cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Participation of hyaluronic acid in the macrophage disappearance reaction.

Hyaluronic acid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity of mice during the macrophage disappearance reaction. Macrophages reappear in the exudates during the depletion of hyaluronate. The disappearance reaction is simulated by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of hyaluronic acid into normal mice. The disappearance reaction largely is inhibited by the simultaneous injection (i.p.) of specific hyaluronidase with the challenge dose of BCG. We propose that hyaluronic acid makes a major contribution to the macrophage disappearance reaction.
29.4: Homeotropic Alignment by Single Oblique Evaporation of SiO2 and Its Application to High Resolution Microdisplays

We have discovered that single evaporation of SiO2 can align liquid crytstal either homogeneously or homeotropically depending on the dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystal being positive or negative, respectively. Van der Waals potential taking into account the anisotropy of LC polarizabilities have been used to explain the alignment mechanism The order electricity model proposed by Monkade and Barbero et al. have been extended to qualitatively explain the generation of the pretilt angles. The observed surface morphology of the evaporated SiO2 layer as revealed by the AFM and SEM images is consistent in support of the alignment model. We have applied our alignment method to fabricate a tilted homeotropic microdisplay with a resolution of 1024 by 1280. Its electro-optical properties are also reported.
The effects of periodontal therapy on serum antibody (IgG) levels to plaque microorganisms

Abstract. The influence of periodontal therapy on serum antibody titers to selected periodontal disease-associated microorganisms was assessed in 23 patients having chronic inflammatory periodontal disease (CIPD), The immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were determined by the micro ELISA technique in serum samples obtained prior to treatment; following a hygienic phase which included scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene instruction; following surgical treatment; and one year and two years following hygienic phase (maintenance phase). Considerable individual variability existed in the magnitude of immune response to specific bacterial preparations. Significant reductions in the mean antibody titers were seen to A. viscosus. S. sanguis. F. nucleatum, S, spuligena, B. gingivalis. B. interme-dius. B. melaninogeniem, T. vincentii, and T denticola by the end of the second year of maintenance. There was no consistent response to Capnucytophaga. When individual patient responses were examined. 6 of the 23 were found to have elevated titers to at least one of the microorganisms in the interval between pretreatment and the end of the hygienic phase; however, in all but one case, the titers at the end of the second year of maintenance were below pretreatment levels. Antibody levels to bacteria such as S. sanguis were modified during therapy. This would indicate that immune responses to microbes not generally considered to be “periodontal pathogens” may be modified by adjuvant activity associated with subgingival plaque or changes in the environment of the sulcus and that subsequent changes in titer do not necessarily reflect a role of that microorganism in the disease process.
Conversion Of A Standard Television Camera To An ISIT Acquisition Device For Astronomy

The object of this paper is to show the conversion of a commercially made television camera to an intensified acquisition device used in astronomy. It will illustrate how the conversion took place and where and how the camera is used for field acquisition on telescopes at Kitt Peak National Observatory. Five such television cameras have been constructed and are being used with nine instruments on five different telescopes. The success of this approach versus another acquisition television camera will be discussed briefly.
Microbial and Oxidative Changes in Low‐Fat Ground Beef During Simulated Retail Distribution

A low-fat ground beef product containing water, carrageenan, encapsulated salt and hydrolyzed vegetable protein (carrageenan-based) was compared to a low-fat, all-beef control during simulated commercial manufacturing and retail distribution. Few differences were found in oxidative stability and microbial growth of the two. No differences (P>0.05) were found in aerobic plate counts, populations of psychrotrophs or mold and yeast populations for the two products. Hunter color ‘a’ values (redness) and overall color scores for surface color were higher (P<0.05) for the carrageenan-based product than the all-beef product. Retail display of low-fat products in aerobic packaging resulted in greater (P<0.05) product discoloration than anaerobic retail display.
Modification of aggression through socialization and the special case of adult and adolescent male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Significant differences exist in the frequencies with which age-sex classes of rhesus macaques engage in agonistic interactions with other age-sex classes. In the study reported here, individuals engaged in significantly more agonistic interactions within their own age-sex classes, but, adult females also showed significantly more aggression toward infants and young females whereas adult males directed significantly more aggression toward adolescent males. Infants directed aggression toward infants of both sexes, but adults showed significantly less aggression toward adults of the opposite sex. These findings are hypothesized to reflect (1) competitive conflict among those individuals in the group most similar to each other (members of the same age-sex class); (2) the protection and socialization of offspring by adult females; and (3) the modification of adolescent male aggressive expression by the selective interference of adult males. As a consequence of adult response to the agonistic behavior of adolescent males, maturing males (1) selectively target other older males, avoid aggression against females and immatures; (2) form alliances with other males; and (3) become progressively isolated from their matrilines.
Cryptozoology, Archaeology and Palaeontology: Histories Near the High Table

Bernard Heuvelmans, The Natural History of Hidden Animals. Edited by Peter Gwynvay Hopkins. Translated by Kegan Paul. London: Kegan Paul Limited, 2007. xii + 145 pp. $120.00 (cloth). ISBN 978-0-710...
Biological response to a synthetic cornea.

We have designed a synthetic cornea that has a transparent hydrogel optic and a porous skirt. The device has been implanted in rabbit corneas. We have shown that keratocytes migrate into the device and deposit a complex extracellular matrix. The immediate response is detected in the surrounding stroma, and the secondary response is seen after cells have deposited a matrix in the disc. After implantation, a decrease in keratan sulfate accompanied by an increase in dermatan sulfate was detected in the surrounding tissue compared to the unwounded corneal stroma. The glycosaminoglycans in the disc resemble that of an injured stroma. The appearance of heparan sulfate and growth factors, bFGF and TGFβ, was not detected until 6 weeks after implantation. The growth factors were detected at the interface between the device and the tissue and become more diffuse over time. Methods of controlled release in vivo were used to enhance the rate of fibroplasia and wound repair. While these were successful in the cornea itself, when combined with the synthetic cornea the response was magnified and the initial attempts yielded neovascularization and edema. Currently, efforts are being directed at controlling the release within the porous haptic so that fibroplasia is enhanced while minimizing an inflammatory response.
Toward a theory of university library group work : An approach for development

This article presents an approach for developing a theory related to university library group work. Next, it reviews generic group-related phenomena indicated by the approach, applying these phenomena to university libraries. Finally, the article surveys this theoretical development, revealing that most of it remains to be accomplished.
SOUTHERN CONSERVATISM: CONSTITUENCY OPINION AND CONGRESSIONAL VOTING

The author of this paper seeks to explain the consistently conservative record of Southern Democrats in Congress. V. 0. Key attributed this conservatism to the low level of voting by the more liberal working class in the South and the much higher voting rate of the more conservative middle class. The present author offers two additional explanations: the unusual distribution of attitudes in the South as compared to the rest of the nation, and the conservatism of the Southerners most likely to communicate with Congressmen. George Robert Boynton is a member of the Department of Political Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Electron Microscopic Studies of Casein Micelles and Curd Microstructure in Cottage Cheese

Abstract Electron microscopy was employed to follow changes in the casein micelles in milk through gelling and cooking. Scanning electron microscopy showed that casein micelles aggregated into chains, then strands and clusters, and eventually into amorphous masses. There was a decrease in porosity along with an increase in size of casein aggregates throughout the manufacturing process. Based on measurements of particles in transmission electron micrographs, casein micelles or fused particles increased in size during curd manufacture in three significantly different stages—in milk, during gelling and healing, and during cooking. Data, corrected by a statistical technique which accounted for all transmission electron microscopy slices not having been obtained through the micelle diameters, yielded average diameters of micelles of 87.6nm in milk, 181.6nm during early gelling, 184.9nm at the end of healing, 206.1nm during cooking, and 207.6nm at the end of cooking. Acid and culture set curds showed similar microstructures.
Action of far-ultraviolet radiation (185 nm) on poly(ethylene terephthalate) films: a method for controlled dry-etching

Abstract Far-ultraviolet light (185 nm) rapidly etches poly(ethylene terephthalate) films without any subsequent processing. Both non-oxidative and oxidative mechanisms are operative.
K-matrix formalisms in multiparticle scattering

The Kouri-Levin $K$-matrix formalism for multiparticle scattering is examined in the particular case of three-particle scattering. It is shown that in order for this method to generate transition amplitudes satisfying unitarity, much more stringent constraints must be imposed upon the $K$ operators in addition to the zero discontinuity condition. The imposition of these constraints seriously limits the usefulness of this formalism as a unitarization technique; this conclusion holds for multiparticle scattering as well. The relationship of the Kouri-Levin method to other realizations of the $K$-matrix idea is studied. In the three-particle case it is found that the Kouri-Levin method is not preferable on grounds of simplicity to any of the extant techniques even ignoring the constraints required in addition to the zero discontinuity condition.
Radioimmunoassay measurement of creatine kinase BB in the serum of schizophrenic patients.

Abstract Brain type creatine kinase (BB) isoenzyme was measured using a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay procedure (limit of detection, 1 μg/l of sample) in two schizophrenic populations, an acute non-medicated group consisting of 35 subjects and a chronic group of 15 subjects. Since the assay can also measure the B subunit of MB isoenzyme, patients were selected so as to exclude subjects with possible heart, kidney or other ailments which might result in an increased serum creatine kinase B subunit. Both the acute schizophrenics (3.0 ± 0.23) x S.E.M. and the chronic schizophrenics (2.9 ± 0.33) had serum levels of creatine kinase BB similar to those of controls (2.8 ± 0.21) and non-cardiac patients (3.5 ± 0.58). Patients having myocardial infarction or neurovascular surgery had elevated creatine kinase B subunit. Similar but much less sensitive quantitative results were obtained using agarose multizonal electrophoresis. Despite a recent report that human brain contains the creatine kinase MM isoenzyme, analysis of five human brains using DEAE-Sephadex-A50 for MM isoenzyme fractionation, followed by immunodiffusion analysis of concentrated eluate revealed no detectable MM isoenzyme. The results from these studies suggest that the elevated serum creatine kinase activity of schizophrenic patients is most likely not of brain origin.
Influence of oxygen defects on the physical properties of La2CuO

We present the results of magnetic-susceptibility, heat-capacity, electrical-resistivity, and thermoelectric-power measurements on La/sub 2/CuO/sub 4-//sub y/. The crystallographic, magnetic, and electronic transport properties are found to be extremely sensitive to the oxygen defect concentration y. Coupled with x-ray and neutron diffraction data presented in a companion paper, we find that long-range antiferromagnetic order develops with increasing y out of a nonmagnetic ground state at y--0 into a state with a maximum Neel temperature of 290 K at yapprox. =0.03.
Silver ion-exchanged zeolites Y, X, and low-silica X: Observations of thermally induced cation/cluster migration and the resulting effects on the equilibrium adsorption of nitrogen

Silver is known to strongly affect the adsorptive properties of some zeolites. It is also known that thermal vacuum dehydration of some argentiferous zeolites leads to the formation of charged silver clusters within the zeolite. In this work we have synthesized silver zeolites of the types Y, X, and low-silica X. The zeolites were treated in such a way as to promote the formation of intracrystalline charged silver clusters. Equilibrium room-temperature isotherms were measured for adsorption of nitrogen for each of the zeolites after various heat treatments and dehydration. These materials were structurally characterized via Rietveld refinement using neutron powder diffraction data. Color changes upon heat treatment and subsequent X-ray photoemission spectroscopy confirmed some reduction of Ag+ → Ag0. The effects of various dehydration conditions, including the time, temperature, and atmosphere, on the room-temperature adsorption of nitrogen are discussed. Structural characterization, along with valence bo...
The estimation of the effects of utility-sponsored conservation programmes

(1986). The estimation of the effects of utility-sponsored conservation programmes. Applied Economics: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-25.
Prostate cancer imaging.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the Western world, with the highest incidence and the second highest mortality rate among malignancies [1]. In recent years there has been rapid development in molecular imaging for visualizing the different phases of prostate cancer. In particular, integrated PET/CT and MRI are emerging as the primary tools in this clinical setting. In the present supplement, leading experts were asked to present and discuss different aspects of imaging in prostate cancer, to specifically describe the state of the art and the most relevant improvements that have recently occurred in anatomical, molecular and functional imaging of prostate cancer. The main emphasis was placed on the current practice for diagnosing primary and recurrent prostate cancer using established and emerging PET radiopharmaceuticals. In this respect, the often overlooked problem of spatially matching imaging findings with pathology in primary prostate cancer was highlighted. A second focus was the growing role of MRI with related functional imaging components in prostate cancer. Lastly, the future role of PET/MR as a new multimodal imaging technique expected to improve diagnostic performance of prostate cancer imaging was addressed. Choline PET
Prevalence and impact of coronary artery disease in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Summary Introduction Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with a poor prognosis for which there is no effective medical therapy. An awareness of comorbidities that are treatable and might impact outcomes in these patients is therefore very important. We sought to determine the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in IPF patients in comparison to a control group of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We also sought to assess the impact of CAD on IPF patient outcomes. Patients and methods IPF and COPD transplant candidates whose work-up included left heart catheterization were categorized as having significant CAD, non-significant CAD or no disease. The risk factor profile and prevalence of CAD in both groups was compared. Results There were 73 IPF and 56 COPD patients. The prevalence of CAD was 65.8% in the IPF group compared to 46.1% in the COPD patients ( p p p p Conclusion There is a higher prevalence of CAD in IPF patients compared to a similarly matched COPD group. This increased association appeared to be independent of common coronary artery risk factors. IPF patients with significant CAD appear to have worse outcomes.
AT1 receptor antagonism does not influence early radiation-induced changes in microglial activation or neurogenesis in the normal rat brain.

Abstract Blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) ameliorate cognitive deficits and some aspects of brain injury after whole-brain irradiation. We investigated whether treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist L-158,809 at a dose that protects cognitive function after fractionated whole-brain irradiation reduced radiation-induced neuroinflammation and changes in hippocampal neurogenesis, well-characterized effects that are associated with radiation-induced brain injury. Male F344 rats received L-158,809 before, during and after a single 10-Gy dose of radiation. Expression of cytokines, angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 was evaluated by real-time PCR 24 h, 1 week and 12 weeks after irradiation. At the latter times, microglial density and proliferating and activated microglia were analyzed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Cell proliferation and neurogenesis were also quantified in the dentate subgranular zone. L-158,809 treatment modes...
Finding mechanisms from metabolic signatures of disease

We seek to apply comprehensive metabolic analysis tools (sometimes called “metabolomics”) for understanding of mechanisms underlying chronic human diseases and conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Current approaches include analysis of metabolic flux by 13C NMR-based mass isotopomer analysis (in collaboration with Drs. Shawn Burgess and A. Dean Sherry and associates, Dallas, TX) and metabolic profiling of important groups of metabolic intermediates by both “targeted” and “unbiased” mass spectrometry (in collaboration with Drs. James Bain, Robert Stevens, Olga llkayeva, Brett Wenner, Michael Muehlbauer, Mark Butler, and David Millington at Duke). These tools have also been used to define mechanisms underlying development of peripheral insulin resistance in animals and humans. For example, we have recently identified perturbations of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism in multiple cohorts of insulin resistant humans compared to normally insulin sensitive controls and have translated these findings to rodent models to demonstrate a contribution of BCAA to development of insulin resistance that is independent of body weight. In collaboration with Dr. Alan Attie at the University of Wisconsin, we have integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis in mouse models to identify new pathways that control hepatic gluconeogenesis and PEPCK expression. Finally, with Svati Shah and Bill Kraus at Duke, we have identified novel metabolic signatures of imminent cardiovascular events, and are integrating genomic and metabolomics analyses in large cohorts of human subjects with a high incidence of coronary artery disease to identify pathways involved in metabolic variability and risk of cardiovascular disease. These examples will serve to illustrate the potential of comprehensive metabolic profiling methods for providing insights into metabolic disease mechanisms.
CYCLOPROPANE INDUCTION TO ENDOTRACHEAL ETHER ANAESTHESIA IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

An induction technique in children employing cyclopropane and ether in oxygen, administered by a to-and-fro system with controlled ventilation and without carbon dioxide absorption, is described, and certain physiologic effects of this technique are reported. A significant rise in the inspired and end-expired carbon dioxide concentration was observed when no absorber was used in the system, and the end-expired carbon dioxide concentration was higher in the larger patients. A significant decrease in heart rate and a high incidence of cardiac arrhythmias were observed during induction, whether or not a carbon dioxide absorber was incorporated in the system used. A survey of the incidence of cardiac arrest in 22,000 anaesthetics administered at this hospital, in which the described method of induction was used, indicated a greatly increased risk in the 1-to-6-months age group. As no cardiac arrests associated with this induction occurred in children over 2 years old, the technique is apparently a safe and effective one in older children.
Music-to-knowledge (M2K): a prototyping and evaluation environment for music digital library research

This paper introduces the M2K (Music-to-Knowledge) music digital library (MDL) and music information retrieval (MIR) prototyping and evaluation environment to the digital library research community. M2K is being developed as part of the International Music Information Retrieval Systems Evaluation Laboratory project (IMIRSEL). The goal of the IMIRSEL project is the creation of standardized tools and datasets for the scientific evaluation of MDL and MIR systems. M2K plays a central role in the upcoming Music Information Retrieval Evaluation eXchange (MIREX) contest being held over the spring and summer of 2005. MIREX participants will be using M2K to prototype and then submit for formal evaluation their novel approaches to such MDL tasks as artist identification, genre classification, etc
Kinetics of Tumor Necrosis Factor α and Soluble TNFRII in HIV-Infected Patients Treated with a Triple Combination of Stavudine, Didanosine, and Hydroxyurea

TNF-α is involved in the pathogenesis of HIV, and is known to enhance HIV replication in vitro. In this report the kinetics of plasma TNF-α and sTNFRII in patients receiving aggressive antiretrovir...
Development of an aerosol dosage form containing insulin.

Abstract An aerosol dosage form containing insulin was developed by suspending insulin zinc crystals in fluorocarbon propellant and using oleyl alcohol to improve the insulin suspension and to prevent valve clogging. A metered valve was used to control the amount of insulin delivered per actuation. The dose dispensed, sedimentation rate, and particle‐size distribution of the aerosol formulation were evaluated. The potency of the insulin delivered from the aerosol containers stored at various temperatures and time intervals was determined using a radioimmunoassay. Based upon preliminary stability data, which were treated kinetically, it was noted that insulin aerosols stored in a refrigerator at 7° would have a predicted shelflife of approximately 19 years, whereas samples stored at 25 and 37° would have shelflives of 11 and 2 months, respectively. Long‐term stability studies are indicated to establish this conclusion. On the basis of this study, it was concluded that an insulin‐containing aerosol dosage form can be formulated and that a suitable dose of insulin can be dispensed using commercially available metered dose valves. The actual dose of insulin dispensed would have to be related to the degree of absorption of insulin one would normally expect when insulin is administered by the inhalation route.
Some limitations of Bennett's sulfhydryl reagent.

SummaryAn explanation of the reactivity of some sulfhydryl compounds with Bennett's reagent and the lack of reactivity of others is not readily apparent.∗ It is possible that those sulfhydryl compounds which do not give precipitates with Bennett's reagent form mercaptides which are soluble in the amyl acetate phase. It is obvious, however, that analytical results obtained by the method of Flesch and Kun must be interpreted with great caution.
High‐concentration capsaicin for the treatment of post‐herpetic neuralgia and other types of peripheral neuropathic pain

SUMMARY Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common complication of shingles, but current therapies often only provide partial pain relief in a proportion of patients treated. Results of six randomized controlled studies in patients with PHN have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of a high-concentration capsaicin (8% w/w) (NGX-4010; QUTENZA™) patch following a single 60-minute application. Patients treated with capsaicin achieved greater pain relief during Weeks 2–8 and Weeks 2–12 compared with a 0.04% w/w capsaicin control patch in two pivotal Phase III studies. In the first study the mean percentage change in Numeric Pain Rating Scale score for Weeks 2–8 was −29.6% versus −19.9% (p = 0.01) for the high-concentration capsaicin patch versus control, respectively. This result was confirmed by a second similar study. Patients also reported a significant improvement in quality of life on the Patient Global Impression of Change following a single 60-minute application. An integrated analysis further demonstrated the efficacy of the high-concentration capsaicin patch and confirmed its good safety and tolerability profile. Sensory testing showed little or no effect on light brush, pinprick or warmth sensations following treatment and a slight improvement in vibration sensation. An open-label study that administered repeated applications of the high-concentration capsaicin patch over 1 year demonstrated its long-term safety with no increased incidence or severity of adverse events and no impact on neurologic function. The high-concentration capsaicin patch was well tolerated and the most common adverse events were application site-related, mild to moderate, and transient.
High yield synthesis of a new fullerene linker and its use in the formation of a linear coordination polymer by silver complexation

A new hexakis-fullerene adduct with two 4,5-diazafluorene groups strategically located at trans-1 positions to allow linear polymerization was selectively synthesized in very high yield. By reaction with Ag(triflate), a one dimensional metal–organic coordination polymer was obtained.
Full-wave study of electromagnetic susceptibility inside a complex platform using domain decomposition methods

The accurate simulation of high-power microwave (HPM) with very short rise time and intense energy pulse and the field penetration into a multi-scale and complex system are of vital importance. When the pulse hits the platform, field penetrates inside through apertures by front door and back door coupling. If the incident pulse has strong frequency spectrum component at the resonant frequency of the cavity structure, then the field intensity inside the platform will accumulate after a few pulse trains and couple through the cables to electronics.
Stimulation of berberine production in Thalictrum rugosum suspension cultures in response to addition of cupric sulfate

Stimulatory effect of cupric sulfate addition on the production of berberine was found in cell suspension cultures ofThalictrum rugosum. Maximum enhancement in berberine production was achieved by adding cupric sulfate at final concentrations between 200 to 500 μM. In addition to stimulating secondary metabolite production, addition of cupric sulfate permeabilized or lysed cells, and the culture released a large amount of berberine into the medium.
On the capacity of infinite population multiple access protocols

We present bounds on the maximum channel utilization (with finite average delay) of synchronous multiple access communications protocols serving an infinite population of homogeneous stations. Messages arrive to the system as a series of independent Bernoulli trials in discrete time, with probability p of an arrival at each arrival point (the Poisson limit is explicitly included) and are then randomly distributed among the stations. Pippenger showed that the channel utilization cannot exceed \xi_{p} , where \xi_{l}=1 and \lim_{p \rightarrow 0} \xi_{p} \approx 0.744 . Using a "helpful genie" argument, we find the exact capacity for all p \geq 0.568 (where we find optimal protocols that obey first-come first-served); for smaller values of p, we present an improved upper bound that decreases monotonically to \approx 0.6731 in the Poisson limit as p \rightarrow 0 .
Effects of simulated intraoperative electrophysiological testing on function of the canine left ventricle.

Abstract With the increasing application of arrhythmia surgery, intraoperative electrophysiological study is done frequently, although its potential to cause acute depression of cardiac function remains unresolved. This study examines the acute effects of simulated electrophysiological testing on left ventricular function. Seven dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and instrumented for measurement of heart rate, mean aortic pressure, cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Systolic pressure-dimension work loops were analyzed over varying preloads. Contractility was assessed from the end-systolic pressure-dimension relationship (E es ) and from preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW). After the collection of control data, electrophysiological testing was simulated by pacing at 200 beats per minute for 30 seconds, fibrillating for 15 seconds, and finally defibrillating with a 10-J countershock. Data were recorded after 3 and 6 simulations of ventricular fibrillation (VF3, VF6). Mean heart rate and mean aortic pressure did not vary significantly during the course of the experiment. CO decreased from a control value of 2.7 ± 0.2 L/min (± the standard error of the mean) to 2.0 ± 0.1 ( p > 0.05) after VF3 and remained significantly depressed after VF6. SVR increased from a control value of 3,231 ± 211 dyne sec cm −5 to 3,976 ± 305 dyne sec cm −5 after VF3 ( p = not significant) and increased further to 4,774 ± 442 dyne sec cm −5 after VF6 ( p > 0.05). Neither E es nor PRSW varied significantly even after 6 EP simulations, thereby indicating that contractility was unchanged during the experiment. We conclude that CO decreases in simulated electrophysiological studies but the decrease appears to be due to reflex vasoconstriction rather than direct myocardial depression.
Vivo-Morpholino knockdown of αIIb: A novel approach to inhibit thrombocyte function in adult zebrafish

Abstract Knockdown of protein function by antisense oligonucleotides has been used to understand the protein function not only in development but also in human diseases. Recently, Vivo-Morpholinos, chemically modified morpholinos which penetrate the cells, have been used in adult experimental animal models to alter the splicing and thereby change the protein expression. Until now, there have been no such studies using Vivo-Morpholinos to evaluate hemostatic function in adult animals. We injected αIIb Vivo-Morpholinos intravenously into adult zebrafish. Thrombocyte function was assayed by time to aggregation assay of the citrated blood, annexin V binding to thrombocytes, and gill bleeding. The thrombocyte functional inhibition occurred in 24 h after αIIb Vivo-Morpholinos injection and reached a maximum in 48 h. However, in 72 h, the inhibition was no longer observed. Reduction of annexin V binding to thrombocytes and increased gill bleeding were observed 48 h after αIIb Vivo-Morpholino injections. The action of the αIIb Vivo-Morpholino was demonstrated by the presence of an alternatively spliced αIIb mRNA and the reduction of αIIb in thrombocytes of fish treated with αIIb Vivo-Morpholino. These results provide the first proof of principle that thrombocyte function can be inhibited by thrombocyte-specific Vivo-Morpholinos in adult zebrafish and presents an approach to knockdown thrombocyte-specific genes to conduct biochemical studies in thrombocytes. This study also provides the first antisense antithrombotic approach to inhibit thrombocyte function in adult zebrafish.
Fruits and vegetables at home: child and parent perceptions.

Abstract Objective Examine child and parent perceptions of home food environment factors and associations with child fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. Design Research staff administered surveys to children during after-school sessions, and parents completed surveys by mail or over the phone. Setting Four urban elementary schools in St. Paul, Minnesota, serving primarily low-income populations. Participants Seventy-three children (55 girls, 18 boys) and 1 parent/guardian per child participated in a theater-based intervention aimed at obesity prevention. Main Outcome Measures Perceptions of home food environment factors (home FV availability, home FV accessibility; parental encouragement to eat FV; family meal frequency). Analysis Descriptive statistics and paired t tests. Results On average, child and parent perceptions of the home food environment were similar. When comparing child-parent dyad perceptions of home food environment, a moderate to high level of agreement (56%-86%) was found. Child report of home FV availability, home FV accessibility, parental encouragement to eat FV, and family meal frequency explained 26.7% of the variance in child FV intake, whereas parent report of these factors explained 4.9% of the variance. Conclusions and Implications It is important to understand both child and parent perceptions of the home food environment when developing interventions aimed at increasing child FV intake.
Pediatric Topics in the School Psychology Literature: Publications Since 1981.

Abstract Pediatric topics have potential importance to school psychology given the field's new, broadly conceived definition, reconceptualization of schools as health delivery sites, burgeoning pediatric knowledge with educational implications, and expansion of pediatricians' roles into behavioral realms. This article addresses the rate at which pediatric-related articles were published among school psychology journals (Journal of School Psychology, Psychology in the Schools, School Psychology International, School Psychology Review, and School Psychology Quarterly) from 1981 to 2001. The overall number of such articles increased from 11 during the 1981–1983 interval to more than twice as many during every subsequent 3-year interval. Articles, some reporting empirical findings and others offering reviews or practice suggestions, concerning traditional health conditions and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) appeared to be ample. Fewer articles concerned with school psychologists as health care providers and school psychologist–pediatrician collaboration were found. The available literature seems to support school psychologists' widening role definition.
The Effect of Glycerol and Related Compounds on Survival of Tritrichomonas foetus at Freezing Temperatures

SUMMARY. The addition of 1.0–1.1 M (9–10%) glycerol to CPLM medium of Johnson and Trussell permits Tritrichomonas foetus to survive when frozen slowly to -20d or -76dC. and stored at either temperature. After freezing to -76dC. at the rate of 1dC. per minute, 38% of the protozoa were alive after 1 day, and some survived more than 128 days. After freezing to -20dC. in 1–2 hours, 63% of the protozoa were alive after 1 day, 46% after 8 days, and some survived 32 to more than 128 days in different experiments. After freezing to -20dC. in about 7 hours, 68% were alive after 1 day, 36% after 8 days, and some survived 16 to more than 64 days in different experiments. A concentration of 0.55 M (5%) glycerol is about as effective as 1.1 M, but 0.14 and 0.28 M are much less effective. If the protozoa are snap-frozen to -76dC., glycerol does not protect them, nor do they survive slow freezing without glycerol. In CPLM medium containing 1.0 M ethylene glycol, 72% of the protozoa were alive 1 day after having been frozen to -20dC. in about 7 hours, 29% were alive after 8 days, and some survived from 16 to more than 32 days in different experiments. The above figures are averages. In parallel tests at a concentration of 1.0 M in CPLM medium following slow freezing to -20dC. and storage at that temperature for 1 day, ethylene glycol was 80–90% as effective as glycerol; 1,2,3,4-butanetetrol was 67% as effective; 1,2-propanediol was 57% as effective; 2,3-butanediol, 14%; mannose, 6%; and mannitol, 1%. Glycerol monoacetate and polyvinyl alcohol were inactive; and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol was toxic.
Wavelets and filter banks. A signal processing perspective

Wavelets are a relative newcomer to signal decomposition, and offer a flexible analog transform to provide multiresolution signal decomposition. Their advantages over Fourier and short-time Fourier transforms (STFTs) are significant, and the linkages and practical commonalities of these two transform techniques have generated interdisciplinary research activities among mathematicians, physicists and electrical engineers. This article presents the fundamentals of wavelet transform theory. In this context, the subject's mathematical rigor is avoided. We discuss the differences between the conventional STFT and wavelet transforms from a time-frequency "tiling" point of view. Then, we highlight the significant role of discrete-time filter banks in wavelet theory, and assess the practicality of wavelets in signal processing applications. >
Pneumococcal empyema in childhood.

• Two serotypes, uncommon in pediatric infections, accounted for a disproportionately large number of cases of pneumococcal empyema at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Eight of ten empyemas were caused by types 1 or 3, and two additional cases of mixed infection involved the type 3 pneumococcus. The type 3 pneumococcal empyemas tended to be more severe than those due to other serotypes. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) appeared to be more useful than culture in establishing the cause of this condition; in seven of ten cases, the pleural fluid was CIE positive while cultures of blood and pleural fluid were negative. In each of the seven culture-negative cases, antibiotics had been given prior to hospitalization. One case of type 7 pneumococcal empyema illustrated the potential value of the Ouchterlony test for the etiologic diagnosis of this condition. ( Am J Dis Child 132:1094-1096, 1978)
Isolation of Mouse Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Exposure to Experimental Cigarette Smoke at Air Liquid Interface

Pulmonary epithelial cells can be isolated from the respiratory tract of mice and cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI) as a model of differentiated respiratory epithelium. A protocol is described for isolating and exposing these cells to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS), in order to study epithelial cell responses to CS exposure. The protocol consists of three parts: the isolation of airway epithelial cells from mouse trachea, the culturing of these cells at air-liquid interface (ALI) as fully differentiated epithelial cells, and the delivery of calibrated mainstream CS to these cells in culture. The ALI culture system allows the culture of respiratory epithelia under conditions that more closely resemble their physiological setting than ordinary liquid culture systems. The study of molecular and lung cellular responses to CS exposure is a critical component of understanding the impact of environmental air pollution on human health. Research findings in this area may ultimately contribute towards understanding the etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other tobacco-related diseases, which represent major global health problems.
A review of theories of mechanisms of induced seismicity

Abstract Theories of the physical processes leading to the stimulation of seismic activity by underground explosions, fluid injection, and reservoir impoundment are summarized. In all cases, the materials must be pre-stressed to a substantial fraction of their breaking strength in order for seismicity to be induced. Stress concentrations due to the presence of old faults or to inhomogeneities in the material properties play an important role in localizing induced seismicity. For the few cases for which data are available, the stimulation of earthquakes by fluid injection in bore holes is adequately explained by a Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion and the concept of effective pressure in a water-filled porous mechanism. Reservoir-related earthquakes are most likely due to the same mechanism, but, in view of the low injection pressures, additional physical or chemical effects of the water on the materials may play an important role. There may be a weakening of the materials in old fault zones by the introduction of water or static fatigue in silicate rocks due to stress corrosion.
“The Public” in Public Schools: The Social Construction/Constriction of Moral Communities

The question posed in this paper is: How do public schools, which are supposed to be universally accessible moral communities, engage in patterns of systematic exclusion? Through three case studies of public secondary schools, in each of which issues of exclusion of groups of students have arisen, this analysis pierces educational ideologies of “merit,” “choice,” and “tradition” as they have justified moral exclusion from public education.
Evolutionary process and the ecology of human immune function.

Evolutionary principles inform central design features of hu- man immune defenses and provide key insights into this complicated host defense system. This article explores the selection pressures and adaptive responses that have elaborated the immune system over the course of evo- lution and discusses their implications for understanding contemporary im- mune development and function. Special attention is given to the challenges posed by diverse, rapidly evolving pathogens and the mammalian response to these challenges. The process of lymphocyte diversity generation and subse- quent clonal selection is quintessentially Darwinian: pathogens provide se- lection pressure that drives differential replication of host immune cell lines, resulting in changes in genetic frequencies within an individual's population of lymphocytes. The immune system also incorporates nongenetic transgen- erational processes in the transfer of antibodies from mother to offspring through the placenta and breast milk. The consequences of these observa- tions for human development, health, and the ecology of immune function are considered throughout the life cycle. Specifically, evolutionary processes pro- vide insight into autoimmunity, thymic function, lymphocyte development, infectious disease risk, and lactation. While much work in evolutionary medi- cine focuses on the discordance between evolved biology and rapidly changing cultural environments, with respect to the immune system, evolutionary pro- cesses may be most revealing when applied within individuals. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:705-717, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photoemissive, Photoconductive, and Optical Absorption Studies of Alkali-Antimony Compounds

By means of absorption and photoconductivity measurements, the following band gaps were found: ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}$Sb---1.1 ev; ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$Sb---1.1 ev; ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$Sb---1.0 ev; ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{3}$Sb---1.6 ev; and ${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb---1.0 ev. A model has been derived for the photoemission from these materials which fits the three last materials listed above in addition to the ${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb with surface layers of Cs or Rb added. The electron affinities found from the photoemissive data using this model were as follows: ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$Sb---1.2 ev; ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{3}$Sb---0.45 ev; ${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb---1.0 ev; [Rb]${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb---0.70 ev; and [Cs]${(\mathrm{NaK})}_{3}$Sb---0.55 ev. The electron affinity of ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$Sb was estimated to be between 1.1 and 1.8 ev and that of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}$Sb to be between 2.0 and 2.4 ev. By means of the temperature dependence of the photoemission, ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$Sb, ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{3}$Sb, and the multi-alkali materials were found to have $p$-type conductivity; whereas ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$Sb and ${\mathrm{Na}}_{3}$Sb were found to have $n$-type conductivity.
Some aspects of the Morris-Lecar model and the myelinated axon models with Morris-Lecar dynamics

The solutions of reaction-diffusion equations of the Morris-Lecar nerve axon model are analyzed for the robust and weak current-voltage relations. The qualitative behavior of the myelinated axon models with Morris-Lecar dynamics is studied with nonzero length nodal segments and with point nodal segments. No excited steady state solutions will appear if the width of the nodes is too short for the model of nonzero length nodal segments. A nontrivial periodic steady state solution exists and is an attractor if the current-voltage relation is robust enough. A weak current-voltage relation will result in the whole membrane potential being pulled back to the rest state as time elapses.
Distinguishing between the Permeability Relationships with Absorption and Metabolism To Improve BCS and BDDCS Predictions in Early Drug Discovery

The biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and biopharmaceutics drug distribution classification system (BDDCS) are complementary classification systems that can improve, simplify, and accelerate drug discovery, development, and regulatory processes. Drug permeability has been widely accepted as a screening tool for determining intestinal absorption via the BCS during the drug development and regulatory approval processes. Currently, predicting clinically significant drug interactions during drug development is a known challenge for industry and regulatory agencies. The BDDCS, a modification of BCS that utilizes drug metabolism instead of intestinal permeability, predicts drug disposition and potential drug–drug interactions in the intestine, the liver, and most recently the brain. Although correlations between BCS and BDDCS have been observed with drug permeability rates, discrepancies have been noted in drug classifications between the two systems utilizing different permeability models, which are...
Kaposi's sarcoma of the bone marrow presenting with fever of unknown origin

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has become more common in the United States with the spread of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. The epidemic form associated with AIDS involves primarily skin and visceral organs. Bone marrow involvement is rare. We present a case of Kaposi's sarcoma that was diagnosed upon bone marrow biopsy, without skin or visceral involvement, that presented with fever of unknown origin which responded to indomethacin and anti-KS chemotherapy. Kaposi's sarcoma of the bone marrow should be considered in the differential of febrile illness of unknown origin in patients with AIDS.
Site-selective hole burning in Eu 3+ :Y 2 SiO 5

We found that the Eu3+ ion occupies several distinct sites in Y2SiO5. We were also able to perform hole-burning studies in more than 40 different transitions.