cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interferon Gamma-Dependent Intestinal Pathology Contributes to the Lethality in Bacterial Superantigen-Induced Toxic Shock Syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) caused by the superantigen exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes is characterized by robust T cell activation, profound elevation in systemic levels of multiple cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), followed by multiple organ dysfunction and often death. As IFN-γ possesses pro- as well as anti-inflammatory properties, we delineated its role in the pathogenesis of TSS. Antibody-mediated in vivo neutralization of IFN-γ or targeted disruption of IFN-γ gene conferred significant protection from lethal TSS in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. Following systemic high dose SEB challenge, whereas the HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ mice became sick and succumbed to TSS, HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− mice appeared healthy and were significantly protected from SEB-induced lethality. SEB-induced systemic cytokine storm was significantly blunted in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice. Serum concentrations of several cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40 and IL-17) and chemokines (KC, rantes, eotaxin and MCP-1) were significantly lower in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice. However, SEB-induced T cell expansion in the spleens was unaffected and expansion of SEB-reactive TCR Vβ8+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was even more pronounced in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice when compared to HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ mice. A systematic histopathological examination of several vital organs revealed that both HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ and HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice displayed comparable severe inflammatory changes in lungs, and liver during TSS. Remarkably, whereas the small intestines from HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ transgenic mice displayed significant pathological changes during TSS, the architecture of small intestines in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− transgenic mice was preserved. In concordance with these histopathological changes, the gut permeability to macromolecules was dramatically increased in HLA-DR3.IFN-γ+/+ but not HLA-DR3.IFN-γ−/− mice during TSS. Overall, IFN-γ seemed to play a lethal role in the immunopathogenesis of TSS by inflicting fatal small bowel pathology. Our study thus identifies the important role for IFN-γ in TSS.
CHANGES IN THE BLOOD FLOW TO THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF SHEEP INDUCED BY FEEDING

The blood flow to the digestive organs of nine sheep was determined by the use of isotopically labelled microspheres before, during and at 2 h and 4 h after feeding. Within 3 min of the start of feeding, the blood flow to the salivary glands and to the smooth muscle of the rumen and reticulum increased three-fold. The blood flow to the epithelium of the rumen and reticulum also increased before any appreciable effect on ruminal fermentation could have occurred. This increase in flow was greater in absolute but smaller in relative terms than that to the muscle. At 2 h after feeding blood flow to the epithelium of the rumen and reticulum was two to four times greater than before food was taken, while the flow to the smooth muscle of these organs had fallen to the level found before feeding. In the more distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract, blood flow changes in response to feeding were less pronounced and, where they occurred at all, consisted of decreases at different times. Thus blood flow to the omasum decreased during feeding but recovered thereafter, while the flows to abomasum, duodenum and ileum were not changed during feeding but were significantly lower at 2 h and 4 h later. In the rest of the small intestine and in the large intestine there were no significant changes in flow during the period of observation, nor were there any changes in the blood flow to pancreas or spleen. However, the flow to the omental and mesenteric fat declined abruptly on feeding and reached its minimal value 2 h afterwards. These results are in marked contrast to those reported in other species in that the subepithelial capillary plexus of the reticulum and rumen was the only region contributing to the increased hepatic portal blood flow after feeding.
Effects of nimodipine on the amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced decrease in tryptophan hydroxylase activity

The effects of nimodipine on the amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced decrease in central tryptophan hydroxylase activity was examined. Rats were administered 4 or 5 injections of amphetamine or methamphetamine at 6-h intervals with or without nimodipine (1 mg/kg), and killed 1 or 18 h after the last drug administration. The decrease in hippocampal tryptophan hydroxylase activity induced by amphetamine and methamphetamine was potentiated by the administration of nimodipine. Moreover, while hippocampal tryptophan hydroxylase activity was not altered by 2.5 mg/kg methamphetamine alone, the coadministration of 1 mg/kg nimodipine decreased the enzymatic activity to 68% of control. The decrease in striatal tryptophan hydroxylase activity caused by these amphetamine analogues was not significantly altered by the coadministration of nimodipine. Interestingly, nimodipine increased hippocampal and striatal amphetamine concentrations to 187 and 162%, respectively, of the concentrations measured in animals treated with amphetamine alone. Nimodipine also increased by 2-fold the plasma concentration of methamphetamine and amphetamine measured 3 h after a single administration of methamphetamine, whereas the hippocampal concentrations of these compounds were raised to 354 and 516%, respectively, of that in animals treated with methamphetamine alone. These results suggest that nimodipine altered drug distribution and potentiated the methamphetamine-induced decrease in hippocampal tryptophan hydroxylase activity by increasing the cerebral methamphetamine concentration.
Interactions between Conserved Residues in Transmembrane Helices 1, 2, and 7 of the Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor

Abstract The roles of conserved residues in transmembrane helices (TMs) of G protein-coupled receptors have not been well established. A computer-generated model of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRH-R) indicated that conserved Asp-71 (TM-2) could interact with conserved asparagines 316 (TM-7) and 43 (TM-1). To test this model, we constructed mutant TRH-Rs containing polar or alanine substitutions of these residues. The maximal activities of N43A and N316A TRH-Rs were diminished, whereas D71A (Perlman, J. H., Nussenzveig, D. R., Osman, R., and Gershengorn, M. C. (1992)J. Biol. Chem. 267, 24413–24417) and N43A/N316A TRH-Rs were inactive. Computer models of D71A and N43A/N316A TRH-Rs show similar changes from native TRH-R in their TM bundle conformations. The inactivity and the similarity of the computer models of D71A and N43A/N316A TRH-Rs are consistent with the idea that Asp-71 bridges Asn-43 and Asn-316 and suggest that activity is critically dependent on these interactions. The conservation of these residues suggests these specific interactions involving TMs 1, 2, and 7 may be structurally important for all members of the rhodopsin/β-adrenergic receptor subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors.
Efficient synthesis of a novel, twisted and stable, electroluminescent "twistacene".

A twistacene, 6,8,15,17-tetraphenyl-1.18,4.5,9.10,13.14-tetrabenzoheptacene (3), was synthesized using a mild and novel bisbenzyne precursor. It was characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR, UV−vis, and IR spectroscopies, as well as cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations. The heptacene derivative possesses a nonpropeller twist topology and is unusually stable for a highly conjugated oligoacene. In addition, it is fluorescent, with a quantum efficiency of 15%. Distortion from planarity, mostly due to the phenyl substituents, causes only marginal changes in electronic properties and is beneficial for redox reversibility, which is required for efficient OLED devices.
Doctoral Education in Community Health Nursing: A National Survey

The purpose of this study was to identify content areas specific to community health nursing in doctoral programs throughout the United States. The research foci related to community health nursing were compared with previously identified research priorities in the field. Surveys were sent to 52 doctoral program directors; 23 questionnaires were completed. Telephone interviews were conducted with 16 program directors to clarify responses. Newer programs tended to be more generally focussed and without doctoral specialty courses of any kind. The four programs that identified community health nursing as a specialty within their curriculum were some of the oldest and largest programs in the country.
Radiation therapy in adenoid-cystic carcinoma

Between 1949 and 1977, 74 patients with adenoid-cystic carcinoma of various head and neck sites were treated by radiation therapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Radiation therapy alone was employed in 49 patients for recurrent, unresectable disease, and in 25 patients it was given as an adjunct to surgical resection. Among the 49 patients treated with radiation therapy alone, tumor regression was seen in 47 (96%). However, 44 of the 47 (93.5%) subsequently relapsed locally. Relapse occurred within 18 months in one-half of the patients and within 5 years in all of them. Of the 25 patients who received adjunctive radiation therapy about one-half relapsed locally within five years. There were 9 patients in this group, however, whose field size exceeded 8 X 8 cm and the dose of radiation also exceeded 4500 rad: 88% of these patients remained relapse-free at 5 years, compared with only 22% of the other 16 whose dose, or field size, or both, were inadequate by comparison. These data suggest that when irradiation is employed for advanced, inoperable adenoid-cystic carcinoma, it offers useful palliation but is rarely, if ever, curative. Postoperative irradiation, on the other hand, might improve the local control and the survival in patients with operable adenoid-cystic carcinoma who are at high risk for relapse, but only if the field size and the dose are adequate.
GPCR/EGFR cross talk is conserved in gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis but is uniquely regulated by matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the ovary.

Previous work has demonstrated that cross talk between G protein-coupled LH receptors and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) is essential for LH-induced steroid production in ovarian follicles and testicular Leydig cells. Here we demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)/EGFR cross talk is also required for ACTH-induced steroidogenesis in Y1 adrenal cells. Moreover, we confirm that the signaling pathway from GPCR to Erk activation is conserved in all three steroidogenic tissues. ACTH or LH induces Gαs, resulting in elevated cAMP and protein kinase A activation. cAMP/protein kinase A then triggers EGFR trans-activation, which promotes Erk signaling and subsequent steroidogenesis. Interestingly, although EGFR trans-activation is conserved in all three tissues, the specific mechanisms regulating this receptor cross talk differ. ACTH and LH trigger matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated release of EGFR ligands in adrenal and gonadal cells, respectively. However, this extracellular, ligand-dependent EGFR transactivation is required only for LH-induced steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles, reflecting the unique requirement of cell-cell cross talk for ovarian steroid production. Furthermore, MMP2 and MMP9 appear to regulate LH-induced steroidogenesis in mouse ovarian follicles, because a specific MMP2/9 inhibitor as well as the MMP2/9 inhibitor doxycycline suppress LH-induced follicular steroid production in vitro. Notably, although EGFR or MMP inhibition minimally affects estrous cycling in female mice, they attenuate ovarian steroidogenesis in response to LHR overstimulation in vivo. These results may have implications with regard to EGFR inhibitor use in various cancers as well as in polycystic ovarian syndrome, where excess LH-driven ovarian androgen production might be controlled by MMP2/9 inhibition.
Note on Wardichthys cyclosoma, Traq.

(1881). Note on Wardichthys cyclosoma, Traq. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 7, No. 42, pp. 490-492.
Use of Behavioral Methods to Control the Aversive Effects of Chemotherapy

This article discusses three general issues that must bc considercd in implementing a program of behavioral intervention to assist cancer patients: ( 1 ) how to train patients in behavioral techniques, (2) how to implement the use of those techniques in a clinical setting, and (3) how to enhance the rapport between patients and therapists. The author describes his use of audiotapes to teach patients the techniques of active or passive relaxation with guided imagery. These tapes have provided a cost-effective and therapeutically valid method of helping patients control the aversive effects of chemotherapy and other medical procedures.
Mechanism of Calcium Ion Precipitation from Hard Water Using Pulsed Spark Discharges

Direct pulsed spark discharge treatment was found to be able to induce the precipitation of calcium ions in supersaturated hard water (Yang et al. in Water Res 44:3659, 2010). The present study investigated possible pathways for the plasma-induced precipitation. Both UV and reactive species were found not the major factors that stimulate the precipitation in present setup. A transient hot-wire method was used to investigate the effect of plasma-induced local micro-heating. Approximately 15% drop in the calcium-ion concentration was observed, indicating that the local micro-heating effect could be the major contributing factor. Additionally, a nanosecond pulsed corona discharge was used to investigate the non-thermal effect of plasma, and a maximum 7% drop in the calcium hardness was observed. Calcite with rhombohedron morphology was observed in both cases, similar to the structure observed in the spark discharge treatment case, indicating that calcium-ion precipitation process could be attributed to both the thermal and non-thermal effects produced by the plasma.
Chemistry of Cement

In this Activity, students use a commercially prepared cement mix to investigate the factors involved in the hardening of cement into concrete. Students manipulate variables such as concentration, curing temperature, and additions to the mixture, as well as testing the products for strength or hardness. Saftey concerns are noted for both the preparation and testing. This Activity complements the National Chemistry Week 2006 theme: "Your Home—It's All Built on Chemistry".
The Exclusion Problem Meets the Problem of Many Causes

In this paper I develop a novel response to the exclusion problem. I argue that the nature of the events in the causally complete physical domain raises the “problem of many causes”: there will typically be countless simultaneous low-level physical events in that domain that are causally sufficient for any given high-level physical event (like a window breaking or an arm raising). This shows that even reductive physicalists must admit that the version of the exclusion principle used to pose the exclusion problem against non-reductive physicalism is too strong. The burden is on proponents of the exclusion problem to provide a reason to think that any qualifications placed on the exclusion principle will solve the problem of many causes while ruling out causation by irreducible mental events.
A Guide to Nature‐Study Manuals

In 1984–85, Reference Services Review published a series of review articles on field guides for wildflowers (Potts), birds (Klaas), trees (Kinch), and insects (Chiang). A glance at Books in Print indicates the number of new field guides appearing since that time. Rather than evaluate a new crop of highly focused field guides, the present essay examines a related kind of nature guide, the nature‐study manual. For the purposes of this essay, the nature‐study manual is defined as a guide that encourages investigation of the natural world, rather than offering facts and identifications. To be a nature‐study manual, a book must offer tools and techniques for identification (often through field guides), observation, recordkeeping, and often collection of specimens and experimentation. Books of narrative natural history and essays on a particular observer's experiences are thus excluded. The nature‐study manual's unique role is to instruct readers in how to observe and study nature for themselves, whether close to home or in far‐flung regions.
Inhomogeneous deformation behavior in intercrystalline regions in polycrystalline Ni

Abstract We report on three-dimensional spatially resolved X-ray microdiffraction measurements of inhomogeneous deformation within individual polycrystalline grains. These measurements provide new insights into the role of grain boundaries. Particularly striking is the qualitatively different mechanical behavior of subgrain volumes near grain boundaries and triple junctions compared to bulk-grain mechanical behavior. These differences are studied by characterizing the evolution of the local orientation distribution in a polycrystalline Ni sample using polychromatic synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction. Dependence of deformation on grain boundary types and triple junctions is determined. Quantitative distinctions in deformation behavior between low-angle boundaries, special low-energy high-angle boundaries, general high-angle boundaries and triple junctions are characterized in terms of spatially resolved misorientation development and extensions of grain boundary effects. In general, larger lattice misorientations are observed near boundaries with higher grain boundary energy. Special high-coincidence grain boundaries exhibit smaller deformation misorientations than general high-angle grain boundaries. These observations are consistent with the observed increases in ductility in grain boundary engineered materials.
Specificity of acquired clonal chromosome abnormalities in new zealand black mice

New Zealand Black (NZB) mice, an inbred strain characterized by immunological dysfunction and lymphoreticular malignancy, also develop populations of aneuploid spleen cells. In detailed cytogenetic analyses performed on 10 NZBs, the chromosomally abnormal cells were found to be clonally related within each mouse. Moreover, the karyotypic changes observed were highly non-random, usually involving the 15 (10/10 mice), 2 (8/10 mice), 16 or 17 (9/10 mice), and sex (6/10 mice) chromosomes. These observations suggest an important relationship between chromosomal alterations and tumorigenesis in NZB mice and emphasize the role of chromosome 15 in murine abnormal lymphoreticular proliferations.
Modeling amino acid strings using electrical ladder circuits

Amino acid strings (proteins) have been modeled as electrical ladder circuits and the frequency responses of these circuits have been computed. An analysis of the computational results indicates that the electrical ladder analogs can prove useful in tracking changes in protein composition and protein structure (e.g. metabolic pathways) without resorting to expensive lab experiments.
Substance and Perceptions of Environmental Impacts of Dioxin Emissions: An Interim Report

The emission of dioxins is perceived widely as a major environmental impact of combustion processes. This paper will report the results of an extensive study of published data on a) the rate of formation of dioxins from all U.S. sources; b) the pre-MACT and post-MACT performance of individual Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants in the U.S. and how post-MACT emissions compare with the 1998 EU standard (0.1 ng/dscm); c) how the contribution of WTEs has changed with time; and d) the measured impacts of WTE dioxin emissions on soil/plant concentrations and on public health. The study has shown that since 1987 the U.S. dioxin emissions have decreased by a factor of four and by now WTEs are a miniscule source. Also, that even at the earlier high emission levels, the dioxin levels in soil samples close to WTE facilities did not exhibit an increase over regional background concentrations. Finally, the paper contrasts public perceptions of the dioxin threat with scientific studies of observed effects on the environment and on public health.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Effects of Surface Imperfections on the Thermal-Fatigue Life of Metals

The effects of surface defects on the low-cycle, thermal-fatigue life of two steels and two superalloys were determined. Thermal fatigue was induced by cyclic self-resistance heating of the specimens in a restraining fixture that converted the thermal strains to mechanical strains. Although the results were quite erratic, they indicate statistically that surface roughness and defects are detrimental to the thermal-fatigue life. Thermal-fatigue is much more adversely affected by transverse shallow sharp notches and cracks than by point-type notches or general surface roughness.Copyright © 1965 by ASME
Systematic characterization of myocardial inflammation, repair, and remodeling in a mouse model of reperfused myocardial infarction

Mouse models of myocardial infarction are essential tools for the study of cardiac injury, repair, and remodeling. Our current investigation establishes a systematic approach for quantitative evaluation of the inflammatory and reparative response, cardiac function, and geometry in a mouse model of reperfused myocardial infarction. Reperfused mouse infarcts exhibited marked induction of inflammatory cytokines that peaked after 6 hr of reperfusion. In the infarcted heart, scar contraction and chamber dilation continued for at least 28 days after reperfusion; infarct maturation was associated with marked thinning of the scar, accompanied by volume loss and rapid clearance of cellular elements. Echocardiographic measurements of end-diastolic dimensions correlated well with morphometric assessment of dilative remodeling in perfusion-fixed hearts. Hemodynamic monitoring was used to quantitatively assess systolic and diastolic function; the severity of diastolic dysfunction following myocardial infarction correlated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and infarct collagen content. Expression of molecular mediators of inflammation and cellular infiltration needs to be investigated during the first 72 hr, whereas assessment of dilative remodeling requires measurement of geometric parameters for at least four weeks after the acute event. Rapid initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response, accelerated scar maturation, and extensive infarct volume loss are important characteristics of infarct healing in mice.
Analysis of three-dimensional grids: Interpolating the nine-point prism. The shifting operator as an analytical instrument

A new equation for interpolating the nine-point prism by the circular or hyperbolic functions is illustrated. It is useful for estimating linear-term coefficients. New formulas for analytic and numerical differentiation and integration are obtained by the shifting operator. They are illustrated by examples.
Historical demography of a wild lemur population (Propithecus verreauxi) in southwest Madagascar

The human colonization of Madagascar is associated with the extinction of numerous lemur species. However, the degree to which humans have negatively influenced the historical population dynamics of extant lemur species is not well understood. This study employs genetic and demographic analyses to estimate demographic parameters relating to the historical population dynamics of a wild lemur population, Verreaux’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi). The genetic analyses are used to determine whether this population experienced a historically recent (i.e., within the last 2000 years) population bottleneck, as well as to estimate the historical population growth rate and the timing of any changes in population size in the past. In addition, a retrospective demographic analysis is used to determine sources of variation and covariation in the sifaka life cycle and how variation in life-cycle transitions contributes to variation in population growth rate. The genetic analyses indicate that the sifaka population did not experience a recent population bottleneck; however, the historical population growth rate was negative, indicating that the ancestral population size was much larger than the current size. The timing of the ancestral population decline has a point estimate of 2300 years ago, but with large credible intervals: 3611–1736 years ago. This point estimate corresponds with the first evidence for human arrival to Madagascar. Climatic variation has also likely influenced past (and current) population dynamics due to stochastic annual rainfall patterns and climatic desiccation, the latter of which began in southwestern Madagascar around 4000 years ago. Variation in the survival of 2-year-old animals as well as large adult females makes the largest contribution to variation in population growth rate. In the absence of more explicit models pertaining to historical population dynamics, it is difficult to attribute the negative population growth rate of this species solely to a single factor (e.g., hunting, habitat destruction).
Signal-to-pump back action and self-oscillation in double-pump Josephson parametric amplifier

We present the theory of a Josephson parametric amplifier employing two-pump sources. Our calculations are based on input-output theory, and can easily be generalized to any coupled system involving parametric interactions. We analyze the operation of the device, taking into account the feedback introduced by the reaction of the signal and noise on the pump power, and in this framework, compute the response functions of interest--signal and idler gains, internal gain of the amplifier, and self-oscillation signal amplitude. To account for this back action between signal and pump, we adopt a mean-field approach and self-consistently explore the boundary between amplification and self-oscillation. The coincidence of bifurcation and self-oscillation thresholds reveals that the origin of coherent emission of the amplifier lies in the multiwave mixing of the noise components. Incorporation of the back action leads the system to exhibit hysteresis, dependent on parameters such as temperature and detuning from resonance. Our analysis also shows that the resonance condition itself changes in the presence of back action and this can be understood in terms of the change in plasma frequency of the junction. The potential of the double-pump amplifier for quantum-limited measurements and as a squeezer is also discussed.
Cognitive profiles of elder adult protective services clients living in squalor

The purpose of this study was to determine whether squalor-dwelling Adult Protective Services (APS) clients were more cognitively impaired than non-squalor-dwelling APS clients referred for decision-making capacity assessments. The authors performed a retrospective medical record review of neuropsychological and demographic data gathered during decisional capacity assessments. Squalor dwelling was defined by unsanitary living conditions that posed a danger to the occupant's health or safety. Mean neuropsychological test scores were compared between squalor-dwelling (n = 50) and non-squalor-dwelling (n = 180) subjects. Squalor-dwelling clients were significantly younger than non-squalor-dwelling clients. There were no distribution differences among gender, education, race, or rural-dwelling status. Although both groups performed poorly on each neuropsychological measure, squalor dwellers demonstrated better memory and general cognitive performance. Cognition, depression, gender, race, education, dementia diagnosis, and rural-dwelling status seem insufficient to explain squalor-dwelling behaviors. Other biological and psychosocial variables should be considered.
The effects of frusemide on racing times of Standardbred pacers.

Summary Seven hundred and eighty-eight Standardbred pacers competing in 8378 races at one racetrack were analysed to determine the effects of the administration of prerace frusemide on racing times (RT). Frusemide was administered i.v. 4 h before the race to pacers diagnosed with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Of the pacers, starting in the 1997 racing season, 32.5% received prerace frusemide. This study demonstrated that administration of frusemide prior to racing significantly decreased RT. There was an overall significant decrease (P<0.00001) in RT of 0.67 s. The overall RT for horses, geldings, and females, were mean ± s.e 117.91 ± 0.06, 118.20 ± 0.03 and 118.86 ± 0.04, respectively. RT progressively decreased until age 6 and increased thereafter. Horses, geldings and females ran a mean of 0.46, 0.31 and 0.74 s faster, respectively, with prerace administration of frusemide. This decrease in RT following prerace administration was most pronounced in younger pacers. In this study, a greater percentage of older pacers received prerace frusemide; however, the effect of frusemide on RT was decreasing with age. Prerace venous acid-base screening was performed in 2729 of the pacers competing. Pennsylvania Harness Racing Commission Regulations disqualify Standardbreds from racing with a base excess of over 10 and 12 mmol/l for Standardbreds without and with prerace administration of frusemide. The prerace venous acid-base levels were not significantly related to RT and, forthose Standardbreds also sampled following the race, there was no correlation between pre- and postrace acid-base status.
Decay of Os 182 and Os 183 . I. Gamma and Beta Spectroscopy

Four activities, produced by the bombardment of tungsten with alpha particles having energies up to 48 Mev, were identified. They have half-lives of 9.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3, 13.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1, 21.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3, and g500 hours. From the excitation functions and other measurements these are attributed to the decay of ${\mathrm{Os}}^{183m}$, ${\mathrm{Os}}^{183}$, and ${\mathrm{Os}}^{185}$, respectively. Measurements on the gamma-ray spectra and conversion line spectra are reported. The spectra are complex, and a total of 251 conversion lines was observed. In many cases the decay of individual gamma rays and conversion lines was studied.
Comparison of experimental estimates and model predictions of protein crystal nucleation rates

Abstract Estimates of protein crystal nucleation rates determined from three independent sets of experimental observations are compared for internal consistency. Large discrepancies emerge. A qualitative understanding of these discrepancies is gained from an analysis of the experimental techniques used within the framework of extant models for nucleation rates. Quantitatively, however, these models fail to predict nucleation rates of protein crystals. Possible origins of this failure lie in the approximate descriptions of the interaction potentials between protein molecules and the processes of aggregation and dissociation of single molecules on cluster surfaces that lead to crystal nucleation.
Auditory-evoked brainstem responses in the hibernating woodchuck Marmota monax.

Abstract 1. 1. This study measured the changes in the auditory-evoked brainstem responses in the woodchuck ( Marmota monax ) during hibernation and arousal. 2. 2. The auditory brainstem response of the euthermic woodchuck consisted of four waves occurring in a 10 msec time window after stimulation. 3. 3. In the hibernating woodchuck, waves I and II could be traced down to the lowest body temperatures. 4. 4. As temperatures increased all the components of the ABR emerged. The latencies of all the waves showed systematic decrease with temperature increments, the effect being cumulative across the time window. 5. 5. These findings reflect activity in the VIIIth cranial nerve and the cochlear nuclei during hibernation and restoration of the functional integrity of the brainstem auditory pathway during arousal.
Limited-area fourier spectral models and data analysis schemes : Windows, fourier extension, davies relaxation, and all that

Abstract Regional spectral models have previously periodized and blended limited-area data through ad hoc low-order schemes justified by intuition and empiricism. By using infinitely differentiable “window functions” or “bells” borrowed from wavelet theory, one can periodize with preservation of spectral accuracy. Similarly, it is shown through a mixture of theory and numerical examples that Davies relaxation for blending limited-area and global data in one-way nested forecasting can be performed using the same C∞ bells as employed for the Fourier blending. “The relative success of empirical methods . . . may be used as partial justification to allow us to make the daring approximation that the data on a limited area domain may be decomposed into a trend and a periodic perturbation, and to proceed with Fourier transformation of the latter.” Laprise (2003, p. 775)
Market interactions, farmers' choices, and the sustainability of growing advanced biofuels: A missing perspective?

Advanced biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol are of great interest in the USA. With agriculture being the major source of feedstock for advanced biofuels, how farmers would respond to markets and policy incentives in providing such feedstock can directly affect sufficient and sustainable supply of advanced biofuels and their environmental sustainability. In this study, we developed an economic model to examine farmers' production choices in a context where agricultural markets are linked to energy markets. We identified the economic conditions under which farmers could maximize their profits by converting current grain cropland to grow cellulosic biomass crops. An empirical illustration showed that with current technology, farmers are unlikely to grow switchgrass as a dedicated energy crop instead of corn on cropland. The biofuel incentives in the 2008 Farm Bill can improve the competitiveness of switchgrass, but may stimulate corn production as well, with corn residues as an alternative feedstock for adv...
Walter Kaufmann and the Advocacy of German Thought in America

Um die Mitte dieses Jahrhunderts spaltete sich eine alte, aus Europa kommende philosophische Tradition in zwei Richtungen auf, in eine philosophische Kultur des europaischen Kontinents und eine solche, die ihr Zentrum in der englischsprachigen Welt hatte. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Grunde, die zu dieser Aufspaltung fuhrten und die Rolle, die Walter Kaufmann bei der Uberwindung dieser Trennung spielte, indem er europaische Philosophen in der englischsprachigen Welt einfuhrte bzw. eine Wiederbelebung des Interesses an europaischen Autoren erreichte. Durch seine kommentierenden Ausgaben und seine Ubersetzungen trug er in der zweiten Halfte dieses Jahrhunderts zu einem erstaunlichen Wiedererstarken des Interesses an Nietzsche, Hegel und dem Existenzialismus bei. Seine Befurwortung der deutschen Schriftkultur der vergangenen zweihundert Jahre war zugleich ein leidenschaftliches Eintreten fur die Interdisziplinaritat, die diese Tradition auszeichnet, � ein besonders wichtiges Stichwort fur die gegenwartige intellektuelle Debatte in Deutschland und der englischsprachigen Welt, in der Abgrenzung und Fragmentierung Probleme von wachsender Bedeutung geworden sind
Colonel King and Lincolnshire Politics 1642–1646*

One of the most fruitful developments in the recent historiography of the English Civil War has been the growing interest in its local dimension. Historians are no longer content to study the constitutional and religious struggles as though they occurred in a vacuum at Westminster, but have examined the diverse reactions to those conflicts within the patchwork of local communities, and the machinery through which central orders were executed – Or circumvented – at the grass-roots level.
Parallel implementation of sparse LU decomposition for chemical engineering applications

Abstract Parallel, shared-memory computer architectures can provide enormous computational resources for numerical simulations in many chemical engineering applications. The efficient solution of large, sparse sets of linear equations is often a critical requirement in these applications; thus the parallel implementation of a sparse linear solver is crucial. We examine methods for the parallel LU decomposition of sparse matrices arising from 3-D grid graphs (typically associated with finite difference discretizations in three dimensions). Parallel performance of the decomposition is significantly enhanced by the use of a new diagonal variant of nested dissection, in conjunction with a parallel dense solver at certain stages. The overall parallel efficiency exceeds that of the parallel dense solver. We also consider the extension of such methods to the less structured graphs that arise from sparse linear systems in equation-based process flowsheeting. We use performance results from the 3-D grid graphs to make inferences regarding generalizations of these methods of flowsheeting applications.
Coupled discrete element and finite volume solution of two classical soil mechanics problems

Abstract One dimensional solutions for the classic critical upward seepage gradient/quick condition and the time rate of consolidation problems are obtained using coupled routines for the finite volume method (FVM) and discrete element method (DEM), and the results compared with the analytical solutions. The two phase flow in a system composed of fluid and solid is simulated with the fluid phase modeled by solving the averaged Navier–Stokes equation using the FVM and the solid phase is modeled using the DEM. A framework is described for the coupling of two open source computer codes: YADE-OpenDEM for the discrete element method and OpenFOAM for the computational fluid dynamics. The particle–fluid interaction is quantified using a semi-empirical relationship proposed by Ergun [12] . The two classical verification problems are used to explore issues encountered when using coupled flow DEM codes, namely, the appropriate time step size for both the fluid and mechanical solution processes, the choice of the viscous damping coefficient, and the number of solid particles per finite fluid volume.
Willingness to provide feedback to depressed persons

It was hypothesized that identifying a recipient of social feedback as depressed would significantly affect the willingness of participants to provide their reactions, and that therefore depressed persons receive different feedback than nondepressed persons displaying the same behavior. Participants listened to recorded descriptions of a male or female person who was described simply as a friend, or additionally, as having been depressed for a few days or a month. The major finding was that participants indicated they were less willing to provide positive reactions to the depressed target stimuli, and this was found to be the case for both solicited and volunteered reactions. Overall, female participants were significantly more willing to provide both positive and negative reactions than were males. It was proposed that depressed persons are highly susceptible to environmental response, and that the withholding of positive reactions to depressed persons is in need of further study.
Arl1 gets into the membrane remodeling business with a flippase and ArfGEF

Small GTP-binding proteins in the ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) family are master regulators of vesicle-mediated protein transport in the secretory and endocytic pathways (1). There are multiple members of this family in eukaryotic cells, with the lineage starting with Arf1 and its siblings (Arf2–Arf5) and extending to the more distant relatives Arf6, Sar1, and Arf-like (Arl) proteins. All these proteins cycle between GTP-bound and GDP-bound states with the assistance of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins. The best known function of GTP-bound Arfs is to recruit vesicle coat proteins from the cytosol onto the appropriate membrane for the purpose of budding a transport vesicle. However, a few links between Arfs and lipid modifying events have been reported (1). In PNAS, Tsai et al. report a unique function for Arl1, arguably the least understood member of the Arf family, in stimulating the activity of a phospholipid flippase in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) of budding yeast (2). Remarkably, this function of Arl1 also requires interaction with an ArfGEF (not an ArlGEF), infusing a bit of intrigue into the Arf family tree. These interactions are shown to be important for protein transport from the Golgi and the establishment of membrane asymmetry (2) (Fig. 1).
A review of medical and allied health learners' satisfaction with their training in women's health☆

Abstract Objective: Graduating learners from Oregon Health and Sciences University programs and from the National College of Naturopathic Medicine were surveyed about their attitudes toward their training in women's health. Study design: The survey addressed learner satisfaction with training in women's health, their preferred learning methods, and their clinical comfort in managing 17 clinical problems. The survey addressed knowledge of complementary and alternative medicine. Results: Satisfaction with training in women's health varied by program. Satisfaction increased with increasing proportion of women seen during training. Clinical confidence scores increased with increasing proportion of women seen during training. Physical assault and breast disease were areas of least clinical confidence. All groups preferred learning in clinical rather than didactic settings. Experience with alternative and complementary medicine was very limited except among naturopathic students. Conclusions: Areas of common educational need were identified among a variety of learners. This information will assist educators in designing multidisciplinary programs to meet the needs of this diverse group. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1259-67.)
Nothing to lose: “fluency” in information literacy theory and practice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critique the current wave of naming cultures in information literacy practice, the relationship between information literacy, literacy theory, and fluency theory, and suggests alternative conceptualizations for information seeking behavior.Design/methodology/approach – After conducting literature and website reviews, a survey was posted on the Survey Monkey commercial site and librarians were invited to participate. The resulting analysis offers a synthesis of the literature and survey statistics.Findings – Fewer programs than expected use “information fluency” as the defining factor in their library instruction programs. However, responses to the survey were useful in thinking about ways to retain a focus on information literacy theory in light of alternate naming conventions.Research limitations/implications – With over 200 respondents, the quantitative research component is healthy though clearly not exhaustive. Future researchers may wish to focus their quanti...
Ethanol Induces Acute Pulmonary Vasoconstriction in Salt-Perfused Rat Lungs

Ethanol is a pulmonary vasoconstrictor in rat lungs perfused in situ with Krebs-Henseleit salt solution. Pentobarbital-anesthetized rats were tracheotomized, and an in situ recirculating isolated lung perfusion was instituted using a Krebs-Henseleit buffer with 3% bovine albumin at 37oC. Changes in pulmonary arterial pressure and tracheal inspiratory pressure during intravenous ethanol infusion at four different cumulative doses were measured in normoxic (n =6) and hyperoxic (n = 6) lungs, compared to normoxic perfusate (no ethanol infusion) controls (n = 6). Perfusate alcohol levels progressively increased in experimental groups. Perfusate gas and pH values were normal and not altered by ethanol. PAP increased by the end of ethanol infusion from 9.7 ± 2 to 26 ± 13 mm Hg in the normoxic group and from 10.6 to 22 ± 9 mm Hg in the hyperoxic lungs (p < .02); no change occurred in control lungs. Severe pulmonary edema occurred in 83% of the ethanol exposed lungs (vs. 0% of perfusate controls). Postethanol wet...
Gender Differences in Perceptions of Household Labor

The perceptions of household labor contributions of 277 individuals were examined. At the time of the study, participants were married or cohabiting, although no couples participated. The relationship between perceptions of contributions to household labor and the independent variables of gender ideology, a wife's relative contribution to family income, a husband's time availability, and family demographic variables were studied. Responses of people in dual-earner arrangements were compared with responses of people in households in which the woman was a full-time homemaker. In dual-earner families, the woman's relative contribution to family income and number of children were negatively associated with perceptions of her contributions to household tasks relative to those of her partner. In both dual-earner arrangements and situations in which the wife was a full-time homemaker, a statistically significant association was found between the perceived division of household labor and gender. Women were more likely than men to report that a women contributes significantly more to housework than the man. Men in dual-earner relationships reported the smallest contribution to household labor by women.
Auditors' knowledge content and judgment performance: A cognitive script approach

Abstract The goal of this study is to measure three dimensions of auditors' knowledge content using a cognitive script approach suggested in Choo (1989b) and link them to auditors' judgment performance. The results show that auditors' knowledge content in a going-concern task differ by the extent of their knowledge distinctiveness, abstractness, and contingency for the task. These knowledge differences, which produce performance differences, may be observed from auditors' cognitive scripts developed through repeated exposure to the task. The results also suggest that multiple discriminant analyses (MDA) may be a tool for linking auditors' knowledge and judgment performance. Moreover, repeated exposure, defined as the number of times an auditor had performed a specific task, may be a promising alternative proxy for auditors' expertise in a going-concern task. When the experiment was repeated with a hold-out sample of 27 auditors, the derived discriminant function in the main experiment did not overfit the data. Overall, this study contributes to the audit judgment literature by providing some empirical evidence and insights on how auditors' script-based knowledge content is linked to their judgment performance.
Separatist Conflict in the Former Soviet Union and Beyond: How Different Was Communism?

Recent research on separatist nationalism has focused on the most common location of new states in the international system—the postcommunist world. While providing the largest number of cases for exploration, the arguably unique features of the Soviet system may have effects that do not easily translate to other parts of the world. This article reviews a recent set of books that highlights this question, focusing on the legacies of Soviet ethnofederalism in catalyzing secession, separatist war, and nation-state crisis. These books share in common a tendency to deemphasize the historical lineages of separatist nationalism and to focus more proximately on institutions. The article builds on the discussion of recent research by engaging two separate cross-national data sets to explore the role of ethnofederal institutions and of historical legacies. It concludes by arguing for a return to historically situated studies of center-minority conflicts and for greater engagement across regional lines of expertise.
Finite Elastic Strain of Cubic Crystals

Murnaghan's theory of finite strain is developed for a medium of cubic symmetry subjected to finite hydrostatic compression, plus an arbitrary homogeneous infinitesimal strain. The free energy is developed for cubic symmetry to include terms of the third order in the strain components. The effect of pressure upon the second-order elastic constants is found and compared with experiment, with particular reference to the compressibility; the pressure-volume relation in several approximations is compared with the measurements to 100,000 kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The simplest approximation is shown to give a satisfactory account of most of the experimental data. The results are also compared with some of the calculations based on Born's lattice theory.