cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Popliteal scoring assessment for vascular extremity injuries in trauma study.

Abstract Objective Traumatic popliteal vascular injuries are associated with the highest risk of limb loss of all peripheral vascular injuries. A method to evaluate the predictors of amputation is needed because previous scores could not be validated. In the present study, we aimed to provide a simplified scoring system (POPSAVEIT [popliteal scoring assessment for vascular extremity injuries in trauma]) that could be used preoperatively to risk stratify patients with traumatic popliteal vascular injuries for amputation. Methods A review of patients sustaining traumatic popliteal artery injuries was performed. Patients requiring amputation were compared with those with limb salvage at the last follow-up. Of these patients, 80% were randomly assigned to a training group for score generation and 20% to a testing group for validation. Significant predictors of amputation (P 0.65 was considered adequate for validation. Results A total of 355 patients were included, with an overall amputation rate of 16%. On multivariate regression analysis, the risk factors independently associated with amputation in the final model were as follows: systolic blood pressure Conclusions The POPSAVEIT score provides a simple and practical method to effectively stratify patients preoperatively into low- and high-risk major amputation categories.
Fundamental Equations and Sample Problems

The material presented in this lecture is adapted from Chapter 5 in T&M. First, we will motivate the need to calculate partial derivatives of thermodynamic properties. Second, we will discuss the internal energy and the entropy fundamental equations. Third, we will introduce the celebrated Theorem of Euler in the context of thermodynamics, including solving Sample Problems 13.1 and 13.2 to illustrate its use. We will also discuss a method that we refer to as “the Euler integration,” including demonstrating its usefulness. Fourth, we will discuss how to systematically transform from one set of independent thermodynamic variables to another, each associated with a different fundamental equation, in a manner that ensures that the original and the new fundamental equations possess the same thermodynamic information content. Fifth, we will solve Sample Problems 13.3 and 13.4 to illustrate how to carry out these variable transformations. Finally, we will derive the celebrated Gibbs-Duhem equation which relates the differential changes in temperature, pressure, and n chemical potentials and shows that these (n + 2) intensive variables are not independent. This conclusion is consistent with the Corollary to Postulate I that we will discuss in Lecture 14.
Predicting Driver Fatigue in Monotonous Automated Driving with Explanation using GPBoost and SHAP

Research indicates that monotonous automated driving increases the incidence of fatigued driving. Although many prediction models based on advanced machine learning techniques were proposed to moni...
Physiological-behavioral coupling research in the soviet science of higher nervous activity: A visitation report

Behavioral research paradigms presently used by Soviet scientists to explore relations between behavioral and physiological activities are discussed. Each laboratory represented was physically visited by the author during a six month exchange visit to the Soviet Union. Research ranging from central concommitants of language and meaning to biofeedback and peripheral autonomic functions are described.
Mode of action of DDT and allethrin on nerve: Cellular and molecular mechanisms

In spite of a wealth of knowledge accumulated concerning the biochemical aspects of the mode of action of insecticides, little is known about the mechanism whereby the function of the nervous system, which is the major site of action of most insecticides, is affected and impaired. The only system that has been studied rather extensively in connection with the neurotoxic action of insecticides is cholinesterase. Since the bioelectric signal is the only parameter observable during nerve excitation, and also since the excitation does not directly depend on the metabolism in nerve as will be described later, electrophysiological experiments are most rewarding to elucidate the mechanism of action of insecticides on the nervous tissue.
Role of a G Protein Homolog in Yeast Pheromone Response

The recent discovery of a G protein homolog involved in a yeast signal transduction system indicates that G proteins are conserved over a wide evolutionary distance (Dietzel and Kurjan, 1987; Nakafuku et al., 1987; Miyajima et al., 1987; Jahng et al., 1988). The extensive genetic characterization possible in yeast allows a type of approach to the study of G proteins not possible in vertebrate systems. Using such a genetic approach, we isolated theSCG1 gene, which encodes a homolog to the a subunits of G proteins. Genetic results have also provided evidence thatSCG1 is involved in pheromone response in yeast. Recently, putative homologs to the vertebrate s and γ subunits have also been identified (M. Whiteway, personal communication). In this paper, after presenting background information on pheromone response, I will describe the isolation and characterization ofSCG1 and will discuss our currently favored model of the mechanism of action ofSCG1 in the pheromone response pathway.
The glomerular physiology of lipoxin-A.

A number of renal diseases, such as acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, allograft rejection, and others are characterized by the presence inflammatory cellular infiltrates consisting, at various stages, of neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. In addition, these disease processes are often accompanied by impairment of glomerular perfusion, filtration, and permselectivity functions. Despite much controversy as to the mediator systems involved in the initiation and perpetuation of these glomerular functional abnormalities, consensus has emerged as to the central role of leukocyte-derived biologically active cytokines1. In this regard, lipid-derived mediators, including platelet activating factor and the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase (LO) products of arachidonate metabolism have received particular attention. An understanding of the role played by these locally released compounds in the pathophysiology of glomerular injury can only result from a close integration of the best available bioanalytic and physiologic technologies, and the application of both approaches to experimental disease models, in conjunction with selective antagonism of specific mediators through receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitors. Using glomerular micropuncture techniques, we have identified the responses of the glomerular microcirculation to peptidyl leukotrienes2,3 and, utilizing selective antagonists, proposed a role for these compounds in mediating the reductions in renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration, as well as the induction of proteinuria, in endotoxin- and anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced glomerular injury4,5. In more recent studies6, we have examined the effects of exogenously administered lipoxin A (LX-A) on the glomerular microcirculation in the rat. Our results indicate that, in sharp contrast to sulfidopeptide LTs, the predominant action of LX-A is to increase renal perfusion. This response appears to be evoked by selective reduction in preglomerular resistance with a consequent augmentation of single nephron and whole kidney glomerular filtration rate.
Band Offsets in Semiconductor Heterojunctions

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of several theoretical approaches and experimental measurement techniques for determining band offset values and discuss the experimental and theoretical data reported for a number of specific heterojunction systems. It also evaluates the credibility and accuracy of the experimental measurements and provides a tabulation of reliable band offset values for as many heterojunctions as possible. Among the most important physical parameters for a given heterojunction system are the conduction- and valence-band offsets; indeed, the quality and even the feasibility of heterojunction device concepts often depend crucially on the values of these band offsets. The band offset is defined simply as the discontinuity in the band edge at the interface between two semiconductors. A number of current theories seem to yield band offset values in reasonable agreement with experiment, even though the physical ideas underlying these theories can be quite different. These ideas include electron affinities, Schottky barrier heights, bulk band structures on the same energy scale, and the definition of effective midgap energies corresponding to charge neutrality for each bulk constituent.
Commodity Grid Kits - Middleware for Building Grid Computing Environments

Recent Grid projects, such as the Globus Project, provide a set of useful services such as authentication and remote access to resources, and information services to discover and query such remote resources. Unfortunately, these services may not be compatible with the commodity technologies used for application development by the software engineers and scientists. Instead, users may prefer accessing the Grid from a higher level of abstraction than what such toolkits provide. To bridge this gap, Commodity Grid (CoG) Kits provide the middleware for accessing the functionality of the Grid from a variety of commodity technologies, frameworks, and languages. It is important to recognize that these Commodity Grid Kits not only provide an interface to existing Grid technologies, but also bring Grid programming to a new level by leveraging the methodologies of the chosen commodity technology, thus helping the development of the next generation of Grid services. Based on these Commodity Grid Toolkits, a variety of higher level Grid services are far easier to design, maintain, and deploy. Several projects have successfully demonstrated the use of Commodity Grid Kits for the design of advanced Grid Services and Grid Computing Environments.
« L’Einsamkeit comme Grundbegriff. D’une idée fragmentée chez Heidegger »

Tenue par Heidegger pour un concept fondamental de la metaphysique et pourtant tue le plus souvent dans ses travaux publics, la solitude intrigue. Arpentant son chemin de pensee moins en historien de la philosophie qu’en geographe, nous suivrons donc dans son œuvre le chemin de traverse que nous semble constituer ce motif. De la necessaire solitude du penseur a la salutaire solitude de l’homme en passant par la solitude sociale du Dasein , pourra ainsi etre recomposee une conception exigeante de la solitude ( Einsamkeit ) qui la distingue et de l’isolement ( Vereinsamung ), et de l’etre-seul ( Alleinsein ), pour la faire designer finalement un certain esseulement ( Vereinzelung ), permettant a l’etant que nous sommes de s’approcher au plus pres de son etre, comme de l’etre lui-meme.
Managing higher education

An effective system of management and financial control of higher education in the public sector is essential if the polytechnics and other colleges are to play a full part in future developments over the next decade. Whatever the outcome of the present discussions about that decade, higher education in the public sector had an important continuing role. The main reasons for the review are that under the present system there is no effective mechanism for central planning in the maintained sector, and financial responsibilities are not clearly defined. There are three particular criticisms of the present system.
An optimized hybrid vector quantization for efficient source encoding

Motivated by the efficiency of the well-known zero-tree scalar coding of wavelet transformed images, several attempts have been made recently to adopt similar methodologies in Vector Quantization (VQ). This latter approach, however, fails to retain fine details with a reasonable codebook size. We present a novel hybrid multiscale VQ (HMVQ) coder to preserve image details by creating a universal codebook of modest size with a combination of VQ and residual scalar coding of selective wavelet coefficients. Such codebooks employ an efficient clustering technique to ensure minimal rate distortion even at very low bit rates and could be used for a compact and cost-effective system design when used in an energy optimized wavelet sub band domain.
Foreign trade zones in the United States: A study with special emphasis on the proposal for trade agreement parity

Purpose – In 2008, a bill was introduced in the 110th Congress (HR6415) to address the “unintended consequences” of US free trade agreements (US FTA) on manufacturers operating in US foreign trade zones (FTZs). Presently, US manufacturers operating in FTZs that use imported components pay a tariff (on finished goods entering the US market), which is not paid by their competitors in countries that have free trade agreements (FTAs) with the USA. The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of a legislative proposal to address this issue (the bill is still under consideration and not yet been passed by Congress) for domestic firms and the overall economy.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is largely based on the analysis of the legislative proposal (HR6415), and US trade data obtained from the United Nations.Findings – The paper shows that the trade agreement parity (TAP) proposal may have the undesirable effect of encouraging local firms (in US FTZs) to use foreign components and increasing...
Examination of amber and related materials by NMR spectroscopy.

Examination of the solid-state 13C and solution 1H NMR spectra of fossilized resins (ambers) has generated five groupings of materials based on spectral characteristics. The worldwide Group A is associated with the botanical family of the Araucariaceae. The worldwide Group B is associated with the Dipterocarpaceae. Baltic amber or succinite (Group C) is related to Group A but with a disputed conifer source. Amber from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa is associated with the Fabaceae, the genus Hymenaea in particular. The minor Group E contains the rare fossil polystyrene. The spectra of jet indicate that it is a coal-like material with a rank between lignite and sub-bituminous coal. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attacked from All Sides: Are the FCC's Net Neutrality Rules Too Loose, Too Tight, or Just Right?

Net neutrality is a particularly politicized aspect of American internet policy. In December 2010, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) narrowly managed to pass a set of regulations allowing the agency to regulate Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Barely one month later, the regulations were, ironically, challenged both by ISPs and by left-leaning Internet policy groups (most notably Free Press). While Verizon argues that the FCC lacks authority to even regulate wired providers, Free Press argues that the FCC should be required to implement the rules more broadly and forcefully on both wired and wireless providers. Though the public eye will likely focus on the larger Verizon challenge, Free Press's critique from the opposite end of the spectrum is telling. Taken together, the two diametrically opposed challenges to the same set of rules speak to the polarizing context of net neutrality regulations. The same set of rules is under attack for being too strong and not strong enough. After examining the background and the policy background and the rules themselves, this article will ultimately propose that both suits be dismissed. The FCC and the telecom industry both need some time to grow accustomed to these frankly middle-of-the-road regulations.
Transcriptional profile of glucose-shocked and acid-adapted strains of Streptococcus mutans.

Summary The aciduricity of Streptococcus mutans is an important virulence factor of the organism, required to both out-compete commensal oral microorganisms and cause dental caries. In this study, we monitored transcriptional changes that occurred as a continuous culture of either an acid-tolerant strain (UA159) or an acid-sensitive strain (fabM::Erm) moved from steady-state growth at neutral pH, experienced glucose-shock and acidification of the culture, and transitioned to steady-state growth at low pH. Hence, the timing of elements of the acid tolerance response (ATR) could be observed and categorized as acute vs. adaptive ATR mechanisms. Modulation of branched chain amino acid biosynthesis, DNA/protein repair mechanisms, reactive oxygen species metabolizers and phosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferase systems occurred in the initial acute phase, immediately following glucose-shock, while upregulation of F1F0-ATPase did not occur until the adaptive phase, after steady-state growth had been re-established. In addition to the archetypal ATR pathways mentioned above, glucose-shock led to differential expression of genes suggesting a re-routing of resources away from the synthesis of fatty acids and proteins, and towards synthesis of purines, pyrimidines and amino acids. These adjustments were largely transient, as upon establishment of steady-state growth at acidic pH, transcripts returned to basal expression levels. During growth at steady-state pH 7, fabM::Erm had a transcriptional profile analogous to that of UA159 during glucose-shock, indicating that even during growth in rich media at neutral pH, the cells were stressed. These results, coupled with a recently established collection of deletion strains, provide a starting point for elucidation of the acid tolerance response in S. mutans.
Alkyne Metathesis Polymerization (ADIMET) and Macrocyclization (ADIMAC)

The sections in this article are Introduction Catalyst Development Poly(Phenylene Ethynylene)s via ADIMET ADIMAC-Acyclic Diyne Metathesis Macrocyclization Conclusions Keywords: alkyne; metathesis; macrocycles; shape-persistence; dynamic; covalent
Activities: States or Events?

The general concepts of event and state are important to human beings as they manage in the world: they are helpful in recognizing dangerous and benign motion, situations that may result in changes of interest, etc. In the sentences of natural language these concepts are conveyed by four semantic categories proposed in Vendler (1957), known as Accomplishments, Achievements, States, and Activities. It is clear how three of these categories are related to the general concepts: the first two are events, the third are states. The status of the Activity category is less clear. Activities have something in common with each concept. I will argue here that Activities form a natural class with events, however. The argument is based on the behavior of sentences associated with the Activity concept in narrative and other sequential contexts. The keys to the argument are the property of dynamism and the contribution of the perfective viewpoint.
Copper biochemistry and molecular biology

In this review, our basic and most recent understanding of copper biochemistry and molecular biology for mammals (including humans) is described. Information is provided on the nutritional biochemistry of copper, including food sources, intestinal absorption, transport, tissue distribution, and excretion, along with descriptions of copper binding proteins and other factors involved and their roles in these processes. The metabolism of copper and its importance for the functions of a roster of vital enzymes is detailed. Its potential toxicology is also addressed. Alterations in copper metabolism associated with genetic and nongenetic diseases are summarized, including potential connections to inflammation, cancer, atherosclerosis, and anemia, and the effects of genetic copper deficiency (Menkes syndrome) and copper overload (Wilson disease). Understanding these diseases suggests new ways of viewing the normal functions of copper and provides new insights into the details of copper transport and distribution in mammals.
Mice deficient for BMP2 are nonviable and have defects in amnion/chorion and cardiac development

To address the function of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) in mammalian development, mice with a targeted deletion of the Bmp2 mature region were generated using embryonic stem cell technology. This mutation caused embryonic lethality when homozygous. Mutant embryos failed to close the proamniotic canal, which caused the malformation of the amnion/chorion. BMP2-deficient embryos also exhibited a defect in cardiac development, manifested by the abnormal development of the heart in the exocoelomic cavity. These defects are consistent with the expression of Bmp2 in the extraembryonic mesoderm cells and promyocardium. Thus BMP2 is a critical factor for both extraembryonic and embryonic development.
MAP2K1 (MEK1) Mutations Define a Distinct Subset of Lung Adenocarcinoma Associated with Smoking

Purpose: Genetic alterations affecting the MAPK/ERK pathway are common in lung adenocarcinoma (LAD). Early steps of the signaling pathway are most often affected with EGFR, KRAS , and BRAF mutations encompassing more than 70% of all alterations. Somatic mutations in MEK1 , located downstream of BRAF , are rare and remain poorly defined as a distinct molecular subset. Experimental Design: Tumors harboring MEK1 mutations were identified through targeted screening of a large LAD cohort concurrently interrogated for recurrent mutations in MEK1 , EGFR , KRAS , BRAF , ERBB2/HER2 , NRAS , PIK3CA , and AKT . Additional cases were identified through a search of publically available cancer genomic datasets. Mutations were correlated with patient characteristics and treatment outcomes. Overall survival was compared with stage-matched patients with KRAS - and EGFR -mutant LADs. Results: We identified 36 MEK1 -mutated cases among 6,024 LAD (0.6%; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–0.85). The majority of patients were smokers (97%, n = 35/36). There was no association with age, sex, race, or stage. The most common mutations were K57N (64%, 23/36) followed by Q56P (19%, 7/36), all mutually exclusive with other driver mutations in the targeted panel. Transversions G:C>T:A were predominant (89%, 31/35), in keeping with smoking-associated DNA damage. Additional less common somatic mutations were identified in the kinase domain, all of which are predicted to converge into a single interaction area based on in silico 3D modeling. Conclusion: MEK1 mutations define a distinct subset of lung cancers (∼1%) with potential sensitivity to MEK inhibitors. Mutations are predominantly transversions, in keeping with a strong association with smoking. Clin Cancer Res; 1–9. ©2014 AACR.
The effects of iron reduction and nonsteady-state diagenesis on iodine, ammonium, and boron distributions in sediments from the Amazon continental shelf

The sediments off the mouth of the Amazon River are unique in terms of modern depositional environments because Fe reduction dominates redox properties for several meters into the seabed. This unique character offers the opportunity to investigate the effects of Fe reduction on reactive solutes like iodine and boron. Also, direct measurements of solute distributions and reaction rates, reported in this paper for iodine and NH4+, constrain the timing of major physical disturbances, which are partly responsible for poising the sediments in the Fe reduction stage. Major enrichments of dissolved iodine and boron occur in 1–3 m cores from the region, in the absence of high organic matter decomposition rates. Coherent relationships between boron and iodine, high dissolved I/N and I/Br production ratios, and the lack of a strong correlation of iodine production with dissolved NH4+ all indicate that Fe reduction exerts the major control on iodine and boron distributions. Nonsteady-state models of dissolved iodine and NH4+ and solid-phase iodine distributions in long cores, using measured surface (0–20 cm) reaction rates, indicate that the surface mixed layer (as defined by210Pb; which includes the upper 1.5 m of sediment in some areas) was formed within 50–250 days prior to our sampling (May–June 1983; high Amazon River flow). These data imply that physical sediment reworking on the Amazon shelf has a strong seasonal character, with greatest disturbances occurring during rising river flow. The full implications of these reworking events, for the persistence of the unique authigenic mineral assemblages found in the sediments and for the shelf sediment budget, will require future seasonal studies.
Talk Dirty/Get Arrested: Policing Social Class Discourse in Education Cultural Studies

This article is a search for the promises of public education and the place where they are broken by progressive critics feeding at the academic and professional trough. It is an indictment of the exploitation of proliferating education academic simulations of working-class solidarity, borrowing the image of emancipation while feeding off the social capital of postmodernist sign value. The author conducts this exploration as a fellow edu-racketeer, too often guilty himself of this phony lifestyle radicalism. The author uses a comic bit and surrealist techniques to pry open the lid of these researches. In homage to Lenny Bruce, the author charts the course of censorship and academic exclusion from the American Educational Studies Association, where a few radicals who write about transgression threw the author out of the conference and the conversation, because he actually, not virtually, transgressed.
The influence of socialisation agents on the fan loyalty of Korean teens

Developing a loyal and devoted base of fans is a primary goal of professional sport organisations. To assist in developing a fan base, sport organisations need to determine which socialisation agent is the most influential for their fans. Therefore, through the use of a consumer socialisation perspective this study investigated the factors that influence the fan loyalty of Korean teens. Of the 525 participants in this study, 78.6% (n = 383) of them were found as loyal fans. This study found that television exerted the greatest influence. Results of ANOVA revealed that the influence of the socialisation agents differed according to certain demographic backgrounds (i.e., gender, age) of the teenagers. The marketers of sport organisations may utilise the findings of this study to develop more effective strategies to build fan loyalty from teenagers in Korea.
Macromolecular photoaffinity labeling with radioactive photoactivable heterobifunctional reagents

Abstract Three new photoactivable heterobifunetional reagents which can be radioidinated have been synthesized. One of the radioactive reagents, the N -hydroxysuccinimide ester of 4-azidosalicylic acid was coupled to concanavalin A and the lectin derivative was used for the photoaffinity labeling of the lectin receptor on the erythrocyte ghost membrane.
Affirmative Action and Business Deregulation: On the Reagan Administration's Failure to Revise Executive Order No. 11246

This case study of the enforcement of executive orders shows one of the complexities of presidential administrative leadership. Executive Order No. 11246, designed to implement equal employment opportunity in federal contracts, is the focal point for the study. Ronald W. Reagan wished to make sure that the impact of the executive order was not to impose numerical goals, quotas, or timetables on employers. However, even within his own administration, Secretary of Labor William Brock opposed Reagan's lessening of employment standards. More interestingly, perhaps, the larger contractors also opposed changing the order, thinking that uncertainty and reduced standards might affect them negatively. The study shows that even within the administrative presidency there are limits to presidential influence, as the wishes of the labor secretary and large government contractors prevailed.
Blk haploinsufficiency impairs the development, but enhances the functional responses, of MZ B cells

Blk was identified two decades ago as a B-cell-specific member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. Recent studies, however, have discovered that Blk is expressed in many cell types outside of the B lineage, including early thymic precursors, interleukin-17-producing γδ T cells and pancreatic β-cells. In light of these recent discoveries, we performed a more comprehensive analysis of Blk expression patterns in hematopoietic cells and found that Blk is differentially expressed in mature B-cell subsets, with marginal zone (MZ) B cells expressing high levels, B1 B cells expressing intermediate-to-high levels and follicular (FO) B cells expressing low levels of Blk. To determine whether these differences in Blk expression levels reflected differential requirements for Blk in MZ, B1 and FO B-cell development, we analyzed the effects of reducing and eliminating Blk expression on B-cell development. We report that both Blk haploinsufficiency and Blk deficiency impaired the generation of MZ B cells. Moreover, although there were fewer MZ B cells in Blk(+/-) and Blk(-/-) mice as compared with Blk(+/+) mice, Blk-mutant MZ B cells were hyper-responsive to B-cell receptor stimulation, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this study has revealed a previously unappreciated role for Blk in the development and activation of MZ B cells.
Location and communication routing optimization of trust nodes in smart grid network infrastructure

The imposed communication network brings more vulnerabilities to the evolving smart grid. Therefore, defensive techniques such as intrusion detection will need to be deployed and used in this already complicated system. Deployment and runtime cost due to the defensive systems will affect the normal function of smart grid system without careful planning and design. This paper is an effort to address this issue. In particular, we apply the set packing algorithm to optimize (minimize) the placement of the trust nodes of the defensive system in the multiple layer architecture of the smart grid. After the trust nodes are placed, a Dijkstra's based optimal routing algorithm is used to find the least cost routing between the communications of the nodes. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach is promising in decreasing the overall cost while keeping the security of the smart grid system.
Sinonasal Lobular Capillary Hemangioma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 34 Cases Characterizing Potential for Local Recurrence

Lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) is a specific entity among vascular lesions of the head and neck that may be diagnosed loosely as “pyogenic granuloma”. In contrast to granulation polyps and other reactive conditions, LCH is now regarded as likely a benign vascular neoplasm. Recent series assert lack of postoperative recurrence of LCH. We have observed otherwise, and to clarify this issue performed a systematic review of our institutional experience with LCH, tabulating clinicopathologic, histologic, and follow-up parameters of nasal or sinus lesions diagnosed as LCH or PG between 1989 and 2009. Lesions meeting strict criteria for LCH were included, and statistical analyses were performed using t tests, χ2 tests, and Kaplan–Meier analysis. Of cases identified, 38 of 46 (86 %) met criteria for LCH. Presenting symptoms included epistaxis (75 %), obstruction (36 %), and pain (3 %), with no sex predilection (17/17; M/F), and a median age of 39 years. Pregnancy was associated with 5/34 (15 %) cases, while antecedent trauma was reported in 4/34 (12 %). Histologically, ulceration was frequent (68 %) and mitotic activity highly variable (0–38 mitoses/10 HPF). Of cases with follow-up (31/34), we observed 13 local recurrences (42 %), including unbiopsied clinical recurrence (6/31, 19.4 %) and biopsy-documented recurrence (7/31, 22.6 %). Subjects with recurrence were significantly older (P = 0.04). Demographic, clinical, and histopathologic features were similar to prior studies; in contrast to recent series, recurrence in this cohort was frequent and comparable to that originally reported. Awareness of this may aid in avoiding misdiagnosis of these lesions as more aggressive entities such as angiofibroma and angiosarcoma.
Chemical variation in a new bromochamigrene derivative from the red seaweed Laurencia pacifica

Abstract The secondary metabolite chemistry of the red seaweed Laurencia pacifica Kylin varies geographically. The La Jolla, Calif. population (type locality) contains the sesquiterpene prepacifenol, while L. pacifica collected south of Ensenada, Mexico contains a new bromochamigrene derivative, the structure of which is described herein. Since chamigrene synthesis in Laurencia species has been demonstrated to be reasonably species-specific, L. pacifica may be a mixture of morphologically similar forms.
Cytokine responses differ by compartment and wasting status in patients with HIV infection and healthy controls.

Inflammatory cytokines are implicated in the loss of lean tissue that occurs in patients with inflammatory and infectious diseases, including HIV infection. However, it is not known whether plasma levels or cellular production of cytokines, or their antagonists, are more closely related to lean tissue loss. We studied whether plasma cytokine analysis could substitute for PBMC production assays in studies of nutrition status and disease state, and if cytokine antagonists could offer an alternative in assessing cytokine status. We used a bout of moderately difficult exercise to perturb cytokine production in 12 adults with HIV without wasting, 10 adults with HIV wasting, and nine healthy controls. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) production of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and soluble TNF receptor type II (sTNFrII) were measured at baseline and 2, 6, 24 and 168 h following exercise. PBMC production of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were all higher in the HIV-infected patients without wasting than in the controls (P<0.05) or the patients with AIDS wasting (P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were higher in the HIV wasted patients than in the controls (P<0.05). Both plasma and PBMC levels of sTNFrII were higher in HIV patients, regardless of wasting, than in controls. These data suggest that the PBMC cytokine compartment is more sensitive to nutritional and metabolic abnormalities than is the plasma compartment. PBMC production of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α best distinguish between HIV patients with and without wasting, while plasma concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α are elevated in AIDS wasting, but do not reliably distinguish patients with wasting from HIV-infected patients without wasting.
Adolescent binge ethanol treatment alters adult brain regional volumes, cortical extracellular matrix protein and behavioral flexibility

Adolescents binge drink more than any other age group, increasing risk of disrupting the development of the frontal cortex. We hypothesized that adolescent binge drinking would lead to persistent alterations in adulthood. In this study, we modeled adolescent weekend underage binge-drinking, using adolescent mice (post-natal days [P] 28-37). The adolescent intermittent binge ethanol (AIE) treatment includes 6 binge intragastric doses of ethanol in an intermittent pattern across adolescence. Assessments were conducted in adulthood following extended abstinence to determine if there were persistent changes in adults. Reversal learning, open field and other behavioral assessments as well as brain structure using magnetic imaging and immunohistochemistry were determined. We found that AIE did not impact adult Barnes Maze learning. However, AIE did cause reversal learning deficits in adults. AIE also caused structural changes in the adult brain. AIE was associated with adulthood volume enlargements in specific brain regions without changes in total brain volume. Enlarged regions included the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC, 4%), cerebellum (4.5%), thalamus (2%), internal capsule (10%) and genu of the corpus callosum (7%). The enlarged OFC volume in adults after AIE is consistent with previous imaging studies in human adolescents. AIE treatment was associated with significant increases in the expression of several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the adult OFC including WFA (55%), Brevican (32%), Neurocan (105%), Tenacin-C (25%), and HABP (5%). These findings are consistent with AIE causing persistent changes in brain structure that could contribute to a lack of behavioral flexibility.
4-[18F]-Tetraphenylphosphonium as a PET Tracer for Myocardial Mitochondrial Membrane Potential

Objectives This study tested the hypothesis that 4-[18F]fluorophenyltriphenylphosphonium (18F-TPP) is useful for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Its utility as a blood flow tracer also was evaluated. Background Tetraphenylphosphonium is useful for in vitro measurement of ΔΨm. In vivo measurement of ΔΨm has potential value in the assessment of heart failure pathophysiology and therapy as well as assessment of myocardial viability and so may be a very useful clinical tool. Methods Anesthetized swine (N = 6) with a balloon catheter in the left anterior descending coronary artery were studied. Microsphere measurements of myocardial blood flow (MBF) were made after balloon inflation (baseline) and ∼10 min after intravenous administration of adenosine and phenylephrine after which ∼10 mCi 18F-TPP was injected intravenously and dynamic PET data acquisition obtained for 30 min. After the swine were killed, the hearts were sectioned for microsphere measurement of MBF and 18F-TPP measured by well counter in these same samples. PET images provided whole blood and myocardial 18F-TPP concentration for determination of ΔΨm by the Nernst equation, corrected for nonspecific 18F-TPP binding. Microsphere MBF, absolute (ml/min/g) and relative, was compared with PET data (standard uptake value and K1). Results Nonspecific binding of 18F-TPP overestimated ΔΨm measured by −37 ± 4 mV (mean ± SD). Normal zone ΔΨm of ex vivo samples (−91 ± 11 mV; N = 52; sample weight, 1.07 ± 0.18 g) correlated strongly (R2= 0.93) with normal zone by PET (−81 ± 13 mV). Both ex vivo and PET normal zone ΔΨm, although somewhat lower, compared well with that reported for tritium labeled triphenylphosphonium in normal working Langendorff rat heart (−100 mV). Although the relative MBF by 18F-TPP correlated strongly with relative microsphere MBF (R2= 0.83), there was no correlation between absolute MBF by 18F-TPP and microsphere MBF. Conclusions 18F-TPP is a promising tracer for noninvasive PET measurement of ΔΨm in living subjects. It is useful as well for assessment of relative but not absolute MBF.
Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of glycoconjugates 1. Enzymatic galactosylation of conduritol B

Abstract (−) Conduritol B in a racemic mixture was galactosylated enantioselectively at the allylic site by a β1,4-galactosyltransferase catalyzed reaction. Enantioselectivity of the reaction supports a binding model of the galactosyltransferase for modified acceptor substrates.
Limit distribution of ascent, descent or excedance length sums of permutations

Let An(σ) denote the sum of the lengths of ascents of a permutation σ of {1, ..., n} chosen uniformly at random. We find the exact expectation and variance and prove a central limit theorem for the An. Identical results hold for the sum of the lengths of descents or of excedances of a permutation of {1,..., n} chosen uniformly at random.
ABC of burns: Psychosocial aspects of burn injuries

With the increased survival of patients with large burns comes a new focus on the psychological challenges and recovery that such patients must face. Most burn centres employ social workers, vocational counsellors, and psychologists as part of the multidisciplinary burn team. Physiological recovery of burn patients is seen as a continual process divided into three stages—resuscitative or critical, acute, and long term rehabilitation. The psychological needs of burn patients differ at each stage. The psychological characteristics of this stage include stressors of the intensive care environment, uncertainty about outcome, and a struggle for survival. The intensive care environment can be both overstimulating and understimulating with the monotony of lying in a hospital bed for weeks. ![][1] With the increased survival of patients with large burns, there is increased focus on the psychological challenges and recovery that such patients must face Cognitive changes such as extreme drowsiness, confusion, and disorientation are common during this phase. More severe cognitive changes such as delirium and brief psychotic reactions also occur, usually as a result of infections, alcohol withdrawal, metabolic complications, or high doses of drugs. Patients may also be intubated, which greatly limits direct communication. ### Treatment In depth psychological intervention is of minimal value at this phase, since physical survival is the primary goal. Patients should be encouraged to cope with the frighteningly unusual circumstances of the intensive care unit through whatever defences are available to them, even primitive strategies such as denial and repression. Supportive psychological interventions should focus on immediate concerns, such as sleep, pain control, and protecting patients' coping strategies. Non-pharmacological approaches to pain control, such as hypnosis and relaxation, can be effective. View this table: Psychological characteristics of critical stage of recovery from a burn Medical staff can also effectively intervene during this early stage of recovery by working with a patient's family members. … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
The Center of Accessibility: Dβ Control of V(D)J Recombination

Developmental patterning of antigen receptor gene assembly in lymphocyte precursors correlates with decondensation of the chromatin surrounding individual gene segments. Ongoing V(D)J recombination is associated with hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4 and the expression of sterile germline transcripts across the region of recombinational accessibility. Likewise, histone acetyltransferase and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes each appear to be required for recombination, and the PHD-finger of RAG-2 preferentially associates with recombination signal sequence (RSS) chromatin that contains H3 trimethylated on lysine 4. However, the regulatory mechanisms that direct chromatin alteration and rearrangement have proven elusive, due in large part to the interdependency of individual stages in gene activation, our limited understanding of functional significance of changes to the histone code, and the difficulty of modeling recombinational accessibility in existing experimental systems. Examining Tcrb assembly in developing thymocytes, we review the central roles of RSS elements and germline promoters as foci for epigenetic reorganization of recombinationally accessible gene segments in light of recent findings and persistent questions.
Rapid slurry analysis of solid coal and fly ash samples

Abstract Coal and coal fly ash samples were analyzed as solid slurries. These preliminary experiments used fast sampling STPF procedures which omitted the pyrolysis step and the matrix modifier. The experiments also used an ultrasonic mixing device that automatically stirred the suspension just before the autosampler probe withdrew the aliquot which it would dispense onto the platform. The combination of these techniques made it possible to reduce the analytical time to less than 1 min per sample. Simple aqueous standards were used for calibration. The NIST SRM 1633a Coal Fly Ash was successfully analyzed for As, Pb and Tl, with results for Se in this material that suggested that more work was required to gain confidence in the determination. The SRM 1632a Coal was successfully analyzed for As and Pb. The methods were the same for both materials. A few mg of the dry solid powder was weighed directly into the autosampler cup followed by a weighed amount (about 1.5 ml) of suspending diluent The characteristic mass was calculated from several aliquots of simple aqueous standards and this value was used to calculate the amount of analyte delivered to the furnace. In the work reported here the detection limits for the elements determined were about 0.5–1 μg g in the solid sample. With further experience these limits may be improved. The precision for replicates of slurries from the same cup varied from 2 to 10% depending upon the amount of solid sample delivered to the furnace.
Effects of the Anesthetic Dibucaine on the 31P NMR Spectra of Maize Root Tissue

We present the first in vivo 31P NMR study describing the effect of the anesthetic dibucaine on the levels of phosphorus-containing metabolites (G-6-P, Pi, NTP, NADP, and UDPG) in maize root tissue which was maintained in an aerobic state through modern perfusion techniques. The effects of dibucaine are demonstrated as a function of Ca2+ concentration at several pH values. Our results indicate that dibucaine alters the 31P spectra and the membrane-lipid composition of the roots upon introduction into the perfusate medium. Ca2+ inhibits the effects of the dibucaine as monitored by suppression of the 31P spectral changes induced by the anesthetic alone. Desaturase enzymatic inhibition has also been shown to occur in the presence of the anesthetic (in the absence of Ca2+), resulting in increased relative saturation of the fatty acids comprising the root tissue, with a marked decrease in linoleate (18:2) balanced by proportional increases in the more saturated fatty acid species. These compositional changes have been evaluated with respect to the real-time metabolic results as observed throughout the 31P NMR spectral studies.
An experiment in enhancing catalog records at Carnegie Mellon University

Historically, libraries have always included special features in their catalogs to meet local needs. This trend has changed over the years as cataloging standards have been developed and accepted. The sheer volume of materials and the rising costs of operations have also curtailed the customizing of local records. However, the desirability of enhancing local records has been readdressed at Carnegie Mellon University. It has undertaken an experimental project to enhance catalog records for new books that meet defined criteria: for example, the books contain “citable” references in the table of contents; chapter titles, while not separately citable, do contain additional useful information; and exhibition catalogs cover 25 or fewer artists. The criteria for and process of enhancing records are discussed, and sample screen displays are illustrated.
1.6.5 The Case for Flexibility in System Design

In this paper, we make the case for flexibility in system design. Flexibility is here defined as the ability of a system to respond to changes in its initial objectives and requirements, occurring after the system has been fielded, in a timely and cost-effective manner. We argue that flexibility reduces a design's exposure to uncertainty, and provides a solution for mitigating market risk as well as risk associated with technology obsolescence. In order to illustrate the dynamics of system requirements, we first review the requirement generation activity. In addition, we demonstrate the criticality of technology obsolescence in the particular case of its impact on DoD related systems.
The responses of lake waters to organic matter additions

The increase of inorganic nitrogen subsequent to the addition of organic matter was investigated in replicate lake-water aliquots. Two experiments used freshly killed bacteria as the organic addition. In both, inorganic nitrogen in the water column increased only after a lag period following the organic addition, and only if the amount of organic matter added exceeded a threshold value. Two other experiments used freshly killed algae as the organic addition; in these, neither the lag period nor the threshold value were seen. A qualitative explanation for these observations is offered.