cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of body centre of mass momentum during sit-to-stand among young and elderly adults

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify hypothesized age-related changes in the momentum of the body centre of mass across different speeds of ascent during sit-to-stand. The peak horizontal and vertical momenta were measured among 16 young and 16 older adults with the aid of a motion analysis system. The results revealed a between-group similarity in the horizontal location of the centre of mass at the time of takeoff, and the magnitude and timing of the peak horizontal momentum of the centre of mass. Together with a between-group difference in the timing of the peak vertical momentum of the centre of mass, an age-associated decline in the magnitude of the peak vertical momentum of the centre of mass was most pronounced at rapid speed of ascent, and accounted for the major difference in performance between age groups. Whereas the magnitude of the peak vertical momentum of the centre of mass varied continuously across speeds, its horizontal counterpart did not increase when speed of ascent increased from natural to fast for both groups. Such contrasting results in the peak horizontal versus vertical momentum of the centre of mass observed across different speeds of ascent and age groups suggested that this horizontal parameter may normally be tightly regulated to maintain upright stance at the completion of the sit-to-stand transfer. The constraints on the projection of the centre of mass with respect to the base of support and the horizontal momentum of the centre of mass serve as two necessary conditions for maintaining upright stance at the termination of dynamic weight transfers.
Photometric calibration of the Surveyor television system

Prelaunch photometric calibration of Surveyor TV system for reconstruction of lunar terrain televised pictures permitting system lunar performance prediction
Olfactory granule cell development in normal and hyperthyroid rats

Dendritic development was examined in olfactory bulbs of both normal 7-, 14-, 21- and 60-day-old rats and littermates treated on postnatal days 1–4 with 1 μg/g body weight of l-thyroxine sodium. Tissue was processed via the Golgi-Cox technique and subjected to quantitative analyses of mitral and internal layer granule cell development. These populations of granule cells were selected because their pattern of late proliferation suggested potentially greater susceptibility to postnatal hormonal alterations. Although neonatal hyperthyroidism induces widespread acceleration of maturation, including precocious chemosensitivity, granule cell development was unaffected relative to littermate controls. Both normal and hyperthyroid groups exhibited an inverted U-shaped pattern of cellular development, with rapid dendritic growth and expansion occurring during the earliest ages tested, but with loss of processes and dendritic field size occurring after day 21.
Publication Dates Of Malacologia Volumes and Issues

1(1) Oct. 1962 14 Nov. 1962 1(2) July 1963 7 Aug. 1963 1(3) June 1964 1 June 1964 2(1) Sept. 1964 22 Sept. 1964 2(2) Feb. 1965 25 Feb. 1965 2(3) April 1965 29 April 1965 3(1) Aug. 1965 31 Aug. 1965 3(2) Nov. 1965 9 Dec. 1965 3(3) May 1966 31 May 1966 4(1) July 1966 18 Aug. 1966 4(2) Aug. 1966 31 Aug. 1966 5(1) Dec. 1966 31 Dec. 1966 5(2) June 1967 23 June 1967 5(3) Sept. 1967 30 Sept. 1967 6(1−2) Dec. 1967 31 Dec. 1967 6(3) June 1968 30 June 1968 7(1) Dec. 1968 31 March 1969 7(2−3) July 1969 13 Oct. 1969 8(1−2) Oct. 1969 11 Nov. 1969 9(1) Nov. 1969 16 June 1970 9(2) Dec. 1969 20 July 1970 10(1) May 1970 14 Nov. 1970 10(2) Dec. 1970 10 July 1971 11(1) Sept. 1971 8 Oct. 1971 11(2) May 1972 21 June 1972 12(1) 1973 25 July 1973 12(2) 1973 11 March 1974 13(1−2) 1973 21 Feb. 1973 14(1−2) 1973 23 Jan. 1974 15(1) 1975 18 Dec. 1975 15(2) 1976 15 July 1976 16(1) 1977 12 Aug. 1977 16(2) 1977 17 Sept. 1977 17(1) 1978 17 Feb. 1978 17(2) 1978 27 July 1978 18(1−2) 1979 18 May 1979 19(1) 1979 19 Sept. 1979 19(2) 1980 14 April 1980 20(1) 1980 22 Aug. 1980 20(2) 1981 17 June 1981 21(1−2) 1981 8 Dec. 1981 Vol./Issue Cover Date Publication Date
Equivalent velocity tracking model for estimation of target maneuvers and design of neural network-based tracking algorithms

Selection of an appropriate dynamical model for approximating the target motion during a maneuver is critical to the design of the state estimator that reliably performs tracking of a target executing complex maneuvers. Due to the diversity in the possible maneuvers that could be executed, a number of different models may need to be included in the design of a satisfactory tracking algorithm, with corresponding increase in implementation complexity. A novel target motion model, termed Equivalent Velocity Tracking Model (EVTM), is proposed in this paper which is capable of providing good approximations to target motions during different types of maneuvers. The design of a target racking architecture that utilizes the EVTM and employs a neural network-assisted Kalman filter is outlined. Quantitative results form several tracking experiments are provided to illustrate the performance benefits resulting from the use of EVTM in the design, and are also compared with the performance resulting from other algorithms based on traditional models and multiple model approaches.
Acute nasal fractures: Vault-by-vault assessment and repair

Plastic surgeons have been exposed to an increased array of nasal trauma, ever since rapid retrieval and greater survival of patients with high-velocity injuries became possible. Bone and cartilage are disrupted over a potentially broad area, and soft-tissue injury is univeral. Management of patients under these circumstances is more contemplative (because an intuitive understanding of the pathomechanics is needed) and taxing, because the surgeon must define a wider spectrum of possible damage and effect its repair. This article defines logical pretraumatic anatomical construct and identifies the common patterns of nasal injury, describes the usefulness of intraoperative vault-compression tests, and presents an illustrative case history to portray a recommended of fracture repair, from proximal to distal, one vault at a time.
Thermal and Chemical Stability of Regenerable Solid Amine Sorbent for CO2 Capture

The adsorption and desorption of CO2 and SO2 on an amine-grafted SBA-15 sorbent has been studied by in situ infrared spectroscopy coupled with mass spectrometry. CO2 adsorbed on an amine-grafted sorbent as carbonates and bicarbonates, while SO2 adsorbed as sulfates and sulfites. The CO2 adsorption capacity of the amine-grafted sorbent was almost twice as much as that of a commercial sorbent. The adsorption of CO2 in the presence of H2O and D2O shows an isotopic shift in the IR frequency of adsorbed carbonate and bicarbonate bands, revealing that water plays a role in the CO2 adsorption on amine-grafted sorbents. Although the rate of adsorption of SO2 was slower than that of CO2, the adsorbed S surface species is capable of blocking the active amine sites for CO2 adsorption. A temperature-programmed degradation study of the amine-grafted sorbent showed that the surface amine species are stable up to 250 °C in air.
Variation of common carotid artery elasticity with intimal-medial thickness: The ARIC study

The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study is a prospective investigation of the etiology and natural history of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in four U.S. communities. The purpose of this work is to investigate the relationship between common carotid artery elasticity and intimal-medial thickness (IMT) in the four race-gender groups represented in the ARIC cohort. Noninvasive ultrasonic methods were used to measure IMT and the [systolic minus diastolic] diameter change (DC) of the left common carotid artery in 10,920 black and white, men and women between the ages of 45 and 64 y. The relationship between DC and IMT and IMT2 was examined after adjustment of DC for age, height, diastolic diameter, diastolic blood pressure and linear and quadratic terms for pulse pressure. This adjusted value of DC was used as an index of elasticity of the common carotid artery in the ARIC cohort with larger values of adjusted DC implying a more elastic vessel. The general behavior of adjusted DC with increasing IMT was observed to be qualitatively similar in all four race-gender groups. Adjusted DC remained nearly constant or increased slightly for values of IMT between approximately 0.4 and 0.8 mm, up to approximately the 90th percentile of IMT, and then decreased above the 90th percentile of IMT. Common carotid artery elasticity, defined as adjusted DC, varies with increasing IMT in the ARIC cohort in a manner consistent with results from previous studies in animals and human subjects addressing the variation of several elasticity indices with atherosclerotic involvement and risk factor exposure in the aorta, and brachial and radial arteries. Our results suggest that thicker common carotid artery walls in middle-aged U.S. populations are no stiffer than thinner walls, except for the thickest 10% of arteries. Since the distal common carotid artery frequently contains atheromatous plaques in this population, the lack of change in stiffness, indeed, the reduction in stiffness per unit thickness, may reflect the various stages of early common carotid atherosclerosis most often found in this population. These are characterized more by destruction of arterial wall structural elements than by changes such as widespread or circumferential sclerosis, which would strengthen and stiffen the artery.
Relationship between Cheatgrass Coverage and the Relative Abundance of Snakes on Antelope Island, Utah

ABSTRACT. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is an invasive annual known to negatively impact many shrub-dependent organisms; however, relatively little research has examined how it affects snake communities. Bromus tectorum is abundant at Antelope Island State Park, Davis County, Utah, and could be a possible threat to snake populations. Study sites representing different B. tectorum coverage percentages were established to measure relative abundance of snakes. Snakes were captured from June to September 2005 primarily by using funnel traps attached to drift-fence arrays. Linear regression revealed a negative relationship between B. tectontm coverage (%) and the relative abundance of the Great Basin gopher snake (Pituophis catenifer deserticola) and the western racer (Coluber mormon). These results (1) suggest that B. tectorum invasions result in reduced snake abundance in shrubsteppe habitat on Antelope Island and (2) add to our understanding of the relationships between B. tectorum and native fauna.
Roughening transition observed on the prism facet of ice.

Single crystals of ice are grown from vapor, and viewed by means of an interference microscope. The basal facet persists until melting, but the prism facet disappears above about -2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the surface taking a dome shape. With the temperature dropping from near 0 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, a facet reappears at -1.35 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The measured curvature just above the transition is consistent with the prediction of a ``universal curvature jump'' by Jayaprakash, Saam, and Teitel. The surface curvature near the facet edge is also measured.
Controlled activity polymers. IX. Copolymers of acrylic acid and isomeric N-alkylacrylamide monomers with pendent β-naphthol ester moieties : Hydrolytic release studies

Abstract The hydrolytic release of the allelopathic compound, β-naphthol, from copolymers of acrylic acid and N-substituted acrylamide monomers β-naphthyl acrylate, 2-acrylamido(β-naphthyl)isovalerate, 5-acrylamido(β-naphthyl)valerate, 3-acrylamido-3-methyl(β-naphthyl)butanoate and 6-acrylamido(β-naphthyl)caproate was studied. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet spectrophotometric detection was utilized to follow kinetics of naphthol release from series of well-characterized copolymers in aqueous media at three pH conditions. Release profiles of the totally soluble copolymers with 4 to 12 mol% naphthol ester monomers were compared to those of the constituent monomers or model compounds at pH values of 2, 6 and 10. Release rates and the extent of release depended upon the nature of the monomer, the spacing of the naphthol ester moiety from the polymer backbone and pH. The extent of hydrophilicity of the polymer backbone was the major factor as dictated by pH (degree of ionization of the acrylic acid mers) and by the copolymer microstructure. The substituted hydrophobic copolymers exhibited the slowest release rates. At high pH values, a maximum in naphthol ester hydrolysis was observed, apparently due to a thermodynamic limit on charge along the polyelectrolyte. Neighboring group assistance was observed at pH 6 and 2 values for the β-naphthol acrylate copolymers. The initial hydrolysis rates for all of the other copolymers in water and for the monomers in dioxane/water mixtures followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The limited extent of hydrolysis, dependent upon pH and composition, was attributed to long-range associative effects in aqueous media.
Localization of Fanconi anemia C protein to the cytoplasm of mammalian cells.

Abstract Features of chromosomal aberrations, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and predisposition to malignancy have suggested a fundamental anomaly of DNA repair in Fanconi anemia. The function of the recently isolated FACC (Fanconi anemia group C complementing) gene for a subset of this disorder is not yet known. The notion that FACC plays a direct role in DNA repair would predict that the polypeptide should reside in the nucleus. In this study, a polyclonal antiserum raised against FACC was used to determine the subcellular location of the polypeptide. Immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation studies of human cell lines as well as COS-7 cells transiently expressing human FACC showed that the protein was localized primarily to the cytoplasm under steady-state conditions, transit through the cell cycle, and exposure to crosslinking or cytotoxic agents. However, placement of a nuclear localization signal from the simian virus 40 large tumor antigen at the amino terminus of FACC directed the hybrid protein to the nuclei of transfected COS-7 cells. These observations suggest an indirect role for FACC in regulating DNA repair in this group of Fanconi anemia.
THE FLY PTILINUM: TACTILE RECEPTORS AND THEIR FUNCTION AT EMERGENCE

SUMMARY Although the musculature of the ptilinum has been studied extensively, no nervous components have been previously demonstrated. The present paper describes a series of minute hairs, interspersed amongst the ‘spinules’ that cover the organ, each of which is innervated by a bipolar sensory nerve cell. The axon arising from the sensory cell is joined by those from other similar cells, and they pass posteriorly to enter a ganglion; from the ganglion a broad nerve leaves to join the antennal nerve to the brain. The general morphology suggests that the hairs are tactile; this is substantiated by the ‘avoiding reactions’ displayed by the fly when the ptilinum is subjected to tactile stimulation, both when held experimentally, and in nature when by-passing soil particles.
Functional Models for the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II.

In the last 10 years, a number of advances have been made in the study of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII). Along with this new understanding of the natural system has come rapid advance in chemical models of this system. The advance of PSII model chemistry is seen most strikingly in the area of functional models where the few known systems available when this topic was last reviewed has grown into two families of model systems. In concert with this work, numerous mechanistic proposals for photosynthetic water oxidation have been proposed. Here, we review the recent efforts in functional model chemistry of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II.
65 Randomized Trial of High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation Versus Conventional Ventilation: A 3 Year Follow-Up

65 Randomized Trial of High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation Versus Conventional Ventilation: A 3 Year Follow-Up
Thermal effects in Cr/sup 2+/:ZnSe thin disk lasers

We report the modeling and experimental characterization of thermal lensing in Cr/sup 2+/:ZnSe face cooled laser disks using the phase shift interferometry technique. The thermal lens powers of the 1 mm and 0.5 mm thick disks were strong (23 and 7 diopters at 8 W pumping). The thermal lens power scaled with disk thickness and pump power, and temperatures were reached in the disks such that nonradiative relaxation was significant. Laser output greater than 4 W average power was achieved using face cooled thin disks of Cr/sup 2+/:ZnSe.
The Survival of Ice Particles Falling from Cirrus Clouds in Subsaturated Air

Abstract A theoretical study has been carried out to determine the relevant microphysical processes which control the survival distance of ice particles failing from cirrus clouds in subsaturated air, and to determine the atmospheric conditions which are necessary for such particles to “seed” lower level supercooled clouds and thereby initiate glaciation. Differential equations were developed which describe the heat and mass transfer during the evaporation of cirrus ice particles. In these equations forced convection and kinetic effects were included. Spherical, columnar and plate-like ice particles were considered. The effect of radiative heat exchange between an ice particle and its environment was studied in terms of maximum and minimum physical limits for the upward and downward radiation fluxes. Using these limits and the known emission and absorption Properties of ice, we concluded that radiative heat transfer changes the survival distance of columnar ice crystals falling from cirrus clouds by less ...
Sandia Photonics Technology for Avionics

Since its inception, Sandia National Laboratories has developed and fielded a wide variety of components and systems for many challenging applications. Avionics-related optoelectronics R&D is a core capability of Sandia. This paper will review activity in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL), micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and photonic-integrated circuits (PICs) as applied to various applications including built-in fiber diagnostics, beam forming and RF data links
The effect of posture on the form of precordial leads of the electrocardiogram

Abstract 1. 1. Chest leads were taken with subjects in three positions: supine, sitting, and lying on the left side. 2. 2. Three precordial leads were used. In one, the exploring electrode was placed in the midsternal line at the level of the fourth intercostal space (Chest Lead A); in the second, halfway between this point and the apex (Chest Lead B); and in the third, at the apex (Chest Lead C). In each case, the indifferent electrode was in the interscapular region. 3. 3. Forty-one observations were made on sixteen patients. The group included normal subjects and patients with heart disease. Among the latter were patients with right, and others with left, ventricular preponderance. In three patients the position of the heart was relatively fixed. 4. 4. The variations in the form of the chest lead with change in the patient's posture are described. They consisted chiefly of a decrease in the amplitude of the R and T waves, which varied concordantly, and, in many cases, a decrease in the amplitude of the S waves, as the subject's posture was changed from supine, to sitting, to lying on the left side. In several cases positive T waves became diphasic and diphasic T waves became negative. 5. 5. Although these changes occurred in each of the three chest leads, they were most marked in Chest Lead C (electrode at apex). 6. 6. The changes cannot be predicted with any certainty in individual cases. 7. 7. The importance of considering the patient's position when taking chest leads, and of taking them in the same position each time in order to make them comparable, is pointed out.
A method for rapid fractionation of particulate systems by gradient differential centrifugation.

Abstract A method is designed for the rapid fractionation of large volumes of suspensions of particles varying in size and density by gradient differential centrifugation. A centrifuge distribution head is used that permits the rapid construction of continuous liquid density gradients since the gradients are stabilized by centrifugal force as they are formed. The application of the method to the fractionation of rat liver breis is described.
Joint space-time code designs for multiple access channels

A joint code design for multiple access channels (MAC) was proposed by Gartner and Bolcskei, based on the characterization of the error events. In this paper, we propose two new code designs. The first one has a better performance and a higher symbol rate for two-user MAC with two transmit antennas at both users, while the same diversity order is achieved as the design by Gartner and Bolcskei when both users are in errors. The other one is a systematic design for multiple users and multiple transmit antennas, which achieves the maximum diversity across all the users when errors occur in a group of users.
The stability of liquid dispersions in low gravity

The stability of three different dispersions of oil and water prepared on Skylab 4 is compared with the same dispersions made on earth. The stability of the emulsions has been studied by two independent optical techniques. An analysis of the data indicates that all the investigated emulsions were stable over a period of 10 hr, whereas the fluids separated completely on earth in 10 sec. This experiment indicates that the rate of coalescence in low gravity is at least 3 millionths times that on earth. A knowledge of the coalescence rate in low gravity is important in the solidification of immiscible alloys in space. The parameters obtained for this experiment are compared with those of liquid metals to determine if the same stability could be achieved with immiscible alloys.
Effects of chronic nicotine and pilocarpine administration on neocortical neuronal density and [3H]GABA uptake in nucleus basalis lesioned rats.

Abstract We investigated the possible long-term neuroprotective roles of (−)nicotine and muscarinic agonist, pilocarpine, in the neocortices of rats receiving bilateral nucleus basalis lesions. Ibotenic acid-lesioned animals eventually displayed a 15–20% reduction in the density of neocortical Nissl staining neurons in layers II, III and VI, as well as a 27% loss in high-affinity GABA uptake 8 months post-lesioning. Deficits were not observed at earlier intervals. (−)Nicotine (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) or (−)nicotine plus pilocarpine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated these losses when administered once daily to rats from 5–8 months post-lesioning. Pilocarpine alone had no protective effect on neuronal density or GABA uptake. These results suggest that nicotine receptor activation may counteract neocortical neuronal loss/atrophy following loss of ascending basal forebrain neurons.
Trimipramine kinetics and absolute bioavailability: use of gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection.

Kinetic parameters were derived from trimipramine and desmethyltrimipramine plasma concentrations after administration of intravenous (12.5 mg) and oral (50 mg) trimipramine in nine subjects. Elimination t1/2 after intravenous dosing was (mean ±SE) 23 ± 1.9 hr. Volume of distribution by the area method was 30.9 ±3.5 I/kg and total metabolic clearance was 15.9 ± 1.5 ml/min/kg. Plasma protein binding of trimipramine, as determined by equilibrium dialysis, averaged 94.9%, with a range of 93.8% to 96.4%. Peak plasma level attained was 28.2 ± 4.4 ng/ml at 3.1 ± 0.6 hr after oral dosing. Absolute bioavailability was 41.4% ± 4.4% (range of 17.8% to 62.7%). These data indicate that trimipramine has incomplete and variable systemic availability, that it is more highly protein bound than other tricyclic antidepressants, and, on the basis of its elimination t1/2, that it could be administered on a twice-daily basis without marked interdose fluctuations in plasma levels. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1984) 35, 348–353; doi:10.1038/clpt.1984.42
Interrelationships between somatic cell counts, electrical conductivity, bacteria counts, percent fat and protein in goat milk

Abstract Six French-Alpine and six Anglo-Nubian does in mid-lactation at 150–180 days of milking, were randomly selected from the University herds, and morning and afternoon milk samples from each doe were tested for interrelationships between levels of somatic cell counts (SCC), electrical conductivity (EC), standard plate counts (total bacteria counts; SPC), staphylococcus counts (STC), coliform counts (CFC), percent fat and protein in goat milk. Mean cell counts of the combined breed data for SCC, SPC, STC and CFC in goat milk were 682, 38.9, 4.03 and 0.62 × 10 3 cells per ml, respectively. Mean ECs overall for, Alpine and Nubian breeds were 4.75, 5.80, and 3.76, respectively. Average EC of Alpine milk was higher than of Nubian, whereas mean SCC of Alpine milk was lower than of Nubians. Mean EC of afternoon milk was higher than of morning milk. There were no significant correlations ( r ) between levels of SCC and EC for separate or combined breed data, nor for separate or combined data of milking time. However, SCC showed significant correlation with CFC for the pooled data ( P P r values with % fat and protein in the milk. Results suggest that SCC and EC by current instrumentations may not be good indicators for bacterial cell counts in goat milk. Further studies are necessary to find optimal unit measures of EC instrument for caprine milk.
Phase-sensitive noiseless amplification and frequency conversion of spatially-multimode light

We discuss the recent insights into the spatial-mode structure of traveling-wave optical parametric amplifiers, with focus on optical processing of quantum images.
FALLIBILITY OF PLASMA-DIGOXIN IN DIFFERENTIATING TOXIC FROM NON-TOXIC PATIENTS

Abstract The plasma-digoxin level was studied prospectively in 104 consecutive patients for whom the test was ordered. The test did not discriminate patients who were toxic (as defined by electrocardiographic criteria) from those who were not, Indeed in 8 (44%) of 18 definitely toxic patients knowledge of presumably safe digoxin levels may have contributed to the development of toxicity.
HRAS1 Proto-Oncogene Polymorphism and Prostate Cancer

Objectives: Rare HRAS1 variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) have been associated with increased risks for a variety of cancers. We investigated the relationship of this polymorphism with the risk of prostate cancer among 240 cases and 481 control subjects in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Materials and Methods: The HRAS1 VNTR region of leukocyte DNA was polymerase chain reaction amplified, and fragment lengths were determined by automated fluorescence detection and computer analysis. We estimated the odds ratios (OR) of prostate cancer for rare HRAS1 VNTR from logistic regression models. Four common HRAS1 VNTR alleles were identified about which there was a distribution of rare 28-nucleotide repeat units. There was no difference (p = 0.4) in the prevalence of rare alleles between cases (25.8%) and control subjects (23.7%). Compared to common alleles, the OR for prostate cancer was 1.13 (95% confidence interval 0.87–1.45) for rare alleles. Conclusions: This study suggests that rare HRAS1 VNTRs may not be important in the etiology of prostate cancer.
The purines and purine metabolism of tumors, and the chemical relations of primary and secondary tumors

The purines of both benign and malignant tumors are the same as those found in normal tissues, and they exist in much the same relative proportions, The proportion of the total nitrogen of tumors which is constituted by the purine nitrogen is less than would be exspected from the histological evidence of the amount of nuclear material contained in the tumors. Tumors seem to contain much the same purine enzymes as the normal tissues. Thus, guanase seems universally present in tumors derived from human tissues, and adenase is missing, although autolyzing tumors can disintegrate their nucleic acid (nuclease) and change the adenine radicals of the nucleic acid into hypoxanthine, presumably by way of adenosine and inosine (Amberg and Jones).
Derived random measures

Abstract A derived random measure is constructed by integration of a random process with respect to a random measure independent of that process. Basic distributional properties, a continuity theorem, sample path properties, a strong law of large numbers, and a central limit theorem for derived random measures are established. Applications are given to compounding and thinning of point processes and the measure of a random set.
Malignant melanoma cell lines selected in vitro for increased homotypic adhesion properties have increased experimental metastatic potential

Using unselected and selected B16 melanoma cell lines, we examined the relationship between homotypic aggregation properties and the potential to form experimental metastatic lung colonies. The B16 sublines were selected in vitro from a line with relatively low homotypic aggregation kinetics and experimental metastatic potential (B16-F1) by successive steps of cell aggregation, followed by separation of cell aggregates from single cells. The selected sublines possessed significantly higher rates of aggregation than did the parental cell line and, when injected intravenously as single cells, formed greater numbers of lung tumor colonies. The aggregation kinetics of the parental and selected cell lines were dependent on divalent cations, with the following order of selectivity: Ca2+ greater than Mn2+ much greater than Mg2+. Syngeneic and xenogeneic serum components and the protease inhibitor leupeptin enhanced the aggregation kinetics of various B16 cell lines. The results support the proposal that a positive correlation exists between increased homotypic adhesion and experimental metastatic potential.
CASE–CONTROL STUDY OF ORAL AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER IN WHITES AND GENETIC VARIATION IN EIGHT METABOLIC ENZYMES

Background. Genetic variation in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes may explain differing susceptibilities to the cancer causing effects of tobacco and alcohol. Methods. We compared 203 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases and 416 controls for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 8 genes (CYP1A1, CYP2E1, MPO, mEH, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and NAT2). Except for NAT2, genotype frequencies were similar in the 2 groups. We classified subjects as fast or slow NAT2 acetylators genotyping 13 NAT2 SNPs. Results. Fast acetylators were overrepresented in cases (53.7%) compared with controls (43.9%; odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–2.20; p value = .03). Gene–gene interaction testing suggested several cancer-NAT2 associations, with association strongest among persons without a CYP1A1 variant (*2C or *4) allele (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.20–2.60, p value = .03) or with a variant MPO (463A) allele (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.34–4.21, p value = .05). Conclusion. These results implicate fast NAT2 acetylation as a risk factor for oral cancer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008
Beyond memory: neuropsychologic features in differential diagnosis of dementia.

Although the term ‘‘dementia’’ is sometimes used as a synonym for memory loss in general or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in particular, dementia is an umbrella term that describes a constellation of symptoms rather than a specific etiology or disease process. As it is most commonly defined, dementia denotes memory impairment combined with disturbance in at least one other area of cognition (DSM-IV) [1]. This definition best describes patients with medial temporal lobe involvement and may exclude those with pathology in other brain areas. The currently accepted definition of dementia is likely to be revised as understanding of cognitive dementia syndromes and their underlying pathology becomes more sophisticated. Memory difficulty is among the most common cognitive complaints from patients and caregivers alike when describing patients’ cognitive difficulties. Patients are often inexact and attribute difficulties to memory when subsequent cognitive testing reveals that the deficits are in other cognitive domains. Furthermore, although current diagnostic criteria specifically select for memory deficits among those diagnosed with dementia, neuropsychologic testing often reveals significant deficits in other areas of cognition. Using current guidelines (DSM-IV, ICD-9) [1,2], individuals without memory difficulty but with deficits in nonmemory cognition would not be diagnosed with dementia, yet these deficits may have significant impact on everyday functioning and may indicate disease processes. As noted in a previous article in this issue, dementia does not present with just one profile. Although individual differences in presentation exist, individuals with common underlying dementia pathology most often have striking similarities in presentation. Different dementias have different ‘‘signatures’’ that provide important information regarding the etiology and clinical course of the disease. In
Cortical and subcortical hyperperfusion during migraine and cluster headache measured by Xe CT-CBF.

High-resolution, color-coded images of local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) were made utilizing stable xenon-enhanced computed tomography among patients with common migraine (n=18), classic migraine (n=12) and cluster headache (n=5). During spontaneously occurring headache in common and classic migraine patients, LCBF values for cerebral cortex and subcortical gray and white matter were diffusely increased by 20–40% with the exception of the occipital lobes. LCBF increases involved both hemispheres whether the head pain was unilateral or bilateral. No significant differences were noted in the degree or pattern of LCBF increases during headaches of common and classic migraineurs. Similar cerebral hyperperfusion of greater magnitude was observed during cluster headaches but was more prominent on the side of the head pain. Present observations do not support the hypothesis of spreading cortical depression as a cause of classic migraine. From a hemodynamic viewpoint, LCBF increases during headaches of common or classic migraine or cluster appear similar. Evidence is adduced that sympathetic hypofunction with denervation hypersensitivity of cerebral vessels plays a role in the cerebral hyperperfusion of migraine headaches. More pronounced unilateral autonomic derangements appear to account for the symptoms and cerebral hyperperfusion associated with cluster headaches.
5β-Reduction of [14C]cholesterol by human feces in vitro: Nonspecific inhibition by sugars

Nachweis, dass die 5β-Reduktion von [14C]Cholesterol homogenisierter Faces durch Milch, Laktose und Galaktose gehemmt wurde, wobei die Hemmung unspezifisch war und auch mit anderen Zuckern erzielt werden konnte.
Regional distribution of neuropeptide γ and other tachykinin peptides derived from the substance P gene in the rat

Abstract Substance P (SP) and multiple neurokinin A (NKA)-related peptides can be derived from α-, β- and/or γ-preprotachykinin (PPT) mRNAs. In this study, the relative concentrations of the tachykinin peptides derived from the SP gene in rat brain, duodenum, jejunum, submandibular gland, parotid gland, urinary bladder and vas deferens was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassays (RIAs). In all tissues, SP levels were the highest. The relative abundance of NKA-related peptides was NKA >; neuropeptide γ (NP γ ) = neuropeptide K (NPK) >; NKA(3–10). These results demonstrate that multiple tachykinin peptides are present in tissues where the SP gene is expressed, and that the NKA portion of the β- and γ-PPT precursors can be differentially processed posttranslationally in rat tissues into NKA, NPK, NPγ and/or NKA (3–10).
Mechanical and electrical properties of poly-(2,5-thienylene vinylene) fibers

Abstract Poly(2,5-thienylene vinylene) (PTV) fibers were prepared from a precursor polymer that is soluble in organic solvents. Fibers of the precursor polymer, poly[2,5-thienylene(1-methoxyethylene)], were wet spun from chloroform solutions. Tensile drawing and conversion (to the conjugated polymer) of the precursor polymer fibers were carried out with a continuous drawing system. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns indicated a significant degree of molecular orientation of the drawn fibers. Tensile drawing and the associated extension and orientation of PTV resulted in major improvements in the mechanical properties of the pristine polymer fibers and the electrical conductivity (after doping with iodine). A linear correlation was found between the electrical conductivity and the modulus and tensile strength.
Low CHD5 expression activates the DNA damage response and predicts poor outcome in patients undergoing adjuvant therapy for resected pancreatic cancer

The DNA damage response (DDR) promotes genome integrity and serves as a cancer barrier in precancerous lesions but paradoxically may promote cancer survival. Genes that activate the DDR when dysregulated could function as useful biomarkers for outcome in cancer patients. Using a siRNA screen in human pancreatic cancer cells, we identified the CHD5 tumor suppressor as a gene, which, when silenced, activates the DDR. We evaluated the relationship of CHD5 expression with DDR activation in human pancreatic cancer cells and the association of CHD5 expression in 80 patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) by immunohistochemical analysis with clinical outcome. CHD5 depletion and low CHD5 expression in human pancreatic cancer cells lead to increased H2AX-Ser139 and CHK2-Thr68 phosphorylation and accumulation into nuclear foci. On Kaplan–Meier log-rank survival analysis, patients with low CHD5 expression had a median recurrence-free survival (RFS) of 5.3 vs 15.4 months for patients with high CHD5 expression (P=0.03). In 59 patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, low CHD5 expression was associated with decreased RFS (4.5 vs 16.3 months; P=0.001) and overall survival (OS) (7.2 vs 21.6 months; P=0.003). On multivariate Cox regression analysis, low CHD5 expression remained associated with worse OS (HR: 3.187 (95% CI: 1.49–6.81); P=0.003) in patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. Thus, low CHD5 expression activates the DDR and predicts for worse OS in patients with resected PAC receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Our findings support a model in which dysregulated expression of tumor suppressor genes that induce DDR activation can be utilized as biomarkers for poor outcome.
Distribution of Extrasynaptic NMDA Receptors on Neurons

NMDA receptors are found in both synaptic and extrasynaptic locations on neurons. NMDA receptors also can be found on neurons in early stages prior to synaptogenesis, where they may be involved in migration and differentiation. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors typically are associated with contacts with adjacent processes such as axons and glia. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptor clusters vary in size and may form associations with scaffolding proteins such as PSD-95 and SAP102. The best-characterized extrasynaptic NMDA receptors contain NR1 and NR2B subunits. Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors may be activated by glutamate spillover from synapses or from ectopic release of glutamate. Consequently, extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activation may occur under different circumstances than that for synaptic NMDA receptors, indicating different functional consequences for the neuron. In some cases, activation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors may have a negative influence on the neuron, leading to cell damage and death, as may occur in some major diseases of the nervous system.
Service learning and virtual worlds

This project leverages virtual world environments to create spaces to support sustainable problem solving communities. These communities are seeking to address pressing social problems through the collaborative efforts of college students, high school students, volunteers, and staff members affiliated with the Gleaners Incorporated. Our approach is to have engineering students build a Second Life environment that provides a structure for collaborative problem solving activities. Second Life serves as a vehicle to build a stronger sense of community among food bank network members, to help conceptualize parameters of their problems, develop virtual solutions collaboratively, test these solutions, and implement these solutions in the real world. In order to involve high school age students, engineering students are using the Torque Game Engine to build virtual environments to support instructional activities focusing on nutrition and economical shopping. Initial student survey data indicates satisfaction with the service learning experience.
Nondestructive Estimation of Shoot Nitrogen in Different Rice Genotypes

Plant N uptake and grain yield are important components of N use efficiency. Grain yield is easily measured, but plant N analysis is time consuming and requires hazardous chemicals or expensive equipment. A nondestructive method involving the least equipment and skill, to determine N uptake, is needed in agronomic and plant breeding experiments. A nondestructive method to determine shoot (aboveground biomass) N of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) was developed based on SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings, leaf area, and tiller number. In two dry-season and one wet-season field experiment, shoot N of various genotypes at flowering were highly correlated (P < 0.05) with CLAT, the product of SPAD reading from a selected leaf (C), area of that leaf (LA), and number of tillers (T) (r 2 = 0.46, 0.90, and 0.85 in Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively); and with LAT, the product of LA and T (r 2 = 0.56, 0.88, and 0.76). Shoot N may be estimated using LAT for larger differences in leaf area compared with SPAD readings. Lower correlations in Exp. 1 were due to the lower range in shoot N contents. The highest correlation between shoot N and CLAT was observed in the third uppermost leaf. Regressions of shoot N on LAT and CLAT varied across growth stages and seasons. Thus, LAT or CLAT can be used to evaluate N uptake among N fertilizer treatments and different rice genotypes at a given stage within a season. Further work is needed to assess the reliability of this method under different seasons and cultural practices.
Pack-MULE transposable elements mediate gene evolution in plants

Mutator-like transposable elements (MULEs) are found in many eukaryotic genomes and are especially prevalent in higher plants. In maize, rice and Arabidopsis a few MULEs were shown to carry fragments of cellular genes. These chimaeric elements are called Pack-MULEs in this study. The abundance of MULEs in rice and the availability of most of the genome sequence permitted a systematic analysis of the prevalence and nature of Pack-MULEs in an entire genome. Here we report that there are over 3,000 Pack-MULEs in rice containing fragments derived from more than 1,000 cellular genes. Pack-MULEs frequently contain fragments from multiple chromosomal loci that are fused to form new open reading frames, some of which are expressed as chimaeric transcripts. About 5% of the Pack-MULEs are represented in collections of complementary DNA. Functional analysis of amino acid sequences and proteomic data indicate that some captured gene fragments might be functional. Comparison of the cellular genes and Pack-MULE counterparts indicates that fragments of genomic DNA have been captured, rearranged and amplified over millions of years. Given the abundance of Pack-MULEs in rice and the widespread occurrence of MULEs in all characterized plant genomes, gene fragment acquisition by Pack-MULEs might represent an important new mechanism for the evolution of genes in higher plants.
Design and implementation of a low-power synthetic aperture radar

This paper reports on the design and implementation of a high resolution low-power synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Our system utilizes the linear frequency-modulated continuous wave (LFMCW) concept, and it operates in the S-band. The generic architecture for our design is presented along with a description of the digital SAR processor. Finally, for demonstration purposes, a focused SAR image for a ground-truthed target is provided.
An Experimental Modal Analysis Technique for Miniature Structures

This paper describes an experimental modal analysis system which can effectively be used to obtain the modal parameters of small structures. The system uses an electromagnetic exciter to produce the excitation force, a piezoelectric transducer to measure this force, and a Laser Doppler Vibrometer to measure the response. Several designs of the magnetic actuator are discussed and evaluated. The system is verified by obtaining the modal parameters ofa miniature cantilever plate, using two preferred exciter designs, and comparing the measured parameters with those acquired from a finite element model. Favorable agreement is obtained between the experimental and computational results. Finally, the two preferred exciters are compared and an optimal configuration is discussed.
Can second-order punishment deter perverse punishment?

Recent experiments have shown that voluntary punishment of free riders can increase contributions, mitigating the free-rider problem. But frequently punishers punish high contributors, creating “perverse” incentives which can undermine the benefits of voluntary punishment. In our experiment, allowing punishment of punishing behaviors reduces punishment of high contributors, but gives rise to efficiency-reducing second-order “perverse” punishment. On balance, efficiency and contributions are slightly but not significantly enhanced.
Stoichiometric and catalytic oxygen activation by trimesityliridium(III).

Trimesityliridium(III) (mesityl = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) reacts with O2 to form oxotrimesityliridium(V), (mes)3IrO, in a reaction that is cleanly second order in iridium. In contrast to initial reports by Wilkinson, there is no evidence for substantial accumulation of an intermediate in this reaction. The oxo complex (mes)3IrO oxidizes triphenylphosphine to triphenylphosphine oxide in a second-order reaction with ΔH⧧ = 10.04 ± 0.16 kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = −21.6 ± 0.5 cal/(mol·K) in 1,2-dichloroethane. Triphenylarsine is also oxidized, though over an order of magnitude more slowly. Ir(mes)3 binds PPh3 reversibly (Kassoc = 84 ± 3 M-1 in toluene at 20 °C) to form an unsymmetrical, sawhorse-shaped four-coordinate complex, whose temperature-dependent NMR spectra reveal a variety of dynamic processes. Oxygen atom transfer from (mes)3IrO and dioxygen activation by (mes)3Ir can be combined to allow catalytic aerobic oxidations of triphenylphosphine at room temperature and atmospheric pressure with overall activity (∼6...
Leisure studies and interpretive social inquiry

Empirically based research methods have been dominant in leisure studies' development, particularly in the social psychological study of leisure. Inadequate attention has been given to the epistemology underlying these methods. The empiricist rejection of questions about values and meanings, based on the unspoken influence of logical positivist epistemology, impoverishes the study of leisure and indeed separates leisure inquiry from the phenomena it wishes to study. Through criticism of Neulinger's perceptual model of leisure and more directly of Iso-Ahola's extension of that model through the concept of optimal arousal, the shortcomings of empiricism are demonstrated and an interpretive alternative suggested. This alternative, hermeneutically-based depth interpretation more fully acknowledges the intersubjective creation of social meaning and the indeterminacy of the social world in which this occurs. Depth interpretation allows greater acknowledgement of human involvement in creating the social world an...