cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signet ring cell lobular carcinoma of the breast presenting in a cervicovaginal smear: A case report

BACKGROUND: The presence of extragenital malignant cells in cervicovaginal smears is a rare and usually late event in a patient with a long history of cancer. This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first case of breast cancer initially diagnosed on a Pap smear. CASE: A 50-year-old woman presented with abdominal distension and weight gain. A Pap smear showed numerous signet ring cells and was diagnosed as signet ring cell adenocarcinoma, most likely metastatic from the breast or stomach. Subsequent evaluation revealed bilateral adnexal masses and inguinal lymphadenopathy, leading to hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The ovaries, corpus and cervix were involved by signet ring cell carcinoma. The metastatic tumor proved to be positive for CK7, CEA, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptors and negative for CK20. Despite the absence of a discrete palpable breast mass, a mammogram was recommended based on these results, and an ensuing breast biopsy showed the presence of an infiltrating lobular carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Lobular carcinoma of the breast may present in a cervicovaginal smear. Correct interpretation of signet ring cells as metastatic, most likely from the breast or stomach, is helpful in guiding management.
The Preamble of the Charter—A Critical Analysis

The Preamble of the international treaty signed at San Francisco on June 26, 1945, is preceded by the words, "Charter of the United Nations," indicating the title of that legal instrument and the name of the organization constituted by it. "Charter" is certainly a more adequate designation of the constitution of an international community than "Covenant," the name given to the statute of the League of Nations. The term "Charter" refers to the contents of the treaty whereas the term "covenant" refers to the contractual form of the contents, which amounts to naming a treaty a treaty. The name of the Organization "United Nations" has been adopted "in tribute to the memory of Franklin Delano Roosevelt" 1 who suggested it. It was taken from the "Declaration of the United Nations" signed at Washington on January 1, 1942. By this treaty each contracting party assumed the obligations "to employ its full resources, military or economic, against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such government is at war," "to cooperate with the governments signatory hereto, and not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies." 2
Use of combinatorial peptide libraries for T-cell epitope mapping.

T lymphocytes play important roles not only in infectious diseases and autoimmunity, but also in immune responses against tumors. For many of these disorders, the relevant target antigens are not known. Designing effective methods that allow the search for T-cell epitopes is therefore an important goal in the areas of infectious diseases, oncology, vaccine development, and numerous other biomedical specialties. So far, the strategies used to examine T-cell recognition have been based largely on mapping T-cell epitopes with overlapping peptides from known proteins or with entire proteins, e.g., from a specific virus, bacterium, or human tissue. These approaches are tedious and have a number of limitations. It is, for example, almost impossible to isolate T cells that infiltrate an organ or infectious site and identify their specificity unless one already has a concept as to which antigens may be relevant. During recent years, a number of laboratories have developed less biased approaches that employ either the selection of putative T-cell epitopes based on the prediction of binding to certain major histocompatibilty complex (MHC) molecules and peptide or protein libraries that have been generated in expression systems, e.g. phage, or rely on combinatorial peptide chemistry. The latter technique has been refined by a number of laboratories including ours. Bead-bound or, preferably, positional scanning synthetic and soluble combinatorial peptide libraries allow the identification of T-cell epitopes within complex mixtures of proteins even for T cells that have been expanded from an organ infiltrate with a polyclonal stimulus. The practical steps that are involved in the latter method are described in this article.
Human cyclin A is adenovirus E1A-associated protein p60 and behaves differently from cyclin B

CYCLINS are proteins synthesized during each cell cycle and abruptly destroyed in each mitosis1–5. Cyclins have been implicated in the induction of mitosis6,7 and are associated with the serine–threonine protein kinase p34cdc2 as components of mitosis promoting factor (MPF)8–-10. On the basis of conserved sequence motifs cyclins can be divided into A or B types. We recently cloned a human cyclin B (ref. 11) and showed that cyclin B expression is regulated transcriptionally and post-translationally during the cell cycle, and that cyclin B associates with p34cdc2. Here we report that human cyclin A messenger RNA and protein levels also vary during the cell cycle, and increase and decrease in advance of cyclin B levels. Cyclin A is associated with a protein of relative molecular mass 33,000 that is related to, but distinct from, p34cdc2, and this complex has histone H1 kinase activity in vitro. Cyclin A is identical to p60, a protein that associates with p34cdc2 in interphase cells12 and with adenovirus E1 A in transformed cells22.
Natural history of aortic and mitral valve disease

An appreciation of the natural history of acquired valvular heart disease is a prerequisite to an understanding of how surgical intervention has altered the natural outlook. The prognosis for a patient with valvular heart disease treated medically is dependent on the stage of the disease at which he is first seen. Therefore, assessment for surgery requires evaluation of the pathophysiologic consequences that have resulted from the hemodynamic alterations. Survival statistics for patients seen at the University of California Medical Center at San Francisco are presented and compared with the data of others. Stenotic lesions appear to have a poorer prognosis than chronic regurgitant lesions and generally warrant surgical intervention at an earlier functional stage of the disease. However, valvular insufficiency produced acutely is poorly tolerated and many constitute a surgical emergency.
Anaesthetic management of major facial trauma in dogs

Abstract Major facial trauma in the dog can be successfully treated in many patients. Four dogs, from a group of trauma patients presented to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, represent the differences in anaesthetic management and the selection of contrasting safe methodology. It is hoped that these examples will encourage evaluation of facial trauma patients and facilitate selection appropriate for anaesthetic management.
Vehicle Ownership and Mode Use: The Challenge of Sustainability

This annual special issue of "Transportation: Planning, Policy, Research, Practice" comprises selected papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) in January 2009. The theme of this special issue is "Vehicle Ownership and Mode Use: The Challenge of Sustainability." Six behavior modeling papers are included that deal with issues related to fuel price, vehicle ownership and vehicle miles traveled. These papers seek to advance the knowledge of automobile ownership, usage and mode choice decisions, and also provide the basis for further research.
Orientation and relaxation of nonlinear elastic dumbbells in electric fields: Modeling transient electric birefringence

The orientation and extension of a finitely extensible nonlinearly elastic (FENE) dumbbell in an electric field is analyzed to model the nonlinear phenomena observed during orientation and relaxation of flexible polymer molecules in transient electric birefringence measurements. In the model the dumbbell interacts with the electric field via an induced dipole with a dipole moment proportional to the end‐to‐end separation of the dumbbell. The electric field produces a strong ‘‘elongational’’ deformation of the molecule which has analogies with the deformations produced by elongational flow. The steady state birefringence, as a function of field strength, is calculated in two ways: first using matched expansions around low and high field conditions, and then using Peterlin’s approximation of preaveraging the connector force law. Both techniques yield similar results: Kerr law behavior is observed at low field strengths and saturation of birefringence at high field strengths. Birefringence relaxation after t...
Patients' rationale for declining participation in a cancer-associated weight loss study

Background Fewer than 5 % of cancer patients participate in clinical research. Although this paltry rate has led to extensive research on this topic, previous studies have not sought verbatim comments in a real-time, comprehensive manner to understand why patients decline.
Fifty Years of U.S. Embargo: Cuba's Health Outcomes and Lessons

The U.S. trade embargo against Cuba, enacted after Fidel Castro's revolution overthrew the Batista regime, reaches 50 years in 2010. Its stated goal has been to bring democracy to the Cuban people ( 1 ), but a 2009 U.S. Senate report concluded “the unilateral embargo on Cuba has failed to achieve its stated purpose” ( 2 ). Domestic and international favor for the embargo is not strong ( 3 ). Many political and business leaders suggest changing U.S. policy toward Cuba, and President Obama eased travel and remittance restrictions of Cuban-Americans ( 4 , 5 ). In light of such changes in sentiment and policy, and also the impending overhaul of U.S. health care, we review health consequences and lessons from “one of the most complex and longstanding embargoes in modern history” ( 2 ).
A paired comparison between human skin and hairless guinea pig skin in vitro permeability and lag time measurements for 6 industrial chemicals.

The purpose of the present study was to measure and compare permeability coefficients (kp) and lag times (τ) in human skin and hairless guinea pig (HGP) skin. Paired experiments employed heat-separated epidermal membranes from human and HGP sources mounted on static in vitro diffusion cells. Infinite-dose, saturated aqueous solutions of 6 industrial chemicals were used as donors: aniline, benzene, 1,2- dichloroethane, diethyl phthalate, naphthalene, and tetrachloroethylene. No significant differences were found between human and HGP skin for either kp or τ for any of these chemicals (p ≥ .24). HGP vs. human kp measurements, and HGP vs. human τ measurements, were highly correlated. For kp, the slope of the linear correlation was close to unity (1.080 ± 0.182) and the intercept close to 0 (0.015 ± 0. 029 cm/h), with a correlation coefficient (r2) = 0.898. For τ, the slope was also close to unity (0.818 ± 0.030) and the intercept close to 0 (–0.014 ± 0.023 h), with r2 = 0.994. These results suggest that HGP ...
Finite element analysis of coupled chemo-poro-thermo-mechanical effects around a wellbore in swelling shale

Abstract Maintaining wellbore stability is a critical problem when drilling for petroleum production in high pressure and temperature shales that tend to swell and deteriorate in the presence of the water phase of a drilling fluid. In this paper, a finite element model is developed for coupled linear and non-linear chemo-poro-thermoelasticity. The model is first verified through comparisons with the analytical results for the cases of linear poroelasticity, poro-thermoelasticity, and chemo-poroelasticity. Then, the non-linear finite element model is used to analyze the problem of a wellbore in a chemo-poro-thermoelastic formation with non-hydrostatic in situ stress field. The results indicate that the coupling between temperature and salinity has an important impact on wellbore stability, namely heating and a lower solute mass fraction in mud increase pore pressures, the radial and tangential total stresses in the formation, and vice versa. Finally, the prediction of the non-linear chemo-poroelastic model are compared to those obtained using a linear model. Results show that for mud properties within the range of interest, the linear model provides good results for the purpose of assessing shale instability.
In-Network Snoop Ordering (INSO): Snoopy coherence on unordered interconnects

Realizing scalable cache coherence in the many-core era comes with a whole new set of constraints and opportunities. It is widely believed that multi-hop, unordered on-chip networks would be needed in many-core chip multiprocessors (CMPs) to provide scalable on-chip communication. However, providing ordering among coherence transactions on unordered interconnects is a challenge. Traditional approaches for tackling coherence either have to use ordered interconnects (snoop-based protocols) which lead to scalability problems, or rely on an ordering point (directory-based protocols) which adds indirection latency. In this paper, we propose In-Network Snoop Ordering (INSO), in which coherence requests from a snoop-based protocol are inserted into the interconnect fabric and the network orders the requests in a distributed manner, creating a global ordering among requests. Essentially, when coherence requests enter the network, they grab snoop-orders at the injection router before being broadcasted. A snoop-order specifies the global ordering of the particular request with respect to other requests. Before requests reach their destinations, they get ordered along the way, at intermediate routers and destination network interfaces. Our logical ordering scheme can be mapped onto any unordered interconnect. This enables a cache coherence protocol which exploits the low-latency nature of unordered interconnects without adding indirection to coherence transactions. Our full-system evaluations compare INSO against a directory protocol and a broadcast based Token Coherence protocol. INSO outperforms these protocols by up to 30% and 8.5%, respectively, on a wide range of scientific and emerging applications.
The Effects of Grammar Supplementation on Written Accuracy in an Intermediate Spanish Content Course

Two sections of an intermediate Spanish content course were supplemented with grammar (daily grammar review and error correction feedback on written work); two comparison group sections lacked the grammar component. Two written pre-/posttests—one grammar-focused, one integrative (an essay)—showed that both groups exhibited significant improvement over the semester in overall grammatical accuracy on both instruments. The plus-grammar group significantly outperformed the nongrammar group on the grammar-focused instrument but not on the integrative one. A few between-group differences occurred on the essays, but there was no tendency for one group to outperform the other. The results suggest that a grammar review is a beneficial supplement to a content course when performance on grammar-focused tests is important, but that an intermediate level content course by itself can promote significant improvement in grammatical accuracy in writing in the target language.
Angular distribution of undulator power for an arbitrary deflection parameter K

A calculation of the angular distribution of power generated from an undulator, integrated over all frequencies, is presented. The result, valid for any arbitrary value of the deflection parameter K, reduces to the known expressions in the cases K ..-->.. infinity and K ..-->.. 0.
Preequilibrium analysis of (p, n) spectra on various targets at proton energies of 25 TO 45 MeV

Abstract Thin target (p, n) spectra are reported for incident proton energies of 25, 35 and 45 MeV on 48 Ca, 90 Zr and 120 Sn, and at proton energies of 35 and 45 MeV on 208 Pb. Angle-integrated spectra are compared with predictions of the geometry-dependent hybrid model, the hybrid model, and the hybrid model with average state lifetime. The geometry-dependent hybrid model, when combined with evaporation components, gives an excellent prediction of the overall shapes and magnitudes of the experimental results. The simpler hybrid model fails in both respects, paralleling results of earlier comparisons of (p, p') spectra with model calculations.
Factors associated with fecal-shedding of Salmonella spp by horses on US operations

In a cross-sectional national study that included 972 operations with > 3 horses on 1/1/98 in 28 states in the USA, 8,417 fecal specimens were collected from horses and cultured to test for the presence of Salmonella spp. Operations were characterized as Salmonella spp-positive if at least one fecal specimen tested positive for Salmonella spp. Percentages of Salmonella spp-positive operations were computed by management and other factors (collected from operation-level questionnaires) that were hypothesized to be related to fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. A logistic-regression model was constructed to identify factors associated with horses shedding Salmonella spp in feces on an operation. The odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive increased as the number of resident horses increased. In addition, the following factors were found to be associated with increased odds of an operation being Salmonella spp positive: horses were used primarily for breeding; operation cleanliness was characterized as poor by the data collector; and new resident equids had been added to the operation without routine quarantine.
Performance of polymer-steel sandwich structures under blast loads

The applicability of the polymer-steel sandwich structures has become a topic of interest over the last few years. To study the effect of polymers (which are well-known energy absorbers) on the performance of sandwich structures under blast loads, a set of experiments were carried out on circular polyurea-steel sandwich samples in a 3 Hopkinson bar setup. Using a physics-based material model for polyurea, the test was numerically modeled in LS-DYNA and verified by comparing to experimental results.
An Ab Initio Investigation of the Ground and Excited Electronic State Properties of a Series of Bromine- and Iodine-Containing Singlet Carbenes

Ab initio calculations have been performed to determine the structure and energies of the ground and first excited electronic states of bromine- and iodine-containing singlet carbenes. Effective core potential basis sets augmented with polarization functions were utilized at the CASSCF, CASPT2, and CISD levels of theory. Validation of the effective core potential basis sets for the ground and excited states of the singlet carbenes was carried out by comparison with previous results from all-electron basis set calculations. As was the case in previous studies of chlorine- and fluorine-containing halocarbenes, the bromine- and iodine-containing singlet carbenes are characterized by small bond angles in their ground states, ranging from 100° to 112°, and dramatically larger bond angles in their first excited states, ranging from 125° to 132°. This increase is due to the promotion of an electron from a carbon lone pair orbital coplanar with the carbon−halogen bonds to a carbon p-type orbital perpendicular to ...
Inactivation of Escherichia coli by polychromatic simulated sunlight: evidence for and implications of a fenton mechanism involving iron, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide.

ABSTRACT Sunlight inactivation of Escherichia coli has previously been shown to accelerate in the presence of oxygen, exogenously added hydrogen peroxide, and bioavailable forms of exogenously added iron. In this study, mutants unable to effectively scavenge hydrogen peroxide or superoxide were found to be more sensitive to polychromatic simulated sunlight (without UVB wavelengths) than wild-type cells, while wild-type cells grown under low-iron conditions were less sensitive than cells grown in the presence of abundant iron. Furthermore, prior exposure to simulated sunlight was found to sensitize cells to subsequent hydrogen peroxide exposure in the dark, but this effect was attenuated for cells grown with low iron. Mutants deficient in recombination DNA repair were sensitized to simulated sunlight (without UVB wavelengths), but growth in the presence of iron chelators reduced the degree of sensitization conferred by this mutation. These findings support the hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, and intracellular iron all participate in the photoinactivation of E. coli and further suggest that the inactivation rate of enteric bacteria in the environment may be strongly dependent on iron availability and growth conditions.
Anatomical evidence of impaired feedforward auditory processing in schizophrenia.

Background Somal volumes of pyramidal cells are reduced within feedforward but not feedback circuits in areas 41 and 42 of the auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. Because neuronal somal volume depends on both the number of axonal terminations onto and furnished by the neuron, we hypothesized that axon terminal densities are reduced in feedforward but not feedback auditory pathways in subjects with schizophrenia. Methods We used stereologic methods to quantify the density of a marker of axon terminals, synaptophysin-immunoreactive (SY-IR) puncta, in areas 41 and 42 of 15 subjects with schizophrenia and matched normal comparison subjects. The effect of long-term haloperidol exposure on density of SY-IR puncta was similarly evaluated in nonhuman primates. Results Synaptophysin-immunoreactive puncta density was 13.6% lower in deep layer 3 of area 41 in the schizophrenia subjects but was not changed in layer 1 of area 41 or in deep layer 3 of area 42. Density of SY-IR puncta did not differ between haloperidol-exposed and control monkeys. Conclusions Reduction of SY-IR puncta density is selective for feedforward circuits within primary auditory cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. This deficit may contribute to impairments in auditory sensory processing in this disorder.
Theoretically estimated peak wind loads

Abstract Current estimation of peak pressure coefficients and peak wind loads on structures in the ASCE 7 Standard [American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE Standard, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Structures, ASCE 7-02, ASCE, Reston, VA, USA, 2002] is based on the assumption that they are distributed normally. However, this assumption is erroneous in the case of low-rise structures because the time varying pressures and loads along roof edges and ridges have been observed to be generally non-Gaussian [H.W. Tieleman, Z. Ge, M.R. Hajj, T.A. Reinhold, Pressures on a surface-mounted rectangular prism under varying incident turbulence, J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 91 (2003) 1095–1115]. In this article, a new procedure is used to evaluate from one individual non-Gaussian sample record statistics of peak pressure or peak load coefficients. The initial step for the analysis requires the identification and evaluation of the appropriate marginal probability distribution. The results reveal that the distribution of the time histories of surface pressure and load coefficients is well represented by the gamma distribution, whose parameters can be adequately evaluated from the theoretical moment estimators. The corresponding distribution of the peaks of the sample records that represents either the pressure coefficients or the load coefficients, can then be obtained using a standard translation process approach. This information yields the mean and the standard deviation of the sample peaks, which are then used to determine the extreme coefficients associated at any selected probability level of non-exceedence. This latter step can be made by assuming that the distribution of the peaks follows the Extreme Value Type I (Gumbel) distribution. The analysis is applied to pressure measurements on the 1:50 scale model of the experimental building at the Wind Engineering Research Field Laboratory (WERFL), and executed in the Clemson boundary-layer wind tunnel over a range of incident turbulence intensities.
Osteoid osteoma of the mandibular ramus.

Cet article decrit un cas diagnostique histologiquement d'osteome osteoide localise au bord posterieur de la branche droite du maxillaire inferieur
Commissioning results of the BNL/SLAC/UCLA symmetrized 1.6-cell S-band emittance-compensated photoinjector

The BNL/SLAC/UCLA symmetrized 1.6 cell S-band emittance- compensated photoinjector has been installed at the Brookhaven Accelerator Test Facility (ATF). The commissioning results and performance of the photocathode injector are presented. This photoinjector consists of the symmetrized BNL/SLAC/UCLA 1.6 cell S-band photocathode radio frequency gun and a single solenoidal magnet for transverse emittance compensation. The highest acceleration field achieved on the cathode is 150 MV/m, and the normal operating field is 125 MV/m. The quantum efficiency of the copper cathode was measured to be 4.5 multiplied by 10-5. The measured quantum efficiency of the magnesium cathode is a factor of ten greater than that of copper after using both laser and laser assisted explosive electron emission cleaning. The transverse emittance and bunch length of the photoelectron beam were measured. The optimized rms normalized emittance for a charge of 329 plus or minus 12 pC is 2.0 plus or minus 0.3 pi mm-mrad. The bunch length dependency of photoelectron beam on the rf gun phase and acceleration fields were experimentally investigated. Electric and magnetic field asymmetries studies are presented.
Towards zero-click mobile IR evaluation: knowing what and knowing when

In this poster, we propose two evaluation tasks for mobile information access. The first task evaluates the system's ability to guess what the user's query should be given a context ("Knowing What"). The second task evaluates the system's ability to decide when to proactively deploy a given query ("Knowing When"). We conduct a preliminary manual analysis of a mobile query log to limit the space of possible queries so as to design feasible and practical evaluation tasks.
Children in Sport: Participation Motives and Psychological Stress

Recent research on children's sport participation motives is examined to provide insight about potential sources of stress in organized youth sports. It is concluded that affiliation, skill development, success and status, excitement, and fitness represent the most important general motive factors for young athletes. A four-stage model of stress is outlined, extant empirical literature on stress in youth sports is briefly reviewed within this framework, and implications of these findings with regard to the stressfulness of athletic competition for children are discussed. It is proposed that future stress research in youth sports examine coach-player and parent-player interactions, the antecedents of competitive trait anxiety, other sources of stress in addition to performance-and success-related demands, and the role of participation motivation as a moderator variable in players' responses to various stressors. The need for research with younger children and participants in individual sports also is addre...
Well-to-tank environmental analysis of a renewable diesel fuel from vegetable oil through co-processing in a hydrotreatment unit.

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study of HidroBioDiesel (HBD) was carried out. This partly renewable diesel fuel is obtained from the co-processing of soybean vegetable oil with conventional fossil fuel in hydrotreating facilities of crude oil refineries. The environmental profile of HBD was assessed for the fossil energy use and climate change impact categories. The production systems of equivalent fuels -blends of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME, a biofuel obtained by means of transesterification of vegetable oil) and mineral diesel with sulphur content below 10 ppm were also assessed for comparison purposes. The environmental performance of HBD systems compares favourably to those of FAME and diesel blends for the selected impact categories. The estimated environmental benefits of HBD (assuming a 13% renewable blend) include reductions of up to 2% in fossil energy use and 9% in climate change impacts.
Propagation of laser breakdown and detonation waves in transparent droplets

A computer model is used to study recent experiments investigating laser-induced plasma formation and explosion of single liquid aerosol droplets. The model accounts for the formation and evolution of the plasma and the resulting fluid flow; it does not account for the initial breakdown. The model shows all the qualitative features of the experiment, including laser-supported detonation waves, which at high laser intensities rapidly convert the whole droplet into a plasma. In addition, quantitative agreement with measured velocities has been obtained to within approximately 50%.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of a recombinant 72.5 kDa fragment of the 110 kDa regulatory subunit of smooth muscle protein phosphatase 1M

We have cloned a partial rat kidney cDNA that encodes a 72.5 kDa N terminal fragment of a third isoform of the M110 subunit of phosphatase 1. This new isoform contains an insert in the 542–597 position not present in the M110 previously cloned (Chen et al. (1994) FEBS Lett. 356, 51–55) from the same species. The encoded cDNA was expressed as a soluble GST-fusion protein in E. coli, and its ability to interact with native PP-1C was measured both in vitro and in permeabilized smooth muscle. In vitro, the fusion protein was capable of selectively binding PP-1C and increasing the substrate specificity of the phosphatase towards myosin 13.2 ± 3.5-fold (S.E. of the mean, n = 3). In permeabilized smooth muscle pretreated with microcystin, the recombinant protein alone (1.0 μM) did not cause relaxation, but did significantly enhance the ability of PP-1C (0.3 μM) to relax the muscle. These findings show that the N terminal domain of the M110 subunit is the primary site for both PP-1C and myosin binding, and thereby determines myosin specificity. The presence of isoformic variation within this sequence may permit organ/cell specific regulation of phosphorylation sites.
Alternative pathways of glucose transport in Prevotella bryantii B14

Prevotella bryantii B14 grew faster on glucose than mannose (0.70 versus 0.45 h−1), but these sugars were used simultaneously rather than diauxically. 2-deoxy-glucose (2DG) decreased the growth rate of cells that were provided with either glucose or mannose, but 2DG did not completely prevent growth. Cells grown on glucose or mannose transported both 14C-glucose and 14C-mannose, but cells grown on glucose had over three-fold higher rates of 14C-glucose transport than cells grown on mannose. The 14C-mannose transport rates of glucose- and mannose-grown cells were similar. Woolf-Augustinsson-Hofstee plots were not linear, and it appeared that the glucose/mannose/2DG carrier acted as a facilitated diffusion system at high substrate concentrations. When cultures were grown on nitrogen-deficient (excess sugar) medium, isolates had three-fold lower 14C-glucose transport, but the 14C-mannose transport did not change significantly. 14C-glucose and 14C-mannose transport rates could be inhibited by 2DG and either mannose or glucose, respectively. The 14C-glucose transport of mannose-grown cells was inhibited more strongly by mannose and 2DG than those grown on glucose. Cells grown on glucose or mannose had similar ATP-dependent glucokinase activity, and 2DG was a competitive inhibitor (Ki=0.75 mM). Thin layer chromatography indicated that cell extracts also had ATP-dependent mannose phosphorylation, but only a small amount of phosphorylated 2DG was detected. Glucose, mannose or 2DG were not phosphorylated in the presence of PEP. Based on these results, it appeared that P. bryantii B14 had: (1) two mechanisms of glucose transport, a constitutive glucose/mannose/2DG carrier and an alternative glucose carrier that was regulated by glucose availability, (2) an ATP-dependent glucokinase that was competitively inhibited by 2DG but was unable to phosphorylate 2DG at a rapid rate, and (3) virtually no PEP-dependent glucose, mannose or 2DG phosphorylation activities.
SEASONAL BELOWGROUND HERBIVORY AND A DENSITY REFUGE FROM WATERFOWL HERBIVORY FOR VALLISNERIA AMERICANA

Studies of aquatic food webs rarely address the role of migratory waterfowl, even though they are ubiquitous and many are omnivorous. Several species of waterfowl consume belowground plant tubers during winter, yet the impact of such herbivory on future plant abundance is mostly unknown. To test the impact of wintering waterfowl on submerged vegetation, we installed waterfowl exclosures (N = 5) and reference plots (N = 5) open to grazing in Lake Mattamuskeet, North Carolina, USA, where Vallisneria americana (water celery, or tapegrass) dominated the plant community. Over the three-year study period, we sampled above- and belowground plant standing stock every 2–3 mo. Reference plots had a lower density (number per square meter) of Vallisneria tubers than ungrazed exclosures (repeated-measures ANOVA treatment P = 0.038, time × treatment P = 0.025). Percentage loss of tubers in reference plots was positively related to the density of tubers at the onset of winter (R2 = 0.294, P = 0.026). Despite significant...
“The Eye of the Beholder”: A Classroom Demonstration of Observer Bias

In a class demonstration of observer bias, students were led to believe that the response time of a subject's performance would decrease across three trials of a mirror-tracing task, due to alcohol consumption. The subject (a trained confederate who actually drank a nonalcoholic beverage) maintained consistent behavior and performance across trials. Students reported a trend that was consistent with the expectancy yet was not present in the behavior observed. The demonstration had a strong and memorable effect on students. We discuss the value of this classroom exercise for demonstrating observer bias.
Impact of differing population levels of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) on milling and physicochemical properties of sorghum kernel and flour

The effects of different population levels of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer, on physiochemical properties of sorghum kernels and flour, were investigated through a laboratory study at 27 and 32 °C, and 57% relative humidity. Initial population level and temperature, and their interaction, were significant for the number of F1 progeny and feeding damage (P<0.01). A strong positive correlation was also found between initial population size, number of F1 progeny, percentage of insect-damaged kernels (IDKs) and feeding damage. The impact of R. dominica on the milling quality of sorghum was seen through a reduction in abrasive hardness, milling yield, and kafirin content. Initial population and temperature affected most pasting properties, and overall pasting viscosity increased with initial population, number of F1 progeny, and percentage of IDK at 32 °C. Results show that R. dominica can potentially impact the milling quality of sorghum and also alter the physicochemical properties of sorghum flour.
The linguistic correlates of conversational deception: Comparing natural language processing technologies

The words people use and the way they use them can reveal a great deal about their mental states when they attempt to deceive. The challenge for researchers is how to reliably distinguish the linguistic features that characterize these hidden states. In this study, we use a natural language processing tool called Coh-Metrix to evaluate deceptive and truthful conversations that occur within a context of computer-mediated communication. Coh-Metrix is unique in that it tracks linguistic features based on cognitive and social factors that are hypothesized to influence deception. The results from Coh-Metrix are compared to linguistic features reported in previous independent research, which used a natural language processing tool called Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. The comparison reveals converging and contrasting alignment for several linguistic features and establishes new insights on deceptive language and its use in conversation.
Nanoparticle-Delivered Suicide Gene Therapy Effectively Reduces Ovarian Tumor Burden in Mice

There is currently no effective therapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. To address the need for a more effective treatment for this deadly disease, we conducted preclinical tests in ovarian tumor–bearing mice to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of using a cationic biodegradable poly(β-amino ester) polymer as a vector for nanoparticulate delivery of DNA encoding a diphtheria toxin suicide protein (DT-A). The promoter sequences of two genes that are highly active in ovarian tumor cells, MSLN and HE4 , were used to target DT-A expression to tumor cells. Administration of DT-A nanoparticles directly to s.c. xenograft tumors and to the peritoneal cavity of mice bearing primary and metastatic ovarian tumors resulted in a significant reduction in tumor mass and a prolonged life span compared to control mice. Minimal nonspecific tissue and blood chemistry toxicity was observed following extended treatment with nanoparticles. DT-A nanoparticle therapy suppressed tumor growth more effectively than treatment with clinically relevant doses of cisplatin and paclitaxel. Our findings suggest that i.p. administration of polymeric nanoparticles to deliver DT-A encoding DNA, combined with transcriptional regulation to target gene expression to ovarian tumor cells, holds promise as an effective therapy for advanced-stage ovarian cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(15):6184–91]
Color TV: total variation methods for restoration of vector-valued images

We propose a new definition of the total variation (TV) norm for vector-valued functions that can be applied to restore color and other vector-valued images. The new TV norm has the desirable properties of (1) not penalizing discontinuities (edges) in the image, (2) being rotationally invariant in the image space, and (3) reducing to the usual TV norm in the scalar case. Some numerical experiments on denoising simple color images in red-green-blue (RGB) color space are presented.
Automated measurement in applied behavior analysis: A review

Measurement is a critical aspect of the scientific process. If measurement systems are not accurate and precise, the findings of experiments will most likely be spurious. In applied behavior analysis, the most prevalent form of measurement is human observation with automated measurement being used sporadically. Automated measurement is generally more accurate as it minimizes recording error. This paper reviews some of the common measurement systems currently in use and examines some new technologies that may expand the use of automated recording in the future. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosis of magnetic structures and intermittency in space-plasma turbulence using the technique of surrogate data.

Several observations in space plasmas have reported the presence of coherent structures at different plasma scales. Structure formation is believed to be a direct consequence of nonlinear interactions between the plasma modes, which depend strongly on phase synchronization of those modes. Despite this important role of the phases in turbulence, very limited work has been however devoted to study the phases as a potential tracers of nonlinearities in comparison with the wealth of literature on power spectra of turbulence where phases are totally missed. We present a method based on surrogate data to systematically detect coherent structures in turbulent signals. The new method has been applied successfully to magnetosheath turbulence (Sahraoui, Phys. Rev. E, 2008, in press), where the relationship between the identified phase coherence and intermittency (classically identified as non Gaussian tails of the PDFs) as well as the energy cascade has been studied. Here we review the main results obtained in that study and show further applications to small scale solar wind turbulence. Implications of the results on theoretical modelling of space turbulence (applicability of weak/wave turbulence, its validity limits and its connection to intermittency) will be discussed.
The Listening Comprehension Exercise Network WEN): A Nationally Available Aid to the Development of Listening Proficiency in Russian1

Satellite access to foreign broadcasts opens an exciting era in learning to understand authentic foreign language by providing students with a culturally real context, extralinguistic cues and a pictorially accurate portrayal of everyday lqe. But teaching listening comprehension skills requires more than immersing students in foreign television programming. Preparation of exercises to accompany broadcasts, many of which become almost immediately dated, requires much time. As more universities obtain satellite technology and interest in teaching listening comprehension grows, the need increases for a systematic way to enhance students' listening skills and for a more efficacious means of exploiting this new technology. This paper describes a system, developed at the George Washington University and the Foreign Service Institute that shares listening exercises in Russian via national computer networks. This system alleviates the problem of time spent to develop essentially “throw-away” exercises. Currently available only in Russian, the LCEN can be emulated in other languages.
The future of wound healing: Pursuing surgical models in transgenic and knockout mice

Abstract Background Transgenic and knockout technologies have made determination of the molecular basis of wound healing possible. But there is no comprehensive or standardized approach to the investigation of wound healing in the mouse. A convention is proposed for assessing the multiple dimensions of wound healing. An approach to phenotyping a transgenic or knockout animal in a reproducible fashion is presented using this convention. Study design Age- and gender-matched wildtype and knockout mice were characterized using six parameters of wound healing: epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, contraction, tensile strength, angiogenesis, and response to ischemia. Six surgical (four standard and two impaired) models were designed and used to quantitate these parameters. These models can be combined to efficiently maximize the data from any given subject. Results Each model leads to a rapid yield of results, with an average turnover of 4.9 days (range 3 to 7 days), and morbidity and mortality were minimal. A combinatorial approach elucidates the precise wound repair deficit of any subject. A case example is presented. Conclusions Six surgical models investigating pertinent wound healing parameters are available. A factorial approach of quantitative wound healing assays maximizes data gathered from any one animal, minimizing the number of transgenic and knockout subjects needed; finely dissects molecular pathways of wound healing; and rapidly phenotypes a particular genetically altered mouse. We propose a standardized approach to wound healing assays that will elucidate critical cellular and molecular mechanisms and potential therapies.
Memory enhancement training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a preliminary study.

'Mild cognitive impairment' (MCI) in older adults refers to a significant decline in memory function but not other cognitive functions. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for MCI are needed. The present randomized clinical trial tests the efficacy of a cognitive and behavioral treatment to improve memory performance and participants' attitudes about their memory. A multi-faceted intervention that included education about memory loss, relaxation training, memory skills training, and cognitive restructuring for memory-related beliefs was compared to a no-treatment control condition. Outcomes included memory performance and appraisals of memory function and control. Results indicate that the treated group had significantly better memory appraisals than controls at the end of treatment and at a six-month follow-up. There were no differences between groups on memory performance at post-test but at follow-up the trained individuals showed a trend toward better word list recall than controls. Findings suggest that individuals with MCI can benefit from multi-component memory enhancement training. Further development of such training programs and tests of their efficacy alone and in combination with medications are needed.
Salt dependence of nucleic acid hairpin stability.

Single-stranded junctions/loops are frequently occurring structural motifs in nucleic acid structures. Due to the polyanionic nature of the nucleic acid backbone, metal ions play a crucial role in the loop stability. Here we use the tightly bound ion theory, which can account for the possible ion correlation and ensemble (fluctuation) effects, to predict the ion-dependence of loop and stem-loop (hairpin) free energies. The predicted loop free energy is a function of the loop length, the loop end-to-end distance, and the ion (Na+ and Mg2+ in this study) concentrations. Based on the statistical mechanical calculations, we derive a set of empirical formulas for the loop thermodynamic parameters as functions of Na+ and Mg2+ concentrations. For three specific types of loops, namely, hairpin, bulge, and internal loops, the predicted free energies agree with the experimental data. Further applications of these empirical formulas to RNA and DNA hairpin stability lead to good agreements with the available experimental data. Our results indicate that the ion-dependent loop stability makes significant contribution to the overall ion-dependence of the hairpin stability.
Second Opinions on the Reading First Initiative: The View from Utah

This article provides a summary of the five years of implementation of the first cohort of schools participating in Utah's Reading First Initiative. Fifteen schools across six districts comprised this cohort. Performance is compared to the performance of a cohort of matched comparison schools as well as the average state performance on the Utah Language Arts Criterion-referenced Tests (CRTs). Results indicate that Reading First schools appeared to have made greater gains than comparison schools or the state average in the percentage of students achieving proficiency on the CRTs. In addition, the achievement gap for most disaggregated groups was reduced, and greater performance was noted for students who spent three years in Reading First schools rather than one or two. These data are in contrast to the results of the Reading First Impact Study, but highlight the need to examine the contextual effects of systemic reform initiatives such as the Reading First Initiative.
Butt really? The environmental impact of cigarettes.

Are cigarette butts more than just an unsightly litter problem? Do the chemicals leached out of them just ‘go away’—biodegraded and diluted by our streams, rivers and oceans so that we can forget about them? This special supplement of Tobacco Control brings together the currently known science about cigarette butt waste and sets the stage for a new research agenda that can unite the tobacco control community with environmental activists who have long been appalled by the single most commonly collected waste item found each year on beach clean-ups. In addition, butts are also reported to comprise an estimated 25–50 percent of all collected litter items from roads and streets—making them a concern for the quality of urban life. Cigarette butts contain all the carcinogenic chemicals, pesticides, and nicotine that make tobacco use the leading cause of preventable death worldwide, yet they are commonly, unconsciously and inexcusably dumped by the trillions (5.6 trillions and counting) into the global environment each year. In this issue, Moerman and Potts demonstrate the presence of heavy metals in cigarette butt leachates—the …
Colonialism, Material Culture, and Identity in the Rio Grande and Hudson River Valleys

A comparison of two seventeenth-century colonial encounters in North America, examining the Pueblo–Spanish interaction in New Mexico and the Mohawk–Dutch situation in New York. I focus on material culture flows, the role of women, forms of labor that were extracted in each setting and how each of these contributed to power relations and identity construction.