cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to Use Quantum Theory Locally to Explain EPR-Bell Correlations

I sketch a pragmatist interpretation of quantum theory and show how to use it to explain EPR-Bell correlations consistently with relativity. Quantum theory is not a locally causal theory, not because it violates Bell’s local causality condition, but because that condition is simply inapplicable to it. Any agent can use quantum theory to show why EPR-Bell correlations are to be expected. For space-like separated measurements of vertical/horizontal polarization of each photon from a pair in Bell state Φ+, an agent’s explanation of why the distant measurement outcome matches his own appeals neither to a preferred frame nor to any direct connection or influence between these events. Here, as elsewhere, quantum theory helps one explain an initially puzzling phenomenon not by locating it in a causal net but by showing why its occurrence is just what one should have expected in the circumstances.
UNCONSCIOUS PLANNING BY PATIENTS FOR GROUP THERAPY

There have been some dramatic changes in recent years in psychoanalytic theory and technique which have influenced us very much and which we have found powerful in our group work. This new framework is based on concepts from psychoanalytic ego psychology which have been synthesized into a theory of psychotherapy called control-mastery theory. This theory is being developed by Joseph Weiss, M.D. along with his colleague Harold Sampson (Weiss, et al., 1977, 1980; Sampson, 1976; Weiss, 1971). Both are on the faculty of the San Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute as well as of Mount Zion Hospital and Medical Center. Weiss and Sampson also head a large research group which has been carrying out formal studies of the new theory as contrasted to traditional psychoanalytic theory. (Weiss et al. 1977, 1980).
Cost of Water Supply: Selected Case Studies

EPA initiated a study of selected water utilities in which data were collected from at least one Class A water utility in each of EPA's 10 regions. To facilitate data comparisons, each utility's costs were subdivided into the functional area of acquisition, treatment, power and pumping, transmission and distribution, and support services. Costs were also categorized as being either operating or capital costs. These data indicate a general trend in the increasing demand for water, increasing labor wage rates, and in increasing costs of other operating and capital expenses associated with water supply. Labor costs account for more than 40% of total operating costs. It is estimated that the cost of water supply will increase by 59% between 1975 and 1980 due to normal demand and inflationary pressures. The add-on technology required to meet proposed provisions of the Safe Drinking Water Act will increase water supply costs by another 22%.
Agricultural productivity and biological nitrogen fixation--an international view.

Biological nitrogen fixation is second only to photosynthesis as the most important biochemical process on earth. Many questions have been raised during this Conference by scientists and members of the press as to economics, hazards, pay-off, benefits, effects on our food supply, food prices, resource inputs, when results can be expected -- all related to research with biological nitrogen fixation.
Quantification of 27 yolk steroid hormones in seven shrubland bird species: interspecific patterns of hormone deposition, and links to life history, development, and predation risk

Steroid hormones play critical organizational and activational roles during vertebrate development, impacting everything from sexual differentiation to metabolic activity. For oviparous species suc...
Common bisphenol A replacements are reproductive toxicants

Replacements for the chemical bisphenol A (BPA) have become commonplace in plastics labelled BPA free. However, many of these chemicals have similar structures and properties to BPA. A new study reports that replacement bisphenols, which were discovered as laboratory contaminants, are reproductive toxicants and that their effects might persist for multiple generations.
End to End Learning based Self-Driving using JacintoNet

Automated driving functions, like highway driving and parking assist, are getting increasing deployed in high-end cars with the trend moving towards the self-driving car. With the advent of deep learning, many traditional computer vision techniques have been replaced by deep convolutional neural networks (CNN). End to end learning is one of the paradigm for self-driving, in which user provides a input images from the front facing camera to the given neural network and the network outputs the car control signals such as throttle, steering and braking. The paper proposes an embedded friendly convolutional neural network, ‘Jacintonet’, to demonstrate self-driving using end to end learning paradigm in a virtual simulation environment. Paper discusses key learning during the training methodology and presents the results on embedded platform. Texas Instruments (TI) TDA2x System on Chip (SoC) is used as embedded platform for running ‘Jacintonet’, real-time to demonstrate self-driving car in the virtual simulator.
Permit Review by the Coastal Commissions

Previous chapters have examined the history and content of the 1972 Coastal Initiative, the external factors affecting the commissions’ decisions, and the attitudes and interaction of commissioners and staff at the regional and state level. This chapter takes the analysis one important step further by focusing on two crucial questions: First, to what extent were the permit decisions of the coastal commissions in fact consistent with statutory objectives to, e.g., protect wetlands, scenic areas, and physical access to the coast? Second, of the several factors identified in our conceptual framework, which appear to be the most important in affecting the commissioners’ permit decisions?
Ion Sensing With Solution-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Sensors in the Frequency Domain

Here, we examine the concept of frequency domain sensing with solution-gated graphene field-effect transistors, where a sine wave of primary frequency (1 f ) was applied at the gate and modulation of the power spectral density (PSD) of the drain-source current at 1 f , 2 f , and 3 f was examined as the salt in the gate electrolyte was switched from KCl to CaCl2, and their concentrations were varied. The PSD at 1 f , 2 f , and 3 f increased with the concentration of KCl or CaCl2, with the PSD at 1 f being the most sensitive. We further correlated these changes to the shift in Dirac point. Switching the graphene substrate from oxide to hexagonal boron nitride, led to an improved device-to-device reproducibility and a significant reduction of noise, which translated to a higher signal-to-noise ratio and resolution in sensing salt concentrations. The signal-to-noise ratio at 1 f was found to be a logarithmic function of KCl or CaCl2 concentration in the 0.1 to 1000 mM range.
Intellectuals, NGOs, and Social Movements Under the Correa Regime: Collaborations and Estrangements

The chapter examines the relations between intellectuals, nongovernmental organizations and social movements as well as the production of knowledge under the semi-authoritarian or “hybrid” regime of Rafael Correa (2007–2017) in Ecuador. The regime kept a democratic facade holding elections and following some basic rules of democracy, while simultaneously manipulating the public sphere, civil society, and social movements through a combination of co-optation, division, and repression strategies. The chapter focuses on the regime’s attempts to manipulate public debates and civil society as well as on society’s diverse responses to these strategies.
Requirements for the Next-Generation Autonomous Vehicle Ecosystem

Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is a huge leap forward in capability for mobility. To be effective, the current human based vehicle safety infrastructure will have to be upgraded. A critical leg of this infrastructure is the automobile accident report. Conventional vehicle accident reports have evolved to a point where law enforcement have a reasonably standard approach focused on humans. However, with AVs there are no drivers to interview. Also, given their automation, a flaw found in an AV has the potential to be a systemic risk. In this respect, AVs must be handled more like airplanes in terms of post accident procedures. In this paper, we explore the requirements for AV accident reports and the escalation procedures required to avoid systemic risks. Our methodology is to analyze all the information available (crash reports as well as press accounts) of AV accidents to date with a special focus on the fatal accidents. As a result of this work, a recommendation of an AV crash report template, associated escalation procedure, and an infrastructure for accumulated learning is presented.
46. THE ROUNDS EFFICIENCY INDEX: A NOVEL PHYSICS-BASED CONSTRUCT FOR PATIENT- AND FAMILY-CENTERED ROUNDS

Background Patient- and family-centered rounds (PFCR) are used to accomplish work in key areas (patient care, education, family experience) and require considerable work from those involved (time). Limited research has evaluated rounds length, but not efficiency. We sought to evaluate rounds efficiency using the physics-based concept of work output divided by work input. Objectives 1) Establish baseline for clinical work (CW), educational effectiveness (EE), family experience (FE) and rounds length (RL); and 2) Develop a rounds efficiency index (REI) construct. Methods This project aimed to establish baseline data for 4 components of rounds efficiency on 5 inpatient acute care teams at Children's Wisconsin. Process measures included 3 types of work output (CW, EE, FE) and work input (RL). CW was evaluated as the percent (%) of daily orders placed on rounds abstracted from the electronic health record on a 10-point rating system corresponding to decile (higher ratings with higher % of daily orders on rounds). EE was assessed as a 1 to 10 rating by learners. FE was assessed as a 1 to 10 rating by families during post-rounds interviews by a rounds coach. RL was recorded in minutes/patient. The outcome measure (REI) was calculated as a ratio of work output/work input (%). A 3-month period of baseline data assessments were collected. The REI was calculated using aggregate ratings for CW, EE, FE, and RL. Results CW analysis of 809 weekday orders (described as % of daily orders placed on rounds/percentile/CW rating) were: 55%/80th/8; 38%/50th/5; 26%/20th/2. 59 EE ratings had a median of 7 (interquartile range [IQR] 1.3). 21 FE ratings had a median of 9 (IQR 2). 60 RL measurements demonstrated mean of 11.4 minutes/patient (SD 3.2). The average REI was 62%. Discussion This project yielded a novel efficiency construct incorporating patient care, educational effectiveness, family experience, and rounds length. Our teams are currently 62% efficient. The REI is a promising tool that provides the basis for providing feedback and targeting interventions for programs seeking to improve rounds efficiency.
Resilience Among Unemployed and Underemployed Emerging Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of How Stress and Coping Relate to Depressive Symptoms:

Unemployed and underemployed emerging adults (EAs) are at increased risk for depression. However, limited research has examined resilience and coping in this population. This study tested the resil...
Comparing three approaches for handling a fourth level of nesting structure in cluster-randomized trials

This study compared three approaches for handling a fourth level of nesting when analyzing cluster-randomized trial (CRT) data. Although CRT data analyses may include repeated measures, individual,...
Donald Trump, White Evangelicals, and 2020: a Challenge for American Pluralism

The strong allegiance of white evangelicals to President Trump is one of the defining – and confounding – characteristics of this era of American politics. We propose that the orthodoxy of evangelicals is more concerned with preserving its identity and power than it is with adhering to a doctrine, and therefore will not be satisfied regardless of the outcome of the 2020 election.
Temporal Dynamics of Workplace Acoustic Scenes: Egocentric Analysis and Prediction

Identification of the acoustic environment from an audio recording, also known as acoustic scene classification, is an active area of research. In this paper, we study dynamically-changing background acoustic scenes from the egocentric perspective of an individual in a workplace. In a novel data collection setup, wearable sensors were deployed on individuals to collect audio signals within a built environment, while Bluetooth-based hubs continuously tracked the individual's location which represents the acoustic scene at a certain time. The data of this paper come from 170 hospital workers gathered continuously during work shifts for a 10 week period. In the first part of our study, we investigate temporal patterns in the egocentric sequence of acoustic scenes encountered by an employee, and the association of those patterns with factors such as job-role and daily routine of the individual. Motivated by evidence of multifaceted effects of ambient sounds on human psychology, we also analyze the association of the temporal dynamics of the perceived acoustic scenes with particular behavioral traits of the individual. Experiments reveal rich temporal patterns in the acoustic scenes experienced by the individuals during their work shifts, and a strong association of those patterns with various constructs related to job-roles and behavior of the employees. In the second part of our study, we employ deep learning models to predict the temporal sequence of acoustic scenes from the egocentric audio signal. We propose a two-stage framework where a recurrent neural network is trained on top of the latent acoustic representations learned by a segment-level neural network. The experimental results show the efficacy of the proposed system in predicting sequence of acoustic scenes, highlighting the existence of underlying temporal patterns in the acoustic scenes experienced in workplace.
Histological Analysis of Gonads in Zebrafish

Zebrafish is an excellent system for the study of gonad development due to available genetic tools and its utilization as a human disease model. The zebrafish serves as an experimental system to model human disorders affecting the reproductive system, toxicological effects on fertility and sexual development, and hormonal regulation of fertility. Forward genetic screens have been used to uncover genetic causes of infertility and reverse genetic approaches have demonstrated that genes involved in germ cell development have similar functions in zebrafish and mammals. The most comprehensive picture of the gonad can be visualized by histology. There are a variety of methods that give excellent histology of zebrafish gonads. Below are methods for two staining approaches for the histology of paraffin-embedded zebrafish gonads.
A Novel Low-Fidelity Model for Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Simulation

Study Objective To develop a novel, low-fidelity laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH) simulation model for use in gynecologic surgical training. Design Simulation study. Setting Academic medical center. Patients or Participants Obstetrics and gynecology trainees and attending gynecologic surgeons. Interventions A simulation model was constructed using low-cost materials to represent the uterus and pertinent anatomic structures. The model was affixed to a VCare uterine manipulator and paired with a laparoscopic trainer box. Obstetrics and gynecology trainees and attending gynecologic surgeons performed a simulated LH. Pre-procedure and post-procedure questionnaires were administered to assess confidence in LH, face validity of the simulation model, and utility of the model for improving and teaching surgical skills required for LH. Measurements and Main Results Eleven residents, 3 fellows and 10 attending gynecologic surgeons participated in the study. Of the 11 residents, 6 (54.55%) were PGY 1-2 and 5 (45.45%) were PGY 3-4. Prior to completion of the hysterectomy simulation, 15.38% and 30.77% of trainees were very confident and confident, 15.38% were neither confident nor not confident, 7.69% were not confident, and 30.77% were very not confident in performing LH independently. The majority of respondents (75.00%) agreed that the model provided a realistic simulation of a LH. Ten respondents (41.67%) strongly agreed and 14 (58.33%) agreed that the model was an effective tool for improving surgical skills required for LH. Fourteen respondents (58.33%) strongly agreed and 10 (41.67%) agreed that the model was an effective tool for teaching LH. Ten respondents (41.67%) strongly agreed and 9 (37.50%) agreed that the model was a useful tool for assessing a learner's ability prior to the operating room. Conclusion This low-fidelity model provides realistic simulation for laparoscopic hysterectomy and is a useful tool for procedural skills acquisition and teaching.
Disorders of the Pancreas

Although the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has not been isolated in pancreatic tissue (Bennett et al. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. Elsevier/Saunders, Philadelphia, 2015), infections and inflammatory conditions of the pancreas are common during the course of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and contribute significantly to its associated morbidity and mortality. HIV infection itself has been associated with an increased risk of clinical pancreatitis, but specific etiologies are broad. These include antiretroviral medications, chemoprophylaxis drugs for opportunistic infections, malignancy, and the virus itself. Similarly, bacterial, viral, fungal, and mycobacterial pathogens can contribute to the acute pancreatic inflammatory conditions. The pancreas can serve as the primary nidus of infection or ultimately be involved after dissemination of opportunistic infections. In addition, one must consider etiologies that are seen in the general population such as gallstones and complications of alcohol and intravenous drug abuse.
Early Prehospital Tranexamic Acid Following Injury Is Associated With a 30-day Survival Benefit: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the timing of administration of prehospital tranexamic acid (TXA) and associated outcome benefits. BACKGROUND TXA has been shown to be safe in the prehospital setting post-injury. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of a recent prehospital randomized TXA clinical trial in injured patients. Those who received prehospital TXA within 1 hour (EARLY) from time of injury were compared to those who received prehospital TXA beyond 1 hour (DELAYED). We included patients with a shock index of >0.9. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Kaplan-Meier and Cox Hazard regression were utilized to characterize mortality relationships. RESULTS EARLY and DELAYED patients had similar demographics, injury characteristics, and shock severity but DELAYED patients had greater prehospital resuscitation requirements and longer prehospital times. Stratified Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significant separation for EARLY patients (N = 238, log-rank chi-square test, 4.99; P = 0.03) with no separation for DELAYED patients (N = 238, log-rank chi-square test, 0.04; P = 0.83). Stratified Cox Hazard regression verified, after controlling for confounders, that EARLY TXA was associated with a 65% lower independent hazard for 30-day mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19-0.65, P = 0.001] with no independent survival benefit found in DELAYED patients (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.63-1.60, P = 0.999). EARLY TXA patients had lower incidence of multiple organ failure and 6-hour and 24-hour transfusion requirements compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS Administration of prehospital TXA within 1 hour from injury in patients at risk of hemorrhage is associated with 30-day survival benefit, lower incidence of multiple organ failure, and lower transfusion requirements.
Designing Relevant Preclinical Rodent Models for Studying Links Between Nutrition, Obesity, Metabolism, and Cancer.

Diet and nutrition are intricately related to cancer prevention, growth, and treatment response. Preclinical rodent models are a cornerstone to biomedical research and remain instrumental in our un...
The Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Forecast the Behavior of Agent-Based Models of Pathophysiology: An Example Utilizing an Agent-Based Model of Sepsis.

Introduction: Disease states are being characterized at finer and finer levels of resolution via biomarker or gene expression profiles, while at the same time. machine learning (ML) is increasingly used to analyze and potentially classify or predict the behavior of biological systems based on such characterization. As ML applications are extremely data-intensive, given the relative sparsity of biomedical data sets ML training of artificial neural networks (ANNs) often require the use of synthetic training data. Agent-based models (ABMs) that incorporate known biological mechanisms and their associated stochastic properties are a potential means of generating synthetic data. Herein we present an example of ML used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) as a surrogate system used to predict the time evolution of an ABM focusing on the clinical condition of sepsis. Methods: The disease trajectories for clinical sepsis, in terms of temporal cytokine and phenotypic dynamics, can be interpreted as a random dynamical system. The Innate Immune Response Agent-based Model (IIRABM) is a well-established model that utilizes known cellular and molecular rules to simulate disease trajectories corresponding to clinical sepsis. We have utilized two distinct neural network architectures, Long Short-Term Memory and Multi-Layer Perceptron, to take a time sequence of five measurements of eleven IIRABM simulated serum cytokine concentrations as input and to return both the future cytokine trajectories as well as an aggregate metric representing the patient’s state of health. Results: The ANNs predicted model trajectories with the expected amount of error, due to stochasticity in the simulation, and recognizing that the mapping from a specific cytokine profile to a state-of-health is not unique. The Multi-Layer Perceptron neural network, generated predictions with a more accurate forecasted trajectory cone. Discussion: This work serves as a proof-of-concept for the use of ANNs to predict disease progression in sepsis as represented by an ABM. The findings demonstrate that multicellular systems with intrinsic stochasticity can be approximated with an ANN, but that forecasting a specific trajectory of the system requires sequential updating of the system state to provide a rolling forecast horizon.
Biological implications of the mechanism of action of human DNA (cytosine-5)methyltransferase.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the enzymological boundaries of the phenomenon of human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, set by the specificity and mechanism of action of the human DNA methyltransferase(s). The formation of a tight, and presumably covalent, complex, between DNA, containing 5-azacytosine and DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases, from both bacterial and human sources, is consistent, with a mechanism of action of the enzymes, involving the production of a covalent dihydrocytosine intermediate in DNA. The phenomenon of concerted modification of interspersed repeated sequences defines the fundamental requirements for the establishment of methylation patterns. Cis-acting sequence elements must be coupled, with trans-acting factors that modulate methylation, at multiple loci in identical sequences. The activation of the human enzyme, by alterations in stacking energy, at the C-G sequence predicts the existence of chromosome structures or site-specific DNA-binding proteins that will activate site-specific de novo methylation, by presenting unstacked or protonated cytosines in the C-G site to the DNA methyltransferase. According to current theory, the displaced cytosine is a transition state analog for which the methyltransferase would have a high affinity. An additional acceleration of the reaction, by structures, containing a C–C mispair, suggests that nucleophilic attack at C-6 is facilitated, by protonation of N-3 in the mispair, since one of the cytosines in this mispair is both protonated and displaced into the major groove. Ab initio calculations of the charge distribution on the protonated cytosine ring support this notion, since the net positive charge at C-6 is, in fact, increased by protonation at N-3.
Democratic Sovereignty and Transnational Law. On Legal Utopianism and Democratic Skepticism

This essay examines the contemporary controversy concerning democratic sovereignty in a new age and under conditions of nascent legal cosmopolitanism. I contrast the mainly negative conclusions drawn by some political theorists about the possibility of reconciling democratic sovereignty with a transnational legal order to the utopianism of contemporary legal scholarship that projects varieties of global constitutionalism with or without the state. I argue that transnational human rights norms strengthen rather than weaken democratic sovereignty, and name processes through which rights-norms are contextualized in polities „democratic iterations.‟ The challenge is to think beyond the binarisms of the cosmopolitan versus the civic republican; democratic versus the international and transnational; democratic sovereignty versus human rights law. The final sections of the paper focus on the dilemmas of an “authorship model of democratic legitimacy” in the face of post-Westphalian developments.
Fabrication of a high-resolution roll for gravure printing of 2μm features

High-resolution features are key to achieve high performance printed electronics devices such as transistors. Gravure printing is very promising to achieve high resolution in combination with high printing speeds on the order of 1m/s. High-speed gravure has recently been shown to print high resolution features down to linewidths and spacing of 2μm. Whilst this was a tremendous improvement over previous reports, these results had been obtained using silicon printing plates. These silicon printing plates are fabricated using microfabrication techniques which offer several advantages over traditional metal gravure cylinders where the features are defined by techniques such as stylus engraving, laser engraving or etching. This offers much greater precision and design freedom in terms of feature size, surface roughness, cell placement and cell shape. However, rigid silicon printing plates cannot be used in a roll-to-roll printing process that would truly enable low-cost printed electronics. Here we demonstrate for the first time a gravure printing roll that combines the precision of silicon printing plates with the form factor of a metal cylinder. The fabrication process starts with a silicon master whose pattern is replicated by polymer molding. The actual metal printing plate is then built up on the polymer negative of the pattern by a combination of electroless and electroplating. After separation of the polymer and the metal, the metal printing plate can be mounted on a magnetic roll for printing. Printing of highly scaled 2μm features is demonstrated. Different metal surfaces were explored to optimize printing performance and wear during printing.
Coupled BEM and FEM analysis of functionally graded underfill layers in electronic packages

This study presents the development of a robust general purpose boundary element method (BEM) capable of including functionally graded materials (FGM) in order to capture the correct behavior of the underfill material accurately. BEM requires discretization only along the boundary while satisfying the governing equations exactly within the domain. The BEM is inherently more accurate than the FEM as it treats both displacements and tractions as primary variables while displacements are the only primary variables in the FEM. In order to take advantage of the salient features of both FEM and BEM, this study also couples the BEM solution with the conventional FEM solution while satisfying the continuity of displacements and equilibrium of tractions along the interfaces. The FEM-BEM coupling is demonstrated by using the super-element capability of ANSYS/spl reg/, a commercially available finite element program.
Sedimentation properties of the bacterial chromosome as an isolated nucleoid and as an unfolded DNA fiber

The sedimentation coefficient of the isolated bacterial nucleoid of Escherichia coli depends on the strength of centrifugal field. Isolated membrane-free and membrane-associated nucleoids increased their sedimentation coefficients in lowered centrifugal fields, while in higher fields their sedimentation coefficients decreased (rotor speed effect). These changes were reversible. Although analogous rotor speed effects have been observed for large, extended DNA molecules, this effect was unexpected for the isolated nucleoids, heretofore considered to be particle-like. The results suggest that during sedimentation the condensed DNA of the chromosome can be reversibly extended into less compact conformations. It is proposed that the rotor speed effect provides a method for studying the restraints on condensed DNA in chromosomes. Procedures were developed for minimizing shear breakage of the unfolded nucleoid DNA. When these methods were applied it was found that the magnitude of the “relative rotor speed effect” depended on how extensively the DNA was unfolded. Changes in relative rotor speed effect were only observed when the DNA was unfolded, while changes were not observed when DNA supercoiling was relaxed. As increasing amounts of nucleoid RNA were hydrolyzed with RNA-ase, the DNA was progressively unfolded and the relative rotor speed effect was enhanced. When all RNA was removed by limit digests, a maximal dependence on rotor speed was observed which was similar to the relative rotor speed dependency theoretically predicted for an intact linear genome equivalent of E. coli DNA ( Zimm, 1974 ). When the nucleoid DNA was deproteinized there was no significant enhancement of the rotor speed effect relative to that observed with the RNA-free DNA. The s0 of the unfolded, deproteinized partially replicated DNA was 320S, compared to the 450S for the RNA-free nucleoid DNA. These and other results suggest that all or nearly all DNA folds in the membranefree nucleoid isolated by the methods used here are stabilized by RNA-DNA interactions.
Numerical Computation of \prod_{n=1}^\infty (1 - tx^n)

I present and analyze a quadratically convergent algorithm for computing the infinite product \prod_{n=1}^\infty (1 - tx^n) for arbitrary complex t and x satisfying |x| < 1, based on the identity \prod_{n=1}^\infty (1 - tx^n) = \sum_{m=0}^\infty {(-t)^m x^{m(m+1)/2} \over (1-x)(1-x^2) ... (1-x^m)} due to Euler. The efficiency of the algorithm deteriorates as |x| \uparrow 1, but much more slowly than in previous algorithms. The key lemma is a two-sided bound on the Dedekind eta function at pure imaginary argument, \eta(iy), that is sharp at the two endpoints y=0,\infty and is accurate to within 9.1% over the entire interval 0 < y < \infty.
Underwater acoustic imaging using capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer arrays

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) have recently emerged as an alternative technology to piezoelectric transducers, offering advantages such as wide bandwidth, ease of fabricating large arrays and potential for integration with electronic circuits. In this paper, we present 2D and 3D pulse-echo imaging results using ID linear and 2D rectangular CMUT arrays, respectively. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the viability of CMUTs for underwater acoustic imaging. For imaging experiments, we have fabricated ID and 2D CMUT arrays, and built an experimental setup allowing us to transmit and receive ultrasound signals from individual transducer elements. The image quality obtained shows that CMUTs are a strong alternative to conventional piezoelectric transducer arrays for the design of future generations of underwater acoustic imaging systems.
Serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) during CF pulmonary exacerbation: Trends and biomarker correlations

Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by low circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a hormone produced by the liver that governs anabolism and influences immune cell function. Because treatment of CF pulmonary exacerbation (CFPE) often improves body weight and lung function, we questioned whether serum IGF-1 trends were emblematic of these responses. Initially, we compared serum levels between healthy adults with CF and controls of similar age. We then measured serum IGF-1 throughout the CFPE cycle. We also investigated correlations among IGF-1 and other serum biomarkers during CFPE.
Cancer Incidence in Elderly Medicare and Dually Eligible Beneficiaries

Cancer incidence among elderly (defined as age 65 years and older) white and black patients who are dually insured with Medicare and Medicaid versus Medicare alone is the target of this investigation. Individuals that simultaneously receive health care benefits from the Medicare and Medicaid programs are known as “dual eligible.” Over 60 percent of dually eligible beneficiaries live below the dfverty level (Medicare Payment Advisory Commission 2001) and 24 percent of elderly dually eligible beneficiaries are nursing home residents (Murray and Shatto 1998). The dually eligible are more likely than Medicare-only beneficiaries to be from a minority population, unmarried, living alone, institutionalized, and to have lower educatioal attain3ment (Murray and Shatto 1998). At least three conditions make the study of cancer incidence in the dual eligible particularly relevant. Firstly, each year nearly a million beneficiaries are added to the dual eligibility rolls (Clark and Hulbert 1998). Secondly, African American race and poverty, which are also associated with dual eligibility, are simultaneously associated with disproportionately higher cancer incidence (Williams and Jackson 2005). It is unknown if cancer incidence varies by race within Medicaid, which is defined by low income, and when the Medicaid-insured elderly patients are distinguished from other elderly patients (e.g., those insured by Medicare alone) if racial differences persist. Finally, the United States (U.S.) has specific goals to reduce racial and income inequities in health and much of the effort to date has focused on cancer (Healthy People 2010). An inquiry focusing on the dually eligible can provide valuable insights into the health care situation of the very poor and their needs for improved cancer control and care.
Eichmann’s Thoughtlessness and Language

In her coverage of the Eichmann trial, Hannah Arendt gave the world a new understanding of evil, a concept we had come to believe we understood. In so doing, she showed us that thinking about evil must also include how we think about language. The two are intertwined in Eichmann, the “normal,” ordinary German. Arendt shows us that the “banality of evil” appears in our language. Evil is moved from ‘outside’ of humanity to a place deep within it. I argue that Arendt echoes one of her intellectual peers, Walter Benjamin, in analyzing how Eichmann’s language grounded his evil. Benjamin wrote that all naming (the central act of language) is overnaming, an action that we the namers make to set language under our control in an attempt to avoid the fragility and plurality of reality. The central characteristic of Eichmann, his thoughtlessness, is defined by Arendt as an inability to think beyond the commonplace, the overname. Eichmann spoke and thought these overnames and this was the ground for his evil. And because we are all ‘overnamers,’ this is the ground for our evil as well. This is the enduring importance of Arendt’s report.
A novel glutamate-dependent acid resistance among strains belonging to the Proteeae tribe of Enterobacteriaceae.

Morganella, Providencia and Proteus strains were capable of surviving pH 2.0 for 1 h if glutamate was present. These strains did not have glutamic acid decarboxylase activity and the gadAB genes were not detected in any of these bacteria. When exposed to pH 2.0 acid shocks, the survival rate of these bacteria was significantly increased with glutamate concentrations as low as 0.3 mM in the acid media. Escherichia coli cells incubated at pH 3.4 consumed four times more glutamate and produced at least 7-fold more γ-amino butyric acid than Morganella, Providencia and Proteus strains. These results indicate that strains belonging to the Proteeae tribe might have novel glutamate dependent acid-resistance mechanisms.
Combining abilities of creeping foxtail parents selected for seed retention

Creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir.), a strongly rhizomatous, cool-season perennial grass native to Eurasia, has great forage and conservation potential in wetlands and mountain meadows throughout the northern USA and adjacent Canadian provinces. The objective of this study was to determine general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability for vegetative and reproductive traits of six parents proveiously selected for seed retention. Fifteen diallel progenies were evaluated in a spaced-plant nursery at Brookings, SD, in 1972 and 1973 (...)
A Web-Based Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data

A new public archive of norms, stimuli, data, and source code,www.psychonomic.org/archive, is at the service of researchers and students in experimental psychology. The archive has received contributions from more than 60 researchers. The August and November 2004 issues ofBehavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers comprise articles related to the inaugural contents of the archive, which will henceforth accept contributions related to articles published in all Psychonomic Society journals.
Effects of dietary n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on T‐Cell membrane composition and function

Dietary n-3 PUFA have been shown to attenuate T-cell-mediated inflammation, in part, by suppressing T-cell activation and proliferation. n-3 PUFA have also been shown to promote apoptosis, another important mechanism for the prevention of chronic inflammation by maintaining T-cell homeostasis through the contraction of populations of activated T cells. Recent studies have specifically examined Fas death receptor-mediated activation-induced cell death (AICD), since it is the form of apoptosis associated with peripheral T-cell deletion involved in immunological tolerance and T-cell homeostasis. Data from our laboratory indicate that n-3 PUFA promote AICD in T helper 1 polarized cells, which are the mediators of chronic inflammation. Since Fas and components of the death-inducing signaling complex are recruited to plasma membrane microdomains (rafts), the effect of dietary n-3 PUFA on raft composition and resident protein localization has been the focus of recent investigations. Indeed, there is now compelling evidence that dietary n-3 PUFA are capable of modifying the composition of T-cell membrane microdomains (rafts). Because the lipids found in membrane microdomains actively participate in signal transduction pathways, these results support the hypothesis that dietary n-3 PUFA influence signaling complexes and modulate T-cell cytokinetics in vivo by altering T-cell raft composition.
How Well Can Hybrid Density Functional Methods Predict Transition State Geometries and Barrier Heights

We compare hybrid Hartree−Fock density-functional theory to ab initio approaches for locating saddle point geometries and calculating barrier heights on a Born−Oppenhiemer potential energy surface. We located reactant, product, and saddle point stationary points for 22 reactions by the MP2 and QCISD ab initio methods and the B3LYP, BH&HLYP, mPW1PW91, and MPW1K hybrid Hartree−Fock DFT methods. We examined all of these methods with two basis sets, 6-31+G(d,p) and MG3. By comparison to calculations on five systems where the saddle point has been optimized at a high level of theory, we determined that the best saddle point geometries were obtained using the MPW1K and QCISD levels of theory. Of the methods tested, mPW1PW91 and B3LYP are the least effective for determining saddle point geometries and have mean unsigned error in barrier heights of 3.4−4.2 kcal/mol, depending on the basis set. In contrast, the MPW1K level of theory predicts the most accurate saddle point geometries and has a mean unsigned error o...
Undiagnosed HIV infection among New York City jail entrants, 2006: results of a blinded serosurvey.

OBJECTIVE Since 2004, when all New York City jail entrants began being offered rapid testing at medical intake, HIV testing has increased 4-fold. To guide further service improvement, we determined HIV prevalence among jail entrants, including proportion undiagnosed. METHODS Remnant serum from routine syphilis screening was salvaged for blinded HIV testing in 2006. Using HIV surveillance data and electronic clinical data, we ascertained previously diagnosed HIV infections before permanently removing identifiers. We defined "undiagnosed" as HIV-infected entrants who were unreported to surveillance and denied HIV infection. RESULTS Among the 6411 jail entrants tested (68.9% of admissions), HIV prevalence was 5.2% overall (males 4.7%; females: 9.8%). Adjusting for those not in the serosurvey, estimated seroprevalence is 8.7% overall (6.5% males, 14% females). Overall, 28.1% of HIV infections identified in the serosurvey were undiagnosed at jail entry; only 11.5% of these were diagnosed during routine jail testing. Few (11.1%) of the undiagnosed inmates reported injection drug use or being men who have sex with men. CONCLUSIONS About 5%-9% of New York City jail entrants are HIV infected. Of the infected, 28% are undiagnosed; most of whom denied recognized HIV risk factors. To increase inmate's acceptance of routine testing, we are working to eliminate the required separate written consent for HIV testing to allow implementation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended opt out testing model.
Tyrosine loading enhances catecholamine excretion by rats

Tyrosine administration to rats causes dose-related increases in urinary catecholamine levels without reducing tissue catecholamines. Pretreatment with carbidopa, a peripheral inhibitor of aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase, reduces basal urinary catecholamine levels and blocks the urinary catecholamine increases caused by tyrosine administration or cold exposure. DOPA excretion, which is usually undetectable by our methods, becomes significant after carbidopa, and rises a further four-fold when rats are also given tyrosine. These observations suggest that tyrosine availability can affect both catecholamine synthesis in and release from the sympathoadrenal apparatus.
THE POLICE AND HIGHER EDUCATION The Challenge of the Times

As law enforcement agencies continue to increase their educational standards, it is incumbent upon colleges and universities to offer curricula that prepare policemen to meet the challenge of modern times Criminal justice programs should pave the way for innovation and change in the police establishment by producing well-educated men, with a strong liberal arts background, capable of understanding self, community, and the role of the police in modem society.
Generation of free radicals in lipid emulsion used in parenteral nutrition.

ABSTRACT: Lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition are prone to peroxidation that may be an important feature of oxygen-associated tissue damage. Incubation of lipid emulsion [Intralipid (IL)] with H2O2 and FeCl2 increased lipid peroxidation, measurable as increased production of pentane, from 0.39 ± 0.33 to 0.99 ± 0.18 μM (p < 0.0001). Malondialdehyde was increased from 0.010 ± 0.005 mM to 0.380 ± 0.025 mM (p < 0.001). Superoxide dismutase and catalase (each 100 U/mL) or vitamin C (10 mM) inhibited pentane and malondialdehyde production (p < 0.0001). Incubation of human erythrocytes in the presence of FeCl2 caused 11.0 ± 3.2% hemolysis (control 0.95 ± 0.14%). Addition of 0.44% IL increased hemolysis to 66.5 ± 3.4%, whereas further addition of vitamin E or C significantly inhibited hemolysis to 16.4 ± 8.1 and 38.9 ± 7.1%, respectively (p < 0.0001). IL was administered i.v. to eight preterm infants. It increased 3− to 28-fold (p < 0.001) the amount of pentane in expired breath. Partly, this increase was due to pentane dissolved in IL as a result of lipid peroxidation during storage. After discontinuing IL infusion, the elimination of pentane was nonexponential, consisting of a rapid and a slow component. According to our results, IL undergoes peroxidation causing free-radical-dependent damage to human cells. We propose that the adverse effects of parenteral IL are partially caused by free oxygen radicals generated by lipid peroxidation.
The Limits of Politics: An Interpretation of King Lear , Act I, Scene 1.

The data for political studies are most commonly drawn from history, either in accounts of lives, events and institutions, or in the writings of earlier systematic students. But to probe the meaning and relationships of ultimate ends like justice and truth, no actual happenings are needed; imaginative fiction and drama can supply the food for thought. Why then should we not as reasonably and profitably look for lessons in political wisdom in the works of our greatest poet? In this essay I have sought to find and expound such a lesson in Shakespeare's tragedy, King Lear . According to that profound student of Shakespeare, Abraham Lincoln, the most difficult task of statesmanship is that of providing, not for the foundation, but for the perpetuation, of political institutions. If the political institutions are the best, to perpetuate them is not only the most difficult, but also the greatest of all the tasks of the statesman.
Hydrodechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane catalyzed by dendrimer-derived Pt–Cu/SiO2 catalysts

Abstract Dendrimer-metal-nanocomposites (DMNs) were used as precursors to prepare SiO2-supported monometallic Pt, Cu, and bimetallic Pt–Cu catalysts with Pt/Cu atomic ratios of 1:1 (Pt50Cu50) and 1:3 (Pt25Cu75). After impregnation of these DMNs onto the support, the catalysts were thermally treated and activated following an optimized protocol. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) showed that the metal nanoparticles in the dendrimer-derived SiO2-supported catalysts were smaller and had a narrower size distribution compared with those in conventional catalysts prepared using corresponding metal salts via the wet-impregnation method. Slow deactivation was observed for hydrodechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane over monometallic Cu catalysts, which showed an activity about one to two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Pt-containing catalysts. Hydrodechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane over the Pt and Pt50Cu50 catalysts produced mainly ethane, and the selectivity toward ethane increased with temperature. For the Pt25Cu75 catalyst, the selectivity toward ethane decreased in favor of that of ethylene. The overall activity decreased with increasing Cu loading in the catalysts. Activity based on surface Pt sites suggests the formation of bifunctional surfaces in Pt25Cu75 catalyst favoring C Cl bond scission on Cu sites and hydrogenation of intermediate ⋅CH2CH2⋅ on Pt sites. In addition, kinetic analyses suggest different reaction mechanisms for hydrodechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane over Pt and Cu-enriched surfaces in the Pt–Cu bimetallic catalysts.
High-fidelity modeling of semi-autonomous attitude control during aerobraking

We investigate the automation of a Mars aerobraking vehicle that uses reaction wheels for attitude and angular momentum control during atmospheric flythrough.