cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Story of Us: Resolving the Face-Off between Autobiographical Speech and Information Privacy

Increasingly more “ordinary” Americans are choosing to share their life experiences with a public audience. In doing so, however, they are revealing more than their own personal stories, they are exposing private information about others as well. The face-off between autobiographical speech and information privacy is coming to a head, and our legal system is not prepared to handle it.In a prior article, I established that autobiographical speech is a unique and important category of speech that is at risk of being undervalued under current law. This article builds on my earlier work by addressing the emerging conflict between autobiographical speech and information privacy. Both interests foster personal autonomy and encourage participation in public debate, and both interests seek to give individuals the power to control if, when and how their personal information is shared with the world. The conflict between speech and privacy has proven to be a pervasive and especially difficult problem, and prior attempts to balance the two interests - through the lens of property or contract law - have failed. In this article, I propose a new, workable framework to resolve the conflict by reexamining the tort of public disclosure of private facts. This analysis reveals that the current over-emphasis on whether the information disclosed was “newsworthy” is misplaced and likely unconstitutional. The tort’s protection of individual privacy, however, can be reconciled with the First Amendment by interpreting the “offensiveness” element to include an examination of the purpose of the disclosure. A number of courts have implicitly adopted this view and, in doing so, are reflecting community norms that disclosures made for sufficient justifications - such as sharing newsworthy information or, I submit, engaging in autobiographical speech - are not highly offensive. Disclosures made for purely voyeuristic reasons, however, are highly offensive. This “justified disclosure” approach encompasses community norms and expectations in a way that is more predictable and fair than other proposed frameworks. It further promises to be applicable not just to the conflict between autobiographical speech and information privacy but to broader disputes involving privacy and speech.
3D Model-Based Video Coding: Computer Vision Meets Computer Graphics

This paper describes the model-based video coding scheme which combines computer vision and computer graphics techniques. Human face modeling system is used as an example. In this system, a generic 3D face model is used for both facial motion analysis and expression synthesis. The motion trajectories of the feature points are derived using computer vision techniques and computer graphics techniques are used to reconstruct the original motions using the 3D face model and the motion parameters. The potential application of this system in model-based video compression is also discussed in this paper. Some preliminary experimental results show promising future of this approach.
Large Group Musical Interaction using Disposable Wireless motion sensors

We have developed a set of low-cost, wireless motion sensors that enable a large group of dancers to participate concurrently in a real-time, interactive musical performance. These sensors are either worn or held by participants and transmit a short RF pulse at the extremes of limb motion. The RF pulses are received by a base station and analyzed to detect rhythmic features and estimate the general activity level of the group. These data are then used to generate music that can either lead or follow the participants’ actions, thereby tightening the feedback loop between music and dancer.
Bilateral Rounding of the Shoulders Obstructs Vertebral Vein Drainage of the Vertebral Venous Plexus/Batson's Plexus: MRI/MRA/MRV

INTRODUCTION. Costoclavicular compression of the brachiocephalic veins decreases vertebral vein drainage of the vertebral venous plexus / Batson's plexus of the vertebral column. This causes painfu...
Simplified quantification of labile proton concentration‐weighted chemical exchange rate (kws) with RF saturation time dependent ratiometric analysis (QUESTRA): Normalization of relaxation and RF irradiation spillover effects for improved quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI is an emerging imaging technique capable of detecting dilute proteins/peptides and microenvironmental properties, with promising in vivo applications. However, CEST MRI contrast is complex, varying not only with the labile proton concentration and exchange rate, but also with experimental conditions such as field strength and RF irradiation scheme. Furthermore, the optimal RF irradiation power depends on the exchange rate, which must be estimated in order to optimize the CEST MRI experiments. Although methods including numerical fitting with modified Bloch-McConnell equations, quantification of exchange rate with RF saturation time and power (QUEST and QUESP), have been proposed to address this relationship, they require multiple-parameter non-linear fitting and accurate relaxation measurement. Our work here extended the QUEST algorithm with ratiometric analysis (QUESTRA) that normalizes the magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) at labile and reference frequencies, which effectively eliminates the confounding relaxation and RF spillover effects. Specifically, the QUESTRA contrast approaches its steady state mono-exponentially at a rate determined by the reverse exchange rate (kws), with little dependence on bulk water T1, T2, RF power and chemical shift. The proposed algorithm was confirmed numerically, and validated experimentally using a tissue-like phantom of serially titrated pH compartments.
Predictor-Corrector preconditioned newton-krylov method for cavity flow

The Newton-Krylov method is used to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. In the present study, two numerical schemes are considered for the method: employing the predictor-corrector method as preconditioner, and solving the equations without the preconditioner. The standard driven cavity flow is selected as the test problem to demonstrate the efficiency and the reliability of the present preconditioned method. It is found that the Newton-Krylov method becomes more efficient if combined with the preconditioner.
Native silicon oxide agglomeration prior to solid-phase epitaxy using rapid thermal processing

The effect of process parameters on the quality of recrystallized material using rapid thermal processing (RTP) was evaluated. Both X-ray rocking curve and Read camera analysis were used to verify the crystalline quality of the regrown material. It is shown that RTP is a viable method for agglomerating the interfacial oxide at a silicon/polysilicon boundary before epitaxial growth. The material quality was observed to improve with increasing RTP time and temperature cycles. The optimum thermal anneal cycle was 600 degrees C for 18 h and 800 degrees C for 3 h. The improvement in the number of defects over the previously used ion implantation process is about two orders of magnitude. >
Mucinous cystadenoma of the pancreas in a one-year-old child

Mucinous cystadenomas of the pancreas are uncommon lesions in adults and even more rare in children. This report presents a case of a pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma in a 1-year-old boy and offers a review of the literature and discussion of the surgical implications.
Electrical injury involving the immature skeleton

Two patients are presented with significant problems of skeletal development and function consequent to electrical impulse propagation through the immature skeleton. Amputation stump revision in the first case allowed an opportunity to assess specific histologic and morphologic changes. Electrical damage completely destroyed portions of trabecular bone in the metaphyses and epiphyseal ossification centers. There were morphologic irregularities in the physis of the distal femur, while in the proximal tibia complete cessation of growth occurred through presumed electrical ablation of the physis. There was virtually no endosteal or periosteal callus, no intertrabecular inflammatory response, and no new bone formation well over a year following the original injury. The knee joint exhibited severe fibrous ankylosis. In the second case localized arrest of the posterolateral portion of the proximal tibial physis caused a valgus/recurvatum deformation, and probably slowed down distal growth sufficiently in the stump end to prevent irregular terminal overgrowth of the tibia, although it did occur in the fibula.
Acinic cell tumor of the minor salivary glands

Abstract The histologic characteristics and clinical features of six new cases of ACT of the minor salivary glands are reported. These neoplasms accounted for 3.8% of all the minor salivary gland tumors examined by our service. Three cell types were identified: acinar, vacuolated, and intercalated duct-cell. Those cell types were organized in three growth patterns: solid, papillary, and microcystic. Tumor cells were PAS positive both before and after treatment with diastase. Occasionally, they were slightly positive to mucicarmine staining. According to our study, ACT occurs in adult life, apparently without sex preference. Asymptomatic swelling was the most frequent presenting symptom; however, on occasion pain and ill-fitting dentures were reported. Most of the tumors in were described as fixed soft tissue masses, less than 1.5 cm in diameter. No recurrences or metastases were seen in any of the patients for a mean period of four years. Simple surgical removal was the therapeutic measure used in all cases.
The prevalence and circumstances of child sexual abuse: changes across a decade.

Abstract Objective: This study reports the prevalence of child sexual abuse of African American and European American women and compares the circumstances of these incidents to data collected a decade ago. Method: Stratified probability sampling was used to recruit comparable samples of African American and European American women in Los Angeles County for a larger study of women’s sexual decision making. Incidents of contact abuse were obtained from women 18 to 36 years old in 1994 and compared to women with those demographic characteristics from a comparable 1984 dataset. The prevalence of abuse, characteristics of the victim, assault, alleged perpetrator, disclosure, and long-term effects by ethnic group affiliation were assessed. Results: Of the total sample, 34% reported at least one incident prior to age 18. Ethnic differences were found with respect to prevalence, location of abuse, and number of incidents of rape. While comparisons made with the 1984 dataset revealed no significant difference in prevalence rates over the 10 year period, changes in circumstances were noted. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of child sexual abuse in Los Angeles County remained fairly stable, several circumstances of abuse underwent change. These characteristics are discussed in relation to how sexual abuse among ethnically diverse samples in Los Angeles County has changed over a decade and how these differences can help better tailor prevention messages to different communities.
Saturated Fats: A Perspective from Lactation and Milk Composition

For recommendations of specific targets for the absolute amount of saturated fat intake, we need to know what dietary intake is most appropriate? Changing agricultural production and processing to lower the relative quantities of macronutrients requires years to accomplish. Changes can have unintended consequences on diets and the health of subsets of the population. Hence, what are the appropriate absolute amounts of saturated fat in our diets? Is the scientific evidence consistent with an optimal intake of zero? If not, is it also possible that a finite intake of saturated fats is beneficial to overall health, at least to a subset of the population? Conclusive evidence from prospective human trials is not available, hence other sources of information must be considered. One approach is to examine the evolution of lactation, and the composition of milks that developed through millennia of natural selective pressure and natural selection processes. Mammalian milks, including human milk, contain 50% of their total fatty acids as saturated fatty acids. The biochemical formation of a single double bond converting a saturated to a monounsaturated fatty acid is a pathway that exists in all eukaryotic organisms and is active within the mammary gland. In the face of selective pressure, mammary lipid synthesis in all mammals continues to release a significant content of saturated fatty acids into milk. Is it possible that evolution of the mammary gland reveals benefits to saturated fatty acids that current recommendations do not consider?
The ultrastructure of meningopneumonitis

Abstract The ultrastructure of intracellular, crude, purified, and freon-treated meningopneumonitis (MP) from allantoic fluid of infected hen's eggs were examined using techniques of high resolution electron microscopy. The external and internal characteristics of the particles were revealed by thin sectioning and negative staining techniques. Essentially two types of particles were seen; these were the relatively large initial body and the smaller denser elementary body. Except for the freon-treated particles, the general characteristics of both types of particles did not vary greatly from one preparation to another. Freon did produce structural damage and removed the infectivity from the MP particles. The electron micrographs of thin sections of intracellular and extracellular particles revealed a unit membrane of 70A surrounding both initial and elementary bodies. In addition, many initial bodies had complex internal membranes, which in many cases were continuous with the external membrane and sometimes resembled finger-prints. These structures could be analogous to the mesosomes described recently in many bacteria and could possibly have enzymatic activity associated with them.
Modification of the active site of isocitrate lyase from watermelon cotyledons

Abstract Isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1) from watermelon cotyledons was modified by diethylpyrocarbonate and by the affinity labels 3-bromopyruvate and itaconate epoxide. The reaction with diethylpyrocarbonate, carried out at 30 °C in sodium phosphate, pH 6.5, modified (per subunit) 5 histidines in the absence and 4 in the presence of substrate. The kinetics were nonsaturating with respect to diethylpyrocarbonate and the enzyme was protected against modification by substrate or both products together. Hydroxylamine (0.5 m ) reversed both histidine modification and inactivation. The reaction with 3-bromopyruvate, carried out at 30 °C in 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid, pH 7.7, modified (per subunit) 1 sulfhydryl in the absence and 0 in the presence of substrate. The reaction showed saturation kinetics ( K BrP = 1.4 × 10 −5 m) and D s -isocitrate offers competitive protection ( K I = 0.2–0.3 mM; K m = 0.25 mM). The reaction with itaconate epoxide, carried out at 30 °C in sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, was also saturating ( K ItEp = 16.4 mM) and the reversible inhibitor, itaconate ( K I = 50 μ m; K i = 22.5 μ m) as well as the product, succinate ( K s = 10.4 mM; K i = 4.5 mM) offer competitive protection. Hydroxylamine (l m , pH 7.0) reversed inactivation of the enzyme, indicating modification of a carboxylate residue at the active site. In summary, three different amino acid residues have been modified in the active site domain of watermelon isocitrate lyase.
Cleavage of phosphofructokinase at S-cyanylated cysteine residues.

Abstract Rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.11; ATP: d -fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase) consists of four protomers of 80 000 molecular weight, each of which contains 15–16 sulfhydryl groups. Specific cyanylation of the most reactive sulfhydryl group in each protomer with 2-nitro-5-thio-[ 14 C]cyanobenzoic acid and cleavage of the S-cyanylated protomer yields two fragments — a 14 C-labeled fragment of 72 500 molecular weight and an unlabeled fragment of 5400 molecular weight — indicating that the position of the cysteine residue bearing the most reactive sulfhydryl group is approx. 5400 daltons from the amino-terminal end of each protomer. The phosphofructokinase protomer also contains 5–6 sulfhydryl groups that are reactive in the denatured protomer but unreactive in the native protomer. The cleavage fragments, obtained from protomers specifically cyanylated at sulfhydryl groups reactive only in the denatured protomer, indicate that three of the cysteine residues bearing this class of sulfhydryl group occupy positions approx. 5000, 11 500, and 58 000 daltons from the carboxyl-terminal end of each protomer.
Observations on some current issues pertaining to nuclear power plant seismic design

Abstract In this paper the author addresses some of those areas in which it is believed major research and development should be undertaken in the years immediately ahead if significant advances in earthquake engineering especially applicable to nuclear power plant design are to be achieved. From the standpoint of excitation (loading) the paper dwells extensively on concepts of so-called effective acceleration, with some comments also given on response spectra and modifications thereto. In the areas of resistance of structures attention is devoted to the topics of damping, ductility (energy absorption), and associated margins of strength to resist overloading. The need for developing comprehensive field measurement programs of ground and structural response throughout the world is cited. Future progress in earthquake engineering hinges in large part on developing a confirmatory basis for the technology, partly through continuing developments of analysis techniques and corresponding laboratory testing, but most importantly field observations in actual earthquakes which can be interpreted rationally to lend verification and support to the theoretical and design bases. Finally, the important topic of equipment seismic resistance is singled out for attention.
Mutant enzymes and dissected tRNAs that elucidate motifs for protein-RNA recognition

Abstract Domains in RNAs and aminoacyl tRNA synthetases that mutually interact have been identified by structural, biochemical and genetic methods. Altered specificity has been demonstrated by amino acid substitutions in the domains of synthetases that interact with the distinct anticodon-helix- and acceptor-helix-containing domains of tRNA. Further clarification of the contribution of specific structural elements to overall recognition has been achieved using dissected tRNA molecules which recreate the acceptor helix subdomain. Unsolved problems include evaluating the relative contributions to overall recognition of the interactions of synthetases with individual domains of the tRNA structure, and distinguishing between essential and non-essential components.
Mathematical aspects of renal function: The dependence of solute reabsorption on water reabsorption, and the mechanism of osmotic natriuresis

Abstract The effect of changes in water reabsorption upon solute reabsorption in the renal tubule has been examined theoretically by writing kinetic equations for solute and water reabsorption at any point in a uniform segment and integrating over the length of the segment. In an isosmotic segment, a linear or nearly linear relationship between reabsorbed sodium, z0−z, and the quantity m 1n z/z0, where m is the filtered load of unreabsorbable solute, should be seen during infusion of isosmotic mannitol (or similar solute), whether sodium reabsorption follows first-order, pump, or pump-and-leak kinetics. However, the increment in sodium excretion which has been observed experimentally following such infusions is seen in mathematical models only if there is a substantial leak, and is therefore attributable to increased passive influx of sodium rather than reduced active efflux. The excretion of other reabsorbable solutes also increases with outflow, unless their reabsorption is independent of concentration. For at least half-saturated pumps, a roughly linear increase in solute excretion occurs when flow increases. The intercept of this line can (in theory) provide an estimate of the Tm and Michaelis constant, even at constant plasma concentration and filtration rate. Outflow concentration may fail to vary appreciably with flow under some conditions, even though reabsorption is concentration dependent.
Quantitative measurement of the molecular-mass distribution in calix[4]resorcinarene molecular glass resists by mass spectrometry

The polydispersity in the degree of functionalization for two calix[4]resorcinarenes was determined by measuring, quantitatively, their molecular mass distribution with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. A mathematical method for polydisperse materials is described that creates a calibration curve to correct the ion intensities in the mass spectrum to give a more reliable molecular mass distribution. One calix[4]resorcinarene was found to give accurate molecular mass distributions with little correction, while another having a very similar molecular structure was found to exhibit strong over counting of the oligomers having a high degree of functionalization.
A Quantitative Model for the Ventricular Response During Atrial Fibrillation

We review the principal statistical properties of the RR interval sequence during atrial fibrillation. A simple quantitative electrophysiologic model is presented which successfully accounts for these statistical features. In this model the atrioventricular junction (AVJ) is treated as a single cell equivalent characterized by a refractory period and spontaneous rate of phase 4 depolarization. The atria are presumed to bombard the AVJ with impulses that arrive randomly in time; each impulse induces a partial depolarization of the AVJ equivalent cell. We show that other models for the ventricular response during atrial fibrillation (e. g., concealed conduction models) do not adequately account for the salient statistical features of the RR interval sequence. The present model may be utilized to characterize a sequence of RR intervals recorded from a given individual in terms of the numerical magnitudes of the model's four parameters: the mean rate at which atrial impulses bombard the AVJ, the relative amplitude of the impulses, the relative rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization of the AVJ equivalent cell, and the refractory period of the AVJ equivalent cell. Such a characterization may be useful in studying mechanisms of drug action and interaction, as well as potentially offering a quantitative means for optimizing pharmacologic manangement of chronic atrial fibrillation.
A Multi-criteria Decision Making Approach for Resource Allocation in Software Engineering

The completion of reliable software products within the expected time frame represents a major problem for companies that develop software applications. As the field grows, the software industry continues to struggle with delivering products in a timely manner. A major cause for increased cost and low quality in software products can be attributed to inadequate resource allocation. Therefore, it is important to develop systematic personnel assignment processes that consider the complete candidate skill set and provide the best fit to increase quality, reduce cost, and reduce training time. This paper presents a novel methodology that considers multiple project-specific skills to assign resources to software tasks. The methodology takes into account the existing capabilities of candidates to determine the best fit based on the required skills for the task. A sample case study is used to show the methodology’s capabilities.
A study of the electronic structure of a-Si:H by tunneling

Abstract Measurements of the tunneling and phototunneling I–V and G–V characteristics have enabled the study of the distribution of states in the band-gap of hydrogenated amorpous silicon. It is found that regardless of the method of preparation and the material dopants there is a peak in the bulk and surface density of states which lies 0.45 eV below the conduction band edge. The density of states at the peak is concluded to be 10 18 – 10 19 cm −3 eV −1 , decreasing by at least an order of magnitude for energies below and above this peak.
Elusive migratory subcutaneous dirofilariasis

Hand dishwashing liquids are designed to be diluted in water and with recommended usage should be in contact with the skin only for short periods. Manufacturers of hand dishwashing liquids recommend that their products be used with robber gloves; however, most patients report that they do not use gloves or use them infrequently. In addition, half of hand dishwashing liquid users also used these products full strength to wash their hands. Several factors may affect the irritancy potential, including a high pH that may stress the skin's buffering capacity. 5 The pH of the test solutions and the full-strength hand dishwashing liquids was tested. The range was from 5.19 to 7.27; Palmolive SS had a pH of 5.32 and glycerol a pH of 7.20. There appeared to be no correlation between pH and irritancy in the dishwashing liquids tested. Hand dishwashing liquids comprise anionic, nonionic, and sometimes amphoteric surfactants, solubilizers, fragrances, dyes, foam-sustaining components, preservatives, and multiple other ingredients. 6 Further study would be required to ascertain which components cause irritation so exposure to them may be minimized.
Epidermal Growth Factor Promotes a Cardiomyoblastic Phenotype in Human Fetal Cardiac Myocytes

Peptide growth factors likely play an important role in cardiac development, but growth factors which inhibit or prevent differentiation in cardiac myocytes are largely unknown. Using immunocytochemistry, Western and Northern blotting, and RNase protection assays, we demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) significantly inhibits differentiation and promotes proliferation in cultured human fetal ventricular cardiac myocyte cell lines. In enriched cell lines and in a pure myocyte cell strain, EGF inhibited increases in immunoreactive sarcomeric actin and sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (SMHC) normally seen after serum withdrawal. In the pure myocyte strain, EGF induced a cardiomyoblastic phenotype; i.e., it caused a complete loss of detectable sarcomeric proteins in the majority of cells; it was also mitogenic. EGF inhibited expression of cardiac alpha-actin and SMHC mRNAs, but inhibition of SMHC expression was predominantly of the beta-MHC isoform. Removal of EGF was followed by reexpression of sarcomeric proteins. Blocking the EGF receptor (EGFR) with monoclonal anti-receptor antibody completely abolished the dedifferentiating effects of EGF and also significantly reduced the mitogenic effect of the peptide. The results indicate that activation of the EGFR both inhibits differentiation and promotes proliferation of human fetal ventricular myocytes in vitro. These findings suggest an important role for EGF in human cardiac differentiation and development.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1990–2007

United States colorectal cancer mortality rates have declined; however, disparities by socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity persist. The objective of this study was to describe the temporal association between colorectal cancer mortality and socioeconomic status by sex and race/ethnicity. Cancer mortality rates in the United States from 1990 to 2007, which were generated by the National Center for Health Statistics, and county-level socioeconomic status, which was estimated as the proportion of county residents living below the national poverty line based on 1990 US Census Bureau data, were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. The Kunst–Mackenbach relative index of inequality, which considers data across all poverty levels when comparing risks in the poorest (≥20 %) and richest counties (<10 %), was calculated as the measure of association. The study found that colorectal cancer mortality rates were significantly lower in the poorest counties than the richest counties during 1990–1992 among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic black women and non-Hispanic API men. Over time though the tendency was for the poorest counties to have higher mortality rates. By 2003–2007 colorectal cancer mortality rates were significantly higher in the poorest than the richest counties among all sex-race/ethnicity groups. This disparity was most noticeable and appeared to be increasing most among Hispanic men. This suggests that socioeconomic disparities in colorectal cancer mortality were apparent after stratifying by sex and race/ethnicity and reversed over time. Further studies into the causes of these disparities would provide a basis for targeted cancer control interventions and allocation of public health resources.
Rumen modeling: rumen input-output balance models.

Abstract Two models of rumen fermentative relationships expressed as systems of simultaneous linear equations and based on requirements for maintenance of balances of elementary input and output and metabolic pathways are presented in matrix format consistent with solution by linear programs. Matrix entries defining the two models were verified carefully based upon a survey of the literature, and conceptual bases of the models were validated by comparisons of model outputs with experimental data not used in model construction. The models then were used to evaluate interactions among feed composition, volatile fatty acid yields and patterns, microbial growth yields and efficiencies, and microbial metabolic pathways.
Diagnosing Our National Disease: Trends in Income and Happiness, 1973 to 2004.

An important paradox of the happiness literature is the apparent disconnect between economic growth and happiness, referred to as the “Easterlin Paradox.” Although real income has grown over the la...
Daily affect relations in fibromyalgia patients reveal positive affective disturbance.

Objectives:To examine daily positive affective disturbance in the context of negative affect (NA) and pain among patients with fibromyalgia (FM) to determine a) if FM patients experience a deficit in daily positive affect (PA) relative to osteoarthritis (OA) patients; b) if FM patients differ from O
OPTIMAL TRUSS DESIGN BASED ON AN ALGORITHM USING OPTIMALITY CRITERIA

Abstract A computational scheme is presented for the calculation of the optimal design of trusses. Constraints on the design variables (the cross-sectional areas) are considered. Linearly elastic behavior is assumed, and optimality criteria are derived, based on strain energy considerations. As in mathematical programming techniques, the optimum is approached through a sequence of designs, each differing slightly from its predecessor. The design changes to be made at each stage of the procedure are determined by application of the optimablity criteria. The formulation is sufficiently general to permit the solution of the problem of predicting both optimal member size and member layout-given the loads and the location of the joints. The procedure is illustrated with a number of numerical examples.
Human pain research: Personality correlates of voluntarism among college women

We sought to evaluate the relationship of personality to volunteer status in college women asked to participate in a pain research study. Female college students completed a questionnaire that included measures of extraversion (EXT), neuroticism (NEUR), lying (LIE), psychoticism (PSYCH), external locus of control (EX LOC) and trait anxiety (TR ANX) in a classroom setting. Following completion of the questionnaire, each student was asked whether she would participate in a study of pain tolerance. The personality scores of women who volunteered and kept their appointment (n = 61) for the study were compared to those women who declined to participate (n = 31). Females who volunteered to participate generally scored higher on the EX LOC measure than those who declined to participate (r = 0.33, P < 0.01). Volunteer status was not significantly related to EXT (r = 0.15), NEUR (r = -0.17), LIE (r = -0.18), PSYCH (r = 0.03) or TR ANX (r = -0.05). Thus, certain personality measures, such as EX LOC, may be related to the willingness of the women to volunteer for pain research. Therefore, studies examining the relationship of personality to pain experience, such as pain tolerance, must be interpreted cautiously.
Polyclonal activation of canine B lymphocytes evaluated by a protein A reverse hemolytic plaque assay.

Abstract This paper describes the optimal culture and assay conditions for the polyclonal activation of canine lymphocytes with pokeweed mitogen and the quantitation of immunoglobulin secreting plaque-forming cells (PFC) using a staphylococcal protein A—reverse hemolytic plaque assay. The assay permits the quantitation of total immunoglobulin secreting PFC as well as class-specific immunoglobulin secreting PFC. On the optimal day of culture, a mean of 176 IgA PFC/10 6 , 575 IgM PFC/10 6 , 1276 IgG PFC/10 6 , and 2158 total PFC/10 6 cells were generated following polyclonal activation. This study provides a simple and reproducible assay for the delineation of the immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in the differentiation of canine B lymphocytes.
The species mass jump condition at a singular surface

Abstract Absorption, heterogeneous reaction, surface mass transport, and interfacial mass transfer occur at moving, deforming interfaces in many processes of interest to chemical engineers. A precise description of those processes requires the general form of the species jump condition. In this paper we present a simple derivation of the species mass jump condition at a nonmaterial surface using only 3-spaced vector analysis. This involves the derivation of the integral jump condition, the point jump condition, and the form of the jump condition applicable to the Monge representation of a surface. Application of the jump condition is illustrated in terms of the process of adsorption and reaction at a catalytic surface, and in terms of the mass transfer process that takes place in a Stefan diffusion tube.
Uniaxial stress studies of ferroelectric and ferroelastic phase transitions

Abstract Measurements of the behavior of ferroelectric and ferroelastic phase transitions under uniaxial stress are relatively sparse. Reviewed here are several studies of the uniaxial stress dependence of commensurate and incommensurate transitions observed in measurements of dielectric properties, inelastic light scattering, and birefringence. † Work at the University of Nebraska was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, 1970–1975, and by the Army Research Office, 1976-present. The authors are greatly honored to have been included among those contributing to this volume, honoring our esteemed colleague, “Teru” Nakamura for his leadership in our field, and his fundamentally important studies of ferroelectric materials.
Chemical and biological control of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 in snap bean double-cropped with corn

Fungicides applied to soil or used as seed treatments and biocontrol agents were tested for 3 years in field experiments for efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 in snap bean double-cropped with corn. In field plots infested artificially with R. solani AG-4, PCNB was as effective as flutolanil in increasing yield of green pods; however, flutolanil was more effective in reducing population densities of R. solani AG-4 in soil and on roots and in reducing hypocotyl disease. Tolclofos-methyl and mepronil were similar to PCNB in efficacy. The effects of the biocontrol agents Gliocladium virens, Trichoderma hamatum, a binucleate Rhizoctonia CAG-2, and Pseudomonas cepacia were inconsistent, but all showed significant efficacy against R. solani AG-4 in one of the years. However, G. virens, T. hamatum, and CAG-2 all reduced yield in one or more years in artificially or naturally infested soil. Laetisaria arvalis did not control R. solani AG-4.
REGULATORY EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL SIGNALS ON SEARCH BEHAVIOR AND FORAGING SUCCESS

To appreciate the mechanisms governing olfactory-mediated behavior, pro- cesses of chemical signal production and transmission in fluid media (air or water) must be understood. With new tools becoming available in analytical chemistry and fluid dy- namics, investigators can now quantitatively address the processes governing chemical signals in field habitats. This study identifies the role of amino acids as signal molecules regulating search behavior and foraging success by estuarine mud snails (Ilyanassa ob- soleta). For the first time, methods are described for measuring chemical signal production, release, and transport in field habitats, over temporal and spatial scales consistent with olfactory information processing. Rates of advection and turbulent mixing were determined, and shear velocities and roughness Reynolds numbers were estimated to characterize bottom boundary layer flows. Nearly instantaneous chemical measurements were made using a computerized microprobe system and conservative tracer to establish the environmental distributions of signal molecules at rates similar to those sampled by olfactory receptor neurons. In addition, we determined the dissolved free amino acid (DFAA) compositions (up to 18 amino acids), concentrations, and effluent release rates for live intact and injured fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), which are common prey from mud snail habitats. The field site populated by mud snails was found to be more conducive at broadcasting stronger chemical signals over longer distances than most other estuarine and ocean habitats. Live fiddler crabs released amino acids at very low fluxes (0.1 nmol-min-'-g (wet tissue aiass)-V), while live intact clams took up amino acids from seawater. Once injured, hard clams and fiddler crabs released DFAAs at 88 and 6804 nmol-min-1-g-1, respectively. Mud snails were significantly attracted to injured clams and crabs, but not to intact prey, as compared with controls. Synthetic mixtures of amino acids, simulating fluids leaking from injured prey, were also highly attractive. When we tested for effects of amino acid composition, concentration, mean volume flow rate (of chemical input), and flux, in separate experiments, only flux directly correlated with the number of mud snails attracted. The attraction of mud snails is thus more tightly coupled to the physical transport of chemical stimuli than to the molecular properties of specific amino acids.
Order Parameter, Mean-Field Theory, and the Ideal Bose Gas

A formalism due to Langer which permits the derivation of the Gross-Pitaevskii (mean-field) theory of many-boson systems is applied to the ideal Bose gas, and the results obtained are compared with those of an exact treatment. With the exact solution known, it is shown that the order parameter is nonvanishing below the Bose condensation temperature. However, this information cannot be obtained from the mean-field theory alone, which indicates that no Gross-Pitaevskii equation can be derived for this system.
Effect of pentobarbital on Na and Ca action potentials in an invertebrate neuron.

It has been suggested that Ca currents may be more sensitive to barbiturate blockade than Na currents. This hypothesis has been tested by comparing the effect of pentobarbital (PB) on the maximum rate of rise (Vdotmax) of Ca-dependent and Na-dependent action potentials in cell R2 of theAplysia abdominal ganglion. In Ca-free medium([Na]0 = 494mM),Vdotmax of Na-spikes ranged from 50 to 100 V/s, while in Na-free medium([Ca]0 = 30mM),Vdotmax of Ca-spikes ranged from 7 to 20 V/s. Under these conditions, Ca-spikes were 3–4 times more sensitive to barbiturate blockade than were Na-spikes. However, it was found that the sensitivity of Na- and Ca-spikes to PB depended onVdotmax of the spike prior to drug addition.Vdotmax was manipulated by altering the driving force on the current carrying cation; this was accomplished by changing the concentration of the cation in the bathing medium. Thus, Ca-spikes, elicited in media containing 10 mM Ca, were more sensitive to PB than were Ca-spikes elicited in 30 mM Ca. Likewise, the sensitivity of Na-spikes to PB could be altered by changing the external Na concentration, and consequently,Vdotmax. When the external Na and Ca concentrations were adjusted so thatVdotmax of Na- and Ca-spikes were similar, prior to drug addition, the PB dose-response curves for Na- and Ca-spikes overlapped. The mechanism accounting for the dependence of PB sensitivity onVdotmax prior to drug addition remains unclear. However, the observation that PB dose-response curves for Na- and Ca-spikes are similar whenVdotmax of the spikes is similar, suggests that Na and Ca currents may be equally sensitive to PB in this particular cell.
Fate mapping reveals abnormalities in brain region-specific neuronal differentiation and migration with loss of Pitx2 function

in wildtype vs. Pitx2 EOM primordia, we found that Pitx2 is epistatic to Pax7, MyoD1 and Myog and are currently investigating Myf5 and Pax3. We have identified predicted PITX2 binding sites in regulatory elements previously shown to recapitulate expression of Myf5, MyoD1, and Myog in EOMs, suggesting that PITX2 may directly regulate these genes. We are currently testing this hypothesis. These results indicate that Pitx2 is an essential early component of the regulatory network leading to EOM specification.
Isotope and pressure effects in polymer solutions. Demixing of polystyrene(h/d) poly-2-chlorostyrene blends

Liquid-liquid demixing, following spinodal quenches of poly-2-chlorostyrene/polystyrene blends, was followed by light scattering at 632.8 nm. The dependences of demixing on H/D substitution and molecular weight of the polystyrene, and on pressure, are reported. In the region of interest, the phase diagram is of the lower critical solution (LCS) type, and demixing is induced by raising the temperature. The transition temperature is lowered by deuterium substitution. At constant quench depth the transition proceeds more rapidly at elevated pressure. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
PuFFIN--a parameter-free method to build nucleosome maps from paired-end reads.

Background We introduce a novel method, called PuFFIN, that takes advantage of paired-end short reads to build genome-wide nucleosome maps with larger numbers of detected nucleosomes and higher accuracy than existing tools. In contrast to other approaches that require users to optimize several parameters according to their data (e.g., the maximum allowed nucleosome overlap or legal ranges for the fragment sizes) our algorithm can accurately determine a genome-wide set of non-overlapping nucleosomes without any user-defined parameter. This feature makes PuFFIN significantly easier to use and prevents users from choosing the "wrong" parameters and obtain sub-optimal nucleosome maps.
Dendritic localization of the RNA-binding protein HuD in hippocampal neurons: association with polysomes and upregulation during contextual learning.

Abstract The RNA-binding protein HuD binds to and stabilizes a number of neuronal-specific mRNAs. Recent work from our laboratory indicated that HuD expression is increased in neurons during peripheral nerve regeneration. To gain further insight into the function of this protein in CNS neurons we examined the levels of expression and localization of HuD in hippocampal neurons under normal conditions and in animals subjected to a learning paradigm, contextual fear conditioning (CFC). In the adult hippocampal formation, HuD immunoreactivity was highest in CA3 pyramidal neurons and interneurons in the hilus, moderate in the CA1 region and not detectable in dentate granule cells. Using confocal microscopy we found that HuD immunoreactivity was associated with large cytoplasmic granules in the neuronal cell body and smaller granules in dendrites. Both types of granules were also stained with the ribosomal marker Y10B, suggesting that they also contain ribosomes. Consistent with this idea, subcellular fractionation and immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that HuD is present in both the polysomal (P130) and cytosolic (S130) fraction. In addition to the basal pattern of HuD expression, we examined changes in the levels of this protein 24 h after rats were subjected to a single trial CFC paradigm. HuD protein expression was found to increase in the hilus and CA3 regions of the hippocampus but not in CA1. Our findings suggest that HuD plays a role in synaptic plasticity mechanisms stabilizing mRNAs associated with ribosomes both in the soma and dendrites of hippocampal neurons.
Studies on the mechanics of development of the visual pathways in the chick embryo

Abstract Silver-stained whole mounts of the tectal surface were used to study the developing retinotectal fiber pathway in the chick embryo. The growing front of optic fibers appeared more disordered than fiber bundles to the rear. The fiber pattern as a whole appeared more orderly with age. Some fibers projected sparsely ahead of the growing front in a pattern suggesting the existence of preneural guidance channels. Fiber branching was rarely seen. An orthogonal gridwork of two layers of fibers, running roughly anteroposteriorly and dorsoventrally, was found on the developing tectal surface after removal of both optic vesicles. In unoperated specimens, fibers in the optic fiber layer followed these grid lines. Retinal quadrants from embryos 4–5 days old were transplanted to the optic tecta of embryos 6–7 days old. The graft fibers subsequently did not show specific orientation toward their appropriate tectal quadrant. Rather, the fibers followed the same straight courses taken by carbon particles implanted in comparable positions in controls. After the production of quadrantal retinal lesions in 4–5 day-old embryos, no evidence was found for specific tectal innervation defects at 12–13 days. Lesions, irrespective of retinal quadrant, resulted in a relative lack of innervation in the posterodorsal aspect of the 12–13 day-old tectum. This was probably due to a delay in the advancement of the growing front of fibers across the tectal surface. The results weaken previous support for specificity in the guidance of developing optic axons.
Does Understanding Relational Terminology Mediate Effects of Intervention on Compare Word Problems

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess whether understanding relational terminology (i.e., more , less , and fewer ) mediates the effects of intervention on compare word problems. Second-grade classrooms ( N = 31) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: researcher-designed word-problem intervention, researcher-designed calculation intervention, or business-as-usual (teacher-designed) control. Students in word-problem intervention classrooms received instruction on the compare problem type, which included a focus on understanding relational terminology within compare word problems. Analyses, which accounted for variance associated with classroom clustering, indicated that (a) compared with the calculation intervention and business-as-usual conditions, word-problem intervention significantly increased performance on all three subtypes of compare problems and on understanding relational terminology, and (b) the intervention effect was fully mediated by students’ understanding of relational terminology for one subtype of compare problems and partially mediated by students’ understanding of relational terminology for the other two subtypes.