cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional trajectory calculations in thermal HBr2 and H2Br systems

Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) quasiclassical trajectory calculations on H + Br2 at 300°K and H + HBr at 1000°K are reported. Angular scattering, energy disposal, and impact parameter distributions for reactive collisions are compared after removal of phase-space factors (dimensionality bias) as a means of examining the similarities and differences in the dynamic bias in 2D and 3D. Qualitatively, for all reactive processes studied, the 3D trajectory calculated distributions are reproduced by the phase-space adjusted 2D trajectory data. Thus the surprisal of these angular scattering, energy disposal, and impact parameter distributions is dimensionally invariant, and the same dynamic bias appears in 2D and 3D. A systematic method for converting 2D reaction probabilities and maximum reactive impact parameters into 3D rate coefficients is presented. We find that trajectory calculated 3D rate coefficients may in general differ markedly from those derived from 2D trajectory data. In particular, the surprisal associated with rate coefficients depends on dimensionality for the H + HBr H2 + Br reaction, but is invariant for the H′ + HBr H′Br + Br and H + Br2 HBr + Br reactions.
Con la cruz y con el aguardiente: la empresa vitivinícola Jesuita en el San Juan Colonial

El articulo analiza la actividad vitivinicola de los jesuitas en San Juan (Argentina), durante el periodo colonial. Se presentan tres aspectos relacionados a la produccion de vino y aguardiente: la formacion de la propiedad, la comercializacion del producto y la mano de obra esclava y asalariada. Ante la falta de fuentes oficiales o privadas que permitan reconstruir la vida economica de la region y, en particular, la empresa vitivinicola, las fuentes jesuitas adquieren un particular valor para conocer dichas actividades. El objetivo es que, a traves del estudio de la empresa jesuita, se puedan extraer conclusiones que permitan conocer mejor el desarrollo de la empresa vitivinicola en la region y sus conexiones comerciales, especialmente con el mercado de Buenos Aires
The relationship between reduced functioning kidney mass and chronic rejection in rats

Interest has recently increased in the role of alloantigen-independent factors in chronic rejection. In this context, we examined the long-term effects of reduced functioning kidney mass in a F344 LEW allograft (A) model. Animals were divided into three groups depending upon the amount of retained kidney. Renal arterial branches in the hilus were ligated so that one-third or two-thirds of the graft remained viable (1/3 and 2/3 groups, respectively); organs were left intact in the third (3/3) group. Urine protein concentrations were determined 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after engraftment and organs (five/group/time) were harvested and examined morphologically and immunohis-tologically. Proteinuria increased progressively in all 1/3, 2/3 and 3/3 A animals, but faster in those with reduced kidney mass. This functional decline correlated well with increasing numbers of macrophages followed by interstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis, which had become prominent by week 6 in group 1/3 A and by 8 weeks in groups 2/3A and 1/31 (I, isografted), with animals beginning to die. IL-1, IL-6 and TNF production correlated well with the location and number of macrophages in all groups. These results suggest that kidney mass exerts a significant alloantigen-independent influence on chronic rejection. Allogenicity of the graft accelerates and amplifies the process.
What is RF

It seems RF will remain a popular phrase for some time to come. Components and circuits whose design share a number of these concerns are RF, regardless of the numerical value of the frequency or bandwidth of electromagnetic signals involved. With a definition based on the designers' mind-set, we can include many kinds of components under the umbrella of RF at virtually any frequency from LF to IR.
Atomic Scale Studies of Silver Segregation at {222} MgO/Cu Heterophase Interfaces

Atom-probe field-ion microscopy (APFIM) is used to measure quantitatively the absolute values of the Gibbsian interfacial excess of Ag, FAg, at semi-coherent {222} MgO/Cu(Ag) heterophase interfaces. Atomically clean metal oxide/metal heterophase interfaces were obtained by internal oxidation of a pure ternary Cu(Mg,Ag) single-phase alloy to produce octahedral-shaped MgO precipitates, 10 to 30 nm in diameter, in a single-phase Cu(Ag) matrix. Precipitates are faceted on {222} planes. Random-area APFIM analysis was performed in the (111) direction of the Cu(Ag) matrix, perpendicular to one pair of {222} facets of every MgO precipitate. For a single precipitate dissected on an atomic scale, segregation levels at both "front" and "rear" interfaces are determined. The average measured value of -FAg, at 500°C, is (2 __+ 0.6) × 1015 atoms cm -2. This corresponds to about one monolayer coverage.
Technology transfer--from agnogenic portal vein thrombosis to agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.

In a prospective study of 33 adults with portal vein thrombosis unrelated to a liver tumor, we have assessed the prevalence of primary myeloproliferative disorders using conventional criteria and cultures of bone marrow progenitor cells. A primary myeloproliferative disorder was documented in 14 patients investigated at the time of recognition of portal vein thrombosis. Among these 14 patients, the main clue to the presence of the myeloproliferative disorder was (a) the observation of suggestive abnormalities of peripheral blood cell counts in 4 patients; (b) characteristic findings at bone marrow biopsy or determination of total red cell volume in 3 patients; and (c) formation of “spontaneous” erythroid colonies in cultures of bone marrow progenitor cells in erythropoietin-poor medium in 7 patients. In 2 other patients, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with myelosclerosis of apparently recent onset developed 5 yr after recognition of portal vein thrombosis. In conclusion, primary myeloproliferative disorders—in a full-blown or latent form, or at an early stage—are a major cause of portal vein thrombosis.
Acid-base balance during and after cardiopulmonary bypass procedures

Abstract The metabolic problems associated with perfusion of the body with an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator have been briefly reviewed. They are primarily related to the tissue injuries inflicted by inadequate delivery of oxygen to the tissues and by trauma to various elements in the blood. Postoperatively, maintenance of normal conditions is dependent upon adequate function of the central nervous system, the lungs and the cardiovascular system.
What's Different about Family Businesses?

Family businesses make up 40 percent of the Fortune 500 companies, account for half the US GDP, and employ about half the labor force. The microeconomic literature has, for the most part, paid little attention to the family firm as an independent entity. This paper develops a theory of family business that brings the dynamics of the market forces and the family, as a non-market institution, under one rubric. The paper explores the tradeoffs the parent has to make as owner and manager in deciding on the compensation packages for his employees. The roles of trust, altruism, and family succession in affecting family members' behavior and firm survival are also analyzed. It is shown that the family business is fundamentally different from other businesses and families. For example, altruistic parents, in this context, may shift more risk to their children employed in the family business. In another case, guaranteed succession may induce higher effort from the child, which resolves the Samaritan's Dilemma. The paper shows that when firm loyalty is induced by allowing employees to become stakeholders and by fostering trust, then their effort is highest, but, at the same time, wages need not be performance based.
The lizard ear: Cordylus, Platysaurus and Gerrhosaurus.

In further consideration of the lizard ear, the fine structure of the cochlea has been investigated and related to auditory sensitivity in members of the family Cordylidae. The ear of this group of lizards is unusual in that a tectorial membrane is present only in a modified and seemingly vestigial form, and this membrane makes no connections with the auditory hair cells. These cells are provided instead with a series of sallets, small bodies extending in a single row through the dorsal and middle regions of the cochlea, where they rest upon the tips of the ciliary tufts and evidently bring about a stimulation of the hair cells because of their inertia. At the ventral end of the cochlea this line of sallets ends, and here is a single, relatively enormous structure, the culmen papillae, that serves a similar purpose for a large group of hair cells. Consideration is given to the manner of stimulation of the auditory sense cells in these species in relation to others with the usual arrangements involving connections between the ciliary tufts and a tectorial membrane. Included also is a study of a species of Gerrhosaurus, which some have included in the cordylid family and others have placed in a family of its own. The cochlear structure in this species is similar to that of the cordylids in many respects but differs in the ventral region, where instead of the culmen there is a heavy tectorial plate, similarly covering a large number of hair cells but connected to a tectorial membrane. The functioning of these ears is assessed in terms of the cochlear potentials, and is found to vary with species from better than average to excellent in comparison with other lizards investigated. The structural differentiation also is of fairly high degree, and hence it appears that ears without tectorial connections, or with such connections only in a limited region of the cochlea, can perform in a highly serviceable manner.
Forging a Bourgeois Reader's Role: Luis Cañuelo and Mariano José de Larra as Protagonists of Spain's “Polemic” Press

The indebtedness of Mariano Jose de Larra to the late 18th-century Spanish journalist, Luis Canuelo, is readily apparent, although Larra never acknowledged his influence. This article studies Canuelo's influence on Larra's creation of a bourgeois reader role. The author believes that Canuelo's particular brand of caustic sociopolitical commentary and his image of the reader as a member of a collective reformist movement most closely matched that of Larra.
A Random Capillary Model with Application to Char Gasification at Chemically Controlled Rates

Porous particles are described by a random capillary model predicting the frequency of pore intersections and the evolution of pore volume and surface area during reaction. The model is applied to char gasification at chemically controlled rates, and the results are compared with data from the literature.
Metal Cluster Topology. 3. Platinum Carbonyl Clusters

Previously discussed topological models of metal cluster bonding are now extended to the treatment of stacked platinum carbonyl clusters, whose structute and bonding exhibit a variety of new features. The stacked triangle cluster dianions Pt3k(CO)6k2− (k = 2,3,4,5) are best regarded as built from edge- localized bonds with additional Mobius delocalization on both the top and bottom triangles of the stack. These stacked triangles thus appear to be the first examples of stable chemical species having planar rings of atoms exhibiting twisted Mobius rather than untwisted Huckel delocalization. Such Mobius delocalization can naturally arise from the phase changes of appropriate d orbitals of each of the platinum atoms in the top and bottom triangles of the stack. The more complicated tetraanion Pt19- (CO)224− can be regarded structurally as a threaded tube in which a Pt15 stack of three pentagons is the tube and a Pt4 chain is the thread. Edge-localized bonding is then seen to occur within both the Pt15 stack (25 edges) and the Pt4 thread (3 edges) with additional delocalized bonding within the pentagonal pyramidal chambers at each end of the stack. These seemingly rather exotic topological bonding models are consistent with the general principles of metal cluster bonding and reproduce exactly the observed electron counts for the stacked platinum carbonyl clusters.
Glutamate antagonism during secondary deafferentation enhances cognition and axo‐dendritic integrity after traumatic brain injury

The combination of central fluid percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) followed 24 h later by a bilateral entorhinal cortical deafferentation (BEC) produces profound cognitive morbidity. We re- cently showed that MK-801 given prior to TBI in this insult improved spatial memory for up to 15 days. In the present study we examine whether MK-801 treatment of the BEC component in the combined insult model affects cognitive recovery. Two strategies for drug treatment were tested. Fifteen minutes prior to the BEC lesion in the combined insult, rats were given i.p. doses of either 3 mg/kg (acute group) or 1 mg/kg (chronic group) MK-801. The acute group received no further injections, whereas the chronic group received 1 mg/kg MK-801 i.p. twice a day for 2 days post-BEC lesion. Two additional groups of animals received BEC lesion alone and either acute or chronic MK-801 treatment identical with the combined insult cases. Each group was then assessed for spatial memory deficits with the Morris water maze at days 11-15 and 60-64 postinjury. Both acute and chronic MK-801 treatment in the combined insult group significantly reduced spatial memory deficits at 15 days postinjury relative to untreated injured cases (P F.01). This reduction appeared more robust at 15 days and persisted for up to 64 days in the chronically treated group (P F.05). By contrast, neither acute nor chronic MK-801 treatment affected memory performance with the BEC insult alone. Immunocyto- chemical localization of parvalbumin showed that chronic administration of MK-801 in the combined insult cases attenuated the injury-induced dendritic atrophy of inhibitory neurons in the dentate gyrus and area CA1. Synaptophysin immunobinding revealed that chronic MK-801 treatment of the BEC component of the combined insult normalized the distribution of presynaptic terminals within the dentate gyrus. These results suggest that cognitive deficits produced by head trauma involving both neuroexci- tation and deafferentation can be attenuated with chronic application of glutamatergic antagonists during the period of deafferentation injury and that this attenuation is correlated with axo-dendritic integrity. Hippocam- pus 1998;8:390-401. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Walnuts Have Potential for Cancer Prevention and Treatment in Mice

Cancer may not be completely the result of novel or inherited genetic mutations but may in fact be a largely preventable disease. Researchers have identified biochemicals, including n-3 (ω-3) fatty acids, tocopherols, β-sitosterol, and pedunculagin, that are found in walnuts and that have cancer-prevention properties. Mouse studies in which walnuts were added to the diet have shown the following compared with the control diet: (1) the walnut-containing diet inhibited the growth rate of human breast cancers implanted in nude mice by ∼80%; (2) the walnut-containing diet reduced the number of mammary gland tumors by ∼60% in a transgenic mouse model; (3) the reduction in mammary gland tumors was greater with whole walnuts than with a diet containing the same amount of n-3 fatty acids, supporting the idea that multiple components in walnuts additively or synergistically contribute to cancer suppression; and (4) walnuts slowed the growth of prostate, colon, and renal cancers by antiproliferative and antiangiogenic mechanisms. Cell studies have aided in the identification of the active components in walnuts and of their mechanisms of action. This review summarizes these studies and presents the notion that walnuts may be included as a cancer-preventive choice in a healthy diet.
Nondimensional scaling laws for controlling pharmaceutical spray uniformity: understanding and scale-up.

ABSTRACT Spatially resolved drop size, drop velocity, and spray volume flux measurements for sprays produced by a commonly used pharmaceutical coating nozzle were performed in this study. Results showed three distinctive spray patterns: Gaussian, homogeneous, and dumbbell shaped. We found that transition from a dumbbell-shaped to a homogeneous pattern is related to the shaping air-induced breakup of already formed drops: depending on the drop size upstream of the location where the shaping air flows meet (i.e., the "junction" point), the drop viscosity, and the magnitude of the shaping air velocity, the shaping air can either pinch the spray or cause additional drop breakup. When the former outweighs the latter, the dumbbell-shaped pattern occurs; the homogeneous pattern is present when the opposite occurs. A corollary to this experimental interpretation is that whether additional drop breakup homogenizes the sprays or pinches, it is related to a Weber number ( We ) that is calculated using drop sizes upstream of the junction point, drop viscosity and surface tension, and the shaping air velocity at the junction point. With this idea in mind, we propose a We -based scaling method for optimizing the uniformity of air-assist spray patterns. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:2213–2219, 2012
Statins as Adjunctive Therapy in the Management of Hypertension

The effective optimization of the modifiable risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis is the cornerstone preventive cardiology. Risk factor clustering has been demonstrated to occur in a higher prevalence than would be expected by chance alone. The common cardiovascular risk factors frequently share metabolic pathways. Inflammation and oxidative stress are demonstrable in the major cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension and dyslipidemia frequently co-exist in an individual. The advent of statin therapy has allowed optimization of the lipid profile and achievement of therapeutic goals advocated by the Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Statin therapy has been demonstrated to exhibit a wide variety of nonlipid or pleiotropic effects. Observational studies have demonstrated that statin therapy may cause a small but statistically significant alteration of blood pressure. Prospective clinical trials have demonstrated that statin therapy reduces this cardiovascular risk in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals. The potential role of statin therapy in blood pressure reduction is compatible with several pleiotropic mechanisms of statin therapy. However, a significant body of data from prospective, well-designed, controlled clinical trials that have analyzed the effect of statin therapy on blood pressure as the primary end point is lacking. This review examines the observational relationship between hypertension and dyslipidemia, the potential mechanisms by which statin therapy may lower blood pressure, and selected clinical trial data.
Ag‐Bi1.5Y0.5O3 Composite Cathode Materials for BaCe0.8Gd0.2O3‐Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Ag-Bi1.5Y0.5O3 composites exhibit high electronic and ionic conductivities when the volume fraction of the silver phase is properly chosen, indicating that these composites are candidate cathode materials for solid-state ionic devices. In this study, the chemical and thermal compatibilities between Ag-Bi1.5Y0.5O3 composites and BaCe0.8Gd0.2O3 electrolyte are studied at intermediate temperatures. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the interfaces between the composites and the electrolyte are characterized under various conditions using impedance spectroscopy. The stability of the electrodes is estimated from the time dependence of the interfacial resistances. Results indicate that Ag-Bi1.5Y0.5O3 composites are promising cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells based on BaCe0.8Gd0.2O3 electrolyte at intermediate temperatures.
IFRA: Post-silicon bug localization in processors

IFRA overcomes challenges associated with an expensive step in post-silicon validation of processors - pinpointing the bug location and the instruction sequence that exposes the bug from a system failure. On-chip recorders collect instruction footprints (information about flows of instructions, and what the instructions did as they passed through various design blocks) during the normal operation of the processor in a post-silicon system validation setup. Upon system failure, the recorded information is scanned out and analyzed off-line for bug localization. Special self-consistency-based program analysis techniques, together with the test program binary of the application executed during post-silicon validation, are used. Major benefits of using IFRA over traditional techniques for post-silicon bug localization are: 1. It does not require full system-level reproduction of bugs, and, 2. It does not require full system-level simulation. Simulation results on a complex super-scalar processor demonstrate that IFRA is effective in accurately localizing electrical bugs with very little impact on overall chip area.
Interaction with AKAP79 Modifies the Cellular Pharmacology of PKC

A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) coordinate cell signaling events. AKAP79 brings together different combinations of enzyme binding partners to customize the regulation of effector proteins. In neurons, muscarinic agonists mobilize an AKAP79-anchored pool of PKC that phosphorylates the KCNQ2 subunit of the M channel. This inhibits potassium permeability to enhance neuronal excitability. Using a dual fluorescent imaging/patch-clamp technique, we visualized AKAP79-anchored PKC phosphorylation of the kinase activity reporter CKAR concurrently with electrophysiological changes in KCNQ2 channels to show that AKAP79 synchronizes both signaling events to optimize the attenuation of M currents. AKAP79 also protects PKC from certain ATP-competitive inhibitors. Related studies suggest that context-dependent protein-protein interactions alter the susceptibility of another protein kinase, PDK1, to ATP analog inhibitors. This implies that intracellular binding partners not only couple individual molecular events in a cell signaling process but can also change the pharmacological profile of certain protein kinases.
Non-coding genomic regions possessing enhancer and silencer potential are associated with healthy aging and exceptional survival

// Sangkyu Kim 1 , David A. Welsh 2 , Leann Myers 3 , Katie E. Cherry 4 , Jennifer Wyckoff 1 , S. Michal Jazwinski 1 1 Tulane Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA 2 Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA 3 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA 4 Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Correspondence to: Sangkyu Kim, e-mail: skim5@tulane.edu Keywords: aging, frailty, longevity, linkage, association, non-coding Received: November 11, 2014 Accepted: December 8, 2014 Published: February 28, 2015 ABSTRACT We have completed a genome-wide linkage scan for healthy aging using data collected from a family study, followed by fine-mapping by association in a separate population, the first such attempt reported. The family cohort consisted of parents of age 90 or above and their children ranging in age from 50 to 80. As a quantitative measure of healthy aging, we used a frailty index, called FI 34 , based on 34 health and function variables. The linkage scan found a single significant linkage peak on chromosome 12. Using an independent cohort of unrelated nonagenarians, we carried out a fine-scale association mapping of the region suggestive of linkage and identified three sites associated with healthy aging. These healthy-aging sites (HASs) are located in intergenic regions at 12q13–14. HAS-1 has been previously associated with multiple diseases, and an enhancer was recently mapped and experimentally validated within the site. HAS-2 is a previously uncharacterized site possessing genomic features suggestive of enhancer activity. HAS-3 contains features associated with Polycomb repression. The HASs also contain variants associated with exceptional longevity, based on a separate analysis. Our results provide insight into functional genomic networks involving non-coding regulatory elements that are involved in healthy aging and longevity.
Metal film deposition by laser breakdown chemical vapor deposition

Dielectric breakdown of gas mixtures can be used to deposit homogeneous thin films by chemical vapor deposition with appropriate control of flow and pressure conditions to suppress gas-phase nucleation and particle formation. Using a pulsed CO2 laser operating at 10.6 μm where there is no significant resonant absorption in any of the source gases, we have succeeded in depositing homogeneous films from several gas-phase precursors by gas-phase laser pyrolysis. Nickel and molybdenum from the respective carbonyls and tungsten from the hexafluoride have been examined to date. In each case the gas precursor is buffered to reduce the partial pressure of the reactants and to induce breakdown. The films are spectrally reflective and uniform over a large area. Films have been characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, pull tests, and resistivity measurements. The highest quality films have resulted from the nickel depositions. Detailed X-ray diffraction analysis of these films yields a very small domain size (< 5.0 nm) consistent with rapid quenching from the gas-phase reaction zone. This analysis also shows nickel carbide formation consistent with the temperature of the reaction zone and the Auger electron spectroscopy results which show some carbon and oxygen incorporation (9% and 1%, respectively). Gas-phase transport and condensation of the molybdenum carbonyl results in substantial carbon and oxygen contamination of the molybdenum films requiring heated substrates, a requirement not consistent with the goals of the program to maximize the quench rate of the deposition. Results from tungsten deposition experiments, representing a reduction chemistry instead of the decomposition chemistry involved in the carbonyl experiments, are also reported.
Enantioselective Sulfonylation Reactions Mediated by a Tetrapeptide Catalyst

While Nature excels at performing selective modifications of complex polyfunctional molecules through the use of tailoring enzymes, synthetic chemistry has lagged behind in this regard. In prior work, we have applied a biomimetic approach to this problem, developing small peptides to achieve various group transfer reactions on polyol substrates with high enantio- or regioselectivity. The utility of sulfonates as synthetic building blocks and the scarcity of direct, selective methods for their preparation prompted our investigation into this area. In this article we report the development of a pi-methyl histidine-based tetrameric peptide that effects the desymmetrization of meso-1,3-diols through enantioselective (mono)sulfonylation. The catalyst exhibits structural similarities to another catalyst found to be effective in orthogonal group transfers, but results in modification of the enantiotopic alcohol. The practical and mechanistic implications of this discovery may extend beyond synthetic considerations and provide analogies to the diverse roles of histidine in enzyme active sites.
On a (145, 32) binary cyclic code

We discovered that a (145, 32) binary cyclic code generated by the product of an irreducible polynomial of degree 28 with exponent 145 and the polynomial x/sup 4/+x/sup 3/+x/sup 2/+x+1 has a minimum distance of 44.
In Truth We Trust: Discourse, Phenomenology, and the Social Relations of Knowledge in an Environmental Dispute

In this age of debate it is not news that what constitutes ‘truth’ is often at issue in environmental debates. But what is often missed is an insight that the speakers of Middle English understood a millennium ago: that truth comes from trust, which, is the central theoretical position of this paper. Our point is that truth depends essentially on social relations – relations that involve power and knowledge, to be sure, but also identity. Thus, challenges to what constitutes the ‘truth’ are equally challenges to identities and the social networks of trust in which that truth is embedded. We therefore attempt to move beyond Foucaultian discursive theory by reintroducing the subject as both the product and producer of discourse. For Foucault, the subject is reduced to the discursive relations of power/knowledge. In his effort to free us from the Cartesian cogito and the modernist absolutisms that eventually followed, Foucault lapses into a kind of postmodern functionalism. We argue that we should not speak of power/ knowledge, as Foucault suggested, but of power/knowledge/identity, recovering the actors and concrete social relations that produce discourse, and are not only produced by it. We then argue that these social relations become constituted (and reconstituted) in particular moments of phenomenological challenge – discursive moments that confront the existing social relations of knowledge and their
Esmolol versus diltiazem in atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery

SUMMARYPurpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmic complication following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The efficacy and safety of esmolol and diltiazem were compared in patients with post-CABG AF.Methods: This study was a retrospective medical record review of consecutive patients with post-CABG AF >15 min in duration with a ventricular rate >110 b.p.m. who received either i.v. esmolol (n = 59) or i.v. diltiazem (n = 48) with or without concomitant digoxin therapy at a single university-affiliated teaching hospital. Treatment success was defined as either cardioversion to sinus rhythm or a reduction in the ventricular rate to <90 b.p.m. at 24 h after the start of therapy. Time to treatment success and the occurrence of adverse effects were considered secondary outcomes.Results: A total of 107 patients with post-CABG AF were treated with i.v. esmolol (n = 59) or i.v. diltiazem (n = 48). The mean maximum dose of esmolol and diltiazem were 115 ± 38 μg/kg/min and 11.2 ± 3.5...
Qualities and Limitations of Fluvial Suspended Sediment Data Published by the United States Geological Survey

ABSTRACT Sommerfield, C.K., 2016. Qualities and limitations of fluvial suspended sediment data published by the United States Geological Survey. Fluvial suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data published by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) are frequently used to address questions of sediment delivery to estuaries and coasts. Despite the availability of USGS reports detailing methods of sample collection and data processing, many end users remain misinformed about the characteristics and limitations of these data. Two types of USGS-SSC data are available for stream gauging stations: (1) discrete samples and (2) daily record. Discrete samples are laboratory measurements of SSC from water collected at a stream gauging station. In contrast, daily-record data are interpolations of SSC from a smaller number of discrete samples available for a station. A potential source of confusion arises because both types of USGS-SSC data are given the identical description (suspended sediment concentration, mg/...
The Process Of Creating XBRL Instance Documents: A Research Framework

The past decade has witnessed a technological revolution fueled by the widespread use of the Internet, web technologies, and their applications. Within financial reporting, proponents of extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) argue that XBRL will revolutionize financial reporting since it allows corporate financial information to be aggregated, transmitted, and analyzed quicker and more accurately (Hoffman and Strand 2001; Hannon 2002; Bovee et al. 2005; Willis 2005; Cox 2006). The SEC recently mandated that publicly traded companies furnish financial information in XBRL format (Rummel 2008; SEC 2009a). Thus, the purpose of this project is to provide researchers with a framework for examining the process financial statement preparers use to create XBRL instance documents. Further, the paper (1) demonstrates how the framework may be used, (2) raises unanswered questions, and (3) suggests avenues for future research.
Animals and the 3Rs in toxicology research and testing: The way forward

Despite efforts to eliminate the use of animals in testing and the availability of many accepted alternative methods, animals are still widely used for toxicological research and testing. While research using in vitro and computational models has dramatically increased in recent years, such efforts have not yet measurably impacted animal use for regulatory testing and are not likely to do so for many years or even decades. Until regulatory authorities have accepted test methods that can totally replace animals and these are fully implemented, large numbers of animals will continue to be used and many will continue to experience significant pain and distress. In order to positively impact the welfare of these animals, accepted alternatives must be implemented, and efforts must be directed at eliminating pain and distress and reducing animal numbers. Animal pain and distress can be reduced by earlier predictive humane endpoints, pain-relieving medications, and supportive clinical care, while sequential testing and routine use of integrated testing and decision strategies can reduce animal numbers. Applying advances in science and technology to the development of scientifically sound alternative testing models and strategies can improve animal welfare and further reduce and replace animal use.
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and heparan sulfate proteoglycan production by cultured pigeon peritoneal macrophages.

Proteoglycan production was examined in cultures of thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages obtained from White Carneau and Show Racer pgeons. Following a 24-h incubation in the presence of (3�S)sul- fate and (3H)serine, total production and distribution of 35S-labeled proteoglycan into media (60-65 %), pericellu- lar (21-27%), and intracellular (13-14%) compartments was similar in White Carneau and Show Racer macro- phage cultures. Media proteoglycans consisted of high- molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, low- molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. High-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan was predominantly 6-sulfated (80%) and contained a core protein larger than 200 kd, whereas low-molecular-weight chondroitin sul- fate proteoglycan was 4-sulfated and contained a 28-kd core protein. Pericellular proteoglycan was similar in size to low-molecular-weight proteoglycan and consisted of a predominantly 6-sulfated (75%) chondroitin sulfate pro- teoglycan and heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Intracellular 355-labeled chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate were smaller than media and pericellular proteoglycans, sug- gestive of intracellular degradative processing. J. Leukoc. Biol. 51: 626-633; 1992.
The Future of Pediatric Sedation

Over the past 2 decades, pediatric sedation outside of the operating room has evolved rapidly and is an important part of the care of children. It is now an area of interest, research, and clinical practice which encompasses multiple specialties. Policies, procedures, and guidelines have been created worldwide by specialty organizations and even governmental agencies, all designed to maximize safety and outcome. Clinical research continues in efforts to further our knowledge of sedation practice, predictors of adverse outcome, and improve safety. There still remain many opportunities to optimize the safe practice of pediatric sedation as well as improve the efficiency and efficacy of its implementation [1].
Yield of repeat forward-view examination of the right side of the colon in screening and surveillance colonoscopy

Background and Aims Colonoscopy is less protective for cancers of the right side of the colon than for distal colon cancers. Repeat examination of the right side of the colon has been suggested to increase adenoma detection and potentially provide greater protection against the development of cancers of the right side of the colon. Our prospective study assessed the yield of a second forward-view examination of the right side of the colon done immediately after the initial examination. Methods All men 50 to 75 years of age undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy at the West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center were invited to participate. A second forward-view examination was performed if the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale score was 8 to 9 (scale = 0-9) with right a side of the colon segment score of 2 to 3 (scale = 0-3). The primary outcome was the per-patient adenoma detection rate (including sessile serrated polyps) on a repeated examination of the right side of the colon, defined as the number of patients with ≥1 adenoma on the second examination of the right side of the colon divided by total number of patients. An increase in the adenoma detection rate (ADR) was a secondary outcome. Results Repeated examination of the right side of the colon, performed in 280 patients, revealed additional adenomas in 43 patients (15.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] of difference, 11.3%-21.0%). The overall ADR increased by 3.2% (95% CI, 1.1%-5.3%) after the second examination of the right side of the colon; the ADR for the right side of the colon increased by 6.7% (95% CI, 3.8%-9.7%). Ten patients (3.6%) had a change in their screening/surveillance interval with the addition of findings on the second examination of the right side of the colon. Conclusion A substantial 15.4% of patients had additional adenomas detected on a second forward-view examination of the right side of the colon, whereas the overall ADR increased significantly by 3.2%. Given the lack of additional training or equipment required, repeated forward-view examination of the right side of the colon is a simple, readily available method to achieve a modest improvement in the ADR.
Some Reflection on Post-Enlightenment Qur'anic Hermeneutics

This article asserts that the traditional hermeneutical methodologies used in interpretation of the Qur'an are of marginal utility when Muslims are required to apply the teachings of the Qur'an to contemporary issues involving freedom of expression, freedom of conscience and belief, the emancipation of women, rights of religious, racial and ethnic minorities, war and jihad, international relations, and other Post-Enlightenment concerns. The article challenges scholars, and universities, institutions and patrons who support them, to craft new hermeneutical approaches - based on sound methodologies - that will be of broad, practical use to governments, juridical bodies, international organizations, NGOs, and individual Muslims faced with the demands of modern and post-modern life. This requires Muslims to engage in a deeply inward-looking set of actions. The article begins that reflective process by examining the issue of human equality in Islamic jurisprudence and Muslim legal and social practice and, more specifically, the problem of slavery in Islamic legal history. Drawing some lessons from the important work of Hans-Georg Gadamer, the article concludes that a new Qur'anic hermeneutic, one that makes effective and realistic use of Islamic history and contextual analysis, is required of Muslims and scholars of Islam in this Post-Enlightenment egalitarian age.
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION—EARLY AMERICAN STYLE

The year 1962 marked three noteworthy anniversaries that have been observed with appropriate exercises, conferences, publications, and similar events at Land Grant colleges throughout the nation. These were: (i) the centennial of their authorization by the Morrill Act of 1862; (ii) the centennial of the establishment of the United States Department of Agriculture; and (iii) the 75th anniversary of the passage of the Hatch Act, the basic legislation for the State Experiment Stations. Since the American Society for Microbiology has a Division of Agricultural and Industrial Bacteriology, it seems appropriate that notice, even though somewhat belatedly, be taken of these far-reaching legislative events. My contribution, therefore, is dedicated to those pioneers, some of whom were members of this Society, whose careers in the early days of these institutions helped establish the patterns of today's research. In 1862, agricultural experimentation was not unknown in the United States, but its typical expression was that of the Trustees' garden in Georgia established in 1733 (14), rather than that of the modern experiment station. Among the many individuals who contributed to this change, two of the leaders were S. W. Johnson, professor of chemistry at Yale (Sheffield), and his protege W. 0. Atwater (Fig. 1). Johnson had returned to Yale in 1855 after spending a few years in Germany where he had been deeply impressed with the operation of the agricultural experiment stations, especially the one at Moeckern. His efforts to set up a similar station in Connecticut were delayed because of
Multidimensional lightcuts

Multidimensional lightcuts is a new scalable method for efficiently rendering rich visual effects such as motion blur, participating media, depth of field, and spatial anti-aliasing in complex scenes. It introduces a flexible, general rendering framework that unifies the handling of such effects by discretizing the integrals into large sets of gather and light points and adaptively approximating the sum of all possible gather-light pair interactions.We create an implicit hierarchy, the product graph, over the gather-light pairs to rapidly and accurately approximate the contribution from hundreds of millions of pairs per pixel while only evaluating a tiny fraction (e.g., 200--1,000). We build upon the techniques of the prior Lightcuts method for complex illumination at a point, however, by considering the complete pixel integrals, we achieve much greater efficiency and scalability.Our example results demonstrate efficient handling of volume scattering, camera focus, and motion of lights, cameras, and geometry. For example, enabling high quality motion blur with 256x temporal sampling requires only a 6.7x increase in shading cost in a scene with complex moving geometry, materials, and illumination.
A NEW APPROACH TO MEASURING GENETIC SIMILARITY.

In his excellent review article on population genetics, Lewontin (1967) states that "the major unsolved problem of descriptive population genetics is an adequate specification of the genetic difference between two closely related species as compared to the genetic difference between two populations of the same species." The advent of many new electrophoretic techniques has permitted for the first time a reasonable specification of a population's gene pool and has given scientists a new tool to use in investigating this basic evolutionary question. Since it appears that a considerable portion of the loci which can be studied electrophoretically are polymorphic (see Prakash et al., 1969; Selander et al., 1969), to compare critically two populations of the same or closely related species one should know the frequency of the allelic forms present at the polymorphic loci. When this information is known, two populations can be compared in a general manner for each locus to ascertain whether they share the same allele or alleles and whether they have similar allelic frequencies. But when information for a large number of such loci is known, it becomes exceedingly difficult to compare populations and establish their relative genetic similarity by this approach.
Probabilistic Analyses of HSCT Combustor Liner Components

Deterministic as well as probabilistic analysis results for a typical cylindrical combustor liner segment is presented in this paper. The type of liner segment analyzed in this report is a part of a HSCT combustor. In the analyses, thermal profiles, material stiffnesses, and mechanical loadings are considered random. Probabilistic static, stability and free vibration analysis were conducted and results are presented in the form of cumulative distribution functions for critical location stresses, and buckling load. The results indicated that scatter in thermal loads and thermal expansion coefficients have significant impact on the longitudinal and hoop stresses. Also, the thickness variations appeared to be most significant, in influencing the probabilistic buckling behavior. Collectively, the results provide an insight on dominant variables which could be used for reliable/robust combustor liner design.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
New Species of Termitophilous Staphylinidae from Tropical America and the Solomon Islands

It has been my privilege to study a series of staphylinid beetles collected from termite colonies by Alfred E. Emerson on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, at Kartabo, British Guiana, and on the island of Trinidad; by Wolfgang von Hagen in Ecuador; and by Karl P. Schmidt on the Solomon Islands. I am indebted to these gentlemen for the opportunity of studying this material. The determinations of the host termites were made by A. E. Emerson.
Risk assessment on formaldehyde in waterishlogged food products

[Objective] To make risk assessment on formaldehyde in waterishlogged food products. [Methods] The average intake and its 95% confidence limit was used for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic assessment. [Results] the average intake and its 95% confidence limit were far below acceptable daily intake(ADI),and the dose inducing animal tumor is 55000 times to average intake and 48000 times to its 95% confidence limit. [Conclusion] The waterishlogged food products in current market is basically safe.Formaldehyde exists widely in the environment,so the minor formaldehyde from normal diet will not cause acute effect.
Isolation of a newly recognized Bunyamwera serogroup virus from a febrile human in Panama.

Abstract A virus, strain 86MSP18, was isolated from the acute phase serum of a U.S. soldier with a febrile illness. He was stationed at Fort Sherman in the Republic of Panama when the onset of his illness occurred. A rise in neutralizing antibody to the viral isolate was observed between the patient's acute and convalescent-phase serum samples. Virus strain 86MSP18 has been shown by plaque reduction neutralization to be closely related to but distinct from Cache Valley virus and known subtypes. It appears to be a newly recognized subtype of Cache Valley virus and is believed to be the second isolation of a Cache Valley virus subtype from a human with a febrile illness. The name “Fort Sherman” virus for strain 86MSP18 is proposed.