cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomized comparative study of the serum antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibody responses to six licensed trivalent influenza vaccines.

Abstract Background Serum antibody to the hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein of influenza virus induced by influenza vaccination is a correlate of protection against influenza. The neuraminidase (NA) protein is also on the surface of the virus; antibody to it has been shown to impair virus release from infected cells and to reduce the intensity of influenza infections in animal models and in humans challenged with infectious virus. Recently we have shown that NA inhibiting antibody can independently contribute to immunity to naturally-occurring influenza immunity in the presence of antibody to the HA. Purpose The present study was conducted to evaluate induction of antibody to the NA and the HA by commercially available influenza vaccines. Methods Healthy young adults were vaccinated with one of five commercially available trivalent inactivated vaccines or live influenza vaccine. Frequencies of serum antibody and fold geometric mean titer (GMT) increases four weeks later were measured to each of the three vaccine viruses (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B) in hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and neutralization (neut) assays. Frequency and fold GMT increase in neuraminidase-inhibition (NI) antibody titers were measured to the influenza A viruses (A/H1N1, A/H3N2). Results No significant reactogenicity occurred among the vaccinated subjects. The Fluvirin inactivated vaccine induced more anti-HA antibody responses and a higher fold GMT increase than the other inactivated vaccines but there were no major differences in response frequencies or fold GMT increase among the inactivated vaccines. Both the frequency of antibody increase and fold GMT increase were significantly lower for live vaccine than for any inactivated vaccine in HAI and neut assays for all three vaccine viruses. Afluria inactivated vaccine induced more N1 antibody and Fluarix induced more N2 antibody than the other vaccines but all inactivated vaccines induced serum NI antibody. The live vaccine failed to elicit any NI responses for the N2 NA of A/H3N2 virus and frequencies were low for the N1 of A/H1N1 virus. Conclusions Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines with similar HA dosage induce similar serum anti-HA antibody responses in healthy adults. Current inactivated vaccines all induce serum anti-NA antibody to the N1 and N2 NA proteins but some are better than others for N1 or N2. The live vaccine, Flumist, was a poor inducer of either anti-HA or anti-NA serum antibody compared to inactivated vaccine in the healthy adults. In view of the capacity for contributing to immunity to influenza in humans, developing guidelines for NA content and induction of NA antibody is desirable.
Embryo technologies in the horse.

Recent studies demonstrated that zwitterionic buffers could be used for satisfactory storage of equine embryos at 5 degrees C. The success of freezing embryos is dependent upon size and stage of development. Morulae and blastocysts <300 microm can be slowly cooled or vitrified with acceptable pregnancy rates after transfer. The majority of equine embryos are collected from single ovulating mares, as there is no commercially available product for superovulation in equine. However, pituitary extract, rich in FSH, can be used to increase embryo recovery three- to four-fold. Similar to human medicine, assisted reproductive techniques have been developed for the older, subfertile mare. Transfer of in vivo-matured oocytes from young, healthy mares into a recipient's oviduct results in a 70-80% pregnancy rate compared with a 30-40% pregnancy rate when the oocytes are from older, subfertile mares. This procedure can also be used to evaluate in vitro maturation systems. In vitro production of embryos is still quite difficult in the horse. However, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been used to produce several foals. Cleavage rates of 60% and blastocyst rates of 30% have been reported after ICSI of in vitro-matured oocytes. Gamete intrafallopian tube transfer (GIFT) is a possible treatment for subfertile stallions. Transfer of in vivo-matured oocytes with 200,000 sperm into the oviduct of normal mares resulted in a pregnancy rate of 55-82%. Oocyte freezing is a technique that has proven difficult in most species. However, equine oocytes vitrified in a solution of ethylene glycol, DMSO, and Ficoll and loaded onto a cryoloop resulted in three pregnancies of 26 transfers and two live foals produced. Production of a cloned horse appears to be likely, as several cloned pregnancies have recently been produced.
A general equilibrium simulation model of housing markets with indivisibility

Abstract This paper applies general equilibrium theory with indivisibility and a fixed point algorithm to urban housing markets. We developed a computable general equilibrium model in which houses come in discrete units and can be described by a finite number of characteristics. Since the presence of indivisibility results in non-convex consumption sets, a modified version of the Scarf algorithm is developed to compute the competitive equilibrium of an economy with discontinuous demand correspondences. In our discrete hedonic framework, the model allows a more realistic and flexible treatment of housing production and can accomodate household types with different preferences and income. Using a numerical example, we show that our model can yield the analogs of the spatial characteristics obtained in traditional urban economics models but with a more natural and intuitive interpretation. Some possible extensions of the model are also discussed.
Rabbit and Ferret Parietal Cell Inhibition by Helicobacter Species

We tested sonicates ofHelicobacter pylori, H. mustelae, andH. felis for inhibition of acid secretion in rabbit and ferret isolated gastric glands. ThreeH. pylori strains, two of threeH. mustelae strains, and twoH. felis strains significantly inhibited acid secretion in rabbit cells by 95.2–93.3%, 55.9% and 96.4%, and 83.4–96%, respectively. AllHelicobacter strains examined inhibited acid secretion by ferret cells by 65.3–76.8%, 89.1–97.6%, and 85.8–92.8%.H. pylori inhibited acid secretion after stimulation with histamine and isobutylmethylxanthine or with 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (P<0.05 for all tests). These findings demonstrate that acid inhibition is a property common to the threeHelicobacter species tested. It occurs independently of the mammalian origin of the parietal cell, and it does not involve blockade of histamine-2 receptors.
Foreign bodies in urinary bladder

Abstract Ten patients with foreign bodies in the bladder are herein reported from the urologic admissions of the Squier Clinic at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. Twelve foreign bodies were removed from these 10 patients. They consisted of three glass stirring rods, two hairpins, two umbilical tapes, one ball-point pen, one pencil, one rubber tube, one Penrose drain, and one bougie. Seven of these objects were self-introduced; the Penrose drain was left in the bladder during a previous suprapubic prostatectomy, and the two umbilical tapes used in previous gynecologic surgery had worked their way into the bladder. The clinical features, diagnostic maneuvers, and methods of treatment have been described, and the literature on foreign bodies reviewed.
Equilibrium thermodynamics of a physiologically-relevant heme-protein complex.

We used isothermal titration calorimetry to study the equilibrium thermodynamics for formation of the physiologically-relevant redox protein complex between yeast ferricytochrome c and yeast ferricytochrome c peroxidase. A 1:1 binding stoichiometry was observed, and the binding free energies agree with results from other techniques. The binding is either enthalpy- or entropy-driven depending on the conditions, and the heat capacity change upon binding is negative. Increasing the ionic strength destabilizes the complex, and both the binding enthalpy and entropy increase. Increasing the temperature stabilizes the complex, indicating a positive van't Hoff binding enthalpy, yet the calorimetric binding enthalpy is negative (−1.4 to −6.2 kcal mol-1). We suggest that this discrepancy is caused by solvent reorganization in an intermediate state. The measured enthalpy and heat capacity changes are in reasonable agreement with the values estimated from the surface area change upon complex formation. These results ...
The influence of poly(vinyl alcohol) suspending agents on suspension poly(vinyl chloride) morphology

The requirements for PVC suspension resin have changed considerably in the last few years, so much so that few companies have products on their ranges that are more than 4 or 5 years old. The suspending agent has a crucial influence on the morphology of the resin, so the changes in resin characteristics have largely been achieved by changes in the suspending agent systems. After a brief review of the mechanism of PVC suspension polymerisation, the properties of polymers made using PVOH suspending agents are related to changes in the latter. The effect of variations in PVAc degree of hydrolysis and viscosity are related to changes in surface tension. Methods of achieving higher porosity by using low hydrolysis co-suspending agents are described. It is shown that higher bulk densities can be achieved by delayed addition of the PVOH. Levels of conjugated unsaturation and copolymer distributions are also shown to have important influences.
Evaluation of Frictional, Wind-Forced Long-Wave Theory on the West Florida Shelf

Abstract Clarke and Van Gorder have recently formulated a model describing the large-scale, low-frequency response of continental shelf waters to synoptic-scale wind stress in terms of a sum of forced waves. The model includes realistic friction and time dependence and provides an efficient method for calculating the response. Evaluation of the model using Wed Florida Shelf data gave the following results. (i) The model successfully predicts both the coastal sea level and alongshore velocity component. (ii) The West Florida Shelf coastal pressure field is dominated by the first mode and can be understood as the sum of a forced wave which travels with the southward-propagating wind stress and a free wave generated at the Florida Keys. (iii) Almost all the wind-induced energy on the Wed Florida Shelf is due to the wind forcing acting on Wed Florida Shelf waters. However, a small but significant energy flux appears to enter the West Florida Shelf from the caucus Florida shelf wave guide.
Complex permittivity of lanthanum aluminate in the 20 to 300 K temperature range from 26.5 TO 40.0 GHZ

Dielectric constants of microwave substrates are required in the design of superconducting microwave circuits at various temperatures. In this paper, the results are reported of a study of the complex permittivity of the newly developed lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) substrate, in the 20 to 300 K temperature range at frequencies from 26.5 to 40.0 GHz. The value of the complex permittivity was obtained by measuring the sample scattering parameters using a microwave waveguide technique. It is observed that, while the dielectric constant did not change appreciably with frequency, its value decreased by approximately 14 percent from room temperature to 20 K.
Effects of intraocular pressure on pH outside rod photoreceptors in the cat retina

Abstract Double-barreled H + -selective microelectrodes were used to study the effect of raising intraocular pressure (ocular hypertension) on intraretinal pH in the cat. A surprising alkalinizing response was observed in the subretinal space on the first experimental day in seven of 11 experiments. Of the three retinal regions studied, the alkalinizing response was present in the area centralis and in the adjoining near-discal region, but was absent in the superior temporal periphery. The alkalinizing response was relatively fragile, diminishing and then extinguishing with repetition of episodes of ocular hypertension. It was also never observed on the second experimental day. The alkalinizing response had a relatively low threshold, appearing with 10 mmHg elevations of intraocular pressure, i.e. when the perfusion pressure was still relatively high, but was also present across a wide range of perfusion pressures. It was maximal in amplitude in the most distal portion of the subretinal space and consisted of two components, an ‘on’ alkalinization during the episode of ocular hypertension, and an ‘off’ alkalinization following it. When the alkalinizing response was present in the subretinal space, it also could be recorded with placement of the microelectrode in the choroid. Elevations of systemic arterial blood pressure with epinephrine (intravenous), by raising perfusion pressure, also alkalinized the subretinal space, indicating that an increase in choroidal blood flow can produce this type of pH response. While pH recordings do not directly monitor blood flow, we tentatively interpreted the alkalinizing response with ocular hypertension as originating from a regional increase in choroidal blood flow, but we cannot rule out other explanations. Acidification of the subretinal space in response to ocular hypertension replaced the alkalinizing response when the latter extinguished, or acidification was the sole response in the absence of an alkalinization. The acidification also had a low threshold, was maximal in the most distal portion of the subretinal space, and increased in size with decreases in perfusion pressure. The acidification was reduced in amplitude by breathing 100% oxygen (hyperoxia). This was interpreted as suppression of the component of acidification that originated from an increase in glycolysis by the rod photoreceptors during ocular hypertension.
Effects of Echinostoma caproni infection on the lipid composition of Biomphalaria glabrata.

Abstract Thin-layer chromatography was used to study the effects of Echinostoma caproni infection on neutral lipids in Biomphalaria glabrata snails. There was a marked reduction in the triacylglycerol fraction of the digestive gland-gonad complex of experimentally infected snails compared to matched controls.
A microcomputer based digital imaging system for ion microanalysis

SUMMARY A microcomputer based digital imaging system was developed for a Cameca IMS-3f ion microscope permitting real-time digital acquisition of secondary ion images. Image signal-to-noise enhancement results from random noise reduction by real-time ensemble averaging and from a reduction of pattern noise in the charge injection device (CID) array by subtraction of blank frames. Acquired images comprise 244times248 pixel arrays with 8-bit intensity resolution. Images are displayed on a colour monitor in a grey scale or pseudo-colour using one of four programmable lookup tables. Image processing software permits off-line ion image enhancement and manipulation as well as multitechnique digital image correlations. System capability is illustrated by a biological example involving digital imaging studies of Al distribution in osteomalacic bone tissue, including correlative light microscopy and ion microanalysis.
Purkinje cell transplants in Shaker mutant rats with hereditary Purkinje cell degeneration and ataxia.

Shaker mutant rats are characterized by the adult-onset degeneration of cerebellar anterior lobe Purkinje cells and temporally correlated development of ataxia and tremor. Normal E-13 Purkinje cells were transplanted into the anterior cerebellum in adult shaker mutant rats to study donor/host interactions in an animal with adult-onset heredodegeneration. Donor Purkinje cells from extraparenchymal transplant sites migrated radially into the host molecular layer and differentiated. Donor Purkinje cell dendrites expanded to fill the host molecular layer, spinous processes were apparent, and axonal projections into the host gray and white matter were observed. Donor Purkinje cells remaining in the extraparenchymal transplant sites differentiated if they were located relatively close to the host cerebellum. Donor Purkinje cells located intraparenchymally in the host white matter or granule cell layer survived, but were stunted in their development. The orthogonal movement of donor Purkinje cells away from transplant sites in the host cerebellum was spatially restricted. The findings from this study indicate that host cerebellar cortex with adult-onset heredodegeneration of Purkinje cells supports the survival and differentiation of transplanted normal embryonic Purkinje cells.
Proliferation and phenotype of bovine mononuclear leukocytes in cultures stimulated by pokeweed mitogen.

Abstract Cell proliferation and phenotype were evaluated at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 d in cultures of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes stimulated by pokeweed mitogen. Cell numbers in unstimulated and stimulated 2-d cultures decreased to about 45% of the number originally added. Cell numbers at 6 d in stimulated cultures increased to 96% of the number originally seeded and remained elevated from 6 to 14 d in cultures. In contrast, numbers in unstimulated cultures at 4 to 14 d decreased; + T cells, specifically the CD4 + T-cell subset. Proliferation of interleukin-2 receptor + and major histocompatibility class II antigen + cells increased in these cultures. Expression of these antigens decreased in unstimulated cultures. The B-cell numbers in stimulated cultures at 2 to 4 d increased and then stabilized. Concentrations of IgM in stimulated 14-d cultures were 5 to 15 times those in parallel unstimulated cultures. Overall, IgM secretion induced by pokeweed mitogen by B cells in cultures of bovine mononuclear leukocyte is associated with proliferation of CD4 + (helper-inducer) T cells, B cells, and increased expression of activation antigens.
Effects of Prolactin in Stimulating Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosusa

: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic autoimmune illness, is influenced by hormones. High prolactin concentrations were associated with early death from autoimmune renal disease in NZB/NZW mice, an animal model of severe SLE. NZB/NZW mice that delivered and nursed pups and those that underwent pseudopregnancy had changes in serum IgG and autoantibodies. NZB/NZW mice treated with the prolactin-suppressing drug bromocriptine had prolonged lives. Elevated serum prolactin concentrations are reported in SLE patients of both sexes. We found four women with long-standing hyperprolactinemia who developed SLE. A survey of premenopausal women whose sera were submitted for autoantibody testing showed that 20% with anti-ds-DNA antibodies also had high prolactin levels. Many hyperprolactinemic patients whose sera were referred to an endocrinology laboratory had positive FANA tests (women 33%, men 53%) but did not have SLE. Disease activity was suppressed in six of seven SLE patients treated with bromocriptine. All had elevated disease activity and five became unexpectedly hyperprolactinemic after treatment stopped. Manipulating serum prolactin affords a means of treating clinical SLE activity.
The Impact of Job Security Rule Change on U.S. Federal Employee Organizational Commitment

This study estimates the impact of different job security rule change on federal civilian employees’ organizational commitment through looking recent Department of Homeland Security (DHS)’s at-will...
The internet as a catalyst for shifting power in provider-patient relationships.

Abstract Traditional provider-patient relationships can be characterized with a gatekeeper model in which the provider role is keeper of medical knowledge and major decision-maker. Internet access by many persons makes possible a shift that expands power and control of health information, which is no longer just accessible to a privileged few. Although congruent with emerging social norms, patient participation in health care remains controversial. Some provider or physician groups historically relied on dominant societal ideologies to promote resolution of this challenge while maintaining their own power. Through use of a critical social theory analysis, we examine provider-patient relationships by reviewing the political, economic, and social perspectives within a historical context and identify ideologies, assumptions, and supporting structures that contribute to the existing situation.In addition, we analyze constraints on Internet use that affect oppressed groups and offer ideas to eliminate oppressive ideology and foster social change. Future initiatives that support change are discussed. Nurs Outlook 2002;50:195-203.
“Machiavellianism” and frontal dysfunction: Evidence from Parkinson's disease

Introduction. A number of reports have identified significant personality differences in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) when compared with age-matched controls. We hypothesised that these differences may be related to impairment in prefrontal inhibitory functions resulting in the expression of new “Machiavellian” personality traits. Methods. Thirty-five patients with PD and 17 age-matched controls were assessed with a set of neuropsychologic, personality and mood tests as well as the Mach IV scale, which measures a set of “Machiavellian” personality characteristics. Results. PD patients with elevated Machiavellian traits (“high Machs”) were selectively impaired on tests of prefrontal function relative to “low Mach” patients. In addition, while high Machs did not differ from low Machs in terms of age, educational level, Hoehn-Yahr stage, mood function, or Mini Mental State Exam score, they indicated greater willingness to affiliate with a fictional Machiavellian character and scored significantly l...
Photobleaching of a cyanine dye in solution and in membranes.

— N,N′-bis(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane)-kryptocyanine (EDKC), a lipophilic dye with a delocalized positive charge, photosensitizes cells to visible irradiation. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), EDKC absorbs maximally at 700 nm (e= 1.2 × 105 M−1 cm−1) and in methanol, the absorption maximum is at 706 nm (e= 2.3 × 105 M−1 cm−1). EDKC partitions from PBS into small unilamellar liposomes prepared from saturated phospholipids and into membranes prepared from red blood cells (RBC) and binds to human serum albumin (HSA). The EDKC fluorescence maximum red shifts from 713 nm in PBS to 720–725 nm in liposomes and RBC membranes and the fluorescence intensity is enhanced by factors of 14–35 compared to PBS (φ= 0.0046). EDKC is thermally unstable in PBS (T1/2= 2 h at 1.3 × 10−5M EDKC), but stable in methanol. In liposomes and RBC membranes, EDKC is 10 times more stable than in PBS, indicating that it is only partially exposed to the aqueous phase. Quenching of EDKC fluorescence in liposomes and RBC membranes by trinitrobenzene sulfonate also indicates that EDKC is not buried within the membranes. Photodecomposition of EDKC was oxygen-dependent and occurred with a low quantum yield (6.4 × 10−4 in PBS). Singlet oxygen was not detected upon irradiation of EDKC in membranes or with HSA since the self-sensitized oxidation of EDKC occurred at the same rate in D2O as in H2O and was not quenched by sodium azide or histidine.
Non-natives: 141 scientists object

Simberloff, Daniel Alexander, Jake Allendorf, Fred Aronson, James Antunes, Pedro M. Bacher, Sven Bardgett, Richard Bertolino, Sandro Bishop, Melanie Blackburn, Tim M. Blakeslee, April Blumenthal, Dana Bortolus, Alejandro Buckley, Ralf Buckley, Yvonne Byers, Jeb Callaway, Ragan M. Campbell, Faith Campbell, Karl Campbell, Marnie Carlton, James T. Cassey, Phillip Catford, Jane Celesti-Grapow, Laura Chapman, John Clark, Paul Clewell, Andre Clode, Joao Canning Chang, Andrew Chytry, Milan Clout, Mick Cohen, Andrew Cowan, Phil Cowie, Robert H. Crall, Alycia W. Crooks, Jeff Deveney, Marty Dixon, Kingsley Dobbs, Fred C. Duffy, David Cameron Duncan, Richard Ehrlich, Paul R. Eldredge, Lucius Evenhuis, Neal Fausch, Kurt D. Feldhaar, Heike Firn, Jennifer Fowler, Amy Galil, Bella Garcia-Berthou, Emili Geller, Jonathan Genovesi, Piero Gerber, Esther Gherardi, Francesca Gollasch, Stephan Gordon, Doria Graham, Jim Gribben, Paul Griffen, Blaine Grosholz, Edwin D. Hewitt, Chad Hierro, Jose L. Hulme, Philip Hutchings, Pat Jarosik, Vojtech Jeschke, Jonathan M. Johnson, Chris Johnson, Ladd Johnston, Emma L. Jones, Carl G. Keller, Reuben King, Carolyn M. Knols, Bart G. J. Kollmann, Johannes Kompas, Thomas Kotanen, Peter M. Kowarik, Ingo Kuehn, Ingolf Kumschick, Sabrina Leung, Brian Liebhold, Andrew MacIsaac, Hugh Mack, Richard McCullough, Deborah G. McDonald, Robbie Merritt, David M. Meyerson, Laura Minchin, Dan Mooney, Harold A. Morisette, Jeffrey T. Moyle, Peter Heinz, Mueller-Schaerer Murray, Brad R. Nehring, Stefan Nelson, Wendy Nentwig, Wolfgang Novak, Stephen J. Occhipinti, Anna Ojaveer, Henn Osborne, Bruce Ostfeld, Richard S. Parker, John Pederson, Judith Pergl, Jan Phillips, Megan L. Pysek, Petr Rejmanek, Marcel Ricciardi, Anthony Ricotta, Carlo Richardson, David Rilov, Gil Ritchie, Euan Robertson, Peter A. Roman, Joe Ruiz, Gregory Schaefer, Hanno Schaffelke, Britta Schierenbeck, Kristina A. Schmitz, Don C. Schwindt, Evangelina Seeb, Jim Smith, L. David Smith, Gideon F. Stohlgren, Thomas Strayer, David L. Strong, Donald Sutherland, William J. Therriault, Thomas Thuiller, Wilfried Torchin, Mark van der Putten, Wim H. Vila, Montserrat Von Holle, Betsy Wallentinus, Inger Wardle, David Williamson, Mark Wilson, John Winter, Marten Wolfe, Lorne M. Wright, Jeff Wonham, Marjorie Zabin, Chela
From Vienna to Iowa: An ophthalmologic odyssey☆

In a warm and personal memoir, a world renowned ophthalmologist recounts experiences from his medical school days in pre-war Austria, through the tense and chaotic years of World War II, and the years of learning, practicing, and teaching in New York and Iowa after his immigration to the U.S.A. Special attention is given to the friends and colleagues who shaped and enhanced the author's career.
Explaining alternative standard cost entries

Abstract This paper presents an explanation which helps students understand the reasons for selecting alternative sets of journal entries to record standard costs. The important features of this explanation are (1) the reasons why standard costs are recorded in the accounting system, and (2) the information available at the time an entry is made.
The effects of light on man and other mammals.

The present article describes the best-studied extravisual effects of visible and ultraviolet light on humans and other mammals. It also considers the possible biological consequences to man of living in artificially lighted environments that differ significantly from the milieu in which he evolved. Cumulative evidence favors the beneficial influences of sunlight: vitamin D activation, plasma bilirubin elimination, inhibition of pineal melatonin synthesis, etc.
Computed Tomography in Penetrating Injury to the Eye

We used computed tomography to detect and localize foreign bodies in two unusual cases of penetrating injury to the eyes. In one case, a large broken twig appeared to have penetrated the globe and the inferior rectus muscle; in the other, the globe was ruptured by many glass shards. In the first case surgery showed the computed tomographic impression to be incorrect. The globe and the inferior rectus muscle were intact and vision and motility were normal postoperatively. In the second case, swelling made direct visualization impossible, and computed tomography was used to locate the foreign bodies.
Late preterm birth: management dilemmas.

BACKGROUND AND EPIDEMIOLOGY In 2005 the phrase “late preterm” was introduced by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) to characterize infants born between 34 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks of gestation as a high-risk group with increased morbidities when compared with term infants. This replaced the earlier phrase “near term,” which implied these infants behaved similarly to term infants. Limiting this group to neonates born from 34 to 36 weeks also helped focus research on this cohort, allowing investigators to better characterize their outcomes. We now have ample data that show most morbidities related to prematurity are increased in the late preterm group when compared with infants born at term, most markedly where respiratory morbidities are concerned. 1–3 This heightened awareness of adverse outcomes raises the question of whether delivery in this period for a variety of indications can be avoided. The focus of this article is a description of the epidemiology and management of late preterm pregnancy. Late preterm birth has contributed to the shift in the average gestational age at birth from 40 weeks to 39 weeks, and it has driven the increase in prematurity. In 1981, 6.3% of births occurred in the late preterm period. 4 This rate increased steadily to 9.1% in 2005–2006, where it peaked, representing a 30.1% increase from 1981. 5 The rise in late preterm birth was a result of several factors. In the early 1990s, there were data to show that most morbidities related to prematurity were significantly decreased by 34 weeks of gestation. 6,7 These data, along with the 1994 NIH Consensus Statement that discouraged the use of steroids beyond 34 weeks because of the low risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and lack of data to show benefit, inadvertently encouraged obstetricians to deliver patients beyond 34 weeks for a variety of indications without concern for neonatal outcomes. 8 The preliminary data on births from 2009 suggest that late preterm birth has declined by 5% from 2006 to 8.7%. 9 These data, along with the unprecedented
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Racial Profiling Research

Racial profiling has generated a significant amount of social concern in American society. Yet little is known about the etiology of this phenomenon, in part because its defining characteristics have yet to be identified and conceptualized. In this article, the authors summarize and organize the existing racial profiling literature and establish a strong conceptual foundation for future racial profiling research. Four issues that must be explicitly addressed in the conceptualization process of research on racial profiling are identified and described: realm of activity, level of aggregation and unit of analysis, population of interest, and characteristics of the incident. These factors have methodological implications in terms of data collection, control variables, and methods of analysis.
Survey of the fragile X syndrome and the fragile X E syndrome in a special education needs population

To begin to understand the population dynamics of the fragile X (FRAXA) mutation and to learn more about the fragile X E (FRAXE) syndrome, we have initiated a surve of children in special needs education programs in the public school system. With respect to the FRAXA syndrome, we found approximately 1/1,000 full mutations among males. No large alleles at the FRAXE locus were observed among 462 individuals. The allele distributions at the two loci among Caucasians and among African Americans were examined as well as the level of heterozygosity. We found a significant difference in the FRAXA allele distribution among the two ethnic groups; the major difference was due to the lack of smaller alleles among the African Americans. No difference was found for the FRAXE allele distribution among the two groups. The level of heterozygosity was less than predicted by the allele distribution at both loci. This is probably due to unidentified large alleles among females with a test result of a single band. Alternatively, this excess may indicate that the population is not at equilibrium.
Scale‐dependent automatic shifts in brand evaluation standards

Different schema-based expectations for competing brands can produce shifting evaluative standards in consumers' relative ratings of these brands. This shift in standards differentially affects objective (number-based) and subjective (word-based) rating scales. Several studies support the proposition that a brand rated as objectively inferior to another can be subjectively perceived as equivalent to—or even better than—the same brand. Such anomalous response inconsistency originates in consumers' recourse to different expectations for the competing brands and their automatic adjustment of expectations for the inferior brand when responding to subjective measures. The implicit relaxing of evaluative standards for the objectively dominated brand leads to an unconscious upward bias in its subjective ratings. The effect is moderated by consumer expertise and is asymmetric—it is not accompanied by an escalation of evaluative standards for objectively dominating brands.
Understanding and managing taxonomies as economic goods and services

EDITOR'S SUMMARY As pervasive as taxonomies have become in knowledge management, their economic value is not often scrutinized, documented or fulfilled. Taxonomies range in cost and sophistication from flat lists through thesauri, semantic nets and faceted systems. Each can be an asset or liability to varying degrees relative to the resources expended to design, manage and implement it. A well-designed taxonomy produces value by enabling consistent information management, facilitating records management and compliance, building domain understanding and saving time through efficient access to information. Yet numerous potential liabilities can rise from a taxonomy generating poor search results or being incomplete, out of date, confusing to users or simply not used. Taxonomies must be viewed from a perspective informed by economics, considering assets and liabilities, actual and indirect costs, external effects on third parties, their value as a public good and the opportunity costs of resources invested. As advocates for taxonomies, we should present the case as knowledge and information economists, fully aware of the range of economic decisions and effects involved.
Parathion resistance and esterase activity in codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) from North Carolina

In 1989, we performed a sticky-card bioassay on adult males captured with pheromone traps that revealed an 8-fold resistance to parathion in a population of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), from a commercial apple orchard in Wilkes County, NC. In 1991, parathion resistance in this population was confirmed with a sticky-card bioassay that exposed adult males to a diagnostic concentration of 120 eg (AI) parathion per gram adhesive (the estimated LC95 for adult males from susceptible populations). Reduced nonspecific esterase activity detected in adult males captured in the population resistant to parathion suggests that the mechanism of codling moth resistance to parathion may be a modified esterase with lower specificity for naphthyl acetate substrates. In 1990, the sticky-card bioassay did not detect azinphosmethyl resistance in adult males from a commercial apple orchard in Henderson County, NC, that experienced inadequate codling moth control with azinphosmethyl. In 1991, the sticky-card bioassay with a diagnostic concentration of 110 eg(AI) azinphosmethyl per gram adhesive (the estimated LC95 for adult males from susceptible populations) again failed to detect azinphosmethyl resistance in adult males from this codling moth population.
Correction of severe elbow contractures.

Severe contractures of the elbow which require lengthening of the biceps tendon, neurolysis, and division of the joint capsule also demand skin-flap coverage in the antecubital space. Two examples of burn contractures corrected by the application of tube pedicle are reported. In the first, the joint capsule had to be opened radically, but a single width of tube pedicle was sufficient and the functional result was excellent. This case served as a precursor to the development of a method of tube pedicle Z-plasty which was successful in the correction of a second more severe contracture. This method of skin coverage for the correction of severe elbow contractures may have application to other joints as well.
Horatio Alger in Harlem: Manchild in the Promised Land

When Claude Brown's Manchild in the Promised Land, his account of growing up in the 1940s and 1950s, was published in 1965, it was a considerable success. As a vivid picture of street life in Harlem, it helped to satisfy a growing demand for knowledge about conditions of black life in the United States at a pivotal point in the history of the racial situation, when the focus of concern was switching from the South to the urban North. But the book did more than inform its
Fluid Dynamic Aspects of Mechanical Haemolysis

The initial ignition was awaked by a question of doctors at Essen and Dusseldorf in 1966. They told me that after the implantation of artifi­cial heart valves a relatively high mortality rate occurred after longer delay, perhaps some months after the implantation date. This effect was accompanied by a high haemolysis rate, that means by an unphysio­logical high rate of destruction of the red blood cells. Influenced by the idea of US scientists they asked whether a turbulent flow might be the reason. I proposed to make a model test at first in order to know the flow pattern, namely to use a bigger ball model of the heart valve in a water flow. I believe this was the birth-hour of our interest in the biotechnical engagement. But also this was the step to become acquainted with the different terminology in the physical-engineering and the medical languages; and, much more than this, with the different professional comprehension, the difference in the working methods in view towards the aims of the research; all this affected by a difference in the professional ethos.
Immunocompetent lymphocytes in previously frozen washed red cells.

. Most of the leukocytes were removed from red cells during glycerolization, frozen storage at – 80 °C, and washing. Residual lymphocytes that were isolated from the washed red cells were found to be responsive to phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Since phytohemagglutinin-responsive lymphocytes appear to mediate the graft-versus-host reaction, it is imperative that freeze-preserved red cells be handled with the same precautions as other blood products before transfusion to patients with immunologic deficiencies.
l-Chicoric acid, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase, improves on the in vitro anti-HIV-1 effect of Zidovudine plus a protease inhibitor (AG1350)

Abstract Combinations of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, have proven immensely potent in the therapy of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). To determine whether HIV integrase is a suitable target for combination therapy, the ability of an HIV integrase inhibitor, l -chicoric acid, to work in combination with a protease inhibitor and Zidovudine was tested in vitro. The addition of l -chicoric acid to either Zidovudine or protease inhibitor improved upon the observed anti-HIV activity of either compound alone. When all three drugs were combined, the anti-HIV activity was substantially better than either of the three compounds alone or any combination of two inhibitors. Doses of both Zidovudine and protease inhibitor could be reduced by more than 33% for an equivalent anti-HIV effect if l -chicoric acid was added. The improved anti-HIV activity was observed with a tissue culture adapted strain of HIV (HIV LAI ) and with limited passage clinical isolates of HIV (HIV R19 and HIV R45 ). These data demonstrate that a first generation HIV integrase inhibitor, l -chicoric acid, is at least additive in combination with existing multi-drug regimens and suggest that HIV integrase will be an excellent target for combination therapy of HIV infection.
High volume centrifugal oil-water separation

The recovery of spilled oil and hydrocarbon fuels into marine waters is often limited by the lack of rapid oil-water separation capability. Therefore, a new design of liquid-liquid centrifuge has been developed and tested at flow rates of 2-200 gallons per minute. Separation efficiencies of greater than 99% have been achieved over a wide range of oil viscosity and oil-water ratios. Operational equilibrium is rapid and is maintained during changes of oil-water ratios, flow rates, and flow interruptions. The separator appears unaffected by normal shipboard motion from waves. Laboratory tests at fixed angles of 35/spl deg/ tilt did not inhibit separation performance. These features coupled with compact size and relatively low weight versus throughput make this technology an attractive candidate for improving marine oil spill recovery. Separation efficiency data on tests of water versus No.2 diesel, crude oil, and ISO 460 gear oil are presented for three sizes of separators.
On the calculation of transition moments between states described in different orbital basis

The organization of a computer code to compute transition moments between states described in different orbital basis sets (a nonorthogonal transition moment) is described. The code is organized to minimize redundant work and allow efficient threshold checking. Three sample calculations are presented.
Retention in Endoplasmic Reticulum 1 (RER1) Modulates Amyloid-β (Aβ) Production by Altering Trafficking of γ-Secretase and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)

The presence of neuritic plaques containing aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain parenchyma is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ is generated by sequential cleavage of the amyloid β precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase, respectively. As APP processing to Aβ requires transport through the secretory pathway, trafficking of the substrate and access to the secretases are key factors that can influence Aβ production (Thinakaran, G., and Koo, E. H. (2008) Amyloid precursor protein trafficking, processing, and function. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 29615–29619). Here, we report that retention in endoplasmic reticulum 1 (RER1) associates with γ-secretase in early secretory compartments and regulates the intracellular trafficking of γ-secretase. RER1 overexpression decreases both γ-secretase localization on the cell surface and Aβ secretion and conversely RER1 knockdown increases the level of cell surface γ-secretase and increases Aβ secretion. Furthermore, we find that increased RER1 levels decrease mature APP and increase immature APP, resulting in less surface accumulation of APP. These data show that RER1 influences the trafficking and localization of both γ-secretase and APP, thereby regulating the production and secretion of Aβ peptides.
Finite-Element Modeling of a Hexagonal Surface Acoustic Wave Device Based on ${\rm LiNbO}_{3}$ Substrate

We present a 3-D coupled-field finite-element model of a novel hexagonal surface acoustic wave (SAW) device which finds applications in materials characterization, as well as in chemical and biological sensing. Calculated frequency response as well as wave propagation characteristics along the three different delay paths corresponding to crystal orientations with Euler angles (0, 90, 90), (0, 90, 30), and (0, 90, 150) for a LiNbO3 substrate are analyzed using this finite-element structural model. The transient response of the hexagonal SAW device upon application of an impulse electrical input at the transmitting interdigital transducer fingers is utilized to deduce its frequency response. The amplitude fields as well as displacement contours, generated in an AC analysis, along the SAW delay-line and substrate depth are analyzed and utilized to evaluate the wave propagation characteristics along the three propagation directions in this hexagonal SAW device. Our findings indicate that the acoustic waves generated in the three Euler directions are very different in character. The (0, 90, 30) and (0, 90, 150) directions have mixed modes with a prominent shear-horizontal component, whereas the (0, 90, 90) direction generates a Rayleigh wave. This allows the hexagonal device based on LiNbO3 to be used for rapid and simultaneous extraction of multiple parameters (film material density, Lame and shear modulii, sheet conductivity) of a thin-film material and achieve a more complete characterization in comparison to a conventional SAW device. Comparison of the simulation results with those obtained using perturbational models and experiments shows good agreement. This validation enables the consideration of such complicated device configurations for practical application, and allows for extending the developed models to analyze propagation characteristics in these SAW devices based on other bare and multilayered piezoelectric substrates prior to fabrication.
Gene-Environment Interaction in the Intergenerational Transmission of Health

Researchers have found strong linkages between parent and child health, but the mechanisms underlying intergenerational health transmission are not well understood. Motivated by biomedical research that has increasingly focused on interactions between genetic and environmental health determinants, I investigate how the importance of genetic health transmission mechanisms vary by environmental conditions in the case of pediatric asthma, the single most common chronic health condition among American children. Using a sample of approximately 2,000 adoptees and a matched sample of biological families, I find that the relative importance of genetic transmission differs strongly by SES. Specifically, in high SES families, parent-child asthma associations are approximately 75% weaker among adoptees than biological children, suggesting a dominant role for genetic transmission. In contrast, among lower SES families, parent-child asthma associations are virtually identical across biological and adoptive children, suggesting a negligible role for genetic transmission. Potential explanations for these differences are discussed.
Survivin promotes oxidative phosphorylation, subcellular mitochondrial repositioning, and tumor cell invasion

Survivin promotes cell division and suppresses apoptosis in many human cancers, and increased abundance correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis. We showed that a pool of survivin that localized to the mitochondria of certain tumor cell lines enhanced the stability of oxidative phosphorylation complex II, which promoted cellular respiration. Survivin also supported the subcellular trafficking of mitochondria to the cortical cytoskeleton of tumor cells, which was associated with increased membrane ruffling, increased focal adhesion complex turnover, and increased tumor cell migration and invasion in cultured cells, and enhanced metastatic dissemination in vivo. Therefore, we found that mitochondrial respiration enhanced by survivin contributes to cancer metabolism, and relocalized mitochondria may provide a "regional" energy source to fuel tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
Arthrogryposis: a review and approach to prenatal diagnosis.

Congenital contractures are a common ultrasound finding. Arthrogryposis, defined as multiple contractures involving more than one area of the body, is not a specific diagnosis but rather a description of clinical findings. It is associated with more than 300 different disorders, many of which have o
Lithic Raw Material Sources at the Southern End of the Freshwater Creek Drainage: A View from Laguna de on, Belize

ABSTRACTStone tools at the Late Postclassic (AD 1050–1500) settlement at Laguna de On are indicative of significant inter-community exchange among the Maya of northern Belize. The lithic artifacts represent a consumer assemblage, in which the majority of formal tools were procured from the well-known stone tool production center of Colha, 10 km away. A raw material survey was conducted to see what types of stone were readily available locally. A raw material analysis of formal tools and unused lithic flakes was then independently conducted, to assess the degree to which local and imported stone was being utilized at the settlement. The data present patterns of dependence on the craft specialization of Colha for formal tools, while local materials served primarily in the manufacture of expedient tools.