cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probiotics are effective at preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. CDI has increased in incidence and severity over the past decade, and is a growing worldwide health problem associated with substantial health care costs and significant morbidity and mortality. This meta-analysis examines the impact of probiotics on the incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) among children and adults, in both hospital and outpatient settings.
Managing Necrosis of the Nipple-Areolar Complex Following Reduction Mammaplasty and Mastopexy

Nipple-areolar complex (NAC) necrosis is a dreaded complication of reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy that can lead to prolonged morbidity and permanent cosmetic deformity. Preventing ischemic complications is greatly preferable to treating a necrotic nipple and areola. The guiding principle in surgical management of ischemic complications of the nipple-areolar complex is to avoid aggressive treatment until the tissues have “declared” themselves. With properly timed and well-executed reconstructive procedures, it is possible in most cases to restore a very natural-appearing nipple-areolar complex.
Detection of hemorrhage by analyzing shapes of the arterial blood pressure waveforms

We hypothesize that changes of shape of arterial blood pressure (ABP) high-frequency waveform signal can be reflective of body's response to stress, in particular to hemorrhage.
Notes on Jacopino del Conte

Jacopino del Conte belonged to the generation of Florentine painters who came to artistic maturity around 1530, and like many of his contemporaries he soon abandoned his native city for Rome.1 Although he later visited Florence and held property there, his artistic career was mainly a Roman one.2 By the middle of the century Jacopino had turned his attention primarily to portraiture, but in his earlier years he was also active as a religious painter. There is no evidence that he ever dealt with mythological or historical themes.
Validation of PIMAL 3.0-Phantom with Moving Arms and Legs.

When it comes to determining radiation protection measurements, complex geometries often require the use of computational modeling to solve the problems; the human body is no exception. However, both old and new phantom models have almost always been rigidly created in the vertical upright position. Oak Ridge National Laboratory solved this issue in 2007 by developing a piece of software named 'Phantom with Moving Arms and Legs (PIMAL)', which creates a flexible phantom model for computer simulations. Though the initial hermaphrodite phantom is validated, new gender-specific models need validation against generally accepted values. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the dose coefficients from PIMAL against known values in Federal Guidance Report 12 for water submersion. Of 21 organ-tissue doses, all but 2 matched to within 15% for photon energies above 1 MeV. For plots with notable discrepancies at multiple energies, including bone surface and effective dose, explanations are given to justify differences.
The role of the pathologist in the surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism

Appropriately extensive surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism depends upon accurate assessment of the extent of disease. We have believed that such assessement is the responsibility of the surgeon because at random biopsy with light microscopy the pathologist may not be able to differentiate adenoma from hyperplasia or even normal from abnormal glands. To test this hypothesis, three pathologists reviewed 50 unlabelled slides of parathyroid tissue and attempted to correlate them with clinical diagnoses which were based upon widely accepted criteria. They were asked to identify each slide as adenoma or hyperplasia, or both, or normal using whatever criteria they wished. A specific diagnosis of adenoma was correct in 35 and 83 per cent of interpretations and of hyperplasia in 38 and 60 per cent of interpretations. The less specific diagnosis of adenoma or hyperplasia (that is, abnormal tissue) was correct in 78 to 100 per cent. A diagnosis of normal was correct in 71 to 78 per cent. Adenoma was most likely confused with hyperplasia; hyperplasia was equally mistaken for adenoma or normal. We conclude that with random, subtotal specimens taken at biopsy (simulating intraoperative conditions) differentiation of adenoma from hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland is poor. Differentiation of normal from abnormal parathyroid tissue also is unreliable. Because the consequences of misdiagnosis are severe, pathologists should not be asked to make specific diagnoses intraoperatively but only to distinguish the parathyroid tissue from the nonparathyroid tissue.
Discordant reporting of nonmedical opioid use in a nationally representative sample of US high school seniors.

ABSTRACTBackground: Nonmedical opioid use has become a major public health concern due to increases in treatment admissions, overdoses, and deaths. Use has also been linked to heroin initiation. Reliable data on nonmedical opioid use are needed to continue to inform prevention. Objective: To determine the prevalence and correlates of discordant self-report of nonmedical use of opioids in a national sample. Methods: Utilizing a nationally representative sample of 31,149 American high school seniors in the Monitoring the Future study (2009–2013), discordant responses between self-reported 12-month nonmedical opioid use and self-reported 12-month nonmedical Vicodin and OxyContin use (reporting Vicodin/OxyContin use, but not reporting “opioid” use) were assessed. We also used multivariable logistic regression to determine the characteristics of students who were most likely to provide a discordant response. Results: 37.1% of those reporting nonmedical Vicodin use and 28.2% of those reporting nonmedical OxyCon...
Strategic Management in the Public Sector: Concepts, Schools, and Contemporary Issues by Ewan Ferlie and Edoardo Ongaro

Ewan Ferlie and Edoardo Ongaro have written a much-needed book for any scholar or doctoral student studying public and nonprofit strategic management. The book reviews and critiques—as the title ap...
Management of the Recurrence of Craniopharyngiomas

Tumor recurrence is the most common complication of any primary treatment modality for craniopharyngiomas. A multidisciplinary approach is helpful for determining the optimal treatment strategy when a recurrent tumor is identified. Surgical resection via transcranial or transsphenoidal approaches can be curative in the vast majority of patients who have recurrences, but there is a higher rate of morbidity in a reoperation following a primary radical resection. Adjuvant radiation therapy, intracystic irradiation or bleomycin, and serial aspirations in cystic tumors are alternative or complimentary treatment options for recurrent tumors. These options have lower morbidity but also provide less opportunity for salvage and cure and may only be appropriate when palliation is the end therapeutic goal. Regardless of strategy, patients and their families need to be informed and assessed for their ability to tolerate new deficits following reoperation.
The event-related brain potential as an index of attention allocation in complex displays

The advantages of employing the event-related brain potential (ERP) in the assessment of allocation of attention in dynamic environments are discussed. Three experiments are presented in which the P300 component of the ERP is demonstrated to be a useful index of subjects' locus of attention. The first two experiments were concerned with the allocation of attention during discrete and continuous visual monitoring tasks. The results indicated that a P300 was elicited only by stimuli to which the subject had to attend in order to perform successfully the task. The third experiment was conducted to assess the sensitivity of P300 to the manner in which attention is allocated to different aspects of a display during the performance of a 3-dimensional target acquisition task. The amplitude of the P300 was found to reflect differences between two levels of workload, as well as the task relevance of the stimuli. The results of the experiments are discussed in terms of their utility in the evaluation of the design of man-machine systems as well as in the study of the allocation of attention in operational environments.
Nanoengineering of optical probes for in situ nanomechanical studies and biological interrogation (Conference Presentation)

The ability to stimulate, track, and record biological processes with as many data channels as possible is central to decoding complex phenomena in the body. For example, many biological processes involve small mechanical cues that can help drive chemical reactions and/or initiate responses to external stimuli. However, to measure these nanomechanical events, specialized tools are required that can not only achieve piconewton force resolution, but be able to record from multiple sites while maintaining a small footprint to allow embedded or intracellular measurements. This is challenging for state-of-the-art instruments such as atomic force microscopes or optical traps due to the difficulty in multiplexing, their size, and feedback mechanisms. Here we describe a new nanofiber-optic platform that can detect sub-piconewton forces by monitoring far-field scattering signals of plasmonic nanoparticles moving within the near-field. To provide mechanical resistance to the nanoparticles, and allow quantitative forces to be extracted, compressible polymer claddings have been designed that have tunable spring constants and chemical compositions. The transduction mechanism is demonstrated both on detecting local contact forces acting on the nanoparticles as well as acoustic waves propagating in the medium. Because of the small cross-sectional areas ( 1 mm), these nanofibers can also be inserted deep into tissue to locally excite and collect signals from single cells (e.g., neurons) with minimal invasiveness. Experiments focused on stimulating and recording from brain tissue will be discussed.
Core/Shell Conjugated Polymer/Quantum Dot Composite Nanofibers through Orthogonal Non-Covalent Interactions

Nanostructuring organic polymers and organic/inorganic hybrid materials and controlling blend morphologies at the molecular level are the prerequisites for modern electronic devices including biological sensors, light emitting diodes, memory devices and solar cells. To achieve all-around high performance, multiple organic and inorganic entities, each designed for specific functions, are commonly incorporated into a single device. Accurate arrangement of these components is a crucial goal in order to achieve the overall synergistic effects. We describe here a facile methodology of nanostructuring conjugated polymers and inorganic quantum dots into well-ordered core/shell composite nanofibers through cooperation of several orthogonal non-covalent interactions including conjugated polymer crystallization, block copolymer self-assembly and coordination interactions. Our methods provide precise control on the spatial arrangements among the various building blocks that are otherwise incompatible with one another, and should find applications in modern organic electronic devices such as solar cells.
Stabilization and transformation of Pt nanocrystals supported on ZnAl2O4 spinel

The role of interfacial interaction on the stabilization and transformation of Pt nanocrystals supported on zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4) was systematically studied in this work. In addition to the remarkable stability of Pt nanocrystals supported on the {111} ZnAl2O4 facet under a harsh oxidizing atmosphere, we also identified the phase segregation of ZnAl2O4 to ZnO and Al2O3 and the transformation of Pt to PtZn bimetallic alloy for Pt supported on other facets. High resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses reveal the phase segregation is associated with a cation migration mechanism associated with replacement of Zn2+ by Al3+ in the spinel structure. This work confirms the strong interfacial interactions between precious metal nanocrystals and that the spinel support is a general mechanism for stabilizing precious metal catalysts, with important implications for the rational design of stable integrated catalysis systems.
Accurate segmentation of lung fields on chest radiographs using deep convolutional networks

Accurate segmentation of lung fields on chest radiographs is the primary step for computer-aided detection of various conditions such as lung cancer and tuberculosis. The size, shape and texture of lung fields are key parameters for chest X-ray (CXR) based lung disease diagnosis in which the lung field segmentation is a significant primary step. Although many methods have been proposed for this problem, lung field segmentation remains as a challenge. In recent years, deep learning has shown state of the art performance in many visual tasks such as object detection, image classification and semantic image segmentation. In this study, we propose a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) framework for segmentation of lung fields. The algorithm was developed and tested on 167 clinical posterior-anterior (PA) CXR images collected retrospectively from picture archiving and communication system (PACS) of Geisinger Health System. The proposed multi-scale network is composed of five convolutional and two fully connected layers. The framework achieved IOU (intersection over union) of 0.96 on the testing dataset as compared to manual segmentation. The suggested framework outperforms state of the art registration-based segmentation by a significant margin. To our knowledge, this is the first deep learning based study of lung field segmentation on CXR images developed on a heterogeneous clinical dataset. The results suggest that convolutional neural networks could be employed reliably for lung field segmentation.
Toward the Development of Reporting Standards for Evaluations

This article first makes a case for the need to establish evaluation reporting standards, support for which is rooted in the growing demand for professionalization, in the growing metaevaluation literature, and in growing efforts to develop reporting standards for inquiry efforts. Then, a case is made for a particular set of such standards introduced in this article—the CHecklist for Evaluation-Specific Standards (CHESS). In doing so, this article outlines the process used and presents the resulting checklist and associated standards, which are defined as the minimum, evaluation-specific elements that must be reported to make judgments about the quality of the evaluation. This article also describes a few of the categories to offer illustrative information to help readers better understand and consider the usefulness of the proposed checklist. A discussion of CHESS, including challenges and next steps, is also included.
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Fragile X Syndrome

Abstract Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most prevalent single gene cause of inherited intellectual disability and the most common known cause of autism in the United States. Recent work has established that many neurological and nonneural aspects of the FXS phenotype are attributable to high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity within the brain and in connective tissues affected by FXS. MMP-9 is important regulator of extracellular matrix proteins that contribute to the development and maturation of excitatory synapses in the brain, and higher levels of this enzyme adversely affect dendritic spine maturation through several well-characterized signaling pathways many of which converge on mTOR. Pharmacological inhibition of MMP with minocycline and genetic removal of MMP-both prevented synapse abnormalities associated with FXS. Further, those manipulations of MMP-9 activity reduce characterstic physical trails associated with FXS, including macroorchidism, loose joints, and distended aortas. Here we review how MMPs and ECM misregulation impact FXS-associated defects inside and outside the CNS, with a focus on the signaling pathways involved.
The Difficult Airway

Despite so much literature that has been published and continues to be published about difficult airway management, a universally accepted definition has not been forthcoming. This is primarily due to the fact that there is inherent subjectivity and a complex number of clinical factors that do not lend themselves to a single objective definition. For instance, the number of attempts, number of operators, and number of alternative devices used are to some degree dependent on experience and judgment of the anesthesiologist. In some cases, a patient with risk factors for difficult intubation may turn out to be straightforward. This is in contrast to the patient who does not have such risk factors yet turns out to be a difficult intubation (the dreaded “unanticipated difficult airway”). Also, most of what is written about the difficult airway is in relation to conventional mask ventilation and direct laryngoscopy. However, a more experienced anesthesiologist who recognizes these risks might not attempt either of those approaches and secure the airway in a different fashion (e.g., fiberoptic intubation), thereby avoiding mask ventilation and direct laryngoscopy altogether (and hopefully not encountering any real difficulty). Perhaps the most relevant definition of the difficult airway is the one stated in the American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway (hereinafter referred to as the “ASA Guidelines”) which states the difficult airway is “a clinical situation in which a conventionally trained anesthesiologist experiences difficulty with facemask ventilation of the upper airway, difficulty with tracheal intubation, or both.” Included in these guidelines is the ASA Difficult Airway Algorithm. Management of the difficult airway is not isolated to the operating room setting. It can be required at any point during the hospital stay, from the emergency department to the ICU, stepdown units, floor beds, nonoperating room procedural areas, and can also include transfers between care sites. For anesthesiologists in training, airway management skills and judgment are developed throughout residency. In preparation for board examination after formal training, a broad range of topics will be studied. On the day of the board examination, however, some of those topics will be tested but many will not. Airway management will be tested.
Military experience can influence Women's eating habits

Abstract Background Disordered eating, ranging from occasional binge eating or restriction to behaviors associated with eating disorder diagnoses, is common among military personnel and veterans. However, there is little information on how military service affects eating habits. Objective To describe possible pathways between military service and disordered eating among women veterans, a high risk group. Materials and methods Twenty women veterans who reported changing eating habits in response to stress participated in audio-recorded focus groups or dyadic interviews between April 2013 and October 2014. We used thematic analysis of transcripts to identify and understand women's self-reported eating habits before, during, and after military service. Results Participants reported entering the military with varied eating habits, but little disordered eating. Participants described several ways military environments affected eating habits, for example, by promoting fast, irregular, binge-like eating and disrupting the reward value of food. Participants believed military-related stressors, which were often related to gender, also affected eating habits. Such stressors included military sexual trauma and the need to meet military weight requirements in general and after giving birth. Participants also reported that poor eating habits continued after military service, often because they remained under stress. Conclusions For some women, military service can result in socialization to poor eating habits, which when combined with exposure to stressors can lead to disordered eating. Additional research is needed, including work to understand possible benefits associated with providing support in relation to military weight requirements and the transition out of military service. Given the unique experiences of women in the military, future work could also focus on health services surrounding pregnancy-related weight change and the stress associated with being a woman in predominantly male military environments.
Lessons From Between the White Lines for Isolated Data Scientists

Many current and future data scientists will be “isolated”—working alone or in small teams within a larger organization. This isolation brings certain challenges as well as freedoms. Drawing on my ...
The futility of intraoperative frozen section in the evaluation of follicular thyroid lesions.

Objective Investigate the utility of intraoperative frozen section (iFS) in patients with follicular thyroid lesions following publication of the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Patient demographics, preoperative cytology, frozen pathology, and final pathology were reviewed on patients undergoing thyroid surgery at a tertiary care hospital in which iFS was utilized over a 5-year period. The test performance of iFS and the frequency of indicated completion/total thyroidectomies pre- and postpublication of the 2015 ATA guidelines were calculated. Results One hundred and one patients met inclusion criteria: 54 patients with follicular lesions of undetermined significance (FLUS) and 47 patients with a cytologic diagnosis of suspicious for follicular neoplasm/follicular neoplasm. The malignancy rate was 36%, but only 14% of malignancies were identified on iFS. A definitive benign or malignant diagnosis was given on iFS in only 21% of cases, and operative management was altered in two cases as a result of iFS. There was a statistically significant reduction in the frequency of indicated total/completion thyroidectomies based on high-risk features as a result of the 2015 ATA guidelines compared to prior recommendations (20.8% vs. 5.0%, P = < 0.001). None of these patients had findings on iFS that would have altered management intraoperatively. Conclusion Intraoperative frozen section offers minimal diagnostic utility in the evaluation of follicular thyroid lesions. Updates in the 2015 ATA guidelines further diminish its potential to impact management intraoperatively. Significant improvements in its ability to identify malignancies would be needed to justify its use. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
Phage hunters: Computational strategies for finding phages in large-scale 'omics datasets.

Abstract A plethora of tools exist for identifying phage sequences in bacterial genomes, single cell amplified genomes, and host-associated and environmental metagenomes. Yet because the genetics of phages and their hosts are closely intertwined, distinguishing viral from bacterial signal remains an ongoing challenge. Further the size, quantity and fragmentary nature of modern ‘omics datasets ushers in a new set of computational challenges. Here, we detail the promises and pitfalls of using currently available gene-centric or k-mer based tools for identifying prophage sequences in genomes and prophage and viral contigs in metagenomes. Each of these methods offers a unique piece of the puzzle to elucidating the intriguing signatures of phage-host coevolution.
Environmental sustainability scholarship and the efforts of the sport sector: A rapid review of literature

The sport sector has witnessed a shift where organizations at all levels have begun to place considerable importance on becoming more environmentally conscientious. Simultaneously a growing body of...
Chapter 16 Magnetic Manipulation for Force Measurements in Cell Biology

Life is a mechanical process. Cells, tissues, and bodies must act within their environments to grow, divide, move, communicate, and defend themselves. The stiffness and viscosity of cells and biologic materials will vary depending upon a wide variety of variables including for example environmental conditions, activation of signaling pathways, stage of development, gene expression. By pushing and pulling cells or materials such as mucus or extracellular matrix, one can learn about their mechanical properties. By varying the conditions, signaling pathways or genetic background, one can also assess how the response of the cell or material is modulated by that pathway. Magnetic particles are available commercially in many useful sizes, magnetic contents, and surface chemistries. The variety of surface chemistries allow forces to be applied to a specimen through specific linkages such as receptors or particular proteins, allowing the biologist to ask fundamental questions about the role of those linkages in the transduction of force or motion. In this chapter, we discuss the use of a magnetic system designed to apply a wide range of forces and force patterns fully integrated into a high numerical aperture inverted fluorescence microscope. Fine, thin and flat magnetic poles allow the use of high magnification microscope objectives, and flexible software to control the direction and pattern of applied forces supports a variety of experimental situations. The system can be coupled with simple video acquisition for medium-bandwidth, two-dimensional particle tracking. Alternatively, the system can be coupled with a laser tracking and position feedback system for higher resolution, high bandwidth, three-dimensional tracking.
PROGRAMMING, PROGRAM STRUCTURE, AND COMPUTABILITY

Creating an artificial intelligence system usually means writing a computer program. Every programmer knows that a running program is a compromise between the conceptualization and practicality. Such a concern applies in the artificial intelligence research as much as in another field. This chapter presents some of the basic results relating to computation in the abstract and relates them to the programming problems which appear in artificial intelligence research. The crux of the matter is the relation between the computability of a function on an abstract machine and the structure of the program that realizes the function on an actual machine. It is important to maintain a distinction between real and abstract machines and the programs for them. The theory of computability deals with how conceptual machines compute classes of functions. Programmers try to realize specific functions on the computer with which they have to deal. The theory of computability deals with how conceptual machines compute classes of functions. A program in operation can be thought of as a simulation of a special purpose machine on a general purpose machine. The combination of program and actual machine defines a special purpose computer.
A Specific Inhibitor of Trypanosoma Cruzi Neuraminidase Found in Human Plasma

American trypanosomiasis or Chagas’ disease is caused by the flagellate protrozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and represents a major health problem in Central and South America affecting over 10 million people (Brener, 1973; Hudson and Hindmarsh, 1985). Carlos Chagas first documented the disease in 1909. In his 78 works published between 1903 and 1935 he described the disease, its etiology, its vectors and its reservoirs. Chagas’ disease predominantly striking the rural population, still represents an exciting challenge to the scientific community because the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenicity have yet to be unravelled.
Age of alcohol use initiation and psychiatric symptoms among young adult trauma survivors

Abstract Alcohol use disorder (AUD) evidences high rates of comorbidity with a range of psychiatric disorders, particularly within high-risk populations, such as individuals exposed to physical or sexual violence. Increasing efforts are focused on understanding the role of early alcohol use (e.g., during adolescence) on emotional and psychiatric functioning over time, as well as sex differences in these associations. The aim of the current study was to evaluate patterns of association between age of initiation of regular alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depressive symptoms as a function of sex. Participants were 269 college students with a history of interpersonal trauma and alcohol use who completed a battery of questionnaires regarding alcohol use and emotional health. Neither bivariate correlations nor results from structural equation models covarying for key factors showed a relationship between age of alcohol use initiation and current psychiatric symptoms among men (n = 63). Results of a structural equation model supported an association between earlier age of alcohol use initiation and greater levels of current PTSD (β = −0.14), anxiety (β = −0.15), and depression symptoms (β = −0.16) in the female sub-sample (n = 202), after controlling for covariates, as well as intercorrelations among criterion variables. Statistical support for sex as a moderator of these associations was not detected. The current study provides preliminary evidence for potential sex differences in the role of early alcohol use in the development of psychiatric symptoms and highlights the need for systematic longitudinal research.
Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy for oligometastatic prostate cancer delays time-to-next systemic treatment.

Local ablative treatment to oligometastatic patients can result in long-term disease-free survival in some cancer patients. The importance of this treatment paradigm in prostate cancer is a rapidly evolving field. Herein, we report on the safety and preliminary clinical outcomes of a modern cohort of oligometastatic prostate cancer (OPC) patients treated with consolidative stereotactic ablative radiation (SABR). Records of men with OPC who underwent consolidative SABR at our institution were reviewed. SABR was delivered in 1–5 fractions of 5–18 Gray. Kaplan–Meier estimates of local progression-free survival (LPFS), biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS; PSA nadir + 2), distant progression-free survival (DPFS), and time-to-next intervention (TTNI) were calculated. In total, 66 OPC patients were identified with consolidative SABR delivered to 134 metastases: 89 bone, 40 nodal, and 5 viscera. The majority of men (49/66) had hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC). Crude grade 1 and 2 acute toxicities were 36% and 11%, respectively, with no ≥ grade 3 toxicity. At 1 year, LPFS was 92% and bPFS and DPFS were 69%. Of the 18 men with HSPC who had deferred hormone therapy , 11 (56%) remain disease free following SABR (1-year ADT-FS was 78%). In 17 castration-resistant men, 11 had > 50% prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declines with 1-year TTNI of 30%. Consolidative SABR in OPC is feasible and well tolerated. The heterogeneity and small size of our series limit extrapolation of clinically meaningful outcomes following consolidative SABR in OPC, but our preliminary data suggest that this approach warrants continued prospective study.
Research on the Reactive Optimization Model and Its Algorithm with Flexible Objectives Containing Voltage-Infeasible Nodes

The paper conducts a systematic study of the infeasibility problem. Based on wattles voltage in substation, the paper divides the weak zone and non-weak zone, sets different control targets for different zones, and proposes the reactive optimization model with flexible objectives containing voltage-infeasible nodes which can automatically identify the weak zone. The parallel co-evolutionary algorithm with population sequential updating strategy is used to solve the model. Finally, the effectiveness of model is verified with the 63-node system as an example, and the model reduces the active power loss and the degree of voltage deviation for voltage-infeasible nodes.
Decreases In Readmissions Credited To Medicare's Program To Reduce Hospital Readmissions Have Been Overstated.

Medicare’s Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) has been credited with lowering risk-adjusted readmission rates for targeted conditions at general acute care hospitals. However, these red...
Mathematical Morphological Filter Based Protection Scheme for DC Ring Microgrid System

This paper features mathematical morphological filter-based fault detection in a DC ring microgrid system for hybrid DC circuit breakers. With the current threshold-based fault detection scheme, a slower response time can result in higher fault current seen by the protection devices. The fault protection scheme presented in this paper does not only ensure faster response time and lower fault current, but also promises communication free protection coordination. The key components of the hybrid DC breaker are selected based on specific design metrics and the breaker topology is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The circuit breaker is then tested on a test DC ring bus system. Breaker operation and coordination via proper control logic is demonstrated for several line-to-ground fault cases. The results are compared with current threshold-based fault event detection scheme to evaluate the overall performance including breaker efficiency during normal and fault conditions.
Maternal and fetal influences on uterine and conceptus development in the cow: II. Blood flow and nutrient flux.

Objectives of this study were to evaluate maternal and fetal influences on uterine and umbilical blood flows and nutrient fluxes of gravid uterine tissues of cows. Brahman cows with Brahman or Charolais fetuses and Charolais cows with Brahman or Charolais fetuses were used. Indwelling catheters were placed into a uterine artery and vein, an umbilical vein, and a fetal femoral artery and vein at 220 +/- .4 d after mating. Uterine and umbilical blood flows (liters/min) and net uptakes of oxygen, glucose, lactate, alpha-amino N, urea N, ammonia N, and estrone sulfate by the gravid uterus, fetus, and uteroplacenta were determined on d 227 +/- .4. Uterine blood flows in Brahman cows with Brahman (5.01) or Charolais (4.66) fetuses were similar but less (P less than .001) than in Charolais cows with Brahman (7.14) or Charolais fetuses (9.24), which differed (P less than .01). Umbilical blood flows of Charolais (3.78) were greater (P less than .01) than those of Brahman (2.29) fetuses. Rate of placental D2O clearance as well as net fetal uptake of oxygen, glucose, and alpha-amino N, gravid uterine uptake of alpha-amino N, and uteroplacental uptake of glucose and release of estrone sulfate were greater with Charolais than with Brahman fetuses. Gravid uterine oxygen uptake and estrone sulfate release and gravid uterine and uteroplacental lactate output were influenced by the interaction between cow and fetal breed. It is suggested that fetal growth may be limited by uterine blood flow and by function of the uteroplacenta, particularly in late gestation.
Donors, authors, and owners: how is genomic citizen science addressing interests in research outputs?

Citizen science is increasingly prevalent in the biomedical sciences, including the field of human genomics. Genomic citizen science initiatives present new opportunities to engage individuals in scientific discovery, but they also are provoking new questions regarding who owns the outputs of the research, including intangible ideas and discoveries and tangible writings, tools, technologies, and products. The legal and ethical claims of participants to research outputs become stronger—and also more likely to conflict with those of institution-based researchers and other stakeholders—as participants become more involved, quantitatively and qualitatively, in the research process. It is not yet known, however, how genomic citizen science initiatives are managing the interests of their participants in accessing and controlling research outputs in practice. To help fill this gap, we conducted an in-depth review of relevant policies and practices of U.S.-based genomic citizen science initiatives. We queried the peer-reviewed literature and grey literature to identify 22 genomic citizen science initiatives that satisfied six inclusion criteria. A data collection form was used to capture initiative features, policies, and practices relevant to participants’ access to and control over research outputs. This analysis revealed that the genomic citizen science landscape is diverse and includes many initiatives that do not have institutional affiliations. Two trends that are in apparent tension were identified: commercialization and operationalization of a philosophy of openness. While most initiatives supported participants’ access to research outputs, including datasets and published findings, none supported participants’ control over results via intellectual property, licensing, or commercialization rights. However, several initiatives disclaimed their own rights to profit from outputs. There are opportunities for citizen science initiatives to incorporate more features that support participants’ access to and control over research outputs, consistent with their specific objectives, operations, and technical capabilities.
Development and Initial Validation of the Perceived Classism Experiences Scale

This article describes the development and initial validation of the Perceived Classism Experiences Scale (PCES), a scale created to measure experiences of classism based on the Social Class Worldv...
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Patient With Advanced HIV and Cytomegalovirus Infection

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, aggressive, and, if not treated, fatal disorder that is characterized by excessive immune system activation. This disorder can be precipitated by different triggers including malignancies, infections, and autoimmune disorders. Diagnosis is made by fulfilling criteria that was last updated in 2004, and treatment frequently includes management of the underlying trigger but can also include chemotherapy. In this article, we report a case of HLH in a 27-year-old male, who had been diagnosed with advanced untreated HIV, who presented to the hospital with fever and generalized fatigue with no obvious etiology. Infectious workup revealed cytomegalovirus viremia, and the patient met HLH criteria with impressive hyperferritinemia of 15 432 ng/mL. The patient was started on treatment for cytomegalovirus infection that led to resolution of HLH. Our report highlights the importance of early detection of HLH in special populations, and that treating the presumptive trigger can lead to resolution of HLH.
Specific theories of crime? A longitudinal assessment of the competing effects of psychopathy and self-control

The association between psychopathic personality traits (PPTs) and offending behavior has been studied extensively. Self-control also enjoys strong empirical support in its association with antisoc...
New Spreading Resistance Effect For Sub-0.50 µm MOSFETs: Model and Simulation

A new major spreading resistance (SR) contribution associated with the vertical shift of the peak LDD concentration into the bulk is reported. This contribution is at least a factor of 5 larger than the SR variations of the lateral S/D profile (with peak concentration at the interface) reported so far [1]. The effects are relevant to sub-0.5 µm devices manufactured with reduced thermal budgets. A resistor network model, corroborated by 2D simulations, explains the key features of the effect, including a reversal of SR trends for shallow junctions due to the impact of accumulation resistance (AR). For the first time, ostensibly conflicting data from experiments with various sheet resistances ϱ□, junction depths ϰj and S/D constructions can now be clearly understood.
In vitro cytocompatibility testing of oxidative degradation products

Implantable medical devices must undergo thorough evaluation to ensure safety and efficacy before use in humans. If a device is designed to degrade, it is critical to understand the rate of degrada...
Darts to deliver medications is a serious BQA challenge

Bottom line … DON’T DO IT! Darts for delivery of medication or vaccines to animals intended for food are not under any circumstances or in any way recommended, approved, or condoned by any veterinary organization. There is no indication from dart manufacturers that their darts met FDA and USDA required sterility requirements, and the manufacturers do not provide guidance for sterilization procedures needed to meet sterility requirements. Dart used to deliver fluoroquinolones, ceftiofur, or compounded medications (mixed or diluted other than specifically instructed on the label) is strictly illegal and considered a criminal act under the FDA Code of Federal Regulations. There is no research documenting that dart delivery of medical liquids reaches the labeled SQ or IM requirement. Not reaching the intended SQ or IM compartment eliminates all but 1 food animal medication, oxytetracycline, and there are no darts sufficient in size to accommodate the dosage requirement of the drug. Improper dosing, including under-dosing, of antibiotics can seriously risk antibiotic resistance development. Since darts do not have ballistic characteristics similar to bullets, targeting is unpredictable. This makes delivery to the neck region, the only acceptable IM or SQ injections site, inconsistent and potentially very dangerous to the animal if the cervical vertebrae are hit with a dart’s needle. This concern heightens when darts are used beyond 10 yards, and there are no dart delivery charges for this distance which do not pose the potential for embedding the dart’s cylinder through the animal’s hide into muscle.
A Systematic Review of Autonomous Driving in Transportation.

With the rapid development of science and technology, some new terms, such as cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence, have become part of public life. Artificial intelligence is another technological revolution after human beings entered the information era, attracting more and more attention. As an extension and application of artificial intelligence technology in the automotive industry and transportation field, autonomous driving has received close attention from industry, academic, and even the national level in recent years worldwide. The self-driving car relies on artificial intelligence, visual computing, radar, monitoring devices, and global positioning systems to work in concert, which allows computers to operate motor vehicles automatically and safely without any human initiative. Autonomous driving technology will become mainstream for future cars in transportation. The review for autonomous driving in the artificial intelligent aspect was conducted using Cite Space, Harzing’s Publish, VOS viewer, Mendeley, Scopus, and Web of Science. By using the data from these database websites, co-citation analysis and the leading table analysis are organized together.
Theology, Creation, and Environmental Ethics: From Creatio Ex Nihilo to Terra Nullius

Introduction 1. A Geneaology of the Christian Colonial Mindset: Ex Nihilo from Rhetorical Origins to Constantinian Christianity 2. Ex Nihilo Identity and Discovering the "Otro Mundo" 3. Descartes, Tabula Rasa, Lockean Property, and Omnipotent Agency 4. The Creation of Ex Nihilo of Terra Nullius Lands: Omnipotent Nations and the Logic of Global Colonization 5. From Epistemologies of Domination to Grounded Thinking 6. Opening Words about God onto Creatio Continua 7. Creatio Continua "All the Way Down": A Postcolonial, Planetary Understanding of Continuing Creation 8. Conclusion: A Brief Thought After
Self‐evaluative consequences of social support receipt: The role of context self‐relevance

Past research suggests that receiving social support can increase distress if it threatens self-esteem, self-efficacy, or competence. These costs may be more apparent in self-relevant contexts, as such concerns should be more salient in these situations. This research tests whether context self-relevance moderates affective responses to support receipt and whether this pattern is mediated by self-evaluation. We report support for these hypotheses in both a daily diary study (N = 304 couples) of real-world stress and a laboratory experiment (N = 77 students) in which support receipt and task self-relevance are manipulated. We discuss connections between this work and the broader literature on social support receipt, including how other social processes (e.g., social comparison) may contribute to the costs associated with support receipt.
Preparation of Vinyl Trifluoromethanesulfonates: 3‐Methyl‐2‐buten‐2‐yl Triflate

Preparation of Vinyl Trifluoromethanesulfonates: 3-Methyl-2-buten-2-yl Triflate intermediate: trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride reactant: 2.78 g. (0.0352 mole) of anhydrous pyridine solvent: 10 ml. of anhydrous n-pentane product: 3-methyl-2-buten-2-yl triflate byproduct: 3-methyl-1-buten-2-yl triflate product: CH2C(CH3)OSO2CF3 product: cis and trans C2H5CHC(C2H5)OSO2CF3 product: CH2C(OSO2CF3)C(CH3)3 product: CH2C(C6H5)OSO2CF3 product: CH2C(OSO2CF3)CH2(CH2)2CH3 product: CH2C(OSO2CF3)CH(CH3)2 product: C6H5C(CH3)C(CH3)OSO2CF3 (cis, 18%; trans, 51%) + C6H5CH(CH3)C(OSO2CF3)CH2 (31%) product: C6H5C(CH3)C(CH3)OSO2CF3 (trans, 80%; cis, 20%) product: (CH3)2CC(CH3)OSO2CF3 (1, 70%) + (CH3)2CHC(OSO2CF3)CH2 (2, 30%) product: 1 (90%) + 2 (10%) Keywords: acylation; elimination, dehydration; sulfonation, O-sulfonation; 3-methyl-2-butanone; pentane; pyridine
A biological framework for understanding farmers’ plant breeding

We present a framework for understanding farmer plant breeding (including both choice of varieties and populations and plant selection) in terms of the basic biological model of scientific plant breeding, focusing on three key components of that model: 1) genetic variation, 2) environmental variation and variation of genotype-by-environment interaction, and 3) plant selection. For each of these concepts we suggest questions for research on farmers’plant breeding (farmers’ knowledge, practice, and crop varieties and growing environments). A sample of recent research shows a range of explicit and implicit answers to these questions which are often contradictory, suggesting that generalizations based on experience with specific varieties, environments or farmers may not be valid. They also suggest that farmers’ practice reflects an understanding of their crop varieties and populations that is in many ways fundamentally similar to that of plant breeders; yet, is also different, in part because the details of their experiences are different. Further research based on this framework should be valuable for participatory or collaborative plant breeding that is currently being proposed to reunite farmer and scientific plant breeding.