cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ConfChem Conference on Select 2016 BCCE Presentations: Introduction

One of the challenges associated with attending a BCCE (Biennial Conference in Chemical Education) is choosing which talks to attend, because there are often concurrent talks in different symposia in which participants are interested. These conflicts between multiple interests are especially challenging for members of the CCCE (Committee on Computers in Chemical Education) who organize symposia and workshops. Thus, the responsibility of presiding in talks of their own symposium precludes them from attending other symposia that interest them. This year, members of the CCCE organized four different symposia during the BCCE. Organizers of three of these symposia each invited two or three authors to present papers related to the use of computers in chemical education in a follow-up online ConfChem Conference. This approach allows participants who could not attend these talks to interact with authors, and also allows members of the broader chemical education community who could not attend the BCCE to benefit f...
No Workflow Can Ever Be Enough: How Crowdsourcing Workflows Constrain Complex Work

The dominant crowdsourcing infrastructure today is the workflow, which decomposes goals into small independent tasks. However, complex goals such as design and engineering have remained stubbornly difficult to achieve with crowdsourcing workflows. Is this due to a lack of imagination, or a more fundamental limit? This paper explores this question through in-depth case studies of 22 workers across six workflow-based crowd teams, each pursuing a complex and interdependent web development goal. We used an inductive mixed method approach to analyze behavior trace data, chat logs, survey responses and work artifacts to understand how workers enacted and adapted the crowdsourcing workflows. Our results indicate that workflows served as useful coordination artifacts, but in many cases critically inhibited crowd workers from pursuing real-time adaptations to their work plans. However, the CSCW and organizational behavior literature argues that all sufficiently complex goals require open-ended adaptation. If complex work requires adaptation but traditional static crowdsourcing workflows can't support it, our results suggest that complex work may remain a fundamental limitation of workflow-based crowdsourcing infrastructures.
Improved rate of substrate oxidation catalyzed by genetically-engineered myoglobin.

Abstract This study showcases the potential of unnatural amino acids to enable non-natural functions when incorporated in the protein scaffold of heme metalloproteins. For this purpose, a genetically-engineered myoglobin (Mb) mutant was created by incorporating redox-active 3-amino- l -tyrosine (NH2Tyr) into its active site, replacing the distal histidine (H64) with NH2Tyr. In peroxide-shunt assays, this variant exhibits an increased rate of turnover for thioanisole and benzaldehyde oxidation as compared to the wild-type (WT) Mb. Indeed, in the presence of excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a 9-fold and 81-fold increase in activity was observed over multiple turnovers for thioanisole sulfoxidation and benzoic acid formation, respectively. The increased oxidation activity in the H64NH2Tyr Mb mutant underlined the role of NH2Tyr in the distal active-site scaffold in peroxide activation. Kinetic, electrochemical, and EPR spectroscopic experiments were performed. On the basis of these studies, it is argued that the single NH2Tyr residue within the Mb variant simultaneously serves the role of the conserved His/Arg-pair within the distal pocket of horseradish peroxidase.
A novel ex vivo method for measuring whole brain metabolism in model systems.

Abstract Background Many neuronal and glial diseases have been associated with changes in metabolism. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming has become an important area of research to better understand disease at the cellular level, as well as to identify targets for treatment. Model systems are ideal for interrogating metabolic questions in a tissue dependent context. However, while new tools have been developed to study metabolism in cultured cells there has been less progress towards studies in vivo and ex vivo. New method We have developed a method using newly designed tissue restraints to adapt the Agilent XFe96 metabolic analyzer for whole brain analysis. These restraints create a chamber for Drosophila brains and other small model system tissues to reside undisrupted, while still remaining in the zone for measurements by sensor probes. Results This method generates reproducible oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate data for Drosophila larval and adult brains. Single brains are effectively treated with inhibitors and expected metabolic readings are observed. Measuring metabolic changes, such as glycolytic rate, in transgenic larval brains demonstrates the potential for studying how genotype affects metabolism. Comparison with existing methods and conclusions Current methodology either utilizes whole animal chambers to measure respiration, not allowing for targeted tissue analysis, or uses technically challenging MRI technology for in vivo analysis that is not suitable for smaller model systems. This new method allows for novel metabolic investigation of intact brains and other tissues ex vivo in a quick, and simplistic way with the potential for large-scale studies.
Ventricular Arrhythmias Linked to the Left Ventricular Summit Communicating Veins: A New Mapping Approach for an Old Ablation Problem.

See Article by Komatsu et al The left ventricular summit (LVS) is the most superior portion of the epicardial LV outflow tract and is a common site of origin of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs).1,2 The LVS is anatomically bounded septally by the bifurcation between the left anterior descending and the left circumflex coronary arteries, and transected laterally by the great cardiac vein at the junction with the anterior interventricular vein.3 A proper knowledge of the specific anatomic boundaries within the LVS has substantial clinical relevance with respect to the mapping and ablation approach. The junction between the great cardiac vein and the anterior interventricular vein separates the LVS into an accessible region, lateral to the venous junction and remote from the bifurcation of the left main coronary artery and the epicardial fat around the atrioventricular groove, and an inaccessible region septal to the venous junction and in close proximity to the proximal left coronary arteries and epicardial fat. Although VAs arising from the accessible LVS are rarely problematic and usually can be mapped and ablated from the distal coronary venous system or directly via a percutaneous pericardial approach,2,4 VAs from the inaccessible region represent a major clinical challenge. Direct epicardial mapping of the inaccessible LVS via a percutaneous epicardial access is limited mainly by the presence of a thick layer of epicardial fat which effectively …
Developing Computational Thinking with Educational Technologies for Young Learners

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the opportunities for developing computational thinking in young learners. It includes a review of empirical studies on the educational technologies used to develop computational thinking in young learners, and analyses and descriptions of a selection of commercially available technologies for developing computational thinking in young learners. The challenges and implications of using these technologies also are discussed.
Testudinata: a tangible interface for exploring functional programming

Learning to program is difficult for most children. Most of the interfaces designed to help children experience and understand programming are based on imperative programming. However, early exposure to functional programming have been found to have many benefits over imperative programming. We describe a tangible interface, Testudinata, that helps to make a fundamental concept of functional programming - function composition - more approachable to younger learners in elementary and middle school. Using Testudinata, learners can design, implement, and test various compositions of pre-made functions on a tangible user interface (TUI), while observing and comparing results on a graphical user interface (GUI). Through the combination of a TUI and GUI, the learners will be able to gain basic understanding of of function composition in a fun and engaging way.
Elemental analysis of breast calcifications.

For the past 37 years, ever since Leborgne (1949) demonstrated that breast cancer could be detected on the basis of radiographic images of calcifications, it has been generally accepted that all particles in the female breast are “calcifications,” implying that they are chemically similar. Actually, there is no solid evidence in the literature to support this view and blind acceptance of this concept seems to have stifled inquiry about one of the most important, clinically useful markers of early breast cancer.
Outline of Carbonate Petrography

In the history of carbonate geology, progress in understanding limestone and dolomite as sediments accelerated tremendously as petrographic data were added to careful field study. There exist various levels of petrographic observation useful in depositional interpretation. Some require more sophisticated approaches and more complex techniques than others; the list below progresses from field mapping and section measuring to microscopic and geochemical study in the laboratory.
Feminism, Gender Inequality, and Public Policy

As a political movement inspired by a belief in fundamental equality and committed to eradication of embodied injustices, feminists have illuminated the politics of exclusion—the use of law and policy to grant rights, opportunities, privileges, and immunities to particular elite men while denying them to marginalized others. With the theorization of gender as an analytical category, feminist scholars have investigated how manifold policies have discursively produced hierarchies of citizenship structured by gender, race, and sexuality. This chapter provides an overview of feminist contributions to policy studies, including key critiques of mainstream policy scholarship, an examination of feminist policy interventions and their mixed results ranging from attempts to eradicate sex discrimination in law and policy, the creation of women’s policy agencies, and the shift to gender mainstreaming. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the politics of equality, comparing nondiscrimination and equal opportunity approaches with structural and substantive conceptions of equality.
Sudden death related cardiomyopathies – Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, and exercise-induced cardiomyopathy

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a devastating possible outcome of all cardiomyopathies. The risk of SCD is increased in patients with structural heart disease and continues to increase as ventricular dysfunction worsens. There is, however, a subset of cardiomyopathy, so-called "arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy" (ACM), that carries an inherent propensity for arrhythmia in all stages of the disease, even preceding ventricular dysfunction. The aim of this review is to identify cardiomyopathies, other than ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathies, that are associated with ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and SCD. We discuss prevalence, diagnosis, natural history and management of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy, ACM, and exercise-induced cardiomyopathy, with emphasis on the morbidity and mortality of VAs associated with these cardiomyopathies and how they can be mitigated through lifestyle modification, medical management, and implantation of cardioverter defibrillators.
Non-Abelian bosonization and modular transformation approach to superuniversality

Quantum Hall inter-plateau transitions are physical exemplars of quantum phase transitions. Near each of these transitions, the measured electrical conductivity scales with the same correlation length and dynamical critical exponents, i.e., the critical points are superuniversal. In apparent contradiction to these experiments, prior theoretical studies of quantum Hall phase transitions within the framework of Abelian Chern-Simons theory coupled to matter found correlation length exponents that depend on the value of the quantum critical Hall conductivity. Here, we use non-Abelian bosonization and modular transformations to theoretically study the phenomenon of superuniversality. Specifically, we introduce a new effective theory that has an emergent $U(N)$ gauge symmetry with any $Ng1$ for a quantum phase transition between an integer quantum Hall state and an insulator. We then use modular transformations to generate from this theory effective descriptions for transitions between a large class of fractional quantum Hall states whose quasiparticle excitations have Abelian statistics. We find the correlation length and dynamical critical exponents are independent of the particular transition within a controlled 't Hooft large $N$ expansion, i.e., superuniversal! We argue that this superuniversality could survive away from this controlled large $N$ limit using recent duality conjectures.
Differential transcriptional profiles identify microglial- and macrophage-specific gene markers expressed during virus-induced neuroinflammation

In the healthy central nervous system (CNS), microglia are found in a homeostatic state and peripheral macrophages are absent from the brain. Microglia play key roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis and acting as first responders to infection and inflammation, and peripheral macrophages infiltrate the CNS during neuroinflammation. Due to their distinct origins and functions, discrimination between these cell populations is essential to the comprehension of neuroinflammatory disorders. Studies comparing the gene profiles of microglia and peripheral macrophages, or macrophages in vitro-derived from bone marrow, under non-infectious conditions of the CNS, have revealed valuable microglial-specific genes. However, studies comparing gene profiles between CNS-infiltrating macrophages and microglia, when both are isolated from the CNS during viral-induced neuroinflammation, are lacking. We isolated, via flow cytometry, microglia and infiltrating macrophages from the brains of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected C57BL/6 J mice and used RNA-Seq, followed by validation with qPCR, to examine the differential transcriptional profiles of these cells. We utilized primary literature defining subcellular localization to determine whether or not particular proteins extracted from the transcriptional profiles were expressed at the cell surface. The surface expression and cellular specificity of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) protein were examined via flow cytometry. We also examined the immune response gene profile within the transcriptional profiles of these isolated microglia and infiltrating macrophages. We have identified and validated new microglial- and macrophage-specific genes, encoding cell surface proteins, expressed at the peak of neuroinflammation. TREM-1 protein was confirmed to be expressed by infiltrating macrophages, not microglia, at the peak of neuroinflammation. We also identified both unique and redundant immune functions, through examination of the immune response gene profiles, of microglia and infiltrating macrophages during neurotropic viral infection. The differential expression of cell surface-specific genes during neuroinflammation can potentially be used to discriminate between microglia and macrophages as well as provide a resource that can be further utilized to target and manipulate specific cell responses during neuroinflammation.
Spatial paleopathology: A geographic approach to the etiology of cribrotic lesions in the prehistoric Andes

Abstract Objective The ubiquity of cribra orbitalia in skeletal samples has led to rigorous debate over their etiology, with most concluding that nutrition, physiological stressors, and environmental disease vectors synergistically contribute to lesion development. To parse the relative contributions of these etiological factors in the prehistoric Andes, this spatial paleopathological meta-analysis investigates the relationship between population-wide prehistoric Andean cribra orbitalia rates and geographic, climatic, and hydrological variables. Methods Crude prevalence patterns of cribra orbitalia from 61 archaeological sites were plotted and analyzed with geostatistical methods to explore spatial patterns in the distribution of anemia-associated lesions. Multiple linear regression modeling was performed on 19 spatial variables suspected to contribute to various forms of anemia that result in cribrotic lesions. Results Spatially-clustered high cribra orbitalia rates exist around the Central Peruvian coast, but are paradoxically low on the Ecuadorian coast. Multiple regression shows that elevation, temperature, and precipitation were not predictive of lesion rates. Multiple regression models show that aridity and seasonal variability in freshwater supply, together, explained a third of the variation in lesion rates. Conclusion While cribra orbitalia has long been tied to coastal proximity, these results suggest environmental constraints such as the need for water storage could have promoted malnutrition and pathogenic infection more than mere coastal proximity. Limitations of this study This analysis is limited by the paucity of data from highland sites and by the assumption that burials are local to the excavation site. Suggestions for future research Future studies will integrate isotopic and remotely-sensed data into models to explore links between water security, nutrition, and disease.
VARICOCELECTOMY: EFFECT ON FERTILITY

The varicocele is the single most commonly identified, correctable form of male infertility1. It occurs in approximately 15% of the normal male population and in 40% of those presenting for the evaluation of infertility1. A marked left sided predominance exists. This is most probably secondary to a combination of factors. First, the spermatic vein on the left side is 8–10 cm longer than the right, predisposing it to greater hydrostatic pressures, particularly in the erect position. Second, the entry of the spermatic vein into the renal vein on the left compared to its entry into the inferior vena cava on the right leads to relatively elevated pressures on the left for two reasons. The pressure gradient at the spermaticorenal junction is lower than at the spermaticocaval junction, in so far as the pressure in the renal vein is higher than in the vena cava2. In addition, the Bernoulli principle of fluid dynamics dictates that in any horizontally moving fluid, pressure increases as the velocity of flow decreases. The lower flow rate through the renal vein as compared to the vena cava produces less “forward draw” on blood traveling in the left spermatic venous system. The end result is elevated pressures in the left system. Therefore, man due both to anatomic considerations as well as evolutionary, in that he has assumed an erect posture, is predisposed to the formation of varicoceles.
Evaluation of a new secondary dose calculation software for Gamma Knife radiosurgery

Current available secondary dose calculation software for Gamma Knife radiosurgery falls short in situations where the target is shallow in depth or when the patient is positioned with a gamma angle other than 90°. In this work, we evaluate a new secondary calculation software which utilizes an innovative method to handle nonstandard gamma angles and image thresholding to render the skull for dose calculation. 800 treatment targets previously treated with our GammaKnife Icon system were imported from our treatment planning system (GammaPlan 11.0.3) and a secondary dose calculation was conducted. The agreement between the new calculations and the TPS were recorded and compared to the original secondary dose calculation agreement with the TPS using a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Further comparisons using a Mann-Whitney test were made for targets treated at a 90° gamma angle against those treated with either a 70 or 110 gamma angle for both the new and commercial secondary dose calculation systems. Correlations between dose deviations from the treatment planning system against average target depth were evaluated using a Kendall's Tau correlation test for both programs. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test indicated a significant difference in the agreement between the two secondary calculations and the TPS, with a P-value < 0.0001. With respect to patients treated at nonstandard gamma angles, the new software was largely independent of patient setup, while the commercial software showed a significant dependence (P-value < 0.0001). The new secondary dose calculation software showed a moderate correlation with calculation depth, while the commercial software showed a weak correlation (Tau = -.322 and Tau = -.217 respectively). Overall, the new secondary software has better agreement with the TPS than the commercially available secondary calculation software over a range of diverse treatment geometries.
Analysis of defect formation mechanisms and their effects on weld strength during friction stir welding of Al 6061-T6 via experiments and finite element modeling

The formation of tunnel defects and cavities during friction stir welding of Al 6061 T6 alloy is symbiotically studied experimentally and numerically. A coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian finite element model is established to analyze the process, where the workpiece is modeled as an Eulerian body, and the tool as Lagrangian. The model was first validated by conducting experiments and correlating the force measured by a three-axis dynamometer and the temperature measured by a pyrometer with those predicted by the simulation model. The experimentally validated simulation model was used to find an optimum parameter set for the sound weld case. The material flow and peak temperatures reached are shown to be different in the formation of various subsurface defects. It is also shown that the maximum temperature reached during the formation of tunnel defects is below that of the solidus melting point and is higher in the case of cavity defect formation. The pin drives the material to the advancing side of the weld during cavity defect formation while it fails to do so during the formation of tunnel defects. At lower rotational speeds, tunnel defects are observed and at higher welding speeds, cavity defects are observed. A featured tooltip is used in the simulation, which facilitates the stirring action and leads to the formation of a sound weld. The model is validated by conducting experiments at the same welding parameters.
Rare occurrence of uterine arteriovenous malformation clinically mimicking a malignant growth: A critical reminder for pathologists.

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a rare lesion in the uterus, which can lead to abnormal uterine bleeding. While AVM has been described in other organs in the literature, there is a paucity of pathology reports of the AVM in uterus. On gross examination, the uterus was markedly enlarged and partly distorted with a pedunculated solid mass, which on the cut surface showed multiple well-circumscribed hemorrhagic cysts ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 cm in size. Microscopically, they were malformed dilated vascular structures containing organized thrombi. We present this case of uterine AVM with gross and microscopic findings, which can serve as a crucial reminder for pathologists to keep in the differential diagnoses as a potential cause of abnormal uterine bleeding.
Nanomagnonic Cavities for Strong Spin-Magnon Coupling and Magnon-Mediated Spin-Spin Interactions.

We present a theoretical approach to use ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic nanoparticles as microwave nanomagnonic cavities to concentrate microwave magnetic fields into deeply subwavelength volumes $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{mm}}^{3}$. We show that the field in such nanocavities can efficiently couple to isolated spin emitters (spin qubits) positioned close to the nanoparticle surface reaching the single magnon-spin strong-coupling regime and mediate efficient long-range quantum state transfers between isolated spin emitters. Nanomagnonic cavities thus pave the way toward magnon-based quantum networks and magnon-mediated quantum gates.
Alzheimer’s disease brain-derived extracellular vesicles spread tau pathology in interneurons

Extracellular vesicles are highly transmissible and play critical roles in the propagation of tau pathology, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, for the first time, we comprehensively characterized the physicochemical structure and pathogenic function of human brain-derived extracellular vesicles isolated from Alzheimer's disease, prodromal Alzheimer's disease, and non-demented control cases. Alzheimer's disease extracellular vesicles were significantly enriched in epitope-specific tau oligomers in comparison to prodromal Alzheimer's disease or control extracellular vesicles as determined by dot blot and atomic force microscopy. Alzheimer's disease extracellular vesicles were more efficiently internalized by murine cortical neurons, as well as more efficient in transferring and misfolding tau, than prodromal Alzheimer's disease and control extracellular vesicles in vitro. Strikingly, the inoculation of Alzheimer's disease or prodromal Alzheimer's disease extracellular vesicles containing only 300 pg of tau into the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of 18-month-old C57BL/6 mice resulted in the accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau throughout the hippocampus by 4.5 months, whereas inoculation of an equal amount of tau from control extracellular vesicles, isolated tau oligomers, or fibrils from the same Alzheimer's disease donor showed little tau pathology. Furthermore, Alzheimer's disease extracellular vesicles induced misfolding of endogenous tau in both oligomeric and sarkosyl-insoluble forms in the hippocampal region. Unexpectedly, phosphorylated tau was primarily accumulated in glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) GABAergic interneurons and, to a lesser extent, glutamate receptor 2/3-positive excitatory mossy cells, showing preferential extracellular vesicle-mediated GABAergic interneuronal tau propagation. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings of CA1 pyramidal cells showed significant reduction in the amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents. This was accompanied by reductions in c-fos+ GAD67+ neurons and GAD67+ neuronal puncta surrounding pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region, confirming reduced GABAergic transmission in this region. Our study posits a novel mechanism for the spread of tau in hippocampal GABAergic interneurons via brain-derived extracellular vesicles and their subsequent neuronal dysfunction.
RAFFI: Accurate and fast familial relationship inference in large scale biobank studies using RaPID

Inference of relationships from whole-genome genetic data of a cohort is a crucial prerequisite for genome-wide association studies. Typically, relationships are inferred by computing the kinship coefficients (ϕ) and the genome-wide probability of zero IBD sharing (π0) among all pairs of individuals. Current leading methods are based on pairwise comparisons, which may not scale up to very large cohorts (e.g., sample size >1 million). Here, we propose an efficient relationship inference method, RAFFI. RAFFI leverages the efficient RaPID method to call IBD segments first, then estimate the ϕ and π0 from detected IBD segments. This inference is achieved by a data-driven approach that adjusts the estimation based on phasing quality and genotyping quality. Using simulations, we showed that RAFFI is robust against phasing/genotyping errors, admix events, and varying marker densities, and achieves higher accuracy compared to KING, the current leading method, especially for more distant relatives. When applied to the phased UK Biobank data with ~500K individuals, RAFFI is approximately 18 times faster than KING. We expect RAFFI will offer fast and accurate relatedness inference for even larger cohorts.
Sugammadex Effects on Hormonal Contraception Effectiveness: Implementation of Uniform Postoperative Teaching.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this quality improvement project was to improve consistency of discharge teaching in women who used progesterone-containing hormonal contraceptive medications and received sugammadex during general anesthesia, as there is a risk of unintended pregnancy for 1 week after administration of sugammadex. Design This project used a predesign and postdesign using two separate sample groups of patients and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) nurses. Methods The sample consisted of 31 total women of childbearing age and 59 PACU nurses. Simplification of sugammadex discharge instructions was achieved by incorporating evidence-based recommendations for electronic discharge instructions and nursing education. PACU nurses were educated and surveyed before and after regarding frequency of discharge teaching, clarity, and comprehension of the after-visit summary and knowledge of sugammadex. Patients were called via telephone postoperatively to assess recall of sugammadex discharge teaching. Findings Postoperative patient phone calls identified a small increase in patient recall of discharge instructions from 5 of 14 patients (35.7%) before implementation to 7 of 17 after implementation (41.2%). PACU nurse surveys indicated an increase in self-reported frequency of sugammadex discharge teaching (34.8% vs 64.2%, P = .024) and that new discharge instructions contained more clear, comprehensive information as compared with previous instructions (29.4% vs 75.5%, P = .001). Conclusions This quality improvement project successfully implemented more consistent and comprehensive discharge instructions for women who receive sugammadex intraoperatively. Limitations of the project included a small sample size and short implementation intervals. As a result of switching to uniform discharge instructions, more patients received important discharge teaching from PACU nurses, and the percentage of patients who recalled this information increased.
Examining the feasibility and characteristics of realistic weight management support for patients: Focus groups with rural, micropolitan, and metropolitan primary care providers.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to understand perspectives of physicians, nurses, and staff regarding the feasibility of implementing an evidence-based weight management program to support primary care practice. An exploratory aim was to examine differences in responses based on the clinic location. Ten focus groups were conducted with primary care staff from rural, micropolitan, and metropolitan clinics. The Promoting Action on Research in Health Services (PARIHS) framework was used to inform the interview guide. Transcripts were reviewed to identify common themes among PARIHS constructs (evidence, context, and facilitation). Presence of comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension) were typical prompts for provider-led discussions about patient weight. Metropolitan clinics reported the availability of health coaching, diabetes education, or dietician consultation, but no clinic reported offering a comprehensive weight management program. Participants agreed it is possible to implement a weight management program through primary care, but cited potential facilitation challenges such as costs, clinic resources, and individual patient barriers. More enthusiasm arose for a referral program with patient tracking. Program characteristics such as proven efficacy, individual tailoring, program accessibility, and patient feedback to the providers were desired. Rural focus group participants reported unique barriers (lack of local resources) and facilitators (more flexibility in practice changes) to weight management when compared to metropolitan and micropolitan focus groups. Primary care staff are interested in weight management solutions for their patients and would prefer an evidence-based program to which they could refer patients, receive feedback on patient progress, and sustainably include as part of their regular services.
Effect of Electron Precipitation on E-Region Instabilities: Theoretical Analysis

During periods of strong geomagnetic activity, intense currents flow from the magnetosphere into the high-latitude E-region ionosphere along geomagnetic field lines, B. In this region, collisions between the plasma and neutral molecules allow currents to flow across B, enabling the entire magnetosphere-ionosphere current system to close. These same currents cause strong DC electric fields in the E-region ionosphere where they drive plasma instabilities, including the Farley-Buneman instability (FBI). These instabilities give rise to small-scale plasma turbulence that modifies the large-scale ionospheric conductance that, in turn, affects the evolution of the entire near-Earth plasma environment. Also, during geomagnetic storms, precipitating electrons of high energies, $\gtrsim$ 5 keV, frequently penetrate down to the same regions where intense currents and E fields develop. This research examines the effects of precipitating electrons on the generation of the FBI and shows that, under many common conditions, it can easily suppress the instability in a predictable manner. Therefore, we expect precipitation to exert a significant feedback on the magnetosphere by preventing the elevated conductivity caused by FBI driven turbulence. This suppression should be taken into account in global modeling of the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.
Genotypic differences in utilization of assimilate sources during maturation of wheat under chronic heat and heat shock stresses

Heat stress from chronic, prolonged exposure up to 32 °C or heat shock from brief exposure to 33 °C and above alters the source of assimilates for grain growth of wheat (Triticum asetivum L.). Our objectives were to identify genotypes that resist chronic heat stress and heat shock and to determine the relative contributions of photosynthesis and stem reserves to grain filling under both conditions. Twenty-eight genotypes were grown in controlled enviroments at 20/15 and 30/25 °C day/night in light and darkness during maturation in the first experiment, and six genotypes were grown in light at the same temperatures and at 40/35 °C followed by 20/15 or 30/25 °C in the second experimnet. Heat susceptibility indices (HSI) were calculated from grain yields of the genotypes in both experiments. The ratio of chlorophyll variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm), a measure of the stability of photosynthesis, and carbohydrate reserves in the stems were measured in the second experiment. Photosynthesis provided 63 and 65% of assimilates in the grain at 20/15 and 30/25 °C, respectively, but both stable photosynthesis in some genotypes and high content of reserves in other genotypes were associated with low susceptibility to stress. The Fv/Fm ratio was decreased by heat shock and returned to normal values intolerant genotypes when the treatment was followed by 20/15 °C but not 30/25 °C. Grain yield was highly correlated among 20/15, 30/25, and 40/35 °C followed by 20/15 °C treatments, suggesting that similar plant traits were involved. We conclude that assimilates from either stable photosynthesis or high reserve levels provided for high grain yields during heat stress. Combining the two traits could improve heat tolerance of wheat but might not be feasible if other traits are impeded.
Expression of the Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase gene in Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides.

The plant-pathogenic fungus Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides has been successfully transformed by using two different positive selection systems in combination with the Escherichia coli gusA gene. The selectable markers used in this study were the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph) from E. coli and the gene (bml) for beta-tubulin from a benomyl-resistant mutant of Neurospora crassa. A lower transformation rate was obtained with the bml system than with the hph system. Conversely, cotransformation frequencies, as determined with medium plates containing the chromogenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid, were higher with bml than with hph as the selectable marker. The hygromycin-resistant transformants were mitotically stable, and both the selectable gene and gusA were maintained through conidiation. The vector DNA was integrated into the genome, and the number and sites of insertion varied among transformants. Enzyme assays of mycelial extracts showed that beta-glucuronidase activity was highest in transformants with a high gusA copy number. Expression of gusA during growth of the fungus on plants was easily detectable and did not affect pathogenicity. These results form the basis for construction of a versatile and sensitive reporter gene system for P. herpotrichoides. Images
Narcissism, Personal Life and Identity: The Place of the 1960s in the History of Psychoanalysis

This article explores the role played by psychoanalysis in the student, women's and gay movements of the 1960s as well as exploring the impact that these movements had on the transformation of psychoanalysis. It concludes that the 1960s were a turning point in the history of psychoanalysis, transforming it into an intersubjective, trauma-based culturally oriented theory.
Minorities Striving and Pursuing Higher Degrees of Success in Earth System Science (MS PHD&#8217;S) Initiatives Professional Development Program

The NASA and NSF-funded Minorities Striving and Pursuing Higher Degrees of Success in Earth System Sciencereg (MS PHD'S) initiative was developed by and for underrepresented minorities with the purpose of facilitating our increased participation in Earth system science. The initiative's goal is to provide professional development and mentoring experiences that facilitate the advancement of minorities committed to achieving outstanding Earth system science careers. The 2003 MS PHD'S in Ocean Sciences Program facilitated the meaningful engagement of 25 student participants at the final Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Open Science Meeting. During the 2004 American Geophysical Union (AGU) fall meeting, the MS PHD'S initiative completed Phase I of its newest endeavor, entitled the MS PHD'S Professional Development Program (MS PHD'S PDP), The 3 MS PHD'S PDP phases are connected by engagement in virtual community building activities that occur through the Website, listserv and asynchronous/ synchronous Web-based dialogues. Leveraging computer mediated communication to enhance peer to peer and peer to protege mentoring is one of the best practices explored in detailed in this paper. Students who successfully complete all three phases and virtual community activities of the MS PHD'S PDP will be better prepared to achieve their academic and professional goals and will likely remain actively engaged in their fields of specialization and respective professional societies. Preliminary findings from this ongoing investigation are presented
A monitoring system for an Ethernet installation

Eight existing monitoring systems of Ethernet networks are reviewed and found to address subsets of significant parameters. Data are taken from one operational Ethernet network, which implements the centralized monitoring technique, and analyzed to determine both its characteristics and the effectiveness of the centralized monitoring system. The authors consider the measurement parameters of importance to an Ethernet network and propose an improved monitoring system which utilizes a hybrid technique for obtaining the parameters. >
Minority rights, majority rule: The partisan basis of procedural choice

As it is always in the power of the majority, by their numbers, to stop any improper measures proposed on the part of their opponents, the only weapons by which the minority can defend themselves against similar attempts from those in power are the forms and rules of proceeding. Thomas Jefferson, 1801 It is but too evident, that when the right of debate is taken away – when a majority can … screen them- selves from exposure (however weak, arbitrary or wicked their measures may be) by sealing the lips of a minority on the floor of congress, we may soon bid adieu to our best and dearest rights. It is laying the axe at the very root of the tree of liberty. Representative Archibald McBryde, 1810 Compiling a manual of parliamentary practice in 1801, Thomas Jefferson emphatically recognized the importance of procedure in securing the rights of minority party members in the U.S. Congress. In a democratic political institution, majorities would achieve their favored outcomes by taking advantage of their superior size, and minorities would resist by availing themselves of protective rules to amend, delay, or obstruct the majority's agenda. Yet, as suggested by Representative Archibald McBryde (Federalist-North Carolina) in a public letter to constituents just a few years later, the portrait of congressional rules as stable guarantors of the minority party's right to participate meaningfully in the legislative process is deceptive.
A C 1 globally interpolatory spline of arbitrary topology

Converting point samples and/or triangular meshes to a more compact spline representation for arbitrarily topology is both desirable and necessary for computer vision and computer graphics. This paper presents a C1 manifold interpolatory spline that can exactly pass through all the vertices and interpolate their normals for data input of complicated topological type. Starting from the Powell-Sabin spline as a building block, we integrate the concepts of global parametrization, affine atlas, and splines defined over local, open domains to arrive at an elegant, easy-to-use spline solution for complicated datasets. The proposed global spline scheme enables the rapid surface reconstruction and facilitates the shape editing and analysis functionality.
Survival and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground, roasted beef as affected by pH, acidulants, and temperature.

A study was undertaken to determine the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground, roasted beef as influenced by the combined effects of pH, acidulants, temperature, and time. There was essentially no change in the viable population of E. coli O157:H7 when beef salads (pH 5.40 to 6.07) containing up to 40% mayonnaise were incubated at 5 degrees C for up to 72 h. At 21 and 30 degrees C, significant (P lactic acid > or = citric acid. The same order was observed for inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 in acidified (pH 5.00) beef slurry heated at 54 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Custom total occlusal convergence angle sticker fabrication

This article describes a method of fabricating a custom total occlusal convergence angle sticker with photo editing software and label stickers. The custom total occlusal convergence angle sticker can help clinicians achieve an accurate degree of taper during axial wall reduction of tooth preparation.
Resistance to Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

Several case reports of resistance to short-term administration of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NNMBAs) have been reported in research and surgical settings. Recently, several reports documented resistance to NNMBAs during therapy for prolonged paralysis in critically ill patients. Adverse outcomes associated with NNMBA resistance may include inadequate ventilatory management or suppression of patient movement, and an increased risk of dose-dependent cardiovascular adverse effects. Pharmacoeconomic issues must be considered in that the cost of NNMBA therapy in a resistant patient may be significant. Although the specific etiologies of resistance are not clear, several pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic alterations may occur as a consequence of disease state or concomitant drug therapy. Pharmacodynamic changes include altered acetylcholine receptor physiology or sensitivity, inhibition of serum cholinesterase activity, and interaction with plasma constituents. Alterations in distribution volume, protein binding, and clearance may also contribute to resistance in several disease states.
Simulated Annealing with Asymptotic Convergence for Nonlinear Constrained Global Optimization

In this paper, we present constrained simulated annealing (CSA), a global minimization algorithm that converges to constrained global minima with probability one, for solving nonlinear discrete non-convex constrained minimization problems. The algorithm is based on the necessary and sufficient condition for constrained local minima in the theory of discrete Lagrange multipliers we developed earlier. The condition states that the set of discrete saddle points is the same as the set of constrained local minima when all constraint functions are non-negative. To find the discrete saddle point with the minimum objective value, we model the search by a finite inhomogeneous Markov chain that carries out (in an annealing fashion) both probabilistic descents of the discrete Lagrangian function in the original-variable space and probabilistic ascents in the Lagrange-multiplier space. We then prove the asymptotic convergence of the algorithm to constrained global minima with probability one. Finally, we extend CSA to solve nonlinear constrained problems with continuous variables and those with mixed (both discrete and continuous) variables. Our results on a set of nonlinear benchmarks are much better than those reported by others. By achieving asymptotic convergence, CSA is one of the major developments in nonlinear constrained global optimization today.
Needs of Female Patients in a Veterans Psychiatric Hospital

The psychiatric and medical care of female veterans is reviewed in this report of 69 interviews at a veterans psychiatric facility. The data suggest that female veterans are satisfied with care in general but are less satisfied with certain gender-related components of care. The author reviews the facility's responses to the findings of the study and makes further suggestions for change. The rising proportion of women in the armed forces makes health care for this group an important issue.
Sudden Death due to Nonarrhythmic Cause in a Patient with L-TGA

We report a case of sudden death in a clinically stable adult with l-transposition of the great arteries (l-TGA). Sudden death has been reported to be the leading cause of death in l-TGA and is often attributed to arrhythmias in the absence of another identifiable cause. However, the contribution of nonarrhythmic causes to the burden of sudden death in this population is unknown. Comprehensive postmortem investigation, including autopsy and pacemaker interrogation, demonstrated that the cause of death was massive pulmonary hemorrhage due to stenosis of the patient's mechanical tricuspid (systemic AV) valve. This report highlights the important contribution of nonarrhythmic causes of sudden death in this population and the value of autopsy and device interrogation in determining true cause of death.