cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability of perceived neighbourhood conditions and the effects of measurement error on self-rated health across urban and rural neighbourhoods

Background Limited psychometric research has examined the reliability of self-reported measures of neighbourhood conditions, the effect of measurement error on associations between neighbourhood conditions and health, and potential differences in the reliabilities between neighbourhood strata (urban vs rural and low vs high poverty). We assessed overall and stratified reliability of self-reported perceived neighbourhood conditions using five scales (social and physical disorder, social control, social cohesion, fear) and four single items (multidimensional neighbouring). We also assessed measurement error-corrected associations of these conditions with self-rated health. Methods Using random-digit dialling, 367 women without breast cancer (matched controls from a larger study) were interviewed twice, 2–3 weeks apart. Test–retest (intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)/weighted κ) and internal consistency reliability (Cronbach9s α) were assessed. Differences in reliability across neighbourhood strata were tested using bootstrap methods. Regression calibration corrected estimates for measurement error. Results All measures demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (α≥0.70) and either moderate (ICC/κ=0.41–0.60) or substantial (ICC/κ=0.61–0.80) test–retest reliability in the full sample. Internal consistency did not differ by neighbourhood strata. Test–retest reliability was significantly lower among rural (vs urban) residents for two scales (social control, physical disorder) and two multidimensional neighbouring items; test–retest reliability was higher for physical disorder and lower for one multidimensional neighbouring item among the high (vs low) poverty strata. After measurement error correction, the magnitude of associations between neighbourhood conditions and self-rated health were larger, particularly in the rural population. Conclusion Research is needed to develop and test reliable measures of perceived neighbourhood conditions relevant to the health of rural populations.
Proxy assessment of quality of life in pediatric clinical trials: application of the Health Utilities Index 3.

Background: With increased cure rates, pediatric oncology protocols increasingly seek to document the impact of treatment on patients’ disease, symptoms, and functional capacity. Procedure: Nurses as proxy respondents used the Health Utilities Index 3 (HUI3) to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQL) in twenty-five patients (age 6 years or older) enrolled on a frontline protocol for leukemia. HRQL observations (n = 70) were made at three different time points to coincide with high-dose methotrexate therapy. Additionally, the proxy respondents evaluated the ease of use of the instrument and the data quality. Results: As patients’ health status declined, the number of unassessable HRQL items increased. These missing data made scoring cumbersome and precluded calculation of the overall HRQL scores for nearly 50% of the patients. Conclusions: Use of the provider proxy-assessed HUI3 in pediatric cancer trials may result in a high proportion of missing data. Trials may benefit more from the use of HRQL measures that consider the acuity of the child’s illness, domains specific and sensitive to both disease and treatment, and items that can be proxy-assessed independent of input from parent or patient. Evaluations that combine child self-reports with both parent and provider reports may ultimately provide the most reliable and comprehensive perspective on children’s quality of life.
Early life socioeconomic factors and genomic DNA methylation in mid-life.

Epigenetic modifications may be one mechanism linking early life factors, including parental socioeconomic status (SES), to adult onset disease risk. However, SES influences on DNA methylation patterns remain largely unknown. In a US birth cohort of women, we examined whether indicators of early life and adult SES were associated with white blood cell methylation of repetitive elements (Sat2, Alu and LINE-1) in adulthood. Low family income at birth was associated with higher Sat2 methylation (β = 19.7, 95% CI: 0.4, 39.0 for lowest vs. highest income quartile) and single parent family was associated with higher Alu methylation (β = 23.5, 95% CI: 2.6, 44.4), after adjusting for other early life factors. Lower adult education was associated with lower Sat2 methylation (β = -16.7, 95% CI: -29.0, -4.5). There were no associations between early life SES and LINE-1 methylation. Overall, our preliminary results suggest possible influences of SES across the life-course on genomic DNA methylation in adult women. Ho...
ON MODELING DEPARTURE-TIME CHOICE FOR HOME-BASED SOCIAL/RECREATIONAL AND SHOPPING TRIPS

The existing literature on departure-time choice has primarily focused on work trips. Departure-time choice for nonwork trips, which constitute an increasingly large proportion of urban trips, is examined. Discrete choice models are estimated for home-based social/recreational and home-based shopping trips using the 1996 activity survey data collected in the Dallas—Fort Worth metropolitan area. The effects of individual and household sociodemographics, employment attributes, and trip characteristics on departure-time choice are presented and discussed. The results indicate that departure-time choice for social/recreational trips and shopping trips is determined for the most part by individual or household sociodemographics and employment characteristics, and to a lesser extent by trip level-of-service characteristics. This suggests that departure times for social/recreational and shopping trips are not as flexible as one might expect and are confined to certain times of day because of overall scheduling c...
The partial purification of a factor from Dunaliella salina that causes the rapid in situ inactivation of light-activated chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1).

A factor having the expected properties of the in vivo oxidant responsible for inactivating the in vivo light-activated chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) has been partially purified from cell-free extracts of Dunaliella salina. This factor is highly polar, weakly acidic, and relatively temperature stable. The ability of this factor to inactivate light-activated CF1 is prevented if it is pretreated with reductants such as dithiothreitol. The factor has virtually no effect on the ethanol-induced, Mg2+ -dependent ATPase activity of the isolated CF1.
1419 A PROTEIN INHIBITOR OF SURFACTANT IN THE AIRWAY SUCTION SAMPLES OF RDS INFANTS

RDS is precipitated by a surfactant deficiency. However, once ventilation has been initiated a complex pathophysiologic sequence of factors seems to influence disease severity. The lungs of the premature with surfactant deficiency are abnormally permeable to protein, and a specific protein from the vascular space of preterm lambs can enter the air spaces and disrupt surfactant function. We have previously demonstrated the presence of a similar inhibitor protein in the airways of infants with RDS. We have now developed a radioimmunoassay for the inhibitor from the human. We collected daily airway samples (AS) by deep suctioning from infants with RDS and from infants without RDS who were being ventilated for other reasons. Blood gas and respiratory assistance variables were recorded with collection of each AS. We then measured the amount of inhibitor by radioimmunoassay and the amount of phosphatidylcholine (PC), and expressed the results as the ratio of inhibitor to PC. Soon after intubation for RDS, the ratio was 6.4±0.5; the ratio decreased to 1.1±0.5 by 2 to 4 days before extubation and to 0.6±0.1 on the day of extubation. The ratio of inhibitor to PC was only 0.25±0.03 in samples from infants without RDS. The ventilatory pressures required to normalize PcO2 values correlated well with corresponding inhibitor to PC ratios from infants with RDS (r=0.85). This study documents a relationship between the severity of RDS and the ratio of inhibitor to PC in airway samples.
Lane changing patterns of bane and benefit: Observations of an uphill expressway

Abstract A mechanism is unveiled by which congestion forms on a 3-lane, uphill expressway segment, and causes reductions in output flow. Vehicular lane-changing (LC) is key to the mechanism, particularly LC induced by speed disturbances (SDs) that periodically arise in the expressway’s median and center lanes. Early in the rush, when flow was relatively low in the shoulder lane, drivers readily migrated toward that lane to escape the oncoming SDs. The shoulder lane thus acted as a ‘release valve’ for the high vehicular accumulations created by the SDs, such that forced vehicular decelerations were short-lived. The release valve failed only later in the rush, when flow increased in the shoulder lane in response to rising demand. LC induced by the SDs thereafter became disruptive: the decelerations they imposed spread laterally, and a persistent queue formed in all lanes. Long-run output flow dropped each day by 4–11% once the queue engulfed the base of the incline, and impeded vehicle ascent. Subtle details of this mechanism became visible by examining thousands of vehicle trajectories that were extracted from a series of eleven roadside video cameras. Though these trajectories were collected from only a single day, we suspect that the findings can be generalized to other days at the present site, and to other sites. This is because: (i) conspicuous features of the mechanism were repeatedly observed in loop detector data that were measured over many days at the site; (ii) these macroscopic features are consistent with observations previously made at other sites; and (iii) the more subtle details unveiled by the trajectories are compatible with a general theory of multi-lane traffic.
Application of the Mandible Injury Severity Score to Pediatric Mandibular Fractures

PURPOSE: The Mandible Injury Severity Score (MISS) has been used to evaluate adult mandibular fractures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the MISS in a cohort of pediatric patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of pediatric patients treated for mandibular fractures over a 20-year period. Patients were included if they had computed tomographic imaging available for review and had at least 1 post-treatment visit. The primary predictor variable was the MISS. Secondary predictors were demographic and injury-associated factors. The outcome was treatment-associated complications. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression statistics were computed. RESULTS: One hundred sixteen patients with mandibular fractures were identified; 73 (62.9%) met the inclusion criteria. The sample's mean age was 8.5 ± 4.1 years; 44% were girls. Motor vehicle collisions (60%) and falls (15.1%) were the most common mechanisms. More than 50% of patients had an extra-mandibular injury. The mean MISS was 13.5 ± 7.8. Forty-five percent of the sample underwent open reduction and internal fixation. Complications were noted in 20.5% of patients, of which malocclusion was the most common (8.2%). Increasing MISS was associated with complications (P CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric patients with mandibular fractures, increased severity of injury is associated with complications, even after controlling for the effects of multiple confounders, including open treatment. Language: en
Predicting foodstuff from jaw dynamics during masticatory crushing in man.

Summary-In previous in vitro experiments using an Instron instrument, each test food was found to have characteristic textural properties. In uivo experiments were now made (1) to determine the degree to which variations in the vertical jaw movements during the crushing phase of mastication can be explained by the inherent properties of the foodstuff being chewed, and (2) to establish the degree to which the foodstuff being chewed can be identified by certain features of the jaw dynamics. Five adults were used for chewing tasks with standardized pieces of beef, carrot or peanut. Each subject made two trials with each foodstuff. The movement of the lower incisal point was monitored; features of movement associated with jaw closing in the first chewing cycle were considered. Five of these features were not suitable to categorize the various test foods. Each of the remaining 4, however, was able to distinguish either one food from the 2 others (2 cases), or one from another (2 cases). Pattern recognition techniques based upon principal component analysis could differentiate jaw closing patterns associated with chewing bee.f from those involving peanut or carrot. The extent to which peanut could be distinguished from carrot was not as predictable as the categorization of peanut or carrot versus beef. Cross-correlation of in oitro forcetime breakage characteristics and the jaw movement data showed that on average 52% of the variation in the vertical jaw movement during crushing of food could be explained by the inherent properties of the food. Because the masticatory apparatus acts as a low-pass filter, the high-frequency components of food breakage characteristics found in vitro were attenuated in uiuo. It appears that the inherent filter properties of the masticatory apparatus limit the range of sensory and motor function of the jaw.
A licence to steal? The growth and development of airline information systems

Online information systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated and entering the realm of very large databases. At the same time, the range of services is increasing and bibliographical hosts are growing, merging and expanding into non-bibliographical areas. Such changes inevitably bring prob lems for users. One area in which hosts have developed with particular rapidity is the airline industry. This article outlines the ways in which the major airline systems operate, sum marizes the issues raised by them and points to possible similar problems which could arise with bibliographical systems as they develop.
Beliefs, personality, and person perception: A theory of individual differences

Abstract The hypothesis tested was that we attend to aspects of our interpersonal environment that correspond to prominent features of our own personality. One hundred fifty-four men and women rated the way in which they typically communicate and interact with significant other people (e.g., mother, father, lover) on 11 bipolar adjective scales and the way in which those other people interact with them. An individual differences multidimensional scaling analysis of interstimulus distances among the significant other people based on the ratings of the subject's interaction with those other people indicated that subjects who weighted a particular dimension tended to think they possessed a personality trait corresponding to the dimension. Reasons for the individual difference hypothesis were given.
Novel Sb-based materials for uncooled infrared photodetector applications

We have developed low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technology for the growth of novel III-V Sb-based compounds such as InTlSb, InTlAsSb, and InSbBi. The incorporation of Tl and Bi is investigated with various characterization techniques. Preliminary infrared photodetectors based on these materials are fabricated and tested. The maximum responsivity of an In 0.96 Tl 0.04 Sb photodetector is about 6.64 V/W at 77K, corresponding to a Johnson-noise-limited detectivity of about 7.64 x 10 8 cm Hz 1/2 /W. Photoresponse of the In 0.94 Tl 0.06 Sb photodetector has been extended to 11 μm at 300K. Infrared photoresponse up to 15 μm is achieved from the InTlAsSb alloy at room temperature. We also demonstrate the uncooled InSbBi photodetector operating in the 8-12 μm range. The voltage responsivity at 10.6 μm is about 1.9 mV/W at 300K and the corresponding Johnson-noise-limited detectivity is 1.2 x 10 6 cm Hz 1/2 /W. The carrier lifetime is estimated to be 0.7 ns.
Effects of Increased Pulse Pressure on Cerebral Arterioles

Abstract The goal of this study was to examine the hypothesis that increases in pulse pressure produce hypertrophy of cerebral arterioles, even in the absence of increases in mean pressure. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent creation of an arteriovenous fistula and clipping of one carotid artery at 1 month of age. Rats that underwent exposure of the abdominal aorta without fistula production and unilateral carotid clipping served as controls. At about 6 months of age, the mechanics of sham and clipped pial arterioles were examined in vivo in anesthetized rats. Stress-strain relations were calculated from measurements of pial arteriolar pressure (servo null) and diameter and cross-sectional area of the arteriolar wall. Point counting stereology was used to quantify individual components in the arteriolar wall. Before deactivation of smooth muscle with EDTA, cross-sectional areas of the vessel wall and pulse pressures in sham pial arterioles were significantly greater ( P 2 ; pulse pressure, 26±1 versus 14±1 mm Hg). In contrast, systolic and mean pressures in sham arterioles were not significantly different and diastolic pressure was significantly less in arteriovenous fistula rats (systolic pressure, 69±1 versus 67±4 mm Hg; mean pressure, 52±2 versus 57±3 mm Hg; diastolic pressure, 43±2 versus 53±3 mm Hg). Carotid clipping normalized cross-sectional area of the vessel wall (1083±86 μm 2 ) and pulse pressure (12±1 mm Hg) in pial arterioles of arteriovenous fistula rats. During maximal dilatation, the stress-strain curve in sham arterioles of arteriovenous fistula rats was shifted to the right of the curve in control rats, which indicates that arteriovenous fistulae increase passive distensibility of cerebral arterioles. The proportion of distensible components in the vessel wall (smooth muscle, elastin, and endothelium) was increased in sham arterioles of arteriovenous fistula rats. These findings (1) suggest that increases in pulse pressure, even in the absence of increases in mean pressure, are sufficient to produce hypertrophy of cerebral arterioles and (2) provide support for the concept that increases in distensibility of cerebral arterioles in association with hypertrophy of the vessel wall may be related to alterations in wall composition.
FINANCING CARE FOR MEDICAID AND THE UNINSURED

John Holahan focuses on a critical aspect of the United States health care system: financing of Medicaid and care for the uninsured. The essay is organized into five parts: First, who are the uninsured? Second, what happened to the number of the uninsured during the recent economic downturn? Third, given that lack of insurance is largely a low-income problem, is expansion of the current Medicaid and SCHIP programs the answer? Fourth, alternatively, are approaches focused on increasing individual responsibility, such as tax credits and health savings accounts, the answer? In the fifth part, Holahan discusses an alternative approach to health reform which attempts to meet the needs of low-income individuals by giving states flexibility to decide on benefit packages, premiums, and cost sharing arrangements within federal guidelines.
Comparison of Two Smoothing Methods for Exploring Waning Vaccine Effects

Summary. We consider the statistical evaluation and estimation of vaccine efficacy when the protective effect wanes with time. We reanalyse data from a 5-year trial of two oral cholera vaccines in Matlab, Bangladesh. In this field trial, one vaccine appears to confer better initial protection than the other, but neither appears to offer protection for a period longer than about 3 years. Timedependent vaccine effects are estimated by obtaining smooth estimates of a time-varying relative risk RR(t) using survival analysis. We compare two approaches based on the Cox model in terms of their strategies for detecting time-varying vaccine effects, and their estimation techniques for obtaining a time-dependent RR(t) estimate. These methods allow an exploration of time-varying vaccine effects while making minimal parametric assumptions about the functional form of RR(t) for vaccinated compared with unvaccinated subjects.
Latencies of implicit associative responses and positive transfer in paired-associate learning

The B-C-D associative chains from Russell and Storms (1955) were pretrained and then presented to Ss who were required to respond by saying either the word presented, the next word in the chain, or the last word in the chain. The latencies of the responses increased with the number of implicit associative responses assumed to occur. The second experiment used the word chains in a positive transfer paradigm and found more positive transfer with a 4-sec test-list anticipation interval than with a 1-sec interval. The third experiment used antonyms and synonyms in an A-B, A-B′ paradigm and the amount of positive transfer was again a function of the test-list anticipation interval. The results were discussed in relation to previous studies which have failed to find that positive transfer was a function of test-like anticipation interval.
THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING ON PUERTO RICAN WOMEN'S LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN THE FORMAL SECTOR

The joint effort by the U.S. government and the political elite of Puerto Rico to industrialize the island created increased demand for female labor and a decline in the number of jobs traditionally held by men. The authors examine whether women's labor force participation in the formal sector responds to improving opportunities for women, declining opportunities for men, or the household's changing opportunity structures. Specifically, they examine a woman's return to work after the birth of her first child as the initial point of conflict between productive and reproductive work. The data used in these analyses are from the 1982 Puerto Rican Fertility and Family Planning Assessment (PRFFPA), an islandwide, representative sample of never-married and ever-married women between the ages of fifteen and forty-nine. The authors estimate a series of nested logistic regression models to evaluate the influence of occupational expansion or contraction on the timing of return to work after the first birth. Their f...
Telemetry of Programmed and Measured Data in Pacing System Evaluation and Follow‐up

Telemetry of programmed and measured data is an important feature of many pacemakers currently used in clinical practice. The ability to receive non-invasive data from the implanted device constitutes a major advantage for the long-term follow-up of the patients and of device performance. There are numerous types of data retrievable via telemetry: parameters of device characteristics (output, battery longevity, impedance, etc), event recorders or counters, event markers, and endocardial electrograms. Ideally, this information should be beneficial in the longitudinal surveilance of modern pacemakers.
Mechanism of glutamate-aspartate translocation across the mitochondrial inner membrane

Abstract In order to study the mechanism of the glutamate-aspartate translocator, rat liver mitochondria were loaded with either glutamate or aspartate. In the presence of ascorbate plus tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine as an electron donor at the third energy conservation site, exchange of external glutamate for matrix aspartate is highly favored over the reverse exchange. In the absence of an energy source, although the asymmetry of the exchange rates is much smaller, it is still observable. Further studies have shown that the proton uptake accompanying influx of glutamate in exchange for aspartate efflux occurs by protonation of a group on the carrier (p K = 7.9) at the external side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, followed by deprotonation at the matrix surface. It is postulated that glutamate binds to the protonated form of the carrier and aspartate to the deprotonated form. Because of the alkaline p K , aspartate efflux is inhibited with increased matrix [H + ] due to limitation of the availability of deprotonated carrier for aspartate binding. For the reverse exchange, aspartate uptake is inhibited by increasing external [H + ]. Thus the rate of aspartate uptake by mitochondria is apparently impeded both by a proton motive force (Δ p ) unfavorable to entry of ions with net negative charge as well as by the small proportion of deprotonated carrier at the outer surface of the membrane. This conclusion is further illustrated by inhibition of the aspartate-aspartate exchange with increased [H + ] and by addition of an energy source. The glutamate-glutamate exchange, however, showed a slight stimulation by increased [H + ] and was unaffected by the energy state. The model initially proposed for the carrier, in which a neutral glutamate-carrier complex exchanges for a negatively charged aspartate-carrier complex, is tested further. Glutamate uptake was noncompetitively inhibited by external aspartate, which indicates that aspartate and glutamate bind to separate forms of the carrier. Intramitochrondrial glutamate at a concentration of 18 m m , however, had no effect on aspartate efflux. Arrhenius plots for the glutamate-aspartate and aspartate-glutamate exchanges were linear over the range of temperatures tested (1–35 °C and 5–25 °C, respectively) and provided an average value of 14.3 kcal/mol for the energy of activation. In addition, there appear to be two pools, exchangeable and nonexchangeable, of matrix aspartate available to the translocator, since extramitochondrial radiolabeled aspartate can equilibrate only with unlabeled matrix aspartate at low aspartate loading (1–2 nmol of aspartate/mg of protein). The physiological significance of the data is discussed.
ACETYLENE REDUCTION IN RELATION TO LEVELS OF PHOSPHATE AND FIXED NITROGEN IN GREEN BAY

The use of acetylene reduction as an index of N2 fixation (Dilworth, I966; Sch6llhorn and Burris, I966) has aided substantially in the assessment of biological N2 fixation in the field (Koch and Evans, I966; Sloger and Silver, I967; Stewart, Fitzgerald and Burris, I967; Hardy et al., I968). Despite deficiencies, e.g. its indirect nature and the lack of a consistent factor to convert acetylene reduction directly to N2 fixation, the method is valuable for field work because it is sensitive, rapid, and simple. This paper reports data collected during the summer of I97I on the southern third of Green Bay of Lake Michigan. The southern section of Green Bay shows eutrophication (Stewart et al., I97I), and the present study undertook to characterize acetylene reduction and nutrient levels throughout the summer. Acetylene reduction activity closely correlated with population increases of blue-green algae, primarily species of Aphanizomenon and Anabaena, and these population increases occurred at sites where the soluble phosphate concentration was high. Increases in the population of Anabaena and Aphanizomenon species (and in acetylene reduction activity) usually were preceded by increases in the soluble phosphate in the water.
Scientific Application Performance On Leading Scalar and Vector Supercomputering Platforms

The last decade has witnessed a rapid proliferation of superscalar cache-based microprocessors to build high-end computing (HEC) platforms, primarily because of their generality, scalability, and cost effectiveness. However, the growing gap between sustained and peak performance for full-scale scientific applications on conventional supercomputers has become a major concern in high performance computing, requiring significantly larger systems and application scalability than implied by peak performance in order to achieve desired performance. The latest generation of custom-built parallel vector systems have the potential to address this issue for numerical algorithms with sufficient regularity in their computational structure. In this work we explore applications drawn from four areas: magnetic fusion (GTC), plasma physics (LB-MHD-3D), astrophysics (Cactus), and material science (PARATEC). We compare performance of the vector-based Cray X1, X1E, Earth Simulator, NEC SX-8, with performance of three leading commodity-based super-scalar platforms utilizing the IBM Power3, Intel Itanium2, and AMD Opteron processors. Our work makes several significant contributions: a new data-decomposition scheme for GTC that (for the first time) enables a breakthrough of the teraflop barrier; the introduction of a new three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann magneto-hydrodynamic implementation used to study the onset evolution of plasma turbulence that achieves over 26 Tflop/s on 4800 ES processors; the highest per processor performance (by far) achieved by the full-production version of the Cactus ADM-BSSN; and the largest PARATEC cell size atomistic simulation to date. Overall, results show that the vector architectures attain unprecedented aggregate performance across our application suite, demonstrating the tremendous potential of modern parallel vector systems.
On the use of amplitude tapering for pattern correction of conformal (Curved) antennas

Using amplitude tapering to improve the radiation pattern of a conformal antenna on a surface that changes shape with time has been studied and is presented in this paper. In particular, a six element array was attached to a wedge-shape conformal surface with bend angles 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees, 40 degrees, 45 degrees and 50 degrees and the amplitudes of each element were changed to improve the broadside radiation pattern. The amplitude coefficients of each element were computed using the array factor of a conformal antenna and a search algorithm.
Catalytic Hydrolysis of Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) on Sol-Gel-Derived Titania Unmodified and Modified with H2SO4

Abstract Catalytic hydrolysis of dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) in a humid air stream was studied over pure and sulfate promoted TiO2catalysts which were prepared by sol-gel methods. The results showed that complete conversion of CFC-12 on unmodified TiO2was achieved at reaction temperatures higher than 340°C under the employed reaction conditions. The selectivity to CO2([CO2]produced/[CFC-12]converted) varied from 0.5 to 0.88 over the range of 250–350°C and CClF3(CFC-13) was detected as the main by-product. Surface fluorination of the TiO2catalyst during the reaction improved its activity, induced the formation of the fluorinated by-product CFC-13, and changed such properties of the catalyst as its specific surface area, pore size distribution, and crystal size. It was found that the catalytic and structural properties of TiO2were greatly improved by sulfation. The sulfated TiO2(TiO2/SO42−) exhibited excellent reaction activity and selectivity for CFC-12 catalytic decomposition at low reaction temperatures (190–250°C) while retaining a stable structure. Complete decomposition of CFC-12 with stoichiometric production of CO2was observed over the TiO2/SO42−catalyst at 250°C under otherwise identical reaction conditions as used for pure TiO2. Results of catalyst characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and N2sorption analysis indicated that surface sulfate species formed on the sulfated TiO2. When compared to unmodified TiO2, the sulfated TiO2exhibited higher resistance to crystal phase transformation from anatase to rutile, higher resistance to the deleterious effects of fluorination of the catalyst, and higher specific surface area. Fluorination of the catalyst did not improve the activity of sulfated TiO2and no CFC-13 was detected as a by-product, indicating that fluorine was not involved in the formation of reaction sites over the sulfated TiO2catalysts.
A unifying kinetic framework for modeling oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactions

Motivation: Oxidoreductases are a fundamental class of enzymes responsible for the catalysis of oxidation–reduction reactions, crucial in most bioenergetic metabolic pathways. From their common root in the ancient prebiotic environment, oxidoreductases have evolved into diverse and elaborate protein structures with specific kinetic properties and mechanisms adapted to their individual functional roles and environmental conditions. While accurate kinetic modeling of oxidoreductases is thus important, current models suffer from limitations to the steady-state domain, lack empirical validation or are too specialized to a single system or set of conditions. Results: To address these limitations, we introduce a novel unifying modeling framework for kinetic descriptions of oxidoreductases. The framework is based on a set of seven elementary reactions that (i) form the basis for 69 pairs of enzyme state transitions for encoding various specific microscopic intra-enzyme reaction networks (micro-models), and (ii) lead to various specific macroscopic steady-state kinetic equations (macro-models) via thermodynamic assumptions. Thus, a synergistic bridge between the micro and macro kinetics can be achieved, enabling us to extract unitary rate constants, simulate reaction variance and validate the micro-models using steady-state empirical data. To help facilitate the application of this framework, we make available RedoxMech: a Mathematica™ software package that automates the generation and customization of micro-models. Availability: The Mathematica™ source code for RedoxMech, the documentation and the experimental datasets are all available from: http://www.igb.uci.edu/tools/sb/metabolic-modeling. Contact: pfbaldi@ics.uci.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles Part II: Identifying Simulated Response Sets

The validity scales of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS)—Confusion (Cf) and Defensiveness (Df)—were subjected to empirical analysis by contrasting inmates in three response set conditions: nonsimulation, positive simulation, and negative simulation. Relative to inmates in the nonsimulation group, inmates in the negative simulation condition attained significantly higher scores on the Cf scale and on seven of the eight PICTS thinking style scales. The Df scale, on the other hand, failed to differentiate among the three groups. The problems associated with using the Cf and Df scales to identify dissimulation on the PICTS are discussed.
Pole-clustering and rational-interpolation techniques for simplifying distributed systems

A simple approach is presented to simplify a distributed system by further reducing the order of the rational function obtained from conventional reduced-order modeling (ROM) techniques. The method uses pole-clustering and rational-interpolation techniques to determine a low-order model from the high-order intermediate model constructed by multipoint ROM methods. The complexity of this intermediate model is reduced by clustering the poles using an inverse distance measure (IDM) criterion and by calculating fewer poles, applying rational interpolation on the data generated from the original model. The corresponding residues are then determined by fitting the frequency response of the system over a frequency range. The proposed procedure is computationally inexpensive and less sensitive to numerical instability. To illustrate the validity of the method, examples of frequency- and time-domain simulations of an RLCG transmission line and a network representation of a three-dimensional (3-D) patch antenna structure are given.
Cold air outbreak over the Kuroshio extension region

A case of cold air outbreak over the Kuroshio region is simulated over an 8 day period using a state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere-ocean forecast model that includes assimilation of observations. During the event, maximum winds reach 20 m/s in agreement with observations and the air temperature drops over 10°C, resulting in surface heat fluxes in excess of 1000 W/m2.
Transference Phenomena in the Counseling Situation.

This article explores the transference phenomenon and some of its manifestations in the counseling situation. Also, methods for managing clients' transference behaviors are proposed.
Job Market Signaling

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses job market signaling. The term market signaling is not exactly a part of the well-defined, technical vocabulary of the economist. The chapter presents a model in which signaling is implicitly defined and explains its usefulness. In most job markets, the employer is not sure of the productive capabilities of an individual at the time he hires him. The fact that it takes time to learn an individual's productive capabilities means that hiring is an investment decision. On the basis of previous experience in the market, the employer has conditional probability assessments over productive capacity with various combinations of signals and indices. This chapter presents an introduction to Spence's more extensive analysis of market signaling.
Approaching Behaviour Monitor and Vibration Indication in Developing a General Moving Object Alarm System (GMOAS)

People who suffer from hearing impairment caused by illness, age or extremely noisy environments are constantly in danger of being hit or knocked down by fast moving objects behind them when they have no companion or augmented sensory system to warn them. In this paper, we propose the General Moving Object Alarm System (GMOAS), a system focused on aiding the safe mobility of people under these circumstances. The GMOAS is a wearable haptic device that consists of two main subsystems: (i) a moving object monitoring subsystem that uses laser range data to detect and track approaching objects, and (ii) an alarm subsystem that warns the user of possibly dangerous approaching objects by triggering tactile vibrations on an ʺalarm necklaceʺ. For moving object monitoring, we propose a simple yet efficient solution to monitor the approaching behavior of objects. Compared with previous work in motion detection and tracking, we are not interested in specific objects but any type of approaching object that might harm the user. To this extent, we define a boundary in the laser range data where the objects are monitored. Within this boundary a fan-shape grid is constructed to obtain an evenly distributed spatial partitioning of the data. These partitions are efficiently clustered into continuous objects which are then tracked through time using an object association algorithm based on updating a deviation matrix that represents angle, distance and size variations of the objects. The speed of the tracked objects is monitored throughout the algorithm. When the speed of an approaching object surpasses the safety threshold, the alarm necklace is triggered indicating the approaching direction of the fast moving object. The alarm necklace is equipped with three motors that can indicate five directions with respect to the user: left, back, right, left- back and right-back. We performed three types of outdoor experiments (object passing, approaching and crossing) that empirically verified the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm. Furthermore, we analyzed the time and direction response based on neck vibrations. The statistical analysis (including hypothesis test) suggests that the chosen alarm necklace can provide a rapid indication for a quick human response.
Air–sea gas transfer velocity estimates from the Jason-1 and TOPEX altimeters: Prospects for a long-term global time series

Abstract Estimation of global and regional air–sea fluxes of climatically important gases is a key goal of current climate research programs. Gas transfer velocities needed to compute these fluxes can be estimated by combining altimeter-derived mean square slope with an empirical relation between transfer velocity and mean square slope derived from field measurements of gas fluxes and small-scale wave spectra [Frew, N.M., Bock, E.J., Schimpf, U., Hara, T., Hauβecker, H., Edson, J.B., McGillis, W.R., Nelson, R.K., McKenna, S.P., Uz, B.M., Jahne, B., 2004. Air–sea gas transfer: Its dependence on wind stress, small-scale roughness and surface films, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S17, doi: 10.1029/2003JC002131.]. We previously reported initial results from a dual-frequency (Ku- and C-band) altimeter algorithm [Glover, D.M., Frew, N.M., McCue, S.J., Bock, E.J., 2002. A Multi-year Time Series of Global Gas Transfer Velocity from the TOPEX Dual Frequency, Normalized Radar Backscatter Algorithm, In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, editors: Donelan, M., Drennan, W., Saltzman, E., and Wanninkhof, R., Geophysical Monograph 127, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 325–331.] for estimating the air–sea gas transfer velocity (k) from the mean square slope of short wind waves (40–100 rad/m) and derived a 6-year time series of global transfer velocities based on TOPEX observations. Since the launch of the follow-on altimeter Jason-1 in December 2001 and commencement of the TOPEX/Jason-1 Tandem Mission, we have extended this time series to 12 years, with improvements to the model parameters used in our algorithm and using the latest corrected data releases. The prospect of deriving multi-year and interdecadal time series of gas transfer velocity from TOPEX, Jason-1 and follow-on altimeter missions depends on precise intercalibration of the normalized backscatter. During the Tandem Mission collinear phase, both satellites followed identical orbits with a mere 73-s time separation. The resulting collocated, near-coincident normalized radar backscatter (σ°) data from both altimeters present a unique opportunity to intercalibrate the two instruments, compare derived fields of transfer velocity and estimate the precision of the algorithm. Initial results suggest that the monthly gas transfer velocity fields generated from the two altimeters are very similar. Comparison of along-track Ku-band and C-band σ° during the collinear phase indicates that observed discrepancies are due primarily to small offsets between TOPEX and Jason-1 σ°. The Jason-1 k values have an apparent bias of + 4% relative to TOPEX, while the precision estimated from the two observation sets is 5–7% and scales with k. The resultant long-term, global, mean k is 16 cm/h.
Cellular component of lavage fluid from broilers with normal versus aerosol-primed airways

Abstract Previously, we reported that intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide elicited pulmonary hypertension (PH) in broilers reared under commercial conditions and in broilers reared in environmental chambers and pretreated with aerosolized red food colorant # 3 and propylene glycol (Red#3+PG), but not in control broilers reared in environmental chambers. The objective of the present experiment was to determine possible changes in the number or proportion of airway leukocytes that could contribute to the magnitude of the PH responses elicited in broilers. Birds were aerosolized for 40 min with a saturated mixture of Red#3+PG. After 24 h, a blood sample was taken, the broilers were killed, and a pulmonary lavage process was conducted in each bird. Leukocyte concentration (white blood cells/μL) and differential leukocyte counts (%) were measured in blood and lavage fluid. Leukocyte concentration in blood did not differ between groups, but the percentage of blood lymphocytes was lower in broilers from the Red#3+PG group compared with birds from the control group (52.4 ± 2.9 and 56.9 ± 2.9%, respectively). Cells recovered from the lavage fluid from both groups were primarily heterophils. The concentration of leukocytes was greater in the lavage fluid of broilers from the Red#3+PG group compared with broilers from the control group (763.2 ± 158.7 and 402.9 ± 62.6 white blood cells/μL, respectively), but the proportions among leukocytes were not different between the 2 groups. We propose that the increased concentration of leukocytes present within the airways was one of the components that enabled broilers pre-treated with aerosolized Red#3+PG to exhibit PH responses to intratracheal lipopolysaccharide.
Semi-analytical solution for flow in a leaky unconfined aquifer toward a partially penetrating pumping well

Summary A semi-analytical solution is presented for the problem of flow in a system consisting of unconfined and confined aquifers, separated by an aquitard. The unconfined aquifer is pumped continuously at a constant rate from a well of infinitesimal radius that partially penetrates its saturated thickness. The solution is termed semi-analytical because the exact solution obtained in double Laplace‐Hankel transform space is inverted numerically. The solution presented here is more general than similar solutions obtained for confined aquifer flow as we do not adopt the assumption of unidirectional flow in the confined aquifer (typically assumed to be horizontal) and the aquitard (typically assumed to be vertical). Model predicted results show significant departure from the solution that does not take into account the effect of leakage even for cases where aquitard hydraulic conductivities are two orders of magnitude smaller than those of the aquifers. The results show low sensitivity to changes in radial hydraulic conductivities for aquitards that are two or more orders of magnitude smaller than those of the aquifers, in conformity to findings of earlier workers that radial flow in aquitards may be neglected under such conditions. Hence, for cases were aquitard hydraulic conductivities are two or more orders of magnitude smaller than aquifer conductivities, the simpler models that restrict flow to the radial direction in aquifers and to the vertical direction in aquitards may be sufficient. However, the model developed here can be used to model flow in aquifer‐aquitard systems where radial flow is significant in aquitards. a 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sporting Rhetoric: Performance, Games, and Politics

Cara A. Finnegan, EditorSport often is heralded as a site of social significance; in particular, sport in the US is positioned as a regulator of social identities and hierarchies. Scholars of sport...
Generative Learning: Adults Learning within Ambiguity.

This study explored the extent to which ambiguity can serve as a catalyst for adult learning. The purpose of this study is to understand learning that is generated when encountering ambiguity agitated by the complexity of liquid modernity. Ambiguity, in this study, describes an encounter with an appearance of reality that is at first unrecognizable, oblique, simultaneously evoking fear of “no-cognition” and the potential hope for multiple meanings irresolvable by reference to context alone. Specifically, this phenomenological study engaged nine adults who make meaning—cognitively, affectively, and interpersonally—with an extraordinary capacity for mastering complexity. The findings suggest that metaphor facilitates probing encounters with ambiguity, revealing three capacities for generative learning within ambiguity. Given the unprecedented demands for rapid change and adaptation confronting adults today, exploring the value of ambiguity may facilitate the capacity for vital learning and intelligent action.