cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
c-SAMPLE TESTS OF HOMOGENEITY AGAINST ORDERED ALTERNATIVES

Let population π i . have an unknown continuous cumulative distribution function F i (x), (i = 1, 2, …, c). The problem considered is to test the null hypothesis, H 0 , that the F i ';s are equal against the alternative: F l (x) ≥ F 2 (x) ≥ … ≥ F c (x) (or F 1 (x) ≤ F 2 (x) ≤ … ≤ F c (x)) For all x with at least one inequality strict. Nonparametric tests for this problem were proposed by Jonckheere ( Biometrika 41 (1945) 135–145), Chacko ( Ann. Math. Statist . 34 (1963) 945–956), and Puri ( Comm. Pure Appl. Math . 18 (1965) 51–63). These tests are for location shift alternatives and are based on the asymptotic distribution of the statistics. For tests of H 0 against two classes of ordered alternatives of the Lehmann type, we obtain a locally most powerful rank order test and the test statistic is found to be a weighted sum of c-sample rank order statistics of the type introduced by Savage (Ann. Math. Statist. 27 (1956) 590–615). We obtain a general result pertaining to the optimal weights to be assigned in a weighted sum of c-sample linear rank statistics such that the Pitman efficacy of the test procedure is maximized. Applying this result we propose a class of test statistics for location shift and change of scale alternatives which are weighted sums of rank order statistics of the type introduced by Chernoff-Savage ( Ann. Math. Statist. 29 (1958) 972–994), Bhapkar ( Ann. Math. Statist. 32 (1961) 1108–1117), and Deshpande ( J. Indian Statist. Assoc. 3 (1965) 20–29). These Chernoff-Savage statistics are easier to compute than and are asymptotically equivalent to those proposed by Puri (1965) for equally spaced location shift alternatives.
Nanohole Array Sensor Technology: Multiplexed Label-Free Protein Binding Assays

We present a review of current implementations of nanohole array sensor technology and discuss future trends for this technique applied to multiplexed, label-free protein binding assays. Nanohole array techniques are similar to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques in that local refractive index changes at the sensor surface, correlated to protein binding events, are probed and detected optically. Nanohole array sensing differs by use of a transmission based mode of optical detection, extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) that eliminates the need for prism coupling to the surface and provides high spatial and temporal resolution for chip-based assays. This enables nanohole array sensor technology to combine the real time label-free analysis of SPR with the multiplexed assay format of protein microarrays. Various implementations and configurations of nanohole array sensing have been demonstrated, but the use of this technology for specific research or commercial applications has yet to be realized. In this review, we discuss the potential applications of nanohole sensor array technology and the impact of that each application has on nanohole array sensor, instrument and assay design. A specific example presented is a multiplexed biomarker assay for metastatic melanoma, which focuses on biomarker specificity in human serum and ultimate levels of detection. This example demonstrates strategies for chip layout and the integration of microfluidic channels to take advantage of the high spatial resolution achievable with this technique. Finally, we evaluate the potential of nanohole array sensor technology against current trends in SPR and protein micro-arrays, providing direction towards development of this tool to fill unmet needs in protein analysis.
JCL roundtable: High-density lipoprotein function and reverse cholesterol transport.

Abstract High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have been known since the 1960s to be associated with protection from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms of this protection are unclear. The extent to which HDL per se vs other correlated metabolic factors may mitigate atherosclerosis has been seriously questioned. In fact, new epidemiologic studies have found that in some clinical settings, very high HDL cholesterol levels correlate with increased atherosclerotic risk. Most importantly, over the past 2 decades, randomized clinical trials targeting HDL have failed to reproduce the usual epidemiologic inverse relation of HDL cholesterol to atherosclerotic events. In this roundtable discussion, we bring together 3 expert investigators working in the HDL field to elucidate questions of HDL function. One area of agreement is that reverse cholesterol transport remains a primary hypothesis for an anti-atherogenic role of HDL. Bioassays that measure cholesterol efflux capacity of HDL (or of apolipoprotein [apo] B-depleted plasma) have emerged as potentially accurate surrogates for reverse cholesterol transport. ApoA-I is the major functional apoprotein of HDL, but apoE- and apoC-III-containing subpopulations of HDL may have significant roles. Anti- and pro-inflammatory functions of various HDL particles, as well as the role of oxidative and other modifications, are gaining attention.
A citation index for principal investigators

A new citation index $$h_{\mathrm{PI}}$$ for principal investigators (PIs) is defined in analogy to Hirsch’s index h, but based on renormalized citations of a PI’s papers. To this end, the authors of a paper are divided into two groups: PIs and non-PIs. A PI is defined as an assistant, associate or full professor at a university who supervises an individual research program. The citations for each paper of a certain PI are then divided by the number of PIs among the authors of that paper. Data are presented for a sample of 48 PIs of physics and physics-related engineering departments from a private research-oriented U.S. university using the ISI Web of Science citations database. The main result is that individual rankings based on h and $$h_{\mathrm{PI}}$$ differ substantially. Also, to a good approximation across the sample of 48 PIs, one finds that $$h_{\mathrm{PI}} = h \,/ \sqrt{ }$$ where $${ }$$ is the average number of principal investigators for the papers of the PI in question. Similarly, $$h_{\mathrm{PI}} = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{C_{\mathrm{tot}}\,/ }$$ , where $$C_{\mathrm{tot}}$$ is the total number of the PI’s citations. Approaches to broadending the scope of h or $$h_{\mathrm{PI}}$$ with regard to highly cited papers are compared, and a new metric called $$h_x$$ is introduced for such papers which represents the average number of citations exceeding the minimum of $$h^2$$ in the h-core. A recent proposal to determine an optimum h-index is also discussed in relationship to actual citation data.
MAPIM: Mat Parallelism for High Performance Processing in Non-volatile Memory Architecture

In the Internet of Things (IoT) era, data movement between processing units and memory is a critical factor in the overall system performance. Processing-in-Memory (PIM) is a promising solution to address this bandwidth bottleneck by performing a portion of computation inside the memory. Many prior studies have enabled various PIM operations on nonvolatile memory (NVM) by modifying sense amplifiers (SA). They exploit a single sense amplifier to handle multiple bitlines with a multiplexer (MUX) since a single SA circuit takes much larger area than an NVM 1-bit cell. This limits potential parallelism that the PIM techniques can ideally achieve. In this paper, we propose MAPIM, mat parallelism for high-performance processing in non-volatile memory architecture. Our design carries out multiple bit-lines (BLs) requests under a MUX in parallel with two novel design components, multi-column/row latch (MCRL) and shared SA routing (SSR). The MCRL allows the address decoder to activate multiple addresses in both column and row directions by buffering the consecutively-requested addresses. The activated bits are simultaneously sensed by the multiple SAs across a MUX based on the SSR technique. The experimental results show that MAPIM is up to $\pmb{339}\times$ faster and $\pmb{ 221}\times$ more energy efficient than a GPGPU. As compared to the state-of-the-art PIM designs, our design is $\pmb{16}\times$ faster and $\pmb{ 1.8}\times$ more energy efficient with insignificant area overhead.
Transcriptomic analysis of the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi during lipid accumulation on enzymatically treated corn stover hydrolysate

Efficient and economically viable production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass is dependent on mechanical and chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of plant material. These processing steps yield simple sugars as well as plant-derived and process-added organic acids, sugar-derived dehydration products, aldehydes, phenolics and other compounds that inhibit the growth of many microorganisms. Lipomyces starkeyi is an oleaginous yeast capable of robust growth on a variety of sugars and lipid accumulation on pretreated lignocellulosic substrates making it attractive as an industrial producer of biofuels. Here, we examined gene expression during batch growth and lipid accumulation in a 20-L bioreactor with either a blend of pure glucose and xylose or pretreated corn stover (PCS) that had been enzymatically hydrolyzed as the carbon sources. We monitored sugar and ammonium utilization as well as biomass accumulation and found that growth of L. starkeyi is inhibited with PCS hydrolysate as the carbon source. Both acetic acid and furfural are present at concentrations toxic to L. starkeyi in PCS hydrolysate. We quantified gene expression at seven time-points for each carbon source during batch growth and found that gene expression is similar at physiologically equivalent points. Analysis of promoter regions revealed that gene expression during the transition to lipid accumulation is regulated by carbon and nitrogen catabolite repression, regardless of carbon source and is associated with decreased expression of the translation machinery and suppression of the cell cycle. We identified 73 differentially expressed genes during growth phase in the bioreactor that may be involved in detoxification of corn stover hydrolysate. Growth of L. starkeyi is inhibited by compounds present in PCS hydrolysate. Here, we monitored key metabolites to establish physiologically equivalent comparisons during a batch bioreactor run comparing PCS hydrolysate and purified sugars. L. starkeyi’s response to PCS hydrolysate is primarily at the beginning of the run during growth phase when inhibitory compounds are presumably at their highest concentration and inducing the general detoxification response by L. starkeyi. Differentially expressed genes identified herein during growth phase will aid in the improvement of industrial strains capable of robust growth on substrates containing various growth inhibitory compounds.
A theoretical analysis of low-frequency sonophoresis: dependence of transdermal transport pathways on frequency and energy density.

Purpose. Application of low-frequency ultrasound has been shown to increase skin permeability, thereby facilitating delivery of macromolecules (low-frequency sonophoresis). In this study, we seek to determine the dependence of transport pathways during low-frequency sonophoresis on ultrasound parameters.
Observing hydrogen from the stratosphere

The Faint Intergalactic medium Redshifted Emission Balloon (FIREBall-2) is an ultraviolet multi-object spectrograph mission designed to observe the faint gas surrounding z ≈ 0.7 galaxies from the very top of the Earth’s stratosphere, explains Project Scientist Erika Hamden.
The role of gender in the associations among posttraumatic stress disorder symptom, severity, difficulties regulating emotions, and alcohol misuse.

Abstract Introduction The co-occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol misuse is highly prevalent and clinically significant. Delineating mediators (i.e., emotion regulation) and moderators (i.e., gender) of this co-occurrence is critical to understanding underlying mechanisms of such comorbidity and intervention development/refinement. Method The present study examined the potential mediating role of difficulties regulating negative and positive emotions in this association as well as the moderating role of gender using a moderated mediation analysis. Participants were 475 trauma-exposed community adults recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform (Mage = 35.62, 55.4% women, 77.0% White). Results Difficulties regulating positive (but not negative) emotions significantly mediated the relation between PTSD symptom severity and alcohol misuse. Further, gender was found to significantly moderate each of the paths in this mediation model. Conclusions Results highlight gender-specific intervention targets for reducing alcohol misuse among trauma-exposed individuals who experience PTSD symptoms.
Frozen Embryo Transfer Preparation

The increased use of embryo freezing has placed greater emphasis on techniques and protocols regarding frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET). While no one method has emerged as the superior choice, the various strategies in use each have their own benefits as well as drawbacks. Natural cycle FET allows a more physiologic and potentially less expensive way of transferring embryos at the cost of cycle unpredictability which many clinics may not be able to accommodate. Artificial cycle FET allows more control over embryo thawing and transfer but requires use of additional medications which invariably increase cost and side effects. Limited number of embryos obtained from patients with diminished ovarian reserve and/or advanced reproductive age makes FET preparation and monitoring of the utmost importance. In the future, further studies involving exclusively frozen cycles with the inclusion of diverse patient subgroups will hopefully offer guidance as to the most optimal FET protocol to use.
Forward bias degradation and thermal simulations of vertical geometry β-Ga2O3 Schottky rectifiers

Vertical geometry β-Ga2O3 Schottky rectifiers of various sizes were deliberately stressed at a high forward current density level until a sudden decrease of reverse bias breakdown voltage was observed. The diodes were fabricated on an Sn-doped (n = 3.6 × 1018 cm−3) (001) β-Ga2O3 single crystal substrate with a 10 μm epilayer grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy with a carrier concentration of 3.5 × 1016 cm−3. The forward bias stressing caused reverse breakdown degradation and thermally induced failure on both the Ni/Au Schottky contact and the epitaxial layer due to the low thermal conductivity of Ga2O3. The resulting temperature distributions at forward bias under different current conditions were simulated using 3D finite element analysis. The temperature profile at the surface during the rectifier turn-on period shows a strong dependence with crystalline orientation, evidenced by infrared camera measurements. The maximum junction temperature rise occurs at the center of the metal contact and is in the range of 270–350 °C.
Missing Data Imputation for MIMIC-III using Matrix Decomposition

The main challenge in applying data analysis and constructing prediction models to electronic health records (EHR) lies in the substantial missing rate in such data. Some commonly employed missing data handling approaches include mean-or median-filling, carrying forward, hot-deck, resampling [1], multiple imputation [2], etc. Recently, Yuan et al. proposed a 3-dimensional multiple imputation with chained equations (3D-MICE) to conduct imputation for missing clinical time series data [3]. Lipton et al. demonstrated missing indicators [4] to be highly effective for handling missingness in temporal data [5]. Kim and Chi proposed a bio-inspired approach called Temporal Belief Memory for handling the missingness in irregular sequential data [6]. Some other approaches focused on reconstructing missing entries utilizing latent patterns extracted from the original data, such as EM imputation [7], Autoencoder [8], and matrix decomposition based imputation methods [9], [10], including SVDImpute [11], softImpute [12], and two patient record densifers, i.e., Individual Basis Approach (IBA) and Shared Basis Approach (SBA) [13]. Based on the IBA and SBA, Yang et al. proposed a subgroup basis approach (TGBA-F) for patients partitioned by age and gender [14]. To take advantage of the factorized latent patterns from data to handle the missingness in MIMIC-III, in this work, we explored two matrix decomposition based patient record den-sifiers, i.e., IBA and SBA, which made the hypothesis that the latent patterns exist either heterogeneously or homogeneously among the patients, and we compared the performance against various baselines. Since patients’ demographic information is not accessible in our dataset, the TGBA-F with age and gender subgroup basis analysis would not be applicable. The results showed that the IBA achieved the best performance, and IBA had better learning efficiency compared with the 3D-MICE.
Metformin Potential Impact on the Growth of Vestibular Schwannomas.

OBJECTIVE Previous work has suggested that metformin may possess antineoplastic properties. This study aims to assess the effect of metformin on the growth of sporadic vestibular schwannomas. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients presenting with radiologically confirmed vestibular schwannomas to Stanford medical center between January 1990 and October 2018. Patients who received metformin during the follow-up period were included and were compared with the control group who were not receiving metformin. Tumor progression and hearing loss are primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. RESULTS A total of 149 patients were analyzed, with 42 patients receiving metformin. The mean age at presentation is 69.6 (±11.7) years. There are 69 (46.3%) females and 80 (53.7%) males and there is no significant age difference between the groups. Tumor size at presentation is similar between both groups, 8 mm (4-13) in control group and 7.5 mm (4-14) in metformin group. The average follow-up period is 34.2 months (18.3-57.8) and 30.3 months (13.6-69.8) in the metformin and control cohorts, respectively, and they are not significantly different. No significant differences between both groups were found in final American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery hearing outcome or poor audiogram outcome. Metformin users are significantly less likely to present with tumor growth at final follow-up compared with nonmetformin users (28.6 versus 49.5%, respectively; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary result suggests metformin may reduce vestibular schwannoma tumor growth rate and shows potential promise as a novel chemotherapeutic agent. Further studies are needed to validate this finding.
The Physical Mechanisms of Drosophila Gastrulation: Mesoderm and Endoderm Invagination.

A critical juncture in early development is the partitioning of cells that will adopt different fates into three germ layers: the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm. This step is achieved through the internalization of specified cells from the outermost surface layer, through a process called gastrulation. In Drosophila, gastrulation is achieved through cell shape changes (i.e., apical constriction) that change tissue curvature and lead to the folding of a surface epithelium. Folding of embryonic tissue results in mesoderm and endoderm invagination, not as individual cells, but as collective tissue units. The tractability of Drosophila as a model system is best exemplified by how much we know about Drosophila gastrulation, from the signals that pattern the embryo to the molecular components that generate force, and how these components are organized to promote cell and tissue shape changes. For mesoderm invagination, graded signaling by the morphogen, Spatzle, sets up a gradient in transcriptional activity that leads to the expression of a secreted ligand (Folded gastrulation) and a transmembrane protein (T48). Together with the GPCR Mist, which is expressed in the mesoderm, and the GPCR Smog, which is expressed uniformly, these signals activate heterotrimeric G-protein and small Rho-family G-protein signaling to promote apical contractility and changes in cell and tissue shape. A notable feature of this signaling pathway is its intricate organization in both space and time. At the cellular level, signaling components and the cytoskeleton exhibit striking polarity, not only along the apical-basal cell axis, but also within the apical domain. Furthermore, gene expression controls a highly choreographed chain of events, the dynamics of which are critical for primordium invagination; it does not simply throw the cytoskeletal "on" switch. Finally, studies of Drosophila gastrulation have provided insight into how global tissue mechanics and movements are intertwined as multiple tissues simultaneously change shape. Overall, these studies have contributed to the view that cells respond to forces that propagate over great distances, demonstrating that cellular decisions, and, ultimately, tissue shape changes, proceed by integrating cues across an entire embryo.
“They should have followed the rules”: Trade-offs Between Fairness and Authority Values Predict Judgments of Social Justice Protests:

In 2017, Colin Kaepernick drew global attention by kneeling during the national anthem before a football game. The protest divided the country into two groups: those who supported Kaepernick’s stan...
Epidemiology of Positive Blood Cultures due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms From an Academic Center and Community Hospitals

Background: Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are a threat to public health. The objective of this study was to define risk factors and outcomes of patients with positive blood cultures due to MDROs in 2 rural community hospitals as compared to a tertiary-care academic center. Methods: Retrospective cohort study with IRB approval from 1 tertiary-care academic center and 2 rural community hospitals (Barnes-Jewish [BJH], Parkland Health Center, and Missouri Baptist Sullivan Hospital) from July 1, 2013, to August 1, 2018. Demographics, comorbidities, procedures, outcomes, and blood and urine culture data were collected from the BJH informatics database for hospitalized patients with positive blood cultures due to MDROs. MDROs were defined according to European and US CDC standards. Results: Of the patients with positive blood cultures growing organisms with the potential to be MDR, 1,065 (55%) blood cultures grew MDROs from the academic center and 157 (33%) grew MDROs from the 2 community hospitals (P 33% of patients with MDRO bacteremia required an ICU stay. Also, 17% of patients with MDRO bacteremia at BJH died during hospitalization compared to 4% at the community hospitals. Among individuals with positive MDRO blood cultures, 9% had a matching isolate from a urine culture at BJH and 46% had a matching urine isolate at the community hospitals. Conclusions: At an academic medical center, the most common organisms identified in MRDO-positive blood cultures included MRSA, MDR Enterobacteriaceae, and VRE. However, at the community hospitals, MRSA, MDR Enterobacteriaceae, and ESBL Enterobacteriaceae were most common. Patients with a positive MDRO blood culture were more likely to have a matching isolate from urine culture at a community hospital compared to the academic center. Further research is needed regarding risk factors and interventions to prevent, detect, and treat MDRO infections. Funding: None Disclosures: Margaret A. Olsen reports consulting fees for contract research from Pfizer, Merck, and Sanofi Pasteur.
Abstract IA-14: Understanding inherited risk for pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the 3rd leading cause of cancer death in the Unites States and the global burden of pancreatic cancer has more than doubled over the past 25 years. Inherited genetic factors explain 22-36% of pancreatic cancer. This includes both high-risk pathogenic variants in hereditary cancer genes and genes associated with hereditary pancreatitis as well as common variants identified in genome-wide association studies. Environmental factors, including cigarette smoking may influence the impact of these genetic variants. High risk pathogenic variants are present in 5-10% of all pancreatic cancer patients and up to 20% of patients with a family history of pancreatic cancer. Studies to identify the genetic basis of the remaining 80% of families with a clustering of pancreatic cancer are ongoing. Identification of the genetic changes that underlie pancreatic cancer not only provide insight into the etiology of this fatal cancer but also provides an opportunity to guide early detection strategies. Citation Format: Alison P. Klein. Understanding inherited risk for pancreatic cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr IA-14.
Policy factors influencing the establishment of state outdoor recreation offices

Abstract The first state-based office of outdoor recreation was established in 2013, and other states took notice. Within six years, thirteen additional states had established outdoor recreation offices – six of which were established in 2019. By applying concepts explored through policy innovation and diffusion theory, this research provides insight into the rapid acceleration of the creation of state outdoor recreation offices. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of policy entrepreneurs and diffusion mechanisms. Specifically, we analyze the potential role of the policy learning, economic competition, and geographic proximity diffusion mechanisms. Data collected from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with state office leadership and non-profit organizations suggest that the policy learning mechanism acts most strongly to drive the establishment of state outdoor recreation offices or similar entities. By creating networks of government agencies focused on outdoor recreation, government officials and outdoor recreation advocates can facilitate further learning about and development of these offices. Management implications This research suggests that the most expedient pathway toward a state outdoor recreation office is through peer-to-peer policy learning. Participation in the National Governors Association Outdoor Recreation Learning Network can help facilitate this policy learning process for state governments. State governments are also encouraged to work directly with a sponsoring state, which is required to sign onto the Confluence Accords. In doing so, states with existing offices can systemically transfer their institutional knowledge to other state governments. While this paper focuses on the outdoor recreation offices themselves, the broader implication is that states with effective outdoor recreation offices are positioned to provide direct, institutional support for expanding outdoor recreation opportunities and their associated economic, social, and environmental benefits. This research focuses on this phenomenon in the United States, however learning networks could facilitate opportunities for learning amongst global governmental agencies looking to support outdoor recreation as well.
Characteristics of Patients and Proxy Caregivers Using Patient Portals in the Setting of Serious Illness and End of Life.

Background: There are few studies examining the usage and utility of patient portals among seriously ill and end-of-life populations and their caregivers. Objective: The aim of this study was to de...
Thoracic intramedullary neurosarcoidosis with thoracic disc herniation: Diagnostic importance of intramedullary contrast enhancement.

Background Thoracic intramedullary neurosarcoidosis is an uncommon but serious manifestation of spinal cord disease. Its concomitant occurrence with thoracic disc herniation can mislead the physician into attributing neurologic and radiographic findings in the spinal cord to disc pathology rather than inflammatory disorder. Here, we present such a rare case of concomitant thoracic disc and spinal neurosarcoidosis. Case Description A 37-year-old male presented with progressive right lower extremity weakness and numbness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the thoracic spinal cord revealed a T6-T7 paracentral disc eccentric to the right with T2 signal change extending from T2 to T10 level. This prompted acquiring a contrasted MRI that also depicted intramedullary enhancement around the T6-T7 disc bulge. Computed tomography scan of the chest showed mediastinal lymphadenopathy concerning for sarcoidosis. Lymph node biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, and high-dose steroid treatment was initiated. The patient had significant symptomatic improvement with steroids with full neurological recovery and improvement of his symptoms. Conclusion While stenosis from thoracic disc disease could potentially suggest a mechanical etiology for the patient's symptoms, attention must be paid to the imaging findings as well as the degree and extent of cord signal change and intramedullary contrast enhancement. Appropriate and timely diagnosis is essential to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures.
In vivo human gracilis whole-muscle passive stress-sarcomere strain relationship.

We measured the passive mechanical properties of intact, living human gracilis muscles (n=11 individuals, 10 male and 1 female, age: 33±12 years, mass: 89±23 kg, height: 177±8 cm). Measurements were performed in patients undergoing surgery for free-functioning myocutaneous tissue transfer of the gracilis muscle to restore elbow flexion after brachial plexus injury. Whole-muscle force of the gracilis tendon was measured in four joint configurations (JC1-JC4) with a buckle force transducer placed at the distal tendon. Sarcomere length was also measured by biopsy from the proximal gracilis muscle. After the muscle was removed, a three-dimensional volumetric reconstruction of the muscle was created via photogrammetry. Muscle length from JC1 to JC4 increased by 3.3±1.0, 7.7±1.2, 10.5±1.3 and 13.4±1.2 cm, respectively, corresponding to 15%, 34%, 46% and 59% muscle fiber strain, respectively. Muscle volume and an average optimal fiber length of 23.1±0.7 cm yielded an average muscle physiological cross-sectional area of 6.8±0.7 cm2 which is approximately 3 times that measured previously from cadaveric specimens. Absolute passive tension increased from 0.90±0.21 N in JC1 to 16.50±2.64 N in JC4. As expected, sarcomere length also increased from 3.24±0.08 µm at JC1 to 3.63±0.07 µm at JC4, which are on the descending limb of the human sarcomere length-tension curve. Peak passive muscle stress was 27.8±5.5 kPa in JC4 and muscle modulus ranged from 44.8 MPa in JC1 to 125.7 MPa in JC4. Comparison with other mammalian species indicates that human muscle passive mechanical properties are more similar to rodent muscle than to rabbit muscle. These data provide direct measurements of whole-human muscle passive mechanical properties that can be used in modeling studies and for understanding comparative passive mechanical properties among mammalian muscles.
WAVE RUNUP ON VERTICAL CYLINDERS

Wave height at a point on vertical cylinders is measured as a function of the orientation angle, a, between the normal from the point on the cylinder and the direction of travel of a single periodic train of waves. The wave height distribution, H(a), has a broad maximum around a = 0° (facing into the waves) and a more restricted maximum at a = 180 . The maximum at a = 0° increases with wave height in all cases, and the super elevation has about the magnitude of the velocity head in the wave crest. In 21 different H(a) for which it is possible to determine the axis of symmetry by a simple objective test, 14 H(a) have axes of symmetry within * 3° of the direction of wave travel. Most of the variation in H(a) is due to variation in crest elevation; trough elevation remains relatively constant for the 360° range of a. The shape of H(a) depends more on height and cylinder cross section than on period, although the variation in H(a) as a function of cross section is significantly less than the extreme variations in tested cross sections. Applications of these results to wave direction measurement and to interpretation of wave records from surface-piercing wave gages are discussed.
Status of solid-state lighting based on entries to the 2010 US DOE next generation luminaire competition

(2012). Status of Solid-State Lighting Based on Entries to the 2010 US DOE Next Generation Luminaire Competition. LEUKOS: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 237-259.
Toward a Deeper Understanding of Data Analysis, Sensemaking, and Signature Discovery

Data analysts are tasked with the challenge of transforming an abundance of data into knowledge and insights. This complex cognitive process has been studied, and models created to describe how the process works in specific domains. Two popular models used for this generalization are the sensemaking and signature discovery models, which apply a cognitive and computational focus to describe the analytic process, respectively. This work seeks to deepen our understanding of the data analysis process in light of these two models. We present the results of interviews and observations of analysts and scientists in four domains (Biology, Cyber Security, Intelligence Analysis, and Data Science). Our results indicate that specific aspects of both models are exhibited in the analysts from our study, but neither describe the holistic analysis process.
Virá o Século XXI a ser Aristotélico

This text focuses on the discursive tradition that may be called Cultural Critique and on the dislocations in some fundamental epistemological structures. It presents changes in the working conditions within the Humanities in our electronic present and, inspired by themes from Heidegger's late writings, it seeks to condense the judgements previously formulated in a critique of the present. We also point out to a series of current symptoms that may serve as evidence to consolidate the hope in an Aristotelian future.
Extraction and quantification of solutes in solidified agar culture media.

A method is described for determining the concentration of certain solutes in solidified culture media. The method is based upon the finding that under specified conditions the concentration of solute in an agar gel (Cg) is related to the concentration of solute in a centrifugally extracted gel supernatant (Cs) by the ratio, Cg/Cs, which is characteristic for each solute. The method avoids direct assays of the gels and instead involves assaying the supernatants from inoculated and uninoculated (control) gels with conventional liquid assay techniques and then calculating solute concentrations in the inoculated gels by use of the Cg/Cs ratios determined from the controls. Uninoculated agar gels containing known concentrations of various solutes and similar gels inoculated with Neurospora crassa or Escherichia coli were centrifuged at various times, and the supernatants were assayed for solute concentrations. The solute concentrations in the supernatants from the inoculated gels multiplied by the Cg/Cs ratios for those solutes determined at the same times for the uninoculated controls gave calculated solute concentrations in the inoculated gels. The differences between these calculated solute concentrations and those initially present in the inoculated gels indicated the amounts of solutes utilized from the gels by the microorganisms at various incubation times.
The Last Male Bastion: In Search of a Trojan Horse

Numerous legal scholars and commentators have written about the paucity of women in the boardroom at influence-wielding U.S. public companies. Fewer have written about the scarcity of female Chief Executive Officers, and fewer yet have written about the relatively low numbers of female executive officers, at U.S. public companies. This brief essay (an edited version of my remarks offered at the University of Dayton School of Law’s symposium on "Perspectives on Gender and Business Ethics: Women in Corporate Governance") does not endeavor to add to the collective understanding of observed gender disparities in boardrooms and the C-suite — the senior executive team in the firm. Rather, it urges a different approach to thinking about the issue of gender disparities at the executive-level ranks of U.S. corporations. Specifically, the essay reflects on the ways that different corporate governance theories may inform the way that we frame women’s roles in the corporate executive leadership structure. In short, it suggests that by looking at women as team members rather than as part of a binary relationship within the firm, we may normalize the presence of female executives in U.S. public companies.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of minor salivary gland

Abstract Five cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of minor salivary glands were studied. The mucoid material in the characteristic cystlike spaces of this neoplasm was diastase-resistant periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)—positive, alcian blue-positive, toluidine blue-positive, and mucicarmine-positive. Verhoeff-Van Gieson's method and Weigert's method did not reveal elastic tissue in the cystlike spaces. Mallory's method revealed that a central core in cystlike spaces was similar in stainability to collagen. Wilder's method did not reveal reticular fibers in these spaces. Electron microscopy revealed three readily recognizable zones: a juxtacellular zone of a network of replicated basal lamina, an intermediate zone of stellate granules of mucoid material, and a central core of densely packed aperiodic filaments or collagen fibrils. The histogenesis of cystlike spaces and their relationship with biologic behaviors of the neoplasm were discussed.
Uniqueness of solutions for moist advection problems

This article presents, for physics-oriented readers, some recent mathematical results that establish the uniqueness of solutions for moist advection problems in climate models. The presentation is made for a simplified model, which is nevertheless typical and significant.
Scientists' Views about Communication Training.

This study assesses how scientists think about science communication training based on the argument that such training represents an important tool in improving the quality of interactions between scientists and the public. It specifically focuses on training related to five goals, including views about training to make science messages understandable, as well as attitude-focused training meant to build trust and credibility, to demonstrate that one listens to the public, to demonstrate that one cares about the public's views, and to frame messages to resonate with audiences' pre-existing values. The theory of planned behavior and procedural justice theory were used to identify potential predictors of views about training toward these goals. Results show that the scientists rate message comprehension and credibility most favorably and give their lowest rating to training related to framing. Regression analyses reveal that believing that public engagement can make a difference (external efficacy) and belief in the ethicality of specific goals were the best predictors of whether scientists saw value in goal-oriented training. The results suggest that communication trainers might benefit from emphasizing the effectiveness and ethicality of engagement activities if they want to attract scientists to communication training, and that more work may need to be done by professional organizations to help scientists consider the value of thinking about communication goals beyond the traditional focus on message comprehension. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52:199–220, 2015.
Progress in Laser Sources for Remote Sensing

Substantial progress in both active and passive remote sensing using laser sources has been demonstrated in the past several years. At present, the development of laser remote sensing is limited by the availability of adequate tunable laser sources. We describe here the results of recent progress in the development of various tunable laser sources which will be of use for both active and passive laser remote sensing. Included among these sources are transition-metal ion-doped solid-state lasers, semiconductor diode lasers in external cavities, miniature CO2 TEA lasers, and frequency conversion in infrared nonlinear materials.
Clay Anisotropy and Braced Wall Behavior

A technique is presented which modifies the basal heave analysis procedures for braced excavations to account for the strength anisotropy exhibited by most natural, soft to medium clays. In the case of a braced wall, the clay on the passive side of the wall can develop a much lower strength than the clay on the active side, if the clay is strongly anisotropic. Since the existence of a lower strength zone is not considered by conventional basal heave analysis procedures, these techniques theoretically lead to an overestimate of basal stability. Finite element analyses are used to demonstrate the effects of anisotropy on the behavior of braced excavations. Analysis results show that if the soil is presumed to be isotropic when it is truly anisotropic the following trends develop: (1) The basal heave safety factor may be from 10 to 50 percent larger than the actual one, depending on the degree of anisotropy; (2) lateral wall movements and ground surface settlements can be larger than expected; and (3) unusually high loads can develop on the lower struts in cases of marginal stability.
IgG4-Related Disease: Clinical and Laboratory Features in One Hundred Twenty-Five Patients.

Objective IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated fibroinflammatory condition that can affect nearly any organ. Prior studies have focused on individual cases of IgG4-RD or small case series. This study was undertaken to report detailed clinical and laboratory findings in a larger group of patients with IgG4-RD whose diagnosis was established by strict clinicopathologic correlation. Methods The baseline features of 125 patients with biopsy-proven IgG4-RD were reviewed. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathologists’ review, based on consensus diagnostic criteria and correlation with clinicopathologic features. Disease activity and damage were assessed using the IgG4-RD Responder Index (RI). Flow cytometry was used to assess levels of circulating plasmablasts. Results Of the 125 patients, 107 had active disease and 86 were not receiving treatment for IgG4-RD. Only 51% of the patients with active disease had elevated serum IgG4 concentrations. However, patients with active disease and elevated serum IgG4 concentrations were older, had a higher IgG4-RD RI score, a greater number of organs involved, lower complement levels, higher absolute eosinophil counts, and higher IgE levels compared to those with active disease but normal serum IgG4 concentrations (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). The correlation between IgG4+ plasmablast levels and the IgG4-RD RI of disease activity (Spearman's ρ = 0.45, P = 0.003) was stronger than the correlation between total plasmablast levels and the IgG4-RD RI. Seventy-six (61%) of the patients were male, but no significant differences according to sex were observed with regard to disease severity, organ involvement, or serum IgG4 concentrations. Treatment with glucocorticoids failed to produce sustained remission in 77% of patients. Conclusion Nearly 50% of this patient cohort with biopsy-proven, clinically active IgG4-RD had normal serum IgG4 concentrations. Elevations in the serum IgG4 concentration appeared to identify a subset of patients with a more severe disease phenotype. In addition, the levels of IgG4+ plasmablasts correlated well with the extent of disease activity.
Validation of AIRS version 6 temperature profiles and surface‐based inversions over Antarctica using Concordiasi dropsonde data

During the 2010 Concordiasi field experiment, 635 dropsondes were released from the lower stratosphere providing in situ atmospheric profiles from the release height (~60 hPa) to the surface over Antarctica. They provide a unique data set of high vertical resolution temperature profiles over the entire Antarctic continent and surrounding ocean. This study uses temperature profiles and derived surface-based inversion (SBI) properties from the sonde data set to evaluate Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) versions 5 (v5) and 6 (v6) temperature profiles. A total of 1486 matched pairs of profiles are available for analysis. The AIRS averaging kernel, representing the AIRS measurement sensitivity, is applied to the dropsonde profiles. The AIRS data are compared to kernel-averaged dropsonde profiles and found, on average, to have a small cold bias (~0.5°C) (for v6) in the troposphere. AIRS v6 is improved over v5 with both profile-averaged bias and root-mean-square errors reduced by over 25%. Compared to the kernel-averaged dropsonde profiles, AIRS v6 accurately detects the existence of SBIs in 79% of the profiles and agrees on the inversion depth 79% of the time. AIRS correctly identifies SBIs in 59% of cases when compared to the full-resolution sonde. AIRS systematically underestimates the SBI intensity. This is due to warmer reported AIRS surface air temperatures (Ta) than Ta measured with the dropsonde. Replacement of AIRS Ta with that measured by the dropsonde improves the agreement in both SBI detection and intensity. If AIRS Ta could be improved, AIRS has the potential to be a stand-alone SBI detection tool over Antarctica.
Quantification of six cannabinoids and metabolites in oral fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Δ(9) -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the most commonly analyzed cannabinoid in oral fluid (OF); however, its metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) offers the advantage of documenting active consumption, as it is not detected in cannabis smoke. Analytical challenges such as low (ng/L) THCCOOH OF concentrations hampered routine OF THCCOOH monitoring. Presence of minor cannabinoids like cannabidiol and cannabinol offer the advantage of identifying recent cannabis intake. Published OF cannabinoids methods have limitations, including few analytes and lengthy derivatization. We developed and validated a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for THC, its metabolites, 11-hydroxy-THC and THCCOOH quantification, and other natural cannabinoids including tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol (CBG) in 1 mL OF collected with the Quantisal device. After solid-phase extraction, chromatography was performed on a Selectra PFPP column with a 0.15% formic acid in water and acetonitrile gradient with a 0.5 mL/min flow rate. All analytes were monitored in positive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) with multiple reaction monitoring. Limits of quantification were 15 ng/L THCCOOH and 0.2 µg/L for all other analytes. Linear ranges extended to 3750 ng/L THCCOOH, 100 µg/L THC, and 50 µg/L for all other analytes. Inter-day analytical recoveries (bias) and imprecision at low, mid, and high quality control (QC) concentrations were 88.7-107.3% and 2.3-6.7%, respectively (n = 20). Mean extraction efficiencies and matrix effects evaluated at low and high QC were 75.9-86.1% and 8.4-99.4%, respectively. This method will be highly useful for workplace, criminal justice, drug treatment and driving under the influence of cannabis OF testing. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Language: en
Min-Max itemset trees for dense and categorical datasets

The itemset tree data structure is used in targeted association mining to find rules within a user's sphere of interest. In this paper, we propose two enhancements to the original unordered itemset trees. The first enhancement consists of sorting all nodes in lexical order based upon the itemsets they contain. In the second enhancement, called the Min-Max Itemset Tree, each node was augmented with minimum and maximum values that represent the range of itemsets contained in the children below. For demonstration purposes, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of the enhancements on the itemset tree querying process by performing experiments on sparse, dense, and categorical datasets.