cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An achievable rate region for discrete memoryless broadcast channels with confidential messages

In this paper, we consider non-degraded discrete memoryless broadcast channels where two private messages as well as a common message are transmitted at rate R1, R2 and Ro respectively. The common message is for both receivers to decode; the private message is only for its intended receiver of which the other receiver shall be kept as ignorant as possible. Measuring ignorance by equivocation, we propose an achievable rate region (R1, R2, Ro, Re1, Re2) for this channel where Re1 and Re2 are the equivocation rates for the two receivers respectively. This result generalizes Csiszar and Kornerpsilas capacity region for broadcast channels with single private message, Liu et alpsilas result for broadcast channels with perfect secrecy, Gelpsilafand and Pinskerpsilas achievable rate region for broadcast channels with common message, and Martonpsilas achievable rate region for general broadcast channels.
Human myosin-Vc is a novel class V myosin expressed in epithelial cells

Class V myosins are one of the most ancient and widely distributed groups of the myosin superfamily and are hypothesized to function as motors for actin-dependent organelle transport. We report the discovery and initial characterization of a novel member of this family, human myosin-Vc (Myo5c). The Myo5c protein sequence shares approximately 50% overall identity with the two other class V myosins in vertebrates, myosin-Va (Myo5a) and myosin-Vb (Myo5b). Systematic analysis of the mRNA and protein distribution of these myosins indicates that Myo5a is most abundant in brain, whereas Myo5b and Myo5c are expressed chiefly in non-neuronal tissues. Myo5c is particularly abundant in epithelial and glandular tissues including pancreas, prostate, mammary, stomach, colon and lung. Immunolocalization in colon and exocrine pancreas indicates that Myo5c is expressed chiefly in epithelial cells. A dominant negative approach using a GFP-Myo5c tail construct in HeLa cells reveals that the Myo5c tail selectively colocalizes with and perturbs a membrane compartment containing the transferrin receptor and rab8. Transferrin also accumulates in this compartment, suggesting that Myo5c is involved in transferrin trafficking. As a class V myosin of epithelial cells, Myo5c is likely to power actin-based membrane trafficking in many physiologically crucial tissues of the human body.
The occurrence and effects of the local strains of the California encephalitis group of viruses in domestic mammals of Florida.

A quantitative micro-plaque reduction test using Keystone (KEY) virus disclosed the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of 57/111 horses, 34/104 cattle, 22/119 dogs, and 0/9 swine collected in Florida in 1970. Similar results for neutralizing antibodies to California group viruses were obtained using the weanling mouse neutralization test with KEY, Trivittatus (TVT), LaCrosse, and California encephalitis (CE) viruses. Only 8 of 111 equine sera tested by the hemagglutination-inhibition test with CE virus exhibited this type of antibody. Viremia was not observed in any of 6 horses or 8 dogs inoculated with either KEY or TVT virus although 4 horses developed a persistent increase in neutralizing antibodies, as did 1 dog inoculated with TVT. Two dogs inoculated with KEY 28 days after TVT inoculation possessed KEY and/or TVT neutralizing antibodies 35 days after the second inoculation. Horses and cattle may be useful as monitors of KEY and TVT activity in Florida.
Nanowire Photonics

The manipulation of optical energy in structures smaller than the wavelength of light is key to the development of integrated photonic devices for computing, communications and sensing. Wide band gap semiconductor nanostructures with near-cylindrical geometry and large dielectric constants exhibit two-dimensional ultraviolet and visible photonic confinement (i.e. waveguiding). Combined with optical gain, the waveguiding behavior facilitates highly directional lasing at room temperature in controlled-growth nanowires with favorable resonant feedback. We have further explored the properties and functions of individual ultralong crystalline oxide nanoribbons that act as subwavelength optical waveguides, nonlinear frequency converter and assess their applicability as nanoscale photonic elements and scanning probes. Semiconductor nanowires offer a versatile photonic platform due to the ability to specify material size, shape, and composition. The integration of multiple unique materials with distinct optical properties promises to enable advances for several applications ranging from solid state lighting, biochemical sensing to imaging and spectroscopy.
Many Inscrutable Evils

AbstractI examine the evidential argument from inscrutable evil, evil for which we can see no morally adequate reason. Such evils are often thought to provide evidence for the existence of gratuitous evil that God could not be justified in allowing, but arguments for this are often informal and intuitive. I try to contribute greater rigor by developing a probabilistic argument that large numbers of inscrutable evils are strong evidence for the existence of gratuitous evil. Then, I consider and reject two plausible replies on behalf of the theist.
Focus on . . . Governmental Plans (Part II)

Ever since the enactment of ERISA in 1974, governmental plans have received special treatment under both ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code, but the boundaries between governmental and nongovernmental plans have not been clear. The distinction has recently become more important, as the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 has exempted most governmental retirement plans from most of the Code's nondiscrimination rules. Part I of this article (published in the Spring 1998 issue) discusses the statutory definitions of the term 'governmental plan' and described how the substantive rules applicable to these retirement plans differ from the rules that apply to nongovernmental plans. The second part discusses the employer aggregation rules for governmental retirement plans.
Pyrolysis Gas Composition for a Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator Heatshield

Published physical properties of phenolic impregnated carbon ablator (PICA) are compiled, and the composition of the pyrolysis gases that form at high temperatures internal to a heatshield is investigated. A link between the composition of the solid resin, and the composition of the pyrolysis gases created is provided. This link, combined with a detailed investigation into a reacting pyrolysis gas mixture, allows a consistent, and thorough description of many of the physical phenomena occurring in a PICA heatshield, and their implications, to be presented.
Levels of Dihomo-γ-Linolenate are Depressed in Heart Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylethanolamine in the Biotin-Deficient Chick

Abstract Male broiler chicks were fed a purified diet with 0 or 500 μg/kg of added biotin for 21 days posthatch. Fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were determined in erythrocytes and in heart mitochondria and microsomes of chicks at 12 and 21 days of age. The biotin-deficient (BD, 0μg biotin) chicks had lower body weights, lower feed efficiencies, and higher scores for dermatitis and twisted leg than the biotin-adequate (BA, 500 μg biotin) chicks. The erythrocyte arachidonate level in PC was higher in BD chicks compared to the BA controls, and the level increased with age in PC and PE in the erythrocytes. The level of dihomo-γ-linolenate (20:3ω6) in PC and PE in heart mitochondria and microsomes was consistently decreased in BD chicks compared with that in BA chicks. In heart subcellular organelles, the level of arachidonate in PC increased, but the level of dihomo-γ-linolenate in PE decreased with age. These data demonstrate that biotin deficiency results in dramatic changes in the fatty acid composition of specific phospholipids in chick erythrocytes and heart subcellular organelles.
Comparison of GC and IC in determination of sodium cyclamate in wine

To develope a method of determination of sodium cyclamate in wine by ion chromatography.The comparison experiment of GC and IC was performed,the experimental data were statistically analyzed. Results showed that under the certain experimental condition,the correlation efficient( r) were0. 999 6 and 0. 999 9,respectively. Average recoveries were 95. 5% and 93. 8%,RSD were 1. 38% and2. 27%. The results of two methods was not significantly different. IC was simple,rapid and accurate,Which was suitable for determination of sodium cyclamate in wine.
ELECTRICITY WHOLESALE MARKET PRICING MECHANISM WITH DEMAND SIDE INCORPORATED

On the basis of analyzing the root of the market problem caused by system marginal pricing mechanism, the pricing theory for electricity wholesale market is researched. According to the domestic actual situation, a two side wholesale market mode for regional electricity market, in which the demand side incorporates the pricing, is proposed. The proposed market mode may be a more efficient concentrated wholesale one.
Racial- and ethnic-sensitive practice: From the practitioners’ perspective:

SummaryThis qualitative study supports a necessary movement that prepares future generations of social workers to come to the fullest terms of race and ethnicity to produce effective client outcome...
The gastroepiploic artery graft in coronary artery bypass surgery

From March 1986 to October 1989, 91 patients underwent CABG using the right gastroepiploic artery (GEA) at Osaka Medical College and Mitsui Memorial Hospital. Including 14 females, the mean age was 57.9 years old ranged from 34 to 73 years old. Triple vessel disease and left main disease occupied over 90% of the patients. There were 5 emergency operations and 6 reoperations. Associated serious diseases were; renal failure with hemodialysis in 2 pts., familial hyperlipidemia in 5 pts., severe atherosclerotic ascending aorta in 8 pts., arteriosclerosis obliterance in 3 pts., and each one of abdominal aortic aneurysm and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The internal thoracic artery (ITA) graft was concomitantly utilized in 96% of the patients. Single ITA in 60 pts., double ITA in 23 pts. and sequential ITA in 5 patients. Saphenous vein graft was used in 58 patients and remaining 33 patients were operated without leg wound. The mean number of distal anastomoses was 3.3 ranged from 1 to 5, and the mean number of arterial grafts was 2.5 ranged from 1 to 4. The mean aortic cross clamp time and cardiopulmonary bypass time was 62.8 minutes and 113.6 minutes, respectively. Sites of GEA anastomosis were; 4 anterior descending, 3 diagonal, 11 circumflex and 73 right coronary arteries. There were 86 in situ grafts mostly for the right coronary arteries, and remaining 5 GEAs were used as a free graft to bypass the left coronary arteries. On the contrary, ITA was used to bypass the left coronary artery system preferentially. There was 3 combined procedures; splenectomy, abdominal aorta replacement, and ascending aorta to bifemoral artery bypass in each one patients. Three patients including one emergency case died within 30 days after surgery. Two were cardiac and one was renal failure. Other 2 patients died of stroke at late period. New Q wave infarction was noted in 2 patients. Relief of angina was obtained in 98% of survivors. The patency rate of the GEA graft was 97% in 61 grafts restudied within 6 postoperative months, which was identical with that of the ITA graft, that is 97% of 76 grafts. In conclusion, the GEA has several advantages as a coronary artery bypass graft such as similarity in size to the coronary artery, rare arteriosclerosis, feasibility of in situ graft, and no gastric complication. Its flow capacity is studying now and favourable results are being obtained. The final problem, its long term patency, will be resolved in future. GEA is a promising conduit for the coronary bypass surgery.
Interactions of factors impacting implementation and sustainability of renewable energy sourced electricity

Abstract Two renewable energy sourced electricity (RES-E) technologies are at the forefront of the current energy transition away from fossil fuels: wind, and solar photovoltaic. However, RES-E must overcome implementation, and sustainability challenges from factors identified in economic, policy, societal, technological, and environmental dimensions. RES-E diffusion is also a complex problem, and this critical review suggests that outcomes depend on interdependencies between factors within a single, or across multiple dimensions. Four categories of interactivity have been identified. Higher capital costs or market inequalities associated with the economic dimension of RES-E drive supportive policies or incentives in the policy dimension. In the policy-policy category, interactions between RES-E demand or supply side incentives influence electricity pricing, energy market mixes, or greenhouse gases emissions. The society-technology category examines societal-technological interactions at both micro, and macro scales. The environment-technology category details interactions between RES-E and the environment. The technology-technology category examines synergies between RES-E when collocated with conventional electricity generation technologies This review identified several knowledge gaps. First, research on RES-E implementation lacks system level analyses on the impact of interactions on project outcomes. A well-developed line of research examines interactions between multiple, simultaneous supportive policies on RES-E implementation in developed nations, however, a second gap exists on the understanding of these interactions in developing nations. A third gap exists on evaluating the impact of technological lock-in. This includes the impact on RES-E implementation rates when the complex economic, policy, governance, and societal factors implicated in lock-in are removed.
DYNAMIC STABILITY OF STRUCTURES

Abstract Dynamic stability is defined and classified, and examples are given for the various classes of problems. Criteria are developed for practical stability and it is shown that in a practical elastic column tested in a conventional testing machine stress reversal always precedes the attainment of the maximum load. The two coincide, however, in the limit when the initial deviations of the column axis from straightness and the loading speed tend to zero.
Re-examining the Relationship Between Need for Cognition and Creativity: Predicting Creative Problem Solving Across Multiple Domains

Prior studies have demonstrated inconsistent findings with regard to the relationship between need for cognition and creativity. In our study, measurement issues were explored as a potential source of these inconsistencies. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to examine the factor structure underlying the 18-item need for cognition scale in three independent samples drawn from three prior studies. In addition, the relationships between need for cognition and the quality, originality, and elegance of creative problem solutions across multiple domains of performance were analyzed. Across all 3 samples, the bifactor model fit the data better than the 2-factor and 1-factor need for cognition models. After controlling for method-specific variance, the trait factor of the bifactor model showed consistently positive relationships with all 3 facets of creative performance and showed stronger relationships with these facets than the composite score results reported in prior studies. Implications for ...
Engineered Polymerases with Altered Substrate Specificity: Expression and Purification.

Polymerase engineering is making it possible to synthesize xeno-nucleic acid polymers (XNAs) with diverse backbone structures and chemical functionality. The ability to copy genetic information back and forth between DNA and XNA has led to a new field of science known as synthetic genetics, which aims to study the genetic concepts of heredity and evolution in artificial genetic polymers. Since many of the polymerases needed to synthesize XNA polymers are not available commercially, researchers must express and purify these enzymes as recombinant proteins from E. coli. This unit details the steps needed to express, purify, and evaluate the activity of engineered polymerases with altered substrate recognition properties. The protocol requires 6 days to complete and will produce ∼20 mg of pure, nuclease-free polymerase per liter of E. coli bacterial culture. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Baseline connectome modular abnormalities in the childhood phase of a longitudinal study on individuals with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Occurring in at least 1 in 3,000 live births, chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) produces a complex phenotype that includes a constellation of medical complications such as congenital cardiac defects, immune deficiency, velopharyngeal dysfunction, and characteristic facial dysmorphic features. There is also an increased incidence of psychiatric diagnosis, especially intellectual disability and ADHD in childhood, lifelong anxiety, and a strikingly high rate of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, which occur in around 30% of adults with 22q11DS. Using innovative computational connectomics, we studied how 22q11DS affects high-level network signatures of hierarchical modularity and its intrinsic geometry in 55 children with confirmed 22q11DS and 27 Typically Developing (TD) children. Results identified 3 subgroups within our 22q11DS sample using a K-means clustering approach based on several midline structural measures-of-interests. Each subgroup exhibited distinct patterns of connectome abnormalities. Subtype 1, containing individuals with generally healthy-looking brains, exhibited no significant differences in either modularity or intrinsic geometry when compared with TD. By contrast, the more anomalous 22q11DS Subtypes 2 and 3 brains revealed significant modular differences in the right hemisphere, while Subtype 3 (the most anomalous anatomy) further exhibited significantly abnormal connectome intrinsic geometry in the form of left-right temporal disintegration. Taken together, our findings supported an overall picture of (a) anterior-posteriorly differential interlobar frontotemporal/frontoparietal dysconnectivity in Subtypes 2 and 3 and (b) differential intralobar dysconnectivity in Subtype 3. Our ongoing studies are focusing on whether these subtypes and their connnectome signatures might be valid biomarkers for predicting the degree of psychosis-proneness risk found in 22q11DS. Hum Brain Mapp 39:232-248, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On stochastic proximal-point method for convex-composite optimization

We study stochastic proximal-point method applied to a convex-composite optimization problem, where the objective function is given as the sum of two convex functions, one of which is smooth while the other is not necessarily smooth but has a simple structure for evaluating the proximal operator. The main goal is to investigate a trade-off between the choice of a constant stepsize value and the speed at which the algorithm approaches the optimal points. We consider the case of a strongly convex objective function and make the most standard assumptions on the smooth component function and its stochastic gradient estimates. First of all, we analyze the basic properties of the stochastic proximal-point mapping associated with the procedure under consideration. Based on these properties, we formulate the main result, which provides the explicit condition on the constant stepsize for which the stochastic proximal-point method approaches a σ-neighborhood of the optimal point in expectation, where the parameter σ > 0 is related to the variance of the stochastic gradient estimates. Moreover, the rate at which the σ-neighborhood attracts the iterates is geometric, which allows us to estimate the number of iterations the procedure needs to enter this region (in expectation).
Isolate-Cultivar Interactions, In Vitro Growth, and Fungicide Sensitivity of Fusarium oxysporum Isolates Causing Seedling Disease on Soybean.

Fusarium oxysporum is frequently associated with soybean root rot in the United States. Information about pathogenicity and other phenotypic characteristics of F. oxysporum populations is limited. ...
Thyroid Influences on the Developing Cerebellum and Hippocampus of the Rat

Although cretinism was already described by the turn of the century, the involvement of thyroid deficiency in this malady was not reported until the 1930’s (Kerley, 1936). Soon thereafter, animal studies were carried out which made clear the necessity of thyroid hormones for general somatic and neural development during the neonatal and early postnatal period in the rat, which is roughly equivalent to the first year of life in the human (Salmon, 1936; Scow and Simpson, 1945; Eayrs and Taylor, 1951; Eayrs and Horn, 1955; Hamburg and Vicari, 1957; Eayrs, 1961).
Career experiences and perceptions of underrepresented minority medical school faculty.

Background Although studies have outlined the benefit of diversity in academic medicine, the number of underrepresented minority (URM) faculty remains low. In 1998, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine with the Hispanic Center of Excellence began a formalized proactive faculty development program. Over the past 10 years, recruitment and retention of URM junior faculty have increased. We undertook a study to explore factors associated with this improvement. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 18 out of 26 URM and 12 out of 26 randomly chosen non-URM assistant and associate faculty members throughout 2005. Interview content, based on a conceptual framework from Joanne Moody, included career path, knowledge and experience with faculty development programs and perceived faculty standing. Results URM faculty were more likely than majority faculty (44% vs. 8%, p=0.04) to mention the importance of a role model in choosing their career path. URM faculty participated in faculty development programs at a higher rate than majority faculty (78% vs. 17%, p Conclusions Academic medical centers may find competitive URM candidates in staff positions and alternative faculty tracks within their institution. Informing URM faculty often and personally about opportunities for faculty development may increase their participation in career development programs and improve retention.
Macrophage activation: enhanced oxidative and antiprotozoal activity.

Although only one of the array of secretory properties displayed by activated macrophages, the capacity to generate increased amounts of reactive oxygen intermediates is a consistent biochemical marker of activation with clearly relevant biologic effects (Nathan et al., 1980). Thus, the ability to secrete high levels of superoxide anion (O2 −) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) appears to contribute in an important way to the capacity to exert enhanced antimicrobial activity—a particularly key expression of the activated state (North, 1979). Current evidence suggests, for example, that (1) those mononuclear phagocytes that are capable of killing intracellular pathogens such as protozoa, fungi, and mycobacteria depend in large measure on this oxygen-dependent mechanism (Haidaris and Bonventre, 1982; Murray et al., 1979; Murray and Cohn, 1980; Murray, 1981a, 1982b; Nathan et al., 1979; Sasada and Johnston, 1980; Walker and Lowrie, 1981), and (2) secreted O2 − and H2O2 may also be active against certain extracellular microbial targets too large to be ingested (Diamond et al., 1982; Kazura et al., 1981).
The transiogram as a graphic metric for characterizing the spatial patterns of landscapes

Landscape metrics play an important role in measurement, analysis, and interpretation of spatial patterns of landscapes. There are a variety of different landscape metrics widely used in landscape ecology. However, existing landscape metrics are mostly non-graphic and single-value indices, which may not be sufficient to describe the complex spatial correlation and interclass relationships of various landscapes. As a transition probability diagram over the lag distance, the transiogram, which emerged in recent years, essentially provides a new graphic metric for measuring and visualizing the auto and cross correlations of landscape categories. To explore the capability of the transiogram for measuring spatial patterns of categorical landscape maps and compare it with existing landscape metrics. Sixteen commonly-used landscape metrics and transiograms (including auto- and cross-transiograms) were estimated and compared for land cover/use classes in four areas with different landscapes. Results show that (1) these transiograms can provide visual information about the proportions, aggregation levels, interclass adjacencies, and intra-class/interclass correlation ranges of landscape classes; (2) sills and auto-correlation ranges of transiograms are correlated with the values of some landscape metrics; and (3) the peak height ratios of idealized transiograms can effectively represent the juxtaposition strength of neighboring class pairs. The transiogram can be an effective graphic metric for characterizing the auto-correlation of single classes (through auto-transiograms) and the complex interclass relationships, such as interdependency and juxtaposition, between different landscape classes (through cross-transiograms).
Anterior Knee Pain

Anterior knee pain is one of the most common orthopedic conditions, comprising a variety of distinct disorders. The causes of anterior knee pain and patellofemoral pain syndrome are discussed in this chapter. Careful evaluation of the patient can help clinicians make accurate diagnoses and guide treatments. Key concepts regarding rehabilitation and treatments of patellofemoral pain are reviewed. We also discuss the evaluation and treatment of other conditions, including iliotibial band syndrome, lateral patellofemoral compression syndrome, plica syndrome, patellar tendinopathy, and chondral lesions.
Two-Port Networks

A network is a combination of one or several electric circuits that together perform a specific action. The network might have several inputs that receive excitations and outputs to show the results. A port is a set of two terminals that allows for a source to connect and excite the network or connect a measurement device and record the response. For instance, a voltage source connected to a port of a network may cause currents to flow through the network and voltage drops to appear across the elements. To measure any of these currents or voltages, terminals may be extended to demonstrate some measurment locations, forming an output port. This forms a two-port network. Similarly, two-port networks can be easily expanded to multiple-port networks each showing a parameter in the circuit. Figure 12.1 shows a circuit and the process to consider it as a two-port network.
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography: Applications for Clinical Care and Scientific Research

Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is a non-contact imaging technique that produces high-resolution images and quantitative measurements of the anterior segment and its anatomical structures. There has been rapid development of OCT technology over the past 2 decades, with the transition from time-domain to Fourier-domain OCT devices. By integrating these advancements in OCT technology, AS-OCT devices have evolved into versatile clinical and research tools for studies of the anterior segment and ocular surface. The primary purpose of this article was to review OCT technology and AS-OCT devices as well as applications of AS-OCT for clinical practice and scientific research. We first describe the different types of OCT technology, how they have been adapted for AS-OCT imaging, and differences between various AS-OCT devices. We then review the applications of AS-OCT for characterizing the anatomical structures of the anterior segment and aqueous outflow pathways, including the anterior chamber angle, trabecular meshwork, and Schlemm canal. We also describe glaucoma-related applications of AS-OCT imaging, which include evaluating patients for static and dynamic biometric risk factors of primary angle closure disease and assessing the efficacy of glaucoma interventions, such as laser peripheral iridotomy and glaucoma surgery. Finally, we review other clinical applications of AS-OCT imaging for detection and management of diseases of the ocular surface, cornea, and lens.
A pediatric desensitization protocol for etoposide.

PURPOSE The implementation of a pediatric desensitization protocol specific to etoposide in an adolescent with Hodgkin lymphoma is described. SUMMARY Etoposide is part of many chemotherapy regimens used to treat malignancies in children and adults, and it is also part of the backbone of many regimens used in clinical trials. Etoposide is known to produce hypersensitivity reactions during administration. Substitution with etoposide phosphate, which has less potential for hypersensitivity reactions, is used in place of etoposide after severe hypersensitivity reactions. Etoposide desensitization protocols (EDPs) have been reported in adult patients. CONCLUSION The implementation of an etoposide desensitization protocol for pediatric patients is safe and helpful to prevent the elimination of etoposide from treatment protocols. The use of an EDP allowed the patient to remain on clinical trial and complete the prescribed treatment.
Visualizing Quantum Interference in Molecular Junctions

Electron transport across a molecular junction is characterized by an energy-dependent transmission function. The transmission function accounts for electrons tunneling through multiple molecular o...
Diverse roles of Synaptotagmin-7 in regulating vesicle fusion

Synaptotagmin 7 (Syt7) is a multifunctional calcium sensor expressed throughout the body. Its high calcium affinity makes it well suited to act in processes triggered by modest calcium increases within cells. In synaptic transmission, Syt7 has been shown to mediate asynchronous neurotransmitter release, facilitation, and vesicle replenishment. In this review we provide an update on recent developments, and the newly emerging roles of Syt7 in frequency invariant synaptic transmission and in suppressing spontaneous release. Additionally, we discuss Syt7's regulation of membrane fusion in non-neuronal cells, and its involvement in disease. How such diversity of functions is regulated remains an open question. We discuss several potential factors including temperature, presynaptic calcium signals, the localization of Syt7, and its interaction with other Syt isoforms.
Voices of home-based palliative care community health workers in rural Malawi: A mixed methods study on factors affecting role and sustainability

Purpose: St. Gabriel’s Hospital (SGH) in Namitete, Malawi, has a Home-Based Palliative Care program of 60 community health workers (CHWs) to support rehabilitation work. Over 5 years, these CHWs re...
A vision-based end-point control for a two-link flexible manipulator

The measurement and control of the end-effector position of a large two-link flexible manipulator are investigated. The system implementation is described and an initial algorithm for static end-point positioning is discussed. Most existing robots are controlled through independent joint controllers, while the end-effector position is estimated from the joint positions using a kinematic relation. End-point position feedback can be used to compensate for uncertainty and structural deflections. Such feedback is especially important for flexible robots. Computer vision is utilized to obtain end-point position measurements. A look-and-move control structure alleviates the disadvantages of the slow and variable computer vision sampling frequency. This control structure consists of an inner joint-based loop and an outer vision-based loop. A static positioning algorithm was implemented and experimentally verified. This algorithm utilizes the manipulator Jacobian to transform a tip position error to a joint error. The joint error is then used to give a new reference input to the joint controller. The convergence of the algorithm is demonstrated experimentally under payload variation. A Landmark Tracking System (Dickerson, et al 1990) is used for vision-based end-point measurements. This system was modified and tested. A real-time control system was implemented on a PC and interfaced with the vision system and the robot.
Flourishing through leisure: An inclusive, ecological, and strengths-based approach

Leisure plays an important role in helping people achieve inclusion in their communities, is a source of well-being for many people, and is a powerful force for positive change in a person’s life. ...
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN SUBMAXILLARY GLAND. II. THE BASE OF THE STRIATED DUCT CELLS.

The ultrastructure of the striated duct cells of the human submaxillary gland has been studied. At their base, the cells possess numerous cytoplasmic processes. Within these processes are lodged many rod-shaped mitochondria. Processes from adjacent cells are interlocked in a highly complex fashion. Numerous desmosomes are present on the plasma membranes delimiting the processes. The desmosomes bind adjacent processes. Chains of vesicles are found in close relation to the elaborately folded basal membranes.
Peptide–Metal Interactions

Copper–peptide complexes have been the most extensively studied of all the metal–peptide complexes. Copper(II) is the most important oxidation state in copper–peptide complexes, although copper(III) can be stabilized by coordination to peptides. The deprotonated peptide nitrogens help stabilize the higher oxidation state of copper; therefore the more deprotonated peptide nitrogens, the more stable the copper(III) complex. The copper(II) complexes of GlyGlyProGly and (GlyGlyProGly)2 are very similar. At low pH, both peptides bond through the amino nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen of the first peptide linkage. The peptides GlyGlyProLys and (GlyGlyProLys)2 initially form 1N complexes with copper(II). With luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone the copper(II) is coordinated via the imidazole nitrogen and two deprotonated peptide nitrogens. With angiotensin II, the copper(II) is bonded via the imidazole nitrogen of the histidine residue and two deprotonated peptide nitrogens. The dipeptide TyrPro bonded copper(II) through the amino nitrogen and the peptide carbonyl. Since there was no ionizable hydrogen on the peptide nitrogen, there was no bonding by the peptide nitrogen. The copper(II)AVP (vasopressin analog) complex is one of the most stable 4N copper–peptide complexes known. Owing to their similarities, nickel(II)–peptide complexes are usually studied along with copper(II) complexes. In neutral to acidic solutions, the nickel is coordinated through the amino nitrogen and the carbonyl oxygen (1N). When the pH is raised to 9.0, nickel(II) substitutes for a peptide hydrogen, and the coordination changes. In NiH1L complexes of cysteine-containing dipeptides, the nickel is coordinated via the amino and deprotonated peptide nitrogens and the thiol group. Zinc-peptide complexes are less stable. With the dipeptides Ala–His and Gly–His at high pH, zinc(II) was shown to form complexes coordinated through the amino nitrogen, deprotonated peptide nitrogen, and the imidazole nitrogen. Unlike copper(II), both palladium(II) and platinum(II) are soft acceptors and as such are expected to coordinate to soft donors like sulfur and aromatic nitrogen donors in residues such as Met and His, and deprotonated peptide nitrogens. Early investigations of metals showed that divalent metals such as copper(II), cobalt(II), and nickel(II) could catalyze the hydrolysis of amino acid esters. Mechanisms of cobalt(III)-mediated peptide-bond cleavage have been investigated; because cobalt(III) complexes bind to the N-terminal amino acid residue of peptides, only the N-terminal peptide bond is hydrolyzed. Complexes containing iron can cleave peptide bonds, as can complexes of palladium or platinum. Keywords: tuftsin; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH); thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF); angiotensin II; bleomycin; fibrinopeptide A; vasopressin; cleavage; hydrolysis
Rat-race dynamics and crazy companies: The diffusion of technologies and social behavior

How and why do technologies spread when and where they do? What are the implications and consequences for the structure, wealth, and management of human organizations? These expansive questions were the subject of the presentations and discussions of the International Conference on Diffusion of Technologies and Social Behavior, summarized in this chapter. The chapter is organized under the following headings: empirical regularities; theoretical issues; predictability; roles of time and space; definition of niche and innovation; selection dynamics; role of marketing; social aspects of diffusion; globalization of diffusion processes; and applications of diffusion. While the chapter treats some questions for policy in both the public and private sectors, it emphasizes research needs and opportunities in the diffusion field.
Bayes-P∗ subset selection procedures for the best population

Abstract Two new selection procedures, called nonrandomized and randomized Bayes -P ∗ procdures are defined for selecting a small nonempty subset of k populations which contains the best population. It is shown that these procedures have some optimal properties. If we restrict attention to the class D (D ∗ ) of all nonrandomized (randomized) selection procedures, which satisfy the PP∗-condition, that is the posterior probability of a correct selection, for any given observation X = χ, is not less than P ∗ , a predetermined number between 1/k and 1, then these two new selection procedures are shown also to be Bayes decision procedures in the class D and D ∗ respectively, provided that some regularity conditions are satisfied. Robustness of these procedures and comparisons with some other selection procedures are studied by using Monte Carlo simulations.
Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome in children: Patient characteristics, diagnostic delays and associated complications

Aims The aim of this study was to describe the demographical and clinical characteristics, diagnostic difficulties, and morbidity and mortality in children with hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS). Methods Retrospective cross-section descriptive study of children (<18 years of age) at an urban, tertiary, academic Children's Hospital diagnosed with HHS from January 2002 to December 2011. Results Six patients met inclusion criteria for the diagnosis of HHS. Age ranged from 6 to 16 years with 4 (67%) patients younger than 13 years. Four (67%) patients were women and 5 (83%) were African-American. Body mass index (BMI)-for-age percentile was >97% in four (67%) patients. Three (60%) of five patients seen as outpatients were misdiagnosed, two cases were seen twice before an accurate diagnosis of HHS was made. There was one (17%) death. Complications included three patients with acute renal failure, one patient with seizures, and one patient with rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome leading to below the knee amputation. Malignant hyperthermia and ventricular arrhythmias occurred in the patient who expired. Three of the five patients who had autoantibody tests had positive results and were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions Characteristics of children with HSS are variable for age, gender and BMI-for-age percentile and not predominately limited to obese male adolescent African-American. Delay in diagnosis is common and morbidity and mortality in paediatric HHS are significant. The subsequent diagnosis of patients presenting with HHS includes type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.
Affinity chromatography of macromolecular substances on adsorbents bearing carbohydrate ligands.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information on the methods for preparing affinity adsorbents having carbohydrate ligands and illustrates the use of these adsorbents for the purification of representative, macromolecular substances. Affinity chromatography is possible because of the stereospecific interactions that can occur between the functional groups of one compound and the complementary groups of another. Affinity adsorbents prepared from cellulose may exhibit nonspecific adsorption, and the purification of the desired substance could be difficult to achieve. The p -aminophenyl glycosides have been most widely used for preparing affinity adsorbents having carbohydrate ligands. Many types of affinity adsorbent have been prepared by coupling ligands containing primary amino groups to agarose activated with cyanogen bromide. Antibodies that are induced by carbohydrate antigens and that combine with carbohydrate residues of these antigens have been designated antiglycosyl antibodies. Additional studies are required to establish whether the anti-isomaltose, myeloma protein is synthesized as a homogeneous protein or in multimolecular form.
The MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale in epilepsy: a high false positive error rate.

A substantial proportion of patients with epilepsy seen in a large medical center were found to be incorrectly classified as possible substance abusers by the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC) of the MMPI. Demographic variables, IQs, and MAC scale raw scores were compiled for a sample of 29 male and 33 female seizure patients. No significant or meaningful differences were found between the sexes; therefore, the sample was treated as a single group. False positive error rartes on the MAC scale were 48.39% when MacAndrew's originally proposed raw score cut-off of 24 was used; 30.65% with a cut-off of 26; 20.97% with a cut-off of 28; and 9.68% with a cut-off of 30. A similarity of experiential and behavioral characteristics between seizure patients and substance abusers is suggested as a possible reason for the findings. A greater awareness of this high false positive rate for epilepsy patients is needed to differentiate drug-/alcohol-induced from non-induced seizures and to prevent inappropriate labeling of seizure patients by the various professional groups who utilize the MMPI. Suggestions are made for future research.
A hierarchical approach for constitutive modelling of geologic materials

SUMMARY A hierarchical concept is proposed for the development of constitutive models to account for various factors that influence behaviour of (geologic) materials. It permits evolution of models of progressively higher grades from the basic model representing isotropic hardening with associative behaviour. Factors such as non-associativeness and induced anisotropy due to friction and cyclic loading, and softening are introduced as corrections or perturbations to the basic model. The influence of these factors is captured through non-associativeness manifested by deviation from normality of the plastic strain increments to the yield surface, F. Details of four models: isotropic hardening with associative behaviour, isotropic hardening with non-associative behaviour, general anisotropic hardening and strain-softening with a damage variable are presented. They are verified with respect to laboratory multiaxial test data under various paths of loading, unloading and reloading for typical soils, rock and concrete. The proposed concept is general, yet sufficiently simplified in terms of physical understanding, number of constants and their physical meanings, determination of the constants and implementation.
Parameter Sensitive Patterns for Scatterometry Monitoring

This paper proposes a new highly sensitive scatterometry based Probe-Pattern Grating Focus Monitor. The high sensitivity is achieved by placing transparent lines spaced at the strong focus spillover distance of around 0.6λ/NA from the centerline of a 90 degree phase-shifted probe line that functions as an interferometer detector. The monitor translates the focus error into the probe line trench depth, which can be measured by scatterometry techniques. Simulations of optical imaging, resist development and Optical Digital Profilometry measurements are used to evaluate the expected practical performance. A linear model is developed to estimate focus error based on the measured probe trench depth. The results indicate that the ODP measurement from a single wafer focus setting can detect both the defocus direction and the defocus distance to well under 0.1 Rayleigh unit of defocus.
Integration and Testing of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Attitude Control System

Prior to the successful launch of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) on June 18, 2009, the Attitude Control System (ACS) team completed numerous Integration and Testing (I&T) tests on each hardware component in ever more flight like environments. 12The ACS utilizes a select group of attitude sensors and actuators. This paper will chronicle the evolutionary steps taken to verify each component was constantly ready for flight as well as providing invaluable trending experience with the actual hardware. The paper will include a discussion of each ACS hardware component, lessons learned of the various stages of I&T, a discussion of the challenges that are unique to the LRO project, as well as a discussion of work for future missions to consider as part of their I&T plan
Using mixed gases for massive gas injection disruption mitigation on Alcator C-Mod

Mixed gases are used for massive gas injection disruption mitigation on Alcator C-Mod in order to optimize radiation efficiency, halo current reduction and response time. Gas mixtures of helium and argon (argon fraction 0–50%) are investigated in detail, as well as mixtures of deuterium, argon, krypton and helium. Experiments show that injecting He/Ar mixtures leads to faster thermal and current quenches than with pure helium or argon injection, thus improving the time response of the disruption mitigation system and reducing the halo current. Small fractions of argon (~5–10%) in helium also lead to optimized radiation fractions with large electron density increases in the core plasma. These results are consistent with the expectation that small fractions of argon will be entrained with the faster helium in the early phases of gas flow. The gas mixing allows one to simultaneously exploit the fast particle delivery rate of light helium gas and the large radiation capability of argon.
Perceptions of AZT: Implications for Adherence to Medical Regimens1

One hundred and fifty-three early stage, HIV-infected military medical beneficiaries who were receiving zidovudine (AZT) completed a questionnaire designed to assess perceptions, expectations, and patterns of AZT use, as well as standard measures of mood states. Adherence to medical regimens, or continuing with recommended AZT therapy, was related to participants feeling that their decisions to begin AZT treatment were made without any perception of “undue pressure.” Adherence also was related to fewer and less severe side effects, less negative affect, and reports of more AZT-related benefits. The implications of these findings for both medical and psychological interventions are discussed.