cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of a t(7;10) in a human glioblastoma cell line

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant glial brain tumor in humans. The fact that deleted copies of chromosome 10 are observed frequently in primary GBM tumors supports the hypothesis that one or more tumor suppressor genes located on chromosome 10 occupy crucial growth control checkpoints for glial cells. Deletion mapping in primary GBM tumors using the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) test has implicated the 10q24-10qter region as one possible site for a gene. We report here on the molecular cytogenetic analysis of chromosome 10 abnormalities in a human GBM cell line, JBSA. LOH testing showed that JBSA cells were hemizygous for chromosome 10. Molecular cytogenetic analysis showed that the undeleted homologue was involved in a reciprocal translocation, t(7;10)(p21;q22). The translocation breakpoint on chromosome 10 lay within band q22 between D10S19 and D10S4. The fact that JBSA cells lack one homologue of chromosome 10 and carry a translocation breakpoint on the remaining one, proximal to the smallest region of overlap reported in primary tumor deletions, suggests that 10q22 may be another possible site for a tumor suppressor gene involved in GBM.
Investigation of supersonic mixing layers

A constructed, dual-stream, supersonic wind tunnel has been designed to provide comparatively long run times for investigations of reactive and nonreactive, two-dimensional supersonic mixing layers. Control of the stagnation temperatures enables the velocity ratio, density ratio, and convective Mach number of the two streams to be varied. Laser Doppler velocimetry has been employed to measure the incoming boundary layers, the subsequent compressible mixinglayer growth rate, and the mean and turbulent velocity field development for two density ratios of 0.76 and 1.56, corresponding to velocity ratios of 0.79 and 0.58 and convective Mach numbers of 0.20 and 0.45, respectively. For a given density and velocity ratio, the convective Mach number has been found to correlate the ratio of compressible to incompressible mixing layer growth rate, as suggested by other workers.
Runtime synthesis of high-performance code from scripting languages

Scripting languages are ubiquitous in modern software engineering and are often used as the sole language for application development. However, some applications, specifically scientific and multimedia applications, often have small sections of code that require a higher level of performance than the host language can deliver. In many cases, the algorithm being optimized is simple and has a clear mapping to hardware resources. But, without introducing an intermediate language, developers generally have no direct methods to implement an optimized solution.In this paper, we present the synthetic programming environment, a run-time system for synthesizing and executing high-performance instruction sequences directly from scripting languages. Our implementation, available for download, is implemented in Python for PowerPC processors and gives Python developers direct access to system resources for performance critical code. We discuss strategies for creating and managing synthetic programs and provide two real-world examples, an interactive particle system and a chemical fingerprint comparison tool.
Meridional shifts of the Atlantic intertropical convergence zone since the Last Glacial Maximum

The position of the intertropical convergence zone is thought to be linked to changes in the Earth’s climate state. Analyses of marine sediment show that over the past 25,000 years, the intertropical convergence zone over the Atlantic Ocean migrated in response to climate changes.
Tumor necrosis factor induced oxidative stress in isolated mouse hepatocytes

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a macrophage-derived cytokine which participates in homeostatic tissue repair. It is also a potentially useful antitumor agent. Liver toxicity, however, limits TNFα's clinical utility and suggests that it may play a role in liver toxicity of various etiologies. To determine the direct effects of TNFα on hepatocytes, in the absence of infiltrating leukocytes and other inflammatory mediators, an isolated mouse hepatocyte model has been used in the present study. Hepatocytes exposed to recombinant human TNFα (1–10 μg/ ml) exhibited intracellular GSH depletion and GSSG efflux during the first 2 hr of exposure, but no cytotoxicity was observed. However, TNFα was toxic to hepatocytes pretreated with 1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea to inhibit GSSG-reductase activity. Furthermore, these cells exhibited a greater efflux of GSSG upon exposure to TNFα. TNFα also caused a marked decrease in cellular ATP concentrations, which occurred after initiation of effects on the glutathione pool. These findings indicate that high concentrations of TNFα induce an oxidant stress in isolated hepatocytes. The antioxidants mannitol and benzoate, as well as the iron chelator deferoxamine, reduced the extent of TNFα-induced oxidant effects in hepatocytes, which indicates that the oxidant stress may involve hydroxyl radical generation. Hepatocytes treated with ruthenium red or fructose were less susceptible to TNFα-induced ATP depletion, which suggests that mitochondrial calcium cycling may be involved in disruption to energy metabolism.
Dominant chemical source and reaction modes in lean premixed H2/air flames

Abstract Chemical Explosive Mode Analysis (CEMA) is used to illustrate how source terms and reactions associated with state variables drive the combustion process across a large database of lean, premixed H 2 /air flames with detailed chemistry. Based on an eigenanalysis of chemical sources terms, chemical source modes and associated reaction modes are distinguished. The dominant mode amplitude is used to determine whether source terms within the flame structure are promoting or counteracting the dominant chemical source mode. Mode sources are then defined from source terms to further differentiate dominant sources (i.e. species or temperature) that promote or counteract a chemical source mode. Similarly, mode participation distinguishes promoting reactions from counteracting ones. Based on mode sources and mode participation, transition temperatures are introduced to track dominant species and reactions within the flame structure. Concepts are detailed for one reference case ( ϕ = 0.99 and T in = 302 K ), which is then applied to a large database of simulated test cases with distributed inlet temperature (300–800 K) and equivalence ratio (0.1–1). In all cases, transitions correlate with the adiabatic flame temperature for a simulation. Results show a perfect collapse of temperatures associated with the definition of the flame sheet in the context of CEMA. Furthermore, transitions within the flame structure show trends that clearly illustrate that flames with similar adiabatic temperatures share a comparable chemical structure.
Analyzing International Radio Stations A Systems Approach

/ For many years, international radio broadcasting has been used by nations around the world as a foreign policy tool. As the world political system changed following the end of the Cold War, so the importance of international radio broadcasting to some nations has changed. Although there has been some scholarly work devoted to international radio broadcasting, such work has focused mainly on the station and has neglected the system in which the station operates. This article uses systems theory and organizational communication principles to develop a framework for analyzing how and why nations are using international radio broadcasting.
Multigenerational value: modifying the modified discounting method

The theoretical basis and potential applicability of Kula's modified discounting method (1988) are reconsidered in this paper. A more general discounting model, labeled multigenerational value (MV), is derived from utilitarian principles. The equity implications of multigenerational discounting are analyzed, with mixed results. Variants ofMVare shown to be applicable to private investments, sequential decisions, public goods, and other contexts.
Colour Vision in the Virginia Opossum

COLOUR vision in mammals has long been considered to be restricted to primates, possibly as a result of independent evolution of the ability after it was lost during a nocturnal stage of mammalian evolution1. A variety of investigations, however, have indicated some ability to discriminate on the basis of colour in the European red squirrel2, the pigmy goat, red deer, and Nilgai antelope3, the Masai giraffe4, the common cat5, and the antelope ground squirrel6. Because the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is very similar to the earliest known mammals7, the presence or absence of colour vision in this species would be of particular relevance to theories of the phylogeny of colour vision in both marsupial and placental mammals. The marsupial eye is essentially like that of a placental mammal in structure, while the retina is basically a reptilian one containing single and double cones bearing oil-droplets and a large number of filament rods. In particular, the opossum has a clearly nocturnal eye and some of the single cones lack oil-droplets and are similar to the cones of placental mammals8. A further consideration is that the marsupials are the only class of vertebrates having double cones in the retina (fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds being the others) which have not yet been shown to have colour vision9.
Adsorption rate coefficients for gases and vapors on activated carbons

Abstract In order to estimate carbon bed breakthrough time (service life) for a given gas or vapor which is removed from flowing air by physical adsorption, both the adsorption capacity and adsorption rate need to be known. These parameters are available for only a small number of compounds at limited sets of conditions. For 27 hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons, 165 breakthrough curves were measured and analyzed to obtain adsorption rate coefficients. Reciprocals of rate coefficients at 1 and 10% of challenge breakthrough were linear functions of reciprocals of molar polarizations. Another database of breakthrough curves for 121 compounds determined at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the 1970s was also analyzed. Effects of linear flow velocity on adsorption rate coefficients were determined. Combining these two databases of 679 breakthrough curves for 147 compounds gave correlations of reciprocal adsorption rate coefficients as functions of molar polarization, linear airflow velocity and breakthrough fraction. Only data for dry conditions and 2-cm deep beds have been considered so far.
A Black-box Router Profiler

Simulation, emulation, and wide-area testbeds exhibit different strengths and weaknesses with respect to fidelity, scalability, and manageability. Fidelity is a key concern since simulation or emulation inaccuracies can lead to a dramatic and qualitative impact on the results. For example, high-bandwidth denial of service attack floods of the same rates have very different impact on the different platforms, even if the experimental scenario is supposedly identical. This is because many popular simulation and emulation environments fail to account for realistic commercial router behaviors, and incorrect results have been reported based on experiments conducted in these environments. In this paper, we describe the architecture of a black-box router profiling tool which integrates the popular ns-2 simulator with the Click modular router and a modified network driver. We use this profiler to collect measurements on a Cisco router. Our preliminary results demonstrate that routers and other forwarding devices cannot be modeled as simple output port queues, even if correct rate limits are observed. We discuss our future work plans for using our data to create high-fidelity network simulation/emulation models that are not computationally prohibitive.
The Political Dimension of Community Policing: Belief Congruence Between Police and Citizens

Community-policing approaches police change from two dimensions, one administrative and the other political. The administrative aspects of community policing address structural and managerial issue...
Impacts of Humidity and Temperature on the Performance of Transparent Conducting Zinc Oxide

The impact of humidity and temperature on a zinc oxide based transparent conducting oxide (TCO) was assessed under accelerated aging conditions. An in situ electroanalytical method was used to monitor the electrical properties for a conducting zinc oxide under controlled atmospheric (humidity, temperature and irradiation) conditions. A review of thin film photovoltaic (PV) literature has shown one major failure mode of cells/modules is associated with the ingress of water into modules in the field. Water contamination has been shown to degrade the performance of the TCO in addition to corroding interconnects and other conductive metals/materials associated with the module. Water ingress is particularly problematic in flexible thin film PV modules since traditional encapsulates such as poly(ethyl vinyl acetate) (EVA) have high water vapor transmission rates. The accelerated aging studies of the zinc oxide based TCOs will allow acceleration factors and kinetic parameters to be determined for reliability purposes.
Adsorption analysis of nitrophenol isomers on silver nanostructures by surface-enhanced spectroscopy

SEIRA, SERS, TPD and DFT were used to study 4-nitrophenol (4NP), 3-nitrophenol (3NP) and 2-nitrophenol (2NP) adsorption on nanoscale silver films/powder. SERS and DFT demonstrated that 4NP adsorbed as the 4-nitrophenolate ion. SEIRA results revealed that a 4NP multilayer condensed differently using deposition solvents with and without polar bonds. 3NP and 2NP adsorption were not altered by the polar properties of the solvent. The nanoscale properties of the silver films/powder were shown to impact how the polar properties of the deposition solvent altered nitrophenol adsorption. In the SEIRA spectra of 4NP and 3NP a C=O stretch was observed above 1700cm(-1) using a highly volatile n-pentane deposition solvent. No other solvent yielded such a peak for 4NP or 3NP adsorption including n-heptane. 2NP had a C=O stretch regardless of deposition solvent. A C=O stretch confirmed nitrophenol ionization in the monolayer and pointed toward the significance of resonance in NP adsorption. 2NP never formed a multilayer at high exposures as demonstrated using TPD and SEIRA. Results of this work will have environmental implications and will aid biochemical and industrial applications where phenolic compounds are employed.
Differential intra-industry information transfer associated with management earnings forecasts

Abstract This study proposes that the amount of information about one firm conveyed by management forecasts of another firm in the same industry depends on the earnings covariance between the two firms and the forecast firm's earnings variance. The covariance reflects the competitive relation between the firms and the variance represents noise contained in forecasts. When both variance and covariance are included in regressions, nonforecast firms' abnormal returns are associated with forecast firms' abnormal returns. When they are excluded, no such association is observed. The results are similar, but much weaker, when the independent variable is unexpected management forecasts.
A comparison of the geometry dependence of several nonlinear fracture toughness parameters

Abstract A number of fracture toughness tests on compact tension specimens have been performed for the purpose of comparing several nonlinear fracture toughness methods; including the nonlinear energy ( G I ), J-integral ( J I ), COD ( G δ ), and linear (– G I ) approaches. The effect of variations in specimen thickness ( B ) and width ( w ) on the fracture toughness was examined for 7075-T651, 2124-T851, 2048-T35I, and 2048-T851 aluminum alloys, Ti-6Al-4V, and 4340 steel. Fracture toughness values were evaluated at both the initiation of stable crack growth and the onset of unstable fracture (peak load). It was found that the peak load toughness values are quite geometry sensitive at thicknesses below the requirement for plane strain fracture. At the initiation of stable crack growth, the toughness values are constant over a much larger range of specimen thickness. However, the nonlinearity of the load displacement curve is quite limited at this point and the associated fracture toughness is only 30–50% of the peak-load values.
PTPL1/FAP-1 Negatively Regulates TRIP6 Function in Lysophosphatidic Acid-induced Cell Migration

Abstract The LIM domain-containing TRIP6 (Thyroid Hormone Receptor-interacting Protein 6) is a focal adhesion molecule known to regulate lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced cell migration through interaction with the LPA2 receptor. LPA stimulation targets TRIP6 to the focal adhesion complexes and promotes c-Src-dependent phosphorylation of TRIP6 at Tyr-55, which creates a docking site for the Crk Src homology 2 domain, thereby promoting LPA-induced morphological changes and cell migration. Here we further demonstrate that a switch from c-Src-mediated phosphorylation to PTPL1/Fas-associated phosphatase-1-dependent dephosphorylation serves as an inhibitory feedback control mechanism of TRIP6 function in LPA-induced cell migration. PTPL1 dephosphorylates phosphotyrosine 55 of TRIP6 in vitro and inhibits LPA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of TRIP6 in cells. This negative regulation requires a direct protein-protein interaction between these two molecules and the phosphatase activity of PTPL1. In contrast to c-Src, PTPL1 prevents TRIP6 turnover at the sites of adhesions. As a result, LPA-induced association of TRIP6 with Crk and the function of TRIP6 to promote LPA-induced morphological changes and cell migration are inhibited by PTPL1. Together, these results reveal a novel mechanism by which PTPL1 phosphatase plays a counteracting role in regulating TRIP6 function in LPA-induced cell migration.
Applications of gauge/gravity duality to the dynamics of strongly-coupled plasmas

Abstract I discuss some applications of gauge/gravity duality related to hydrodynamics, jets and dynamics far from equilibrium.
Convective boiling heat transfer in a concentric annular gap

Abstract Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics were measured in both subcooled and saturated concentric narrow gap forced convection boiling. Four boiling regimes were observed: isolated bubbles, coalesced bubbles, coalesced bubbles with small dry patches, and liquid deficient flow. Data were obtained to qualitatively identify the effects of gap size, pressure, flow rate, inlet quality and wall superheat on the boiling regimes and the transitions between the various regimes. Some significant differences from unconfined forced convection boiling were found.
Effect of soybean-to-water ratio and pH on pressurized soymilk properties

: The influence of soybean-to-water ratio (1:6 and 1:8) and pH (6 and 7) on characteristics of soymilk treated by high pressure processing (HPP, 500 and 600 MPa, 10 min, 25 °C) or thermal treatment (95 °C for 30 min) was investigated. Changes in the soymilk appearance were observed only for the 1:6, pH 6 soymilk that underwent a sol formation after HPP treatment and was apparently more viscous after thermal treatment. These changes were reflected in the viscosity values of these soymilks, which were increased by a factor of 4.3 and 3.6, after HPP and thermal treatment, respectively. After HPP treatment at pH 7 at both 1:6 and 1:8 ratios, the viscosity of the soymilks was unchanged compared to the controls. HPP treatment significantly increased the emulsion stability for all soymilks tested except for the 1:6, pH 7 soymilk. Peptide profiles of thermal- and pressure-treated samples were not affected; however, aggregates were observed in the soluble protein fraction after thermal and pressure treatment. Surface free and total free sulfhydryl content, surface hydrophobicity, and solubility of the proteins were decreased after HPP and thermal treatment regardless the soybean-to-water ratios and pH values of the soymilk.
Vibrational and Centrifugal Effects on Nuclear Interactions and Rotational Moments in Molecules

The effects of zero point vibration and centrifugal stretching of molecules upon the spin-spin magnetic interaction, the spin-rotational magnetic interaction, the molecular rotational magnetic moment, the magnetic shielding of the nucleus, and the molecular diamagnetic susceptibility of the molecule are discussed. Expressions for these quantities with vibrational and centrifugal effects included are given in detail for diatomic molecules and numerical calculations for the cases of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$. It is shown that from measurements of the rotational magnetic moments of both ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ or of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ in two different rotational states, one can calculate the variation with internuclear separation of the high frequency terms of the molecular diamagnetic susceptibility. Measurements on the spin-rotational magnetic interactions in both ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ provide information on the variation of this interaction with internuclear spacing and thereby supply important corrections that are needed in calculating the nuclear magnetic shielding from the spin rotational magnetic interaction and in measuring the ratio of the proton magnetic moment to that of the deuteron. These calculations also supply a correction to the spin-spin magnetic interaction that must be used in determining the deuteron quadrupole moment from experiments with ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$.
Nuclear Structure Studies With the Inelastic Neutron Scattering Reaction and Gamma-Ray Detection.

The (n,n{prime}{gamma}) reaction has been used at the University of Kentucky accelerator facility to examine the detailed structure of a number of nuclei. The advantages of this method are reviewed, and recent developments are described. Examples of unique nuclear structure studies that have been carried out with this method are presented.
Adherence, body mass index, and depression in adults with type 2 diabetes: the mediational role of diabetes symptoms and self-efficacy.

Objective: Evidence indicates that depression is linked to the development and worsening of diabetes, but the mechanisms underlying this link are not well understood. The authors examined the hypothesis that diabetes-related symptoms mediate the effect of both behavioral adherence and body mass index (BMI) on depression. In addition, they examined whether a prior finding that self-efficacy mediates the effect of behavioral adherence and BMI on depression would replicate with a larger sample size (W. P. Sacco, K. J. Wells, C. A. Vaughan, A. Friedman, S. Perez, & R. Morales, 2005). Also, the relative contributions of diabetes-related symptoms and self-efficacy to depression were evaluated. Design and Participants: Cross-sectional design involving adults diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes (N = 99). Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was depression (Patient Health Questionnaire: Nine Symptom Depression Checklist). Predictors of depression were diet and exercise adherence (Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire), diet and exercise self-efficacy (Multidimensional Diabetes Questionnaire), diabetes symptoms (Diabetes Symptom Checklist), and BMI (based on height and weight data from medical records). Results: Path and mediation analyses indicated that adherence and BMI each contributed to depression indirectly, via their effects on self-efficacy and diabetes-related medical symptoms. Conclusion: Results provide evidence consistent with two independent pathways by which BMI and adherence could increase depression in people with Type 2 diabetes. The first pathway indicates that the effects of higher BMI and poor adherence on depression are mediated by lower self-efficacy perceptions. The second pathway indicates that the effect of higher BMI on depression is mediated by increased diabetes symptoms.
Competency to Provide Informed Consent in Older Adulthood

Advances in health care have extended the average life expectancy such that older adults are more likely than ever before to live with medical conditions that may impair their cognitive and decisio...
The inner city and drug use: Initial findings from an epidemiological study

Although scientific and policy statements regarding drugs often suggest that there are grave problems of drug use within America's inner cities, the evidence that supports these statements is often based on anecdotal or incomplete data. This study of African-American adults from the Woodlawn study followed longitudinally partially fills that gap, at least for learning more about those who spend some or all of their childhood within an inner city neighborhood. We found few differences between the lifetime prevalence of drug use and a national representative sample of adults of the same age range. Furthermore, a national household survey of African-Americans of similar age living in six central cities also reported low lifetime rates of illicit drug use. Nevertheless, those from the Woodlawn cohort had higher rates of use of illicit drugs in the past year than the national sample, especially those still living in areas with high rates of poverty. Additionally, reports of heavy drug trafficking were much greater in the inner city areas than in the suburbs.
Five-year follow-up for adverse outcomes in males with at least minimally positive angiograms : Importance of denial in assessing psychosocial risk factors

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the role of “denial” (spouse/friend minus self-ratings on parallel versions of the same questionnaire) in diluting the predictive value of emotional distress for cardiac events (deaths, new MIs, and/or revascularizations). One hundred forty-four men with no history of prior revascularization who had at least minimally positive diagnostic coronary angiograms, and someone they selected as “someone who knows you well,” completed parallel versions of the Ketterer Stress Symptom Frequency Checklist (KSSFC). They were followed up by phone an average of 59.7 months after recruitment. Length of follow-up, baseline cardiac risk factors, and a number of baseline-obtained psychosocial risk factors were tested as prospective predictors of combined events (death by any cause, new MIs, and/or revascularizations) and current anginal frequency. Only spouse/friend observed anxiety on the KSSFC predicted current anginal frequency ( p =0.001). On the self-report version of the KSSFC, patients with one or more events reported less anger ( p =0.031), depression ( p =0.008), and anxiety ( p =0.003). These results may be attributable to “denial” because there were no differences in spouse/friend ratings, and difference scores (spouse/friend minus patient) on the KSSFC scales, particularly anger, were also related to events: AIAI ( p =0.002); depression ( p =0.063); and anxiety ( p =0.010). Denial may be a major limiting factor in accurately assessing emotional distress in cardiac populations, and may help account for a number of the previous findings.
Effects of castration on aggression between male mongolian gerbils.

Three experiments studied how castration affects the tendency of male Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) to display and elicit aggression in both a neutral and a territorial setting. The data suggest that gonadal androgens stimulate aggression and the production of aggression-eliciting cues. Attaining dominance, as assessed by chasing and/or killing an opponent, depends largely on territorial status.
The determination of low levels of aluminum in antihemophilic factor (human) preparations by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Aluminum hydroxide is used to adsorb extraneous protein during the preparation of Antihemophilic Factor (Human) (AHF). Removal of Al(OH)3 is accomplished by centrifugation and filtration. This study describes a method for the determination of residual aluminum in AHF by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Matrix interferences were minimized by employing sample digestion with HNO3 prior to nebulization in a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. Under these conditions, the limit of detection of aluminum in an aqueous system was estimated to be approximately 0.13 micrograms Al ml-1, while the limit of quantitation was estimated to be approximately 0.56 micrograms Al ml-1. Residual aluminum levels in AHF determined by this method ranged from less than 0.20 micrograms ml-1 to 0.82 micrograms ml-1. Butyl alcohol was used to modify sample matrices after digestion to increase the sensitivity of the assay system. An increase in the aluminum absorption signal was demonstrated after the addition of butyl alcohol to an AHF digest.
Measurement of menadione in urine by HPLC

Menadione is a metabolite of vitamin K that is excreted in urine. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using a C(30) column, post-column zinc reduction and fluorescence detection was developed to measure urinary menadione. The mobile phase was composed of 95% methanol with 0.55% aqueous solution and 5% DI H(2)O. Menaquinone-2 (MK-2) was used as an internal standard. The standard calibration curve was linear with a correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.999 for both menadione and MK-2. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.3pmole menadione/mL urine. Sample preparation involved hydrolysis of menadiol conjugates and oxidizing the released menadiol to menadione. Using this method, urinary menadione was shown to increase in response to 3 years of phylloquinone supplementation. This HPLC method is a sensitive and reproducible way to detect menadione in urine.
Synthesis of ultrafine hydroxyapatite particles by a spray dry method

A technique was developed to synthesize hydroxyapatite (HA) with a nanocrystalline structure. The method involved the initial preparation of an aqueous solution using inorganic water-soluble compounds. A precursor powder mixture was subsequently formed via atomization by spray drying the aqueous solution. Calcination of the spray-dried precursor powder resulted in the formation of a nanocrystalline structure. Structural and morphological characterizations of the synthesized material were conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Particle size distribution was analyzed using X-ray peak broadening and TEM techniques. The thermal stability of the powder was also characterized and was compared with that of powders made using conventional precipitation methods.
Differential involvement of M1-type and M4-type muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the dorsomedial striatum in task switching

Previous experiments have demonstrated that the rat dorsomedial striatum is one brain area that plays a crucial role in learning when conditions require a shift in strategies. Further evidence indicates that muscarinic cholinergic receptors in this brain area support adaptations in behavioral responses. Unknown is whether specific muscarinic receptor subtypes in the dorsomedial striatum contribute to a flexible shift in response patterns. The present experiments investigated whether blockade of M1-type and/or M4-type cholinergic receptors in the dorsomedial striatum underlie place reversal learning. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of the M1-type muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, muscarinic-toxin 7 (MT-7) infused into the dorsomedial striatum in place acquisition and reversal learning. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of the M4-type muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, muscarinic-toxin 3 (MT-3) injected into the dorsomedial striatum in place acquisition and reversal learning. All testing occurred in a modified cross-maze across two consecutive sessions. Bilateral injections of MT-7 into the dorsomedial striatum at 1 or 2 μg, but not 0.05 μg impaired place reversal learning. Analysis of the errors revealed that MT-7 at 1 and 2 μg significantly increased regressive errors, but not perseverative errors. An injection of MT-7 2 μg into the dorsomedial striatum prior to place acquisition did not affect learning. Experiment 2 revealed that dorsomedial striatal injections of MT-3 (0.05, 1 or 2 μg) did not affect place acquisition or reversal learning. The findings suggest that activation of M1-type muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the dorsomedial striatum, but not M4-type muscarinic cholinergic receptors facilitate the flexible shifting of response patterns by maintaining or learning a new choice pattern once selected.
Private profit and public capital

Abstract This paper investigates the contribution of public capital services to the rate of profit. A profit rate is derived from a homogeneous production function with labor, public and private capital inputs. The data (for the U.S. nonfinancial corporate sector, 1958–1988) indicates a trend decline in the profit rate. Regression results show a significantly positive share of profits attributable to public capital, especially the state and local component; constant returns to scale in production; and a falling marginal productivity of public capital in the last decade. This study implies that increasing public investment may help to restore the profit rate and to raise output.
Rights-based management in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean tuna fishery: Economic and environmental change under the Vessel Day Scheme

Abstract Defining, strengthening and enforcing rights over fisheries resources is frequently identified as central to overcoming ‘the tragedy of the commons’ and associated environmental and economic challenges in fisheries systems. Though economic theory generally suggests that output control (e.g. quotas) creates the strongest incentives for efficiency and conservation, input controls (e.g. on effort) remain common. This paper explores the rationale for, and implications of, employing a transferable effort scheme in one of the largest and most valuable fisheries. In 2007, eight Pacific Island countries implemented the Vessel Day Scheme with the aims of strengthening their rights over tuna resources and control over economic and environmental trends. Four years since implementation, the scheme has significantly increased economic returns for the island states and generated improvements in data reporting. However, it has not generated a firm limit on fishing effort and its structure has made it difficult to directly target the biological concerns of individual species within the multi-species fishery. In the future, outcomes of the Vessel Day Scheme will continue to be tempered by the structural limitations of effort-based regulatory scheme, market conditions in the sector and the willingness of firms and island states to clarify, abide by and enforce the technical components of the scheme.
Microbial enzymes attacking plant polymeric materials.

This symposium is good evidence of the current interest in utilization of renewable resources via fermentation. For substrates, various forms of plant biomass are available in large quantities or may be produced on energy farms. Solar energy is fixed by photosynthesis of green plants initially as small molecules, but these are rarely available in high concentrations or large quantities. Most of the excess over immediate metabolic requirements are rapidly converted into more complex molecules which are utilized by the plants as reserve foods or as structural materials. Most of these are polymers that are awkward to use for chemical or biological processes because they are chemically and physically complex and are attacked only by limited groups of specialized organisms that do not normally produce high levels of fermentations products of commercial interst. Therefore, we would like to convert these polymers back to the more usable monomers. An exception to the above is sucrose, a non-polymeric plant reserve food which is a simple soluble molecule, readily separated from plant juices in a high degree of purity. Not surprisingly, sucrose molasses is the basis for many industrial fermentations, notably the production of ethanol by yeasts.
A search algorithm for synchronization over fading dispersive channels

In this paper we analyze the performance of a search algorithm for the acquisition mode of the synchronization process over fading dispersive channels. The mean and variance of synchronization time for the proposed algorithm are derived and evaluated for different values of channel spread, grid size and signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, a comparison is made between the performance of the new algorithm and the performance of a general serial search algorithm.
Heritability of Birth Weight and Its Relationship with Production in Dairy Cattle

Summary The data included in this study were taken from the University of Illinois dairy herd and consisted of 1,234 birth weights representing the five major breeds of dairy cattle. A comparison of the confidence intervals demonstrates significant breed differences at the 0.001 level of probability for all possible comparisons. The fixed effects of sex of calf and calving sequence were estimated by the method of least-squares. These combined effects were found to be significant at the 0.01 level of probability in all five breeds. The adjustment factors so obtained were applied to the birth weights before the estimates of heritability and genetic correlations were derived. The differences associated with the sires of the calves were found to be significantly different from zero in all breeds except Guernseys. The pooled within-breed estimates of heritability of birth weight obtained by multiplying, respectively, by 4, 2, and 2, the paternal half-sib correlation, the intra-sire regression of offspring on dam, and the full-sib correlation were 0.38, 0.48, and 0.51. Theoretically, it should be relatively easy to change the average birth weight of a population. The differences between estimates by different methods could be due to sampling errors, epistatic and dominance effects, to additive genetic effects of birth weight as a characteristic of the dam, or to maternal effects of the dam on birth weight of the calf. The small magnitude of the differences between the three estimates indicates that the within-breed maternal effect was small and that birth weight was mostly a characteristic of the calf. The correlations between the birth weight of the calf and the subsequent milk and fat production of the dam were calculated on a within-sire basis for the five breeds and for a within-breed pooled estimate. The absence of correlations significantly different from zero indicated that the birth weight of the calf and the immediately subsequent lactation production of the dam were essentially independent. Intra-service-sire correlations between the birth weight of a calf and its subsequent production were not significantly different from zero in any of the five breeds or for a within-breed pooled estimate. The pooled within-breed estimates of the genetic correlations between birth weight and milk and fat productions were small and not significantly different from zero. It appears that birth weight and production are genetically independent.
Anisotropic network model: systematic evaluation and a new web interface

Motivation: The Anisotropic Network Model (ANM) is a simple yet powerful model for normal mode analysis of proteins. Despite its broad use for exploring biomolecular collective motions, ANM has not been systematically evaluated to date. A lack of a convenient interface has been an additional obstacle for easy usage. Results: ANM has been evaluated on a large set of proteins to establish the optimal model parameters that achieve the highest correlation with experimental data and its limits of accuracy and applicability. Residue fluctuations in globular proteins are shown to be more accurately predicted than those in nonglobular proteins, and core residues are more accurately described than solvent-exposed ones. Significant improvement in agreement with experiments is observed with increase in the resolution of the examined structure. A new server for ANM calculations is presented, which offers flexible options for controlling model parameters and output formats, interactive animation of collective modes and advanced graphical features. Availability: ANM server (http://www.ccbb.pitt.edu/anm) Contact: bahar@ccbb.pitt.edu
I know what the studies say, but what should I do for my patient?

are more than twice as likely to have cardiovascular disease develop, and at least 65% will die of such disease. Diabetes affects vascular physiology on multiple levels and tends to manifest with diffuse, multivessel involvement. 2 It is perhaps for this reason that the more ‘‘vessel-directed’’ surgical rather than ‘‘lesion-directed’’ percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) approach has proved more successful in this population. Both randomized, controlled trials and retrospective registry reviews have documented a survival benefit associated with surgical revascularization in patients with diabetes who have multivessel disease. 3-9 The potential impactofnewergenerationdrug-elutingstentsonimproving these results remains to be seen. 10 The challenges of comparing procedure-related outcomes are considerable. Unlike a medication, which can be biochemically defined and whose dosage and pharmacokinetics can be quantified, each procedure is subject to subtleties of technique, nuances of clinical judgment, and intricacies of care that can vary in ways that defy even the most insightful of analytic approaches. It is in this gray zone of clinical ambiguity that many, if not most, patients actually reside. It this very uncertainty that Nauffal and colleagues 11 seek to addressintheirreportinthisissue oftheJournal.Retrospective analysis of 1583 patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with triple-vessel disease in a single institution revealed 202 who had previously undergone PCI with stenting. Both Cox regression and propensity score–matching approaches demonstrated a clear association of previous stenting with diminished 5-year survival. Certainly, one conclusion that could be
Design Parameter Eects for Wrinkle Reduction in Membrane Space Structures

The present paper evaluates several membrane structure designs with respect to mass reduction and wrinkle mitigation. Classical Airy’s stress functions are utilized to predict wrinkling in a membrane and to clarify each design parameter’s effect. The wrinkling regions and directions predicted by this simple method agree well with a finite element analysis based on the tension-field theory. When the tensioning points at the straight edges of the membrane have intervals, the membrane suffers wrinkling along its edges. The suspension cable mass can be kept small if one allows these wrinkles. On the other hand, these wrinkles can be substantially removed by introducing either shear compliant borders, which consist of many threads, or web-cables around the membrane. The analyses in this paper demonstrate that the proposed web-cable girded membrane design requires less cable mass than the shear compliant border design. Both designs show significant wrinkle mitigation under support perturbations.
Effects of an episode of specialist care on the impact of childhood atopic dermatitis on the child's family.

Introduction: Although some preliminary work has examined the impact of atopic dermatitis (AD) on families, no empirical work has examined changes in the impact on families dealing with AD over time. An exploratory analysis of change in impact on families dealing with AD before and after an episode of medical care in a physician office setting was conducted. Method: Baseline and follow-up surveys were completed by 35 parent caregivers before and 1 month after a dermatologist visit for the child at an academic medical center. Results: In the postcare survey, there was a 43% reduction in the Dermatitis Family Impact Questionnaire (DFI) scores (P <.01) compared with baseline. Significant differences were also observed in other parent caregiver-reported characteristics. The significant change in parent caregiver characteristic associated with the decreased DFI score was the increased satisfaction with the medical care related to the child's treatment (P <.01). Discussion: These data reveal that there is a strong decrease in impact on a family associated with an episode of specialist care for children with AD. The importance of pediatric health care professionals in decreasing the impact of AD on families needs further exploration. J Pediatr Health Care. (2003). 17, 184-189.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Using Predifferentiated and Enriched Mathematics Curricula for Grade 3 Students: A Multisite Cluster-Randomized Trial

Despite the potential of differentiated curricula to enhance learning, limited research exists that documents their impact on Grade 3 students of all ability levels. To determine if there was a difference in achievement between students involved in 16 weeks of predifferentiated, enriched mathematics curricula and students using their district’s curricula, we conducted a multisite cluster-randomized control trial with 43 schools in 12 states. A series of three-level models, using pre- and postachievement test data, failed to show a main effect for treatment, but the results suggested a treatment by achievement-level interaction that was moderated by the achievement level of the school. As a result, the highest achieving students in the lower achieving schools seemed to receive the greatest benefit from the treatment curricula. An analysis of researcher-developed unit tests revealed that treatment students successfully learned and applied the curricula’s challenging mathematics. Thus, using the predifferent...
Performing Ophelia: The Iconography of Madness

Performance brings Ophelia's madness to life. Painters and illustrators responded as much to performance as to text when representing Ophelia. This essay concerns those representations and the impact of the performer on a generation of French Romantic artists, writers, and their audiences.
Inconsistent signal feasibility problems: least-squares solutions in a product space

Presents parallel projection methods to find least-squares solutions to inconsistent convex set theoretic signal synthesis problems. The problem of finding a signal that minimizes a weighted average of the squares of the distances to constraint sets is reformulated in a product space, where it is equivalent to that of finding a point that lies in a particular subspace and at minimum distance from the Cartesian product of the original sets. A solution is obtained in the product space via methods of alternating projections which naturally lead to methods of parallel projections in the original space. The convergence properties of the proposed methods are analyzed and signal synthesis applications are demonstrated. >