cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma: Clinicopathologic features predictive of patient outcome

Abstract Objectives To determine the clinicopathologic features associated with outcome in patients with sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with nephron-sparing surgery. Methods We studied 344 patients treated with nephron-sparing surgery between 1970 and 2000. The pathologic features of the tumors were reviewed by two urologic pathologists who recorded the histologic subtype, 2003 TNM stage, tumor size, and grade. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank tests were used to compare the outcome by histologic subtype. Univariate Cox proportional hazards models were fit to assess the associations between the clinicopathologic features and death from RCC, distant metastases, and local recurrence. Results The CSS rate at 5 and 10 years for patients with clear cell RCC was 94.4% and 91.5%, respectively. In contrast, the CSS rate at 5 and 10 years for patients with papillary or chromophobe RCC was 99.0%, because only 1 patient died of papillary RCC and no patient died of chromophobe RCC ( P = 0.029). Among the patients with localized clear cell RCC, tumor stage and grade were significantly associated with death from RCC and metastases. Grade was significantly associated with local recurrence for clear cell RCC, but not for papillary RCC. Conclusions In our series of patients with RCC treated with nephron-sparing surgery, patients with clear cell RCC had a significantly worse CSS than did patients with papillary and chromophobe RCC. Tumor stage and grade were associated with outcome among patients with localized clear cell RCC. These findings are similar to the results for patients with localized clear cell RCC treated with radical nephrectomy.
Drug‐induced autoimmune hepatitis: Clinical characteristics and prognosis

Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIAIH) has been reported to be caused by several drugs. There is a lack of data comparing these patients with other patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). A search was performed using the Mayo Clinic diagnostic medical index for AIH patients and DIAIH patients identified over 10 years. Individuals with overlap syndromes and decompensated liver disease were excluded. Overall, 261 patients (204 females, median age 52) were identified, and 24 (9.2%) were DIAIH cases with a median age of 53 (interquartile range, 24-61). Two drugs, nitrofurantoin (n = 11) and minocycline (n = 11), were the main causes. A similar proportion of DIAIH patients had positive antinuclear antibodies (83% versus 70%) and smooth muscle antibodies (50% versus 45%) as compared with AIH patients. Histological grade and stage were similar in patients with DIAIH versus AIH; however, none of the DIAIH patients had cirrhosis at baseline; this was present in 20% of matched AIH cases. Liver imaging was normal in all minocycline cases. Eight of 11 (73%) nitrofurantoin patients had abnormalities on hepatic imaging (mainly liver atrophy), a finding seen in only 8 of 33 (24%) of a random sample of the rest of the AIH group (P = 0.0089). Corticosteroid responsiveness was similar in DIAIH and the AIH patients. Discontinuation of immunosuppression was tried and successful in 14 DIAIH cases, with no relapses (0%), whereas 65% of the AIH patients had a relapse after discontinuation of immunosuppression (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients with AIH have drug-induced AIH, mainly because of nitrofurantoin and minocycline. These two groups have similar clinical and histological patterns. However, DIAIH patients do not seem to require long-term immunosuppressive therapy. (HEPATOLOGY 2010;)
Impact Induced Stress Waves in an Anisotropic Plate

Stress wave propagation in an anisotropic plate due to impact forces has been examined. The plate is modeled as a number of identical anisotropic layers. Mindlin's approximate theory of plates is applied to each layer to obtain a set of difference-differential equations of motion with use of the interlaminar stresses and displacements as explicit variables. Dispersion relationships for harmonic waves are found when traction-free boundary conditions are applied to both surfaces of the plate and appropriate correction factors are found. The difference-differential equations are reduced to difference equations via integral transforms. With given impact boundary conditions, these equations are solved for an arbitrary number of layers in the plate and the transient propagation of stress waves is calculated by means of a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm.
Actions of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor on bovine adrenal glomerulosa

Abstract Synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) inhibited aldosterone production by suspensions of bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. Inhibition by ANF was most pronounced when basal aldosterone production was measured. The effects of angiotensin II (AII), N 6 , O 2′ -dibutyryl-adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP), and elevated potassium were also inhibited by ANF. Inhibition could be partially overcome by high doses of agonist. Inhibition was localized to the early pathway of aldosterogenesis, to a step before cholesterol side-chain cleavage. ANF had no effect on binding of AII to receptors, on the stimulation by AII of phospholipid turnover, or on the alteration by AII of calcium fluxes.
Effects of cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor on glucagon‐induced delayed gastric emptying and gastric dysrhythmia in dogs

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (celecoxib) on delayed gastric emptying and gastric dysrhythmia induced by glucagon. The study was performed in six healthy female dogs implanted with four pairs of gastric serosal electrodes, and a duodenal fistula for the assessment of gastric emptying. Each dog was studied in three randomized sessions: control, glucagon and COX-2 inhibitor (celecoxib). Gastric emptying was assessed every 15 min via a duodenal cannula by calculating the amount of collected phenol red which mixed with the test meal and gastric slow waves were recorded at the same time. We found that: (i) glucagon significantly and substantially decreased gastric emptying of liquids (P 0.05, anova). In conclusion, glucagon induces delayed gastric emptying partially via COX-2-derived prostaglandins. However, COX-2-derived prostaglandins are not involved in glucagon-evoked gastric dysrhythmia. Selective COX-2 inhibitors may provide a possible therapeutic option for diabetic gastroparesis.
An investigation of Leonhard's classification of chronic schizophrenia.

Following Leonhard's classification of chronic schizophrenia, 20 Systematic and 20 Non-systematic schizophrenics were selected. The two groups were matched for age and general intellectual level. Four tests of retardation and four tests of thought disorder were administered to all 40 patients. No significant differences were found between the Systematic and Non-systematic schizophrenic patients. This study does not provide evidence that there is any significant difference between the two major groups as proposed by Leonhard. Further, we failed to confirm the hypothesis forwarded by Fish that thought disorder is associated with Non-systematic schizophrenics, and retardation with systematic schizophrenics.
Gut microbiota and tacrolimus dosing in kidney transplantation.

Tacrolimus dosing to establish therapeutic levels in recipients of organ transplants is a challenging task because of much interpatient and intrapatient variability in drug absorption, metabolism, and disposition. In view of the reported impact of gut microbial species on drug metabolism, we investigated the relationship between the gut microbiota and tacrolimus dosing requirements in this pilot study of adult kidney transplant recipients. Serial fecal specimens were collected during the first month of transplantation from 19 kidney transplant recipients who either required a 50% increase from initial tacrolimus dosing during the first month of transplantation (Dose Escalation Group, n=5) or did not require such an increase (Dose Stable Group, n=14). We characterized bacterial composition in the fecal specimens by deep sequencing of the PCR amplified 16S rRNA V4-V5 region and we investigated the hypothesis that gut microbial composition is associated with tacrolimus dosing requirements. Initial tacrolimus dosing was similar in the Dose Escalation Group and in the Stable Group (4.2±1.1 mg/day vs. 3.8±0.8 mg/day, respectively, P=0.61, two-way between-group ANOVA using contrasts) but became higher in the Dose Escalation Group than in the Dose Stable Group by the end of the first transplantation month (9.6±2.4 mg/day vs. 3.3±1.5 mg/day, respectively, P<0.001). Our systematic characterization of the gut microbial composition identified that fecal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance in the first week of transplantation was 11.8% in the Dose Escalation Group and 0.8% in the Dose Stable Group (P=0.002, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, P<0.05 after Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple hypotheses). Fecal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance in the first week of transplantation was positively correlated with future tacrolimus dosing at 1 month (R=0.57, P=0.01) and had a coefficient±standard error of 1.0±0.6 (P=0.08) after multivariable linear regression. Our novel observations may help further explain inter-individual differences in tacrolimus dosing to achieve therapeutic levels.
BIJECTIVE PROOFS OF A THEOREM OF FINE AND RELATED PARTITION IDENTITIES

In this paper, we prove a theorem of Fine bijectively. Stacks with summits and gradual stacks with summits are also discussed.
A modified hold time model for total flooding fire suppression

Abstract This study analyzes the validity of theoretical models used to predict the duration (hold time) for which a halon-replacement suppression agent will remain within a protected enclosure. Two current models and one new formulation are investigated: the sharp descending interface model (as applied in NFPA 2001, Annex C), the wide descending interface model (implemented in ISO 14520.1, Annex E), and the thick descending interface model (introduced herein). These three models are validated through direct comparison to the data provided by a recent experimental study. Designed to characterize full scale agent draining dynamics, the experimental phase included 34 tests using seven different clean extinguishing agents (CEA). Results show that the validity of the wide and sharp interface models is highly sensitive to the threshold of agent concentration decay being modeled; whereas the thick interface prediction method is not greatly susceptible to this input parameter. The thick interface model, while requiring one additional input parameter, allows for greater general agreement between the theory and experimental results while consistently providing conservative hold time predictions.
Renal lipids of dogs fed an arteriosclerosis-inducing diet

Abstract Lipid compositions of renal cortex and medulla were investigated in dogs on diets high in medium chain saturated fatty acids with or without added cholesterol. Dogs were fed an arteriosclerosis-inducing diet whcih contained 16% hydrogenated coconut oil and 5% cholesterol, the same diet but without cholesterol supplement, or meat chow. Animals fed the last diet did not develop vascular lesions and were regarded as controls. The composition and concentration of renal lipids in dogs fed either experimental diet for 4 months were similar but differed from controls. When the cholesterol supplemented diet was fed for 12–16 months there was an increase in total lipid concentration and a relative deficiency of essential fatty acids. Unlike changes in plasma, renal medulla or other tissues, the linoleic acid concentration in the phospholipids of the renal cortex of dogs fed the cholesterol supplemented, essential fatty acid deficient diet, was significantly increased. Selective accumulation of linoleic acid in phospholipids of renal cortex suggests important differences from other tissues in metabolism of specific lipids.
FACTORIZATION, KINEMATIC SINGULARITIES, AND CONSPIRACIES.

Factorization of residues of poles of the $S$ matrix is derived from the requirements of unitarity for partialwave helicity amplitudes. Careful attention is given to questions of spin and the kinematic singularities of the relevant amplitudes, especially at $t=0$. Residues $\ensuremath{\beta}$ of a pole in the full partial-wave amplitude satisfy factorization in the simple form ${{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{ba}}}^{2}={\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{aa}}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{\mathrm{bb}}$. In general, $\ensuremath{\beta}$ can be written as $\ensuremath{\beta}=K\ensuremath{\gamma}$, where $K$ contains the standard kinematic singularities of the Hara-Wang type, plus threshold behavior, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is a reduced residue. The $K'\mathrm{s}$ for various mass classes are exhibited in a compact and consistent form, and the corresponding factorization statements for the reduced residues are derived. These factorization relations are of the form ${t}^{x}{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{ba}}}^{2}={\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{aa}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{bb}}$, where $x$ is an integer. The reduced residues are analytic in the neighborhood of thresholds and pseudothresholds, but may, in the case of conspiracies, contain poles at $t=0$. Various examples are presented to illustrate the use of factorization. These include LeBellac's argument on the behavior of the pion residue at $t=0$ and its circumvention with a type-II conspiracy. mandelstam's treatment of Adler's self-consistency condition and the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector current using an $M=1$ pion is discussed from the viewpoint of factorization. It is shown that factorization for an $M=1$ pion seems to imply smallness of both soft-pion and hard-pion amplitudes. The smallness of the latter casts some doubt on the $M=1$ assignment for the pion. The nature of the relations between amplitudes and the behavior of the reduced residues at $t=0$ for conspiracies with unequal masses is also considered.
The Internet as a Shopping/Purchasing Tool: An Empirical Investigation

ABSTRACT Despite prolific growth in the number of Internet web sites, significant increases in the advertising and other promotional expenditures for Internet advertising, and the fact that millions of consumers are shopping for and spending billions of dollars purchasing products via the Internet, marketers have a limited understanding of Internet-related consumer behaviors. This study presents the results of an empirical study designed to investigate the degree to which one segment of that market–college/university students–has access to the Internet, shops for and purchases products via the Internet, and perceives the Internet as an alternative to more traditional shopping methods. More general uses of the Internet by this market segment are also explored, as are the impacts of consumer knowledge and experience with the Internet on on-line shopping and purchasing.
The Role of Rumination in the Coexistence of Distress and Posttraumatic Growth Among Bereaved Japanese University Students

This study examined the relationships between rumination, distress and posttraumatic growth (PTG). Seventy-one bereaved Japanese university students completed the PTG Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and a rumination scale. Three models, with variables including intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, distress, and PTG, were tested using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that 1 model, which depicted recent intrusive rumination leading to distress and deliberate rumination soon after the event leading to PTG, with distress and PTG coexisting, was shown to best fit the data. Present findings offer implications for future research on PTG.
SERUM ZINC AND COPPER, AND GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION IN CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE (SCD). 932

Low serum Zn has been reported in SCD and has been associated with short stature and delayed sexual development. Zn may also interfere with Cu absorption. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between Zn and Cu status and growth and body composition abnormalities in children with SCD.
Patient safety outcomes in small urban and small rural hospitals.

Purpose: To assess patient safety outcomes in small urban and small rural hospitals and to examine the relationship of hospital and patient factors to patient safety outcomes. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample and American Hospital Association annual survey data were used for analyses. To increase comparability, the study sample was restricted to hospitals with fewer than 100 beds. Out of 292 hospitals in the sample, 185 were rural hospitals and 107 were urban hospitals. AHRQ Patient Safety Indicators (PSI) were used to examine 9 common patient safety outcomes at these hospitals. The unit of analysis was the patient. Associations between hospital location and patient and hospital characteristics were determined using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson chi-square test. Multivariable analysis using generalized estimating equation regression models assessed the relationship between hospital location and PSIs. Results: Most of the observed rates for the 9 PSIs were higher (indicating worse outcomes) for small urban hospitals than for small rural hospitals. In the multivariable analyses, after adjusting for important patient and hospital characteristics, many of these differences disappeared, except for decubitus ulcer. Small urban hospitals had significantly higher odds for decubitus ulcer than small rural hospitals. Conclusion: These results deviate from findings in the literature that urban-rural differences in patient safety rates exist. This study highlights the importance of understanding the factors that differ between small urban and small rural hospitals while developing hospital-relevant patient safety interventions at these hospitals.
Energetic Proton Maps for the South Atlantic Anomaly

A new set of flux intensity maps for energetic protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region is presented for the epoch 2000-2006 based on data from the compact environment anomaly sensor (CEASE) flown onboard the tri-service experiment-5 (TSX-5) satellite in a 410 km x 1710 km, 69 degree inclination orbit. Maps for > 23 Mev, > 38 MeV, > 66 MeV and > 94 MeV protons have been constructed and boundary contours for 1/2 maximum, 1/10 maximum and 3 times the background standard deviation derived. Estimates are given of the integral energy spectra as a function of altitude from 400 km to 1650 km, an interval spanning the range where the controlling factor in the dynamics changes from the neutral density to the global magnetic field. The position of the maximum flux point is compared to that determined from earlier measurements in the 1994-1996 epoch and found to be consistent with the well-known westward drift.
Finite Element Modeling of Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Carbon Foams

Carbon foams are a class of porous materials with direct applications to thermal management of electronics. These foams have open cell structure that can be used to flow a coolant such that the foam ligaments act as heat exchanger fins. The heat transfer and fluid flow in carbon foams is particularly difficult to model due to the complex physical structure of the carbon foam. Several attempts have been made to model convection heat transfer in porous media employing the method of volume averaging in formulation of governing equations. However, this approach cannot describe the complex interaction at the micro level and its effect on the transport at the macro level. This paper presents an analysis of forced convection heat transfer in an accurate geometrical representation of three-dimensional features in a carbon foam.© 2006 ASME
New Orleans asthma: I. Characterization of individuals involved in epidemics

Abstract As a group, the involved subjects appear to be a homogeneous group, strongly resembling the uninvolved asthmatics and characterized by a strong personal and family history of atopic disease with pronounced immediate skin reactivity to many local inhalant allergens.
Direct quantitation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity as a means to distinguish necrotic and apoptotic death in cell and tissue samples.

The ability to regulate cell death is essential to the life of a multicellular organism, and two extremes on the cell-death spectrum are apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is an energydependent cell-death program that enables the elimination of unwanted cells at distinct times and through defined mechanisms. Because apoptosis occurs without spillage of cellular contents into the extracellular environment, this death does not lead to inflammation. In contrast, necrosis arises from blunt traumatic injury, oxygen depravation, or other gross cellular insult, and the rupture of the cellular membrane during necrotic death provokes an inflammatory response. Both forms of cell death are observed in diseased tissue. For instance, much of the neurodegeneration observed in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) probably arises from premature apoptosis, while damage seen in hemorrhagic shock and stroke patients can be due to massive necrotic death. Although apoptosis and necrosis represent two fundamentally different forms of death, they can be quite difficult to distinguish experimentally. Typically, several hallmarks must be observed before it can be conclusively stated that apoptotic death has occurred. These involve time-, labor-, and cost-intensive procedures such as immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and microscopy. The enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is differentially processed in apoptosis and necrosis, and therefore its activity can potentially be used as a means of distinguishing these two forms of cell death (Scheme 1A). In response to mild DNA damage, PARP-1 catalyzes the formation of ADP-ribose polymers (from NAD) onto protein acceptors; this response is part of the machinery that allows the DNA to be repaired and the cell to be saved. In contrast, during more severe DNA damage, the cell activates the apoptotic cascade, and PARP-1 is cleaved by caspases into 89 and 24 kDa sub-
Vibrio cholerae H-NS Silences Virulence Gene Expression at Multiple Steps in the ToxR Regulatory Cascade

H-NS is an abundant nucleoid-associated protein involved in the maintenance of chromosomal architecture in bacteria. H-NS also has a role in silencing the expression of a variety of environmentally regulated genes during growth under nonpermissive conditions. In this study we demonstrate a role for H-NS in the negative modulation of expression of several genes within the ToxR virulence regulon of Vibrio cholerae. Deletion of hns resulted in high, nearly constitutive levels of expression of the genes encoding cholera toxin, toxin-coregulated pilus, and the ToxT virulence gene regulatory protein. For the cholera toxin- and ToxT-encoding genes, elevated expression in an hns mutant was found to occur in the absence of the cognate activator proteins, suggesting that H-NS functions directly at these promoters to decrease gene expression. Deletion analysis of the region upstream of toxT suggests that an extensive region located far upstream of the transcriptional start site is required for complete H-NS-mediated repression of gene expression. These data indicate that H-NS negatively influences multiple levels of gene expression within the V. cholerae virulence cascade and raise the possibility that the transcriptional activator proteins in the ToxR regulon function to counteract the repressive effects of H-NS at the various promoters as well as to recruit RNA polymerase.
Local structural balance and functional interaction of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in hippocampal dendrites

Theoretical and experimental studies on the computation of neural networks suggest that neural computation results from a dynamic interplay of excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) synaptic inputs. Precisely how E/I synapses are organized structurally and functionally to facilitate meaningful interaction remains elusive. Here we show that E/I synapses are regulated across dendritic trees to maintain a constant ratio of inputs in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. This structural arrangement is accompanied by an E/I functional balance maintained by a 'push-pull' feedback regulatory mechanism that is capable of adjusting E/I efficacies in a coordinated fashion. We also found that during activity, inhibitory synapses can determine the impact of adjacent excitatory synapses only if they are colocalized on the same dendritic branch and are activated simultaneously. These fundamental relationships among E/I synapses provide organizational principles relevant to deciphering the structural and functional basis for neural computation within dendritic branches.
Pacific island water systems using a combined solar still and rainfall collector

Abstract The use of simple solar stills for the production of fresh water from sea water, combined with rainfall collection on the top of the solar still is studied in terms of the rainfall patterns on certain of the low islands of the South Pacific. Experimental results have been obtained to show the possible production on these islands from solar distillation. For one particular location it is shown that the probable rainfall collection averages about 2.35 gallons per square foot of collector surface per month. By adding solar distillation the average yield is increased to at least 3.77 gallons per square foot per month. An important feature of these systems is the cistern capacity needed to permit withdrawal of the average monthly production rate. For rainfall only, this amounts to 4.83 gallons per square foot of collector surface and is to be compared with 3.28 for the combined rainfall and solar collector systems. Thus, the combination of rainfall collection and solar distillation will produce about 50 percent more than rainfall only and the cistern storage capacity is decreased effectively to less than half of its volume for a given monthly withdrawal of water. The decision as to whether solar distillation is desirable on a given island should be based on the adequacy of available roofs or other intercepting structures to produce the required water and the cost of cistern capacity.
A Molecular Dissection of the Repression Circuitry of Ikaros

Ikaros is a key regulator of the hemo-lymphoid system in which it is presumed to function by both potentiating and repressing gene expression. Repression is mediated through two independent domains at the N and C terminus of the protein, both of which can independently recruit the corepressors Mi-2β, Sin3A, and Sin3B and the Class I histone deacetylases 1 and 2; the N-terminal domain can also associate with the corepressor CtBP. Here we describe a detailed dissection of these two domains and identify the minimal repression modules and the corepressor requirements for their activity. Based on these studies, we describe mutations in a full-length Ikaros protein that abrogate interactions with each of the identified corepressors and abolish the protein's function as a repressor. Finally, we show that, barring CtBP, the Ikaros family members Aiolos, Helios, and Eos can associate with all of the identified corepressors of Ikaros including its newly identified interactors, Class II HDACs.
MiT/TFE transcription factors are activated during mitophagy downstream of Parkin and Atg5

The kinase PINK1 and ubiquitin ligase Parkin can regulate the selective elimination of damaged mitochondria through autophagy (mitophagy). Because of the demand on lysosomal function by mitophagy, we investigated a role for the transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, in this process. We show that during mitophagy TFEB translocates to the nucleus and displays transcriptional activity in a PINK1- and Parkin-dependent manner. MITF and TFE3, homologues of TFEB belonging to the same microphthalmia/transcription factor E (MiT/TFE) family, are similarly regulated during mitophagy. Unlike TFEB translocation after starvation-induced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inhibition, Parkin-mediated TFEB relocalization required Atg9A and Atg5 activity. However, constitutively active Rag guanosine triphosphatases prevented TFEB translocation during mitophagy, suggesting cross talk between these two MiT/TFE activation pathways. Analysis of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats–generated TFEB/MITF/TFE3/TFEC single, double, and triple knockout cell lines revealed that these proteins partly facilitate Parkin-mediated mitochondrial clearance. These results illuminate a pathway leading to MiT/TFE transcription factor activation, distinct from starvation-induced autophagy, which occurs during mitophagy.
Ornithine decarboxylase in mouse placenta assayed by a paper disc method for 14CO2 capture

Abstract Ornithine decarboxylase has been measured in midterm mouse placentas by a simple inexpensive method. The reaction vessel was a special plastic scintillation vial. The 14CO2 liberated from dl -1-14C-ornithine was absorbed by a Hyamine hydroxide impregnated blotting paper disc cemented into the vial's cap. This was released into the toluene fluor of another scintillation vial by transfer of the cap after loosening the paper disc. The incubation vial was further adapted by predrilling a hole in its side to permit addition of acid to stop incubation and drive 14CO2 out of solution. This hole was kept sealed with tape. The preference of Hyamine over ethanolamine/2-methoxyethanol mixture (2:1) was established. Also the protective value of EDTA and dithiothreitol and the deleterious effect of freezing and thawing on this enzyme were studied. Mouse placentas contain a relatively large amount of ornithine decarboxylase. This method of assay should be suitable for quantification of other decarboxylases whenever suitable carboxyl-labeled substrates are available.
National Border Effects: Location, Not Nationality, Matters

A recent literature documents the downward impact of national borders on trade. This paper probes the relative importance of two potential sources of border effects: (1) pure locational factors, such as transport costs and tariffs; and (2) an inherent disadvantage for a firm selling in a foreign market. I am able to make this decomposition by using data on the local sales of foreign affiliates of US multinational enterprises, on US bilateral exports, and on domestic sales by host-country firms. The “border effect” arises almost entirely from locational factors. If a firm establishes and sells from a subsidiary located in the foreign country, its local sales are about on a par with those of domestic firms in that market.
Using statistical topic models to organize and visualize large-scale architectural image databases

Digital libraries have now become by far the preferred method for storing large image collections, making it increasingly important to improve issues of search and discovery within these databases. Content-based annotations of images, for classification purposes, have been a particularly significant area of research; however, even the best of such methods are prone to error -- potentially associating incorrect text to image features and overlooking significant features. In the broader field of classification and search, Newman et al. demonstrated benefits of using statistical topic models to enrich document metadata. [Newman et al. 2007] This assumes that a document can be described with sufficient accuracy using a "bag of words" model, i.e. described by the words it contains (instances from a large vocabulary of words), and the frequency with which they occur. [Horster et al. 2007] applied this idea to large-scale image datasets, using SIFT features as data for creating a topic model.
Near-field excitation of surface plasmons for optical interconnects

Surface plasmon (SP) waveguides are a promising candidate for on-chip optical interconnects. This talk covers the fundamentals of SP propagation, and discusses a new method for coherent SP excitation using 2D arrays of plasmon resonant metal nanoparticles
Factitious Methemoglobinemia Caused by Hyperlipemia

Hyperlipemia in an acyanotic patient with diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholism, and pancreatitis produced a falsely elevated concentration of methemoglobin (19 percent) and a lower-than-expected oxygen saturation measured with an automated spectrophotometer (IL-282 CO-Oximeter). In addition, there was a "normal" hemoglobin level despite a low hematocrit reading. In vitro studies showed that hyperlipemia corresponding to triglyceride levels of 500 mg/100 ml and greater produced erroneously high values for methemoglobin and total hemoglobin and "negative" values for carboxyhemoglobin. These abnormalities disappeared when the excessive lipids were removed by washing the erythrocytes in physiologic saline solution.
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY, HEART DISEASE, AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

Multiple observational studies suggest a marked reduction in risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) associated with postmenopausal estrogen use. A new metaanalysis presented here extends these results to estrogen plus progestin regimens. Although the findings from observational studies are strong and consistent, and there are several plausible mechanisms by which estrogen might reduce risk for CHD, most of the known biases would tend to exaggerate estrogen’s benefit. Further, estrogen therapy clearly increases risk for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer, venous thromboembolic events and gallbladder disease, and long-term use probably also increases the risk of breast cancer. Therefore, until findings from randomized trials confirm and quantitate the benefit of estrogen therapy for prevention of CHD, we believe it should not be recommended to all postmenopausal women.
Putting hospitals on notice.

O n April 15, 1982, a six-day-old infant known only as Baby Doe died at Bloomington Hospital in Indiana after his parents, with the approval of the courts, denied him food, water, and surgical aid. Although reliable facts are sparse, it appears that the child was born with tracheoesophageal fistula, a condition in which the esophagus is not connected to the stomach, preventing normal eating. The condition is usually correctable with surgery but Baby Doe was also bor with Down syndrome; apparently for this reason his parents did not want him to live. A local court upheld their decision and the Indiana Supreme Court either declined to review the case or approved the lower court decision without issuing an opinion. The court record is sealed and there is no information to determine whether the deci-
Substrate Discrimination in Pectinatella Magnifica Leidy (Bryozoa)

1. This study is concerned with the role of particle size in habitat selection by the larvae of the colonial bryozoan Pectinatella magnifica Leidy. 2. All experiments were conducted at 25° C. with a 14/10 LD photoperiod. 3. When larvae are provided with a clean glass surface only, they settle and metamorphose with no apparent difficulty. 4. If natural pebbles are provided, the larvae will favour the stone over the glass surface. 5. As the size of substrate particle is reduced, the selective favour is likewise reduced. 6. If larvae encounter only sand-size particles, the preference will return to the glass surface. 7. In experiments in which larvae are offered various other surfaces, settling larvae clearly favoured naturally occurring surfaces over manufactured materials.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy plus Amitriptyline for Children and Adolescents with Chronic Migraine Reduces Headache Days to ≤4 Per Month

Objective The objective of this secondary analysis of results from a previously published trial (Clinical Trials Registration Number: NCT00389038) in chronic migraine in children and adolescents was to examine if participants who received cognitive behavioral therapy and amitriptyline reached a greater level of reduction in headache frequency that no longer indicated a recommendation for preventive treatment as compared to those who received headache education and amitriptyline. Background Chronic migraine negatively affects children's home, school, and social activities. Preventive medication therapy is suggested for 5 or more headaches per month. Reduction to one headache day per week or less may suggest that preventive treatment is no longer indicated and provide a clinically relevant outcome for treatment efficacy and patient care. Methods Randomized study participants (N = 135) kept a daily record of their headache frequency during 20 weeks of treatment and during a 1 year follow-up period. Baseline headache frequency was determined at the end of a 28 day screening period. Post treatment frequency was determined at 20 weeks (N = 128 completed) and post treatment follow-up was measured 12 months later (N = 124 completed). A chi-square test of independence was conducted by treatment group and by time point to determine group differences in the proportion of headache days experienced. Results At 20 weeks (post treatment), 47% of the cognitive behavioral therapy plus amitriptyline group had ≤4 headache days per month compared to 20% of the headache education plus amitriptyline group, (P = .0011), and 32% of the cognitive behavioral therapy plus amitriptyline group had ≤3 headache days per month at 20 weeks compared to 16% of the headache education plus amitriptyline group, (P = .0304). At the month 12 follow-up, 72% of the cognitive behavioral therapy plus amitriptyline group had ≤4 headache days per month compared to 52% of the headache education plus amitriptyline group, (P = .0249), and 61% of the cognitive behavioral therapy plus amitriptyline group had ≤3 headache days per month at their month 12 follow-up compared to 40% of the headache education plus amitriptyline group, (P = .0192). Conclusions Participants who received cognitive behavioral therapy and amitriptyline were more likely than participants who received headache education plus amitriptyline to reach the clinically meaningful outcome of less than or equal to 4 headache days per month at both time points. These results may help inform what treatment outcomes are possible for children and adolescents suffering from chronic migraine and provides further evidence for behavioral treatment to be considered as a key part of a first line treatment regimen.
Genetic Variation, Population Structure, and Evolution of California Quail

We studied the genetic population structure of California Quail (Callipepla californica). This relatively sedentary gallinaceous species has differentiated geographically in ecological features and morphology. In California and Baja California, we obtained samples of quail (101 total birds) from a total of seven sites representing six of the eight recognized subspecies. We analyzed genetic variation at 37 protein-coding loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Levels of within population genetic variation, such as average heterozygosity per individual (3.2%), percentage of loci polymorphic (18.1%), and mean number of alleles per locus (1.32), are similar to values reported for other birds, both passerines and nonpasserines. Genotypic distributions did not differ significantly from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Geographic partitioning of genetic variation was slight. Fsr (3.2%) and pairwise genetic distances among samples (D = 0.005) indicated little among-sample divergence, although statistically significant geographic heterogeneity was detected at four loci. Using Slatkin's (1985a) method to estimate levels of gene flow, our data indicated that populations receive an average of 5.5 immigrants per generation. A UPGMA phenogram and a distance Wagner network indicated the existence of two weakly differentiated groups of samples, corresponding roughly to Baja California and California. However, a sample from California (Tule Lake) is genetically more similar to samples from Baja California than to its nearest geographic neighbors. We hypothesize that California Quail dispersed southward into Baja California subsequent to its junction three to five million years ago with southern California.
ON DUALITY FOR CONVEX MINIMIZATION WITH NESTED MAXIMA

In this paper, we consider convex programs with linear constraints where the objective function involves nested maxima of linear functions as well as a convex function. A dual program is constructed which has interpretational significance and may be easier to solve than the primal formulation. A numerical example is given to illustrate the method.
Adlayer morphologies and free energy landscapes of clusters of bis-fullerenes on model gold surfaces.

There have been a few experimental reports of self-assembled adlayers of bis-fullerene molecules on solid substrates. Most of these studies suggest the adsorbate molecules are lying down on the surface, with the fullerene moieties almost close packed. However, very little theoretical work has been carried out on such systems, and little is known about the roles played by different parts of the potential energy in driving the self-assembly. We carry out a Temperature Replica Exchange Monte Carlo study here of two representative bis-fullerene molecules on a metal substrate. We use a coarse-grained model potential energy function, in which certain parameters can be varied within the range of their experimental uncertainty. The molecules investigated consist of two fullerene moieties bonded by a rigid bridging group. In particular, the effect of the strength of the fullerene interaction EFG with the substrate (nominally Au(111)) has been investigated in detail. To ensure efficient sampling of the rugged poten...
Synthesis of (R)-(+)-4-Methylcyclohex-2-ene-1-one

A three-step synthesis of (R)-(+)-4-methylcyclohex-2-ene-1-one (1) from (R)-(+)-pulegone (3), proceeding in 44% overall yield, is described. The sequence comprises vinyl triflate formation, site-selective ozonolysis, and reduction. The route requires only one chromatographic purification and provides a convenient method to access multigram quantities of (R)-(+)-4-methylcyclohex-2-ene-1-one (1).
Evaluating California’s Housing Element Law, Housing Equity, and Housing Production (1990–2007)

AbstractSince 1969, California’s Housing Element Law has required that municipalities address housing equity and housing production. In California, housing equity means that a municipality has planned for the future production of low-income housing that is priced from 0 to 120% of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s median family income, and market-rate housing that is priced higher than 121%. For a purposive sample of municipalities (Sacramento and Los Angeles regions, 1990 to 2007, n = 53), this research found that as compliance with the law increased, the sample experienced deficient low-income housing production but surplus market-rate housing production. Mixed-effects models indicated that compliant municipalities were associated not only with increased low-income housing production but also with decreased annual housing production in comparison to noncompliant municipalities. While these associations contrast with Lewis, they suggest that municipal compliance may support Californi...
Childhood Adversity, Substance Abuse, and Violence: Implications for Trauma-Informed Social Work Practice

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on adult substance abuse and violence in a sample of offenders (n = 180). Higher ACE scores were significantly correlated with substance abuse scores and violence scores. Substance abuse and violence were also significantly correlated with each other. The violent offenders had significantly higher ACE and substance abuse scores than the nonviolent offenders. In a hierarchical logistic regression model, the ACE score and substance score both emerged as significant predictors of violence. Better understanding of the links between early adversity and adult criminal and addictive behavior will help improve social work practice in forensic and correctional settings. Implications for trauma-informed social work practice and policy are discussed.
Steam-water quality control points of a supercritical 660MW air cooling unit in construction period

Taking two supercritical 660 MW direct air cooing units in Hebei Guohua Dingzhou Power Plant as the example,the steam-water control points during the chemical cleaning,cold/hot state washing,polishing operation,hot state washing of air cooling condenser and the entire startup process were discussed.Because of the effective control measures,the steam-water quality of the above two units met the requirements during the startup with load process,which indicated the operation safety of the equipments was significantly enhance.
Packaging and shipping capabilities of New York State hospital laboratories: a 3-year drill assessment.

In a previous publication, we discussed the results of the 2006-2007 New York State (NYS) Hospital Laboratory Drill Series which emphasized the need for ongoing testing and evaluation of laboratory preparedness capabilities, particularly those required to support hospital functions during a public health emergency. In this paper, we will discuss how a follow-up drill series in 2007-2008 was implemented in an effort to re-assess the ability of NYS acute care hospital facilities to recognize and respond to a suspected bioterrorism, chemical terrorism or pandemic flu emergency specimen submission event. We will explain how the results of the follow-up drill series, when compared to those of the original exercise, warranted a statewide hospital laboratory preparedness drill held in 2009, focused solely on addressing the overarching deficiency of chemical terrorism (CT) specimen submission capabilities. Although drill results conclude that NYS acute care hospital facilities are much better prepared than 3 years ago to support hospital functions during a CT public health emergency event, they also highlight the continued need to improve competency. ABBREVIATIONS:AAR = after action report; BT = bioterrorism; CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; COC = chain-of-custody; CT = chemical terrorism; DOH = Department of Health; HEPP = Health Emergency Preparedness Program; HPN = Heath Provider Network; HSEEP = Homeland Security Exercise Evaluation Program; IATA = International Air Transport Authority; LRN = Laboratory Response Network; NYC = New York City; NYS = New York State; PS Pan Flu = pandemic influenza; RRC = Regional Resource Center; US DOT = United States Department of Transportation; WC = Wadsworth Center
The morphologic responses of the lymphoid system to homografts. I. First and second set responses in normal rabbits.

The morphologic responses of the lymphoid system of the rabbit were studied. The results demonstrated: (a) the proliferation of a characteristic cell, the "hemocytoblast", within lymphoid centers; (b) architectural changes in lymph nodes and spleen, at first characterized by enlargement of follicles and germinal centers, later by effacement of normal landmarks and finally by reconstitution of lymphatic structures; (c) a barely perceptible plasmocytic response, especially in the first set reaction. These changes, although most pronounced in the lymph node proximal to the homograft, were also found later in distant lymph nodes and in the spleen. They arose more rapidly, were of greater intensity and were more persistent in the second set reaction than in the first set reaction. These findings indicated that transplantation immunity eventually invokes generalized morphologic changes in the lymphoid system. The events which followed a second set graft suggested that the second set phenomenon had the features of an anamnestic response.