cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Immune Epitope Database 2.0

The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB, www.iedb.org) provides a catalog of experimentally characterized B and T cell epitopes, as well as data on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) binding and MHC ligand elution experiments. The database represents the molecular structures recognized by adaptive immune receptors and the experimental contexts in which these molecules were determined to be immune epitopes. Epitopes recognized in humans, nonhuman primates, rodents, pigs, cats and all other tested species are included. Both positive and negative experimental results are captured. Over the course of 4 years, the data from 180,978 experiments were curated manually from the literature, which covers approximately 99% of all publicly available information on peptide epitopes mapped in infectious agents (excluding HIV) and 93% of those mapped in allergens. In addition, data that would otherwise be unavailable to the public from 129,186 experiments were submitted directly by investigators. The curation of epitopes related to autoimmunity is expected to be completed by the end of 2010. The database can be queried by epitope structure, source organism, MHC restriction, assay type or host organism, among other criteria. The database structure, as well as its querying, browsing and reporting interfaces, was completely redesigned for the IEDB 2.0 release, which became publicly available in early 2009.
The Synthesis, Crystal, and Molecular Structure of Two Mononuclear Arylimido Tungsten Tetrachloride Complexes, [WCl 4 (NC 6 H 4 I- p )(CH 3 CN)] and [WCl 4 (NC 6 H 3 -2,6- i-Pr 2 )(CH 3 CN)]

We report two new crystal and molecular structures of the following monomeric arylimido tungsten tetrachloride complexes, [WCl4(NC6H4I-p)(CH3CN)] (1) and [WCl4(NC6H3-2,6-i-Pr 2)(CH3CN)] (2), containing weakly coordinating acetonitrile ligands. Complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with lattice parameters a = 6.292(1) A, b = 8.251(1) A, c = 15.126(2) A, α = 78.42(1)°, β = 82.33(2)°, γ = 77.89(1)°, V = 748.7(3) A3, Z = 2. Complex 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /c with lattice parameters a = 9.629(1) A, b = 16.790(2) A, c = 24.155(2) A, β = 95.42(1)°, V = 3888.7(6) A3, Z = 8. Despite the different electronic/steric characteristics of the arylimido ligands, the structures show no significant differences in bond lengths or bond angles in the core {N–W(Cl)4–N} fragment and are similar to those reported for other arylimido tungsten tetrachloride complexes. The Synthesis, Crystal, and Molecular Structure of Two Mononuclear Arylimido Tungsten Tetrachloride Complexes, [WCl 4 (NC 6 H 4 I -p ) (CH 3 CN)] and [WCl 4 (NC 6 H 3 - 2,6- i-Pr 2 )(CH 3 CN)] Jeffrey C. Duhacek, Tasneem A. Siddiquee, Dennis W. Bennett, and Dean C. Duncan* The crystal and molecular structures of two new arylimido tungsten tetrachloride complexes are reported herein.
Plasma Cells in Urine: Occurrence in Multiple Myeloma

Increased numbers of plasma cells are often found in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma and, occasionally, in those with granulomatous diseases and other chronic disorders. Rarely, however, have plasma cells been reported in the urine. We report a case of multiple myeloma in which numerous plasma cells were found in the urine. PATIENT SUMMARY A 65-year-old woman had been in good health until April 1973, when she noted the onset of pain in the lower part of the back. During the next two months, she experienced an 8.1 kg (18 lb) weight loss. She was treated for a "kidney infection" with antibiotics in May. In late June, the diagnosis of multiple myeloma was made on the basis of a monoclonal spike on urine electrophoresis and multiple osteolytic defects on skeletal x-ray films. Bone marrow examination at that time showed 5% plasma cells. A course
A Dryline in Southeast Wyoming. Part I: Multiscale Analysis Using Observations and Modeling on 22 June 2010

AbstractA first observational and modeling study of a dryline and associated initiation of deep convection over the high plains of southeastern Wyoming is presented. Radar and station measurements show that the dryline is a well-defined convergent humidity boundary with a modest density (i.e., buoyancy) gradient. Its development, intensity, and movement are regulated by the terrain, diurnal land surface and boundary layer processes, and synoptic-scale evolution. At least one of the thunderstorms that emerged from the dryline became severe. Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) simulations accurately reproduce measured aspects of this dryline, as well as the timing and location of convection initiation. The WRF output is used further to characterize the dryline vertical and horizontal structures and to examine convection initiation processes. A dryline bulge over a local terrain ridge appears to be an essential ingredient in convection initiation on this day: just north of this bulge the surface con...
Equity, Equality, and Need: What Determines Which Value Will Be Used as the Basis of Distributive Justice?

The concept of justice is discussed, and the thesis is advanced that “equity” is only one of the many values which may underlie a given system of justice. Hypotheses about the conditions which determine which values will be employed as the basis of distributive justice in a group are proposed, with discussion centered about the values of “equity,” “equality,” and “need” and the conditions which lead a group to emphasize one rather than another value.
Carotid stent extrusion following carotid blowout.

Abstract Objective We describe an unusual foreign body, a carotid stent extruded into the upper airway, and discuss the predisposing factors. Methods This is a single patient case report with review of the literature. Results Our patient is a 59 year old female treated for T3N2aM0 (stage IVa) left tonsil squamous cell carcinoma who experienced a carotid blowout treated by carotid stent placement with subsequent carotid coiling and vessel takedown. Approximately ten months later, she coughed and expelled approximately 3 cm of tubular stent-appearing material into her airway causing acute stridor and dysphagia. CT angiography (CTA) showed the distal and proximal stent in proper position without evidence of extravasation. The stent was extracted transorally showing the distal end of the carotid to be patent and covered by fibrin within its lumen. Review of the literature shows that such stent extrusions, although rare, do occur. Conclusion Carotid stents are a valuable tool in cases of carotid blowout. However, long-term data on patient prognosis is lacking. The foreign body response triggered by stent placement can cause dislodgement. The potential for stent extrusion is greatest in patients who have preexisting ulceration or who have undergone radiation, both common in head and neck cancer patients.
Processing‐interphase‐property relationship in fiber‐reinforced thermosetting‐matrix composites

Fabrication of thermosetting-matrix composites is based on a critical step of cure, which involves applying a predefined temperature cycle to a fiber-resin mixture. Several temperature-dependent mass transport processes occur in the vicinity of the reinforcement fiber, leading to the formation of an interphase region with different chemical and physical properties from the bulk resin. The cure cycles applied on the macroscopic boundaries of the composite govern the microscopic cure kinetics near the fiber surface, which in turn determines the interphase and composite properties. A predictive approach to directly linking the cure cycles and final composite properties is not presently available and is established for the first time in this paper. A multiscale thermochemical model is developed to predict the concentration profile evolution with time near fiber surfaces at various locations across the composite thickness. The concentration profiles at the gelation time are mapped to modulus profiles within the interphase region, and a finite element analysis is used to determine the overall composite modulus in terms of the constituent interphase, fiber, and matrix properties. Relevant numerical results are presented for the first time where the composite modulus is directly linked to the cure cycle and interphase formation parameters without assumed structures or properties of the interphase. The results provide useful information for selecting material components and cure cycles parameters to achieve desired interphase and composite properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:193–208, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
A New Method for Simultaneous Measurement of Cl- , Br- , NO3- , SCN- , and I- at Sub-ppm Levels in Ground Water.

Ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet absorption detection is shown to be a rapid and sensitive method for analysis of some common anions in water. Sensitivity of measurement is approximately 50 ppb for NO-2 , NO-3 , Br- , I- , and SCN- while Cl- has a detection limit in the one to ten ppm range. Chromatograms require 8 to 13 minutes to complete. Analyses are performed on either of two stationary phases (Whatman SAX 10 μm or Brownlee anion exchange) depending on the anions of interest in the analysis and their interferences.
Preparing An Effective Syllabus: Current Best Practices

Syllabi can be useful in engaging students and creating an effective classroom atmosphere, yet discussions of their effective use rarely appear. In light of current research and theory on syllabi, we review their typical uses (structural, motivational, and evidentiary), commonly included components, and attributes that positively impact the teaching and learning process.
Bimodal particle distribution for emulsions: The effect of interstitial functional particles

The location of hydroxyl functionality was investigated for thermosetting acrylic latexes. Large and small latex particles with and without hydroxyl functionality were synthesized and characterized. Such large and small latex particles with and without hydroxyl functionality were blended together and a melamine-formaldehyde (M-F) resin was added to crosslink the hydroxyl groups. Mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties were evaluated as function of blend ratio and functionality location. The packing of the latexes was dependent on small to large particle ratio. It was shown that the mechanical properties were also dependent on the location of the functionality. The higher concentration of hydroxyl groups in the small latex particles contributed more to the tensile properties of the latexes than the functionality of the large particles. The location of the M-F resin in the small latex particles resulted in a lowering of the volume fraction needed for a continuous network.
Fractal encoding of low resolution iris imagery for improved matching

This paper investigates the differences between fractal encoding and other existing image enhancement techniques, such as bicubic interpolation, for iris image enhancement and their performance benefits when matching iris images from the ICE database. The algorithm used for iris recognition is the freely available Libor Masek Matlab code. Commercially available software was used for fractal encoding.
Reconstructive processes in the free recall of categories.

Three experiments, involving three different groups of Ss, were conducted. For each experiment, one group of Ss never saw the stimulus materials but produced “recall outputs” on the basis of someone else’s description of the input list. A second group produced a description of, and then recalled, the list, while a third group recalled the list under standard conditions. Each experiment involved different materials: for Experiment I, exhaustive categories were used; for Experiment 11, high-frequency category items were used; and for Experiment III, low-frequency items were used. Results showed all lists were reconstructible with the degree of reconstructibility following the order of experiments. An examination of descriptions produced indicated significant differences between those leading to lengthy outputs and those leading to less extensive outputs; basically, these differed in terms of the degree to which specific information was or was not present in the description. Results were discussed in terms of Bartlett’s theory of remembering.
An Approach to Force-Feedback Control with Traveling Wave Ultrasonic Motor:

The traveling wave ultrasonic motor is considered for use in haptic devices where feedback forces are required, particularly in force-feel systems where a certain input— output relation is desired between the applied torque and the response. Owing to some of its unique characteristics, there are circumstances where the ultrasonic motor may be considered an appealing alternative to the more standard DC motor. However, the two types of motors are significantly different in their principles of operation, and are not necessarily interchangeable for all applications. The ultrasonic motor is limited in that the torque cannot be arbitrarily controlled under external loading. Moreover, direct control of the motor torque is difficult due to the complex nature of the contact mechanics. To accommodate these limitations, we investigated a method of model reference force-feedback control, in which the interaction torque is used as the reference source. Experimental results demonstrated that the closed-loop system is a...
Solvent and linker influences on AQ(*-)/dA(*+) charge-transfer state energetics and dynamics in anthraquinonyl-linker-deoxyadenosine conjugates.

The goal of this work is to produce high yields of long-lived AQ•-/dA•+ charge transfer (CT) excited states (or photoproducts). This goal fits within a larger context of trying generally to produce high yields of long-lived CT excited states within DNA nucleoside conjugates that can be incorporated into DNA duplexes. Depending upon the energetics of the anthraquinonyl (AQ) 3(π,π*) state as well as the reduction potentials of the subunits in particular anthraquinonyl-adenine conjugates, CT quenching of the AQ 3(π,π*) state may or may not occur in polar organic solvents. In MeOH, bis(3‘,5‘-O-acetyl)-N6-(anthraquinone-2-carbonyl)-2‘-deoxyadenosine (AQCOdA) behaves as intended and forms a 3(AQ•-/dA•+) CT state with a lifetime of 3 ns. However, in nonpolar THF the AQ•-/dA•+ CT states of AQCOdA are too high in energy to be formed, and in DMSO a 1(AQ•-/dA•+) CT state is formed but lives only 6 ps. Although the lowest energy excited state for AQCOdA in MeOH is a 3(AQ•-/dA•+) CT state, for N6-(anthraquinone-2-meth...
Prefeeding potentiates anorectic actions of neuromedin B and gastrin releasing peptide

We report that the anorectic potency of neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is potentiated using a prefeed paradigm. During the light phase, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (groups of n = 6) were given 30-min (pre-feed) access to a liquid diet. Thirty min later rats were injected IP with GRP or NMB (0, 8, 16, 32 or 64 μg kg−1) and given further access to the liquid diet. In prefed (PF) rats, high doses of NMB (32 and 64 μg kg−1) delayed the onset of eating in the test by > 10 min, significantly suppressing 30-min intake. The same doses of NMB in non prefed (NPF) rats were ineffective. Weak effects of GRP in NPF rats to reduce meal size were also enhanced under PF conditions. Exogenous GRP and NMB, in particular, appear to interact with processes stimulated by the postingestive actions of food, supporting a role for peripheral, endogenous GRP and NMB in the development of satiation and the maintenance of postprandial satiety, respectively.
CIRCULARITY OF THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXPLORER RIBBON OF ENHANCED ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOM (ENA) FLUX

As a sharp feature in the sky, the ribbon of enhanced energetic neutral atom (ENA) flux observed by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission is a key signature for understanding the interaction of the heliosphere and the interstellar medium through which we are moving. Over five nominal IBEX energy passbands (0.7, 1.1, 1.7, 2.7, and 4.3 keV), the ribbon is extraordinarily circular, with a peak location centered at ecliptic (λRC, βRC) = (219.°2 ± 1.°3, 39.°9 ± 2.°3) and a half cone angle of C = 74.°5 ± 2.°0. A slight elongation of the ribbon, generally perpendicular to the ribbon center-heliospheric nose vector and with eccentricity ~0.3, is observed over all energies. At 4.3 keV, the ribbon is slightly larger and displaced relative to lower energies. For all ENA energies, a slice of the ribbon flux peak perpendicular to the circular arc is asymmetric and systematically skewed toward the ribbon center. We derive a spatial coherence parameter δC ≤ 0.014 that characterizes the spatial uniformity of the ribbon over its extent in the sky and is a key constraint for understanding the underlying processes and structure governing the ribbon ENA emission.
Smuggling in emerging markets: Global implications

Abstract Economists and policymakers have lauded the adoption of liberal trade policies in many of the emerging markets. From the outside it may appear that governments in these countries have cemented a new set of rules governing economic behavior within their borders. Yet the authors have found that these countries are likely to see the emergence or resurgence of smuggling and contraband distribution in response to trade liberalization. In order to survive under trade liberalization, smugglers will rely on cost savings associated with the circumventing of legal import channels. In addition they may employ violence to bolster a diminished competitive advantage and may seek new illegal sources, both local and international, for the consumer products they distribute. In a market environment in which organized crime competes alongside more legitimate channels of distribution, U.S. multinationals will face new challenges relating to strategic planning, maintaining alliance relationships and corporate control of global brands and pricing.
Counting Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells: A Reevaluation of Bystander Activation during Viral Infection

Viral infections induce extensive T cell proliferation in vivo, but the specificity of the majority of the responding T cells has not been defined. To address this issue we used tetramers of MHC class I molecules containing viral peptides to directly visualize antigen-specific CD8 T cells during acute LCMV infection of mice. Based on tetramer binding and two sensitive assays measuring interferon-gamma production at the single-cell level, we found that 50%-70% of the activated CD8 T cells were LCMV specific [2 x 10(7) virus-specific cells/spleen]. Following viral clearance, antigen-specific CD8 T cell numbers dropped to 10(6) per spleen and were maintained at this level for the life of the mouse. Upon rechallenge with LCMV, there was rapid expansion of memory T cells, but after infection with the heterologous vaccinia virus there was no detectable change in the numbers of LCMV-specific memory CTL. Therefore, much of the CD8 T cell expansion seen during viral infection represents antigen-specific cells and warrants a revision of our current thinking on the size of the antiviral response.
Some correlates of negative geotaxis in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Negatively geotactic, male Drosophila melanogaster show a tendency toward repeating responses at sequential choice points rather than alternating them. The geometry of the geotaxis apparatus which was used for selection requires that subjects repeat responses at choice points in order to receive high geotaxis scores. Hence, it is possible that they were selected for response perseveration in addition to gravitational responses. The hypothesis was supported when negatively geotactic and unselected wild type males were tested for response stereotypy, with the result that the negatively geotactic flies had a statistical tendency toward repeating responses, whereas the wild type animals did not. Also, a greater proportion of the geotactic subjects were able to complete the test during the time limit imposed. This suggested that selection for negative geotaxis may have included selection for an ability to survive a dry, plastic environment and/or selection for locomotor activity as well as response perseveration. In testing these hypotheses, geotactic flies did outlive wild types in a dry environment, but wild type flies were the more active under conditions of light and darkness. Further experimentation demonstrated that activivity in a dry environment is associated with mortality.
Spectral Analysis in Integrated Optical Sensors using Compact On-Chip Photonic Crystal Spectrometers

We demonstrate a compact photonic crystal spectrometer for on-chip spectral interrogation in lab-on-a-chip applications. We also discuss the potential for integration with other sensing components, and investigate their performance in terms of current sensing demands.
DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY OF THE TOTAL PERIPHERAL WBC COUNT IN CHILDREN SUSPECTED OF CNS INFECTION

DIAGNOSTIC EFFICACY OF THE TOTAL PERIPHERAL WBC COUNT IN CHILDREN SUSPECTED OF CNS INFECTION
Implementation of a high-sensitivity micro-angiographic fluoroscope (HS-MAF) for in-vivo endovascular image guided interventions (EIGI) and region-of-interest computed tomography (ROI-CT)

New advances in catheter technology and remote actuation for minimally invasive procedures are continuously increasing the demand for better x-ray imaging technology. The new x-ray high-sensitivity Micro-Angiographic Fluoroscope (HS-MAF) detector offers high resolution and real-time image-guided capabilities which are unique when compared with commercially available detectors. This detector consists of a 300 μm CsI input phosphor coupled to a dual stage GEN2 micro-channel plate light image intensifier (LII), followed by minifying fiber-optic taper coupled to a CCD chip. The HS-MAF detector image array is 1024×1024 pixels, with a 12 bit depth capable of imaging at 30 frames per second. The detector has a round field of view with 4 cm diameter and 35 microns pixels. The LII has a large variable gain which allows usage of the detector at very low exposures characteristic of fluoroscopic ranges while maintaining very good image quality. The custom acquisition program allows real-time image display and data storage. We designed a set of in-vivo experimental interventions in which placement of specially designed endovascular stents were evaluated with the new detector and with a standard x-ray image intensifier (XII). Capabilities such fluoroscopy, angiography and ROI-CT reconstruction using rotational angiography data were implemented and verified. The images obtained during interventions under radiographic control with the HS-MAF detector were superior to those with the XII. In general, the device feature markers, the device structures, and the vessel geometry were better identified with the new detector. High-resolution detectors such as HS-MAF can vastly improve the accuracy of localization and tracking of devices such stents or catheters.
Structural Analysis of Peptide-Acetaldehyde Adducts by Mass Spectrometry and Production of Antibodies Directed Against Nonreduced Protein-Acetaldehyde Adducts

Acetaldehyde can form protein-acetaldehyde adducts (AAs) in vivo and may play a role in the genesis of alcoholic liver disease. The nature of the chemical modification of proteins by acetaldehyde in vivo has not been elucidated. In vitro, acetaldehyde can form reversible adducts including a Schiff's base with lysine (K) and imidazolidinone with terminal amino groups of proteins such as human hemoglobin (Hb). In this study, we used FAB/MS to analyze the products of peptide-AAs (pep-AAs) formed by incubating acetaldehyde with Hb peptides. We then used an octabranched multiple antigen peptide (MAP) system containing Hb peptide-AAs to raise antibodies. Three Hb peptides [i.e., 8-pep consisting of 8 residues (V1HLTPVEK8) at the N-terminus of β-chain of human sickle-cell Hb, 11-pep-gly consisting of 11 residues (G56NPKVKAHGKK66) in a segment of β-chain rich in lysine, and 11-pep-pro that consists of the same sequence as 11-pep-gly, except G56 was replaced by proline (P)] were incubated with 1 mM acetaldehyde at 4°C for 7d without NaCNBH3 (nonreduced conditions). Analysis by FAB/MS showed that 8-pep formed an imidazolidinone at the N-terminal valine, 11-pep-gly formed a Schiff's base and imidazolidinone at the N-terminus, whereas 11-pep-pro that lacks a free α-amino group formed only a Schiff's base at K59. By contrast, incubation of these Hb peptides with 250 mM acetaldehyde and NaCNBH3 at 37°C for 1 hr (reduced conditions) produced mono-and diethylated modifications of all available K residues, as well as the N-terminal amino group. MAP-11-pep-gly and MAP-11-pep-pro were prepared and reacted with 1 mM acetaldehyde under nonreduced conditions. Antibodies against these nonreduced MAP-11 -pep-AAs were raised. By ELISA assay, antibodies against nonreduced MAP-11-pep showed reactivity with Hb-AA prepared under nonreduced conditions. Unexpectedly, these antibodies also reacted with Hb-AA prepared under reduced conditions as well. Our studies therefore showed: (1) acetaldehyde can modify peptides with or without NaCNBH3 producing different chemical modifications; (2) lysine residues, although located in close vicinity in a peptide, are not equally reactive in forming a stable AA; and (3) antibodies raised by nonreduced MAP-11 -pep-AA immunogens can recognize both reduced and nonreduced epitopes in Hb-AA.
Coordination of Division and Development Influences Complex Multicellular Behavior in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The α-Proteobacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens has proteins homologous to known regulators that govern cell division and development in Caulobacter crescentus, many of which are also conserved among diverse α-Proteobacteria. In light of recent work demonstrating similarity between the division cycle of C. crescentus and that of A. tumefaciens, the functional conservation for this presumptive control pathway was examined. In C. crescentus the CtrA response regulator serves as the master regulator of cell cycle progression and cell division. CtrA activity is controlled by an integrated pair of multi-component phosphorelays: PleC/DivJ-DivK and CckA-ChpT-CtrA. Although several of the conserved orthologues appear to be essential in A. tumefaciens, deletions in pleC or divK were isolated and resulted in cell division defects, diminished swimming motility, and a decrease in biofilm formation. A. tumefaciens also has two additional pleC/divJ homologue sensor kinases called pdhS1 and pdhS2, absent in C. crescentus. Deletion of pdhS1 phenocopied the ΔpleC and ΔdivK mutants. Cells lacking pdhS2 morphologically resembled wild-type bacteria, but were decreased in swimming motility and elevated for biofilm formation, suggesting that pdhS2 may serve to regulate the motile to non-motile switch in A. tumefaciens. Genetic analysis suggests that the PleC/DivJ-DivK and CckA-ChpT-CtrA phosphorelays in A. tumefaciens are vertically-integrated, as in C. crescentus. A gain-of-function mutation in CckA (Y674D) was identified as a spontaneous suppressor of the ΔpleC motility phenotype. Thus, although the core architecture of the A. tumefaciens pathway resembles that of C. crescentus there are specific differences including additional regulators, divergent pathway architecture, and distinct target functions.
The determination of copper with triethylenetetramine using a metalfluorechromic indicator

Abstract Triethylenetetramine (trien) has been applied as a selective titrant for the determination of copper without separations or masking of many elements normally found in brasses and bronzes. The application of a metalfluorechromic indicator has made possible the use of trien for the determination of macro amounts of copper without resort to an instrumental end-point detection method. Calcein W serves as a selective indicator for copper in the presence of many elements normally found in brasses and bronzes.
Flash temperatures due to friction and Joule heat at asperity contacts

Approximate solutions, reliable within a few per cent, have been obtained for the theoretical flash temperatures at circular and elliptical contact spots between two homogeneous materials when heat is evolved at the (assumed to be mathematically flat and uncontaminated) interface at a uniform rate, either independent of velocity as in the case of Joule heat or in proportion with the relative speed, i.e. as is the case for friction heat. The parameters appearing in the corresponding equations have been expressed in terms of known materials properties plus the number of contact spots and their axis ratio. The accuracy with which the flash temperatures can be known in practice is limited by uncertainty regarding those parameters and by the idealizations embodied in the model. Those theoretical uncertainties are probably no larger than the actual momentary fluctuations in the conditions at the contact spots.
Fractone-associated N-sulfated heparan sulfate shows reduced quantity in BTBR T+tf/J mice: A strong model of autism

BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) mice show abnormal social, communicatory, and repetitive/stereotyped behaviors paralleling many of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. BTBR also show agenesis of the corpus callosum (CC) suggesting major perturbations of growth or guidance factors in the dorsal forebrain [1]. Heparan sulfate (HS) is a polysaccaride found in the brain and other animal tissues. It binds to a wide variety of ligands and through these ligands modulates a number of biological processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, migration and guidance. It is aggregated on fractal-like structures (fractones) in the subventricular zone (SVZ), that may be visualized by laminin immunoreactivity (LAM-ir), as well as by HS immunoreactivity (HS-ir). We report that the lateral ventricles of BTBR mice were drastically reduced in area compared to C57BL/6J (B6) mice while the BTBR SVZ was significantly shorter than that of B6. In addition to much smaller fractones for BTBR, both HS and LAM-ir associated with fractones were significantly reduced in BTBR, and their anterior-posterior distributions were also altered. Finally, the ratio of HS to LAM in individual fractones was significantly higher in BTBR than in B6 mice. These data, in agreement with other findings linking HS to callosal development, suggest that variations in the quantity and distribution of HS in the SVZ of the lateral ventricles may be important modulators of the brain structural abnormalities of BTBR mice, and, potentially, contribute to the behavioral pathologies of these animals.
A structured overview of 50 years of small-world research

This paper offers a structured overview of 50 years of small-world research. Initially formulated by Pool and Kochen in the mid-1950s, the small-world concept can be divided into six research foci, based on three dimensions (structural, process-related, psychological), and two process-related themes (diffusion, search). Building on this analytical distinction, the article provides a historical summary of the different phases of research on the small-world problem, and summarizes the empirical and theoretical progress on different facets of the small-world phenomenon. The paper concludes with a brief assessment of accomplishments and open questions, suggesting some possible future research areas.
The Invasion and Spread of Phragmites australis during a Period of Low Water in a Lake Erie Coastal Wetland

Abstract Numerous studies have documented the invasion of wetland plants, yet few have tracked the invasion process from its early stages to subsequent large-scale, plant-community changes. The invasion of Phragmites australis (common reed) into the Great Lakes region is a recent phenomenon, facilitated by a decline in water lake levels. The spread of P. australis was tracked in the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve, a 60-ha Lake Erie coastal wetland, using a combination of low-altitude aerial photography and ground surveys during the period from 1993 to 2005. Since the late 1990s, the Old Woman Creek wetland has shifted from a predominantly open-water system to a shallow, water-emergent system. This shift has coincided with a decline in Lake Erie water levels, which are now closer to the long-term mean water level. Aerial photographs for the period 1993–2005 show a transition from the floating leaf Nelumbo lutea (American lotus), to a mixed-emergent community, to increasingly large mono...
On The Implementation Of A Fully Parallel Algorithm For The Symmetric Eigenvalue Problem

In this paper we present a parallel algorithm for the symmetric algebraic eigenvalue problem. The algorithm is based upon a divide and conquer scheme suggested by Cuppen for computing the eigensystem of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix. We extend this idea to obtain a parallel algorithm that retains a number of active parallel processes that is greater than or equal to the initial number throughout the course of the computation. Computation of the eigensystem of the tridiagonal matrix is reviewed. Also, brief analysis of the numerical properties and sensitivity to round off error is presented to indicate where numerical difficulties may occur. We show how to explicitly overlap the initial reduction to tridiagonal form with the parallel computation of the eigensystem of the tridiagonal matrix. The algorithm is therefore able to exploit parallelism at all levels of the computation and is well suited to a variety of architectures. Computational results have been presented in [4] for several machines. These results are very encouraging with respect to both accuracy and speedup. A surprising result is that the parallel algorithm for the tridiagonal case, even when run in serial mode, can be significantly faster than the previously best sequential algorithm on large problems, and is effective on moderate size problems when run in serial mode.
Change in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of Subsequent Hospitalization for Coronary Artery Disease or Stroke Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The association between the changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular (CVD) or cerebrovascular hospitalization among patients with type 2 diabetes remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of 30,067 members of the Kaiser Permanente Northwest and Georgia regions, who had type 2 diabetes and 2 HDL cholesterol measurements 6 to 24 months apart in 2001 to 2006. We followed up the cohort for ≤8 years (through 2009) to determine whether the change in HDL cholesterol was associated with subsequent CVD hospitalization. We examined the HDL cholesterol change continuously and by 3 categories: HDL cholesterol increased ≥6.5 mg/dl, decreased ≥6.5 mg/dl, or remained within ±6.4 mg/dl. The Cox regression models were adjusted for the baseline HDL cholesterol and demographic and clinical risk factors. During a mean follow-up of 55.8 ± 23.8 months, 3,023 patients (10.1%) experienced a CVD hospitalization. After multivariate adjustment, each 5 mg/dl of baseline HDL cholesterol was significantly associated with a 6% lower CVD hospitalization risk (hazard ratio 0.94 per 5 mg/dl, 95% confidence interval 0.92 to 0.95, p
Secondary Syphilitic Lesions

An important theme that emerges from all early historical accounts is that in addition to the decreased virulence of Treponema pallidum, the incidence of secondary syphilis has decreased drastically over the past three centuries. Even in the early 20th century, most syphilologists were of the opinion that the disease had undergone changes in its manifestations and that they were dealing with an attenuated form of the spirochete. Such opinions were based primarily on the observations that violent cutaneous reactions and fatalities associated with the secondary stage had become extremely rare. The rate of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States increased in 2002 for the second consecutive year. After a decade-long decline that led to an all-time low in 2000, the recent trend is attributable, to a large extent, by a increase in reported syphilis cases among men, particularly homosexual and bisexual men having sex with men. The present review addresses the clinical and diagnostic criteria for the recognition of secondary syphilis, the clinical course and manifestations of the disease if allowed to proceed past the primary stage of disease in untreated individuals, and the treatment for this stage of the disease.
Preliminary study for the OFFELO

X-ray Optics-Free FEL Oscillator (OFFELO) has potential of becoming a choice for next generation light sources. Using electron beam for the feedback allows OFFELO to be completely tunable and to combine the peak power of high-gain SASE FELs with extremely narrow bandwidth of the oscillator. While the high-gain X-ray FELs has been studied in depth and has been successfully demonstrated, two other concepts (the transport and the feed-back) involved in OFFELO still need detail studies. In this short paper we focus on the simulation of the feedback process and the evolution of FEL spectrum in X-ray OFFELO. In our initial studies of OFFELO studied the saturation of the system and also its evolution using Genesis 2.0 code with a homemade wrapping code. While and lattice design from the modulator to the radiator, in order to minimize the feedback information loss in transporting the beam.
Symbiotic Protozoa and Helminth Parasites of the Cajun Chorus Frog, Pseudacris fouquettei (Anura: Hylidae), from Southern Arkansas and Northeastern Texas, U.S.A.

Nineteen adult Cajun chorus frogs, Pseudacris fouquettei, were collected in Union County, Arkansas, U.S.A. (n 5 14), and Bowie County, Texas, U.S.A. (n 5 5), and examined for parasites and symbiotic protozoa. All 19 frogs were infected with 1 or more species, including 18 (95%) with Opalina sp., 15 (79%) with Nyctotherus cordiformis, 6 (32%) with Myxidium melleni ,1( 5%) with Mesocoelium monas ,1( 5%) with an unidentified acuariid larva, 1 (5%) with Physaloptera sp. (third stage larva), 3 (16%) with Oswaldocruzia leidyi, and 2 (11%) with Cosmocercoides variabilis. Multiple infections with both protists and helminths were observed in 5 (26%) of the P. fouquettei. We document new host records for Opalina sp., N. cordiformis, Me. monas, Acuariidae gen. sp., Physaloptera sp., and O. leidyi; new distributional records are reported for My. melleni (Arkansas) and O. leidyi (Arkansas and Texas).
Developing scholarly projects in education: A primer for medical teachers

Boyer and Glassick’s broad definition of and standards for assessing scholarship apply to all aspects of education. Research on the quality of published medical education studies also reveals fundamentally important elements to address. In this article a three-step approach to developing medical education projects is proposed: refine the scholarly question, identify appropriate designs and methods, and select outcomes. Refining the scholarly question requires careful attention to literature review, conceptual framework, and statements of problem and study intent. The authors emphasize statement of study intent, which is a study’s focal point, and conceptual framework, which situates a project within a theoretical context and provides a means for interpreting the results. They then review study designs and methods commonly used in education projects. They conclude with outcomes, which should be distinguished from assessment methods and instruments, and are separated into Kirkpatrick’s hierarchy of reaction, learning, behavior and results.
Construct Validation of the Health Enhancement Lifestyle Profile (HELP) with Quality of Life among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Objective: This study aimed to provide evidence of construct validity of the health enhancement lifestyle profile (HELP) by exploring its relationship with health-related quality of life. Method: B...
Mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 prevents the development of tactile sensitivity in a rodent model of neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain due to nerve injury is one of the most difficult types of pain to treat. Following peripheral nerve injury, neuronal and glial plastic changes contribute to central sensitization and perpetuation of mechanical hypersensitivity in rodents. The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is pivotal in this spinal cord plasticity. MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) limit inflammatory processes by dephosphorylating MAPKs. For example, MKP-1 preferentially dephosphorylates p-p38. Since spinal p-p38 is pivotal for the development of chronic hypersensitivity in rodent models of pain, and p-p38 inhibitors have shown clinical potential in acute and chronic pain patients, we hypothesize that induction of spinal MKP-1 will prevent the development of peripheral nerve-injury-induced hypersensitivity and p-p38 overexpression. We cloned rat spinal cord MKP-1 and optimize MKP-1 cDNA in vitro using transfections to BV-2 cells. We observed that in vitro overexpression of MKP-1 blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced phosphorylation of p38 (and other MAPKs) as well as release of pro-algesic effectors (i.e., cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide). Using this cDNA MKP-1 and a non-viral, in vivo nanoparticle transfection approach, we found that spinal cord overexpression of MKP-1 prevented development of peripheral nerve-injury-induced tactile hypersensitivity and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the phosphorylated form of p38. Our results indicate that MKP-1, the natural regulator of p-p38, mediates resolution of the spinal cord pro-inflammatory milieu induced by peripheral nerve injury, resulting in prevention of chronic mechanical hypersensitivity. We propose that MKP-1 is a potential therapeutic target for pain treatment or prevention.
Soil-plant interactions in a neotropical mangrove forest: iron, phosphorus and sulfur dynamics.

We examined soil porewater concentrations of sulfate, alkalinity, phosphorus, nitrogen, and dissolved organic carbon and solid phase concentrations of pyrite in relation to mangrove species distributions along a 3.1-km-long transect that traversed a 47.1-km2 mangrove forest in the Dominican Republic. Iron, phosphorus, and sulfur dynamics are closely coupled to the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, the primary decomposers in anoxic soils of mangrove ecosystems. Patterns in the chemistry data suggested that sulfate reduction rates and storage of reduced sulfur were greater in the inland basin forest dominated by Laguncularia racemosa than the Rhizophora mangle dominated forest of the lower tidal region. The distribution of Laguncularia was significantly correlated with concentrations of total phosphorus (r= 0.99) and dissolved organic carbon (r= 0.86), alkalinity (r= 0.60), and the extent of sulfate depletion (r= 0.77) in the soil porewater and soil pyrite concentrations (r= 0.72) across the tidal gradient. Leaf tissue chemistry of Laguncularia was characterized by lower C:N and C:P ratios that could fuel the higher rates of decomposition in the Laguncularia-dominated forest. We suggest that a plant-soil-microbial feedback contributes to the spatial patterning of vegetation and soil variables across the intertidal zone of many mangrove forest communities.
Development of fiber optic data link model

In modern times, where the speed of transmission is of utmost importance, often need arises for a reliable transmission medium. With innovations in LAN (local area networks) such as FDDI (fiber distributed data interface), fiber optic data links and associated interface schemes are gaining more and more acceptance and actually are becoming real necessities. In this article, the author describes a simple design methodology for a fiber optic data link and presents criteria to evaluate the performance and frequency response properties of these data links. In addition, a simple wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) scheme for improved data rate is also presented.
Occupational Therapy Intervention for an Adult With Depression and Suicidal Tendencies

A hospitalized patient with depression and suicidal tendencies was referred for occupational therapy. The patient's evaluations while hospitalized indicated a lack of social skills and unrealistic expectations concerning abilities and aspirations. A work evaluation showed high scores in artistic and people-related occupations. Treatment focused on improvement of self-image, social interaction abilities, and stress management skills that would assist the patient in obtaining and keeping a job. Increased knowledge of vocational options and selection of an appropriate training program led to a job placement that the patient has enjoyed and maintained for the past 2 years.
The Effect of L-Lysine Intake on Egg Component Yield and Composition in Laying Hens

Currently, 24% of the total U.S. egg supply is consumed as liquid egg product (LEP). In addition to egg weight and size, the commercial value of LEP is a function of percentage solids. The influence of L-Lys on LEP, the texture profile analysis of heat formed albumen and yolk gel plugs, and yolk emulsion separations was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 108 layer hens (42 wk of age) were fed three sorghum-soybean diets with Lys levels ranging from 677 to 1,613 mg per hen per d (mg/HD). In Experiment 2, 108 layer hens (23 wk of age) were fed four sorghum diets with Lys levels ranging from 638 to 1,165 mg/HD. In Experiment 1, Lys intake of 1,613 compared to 677 mg/HD significantly increased albumen weight, solids, and protein and egg weight. There were no significant differences in egg production, feed consumption, or yolk weight, protein, and solids. In Experiment 2, Lys intake of 1,165 mg/HD resulted in significantly lower feed consumption, nutrient intake, and egg production. Lysine intake of 1,062 compared to 638 mg/HD resulted in significantly greater albumen solids, protein, and hardness, and egg production. Lysine intake of 828 compared to 638 mg/HD resulted in significant increases in yolk weight, protein, hardness, and emulsion separations. Lysine intakes of 1,062 mg/HD resulted in most yolk parameters returning to levels observed at 638 mg/HD. There were no significant differences in egg weight or yolk solids. This increased understanding of the influence of L-Lys on LEP parameters offers economic benefit to liquid egg producers.
Pregnancy After Trophectoderm Biopsy of Frozen-Thawed Blastocyst

Objective To report a case of a successful pregnancy after trophectoderm biopsy and three-probe fluorescent in situ hybridization of a frozen blastocyst. Design Techniques and instrumentation. Setting A University Medical Center. Patient(s) Infertility patient desiring trophectoderm biopsy on frozen blastocyst for preimplantation testing, from an IVF cycle at a referring IVF program. Intervention(s) Frozen blastocysts were thawed the evening before the planned transfer. Trophectoderm biopsy was performed in the morning. The fluorescent in situ hybridization results were obtained the same day; embryo transfer was performed under ultrasound guidance. Main Outcome Measurement(s) Serum βhCG and transvaginal ultrasound. Result(s) Positive βhCG and ongoing pregnancy. Conclusion(s) Trophectoderm biopsy can be used as a means for testing frozen blastocysts in patients with excess embryos cryopreserved on day 5 or 6 from previously preformed IVF cycles.
DEDiscover: A Computation and Simulation Tool for HIV Viral Fitness Research

Viral fitness is one of the most important areas in HIV virology research. Modeling viral fitness poses significant computational challenges which must be solved in order to appropriately design and analyze experimental data. To facilitate the HIV viral fitness research, we have designed a computation and simulation tool, DEDiscover, to deal with both simulation and estimation problems for ordinary and delay differential equation models. In this paper, we describe the design and features of DEDiscover and demonstrate how it may be used to analyze the results of an HIV viral fitness experiment.