cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption and catalytic properties of Pd/SiO2, Cu/SiO2, and Pd-Cu/SiO2 systems : III. Carbon monoxide and benzene hydrogenation over Pd-Cu/SiO2 catalysts

Abstract The addition of copper to a well dispersed 2.48% Pd/SiO2 catalyst gave reasonably homogeneous, stable bimetallic systems under mild reaction conditions. Benzene hydrogenation exhibited a relatively constant activation energy around 11.5 kcal mol-1 (1 cal=4.1868 J) and a reversible activity maximum with temperature which shifted to higher values with increasing copper content. The turnover frequency (TOF) decreased non-linearly with copper content and implied the active site was an ensemble of three surface palladium atoms. Activation energies for methane did not vary with copper content when palladium was present, and TOFs at 0.1 MPa changed little as copper was added although a weak maximum was obtained with 42% Cu. This behavior showed that methanation is a structure-insensitive reaction over palladium. At 1.5 MPa, another weak maximum was observed for methane formation and a sharper maximum for methanol synthesis was obtained near a composition of 59% Cu. Selectivity to methanol increased wit hincreasing copper content. At 1.5 MPa and 548K these SiO2-supported catalysts sintered significantly during the first 24 h on stream. This tended to increase methanol selectivity, but it made the determination of actual metal surface compositions much more difficult.
Anode Supported LSCM-LSGM-LSM Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

This paper describes an intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (ITSOFC), based on porous La 0.75 Sr 0.25 Cr 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 3 (LSCM) anode, La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.2 O 2.8 (LSGM) electrolyte, and porous La 0.6 Sr 0.4 MnO 3 (LSM) cathode. Using different amounts of poreformers, binders and firing temperatures, the porosity of the anode was optimized while still retaining good mechanical integrity. The effect of cell operation condition under saturated hydrogen fuel on the SOFC opera circuit voltage (OCV) was also investigated. It is shown that 20 mL/min flow rate of saturated hydrogen results in an initial OCV up to about 1.0V for a single cell. The cell was tested for more than 500 hours maintaining high values of OCV (0.9V). Increasing the hydrogen flow rate up to 200 mL/min, results in enhanced OCV values up to 0.99V.
Na and Ca Pick-up from Hall Bath in Ingot Furnaces

A series of bench-scale tests were conducted to explore the reaction of cryolite bath with molten Al-Mg alloys. The reaction was clearly demonstrated; both Na and Ca concentrations in the aluminum dramatically increased after Mg was added. Temperature had a major impact on the reaction. At 700°C (1292°F) the Na and Ca increases upon alloying were approximately 16 ppm, while at 900°C (1652°F) the increases were approximately 320 ppm.
Computation of the worst-case covariance for linear systems with uncertain parameters

For a class of linear systems with unknown parameters that lie in intervals, the authors present a branch and bound algorithm for computing the worst-case covariance of the state. An example is presented. >
RF testing on a mixed signal tester

In This work, testing of radio frequency (RF) devices with mixed-signal testers is discussed. General purpose automatic test equipment (ATE) used for this. A global positioning system (GPS) device is used as the example to illustrate how to develop the RF test plan with this usage. The test plan developed includes fast, cost-effective and dedicated circuitry.
Using a Funded Capstone Project to Teach Fluid Power and Advanced Mechanical Design

The A. Leon Linton Department of Mechanical Engineering at Lawrence Technological University offered a new senior capstone project to a small group of students, funded by a teaching grant from the National Fluid Power Association. All mechanical engineering students at Lawrence Tech must complete a capstone project: either an SAE competition team or a project addressing a particular industry need. The team that worked on the current project consisted of students with various concentrations in mechanical engineering and included an international visiting student from Brazil. Three faculty in Mechanical Engineering, each with different areas of expertise: thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid mechanics and mechatronics, mentored and worked closely with the students at every step of this project. The objective of this project was to design and fabricate a classroom-scale gantry crane for material handling. The undergraduate students were not only involved in the design of a fluid powered system, but also worked on the modeling of mechanical components and the mechanical system as well as circuit design for an operator interface. The self-guided and real-world design aspect of the project increases the effectiveness of teaching by the faculty and retention of the subject by the students involved in the project.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Bottom-up β-reduction: Uplinks and λ-DAGs

If we represent a λ-calculus term as a DAG rather than a tree, we can efficiently represent the sharing that arises from β-reduction, thus avoiding combinatorial explosion in space. By adding uplinks from a child to its parents, we can efficiently implement β-reduction in a bottom-up manner, thus avoiding combinatorial explosion in time required to search the term in a top-down fashion. We present an algorithm for performing β-reduction on λ-terms represented as uplinked DAGs; describe its proof of correctness; discuss its relation to alternate techniques such as Lamping graphs, explicit-substitution calculi and director strings; and present some timings of an implementation. Besides being both fast and parsimonious of space, the algorithm is particularly suited to applications such as compilers, theorem provers, and type-manipulation systems that may need to examine terms in between reductions—i.e., the “readback” problem for our representation is trivial. Like Lamping graphs, and unlike director strings or the suspension λ calculus, the algorithm functions by side-effecting the term containing the redex; the representation is not a “persistent” one. The algorithm additionally has the charm of being quite simple; a complete implementation of the data structure and algorithm is 180 lines of SML.
Dynamics of thermal diffuse scattering in high-energy electron diffraction and imaging : theory and experiments

Abstract A dynamical theory is proposed to calculate the diffraction patterns of electrons which have undergone thermal diffuse scattering (TDS). The lattice dynamics and electron diffraction dynamics are comprehensively combined in this approach. Full dynamical simulations are presented for Mo(001). Under the single-inelastic-scattering approximation and in the near-zone-axis case, the sharpness of the TDS streaks is determined by the phonon dispersion relationships of the acoustic branches, the optical branches contribute only a diffuse background, and dynamical scattering effects can change the intensity distribution of TDS electrons but have almost no effect on the sharpness of TDS streaks. The TDS streaks are defined by the qx-qy curves which satisfy δi(q)=O, where δi(q) is the phonon dispersion relationship determined by the two-dimensional atomic vibrations in the (hkl) plane perpendicular to the incident beam direction B = [hkl]. The directions of TDS streaks predicted according to these procedure...
Multicultural Pedagogy in the Supervision and Education of Psychotherapists

In this chapter, the vicissitudes of multicultural pedagogy in the supervision, education, and training of psychotherapists are presented. Pedagogical stumbling blocks that stem from many dilemmas that are common in cross-cultural interactions are described. They include adopting only sociopolitical ways of thinking about cultural differences, simplistic and cookbook applications of culture-specific information, and the power struggles that originate in the narcissistic “need to know” of supervisor and supervisee. Postmodern psychoanalytic, social constructivist, and feminist perspectives have the potential to address these dilemmas, and the ways in which these perspectives can be integrated into the supervision and training of psychotherapists are addressed. Case examples are used to illustrate the ideas presented.
Retinoic acid modulation of mucin mRNA in rat tracheal explants: Response to actinomycin D, cycloheximide, signal transduction effectors and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide

Factors affecting the retinoic acid modulated expression of mucin mRNA in rat tracheal cultures were studied. Actinomycin D had no effect on mucin mRNA in cultures grown with retinoic acid (RA+). The usual precipitous drop in mucin mRNA in cultures lacking retinoic acid (RA−) was prevented by actinomycin D. Cycloheximide also had no effect on mucin mRNA in RA+ cultures, but, like actinomycin D, it prevented the precipitous drop in mucin mRNA in RA− cultures. cAMP agonists had some marginal effects on the mucin mRNA, but none as dramatic as those noted by actinomycin D and cycloheximide in the RA− cultures. An antisense oligomer (18 bases) to rat mucin cDNA inhibited the mucin mRNA expression in RA+ cultures.
Curriculum-Based Measures of Beginning Writing: Technical Features of the Slope:

This study examined technical features of slopes produced from curriculum-based measures (CBM) of beginning writing. Eighty-five first-graders completed weekly sentence copy, picture-word, and story prompts for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, testing revealed alternate-form reliability and criterion validity of CBM scores generally similar to those found in previous research. Examinations of group- and individual-level slopes indicated 8 or 9 data points are needed to yield reliable and stable slopes. The picture-word task appeared most sensitive to growth in brief periods, yielding slopes that were significantly greater than 0 within 4 weeks. Research directions and recommendations for monitoring progress of beginning writers are discussed.
A Little Sharing Goes a Long Way: The Case for Reciprocal Wifi Sharing

Widespread deployment of private home Wifi access points (APs) can result in uncoordinated and overlapping wireless networks that compete with each other for limited bandwidth. We expect this suboptimal arrangement to only get worse, particularly in the dense urban environments that house an increasing fraction of the world's population. Broadband penetration and the demand for high-speed Wifi throughout at home will lead to more private APs, which will generate more interference for neighboring networks, resulting in even more private APs and additional interference, and so on. In this paper we investigate whether we can prevent this vicious cycle by using reciprocal sharing to make better use of existing private home APs. We define reciprocal Wifi sharing as cases where two users both improve their network performance by connecting to each other's overlapping private Wifi networks. Compared to previous approaches that attempted to use private APs to create large-scale open-access Wifi networks, reciprocal Wifi sharing relationships more closely mirror existing human relationships and can be maintained without elaborate reputation mechanisms.To evaluate the potential for reciprocal Wifi sharing, we analyze 21 M Wifi scans collected from 254 smartphones over 5 months. Our results show that even in a sparsely-populated suburban area, reciprocal Wifi sharing can be beneficial. And surprisingly, we detected several reciprocal Wifi sharing opportunities even within our tiny user sample. Motivated by these results, we present the design of WiseFi, a system enabling reciprocal Wifi sharing.
Developing a stable bilateral model of parkinsonism in rhesus monkeys

The non-human primate models of Parkinson's disease which have been developed using the neurotoxin MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine) have proven to be either unstable or variable, or to display only a limited subset of parkinsonian features. The present study examined a new two-stage lesion approach in which MPTP was administered via the carotid arteries. The first infusion through one artery produced a hemiparkinsonian state and was followed several months later by a second MPTP infusion into the contralateral carotid artery to induce bilateral parkinsonism. Animals receiving lesions were evaluated using a battery of tests which included a monkey parkinsonism rating scale, a movement time-task and continuous monitoring of home cage activity. All animals monitored showed significant decreases in activity levels of up to 95% following the second lesion. These decreased activity levels remained stable throughout the observation period of up to 12 months postlesion. In addition to the decreased home cage activity, bilaterally lesioned animals displayed bilateral parkinsonian features including akinesia, bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor and balance and gait disturbances which were stable, following an acute period of up to 45 days, for the remainder of the study. Administration of levodopa increased activity levels and reduced motor dysfunctions. Thus, a two-stage bilateral lesion approach, utilizing the neurotoxin MPTP, appears to provide a less variable and relatively stable model of bilateral Parkinson's disease in nonhuman primates. Treated animals display the cardinal features of parkinsonism and respond appropriately to the standard antiparkinsonian drug, levodopa.
Physical Attractiveness, Somatotype, and the Male Personality: A Dynamic Interactional Perspective.

Investigated whether measures of personality considered compositely and individually differ significantly among groups differentiated according to self-perceived somatotype (PSS). The Bodv Cathexis Scale, Eysenck Personality Inventory, and Tennessee Self-Concept Scale were employed to assess personality in 285 college males, and the indices of somatotype were measured using the Perceived Somatotype Scale. MANOVA revealed significant differences in global personality among the groups. Univariate analyses indicated that the PSS groups differed significantly in self-concept, extraversion, neuroticism, and body cathexis, while the PSI groups differed significantly in extraversion. Apparently, the male personality is partly a function of the body build perceived as self, the image viewed as ideal, and whether a discrepancy exists between the figures perceived as self and ideal.
An 8Gb/s source-synchronous I/O link with adaptive receiver equalization, offset cancellation and clock deskew

A source-synchronous I/O link with adaptive receiver-side equalization has been implemented in 0.13-/spl mu/m bulk CMOS technology. The transceiver is optimized for small area (360 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 360 /spl mu/m) and low power (280 mW). The analog equalizer is implemented as an 8-way interleaved, 4-tap discrete-time linear filter. The equalization improved the data rate of a 102 cm backplane interconnect by 110%. On-die adaptive logic determines optimal receiver settings through comparator offset cancellation, data alignment of the transmitter and receiver, clock de-skew and setting filter coefficients for equalization. The noise-margin degradation due to statistical variation in converged coefficient values was less than 3%.
Toward Contingent Understandings of Intersecting Identifications among Selected U.S. Interracial Couples: Integrating Interpretive and Critical Views

This essay includes selected examples of interview discourse derived from a larger study exploring how social structures and cultural identification issues of race, sex, and class are jointly negotiated in the relational accounts of black and white interracial marital partners. A dialectic of critical and interpretive perspectives is utilized to uncover complex intersecting cultural and relational identifications. The discourse shows that couples negotiate who they are in their relationships; ambivalence, contradiction, and change over time are evident. At some points, couples' negotiations reveal disassociation from the label “interracial,” and discursive forms that show both problematizing and evading race in their personal relationships and in the workplace. Overall, couples' collaborative interview discourse reveals a vigilance and protection of the partners, their relationship, and family from discrimination.
Modulation of the Fumarases of Escherichia coli in Response to Oxidative Stress

The [4Fe-4S]-containing fumarases A + B of Escherichia coli are susceptible to oxidative inactivation, while fumarase C, which is not an iron-sulfur protein, is induced under oxidative conditions. Thus, imposition of oxidative stress, whether by addition of paraquat or by mutational deletion of superoxide dismutases, diminished fumarases A + B while elevating fumarase C. H2O2 appeared to be one cause of the inactivation of fumarases A + B, but was not involved in the induction of fumarase C. Thus lack of hydroperoxidases I and II did increase the paraquat-elicited inactivation of fumarases A + B without affecting the induction of fumarase C by paraquat. The importance of Fe(II) for the unstable fumarases was exposed by alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, which decreased fumarases A + B without affecting fumarase C or the inductive effect thereon of paraquat. The oxidative inactivation and the subsequent reactivation of fumarase A was examined in extracts. Under air there was a first-order inactivation of fumarase A, which was rapidly reversed when O2 was excluded. The role of iron loss and restitution, in this inactivation and reactivation, was clarified by EDTA, which was without effect on the aerobic inactivation, but blocked the anaerobic reactivation. These results are consistent with a predominantly ferric state of the available iron in the presence of O2 and of the ferrous state in the absence of O2.
''Open access:'' the ideal and the real

Abstract “Open access” would allow ISPs to use a cable operator's broadband connection under regulated terms and conditions. Advocates stress the desirability of an “end-to-end” architecture for the Internet and the danger that cable operators will use their control over the last mile to limit consumer choice and stifle innovation. Opponents contend that wholesale price controls and other regulatory burdens under what they term “forced access” would in fact slow down the deployment of broadband, stifle innovation and harm consumers. The fears of “open access” advocates seem largely speculative at this point. Evidence from related policies also favors the opponents. “Closed” cable systems are beating their “open” DSL competitors in the market place; analogous regulation of cable TV did not serve consumers well; and forced “unbundling” of local service has been controversial and largely ineffective. In addition, relevant technology stocks declined in price with political and legal victories for “open access” and increased when it suffered setbacks.
Writing web‐based distance education courses for adult learners

Abstract This study examines faculty writing style in Web‐based courses aimed at adult learners, a key audience for university‐level courses. Taking into account independent‐study courses and others, the investigator conducted faculty interviews, looking at written and oral strategies implicit in teaching; print vs. Web formats; and adherence to educational philosophies. Faculty who were interviewed revealed minimal experience in both print and Web realms, minimal style differences beyond teaching netiquette or using occupational jargon, and adherence to active learning or social constructivism.
The Reappraisal of the White Australia Policy against the Background of a Changing Asia, 1945-67 *

This paper is concerned with the way in which Australian policy-makers approached the problem of “White Australia” in the years 1945–67. It makes extensive use of original archival material to show how Australia's increasing engagement with Asia in the 1950s and 1960s exercised a direct influence on officials within the Department of Immigration. In response to Australia's changing geopolitical circumstances and the international community's increasing hostility towards racism during this period, Immigration Department officials persuaded the government to introduce a series of piecemeal adjustments which were specifically designed to placate Asian and world opinion. Although cautious, these changes nevertheless involved a corresponding reassessment of the policy's racial assumptions. By accepting in the late 1960s that certain Asians were capable of being integrated into the Australian community, policymakers had discarded the previously inviolable belief that all non-Europeans were unassimilable by virtue of their race. The White Australia Policy, though not entirely defunct by the end of the decade, was nevertheless crumbling under the weight of Australia's new circumstances.
Evolution of senescence in nature: physiological evolution in populations of garter snake with divergent life histories.

Abstract: Evolutionary theories of aging are linked to life‐history theory in that age‐specific schedules of reproduction and survival determine the trajectory of age‐specific mutation/selection balances across the life span and thus the rate of senescence. This is predicted to manifest at the organismal level in the evolution of energy allocation strategies of investing in somatic maintenance and robust stress responses in less hazardous envirnments in exchange for energy spent on growth and reproduction. Here we report experiments from long‐studied populations of western terrestrial garter snakes (Thamnophis elegans) that reside in low and high extrinsic mortality environments, with evolved long and short life spans, respectively. Laboratory common‐environment colonies of these two ecotypes were tested for a suite of physiological traits after control and stressed gestations. In offspring derived from control and corticosterone‐treated dams, we measured resting metabolism; mitochondrial oxygen consumpti...
Spatial dependence of predictions from image segmentation: A variogram-based method to determine appropriate scales for producing land-management information

Abstract A significant challenge in ecological studies has been defining scales of observation that correspond to the relevant ecological scales for organisms or processes of interest. Remote sensing has become commonplace in ecological studies and management, but the default resolution of imagery often used in studies is an arbitrary scale of observation. Segmentation of images into objects has been proposed as an alternative method for scaling remotely-sensed data into units having ecological meaning. However, to date, the selection of image object sets to represent landscape patterns has been largely subjective. Changes in observation scale affect the variance and spatial dependence of measured variables, and may be useful in determining which levels of image segmentation are most appropriate for a given purpose. We used observations of percent bare-ground cover from 346 field sites in a semi-arid shrub-steppe ecosystem of southern Idaho to look at the changes in spatial dependence of regression predictions and residuals for 10 different levels of image segmentation. We found that the segmentation level whose regression predictions had spatial dependence that most closely matched the spatial dependence of the field samples also had the strongest predicted-to-observed correlations. This suggested that for percent bare-ground cover in our study area an appropriate scale could be defined. With the incorporation of a geostatistical interpolator to predict the value of regression residuals at unsampled locations, however, we achieved consistently strong correlations across many segmentation levels. This suggests that if spatial dependence in percent bare ground is accounted for, a range of appropriate scales could be defined. Because the best analysis scale may vary for different ecosystem attributes and many inquiries consider more than one attribute, methods that can perform well across a range of scales and perhaps not at a single, ideal scale are important. More work is needed to develop methods that consider a wider range of ways to segment images into different scales and select sets of scales that perform best for answering specific management questions. The robustness of ecological landscape analyses will increase as methods are devised that remove the subjectivity with which observational scales are defined and selected.
Detection of Paradoxical Cerebral Embolism Using Transcranial Doppler in a Patient with Infarct of Undetermined Cause

A 35-year-old man presented with acute aphasia and a left parietal infarction demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. He did not have an obvious etiology for stroke except for a patent foramen ova
Mössbauer Spectra in a Fluctuating Environment

The M\"ossbauer line shape in the presence of time-dependent electric field gradients and magnetic fields is considered. Two specific soluble stochastic models are treated: (1) a static electric field gradient with a randomly fluctuating magnetic field which takes on values $+h$ and $\ensuremath{-}h$, each directed along the axis of the field gradient, and (2) as in (1), but with the fluctuating magnetic field perpendicular to the axis of the field gradient. Example (2) is more complex than (1), since the fluctuating field is in this case capable of inducing transitions between the nuclear levels, while in (1) this is not possible. Specific calculations for the two cases illustrate the differences between them.
When females kill one another: the exceptional case

The population of 15 females arrested for killing members of their own gender in Detroit, Michigan, during 1982 and 1983 are described in the context of their deadly acts. This profile of female-on...
Sevoflurane versus halothane: effect of oxycodone premedication on emergence behaviour in children.

Background: Clinical studies have provided conflicting conclusions about whether the frequency of emergence agitation is increased in children following sevoflurane anaesthesia. The purpose of the study was to determine a frequency and duration of agitation with halothane and sevoflurane anaesthesia and whether oxycodone premedication affected the incidence of emergence agitation in children. Methods: We measured and compared halothane and sevoflurane recovery in 130 patients using a 5-point scale measuring emergence behaviour every 10 min during the first 60 min of recovery or until discharge. Results: We used this 5-point scale to assess the presence or absence of emergence agitation and found a frequency of emergence agitation of more than 40% in children who received halothane and sevoflurane anaesthesia. Conclusions: Oxycodone reduced the frequency of agitation in children who received halothane, but not in the children who received sevoflurane anaesthesia.
Effect of chemical inhomogeneity in bismuth-based copper oxide superconductors

We examine the effect on the superconducting transition temperature ${(T}_{\mathrm{c}})$ of chemical inhomogeneities in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{6+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ single crystals. Cation disorder at the Sr crystallographic site is inherent in these materials and strongly affects the value of ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}.$ Partial substitution of Sr by Ln (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Bi) in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1.6}{\mathrm{Ln}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{6+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ results in a monotonic decrease of ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ with increasing ionic radius mismatch. By minimizing Sr site disorder at the expense of Ca site disorder, we demonstrate that the ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ can be increased to 96 K. Based on these results we discuss the effects of chemical inhomogeneity in other bulk high-temperature superconductors.
Note on Developmental Forms of Trypanosoma brucei (Pecaudi) in the Internal Organs, Axillary Glands and Bone-Marrow of the Gerbil (Gerbillus pygargus)

The transmission and maintenance of the trypanosome strains being under my care, ample opportunities were afforded of noting the progress of the disease induced by them in experimental animals and the structural changes in te trypanosomes themselves at varying periods. But it was mainly the cultural work associated with this trypanosome that led to futher investigation of these developmental forms and thereby established the observations forming the subject of the note. On beginning the culture work, inability to recognise if certain forms met with in cultures were either developmental or degenerative phases, suggested a study of the changes which the parasite undergoes, bot in the body of the gerbil after death and in citrated blood, and the comparison of these changes with the forms found in Novy and MacNeal and Nicolle’s media. With this in view, a gerbil was inoculated with infected blood and chloroformed on the fifth day after injection. Cultures from the heart’s blood and smears from the various organs were made, all being examined at regular intervals for comparison. Light was thereby thrown on the point in question, but, in addition to this, attention was drawn to what undoubtedly looked like trypanosome forms in the red blood corpuscles in the spleen. Some of these were identical with those figured by Chagas in his paper on Schizotrypanum cruzi , which appeared at the time this work was being conducted.
Gender differences in evaluation of performance and leadership ability: Autocratic vs. democratic managers

This laboratory experiment involved 290 undergraduate seniors (130 females and 160 males) who were taking the capstone course in business policy in the college of business at a large university. The population of business seniors from which the random sample was drawn consisted of approximately 3.7% African Americans, 7% Asians, 1% Hispanics, and 88.3% white Americans. The study investigated the impact of autocratic and democratic leadership styles on the perception of how well male and female managers perform as well as the leadership ability attributions made to them. It was found that, in general, democratic managers are perceived to be much higher performers, and superior leaders when compared to autocratic managers. There was some support for the gender contrast effect in that the autocratic female managers were perceived to be higher performers than autocratic male managers. Further, the study found support for the perceptual similarity thesis. Male subjects tended to evaluate other male managers higher while female subjects were partial to female managers in their evaluations. In particular, female subjects gave autocratic male managers very low evaluations on performance and judged them to be inferior leaders. The female subjects, however, gave female autocratic managers substantially higher evaluations in terms of both performance and leadership ability.
An area detector data acquisition system for protein crystallography using multiple-energy anomalous dispersion techniques

Abstract We have developed an automated data acquisition system, incorporating a two-dimensional multiwire proportional counter mounted on a 5-circle diffractometer, to facilitate crystallographic data collection from protein crystals at multiple X-ray energies ∗ . This system is permanently installed on a tunable X-ray beamline at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and is now fully operational. It is being used to investigate the utility of multiple-energy anomalous dispersion (MEAD) phasing techniques for determining macromolecular structures. These techniques provide an alternative to the multiple isomorphous replacement method for the solution of crystallographic phases, and have a number of advantages. This paper describes the data acquisition system in some detail and also outlines a number of the important considerations for the collection of good quality data at multiple X-ray energies from a synchrotron radiation source. We will discuss the methodology for multi-energy phasing and preliminary results in a later publication.
Chemically Amplified Electron-Beam Photoresists

Two novel series of electron-beam photoresists possessing high sensitivity and contrast have been developed based on chemical amplification chemistry. The amplification process relies on the electron-beam-induced generation of acids derived from the decomposition of onium salts to catalytically deblock pendant tert-butyl ester groups along the backbone of a photoresist polymer or alternatively similar groups present in dissolution inhibitors.
Regulation of Epithelial Sodium Channel Activity through a Region of the Carboxyl Terminus of the α-Subunit: EVIDENCE FOR INTRACELLULAR KINASE-MEDIATED REACTIONS *

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a heteromultimer composed of three subunits, each having two membrane-spanning domains with intracellular amino and carboxyl termini. Several hormones and proteins regulate channel activity, but the molecular nature of this regulation is unknown. We conducted experiments to determine a possible new site within the carboxyl terminus of the α-subunit involved in enhanced channel activity through endogenous kinases. When an α-subunit that was truncated to remove a PY motif was expressed in Xenopus oocytes with wild type human β- and γ-ENaC subunits, channel activity was greatly enhanced. The removal of the entire intracellular carboxyl terminus of the α-subunit eliminated this enhanced basal activity. Using several point mutations, we localized this site to two amino acid residues (Pro595-Gly596) near the second membrane-spanning domain. The nonspecific kinase inhibitor staurosporine inhibits basal channel activity of wild type ENaC but was ineffective in inhibiting channels mutated at this site. The major effect of these mutations was not on channel kinetics but was largely, if not entirely, on the number of active channels on the cell surface. This region is potentially important in effecting kinase-mediated increases in ENaC activity.
The effect of weight loss after gastric bypass on C-reactive protein levels.

Abstract Background Recent studies have shown a direct correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) level and obesity. There has also been increasing evidence that elevated CRP level is a significant risk factor for cardiac events and stroke. We wanted to evaluate whether CRP is altered by gastric bypass surgery. In addition, we wanted to investigate whether there was any correlation between reduced body mass index (BMI) and decreased CRP level. Methods CRP levels were obtained at 1 week preoperatively and then at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Measurements of weight (kg), height (cm), and waist and hip circumferences (cm) were also measured at these time points. The BMI and CRP mean levels at the 3 time points were compared using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis of variance test, with post hoc Z tests used for comparisons between the individual time periods. In addition, a linear regression analysis was performed at each time period to determine whether a significant correlation existed between the CRP level and the change in BMI. Results Twenty subjects (19 females and 1 male) have been studied to date. There were significant decreases in BMI between the preoperative and 3-month periods, with a further significant decrease at 6 months (44.5 ± 4.7, 35.7 ± 5.1, and 31.5 ± 4.3, respectively; P P P > .05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the change in BMI and CRP levels at any of the time periods. Conclusion There were significant reductions in BMI and CRP levels after gastric bypass surgery. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between the decrease in BMI and the decrease in CRP levels.
exposing the moral self in Montenegro: the use of natural definitions to keep ethnography descriptive

Special epistemological problems arise when exotic systems of ideas and affects are studied by a foreigner. Difficulties in knowing “the native view” are discussed, and a partial solution for this epistemological problem is proposed. Exemplification through substantive semantic analysis of a key morality term used by Montenegrin tribesmen results in a descriptive portrait of the moral self. In contrast to certain trends in ethnographic semantics, which are antiseptically formal, overstructured, unduly self-contained, or static, emphasis here is placed upon open-ended semantic inquiry and fuller articulation with the general ethnographic context by taking native decisions and social processes into direct account. [methodology/theory, morality, psychological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, Circum-Mediterranean]
DETERMINATION OF CATECHOLAMINES IN RAT BRAIN PARTS BY REVERSE-PHASE ION-PAIR LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

— An improved method for the measurement of catecholamines in brain parts has been developed, based on reverse-phase ion-pair chromatography. The new method offers the advantages of high efficiency microparticulate liquid chromatography packings and the flexibility of ion-pair chromatography. By this approach norepinephrine and dopamine (DA) have been measured in the hypothalamus and corpus striatum of the rat brain during various stages of development (15, 21, 30 days). Data are reported on the basis of the whole part and per weight of tissue. For the adult animals, the following concentrations (ng/g wet tissue) were observed for the hypothalamus: NE = 2261 ± 274, DA = 440 ± 103, and for the corpus striatum: DA = 11,888 ± 1840. The overall precision of the method was ±5.6% relative s.d. The absolute recovery was 60 ± 5% relative s.d. and was constant over the range of 1 ng to 1 μg of dopamine or norepinephrine per tissue sample. The relative retention behavior of 18 neurologically important catechol derivatives is reported for reverse-phase chromatography with octyl sulfate as the stationary phase modifier.
Surface finishing of dental porcelain

Abstract A technique is presented to polish a porcelain surface whose natural glaze has been broken by grinding. The technique involves the use of a hard rubber wheel, fine wet pumice, and wet tin oxide. A comparison of the polished and naturally glazed porcelain surfaces of vacuum-fired porcelain appear similar both clinically and under an SEM.
Prognosis at diagnosis: integrating molecular biologic insights into clinical practice for patients with CLL.

Heterogeneity in the clinical behavior of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) makes it difficult for physicians to accurately identify which patients may benefit from an early or more aggressive treatment strategy and to provide patients with relevant prognostic information. Given the potential efficacy of newer therapies and the desire to treat patients at “optimum” times, it is more important than ever to develop sensitive stratification parameters to identify patients with poor prognosis. The evolution of risk stratification models has advanced from clinical staging and use of basic laboratory parameters to include relevant biologic and genetic features. This article will review the dramatic progress in prognostication for CLL and will propose statistical modeling techniques to evaluate the utility of these new measures in predictive models to help determine the optimal combination of markers to improve prognostication for individual patients. This discussion will also elaborate which markers and tools should be used in current clinical practice and evaluated in ongoing clinical trials.
Effect of allopurinol and its metabolic derivatives on the configuration of human orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase

Abstract The administration of allopurinol or oxipurinol leads to an apparent increase in the specific activity of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase in man. In the present study, we have shown that human orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase exist in a complex as three different molecular species with molecular weights of 55,000, 80,000 and 113,000. The larger forms of the complex are more stable than the small form. In the presence of allopurinol ribonucleotide or oxipurinol-7-ribonucleotide, but not the free bases, allopurinol or oxipurinol, the largest, most stable species predominates. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that the increased activity of these two enzymes may be related in some manner to their stabilization. The possibility that the apparent increase in activity is due largely to stabilization of the complex during cell lysis and extraction rather than actual stabilization in vivo is most consistent with the data currently available.
The interactions between vitamin B6 and hormones.

Publisher Summary Treatment with estrogen-containing oral contraceptives causes elevated urinary excretions of xanthurenic acid, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. It is found that in addition to tryptophan metabolites, women taking estrogen-containing oral contraceptives excrete increased levels of N'-methylnicotinamide, but not N′-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, in urine collected with or without tryptophan loading. Estradiol disulfate and diethylstilbestrol sulfate, the ester of a nonsteroidal estrogen, are the most potent inhibitors, the former being effective at a concentration as low as 0.5 μM. A number of vitamin B6-dependent enzymes are inducible by estrogens, either directly or because estrogen treatment causes an increase in the level of circulating glucocorticoids, which in turn stimulates enzyme protein synthesis. Erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities are widely used indicators of vitamin B6 nutritional status in humans. It is found that erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, and the degree of stimulation in vitro by pyridoxal phosphate, were similar in oral contraceptive users and controls before the consumption of the vitamin B6-deficient diet, and, as depletion progressed, the groups showed similar changes in the two enzymes.
A low-field intraoperative MRI system for glioma surgery: is it worthwhile?

A decade ago, intraoperative MRI was regarded as a novelty and somewhat of a luxury. In the past few years, it has steadily moved toward becoming a standard of practice in the surgery of tumors located in critical areas of the brain. More and more neurosurgical centers are acquiring the equipment and setting up the facilities for intraoperative MRI–guided surgery. These facilities differ in several respects, including the design of the machine, the strength of the magnet, the operating room (OR) environment, and the surgical equipment required for performing surgery [1,2]. Each has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, and no single system has gained universal use yet as these systems continue to evolve. It has become clear, however, that intraoperative MRI has revolutionized the practice of neurosurgery, particularly in the management of brain tumors. It has enabled us to localize tumor margins and important neural structures precisely such that neurologic complications are avoided while ensuring maximal, if not total, tumor resection. Intraoperative MRI has proven to be exceedingly useful in a variety of procedures. In transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, it has been shown to help localize the lesion, identify important surrounding structures, and, most notably, increase the amount of tumor removed [3]. The ability to verify whether there is residual tumor during surgery and to determine where it is in the resection cavity has been crucial in avoiding the common problem of residual tumor in the sella or suprasellar area. Intraoperative MRI has also been used in the evacuation of hypertensive hematomas in the basal ganglia and thalamus [4,5], with the benefit of adequate removal of hematoma in a minimally invasive fashion and observations of better neurologic outcome. Epilepsy surgery is another area in which intraoperative MRI has made a difference [6–8]. Temporal lobe resection is made more accurate in terms of removing the epileptogenic focus while maintaining the integrity of uninvolved brain tissue. Other areas of neurosurgery that have been elevated by intraoperative MRI include cyst aspiration, catheterization, and tumor resection in children [9,10]; laminectomies; thermal ablations; and functional neurosurgery [11]. Although the applications of intraoperative MRI continue to expand, its most important role is in glioma surgery. The difference it makes in achieving surgical goals for glioma patients, particularly those with low-grade types, has driven the development and growing use of intraoperative MRI.
An interactive user interface system for Alzheimer's intervention

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurological affliction that impacts primarily the aged due to brain tissue deterioration. It has been shown that this deterioration can be slowed down by engaging the person with daily interactive activities that include gaming, social interaction, memory exercises and physical activity. In this paper, we describe ZPLAY, a game-based user interface system which is designed to be web-based and to provide intervention therapy for AD. ZPLAY has two versions: the @lab version which is designed for diagnosis and used to measure different brain activation responses of AD and the @home version which is used to promote subject engagement and rehabilitation in a home environment in-between visits to the clinic.
Excitation spectrum of neutral molecules adsorbed on dielectric surfaces

Abstract It is shown that the excitation spectrum of neutral molecules physisorbed on a dielectric surface consists of two symmetric and two antisymmetric energy modes. The spectral functions of these modes are represented respectively by two lorentzian lines whose spectral widths are described by the radiative decay of the energy modes in question. Numerical results are derived for the energies of excitation and spectral widths for the rare-gas atoms adsorbed on graphite.
Improving the power of an efficacy study of a social and emotional learning program: application of generalizability theory to the measurement of classroom-level outcomes.

Social and emotional learning programs are designed to improve the quality of social interactions in schools and classrooms in order to positively affect students’ social, emotional, and academic development. The statistical power of group randomized trials to detect effects of social and emotional learning programs and other preventive interventions on setting-level outcomes is influenced by the reliability of the outcome measure. In this paper, we apply generalizability theory to an observational measure of the quality of classroom interactions that is an outcome in a study of the efficacy of a social and emotional learning program called The Recognizing, Understanding, Labeling, Expressing, and Regulating emotions Approach. We estimate multiple sources of error variance in the setting-level outcome and identify observation procedures to use in the efficacy study that most efficiently reduce these sources of error. We then discuss the implications of using different observation procedures on both the statistical power and the monetary costs of conducting the efficacy study.
In Memory of Takao Hoshino (1932–1993)

Internationally respected medical researcher and educator Takao Hoshino, M.D., Professor of Neurological Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) died of gastrointestinal cancer on Wednesday, January 21, 1993, at his home in Tokyo, Japan. He was 55 years old.
A Study of Rubidium Accumulation in Euglena gracillis

The absorption of Rb + by Euglena gracillis var. bacillaris was examined, and an active uptake process could be detected within 1 hour. This was established by experiments that included a time course study and metabolic depression by either reducing the temperature or by addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol. By treating the cells with 0.50 mg/ml chloramphenicol, the rate of glycine incorporation and Rb + uptake were inhibited. The possible role of protein synthesis in relation to ion accumulation is discussed.