cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adversarial Localization against Wireless Cameras

This paper identifies and empirically evaluates the effectiveness of adversarial localization attacks against wireless IoT devices, e.g., wireless security cameras in the home. We use experiments in home and office settings to show that attackers can accurately pinpoint the location of WiFi cameras, using a small amount of stealthy, passive, exterior measurements coupled with unsupervised learning techniques. We also show that current defenses have minimal impact against these attacks, and are also easily circumvented via countermeasures. Thus significant work is needed to develop robust defenses against these attacks.
Avirulence Gene D from Pseudomonas Syringae pv. Tomato and Its Interaction with Resistance Gene Rpg4 in Soybean

Certain pathogen avirulence genes have been associated with production by the pathogen of specific elicitors, chemicals that initiate hypersensitive defense responses (HR) only in those plant cultivars which carry complementary disease resistance genes. We have cloned and characterized one of these avirulence genes, avrD, from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Various Gram-negative bacteria containing this cloned avirulence gene produce a low molecular weight compound(s) that causes the HR exclusively in soybean cultivars carrying the disease resistance gene, Rpg4. We isolated two major avrD elicitor-active molecules and have partially characterized them as homologous C13 and C15 hydrocarbons that are heavily substituted with oxygen atoms and cyclized at one end. The physiologic role of the avrD elicitor molecules in P.s. pv. tomato remains unclear since mutants deficient in avrD retained virulence in tomato plants. However, the fact that expression of avrD was greatly stimulated when P.s. pv. tomato was grown on plant leaves or in cell suspension cultures suggests that the gene may be important for the survival of the bacteria on or in plant leaves. The purified elicitor-active molecules specifically induced PAL and CHS mRNAs in the soybean cultivar Norchief, which carries the Rpg4 resistance gene, but not in Acme which lacks this gene. Thus, gene-for-gene specificity mediated by the elicitor was reflected at the level of defense gene expression. The avrD specific elicitor preparations also elicited necrosis and phytoalexin production in soybean callus and cotyledons. The evidence therefore indicates that the avrD elicitor molecules are the signal which elicits the HR in the avrD-Rpg4 gene-for-gene interaction.
Training in Telesurgery: Building a Successful Program

Over past years surgeons have sought methods to develop new operations; however, much advancement has been limited by the lack of facilitating technology and effective training. In the case of endoscopic and telemanipulative training, surgical training of both senior surgeons and resident surgeons proceeded without prior procedure development or detailed curricula. Clinical training for new techniques involving innovation often was at the expense of good surgical results. Bonchek, Ullyot, Lytle, and Cooley have cautioned surgeons who attempt new techniques and veer from established approaches [1, 8, 16].
Conclusion: Learning About Social Movements from East Asia

Besides being fascinating accounts of social movements, what lessons for social movement theory do these chapters offer? Do they tell us anything about the role of culture in social movement theory? Do they introduce new concepts and theories that can expand our analytical toolkit? The concept of culture poses a challenge for the dominant structural-instrumental-mechanism school of social movement theory. Let us first review the origins and content of that challenge. Then we can assess what new tools may be emerging from East Asia.
Shear Stress in Atherogenesis

In this paper, the nature of the shear environment in the large vessels, and the arguments that support a role for shear stress in atherogenesis, are discussed. The work that needs to be done to develop these arguments more rigorously and from a mechanistic point of view is summarized briefly.
Focused Video Reflections in Concert With Practice-Based Structures to Support Elementary Teacher Candidates in Learning to Teach Science

Recommendations for science education, including elementary education, highlight instructional practices such as using discussion to promote deep understandings of science. A task facing science te...
Quantitative comparison of plasmon resonances and field enhancements of near-field optical antennae using FDTD simulations.

Abstract: Plasmon resonances and electric field enhancements of several near-field optical antennae with plasmonic nanostructures engineered at their apices were quantitatively compared using finite difference time domain simulations. Although many probe designs have been tested experimentally, a systematic comparison of field enhancements has not been possible, due to differences in instrument configuration, reporter mechanism, excitation energy, and plasmonic materials used. For plasmonic nanostructures attached to a non-plasmonic support (e.g., a nanoparticle functionalized AFM tip), we find that the complex refractive index of the support material is critical in controlling the overall plasmonic behavior of the antenna. Supports with strong absorption at optical energies (Pt, W) dampen plasmon resonances and lead to lower enhancements, while those with low absorption (SiO2, Si3N4, Si) boost enhancement by increasing the extinction cross-section of the apex nanostructure. Using a set of physically realistic constraints, probes were optimized for peak plasmonic enhancement at common near-field optical wavelengths (633-647 nm) and those with focused ion-beam milled grooves near the apex were found to give the largest local field enhancements (~30x). Compared to unstructured metal cones, grooved probes gave a 300% improvement in field strength, which can boost tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) signals by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Moreover, grooved probe resonances can be easily tuned over visible and near-infrared energies by varying the plasmonic metal (Ag or Au) and groove location. Overall, this work shows that probes with strong localized surface plasmon resonances at their apices can be engineered to provide large field enhancements and boost signals in near-field optical experiments.
Inhibition of kynurenine aminotransferase II attenuates hippocampus-dependent memory deficit in adult rats treated prenatally with kynurenine.

A combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to schizophrenia (SZ), a catastrophic psychiatric disorder with a hypothesized neurodevelopmental origin. Increases in the brain levels of the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous antagonist of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine and NMDA receptors, have been implicated specifically in the cognitive deficits seen in persons with SZ. Here we evaluated this role of KYNA by adding the KYNA precursor kynurenine (100 mg/day) to chow fed to pregnant rat dams from embryonic day (ED) 15 to ED 22 (control: ECon; kynurenine treated: EKyn). Upon termination of the treatment, all rats received normal rodent chow until the animals were evaluated in adulthood (postnatal days 56-85). EKyn treatment resulted in increased extracellular KYNA and reduced extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus, measured by in vivo microdialysis, and caused impairments in hippocampus-dependent learning in adult rats. Acute administration of BFF816, a systemically active inhibitor of kynurenine aminotransferase II (KAT II), the major KYNA-synthesizing enzyme in the brain, normalized neurochemistry and prevented contextual memory deficits in adult EKyn animals. Collectively, these results demonstrate that acute inhibition of KYNA neosynthesis can overcome cognitive impairments that arise as a consequence of elevated brain KYNA in early brain development.
Probiotic dairy-based beverages: A review

Abstract This review primarily focuses on the technology of commercially available milk-based probiotic beverages including acidophilus milk, bifidus milk, acidophilus-yeast milk, acidophilin, etc. These products have long been enjoying a market success especially in Europe, North America and Asia-Pacific countries. Cheese whey and buttermilk whey also offer suitable matrices for the growth and viability of probiotic microorganisms and, therefore, they are potential sources for the development of probiotic dairy-based beverages. Although a great number of research have been carried out on whey-based functional beverages which some of them are already available in the food markets, whey or buttermilk whey-based probiotic beverages are yet to reach a market value. Results of the scientific studies on probiotic whey-based beverages are promising and these products are expected to find spaces in the functional beverages market in the near future. Technology of whey- and buttermilk whey-based probiotic beverages are also presented in this review.
Novel Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist as Improved PET Radiotracer: Development and in Vivo Evaluation.

The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is involved in depression, alcoholism, and drug abuse. The current agonist radiotracer 11C-GR103545 is not ideal for imaging KOR due to its slow tissue kinetics in h...
Conditions facilitating infection of mosquito cell lines with Wolbachia, an obligate intracellular bacterium.

Factors that influence establishment of Wolbachia, an obligate intracellular bacterium, in novel insect hosts or uninfected insect cell lines are poorly understood. Infectivity of Wolbachia strain wStr was correlated with flow cytometric profiles to define optimal conditions for harvesting an infectious inoculum. Wolbachia recovered from the cell culture supernatant after gentle pipetting of infected cells represented about 1% of the total bacterial population and were more infectious than Wolbachia that remained associated with intact cells and/or membranes after low-speed centrifugation. Optimal establishment of a robust infection in naive cells required 6 d, at a ratio of 80 to 160 bacteria per cell. Among Aedes albopictus mosquito cell lines, an aneuploid line with a 4n + 1 karyotype was more susceptible to infection than diploid lines. These findings contribute to the in vitro manipulation of Wolbachia, illustrate some of the many factors that influence infectivity, and identify areas for future investigation.
Methionine and Selenomethionine as Energy Transfer Acceptors for Biomolecular Structure Elucidation in the Gas Phase

Mass spectrometry affords rapid and sensitive analysis of peptides and proteins. Coupling spectroscopy with mass spectrometry allows for the development of new methods to enhance biomolecular structure determination. Herein, we demonstrate two new energy acceptors that can be utilized for action-excitation energy transfer experiments. In the first system, C–S bonds in methionine act as energy acceptors from native chromophores, including tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine. Comparison among chromophores reveals that tyrosine transfers energy most efficiently at 266 nm, but phenylalanine and tryptophan also transfer energy with comparable efficiencies. Overall, the C–S bond dissociation yields following energy transfer are low for methionine, which led to an investigation of selenomethionine, a common analog that is found in many naturally occurring proteins. Sulfur and selenium are chemically similar, but C–Se bonds are weaker than C–S bonds and have lower lying σ* anti-bonding orbitals. Excitation of peptides containing tyrosine and tryptophan results in efficient energy transfer to selenomethionine and abundant C–Se bond dissociation. A series of helical peptides were examined where the positions of the donor or acceptor were systematically scanned to explore the influence of distance and helix orientation on energy transfer. The distance was found to be the primary factor affecting energy transfer efficiency, suggesting that selenomethionine may be a useful acceptor for probing protein structure in the gas phase.
Tumor Mutation Burden and Checkpoint Immunotherapy Markers in NUT Midline Carcinoma

NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is a rare, aggressive poorly differentiated carcinoma genetically defined by NUTM1 gene rearrangement. The purpose of this study was to determine the tumor mutational burden (TMB) and the expression of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers in NMCs that are generally used to identify patients that might benefit from checkpoint immunotherapy. Three cases in a 39-year-old male (case 1) and two 13-year-old females (cases 2, 3) were identified from departmental files, with confirmation by NUT IHC and 15q14 rearrangement by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Normal-tumor paired whole exome sequencing (WES) was applied to determine TMB. IHC for DNA mismatch repair proteins, Programmed cell death ligand 1, programmed cell death 1 (PD1), and CD8 was also performed. WES yielded a TMB of 7.61 and 1.52 per Mbp in the primary and pulmonary metastasis in case 1, respectively, and a TMB of 1.04 per Mbp in the primary tumor of case 2. Programmed cell death ligand 1 tumor proportion score was 20%, 1%, and 0% and combined positive score was 25, 5, and 0 in cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively; PD1 stain counts were 25, 52, and 35 per high-power field and the PD1/CD8 ratio was 95%, 95%, and 99% in cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The CD8 count per high-power field was 15, 33, and 30 per high-power field in cases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Mismatch repair IHCs showed retained staining. Although the number of cases is limited, this study is the first to investigate checkpoint immunotherapy markers in NMCs and the results demonstrate no clear biomarker association. However, the results suggest that, if checkpoint therapy is under consideration, a comprehensive workup utilizing WES and IHC is warranted.
A comparison of the family environments of black male and female adolescent alcohol users.

The purpose of this study was to examine black American adolescents' use of alcohol and their perceptions of their family environments. Seventy-one participants between the ages of 12 and 20 from a large mid-Atlantic medical facility, who reported using alcohol, were asked to complete the Family Environment Scale (FES). Users were described as those who drank at least once a week and used medium amounts per occasion. Females were hypothesized to have higher scores on the FES than males (higher scores on the FES suggest a more favorable perception of family functioning). A t test was conducted to compare group means on each subscale of the FES. Analyses of the data indicated that females differed significantly from males (p less than .05) on four of the ten subscales. Language: en
Recombination and bandgap engineering in CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells

Selenium compositional grading in CdTe-based thin-film solar cells substantively improves carrier lifetime and performance. However, where and how recombination lifetime improves has not been studied significantly. Here, we deposit a CdSexTe1−x/CdTe bilayer on MgZnO/SnO2/glass, which achieves a short-circuit current density greater than 28 mA/cm2 and carrier lifetimes as long as 10–20 ns. We analyze the grain structure, composition, and recombination through the thickness of the absorber using electron backscatter diffraction, Auger-electron spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence spectrum imaging, and time-resolved photoluminescence microscopy. Despite small CdSeTe grains near the pn-junction and significantly larger CdTe grains in the rest of the film, both time-resolved photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence reveal that the carrier lifetime in CdSeTe alloy regions is longer than in CdTe regions. The results indicate that Se both passivates grain boundaries and improves grain-interior carrier lifetime. However, these effects occur only where there is significant alloying, which is important for bandgap engineering.
Applying synthetic radiography to intraoral tomosynthesis: a step towards achieving 3D imaging in the dental clinic.

Objectives:A practical approach to three-dimensional (3D) intraoral imaging would have many potential applications in clinical dentistry. Stationary intraoral tomosynthesis (sIOT) is an experimenta...
Simulation of Arduino Mega 2560 board controlling a variable frequency converter driving a BLDC motor

This paper reveals the easy way to control a simple frequency driver, in this case, the Arduino Mega 2560 board acts as a driver controller, driving a BLDC motor also known as the electronically commutated motor. The advantages and disadvantages of using BLDC motors compared to other motor types and their applications will be highlighted. The simulation is made in Proteus 8.3 Professional and the driver is made from three high-speed MOSFET drivers TC4420.
Skeletal Complications With GNAS Mutation: An Unusual Case With Osteoma Cutis, Gout, and Synovial Chondromatosis in a Patient With Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

Abstract Objective We present a patient with pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) who developed both gout and synovial chondromatosis, in addition to the classical Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy phenotype. Methods The patient's clinical course, laboratory data, and imaging are presented. Results The patient is a 40-year-old male with no pertinent family history who presented with findings of Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, including short stature, obesity, rounded face, shortened fourth and fifth digits, and osteoma cutis (heterotopic subcutaneous ossification), which required surgical removal for pain relief. Genetic testing confirmed a GNAS mutation, and labs showed normal parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus levels, diagnostic of PPHP. The patient later developed gout and synovial chondromatosis, a rare benign process where the synovial membrane forms calcified loose bodies within the joint. Conclusion The patient case highlights the musculoskeletal complications of PPHP. Though PPHP has been rarely associated separately with gout or synovial chondromatosis, this is the first reported patient to have developed both conditions. This case raises the significance of multidisciplinary follow up for potential orthopedic complications. Moreover, the case underscores the importance of genetics and epigenetics in skeletal health, independent of calcium homeostasis in the blood.
Mid-infrared absorption by soft tissue sarcoma and cell ablation utilizing a mid-infrared interband cascade laser.

Significance: Mid-infrared (MIR) light refers to wavelengths ranging from 3 to 30 μm and is the most attractive spectral region for ablation of soft and hard tissues. This is because building blocks of biological tissue, such as water, proteins, and lipids, exhibit molecular vibrational modes in the MIR wavelengths that result in strong MIR light absorption. To date, researchers investigating MIR lasers for surgical applications have used bulky light sources, such as free electron lasers, nonlinear light generators, and carbon dioxide lasers. We demonstrate the use of a tiny (a few microns wide, a few millimeters long) MIR interband cascade laser (ICL) for surgical thermal ablation applications. Aim: Our goal is to demonstrate the use of an ICL for surgical thermal ablation and demonstrate its efficacy in ablating normal fibroblasts and primary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma tumor cells (C1619). Approach: We conducted Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of healthy and cancerous tissue samples, which indicated that the absorption of tumor tissue is higher than healthy tissue around 3.3-μm wavelength. These results enabled us to select an ICL emission wavelength, λ, of 3.3 μm to probe normal fibroblast and primary undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma cell survival after ICL exposure. Results: We show that the absorption of tumorous tissue is higher than that of healthy tissues around the 3-μm MIR wavelength. We demonstrate that the ICL is able to ablate cancer cells at very low-power levels that can be clinically implemented but that this effect does not appear to be specific to C1619 when compared to normal fibroblasts. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that ICLs may represent an exciting new avenue toward precise laser-based thermal ablation.
Memorializing whiteness in state standards and local history: A critical sociohistorical consciousness analysis of The Coup of 1898 and Southern racial violence

This paper examines the historical and modern treatment of the Wilmington Coup of 1898, a series of acts of Southern racialised violence that occurred in a coastal city in the Southern United State...
Density of Adsorbed Water at Plastic Limit

In order to achieve a deeper understanding of the underlying causes of soil plasticity, several lines of research on the physical characteristics of water absorbed on mineral surfaces are being explored. As part of these studies, the density of water absorbed on Na-Montmorillonite was determined over a narrow range of moisture contents in the vicinity of the laboratory-determined plastic limit.
Model Checking of a Training System Using NuSMV for Humanoid Robot Soccer

Model checking is a technique to perform a formal verification process that allows a system to have robustness and correctness. In a given system model as a Finite State Machine (FSM), model checker explores all possible states in brute-force manner. In this paper, we apply this technique to a training system, which teaches a humanoid soccer robot how to intercept a ball that is passed from other players, to verify that the system is failure-safe in a given requirements. Several Computation Tree Logic (CTL) properties to define a critical or potential situation are specified based on the functionality of the system. We show the results of the given properties using NuSMV, a symbolic model checker introduced by Carnegie Mellon University.
Anthracycline-formaldehyde conjugates and their targeted prodrugs.

The sequence of research leading to a proposal for anthracycline cross-linking of DNA is presented.The clinical anthracycline antitumor drugs are anthraquinones, and as such are redox active. Their redoxchemistry leads to induction of oxidative stress and drug metabolites. An intermediate in reductive glycosidiccleavage is a quinone methide, once proposed as an alkylating agent of DNA. Subsequent research nowimplicates formaldehyde as a mediator of anthracycline-DNA cross-linking. The cross-link at 5′-GC-3′sites consists of a covalent linkage from the amino group of the anthracycline to the 2-amino groupof the G-base through a methylene from formaldehyde, hydrogen bonding from the 9-OH to the G-base onthe opposing strand, and hydrophobic interactions through intercalation of the anthraquinone. The combinationof these interactions has been described as a virtual cross-linkof DNA. The origin of the formaldehyde in vivo remains a mystery. In vitro, doxorubicin reacts withformaldehyde to give firstly a monomeric oxazolidine, doxazolidine, and secondly a dimeric oxazolidine,doxoform. Doxorubicin reacts with formaldehyde in the presence of salicylamide to give the N-Mannich baseconjugate, doxsaliform. Doxsaliform is several fold more active in tumor cell growth inhibition than doxorubicin,but doxazolidine and doxoform are orders of magnitude more active than doxorubicin. Exploratory researchon the potential for doxsaliform and doxazolidine as targeted cytotoxins is presented. A promisinglead design is pentyl PABC-Doxaz, targeted to a carboxylesterase enzyme overexpressed in liver cancercells and/or colon cancer cells.
Airway Exposure to E-Cigarette Vapors Impairs Autophagy and Induces Aggresome Formation.

Abstract Aims: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are proposed to be a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes. Hence, we evaluated if e-cigarette vapors (eCV) impair cellular proteostasis similar to cigarette smoke exposure. Results: First, we evaluated the impact of eCV exposure (2.5 or 7.5 mg) on Beas2b cells that showed significant increase in accumulation of total polyubiquitinated proteins (Ub, insoluble fractions) with time-dependent decrease in proteasomal activities from 1 h (p < 0.05), 3 h (p < 0.001) to 6 h (p < 0.001) of eCV exposure compared to room air control. We verified that even minimal eCV exposure (1 h) induces valosin-containing protein (VCP; p < 0.001), sequestosome-1/p62 (aberrant autophagy marker; p < 0.05), and aggresome formation (total poly-Ub-accumulation; p < 0.001) using immunoblotting (IB), fluorescence microscopy, and immunoprecipitation (IP). The inhibition of protein synthesis by 6 h of cycloheximide (50 μg/ml) treatment significantly (p < 0.01) alleviates eCV-induced (...
Clique: Situational Awareness through Behavior

Clique, a visual analytic environment for transactional data, uses statistical behavior models to highlight anomalies. By leveraging a behavioral algorithm, Clique can help data analysts gain awareness into large, time-varying, and streaming datasets such as network flow. Through behavioral- and anomaly-detection techniques, applications provide insight into the nature of activity through visual representations of typical and atypical patterns. Insight gained via behavior algorithms can then act as jump-off points into further investigation.
The Number of Conjugacy Classes

(1998). The Number of Conjugacy Classes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 4, pp. 359-361.
Comparison of three depression rating scales.

We directly compared scores on the self-rated Beck Depression Inventory with two other common rating scales that assess a wider range of psychopathology, including depression, the self-rated Symptom Check List-90—R (SCL-90—R), and the clinician-rated Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for 71 inpatients who suffered from depression (n = 50) and other disorders. All measures of depression showed robust correlations among themselves. The self-rated scales correlated better between themselves than with the clinician-rated scale. Since the SCL-90—R assesses depression as well as the Beck inventories, is also a self-report instrument, yet provides a richer description of psychopathology with little extra effort, it may have some advantage over the latter.
Light scattering in a spherical, exponential atmosphere, with applications to Venus

In the present discussion of the problem presented by the reflection of light from an optically thick spherical atmosphere, in which the scatterers are distributed exponentially with a scale height that is small by comparison to the radius of the planet, exact formal solutions are obtained for the single scattered component. The results obtained are applied to the analysis of the Mariner 10 limb and terminator images of Venus, which show a detached haze layer as a planetwide feature that is similar in location, scale height, and thickness during both Pioneer Venus and Mariner 10 missions, by contrast to the dramatically altered lower haze. The possible nature of the limb hazes is discussed.
Speaking rate characteristics of elementary-school-aged children who do and do not stutter.

Abstract Purpose To compare articulation and speech rates of school-aged children who do and do not stutter across sentence priming, structured conversation, and narration tasks and to determine factors that predict children's speech and articulation rates. Method 34 children who stutter (CWS) and 34 age- and gender-matched children who do not stutter (CWNS) were divided into younger (M age = 6;10) and older (M age = 9;6) subgroups. Speech samples were elicited using the Modeled Sentences, Structured Conversation, and Narration tasks from an experimental version of the Test of Childhood Stuttering ( Gillam, Logan, & Pearson, 2009 ). Speech rates (based on both fluent and disfluent utterances), articulation rates (based on only fluent utterances), disfluency frequency, and utterance length were compared across groups and tasks. Results CWNS had faster speech rates than CWS. Older children had faster speech rates than younger children during Modeled Sentences, and their Modeled Sentences speech rates were faster than their Structured Conversation and Narration speech rates. Disfluency frequency predicted speech rate better than age or utterance length for CWS and CWNS. Speech rate was negatively correlated with stuttering severity for CWS. Articulation rates for CWNS and CWS were not significantly different; however, older children had faster articulation rates than younger children, and articulation rates for both age groups were fastest during Modeled Sentences. Conclusions Results provide age-based reference data for the speech and articulation rates of school-aged CWS and CWNS on three TOCS tasks and offer insight into the relative contributions of age, disfluency frequency, and utterance length to children's rate performance. Learning outcomes After reading this paper readers should be able to: (1) summarize the main findings from past studies of children's speech rate and articulation rate; (2) describe how school-aged children who stutter compare to age-matched children who do not stutter with regard to speech rate and articulation rate; (3) explain the extent to which age, speaking task, disfluency frequency, and utterance length affect children's rate performance; (4) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to rate measurement.
Diagnostic Analysis of Tidal Winds and the Eliassen–Palm Flux Divergence in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere from TIMED/SABER Temperatures

Abstract For migrating tides or fast-moving planetary waves, polarization relations derived from the linear wave equations are required to accurately derive the wind components from the temperature field. A common problem in diagnosing winds from the measured temperature is the error amplification associated with apparent singularities in the wave polarization relations. The authors have developed a spectral module that accurately derives tidal winds from the measured tidal temperature field and effectively eliminates the error amplification near the apparent singularities. The algorithm is used to perform a diagnostic analysis of tidal winds and the Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux divergence in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) based on the zonal mean and tidal temperature fields derived from 6 yr of temperature measurements made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument onboard the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satelli...
Endovascular Stenting of Obstructed Right Ventricle–to–Pulmonary Artery Conduits A 15-Year Experience

Background— The optimal treatment for dysfunctional right ventricle–to–pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduits is unknown. Limited follow-up data on stenting of RV-PA conduits have been reported. Methods and Results— Between 1990 and 2004, deployment of balloon-expandable bare stents was attempted in 242 obstructed RV-PA conduits in 221 patients (median age, 6.7 years). Acute hemodynamic changes after stenting included significantly decreased RV systolic pressure (89±18 to 65±20 mm Hg, P<0.001) and peak RV-PA gradient (59±19 to 27±14 mm Hg, P<0.001). There were no deaths, and, aside from 5 malpositioned stents requiring surgical removal, there were no serious procedural complications. During follow-up of 4.0±3.2 years, 9 patients died and 2 underwent heart transplantation, none related to catheterization or stent malfunction. During 155 follow-up catheterizations in 126 patients, the stent was redilated in 83 patients and additional stents were placed in 41. Stent fractures were diagnosed in 56 patients (43%) a...
How important is screening angiography for CAS in diabetic patients awaiting transplant? A nephrologist's view.

How important is screening angiography for CAS in diabetic patients awaiting transplant? A nephrologist's view
Effect of prostaglandins on skin tumorigenesis.

Concomitant administration of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and F2 a(PGF2 a) with a carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) to mice for 2 months markedly enhanced the occurrence of squamous cell carcinomas. Only epidermal cell hyperplasia occurred in mice treated with MCA alone by that time. Radioactivity measurements and electron microscopic autoradiography revealed that prostaglandins stimulate DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in neoplastic cells. These findings indicate that PGE2 and PGF2 a can act as cocarcinogens on skin tumorigenesis.
Hard red spring wheat response following the intercropping of legumes into sunflower.

Intercropping legumes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) may increase soil cover, reduce soil erosion, and increase soil C and N. Subsequent effects of this practice on hard red spring wheat (HRSW) [Triticum aestivum (L.) Emend. Thell.] yield and protein content were unknown. Our objective was to quantify effects of intercropping various legumes into sunflower on spring soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 - -N) and grain yield and protein content of a subsequent HRSW crop. Field experiments were conducted near Carrington and Prosper, ND, from 1993 through 1995. Wheat was planted into non-legume plots and those previously intercropped with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), yellow-flowered sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis Lam.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), snali medic [Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill.], or black lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Soil NO 3 - -N(0-30 cm) in plots previously intercropped with hairy vetch (41 kg ha -1 ) was greater than control plots (26 kg ha -1 ). Yield of HRSW was reduced at both Carrington and Prosper in 1993 when grown after a sweetclover intercrop. Yield of HRSW was reduced at Carrington in 1993 when grown after an alfalfa intercrop. Wheat grown after sweetclover intercropped in sunflower had higher protein content (142.0 g kg -1 ) than HRSW grown after sunflower (140.6 g kg -1 ) alone. Overall, intercropping hairy vetch at the V4 sunflower growth stage appears superior because it did not reduce sunflower yield, provided soil cover adding between 540 and 2400 kg ha -1 above ground dry matter to the system, and increased NO 3 - -N levels at the beginning of the HRSW season in two environments.
Toward a Broader Technical Education for Engineers

Engineers are educated with significant technical depth in their chosen engineering discipline. Yet almost exclusively engineers work in teams made up of those educated in many different disciplines. And the design tasks that engineers face are becoming much more complex requiring engineers with a broader technical education to develop innovative solutions. Due to the increasing complexity of modern engineering projects, successful engineering leaders must have some degree of competence in more than one engineering field. Educators should recognize that modern engineers require this diversity in technical skills, and should identify in engineering courses the “connections” in topics that are common to more than a single discipline. In addition, engineering students should be required to work in multidisciplinary teams before they graduate.
Facile Synthesis of Octahydrobenzo[h]isoquinolines: Novel and Highly Potent D1 Dopamine Agonists

The octahydrobenzo[h]isoquinoline scaffold is of interest as a conformationally-restricted phenethylamine that may be useful for constructing biologically active products. Surprisingly, however, no tractable synthesis of this ring system has been reported. We now describe a facile method for obtaining this framework, and illustrate that our approach is easily amenable to substitutions at the 5-position. Importantly, we demonstrate that the 7,8-dihydroxy-5-phenyl-substituted ligand is an extremely potent, high-affinity, full D1 dopamine receptor-selective agonist.
Coping Style, Health Beliefs, and Breast Self-Examination

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of coping style in women's practice of breast self-examination (BSE). The framework was adapted from the Cognitive Transactional Model of Stress and Coping and the Health Belief Model. The convenience sample consisted of 269 women recruited from an employee list of a medical center and a membership list of a professional nurses' group. Survey booklets were distributed via interdepartmental or U.S. mail and contained measures of trait anxiety and defensiveness and questions related to health beliefs, BSE practice, and demographics. The sample was categorized by coping style (i.e., repressive, true high anxious, defensive high anxious, or true low anxious), and data were analyzed via MANOVAs, ANOVAs, and hierarchical regression. Results indicated that coping style predicted BSE practice (i.e., proficiency, frequency) and health beliefs of barriers, confidence, seriousness, and susceptibility. The findings provide nurses with information for developing interventions to foster BSE.
Computational oral absorption simulation of free base drugs

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the oral absorption simulation of free base drugs. In the case of a low solubility free base drug, a portion of drug particles remains incompletely dissolved during the stomach transit and can reach the small intestine. As the pH is neutralized in the small intestine, the solubility of the drug decreases and the concentration gradient around the particles becomes a negative value. The drug particles would then grow because of this negative concentration gradient resulting in a reduction of the dissolved drug concentration. The modified Nernst Brunner equation was used to simulate both particle dissolution and growth (particle growth is the opposite phenomena of particle dissolution). Albendazole, aprepitant, dipyridamole, gefitinib and ketoconazole were used as model drugs (all free solid form (not salts)). The effect of stomach pH on oral absorption was appropriately simulated. Based on the simulation results, it was suggested that the dissolution patterns in the gastrointestinal tract were significantly different depending on the dose-solubility ratio in the stomach.
The political economy of communist foreign trade institutions and policies

Abstract This paper examines the design of the foreign trade institutions of centrally planned economies and the foreign trade policies followed by the Soviet Union and East Europe. At the microlevel, the design of the trade system is seen as fostering considerable opportunities for corruption and rent seeking. At a mesolevel, the objective of the trade system is seen as the protection of capital at the expense of land and labor, to the benefit of the Communist Party. At the macrolevel the political economy of CMEA trade is examined. The paper closes by examining the impact of trade flows on the distribution of political power in these economies.
The Rate of Deposition and Turnover of P32 and Ca45 in the Tissues of the Laying Hen

Abstract IN THE study of mineral nutrition and metabolism it is important to know the time it takes for a given intake of mineral to become available to the tissues and the rate at which the mineral may be removed from the tissues. Such a study is practical by use of the P32 and Ca45 isotopes in case of phosphorus and calcium. Campbell and Greenberg (1940) and Pecher (1941) gave oral doses of Ca45 to rats and mice, respectively, and determined distribution of the isotope in various tissues. Armstrong (1945) administered concurrent doses of Ca45 and P32 to a rat and determined its uptake of these isotopes in its calcified tissues. Cook et al. (1937) determined the difference in concentration of P32 in the tissues of growing chicks at 4 and 60 days after oral administration. The rate of deposition and turnover of calcium and phosphorus is especially important in the …
Reissert compound studies. XLV. The phenanthridine reissert compound

A series of phenanthridine Reissert compounds and Reissert analogs have been prepared using the trimethylsilyl cyanide method. The reactions of the conjugate base and fluoroborate salt have been studied and found, generally, to be similar to those of the isoquinoline Reissert compounds.
Asssessing Energy Requirements of Patients on Respirators

This report documents a specific situation in which indirect calorimetry produced large overestimations of oxygen consumption and energy expenditure of a patient on a respirator. High positive-end expiratory pressures combined with high fractional concentrations of O2 led to perforation of lung parenchyma with considerable loss of O2, which produced subcutaneous emphysema and recurrent pneumothoraces. Typical calculations for determining energy expenditure from O2 consumption, therefore, could not be employed. Calculations utilizing the volume of CO2 expired, however, were less sensitive and variable during this time period. Resting energy expenditures were calculated from the volume of CO2 expired by using 5.52 kcal/l as the caloric equivalent of CO2. This procedure does not overestimate energy needs when a physiological gas leak exists (high positive-end expiratory pressures and high fractional concentrations of O2 or chest tube). This is very important in the ventilatory patient as excess carbohydrate can further stress the compromised pulmonary status.
Noonan Syndrome and Neuroblastoma

Noonan syndrome is characterized by short stature, webbing of the neck, hypertelorism, cryptorchidism, feeding difficulties, and mild mental retardation. 1,2 Cardiac manifestations include dysplastic valvar pulmonic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus. 3,4 The incidence is estimated to be from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 2500. 5,6 The diagnosis is made clinically, but there can be a spectrum of expression of the phenotype from mild to severe, so the actual incidence may be underestimated. Neuroblastoma has been associated with congenital heart disease and other syndromes. We report herein, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of a patient with Noonan syndrome and neuroblastoma. Report of a Patient. A 2810-g 32-week premature female infant was born via normal spontaneous vaginal delivery to a 40-year-old, gravida 4, para 2, white woman at an outside hospital. Results of antenatal fetal ultrasound were significant
Optimization of a Hornyak-Button Detector for Fast-Neutron Detection

As part of an ongoing program to improve the fuel-motion capability of the fast-neutron hodoscope, a response model has been developed for the Hornyakbutton detector. The model provides a description of the efficiency and gamma sensitivity of a Hornyak button in terms of detector parameters such as scintillator concentration, grain size, length, and transparency. It is possible using this model to quantitatively choose detector parameters for the Hornyak button.
Women's perspectives on screening for alcohol and drug use in prenatal care.

Background Screening for alcohol and drug use in prenatal care is widely promoted in the United States as a public health strategy for reducing alcohol and drug use during pregnancy. However, the published literature does not consider women's perspectives or the potential negative ramifications of screening. Methods Twenty semistructured interviews and two focus groups ( n = 38) were conducted with a racially/ethnically diverse sample of low-income pregnant and parenting women using alcohol and/or drugs in a northern California county. Results Most women were averse to having drug but not alcohol use identified and were mistrustful of providers' often inconspicuous efforts to discover drug use. Women expected psychological, social, and legal consequences from being identified, including feelings of maternal failure, judgment by providers, and reports to Child Protective Services. Women did not trust providers to protect them from these consequences. Rather, they took steps to protect themselves. They avoided and emotionally disengaged from prenatal care, attempted to stop using substances that could be detected by urine tests before prenatal care visits, and shared strategies within social networks for gaining the benefits of prenatal care while avoiding its negative consequences. Conclusion Considerations of the public health impact of screening for drug use in prenatal care should account for the implications of women's physical avoidance of and emotional disengagement from prenatal care, specifically the direct effects of late, limited, and no prenatal care on pregnancy outcomes and missed opportunities for health promoting interventions.
The Las Campanas Distant Cluster Survey Correlation Function

We present the first nonlocal (z > 0.2) measurement of the cluster-cluster spatial correlation length, using data from the Las Campanas Distant Cluster Survey (LCDCS). We measure the angular correlation function for velocity dispersion-limited subsamples of the catalog at estimated redshifts of 0.35 ≤ zest < 0.575 and derive spatial correlation lengths for these clusters via the cosmological Limber equation. The correlation lengths that we measure for clusters in the LCDCS are consistent both with local results for the APM cluster catalog and with theoretical expectations based upon the Virgo Consortium Hubble Volume simulations and the analytic predictions. Despite samples containing over 100 clusters, our ability to discriminate between cosmological models is limited because of statistical uncertainty.
Superior mesenteric artery thrombosis managed percutaneously by timely combining aspiration thrombectomy with angioplasty and stents.

A 65 years old woman with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and history of coronary artery bypass grafting presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting since two days and one day history of maroon colored bowel movements. Her blood pressure was 190/100 and her abdomen was diffusely tender. Urgent CT scan with intravenous contrast detected thrombosis of the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) but no bowel wall edema or pneumatosis intestinalis (air within bowel wall). The patient, therefore, underwent emergent, percutaneous intervention consisting of a challenging aspiration thrombectomy followed successfully by angioplasty and bare metal stent placement. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged from the hospital. She did not need any small or large intestinal resection which is usually expected even after a successful percutaneous intervention [1] re-iterating the importance of timely successful intervention in this patient population to prevent major morbidity and mortality.
Enduring changes in Purkinje cell electrophysiology following transient exposure to AMPA: correlates to dark cell degeneration.

Abstract Purkinje cells (PCs) are selectively vulnerable to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-mediated delayed toxicity that is manifested as dark cell degeneration (DCD) rather than necrosis. The purpose of the present study was to utilize electrophysiologic changes induced by AMPA to gain mechanistic insights into its cytotoxic actions. The whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique was used to record spontaneous electrical activity and ionic currents of Purkinje neurons from cerebellar slices using an experimental paradigm known to produce DCD in response to AMPA. Initial electrophysiologic responses to AMPA consisted of a large transient depolarization and inward current that declined by 75% 20 min into the 30-min exposure to 30 μM AMPA. Cellular responses temporarily continued towards basal levels following removal of AMPA. A sustained membrane depolarization (and underlying persistent inward current), an abundance of apparent excitatory synaptic events, and loss of electro- and chemoresponsiveness were observed 60–75 min into the expression phase (following AMPA removal). These events correspond temporally to the development of DCD in Purkinje cells and may represent an electrophysiological signature of AMPA receptor-mediated delayed neurotoxic events. Antagonists of the AMPA receptor present concomitantly with AMPA are known not to affect DCD and failed to alter the electrophysiologic changes. The secondary depolarization and loss of electroresponsiveness were prevented by antagonists present after removal of AMPA, at a time when DCD also is prevented. Electrical clamping of the PC membrane to equivalent depolarized membrane potentials ( V m s) obtained with AMPA failed to elicit any long lasting alterations in PC physiology. Collectively, morphological and electrophysiological data indicate that induction of DCD is not strongly dependent on ionotropic mechanisms elicited by AMPA receptors, but that expression of DCD does possess an ionotropic element.