cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Diffusivity of Self-Interstitials in Silicon

Values of the diffusivity of silicon self-interstitials have been previously inferred from analyses of the in-diffusion of Au in undislocated Si, e.g., 2x10-7 cm2 s-1 at 1100 °C. A more complete analysis by numerical integration of the effective diffusion equation with fewer assumptions yields a higher minimum value, 6x10-6 cm2s-1 at 1100 °C. Recently published experiments showing no measurable difference in the oxidation-reduced diffusion of Sb in Si at 10 and 40 microns are consistent with this high value.
Optimization-Based Design of Metal-Organic Framework Materials.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials constructed from metal or metal oxide building blocks connected by organic linkers. MOFs are highly tunable structures that can in theory be custom designed to meet the specific pore geometry and chemistry required for a given application such as methane storage or carbon capture. However, due to the sheer number of potential materials, identification of optimal MOF structures is a significant challenge. In this contribution we describe an automated technique for MOF design based on mathematical optimization. Optimization is performed on linkers represented by abstract space-filling shapes, in order to generalize the desirable geometric parameters describing linkers, and optimal shapes are projected to real molecules to illustrate realistic MOFs exhibiting the calculated properties. Six examined topologies of MOF and two distinct geometrical pore properties relevant to guest adsorption phenomena are explored. We demonstrate that the optimal s...
Sampling Bark Beetle Emergence: a Review of Methodologies, a Proposal for Standardization, and a New Trap Design

Sampling methodologies have been developed for various species of bark beetles including the mountain pine beetle (Carlson and Cole 1965), western pine beetle (Berryman et al. 1970, DeMars 1970), and the southern pine beetle (Coulson et al. 1975, Stephen and Taha 1976). Within-tree sampling involves removal of bark sections and utilization of dissection or radiography to obtain quantitative data for each life stage.
Ribosomal protein L4 is a novel regulator of the MDM2-p53 loop

A number of ribosomal proteins (RPs) have been shown to play a critical role in coordinating ribosome biogenesis with cell growth and proliferation by suppressing MDM2 to induce p53 activation. While how the MDM2-p53 pathway is regulated by multiple RPs is unclear, it remains to be interesting to identify additional RPs that can regulate this pathway. Here we report that ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) directly interacts with MDM2 at the central acidic domain and suppresses MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation, leading to p53 stabilization and activation. Interestingly, overexpression of RPL4 promotes the binding of MDM2 to RPL5 and RPL11 and forms a complex with RPL5, RPL11 and MDM2 in cells. Conversely, knockdown of RPL4 also induces p53 levels and p53-dependent cell cycle arrest. This p53-dependent effect requires both RPL5 and RPL11, suggesting that depletion of RPL4 triggers ribosomal stress. Together, our results reveal that balanced levels of RPL4 are critical for normal cell growth and proliferation via regulating the MDM2-p53 loop.
Crystal structures of the transpeptidase domain of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis penicillin-binding protein PonA1 reveal potential mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.

UNLABELLED Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a human respiratory pathogen that causes the deadly disease tuberculosis. The rapid global spread of antibiotic-resistant M. tuberculosis makes tuberculosis infections difficult to treat. To overcome this problem new effective antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed. One promising target for new therapeutic approaches is PonA1, a class A penicillin-binding protein, which is required for maintaining physiological cell wall synthesis and cell shape during growth in mycobacteria. Here, crystal structures of the transpeptidase domain, the enzymatic domain responsible for penicillin binding, of PonA1 from M. tuberculosis in the inhibitor-free form and in complex with penicillin V are reported. We used site-directed mutagenesis, antibiotic profiling experiments, and fluorescence thermal shift assays to measure PonA1's sensitivity to different classes of β-lactams. Structural comparison of the PonA1 apo-form and the antibiotic-bound form shows that binding of penicillin V induces conformational changes in the position of the loop β4'-α3 surrounding the penicillin-binding site. We have also found that binding of different antibiotics including penicillin V positively impacts protein stability, while other tested β-lactams such as clavulanate or meropenem resulted in destabilization of PonA1. Our antibiotic profiling experiments indicate that the transpeptidase activity of PonA1 in both M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis mediates tolerance to specific cell wall-targeting antibiotics, particularly to penicillin V and meropenem. Because M. tuberculosis is an important human pathogen, these structural data provide a template to design novel transpeptidase inhibitors to treat tuberculosis infections. DATABASE Structural data are available in the PDB database under the accession numbers 5CRF and 5CXW.
Continent ileostomy and ileoanal procedures.

When the colon and rectum have to be removed because of disease, there are several alternative operations available to be used selectively. A Brooke ileostomy is acceptable when the anal structures have to be removed. In some cases, a Kock pouch may be added, which gives continence to the stoma. When perineal structures are healthy and a competent anal sphincter is present, the preferred operation is an ileoanal anastomosis with a J pouch.
The relationship between the survey-guided assessment of culture within specific nursing work groups and readiness for change.

Change within health care systems is constant as it relates to the external and internal demands that require continual adaptation by providers. This chapter provides a summary of the history and research contributions related to the study of culture and change through the lens of the nursing profession. The review focuses upon nursing research publications and the knowledge gained, ranging from the earliest to current studies. There has been a substantial increase in research interest regarding the relationship between nursing culture and ability to change; however, there is a considerable gap that remains in understanding subgroups such as individual nursing units or departments, consistent use of tools to measure culture, and interventions that have made a difference over time. From a practical perspective, this discussion provides insight into the importance of recognizing the importance of assessing culture and integrating cultural feedback into operational improvement plans.
Normal Reproductive and Endocrine Life Stages and Their Impact on Different Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders affect people at all stages of life. For women, sleep complaints may vary by hormonal status as well as endocrine life stage. Certain broad perceptions about sleep and sleep disorders are supported by population surveys (1). Elderly women seem to have more insomnia complaints, women develop sleep problems with pregnancy and menopause (1-3), and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) increases in the postmenopausal population (4). Despite these perceptions, study findings may be inconclusive or contradictory. In earlier research, gender-specific aspects are not distinguished within the study populations. Other older studies of women do not identify hormonal condition or cycle status. Formal research in these areas and the differing effects of hormonal status on sleep disorders is a more recent focus of the sleep community. This chapter provides an overview of the current perceptions of the effects of life stage and reproductive status on sleep disorders in women from menarche through menopause.
Conclusion: Swimming against the Tide

The authors of this book have striven to present an objective account of international rivalry over river resources in Himalayan Asia. The intensity of conflict has been neither overstated nor understated. Pains have been taken to examine in detail the main drivers of conflict under the labels of irrigation, energy, and diversion imperatives. Additionally, attention has been given to the puzzlingly complex impact on the region’s water resources of climate change; and, by taking a look at three comparable Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) cases, we were able to extract some useful lessons in the art and science of cooperative water (mis)management applicable to Himalayan Asia. We also examined, finally, the potential contribution to the region’s future water security of innovative water technologies. We arrive at the end point in the discussion far from optimistic about the region’s hydro-political future. Among other reasons for our relatively pessimistic inclinations, this region suffers some of the world’s most acute water-scarcity conditions, houses a number of long-standing and seemingly intractable interstate enmities, and, on top of those formidable problems, boasts the most massive and unavoidably conflict-arousing plans for exploiting the region’s water resources to be found anywhere on the planet. We are more convinced than ever, however, that what the Himalayan Asian region needs most to ensure environmental sustainability along with the water security of the billions of people who do now or will in future live there is an uncompromising political commitment to cooperative management of the region’s river basins.
Balancing multiple objectives in organic feed and forage cropping systems

Abstract Balancing weed suppression, beneficial insect conservation, soil quality and profitability is challenging in organic cropping systems due to reliance on soil disturbance for weed control. We hypothesized that the benefits of tillage can be retained while mitigating adverse impacts on soil quality by alternating tillage with practices that can build soil organic matter. We conducted a four-year experiment in central Pennsylvania, USA, to compare four organic feed and forage cropping systems, each differing in tillage, manure management, and cropping strategies. Each system was designed to address baseline soil quality and weed pressure conditions arising from practices implemented during the previous three-year transition period. To assess cumulative system effects, we established a soybean (Glycine max) uniformity trial across all systems in year four. Systems that were in perennial forage for 2 years outperformed annual crop-based systems in weed control and beneficial insect conservation, while maintaining overall profitability over the four-year study period. Soybean yields during the uniformity trial were more than 30% greater in systems that had included perennial forages than in systems with only annual crops. Labile soil carbon pools, an indicator of soil quality, were maintained over time in all systems. Our results indicate that soil quality, weed management, beneficial insect conservation, and profitability can be maintained in organic systems when periodic tillage is coupled with perennial forage crops in rotation.
Comparison of Outcomes in Elderly Patients with Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Undergoing High-Dose Chemotherapy to Their Younger Counterparts: Greater Morbidity but No Significant Impact on Overall Survival.

Abstract The incidence of Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) increases with age. High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has become a widely applied treatment for advanced NHL. Patients 60 years of age or above are at higher risk for recurrent disease but few studies have addressed the tolerability and outcomes of ASCT in comparison to younger patients conditioned and treated in a homogeneous manner. With this in mind, we compared outcomes of 153 consecutive patients (pts) with NHL who underwent high-dose chemotherapy at our institution between January 1, 2000 and August 31, 2004, focusing on the influence of age at the time of transplant.. All 153 pts received the identical BEAM conditioning regimen followed by ASCT. Ninety four pts were under the age of sixty (median age 51, range 21–59) and 59 were aged 60 or older (median age 64, range 60–74). Supportive care was the same in both groups. We compared data on stem cell mobilization, engraftment, toxicities of conditioning, post transplant morbidity, relapse, and mortality between the older and younger individuals. There were no significant differences in the CD34+ cell doses collected, transplanted, or number of leukapheresis attempts required to achieve an adequate CD34+ cell dose. Older patients experienced significantly more grade 3 mucositis (40% vs 18%) and had higher risks of gram negative bacteremia (20% vs 13%) and candidemia (10% vs 4%) than the 20,000/ul (21.5 vs 16 days) and 50,000/ul (33 days vs 23 days) was significantly longer in the older patients despite transplantation of similar CD34 doses (p 60 vs 27% in ≥ 60; p=0.28). With a median of 22 months follow-up, the Kaplan-Meier estimate of two year progression free survival was 74 +/− 5% in the younger group and 61+/− 7% in the older group (p=0.76). In summary, older individuals conditioned with BEAM chemotherapy experience more severe mucosal toxicity than younger patients, which may predispose to higher risk for bacteremia and fungemia. Platelet recovery appears to be prolonged in older individuals, possibly as a result of qualitative stem cell defects or increased mucosal damage. Despite these differences, progression free survival is similar in patients over the age of 60 in comparison to younger individuals. Future efforts should focus on reduction of mucosal toxicity and infectious complications in older patients in order to further reduce morbidity and improve overall outcomes.
The Jewish Family

The family remains central to the continuity of the contemporary American Jewish community. But how the Jewish family is Jewish (and ‘how Jewish’ Jewish families are) varies widely and touches on fundamental assumptions about Jewishness, even as the family shapes the very Jewishness to which it contributes. Today’s Jewish family is faced with important challenges in its effort to fulfill its functions, both traditional and contemporary. Confronted with declining rates of marriage, delayed marriage, low fertility, and interfaith marriage, contemporary family patterns appear to contribute to a shrinking Jewish population. Jewish engagement promotes healthier family-oriented behaviors. Yet some families, marginalized by the mainstream Jewish community, find it difficult to be engaged Jewishly on a communal level, because of their special needs or conditions, such as economic vulnerability, immigrant status, multiracial/cultural diversity, and sexual orientations. Family profiles vary across Jewish communities, adding to difficulties in meeting diverse needs. It is therefore important to understand the American Jewish family today, its dilemmas and challenges, as well as its major sources of diversity. This chapter reviews the research about contemporary American Jewish families and discusses implications of cutting-edge studies for the contemporary Jewish community.
Tumor promoting effects of the PPAR gamma agonist rosiglitazone during the progression stages of OH-BBN induced urinary bladder cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 1663 While examining the PPAR agonist rosiglitazone as a potential chemopreventive agent, a large increase in hydroxybutyl(butyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) induced urinary bladder cancers was observed. In the initial study, Fisher-344 female rats were administered OH-BBN (2x/week), 150 mg/gavage, for eight weeks. One week following the last dose of OH-BBN, rats were administered rosiglitazone by gavage for the remainder of the study (6 months). Twenty-seven percent of OH-BBN treated animals developed large urinary bladder cancers during the course of the study, while 72% of carcinogen treated rats that also received rosiglitazone (50 mg/kg BW/day) developed large palpable tumors (P<0.01). When measured at the end of the study (9 months after the initial OH-BBN treatment) roughly 50% of controls vs 100% of rosiglitazone treated rats developed large tumors. Surprisingly, examination of PPAR gamma by immunohistochemistry in the urinary bladders of rats showed that while untreated bladder epithelium and bladder hyperplasias highly expressed PPAR, established cancers exhibited strikingly lower levels. PPAR levels in tumors were not increased by treatment with rosiglitazone. In a second study, lower doses of rosiglitazone (10, 2 and 0.4 mg/kg BW/day) were evaluated. The higher dose strongly promoted cancer formation (P<0.01). The middle dose, which is slightly lower than a standard human dose, significantly increased bladder tumor formation (P<0.05). The lowest dose did not significantly increase tumor formation, although the incidence of large tumors in treated rats was greater than control rats (66% vs 42%). Rosiglitazone alone (10 mg/kg BW/day) given in the absence of OH-BBN did not result in bladder tumor formation when given for 9 months. In a separate experiment employing the RXR agonist Targretin (which may have many similar effects to a pure PPAR gamma agonist), an increase in urinary bladder cancers and weight of the cancers was similarly observed.
On 'A Ticket Good for One Day Only'

Almost every lawyer has heard the commonplace that one legal decision or another is “a ticket good for one day only.” This metaphor captures the idea that a decision lacks precedential value: it is here today, but gone before tomorrow’s train. The metaphor is powerful because the idea of a one-day-only precedent is almost always viewed with derision. A legal principle, if sound, is expected to survive the day it was decided and to last far into the future – perhaps even forever. The “one-day ticket” metaphor has itself passed that test, persisting in American legal culture for nearly 80 years. Over its long career, the expression has been put to a variety of uses by jurists of every ideological bent, and each usage has its own lessons and ironies.
Abstract P137: Metabolomic Analysis of the Early and Late Hypertrophic Heart

The metabolic adaptations to acute myocardial pressure overload are characterized by alterations in metabolism that drive the hypertrophic response and that balance workload with energy demand. Under conditions of chronic pressure overload, it is known that substrate utilization becomes less flexible and that the heart shifts energy preference from fatty acids to glucose. Nevertheless, the metabolic changes that underlie the progression of compensated hypertrophy to heart failure are incompletely understood and attempts to correct the known metabolic defects to delay decompensation have been largely unsuccessful. To identify key changes in metabolic phenotype that could underlie progression to heart failure, we measured metabolites in a transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mouse model using an unbiased metabolomic approach. Hearts were harvested 1 d, 1 wk and 8 wks after sham or TAC operation, and metabolites were extracted from the hearts and analyzed via GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. The signal intensities of 288 named metabolites were re-scaled to median values. Welch’s t-test and two-way ANOVA were used to identify metabolites that changed significantly with pressure overload and progression to heart failure. Echocardiographic measurements showed a significant decrease in ejection fraction after 1 d (65±2% vs. 49±5%) and 8 wks (61±2% vs. 34±8%) of TAC; 1 wk of TAC showed a compensated phenotype characterized by a largely preserved ejection fraction. One day after TAC, only 1.7% of the metabolites changed significantly; however, nearly all amino acids measured were increased by 1 wk. By 8 wks, amino acids returned to near sham levels and a significant and robust decrease in phospholipid, carnitine, inositol, sterol, and fatty acid metabolites occurred. These findings demonstrate that the temporal changes in metabolic phenotype are more complex than previously thought. The preservation of pathways involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism may be important for maintaining myocardial energetics and preventing pump failure under conditions of chronic pressure overload.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) protects against mitoxantrone-induced cardiac injury in mice

Mitoxantrone (MXT) is an androstenedione that is used to treat cancers and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis; however, its use is limited by its cardiotoxicity. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a member of the secretin/growth hormone-releasing hormone/vasoactive intestinal peptide family and has many functions, including cytoprotection and immunosuppression. We tested the hypothesis that PACAP can protect against MXT-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Female BALB/c mice were treated once weekly for 4 weeks with saline (n=14) or MXT (3mg/kg, i.p.; n=14). Half of the mice in each group received PACAP (10μg, i.p.) 1h before and 24 and 48h after MXT, while the remaining mice received injections of saline on the same schedule. Echocardiography was used to assess cardiac structure and function. In mice treated with MXT and saline, body weight was significantly reduced after the third dose of MXT. PACAP significantly attenuated the reduction in body weight; however, the weights did not return to control level. Compared to controls, MXT-treated mice had significantly increased left ventricular (LV) diameter and LV volume and decreased LV posterior wall thickness. Fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) were also significantly decreased. Treatment with PACAP prevented MXT-induced LV dilation and significantly attenuated the reductions in FS and EF, although FS and EF did not return to control level. PACAP38 did not prevent MXT-induced decreases in LV posterior wall thickness. MXT dose-dependently decreased the viability of cultured U937 (human leukemia) cells; PACAP did not protect cultured U937 cells from MXT-mediated cell death. In conclusion, PACAP can attenuate MXT-mediated LV dilation and dysfunction in mice.
Statistics as Unbiased Estimators: Exploring the Teaching of Standard Deviation

ABSTRACTThis manuscript presents findings from a study about the knowledge for and planned teaching of standard deviation. We investigate how understanding variance as an unbiased (inferential) estimator – not just a descriptive statistic for the variation (spread) in data – is related to teachers’ instruction regarding standard deviation, particularly around the issue of division by n-1. In this regard, the study contributes to our understanding about how knowledge of mathematics beyond the current instructional level, what we refer to as nonlocal mathematics, becomes important for teaching. The findings indicate that acquired knowledge of nonlocal mathematics can play a role in altering teachers’ planned instructional approaches in terms of student activity and cognitive demand in their instruction.
Cyber security training a survey of serious games in cyber security

Within the field of computer and information security, there has been a relatively recent surge of interest on a multitude of topics, ranging from secure programming practices, protocols and algorithm design to cryptography and ethics. However, this body of research typically focuses on the implementation or theory of security controls and mechanisms at the application, operating system, network, and physical layers. The user layer, long recognized as the weakest link in the security chain, has had little to no attention paid to it by comparison, especially from a sociotechnical perspective which is comparatively new to engineering. Thus steps have to be taken then to instill safe cyber security practices in the general computer user, overcoming their propensity to act without forethought for the consequence of their actions, including ignoring warning messages, visiting unsafe websites, and communicating with unauthenticated entities. While there are significant studies that show the importance of game-based learning for the process of cognitive development and learning concepts of students, there have been relatively few papers or attempts at presenting forms of assessing the potential of these resources. Here then, we will endeavor to present a brief overview of the necessary background as well as a concise view of the current state of serious games dealing specifically with the topic of cyber security.
Sub-optimal scheduling in switched systems with continuous-time dynamics: A gradient descent approach

Abstract A feedback solution for approximate optimal scheduling of switched systems with autonomous subsystems and continuous-time dynamics is presented. The proposed solution is based on policy iteration algorithm which provides the optimal switching schedule. Algorithms for offline, online, and concurrent implementation of the proposed solution are presented. For online and concurrent training, gradient descent training laws are used and the performance of the training laws is analyzed. The effectiveness of the presented algorithms is verified through numerical simulations.
Implementation of the EU-Cameroon Voluntary Partnership Agreement policy: Trade distortion, rent-seeking and anticipative behavior

Abstract This paper empirically investigates the impact of the implementation process for the Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) in Cameroon on the volume of exported wood from Cameroon to the European Union (EU). This is achieved by applying time series analysis, change point detection, and vector autoregression with exogenous variables. No previous research has quantitatively analyzed the long-term impact of VPAs on traded wood. Two major conclusions are drawn. First, the VPA, and accompanying improved forest governance, negatively impacted on the wood volume exported from Cameroon when it came into force (December 2011). However, wood extraction in Cameroon's neighboring countries increased as operators can still economically benefit from less stringent environmental standards in these countries. Second, this paper observes anticipative behavior before the VPA came into effect. During the negotiations, exports decreased due to redirection of the trade flows, and uncertainty concerning the outcome of the negotiations. However, during the months before the VPA came into force, wood exports sharply increased. This is explained by rent-seeking behavior by operators who wished to benefit from the less stringent trade conditions, whilst they lasted.
Real-World Health Care Costs Based on Medication Adherence and Risk of Stroke and Bleeding in Patients Treated with Novel Anticoagulant Therapy.

BACKGROUND: With the lack of real-world evidence, the challenge for drug reimbursement policy decision makers is to understand medication adherence behavior among users of novel oral anticoagulants...
Chemical Anticooperativity and Sigma-Pi Hybridization

In every scientific discipline, the accumulated knowledge regarding the structure of fundamental entities raises the question of their interaction. Thus, in zoology, we inquire as to how bone and tissue are connected (i.e., interact) so that their combined actions can produce motion. In molecular biology, we inquire as to how an enzyme and an effector molecule combine (i.e., interact) in order to produce a complex which is catalytically active, or, inactive. Finally, reaching further down to the foundation of physical reality, one can inquire as to how bonds interact within molecules in order to produce the lowest possible energetic state. Now, one of the difficulties which thwart studies of the latter type is the mere fact that, in order to investigate interaction, one must be able to define the interacting elements. This is not a problem in, e.g., zoology, where we can unequivocally define bone, tissue, etc., but, it does constitute a problem in quantum chemistry because clear definitions of “non-interacting bonds” and “after-interaction-bonds” are possible within the framework of one but not of another theoretical approach. That is to say, one must appropriately choose among different theoretical vehicles before undertaking a study of interaction at the electronic level since the construct of “bond” is only a model-dependent construct. The purpose of this paper is to exploit the formal and conceptual advantages of Valence Bond (VB) theory1 in order to provide a blueprint for the study of interaction at the electronic level through formulation and illustrative application of concepts that may ultimately lead to a good understanding of electronic control mechanisms within atoms and molecules.
Order Types of Real Numbers and Other Uncountable Orderings

If ϕ and ψ are order types, then ϕ ≤ ψ means that if A and B are ordered.sets of type cp and respectively, then A is order- isomorphic to a subset of B. We write ϕ < ψ if ϕ ≤ ψ but it is not the case that ψ ≤ ϕ. The converse type of ϕ is denoted by ϕ *. If C is a class of order types, then a basis for C is a set \(B \subseteq C\) such that (∀ ψ ∈ C) (∃ ϕ ∈ B) ϕ ≤ ψ.
Turning ON Caspases with Genetics and Small Molecules

Caspases, aspartate-specific cysteine proteases, have fate-determining roles in many cellular processes including apoptosis, differentiation, neuronal remodeling, and inflammation (for review, see Yuan & Kroemer, 2010). There are a dozen caspases in humans alone, yet their individual contributions toward these phenotypes are not well understood. Thus, there has been considerable interest in activating individual caspases or using their activity to drive these processes in cells and animals. We envision that such experimental control of caspase activity can not only afford novel insights into fundamental biological problems but may also enable new models for disease and suggest possible routes to therapeutic intervention. In particular, localized, genetic, and small-molecule-controlled caspase activation has the potential to target the desired cell type in a tissue. Suppression of caspase activation is one of the hallmarks of cancer and thus there has been significant enthusiasm for generating selective small-molecule activators that could bypass upstream mutational events that prevent apoptosis. Here, we provide a practical guide that investigators have devised, using genetics or small molecules, to activate specific caspases in cells or animals. Additionally, we show genetically controlled activation of an executioner caspase to target the function of a defined group of neurons in the adult mammalian brain.
Three-Dimensional Problems

So far, we have considered only problems involving a single particle in one dimension. To discuss the electrons in atoms and molecules, we will of course have to confront several particles in three dimensions. In this chapter, we remove one restriction by considering three-dimensional one-particle problems. This will enable us to treat one-electron atomic systems in Chapter 6. Then in Chapter 7, we will turn to the quantum-mechanical treatment of systems of more than one particle. Chapter 8 will bring us finally to many-electron atoms and the periodic table and that is the gateway to chemistry.
Resurgence of Eating Disorders with Olanzapine.

Abstract Background: Olanzapine is commonly utilized in palliative care for the treatment of nausea, and a known side effect of olanzapine is increased appetite. Olanzapine is also known to cause r...
Machine learning

Machine learning's focus on ill-defined problems and highly flexible methods makes it ideally suited for knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) applications. Among the ideas machine learning contributes to KDD are the importance of empirical validation, the impossibility of learning without a priori assumptions, and the utility of limited-search or limited-representation methods. Machine learning provides methods for incorporating knowledge into the learning process, changing and combining representations, combatting the curse of dimensionality, and learning comprehensible models. KDD challenges for machine learning include scaling up its algorithms to large databases, using cost information in learning, automating data preprocessing, and enabling rapid development of applications. KDD opens up new directions for machine-learning research and brings new urgency to others. These directions include interfacing with the human user and the database system, learning from nonattribute-vector data, learning partial models, and learning continuously from an open-ended stream of data.
Fair Division through Information Withholding

Envy-freeness up to one good (EF1) is a well-studied fairness notion for indivisible goods that addresses pairwise envy by the removal of at most one good. In the worst case, each pair of agents might require the (hypothetical) removal of a different good, resulting in a weak aggregate guarantee. We study allocations that are nearly envy-free in aggregate, and define a novel fairness notion based on information withholding. Under our notion, an agent can withhold (or hide) some of the goods in its bundle and reveal the remaining goods to the other agents. We observe that in practice, envy-freeness can be achieved by withholding only a small number of goods overall. We show that finding allocations that withhold an optimal number of goods is computationally hard even for highly restricted classes of valuations. On our way, we show that for binary valuations, finding an envy-free allocation is NP-complete---somewhat surprisingly, this fundamental question was unresolved prior to our work. In contrast to the worst-case results, our experiments on synthetic and real-world preference data show that existing algorithms for finding EF1 allocations withhold close-to-optimal amount of information.
ARM-Based Digital Design and Computer Architecture Curriculum

Many electrical and computer engineering and computer science students take an introductory digital design course followed by a computer architecture course. This paper describes a curriculum to support these courses that culminates in designing a simplified ARM® microprocessor on an FPGA. We also wrote a supporting textbook to help other instructors interested in teaching such a course. The textbook includes supplementary hands-on labs and exercises. Our experience is that enabling students to understand a microprocessor from the underlying gates and microarchitecture all the way up to the assembly and programming levels empowers them to fully understand both computer architecture as well as the design of complex digital systems.
Liquid biopsy markers for stroke diagnosis

There is a short time window (4.5 h) for the effective treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), which uses recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Unfortunately, this short therapeutic t...
Application of the Mixing Theory in the Design of a High-Performance Dielectric Substrate for Microwave and Mm-Wave Systems

This paper presents the design and synthesis of a low-loss substrate with low effective permittivity ( $\varepsilon _{eff}$ ) for microwave and mm-Wave applications. The proposed design is based on the two-phase Maxwell Garnet mixing theory, where the $\varepsilon _{eff}$ of the RF substrate can be synthesized depending on the geometry and the permittivity of mixing particles and the permittivity of the host material. A comprehensive review and error analysis of the most common mixing techniques are conducted to guarantee an accurate design for high-performance RF substrates. Several analyses based on the geometries of various particles are carried out to identify the most accurate mixing model used in the design of the proposed substrate. The effects of the direction of excitation as well as the polarization of the incident field on the $\varepsilon _{eff}$ of the anisotropic particle are analyzed and discussed. The proposed method enables the use of existing high-performance materials that do not necessarily provide a low dielectric constant and low loss tangent. For mm-Wave antenna applications, materials with a dielectric constant of 2–4, and loss tangent of less than 0.002 are desirable to maximize gain and radiation efficiency. Commercial RF substrates can satisfy those requirements, however limited thermal expansion coefficient and lamination difficulties increase the cost significantly. The proposed method enables the use of inexpensive materials that provide excellent thermal properties and great compatibility with a multi-layer fabrication process with desirable $\varepsilon _{eff}$ and loss tangent. For validation of the analysis, samples are fabricated and tested in the microwave frequency (S-band) at 3.5 GHz as well as in the mm-Wave frequency (W-band) at 77 GHz. Measured results show a reduction of 45% in the $\varepsilon _{eff}$ and 38% in the loss tangent values in the S-band, and 32% and 72% reduction in $\varepsilon _{eff}$ and tan $\delta $ , respectively, in the mm-Wave frequency band. The measured results are in excellent agreement with the simulation and calculated results.
In vitro and in vivo sigma 1 receptor imaging studies in different disease states

The sigma receptor system has been classified into two distinct subtypes, sigma 1 (σ1R) and sigma 2 (σ2R). Sigma 1 receptors (σ1Rs) are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases and different central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and drug addiction, and pain. This makes them attractive targets for developing radioligands as tools to gain a better understanding of disease pathophysiology and clinical diagnosis. Over the years, several σ1R radioligands have been developed to image the changes in σ1R distribution and density providing insights into their role in disease development. Moreover, the involvement of both σ1Rs and σ2Rs with cancer make these ligands, especially those that are σ2R selective, great tools for imaging different types of tumors. This review will discuss the principles of molecular imaging using PET and SPECT, known σ1R radioligands and their applications for labelling σ1Rs under different disease conditions. Furthermore, this review will highlight σ1R radioligands that have demonstrated considerable potential as biomarkers, and an opportunity to fulfill the ultimate goal of better healthcare outcomes and improving human health.
Treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease by Maintaining Abduction to Allow Dynamic Hip Modeling Through Range-of-Motion Therapy

Utilizing stretching, bracing/casting, and adductor tenotomy, a comprehensive approach is given in order to avoid osteotomy in the treatment of LCPD. Intervention needs to be performed with serial evaluation, and intervention may need to be repeated. Dynamic molding with range of motion in stage II is critical in achieving an optimal outcome.
The Domino Effect in State Takings Law: A Response to 51 Imperfect Solutions

In 51 Imperfect Solutions, Judge Jeffrey Sutton depicts some of the virtues and flaws of our dual system of American constitutionalism across four chapters illustrating different models of interaction among the state and federal constitutions and their interpreters. In this symposium contribution, I submit a fifth chapter about property law that varies in some important respects from Judge Sutton's chapters involving education rights, the Fourth Amendment's exclusionary rule, forced sterilization, and the First Amendment. Several of Judge Sutton's chapters are told through parallel federal and state stories. Borrowing this approach, this contribution tells a federal story—from an odd period during the nineteenth century when the federal courts routinely expounded and disseminated state takings law—and a state story—from a fifty-year period in the twentieth century when the states were left to decide whether to follow the federal courts in recognizing regulatory takings but without a specific test to follow. Across these stories, takings law has often been marked by uniformity, rather than state-level variation and innovation—uniformity driven, in part, by the force of other states' rules. This domino effect is the consequence of both specific features of takings doctrine and organic borrowing. In closing, I offer some tentative thoughts on why property and takings law have tended to yield homogeneity and eliminate ingenuity in this way, even in the absence of definitive federal pronouncements about some of the thorniest puzzles within takings doctrine.
Tracing bodies through liminal blends in a mixed reality learning environment

While research on embodied learning sheds light on the body’s role during science learning, there is a lack of understanding of how the body is drawn upon in subsequent learning interactions. We se...
Introductory biology undergraduate students' mixed ideas about genetic information flow.

The core concept of genetic information flow was identified in recent calls to improve undergraduate biology education. Previous work shows that students have difficulty differentiating between the three processes of the Central Dogma (CD; replication, transcription, and translation). We built upon this work by developing and applying an analytic coding rubric to 1050 student written responses to a three-question item about the CD. Each response was previously coded only for correctness using a holistic rubric. Our rubric captures subtleties of student conceptual understanding of each process that previous work has not yet captured at a large scale. Regardless of holistic correctness scores, student responses included five or six distinct ideas. By analyzing common co-occurring rubric categories in student responses, we found a common pair representing two normative ideas about the molecules produced by each CD process. By applying analytic coding to student responses preinstruction and postinstruction, we found student thinking about the processes involved was most prone to change. The combined strengths of analytic and holistic rubrics allow us to reveal mixed ideas about the CD processes and provide a detailed picture of which conceptual ideas students draw upon when explaining each CD process.
Making Up for Lost Time: Exploring the Global Cultural Flow of Music Development Between Lisbon, Portugal and Toronto, Canada

In an essay entitled “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy,” Arjun Appadurai proposes a framework for understanding the process of global cultural flow, particularly in the field of economics. The term “culture,” in this sense, is summarily defined as “behaviour and beliefs that are learned and shared: learned so that it is not ‘instinctual,’ shared so that it is not individual” (Pieterse, 1390). Essentially, Appadurai’s framework is segmented into five distinct categories, or “scapes,” including: (a) ethnoscapes, (b) mediascapes, (c) technoscapes, (d) financescapes, and (e) ideoscapes (589). As products or attributes from various communities are introduced into new societies, they are inclined to go through a process of indigenization, often resulting in configurations of cultural hybridity and exchange. This process is evident in global music and media business networks, informing artists and professionals alike on emerging models, markets, and trends within the seemingly limitless boundaries of the global stage. The global cultural flow of music and media incites measurable consequences across all five of Appadurai’s scapes; in turn, this activity informs the character and development of the geographical sites facilitating such exchange. One such relationship exists between Lisbon, Portugal and Toronto, Canada, or more specifically, Lisbon and the Toronto neighborhood known as Little Portugal. Stemming from a complex history of colonialism and immigration, Lisbon and Toronto have developed as symbiotic nodes among the larger structure of global music and media networks. By examining each of Appadurai’s scapes within the context of Lisbon and Toronto’s transnational relationship, one can better understand the effects of global music exchange and the development of the music city itself.
Directions for Future Research

The 2008 AAOS/ORS Advanced Imaging and Computer-Assisted Surgery of the Knee and Hip (AICKH) Research Symposium explored avenues for technology integration between advanced imaging and computer-assisted surgery, and it assessed the value of imaging in evaluating the progression of joint disease and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The four overarching themes that were explored during the symposium and the consensus statements for future research are detailed below. The concept of technical specifications and standards for computer-assisted surgery procedures and imaging protocols was highlighted. For example, most computer-assisted surgery procedures rely on the use of quantitative data rather than surgeon feel and intuition to inform clinical decision-making. As this quantitative feedback becomes more important in surgical decision-making, we must establish appropriate specifications for various operations. These specifications must be clinically relevant and must have known target values and tolerances. In addition, we must understand the reliability of our computer-assisted tools in achieving the desired specifications. Navigated total knee replacement is an excellent example of the use of quantitative data to affect surgical technique. The first-generation navigated total knee replacement protocols focused on achieving neutral alignment in the coronal plane. The relevant specification for the navigation system is therefore coronal plane alignment. The target is well established as 0°; the tolerance has also been established as ±3°. Many authors have demonstrated the reliability of navigation in achieving neutral alignment of the lower limb within this specification. However, while navigated total knee replacement has been shown to reduce the number of outliers in terms of alignment, it has not been shown to improve short-term results. This is likely because the chosen specification (knee alignment) for this procedure …
Secondary Science Teachers’ Understandings of the Epistemic Nature of Science Practices

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) emphasize engaging students in science practices through which students can develop content, procedural, and epistemic knowledge of science. To accompli...
PBTK Optimizer: An Open Source Application for PBTK Model Parameter Optimization in Python

Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling in fish offers great promise in environmental risk assessment, potentially speeding up dose-response studies while minimizing animal testing. PBTK models are generally written as ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and have recently been modeled with Petri nets. Some limitations exist in the PBTK field, such as difficulty of model development and a lack of application specific software tools to help modelers. To address some of these limitations we introduce PBTK Optimizer, an open source tool for optimizing parameters of Petri net PBTK models. The software is demonstrated with a previously published and validated PBTK model of fluoranthene exposure in rainbow trout. We present case studies using PBTK Optimizer to evaluate different parameters of the model. The Python code and conclusions regarding the optimization methods used in this software may be adapted for ODE applications beyond PBTK modeling.