cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Disadvantages and Neural Sensitivity to Infant Cry: Role of Maternal Distress

Socioeconomic disadvantage such as poverty can increase distress levels, which may further make low-income mothers more vulnerable to difficulties in the transition to parenthood. However, little is known about the neurobiological processes by which poverty and maternal distress are associated with risks for adaptations to motherhood. Thus, the current study examined the associations between income and neural responses to infant cry sounds among first-time new mothers (N = 28) during the early postpartum period. Lower income was associated with reduced responses to infant cry in the medial prefrontal gyrus (involved in evaluating emotional values of stimuli), middle prefrontal gyrus (involved in affective regulation) and superior temporal gyrus (involved in sensory information processing). When examining the role of maternal distress, we found a mediating role of perceived stress, but not depressive symptoms, in the links between income and prefrontal responses to infant cry. Reduced neural responses to infant cry in the right middle frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus were further associated with less positive perceptions of parenting. The results demonstrate that perceived stress associated with socioeconomic disadvantages may contribute to reduced neural responses to infant cry, which is further associated with less positive perceptions of motherhood.
Nucleation and Growth of CPPD Crystals and Related Species in Vitro

Chondrocalcinosis is characterized clinically by the deposition of crystalline calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) in joint tissues [1,2]. Although crystals appear both in synovial fluid and in intraarticular cartilage, the extremely low pyrophosphate (PPi) level in synovial fluids [3–6] strongly implicates the cartilage as the primary crystal growth site. Although the mechanism of calcium pyrophosphate crystal formation in articular cartilage has not been elucidated, it has been proposed that acute inflammatory episodes are the result of a process whereby CPPD crystals are shed from the cartilage into the joint space [7].
Can I read your mind? Perception gaps in supply chain relationships

Abstract A buyer-dominant perspective in the existing buyer-supplier relationship literature reflects a common yet implicit “bilateral expectation” assumption. However, dyadic studies have revealed that the parties in a relational exchange may possess divergent views on many issues, which violates the bilateral expectation assumption and motivate this research. In contrast to existing dyadic scholarship, which focuses on divergent buyer and supplier views of the same event or phenomenon, this study examines gaps between what the supplier thinks the buyer’s perspective is vs. what the buyer’s perspective actually is. Specifically, this study examines gaps between the buyer’s stated relational outcomes (regarding opportunism and relationship continuance) and the supplier’s expectation of the buyer’s actual behavior. The study uses a scenario-based experiment with mirrored vignettes to elicit data from both sides of the relational exchange. The results suggest that in general, the supplier tends to overestimate the buyer’s desire to continue an existing relationship. Moreover, when making relationship continuance decisions, the buyer tends to value relational norms more than dependence, which is counter to supplier expectations (i.e., the supplier would expect that the buyer values dependence more). The findings have important implications for how managers can effectively navigate supply chain relationships in general, and suppliers’ interactions with buyers in particular.
The Social Regulation of Community: An Intersectional Analysis of Migration and Incorporation in the Heartland

Drawing on a long-term ethnographic investigation of the economic and social restructuring in the rural Midwestern United States, I demonstrate the value of an intersectional analysis to explore the social regulation of community in a rural context. This intersectional analysis bridges scholarship on (1) the political economy of immigration, (2) racial formation, and (3) materialist feminism in order to provide a powerful framework through which I explore the community-based processes and practices that shape the possibilities for the incorporation of residents of color into a historically white community. Through this intersectional lens, I highlight the unspoken rules of behavior and assessment of deservingness required for community membership and acceptance in the context of broader social and economic change in one rural town in Iowa.
State-to-State Molecular Beam-Surface Scattering via Laser Spectroscopic Techniques

Laser spectroscopic techniques are finding increasing applications in surface science experiments. In our laboratory, the state-specificity and time resolution capabilities of laser techniques are applied to molecular beam-surface scattering experiments in order to perform state-to-state studies in which the angular, velocity and internal energy distributions are determined for the scattering of a laser excited incident molecular beam in a well-defined vibrationally excited single quantum state.
Spirituality and Religion as Mitigating Factors in Compassion Fatigue among Trauma Therapists in Romania

Emerging research suggests that, among trauma therapists, religiousness and spirituality may (a) buffer against compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout and (b) bolster spiritual...
Diabetes and Clinical and Subclinical CVD

Diabetes mellitus is a major cardiovascular risk factor and its prevalence has been increasing globally. This review examines the contributions of the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), a diverse American cohort (6,814 adults ages 45 to 84, recruited from 2000 to 2002, 50% female, 62% nonwhite) toward understanding the relationship between diabetes and clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease. People with diabetes have a high burden of subclinical vascular disease as measured by coronary artery calcification (CAC), carotid artery intima-media thickness, valvular calcification, and alterations in left ventricular structure. CAC substantially improves cardiovascular risk prediction. Among adults with diabetes, 63% had CAC >0; above CAC >400 Agatston units the event rate was 4% annually, whereas an absence of CAC was a marker of a very low cardiovascular disease rate (0.4% to 0.1% annually). These stark differences in rates may have implications for screening and/or targeted prevention efforts based on CAC burden. MESA has also provided insight on diabetes epidemiology.
Scalable waveguide design for three-level operation in Neodymium doped fiber laser

We have constructed a double clad neodymium doped fiber laser operating on the three-level 4F3/2→4I9/2 transition. The laser has produced 11.5 W at 925 nm with 55% slope efficiency when pumped at 808 nm, comparable to the best previous results for a double-clad fiber configuration on this transition. Higher power pumping with both 808 nm and 880 nm sources resulted in an output of 27 W, albeit at lower slope efficiency. In both cases, output power was limited by available pump, indicating the potential for further power scaling. To suppress the stronger four-level 4F3/2→4I11/2 transition we developed a waveguide that provides spectral filtering distributed along the length of the fiber, based on an all-solid micro-structured optical fiber design, with resonant inclusions creating a leakage path to the cladding. The waveguide supports large mode areas and provides strong suppression at selectable wavelength bands, thus easing the restrictions on core and cladding sizes that limited power scaling of previous approaches.
A Novel Idea to Improve Cardiac Output of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices by Optimizing Kinetic Energy Transfer Available in Forward Moving Aortic Blood Flow

Mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs) have gained widespread clinical acceptance as an effective heart failure (HF) therapy. The concept of harnessing the kinetic energy (KE) available in the forward aortic flow (AOF) is proposed as a novel control strategy to further increase the cardiac output (CO) provided by MCSDs. A complete mathematical development of the proposed theory and its application to an example MCSDs (two-segment extra-aortic cuff) are presented. To achieve improved device performance and physiologic benefit, the example MCSD timing is regulated to maximize the forward AOF KE and minimize retrograde flow. The proof-of-concept was tested to provide support with and without KE control in a computational HF model over a wide range of HF test conditions. The simulation predicted increased stroke volume (SV) by 20% (9 mL), CO by 23% (0.50 L/min), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) by 23%, and diastolic coronary artery flow (CAF) by 55% (3 mL) in severe HF at a heart rate (HR) of 60 beats per minute (BPM) during counterpulsation (CP) support with KE control. The proposed KE control concept may improve performance of other MCSDs to further enhance their potential clinical benefits, which warrants further investigation. The next step is to investigate various assist technologies and determine where this concept is best applied. Then bench-test the combination of kinetic energy optimization and its associated technology choice and finally test the combination in animals.
Update on EGFR Mutational Testing and the Potential of Noninvasive Liquid Biopsy in Non–Small-cell Lung Cancer

Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are important drivers of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and have led to the emergence of EGFR-targeted therapies as critical treatment options for NSCLC. Although these agents have shown clinical activity in NSCLC patients, acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted agents is inevitable. Therefore, the ability to conveniently biopsy patient tumors is of increasing importance as new mechanisms of resistance and agents to target these resistance mutations are identified. Rapid and accurate EGFR mutational testing of patient biopsy specimens, including liquid biopsy specimens, allows for the identification of potentially actionable mutations that could guide treatment. In the present review, we discuss the various methods and best practices for tumor sampling and EGFR mutational testing in NSCLC.
A model robust real options valuation methodology incorporating climate risk

Abstract Physical climate risk faced by companies is emerging as a significant concern for long term investors, such as sovereign wealth funds. For the mining sector, each physical asset may have a significant financial exposure to extreme climate events such as floods and droughts. Often, these financial risks are difficult to value given the paucity of data on climate extremes, and limited company assessment and disclosure of the associated financial liability. We propose a generalization of the Brennan-Schwartz approach to real option valuation to address this situation. A Poisson point process is used to model arrivals of extreme events that exceed the estimated design return period of the flood/drought mitigation infrastructure at the site. Using techniques from the field of robust performance analysis, we are able to calculate upper and lower bounds over all the probability models within a certain distance from the original model, that address the potential uncertainty of the risk and loss. We suggest two different approaches for mine valuation based on this technique. The first, and more direct approach, calibrates the distance of probability measures from a set of known mine transactions and prices a mine (with currently unknown value) relative to the training set of mines. The second approach uses historical precipitation data from a mine site, to calculate a “worst case” disaster arrival process from the actual physical data, and then the mine is priced using this process. Generalizations to a portfolio of assets are also considered.
The relation between social support, anxiety and distress symptoms and maternal fetal attachment.

Abstract Objective: The aims of this study were to: (1) examine the relation between social support, trait anxiety, symptoms of maternal distress (including stress, depression and anxiety) and maternal–fetal attachment; and (2) to determine if social support buffers the relation between trait anxiety, symptoms of distress and maternal–fetal attachment. Design: Ninety-four pregnant women completed five self-report questions. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the influence of trait anxiety, symptoms of distress, and social support on two factors of maternal–fetal attachment, quality and intensity/frequency. Results: In the first model with the dependent measure as the maternal–fetal attachment quality score, trait anxiety (β = –.24, p < .05) and social support (β = .30, p < .01) were significant predictors, accounting for 18% of the variance. In the second model with the dependent measure as the maternal–fetal attachment intensity/frequency score, trait anxiety (β = –.23, p < .0...
The Science of the Future

“The Science of the Future” is in many ways an essay standing apart from all the rest of The Philosophy of Living Experience. Because of this, we have suggested that it adds a dimension to the work which makes its broadest concern something other than the contemporary problem of philosophy. In it, Bogdanov takes the reader back to the matter of philosophy and life after the fashion of the introductory essays. This time, however, it is done with a view toward predicting the future of both and the outcome of the relationship between them. The basic effect which the chapter has on the rest of the work is the addition of an ultimate statement on the historical role of philosophy which is, by extension, a statement on the ultimate meaning and significance of empiriomonism as well. We find, however, that this effect arises from a discussion of something other than philosophy itself. The topic under consideration in “The Science of the Future” is actually the future of knowledge, and, at the bottom, the essay is an argument regarding the probable future relationship between knowledge and life. We find, then, that knowledge, which comprises both philosophy and science, is Bogdanov’s greater concern and that, for him, the historical role of philosophy can only be known within the greater context of the future of knowledge. We are told, in effect, that while the problem of philosophy holds man’s attention in the present, it will not always be so, for philosophy is not that form of knowledge with which man must ultimately be most concerned.
Radioactivity Induced in A Theta-Pinch Fusion Reactor

Induced radioactivity and afterheat in fusion reactor blanket structures and magnetic coils are essential inputs for environmental impact studies. These quantities have been calculated for a refere...
Drug target pharmacogenomics: an overview.

Pharmacogenomics is a field aimed at understanding the genetic contribution to variability in drug efficacy and toxicity. The goal is to be able to select the drugs with the greatest likelihood of benefit and the least likelihood of harm in individual patients, based on their genetic make-up. Pharmacogenetics has historically been a field focused primarily on genetic polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes and their impact on drug efficacy and toxicity. More recently, investigators have begun to study the relationship between drug target polymorphisms and drug efficacy and toxicity. There are now numerous examples in the literature of associations between drug target polymorphisms and drug effect. Drug targets can be broken into three main categories: the direct protein target of the drug, signal transduction cascades or downstream proteins, and disease pathogenesis proteins. While the drug target pharmacogenetics literature provides ‘proof of concept’ that genetic variability contributes to the variability in drug response, the data are not to the point of being clinically useful in most cases. Specific problems to date include the inability of a single polymorphism to be highly predictive of response, and inconsistencies across studies of the same polymorphism. It seems likely that an important factor in the above limitations is the approach of focusing on a single polymorphism in a single gene. Given that most drug responses involve a large number of proteins, all of whose genes could have several polymorphisms, it seems unlikely that a single polymorphism in a single gene would explain a high degree of drug response variability in a consistent fashion. Thus, it seems that a polygenic, or genomic approach will be more appropriate. Candidate gene and genome scanning approaches to pharmacogenomics have shown promise in relating drug target polymorphisms to response or toxicity, and pharmacogenomic strategies for drug discovery and drug development are now being implemented by most major pharmaceutical companies. Pharmacogenomics has the potential to significantly enhance the ability of clinicians to use medications in a safe and effective manner and, as such, represents an exciting field with tremendous clinical potential.
Bayesian adaptive algorithms for locating HIV mobile testing services.

We have previously conducted computer-based tournaments to compare the yield of alternative approaches to deploying mobile HIV testing services in settings where the prevalence of undetected infection may be characterized by ‘hotspots’. We report here on three refinements to our prior assessments and their implications for decision-making. Specifically, (1) enlarging the number of geographic zones; (2) including spatial correlation in the prevalence of undetected infection; and (3) evaluating a prospective search algorithm that accounts for such correlation. Building on our prior work, we used a simulation model to create a hypothetical city consisting of up to 100 contiguous geographic zones. Each zone was randomly assigned a prevalence of undetected HIV infection. We employed a user-defined weighting scheme to correlate infection levels between adjacent zones. Over 180 days, search algorithms selected a zone in which to conduct a fixed number of HIV tests. Algorithms were permitted to observe the results of their own prior testing activities and to use that information in choosing where to test in subsequent rounds. The algorithms were (1) Thompson sampling (TS), an adaptive Bayesian search strategy; (2) Besag York Mollie (BYM), a Bayesian hierarchical model; and (3) Clairvoyance, a benchmarking strategy with access to perfect information. Over 250 tournament runs, BYM detected 65.3% (compared to 55.1% for TS) of the cases identified by Clairvoyance. BYM outperformed TS in all sensitivity analyses, except when there was a small number of zones (i.e., 16 zones in a 4 × 4 grid), wherein there was no significant difference in the yield of the two strategies. Though settings of no, low, medium, and high spatial correlation in the data were examined, differences in these levels did not have a significant effect on the relative performance of BYM versus TS. BYM narrowly outperformed TS in our simulation, suggesting that small improvements in yield can be achieved by accounting for spatial correlation. However, the comparative simplicity with which TS can be implemented makes a field evaluation critical to understanding the practical value of either of these algorithms as an alternative to existing approaches for deploying HIV testing resources.
Optimal 3D Reconstruction of Caves Using Small Unmanned Aerial Systems and RGB-D Cameras

This paper discusses our work on building a SmartCaveDrone system [1] to function as “Co-Archaeologists” that can map large caves and enter dangerous or hard-to-reach spaces. We present an optimal 3D reconstruction framework that combines both sparse feature matching and dense surface alignment. Sparse feature matching is used for visual odometry and global camera pose optimization after loops are detected, while dense surface alignment is the way of closing large loops and solving surface mismatching problem. We collected data inside Maya caves in Belize, and evaluated different methods applied on this dataset. Our experiments demonstrate that sparse feature-based tracking is robust for steady tracking, while it is effective and critical to close surface loops. After our experiments, we discussed new emerging research problems that can be explored.
A comparative analysis of EGFR-targeting antibodies for gold nanoparticle CT imaging of lung cancer

Computed tomography (CT) is the standard imaging test used for the screening and assessment of suspected lung cancer, but distinguishing malignant from benign nodules by CT is an ongoing challenge. Consequently, a large number of avoidable invasive procedures are performed on patients with benign nodules in order to exclude malignancy. Improving cancer discrimination by non-invasive imaging could reduce the need for invasive diagnostics. In this work we focus on developing a gold nanoparticle contrast agent that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is expressed on the cell surface of most lung adenocarcinomas. Three different contrast agents were compared for their tumor targeting effectiveness: non-targeted nanoparticles, nanoparticles conjugated with full-sized anti-EGFR antibodies (cetuximab), and nanoparticles conjugated with a single-domain llama-derived anti-EGFR antibody, which is smaller than the cetuximab, but has a lower binding affinity. Nanoparticle targeting effectiveness was evaluated in vitro by EGFR-binding assays and in cell culture with A431 cells, which highly express EGFR. In vivo CT imaging performance was evaluated in both C57BL/6 mice and in nude mice with A431 subcutaneous tumors. The cetuximab nanoparticles had a significantly shorter blood residence time than either the non-targeted or the single-domain antibody nanoparticles. All of the nanoparticle contrast agents demonstrated tumor accumulation; however, the cetuximab-targeted group had significantly higher tumor gold accumulation than the other two groups, which were statistically indistinguishable from one another. In this study we found that the relative binding affinity of the targeting ligands had more of an effect on tumor accumulation than the circulation half life of the nanoparticles. This study provides useful insight into targeted nanoparticle design and demonstrates that nanoparticle contrast agents can be used to detect tumor receptor overexpression. Combining receptor status data with traditional imaging characteristics has the potential for better differentiation of malignant lung tumors from benign lesions.
Identification and characterization of novel isothiazolones with potent bactericidal activity against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates

Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a globally important nosocomial pathogen characterized by an increased multi-drug resistance (MDR), leaving limited options for treating its infection. To identify novel antibacterial compounds with activity against clinical isolates of A. baumannii, we performed high-throughput screening against a chemical library of 42,944 compounds using nonpathogenic Escherichia coli MG1655 and identified 55 hit compounds. The antibacterial activities of 30 pure compounds were determined against MDR clinical isolates of A. baumannii obtained from Los Angeles County hospitals. Two isothiazolones identified, 5-chloro-2-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-4-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (Compound 6) and 5-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone (Compound 7), possess novel structure and exhibited consistent, potent and cidal activity against all 46 MDR A. baumannii clinical isolates and reference strains. Additionally, structure-activity relationship analysis involving several additional isothiazolones supports the link between a chloro-group on the heterocyclic ring or a fused benzene ring and the cidal activity. Attempts to obtain isothiazolone resistant mutants failed, consistent with the rapid cidal action and indicative of a complex mechanism of action. While cytotoxicity was observed with Compound 7, it had a therapeutic index value of 28 suggesting future therapeutic potential. Our results indicate that high-throughput screening of compound libraries followed by in vitro biological evaluations is a viable approach for the discovery of novel antibacterial agents to contribute in the fight against MDR bacterial pathogens.
Identifying Clinical Predictors of Switching From Direct Oral Anticoagulants to Warfarin

Purpose:Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been shown to be as effective or superior to warfarin, but warfarin use remains constant. Knowledge regarding the patient population who have switche...
Setting Up a Successful Radiopharmaceutical Production Facility

As more radiopharmaceuticals garner regulatory approval and are subsequently reimbursed, more facilities for the production of radiopharmaceuticals will be needed. Setting up a successful radiopharmaceutical production facility can be a daunting task, but careful consideration during the planning stages can help ensure an efficient operation. In this regard, important questions include whether the facility will focus solely on research agents, if the production of commercial radiopharmaceuticals will take place, and whether agents for targeted radiotherapy will be produced. Properly trained staff and a detailed quality assurance system are also keys to success.
Effects of Salinity and Temperature on the Growth, Toxin Production, and Akinete Germination of the Cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena

Harmful blooms of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena occur in several parts of the world, and this species is notorious for its ability to produce cyanotoxins, such as nodularin. This species is also able to perform akinete differentiation, thus favoring the success of their populations under adverse conditions. In southern Brazil, N. spumigena has developed large blooms in experimental shrimp production farms. In this study, we implemented an experiment to evaluate the influence of salinity and temperature on several physiological attributes of a Brazilian strain of N. spumigena: cell growth, nodularin production, the ability to form akinetes and germination potential. A factorial experiment (3x4) was conducted to test the effects of temperature (15, 23, and 30 °C) and salinity (1, 7, 15, and 30 ppm) on the growth, production of nodularin and the differentiation of akinetes. The germination potential of the akinetes was tested after incubation for 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 360 days at 4 °C in the dark. N. spumigena grew under a wide range of salinity and temperatures, but salinity had a greater influence. The highest cell densities at the temperatures tested were observed at salinity 7 ppm and the lowest at salinity 1 ppm. The toxin nodularin was produced in all treatments, but there was an inverse relationship between the content of nodularin per cell and cell density. The akinetes were also differentiated in all the treatments, with the exception of S1T30. However, the largest proportion of akinetes (65% of the cells) was observed in the treatment with low cell growth at salinity 15 and 15 °C, possibly indicating an effort of the population to survive over the long term. The akinetes germinated in all treatments, but those cultivated at salinity 7 and 15 ppm (except S15T30) showed a higher percentage of germination and, in contrast, the lowest germination rate was observed in the treatments with salinity 1 ppm. Thus, the low salinity (1) at all the temperatures tested has the potential to inhibit N. spumigena blooms, since it hampers cell growth and the formation of akinetes.
Automated energy storage using carbon nanostructured materials

Abstract The primary energy, including electricity generation, used by modern society comes from fossil fuels, which need to be phased out because they bring severe concerns to the climate, environment, and human health. Additionally, their reserved quantity will be largely depleted over the course of the present century. Recent energy technologies that are determined to replace those based on fossil fuels, include nuclear and renewable energies, such as, wind, hydro, concentrated solar power, photovoltaics, biomass, geothermal, tidal waves, etc. These renewable energy sources can be harvested through automated energy systems run by natural energy suppliers, like sunlight, wind, and tidal waves, which would be more efficient and self-sustained. Carbon materials are very efficient and suitable for such integrated energy devices. In this chapter, we discuss carbon nanomaterials based on promising automated energy technologies.
Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Self-Reported Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis in Adults

Introduction Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use (vaping) has increased in recent years. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death associated with smoking. Aims and methods Based on 2016 and 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System national survey data on 891 242 adult participants who indicated their smoking and vaping status, the cross-sectional association of vaping with self-reported COPD diagnosis was investigated, using univariable and multivariable weighted logistic regression models. Results Compared to never users, while dual users showed the highest association with self-reported COPD diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.98 to 4.85), current vapers who were either ex-smokers or never smoked showed significantly higher association with self-reported COPD diagnosis (aOR = 3.24; 95% CI = 2.78 to 3.78 and aOR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.12, respectively). Current vapers who were ex-smokers showed higher association with self-reported COPD diagnosis than ex-smokers who do not vape (aOR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.48). Dual users showed higher association with self-reported COPD diagnosis than current smokers who do not vape (aOR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.27). Ex-smokers showed significantly less association with self-reported COPD diagnosis (aOR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.71) than current smokers. Current vapers who were either ex-smokers or never smoked had less association with self-reported COPD diagnosis compared to current smokers, with aOR = 0.85 (95% CI = 0.73 to 0.99) and aOR = 0.39 (95% CI = 0.27 to 0.56). Conclusions Vaping is significantly associated with self-reported COPD diagnosis in adults, even among vapers who never smoked. Whether there is a benefit for COPD of switching from smoking to vaping requires study of the long-term effects of vaping. Implications With the increase of e-cigarette use in recent years, the health effects of e-cigarettes need to be investigated. While several studies have examined the association of vaping with respiratory symptoms among adolescents, little is known about the association of vaping with susceptibility to COPD among US adults. Using cross-sectional national survey data in adults, our study showed that vaping was significantly associated with self-reported COPD diagnosis. Although our data did not establish the causal relationship between vaping and self-reported COPD diagnosis, this study raises concerns about the observed association between vaping and self-reported COPD diagnosis.
Diel patterns in swimming behavior of a vertically migrating deepwater shark, the bluntnose sixgill (Hexanchus griseus)

Diel vertical migration is a widespread behavioral phenomenon where organisms migrate through the water column and may modify behavior relative to changing environmental conditions based on physiological tolerances. Here, we combined a novel suite of biologging technologies to examine the thermal physiology (intramuscular temperature), fine-scale swimming behavior and activity (overall dynamic body acceleration as a proxy for energy expenditure) of bluntnose sixgill sharks (Hexanchus griseus) in response to environmental changes (depth, water temperature, dissolved oxygen) experienced during diel vertical migrations. In the subtropical waters off Hawai‘i, sixgill sharks undertook pronounced diel vertical migrations and spent considerable amounts of time in cold (5–7°C), low oxygen conditions (10–25% saturation) during their deeper daytime distribution. Further, sixgill sharks spent the majority of their deeper daytime distribution with intramuscular temperatures warmer than ambient water temperatures, thereby providing them with a significant thermal advantage over non-vertically migrating and smaller-sized prey. Sixgill sharks exhibited relatively high rates of activity during both shallow (night) and deep (day) phases and contrary to our predictions, did not reduce activity levels during their deeper daytime distribution while experiencing low temperature and dissolved oxygen levels. This demonstrates an ability to tolerate the low oxygen conditions occurring within the local oxygen minimum zone. The novel combination of biologging technologies used here enabled innovative in situ deep-sea natural experiments and provided significant insight into the behavioral and physiological ecology of an ecologically important deepwater species.
Alveolar progenitor cells and the origin of lung cancer.

Lung Cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This is mainly due to late diagnosis and therefore advanced stage of the disease. Understanding the cell of origin of cancer and the processes that lead to its transformation will allow for earlier diagnosis and more accurate prediction of tumour type, ultimately leading to better treatments and lower patient morbidity. In this review, we focus on alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells as the cell of origin of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common type of lung cancer. We first elaborate on the different oncogenes that are associated with LUAD and other lung cancers. After, we lay out in detail what is known about AT2 biology, to further delve into AT2 cells as cell of origin for adenocarcinoma. Understanding the precursors of LUAD and identifying the molecular changes during its progression will allow for earlier detection and better molecular targeting of the disease in early stages.
Stock Stories, Cultural Norms, and the Shape of Justice for Native Americans Involved in Interparental Child Custody Disputes in State Court Proceedings

In an American courtroom, a litigant relies on the evidence and his words -- strung together in story form -- to convince the judge (or jury) of the merits of the case. The litigants compete, within strict parameters, to tell the stronger and more resonant story. Because stories almost always begin with a shift in “the way things generally are,” stories of change essentially form the foundation for much litigation, especially in family courts. The stories presented by litigants in family court are not only emotionally compelling, but they also incorporate themes common to daily life: family conflicts, spousal relationships, parental responsibilities, financial difficulties, and child-rearing concerns. Therefore, this Article uses the competing stories offered by two Native American litigants in a bitterly contested child custody case to suggest ways to enhance the authority of judicial narrative when the judge's cultural norms differ from those of the litigants.Initially, this Article argues that a key characteristic of a successful litigant's narrative is the story's ability to evoke immediate recognition in the judge. Under most circumstances, this immediate recognition, or familiarity, has an emotional rather than logical quality. Scholars refer to this quality of unconscious familiarity as a “stock story.” Even though a litigant's stock story has great emotional or psychological pull, the ultimate storyteller is the court, whose duty it is to digest these stock stories and return them to the parties as a judicial narrative. American jurisprudence demands that the court set aside its story biases to administer justice.
Mortality versus Municipal and State Government Spending in American Cities

The USA leads the world in healthcare spending but trails dozens of countries in life expectancy. Government spending may reduce overall mortality by redistributing resources from the rich to the poor. We linked mortality data from 2006 to 2015 to municipal and state government spending in 149 of the largest American cities. We modeled the association of mortality with city and state government spending per capita in 2005 using weighted linear regression. A 10% increase in state government expenditures was associated (P = 0.008) with a 1.4% (95%CI: 0.4–2.4%) reduction in mortality in American cities. Total city government expenditures were not associated with mortality (P > 0.10). However, among Whites, increases in city government spending were associated with a reduction in mortality of 4.8% (2.1–7.5%), but among Blacks and Asians, increased city government spending was associated with respective mortality increases of 1.7% (0.6–2.9%) and 5.1% (2.1–6.2%). State government spending is associated with reduced mortality in American cities. City government spending appears to benefit White longevity and hurt non-White longevity.
Lessons Learned from an Integrated Neurology Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Curriculum

Abstract The University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Neurology Department incorporated a formal diversity, equity and inclusion curriculum into the residency education in 2015. During that time, we have learned a number of lessons that can be useful to other institutions planning similar initiatives including: 1) training should be led by a multidisciplinary team with experienced educators; 2) sustainability of the curriculum requires broad departmental buy-in from leadership to junior faculty to the residents themselves; 3) the curriculum needs to balance training on fundamental topics with flexibility to change in response to current events and the needs of the community; and 4) the sessions need to be practical.
On Joan Robinson’s Mathematical Confusions About the Foundation for J M Keynes’s Logical Theory of the Multiplier: The Differential Calculus

Joan Robinson had no idea about what Keynes was talking about in the General Theory with respect to (a) Keynes’s Aggregate Supply Curve of Chapter 20,which is a locus of all possible, multiple equilibrium results (Full employment, underemployment, involuntary unemployment), his Liquidity Preference Theory based on his equation on p.199 of the General Theory, his Investment Multiplier, marginal propensity to consume, or income expenditure model, or the role played by Keynes’s weight of the evidence and interval valued probabilities that formed the supporting foundation for Keynes’s deployment of his concept of uncertainty in the General Theory to support his Liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest which Keynes modelled in his IS-LM(LP) model presented in its entirety in section four of Chapter 21 of the General Theory. This paper concentrates on Joan Robinson’s inability to understand the differential calculus approach that was the foundation for the Logical theory of the Multiplier.
Network analysis of corn cash price comovements

Abstract Commodity price comovements are an important issue in economics given their significant implications for food and resource sectors that directly influence social well-being. This study approaches this issue by focusing on daily cash prices of 182 corn markets from the seven largest harvest states in the United States for 2006–2011 by using correlation based hierarchical analysis and synchronization analysis, through which we can determine interactions and interdependence among these prices, heterogeneities in price synchronization, and their changing patterns over time. As the first study of the issue concentrating on prices of hundreds of spatially dispersed markets for a commodity of indubitable economic significance, empirical findings show that the degree of comovements is generally higher after November 2006 but no persistent increase is observed. Different groups of markets are identified, each of which has its members exhibit similar price dynamics. Certain markets show potential of serving as price leaders. Results here benefit food and resource policy analysis and design for economic welfare. The empirical framework has potential of being adapted to network analysis of prices of different commodities.
Linguistic indicators of chronic pain acceptance in individuals with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE Pain acceptance is a robust predictor of adjustment to chronic pain, including pain in those with spinal cord injury (SCI). This preliminary study aimed to identify linguistic patterns indicative of chronic pain acceptance to gain new insights into the underlying cognitive-emotional process of this construct. METHOD Individuals with SCI and chronic pain (N = 30) completed the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) and a semistructured interview about their pain. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software was used to quantify linguistic categories of interest in transcribed interviews. RESULTS Results of hierarchical linear regressions (controlling for pain intensity, age, and education) showed that personal pronouns explained an additional 26.9% of the variance in CPAQ activity engagement, which was associated with a lower frequency of first-person plural pronouns and a higher frequency of third person pronouns. Conjunction words explained an additional 12.8% and 19.2% of the variance in CPAQ total and pain willingness scores, respectively; frequency of conjunction words was negatively associated with acceptance. Perceptual processes words accounted for an additional 39.9% of the variance in pain willingness, which was associated with a lower frequency of seeing words and a higher frequency of hearing and feeling words. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that pain acceptance is associated with unique linguistic patterns that can be identified in natural word use among individuals with SCI and chronic pain. Future research to further investigate linguistic indicators of pain acceptance and other clinically relevant pain constructs is warranted and could advance theoretical models of pain adaptation and clinical approaches to treating pain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Just @Me: Digitally-Mediated Team Communication in a Pandemic

The pandemic forced all of us to redefine and evaluate the possibilities of remote work. As access to high-speed internet increases, the necessity to collaborate within the same physical location has decreased. New tools for distant collaboration have been developed and adopted around the world, and many of these distributed work practices may in fact be here to stay. Understanding the ways communication is impacted by the affordances of digital tools like Discord can help improve how the tools are used as well as how postsecondary programs prepare their future technical communicators for the virtual workplaces where they may be employed after graduation. This experience report describes the remote communication that took place between the author and three different groups of three to five undergraduate computer science students in a two-semester capstone course developing varied aspects of a website, database, and three language learning games for VR, PC/Mac, and mobile devices, respectively.
Dorsogluteal Intramuscular Injection Depth Needed to Reach Muscle Tissue According to Body Mass Index and Gender: A Systematic Review

Aims and objective(s) The objective of this systematic review was to determine the needle length required to reach the dorsogluteal muscle based on body mass index and sex. Our aim was to provide evidence-based recommendations to current intramuscular injection guidelines from the result(s) of this review. Background Studies worldwide are documenting reduced medication effectiveness due to improperly placed dorsogluteal intramuscular injections because of incorrect needle length, wrong site selection and/or obesity. Current intramuscular injection guidelines lack specific instructions according to weight or sex. While there are similar concerns with other injectable sites, this review focuses solely on adult dorsogluteal intramuscular injections. Design A systematic review of relevant literature of dorsogluteal intramuscular injections based on body mass index and sex. Methods This systematic review was reported using the PRISMA checklist 2020. The review protocol was registered with Center for Open Science (OSF). We analysed 1,412 articles from nine databases. We compared twelve studies that utilised computerised tomography or ultrasonography using The Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Model and Guidelines. Results A significant number of dorsogluteal intramuscular injections are administered into subcutaneous tissue rather than muscle because needles are too short for populations with body mass indexes over 25, especially women. Poor landmarking often results in improperly placed injections. Conclusions To prevent administering a dorsogluteal intramuscular injection into subcutaneous tissue, women with a BMI of 25 and over require needles longer than 38 mm (1.5 inches). Men have less subcutaneous tissue in the dorsogluteal area and only require longer needles if BMI is 35 and over. If skin-to-muscle depth is questionable in either sex, an ultrasound-guided intramuscular injection is warranted for accurate dorsogluteal placement. Landmarking and needle length are key to appropriately placed IM injections. Relevance to clinical practice Dorsogluteal injections are often injected into subcutaneous tissue rather than muscle because needles are not long enough to reach muscle, especially in women. Critical elements that determine placement of intramuscular injections into muscle versus subcutaneous tissue are sex, BMI, needle length and landmarking. Medications delivered into subcutaneous tissue may have reduced bioavailability.