cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface characterization of quinhydrone-methanol and iodine-methanol passivated silicon substrates using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Hydrogen-terminated silicon substrates were passivated with quinhydrone-methanol (QHY/ME) and iodine-methanol (I 2 /ME), and the chemical changes occurring at the surface were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS surface studies demonstrate that QHY/ME passivation provides reduced oxidation, less carbon contamination, and a chemically inert surface. Electrical characterization also demonstrates higher minority carrier lifetimes of QHY/ME passivated substrates as compared to I 2 /ME passivated substrates. The quality of surface treatment was also characterized using the contact angle measurement, which confirms the presence of a hydrophobic organic layer on the surface after QHY/ME passivation. Si 2p XPS spectra of the QHY/ME, I 2 /ME samples, and H-terminated silicon. With a peak at 102.9 eV for I 2 /ME, it is evident that it provides poor surface passivation than QHY/ME where no surface oxidation is observed.
Syntheses and lipophilicity measurement of Nα/N-terminus-1, 1-dihydroperfluoroalkylated α-amino acids and small peptides

Abstract (1,1-Dihydroperfluoroalkyl)phenyliodonium N,N-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides (4, n = 0–2) were synthesized and used to transfer the corresponding 1,1-dihydroperfluoroalkyl groups to the α-amino group of ( l )tyrosine. The obtained Nα-2,2,2-trifluoroethylated ( l )tyrosine (6, n = 0) was further used as the N-terminus in the solid phase peptide synthesis of leucine enkephalin analogue. The lipophilicity of the Nα-1,1-dihydroperfluoroalkylated ( l )tyrosines (6, n = 0–2) and N-terminus-2,2,2-trifluoroethylated leucine enkephalin analogue (7), as well as the corresponding parent compounds, was measured.
Anti-GPIIb/IIIa (CD41) monoclonal antibody-induced platelet activation requires Fc receptor-dependent cell-cell interaction

We studied platelet activation by UR1, a murine IgG1 anti-CD41 mAb. Like thrombin and crosslinked anti-Fc gamma RII mAb IV3, UR1 initiates prompt aggregation and Ca2+ mobilization. UR1 F(ab')2 fragments failed to activate, yet inhibited UR1 IgG-mediated activation. UR1-induced activation was blocked by anti-Fc gamma RII mAb. High viscosity (15% dextran or Ficoll), which impedes cell-cell interaction, inhibited activation by UR1. Cell-cell interaction was confirmed by cell-mixing studies. UR1 binding to platelets of one pool was blocked with UR1 F(ab')2 allowing UR1 binding only to Fc gamma RII. IV3 Fab fragments blocked ligand binding to Fc gamma RII on platelets of a second pool; thus, UR1 could bind only its epitope. UR1 initiated an immediate [Ca2+]i increase in the intermixed pools at low ionic strength. These studies indicate that UR1 IgG binds CD41 on one platelet to form immune complexes which then crosslink and stimulate Fc gamma RII on nearby platelets. Two other anti-CD41 mAb, 6C9 and C17, and two anti-CD9 mAb, AG1 and mAb7, activated platelets in a UR1-like manner. We propose that platelet Fc gamma RII crosslinking that follows the interaction of IgG-opsonized platelets may be a common mechanism by which anti-platelet antibodies activate platelets.
Nonlinear optical output of atomic systems via numerical simulation of time-dependent Schrodinger equations, stimulated by laser sources, in and out of resonance conditions within the non-perturbative regime

Nonlinear optical effects have had a major impact on many fields in optics since their discovery. We developed a numerical simulation to investigate how Time-Dependent Schrodinger Equations (TDSE) of electrons travelling within atomic and molecular potential wells, propagated with Finite Difference Methods, and excited with different types of laser sources, can show nonlinear photonic output. In particular, here we are interested in resonance conditions of these systems. The parameters of a laser source, as well as the source type, have a substantial impact on the system’s TDSE. With the right conditions, and knowledge of the system’s current energy state, we can effectively choose what energy state to move the system to. We can likewise reduce the energy state by choosing conditions matching transitions to lower states, reducing the energy state of the system and stimulating photonic output. In this paper we will show the effects of laser source conditions both in and out of resonance, in several different atomic systems with potential wells, and resulting nonlinear photonic output for each combination of parameters.
Kinetics of solvolysis of 1-acetyl-4-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-cyano) methylene-1,4-dihydroquinoline in undried DMSO-d6 formation of acetic anhydride as an intermediate

The kinetics of solvolysis of the title compound (QAc) in undried DMSO-d{sub 6} to give 4-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-1-cyano)methylquinoline (QH) and HOAc at ambient temperature were investigated by {sup 1}H nmr spectrometry. With a limited excess of water the solvolysis follows a three-step process of QAc + H{sub 2}O{sup k1}{yields} QH + HOAC, and Ac{sub 2}O + H{sub 2}O{sup k3}{yields} 2HOA{sub c}, where k{sub 2} > k{sub 1} and k{sub 3} < k{sub 1}. Addition of pyridine-d5 to the reaction mixture markedly catalyzes the overall solvolysis, while addition of CF{sub 3}CO{sub 2}D to the reaction mixture simplifies the kinetics to pseudo first-order in [QAc] with k = 4.3 x 10{sup -3} min{sup -1}.
Cell adhesion as a basis of pattern in embryonic development

Synopsis. The development of the modern methodologies of cell biology in the fifties and sixties and of molecular biology in the seventies and eighties has led to a reductionist view of embryonic development that centers on the cell and the gene as the functional units of development. The functional units in most inductive and morphogenetic processes in the embryo are not single cells, however, but rather are collectives of interacting cells that give rise to the tissues and organs. Can these methodological developments reconcile a molecular analysis with the fact that form arises epigenetically from the increasing number of embryonic cells during development? To answer this question one must link genetic regulation to mechanochemical processes that coordinate cell division, cell move? ment and cell death. Recent studies of cell adhesion suggest that one such link is provided by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that mediate cell-cell binding. These studies suggest that CAMs are involved in defining cell collectives and their borders as they interact during inductive events in morphogenesis. Although CAMs cannot be considered the "cause" of induction, they play key roles among the complex causal chains of inductive interactions involving hormones and growth factors, extracellular matrix components and cellular receptors. We provide here a brief summary of modern developments in the field centered about the function of CAMs in morphogenesis and using recent experimental results in the developing feather as a paradigmatic example.
Technological knowledge and governance in alliances among competitors

This study examines how the governance form of an alliance enables partners to develop, transfer and protect knowledge in alliances. More integrative forms of control are expected when collaborations are exploratory in nature, when partners are moderately similar in technological knowledge and when industry rivalry increases. An empirical analysis of alliances, patent cross-citation rates and industry structure for 109 firms in the communications equipment industry over ten years offers support for the hypothesised effects. Support was found for a curvilinear relationship between the technological similarity of partners and the form of alliance governance. Results confirm that similarity in technology knowledge and industry rivalry influence alliance partners' choice of governance.
Origin of the zebrafish endocrine and exocrine pancreas

Here, we report a detailed fate map of the zebrafish pancreas at the early gastrula stage of development (6 hours postfertilization; hpf). We show that, at this stage, both pancreas and liver progenitors are symmetrically localized in two broad domains relative to the dorsal organizer. We demonstrate that the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds can derive from common progenitor pools at 6 hpf, but often derive from independent populations. Endocrine vs. exocrine pancreas show a similar pattern of progenitors, consistent with descriptions of the dorsal bud being strictly endocrine and the ventral bud primarily exocrine. In general, we find that endocrine/dorsal bud progenitors are located more dorsally than the exocrine pancreas/ventral bud progenitors. Later in gastrulation (10 hpf), pancreas progenitors have migrated to bilateral domains at the equator of the embryo. Our fate map will assist with design and interpretation of future experiments to understand early pancreas development. Developmental Dynamics 236:1558–1569, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Conductances contributing to the action potential of Sternopygus electrocytes.

In Sternopygus macrurus, electrocyte action potential duration determines the electric organ discharge pulse duration. Since the electric organ discharge is a sexually-dimorphic behavior under the control of steroid hormones, and because electrocyte action potential durations can range from 3–14 ms, the electrocytes provide a unique opportunity to study how sex steroids regulate membrane excitability. In this study, the voltage-sensitive ionic currents of electrocytes were identified under current- and voltage-clamp as a prelude to further studies on their regulation by sex steroid hormones. Bath application of TTX completely abolished the spike and eliminated an inward current under voltage clamp, indicating that the action potential is due primarily to a sodium current. Calcium-free saline had no effect on spike waveform or voltage-clamp currents, indicating that neither calcium nor calcium-dependent currents contribute to the action potential. Application of potassium channel blocking agents, such as tetraethylammonium and cesium ions, caused changes in the spike which, together with voltage-clamp results, indicate the presence of two potassium currents: an inward rectifier and a classical delayed rectifier. In addition, these cells have a large, presumably voltage-insensitive, chloride current. Differences in one or more of these currents could be responsible for the range of action potential durations found in these cells and for the steroid-mediated changes in spike duration.
Sonographic detection, evaluation and aspiration of infected acromioclavicular joints.

Objective. To describe the sonographic findings of septic arthritis of the acromioclavicular joint. Design and patients. A retrospective study of five male patients was carried out. Four of the patients were referred because of signs and symptoms suggestive of glenohumeral joint septic arthritis, one for signs and symptoms suggestive of septic arthritis of the acromioclavicular joint. All the acromioclavicular joints were evaluated with ultrasound, aspirated and the aspirate cultured. Results. All patients had normal ultrasound findings of their glenohumeral joints and distended acromioclavicular joints as determined by ultrasound. Ultrasound examination elicited focal tenderness over the acromioclavicular joint. Aspirates of each acromioclavicular joint grew pyogenic organisms. Conclusion. Infection in the acromio-clavicular joint is uncommon, but is seen in increased frequency in immune-compromised patients and intravenous drug users. A normal glenohumeral joint on ultrasound in a patient suspected of having a septic shoulder should prompt careful review of the acromioclavicular joint. Aspiration of the acromioclavicular joint is easily performed under ultrasound guidance.
Annihilation in charmless nonleptonic B decays

We show that the leading contributions to annihilation amplitudes in nonleptonic B → M 1 M 2 decays (where M 1 , 2 are charmless non-isosinglet mesons) of order α s ( m b ) Λ / m b are real and are determined by distribution functions that already occur in the lowest order factorization theorem [C.M. Arnesen, Z. Ligeti, I.Z. Rothstein and I.W. Stewart, hep-ph/0607001 ]. A complex nonperturbative parameter from annihilation first appears at O [ α s 2 ( Λ m b ) Λ / m b ] and real at lowest order. Thus, incalculable strong phases are suppressed in annihilation amplitudes, unless the α s ( Λ m b ) expansion breaks down. Modeling the distribution functions, we find that ( 11 ± 9 ) % and ( 15 ± 11 ) % of the absolute values of the measured B ¯ 0 → K − π + and B − → K − K 0 penguin amplitudes come from annihilation. This is consistent with the expected size of power corrections. LBNL–61096
Graft vasculopathy: comparison of cyclosporine and tacrolimus over 15 + years

versial. We assessed the potential role of noninvasive CFR evaluation as predictor of CAV. Methods: We studied 26 heart transplant (HT) recipients (13 male, aged 46 12 years at HT) without wall motion abnormalities and hypertrophy by transthoracic echocardiography. Coronary blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery was noninvasively detected by contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (CE-TTE) at 7 5.5 years after HT. CFR was calculated by the ratio of averaged peak systolic-diastolic flow velocity (APV) during adenosine infusion to baseline APV. CE-TTE assessment of CFR was achieved before each of the 26 angiographic studies. A CFR 2 was regarded as normal. Comparison of means was made by Student’s t test. A p value 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: CAV was diagnosed in 12 out of 26 patients (pts) (46%) (group A) while 14 pts had normal coronary angiograms (group B). Septal and posterior left ventricular wall thickness were similar in the two groups (9.6 0.9 vs 9.8 1.16 mm; 8.9 0.6 vs 9.4 0.8 mm respectively, p NS). Blood haemoglobin, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also similar. CFR was 2.7 0.7 in all pts and reduced in group A vs group B (2.19 0.46 vs 3.13 0.64, p 0.0001). Conclusions: Our data suggest that impaired CFR by CE-TTE is associated with angiographically detectable CAV. CFR impairment seems related to dysfunction of the coronary microcirculation rather than enhanced myocardial oxygen consumption. CE-TTE may represent a promising noninvasive diagnostic tool in CAV.
Design and fabrication of a 1 Gb/s OEIC receiver for fiber-optic data link applications

This paper describes a 1 Gb/s fully monolithic integrated GaAs OEIC receiver based on 0.6 /spl mu/m gate length D-mode MESFET technology. The adoption of 0.85 /spl mu/m short wavelength standard permits the integration of low capacitance MSM photodetectors and conventional electronic circuitry onto a single chip. Hence, the viability of low-cost manufacturing of high-speed optoelectronic devices will be improved. The design, fabrication, and testing of the receiver chip is discussed in detail. A BER of less than 10/sup -9/ at 1 Gb/s has been achieved for optical power of -20.5 dBm with a dynamic range of greater than 32 dB. This performance is sufficient for practical use in optical data link systems operating at gigabit/s data rates.
GaAsP solar cells on GaP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

We demonstrate molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of GaAsxP1−x/GaP solar cells over a range of bandgap energies (Eg). Identical GaAs0.66P0.34 cells on GaAs and GaP exhibit similar properties; GaAs0.66P0.34/GaP cells with Eg = 1.82 eV produced an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.24 V, ∼40 mV lower than previous GaAs0.66P0.34/GaAs cells. We then grew GaAs0.56P0.44/GaP cells with Eg = 1.92 eV to investigate their suitability for wide-Eg applications, reaching Voc = 1.27 V. For potential dual-junction integration on Si, we grew Eg = 1.71 eV GaAs0.73P0.27/GaP cells, attaining Voc = 1.15 V. These results indicate that GaAsxP1−x/GaP solar cells by MBE are promising for integration onto Si and for other photovoltaic applications.
Expanding ester biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.

The use of CoA thioester intermediates drives formation of small- and medium-sized esters in metabolically engineered E. coli cells, including doubly branched chains generated with enzymes from amino acid degradation pathways.
Proper orthogonal decomposition and incompressible flow: An application to particle modeling

Abstract The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is a reduced-order modeling technique that is used to compactly represent unsteady flows. In this paper, we use the POD to capture the parametric variation of a flow with Reynolds number. We study incompressible, axisymmetric, steady flow over spherical particles at various Reynolds numbers in order to give an alternative to correlation-based approaches for predicting the drag on a sphere. In most previous applications of the POD for reduced-order modeling of incompressible flow, the POD modes typically have only described the velocity field; the pressure field was not directly modeled. Since we are interested in drag, which is dependent on the pressure, we formulate the method to directly include the pressure field of an incompressible flow. The POD modes are then derived from numerical flow solutions obtained using an hp-finite element method. A reduced-order model is created by performing a streamwise-upwind-Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) projection of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations onto the space spanned by the POD modes. The SUPG approach is taken because when pressure modes are included the Galerkin method fails to give unique solutions for incompressible flow. This is demonstrated for some simple test cases. An efficient numerical implementation is also developed using a Taylor expansion of the SUPG projection of the Navier–Stokes equations. Finally, values of drag are computed from the reduced-order model. Drag can be calculated to within 1.0% of the direct numerical simulations using only a small number of modes while still retaining all of the essential physics around the particle.
Model-based Approaches to Managing Concurrent Engineering

SUMMARY As design managers begin to implement concurrent engineering in order to reduce development time, design procedures can become more complex, potentially taking even greater time to complete. This paper discusses the basis for such design task complexity and presents a method for representing these constraints within a design process model. These models are used to explore several approaches for design process management. It is shown that while the feedback characteristic of concurrent engineering is essential to enhance design quality, this feedback causes iteration which can use up valuable engineering time. For concurrent engineering to save time, we require a framework for evaluating which tasks are vital to begin early in the development cycle, and which tasks should be left for later.
Simplified electron ejection in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry by suspended trapping

Suspended trapping is used to eject electrons in negative-ion Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometric experiments. In contrast to electron ejection by resonant excitation of the trapping motion, suspended trapping involves allowing the electrons to escape along the z-axis (perpendicular to the trap plates) while the trapping potential is briefly removed. The duration of this event is sufficiently short (∼10 μs) so that ion losses are negligible; the overall effect is that of a ‘high-pass mass filter’. Suspended trapping is simpler to implement and more generally applicable to various cell geometries than resonant electron ejection. The effectiveness of the suspended trapping technique is not compromised by the anharmonicity of the potential well in ‘elongated’ ICR traps, but depends simply on the time it takes the electrons to escape the cell. Finally, a small, positive offset potential (∼+0.25 V) applied to the trap plates during the suspended trapping event increases the efficiency of the ejection.
Some Significant Factors That Influence Tipping in Service Encounters Outside the Restaurant Industry in the United States

Abstract Even though tipping is an integral part of the transactions in the service industry, research efforts on tipping have almost exclusively focused on the restaurant industry alone. However, because tipping in the restaurant industry is guided by recommended tipping guidelines (i.e., 15-20% of bill), the decision to tip in service encounters outside the restaurant industry is differently motivated from the decision to tip in the restaurant industry. We, in this study, examined factors that influence tipping in service encounters outside the restaurant industry, and found that such factors as time, repeat purchase, service quality, and the consumer's budget for the particular service are significant in influencing the consumer's decision on whether to tip. These findings have important managerial implications for practitioners in the service industry. They could be used to increase the level of income for service workers.Similarly, they could also be used to increase the wealth level in the general e...
N‐ALKYL DERIVATIVES OF TRANS‐6,7‐DIHYDROXY‐1,2,3,4,4A,5,10,10B‐OCTAHYROBENZO(G)QUINOLINE. A CONGENER OF APOMORPHINE LACKING THE NONOXYGENATED AROMATIC RING

A synthetic sequence leading to the title compounds began with methyl 5,6-dimethoxy-2-tetralone-3-carboxylate and involved a multi-step construction of the heterocyclic ring. The trans-fused isomer was isolated from the cyclization step. However, the possibility of formation of some cis-fused isomer cannot be precluded.
Sex Differences in Reciprocal Altruism: Reply to Mower

Mower questions some aspects of Geary's (2002) proposals regarding the nature of male-male and female-female relationships during human evolution and the implications for understanding the basis for same-sex friendships. The core of this proposal is reviewed and Mower's challenges to the core are addressed.
Cirrhosis is not a contraindication to laparoscopic surgery

Cirrhosis of the liver contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in abdominal surgery. The proven benefits of laparoscopy seem especially applicable to patients with this complex disease. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic procedures in a series of consecutively treated patients with biopsy-proven cirrhosis. The medical records of all patients with biopsy-proven cirrhosis undergoing laparoscopic surgery at the authors’ medical center between January 2000 and December 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 50 patients (27 men and 23 women) underwent 52 laparoscopic procedures. Among these 50 patients were 39 patients with Child-Pugh classification A cirrhosis, 10 with classification B, and 1 with classification C, who underwent a variety of laparoscopic procedures including cholecystectomy (n = 22), splenectomy (n = 18), colectomy (n = 4), diagnostic laparoscopy (n = 3), ventral hernia repair (n = 1), Nissen fundoplication (n = 1), Heller myotomy (n = 1), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n = 1), and radical nephrectomy (n = 1). There were two conversions (4%) to an open procedure. The mean operative time was 155 min. Estimated blood loss averaged 124 ml for all procedures, and 20 patients (40%) required perioperative transfusion of blood products. One patient required a single blood transfusion postoperatively because of anemia. No one experienced hepatic decompensation. Overall morbidity was 16%. There were no deaths. The mean length of hospitalization was 3 days. Although technically challenging because portal hypertension, varices, and thrombocytopenia frequently coexist, basic and advanced laparoscopic procedures are safe for patients with mild to moderate cirrhosis of the liver.
Particle selection by the burrowing brittlestar Micropholis gracillima (Stimpson) (Echinodermata:Ophiuroidea)

Optimal foraging theory predicts that deposit-feeders should select particles on the basis of size and organic coating. Micropholis gracillima (Stimpson), an amphiurid brittlestar, was used to investigate particle selection by a deposit-feeder. Experiments were performed using glass beads (30–60, 75–150, 150–200, 250–300, and 450–500 μm diam.) mixed together in equal proportions by volume. Three treatments were prepared from the bead mixture: uncoated, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated, and bacteriacoated. Bacterial densities on BSA-coated and uncoated beads exposed to unfiltered sea water were not different. The experiment was run simultaneously in autoclaved and non-autoclaved sediment conditions. M. gracillima individuals were offered one of the treatments and comparisons of the beads available and ingested were made. Ophiuroids selectively ingested BSA-coated and bacteria-coated particles in the two smallest size ranges (30–60 and 75–150 μm). Larger beads were ingested in smaller proportions than available. These results support optimal foraging theory and show that M. gracillima can distinguish between particles of different sizes with or without organic coatings.
A minimally invasive pericoccygeal approach to resection of a large presacral schwannoma: case report

Resection of large presacral schwannomas can present a challenge. The posterior approach is commonly associated with coccygeal disarticulation, partial sacral resection, and muscular disarticulation, which can all result in significant morbidity. Minimally invasive surgery may obviate some of the morbidity traditionally associated with this approach. The authors present the case of a morbidly obese 49-year-old man with an enlarging presacral schwannoma. The patient refused laparoscopic resection because of the morbidity he had experienced with a previous laparoscopic surgery. The tumor was resected using a minimally invasive paracoccygeal approach, which affords improved access with minimal morbidity.
The Long Run Problem of Financing the Social Security System

. The Social Security Amendments of 1972 radically altered the Social Security System (SSS) by including, among other things, provisions whereby the taxable wage base would thereafter rise with increases in the average U.S. wage level and benefits would rise with increases in the Consumer Price Index. These provisions, in fact, have so affected the magnitude of present and potential future social security benefit payments that today, in spite of the restoration of short-run financial viability, the very financial solvency of the system over the long run is at issue. In an attempt to understand this financial solvency problem, three questions are examined: 1) how are social security benefits calculated today; 2) how have the underlying principles of the SSS changed recently; and 3) what does the future of the SSS look like? The results of that examination leave little doubt that the SSS must again be changed significantly if its long run financial solvency is to be restored, but President Carter's recent recommendations for change appear to be only a temporary solution to a long run problem.
The reproductive cycle and size at maturity observed in Cancer pagurus in the Shetland Islands, Scotland

Seasonality of the reproductive cycle for Cancer pagurus was determined using three biological indicators: extruding sperm plugs (mating period), extrusion of eggs (spawning period) and presence of empty egg capsules (hatching period). Sperm plugs were found only in recently moulted females, indicating that mating coincides with moulting periods. Cancer pagurus mating indicators were observed during the summer months and into autumn; spawning occurred in winter, and broods were hatching throughout the summer into early autumn. Size at maturity, was assessed using a variety of reproductive and morphometric criteria; estimates from reproductive criteria are generally larger than those from morphometric criteria and these differences are often indicative of ‘functional’ vs ‘behavioural’ maturity. In C. pagurus , size at maturity estimates ranged from 101.6–125.0 mm carapace width (CW) in males and 110.7–147.3 mm CW in females; the sizes at functional maturity proposed are larger than those from morphometric indicators.
Mechanisms of Zn2+-induced signal initiation through the epidermal growth factor receptor☆

Zn(2+) is a ubiquitous ambient air contaminant that is found as a constituent of airborne particulate matter (PM). Previous studies have associated Zn(2+) levels in PM with health effects in exposed populations and have shown proinflammatory properties of Zn(2+) exposure in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we studied the mechanisms of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) dimerization, phosphorylation, and kinase activity in A431 cells treated with Zn(2+). EGF, but not Zn(2+), induced dimerization of EGFR in A431 cells and membrane extracts. Like EGF, Zn(2+) induced phosphorylation of EGFR at tyrosines 845, 1068, and 1173. However, unlike EGF, Zn(2+) failed to induce detectable dimerization of EGFR. The EGFR kinase inhibitor PD153035 ablated all phosphorylation induced by EGF but none caused by Zn(2+). PD153035 abolished EGF-induced phosphorylation of the EGFR substrate Cbl, but had no effect on levels of phospho-Cbl caused by Zn(2+). Inhibition of EGFR kinase activity did, however, blunt Zn(2+)-induced phosphorylation of ERK. Exposure to Zn(2+), but not EGF, induced phosphorylation of the activating site of c-Src (tyrosine 416), and Zn(2+)-induced phosphorylation of EGFR at tyrosines 845 and 1068 was blocked by the c-Src kinase activity inhibitor PP2. In summary, Zn(2+) ions induce EGFR phosphorylation in a manner dependent on c-Src but not on EGFR dimerization or EGFR kinase activation, suggesting that Zn(2+) induces EGFR transactivation by c-Src.
The predictable instability of psychological distress in college students: A comment on Flett, Vredenburg, and Krames

Flett, Vredenburg, and Krames (1995) claim that their data support the view that the apparent instability in distress among college students is artifactual. However, they have merely demonstrated that distress among college students is an unstable phenomena. Their argument that changes in distress scores have statistical rather than substantive explanations erroneously assumes that instability in distress scores is equivalent to error of measurement.
Chelate-Assisted Heavy Metal Removal by Sunflower to Improve Soil with Sludge

Abstract Crops are used to improve land through phytoremediation. When heavy metals are the pollutants, chelates are added to increase their solubility for uptake and removal. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends recycling of sewage sludge back to land, which results in heavy metal accumulations at sludge farms. However, almost no information is available concerning the efficacy of chelates applied to soil with sludge for heavy-metal removal. The objective of this work was to compare heavy metal uptake by sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in composted sludge or in soil from a sludge farm, when the chelate ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was added to facilitate uptake of the heavy metals. Plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse. Fifty-four days after planting, the tetrasodium salt of EDTA was applied at rates of 0, 1, and 2 g EDTA salt per kg medium (composted sludge or soil with sludge). At harvest, 68 days after planting, three non-essential (Cd, Ni, Pb) and four essential h...
Mechanics of Fretting Fatigue Tests of Contacting Dissimilar Elastic Bodies

A popular fretting fatigue test applies a bulk compression that oscillates in phase with the fretting force. To understand the effect of the bulk compression on fretting, the effect of the bulk compression alone on the fretting stress state and microslip for contacting dissimilar elastic bodies is analyzed. This is accomplished by modeling the fretting configuration with a rigid indenter contacting a plane-strain elastic half-space with the effective elastic properties of the contacting pair. The indenter is loaded by a constant normal load while the half-space is subjected to remote compression parallel to its surface. The bulk compression has a pronounced effect on the stick-slip geometry underneath the contact of dissimilar materials. It is shown that the contacting pads serve as stress concentrators and a mechanism for the initiation of fretting fatigue cracks is discussed. This stress concentration effect is not present when the indenter and the half-space have the same elastic constants. Presented a...
Seismic margins issues

Abstract The effect of very large earthquakes on the safe operation of nuclear power plants is discussed. The fundamental safety and regulatory issues of: (1) uncertainties in the seismic hazard, (2) earthquakes larger than the design basis, and (3) seismic vulnerabilities are described. Finally, the NRC-sponsored Seismic Design Margins Program is described in terms of approach and how this compares with probabilistic risk assessment.
Development of wavelength-changeable multiband color-mixing imaging device and its application

Previously, we showed that two- and three-band color-mixing techniques could be used to achieve results optically equivalent to two- and three-band ratios that are normally implemented using multispectral imaging systems, for enhancing identification of single target types against a background and for separation of multiple targets by color or contrast. In this paper, a prototype of a wavelength-changeable two- and three-band color-mixing device is presented and its application is demonstrated. The wavelength-changeable device uses changeable central wavelength bandpass filters and various filter arrangements. The experiments showed that a color-mixing technique implemented in a pair of binoculars coupled with an imager could greatly enhance target identification of color-blindness test cards with hidden numbers and figures as the targets. Target identification of color blindness cards was greatly improved by using twoband color-mixing with filters at 620 nm and 650 nm, which were selected based on the criterion of uniform background. Target identification of a different set of color blindness test cards was also improved using three-band color-mixing with filters at 450 nm, 520 nm, and 632 nm, which were selected based on the criterion of maximum chromaticness difference. These experiments show that color-mixing techniques can significantly enhance electronic imaging and visual inspection.
Encoding controlled vocabularies for the Semantic Web using SKOS Core

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce digital librarians to a new encoding standard for developing semantically‐rich controlled vocabularies which will enhance searching of digital content.Design/methodology/approach – Literature‐based review.Findings – SKOS Core serves as an efficient and practical segue from traditional knowledge organization systems such as thesauri and classification systems to more complex and logic‐driven Semantic Web languages.Practical implications – Librarians with a need to provide semantically‐rich access to digital resources will find SKOS Core a useful addition to their metadata tool kits.Originality/value – Provides a useful and practical introduction to a new Semantic Web tool which should be of great interest to librarians tasked with integrating knowledge organization systems into digital libraries.
Investigations on the effect of chloride on the general corrosion behavior of low-alloy steels in oxygenated high-temperature water

This project focused on investigations on the effect of chloride contaminations on the general corrosion and crack initiation behavior of low-alloy steel (German reactor pressure vessel steel 22NiMoCr3 7) in oxygenated high-temperature water (HTW). Therefore, tests were performed in oxygenated HTW without chloride and at different chloride contamination levels up to 50 ppb. Chloride was added either permanently or temporarily to simulate a chloride transient during plant operation. During these tests, electrochemical noise (EN) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to monitor the electrochemical behavior depending on the adjusted environment conditions, especially the effect of chloride on the degradation of low-alloy steel. After the tests, the specimens were examined macroscopically and microscopically. In addition, the oxide layer thickness was determined using the focused ion beam (FIB) technique and different surface analysis techniques as, e.g., TOF-SIMS were performed to analyze the composition of the oxide layer. A change of the corrosion behavior of the tested specimens was revealed by the applied electrochemical methods EN and EIS during high-temperature testing. In addition, the applied post-test investigations showed a decrease in the oxide layer thickness due to permanently increased chloride concentrations in the HTW. Temporary transients, however, did not cause a long-term memory effect as shown by both, the electrochemical and the metallographic post-test investigations.
Polarization effects in nearfield radio wave sensing of buried anomalies

The nearfield reflectance of a buried, dielectric object of circular shape was measured with an antenna operating in its and the object's nearfield region for two orthogonal linear polarizations. Reflectance depended on polarization. Mutual coupling between individual antennas was also measured and found to depend on polarization.
Biosynthesis of Ovalbumin

THE problem of the biosynthesis of ovalbumin is interesting since this protein seems to be synthesized from a non-homogeneous pool of intermediary peptides1–3. We have studied the biosynthesis of this protein in vivo by the laying hen using L-cystine-35S and Na2 14CO3. Selected birds were given these labelled substances and blood was obtained at stated intervals, either by heart puncture or from the wing vein. The time of laying the egg was carefully noted and ovalbumin was isolated from the egg white by ammonium sulphate fractionation. Serum globulin was isolated by precipitation with an equal volume of ammonium sulphate, while the total proteins were obtained by precipitation with trichloracetic acid to a final concentration of 5 per cent. In both cases the precipitates were repeatedly washed with 5 per cent trichloracetic acid to remove any co-precipitated amino-acids.
The lattice dimension of a graph

We describe a polynomial time algorithm for, given an undirected graph G, finding the minimum dimension d such that G may be isometrically embedded into the d-dimensional integer lattice Zd.
Formation of n=2 positronium from untreated metal surfaces

The formation of {ital n}=2 positronium is investigated using a positron beam incident on a variety of untreated metal foils and crystals. The maximum measured formation fraction is much higher than any previously reported for such targets. Fully 2% of the incident positrons are observed to form {ital n}=2 positronium at low input energy with little dependence upon the metal substrate of the formation surface. The {ital n}=2 positronium spectra exhibit lifetime components characteristic of two distinct populations with different kinetic energies. The dependence of each of these components on the incident positron energy is studied and interpreted as being consistent with existing theories of positron interactions with metals. The production of {ital n}=2 positronium using positrons transmitted through metal meshes and thin foils is also observed and discussed briefly.
Pea chloroplast topoisomerase I: purification, characterization, and role in replication.

A DNA-relaxing enzyme was purified 5 000-fold to homogeneity from isolated chloroplasts of Pisum sativum. The enzyme consists of a single polypeptide of 112 kDa. The enzyme was able to relax negatively supercoiled DNA in the absence of ATP. It is resistant to nalidixic acid and novobiocin, and causes a unit change in the linkage number of supercoiled DNA. The enzyme shows optimum activity at 37°C with 50 mM KCl and 10 mM MgCl2. From these properties, the enzyme can be classified as a prokaryotic type I topoisomerase.Using a partiall purified pea chloroplast DNA polymerase fraction devoid of topoisomerase I activity for in vitro replication on clones containing the pea chloroplast DNA origins of replication, a 2-6-fold stimulation of replication activity was obtained when the purified topoisomerase I was added to the reaction at 70-100 mM KCl. However, when the same reaction was carried out at 125 mM KCl, which does not affect DNA polymerase activity on calf thymus DNA but is completely inhibitory for topoisomerase I activity, a 4-fold drop in activity resulted. Novobiocin, an inhibitor of topoisomerase II, was not found to inhibit the in vitro replication of chloroplast DNA.
Development of wind energy systems for New England islands

Abstract The 3000 plus islands of New England with their varying electrical needs and high electricity costs present an opportunity for renewable energy development. This paper summarizes the results of ongoing wind energy projects carried out by the University of Massachusetts for the development of renewable energy on several of these islands. In addition to technical–economic issues, the work has addressed potential environmental and political problems that might arise with the installation of such systems. Summaries of four selected case studies involving this work are given in this paper. The overall analysis method used to study each of these studies is described, and the example case studies present a status of the work to date on each of these projects.
Vincristine with high-dose etoposide in advanced breast cancer: a phase II trial of the Piedmont Oncology Association.

Vincristine (VCR) and etoposide (VP-16) have been shown to be synergistic in a murine model, and this combination was studied in a phase II trial. Eligibility required measurable disease, a performance status of 0–2, a life expectancy of ≥2 months, an interval of at least 3 weeks since the receipt of previous radiation therapy or chemotherapy and recovery from related toxicity, no prior treatment with VCR or VP-16, and no more than two prior chemotherapy regimens (only one for treatment of metastatic disease). Treatment consisted of 0.5 mg i.v. (bolus) VCR followed by 200 mg/m2 VP-16 given over 2 h. Both drugs were given daily for 3 consecutive days every 3 weeks (total dose: VCR, 1.5 mg; VP-16, 600 mg/m2). A total of 18 patients with metastatic breast cancer were accured; 14 had adjuvant chemotherapy and 8 had chemotherapy for advanced disease. As judged by International Union Against Cancer (UICC) criteria, one complete response (CR) and three partial responses (PR) were obtained, for a CR+PR rate of 22% (95% confidence interval, 6%–48%). All responders had soft-tissue involvement only. Six patients had stable disease and 8 showed progression. The median time to treatment failure was 3.5 months, and the median survival from study entry was 8.3 months. The major toxicity was myelosuppression, with 9 patients (50%) experiencing a total WBC of <1,000/mm3. Grade 2–3 neurologic toxicity was noted in 6 patients (33%) and grade 3 nausea and vomiting was noted in 5 (28%). The combination of VCR and VP-16 is active in advanced breast cancer but is not convincingly superior to either of these agents used alone.
Arbitrariness, Irrationality, and the Sterility Objection: A Reply to Anderson

Does the contemporary Natural Law position that only heterosexual couples are capable of marriage rest upon an “arbitrary and irrational distinction between same-sex couples and sterile heterosexual couples?” Anderson (Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 16 (4):759–775, 2013: 759). There are many who think so. In a recent article in these pages, Erik Anderson offers his case that these critics are correct. In what follows I examine Anderson’s argument and conclude that, whether or not one ultimately agrees with the New Natural Law account of marriage, the distinction found there between same sex couples and sterile heterosexual couples is neither arbitrary nor irrational.
The linear two-dimensional stability of inviscid vortex streets of finite-cored vortices

The stability of two-dimensional infinitesimal disturbances of the steady inviscid incompressible flow produced by infinite rows of finite-cored particles is studied. Numerical results are obtained for the growth rate and oscillation frequencies of disturbances of arbitrary subharmonic wavenumber, and the stability boundaries are calculated. The stabilization of the pairing instability by finite area demonstrated by Saffman and Schatzman (1982) is confirmed, as is Kida's (1982) result that this is not the most unstable disturbance when the area is finite. However, the finite area does not stabilize the inviscid Karman vortex street of finite-area vortices to infinitesimal two-dimensional disturbances of arbitrary wavelength. The finite area is always unstable except for one isolated value of the aspect ratio which depends upon the size of the vortices.
Changes in Conventional Attitudes and Delinquent Behavior in Adolescence

The relationship between conventional beliefs and illegal behavior is a concern of social psychological theories (cognitive consistency) and criminological theories (learning and control). Empirical evidence from correlational studies has, to date, suggested that illegal behavior influences conventional beliefs more than conventional beliefs influence illegal behavior. The limitations of a purely correlational approach to examining the relationship between conventional belief and illegal behavior are detailed, and the reasons for supplementing a correlational approach with a stage-state analysis of the temporal order of changes in the two variables are explained. Using a stage-state analysis in addition to structural equation models reveals aspects of the relationship between conventional beliefs and illegal behavior that were not apparent from the structural equations alone. It appears that weakening of conventional beliefs usually takes place before initiation of illegal behavior, but once both have occ...
Coupling global and regional circulation models in the coastal Gulf of Alaska

Abstract As part of the US GLOBEC NE Pacific program, we are simulating currents in the Coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGOA) to explore sources of interannual and interdecadal variability. To do so, we have developed a coupled modeling system composed of linked regional and global circulation models. The regional model, configured with 13–22 km resolution in the CGOA, is forced at the surface by observed heat fluxes and wind stresses, at the continental boundaries by observed runoff, and at the open ocean boundaries by a combination of tracer climatologies and sub-tidal velocity and tidal elevation provided by a global finite element model. In this communication, we describe the coupled system, including its present method of intermodel coupling, describe a series of multi-year model hindcasts, compare hindcast results with Eulerian and Lagrangian field data obtained in the CGOA in fall 1996, and assess the impact of global information (barotropic sub-tidal velocities and tidal elevations) on the regional model under the present coupling strategy. We find that the regional model produces appropriate current systems (Alaskan Stream, Alaska Coastal Current) and scalar fields, but with mesoscale variability (of SSH and velocities) at somewhat reduced strength relative to data, and with temperature gradients somewhat larger than those observed. Barotropic sub-tidal information from the global model penetrates the regional model interior, supplying additional mesoscale variability, and modifying regional velocity and scalar fields in both shallow and deep areas. Tidal information exerts a significant influence on sub-tidal scalar and velocity structure only in specific shallow areas, where the tides (and tidal mixing) are strongest. Pending the exploration of alternate coupling schemes, we infer from these results that on a time scale of months, purely barotropic information from outside the CGOA will have a modest impact on its mean regional circulation, but a potentially stronger impact on the statistics and details of mesoscale eddies.