cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Effect Between Low-temperature Plasma Knife Tonsillectomy and Conventional Dissection Tonsillectomy

Objective To compare the effect between low-temperature plasma knife tonsillectomy and conventional dissection tonsillectomy. Methods 90 patients with obstructive sleep apner hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) caused by tonsil hypertrophy or adenoid hypertrophy who admitted in our hospital during June 2013 and June 2014 were randomized into plasma group(n=50) and control group(n =40) in which low temperature plasma knife tonsillectomy and conventional dissection tonsillectomy were performed respectively. Intraoperative blood loss, operation duration, postoperative hemorrhage and postoperative pain were compared between the two groups. Results The operation duration and intraoperative blood loss were both lower in the plasma group than in the control group,(15.10±3.48) mins vs(25.70±6.47) mins and(4.19±1.44) m L vs(30.56±7.64) m L, and the differences were statistically significant,P0.05; the postoperative pain of the patients in the plasma group was obviously less than that in the control group,P0.05; there was no statistically significant difference in the rates of postoperative hemorrhage, 8.0% vs 5.0%, between the plasma group and the control group,P 0.05. Conclusion Low-temperature plasma knife tonsillectomy is characterized by less bleeding and postoperative pain, shorter operative time, quick recovery, and higher security.
An approach to medical diagnosis based on conceptual structures

The power of an experienced medical diagnostician seens to us to arise from a knowledge organization whose very structure helps keep the combinatorial growth of processing under control. Thin structure mirrors the deep conceptual structure of the field. We propose a knowledge representation scheme called conceptual structures, which organizes knowledge in the form of production rules or nore complex procedures In such a way that they are accessed and used as needed. This structure is doninantly hierarchical, the successors of a conceptual node standing for subconcepts which refine that concept. Associated with each concept is a set of procedures (experts) which attempt to apply the relevant knowledge to the case at hand; this might include turninc over control to selected subconcepts for more detailed analysis. Thus, abstractly, the conccntual structure organizes the invocation of procedures available to the diagnostician. The calling of a special 1st by a physician is skin, we think, to control transfer to a subconcept in the cognitive structure of a diagnostician during problem solving; the difference is in the level of detail of the cognitive map. In this Paper, sore principles governing the design of conceptual structures are presented. We apply the ideas to the design of MDX, a system to perform diagnoses in a syndrone called Cholestasis, and discuss the performance of the system.
The Michelson-Morley Experiment

In the reading selection that follows—taken from Michelson’s Lowell Lectures of 1899, which were published in 1903 in the form of a book entitled Light Waves and their Uses—Michelson describes what is now called the Michelson-Morley experiment. This experiment is seen today as providing compelling evidence in support of Einstein’s 1905 special theory of relativity. Michelson relies almost exclusively upon the wave theory of light, since it is able to account for the interference of light, a phenomenon upon which his apparatus relies. Michelson only mentions the particle theory of light insofar as it provides a simple explanation of the phenomenon of stellar aberration. In the course of the reading, Michelson speaks highly of Fizeau’s 1851 measurement of the velocity of light in flowing water. He does so in order to motivate his own experiments on the speed of light. Interestingly, in the concluding section of this reading, Michelson endorses Kelvin's vortex model of the atom—a theory which treats atoms not as tiny particles, but rather as localized smoke-ring-like excitations. Does Michelson reject the idea of aether?
Grounding Qualitative Dimensions

The purpose of this chapter is further complete an approach to Point of View (PoV) that could help us to set up a framework of evaluation and comparison. First, I introduce the notion of PoV as access in order to distinguish the model of accessing from other ways to understand PoV and then taking distance from purely relativist approaches. Second, I provide an explanation and development of some important notions introduced for the applicability of PoV. Third, since PoV allow setting a reference frame from where to evaluate the different objects accessed, I offer a comparison within PoV (independently of their different possible bearers). Since objects and states can be differently evaluated from different PoV, these will be considered as different qualitative dimensions of the world and its objects. They will serve as crucial elements of translation between all possible PoV, establishing degrees of comparison when the translation is not completely at hand.
Fire History at the Confluence of the Driftless Area and Central Sand Plains of Wisconsin: A Case Study from Castle Mound Pine Forest State Natural Area

Castle Mound Pine Forest State Natural Area (CMPF) is a 48-ha reserve at the confluence of the Driftless Area and Central Sand Plains of Wisconsin. Here, we report the first tree-ring—based fire history study for central Wisconsin and examine the relationships among fire, forest structure and composition, and historical land use at the site. We crossdated 12 fire-scar samples from Pinus resinosa stumps and inventoried and cored 83 trees along four transects to quantify the fire history, forest composition, and forest age structure at the site. The fire history data span the years 1788–2006 and include 15 years when trees were scarred by a fire on the site. Most fire scars were recorded in the earlywood of the recording growth ring, suggesting spring or early summer fires. The mean fire return interval for the site was six years when calculated between the first fire in 1841 and the last fire in 1923. The time-since-fire at the time of our study was 91 years. The canopy of the site was dominated by P. resinosa, individuals of which represent the oldest trees on the site. The subcanopy and recent age structure was dominated by mesic species, indicating that the forest at CMPF is transitioning away from the historical dominance by P. resinosa to a more closed forest following the cessation of fire at the site. Our data highlight an opportunity to establish ecological baseline data for this area to inform fire management and restoration activities.
Implementation of Contingency Management at a Large VA Addiction Treatment Center

Contingency management (CM) is an evidence-based intervention that reinforces target behaviors of patients, such as abstinence from substance use. This column discusses the experiences and lessons learned at a large U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Addiction Treatment Center during implementation of CM as part of the VA’s national rollout. Challenges are discussed related to staff reception and limited initial referrals, identifying a drug testing method and staff confidence in that method, training requirements, and financial resources needed. Local innovations and CM expansion since 2012 are also reviewed.
Investigation of electron multiplication effect in optical property modulation-based radiation detection method for PET

In this paper, we further explore the optical property modulation-based method for ionizing radiation photon detection in PET as a potential new direction to dramatically improve the coincidence time resolution. We compare the performance of three detector crystals for this method including two types of cadmium telluride (CdTe) crystals and one bismuth silicon oxide (BSO) crystal under high bias voltages up to 3500V. We first show that the induced current flow in the detector crystal determines the strength of the optical property modulation signal due to ionization. A larger resistivity is favorable for reducing the dark current (noise) in the crystal and facilitates the detection of weak optical property modulation signals. In addition, we show that BSO is a potential candidate detector material. When biased at 3500 V, it has comparable modulation signal sensitivity as CdTe biased at 1000V, but with higher resistivity (lower noise), larger 511 keV photon attenuation coefficient, lower price, better crystal surface finish quality, and less toxicity. By studying the dependence of modulation signal amplitude on crystal bias voltage, we show that the modulation signal amplitude (induced by both UV laser diode and Ge-68 source) is linearly proportional to crystal bias voltage with a linear fit R factor of around 0.95. The modulation signal amplitude induced by UV laser diode irradiation increases from 0% to 2% (normalized to the average signal level) for both CdTe and BSO under crystal bias voltage from 0V to 3500V. The modulation signal amplitude induced by Ge-68 irradiation increases from 0% to 12% for CdTe under crystal bias voltage from 0V to 1500 V, and increases from 0% to 10% for BSO under crystal bias voltage from 0V to 3500 V. Therefore the electron multiplication effect (with high crystal bias) shows promise to significantly boost the modulation signal amplitude with the ultimate goal to achieve single 511 keV photon detection.
Confirmation of peak assignments in capillary electrophoresis using immunoprecipitation. Application to D-aspartate measurements in neurons.

Abstract Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection is a powerful tool for analysis of samples ranging from tissue extracts to single cells. However, accurate peak identification in electropherograms is challenging when complex biological samples are analyzed, as often matching a migration time between an analyte and corresponding standard may be insufficient to confirm the peak's identity. A method which combines single-step immunoprecipitation and CE-LIF analysis for investigation of the chiral amino acids in single cells and small tissue samples is demonstrated. d -Aspartate ( d -Asp) has been reported in the central nervous system of the invertebrate neurobiological model Aplysia californica. In order to confirm the identity of d -Asp signal in the complex electropherograms of nerve tissue extracts and individual neurons, anti- d -Asp serum, preincubated with l -Asp conjugate, is added to the sample. This selectively binds the free d -Asp, creating an antibody–antigen complex with a migration time similar to that of antibody alone, but not that of d -Asp. The complete disappearance of the putative d -Asp peak confirms its identity and validates that there are no other detectable analytes co-migrating with d -Asp in the electropherogram.
Some properties of communication behaviors in discrete-event simulation models

This paper summarizes the profile data captured from 22 discrete-event simulation models captured from 4 different simulators. The profile data is captured by instrumenting the simulation engine and does not require any modification to the models. The profile data reported focuses on the communication properties of events exchanged between the various processes (LPs) in the model. The data suggests that some models share common behaviors and this work summaries their general characteristics. This permits a presentation of the principle characteristics using only six of the studied models. This resulting information can be used to: (i) provide configuration data for synthetic model generation, (ii) provide direction for configuring and optimizing parallel and distributed simulation engines, and (iii) provide insights into model correctness. The focus of this specific study is to determine regularities among LP event communications that can be exploited for model partitioning and event scheduling in parallel simulation.
Important and Challenging Issues for Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Control Research

The author points out three important issues: (1) when should interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy control be utilized, (2) how to design IT2 fuzzy controllers, and (3) how to analyze IT2 fuzzy controllers. Discussion is focused on application and practicality.
How does stocking density affect enhancement success for hatchery-reared red king crab?

Stock enhancement of red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815)) could increase the crab population near Kodiak, Alaska, which collapsed in the 1980s and has not recovered. We condu...
Describing Spiritual Growth in an Online Religious Education Course

This research examined the phenomenon of spiritual growth in students taking an online religious education course at Brigham Young University–Idaho. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 1...
Limits, Continuity, and Elementary Functions

In this chapter we study what are without doubt the most important functions in all of analysis and topology, the continuous functions.
Conceptual Frameworks for Phytoremediation to Achieve Hydrologic Goals

A logical application of the naturally occurring plant and groundwater interactions elucidated in Part I is at sites characterized by contaminated groundwater. The data collected during the site-assessment and characterization approaches described in Chap. 6 can be used also to assess whether a plant-based system can achieve the three major hydrologic goals at a given site. Because this assessment is being made in the context of state and Federal requirements to protect and restore groundwater resources, the use of objective approaches to evaluate the benefits of plant and groundwater interactions is warranted. Objective approaches, also called frameworks, that can be used are offered in this chapter.
Ten Things Not to Do

The purpose of this Guide to the Kidney Care of Transplant Recipients is to provide practical up-to-date information for practitioners who care for transplant recipients. This guide is also helpful for the transplant physician, including physicians in training, who through this guide will obtain an appreciation for the complexities of caring for the transplant recipient outside of the transplant center. While much of this guide focuses on specific medical and surgical topics, we would like to begin with a brief chapter of some of the “takeaway” messages of this guide. These messages rely on the art of medicine, as well as the science, and it is hoped that the reader will indulge us in this pursuit. The following “Ten Things Not to Do” are mostly directed at the community nephrologist and the internist who, although not the primary caregiver at the time of transplant, soon becomes the major caregiver of these patients, often with limited guidelines for assistance.
On the possibility of detecting ultrashort period exoplanets with LISA

Cunha et al. (2018) recently reexamined the possibility of detecting gravitational waves from exoplanets, claiming that three ultra-short period systems would be observable by LISA. We revisit their analysis and conclude that the currently known exoplanetary systems are unlikely to be detectable, even assuming a LISA observation time $T_{\rm obs}=4$ yrs. Conclusive statements on the detectability of one of these systems, GP Com b, will require better knowledge of the system's properties, as well as more careful modeling of both LISA's response and the galactic confusion noise. Still, the possibility of exoplanet detection with LISA is interesting enough to warrant further study, as gravitational waves could yield dynamical properties that are difficult to constrain with electromagnetic observations.
Smart Control of Fleets of Electric Vehicles in Smart and Connected Communities

The increasing deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) across the United States has introduced many new opportunities and challenges with regards to energy management and control. In smart and connected communities (SCCs), where advanced communication infrastructures are in place, optimal coordination of EVs can significantly impact EV owners, power systems, and charging station owners. This paper develops two scheduling frameworks (static and dynamic) for optimal coordination of a fleet of cooperative EVs in a community with many charging stations and potentially different types of chargers (e.g., level 1, level 2, and DC fast). The scheduling problems are formulated as mixed-integer multi-objective optimization models and then multi-objective solution methods are utilized to find the optimal solution for each of the two scheduling frameworks. Numerical experiments simulated based on the State of Florida verify the usefulness of smart charging for better energy management and satisfying key players’ objectives and constraints.
PENITENCE, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SOUND AT THE EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY: 1830-1850

The Eastern State Penitentiary, located in Philadelphia, was opened for use as a prison in 1829 and closed in 1971. The penitentiary’s early practice of placing all inmates in solitary confinement ...
Solid-State Structure of (Li(μ-OAr-2,6-Ph2)3Sn) (OAr-2,6-Ph2: 2,6-Diphenylphenoxide): A Cage Compound Containing a Pyramidal Lithium Atom.

The title compound (III), obtained as minor product in the reaction of (I) with SnCl4, is obtained in higher yield by using SnCl2 (II) as initial tin compound.
Is need enough? The determinants of intergovernmental grants to local homeless programs

The Continuum of Care (CoC) is one of the largest homeless programs in the U.S. The main goal of the CoC is to ameliorate homelessness by implementing an annual intergovernmental grant competition ...
Update in the treatment of extracranial atherosclerotic disease for stroke prevention

Stroke is a leading cause of adult mortality and disability worldwide. Extracranial atherosclerotic disease (ECAD), primarily, carotid artery stenosis, accounts for approximately 18%-25% of ischaemic stroke. Recent advances in neuroimaging, medical therapy and interventional management have led to A significant reduction of stroke from carotid artery stenosis. The current treatment of ECAD includes optimal medical therapy, carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS). The selection of treatments depends on symptomatic status, severity of stenosis, individual factors, efficacy and risk of complications. The aim of this paper is to review current evidence and guidelines on the management of carotid artery stenosis, including the comparison of medical and interventional therapy (CAS and CEA), as well as future directions.
Concurrent Injection of Unlabeled Antibodies Allows Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression in an Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumor Model

Purpose: Among the treatment options for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are antibodies against the programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been successfully used to assess PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in subcutaneous tumor models, but orthotopic tumor models are increasingly being recognized as a better option to accurately recapitulate human disease. However, when PET radiotracers have high uptake in the liver and spleen, it can obscure signals from the adjacent pancreas, making visualization of the response in orthotopic pancreatic tumors technically challenging. In this study, we first investigated the impact of radioisotope chelators on the biodistribution of 64Cu-labeled anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies and compared the distribution profiles of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. We then tested the hypothesis that co-injection of unlabeled antibodies reduces uptake of 64Cu-labeled anti-PD-L1 antibodies in the spleen and thereby permits accurate delineation of orthotopic pancreatic tumors in mice. Procedures: We established subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models of PDAC using KRAS* murine pancreatic cancer cells with a doxycycline-inducible mutation of KRASG12D. We then (1) compared the biodistribution of 64Cu-labeled anti-PD-1 with 2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-DOTA) and 2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-NOTA) used as the chelators in the orthotopic model; (2) compared the biodistribution of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-anti-PD-1 and [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-anti-PD-L1 in the orthotopic model; and (3) imaged subcutaneous and orthotopic KRAS* tumors with [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-anti-PD-L1 with and without co-injection of unlabeled anti-PD-L1 as the blocking agent. Results: [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-anti-PD-L1 was a promising imaging probe. By co-injection of an excess of unlabeled anti-PD-L1, background signals of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-anti-PD-L1 from the spleen were significantly reduced, leading to a clear delineation of orthotopic pancreatic tumors. Conclusions: Co-injection with unlabeled anti-PD-L1 is a useful method for PET imaging of PD-L1 expression in orthotopic pancreatic cancer models.
Apparent Cause Analysis: A Safety Tool

Causal analysis is a core function of safety programs. Although established protocols exist for conducting root cause analysis for serious safety events, there is limited guidance for apparent cause analysis (ACA) in health care. At our institution, through a novel facilitated ACA approach, we aim to improve safety culture and provide a clear approach to address precursor safety events and near-miss safety events. We define facilitated ACA as limited investigation (scope and duration) of a safety event that resulted in little to no harm. These investigations require fewer resources and focus on preventive strategies. Our facilitated ACA model, with an operational algorithm and structured process, was developed and implemented at our tertiary-care, freestanding, urban pediatric hospital in 2018. Sixty-four ACAs were completed, and 83% were identified with the algorithm. Process measures, including time from event reporting to ACA launch (median 3 days; interquartile range 2-6 days), are tracked. Patient safety consultants averaged 5 hours to complete a facilitated ACA. A median of 3 disciplines or departments participated in each facilitated ACA. Through an iterative process, we implemented a structured process for facilitated ACA, and the model's strength includes (1) right event, (2) right team, (3) right analysis, and (4) right action plans. This novel facilitated ACA model may support organizational cause analysis and improve safety culture with higher-reliability processes.
The Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Warmth Arousal and Effectiveness of Green Apparel Advertising

This study examines the relationship between warmth and two attributes of advertising effectiveness (brand attitudes and ad trust). Further, it explains the moderating role of self-efficacy that accelerates the relationship between warmth and advertising effectiveness and proposes a research model of green apparel advertising. A multi-group analysis is conducted with Mplus 7.31. The results indicate that warmth positively influences brand attitude and ad trust that lead to engagement in positive WOM, which increases the purchase intention of green apparel. The relationship between warmth and brand attitude is stronger when their self-efficacy is higher. However, the relationship between warmth and ad trust is weaker when they possess high self-efficacy. This study presents strong evidence that self-efficacy has a substantial impact on the relationship between emotions and brand attitude and trust in green apparel ads.
Emerging Three-Dimensional Hepatic Models in Relation to Traditional Two-Dimensional In Vitro Assays for Evaluating Drug Metabolism and Hepatoxicity

Abstract A vital aspect of preclinical drug development involves assessing hepatic metabolism and toxicity. These screenings are typically conducted utilizing in vitro assays and in vivo animal models; however, recent advancements in tissue engineering offer a hybrid approach to augment current protocols. Three dimensional (3D) bioprinting has enabled the creation of assays that offer a more accurate model of human physiology, especially in the realm of hepatotoxicity. Herein we review and compare current 2D and 3D hepatic models and assess their pros and cons. While two dimensional (2D) in vitro assays continue to serve as efficient, low-cost and high-throughput screening tools to assess hepatotoxicity prior to in vivo studies, recent advances in 3D methods are delivering improved analysis of the complex in vivo microenvironment.
Supply and Demand of Emergency Medicine Board-certified Emergency Physicians by U.S. State, 2017.

OBJECTIVES Our objective was to estimate the emergency medicine board-certified emergency physician (EMBC EP) workforce supply and demand by U.S. state. METHODS To estimate state demand, we applied the methodology from our 2005 analysis to calculate full-time equivalent (FTE) EMBC EP demand for each emergency department (ED). The 2017 National Emergency Department Inventory-USA provided visit volumes for all EDs, while the American Board of Medical Specialties supplied the 2017 number of EMBC EPs per state. Assuming that at least one EMBC EP should be present 24/7 in each ED (requiring 5.35 FTEs minimum), we calculated the total FTEs required by dividing each ED's visit volume by the estimated average visits seen by an EMBC EP (3,548 visits per year) and then summed FTEs by state. The U.S. Census Bureau provided state demographic characteristics. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the association between state demographics and the density of EMBC EPs per state and compared 2017 results to our prior 2005 analysis. RESULTS There were 40,716 total EMBC EPs in 2017, fulfilling 77% of the estimated national demand. This was a substantial increase from 23,035 total EMBC EPs fulfilling 58% of demand in 2005. The 2017 supply ranged from 24% of demand in North Dakota to 142% in Hawaii. A lower density of EMBC EPs was associated with states in the Midwest and South (p < 0.001) and with a more rural population (p = 0.02). The absolute shortage of EMBC EPs worsened or remained the same in one-fourth of states. CONCLUSION While the total number of EMBC EPs nearly doubled between 2005 and 2017, a shortage of full-time coverage persists. The supply and demand vary greatly by state. Worsening absolute shortages in several states show that the distribution of EMBC EPs is not meeting demand across the United States, particularly in rural areas.
Teaching effectively with Zoom: A practical guide to engage your students and help them learn: by Dan M. Levy, Chicago, IL, LSC Communications, 2020, 212 pp., $12.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1735340814

Professors and teachers are seeking tools to aid their instruction following the emergence of the SARSCoV-2 pandemic and the transition to wide-scale online education. During Fall 2020, many pre-co...
Pediatric Liver Disease

Biliary atresia, a progressive fibro-inflammatory process that damages the bile ducts, presents in infancy with cholestasis and pale stools. It is the most common indication for liver transplantation in childhood. Gene identification for several cholestatic liver diseases, including progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, Alagille syndrome, and neonatal sclerosing cholangitis, has reduced the number of infants who were previously placed in the category of “idiopathic giant cell hepatitis.” Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is the most common genetic cause of liver disease in children, whereas nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of elevated serum aminotransferases in childhood.
Do ‘demyelinating’ diseases involve more than myelin?

Multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome have traditionally been regarded as ‘demyelinating’ disorders. An important lesson of recent studies, however, is that these diseases involve more than damage to myelin, and that ion channels, which are pivotal in neuronal function, may also be important targets in these disorders (pages 808–811 ).
Introduction: Airminded Modernism

‘Introduction: Airminded Modernism’ proposes interwar aviation as a potent source for studies of British literature and culture, modernism and mobilities as well as the social and technological history of the 1920s and ’30s. It considers the contexts in which civilian aviation emerged including the development of transportation and communications networks and campaigns to promote national modernization. These campaigns encouraged citizens to be ‘airminded’, that is, to be broadminded and accept the changes that came with the expansion of aviation and other modern industries. This chapter introduces the idea of ‘airmindedness’ and the activities that helped to create an airminded public: flying shows, celebrity pilots, commercial promotions, books and films. It also identifies the airminded modernism that marked the period: expressions of the potential of aviation as disruptive force and privileged perspective.
Extension Quiver for Lie Superalgebra q(3)

We describe all blocks of the category of finite-dimensional $\mathfrak{q}(3)$-supermodules by providing their extension quivers. We also obtain two general results about the representation of $\mathfrak{q}(n)$: we show that the Ext quiver of the standard block of $\mathfrak{q}(n)$ is obtained from the principal block of $\mathfrak{q}(n-1)$ by identifying certain vertices of the quiver and prove a ''virtual'' BGG-reciprocity for $\mathfrak{q}(n)$. The latter result is used to compute the radical filtrations of $\mathfrak{q}(3)$ projective covers.
Determinants of morbidity and mortality associated with isolated tricuspid valve surgery

Background Whether the poor outcomes of isolated tricuspid valve surgery are related to the operation itself or to certain patient characteristics including late referral is unknown. Methods and Re...
Identifying a Pre-Columbian Anthropocene in California

The beginning of the Anthropocene, a proposed geological epoch denoting human-caused changes to Earth’s systems, and what metrics signify its onset is currently under debate. Proposed initiation po...
On Hicks’s Failure to Grasp the Importance and Significance of the Keynes – Viner Exchanges Over the Extreme Elasticity - Instability of the LM(LP) Curve in Keynes’s February, 1937 Quarterly Journal of Economics

Hicks’s April,1937 Econometrica article purported to provide a unique and different “interpretation” of Keynes’s liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest that centered on the highly elastic range of the LL (LM or LP) curve as being the central, critical and distinct element in Keynes’s liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest that was really original. Supposedly, this was not clearly discussed by Keynes in chapter 15 or anywhere else in the General Theory according to Hicks and the economists who followed Hicks. However, a careful reading of pages 207-208 of the General Theory, combined with Keynes’s February, 1937 Quarterly Journal of Economics article reply to Viner’s claim that the LM curve had to be drawn as having a highly inelastic shape, published two months before Hicks’s Econometrica article, demonstrates that Hicks’s “interpretation” is identical to analysis presented by Keynes in the General Theory in 1936 on pages 207-208 and The General Theory of Employment in 1937. The only unique accomplishment that Hicks made in his April,1937 Econometrica article is to have been the first economist to have actually drawn a LL (LM or LP) function with both highly inelastic and highly elastic ranges in Aggregate Income-rate of interest space that is identical to Keynes’s technical description on pp. 207-208 of the General Theory. His Figures are identical to the explicit, technical descriptions written by Keynes in the General Theory and The General Theory of Employment, where Keynes discussed the elasticities and shapes of the LM (LP) curve. Hicks’s “interpretation” of IS-LM(LP) turns out to be identical to Keynes’s earlier analysis and conclusions, although Hicks failed to see the connection of Keynes’s work on IS-LM (LP) with the D-Z model of the Theory of Effective Demand that was the foundation for Keynes’s IS-LM (LP) model that was presented completely in chapter 21 in section four on pp.298-303 of the General Theory. The correct historical description of the IS-LM model is the Keynes-Hicks-Hansen model and not the Hicks-Hansen IS-LM model. All introductory and intermediate macroeconomics textbooks, as well as all current history of economic thought perspectives on IS-LM, needed to be completely rewritten. Current assessments of Keynes’s original role in the development and construction of the IS-LM model are due to a failure to read what Keynes clearly wrote in 1936 in the GT on pp.207-208 and on pp.218-219 in his GTE.Much of Hicks’s 1937 article is simply rewriting Keynes’s conclusions in different words. The only contribution Hicks made that had not been done by Keynes was to actually draw the curves.
Initial emergency department vital signs may predict PICU admission in pediatric patients presenting with asthma exacerbation

Objective: Severe asthma exacerbations account for a large share of asthma morbidity, mortality, and costs. Here, we aim to identify early predictive factors for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission that could help improve outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of 6,014 emergency department (ED) encounters at a large children9s hospital, including 95 (1.6%) resulting in PICU admission between 10/1/2015 and 8/31/2017 with ICD9/ICD10 codes for 9asthma,9 9bronchospasm,9 or 9wheezing.9 Vital signs and demographic information were obtained from EHR data and analyzed for each encounter. Predictive factors were identified using adjusted regression models, and our primary outcome was PICU admission. Results: Higher mean heartrates (HR) and respiratory rates (RR) and lower SpO2 within the first hour of ED presentation were independently associated with PICU admission. Odds of PICU admission increased 63% for each 10-beats/minute higher HR, 97% for each 10-breaths/minute higher RR, and 34% for each 5% lower SpO2. A binary predictive index using 1-hour vitals yielded OR 11.7 (95%CI 7.4-18.3) for PICU admission, area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) 0.82 and overall accuracy of 81.5%. Results were essentially unchanged (AUROC 0.84) after adjusting for asthma severity and initial ED management. In combination with a secondary standardized clinical asthma distress score, positive predictive value increased by seven-fold (5.9% to 41%). Conclusions: A predictive index using HR, RR and SpO2 within the first hour of ED presentation accurately predicted PICU admission in this cohort. Automated vital signs trend analysis may help identify vulnerable patients quickly upon presentation.
Elucidating the role of CO in NO storage mechanism on Pd/SSZ-13 with in situ DRIFTS

Pd ion exchanged zeolites emerged as promising materials for the adsorption and oxidation of air pollutants. For low-temperature vehicle exhaust, dispersed Pd ions are able to adsorb NOx even in H2O-rich exhaust in the presence of carbon monoxide. In order to understand this phenomenon, changes in Pd ligand environment have to be monitored in-situ. Herein, we directly observe the activation of hydrated Pd ion shielded by H2O into a carbonyl-nitrosyl complex Pd2+(NO)(CO) in SSZ-13 zeolite. The subsequent thermal desorption of ligands on Pd2+(NO)(CO) complex proceeds to nitrosyl Pd2+ rather than to carbonyl Pd2+ under various conditions. Thus, CO molecules act as additional ligands to provide alternative pathway through Pd2+(NO)(CO) complex with lower energy barrier for accelerating NO adsorption on hydrated Pd2+ ion, which is kinetically limited in the absence of CO. We further demonstrate that hydration of Pd ions in the zeolite is a prerequisite for CO-induced reduction of Pd ions to metallic Pd. The reduction of Pd ions by CO is limited under dry conditions even at a high temperature of 500°C, while water makes it possible at near RT. However, the primary NO adsorption sites are Pd2+ ions even in gases containing CO and water. These findings clarify additional mechanistic aspects of the passive NOx adsorption (PNA) process and will help extend the NOx adsorption chemistry in zeolite-based adsorbers to practical applications.
Measurement of blood plasma colloid osmotic pressure: II. Comparative study of different species☆

Abstract A membrane-transducer osmometer was utilized to measure the colloid osmotic pressure of blood plasma protein in man, laboratory animals, and wild animals in zoo environment. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure was found to vary within a species and especially across species. The variability is such that a value cannot be assumed either from previous data for a given species, or on the basis of plasma protein concentration measurements across species.
Structural Operational Semantics for a Portable Subset of Behavioral VHDL-93

Goossens defined structural operational semantics for a subset of VHDL-87 and proved that the parallelism present in VHDL is benign. We extend this work to include VHDL-93 features such as shared variables and postponed processes that change the underlying semantic model. In the presence of shared variables, non-deterministic execution of VHDL-93 processes destroys the unique meaning property. We identify and characterize a class of portable VHDL-93 descriptions for which unique meaning property can be salvaged. We analyze the computability of the portability condition and show that portability checks are neither local nor static. Our formal specification can serve as a correctness criteria for a VHDL-93 simulator or can be used as a basis for coding a simulator.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases from Rat Anterior Pituitary

Phosphodiesterase activities for adenosine and guanosine 3’ : 5’-monophosphates (cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP) were demonstrated in particulate and soluble fractions of rat anterior pituitary gland. Both fractions contained higher activity for cyclic GMP hydrolysis than that for cyclic AMP hydrolysis when these activities were assayed at subsaturating substrate concentrations. Addition of protein activator and CaCl, to either whole homogenate, particulate or supernatant fraction stimulated both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activities. Almost 80% of cyclic AMP and 90% of cyclic GMP hydrolyzing activities were localized in soluble fraction. Particulate-bound cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity was completely solubilized with 1 % Triton X-100. Detergent-dispersed particulate and soluble enzymes were compared with respect to CaZ + and activator requirements and gel filtration profiles. Particulate, soluble and partially purified phosphodiesterase activities were also characterized in relation to divalent cation requirements, kinetic behavior and effects of Ca2+, activator and ethyleneglycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N’-tetraacetic acid. Gel filtration of either sonicated whole homogenate or the 105000xg supernatant fraction showed a single peak of activity, which hydrolyzed both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and was dependent upon Ca2+ and activator for maximum activity. Partially purified enzyme was inhibited by 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine and papaverine with the concentration of inhibitor giving 50% inhibition at 0.4 pM substrate being 20 pM and 24 pM for cyclic AMP and 7 pM and 10 pM for cyclic GMP, respectively. Theophylline, caffeine and theobromine were less effective. The rat anterior pituitary also contained a protein activator which stimulated both pituitary cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase(s) as well as activator-deficient brain cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases. Chromatography of the sonicated pituitary extract on DEAE-cellulose column chromatography resolved the phosphodiesterase into two fractions. Both enzyme fractions hydrolyzed cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and had comparable apparent K, values for the two nucleotides. Hydrolysis of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP by fraction I1 enzyme was stimulated 6-7-fold by both pituitary and brain activator in the presence of micromolar concentrations of Ca2+.
A President's View on the Importance of the Liberal Arts in Community Colleges

Presidents of community colleges must place importance on the liberal arts in their colleges. They should promote an understanding of their relevance to all curricula.
Complex alternative RNA splicing of epsilon-immunoglobulin transcripts produces mRNAs encoding four potential secreted protein isoforms.

Abstract In RNA from human IgE-producing lymphocytes, we previously discovered two alternatively spliced epsilon-immunoglobulin mRNA isoforms that encode a novel secreted form of IgE and a membrane-bound species. Further analysis using epsilon-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions has elucidated several additional alternatively spliced species of epsilon mRNA. One RNA isoform is generated by splicing the CH4 exon to a novel distal splice acceptor site, forming an epsilon RNA species (designated CH4-M2") that encodes a secreted epsilon protein 6 amino acids larger than the classic secreted epsilon protein. The other three novel epsilon RNAs are generated by splicing from within CH4 to a new exon structure (designated CH5) that is located between CH4 and the membrane exons. Since the three new mRNAs using CH5 share the same stop codon in CH5, they all encode the same novel protein, which is 10 amino acids shorter than the classic secreted epsilon heavy chain. The new alternatively spliced epsilon mRNAs reported here, in addition to the previously reported forms encoding membrane and larger secreted IgE, appear to reflect the normal splicing pattern in humans, as we have detected all these epsilon RNAs in all the human IgE-secreting cells and cell lines tested.
Searching for Lights at Dusk.

See related article on pages 151–157. Hussain et al provide a framework for the evaluation and treatment of vascular thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Since randomized prospective data are lacking. The optimal treatment regimen remains to be defined and many strategic differences exist. The authors provide a road map but there are many routes to the destination. The review by Hussain et al (Vascular Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, in this issue) summarizes the management of the vascular TOS in the current era. TOS can be characterized by the structure compressed: the brachial plexus in neurogenic TOS, the subclavian artery in arterial TOS (aTOS), and the subclavian vein in venous TOS (vTOS),also known as effort thrombosis or Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS). Neurogenic TOS is the most common form and the most difficult to diagnose and treat. The vascular forms of TOS can be objectively diagnosed with imaging studies and the response to therapy can be more predictable. The field of TOS management is plagued by a lack of strong data support relying on expert opinion and single-center series. The authors provide a concise explanation of the anatomy and etiology of TOS. The anatomical drawings are excellent adjuncts to the text. The authors did not mention some key anatomic features: fibrous bands connecting the cervical rib to the first rib that impinge on the subclavian artery or brachial plexus and the scalene musculature; each of which must be addressed to provide the best long-term outcome. The authors describe how the history and physical exam direct the evaluation; they do not sufficiently describe the key features of the exam that help with the diagnostic strategy. Plain radiography followed by duplex ultrasound and then computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging as desired is appropriate and noninvasive. Angiography can be obtained during thrombolysis or during surgery as necessary. Also lacking is a discussion of the effect of hypercoagulable states on evaluation and management. Overall, 12% of patients with vTOS without a history of vigorous repetitive activities or anatomic are hypercoagulable. The principles of therapy of aTOS presented make an excellent basis for treatment planning. The authors address
Interference of secretory immunoglobulin A with sorption of oral bacteria to hydroxyapatite.

Abstract The potential of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) to interfere with the initial phase of dental plaque formation was studied by using an in vitro method which permits the quantitative determination of the sorption of radiolabeled oral bacterial cells to hydroxyapatite (HA) beads. The importance of specific S-IgA antibodies was evaluated by a comparison of the effect of pure preparations of colostral S-IgA, polymeric myeloma IgA, or preabsorbed S-IgA. Specific antibody molecules bound at the HA surface significantly enhanced the sorption of two Streptococcus sanguis strains. In contrast, HA-bound S-IgA antibodies inhibited the sorption of Streptococcus mitior and Streptococcus salivarius. The same was true for Streptococcus mutans cells, but only when they were propagated in the absence of sucrose. Suspended in saliva, cells of all streptococcal species adhered in significantly lower numbers to HA. Comparative experiments with bacteria suspended in solutions of various preparations of IgA or immunoglobulin-deficient salivas with S-IgA or myeloma IgA added indicated that the adherence inhibition seen with S. Sanguis, S. mitior, S. salivarius, and glucose-grown S. mutans was partly attributable to functions of S-IgA antibodies. Under the in vitro conditions of the study, S-IgA antibodies had no effect on the sorption of sucrose-grown S. mutans, Actinomyces viscosus, and Actinomyces naeslundii to HA. The results indicated that S-IgA can interfere with the sorption of some oral bacteria to HA by several different functions.
Reconsidering the Job‐Performance—Turnover Relationship: The Role of Gender in Form and Magnitude1

Research assessing the relationship between job performance and turnover has historically yielded mixed results. Reported findings have reflected no relationships, linear associations, or U-shaped forms between these constructs. The current study attempted to shed light on the intricate relationship between job performance and voluntary turnover by investigating gender boundaries and relevant controls. After controlling for age, tenure, and job satisfaction, the data provided evidence of a U-shaped association between job performance and turnover. However, once the data were partitioned into male and female subsamples, a different pattern emerged, whereby males continued to reflect the U-shaped relationship and females reflected no job-performance-turnover relationship. Implications of these findings for both theory and research are provided.
SU‐GG‐J‐182: The Secondary Electron Distribution of Goldnanoparticle in Proton Therapy

Purpose: We simulate the secondary electron distribution qualitatively in low energy (0.1∼5 MeV) protonirradiation on single goldnanosphere and nanorod separately. A preliminary dose enhancement of goldnanoparticles (NPs) in proton therapy is also performed. Method and Materials: Three scenarios were studied. First one, proton beams were used to irradiate nanosphere with diameter of 100 nm. The beams passed through the center of NP. Only 10 protons were tracked for visualization in this case. The second one was similar to the first one except protons shooting the surface. In the third one, 100 protons shot nanosphere with diameter of 50 nm and nanorod with diameter of 10 nm and length of 100 nm individually. Beside this, we simulated a proton therapy in clinical use. The concentration of 7.5% goldnanosphere solution was mounted in water phantom. Results: 1), if the proton energy is less than 0.5 MeV, elastic scattering and electron capture are dominant. If the proton energy is higher than 1.0 MeV, ionization is dominant and more secondary electrons are generated in nanosphere. 2), if the proton beam shoot the nanosphere surface region, most secondary electrons will go out side the NP. 3), nanrod is more effective to produce secondary electrons than nanosphere. 4), about 20% dose enhancement was observed in one proton therapy lab where proton mean energy is 63.5 MeV. Conclusion: In the low energy gold NP proton therapy, a lot of secondary electrons are produced. This motivated us in doing similar study in higher energy proton cases. The enhancement in dose and RBE around NP is possible in proton therapy.