cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Advancements in Tissue Engineering for Bioprinting Dental Tissues

3D bioprinting allows biocompatible materials and cells to be deposited in precise locations in three-dimensional space, enabling researchers to surpass the limitations of traditional 2D cell culture and to create innovative therapies. 3D bioprinting is one of the newest tools developed in the field of tissue engineering, which has traditionally utilized a paradigm revolving around scaffolds, cells, and signals. In this review, we discuss how new developments in each of these three research areas relates to bioprinting dental tissues - specifically teeth, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Important considerations include how scaffold materials and geometry affect regeneration of dental tissues, the importance of using dental cells in these applications, and the role of signaling molecules for creating a clinically relevant bioengineered dental implant. We conclude with potential new directions for research that would allow the burgeoning field of regenerative dentistry to achieve its lofty goals.
Facial expression video synthesis from the StyleGAN latent space

Generative neural network models have been used to create impressive synthetic images. However, artificial video synthesis is still hard, even for these models. The best videos that generative models can currently create are a few seconds long, distorted, and low resolution. We propose and implement a model to synthesize videos at 1024 × 1024 × 32 resolution that include human facial expressions by using static images generated from a Generative Adversarial Network trained on human facial images. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that generates realistic videos that are larger than 256 × 256 resolution from single starting images. Our model improves video synthesis in both quantitative and qualitative ways as compared to two state-of-the-art models: TGAN and MocoGAN. In a quantitative comparison, we achieve a best Average Content Distance (ACD) score of 0.167, as compared to 0.305 and 0.201 for TGAN and MocoGAN, respectively
Learning spatial response functions from large multi-sensor AIRS and MODIS datasets

We use large datasets from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to derive AIRS spatial response functions and study their potential variations over the mission. The new reconstructed spatial response functions can be used to reduce errors in the radiances in non-uniform scenes and improve products generated using both AIRS and MODIS data. AIRS spatial response functions are distinct for each of its 2378 channels and each of its 90 scan angles. We develop the mathematical model and the optimization framework for deriving spatial response functions for two AIRS channels with low water vapor absorption and various scan angles. We quantify uncertainties in the derived reconstructions and study how they differ from pre-flight spatial response functions. We show that our approach generates reconstructions that agree with the data more accurately compared to pre-flight spatial responses. We derive spatial response functions using data collected during successive dates in order to ascertain the repeatability of the reconstructed spatial response functions. We also compare the derived spatial response functions based on data collected in the beginning, the middle, and at the current state of the mission in order to study changes in reconstructions over time.
Getting from Then to Now: A Personal Intellectual Autobiography

Those readers familiar with my scholarship will not be surprised that I begin with some personal context. From my work based within, and emerging from, the opportunity and willingness theoretical framework, through the foundations of the Most and Starr logic-of-inquiry research program, and my writings on geography and spatiality, context has been a consistent theme. As any grad student who took classes from me can tell you, the Most and Starr goal of uncovering what theories/hypotheses/frameworks will work under what conditions was central to the study of the relevance and applicability of any theoretical formulation.
Checking Subcloned Fragments

After transformation, recombinant plasmids are routinely checked for the presence of the insert by digesting them with appropriate restriction enzymes. However, this procedure is time-consuming, since an additional day is required for plasmid minipreparation and restriction analysis.
Longitudinal Relations between Parental Monitoring, Parental Acceptance, and Externalizing Behaviors among Urban African American Adolescents

LONGITUDINAL RELATIONS BETWEEN PARENTAL MONITORING, PARENTAL ACCEPTANCE, AND EXTERNALIZING BEHAVIORS AMONG URBAN AFRICAN AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS By Rachel C. Garthe, B. A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014 Major Director: Terri N. Sullivan, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Psychology The prevalence of aggression and delinquency increase during adolescence and are associated with psychosocial adjustment difficulties. It is important to identify aspects of the parent-adolescent relationship that may protect adolescents from these externalizing behaviors. The current study examined longitudinal relations between parental monitoring behaviors, child disclosure, and externalizing behaviors. Participants included 326 African American adolescents and their primary maternal caregivers, recruited from urban neighborhoods characterized by high rates of violence and low socioeconomic status. Participants provided data annually (three waves across two-year timeframe) through face-toface interviews. Results of longitudinal path models showed that child disclosure predicted parental knowledge, and parental knowledge was associated with fewer externalizing outcomes. Higher levels of parental control predicted less child disclosure. Finally, parental acceptance predicted fewer child-reported delinquent behaviors through increased levels of child disclosure. Implications suggest that parent-adolescent communication and parental acceptance are protective factors, associated with decreased externalizing outcomes in African American youth.
What Wounds Enable: The Politics of Disability and Violence in Chicago

This paper is about what wounds reveal about the diversity among stigmatized groups. My argument is that the focus on mitigating social difference within the disability rights movement has inadvertently served to obscure key distinctions among disabled populations. As evidence for my thesis, I focus this paper on anti-gang forums hosted by disabled ex-gang members. Examining these forums ethnographically—and investigating the argument made by disabled, ex-gang members that their wounds enable them to save lives—allows me to describe some of the contexts in which it becomes politically strategic to inhabit the role of a "defective body" in order to make claims about a violent society.
Approaching the Event Horizon of a Black Hole

It is argued that it takes an infinite amount of external time for a freely falling test particle to reach the event horizon of a classical black hole (which happens in finite faller time), and that in this time the black hole would have evaporated due to Hawking radiation; so the freely falling test particle would itself evaporate at the event horizon, and so not pass through.
As the World Turns

If the motion of a body is not changing with time, we say the body is in mechanical equilibrium. By this definition, the glider moving with constant velocity along the horizontal air track in Fig. 2.1 is in equilibrium. Equilibrium is not concerned with whether the body is in motion, but whether the motion is changing. How can we change the state of motion of a body? What are the conditions for equilibrium? Let’s see.
Photoelectron spectrum of PrO

The photoelectron (PE) spectrum of PrO(-) exhibits a short 835 ± 20 cm(-1) vibrational progression of doublets (210 ± 30 cm(-1) splitting) assigned to transitions from the 4f(2) [(3)H4] σ6s (2) Ω = 4 anion ground state to the 4f(2) [(3)H4] σ6s Ω = 3.5 and 4.5 neutral states. This assignment is analogous to that of the recently reported PE spectrum of CeO(-), though the 82 cm(-1) splitting between the 4f [(2)F2.5] σ6s Ω = 2 and Ω = 3 CeO neutral states could not be resolved [Ray et al., J. Chem. Phys. 142, 064305 (2015)]. The origin of the transition to the Ω = 3.5 neutral ground state is 0.96 ± 0.01 eV, which is the adiabatic electron affinity of PrO. Density functional theory calculations on the anion and neutral molecules support the assignment. The appearance of multiple, irregularly spaced and low-intensity features observed ca. 1 eV above the ground state cannot be reconciled with low-lying electronic states of PrO that are accessible via one-electron detachment. However, neutral states correlated with the 4f(2) [(3)H4] 5d superconfiguration are predicted to be approximately 1 eV above the 4f(2) [(3)H4] σ6s Ω = 3.5 neutral ground state, leading to the assignment of these features to shake-up transitions to the excited neutral states. Based on tentative hot band transition assignments, the term energy of the previously unobserved 4f(2) [(3)H4] σ6s Ω = 2.5 neutral state is determined to be 1840 ± 110 cm(-1).
Implication as an Alternative to Set-Inclusion as the Semantic Primitive

Traditional componential analysis has been applied to a wide range of semantic problems. In this paper logical implication has been proposed as an alternative to set-inclusion as the primitive out of which meaning is built. It has been shown to apply to an equally wide range of problems as theories utilizing set-inclusion, but with the possibility of even greater success. The theory is potentially applicable to the study of logic and syntax, of language acquisition, and the investigation of the organization of memory through reaction time.
Development of an environmentally friendly protective coating for the depleted uranium–0.75 wt.% titanium alloy: Part V. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the coating

Abstract Molybdenum oxide based conversion coatings have been formed on the surface of the depleted uranium–0.75 wt.% titanium alloy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements have been performed on the as-made and aged coatings and compared with the untreated depleted uranium (DU) alloy. The Nyquist and Bode plots of the as-made coating were similar to the untreated samples and contained capacitive and inductive loops. The aged coating exhibits significantly different behavior from the as-made coating and has been modeled with a four element equivalent circuit that contains a constant phase element (CPE).
Cross-sectional Studies

A cross-sectional study is an observational study in which the exposure and the outcome are determined at the same time in a given population. In previous articles I have explained the importance of the time factor in the classification of clinical trials and the definition of exposure and outcome1.
Cell-Bound Thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus

The distribution of the extracellular enzyme, thiaminase I, was determined for logarithmically growing cultures of Bacillus thiaminolyticus. About 60% of the enzyme is associated with the cells throughout the growth cycle. The remainder of the enzyme is in the culture medium. The release of the cell-bound thiaminase I is examined under a variety of conditions. The rate and extent of release is dependent on the pH and the nature of the incubation solution. The release process appears to be relatively independent of de novo protein synthesis, energy derived from oxidative phosphorylation, or divalent metal ions. The absence of carbon or nitrogen sources has little effect on the release of the enzyme. Cell-bound thiaminase I probably is the immediate precursor for extracellular thiaminase I found in the culture medium. Washed cells continue to release thiaminase I at the expense of cell-bound enzyme. In addition, purified cell-bound thiaminase I is indistinguishable from purified extracellular thiaminase I by a number of physical and kinetic criteria.
The Ess1 Prolyl Isomerase Is Required for Growth and Morphogenetic Switching in Candida albicans

Prolyl-isomerases (PPIases) are found in all organisms and are important for the folding and activity of many proteins. Of the 13 PPIases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae only Ess1, a parvulin-class PPIase, is essential for growth. Ess1 is required to complete mitosis, and Ess1 and its mammalian homolog, Pin1, interact directly with RNA polymerase II. Here, we isolate the ESS1 gene from the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans and show that it is functionally homologous to the S. cerevisiae ESS1. We generate conditional-lethal (ts) alleles of C. albicans ESS1 and use these mutations to demonstrate that ESS1 is essential for growth in C. albicans. We also show that reducing the dosage or activity of ESS1 blocks morphogenetic switching from the yeast to the hyphal and pseudohyphal forms under certain conditions. Analysis of double mutants of ESS1 and TUP1 or CPH1, two genes known to be involved in morphogenetic switching, suggests that ESS1 functions in the same pathway as CPH1 and upstream of or in parallel to TUP1. Given that switching is important for virulence of C. albicans, inhibitors of Ess1 might be useful as antifungal agents.
Coexpression of p16INK4A and laminin55 gamma 2 in keratinocytes: a normal wound-healing response that goes awry during neoplastic progression

We recently reported that p16INK4A (p16) and the gamma-2 chain of Laminin-5 (Lam5g2) are coordinately expressed in early invasive regions of neoplastic epithelium in vivo, at the edges of wounds made in confluent cultures of normal primary keratinocytes, and by senescent keratinocytes, associated with directional hypermotility (Natarajan et al, Am J Pathol 2003;163:477-91). These results led us to investigate whether p16-Lam5g2 coexpression occurs in wounds in vivo and to determine the cause-and-effect relationships between expression of these proteins and the hypermotile phenotype. We examined 16 skin ulcers immunohistochemically for p16 and Lam5g2. In 13 of the specimens, p16 and Lam5g2 were coordinately expressed at the normal epithelium-ulcer border and in reepithelialized regions lacking normal basal cell layer morphology. To investigate causal relationships between Lam5 and p16 expression and hypermotility, we plated keratinocytes at low density on surfaces coated with extracellular matrix proteins secreted by the tumor cell line 804G, shown by others to be comprised predominantly of Lam5. Normal keratinocytes plated on such a surface expressed p16, arrested growth, and exhibited enhanced directional motility. Two cell lines cultured from neoplastic epithelium, one p16-deleted and the other expressing mutant p16, became directionally motile when plated on such Lam5 surfaces. In contrast, precoating culture dishes with serum, which contains fibronectin, produced no effect. We conclude that contact with endogenous or exogenous Lam5 induces p16 expression and hypermotility in normal keratinocytes, but that p16 is not essential for the hypermotile phenotype. These results suggest that p16-Lam5g2 coexpression is an important feature of normal epidermal wound healing, causing growth arrest of the motile cells. Loss of p16 during neoplastic progression permits motile cells to continue proliferating, thereby resulting in invasive growth.
Functional inactivation of suppressor T cells by heat-killed macrophages.

WE have Shown that peritoneal exudate macrophages, killed by heating at 56 °C for 30min, can markedly suppress the antibody response to heterologous erythrocytes in primary Mishell–Dutton cultures1. This heat treatment does not destroy the ability of the macrophages to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) in the presence of cytophilic antibody, suggesting that some membrane surfaces remain undamaged. The heat treatment, however, does prevent the macrophages from excluding Trypan blue dye, indicating that the cells are no longer viable. Treatment of the macrophages at higher temperatures or with 0.1% glutaraldehyde destroys both their ability to form rosettes and to suppress Mislhell–Dutton cultures. Macrophage membranes, semppurified by separation on sucrose gradients, can act similarly—that is, suppress primary Mishell–Dutton cultures and form rosettes with SRBCs in the presence of cytophilic antibody (W.P. and R.K.G., unpublished). The heat-killed macrophages do not diminish the viability of the cell cultures even when they are maximally suppressive. We have interpreted these results to indicate that the dead macrophages suppress the immune response in culture by absorbing out, and thus rendering inoperative, some factors which are necessary for the cell interactions which result in the generation of plaque-forming cells. This contention is supported by the ability of the heat-killed macrophages to absorb out the helper activity found in the supernatants of mixed lymphocyte reactions (W.P. and R.K.G., unpublished). We reasoned that, if macrophages could absorb interaction factors, they might be able to absorb suppressive factors if they were added to a culture in which suppression was occurring and thus augment the response of suppressed but not normal cultures.
Asymptotic behavior of blow up solutions to a class of prescribing Gauss curvature equations

Abstract The Liouville equation Δ u + V ( x ) e u = 0 has many applications in science and mathematics. One of the interesting features of solutions is their blow up behavior, a topic for which many results have been obtained. In this paper, we give a simple approach to obtaining a precise asymptotic expansion of a sequence of blow up solutions to the Liouville equation in a bounded domain Ω ⊂ R 2 .
Identification of a gene essential for the first committed step in the biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll c.

Bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) c, d, and e are the major chlorophylls in chlorosomes, which are the largest and one of the most efficient antennae produced by chlorophototrophic organisms. In the biosynthesis of these three BChls, a C-132-methylcarboxyl group found in all other chlorophylls (Chls) must be removed. This reaction is postulated to be the first committed step in the synthesis of these BChls. Analyses of gene neighborhoods of (B)Chl biosynthesis genes and distribution patterns in organisms producing chlorosomes helped to identify a gene (bciC) that appeared to be a good candidate to produce the enzyme involved in this biochemical reaction. To confirm that this was the case, a deletion mutant of an open reading frame orthologous to bciC, CT1077, was constructed in Chlorobaculum tepidum, a genetically tractible green sulfur bacterium. The CT1077 deletion mutant was unable to synthesize BChl c but still synthesized BChl a and Chl a. The deletion mutant accumulated large amounts of various (bacterio)pheophorbides, all of which still had C-132-methylcarboxyl groups. A C. tepidum strain in which CT1077 was replaced by an orthologous gene, Cabther_B0031 from “Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum” was constructed. Although the product of Cabther_B0031 was only 28% identical to the product of CT1077, this strain synthesized BChl c, BChl a, and Chl a in amounts similar to wild-type C. tepidum cells. To indicate their roles in the first committed step of BChl c, d, and e biosynthesis, open reading frames CT1077 and Cabther_B0031 have been redesignated bciC. The potential mechanism by which BciC removes the C-132-methylcarboxyl moiety of chlorophyllide a is discussed.
Domain I of 23S rRNA competes with a paused transcription complex for ribosomal protein L4 of Escherichia coli

Ribosomal protein L4 of Escherichia coli regulates expression of its own eleven gene S10 operon both by inhibiting translation and by stimulating premature termination of transcription. Both regulatory processes presumably involve L4 recognition of the S10 leader RNA. To help define L4's regulatory target, we have investigated the protein's cognate target on 23S rRNA. Binding of L4 to various fragments of the 23S rRNA was monitored by determining their ability to sequester L4 in an in vitro transcription system and thereby eliminate the protein's effect on transcription. Using this approach we identified a region of about 110 bases within domain I of 23S rRNA which binds L4. A two base deletion within this region, close to the base to which L4 has been cross-linked in intact 50S subunits, eliminates L4 binding. These results also confirm the prediction of the autogenous control model, that L4 bound to its target on rRNA is not active in regulating transcription of the S10 operon.
Effects of isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium-channel antagonist, on d-methamphetamine's subjective and reinforcing effects

In healthy human volunteers, we have previously shown that isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium-channel antagonist, reduces some methamphetamine-induced positive subjective effects associated with its abuse liability, presumably by antagonizing cortico-mesolimbic dopamine pathways. In the present study, we combined acute immediate-release (IR) isradipine with repeated sustained-release (SR) isradipine pretreatment to determine whether isradipine could antagonize methamphetamine's positive subjective and reinforcing effects in methamphetamine-dependent research subjects. We included 18 non-treatment-seeking, methamphetamine-dependent subjects aged between 18 and 51 years in this double-blind, within-subject, cross-over study, which was done in a human laboratory. Intravenous methamphetamine (0, 15 and 30 mg) was administered on three different days after 5 days of double-blind cross-over treatment with either isradipine or matching placebo. Subjects received oral isradipine 30 mg SR at bedtime, plus 15 mg IR administered 2 h before methamphetamine infusion. Self-report questionnaires measured drug liking, euphoria, craving, stimulation, and methamphetamine preference. Methamphetamine reinforcement was measured by a behavioural procedure involving choices between methamphetamine and money. For those who received isradipine second and placebo first as the pretreatment paradigm but not vice versa, methamphetamine-induced drug liking, elation, and preference were reduced significantly by isradipine. Depending upon conditioning status, isradipine can reduce some methamphetamine-induced positive subjective and reinforcing effects associated with its abuse liability in methamphetamine addicts.
Developing an Integrated Approach Toward Ballistic Missile Proliferation

Ballistic missile proliferation remains a serious threat to regional security and stability. While the post-Cold War era has seen a steady decline in the total number of long-range ballistic missil...
Manifestations of systemic disease.

EW DENTAL SPECIALISTS have the opportunity of working in a medical environment with close communication and shared interest with specialists in diagnostic roentgenology, surgery, and pathology; however, when that opportunity exists, a contribution may develop such as that made by Stafne4 which “stands tall.” Recognition of a disease is possible because of familiarity with the signs and symptoms, pathology, and roentgen changes that characterize it. Occasionally, the roentgen features are the most striking and may be pathognomonic. Roentgen changes in the jaws are of particular interest, for the appearance of the teeth often provides an aid in determining the time of onset of a disorder, a measure of its severity or its response to therapy, or a means of documenting its congenital nature. A comparison of films made over a period of years affords an opportunity to study its course. For example, any developmental disorder that is manifest in the primary dentition must have its onset from about 17 wk after conception to 1 yr of age. If the second dentition shows alterations in the crowns of developing teeth, onset from birth to the time of formation of the second molars is indicated. The inception of ectodermal dysplasia, for instance, can be measured against the chronology of dentition present at the time of examination. The chronology of developing and erupting teeth correlates roughly with skeletal maturation. The film :zcords in enamel and dentin the approximate time of onset of certain disorders because once a tooth is completely formed it changes little. The effects of systemic disease on the jaws and dental structures can best be determined when both intraoral and extraoral roentgenograms are available for study. PITUITARY DISORDERS
Gauss-Brunhes Disconformity in Southeastern Indian Ocean--Paleomagnetic and Biostratigraphic Analysis: ABSTRACT

Previous work in antarctic regions south of Australia and New Zealand described an erosional disconformity, centered in the southern Tasman basin, that formed when bottom currents removed sediments as old as late Miocene (Gilbert). Detailed analyses of cores from Eltanin cruise 39 indicate, however, that the extent of the disconformity is considerably greater than previously reported, especially on the west, along the Southeast Indian Ridge. Sediments just below the erosional surface have a remarkably constant late Gauss age (2.6 m.y.b.p.), but no specific areal trends could be determined from observed age variations. Locally, some Brunhes-age sediments have accumulated during the last 0.3 m.y., and range in thickness from thin veneers to 2 m or more. Late Gauss and late Brunhes sedimentary hiatuses, as observed in the present area, are easily overlooked in routine core studies. The magnetic polarity is the same, and biostratigraphic definition of the late Brunhes in these latitudes is difficult. An excellent illustration of this problem is given by core E39-40. Th230 measurements, visual inspection, evaluation of radiolarian and foraminiferal indices, and polarity changes demonstrate that sediments in the top 60-70 cm are of Brunhes age (less than 0.3 m.y.B.P.), that sediments contain certain reworked Gauss elements, and that the hiatus is marked by a layer of distinctly stained (feromanganese coatings?) foraminifers. A Gauss-Gilbert sedimentary sequence follows in the remainder of the core. End_of_Article - Last_Page 808------------
Total synthesis of two novel brominated acetylenic diols (+)-diplyne C and E: stereoselective construction of the (E)-1-bromo-1-alkene

Abstract The total syntheses of the enantiomers of two novel brominated polyacetylenic natural products diplynes C and E are reported. Pd and Cu(I)-catalyzed coupling reactions were employed to synthesize the diyne and enyne units. The stereochemistry of the terminal ( E )-alkenyl bromide in diplyne C was constructed stereoselectively using Brown’s hydroboration–bromination procedure. The stereochemistry of the internal ( E )-double bond in diplyne E was established using a Takai reaction. The stereocenter was derived from d -mannitol.
Catastrophic evaporation of rocky planets

Short-period exoplanets can have dayside surface temperatures surpassing 2000 K, hot enough to vaporize rock and drive a thermal wind. Small enough planets evaporate completely. We construct a radiative-hydrodynamic model of atmospheric escape from strongly irradiated, low-mass rocky planets, accounting for dust-gas energy exchange in the wind. Rocky planets with masses 2000 K are found to disintegrate entirely in 0.1 M_Earth/Gyr --- our model yields a present-day planet mass of < 0.02 M_Earth or less than about twice the mass of the Moon. Mass loss rates depend so strongly on planet mass that bodies can reside on close-in orbits for Gyrs with initial masses comparable to or less than that of Mercury, before entering a final short-lived phase of catastrophic mass loss (which KIC 12557548b has entered). Because this catastrophic stage lasts only up to a few percent of the planet's life, we estimate that for every object like KIC 12557548b, there should be 10--100 close-in quiescent progenitors with sub-day periods whose hard-surface transits may be detectable by Kepler --- if the progenitors are as large as their maximal, Mercury-like sizes (alternatively, the progenitors could be smaller and more numerous). According to our calculations, KIC 12557548b may have lost ~70% of its formation mass; today we may be observing its naked iron core.
Effect of ethanol-generated free radicals on gastric intrinsic factor and glutathione

Abstract The oxidation of acetaldehyde (generated from the metabolism of ethanol) by oxidases such as xanthine oxidase generates free radicals which can mobilize ferritin iron, alter hepatic glutathione and produce lipid peroxidation. The stomach, a site of ethanol metabolism and rich in xanthine oxidase, was studied with respect to the effects of ethanol on intrinsic factor (IF) binding of vitamin B-12 as well as gastric glutathione (GSH). Incubations of gastric homogenates with acetaldehyde-xanthine oxidase inhibited the B-12 binding ability by IF. A large acute dose of ethanol in vivo (5 g/kg, conc. >40% w/v) decreased gastric IF binding of B-12 and depressed gastric GSH; these effects were markedly attenuated by the feeding of sodium tungstate which inhibited xanthine oxidase. Changes in B-12 binding paralleled changes in gastric GSH. Scatchard plots of IF binding of B-12 for homogenates suggested decreased number of binding sites rather than altered affinity. In conclusion, the gastric metabolism of ethanol generates free radicals which alter IF binding of B-12, depress gastric GSH and may play a role in alcohol-induced gastric injury.
Change in value relevance of quarterly foreign sales data of U.S. multinational corporations after adopting SFAS 131

This paper investigates the change in value relevance of quarterly foreign sales data of U.S.-based multinational enterprises after adopting Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 131 (SFAS 131). First, I examine whether the interim foreign sales data of all sample firms are valued at a higher rate by equity investors after the firms adopt SFAS 131. My empirical findings indicate that for all sample firms the value relevance of quarterly foreign sales data increases after the firms adopt SFAS 131. I then examine whether the valuation consequence of firms that change their geographic segment definition after they adopt SFAS 131—segment change firms—changes after those firms adopt SFAS 131. Based on the empirical results, I conclude that quarterly foreign sales data of segment change firms are priced at a relatively higher rate after SFAS 131 is adopted.
Airborne laser communications and performance enhancement by equalization

Free space optical (FSO) communication is a promising candidate for emerging broadband applications, considering that RF spectrum is already congested, rendering accommodation of additional RF broadband channels difficult and costly. Communications via RF signals are reliable but cannot support emerging high data rate services unless they use a large portion of the costly radio spectrum. FSO communications offer enormous data rates but operate much more at the mercy of the atmospheric environment, such as scintillation and multi-scattering through fog and clouds. Since RF paths are relatively immune to these phenomena, combining the attributes of a higher data rate but bursty link (FSO) with the attributes of a lower data rate but reliable link (RF) could yield attributes better than either one alone, enabling a high availability link at high data rates. This transmission configuration is typically called a hybrid RF/FSO wireless system. The focus of this paper will be on applying well-known equalization techniques to FSO, to further enhance availability of RF/FSO wireless system.
Dense only phase-shift template lithography

The steady move towards feature sizes ever deeper in the subwavelength regime has necessitated the increased use of aggressive resolution enhancement techniques (RET) in optical lithography. The use of ever more complex RET methods including strong phase shift masks and complex OPC has led to an alarming increase in the cost of photomasks, which cannot be amortized by many types of semiconductor applications. This paper reviews an alternative RET approach, dense template phase shift lithography, that can substantially reduce the cost of optical RET. The use of simple dense grating templates can also eliminate serious problems encountered in subwavelength lithography including optical proximity and spatial frequency effects. We show that, despite additional design rule restrictions and the use of multiple exposures per critical level, this type of lithography approach can make economic sense depending on the number of wafers produced per critical photomask.
Local advantage: skin DCs prime; skin memory T cells protect

How the immune system responds to local infection and establishes protective immunity in susceptible tissues remains unclear. Two new studies show that local tissue-resident dendritic cells prime cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and that memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes remain in the tissue to provide antiviral immunity.
Delay tolerant lazy release consistency for distributed shared memory in opportunistic networks

Opportunistic networks (ONs) allow mobile wireless devices to interact with one another through a series of opportunistic contacts. While ONs exploit mobility of devices to route messages and distribute information, the intermittent connections among devices make many traditional computer collaboration paradigms, such as distributed shared memory (DSM), very difficult to realize. DSM systems, developed for traditional networks, rely on relatively stable, consistent connections among participating nodes to function properly.We propose a novel delay tolerant lazy release consistency (DTLRC) mechanism for implementing distributed shared memory in opportunistic networks. DTLRC permits mobile devices to remain independently productive while separated, and provides a mechanism for nodes to regain coherence of shared memory if and when they meet again. DTLRC allows applications to utilize the most coherent data available, even in the challenged environments typical to opportunistic networks. Simulations demonstrate that DTLRC is a viable concept for enhancing cooperation among mobile wireless devices in opportunistic networking environment.
Classification of Vegetable Oils by FT-IR

The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of 27 brands of 10 types of cooking oils and margarines were measured without temperature control. Attempts to predict the vegetable source and physical properties of these oils failed until wavelength selection and multiplicative signal correction (MSC) were applied to the FT-IR spectra. After pretreatment of the data, principal component analysis (PCA) was totally successful at oil identification, and partial least-squares (PLS) models were able to predict both the refractive indices [standard error of estimation (SEE) 0.0002] and the viscosities (SEE 0.52 cP) of the oils. These models were based predominately on the FT-IR detection of the cis and trans double-bond content of the oils, as well as small amounts of defining impurities in sesame oils. Efforts to use selected wavelengths to discriminate oil sources were only partially successful. These results show the potential utility of FT-IR in the fast detection of substitution or adulteration of products like cooking oils.
Retrieval of the particle size distribution from satellite ocean color observations

[1] The particle size distribution (PSD) provides important information about pelagic ocean ecosystem structure and function. Knowledge of the PSD and its changes in time can be used to assess the contributions made by phytoplankton functional groups to primary production, particle sinking, and carbon sequestration by the ocean. However, few field measurements of the PSD have been made in the pelagic ocean, and little is known about its space-time variation. Here, a novel bio-optical algorithm is introduced to retrieve the parameters of a power law particle size spectrum from satellite ocean color observations. First, the particle backscattering coefficient spectrum, bbp(λ), is retrieved from monthly Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) normalized water-leaving radiance observations following Loisel et al. (2006). Mie modeling is then used to estimate the parameters of a power law PSD (the PSD slope and the particle differential number concentration for a given reference diameter) as a function of the particulate backscattering spectrum. Algorithm uncertainties are greater when bbp(λ) slopes are low, which occurs in high-productivity areas. Satellite-based retrievals of PSD parameters are reasonably consistent with available field observations. As an example, the algorithm was applied to monthly SeaWiFS global imagery from August 2007. Global spatial distributions show subtropical oligotrophic gyres characterized by higher PSD slopes and smaller particle number concentrations, as compared with coastal and other high-productivity areas. Partitioning particle number and volume concentrations into picophytoplankton-, nanophytoplankton-, and microphytoplankton-sized classes indicates that the abundance of picoplankton-sized particles is roughly constant spatially and that they dominate the particle volume concentrations in oligotrophic regions. On the other hand, abundances of microplankton-sized particles vary over many orders of magnitude, and they contribute to volume concentration only in the highest-productivity areas. These results are consistent with current understanding of particle dynamics of pelagic ecosystems and provide new tools for biogeochemical modeling and assessment of the global ocean ecosystem.
Depth and mineralogy of the magma source or pause region for the Carboniferous Liberty Hill pluton, South Carolina

Use of Al content geobarometry on clinopyroxene inclusions in plagioclase from the Carboniferous Liberty Hill pluton, South Carolina, yields pressure estimates of 8-10 kbar. Amphibole crystallization pressures are 3.1-4.7 kbar; contact metamorphic pressures are 4.5 kbar. Clinopyroxenes could be early crystallization products from the melt, restite crystals from the source region, xenocrysts from the magma conduit walls, or xenocrysts from a more mafic magma. Compositional uniformity of granitoid clinopyroxenes but dissimilarity with those in contemporaneous gabbroids is evidence against a xenocrystic origin. The deeper depths are interpreted as either the source region or a pausing place important in the crystallization history of the magma during its ascent to the upper crust. Early crystallization assemblage of the granitoid, and possibly the assemblage of the source region, was amphibole + clinopyroxene ± plagioclase-bearing. An amphibolitic lower crustal source is consistent with the Sr and O isotopic and rare-earth-element studies of this and many other similar-age granitoids in the southern Appalachians.
Neuroblasts: a model for the asymmetric division of stem cells

The ability of stem cells to self-renew has hung been attributed to an asymmetry in division that generates one daughter cell identical to the mother and another cell committed to differentiation. Recent studies on neuroblasts, a group of neural stem cells responsible for generating various neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system, have revealed exciting mechanisms that underlie self-renewing asymmetric division. Several important localized cell fate determinants have been characterized, and their segregation mechanism has been explored in the context of cytoskeletal organization, cell-cycle type progression, cytokinesis and mitotic orientation. These findings are illuminating in understanding the general mechanism of stem cell division.
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Pseudoephedrine in Plasma in the Presence of Guaifenesin

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatography method with uv detection was developed for the quantitation of pseudoephedrine in human plasma in the presence of guaifenesin. The method involved a sample preparation technique based on solid phase extraction, followed by evaporation, reconstitution in water and injection into the HPLC system. The HPLC system consisted of a C8 column and a 70:30 V/V 0.03M sodium heptane sulfonate : acetonitrile as the mobile phase, ultraviolet detector at 220 nm and (±)α-(methylaminomethyl) benzyl alcohol (MAMBA) as the internal standard. The concentration-response relationship for pseudoephedrine was found to be linear over a concentration range of 25 ng/ml to 450 ng/ml, with a lower limit of detection of 20 ng/ml and a lower limit of quantitation of 25 ng/ml. The coefficient of variation for inter-day ranged from 5.7% to 10.5% with a mean of 8.3% over the concentration range of 70–450 ng/ml. The coefficient of variation for intra-day ranged from 1.1% to 5.1% with a mean...
Nepheloid Layer in Lake Ontario

A study was designed to investigate the existence and extent of a nepheloid layer in Lake Ontario. A transmissometer profile of the entire water column was obtained monthly from 94 stations in Lake Ontario during the period of August to December, 1981. The profiles indicated that a turbid layer at the lake bottom existed over the entire lake at water depths greater than 60 meters. The thickness of the layer averaged 22 meters in August and September, but doubled to 45 meters in October. In addition, the average transmission was lowered from 60 percent in August and September to 45 percent in October. A significant increase in soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and reactive silica (RSiO2) in the nepheloid layer was observed. Quartz and calcite were the major mineral constituents of the suspended matter present in the layer. The particles in the nepheloid layer in the western basin of Lake Ontario consisted of many diatoms and some calcite particles and clay minerals. In the central and eastern basins the number of calcite particles significantly increased. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in the suspended matter sampled from the nepheloid layer at the Niagara River mouth were similar to those found in the 1-cm surface sediment at the same station (124 μg g−1 Pb, 318 μg g−1 Zn,and139 μg g−1 Pb and 356 μg g−l Zn, respectively).
Being Practical with Schwab

ABSTRACTOne of a series of comments on a set of papers by Joseph Schwab concluded by “The Practical 4: Something for Curriculum Professors to Do” (Curriculum Inquiry, 13:3, Fall 1983), this paper undertakes a review of Schwab's conception of “the practical” in relation to curriculum by examining the function of deliberative thinking and treating Schwab's own proposals as an example of such thought. Initially, therefore, attention is concentrated on the proposals for institutional relocation of curricular decision-making proposed by Schwab in his concluding article. Reflection on the kind of organ for deliberation proposed by Schwab leads eventually to consideration of the deliberative function itself, and it is argued that Schwab's treatment of deliberation fails to take account of the autonomous character of deliberative (in this case, educational) thinking and probably rests upon a confusion of two incompatible conceptions of the relation of thought and action. Fundamentally, this amounts to arguing tha...
The Power of Remorse and Apology

Showing remorse is a skill that every individual, especially leaders, must develop. It allows individuals and nations to move on and grow; it can repair relationships that have been long thought to be dead.
Assessment of FMR1 Gene Mutation at-Risk Status in Young Children

Abstract Fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by a mutation of the FMR1 gene, is the most commonly inherited cause of developmental disability. Fragile X syndrome occurs relatively equally in all racial and ethnic groups and is one of the few disorders affecting child behavior for which the exact gene is identified. Furthermore, from infancy, both males and females with this syndrome are predisposed for manifesting characteristic cognitive, emotional, and behavioral challenges. The purpose of this article is to illuminate the multisystemic and multifaceted phenotype of the FMR1 gene mutation by means of the parent response Biopsychosocial Screening Inventory for Fragile X, for which preliminary studies show promise.
Arctic cloudiness in spring from satellite imagery: Some comments

The April cloud amounts recently presented by Barry et al. (1987) were significantly larger than expected. It was suggested that this discrepancy was caused by the obscuration of surface features by Arctic haze, which is believed by Barry et al. to consist of pollution aerosol transported from middle latitudes. The present note suggests that a significant portion of the surface obscuration that occurs in April is due to small ice crystals that form in the lower troposphere of high latitudes before the summer warming begins. These ice crystals appear to be a major feature of the Arctic heat regime, and should be included in cloud statistics.
Infant Coping Behaviors: Their Assessment and Their Relationship to Maternal Attributes

Abstract Coping, the process through which an individual comes to terms with a challenge or makes use of an opportunity, was operationally defined and examined in 164 one-year-old infants. Infants were assigned to one of five behaviorally defined coping categories on the basis of their ability to utilize the resources of the environment while in a stressful situation with a stranger present. Selected maternal measures assessed at birth, at 3 months and at 8 months of infant age consistently discriminated between coping behaviors which differed in the degree to which the infant made use of nonmaternal resources. The findings support Murphy's hypothesis about the importance of moderate challenge in infancy to the development of coping skills.
Smartphones for smart wheelchairs

Individuals with limited ambulatory skills are at high risk for all physical inactivity-related diseases, such as coronary disease and diabetes. Increased physical activity can significantly lower risks of these diseases. However, quantifying recommendations for increased physical activity remain challenging for individuals who use wheelchairs for mobility. In this paper we introduce a smart wheelchair that utilizes a smartphone with its built-in sensors to capture and record physical activity of manual wheelchair users in both unstructured and structured environments. We develop algorithms for data acquisition and processing on the smartphone and implement them in an Android application called mWheelness. The application is successfully tested in laboratory and free-living experiments using several modern smartphones.
Spatial decision support system for home-delivered services

We present a spatial decision support system for the non-profit sector, designed to assist planning in the area of home-delivered services such as meals on wheels. Using data collected from existing programs, current and forecasted demographic data, and a set of algorithmic tools, we provide a system for evaluating current meals on wheels facilities, and for making incremental facility location decisions that satisfy coverage and equity requirements.
On the development of a robotic workcell for sanitary ware spray glazing

Abstract This paper describes planning activities that need to be undertaken before the implementation of robotic workcells for sanitary ware spray glazing operations. An existing economic justification model that can be used to evaluate the economic feasibility of these workcells is also modified.