cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T cell traffic and the inflammatory response in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis.

Purpose To quantify S-antigen-specific (S-Ag) T cells in the retina after adoptive transfer, and to evaluate their role in the initiation and progress of destructive ocular inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Methods Lewis rats were administered 10 x 10(6) S-Ag-specific T cells from the SP35 cell line or 10 x 10(6) concanavalin A-stimulated syngeneic spleen cell lymphoblasts labeled with lipophilic PKH26 fluorescent dye immediately before intravenous inoculation. Labeled cells in each retina were counted at various times from 4 to 120 hours after cell transfer by fluorescence microscopic analysis of each dissociated retina. Recipient eyes were examined within the same period by light and confocal microscope. Results SP35 T cells showed a biphasic distribution in the retina. The first peak of 160 cells/retina was noted at 24 hours. A steady decline of labeled cells at 48 and 72 hours was followed by a rapid increase at 96 and 120 hours. Concanavalin A-stimulated, control-labeled cell populations showed an identical peak at 24 hours but a persistent decline thereafter; only two or three T cells were present in each retina at 120 hours. Concurrent inoculation of SP35 cells and nonspecific T cell blasts did not produce more SP35 cells than control cells in the retina at any time. Microscopic analysis showed mononuclear cell infiltration of the iris, ciliary body, and aqueous humor at 48 hours, which intensified rapidly and persisted through 120 hours. Retinal inflammation did not begin until 80 hours. Mononuclear cell adherence to vascular endothelium and perivascular macrophage infiltration of the innermost layers progressed to edema, and profound destructive inflammation and loss of retinal stratification were observed at 120 hours. Conclusions There is no evidence of a blood-ocular or blood-retinal barrier to activated T cell blasts. Autologous S-Ag does not provoke a more rapid entry of specific T cells at that site. The data confirm that anterior segment inflammation precedes retinal inflammation, even though S-Ag-specific T cells were present in the retina within a few hours after cell transfer. Because S-Ag is clearly present in the retina, delay in antigen presentation at that site may account for the temporal difference between retinal and anterior segment inflammation.
Embedded Metal Voids Detection to Improve Copper Metallization for Advanced Interconnect

We present here our studies on using electron beams to locate copper fill voids in dual damascene structures down to 10nm CD. It is shown that the e-beam technique can be optimized for detecting embedded voids in non-destructive manner that enables faster process development on 300mm wafers by reducing the dependence on time consuming methods such as Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), while at the same time providing statistically significant information during process development and monitoring.
Structural variation targets neurodevelopmental genes and identifies SHANK2 as a tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma, like many childhood cancers, exhibits a relative paucity of somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Here, we assess the contribution of structural variation (SV) in neuroblastoma using a combination of whole genome sequencing (WGS; n=135) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping (n=914) of matched tumor-normal pairs. Our study design provided means for orthogonal validation of SVs as well as validation across genomic platforms. SV frequency, type, and localization varied significantly among high-risk tumors, with MYCN non-amplified tumors harboring an increased SV burden overall (P=1.12x10-5). Genes disrupted by SV breakpoints were enriched in neuronal lineages and autism spectrum disorder. The postsynaptic adapter protein-coding gene SHANK2, located on chromosome 11q13, was disrupted by SVs in 14% and 10% of MYCN non-amplified high-risk tumors based on WGS and SNP array cohorts, respectively. Forced expression of SHANK2 in neuroblastoma cell models resulted in significant growth inhibition (P=2.62x10-2 to 3.4x10-5) and accelerated neuronal differentiation following treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (P=3.08x10-13 to 2.38x10-30). These data further define the complex landscape of structural variation in neuroblastoma and suggest that events leading to deregulation of neurodevelopmental processes, such as inactivation of SHANK2, are key mediators of tumorigenesis.
Jon Schueler (1916–1992): Intensity and Identity

“I found every passion in the sky,” Schueler writes in his magnificent autobiography, The Sound of Sleat. This essay is about his writing and his painting, the two arts inseparable for this author. It deals with his cloudscapes and seascapes and earthscapes, but above all with his passion for that part of Scotland in Mallaig Vaig and across to the Isle of Skye. For focus, it concentrates on the period of 1958–1959, when he found his first studio there. Each fragment thereof feels complete in its witness to the search for identity Schueler undertook with such intensity throughout his lifetime, in Scotland and America, through art and jazz and living. We might call it a sky song, providing that music takes into itself so much else.
Chromosomal instability suppresses the growth of K-Ras-induced lung adenomas

Chromosomal instability (CIN) is defined as a high rate of whole chromosome loss or gain and is a hallmark of many aneuploid solid tumors. CIN positively correlates with poor patient prognosis and chemotherapeutic resistance. Despite this clinical importance, the role of CIN in tumor initiation, growth and/or progression remains poorly understood. To date, the only strategies developed to determine how CIN contributes to tumorigenesis have relied on transgenic mouse models that deliberately increase the rate of chromosomal mis-segregation. Here we develop a strain of transgenic mice that is designed to strategically decrease the rate of chromosome mis-segregation and suppress CIN. These animals modestly overexpress the kinesin-13 microtubule depolymerase Kif2b, a strategy proven successful in restoring faithful chromosome segregation to human cancer cells in culture. Using the LA2 K-Ras G12D-induced model for lung cancer, we show that Kif2b expression reduces the number of chromosome segregation defects but does not change the incidence of lung tumor lesions. However, pulmonary tumors were significantly larger in animals expressing Kif2b and those tumors exhibited elevated rates of Ki-67 positive cells relative to controls. Thus, in lung cancers driven by mutations in K-Ras, CIN has little impact on tumor initiation but suppresses tumor growth. These data support a model in which CIN imposes a burden on tumor cells, and that enhancement of mitotic fidelity results in accelerated tumor growth.
The I.Ae.S. Annual Meeting: A Résumé of the Principal Papers read at the Ninth Meeting of Members

THE Annual Meeting proper was preceded by the Honors Dinner at which several awards were given for distinguished achievements in aeronautics. The Daniel Guggenheim Medal itself was presented to Glenn L. Martin, an early aviation pioneer, whose Baltimore plant is turning out patrol bombers, the B‐26, an advanced medium bomber, and the Baltimore's medium bomber specially designed for British needs. Mr. Martin is the last survivor of the American aeroplane pioneers to head an aircraft manufacturing company bearing his own name. William J. Knudsen was among the distinguished guests. The guest of honour was Griffith Brewer, President of the Royal Aeronautical Society of Great Britain, who called for speedy help to Britain in its hour of need. If the enthusiastic greeting given to Mr. Brewer is any criterion, then it may be taken for granted that the aviation fraternity of the United States is heart and soul with the British stand.
Methodology for designing grism stretchers for idler-based optical parametric chirped-pulse-amplification systems

Powerful ultrafast lasers with wavelengths above 1 μm are in demand to create attosecond pulses and ultra-intense laser sources. A promising technology to achieve these laser sources uses the by-product from an optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier, known as the idler. Compression of the idler to high peak powers requires a grism stretcher and a grating compressor. Grism stretchers have many more design parameters than conventional stretchers, complicating the design process. This paper presents a method for designing a grism stretcher and grating compressor that logically navigates the design process. This method was applied to design a grism stretcher for the optical parametric amplifier line that is under construction at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics to produce a 50 mJ, 115 fs pulse at 1170 nm.
Drug-Induced Disorders and Dental Implant Treatment

There is an increasing number of medically compromised patients that take medications for several systemic illnesses which may increase the risk of implant failure and complications. In this chapter we focus on three commonly used medications that may induce unfavorable conditions or poor prognosis for dental implant treatment, bisphosphonate, anticoagulants, and corticosteroids, summarizing their respective pharmacological side effects, medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, hemorrhage, as well as adrenal insufficiency and osteoporosis, on dental implant treatment. A comprehensive history of drug intake including the dose, route, and duration is critical to assess potential risk and implant prognosis before initiating surgical treatment. Minimally invasive surgery and postoperative care are highly recommended for successful outcomes. Most importantly interdisciplinary interaction between treating physicians, pharmacists, dentists, and other specialists is vital in the overall care of the patients.
Mental Fatigue Prediction from Multi-Channel ECOG Signal

Early detection of mental fatigue and changes in vigilance could be used to initiate neurostimulation to treat patients suffering from brain injury and mental disorders. In this study, we analyzed electrocorticography (ECoG) signals chronically recorded from two non-human primates (NHPs) as they performed a cognitively demanding task over extended periods of time. We employed a set of biomarkers to identify mental fatigue and a gradient boosting classifier to predict the performance outcome, seconds prior to the actual behavior response. An average F1 score of 75.4% ± 8.4% and 86.4%±6.6% was obtained for the two studied NHPs. Our preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting mental fatigue in healthy primates that could be used for closed-loop control of neurostimulation therapy.
The nonsurgical management of early stage (T1/2 N0 M0) laryngeal cancer: A population analysis

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patterns of care and survival in the nonsurgical management of early-stage (T1/2 N0 M0) laryngeal cancer. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database during the period 2004 to 2015. Patients diagnosed with T1/2 N0 M0 laryngeal SCC definitively treated without surgery were included. Study predictors were age, gender, race, marital status, histologic grade, stage, and management strategy defined as radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy (CRT), or no treatment. Study outcomes were overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Results In total, 3221 patients comprised the final sample. Over half of the lesions were stage I (63.8%); 74.0%, 24.8%, and 1.2% were located in the glottis, supraglottis, and subglottis, respectively. RT (77.6%) was the preferred nonsurgical treatment modality, followed by CRT (12.7%). A greater proportion of patients with stage II disease (25.1%) received CRT compared with those with stage I (5.6%). Similarly, patients receiving CRT were significantly younger and more likely to present with higher-grade lesions located in the supraglottis and subglottis. In the multivariate model, the risks of both disease-specific and overall death were increased by age, male gender, supraglottic and subglottic location, stage II disease, CRT, and no treatment. Conclusions Definitive RT was the preferred treatment modality regardless of tumor characteristics. CRT was more often selectively reserved for younger patients with higher grade, stage II tumors located in the supraglottis and subglottis. This approach may be driven by the poorer rates of survival associated with these particular characteristics. CRT did not appear to improve survival in comparison with RT after controlling for subsite and disease severity; however, future clinical studies are required to validate this finding.
Comparison of 3D Printed Spherical Implants versus Femoral Head Allografts for Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis

ABSTRACT Successful tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis can be difficult to achieve in patients with bulk bone defects even with the use of femoral head allograft. Retrograde intramedullary nail placement through custom 3-dimensional (3D) spherical implants is an innovative option for these patients. The purpose of this study was to compare fusion rates, graft resorption, and complication rates between patients undergoing TTC fusion with 3D sphere implants versus femoral head allografts. Patients who underwent TTC arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail along with a 3D spherical implant (n = 8) or femoral head allograft (n = 7) were included in this study. The rate of successful fusion of the tibia, calcaneus, and talar neck to the 3D sphere or femoral head allograft was compared between the groups. The rate of total fused articulations was significantly higher in the 3D sphere group (92%) than the femoral head allograft group (62%; p = .018). The number of patients achieving successful fusion of all 3 articulations was higher in the 3D sphere group (75%) than the femoral head allograft group (42.9%, p = .22). The rate of graft resorption was significantly higher in the femoral head allograft group (57.1%) than the 3D sphere group (0%, p = .016). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of complications. These data demonstrate that the use of a custom 3D printed sphere implant is safe in patients with severe bone loss undergoing TTC arthrodesis with a retrograde intramedullary nail and may result in improved rates of successful arthrodesis.
The peptide sensor motif stabilizes the outward-facing conformation of TmrAB

ABSTRACT The ATP binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters move diverse small molecules across membranes in nearly all organisms. Transport activity requires conformational switching between inward-facing and outward-facing states driven by ATP-dependent dimerization of two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). The allosteric mechanism that connects ATP binding and hydrolysis in the NBDs to conformational changes in a substrate binding site in the transmembrane domains (TMDs) presents an unresolved question. Here we use sequence coevolution analyses together with biochemical characterization to investigate the role of a highly conserved motif called the peptide sensor in coordinating domain rearrangements in the heterodimeric peptide exporter from Thermus thermophilus, TmrAB. Mutations in the peptide sensor motif alter ATP hydrolysis rates as well as substrate release. Disulfide crosslinking, evolutionary trace, and evolutionary coupling analysis reveal that these effects likely destabilize a network between the peptide sensor motif and the Q-loop and X-loop, two known allosteric elements in the NBDs. We further find that disruption of this network in TmrA versus TmrB has different functional consequences, hinting at an intrinsic asymmetry in heterodimeric ABC transporters extending beyond that of the NBDs. These results support a mechanism in which the peptide sensor motifs help coordinate the transition of TmrAB to an outward open conformation, and each half of the transporter likely plays a different role in the conformational cycle of TmrAB.
Investment and Market Structure in Industries with Congestion

We analyze investment incentives and market structure under oligopoly competition in industries with congestion effects. Our results are particularly focused on models inspired by modern technology-based services such as telecommunications and computing services. We consider situations where firms compete by simultaneously choosing prices and investments; increasing investment reduces the congestion disutility experienced by consumers. We define a notion of returns to investment, according to which congestion models inspired by delay exhibit increasing returns, whereas loss models exhibit nonincreasing returns. For a broad range of models with nonincreasing returns to investment, we characterize and establish uniqueness of pure-strategy Nash equilibrium. We also provide conditions for existence of pure-strategy Nash equilibrium. We extend our analysis to a model in which firms must additionally decide whether to enter the industry. Our theoretical results contribute to the basic understanding of competition in service industries and yield insight into business and policy considerations.
Blood Product Management in Developing Countries

Transfusion of blood and blood products is not only critical in life-threatening emergencies but also facilitates management of acute and chronic conditions in routine patient care [1]. In developing countries (DGCs) such as those in sub-Saharan Africa, the greatest need for transfusions is in children with malaria-related anemia and women with obstetric hemorrhage [1, 2]. These clinical scenarios are associated with a mortality index of up to 25.5% [2]. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) included fresh-frozen plasma, platelets, red blood cells, and whole blood on its Model List of Essential Medicines in 2019, many DGCs lack reliable access to these products [3].
Engineering Hydrogels for Efficient Solar Desalination and Water Purification

ConspectusSafe and adequate water is a global challenge due to the growing population and pollution in the wake of natural disasters. Access to clean water is a cornerstone for the further developm...
Evidence on the Importance of the Financial Reporting Function in Municipal Governments

We develop a database of the characteristics of the financial reporting function for all 482 California cities from 2013 to 2018, including the name and title of the individual who prepares the financial statements and the resources devoted to administrative duties. We find that financial reporting quality is associated with both the organizational design and the amount of resources devoted to the administrative function. Specifically, when the municipality employs a dedicated finance director, when the finance director simultaneously performs treasury responsibilities, and when the city devotes more resources to administrative salaries, municipalities provide disclosures that are of higher quality and generally benefit from a reduced cost of capital. Our findings are consistent across specifications that explore heterogeneity across and within cities, and after using extreme weather events as a source of plausibly exogenous variation in the municipal reporting function.
Life-cycle cost optimization of a solar combisystem for residential buildings in Nepal

Current solar thermal systems used in Nepal are mostly for domestic hot water heating. Meanwhile, there is a growing need for space heating. A solar heating system can be configured to provide heat...
Combined perineal hernia repair and abdominal parastomal hernia with mesh for sequela of an abdominoperineal resection

Clinically, significant perineal hernias are rare, occurring in <1% of all hernias. They may be congenital but are most commonly acquired and secondary to abdominoperineal resection (APR) or pelvic exenteration as treatments for cancer. We report a novel case of a combined perineal hernia and abdominal parastomal hernia and our approach for repair with mesh. The perineal hernia repair utilized a composite mesh implant, which was anchored to Cooper's ligament and the anterior longitudinal ligament. The parastomal hernia required component separation and re-siting of the stoma. This case describes a unique method for repairing the uncommon sequelae of concurrent perineal and parastomal hernias after an APR for rectal cancer.
Repertoire Remodeling through CD4+ T-cell Depletion.

Understanding the cellular regulation of tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses is critical to designing improved clinical strategies for cancer immunotherapy. In this issue, Aoki and colleagues deepen our knowledge of this topic by demonstrating that transient depletion of CD4+ T cells in patients with gastrointestinal cancer induces remodeling of the T-cell repertoire, including clonal replacement and expansion of CD8+ T-cell clones shared between the blood and tumor. See article by Aoki et al., p. 624
Constructing Race and Ethnicity: “It Has to Do with Where You Are”

Drawing from the lived experiences of Haitian women in Boston and Montreal, this study illustrates how ethnography can augment understandings of race and place in demography by complementing quantitative analyses, showing how race is constructed across place through daily micro-interactions. Building on the work of demographers who examine how race shifts over time and place, this article challenges the practice of engaging with race as a fixed or static category to consider how race is constructed across place, highlighting the nuances of race that are sometimes lost in quantitative studies. The multi-sited ethnographic methodology employed in this study is uniquely suited to uncovering the specificities of race and place. The findings reveal that Haitian women experience race differently in Montreal and in Boston, based largely on the historical context of each place. Haitians in Boston experienced intraracial tensions with African Americans, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s, that shaped their experiences of race and place, while Haitians in Montreal at the same time experienced Blackness that was closely tied with xenophobia in the French Canadian context. The Haitian women in this study experienced race, place, gender, ethnicity, and class simultaneously, necessitating an intersectional approach to understanding the effects of race in and on their daily lives.
Yellow Fever’s Historical Lessons for COVID-19: International Interventions and Disease Control in Early Twentieth-century Ecuador and Guatemala

Throughout tropical urban Latin America, yellow fever wreaked havoc. Located at sea level, Guayaquil (Ecuador) and Puerto Barrios (Guatemala) were particularly susceptible to yellow fever; yet, Ecu...
Feminist Ethics and Gender Portrayals in Urhobo (African) Traditional Music

Essential concern of feminist ethics is that the moral perspectives and experiences of women are not often taken into cognizance in ethical discussion and that there is an unjust power structure in a culture that discriminates against women and privileges the position and rights of men over women. The moral ideal is often based on the male evaluation. The moral views on what ought to be just relationships between men and women permeate almost all aspects of cultural life, including music. Urhobo traditional music is not an exception. Urhobo traditional music which is a reflection of African traditional values that endorses patriarchy portrays women as inferior to men and women are to be subservient to men in decision-making in society. The paper will use critical analytic and hermeneutic methods to do a feminist ethical critique of gender portrayal in Urhobo traditional music. Excerpts from Urhobo traditional music will be presented, translated and their meaning evaluated. The paper finds and concludes that there is a need to create traditional music that projects the equality of men and women, just relationships among the sexes, and enhances the positive values of feminist ethics.
Reactions to crime: a multilevel analysis of fear of crime and defensive and participatory behavior

This study examines the associations between fear of crime and individual constrained behavior. Specifically, to address the inconsistent findings of previous research, we investigate how emotional fear of crime and perceived risk of victimization are associated with the use of defensive behaviors. We also extend previous research by examining the relationships between fear of crime and perceived risk and participatory behavior. The results of multilevel models based on survey data from Seattle show that fear of crime was positively associated with three individual defensive behaviors, and perceived risk was negatively associated with two participatory behaviors. The results suggest that emotional fear increases individualistic target-hardening behaviors, while perceptions of risk reduce participation in community-wide crime-prevention activities.
The Cambridge Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Poetry

The Cambridge Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Poetry is designed to give readers a brief but thorough introduction to the various movements, schools, and groups of American poets in the twentieth century. It will help readers to understand and analyze modern and contemporary poems. The first part of the book deals with the transition from the nineteenth-century lyric to the modernist poem, focussing on the work of major modernists such as Robert Frost, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Wallace Stevens, Marianne Moore, and W. C. Williams. In the second half of the book, the focus is on groups such as the poets of the Harlem Renaissance, the New Critics, the Confessionals, and the Beats. In each chapter, discussions of the most important poems are placed in the larger context of literary, cultural, and social history.
Ceftriaxone for Otitis Media

To the Editor.— I am responding to the article about the use of ceftriaxone for acute otitis media published by Green and Rothrock in Pediatrics in January 1993.1 Although the results of treatment using intramuscular ceftriaxone were comparable with those using oral amoxicillin, and parent response to this was highly favorable, the use of ceftriaxone for this indication is grossly inappropriate. In recent years, the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms has become a very serious problem.
Keynote Speech 3: IoT - Internet(s) of things [Plenary Session]

Summary form only given. Thirty years ago, the idea of 'Connecting Every-Thing' was just a topic of science fiction, but with the introduction and technological advancements and introduction of the Internet, the fiction has become reality. Up to now, communications systems, and also the Internet, have predominantly been used by and for individuals. With loT we all experience a domain shift towards connected devices and machines - the Things - which are autonomously requesting and supplying information via networks. This development leads to a series of great challenges not only for future technology and its standardization, but also for the whole of society. This talk will focus on one of the absolutely critical aspects within the loT environment - communications. Communications are required at every level, from a tiny sensor device ranging up to a high performance data center on a backbone. Today's new requirements regarding technology, reliability and standards will be reviewed, and some conjectures will be given on where advanced communications might take us and the loT in the future.
Changes in the healthcare profession: from denial to acceptance.

Abstract As the government and other factors seem to be increasingly gaining control over the healthcare industry, many hospital managers and staff feel as if they're increasingly losing control over their jobs and their futures. Indeed, some administrators and physicians are experiencing a kind of stress that may be seen as a grief for the way things once were. Using Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's stages of the grieving process, the author explains how such stress can be managed and some control regained.
Design and simulation of a GaN/AlGaN quantum cascade laser for terahertz emission

Our study indicates that there are significant advantages in developing THz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) with GaN-based quantum well (QW) structures. While the ultrafast longitudinal optical (LO) phonon scattering in AlGaN/GaN QWs can be used for the rapid depopulation of the lower laser state, the large LO-phonon energy (∼90 meV) can effectively reduce the thermal population of the lasing states. Our investigation shows that GaN-based THz QCLs can potentially be operating cw at room temperature.
SEXUAL HARASSMENT RESEARCH: A METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE

Despite numerous court cases and over 10 years of research attention, what we don't know about sexual harassment far exceeds what we do know. The purpose of this paper is to critically assess the research literature on sexual harassment, identify methodological problems, and propose recommendations for advancing our knowledge of this important construct. Seven major methodological problems were found to be prevalent in the research: (a) a disturbing lack of attention to construct validity issues, (b) a weak theoretical development, (c) an overuse of cross-sectional or static approaches for studying a dynamic phenomenon, (d) an almost complete reliance on convenience samples for survey research and college student samples for experimental research, (e) an almost complete reliance on “paper people” or descriptive stimuli, (f) little or no attention paid to the potential reactivity of measures and methods used, and (g) mono-method bias (using the same instruments for measuring both independent and dependent variables).
Three Dimensional Numerical Analysis of Flow Through the Human Carotid Bifurcation With Varying Degrees of Stenotic Plaque Formation

The human carotid artery bifurcation is often affected by plaque and atherosclerotic formations. A high degree of stenosis due to plaque deposit in the carotid artery can significantly diminish blood flow to the brain [1]. For three decades, local flow anomalies such as flow separation, recirculation, low wall shear stress, and high local particle residence time are factors that have been implicated in the development of arterial diseases [3, 1]. Numerical analysis of flow through a stenotic carotid bifurcation provides insight into local flow dynamics and an assessment of the risks of particular modes and degrees of stenosis.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The selenium content of human teeth

Abstract Two studies were conducted for the purpose of determining the selenium content of enamel and dentine in different groups of teeth. The results showed that selenium is a normal constituent of enamel and dentine. The selenium content of deciduous teeth was found to be higher than that of permanent teeth. There appears to be no definite pattern regarding increase in the selenium content of enamel with advance in age.
Empirical Derivation of Child Compliance Time

Assessment of child compliance has been characterized by the use of rationally-derived rather than empirically-derived compliance criteria and compliance times. In this study compliance times were derived empirically by coding videotapes of 15 nonreferred preschool children and their mothers during two standard observation conditions. The results suggest that 85% of the time these children began to comply within 5.4 seconds of a parental command. The average conditional probability of completing compliance given beginning compliance was .73. Compliance time was not significantly different as a function of observation condition or command type. Direct commands were, however, observed to influence positively the likelihood of compliance. The importance of empirically deriving compliance times for the particular observation system used as well as assessing the influence of command type and contextual factors was discussed.
Annealing of intimate Au‐GaAs Schottky barriers: Thick and ultrathin metal films

Using valence‐band and core‐level photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and electrical device measurements, the effects of annealing on Au:n‐type (110) GaAs Schottky diodes fabricated in ultrahigh vacuum have been studied. Similiar trends in the annealing‐induced changes in the barrier height of Au:n‐type GaAs were found for 0.2 and 15 monolayer coverages as determined by PES and for thick film coverages (1000 A) as determined by current‐voltage (I‐V) and capacitance‐voltage (C‐V) measurement techniques. In each case, the barrier height was found to be stable for temperatures between 30 and 200 °C and between 300 and 500 °C; while a gradual decrease in the barrier height was found for annealing temperatures of 200–300 °C. These changes are correlated with the formation of a Au‐Ga rich layer at the interface during anneals at 200 to 300 °C. Leakage currents were found to dominate the I‐V characteristics in the devices which were annealed above the Au‐Ga eutectic temperature. These peripheral leakage currents we...
Effects of Parenterally Administered Triazolam on Sleep in Rats With Lesions of the Preoptic Area

Abstract In previous work we have reported that microinjections of triazolam or pentobarbital into the medial preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus produce a hypnotic effect. This finding raised the possibility that the sleep-enhancing actions after systemic administration of these compounds might be mediated by hypnogenic mechanisms in the preoptic area. The current study examined whether sleep enhancement by triazolam requires the anatomic integrity of the preoptic area. Nine rats with histologically confirmed lesions of the preoptic area induced by ibotenic acid (2.5 μg/μl in 0.4 μl), and 10 rats that had undergone a sham lesion procedure, had 2-h sleep studies that confirmed that by day 5 measures of total sleep time and sleep latency had returned to preintervention values. Rats were then given triazolam 0.8 mg/kg or vehicle intraperitoneally in counterbalanced order, on days 7 and 9 postlesion, in an environment with an ambient temperature of 25°C. Following injections at 1000 h, in conditions in which lights were on from 0800–2000 h, 2-h sleep studies were performed. In the lesioned rats, triazolam significantly decreased sleep latency and increased total sleep time, primarily by increasing NREM sleep, whereas injections of vehicle did not. In summary, parenterally administered triazolam was found to have hypnotic effects in rats who were 1 week post-preoptic area lesion. These data are interpreted in light of previous evidence of redundancy of sleep-regulating mechanisms in the nervous system.
Sharing and synchrony of behavior states and heart rate in nondepressed versus depressed mother-infant interactions☆

Abstract Sharing and synchrony of behavior states and heart rate were assessed by spectral and cross-spectral analyses of the interaction data of 16 “depressed” and nondepressed mothers and their 3-month-old infants. The depressed mothers and their infants shared negative affective behavior states more often and positive behavior states less often than the nondepressed dyads. Cross-spectral analyses of the mothers' and infants' behavior and heart rate time series suggested the following: (a) greater coherence of mother-infant behavior states in nondepressed versus depressed dyads, with mothers leading at less than 1-s lags; (b) greater coherence of infant behavior/mother heart rate for the nondepressed versus depressed dyads; (c) no group differences for mother behavior/infant heart rate, for mother behavior/heart rate, for infant behavior/heart rate, or for mother/infant heart rate; and (d) greater coherence across partner behavior (mother/infant behavior) than within-partner behavior and physiology (mother behavior/heart rate or infant behavior/heart rate).
Resistance to hurricane disturbance of an epifaunal community on the continental shelf off North Carolina

Abstract Hurricane Diana was stalled over the continental shelf of central North Carolina on 11–13 September 1984 in the vicinity of a previously studied epifaunal community (30 m depth). Two research cruises following the hurricane used still camera and TV transects to obtain data which allowed an evaluation of stormrelated effects on taxa of algae, sponges, corals, echinoderms and fish. Analysis of 35-mm slides suggested no effects attributable to the hurricane except observations of damaged coral heads and dead mussels. Analysis of television transects indicated no storm related changes from the previous study in frequency of occurrence of large epibenthic taxa. Hurricane damage was much less than anticipated and it is hypothesized that these coral reef-type communities are adapted to or structured by strong bottom currents generated by the frequent passage of gales and that the passage of hurricanes causes little additional stress.
Optical Microscopy As Used In Unorthodox Ways

In the nineteen thirties, before the great Government crime laboratories were established, individual scientific workers in the Federal agencies were sometimes called upon to settle important questions that the detectives could not handle. For this purpose, it was often necessary to invent new techniques to tackle problems by new approaches. The laboratory man needed to develop imaginative ways of looking at fragmentary material that became available. This presentation will deal with three episodes involving original procedures. The procedures proved their point in the issues at hand, but the findings were never used in court so far as the author is aware. They have not been published or publicly disclosed. If a board has been sawed into three pieces of which the middle one is missing, how do you establish that the end pieces were once joined? If a method of recognizing typescript is developed that provides quick and convincing evidence of identity, what are the chances that a sophisticated forger, knowing the technique of recognition, could successfully imitate the identity? What do you do if the exhibits in a murder case are effective and relevant evidence so far as the facts are concerned, but indicate that another and critical piece of evidence is missing? Suppose that without the missing piece, nothing else has firm meaning! These three examples are chosen for presentation because, although the microscopical techniques that were used are interesting, they appear to have lain dormant for over forty years.
Buffer-Overflow Protection: The Theory

We propose a framework for protecting against buffer overflow attacks?the oldest and most pervasive attack technique. The malicious nature of buffer-overflow attacks is the use of external data (input) as addresses (or control data). With this observation, we establish a sufficient condition for preventing buffer-overflow attacks and prove that it creates a secure system with respect to buffer-overflow attacks. The underlying concept is that input is untrustworthy, and should not be use as addresses (return addresses and function pointers.). If input can be identified, buffer-overflow attacks can be caught. We used this framework to create an effective, hardware, buffer-overflow prevention tool.
Persistent erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy: the association between nerve-sparing status and the prevalence and chronology of venous leak.

ABSTRACT Introduction Failure to recover erectile function after radical prostatectomy (RP) may result from venous leak as a sequela of neuropraxia-induced erectile tissue damage. Venous leak portends a poor prognosis for erections recovery as well as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) response. Aims To define the impact of RP nerve-sparing status on venous leak prevalence and chronology. Methods Study population: men who underwent RP for localized prostate cancer, had functional erections prior to RP, developed postoperative erectile dysfunction (ED), had a Doppler ultrasonography within 6 months of RP, and did not receive any ED treatment for the first 6 months after RP other than on-demand PDE5i. Main Outcome Measures Venous leak prevalence and erectile function recovery at different time-points. Results Data on 142 patients were analyzed, mean age: 58 ± 16 years. Sixty percent had bilateral nerve-sparing (BNS) surgery, 20% unilateral nerve-sparing (UNS) surgery, and 20% non-nerve-sparing (NNS) surgery. Eleven percent and 21% had venous leak by 3 and 6 months, respectively. Venous leak prevalence by 6 months was 7%, 11%, and 75% for BNS, UNS, and NNS surgery ( P P Conclusions Nerve-sparing status impacts heavily upon the prevalence and the chronology of venous leak development post-RP. NNS RP is associated with early development of venous leak, increased prevalence of venous leak, and reduction in return of natural erections. Tal R, Valenzuela R, Aviv N, Parker M, Waters WB, Flanigan RC, and Mulhall JP. Persistent erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy: The association between nerve-sparing status and the prevalence and chronology of venous leak. J Sex Med 2009;6:2813–2819.
Mulching With Composted MSW for Biological Control Of Weeds in Vegetable Crops

Compost maturity is one of several issues that the composting industry must face as it attempts to provide a high quality product to the agricultural community. In this paper, we examine the potential for using immature compost prepared from a mixture of municipal solid waste (MSW) and biosolids as a mulch for control of weeds in vegetable crop row-alleys. Two field experiments were conducted with 4 and 8-week-old composts in the fall of 1995 and the spring of 1996. The 4-week-old compost was applied to mulching depths of 3.8 (68 t dry weight .ha−1), 7.5 (135 t dry weight .ha−1), 11.3 (203 t dry weight .ha−1), and 15 cm (270 t dry weight .ha−1) in the fall, and at 2.0 (35 t dry weight .ha−1), 3.8, 7.5, and 11.3 cm depths in the spring. Other treatments were paraquat applied at 0.6 kg.ha−1 and an untreated control. All treatments were applied in row-alleys between raised, polyethylene-covered soil beds. The 8-week-old compost was applied to depths of 3.8, 7.5, 11.3, and 15 cm in fall and to depths of 2.0, ...
Religion and alcohol use among African-American and Hispanic inner-city emergency care patients

This study examines the impact of religious factors on alcohol consumption prior to seeking emergency care and on alcohol abuse in a random sample of inner-city Hispanic and African-American emergency care patients. A random sample of patients 18 years and older was drawn from a large inner-city hospital. Respondents who reported having consumed alcohol six hours prior to emergency admission were compared with other patients on a variety of demographic and religious indicators. Logistic regression models predicting consumption prior to admission and abstinence were estimated, along with Heckman's selection models of alcohol abuse. Religious participation has a significant negative impact on the odds of having alcohol six hours prior to seeking emergency care, and increases the odds of abstaining from alcohol. Religious coping styles, personal religiosity, and spirituality have no impact on indicators of alcohol consumption or abuse.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND KINETIC ASPECTS OF MITOTIC ARREST BY AND RECOVERY FROM COLCEMID

The effect of Colcemid on the in vivo system of regenerating rat liver and on the in vitro system of HeLa cell cultures was studied to determine some of the morphological and kinetic aspects of metaphase blockage and recovery. The results indicated that under certain conditions the blocking effects of the drug were reversed; a functional bipolar spindle reorganized, and normal division resulted. Individual HeLa cells were followed by time-lapse cinemicrography prior to, during, and after Colcemid treatment. There was no apparent effect on cells in interphase. Cells entered mitosis at a normal rate and passed through prophase. A spindle was formed in most cells, albeit deformed, stunted, or shrunken. Within a certain range of drug concentrations, the spindle lengths showed characteristic unimodal distributions. After a 2-hr exposure to the drug followed by 1 hr in fresh medium, spindle lengths were restored to normal. Cells arrested in metaphase for periods as long as 5 hr were capable of reconstituting a normal functional spindle. Cells blocked for periods longer than 5 to 6 hr failed to recover.
Measurement of social interaction in change of health behavior.

Summay.-A social network approach to measuring social interaction related to change of health behavior required 460 participants in a health promotion program to nominate up to five network members and to rate the supportiveness of each person in changing health behavior during he previous year. Exploratory factor analysis of intercorrelauons of the eight items suggested two factors representing supportive and negative interaction with internal conslsrency reliability of .89 and .61, respectively.
High density scaffolding of functional polymer brushes: surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of active esters.

In this Article, we describe a method for the polymerization of active esters based on N-hydroxysuccinimide 4-vinyl benzoate (NHS4VB) using surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Poly(NHS4VB) brushes have high grafting density and a uniform and smooth morphology, and film thickness increases linearly with reaction time. Block copolymer brushes with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, and styrene were synthesized from surface bound poly(NHS4VB) macroinitiators. The active ester brushes show rapid and quantitative conversion under aminolysis conditions with primary amines, which was studied using grazing incidence attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (GATR-FTIR) and UV−vis spectroscopy. UV−vis was also used to quantify the amount of reactive groups in polymer brush layers of differing thickness. Functionalization of the active ester pendant groups with chromophores containing primary amines showed a linear correlation between the amount of chromophore i...
The Influence of Mineralization Products on the Coagulation of TiO2 Photocatalyst

We have investigated the influence of common inorganic and organic anions formed during TiO2 photocatalysis of organic compounds on the coagulation of the photocatalyst. Chloride, sulfate, phosphate, formate, and oxalate were added to aqueous suspensions of TiO2 over a range of pH values and the rates of coagulation determined using photon correlation spectroscopy. The rates of coagulation generally increase with the concentration of ions and are fastest at pH values near the zero point charge (zpc) of the photocatalyst, where electrostatic repulsion among particles is relatively small except for that for the phosphate-containing suspensions. At high concentrations of phosphate the coagulation is relatively slow near the zpc of the TiO2 in clean water. This suggest the characteristics of the TiO2 surface properties are modified through ligand exchange between the surface hydroxyl groups and phosphate or strong surface adsorption of phosphate, such that the zero point charge shifts and the resulting modifi...
MNE competitiveness: A scenario‐driven technology transfer construct

To compete effectively, multi-national enterprises (MNEs) must establish market presence in their global rivals' home courts and/or profit sanctuaries. Technology transfer is often used as a means toward that end. The technology adoption decisions of an aggressor MNE and a defender MNE are investigated in a model that features indirect moves and changes in strategy through technology transfer. Each firm may adopt a strategy that incorporates the transfer of high technology or appropriate technology. The strategic decision situation is modelled as a closed-loop sequential equilibrium in discrete time. In contrast to results in the technology adoption literature, the aggressor MNE may successfully transfer technology first, to be imitated later by the defender MNE. This and several other scenarios emerge from the model which, by incorporating the cost of social adjustment and risks involved in technology transfer, ties technology to the competitive interaction of MNEs and specifies conditions for creating competitive advantage through technology, both locally and worldwide.