cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrogenesis of pelitic xenoliths at the Babbitt CuNi deposit, Duluth Complex, Minnesota, U.S.A.

Abstract The Babbitt deposit consists of disseminated CuFeNi sulfides found within mafic rocks of the Duluth Complex, generally near contacts with underlying metasedimentary rock types. Host rocks for the deposit include troctolites, olivine gabbros, gabbronorites, norites, and occasionally country rock hornfels. Xenoliths of country rocks are abundant in the deposit, and suggest a relationship between sulfide mineralization and country rock contamination. Country rocks in the Babbitt area include those of the middle Precambrian Biwabik Iron Formation, and both calcareous and non-calcareous pelites of the Virginia Formation. Xenoliths contain the assemblage cordierite-plagioclase-biotite-orthopyroxene, and are thought to have been derived from Virginia Formation protoliths. Comparison of protoliths and xenoliths using composition-volume, element ratio and mass-balance techniques suggests that xenoliths have been strongly depleted in volatiles, alkalis and Si. Footwall rocks show only a depletion in volatiles. Neither fluid-phase transport nor diffusion through an intergranular fluid can account for the mass of material transferred. Extensive partial melting of xenoliths, with residual enrichment of FeO, MgO and Al2O3, is the most viable transfer process. The lack of SiO2 concentration gradients around xenoliths and anomalous igneous rock compositions suggest that desilicification occurred at a time when physical mixing of extracted partial melt and host magma was possible, and prior to final emplacement. Sulfide saturation may have been initiated due to Si assimilation with an auxiliary magma chamber. However, the composition of ores in the Babbitt deposit is consistent with saturation being achieved by addition of sediment-derived volatile sulfur, independent of major-element assimilation.
Magnetization-graded multiferroic composite and magnetoelectric effects at zero bias

A magnetoelectric (ME) phenomenon in a multiferroic composite consisting of magnetization-graded ferromagnetic and ferroelectric phases is discussed. The traditional strain mediated coupling in such composites arises due to magnetostriction and piezoelectric effects associated with the ferroic phases. Such an ME effect, in general, requires a bias magnetic field ${H}_{0}$ and an ac magnetic field. This paper is on the observation and theory of ME interactions under zero bias (${H}_{0}$ $=$ 0) in a bilayer of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and a ferromagnetic layer in which the magnetization is graded with the use of Ni and Metglas. At low frequencies, the ME coefficient ranges from 0.3 to 1.6 V/cm Oe and depends on the thickness of the Metglas. A similar dependence is also observed for the ME coupling at bending modes. A factor of 40 increase in the ME voltage is measured at resonance. The zero-bias ME coupling is attributed to strain-mediated coupling between the transverse magnetization due to magnetization grading at the interface of Ni-Metglas and the in-plane ac magnetic field. Theoretical estimates of ME coefficients at low frequencies and bending modes are in general agreement with the data.
Neurohumoral activation in heart failure: Role of paraventricular nucleus

SUMMARY 1. A number of neurohumoral processes are activated in heart failure (HF), including an increase in the plasma concentration of noradrenaline. 2. Few studies have been performed to examine the role of the central nervous system (CNS) in the activation of sympathetic outflow during HF. In the present paper we review the limited studies performed to examine the role of the CNS in the activation of sympathetic outflow, with particular emphasis on our recent study that examined the activity of discrete regions of the brain as assessed by histological localization and photodensitometric quantification of the metabolic enzyme hexokinase during HF. 3. There were significant increases in hexokinase activity in the parvocellular (pPVN) and magnocellular (mPVN) divisions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and in the locus coeruleus (LC) in rats with HF. No changes in hexokinase activity were observed in the median preoptic area, supraoptic nucleus (SON) or posterior hypothalamus. 4. We conclude that HF is associated with changes in specific areas in the brain and that alterations in the activation of neurons in the pPVN, mPVN and LC are likely to be related to alterations in vasopressin production, blood volume regulation and sympathoexcitation observed in the HF state.
Orthogonal Analytical Methods for Botanical Standardization: Determination of Green Tea Catechins by qNMR and LC-MS/MS

NOTICE: This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.017
Characterization and modeling of materials for photolithographic simulation

Abstract Photolithography is one of the critical processes in IC manufacturing. Modeling of resist materials and simulation of line edge profiles can play an important role in understanding and balancing complex trade-offs in optical lithography. There exist well understood and reliable techniques for calculation of the aerial image. We discuss here the models used to calculate the chemical modifications which occur in the resist and the models used to predict the profiles after development. We present the physical principles underlying these models and the assumptions inherent in them. In addition we examine the experimental techniques that are used to acquire modeling parameters.
Postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder

Maintaining upright posture is a complex process involving multiple afferent systems. The aim of this study was to measure the postural stability of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) compared with children with typical neurodevelopment and to measure the relative contributions of the visual, somatosensory, and vestibular afferent systems in each group. Eight boys with ASD and eight age-, race-, and gender-matched controls participated in this study using force platform technology with customized software to measure postural sway under conditions designed to eliminate or modify visual and somatosensory input. Children with ASD had significantly larger sway areas under all test conditions in which afferent input was modified. These results are consistent with a deficit in the integration of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory input to maintain postural orientation.
Words and Numbers: Mathematical Dimensions of Rhetoric.

This essay investigates how numbers function rhetorically by influencing persuasive appeals, the structure of messages, and our use of language. The author argues that “three” is the dominant numerical motif of rhetoric in the English language.
PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID-CHROMIC ACID: A SELECTIVE STAIN FOR ALGAL PLASMA MEMBRANES1,2

SUMMARY A phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid mixture selectively stains the plasma membrane of whole cells of selected members of the Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Chrysophyceae, and Rhodophyceae, and the plasma membrane in cell-free fractions of Mougeotia (Chlorophyceae). The procedure is not effective on the plasma membrane of the cyanophycean Scytonema or the cyanophycean endosymbiont of Glaucocystis. Staining of the cell walls of Chlamydomonas, Bangia, and Scytonema and the pellicle and sliding junction of Euglena and Astasia suggest that PTA-CrO3 reactivity may be associated with glycoproteins in the cell walls and plasma membranes.
Affordances and Events

Affordance is a fundamental concept in the ecological approach to perception and action, but it is not yet fully developed. In this article, I attempt to further the development of the concept by contrasting it with the concept of events. My specific purpose is to raise for further discussion the following question: Can a theory that predicts the perception of affordances also predict the perception of events? I argue that affordances and events are not identical and that they differ qualitatively. I also discuss what I call mutuality relations between the animal and its environment, which have inspired much research on perception-action couplings (e.g., the perception and control of interceptive action, or the guidance of locomotion). There has been little direct discussion of relations between perception-action coupling and affordances. I suggest that mutuality relations are not affordances and that they may be a category of events. As an example of this argument, I reinterpret common analyses of time-t...
Second kininase in human blood plasma.

COHN fraction IV-1 of human plasma contains an enzyme, carboxypeptidase N, which inactivates bradykinin and kallidin1,2 and also cleaves smaller substrates such as hippuryl-L-lysine (HLL)3. The kininase also has an esterase activity—it hydrolyses the ester substrate hip-puryl-L-argininic acid (HLAa)4, For the sake of simplicity in this communication, we shall refer to this enzyme as kininase I.
Hopping currents in the intrinsic region of III‐N‐V quantum well structures in the tight binding approximation

We calculate for the first time Nearest Neighbor Hopping (NNH) current densities for III-N-V heterostructures embedded in the intrinsic layer of p-i-n geometries. We start from a general formalism that relates the density of states in individual wells with the transition probabilities from a quantum well state to a neighboring one, in a superlattice-geometry. In the process, we find and point out the fact that there is zero hopping-current without Fermi level splitting for any two consecutive layers.). We then relate the eigen-energies with the transition probabilities and conclude that NNH -currents are of the order of 0.06 mA/cm2 at the most and in room temperatures, and depend on (a) device geometry (b) temperature (c) conduction band discontinuity and (d) Fermi level splitting. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strategies for refuting closure for knowledge

In Warfield 2004, Ted A. Warfield points out that one cannot refute the principle that knowledge is closed under known entailment by showing that some necessary condition for knowledge fails to be so closed.1 Warfield also points out that a number of epistemologists (myself included) have missed this point in various writings.2 However, in saying that 'one should not evaluate closure claims about knowledge by examining closure claims about necessary conditions for knowledge', Warfield has gone a bit too far (2004: 40). Here is a simple way of making Warfield's point (which is not found in the article). Suppose that C is a necessary condition for knowledge. Suppose that I show that C is not closed under known entailment by describing a possible case in which (a) S satisfies C with respect to P, (b) S knows that P entails Q, and yet (c) S fails to satisfy C with respect to Q. This will refute the closure principle for knowledge only if S knows that P. If S does know that P, then the closure principle for knowledge is false; otherwise, the principle will not have been refuted. So specifying the possible case in question is not by itself sufficient to refute closure for knowledge. However, it is a fairly short step from refuting closure for C to refuting closure for knowledge. So long as satisfying C with respect to P does not preclude the satisfaction of the other necessary conditions for knowing that P (and why would it?), we can generate a counter-example to closure for knowledge from the described possible case. We simply describe a possible case just like the original case involving S in which S not only satisfies C with respect to P but also satisfies the other necessary conditions for knowing that P. For example, suppose that we agree that having justification for believing that P is a necessary condition for knowing that P. I describe a possible (I claim) case in which (a) Fred has justification for believing that that animal is a zebra (the animal looks just like a zebra and is in a pen marked 'Zebra' in the local zoo), (b) Fred knows that That animal is a zebra entails That animal is not a cleverly disguised mule, and yet (c) Fred lacks justification for believing that that animal is not a cleverly disguised mule (his evidence 'has been effectively neutralized') (Dretske 1970: 1016).
Alterations in local cerebral glucose utilization following central administration of corticotropin-releaseing factor in rats

We have examined the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (5.25 nmol in 10 microliters of saline) on glucose utilization, an index of cerebral function, in 65 anatomically discrete regions of rat brain by using the 14C-2-deoxyglucose quantitative autoradiographic technique. CRF administration increased plasma glucose concentrations with a temporal onset and magnitude of response similar to those previously reported. CRF differentially affected glucose utilization (GU) in discrete regions of rat brain. Consonant with the hypophysiotropic role for CRF, pronounced increases in GU were seen in median eminence and lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus. CRF also increased GU in brain regions implicated in mediating responses to stress including locus coeruleus and median raphe nucleus. In contrast, reductions in GU were observed in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Punctate increases in GU were noted in the cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, large increases in GU occurred in vermis, inferior olive, and red nucleus substantiating a neurotransmitter role for CRF in the olivocerebellar pathway. Additional brain areas showing significant alterations in GU in response to CRF included anteroventral, anterior pretectal, and posterolateral nuclei of the thalamus, fornix, dorsal tegmental nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and cuneate nucleus. These data demonstrating regional changes in GU in response to CRF administration further elucidate the neuroanatomical substrates underlying the actions of CRF in brain and support the role of this neuropeptide in coordinating responses to stress.
Calling Western Union: The Cultural Mission of Television Message Movies

Abstract:For decades, numerous made-for-television movies have featured sociocultural, countercultural, and/or multicultural narratives. In success, commercially and critically, these programs raised awareness, educated mass audiences, and became cultural events that transformed society.
Evaluation of urinary cells in acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase deficiency

Deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme responsible for cholesteryl ester hydrolysis, acid cholesteryl ester hydrolase (E.C. 3.1.1.13), leads to two clinically recognized diseases: Wolman disease and cholesteryl ester storage including leukocytes, fibroblasts and liver. Analysis of urinary sediment from well characterized cases of Wolman disease and CESD also revealed the shedding of lipid enriched renal tubular cells. Morphologic, enzymic and lipid compositional studies of these cells indicate that the enzyme deficiency observed in fibroblasts and leukocytes from these individuals are reflected in these cells shed in the urine. These findings in renal tubular cells confirm and extend those made in other cell types. These studies indicate that analysis of urinary sediment in suspected cases of acid cholesteryl ester deficiency may provide a meaningful approach for monitoring therapeutic attempts involving enzyme infusion and gene therapy.
Mode of Action of the Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents

The newer quinolone antimicrobial agents are more potent antibacterial agents than is the older analog nalidixic acid. For many of the quinolone agents, increased antibacterial potency correlates with increased potency in inhibiting the essential bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. Studies with mutants resistant to drug action have identified the A subunit of this enzyme as a drug target. Other drug-resistance mutations are associated with pleiotropic drug resistance and decreased amounts of porin outer-membrane proteins and appear to involve alterations in permeability of the bacterium to the drug. Structure-activity studies of a large number of quinolone analogs have identified the importance to drug action of substituents at positions 1, 3; 4, 6, and 7 of the quinolone ring. Uncertainties remain, however, about the details of the molecular interactions of quinolones, DNA gyrase, and DNA and about the specific events that lead to quinolone-mediated bacterial killing.
Condensation in Smooth Horizontal Tubes

An experimental study of heat transfer and flow regimes during condensation of refrigerants in horizontal tubes was conducted. Measurements were made in smooth, round tubes with diameters ranging from 3.14 mm to 7.04 mm. The refrigerants tested were R-12, R-22, R-134a, and near-azeotropic blends of R-32/R-125 in 50 percent/50 percent and 60 percent/40 percent compositions. The study focused primarily on measurement and prediction of condensing heat transfer coefficients and the relationship between heat transfer coefficients and two-phase flow regimes. Flow regimes were observed visually at the inlet and outlet of the test condenser as the heat transfer data were collected. Stratified, wavy, wavy annular, annular, annular mist, and slug flows were observed. True mist flow without a stable wall film was not observed during condensation tests. The experimental results were compared with existing flow regime maps and some corrections are suggested. The heat transfer behavior was controlled by the prevailing flow regime. For the purpose of analyzing condensing heat transfer behavior, the various flow regimes were divided into two broad categories of gravity-dominated and shear-dominated flows. In the gravity dominated flow regime, the dominant heat transfer mode was laminar film condensation in the top of the tube. This regime was characterized by heat transfer coefficients that depended on the wall-to-refrigerant temperature difference but were nearly independent of mass flux. In the shear-dominated flow regime, forced-convective condensation was the dominant heat transfer mechanism. This regime was characterized by heat transfer coefficients that were independent of temperature difference but very dependent on mass flux and quality. Heat transfer correlations that were developed for each of these flow regimes successfully predicted data from the present study and from several other sources.
THE ADDITION OF MESNA TO HYPERHYDRATION DOES NOT DECREASE THE INCIDENCE OF HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS IN PATIENTS RECEIVING HIGH-DOSE CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

Abstract To assess the efficacy of hyperhydration Versus hyperhydration plus mesna in preventing cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis a retrospective analysis was conducted of 110 patients who received hyperhydration alone (baseline intravenous intake of at least 3.6 1/m(2)/day) and 107 patients who received hyperhydration plus mesna (120% of daily cyclophosphamide dose) while receiving cyclophosphamide (total dose 150-200 mg/kg) as part of a dose intensive regimen. Macroscopic hematuria was noted in 17 (16%) and 9 (8%) patients who received hyperhydration with or without mesna, respectively (p=0.08). This analysis failed to demonstrate a benefit in adding mesna to hyperhydration alone in preventing cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis.
A Method of Estimating the Stress Exponent in the Flow Law for Rocks Using Fold Shape

On the basis of experiment and theory, we expect rocks to deform in a linear fashion when diffusive processes control deformation, and nonlinearly in most other situations. The geometric characteristics of buckle folds in layered materials are dependent on rheological parameters, and in particular depend strongly on the stress exponent, n L , of the stiff layers involved. Thus, information about the deformation rocks have undergone and their rheological state during deformation can be obtained by studying fold shapes and strain distributions. This is important because there is uncertainty in extrapolating laboratory-derived flow laws to the very slow natural strain rates and large strains found in nature.
Mental health professionals and the duty to warn: an economic analysis.

Economists have a long history of interest in the impact of law on economic behavior. Until 1960 academic interest was primarily focused on antitrust and tax law. With the publication of a now classic article by Coase (1960), economists began to examine how the common law, and, in particular, the assignment of property rights, influenced the allocation and distribution of society’s resources. The Coase article was followed by a book by Calabresi (1970) outlining a combined law and economic approach to the prevention of accidents and injuries. Not long thereafter, textbooks (Posner, 1972; Polinsky, 1983), empirical studies (e.g., Chelius, 1976), and new journals in law and economics began to appear. Today no aspect of the law seems to lie outside the purview of economists. Mental health law is no exception. Work in this area includes assessing the impact of commitment laws on institutionalization (Michaels, 1976) and the effect of a right to treatment on the cost of care (Rubin, 1978; Rubin, 1980). In this paper I extend the literature on economic analysis of tort law and mental health law to a concept of growing legal importance and one of great concern to psychiatrists and other mental health providers: the imposition on therapists of a duty to warn others about the possible dangerousness of a client. The logic of how a choice of liability rules influences behavior is well developed (Hirsch, 1979). But, as shown below, there are several aspects of a duty to warn which complicate the basic model. Moreover the extension of economic analysis to issues raised by judicial recognition of a duty to warn can clarify the social value of this concept and lead to some implications regarding its application. The paper begins with an overview of the basic concepts, principles, and conclusions of previous economic analysis of tort rules. In the next section these principles are discussed in the context of a general duty to warn. To make the effort more concrete I then turn to a review and discussion of the major legal opinions articulating a duty to warn, with a special concern about the economic issues previously discussed. This is followed by a graphical presenta-
Dynamics of isotopic exchange of carbon dioxide in a Tennessee deciduous forest

The combination of isotopic measurements and micrometeorological flux measurements is a powerful new approach that will likely lead to new insight into the dynamics of CO 2 exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Since the biological processes of photosynthesis and respiration modify the stable isotopic signature of atmospheric CO 2 in different ways, measurements of the net fluxes of CO 2 , 13 CO 2 , and C 18 OO can be used to investigate the relative contribution of each process to net ecosystem CO 2 exchange. We used two independent approaches to measure isotopic fluxes of CO 2 over a Tennessee oak-maple-hickory forest in summer 1998. These approaches involved (1) a combination of standard eddy covariance with intensive flask sampling, and (2) a modification to the relaxed eddy accumulation technique. Strong isotopic signals associated with photosynthesis and respiration were observed and persisted in forest air despite the potential for mixing due to atmospheric turbulence. Calm nights allowed a buildup of respiratory CO 2 below the canopy and were associated with isotopically depleted forest air in the morning. Windy nights were followed by a relatively more enriched early-morning isotopic signal. Entrainment of air from above the decaying nocturnal boundary layer during daytime mixed layer growth exerted strong control on isotopic composition of forest air, resulting in similar isotope ratios in the late afternoon despite different isotopic starting points following calm or windy nights. The influences of the convective boundary layer and turbulent mixing within the forest cannot be ignored when using isotopes of CO 2 to investigate biological processes.
The Proper Motion of Sagittarius A*. I. First VLBA Results

We observed Sgr A* and two extragalactic radio sources nearby in angle with the VLBA over a period of 2 yr and measured relative positions with an accuracy approaching 0.1 mas. The apparent proper motion of Sgr A* relative to J1745-283 is 5.90 ± 0.4 mas yr-1, almost entirely in the plane of the Galaxy. The effects of the orbit of the Sun around the Galactic center can account for this motion, and any residual proper motion of Sgr A*, with respect to extragalactic sources, is less than about 20 km s-1. Assuming that Sgr A* is at rest at the center of the Galaxy, we estimate that the circular rotation speed in the Galaxy at the position of the Sun, Θ0, is 219 ± 20 km s-1, scaled by R0/8.0 kpc. Current observations are consistent with Sgr A* containing all of the nearly 2.6 × 106 M☉, deduced from stellar proper motions, in the form of a massive black hole. While the low luminosity of Sgr A*, for example, might possibly have come from a contact binary containing of order 10 M☉, the lack of substantial motion rules out a "stellar" origin for Sgr A*. The very slow speed of Sgr A* yields a lower limit to the mass of Sgr A* of about 1000 M☉. Even for this mass, Sgr A* appears to be radiating at less than 0.1% of its Eddington limit.
Metadata-guided evaluation of resource-constrained queries in content caching based wireless networks

Recent years have witnessed the emergence of data-centric storage that provides energy-efficient data dissemination and organization in mobile wireless environments. However, limited resources of wireless devices bring unique challenges to data access and information sharing. To address these challenges, we introduce the concept of content caching networks, in which the collected data will be stored by its contents in a distributed manner, while the data in the network is cached for a certain period of time before it is sent to a centralized storage space for backup. Furthermore, we propose a metadata-guided query evaluation approach to achieve query efficiency in content caching networks. By this approach, each cache node will maintain the metadata that summarizes the data content on itself. Queries will be evaluated first on the metadata before on the cached data. By ensuring that queries will only be evaluated on relevant nodes, the metadata-guided query evaluation approach can dramatically improve the performance of query evaluation. We design efficient algorithms to construct metadata for both numerical and categorical data types. Our theoretical and empirical results both show that our metadata-guided approach can accelerate query evaluation significantly, while achieving the memory requirements on wireless devices.
Analogies and Parables in the Teaching of Statistics

Summary In this article James Brewer offers some useful aids to getting across fundamental statistical concepts.
A laboratory based microgrid and distributed generation infrastructure for studying connectivity issues to operational power systems

This paper presents an infrastructure and laboratory implementation of a hardware test-bed system emulating alternate sources and conventional power plant emulators connected as a complete power system. The distributed generation components were connected to the test-bed to study the issues of connecting alternates and various types of loads during operations. The various sources and loads can be connected in varying architectures through transmission and distribution lines as well as bus hardware emulators. Also SCADA, communication network and control system layers were developed and placed around the various test-bed components.
Some identities for Chandrasekhar polynomials

Abstract Basic techniques of linear algebra are used to derive some identities involving the Chandrasekhar polynomials that play a vital role in the spherical-harmonics ( P N ) solution to basic radiative-transfer problems.
Assessment of egg nutrient compositional changes and residue in eggs, tissues, and excreta following oral administration of atorvastatin to laying hens.

Laying hens were fed a control diet alone or with 0.06 g of atorvastatin, a synthetic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, per 100 g of diet for 20 days. Compared to controls,...
II. Ionic association and mobility in propylene carbonate

Conductance data are reported for Ph4AsPic, Ph4PPic, Ph4SbPic, Hex4NPic, Bu4PPic, Et4NSbCl6 in propylene carbonate at 25°C in the concentration range 1×10−4 to 15×10−4 M. The data were analyzed by the Justice modification of the Fuoss-Hsia equation and all salts studied were found to be associated and to form solvent separated ion pairs. Application of the Barthel-Bjerrum model of ion association permitted calculation of the non coulombic portion of the potentials of mean force, W±. Ionic limiting equivalent conductances of six ions were calculated using known values of R4N+, and Pic− ions. Walden products of ions in propylene carbonate were examined in the light of modern ion mobility theories, including Boyd-Zwanzig, Hubbard-Onsager, and Hubbard-Kayser models of ion solvent interactions.
A Static Task Scheduling Framework for Independent Tasks Accelerated Using a Shared Graphics Processing Unit

The High Performance Computing (HPC) field is witnessing the increasing use of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) as application accelerators, due to their massively data-parallel computing architectures and exceptional floating-point computational capabilities. The performance advantage from GPU-based acceleration is primarily derived for GPU computational kernels that operate on large amount of data, consuming all of the available GPU resources. For applications that consist of several independent computational tasks that do not occupy the entire GPU, sequentially using the GPU one task at a time leads to performance inefficiencies. It is therefore important for the programmer to cluster small tasks together for sharing the GPU, however, the best performance cannot be achieved through an ad-hoc grouping and execution of these tasks. In this paper, we explore the problem of GPU tasks scheduling, to allow multiple tasks to efficiently share and be executed in parallel on the GPU. We analyze factors affecting multi-tasking parallelism and performance, followed by developing the multi-tasking execution model as a performance prediction approach. The model is validated by comparing with actual execution scenarios for GPU sharing. We then present the scheduling technique and algorithm based on the proposed model, followed by experimental verifications of the proposed approach using an NVIDIA Fermi GPU computing node. Our results demonstrate significant performance improvements using the proposed scheduling approach, compared with sequential execution of the tasks under the conventional multi-tasking execution scenario.
Determinants of directionality in lambda site-specific recombination.

Abstract The DNA structural features governing directionality in λ site-specific recombination are shown to reside in regions of the phage attachment site more than 70 bp to the left and more than 40 bp to the right of the cross-over region. Disposition of these sequences on the same attachment site in integration, and on different attachment sites in excision, determines the opposite effects of Xis protein upon the two reactions (stimulation of excision and inhibition of integration). The binding of Xis to two adjacent directly repeated sequences in the left phage arm is shown to occur in a highly cooperative manner, to alter the conformation of the DNA, and to produce a 32-fold stimulation of Int binding to an adjacent locus.
Experimental determination of the primary trigeminal projections in lampreys

The trigeminal complex of lampreys, like that of anamniotic gnathostomes, consists of profundus and 'mandibulo 'mandibulomaxillary' branchesa, s. The profundus branch possesses a distinct ganglion (supraorbital ganglion) separate from the ganglion (suboptical ganglion) of the 'mandibulomaxillary' brancheslL However, both ganglia send their processes into the medulla as a single trigeminal sensory root (Figs. 1A, 2A). The lamprey trigeminal complex differs from that of other anamniotes in that the anterior lateral line and facial ganglia are not closely associated with the trigeminal ganglia but are located beneath and within the optic capsule a,12. This separation clearly simplifies experimental analysis of the trigeminal projections, as the trigeminal ganglia can be lesioned or the sensory roots transected without damaging facial or lateralis inputs. Earlier studies claim that scattered lateral line receptors on the dorsal surface of the head are innervated by the trigeminal nerve~, ~. This condition has not been reported for any other vertebrate and has been interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that a lateralis component existed ancestrally in each branchiomeric cranial nerve. It is also claimed that the trigeminal nerve in lampreys projects directly to the cerebellum, the octavolateralis area and the funicular nucleus (presumed precursor of the dorsal column nuclei4,6). This trigeminal projection pattern has been interpreted as supporting the claim that the dorsal column nuclei, octavolaterlis area and cerebellum arose from a single somatic sensory column, and that lampreys essentially retain that primitive condition 6. Finally, a distinct mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus has not been identified in lampreys and is assumed to have arisen with the evolution of jawed vertebrates. These claims are of considerable importance regarding the evolution of the trigeminal system and were the impetus for the present study. The trigeminal ganglia in 5 transformed specimens (11-16 cm in length) of Ichthyomyzon unicuspis were unilaterally destroyed by transection or heat cauterization of the ganglia under MS222 anesthesia. The animals survived 3, 5, 7 and 12 days at 23 °C before they were reanesthetized, the brains dissected from the neurocranium and emersed in 107o formalin. The brains were embedded in 25~ gelatin and processed by the Wiitanen procedure 14 for demonstrating degenerating axons and their terminals. All the survival times were adequate to reveal degenerating trigeminal
Impact of Expression of EMP Enzymes on Glucose Metabolism in Zymomonas mobilis

Zymomonas mobilis is the only known microorganism that utilizes the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway anaerobically. In this work, we investigated whether the overexpression of a phosphofructokinase (PFK), the only missing Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway enzyme, could establish the pathway in this organism. Introduction of a pyrophosphate-dependent PFK, along with co-expression of homologous fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase and triosephosphate isomerase, did not result in an EMP flux to any appreciable level. However, the metabolism of glucose was impacted significantly. Eight percent of glucose was metabolized to form a new metabolite, dihydroxyacetone. Reducing flux through the ED pathway by as much as 40 % through antisense of a key enzyme, ED aldolase, did not result in a fully functional EMP pathway, suggesting that the ED pathway, especially the lower arm, downstream from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, is very rigid, possibly due to redox balance.
Starsaber: A Small Payload-Class TSTO Vehicle Concept Utilizing Rocket-Based Combined Cycle Propulsion

37th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference And Exhibit Salt Lake City, UT, July 8-11, 2001.
Does the presence of a human affect the preference of enrichment items in young, isolated pigs?

Abstract Pigs may be housed individually in both production and research settings. Gregarious by nature, pigs kept in isolation may show behavioural and physiological signs of stress. In this study we investigated the preference of individually housed pigs, for social and non-social enrichments. Three enrichment items were compared: a mat (MAT), a companion (COM) and a mirror (MIR). Fourteen weaner pigs (Yorkshire × Landrace) were housed individually with continuous access to 4 adjacent pens. One pen was a control (CTRL) and had no enrichment; the others had one enrichment each, either a mat on part of the woven wire floor (MAT), a companion visible across the passageway (COM) or a mirror on one wall (MIR). Pigs spent more proportion of time ( P = 0.021) in the COM pen (0.65 ± 0.07) compared to the CTRL pen (0.31 ± 0.07) with the MAT pen (0.57 ± 0.07) and the MIR (0.42 ± 0.07) pen as intermediates. They also spent more total time engaged in investigative and inactive behaviours in the COM pen compared to the CTRL pen ( P = 0.007). A second analysis was performed to investigate changes in preferences in the presence or absence of a human in the room. The pens were then combined into two categories: social pens (COM and MIR) and nonsocial pens (MAT and CTRL). The probability of a pig being observed in the MIR pen when a human was present was significantly higher ( P = 0.0001), than when absent. Within the social enrichments, the probability of the animal being observed in either MIR or COM pen was not different ( P = 0.017). Our results confirm that preference studies may be highly sensitive to experimental conditions. Thus, the assumption that the most important preference is the one the animal spends most of its time with can be misleading. It appears that a mirror may be used by the animal for social support during periods of perceived threat, however further investigation is warranted.
Chronic symptoms in construction workers treated for musculoskeletal injuries.

Background Soft tissue musculoskeletal injuries make up a high proportion of all work-related injuries in construction. Data from Workers' Compensation claims indicate that strains and sprains are the leading compensable injury for construction workers. This study describes the consequences of soft tissue musculoskeletal injuries for construction workers, and assesses the persistence of symptoms after an injury and the impact of that injury on return to work. Methods Through an Emergency Department surveillance system [Hunting et al., 1994a], we recorded 176 construction worker visits, from 5/01/93 through 2/28/95, for strains, sprains, joint injury or pain, tendinitis, dislocations, hernias, or other musculoskeletal injuries excluding fractures. Telephone interviews were conducted several months after workers had visited the emergency room for a musculoskeletal injury. Results Seventy individuals were interviewed about the long-term impacts of 72 incidents that had resulted in work-related musculoskeletal injuries. For 46 (62%) of the 74 diagnoses, problems continued beyond two months. The likelihood of problems continuing more than two months varied considerably by body location of injury. Hispanic workers and older workers were more likely to have continuing symptoms. Eleven of the 45 construction workers with symptoms persisting longer than two months were not employed at the time of the interview. Only 11 of the 45 workers with ongoing symptoms told us that modifications had been made to their jobs to accommodate their symptoms. About one-quarter of these 45 subjects reported substantial effects on home or work life. Conclusions Acute musculoskeletal injuries in construction workers frequently result in chronic symptoms, and those with chronic symptoms report substantial effects of the injury on their quality of life. Job accommodations were made in a minority of these injuries. These findings point to the need for heightened efforts for injury prevention in this industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. 36:532–540, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cultural Resource Management in Context

In the United States, much of historic preservation is carried out in a framework of cultural resource management. Cultural resource management is increasingly being conducted as heritage management in the larger context of ecosystem management or ecological stewardship. Cultural resources are an important factor in the human environment, and must be managed in the context of all other biological, social, and geophysical elements in that environment or ecosystem. Good environmental stewardship requires affirmative resource management, including management of our tangible and intangible cultural resources. Many scientists are involved in cultural resource management, either directly or indirectly and either consciously or unconsciously. There is increased public awareness of the value of cultural resources, and their protection involves the knowledgeable and caring collaboration of resource specialists (e.g., anthropologists, archaeologists, architects, archivists, engineers, folklorists, historians), material scientists, decision-making land managers, and the living community with ties to the heritage resources. This in turn involves each participating community and individual (including the scientists) managing the interfaces among themselves. This is done by learning something about (and learning to appreciate) other groups' values and special languages and their operating constraints and opportunities, and about the overall public benefits and costs of cultural resource management decisions.
Notes on the Inheritance of White Laced Red of Cornish

Abstract THE appearance of Silver bars in the F2 generation of a Dark Cornish-White Leghorn cross at Michigan State College in 1947 suggested a means of getting an autosexing variety from pure Cornish ancestry by crossing standard bred White or White Laced Red Cornish with the Dark Cornish variety. Normally, the F1 progeny of a Dark Cornish-White Leghorn cross is white in color with a few small black and red “ticks” or spots. The crossbred White Laced Red phenotype was very similar in appearance to the standard White Laced Red Cornish. 1 The original “W.L.Rx” phenotype at this station, was a female from a White Leghorn dam, therefore it was not expected to carry the Silver gene. Silver appeared however, in the F2 generation from the reciprocal cross, as a component of a black and white barred phenotype. PROGRESS TO DATE WITH STANDARD BRED W. L. RED × DARK CORNISH Although facilities …
Role of Huperzine A in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Objective:To review the role of huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Data Sources:A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (1950–September week 2, 2008), EMBASE (all years), Google Scholar, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and a bibliographic review of relevant articles. Key words included huperzine, huperin, Huperzia serrata, and Alzheimer's disease.Study Selection And Data Extraction:All clinical trials published in the English language that evaluated huperzine A in patients with AD were included in this review. Articles published in Chinese were included when English abstracts or electronic translation technology were available.Data Synthesis:AD is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder for which there is no cure; available therapies only decrease cognitive decline. Huperzine A, an alkaloid derived from Chinese club moss (H. serrata), acts as a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and may also display neuroprotective properties. Preliminary data sugges...
Subspace tracking with full rank updates

A new method of trading the principal invariant subspaces of a time-varying covariance matrix is proposed. The method addresses the case encountered frequently in applications where the covariance is updated by a full rank matrix at each time step; it is not assumed that the covariance changes by rank-one updates. In contrast to subspace tracking algorithms that exploit the algebraic structure that rank-one updates provide, the proposed algorithm uses the geometric structure of full rank updates. The main idea is to determine the time derivative of the subspace using the subspace tracking equation (introduced here), perform an optimization line search in this direction, then finish with a (truncated) Newton, method comparable to Rayleigh quotient iteration. The algorithm is performed on the constraint surface (Grassmann manifold) of matrices with orthonormal columns. The convergence rate and cost of this method are compared with other subspace tracking and standard eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) algorithms using the example problem of tracking the time-varying clutter interference of a rotating sensor array. Simulations indicate that the proposed method is cheaper than a full EVD, but its superlinear convergence rate and higher overhead make it about 25% more costly than a linearly convergent subspace iteration method. Nevertheless, the proposed method's generality makes it appropriate for nonlinear eigenvalue problems and other time-varying problems where linear EVD algorithms cannot be applied.
Early childhood health, reproduction of economic inequalities and the persistence of health and mortality differentials

The persistence of adult health and mortality socioeconomic inequalities and the equally stubborn reproduction of social class inequalities are salient features in modern societies that puzzle researchers in seemingly unconnected research fields. Neither can be satisfactorily explained with standard theoretical frameworks. In the domain of health and mortality, it is unclear if and to what an extent adult health and mortality disparities across socioeconomic status (SES) are the product of attributes of the positions themselves, the partial result of health conditions established earlier in life that influence both adult health and economic success, or the outcome of the reverse impact of health status on SES. In the domain of social stratification, the transmission of inequalities across generations has been remarkably resistant to satisfactory explanations. Although the literature on social stratification is by and large silent about the role played by early health status in shaping adult socioeconomic opportunities, new research on human capital formation suggests this is a serious error of omission. In this paper we propose to investigate the connections between these two domains. We use data from male respondents of the 1958 British Cohort to estimate (a) the influence of early health conditions on adult SES and (b) the contribution of early health status to observed adult health differentials. The model incorporates early conditions as determinants of traits that enhance (inhibit) social mobility and also conventional and unconventional factors that affect adult health and socioeconomic status. Our findings reveal that early childhood health plays a small, but non-trivial role as a determinant of adult SES and the adult socioeconomic gradient in health. These findings enrich current explanations of SES inequalities and of adult health and mortality disparities.
siRNAs: a new wave of RNA-based therapeutics.

This non-specific response to dsRNAleads to global changes in cellular gene expression andapoptosis, masking any specific silencing effect by RNAi inmammalian cells. Recently, however, it was shown that potentand specific gene silencing could be achieved in human cellstransfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNA) of 21 –23 nt,a key intermediate in the RNAi pathway.