X-ray astronomy is presented. This is followed by a discussion of current results with the Einstein Observatory and an examination of the proposed Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility.
The potential energy curve of the ground state of lithium, Li2

Abstract Seven reported potential energy curves (RKR, IPA, and rotationless) are compared for the ground states of 7 Li 2 , 6 Li 7 Li, and 6 Li 2 . Discrepancies among them, particularly in the repulsive (inner) limb, are evaluated. Irregularities in the behavior of the “spectroscopic” parameter β of the Morse function are found with some of them. The “universal” potential energy function that produces a priori potentials, without prior knowledge of them [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (1991) 4755], yields a curve that lies generally between the seven spectroscopic potentials over most of their domain. The a priori potential appears as a consensus and is judged to be the best estimate of the potential energy curve of Li 2 . Values of distances obtained from it are presented at the reported energy levels of 7 Li 2 .
One-Order-Statistic Conditional Estimators of Shape Parameters of Limited and Pareto Distributions and Scale Parameters of Type II Asymptotic Distributions of Smallest and Largest Values

One-order-statistic estimators are derived for the shape parameter K of the limited distribution function F1(x, ?, K) = 1 - (? - x)K and the Pareto distribution function F2(y, ?, K) = 1 - (y - ?)-K, given the location parameters ? and ?, respectively. Similar estimators are derived for the scale parameters v1 and Vn, of the Type II asymptotic distributions of smallest and largest values, F3(w, v1, K) = 1 - exp[-(w/v1)-K] and F4(z, vn K) = exp [-(z/vn)-K], given the shape parameter K and assuming the location parameter is zero. The one-order-statistic estimators are K?|? = -1/Cmn 1n(? - xmn) for the limited distribution, K?|? = 1/Cmn 1n(ymn - ?) for the Pareto distribution, ?1|K = Cmn-1/K Wmn and ?n|K = Cmn-1/K Zn-m+1,n for the Type II distributions of smallest and largest values, where Xmn, Ymn, Wmn, Zmn are the mth order statistics of samples of size n from the respective distributions and Cmn is the coefficient for a one-order-statistic estimator of the scale parameter of an exponential distribution, which has been tabled in an earlier paper. It is shown that exact confidence bounds can be easily derived for these parameters using exact confidence bounds for the scale parameter of the exponential distribution. Use of the estimators is illustrated by numerical examples.
Hormone Replacement Therapy: Management of Common Problems

Objective To describe common pitfalls associated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and recommendations to prevent or ameliorate them. Design After pertinent articles and texts were reviewed, we outlined the available regimens of HRT, the commonly encountered side effects, and the management options. Results HRT is frequently prescribed for elderly women. Vaginal bleeding, nausea, breast tenderness, migraine headaches, mood alterations, and abdominal bloating are common occurrences with HRT. These problems often can be managed by changing the dose, using another preparation or regimen, or altering the route of administration. For example, transdermal administration of estradiol may be tolerated better than oral therapy in patients with nausea. Irregular bleeding warrants endometrial biopsy to rule out hyperplasia. Conclusion With simple measures, common side effects of HRT can easily be managed by primary-care physicians. Gynecologic referral is recommended when endometrial biopsy is necessary or when symptoms fail to respond to adjustments in hormone therapy.
Current strategies for the treatment of alcohol dependence in the United States

Substantial progress has been reported in the treatment of patients with alcoholism in the United States. Studies that seek to identify the most appropriate form of therapy for alcohol-dependent patients have been an important part of this effort. Recognition that psychotherapy alone cannot help all patients who have alcoholism has led to interest in the use of pharmacotherapy. Recent research demonstrates that pharmacotherapy with the opioid receptor antagonists naltrexone and nalmefene helps prevent relapse in many alcohol-dependent patients.
Modal Fields And Curvature Losses In Ti-diffused LiNbO 3 Waveguides

An accurate empirical model of the fundamental modal field distribution of straight and curved indiffused channel waveguides is presented and used to theoretically determine the losses associated with directional changes in the axes of indiffused waveguides. Particularly, the theoretical results are compared to experiment for Ti-diffused LiNbO3 waveguides that are single mode at 0.63 Âµm. Excellent agreement between the measurements and predictions are observed.
The Evolution of Vertical Coordination in Agriculture: A Pork Industry Example

O NE key organizational development in U.S. agriculture has been a change in the system of vertical coordination of production and distribution. The move away from "spot" market coordination of various functions to contractual arrangements or vertical integration has been quite pronounced in many industries and has given rise to several policy issues. This paper presents the results and subjective analysis of the status of new vertical coordination arrangements in the pork industry from an informal survey of feed manufacturers, hog producers, packers, retailers, and others. While firms tend to be classified into industry groups (packers, retailers, etc.) according to the activity for which they are primarily known, many participate in more than one stage of the pork production-marketing system. Interest in new vertically coordinated systems varies widely, however.
Caloric density of avian adipose tissue.

Abstract 1. 1. Caloric density of whole adipose tissue and lipids extracted thereform were determined by bomb calorimetry using five avian species. Whole tissue from the interfurcular region had a lower caloric density (6·0–9·1 kcal/g) than did the lipid extract (9·0–9·4). 2. 2. Adipose tissue lipids from pre- and intramigratory individuals had mean caloric densities of about 9·1 kcal/g. Postmigratory individuals usually had lower values of about 8·8 kcal/g. Premigratory values were also higher (9·2) in long-distance migrants than in short-distance intracontinental migrants (9·0). Values obtained during the summer months were the lowest of all seasons, ranging from 6·5 to 8·8. 3. 3. At the time of energy-demanding flights many birds have maximum adipose tissue depots containing the highest seasonal percentage of lipids and highest caloric densities.
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Abstract Premenstrual dysphoria disorder has a well-described phenomenology of cyclic monthly recurrences of physical, mental, or behavioral symptoms in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle that severely impair a woman's life. Its etiology is unknown, its course is variable, and the role of family history is not certain. Diagnosis is one of exclusion based on a reliable history, thorough physical and mental examinations, baseline laboratory tests, and daily prospective symptom ratings. Treatment consists of symptom management. Healing requires discovering the meaning of the woman's suffering.
The cytotoxic effect of titanium particles phagocytosed by osteoblasts.

The cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of titanium particles on osteoblasts was studied in vitro. It was found that the viability of the osteoblasts was inversely proportional to the particle concentration. Phagocytosis of particles by the osteoblasts was evident and was demonstrated to be responsible for cell necrosis. Moreover, during and after phagocytosis, the osteoblasts released products that were cytotoxic for other osteoblasts, as established with a conditioned medium assay. The titanium particles thus had both a direct and an indirect effect on osteoblast viability. It also was observed that the titanium particles induced a process of programmed cell death (apoptosis) when co-cultured with osteoblasts. The results of this study suggest that not only is the amount of wear debris generated important, but the local accumulation of the debris also may have a significant impact on bone cell function.
End joining of genomic DNA and transgene DNA in fertilized mouse eggs.

Abstract A linear 5.2-kb HS2/β-globin construct with an upstream KpnI terminus (4-nucleotide (nt) 3' protruding single strand, PSS) and a downstream SalI terminus (4-nt 5' PSS) was microinjected into fertilized mouse eggs. The injected DNA fragments integrated into the mouse genome primarily as a head-to-tail tandem array. Chromosome/transgene junctions were obtained from seven of eight transgenic animals. All of the junctions occurred in the proximity of a transgene KpnI end; a maximum loss of 8 nt from the transgene terminus was observed. Two of these junctions completely preserved the 4-nt KpnI 3' PSS. Transgene/transgene junctions from two animals were analyzed. SalI/KpnI junctions that completely preserved both the SalI 5' PSS and the KpnI 3' PSS were found in each animal. These are the first examples of complete nt preservation at junctions formed between a 5' PSS terminus and a 3' PSS terminus in transgenic mice. The data are consistent with the fill-in model of Thode et al. [Cell 60 (1990) 921–928] in which alignment proteins juxtapose 5' PSS and 3' PSS termini; DNA polymerase then utilizes the recessed 3′-OH of the 5′ PSS terminus as a primer to synthesize DNA across the gap. This mechanism results in the formation of junctions with no loss of sequence. The results described in the present paper suggest that this mechanism may be involved in the formation of junctions in transgenic mice.
Revisiting Media Effects in Authoritarian Societies Democratic Conceptions, Collectivistic Norms, and Media Access in Urban China

We argue that, to effectively understand media effects in authoritarian societies, researchers must assess different types of media strategies adopted by authoritarian leaders. Using survey data from two Chinese cities, we examine the effects of two types of media strategies adopted by the Chinese government, targeting political attitudes and nonpolitical values and norms, respectively. Following a new line of research, we contrast China’s domestic-controlled media to foreign free media. After accounting for the selection bias in Chinese urbanites’ media access, we do not find sufficient evidence for the effect of the media strategies directly targeting their democratic conceptions. However, sufficient and robust evidence shows that more intensive consumption of diverse media sources, including foreign media, does significantly but indirectly counteract the Chinese government’s political campaigns targeting its citizens’ democratic conceptions, via thwarting the government’s media strategies to cultivate ...
Effects of testosterone on ontogeny of urinary behavior in male and female dogs.

Abstract Development of urinary behavior from birth to adulthood was observed in six groups of beagles including normal males (NM), normal females (NF), males castrated soon after birth (CM), males castrated soon after birth and treated with testosterone (T) for the next 90 days (CMT), females exposed to T in utero (FTU), and females exposed to T in utero and during infancy, i.e., the first 30–40 days postpartum (FTUI). Prenatal treatment with T had masculinizing effects on juvenile urinary behavior in FTU and FTUI. On the other hand normal development of fully adult masculine urinary patterns in males and females necessitated both prenatal and postnatal androgenic stimulation. It was not necessary that T be present at the time the overt behavior developed. For example, adult male behavior appeared in FTUI at the same time as in NM, i.e., 6–10 months, although the supply of exogenous androgen in FTUI had been exhausted within 30–40 days after birth. CMT showed precocious development of all components of the adult male pattern. Development of adult responses was markedly retarded in most CM, and their performance did not equal that of NM at 23 months. They were then injected with TP which promptly evoked completely normal male urinary behavior. It is tentatively concluded that T acting before birth and during the juvenile period “prepares” critical CNS mechanisms so that when general maturation reaches the appropriate point adult male behavior develops. Although the preparatory role of T is essential, the behavior is not dependent on T after it has developed.
Measuring height variation over entire wafer surface with high lateral resolution

As the semiconductor industry progresses down the roadmap to smaller device geometries, precise metrology of the wafer nanotopography is increasingly needed by the wafer manufacturers and the semiconductor device manufacturers. To meet the demands, we have built an instrument that integrates our patented and proprietary white light interferometer with a motorized x-y stage. It measures height variation over the entire 200mm or 300mm wafer front surface with high lateral resolution and sub-nanometer height precision. This is accomplished by stitching together multiple maps obtained from a white light interferometer. Each individual map represents height variation over a part of the wafer surface. These individual maps are properly positioned to cover the entire wafer surface with sufficient overlapping area. With such properly arranged maps, we are able to produce an entire wafer surface by stitching them together. The map stitching expands the field of view available to our patented low coherence interferometer. This approach makes it possible to reveal more detail nanotopographic information over the entire wafer surface. In this paper, we will present the map stitching approach for the measurements of 200mm and 300mm wafers, including the theoretical foundations of stitching technique and the arrangements of individual measurements. We will also demonstrate measurement results on various wafers.
Anaerobic conditions to reduce oxidation of proteins and to accelerate the copper-catalyzed “Click” reaction with a water-soluble bis(triazole) ligand

Oxidation of protein (bovine albumin serum) by air still occurred under the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction conditions even in the presence of a Cu(I)-stabilizing tris(triazole) ligand. Anaerobic conditions not only avoided the oxidation of the protein, but also greatly accelerated the CuAAC reaction using a water-soluble bis(triazole) Cu(I) ligand.
Engineering challenges in cellencapsulation technology

The use of implantable immunoisolation devices, in which the tissue is protected from immune rejection by enclosure within a semipermeable membrane or encapsulant, is one approach in the development of cell therapies. However, further research is required in the areas of: tissue supply from primary or cell-culture sources; maintenance of cell viability and function, its relationship to device design, and the role of, and factors affecting, oxygen-supply limitations; and, protection from immune rejection, especially in view of the mechanisms thought to operate in the presence of a semipermeable membrane, the properties of that membrane, and the implications for biology and device design.
Charge transfer, doping, and interface morphologies for Al-C60.

The electronic properties and morphologies of aluminum-${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ interfaces have been studied with photoelectron spectroscopy. The formation of an interface dipole between the first layer of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and Al establishes the Fermi level as the common energy-level reference. This dipole layer reflects the transfer of \ensuremath{\sim}0.2 electrons per first-layer fullerene. Deposition of Al onto ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ at 300 K results in the formation of Al clusters on the surface and also limited Al diffusion into the fullerene lattice. These interstitial Al atoms create a solid solution and form donor levels that are thermally ionized. Aluminum overlayer growth at 60 K results in smaller islands and suppressed doping because both surface and bulk diffusion are thermally activated processes. There is no evidence of bulk Al-${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ compound formation.
Facilitators and barriers to interagency collaboration in mother–child residential substance abuse treatment programs

Abstract Interagency collaboration is imperative to address the multiple and co-occurring needs of youth and families impacted by substance abuse. Mother–child residential treatment programs represent a unique program model where success often hinges on collaboration between substance abuse agencies and a range of other service providers. Little is known, however, about the facilitators and barriers to implementing these service programs. The purpose of this qualitative study was to uncover these program influences within six mother–child residential treatment programs in one southeastern state and identify whether there were differences in these influences based on the developmental stage of the collaborative. Interviews were conducted with 26 stakeholders from substance abuse agencies and their community partners. Field notes also were captured at each site. All qualitative data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding methods. Three overarching themes represented by both facilitators and barriers emerged, including 1) Clarity, Credibility, & Support for the Model (e.g., success stories, stakeholder support), 2) Continuity of Care across Agencies (e.g., interagency communication, disciplinary service silos), and 3) Knowledge and Processes for Collaborative Work (e.g., commitment to client population, need for training, sustainable practices). These influences on interagency collaboration were found to vary based on developmental stage of the collaborative. Implications and recommendations for child and family service practitioners, policymakers, and researchers are discussed relative to maximizing the positive impact of mother–child residential treatment programs for children and families.
New Tensors for Anisotropic Damage in Continuum Damage Mechanics

In this work, new proposed damage tensors are studied in order to investigate the damage effect variables in the mechanical behavior of materials. All cases studied in this work are defined in terms of the elasticity of the material and based on the hypotheses of both elastic strain equivalence and elastic energy equivalence. Moreover, the new proposed damage tensors are anisotropically expressed in terms of the well-known damage effect tensor M. The principal-valued damage effect tensor is used to obtain the first scalar invariant of that tensor and its inverse, which are employed in expressing and verifying the new proposed damage tensors. The study demonstrates that most of the new proposed damage tensors are verified within the framework of continuum damage mechanics. In addition, new hybrid damage tensors are proposed which are defined in terms of the damage effect tensor and the new proposed damage tensors. The new hybrid damage tensors are eventually expressed in terms of the damage effect tensor.
AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF COMPETING EXPLANATIONS FOR THE MIDTERM GAP IN THE U.S. HOUSE

Previous empirical analyses of the midterm gap have been unreliable for two reasons: the limited degrees of freedom inherent in national-level time series data, and the failure to adequately control for competing explanations. By using district-level panel data, this paper is able to circumvent those weaknesses. Both withdrawn coattails and systematic presidential punishment at the midterm play an important role in explaining the observed midterm gap. Economic factors have a somewhat smaller impact. Evidence of systematic punishment of incumbent presidents in on-year elections is also observed.
Computer-determined EEG patterns associated with memory-facilitating drugs and with ECS.

Abstract Cortical EEG patterns of rats were analyzed by computer following administration of analeptic drugs at doses previously shown to facilitate posttrial memory processes. The drugs produced an increase in the power of the EEG primarily by increasing the amount of activity in delta and lower-theta frequency bands. The increase in lower frequency theta was accompanied by a decrease in higher frequency theta, thus increasing the regularity in the theta band. Electroconvulsive shock, which disrupts posttrial memory processes, also increased delta activity, but it greatly lowered amplitudes throughout the EEG frequency spectrum. It is concluded that if any consistent relationship between the cortical EEG and posttrial memory processes exists, then increased amplitude and regularity in the delta and theta bands are associated with increased amounts of memory storage — at least in alert animals. Further studies are required to determine if a causal influence is involved in this correlation.
Are the immune responses to endocrine autoantigens genetically restricted

Thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes predominantly recognize antigens only when associated with products of the major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). This phenomenon is known as “genetic restriction” of the immune response. MHC Class II antigens restrict immunoregulatory T cells whereas Class I molecules determine the recognition by cytotoxic T cells or tumor cells and virus-infected cells. Genetic variations in cell-mediated and humoral responses to antigens have been related to variations in the first extracellular domain of Class II molecules.1 The bulk of data relate to the mouse, but similar information relative to the human is rapidly emerging.
The Quantum Mechanical Landau Equation

The significance of quantum mechanical effects on the short time development of the Landau equation is examined. The analysis is undertaken using the density diagram technique of Prigogine and Balescu. Owing to the apparent similarity that exists between the density diagrams and the more familiar Feynman diagrams derived from generalized Green functions a short discussion of both techniques is presented. The solution is undertaken for small h/m and does not necessarily apply to electrons. It is found that quantum mechanical effects may become significant at a number density around 10$^{14}$, which is the lower bound in density that an earlier analysis suggested. Non-Markovian effects may be significant.
General equilibrium comparative statics: discrete shocks in production economies

Abstract Nachbar [Econometrica 79 (5) (2002) 2065] established minimal conditions under which, following an infinitesimal shock to endowments in an exchange economy, changes in equilibrium prices are negatively related to changes in aggregate consumption. The present paper extends Nachbar (2002) to cover discrete shocks to technologies, ownership shares, and endowments in production economies. As in Nachbar (2002), the analyst’s choice of price normalization plays a key role. The required normalization is nonstandard but has a sensible interpretation.
Succinylcholine dosage based on lean body mass.

Although the dose of succinylcholine is customarily based on body weight this can be taken only as a rough guide. In the early phase after intravenous injection succinylcholine is partly removed by breakdown through the action of cholinesterase and in part by redistribution into the lean body mass. Sixty-six patients were given doses of succinylcholine based on lean body mass. 0.8 mg/Kg LBM was found to be quite adequate for complete muscle relaxation, permitting easy and atraumatic endotracheal intubation in all cases. Lean body mass was a better guide to dosage than body weight. Length of apnoea and duration of muscular paralysis were dose related; the bigger the dose the longer the response. However at 0.8 mg/Kg LBM they were better correlated with fat than with dose. Obese people have a relatively shorter recovery time from apnoea and muscular paralysis.
Monoreflections of Archimedean ℓ-groups, regular σ-frames and regular Lindelöf frames

We prove that in the category of achimedean lattice-ordered groups with weak unit there is no homomorphism-closed monoreflection strictly between the strongest essential monoreflection (the so-called "closure under countable composition") and the strongest monoreflec- tion (the epicompletion). It follows that in the category of regular σ- frames, the only non-trivial monoreflective subcategory that is heredi- tary with respect to closed quotients consists of the boolean σ-algebras. Also, in the category of regular Lindelof locales, there is only one non- trivial closed-hereditary epi-coreflection. The proof hinges on an ele- mentary lemma about the kinds of discontinuities that are exhibited by the elements of a composition-closed l-group of real-valued functions on R.
Impacts from PCB accumulation on amphibians inhabiting streams flowing from the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant.

Contamination at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP), Paducah, Kentucky, has been under evaluation for many years. We studied amphibians in selected outfalls (drainage ditches) flowing from the PGDP to determine if PCBs were accumulating in their tissues and how this might affect local populations. We determined relative amphibian species richness and abundance among seven outfalls and three reference streams by listening to their calls during audio surveys. We also captured amphibians from each study site during the summers of 2000 and 2001 and analyzed their carcasses for PCBs (Aroclor 1260 and 34 congeners) and livers for ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, a biomarker of PCBs and other organic contamination. Ten species were heard across study sites, and abundance and richness at outfalls were similar to those observed at reference sites. However, there were significant differences in abundance (p = 0.001) and richness (p = 0.048) of amphibians between continuously flowing and intermittent outfalls. There were no significant differences in PCB concentrations (p = 0.113) in amphibians captured from study sites, although Aroclor 1260 concentrations tended to be higher in amphibians collected from one outfall (outfall 12) on the east side of the plant (¯X = 1260 μg/kg) compared with all other study sites (¯X = 489 μg/kg). EROD activity measured in the liver was not indicative of Aroclor 1260 concentrations in amphibians at the PGDP, and EROD did not differ by study site, species, age class, or gender. PCB concentrations measured in amphibians at the PGDP were similar to concentrations measured at reference sites and did not appear to negatively affect individual amphibians or abundance and richness.
Self-administration of central stimulants by rats: A comparison of the effects of d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and McNeil 4612

Rats were trained to press a lever for the intravenous administration of d-amphetamine. The rate of responding was decreased in a dose-dependent and time-related manner by non-contingent injections of d-amphetamine, methylphenidate or McNeil 4612. Methylphenidate and McNeil 4612 also maintained self-administration behavior when they were substituted for d-amphetamine, whereas substitution of saline for d-amphetamine resulted in extinction of the self-administration behavior. These data suggest that methylphenidate and McNeil 4612, like d-amphetamine, can act as reinforcers in rats.
Buried Insulators and/or Conductors in Singles-Crystal Silicon Using Porous Silicon Techniques

Porous silicon lends itself to a variety of applications due to its unique characteristics such as an interconnected pore network, large surface area, and dopant-dependent selectivity of formation. Although the best-known application of porous Si is for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) fabrication, the porous silicon technique also offers elegant approaches for silicon-on-conductor (SOC) fabrication. In this paper, we present an overview of porous Si techniques for both SOI and SOC applications. Possible limitations of the oxidized porous silicon process, for SOI in particular, are discussed. We also consider novel and multilayered structures which might be obtained using porous silicon.
Overview of Lattices of Convex Normal Functions

The algebra of truth values of type-2 fuzzy sets is the set of maps from the unit interval to itself with convolution ordering. In applications of type-2 fuzzy sets, the full algebra is seldom used, but rather certain subalgebras that satisfy useful algebraic properties. The algebra of truth values of type-2 fuzzy sets is not itself a lattice, but the subalgebras considered here are lattices and, in fact, are complete distributive lattices. The subalgebras of special interest are the lattice of convex normal maps, the lattice of convex strongly normal maps, and the lattice of upper semicontinuous convex normal maps. We review and summarize some interesting properties of these subalgebras. A special feature of our treatment is a representation of these algebras as sets of monotone functions with pointwise order, making the operations more intuitive.
Impedance relaying in high phase order systems

EPRI's Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) project establishes one of its goals as making more efficient use of existing transmission line rights-of-way. It also expresses concern with the effects of 60 Hz magnetic fields on the health of humans. High phase order transmission line design is an innovative transmission line design technique which addresses both of these issues. This paper investigates sequence and phase impedances for various fault types on high phase order transmission lines. In order to develop a strategy for recommending impedance (distance) relay settings. >
Computed tomography colonography (virtual colonoscopy): a new method for colorectal screening

Screening for colorectal polyps and neoplasms has been accepted and instituted in the United States. As most colorectal neoplasms arise from pre-existing polyps, detection and removal of precursor adenomas result in a decrease in the incidence of and mortality from colorectal cancer.1-9 Two American expert panels have recently reviewed the scientific basis of various colorectal screening tests and recommended their adoption.10 11 Furthermore, the United States Congress has recently approved national Medicare coverage for colorectal screening. A broad range of screening choices are available for patients and physicians to choose from. Depending upon the patient’s risk factors, screening choices include faecal occult blood testing, flexible sigmoidoscopy, barium enema, and colonoscopy. Unfortunately, none of the currently available colorectal screening tests is optimal in terms of examination performance, safety, or patient acceptance. Physicians and scientists interested in colorectal cancer screening continue to look for novel methods to detect adenomas and early cancers. In 1994 using volumetric computed tomography (CT) data produced by a spiral CT scanner, CT colonography (CTC) was first introduced.12 The three dimensional images displayed in a cine loop (simulating the endoluminal views seen at colonoscopy) excited many investigators in the field of gastrointestinal imaging. Today, several academic centres in the United States are actively investigating this new technique. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of knowledge in this field, to compare CTC with other accepted colorectal screening tests, and to identify future areas of study and development. ### TECHNIQUE Today CTC refers to an examination performed on a spiral CT scanner with acquisition of volumetric data of the entire colon. Combining these data with advanced imaging software, the colon is examined at an off-line workstation using the combination of two dimensional and three dimensional images (fig 1). Figure 1 Colonoscopic, endoluminal three dimensional view, …
High-resolution urban thermal sharpener (HUTS)

High‐resolution Urban Thermal Sharpener (HUTS) Anthony Dominguez a , Jan Kleissl a , Jeffrey C. Luvall b , and Douglas L. Rickman b a University of California, San Diego, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering b Corresponding author Jan Kleissl, jkleissl@ucsd.edu , Office: (858) 534‐8087; Fax: (858) 534‐7599; Address: 9500 Gilman Dr, EBUII – 580, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 Abstract A high resolution urban thermal sharpener (HUTS) was developed that increases the resolution NASA, Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812, USA of thermal infrared (TIR) data to that of visible and near infrared (VNIR) data by fitting the relationship between radiometric surface temperature, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and surface albedo (α). HUTS was applied to TIR data aggregated to 90 m to represent a satellite acquired dataset and validated against the measured 10 m data from aircraft over San Juan, Puerto Rico. HUTS sharpening reduced the root mean square error of surface temperature at the high resolution by 17 % compared to no sharpening and outperformed other sharpening methods. HUTS is proposed as a useful tool to study urban meteorology and climatology at the microscale using ASTER satellite data. Keywords Land surface temperature, Thermal sharpening, Urban heat island, Urban meteorology
Use of dielectric resonator for multi-function applications in microwave circuits and antennas

The concept of multi-functional operation using a single dielectric resonator for radiation, oscillation and filtering purposes is discussed in this paper. Different design realizations are presented to investigate and prove the claimed concept. A dual mode operation for oscillation and radiation characteristics using single dielectric resonator enclosed by modified rectangular cavity has been developed where high non-radiating unloaded quality factor of 2700 at 2.54 GHz and omni-directional radiation patterns with radiation bandwidth of 5% around 3.31 GHz were achieved simultaneously. Also, a dual-band antenna design with two different radiation patterns is achieved with a broadside circularly-polarized pattern with 7% bandwidth and a vertically polarized omni-directional pattern with 17% bandwidth are obtained, simultaneously. The axial ratio was measured to be 1.3 dB and front-to-back ratio was found to be 15 dB. A design suitable for both GPS (Global Positioning System) and WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) applications is suggested. Finally, a single dielectric resonator is used for a triple mode operation in filtering and dual band radiation purposes. A high unloaded quality factor over 2300 at 2.43 GHz is obtained simultaneously with both broadside and omni-directional radiation patterns of 7% and 8% bandwidths around 2.47 and 3.36 GHz, respectively. Series of parametric studies are devoted to tune the different mode's operating frequency and to enhance the filter insertion loss while adjusting a sharp filtering skirt behavior. The outlined design configurations were simulated, built and tested. Experimental work and measured scattering parameters and far field radiation patterns were all compared with the simulated results for further verification.