cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Empirical assessment of software engineering languages and technologies: held in conjunction with the 22nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) 2007

Welcome to WEASELTech 2007, the 1st International ACM Workshop on Empirical Assessment of Software Engineering Languages and Technologies. WEASELTech '07 is held in conjunction with the 22nd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) 2007 in Atlanta Georgia on November 5th. Software-engineering research often involves new languages, notations, tools, and methods that a human designer or analyst uses to improve productivity, quality, etc. Inherent to any proposed tool, method, language, or notation is a claim that its use will benefit some development task. Ultimately, such claims must be validated empirically so that a practitioner, when looking to adopt a particular technique or tool, can make the choice based on rigorous scientific data. There are several different types of empirical study (e.g., surveys, case studies, and controlled experiments) each providing a different degree of strength and each appropriate to validate different kinds of empirical questions and contexts. Despite their importance, empirical studies of SE tools and approaches are rarely carried out, or at least rarely reported. Topics of interest include such things as case studies that apply a software-engineering tool or method to a realistically sized problem; controlled experiments that compare tools or methods with respect to some softwaredevelopment task; the usability of modeling languages and notations with respect to some task; and empirical studies that attempt to gauge the practical utility of automated verification tools. WEASELTech aims to bring together researchers and practitioners to share their experiences in evaluating an SE tool or method or artifacts that are used by a particular tool or method. WEASELTech received 15 manuscripts for review. These included industrial case studies, experience reports, and position papers. Each was reviewed by at least two members of the program and organizing committee. Of these submissions 11 were accepted for publication in the proceedings and inclusion in the technical program of the event.
Lacras urbanas: Juego, prostitución y mendicidad en el entremés barroco

AbstractThe image of a courtly and cosmopolitan Madrid that enjoyed an intense cultural life where millions were spent on luxurious festivals that attracted famous artists and travelers also contai...
Eggshell particle-reinforced hydrogels for bone tissue engineering: an orthogonal approach

Hydrogel-based biomimetic scaffolds have generated broad interest due to their tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties for bone tissue engineering applications. We fabricated eggshell microparticle (ESP) reinforced gelatin-based hydrogels to obtain mechanically stable and biologically active three-dimensional (3D) constructs that can differentiate pre-mature cells into osteoblasts. Physical properties including swelling ratio, degradation, and mechanical properties of the composite hydrogels were investigated. Pre-osteoblasts were encapsulated within the ESP-reinforced hydrogels to study their differentiation and evaluate mineral deposition by these cells. The ESP-reinforced gels were then subcutaneously implanted in a rat model to determine their biocompatibility and degradation behaviors. The composite hydrogels have shown outstanding tunability in physical and biological properties holding substantial promise for engineering mineralized tissues (e.g. bone, cartilage, tooth, and tendon). These 3D scaffolds enabled the differentiation of pre-osteoblasts without the use of specialized osteogenic growth medium. The ESP-reinforced gels exhibited significant enhancement in mineralization by pre-osteoblasts. These behaviors are positively correlated with increasing concentrations of ESP. Findings suggest that our novel composite hydrogel exhibits superior mechanical properties and indicates a favorable in vivo response by subcutaneous implantation in a rat model.
Characterizing Mutually Exclusive Driver Mutations in Pan-Cancer

Efforts on cancer genomic study have revealed that mutations in cancer-driving oncogenes tend to mutually exclusive. To understand this tumorigenic mechanism and common cancer features, large-scale genomic study and molecular analyses across many cancer types are essential. We compiled somatic mutation and transcriptome profiles for a pan-cancer dataset that contains tumor tissue samples from 32 cancer types for over 10,000 patients. The genomic and molecular analysis was applied to four pan-cancer subgroups including pan-gastrointestinal, pan-gynecological, pan-kidney and pan-squamous, as well as the entire patient group. We identified seven genes, TP53, PIK3CA, PTEN, PIK3R1, LRP1B, CDH1, and TRRAP exhibited mutually exclusive mutation patterns across all cancer types (adjusted $\mathrm{p} ). The mutations in these genes occurred in 55.9% of all cancer patients and over 70% of patients with pan-gastrointestinal, pan-gynecological and pan-squamous. Excepting LRP1B, the other six genes are included in the known cancer pathways. Notably, TP53, PIK3CA, and PIK3R1 are involved in over 20 cancer-related pathways. The co-expression network analysis suggested that LRP1B was associated with multiple genes that showed significant enrichment in Wnt signal pathway (adjusted $\mathrm{p}=0.0023$ ) and ERBB signal pathway (adjusted $\mathrm{p}=0.0097$ ). We further constructed a regulatory network to infer novel regulations of LRP1B in cancer. In addition, based on the mutations in the seven genes, we divided the patients into different groups for survival analysis. We found that the survival rate of the patient group with TP53 mutations was significantly shorter than in other groups (log rank $\mathrm{p}= 5.88\mathrm{e}-10$ ) in pan-gynecological. Our analysis systematically revealed the mutually exclusive mutation patterns of seven cancer genes across 32 cancer types. It helps us to better understanding the relations among different cancer types and pan-cancer subgroups, providing new insights into common mechanisms underlying diverse cancer types.
How to Promote Purple Martins in North Florida

Purple Martins are highly social, cavity-nesting birds. In the Eastern United States, a shortage of natural housing options has left these fascinating and attractive birds completely dependent on man-made housing. Author Holly K. Ober tested seven commercially available martin houses to determine what is best for martins in north Florida and provides recommendations in this 4-page fact sheet published by the UF/IFAS Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw450
Performing thermal ablations for hepatomas – is it a worthy skill for hepatologists?

Abstract Introduction and objectives The role of hepatologists in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not well defined. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the feasibility of hepatology-directed HCC treatment. Patients We evaluated 107 patients with newly diagnosed HCC, undergoing locoregional therapy as the first therapy between January 2017 and February 2019. Results The hepatologist directly participated in most of the microwave ablations. This descriptive cross-sectional study reveals the feasibility of the hepatologist-directed thermal ablation therapy, with decent outcome including response rate. Conclusions Hepatologists can play a key role in the management of HCC in the current era of multidisciplinary team approach. Training fellows in performing ultrasound guided thermal ablation techniques would be one step forward in this direction.
Thriving in the Academy: Culturally Responsive Mentoring for Black Women’s Early Career Success

Current literature extols challenges that Black women in academia face. The evidence typically suggests lack of a critical mass of Black women in institutions are to blame for their diminished access to mentoring relationships, stifled tenure, promotion, and advancement rates, and contributes to an overall sense of isolation and overwork. Started in 2001, the Sisters of the Academy (SOTA) Institute created a network of Black women in academia. With a focus on professional development and mentoring, SOTA’s mission is to ensure that Black women thrive despite the oppression they experience in academia. Using a culturally responsive model for mentoring, the SOTA Research BootCamp serves as a professional counterspace focused on research development for early career scholars, advanced doctoral students, and junior scholars, while centering the perspectives of Black women to ground participants’ experiences. In this chapter we explore how culturally responsive mentoring serves as a model for: challenging the current deficit narrative about Black women in academia; developing culturally responsive mentors and proteges; and ensuring that Black women in academia thrive.
Income Tax Adoption and Spatial Diffusion

In recent years, a number of papers have looked at the adoption and diffusion of taxes across national, state, and local governments. Spending pressures, reductions in tax collection costs, median voter preferences, and social learning have been found to play an important role in the adoption of the income tax. Spatial econometrics were used to study the diffusions of income taxes across states from 1900 to 2010. Using United States Census Bureau data, negative spatial autocorrelation in income tax adoption was found. This is consistent with Tiebout competition reducing the likelihood of income tax adoption. States whose neighbors adopted income taxes were less likely to do so. This work informs the literature on policy diffusion as well as the understanding of why only some states utilize the income tax.
Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of low-pressure hydrocarbons and synthetic refrigerants

Abstract Synthetic refrigerant R-245fa is an alternative to R-134a in HVAC systems and is being considered for use in Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) for power generation from low-grade heat sources. Pentane, in combination with R245fa, is being considered for use in geothermal heat generation. An experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer and frictional pressure drop for pure R-245fa and pentane flowing through smooth horizontal tubes with internal diameters of 7.75 mm and 14.45 mm was conducted. These measurements were made over mass fluxes ranging from 100 to 600 kg m−2 s−1, operating pressures from 122 to 610 kPa, and nominal vapor qualities ranging from 0.05 to 0.95. Results from this experimental study are compared with predictions from correlations in the literature, and agreement and differences are interpreted and discussed. The measured frictional pressure drops ranged from 0.25 to 100 kPa m−1, and heat transfer coefficients from 1.5 to 15 kW m−2 K−1 were observed. Heat transfer and pressure drop models that apply specifically to these low pressure fluids, tube diameters, and operating conditions are developed. These models provide significant statistical improvements in the predictions of the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop over existing correlations.
Utilization of chemoradiation therapy provides strongest protective effect for avoidance of postoperative pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy: A NSQIP analysis

BACKGROUND The utilization of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) before performing pancreaticoduodenectomy for malignancy has been well established as a protective factor for the prevention of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). However, there is a paucity of published data evaluating the specific NAT regimen that is the most protective against POPF development. We evaluated the differences between neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) and chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with regard to the effect on POPF rates. METHODS The main and targeted pancreatectomy American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program registries for 2014-2016 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 10,665 pancreaticoduodenectomy cases were present. The primary outcome was POPF development. The factors that have previously been shown to be associated with or suspected to be associated with POPF were evaluated. The factors included NAT, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, smoking, steroid therapy, preoperative weight loss, preoperative albumin level, perioperative blood transfusions, wound classification, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, duct size ( 6 mm), gland texture (soft, intermediate, and hard), and anastomotic technique. The factors identified to be statistically significant were then used for propensity score matching to compare POPF development between the cases utilizing CT versus CRT. RESULTS A total of 10,117 cases met the inclusion criteria. The development of POPF was significantly associated, on multivariate analysis, with a lack of NAT, male sex, higher BMI, nondiabetic status, nonsmoker status, decreased weight loss, preoperative albumin level, decreased duct size, and soft gland texture. NAT, duct size, and gland texture had the strongest associations with the development of POPF (p < .0001). The overall 1765 cases (17.45%) received NAT and the POPF rate for cases with NAT was 10.20% versus 20.10% for cases without NAT (p < .0001). A total of 1031 cases underwent CT and 734 cases underwent CRT, respectively. A total of 708 paired cases were selected for analysis based on propensity score matching. The POPF rates were 11.20% versus 3.50% for CT and CRT, respectively (p < .0001). There was no difference in the frequencies of specific POPF grades. The decreased POPF rate with CRT correlated with firmer gland texture rates. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the largest analysis of specific NAT regimens with regard to the development of POPF following pancreaticoduodenectomy. CRT provided the strongest protective effect. That protective effect is most likely due to increased fibrosis in the pancreatic parenchyma from radiation therapy. These findings provide additional support to consider CRT over CT alone in the treatment of pancreatic cancer when NAT will be utilized.
Dry Eye Disease: Early Recognition with Guidance on Management and Treatment for Primary Care Family Physicians.

Primary care presentations of dry eye disease (DED) are common and pose a diagnostic challenge due to the variety of symptoms and the absence of certainty for family practitioners. While there are many published articles on the topic, the 2017 Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society Dry Eye Workshop was a landmark report in distinguishing multifactorial differences. Redefined terms clarified the DED disorder. The ocular surface—the tear/air interface—is the primary refractive component of the eye, which is why DED is so significant and impacts vision. There is a high prevalence of DED in the community, ranging from 5% to 30% of people across multiple studies. Elderly patients have up to 75% increased risk of DED and receive more intensive treatment than younger age groups. DED is also more common in women than men, occurring in 9.8% of postmenopausal women. The causes of DED span defective lacrimal apparatus and systemic disorders. Despite its prevalence, up to one-half of patients with confirmed DED do not receive proper alleviating treatment. Risk factors on functional and environmental bases follow. Tools to elicit a diagnosis more confidently are outlined using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and the Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye questionnaires (SANDE). Lacritin, lutein, vitamin A, and balanced nutrition are essential contributors to maintaining healthy eyes with appropriate management and treatment. The authors hope that this paper will prompt a more accurate and expedient diagnosis of DED in primary care practice and an earlier recognition of specialist referrals. Dry eye disease (DED) poses a diagnostic challenge to primary care physicians. The condition involves the tear/air interface, at the corneal (ocular) surface, where light enters the eye. Any change in light refraction affects regular sight. Symptoms of DED include itching, grittiness, foreign body sensation, redness, excessive tearing, and visual blurring, the lattermost being the most common presentation. Ultimately, the untreated disease leads to continued discomfort and visual deficit, but when severe, it can result in blindness. Up to 30% of the population suffers from DED, with the elderly, particularly women, more affected. Unfortunately, up to 50% of those affected have inadequate treatment. Questionnaires help in diagnosis. Simple office tests can indicate the severity of eye problems. Technology with smartphone photography can take high-resolution images, which are useful in education and teaching. A multitude of conditions cause DED, including blepharitis, an infection of the eyelids. Environmental risks also abound. Proper nutrition is essential in maintaining eye health. Intermittent eye symptoms are likely to be underrated by the public, by purchasing over-the-counter products such as artificial tears rather than seeking a proper medical check. Newer prescription medications are now available for DED relief before advancing to debility requiring specialist treatment.
Baldspot/ELOVL6 is a conserved modifier of disease and the ER stress response ELOVL6 modifies ER stress

ABSTRACT Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an important modifier of human disease. Genetic variation in genes involved in the ER stress response has been linked to inter-individual differences in this response. However, the mechanisms and pathways by which genetic modifiers are acting on the ER stress response remain unclear. In this study, we characterize the role of the long chain fatty acid elongase Baldspot (ELOVL6) in modifying the ER stress response and disease. We demonstrate that loss of Baldspot rescues degeneration and reduces IRE1 and PERK signaling and cell death in a Drosophila model of retinitis pigmentosa and ER stress (Rh1G69D). Dietary supplementation of stearate bypasses the need for Baldspot activity. Finally, we demonstrate that Baldspot regulates the ER stress response across different tissues and induction methods. Our findings suggest that ELOVL6 is a promising target in the treatment of not only retinitis pigmentosa, but a number of different ER stress-related disorders. AUTHOR SUMMARY Differences in genetic background drives disease variability, even among individuals with identical, causative mutations. Identifying and understanding how genetic variation impacts disease expression could improve diagnosis and treatment of patients. Previous work has linked the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway to disease variability. When misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, the ER stress response returns the cell to its normal state. Chronic ER stress leads to massive amounts of cell death and tissue degeneration. Limiting tissue loss by regulating the ER stress response has been a major focus of therapeutic development. In this study, we characterize a novel regulator of the ER stress response, the long chain fatty acid elongase Baldspot/ELOVL6. In the absence of this enzyme, cells undergoing ER stress display reduced cell death, and degeneration in a Drosophila disease model. Feeding of excess fatty acids increases degeneration to original disease levels, linking the regulatory activity of Baldspot to its enzymatic activity. Finally, we demonstrate that Baldspot can alter the ER stress response under a variety of other ER stress conditions. Our studies demonstrate that Baldspot/ELOVL6 is a ubiquitous regulator of the ER stress response and is a good candidate therapeutic target.
Irrelevancies and Inaccuracies Miss the Target: A Response to Kingsberg et al.

I was disappointed by the response of Kingsberg et al. (2021), who failed to seriously engage with the most pressing concerns raised in my re-analysis (Spielmans, 2021). Kingsberg et al. (2021)’s c...
Photoelectrochemistry of metalloporphyrin-modified GaP semiconductors

Photoelectrosynthetic materials provide a bioinspired approach for using the power of the sun to produce fuels and other value-added chemical products. However, there remains an incomplete understanding of the operating principles governing their performance and thereby effective methods for their assembly. Herein we report the application of metalloporphyrins, several of which are known to catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction, in forming surface coatings to assemble hybrid photoelectrosynthetic materials featuring an underlying gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductor as a light capture and conversion component. The metalloporphyrin reagents used in this work contain a 4-vinylphenyl surface-attachment group at the β-position of the porphyrin ring and a first-row transition metal ion (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn) coordinated at the core of the macrocycle. In addition to describing the synthesis, optical, and electrochemical properties of the homogeneous porphyrin complexes, we also report on the photoelectrochemistry of the heterogeneous metalloporphyrin-modified GaP semiconductor electrodes. These hybrid, heterogeneous-homogeneous electrodes are prepared via UV-induced grafting of the homogeneous metalloporphyrin reagents onto the heterogeneous gallium phosphide surfaces. Three-electrode voltammetry measurements performed under controlled lighting conditions enable determination of the open-circuit photovoltages, fill factors, and overall current–voltage responses associated with these composite materials, setting the stage for better understanding charge-transfer and carrier-recombination kinetics at semiconductor|catalyst|liquid interfaces.
Assessing attitudes to ED-based HIV testing: Development of a short-structured survey instrument.

Introduction Emergency Department (ED)-based HIV counseling and testing (HCT) has had a significant impact on improving rates of HIV diagnosis and linkage to care. Unfortunately, expansion of this strategy to low- and middle-income countries has been limited. Successful implementation of ED-based HCT is dependent on patient and provider acceptance of the intervention, and their attitudes and pre-existing biases towards the disease. This study sought to develop validated survey instruments to assess attitudes towards ED-based HCT. Methods This cross-sectional study surveyed patients and providers in three EDs in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. A convenience sample of patients and providers in the ED were surveyed. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted using questions on attitudes to HIV testing to develop validated survey instruments. An ANOVA test assessed variance in attitudes towards HCT based on demographic variables collected. Results A total of 104 patient and 132 provider surveys were completed. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 17- and 7-question attitudes survey for patients and providers, respectively. Overall, 92.3% of patients and 70.7% of providers supported ED-based HCT, however, both groups displayed only mildly positive attitudes. Questions representing 'confidentiality' and 'stigma around HIV testing' had the least positive influence on patients' overall attitudes. Questions representing 'comfort with HIV testing' had the least positive influence on providers' overall attitudes. Conclusion Our study demonstrated ED patients and providers are generally supportive of ED-based HCT. A validated survey instrument was able to provide a standardized approach to identify barriers to HCT implementation in an ED setting, across contexts. For successful implementation, behavioral interventions must focus on strengthening patient beliefs around confidentiality and the consent process, and providers' comfort levels with providing HIV testing services in the ED.
The Evolving APA and the Originalist Challenge

This article, written for a symposium marking the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), discusses the manifold ways in which courts have creatively interpreted the APA’s provisions on rulemaking, adjudication, and judicial review. Many of these interpretations seem to be barely, if at all, consistent with the intentions of the Act’s drafters and with standard principles of statutory construction. They can, however, be defended as pragmatic judicial efforts to keep up with the evolving needs of the regulatory state, especially in light of Congress’s persistent failure to take charge of updating the Act on its own. At this point, a large-scale effort to undo these judicial innovations would be disruptive. Nevertheless, recent court decisions and public law scholarship have displayed increasing interest in originalist and formalist methods of statutory interpretation, and this development potentially threatens the continued survival of many of the courts’ glosses on the APA. In order to evaluate where such reasoning could lead, this article critically examines the work of three authors who have advocated what may be described as “APA originalism.” The article highlights difficulties with these authors’ positions and concludes that a program of APA originalism is unlikely to attract broad support.
Systems of Particles

Let us consider a system of two particles, masses m1 and m2, which interact with each other through a central force; that is, m1 is acted upon by a force whose magnitude depends only upon the distance between the two particles, and whose center is at the position of m2. The force on m2 has the same form, with its center at m1. The distance between the two particles is given by \(r = \left| {{r_1}} \right. - {r_2}\left| , \right.\), where r1 and r2 are the positions of the two masses with respect to some inertial reference system. If we let \({\rm{\hat r = (}}{{\rm{r}}_{\rm{1}}}{\rm{ - }}{{\rm{r}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{)/r}}\) be the unit vector pointing from m2 to m1, the force acting on m1 due to m2 is of the form \({{\rm{F}}_{{\rm{12}}}}{\rm{ = f}}\left( r \right)\hat r\). Similarly, the force on m1 due to m2 is \({{\rm{F}}_{{\rm{21}}}}{\rm{ = - f}}\left( r \right)\hat r\).
A real-time surface interpolator methodology for precision CNC machining of swept surfaces

A real-time surface interpolator is developed to machine a family of swept surfaces directly from their high-level procedural definitions. All the computations required for machining are performed in real time based on the exact surface geometry, including tool path planning, tool path interpolation, tool offsetting, and tool path step-over to achieve a prescribed scallop height. A G-code command (G05) is introduced to concisely communicate the precise surface geometry and all necessary process parameters to the controller. The swept surface interpolator offers profound accuracy and efficiency advantages over the traditional approach of generating voluminous piecewise–linear/circular tool path approximations as a preprocessing step. For example, in one instance, a 36,000-line piecewise-linear (G01) approximate part program file is replaced by a 3-line exact swept surface (G05) part program file. The methodology is verified by machining a variety of swept surface forms in aluminum and wax, using a 3-axis milling machine with the surface interpolator incorporated into an open-architecture CNC controller.
Camera pan/tilt control with multiple trackers

In this paper, we consider the multi-camera tracking and the camera active control (pan and tilt). Auction mechanism from economics is developed to choose the best available camera. By modeling the camera bids with prior knowledge of the camera homographies, the system can “think” ahead to perform necessary panning or tilting operations. The uncertainties of homographies are considered inherently in the metrics used for computing camera bids. Further, to have a better tracking result, we use multiple trackers simultaneously. The trackers are rectified periodically based on the previous auction results. The proposed approach is evaluated in a real-world camera network.
Patient Radiation Dose Reduction during Transarterial Chemoembolization Using a Novel X-Ray Imaging Platform.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate radiation dose reduction in patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization with the use of a new image acquisition and processing platform. Materials and Methods Radiation-dose data were obtained from 176 consecutive chemoembolization procedures in 135 patients performed in a single angiography suite. From January 2013 through October 2013, 85 procedures were performed by using our institution's standard fluoroscopic settings. After upgrading the x-ray fluoroscopy system with an image acquisition and processing platform designed to reduce image noise and reduce skin entrance dose, 91 chemoembolization procedures were performed from November 2013 through December 2014. Cumulative dose–area product (CDAP), cumulative air kerma (CAK), and total fluoroscopy time were recorded for each procedure. Image quality was assessed by three interventional radiologists blinded to the x-ray acquisition platform used. Results Patient radiation dose indicators were significantly lower for chemoembolization procedures performed with the novel imaging platform. Mean CDAP decreased from 3,033.2 dGy·cm 2 (range, 600.3–9,404.1 dGy·cm 2 ) to 1,640.1 dGy·cm 2 (range, 278.6–6,779.9 dGy·cm 2 ; 45.9% reduction; P P Conclusions Although a small increase in fluoroscopy time was observed, a significant reduction in patient radiation dose was achieved by using the optimized imaging platform, without image quality degradation.
Publication Patterns in Death Studies: 40 Years On

As a living legacy to the founding editorship of Hannelore Wass, Death Studies has played a leading role in promoting scholarship in the field of thanatology for nearly 4 decades. In this article, the authors analyze publication patterns in the journal in the 25 years since Wass handed off the journal’s editorial management to her successor, focusing on changing patterns of authorship, topical focus, and methodological emphasis of articles across this period. The results document the increasing feminization of the field, the impressive internationality of the research networks driving its development, and the substantial empirical foundation for major lines of research concerned with bereavement, death attitudes, and suicide. Placed against the backdrop of early trends in publication during Wass’s overview, such findings suggest the maturation of research in this interdisciplinary specialty and validate her long-range anticipation of the field’s prospects as this flagship journal moves toward its fifth de...
A model for absorption of solar radiation by mineral dust within liquid cloud drops

Abstract Models of light scattering and absorption that consider the effect of insoluble inclusions present within liquid cloud droplets may assume the inclusion occupies random locations within the droplet. In certain cases, external forces can lead to certain orientations or alignments that are strongly preferred. Within this modeling study, we consider one such case in which an insoluble mineral dust inclusion (ρ=2.6 g/cm3) is placed within a liquid water drop (ρ=1.0 g/cm3). Such an instance mimics mineral dust aerosols being incorporated within cloud drops in Earth's atmosphere. Model results suggest super-micron mineral dust settles to the bottom of cloud droplets. However, Brownian motion largely randomizes the position of sub-micron mineral dust within the droplet. The inherent organization of the particles that result has important consequences for light absorption by mineral dust when present within a cloud drop. Modeled results suggest light absorption efficiency may be enhanced by as much as 4–6 fold for an isolated droplet experiencing direct solar illumination at solar zenith angles of
Pathways into a Gendered Occupation: Brazilian Women in IT

Although SA£o Paulo is the hub of a growing technology industry in Brazil, female participation in SA£o Pauloâ€™s male-dominated IT sector has decreased over recent decades. Reasons for this trend are complex and research on this topic in Brazil is limited. In an effort to learn about barriers to entry and retention for women in IT careers in Brazil 10 interviews were conducted in SA£o Paulo with women working in information technology (IT) careers. Findings from this study include: 1) IT jobs are considered appropriate for some Brazilian women, but those women are sometimes regarded as abnormal, and technical programs and workplaces are mainly occupied by men, 2) Brazilian women feel constrained by the expectation that they be primary caretakers of domestic responsibilities, and 3) most upper-level leadership positions in IT are held by men. This study is an initial effort on which further research can expand.
User-defined consistency sensitive cache invalidation strategies for wireless data access

In order to fulfill users' insatiable interests in accessing Internet services and information wirelessly, one of the key optimization techniques is caching frequently accessed data items in a local cache. A strong consistency is implicitly assumed in most caching schemes but it may cause a long query delay. In this paper, we propose a consistency-sensitive cache invalidation scheme, called ConSens, based on the existing Invalidation Report (IR) and Updated IR (UIR) based cache invalidation frameworks. In the ConSens scheme, each user is able to set its own consistency level with a server independently. This user-defined cache consistency can support diverse consistency requirements of applications. We also propose both lazy request and opportunistic data access techniques to effectively balance the data accessibility and query delay. In addition, we enhance the IR-based cache invalidation mechanism and propose a multiple data transmission scheme, called MDT, to further reduce the query delay. Extensive performance evaluation studies show that the proposed strategies can effectively balance the data accessibility, reduce the query delay, and significantly increase the number of opportunistic accesses according to the user-defined consistencies.
Presidential Policy and Information Dissemination: An Analysis of the Reagan Moratorium on Government Publishing.

Abstract In 1981, President Reagan declared a moratorium on the production of new government-financed pamphlets, periodicals, and audiovisuals. This study examines the impact of that action on the format and content of printed publications, issued during the freeze, by the Department of Health and Human Services. Analysis of those publications distributed to Government Printing Office depository libraries during the moratorium reflected: (1) no significant reduction in the number of documents produced, (2) a shift toward smaller, less-costly print formats, and (3) no significant reduction in the release of publicity/advertising materials. Changes observed in the quantity, format, and content of Department of Health and Human Services publications issued during the moratorium were not those expected given the presidential guidelines.
Extensive gene flow among mytilid (Bathymodiolus thermophilus) populations from hydrothermal vents of the eastern Pacific

Prior studies of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), provided conflicting predictions about the dispersal ability and population structure of this highly specialized species. Analyses of morphological features associated with its larval shells revealed a feeding larval stage that might facilitate dispersal between ephemeral vent habitats. In contrast, an allozyme study revealed substantial genetic differentiation between samples taken from populations 2370 km apart on Galapagos Rift (Latitude 0°N) and the East Pacific Rise (13°N). To resolve the discrepancy between these studies, we examined allozyme and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation in new samples from the same localities plus more recently discovered sites (9° and 11°N) along the East Pacific Rise. Although analysis of 26 enzyme-determining loci revealed relatively low levels of genetic variation within the five populations, no evidence existed for significant barriers to dispersal among populations. We estimated an average effective rate of gege flow (Nm) of ≃ 8 migrants per population per generation. Two common mtDNA variants predominated at relatively even frequencies in each population, and similarly provided no evidence for barriers to gene flow or isolation-by-distance across this species' known range. Larvae of this species appear to be capable of dispersing hundreds of kilometers along a continuous ridge system and across gaps separating non-contiguous spreading centers.
Application of a microcomputer-controlled film balance system to collection and analysis of data from mixed monolayers

Abstract A microprocessor-controlled film balance for studying insoluble monolayers at gas—liquid interfaces is described. The combination of component and software architecture employed makes the system versatile and efficient to operate, and yields data with resolution equaling that obtained from analog operation. The availability of data in digital form greatly facilitates analysis of families of isotherms and, in particular, allows direct calculation of derivatives of surface pressure—area isotherms for use in the automated identification of phase transitions. Collection and analysis of the surface pressure—area isotherms of oleyl alcohol—cholesteryl oleate mixtures using this system show that below 8 mN/m they exhibit ideal miscibility. A limiting molecular area for cholesteryl oleate of 82.4A˚2/molecule in the monolayer phase, obtained from phase transition pressure—composition data, is in agreement with an area range of 65–90A2 between 1 and 12.9 mN/m calculated from average area—composition data.
Pressure field generated by jet-on-jet impingement

Etude experimentale de l'impact de deux jets turbulents axisymetriques l'un sur l'autre. L'angle d'impact est de 180° et les jets sont issus de grandes plaques planes. Caracteristiques du champ d'ecoulement et des perturbations de pression
Characterization of the least concave majorant of Brownian motion, conditional on a vertex point, with application to construction

The characterization of the least concave majorant of brownian motion by Pitman (1983,Seminar on Stochastic Processes, 1982 (eds. E. Cinlar, K. L. Chung and R. K. Getoor), 219–228, Birkhauser, Boston) is tweaked, conditional on a vertex point. The joint distribution of this vertex point is derived and is shown to be generated with extreme ease. A procedure is then outlined by which one can construct the least concave majorant of a standard Brownian motion path over any finite, closed subinterval of (0, ∞). This construction is exact in distribution. One can also construct a linearly interpolated version of the Brownian motion path (i.e. we construct the Brownian motion path over a grid of points and linearly interpolate) corresponding to this least concave majorant over the same finite interval. A discussion of how to translate the aforementioned construction to the least concave majorant of a Brownian bridge is also presented.
Study of Δ5, 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Normal, Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Adrenal Cortical Tissue

Normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic adrenal cortical tissues have been studied histochemically and biochemically for activity of Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and biochemically for activity of 21- and 11-steroid hydroxylases (21-OHase, 11-OHase). A selective deficiency of 3β-HSD activity has been demonstrated by both methods in the tissues of the patients with adrenal disease associated with the excretion of abnormally high levels of Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroids. These include the testes and hyperplastic adrenals of a hypospadic male infant with the rare type of “salt-losing” adrenogenital syndrome, several virilizing adrenal adenomas and a virilizing adrenal carcinoma. In a patient with the usual form of adrenogenital syndrome, staining for activity of 3β-HSD was demonstrated throughout his hyperplastic adrenals. This patient's adrenal showed a selective deficiency of 21-OHase activity biochemically. The virilizing carcinoma of the patient without excess Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid excretion exhibited ac...
Design of nanovectors for therapy and imaging of cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases are widely prevalent in western societies, and their associated costs number in the billions of dollars and affect millions of patients each year. Nanovectors targeted to tissues involved in cardiovascular diseases offer great opportunities to improve cardiovascular treatment through their imaging and drug delivery capabilities. Vascular-targeted imaging particles may permit the early identification of atherosclerosis, discriminate between stable and vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, or guide surgeons as they work on fragile vasculature. Tailored therapeutic nanoparticles may provide safer, more efficient and effective intervention through localization and release of encapsulated therapeutics. Nanovector design involves numerous considerations such as fabrication material, particle size, and surface-modification with ligands for targeting and increasing blood circulation times. Complex blood rheology may affect the efficiency with which dissimilar-sized particles target ligand receptors associated with disease. Additionally, the intended use of a nanovector is a critical factor in its design as some materials with poor drugloading qualities or release kinetics may be suitable for imaging purposes only. Overall, vectors targeted to the vasculature will need to be efficient in avoiding blood clearance, honing to the target location, and binding at the desired site.
The Promotion of Sufi sm in the Politics of Algeria and Morocco

This paper examines the promotion of Sufism by government leaders in Algeria and Morocco. Specifically, this paper finds that both Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria and Mohammed VI of Morocco have each emphasized Sufi Islam in a number of manners that include but are not limited to public media statements about the value of Sufi sm in society, as well as voicing support with regard to organizing conferences on Sufism. But while such actions are often carried out in the name of combating religious extremism, statements made about Sufi sm by such leaders also seem to suggest that they may be operating under the assumption that Sufis are either apolitical and thus are not seen as a threat, or that Sufism can be used to counter Islamist organizations that are politically challenging to the government.
The reversible effect of flow on the morphology of ceratocorys horrida (PERIDINIALES, DINOPHYTA)*

Most cells experience an active and variable fluid environment, in which hydrodynamic forces can affect aspects of cell physiology including gene regulation, growth, nutrient uptake, and viability. The present study describes a rapid yet reversible change in cell morphology of the marine dinoflagellate Ceratocorys horrida Stein, due to fluid motion. Cells cultured under still conditions possess six large spines, each almost one cell diameter in length. When gently agitated on an orbital shaker under conditions simulating fluid motion at the sea surface due to light wind or surface chop, as determined from digital particle imaging velocimetry, population growth was inhibited and a short-spined cell type appeared that possessed a 49% mean decrease in spine length and a 53% mean decrease in cell volume. The reduction in cell size appeared to result primarily from a 39% mean decrease in vacuole size. Short-spined cells were first observed after 1 h of agitation at 20 8 C; after 8 to 12 d of continuous agitation, long-spined cells were no longer present. The morphological change was completely reversible; in previously agitated populations devoid of long-spined cells, cells began to revert to the long-spined morphology within 1 d after return to still conditions. During morphological reversal, spines on isolated cells grew up to 10 m m·d 2 1 . In 30 d the population morphology had returned to original proportions, even though the overall population growth was zero during this time. The reversal did not occur as a result of cell division, because singlecell studies confirmed that the change occurred in the absence of cell division and much faster than the 16-d doubling time. The threshold level of agitation causing morphology change in C. horrida was too low to inhibit population growth in the shear-sensitive dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum. At the highest level of agitation tested, there was negative population growth in C. horrida cultures, indicating that fluid motion caused cell mortality. Small, spineless cells constituted a small percentage of the population under all conditions. Although their abundance did not change, single-cell studies and morphological characteristics suggest that the spineless cells can rapidly transform to and from other cell types. The sinking rate of individual long-spined cells in still conditions was significantly less than that of short-spined cells, even though the former are larger and have a higher cell density. These measurements demonstrate that the long spines of C. horrida reduce cell sinking. Shorter spines and reduced swimming would allow cells to sink away from turbulent surface conditions more rapidly. The ecological importance of the morphological change may be to avoid conditions that inhibit population growth and potentially cause cell damage.
Extending the Study of Continuity and Change: Gender Differences in the Linkage Between Adolescent and Adult Offending

Recently, Paternoster et al. used data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a longitudinal study of 411 South London boys mostly born in 1953, to investigate the linkage between adolescent and adult offending and found that variations in adult offending were consistent with a random process after conditioning on adolescent offending. In this paper, we test the robustness of this early study across data sources and genders. Here, we use data from the Dunedin New Zealand 1972 birth cohort study to replicate previous findings regarding stability and change in criminal offending between the adolescent and adult years. In particular, our interest centers on the stochastic properties of the adolescent and adult conviction distribution in the cohort and whether the structure of this distribution is similar for males and females. This replication and extension of prior work is especially important since criminologists have little understanding of the pattern of female adolescent offending or how the patterns are linked to adult offending for women. The analysis reveals that variation in adult offending after conditioning on adolescent offending is consistent with a random (Poisson) process. Furthermore, this pattern is evident for both the males and the females in the Dunedin New Zealand 1972 birth cohort.
Quantitation of Simian virus 40 sequences in African green monkey, mouse and virus-transformed cell genomes.

Abstract The number of SV40 ‡ genome equivalents present in green monkey and SV40 transformed mammalian DNA's have been evaluated by measuring DNA reassociation kinetics on hydroxyapatite. Under the proper conditions, this method is sufficiently sensitive to detect less than one SV40 DNA molecule per mammalian genome (one part in 106) as shown by reconstruction experiments. In four out of five SV40 transformed lines examined, an average of one SV40 genome equivalent was present in the cell DNA; three SV40 DNA equivalents per cell were found in the fifth viral transformed line. The background level of SV40 DNA sequences within the 3T3 genome was 0.45 equivalent per cell. An average of 0.5 SV40 genome equivalent was measured per African green monkey genome, an amount too small to be reliably detected using DNA-DNA hybridization on nitrocellulose membranes. The biological significance of these results and their relationship to previously reported values are discussed.