cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Questionable, Objectionable or Criminal? Public Opinion on Data Fraud and Selective Reporting in Science.

Data fraud and selective reporting both present serious threats to the credibility of science. However, there remains considerable disagreement among scientists about how best to sanction data fraud, and about the ethicality of selective reporting. The public is arguably the largest stakeholder in the reproducibility of science; research is primarily paid for with public funds, and flawed science threatens the public’s welfare. Members of the public are able to make meaningful judgments about the morality of different behaviors using moral intuitions. Legal scholars emphasize that to maintain legitimacy, social control policies must be developed with some consideration given to the public’s moral intuitions. Although there is a large literature on popular attitudes toward science, there is no existing evidence about public opinion on data fraud or selective reporting. We conducted two studies—a survey experiment with a nationwide convenience sample (N = 821), and a follow-up survey with a representative sample of US adults (N = 964)—to explore community members’ judgments about the morality of data fraud and selective reporting in science. The findings show that community members make a moral distinction between data fraud and selective reporting, but overwhelmingly judge both behaviors to be immoral and deserving of punishment. Community members believe that scientists who commit data fraud or selective reporting should be fired and banned from receiving funding. For data fraud, most Americans support criminal penalties. Results from an ordered logistic regression analysis reveal few demographic and no significant partisan differences in punitiveness toward data fraud.
PIN SITE COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH COMPUTER-ASSISTED NAVIGATION IN HIP AND KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

Introduction Computer-assisted navigation is an established tool in hip and knee arthroplasty. This technology was introduced with the goals of greater precision in bone preparation and implant placement, potentially leading to improved clinical outcomes. Various navigation protocols exist, many of which require placement of temporary percutaneous pins in the operative field. Risks of pin placement have not been described. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 352 consecutive patients undergoing elective hip and knee surgery using computer-assisted navigation between January 2013 and December 2015, all with a minimum follow-up of 90 days. Navigation pins were placed using a standardized protocol into the iliac crest for hip arthroplasty or into the femoral and tibial diaphysis for knee arthroplasty. Postoperatively, all patients were allowed to weight bear as tolerated. Patient records were reviewed for operative details and clinical outcomes. Outcome measures included any pin site complications including direct neurovascular damage, fracture through a pin site, and pin site infection. Results A total of 968 pin sites were included in the study. Two pin site complications were reported (0.21%). No neurovascular injuries were reported from pin placement (0.0%). No periprosthetic fractures through a pin site were reported (0.0%). Two patients developed a pin-site infection with purulent drainage (0.21%), both of which resolved with oral antibiotics and local wound care. Conclusion Potential benefits of navigation in hip and knee arthroplasty are still being investigated, however the placement of pins required for this technology are associated with minimal patient morbidity and should be considered a safe intervention with minimal added risk.
USE OF SKIVE SCREWS FOR PERI-PROSTHETIC HUMERAL SHAFT FRACTURES

Background Peri-prosthetic humerus fractures are relatively uncommon occurrences that can be difficult to manage non-operatively. Locking plate technology has enhanced the surgical management of these fractures. We describe an osteosynthesis technique utilizing a locking plate with eccentrically placed screw holes to place “skive screws” in the proximal end of the plate to achieve fixation around the stem of the implant. Methods A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed for a consecutive series of patients treated with this skive screw technique from May 2011 to September 2014. Seven patients presented with postoperative type B peri-prosthetic humerus fractures. Average follow-up was 24 months. Radiographic analysis was performed on most recent postoperative imaging. Clinical outcomes were assessed using VAS pain, ASES total score, ASES functional score, SST, SANE, range of motion and strength. Results At an average of follow-up of 24 months, all patients demonstrated fracture healing. Functional outcomes were limited with only two patients achieving forward elevation above 90 degrees and average ASES Function score was 27.5. Pain relief was nearly uniform with an average VAS Pain score of 0.5 (Figure 1). Conclusions Peri-prosthetic humeral shaft fractures can be successfully treated with hybrid fixation technique using a locking plate with eccentric holes that facilitate placement of proximal “skive screws”. Using this technique, a 100% union rate was observed with excellent pain relief.
Fast link prediction for large networks using spectral embedding

Many link prediction algorithms require the computation of a similarity metric on each vertex pair, which is quadratic in the number of vertices and infeasible for large networks. We develop a class of link prediction algorithms based on a spectral embedding and the k closest pairs algorithm that are scalable to very large networks. We compare the prediction accuracy and runtime of these methods to existing algorithms on several large link prediction tasks. Our methods achieve comparable accuracy to standard algorithms but are significantly faster.
Subset sum problem in polycyclic groups

Abstract We consider a group-theoretic analogue of the classic subset sum problem. It is known that every virtually nilpotent group has polynomial time decidable subset sum problem. In this paper we use subgroup distortion to show that every polycyclic non-virtually-nilpotent group has NP -complete subset sum problem.
An Inductive and Capacitive Integrated Coupler and Its LCL Compensation Circuit Design for Wireless Power Transfer

This paper proposes a novel coupler structure for wireless power transfer, which takes advantage of both magnetic and electric fields. The coupler contains four metal structures, two each at the primary and secondary sides, which are capacitively coupled. Each structure consists of long strips of metal sheet to increase its self-inductance, which is then inductively coupled with the other three structures. The structures are vertically arranged and the outer structures are larger than the inner ones to maintain the capacitive couplings. An external LCL compensation network is proposed to resonate with the coupler. The resonance provides conduction currents flowing through each plate to establish magnetic fields and displacement currents flowing between different plates corresponding to electric fields. A 100-W output power prototype is designed and implemented to operate at 1.0 MHz, and it achieves 73.6% efficiency from dc source to dc load across an air-gap distance of 18 mm. The contribution of this paper is to propose a concept to transfer power using magnetic and electric fields simultaneously.
Type IV popliteal arterial entrapment associated with an osteochondroma

Abstract Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is a rare cause of peripheral vascular disease, often affecting young adults. Multiple studies have shown that osteochondromas can cause vascular injury. Intermittent compression, pseudoaneurysm, thrombosis, distal embolism, and venous thrombosis have all been described as possible complications. Here we present a case of popliteal arterial entrapment type IV with an associated tibial osteochondroma.
Myriad take two: Can genomic databases remain secret?

An ongoing legal challenge to the business model of Myriad Genetics highlights how recent policy developments have contributed to a collision between individual interests in access to personal health data and commercial interests in trade secrecy. Following a landmark ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court invalidating its patents on BRCA1/2 genetic variants ( 1 ), which increase the risk of female breast and ovarian cancer, Myriad now faces efforts to dismantle the proprietary database of variants and their clinical interpretation that it began developing when it was the exclusive provider of BRCA1/2 tests. Although the competing claims that anchor this dispute are hard to reconcile, we see room for legal compromise and opportunity for policy innovations to incentivize companies to invest in test development while ensuring that their findings can be used by others.
Wind-invariant saltation heights imply linear scaling of aeolian saltation flux with shear stress

Wind-driven sand transport generates atmospheric dust, forms dunes, and sculpts landscapes. However, it remains unclear how the flux of particles in aeolian saltation-the wind-driven transport of sand in hopping trajectories-scales with wind speed, largely because models do not agree on how particle speeds and trajectories change with wind shear velocity. We present comprehensive measurements, from three new field sites and three published studies, showing that characteristic saltation layer heights remain approximately constant with shear velocity, in agreement with recent wind tunnel studies. These results support the assumption of constant particle speeds in recent models predicting linear scaling of saltation flux with shear stress. In contrast, our results refute widely used older models that assume that particle speed increases with shear velocity, thereby predicting nonlinear 3/2 stress-flux scaling. This conclusion is further supported by direct field measurements of saltation flux versus shear stress. Our results thus argue for adoption of linear saltation flux laws and constant saltation trajectories for modeling saltation-driven aeolian processes on Earth, Mars, and other planetary surfaces.
High-harmonic generation in amorphous solids

High-harmonic generation in isolated atoms and molecules has been widely utilized in extreme ultraviolet photonics and attosecond pulse metrology. Recently, high-harmonic generation has been observed in solids, which could lead to important applications such as all-optical methods to image valance charge density and reconstruct electronic band structures, as well as compact extreme ultraviolet light sources. So far these studies are confined to crystalline solids; therefore, decoupling the respective roles of long-range periodicity and high density has been challenging. Here we report the observation of high-harmonic generation from amorphous fused silica. We decouple the role of long-range periodicity by comparing harmonics generated from fused silica and crystalline quartz, which contain the same atomic constituents but differ in long-range periodicity. Our results advance current understanding of the strong-field processes leading to high-harmonic generation in solids with implications for the development of robust and compact extreme ultraviolet light sources. Although higher harmonic generation from solids has become of interest in many fields, its observation is typically limited to crystalline solids. Here, the authors demonstrate that higher harmonics can be generated from amorphous solids.
An Efficient Surrogate Model for Emulation and Physics Extraction of Large Eddy Simulations

ABSTRACTIn the quest for advanced propulsion and power-generation systems, high-fidelity simulations are too computationally expensive to survey the desired design space, and a new design methodology is needed that combines engineering physics, computer simulations, and statistical modeling. In this article, we propose a new surrogate model that provides efficient prediction and uncertainty quantification of turbulent flows in swirl injectors with varying geometries, devices commonly used in many engineering applications. The novelty of the proposed method lies in the incorporation of known physical properties of the fluid flow as simplifying assumptions for the statistical model. In view of the massive simulation data at hand, which is on the order of hundreds of gigabytes, these assumptions allow for accurate flow predictions in around an hour of computation time. To contrast, existing flow emulators which forgo such simplifications may require more computation time for training and prediction than is n...
Automatic Domain Identification for Linked Open Data.

Linked Open Data (LOD) has emerged as one of the largest collections of interlinked structured datasets on the Web. Although the adoption of such datasets for applications is increasing, identifying relevant datasets for a specific task or topic is still challenging. As an initial step to make such identification easier, we provide an approach to automatically identify the topic domains of given datasets. Our method utilizes existing knowledge sources, more specifically Freebase, and we present an evaluation which validates the topic domains we can identify with our system. Furthermore, we evaluate the effectiveness of identified topic domains for the purpose of finding relevant datasets, thus showing that our approach improves reusability of LOD datasets.
Dynamical friction in a gas: The supersonic case

Any gravitating mass traversing a relatively sparse gas experiences a retarding force created by its disturbance of the surrounding medium. In a previous contribution, we determined this dynamical friction force when the object’s velocity was subsonic. We now extend our analysis to the supersonic regime. As before, we consider small perturbations created in the gas far from the gravitating object, and thereby obtain the net influx of linear momentum over a large, bounding surface. Various terms in the perturbation series formally diverge, necessitating an approximate treatment of the flow streamlines. Nevertheless, we are able to derive exactly the force itself. As in the subsonic case, we find that F = u MV ,w hereu M is the rate of mass accretion onto the object and V its instantaneous velocity with respect to distant background gas. Our force law holds even when the object is porous (e.g., a galaxy) or is actually expelling mass in a wind. Quantitatively, the force in the supersonic regime is less than that derived analytically by previous researchers, and is also less than was found in numerical simulations through the mid-1990s. We urge simulators to revisit the problem using modern numerical techniques. Assuming our result to be correct, it is applicable to many fields of astrophysics, ranging from exoplanet studies to galactic dynamics.
An Approach to Macrolevel Trend Analysis for Human Resources Development

Abstract An approach to macrolevel trend analysis for human resources development is presented. This approach utilizes nonlinear dynamic index number models requiring the least number of parameters for a relevant interpretation of empirical results. A demo economic index of a socio-economic development is introduced. This index takes into an account the Malthusian Pressure (population pressure) measured by the cumulative population growth, the population loading measured by the fraction of population not paticipating in the social production function, and the productivity of the population participating in the social production function measured as the output per person working. In such a setting it is possible to relate population dynamics, participation, and the productivity of a particular society to its possibilities of economic and social development.
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma: Case Report

Adrenal cortical carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor, comprising only 0.02 to 0.04% of all cancers [Nader et al, Cancer 52: 707-11, 1983; Didolkar et al, Cancer 47: 2153-61, 1981; Hajjar et al, Cancer 35: 549-54, 1975]. The mean age of presentation for females is 36.6 years and for males, 48 years. In general, women have a higher percentage of functioning adrenal tumors. Functional tumors are hormonally active with excess steroid production in serum and urine with associated clinical signs and symptoms.
The Fine Points of Scrotal Scintigraphy

The following discussion is intended to provide detailed technical assistance for the nuclear physician and technologist who are already familiar with the rationale and theory of scrotal scintigraphy but who may have very little practice with it. Scrotal exploration is a relatively benign surgical procedure with low morbidity and mortality, and it is nearly 100% definitive for the clinical question. Scintigraphy is less expensive and has no morbidity or mortality. To replace surgery, a diagnostic examination must be sensitive enough to allow no jeopardized testis to escape the surgeon, and specific enough to avoid most unnecessary operations. Performed properly, scrotal scintigraphy is such a test.
Discussion of “Borrower private information covenants and loan contract monitoring”

Abstract Carrizosa and Ryan (2017) explore the use of private information covenants, which contractually oblige borrowers to disclose projected and intra-quarter financial statements. The authors provide evidence that creditors acquire private information about borrowers via these covenants. This facilitates the monitoring process, subject to a cost-benefit tradeoff. I discuss how the study fits into the literature and contend that the costs associated with information covenants are less clear and have yet to be established. I discuss complementary information mechanisms and raise several research design issues. I also argue that the study sheds light on an open question in the disclosure literature.
Does fault matter

In this article, I try to go beyond the traditional objections to strict liability public welfare offenses and confront other possible justifications for punishing non-culpable conduct. Specifically, I consider the following arguments:
Learning with Mixture Models: Concepts and Applications

Probabilistic mixture models have been used in statistics for well over a century as flexible data models. More recently these techniques have been adopted by the machine learning and data mining communities in a variety of application settings. We begin this talk with a review of the basic concepts of finite mixture models: what can they represent? how can we learn them from data? and so on. We will then discuss how the traditional mixture model (defined in a fixed dimensional vector space) can be usefully generalized to model non-vector data, such as sets of sequences and sets of curves. A number of real-world applications will be used to illustrate how these techniques can be applied to large-scale real-world data exploration and prediction problems, including clustering of visitors to a Web site based on their sequences of page requests, modeling of sparse high-dimensional "market basket" data for retail forecasting, and clustering of storm trajectories in atmospheric science.
Field Experiments on Discrimination

Abstract This article reviews the existing field experimentation literature on the prevalence of discrimination, the consequences of such discrimination, and possible approaches to undermine it. We highlight key gaps in the literature and ripe opportunities for future field work. Section 2 reviews the various experimental methods that have been employed to measure the prevalence of discrimination, most notably audit and correspondence studies; it also describes several other measurement tools commonly used in lab-based work that deserve greater consideration in field research. Section 3 provides an overview of the literature on the costs of being stereotyped or discriminated against, with a focus on self-expectancy effects and self-fulfilling prophecies; Section 4 also discusses the thin field-based literature on the consequences of limited diversity in organizations and groups. The final section of the paper, Section 4 , reviews the evidence for policies and interventions aimed at weakening discrimination, covering role model and intergroup contact effects, as well as sociocognitive and technological debiasing strategies.
Strain measurement of 3D structured nanodevices by EBSD.

Abstract We present a new methodology to accurately measure strain magnitudes from 3D nanodevices using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). Because the dimensions of features on these devices are smaller than the interaction volume for backscattered electrons, EBSD patterns from 3D nanodevices will frequently be the superposition of patterns from multiple material regions simultaneously. The effect of this superposition on EBSD strain measurement is demonstrated, along with an approach to separate EBSD patterns from these devices via subtraction. The subtraction procedure is applied to 33 nm wide SiGe lines, and it provides accurate strain magnitudes where the traditional EBSD strain analysis method undervalues the strain magnitude by an order of magnitude. The approach provides a strain measurement technique for nanoscale 3D structures that is high spatial resolution, nondestructive, and accurate.
The Economic Organization of the Household

Surveying the field of the economics of the household, the second edition of this text reviews the theory of the consumer at the intermediate undergraduate level. It then applies and extends it to consumer demand and expenditures, consumption and saving, time allocation among market work, home work, and leisure, human capital emphasizing investment in education, children and health, fertility, marriage, and divorce. Influenced by Gary Becker and his associates, the models developed are used to help explain modern U.S. trends in family behavior. Topics are discussed with the aid of geometry and a little algebra. For those with calculus, mathematical endnotes provide the models on which the text discussions are based and interesting applications beyond the scope of the text.
Piecewise linear approximation of smooth functions of two variables

Abstract Given a piecewise linear (PL) function p defined on an open subset of R n , one may construct by elementary means a unique polyhedron with multiplicities D ( p ) in the cotangent bundle R n × R n ⁎ representing the graph of the differential of p . Restricting to dimension 2, we show that any smooth function f ( x , y ) may be approximated by a sequence p 1 , p 2 , … of PL functions such that the areas of the D ( p i ) are locally dominated by the area of the graph of df times a universal constant.
Longitudinal Determinants of End-of-Life Wealth Inequality

Inequality in wealth among elderly households, and in particular the prevalence of very low wealth holdings, can be an important consideration in the design of social insurance programs. This paper examines the incidence and determinants of low levels of financial and total wealth using repeated cross-sections of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and a small longitudinal sample of HRS respondents observed both at age 65 and shortly before death. Most of those who report very low wealth holdings at the end of their life had little wealth at the traditional retirement age of 65. There is strong persistence over time in reports of very low wealth, and more generally relatively little evidence that wealth is drawn down in the first 15 years of retirement. The age-specific probability of reporting low wealth increases slowly after age 65. Low lifetime earnings are strongly predictive of low wealth at retirement and at the end of life. The post-retirement onset of a major medical condition, and, for married women, the loss of their spouse, are both associated with small increases in the probability of reporting very low wealth, but they account for a small fraction of low-wealth outcomes. Low levels of wealth accumulation before age 65, rather than gaps in the safety net after 65 or rapid spend-down of accumulated assets, appear to be the primary determinant of low levels of wealth just before death.
A Bayesian nonparametric test of significance chasing biases.

There is a growing concern that much of the published research literature is distorted by the pursuit of statistically significant results. In a seminal article, Ioannidis and Trikalinos (2007, Clinical Trials) proposed an omnibus (I&T) test for significance chasing (SC) biases. This test compares the observed number of studies that report statistically significant results, against their expected number based on study power, assuming a common effect size across studies. The current article extends this approach by developing a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) meta-regression model and test of SC bias, which can diagnose bias at the individual study level. This new BNP test is based on a flexible model of the predictive distribution of study power, conditionally on study-level covariates which account for study diversity, including diversity due to heterogeneous effect sizes across studies. A test of SC bias proceeds by comparing each study's significant outcome report indicator against its estimated posterior predictive distribution of study power, conditionally on the study's covariates. The BNP model and SC bias test are illustrated through the analyses of 3 meta-analytic data sets and through a simulation study. Software code for the BNP model and test, and the data sets, are provided as Supporting Information.
Exact and approximate solutions for transient squeezing flow

In this paper, we report two novel theoretical approaches to examine a fast-developing flow in a thin fluid gap, which is widely observed in industrial applications and biological systems. The problem is featured by a very small Reynolds number and Strouhal number, making the fluid convective acceleration negligible, while its local acceleration is not. We have developed an exact solution for this problem which shows that the flow starts with an inviscid limit when the viscous effect has no time to appear and is followed by a subsequent developing flow, in which the viscous effect continues to penetrate into the entire fluid gap. An approximate solution is also developed using a boundary layer integral method. This solution precisely captures the general behavior of the transient fluid flow process and agrees very well with the exact solution. We also performed numerical simulation using Ansys-CFX. Excellent agreement between the analytical and the numerical solutions is obtained, indicating the validity ...
Land Reform as a Counterinsurgency Policy: Evidence from Colombia

Can targeted land reform reduce levels of civil war conflict by mitigating the factors that contribute to rural rebellion? This article uses new micro-level data on land reform and insurgency at th...
The endonuclease EEPD1 mediates synthetic lethality in RAD52-depleted BRCA1 mutant breast cancer cells

Proper repair and restart of stressed replication forks requires intact homologous recombination (HR). HR at stressed replication forks can be initiated by the 5′ endonuclease EEPD1, which cleaves the stalled replication fork. Inherited or acquired defects in HR, such as mutations in breast cancer susceptibility protein-1 (BRCA1) or BRCA2, predispose to cancer, including breast and ovarian cancers. In order for these HR-deficient tumor cells to proliferate, they become addicted to a bypass replication fork repair pathway mediated by radiation repair protein 52 (RAD52). Depleting RAD52 can cause synthetic lethality in BRCA1/2 mutant cancers by an unknown molecular mechanism. We hypothesized that cleavage of stressed replication forks by EEPD1 generates a fork repair intermediate that is toxic when HR-deficient cells cannot complete repair with the RAD52 bypass pathway. To test this hypothesis, we applied cell survival assays, immunofluorescence staining, DNA fiber and western blot analyses to look at the correlation between cell survival and genome integrity in control, EEPD1, RAD52 and EEPD1/RAD52 co-depletion BRCA1-deficient breast cancer cells. Our data show that depletion of EEPD1 suppresses synthetic lethality, genome instability, mitotic catastrophe, and hypersensitivity to stress of replication of RAD52-depleted, BRCA1 mutant breast cancer cells. Without HR and the RAD52-dependent backup pathway, the BRCA1 mutant cancer cells depleted of EEPD1 skew to the alternative non-homologous end-joining DNA repair pathway for survival. This study indicates that the mechanism of synthetic lethality in RAD52-depleted BRCA1 mutant cancer cells depends on the endonuclease EEPD1. The data imply that EEPD1 cleavage of stressed replication forks may result in a toxic intermediate when replication fork repair cannot be completed.
Chapter 3 – Interpolation Models

The interpolation functions and models used in finite element analysis are presented in this chapter. Polynomial form of interpolation functions for one, two, and three dimensional problems are discussed. The simplex, complex, and multiplex elements are defined. The representation of interpolation polynomials in terms of nodal degrees of freedom, and considerations in selecting the order of the interpolation polynomials such as geometric isotropy or geometric invariance and convergence requirements are discussed. Interpolation polynomials in terms of global coordinates for simplex elements in one, two, and three dimensions are derived. Interpolation polynomials are presented for vector quantities. The linear interpolation polynomials in terms of local coordinates for one-dimensional element, two-dimensional triangle element, and three-dimensional tetrahedron element are derived. The closed-form integration formulas are presented in terms of natural coordinates for simplex elements in one, two, and three dimensions. The patch test for ensuring convergence of the results is outlined along with simple illustrative examples.
FDI Spillovers and High-Growth Firms in Developing Countries

This paper evaluates the heterogeneous impact of spillovers from multinational corporations (MNCs) to domestic enterprises in the developing world. It empirically investigates two transmission channels of knowledge spillovers. First, direct contractual linkages between indigenous firms and MNCs. Second, indirect demonstration effects accrued by domestic firms by imitating foreign technologies either through observation or by hiring workers trained by MNCs. The paper focuses on the impact of spillovers on high-growth firms, which are enterprises with high job creation rates and, therefore, assumed to have high absorptive capacities. The paper also evaluates spillovers stemming from MNCs with different motivations to invest in developing countries. Employing a survey of around 71,000 firms across 50 sectors in 122 developing countries, the paper shows that high-growth firms internalize spillovers through both avenues and that contractual linkages are the most powerful transmission channel. FDI embedded in global value chains generates larger spillovers to high-growth domestic firms than investment that seeks to serve the host economy. There is no evidence that natural resource-seeking FDI generates spillovers. The results have important implications for policy design, as public funding in developing countries is often directed to support programs that seek to connect domestic suppliers with MNCs.
Properties of the mean momentum balance in polymer drag-reduced channel flow

Mean momentum equation based analysis of polymer drag-reduced channel flow is performed to evaluate the redistribution of mean momentum and the mechanisms underlying the redistribution processes. Similar to channel flow of Newtonian fluids, polymer drag-reduced channel flow is shown to exhibit a four layer structure in the mean balance of forces that also connects, via the mean momentum equation, to an underlying scaling layer hierarchy. The self-similar properties of the flow related to the layer hierarchy appear to persist, but in an altered form (different from the Newtonian fluid flow), and dependent on the level of drag reduction. With increasing drag reduction, polymer stress usurps the role of the inertial mechanism, and because of this the wall-normal position where inertially dominated mean dynamics occurs moves outward, and viscous effects become increasingly important farther from the wall. For the high drag reduction flows of the present study, viscous effects become non-negligible across the entire hierarchy and an inertially dominated logarithmic scaling region ceases to exist. It follows that the state of maximum drag reduction is attained only after the inertial sublayer is eradicated. According to the present mean equation theory, this coincides with the loss of a region of logarithmic dependence in the mean profile.
Faster algorithms for RNA-folding using the Four-Russians method

The secondary structure that maximizes the number of non-crossing matchings between complimentary bases of an RNA sequence of length n can be computed in O(n3) time using Nussinov’s dynamic programming algorithm. The Four-Russians method is a technique that reduces the running time for certain dynamic programming algorithms by a multiplicative factor after a preprocessing step where solutions to all smaller subproblems of a fixed size are exhaustively enumerated and solved. Frid and Gusfield designed an algorithm for RNA folding using the Four-Russians technique. In their algorithm the preprocessing is interleaved with the algorithm computation. We simplify the algorithm and the analysis by doing the preprocessing once prior to the algorithm computation. We call this the two-vector method. We also show variants where instead of exhaustive preprocessing, we only solve the subproblems encountered in the main algorithm once and memoize the results. We give a simple proof of correctness and explore the practical advantages over the earlier method. The Nussinov algorithm admits an O(n2) time parallel algorithm. We show a parallel algorithm using the two-vector idea that improves the time bound to . We have implemented the parallel algorithm on graphics processing units using the CUDA platform. We discuss the organization of the data structures to exploit coalesced memory access for fast running times. The ideas to organize the data structures also help in improving the running time of the serial algorithms. For sequences of length up to 6000 bases the parallel algorithm takes only about 2.5 seconds and the two-vector serial method takes about 57 seconds on a desktop and 15 seconds on a server. Among the serial algorithms, the two-vector and memoized versions are faster than the Frid-Gusfield algorithm by a factor of 3, and are faster than Nussinov by up to a factor of 20. The source-code for the algorithms is available at http://github.com/ijalabv/FourRussiansRNAFolding .
Hydrogen sulfide provides intestinal protection during a murine model of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis.

Abstract Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) continues to be a morbid surgical condition among preterm infants. Novel therapies for this condition are desperately needed. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter that has been found to have beneficial properties. We therefore hypothesized that intraperitoneal injection of various H 2 S donors would improve clinical outcomes, increase intestinal perfusion, and reduce intestinal injury in an experimental mouse model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Methods NEC was induced in five-day-old mouse C57BL/6 mouse pups through maternal separation, formula feeding, and intermittent hypoxic and hypothermic stress. The control group (n=10) remained with their mother and breastfed ad lib. Experimental groups (n=10/group) received intraperitoneal injections of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) vehicle or one of the following H 2 S donors: (1) GYY4137, 50mg/kg daily; (2) Sodium sulfide (Na 2 S), 20mg/kg three times daily; (3) AP39, 0.16mg/kg daily. Pups were monitored for weight gain, clinical status, and intestinal perfusion via transcutaneous Laser Doppler Imaging (LDI). After sacrifice on day nine, intestinal appearance and histology were scored and cytokines were measured in tissue homogenates of intestine, liver, and lung. Data were compared with Mann–Whitney and p Results Clinical score and weight gain were significantly improved in all three H 2 S-treated groups as compared to vehicle (p 2 S was 47.0% (p=0.0040), and AP39 was 43.0% (p=0.0018). The vehicle group had a median histology score of 2.5, while the GYY4137 group's was 1 (p=0.0013), Na 2 S was 0.5 (p=0.0004), and AP39 was 0.5 (p=0.0001). Cytokine analysis of the intestine of the H 2 S-treated groups revealed levels closer to breastfed pups as compared to vehicle (p Conclusion Intraperitoneal administration of H 2 S protects against development of NEC by improving mesenteric perfusion, and by limiting mucosal injury and altering the tissue inflammatory response. Further experimentation is necessary to elucidate downstream mechanisms prior to clinical implementation.
A plasma telomeric cell-free DNA level in unaffected women with BRCA1 or/and BRCA2 mutations: a pilot study.

// Shatovisha Dey 1 , Natascia Marino 2, 3 , Kanokwan Bishop 1 , Paige N. Dahlgren 1 , Aditi Shendre 4 , Anna Maria Storniolo 2, 3 , Chunyan He 5 and Hiromi Tanaka 1 1 Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 2 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 3 Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at IU Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA 4 Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA 5 Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Correspondence to: Hiromi Tanaka, email: hirtanak@iu.edu Keywords: BRCA1; BRCA2; telomere; circulating cell-free DNA; qPCR Received: November 03, 2017 Accepted: December 21, 2017 Published: December 29, 2017 ABSTRACT Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is a small DNA fragment circulating in the bloodstream originating from both non-tumor- and tumor-derived cells. A previous study showed that a plasma telomeric cfDNA level decreases in sporadic breast cancer patients compared to controls. Tumor suppressor gene products including BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1&2) play an important role in telomere maintenance. In this study, we hypothesized that the plasma telomeric cfDNA level is associated with the mutation status of BRCA1&2 genes. To test this hypothesis, we performed plasma telomeric cfDNA quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based assays to compare 28 women carriers of the BRCA1&2 mutation with age-matched controls of 28 healthy women. The results showed that the plasma telomeric cfDNA level was lower in unaffected BRCA1&2 mutation carriers than in age-matched controls from non-obese women (BMI 30). Moreover, the plasma telomeric cfDNA level applied aptly to the Tyrer-Cuzick model in non-obese women. These findings suggest that circulating cfDNA may detect dysfunctional telomeres derived from cells with BRCA1&2 mutations and, therefore, its level is associated with breast cancer susceptibility. This pilot study warrants further investigation to elucidate the implication of plasma telomeric cfDNA levels in relation to cancer and obesity.
Anti)Poverty Measures Exposed

Few economic indicators have more salience and pervasive financial impact on everyday lives in the United States than poverty measures. Nevertheless, policymakers, researchers, advocates, and legislators generally do not understand the details of poverty measure mechanics. These detailed mechanics shape and reshape poverty measures and the too often uninformed responses and remedies. This Article will build a bridge from personal portraits of families living in poverty to the resource allocations that failed them by exposing the specific detailed mechanics underlying the Census Bureau’s official (OPM) and supplemental poverty measures (SPM). Too often, when we confront the problem of poverty, the focus is on the lives and behavior of those suffering the burdens of poverty and not on the inadequacy of resource allocations in antipoverty programs. The purpose of poverty measures should be to expose the effectiveness and failures of antipoverty programs so that they can be improved, not to scrutinize the lives and characteristics of those who are enduring these hardships. This Article exposes poverty measures through the details of the United States’ current antipoverty programs, including the demographics of the populations who are included as beneficiaries and those that are left without adequate resources to survive. After reverse engineering the OPM and SPM, the Article describes the raw data from the starting population universes but then reveals the details of U.S. citizens and residents who have been intentionally excluded from the poverty analysis. The Article reveals that the excluded population is likely disproportionately poor and, thus, their erasure from the starting population universe understates derived poverty rates. Therefore, as a starting point, the OPM and SPM exclude millions of vulnerable Americans from the Census Bureau’s poverty measurement analyses. Nevertheless, the Article continues its poverty measure analysis using the Census Bureau’s original databases and rebuilds the OPM and SPM from the original population universes by applying each resource allocation program by program until demographic patterns emerge of who is lifted out of poverty proportionately or disproportionately in accordance with their pre-allocation poverty percentages in the population universes. By shifting the focus from Americans who suffer scarcity to the details of each antipoverty program and the demographics of who and in what proportion they are served by these programs, we better understand why almost 50 million Americans, including 16 million children, are not adequately provided for; do not have the necessary life resources; are struggling day in and day out; have been “nickel and dimed”; and are not getting by in the United States; and who, because of the misallocation (not lack) of resources, suffer the persistent and pernicious plight of poverty.
Growth of Oriented Thick Films of Gallium Nitride from the Melt

While significant strides have been made in the optimization of GaN-based devices on foreign substrates, a more attractive alternative would be homoepitaxy on GaN substrates. The primary motivation of this work is to explore the growth of thick films of GaN from the melt for the ultimate use as substrate material. We have previously demonstrated the synthesis of polycrystalline, wurtzitic gallium nitride and indium nitride by saturating gallium metal and indium metal with atomic nitrogen from a microwave plasma source. Plasma synthesis avoids the high equilibrium pressures required when molecular nitrogen is used as the nitrogen source. Here we report the growth of thick oriented GaN layers using the same technique by the introduction of (0001) sapphire into the melt to serve as a substrate. The mechanism of this growth is not established, but may involve transport of the metal as a liquid film onto the sapphire and subsequent reaction with atomic nitrogen. The films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction showed that the GaN films were oriented with their c-axes parallel to the sapphire c-axis. The TEM analysis confirmed the orientation and revealed a dislocation density of approximately 1010 cm−2. The E2 Raman active phonon modes were observed in the GaN films.
Effects of the nicotinic agonist varenicline, nicotinic antagonist r-bPiDI, and DAT inhibitor (R)-modafinil on co-use of ethanol and nicotine in female P rats

Co-users of alcohol and nicotine are the largest group of polysubstance users worldwide. Commonalities in mechanisms of action for ethanol (EtOH) and nicotine proposes the possibility of developing a single pharmacotherapeutic to treat co-use. Toward developing a preclinical model of co-use, female alcohol-preferring (P) rats were trained for voluntary EtOH drinking and i.v. nicotine self-administration in three phases: (1) EtOH alone (0 vs. 15%, two-bottle choice), (2) nicotine alone (0.03 mg/kg/infusion, active vs. inactive lever), and (3) concurrent access to both EtOH and nicotine. Using this model, we examined the effects of (1) varenicline, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonist with high affinity for the α4β2* subtype; (2) r-bPiDI, a subtype-selective antagonist at α6β2* nAChRs; and (3) (R)-modafinil, an atypical inhibitor of the dopamine transporter (DAT). In phases 1 and 2, pharmacologically relevant intake of EtOH and nicotine was achieved. In the concurrent access phase (phase 3), EtOH consumption decreased while nicotine intake increased relative to phases 1 and 2. For drug pretreatments, in the EtOH access phase (phase 1), (R)-modafinil (100 mg/kg) decreased EtOH consumption, with no effect on water consumption. In the concurrent access phase, varenicline (3 mg/kg), r-bPiDI (20 mg/kg), and (R)-modafinil (100 mg/kg) decreased nicotine self-administration but did not alter EtOH consumption, water consumption, or inactive lever pressing. These results indicate that therapeutics which may be useful for smoking cessation via selective inhibition of α4β2* or α6β2* nAChRs, or DAT inhibition, may not be sufficient to treat EtOH and nicotine co-use.
Increased trauma activation is not equally beneficial for all elderly trauma patients.

BACKGROUNDPhysiologic changes in the elderly lead to higher morbidity and mortality after injury. Increasing level of trauma activation has been proposed to improve geriatric outcomes, but the increased cost to the patient and stress to the hospital system are significant downsides. The purpose of t
The Investment CAPM

A new class of Capital Asset Pricing Models (CAPM) arises from the first principle of real investment for individual firms. Conceptually as ‘causal’ as the consumption CAPM, yet empirically more tractable, the investment CAPM emerges as a leading asset pricing paradigm. Firms do a good job in aligning investment policies with costs of capital, and this alignment drives many empirical patterns that are anomalous in the consumption CAPM. Most important, integrating the anomalies literature in finance and accounting with neoclassical economics, the investment CAPM has succeeded in mounting an efficient markets counterrevolution to behavioural finance over the past 15 years.
Microfluidic pumping using artificial magnetic cilia.

One of the vital functions of naturally occurring cilia is fluid transport. Biological cilia use spatially asymmetric strokes to generate a net fluid flow that can be utilized for feeding, swimming, and other functions. Biomimetic synthetic cilia with similar asymmetric beating can be useful for fluid manipulations in lab-on-chip devices. In this paper, we demonstrate the microfluidic pumping by magnetically actuated synthetic cilia arranged in multi-row arrays. We use a microchannel loop to visualize flow created by the ciliary array and to examine pumping for a range of cilia and microchannel parameters. We show that magnetic cilia can achieve flow rates of up to 11 μl/min with the pressure drop of ~1 Pa. Such magnetic ciliary array can be useful in microfluidic applications requiring rapid and controlled fluid transport. Actuation of artificial cilia in a rotating magnetic field enables microfluidic pumping at high flow rate. Naturally occurring cilia ‘beat’ on the surface of a cell or microorganism, generating forces that propel the body through a fluid medium, or ensure that fluid flows over the surface of the body, such as for feeding. Biomimetic systems that replicate this behavior in artificial micro-scale systems are challenging to achieve. A team at Georgia Institute of Technology in the US now report microfluidic pumping in a closed-loop micro-channel, utilizing NiFe thin films as artificial cilia actuators; application of a rotating magnetic field induces ‘beating’ of the micro-scale cilia in unison, achieving a flow rate of 1.1 μl/min. Such a design could offer rapid and controlled pumping in micro-scale fluidic devices.