cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Magnetic Structure of Cobalt

The magnetic powder method has been used to investigate the magnetic structure of cobalt crystals at room temperature. A stable colloid of gamma-ferric-oxide was deposited on suitable cuts of cobalt crystals by a magnetic field applied normal to the surface under observation. Smooth surfaces were prepared by metallurgical polishing followed by additional electrolytic polishing. (The latter method for polishing cobalt is described.) The surfaces chiefly studied approximated basal or prism planes. On all cuts three related patterns were found corresponding to no applied field or a normal field applied outward or inward. The two patterns with field were reciprocal in the sense that their spaces and deposits were interchanged. On basal planes the pattern appeared lace-like possessing considerable detail which was not easily modified by increasing the applied field. On prism planes the no-field pattern consisted of straight lines running parallel to the hexagonal axis. A small applied normal field spread the colloid in these lines into the alternate spaces between them. Further increase in field widened the resulting stripes in a somewhat erratic manner. Other interesting details of the patterns are described. In the discussion are listed the various energies involved in the demagnetization of an ideal crystal, i.e., one in which all energies concerned are reversible. The attempts of other authors to use these energies for devising magnetic structures are examined for their relation to magnetic powder patterns. It is concluded that the cobalt patterns do not accord with the structure demanded by simple theory which neglects irreversible energy changes accompanying demagnetization. The structure which seems best suited to explain the various patterns of cobalt is then proposed and discussed. To make this structure appear reasonable, the process by which a crystal goes from the fully magnetized to the demagnetized state (as suggested by various pattern observations) is described in terms of the dendritic growth of regions of reversed magnetization.
The first day of school: The predictive validity of early school screening

Abstract This study assessed the predictive validity of a multidomain early school screening procedure. Two cohorts of participants ( n = 427, n = 352) were followed through the first three years of school. Outcome variables included retention, special education services, teacher nominations of behavior and emotional problems, and performance on standardized achievement tests. Discriminant function analyses were conducted with Cohort 1 and cross-validated in Cohort 2 using predictor variables for which significant group differences existed between “problem” and “nonproblem” groups. The rate of correct classifications for predicting problem outcome status ranged from 74% to 89%. Classification rates were similar in both cohorts. Fine-motor skills, general cognitive level, ethnicity, and maternal education were predictors of a variety of school problems. The results are discussed in relation to screening for school readiness and developmental constraints on the prediction of school outcomes.
Hypothermia-induced reduction in the permeation of radiolabelled tracer substances across the blood-brain barrier

The permeability of the rat blood-brain barrier during different levels of hypothermia was examined using a new and more sensitive quantitative radiotracer technique. In contrast to the findings of previous studies, tracer permeation as measured here by the calculated cerebrovascular permeability-area product (PA), did not increase during hypothermia. Rather, rats maintained at specific temperatures between 30–16° C (1h) by contact surface cooling, displayed lowered permeation (PA) of i.v. injected14C-sucrose,125I-bovine serum albumin and3H-α-amino-isobutyric acid in all brain regions examined. This effect was temperature-dependent and reversible on rewarming to normothermic temperature. Elevated plasma tracer concentration vs. time was characteristic of hypothermic rats except those cooled to 30° C. That no elevation in plasma tracer accompanied alterations in tracer permeation at 30° C, indicates hypothermic induced reductions in PA are independent of altered plasma tracer levels. Furthermore, the nature of α-amino-isobutyric acid to rapidly distribute to intracellular vs. extracellular sites suggests the effects of hypothermia seen here are due primarily to the condition of cerebrovascular membranes.
A new covalently bound ceramide from human stratum corneum –ω‐hydroxyacylphytosphingosine

Synopsis The outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, consists of non-viable keratin-filled cells, or corneocytes, embedded in a matrix of lipids. The boundary of the cells consists of cross-linked proteins with covalently bound lipids on the outer surface. The spaces between cells are filled with a mixture of ceramides, cholesterol and fatty acids. The stratum corneum provides a protective barrier against water loss through the skin and limits the penetration of potentially harmful substances from the environment. Among the covalently bound lipids on the corneocyte surface are ω-hydroxyacylsphingosine and ω-hydroxyacyl-6-hydroxysphingosine. The previously suspected presence of ω-hydroxyacylphytosphingosine is confirmed in this report through its specific isolation and characterization based on chromatographic behaviour and proton magnetic resonance spectral data. Resume La couche superieure de la peau, couche cornee ou stratum corneum, est composee de cellules mortes contenant de la keratine (corneocytes) et enveloppees d'une matrice lipidique. Les contours des cellules sont constitues de proteines de la membrane cellulaire liees de faccon covalente a des lipides. Les espaces intercellulaires sont remplis d'un melange de ceramides, cholesterol et acides gras. Le stratum corneum procure une barriere protectrice contre les pertes d'eau de la peau et limite la penetration de substances potentiellement dangereuses provenant de l'environnement. Parmis les lipides lies de faccon covalente a la surface des corneocytes se trouvent la ω-hydroxyacylsphingosine et la ω-hydroxyacyl-6-hydroxysphingosine. La presence auparavant soupconnee de la ω-hydroxy-acylphytosphingosine est confirmee dans cette etude par un isolement specifique et une caracterisation basee sur des donnees obtenues a l'aide de profils chromatographiques et de spectrometrie de resonance magnetique du proton.
Adverse reactions, contraindications and complications of acupuncture and moxibustion

This article discusses the various adverse reactions, contraindications and complications of employing acupuncture and moxibustion in therapy. A historical review of these phenomena is also presented, as well as a section on the side effects of auriculotherapy.
Fourier transform phosphorus magnetic resonance study of ATP--calcium--G-actin complex.

Abstract 31P-Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy (40.5 MHz) has been employed to investigate the mode of binding of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) to rabbit muscle G-actin in the presence of calcium in the pH range 6.5 to 10.5. Line width measurements reveal that the nucleotide binds tightest around pH=8.5. Spin lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of each of the three phosphorus atoms of bound ATP demonstrate the prime importance of Pβ and Pγ in ATP binding to G-actin through a calcium bridge.
Apollo 11 and 12 Mare Basalts and Gabbros: Classification, Compositional Variations, and Possible Petrogenetic Relations

On the basis of composition, it is possible to distinguish three major groups of Apollo 12 basaltic rocks: olivine-pigeonite basalts and gabbros, ilmenite-bearing basalts and gabbros, and feldspathic basalts. Two major groups of Apollo 11 basalts are also distinguishable: ophitic ilmenite basalts and intersertal ilmenite basalts. Compositional variations between samples within groups are generally dominated by MgO variations, whereas differences between groups are primarily inverse variations of TiO 2 and SiO 2 or Al 2 O 3 and FeO. Results of fractionation calculations indicate that the MgO variation trends are explained principally by low-pressure fractionation of early-crystallized olivine ± pigeonite ± chrome spinel. The Al 2 O 3 versus FeO trend in the basalts might possibly be explained by near-surface fractionation, but the TiO 2 versus SiO 2 trend is not explainable in this way. Investigations of the latter trend in terms of possible processes of high-pressure fractional melting or fractional crystallization indicate that the compositional variations cannot be the products of simple variations in depth or degree of fractionation. Our data are consistent with the view that the mafic magmas formed by partial melting in the lunar interior, and that near-surface fractionation, with the exception of removal or addition of olivine, has not been extensive.
Microstructure and strain relief of Ge films grown layer by layer on Si(001).

We have studied the microstructure of Ge films grown layer by layer on Si(001) surfaces. The growth mode was changed from a Stranski-Krastanov mode (layer by layer for 3 monolayers, followed by islanding) to a layer-by-layer growth mode by passivation of the surface with 1 monolayer of arsenic. This change in growth morphology results in drastic changes in the mechanism of strain relief. Unlike films grown on bare Si, these films remain pseudomorphically strained up to a thickness of about 10 monolayers. At a film thickness of 12 monolayers, we observe the catastrophic formation of strain-induced defects. These consist of several {111} planes tilted perpendicular to the substrate. The defects are ssV-shaped and, consequently, relieve the misfit progressively as the film grows. At a film thickness of 50 monolayers, we observe that the ssV-shaped defects serve as nucleation sites for dislocations that climb down into the Si substrate. These dislocations then glide through the film to relieve the misfit in previously undefected areas. Thus, the misfit is relieved partly by ssV-shaped defects located in the Ge layer and partly by edge dislocations located in the Si substrate. For thick films, we observe that most of the ssV-shaped defects have been covered by Ge oriented epitaxially with the substrate, but they have also generated twins and stacking faults that extend throughout the whole film. This work has fundamental implications for the understanding of strain relief during ``normal'' growth. Indeed, it demonstrates that the so-called critical thickness has to take into account the formation energy of the strain-relieving defects (in general, dislocations), and not only the energy to move the defects, as has generally been done up to now.
Relationship of Physiological Strain to Change in Heart Rate during Work in the Heat

Data collected from experiments involving (1) intermittent cycling and load carrying in dry, neutral to hot, ambient temperatures and (2) prolonged walking (3 to 3.5 mph) in hot, humid environments were used for correlation analysis between some measured physiological variables. Increasing the air temperature (Ta) resulted in (1) a shift of regression line of heart rate (HR) on oxygen uptake (Vo2) such that, for a given Vo2, HR was 10 beats/min higher for a rise of 10 °C in Ta, and (2) apparent slope for the linear regression of the HR during the last minute of work on the HR during the first minute of recovery becoming less steep with rise in Ta. For prolonged work loads requiring Vo2 of about 1 liter/min (representing about 30% of maximal Vo2) amd Vo2 of about 1.5 to 2.8 liters/min (representing 40 to 60% of maximal Vo2) the regression of rectal temperature on HR was 0.03 °C and 0.01 °C per beat per minute respectively. It was concluded that the rate of change rather than absolute values of these parame...
Synthesis and magnetic properties of Au-coated amorphous Fe20Ni80 nanoparticles

Abstract Gold-coated nanoparticles of Fe20Ni80 (permalloy) have been synthesized by a microemulsion process. The as-prepared samples consist of ∼5 nm diameter particles of amorphous Fe20Ni80 that are likely encapsulated in B2O3. One or more Fe20Ni80@B2O3 particles are subsequently encapsulated in 8–20 nm gold nanospheres, as determined by TEM and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) line broadening. The gold shells were found to be under expansive strain. Magnetic data confirm the existence of a superparamagnetic phase with a blocking temperature, TB, of ∼33 K. The saturation magnetization, MS, of the as-prepared, Au-coated sample is ∼65 emu g−1 at 5 K and ∼16 emu g−1 at 300 K. The coercivity, HC, is ∼280 Oe at 5 K.
Obesity – is it a genetic disorder?

Obesity is one of the most pressing problems in the industrialized world. Twin, adoption and family studies have shown that genetic factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Rare mutations in humans and model organisms have provided insights into the pathways involved in body weight regulation. Studies of candidate genes indicate that some of the genes involved in pathways regulating energy expenditure and food intake may play a role in the predisposition to obesity. Amongst these genes, sequence variations in the adrenergic receptors, uncoupling proteins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, and the leptin receptor genes are of particular relevance. Results that have been replicated in at least three genome-wide scans suggest that key genes are located on chromosomes 2p, 3q, 5p, 6p, 7q, 10p, 11q, 17p and 20q. We conclude that the currently available evidence suggests four levels of genetic determination of obesity: genetic obesity, strong genetic predisposition, slight genetic predisposition, and genetically resistant. This growing body of research may help in the development of anti-obesity agents and perhaps genetic tests to predict the risk for obesity.
REPLY TO DISCUSSION BY PETER J. TUMIDAJSKI OF THE PAPER "COLLOIDAL GRAPHITE AS AN ADMIXTURE IN CEMENT AND AS A COATING ON CEMENT FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE SHIELDING"

In this article, the original authors respond to a discussion of their study that investigated the use of graphite colloid as an admixture in cement and as a coating on cement for providing electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. In the study, the authors concluded that the graphite colloid as an admixture was ineffective for lowering the electrical resistivity of cement compared to carbon fibers and filaments. In the commentary, Tumidajski addressed three points made by the study's authors: graphite's use for shielding, presumably due to the skin effect; that a high shielding effectiveness does not imply a high electrical conductivity; and the very high values for the reported resistivities. The commentary author noted that with such low conductivities for the cement paste and cement-graphite paste, it is surprising that there is any appreciable electromagnetic attenuation. Cao and Chung reply that a material that exhibits low electrical conductivity does not necessarily exhibit poor shielding effectiveness, even in the case that reflection is the dominant mechanism of shielding. In the case of a cement-matrix composite containing graphic particles, the electromagnetic radiation interacts with each graphite particle while the interaction with the cement matrix is little. Thus, the skin depth for a graphite particle is relevant to the understanding of the effectiveness of the graphite particles in enhancing the shielding of the cement-matrix composite. Cao and Chung conclude that the values noted in the tables in Tumidajski's commentary are unreasonably low.
An effective-β vector for linear planetary waves on a weak mean flow

Abstract An effective- β vector and an accompanying mean flow advection vector are computed for linear planetary waves on a weak, horizontally uniform mean flow, for arbitrary stratification and vertical shear profiles. These vectors arise from the projections of mean flow vertical shear and horizontal advection terms onto vertical structure functions related to the rest-state linear vertical mode. As such, these vectors are independent of depth, and determine the propagation direction and speed for the linear planetary waves on the weak mean flow. The resulting dispersion relation gives the modified wave frequency as the sum of a Doppler shift term and a dispersion function that has the same form as the rest-state planetary wave dispersion function, but relative to the effective- β vector. The propagation of long-waves remains non-dispersive. A modal decomposition of the mean flow illustrates the non-Doppler effect. For two examples of climatological mean flow and stratification profiles, the theory is shown to reproduce accurately the modified long-wave zonal phase speeds from the full linear long-wave solution on a purely zonal mean flow.
Symptoms and Long-Term Outcomes for Children Who Have Been Sexually Assaulted.

Violent behaviors by and toward children have become an increasing concern within the American school system, with a good deal of energy devoted to developing profiles about which children are likely to exhibit these behaviors (Goldstein & Huff, 1993). Unfortunately, much less publicity has been devoted toward children who are sexually abused, despite the fact that over 300,000 children and adolescents are sexually abused annually in this country (National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect, 1996). As such, this figure reflects about a 600% increase in actual reported cases since 1980 (Burgdoff, 1980). These data suggest that a large number of school-aged children are experiencing this kind of personal assault and professional educators are likely to encounter these children in the routine course of the educational process. This article provides a summary of the issues involved in the determination of sexual assault against a child and reviews the empirical literature describing the symptoms which may be manifested by a child who has been sexually abused. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asynchronous Learning in Decentralized Environments: A Game-Theoretic Approach

Many of the chapters in this book consider collectives that are cooperative; all agents work together to achieve a common goal—maximizing the “world utility function.” Often this is achieved by allowing agents to behave selfishly according to some “personal utility function,” although this utility function is explicitly imposed by the designer so is not truly “selfish.” In this chapter we consider the problems that arise when agents are truly selfish and their personal utility functions are intrinsic to their behavior. As designers we cannot directly alter these utility functions arbitrarily; all we can do is to adjust the ways in which the agents interact with each other and the system in order to achieve our own design goals. In game theory, this is the mechanism design problem, and the design goal is denoted the “social choice function” (SCF). 1
Intraoperative long range optical coherence tomography as a novel method of imaging the pediatric upper airway before and after adenotonsillectomy.

A B S T R A C T Background/Objectives: While upper airway obstruction is a common problem in the pediatric population, the first-line treatment, adenotonsillectomy, fails in up to 20% of patients. The decision to proceed to surgery is often made without quantitative anatomic guidance. We evaluated the use of a novel technique, long-range optical coherence tomography (LR-OCT), to image the upper airway of children under general anesthesia immediately before and after tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. We investigated the feasibility of LR-OCT to identify both normal anatomy and sites of airway narrowing and to quantitatively compare airway lumen size in the oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal regions pre- and
The rights of doctors, nurses and allied health professionals

The rights of doctors, nurses and allied health professionals, Annas, G.J.; Glantz, L.H.; and, Katz, B.F. (Avon Books, Inc., New York, 1981), 382 pages, $3.95.
A Novel Thermal Expansion Matched Heatspreader for Plastic Encapsulation of Silicon Chips

Plastic package thermal resistance reductions of 50% were achieved by leadframe attachment to a novel SiC/graphite composite heatspreader prior to the plastic molding operation of silicon chips. As determined by extended high temperature operational life-tests on special VLSI chips dissipating 0.5 watt, the heatspreader resulted in a 2x improvement in chip lifetime for a wearout mechanism such as electromigration. In addition, Arrhenius extrapolations of instrinsic failure rates to 35°C ambient conditions indicate that an increase in reliability occurs (lower failure rate) of 2x, 4x, and 8x for chips consuming 0.5 watts, 1.0 watts, and 2.0 watts, respectively. Standard environmental lifetests such as biased humidity, autoclave, high temperature storage, and temperature cycling were conducted with favorable results reported.
No more shadow boxing with online music piracy: strategic business models to enhance revenues

Novel online file sharing technologies have created new market dynamics and posed a great challenge to the music industry to try and retain customers. Consumers have created anonymous online networks to exchange audio files at little cost, which has led to millions of shared, illegal copies of music files and related sales losses to the industry. Legal efforts to counter this trend have lagged the advances in technology. This research presents an analysis of selling strategies that can increase a music seller's revenues as online piracy continues to flourish. We study and compare scenarios of traditional music store selling with those of online-based strategies. We model and analyze pure per-unit, pure subscription and mixed strategies for online music services. Analytical modeling, empirical study and simulation analysis were used to investigate the issues in detail. Our results suggest that the quality of pirated music and search effort have a significant impact on viable strategies. For instance, as the quality of pirated music approaches that of a legal online seller, the per unit service becomes the least viable option. An interesting finding was that strategies that minimize piracy do not necessarily maximize revenues. In fact, both revenues and social welfare can be maximized in the subscription-based environment, even though they may lead to higher levels of piracy. Our research findings not only offer insights into an online experience market, but can also serve as a contemporary reflection on other similar information markets.
Endometriosis-induced changes in regulatory T cells — insights towards developing permanent contraception

Abstract Background Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder that is associated with alterations in the immune system that contributes to its pathology as well as its associated infertility. Main Findings This brief report summarizes our findings related to the changes in T regulatory cells (Tregs) that may affect the uterine environment and impact the fertility of women and nonhuman primates with endometriosis. Principal Conclusion: Targeted therapies that could reduce Tregs within the reproductive tract may have a potential as long-lasting or permanent contraception.
Dynamics of arterial pressure components in a sheep model of hemorrhage

There is a need for accurate monitors that can track blood loss and report a patient's current physiological response. We explored phase coherence between components of the arterial blood pressure waveform for this purpose.
Skeletal muscle NAMPT is induced by exercise in humans

In mammals, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is responsible for the first and rate-limiting step in the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). NAD+ is...
Cavity-Coupling Investigation for the Phermex 50 MHz RF Accelerator

The PHERMEX accelerator is a three-cavity rf linac that operates at 50 MHz. Each cavity has a radius of 2.3 m and a length of 2.6 m. The accelerator produces an electron beam with a peak current of 500 A and energy of 30 MeV.[1,2] RF power is supplied by multiple 2.5-MW tetrodes feeding coaxial lines with loops in the cavity wall. To increase the fields, multiple tetrodes and coupling loops must be used in each cavity; the problems associated with multiple-loop coupling are investigated.
Conservation of natural enemies in cotton: role of insect growth regulators in management of Bemisia tabaci

Field studies were conducted from 1997 to 1999 to contrast the effects of two insect growth regulators (IGRs) and conventional insecticides on natural enemy conservation in cotton within the context of alternative management strategies for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Compared with an untreated control, insecticide regimes based on the initial use of the IGR buprofezin or pyriproxyfen reduced densities of eight predator taxa out of 20 examined in at least one year, including common species such as Geocoris punctipes (Say), Nabis alternatus Parshley, Chrysoperla carnea s.l., and the empidid fly Drapetis nr. divergens. Patterns of predator and pest population change relative to IGR application dates suggest that factors other than direct toxic effects, such as reduction in prey availability, were likely involved. In comparison, the use of conventional insecticides reduced populations of nearly all the predatory taxa examined in most years, including those affected by IGRs, with the impact being greater and more immediate in all cases. Predator:prey ratios were significantly increased by the use of IGRs compared with both the untreated control and a conventional insecticide regime in most instances. The application of conventional insecticides for suppression of Lygus hesperus Knight, another key pest in the system, in a split-plot design reduced densities of most predator taxa and diminished the selective advantage of the IGRs. Rates of parasitism by aphelinid parasitoids (Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich and Encarsia spp.) were generally low and did not vary consistently due to B. tabaci or L. hesperus insecticide regimes over the three years. Our 3year study demonstrates the more selective action of buprofezin and pyriproxyfen in an effective integrated control system for B. tabaci. The use of these IGRs could further facilitate biologically based management in cotton production systems. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Physcomitridium readeri is the correct name for Ephemerella readeri

Abstract Recent phylogenetic inferences indicate that Physcomitrella readeri is not closely related to P. patens. Consequently the genus Ephemerella was resurrected to accommodate the former. However, based on its type, Ephemerella has been merged with Ephemerum. The correct generic name for P. readeri should be Physcomitridium G.Roth, of which Ephemerella readeri Mull.Hal. is the type.
Mechanics of graben formation in crustal rocks - A finite element analysis

The mechanics of the initial stages of graben formation are examined, showing that the configuration of a graben (a pair of antithetically dipping normal faults) is the most energetically favorable fault configuration in elastic-brittle rocks subjected to pure extension. The stress field in the vicinity of a single initial normal fault is computed with a two-dimensional FEM. It is concluded that the major factor controlling graben width is the depth of the initial fault.
Molecular dynamics investigation of MgO–CaO–SiO2 liquids: Influence of pressure and composition on density and transport properties

article i nfo Diffusion Viscosity Magma Differentiation Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to address the influence of pressure and composition on the properties of liquids in the MgO-CaO-SiO2 system. At low pressure the mixing of liquids with different SiO2 fractions is highly non-ideal, while mixing of liquids with the same SiO2 fraction is nearly ideal; at high pressure, mixing becomes ideal for all systems. At low pressure, the viscosity and diffusivity of network forming ions, and their activation volumes, can change dramatically with changes in the SiO2 fraction of the liquid; at high pressure, the dependence of these properties on composition is relatively small, and the Ca/ Mg ratio has an influence comparable to the SiO2 fraction. In general, the properties of the MgO-CaO-SiO2 system become much simpler at high pressure — in contrast to the situation at low pressure, at high pressure mixing is ideal, the transport properties are relatively insensitive to composition, and there are no anomalous property changes with pressure.
Redundancy matters: Flexible learning of multiple contingencies in infants

Many objects and events can be categorized in different ways, and learning multiple categories in parallel often requires flexibly attending to different stimulus dimensions in different contexts. Although infants and young children often exhibit poor attentional control, several theoretical proposals argue that such flexibility can be achieved without selective attention. If this is the case, then even young infants should be able to learn multiple dimension-context contingencies in parallel. This possibility was tested in four experiments with 14- and 22-month-olds. Learning of contingencies succeeded as long as there were multiple correlations between the context and the to-be-learned dimension. These findings suggest that infants can learn multiple dimension-context contingencies in parallel, but only when there is sufficient redundancy in the input.
Memory-efficient dynamic programming backtrace and pairwise local sequence alignment

Motivation: A backtrace through a dynamic programming algorithm's intermediate results in search of an optimal path, or to sample paths according to an implied probability distribution, or as the second stage of a forward–backward algorithm, is a task of fundamental importance in computational biology. When there is insuf.cient space to store all intermediate results in high-speed memory (e.g. cache) existing approaches store selected stages of the computation, and recompute missing values from these checkpoints on an as-needed basis. Results: Here we present an optimal checkpointing strategy, and demonstrate its utility with pairwise local sequence alignment of sequences of length 10 000. Availability: Sample C++-code for optimal backtrace is available in the Supplementary Materials. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
Cost-effective switching fabrics with distributed control for scalable routers

This paper deals with scalable switching fabrics for high-performance routers with large numbers of ports for connecting external links operating at various speeds to arrive at aggregate rates up to multi-terabits per second. The proposed switching fabrics employ no centralized scheduling and consist of small routing units (RUs), which are interconnected by multistage-based connecting components (CCs) in accordance with grid structures, with routing decisions made by RUs and CCs individually in a simple, distributed manner. They are referred to as grid-oriented, multistage-connected RUs, dubbed GRM. With distributed routing, GMR enjoys good scalability and low hardware complexity. It is found, based on our extensive simulation, that GMR outperforms not only their crossbar counterparts for small sizes, but also their compatible designs aiming at large sized construction (built from multiple stages of small crossbars), despite its lower hardware complexity. Two types of chips are sufficient to permit any sized construction; one for RUs and another for CCs. The proposed switching fabrics are cost-effective, readily suitable for scalable routers.
Critical and Reciprocal Regulation of KLF4 and SLUG in Transforming Growth Factor β-Initiated Prostate Cancer Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is implicated in various pathological processes within the prostate, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer progression. However, an ordered sequence of signaling events initiating carcinoma-associated EMT has not been established. In a model of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced prostatic EMT, SLUG is the dominant regulator of EMT initiation in vitro and in vivo, as demonstrated by the inhibition of EMT following Slug depletion. In contrast, SNAIL depletion was significantly less rate limiting. TGFβ-stimulated KLF4 degradation is required for SLUG induction. Expression of a degradation-resistant KLF4 mutant inhibited EMT, and furthermore, depletion of Klf4 was sufficient to initiate SLUG-dependent EMT. We show that KLF4 and another epithelial determinant, FOXA1, are direct transcriptional inhibitors of SLUG expression in mouse and human prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, self-reinforcing regulatory loops for SLUG-KLF4 and SLUG-FOXA1 lead to SLUG-dependent binding of polycomb repressive complexes to the Klf4 and Foxa1 promoters, silencing transcription and consolidating mesenchymal commitment. Analysis of tissue arrays demonstrated decreased KLF4 and increased SLUG expression in advanced-stage primary prostate cancer, substantiating the involvement of the EMT signaling events described in model systems.
Compared to what: what can we say about nonapeptide function and social behavior without a frame of reference?

Our understanding of behavior and mechanism is undermined by the absence of a frame of reference because relationships between individuals and species are without context. We highlight a need to be more comparative, using nonapeptide (vasopressin and oxytocin) modulation of social behavior as an example. We reconsider the use of model organisms and the term ‘social’ in this context, contrasting two popular models for nonapeptide regulation of social behavior. We then propose that a frame of reference should be established by studying mechanisms of behavior across taxa along the same continua. If we are to ever establish a unifying theory of behavior, we must transcend individual examples and determine the relative relationships of behavior and mechanism among and between species.
An economic comparison of battery energy storage to conventional energy efficiency technologies in Colorado manufacturing facilities

Battery energy storage (BES) is one of a set of technologies that can be considered to reduce electrical loads, and to realize economic value for industrial customers. To directly compare the energy savings and economic effectiveness of BES to more conventional energy efficiency technologies, this study collected detailed information regarding the electrical loads associated with four Colorado manufacturing facilities. These datasets were used to generate a set of three scenarios for each manufacturer: implementation of a BES system, implementation of a set of conventional energy efficiency recommendations, and the implementation of both BES and conventional energy efficiency technologies. Evaluating these scenarios’ economic payback period allows for a direct comparison between the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency technologies and that of BES, demonstrates the costs and benefits of implementing both BES and energy efficiency technologies, and characterizes the effectiveness of potential incentives in improving economic payback. For all of the manufacturing facilities modeled, results demonstrate that BES is the least cost-effective among the energy efficiency technologies considered, but that simultaneous implementation of both BES and energy efficiency technologies has a negligible effect on the BES payback period. Incentives are demonstrated to be required for BES to achieve near-term payback period parity with more conventional energy efficiency technologies.
Language, Substance Use Disorders, and Policy: The Need to Reach Consensus on an "Addiction-ary"

The language used to describe health conditions reflects and influences our attitudes and approaches to addressing them, even to the extent of suggesting that a health condition is a moral, social, or criminal issue. The language and terminology we use is particularly important when it comes to highly stigmatized and life-threatening conditions, such as those relating to alcohol and other drugs. Scientific research has demonstrated that, whether we are aware of it, the use of certain terms implicitly generates biases that can influence the formation and effectiveness of our social and public health policies in addressing them. Such research has made it difficult to trivialize or dismiss the terminology debate as merely “semantics” or a linguistic preference for “political correctness.” Furthermore, given that alcohol and other drug-related conditions are among the top public health concerns in the United States and in most English speaking countries globally (e.g., United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland), this is no trivial matter. In this article, the authors detail the conceptual and empirical basis for the need to avoid using certain terms and to reach consensus on an “addiction-ary.” The authors conclude that consistent use of agreed-upon terminology will aid precise and unambiguous clinical and scientific communication and help reduce stigmatizing and discriminatory public health and social policies.
Xwnt-8b: a maternally expressed Xenopus Wnt gene with a potential role in establishing the dorsoventral axis

In amphibian embryos, establishment of dorsal-ventral asymmetry is believed to involve dorsal-ventral differences in vegetally derived mesoderm-inducing signals and/or differences in the competence of animal hemisphere (ectodermal) cells to respond to these signals. Previous studies have shown that certain Wnt proteins can generate an ectopic dorsal axis when misexpressed, and that they do so by modifying the response of ectodermal cells to inducers. None of these Wnt proteins are expressed at an appropriate time to do so in vivo. In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of a full length cDNA for the Xenopus Wnt gene, Xwnt-8b, whose biological activity and expression pattern suggest that it may be involved in establishment of the dorsoventral axis. Both maternal and zygotic Xwnt-8b transcripts undergo alternative splicing to generate mRNAs which encode two different forms of Xwnt-8b protein. During early cleavage stages Xwnt-8b transcripts are confined primarily to animal hemisphere blastomeres, while zygotically derived Xwnt-8b transcripts are restricted almost exclusively to a band of cells in the prospective forebrain of neurula and tailbud stage embryos. Ectopically expressed Xwnt-8b can completely rescue dorsal development of embryos ventralized by exposure to ultraviolet light, and can induce a complete secondary axis in wild-type embryos. Axis induction is observed only if Xwnt-8b is supplied prior to the onset of zygotic gene transcription. This biological activity, together with the presence of maternal Xwnt-8b transcripts in cells that will be induced to form the dorsal mesoderm, is consistent with the possibility that Xwnt-8b may be the endogenous agent that establishes asymmetry in the response of ectodermal cells to mesoderm-inducing signals, thereby initiating dorsal development.
Using Percentile Schedules to Increase Academic Fluency

After a learner becomes accurate with a task, fluency must be shaped over time to reach the target goal. However, shaping criteria can be somewhat arbitrary; thus, an objective criteria has the potential to improve implementation consistency. One such method is through the use of percentile schedules. The purpose of the current study was to use a percentile schedule as a means of determining the reinforcement criterion to improve the fluency for three academic tasks. The participant was a 14-year-old boy diagnosed with developmental disabilities. The use of the percentile schedule based reinforcement criterion resulted in increased fluency with two of the three academic tasks. This study suggests that percentile schedules may provide an objective criterion for improving fluency. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic Programming Approach to Optimal Design and Operations of Integrated Hydrocarbon Biofuel and Petroleum Supply Chains

This paper addresses the optimal design and strategic planning of the integrated biofuel and petroleum supply chain system in the presence of pricing and quantity uncertainties. The drop-in properties of advanced hydrocarbon biofuels pose considerable potential for biofuel supply chains to leverage the existing production and distribution infrastructures of petroleum supply chains, which may lead to significant capital savings. To achieve a higher modeling resolution and improve the overall economic performance, we explicitly model equipment units and material streams in the retrofitted petroleum processes and propose a multi-period planning model to coordinate the various activities in the petroleum refineries. Furthermore, in order to develop an integrated supply chain that is reliable in the dynamic marketplace, we employ a stochastic programming approach to optimize the expectation under a number of scenarios associated with biomass availability, fuel demand, crude oil prices, and technology evolution...
Classroom Contexts as the Framework for Assessing Social-Emotional Adjustment: A National Study in Trinidad and Tobago.

Contextually based assessments reveal the circumstances accompanying maladjustment (the when, where, and with whom) and supply clues to the motivations underpinning problem behaviors. The Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents (ASCA) is a teacher rating scale composed of indicators describing behavior in 24 classroom situational contexts. This study examines the Trinidad and Tobago national normative process for the ASCA contextual dimensions with a representative sample of elementary school children (N = 900). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded the same three dimensions (peer context problems, teacher context problems, and learning context problems) observed in U.S. national samples. Dimensions were scaled using item response theory (IRT) and Bayesian scoring methods, with peer and learning context problems scores relating more strongly to clinical behavior disturbances and learning context problems showing stronger association with classroom learning styles. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Extraction, gas-liquid chromatographic detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene residues from plant tissues high in lipid content

A method has been developed for the extraction, cleanup, derivatization, detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene (HCP) residues from 2 types of plant storage tissue high in lipid content. Wet soybean or peanut tissue was homogenized and extracted with ethyl ether and chromatographed on silica gel to remove the neutral lipids. The cleaned up sample was methylated with diazomethane and the dimethoxyhexachlorophene was eluted from a second silical gel column and chromatographed on a 6' glass column packed with 3% OV-1 or 3% SE-30 on Gas-Chrom Q. The instrument detection limit for the 63Ni electron capture detector was less than 0.1 ng for dimethoxyhexachlorophene and about 1 ppb HCP residue in plant issue. Recovery of 10-420 ppb HCP added to tissue averaged 90.9 +/- 5.7%. Interfering substances were removed, column life was increased, peak sharpness was increased, and tailing of the parent compound was decreased by using appropriate column chromatography.
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

Genital herpes is the most prevalent cause of genital ulcer disease in the world and is commonly encountered in the HIV primary care setting. While most herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are asymptomatic, HIV-infected individuals are more likely to present with atypical and severe manifestations of this common infection. This chapter will discuss the natural history, evaluation, management, and prevention of genital HSV infections as well as discuss useful counseling strategies for providers to utilize with their patients.
The influence of childhood trauma on fatigue and depression in breast cancer patients during and after radiotherapy.

e20567 Background: Women with a history of childhood abuse and/or neglect are at increased risk for psychological distress when confronted with new traumatic experiences including a diagnosis and t...
Beyond depression? A review of the optimal foraging theory literature in zooarchaeology and archaeobotany.

The use of optimal foraging theory in archaeology has been criticized for focusing heavily on “negative” human-environmental interactions, particularly anthropogenic resource depression, in which prey populations are reduced by foragers’ own foraging activities. In addition, some researchers have suggested the focus on resource depression is more common in the zooarchaeological literature than in the archaeobotanical literature, indicating fundamental differences in the ways zooarchaeologists and archaeobotanists approach the archaeological record. In this paper, we assess these critiques through a review of the literature between 1997 and 2017. We find that studies identifying resource depression occur at similar rates in the archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological literature. In addition, while earlier archaeological applications of optimal foraging theory did focus heavily on the identification of resource depression, the literature published between 2013 and 2017 shows a wider variety of approaches.
Processes to Preserve Spice and Herb Quality and Sensory Integrity During Pathogen Inactivation

Selected processing methods, demonstrated to be effective at reducing Salmonella, were assessed to determine if spice and herb quality was affected. Black peppercorn, cumin seed, oregano, and onion powder were irradiated to a target dose of 8 kGy. Two additional processes were examined for whole black peppercorns and cumin seeds: ethylene oxide (EtO) fumigation and vacuum assisted-steam (82.22 °C, 7.5 psia). Treated and untreated spices/herbs were compared (visual, odor) using sensory similarity testing protocols (α = 0.20; β = 0.05; proportion of discriminators: 20%) to determine if processing altered sensory quality. Analytical assessment of quality (color, water activity, and volatile chemistry) was completed. Irradiation did not alter visual or odor sensory quality of black peppercorn, cumin seed, or oregano but created differences in onion powder, which was lighter (higher L* ) and more red (higher a* ) in color, and resulted in nearly complete loss of measured volatile compounds. EtO processing did not create detectable odor or appearance differences in black peppercorn; however visual and odor sensory quality differences, supported by changes in color (higher b* ; lower L* ) and increased concentrations of most volatiles, were detected for cumin seeds. Steam processing of black peppercorn resulted in perceptible odor differences, supported by increased concentration of monoterpene volatiles and loss of all sesquiterpenes; only visual differences were noted for cumin seed. An important step in process validation is the verification that no effect is detectable from a sensory perspective.
Similitude analysis of thin-walled composite I-beams for subcomponent testing of wind turbine blades

In this study, the I-beam structure of a utility-scale blade is used as the basis for the design of a small-scale subcomponent emulating the same type of structural element of a utility-scale wind turbine blade. Governing equations for the bending of a shear deformable thin-walled composite I-beam are considered. Similitude theory is applied to derive the corresponding scaling laws. Accuracy of the derived scaling laws in predicting the strain and displacement fields of the full-scale I-beam is considered as a design criterion for small-scale I-beams. Both complete and partial similarity cases are discussed. A novel approach is proposed to design partially similar scaled I-beams with totally different layups from those of the full-scale I-beam. Using the proposed technique, scaled-down composite I-beams are designed that predict the strain and displacement fields of their full-scale parent I-beam with very good accuracy.