cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium theory of the Stranski-Krastanov epitaxial morphology

Abstract We present a theory of the equilibrium morphology adopted by N atoms of one material when they crystallize epitaxially onto the surface of a dissimilar material. The discussion is limited to the case of the so-called Stranski-Krastanov morphology where a strongly bound but elastically strained wetting layer coats the substrate. The arrangement of atoms atop this layer is determined by minimizing an approximate total energy expression derived for a set of vertically coupled Frenkel-Kontorova chains of finite yet variable length. In this way, both elastic and plastic strain accommodation are treated with a common formalism. Our semi-analytic treatment permits us to compare very rapidly the energy of essentially all configurations of N atoms (up to about N = 5000) including uniform films, coherent islands and dislocated islands. The results are presented in the form of a morphological phase diagram as a function of misfit, surface energy and total particle number for the case of diamond structure materials. Coherent islands are found to be stable in a non-negligible portion of the phase diagram and the relevant phase boundaries are well predicted by simple analytic expressions. A kinetic interpretation of the results is possible when the variable N is redefined appropriately.
Marketing Alternatives and Resource Allocation: Case Studies of Collective Bargaining

commonly cited. "It includes all the ways of harmonizing the successive vertical steps, or stages, of production and marketing. Vertical coordination may be accomplished through the marketing price system, vertical integration, contracting, cooperation, or any other means, separately or in combination. There is always some kind of vertical coordination if any production takes place" (p. 4). Mighell and Jones suggest that some mechanisms may bring about "better" coordination-than others. In Marketing Alternatives for Agriculture: Is There A Better Way? several coordination mechanisms are described and discussed in terms of their possible consequences. The work edited by Marion is concerned with the definition of vertical coordina-
The Impact of Pretreatment Prostate Volume on Severe Acute Genitourinary Toxicity in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy

Purpose To assess the impact of pretreatment prostate volume on the development of severe acute genitourinary toxicity in patients undergoing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer. Methods and Materials Between 2004 and 2007, a consecutive sample of 214 patients who underwent IMRT (75.6 Gy) for prostate cancer at two referral centers was analyzed. Prostate volumes were obtained from computed tomography scans taken during treatment simulation. Genitourinary toxicity was defined using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 3.0 guidelines. Acute toxicity was defined as any toxicity originating within 90 days of the completion of radiation therapy. Patients were characterized as having a small or large prostate depending on whether their prostate volume was less than or greater than 50 cm 3 , respectively. Genitourinary toxicity was compared in these groups using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to further assess the impact of prostate volume on severe (Grade 3) acute genitourinary toxicity. Results Patients with large prostates (>50 cm 3 ) had a higher rate of acute Grade 3 genitourinary toxicity ( p = .02). Prostate volume was predictive of the likelihood of developing acute Grade 3 genitourinary toxicity on bivariate ( p = .004) and multivariate ( p = .006) logistic regression. Every 27.0 cm 3 increase in prostate volume doubled the likelihood of acute Grade 3 genitourinary toxicity. Conclusions Patients with larger prostates are at higher risk for the development of severe acute genitourinary toxicity when treated with IMRT for prostate cancer.
An Examination of the Leader’s Regulation of Groups

This research used Bandura’s social cognitive framework of self-regulation to examine functional group leadership. Antecedents and outcomes of leader goals and leadership self-efficacy (LSE) were central to this investigation. Leaders were 96 college students who led three-person teams on either a more simple or complex production task. Results indicated that LSE predicted leader goal levels, and together LSE and leader goals predicted task strategies communicated by leaders to group members. Most effects of LSE and leader goals on group outcomes were mediated by leader strategies. In addition, LSE was instrumental to the leader’s maintenance of challenging goals when leaders confronted a complex task. Findings offered general support for extending Bandura’s self-regulation model to group leadership task settings.
Phase shifts in coplanar waveguides with patterned conductive top covers

A qualitative study of the phase shifts in coplanar waveguides (CPWs) with various periodically patterned conductive top covers is assessed experimentally. An increase in the dynamic range of the phase shift has been observed by altering the CPW between needle-like-patterned and uniform conductive top structures. A CPW with a fine-patterned top cover coated with CdS material was examined to demonstrate the potential application as an optically controlled CPW phase shifter.
Spatial integration in the crustacean visual system: peripheral and central sources of non-linear summation.

Abstract The spatial summing characteristics of the crustacean sustaining fiber were examined with concentric stimuli and observed to be highly dependent upon the stimulus intensity. In the dark adapted condition and with response criteria at or near the central threshold, summation is approximately linear. With moderate light adaptation or relatively large response criteria, spatial summation becomes markedly nonlinear. The nonlinearities appear as a diminishing sensitivity with decreasing stimulus diameters. These results are interpreted in terms of the nonlinear intensity-voltage transform of the retinula cell. An additional source of nonlinearity was observed under suprathreshold conditions with stimulus dia in excess of 10–12°. A two-point stimulus procedure indicated that these results are consistent with a lateral inhibitory mechanism operating within the excitatory field.
Determination of surface and interior cracks from electrostatic measurements using Schwarz-Christoffel transformations

A crack detection algorithm using the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation is presented. The method uses practically feasible electrostatic measurements. After describing how a relevant direct boundary value problem can be efficiently solved with conformal maps, the idea of our numerical method for crack detection is explained in terms of a resistor trimming problem. Various surface and interior crack detection problems are then formulated as generalized Schwarz-Christoffel parameter problems. A number of computed examples are presented.
Isolated Regulatory Domains of cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Iα and Iβ Retain Dimerization and Native cGMP-binding Properties and Undergo Isoform-specific Conformational Changes

Molecular mechanisms that provide for cGMP activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) are unknown. PKGs are dimeric; each monomer contains a regulatory (R) and catalytic (C) domain. In this study, isolated recombinant R domains of PKGIα-(Δ349–670) and PKGIβ-(Δ364–685) containing the dimerization and autoinhibitory subdomains and two allosteric cGMP-binding sites were expressed in Sf9 cells. Both R domains were dimers with elongated conformations (Stokes radii of 44 and 51 A, respectively, and frictional coefficients of 1.6 and 1.8, respectively). Exchange dissociation kinetics and KD values for cGMP were similar for each holoenzyme and its isolated R domain, indicating that under these conditions the C domain does not appreciably alter cGMP-binding functions of the R domain. As determined by gel filtration chromatography, cGMP binding caused elongation of the PKGIα-isolated R domain and contraction of the PKGIβ-isolated R domain. Cyclic GMP-bound forms of the isoforms have similar physical dimensions that may reflect a common conformation of active isoforms. Elongation of the PKGIβ holoenzyme associated with cGMP binding and PKG activation cannot be explained solely by conformational change in its R domain, but elongation of the PKGIα R domain may partially account for the elongation of wild type PKGIα associated with cGMP binding. The cGMP-induced conformational changes in the respective R domains are likely to be critical for kinase activation.
Crosstalk Between IGF1R and Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

After the discovery that depriving certain breast tumors of estrogen promoted tumor regression, therapeutic strategies aimed at depriving tumors of this hormone were developed. The tumorigenic properties of estrogen are regulated through the estrogen receptor-α (ER), making understanding the mechanisms that activate this receptor highly relevant. In addition to estrogen activating the ER, other growth factor pathways, such as the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), can activate the ER. This review will examine the interaction between these two pathways. Estrogen can activate the growth stimulatory properties of the IGF pathway via ER’s genomic and non-genomic functions. Further, blockade of ER function can inhibit IGF-mediated mitogenesis and blocking IGF action can inhibit estrogen stimulation of breast cancer cells. Collectively, these observations suggest that the two growth regulatory pathways are tightly linked and a more thorough understanding of the mechanism of this crosstalk could lead to improved therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
Role of classifiers in multimedia content management

Enabling semantic detection and indexing is an important task in multimedia content management. Learning and classification techniques are increasingly relevant to the state of the art content management systems. From relevance feedback to semantic detection, there is a shift in the amount of supervision that precedes retrieval from light weight classifiers to heavy weight classifiers. In this paper we compare the performance of some popular classifiers for semantic video indexing. We mainly compare among other techniques, one technique for generative modeling and one for discriminant learning and show how they behave depending on the number of examples that the user is willing to provide to the system. We report results using the NIST TREC Video Corpus.
Hematology and serum chemistry of bobcats in northcentral Minnesota.

Hematology and serum chemistry values were determined for 27 (18 male, 9 female) wild-caught bobcats (Felis rufus Schreber) ≥1.0 yr old from northcentral Minnesota. Most blood parameters were similar to normal values for both captive bobcats and domestic cats. Deviations from these normals were likely the result of capture stress, nutritional status, and/or reproductive condition.
Freedom of Speech Bibliography: January 1990—January 1992

(1992). Freedom of Speech Bibliography: January 1990—January 1992. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 195-213.
Determination of proportions of coal components by automated microscopic reflectance scanning

Abstract The US Bureau of Mines has developed an automated reflectance scanning microscope system, primarily for determination of volume proportions, size distribution, and mode of association of the physical (petrographic) components of coals. The process, which is potentially more rapid and objective and less tedious than a visual microscopic procedure, involves magnetic tape recording of several million reflectance readings on micrometer sized areas of polished coal surface, and computer analysis and interpretation of some characteristics of the coal components. Results of petrographic analysis by automated reflectance scanning microscopy and conventional visual microscopy have been compared for four coals on the basis of a partially arbitrary interpretation of reflectance distributions. Such comparisons indicate fairly good agreement of results by the two methods for at least three of the coals, particularly in showing the considerably higher proportions of exinite and lower amounts of vitrinite in dull coal samples contrasted with bright coals. Despite the interpretation being arbitrary, the interest of other laboratories in such research, and possible advantages of greater objectivity and rapidity of analysis and correlation with coal utilization, encourage further study along these lines.
Synthesis, structure and reactivity of bidentate 2-ketopyrrolyl cobalt(III) phosphonates and phosphinates

Abstract Bidentate N,O complexes (η5-C5R5)Co(R′C(O)-C4H3N)(I) (3) are prepared by treating in situ produced 2-acryl-pyrrolyl anion (R′C(O)-C4H3N−, 2α,β; α (R′H), β (R′ Me)) with ( η 5 - C 5 R 5 ) Co(CO) ( 1 ) 2 (1a,b;a (RH), b (RMe)) in THF. Reaction of 3 with P-donor ligands (PMe3, P(OMe)3 and PPh(OMe)2) results in simple halide substitution to give [(η5-C5R5)Co(R′C(O)-C4H3N) (P-donor)]+I− (4–6). The PMe3 product (4) is readily isolated, however facile Arbuzov dealkylation of the phosphite (5) and phosphonite (6) salts gives dimethyl phosphonates, (η5-C5R5)Co(R′C(O)-C4H3N)(P(O)(OMe)2) (7), and mixtures of diastereomeric methyl phenylphosphinates, (η5-C5R5)(Co(R′C(O)-C4H3N)(P(O)Ph(OMe)) (8), respectively. Intermediate phosphite and phosphonite complexes [(η5-C5R5)Co(R′C(O)-C4H3N)(PR″=OMe, Ph) were directly observed by 1H NMR in acetone-d6 at room temperature in several cases. The molecular structures of complexes 3bβ and 7bβ were determined by X-ray diffraction 3bβ crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with a = 16.809(3), b = 13.755(5), c = 7.535(2) A 3 , Z = 4 . Although the coordination geometry of 3bβ was determined, disorder problems in the selected crystal prevented refinement of the diffraction data to give meaningful structural parameters. 7bβ crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c (No. 14) with a = 12.183(1), b = 10.100(2), c = 16.915(2) A , β = 106.559(9)°, V = 1995.1(4) A 3 , Z = 4 and R = 0.036 (R w = 0.039 ) for 2716 reflections with 1 > 3.00σ(1). Conformation preferences for metallophosphonates and phosphinates 7 and 8, determined from solid state and solution (1H nOed) data, are analyzed using molecular modeling (MM+) and extended Huckel calculations.
Public health in pharmacy: improving vitamin D status in the U.S. population.

Abstract Objectives To summarize the problem of vitamin D inadequacy in the United States and discuss how pharmacists can help improve vitamin D status in the population. Summary Vitamin D inadequacy has proven skeletal health effects and potential effects on other chronic conditions. The condition is present in many Americans. Adequate vitamin D intake is currently emphasized to prevent vitamin D inadequacy. However, overall dietary vitamin D intake and use of vitamin D supplements is relatively low in the United States. Pharmacists' health knowledge and placement in communities make them ideal resources for raising awareness on the benefits of vitamin D and providing nutrition information to prevent vitamin D inadequacy. However, pharmacists' ability to provide these services may be impeded in part by current limitations on compensation for health promotion activities. Conclusion Health care reform is likely to expand pharmacists' scope of practice and services eligible for reimbursement. By promoting vitamin D in the communities they serve, pharmacists can take a lead role among health professionals in addressing vitamin D inadequacy.
Identification of collagen α1 (I) trimer and normal type I collagen in a polyoma virus-induced mouse tumor

A bone- and cartilage-forming mouse tumor, induced by transforming salivary epithelial cells with polyoma virus, contained large quantities of collagen. Two types of collagen molecules were isolated which had different solubilities in salt. One was type I collagen with a chain composition [al(I (~2 and the other was an unusual form of type I collagen with a chain composition [(xl(I)& This would appear to be the first in uiuo demonstration of (~1 type I trimer. A collagenous matrix is a ubiquitous constituent of solid tissues. Most cells (11,
Reconstitution and functional comparison of purified GlpF and AqpZ, the glycerol and water channels from Escherichia coli

A large family of membrane channel proteins selective for transport of water (aquaporins) or water plus glycerol (aquaglyceroporins) has been found in diverse life forms. Escherichia coli has two members of this family—a water channel, AqpZ, and a glycerol facilitator, GlpF. Despite having similar primary amino acid sequences and predicted structures, the oligomeric state and solute selectivity of AqpZ and GlpF are disputed. Here we report biochemical and functional characterizations of affinity-purified GlpF and compare it to AqpZ. Histidine-tagged (His-GlpF) and hemagglutinin-tagged (HA-GlpF) polypeptides encoded by a bicistronic construct were expressed in bacteria. HA-GlpF and His-GlpF appear to form oligomers during Ni-nitrilotriacetate affinity purification. Sucrose gradient sedimentation analyses showed that the oligomeric state of octyl glucoside-solubilized GlpF varies: low ionic strength favors subunit dissociation, whereas Mg 2+ stabilizes tetrameric assembly. Reconstitution of affinity-purified GlpF into proteoliposomes increases glycerol permeability more than 100-fold and water permeability up to 10-fold compared with control liposomes. Glycerol and water permeability of GlpF both occur with low Arrhenius activation energies and are reversibly inhibited by HgCl 2 . Our studies demonstrate that, unlike AqpZ, a water-selective stable tetramer, purified GlpF exists in multiple oligomeric forms under nondenaturing conditions and is highly permeable to glycerol but less well permeated by water.
Discrete Potentials in the Dark-adapted Eye of the Crab Limulus

Two types of discrete depolarizing potentials are recorded intracellularly from thoroughly dark-adapted visual cells of small Limuli stimulated with dim light. The larger type of discrete potential seems Co be associated with the generation of nerve impulses in the eye in these conditions.
Trade magazine content and am stereo, part II: Am stereo editorials

In the second part of a study of trade magazine editorial content reported by Huff (1993–1994) in the Journal of Radio Studies, the author discovered discrepancies in trade magazine opinions about AM stereo. Editorial positions taken by Broadcasting and Radio World during the 11 years of the controversial AM stereo marketplace (1982–1993) are not necessarily reflective or representative of broadcast industry views. Some agreement of opinion between letter and editorial writers about AM stereo is apparent, but it is obvious that there is also a great deal of disagreement.
Multiplex localization imaging and sub-diffraction limited measurement

A novel technique, multiplex localization imaging, is proposed to enhance the image reconstruction of point sources beyond the diffraction limit for an incoherent remote sensing system. The technique utilizes position localization of point sources to create an image of a scene and to allow sub-diffraction limited measurement. Two types of algorithms, mean calculations and chi-square statistics, are implemented to analyze the limits of position localization. Three different multiplex localization imaging methods, time-, color-, and polarization-multiplexing, were investigated experimentally. The resolution of multiplex localization imaging was found to be 14 times better than the diffraction limit of the optics. The multiplex localization imaging technique has applications in remote sensing and astronomy, such as position measurement, multiple targets tracking, and image enhancement.
An improved model for describing the contrast bolus in perfusion MRI.

Purpose: Quantification of perfusion measurements using dynamic, susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced (DSC) MRI depends on estimating the size and shape of the tracer bolus. Typically, the bolus is described as a gamma variate function (GV) fitted to the bolus portion of tracer concentration time curve (CTC). However, the last point to fit is arbitrary which can lead to considerable variation in the fitted curve in the presence of noise. In this technical note, we present a model which takes into account recirculation explicitly and fits robustly to the entire CTC in the presence of noise. Methods: Signal data measurements from ten DSC MRI patients were fitted with our new model and a GV function using four different methods of estimating the end of the bolus. Estimates of the area under the curves (AUC) and first moments (FMs) of the bolus were compared at different noise levels. Results: The new model gave errors similar to or smaller than those of the most effective methods for fitting a GV. Conclusions: The single compartment recirculation (SCR) model is the most robust fitting technique with respect to noise both for bias and variability.
Dyadic interviewing: a technique valuing interdependence in interviews with individuals with intellectual disabilities

Dyadic interviewing is a qualitative approach that recognizes there exists an interdependent relationship between individuals, embracing this phenomenon as a source of information rather than attempting to control for it. Informed by a Critical Disability Studies ideology, this dyadic interview technique has been adapted to address some of the difficulties that present when conducting interviews with individuals with intellectual disabilities. The interview structure consists of a dyad that includes the individual with intellectual disability and the person they identify as their key support person. Currently, researchers have embraced dyadic interviewing as a method of triangulation. However, it also has potential to be used as an important method of accommodation for people with intellectual disability that promotes choice and self-determination in research participation.
Drying and Wetting Effects on Carbon Dioxide Release from Organic Horizons

Drying and wetting cycles of O horizon in forest soils have not received much attention, partly due to methodological limitations for nondestructive monitoring of the O horizon water content. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of moisture limitations in the O horizon of a temperate forest on summertime soil respiration. We measured soil respiration in three replicated plots in a mixed deciduous forest at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, weekly from May to October 2001. Direct Current (DC) half-bridge sensors that had been calibrated using destructive samples of the Oi and Oe/ Oa horizons were placed in the Oi and Oe/Oa horizons to record hourly changes of gravimetric water contents. Soil temperature explained 47% of the variation in soil respiration using the Arrhenius equation. The residuals of the temperature model were linearly correlated with gravimetric water content of the Oi horizon (r2 = 0.72, P < 0.0001) and Oe/Oa horizon (r2 = 0.56, P < 0.001), indicating that temporal variation in soil respiration can be partly explained by water content of the O horizon. Additionally, a laboratory study was performed to evaluate drying/wetting cycles of the O horizon at constant temperature. Even small simulated rainfall amounts of 0.5 mm significantly increase CO2 flux from dry O horizon within a few minutes. The duration of CO2 pulses increased with the amount of applied water, lasting from a few hours to days. A strong correlation between CO2 release and water content of the O horizons demonstrates a clear regulatory role of litter water content on decomposition within the O horizons.
Artemia habitats: Ion concentrations tolerated by one superspecies

The geographic distribution, history, and ionic composition of habitats of Artemia franciscana are reviewed with emphasis on habitats with extreme values for ionic concentrations or ionic ratios: a) high-chloride waters (sea water salterns and Zuni and Great Salt Lakes); b) high-sulfate lakes in Saskatchewan (Chaplin and Little Manitou) and on the Okanogan plateau of Washington (Penley Lake complex); and c) high-carbonate habitats in Nevada (Fallon), in California (Mono Lake) and in the Nebraska sandhills (Jesse and Antioch).
Location and molecular characteristics of fluorescent complexes of ethidium bromide in the cell

Abstract Ethidium bromide is taken up rapidly by bovine kidney cells and yeast. This compound complexes specifically with nucleic acids. Its fluorescence is thereby increased, and characteristic properties of the fluorescence such as polarization, excitation spectrum and decay time depend on the type of nucleic acid and its molecular environment. These characteristics have been measured in ethidium-labeled cells. Polarization values from 0.30 to 0.36 and decay times from 17 to 23 nsec have been found for different cells and conditions. Fluorescence from the cells is characteristic of RNA with intercalated EB. Different fluorescence characteristics are found, depending on the complexing of ethidium with free RNA, RNA in ribosomes or associated with the cell membrane.
Superacid coal chemistry. 3. Electrophilic substitution of coals under ‘stable ion’ conditions and the conversion of functionalized coals with the HF:BF3:H2 liquefaction system☆

Abstract Electrophilic ethylation and nitration of Illinois No. 6 coal was carried out using CH 3 CH 2 F : SbF 5 in SO 2 at −40 °C and NO + 2 BF − 4 in trimethylphosphate solution at room temperature, respectively. The effect of these substituents on the reactivity of coal under the HF:BF 3 :H 2 coal liquefaction system was studied. Ethylation increases the susceptibility of coal to this superacidic catalyst system while nitration is found to decrease the extent of depolymerization of coal.
Simultaneous Spectroscopic and Solid-State Electronic Measurement of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Devices

We describe simultaneous spectroscopic and solid-state electronic operation of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) thin film device under the influence of NH3 and NO2 gases. Using this simultaneous approach we show that both the optical absorbance and network conductance show a shared time dependency upon exposure to NH3 or NO2 gas. We show that the device behavior is dominated by gas adsorption on the SWNT network, and we explore the role of network density in regards to device behavior under gas exposure. Last, we provide evidence to suggest that the device sensitivity toward a particular analyte can be tuned by simply varying the density of the SWNT network.
Building patternmaking theory: a case study of published patternmaking practices for pants

Garment development is an iterative process centred on patternmaking to resolve fit and production problems. Each time a sample garment is revised adds time and expense to garment development. Understanding the relationships among garment fit variables is essential to advancing the process of garment development especially with respect to programming computer-aided patternmaking systems accurately. Fit experts utilise their practical knowledge, but it is generally unrecorded, while patternmaking texts provide information on body-to-pattern variable relationships that is not well documented. Building patternmaking theory can ground the practice and lead to a better understanding of body-to-pattern relationships. This study compared published patternmaking specifications for ease, shaping devices and crotch curve shape against pants’ patterns custom-fit by experts for seven female participants of similar body size and age representing purposefully selected body shapes. In contrast to the singular directive ...
A creep apparatus to explore the quenching and ageing phenomena of PVC films

A creep apparatus has been constructed for an in situ determination of length and length change. Using this apparatus, the creep behavior of PVC thin films associated with quenching and aging was studied. The more severe the quench through the glass transition temperature, the greater is the instantaneous elastic deformation and the subsequent creep behavior. As aging proceeds, the quenched films gradually lose the ductility incurred by quenching. These results agree well with the well-known phenomena of physical aging. Thus, the changes reflecting molecular mobilities due to quenching and aging can be properly monitored by such a creep apparatus.
Observation of collective and single-particle effects in conductance oscillations in a “quantum donut”

A “quantum donut” device with quantum point contacts and an independently tunable center gate was fabricated in a GaAs/Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As hetero-structure. The low temperature magnetoconductance in the tunneling regime shows two sets of oscillations at high magnetic fields: one corresponds to the area enclosed by the outer diameter, associated with Aharonov-Bohm-like edge state interference, and one corresponds to the area of the annulus, associated with oscillations in the self-consistent electron distribution due to Landau level depopulations.
A Phenomenology for Homi Bhabha's Postcolonial Metropolitan Subject

Homi Bhabha attends to the figure of the postcolonial metropolitan subject — a racialized subject who is not representative of the first world, yet a symbol of the metropolitan sphere. Bhabha describes their daily lives as inextricably split or doubled. His analysis cannot account for the agonistic moments when one is caught in not knowing, in focusing attention, and in developing understanding. Maurice Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology with the openness in the horizon of the gestaltian framework better accounts for such splits as moments on the horizon for becoming and grasping something new.
Behavioral functions of the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus

From a behavioral perspective, the CA3a,b subregion of the hippocampus plays an important role in the encoding of new spatial information within short-term memory with a duration of seconds and minutes. This can easily be observed in tasks that require rapid encoding, novelty detection, one-trial short-term or working memory, and one-trial cued recall primarily for spatial information. These are tasks that have been assumed to reflect the operations of episodic memory and require interactions between CA3a,b and the dentate gyrus via mossy fiber inputs into the CA3a,b. The CA3a,b is also important for encoding of spatial information requiring multiple trials including the acquisition of arbitrary and relational associations. These tasks tend to be non-episodic and can be mediated by arbitrary and conjunctive operations. All these tasks are assumed to operate within an autoassociative network function of the CA3 region. The output from CA3a,b via the fimbria and the medial and lateral perforant path inputs play a supporting role in the neural circuit that supports the operation of these tasks. The CA3a,b also plays a role in sequential processing of information in cooperation with CA1 based on the Schaffer collateral output from CA3a,b to CA1. The CA3a,b also supports retrieval of short-term memory information based on a spatial pattern completion process. Finally, CA3c may, in cooperation with the dentate gyrus, serve an important role in processing the geometry of the environment.
Storage temperature maintenance and its effect on processed potatoes

A direct-expansion refrigeration system was developed that could operate at 40 F and 85% relative humidity without moisture condensation on the evaporator coil.
A RULE-BASED SOFTWARE QUALITY CLASSIFICATION MODEL

A rule-based classification model is presented to identify high-risk software modules. It utilizes the power of rough set theory to reduce the number of attributes, and the equal frequency binning algorithm to partition the values of the attributes. As a result, a set of conjuncted Boolean predicates are formed. The model is inherently influenced by the practical needs of the system being modeled, thus allowing the analyst to determine which rules are to be used for classifying the fault-prone and not fault-prone modules. The proposed model also enables the analyst to control the number of rules that constitute the model. Empirical validation of the model is accomplished through a case study of a large legacy telecommunications system. The ease of rule interpretation and the transparency of the functional aspects of the model are clearly demonstrated. It is concluded that the new model is effective in achieving the software quality classification.
Computer science and engineering: Laying claim to a new discipline: If engineering is to lay claim to the new computer field, it needs to widen its perspective and regard the computer as more than a tool

The early mathematical aspects of what is today called computer science originated from the use of computers as sophisticated desk calculators to solve numerical problems [photo], first using scaling of integers in “fixed point” notation and later automatically handling the decimal point through routines or hardware. In those days, the primary role of the electrical engineer was to design a machine that could carry out these computations with the greatest affordable speed, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Shortly after, the same logical processes for symbol manipulation that enabled computers to do fast arithmetic were used to great advantage for handling, sorting, and processing alphanumeric information in the business world. This activity evolved into what has come to be known as data processing.
Division versus Fusion: Dnm1p and Fzo1p Antagonistically Regulate Mitochondrial Shape

In yeast, mitochondrial division and fusion are highly regulated during growth, mating and sporulation, yet the mechanisms controlling these activities are unknown. Using a novel screen, we isolated mutants in which mitochondria lose their normal structure, and instead form a large network of interconnected tubules. These mutants, which appear defective in mitochondrial division, all carried mutations in DNM1, a dynamin-related protein that localizes to mitochondria. We also isolated mutants containing numerous mitochondrial fragments. These mutants were defective in FZO1, a gene previously shown to be required for mitochondrial fusion. Surprisingly, we found that in dnm1 fzo1 double mutants, normal mitochondrial shape is restored. Induction of Dnm1p expression in dnm1 fzo1 cells caused rapid fragmentation of mitochondria. We propose that dnm1 mutants are defective in the mitochondrial division, an activity antagonistic to fusion. Our results thus suggest that mitochondrial shape is normally controlled by a balance between division and fusion which requires Dnm1p and Fzo1p, respectively.
Studies on Effect of Certain Quinones I. Electron Transport, Photophosphorylation, and CO2 Fixation in Isolated Chloroplasts

The effect of quinone herbicides and fungicides on photosynthetic reactions in isolated spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ) chloroplasts was investigated. 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (dichlone), 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (06K-quinone), and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (chloranil) inhibited ferricyanide reduction as well as ATP formation. Benzoquinone had little or no effect on these reactions. The two reactions showed a differential sensitivity to these inhibitors. Dichlone was a strong inhibitor of both photosystems I and II; photosystem I was more sensitive to 06K-quinone than was photosystem II, whereas the reverse was true of chloranil. Chloranil and 06K-quinone inhibited ferricyanide reduction and the coupled photophosphorylation to the same extent, whereas dichlone affected photophosphorylation to a greater extent than the ferricyanide reduction. CO 2 fixation was inhibited by all the quinones to varying degrees. In chloroplasts treated with 06K-quinone or benzoquinone, CO 2 fixation was inhibited to a greater extent than the photoreduction of ferricyanide or ATP formation, indicating the possibility that the two quinones may also inhibit certain reactions in the carbon reduction cycle. The effect of dichlone and chloranil, but not of 06K-quinone, was overcome by the addition of reduced glutathione. The quinones caused an increase in the proportion of 14 C incorporated into 3-phosphoglyceric acid and a reduction in the amount of glycolic acid.
Normal faulting and in situ stress in the South Carolina coastal plain near Charleston

In situ stress measurements were made to depths of 344 m in Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments near Charleston, South Carolina. The magnitudes of the least principal compressive stress were found to be considerably sublithostatic: 30.6 b at 193 m, 33.7 b at 209 m, 35.0 b at 297 m, and 41.6 b at 344 m. These data, combined with simple faulting theory, indicate that the least principal horizontal stress at depths of 297 and 344 m is sufficiently less than the lithostatic load to result in normal-type fault motion on favorably oriented faults. Stratigraphic evidence from three test wells and 20 auger holes in the area supports existence of at least one normal fault in the vicinity of the wells in which the stress measurements were made. We interpret these results to suggest that normal faults in coastal plain sediments near Charleston are currently active. Because the direction of relative horizontal extension appears to be northeast-southwest, or parallel to the trend of the continental margin, we infer that this stress field is of tectonic origin.
Nonexistence of spherically symmetric monopoles with multiple magnetic charge

We show that in a spontaneously broken SU(2) gauge theory there are no field configurations with magnetic charge >1 which are both spherically symmetric and of finite energy. (AIP)
Nutrition and Mental Development

understanding of the relation between mental states and the physical world, unpublished manuscript, University of Texas at Austin (1992). 3. J.H. Flavell, F.L. Green, and E.R. Flavell, Young children's knowledge about thinking, unpub lished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (1992). 4. S.L. Rosenkrantz, Children's recognition of the facial expressions associated with cognitive I states, unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, CA(1991). 5. For results similar to those of Rosenkrantz, see S. Baron-Cohen and P. Cross, Reading the eyes: Evidence for the role of perception in the develop ment of a theory of mind, Mind and Language, 7, I 172-186(1992). I 6. J. Piaget, The Child's Conception of the World (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1929).
Secondary hypersplenism occurring in a seven-month-old infant with thalassemia major.

Summary A patient is described with thalassemiaand secondary hypersplenism at 5 months of age. Shortened survival time for transfused normal erythrocytes, extremely limited benefit from transfusions, and thrombocytopenia were present. Following splenectomy the survival time for transfused normal cells was normal, the platelets rose to above 200,000 per cubic millimeter, and there was striking clinical improvement.
Distribution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: relation to insulin action.

Aims/hypothesis. To evaluate the tissue distribution and possible role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in insulin action in fat and muscle biopsy specimens from lean, obese and subjects with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.¶Methods. We measured PPARα, PPARβ(δ) and PPARγ protein expression by western blot analysis. The PPARγ protein was also measured in muscle before and after 3-h hyperinsulinaemic (300 mU · m–2· min–1) euglycaemic clamps.¶Results. The PPARα protein was expressed preferentially in muscle relative to fat (more than sevenfold). The PPARβ protein was similar in fat and muscle. The amount of PPARγ protein found in muscle was, on average, two-thirds of that present in fat. There was no statistically significant difference between non-diabetic and diabetic subjects in baseline (pre-clamp) muscle PPAR (α, β or γ) protein expression. Subgroup analysis showed, however, significantly higher PPARγ protein in the most insulin resistant diabetic subjects with glucose disposal rates of 3–6 mg · kg–1· min–1 compared with their age and weight matched counterparts with glucose disposal rates of 6–9 (147 ± 23 vs 88 ± 10 AU/μg protein, p≤ 0.01 in diabetic and vs 94 ± 15, p≤ 0.04 in non-diabetic subjects). Muscle PPARγ protein and glucose disposal rates were inversely correlated in diabetic subjects (r = –0.47, p≤ 0.05).¶Conclusion/interpretation. All PPARs (α, β or γ) are present in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue with different relative distributions. The PPARγ protein is abundant in skeletal muscle as well as adipose tissue. The altered expression of skeletal muscle PPARγ is consistent with a role for this nuclear protein in the impaired insulin action of Type II diabetes. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 304–311]
Traditional Extractants in Nontraditional Solvents: Groups 1 and 2 Extraction by Crown Ethers in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids†

The crown ethers 18-crown-6 (18C6), dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6), and 4,4‘-(5‘)-di-(tert-butylcyclohexano)-18-crown-6 (Dtb18C6) were dissolved in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Cnmim][PF6], n = 4, 6, 8) room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and studied for the extraction of Na+, Cs+, and Sr2+ from aqueous solutions. In the absence of extractant, the distribution ratios for the metal ions indicate a strong preference for the aqueous phase. With the crown ethers as extractants in RTIL-based liquid/liquid separations, the resulting metal ion partitioning depends on the hydrophobicity of the crown ether and also on the composition of the aqueous phase (e.g., concentration of HNO3 vs Al(NO3)3). Aqueous solutions of HCl, Na3 citrate, NaNO3, and HNO3 (the latter at low concentrations) decrease the metal ion distribution ratios and also decrease the water content of the RTIL phase. High concentrations of HNO3 decompose PF6- and increase both the water content and the water solubility of ...
Simulation of population balance model-based particulate processes via parallel and distributed computing

Abstract Population Balance Models (PBMs), a class of integro partial differential equations, are utilized for simulating dynamics of numerous particulate systems. PBMs describe the time evolutions and distributions of many particulate processes and their efficient and quick simulation are critical for enhanced process control and optimization, especially for real-time applications. However, their intensive computational resource requirement is largely a prohibitive factor in the utility of PBMs for control and optimization. This paper describes how distributed computing systems may be leveraged to execute PBM-based simulations thus achieving time savings, using MATLAB's Distributed Computing Toolbox. A parallel computing algorithm was developed for a three dimensional and four dimensional population balance model with built-in constructs such as SPMD that ran efficiently on a cluster of two quad-core machines linked via a gigabit ethernet cable. Speedup of 6.2 and 5.7 times were achieved with 8 workers, over an un-parallelized code, for a 3 and 4 dimensional PBM respectively. Evaluations on work efficiency and scalability further affirm the algorithms’ respectable performance on larger clusters despite significant memory transfer overheads.
Geophysical aspects of paleomagnetism

Abstract Paleomagnetism concerns the history of the earth's magnetic field as it has been recorded throughout geologic time by the remanent magnetism of rocks. It is no exaggeration to say that such studies have recently revolutionized our ideas in geology and geophysics. Field reversals, polar wander, continental drift, and sea floor spreading all essentially depend upon paleomagnetism for their demonstration. However, the theoretical basis for paleomagnetism has not developed with the same rapidity as has its application in geological thinking.
Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases of fibrous humans lens capsules with intraocular lenses.

Purpose. We located immunohistochemically the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -1, -2, -3 and -9 and the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP) -1 and -2 in the fibrous capsule of patients with intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methods. During vitreoretinal surgery in 10 patients we obtained post-cataract surgery lens capsules with or without an IOL. The mean interval between the previous cataract operation and the extraction of the specimens was 35.2 months (range: 2-120 months). Circular sections of the anterior capsule with lens epithelial cells (LECs) were also obtained during cataract surgery. Specimens were processed for immunohistochemical identification of MMPs and TIMPs by light microscopy. Results. While all the members of MMPs and TIMPs were not detected in the normal anterior capsules, they were detected in the ECM and/or LECs on the lens capsules extracted within 18 months after IOL implantations in all of the 4 patients, but were not observed in specimens obtained 18 months or longer ...
Impact of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome on Quality of Life and Survival in Liver Transplant Candidates

Background & Aims: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) affects 10%–30% of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, but the impact on functional status, quality of life, and survival is poorly defined. We assessed the impact of HPS in patients evaluated for liver transplantation. Methods: We performed a prospective multicenter cohort study of patients being evaluated for liver transplantation in 7 academic centers in the United States. Patients with HPS (defined as an increased alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient with intrapulmonary vasodilation) were compared with those without HPS in terms of demographics and clinical variables. New York Heart Association functional class, quality of life, and survival were assessed. Results: Seventy-two patients with HPS and 146 patients without HPS were compared. There were no differences in age, sex, or etiology or severity of liver disease between the groups; however, patients with HPS were less likely to have a history of smoking ( P = .03). Patients with HPS had worse New York Heart Association functional class ( P = .005) and had significantly worse quality of life in certain domains compared with patients without HPS. In addition, patients with HPS also had a significantly increased risk of death compared with patients without HPS despite adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, and liver transplantation (adjusted hazard ratio=2.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–4.41; P = .005). Conclusions: HPS was associated with a significant increase in risk of death as well as worse functional status and quality of life in patients evaluated for liver transplantation.
Strain-induced vascular endothelial cell proliferation requires PI3K-dependent mTOR-4E-BP1 signal pathway.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) sig...