cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung-derived exosome uptake into and epigenetic modulation of marrow progenitor/stem and differentiated cells

Background : Our group has previously demonstrated that murine whole bone marrow cells (WBM) that internalize lung-derived extracellular vesicles (LDEVs) in culture express pulmonary epithelial cell–specific genes for up to 12 weeks. In addition, the lungs of lethally irradiated mice transplanted with lung vesicle–modulated marrow have 5 times more WBM-derived type II pneumocytes compared to mice transplanted with unmanipulated WBM. These findings indicate that extracellular vesicle modification may be an important consideration in the development of marrow cell–based cellular therapies. Current studies were performed to determine the specific marrow cell types that LDEV stably modify. Methods : Murine WBM-derived stem/progenitor cells (Lin-/Sca-1+) and differentiated erythroid cells (Ter119+), granulocytes (Gr-1+) and B cells (CD19+) were cultured with carboxyfluorescein N -succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labelled LDEV. LDEV+ cells (CFSE+) and LDEV− cells (CFSE−) were separated by flow cytometry and visualized by fluorescence microscopy, analyzed by RT-PCR or placed into long-term secondary culture. In addition, murine Lin-/Sca-1+ cells were cultured with CFSE-labelled LDEV isolated from rats, and RT-PCR analysis was performed on LDEV+ and–cells using species-specific primers for surfactant (rat/mouse hybrid co-cultures). Results : Stem/progenitor cells and all of the differentiated cell types studied internalized LDEV in culture, but heterogeneously. Expression of a panel of pulmonary epithelial cell genes was higher in LDEV+cells compared to LDEV− cells and elevated expression of these genes persisted in long-term culture. Rat/mouse hybrid co-cultures revealed only mouse-specific surfactant B and C expression in LDEV+ Lin-/Sca-1+cells after 4 weeks of culture, indicating stable de novo gene expression. Conclusions : LDEV can be internalized by differentiated and more primitive cells residing in the bone marrow in culture and can induce stable de novo pulmonary epithelial cell gene expression in these cells for several weeks after internalization. The gene expression represents a transcriptional activation of the target marrow cells. These studies serve as the basis for determining marrow cell types that can be used for cell-based therapies for processes that injure the pulmonary epithelial surfaces. Keywords: bone marrow cells; pulmonary epithelial cells; extracellular vesicles (Published: 16 September 2015) Citation: Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 2015, 4: 26166 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.26166
Vortex-Induced Vibration for Heat Transfer Enhancement

A passive, self-agitating method which takes advantage of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is presented to disrupt the thermal boundary layer and thereby enhance the convective heat transfer performance of a channel. A flexible cylinder is placed at centerline of a channel. The vortex shedding due to the presence of the cylinder generates a periodic lift force and the consequent vibration of the cylinder. The fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) due to the vibration strengthens the disruption of the thermal boundary layer by reinforcing vortex interaction with the walls, and improves the mixing process. This novel concept is demonstrated by a three-dimensional modeling study in different channels. The fluid dynamics and thermal performance are discussed in terms of the vortex dynamics, disruption of the thermal boundary layer, local and average Nusselt numbers (Nu), and pressure loss. At different conditions (Reynolds numbers, channel geometries, material properties), the channel with the VIV is seen to significantly increase the convective heat transfer coefficient. When the Reynolds number is 168, the channel with the VIV improves the average Nu by 234.8% and 51.4% in comparison with a clean channel and a channel with a stationary cylinder, respectively. The cylinder with the natural frequency close to the vortex shedding frequency is proved to have the maximum heat transfer enhancement. When the natural frequency is different from the vortex shedding frequency, the lower natural frequency shows a higher heat transfer rate and lower pressure loss than the larger one.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Race, Ethnicity, and U.S. House Incumbent Evaluations

This article considers evaluations of U.S. House incumbents under conditions of racial/ethnic congruence and incongruence. We consider whether different racial groups have ordered preferences among nondescriptive alternatives. We pose two theoretical models of descriptive representation and test them using pooled National Election Study data. After controlling for the propensity to recall the Member of Congress, we find the extent of favoritism towards descriptive representatives varies across groups, as does the preference ordering among representatives of different racial and ethnic identification. No evidence of race-based judgment is uncovered among African Americans, while Latinos and Whites demonstrate preferences based on race and ethnicity.
Analysis of sampling-pattern dependence in time-sequential sampling of spatiotemporal signals

The time-sequential sampling of signals that vary in time and have one or more spatial dimensions is analyzed for both deterministic and nondeterministic signals. It is shown that the severity of frequency-domain aliasing because of undersampling is strongly dependent on the temporal ordering of the spatial sampling points in each period of the sampling pattern. The signal-to-aliasing-noise power ratio provides a quantitative means of assessing this dependence. Conventional lexicographic sampling, a bit-reversed sampling pattern proposed by S. Deutsch [ IEEE Trans. Broadcast.BC-11, 11– 21 ( 1965)], and random sampling are compared for white band-limited signals. It is found that, in some cases, bit-reversed sampling is an improvement over conventional patterns, but other patterns probably exist that would be even better.
Heuristic algorithms for public sector problems

Many large scale problems which arise from real-life situations simply do not fit into classical molds and one must be satisfied with near optimal solutions as obtained by combining formal arguments with heuristic reasoning. For example practically nothing is known about nonlinear integer programs and yet one of the first problems we encountered was of this type. What was there to do? Similarly, when faced with problems of routing trucks and barges for waste disposal, it became apparent that the usual graph theoretic arguments were not directly applicable. Nevertheless, a workable approach was formulated. Analogous problems exist in airline crew scheduling, in the design of gas or sewer pipeline networks, and in legislative committee assignments. Another area which has responded well to heuristics is in the scheduling of employees who work for public services. The personnel requirements vary with each day and shift. Nevertheless, rotating schedules have been devised which meet the work demands in a satisfactory way while guaranteeing a minimum number of days off.
U-shaped, iterative, and iterative-with-counter learning

This paper solves an important problem left open in the literature by showing that U-shapes are unnecessary in iterative learning from positive data. A U-shape occurs when a learner first learns, then unlearns, and, finally, relearns, some target concept. Iterative learning is a Gold-style learning model in which each of a learner's output conjectures depends only upon the learner's most recent conjecture and input element. Previous results had shown, for example, that U-shapes are unnecessary for explanatory learning, but are necessary for behaviorally correct learning. Work on the aforementioned problem led to the consideration of an iterative-like learning model, in which each of a learner's conjectures may, in addition, depend upon the number of elements so far presented to the learner. Learners in this new model are strictly more powerful than traditional iterative learners, yet not as powerful as full explanatory learners. Can any class of languages learnable in this new model be learned without U-shapes? For now, this problem is left open.
Instructor Reaction to Verbal and Nonverbal-Visual Styles: An Example of Navajo and Caucasian Children.

The extent to which instructors attended differentially to thirteen Navajo and seven Caucasian children was assessed in an urban classroom using a formal observation technique. Significant differences in instructor attention were experienced by the two groups. These differences were attributed to the contrasting verbal and nonverbal-visual styles displayed by the Caucasian and Navajo children. An evaluation program is offered which attempts to offset the tendency of instructors to attend differentially to children displaying diverse behavioral styles in the classroom. NAVAJOS, CLASSROOM, VERBAL BEHAVIOR, NONVERBAL-VISUAL BEHAVIOR.
Emergency preparedness in obstetrics

During and after disasters, focus is directed toward meeting the immediate needs of the general population. As a result, the routine health care and the special needs of some vulnerable populations such as pregnant and postpartum women may be overlooked within a resource-limited setting. In the even
Reaction of systemic lupus erythematosus antinative DNA antibodies with native DNA fragments from 20 to 1,200 base pairs

Double-stranded DNA fragments of varying sizes were isolated and tested for binding to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) antinative DNA antibodies. Fragments of 20-25, 40-50, 90-110, and 160-180 base pairs (bp), along with intermediate-size pieces were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis of a limited micrococcal nuclease digest of calf thymus DNA. Larger helical polynucleotides of 160-200, 380, 600-1,000, and 1,200 bp were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis of DNA from chicken erythrocyte nucleosomes and oligonucleosomes. The fragments behaved as base-paired structures as tested by thermal denaturation, resistance to S1 nuclease, and serological assays with antibodies to native or denatured DNA. At a concentration of 0.27 muM, fragments of 20-25 bp were able to react with two SLE sera in competition with native DNA. With these and two other sera, DNA of 40-50 bp was a much more effective competitor. One serum required DNA greater than 180 bp for competition in the concentration range tested. Denatured fragments were much less effective than native fragments. The results emphasize the heterogeneity of SLE antinative DNA antibodies, confirm that secondary structure of the antigen is important for specific binding to these antibodies, and support the suggestion that bivalent binding to one molecule may be important for high functional affinity.
The value of adjuvant irradiation in the treatment of endometrial carcinoma stage I, group I.

Four hundred ninety-seven cases of Stage I, Group I endometrial adenocarcinoma were treated by surgery alone (50 cases) or combined surgery and irradiation (447 cases). Radiation modalities used were uterine radium (327 cases), vaginal radium (30 cases), external pelvic irradiation plus radium (40 cases), and external pelvic irradiation alone (50 cases). The results of these different approaches were evaluated from the point of view of 5-year cure rates, relative morbidity, and incidence of recurrence. Clinical evidence of increased cure rate was seen in those receiving adjuvant irradiation, although the difference was not statistically significant. The most favorable results followed adjuvant uterine radium and adjuvant external pelvic irradiation plus radium. The difference in uterine depth did not influence she results. The degree of differentiation of tumor and myometrial invasion was of prognostic significance. Adjuvant irradiation improved the results in less differentiated tumor. The presence of residual tumor in the removed uteri after irradiation had little influence on the prognosis. The combined effects of surgery and irradiation were well tolerated with a low morbidity rate. A decrease in the incidence of recurrence followed the use of all forms of irradiation.
Take-Wait-Stop: a patient-centered strategy for writing PRN medication instructions

Recent studies have linked patient misunderstanding of label instructions for as needed (PRN) medications to dosing errors. This study conducted a preliminary field test of patient-centered PRN label instructions. Patients participated in a hypothetical dosing experiment and were randomized to a patient-centered label (referred to as “Take-Wait-Stop”) or standard label. Participants were asked to demonstrate dosing the medicine over 24 hours. Three types of independent dosing errors were measured: (a) taking more than two pills at one time, (b) exceeding the maximum daily dose, and (c) waiting fewer than 4 hours between doses. Generalized linear models were used to assess the association between label type, health literacy, and sociodemographic characteristics. Participants' mean age was 39.8 years, 62.1% were female, 43.7% were White, and 72.4% had adequate literacy. Of participants, 31.8% who were shown the standard label demonstrated taking in excess of 6 pills in 24 hours compared with only 14.0% of participants who were shown the Take-Wait-Stop label (p = .05). Overall, only 1 person demonstrated he would take more than 2 pills in a single dose. Of the standard label group, 20.5% demonstrated dosing intervals of fewer than 4 hours compared with 23.3% of the Take-Wait-Stop label group (p = .75). In a multivariate model, participants who were exposed to the standard label were 2.5 times more likely to exceed the recommended maximum daily dose (95% CI [1.05, 7.70], p = .03). The Take-Wait-Stop label was beneficial in preventing participants from exceeding the maximum dose in 24 hours, although it did not significantly reduce other dosing errors.
Anatomical differences in response to treatment of port-wine stains by the pulsed dye laser

Two-hundred and fifty-seven patients (136 adults and 121 children) with port-wine stains of the head and neck were treated with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. The head and neck was subdivided into 8 anatomical regions (forehead/temple, periorbital, medial cheek, nose, upper cutaneous lip, lateral cheek, chin and neck) which were independently evaluated for response. Response to treatment was found to be associated with the anatomical location of the lesion; in both adults and children the mid-facial region (medial cheek, nose and upper cutaneous lip) responded less favorably to treatment than the other regions of the head and neck (periorbital, forehead/temple, lateral cheek, neck and chin). In adults and children, mean percent lesional lightening of the mid-facial regions was 70.7% compared to 82.3% of the other regions of the head and neck with an estimated difference of 11.6% (95% confidence interval: 8.7% - 14.6%). The mean number of treatments for adults was 3.7, while this number in children was 3.9. All side effects were transient, and included cutaneous depressions, hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Investigation of energy absorption capabilities of piezoelectric ceramic

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the damping characteristics of piezoelectric ceramic PZT-5H. The material is subjected to cyclic uniaxial compressive stress (up to 200 MPa) at a constant electric field bias (from 0 to 2 MV/m). The experiments are conducted at 25 degree(s)C, 0 degree(s)C, and 50 degree(s)C. Fraction of energy absorbed (a specific damping capacity_ and elastic modulus are evaluated as a function of bias electric field. For investigated stress amplitudes, the specific damping capacity increases with increasing bias field, reaches a maximum (28-33%) at the optimum field level, and then decreases. The optimum electric field values increase as the stress amplitude increases because the positive electric field and the compressive stress counteract each other in terms of domain wall motion. The damping properties are stable in the investigated temperature range. The piezoceramic is found to have superior damping properties compared to common structural methods.
Morphogenesis of bovine parvoviruses and associated cellular changes

Abstract Morphogenic features of bovine parvovirus replication and associated cellular alterations in bovine fetal lung and spleen cells were examined by electron microscopy. Morphological evidence of parvoviral replication was detected first at 24 hr after inoculation when empty viral capsids were found in association with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, in the lumina of nuclear pores, and in the nucleus. At 36 hr empty capsids were found in the parafibrosa of the nucleolus. Few complete virions were seen in the nucleus at 24 and 36 hr postinfection. The ratio of complete to empty virions increased and complete virions predominated 48, 60, and 72 hr after infection. Empty capsids and complete virions measured 20–22 nm in diameter. At 48 and 60 hr complete virions accumulated within the nucleus near nuclear pores, and similar 20–22 nm particles were seen on the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm was severely degenerated in cells 72 hr after inoculation, the nuclear membranes were fragmented, and complete virions replaced the heterochromatin. Crystals composed either of empty capsids or complete virions were occasionally seen in the nuclei of different infected cells.
Community Health Centers: Medical Homes for Children?

Abstract Objective To explore medical home attributes of community health centers (CHCs) that provide care to low-income children nationwide compared to other providers for the poor. Methods Cross-sectional study of children aged 0 to 17 years in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS; 2003 to 2009) who resided in families living at Results CHCs typically serve low-income children who are publicly insured or uninsured, come from racial/ethnic minority groups, and have poorer health status. Eighty percent to 90% of parents visiting both CHCs and other primary care providers rated high levels of family-centered, comprehensive, and compassionate care. However, CHCs had a 10% to 18% lower rating of accessibility (after-hours care, telephone access) even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Racial/ethnic disparities existed at both settings, but these patterns did not differ between CHCs and other settings. Conclusions On the basis of parental reports, CHCs received similar ratings to other primary care providers for family-centered, comprehensive, and compassionate care, but lower ratings for accessibility. Further studies should examine strategies for practice transformation in CHCs to improve patient satisfaction and accessibility to optimize child health outcomes.
Intestinal maturation: Effect of luminal osmolality on net mineral secretion

Summary: We investigated with an in vivo single-pass perfusion technique net secretion of calcium, magnesium, and zinc from proximal and distal small intestinal segments and from the cecum plus colon segments of suckling, weanling, and adolescent rats during perfusion with either isotonic (300 mOsm/kg) or hypertonic (500 mOsm/kg) mineral-free solutions. There was net secretion of calcium, magnesium, and zinc in all segments perfused at all age periods. During isotonic perfusion, rates of net secretion of calcium and zinc were severalfold greater in the proximal and distal segments of the suckling rats compared with the corresponding segments of the adolescent rats. Net magnesium secretion was similar in the suckling and adolescent rats. Net secretion rates for the weanling rats tended to be intermediate. During hypertonic perfusion, net secretion rates for calcium, magnesium, and zinc were severalfold greater from all segments of the suckling rats compared with the corresponding segments of the adolescent rats. During either isotonic or hypertonic perfusions, rates of net secretion of calcium and magnesium in general were greater from the proximal and distal segments than from the cecum plus colon in the suckling and weanling rats. In contrast, for the adolescent rats, net secretions from all segments in general were similar. For zinc, rates of net secretion were somewhat greater in the cecum plus colon of rats in all age groups. Our findings suggest a greater permeability of the intestinal epithelium, not only to water and electrolytes but also to certain minerals (calcium and magnesium) and trace elements (Zn) in suckling rats compared with adolescent rats. The implication is that during periods of osmotic diarrhea, infant animals appear to be at risk for losing excessive amounts of minerals and trace elements. These findings may have clinical relevance to human infants suffering from recurrent diarrheal diseases. Speculation: The changes in the rate of net secretion of minerals in the small and large intestine of the rats during maturation could be the result of alterations in the biochemical composition of the intestinal mucosal membrane that occur with maturation. These alterations in the biochemical composition appear to decrease the permeability of the mucosal membranes along the length of the intestinal tract.
Overview of the teaching of evaluation across the disciplines

Although disciplines differ in their curricular emphases, there is increasing agreement about the general topics evaluation courses should address.
Historical Statistics as Text Unusual Indicators of How Ordinary British Folk Reaped from the World-Economy, 1800-1960

Europe's colonization of other peoples was a program that aided and deepened the then on-going process of drawing and incorporating non-Eurqpean regions of the world into the European-dominated capitalist world-economy- Since inception, the world capitalist economic system has enabled European nations to transfer enormous wealth from non-European areas to their respective economies. The beneficiaries of wealth transferred from the periphery regions of the world include European states, their rulers, and their peoples But the extent to which ordinary members of a specific European population may have benefited from wealth that was generated in specific world regions over a period of time is largely unaccounted for in existing studies The analysis of British historical statistics for the period 1800-1960 reveals pointers on certain aspects of the extent to which non-state components of the British society may have reaped from the wealth that was extracted from the Indian and West African sub-continents. Indigenous economies in both regions were incorporated and peripherialized into the world-economy and imperial Britain subsequently acquired colonies in them.
Stage-based interventions for low-fat diet with middle school students.

Preventing obesity and cardiovascular disease at early ages is important; however, few effective interventions for early adolescents have been reported. In this study, low-income, culturally diverse students from an urban middle school (n = 60) received four classroom interventions with the use of a combined Health Promotion/Transtheoretical Model to control fat in diet and increase physical activity. A control group (n = 57) received the usual classroom education. Pretest percentage fat in diet was regressed on demographics, access to low-fat foods, perceived self-efficacy, benefits/barriers, and stage of change with results as proposed by the model [F(9,64) = 5.77; p =.000; adjusted R(2) = 0.35]. Posttest percentage fat in food was significantly less for the intervention group as compared with the control group (t = 2.06; df, 115; p =.04).
Alveolar hypoxia increases small pulmonary wedge pressure in awake young lambs.

ABSTRACT. Alveolar hypoxia increases pulmonary artery pressure in lambs and sheep but increases lung lymph flow only in lambs; the reasons for this are unknown. To test the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced pulmonary venous constriction could in part explain the fluid filtration response in young lambs, eight young lambs (13 ± 3 days old) and four older lambs (60 ± 4 days old) were prepared for chronic studies of pulmonary hemodynamics, gas exchange, and fluid filtration. In all animals, a 5 Fr catheter was intermittently wedged into a distal pulmonary artery to indirectly estimate pulmonary venous pressure. The pressure measured in this manner was termed the “small wedge pressure.” Animals were awake, spontaneously breathing, and unsedated, and were exposed to both acute and chronic isocarbic hypoxia (FIO20.12). We found that hypoxia significantly increased both small pulmonary wedge pressure and lung lymph flow in young lambs but that neither of these effects occurred in the older lambs. In young lambs, the hypoxia-induced increase in small wedge pressure could be lowered by sodium nitroprusside administration, and small wedge pressure could be increased by angiotensin II infusion. We conclude that alveolar hypoxia increases pulmonary venous tone and the critical pressure of pulmonary veins in young lambs, and that these effects disappear with maturation. These data suggest that alterations in pulmonary venous tone can have important effects on lung fluid balance in the newborn.
Acid‐Catalyzed Ethanolysis of Temazepam in Anhydrous and Aqueous Ethanol Solutions

The benzodiazepines are a family of anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs. When taken concurrently with ethanol, a pharmacological interaction may occur, potentiating the central nervous system depression produced by either drug. In addition to this pharmacological interaction, this report describes a novel chemical reaction between temazepam (a 3-hydroxy-1,4-benzodiazepine) and ethanol under acidic conditions similar to those found in vivo, resulting in a 3-ethoxylated product. Optimal conditions, kinetics, equilibrium, and the mechanism of this acid-catalyzed ethanolysis are reported. The results raise the possibility that the ethanolysis reaction may occur in the stomach of people who consume alcohol and 3-hydroxy-1,4-benzodiazepine on a regular basis. The acid-catalyzed ethanol-drug reaction is a relatively unexplored area and may alter the pharmacological action of some drugs.
Sulfatase activity in the human placenta

Abstract Sulfatase(s) capable of hydrolyzing the 3-sulfates of dehydroepiandrosterone, estrone and cholesterol and the sulfate ester of p-nitrophenol are present in human placenta, wholly or almost exclusively in the microsomal fraction. Placenta is incapable of effecting detectable hydrolysis of testosterone-17β-sulfate and the 16α-sulfate of 16α-hydroxyprogesterone.
Environmental Quality and the Economics of Agricultural Pest Control)

Even though there have been many actions to limit chlorinated hydrocarbons used to control insects, many significant environmental problems connected with agricultural pest control remain. To deal with environmental effects in pest control strategy requires economic evaluation even though there are analytical difficulties. Environmental effects of pest control methods can be given economic meaning through the use of implied values measured in terms of sacrifices of conventional benefits. Where the biological significance of damages from pest control methods is known, the problem is to evaluate the differences in net benefits for alternative strategies. However, for those damages which involve uncertainty some sort of hazard-benefit analysis is needed with the ultimate decision made by persons responsible to society for value judgements. More co-operation is needed by economists and pest control experts to provide the best information possible within the limits of their professional expertise including analyzing pest control methods in the time dimension. High quality scientific analysis reduces the uncertainty for political decisions.
Supporting drivers in concurrent lane and speed tracking tasks with novel visual, auditory, and tactile speedometer displays

Driving can be described as performing multiple concurrent tracking tasks. These tasks primarily involve processing visual feedback, and the competition for visual resources may limit overall performance. Providing feedback via different sensory channels may improve multi-tracking performance; however, not much is known about basic human abilities to perform multiple controlled tracking tasks, nor about the use of nonvisual feedback in those tasks. This study measured the performance of participants in lane and speed tracking tasks when speed information was encoded into ambient visual, auditory, and tactile displays. The findings show that all three of these novel displays significantly improved speed tracking over a baseline condition without significantly impacting lane tracking performance. Dual-tracking performance was best supported with ambient visual and auditory displays, and participants preferred the auditory and tactile displays. The findings provide insight into multi-tracking abilities when feedback is distributed among sensory channels, and can inform design of in-vehicle displays.
Long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up of unclippable wrapped intracranial aneurysms.

Objective This is the largest contemporary series examining long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up of unclippable wrapped intracranial aneurysms. Methods The presentation, location and shape of aneurysm, wrapping technique, outcome at discharge and last follow-up, and change in aneurysm at last angiographic follow-up were reviewed retrospectively in 74 patients with wrapped or clip-wrapped aneurysms. Patients in whom wrapping was used in conjunction with primary clipping were excluded. Results Of the 74 patients, 11 were lost to follow-up. The mean age of the remaining 63 patients (16 males, 47 females) was 56.5 years (range, 13-89 yr). Fifty-one aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation, and 17 were located in the posterior circulation. Fourteen patients presented with a ruptured aneurysm. Seventeen aneurysms were fusiform. Seven aneurysms were clip-wrapped, and 61 were wrapped with cotton. At discharge the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score was 5 in 54 patients and 4 in 5 patients. Two patients died from their presenting hemorrhage, and one from a medical comorbidity. The mean clinical follow-up was 44.1 months (range, 1-120 mo). One patient under clinical follow-up experienced subarachnoid hemorrhage. The mean angiographic follow-up of 34 patients was 41.8 months (range, 3-120 mo). During this follow-up period, no patient's aneurysm changed in size or configuration. Conclusion Wrapping or clip-wrapping of unclippable intracranial aneurysms is safe and seems to confer protection against aneurysmal growth or subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Architectural Transcription Factors: Proteins That-Remodel DNA

Structural biologists have made considerable progress toward defining the physical chemistry of complexes between architectural transcription factors and remodeled DNA. The quest to crystallize even larger multiprotein–DNA assemblies continues apace, and we should soon see actual three-dimensional structures of the CAP-DNA complex interacting with a portion of the α subunit of RNAP (modeled in Figure 1aFigure 1a), a quaternary complex of the TCR α gene enhancer being recognized by LEF-1, ETS1, and ATF/CREB (modeled in Figure 1cFigure 1c), and TFIIA-, TFIIB-, and TBP-bound DNA (modeled in Figure 1dFigure 1d). The immediate challenge facing molecular biologists is to go beyond mere physical descriptions of these systems and characterize the kinetic and thermodynamic consequences of building transcriptionally active stereo-specific nucleoprotein complexes. Success in these difficult endeavors should yield quantitative insights into how gene expression is regulated, which are of critical importance to fundamental molecular biology as well as biomedicine.
Chicana(O)/Latina(O) Prisoners: Ethical and Methodological Considerations, Collaborative Research Methods and Case Studies

This essay compares major social science studies on the experiences of Chicanas(os)/Latinas(os) incarcerated in New York and California state prisons. It reviews researchers' motivations for conducting the studies, major questions posed, research methods, findings and conclusions, and their interrelationship. The discussion highlights ethical and methodological dilemmas confronted by researchers. A main objective is to help scholars formulate the most effective methods for carrying out institutional case studies of Chicana(o)/Latina(o) prisoners in the US that simultaneously yield the type of information most useful to all seeking to change oppressive conditions inside and outside the walls. Underlying questions are: What impact do pre-prison experiences have on imprisoned Chicanas(os)? What effect does imprisonment have on pintas(os)' and their barrios? How do prisons reproduce and, therefore, reinforce, differential power relationships existing on the outside? The essay concludes with a brief review of the major findings and a commentary on the methodologies most likely to generate the desired information.
Pessimism and pragmatism: agricultural trade liberalisation from the perspective of South Korean farmers

Based on a survey sample of 483 farm households in three provinces of the Republic of Korea, we report on the perspectives of full-time farmers regarding trade liberalisation, its effects on their lives, and the future of small-scale farming. The report includes opinions obtained from interviews and the results of 27 Likert scale items in our field survey conducted in 1997. As the Korean govern- ment seeks to comply with GATT regulations by reducing a wide range of farm supports and opening the domestic markets, farm families have borne the brunt of the policy changes. Rising costs, declining returns, massive amounts of debt, and draconian land use regulations have left farmers frustrated and discouraged. Results indicate that specific concerns frequently vary by location. There is optimism in areas with diversified farm operations, and the greatest pessimism in locations dependent on food grains and fruits - domestically important crops which already are being imported in increasing volumes.
Single crystalline brookite titanium dioxide nanorod arrays rooted on ceramic monoliths: a hybrid nanocatalyst support with ultra-high surface area and thermal stability

In this study, a cost-effective solution synthesis of commercial scale single crystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorod arrays has been successfully achieved on the inner walls of cordierite monoliths, which may provide a new class of nanostructured hybrid support for catalysis and energy applications. The morphological evolution has been observed from dandelion TiO2 nanorod clusters to vertically aligned nanorod arrays while increasing the solution treatment time. A heterogeneous nucleation–dissolution–crystallization mechanism is proposed for the growth of the brookite structured TiO2 nanorod arrays on the inner walls of honeycomb monoliths. The brookite structured TiO2 nanorod arrays have a high surface area up to ~250 m2 g−1, with an overall specific surface area in the hybrid nanostructured monolith increasing by 1.8 and 2.5 times after TiO2 nanorods coating for 4 h and 24 h, respectively. The thermal stability tests using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and hydrothermal stability tests under boiling water for 24 h suggest that the TiO2 nanorods coated hybrid monoliths are very stable. An as-prepared 9-cm-long TiO2 nanorod-array monolithic device was demonstrated as a continuous flow fixed-bed absorbent with efficient performance in Rhodamine B removal from aqueous solution.
The spectral balance equation

The formula for generating stream function coefficients in terms of height coefficients developed from the linear balance equation wherein the dependent variables are expanded in solid harmonics has been analyzed and results show that for non-zonal waves the kinetic energy derived increases with decreasing scale. A new set of basis functions has consequently been developed in which the geopotential field may be expanded to yield energetically consistent stream coefficients and simultaneously satisfy the balance condition. A relationship is determined whereby those stream coefficients may be determined from the height coefficients of a solid harmonic expansion and these coefficients are shown to be consistent with those previously derived for the zonal case. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00714.x
Self-potential studies at the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field

A reconnaissance self-potential survey conducted at the Cerro Prieto geothermal field revealed a dipolar anomaly of about 160 mV maximum peak-to-peak amplitude and covering an area of more than 400 km2. The anomaly is centered close to the present production zone, and its axis runs nearly due north-south, passing roughly through the location of the present 75-MW power plant. Preliminary theoretical analysis shows that a horizontally dipolar subsurface charge distribution, whose intensity increases with depth along a vertical plane, produces anomalies similar to that seen at Cerro Prieto. Such a charge distribution may be produced by the vertical flow of either heat or fluid parallel to a vertical discontinuity, if either the thermoelectric or electrokinetic coupling coefficients change across the discontinuity. Stratigraphic and geophysical evidence indicate that the trace of a fault, which extends to a depth of about 3 or 4 km and is thought to provide a major conduit for the geothermal fluids, coincides with the axis of the self-potential anomaly a few hundred meters north of the power plant. Thus, a vertical flow of heat and/or fluid along this fault could provide an explanation for the observed self-potential anomaly if the magnitudes of the flows and the coupling coefficient differences are large enough. We are presently measuring thermoelectric and electrokinetic coupling coefficients of core samples from Cerro Prieto, and will use these values in conjunction with temperature, fluid flow and electrical-resistivity data from the field to calculate anomaly amplitudes to be compared with the observed self-potential data.
Clinical Reasoning: A 10-month-old boy with myoclonic status epilepticus

A 10-month-old boy was transferred to our facility for workup and treatment of myoclonic status epilepticus. He was product of a healthy term pregnancy, born to nonconsanguineous parents, and was developmentally normal until the onset of myoclonic seizures at 8 months. Following this, developmental regression was noted. His myoclonic seizures were preceded by a febrile upper respiratory tract infection and involved the right upper and lower extremities for the first 5 weeks. However, all 4 extremities were eventually affected. His myoclonic seizures were reported to be resistant to IV lorazepam, levetiracetam, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, IV immunoglobulin, a midazolam infusion, and pyridoxine. High-dose steroids (IV methylprednisolone for 4 days, followed by an oral prednisone taper) were subsequently initiated, with mild but unsustained attenuation of seizures. The ketogenic diet was also tried; this was discontinued secondary to intractable vomiting. On presentation to our facility, the patient was observed to have nearly continuous myoclonic jerks, predominantly involving the right upper extremity. EEG recording showed continuous generalized epileptiform discharges associated with body jerking, consistent with myoclonic status epilepticus. The myoclonic jerks persisted despite administration of prednisone, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, and lorazepam. The examination was limited due to medication effects; however, he was normocephalic and nondysmorphic. Funduscopic examination was normal. He was able to fixate and follow visually. Motor examination revealed diffuse hypotonia, although his reflexes were preserved and symmetric in all 4 extremities. General physical examination showed no skin findings and absence of hepatosplenomegaly. Family history was negative for neurologic disorders (including seizures). ### Questions for consideration: 1. What is a myoclonic seizure? 2. What tests would you order? 3. What is the differential diagnosis of myoclonic status epilepticus in an infant? Myoclonic seizures are defined as sudden, brief, involuntary jerking movements of the extremities arising secondary to a discharge from the brain. Our patient's history was …
Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol 5' phosphatase is negatively associated with histamine release to human recombinant histamine-releasing factor in human basophils.

Abstract Background: The human recombinant histamine-releasing factor (HrHRF) acts as a complete stimulus for histamine release and IL-4 secretion from a subpopulation of highly allergic donor basophils, termed IgE + basophils. Additionally, IgE + basophils release histamine to other secretogues, IL-3, and deuterium oxide. We hypothesized that IgE + basophils were hyperreleasable. Objective: Deficiencies in early signal transduction events associated with FceRI lead to a nonreleasable phenotype, whereas the Src homology 2 domain–containing inositol 5' phosphatase (SHIP) knockout mice have hyperreleasable mast cells. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether a difference in intracellular signaling molecules could explain the hyperreleasable phenotype of human IgE + basophils. Methods: Basophils were purified by means of double Percoll gradients and negative selection with magnetic beads. Cell lysates were Western blotted for the tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk and the phosphatase SHIP. Additionally, histamine release to HrHRF was performed in addition to real-time RT-PCR to investigate mRNA for SHIP. Results: We show a striking negative correlation between the amount of SHIP protein per cell equivalent, but not Lyn or Syk, and maximum histamine release to HrHRF. This deficiency of SHIP was observed in basophils, but not lymphocytes or monocytes, of these IgE + donors. Additionally, levels of mRNA for SHIP did not differ between IgE + and IgE – donor basophils, which is consistent with a posttranscriptional mechanism of protein regulation. SHIP and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase reciprocally regulate phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) triphosphate levels. We also demonstrated that Ly294002, the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase inhibitor, prevented HrHRF-induced histamine release in IgE + donor basophils. Conclusion: Taken together, these data suggest that the hyperreleasability of IgE + donors is associated with low levels of SHIP and implicate SHIP as an additional regulator of secretion in human basophils. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:822-31.)
Statistical characterization of wind power output for a given wind power forecast

The stochastic nature of wind power output makes the integration of high penetration of wind into the power grid a real challenge. In this work, the uncertainty associated with the wind power output for a given wind power forecast is modeled using conditional probability density functions (pdf). Two pdf functions are considered: Beta and extreme value. Simulation results show that, in general, the proposed extreme value distribution outperforms Beta distribution at data bins of high wind power forecast whereas Beta is usually better at low to moderate wind forecast.
The retention of arachidonic acid in ethanolamine plasmalogens of rat testes during essential fatty acid deficiency.

To assess the possible role of plasmalogens in essential fatty acid deficiency, the metabolism of [6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3H7]arachidonic acid was examined in testicular tissue of rats maintained on essential fatty acid-deficient and control diets. The findings demonstrated that this essential fatty acid is metabolized more rapidly in the diacyl phospholipids and is retained to a greater extent in the plasmalogens of testicular lipids of the animals fed the essential fatty acid-deficient diet. It would appear that the build-up of labeled arachidonic acid in the plasmalogens from rats fed the fat-free diet is explained by an acyl exchange reaction, since the quantity of ethanolamine plasmalogens in the testes remained constant.
Quaternary glacial cycles: Karst processes and the global CO2 budget

Extensive research has been conducted investigating the relationship between karst processes, carbonate deposition and the global carbon cycle. However, little work has been done looking into the relationship between glaciations, subsequent sea level changes, and aerially exposed land masses in relation to karstic processes and the global carbon budget. During glaciations sea-level exposed the world’s carbonate platforms. With the sub-aerial exposure of the platforms, karst processes can occur, and the dissolution of carbonate material can commence, resulting in the drawdown of CO2 from the atmosphere as HCO3−. Furthermore, the material on the platform surfaces is primarily aragonite which is more readily soluble than calcite allowing karst processes to occur more quickly. During glaciations arctic carbonates and some of the temperate carbonates are blanketed in ice, effectively removing those areas from karst processes. Given the higher solubility of aragonite, and the extent of carbonate platforms exposed during glaciations, this dissolution balances the CO2 no longer taken up by karst processes at higher latitudes that were covered during the last glacial maximum The balance is within 0.001 GtC / yr, using soil pCO2 (0.005 GtC/yr assuming atmospheric pCO2) which is a difference of <1% of the total amount of atmospheric CO2 removed in a year by karst processes. Denudation was calculated using the maximum potential dissolution formulas of Gombert (2002). On a year to year basis the net amount of atmospheric carbon removed through karstic processes is equivalent between the last glacial maximum and the present day, however, the earth has spent more time in a glacial configuration during the Quaternary, which suggests that there is a net drawdown of atmospheric carbon during glaciations from karst processes, which may serve as a feedback to prolong glacial episodes. This research has significance for understanding the global carbon budget during the Quaternary. Keywords: Karst, Global Carbon Budget, Quaternary, Last Glacial Maximum, Carbonate Dissolution. DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.661
The relationship of body image dissatisfaction to cigarette smoking in college students.

Abstract This study examined the association of cigarette smoking status and body image dissatisfaction as measured by the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), in 1575 young adult college students, 18–24 years of age. Respondents were current cigarette smokers (N = 482) or never tobacco users (N = 1093). Smoking status was found to be significantly associated with 5 of the 10 MBSRQ subscales, with current smokers having lower scores on Fitness Orientation, Health Evaluation and Health Orientation (all p
Erythrocyte Spectrin Is An E2 Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme.

The involvement of red blood cell spectrin in the ubiquitination process was studied. Spectrin was found to form two ubiquitin-associated derivatives, a DTT-sensitive ubiquitin adduct and a DTT-insensitive conjugate, characteristic intermediate and final products of the ubiquitination reaction cascade. In addition to spectrin and ubiquitin, ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) and ATP were necessary and sufficient to form both the spectrin-ubiquitin adduct and conjugate. No exogenous ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) or ligase (E3) activities were required, suggesting that erythrocyte spectrin is an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme able to target itself. Both ubiquitin adduct and conjugate were linked to the alpha subunit of spectrin, suggesting that the ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC) domain and its target regions reside on the same subunit.