cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Everyday interaction in marital relationships: Variations in relative importance and event duration

This study takes an insider's perspective to develop a descriptive map of the types of interactions enacted on an everyday basis in intact marriages. Data were gathered from 55 married couples, who kept logs of all of their dyadic interactions over a 7‐day period. Overall, the results indicate that the most frequently described interactions involved multiple activities (i.e., talking while eating dinner), with affectionate and talk‐based interactions the next most frequent interactional types. Participants viewed the expression of affection as the most important interactional type affecting their relationships. Respondents spent, on average, 5.47 hours in dyadic interaction per day, and they engaged in leisure interactions for longer periods of time than other interactional types.
Kinase Lynks to herpesvirus lymphomagenesis

Comment on Prakash et al, page [3987][1] A relationship between Src family kinases and KSHV lymphomagenesis revealed. Prakash and colleagues have reported previously the development of plasmablastic lymphomas (with resultant establishment of a “KVL-1” cell line) and increased Lyn kinase
Phospholipids in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry has been used to identify the phosphate diester backbones of two classes of phospholipids previously unrecognized in washings from human lungs. Washings were analyzed from two patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and also from two pairs of normal lungs washed postmortem. α-Glycerophosphorylglycerol and α-glycerophosphorylinositol were identified in all four cases following hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters and treatment with trimethylsilylating reagent.
Probabilistic approaches for modeling text structure and their application to text-to-text generation

Text-to-text generation aims to produce a coherent text by extracting, combining and rewriting information given in input texts. Examples of its applications include summarization, answer fusion in question-answering and text simplification. At first glance, text-to-text generation seems a much easier task than the traditional generation set-up where the input consists of a non-linguistic representation. Research in summarization over the last decade proved that the opposite is true --- texts generated by these methods rarely match the quality of those written by humans. One of the key reasons is the lack of coherence in the generated text.
Reproductive alternatives to insect pollination in four species of Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae)

Although insect pollination is ancestral in the angiosperms, selection has favored wind pollination and self-fertilization in many lineages. The evolution of clonal growth may have also decreased dependence on insect pollinators. We investigate transitions away from insect pollination in the genus Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae) among four species that vary in pollination syndrome. Thalictrum sparsiflorum is insect pollinated and self-fertilization may also provide reproductive assurance. Thalictrum alpinum is clonal, has a floral morphology associated with wind pollination and is self-compatible. Thalictrum fendleri is a wind-pollinated and dioecious species that sets few fruits naturally and invests little in sexual reproduction, possibly due to a trade-off with clonal growth. Thalictrum dioicum is also wind-pollinated and dioecious, but does not grow clonally at our sites and has a higher investment in sexual reproduction than T. fendleri. The pollen : ovule ratio is largest in wind-pollinated species, but varies considerably among them, possibly reflecting differences in pollination efficiency and/or incidental insect pollination. None of the species appear pollen limited in the study populations, suggesting that factors other than pollen receipt limit female fertility at these sites.
10. AN OUTBREAK OF BELLS'S PALSY CAUSED BY BORRELIA BURGDORFERI IN HUNGARY

The first LGB patients in Hungary were diagnosed in 1984, and a few more in 1985. But only following the introduction of serological tests (indirect immunofluorescence) in 1986 that interest in the illness was aroused. During the last two years more than 2000 sera and CSF samples from 1400 patients have been tested for Borrelia burgdorferi antibody. 92 of 1400 patients suffered from peripheral facial palsy. 35/92 were found to be serologically positive. 19 of them were seen during the summer and fall of 1987. In this year twice as many Dell's palsy patients were seen in our hospitals than in previous years. Of the 35 clinically and serologically proven cases: 14 showed ECM; 10 had other neurological manifestations (Bannwarth's syndrome); 1 had frank arthritis; 1 had carditis. 18/33 seropositlve Bell's palsy patients were children. The clinical picture, epidemiology, serology and CSF findings of these cases will be discussed. Almost all of the seropositive patients became free of symptoms. The longest period of recovery was 100 days. Residual symptom was found only in those patients that remained seronegative during a minimum of 45 days serological follow-up period or did not receive adequate parenteral antibiotic therapy. Half of the seropositlve patients had lymphocytlc meningitis. Only one seronegative case had pleocytosis in the CSF.
Adjusting for mortality effects in chronic toxicity testing: Mixture model approach

Chronic toxicity tests, such as the Ceriodaphnia dubia 7-d test are typically analyzed using standard statistical methods such as analysis of variance or regression. Recent research has emphasized the use of Poisson regression or more generalized regression for the analysis of the fecundity data from these studies. A possible problem in using standard statistical techniques is that mortality may occur from toxicant effects as well as reduced fecundity. A mixture model that accounts for fecundity and mortality is proposed for the analysis of data arising from these studies. Inferences about key parameters in the model are discussed. A joint estimate of the inhibition concentration is proposed based on the model. Confidence interval estimation via the bootstrap method is discussed. An example is given for a study involving copper and mercury.
OFF-alpha and OFF-beta ganglion cells in cat retina. I: Intracellular electrophysiology and HRP stains

Six OFF-alpha ganglion cells and a single OFF-beta ganglion cell were penetrated with intracellular microelectrodes and marked with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in a perfused cat eyecup. Gaussian center radii (Rc) ranging from 40 to 217 microns were measured for receptive fields mapped with slits, values in agreement with previous extracellular reports. ON and OFF response components revealed nearly identical Rc's and center locations. Although Gaussian diameters (2Rc) were about 80% of dendritic field diameters overall, in this sample dendritic and receptive fields were not well correlated. Spatial tuning of ganglion cells was evidenced in peaked amplitude-vs.-width functions, fit by difference-of-Gaussians models. Such plots yielded Rc values about 40% less than position-vs amplitude plots. Rs values for surrounds ranged from 200 to 1,700 microns. Rod and cone signals were investigated with flicker. Rod flicker signals in OFF-alpha cells were larger and of shorter latency than in either horizontal or AII amacrine cells. Cone flicker signals were also short in latency, with an ON response time constant of 9 msec, and an OFF response time constant of 3 msec. The OFF-alpha rod-cone transition involved a latency increase of 20-30 msec. The spontaneous and light-evoked impulse rates of OFF-alpha responses varied linearly with extrinsic current, but the amplitude of ON hyperpolarization was little affected. After injection of staining current, the OFF-beta cell transiently depolarized at ON, suggestive of ON inhibition with reversed chloride gradient, a result not seen in OFF-alpha responses. Events (peaked, depolarizing voltage fluctuations) of high, low, and intermediate amplitudes were studied in OFF-alpha responses. High amplitude events (impulses), were OFF-correlated with the stimulus, and exhibited mean rise times (transit time from 25 to 75% of peak amplitude) from 255 to 392 microseconds. Intermediate level events (presumed synaptic origin) were also OFF correlated and had longer rise times (325 microseconds to 1.56 microseconds). Low level events (234-685 microseconds) revealed either ON, ON/OFF, or not stimulus correlation.
A strain-specific modifier on mouse chromosome 4 controls the methylation of independent transgene loci

A transgene, pHRD, is highly methylated in 12 independent mouse lines when in a C57BL/6 strain background, but becomes progressively less methylated when bred into a DBA/2 background. Transgenes inherited from the mother are generally more methylated; however, this parental effect disappears following continued breeding into the nonmethylating strain. Mapping experiments using BXD recombinant inbred mice as well as other inbred strains indicate that a single strain-specific modifier (Ssm-1) linked to, but distinct from, Fv-1 is responsible for the strain effect. In addition to the methylated and unmethylated transgenic phenotypes, certain mice exhibit a partial methylation pattern that is a consequence of an unusual cellular mosaicism. The pHRD transgene, containing target sequences for the V(D)J recombinase, undergoes site-specific recombination only in lymphoid tissues. This V-J joining is restricted primarily to unmethylated transgene copies.
Characterization of the Products of the Heme Detoxification Pathway in Malarial Late Trophozoites by X-ray Diffraction *

In a process inhibited by the quinoline antimalarial drugs, Plasmodia detoxify heme released during the degradation of hemoglobin by aggregating it into malarial pigment, an insoluble crystalline heme coordination polymer. Synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction patterns for intact desiccated malarial trophozoites and synthetic β-hematin have been measured; both materials correspond to a single crystalline triclinic lattice with unit cell parameters a = 12.2176(4), b = 14.7184(5), c = 8.0456(3) A; α = 90.200(2), β = 96.806(3), γ = 97.818(3)† and Z = 2. These results unambiguously demonstrate that hemozoin crystallites are identical to synthetic β-hematin.
REDOX CHEMISTRY OF BIPYRROLES : FURTHER INSIGHTS INTO THE OXIDATIVE POLYMERIZATION MECHANISM OF PYRROLE AND OLIGOPYRROLES

The oxidation of 2,2‘-bipyrrole, 5-methyl-2,2‘-bipyrrole, and 5,5‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyrrole has been investigated by means of electrochemistry, flash photolysis, and pulse radiolysis. The bipyrrole cation radical was found to give polypyrrole or oligopyrrole under electrochemical and chemical oxidation and also under UV-light irradiation of the solution in the presence of CCl4 as an electron acceptor. The cation radicals have been characterized by their optical absorption spectra, and their decay processes have been followed. In all processes (chemical, electrochemical, and photochemical), the first step involves the reaction between two cation radicals. The cation radical does not react on starting bipyrrole nor on pyrrole monomer. Depending on pH, the cation radical can deprotonate to form a neutral radical. It was found that only the cation radicals, but not the neutral radicals, produce higher oligomers, which explains the inhibition of polymerization by strong bases.
The role of IFN-γ Elispot assay in HIV vaccine research

The interferon (IFN)-gamma Elispot assay has been widely used as a general screening method for the quantification and characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8+ T cell responses. However, the predictive power of this assay has been challenged due to the lack of efficacy of a recently conducted HIV vaccine phase IIb trial, despite induction of robust Elispot responses. This finding plus improvements in multiparameter flow cytometry, which has the potential advantage of simultaneously quantifying numerous parameters, raises questions regarding the future role of IFN-gamma Elispot as a gateway to moving forward with clinical trials of candidate vaccines. However, the IFN-gamma Elispot assay has been, unlike other techniques, evaluated and validated in several proficiency panels and is advantageous in cost-effectively detecting and mapping T-cell responses. Here we present a detailed protocol for a state-of-the-art 3-d IFN-gamma Elispot assay and review further advantages and disadvantages of this method for the characterization of HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses.
Role of Natural Killer Cells in the Generation of Influenza Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells

Recently we reported that natural killer (NK) cells are critical accessory cells required for the differentiation of alloantigen-stimulated CD8+ T cells into effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. In this study we provide evidence that NK cells are also required for the generation of influenza virus-specific CTL. Depletion of NK cells from responder human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or mouse splenocytes abolished the induction of influenza A virus-specific CTL under culture conditions. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with the NK cell-depleting NK1.1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) before primary or secondary immunization with influenza A virus abrogated the capacity of CTL precursors to differentiate into influenza virus-specific CTL effectors in vivo. These results extend our previous findings and demonstrate that NK cells critically influence the induction of antigen-specific CTL, both in vitro and in vivo.
Resistive anomalies in (Pd1−xAgx)0.99Fe0.01 ternary alloys

Abstract The resistivity of ternary alloys (Pd 1− x Ag x ) 0.99 Fe 0.01 and the corresponding binary hosts has been measured from 1.2 K to 300 K. For x = 50 the results suggest spin-glass behaviour resembling that in the Pd-H (1% Fe) system with H / M ≈ 0.6.
Cloning and Expression of Four Novel Isoforms of Human Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme with Different Apoptotic Activities

To understand the mechanism of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) activation in apoptosis, we analyzed the expression of ICE mRNA in two human cell lines by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique. This resulted in the identification and cloning of four alternatively spliced ICE mRNA isoforms. Although all the alternative splicing events were within the coding sequence of ICE, the four ICE isoforms maintained open reading frames and were designated as ICE beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. In ICE gamma, most of the propeptide (amino acids 20-112) is deleted, which suggests that it may function as a catalyst for ICE autoprocessing in vivo. In ICE delta, amino acids 288-335, which contain the cleavage sites between the p20 and p10 subunits of ICE, are deleted thus resulting in its inactivation. Intriguingly, in ICE epsilon amino acids 20-335, which encompass most of the propeptide and the p20 subunit, are deleted resulting in the formation of a molecule that is homologous to the p10 subunit. Examination of the ability of these four ICE isoforms to cause apoptosis revealed that only the parental ICE alpha and isoforms beta and gamma, but not isoforms delta and epsilon, can induce apoptosis when overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells. In addition, coexpression of the p20 and p10 but not the p20 and ICE epsilon in Sf9 cells results in apoptosis. Interestingly, expression of ICE epsilon and to a lesser degree ICE delta resulted in extension of the survival of baculovirus-infected cells in a manner similar to expression of BCL2. The ability of ICE epsilon to extend the survival of Sf9 cells suggests that baculovirus-induced apoptosis in these cells is mediated by an ICE-like protease. We show that ICE epsilon can bind to the p20 subunit of ICE and potentially may compete with the p10 subunit to form an inactive ICE complex. Therefore, by acting as a dominant inhibitor of ICE activity, ICE epsilon may regulate ICE activation in vivo.
Practical Extensions to Cycle Time Approximations for the $G/G/m$ -Queue With Applications

Approximate closed form expressions for the mean cycle time in a G/G/m-queue often serve as practical and intuitive alternatives to more exact but less tractable analyses. However, the G/G/m-queue model may not fully address issues that arise in practical manufacturing systems. Such issues include tools with production parallelism, tools that are idle with work in process, travel to the queue, and the tendency of lots to defect from a failed server and return to the queue even after they have entered production. In this paper, we extend popular approximate mean cycle time formulae to address these practical manufacturing issues. Employing automated data extraction algorithms embedded in software, we test the approximations using parameters gleaned from production tool groups in IBM's 200 mm semiconductor wafer fabricator.
Evaluation of the NIOSH MWF Total Particulate Matter: Thoracic Particulate Matter Conversion Factor in a Machining Environment

Worker exposures to metalworking fluids were characterized at a plant that produced air compressors. Full-shift, side-by-side air samples (n = 147) were collected and analyzed for total particulate matter, extractable total particulate matter, thoracic particulate matter, and extractable thoracic particulate matter. The thoracic particulate matter geometric mean of 0.32 m/m3was below the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.4 mg/m3. The total particulate matter geometric mean of 0.52 mg/m3, however, was above 0.5 mg/m3, the total particulate matter concentration offered as a surrogate REL in the NIOSHCriteria for a Recommended Standard for Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids.[1]Of the 83 total particulate matter results that were at or above smash 0.5 mg/m3, only 50 (60%) of the corresponding thoracic particulate matter results were at or above 0.4 mg/m3. These data indicated a conversion factor of 1.65 between thoracic particulate ma...
Src-dependent aProtein Kinase C ι/λ (aPKCι/λ) Tyrosine Phosphorylation Is Required for aPKCι/λ Association with Rab2 and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase on Pre-Golgi Intermediates

Abstract The small GTPase Rab2 is required for membrane transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex. Rab2 associates with pre-Golgi intermediates (also termed vesicular tubular clusters; VTCs) that sort cargo to the anterograde pathway from recycling proteins retrieved to the ER. Our previous studies have shown that Rab2 stimulates atypical protein kinase C ι/λ (aPKCι/λ) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) recruitment to VTCs. Both aPKCι/λ and GAPDH bind directly to Rab2 and aPKCι/λ and GAPDH interact. Based on the reports demonstrating aPKCι-Src interaction and Src activity in the retrograde pathway (Golgi-ER), studies were initiated to learn whether Rab2 also promoted Src recruitment to VTCs. Using a quantitative membrane binding assay, we found that Rab2-stimulated Src membrane association in a dose-dependent manner. The recruited Src binds to aPKCι/λ and GAPDH on the membrane; however, Src does not interact with Rab2. The membrane-associated Src tyrosine phosphorylates aPKCι/λ on the VTC. To determine the consequence of aPKCι/λ tyrosine phosphorylation, the membrane binding assay was supplemented with the Src-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine (PP2). Although Rab2, Src, and GAPDH recruitment was not affected, the Rab2-PP2-treated membranes contained a negligible amount of aPKCι/λ. Since Rab2 requires aPKCι/λ for the downstream recruitment of β-coat protein (β-COP) to VTCs, the Rab2-PP2-treated membranes were evaluated for the presence of β-COP. Like aPKCι/λ, the membranes contained a negligible amount of β-COP that was reflected by the drastic reduction in Rab2-dependent vesicle formation. These data suggest that Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of aPKCι/λ facilitates aPKCι/λ association with Rab2-Src-GAPDH on VTCs, which is ultimately necessary for the downstream recruitment of β-COP and release of Rab2-mediated retrograde-directed vesicles.
Tropical temperature trends in Atmospheric General Circulation Model simulations and the impact of uncertainties in observed SSTs

The comparison of trends in various climate indices in observations and models is of fundamental importance for judging the credibility of climate projections. Tropical tropospheric temperature trends have attracted particular attention as this comparison may suggest a model deficiency. One can think of this problem as composed of two parts: one focused on tropical surface temperature trends and the associated issues related to forcing, feedbacks, and ocean heat uptake and a second part focusing on connections between surface and tropospheric temperatures and the vertical profile of trends in temperature. Here we focus on the atmospheric component of the problem. We show that two ensembles of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory HiRAM model runs (similar results are shown for National Center for Atmospheric Research's CAM4 model) with different commonly used prescribed sea surface temperatures (SSTs), namely, the HadISST1 and “Hurrell” data sets, have a difference in upper tropical tropospheric temperature trends (∼0.1 K/decade at 300 hPa for the period 1984–2008) that is about a factor 3 larger than expected from moist adiabatic scaling of the tropical average SST trend difference. We show that this surprisingly large discrepancy in temperature trends is a consequence of SST trend differences being largest in regions of deep convection. Further, trends, and the degree of agreement with observations, not only depend on SST data set and the particular atmospheric temperature data set but also on the period chosen for comparison. Due to the large impact on atmospheric temperatures, these systematic uncertainties in SSTs need to be resolved before the fidelity of climate models' tropical temperature trend profiles can be assessed.
Effects of doping on the optical fiber drawing process

Optical fibers are typically drawn from silica preforms, which usually consist of two concentric cylinders called the core and the cladding, heated in a high-temperature furnace. For optical communication purposes, the core generally has a higher average refractive index than the cladding to obtain total internal reflection. This paper investigates the effects of adding dopants to the core or to the cladding, to change the refractive index values, on the optical fiber drawing process. Employing an analytical/numerical model developed earlier to simulate the core-cladding structure of a typical optical fiber, the paper considers different dopants and the effects resulting from the consequent changes in properties, particularly the radiation absorption properties, on the temperature distributions, flow, neck-down profile, thermally induced defects and draw tension. The zonal method is applied to model the radiation transfer in the glass perform and the purge gas is taken as non-participating. The numerical model has been validated by comparing with results available in the literature, wherever possible. It is found that the effects are significant because of changes in refractive index and absorption of radiation, which give rise to significant changes in temperature and tension. These can, in turn, substantially affect fiber quality and characteristics. Therefore, for an accurate and realistic modeling of the process, the effects of property changes due to dopants on the draw process must be included.
Specific classes of symptoms predict readiness to change scores among dually diagnosed patients

The Transtheoretical Stages of Change model hypothesizes that disadvantages of substance abuse must outweigh advantages before change occurs. This study examined whether substance-related sequelae predicted readiness to change scores. A total of 150 dually diagnosed patients were administered the CAGE questionnaire (CAGE is an acronym for questions about substance use: Cutting down, Annoyed by criticism, feel Guilty, Early morning usage), which was scored for mood and behavior symptoms; a checklist of 12 physical, intrapersonal, and environmental symptoms; and the Brief Readiness to Change questionnaire (RTC). Regression analyses suggested that more physical and mood symptoms were predictive of higher total RTC (R2 = .11); physical, mood, and behavioral symptoms were predictive of higher contemplation scores (R2 = .17), whereas fewer physical symptoms were predictive of higher precontemplation scores (R2 = .05). The results suggest that the relative severity of physical, mood, and behavior symptoms may be important factors related to the contemplation of change among dually diagnosed patients.
Rapid and Sensitive Method for a Kinetic and Preformulation Study of an Investigational Antiviral Drug

Win 51711 is an oxazoline compound investigated for antiviral activity against rhinovirus. The drug is not very soluble in water (< 1 mcg/mL) above pH 5 but is quite soluble at more acid pH's due t...
Describing the Frequency of Marijuana Use: Fuzziness and Context-Dependent Interpretation of Frequency Expressions.

Abstract This paper offers a fuzzy-set model for interpreting vague frequency expressions, such as “rarely” and “sometimes,” in the context of self-reported marijuana use. This model distinguishes between “intersubject fuzziness,” reflecting differences between persons in the numeric interpretation of frequency expressions; “intrasubject fuzziness,” indicating intervals of possible frequencies that a person refers to with a frequency expression; “conjoint fuzziness,” reflecting differences between persons in the size of these intervals; and “random error.” These types of fuzziness were examined for seven frequency expressions in two reporting conditions (confidential research, job interview). Intrasubject fuzziness consistently accounted for the largest proportion of response variance (approximately 50%); intersubject and conjoint fuzziness accounted for approximately 20% and 15%, respectively; random error accounted for about 15% of the variance. Intersubject, intrasubject, and conjoint fuzziness make the numeric interpretation of frequency expressions problematic. They reflect that different persons apply different frequency expressions to describe the same levels of actual marijuana use and that one person may use different expressions to describe marijuana use in different situations. The validity of self-reports may be enhanced by interpreting and analyzing frequency expression as fuzzy sets.
Contour Transfer Using A Microprocessor-Controlled Laser Scanner

A contour transfer device has been developed to project a computer designed shape onto the surface of a radiotherapy patient. The device consists of a He-Ne laser, an optical system with a 2-D scanner and a scanner driver with microprocessor control. The X-Y scanning is accomplished by using a twin-mirror deflector; the scanning pattern is a function of the rotated angles of the mirrors. A program is proposed to calibrate the device and interpret the computerized contour so that the drawing pattern of the device can precisely reproduce the computer data. The device we developed is a versatile instrument with a number of applications in auto-drawing areas. It is to be used to project the intended treatment field of a radiotherapy patient onto the patient. This is the critical last step needed to utilize a computerized tomography (CT) scanner for radiotherapy treatment planning. The device is constructed in a compact fashion and will be mounted on the gantry of the CT scanner with the following technical parameters: (1) maximum scanning field is 30 cm by 30 cm on a 20-25 cm thick patient, (2) frame rate is greater than 25 frames/S, and (3) random error is within + 1 mm.
Method for Measuring Oxygen Consumption

Abstract Methods for rapid determination of oxygen consumption among young chickens have been described by Strite and Yacowitz (1956) and by Charkey and Thornton (1959). Both methods use gas burettes, leveling bottles and CO2 absorbents to measure consumption of oxygen. Strite and Yacowitz (1956) measured the amount of oxygen used in 10 minutes, with an inverted beaker for a chamber. Charkey and Thornton (1959) read the amount of oxygen used in 3 minutes, with a dessicator for a chamber. Repeated observations were made until successive readings checked. The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 and procedure described here have evolved from the use of chambers and methods noted above. The chamber is built around a 9.46 liter cooking pot with a lid having a vertical lip. A moat is constructed on the pot so that the lid will drop into a fluid seal. The original chamber held an aluminum strip with “pop” . . .
Antagonism of ethanol-induced depression of mouse locomotor activity by hyperbaric exposure

Previous studies have shown that exposure to hyperbaric helium + oxygen (HEOX) antagonizes the acute depressant effect of hypnotic doses of ethanol on rodent behavior, precipitates and exacerbates withdrawal in ethanol-dependent mice, and attenuates the development of chronic functional ethanol tolerance. The present study extends these investigations to the sub-hypnotic dose range by determining the effect of hyperbaric exposure on ethanol-induced depression of locomotor activity. Male C57BL/6J mice were given two treatments, 2.5 g/kg ethanol and saline, spaced one week apart according to a within subjects, balanced crossover design. Following injection, animals were exposed individually to 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA) air or to 1 ATA or 12 ATA HEOX inside a 15 liter hyperbaric chamber. Chamber temperatures were adjusted to offset ethanol hypothermia and the cooling effect of helium. Locomotor activity was measured continuously, beginning 10 min after injection, and recorded at prescribed intervals for 60 min. Multivariate analysis of variance of the measured activity revealed statistically significant differences between groups based on atmospheric condition, treatment, and time after injection. Within group comparisons indicated that ethanol treatment induced a significant reduction in locomotor activity in mice exposed to either 1 ATA air or 1 ATA HEOX. In contrast, ethanol-injected mice exposed to 12 ATA HEOX did not show a significant ethanol-induced decrease in locomotor activity, indicating antagonism of ethanol's effect. Hyperbaric exposure did not significantly alter blood ethanol concentrations measured 70 min after ethanol injection, thus making a pharmacokinetic explanation for these results unlikely. These findings are consistent with, and extend, previous evidence suggesting that hyperbaric exposure antagonizes molecular actions of ethanol leading to intoxication.
The oscillatory channel flow with arbitrary wall injection

In this article, we consider the laminar oscillatory flow in a low aspect ratio channel with porous walls. For small-amplitude pressure oscillations, we derive asymptotic formulations for the flow parameters using three different perturbation approaches. The undisturbed state is represented by an arbitrary mean-flow solution satisfying the Berman equation. For uniform wall injection, symmetric solutions are obtained for the temporal field from both the linearized vorticity and momentum transport equations. Asymptotic solutions that have dissimilar expressions are compared and shown to agree favourably with one another and with numerical experiments. In fact, numerical simulations of both linearly perturbed and nonlinear Navier-Stokes equations are used for validation purposes. As we insist on verifications, the absolute error associated with the total time-dependent velocities is analysed. The order of the cumulative error is established and the formulation based on the two-variable multiple-scale approach is found to be the most general and accurate. The explicit formulations help unveil interesting technical features and vortical structures associated with the oscillatory wave character. A similarity parameter is shown to exist in all formulations regardless of the mean-flow selection.
Bio-effect model applied to 131I radioimmunotherapy of refractory non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Purpose Improved data collection methods have improved absorbed dose estimation by tracking activity distributions and tumor extent at multiple time points, allowing individualized absorbed dose estimation. Treatment with tositumomab and 131I-tositumomab anti-CD20 radioimmunotherapy (BEXXAR) yields a cold antibody antitumor response (cold protein effect) and a radiation response. Biologically effective contributions, including the cold protein effect, are included in an equivalent biological effect model that was fit to patient data.
Electron correlations in atomic shells. II. Antisymmetric basis functions

Antisymmetric, radially correlated and LS-coupled hyperspherical channel functions are constructed for an analysis of the dynamics of atomic electrons at high density. A fractional parentage expansion, utilizing analytic transformations between alternative couplings of radial motions, is developed and applied. A program for the construction of states for an arbitrary number of electrons has been developed, and sample results are reported for as many as six electrons with equal orbital quantum numbers, l.
Decomposition of polymerisation initiators in supercritical CO2 : a novel approach to reaction kinetics using a CSTR

Abstract A novel method for simultaneous determination of the decomposition rate constant, k D , and the initiator efficiency, f , of a free-radical polymerisation initiator has been developed. The decomposition is carried out in a continuous-stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) in the presence of a radical scavenger. Mass balances for the initiator and the scavenger show that both f and k D can be determined from a set of constant-temperature experiments with a varying reactor mean residence time. Experiments were conducted in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) using diethyl peroxydicarbonate (DEPDC) as the free-radical initiator and galvinoxyl as the free-radical scavenger. The decomposition of DEPDC was first-order between 338 and 358 K. The activation energy, E A , was 132 kJ/mol, the pre-exponential factor, A D , was 6.3×10 16 s −1 , and the initiator efficiency, f , was 0.6. These values are similar to those reported in the literature for DEPDC decomposition in traditional organic solvents. Varying the carbon dioxide pressure between 240 and 310 bar at 348 K had no effect on the value of k D . Transition state theory predicted no significant effect of pressure or solvent composition on the initiator decomposition rate constant.
Autonomous single arm ORU changeout - strategies, control issues, and implementation

A preliminary strategy for autonomous single arm orbital replacement unit (ORU) changeout, the associated compliance and force control issues, and implementation results are described. The changeout operation is separated into subtasks, e.g. bolt-turn, compliant-grasp, and dual-pin-insertion/removal. Compliance and force control are done in Cartesian space and the selection of appropriate locations for the Cartesian control frame is discussed. The dual-pin-insertion/removal subtask requires a decision based strategy in conjunction with compliant control to prevent jamming. Actual implementation was done with a PUMA 560 6 degree of freedom manipulator although the control strategies could be implemented on any manipulator with at least 6 degrees of freedom.
"Pay No Attention to the Man behind the Curtain": Irreverent Notes on Gender and Ethnography

This article argues the importance of gender roles and ideologies in understanding the theory and practice of ethnography. It begins by evoking four female "muses" who provide insight into the process of making ethnographic knowledge. It then argues that fieldwork potentially produces multiply positioned individuals and that skills conventionally regarded as "feminine" in late-20th-century America enable such processes.
69.1: Invited Paper: Solution Processing of Small‐Molecule OLEDs

Solution processing can significantly reduce the manufacturing cost of OLED displays by reducing material consumption and allowing OLED manufacturing to be scaled to large motherglass sizes. Recent developments allow OLEDs to be manufactured using solution processing of small molecule OLED materials, thus enabling low cost manufacturing of high performance OLED displays.
Optical shadowing in the electron microscope

SUMMARY Optical shadowing offers a valuable technique for the study of many transmission electron microscope specimens. Simply blocking half of the illumination with the objective aperture produces an image with a striking shadowed effect which gives a distinctly three-dimensional appearance to the specimen's surface topography. Theoretical analysis shows that this is due primarily to a discrimination between electrons refracted in opposite directions, and that the characteristic features of the effect are successfully explained by a refraction model. The capability of visualizing surface topography is applicable up to the full resolving power of the instrument and accordingly opens many new avenues of investigation.
The viscoelastic relaxation of a realistically stratified earth, and a further analysis of postglacial rebound

SUMMARY We discuss the isostatic adjustment of the earth in response to Pleistocene deglaciation, and derive constraints on the earth's viscosity profile. We model the earth as viscoelastic, self-gravitating, realistically stratified and spherically symmetric. It is shown that the earth's relaxation eigenspectrum, besides possessing a small set of well-known discrete modes, also includes infinitely dense sets of modes (a continuous spectrum) which separate into classes that depend on the principal restoring force of the mode. Methods for estimating the continuous spectrum are discussed, and the effects on the predicted uplift are assessed. We find that the effects of the continuous spectrum are far less important than those of the discrete modes, though the presence of the continuous spectrum can make the discrete modes more difficult to identify. The continuous spectrum does become important when computing the rebound due to more recent loading, such as might be associated with present-day changes in polar ice. We use our model to refine predictions of the earth's response to Pleistocene glacial loading, with particular emphasis on implications for mantle viscosity. We have used time histories that are consistent with the recently recalibrated 14C time-scale. A special effort is made to match the geologic records of sea-level at sites in the vicinity of Hudson Bay. We find, consistent with the results of other authors, that the curvatures of the records are sensitive indicators of lower-mantle viscosity, but that there are inconsistencies between the records at different sites. However, we find we are also able to change the predicted curvatures by modifying the temporal and spatial distribution of the ice loads. If we assume a factor of 50 increase in viscosity between the upper and lower mantles, and if we assume that the ice on the eastern side of Hudson Bay melted a few thousand years later than the ice on the western side (a result consistent with recent geologic evidence), we are able to match the observed sea-level data about as well as we are able to, if we use, instead, a uniform mantle viscosity profile. A model with a factor of 50 jump in viscosity predicts a large free-air gravity anomaly over northern Canada that is reasonably consistent with what is observed, whereas a uniform viscosity model does not (though some authors have argued that the observed North American gravity anomaly may be mostly a consequence of mantle convection, and largely unrelated to postglacial rebound). Our objective here is not to present a preferred ice model or viscosity profile. Rather, we conclude only that the interpretation of the data is ambiguous, and that the mantle viscosity profile can not yet be uniquely inferred from them.
Reversible release of vitamin B12-binding protein from bacterial ribosomes

Abstract Exposure of [60Co]vitamin B12-containing ribosomes of Lactobacillus leichmannii to 0.3 M or 2.5 M NaCl or CsCl causes release of a vitamin B12-binding protein. Under suitable conditions, binding protein can reassociate with ribosomes. Salt treatment concurrently dissociates ribosomes to smaller units with sedimentation constants of approximately 29 S and 38 S. The ribosomes of Escherichia coli, a species which unlike L. leichmannii requires no exogenous vitamin B12, possess an analogous vitamin B12-binding protein which is released into salt solutions. The vitamin B12-binding protein of each species is bound by the “stripped” ribosomes of the other species. Reassociation of vitamin B12-binding proteins with salt-treated ribosomes does not alter their sedimentation behavior.
Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus: A multiinstitutional registry comparing multiple devices

Background: There are no guidelines and multiple devices available now for closure of PDA. Objective: We sought to determine which devices are used and their outcomes. Methods: Prospectively collected data on closure of PDA at 12 US catheterization labs was entered into the MAGIC data registry between November 2005 and September 2008. Results: PDA closure was accomplished in 357 of 359 attempted closures during the study period. Mean age, weight, and minimum ductal diameter were 4.3 ± 6.8 years, 18.7 ± 18.4 kg, and 2.1 ± 1.4 mm, respectively. Devices used were Gianturco coils (161/359), Amplatzer Duct Occluder (ADO, 174/359), Flipper coils (18/359), and other devices (6/359). Gianturco coils had the least fluoroscopy and contrast exposure (8.7 ± 7.5 min, P = 0.00001, 2.6 ± 1.4 cm3 kg−1, P = 0.00001). Immediate angiographic success rates were 96.9% (156/161) for Gianturco coils, 89.7% (156/174) for the ADO, 100% (18/18) for Flipper coils, and 66.7% (4/6) for other devices. Major complication rates were 0.6% for Gianturco coils (1/161), 1.7% for ADO (3/174), and 83.3% for other devices (4/6). Minor complication rates by device were 1.9% for Gianturco coils (3/161), 2.3% for ADO (4/174), and 16.7% (1/6) for other devices. Conclusions: Gianturco coils, the ADO and Flipper coils were immediately successful with low complication profiles. The ADO and Gianturco coils were the predominate devices. The ADO was the device of choice for PDA > 3 mm with good success. In PDA < 3 mm, the Gianturco coil is as effective and safe as the ADO with less cost, less radiation, and less contrast exposure. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) promotes glioma cell invasion through induction of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and noncanonical NF-κB signaling

High-grade gliomas are one of the most invasive and therapy-resistant cancers. We have recently shown that noncanonical NF-κB/RelB signaling is a potent driver of tumorigenesis and invasion in the aggressive, mesenchymal subtype of glioma. However, the relevant signals that induce activation of noncanonical NF-κB signaling in glioma and its function relative to the canonical NF-κB pathway remain elusive. The ability of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) to regulate NF-κB signaling and promote tumor progression was investigated in both established and primary high-grade glioma tumor lines using a three-dimensional (3-D) collagen invasion assay. The roles of specific NF-κB proteins in regulating glioma cell invasion and expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in response to TWEAK were evaluated using shRNA-mediated loss-of-function studies. The ability of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) to promote glioma growth in vivo was investigated using an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. In glioma cells that display elevated noncanonical NF-κB signaling, loss of RelB attenuates invasion without affecting RelA expression or phosphorylation and RelB is sufficient to promote invasion in the absence of RelA. The cytokine TWEAK preferentially activates the noncanonical NF-κB pathway through induction of p100 processing to p52 and nuclear accumulation of both RelB and p52 without activating the canonical NF-κB pathway. Moreover, TWEAK, but not TNFα, significantly increases NIK mRNA levels. TWEAK also promotes noncanonical NFκB-dependent MMP9 expression and glioma cell invasion. Finally, expression of NIK is sufficient to increase gliomagenesis in vivo. Our data establish a key role for NIK and noncanonical NF-κB in mediating TWEAK-induced, MMP-dependent glioma cell invasion. The findings also demonstrate that TWEAK induces noncanonical NF-κB signaling and signal-specific regulation of NIK mRNA expression. Together, these studies reveal the important role of noncanonical NF-κB signaling in regulating glioma invasiveness and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting activation of NIK in this deadly disease.
Rats subjected to chronic-intermittent hypoxia have increased density of noradrenergic terminals in the trigeminal sensory and motor nuclei

Rodents subjected to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) are used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the consequences of the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. Following CIH, rats have an increased density of noradrenergic terminals in the hypoglossal motor nucleus which innervates lingual muscles that protect the upper airway from collapse in OSA patients. Here, we investigated whether such an increase also occurs in other brainstem nuclei. Six pairs of male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to CIH or sham treatment for 10h/day for 35 days, with O(2) level oscillating between 24% and 7% every 3min. Brainstem sections were immunohistochemically processed for dopamine-β-hydroxylase, a marker for norepinephrine. Noradrenergic terminal varicosities were counted in the center of the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo5) and the interpolar part of the spinal trigeminal sensory nucleus (Sp5). In the Mo5, noradrenergic varicosities tended to be 9% more numerous in CIH- than sham-treated rats, and in the Sp5 they were 18% more numerous in CIH rats (184±9 vs. 156±8 per 100×100μm counting box; p=0.03, n=18 section pairs).These data suggest that CIH elicits sprouting of noradrenergic terminals in multiple motor and sensory regions of the lower brainstem. This may alter motor and cardiorespiratory outputs and the transmission of cardiorespiratory and motor reflexes in CIH rats and, by implication, in OSA patients.
Groundwater dynamics mediate low-flow response to global warming in snow-dominated alpine regions.

[1] In mountain environments, spatial and temporal patterns of snow accumulation and melt are dominant controls on hydrologic responses to climate change. In this paper, we develop a simple conceptual model that links the timing of peak snowmelt with geologically mediated differences in rate of streamflow recession. This model demonstrates that within the western United States, spatial differences in subsurface drainage rates can exacerbate summer streamflow losses associated with diminishing snowpacks. Application of a process-based hydrologic model to four watersheds in the Western Cordillera further reveals that contingent on timing of snowmelt, slower draining watersheds are likely to have more water in summer but paradoxically are subject to the greatest summer water losses under a 1.5°C warming scenario. A slow draining watershed located in the young volcanic arc of the High Cascades in Oregon shows 4 times the summer streamflow reduction when compared with faster draining watersheds with similar timing of peak snowmelt. On the other hand, watersheds where snowmelt occurs late in the season but have little groundwater influence show high relative sensitivities to snowpack changes due to warming, as shown by a high-elevation granitic Sierran watershed. Our results highlight the importance of geological factors in interpreting hydrologic response to climate change and argue for a geoclimatic framework to guide the design of monitoring networks that will become the basis for assessing climate change impacts in mountain regions throughout the globe.
Abnormal EGF-dependent regulation of sodium absorption in ARPKD collecting duct cells.

Amiloride-sensitive sodium entry, via the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), is the rate-limiting step for Na+ absorption in kidney collecting ducts, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibits Na+ t...