cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of endotoxin on the alveolocapillary permeability coefficient in the dog.

The present experiments, in contrast to the conclusions of Harrison et al. [3] indicate that endotoxin in LD90 dose causes direct damage to the canine alveolocapillary membrane with an increase of permeability. The effect is readily apparent in both plasma-perfused hypoxic lungs and whole-blood-perfused oxygenated lungs. For plasma-perfused oxygenated lungs a greater dose of endotoxin is required to observe this effect.
Three new species of podocopid ostracoda from hydrothermal vent fields at 9°50′N on the East Pacific Rise

Three new species of Podocopid Ostracoda (Families Cytheruridae and Pontocyprididae) are described from washings of Riftia pachytila tubes and associated sediment at the Tica and Riftia hydrothermal vent fields at 9 o 50′N on the East Pacific Rise: Xylocythere vanharteni n. sp., Thomontocypris brightae n. sp., and Thomontocypris gollnerae n. sp.
Problematic Student in the Experiential Group: Professional and Ethical Challenges for Counselor Educators

This article updates and adds to the literature about problematic counselors-in-training, specifically centered on the requisite experiential group component in the Association for Specialists in Group Work Professional Training Standards (2000) and CACREP (2009) curriculum. The authors review the literature regarding problematic behavior, present case studies as examples of possible group-work-related situations faced by counselor educators, and end by offering recommendations for practice. Implications for the field are offered.
Thyroid Cytology: Challenges in the Pursuit of Low-Grade Malignancies

Detection of thyroid cancer is challenging for several reasons. Although thyroid nodules are common, most are benign. Furthermore, most thyroid cancers are low grade and share pathologic features with benign nodules. Because of these overlapping characteristics and the challenges in performing fine needle aspiration, many cytology cases result in an indeterminate or unsatisfactory diagnosis. This article describes the pathologic features of thyroid nodules, the challenges in obtaining a diagnostic specimen, and the reporting of thyroid lesions using the Bethesda classification system for thyroid cytopathology. The role of molecular and other ancillary studies in refining diagnostic practice is also examined.
Multiplicity, Gas Analog, Phase Transition, and the Dual Resonance Model

The multiplicity distribution ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{N}(s)$ for the Koba-Nielsen form of the dual-resonance model is computed in the limit of large $N$ and $s$. It is noticed after simplifying approximations that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{N}(s)$ has the form of the absolute square ${|{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{N}|}^{2}$ of the statistical-mechanics partition function of $N$ unit charges free to move on an infinitely thin circular wire. This partition function of a Coulomb gas has been evaluated by Dyson, and gives a closed-form estimate of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{N}(s)$. Using this estimate, the properties of the multiplicity distribution are obtained. In the language of statistical mechanics, a first-order phase transition is found in the limit of infinitely narrow resonance widths. If the resonances are given finite widths, a second-order phase transition or critical point can occur. In the language of high-energy physics, these possibilities correspond to the second moment ${f}_{2}=〈N(N\ensuremath{-}1)〉\ensuremath{-}{〈N〉}^{2}$ increasing like ${(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{2}$ or like ${(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{1+\ensuremath{\nu}}$, $0l\ensuremath{\nu}l1$, respectively; the multiperipheral model predicts ${f}_{2}\ensuremath{\sim}\mathrm{ln}s$, while two-component models predict ${f}_{2}\ensuremath{\sim}{(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{2}$.
Optimal sequencing in the presence of setup times for tow/barge traffic through a river lock

Abstract Queues of tow/barges form when a river lock is rendered inoperable due to lock malfunction, a tow/barge accident or adverse lock operating conditions. In this paper, we develop model formulations that allow the queue to be cleared using a number of differing objectives. Of particular interest is the presence of different setup times between successive passages of tow/barges through the lock. Dependent on the objective chosen, we are able to show that certain ordering protocols may be used to markedly reduce the sequencing search space for N tow/barges from the order of N ! to 2 N . We present accompanying linear and nonlinear integer programming formulations and carry out computational experiments on a representative set of problems.
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Enhances Energy Expenditure and Extends Lifespan in Diet-induced Obese Rats

Gastrointestinal weight-loss surgery (GIWLS) is currently the most effective treatment for severe obesity, with Roux en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) among the best of the available surgical options. Despite its widespread clinical use, the mechanisms by which RYGB induces its profound weight loss remain largely unknown. This procedure effects weight loss by altering the physiology of weight regulation and eating behavior rather than by simple mechanical restriction and/or malabsorption as previously thought. To study how RYGB affects the physiology of energy balance, we developed a rat model of this procedure. In this report, we demonstrate that RYGB in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats induces a 25% weight loss, prolongs mean survival by 45%, and normalizes glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. RYGB induced a 19% increase in total and a 31% increase in resting energy expenditure (REE). These effects, along with a 17% decrease in food intake and a 4% decrease in nutrient absorption account for the normalization of body weight after this procedure. These effects indicate that surgery acts by altering the physiology of weight regulation and help to explain the effectiveness of RYGB in comparison to restrictive dieting and other forms of dietary and pharmacological therapies for obesity. The clinical effectiveness of RYGB and its physiological effects on body weight regulation and energy expenditure (EE) suggest that this operation provides a unique opportunity to explore the mechanisms of energy homeostasis and to identify novel therapies for obesity and related metabolic diseases.
Organizational learning and program renewal in teacher education: A socio-cultural theory of learning, innovation and change

Abstract Pressures for change in the field of teacher education are escalating significantly as part of systemic education reform initiatives in a broad spectrum of economically developed and developing nations. Considering these pressures, it is surprising that relatively little theoretical or empirical analysis of learning and change processes within teacher education programs has been undertaken. In this paper, we illustrate some ways in which contemporary socio-cultural learning theory may be used as a lens for addressing these issues. Using a theoretical framework developed by Harre [Harre, R. (1984). Personal being: A theory for individual psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press], we show how processes of individual and collective learning led to changes in a teacher education program observed over an eighteen month period of time. Important innovations in program practice were generally found to have their sources in the creative work of individual faculty. However program level changes required negotiation of new ideas and practices within small groups of faculty, and with the larger collective of the program. We conclude that the Harre model, and the socio-cultural learning theories from which it is derived, may offer a useful theoretical framework for interpreting complex social processes underlying organizational renewal, innovation, and change.
Pseudo-MS3 in a MALDI orthogonal quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer.

Both the matrix selected and the laser fluence play important roles in MALDI-quadrupole/time of flight (QqTOF) fragmentation processes. “Hot” matrices, such as α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (HCCA), can increase fragmentation in MS spectra. Higher laser fluence also increases fragmentation. Typical peptide fragment ions observed in the QqTOF are a, b, and y ion series, which resemble low-energy CID product ions. This fragmentation may occur in the high-pressure region before the first mass-analyzing quadrupole. Fragment ions can be selected by the first quadrupole (Q1), and further sequenced by conventional MS/MS. This allows pseudo-MS3 experiments to be performed.
DIATOMS AS HOSTS FOR OTHER DIATOMS: OBSERVATIONS FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Large epiphytic and epilithic diatom species hosting other diatoms were observed in several fresh- and brackish water sites in Southern California. The most commonly encountered hosts were species forming long filaments attached to rocks or macroalgae, Hydrosera whampoensis (Schwarz) Hendey, Melosira varians Agardh, Pleurosira laevis (Ehrenberg) Compere and Terpsinoe musica Ehrenberg. These large diatoms often had smaller diatoms attached, usually to the girdle bands and occasionally to the mucilage pads connecting the cells. For example, cells of T. musica were observed supporting growth of a diverse diatom assemblage composed of species of the genera Achnanthes, Achnanthidium, Amphora, Cocconeis and Tabularia; Synedra sp. was attached to M. varians and B. paxillifer; and Cocconeis placentula was seen on H. whampoensis. Thus, large epiphytic and epilithic diatoms seem to provide suitable sites for attachment of small epiphytic diatom species, and it appears that this phenomenon is more common than previously thought.
Neurotrophin-induced modulation of synaptic transmission in the adult hippocampus

The NGF-family of neurotrophic factors including NGF, BDNF and NT-3,4/5 is known to be crucial for neuronal survival and differentiation during development. However, recent studies suggest that the neurotrophins are also widely expressed and play a dynamic role in the mature nervous system. One of the major sites of expression of the neurotrophins in the adult brain is the hippocampus which has been also popular as an important structure for the adult plasticity. Moreover, the level of expression of the neurotrophins in the hippocampus can be regulated by a variety of neuronal inputs, such as experimentally-induced seizures, injection of glutamate receptor agonists, and LTP-inducing stimulation. The possibility that the neurotrophins modulate synaptic transmission in the mature brain has been investigated at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in the adult rat hippocampus. We report that transient application of BDNF and NT-3, but not NGF induces a long-lasting increase of synaptic transmission, which is likely to be mediated by Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Both BDNF and NT-3 decrease paired pulse facilitation, suggesting a possible presynaptic modification. Interestingly, previous potentiation of synaptic activity by the application of neurotrophic factors does not occlude the induction of long-term potentiation. These results suggest that the neurotrophins may locally regulate synaptic plasticity in the adult nervous system.
Sorting through chickens and eggs: a longitudinal examination of the associations between attitudes, norms, and sexual risk behavior.

Objective Health behavior theories posit that health-relevant attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral skills drive subsequent actions people take to protect themselves from health threats. Within the realm of HIV-related sexual risk behavior, much of the research in support of this notion is cross-sectional, rather than longitudinal, particularly in studies of gay and bisexual men. Other psychological theories (e.g., self-perception or cognitive dissonance theories) suggest that the opposite could be true--that health-relevant attitudes and beliefs might change as a function of previous risk or precautionary behavior. Appreciating the complex nature of these associations is essential for modifying theory and developing appropriate interventions. Design Using longitudinal data from gay and bisexual men (n = 1465), we used structural equation modeling to examine three possibilities--that perceived norms and attitudes about sexual risk would be (a) related to unprotected anal intercourse cross-sectionally, (b) related to unprotected anal intercourse at a subsequent time point, and/or (c) predicted from previous instances of unprotected anal intercourse. Results Safe-sex norms and attitudes were related to unprotected anal intercourse cross-sectionally, but did not predict unprotected sex longitudinally. Rather, perceived norms and attitudes changed as a function of previous risk behavior. Conclusions These results raise the possibility that modified theoretical models might be necessary to adequately describe sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men.
Proteomic profiling of salivary gland after nonviral gene transfer mediated by conventional plasmids and minicircles

In this study, we compared gene transfer efficiency and host response to ultrasound-assisted, nonviral gene transfer with a conventional plasmid and a minicircle vector in the submandibular salivary glands of mice. Initially, we looked at gene transfer efficiency with equimolar amounts of the plasmid and minicircle vectors, corroborating an earlier report showing that minicircle is more efficient in the context of a physical method of gene transfer. We then sought to characterize the physiological response of the salivary gland to exogenous gene transfer using global proteomic profiling. Somewhat surprisingly, we found that sonoporation alone, without a gene transfer vector present, had virtually no effect on the salivary gland proteome. However, when a plasmid vector was used, we observed profound perturbations of the salivary gland proteome that compared in magnitude to that seen in a previous report after high doses of adeno-associated virus. Finally, we found that gene transfer with a minicircle induces only minor proteomic alterations that were similar to sonoporation alone. Using mass spectrometry, we assigned protein IDs to 218 gel spots that differed between plasmid and minicircle. Bioinformatic analysis of these proteins demonstrated convergence on 68 known protein interaction pathways, most notably those associated with innate immunity, cellular stress, and morphogenesis.
ATP Hydrolysis in Eg5 Kinesin Involves a Catalytic Two-water Mechanism.

Motor proteins couple steps in ATP binding and hydrolysis to conformational switching both in and remote from the active site. In our kinesin·AMPPPNP crystal structure, closure of the active site results in structural transformations appropriate for microtubule binding and organizes an orthosteric two-water cluster. We conclude that a proton is shared between the lytic water, positioned for γ-phosphate attack, and a second water that serves as a general base. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental detection of the catalytic base for any ATPase. Deprotonation of the second water by switch residues likely triggers subsequent large scale structural rearrangements. Therefore, the catalytic base is responsible for initiating nucleophilic attack of ATP and for relaying the positive charge over long distances to initiate mechanotransduction. Coordination of switch movements via sequential proton transfer along paired water clusters may be universal for nucleotide triphosphatases with conserved active sites, such as myosins and G-proteins.
Mechanisms of retardation of rigid spherical particles with 3 to 1,085 nm radius in capillary electrophoresis, using buffered polyacrylamide (molecular weight 5 × 106) solutions

Subjecting particles in the size range of 3 to 1085 nm radius (R) to capillary electrophoresis in buffered solution of entangled uncrosslinked polyacrylamide (M(r) 5 x 10(6)), it was found that particle size-dependent retardation ("molecular sieving") becomes electric field- and particle size range-dependent once the particle size exceeds 15-20 nm in radius. The field strength dependence of the retardation coefficient [KR = d(log mobility)/ d(polymer concentration] and the positive or negative sign of dKR/dR suggest the existence of two different mechanisms of molecular sieving depending on the particle size range: particles with diameters less than the screening length (or blob size) of the polymer network are thought to penetrate into the available spaces within a discontinuous polymer network; particles with diameters larger than the screening length (or blob size) of the polymer network are thought to undergo size-dependent retardation by exerting shear stress against polymer chains, and displacing them, so as to cause local deformations in a continuous polymer network. A limit in the separating capacity of molecular sieving, due to a sharp increase in the rate of band widening with polymer concentration, was found when the value of the retardation coefficient exceeded 60 (mL/g).
Is there a site predilection for antiretroviral therapy induced HPV lesions in the HIV positive patients?—Multiple case reports

Summary The increases incidence of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is of concern and is the focus of numerous current research studies. Recent studies have shown an increased risk of oral warts in HIV-infected individuals despite treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). There seems to be a predilection for the labial mucosa as a site specific for occurrence for oral warts. This reports presents a series of case reports documenting the same observation.
The chemisorption of CO on Cu(100) studied with angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Using angle resolved UV photoelectron spectroscopy, coupled with the continuum of polarized light available with synchrotron radiation, we make an interpretation of the photoelectron spectrum of CO adsorbed on Cu(100). We point out that the bonding of CO on Cu as observed by photoemission is considerably different from the bonding of CO on Ni. These differences do not seem to be caused by bonding orientation differences, however, as the CO molecular axis is found to be very close to the surface normal, as was the case for CO on Ni(100). No evidence is found for a second phase of CO on Cu(100).
Reduction of substituted p-benzoquinones by FeII near neutral pH.

The oxidation of dihydroxyaromatics to benzoquinones by FeIII (hydr)oxides is important in respiratory electron shuttling by microorganisms and has been extensively studied. Prior publications have noted that the Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) for the forward reaction is sensitive to dihydroxyaromatic structure, pH, and concentrations of reactants and products. Here, we address the back reaction, benzoquinone reduction by FeII. Rates markedly increase with increasing pH, in accord with increases in ΔG. Ring substituents that raise the potential of the p-benzoquinone/hydroquinone half reaction raise reaction rates: –OCH3 < –CH3 < –C6H5 < –H < –Cl. p-Naphthoquinone, with a reduction potential lower than the five substituted p-benzoquinones just listed, yields the lowest reaction rates. The complexity of the reaction is reflected in lag periods and less-pronounced S-shaped time course curves. Benzoquinone reduction by FeII may be an important link in networks of electron transport taking place in suboxic and anoxic environments.
Rives-Stoppa procedure for repair of large incisional hernias: experience with 57 patients.

Background. The use of prosthetic materials in tension-free incisional hernia repairs has diminished reherniation rates markedly; however, infection, intestinal fistulization, and seroma formation have been reported after repairs. Use of the Rives-Stoppa procedure for incisional hernia repair, in which the prosthesis is placed between the rectus abdominis muscle and the posterior sheath, may reduce occurrence of these problems. Methods and materials. Over a 6-year period 57 open abdominal wall incisional hernia repairs were performed using the Rives-Stoppa technique; 15 (26.3%) had previously undergone incisional hernia repair. The prosthetic materials used were polypropylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), and ePTFE with perforations. The prosthesis size ranged from 8×8 cm to 20×28 cm (mean area 199.6 cm2). Follow-up consisted of an office visit 12 months postoperatively and at least one subsequent office visit or telephone interview; mean follow-up time was 34.9 months (range 11.7–81.9). Results. There were no hernia recurrences (except in one patient whose prosthesis was removed), gastrointestinal complications, fistulas, or deaths. Seromas occurred postoperatively in seven patients (12.3%). Two patients (3.5%) had wound infections that required removal of the prosthesis. Conclusions. In this series the Rives-Stoppa technique had excellent long-term results, with minimal morbidity, in patients with large primary or recurrent incisional hernias. The absence of serious complications and hernia recurrences in patients with grafts in place suggests that the Rives-Stoppa procedure is the repair of choice in such patients.
A Neurostimulation-based Advanced Training System for Human Performance Augmentation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging therapeutic tool for many neuropsychiatric disorders with applications in enhancing learning and memory. Despite human clinical trials showing promising results for memory retention and recall, the underlying cellular mechanisms that promote DC stimulationinduced plasticity have not been characterized. tDCS produces a weak electric field (0.1 V/m per mA current applied) across the brain, which results in incremental passive membrane polarization (up to 0.4 mV polarization per V/m in cortical pyramidal cells). The change in membrane potential alters current flow through voltagegated ion channels that can modify synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. We have previously demonstrated in vitro that somatic polarization by DC stimulation modulates neuronal output, specifically firing rate and spike timing. Changes in synaptic input can also have profound effects on neuronal output (firing rate and spike timing). In this study we show that DC stimulation of the rat hippocampal CA1 modifies the neuronal input-output function. Our results indicate DC stimulation can change the threshold and latency of population spikes as a function of the EPSP amplitude, electric field magnitude and duration. Additionally, we demonstrate in vitro that DC stimulation can amplify neuronal output by modulating synaptic efficacy. These results indicate an important role of DC stimulation in modifying the neural code, synaptic computation and ultimately facilitating plasticity.
Hybrid sialoglycoprotein content of St(a+) red cells

St(a+) red cells contain a ficin-resistant hybrid sialoglycoprotein (SGP) consisting of the amino terminus of Ss sialoglycoprotein (Ss SGP) and the carboxyl terminus of MN sialoglycoprotein (MN SGP). Ficin-modified St(a+) but not St(a-) red cells were agglutinated by monoclonal antibodies NN5 (anti-N) and 31 (detecting a sialic acid-dependent determinant on the SGPs). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed three periodic acid-Schiff-staining protein bands in ficin-modified St(a+) but not St(a-) red cell-membranes; these bands bound monoclonal antibodies NN5 and 31 on Western blots. Using Scatchard analysis of 125I-NN5 IgG binding to M+N- red cells, estimates were obtained of 25,000 Ss SGP molecules per red cell per s allele, 33,000 Ss SGP molecules per red cell per S allele, and 75,000 hybrid SGP molecules per red cell per hybrid allele. These results are consistent with the expression of the hybrid SGP gene at a level intermediate between the MN SGP gene and the Ss SGP gene. Monoclonal antibodies NN5 and 31 may be useful in screening ficin-treated red cells for hybrid SGP variants.
Harmonic mean approach to regression analysis under heteroscedasticity and nonnormality

In this paper, by combining the harmonic mean approach with the Welch and the James procedure (see WELCH 1951, JAMES, 1951), we develop some robust procedures for testing parallelism in several straight lines under heteroscedasticity and nonnormality. Through Monte Carlo simulations it is shown that these new tests are quite robust with respect to departure from normality. For small sample sizes, however, the TAN-TABATABAI (1984) Fβ and F*β tests appear to be more powerful than the new tests, although when sample sizes are not small, there are hardly any differences between the Tan-Tabatabai Fβ and F*β tests and the new tests.
Model Selection for a Multiresponse System

The problem of model selection in a multiresponse system is tackled through the statistical distance. The criterion for designing experiments capable of producing the discriminatory observations, as well as the analysis of data for discrimination utilizes this distance. The method gives due importance to the covariance structure of the estimated responses. The information about the distribution of model parameters is also incorporated. A sequential approach is proposed along with the proper termination criterion which keeps a check on the unnecessary experimentation to be carried for achieving the discrimination. When applied to some kinetic modelling problems, the procedure exhibits high efficiency in picking up the correct model.
Structure of Hansenula capsulata NRRL Y-1842 phosphomannan.

Abstract Di- and trisachharide phosphomonoesters have been isolated after mild acid hydrolysis of the phosphomannan produced by Hansenula capsulata NRRL Y-1842. Periodate oxidation studies on both the oligosaccharide phosphates and the intact polymer have served to elucidate further the polyphosphodiester structure. The disaccharide ester has been characterized as 2-O-(6-O- phosphoryl -β- d -mannopyranosyl )- d -mannose ; the trisaccharide ester appears to contain an additional mannosyl residue α-1,2-linked to the phosphorylated moiety of the disaccharide. The biosynthetic implications of these findings are discussed.
Unequal rate of monozygotic and like-sex dizygotic twin birth: Evidence from the Minnesota twin family study

It is generally believed that in Caucasian populations the rate of monozygotic (MZ) twinning is approximately equal to the rate of like-sex dizygotic (DZ) twinning so that representative samples of like-sex twins should contain approximately equal numbers of MZ and DZ twins. Recent evidence suggests, however, that the rate of DZ twinning in Caucassian populations has declined over the past 50 years so that there are now many more MZ than like-sex DZ twin births (Jeanneret and MacMahon, 1962; James, 1972; Mostelleret al., 1981; Doherty and Lancaster, 1986; Lykkenet al., 1990). We report additional evidence of a higher rate of MZ than like-sex DZ twinning from Minnesota for the birth years 1971–1984. The convergence of evidence thus suggests that the observation of a greater number of MZ than DZ twins in a volunteer twin sample can no longer necessarily be taken as a sign of ascertainment bias.
Melanin-containing peripheral carcinoid of the lung

ABSTRACTA case report of a patient with peripheral bronchial carcinoid is presented. The tumor cells contained characteristic neurosecretory granules, filopodia and microvilli. Some cells contained both neurosecretory granules and the granular variant of melanosome. We suggest that the demonstration
Appetite suppressants as agonist substitution therapies for stimulant dependence.

Several lines of evidence support a dual-deficit model of stimulant withdrawal in which decreases in synaptic dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) contribute to withdrawal symptoms, drug craving, and relapse. According to the dual-deficit model, DA dysfunction during withdrawal underlies anhedonia and psychomotor disturbances, whereas 5-HT dysfunction gives rise to depressed mood, obsessive thoughts, and lack of impulse control. The model suggests that medications capable of normalizing stimulant-induced DA and 5-HT deficits should be effective treatment adjuncts. Furthermore, the model may explain why medications targeting only one neurotransmitter system (i.e., DA) have failed to treat cocaine dependence. Amphetamine-type appetite suppressants are logical choices for neurochemical normalization therapy of stimulant dependence, yet few clinical studies have tested anorectics in this regard. The chief purpose of the present work is to profile the activity of various anorectic agents at DA, 5-HT, and NE transporters, in order to identify possible medications for stimulant dependence. Compounds were tested in vitro for their ability to stimulate release and inhibit uptake of [(3)H]DA, [(3)H]NE, and [(3)H]5-HT. Selected compounds were tested in vivo for their ability to elevate extracellular levels of DA and 5-HT in rat nucleus accumbens. The results show that clinically available appetite suppressants display a wide range of activities at monoamine transporters. However, no single medication possesses equal potency at DA and 5-HT transporters, suggesting that none of the anorectics is ideally suited for treatment of stimulant addictions. Future efforts should focus on developing new medications that possess the desired therapeutic activity but lack the adverse effects associated with older amphetamine-type anorectics.
Preparation and characterization of bimodal porous carbons derived from a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer

A styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer has been used as precursor for making porous carbons with bimodal pore size distributions (i.e., with both microporosity and mesoporosity). Pretreatment of the as-received copolymer by mild oxidation in air, significantly increased the carbon yield after carbonization. Reactivity studies of the polymer-based chars to CO2 clearly show the influences of some important factors such as carbonization temperature, heating rate, soak time on char reactivities. Bimodal porous carbons were prepared by carbonization of the preoxidized styrene/divinylbenzene copolymer in N2, followed by activation in CO2 at different temperatures to different levels of burnoff. The pore structures of the porous carbons produced have been characterized by various techniques such as gas adsorption and mercury porosimetry. The surfaces of the porous carbons produced, and a commercial carbon adsorbent, have been modified with HNO3 and H2O2 treatment at various conditions. Characterization of the surface oxygen functionality, both quantitatively and qualitatively, has been achieved using techniques such as Linear Temperature Programed Desorption (LTPD) and selective neutralization of bases.
The combined effect of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation on bacterial spores

Ultra-violet (u.v.) light irradiation of spores of Bacillus subtilis in the presence of hydrogen peroxide produced a rapid kill which was up to 2000-fold greater than that produced by irradiation alone. A kill of 99–99% was produced by 30s u.v. irradiation of spores of 6 strains of Bacillus and Clostridium in the presence of hydrogen peroxide 1.0 g/100 ml but with the more resistant spores of 9 further strains, irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide 2–5 g/100 ml followed by mild heating was required.
Some Double-layer Capacity Measurements on Platinum Electrodes

FROM a series of investigations of the rest potential on bright platinum electrodes1 in oxygen-saturated acid solutions, it was suggested that the reversible oxygen potential of 1.229 V (ref. 2) is not ordinarily observed because platinum is not inert to such an electrolyte, and the system never comes to equilibrium. The Pt-O-acid system, then, is a polyelectrode3, and the rest potential is a mixed potential4. It was further suggested that, if an electronically conducting surface which is inert to oxygen-saturated acid solution could be obtained, the reversible potential should be observed because, then, the system would be a simple electrode.
The FASB exposure draft on accounting for business combinations and intangible assets: an instructional assignment

Abstract Accounting standards are constantly evolving to meet the needs of a rapidly changing business environment and changes in accounting theory. Accounting students need to be familiar with the content of Exposure Drafts, since these documents reflect the Financial Accounting Standards Board's (FASB) position on current financial reporting issues. Students are generally not well versed on the standard setting process and how contextual factors affect this process. The purpose of this instructional assignment is to enhance students' understanding of how contextual factors affect the standard setting process within the context of the Exposure Draft on “Business Combinations and Intangible Assets.” The assignment requires that students examine the Exposure Draft and answer questions designed to elicit responses as to why the FASB is considering a new standard and the impact the standard would have on current accounting procedures and financial statements.
15 cm cusped magnetic field mercury ion thruster research

The importance of achieving a uniform current density in the exhaust beam of an electrostatic ion thruster is discussed in terms of thrust level and accelerator grid lifetime. A neutral residence time approach is used to propose a magnetic field geometry which should produce a highly uniform beam current density. The discharge chamber length to diameter ratio is shown to be an important optimization parameter and experimental evaluation of the cusped field thruster over a wide range of this parameter is presented. Beam profile measurements 5 cm downstream of the accelerator grid indicate a beam profile flatness parameter which is 25% greater than the SERT II value. Flatness parameters extrapolated to the plane of the accelerator grid are demonstrated to be as high as 0.9.
Evaluating the use of weathering indices for determining mean annual precipitation in the ancient stratigraphic record

Abstract Different quantitative methods have been developed to determine paleo-rainfall using paleosols. Of particular interest are methods that use bulk geochemistry to calculate a weathering index and, from that, mean annual precipitation. Twenty-three paleosols that formed during a time of significant climate change—the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)—were analyzed to evaluate the relative merits of two geochemical proxies that have been developed for estimating paleoprecipitation: one depends on the chemical index of alteration without potash (CIA-K) and the other uses the CALMAG weathering index, which depends on CaO and MgO. The paleosols are located in the Paleogene Fort Union and Willwood formations in the Bighorn Basin, WY. Morphologic differences among the paleosols indicate that they formed under varied soil moisture conditions. A morphology index was developed from pedogenic features that are sensitive to soil drainage, and thus to rainfall, to assess that variability. Quantitative mean annual precipitation (MAP) values were calculated for each paleosol using the CIA-K index and the CALMAG index, which was developed specifically for Vertisols. Those results were compared to the morphology index for 23 paleosols. The results indicate that increases and decreases in MAP calculated from both methods correlate relatively well to changes in the soil morphology index; however, the results from the CALMAG weathering index show a stronger correlation. The results suggest that the CALMAG proxy provides a more robust MAP estimate for Vertisols. In addition to comparing MAP estimates to the soil morphology index, we compared the MAP values to paleorainfall estimates determined from paleofloras at the same stratigraphic levels as three of the paleosols. That comparison confirms that the CALMAG method is reliable for reconstructing MAP from ancient Vertisols. The results also show that, in the Bighorn Basin, Vertisols with a B horizon
Operation of a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber

For the first time, the operation of a three-dimensional liquid argon time projection chamber has been demonstrated. This was accomplished in a 50 liter test detector using a readout plane with a woven structure etched on a PC-board.
Analysis of Idiotypic Heterogeneity in the Anti-α1–3 Dextran and Anti-Phosphorylcholine Responses Using Monoclonal Anti-Idiotype Antibodiesa

Panels of monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies (MAIDs) specific for individual (IdI) and cross-reactive (IdX) idiotopes were prepared and used to study the expression of these idiotopes on anti-DEX and anti-PC antibodies produced in response to antigenic stimulation in vivo, clonal expression of idiotopes in an in vitro splenic focus assay, and the alterations in the idiotypic profile of these responses after in vivo administration of monoclonal anti-Id antibodies. Using these panels of MAIDs, it was possible to inactivate IdI-bearing B cells both in neonates and adult mice without affecting the responsiveness of IdI- B cells. By contrast, suppression with IdX-specific antibodies resulted in greatly reduced antibody responses. By studying the idiotypic profile of anti-DEX clones in the splenic focus assay, it was shown that IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody Id were diverse and paralleled those expressed in serum. Within some clones there was evidence that idiotope-isotype associations differed, suggesting that V region variants may have been generated within the progeny of a clone following stimulation by dextran. An anti-anti-Id antibody isolated from a BALB/c mouse undergoing a normal immune response to R36A was shown to have a T-cell independent highly idiotope-specific regulatory effect on the T15+ anti-PC response, apparently affecting induction of anti-idiotypic B cells.
Comparative physical properties of weathered impregnated and unimpregnated marble

Abstract Chemical weathering of marbles has greatly increased during the past decades. The gaseous pollutants generated mainly by combustion of automobile, domestic, and industrial fuels have contributed significantly towards this increase. The weathering affects marble gradationally from outside inwards, producing three distinct zones. The success of a technique developed to provide cohesion to reduced and dislodged calcite crystals in the zone of weathering, by impregnation with resins which even permeate the inter-crystalline boundaries in the non-weathered region, is tested. As these weathered layers are quite thin and easily destructible, direct measurement of compressive strength is impossible. This property is, therefore, determined indirectly via Shore scleroscope hardness and specific gravity. The impregnation increased the strength of the weathered zone up to 59% and of the unweathered region up to 24%. Corresponding values for permeability and capillarity, relative to untreated specimens, change inversely to strength changes as the pores receive relatively larger amounts of resin in the outer weathered region than in the unweathered region in depth. This phenomenon is substantiated by scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.).
Reversal of Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Visceral Pain by Central or Peripheral Actions of Sumatriptan

Background & Aims: Sumatriptan is used specifically to relieve headache pain. The possible efficacy of sumatriptan was investigated in 2 models of visceral pain. Methods: Pancreatic inflammation was induced by intravenous injection of dibutyltin dichloride. Noninflammatory irritable bowel syndrome was induced by intracolonic instillation of sodium butyrate. The effects of systemic sumatriptan on referred hypersensitivity were tested in both models. Effects of sumatriptan within the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), a site of descending modulation of visceral pain, was determined by (1) testing the effects of RVM administration of 5HT1B/D antagonists on systemic sumatriptan action and (2) determining whether RVM application of sumatriptan reproduced the actions of systemic drug administration. Results: Systemic sumatriptan elicited a dose- and time-related blockade of referred hypersensitivity in both models that was blocked by systemic administration of either 5HT1B or 5HT1D antagonists. Sumatriptan administered into the RVM similarly produced dose- and time-related blockade of referred hypersensitivity in both visceral pain models. This was blocked by local microinjection of the 5HT1B antagonist but not the 5HT1D antagonist. Microinjection of 5HT1B or 5HT1D antagonists into the RVM did not block the effects of systemic sumatriptan. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sumatriptan suppresses either inflammatory or noninflammatory visceral pain, most likely through peripheral 5HT1B/D receptors. Actions at 5HT1B receptors within the RVM offer an additional potential site of action for the modulation of visceral pain by triptans. These studies offer new insights into the development of strategies that may improve therapy of visceral pain conditions using already available medications.
Late Ordovician extinction of North American and British crinoids

After reaching a diversity peak in the Caradocian, North American Ordovician crinoids underwent a gradual decline to a nadir in the early Ashgillian (Maysvillian). This interval, recording extinction of the Cleiocrinidae, Merocrinidae, Ottawacrinidae, Hybocystitidae, and several lineages of camerate crinoids, was apparently caused by major environmental shifts in seas of eastern North America resulting from a westward-prograding wedge of terrigenous clastics derived from the Taconic Highlands, possibly coupled with a marine transgression in the Maysvillian that allowed colder water slope biofacies to invade the craton. Crinoids suffered a major episode of extinction in the late Ashgillian (late Richmondian/Rawtheyan). This event, preceding the end of the Ordovician by at least one stage or 2 to 4 million years, resulted in extinction of 12 families of crinoids including the Xenocrinidae, Tanaocrinidae, Reteocrinidae, Archaeocrinidae, Anthracocrinidae, Cincinnaticrinidae, Iocrinidae, Anomalocrinidae, Carabocrinidae, Cupulocrinidae, Porocrinidae, and Hybocrinidae. Glacio-eustatic lowering of sea level may have triggered this crisis by partially draining the North American craton, resulting in changes in oceanic circulation, salinity, and temperature. Latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) carbonates of the North American mid-continent region contain pelmatozoan assemblages from which Silurian crinoids radiated. These taxa were largely unaffected by a minor extinction event at the Ordovician/Silurian boundary.
Searchable Questions for Evidence-Based Practice

In today’s literature the term “evidence-based” frequently appears in the titles of many professional journal articles. In clinical settings, emphasis is being placed on evidence-based practice by regulatory agencies and quality improvement efforts. Even though this term is batted around as common knowledge now, I find that many people still do not understand what all it entails. Many nursing curriculums are placing an emphasis on evidence-based practice, but those of us who graduated before the popularity of the concept of evidencebased practice need to learn about it through experience or individual readings. In my teaching experience in an RN to BSN completion program I have found that many RNs do not have the opportunity to incorporate evidence in their practice because the mechanisms are not in place in their clinical settings. For those RNs, their first opportunity to work through the evidence-based practice process is in the classroom. For that reason, this column is the beginning of a series about the steps in the evidence-based practice process. When being asked to write a paper or give a presentation, the most difficult task is often the first step of developing a topic idea. The same is true when beginning an evidencebased project. The most difficult task may be the formation of a concise question that clearly states what is being explored and contains words that are searchable. This column introduces my version of the steps in the evidence-based decisionmaking process and focuses on the first step, formulating the searchable question.
Modulating the Radiation Response

This review describes some current and future approaches designed to modulate the response of tumors and normal tissues to cell killing by ionizing radiation. The emerging knowledge of tumor, cellular and molecular biology is providing a better understanding of the clinical results with the hypoxic cell sensitizers and novel approaches to radiation sensitization and protection.
On Broadening Failure Rate Distributions in PRA Uncertainty Analyses

Several recent nuclear power plant probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) have utilized broadened Reactor Safety Study (RSS) component failure rate population variability curves to compensate for such things as expert overvaluation bias in the estimates upon which the curves are based. A simple two-components of variation empirical Bayes model is proposed for use in estimating the between-expert variability curve in the presence of such biases. Under certain conditions this curve is a population variability curve. Comparisons are made with the existing method. The popular procedure appears to be generally much more conservative than the empirical Bayes method in removing such biases. In one case the broadened curve based on the popular method is more than two orders of magnitude broader than the empirical Bayes curve. In another case it is found that the maximum justifiable degree of broadening of the RSS curve is to increase ..cap alpha.. from 5% to 12%, which is significantly less than 20% value recommended in the popular approach. 15 references, 1 figure, 5 tables.
Development of a novel vibration-based fatigue testing methodology

Abstract A novel testing methodology has been developed to determine the fatigue limit strength of structural materials at high frequencies. The procedure involves the use of a base-excited plate specimen driven into a high frequency resonant mode which allows completion of a fatigue test in a few hours. The use of a step-testing method allows determination of the fatigue limit strength of the material corresponding to a very large number of cycles, 10 6 or 10 7 in this case. The methodology consists of a topological design procedure, incorporating a finite element model, to produce the shape of the specimen necessary to achieve the required stress state/pattern, and a forced vibration-based fatigue procedure for conducting the high cycle fatigue experiments with variable-amplitude loading. The successful application of the methodology is demonstrated by the experimental results from steel, 6061-T6 aluminum, and Ti-6Al-4V plate specimens subjected to fully reversed uniaxial and biaxial bending stress states. Results are compared with existing data produced using traditional fatigue test machines.
Electromechanical and Time-Domain Modeling of Wind Generators

This paper describes the development of electromechanical and time-domain models for a wind generator. The models may be modified in a straightforward manner to simulate the behavior of a wide range of wind generators operating in different conditions. The electromechanical and time-domain models are used for cross validation. Both squirrel-cage and wound-rotor induction generators are modeled. Direct-connect operation and islanded operation (including disconnection from the grid and self-excited operation) are also modeled. Analyses for fixed-speed and partial variable-speed operation are presented. The main purpose of this endeavor is the development of a system that is able to model commercially available turbines accurately. Schemes to maximize efficiency of a wind generator may be tested on the model and their effectiveness evaluated before they are implemented.