cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exemplarizing and Self-Presenting States

The position Lehrer defends in this paper is an original and subtle attempt to penetrate some of the most fundamental issues with which serious epistemologists and philosophers of mind are concerned. Lehrer's focus is the notion of a self-presenting state, a state that can be "apprehended through itself." In these brief comments I'll focus only on some of Lehrer's claims. I'll begin with what Lehrer calls the problems of representation and subjectivity for the doctrine that there exist self-presenting sates. In an attempt to enlist Hume as an ally against the doctrine of exemplarization, I'll make one very brief historical observation about Hume and representation. I'll then close with my primary concern about the concept of exemplarization, a concern rooted in the need to make a distinction between representation that is conventional and representation that is not. So as I understand it, the problem of representation is this. The proponent of the view that there are self-presenting states wants such states to be represented in a way that makes such representation "secure from error." But as many have argued in attacking all versions of the given, representation (the kind of thing that can be true or false) of a mental state, say pain, seems to be a quite different sort of thing than the pain that is represented. If they are so different, it seems that we should be able to imagine pain occurring without its being represented, or for that matter, representation of pain occurring without the occurrence of the pain. In arguing against infallible belief, Ayer once employed just this kind of Humean argument.1 Belief (unless it is in some sense self-referential) is simply a distinct state from the state of affairs whose occurrence would make it true. But as a distinct state, the belief can always in principle occur without its truth-maker. Ayer's view has always seemed right to me, And I think that the moral to draw is that one should stop looking for "freedom from error" in some feature
Utility of microcalorimetry in the characterization of the browning reaction.

Abstract An isothermal microcalorimeter was utilized to characterize a model solid-state interaction. The degradation of the HIV protease inhibitor, DMP 450, in a binary mixture with hydrous lactose was followed in the presence of 5% additional water. Heat produced in the microcalorimeter sample vessel from either chemical or physical change is channeled through extremely sensitive thermopile blankets and is measured as it flows into infinite heat sinks. Solid-state 1:1 mixtures of DMP 450 and hydrous lactose each with 5% water added were analyzed in the microcalorimeter at 50, 60 and 65°C. The resulting heat flow profiles were consistent with an autocatalytic rate law. An activation energy of 26.12 kcal mol −1 for the DMP 450:lactose mixture was determined from the slope of the Arrhenius plot of the microcalorimetry heat flow maximum value versus the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. The activation energy determined by the traditional method with HPLC analysis was found to be in excellent agreement with the microcalorimetry value at 26.38 kcal mol −1 .
The Influence of Temperature on Nitrate Reductase Activity of Agrostis palustris and Cynodon dactylon

The influence of temperature was studied in relation to nitrate reductase activity of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. cv. ‘Toronto’) a cool season grass and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. cv. ‘Tifgreen’) a warm season grass. Maximum nitrate reductase activity of both species occurred at 20°C. The nitrate reductase level in bentgrass leaves was reduced when grown at 35°C while bermudagrass leaves were relatively unaffected. The activity per se of the bentgrass enzyme preparation was inhibited rather than synthesis of the enzyme.
On the Relevance of Supervenience Theses to Physicalism

This paper is an investigation into the nature of physicalism as well as to the possibility of formulating physicalism as a supervenience thesis. First, I review the motivation for finding a supervenience thesis that characterizes physicalism. Second, I briefly survey the types of supervenience theses that have been proposed as necessary (or, in some cases, as necessary and sufficient) for physicalism. Third, I analyze the recent supervenience thesis proposed by Frank Jackson and expounded upon by Gene Witmer. Jackson claims the supervenience thesis is both necessary and sufficient for physicalism; Witmer has proposed a different interpretation of one of the Jackson’s key notions and has suggested an amended supervenience thesis that is, if not sufficient, at least necessary for physicalism. However, I will argue that neither Jackson’s nor Witmer’s supervenience theses as stated are necessary for physicalism.
Beyond blood pressure: Arterial stiffness as a new biomarker of cardiovascular disease

Arterial stiffness of the large, elastic conduit arteries is considered a risk marker of vascular aging, as well as a new biomarker of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Arterial stiffness also plays an important role in the development of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) in the middle-aged and elderly population. ISH is characterized by an increase in pulse pressure (PP) in association with a rise in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a fall in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Increased PP, however, is not always a good surrogate for arterial stiffening because of the frequent discrepancy between peripheral brachial and central aortic PP values due to varying pressure amplification. Therefore, noninvasive, easily performed methods for more direct measurement of arterial stiffness and wave reflection, such as aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse wave analysis, have been developed for clinical use. The present review aims to provide an understanding of the pathophysiology of arterial stiffness and wave reflection, to review the various techniques for their measurement, and to explore their usefulness in predicting CV risk and therapeutic benefit in comparison with traditional brachial artery cuff blood pressure (BP) by sphygmomanometry.
Lipid oxidation, volatiles and color changes of irradiated pork patties as affected by antioxidants

Changes were measured in TBARS, color, and volatiles of irradiated (4.5 kGy) pork patties with antioxidants (sesamol, quercetin, rutin, BHT, and rosemary oleoresin) during 7 days storage at 4°C. Irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation of raw pork during storage. However, irradiation before cooking did not influence lipid oxidation of cooked pork during storage. Sesamol, quercetin, and BHT were effective in both irradiated raw and cooked pork during 7-days storage. Rosemary oleoresin and rutin were effective only in irradiated raw pork for 3 days. Hexanal, propanal and higher boiling components were well correlated (P < 0.01) with TBARS in cooked pork. Generation of volatiles was reduced by sesamol and quercetin, but the effects of antioxidants on color changes of raw pork patties were minor and inconsistent.
Stresses and displacements in a layered half-space for a moving line load

Abstract The dynamic displacements and stresses within a multilayered viscoelastic half-space produced by a buried or surface line load moving with constant speed parallel to the surface of the half-space are calculated by Fourier synthesis of the frequency response which in turn is obtained by analytical integration over horizontal wavenumbers. The effects of layering are included by use of an exact factorization of the displacement and stress fields in terms of generalized transmission and reflection coefficients. The procedure is tested by comparison with previous analytical solutions for the case of a uniform half-space and new numerical results for the displacement and stress fields on the surface and within the half-space are presented for surface loads moving with various subsonic and supersonic speeds.
Wide field-of-view lens-free fluorescent imaging on a chip

We demonstrate an on-chip fluorescent detection platform that can simultaneously image fluorescent micro-objects or labeled cells over an ultra-large field-of-view of 2.5 cm × 3.5 cm without the use of any lenses, thin-film filters and mechanical scanners. Such a wide field-of-view lensless fluorescent imaging modality, despite its limited resolution, might be very important for high-throughput screening applications as well as for detection and counting of rare cells within large-area microfluidic devices.
Aggressive behaviour and social dominance in the six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus)

Abstract Field and experimental studies on the lizard Cnemidorphorus sexlineatus (six-lined racerunner) were made on marked populations in Oklahoma. Aggressive chases, followed often by biting, were common in both field and confined populations. As a means of testing dominance, as indicated by aggressive activity, seven groups of racerunners were confined in simulated natural habitats both indoors and outdoors. In any particular encounter between two individual lizards, the pursuer was recorded as dominant and the pursued as subordinate in social rank. Each group had one or two individuals which were more aggressive and accounted for over one half of the recorded encounters. Males were usually dominant over females, and the smallest lizards were the most subordinate. Dominant lizards were more active over longer periods of time. A peculiar submissive posture was observed occasionally in subordinates. The retreat behaviour of the female was sometimes different from that of the male. In the field, aggressive behaviour could not be directly related to possible territoriality. Courtship display was not apparent for this species and the chase and retreat behaviour may be a necessary part of sex recognition and attraction.
Specialized testing after recent acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract A wide variety of specialized laboratory tests have been used to characterize prognosis and functional capacity soon after a patient has an acute myocardial infarction. Few attempts have b...
The Application of Data Mining to Evaluate the Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Treatment Modalities in a National Medicare Database

This paper reports on a case study applying data mining techniques to large Medicare claims databases to discover insights related to the comparative cost effectiveness of two alternative treatment modalities for treating brain tumors in the elderly. The authors evaluate the cost effectiveness of open surgery, radiosurgery, or a combination of the two. The study applies data mining algorithms including data preparation, classification, association, and predictive modeling techniques to reveal insights into the costs of alternative health care practice patterns. The results suggest radiosurgery appears to be less costly compared to surgical resection in the Medicare-eligible population. The authors also identified the fact that African Americans comprised a smaller percentage of patients receiving radiosurgery. The study demonstrates that data mining methods can be applied to large complex Medicare claims files to identify and extract undiscovered knowledge to guide medical decision making and public policy.
An equilibrium existence result for an economy with land

Abstract This research uses a different set of assumptions for land than those used in the standard general equilibrium framework. In particular, land is modelled explicitly as a subset of the plane with anything immobile, from flowers and trees to houses, embedded in it. There is a finite number of consumers with preference orderings over land parcels satisfying certain axioms along with endowments of land that partition this subset of the plane. Allowing for recombinations of parcels, the main result demonstrates the existence of prices in L 1 and a partition of land among consumers so that the land market clears.
Chromatin remodelling complex RSC promotes base excision repair in chromatin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The base excision repair (BER) pathway is a conserved DNA repair system required to maintain genomic integrity and prevent mutagenesis in all eukaryotic cells. Nevertheless, how BER operates in vivo (i.e. in the context of chromatin) is poorly understood. We have investigated the role of an essential ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling (ACR) complex RSC (Remodels the Structure of Chromatin) in BER of intact yeast cells. We show that depletion of STH1, the ATPase subunit of RSC, causes enhanced sensitivity to the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and results in a substantial inhibition of BER, at the GAL1 locus and in the genome overall. Consistent with this observation, the DNA in chromatin is less accessible to micrococcal nuclease digestion in the absence of RSC. Quantitative PCR results indicate that repair deficiency in STH1 depleted cells is not due to changes in the expression of BER genes. Collectively, our data indicates the RSC complex promotes efficient BER in chromatin. These results provide, for the first time, a link between ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling and BER in living cells.
The evolution of understanding: A genetic algorithm model of the evolution of communication

Much animal communication takes place via symbolic codes, where each symbol's meaning is fixed by convention only and not by intrinsic meaning. It is unclear how understanding can arise among individuals utilizing such arbitrary codes, and specifically, whether evolution unaided by individual learning is sufficient to produce such understanding. Using a genetic algorithm implemented on a computer, I demonstrate that a significant though imperfect level of understanding can be achieved by organisms through evolution alone. The population as a whole settles on one particular scheme of coding/decoding information (there are no separate dialects). Several features of such evolving systems are explored and it is shown that the system as a whole is stable against perturbation along many different kinds of ecological parameters.
Prediction of interconnect net-degree distribution based on Rent's rule

In this paper, we derived two new net-degree distribution models: exponential model and weighted exponential model based on the Rent's rule. Numerical evaluations showed that the weighted exponential model is more accurate than any other currently available net-degree distribution model. Moreover, for the first time, it was observed that the internal fraction factor f, similarly to the Rent's rule, also exhibits Region II and Region III. With a refined value of f, our models and Stroobandt's model can provide even more accurate estimation on the net-degree distribution.
Best constant in the decoupling inequality for non-negative random variables

A simple proof of the following inequality is given: ‖∑Xk‖>p ⩽ 3p‖∑yk‖p, p ⩾ 1 , where, for n ⩾ 1, Xn and Yn are Fn-measurable non-negative random variables with indentical conditional distributions, given Fn−1. Our proof gives the best possible order of constant.
Coalition Politics in North India

The years 1964 and 1967 stand as two crucial landmarks in the democratic development of India's political systems both at the center and in the several states. In the three years since Nehru's death in May, 1964, Indian politics entered fully into a major test of legitimacy. Since 1964, the national leadership of the Indian National Congress has three times demonstrated its ability to handle smoothly the first stage of India's process of legitimizing democratic political authority—that of transferring power from a charismatic leader to his successors within the dominant party. After the 1967 General Elections, Indian politics moved to a second stage to confront the problems of transferring power from the previously dominant Congress to diverse parties and party coalitions in more than half the Indian states.The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications for party development in India of the ways in which power has been transferred from the Congress to multi-group coalitions in the three north Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab. Specifically, I am concerned with the structural characteristics of the developing party systems in the three states; with the roles played in the systems by parties, factions, and individuals; and with the impact of the ways in which the systems function upon government formation and stability. I will argue that north Indian political parties operate in systems in which inter-party ideological divisions are less decisive in the formation and breakup of governments than intra-party divisions.
A new direction for myosin.

Abstract Members of the myosin superfamily of actin-based motor proteins were previously thought to move only towards the barbed end of the actin filament. In an extraordinary reversal of this dogma, an abundant and widespread unconventional myosin known as myosin VI has recently been shown to move towards the pointed end of the actin filament – the opposite direction of all other characterized myosins. This discovery raises novel and intriguing questions about the molecular mechanisms of reversal and the biological roles of this ‘backwards' myosin.
Experimental comparison of advanced control techniques on a lab-scale distillation column

Nonlinear process-model based control (NPMBC), model predictive control (MPC) using Dynamic Matrix Control Corporation's DMC and an advanced conventional control (ACC) are compared for dual-composition control on a lab-scale methanol-water distillation column. Both setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection performances are evaluated for unconstrained control.
Host Plant Resistance of Cool-Season (C3) Turfgrasses to Above- and Belowground Feeding by Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Feeding on above- and belowground plant tissues by Tipula paludosa Meigen during the period of rapid growth from second to forth instars is highly damaging to cool-season (C3) turfgrasses. It may be possible to reduce this damage by identifying grass genotypes that increase host plant protection. This study examined the impacts of plant genotype, endophyte infection, and plant ontogeny on host plant and insect responses during whole-plant feeding by T. paludosa. A series of no-choice greenhouse trials were conducted with third instar crane flies to determine 1) host plant tolerance in terms of reductions to above- and belowground plant biomass, 2) antixenosis resistance impacting insect behavior (emigration), and 3) antibiosis resistance impacting insect growth. Results showed that insect infestation level was the primary factor influencing plant biomass reductions. Belowground tissues were more tolerant to feeding than were aboveground tissues, with tall fescues, Festuca arundinacea Schreber, being most resistant to aboveground biomass reduction. Host plant associations with intercellular fungal endophytes (E+) decreased insect weight gain and decreased insect movement, but did not increase host plant tolerance. Plant ontogeny affected this response with insect weight gain significantly decreased on young (28 d) growth E+ grasses but not on old (90 d) growth E+ grasses, however. Host plant genotype and plant ontogeny can have significant impacts to host plant tolerance and insect physiology for T. paludosa larva. Furthermore, plant-endophyte associations have apparent sublethal effects that impact insect fitness and may further enhance host plant protection.
γ-Tocotrienol inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced interlukin-6 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor by suppressing C/EBPβ and NF-κB in macrophages.

Abstract Cytokines generated from macrophages contribute to pathogenesis of inflammation-associated diseases. Here we show that γ-tocotrienol (γ-TE), a natural vitamin E form, inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin (IL)-6 production without affecting tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-10 or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) up-regulation in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Mechanistic studies indicate that nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), but not c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase, p38 or extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), is important to IL-6 production and that γ-TE treatment blocks NF-κB activation. In contrast, COX-2 appears to be regulated by p38 MAPK in RAW cells, but γ-TE has no effect on LPS-stimulated p38 phosphorylation. Despite necessary for IL-6, NF-κB activation by TNF-α or other cytokines is not sufficient for IL-6 induction with exception of LPS. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β appears to be involved in IL-6 formation because LPS induces C/EBPβ up-regulation, which parallels IL-6 production, and knockdown of C/EBPβ with small interfering RNA results in diminished IL-6. LPS but not individual cytokines is capable of stimulating C/EBPβ and IL-6 in macrophages. Consistent with its dampening effect on IL-6, γ-TE blunts LPS-induced up-regulation of C/EBPβ without affecting C/EBPδ. γ-TE also decreases LPS-stimulated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a C/EBPβ target gene. Compared with RAW264.7 cells, γ-TE shows similar or stronger inhibitory effects on LPS-triggered activation of NF-κB, C/EPBβ and C/EBPδ and more potently suppresses IL-6 and G-CSF in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our study demonstrates that γ-TE has antiinflammatory activities by inhibition of NF-κB and C/EBPs activation in macrophages.
Prismatic and helical dislocation loop generation from defects

Abstract Plastic deformation induced by stress concentrations near crystal defects occurs through the generation of prismatic dislocation loops (PDL). The production of PDLs leads to void growth and particle decoherence. In this work we use dislocation dynamics simulations to characterize two mechanisms for PDL formation. The first mechanism corresponds to a classical model of PDL generation from dislocation nucleation. The second mechanism considers PDL generation through cross-slip of a screw dislocation intersecting the particle. We systematically study the effect of the crystal lattice and defect type on PDL generation for both mechanisms as a function of pressure. The simulations show image stresses produced by the dislocation's interaction with the free surface of a void suppresses PDL generation. The highest PDL generation rates are found for a dislocation nucleated from a void in a body-centered cubic lattice. Our simulations also show helical coiling of screw dislocations produces a continuous emission of PDLs without the need for dislocation nucleation at pressures as low as 1.0 GPa.
Factors affecting the Z-Width of a haptic display

This paper addresses the performance of force-reflecting interfaces ("haptic displays"). The authors suggest that an important measure of performance is the dynamic range of achievable impedances-"Z-Width"-and that an impedance is achievable if it satisfies a robustness property such as passivity. Several factors affecting Z-Width-sample-and-hold, inherent interface dynamics, displacement sensor quantization, and velocity filtering-are discussed. A set of experiments designed to evaluate these factors is described and experimental results are presented. A striking result is that inherent interface damping exerts an overwhelming influence on Z-Width. >
Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Infancy Reduces Heart Rate and Positively Affects Distribution of Attention

A double-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel-group prospective trial was conducted to determine whether a dose-response existed for four different levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on the cognitive performance of infants. A total of 122 term infants were fed one of four different formulas varying in their DHA composition (0.00, 0.32, 0.64, and 0.96% of total fatty acids as DHA) from birth to 12 mo. The three DHA-supplemented formulas also contained 0.64% of total fatty acids as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6). Infants were tested at 4, 6, and 9 mo of age on a visual habituation protocol that yielded both behavioral and psychophysiological indices of attention. Infants in all DHA+ARA-supplemented conditions had lower heart rates than those in the unsupplemented condition; there was no dose-response for this effect. The distribution of time that infants spent in different phases of attention (a cognitive index derived from the convergence of behavioral and cardiac responses) varied as a function of dosage. Infants supplemented at the two lower DHA doses spent proportionately more time engaged in active stimulus processing than infants fed the unsupplemented formula, whereas infants fed the highest dose were intermediate and did not differ from any other group.
Synthesis of site specifically deuterated primaquines II. N‐alkyl deuterated primaquines

Two site specifically deuterated primaquines were prepared. 4′,4′-Dideutero primaquine 3 was obtained from the corresponding dideutero alcohol which was prepared by the low temperature reduction of the ester compound 4 with lithium aluminium deuteride. 1′-Deutero primaquine r was prepared by the reductive alkylation of 6-methoxy-8-aminoquinoline with N-(2-oxopentyl)-phthalimide in the presence of sodium cyanoborodeuteride followed by removal of protective phthalimide group.
Accurate determination of thermal resistance of FETs

The accurate determination of the channel temperature in field-effect transistors (FETs) and monolithic microwave integrated circuits is critical for reliability. An original accurate closed-form expression is presented for the thermal resistance of multifinger FET structures. The model is based on the solution of Laplace's equations in prolate spheroidal coordinates and elliptical cylinder coordinates. The model's validity is verified by comparing the results with finite-element simulations, and experimental observations from liquid-crystal measurements and spatially resolved photoluminescence measurements. Very close agreement is observed in all cases.
Decision-theoretic control of failure recovery

A number of strategies exist for the recovery from execution-time plan failures. One dimension in which these strategies differ is the degree of dependence on the reliability and availability of the planner's knowledge. The best strategy, however, may be dependent on a number of considerations, including the type of plan failure, the critically of the failure, the availability of resources, and the reliability and availability of the specific knowledge involved in a given plan failure instance. In our work on multi-agent, multi-modal (centralized, distributed and local) planning, we are interested in intelligently selecting and applying failure recovery strategies that are appropriate to the situation and that can cope with uncertainty. We are examining a decision-theoretic approach to diagnose plan failures and to dynamically select from multiple failure recovery strategies when an execution-lime plan failure occurs.
Late Sodium Channel Openings Underlying Epileptiform Activity Are Preferentially Diminished by the Anticonvulsant Phenytoin

Segal, Michael M. and Andrea F. Douglas. Late sodium channel openings underlying epileptiform activity are preferentially diminished by the anticonvulsant phenytoin. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 3021–3034,...
Bone Graft Materials

This article examines each class of bone grafting material based on some of the studies in each of the following categories: safety, animal research, periodontal and maxillofacial applications, skeletal grafting, and attempts to qualify the efficacy of each class of material. The article also examines some of the research being done in "tissue engineering" to get a sense of the future of bone grafting.
A Biologically Active Surface Enzyme Assembly that Attenuates Thrombus Formation

Activation of hemostatic pathways by blood-contacting materials remains a major hurdle in the development of clinically durable artifi cial organs and implantable devices. Here, it is postulated that surface-induced thrombosis may be attenuated by the reconstitution onto blood contacting surfaces of bioactive enzymes that regulate the production of thrombin, a central mediator of both coagulation and platelet activation cascades. Thrombomodulin (TM), a transmembrane protein expressed by endothelial cells, is an established negative regulator of thrombin generation in the circulatory system. Traditional techniques to covalently immobilize enzymes on solid supports may modify residues contained within or near the catalytic site, thus reducing the bioactivity of surface enzyme assemblies. In this report, a molecular engineering and bioorthogonal chemistry approach to site-specifi cally immobilize a biologically active recombinant human TM fragment onto the luminal surface of small diameter prosthetic vascular grafts is presented. Bioactivity and biostability of TM modifi ed grafts is confi rmed in vitro and the capacity of modifi ed grafts to reduce platelet activation is demo nstrated using a non-human primate model. These studies indicate that mole cularly engineered interfaces that display TM actively limit surface-induced thrombus formation.
The diffusion of Conditional Cash Transfer programs in the Americas

In the mid-1990s, Brazil and Mexico created innovative social policies known as Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs). Since then, CCTs have spread to countries throughout Latin America and beyond. Whi...
The observation of in situ and ex situ oxidation processes for ZnTe surfaces by high‐resolution electron microscopy

The oxidation of ZnTe surfaces, both in situ and ex situ, is studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. The in situ oxidation is induced by the incident electron beam inside the microscope column, and the process is followed in real time by atomic-resolution electron microscopy. The ex situ oxidation studies involve heating ZnTe crystals up to 260 °C in air for various periods, with subsequent observation by electron microscopy. In both cases, optical diffractograms are used to identify the phases present in the surface layers, using the lattice spacings of bulk ZnTe as an internal reference. For in situ oxidation, the oxidation sequence involved amorphization of the ZnTe crystal as Te is removed by a non-thermal electron stimulated process, with subsequent formation of hexagonal ZnO by oxygen diffusion into the sample. In ex situ oxidation, the main phases present are crystals of ZnO and Te metal, which usually give rise to layered surface regions, in the sequence ZnTe/Te/ZnO, with the large crystals (up to 100 nm) of Te in an epitaxial relationship with the bulk ZnTe and the small ZnO crystals (5 nm) in random orientations. This process involves the diffusion of Zn from the bulk ZnTe to the surface followed by reaction with oxygen in air to form ZnO. Mittels hochauflosender Elektronenmikroskopie wird die Oxydation von ZnTe-Oberflachen, sowohl in-situ als auch ex-situ, untersucht. Die in -situ-Oxydation wird durch den einfallenden Elektronenstrahl in der Mikroskopsaule induziert, und der Prozes wird in Realzeit durch atomar aufgeloste Elektronenmikroskopie verfolgt. Die ex-situ-Oxydationsuntersuchungen beinhalten die Aufheizung von ZnTe-Kristallen bis zu 260 °C in Luft mit verschiedenen Zeitdauern und nachfolgender Beobachtung durch Elektronenikroskopie. In beiden Fallen werden optische Beugungsdiagramme benutzt, um die in den Oberflachenschichten vorhandenen Phasen zu identifizieren, wobei die Gitterabstande von Volumen-ZnTe als inneres Bezugsmas benutzt werden. Bei der in-situ-Oxydation schliest die Oxydationsfolge die Amorphisierung des ZnTe-Kristalls ein, wobei Te durch einen nicht-thermischen elektronenstimulierten Prozes entfernt wird, mit nachfolgender Bildung von hexagonalem ZnO durch Sauerstoffdiffusion in die Probe. In der ex-situ-Oxydation sind die beteiligten Hauptphasen Kristalle von ZnO und Te-Metall, was gewohnlich Anlas zu geschichteten Oberflachenbereichen gibt mit der Folge ZnTe/Te/ZnO, mit grosen Te-Kristallen (bis zu 100 nm) in einer epitaktischen Beziehung mit Volumen-ZnTe und kleinen ZnO-Kristallen (5 nm) in statistischer Orientierung. Dieser Prozes schliest die Diffusion von Zn aus dem ZnTe-Volumen zur Oberflache gefolgt von einer Reaktion mit Sauerstoff der Luft zur Bildung von ZnO ein.
Soft Querying of Standard and Uncertain Databases

We provide a framework for querying of databases. We model a query as a collection of required conditions and an imperative for combining an object's satisfaction to the individual conditions to get its overall satisfaction. We investigate tools that can enrich this process by enabling the inclusion of more human focused considerations. We discuss how to include flexible conditions with the use of fuzzy sets. We describe some more sophisticated techniques for aggregating the satisfactions of the individual conditions based on the inclusion of importances and the use of the OWA operator. We introduce a new method for aggregating the individual satisfactions that can model a lexicographic relation between the individual requirements. In addition to considering more human focused aspects of the query we look at databases in which the information in the database can have some probabilistic or possibilistic uncertainty.
Application of Ensemble Square Root Kalman Filter in a Three-Dimensional Subsurface Contaminant Transport Model

A three-dimensional transport model with advection, dispersion, and reaction has been developed to predict transport of a reactive continuous source pollutant. Numerical Forward-Time-Central-Space (FTCS) scheme has been used to solve the advection-dispersion-reaction transport model and Kalman filter (KF) and Ensemble Square Root Kalman Filter (EnSRKF) have been used for data assimilation purpose. EnSRKF uses Monte Carlo simulation in Bayesian implementation to propagate state ensemble without perturbing observation during assimilation period. In this study, contaminant concentration is the state that has been propagated by this model. Reference true solution derived from analytical solution has been used to compare model results. Root Mean Square Error (RSME) profile shows that the EnSRKF concentration estimate can improve prediction accuracy better compared to numerical and KF approaches. With 10,000 mg/L initial concentration numerical scheme shows an average error of 130.84 mg/L, whereas EnSRKF shows an average error of 10.65 mg/L, indicating an improvement of 91.80 %. Kalman Filter (KF) shows an average error of 31.08 mg/L. Therefore, EnSRKF approach reduces mean RMSE by 65.70 % compared to KF approach.
Texture Modification in a Magnesium-Aluminum-Calcium Alloy During Uniaxial Compression

Texture evolution in an Mg-Al-Ca alloy at varied levels of alkaline earth solute content and phase fraction of coarse intermetallic particles has been examined. Elevated temperature uniaxial compression tests have been conducted on thixomolded AXJ810 material in three different initial microstructural conditions. These conditions were selected to sample a spectrum of solute content and intermetallic particle phase fraction. Solute content alters the populations of dislocations present after deformation, similar to effects observed in rare earth-containing alloys. The presence of coarse intermetallic particles promotes dynamic recrystallization at lower strains. Additionally, the combination of a fine initial grain size and coarse particles decorating the grain boundaries results in a more diffuse deformation texture by creating large orientation spreads within individual grains, promoting a further weakened recrystallized texture.
Sign Language: Colonialism and the Battle Over Text

This article examines ordinances created during the 1990s to restrict the rapidly growing Korean immigration in several New Jersey towns. It examines three sets of zoning laws which, although phrased in neutral language, were in fact enforced to disadvantage only the Korean newcomers: - Restrictions on 24-hour operations: these targeted Korean restaurants and karaoke clubs, whose hours accommodated immigrants working in service jobs. Backers of this ordinance discussed their fear of Korean immigrants being out and about at night. One town's ordinance specifically exempted the only 24-hour diner not owned by a Korean immigrant. - Restrictions on church expansions: these targeted Korean Presbyterian churches, which were increasing their social services to the immigrant community. Selective enforcement of zoning laws shut down day care centers and children's summer camps based at the churches. - Restrictions on Korean-language signs: these targeted immigrant-owned businesses. The ordinances banned signs in shop windows written in languages other than English, but the rule was enforced only against signs in Korean. Employing a law and literature analysis, the article examines the ordinances in the context of other "immigration reform" and "official-English" statutes then under debate across the nation. It critiques the New Jersey ordinances as unconstitutional and details the community violence that resulted from their passage. The article concludes by presenting alternative policy choices which, if implemented, would combat cultural fears about colonialism and achieve legislators' stated purpose to peacefully integrate immigrant populations into the larger community.
The Health Experts onLine at Portsmouth (HELP) system: One-year review of adult and Pediatric Asynchronous Telehealth Consultations.

Introduction:The Health Experts onLine at Portsmouth teleconsultation system is designed to connect health providers in the Navy Medicine East Region to specialists at Naval Medical Center Portsmou...
MATLAB dynamics analysis of the well drilling pump

By utilizing the complex number to set up the matrix model of pump dynamics of well drilling,the corresponding Siumlink' module of M function has worked out,use Siumlink' emulation of MATLAB to obtain the pump structural limit reaction/torque and to solve the pump dynamic mechanism.The basic of model selection for pump mechanism.
Novel Concordance Between Geographic, Environmental, and Genetic Structure in the Ecological Generalist Prickly Sculpin ( Cottus asper ) in California

Ecological generalists may contain a wealth of information concerning diversity, ecology, and geographic connectivity throughout their range. We explored these ideas in prickly sculpin (Cottus asper), a small generalist freshwater fish species where coastal forms have potentially undergone radiations into inland lacustrine and riverine environments. Using a 962bp cytochrome b mtDNA marker and 11 microsatellites, we estimated diversity, divergence times, gene flow, and structure among populations at 43 locations throughout California. We then incorporated genetic and GIS data into ecological niche models to assess ecological conditions within identified groups. Though not reciprocally monophyletic, unique mtDNA haplotypes, microsatellite clustering, and measures of isolation by distance (Coastal: r = 0.960, P < 0.001; Inland: r = 0.277, P = 0.148) suggest 2 novel taxonomic groups, Coastal and Inland (constrained to Great Central Valley). Divergence estimates of 41-191 kya combined with the regional biogeographic history suggest geographic barriers are absent between groups since divergence, but ecological niche modeling revealed significant environmental differences (t = 10.84, P < 0.001). Introgressed individuals were also discovered between groups in an ecologically and geographically intermediate region. Population structure was limited, predominately found in tributaries of the San Joaquin basin in the Inland group. Overall, C. asper exhibited substantial genetic diversity, despite its ecological generality, reflecting California's historically unique and complex hydrology. More broadly, this study illustrates variable environments within the range of a generalist species may mask genetic divergences and should not be overlooked in biodiversity assessments.
Awake whole-brain functional connectivity alterations in the adolescent spontaneously hypertensive rat feature visual streams and striatal networks

Brain mechanisms underpinning attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are incompletely understood. The adolescent spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is a widely studied preclinical model that expresses several of the key behavioral features associated with ADHD. Yet, little is known about large-scale functional connectivity patterns in the SHR, and their potential similarity to those of humans with ADHD. Using an approach comparable to human studies, magnetic resonance imaging in the awake animal was performed to identify whole-brain intrinsic neural connectivity patterns. An independent components analysis of resting-state functional connectivity demonstrated many common components between the SHR and both Wistar Kyoto and Sprague–Dawley control strains, but there was a divergence in other networks. In the SHR, three functional networks involving the striatum had only weak correlations with networks in the two control strains. Conversely, networks involving the visual cortex that was present in both control strains had only weak correlations with networks in the SHR. The implication is that the patterns of brain activity differ between the SHR and the other strains, suggesting that brain connectivity patterns in this animal model of ADHD may provide insights into the neural basis of ADHD. Brain connectivity patterns might also serve to identify brain circuits that could be targeted for the manipulation and evaluation of potential therapeutic options.
Thermal Conductivity of Monolayer MoSe2 and MoS2

Two-dimensional (2D) MoSe2 and MoS2 monolayers, two prototype transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) materials, have attracted growing interest as promising 2D semiconductors. In this work, thermal conductivity (κ) of the monolayer MoSe2 is computed using large-scale classical nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations for the first time. The predicted κ of monolayer MoSe2 with infinite length (or MoSe2 2D sheets) are 43.88 ± 1.33 and 41.63 ± 0.66 W/(m·K) in armchair and zigzag directions, respectively. These simulation results are further confirmed by independent simulations using the Green–Kubo method (GKM), which yield computed κ of 44.38 ± 2.08 and 44.63 ± 2.50 W/(m·K), respectively. For 2D MoS2 sheet, the computed κ based on the NEMD method are 101.43 ± 1.13 and 110.30 ± 2.07 W/(m·K), respectively, in armchair and zigzag directions, whereas those based on the GKM are 102.32 ± 6.05 and 108.74 ± 6.68 W/(m·K), respectively. The predicted κ values of MoS2 monolayer are 2 times larger than tho...
The D.C. conductivity of simple chlorinated hydrocarbons

D.C. measurements of the conductivity of semi-insulating polar liquids are notoriously difficult to make; almost undetectably small quantities of impurities act as the current carriers, and for many liquids it is not possible to assign a specific value to the conductivity. Very often the current flowing in a conductivity cell falls in a quasi-exponential manner when a constant direct potential is applied across the cell, but it is our experience that the current is just as likely to rise. The current fall has been explained either in terms of the removal of ions from the main body of the liquid or the building of concentration overpotential barriers at the electrodes, while the rise is usually regarded as an “artifact” and its origin is not enquired into.
Sparse MIMO radar via structured matrix completion

We explore sub-Nyquist sampling strategies in a bistatic MIMO radar with M transmit and N receive antennas to reconstruct the sparse scatter scene with K ≪ MN targets. We develop a front-end with a matched filter bank at each receive antenna and sample the branch output at random with a total of L samples per pulse. Sparse recovery is then obtained via enhanced matrix completion techniques that make no grid assumptions over the target scene. We demonstrate that as long as L is on the order of O(K log2(MN)), it is possible to recover the target scene under a mild condition with high probability, thus greatly reducing the sampling complexity from the Nyquist rate MN samples per pulse. The performance is numerically examined with comparison against compressive sensing approaches. The framework can also be explored to reduce the size of filter banks at the front-end.
A great imitator in adult cardiology practice: congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.

Introduction Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) is a rare congenital disease that frequently remains undiagnosed until adulthood, especially when there is an absence of other congenital anomalies. Adults with ccTGA may remain asymptomatic and their diagnosis could be missed on initial evaluation, or it could be diagnosed incidentally as an evaluation of murmur. We aim to report the different presentations of ccTGA in eight adult patients and review the key features required to suspect the diagnosis during an initial visit. Cases We present some illustrative cases of ccTGA patients who had diverse presentations ranging from being completely asymptomatic to presenting with an acquired heart disease resulting in sudden cardiac arrest. Overall, most of these patients had isolated ccTGA with no other significant associated cardiac anomalies and were either undiagnosed or lost to follow-up until adulthood. These case illustrations represent the challenges confronted in adult practices when patients with unrecognized ccTGA present during an initial visit. Conclusions Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries poses a challenge in the adult cardiology practice because of its diverse clinical presentation. It is crucial that internists, cardiologists, and sonographers maintain a high degree of suspicion after meticulous physical examination for the early recognition of ccTGA, and thus avoid associated morbidities. Through some case examples, we provide clues to the key diagnostic features that could help them to be vigilant in making a diagnosis.
Long-term broiler litter amendments can alter the soil’s capacity to sorb monensin

Monensin is a common antiparasitic drug given to poultry that contaminates poultry manure and bedding material (broiler litter). As broiler litter is commonly applied to agricultural fields as fertilizer, monensin could be released beyond the farm if it is not retained or degraded in the soil. This study aimed to assess the impact of long-term surface application of broiler litter (i.e., 17 years) on the capacity of pasture soil to sorb monensin. The soils were exposed to a range of monensin concentrations (0.18 to 1.81 μmol L−1), solution pH (pH 4–9), and temperatures (15, 25, and 35 °C) and monensin was measured as loss from solution (i.e., sorption). Soils receiving long-term litter applications were hypothesized to retain more monensin than unamended soils because they have higher organic matter concentrations. However, soils from broiler litter-amended fields sorbed 46% less monensin than soils from unamended fields, likely because broiler litter also increased soil pH. The sorption of monensin to soil was strongly influenced by pH, with an order of magnitude greater sorption at pH 4 than at pH 9. Both soils had similar capacity to sorb monensin under similar solution pH, despite differences in organic carbon content (with the broiler litter-amended having 25% greater relative to the unamended soil). Temperature did not significantly impact monensin sorption for either soil. Our findings suggest increasing soil pH, for instance through liming, could enhance mobility of monensin.