cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clonal sublines of rat neurotumor RT4 and cell differentiation. II. A conversion coupling of tumorigenicity and a glial property.

Abstract RT4 is a neurotumor induced by ethylnitrosourea injection of a newborn BDIX rat. We demonstrated previously that heterogeneity in early cultures of RT4 tumor cells can be regularly reproduced in cultures of clonal stem cells (cell type conversion). Our previous studies included morphology, differentiation of neural properties, and chromosome number of “tumor-derived” and “stem cell-derived” differentiated cells. In this paper, these two sets of differentiated cells were examined further for three additional parameters, all of which are related to malignancy. The stem cell (AC) and one type of differentiated cell (D) cause tumors when subcutaneously injected into syngeneic animals, while the other two types (B and E) do not. The amounts of a 250,000 molecular weight cell surface protein, which is probably equivalent to LETS protein (large external transformation-sensitive protein) of hamster and mouse, and the levels of plasminogen activator were examined as possible markers of malignancy. As anticipated, nontumorigenic cells generally have a large amount of the 250,000 molecular weight cell surface protein and are low in plasminogen activator activities, whereas the reverse is true for tumorigenic cells. This supports the idea that B and E cells are nontumorigenic revertants. The cell type conversion phenomenon of RT4 neurotumor and the differentiation of mouse teratoma and myeloid leukemic cells share a number of similarities, but differ in that differentiated RT4 cells can propagate in vitro even after loss of tumorigenicity. The concomitant expression of tumorigenicity and the S100 protein production of the D cell, or of nontumorigenicity and B and E cell differentiation upon the conversion of the stem cell, may suggest a regulational coupling between the tumorigenicity and the expression of a glial protein (S100 protein) in D cells.
High‐resolution atmospheric profiling using combined spaced antenna and range imaging techniques

[1] A novel approach to high-resolution wind profiling is presented using spaced antenna (SA) and range imaging (RIM) simultaneously. RIM was developed recently to improve the range resolution of pulsed radar by transmitting multiple frequencies. In this work, SA techniques are used to analyze RIM-synthesized signals and obtain high-resolution profiles of three-dimensional wind field. This high-resolution technique is termed RIM-SA. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of RIM-SA to measure wind shears embedded within the radar volume. The applications of RIM-SA in the atmospheric boundary layer and lower free troposphere are demonstrated using the multiple antenna profiler radar (MAPR) of National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). High-resolution profiles using RIM-SA are shown to be consistent with profiles measured by a radiosonde and MAPR using a single frequency and short pulse.
Recent advances in electrically conductive adhesives for electronics applications

As a potential alternative to lead-bearing soldering technology, conductive adhesive technology has attracted more and more attention from the electronics industry. This new technology can offer numerous advantages over traditional soldering technology. However, some critical limitations of this technology has slowed its potentially wide applications in the electronics industry. These limitations include lower electrical conductivity, increased contact resistance during elevated temperature and humidity aging, and poor impact performance. In the past few years, there has been tremendous efforts in addressing these issues, and conductive adhesive technology has advanced significantly. This paper will give an overview of the main research work and achievements in conductive adhesive technology.
Kalium‐Ammonozinkat. Ein Vertreter einer neuen Klasse von Verbindungen

Durch die mitgeteilte Untersuchung ist gezeigt worden, dass ein Kalium-Ammonozinkat, ein Ammoniakanalogon des hypothetischen wasserhaltigen Kaliumzinkats, und zwar in Form einer gut definierten krystallisierten Verbindung, erhalten werden kann, durch die Einwirkung einer Losung von Kaliumamid in flussigem Ammoniak auf metallisches Zink, auf Zinkamid, oder auf Zinkjodid nach den folgenden Gleichungen: 1 Zn + 2KNH2 + Am = Zn(NHK)2.2NH3 + H2 2 Zn(NH2)2 + 2KNH2 = Zn(NHK)2.2NH3 3 ZnJ2.4NH3 + 4KNH2 = Zn(NHK(2.2NH3 + 2KJ + Am.
Personalized therapy of sarcomas: integration of biomarkers for improved diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection.

An improved understanding of cancer’s molecular diversity at the genetic, proteomic, and epigenetic levels has made it evident that “sarcoma” comprises more than 50 different types, each as unique as, for example, breast carcinoma is from colon carcinoma. Sarcomas exhibit characteristic differences in cell of origin, disease site, likelihood and site of metastasis, growth propensity, and chemosensitivity. Additionally, as many as one third of sarcomas harbor specific chromosomal translocations that can be used to discriminate one subtype from another. Although biomarkers can be integrated into clinical practice to improve diagnostic accuracy and predict treatment response, a number of challenges hinder their widespread use. This review addresses the current use of biomarkers for clinical oncology, with special emphasis on diagnosis, staging, and grading. It also discusses types of biomarkers that are emerging to aid selection of therapy for patients with sarcoma. Finally, we consider practical factors that appear to limit biomarker integration into clinical practice.
High-throughput analysis of drug dissociation from serum proteins using affinity silica monoliths.

A noncompetitive peak decay method was used with 1 mm × 4.6 mm i.d. silica monoliths to measure the dissociation rate constants (kd) for various drugs with human serum albumin (HSA) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Flow rates up to 9 mL/min were used in these experiments, resulting in analysis times of only 20-30 s. Using a silica monolith containing immobilized HSA, dissociation rate constants were measured for amitriptyline, carboplatin, cisplatin, chloramphenicol, nortriptyline, quinidine, and verapamil, giving values that ranged from 0.37 s−1 to 0.78 s−1. Similar work with an immobilized AGP silica monolith gave kd values for amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and lidocaine of 0.39 s−1 to 0.73 s−1. These kd values showed good agreement with values determined for drugs with similar structures and/or affinities for HSA or AGP. It was found that a kd of up to roughly 0.80 s−1 could be measured by this approach. This information made it possible to obtain a better understanding of the advantages and possible limitations of the noncompetitive peak decay method and in the use of affinity silica monoliths for the high-throughput analysis of drug-protein dissociation.
Feedback controllers for stochastic-parameter systems: Relations among various stabilizability conditions

In this work we consider various feedback controllers designed for linear stochastic-parameter discrete-time systems. These controllers are derived by use of different system models (true system model and its deterministic equivalent) and different performance criteria (infinite horizon and finite moving horizon) to stabilize the same class of systems. It is shown that sufficient conditions for almost-sure and mean-square stabilizability by these controllers are closely related.
Role of sulfhydryl modifying reagents in the binding and activation of chick oviduct progesterone-receptor complex

Abstract We have studied the effect of sulfhydryl modifying reagents on the binding and activation of chick oviduct progesterone-receptor complex. When chick oviduct cytosol was pretreated with N -ethylmaleimide or iodoacetamide, there was a significant inhibition of the binding of [H 3 ]-progesterone to the receptor. On the other hand, sulfhydryl modifying reagents have no effects on preformed [H 3 ]-progesterone-receptor complex. Unactivated [H 3 ]-progesterone-receptor complex (preincubated at 0°C), when treated with N -ethylmaleimide or iodoacetamide at 0°C and then activated at 25°C, was unable to bind to chick oviduct nuclei. However, addition of N -ethylmaleimide or iodoacetamide to the preactivated (25°C) [H 3 ]-progesterone-receptor complex did not affect its nuclear binding which was comparable to that of an untreated activated cytosol. The results suggest that sulfhydryl group(s) are involved not only in the binding of progesterone to its receptor, but also in the activation of preformed progesterone-receptor complex.
Cluster randomized trials of cancer screening interventions: are appropriate statistical methods being used?

The design and analysis of cluster randomized trials can require more sophistication than individually randomized trials. However, the need for statistical methods that account for the clustered design has not always been appreciated, and past reviews have found widespread deficiencies in methodology and reporting. We reviewed cluster randomized trials of cancer screening interventions published in 1995–2010 to determine whether the use of appropriate statistical methods had increased over time. Literature searches yielded 50 articles reporting outcome analyses of cluster randomized trials of breast, cervix and colorectal cancer screening interventions. Of studies published in 1995–1999, 2000–2002, 2003–2006 and 2007–2010, 55% (6/11), 82% (9/11), 92% (12/13) and 60% (9/15) used appropriate analytic methods, respectively. Results were suggestive of a peak in 2003–2006 (p=.06) followed by a decline in 2007–2010 (p=.08). While the sample of studies was small, these results indicate that many cluster randomized trials of cancer screening interventions have had deficiencies in the application of correct statistical procedures for the outcome analysis, and that increased adoption of appropriate methods in the early and mid-2000’s may not have been sustained.
Dynamics of cyclohexaamylose (alpha cyclodextrin)·6 H2O by 1H solid state n.m.r. spectroscopy

Abstract In the present 1 H-n.m.r.-studies, we investigated the dynamics of the spins associated with the narrow component of the absorption lineshape of solid cyclohexaamylose (alpha cyclodextrin)·6 H 2 O. The presence of dipolar interactions in both the narrow and the broad components of the lineshape is demonstrated with the detection of double quantum coherences. On the assumption of a dominant relaxation mechanism, the temperature dependence of the lineshape and the spin-lattice relaxation time ( T ld ) in local dipolar fields yield, at −35°, a distribution of motional correlation time with a mean of 13.0 ±0.7μs and an apparent energy of activation of 3.25±0.33 kcal/mol. The “freezing” of the motions of the distribution occurs around −60°, with a corresponding measured T 2 * of 6.8±0.3 μs. The calculation of the second moment of the lineshape due to 1 H homonuclear dipolar interactions from the crystal structure gives a T 2 value of 6.5 μs. The assignment of motion causing the T ld minimum and the transition of a composite single absorption lineshape is discussed in light of the present and previous n.m.r. studies, crystallographic data, and molecular dynamics simulations.
The wages of BMI: Bayesian analysis of a skewed treatment–response model with nonparametric endogeneity

We generalize the specifications used in previous studies of the effect of body mass index (BMI) on earnings by allowing the potentially endogenous BMI variable to enter the log wage equation nonparametrically. We introduce a Bayesian posterior simulator for fitting our model that permits a nonparametric treatment of the endogenous BMI variable, flexibly accommodates skew in the BMI distribution, and whose implementation requires only Gibbs steps. Using data from the 1970 British Cohort Study, our results indicate the presence of nonlinearities in the relationships between BMI and log wages that differ across men and women, and also suggest the importance of unobserved confounding for our sample of males. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of a 180° bend on heat transfer in a downstream positioned straight tube

In addition to the parametric variation of the bend turn angle, two other parameters were varied during the course of the experiments. One of these is the tube Reynolds number, which ranged from about 5000 to about 80000. The other parameter is the flow condition at the bend inlet
Hypnotherapy for weight control.

St4nzmary.-A survey of weight control techniques indicates need for a weight-loss program which integrates appropriate eating behavior into everyday life and research that follows up patients to see if weight loss is maintained. A successful hypnocherapeutic program is described and illustrated through six case histories. Beginning, end-of-treatment, and follow-up data are presented and compared to summarized results of behavioral techniques; hypnotherapy showed shorter length of treatment and greater loss at follow-up. Patients' success with the adjunct of a taped induction was interpreted as failure to internalize suggestions, increased relaxation with resultant reduction in desire to eat, or a booster effect, similar to but not as powerful as, a return session. Overeating with accompanying weight gain is a common problem. It can be a discomfort for slightly overweight normals, an additional handicap and symptomatic expression for disturbed individuals, and a health hazard for all. In a thorough review of the literature, Leon (1976) concluded that the most appropriate criterion of success in treatment of overweight individuals is maintenance of weight loss rather than initial loss. Many reviewed studies showed initial weight loss followed by re-gain, suggesting individuals had not learned behaviors conducive to reduced weight. More specifically, Leon found techniques of behavioral management and stimulus control to be effective. Reinforcers provided by the therapist in an institutional setting also resulted in weight loss. Less weight reduction was found with classical conditioning methods. Generally the literature on group methods of weight reduction was difficult to evaluate because statistics on weight loss and follow-up data were seldom reported. Review of low caloric intake in a hospital setting showed initial weight loss but inability to maintain that loss. In general, the use of appetitesuppressants gave poor results with accompanying threat of drug dependency and personality change. Literature on hypnosis for weight control suffers from a lack of statistical report and follow-up data, although most report si~ccessful case histories. One exception is Stanton ( 1975 ) , who reported uses of hypnotherapy and two-year follow-up data on 10 patients. His 14-week program included direct suggestions regarding food intake, ego-enhancing suggestions, mental imagery of de
Perceived Intelligence, Motivation, and Achievement in Male and Female College Students

Abstract Fifty-five males and 38 females were administered a self-rating scale which allowed self and typical-student estimates of intelligence, motivation, and achievement. Males and females gave similar self-estimates of intelligence, although compared to the males, the females rated their motivation and achievement higher. Both males and females regarded the typical female student as more intelligent, more motivated, and more academically successful than the typical male student. A sex difference was observed on self versus typical-student-of-the-same-sex ratings. On noncollege-related personality dimensions, both males and females continue to share an unfavorable female stereotype.
How is language used to craft social presence in Facebook? A case study of an undergraduate writing course

This quantitative content analysis examines the way social presence was created through original posts and comments in a Facebook group for an undergraduate writing course. The author adapted a well-known coding template and examined how course members—one instructor, two undergraduate teaching assistants and twenty-two students--used language and image to generate social presence. Language is categorized by purpose, and each category is a social presence indicator. The results show which social presence indicators are used more frequently by course members and that social presence is higher when certain social presence indicators are utilized. Since existing research indicates that social presence is associated with increased course satisfaction and learning, these findings provide practical knowledge for faculty seeking to increase social presence in their classes. This is a case study with a small population, but these results indicate the need for additional research to further explore how language and image are used to generate social presence in Facebook.
Automated batch characterization of polymer solutions by static light scattering and viscometry

Using a programmable mixing pump, light scattering flow chamber, refrac- tive index detector, and single capillary viscometer, the batch (unfractionated) charac- terization of polymers in solution has been automated. Three different schemes to produce polymer concentration gradients were used, and values for weight average mass Mw, root mean square radius of gyration ^S 2 & 1/ 2 , second virial coefficient A2, and intrinsic viscosity (h) were determined for a broad distribution sample of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and a narrow fraction of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). High concen- tration experiments on the PVP also allowed determination of the third virial coefficient A3. The method has several advantages over traditional manual methods in terms of accuracy, sample preparation, and amount of labor required. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 2359 -2368, 1999
Two Steps Forward, One Step Back

Jane Mayo Roos, Early Impressionism and the French State (1866–1874) Michel Melot, The Impressionist Print
A preliminary study of the effect of music on equine behavior

conditions of Glade. Use of the BC2A | supplement therefore supports the performance of equine athletes. No supplement can replace the need for a balanced nutritional program plus an effective conditioning and consistent training regimen. However, under times of increased stress and strenuous exercise, a supplement such as BC2A | when administered within the optimal absorption window of 30-60 minutes pre-exertion, has the research to prove its benefit for competitive horses. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF MUSIC ON EQUINE BEHAVIOR
Evaluating Applications for an Informal Approach to Information Design: Readers Respond to Three Articles about Nursing

Although books in the For Dummies series and other similar series have found commercial success, the approach to information design they use has not received much attention in technical communication journals. This article reports on readers' responses to information presented in the magazine Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! and two other nursing journals. Three groups of readers (two groups of nursing students and one group of nursing faculty members) responded to three articles they read by completing questionnaires and participating in focus groups. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! was regarded as easy to read and as a good starting point for less-experienced readers, but its tone and style elicited some strong objections as well. The article provides observations and recommendations about using an informal approach to information design.
4624 Is eus useful in predicting post-ercp pancreatitis? - an analysis of 509 patients.

BACKGROUND: EUS can provide detailed information regarding parenchymal and ductal changes in the pancreas. Other than prior history, there are no known pre-ERCP predictors of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). The relationship between EUS features of pancreatitis and post- ERCP pancreatitis is unknown. AIM: Evaluate if the number or distribution (ie : ductal Vs. parenchymal ) of EUS features of pancreatitis ( parenchymal : foci, lobularity, stranding, cysts, and ductal : duct irregularity, hyperechoic margins, dilatation visible side-branches calcification/stone) are associated with the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis. METHOD: Consecutive patients who underwent EUS prior to ERCP at MUSC between 2/94 and 11/99 were evaluated. Patients who had an incomplete EUS, pancreatic cancer or prior pancreatic duct therapy (surgical or endoscopic), were excluded. Univariate analyses were performed to evaluate for any relationship between PEP and individual or groups of features seen on EUS. A multivariate analysis was also performed to include the influence of interventions performed during ERCP. RESULTS: Data from 509 patients (mean age 46 yrs. range 13-84 yrs., M/F: 153/356) were analyzed. PEP occurred in a total of 40 (8%) patients. The incidence of PEP in patients with >4 EUS features was 8% (22/275), and 8% (18/234) in those who had 5 EUS features compared to 7% (23/315) those with
Built-In Self-Test Trends in Motorola Microprocessors

The first built-in self-test feature in a Motorola sidered a ?wart? until a RAM test application recast it as a ? feature.? Though the BIST approach?an idea conceived as a way to reduce production costs for the MC6805 family?did not meet its major design objective, the experience provided impetus for the development of BIST techniques for the MC6804P2, which met most of the objectives intended for the MC6805P2. The Motorola microprocessor family has come to incorporate a growing number of testability features; current devices typically employ a combination of BIST and other techniques. If present trends continue, transistor counts for microprocessor-related parts should approach 10 million within 10 years. The authors argue that structured design techniques offer the most promising prospects for solving the design and test problems resulting from this increase in complexity.
Lowest-Order Nonvanishing Contribution to Lattice Viscosity

The lowest-order nonvanishing contribution to the viscosity of a crystal lattice is considered. This contribution depends on the cubic anharmonic momentum-flux operator previously derived by the author. An inhomogeneous transport equation, which describes both anharmonic and imperfection phonon scattering and whose solution determines the viscosity, is presented. The scattering operator is then replaced by a single-relaxation-time approximation where the effective relaxation time is found from lattice-thermal-conductivity experiments. With the aid of a Debye-like model, solutions are obtained for the coefficients of viscosity. From these solutions the attenuations of longitudinal and transverse sound waves are calculated and compared with experiment for Ge and Si, where qualitative agreement is found.
A model utilizing adult murine stem cells for creation of personalized islets for transplantation.

Abstract Clinical islet cell transplantation has demonstrated great promise for diabetes treatment. Two major obstacles are the organ donor shortage and the immunoresponse. The purpose of this study was to create a model using the patient's own adult stem cell sources, possibly in combination with non-self cells, such as pancreatic, hepatic, or embryonic stem cells, to create “personalized” islets. We hypothesize that the reconstructed islets have the normal capability to produce insulin and glucagon with reduced immunoresponses after transplantation. Stem cells are a proliferating population of master cells that have the ability for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. The recently developed photolithograph-based, biologic, microelectromechanic system (BioMEMS) technique supplies a useful tool for biomedical applications. Our lab has developed a novel method that integrates the adult stem cell and BioMEMS to reconstruct personalized islets. We selected islet-derived progenitor cells (IPC) for repairing and reconstructing STZ-diabetic islets. A6(+)/PYY(+) or A6(+)/ngn3(+) cells were selected to manipulate the neoislets. After 3 to 4 weeks in culture, the reconstructed cells formed islet-like clusters containing insulin or glucagon producing cells. The pilot results showed the ability of these reconstructed islets to correct hyperglycemia when transplanted into a STZ-diabetic isograft mouse model. Although several technical problems remain with the mouse model, namely, the difficulty to collect enough islets from a single mouse because of animal size, the mouse isograft model is suitable for personalized islet development.
Xylella fastidiosa Isolates from Both subsp. multiplex and fastidiosa Cause Disease on Southern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) Under Greenhouse Conditions

Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited gram-negative plant pathogen that affects numerous crop species, including grape, citrus, peach, pecan, and almond. Recently, X. fastidiosa has also been found to be the cause of bacterial leaf scorch on blueberry in the southeastern United States. Thus far, all X. fastidiosa isolates obtained from infected blueberry have been classified as X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex; however, X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa isolates are also present in the southeastern United States and commonly cause Pierce's disease of grapevines. In this study, seven southeastern U.S. isolates of X. fastidiosa, including three X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa isolates from grape, one X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa isolate from elderberry, and three X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex isolates from blueberry, were used to infect the southern highbush blueberry 'Rebel'. Following inoculation, all isolates colonized blueberry, and isolates from both X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex and X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa caused symptoms, including characteristic stem yellowing and leaf scorch symptoms as well as dieback of the stem tips. Two X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex isolates from blueberry caused more severe symptoms than the other isolates examined, and infection with these two isolates also had a significant impact on host mineral nutrient content in sap and leaves. These findings have potential implications for understanding X. fastidiosa host adaptation and expansion and the development of emerging diseases caused by this bacterium.
Fault tolerance analysis of the class of rearrangeable interconnection networkd

Abstract The issue of the fault tolerance of interconnection networks has received considerable attention since the last decade. The theoretical framework developed by J. P. Shen and J. P. Hays (IEEE Trans. Comput.C-33, 3 (Mar. 1984), 241–248) and extended by S. Pakzad and S. Lakshmivarahan (Internat. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. Engrg.3, 2 (April 1988), 91–99) can be used as a guideline to analyze the fault tolerance behavior of the interconnection networks in a multicomputer environment. This paper analyzes the fault tolerance characteristics of a range of rearrangeable β-networks based on the concepts and the framework developed by S. Pakzad and S. Lakshmivarahan (cited earlier). These rearrangeable β-networks include the Benes network, the Waksman network, the Joel network, and the serial network. In addition, this paper presents a comparative analysis of the aforementioned networks according to their hardware cost, performance, and degree of fault tolerance.
The cognitive attitude of rational trust

I provide an account of the cognitive attitude of trust that explains the role trust plays in the planning of rational agents. Many authors have dismissed choosing to trust as either impossible or irrational; however, this fails to account for the role of trust in practical reasoning. A can have therapeutic, coping, or corrective reasons to trust B to \({\phi}\) , even in the absence of evidence that B will \({\phi}\) . One can choose to engage in therapeutic trust to inspire trustworthiness, coping trust to simplify one’s planning, or corrective trust to avoid doing a testimonial injustice. To accommodate such types of trust, without accepting doxastic voluntarism, requires an account of the cognitive attitude of trust broader than belief alone. I argue that trust involves taking the proposition that someone will do something as a premise in one’s practical reasoning, which can be a matter of believing or accepting the proposition. I defend this account against objections that it (i) provides insufficient rational constraints on trust, (ii) conflates trust and pretense of trust, and (iii) cannot account for the rationality of back-up planning.
WHY ENGAGEMENT IN READING MATTERS TO MOLLY

I examined the form and substance of Molly's engagement in reading as she read and responded to familiar and unfamiliar texts, with friends and by herself. I collected data through participant observation in the classroom and the Symbolic Representation Interview (SRI; Edmiston (Enciso) 1990), a research method that asks the reader to create and manipulate paper cutouts representing him‐ or herself and story characters. Data analysis showed that Molly used a wide range of engagement strategies when reading her favorite story among her peers and during the SRI. In contrast, when she read unfamiliar texts on her own or in the context of the SRI, she struggled to create and sustain similar engagement strategies. Despite her flat reading of unfamiliar stories, she was able to recall her engaged reading experiences and recognize herself as a reader within them.
Radiographic formation and progression of cervical syringomyelia in a child with untreated Chiari I malformation.

We present the case of a 17-month-old girl with an untreated Chiari I malformation who developed radiographic progression of syringomyelia over a 23-month period. The patient presented with initial sy
Rule-guided behavior and self-monitoring on the tower of hanoi disk-transfer task

Abstract Problem-solving efficiency, rule-based strategies, and self-monitoring were observed on a novel planning task that provided feedback, practice, and the opportunity for strategy revision. The 3- and 4-Disk Tower of Hanoi (TOH) task was administered to 100 children ranging in age from 3 to 12 years, depending upon age and success on the 3-Disk version. On the 3-Disk task, efficiency improved with age and deteriorated with more complex problems; age differences increased with problem complexity. Efficiency on the 4-Disk task was affected by problem complexity only. Error types were surprisingly similar across the age range, reflecting primitive rules that reemerged in performance when problems exceeded processing capacity. The self-monitoring score on the 3-Disk task showed age changes and predicted planning efficiency only moderately. The particular task environment and performance analysis used here revealed both better performance in younger children than had been found previously, and “regressions” in the performance of older children in response to reaching their problem solving “limit.”
Strengthening of tough iron-12% nickel-reactive metal alloys at 77 K by copper additions

Abstract An experimental programme has been underway at NASA Lewis Research Centre to develop an iron-base alloy that combines the normally divergent properties of high toughness and high strength at cryogenic temperatures. Specifically, alloy properties were sought which at 77K would exhibit a fracture toughness of 220 MPa m 1 2 ( 200 ksi in. 1 2 ) with a corresponding yield strength of 1.4GPa (200 ksi). Earlier work showed that high toughness could be achieved in Fe-12Ni alloys containing reactive metal additions such as Al, Nb, Ti, and V. This programme emphasized strengthening of these tough alloys by the addition of Cu. Results showed that high strength and high toughness could be achieved in a single alloy at temperatures as low as 77K. An alloy with composition Fe-12Ni-0.5Al-2Cu exhibited a yield strength of 1.65GPa with a corresponding fracture toughness of 220 MPa m 1 2 at 77K. Strengthening due to Cu additions to the Fe-12Ni base alloys results primarily from precipitation of Cu-rich e particles approximately 20 nm in diameter. Strengthening mechanisms are discussed in terms of an elastic modulus hardening model and are supported by transmission electron microscopy examinations of selected test specimens.
Cephalosporin therapy in dermatologic practice.

Abstract Common skin and skin structure infections requiring systemic antimicrobial therapy may be classified into primary and secondary types (Table 1). 1 In a primary infection, the lesion itself represents the infection. Examples of primary infections are carbuncles and furuncles. Secondary infections arise when there is aggravation of a preexisting condition such as atopic dermatitis or a decubitus ulcer.
Alternative models for the use of multiple methods

Different models can be followed in using multiple methods, and researchers need to be aware of the benefits associated with different approaches.
Investigation of protein amide-proton exchange by 1H longitudinal spin relaxation.

The general theory of the Linderstrom-Lang model, which, in simplified form, is widely used for the interpretation of NMR data on backbone-proton exchange in proteins, is systematically discussed. An experimental protocol for testing the applicability of the customary simplifications is described and experimental data which require the application of the general, rather than of the simplified, theory are presented. The appearance of pH-dependent biexponential magnetization recovery for any amide group in a protein is an unequivocal indication that the conventional simplified versions of the model do not apply.
Nitrogen metabolism in o,p′-DDT-fed rats

Urea synthesis from 5 mm NH4Cl plus 10 mm ornithine was decreased in isolated hepatocytes from rats fed 1000 ppm o,p′-DDT for 2 weeks and starved for 48 hr. DDT feeding had no effect on urea synthesis from 10 mm alanine, serine, or threonine in the presence of 10 mm ornithine. When rats were not starved prior to hepatocyte isolation, rates of urea synthesis from 10 mm NH4Cl plus 10 mm ornithine were similar in hepatocytes from control and DDT-fed rats. In vivo, DDT-fed and subsequently starved rats had the same survival rate as starved controls after injection of 5 mmol NH4Cl/kg body weight. Plasma urea levels were also similar. A feeding study demonstrated that rats fed a 90% casein diet supplemented with 1000 ppm o,p′-DDT gained weight at the same rate as rats fed only the 90% casein diet. Hepatocytes were then isolated from these rats, and it was found that rats fed the 90% casein diet plus DDT exhibited decreased rates of urea synthesis from 10 mm NH4Cl plus 10 mm ornithine. These data show that DDT feeding resulted in a decreased capacity for urea synthesis from NH4Cl in hepatocytes from starved and high-protein-fed rats. This reduced capacity did not appear to decrease in vivo ammonia detoxification under the conditions studied.
Coke Formation in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process by Combined Analytical Techniques

A combination of analytical techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and supercritical fluid extraction/mass spectrometry (SFE/MS), were used to characterize the detailed composition and structure of coke formed on catalyst in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. By characterizing coke samples from a series of designed FCC experiments, the effects of conversion on coke composition were systematically studied. SFE is shown to be an effective technique for removing low molecular weight coke molecules from the catalyst. When combined with mass spectrometry, the technique provided molecular level information of the extracted coke species. The coked catalysts were directly analyzed by XPS and NMR to obtain information relevant to surface and bulk coke structures, respectively. The study revealed the presence of two types of nitrogen-based coke and showed that N distributions were strongly affected by FCC conversion level...
AOTF-echelle spectrometer for air-ICP-AES continuous emission monitoring of heavy metals and actinides

A spectrometer system consisting of a quartz acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) and an echelle grating has been assembled and tested for ICP-AES continuous emission monitoring of heavy metal and actinide elements in stack exhaust offgases introduced into an air plasma. The AOTF is a rapidly tunable bandpass filter that is used to select a small wavelength range (0.1 to 0.6 nm) of optical emission from the air plasma; the echelle grating provides high dispersion, yielding a spectral resolution of approximately 0.004 to 0.008 nm from 200 to 425 nm. The AOTF-echelle spectrometer, equipped with a photodiode array or CCD, provides rapid sequential multielement analysis capabilities. It is much more compact and portable than commercial ICP-AES echelle spectrometers, allowing use of the system in field and on-line process monitoring applications. Data will be presented that detail the resolution, detection limits, capabilities, and performance of the AOTF-echelle spectrometer for continuous emission monitoring of heavy metals (As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) and actinides (including U isotopes). The potential use of the AOTF-echelle spectrometer with other emission sources and for other monitoring applications will be discussed.
Biocultural Models in Studies of Human Health and Adaptation

Biocultural studies, defined as research on questions of human biology and medical ecology that specifically includes social, cultural, or behavioral variables in the research design, offer valuable models for studying the interface between biological and cultural factors affecting human well-being. Two models of biocultural research predominate in health studies: one which integrates biological, environmental, and cultural data, and a second, more segmented model in which biological data are primary and data on culture and environment are secondary. Although critics have claimed that biological studies ignore the role of social and political systems in health, the studies included in this issue counter such criticism with research models that include cultural and political stressors. To illustrate an additional dimension of the integrative biocultural approach, I discuss models for understanding morning sickness, perception and tolerance of pain in labor, and depression in the postpartum period. Though these phenomena are clearly both biologically and culturally determined, they are usually studied by anthropologists only in their cultural dimension and by medical researchers in their biological dimension. Biocultural study of reproduction and of other aspects of women's health will contribute to transdisciplinary collaboration and, it is hoped, will also reduce the fragmentation of medical anthropology.
Resonant switched-capacitor converters for chip-scale power delivery: Modeling and design

There is an increasing need for power management systems that can be fully integrated in silicon to reduce cost and form factor in mobile applications, and provide on-chip voltage regulation for high-performance digital systems. Switched-capacitor (SC) converters have shown tremendous promise in this regard due to favorable device utilization and scaling trends, and the emergence of high-density silicon-compatible capacitor technologies. Resonant switched-capacitor (ReSC) converters show similar promise as they benefit from the same architectures, scaling, and component trends, but also from ongoing improvements in silicon-integrated magnetic components. In this work, we explore the design and optimization of ReSC step down topologies, based on representative capacitor technologies, CMOS device parameters, and a range of possible integrated magnetics specifications.
Green fluorescent protein in inertially injected aqueous nanodroplets.

We inertially inject and study the contents of optically trappable aqueous nanodroplets (hydrosomes) emulsified in a perfluorinated matrix. A new piezoelectric actuated device for production of single hydrosomes on demand is introduced. Hydrosomes containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were injected, optically trapped, and held at the focus of an excitation laser in a confocal microscope, and single-molecule photobleaching events were observed. The rotational diffusion time of EGFP in trapped hydrosomes was measured using time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. In free solution, the mean rotational diffusion time was determined to be 13.8 ± 0.1 ns at 3 μM and 14.0 ± 0.2 ns at 10 μM. In hydrosomes, the mean rotational diffusion time was similar and determined to be 12.6 ± 1.0 ns at 3 μM and 15.5 ± 1.6 ns at 10 μM. We conclude that the rotational motion inside the nanodroplets is consistent with rotation in free solution and that the protein therefore does not aggregate at the water−oil interfa...
Modified Titanium Surfaces Alter Osteogenic Differentiation: A Comparative Microarray-Based Analysis of Human Mesenchymal Cell Response to Commercial Titanium Surfaces

The differential effects of dual-acid etched (Osseotite), hydroxyapatite coated (HA) and sand-blasted/acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (hMSCs) were investigated. Proliferation was significantly promoted on the SLA surfaces. 16 genes were significantly upregulated when hMSCs were cultured on the Osseotite and the HA surfaces and 15 genes on the SLA surfaces. Upregulated genes control cell differentiation, signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix and bone formation.
High-resolution infrared spectrum of the 859- and 1711-cm−1 bands of carbonyl sulfide (OCS)

Abstract The ν 1 and 2 ν 1 bands of OCS have been measured using grating spectrometers and a tunable diode laser spectrometer. Preliminary wavenumbers for OCS absorption lines useful for calibrating tunable laser systems are given for the wavenumber intervals 825 to 885 cm −1 and 1665 to 1737 cm −1 . Measurements and an analysis are given for the bands 10 0 0-00 0 0, 11 1 0-01 1 0, 20 0 0-00 0 0, 21 1 0-01 1 0, and 30 0 0-10 0 0 of the 16 O 12 C 32 S isotopic species and for the 20 0 0-00 0 0 band of the 16 O 13 C 32 S and 16 O 12 C 34 S species. Effective band constants are given for these bands.
Grazing incidence optics in extreme-ultraviolet astronomy

ABSTRACT The developmeni of grazing incidence opiics for exireme uUraviole (EUV) astronomy occurred in a vas1lydiffereni science-poliiical environmeni Than ha of X-ray astronomy. X-ray asfronomy had been proven asan exiremely usefulfield ofresearch, and in The environmeni ofihe 1960s funds were available for X-ray glassmirror sysiems costing lens of millions of dollars for a single lelescope. In thai era, EUV asironomy hadnoi ye been demonsiraied as a viable field, and indeed, the general belief was iha only a few asironomicalsources would be observable in this band. In ihal environmeni there was no hope of obiaining funding forEUV lelescopes similar lo ihose used in X-ray asironomy. As a consequence, an enlirely differeni approachwas employed in the developmeni of EUV grazing incidence oplics.The general approach was lo ailempi lo make grazing incidence EUV opiics out of melal. In the end, ihebesi of ihese oplics were as good as the X-ray glass optics developed for the Einstein Observatory, but witha cost of 1/20 of the Einstein mirrors.The various technologies developed in order to carry out EUV astronomy are discussed with an emphasison EUV grazing incidence mirrors. A report of a few of the astronomical results obtained through the useof these optics are presented.Keywords: grazing incidence optics, extreme ultraviolet telescopesIn this paper I provide a brief overview of the technical developments that made extreme ultraviolet (EUV)astronomy a reality with special emphasis on the development of extreme ultraviolet grazing incidence mirrors. Thisis an especially delightful task given the fact that some thirty years ago it was generally believed that no research
The Role of Porphyrin‐to‐Porphyrin Linkage Topology in the Extensive Modulation of the Absorptive and Emissive Properties of a Series of Ethynyl‐ and Butadiynyl‐Bridged Bis‐ and Tris(porphinato)zinc Chromophores

A new method for the regulation of the photophysical properties of highly conjugated porphyrin arrays is described. The absorptive and emissive signatures of such supramolecular structures can be modulated to an impressive degree by regulation of: i) the extent of the steric interactions that define the barrier to rotation about the conjugated bridge between the porphyrin chromophores, and ii) the magnitude of ground state chromophore–chromophore electronic communication within the supermolecule. The power of this approach is illustrated by the straightforward synthesis as well as the electronic and emission spectra of eight different porphyrin arrays in which (5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinato)zinc(11) and (10,20-diphenylporphinato)zinc(11) complexes are joined by ethyne or butadiyne groups. The points of connectivity of these bridges between the chromophoric building blocks are systematically varied to produce a series of supramolecular structures with meso-to-meso, meso-to-β, or β-to-β linkage topologies. These variations allow excellent control of the ground- and excited-state characteristics of the arrays in the series by regulating the degree of both excitonic and electronic porphyrin-to-porphyrin coupling. Our approach shows the precision with which photophysical properties can be engineered in appropriately designed supramolecular systems.
Theoretical bound on modulation classification for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems over unknown, flat fading channels

Likelihood-based algorithms identify the modulation of the transmitted signal based on the computation of the likelihood function of received signals under different hypotheses (modulation formats). An important class of likelihood-based algorithms for modulation classification problems first treats the unknown channels as deterministic, and replaces the channels by their estimates. In this paper, a novel theoretical bound on the performance of this class of algorithms is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems over unknown, flat fading channels. The performance bound is developed from the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) of blind channel estimation. It provides a useful benchmark against which it is possible to compare the performance of modulation classification algorithms, and is tighter than the theoretical bound derived based on perfect channel knowledge.
Health care–associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections increases the risk of postdischarge mortality

Background Although many studies have estimated the impact of health care–associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections on mortality during initial hospitalization, little is known about the long-term risk of death in these patients. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of MRSA health care–acquired infections (HAIs) on mortality after hospital discharge. Methods Our study cohort consisted of patients with inpatient admission within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs system between October 1, 2007, and September 30, 2010. Of these patients, we identified those with a positive MRSA culture from electronic microbiology reports. We constructed multivariable Cox proportional hazards regressions to assess the impact of a positive culture on postdischarge mortality in the 365 days following discharge using both the full cohort and a propensity score–matched subsample. Results In our analysis cohort of 369,743 inpatients, positive MRSA cultures were recorded in 3,599 (1.0%) patients. We found that positive cultures resulted in an increased risk of postdischarge mortality both in the full cohort (hazard ratio = 1.42, P Conclusion We found that MRSA HAIs significantly elevate the long-term risk of mortality. These results underscore the importance of infection prevention efforts in the hospital.
New analytic solution of Schrodinger's equation

We obtain an analytic solution beyond adiabatic approximation by transferring the 1D Schrodinger equation into the Ricatti equation. Then we show that our solution is more accurate than JWKB approximation. The generalizations of the approach to 3D are suggested, and possible applications of obtained solutions are discussed.