cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-scale phreatomagmatic silicic volcanism: A case study from New Zealand

Abstract Pyroclastic deposits of the 20,000 year old Wairakei Formation occur in the region surrounding Lake Taupo in the central North Island of New Zealand. Recent advances in the correlation of both proximal and distal equivalents of the Wairakei deposits show that they were the result of one large eruption. The ash layers once covered most of New Zealand; they are also present in deep sea cores from the SW Pacific and on the Chatham Islands. The dispersal and grain-size parameters of the ash-fall members indicate that their vent area was within the Taupo volcano-tectonic depression which, for a long period, has contained a large lake. The Wairakei eruption is interpreted to have been phreatomagmatic throughout. Each phase of the eruption sequence generated its own characteristic deposits. The sequence of events can be summarized as follows: (1) Eruption and deposition of a white, fine-grained, bedded, fall deposit; (2) eruption and deposition of a medium-grained, pumice-fall deposit; (3) generation of ultra-fine, wet, ash clouds, with a fall deposit accumulating largely as aggregates and accretionary lapilli accompanied by base surges; (4) formation of water-cooled pyroclastic flows and deposition of an extensive ignimbrite; (5) return to a dominantly vertical eruption column and deposition of a medium-grained bedded ash fall, immediately followed by another wet, ultra-fine fall deposit charged with accretionary lapilli. Finally, (6) an ignimbrite less widespread than that of phase (4) was produced. Co-ignimbrite fall deposits of fine vitric dust and medium-grained pumice were laid down over a huge area. There may have been a short hiatus in activity between phases (4) and (5).
Two-dimensional and three-dimensional time-lapse microscopic magnetic resonance imaging of Xenopus gastrulation movements using intrinsic tissue-specific contrast

The amphibian embryo undergoes radical tissue transformations during blastula and gastrula stages, but live observation of internal morphogenetic events by optical microscopy is not feasible due to the opacity of the early embryo. Here, we report on the use of microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to directly follow morphogenetic movements during blastula and gastrula stages of the Xenopus laevis embryo. We compare three different MRI modalities that take advantage of the intrinsic contrast present in embryonic tissues: three-dimensional (3D) fat-imaging, 3D water-imaging, and 2D high-speed high-resolution imaging of early embryonic stages. We show that the features revealed by the intrinsic contrast correlate with the histological structure of the embryo. Using this tissue specific intrinsic contrast, the main embryonic tissues and internal tissue movements as well as archenteron invagination can be differentiated without cell labeling. We present 2D and 3D time-lapse sequences of early Xenopus embryonic development, spanning the stages from early blastula to the end of gastrula, which show the complex internal rearrangements of gastrulation in essentially real-time.
Inhibition of ventilatory motor output increases expiratory retro palatal compliance during sleep.

Abstract We hypothesized that inhibition of ventilatory motor output leads to increased pharyngeal compliance during NREM sleep, independent of lung volume. Methods Eighteen subjects were studied using noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) to inhibit ventilatory motor output during stable NREM sleep. Nasopharyngoscopy was used to measure the retro palatal cross-sectional area/pressure relationship (CSA/Pph) in 8 subjects. The effect of NPPV on neck circumference (NC) and end-expiratory lung volumes (EELV) was studied in 10 additional subjects using strain gauge plethysmography and respitrace, respectively. Results (1) The CSA/Pph was increased during expiration under passive compared to active breathing (11.7 ± 7.1 vs. 8.5 ± 5.6 mm 2 /cmH 2 O, respectively; p R 2 = 0.77, p p = NS). Conclusions (1) Inhibiting the ventilatory motor output increases the pharyngeal compliance. (2) Increased passive expiratory pharyngeal compliance was not associated with changes in NC or EELV.
Calculations of bipolar charging of aerosols

Abstract The acquisition of electric charge by the particles of an aerosol is a subject which heretofore has received only incomplete treatment, much of it based upon intuitive considerations. In this paper we present a rigorous treatment of the subject based upon the difference equations for charging of monodisperse and polydisperse aerosols in the presence of ions of both signs but unequal mobilities. The stochastic equations are written and the conditions of their solution are described for positive and negative small ions of mobilities 1.4 cm2/V-sec and 1.9 cm2/V-sec, respectively. Numerical calculations are presented of the time-dependent charge distributions and small ion number densities. Their relation to small-ion production, aerosol particle number concentration, and polydispersity is discussed. These results are compared where possible with calculated and experimental results of other workers. These calculations demonstrate for the first time that for bipolar charging a significant difference arises in polarity between the larger and smaller particle components of a polydisperse aerosol owing to unequal charging rates.
The first nonzero eigenvalue of Neumann problem on Riemannian manifolds

In this article, the author obtained some comparison theorems of the first nonzero Neumann eigenvalue on domains in nonpositively curved Riemannian manifolds. The author first gives a generalized Szego-Weinberger theorem (Theorem 1). Then the first nonzero Neumann eigenvalues for geodesic balls on nonpositively curved Riemannian manifolds are compared (Theorem 2). Based on these results, a “monotonicity principle” for the Neumann eigenvalues is derived. Then the author proves a stability theorem of maximality of the first nonzero Neumann eigenvalue of a geodesic ball among those of all domains with the same volume.
Chemical shifts of fluorine in hydrogen fluoride and fluoride ion

Abstract Chemical shifts of fluorine in solutions of hydrogen fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, silver fluoride, silver bifluoride, ammonium bifluoride, and tetraethylammonium fluoride have been measured. Hydrogen fluoride was dissolved in water and in aqueous and anhydrous organic solvents (methanol, ethylene glycol, dimethoxyethane, carbitol (diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether), tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, and sulfolane (tetramethylene sulfone); all other fluorides were dissolved in water and aqueous organic solvents. The effects of fluoride concentration in water and in aqueous organic solvents on chemical shifts of fluorine were investigated.
Space charge neutralization by electron-transparent suspended graphene

Graphene possesses many fascinating properties originating from the manifold potential for interactions at electronic, atomic, or molecular levels. Here we report measurement of electron transparency and hole charge induction response of a suspended graphene anode on top of a void channel formed in a SiO2/Si substrate. A two-dimensional (2D) electron gas induced at the oxide interface emits into air and makes a ballistic transport toward the suspended graphene. A small fraction (>~0.1%) of impinging electrons are captured at the edge of 2D hole system in graphene, demonstrating good transparency to very low energy (<3 eV) electrons. The hole charges induced in the suspended graphene anode have the effect of neutralizing the electron space charge in the void channel. This charge compensation dramatically enhances 2D electron gas emission at cathode to the level far surpassing the Child-Langmuir's space-charge-limited emission.
Receptor-selective localization in pancreas.

Abstract We examined the distribution of three tritiated ligands and two radioiodinated ligands for their ability to localize in the pancreas of rat and rabbit. The ligands examined are selective for the α- and β-adrenoceptors and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Of the ligands examined, the results indicate that only (R) 3H-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) localized in the pancreas by the receptor-mediated mechanism. The % dose/g tissue, the pancreas-to-blood and pancreas-to-liver ratios are such that a 18F-labeled derivative of QNB should provide images of the pancreas.
Serial Hemodynamic Study of Cerebral Infarction in Man

It has sometimes been proposed that the early period of resolution of neurologic deficit, which often follows acute cerebral infarction, is due to relaxation of a surrounding, second ary vasoconstriction. To investigate this as sumption, cerebral hemodynamics were studied by the inert gas method in 13 patients with re cent cerebral infarction. In 10 instances in the acute stage, there were no significant dif ferences between mean hemodynamic values based on jugular bulb blood samples from the side of the infarct and those from the contra- lateral side. Similarly, comparisons of mean values failed to disclose significant differences between studies performed shortly after the onset of the stroke and those done three weeks later, at a time when all patients investigated demonstrated clinical improvement. The inert gas method is not applicable to the study of the infarct itself, but it is considered valid for the demonstration of cerebral vasocon triction if the latter is sufficiently widespread. In the absence of hemodynamic change, it was concluded that this study does not support the vasoconstriction explanation. It was rec ognized, however, that vasoconstriction would need to be quite widespread to be detected by this method.
On the radiobiological impact of metal artifacts in head-and-neck IMRT in terms of tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP)

To investigate the effects of distorted head-and-neck (HN (b) homogeneous uncorrected (HUC); (c) sinogram completion corrected (SCC); (d) minimum-value-corrected (MVC); and (e) streak-artifact-reduction including minimum-value-correction (SAR-MVC), which has been taken as the reference data-set. The effects on NTCP and TCP were evaluated using the Lyman-NTCP model and the Logistic-TCP model, respectively. When compared to the predicted NTCP obtained using the reference data-set, the treatment plan based on the original CT data-set (UC) yielded an increase in NTCP of 3.2 and 2.0% for the spared parotid gland and the spinal cord, respectively. While for the treatment plans based on the MVC CT data-set the NTCP increased by a 1.1% and a 0.1% for the spared parotid glands and the spinal cord, respectively. In addition, the MVC correction method showed a reduction in TCP for target volumes (MVC: ΔTCP = −0.6% vs. UC: ΔTCP = -1.9%) with respect to that of the reference CT data-set. Our results indicate that the presence of dental-metal-artifacts in H&N planning CT data-sets has an impact on the estimates of TCP and NTCP. In particular dental-metal-artifacts lead to an increase in NTCP for the spared parotid glands and a slight decrease in TCP for target volumes.
Boundary conditions and channel-coupling-array calculation for the H2 ungerade triplet state.

It is shown that, in order to yield physically well-behaved energy curves E(R), the wave-function components used in channel-coupling-array analyses of the ungerade states of H/sub 2/ must obey a boundary condition which is derived herein. A very simple ansatz, obeying this new boundary condition, is constructed for the components corresponding to the lowest-lying triplet H/sub 2/ ungerade state. Even though the ansatz is very crude, the resulting E(R) differs from that of an exact calculation by at most 0.04 a.u. and is well behaved as the internuclear separation approaches zero. Since previous H/sub 2/ ungerade channel-coupling-array calculations yielded energy curves that were infinitely attractive as R..-->..0, this paper provides the theoretical basis for a practical means of eliminating this unphysical behavior.
Early vascular consultation in the setting of oncologic resections: benefit for patients and a continuing source of open vascular surgical training.

Background Oncologic surgeons have become more aggressive at tumor resections that often require complex open vascular interventions. Vascular surgeons may be consulted preoperatively to aid in these cases, or commonly called into the operating room for an urgent consult. These operations provide a challenge to the vascular surgeon and also an opportunity for open vascular surgical training of residents. We present our experience with vascular surgical interventions during oncologic resections. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained vascular registry was performed to identify patients undergoing vascular surgery in the setting of oncologic resections. Tumor histology, location, type of vascular intervention, vascular, and oncologic outcomes were recorded and reviewed. Results Over a 7-year period, 21 oncologic cases involving vascular surgeons were identified. Tumor types included sarcoma (9), adenocarcinoma (4), germ cell (4), paraganglioma (2), and others (2). Tumor locations included abdominal/pelvic (15), cervical (3), and extremity (3). Complete resection was achieved in 18 of the 19 patients; 2 patients underwent exploration alone for carcinomatosis. Vascular surgical procedures included bypass grafts in 7 patients, resection with primary repair in 5 patients, ligation/excision in 4 patients, and arterial mobilization in 3 patients. No major vascular complications occurred. Short-term patency rates were 100%. Survival rates following therapeutic resection were 90%, 80%, and 80% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Vascular surgeons were involved in the preoperative planning in 11 cases (52%). Patients with preoperative vascular consultation had significantly fewer vascular injuries, a nonsignificant trend toward lower blood loss, and a nonsignificant trend toward improved survival than those with urgent intraoperative vascular consultation. Conclusions Vascular interventions can lead to favorable long-term outcomes during definitive oncologic resection of diverse tumor histologies and locations. Vascular surgeons must be prepared to participate, frequently urgently, in oncologic procedures. Standard open techniques employing all aspects of vascular exposures continue to be integral to vascular surgery training. Preoperative consultation between the oncologic and vascular surgeons may lead to improved outcomes.
Maximal voluntary exercise variables in children with postoperative coarctation of the aorta

Thirty-one children with postoperative coarctation of the aorta underwent maximal graded bicycle ergometry using an electronically braked ergometer and the James protocol; 18 also underwent expiratory gas measurement using a mass spectrometer. Twenty-two age- and gender-matched normal subjects were used as a control group. The mean age at operation was 41 months and the mean age at evaluation was 134 months (mean follow-up interval 93 months). The original surgical repair was subclavian flap repair in 8 patients, end to end anastomosis in 21, patch aortoplasty in 1 patient and tubular graft in 1. Patients exercised until exhaustion and maximal exercise variables were obtained. The maximal voluntary peak heart rate was 183 beats/min (94.6% of predicted value), indicating excellent effort. Mean power was 111% of predicted value and, when measured, maximal oxygen consumption was 89% of predicted value with an anaerobic threshold at 63 +/- 3.5% of exercise time. The observed work variables were not different from values in the control group and were not affected by the type of repair. The mean peak systolic blood pressure was 152 +/- 7.6 mm Hg versus 147 +/- 5.7 mm Hg in the control group (p = NS). Patients who had associated intracardiac lesions had significantly lower maximal oxygen consumption (85 +/- 3% vs. 98 +/- 4% of predicted value). The results suggest that adequate cardiopulmonary function, normal or above average work capacity and normal exercise systolic blood pressure can be obtained in children with satisfactory repair of coarctation of the aorta performed before school age.
Tears of the anterior portion of the rotator cuff (the subscapularis tendon): MR imaging findings.

Tears of the most anterior portion of the rotator cuff, the subscapularis tendon, are reported to be uncommon and rarely occur in isolation. The MR findings of subscapularis tendon tears have received little attention in radiologic publications. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to describe the MR imaging findings in the shoulders of patients with tears of the subscapularis tendon.Preoperative MR images of nine patients with surgically confirmed rotator cuff tears that predominantly or exclusively involved the subscapularis tendon were analyzed.In all patients, MR imaging showed the contours of the subscapularis tendon to be poorly defined and the tendon itself to be of abnormally high signal intensity on T2- or T2*-weighted images. Discontinuity and frank retraction of the tendon were evident in seven patients (78%). Thickening of the distal portion of the tendon (n = 3) and calcification (n = 1) were seen less frequently. Associated abnormalities of the biceps tendon were common, seen in seve...
Dynamic conversion of a magnetic bubble in a rotating gradient experiment

Abstract The rotating gradient experiment was used to dynamically convert an S = 1, unichiral bubble into one with a more complex domain wall structure. At least five distinct wall states were generated and could be identified by determining the momentum and winding number from the velocity vs. radial drive relation. The data provides evidence for the dynamic generation of vertical Bloch lines, Bloch curves and Bloch points. The bubble returned to the S = 1, unichiral state when motion ceased.
Transferrin metalloprotein affinity metal chromatography

The metal transport protein transferrin, when immobilized to Sepharose, can serve as an affinity media for the selective removal and subsequent release of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. The material is stable over the pH range of 2–10, is self-indicating for the binding of certain metal ions, and maintains its integrity towards metal-binding capacity for long periods of time. In one step heavy metal ion concentrations can be reduced by at least five orders of magnitude to, at most, part per billion levels. The findings here presented suggest a novel practical method for the decontamination and/or recovery of metals ions from very dilute solutions and represent the first efforts to extend the concept of affinity chromatography to metal ions.
USE OF 3.0-T MRI FOR STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY PLANNING FOR TREATMENT OF BRAIN METASTASES: A SINGLE-INSTITUTION RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW

Purpose To investigate the efficacy of 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting brain metastases for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) planning. Methods and Materials All adult patients scheduled for SRS treatment for brain metastases at our institution between October 2005 and January 2008 were eligible for analysis. All patients underwent radiosurgery treatment planning 3.0-T MRI on the day of scheduled radiosurgery and a diagnostic 1.5-T MRI in the days or weeks prior to radiosurgery for comparison. Both scans were interpreted by neuroradiologists who reported their findings in the radiology reports. We performed a retrospective review of the radiology reports to determine the number of brain metastases identified using each MRI system. Results Of 254 patients scheduled for treatment from October 2005 to January 2008, 138 patients had radiology reports that explicitly described the number of metastases identified on both scans. With a median interval of 17 days (range, 1–82) between scans, the number of metastases detected using 1.5-T MRI system ranged from 1 to 5 and from 1 to 8 using the 3.0 T-MRI system. Twenty-two percent of patients were found to have a greater number of metastases with the 3.0 T-MRI system. The difference in number of metastases detected between the two scans for the entire cohort ranged from 0 to 6. Neither histology (p = 0.52 by chi-sq test) nor time between scans (p = 0.62 by linear regression) were significantly associated with the difference in number of metastases between scans. Conclusions The 3.0-T MRI system appears to be superior to a 1.5-T MRI system for detecting brain metastases, which may have significant implications in determining the appropriate treatment modality. Our findings suggest the need for a prospectively designed study to further evaluate the use of a 3.0 T-MRI system for stereotactic radiosurgery planning in the treatment of brain metastases.
Significance test in operational ROC analysis

To evaluate the performance of fingerprint-image matching algorithms on large datasets, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is applied. From the operational perspective, the true accept rate (TAR) of the genuine scores at a specified false accept rate (FAR) of the impostor scores and/or the equal error rate (EER) are often employed. Using the standard errors of these metrics computed using the nonparametric two-sample bootstrap based on our studies of bootstrap variability on large fingerprint datasets, the significance test is performed to determine whether the difference between the performance of one algorithm and a hypothesized value, or the difference between the performances of two algorithms where the correlation is taken into account is statistically significant. In the case that the alternative hypothesis is accepted, the sign of the difference is employed to determine which is better than the other. Examples are provided.
Serotonergic and electric shock effects on tonic immobility: evidence for independent systems.

Abstract Both aversive stimuli and compounds which inhibit raphe neurons reliably prolong the duration of tonic immobility. The possibility that the effect of electric shock might be modulated by central serotonergic mechanisms was examined factorially in three experiments. Neither PCPA pretreatment nor maintenance on a tryptophan-free diet interacted with the potentiation of tonic immobility produced by different intensities of shock. In accord with previous findings pretreatment with PCPA had no overall effect, while tryptophan depletion reduced immobility duration.
Nonparametric Tests for Homogeneity of Species Assemblages: A Data Depth Approach

Testing homogeneity of species assemblages has important applications in ecology. Due to the unique structure of abundance data often collected in ecological studies, most classical statistical tests cannot be applied directly. In this article, we propose two novel nonparametric tests for comparing species assemblages based on the concept of data depth. They can be considered as a natural generalization of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and the Cramer-von Mises tests (KS and CM) in this species assemblage comparison context. Our simulation studies show that the proposed test is more powerful than other existing methods under various settings. A real example is used to demonstrate how the proposed method is applied to compare species assemblages using plant community data from a highly diverse tropical forest at Barro Colorado Island, Panama.
Selective area epitaxy of GaN for electron field emission devices

Selective area epitaxy of GaN by MOCVD has been used to fabricate arrays of hexagonal pyramid structures for electron field emission devices. The reactor temperature and pressure have been found to strongly affect the resulting pyramid morphology. Growth at 76 Torr results in improved pyramid shape and uniformity compared to growth at atmospheric pressure. Optimized arrays of pyramids produced emission currents of 80 μA at 1100 V, when biased across 0.5 mm in UHV.
Effects of post-trial eserine administration, age and task difficulty on avoidance conditioning in rats

Rats of three different ages were administered eserine 10 sec., 1 hr., or 4 hr. subsequently to 4 blocks of 10 trials on a simple avoidance or discriminated avoidance problem. Drug treatment 10 sec. after daily trials facilitated performance on both problems of Ss in most age groups. Treatment at the longest post-trial interval improved discriminated avoidance performance only among oldest (730 day) Ss. Results are interpreted in terms of age and task difficulty differences in post-trial neural perseveratory processes.
Diversity does make a difference: fibroblast growth factor-heparin interactions.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are members of a protein family with a broad range of biological activities. The best characterized FGFs interact with two distinct extracellular receptors — a transmembrane tyrosine kinase FGF receptor (FGFR) and a heparan sulfate-related proteoglycan of the extracellular matrix. These components form a FGF—FGFR—proteoglycan complex that activates the FGF-mediated signal transduction process through FGFR dimerization. Recent crystal structure determinations of FGF—heparin complexes have provided insights into both the interactions between these components and the role of heparin-like proteoglycans in FGF function. Future advances in this field will benefit enormously from an ability to specifically prepare homogenous heparin-based oligosaccharides of defined sequence for use in biochemical and structural studies of FGF and many other systems.
Relative contributions of face and body configurations: Perceiving emotional state and motion intention

This study addressed the relative reliance on face and body configurations for different types of emotion-related judgements: emotional state and motion intention. Participants viewed images of people with either emotionally congruent (both angry or fearful) or incongruent (angry/fearful; fearful/angry) faces and bodies. Congruent conditions provided baseline responses. Incongruent conditions revealed relative reliance on face and body information for different judgements. Body configurations influenced motion-intention judgements more than facial configurations: incongruent pairs with angry bodies were more frequently perceived as moving forward than those with fearful bodies; pairs with fearful bodies were more frequently perceived as moving away. In contrast, faces influenced emotional-state judgements more, but bodies moderated ratings of face emotion. Thus, both face and body configurations influence emotion perception, but the type of evaluation required influences their relative contributions. Thes...
Characterization of a New Solvent-Sensitive Two-Photon-Induced Fluorescent (Aminostyryl)pyridinium Salt Dye

A newly synthesized hemicyanine dye, trans-4-[p-[N-ethyl-N-(hydroxyethyl)amino]styryl]-N-methylpyridinium tetraphenylborate (ASPT), has recently been shown to be an excellent dye for both one- and two-photon-pumped lasing and for applications in optical power limiting. We report on the absorption, one- and two-photon-induced emission, quantum yield, and the excited-state lifetime of ASPT in different solvents of varying polarity. We also present the spectral characteristics of ASPT within a reverse-micelle and β-cyclodextrin cavity. Our results demonstrate that ASPT is one of the few dyes which exhibits highly solvent-polarity-dependent fluorescence in the useful orange-red region of the spectrum (560−620 nm). Therefore, it offers many applications in the biomedical field as a fluorescent probe molecule. In addition, ASPT is fluorescent upon excitation with an infrared (IR) source (two-photon-induced emission) making it even more attractive, since the background fluorescence from biological fluids upon IR...
Serological detection of exposure to Cryptosporidium parvum in cattle by ELISA and its evaluation in relation to coprological tests.

We evaluated serum examination as an alternative to fecal analysis for the diagnosis of exposure to Cryptosporidium parvum in cattle. The accuracy of the serum ELISA was compared to the combined results of concentration flotation microscopy and fecal enzyme immunoassay. The expected performance of the serum ELISA at different levels of infection with C. parvum was evaluated using the predicative values positive and negative. Optimal conditions for the serum ELISA can be achieved by diluting the serum samples 1:20 and the conjugate 1:8,000. The serum ELISA had a relatively high sensitivity of 97.5% (95% CI=87–100%) and poor specificity, 4% (95% CI=1–20%). There was a poor agreement between the serum ELISA and the fecal tests (κ=0) on samples collected from adult cows in a high-risk and a low-risk population. Examination of some of these fecal samples using a PCR detection method demonstrated the presence of C. parvum DNA in 10% of the samples.
Relational, Pleasure, and Fear-Associated Aspects of Condom Use for Disease Prevention: A Qualitative Study of High-Risk African American Men

This study explores beliefs held by young African American men newly diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (STI), regarding condom use. Recruited from a publicly funded STI clinic, participants were African American men (18–29 years of age) who reported using a condom in the past 3 months for penile–vaginal intercourse. Through face-to-face qualitative interviews, 20 men shared their perceptions of condom use with female partners. Findings suggest that condom use among high-risk African American men may best be understood as part of the complex relational dynamics associated with having multiple partnerships. Given the high seroprevalence of STIs in their communities and sexual networks, men also describe the tensions related to sexual pleasure and the fear associated with non-condom use.
Differential upregulation of PLP and MAG genes in C6 glioma cells by N2A neuroblastoma conditioned medium.

The effect of factors released from N2A neuroblastoma cells on the expression of myelin protein genes in glioma C6 cells, i.e., proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), was studied. Both cells lines were propagated in serum-free DMEM-F10 (1:1) medium. The addition of 50% N2A conditioned medium (N2ACM) stimulated the proliferation of C6 cells by approximately 4.5 fold as compared to control cells. The N2ACM-treated cells formed aggregates indicating increased cell-cell affinity. The exposure of C6 cells to N2ACM transiently stimulated the expression of both the MAG-specific and the PLP-specific messages up to eight and four fold over the control values, respectively. The maximal upregulation of the PLP gene occurred two days after N2ACM administration and preceded that of the MAG gene by two days. The effect of N2ACM was dose-dependent in the range of 12.5 to 50 %. The secretion of N2A paracrine factors that stimulated the myelin gene expression was also time-dependent. The optimal conditioning time for the release of the PLP gene-stimulating activity was one day, while the maximal MAG gene-stimulating activity was found in the medium conditioned for 3 days. This cellular system may provide a convenient model for studies on trophic neuronal-glial interaction. Furthermore, the results indicate a difference in the regulatory mechanisms between the PLP and the MAG genes.
Depressive affect and disclosures as factors in interpersonal rejection.

Research has shown that depressives are rejected and devalued by others. In an attempt to specify possible factors, the present study examined two features of depressive behavior—affective displays and verbal disclosures—that may independently or jointly contribute to the outcomes observed. Subjects watched a videotape of a dissimulator who appeared sad, flat, or happy in an interview (Affect factor), while they listened to an audio track containing depressive or nondepressive disclosures (Disclosure factor); control subjects heard no disclosures. As predicted, depressive disclosures led to rejection, devaluation, and discounting of the target. Alone, both sad and flat affect also produced derogation but, when paired with a disclosure, tended to be overshadowed by the kind of disclosure received. The results point to the powerful effect that depressive verbalizations can have on interpersonal reactions. Possible reasons for this are explored, along with other issues raised by the results.
Toxicity of un-ionized ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate to juvenile bay scallops, Argopecten irradians irradians.

Juvenile bay scallops (7.2–26.4 mm) were exposed for 72 h to different concentrations of un-ionized ammonia, nitrite, or nitrate. Using the Trimmed Spearman Karber method, 50% lethal concentrations (LC50) and 95% confidence limits were calculated individually for each. Un-ionized ammonia concentrations above 1.0 mg N-NH3/L resulted in 100% scallop mortality within 72 h. The 72-h LC50 for un-ionized ammonia was calculated at 0.43 mg N/L. At nitrite concentrations of 800 mg N/L or higher 100% mortality was observed. The 72-h LC50 for nitrite was calculated at 345 mg N/L. Nitrate was the least toxic, with 100% mortality observed at a concentration of 5000 mg N/L. The calculated nitrate 72-h LC50 was 4453 mg N/L. Our results indicate that un-ionized ammonia is the most lethal nitrogenous waste component to bay scallops.
Analysis of faculty appointment, promotion, and retirement policies

A mathematical model of faculty flow was used to predict the effects of new operating policies on the age and rank composition of a large group of university faculty. Specific policies analyzed with this model include changing promotion rates for nontenure faculty, extending service times in nontenure, and implementing an early retirement program for tenure faculty.
Rationality, Meaning, and Self-Management: Success Manuals, 1950-1980

How-to-succeed books published in the United States since 1950 offer a glimpse into the subjective experiences of middle-class workers. This paper analyzes 30 bestselling success manuals to explore how rationalization has affected workers' attitudes towards themselves, their jobs, and their role in society. I divide the formulas these books offer for success into four categories, and relate each of these categories to the changing structure of middle-class work opportunities. The most recent formula encourages workers to retreat from the workplace and find fulfillment in leisure activities. I conclude that modern success techniques encourage workers to view themselves as objects and to manage themselves in ways that hold no threat to prevailing economic arrangements.
Hypothermic protection following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat

The effects of deep hypothermia on ischemic neuronal injury were examined using a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model in the rat. Animals were maintained at temporalis temperatures of either 24 degrees C or 36 degrees C and killed 6 hours after arterial occlusion. Normothermic rats displayed an average infarct volume of 25.1% +/- 1.6% of the right hemisphere, whereas hypothermic rats had an average infarct volume of 4.1% +/- 1.3% (p less than 0.001). The right/left hemispheric ratio was 1.05 +/- 0.02 in the normothermic group and 1.00 +/- 0.02 in the hypothermic group (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that hypothermia to 24 degrees C may reduce cerebral infarction and edema formation following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat.
Female Labor Supply: Why Is the United States Falling Behind? †

Abstract In 1990, the US had the sixth highest female labor participation rate among 22 OECD countries. By 2010 its rank had fallen to seventeenth. We find that the expansion of “family-friendly” p...
Distinguishing Color-Octet and Color-Singlet Resonances at the Large Hadron Collider

Author(s): Atre, A; Chivukula, RS; Ittisamai, P; Simmons, EH | Abstract: Dijet resonance searches are simple, yet powerful and model-independent, probes for discovering new particles at hadron colliders. Once such a resonance has been discovered it is important to determine the mass, spin, couplings, chiral behavior and color properties to determine the underlying theoretical structure. We propose a new variable which, in the absence of decays of the resonance into new nonstandard states, distinguishes between color-octet and color-singlet resonances. To keep our study widely applicable we study phenomenological models of color-octet and color-singlet resonances in flavor universal as well as flavor nonuniversal scenarios. We present our analysis for a wide range of mass (2.5-6 TeV), couplings and flavor scenarios for the LHC with center of mass energy of 14 TeV and varying integrated luminosities of 30, 100, 300 and 1000 fb-1. We find encouraging results to distinguish color-octet and color-singlet resonances for different flavor scenarios at the LHC. © 2013 American Physical Society.
Maize Kernel Set at Low Water Potential: II. Sensitivity to Reduced Assimilates at Pollination

Plant water deficits at pollination decrease kernel set in maize. An important component of this kernel loss is developmental failure after fertilization. This study was undertaken to determine if xygotic abortion in water-deficient plants results primarily from a decrease in assimilate supply during the critical period around pollination. Plants were grown in soil/sand media in a controlled environment, and photosynthesis was inhibited by water-deficit or low-light treatments
Evanescent-wave optical Cr VI sensor with a flexible fused-silica capillary as a transducer.

A light-guiding, flexible fused-silica (FFS) capillary has been used in designing an optical fiber Cr VI sensor for monitoring Cr VI ions in water samples. The FFS capillary is similar to a conventional silica optical fiber in that it can guide light in the wavelength region from the UV to the near IR but different from a conventional optical fiber in that it is a tubular waveguide. The inner surface of the FFS capillary is fused silica, which one can modify to design an optical fiber chemical sensor. The FFS capillary has a cladding layer plus a protective polymer coating on its outside surface. The cladding layer ensures the ability of the FFS capillary to guide light. The protective coating increases the FFS capillary's mechanical strength and makes it robust for practical applications. Compared with conventional silica optical fibers, it is much easier and more feasible to use this FFS capillary to fabricate long-path (tens of meters to thousands of meters) evanescent-wave based chemical sensors. We describe a Cr VI sensor based on the intrinsic evanescent-wave absorption by Cr VI ions in a water sample filled inside the capillary as an example of use of a FFS capillary in chemical sensor design. This simple sensor, using a 30m light-guiding FFS capillary as a transducer, has the capability of detecting as little as 31 parts in 109 of Cr VI in a water sample, which is close to the detection limit of some sophisticated, expensive analytical instruments.
Use of BioSense for Rapid Assessment of the Safety of Medical Countermeasures

Surveillance systems to monitor the safety of drugs and vaccinations have limited ability to monitor safety of medical countermeasures (MCM). To examine the potential for using BioSense data to monitor and rapidly assess the safety of MCM, the authors reviewed literature and characteristics of BioSense data and consulted experts. Use of BioSense data for this purpose has potential, but a number of issues need further evaluation.
Prostate Specific Antigen Density Versus Prostate Specific Antigen Slope as Predictors of Prostate Cancer in Men with Initially Negative Prostatic Biopsies

AbstractPurpose: We determined if prostate specific antigen (PSA) density and PSA slope alone or in combination could be used to predict which men with persistently elevated serum PSA and prior negative prostate biopsies will have prostate cancer on repeat evaluation.Materials and Methods: In our PSA-1 data base we identified 327 men 50 years old or older with an initially negative prostate biopsy who had persistent PSA elevation, and compared those who did and did not have prostate cancer on subsequent serial prostatic biopsy.Results: Of 70 men with a PSA density of 0.15 or more and PSA slope of 0.75 ng./ml. or more annually compared to 83 with a PSA density of less than 0.15 and PSA slope of less than 0.75 ng./ml. annually 32 (46 percent) and only 11 (13 percent), respectively, had prostate cancer on subsequent prostate biopsies (p less than 0.0001). In a hierarchical logistic regression analysis PSA density and PSA slope were predictive of prostate cancer on subsequent biopsy (p = 0.001 and 0.03, respe...
Yellow Flank Discoloration and Abdominal Distension in an Infant

Division of Gastroenterology and NutritionQuestion: A7-month-old infant pre-sented to the hospitalwith vomiting andabdominal distensionfor 3 days. On exami-nation, the baby waswell developed andalert. Abdomen wasnontender and dis-tended with hypo-active bowel sounds.Faint, localized yellowdiscoloration wasnoted over the bilat-eral ﬂanks (Figure A).Laboratory results revealed the following: white blood cell count, 11.2 K/cumm (29.6% neutrophils, 58.4% lympho-cytes, 11.0% monocytes, 0.5% eosinophils, 0.5% basophils); hemoglobin, 10.0 g/dL; platelet count, 333 K/cumm; alkalinephosphatase, 83 U/L; total protein, 4.3 g/dL; albumin, 2.9 g/dL; aspartate aminotransferase, 33 U/L; alanine amino-transferase, 14 U/L; total bilirubin, 1.5 U/L; direct bilirubin, 1.0 U/L; amylase, 103; and lipase, 30. Urine analysis wasicototest positive. Fecal occult blood test was guaiac negative. Plain abdominal radiograph showed dilated small and largebowel suggestive of partial obstruction versus ileus (Figure B). Abdominal ultrasonography was ordered.What is the diagnosis?Look on page 000 for the answer and see the Gastroenterology web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for moreinformation on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.
Amphetamine stereotypy, the basal ganglia, and the “selection problem”

Amphetamine and other stimulant drugs induce stereotyped head movements in rats, which interfere with normal goal-directed behavior. However, rats given access to food while intoxicated learn to suppress these movements in order to feed. This suggests that the suppression of stereotypy is an instrumentally learned response reinforced by the ingestion of food. Consistent with this interpretation, rats learn to suppress stereotyped head movements when intraoral infusions of milk are made contingent on maintaining a stationary head position, but not when such infusions are given noncontingently. Although learning to suppress stereotypy occurs at different rates across subjects, the temporal dynamics of learning are similar in all cases. Moreover, once learned suppression is acquired, it is generally retained over long periods of time unless the contingency between suppression and reinforcement is degraded. Conceptually, the behavioral conflict between drug-induced stereotyped movements and feeding may be viewed as a special case of the "selection problem," which arises whenever organisms are confronted with competing behavioral opportunities. Interestingly, both normal response selection and stimulant-induced stereotypy are associated with overlapping cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Preliminary findings suggest that the learned suppression of stereotypy involves the activation of particular structures within the dorsal and ventral striatal output pathways. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the learned suppression of stimulant-induced stereotypy may provide new insights into the process by which the nervous system solves the selection problem and lead to the development of more effective treatments for disorders characterized by insufficient response inhibition, such as Tourette's syndrome and stimulant drug addiction.
Some Theological Reflections

Georges Lemaitre's status as a pioneer cosmologist and catholic priest make him an iconic figure expressing the complementary compatibility of science and religion. His emphasis that creation is to be understood as concerned with the whole of the universe's history and not solely with its beginning is an essential insight. The greatest challenge to theology lies in the scientific prediction of ultimate cosmic futility. These and other relevant issues are briefly discussed.
Physical Size Stereotyping as a Mediator of Attributions of Responsibility in an Alleged Date-Rape Situation1

This research focuses on male and female observers' attributions of responsibility to a female accuser and a male accused of rape. Observers read 1 of 2 scenarios in which the accuser was either smaller or larger than the accused and then made judgments concerning each person's responsibility for what happened. The data indicated that the larger accuser was considered more responsible than the smaller accuser and the larger accused was perceived to be more responsible than the smaller accused. Females attributed more responsibility and had less sympathy, respect, and liking for the accused, whereas males attributed more responsibility and reported more negative attitudes toward the accuser. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for legal and health-care professionals.
Comparison of helical and serial CT with regard to three-dimensional imaging of musculoskeletal anatomy.

To test the hypothesis that helical computed tomographic (CT) scans provide three-dimensional images as good as or better than those provided by serial CT, two objects were used to study the effects of helical CT: an angled cylindrical bone phantom and a human cadaveric femur specimen with a simulated fracture 1 mm wide. Both objects were immersed in a water bath, and a series of helical and serial CT scans were obtained with various parameters. Volumetric rendering was applied to the resultant data sets to create three-dimensional images, which three radiologists reviewed in a blinded manner to rate their fidelity, accuracy, and diagnostic usefulness. As expected, the images obtained with thin collimation and small intersection spacing or slow table movement were considered superior. Helical and serial CT data acquired with similar parameters were similar in quality, but helical CT is approximately five times faster than serial CT; hence, it is possible to use thinner collimation and obtain more sectiona...
Localization of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, Associated with Citrus Huanglongbing Disease, in its Psyllid Vector using Fluorescence in situ Hybridization

The bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) has been strongly associated with huanglongbing, or citrus greening, which is one of the most devastating citrus diseases worldwide. Las is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in a persistent manner, but its interactions with the psyllid vector, particularly at the organ and cellular levels, are poorly understood. We have tested several fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) protocols and three nucleic acid probes for the localization of Las in haemolymph smears and dissected organs of ACP adults that fed on Las-infected plants in the field or laboratory and in sections from Las-infected citrus leaves. Las was detected by FISH and confocal laser scanning microscopy in the filter chamber, midgut, Malpighian tubules, haemolymph, salivary glands, ovaries and in muscle and fat tissues of ACP that acquired Las from infected plants, as well as in the phloem of infected citrus leaves. Las appeared as pleiomorphic bodies or short thin rods that were much more dispersed and individually distinct in citrus leaf phloem and in ACP haemolymph, but more densely aggregated in cells of the salivary glands and other ACP organs and tissues. Our results provide the first in situ demonstration of Las infection in various psyllid organs and tissues and show the near-systemic infection of ACP by Las.
Industrial wastewater treatment with a new biological fixed‐film system

The Biological Aerated Filter System—an innovative fixed-film secondary wastewater-treatment system for industrial application.