cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth patterns in children with sickle cell anemia during puberty

group screened and recruited for the study at the Clinical Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (CRC) included 19 males and 14 females, 10‐13 years old. Additionally, 31 African-American children from Nashville, who did not carry the sickle cell (HbS) gene or any other hemoglobinopathy were matched for sex, Tanner stage, and approximate height, weight, and fat mass to serve as a control for the study. The presence or absence of homozygous sickle cell disease (SCA) was confirmed through Hgb electrophoresis in all participants [11]. Patients with vaso-occlusive or pain crisis in the two months before screening, receiving chronic transfusion, on hydroxyurea therapy at baseline, or having apparent metabolic, skeletal, hepatic, or renal dysfunction, as well as pregnant females, were excluded from enrollment in the study. There were no subjects with disease characterized by stroke, multiple episodes of acute chest syndrome, or greater than three hospitalizations per year for pain due to the exclusion criteria of hydroxyurea or chronic transfusion. Self-reported complications occurring between the study visits were recorded. All children in the study were prescribed folic acid 1 mg orally per day by their primary hematologist. Children and their parents or guardians received Background. Previous studies of children with homozygous sickle cell anemia (SCA) show impaired growth and maturation. The correlation of this suboptimal growth with metabolic and hematological factors during puberty is poorly understood. Procedure. We studied a group of pre-adolescent children with SCA (19 males, 14 females) and healthy controls (16 males, 15 females) matched for race, sex, body size, and pubertal development. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and body composition changes were longitudinally assessed over a 2-year period and compared between the groups and with Z scores based on US growth charts. These changes were correlated with hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration and with energy expenditure (EE) measured using indirect whole-room calorimetry. Results. Children with SCA progressed through puberty slower than control children. While, after 2 years, pubertal males with SCA were shorter, their annual increases in weight were not different from controls. The mean fat free mass (FFM) increments were significantly less in males and females with SCA than in control children. In males with SCA, growth in height declined over time and was significantly slower than in matched controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Growth delays were present during puberty in children with SCA. Decreased growth velocity in children with SCA was independently associated with decreased Hgb concentration and increased total EE. Pediatr Blood Cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53: 635‐641. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimal Placement of PMUs by Integer Linear Programming

This letter presents a simple optimal placement algorithm of phasor measurement units (PMU) by using integer linear programming. Cases with and without conventional power flow and injection measurements are considered. The measurement placement problems under those cases are formulated as an integer linear programming which saves the CPU computation time greatly. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can be used in practice.
King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom

Preface 1. Scottish reconciler 2. Call for an ecumenical council 3. Oath of allegiance 4. Foreign visitors 5. The Synod of Tonneins 6. Relations with the Greek Orthodox Church 7. Marco Antonio De Dominis 8. The Synod of Dort 9. Outbreak of the Thirty Years' War 10. Last years and conclusion Bibliography.
Modeling load imbalance and fuzzy barriers for scalable shared-memory multiprocessors

Proposes an analytical model that quantifies the overall execution time of a parallel region in the presence of non-deterministic load imbalance introduced by network contention and by a random replacement policy in processor caches. We present a novel model that evaluates the expected hit ratio and variance introduced by a cache accessed with a cyclic access stream. We also model the performance improvement of fuzzy barriers, where the synchronization between processors at the end of a parallel region is relaxed. Experiments on a 64-processor KSR (Kendall Square Research) system which has random first-level caches confirms the general nature of the analytic results. >
Lack of adaptation of ACTH secretion to sequential ether, tourniquet, or leg-break stress.

Adaptation to a repeated stress in male rats was studied by measuring plasma ACTH by radioimmunoassay 2.5 min or plasma corticosterone by acid fluorescence 20 min alter initiation of the stress. No adaptation was seen in the secretion of ACTH in response to ether, tourniquet, or leg-break stresses repeated at 90 min intervals 1–3 times. A marked rise in plasma ACTH concentration was produced within 2.5 min after application of each stress. Plasma ACTH always returned to basal levels by 90 rain after application of stress. Ether stress repeated at 24-hr intervals for 3 days did not produce any decrease in either the plasna ACTH or corticosterone response by the third day. These data indicate that no adaptation in ACTH secretion in response to repeated stress occurs under the conditions of our experiments.
A transfer entropy analysis of leader-follower interactions in flying bats

In this paper, we present a transfer entropy analysis applied to the 3D paths of bats flying in pairs. The 3D trajectories are one-dimensionally characterized as inverse curvature time series to allow for entropy calculations. In addition to a traditional formulation of information flow between pair members, a path coupling hypothesis is pursued with time-delay modifications implemented in such a way as to not change the Markovianity of the process. With this modification, we find trends that suggest a leader-follower interaction between the front bat and the rear bat, although statistical significance is not reached due in part to the small number of pairs considered.
Capital Inflows to Developed Countries

The paper analyzes capital flows to seven developed countries between 1990-2005. We consider the possible determinants of these flows. Total debt and total equity flows are analyzed seperately and also divided into sub ctagories. For debt flows we find that own interest rate plays a major "pull" role and US interest rate plays a "push" role. For Equity flows, returns in the local market are important among the variables that are analyzed. All of this analysis is carried in a panel cointegration framework. The technique that is used allows for cross-section dependency and endogeneity. This is the Dynamic, Seemingly Unrelated Regression technique of Mark, Ogaki and Sul (2005).
Electric-Field Dependent Conformations of Single DNA Molecules on a Model Biosensor Surface

Despite the variety of nucleic acid sensors developed, we still do not have definite answers to some questions that are important to the molecular binding and, ultimately, the sensitivity and reliability of the sensors. How do the DNA probes distribute on the surface at the nanoscale? As the functionalized surfaces are highly heterogeneous, how are the conformations affected when the probe molecules interact with defects? How do DNA molecules respond to electric fields on the surface, which are applied in a variety of detection methods? With in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy and careful tailoring of nanoscale surface interactions, we are able to observe the nanoscale conformations of individual DNA molecules on a model biosensor surface: thiolated DNA on a gold surface passivated with a hydroxyl-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer. We find that under applied electric fields, the conformations are highly sensitive to the choice of the alkanethiol molecule. Depending on the monolay...
Effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on free fatty acid uptake by skeletal muscle.

SummaryUptake of free fatty acids by skeletal muscle was determined by simultaneously measuring blood flow through profunda femoris veins, and arteriovenous fatty acid differences in anesthetized dogs. Administration of 2.5 mg/ml of DNP for 30 minutes caused elevation of blood flow and uptake of free fatty acids by the skeletal muscle.
NIR oximetry for characterization of tissues in diabetics

The dynamic processes of forced hyperoxia and hypoxia in the plantar surface of the foot were characterized by a combined approach using NIR spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance with great reproducibility.
Detection of food allergen-specific IgG antibody in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Aim:To detect food allergen-specific IgG antibody in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura.Methods:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect 14 kinds of daily food allergen-specific IgG antibody levels in 156 children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura(male 100 cases,female 56 cases)and 100 healthy controls.Results:IgG antibodies positive rate in Henoch-Schonlein purpura group was 100.0%,significantly higher than that(65.0%)in control group(χ2=63.247,P0.001).More than 4 kinds of allergen-positive accounted for 48.7% in Henoch-Scholnlein purpura group,higher than that(8.0%)in control group(χ2=45.828,P0.001).The efficiency of treatment by adjusting diet in Henoch-Schonlein purpura group was 73.0%.The distribution of non-tolerant food and non-tolerance existed some differences between male children and female children.Conclusion:Henoch-Schonlein purpura diseases and food intolerance are closely related,and some of the results exist gender differences.
Models of health: Exploring memorable messages received from parents about diet and exercise

AbstractAs obesity is an increasingly vital health issue in the United States, this study aims to understand the memorable messages about diet and exercise received from parents throughout adolescence. Previous research suggests that parental messages continue to influence children's beliefs, behaviors, and development long after they have left home. This study utilizes a qualitative research design to explore health-related memorable messages shared in 12 focus groups including 77 women ages 20–57. A myriad of memorable messages and modeled behaviors was reported representing three parenting styles: parental critic, parental professor, and parental protector. Results suggest that memorable messages are associated with parenting styles and family environment may influence message interpretation. Theoretical and practical implications for scholars and health educators are discussed along with directions for future research.
Mycological Research News

This month Mycological Research News features group sex in New England, the recovery of viable fungal spores from 140 000 year old glaciers, and the role of ericoid mycorrhizas in conveying arsenate resistance to their plant partners. The lead paper in this issue is an historical and morphological critique of the supposed differences of gasteromycetes from other basidiomycetes. Amongst the other 17 papers in this issue are molecular studies on Ganoderma in Australia, Melampsora on Salix, Phaeosphaeria sexual progeny, endomycorrhizal Pisolithus isolates, and cultured and in situ wood decomposing fungi. Complementary isozyme studies on Ganoderma in Australia are also presented. Adhesion and infection in Pestalotiopsis conidia has been examined, the yeasts associated with ant mounds in Texas analyzed, dual infections of grasses with different Neotyphodium endophytes studied experimentally, the detection of Botrytis cinerea by monoclonal antibodies raised by different immunogens assessed, the action of Verticillium fungicola on Agaricus bisporus hyphae examined, and the efficacy of Fusarium tumidum isolates with biocontrol potential against gorse and broom compared. A long-fruiting population of Morchella conica is documented, and numerous isolates of nematophagous fungi have been found in sheep faeces in Brazil. The following new scientific names are introduced: Hebeloma radicosoides, Ramularia byrsonimatis , and Rhizosphaera pseudotsugae spp. nov.; and Pseudocercospora byrsonimatis (syn. Cercospora byrsonimatis ) comb. nov.
The Relationship Between Child Maltreatment, Intimate Partner Violence Exposure, and Academic Performance

This article presents a longitudinal examination of the association between children's experiences of child maltreatment (CM) and intimate partner violence (IPV), alone and in combination, with children's academic performance. Integrated, administrative data from the Minnesota Departments of Education and Human Services were used to obtain a sample of 2,914 children. Data provided an opportunity to study comparisons of single (CM or IPV) and combined experiences (CM-IPV), longitudinally observe the impact of these experiences on academic functioning, and make comparisons to the general population. Results revealed significant differences in school attendance and math and reading performance by adverse experience. Children exposed to CM and IPV, individually or in combination, underperformed at school. IPV-exposed children had the poorest outcomes. Findings highlight the need for dedicated screening for adverse childhood experiences, particularly IPV exposure, and devoting greater educational and social se...
The role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices — A meta-analysis

Abstract Background Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are each known to improve mortality in patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF). If ICDs contribute to improved survival specifically in recipients of LVADs is currently unknown. Aim To evaluate the impact of presence of ICD on mortality in continuous flow LVAD recipients. Methods A meta- analysis of available literature was performed. PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies that compared mortality in continuous flow LVAD patients with ICDs (new implantation or no de-activation) and without ICDs (including de-activation of existing implant). Pooled analysis using a fixed effects model was used for outcomes of interest. Results We included 3 observational studies for a total of 292 patients (203 (69.5%) with ICD versus 89 (30.5%) without ICD). The presence of an active ICD was not associated with improved survival [OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.33–1.18; p=0.15]. In bridge to transplantation [BT] patients (224 patients, 149 with ICD versus 75 without ICD), an active ICD was not associated with a higher probability of survivzal [OR 1.47, 95% CI 0.78–2.76; p=0.23]. There was no difference in the occurrence of severe right ventricular dysfunction or failure between two groups [OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.42–1.47; p=0.45]. The risk of LVAD related complications were similar [OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.35–1.31; P=0.25]. Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrates that there is no survival benefit with ICD in heart failure patients supported with continuous flow LVAD. There is an urgent need of large-scale randomized trials to specifically address this issue.
Oblique Detonation Structures in RAM Accelerators

Abstract In order to study combustion mechanisms applicable to RAM accelerators, numerical simulations have been performed for reactive flow-structures generated by oblique shocks of different strength in supersonic hydrogen–oxygen–nitrogen mixtures. Our simulations show complex structures consisting of induction regions, deflagration waves and oblique detonation waves. Such detonation structures can be established on wedge surfaces and are very stable if the flow after combustion is unchoked. The basic configuration of such detonation structures remains very similar in a wide range of flow and mixture conditions while the length scale varies by several orders of magnitude.
A randomized, controlled trial to test the effectiveness of a glaucoma patient navigator to improve appointment adherence.

PURPOSE Patients with glaucoma who do not keep their follow-up eye care appointments are at risk for developing more severe ocular disease. The primary aim of the current study was to evaluate whether the use of a patient navigator altered adherence to follow-up eye care appointments in community-versus office-based settings. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients diagnosed with a glaucoma-related condition following a comprehensive eye examination at 43 community sites in Philadelphia, PA, USA, were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Patients were randomized into three groups for a 1-year period: Group 1 (G1) received follow-up eye care in a community-based setting with assistance from a patient navigator; Group 2 (G2) received follow-up eye care in an office-based setting with assistance from a patient navigator; and Group 3 (G3) received follow-up eye care in an office-based setting without a patient navigator (usual care). Adherence rates were compared among these three groups using a chi-squared test at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS A total of 155 patients with glaucoma-related diagnoses were enrolled. The mean age (±standard deviation) was 71.2 (±10.0) years. Patients were predominantly female (65.8%, n=102/155) and African-American (71.6%, n=111/155). The mean (±standard deviation) number of follow-up visits during the 1-year study period was 1.3 (±1.3) for G1, 1.6 (±1.3) for G2, and 1.3 (±1.1) for G3 (P=0.48). Appointment adherence, defined as attendance of ≥1 follow-up visit, was 69.8% (n=37/53) for G1, 82.5% (n=47/57) for G2, and 73.3% (n=33/45) for G3, (P=0.28). Sub-analysis of adherence rates for patients who attended ≥2 follow-up visits were 91.3% (n=21/23) for G1, 74.3% (n=26/35) for G2, and 66.7% (n=18/27) for G3, (P=0.11). CONCLUSION Help from a patient navigator did not increase the likelihood of keeping ≥1 follow-up appointment in an office-based setting. Adherence rates for follow-up appointments reached close to 70% or above in a self-selected patient population.
Social Policy as Secondary Violences in the Aftermath of a Disaster: An Extension to Naomi Klein’s Disaster Capitalism

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and the federal levee failures plans for the rebuilding of New Orleans favored the redevelopment of some communities over others. Where residents of vulnerable communities, in particular the Lower Ninth Ward, protested the erasure of their communities, they have been largely socially abandoned as a retaliatory measure for not acquiescing to the elite plan of “Katrina Cleansing.” The implementation of this social abandonment as social policy and the various policies and conditions that have collectively punished residents of the Lower Ninth Ward who are trying to rebuild their community should be seen as uneven racialized capitalist development and as an important extension to what Naomi Klein calls “disaster capitalism.” In this article, I conceptualize these policies and conditions as secondary violences and through three vignettes I provide a brief description of life in the Lower Ninth Ward where these violences permeate the warp and the woof of the community.
Ground delays from lightning ramp closures and decision uncertainties

Analyses are presented that provide a first quantitative look at the impacts of lightning-related ramp closures on departing and arriving air traffic. Ramp closures are a necessity to ensure the sa...
The Role of the cAMP-Response Element in the Bcl-2 Promoter in the Regulation of Endogenous Bcl-2 Expression and Apoptosis in Murine B Cells.

We have previously shown in B cell lines that the cAMP-response element (CRE) is a major positive regulatory site in the bcl-2 promoter. This element is not only essential for bcl-2 deregulation in t(14;18) cells, but it is also responsible for the positive regulation of bcl-2 expression during the activation of mature B cells and the rescue of immature B cells from calcium-dependent apoptosis in vitro . However, the role of the CRE in the regulation of endogenous bcl-2 expression in vivo has not been characterized. We used gene targeting to generate knock-in mice in which a mutant CRE site was introduced into the bcl-2 promoter region. The mutant CRE reduced the expression of bcl-2 mRNA in several tissues, including thymus, kidney, lung, liver, brain and heart. The levels of bcl-2 mRNA and protein were also significantly lower in splenic B cells from the knock-in mice. Consistent with these results, the activation of B cells from the knock-in mice by anti-CD 40, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-IgM was reduced as compared to B cells from wild-type littermates. B cells with the mutant CRE were more susceptible to the induction of apoptosis with several different agents consistent with the decreased expression of bcl-2. Preliminary flow cytometric studies suggest that the number of B cells is decreased in the knock-in mice at 8 weeks of age. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed essentially no binding of CREB or ATF-2 and decreased binding of CBP and c-Rel to the mutant CRE site in the bcl-2 promoter. Our previous studies have shown that the CRE site in the bcl-2 promoter is linked to the mediation of signal transduction pathways in B cells, so we investigated the effect of forskolin, a cAMP-elevating agent. We found that treatment of the B cells from the knock-in mice with forskolin led to significantly more cell death than observed with wild-type B cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that the CRE site in the bcl-2 promoter has a functional role in the regulation of endogenous bcl-2 expression and plays an important role in the regulation of apoptosis in B cells.
Revolutionary Lives: Constance and Casimir Markievicz

Twenty-sixteen was the centenary of the Easter Rebellion in Dublin, and it is perhaps fitting that we should have a new biography of one of the iconic figures of this event, Constance Markievicz (1...
Monte Carlo Simulation of Solid-State Thermionic Energy Conversion Devices Based on Non-Planar Heterostructure Interfaces

In this paper, electron emission from non-planar potential barrier structures is analyzed using a Monte Carlo electron transport model. Compared to the planar structures, about twice bigger emission current can be achieved for the non-planar tall barriers. The thermionic emission enhancement is attributed to combined effects of increased effective interface area and reduced probability of total internal reflection at the heterostructure interface.
When submodules isomorphic to complements are complements

Modules in which submodules isomorphic to complements are complements generalize continuous (hence injective) modules. They were introduced in [2] to characterize when an arbitrary direct sum of CS/continuous modules is continuous. In this paper we continue the discussion of such modules.
Facile and Reversible Formation of Iron(III)–Oxo–Cerium(IV) Adducts from Nonheme Oxoiron(IV) Complexes and Cerium(III)

CAN or CeIV(NH4)2(NO3)6 is often used in artificial water oxidation and generally considered to be an outer-sphere oxidant. Herein we report the spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of [(N4Py)FeIII-O-CeIV(OH2)(NO3)4]+ (3), a complex obtained from the reaction of [(N4Py)FeII(NCMe)]2+ with 2 equiv. CAN or [(N4Py)FeIV=O]2+ (2) with CeIII(NO3)3 in MeCN. Surprisingly, the formation of 3 is reversible, the position of the equilibrium being dependent on the MeCN/water ratio of the solvent. These results suggest that the FeIV and CeIV centers have comparable reduction potentials. Moreover, the equilibrium entails a change in iron spin state, from S = 1 FeIV in 2 to S = 5/2 in 3, which is found to be facile despite the formal spin forbidden nature of this process. This observation suggests that FeIV=O complexes may avail of reaction pathways involving multiple spin states having little or no barrier.
Leptin and Reproduction in the Male

The association of fertility with fatness is an ancient concept. Artifacts from France and Austria thought to be at least twenty thousand years old and considered to be representations of fertility goddesses (Schneider and Wade, 2000) depict women who would be considered obese by today standards. Although generous stores of body fat in women is associated with fertility, obese mice (Zhang et al., 1994) and humans (Montague et al., 1997; Strobel et al., 1998) who suffer from a mutation in the gene that codes for either the adipocyte hormone leptin, or for its receptor, are infertile. This suggests that a circulating signal from fat might be important for both appetite control and for fertility.
Outcomes of serial MRI/ultrasound fusion targeted biopsy in men with very low-risk and low-risk prostate cancer managed with active surveillance.

114Background: The utility of serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ultrasound (US) fusion targeted prostate biopsy in men with prostate cancer (PCa) on active surveillance (AS) have not been cle...
Size-, Shape-, and Composition-Dependent Model for Metal Nanoparticle Stability Prediction

Although tremendous applications for metal nanoparticles have been found in modern technologies, the understanding of their stability as related to morphology (size and shape) and chemical ordering (e.g., in bimetallics) remains limited. First-principles methods such as density functional theory (DFT) are capable of capturing accurate nanoalloy energetics; however, they are limited to very small nanoparticle sizes (<2 nm in diameter) due to their computational cost. Herein, we propose a bond-centric (BC) model able to capture cohesive energy trends over a range of monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles and mixing behavior (excess energy) of nanoalloys, in great agreement with DFT calculations. We apply the BC model to screen the energetics of a recently reported 23 196-atom FePt nanoalloys (Yang et al. Nature 2017, 542, 75−79), offering insights into both segregation and bulk-chemical ordering behavior. Because the BC model utilizes tabulated data (diatomic bond energies and bulk cohesive energies) and...
Topological Techniques to Detect Chirality

Recent progress in topological stereochemistry has led to the synthesis of molecules whose embeddings in 3—spaces are topologically non—trivial, for example, the molecular Mabius strip which was synthesized in 1982 by Walba, Richards and Haltiwanger [WRH]. Synthesis of a knotted molecule has been sought for some time and has finally now been achieved by Dietrich—Buchecker and Sauvage [DS]. Also, recent work with DNA has resulted in various knots being synthesized and even used to help understand recombinant mechanisms [WDC].
Implications and Implementations

At the Sixty-second World Health Assembly, the WHO urged the member states to pursue to reduce health inequities through action on the social determinants of health (WHO 2009). Social capital, at its best, serves as a measure of social determinants that has been accepted to promote public and population health and well-being (Cox 1997, OECD 2001, World Bank 2009, WHO 2009).
Multivariate Control Strategies for Design of Continuous Crystallization Processes

ABSTRACT Presented is a multivariable control approach to determine the operating conditions for a crystallization process design and to guide a selection of the variables for process monitoring and control. A non-linear mathematical model for a non-isothermal continuous MSMPR cooling crystallizer circuit with a heat exchanger in the recirculation stream was developed. Nucleation, growth kinetics and operating conditions for KNO3–H2O and MgSO4*H2O–H2O systems were used in the multivariate control investigations. Computer simulations indicated stable crystallizer dynamic behavior to changes in inputs like feed concentrations and temperature, flow rate, etc. For the control system studies, the solute concentration, magma temperature, zeroth and third CSD moments were monitored. Stream flow rate, concentration and coolant temperature were the selected variables for control. The controllability index was examined for a range of crystallizer supersaturation and temperatures to determine its sensitivity to operating conditions. Changes in the observability index were crystallizer conditions and selections of monitored variables were determined and interpreted in terms of the dependencies of nucleation and growth rate on the supersaturation and temperature. Predictions were made of the transient behavior of the product CSD moments after changes in feed stream conditions using a Kalman filter estimater. Crystallizers with lower controllability indices exhibited more rapid recovery from changes in inputs. Similarly, lower observability indices resulted in more exact predictions of the crystallizer system behavior during an upset. Manuscript not available at time of printing.
Effectiveness of multifocal and monofocal intraocular lenses for cataract surgery and lens replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) offer the possibility of spectacle-free vision following cataract surgery compared to standard IOLs. Existing systematic reviews have generally concluded that multifocal IOLs result in better uncorrected near vision and greater spectacle independence, but more unwanted visual phenomena such as glare and halos, compared to monofocal IOLs. However, the certainty of evidence has been low for most outcomes, and pooled analyses have grouped together technologically obsolete lenses with newer lenses, potentially obscuring differences in performance across different lens types. We performed a systematic review searching for RCTs of a multifocal IOL to a standard IOL or monovision that reported spectacle independence, visual acuity, or quality of life. Databases were searched from 1/1/2006–4/30/2017. Existing reviews were used to identify older studies. Title/abstract screening and data extraction were done in duplicate. Where possible, random effects meta-analysis was performed to synthesize results. In addition to comparing multifocal IOLs as a group to monofocal IOLs, we also compared newer diffractive lenses to obsolete or refractive lenses. Twenty-five eligible studies were identified. There was no difference in pooled estimates of corrected or uncorrected distance vision between multifocal and standard IOLs. Compared to monofocal IOLs, multifocal IOLs had statistically significantly better pooled results for the outcome of near vision (10 studies, 1025 patients, mean difference in logMAR of ‐0.26 (95% CI ‐0.37, ‐0.15)); spectacle dependence (12 studies, 1237 patients, relative risk of 0.27 (95% CI 0.20, 0.38)) and borderline significantly better quality of vision (6 studies, 596 patients, standardized mean difference of ‐0.54, (95% CI ‐1.12, 0.04)). Compared to monofocal IOLs, multifocal IOLs had statistically significantly worse pooled results for the outcomes of glare (9 studies, 847 patients, risk ratio of 1.36 (95% CI 1.15, 1.61) and halos (7 studies, 754 patients, risk ratio of 3.14 (95% CI 1.63, 6.08). Newer multifocal lenses had statistically significantly better outcomes than older diffractive lenses or refractive lenses, when compared to monofocal IOLs, in near vision, quality of vision, and risk of halos. Multifocal IOLs compared to standard IOLs or monovision result in better uncorrected near vision and a higher proportion of patients who achieve spectacle independence, but greater risk of unwanted visual phenomena. Newer diffractive lenses may be better than refractive lenses in near vision and quality of vision outcomes, with less risk of halos than older diffractive lenses and refractive lenses. (PROSPERO registration CRD42017069949)
Comparative measurements of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal responses to agricultural management practices

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are considered to be a key group of soil organisms for assessments of soil biological properties and developing relationships among crop production management practices, soil properties, crop performance, and ecosystem services. In a field study of cover crop treatments established during the transition from small grains to corn (Zea mays L), we assessed multiple measures of AM fungal responses to the management treatments: soil propagule numbers, biomass via lipid biomarkers, and root colonization extent. Our objectives were to determine response variables that reliably distinguished cover crop treatments and formed consistent relationships with grain yield, plant biomass, and mineral nutrient concentrations of the following corn crop. The number of soil AM fungal propagules and amount of the NLFA biomarker C16:1cis11 measured on fall-collected soils most consistently and significantly responded to fall cover crop treatments. Neither of these measures of soil inoculum potential was strongly related to measures of crop performance. The PLFA biomarker C16:1cis11 was marginally responsive to cover crop but did not strongly relate to crop performance parameters. Corn root colonization by AM fungi was not significantly affected by cover crop treatment, but significant negative relationships were found between root colonization and grain N concentration and plant biomass at maturity. In contrast, a significant positive relationship between root colonization and plant N concentration at the 6-leaf stage was found. Understanding the relative effectiveness and limitations of AM fungal response variables will inform their application in field studies of agricultural management practices.
SparseHD: Algorithm-Hardware Co-optimization for Efficient High-Dimensional Computing

Hyperdimensional (HD) computing is gaining traction as an alternative light-way machine learning approach for cognition tasks. Inspired by the neural activity patterns of the brain, HD computing performs cognition tasks by exploiting longsize vectors, namely hypervectors, rather than working with scalar numbers as used in conventional computing. Since a hypervector is represented by thousands of dimensions (elements), the majority of prior work assume binary elements to simplify the computation and alleviate the processing cost. In this paper, we first demonstrate that the dimensions need to have more than one bit to provide an acceptable accuracy to make HD computing applicable to real-world cognitive tasks. Increasing the bit-width, however, sacrifices energy efficiency and performance, even when using low-bit integers as the hypervector elements. To address this issue, we propose a framework for HD acceleration, dubbed SparseHD, that leverages the advantages of sparsity to improve the efficiency of HD computing. Essentially, SparseHD takes account of statistical properties of a trained HD model and drops the least effective elements of the model, augmented by iterative retraining to compensate the possible quality loss raised by sparsity. Thanks to the bit-level manipulability and abounding parallelism granted by FPGAs, we also propose a novel FPGAbased accelerator to effectively utilize the advantage of sparsity in HD computation. We evaluate the efficiency of our framework for practical classification problems. We observe that SparseHD makes the HD model up to 90% sparse while affording a minimal quality loss (less than 1%) compared to the non-sparse baseline model. Our evaluation shows that, on average, SparseHD provides 48.5× and 15.0× lower energy consumption and faster execution as compared to the AMD R390 GPU implementation.
What Theories, Perspectives, and Approaches Are Used in Study Abroad Research?

In this chapter, we present a discussion of input and output principles that are important to consider when explaining linguistic development. We limit the focus of this chapter to perspectives that have served as the foundation for many of the landmark studies. We approach our discussion by placing importance on the concept of interlanguage and the role that experience in the study abroad environment plays in triggering features that promote interlanguage development.
Why Do Cognitive Prompts Hurt Learning in Older Adults

The purposes of the present investigation were to attempt to replicate the negative effects for learning prompts in older adults reported by Cavanagh, Kraiger and Peters (2016), determine if the impact of learning prompts depends on type of prompt, and investigate the two possible explanations of the negative impact of prompts – increased cognitive load and higher negative affect. Learning prompts refer to short text inserted into training content to encourage trainees to rehearse new content or engage in meta‐cognitive activity. Although learning prompts generally lead to greater learning in training, Cavanagh et al. reported a negative impact for prompts on measures of recall and transfer. Using similar training materials and learning outcome measures, we conducted two studies using both elaboration and meta‐cognitive prompts in online training. In the first, older adults (N = 194) between 55 and 70 years and younger adults (N = 218) were randomly assigned to either a meta‐cognitive, elaboration or no prompts (control) condition. Older adults learned less and reported greater mental effort than younger learners, but these effects were not moderated by prompt condition. In the second, N = 57 older adults were randomly assigned to the same three prompts conditions listed above. Older adults learned less with prompts than without, but there were no differences between conditions in mental effort or negative affect. In sum, we found negative effects for learning prompts in older adults in two studies, but found no evidence to suggest that these effects were due to either increased cognitive load or greater negative affect.
Field emission mitigation studies in the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source II superconducting rf cavities via in situ plasma processing

Field emission is one of the main factors that can limit the performance of superconducting radio frequency cavities. To reduce possible field emission in the Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II), we are developing plasma processing for 1.3 GHz nine-cell cavities. The ultimate goal of plasma processing will be to apply the technique in situ in the cryomodules in order to mitigate hydrocarbon-related field emission without disassembling them. Herein is presented the first systematic study of plasma processing applied to LCLS-II superconducting radio frequency cavities. Having developed a new method of plasma ignition for LCLS-II cavities, we applied plasma processing to 1.3 GHz cavities starting with a clean nitrogen doped cavity and proceeding with studying natural field emission and artificially contaminated cavities. All the cavities were cold tested before and after plasma cleaning in order to compare their performances. It was proved that this technique successfully removes carbon-based contamination from the cavity iris and that it is able to eliminate field emission in a naturally field emitting cavity. The effect of plasma processing on cavities exposed to vacuum failures was also investigated, showing positive results in some cases. This work shows how successful plasma processing is in removing hydrocarbon related contamination from the cavity surface without affecting the high Q-factors and quench fields characteristic of nitrogen doped cavities.
Multi-Level Multi-Growth Models: New opportunities for addressing developmental theory using advanced longitudinal designs with planned missingness.

Abstract Longitudinal models have become increasingly popular in recent years because of their power to test theoretically derived hypotheses by modeling within-person processes with repeated measures. Growth models constitute a flexible framework for modeling a range of complex trajectories across time in outcomes of interest, including non-linearities and time-varying covariates. However, these models can be expanded to include the effects of multiple growth processes at once on a single outcome. Here, I outline such an extension, showing how multiple growth processes can be modeled as a specific case of the general ability to include time-varying covariates in growth models. I show that this extension of growth models cannot be accomplished by statistical models alone, and that study design plays a crucial role in allowing for proper parameter recovery. I demonstrate these principles through simulations to mimic important theoretical conditions where modeling the effects of multiple growth processes can address developmental theory including, disaggregating the effects of age and practice or treatment in repeated assessments and modeling age- and puberty-related effects during adolescence. I compare how these models behave in two common longitudinal designs, cohort and accelerated, and how planned missingness in observations is key to parameter recovery. I conclude with directions for future substantive research using the method outlined here.
Co-Packaged Photonics for High Performance Computing: Status, Challenges and Opportunities

Photonics die or integrated photonics modules co-packaged with compute engines have the potential to deliver significant improvements in power, bandwidth and reach needed to meet the computing and communication demands of data centers and other high-performance computing (HPC) systems. The challenges and solutions in co-packaging photonics modules are described through two case studies; one of a network-switch die co-packaged with socketable photonics modules and another of a FPGA co-packaged with optical dies (tiles). The technical requirements to deliver the promise of co-packaged photonics in high volume are outlined.
Why Won't the European Central Bank Ease?

If Alan Greenspan were running the central bank in Europe, perhaps the economy there would he doing better. But policy-making is subject to more conflicts in a federation of nations than in a unified one. This economist explains why policy has been too tight in the past. But, he adds, policy is tighter than even he expects. Is the young central bank too concerned with maintaining an anti-inflation image?
Pressure swing adsorption

A pressure swing adsorption cycle comprised of blowdown, purge, pressurization, feed, pressure equalization and rinse steps provided recovery from an atmospheric air feed, essentially dry and free of carbon dioxide, of a high yield of high purity nitrogen gas and a high yield of a product gas rich in oxygen as well as recovery of a residual feed byproduct gas for recycle with the air feed.
Regulation of Inflammation and T Cells by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: Links to Mood Disorders

Accumulative evidence shows a role of the immune system in susceptibility to depression. Proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to be involved in the induction of depressive behavior both in humans and mice, opening a new avenue of therapeutic strategy. Because glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) was recently identified to be controlling the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and GSK3 has been shown to be implicated in mood disorders for many years, it has been proposed that the proinflammatory action of GSK3 could be responsible for the increased susceptibility to depressive behavior. Moreover, besides regulating cytokines, GSK3 also promotes differentiation of proinflammatory subtypes of Th cells, which are sufficient to induce depressive behavior in mice. Although the clear involvement of the immune system during depressive behavior still needs to be firmly demonstrated, there is growing evidence for the involvement of inflammation in the induction of depressive behavior.
Self-induced trapping of optical beams in semiconductors

Summary form only given. Spatial solitons in photorefractive materials have been a subject of recent interest. In this paper we report self-induced trapping in one dimension in the semi-insulating compound semiconductor InP:Fe. In particular, we observe that for milliwatt laser beams diffraction is exactly balanced by the photorefractively induced index change.
Fundamentals and Deficiencies of Aperture Synthesis

Aperture synthesis is the method used by astronomers to determine the accurate brightness distribution of the radio sky with a resolution much better than that possible with a single large antenna. The technique, now over a decade old, utilizes a large number of connected radio antennas, some of them physically moveable, to follow a region of sky for many hours or days in order to sample the spatial coherence function of the radiation field over a sufficiently large area and with a reasonable filling factor. Landmark references for aperture synthesis are McCready et al. (1947), Stanier (1950), Christiansen and Warburton (1955), Lequeux et al. (1962), Read (1961) and Ryle and Hewish (1960).
Modification of poly(acrylonitrile) via reaction with ti, zr, and hf dicyclopentadiene dichlorides†

The modification of poly(acrylonitrile) was effected via formation of poly(acrylamideoxime) followed by condensation with Ti, Zr and Hf compounds. Modification was effected utilizing generally the interfacial technique. Thermal properties are reported. Initial degradation in the 200 to 350°C region probably occurs via the formation of cyclic products whereas at temperatures >500°C degradation in air occurs via oxidation of the remaining product. Die Modifizierung von Polyacrylnitril wurde durch Bildung von Polyacrylamidoxim und nachfolgende Kondensation mit Ti-, Zr- und Hf-Verbindungen durch Anwendung der Grenzflachentechnik erzielt. Die thermischen Eigenschaften dieser Produkte werden angegeben. Der anfanglich bei 200 bis 350 °C erfolgende Abbau verlauft wahrscheinlich uber cyclische Produkte, wahrend der Abbau oberhalb 500°C in Luft durch Oxydation des verbliebenen Produktes erfolgt.
Titration and Neutralization of Poliovirus in Micro Tissue Culture Under Increased Carbon Dioxide

Abstract Modification of the micro tissue culture technique, including incubation under increased CO2, resulted in prolongation of the viability of the cells. As a consequence, satisfactory titrations of poliovirus and of poliovirus antiserum have been achieved by the micro method. The technique offers a number of advantages over conventional methods.
Multiple sclerosis: Cytokine receptors on oligodendrocytes predict innate regulation

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating condition in which numerous soluble mediators have been implicated. We have extended the repertoire of cytokines studied in MS tissue by examining interleukin (IL-4), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, interferon (IFNgamma), and their receptors and have compared patterns with those seen in normal subjects and other neurological diseases (OND). Expression was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and Western blots. Remarkably, oligodendrocytes expressed all the cytokine receptors examined, particularly Th2-type, constitutively in normal subjects and upregulated in disease. Microglial cells also expressed cytokine receptors at similar levels. Cytokine expression was invariably a feature of microglial cells, except for IL-10, which was exclusively astrocytic. Oligodendrocytes did not display cytokines, except for low levels of IL-18. Although no pattern was specific for MS, most molecules were upregulated in MS and OND. Downstream JAK/STAT molecules were correspondingly upregulated. Cytokine receptors on oligodendrocytes (and microglia), and their corresponding ligands on microglia (and astrocytes), may implicate paracrine/autocrine regulation and may bespeak innate immunity in the central nervous system.
Donaldson's theorem, Heegaard Floer homology, and knots with unknotting number one

Abstract We establish an obstruction to unknotting an alternating knot by a single crossing change. The obstruction is lattice-theoretic in nature, and combines Donaldson's diagonalization theorem with an obstruction developed by Ozsvath and Szabo using Heegaard Floer homology. As an application, we enumerate the alternating 3-braid knots with unknotting number one, and show that each has an unknotting crossing in its standard alternating diagram.