cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing stochastic rationality and predicting stochastic demand: the case of two goods

This paper precisely delineates the empirical content of consumer rationality in the following setting: Data are from a repeated cross section; unobserved heterogeneity is completely unrestricted; however, there are only two goods. Simple closed-form expressions determine whether (population level) data are consistent with these assumptions. Bounds on counterfactual distributions of demand, and parameters thereof, follow. A striking finding is that any rationalizable collection of cross-sectional distributions can be rationalized by pretending that the ordering of individual consumers on the budget line is maintained across budgets. Hence, this seemingly strong assumption does not tighten the bounds.
Adenine-derived purines increase adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in the luteal cell: evidence that cell levels of ATP may limit the stimulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate accumulation by luteinizing hormone.

To assess if amplification of LH-stimulated cAMP accumulation and steroidogenesis by adenine-derived purines may be due to an increase in cell ATP levels, dispersed and enriched rat luteal cells were incubated with the purines under short term culture conditions. Adenosine produced an increase of 2-fold or more in the cell content of ATP; basal levels were about 160 ± 25 pmol/105 cells. An increase in ATP was een as early as 5 min, and the effect was maximal within 15 min of incubation. Incubation alone had little effect on the steady state concentration of ATP, no detectable ATP was seen in the incubation media, and the cells degraded extracellular ATP at a rate of 1 nmol/min · 105 cells. Concentrations of LH up to 500 ng/ml and of prostaglandin F2α at concentrations up to 1 μM had no effect on cell ATP levels in the presence or absence of adenosine. Cell ATP levels were increased by ADP, AMP, adenosine, inosine, adenine, and hypoxanthine, and these effects were paralleled by an increase in cAMP accumula...
A suggested logic for trading between fire‐safety measures

A simple logic is presented for expressing the equivalence of fire safety measures. It is based on the principle that any combination of safety measures is acceptable as long as it does not lead to losses (property and human losses) above the level accepted by society.
Repeated tandem translocations in a clone and subclones of B16-F10 murine melanoma

In one clone and three subclones isolated from the F10 line of the B16 mouse melanoma, a family of extraordinarily long marker chromosomes was found. Banding analyses showed that these long markers represented repeated tandem translocations. Most of these markers exhibited only two or three C-bands. Immunofluorescence staining using antikinetochore serum revealed that these markers had either two active kinetochores or one active and one inactive kinetochore. The original clone and one of the subclones were highly unstable with respect to the composition of the markers and to the ability for retaining the markers. The other two subclones were found to be relatively stable. Because all three subclones were derivatives of one clone, which was unstable, our data suggest that stable genomes can be generated from unstable progenitors.
Interactive solution sets as components of fully electronic signals and systems courseware

The use of computers in teaching signals and systems has evolved. In understanding algorithms, computers were used first as simulation environments and then as real-time implementation environments. In learning the theory of signals and systems, passive tutorial systems have become interactive. Now, software is becoming more and more of an integral part of textbooks and may eventually include the textbook. The paper discusses two interdependent fundamental components of fully electronic courseware-the development of interactive problems and examples, and the supporting software to evaluate student solutions and to explain steps in a correct solution. >
Energy-constrained discriminant analysis

Dimensionality reduction algorithms have become an indispensable tool for working with high-dimensional data in classification. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a popular analysis technique used to project high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space while maximizing class separability. Although this technique is widely used in many applications, it suffers from overfitting when the number of training examples is on the same order as the dimension of the original data space. When overfitting occurs, the direction of the LDA solution can be dominated by low-energy noise and therefore the solution becomes non-robust to unseen data. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm, energy-constrained discriminant analysis (ECDA), that overcomes the limitations of LDA by finding lower dimensional projections that maximize inter-class separability, while also preserving signal energy. Our results show that the proposed technique results in higher classification rates when compared to comparable methods. The results are given in terms of SAR image classification, however the algorithm is broadly applicable and can be generalized to any classification problem.
A prospective study of in-utero exposure to magnetic fields and the risk of childhood obesity.

We conducted a prospective study to examine whether in-utero exposure to magnetic fields (MFs) increases the risk of childhood obesity. Participating women carried a meter measuring MF levels during pregnancy and 733 of their children were followed up to 13 years to collect clinically recorded information on growth patterns with 33 weight measurements per child on average. Prenatal exposure to high MF level was associated with increased risk of being obese in offspring than those with lower MF level (odds ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–2.84). The association demonstrated a dose-response relationship and was stronger (more than 2.3 fold increased risk) among children who were followed up to the end of the study. The association existed only for persistent obesity, but not for transitory (unlikely) obesity. Maternal exposure to high MF during pregnancy may be a new and previously unknown factor contributing to the world-wide epidemic of childhood obesity/overweight.
Analysis of cell division by time-lapse cinematographic studies of hydrocortisone-treated embryonic lung fibroblasts.

Hydrocortisone is a modulator of cell division and has been shown to prolong the replicative in vitro life span of human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Time lapse cinematography was used to analyze the proliferative behavior of individual cells in populations of fibroblasts exposed to hydrocortisone in young cultures during a single growth cycle and in aged cultures that had been continuousiy exposed to hydrocortisone. Results indicate that hydrocortisone causes a decrease in the interdivision time (IDT) of a portion of the cells in the population and this effect is augmented after continuous exposure to hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone does not appear to increase the number of initial dividers in the population but increases growth rate in the early stages of the culture period. Analysis of mother-daughter IDT pairs further suggests that hydrocortisone exerts its effects on IDT independently for a given cell.
First design of a diamond-based neutron spectrometer for cross section measurements

The initial design of a diamond-based neutron spectrometer for fast neutron induced prompt fission neutron spectrum measurements is presented. Initial design investigations have found that coupling a proton radiator to the diamond sensing medium decreases the ultimate neutron energy measurable by a factor of four. The optimum diamond thickness relative to the proton radiator thickness is dependent on the impinging neutron energy. Further, surface texturing is found to only appreciably increase the intrinsic detection efficiency of a given detection system design when the pattern has a depth into the diamond crystal several times the range of the proton in the proton radiator. The geometrical efficiency obstacle found when using a diamond-based detection system is overcome by using a diamond-based fission tagging system, where the expected timing uncertainty may be as low as 64 picoseconds.
The Practice of Service Learning in Local School-Community Contexts

In this article, the authors set out to examine the ways in which service learning is practiced, perceived, and sustained in school settings. Drawing on extensive qualitative case studies, the authors highlight three cases of schools at varying levels of integration of service into their curriculum. Their history of offering service learning is summarized. Participant perceptions regarding the role of service learning in student learning and concerns regarding the relationship between service learning and student academic achievement are explored. The authors conclude that service learning is practiced amidst a series of complex, and often times conflicting, assumptions regarding the aims of education and the proper formats through which student achievement should be assessed.
Inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion by 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d) pyrimidine.

The reduction of plasma testosterone (T) in male rats treated with 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine (4-APP) has been recently shown to be associated with a fall in plasma LH, and appears to be secondary to this impairment of gonadotropin secretion rather than to the decrease in lipoprotein cholesterol caused by the adenine analog. The effects of 4-APP on pituitary function and the mechanism of the fall in gonadotropin secretion were analyzed in adult male rats treated ip with 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg 4-APP/kg BW for 3 days. Twenty four hours later, serum cholesterol levels were reduced by 68 ± 5% (mean ± SE) in animals treated with 5 mg 4-APP/kg BW and by up to 84 ± 1% after higher doses. Basal levels of serum T were not affected by 5 mg/kg APP but were significantly reduced by higher doses (P < 0.05). Serum T responses to human CG (100 IU) stimulation in APP-treated rats were reduced in absolute magnitude, but were enhanced in terms of percentage increase above baseline. The three highest doses of 4-APP redu...
A CMOS RF predistorter using diode‐connected MOSFET

In this paper, a RF predistorter designed using a CMOS process is reported. In GaAs circuits, a Schottky diode has been used as a nonlinear element in the hybrid type predistorter linearizer. We propose a diode-connected MOS transistor as an alternative nonlinear element in CMOS process. For the analysis, the idea of a dynamic impedance line is introduced and the large signal equivalent parameters of the nonlinearity generation circuit are extracted from the simulation. A 2.4 GHz CMOS power amplifier is designed using a 0.18-μm CMOS 1P6M mixed-mode process and the proposed predistorter is fully integrated with the CMOS power amplifier in a single chip. The measured results match with the simulation results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2055–2057, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22646
Inhibition of heat shock protein (molecular weight 90 kDa) attenuates proinflammatory cytokines and prevents lipopolysaccharide‐induced liver injury in mice

Endotoxin-mediated proinflammatory cytokines play a significant role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver diseases. Heat shock protein 90 (molecular weight, 90 kDa) (hsp90) functions as an important chaperone of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling and is required for the production of proinflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that inhibition of hsp90 would prevent LPS-induced liver injury by decreasing proinflammatory cytokines. C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with an hsp90 inhibitor, 17-dimethylamino-ethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG), and LPS. Parameters of liver injury, proinflammatory cytokines, and associated mechanisms were studied by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Inhibition of hsp90 by 17-DMAG prevented LPS-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase activity and significantly reduced serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein as well as messenger RNA (mRNA) in liver. Enhanced DNA-binding activity of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) and induction of target gene heat shock protein 70 (molecular weight, 70 kDa) confirmed hsp90 inhibition in liver. 17-DMAG treatment decreased cluster of differentiation 14 mRNA and LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) DNA binding without affecting Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA in liver. Mechanistic studies revealed that 17-DMAG-mediated inhibition of TNFα showed no effect on LPS-induced NFκB promoter-driven reporter activity, but significantly decreased TNFα promoter-driven reporter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that 17-DMAG enhanced HSF1 binding to the TNFα promoter, but not the IL-6 promoter, suggesting HSF1 mediated direct inhibition of TNFα, but not IL-6. We show that HSF1 indirectly regulates IL-6 by the induction of another transcription factor, activating transcription factor 3. Inhibition of HSF1, using small interfering RNA, prevented 17-DMAG-mediated down-regulation of NFκB-binding activity, TNFα, and IL-6 induction, supporting a repressive role for HSF1 on proinflammatory cytokine genes during hsp90 inhibition. Conclusion: Hsp90 inhibition in vivo reduces proinflammatory cytokines and prevents LPS-induced liver injury likely through repressive action of HSF1. Our results suggest a novel application for 17-DMAG in alleviating LPS-induced liver injury. (HEPATOLOGY 2011)
Magnetic measurements on an in-vacuum undulator for the NSLS X-ray ring

Magnetic measurements have been performed on the In-Vacuum Undulator (IVUN), built jointly by BNL and SPring-8 for the NSLS X-ray Ring. The IVUN magnet has a Halbach-type, pure-permanent magnet structure with a period of 11 mm and a minimum gap of 2 mm. Results of magnetic measurements utilizing Hall probe, moving wire and pulsed wire techniques are presented and compared.
The Boyle's Law Simulator: A Dynamic Interactive Visualization for Discovery Learning of Experimental Error Analysis

As a follow-up to the classic Boyle's law experiment, students can investigate experimental error in the virtual realm of a spreadsheet. Students engage in numerous higher-order thinking and science process skills as they work through the simulation. where depends on experimental conditions and is −1. This is typically discovered by students from the graphical analysis of the collected data using ൌ or ൌ / where is a constant. In the Boyle's Law Simulator, instructors can enhance the typical Boyle's law experience to have students understand why the trapped am ount of gas and temperature must remain constant to see the relationship and determine how other experimental errors can influence the results. This article outlines the concept of constructing an interactive Excel spreadsheet and the type of questions to probe the error analysis. 2. Developing the Learning Tool An interactive Excel spreadsheet or Excelet has been developed as a discovery learning tool to explore experimental error as a post-laboratory activity after performing the Boyle's law experiment. This Excelet is computationally based (no macros or programming) with a number of interactive features from the forms toolbar (usable on both PC and Mac platforms) (5). A number of manipulable variables (, , ௧௨௕௜௡௚ , and ݋ݏ ݐ݋ݎ ) have been generated that influence the calculation of the pressure, resulting graph, and any calculated results including the regression. The interactive features are shown by the grey boxes in Figure 1. It is recommended that the reader opens the accompanying Excelet and goes to the simulation I tab. The wherewithal for creating Exce lets can be found at the Developer's Guide to Excelets website (6), which includes tutorials, illustrated
Achieving True Video-on-Demand Service in Multi-Hop WiMax Mesh Networks

In this work, we discuss how to support video-on-demand service in multi-hop WiMax mesh networks. We are interested in the scenario that end users connect to the video servers through the base station of the multi-hop WiMax networks. We propose a model that can jointly solve the admission control and channel scheduling problems. Our proposed approach guarantees the required data rate is achieved for video streams, which is crucial for multimedia streaming applications. An efficient multicast routing technique is also proposed to minimize the bandwidth cost of joining a multicast tree. Furthermore, we adopt the application layer patching technique to accommodate end users that join a video multicast group at different times. Overall, our solution efficiently utilizes the bandwidth resource of the networks and provides data rate guarantee for video streams. Simulation study shows that with the proposed approach, true video-on-demand in WiMax mesh networks can be achieved under high video request arrival rate.
Evaluation of Student Progress to Goals: Tracking Positive Behavior Changes Among Students Identified with Special Needs Grades 1 to 3

There has been an increase in the number of children identified and served, in school settings, and in the community at large, under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA.) Many school-based programs focus on mainstreaming students with disabilities. However, few programs exist for children between the ages of 5 and 9 who need positive behavior intervention services because they lack socially appropriate interaction skills. The research literature revealed that students who lack appropriate social interaction skills are often placed into mainstream general class settings, where results of student improvement in social interaction skills are mixed. There is a gap in the research on the effectiveness of targeted instruction in social interaction skills for a specific subset of the population, ones who need intensive instruction in positive interpersonal communication skills. The purpose of this program evaluation study is to measure the progress of students with social skill deficiencies served under IDEA in a non-public school setting. I, as the teacher/researcher, collected data on students’ verbal social skills, which followed targeted teaching strategies that focused on the development of social skills, specifically verbal interaction skills. Results indicated that students who had targeted instruction in their social interaction skills showed improvement in their ability to communicate positively with others in a school setting. Data also showed that attendance did not play a factor in the overall gains towards students’ individualized goals. Keywords: positive intervention behavioral support, social skill deficiencies, verbal interaction
Accommodating an Employee's Commute to Work Under the ADA: Reasonable, Preferential, or Both?

The federal courts are split on whether a request to accommodate an employee's commute to work is a reasonable accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities Act. A majority of courts take the position that such a request is inherently unreasonable either because commuting occurs outside of the work environment or because granting such a request would amount to impermissible preferential treatment. A minority of courts, in contrast, find that commuting-related requests are not unreasonable per se and that the appropriateness of such requests should be determined on a case-by-case basis. This article contends that those courts following the majority position take a mistaken categorical approach to reasonable accommodation analysis. Courts, instead, should undertake an individualized analysis that focuses on the effectiveness of the requested accommodation and whether such an accommodation would impose an undue hardship. More broadly, this article asserts that concerns about preferential treatment and the inside/outside distinction should not automatically defeat an otherwise effective reasonable accommodation.
Safari Tech Books Online as Supplementary Reserve Materials

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the process by which the University of North Texas' Research Park Library selected Safari Tech Books for supplementary reserves materials. It analyzes usage and turnaway statistics and the overall success of the program.
Dual contouring of hermite data

This paper describes a new method for contouring a signed grid whose edges are tagged by Hermite data (i.e; exact intersection points and normals). This method avoids the need to explicitly identify and process "features" as required in previous Hermite contouring methods. Using a new, numerically stable representation for quadratic error functions, we develop an octree-based method for simplifying contours produced by this method. We next extend our contouring method to these simpli£ed octrees. This new method imposes no constraints on the octree (such as being a restricted octree) and requires no "crack patching". We conclude with a simple test for preserving the topology of the contour during simplification.
Catalyzing National Judicial Capacity: The ICC's First Crimes Against Humanity Outside Armed Conflict

Crimes against humanity under the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) Rome Statute do not require a nexus to armed conflict like previous tribunals. However, most ICC situations have involved armed conflict. Two recent cases change this. In Kenya in 2007, pro-government forces and criminal organizations perpetrated killings against civilians during post-election violence. In Libya in 2011, anti-government protests snowballed over two weeks into organized armed rebellion. When crimes against humanity were allegedly committed, armed conflict did not exist in either country. This Note argues that the prosecution of these cases signals an expanding role of the ICC that will inevitably be utilized to pressure national judicial "capacity-catalyzing."
Religious Views: The Impact of Traditional Theological Opinion on the Practice of Third-Party Reproduction

Throughout the millennia of human civilization, until quite recently, the science underlying human biology, physiology, and pathophysiology had been enshrouded in a seemingly impenetrable veil of mystery, a garment comfortably inhabited by religious beliefs. The more modern science has threatened to disrobe human function and dysfunction of its arguably supernatural vestments, the more tightly wound and securely fastened these layers of complexity seemingly have become. Almost nowhere has this tension been more dramatically illustrated than in the still-unfolding history of religious attitudes to assisted reproductive technology (ART).
Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidation of mixtures of alkanethiols and their quantitative detection as alkanesulfonates by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Finding optimal experimental conditions for generating stable negative ion electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectra (ESI-IT-MS) of alkanethiol-derived species is critical for quantitatively characterizing multicomponent alkanethiol-based self-assembled monolayers by this technique. Since alkanethiolates slowly oxidize in solution, purposeful oxidation of alkanethiols to their fully oxidized form (alkanesulfonates) is advantageous: sulfonates are chemically stable and have little affinity for covalent binding to metal surfaces. We have used ESI-IT-MS to characterize the products of H2O2 oxidation of simple n-alkanethiols in solution and have observed monomeric alkanesulfonate species as well as alkanesulfonic acid/alkanesulfonate adducts, yielding gas-phase dimers and trimers. MS intensities of both monomers and adducts exhibit a dependence on the ion transfer capillary temperature that is alkyl-chain-length-dependent and that appears to be correlated with C–S bond cleavage. The trend in optimal capil...
Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid Carbon Nanofiber Composite for Enhancing Cardiomyocyte Function

The objective of the present in vitro research was to determine cardiomyocyte function on poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (50:50 (PLA:PGA); PLGA) with greater amounts of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and variations in CNF size, for myocardial tissue engineering applications. The addition of CNFs would increase conductivity and strength of pure PLGA. For this reason, different PLGA: CNF ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100 wt.%) were created and conductivity and cytocompatibility properties with human cardiomyocytes were determined. Results showed that PLGA:CNF materials were conductive and that conductivity increased with greater amounts of PLGA added, from 0 S.m-1 for 100:0 wt.% (pure PLGA) to 5.5x10-3 S.m-1 for 0:100 wt.% (pure CNFs) material. Furthermore, results indicated that cardiomyocyte density increased with greater amounts of CNFs of 200nm in diameter in PLGA (up to 25:75 wt.% , PLGA:CNFs). This study, thus, provided an alternative conductive scaffold using nanotechnology which should be further explored for cardiovascular applications.
Clearance of short circuited ion optics electrodes by capacitive discharge

The ion optics electrodes of low specific impulse (3000 sec) mercury electron bombardment ion thrusters are vulnerable to short circuits by virtue of their relatively small interelectrode spacing (0.5 mm). Metallic flakes from backsputtered deposits are the most probable cause of such 'shorts' and 'typical' flakes have been simulated here using refractory wire that has a representative, but controllable, cross section. Shorting wires can be removed by capacitive discharge without significant damage to the electrodes. This paper describes an evaluation of 'short' removal versus electrode damage for several combinations of capacitor voltage, stored energy, and short circuit conditions.
To What End: Machiavelli, Natural Law, and Politics

In the following article, the author critically analyzes Niccolo Machiavelli's theories of utilitarianism as set forth in his work The Prince. This paper discusses the utilitarianism and political expediency this text recommends, and the superiority of Natural Law Theory for creating a framework for political action.
Incidence and mortality trend of female breast cancer in Ningbo from 2006 to 2010

Objective To analyze the breast cancer incidence,mortality and its trend among female residents in Ningbo,and to provide scientific evidence for specific strategies for the prevention and control of breast cancer.Methods By collecting incident case and death reports of female breast cancer among residents in the monitoring area in Ningbo from 2002 to 2010,the crude and age standardized morbidity and mortality of the disease by year were statistically analyzed.The morbidity and mortality by age were also analyzed.Age-standardized rates were computed according to China age structure of 1990(CASR),and world age structure of 1985(WASR).ResultsThe crude incidence of female breast cancer during this period was 34.76/105(CASR 19.24/105,WASR 22.05/105),and the crude mortality was 7.52/105(CASR 4.02/105,WASR 4.65/105).The incidence of female breast cancer increased from 2006to 2010(P0.05),but the mortality did not appear to be increased during this period(P0.05).The incidence and mortality of female breast cancer increased with the increase of age,and the incidence peaked at 50～54and 80～84age groups.ConclusionsThe result indicated that the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer of Ningbo were at a moderate level compared with national level and the incidence rate rose rapidly in recent years.Breast cancer created a serious threat to the life and health of female residents in Ningbo.It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of female breast cancer and healthy lifestyles should be promoted in the female residents.
A clickable glutathione approach for identification of protein glutathionylation in response to glucose metabolism

Glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function are closely interconnected with cellular redox-homeostasis. Although glucose starvation, which mimics ischemic conditions or insufficient vascularization, is known to perturb redox-homeostasis, global and individual protein glutathionylation in response to glucose metabolism or mitochondrial activity remains largely unknown. In this report, we use our clickable glutathione approach, which forms clickable glutathione (azido-glutathione) by using a mutant of glutathione synthetase (GS M4), for detection and identification of protein glutathionylation in response to glucose starvation. We found that protein glutathionylation is readily induced in HEK293 cells in response to low glucose concentrations when mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are elevated in cells, and glucose is the major determinant for inducing reversible glutathionylation. Proteomic and biochemical analysis identified over 1300 proteins, including SMYD2, PP2Cα, and catalase. We further showed that PP2Cα is glutathionylated at C314 in a C-terminal domain, and PP2Cα C314 glutathionylation disrupts the interaction with mGluR3, an important glutamate receptor associated with synaptic plasticity.
Fictional Worlds and Fictionality

Long before there were theories of the novel, there were robust theories of fiction and fictionality. The fact that some of them appear to refer to poetry may have presented an obstacle to seeing their connection to narrative fiction. The philosophical interest in possible worlds, in the use of world-making as a mode of thought and experimentation, and in questions about the distinctiveness of fictional world-making provoke a look back at early theorists. Perhaps the most well-known statements in Philip Sidney’s Defense of Poesie (c.15 79–80)1 are those in which Sidney claims that poesy, the fiction of poets, constructs an alternative world. While practitioners of all the arts (by which Sidney means disciplines) are based on ‘the works of nature,’ Only the poet, disdaining to be tied to any such subjection, lifted up with the vigor of his own invention, doth grow in effect another nature, in making things either better than nature bringeth forth, or quite anew, forms such as never were in nature, as the Heroes, Demigods, Cyclops, Chimeras, Furies and such like; so as he goeth hand in hand with nature, not enclosed within the narrow warrant of her gifts, but freely ranging only within the zodiac of his own wit. Nature never set forth the earth in so rich tapestry as divvers poets have done, neither with pleasant rivers, fruitful trees, sweet smelling flowers, nor whatsoever else may make the too much loved earth more lovely. Her world is brazen, the poets only deliver a golden. (14–15)
SU‐F‐J‐173: Online Replanning for Dose Painting Based On Changing ADC Map of Pancreas Cancer

Purpose: The introduction of MR-guided radiation therapy (RT), e.g., MR-Linac, would allow dose painting to adapt spatial RT response revealed from MRI data during the RT delivery. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of an online replanning method to adapt dose painting from the MRI Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) map acquired during the delivery of RT for pancreatic cancers. Methods: Original dose painting plans were created based on multi-parametric simulation MRI including T1, T2 and ADC, using a treatment planning system (MONACO, Elekta) equipped with an online replanning algorithm (WSO, warm start optimization). Multiple GTVs, identified based on various ADC levels were prescribed to different doses ranging from 50–70 Gy with simultaneous integrated boost in 28 fractions. The MRI acquired after RT were used to mimic weekly MRI, on which the changing GTVs, pancreatic head and other organs-at-risk (OAR) (duodenum, stomach, small bowel) were delineated. The adaptive plan was generated by applying WSO algorithm starting from the deformed original plan based on the weekly MRI using a deformable image registration (DIR) software (ADMIRE, Elekta). The online replanning method takes <10 min. including DIR, target delineation, WSO execution and final dose calculation. Standard IGRT repositioning and full-blown reoptimization plans were also generated to compare with the adaptive plans. Results: The online replanning method significantly improved the multiple target coverages and OAR sparing for pancreatic cancers. For example, for a case with two GTVs with prescriptions of 60 and 70 Gy in pancreatic head, V100-GTV70 (the volume covered by 100% of prescription dose for GTV with 70 Gy)/V100-GTV60/V100-CTV50/V45-duodenum were (95.1/22.2/69.5/85.7), (95.0/97.0/98.6/34.3), and (95.0/98.1/100.0/38.7) for the IGRT, adaptive and reoptimization plans, respectively. Conclusion: The introduced online adaptive replanning method can effectively account for interfractional changes including tumor spatial response during MR-guided RT delivery, allowing precise delivery of dose painting. This study was partially supported by Elekta Inc.
Nonlinear Response of a Thin Panel in a Multi-Discipline Environment: Part I—Experimental Results

High-speed aircraft structures are susceptible to the extreme and transient effects of the associated aerodynamic environment. These structures can experience a myriad of limit states—yield, fatigue, creep, buckling, and the response is very often path-dependent. Hypersonics, defined as flight speeds greater than Mach 5 (Heppenheimer, NASA Technical Report, NASA SP-2007-4232, September 2007) where aerodynamic heating drives the analysis and design, often causing appreciable structural concerns, is a flight regime with very little practical experience. While the NASA Space Shuttle Orbiter and other space-access vehicles routinely transit the Mach 5 barrier, long-duration air-breathing flights represent but a scant portion of past flight-test programs. As a result, the aerospace industry accounts for the associated uncertainties in the structural response through overly-conservative, and often program-deleterious, design assumptions. The USAF Research Laboratory, Structural Sciences Center (SSC), is investigating and developing analysis methods to predict the changing, nonlinear response of hypersonic hot-structures; however, there is a lack of relevant flight-test and experimental data useful for validating these developing structures-centric methods. The SSC recently began a series of thorough wind-tunnel experiments to provide quality, full-field experimental data for a simple, clamped nominally flat panel exposed to supersonic flow, shock boundary-layer interactions (SBLI) and heated flow. External heating sufficient to buckle the test article during supersonic wind tunnel experiments is being explored. Early results are presented in the present study. Additionally, wind tunnel conditions will be sought that lead to panel snap-through dynamics. The present study documents the evolution of the experiments, emphasizing the nonlinear response of the panel in preparation for upcoming wind-tunnel experiments. Also discussed are the characteristics of the experimental conditions leading to the nonlinear structural response, and the full-field displacement, pressure and thermal results necessary for model validation. Part II of this study will present the results of a numerical study of the same structure in the supersonic environment.
Incorporating the TRMM dataset into the GPM mission data suite

In June 2015 the TRMM satellite came to its end. The 17+ year of mission data that it provided has proven a valuable asset to a variety of science communities. This 17+ year data set does not, however, stagnate with the end of the mission itself. NASA/JAXA intend to integrate the TRMM data set into the data suite of the GPM mission. This will ensure the creation of a consistent, intercalibrated, accurate dataset within GPM that extends back to November of 1998. This paper describes the plans for incorporating the TRMM 17+ year data into the GPM data suite. These plans call for using GPM algorithms for both radiometer and radar to reprocess TRMM data as well as intercalibrating partner radiometers using GPM intercalibration techniques. This reprocessing will mean changes in content, logical format and physical format as well as improved geolocation, sensor corrections and retrieval techniques.
A Comparison of Mothers and Childfree Women on the Common Characteristics of Romantic Love

Since 2009, de Munck, Korotayev, and Khaltourina’s pioneering survey has been used to investigate the cognitive qualities of love across cultures, including Russia, Lithuania, the United States, an...
Gastric neuromuscular histology in patients with refractory gastroparesis: Relationships to etiology, gastric emptying, and response to gastric electric stimulation.

Background The aims of this study were to describe the histology in gastroparesis, specifically to relate histopathology to etiology of gastroparesis (idiopathic and diabetic gastroparesis), gastric emptying, and clinical response to gastric electric stimulation. Methods Full thickness gastric body sections obtained during insertion of gastric stimulator in gastroparetics were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, Masson Trichrome and immunohistochemical stains for Neuron-Specific Enolase and c-Kit. Key Results In all, 145 gastroparetics (71 diabetics, 71 idiopathic, 2 post-surgical, and 1 chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction) had full thickness gastric body biopsies. A lymphocytic infiltrate was seen in the intermyenteric plexus in 22 diabetic and 23 idiopathic gastroparesis patients. Fibrosis was present in the inner circular layer in 13 diabetic and 15 idiopathics and in the outer longitudinal layer in 46 diabetic and 51 idiopathics. Diabetic gastroparesis had less ganglion cells (3.27±1.82 vs 4.81±2.81/hpf; P<.01) and less ganglia (0.90±0.44 vs 1.10±0.50/hpf; P=.01) than idiopathic gastroparesis. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) count was slightly lower in the inner circular layer in diabetic than idiopathics (2.77±1.47 vs 3.18±1.34/hpf; P=.08). Delayed gastric emptying was associated with reduced ICCs in the myenteric plexus. Global therapeutic response to gastric electric stimulation was inversely related to ganglia/hpf (R=−.22; P=.008). In diabetics, improvements in nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain were inversely related to fibrosis. Conclusion and Inferences Histologic assessment of full thickness gastric biopsy specimens allows correlation of histopathology to the gastroparesis disease process, its etiology, gastric emptying, and response to gastric electric stimulation treatment.
Design of a line-VISAR interferometer system for the Sandia Z Machine

A joint team comprised of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) personnel is designing a line-VISAR (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector) for the Sandia Z Machine, Z Line-VISAR. The diagnostic utilizes interferometry to assess current delivery as a function of radius during a magnetically-driven implosion. The Z Line-VISAR system is comprised of the following: a two-leg line-VISAR interferometer, an eight-channel Gated Optical Imager (GOI), and a fifty-meter transport beampath to/from the target of interest. The Z Machine presents unique optomechanical design challenges. The machine utilizes magnetically driven pulsed power to drive a target to elevated temperatures and pressures useful for high energy density science. Shock accelerations exceeding 30g and a strong electromagnetic pulse (EMP) are generated during the shot event as the machine discharges currents of over 25 million amps. Sensitive optical components must be protected from shock loading, and electrical equipment must be adequately shielded from the EMP. The optical design must accommodate temperature and humidity fluctuations in the facility as well as airborne hydrocarbons from the pulsed power components. We will describe the engineering design and concept of operations of the Z Line-VISAR system. Focus will be on optomechanical design.
Prostate Anatomy and Prostate Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, Staging, and Prevention

The prostate is located between the bladder and the external sphincter and normally is 4 cm in length and 4–5 cm in width.
Adjustment with three continuous variables

Correlation is not causation. Spurious association between X and Y may be due to a confounding variable W. Statisticians may adjust for W using a variety of techniques. This article presents the re...
A humidifier in the invasive mode during noninvasive respiratory support could increase condensation and thereby impair airway patency

Aim Humidifying noninvasively ventilated preterm infants is critical to prevent dehydration of respiratory mucosa, but over-humidification can result in impaired airway patency and lung mechanics. This neonatal bench study investigated the humidity delivered using invasive and noninvasive humidification modes during nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Methods The study was conducted at the neonatal intensive care unit of Emma Children's Hospital, the Netherlands, in March 2014. A mannequin was connected to a CareFusion Infant Flow SiPAP system, combined with a Fisher & Paykel MR850 humidifier and a Carefusion Infant Flow LP Generator. We measured the temperature, relative humidity and absolute humidity at the humidification chamber's expiratory port and at the patient's mask. Results The absolute humidity at the mask was 35-40 mg H2 O/L at 38-39°C (relative humidity 74-80%) for the invasive mode of the humidifier and 23-27 mg H2 O/L at 34-35°C (relative humidity 63-70%) for the noninvasive mode. The absolute humidities exceeded the recommended values for the invasive mode of the humidifier, but not the noninvasive mode, and could be associated with increased condensation. Conclusion The absolute humidity delivered by the humidifier in invasive mode could be associated with increased condensation, which has been associated with airway impairment.
B4 and after: managing hierarchy, partitioning, and asymmetry for availability and scale in google's software-defined WAN

Private WANs are increasingly important to the operation of enterprises, telecoms, and cloud providers. For example, B4, Google's private software-defined WAN, is larger and growing faster than our connectivity to the public Internet. In this paper, we present the five-year evolution of B4. We describe the techniques we employed to incrementally move from offering best-effort content-copy services to carrier-grade availability, while concurrently scaling B4 to accommodate 100x more traffic. Our key challenge is balancing the tension introduced by hierarchy required for scalability, the partitioning required for availability, and the capacity asymmetry inherent to the construction and operation of any large-scale network. We discuss our approach to managing this tension: i) we design a custom hierarchical network topology for both horizontal and vertical software scaling, ii) we manage inherent capacity asymmetry in hierarchical topologies using a novel traffic engineering algorithm without packet encapsulation, and iii) we re-architect switch forwarding rules via two-stage matching/hashing to deal with asymmetric network failures at scale.
Missing the Forest for the Trees

In this chapter, I argue that the existence and content of shared intentions is irrelevant in certain cases of collective action, those involving what I call “corporate entities.” A corporate entity is a social entity that has its own intentional states, agency, and moral agency. My claim here is that the intentional states of the members – shared or otherwise – are theoretically irrelevant to the intentional states of the corporate entity. We can have a corporate entity that believes that x and acts on the basis of that belief despite the fact that its members have no beliefs whatsoever regarding the truth of x and no intention to act in ways that express it. In fact, we can have such a corporate entity even if the members have no intentional states at all. If we approach every candidate social entity intent upon finding the shared intentions hidden inside, we may fail to see or appreciate other important aspects, namely, the distinct intentionality that sometimes drives their actions. We will miss the forest for the trees. This chapter begins with a quick sketch of the manner in which corporate entities typically come into existence and develop their distinct intentionality, then notes the irrelevance of shared intentions to the process described. The proponent of shared intentions might respond to this claim negatively by voicing specific objections to holist accounts or positively by emphasizing the preferability of individualism. The third and fourth sections thus address each potential response in turn. The third section answers four typical individualist objections to holist accounts, and the fourth section takes on individualism itself (albeit briefly). I close by providing four reasons to be skeptical of individualist approaches and individualism as a whole.
Enhanced energy harvesting through nanowire based functionally graded interfaces

Abstract Vertically aligned nanowire (NW) arrays are a promising material architecture for the development of electromechanical transducers. The high aspect ratio of the nanowires (NWs) allows large deformation of the nanoscale functional constituents, which leads to an efficient electro-mechanical energy conversion in miniaturized sensors and energy harvesting devices. Another unique advantage of vertically aligned NWs is their use in creating a functional gradient which acts to blend the mechanical properties of two dissimilar materials. Here the performance of piezoelectric energy harvesters, which utilize a functionally graded NW interface rather than a discrete film interface, are studied. After a thorough device characterization, it is revealed that the NW-based power harvesters produce 7.2 times more power than the film-based devices with the same piezoelectric volume. The enhanced performance and improved durability of the energy harvesters composed of nanowire interface are explained by the hierarchical structure and different operation modes of the piezoelectric constituents. This work establishes the importance of the interface mechanics on the electromechanical properties and the performance of piezoelectric transducers and is applicable to any bonded piezoelectric device, whether it is an energy harvester, sensor or actuator.
Redox regulation of type-I inositol trisphosphate receptors in intact mammalian cells

A sensitization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated Ca2+ release is associated with oxidative stress in multiple cell types. These effects are thought to be mediated by alterations in the redox state of critical thiols in the IP3R, but this has not been directly demonstrated in intact cells. Here, we utilized a combination of gel-shift assays with MPEG-maleimides and LC-MS/MS to monitor the redox state of recombinant IP3R1 expressed in HEK293 cells. We found that under basal conditions, ∼5 of the 60 cysteines are oxidized in IP3R1. Cell treatment with 50 μm thimerosal altered gel shifts, indicating oxidation of ∼20 cysteines. By contrast, the shifts induced by 0.5 mm H2O2 or other oxidants were much smaller. Monitoring of biotin-maleimide attachment to IP3R1 by LC-MS/MS with 71% coverage of the receptor sequence revealed modification of two cytosolic (Cys-292 and Cys-1415) and two intraluminal cysteines (Cys-2496 and Cys-2533) under basal conditions. The thimerosal treatment modified an additional eleven cysteines, but only three (Cys-206, Cys-767, and Cys-1459) were consistently oxidized in multiple experiments. H2O2 also oxidized Cys-206 and additionally oxidized two residues not modified by thimerosal (Cys-214 and Cys-1397). Potentiation of IP3R channel function by oxidants was measured with cysteine variants transfected into a HEK293 IP3R triple-knockout cell line, indicating that the functionally relevant redox-sensitive cysteines are predominantly clustered within the N-terminal suppressor domain of IP3R. To our knowledge, this study is the first that has used proteomic methods to assess the redox state of individual thiols in IP3R in intact cells.