cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of two-dimensional frustrated Josephson arrays.

We study two-dimensional frustrated arrays of Josephson junctions at nonzero voltage. There exists a family of traveling-wave solutions characterized by a constant spatial phase shift. All spatially periodic vortex configurations observed in numerical simulations are of this form, and can be parametrized in terms of this single phase shift. We present the analytical form of these solutions at high voltages (or high Josephson frequencies) and compute their I-V characteristics. We also report the numerical observation of relaxational fronts separating two regions with different phase shift and frequency. These fronts move in the direction of decreasing frequency (or voltage).
Scoring Concept Maps: An Expert Map-Based Scheme Weighted for Relationships

The use of student-constructed concept maps in assessment is congruent with the changing emphases set forth by the National Science Education Standards. Authorities have expressed concern about concept map scoring systems and their associated validity and reliability. They favor methods that employ expert/criterion maps as referents and emphasize the use of accurate concept relationships in deriving scores, which have been found to correlate with performance on standardized tests. In this study, student constructed concept maps (n= 17) that emerged from post-instructional interviews about chlorofluorocarbons were scored against a teacher-expert map using a scheme weighted for relationships. Interrater reliability for the scoring scheme was high (r= .959). Students' map scores correlated highly with their scores on the California Achievement Test component total (r= .729) and moderately with their Pathfinder index (r= .474), the latter believed to be an excellent measure of structural knowledge. A revised map score, derived only from relationships containing one or more of the concepts employed in Pathfinder analysis, was a statistically significant (p= .031) predictor of the Pathfinder index. The findings of this study support the recommendations of others to use expert referents and emphasize concept relationships in assessing concept maps.
The Clinical Evaluation of Bone Tumors

Bone tumors are uncommon clinical entities that are often a source of diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainty. Evaluating these lesions starts with a patient history and physical examination Imaging then begins with radiographs, followed by advanced imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or bone scan. Biopsy can be performed to establish histologic diagnosis by either closed or open means. Treatment options range from observation to wide resection with reconstruction or amputation. Surveillance schedules vary depending on the type of tumor that is being treated. An algorithm for the evaluation, work-up, and diagnosis of bone tumors is presented.
2D face database diversification based on 3D face modeling

Pose and illumination are identified as major problems in 2D face recognition (FR). It has been theoretically proven that the more diversified instances in the training phase, the more accurate and adaptable the FR system appears to be. Based on this common awareness, researchers have developed a large number of photographic face databases to meet the demand for data training purposes. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme for 2D face database diversification based on 3D face modeling and computer graphics techniques, which supplies augmented variances of pose and illumination. Based on the existing samples from identical individuals of the database, a synthesized 3D face model is employed to create composited 2D scenarios with extra light and pose variations. The new model is based on a 3D Morphable Model (3DMM) and genetic type of optimization algorithm. The experimental results show that the complemented instances obviously increase diversification of the existing database.
Sexual dimorphism in human lower limb bone structure: relationship to subsistence strategy and sexual division of labor

Abstract Cross-sectional geometric properties of the human femur and tibia are compared in males and females in a number of recent and archaeological population samples extending back to the Middle Paleolithic. There is a consistent decline in sexual dimorphism from hunting-gathering to agricultural to industrial subsistence strategy levels in properties which measure relative anteroposterior bending strength of the femur and tibia in the region about the knee. This trend parallels and is indicative of reductions in the sexual division of labor, in particular differences in the relative mobility of males and females. Sexual dimorphism in mediolateral bending strength near the hip shows no consistent temporal trend, probably reflecting relatively constant sex differences in pelvic structure related to the requirements of childbirth. Upper and Middle Paleolithic samples are indistinguishable in terms of sexual dimorphism from modern huntergatherers, suggesting a similar sexual division of labor. The results illustrate the utility of cross-sectional geometric parameters of long bone diaphyses in reconstructing behavioral differences within and between past populations. Some variations in the accuracy of sexing techniques based on diaphyseal measurements of the lower limb long bones may also be explained by these behavioral and structural factors.
Ultrasound-enhanced delivery of targeted echogenic liposomes in a novel ex vivo mouse aorta model

The goal of this study was to determine whether targeted, Rhodamine-labeled echogenic liposomes (Rh-ELIP) containing nanobubbles could be delivered to the arterial wall, and whether 1-MHz continuous wave ultrasound would enhance this delivery profile. Aortae excised from apolipoprotein-E-deficient (n = 8) and wild-type (n = 8) mice were mounted in a pulsatile flow system through which Rh-ELIP were delivered in a stream of bovine serum albumin. Half the aortae from each group were treated with 1-MHz continuous wave ultrasound at 0.49 MPa peak-to-peak pressure, and half underwent sham exposure. Ultrasound parameters were chosen to promote stable cavitation and avoid inertial cavitation. A broadband hydrophone was used to monitor cavitation activity. After treatment, aortic sections were prepared for histology and analyzed by an individual blinded to treatment conditions. Delivery of Rh-ELIP to the vascular endothelium was observed, and sub-endothelial penetration of Rh-ELIP was present in five of five ultrasound-treated aortae and was absent in those not exposed to ultrasound. However, the degree of penetration in the ultrasound-exposed aortae was variable. There was no evidence of ultrasound-mediated tissue damage in any specimen. Ultrasound-enhanced delivery within the arterial wall was demonstrated in this novel model, which allows quantitative evaluation of therapeutic delivery.
Leadership, politics, and administrative reform at the United States Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico

Abstract This paper draws on theories of leadership to explain administrative problems at the United States Section of the International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico that led the U.S. President, in an unprecedented action, to remove the U.S. Section's Commissioner in 2005. The analysis proceeds from a detailed review of the history and organizational features of the U.S. Section. While popular accounts of the U.S. Section's leadership difficulties invoke an endogenous explanation of leadership failure emphasizing leadership traits and skills, we argue that this explanation should be coupled with an exogenous explanation for leadership failure. Focusing on the U.S. Section's altered administrative environment since the late-1980s, the paper argues that heightened politicization associated with its changing operational environment and mission increased the structural risks of executive failure. The paper concludes by reflecting on the theoretical and practical lessons learned from the U.S. Section's post-2000 administrative difficulties.
Electron holes, ion waves, and anomalous resistivity in space plasmas

[1] Phase-space electron holes are seen in simulations, laboratory plasmas, and many regions of the Earth's space environment. We present simulations of beam plasmas showing that the generation and decay of electron holes results in a reduction of electron current, implying a parallel resistivity. We show that resistivity occurs in simulations where a cold electron beam is coincident with a warmer background plasma and appears to be mediated by the generation of ion acoustic waves propagating obliquely to the magnetic field. Initially, electron holes scatter electrons in the beam direction, steepening the electron beam distribution, eventually launching ion acoustic waves that cause resistivity and strong ion heating perpendicular to . These effects occur in both strongly and weakly magnetized plasmas. Given that electron holes are observed in many space plasmas, these results have important implications for a number of magnetospheric and auroral ionospheric processes. For auroral plasmas, electron hole resistivity could support parallel electric fields on the order of several mV/m, accounting for parallel potential drops from tens to hundreds of eV. For the magnetopause, simulations show effective collision rates of 0.00015 ωpe, which could enhance dissipation and diffusion across the boundary.
The B55α-containing PP2A holoenzyme dephosphorylates FOXO1 in islet β-cells under oxidative stress

The FOXO1 (forkhead box O1) transcription factor influences many key cellular processes, including those important in metabolism, proliferation and cell death. Reversible phosphorylation of FOXO1 at Thr 24 and Ser 256 regulates its subcellular localization, with phosphorylation promoting cytoplasmic localization, whereas dephosphorylation triggers nuclear import and transcriptional activation. In the present study, we used biochemical and molecular approaches to isolate and link the serine/threonine PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A) holoenzyme containing the B55α regulatory subunit, with nuclear import of FOXO1 in pancreatic islet β-cells under oxidative stress, a condition associated with cellular dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of FOXO1 dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation was investigated in pancreatic islet INS-1 and βTC-3 cell lines subjected to oxidative stress. A combined chemical cross-linking and MS strategy revealed the association of FOXO1 with a PP2A holoenzyme composed of the catalytic C, structural A and B55α regulatory subunits. Knockdown of B55α in INS-1 cells reduced FOXO1 dephosphorylation, inhibited FOXO1 nuclear translocation and attenuated oxidative stress-induced cell death. Furthermore, both B55α and nuclear FOXO1 levels were increased under hyperglycaemic conditions in db / db mouse islets, an animal model of Type 2 diabetes. We conclude that B55α-containing PP2A is a key regulator of FOXO1 activity in vivo .
A Facilitative Role for Counselors in Restructuring Schools

Preliminary results from ongoing research into school restructuring suggest that certain elements are necessary to facilitate empowerment. How counselors can use these findings to become effective participants in helping schools become more empowering is presented.
Clio and the Black Athlete in America: Myths, Heroes, and Realities

This essay briefly discusses the primary themes that have characterized the historical studies done on blacks in American sport and is an attempt to consider the especial difficulties that academicians would probably face when writing on this subject. Past historical studies done on American sport have either excluded the black athlete, simply been a chronicling of black sport heroes, portrayed sport as being one of the most democratic institutions in America, or accurately analyzed the discrimination that black athletes have continally had to face. Those historians who wish to write on this topic should remember to show the relationship that invariably exists between black athletes and American society, must be aware that black athletes are not necessarily a homogenous group, cannot afford to engage in hyperbole about the accomplishments of black athletes, should be willing to confront ethical questions, and have to be cognizant of the humor characteristic of black culture. The people who are needed to w...
Direct aqueous injection gas chromatographic analysis of polar compounds using sorbents containing potassium fluoride dihydrate

For direct aqueous injection gas-chromatographic analysis of polar compounds present in aqueous solutions sorbents containing conventional stationary phases and potassium fluoride crystal hydrate are proposed. On such sorbents polar compounds elute with narrow symmetrical zones under gentle chromatographic conditions. In such sorbents KF.2H2O mainly deactivates the surface of the solid support. The polarity of these sorbents is compared with the polarity of molten potassium fluoride dihydrate and conventional stationary phases.
Phase relationships and thermodynamics of refractory metal pnictides: W2As3 and TaAs2 decomposition pressures and stabilities of refractory metal pnictides

Abstract The pnicogen decomposition pressures given by log p ( As 2 , atm) = −13 033/ T + 9.2414 and log p(As 2 , atm ) = −14 309 T + 9.1880 and enthalpies of decomposition ΔH 0 298 of 259.4 ± 12.0 and 285.6 ± 12.0 kJ mol −1 of As 2 (g) were obtained for W 2 As 3 and TaAs 2 , respectively. Less complete measurements of the decomposition of Ta 3 Sb, NbSb 2 and NbAs are also reported. These results, together with previously published results for other refractory metal pnictides, are used as the basis for a discussion of the use of refractory metal ampoules at elevated temperatures for containing binary pnictides.
Effects of extraocular muscle section on receptive fields in cat superior colliculus.

Abstract In order to find out whether changes in the ocular dominance histograms of the visual cortex are mirrored in the superior colliculus, we sectioned cats' right medial and right lateral reclus muscles during the second week of life. We found that most cells in the superior colliculus contralateral to the unoperated eye become dominated by the unoperated eye, while most cells in the superior colliculus contralateral to the operated eye remain binocularly driven. In contrast, most cells in each visual cortex become monocularly driven, some by the operated eye, others by the unoperated eye. Squint surgery does not change the proportion of directionally selective cells in the superior colliculus, but does change the distribution of preferred directions, increasing the proportion of cells preferring approximately vertical simulus movement. These results suggest that the ability to move the eyes normally is important for the maintenance of normal receptive fields in the superior colliculus.
On energy/information cross-layer architectures

The importance of architectural principles in the design of engineering systems is well-recognized. This paper argues that the traditional separation between energy delivery and information delivery leads to suboptimal systems. To demonstrate this for wireline systems that may use DC powerline communication, a capacity-power-wiring cost function is defined. Signaling strategies that optimize this function deliver patterned energy: a commodity measured in bits and joules such that energy and information are intermixed. Cross-layer design leads to improved performance.
Foot orthoses in sports medicine.

Annotation: In today’s age of sports medicine, there is real focus on biomechanics, proprioception, and kinesthetic awareness. This facilitates prevention and treatment of foot and ankle as well as more proximal injuries, and has led to an increase in the use of foot orthoses. Competitive and recreational leg-based sports frequently require orthosis to enable the foot plane to more efficiently direct load up the extremity. Its uses, described here, can be both preventive and therapeutic. This article will address the clinical success, efficacy, and indications for foot orthoses in sports medicine.
Comment on: Maruthur et al. Does Genetic Ancestry Explain Higher Values of Glycated Hemoglobin in African Americans? Diabetes 2011;60:2434–2438

Maruthur et al. (1) showed that European genetic admixture is inversely related to HbA1c levels among African Americans, although admixture explained less than 1% of the variance in HbA1c. Others have reported that genetic factors account for ∼60% of the variance in HbA1c (2). For unclear reasons, African Americans express higher HbA1c levels than Caucasians with similar blood glucose values (3 …
Overview of Dynamic Test Techniques for Flight Dynamics Research at NASA LaRC (Invited)

An overview of dynamic test techniques used at NASA Langley Research Center on scale models to obtain a comprehensive flight dynamics characterization of aerospace vehicles is presented. Dynamic test techniques have been used at Langley Research Center since the 1920s. This paper will provide a partial overview of the current techniques available at Langley Research Center. The paper will discuss the dynamic scaling necessary to address the often hard-to-achieve similitude requirements for these techniques. Dynamic test techniques are categorized as captive, wind tunnel single degree-of-freedom and free-flying, and outside free-flying. The test facilities, technique specifications, data reduction, issues and future work are presented for each technique. The battery of tests conducted using the Blended Wing Body aircraft serves to illustrate how the techniques, when used together, are capable of characterizing the flight dynamics of a vehicle over a large range of critical flight conditions.
Acute gastric dilatation in neglected children

Acute gastric dilatation occurred in five children suffering from parental neglect of deprivational dwarfism. Pathogenesis of acute gastric atony in the deprived child is related to structural and functional changes in the stomach due to chronic starvation, and the acute ingestion of a large meal. Radiographic recognition of acute gastric dilatation in a child who is not postoperative or intoxicated should suggest the presence of chronic starvation and child neglect.
Variability of a closed, rebreathing setup for multiple breath wash-out testing in children†‡

Objective The multiple breath wash-out technique (MBW) that measures lung clearance index (LCI) and functional residual capacity (FRC) may be more sensitive than spirometry for identification of early obstructive airways disease. The open MBW setup using mass spectrometry referenced in previous publications is not readily available in the U.S. Our objective was to assess validity and sensitivity of a commercially available device that uses a closed (rebreathing) setup with photoacoustic spectroscopy for MBW testing. Study Design and Methods Subjects aged 5–21 who were either healthy or had a history of cystic fibrosis were enrolled. Subjects completed MBW (Innocor device; Innovision, Denmark) and spirometry; measures obtained included LCI, FRC, and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, as well as changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide levels (CO2) and tidal volume during MBW testing. Results Seventeen subjects attempted a total of 76 MBW maneuvers; 80% were completed and 60% met criteria for acceptability; most were unacceptable due to errors in the tracer gas curve. Substantial intra-subject variability for LCI and FRC were noted (mean 26% ± 55 and 36% ± 63, respectively). Subjects were also noted to have significant increases in exhaled CO2 and tidal volume during MBW testing. Conclusions In our initial experience using a commercially available closed setup for MBW testing, we found a significant degree of intra-subject variability leading us to suspend testing. Variability could be due to hypercapnea and instability of tidal breathing secondary to the rebreathing setup. Further studies are needed to better understand the closed system MBW setup. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:1242–1250. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B knock-out mice have impaired activation of the K+ channel KCa3.1, resulting in defective T cell activation.

Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) are encoded by the Nme (non-metastatic cell) gene family. Although they comprise a family of 10 genes, NDPK-A and -B are ubiquitously expressed and account for most of the NDPK activity. We previously showed that NDPK-B activates the K+ channel KCa3.1 via histidine phosphorylation of the C terminus of KCa3.1, which is required for T cell receptor-stimulated Ca2+ flux and proliferation of activated naive human CD4 T cells. We now report the phenotype of NDPK-B−/− mice. NDPK-B−/− mice are phenotypically normal at birth with a normal life span. Although T and B cell development is normal in NDPK-B−/− mice, KCa3.1 channel activity and cytokine production are markedly defective in T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, whereas Th17 function is normal. These findings phenocopy studies in the same cells isolated from KCa3.1−/− mice and thereby support genetically that NDPK-B functions upstream of KCa3.1. NDPK-A and -B have been linked to an astonishing array of disparate cellular and biochemical functions, few of which have been confirmed in vivo in physiological relevant systems. NDPK-B−/− mice will be an essential tool with which to definitively address the biological functions of NDPK-B. Our finding that NDPK-B is required for activation of Th1 and Th2 CD4 T cells, together with the normal overall phenotype of NDPK-B−/− mice, suggests that specific pharmacological inhibitors of NDPK-B may provide new opportunities to treat Th1- and Th2-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Effects of 5‐azacytidine, sodium butyrate, and phorbol esters on amino acid transport system A in a kidney epithelial cell line, MDCK: Evidence for multiple mechanisms of regulation

Neutral amino acid transport by system A was investigated in the epithelial cell lines MDCK and MDCK-T1. The latter line is a chemically induced, oncogenically transformed line derived from MDCK. Inducers of differentiation, sodium butyrate and 5-azacytidine, and a tumor promoter, TPA, were used as probes to delineate pathways of regulation involved in system A response to a variety of physiological conditions and agents. Azacytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation, and butyrate, an enhancer of histone acetylation, inhibited expression of system A, had little effect on system ASC, and slightly stimulated system L. Inhibition of system A expression by butyrate and azacytidine occurred under different conditions. Increases in system A activity due to amino acid starvation or transformation were inhibited by butyrate but not by azacytidine. Repressed system A activity, normally observed in the presence of high levels of amino acids, was more sensitive to azacytidine than to butyrate. The tumor promoter, TPA, stimulated system A activity in MDCK cells under normal growth conditions but did not stimulate activity in amino acid-starved MDCK cells or in MDCK-T1 cells. Stimulation of system A activity by TPA was prevented by prior exposure to butyrate but not to azacytidine. These results suggest 1) that system A expression observed in growing amino-acid-repressed MDCK cells is modulated by an azacytidine-sensitive mechanism and 2) that the elevated expression of system A activity induced by amino acid starvation, by chemical transformation to MDCK-T1, and by TPA is modulated by a butyrate-sensitive mechanism.
ECG atlas of advanced electrocardiogram interpretation

Dr. Baranchuk has put together a tour de force of ECG interpretation. The uniqueness of this atlas is that it is online only and cannot be printed; it is therefore not a book but an easy reference source always available on one's computer. The Atlas of Advanced Electrocardiogram Interpretation comprises 12 chapters and a total of 100 cases; the authors are internationally known and recognized as experts. Its digital interactive format helps the student (of all ages) to learn while having fun at the same time. The Atlas should appeal to all students of medicine, from house staff to primary caregivers (including nurse practitioners) to fellows in training in cardiology, and specialists (not limited to cardiologists but including emergency department physicians and anesthesiologists, for example). I believe that critical care unit nursing personnel would also benefit considerably from having the Atlas available to them, as they could peruse it at their limited leisure time. Each of the 100 cases contains a description of the ECG together with a clinical context, “points to ponder,” a table with all relevant ECG measurements, and a recommended bibliography for further expansion of the reader's knowl-
Chemical composition of gum turpentines of pines. XXIX. A report on Pinus ponderosa from five localities: central Idaho, central Montana, southeastern Wyoming, northwestern Nebraska, and central eastern Colorado.

Five samples of Pinus ponderosa turpentine were analyzed. The sample from southwestern Idaho was composed of: l -α-pinene, 6 per cent; l -β-pinene, 30 per cent; β-myrcene, 3 per cent; d -Δ 3 -carene, 40 per cent; l , dl -limonene, 10 per cent; terpinolene, 2 per cent; and cadienene, 5 per cent. The central Montana sample contained: l -α-pinene, 3 per cent; l -β-pinene, 25 per cent; β-myrcene, 5 per cent; d -Δ 3 -carene, 47 per cent; l , dl -limonene, 6 per cent; terpinolene, 4 per cent; longifolene, 2 per cent; and cadinene, 5 per cent. The sample from southeastern Wyoming was composed of l -α-pinene, 2 per cent; l -β-pinene, 31 per cent; β-myrcene, 4 per cent; d -Δ 3 -carene, 40 per cent; l , dl -limonene, 4 per cent; terpinolene, 1 per cent; longifolene, 10 per cent; and cadinene, 5 per cent. Southwestern Nebraska turpentine contained: l , dl -α-pinene, 2 per cent; l -β-pinene, 32 per cent; β-myrcene, 3 per cent; d -Δ 3 -carene, 38 per cent; l , dl -limonene, 7 per cent; longifolene, 12 per cent; and cadinene, 4 per cent. The sample from southeastern Colorado was composed of: dl -α-pinene, 5 per cent; l -β-pinene, 17 per cent; β-myrcene, 10 per cent; d -Δ 3 -carene, 40 per cent; l , dl -limonene, 15 per cent; and longifolene, 8 per cent.
The Gendering of Language: A Comparison of Gender Equality in Countries with Gendered, Natural Gender, and Genderless Languages

Feminists have long argued that sexist language can have real world consequences for gender relations and the relative status of men and women, and recent research suggests that grammatical gender can shape how people interpret the world around them along gender lines (Boroditsky 2009). Although others have theorized about the connection between grammatical gender in language and societal gender equality (Stahlberg et al. 2007), the current work tests this link empirically by examining differences in gender equality between countries with gendered, natural gender, and genderless language systems. Of the 111 countries investigated, our findings suggest that countries where gendered languages are spoken evidence less gender equality compared to countries with other grammatical gender systems. Furthermore, countries where natural gender languages are spoken demonstrate greater gender equality, which may be due to the ease of creating gender symmetric revisions to instances of sexist language.
Transient simulation of nonuniform coupled lossy transmission lines characterized with frequency-dependent parameters. I. Waveform relaxation analysis

Presents a waveform relaxation technique for simulating the transient response of nonuniform coupled transmission lines which are characterized with frequency-dependent parameters. The method consists of iterative waveform relaxation analysis of asymmetric disjoint resistive networks constructed with voltage-dependent voltage sources generated by applying the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The method requires neither convolution integration nor synthesis of lumped equivalent circuits for the simulation of the frequency-dependence of transmission-line parameters. Transient responses of uniform and nonuniform coupled transmission lines with and without skin-effect parameters and terminated with linear and nonlinear loads are simulated for illustration. The accuracy and efficiency of the relaxation technique are substantiated with exact analytical solutions and experimental data. >
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF RECURRENT LARSEN SYNDROME : FURTHER DEFINITION OF A LETHAL VARIANT

Larsen syndrome is characterized by multiple congenital joint dislocations and flattened facies. Some cases have been familial, with both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance. Reports of a form of Larsen syndrome, lethal in the neonatal period, are reviewed. We present a family in which recurrence of the syndrome was diagnosed prenatally, but a lethal outcome again resulted despite preparation for anticipated perinatal complications. Because of the wide clinical variation and the lack of a known metabolic defect, delineation between the various forms of Larsen syndrome is difficult. While the lethal variant appears to be a combination of the Larsen phenotype and pulmonary hypoplasia, other features noted in the lethal cases, such as abnormal palmar creases and laryngotracheomalacia, are also seen in patients with Larsen syndrome who survive.
Modeling humans as observation providers using POMDPs

The ability to obtain accurate observations while navigating in uncertain environments is a difficult challenge in deploying robots. Robots have relied heavily on human supervisors who are always available to provide additional observations to reduce uncertainty. We are instead interested in taking advantage of humans who are already in the environment to receive observations. The challenge is in modeling these humans' availability and higher costs of interruption to determine when to query them during navigation. In this work, we introduce a Human Observation Provider POMDP framework (HOP-POMDP), and contribute new algorithms for planning and executing with HOP-POMDPs that account for the differences between humans and other probabilistic sensors that provide observations. We compare optimal HOP-POMDP policies that plan for needing humans' observations with oracle POMDP policies that do not take human costs and availability into account. We show in benchmark tests and real-world environments that the oracle policies match the optimal HOP-POMDP policy 60% of the time, and can be used in cases when humans are likely to be available on the shortest paths. However, the HOP-POMDP policies receive higher rewards in general as they take into account the possibility that a human may be unavailable. HOP-POMDP policies only need to be computed once prior to the deployment of the robot, so it is feasible to precompute and use in practice.
Percutaneous Catheter Decompression in the Treatment of Elevated Intraabdominal Pressure

Background Intraabdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) traditionally have been treated surgically through emergent laparotomy. Intensivist-performed bedside drainage of free intraperitoneal fluid or blood (percutaneous catheter decompression [PCD]) has been advocated as a less-invasive alternative to open abdominal decompression (OAD). Methods A single-center disease and severity of illness-matched case-control comparison of 62 patients with IAH/ACS treated with PCD vs traditional OAD was performed. The relative efficacy of each treatment in reducing elevated intraabdominal pressure (IAP) and improving organ dysfunction was assessed. Physiologic and demographic predictors of successful PCD therapy were determined. Results PCD and OAD both were effective in significantly decreasing IAP and peak inspiratory pressure as well as in increasing abdominal perfusion pressure. PCD potentially avoided the need for subsequent OAD in 25 of 31 patients (81%) treated. Successful PCD therapy was associated with fluid drainage of > 1,000 mL or a decrease in IAP of > 9 mm Hg in the first 4 h postdecompression. Conclusions Intensivist-performed PCD is an effective and less-invasive technique for treating patients with IAH/ACS where free intraperitoneal fluid or blood is present as determined by bedside ultrasonography. Failure to drain at least 1,000 mL of fluid and decrease IAP by at least 9 mm Hg in the first 4 h postdecompression is associated with PCD failure and should prompt urgent OAD.
Design and Modeling Methodology of Vertical Interconnects for 3DI Applications

This paper presents a design and modeling methodology of vertical interconnects for three-dimensional integration (3DI) applications. Compact semi-analytical wideband circuit level models have been developed based on explicit expressions. The pronounced frequency dependent silicon substrate induced dispersion and loss effects are considered, as well as skin and proximity effects. The models have been verified against numerical computations (full wave HFSS and quasi-static Q3D solvers). A dedicated test site has been designed for broadband characterization (from 1 MHz up to 110 GHz) of TSVs within a dense farm.
Oligonephronia, primary hypertension and renal disease: ‘is the child father to the man?’

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Low open-area endpoint detection using a PCA-based T/sup 2/ statistic and Q statistic on optical emission spectroscopy measurements

Examines an approach for automatically identifying endpoint (the completion in etch of a thin film) during plasma etching of low open area wafers. Because many end-pointing techniques use a few manually selected wavelengths or simply time the etch, the resulting endpoint detection determination may only be valid for a very short number of runs before process drift and noise render them ineffective. Only recently have researchers begun to examine methods to automatically select and weight spectral channels for estimation and diagnosis of process behavior. This paper will explore the use of principal component analysis (PCA)-based T/sup 2/ formulation to filter out noisy spectral channels and characterize spectral variation of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) correlated with endpoint. This approach is applied and demonstrated for patterned contact and via etching using digital semiconductor's CMOS6 (0.35-/spl mu/m) production process.
Beyond Neurons: Evidence That Immune and Glial Cells Contribute to Pathological Pain States

Chronic pain can occur after peripheral nerve injury, infection, or inflammation. Under such neuropathic pain conditions, sensory processing in the affected body region becomes grossly abnormal. Despite decades of research, currently available drugs largely fail to control such pain. This review explores the possibility that the reason for this failure lies in the fact that such drugs were designed to target neurons rather than immune or glial cells. It describes how immune cells are a natural and inextricable part of skin, peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord. It then examines how immune and glial activation may participate in the etiology and symptomatology of diverse pathological pain states in both humans and laboratory animals. Of the variety of substances released by activated immune and glial cells, proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6) appear to be of special importance in the creation of peripheral nerve and neuronal hyperexcitability. Although this review focuses on immune modulation of pain, the implications are pervasive. Indeed, all nerves and neurons regardless of modality or function are likely affected by immune and glial activation in the ways described for pain.
Biological Activity of Pentobarbital Metabolites

Abstract The (1′ S ,3′ R )-, (1′ S ,3′ S )-, (1′ R ,3′ S )-, and (1′ R ,3′ S )-5-ethyl-5-(3′-hydroxy-1′-methylbutyl)barbituric acid metabolites of pentobarbital are relatively inactive and, therefore, cannot account for the differences in potency found between R (+)- and S (–)-pentobarbital. The (1′ S ,3′ R )- and (1 ′ S ,3′ S )-hydroxypentobarbital metabolites have very weak sedative activity when administered to CF-1 mice intravenously at an AD 90 anesthetic dose of RS -pentobarbital.
Flow cytometry for quantification of retrogradely labeled retinal ganglion cells by Fluoro-Gold.

Purpose. To count retrogradely labeled retinal ganglion cells by Fluoro-Gold. Methods. Retinal ganglion cells were retrogradely labeled using bilateral injections of Fluoro-Gold into the superior colliculus. One week after injections, retinas were dissociated and immunolabeled using specific antibody against Fluoro-Gold. The Fluoro-Gold labeled cells were then counted using flow cytometry. Results. Flow cytometry revealed that approximately 7% of the dissociated retinal cells were ganglion cells retrogradely labeled by Fluoro-Gold (Fig. 1B). Based on the total count of retinal cells per eye, the total number of retinal ganglion cells was estimated at approximately 131,250 ± 2,542 per rat eye. The coefficient of variation of counts was calculated as 1.98%. Conclusions. The use of flow cytometry facilitates simple, reproducible and rapid quantification of virtually all of the retinal ganglion cells labeled by Fluoro-Gold in a single rat eye.
Inhaled corticosteroids and incident pneumonia in patients with asthma: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives . To systematically review all available studies on inhaled corticosteroid use and incident pneumonia in asthma patients. Methods . We performed a literature search from January 1, 1993, through August 15, 2015, using PubMed, Medline, CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus, ISI, Regulatory Documents, Web of Science and manufacturers’ web clinical trial registries with multiple search terms. We included studies that compared the risk of incident pneumonia among patients utilizing and not utilizing inhaled corticosteroids. We then summarized risk estimates into two random-effect meta-analyses; one including randomized controlled trials and another one including observational studies. Results . Fourteen studies were estimable; ten randomized controlled trials included 19,098 participants and four observational studies included 44,016 participants. There was no heterogeneity in randomized trials and summed risk ratio demonstrated the use of inhaled corticosteroids was protective of pneumonia; risk ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.57to 0.95, p=0.02. On the contrary, observational studies showed summed odds ratio of 1.97; 95% CI 1.87to 2.07, p<0.0001, I²=0%, suggesting increased risk of pneumonia with use of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma patients. Conclusions : Inhaled corticosteroids are associated with decreased risk of incident pneumonia in patients with asthma based on meta-analysis of available randomized trials. Although observational studies in similar patients suggested higher risk of pneumonia, the inherent methodological limitations confer lower grade of confidence in these studies.
The Transition from Medieval to Modern Times—Chapters in the History of Physical Training

(1905). The Transition from Medieval to Modern Times—Chapters in the History of Physical Training. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 284-291.
Two new Harpellales living in Ephemeroptera nymphs in Colorado Rocky Mountain streams

Two new species of harpellid gut fungi (Zygomycota: Trichomycetes) are described from the hindguts of mayfly nymphs inhabiting high altitude Rocky Mountain streams: the new genus and species Legeriosimilis tricaudata living in Ameletus sp. (Siph- lonuridae), and the new species Glotzia coloradense from Baetis tricaudatus (Baetidae). Legeriomyces aenig- maticus is reported from a new site and a new ephem- eropteran host, Ephemerella sp. (Ephemerellidae), and previously unknown zygospores are described.
Elliptic Calabi-Yau threefolds with Bbb Z3 × Bbb Z3 Wilson lines

A torus fibered Calabi-Yau threefold with first homotopy group 3 ? 3 is constructed as a free quotient of a fiber product of two dP9 surfaces. Calabi-Yau threefolds of this type admit 3 ? 3 Wilson lines. In conjunction with SU(4) holomorphic vector bundles, such vacua lead to anomaly free, three generation models of particle physics with a right handed neutrino and a U(1)B?L gauge factor, in addition to the SU(3)C ? SU(2)L ? U(1)Y standard model gauge group. This factor helps to naturally suppress nucleon decay. The moduli space and Dolbeault cohomology of the threefold is also discussed.
Temperature dependence of the Raman spectrum in Ge 1 − y Sn y and Ge 1 − x − y Si x Sn y alloys

The temperature dependence of the Raman spectrum of Ge-rich Ge${}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}$Sn${}_{y}$ and Ge${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x\ensuremath{-}y}$Si${}_{x}$Sn${}_{y}$ alloys has been determined in the 10- to 400-K range. The Raman line shift and width changes as a function of temperature are found to be virtually identical to those observed in bulk Ge. This result shows that the anharmonic decay process responsible for the temperature dependence is extremely robust against the alloy perturbation, so that the expected relaxation of the wave vector conservation rule does not affect the decay in any noticeable way.
Changing Patterns in Enteric Fever Incidence and Increasing Antibiotic Resistance of Enteric Fever Isolates in the United States, 2008–2012

Background Enteric fever in the United States has been primarily associated with travel and with worrisome changes in global patterns of antimicrobial resistance. We present the first comprehensive report of National Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Surveillance System (NTPFS) data for a 5-year period (2008-2012). Methods We reviewed data on laboratory-confirmed cases reported to NTPFS, and related antimicrobial susceptibility results of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A isolates sent for testing by participating public health laboratories to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System laboratory. Results During 2008-2012, 2341 enteric fever cases were reported, 80% typhoid and 20% paratyphoid A. The proportion caused by paratyphoid A increased from 16% (2008) to 22% (2012). Foreign travel within 30 days preceding illness onset was reported by 1961 (86%) patients (86% typhoid and 92% paratyphoid A). Travel to southern Asia was common (82% for typhoid, 97% for paratyphoid A). Among 1091 (58%) typhoid and 262 (56%) paratyphoid A isolates tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, the proportion resistant to nalidixic acid (NAL-R) increased from 2008 to 2012 (Typhi, 60% to 68%; Paratyphi A, 91% to 94%). Almost all NAL-R isolates were resistant or showed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to at least ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (multidrug resistant [MDR]) was limited to Typhi isolates, primarily acquired in southern Asia (13%). Most MDR isolates were also NAL-R. Conclusions Enteric fever in the United States is primarily associated with travel to southern Asia, and increasing resistance is adding to treatment challenges. A bivalent typhoid and paratyphoid vaccine is needed.
The Research on Vehicle Remote Trouble Diagnosis System

At first,the paper analyses the feasibility of the vehicle remote trouble diagnosis deeply,improves a system framework design,and describes the method of remote diagnosis technology and the application of remote diagnosis system. Finally it also analyses the prospect of vehicle remote trouble diagnosis in the field of vehicle diagnosis.
Double Resonance Interferometric Schemes for Solid State NMR: Two-Dimensional Quadrupolar Spectra of 23Na

A double resonance technique designed to allow study of quadrupole interactions in non-integral spin systems is presented. Both indirect detection of first-order quadrupolar satellites and the correlation of first- and second-order energies in polycrystalline systems are demonstrated.
Gap junctional signaling in pattern regulation: Physiological network connectivity instructs growth and form

Gap junctions (GJs) are aqueous channels that allow cells to communicate via physiological signals directly. The role of gap junctional connectivity in determining single-cell functions has long been recognized. However, GJs have another important role: the regulation of large-scale anatomical pattern. GJs are not only versatile computational elements that allow cells to control which small molecule signals they receive and emit, but also establish connectivity patterns within large groups of cells. By dynamically regulating the topology of bioelectric networks in vivo, GJs underlie the ability of many tissues to implement complex morphogenesis. Here, a review of recent data on patterning roles of GJs in growth of the zebrafish fin, the establishment of left-right patterning, the developmental dysregulation known as cancer, and the control of large-scale head-tail polarity, and head shape in planarian regeneration has been reported. A perspective in which GJs are not only molecular features functioning in single cells, but also enable global neural-like dynamics in non-neural somatic tissues has been proposed. This view suggests a rich program of future work which capitalizes on the rapid advances in the biophysics of GJs to exploit GJ-mediated global dynamics for applications in birth defects, regenerative medicine, and morphogenetic bioengineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 643-673, 2017.