cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin–orbit coupling and spin transport

Abstract Recent achievements in semiconductor spintronics are discussed. Special attention is paid to spin–orbit interaction, coupling of electron spins to external electric fields, and spin transport in media with spin–orbit coupling, including the mechanisms of spin-Hall effect. Importance of spin-transport parameters at spin-precession wave vector k so is emphasized, and existence of an universal relation between spin currents and spin accumulation at the spatial scale of l so ≈ k so - 1 is conjectured.
Nanomedicine in the Management of Microbial Infection - Overview and Perspectives.

For more than 2 billion years, microbes have reigned on our planet, evolving or outlasting many obstacles they have encountered. In the 20th century, this trend took a dramatic turn with the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines. Nevertheless, since then, microbes have progressively eroded the effectiveness of previously successful antibiotics by developing resistance, and many infections have eluded conventional vaccine design approaches. Moreover, the emergence of resistant and more virulent strains of bacteria has outpaced the development of new antibiotics over the last few decades. These trends have had major economic and health impacts at all levels of the socioeconomic spectrum – we need breakthrough innovations that could effectively manage microbial infections and deliver solutions that stand the test of time. The application of nanotechnologies to medicine, or nanomedicine, which has already demonstrated its tremendous impact on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, is rapidly becoming a major driving force behind ongoing changes in the antimicrobial field. Here we provide an overview on the current progress of nanomedicine in the management of microbial infection, including diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, drug delivery, medical devices, and vaccines, as well as perspectives on the opportunities and challenges in antimicrobial nanomedicine.
Differential effects on the mesenteric microcirculatory response to vasopressin and phenylephrine after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objective Mesenteric ischemia is a rare but potentially devastating complication of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. We hypothesized that alterations in mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways contribute to mesenteric microcirculatory dysfunction resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods Pigs underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 6) for 90 minutes and postbypass reperfusion for 180 minutes. Sham operations (n = 6) were performed on controls. Mesenteric tissue was harvested before bypass and after postbypass reperfusion. Microvascular contraction to phenylephrine and vasopressin was examined by videomicroscopy. Contractile responses with inhibition of the extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway by PD98059 (30 μmol/L) and p38 kinase inhibition by SB203580 (1 μmol/L) also were determined. Activated forms of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase were measured by Western blot. ERK1/2 and p38 activity were localized in mesenteric tissue by immunohistochemistry. Results Contractile responses to phenylephrine were increased at 180 minutes after cardiopulmonary bypass (+49.7% ± 5.5%, P P P P Conclusions A differential pattern of mesenteric vasomotor regulation exists after cardiopulmonary bypass that may contribute to the risk of mesenteric ischemia after cardiac surgery.
A comparison of encoding techniques

Abstract A limiting constraint of many management science techniques is that inputs from the decision maker based upon his experiences, opinions and intuition are not considered. For those models that do allow this type of input, it is assumed that they can be accurately and precisely defined in a subjective probability distribution. Little attention, however, has been directed towards evaluating the techniques to define these distributions in a management setting. This study investigates the relative merits of four of the most commonly used techniques for the quantification of subjective assessments. When these techniques were used with professionals whose jobs entail evaluation of uncertainty, a clear preference was shown. Additionally, some concluding observations concerning the selection and the application of assessment techniques are presented.
Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy associated with right ventricular rupture and hemopericardium: A case report.

Abstract Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy is a rare form of pulmonary tumor embolism clinically indistinguishable from pulmonary thromboembolic disease. It is characterized by fibrocellular intimal proliferation of small pulmonary arteries and arterioles in patients with intraluminal tumor embolization. We report the case of a 67-year-old Caucasian woman who had been treated for breast cancer 5 years prior to presentation and had been free of recurrence on routine clinical surveillance. She was admitted for evaluation of three witnessed syncopal events accompanied by tachypnea and hypotension. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed severe right ventricular dilatation and severely reduced right ventricular function. Shortly after admission, the patient became acutely unresponsive and expired despite aggressive resuscitation measures. The proximate cause of death was a rupture of the right ventricular free wall and a large hemopericardium. Histopathology revealed extensive microscopic occlusions of small pulmonary arteries and arterioles by metastatic breast carcinoma with superimposed acute thrombi. Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism and a history of malignancy. Learning objective: Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy is a rare form of pulmonary tumor embolism clinically indistinguishable from pulmonary thromboembolic disease. It is characterized by fibrocellular intimal proliferation of small pulmonary arteries and arterioles in patients with intraluminal tumor embolization. The disease has a fulminant course and poor prognosis. It should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism and a history of malignancy.>
Contracting with spatial externalities and agency problems The case of retail leases

Abstract This paper examines leasing arrangements between a shopping center landlord/developer and individual stores in the presence of inter-store shopping externalities. The problem is to design individual leases so that (i) stores internalize inter-store externalities, and (ii) the landlord does not underprovide marketing effort that is beneficial to all stores. We show that the key element for achieving these goals is the ability of the landlord to cancel the leases of stores whose sales fail to achieve a target level. Such cancellation, or ‘recapture’, clauses are common in commercial leases. We also show that in the absence of such a clause, familiar types of commercial leases fail to achieve the above objectives.
Parameter estimation techniques for a polarization hysteresis model

This paper focuses on the development of parameter estimation techniques for models quantifying hysteresis and constitutive nonlinearities in ferroelectric materials. These models are formulated as integral equations with known kernels and unknown densities to be identified through least squares fit to data. Due to the compactness of the integral operators, the resulting discretized models inherit ill-posedness which often must be accommodated through regularization. The accuracy of regularized finite-dimensional models is illustrated through comparison with experimental data.
Meteoritic krypton and barium versus the general isotopic anomalies in meteoritic xenon

Abstract The general isotopic anomalies in meteoritic xenon are described in detail. Where superior isotopic analyses exist, the xenon anomalies appear to be the same for all meteorites. In other cases there is fair evidence that the xenon examined is a mixture of “meteoritic” and contaminating atmospheric xenon. Two superior krypton analyses for carbonaceous chondrites show no anomalies which are significant in comparison with those for xenon. Barium from the Richardton chondrite is of normal isotopic composition. Cyclotron deuterons produce no Xe124 in a tellurium target, although the other xenon isotopes, which are in excess in meteorites, are produced. A number of possible mechanisms for producing the general anomalies are discussed and found wanting. One of them, due to Kuroda and Cameron , calls for excess terrestrial fission xenon and for transfer of solar xenon to the atmosphere. It thus involves reasonable processes, but, as we show, requires unreasonable yields for spontaneous fission. A mechanism we propose calls for excess meteoritic fission xenon and for gross mass fractionation of terrestrial xenon. It thus produces the observed anomalies accurately, but by somewhat unlikely processes.
Beryllium window for an APS diagnostics beamline

A beryllium (Be) window for an Advanced Photon Source (APS) diagnostics beamline has been designed and built. The window, which has a double concave axisymmetrical profile with a thickness of 0.5 mm at the center, receives 160 W/mm{sup 2} (7 GeV/100 mA stored beam) from an undulator beam. The window design as well as thermal and thermomechanical analyses, including thermal buckling of the Be window, are presented.
Revertants of temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus: Evidence for frequent extragenic suppression

Abstract Twenty-eight independently isolated, spontaneous revertants isolated from temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of reovirus type 3 representing all the known mutant groups, were examined to determine whether they were intragenic revertants or contained extragenic suppressor mutations. Analysis of the progeny of backcrosses of the revertants to wild type, showed that 25 of the 28 revertants contained is lesions. This result indicated that 25 of the 28 revertants were suppressed pseudorevertants with the suppressor mutation in a gene that could be separated from the parental is lesion by recombination. The nature of the is lesion(s) was examined for a number of the is clones derived from back-crosses. In every case, except one, the parental is lesion was found. In five of the ten suppressed pseudorevertants examined, nonparental is lesions could also be rescued. Two of the nonparental is lesions were in the previously defined recombinant groups. Five of the nonparental is lesions represented a new recombination group or groups since they recombined with the prototype mutants of all of the defined recombination groups. Recombination analysis indicated that the five new mutants fall into two recombination groups for which we propose the designations H and I. The nonparental is lesions rescued from suppressed pseudorevertants may represent suppressor mutations with is phenotype. However, the majority of the suppressor mutations identified had no temperature phenotype and were identified only by their effect on the phenotype of the original is lesion. The fact that a large proportion of revertants were suppressed by extragenic suppressor mutations suggests that mutation events leading to extragenic suppression occur at a much higher frequency than do intragenic events leading to revertant phenotype. These results indicate a general mechanism by which RNA viruses can bypass the effects of deleterious mutations in the absence of intramolecular recombination.
A 900 Mbps single-channel capacitive I/O link for wireless wafer-level testing of integrated circuits

This paper presents a 900 Mbps capacitive I/O link for wireless wafer-level testing of integrated circuits (ICs). Pulse width modulation (PWM) is adopted to embed clock information into data signals to implement single-channel communication. PWM signals are demodulated by a delay-locked loop (DLL) based bit-slicer utilizing a 1-cycle locking phase detector (PD). DC level-shifting due to DC-unbalanced symbols is mitigated with a feed-forward clock selector. An I/O prototype, fabricated in 0.13 μm CMOS achieves a bit-error-rate (BER) less than 10−13 at 900 Mbps. The total area of both the transmitter and receiver is less than the silicon area of a conventional standard I/O cell.
Understanding spatio-temporal strategies of adult zebrafish exploration in the open field test

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are emerging as a useful model organism for neuroscience research. Mounting evidence suggests that various traditional rodent paradigms may be adapted for testing zebrafish behavior. The open field test is a popular rodent test of novelty exploration, recently applied to zebrafish research. To better understand fish novelty behavior, we exposed adult zebrafish to two different open field arenas for 30 min, assessing the amount and temporal patterning of their exploration. While (similar to rodents) zebrafish scale their locomotory activity depending on the size of the tank, the temporal patterning of their activity was independent of arena size. These observations strikingly parallel similar rodent behaviors, suggesting that spatio-temporal strategies of animal exploration may be evolutionarily conserved across vertebrate species. In addition, we found interesting oscillations in zebrafish exploration, with the per-minute distribution of their horizontal activity demonstrating sinusoidal-like patterns. While such patterning is not reported for rodents and other higher vertebrates, a nonlinear regression analysis confirmed the oscillation patterning of all assessed zebrafish behavioral endpoints in both open field arenas, revealing a potentially important aspect of novelty exploration in lower vertebrates.
Symbolic and institutional violence and critical educational spaces: in the name of education

This article will explore how symbolic and institutional violence shaped students’ understandings of themselves within the educational context, and will argue that the creation of critical educational spaces can enable students and teachers to explore and transgress the internal and external influences and violence that shape the learning experience. Bourdieu’s construction of symbolic power, violence and the institution will be employed to illustrate the complex and contradictory ways in which schools and their representatives commit egregious acts against students under the guise of benevolence. The article will also illustrate how the development of a critical educational space in a magnet program entitled the ‘Becoming Teachers Program’ enabled students and teachers to transgress and combat the normative and oppressive relations of the institution as a result of and in response to school violence, and pose some considerations for how we approach teaching for peace and social justice.
The use of mifepristone in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders

Mifepristone is a potent glucocorticoid and progesterone receptor antagonist. The pathophysiology of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders implicates abnormalities in glucocorticoid function. These include mood disorders such as psychotic major depression and bipolar depression. In addition, cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease might also be partially mediated by abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Preliminary studies suggest that mifepristone might have a role in the treatment of a number of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Systematic study of the performance of small robots on controlled laboratory substrates

The design of robots able to locomote effectively over a diversity of terrain requires detailed ground interaction models; unfortunately such models are lacking due to the complicated response of real world substrates which can yield and flow in response to loading. To advance our understanding of the relevant modeling and design issues, we conduct a comparative study of the performance of DASH and RoACH, two small, biologically inspired, six legged, lightweight (~10 cm, ~20 g) robots fabricated using the smart composite microstructure (SCM) process. We systematically examine performance of both robots on rigid and flowing substrates. Varying both ground properties and limb stride frequency, we investigate average speed, mean mechanical power and cost of transport, and stability. We find that robot performance and stability is sensitive to the physics of ground interaction: on hard ground kinetic energy must be managed to prevent yaw, pitch, and roll instability to maintain high performance, while on sand the fluidizing interaction leads to increased cost of transport and lower running speeds. We also observe that the characteristic limb morphology and kinematics of each robot result in distinct differences in their abilities to traverse different terrains. Our systematic studies are the first step toward developing models of interaction of limbs with complex terrain as well as developing improved limb morphologies and control strategies.
Balancing Power and Rate to Achieve Bounded Average Delay in Wireless Networks

Allocating limited resources such as bandwidth and power in a multi-hop wireless network can be formulated as a Network Utility Maximization (NUM) problem. In this approach, both source transmitting and link relaying nodes exchange information allowing for the NUM problem to be solved in an iterative distributed manner. Previous NUM formulations of wireless networks have considered the parameters of data rate and reliability in the utility function which measures an application's performance. However, it is well known that delay is an important factor in the performance of many applications. In this paper, we consider an additional constraint based on the delay requirements of the sources. This augmented NUM formulation allows an application to tradeoff rate, power and queuing delay according to its needs, thereby providing greater flexibility. Power allocation among different transmitters is a subtle issue to deal with in this problem, since the capacity of the wireless links are interference limited. A distributed iterative algorithm solving the NUM is presented along with its convergence. The performance of the algorithm is examined via simulations which confirm the expectations from the theory.
Chromosomal translocations are a common phenomenon in Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA insertion lines

Ordered collections of Arabidopsis thaliana lines containing mapped T-DNA insertions have become an important resource for plant scientists performing genetic studies. Previous reports have indicated that T-DNA insertion lines can have chromosomal translocations associated with the T-DNA insertion site, but the prevalence of these rearrangements has not been well documented. To determine the frequency with which translocations are present in a widely-used collection of T-DNA insertion lines, we analyzed 64 independent lines from the Salk T-DNA mutant collection. Chromosomal translocations were detected in 12 of the 64 lines surveyed (19%). Two assays were used to screen the T-DNA lines for translocations: pollen viability and genome-wide genetic mapping. Although the measurement of pollen viability is an indirect screen for the presence of a translocation, all 11 of the T-DNA lines showing an abnormal pollen phenotype were found to contain a translocation when analyzed using genetic mapping. A normal pollen phenotype does not, however, guarantee the absence of a translocation. We observed one T-DNA line with normal pollen that nevertheless had a translocation based on genetic mapping results. One additional phenomenon that we observed through our genetic mapping experiments was that the T-DNA junctions on the 5'- and 3'-sides of a targeted gene can genetically separate from each other in some cases. Two of the lines in our survey displayed this 'T-DNA borders separate' phenomenon. Experimental procedures for efficiently screening T-DNA lines for the presence of chromosomal abnormalities are presented and discussed.
A trapezoidal flexoelectric accelerometer

In this article a new acceleration sensor using flexoelectric barium strontium titanate cantilever was designed, fabricated, and tested for vibration monitoring. The flexoelectric sensors were configured as a trapezoidal unimorph with a barium strontium titanate layer bonded onto a steel substrate. Seismic mass was attached to the unimorph tip to amplify the transverse flexoelectric response of the barium strontium titanate layer. The theoretical model was developed and validated by vibration tests using the prototyped flexoelectric unimorph. The prototyped accelerometer with thickness of 0.1 mm and length and width in millimeters showed a stable sensitivity of 0.84 pC/g over the frequency range of 100 Hz–1.6 kHz. The aging property of the flexoelectric material was demonstrated to be much better than that of the reported piezoelectric materials right after poling. Scaling effect analysis was also performed for flexoelectric unimorphs. The test results and initial scaling effect analysis indicate that mic...
Tissue contaminants and associated transcriptional response in trout liver from high elevation lakes of Washington.

The consistent cold temperatures and large amount of precipitation in the Olympic and Cascade ranges of Washington State are thought to enhance atmospheric deposition of contaminants. However, little is known about contaminant levels in organisms residing in these remote high elevation lakes. We measured total mercury and 28 organochlorine compounds in trout collected from 14 remote lakes in the Olympic, Mt. Rainer, and North Cascades National Parks. Mercury was detected in trout from all lakes sampled (15 to 262 μg/kg ww), while two organochlorines, total polychlorinated biphenyls (tPCB) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), were also detected in these fish tissues (<25 μg/kg ww). In sediments, organochlorine levels were below detection, while median total and methyl mercury were 30.4 and 0.34 μg/kg dry weight (ww), respectively. Using fish from two lakes, representing different contaminant loading levels (Wilcox lake: high; Skymo lake: low), we examined transcriptional response in the liver usin...
Developmentally Appropriate Strategies for Promoting Full Participation in Early Childhood Settings

Integrating young children with disabilities into mainstream preschools with nondisabled children presents numerous challenges. One major stumbling block to integration is the seeming incompatibility of traditional didactic early intervention techniques with the developmentally appropriate practices common to quality mainstream preschool settings. We present strategies for intervention that are in harmony with developmentally appropriate practice and incorporate special educational principles that have enabled children with disabilities to participate more fully in integrated settings while achieving individualized goals and objectives. The strategies are grouped into four categories: attention and responsiveness to the child, environmental structuring, adult mediation, and peer mediation. The strategies are presented with examples to illustrate their use.
Design of logical topologies for wavelength-routed all-optical networks

This paper considers the problem of designing a logical topology over a wavelength-routed all-optical network physical topology. The physical topology consists of the nodes and fiber links in the network. On an all-optical network physical topology, we can set up lightpaths between pairs of nodes, where a lightpath represents a direct optical connection without any intermediate electronics. The set of lightpaths along with the nodes constitutes the logical topology. For a given network physical topology and traffic pattern (relative traffic distribution among the source-destination pairs), our objective is to design the logical topology and the routing algorithm on that topology so as to maximize the network throughput while constraining the average delay seen by a source-destination pair and the amount of processing required at the nodes (degree of the logical topology). We will see that ignoring the delay constraints can result in fairly convoluted logical topologies with very long delays. On the other hand, in all our examples, imposing it results in a minimal reduction in throughput. While the number of wavelengths required to imbed the resulting logical topology on the physical all-optical topology is also a constraint in general, we find that in many cases of interest this number can be quite small. We formulate the combined logical topology design and routing problem described above (ignoring the constraint on the number of available wavelengths) as a mixed integer programming problem which we then solve for a number of cases of a 6-node network. Since this programming problem is computationally intractable for larger networks, we split it into two subproblems: logical topology design, which is computationally hard and will probably require heuristic algorithms, and routing, which can be solved by a linear program. We then compare the performance of two heuristic topology design algorithms (that do take wavelength assignment constraints into account) against that of randomly generated topologies.
Heme induces endothelial tissue factor expression: potential role in hemostatic activation in patients with hemolytic anemia.

Summary. Objectives: We explored the possibility that heme, an inflammatory mediator and a product of intravascular hemolysis in patients with hemolytic anemia including sickle cell disease, could modulate hemostasis by an effect on endothelial tissue factor (TF) expression. Methods: Levels of TF mRNA, protein and procoagulant activity were measured in heme-treated endothelial cells. Results: Heme induces TF expression on the surface of both macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with 12-fold to 50-fold induction being noted (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) between 1 and 100 μm heme (P < 0.05). Complementary flow cytometry studies showed that the heme-mediated endothelial TF expression was quantitatively similar to that of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Heme also upregulated the expression of TF mRNA (8-fold to 26-fold), protein (20-fold to 39-fold) and procoagulant activity (5-fold to 13-fold) in endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner. The time-course of heme-mediated TF antigen expression paralleled the induction of procoagulant activity, with antibody blocking studies demonstrating specificity for TF protein. Interleukin (IL)-1α, and TNF-α are not involved in mediating the heme effect, as antibodies against these cytokines and IL-1-receptor antagonist failed to block heme-induced TF expression. Inhibition of heme-induced TF mRNA expression by sulfasalazine and curcumin suggested that the transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB is involved in mediating heme-induced TF expression in endothelial cells. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that heme induces TF expression by directly activating endothelial cells, and that heme-induced endothelial TF expression may provide a pathophysiologic link between the intravascular hemolytic milieu and the hemostatic perturbations previously noted in patients with hemolytic anemia including sickle cell disease.
In vivo high-resolution localized (1) H MR spectroscopy in the awake rat brain at 7 T.

In vivo localized high-resolution 1H MR spectroscopy was performed in multiple brain regions without the use of anesthetic or paralytic agents in awake head-restrained rats that were previously trained in a simulated MRI environment using a 7T MR system. Spectra were obtained using a short echo time single-voxel point-resolved spectroscopy technique with voxel size ranging from 27 to 32.4 mm3 in the regions of anterior cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. Quantifiable spectra, without the need for any additional postprocessing to correct for possible motion, were reliably detected including the metabolites of interest such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamine, glutamate, myo-inositol, N-acetylaspartate, taurine, glycerophosphorylcholine/phosphorylcholine, creatine/phosphocreatine, and N-acetylaspartate/N-acetylaspartylglutamate. The spectral quality was comparable to spectra from anesthetized animals with sufficient spectral dispersion to separate metabolites such as glutamine and glutamate. Results from this study suggest that reliable information on major metabolites can be obtained without the confounding effects of anesthesia or paralytic agents in rodents. Magn Reson Med 69:937–943, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Driving simulators for evaluation of novel traffic-control devices: Protected-permissive left-turn signal display analysis

A study evaluated drivers' comprehension of several experimental five-section protected-permissive left-turn (PPLT) signal displays. A full-scale driving simulator and static driver study were used. Study methods were compared while evaluating drivers' comprehension and response to various combinations of five-section PPLT signal-display arrangements (horizontal, vertical, and cluster) and permissive left-turn indications (green ball, flashing red ball, flashing yellow ball, flashing red arrow, and flashing yellow arrow). The results showed that the type of five-section PPLT signal display arrangement has very little effect on driver comprehension of the permissive left-turn maneuver. The type of permissive indication used in five-section PPLT signal displays had a significant effect on driver comprehension, since the green ball, flashing yellow ball, and flashing yellow arrow were the best understood. When combining five-section PPLT signal-display arrangements and permissive indications, the five-section horizontal arrangement with a flashing-yellow-ball permissive indication had the highest level of driver comprehension. The lack of surrounding driving cues in the static driver study led to significantly higher fail-critical (serious) response rates. The green-ball permissive indication had a driver comprehension rate over 30% lower in the static study, clearly showing that drivers do not correctly comprehend the meaning of the green ball (assume it is protected) and use other information to make left-turn decisions while driving. The findings of this research show that driving simulation provides an effective study method and effectively replicates the actual driving environment. Simulators should be considered when conducting driver comprehension analyses.
Blood pressure support in extremely premature infants is affected by different courses of antenatal steroids.

Objective: To examine the effects of partial, single and multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids (ANS) on the need for blood pressure support in extremely premature infants. Methods: Extremely premature infants with gestational age of 24 to 28 weeks were included in this study during a 5-year period. The main outcome measure of the study was the amount of blood pressure support during the first 3 days of life. Results: The study infants (n = 163) were divided into: infants not exposed (ANS; n = 27) and exposed to ANS (ANS; n = 136). Blood pressure support was significantly lower in ANS compared with No ANS (65% vs 96%; p = 0.003) and in single course (SANS; n = 73) and ≥2 courses (MANS; n = 34) compared with partial course of ANS (PANS; n = 29) (62%, 56% vs 86%; p = 0.03). The number of infants who received volume support and the amount of volume support were significantly lower in ANS compared with that in No ANS (p < 0.001) and in SANS and MANS compared with that in PANS (p < 0.02). Conclusion: Exposure to multiple courses of ANS was as beneficial as single course of ANS in decreasing the need for blood pressure support in extremely premature infants.
Metacomprehension for educationally relevant materials: Dramatic effects of encoding-retrieval interactions

As the metacomprehension literature has grown, important discoveries pertinent to education have been made. For example, as students are better able to assess their knowledge and implement appropriate study strategies, presumably their acquisition and retention of course material improves. Accordingly, we consider the metacomprehension literature with an emphasis on factors that impact metacomprehension accuracy. Several studies have demonstrated that metacomprehension prediction accuracy will improve to the extent that people engage in enriched-encoding activities. More recently, research by Thomas and McDaniel (in press) has suggested that enriched-encoding manipulations interact with retrieval to impact both retention and metacomprehension and, in turn, the effectiveness of controlling subsequent study. Thus, matching enriched-encoding activities with the criterial test plays a critical role in metacomprehension accuracy and control of studying.
Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of 677 C-->T and 1298 A-->C polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene for population studies of cancer risk.

Abstract Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) plays a pivotal role in folate metabolism by regulating the diversion of folate metabolites toward DNA methylation or toward DNA synthesis. Because aberrations in both of these pathways can be tumor promoting, the two common polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene, 677 C→T and 1298 A→C, have been implicated as risk factors for several cancers. Homozygosity for the 677 C→T polymorphism and compound heterozygosity for 677 C→T and 1298 A→C polymorphisms both reduce enzyme activity by more than 50% and can promote oncogenic alterations in DNA methylation especially when folate status is low. Thus, rapid identification of both polymorphisms in MTHFR gene would be of importance in understanding the genetics of abnormal folate metabolism as related to human cancer risk. Here we describe a multiplex polymerse chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism procedure in which two sets of primers are used to amplify simultaneously the DNA regions spanning 677 and 1298 loci in one PCR reaction. The amplified products are digested by Hinf I or Mbo II followed by agarose gel electrophoresis for simultaneous detection of the 677 C→T and 1298 A→C polymorphisms in the same gel.
Preparing families and institutions to manage anaphylaxis

Most (57-78%) of the recorded anaphylactic reactions in children occur at home and, second, in school or during school activities (5-22%). Children with food allergy are at the highest risk for death, especially if they also suffer from asthma, as most of the deaths attributed to anaphylaxis are due to severe unresponsive bronchospasm. There is a need of education of families and schools on how to prevent and manage anaphylaxis. The preparedness of schools is very variable across Europe, due to various health and education systems. In a national survey of school nurses in UK, more than 80% felt confident in the management of respiratory distress, airway obstruction and anaphylaxis, 77% had adrenaline and albuterol available, and 13% had oxygen. The situation in most countries of Europe is much worse than this, as school nurses are not present in many schools. The education for both families and schools must be directed to provide skills on how to identify severe reactions in children at risk, how to administer emergency treatment, and how to seek for medical care. But not all patients respond to adrenaline or bronchodilators, and cases of death have been reported even after correctly using medication. Education on how to prevent reactions is, hence, at least as important as education on the management of acute reactions. Children at risk must be given a personal care plan informing on allergens, reactions to be expected, and how to treat them. The plan must be written in plain language, with clear steps on how to proceed. The plan and the medication must be stored in a safe and easy to access place. Education in a general basis can be provided in pre-grade and post-grade continued education activities for teachers. Collaboration from authorities would be needed for this. Specific activities can be organized; patient’s associations help is invaluable. Individual based education, with practical demonstration of use of medication, for patients, parents and school staff is crucial and can be life saving. Internet resources, available 24 hours a day, to provide and to reinforce education should not be forgotten: medical societies must not neglect this activity.
Optimal and Syntactically-Informed Decoding for Monolingual Phrase-Based Alignment

The task of aligning corresponding phrases across two related sentences is an important component of approaches for natural language problems such as textual inference, paraphrase detection and text-to-text generation. In this work, we examine a state-of-the-art structured prediction model for the alignment task which uses a phrase-based representation and is forced to decode alignments using an approximate search approach. We propose instead a straightforward exact decoding technique based on integer linear programming that yields order-of-magnitude improvements in decoding speed. This ILP-based decoding strategy permits us to consider syntactically-informed constraints on alignments which significantly increase the precision of the model.
Expanding the usable workspace of a haptic device by placing it on a moving base

The goal of this research is to expand the reachable workspace of a haptic device when used in a projection screen virtual environment. The proposed method includes supplementing the haptic device with a redundant degree of freedom to provide motion of the base. The key research challenge is to develop controls for the mobile base that will keep the haptic endeffector in the usable haptic workspace at all times. An experimental set up consisting of an Omni haptic device and a XY motorized table was used in the development of the control algorithms. Tests were conducted which demonstrate that the force felt by the user when touching a virtual wall remains constant even when the mobile base is moving to re-center the haptic device in the usable haptic workspace.
Sporadic Congenital Caffey's Disease

Caffey's disease is an inflammatory skeletal disorder of infancy manifested clinically by fever, soft-tissue swelling, and constitutional signs with radiographic evidence of periosteal new bone formation. Although prevalent between 1940 and 1960, nonfamilial cases have become extraordinarily rare. The authors report the sporadic occurrence of congenital Caffey's disease in a premature infant and note an interesting association with maternal herpes zoster early during gestation. The etiology of this mysterious disease is likely to remain elusive as new cases become scarce.
Water availability and successful lactation by bats as related to climate change in arid regions of western North America

1. Climate change in North America is happening at an accelerated rate, reducing availability of water resources for bats and other wildlife that require it for successful reproduction. 2. We test the water-needy lactation hypotheses directly by tracking the drinking habitats of individual lactating and non-reproductive female fringed myotis at an artificial water source located near a maternity roost. 3. We used a submerged passive integrative transponder (PIT) tag reader system designed to track fish to instead record numbers of water source visitations by tagged bats. 4. Of 24 PIT-tagged adult females, 16 (67%) were detected repeatedly by the plate antenna as they passed to drink between 18 July and 28 August 2006. 5. The total number of drinking passes by lactating females (n = 255) were significantly higher than those of non-reproductive adult females (n = 22). Overall, lactating females visited 13 times more often to drink water than did non-reproductive females. On average, lactating females visited six times more often per night. Drinking bouts occurred most frequently just after evening emergence and at dawn. 6. Drinking patterns of non-reproductive females correlated significantly with fluctuating ambient temperature and relative humidity recorded at the water source, whereas lactating females drank extensively regardless of ambient conditions. 7. We provide a mathematical model to predict the rate of decline in bat populations in the arid West in relation to climate change models for the region.
The Androgen Receptor of the Testicular-Feminized (Tfm) Mutant Mouse Is Smaller than the Wild-Type Receptor*

The physicochemical and immunological properties of androgen receptors from kidney and brain of testicular-feminized (Tfm) mutant mice and wild-type mice were compared. Analysis by gel filtration and sucrose density gradients revealed that the mol wt of the mutant receptor was 66K (38A; 3.8S) which was significantly smaller than the 110K (53A; 4.6S) size of the wild-type androgen receptor (P less than 0.05). Mixing experiments failed to demonstrate any role for differential proteolysis in the size differences between these receptors. Interaction of the mutant androgen receptor with specific polyclonal antiandrogen receptor antibodies produced significantly smaller immune complexes than that formed with wild-type receptor (12S vs. 17S; P less than 0.01). This confirmed the smaller size of the Tfm mutant androgen receptor and suggested that it contained fewer epitopes. The Tfm kidney cytosols also demonstrated a decreased concentration of androgen receptor-binding activity relative to that of the wild type. Together, these results suggest that the androgen insensitivity associated with the Tfm phenotype is due to a deficiency of androgen receptor in target tissues and a qualitative defect in the androgen receptor protein itself.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences in 2014

The annual survey of graduate programs at U.S. universities and colleges was conducted in the spring of 2015 to compile a list of theses and dissertations completed in 2014 in family and consumer sciences areas of interest. For the survey, requests for the titles and authors were sent via email to institutions three times within a six-week period. Forty-four colleges and universities responded to the survey. A total of 356 theses and 177 dissertations were reported. A report of those submissions, by subject category, author, and title, is provided.
Mechanical Properties of Boron Doped Si and Si/SiO 2 Membranes

In our research, PZT film actuated micro-machined Si substrates are being developed for numerous applications in which membranes are actuated primarily in flexural mode. Silicon wafers, 3-inches in diameter, underwent boron doping in order to act as an etch stop. Approximately 200-nm of SiO2 was grown on the boron-doped side of the wafers. Photolithography and backside etching using EDP resulted in 2-µm thick membranes. Using reactive ion etching (RIE), beam structures resulted from the membranes. Nano-mechanical testing of the beams indicated that there were substantial residual tensile stresses in these structures. Initial calculations reveal a tensile stress of 57.7 MPa in the Si/SiO2 beams. The residual tensile stress subsequently caused the overall beam stiffness to be two orders of magnitude higher than it would be without stress. After stripping the oxide with a buffered oxide etchant (BOE), a residual stress of 26.5 MPa was measured, which is presumably caused from the remaining boron concentration. The aim of this paper is to understand influences of boron doping and processing variables on residual stresses.
Factors Affecting Oscillating Motion and Heat Transfer in an OHP

As described in Chap. 4, the gas spring-mass system consisting of vapor bubbles and liquid plugs is the basis that generates the oscillating motion in an OHP. To form a train of liquid plugs and vapor bubbles, the hydraulic diameter of the channels in an OHP must be small. The evaporation and condensation processes must exist at the same time for a functional OHP. The working fluid also plays an important role in the oscillating motion and heat transfer performance. In this chapter, additional factors will be addressed including heat flux level, check valve, channel layer, gravitational force, wall mass, ultrasound, magnetic field, and hydrophobic wetting condition.
USING FEDERAL LAW TO PRESCRIBE PEDAGOGY: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE SCIENTIFICALLY-BASED RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS OF NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND

Recent data on national student achievement under the Reading First program has tentatively established it as the most successful federal academic program in the existence of federal education law. Reading First is an early reading intervention program with rigid curricular and accountability provisions and is the centerpiece of the No Child Left Behind Act - the most far-reaching federal encroachment on state and local control of education in our nation's history. In implementing the Reading First statute, U.S. Department of Education officials are alleged to have violated statutory provisions that prohibit Department officials from influencing state and local choice of curricular programs. These allegations have ignited a heated political battle over the Department's appropriate role in administering grants. When the No Child Left Behind statute comes up for reauthorization in September 2007, Congress will face a turning point in federal education law and policy as it determines the extent to which the Department will be able to enforce increasingly prescriptive curricular statutory requirements.
A global perspective of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

Visualizing global transport of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over one year.High-resolution global models produce fine details of the weather and constituents.Carbon dioxide is strongly affected by local emissions and large-scale weather.Global models and observational data improve carbon dioxide flux estimates. A high-resolution (7km) non-hydrostatic global mesoscale simulation using the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) model is used to visualize the flow and fluxes of carbon dioxide throughout the year. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas affected by human activity. About half of the CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion remains in the atmosphere, contributing to rising temperatures, while the other half is absorbed by natural land and ocean carbon reservoirs. Despite the importance of CO2, many questions remain regarding the processes that control these fluxes and how they may change in response to a changing climate. This visualization shows how column CO2 mixing ratios are strongly affected by local emissions and large-scale weather systems. In order to fully understand carbon flux processes, observations and atmospheric models must work closely together to determine when and where observed CO2 came from. Together, the combination of high-resolution data and models will guide climate models towards more reliable predictions of future conditions.
An evaluation of photometric quantitation in analysis of serum proteins by paper electrophoresis.

Photometry, by the elution technic or by the direct scanning of strips, is the most widely used method of quantitating the paper electrophoretic separation of serum proteins. The introduction of such mechanical aids as automatic plotting and integration of curves has made direct photometry especially attractive. Despite the wide use of paper electrophoresis in the analysis of proteins relatively little attention has been paid to the basic reaction upon which most methods of quantitation depend, namely, the combination of a dye with the various types of protein. Except for analysis of segments of paper strips by the micro-Kjeldahl method, most technics of quantitation are based on the assumption that the amount of dye adsorbed by the protein spot is directly proportional to the amount of protein on the strip.