cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis-dependent Induction of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase in the Absence of Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Transfer

Abstract The microsomal enzyme system, aryl hydrocarbon (benzo-[a]pyrene) hydroxylase, is highly inducible by substrate in monolayer cultures of the mouse thymus-spleen cell line, JLSV 5. The rise in enzyme activity is continuously dependent on protein synthesis and requires RNA synthesis during an initial 2-hour period. Selective inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis by actinomycin D before and during the presence of the inducer does not interfere with the increase in enzyme activity. Higher levels of actinomycin D ranging from 0.06 to 0.12 µg per ml inhibit both the increase in enzyme activity and the appearance of newly formed heterogeneous RNA in the cytoplasm. Similarly, suppression of ribosomal RNA synthesis by cycloheximide followed by the addition of high levels of actinomycin D and release of the block in protein synthesis does not prevent the increase in enzyme activity. Our results suggest that the early stages of enzyme induction require the synthesis of an RNA of the "heterogeneous" type whose formation, transport and expression as increased enzyme activity are independent of concomitant ribosomal RNA synthesis and transport to the cytoplasm.
Accidental Diasporas and External "Homelands" in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present

Abstract: This paper attempts a comparison across time and space, focusing on the transborder homeland nationalisms of Weimar Germany and post-Soviet Russia. Both involve claims to monitor the condition, support the welfare, and protect the rights and interests of external ethnonational kin - persons who are seen as "belonging" to the state in some way despite being residents and citizens of other states. There are superficially striking parallels between the target populations as well - the ethnic Germans stranded in an array of nationalizing successor states after the First World War, and the ethnic Russians (and other Russian-speakers) similarly stranded after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Yet while noting these and other parallels, the paper focuses on key differences between the two cases, and between their broader interwar and contemporary contexts.;
Scrutiny and Information Influencing

In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of imposing scrutiny to fight firms' information garbling. We study a setting in which both firms with good and bad projects are able to influence the informativeness of a public signal regarding their project types through unobservable efforts, and scrutiny will be imposed if the outcome of the project is bad while the previously signal about the project type was good.We show that a scrutiny threat is indeed effective in deterring bad firms' garbling behavior. However, in most cases it is optimal not to impose scrutiny at all, even if part of the scrutiny cost is reimbursable to investors. This is because scrutiny not only deters bad firms from garbling, but also hurts good firms by punishing them for "bad luck." A good firm may be accidentally punished if the signal is accurate about its type but the outcome unfortunately turns out to be bad. In most cases, the benefit of suppressing garbling is outweighed by the cost of hurting and discouraging good firms, and imposing scrutiny is not efficient. We also find that when a sufficiently large proportion of the scrutiny cost can be reimbursed to investors, a good firm's effort to improve information quality may even increase in the scrutiny cost.
Dynamic Partial Evaluation

Dynamic partial evaluation performs partial evaluation as a side effect of evaluation, with no previous static analysis required. A completely dynamic version of partial evaluation is not merely of theoretical interest, but has practical applications, especially when applied to dynamic, reflective programming languages. Computational reflection, and in particular the use of meta-object protocols (MOPs), provides a powerful abstraction mechanism, providing programmatic "hooks" into the interpreter semantics of the host programming language. Unfortunately, a runtime MOP defeats many optimizations based on static analysis (for example, the applicable methods at a call site may change over time, even for the same types of arguments). Dynamic partial evaluation allows us to apply partial evaluation techniques even in the context of a meta-object protocol. We have implemented dynamic partial evaluation as part of a Dynamic Virtual Machine intended to host dynamic, reflective object-oriented languages. In this paper, we present an implementation of dynamic partial evaluation for a simple language - a lambda calculus extended with dynamic typing, subtyping, generic functions and multiple dispatch.
Pulsed‐High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Exposures for Enhanced Delivery of Therapeutics: Mechanisms and Applications

The majority of focused ultrasound applications today involve long, continuous exposures that produce significant temperature elevations for tissue ablation and irreversible coagulative necrosis. Comparatively little has been done with non‐continuous (or, pulsed) exposures that can produce primarily mechanical effects with only minimal heat. Our investigations have shown that pulsed‐HIFU exposures can non‐invasively and non‐destructively enhance the delivery of both systemically and locally injected materials (e.g. imaging agents, optical probes, and plasmid DNA) in both normal and cancerous tissues. It is hypothesized that the enhancing effects are directly linked to tissue displacement from locally‐generated radiation forces. In normal tissue, it is thought that shear forces are produced between adjacent tissue regions experiencing non‐uniform displacement. The resulting strain opens cellular junctions in both the vasculature and the parenchyma, increasing extravasation and interstitial diffusion, respectively. In solid tumors, improved delivery is thought to also be related to both an increase in fluid exchange that leads to decreased interstitial pressure, and disruptions of fibrillar collagen in the extracellular matrix. Preliminary experiments are presented that were carried out to help elucidate the mechanisms by which enhanced delivery was achieved, and possible directions for future investigations are discussed.
Effect of Direct Microwave Sintering on Structure and Properties of 8 Mol% Y2O3–ZrO2

Fully stabilized-zirconia is proposed as an inert matrix for next-generation nuclear fuels. This study presents the application of microwave technology for lowering the sintering temperature of 8 mol% yttria–zirconia (8YZ) to minimize the loss of volatile actinides that will be incorporated into the fuels. Direct microwave sintering results were compared with microwave-hybrid and conventionally sintered samples. Direct Microwave Sintering of 8YZ showed a reduction of 300°C in temperature required for full densification when compared with conventional sintering. A difference of 200°C was observed with microwave-hybrid sintering. Despite these differences in processing temperatures, the variations in resulting properties were negligible.
Lightsabers (“laster swords”) for improving photodetector speed and responsivity

The micrometer scale of optics is significantly larger than the nanometer scale of modern electronic devices. To produce photodiodes yielding both superior speed and responsivity, a critical challenge is to confine the incident light efficiently to an active region having a small (subwavelength) area. In recent years, plasmonics has been applied as a means to confine light to subwavelength areas. In this case, the plasmonic structure converts the incident (far-field) light into near fields in order to achieve the sub-wavelength confinement. However, the surface plasmons are a near-field phenomenon such that the electromagnetic energy does not penetrate deeply. Further, surface plasmon resonances are generated only over narrow range of frequencies. Thus, the question arises: can we avoid the conversion to near fields and propagate the light into the semiconductor over a sub-wavelength area? When desired, can we propagate broadband electromagnetic energy into the sub-wavelength area to provide efficient broadband photodiodes? The latter may especially be desirable if the common silicon semiconductor is replaced with a more broadband semiconductor such as graphene. Here, it is proposed that a propagating sub-wavelength beam of light called a photonic nanojet and resembling a lightsaber or “laser sword” can be used to focus light onto the small active area of a photodiode. Exploratory three-dimensional, Maxwell's equations finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations are conducted and demonstrate that the nanojets can confine light to an area comparable to a nanostructured dipole antenna while propagating multiple wavelengths into the semiconductor, even over a broad range of frequencies when desirable.
Determination of surface immunoglobulin density on frozen-thawed mononuclear cells analyzed by the fluorescence-activated cell sorter☆

Abstract Recent data have demonstrated that differences in sIg density on B lymphocytes distinguish functionally distinct subpopulations of these cells. Other reports suggest that cyropreservation may change the frequency of sIg-bearing lymphocytes. To determine if cryopreservation alters either the frequency of sIg cells or the distribution of sIg density, PBM from normals and patients with CLL and LCL were analyzed using the FACS. Aliquots of Ficoll-Hypaque-separated PBM were controlled-rate frozen (1 °C/min) in 7.5% Me 2 SO in RPMI 1640 and thawed in a 37 °C water bath on the same day. Fresh and frozen-thawed PBM aliquots were labeled with fluorescein conjugates of F(ab′) fragments of affinity chromatography-purified anti-Fab or class-specific anti-μ, anti-δ, anti-γ, or anti-α. Histograms of relative cell fluorescence, reflecting sIg density, were prepared for each aliquot with the FACS. The frequency of sIg-bearing PBM labeled with each reagent was not significantly altered by freezing. Likewise, FACS profiles demonstrated that the distribution of sIg density on normal and CLL PBM was unchanged after freezing. However, the fluorescence peak produced by frozen-thawed unlabeled cells was occasionally slightly broader than that of fresh cells, suggesting increased autofluorescence induced by freezing. These data indicate that frozen cell preparations may be utilized for the study of B-lymphocyte subsets as determined by sIg density.
The Extended Body of Stephen Hawking

Science Studies has shown that scientific knowledge is above all about practice. But what happens when a scientist, such as Stephen Hawking, does not have the use of his hands, does not–or cannot–draw pictures and perform many-page-long calculations on paper? Does everything happen ‘in his head’? Are theories produced ‘theoretically’? Yet, though this famous example of a mind dematerialized seems to confirm the cliche better than anyone could hope for, it actually shatters it. Drawing on an extensive and in-depth series of interviews with Hawking, his students, and his colleagues, this paper aims to reconstruct the human, material and machine-based network that enables Hawking to do physics. I call this network his extended body.
An updated patent review of calpain inhibitors (2012 - 2014).

Introduction: Calpain is a family of cysteine proteases found in eukaryotes and a few bacteria. There is considerable interest in the search for calpain inhibitors because the enzyme has been implicated in several diseases including ocular disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders and cancer.Areas covered: An overview of calpain inhibitors disclosed between 2012 and 2014 is presented. Among these are epoxysuccinates, dipeptide imaging agents, macrocyclic inhibitors, α-helical peptidomimetic inhibitors, carboxamides, 5-azolones and α-mercaptoacrylates. Additionally, preclinical studies of calpain inhibitors in pathologies such blood disorders, ocular disorders, neurological disorders and muscle disorders are discussed.Expert opinion: Major advances made in calpain inhibitor research between 2012 and 2014 include: i) the discovery of cytosolic-stable carboxamide calpain inhibitors; ii) synthesis of epoxysuccinates with excellent bioavailability; iii) disclosure of the X-ray crystal structu...
Hodgkin disease risk: Role of genetic polymorphisms and gene–gene interactions in inflammation pathway genes

Inflammation is a critical component of cancer development. The clinical and pathological features of Hodgkin disease (HD) reflect an abnormal immunity that results from cytokines secreted by Reed–Sternberg cells and the surrounding tumor. Numerous studies have reported the association between genetic polymorphisms in cytokine genes and the susceptibility to different hematologic cancers. However, the effects of such SNPs on modulating HD risk have not yet been investigated. We hypothesized that gene–gene interactions between candidate genes in the anti- and pro-inflammatory pathways carrying suspicious polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility to HD. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a study on 200 HD cases and 220 controls to assess associations between HD risk and 38 functional SNPs in inflammatory genes. We evaluated potential gene–gene interactions using a multi-analytic strategy combining logistic regression, multi-factor dimensionality reduction, and classification and regression tree (CART) approaches. We observed that, in combination, allelic variants in the COX2, IL18, ILR4, and IL10 genes modify the risk for developing HD. Moreover, the cumulative genetic risk score (CGRS) revealed a significant trend where the risk for developing HD increases as the number of adverse alleles in the cytokine genes increase. These findings support the notion that epigenetic-interactions between these cytokines may influence pathogenesis of HD modulating the proliferation of regulatory T cells. In this way, the innate and adaptative immune responses may be altered and defy their usual functions in the host anti-tumor response. Our study is the first to report the association between polymorphisms in inflammation genes and HD susceptibility risk. Mol. Carcinog. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of intravenous metoprolol on global and regional left ventricular function after coronary arterial reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract Coronary reperfusion in myocardial infarction improves infarct zone motion, but its effect on the global ejection fraction has been less consistent. The directional movement of the ejection fraction is determined by the opposing influences of improved infarct zone motion and diminishing hyperkinesia in the noninfarct zone. Noninfarct zone hyperkinesia has been attributed to catecholamine stimulation, the Frank-Starling mechanism or intraventricular interactions that unload noninfarcted segments. To investigate the influence of catecholamine stimulation, 9 men presenting with a first myocardial infarction (mean age 53 ± 13 years) were studied. Coronary reperfusion was accomplished
Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations and Verifications of Smart Power Systems over an Exo-GENI Testbed

In this paper we describe an advanced hardware-in- loop simulation facility for real-time demonstration and validation of power system monitoring and control algorithms, currently under construction at NC State University. This facility integrates a real-time power system emulation lab with the GENI network and its associated cloud testbeds. The dynamic responses from the power system emulator are captured via real hardware Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) that are synchronized with the time-scale of the simulations via a common GPS reference. These responses are then sent to the computing and storage resource in GENI using the IEEE C37.118 protocol, running the smart grid control and management application simulations via QoS-guaranteed communications channels, all provisioned in a dynamic fashion.
Why holes are not like electrons: A microscopic analysis of the differences between holes and electrons in condensed matter

We give a detailed microscopic analysis of why holes are different from electrons in condensed matter. Starting from a single atom with zero, one, and two electrons, we show that the spectral functions for electrons and for holes are qualitatively different because of electron-electron interactions. The quantitative importance of this difference increases as the charge of the nucleus decreases. Extrapolating our atomic analysis to the solid, we discuss the expected differences in the single-particle spectral function and in frequency-dependent transport properties for solids with nearly empty and nearly full electronic energy bands. We discuss the expected dependence of these quantities on doping, and the physics of superconductivity that results. We also discuss how these features of the atomic physics can be modeled by a variety of Hamiltonians.
Use of GC clamps in DHPLC mutation scanning.

Objective Development of a systematic mutation detection assay strategy for denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Design Adaptation of Guanine and Cytosine (GC)-clamping from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to DHPLC. Methods Three target sequences harboring known allelic variants were studied to develop a general DHPLC assay design strategy. These were exon 10 of the human RET (REarranged during Transfection) gene, exon 52 of the mouse Col1a2 gene, and exon 9 of the human FAS (APO-1, CD-95) gene. Available software was used to analyze melting curves and determine assay conditions. GC clamps of 20 bp or 36 bp were added to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to introduce a high melting temperature (T(m)) domain to each of the target molecules. DHPLC was performed under partially denaturing conditions. Results DHPLC assays of PCR-amplified sequences can be developed using a personal computer. The following three steps allowed for mutation detection in all three targets. The target sequence should have a uniform T(m)GC clamps of length sufficient to introduce a second melting domain with a T(m) > or = 8 degrees above that of the target sequence should be appended to one of the primers. The DHPLC assay should be performed at the highest temperature at which the target sequence is predicted to be > or = 90% double stranded Conclusion Addition of GC-clamps to primers facilitates mutation detection by DHPLC. The theoretical basis for this observation is identical to that underlying the utility of GC-clamps in DGGE.
The Electronic Mirror: Human-Computer Interaction and Change in Self-Appraisals

Abstract As computers become increasingly powerful and complex, software designers are employing anthropomorphism to enhance the usability of computer interfaces (i.e., “user-centered” design). The potential for implementing a social mode of interface behavior, however, can only be realized through understanding the role anthropomorphism plays in modifying the behavior and perceptions of users. The present study compares human-like versus machine-like interactional styles of computer interfaces, testing hypotheses that evaluative feedback conveyed through a human-like interface will have greater impact on individuals' self-appraisals. College students received experimentally manipulated positive or negative computerized feedback in response to their performance on a purported “psychic ability” task. In general, computer feedback had considerable impact upon reflected appraisals (participants' perceptions of the computer's evaluations of their performance and ability) as well as upon their self-appraisals of performance and ability. Reflected appraisals were more influenced by computer feedback than were self-appraisals. Human-like and machine-like interface styles did not have significantly different effects.
Thermopower of Ca1−xAlx metallic glasses

Abstract The thermopower for Ca1−xAlx metallic glass alloys for x = 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.33, 0.40, and 0.45 is positive with a small negative curvature as a function of temperature. Room temperature values of S/T vary from 3 nV/K2 for x = 0.20 to 17 nV/K2 for x = 0.45. As previously reported ϱ(300) varies from 135 μΩ cm to 375 μΩ cm and ϱ−1dϱ/dT (300) from -0.67 × 10−4 K−1 to -4.8 × 10−4 K−1 for these same alloys. Although recent UPS measurements indicate a large d-band contribution to the density of states at the Fermi energy, Mott s-d scattering is not a major factor in electron transport for these alloys.
Darwin and the Problem of Natural Nonbelief

Problem one: why, if God designed the human mind, did it take so long for humans to develop theistic concepts and beliefs? Problem two: why would God use evolution to design the living world when the discovery of evolution would predictably contribute to so much nonbelief in God? Darwin was aware of such questions but failed to see their evidential significance for theism. This paper explores this significance. Problem one introduces something I call natural nonbelief, which is significant because it parallels and corroborates well-known worries about natural evil. Problems one and two, especially when combined, support naturalism over theism, intensify the problem of divine hiddenness, challenge Alvin Plantinga's views about the naturalness of theism, and advance the discussion about whether the conflict between science and religion is genuine or superficial.
Expression of in vivo mechanical strain upon different wave forms of exogenous forces in rabbit craniofacial sutures.

Sutures are fibrous joints between craniofacial bones, providing an interesting model for studying the biomechanics of the interface between soft and mineralized tissues. To explore whether different wave forms of exogenous forces induce corresponding sutural strain wave forms, sutural strain of the premaxillomaxillary suture (PMS) and nasofrontal suture (NFS) of New Zealand White rabbits (N=8) was recorded upon application of static, sine- and square-wave forces against the maxilla from 1 N to 5 N in 1 N increments. The PMS demonstrated compressive strain, whereas the NFS tensile strain. Despite a tenfold difference in peak PMS strain (-1451 ± 512 μ ∈ ) and NFS strain (141 ± 39 μ ∈ ) in response to 5 N cyclic forces, wave forms of exogenous forces were expressed as corresponding wave forms of sutural strain in both the PMS and NFS. Peak sutural strain was similar upon static and sine-wave cyclic loading. Thus, cells and matrix components of fibrous sutural tissue experience different wave forms of exogenous forces as corresponding wave forms of tissue-borne mechanical strain. Current craniofacial orthopedic therapies exclusively utilize static forces to change the shape of craniofacial bones via mechanically induced bone apposition and resorption. The present data provide room for exploring whether cyclic forces capable of inducing different sutural strain wave forms may accelerate sutural anabolic or catabolic responses. © 2003 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2003: 8719Rr
Uptake and distribution of diphenylthiohydantion (DPTH)

Abstract Uptake and distribution of diphenylthiohydantion (DPTH) with respect to time were studied in cats. DPTH 20 mg/kg was administered intravenously to chloralose anesthetized cats and determinations of concentration in plasma and various tissues were made. DPTH concentration was highest in liver, kidney, heart and brain at 5 min (The earliest sampling in the study), and declined over the course of 2 hr, paralleling the decline in plasma concentration. The concentration in spinal cord 5 min after injection was lower than in brain but by 10 min it became equal to the brain concentration and thereafter declined at the same rate. The oil-water partition coefficients of DPTH and diphenylhydantion were determined to be 91.0 and 9.2 respectively. The rapid movement of DPTH into and out of tissues of highly vascularized organs and subsequent accumulation in fat are explained by the drug's high lipid solubility and apparent lack of tissue binding.
Optimization To Eliminate Two Lens Elements That Have Undesirable Shapes

This paper describes the procedure followed in reoptimizing a laser scan lens to eliminate two undesirable elements of the concentric-meniscus type. The continual reappearance of two weak meniscus elements during several reoptimizations had suggested that there were unneeded elements in the lens. When we reduced the number of elements from six to five and reoptimized, both meniscus elements became ordinary elements, and diffraction-limited performance was obtained. Fitting the existing lens into the optimum minimum region of the Los Alamos National Laboratory optimization code was the most difficult part of the procedure.
Expression and affinity purification of recombinant proteins from plants.

With recent advances in plant biotechnology, transgenic plants have been targeted as an inexpensive means for the mass production of proteins for biopharmaceutical and industrial uses. However, the current plant purification techniques lack a generally applicable, economic, large-scale strategy. In this study, we demonstrate the purification of a model protein, beta-glucuronidase (GUS), by employing the protein calmodulin (CaM) as an affinity tag. In the proposed system, CaM is fused to GUS. In the presence of calcium, the calmodulin fusion protein binds specifically to a phenothiazine-modified surface of an affinity column. When calcium is removed with a complexing agent, e.g., EDTA, calmodulin undergoes a conformational change allowing the dissociation of the calmodulin-phenothiazine complex and, therefore, permitting the elution of the GUS-CaM fusion protein. The advantages of this approach are the fast, efficient, and economical isolation of the target protein under mild elution conditions, thus preserving the activity of the target protein. Two types of transformation methods were used in this study, namely, the Agrobacterium-mediated system and the viral-vector-mediated transformation system. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).
Uniform large-area x-ray imaging at 9 keV using a backlit pinhole

The development and application of point backlighting at high x-ray energies is an essential step in diagnosing radiation-driven experiments. The point-backlighting technique provides uniform backlighter irradiance over a large field of view. This technique circumvents the large laser energy required for area backlighters at energies of 9 keV and above. We present the results of a Zn 9 keV point-backlighter source using the technique of pinhole aperturing to define the source size and hence the resolution. Details of the design and application of this technique to an undriven gold-walled hohlraum are described.
Photoreceptor processes in visual adaptation

In this paper we have stressed two experimental results in need of explanation: (i) the reduced efficacy with which (remaining, abundant) rhodopsin in the light-adapted receptor mediates the flash response; and (ii) the disparity in conditions of irradiation (weak background vs. extensive bleaching) leading to equivalent conditions of threshold. The model discussed above suggests, in molecular terms, a possible basis for both properties of receptor adaptation. On the view developed here, property (i) derives from the ability of photoactivated or bleached pigment (R or B) to restrict dramatically the availability of a substance required for phototransduction. Property (ii) derives in large part from the pronounced disparity in the effectiveness of R (during illumination) and B (remaining after illumination) in reducing the availability of this substance. On this view, the "equivalence" of threshold elevation in states of light- vs. dark-adaptation derives from an overall equality of a product of factors (Q, Etot/Es, and J of equation 2). Under all but extreme conditions, this aggregate of factors is dominated by the term Etot/Es, reflecting the functional state of E.
Platelet inhibition by aspirin 81 and 325 mg/day in men versus women without clinically apparent cardiovascular disease.

Compared to men, women have greater platelet aggregation before and after low-dose aspirin. It is not known whether high-dose aspirin therapy brings residual platelet aggregation in women closer to men. Our objective was to compare the inhibition of platelet aggregation in women and men after low and high-dose aspirin. We enrolled healthy subjects (N=106) in a trial of 14 days of aspirin 81 mg/day followed by 14 days of 325 mg/day. Platelet function was measured at baseline and following both aspirin doses. Women had greater baseline platelet activation measures. After both aspirin doses, both sexes had near complete suppression of platelet aggregation to arachidonic acid in whole blood and in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), the direct cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) pathway affected by aspirin. For indirect pathways, women had significantly greater residual platelet activation to collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in whole blood after both aspirin doses and in response to collagen and ADP in PRP after aspirin 325 mg/day only. After aspirin 325 mg/day, women continued to have greater residual platelet aggregation compared to men after aspirin 81 mg/day in response to collagen (p=0.016 in whole blood and p=0.037 in PRP), ADP (p<0.001 in whole blood and p=0.012 in PRP), and epinephrine (p=0.03 in PRP). Excretion of urinary thromboxane metabolite (urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B2) decreased after aspirin to a similar extent in both sexes. In conclusion, women continue to have greater residual platelet activity after high-dose aspirin even when compared to men treated with a lower dose of aspirin.
Measurement error revisited

It is widely accepted in the electronics industry that measurement gauge error variation should be no larger than 10% of the related specification window. In a previous paper, 'What Amount of Measurement Error is Too Much?', the author used a framework from the process industries to evaluate the impact of measurement error variation in terms of both customer and supplier risk (i.e., Non-conformance and Yield Loss). Application of this framework in its simplest form suggested that in many circumstances the 10% criterion might be more stringent than is reasonably necessary. This paper reviews the framework and results of the earlier work, then examines some of the possible extensions to this framework suggested in that paper, including variance component models and sampling plans applicable in the photomask and semiconductor businesses. The potential impact of imperfect process control practices will be examined as well.
Transport of maltose by Pseudomonas fluorescens W

The system for uptake of maltose in Pseudomonas fluorescens W was inducible. Using a mutant strain unable to hydrolyze maltose, it was shown that maltose was taken up unaltered against a concentration gradient. Uptake of 14C maltose was only significantly inhibited by nonradioactive maltose or maltotriose. These were the only sugars that could displace accumulated radioactive maltose in the strain unable to hydrolyze maltose. Uptake exhibited saturation kinetics and was inhibited by energy poisons, indicating that this system was one of active transport. Sulfhydryl-binding reagents reversibly inhibited maltose uptake. No transport ability was lost when cells were subjected to osmotic shock. Using the protein-binding dye 7-diazonium-1,3-naphthalene disulfonate a protein or proteins located in or external to the cell membrane was implicated in maltose transport. The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucoside (PNPG) was used as an indirect measure of transport ability since penetration of PNPG, not its hydrolysis, was the rate-limiting step.
Hospitalist workload influences faculty evaluations by internal medicine clerkship students

BACKGROUND The last decade has brought significant changes to internal medicine clerkships through resident work-hour restrictions and the widespread adoption of hospitalists as medical educators. These key medical educators face competing demands for quality teaching and clinical service intensity. OBJECTIVE The study reported here was conducted to explore the relationship between clinical service intensity and teaching evaluations of hospitalists by internal medicine clerkship students. DESIGN A retrospective correlation analysis of clinical service intensity and teaching evaluations of hospitalists by internal medicine clerkship students during the 2009 to 2013 academic years at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine was conducted. PARTICIPANTS Internal medicine hospitalists who supervise the third-year inpatient experience for medical students during the 2009 to 2013 academic years participated in the study. MEASURES Clinical service intensity data in terms of work relative value units (RVUs), patient encounters, and days of inpatient duty were collected for all members of the hospitalist service. Medical students rated hospitalists in the areas of patient rapport, enthusiasm about the profession, clinical skills, sharing knowledge and skills, encouraging the students, probing student knowledge, stimulating independent learning, providing timely feedback, providing constructive criticism, and observing patient encounters with students. RESULTS Significant negative correlations between higher work RVU production, total patient encounters, duty days, and learner evaluation scores for enthusiasm about the profession, clinical skills, probing the student for knowledge and judgment, and observing a patient encounter with the student were identified. Higher duty days had a significant negative correlation with sharing knowledge/skills and encouraging student initiative. Higher work RVUs and total patient encounters were negatively correlated with timely feedback and constructive criticism. CONCLUSION The results suggest that internal medicine clerkship student evaluations of hospitalist faculty are negatively influenced by high clinical service intensity measured in terms of annual work RVUs, patient encounters, and duty days.
An integrative review of process dissociation and related models in social cognition

This chapter reviews the use of formal dual process models in social psychology, with a focus on the process dissociation model and related multinomial models. The utility of the models is illustrated using studies of social and affective influences on memory, judgement and decision making, and social attitudes and stereotypes. We then compare and contrast the process dissociation model with other approaches, including implicit and explicit tests, signal detection theory, and multinomial models. Finally we show how several recently proposed multinomial models can be integrated into a single family of models, of which process dissociation is a specific instance. We describe how these process models can be used as both theoretical and measurement tools to answer questions about the role of automatic and controlled processes in social behaviour.
Constrained least squares estimation incorporating wavefront sensing

We address the optimal processing of astronomical images using the deconvolution from wave-front sensing technique (DWFS). A constrained least-squares (CLS) solution which incorporates ensemble-averaged DWFS data is derived using Lagrange minimization. The new estimator requires DWFS data, noise statistics, optical transfer function statistics, and a constraint. The constraint can be chosen such that the algorithm selects a conventional regularization constant automatically. No ad hoc parameter tuning is necessary. The algorithm uses an iterative Newton-Raphson minimization to determine the optimal Lagrange multiplier. Computer simulation of a 1m telescope imaging through atmospheric turbulence is used to test the estimation scheme. CLS object estimates are compared with the corresponding long exposure images. The CLS algorithm provides images with superior resolution and is computationally inexpensive, converging to a solution in less than 10 iterations.
Imaging Retinal Vascular Changes in the Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy

PURPOSE Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse is the standard experimental model of retinopathy of prematurity. Assessment of the pathology involves in vitro analysis of retinal vaso-obliteration and retinal neovascularization. The authors studied the clinical features of oxygen-induced retinopathy in vivo using topical endoscopy fundus imaging (TEFI), in comparison to standard investigations, and evaluated a system for grading these features. METHODS Postnatal day (P)7 mice were exposed to 75% oxygen for five days to induce retinopathy or maintained in room air as controls. Retinal vascular competence was graded against standard photographs by three masked graders. Retinal photographs were obtained at predetermined ages using TEFI. Postmortem, retinal vaso-obliteration was measured in whole mounts with labeled vasculature, and retinal neovascularization was quantified in hematoxylin- and eosin-stained ocular cross sections. RESULTS Fundus photography by TEFI was possible from P15, when retinal vascular incompetence, including dilatation and tortuosity, was significant in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy in comparison to controls. Vascular incompetence peaked in severity at P17 and persisted through P25. Comparison with in vitro analyses indicated that vascular changes were most severe after retinal avascularity had begun to decrease in area, and coincident with the maximum of retinal neovascularization. A weighted Fleiss-Cohen kappa indicated good intra- and interobserver agreement for a 5-point grading system. CONCLUSIONS Topical endoscopy fundus imaging demonstrates retinal vascular incompetence in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy. The technique complements standard postmortem analysis for following the course of the model. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Topical endoscopy fundus imaging has application in the evaluation of novel biologic drugs for retinopathy of prematurity.
Undergraduates Mentoring Older Adults: Breaking Stereotypes

This practice-based article asks of what some perceptions undergraduates develop about older adults after mentoring them. As part of a course on intergenerational communication, undergraduate students mentored older learners on basic Internet skills. The older learners were taking an 8 week long course in a lifelong learning institute for people 50 years old and older. Each undergraduate kept a journal of his or her experience. This article chronicles highlights from those journals to explore the perceptions of the undergraduates as they interacted with older adults.
Is the adaptation of right ventricular refractoriness to an abrupt increase in heart rate impaired in chronic heart failure

Chronic heart failure is associated with a high risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death, although the mechanisms leading to these arrhythmias are not fully understood. To determine if the adaptation of ventricular refractoriness to an abrupt increase in heart rate is impaired in heart failure, electrophysiologic findings in 11 patients with structurally normal hearts (group I) were compared to findings in 28 patients with chronic heart failure (mean left ventricular ejection fraction 0.23 +/- 0.05). Heart failure was due to coronary artery disease in 14 patients (group II) and to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 14 patients (group III). The effective refractory period at the right ventricular apex was measured during unipolar cathodal pacing at twice diastolic threshold following a 12-beat ventricular drive at a cycle length of 600 msec. The pacing cycle length was then decreased to 400 msec for one, two, and three beats and the refractory period was determined for each beat at the faster rate. For each beat the mean refractory periods of group II and III patients were similar and were significantly longer than those of group I patients (p less than 0.01). The refractory period progressively shortened at the 400 msec cycle length and the percent decrease for each beat was similar among all three groups (p greater than 0.10). In the group II and III patients there was no correlation of the refractory period or change in refractory period with the pulmonary artery, right atrial, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ex Ante Estimation of a Firm's Distress Risk Parameters from Bond Transaction Data

In this paper, we exploit the information in a publicly traded company’s stock and bond prices to es-timate its default probability and recovery rate. We document that estimated probabilities of default and recovery rates exhibit cross-sectional variation with the ratio of book to market equity and with industry affiliation. Additionally, dividend yield, and the term premium in Treasury bond yields influ-ence temporal variation in aggregate probabilities of default and in recovery rates. Such findings provide a deeper understanding of how default probability and recovery rate interact to determine the outcome when a firm ends up in financial distress.
Outcome of Cataract Operations Performed to Permit Diagnosis, to Determine Eligibility for Laser Therapy, or to Perform Laser Therapy of Retinal Disorders

Cataract operations may be recommended when retinal disease is suspected but cannot be adequately diagnosed or treated because of lens opacity. We evaluated the outcome of cataract operations performed under those circumstances. We reviewed the records of 119 patients who were examined at the Wilmer Retinal Vascular Center and within three months underwent a cataract operation. We identified 17 patients (20 eyes) who underwent a cataract operation at the recommendation of a retinal specialist, to permit diagnosis, to determine eligibility for laser therapy, or to perform laser therapy. After the cataract operation, eight (40%) of the 20 eyes were found to have a retinal disease for which laser therapy was recommended, and six (30%) of the 20 eyes underwent laser therapy that, before the cataract operation, had been impossible. These results indicate that a cataract operation may be useful when lenticular opacity prevents diagnosis or treatment in a patient with a suspected retinal disorder.
Histogram deconvolution: An aid to automated classifiers

It is shown that N-dimensional histograms are convolved by the addition of noise in the picture domain. Three methods are described which provide the ability to deconvolve such noise-affected histograms. The purpose of the deconvolution is to provide automated classifiers with a higher quality N-dimensional histogram from which to obtain classification statistics.
Bull sperm motility and membrane integrity in media varying in osmolality

Studies were designed to evaluate bull sperm motility and membrane integrity following exposure to Tyrode's solution varying in osmolality from 100 to 1537 mOsm. Congo red and bisbenzimide (HOECHST 33258) stains were used to distinguish between sperm with intact versus disrupted plasma membranes. Sperm motility was subjectively evaluated. No significant differences were found between motile and unstained sperm (sperm with intact membranes) in solutions with nearly physiologic osmolalities between 200 and 300 mOsm. However, in 100- and 150-mOsm solutions, the percentage of motile sperm (5 and 19%, respectively) was lower than the percentage of sperm unstained with Congo red (18 and 35%). With HOECHST 33258 stain, the corresponding values were 7 and 14% versus 26 and 31%. The percentage of motile sperm declined greatly in the 500-mOsm medium, but the proportion of unstained sperm was affected little until the osmotic pressure exceeded 732 mOsm. Partial recovery of motility occurred when sperm were returned to the isotonic medium. This study indicated that the sperm plasma membrane was more resistant to osmotic damage than were the mechanisms responsible for sperm motility. Lack of motility in hypertonic media was not an absolute indicator of cell death, and unstained sperm overestimated sperm viability, which are factors to consider when sperm are being evaluated, especially relative to cryopreservation.
Differential rescue of poliovirus RNA replication functions by genetically modified RNA polymerase precursors

We have previously described the RNA replication properties of poliovirus transcripts harboring chimeric RNA polymerase sequences representing suballelic exchanges between poliovirus type 1 (PV1) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) utilizing an in vitro translation and RNA replication assay (C. Cornell, R. Perera, J. E. Brunner, and B. L. Semler, J. Virol. 78:4397-4407, 2004). We showed that three of the seven chimeras were capable of RNA replication in vitro, although replication levels were greatly reduced compared to that of wild-type transcripts. Interestingly, one of the replication-competent transcripts displayed a strand-specific RNA synthesis defect suggesting (i) a differential replication complex assembly mechanism involving 3D and/or precursor molecules (i.e., 3CD) required for negative- versus positive-strand RNA synthesis or (ii) effect(s) on the ability of the 3D polymerase to form higher-ordered structures required for positive-strand RNA synthesis. In this study, we have attempted to rescue defective RNA replication in vitro by cotranslating nonstructural proteins from a transcript encoding a large precursor polyprotein (P3) to complement 3D polymerase and/or precursor polypeptide functions altered in each of the chimeric constructs. Utilization of a wild-type P3 construct revealed that all transcripts containing chimeric PV1/CVB3 polymerase sequences can be complemented in trans for both negative- and positive-strand RNA synthesis. Furthermore, data from experiments utilizing genetically modified forms of the P3 polyprotein, containing mutations within 3C or 3D sequences, strongly suggest the existence of different protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions required for positive- versus negative-strand RNA synthesis. These results, combined with data from in vitro RNA elongation assays, indicate that the delivery of active 3D RNA polymerase to replication complexes requires a series of macromolecular interactions that rely on the presence of specific 3D amino acid sequences.
An inverse relationship between activity and radiation resistance in mice.

(1970). An Inverse Relationship between Activity and Radiation Resistance in Mice. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 291-292.
An adoption study of antisocial personality.

To test the hypothesis that heredity contributes to the development of antisocial personality a group of offspring born to female offenders and given up for adoption in infancy was examined. Forty-six probands and an equal number of control adoptees over 18 years old were followed up and interviewed. A significantly higher rate of antisocial personality was found among the probands than among the controls. The nonantisocial probands proved not to be more deviant than the controls. The antisocial probands experienced certain unfavorable conditions in infancy that may be related to the development of antisocial personality, the most notable being the length of time spent in temporary care prior to final placement. Although the control group was equally exposed to the same conditions, they did not develop a high rate of the disorder. The findings point to the importance of interactions between genetic and environmental factors in the development of antisocial personality.