cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DOING YOUR HOMEWORK: THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AS A FRIENDSHIP FILTER

This article explores the emergence of technologically integrated relationship practices among college students in two U.S. universities. This work is situated within the significant body of social research and popular cultural discourse surrounding the consequences of technology and cultural integration among young adults. Analyzing interviews with 52 participants, I explore how they construct, establish and maintain cultural practices and social norms that shape peer interaction, social networks and interpersonal relationships in offline and online settings. This paper focuses specifically on the emergence of techno-social cultural norms that impact friendship and social network construction. Findings suggest the establishment and maintenance of friendships using social networks frequently includes the use of social media profiles as means to collect social and political attitude data on potential friends. Some participants report the use of such data as essential to the decision-making process utilized while establishing and maintaining offline friendships. Motivations for this practice include safety and security, social normativity and a desire for efficiency. Furthermore, participants articulate a social and politically homogeneous friendship network as a desirable outcome to data collection. These findings contribute to our ongoing understanding of the role of informational echo chambers within a technologically integrated social environment.
RSSs set the odds for exclusion

In this issue of JEM, Wu et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200412) provide new insights into allelic exclusion. They demonstrate that Vβ-to-DβJβ rearrangement occurs stochastically on two competing Tcrb alleles, with suboptimal Vβ recombination signal sequences limiting synchronous rearrangements and essential for allelic exclusion.
Laryngology Quality of Life Questionnaire Associations: Towards Reducing Survey Burden.

OBJECTIVES Outcomes in laryngology focus primarily on patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). The increasing number of questionnaires may lead to survey fatigue. We sought to determine the relationship between the newest questionnaire, Laryngopharyngeal Universal Measure of Perceived Sensation (LUMP), and other laryngology PROMs. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Patients undergoing laryngology multidisciplinary evaluation prospectively completed laryngology questionnaires. Average summed scores between standard laryngology PROMs (ie, VHI-10, RSI, DI, CSI, EAT-10) and LUMP were compared. Expert consensus panel identified the most clinically relevant statements which were then compared to LUMP summed scores, in increasingly additive fashion. RESULTS Four hundred eighty patients (259 female) were assessed. Average age was 57.1 ± 17.7 years. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for each PROM in comparison to LUMP ranged from moderate to poor correlation: 0.64 (RSI), 0.55 (EAT-10), 0.50 (DI), 0.48 (CSI), and 0.34 (VHI-10). ICC for combinations of the five most clinically relevant individual items ranged from 0.29-0.53. CONCLUSIONS Patients with self-reported globus had statistically significantly higher scores across all PROMs. RSI had moderate correlation with LUMP, and the five selected expert consensus items demonstrated weaker correlation. While RSI may serve as a moderately selective clinical proxy for the LUMP questionnaire, LUMP remains a validated tool with increased specificity for quantification of globus which may be especially important in the research setting. There is continued question about the need for multiple laryngologic PROMs to evaluate patient complaints, and survey reduction remains an area of interest to decrease respondent fatigue, optimize patient care, and quantify interventional success. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1561-1565, 2021.
[Rural environmental sanitation in the central, southern and northern regions of Shaanxi Province in 2018].

OBJECTIVE To understand the rural sanitary conditions in different geographical areas of Shaanxi Province. METHODS According to the stratified random sampling method, 30 agriculture-related counties were selected(The central area includes 13 counties in Xi'an, Tongchuan, Weinan, Xianyang and Baoji cities. The southern area includes 10 counties in Hanzhong, Ankang, Shangluo cities. The northern area includes 7 counties in Yulin, Yan'an cities. ). Five townships were selected randomly in each county(excluding Chengguan Town), and 4 administrative villages were selected randomly in each township as survey villages, which were collected the soil samples for testing lead, cadmium and chromium in each subject village, and 5 households were randomly selected in each villages as survey households. The data was obtained through data reading, interviews, on-site observations, and laboratory testing, etc. The detection of soil lead and cadmium was carried out according to the Measurement of Soil Quality Lead and Cadmium by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry(GB/T 17141-1997), and the detection of chromium was carried out according to the Determination of Total Chromium in Soil by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(HJ 491). The data was statistically analyzed and evaluated according to the central, southern and northern regions. RESULTS The population coverage of rural centralized water supply in the three regions(central、southern and northern area) was 92. 86%, 75. 49% and 70. 41%, respectively. The penetration rate of sanitary toilets was 28. 18%, 45. 38% and 9. 90%, respectively. The proportion of villages where domestic garbage was randomly stacked was 0. 38%, 4. 00% and 32. 86%, respectively. The proportion of villages where domestic sewage was randomly discharged was 30. 38%, 40. 00% and 60. 00%, respectively. The heavy metals exceeding the standard in the soil were mainly cadmium. The over-standard rates were 4. 62%, 21. 50% and 0. 71%, respectively. The three regional differences of the above result were statistically significant(χ~2=57 676. 74, 18 143. 94, 124. 86, 33. 15 and 54. 12, P<0. 01). CONCLUSION There was still some decentralized water supply population in the province. The coverage rate of the centralized water supply population and the proportion of drinking water after complete treatment projects were both higher in the central area than in the southern area and northern area. Sanitation toilets have a low penetration rate in the province, which was higher in the southern area than in the central area and the northern area. The domestic garbage was randomly discarded, and domestic sewage was randomly discharged, which was more in the northern area than in the central area and the southern area. Soil cadmium pollution was relatively heavy, mainly in the southern area.
What are the building blocks of parent-infant coordinated attention in free-flowing interaction?

The present article investigated the composition of different joint gaze components used to operationalize various types of coordinated attention between parents and infants and which types of coordinated attention were associated with future vocabulary size. Twenty-five 9-month-old infants and their parents wore head-mounted eye trackers as they played with objects together. With high-density gaze data, a variety of coordinated attention bout types were quantitatively measured by combining different gaze components, such as mutual gaze, joint object looks, face looks, and triadic gaze patterns. The key components of coordinated attention that were associated with vocabulary size at 12 and 15 months included the simultaneous combination of parent triadic gaze and infant object looking. The results from this article are discussed in terms of the importance of parent attentional monitoring and infant sustained attention for language development.
Major failings of trial procedures and quality of screening fatally compromise the results of the Canadian National Breast Screening Studies.

Despite overwhelming evidence of a major reduction in deaths, the debate about the efficacy of breast cancer screening has continued for over 50 years. The poor results in the Canadian National Bre...
Instagram as a virtual art display for medical students

Implication Statement: We require our medical students to create art as part of a core course. Projects have historically been displayed at our health sciences library. During a rapid adjustment to virtual teaching at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, using Instagram to hold a virtual art show was a quickly implemented alternative. With student consent, course directors posted different artwork every weekday for eight weeks to a course account. By capitalizing on the visual strengths and extensive reach of the Instagram platform, we promoted our medical students’ talents both locally and nationally. We plan to use Instagram and in-person displays in the future.
Advocacy Without Adversity: Developing an Understanding of Micropolitical Theory to Promote a Comprehensive School Counseling Program:

School counselors are urged to create systemic change within a school system by working as an advocate, leader, and collaborator within the school. Each of these roles requires a school counselor t...
Consistency and Inconsistency in Caregiver Reporting of Vocabulary

Vocabulary checklists completed by caregivers are a common way of measuring children’s vocabulary knowledge. We provide evidence from checklist data from 31 children with and without autism spectru...
10 Micron Speckle Interferometry of OH/IR Stars

As part of a program to determine the circumstellar structure of OH/IR stars, we have obtained interferometric measurements of four OH/IR stars at a wavelength of 10 microns. The observations were carried out on 27-30 May 1984 with the 3 meter telescope of the Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea. The data were obtained by driving the image across a narrow (0.8) slit oriented either E-W or N-S. The bandwidth of the filter used was 5 microns.
Sexuality and Sovereignty: The Global Limits and Possibilities of Lawrence

In the summer of 2003, the Supreme Court handed gay and lesbian activists a stunning victory in the decision of Lawrence v. Texas, which summarily overruled Bowers v. Hardwick. At issue was whether Texas' prohibition of same-sex sexual conduct violated the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution. In a powerful, poetic, and strident opinion, Justice Kennedy, writing for a six-member majority, reversed Bowers, observing that individual decisions regarding physical intimacy between consenting adults, either of the same or opposite sex, are constitutionally protected, and thus fall outside of the reach of state intervention. Volumes can be written about the decision; it represents a culmination of nearly a century's worth of work in dismantling prejudicial views on gays and lesbians in American law and, indeed, the rest of the world. In this article, I explore Lawrence's hidden and unstated implications for the recent globalization of gay civil rights, and contemplate whether Lawrence is yet another symbol of a global wave of change, or whether it represents an ultimately unfulfillable goal worldwide, particularly in places where gay civil rights movements have been met with considerable backlash. I will argue in this paper that a close reading of Lawrence represents a culmination of a historic, and increasingly global, convergence between liberty, privacy, and anti-essentialist theories of sexual identity. Indeed, the ultimate significance of Lawrence lies not in its overt shielding of sexual minorities from criminalization, but rather in its willingness to offer to the American (indeed global) public, a version of sexual autonomy that is filled with both promise and danger, fragility and universality. For, quite unlike Bowers, which largely directed its judicial gaze towards gays and lesbians in particular, the court in Lawrence carried a message of sexual self-determination for everyone, irrespective of sexual orientation. Emerging from this decision is a vision of sexual self-determination, what I call "sexual sovereignty," that represents the intersectional convergence of three separate prisms: spatial privacy, expressive liberty, and deliberative autonomy. At the same time, by examining the case law that has flourished in its wake, we see that it has often been correlated with an implicit logic of containment that has relegated the exercise of sexual autonomy to private, rather than public, spaces. In creating a space for the convergence of all three facets, I would argue that Lawrence is a triumph - and a product - of anti-essentialism, but its implicit logic of containment limits its potential to traverse both theoretical and global divisions regarding culture and sexuality. Consequently, ultimately, despite the power of its universalist vision, this Article argues that Lawrence is circumscribed by potential limitations wrought by culture, property, nationality, and citizenship.
A Fragment Cluster Study of Polyacetylene

Using CH fragments to obtain an optimized cluster, a model calculation has been made for polyacetylene. The model reproduces the bond alternation as expected due to Peierls condition. After removing the errors due to a finite length of the chain, a complete rotational potential energy surface has been generated for the cis-transoidal isomer of polyacetylene. The potential depends upon rotations about two successive single bonds in the backbone. The potential surface indicates the possibility of formation of a super helix.
Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women

Background: Antioxidant vitamins may play a role in the prevention of stroke because they scavenge free radicals and prevent LDL oxidation. Epidemiologic studies that have examined this relation produced conflicting results. Objective: We examined the association between antioxidant vitamin intakes and death from stroke. Design: This was a prospective cohort study of 34492 postmenopausal women. Results: During follow-up, 215 deaths from stroke were documented. Total vitamin A, carotenoid, and vitamin E intakes were not associated with death from stroke after multivariate adjustment. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs of the highest compared with the lowest category were 0.79 (0.45, 1.38; P for trend = 0.33) for vitamin A, 0.80 (0.45, 1.40; P for trend = 0.40) for carotenoids, and 0.91 (0.55, 1.52; P for trend = 0.86) for vitamin E. The test for trend for total vitamin C intake was significant, although the association appeared somewhat U-shaped, not monotonic. An inverse association was seen between death from stroke and vitamin E intake from food. RRs (and 95% CIs) of death from stroke from the lowest to highest intake categories were 1.0, 0.80 (0.51, 1.26), 0.93 (0.58, 1.49), 0.67 (0.39, 1.14), 0.40 (0.20, 0.80); P for trend = 0.008. The results suggest inverse associations between death from stroke and intakes of the most concentrated vitamin E food sources consumed by this cohort: mayonnaise, nuts, and margarine. Conclusions: Our results suggest a protective effect of vitamin E from foods on death from stroke but do not support a protective role for supplemental vitamin E or other antioxidant vitamins. However, given the number of deaths from stroke in the present cohort, a small-to-moderate association could not be ruled out.
Cultural Engineering Under Authoritarian Regimes: Islamization of Universities in Postrevolutionary Iran

The purpose of this article is to analyze the efforts that have been made to Islamize Iranian universities, specifically since the emergence of hardliners in 2005. After the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the Islamic regime relentlessly intensified its efforts to Islamize universities to train a new generation of ideologically driven students. In the three decades following the Revolution, three major periods of university Islamization have been implemented. The Cultural Revolution, which started in 1980, was the first step in the Islamization of Iran's universities: to cleanse the higher education systems from students and professors who criticized the new established Islamic regime. By increasing the number of students and the development of universities throughout Iran in the Rafasanjai era, the second wave of the Islamization of the university was triggered by Ayatollah Khamenei in 1994. During the reform era, the Islamization of universities slowed because of the many confrontations between the Supreme Leader and the reformist administrations. With the victory of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 presidential election, the Islamization of universities intensified. While there are a few publications about the Islamization of universities, they mainly focused on the first and second decades following the 1979 Revolution. Focusing on the third period, this article will investigate the different strategies and tactics for the Islamization of universities, as well as reasons for its failures.
A Genomic Strategy to Elucidate Modules of Oncogenic Pathway Signaling Networks

Recent studies have emphasized the importance of pathway-specific interpretations for understanding the functional relevance of gene alterations in human cancers. Although signaling activities are often conceptualized as linear events, in reality, they reflect the activity of complex functional networks assembled from modules that each respond to input signals. To acquire a deeper understanding of this network structure, we developed an approach to deconstruct pathways into modules represented by gene expression signatures. Our studies confirm that they represent units of underlying biological activity linked to known biochemical pathway structures. Importantly, we show that these signaling modules provide tools to dissect the complexity of oncogenic states that define disease outcomes as well as response to pathway-specific therapeutics. We propose that this model of pathway structure constitutes a framework to study the processes by which information propogates through cellular networks and to elucidate the relationships of fundamental modules to cellular and clinical phenotypes.
Differential photo effects in gallium arsenide- metal junctions.

Abstract Pairs of low-melting metal pellets were alloyed to n -type and p -type semi-insulating gallium arsenide. The I – V characteristics of the resulting n -“ i ”- n or p -“ i ”- p devices under intense illumination were generally symmetrical about the origin and showed pronounced double saturation. In the spectral dependence of the photo-current under geometrical and electrical bias, wideband photo-response, narrowband response and sign-reversal of the photocurrent as a function of wavelength were observed. These response functions are explained as the differential output of two diodes connected back to back.
Surgency and negative affectivity, but not effortful control, are uniquely associated with obesogenic eating behaviors among low-income preschoolers.

Despite increased attention to the role of temperament in children's obesogenic eating behaviors, there is a paucity of research examining whether different dimensions of temperament may be differentially associated with specific eating behaviors among preschool-age children. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether three temperament dimensions (surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control) were uniquely associated with six obesogenic eating behaviors (caregiver-reported food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating, satiety responsiveness, and tantrums over food; and observed eating in the absence of hunger) among low-income preschool-age children, covarying home environment quality. Results showed that temperament dimensions were differentially associated with different eating behaviors. Specifically, preschoolers with higher surgency were more likely to overeat in response to external cues, have frequent desire to eat, derive pleasure from food, and eat in the absence of hunger. In contrast, preschoolers with higher negative affectivity were more likely to have tantrums over being denied food and less likely to eat in the absence of hunger. Effortful control was not uniquely associated with obesogenic eating behavior. Findings remained significant even when home chaos was accounted for, suggesting that child surgency and negative affectivity are important to consider, independent of home environment. Results are discussed with regard to theoretical implications for the study of childhood obesity and for applied prevention implications.
Focus on Practice: Is the National Literacy Strategy raising the achievement of lower attainers?

Tony Lingard, Head of Learning Support, Camborne School and Community College, Cornwall, questions whether the National Literacy Strategy is raising the achievement of lower attainers and suggests adaptations, based on his own Literacy Acceleration programme, which he argues could make the Strategy far more effective.
A confidence measure for segment based maps

Map confidence, or map quality based on regional consistency is an important measure to evaluate the quality of robot maps. It is classically handled analyzing occupancy grids, which is an unnatural choice if the map is not represented by data points, but by line segments. We define a map-confidence measure that is tailored for segment based maps, without leaving the compact data representation by segments. The presented confidence measure is not based on comparison to ground truth data, but evaluates the map (ground truth free) based on map consistency.
Lysozyme activity in the presence of nonionic detergent micelles.

The effect of a nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), on the hen egg-white lysozyme catalyzed lysis of a dried cell suspension of Micrococcus lysodeikticus is analysed. A rate enhancement of up to 70% is observed in the presence of surfactant at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration. This activity increase may be explained by postulating the existence of a micelle-enzyme complex in which enzyme molecules are bound to micelles with preferential orientation of their active sites. The reaction is found to be second order with respect to substrate. A mechanism is postulated in which a substrate particle is assumed to be an energy-furnishing collision partner to the enzyme-substrate complex. This mechanism correlated data over a wide range of enzyme and substrate concentrations. Data from kinetic, ultrafiltration, ultraviolet, and fluorescence studies provide convincing evidence for the existence of a micelle-lysozyme complex. The results suggest that it is possible that immobilized enzymes mat in general be more reactive than corresponding free enzymes.
Current approaches for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer

Compared to adjuvant chemotherapy, the administration of the same regimen in the neoadjuvant setting provides women with identical improvements in disease free and overall survival. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may offer benefits to properly selected women such as broadening surgical options and enhancing the likelihood of breast conservation. Assessment of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy provides women with an individualized estimate of prognosis. For example, a woman who achieves a complete pathological response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy has a very low risk of recurrence compared to a woman with similar tumor characteristics and a large residual disease. In this review we will provide a historical perspective and discuss the aims of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in primary operable breast cancer; as well as appropriate patient selection, treatment strategies, response monitoring, and postoperative care. We will also discuss the attractiveness of this approach to study the mechanism of action of standard and novel agents, and the role of predictive biomarkers of response to treatment and outcomes.
Genotypic Heterogeneity and Phenotypic Variation among Patients with Type 2 Gaucher's Disease

Gaucher's disease, the inherited deficiency of glucocerebrosidase, manifests with vast phenotypic variation. Even among patients with type 2 (acute neuronopathic) Gaucher's disease, there is a spectrum of clinical presentations. DNA samples from 14 patients with type 2 Gaucher's disease with a course ranging from intrauterine death at 22 wk of gestation to survival until age 30 mo were studied. L444P was the only common mutation identified, found in 15 patients' alleles. Sequencing of genomic DNA amplified by long template PCR revealed that mutation L444P occurred as a single point mutation in seven mutant alleles and as part of a recombinant allele in eight mutant alleles. Two patients had a deletion of 55 bp in exon 9; in one patient the deletion was part of a recombinant allele, and in a second the deletion occurred alone. Direct sequencing identified R120W on one allele, P415R on another, and one fetus was homoallelic for a deletion of a C nucleotide at codon 139 in exon 5. Eight of the mutant alleles remain unidentified. Northern blots revealed an appropriately sized mRNA in all except one of the patients studied. Of the 14 type 2 Gaucher patients, three had hydrops fetalis and died in utero or at birth, five had congenital ichthyosis, and seven survived 5 mo or more. Patients who died in the neonatal period had decreased protein detected by Western blot, regardless of genotype observed. These studies demonstrate that genotypic heterogeneity exists in patients with type 2 Gaucher's disease, even among infants with the most severe phenotypes.
Biochemical basis of hereditary resistance to warfarin in the rat

Abstract The influence of warfarin on prothrombin formation and the regeneration of vitamin K from vitamin K-2,3-epoxide was examined in control and warfarin-resistant rats. The epoxide reductase from liver of resistant rats was inhibited by warfarin less than the reductase from control animals. The concentration of warfarin required to inhibit the reductase in vitro was similar in control and resistant rats to the concentration of warfarin in vivo during inhibition of prothrombin formation. These results are interpreted as evidence of the biochemical basis for hereditary resistance to warfarin in the rat.
The Effect of Bibliographic Instruction On The Demand For Reference Services

If the effect of bibliographic instruction is to create a more self-reliant library user and information-seeker, does this mean that bibliographic instruction programs lead to a decline in the demand for reference services? This research analyzes the data for eighty-three ARL academic libraries over a six-year period. A regression equation fitted the data. Each student receiving bibliographic instruction increased the reference demand by two to seven questions.
The challenge of general machine vision

I argue that in spite of the progress in several machine vision applications, the general machine vision problem is not going to be solved any time soon. There are three reasons for that: (1) The complexity of human vision: Bottom-up and top-down processes are tightly interwoven, and we have no good models for dealing with that; (2) The fact that perceptual similarity is not the same as mathematical similarity; (3) The illusion of progress by relying on “proofs by example” that are not always valid. I discuss several examples of applications that were successful because they did not face any of the three obstacles.
Thermal System Design and Dislocation Reduction for Growth of Wide Bandgap Crystals

In SiC vapor growth, micropipes and dislocations that originate at the seed/boule interface can continuously propagate into the newly grown crystal. They adversely affect the quality of the crystals. The defect density can be reduced by the method of growing a large diameter crystal from a small seed through lateral growth under controlled thermal environment. In this paper, SiC growth processes with varying thermal conditions have been simulated. The effects of operational parameters such as axial and radial temperature gradients, and the presence of polycrystal are also investigated. The current finding can also help in the design of AlN/GaN growth system.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Partial Rescue of Functional Interactions of a Nonpalmitoylated Mutant of the G-Protein Gαs by Fusion to the β-Adrenergic Receptor†

Most heterotrimeric G-protein α subunits are posttranslationally modified by palmitoylation, a reversible process that is dynamically regulated. We analyzed the effects of Gαs palmitoylation for its intracellular distribution and ability to couple to the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) and stimulate adenylyl cyclase. Subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy of stably transfected cyc- cells, which lack endogenous Gαs, showed that wild-type Gαs was predominantly localized at the plasma membrane, but the mutant C3A-Gαs, which does not incorporate [3H]palmitate, was mostly associated with intracellular membranes. In agreement with this mislocalization, C3A-Gαs showed neither isoproterenol- or GTPγS-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activation nor GTPγS-sensitive high-affinity agonist binding, all of which were present in the wild-type Gαs expressing cells. Fusion of C3A-Gαs with the βAR [βAR-(C3A)Gαs] partially rescued its ability to induce high-affinity agonist binding and to stimulate adenylyl cycl...
TORT DECISIONS AND CAMPAIGN DOLLARS

There has recently been growing concern over the massive infusion of special interest dollars in state judicial elections. Commentators worry that these contributions may undermine the public's confidence in the operation and impartiality of the judicial system, or worse, “buy” the decision of the successful judicial candidate. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the extent to which there is good cause to worry. It examines contribution patterns for, and the decisional behavior of, the state supreme court justices on the Alabama, Kentucky, and Ohio courts who have had electoral contests in the 1990s. Results indicate that worries over the American bench being “for sale” have some traction. Under electoral pressures, the justices do appear to position themselves to appeal more to their contributors. This effect is not enduring, however. Whatever relationships exist between contributions to judicial candidates and their decisional behavior are short-term. Following his or her election, a justice's decision-making shows no signs of being influenced by interest group contributions.
Mitochondrial response to calcium in the developing brain.

Developmental differences in mitochondrial content and metabolic enzyme activities have been defined, but less is understood about the responses of brain mitochondria to stressful stimuli during development. Cerebral mitochondrial response to high Ca2+ loads after brain injury is a critical determinant of neuronal outcome. Brain mitochondria isolated from 16–18-day-old rats had lower maximal, respiration-dependent Ca2+ uptake capacity than brain mitochondria isolated from adult rats in the presence of ATP at both a pH of 7.0 and 6.5. However, in the absence of ATP, immature brain mitochondria exhibited greater Ca2+ uptake capacity at pH 7.0 and 6.5, indicating a greater resistance of immature brain mitochondria to Ca2+-induced dysfunction under conditions relevant to those that exist during acute ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Acidosis reduced the maximal Ca2+ uptake capacity in both immature and adult brain mitochondria. Cytochrome c was released from both immature and adult brain mitochondria in response to Ca2+ exposure, but was not affected by cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition. Developmental changes in mitochondrial response to Ca2+ loads may have important implications in the pathobiology of brain injury to the developing brain.
Fluid-to-fluid spot-to-spreader (F2/S2) hybrid heat sink for integrated chip-level and hotspot-level thermal management

An innovative heat sink design aimed at meeting both the hotspot and large background heat flux requirements of next generation integrated circuits is presented. The heat sink design utilizes two separate, unmixed fluids to meet the cooling requirements of the chip with one fluid acting as a fluidic spreader dedicated to cooling the hotspots only, while the second fluid serves as both a coolant for the background heat fluxes as well as an on-chip regenerator for the hotspot fluid. In this paper we present the conceptual heat sink design and explore its theoretical capabilities through optimization calculations and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. We have shown that through close coupling of the two thermal fluids the proposed hybrid heat sink can theoretically remove hot spot heat fluxes on the order of 1 kW/cm2 and background heat fluxes up to 100 W/cm2 in one compact and efficient package. Additionally, we have shown that the F2/S2 design can handle these thermal loads with a relatively small pressure drop penalty, within the realm of existing micro-pump technologies. Finally, the feasibility of the F2/S2 design was demonstrated experimentally by modifying a commercially available, air-cooled aluminum heat sink to accommodate an integrated hotspot cooling system and fluidic spreader. The results of these experiments, where the prototype heat sink was able to remove hotspot heat fluxes of up to 365 W/cm2 and background heat fluxes of up to 20 W/cm2, are reported.
Completeness of retail pharmacy claims data: implications for pharmacoepidemiologic studies and pharmacy practice in elderly patients.

Abstract Background : In the elderly (those aged ≥65 years), retail pharmacy claims are used to study drug use among the uninsured after drug policy changes, to prevent drug—drug interactions and duplication of therapy, and to guide medication therapy management. Claims include only prescriptions filled at 1 pharmacy location or within 1 pharmacy chain and do not include prescriptions filled at outside pharmacies, potentially limiting research accuracy and pharmacy-based safety interventions. Objectives : The aims of this study were to assess elderly patients' pharmacy loyalty and to identify predictors of using multiple pharmacies. Methods : Patients enrolled in the Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly (PACE) pharmacy benefit program with corresponding Medicare claims in the state of Pennsylvania comprised the study cohort. Among patients with pharmacy claims from all pharmacies used in 2004–2005, a primary pharmacy was defined as the pharmacy where at least 50% of a patient's prescriptions were filled. The number of pharmacies/chains used and prescriptions filled in 2005 was calculated. Predictors of using multiple pharmacies in 2005 were age, female gender, white race, urban residency, comorbidities, number of distinct chemical drugs (unique medications) used, and number of prescriptions filled, which were all assessed in 2004. Results : In total, pharmacy claims data from 182,116 patients (147,718 women [81.1%]; mean [SD] age, 78.8 [7.1] years; 168,175 white [92.3%]; 76,580 [42.1%] residing in an urban zip code area) were included. Of the 182,116 PACE patients in the study, a primary pharmacy was identified for 180,751 patients (99.3%). In 2005, patients filled an average of 59.3 prescriptions, with 57.0 prescriptions (96.1%) having been filled at the primary pharmacy. Compared with patients who used ≤5 unique medications in 2004, patients who used 6 to 9 unique medications had 1.38 times (95% CI, 1.34–1.43), and patients who used ≥15 unique medications had a 2.66 times (95% CI, 2.53–2.80) greater likelihood of using multiple pharmacies in 2005. Patients aged ≥85 years were 1.07 times (95% CI, 1.04–1.11) as likely to use multiple pharmacies compared with patients aged 65 to 74 years. Conclusions : This study found that patients aged ≥65 years were loyal to their primary pharmacy, offering reassurance to researchers and pharmacists who use retail pharmacy claims data to evaluate and/or to improve safe and appropriate medication use among the elderly. Care should be used in analyzing claims or managing the drug regimens of patients using multiple medications or patients aged ≥85 years; they are more likely to use multiple pharmacies and thus are more likely to have missing prescription information.
Vibronic mode mixing in the S1 state of β-methylnaphthalene

Abstract Single vibronic level (SVL) fluorescence spectra of β-methylnaphthalene in supersonic expansions of helium are analyzed in terms of an excited state normal coordinate (Duschinsky) rotation and vibronically induced anharmonicity. Model calculations reveal that the application of simple first-order corrections to the vibronic wavefunctions under a Duschinsky rotation reproduces most of the structure observed in the SVL spectrum of the naphthalenic Herzberg—Teller level 8 1 which is extensively mixed in β-methylnaphthalene. Discrepancies in the model are shown to be likely the result of anharmonicities. Manifestations of the Duschinsky rotation in rotationally resolved excitation spectra and in synchronously scanned excitation spectra are also discussed.
The NMDA Receptor Antagonist MK-801 Elicits Conditioned Place Preference in Rats

(+)-5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate, (MK-801) a potent noncompetitive antagonist of central NMDA receptors, has been hypothesized to have rewarding properties indicative of abuse potential. To test this hypothesis, the effects of MK-801 on the acquisition of a conditioned place preference and on locomotor activity were assessed and compared with d-amphetamine. Both MK-801 (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg, SC) and d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg, SC) administration resulted in the acquisition of a conditioned place preference. However, while both amphetamine and the higher dose of MK-801 produced a behavioral activation during the training period the lower dose of MK-801 did not. These results suggest that MK-801, at doses that produce behavioral activation and below, is rewarding and therefore may have abuse potential.
Instrument for evaluating dimensions of group dynamics within community-based participatory research partnerships

We describe the development, adaptation, and use of evaluation approaches assessing key dimensions of group partnerships. A review of relevant literature describes the rationale for the evaluation of partnership dynamics, and the selection of relevant dimensions for evaluation and assessment. Three case studies are presented to illustrate the use of this evaluation instrument in community-based participatory research partnerships to assess key dimensions of partnership process. The use of evaluation results in self-assessment and partnership development are described and lessons learned in the application of these results are discussed. Finally, we discuss the potential, challenges, and areas for further development of evaluation tools to assess group dynamics in partnership efforts. q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A 7-month-old boy with failure to thrive.

This 7-month-old boy was evaluated for failure to gain weight. He was the 7-lb., 7-oz. product of a full-term pregnancy to a 31-year-old gravida 2 para 2 woman. It was a precipitous vaginal delivery, but there were no perinatal problems. His mother initially nursed him every 3 hours for 20 minutes on each breast. Recently, he had been feeding once during the night. He had three normal bowel movements each day without diarrhea or vomiting. If his mother pumped, she expressed a total of 4 oz. from the combination of the two breasts. Although his parents have tried to give him solid foods, he will not eat from a spoon. He drinks pumped breast milk from a bottle, although he prefers nursing. When he drinks from a bottle, he can take 3 oz. in about 30 minutes. There is no history of choking, sputtering, or tachypnea with feeds. His past history is remarkable for a skin rash that started at 4 months. The rash was described as pruritic, red, and scaly over his entire body. He was treated with Eucerin without effect and was switched to EpiCeram. He has had no signifi cant infections, other than one episode of otitis media. Development is normal. The family history is unremarkable. On physical exam, he was a thin, uncomfortable boy who was con-
Noncompact nonlinear sigma models and numerical quantum gravity

Abstract The O (2,1) nonlinear sigma model is a useful stepping stone toward determining whether or not a consistent quantum theory of gravity (based on the Einstein-Hilbert action) exists. Like gravity, the sigma model is not perturbatively renormalizable, and corresponding Feynman graphs in the two theories have the same naive degrees of divergence. Both theories also have a single overall dimensionful coupling constant, and both have a configuration space which is noncompact and curved. The sigma model allows one to study the renormalizability properties of such theories without the added complications of local symmetries. We will report the latest results of lattice field theory simulations of the O (2,1) sigma model, the purpose of which is to determine if the model is nonperturbatively renormalizable. The implications for a quantum theory of gravity are also discussed.
A focused preconceptional and early pregnancy program in women with type 1 diabetes reduces perinatal mortality and malformation rates to general population levels.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a focused preconceptional and early pregnancy program specializing in the care of women with Type 1 diabetes on perinatal mortality and congenital malformations.Methods: This clinical study included women with Type 1 diabetes in an interdisciplinary Diabetes in Pregnancy Program Project Grant (PPG) funded by the NIH (1978–1993); these women were enrolled preconceptionally or during the first trimester (up to 14 weeks) and had pregnancies continuing beyond 20 weeks gestation. Strict glucose control was implemented and adherence assessed. Antepartum fetal surveillance was started at 32 weeks gestation. All live-born infants and stillbirths were examined. A retrospective comparison analysis of the period before PPG I (1973–1978) and after cessation of funding (1993–1999) was performed, specifically evaluating perinatal mortality and congenital malformation rates. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, χ2, and Fisher's exact test.Results: Three hundred and six wome...
Role of depression, stress, and trauma in HIV disease progression

Despite advances in HIV treatment, there continues to be great variability in the progression of this disease. This paper reviews the evidence that depression, stressful life events, and trauma account for some of the variation in HIV disease course. Longitudinal studies both before and after the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) are reviewed. To ensure a complete review, PubMed was searched for all English language articles from January 1990 to July 2007. We found substantial and consistent evidence that chronic depression, stressful events, and trauma may negatively affect HIV disease progression in terms of decreases in CD4 T lymphocytes, increases in viral load, and greater risk for clinical decline and mortality. More research is warranted to investigate biological and behavioral mediators of these psychoimmune relationships, and the types of interventions that might mitigate the negative health impact of chronic depression and trauma. Given the high rates of depression and past trauma in persons living with HIV/AIDS, it is important for healthcare providers to address these problems as part of standard HIV care.
Pluripotent embryonic stem cell lines can be derived from tw5/tw5 blastocysts

Mouse embryos homozygous for tw5, a recessive lethal mutation in the t complex located on chromosome 17, develop normally until the elongated egg cylinder stage, approximately 6.5 days after fertilization. At this time, the endoderm is morphologically abnormal and the embryonic ectoderm begins to show signs of pyknosis. Death of the embryo usually occurs within the next 2 days (ref. 1). A serious difficulty in the study of lethal t-mutant gene expression during embryogenesis has been to obtain appropriate experimental material, particularly during the period immediately following implantation. Recently, a method involving the use of teratocarcinoma-conditioned medium was devised for establishing pluripotent stem cell cultures directly from the inner cell mass (ICM) of a normal mouse blastocyst2. Using this method, we have established three embryonic stem cell lines derived from embryos carrying tw5. We report here that one of the cell lines is homozygous for the mutation (tw5/tw5), whereas the other two are heterozygous (+/tw5). When injected into athymic mice, each cell line is capable of forming tumours that contain differentiated derivatives of all three primary germ layers.
Recent results from the naval research laboratory experimental FEL program

Abstract The Naval Research Laboratory has been very active in the development of high-power, millimeter-centimeter wavelength FELs. These devices have been operated as amplifiers, superradiant amplifiers, and as an oscillator. The amplifier experiments demonstrated power gains of 50 dB with > 3% efficiency (with no enhancement), and superradiant experiments produced 75 MW pulses at λ = 4 mm with 6% efficiency. These experiments were performed using a 1 2 MeV pulse line accelerator having a 50 ns pulse duration. Most recently, an induction linac having a 2 μs pulse duration has been employed for oscillator experiments. This work has demonstrated steady-state operation for 1 μs at power levels up to 10 MW. The initial power gain per pass is as large as 10 4 , so that turn-on occurs rapidly. This device has operated with various mirror configurations, including a Bragg resonator. The experimental results agree well with recent theoretical work, which predicts efficiencies > 20% in a tapered wiggler oscillator. These results are also directly applicable to the operation of a two-stage FEL experiment.
Gas permeability, diffusivity, and free volume of thermally rearranged polymers based on 3,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-diamino-biphenyl (HAB) and 2,2′-bis-(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA)

Abstract HAB-6FDA polyimide was synthesized from 3,3′-dihydroxy-4,4′-diamino-biphenyl (HAB) and 2,2′-bis-(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) by a two-step polycondensation method with chemical imidization. This polyimide was used as the precursor to prepare thermally rearranged (TR) polymers. The rearrangement reaction was performed at temperatures from 350 to 450 °C. Based on mass loss during the TR process, TR conversion levels as high as 76% were observed. CO 2 permeability increased from 12 Barrer in the precursor polyimide (HAB-6FDA) to 410 Barrer in the TR polymer prepared at 450 °C, while pure gas CO 2 /CH 4 selectivity decreased from 42 to 24. Both diffusivity and solubility increased following the rearrangement process, but the change in gas diffusivity was the largest contribution to the increase in permeability. From the polyimide to the sample heated at 450 for 30 min, CO 2 diffusivity increased by approximately a factor of 20 while solubility increased by a factor of 1.7. Similar changes were observed for other gases. Fractional free volume increased from 15% in the polyimide precursor to 20% in the TR polymer rearranged at 450 °C. The HAB-6FDA TR polymers exhibited higher CO 2 permeability than other classes of polymers with similar free volume, suggesting a free volume distribution in these TR polymers that favors high permeability.