cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac effects of acetylcholine in rat hearts: role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and prostaglandins

We examined the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and force of cardiac contraction (FCC) in isolated rat hearts. Perfusion of hearts with ACh increased both CPP and the FCC, whereas cardiac contraction rate fell. These effects of ACh were abolished by atropine but were not affected by the beta 1-adrenergic antagonist metoprolol. The nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol decreased ACh-mediated increase in FCC but did not affect the rise in CPP. Pretreatment of hearts with cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or thromboxane (Tx) A2-endoperoxide receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 decreased ACh-mediated increase in CPP and FCC, suggesting release of TxA2 in the microvasculature, which may partially account for the increase in CPP and FCC with ACh infusion. In contrast to the effect of indomethacin and SQ 29,548, pretreatment of hearts with endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) synthetase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) or guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue potentiated ACh-mediated increase in CPP and attenuated the increase in FCC, suggesting that ACh-mediated increase in CPP is modified by basal EDRF release. Thus the cardiac effects of ACh are related to muscarinic receptor activation, and the release of prostaglandins and EDRF modulates the effects of ACh in isolated rat heart.
Research Methods from Applied Behavior Analysis

Applied behavior analysis represents one of the major areas of research and practice in contemporary behavior modification or behavior therapy.1 This area developed from work on the experimental analysis of behavior (cf. Day, 1976; Ferster & Skinner, 1957; Sidman, 1960; Skinner, 1945, 1953, 1957, 1969, 1974) and emphasizes the analysis of the effects of independent events (or variables) on the occurrence of specific behaviors (or responses). Research and practice in the field focus on behaviors that are clinically or socially relevant (e.g., academic skills and social behaviors) and adheres to certain methodological criteria (e.g., experimental analysis, observer agreement on response measures, social validation of therapeutic effects).
Machine Learning of Factors Influencing Damping and Frequency of Dominant Inter-area Modes in the WECC Interconnect

The stability of inter-area electromechanical oscillations are critical to power system reliability. Due to the complexities of power systems, relationships between system conditions and oscillation characteristics, such as damping and frequency, tend to be expressed only in generalities. In this study, a list of influential factors on Western Electricity Coordinating Council interconnect modal characteristics are identified and evaluated with advanced machine learning techniques including principal component analysis, analysis of variance, classification and regression trees, and support vector machine approaches. The predictive relationships between the influential factors and modal characteristics could be used in the future to develop alert thresholds earlier than measurement-based mode estimation approaches.
On Integrating Human Decisions with Physical Sensors for Binary Decision Making

Allowing humans to act as soft sensors is increasingly becoming an attractive solution to enhance decision making performance when the available physical (hard) sensors are limited. While the fusion problem with hard data has a rich history, fusion of hard and soft data requires further understanding due to human related factors associated with human sensor data. In this work, we investigate how the presence of human sensors can be modeled in the statistical signal processing framework and the factors that need to be taken into account when integrating soft human sensor data with hard data in a signal detection framework. We consider two cases. In the first case, both types of sensors are assumed to make threshold based individual decisions using identical observations. While physical sensors use a fixed threshold, the thresholds used by human sensors are assumed to be random variables. With a given distribution for the random thresholds used at the human sensors, by properly designing the thresholds at the physical sensors, an enhanced detection performance can be observed in the integrated system compared to performing fusion with only physical sensors. In the second case, we evaluate the fusion performance when human sensors possess some side information regarding the phenomenon in addition to the common observations available at the two types of sensors.
Incorporation of 3D stereophotogrammetry as a reliable method for assessing scar volume in standard clinical practice.

Abstract Significant disfigurement and dysfunction is caused by hypertrophic scarring, a prevalent complication of burn wounds. A lack of objective tools in the assessment of scar parameters makes evaluation of scar treatment modalities difficult. 3D stereophotogrammetry, obtaining measurements from 3D photographs, represents a method to quantitate scar volume, and a 3D camera may have use in clinical practice. To validate this method, scar models were created and photographed with a 3D camera. Measurements from 3D image analysis of these scar models were compared to physical measurements of scar model volume. Reliability of 3D image analysis was assessed with both scar models and burn patient scars. Measurements of scar models by two independent observers were compared to determine inter-rater reliability, and measurements from 3D images of burn patient hypertrophic scars were compared to determine the consistency of the method between observers. The time taken for patient photography was recorded. No significant differences were found between the two methods of volume calculation (p = 0.89), and a plot of the differences showed agreement between the methods. The correlation coefficient between the two observers’ measurements of scar model volume was 0.92, and the intra-class correlation coefficient for patient scar volume was 0.998, showing good reliability. The time required to capture 3D photographs ranged from 2 to 6 min per patient, showing the potential for this tool to be efficiently incorporated into clinical practice. 3D stereophotogrammetry is a valid method to reliably measure scar volume and may be used to objectively measure efficacy of scar treatment modalities to track scar development and resolution.
Rapid assessment of juniper distribution in prairie landscapes of the northern Great Plains

Abstract Woody plant species including eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) and Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) are expanding throughout the prairie ecosystems of the Great Plains because of fire suppression, land management practices, and climate change. Juniper encroachment threatens native grasslands by altering soil characteristics, limiting herbaceous biomass, hindering native plant regeneration, and reducing rangeland productivity. Existing land cover products do not effectively characterize the distribution of juniper over a range of densities, making it difficult to assess the scale of the problem. We evaluated a method for rapid classification and mapping of juniper using matched filtering with Landsat 8 snow-covered and snow-free winter imagery (January-March), and snow-free spring imagery (April–June) for 2015–2016. We used data from two path/rows (29/30 and 30/30) in southeastern South Dakota and northeastern Nebraska (approximately 23,000 km2). In both path/rows, we found that snow-covered winter images increased contrast between juniper and the image background and resulted in the highest overall classification accuracies of 94.5% and 88.9% for juniper densities above 15%, compared to 91.4% and 85.7% for snow-free winter imagery and 57.8% and 74.1% for growing season imagery. Using winter imagery, we successfully captured pixels containing juniper density above 50% with ≥90% detection probability. However, the true positive rate dropped to less than 50% once juniper density fell below 20%. We identified 84 791 ha within the study area occupied by juniper (3.6% of the total area), including 27 504 ha in deciduous forests (33% of deciduous forest area) and 38 738 ha in grasslands (6% of grassland area).
Genuine Stress Incontinence

Urodynamic studies are necessary by definition to establish the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence with certainty. The classical study performed for this purpose is the cough urethral closure pressure profile. This study is performed by asking the patient to cough at one second intervals with a maximum effort while withdrawing the pressure recording catheter through the urethra at a continuous rate, equal to the paper or recorder speed (i.e. 1 mm/s). While the profile is in progress the true detrusor pressure channel is constantly monitored to detect any increase in detrusor pressure due to a bladder contraction. In addition, the synchrony of urine loss with the individual coughs is noted on the tracing. To optimize sensitivity it is most advantageous to perform this test in an upright position at maximum cystometric capacity. However, standing profiles are difficult to perform and often lead to the early breakdown of profilometers due to water damage.
Association of Megestrol Use With the Development of New Psychiatric Diagnoses

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the risk of megestrol, a glucocorticoid and progesterone receptor agonist used to enhance appetite, on the development of a new psychiatric diagnosis. Design and Participants Deidentified data of megestrol (n = 706) and propensity score-matched comparison (age, gender, and body mass index) patients (n = 2,118) from January 1, 2001 to June 30, 2018 were obtained from the UT Southwestern patient database. Data were analyzed using a series of conditional binary logistic regressions controlling for comorbidities, pre-existing psychiatric disorders, and number of patient encounters. Setting A large academic medical center database of megestrol-treated patients and matched comparison patients was used. Measurements and Results The regression model showed that megestrol was significantly associated with developing a new psychiatric diagnosis (B = 1.28, Wald χ21 = 83.12, odds ratio [OR] = 3.60, p Conclusions Patients taking megestrol were significantly more likely to develop a new psychiatric diagnosis than comparison patients. Highest risks were associated with the development of cognitive diagnoses. The findings suggest that megestrol, like other glucocorticoid agonists, is associated with an increased risk of developing a psychiatric disorder. This risk should be considered when determining the risk-to-benefit ratio of megestrol use in patients.
Minimally Invasive Surgical Outcomes for Deep-Seated Brain Lesions Treated with Different Tubular Retraction Systems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Minimally invasive surgery using tubular retractors was developed to minimize injury of surrounding brain during the removal of deep-seated lesions. No evidence supports the superiority of any available tubular retraction system in the treatment of these lesions. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate outcomes and complications after the resection of deep-seated lesions with tubular retractors and among available systems. Methods A PRISMA compliant systematic review was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus to identify studies in which tubular retractors were used to resect deep-seated brain lesions in patients ≥18 years old. Results The search strategy yielded 687 articles. Thirteen articles complying with inclusion criteria and quality assessment were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 309 patients operated on between 2008 and 2018 were evaluated. The most common lesions were gliomas (n = 127), followed by metastases (n = 101) and meningiomas (n = 19). Four different tubular retractors were used: modified retractors (n = 121, 39.1%); METRx (n = 60, 19.4%); BrainPath (n = 92, 29.7%); and ViewSite Brain Access System (n = 36,11.7%). Estimated gross total resection rate was 75% (95% confidence interval, 69%–80%; I2 = 9%), whereas the estimated complication rate was 9% (95% confidence interval: 6%–14%; I2 = 0%). None of the different brain retraction systems was found to be superior regarding extent of resection or complications on multiple comparisons (P > 0.05). Conclusions Tubular retractors represent a promising tool to achieve maximum safe resection of deep-seated brain lesions. However, there does not seem to be a statistically significant difference in extent of resection or complication rates among tubular retraction systems.
Supporting English learners in the classroom: Best practices for distinguishing language acquisition from learning disabilities, by E. M. Haas and J. E. Brown: New York, NY, Teachers College Press, 2019, 229 pp., $105 (hardcover), ISBN: 90807761748; $35 (paperback), ISBN: 9780807759530; $28 (e-book), ISBN: 9780807777862

Disproportionate representation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education is a longstanding issue. In response, researchers and practitioners have examined a variety of...
Problem-Based Learning About Problem-Based Learning: Lessons Learned from a Student-Led Initiative to Improve Tutor Group Interaction

This article summarizes a student-led effort to improve tutor group interactions among second-year medical students in a hybrid problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum. Dissatisfaction with PBL had led to superficial tutorial discussions that students escaped to study for board certification exams. Following the PBL principle of using intrinsically motivating problems, the student investigators created board-style questions with accompanying facilitation guides for tutors to present as ‘mini-problems’ to stimulate case-related discussion. Tutor groups used and enjoyed the questions, but interaction quality did not improve. Like the hybrid curriculum itself, the intervention embodied conflicting educational philosophies; implementation challenges reflected the tension between them.
Do Directorship Returns Affect CEO Turnover

Boards staffed by directors who have experienced high stock returns at other firms where they hold directorships are more likely to fire their CEOs. A one-standard-deviation increase in such directorship returns increases the probability of forced turnover by 11-19%. Directorship returns have a larger impact when they are more recent and when CEO ability is harder or costlier to evaluate, consistent with boards using an availability heuristic to form beliefs about the ability gap between incumbent and replacement CEOs. Conditional on forced turnover, directorship returns are inversely correlated with subsequent improvements in operating performance, suggesting that such beliefs are suboptimal.
Classroom Engagement Scale: Validation of a Teacher-Report Assessment Used to Scale in the Kindergarten Report Card of a Large Urban School District

Research Findings: This study provides psychometric validation of the Classroom Engagement Scale (CES), a 14-item, teacher-report, formative assessment of behavioral engagement. It is currently use...
IS2010: Looking Through the Windshield or at the Rear-View Mirror?

Curriculum committees provide a valuable service to the academic community. They analyze, evaluate, organize and summarize the best practices of institutions from all over the world. In the rapidly changing world of IS, model curriculums take so long to develop that by the time they are applied, they simply can’t keep pace with change. In this paper we describe some of the insights yielded by a ground-up redesign of our existing, already successful undergraduate MIS program. The design team employed an “outward-in” approach, starting with key stakeholders, and then used this to re-imagine the curriculum. They also contrasted what they heard from stakeholders with the IS2010 model curriculum and found a contrast between the “low-value” skills emphasized in that document with the “high-value” skills that were being demanded. This paper introduces some of these ideas and challenges future curriculum committees to examine the merit and consider incorporating these ideas into future curriculum.
Sing the truth about ad hoc join costs

In this paper, we re-examine the results of prior work on methods for computing ad hoc joins. We develop a detailed cost model for predicting join algorithm performance, and we use the model to develop cost formulas for the major ad hoc join methods found in the relational database literature. We show that various pieces of “common wisdom” about join algorithm performance fail to hold up when analyzed carefully, and we use our detailed cost model to derive op timal buffer allocation schemes for each of the join methods examined here. We show that optimizing their buffer allocations can lead to large performance improvements, e.g., as much as a 400% improvement in some cases. We also validate our cost model's predictions by measuring an actual implementation of each join algorithm considered. The results of this work should be directly useful to implementors of relational query optimizers and query processing systems.
Specific heat and sound velocity at the relevant competing phase of high-temperature superconductors

Recent highly accurate sound velocity measurements reveal a phase transition to a competing phase in YBa2Cu3O6+δ that is not identified in available specific heat measurements. We show that this signature is consistent with the universality class of the loop current-ordered state when the free-energy reduction is similar to the superconducting condensation energy, due to the anomalous fluctuation region of such a transition. We also compare the measured specific heat with some usual types of transitions, which are observed at lower temperatures in some cuprates, and find that the upper limit of the energy reduction due to them is about 1/40th the superconducting condensation energy.
Pleiotropic effects of mutations involved in the regulation of Escherichia coli K-12 alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract Induction of alkaline phosphatase in wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 leads to the appearance of three new proteins in addition to alkaline phosphatase in the periplasmic space of the bacteria. These proteins are detected in autoradiograms of sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electropherograms of extracts from cells labeled with [35S]methionine. Studies with constitutive mutants defective in the three genes phoS, phoT, and phoR that have been shown to regulate alkaline phosphatase synthesis indicate that the three periplasmic proteins are coregulated with alkaline phosphatase. A mutant that has a deletion in the alkaline phosphatase structural gene phoA produces the three proteins, but a newly discovered mutant phoB that has a defect in the expression of alkaline phosphatase fails to produce the three proteins. phoB mutants are shown here to be unable to make detectable amounts of alkaline phosphatase polypeptides, as measured by immunoprecipitins or acrylamide gel electropherograms. On the basis of these results we suggest a new model for the regulation of alkaline phosphatase biosynthesis. In this model, a ternary complex composed of phoB+ and phoR+ gene products and an internal metabolite functions as a positive control element to regulate the transcription of several cistrons coding for periplasmic proteins.
Barotropic Tides in the Gulf of Mexico

In this chapter, the nature of barotropic tidal motions in the Gulf of Mexico is described. It is shown that the barotropic tides in the deep Gulf are predominantly diurnal because it is a quasi-resonant basin. Along the surrounding coasts, they are either principally diurnal or mixed diurnal-semidiurnal, except on the West Florida shelf, where semi-diurnal tides prevail. Nevertheless, tides are small in the Gulf compared to the North Atlantic.
Why Doesn't Anyone Use Formal Methods?

Of course, to say that nobody uses formal methods is an exaggeration, see the recent study by Dan Craigen: “Formal Methods Adoption: What’s Working? What’s Not!” (ORA Canada). Still, many things can be improved by adapting formal methods to the needs of its users (and not of researchers). This abstract highlights some aspects that we found important in our work with system designers within Microsoft.
A Comparison of Discovery Learning and Guided Instructional Strategies on Motor Skill Learning, Retention, and Transfer

Abstract Subjects (N = 48) were placed into one of three groups to receive a guided instructional strategy, a discovery instructional strategy, or a combination discovery-guided strategy. Their effects were compared on initial task learning, retention, and transfer to a second task. The tasks involved a computer-managed novel serial manipulation apparatus which contained eight hand-manipulative objects and four foot pedals. The guided learning and combination learning groups performed significantly better than the discovery learning group in the learning of the first task. The opposite was true on the retention test administered the following day. As to transfer effects, initial performances favored the discovery learning and combination learning groups. No sex differences in performance were noted on initial learning, retention, and transfer tests. It would appear that the instructional strategy should be compatible with the objectives of the learning experience, with consideration for initial learning, ...
Silver coated nickel nanotip arrays for low concentration surface enhanced Raman scattering

A two-step glancing angle deposition method is developed to fabricate hierarchical metal nanostructures for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Nanotip arrays, which consist of a thin layer of silver on nickel nanoneedles, are deposited on silicon substrates by this method. Rhodamine 6G (R6G) is used to demonstrate the sensitivity of SERS at the near attomolar level. The scaling of Raman intensity with the concentration of R6G is related to the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm.
A new species of Pythium producing multiple oospores isolated from bentgrass in North Carolina.

Pythium plurisporium sp. nov. was isolated from diseased roots and crowns of bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) from two golf courses in North Carolina. The species is distinguished from other Pythium ...
Dipolar Nanodomains in Protein Hydration Shells

The network of hydrogen bonds characteristic of bulk water is significantly disturbed at the protein–water interface, where local fields induce mutually frustrated dipolar domains with potentially novel structure and dynamics. Here the dipolar susceptibility of hydration shells of lysozyme is studied by molecular dynamics simulations in a broad range of temperatures, 140–300 K. The real part of the susceptibility passes through a broad maximum as a function of temperature. The maximum shifts to higher temperatures with increasing frequency of the dielectric experiment. This phenomenology is consistent with that reported for bulk relaxor ferroelectrics, where it is related to the formation of dipolar nanodomains. Nanodomains in the hydration shell extend 12–15 A from the protein surface into the bulk. Their dynamics are significantly slower than the dynamics of bulk water. The domains dynamically freeze into a ferroelectric glass below 160 K, at which point the Arrhenius plot of the dipolar relaxation time...
Room‐temperature switching and negative differential resistance in the heterostructure hot‐electron diode

We report new experimental results on the heterostructure hot‐electron diode. Improved structures, grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, incorporate a single rectangular tunneling barrier of AlAs adjacent to a GaAs drift region which provides a large Γ conduction‐band offset. These devices exhibit significant S‐shaped negative differential resistance and dc switching at 300 K.
Zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, increases production of thromboxane A2 and platelet aggregation in patients with asthma.

Leukotrienes, generated from arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase pathway, play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma. Therefore, leukotriene inhibitors, such as Zileuton, are used in the treatment of asthma. However, thromboxanes, generated from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway, play an important role in platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Therefore, we studied whether Zileuton, by shifting arachidonic acid to the cyclooxygenase pathway, enhances thromboxane production and, hence, platelet aggregation. Blood samples were collected from 10 asthmatic patients before and 2 weeks after standard Zileuton treatment. Spontaneous platelet aggregation was measured in platelet-rich plasma. Platelet-rich plasma was also used to determine thromboxane B(2), a stable metabolite of thromboxane A(2), as the indirect measure of thromboxane A(2) because thromboxane A(2) is too unstable for assay. Baseline thromboxane B(2) and platelet aggregation values in the 10 asthmatic patients were normal. Treatment with Zileuton for 2 weeks significantly increased thromboxane B(2) levels from baseline levels of 267 +/- 54 microg/l to 389 +/- 62 microg/l after 2 weeks of treatment (P < 0.0002). Spontaneous platelet aggregation also increased significantly from baseline values of 4.2 +/- 2.4% to 6.8 +/- 2.8% after 2 weeks of treatment (P < 0.0001). These results establish that Zileuton, an effective drug for asthma, adversely affects in vitro platelet function. The findings suggest that this drug, and perhaps related agents also, may pose a thrombotic risk; clinical attention will be needed to address this possibility.
Protein kinase C blockade inhibits differentiation of myeloid blasts into dendritic cells by calcium ionophore A23187.

Direct differentiation of myeloid leukemia blasts into antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) for use as cellular vaccines is unique in that identification of tumor-specific antigens may not be necessary because the antigens should already be endogenously expressed.We hypothesized that signaling through protein kinase C (PKC) is required for differentiation of HL-60 promyeloblasts into DCs upon stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187. To demonstrate the inhibitory effect of PKC blockade, we pretreated HL-60 myeloid blasts with the protein kinase inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (Bis-1) for 24 hours and then treated the cells with calcium ionophore A23187 for an additional 24 hours. Controls consisted of HL-60 blasts treated with A23187, Bis-1 alone, or media.We noted that blasts cultured in media, Bis-1, or Bis-1 then A23187 did not develop the morphologic and phenotypic DC characteristics, up-regulate Rel B, or activate allogeneic T-cells. Our findings suggested that PKC blockade inhibits morphologic, phenotypic, and functional differentiation of HL-60 promyeloblasts into antigen-presenting DCs. Our findings supported the role of PKC as an obligatory pathway for calcium ionophore A23187-induced differentiation of HL-60 myeloblasts into antigen-presenting DCs.
When and how to use scenario planning: A heuristic approach with illustration

This paper offers a step-by-step analysis of a heuristic approach to scenario planning, taking a managerial perspective. The scenario method is contrasted in general with more traditional planning techniques, which tend to perform less well when faced with high uncertainty and complexity. An actual case involving a manufacturing company is used to illustrate the main steps of the proposed heuristic. Its essence is to identify relevant trends and uncertainties, and blend them into scenarios that are internally consistent. In addition, the scenarios should bound the range of plausible uncertainties and challenge managerial thinking. Links to decision making are examined next, including administrative policies as well as integrative techniques. At the strategic level, a key-success-factor matrix is proposed for integrating scenarios, competitor analysis and strategic vision. At the operational level, Monte Carlo simulation is suggested and illustrated as one useful technique for combining scenario thinking with formal project evaluation (after appropriate translations). The paper concludes with a general discussion of scenario planning, to place it in a broader perspective.
Traction forces of cytokinesis measured with optically modified elastic substrata

Animal cells dividing in culture undergo a dramatic sequence of morphological changes, characterized by cytoskeletal disassembly as cells round up, redistribution of actin, myosins and other cytoplasmic and surface molecules into the cleavage furrow1–11, and respreading12, before daughter cells finally separate at the mid-body13. Knowledge of forces governing these movements is critical to understanding their mechanisms, including whether formation of the cleavage furrow results from increased force generation at the equator14,15 or relaxation at the poles16, and whether traction force subsequently mediates cytofission of the intercellular bridge5,13,17,18. We have quantitatively mapped traction forces in dividing cells, by extending the silicone-rubber substratum method19 to detect forces of nanonewtons to micronewtons. We used a new silicone polymer to fabricate substrata whose compliance can be adjusted precisely by ultraviolet irradiation. We show that traction force appears locally at the furrow in the absence of relaxation at the poles during cleavage. Force also rises as connected daughter cells respread and attempt to separate, suggesting that tension contributes to the severing of the intercellular bridge when cytokinesis is completed.
Phosphorus distribution in soil aggregate size fractions in a poultry litter applied soil and potential environmental impacts

Long-term poultry litter (PL) application in pasture soil was found to enhance accumulation of certain phosphorus (P) forms in soil micro-aggregate fractions and have potential impacts on non-point water pollution by wind erosion or run-off. A P fractionation method was utilized to identify P forms in aggregate fractions derived from a long-term PL applied pasture soil. Enrichment of surface soil P by PL application has considerable effects on increasing specifically the labile P forms in surface soil micro-aggregates. Particular concern is of accumulation of water soluble and labile inorganic P forms in micro-aggregate particles susceptible to wind and soil erosion. Continuous application of PL to pasture fields for at least 15 years at a rate of 2.3 T ha− 1 y− 1 resulted in a considerable increase in inorganic P forms including Mehlich-3, water soluble and labile bicarbonate P (NaHCO3–P) forms in most aggregate size fractions. Mehlich-3-P was highest in < 0.053 mm micro-aggregates (223.8 mg kg− 1) and relatively high amounts ranging from 145.5 to 170.4 mg kg− 1 were found in 0.053–1.0 mm micro-aggregates. High levels of water soluble P were found in majority of micro-aggregate particles in PL applied soil, which amounts to 11–18% of total inorganic P in these particles. Bicarbonate–P or labile inorganic P forms were at elevated levels in 0.125–0.25, 0.053–0.125 and < 0.053 mm micro-aggregates, which amounts to approximately 11–22% of total inorganic P in these particles. The PL application also increased the NaOH extractable P (NaOH–P) or Al/Fe bound P in soil aggregate fractions (192–347 mg kg− 1). Notable increase in labile organic P forms in certain micro-aggregate size fractions may be of concern due to ease of P mineralization.
Illinois wireless wind tunnel: a testbed for experimental evaluation of wireless networks

This paper describes a proposed testbed named Illinois Wireless Wind Tunnel (iWWT). The goal of the testbed is to implement "scaled" versions of wireless networks for the purpose of accurate repeatable evaluation of wireless protocols. The testbed will be implemented in an electromagnetic anechoic chamber at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Although the iWWT testbed will be used primarily for evaluation of protocols above the physical layer, the design of the iWWT requires a careful attention to physical characteristics of the environment. This paper presents preliminary thoughts on scaling of wireless networks in the iWWT.
Inequality and American institutions: The end of innocence

Alan Howard. Ain't No Big Thing: Coping Strategies in a Hawaiian‐American Community. An East‐West Center Book. Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press, 1974. xxv +311 pp. Tables, figures, bibliogr...
Plasticity in the growth of the chick eye: emmetropization achieved by alternate morphologies.

Abstract Both refractive properties of the eyes and ambient light conditions affect emmetropization during growth. Exposure to constant light flattens the cornea making chicks hyperopic. To discover whether and how growing chick eyes restore emmetropia after exposure to constant light (CL) for 3, 7, or 11 weeks, we returned chicks to normal (N) conditions with 12 h. of light alternating with 12 h. of darkness (designated the “R”, or recovery, condition) for total periods of 4, 7, 11, or 17 weeks. The two control groups were raised in CL conditions or raised in N conditions for the same length of time. We measured anterior chamber depths and lens thicknesses with an A-scan ultrasound machine. We measured corneal curvatures with an eight-axis keratometer, and refractions with conventional retinoscopy. We estimated differences in optical powers of CL, R and N chicks of identical age by constructing ray-tracing models using the above measurements and age-adjusted normal lens curvatures. We also computed the sensitivity of focus for small perturbations of the above optical parameters. Full refractive recovery from CL effects always occurred. Hyperopic refractive errors were absent when R chicks were returned to N for as little as 1 week after 3 weeks CL treatment. In R chicks exposed to CL for 11 weeks and returned to N, axial lengths, vitreous chamber depths and radii of corneal curvatures did not return to normal, although their refractions did. While R chicks can usually recover emmetropia, after long periods of exposure to CL, they cannot recover normal ocular morphology. Emmetropization following CL exposure is achieved primarily by adjusting the relationship between corneal curvature and axial length, resulting in normal refractions.
A Model for Distributed Computer System Design

A model of a distributed computer system for transaction processing is described. The system configuration problem is formulated as a problem of deciding transaction allocation, routing, processor allocation, and line allocation to satisfy certain performance requirements and design constraints. A heuristic design procedure for hierarchical computer systems is described. Based upon this design procedure, an experimental interactive configurator for distributed computer system design is implemented in APL. Topics for further investigation are discussed.
Proposal to produce two and four qubits with spatial modes of two photons

This article presents a proposal for preparing photon pairs in states that are entangled in their spatial modes. The method allows the encoding of any pair of spatial modes that is desired, without restrictions; a procedure that up to now has been elusive. This method consists of three steps: preparing photon pairs in polarization-entangled states, filtering the spatial mode, and use of polarization interferometers with diffractive mode-encoding elements to effect entanglement swapping between polarization and spatial modes. An extension of the method consists of entangling polarization and spatial mode, allowing the preparation of a 4-qubit cluster state of two photons.
Dispersive bending waves in uniform bars

The traveling bending waves in a long beam of rectangular cross section were measured and calculated. The bending waves were induced by impacting with a steel sphere and measured with strain gages at several distances from the point of impact. The impact force was calculated as a function of time by integrating the dynamic equations of the sphere and the beam. The force spectrum was then found using a fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) calculation and multiplied by the moment-frequency response of the beam to determine the moment spectrum. The moment-time function was calculated by an inverse FFT. The traveling wave is dispersive; its spectrum was found from that at the point of impact by phase shifting each component by an angle proportional to the distance and to the square root of the frequency. Again the time curve was determined by an inverse FFT. The indentation stiffness of the beam was found to be very much less than that of the elastic half space because of transverse bending. After the impact force was recalculated with this correction, the calculated moment-time traces agreed very well with the measured ones.
Primary intraocular lymphoma: clinical, cytologic, and flow cytometric analysis.

Abstract Purpose To compare cytologic with flow cytometric results of vitreous biopsy specimens obtained to rule out primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL). Study design Prospective noncomparative case series. Participants Patients suspected of having PIOL who underwent vitreous biopsy were evaluated. Methods Patients underwent a standard 3-port vitrectomy and vitreous biopsy to rule out PIOL. Each undiluted specimen was split, and half was prepared for cytologic evaluation with the collodion bag method; the other half was submitted for flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI). The diluted specimen was processed as a cell block for cytology. Main outcome measures Final diagnosis based on cytology and FCI. Results Ten of 14 patients had sufficient specimens for both cytologic and FCI evaluation. Three patients had chronic inflammation confirmed by both methods. Six patients had large cell lymphoma identified by both cytology and FCI. Two of those 6 patients initially had insufficient specimen for FCI. One patient had large cell lymphoma diagnosed cytologically that was initially negative for a clonal population by FCI. All lymphomas were B-cell type. Conclusions Cytologic evaluation is an accurate diagnostic technique to evaluate for PIOL. FCI is useful for immunophenotyping PIOL. Multiple biopsies may be required to achieve a diagnosis.
Basal ganglia: New therapeutic approaches to Parkinson's disease

Abstract As the search for molecular therapies for basal ganglia disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, accelerates, new neurobiological information is also leading to renewed interest in neurosurgical approaches.
As a Matter of Factions: The Budgetary Implications of Shifting Factional Control in Japan's LDP

For 38 years, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) maintained single-party control over the Japanese government. This lack of partisan turnover in government has frustrated attempts to explain Japanese government policy changes using political variables. In this paper, we look for intraparty changes that may have led to changes in Japanese budgetary policy. Using a simple model of agenda-setting, we hypothesize that changes in which intraparty factions "control" the LDP affect the party's decisions over spending priorities systematically. This runs contrary to the received wisdom in the voluminous literature on LDP factions, which asserts that factions, whatever their raison d'etre, do not exhibit different policy preferences. We find that strong correlations do exist between which factions comprise the agenda-setting party "mainstream" and how the government allocates spending across pork-barrel and public goods items.
Differential and coordinate regulation of TH and PNMT mRNAs in chromaffin cell cultures by second messenger system activation and steroid treatment

Primary cultures of chromaffin cells were prepared from bovine adrenal medullae and the levels of mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamineN-methyltransferase (PNMT) determined. The cells expressed moderate levels of TH mRNA and low levels of PNMT mRNA. The latter appeared to be more sensitive than TH mRNA to variations in the culture medium. The treatment of cultures with agents that activate signal transduction pathways, forskolin or phorbol esters, dramatically enhanced the expression of both mRNAs. The forskolin-induced increases in the steady-state levels of TH and PNMT mRNAs occurred rapidly and were apparent within 5 hours. These data suggest that the TH and PNMT genes can be regulated by second messengers. In contrast, dexamethasone treatment dramatically increased PNMT mRNA with no change in TH mRNA. The increase in PNMT mRNA was apparent within 6 hours of addition of the drug to the culture medium.
Ion-implanted GaAs slow wave monolithic structure

Abstract The use of MeV ion-implantation for realization of a GaAs monolithically compatible device is demonstrated. Ion implants up to 6 MeV in energy are used employing Si and S atoms. The fabricated device is an electromagnetic slow wave microstrip-like structure designed for performance into the millimeter wave regime. Phase shift θ and insertion loss L measurements are performed for frequencies 2–18 GHz at room temperature. Comparison of the experimental ion-implanted device results to epitaxial device results indicates comparable electrical performance, with no more than a 30% reduction in θ but with an improvement in loss behavior, namely a L reduction up to 40%. These θ and L differences between the ion-implanted and epitaxial devices are attributed to differences in doping profiles. Theoretical modelling of θ characteristics produces agreement with experimental data to within a few percent.
Holographic interferometry of transparent media using light scattered by embedded test objects

Fringe formation and localization in holographic interferometry of transparent media are discussed for configurations in which light enters the medium and is scattered back through it by an embedded diffuse object. Fringe order numbers are doubled, and the fringe localization region is translated and compressed by a factor of 2. The results are applicable to tomographic reconstruction of aerodynamic density fields around opaque test objects.
Mechanisms for the rigid rotation of coronal holes

We show that the rotation of coronal holes can be understood in terms of a current-free model of the coronal magnetic field, in which holes are the footpoint locations of open field lines. The coronal field is determined as a function of time by matching its radial component to the photospheric flux distribution, whose evolution is simulated including differential rotation, supergranular diffusion, and meridional flow. We find that ongoing field-line reconnection allows the holes to rotate quasi-rigidly with their outer-coronal extensions, until their boundaries become constrained by the neutral line of the photospheric field as it winds up to form stripes of alternating magnetic polarity. This wind-up may be significantly retarded by a strong axisymmetric field component which forces the neutral line to low latitudes; it is also gradually halted by the cross-latitudinal transport of flux via supergranular diffusion and a poleward bulk flow. We conclude that a strong axisymmetric field component is responsible for the prolonged rigid rotation of large meridional holes during the declining phase of the sunspot cycle, but that diffusion and flow determine the less rigid rotation observed near sunspot maximum, when the holes corotate with their confining polarity stripes.
Abstract 3264: Mesothelin expression in ovarian tumors and serum autoantibodies of the laying hen model is similar to human ovarian cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: Mesothelin (MSLN) is a 40kDa cell-surface differentiation antigen that is normally expressed at low levels and is restricted to tissues such as the mesothelial cells lining some body cavities and epithelial cells of kidney, tonsil, trachea, and fallopian tubes. However MSLN is highly expressed in ovarian cancer, mesotheliomas, and to a lesser extent in other cancers such as pancreatic, lung, and stomach. Soluble MSLN is shed into the circulation and is a potential serum biomarker for ovarian cancer. In addition MSLN autoantibodies are detected in the sera of patients whose tumors were positive for MSLN. The laying hen spontaneously develops progressive ovarian tumors. Ovarian adenocarcinoma in the hen bears a striking histological resemblance to human epithelial ovarian cancer. Furthermore, multiple proteins are similarly expressed in hen and human ovarian tumors. In this study, we hypothesized that MSLN expression is increased in hen ovarian tumors compared to normal ovaries, and that similar to human ovarian cancer, there are circulating anti-MSLN antibodies in response to tumors. Materials and Methods: 31 White Leghorn laying hens were used for sample collection. MSLN mRNA expression in hen ovarian tumors (n=21) and normal ovaries (n=10) was analyzed by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). MSLN protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and two-dimensional SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2D-SDS-PAGE) Western blot. Circulating anti-MSLN autoantibodies were assessed by immunoassay of sera from hens with normal ovaries (n=10) and with ovarian tumors (n=10). Results: RT-PCR showed 57% (12/21) of ovarian cancers expressed MSLN. MSLN expression was observed in 3/4 (75%) serous carcinomas, 2/6 (33%) mucinous carcinomas, 1/4 (25%) endometrioid tumors and 6/7 (86%) mixed histology tumors. By tumor stage, 5/8 (62.5%) early stage (I/II) and 7/13 (53.8%) late stage (III/IV) tumors had MSLN expression. None of the normal ovaries had detectable levels of MSLN mRNA. A significant difference of MSLN mRNA expression was seen between tumor and normal (P 0.05). By IHC and 2D Western blot, immunoreactive MSLN protein was detected in tumors with detectable MSLN mRNA, but not in normal ovaries and tumors without detectable MSLN mRNA. Circulating anti-MSLN antibodies occurred in 60% (6/10) of hens with ovarian tumors. Conclusion: MSLN gene and protein expression is elevated in chicken ovarian tumors and not detectable in normal ovaries. The results support the utility of the hen model for preclinical studies of MSLN as a biomarker and target of therapy. Supported by DOD OC073325 (JL) and NIH R01CA134487 (IH & JL). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3264.
Small signal nonquasistatic models for GaAs field effect transistors for implementation in SPICE. I. Modulation-doped field effect transistors (MODFETs)

A general small signal nonquasistatic model for modulation doped field effect transistors (MODFETs) is presented. The model is valid for devices operating in both linear and saturation regions. The two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) current is modelled. The current flowing in the parasitic doped AlGaAs layer is considered elsewhere. In both cases, admittance parameters (Y-parameters) are derived and used to build SPICE-like equivalent circuits. The proposed model can, therefore, be easily implemented in SPICE for microwave and high-frequency analogue circuit analysis. The results show that, for a 1 mu m gate length MODFET, the error is less than 5% at 86 GHz.