cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Stabilization Mechanisms of Confined, Turbulent, Lifted Jet Flames: Effects of Ambient Coflow

The aim of this investigation is to determine the effects of confinement on the stabilization of turbulent, lifted methane (CH4) jet flames. A confinement cylinder (stainless steel) separates the coflow from the ambient air and restricts excess room air from being entrained into the combustion chamber, and thus produces varying stabilization patterns. The experiments were executed using fully confined, semi-confined, and unconfined conditions, as well as by varying fuel flow rate and coflow velocity (ambient air flowing in the same direction as the fuel jet). Methane flames experience liftoff and blowout at well-known conditions for unconfined jets, however, it was determined that with semi-confined conditions the flame does not experience blowout. Instead of the conventional unconfined stabilization patterns, an intense, intermittent behavior of the flame was observed. This sporadic behavior of the flame, while under semi-confinement, was determined to be a result from the restricted oxidizer access as well as the asymmetrical boundary layer that forms due to the viewing window. While under full confinement the flame behaved in a similar method as while under no confinement (full ambient air access). The stable nature of the flame while fully confined lacked the expected change in leading edge fluctuations that normally occur in turbulent jet flames. These behaviors address the combustion chemistry (lack of oxygen), turbulent mixing, and heat release that combine to produce the observed phenomena.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Microvascular remodeling and accelerated hyperemia blood flow restoration in arterially occluded skeletal muscle exposed to ultrasonic microbubble destruction.

We showed previously that microbubble destruction with pulsed 1-MHz ultrasound creates a bioeffect that stimulates arteriogenesis and a chronic increase in hyperemia blood flow in normal rat muscle...
Functional relationships between allergic rhinitis and asthma

Summary Allergic rhinitis and asthma should be considered manifestations of one syndrome in two parts of the respiratory tract. In addition, the notion that these entities affect each other should be strongly entertained. The pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis is very similar to that of allergic asthma and their responses to pharmacological and immunological interventions are very comparable, as well. Epidemiological data attest to the strong link; 85% or more of allergic asthmatics have rhinitis and, in cross-sectional population studies, rhinitis is a major risk factor for asthma. Adults with allergic rhinitis have a threefold higher probability of developing asthma, compared with those without rhinitis. A model has been developed to describe the relationships between allergic rhinitis and asthma. According to the model, the two conditions are linked in a horizontal and a vertical fashion. When both conditions are present, their clinical activity tracks in parallel; however, rhinitis appears as a lone condition in the mildest forms of the syndrome. The vertical relationship reflects the fact that experimentally-induced allergic reactions in the nose can induce changes in the lower airways and the fact that local treatment of rhinitis can have beneficial effects in patients with asthma. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the vertical relationship. Investigation into these mechanisms can offer major insights into the physiological and immunological basis of all allergic conditions.
Multiple signal transducers and activators of transcription are induced by EBV LMP-1.

Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) is required for EBV immortalization of primary B cells in vitro. Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) play a pivotal role in the initiation and maintenance of certain cancers. STAT proteins, especially STAT-1, -3, and -5, are persistently tyrosine phosphorylated or activated in many cancers. We show here that EBV-infected type III latency cells, in which the EBV oncoprotein, LMP-1 is expressed, express high levels of four STATs (STAT-1, -2, -3, and -5A) and that LMP-1 is responsible for the induction of three (STAT-1, -2, and -3). In addition, the C-terminal activator region 1 (CTAR-1) and CTAR-2 of LMP-1 cooperatively induced the expression of STAT-1. The cooperativity was evident when CTAR-1 and CTAR-2 were present in cis , but not in trans . Furthermore, NF-κB is an essential factor involved in the induction of STAT-1. Most of the induced STATs were not phosphorylated at the critical tyrosine residue activated by many cytokines. However, the induced STATs, at least STAT-1, were functional because it could be activated by interferon (IFN) and could upregulate an IFN-inducible gene. Finally, expression of STAT-1, but not STAT-2 and -3, is associated with EBV transformation. The association of the expression of STAT-1, -2, -3, and -5A with EBV type III latency and the expression of STAT-1 in the EBV transformation process may be part of the viral programming that regulates viral latency and cellular transformation.
A multimethod analysis of selected self-esteem measures

Abstract This study investigated the convergent and discriminant validity of selected measures of global self-esteem and social self-esteem, using the multitrait-multimethod design. Orderliness was included as the third trait for appraising the discriminant validity of the self-esteem measures. Each trait was measured by three different methods: true-false self-report inventory, multipoint self-report inventory, and simple self-ratings. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (short form) were the selected measures of global self-esteem. The revised Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale and the Self-esteem scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory were included as measures of social self-esteem, while orderliness measures included the Order scales from the Personality Research Form and Comrey Personality Scales. Results from the multitrait-multimethod matrix and the multimethod factor analysis of data based on 93 males and 103 females provided strong evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the various trait measures.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil of the Canadian River Floodplain in Oklahoma

The accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soil, plants, and water may impart negative effects on ecosystem and human health. We quantified the concentration and distribution of 41 PAH (n = 32), organic C, total N, and S (n = 140) and investigated PAH sources using a chronosequence of floodplain soils under a natural vegetation succession. Soil samples were collected between 0- and 260-cm depth in bare land (the control), wetland, forest, and grassland areas near a closed municipal landfill and an active asphalt plant (the contaminant sources) in the north bank of the Canadian River near Norman, OK. Principal component, cluster, and correlation analyses were used to investigate the spatial distribution of PAH, in combination with diagnostic ratios to distinguish pyrogenic vs. petrogenic PAH suites. Total PAH concentration (SigmaPAH) had a mean of 1300 ng g(-1), minimum of 16 ng g(-1), and maximum of 12,000 ng g(-1). At 0- to 20-cm depth, SigmaPAH was 3500 +/- 1600 ng g(-1) (mean +/- 1 SE) near the contaminant sources. The most common compounds were nonalkylated, high molecular weight PAH of pyrogenic origin, i.e., fluoranthene (17%), pyrene (14%), phenanthrene (9%), benzo(b)fluoranthene (7%), chrysene (6%), and benzo(a)anthracene (5%). SigmaPAH in the control (130 +/- 23 ng g(-1)) was comparable to reported concentrations for the rural Great Plains. Perylene had a unique distribution pattern suggesting biological inputs. The main PAH contamination mechanisms were likely atmospheric deposition due to asphalt production at the 0- to 20-cm depth and past landfill operations at deeper depths.
The benefits of inflation in the economies with price controls and the cash-in-advance black markets

Abstract I study the welfare implications of an accelerated growth of nominal money supply in an economy with price controls. I proceed by embedding Barzel's (1974) classical rationing-by-waiting arguments in a general equilibrium model with money. In an endowment economy studied below, binding price controls lead to queuing and the black market. Money is introduced through a cash-in advance (CIA) constraint on the black market purchases. In sharp contrast to the common view, I show that an increase in the growth rate of the money supply is welfare-improving both on impact and in the long run. This is because it reduces the steady-state waiting line by inducing a substitution towards the inflation-tax-free leisure. I discuss the robustness of this finding. The results strongly support the case for a complete elimination of price controls ahead of inflation stabilization.
The Internet's role in offshored services: A case study of India

Using India as a case study, this article analyzes how the Internet influenced its export-oriented software industry. We show that prior to the Internet, domestic entrepreneurship was the key factor for the industry's origin and growth. The industry suffered from relatively low value-addition. As a result, domestic firms, though they were industry leaders within India, were followers of the global leadership provided by transnational firms. With the arrival of the Internet, there was a rise in the level of domain expertise. We show that the Internet facilitated the transfer of domain expertise for foreign firms more than it helped the acquisition of domain expertise by domestic firms. While the value-addition of the industry increased as a result, industry leadership began to pass to foreign firms. The strategic lesson for other countries trying to rapidly develop an export-oriented software industry is unambiguous: exclusive reliance on domestic entrepreneurship will usually result in the domestic industry falling behind its global competitors, while granting unrestricted entry to transnational firms will lead to the domestic firms losing industry leadership in most cases.
Microbands and shear-related microstructural phenomena associated with impact craters in 6061-T6 aluminum

Abstract Normal incidence impact craters in thick 6061-T6 aluminum targets formed by spherical soda-lime glass projectiles at velocities ranging from 1.7 km s −1 to 5.2 km s −1 were examined in cross-section using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Microbands were observed below the crater wall, especially near the crater bottom, and both their frequency and linear extent (at the crater bottom) increased with increasing impact velocity. The absence of deformation twins and propensity of microbands was shown to be related in part to the T6 treatment which creates a high precipitate and dislocation density which, combined with a relatively small grain size, suppresses twin formation. The shearing of very large precipitates in a narrow zone of severe plastic flow adjacent to the crater wall attests to the extreme solid-state flow and jetting associated with the crater formation. There was no evidence for either dynamic recrystallization or crater melt-related phenomena in the range of impact velocities investigated.
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a review

Object. In this article, pathological, radiological, and clinical information regarding unruptured intracranial aneurysms is reviewed. Methods. Treatment decisions require that surgeons and interventionists take into account information obtained in pathological, radiological, and clinical studies of unruptured aneurysms. The author has performed a detailed review of the literature and has compared, contrasted, and summarized his findings. Unruptured aneurysms may be classified as truly incidental, part of a multiple aneurysm constellation, or symptomatic by virtue of their mass, irritative, or embolic effects. Unruptured aneurysms with clinical pathological profiles resembling those of ruptured lesions should be considered for treatment at a smaller size than unruptured lesions with profiles typical of intact aneurysms, as has been determined at autopsy in patients who have died of other causes. The track record of the surgeon or interventionist and the institution in which treatment is to be performed should be considered while debating treatment options. In cases in which treatment is not performed immediately, ongoing periodic radiological assessment may be wise. Radiological investigations to detect unruptured aneurysms in asymptomatic patients should be restricted to high-prevalence groups such as adults with a strong family history of aneurysms or patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. All patients with intact lesions should be strongly advised to discontinue cigarette smoking if they are addicted. Conclusions. The current state of knowledge about unruptured aneurysms does not support the use of the largest diameter of the lesion as the sole criterion on which to base treatment decisions, although it is of undoubted importance.
Resist charging in electron-beam lithography

Electron beam exposure of masks and wafers results in charging of the insulting resist film. This charging results in an electric field which deflects incoming electrons and can be a serious source of pattern placement error in electron-beam lithography. In earlier work (Ingino et al. 1992) the surface potential was found to be positive or even zero under certain conditions. In this study, a model is developed to explain this effect and the surface potential is measured by an independent method, a Kelvin probe non-contacting electrostatic voltmeter. This new study confirms qualitatively the findings of the first study. An area of PBS resist measuring a few square millimeters is exposed using a Gaussian focused probe and moved under the Kelvin probe immediately after exposure to measure the surface potential. Thicker resist tended to charge more negatively. The model and experiments confirm early studies that the surface potential is a function of resist thickness, and that there may exist a resist thickness where the surface charge is essentially zero.
Chemoprevention of benzo(a)pyrene-induced colon polyps in ApcMin mice by resveratrol

Human dietary exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has generated interest with regard to the association of BaP with gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Since colon cancer ranks third among cancer-related mortalities, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of phytochemicals on colon cancer initiation and progression. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of resveratrol (RVT) on BaP-induced colon carcinogenesis in Apc(Min) mouse model. For the first group of mice, 100 μg BaP/kg body weight was administered to mice in peanut oil via oral gavage over a 60-day period. For the second group, RVT was coadministered with BaP at a dose of 45 μg/kg. For the third group, RVT was administered for 1 week prior to BaP exposure for 60 days. Jejunum, colon and liver were collected at 60 days post BaP and RVT exposure; adenomas in jejunum and colon were counted and subjected to histopathology. RVT reduced the number of colon adenomas in BaP+RVT-treated mice significantly compared to that in mice that received BaP alone. While dysplasia of varying degrees was noted in colon of BaP-treated mice, the dysplasias were of limited occurrence in RVT-treated mice. To ascertain whether the tumor inhibition is a result of altered BaP-induced toxicity of tumor cells, growth, apoptosis and proliferation of adenocarcinoma cells were assessed posttreatment with RVT and BaP. Cotreatment with RVT increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation to a greater extent than with BaP alone. Overall, our observations reveal that RVT inhibits colon tumorigenesis when given together with BaP and holds promise as a therapeutic agent.
Perspective on ‘Four Questions for Risk Communication’

In his essay, ‘Four Questions for Risk Communication,’ Roger Kasperson challenges the risk communication community to take better stock of the lessons it’s learned over the past several decades. Implicated are the failure of many to reap the rewards or benefits of our field’s discoveries and the attendant responsibility we collectively bear in not communicating them well enough. Less a scolding than a call to action, Kasperson thoughtfully reflects on his four questions before offering some summary principles. In so doing, he has initiated a conversation that offers some key points of reflection on where our community stands today and where we might be going. Neither exhaustive in its scope nor patronizing in his directives, his essay is an invitation – a nudge – to begin a dialog on these issues and become more mindful of our own successes and failures in risk communication.
A Reappraisal of Gars and Bowfins in Fishery Management

Abstract Gars, Lepisosteus spp., and bowfins, Amia calva, have long been viewed by many anglers and managers as harmful to game fishes and recreational angling. Most investigations of these ancient, piscivorous predators have centered on their dietary habits, not on their broader ecological role in aquatic communities. Most management has involved eradicating these fishes rather than using them constructively. It is suggested that managers should view gars and bowfins not merely as nuisances to be destroyed, but as contributors to ecosystem stability and function, to balance among predators and prey, and to more successful angling in the long term.
Sale of a Deteriorating Asset via Sequential Search

We consider the sale of an asset via sequential search over a finite time horizon and analyze the problem in both the posted price and the reservation price regimes. The distinguishing feature of this search model is the fact that the asset deteriorates with the passage of time. Under mild conditions, we show that the seller's optimal posted price (and the seller's optimal reservation price) per remaining unit of the asset decreases as time passes.
Cultural Effects on Business Students’ Ethical Decisions: A Chinese Versus American Comparison

The authors used a corporate code of ethics to create 18 scenarios for examining cultural effects on ethical decisions of Chinese versus American business students. Four cultural differences were hypothesized to contribute to overall less ethical decisions of Chinese students. The results support the hypothesis and indicate strong cultural effects on 5 areas of the code: (a) accurate accounting records, (b) proper use of company assets, (c) compliance with laws, (d) trading on inside information, and (e) reporting unethical behavior. Business educators and corporate ethics trainers should be aware of these cultural effects, and provide more coverage and special emphasis on these areas when they have Chinese students or entry-level personnel.
The influence of insulin and epinephrine on adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate and glycogen transferase in muscle

Abstract 1. 1. The role of adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate (cyclic AMP) in the mechanism of action of insulin on the enzyme glycogen transferase (UDP glucose: α-1,4-glucan α-4-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.11) was investigated in rat diaphragm muscle. 2. 2. Incubation of intact rat diaphragms with insulin alone did not alter the cyclic AMP content of the muscle. When the diaphragms were exposed to both insulin and epinephrine simultaneously, the increase in the cyclic AMP concentration was the same as with epinephrine alone. Under these conditions, insulin produced the previously observed increase in the proportion of glycogen transferase in the glucose-6-phosphate-independent ( I ) form, but had no significant effect on glycogen phosphorylase (α-1,4-glucan: orthophosphate glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1). 3. 3. When diaphragms were pe-incubated with insulin, there was a diminished rise in cyclic AMP levels in the first few minutes after the addition of epinephrine. An increase in activity of the I form of glycogen transferase was observed, but even under these conditions, phosphorylase activity was not altered significantly by insulin. 4. 4. These results suggest that the effect of insulin on glycogen transferase activity in skeletal muscle does not depend upon changes in the tissue concentration of cyclic AMP.
Fourier analysis and signal processing by use of the Mobius inversion formula

A novel Fourier technique for digital signal processing is developed. This approach to Fourier analysis is based on the number-theoretic method of the Mobius inversion of series. The Fourier transform method developed is shown also to yield the convolution of two signals. A computer simulation shows that this method for finding Fourier coefficients is quite suitable for digital signal processing. It competes with the classical FFT (fast Fourier transform) approach in terms of accuracy, complexity, and speed. >
The Relationship of Prisoners, Poverty Measures, and Social Welfare Allocations in Ohio

Abstract Prisoners are counted in the county in which they are incarcerated, according to U. S. Census Bureau guidelines. This policy is increasingly the subject of academic interest because census data are used for redistricting and for the allocation of federal and state funds based on population and poverty criteria. Using canonical correlation analyses, this study found that fewer prisoners, no prisons in a county, higher ruralness, fewer percentages of persons below poverty, and higher percentages of households receiving social security insurance are associated with lower allocations for case management, lower allocations for health and human services, and lower allocations for criminal justice. Taking into account the cross loadings, having a prison, higher ruralness, and fewer percentages of people below the poverty line remain significant. The author discusses the policy implications of these findings.
Perceived Racism and Career Self-Efficacy in African American Adolescents.

African American adolescents’ perceptions of racism and career self-efficacy relationships are examined. Participants in a southwestern urban high school completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, Racism and Life Experiences Scale-Personal and -Group, and career decision and career task self-efficacy scales. Results indicate that participants who perceived a higher degree of racism against their group reported significantly higher self-efficacy for career decision making but not for career task self-efficacy. An achieved ethnic identity, higher parental socioeconomic status, and being female were related to higher levels of career self-efficacy. The study’s research design supports the need for research with ethnic identity, gender, and the use of multidimensional measurements to achieve a better understanding of racism and career self-efficacy with African American adolescents. Theoretical, research, and programmatic implications are discussed.
Environmental hazards and psychopathology: Linking natural disasters with mental health

For some years, social scientists have been unable to agree on the extent to which experiencing a natural disaster is related to the presence of psychopathological symptoms Indeed, social scientists appear to be well-polarized, some arguing that disasters cause severe negative psychological reactions in victims, with others claiming that any psychological effects, if they exist at all, are minor and transient This paper reviews the controversy and identifies numerous conceptual and methodological difficulties associated with the competing positions. It is argued that the preoccupation of researchers with documenting positive or negative instances of psychological effects has lead them to ignore the issue of identifying processes through which disasters might impinge upon an individual's emotional stability. As a first step toward sketching out these processes, an extensive review of the literature on human response to natural disasters is undertaken. Eleven variables—level of community preparedness, scope of impact, duration of impact, destruction of kin and friendship networks, property damage, pre-impact psychological stability, social support, grief reactions, availability of institutional help, and successful coping skills—are identified as important in determining the psychological impact of disasters. These variables are operationalized and arranged into an interpretative framework that postulates the nature and magnitude of the interrelationships among them based upon the existing research literature
Radioactive 133-Xenon gas-filled balloon to prevent restenosis: dosimetry, efficacy, and safety considerations.

Background— Ionizing radiation administered intraluminally via catheter-based systems using solid β and γ sources or liquid-filled balloons has shown reduction in the neointima formation after injury in the porcine model. We propose a novel system that uses a 133-Xenon (133Xe) radioactive gas-filled balloon catheter system. Methods and Results— Overstretch balloon injury was performed in the coronary arteries of 33 domestic pigs. A novel 133Xe radioactive gas–filled balloon (3.5/45 mm) was positioned to overlap the injured segment with margins. After vacuum was obtained in the balloon catheter, ≈2.5 cc of 133Xe gas was injected to fill the balloon. Doses of 0, 7.5, 15, and 30 Gy were delivered to a distance of 0.25 mm from the balloon surface. The dwell time ranged from 1.0 to 4.0 minutes, depending on the dose. Localization of 133Xe in the balloon was verified by a γ camera. The average activity in a 3.5/45-mm balloon was measured at 67.7±12.1 mCi, and the total diffusion loss of the injected dose was 0....
On-chip dynamic worst-case crosstalk pattern detection and elimination for bus-based macro-cell designs

We are proposing an on-chip technique to dynamically detect and eliminate worst-case crosstalk pattern (4Cc and 3Cc) induced delay in bus-based macro-cell designs. The crosstalk patterns are classified as 4Cc, 3Cc, 2Cc, and Cc based on Miller coupling effect (MCF). The proposed technique implements a crosstalk pattern detection unit to detect the occurrence of worst-case crosstalk patterns by comparing the data transmitted in previous cycle with the data to be transmitted in current cycle. On detection of worstcase crosstalk pattern the transmission of current data is postponed for one clock cycle and instead bus lines are reset to ensure that the impact of signal transition pattern on coupling capacitance is always 2Cc or less. Experimental results on four HLS benchmarks shows that the proposed technique provides an average performance improvement of 23% with 3% increase in bus area overhead compared to designs without proposed on-chip technique. Experimental results on on-chip microprocessor buses simulated with SPEC2000 benchmark suite [4] shows an average performance improvement of 43% over designs without proposed technique with 3% increase in bus area.
Precambrian-Cambrian transition: Death Valley, United States

The Death Valley region contains one of the best exposed and often visited Precambrian-Cambrian successions in the world, but the chronostratigraphic framework necessary for understanding the critical biologic and geologic events recorded in these sections has been inadequate. The recent discovery of Treptichnus (Phycodes) pedum within the uppermost parasequence of the lower member of the Wood Canyon Formation allows correlation of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary to this region and provides a necessary global tie point for the Death Valley section. New carbon isotope chemostratigraphic profiles bracket this biostratigraphic datum and record the classic negative carbon isotope excursion at the boundary. For the first time, biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and lithostratigraphic information from pretrilobite strata in this region can be directly compared with similar data from other key sections that record the precursors of the Cambrian explosion. Few Precambrian-Cambrian boundary sections contain both the facies-restricted boundary fossil T. pedum and carbon isotope data, as found in Death Valley. Thus, the Death Valley succession provides a critical link toward our understanding of the correlation between siliciclastic-dominated and carbonate-dominated Precambrian-Cambrian transition sections.
multi-axial super-stretchable interconnects with active electronics

We report on the fabrication and characterization of stretchable interconnects using room temperature liquid alloy filled PDMS microchannels. Several novel fabrication techniques are presented to increase the functionality and manufacturing yield. These include selective deposition of a gold wetting layer at the bottom of the channels, microfluidic injection of room temperature liquid alloy, and reservoirs for accommodation of surface mount components. Achieved maximum stretchability of a bi-axial diamond-shaped structure is 100% with a 0.24 Omega resistance variation. Active electronics is also integrated onto the PDMS substrate with stretchable interconnects and tested for functionality.
A Nonisothermal Nickel‐Hydrogen Cell Model

A previously presented mathematical model for a nickel‐hydrogen cell has been extended to include thermal effects. A general energy balance, integral mass balances for the gases, and temperature‐dependent parameters have been added to the model. Results for simulated isothermal and adiabatic conditions are shown. A comparison of simulation results to experimental data shows qualitative agreement.
Towards highly reliable enterprise network services via inference of multi-level dependencies

Localizing the sources of performance problems in large enterprise networks is extremely challenging. Dependencies are numerous, complex and inherently multi-level, spanning hardware and software components across the network and the computing infrastructure. To exploit these dependencies for fast, accurate problem localization, we introduce an Inference Graph model, which is well-adapted to user-perceptible problems rooted in conditions giving rise to both partial service degradation and hard faults. Further, we introduce the Sherlock system to discover Inference Graphs in the operational enterprise, infer critical attributes, and then leverage the result to automatically detect and localize problems. To illuminate strengths and limitations of the approach, we provide results from a prototype deployment in a large enterprise network, as well as from testbed emulations and simulations. In particular, we find that taking into account multi-level structure leads to a 30% improvement in fault localization, as compared to two-level approaches.
Autografting of small-bowel mucosa.

A technique is described whereby small-bowel mucosa has been successfully grafted to the denuded inner submucosal surface of the colon and to the serosa of the stomach. Small-bowel mucosal grafting may have some application for patients who have had extensive small-bowel resections.
Dopamine Receptors in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Influence Ethanol and Sucrose‐Reinforced Responding

This study tested the role of dopamine receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the onset, maintenance, and termination of ethanol and sucrose-reinforced responding. Two groups of Long Evans rats were trained to lever press on a fixed-ratio 4 schedule of reinforcement with 10% ethanol (n = 10) or 5% sucrose (n = 5) presented as the reinforcer. After implantation of injector guide cannulae, the D2/3 agonist quinpirole and the D2 antagonist raclopride were administered bilaterally into the mPFC before behavioral sessions. During control conditions, sucrose reinforcement maintained a 2-fold greater number of responses per session than did ethanol reinforcement. Quinpirole (10.0 micrograms/microliter) reduced total ethanol-reinforced responses by delaying response onset and decreasing the duration of responding, but had no effect on response maintenance (i.e., response rate). A higher dose of quinpirole (20.0 micrograms/microliter) decreased total sucrose responses by simultaneously decreasing duration and response rate, without altering response latency. Thus, the effects of quinpirole on ethanol and sucrose-reinforced responding were similar on response total and duration, but differential on response latency and rate. Raclopride (0.05 and 1.0 microgram/microliter) decreased total ethanol responding and rate, but doses as much as 400-fold greater (20.0 micrograms/microliter) did not alter sucrose response totals. Raclopride alone had no effect on response latency or duration measures in either reinforcement condition. Coadministration of raclopride blocked the quinpirole-induced increase in response latency (ethanol reinforcement) and decrease in response rate (sucrose reinforcement), but had no effect on other response measures. These data are consistent with the interpretation that D2 and D3 receptors in the mPFC are differentially involved in ethanol and sucrose response onset and maintenance, but similarly involved in response termination. However, differences in baseline response parameters and group size may have contributed to the observed effects.
Software methods for system address tracing

This paper discusses the use of software methods to collect system trace for DEC Ultrix and 3.0 Mach on a DECstation 5000/200. We assert that software methods are a valuable tool for collecting system trace and understanding operating system and memory system behavior for modern workstation workloads. Software methods have some well documented shortcomings. We discuss how their impact was minimized in our system. We further support the validity of the software approach by comparing behavior predicted by our tracing/simulation system to measurements made with less intrusive methods. >
Inductance calculations for earth-return trolley systems

The calculation of the inductance of tack/trolley haulage systems with parallel rail and earth-current-return paths is difficult because of the frequency dependence of the earth-return inductance and resistance. A simple iterative technique is discussed which allows the system time constant and inductance to be calculated easily. The method is tested against a large amount of measured data and compared with a simplified method for time constant calculation. The method is shown to give results which are quite accurate when the model used takes into account the nonideal mine DC network conditions. An additional comparison is made between measured results and an EMTP (electromagnetic transient pulse) simulation of an underground mine track/trolley short circuit transient. The technique is simple enough to have a short execution time on a personal computer. >
Zero steady-state error input current controller for regenerative multilevel converters based on single-phase cells

Multicell converters are one of the alternative topologies for medium voltage industrial drives. For application requiring regenerative capability each power cell must be constructed with a three- or single-phase PWM rectifier as a front end. The choice of single-phase PWM rectifiers for the input of the cells results in a reduced number of power switches and a simpler input transformer than the three-phase equivalent. However, its control is not as straight forward. This paper proposes the use of higher order resonant controllers in the classical control structure of the single-phase PWM rectifier. This ensures a zero steady-state tracking error of the reference current at fundamental frequency. A detailed description of the design criteria for the position of the zeros and poles of the controller is given. Experimental results showing the good performance of the single-phase input cells and its proposed control are included
Statistical precipitation cell parameter estimation using passive 118-GHz O2 observations

This paper investigates the statistical retrieval of cell top altitude using high-resolution passive 118-GHz multichannel precipitation cell imagery. The observations were made using the millimeter-wave temperature sounder scanning spectrometer aboard the NASA ER-2 high-altitude research aircraft, during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment and the Cooperative Huntsville Meteorological Experiment, 1986. Results obtained using a nonlinear statistical 118-GHz cell top altitude retrieval technique are presented, illustrating a systematic method for parameter estimation from noisy nonlinearly dependent observations.
Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence.

• To evaluate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) physiology and function simultaneously, 20 medication-free patients with chronic schizophrenia and 25 normal controls underwent three separate xenon Xe 133 inhalation procedures for determination of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF): first at rest, then while performing an automated version of the Wisconsin Card Sort (WCS), a DLPFC-specific cognitive test, and while peforming a simple number-matching (NM) test. During rest, patients had significantly reduced relative, but not absolute, rCBF to DLPFC. During NM, no specific region differentiated patients from controls. During WCS, however, both absolute and relative rCBF to DLPFC significantly distinguished patients from controls. While controls showed a clear increase in DLPFC rCBF, patients did not. The changes were regionally specific, involving only DLPFC. Furthermore, in patients, DLPFC rCBF correlated positively with WCS cognitive performance, suggesting that the better DLPFC was able to function, the better patients could perform. Autonomic arousal measures, the pattern of WCS errors, and results of complementary studies suggest that the DLPFC finding is linked to regionally specific cognitive function and is not a nonspecific epiphenomenon.
The Effect of Preferred Music on Mood and Performance in a High-Cognitive Demand Occupation

Mild positive affect has been shown in the psychological literature to improve cognitive skills of creative problem-solving and systematic thinking. Individual preferred music listening offers opportunity for improved positive affect. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of preferred music listening on state-mood and cognitive performance in a high-cognitive demand occupation. Twenty-four professional computer information systems developers (CISD) from a North American IT company participated in a 3-week study with a music/no music/music weekly design. During the music weeks, participants listened to their preferred music "when they wanted, as they wanted." Self-reports of State Positive Affect, State Negative Affect, and Cognitive Performance were measured throughout the 3 weeks. Results indicate a statistically significant improvement in both state-mood and cognitive performance scores. "High-cognitive demand" is a relative term given that challenges presented to individuals may occur on a cognitive continuum from need for focus and selective attention to systematic analysis and creative problem-solving. The findings and recommendations have important implications for music therapists in their knowledge of the effect of music on emotion and cognition, and, as well, have important implications for music therapy consultation to organizations.
Robust kernel PCA using fuzzy membership

Principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used for dimensionality reduction in pattern recognition. Although PCA has been applied in many areas successfully, it suffers from sensitivity to noise and is limited to linear principal components. The noise sensitivity problem comes from the least-squares measure used in PCA and the limitation to linear components originates from the fact that PCA uses an affine transform defined by eigenvectors of the covariance matrix and the mean of the data. In this paper, a robust kernel PCA method that extends Scholkopf et al.'s kernel PCA and uses fuzzy memberships is introduced to tackle the two problems simultaneously. We first propose an iterative method to find a robust covariance matrix called Robust Fuzzy PCA (RF-PCA). The RF-PCA is introduced to reduce the sensitivity to noise with the help of robust estimation technique. The RF-PCA method is then extended to a non-linear one, Robust Kernel Fuzzy PCA (RKF-PCA), using kernels. Experimental results suggest that the proposed algorithm works well on artificial and real world data sets.
A piggyBac route to transgenic honeybees.

The honeybee Apis mellifera is one of the most recognized and revered insect species throughout human history. The economic impact of the honeybee as an essential pollinator of key crops is estimated to be in the range of billions of dollars per year. The honeybee also serves as a powerful animal model for studies of the evolution and regulation of social behaviors at the endocrine, cellular, genomic, and molecular levels (1). However, until recently, studies of molecular processes that underlie behavior in the honeybee have mainly relied on correlative genomic studies of brain gene expression patterns (2). Nevertheless, establishing a causal relationship between specific genetic loci and phenotypes has been hindered by the lack of robust and reliable methods to manipulate honeybee gene expression, the generation of transgenes, and genome editing. In PNAS, Schulte et al. (3) provide, to my knowledge, the first evidence that heritable germ-line manipulations of the honeybee genome are feasible by using engineered transposable elements. These welcome technical advances are likely to transform the fields of sociobiology and apiculture (commercial beekeeping) by helping investigators to establish causal relationships between genes and behavioral, developmental, and disease-related phenotypes.
Analyzing the evolution of user-visible features: A case study with Eclipse

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) help increase programmer productivity by automating much clerical and administrative work. Thus, it is of great research and practical interest to learn about the characteristics on how IDE features change and mature. To this end, we have conducted an empirical study, analyzing a total of 645 “What's New” release note entries in 7 releases of the Eclipse IDE both quantitatively and qualitatively. It is found that majority of the changes are refinements or incremental additions to the feature architecture set up in early releases (1.0 and 2.0). Motivated by this, a further analysis on usability is performed to characterize how these changes impact programmers effectiveness in using the IDE. We summarize our study methodology and lessons learned.
A deployed semantically-enabled interdisciplinary virtual observatory

We have used semantic technologies to design, implement, and deploy an interdisciplinary virtual observatory. The Virtual Solar-Terrestrial Observatory is a production data framework providing access to observational datasets. It is in use by a community of scientists, students, and data providers interested in the middle and upper Earth's atmosphere, and the Sun. The data sets span upper atmospheric terrestrial physics to solar physics. The observatory allows virtual access to a highly distributed and heterogeneous set of data that appears as if all resources are organized, stored and accessible from a local machine. The system has been operational since the summer of 2006 and has shown registered data access by over 75% of the active community (last count over 600 of the estimated 800 person active research community). This demonstration will highlight how semantic technologies are being used to support data integration and more efficient data access in a multi-disciplinary setting. A full paper on this work is being published in the IAAI 07 'deployed' paper track.
New Firm Formation and the Region: Empirical Results from the United States

The BITS database constructed for the Office of Advocacy of the U.S. Small Business Administration is uniquely suitable for testing new approaches to explaining regional differences in economic growth rates. Recent theories of economic growth view local externalities, as opposed to scale economies, as the primary engine in generating growth in cities with their closely integrated surrounding counties (Labor Market Areas). While scale economies operate at the plant level, externalities operate at the level of the firm, primarily through entrepreneurial activity.
Design of photonic crystal enhanced light-trapping structures for photovoltaic cells

A new concept of the optical collector including a three-dimensional photonic crystal (3D PhC) is proposed in the study for microcrystalline silicon photovoltaic cells. The goal is to couple the normally incident light into various modes diffracted and guided in the collector structure. To achieve a higher absorption, a 3D periodic structure is patterned within the presented collector as an intermediate layer providing the absorption enhancement mechanism. By select proper PhC or photonic sponge architectures, the spectral positions of the induced modes can be controlled so as to improve the light harvesting.
The Usefulness of a News Media Literacy Measure in Evaluating a News Literacy Curriculum

A survey of college students showed those who had taken a news literacy course had significantly higher levels of news media literacy, greater knowledge of current events, and higher motivation to ...
Giovanni Maria Nanino’s Early Patrons in Rome

The first edition of the First Book for five voices of Giovanni Maria Nanino has been lost, and with it its dedication. A close reading of several of the texts in the book offers clues to the date of that first edition and the circle or circles of patronage that may have nourished the book’s origin. This study is concerned principally with the final group of four “occasional” texts in the book—texts apparently referring to particular persons or occasions—and the much-set amorous lyric in the center of the book. I propose that these five madrigals are connected to a circle of patronage in the late 1560s in Florence and Rome, and that the patrons are Isabella de’ Medici, her husband, Paolo Giordano Orsini, and his distant relative Cardinal Flavio Orsini. In addition to Nanino I discuss the composers Stefano Rossetti, Filippo di Monte, and Maddalena Casulana.
Changes in the Length of Poly(A) Tails and their Effects on mRNA Translation and Turnover

Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid [poly(A)] at their 3′-termini. These poly(A) tails are normally added post-transcriptionally in the nucleus with an initial length, in higher eukaryotes, of approximately 200–250 adenylate residues (Munroe and and Jacobson, 1990a; Wickens, 1990; Wahle and Keller, in press). Following transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm, poly(A) tracts are gradually shortened to lengths of approximately 30–60 adenylate residues and then, in many instances, are completely removed. Recent experiments, representing the convergence of work using very different organisms -- frog oocytes, yeast, cultured mammalian and plant cells - indicate that these and other poly(A) addition and removal reactions may govern the translatability and/or turnover of specific mRNAs.