cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liabilities of Globalization: Debt Ownership, Moral Hazard and Interstate Conflict with Other People’s Money

Economists have long recognized the risks associated with moral hazard, and it is naive to think that countries or governments are any more or less immune given increased access to other people’s money in a globalizing world. Governments, through foreign financing, can expend resources with limited impact on citizens. This paper explains how economic interdependence fosters a moral hazard problem, giving rise to an underappreciated link between globalization and conflict. This has not been addressed because globalization is most often approached through the income statement, such as trade flows, or the asset side of the balance sheet, such as foreign direct investment. A series of empirical tests, including a natural experiment based on involvement in the Afghan and Iraq Wars as well as a traditional time-series cross-section analysis of militarized disputes, examines the relationship between foreign debt ownership and conflict. There is strong evidence to support the notion that states are more conflict prone when they can use other people’s money.
Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality.

To The Editor: My colleagues and I reviewed ninety-nine cases of necrotizing fasciitis that were treated at our institution between July 1989 and June 1995 and noted a 219% increased prevalence during that six-year period. The mortality rate was 18% overall (11% during the final three years of the study). Unlike Wong et al. in their study entitled “Necrotizing Fasciitis: Clinical Presentation, Microbiology, and Determinants of Mortality” (2003;85:1454-60), my colleagues and I did not find increased mortality in diabetic patients or in patients who were intravenous drug abusers. We did, however, find two factors that were significantly related to mortality: patient age and the presence of a positive blood culture. In our group, there was one death among the thirty-six patients who were younger than forty years old and there were seventeen deaths among the sixty-three patients who were more than forty years old. Not noted in the study by Wong et al., but seen in our cohort, was a significant relationship between a positive blood culture and mortality. In our study, seventy-one patients had a blood culture on admission. Eight of the nineteen patients with a positive blood culture died, whereas only seven of the fifty-two patients with a negative blood culture died (p = 0.02). …
Preliminary experience with process modeling in the MARVEL software development environment kernel

The authors define a software development environment kernel called MARVEL. Implementing several prototypes and small environments has uncovered some significant flaws and revealed open design problems. Problems connected with the construction and debugging of a process model, with envelope construction, and with support of multiple users are considered. The authors note that they have investigated only a small fraction of the potential for rule-based process modeling and controlled automation. They observe that they do not yet fully understand how rule-based process modeling or controlled automation works and whether the combination is indeed a solid foundation for a software-development environment architecture. >
A multinomial modeling analysis of the mnemonic benefits of bizarre imagery

A series of experiments was conducted to explore the cognitive processes that mediate the bizarreness effect, that is, the finding that bizarre or unusual imagery is recalled better than common imagery. In all experiments, subjects were presented with noun pairs that were embedded within bizarre or common sentences in a mixed-list design. None of the experiments produced a bizarreness effect for cued recall; however, for two of the experiments, the bizarre noun pairs were remembered significantly better than the common pairs for free recall. To determine if these differences were due to the storage or retrieval of the items, a multinomial model for the analysis of imagery mediation in paired-associate learning was developed and applied to the data from the experiments. The model revealed that bizarre sentences benefited the retrieval of the noun pairs but not their storage within memory. The empirical and modeling results are discussed relative to previous findings and theories on the bizarreness effect.
An analysis of drumlin form in the northeastern and north-central United States: Summary

Drumlins are “among Nature9s most graceful hills,” as Charlesworth (1957) has remarked, and it is perhaps as much for aesthetic as for scientific motives that they have received so much attention. And attention they have received, for there probably are hundreds of papers dealing wholly or partly with drumlins, many of which address drumlin form. In view of what might be considered by some a surfeit of such studies, perhaps a justification is in order for adding one more. Sugden and John (1976) have observed that there are almost as many theories of drumlin formation as there are drumlins. One of the few accepted facts concerning drumlins is that within a given area they tend to have a similar form. As drumlin form varies from area to area, then, if it is assumed that form is controlled by a relatively small number of factors, it is likely that these factors vary from area to area in a corresponding manner. If, by examining drumlin form in many different locations, it proves possible to correlate some glacial or geological conditions with this form, then it may be possible to draw some conclusions about what factors control form. In turn, this knowledge might well shed light on the origin of drumlins.
Risk of Thromboembolism Varies, Depending on Category of Immobility in Outpatients

Study objective Immobility predisposes to venous thromboembolism, but this risk may vary, depending on the underlying cause of immobility. Methods This was a prospective, longitudinal outcome study of self-presenting emergency department (ED) patients who were from 12 hospitals and had suspected venous thromboembolism. Using explicit written criteria, clinicians recorded clinical features of each patient in the ED by using a Web-based data form. The form required one of 6 types of immobility: no immobility, general or whole-body immobility greater than 48 hours, limb (orthopedic) immobility, travel greater than 8 hours causing immobility within the previous 7 days, neurologic paralysis, or other immobility not listed above. Patients were followed for 45 days for outcome of venous thromboembolism, which required positive imaging results and clinical plan to treat. Odds ratios (ORs) were derived from logistic regression including 12 covariates. Results From 7,940 patients enrolled, 545 of 7,940 (6.9%) were diagnosed with venous thromboembolism (354 pulmonary embolism, 72 deep venous thrombosis, 119 pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis). Risk of venous thromboembolism varied, depending on immobility type: limb (OR=2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40 to 3.60), general (OR=1.76; 95% CI 1.26 to 2.44), other (OR=1.97; 95% CI 1.25 to 3.09), neurologic (OR=2.23; 95% CI 1.01 to 4.92), and travel (OR=1.19; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.67). Other significant risk factors from multivariate analysis included age greater than 50 years (OR =1.5; 95% CI 1.25 to 1.82), unilateral leg swelling (OR=2.68; 95% CI 2.13 to 3.37), previous venous thromboembolism (OR=2.99; 95% CI 2.41 to 3.71), active malignancy (OR=2.23; 95% CI 1.69 to 2.95), and recent surgery (OR=2.12; 95% CI 1.61 to 2.81). Conclusion In a large cohort of symptomatic ED patients, risk of venous thromboembolism was substantially increased by presence of limb, whole-body, or neurologic immobility but not by travel greater than 8 hours. These data show the importance of clarifying the cause of immobility in risk assessment of venous thromboembolism.
Early urinary retention after catheter removal following radical prostatectomy predicts for future symptomatic urethral stricture formation.

OBJECTIVES Urinary retention after urethral catheter removal is a well-established complication of radical prostatectomy (RP). Its effect on subsequent urethral stricture formation has not been established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between post-RP early urinary retention (EUR) and subsequent symptomatic urethral stricture formation. METHODS A total of 1289 patients who underwent RP from January 1998 to November 2004 at our tertiary medical center were included in a prospective database project. EUR was defined as that which occurred 7 days or earlier after urethral catheter removal and was identified by retrospective chart review. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between EUR and symptomatic urethral stricture formation. RESULTS Of the 1289 patients, 44 (3.4%) experienced EUR, and 16 of these patients (36.4%) developed symptomatic urethral strictures. The stricture rate for patients without EUR was 9.0% (112 of 1245). Compared with the patients without EUR, the patients with EUR had a greater rate of bladder neck contracture (94% versus 68%, P = 0.04) and exhibited a significantly decreased time to stricture formation (1.6 months versus 3.0 months, P = 0.002). After adjusting for patient age, clinical stage, surgeon, and Gleason score, the odds of developing a symptomatic urethral stricture were 4.7 times greater in the patients with EUR (95% confidence interval 2.3 to 9.6). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study have shown that patients with EUR after RP are at a significantly greater risk of developing symptomatic urethral strictures, tend to form bladder neck contractures instead of more distal strictures, and to form strictures sooner after surgery. EUR might be a previously unrecognized risk factor for the development of post-RP urethral stricture.
Mechanistic Cutting Process Calibration via Microstructure-Level Finite Element Simulation Model

A methodology for mechanistic cutting force model calibration via microstructure-level finite element cutting process simulation is presented and applied to ferrous materials, including ductile and gray irons and carbon steels. The methodology combines graphite, ferrite, and pearlite grains to produce ductile iron, gray iron, and carbon steel microstructures and obtains cutting forces via orthogonal machining simulations. The simulated forces are used to perform the cutting force model calibration. The cutting forces for the turning process are predicted based on the calibration thusly obtained and experimentally shown to be in good agreement with actual cutting force data.
Mathematical model for the effects of adhesion and mechanics on cell migration speed

Migration of mammalian blood and tissue cells over adhesive surfaces is apparently mediated by specific reversible reactions between cell membrane adhesion receptors and complementary ligands attached to the substratum. Although in a number of systems these receptors and ligand molecules have been isolated and identified, a theory capable of predicting the effects of their properties on cell migration behavior currently does not exist. We present a simple mathematical model for elucidating the dependence of cell speed on adhesion-receptor/ligand binding and cell mechanical properties. Our model can be applied to propose answers to questions such as: does an optimal adhesiveness exist for cell movement? How might changes in receptor and ligand density and/or affinity affect the rate of migration? Can cell rheological properties influence movement speed? This model incorporates cytoskeletal force generation, cell polarization, and dynamic adhesion as requirements for persistent cell movement. A critical feature is the proposed existence of an asymmetry in some cell adhesion-receptor property, correlated with cell polarity. We consider two major alternative mechanisms underlying this asymmetry: (a) a spatial distribution of adhesion-receptor number due to polarized endocytic trafficking and (b) a spatial variation in adhesion-receptor/ligand bond strength. Applying a viscoelastic-solid model for cell mechanics allows us to represent one-dimensional locomotion with a system of differential equations describing cell deformation and displacement along with adhesion-receptor dynamics. In this paper, we solve these equations under the simplifying assumption that receptor dynamics are at a quasi-steady state relative to cell locomotion. Thus, our results are strictly valid for sufficiently slow cell movement, as typically observed for tissue cells such as fibroblasts. Numerical examples relevant to experimental systems are provided. Our results predict how cell speed might vary with intracellular contractile force, cell rheology, receptor/ligand kinetics, and receptor/ligand number densities. A biphasic dependence is shown to be possible with respect to some of the system parameters, with position of the maxima essentially governed by a balance between transmitted contractile force and adhesiveness. We demonstrate that predictions for the two alternative asymmetry mechanisms can be distinguished and could be experimentally tested using cell populations possessing different adhesion-receptor numbers.
The Natural History of Tassel-Eared Squirrels

Allred, S. 2010. The Natural History of Tassel-Eared Squirrels , University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 226 pp. ISBN 978-0-8263-4655-1, price (hardbound), $30. In his book The Natural History of Tassel-Eared Squirrels , Allred presents a comprehensive summary of the knowledge on Abert’s squirrels, Sciurus aberti . Its 13 chapters cover all aspects of the species’ life history characteristics, monitoring techniques, and management considerations. Most chapters include summary tables from the relevant literature, and 52 high-quality color plates show examples of behavior, feeding sign, diet, habitat, and historical importance to humans. This is a scientific reference written on a conspicuous species enjoyed by nonscientists, and Allred’s accessible style made it possible to produce a useful book for both audiences. In each chapter, Allred briefly introduces the history of relevant research and summarizes the current state of knowledge where appropriate. Chapters are organized into logical subheadings, and occasional 2nd-level headings take the form of a question (e.g., Is it the tree chemistry? under the subheading Selection of feeding trees ). Most chapters conclude with a section on future research, in which Allred lists areas deficient … Jonathan J. Derbridge, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; e-mail: derbridge{at}email.arizona.edu.
P04-48. HIV-1 envelope induces memory B cell responses that correlate with plasma antibody levels after gp120 protein vaccination or chronic HIV-1 infection

Background Successful vaccines (e.g. tetanus) can induce long-lived antibody levels that are maintained by long-lived plasma cells and do not correlate with numbers of blood memory B-cells. Early events during HIV-1 acute infection may impair the timely onset of neutralizing antibody responses. Thus, an effective HIV-1 vaccine should elicit high levels of durable antibodies by long-lived plasma cells. We asked if HIV-1 envelope-specific memory responses are sustained by memory B-cells in the settings of HIV-1 gp120 envelope vaccination and chronic HIV-1 infection (CHI).
The veteran population: one at high risk for sleep-disordered breathing

Sleep complaints are very common among the general population and are usually accompanied by significant medical, psychological and social disturbances (Redline S, Strohl K, Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 132:303, 1999). A higher prevalence of sleep complaints has been described in the elderly (Vgontzas AN, Kales A, Annu Rev Med, 50:387-400, 1999). It is manifested by breathing disturbances during sleep, loud snoring, difficulties maintaining sleep, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, mood effects and impairment of daily activities (Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F, Zucconi M et al., Good and poor sleepers: an epidemiological survey of the San Marino population, Raven, New York, pp 1-12, 1983; Kales A, Soldatos CR, Kales JD, Am Fam Physician, 22:101-108, 1980). It has been associated with cardiovascular, endocrine and neurocognitive manifestations. Growing interest in early diagnosis and treatment has been noted in recent years based on emerging knowledge about the potential health consequences when the disease goes untreated (Nanen AM, Dunagan DP, Fleisher A et al., Chest, 121:1741, 2002). The veteran population in the mainland has a higher tendency for obesity, high blood pressure (HBP), sleep disorders and chronic alcohol consumption (Mustafa M, Erokwu N, Ebose I, Strohl K, Sleep Breath, 9:57-63, 2005). The Hispanic veteran population has never been studied in detail for sleep disorders and related conditions. We used previously validated screening tools for sleep disturbance breathing. Two hundred and forty-five questionnaires were administered. We found a higher prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) in our population compared with data from the mainland (USA). The mean age was 64 years (+/-11). Ninety seven per cent were males. The mean body mass index was 25 kg/cm(2); mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale score was 8. Thirty-four per cent met high-risk criteria for sleep apnea, 53% for insomnia, 13% for symptoms suggestive of narcolepsy and 13% for those suggestive of restless leg syndrome. There were high incidences of alcohol consumption (37.6%), diabetes (32.7%), hypercholesterolemia (31.8%), depression (31.8%), hypertension (39.6%) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (9.8%).
One-dimensional cutting stock problems and solution procedures

This paper provides an introduction to one-dimensional cutting stock problems and solution procedures. The first problem considered requires that both trim loss and pattern changes be controlled. Both linear programming and sequential heuristic procedures are discussed along with the ways they can be used jointly to generate the best possible solutions to this type of problem. Two other important classes of one-dimensional problems are discussed along with ways in which they can be solved.
Nuclear Power Plant Alarm Systems: Problems and Issues:

Despite the incorporation of advanced technology into nuclear power plant alarm systems, human factors problems remain. This paper identifies to be addressed in order to allow advanced technology to be used effectively in the design of nuclear power plant alarm systems. The operator's use and processing of alarm system information will be considered. Based upon a review of alarm system research, issues related to general system design, alarm processing, display and control are discussed. It is concluded that the design of effective alarm systems depends on an understanding of the information processing capabilities and limitations of the operator. 39 refs.
Rheology of polycarbonate/linear low density polyethylene blends

The flow behavior of linear low density polyethylene blended with polycarbonate (LLDPE/PC) was studied at 245°C using an Instron Capillary Rheometer and a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer. The capillary measurements were repeated several times for each crosshead speed and capillary. The averaged values were corrected for shear heating as well as the pressure, entrance-exit, and power-law fluid effects. In spite of the utmost care, blend results were erratic with a standard deviation of 25 to 35 percent. Analysis of the capillary data suggested a telescopic flow with the lower viscosity component of the blend migrating toward the capillary wall. The experimental difficulties resulted from the flow and time induced variations of blend morphology. By contrast, the dynamic shear test results were found to be rapid and reproducible with a standard deviation for the complex viscosity of blends not exceeding four percent. The shear moduli of blends indicated the presence of an apparent (time dependent) yield stress, originating from interaction between domains of the dispersed phase. At frequencies exceeding a critical value, shear coalescence of the dispersed phase was observed near the rim of the rheometer plates.
High field, high frequency magnetic dynamics of narrow thin-film magnetic multilayer stripes

Abstract The dynamic surface magnetic response and flux propagation in arrays of multilayer magnetic thin-film stripes subject to high frequency magnetic fields has been studied using scanning Kerr imaging and a high frequency permeameter respectively. Scanning Kerr Images of the regions of surface response to a uniform oscillating magnetic field of up to 2 Oc between 1 and 50 MHz identify the domain state and surface permeability of the multilayer films. Transitions among the expected easy-axis laminated, hard axis, closure domain and a new complex domain state are observed as the total and magnetic layer thicknesses, stripe widths and field history are changed. As expected, the high frequency magnetic response of single layer films is dominated by magnetization rotation at low field, while closure domain wall motion becomes significant above the coercivity. Easy-axis domain state multilayer films, in narrow structures those films with magnetic layers a few hundredAngstroms thick or less, exhibit a uniform high permeability over the entire surface of the film. The dynamics of the new complex domain pattern seen in narrow multilayer films with thicker magnetic layers is complicated, with a blotchy, hysteretic magnetic response from the center of the strip and a immobile, mostly hard-axis oriented region along the edge.
FORMULATION OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISTINCT ELEMENT MODEL - PART I. A SCHEME TO DETECT AND REPRESENT CONTACTS IN A SYSTEM COMPOSED OF MANY POLYHEDRAL BLOCKS

Abstract The distinct element method has advanced to a stage where the complex mechanical interactions of a discontinuous system can be modelled in three dimensions. An important component is the formulation of a robust and rapid technique to detect and categorize contacts between three-dimensional particles. The technique, described in Part I of this paper, can detect the contact between blocks of any arbitrary shape (convex or concave) and represent the geometrical and physical characteristics prescribed for the contact (e.g. three-dimensional rock joint behaviour). The method utilizes an efficient data structure which permits the rapid calculation on a personal computer of systems involving several hundred particles.
Survival by Machine: The Psychological Stress of Chronic Hemodialysis

Chronic hemodialysis for terminal renal failure is an example of medical progress in which the patient faces new, and at times overwhelming, psychological stresses. Dependence upon machines for survival is a recurrent theme of man’s response to artificial organs. In cardiac surgical patients, the patient experiences this dependence in the Intensive Care Unit with its mechanical respirators, electrocardiograms, and computerized monitoring devices. In postcardiotomy deliria, patients often project their feelings upon these devices and have illusory experiences in which they perceive the machines as menacing. Usually the ICU stay and this type of dependence on machines is of short duration. However, with dialysis it is chronic and lifelong in nature. Put in one form or another the patient must learn to “live with the machine.” Through patients’ thoughts and fantasies we can learn a great deal about this relationship with an inanimate object which becomes an essential part of the patient’s life.
Synthesis and pharmacology of the 1′,2′-dimethylheptyl-Δ8-THC isomers: exceptionally potent cannabinoids

Abstract The four diastereomers of 1′,2′-dimethylheptyl- Δ 8 -THC (2) have been synthesized. Pharmacology both in vitro and in vivo indicated that all four isomers were very potent cannabinoids. The 1′ R ,2′ S and 1′ S ,2′ R are considerably more potent than the other two isomers, and are among the most potent traditional cannabinoids known.
2008 Presidential Address: Principia Genetica: Our Future Science.

Good afternoon, and welcome to the 58th annual meeting of The American Society of Human Genetics in historic Philadelphia. I am Aravinda Chakravarti, your Society's President, and I am honored and proud to have represented you this year. I want to spend my time with you today reflecting not on what we have already accomplished, which is substantial, but on the future of our science: our drive toward a Principia Genetica.1
Palatability and Meat Quality of Chicken-Pheasant and Chicken-Quail Hybrids

Abstract Chicken-pheasant hybrids, chicken-quail hybrids and the same lines of chicken, pheasant, or quail as used to make the crosses were evaluated for yield of cooked meat. A panel scored the cooked poultry for tenderness, juiciness, natural flavor, mealiness, and acceptability. Shear force values were also measured. Chicken-pheasant hybrid females yielded a higher percent of meat than either parent. The percent yield of the male hybrid and the pheasant male were significantly higher than of the chicken. Meat of the hybrids in general was comparable to that of the chicken parent which, in most cases, had a higher palatability score than either the pheasant or quail parent.
Prenylated proteins from kidney

Summary When [5- 3 H]mevalonate is injected into mice, it is incorporated into macromolecules in the kidney. The incorporated material is stable to treatment with RNase or DNase but not protease, indicating that the radioactivity is associated with protein. Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gels indicates a molecular weight of about 25,000. The incorporated radioactivity can be released from the polypeptide and extracted into organic solvents after hydrolysis with acid or base or by treatment with protease. The conditions required for hydrolysis strongly suggest that the linkage between the protein and the mevalonate-derived material is an allylic ether. The chromatographic mobility of the incorporated material in several systems is similar to that of dolichol C 95 .
Potential economies of scale in CO2 transport through use of a trunk pipeline

Abstract A number of existing models for the transport of CO2 in carbon capture and storage assume the CO2 will be carried through isolated pipelines that connect each source to the nearest storage site. However storage costs will vary geographically, and it may be more economical to transport the CO2 farther away to a lower cost storage site if the pipelines can be linked to the site via a primary trunkline. We evaluate this alternative by developing an engineering-economic model that computes the levelized cost of transporting captured CO2 through pipes of different diameters and over varying distances. The model also computes the additional energy use and resulting CO2 emissions involved in the transport and is used to arrive at a generalized correlation for estimating the cost of CO2 transport ($/tonne/km) for different mass flow rates. Model results indicate that the cost for transporting CO2 could be significantly reduced using a large-diameter trunkline networked to pipelines from individual CO2 sources. This suggests that the design of CO2 transport systems could be an important influence on the selection of storage sites, particularly where there is a tradeoff between nearby but high-cost sites and distant, low-cost sites.
Nitrogen-ligated iron complexes: photolytic approach to the FeN+ moiety.

The synthesis of (PNP)FeCl, (PNP)Fe[NH(xylyl)], and (PNP)FeN3 are reported(PNP = (tBu2PCH2SiMe2)2N−). While the azide is thermally stable, it is photosensitive to lose N2 and form [(PNP═N)Fe]2,in which the nitride ligand has formed a double bond to one phosphorus, and this N bridges to a second iron to form a 2-fold symmetric dimer. The reaction energy to form the (undetected) monomeric [η3-tBu2PCH2SiMe2NSiMe2CH2PtBu2═N]Fe is −15.9 kcal/mol, so this PIII → PV oxidation is favorable. The η2 version of this same species is less stable by 23.7 kcal/mol, which shows that the loss of one P→ Fe bond is caused by dimerization, and therefore, it does not precede and cause dimerization. A comparison is made to Ru analogs.
Perineurial permeability to sodium during Wallerian degeneration in rat sciatic nerve.

Abstract In rat sciatic nerves, the effect of Wallerian degeneration on the rate of transperineurial passage of sodium between the endoneurium and the epineurial extracellular space was investigated. In nerves transected and ligated at the sciatic notch, an in situ technique was used to measure the permeability coefficient-surface area product (PS) of the mid-thigh portion of the perineurium to 22 Na. Sampling times ranged from one day to sixteen weeks after the lesion. Additionally, endoneurial water content (an indicator of nerve edema) was also measured in transected, degenerating nerves at the same sampling times. Endoneurial water content increased significantly by the fourth day after transection, peaked at four weeks, and then remained elevated through 16 weeks of post-lesion measurement. The PS of the perineurium to 22 Na on the 4th day after transection was significantly greater than that of control animals. This increase then declined to normal levels through the 2nd week, and finally increased to values that were 3-fold to 4-fold of control values for the remainder of the observation period. The earlier, short lasting increase in perineurial PS is probably associated with the inflammatory response to nerve section, and proliferation of perineurial layers and cells. The later increase in perineurial permeability is proposed to play a role in the dissipation of endoneurial hydrostatic pressure and clearance of myelin debris from the endoneurium. In view of the complex changes in perineurial permeability described herein, it would seem inppropriate to consider these phenomena merely as passive breakdowns of the barrier properties of the perineurium.
Effects of diltiazem on anoxic injury in the isolated rat heart

The effect of diltiazem, a calcium channel blocking agent, on anoxic injury was studied in isolated perfused rat hearts. Anoxia for 60 minutes caused a considerable release of creatine kinase and significant cell injury. Reoxygenation of these anoxic hearts for 20 minutes accelerated the creatine kinase release and caused severe cell injury. Reoxygenation of anoxic hearts with diltiazem at a rate of either 2 or 4.5 mg/liter did not reduce creatine kinase release significantly (probability [p] > 0.05). However, the higher dosage of diltiazem (4.5 mg/ liter during both anoxic and reoxygenation phases resulted in significant (p ≤ 0.05) preservation of healthy tissue. The data suggest that diltiazem in the higher concentration prevents cell injury and reduces mitochondrial damage in anoxic injury.
Application of Frequency Domain ARX Models and Extreme Value Statistics to Impedance-Based Damage Detection

In this paper, the applicability of an auto-regressive model with exogenous inputs (ARX) in the frequency domain to structural health monitoring (SHM) is established. Damage sensitive features that explicitly consider nonlinear system input/output relationships are extracted from the ARX model. Furthermore, because of the non-Gaussian nature of the extracted features, Extreme Value Statistics (EVS) is employed to develop a robust damage classifier. EVS provides superior performance to standard statistical methods because the data of interest are in the tails (extremes) of the damage sensitive feature distribution. The suitability of the ARX model, combined with EVS, to nonlinear damage detection is demonstrated with an impedance-based method that uses piezoelectric (PZT) material as both actuators and sensors. The analyzed data is obtained from a laboratory experiment of a three-story building model.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Proximal Biliary Tumors

Cholangiocarcinoma is an uncommon tumor with a poor prognosis. Presenting symptoms are often nonspecific, and jaundice appears late in the disease course. Surgical resection and liver transplant are the potentially curative treatments. Palliation can be performed by percutaneous, endoscopic, or surgical interventions.
Explanation-based machine learning in engineering design

Abstract The development of an unguided or automatic learning system in the domain of structural design is reported. The machine learning technique used is Explanation-Based Learning (EBL). A prototype system, called Structural Design Learning System (SDLS), has been developed in a combination of Prolog and Pascal languages. SDLS includes a modified implementation of EBL in Prolog, where the two stages of explanation and generalization are combined into one stage. A more-formal definition of the operationality criterion suitable for the domain of structural design is proposed and used in SDLS.
Co‐extrusion of unfilled and TiO2‐filled polyethylene: Influence of viscosity and die cross‐section on interface shape

An experimental study of the co-extrusion of polyethylene and TiO2-filled polyethylene through capillary and rectangular cross-section dies has been carried out. The influence of viscosity ratio, cross-section type, die length and duration of flow has been studied. Low viscosity melts will encapsulate high viscosity melts during flow through cylindrical and rectangular dies. Low viscosity unfilled melts can encapsulate higher viscosity filled melts and low vicosity filled melts can encapsulate higher viscosity unfilled melts. However, the rate and extent of encapsulation seems to be greater for the former case. This may be due to differences in the viscosity-shear stress behavior of the filled and unfilled melts. In rectangular dies, the extent of encapsulation for any pair is greater when the interface is initially perpendicular to the shorter cross-section dimension. The results are consistent with the idea that encapsulation primarily depends upon the ratio of die length to initial interface length.
Prepare for the long haul of drug monitoring

As concerns have emerged in recent years over medications such as Vioxx and now Avandia, the need to improve the surveillance of approved drugs has become increasingly apparent. To ensure the success of the drugs they develop, biomedical researchers should track a wider set of clinical endpoints in drug trials and prepare to distinguish between real and false risks suggested by long-term safety monitoring.
Molecular pathogenesis and mechanisms of thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy. There has been exciting progress in understanding its molecular pathogenesis in recent years, as best exemplified by the elucidation of the fundamental role of several major signalling pathways and related molecular derangements. Central to these mechanisms are the genetic and epigenetic alterations in these pathways, such as mutation, gene copy-number gain and aberrant gene methylation. Many of these molecular alterations represent novel diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers and therapeutic targets for thyroid cancer, which provide unprecedented opportunities for further research and clinical development of novel treatment strategies for this cancer.
A mean squared error criterion for time series data windows

SUMMARY A periodogram mean integrated squared error criterion is proposed for assessing the performance of time series data windows, or tapers. The criterion is evaluated numerically for several known autoregressive processes to determine the optimal amount of tapering in Tukey's cosine window. It is found that tapering can be extremely beneficial if the spectrum contains sharp peaks. Also, in all cases studied, the optimal number of points tapered converges to a constant as the sample size increases. This result is at odds with the traditional strategy of tapering a fixed percentage of the data. Finally, a method is proposed for estimating the optimal degree of tapering on the basis of data from an unknown process. Some Monte Carlo evidence is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed estimation technique.
Differential mammary morphogenesis along the anteroposterior axis in Hoxc6 gene targeted mice.

Mammary epithelial cell proliferation, branching, and differentiation span from the appearance of the mammary bud in midgestation through to the cycling mammary gland in adulthood. Here, we show that females homozygous for a targeted disruption of the Hoxc6 homeobox gene produce thoracic mammary glands that are slightly under-developed at birth and completely cleared of epithelium by adulthood, and inguinal mammary ducts that are dilated and fail to regress in response to ovariectomy. Mammary buds are detected in E12.5 Hoxc6 homozygous embryos. However, in newborn Hoxc6 homozygous females, branching ductal structures and fat pad development are reduced. Whole-mount and histologic analyses of mammary glands from adult Hoxc6 homozygous females show the absence of mammary epithelium in thoracic glands and dilated ducts in inguinal glands at 100% penetrance. Histologic analysis of inguinal mammary glands from ovariectomized Hoxc6 homozygous females demonstrates no signs of the expected regression of epithelium, suggesting that these glands are not responsive to the loss of ovarian hormone signals. We further observe repression of Hoxc6 expression specifically within mammary stroma by estrogen and progesterone. Hoxc6 homozygous mice also exhibit a homeotic transformation of the second thoracic vertebra into the first (T2 to T1 conversion with 60% penetrance), corresponding to both the gene's anterior boundary of expression and the most extreme appearance of mammary defects. The position-specific phenotypes observed and the potential role for Hoxc6 in mediating hormone-regulated ductal expansion and regression in the adult female are discussed.
Athletic involvement and its relevance to hazardous alcohol use and drinking game participation in female college athletes: a preliminary investigation.

Objective and Participants: The authors designed this cross-sectional study to examine sports team differences in hazardous alcohol use and drinking game participation, as well as the social correlates of these behaviors among female college athletes (N = 176; M age = 19.9 years, SD = 1.24, range = 18-22). Methods: Respondents completed self-report surveys in small groups. They reported drinking behaviors, frequency of team social events involving alcohol use, and team cohesion. Results: The authors found significant differences across sports teams with regard to hazardous alcohol use and participation in drinking games with teammates. Findings also revealed that a high frequency of team social events involving alcohol use was associated with elevated use and an increased likelihood of drinking game participation. Conclusions: The authors discuss future research directions and implications.
TH-A-WAB-10: Blood Perfusion of the Skin as An Indicator of Radiation-Induced Skin Reaction

Purpose: The oxygenation state of tissue is known to correlate with radiation‐induced effects. We hypothesize that local blood perfusion of skin is directly related to the local oxygen concentration; thus blood perfusion may serve as an effective indicator for radiation‐induced skin reactions. Recent advances in near‐infrared laser imaging allows near real time non‐invasive detection of blood perfusion in the skin. We report a preliminary study of laser imaging for its ability to detect variations in blood perfusion under different environmental, physical, and physiological conditions. Methods: A Moor instrument utilizing near‐infrared laser (Moor Instruments, Devon, UK) is utilized for the investigation of perfusion in both motile phantom and human palm. The device projects a speckle pattern on the skin and measure the degree of speckle sharpness in real time. The phantom consists of two cylinders one filled with a motile standard and the other is a static reflector. The phantom is shaken for 10 seconds then is allowed to settle for 2 minutes prior to imaging. We performed laser imaging under conditions such as skin scratching, cold, or exercise. Results: The 10 second scan from the phantom scan shows a higher perfusion than the 20 and 30 seconds but has a lower standard deviation than that of the 20 and 30 second scans. This is probably due to the settling down of the particles in the phantom over time resulting in reduced perfusion for the 20 and 30 measurements. The palm images shows a decreased perfusion following the application of the cold pack and an increased perfusion after exercise. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the feasibility of using near‐infrared imaging to monitor skin blood perfusion. It may provide a useful tool to monitor and mitigate radiation‐induced skin reactions. CMCR/NIAID/NIH
Filosofía y Teoría Crítica en los Estados Unidos: Foucault y la Escuela de Francfort

Al hilo de los movimientos filosoficos de la ultima decada en Estados Unidos, el autor intenta defender la tesis de que la teoria social critica y las historias genealogicas interpretadas tal como lo hacia Foucault al final de su vida, lejos de oponerse, pueden de alguna manera complementarse de forma fecunda. Para realizar esta tarea, el autor mostrara, en primer lugar, la amplitud de las afinidades entre ambos pensamientos A continuacion, realizara una profunda critica de la interpretacion que Foucault daba de su propio pensamiento en los anos setenta, mostrando al tiempo que la genealogia es susceptible de una mejor caracterizacion mediante el esquema clasico de dominacion critica- emancipacion. Finalmente, intentara aproximar este ultimo punto de vista a la interpretacion definitiva que dio el propio Foucault de su obra.
Social Innovation: Enhancing Creative Performance Through Causal Analysis

ABSTRACT Prior qualitative research has indicated that social innovation, the generation and implementation of new ideas about social relationships and social organization, requires active analysis of the causes operative in a social system. To provide some quantitative evidence bearing on this proposition, 180 undergraduates were presented with six social innovation problems drawn from the business and educational domains. Training in the analysis of causes was provided and manipulations were made to induce analysis through distancing and forecasting. It was found that induction of causal analysis through training and distancing contributed to the originality of obtained problem solutions especially in less familiar domains. The implications of these findings for understanding social innovation are discussed.
Transforming collective memory: mnemonic opportunity structures and the outcomes of racial violence memory movements

While some research on collective memory has addressed the creation of memory projects such as memorials and historical commissions, less attention has been paid to explaining variation in these projects’ success. America’s troubled history of lynchings and race riots is one topic increasingly addressed by commemorative projects. This article evaluates factors shaping efforts to imprint past racial violence into broader collective memory. Building on research on constraints imposed by actual pasts and environmental conditions, I argue that structural influences on collective memory, or mnemonic opportunity structures, powerfully affect the success of commemorative initiatives. I identify three major dimensions of mnemonic opportunity structures: (1) an environment’s present-day commemorative capacity, a past incident’s (2) ascribed significance, and (3) the moral valence of key characters at the time it occurred. Qualitative data from multiple case studies and 90 interviews, along with supplementary quantitative and qualitative comparative analyses (QCAs) of all recent projects marking segregation-era racial violence, illustrate the utility of the framework.
Determination of nitrogen V V transfer rates by stimulated Raman pumping

Abstract Stimulated Raman scattering is used to vibrationally excite pure N2 in the pressure range 300–760 Torr at room temperature. The subsequent temporal evolution of the populations of vibrational levels as high as v=6 is probed by spontaneous Raman scattering. The experimental results are compared to predictions from a Master Equation kinetics modeling code, incorporating V–V energy transfer rate coefficients derived from several published theoretical models. Predictions using the rate coefficients given by the three-dimensional Forced Harmonic Oscillator Free Rotator (FHO-FR) model are found to give the best overall agreement with the experimental data, although agreement with the three-dimensional models of Billing and Fisher, and Bogdanov et al. is also found to be quite good.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF NEW ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS VERSUS WARFARIN FOR LONG-TERM TREATMENT OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM: A META-ANALYSIS

Whether, new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are alternative to warfarin for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is not clear. We performed a meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the safety and efficacy of NOACs for long-term treatment of VTE. We searched
Optical reflectance and transmission of a textured surface

Abstract The reflectivity of a solar thermal or solar electric device is a key parameter in efficiency. In the recent solar device literature, highly “textured” surfaces have been shown to reduce the reflectivity appreciably. The theoretical model used to describe this phenomenon is light trapping by multiple reflections. Surface roughness has also been considered by others through statistical scattering theory. The range of validity of either model is limited to a scale of texture larger than the wavelength of the light. For the micron scaled texture which is of interest, however, both approaches fall into the category of approximate solutions to approximate models of the surface. We approached the problem differently. We obtained the effects of texture on reflectivity and transmission through an exact calculation of a boundary layer whose complex dielectric constant is an appropriate average of the bulk dielectric constant of the material and air. The calculations were made for arbitrary angles of incidence, polarization and wavelength, as well as for arbitrary spatial variation of the dielectric constant through the boundary layer. We developed the spatial variation through effective medium models for a discontinuous surface layer. Finally, we compared the computer calculation with an exact analytic treatment for normal incidence, as well as with experimental reflectivities on several textured surfaces.
Hemorrhagic panniculitis caused by delayed microemboli from intravascular device.

Importance The breakdown of previously inserted intravascular devices can lead to microemboli that can clinically mimic the symptoms of common disorders, such as senile purpura, and have subtle histologic findings. However, device failure can occur gradually and start months after placement. If not identified early, microemboli to noncutaneous sites can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Observations A woman in her 70s presented 6 months after a complex aortic aneurysm repair with several large ecchymoses radiating from firm subcutaneous nodules on the buttocks, arms, and thighs. Skin biopsy specimens revealed extensive hemorrhage and a panniculitis with sparse, subtle, intra-arteriole, gray amorphous deposits that, on analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive radiography analysis and infrared spectrometry, were most consistent with a hydrophilic polymer. This type of hydrophilic polymer coats catheters and stents such as those used in aortic aneurysm repair. Conclusions and Relevance This is an unusual case of microemboli from the polymer coating intra-arterial stents starting months after placement and causing a panniculitis. Prior observations show that polymers coating intravascular devices have the potential to break down gradually and long after the device’s placement, but clinical consideration for delayed microembolization is underrecognized until catastrophic impairment or death.