cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p53 abnormalities in hepatocellular carcinoma from United States patients: analysis of all 11 exons.

Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene p53 have been found in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) from many countries where HCC is common, but p53 mutations detected by direct sequencing in HCCs from the United States (where HCC is uncommon) have been reported only rarely. p53 Exons 1 to 11 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, and direct sequencing in HCCs from 12 patients from the United States and in adjacent non-tumorous liver from 10 of them. Abnormalities of the p53 gene were found in five of the 12 tumors, including mutations in exon 4 (one patient), exon 5 (one patient) and exon 8 (three patients). In all 12 tumors, a normal conformation of exon 7 was found ; in five of these HCCs the absence of mutations was confirmed by direct sequencing. Thus, the mutations of p53 codon 249 that have frequently been found in HCCs from endemic areas apparently do not play a role in most HCCs in the United States. Since the mutations in codon 249 are thought to be due to aflatoxin ingestion, the data suggest that factors other than aflatoxin may be responsible for the p53 abnormalities in the patients from the USA.
Electrochemical Protection of Thin Film Electrodes in Solid State Nanopores

We have eliminated electrochemical surface oxidation and reduction as well as water decomposition inside sub-5-nm wide nanopores in conducting TiN membranes using a surface passivation technique. Nanopore ionic conductances, and therefore pore diameters, were unchanged in passivated pores after applying potentials of ±4.5 V for as long as 24 h. Water decomposition was eliminated by using aqueous 90% glycerol solvent. The use of a protective self-assembled monolayer of hexadecylphosphonic acid was also investigated.
Autonomous Learning in Online and Traditional Versions of a Software Engineering Course

This paper reports on a comparison of student opinion of student-defined projects and self-grading strategies between students in online and face-to-face environments as part of an ongoing survey-based study into strategies that support autonomous learning. The course used in the study is a Web Application Design and Development course which is part of the Software Engineering certificate and software concentration in the MSCS at Rensselaer (RPI) at Hartford. The study has been underway since the fall of 2001 and has an audience of working professional students. During the spring 2004 semester, the course was offered in both an online and a face-to-face format with roughly equivalent numbers of students in both sections. Students were surveyed towards the beginning and at the end of the semester on their opinions of the approaches used in the course and of their learning. This paper presents some background in autonomous or self-directed learning, describes the study including the approach and environment, and discusses results of student surveys comparing results for online and face-to-face students
Very simple, carbuncle-free, boundary-layer-resolving, rotated-hybrid Riemann solvers

In this paper, we propose new Euler flux functions for use in a finite-volume Euler/Navier-Stokes code, which are very simple, carbuncle-free, yet have an excellent boundary-layer-resolving capability, by combining two different Riemann solvers into one based on a rotated Riemann solver approach. We show that very economical Euler flux functions can be devised by combining the Roe solver (a full-wave solver) and the Rusanov/HLL solver (a fewer-wave solver), based on a rotated Riemann solver approach: a fewer-wave solver automatically applied in the direction normal to shocks to suppress carbuncles and a full-wave solver applied, again automatically, across shear layers to avoid an excessive amount of dissipation. The resulting flux functions can be implemented in a very simple and economical manner, in the form of the Roe solver with modified wave speeds, so that converting an existing Roe flux code into the new fluxes is an extremely simple task. They require only 7-14% extra CPU time and no problem-dependent tuning parameters. These new rotated fluxes are not only robust for shock-capturing, but also accurate for resolving shear layers. This is demonstrated by an extensive series of numerical experiments with standard finite-volume Euler and Navier-Stokes codes, including various shock instability problems and also an unstructured grid case.
Location authentication through Power Line Communication: Design, protocol, and analysis of a new out-of-band strategy

We propose using Power Line Communication (PLC) as a second channel for data origin authentication, and we present a system architecture and protocol for doing so taking advantage of existing infrastructure for communicating over power lines. Our system connects a user's computer to a secure electric meter in his building via a secure Human Authorization Detector (HAD). The electric meter, which has a unique secret identifier and encryption key, communicates securely with the trusted Power Grid Server (PG) through PLC. Upon request from an Internet Application Server (AS), the user sends a location certificate to the AS, obtained via PLC from the PG and signed by the PG. Because PLC requires physical access to the electric meter, our system offers fine-grain location authentication. Unlike movable modems and dongles, the meter is permanently attached to the user's building. The user authorizes or denies certificate requests and deliveries by reading the HAD's display and pushing a button on the HAD, thus protecting against the possible threat of malware on the user's computer maliciously requesting or forwarding location certificates unauthorized by the user. Our system provides strong location authentication useful to many online applications, such as banking and SCADA systems. PLC offers finer-grain location authentication than do cellular telephones. Furthermore, the power grid is deployed widely and is highly reliable, even in many places where cellular telephone and GPS signals are obstructed or unavailable. We present our architecture and Power line Location Authentication Protocol (PLAP) in sufficient detail to permit further implementation and analysis.
Empirical solvation models can be used to differentiate native from near-native conformations of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor

Several hydration models for peptides and proteins based on solvent accessible surface area have been proposed previously. We have evaluated some of these models as well as four new ones in the context of near-native conformations of a protein. In addition, we propose an empirical site–site distance-dependent correction that can be used in conjuction with any of these models. The set of near-native structures consisted of 39 conformations of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) each of which was a local minimum of an empirical energy function (ECEPP) in the absence of solvent. Root-mean-square (rms) deviations from the crystallographically determined structure were in the following ranges: 1.06–1.94 A for all heavy atoms, 0.77–1.36 A for all backbone heavy atoms, 0.68–1.33 A for all α-carbon atoms, and 1.41–2.72 A for all side-chain heavy atoms. We have found that there is considerable variation among the solvent models when evaluated in terms of concordance between the solvation free energy and the rms deviations from the crystallographically determined conformation. The solvation model for which the best concordance (0.939) with the rms deviations of the Cα atoms was found was derived from NMR coupling constants of peptides in water combined with an exponential site–site distance dependence of the potential of mean force. Our results indicate that solvation free energy parameters derived from nonpeptide free energies of hydration may not be transferrable to peptides. Parameters derived from peptide and protein data may be more applicable to conformational analysis of proteins. A general approach to derive parameters for free energy of hydration from ensemble-averaged properties of peptides in solution is described.
Team-Centric Leadership: An Integrative Review

This integrative review focuses on leadership in the context of work groups and teams: team-centric leadership. Although the process of leadership is largely viewed as one of social influence, most theories of leadership are agnostic about the social units and context within which it occurs. The review examines recent research on mainstream leadership theories—transformational leadership and leader-member exchange—that have contextualized leadership in work teams and also on team-centric leadership theories—shared and functional leadership—that are explicitly team centric. For each theory, we examine its conceptualization and evolution, how well it maps to the input-process-output heuristic of team effectiveness (including moderators indicative of the context, process dynamics, and feedback loops), and the quality of research methods that are employed. The discussion concludes with 14 recommendations designed to advance each type of team-centric leadership and to promote more integration and synergy acros...
The extraction of uranium (VI) from hydrochloric acid solutions by DI-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid

Abstract The partition of uranium (VI) between hydrochloric acid solutions and solutions of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid (DEHPA) in kerosene has been investigated, and the effects of organic solvent and of the addition of tri- n -butyl phosphate (TBP) on this extraction system have been examined. The mechanism of the extraction is discussed.
The Logic of Authoritarian Bargains: A Test of a Structural Model

Dictatorships do not survive by repression alone. Rather, dictatorial rule is often explained as an authoritarian bargain by which citizens relinquish political rights for economic security. The applicability of the authoritarian bargain to decision-making in non-democratic states, however, has not been thoroughly examined. We conceptualize this bargain as a simple, repeated game between a representative citizen and an autocrat who faces the threat of insurrection, and where economic benefits and political rights are simultaneously determined according to the opportunity costs the regime faces in providing these goods. Our model yields precise implications for the empirical patterns that are expected to exist. Tests of a system of equations with panel data comprising over 45 non-democratic states between 1984 and 1999 confirm the generality of the authoritarian-bargain thesis. The bargain, however, tends to break down in military or in highly-repressive dictatorships.
Relationship Between Mean Leucocyte Telomere Length and Measures of Allostatic Load in US Reproductive-Aged Women, NHANES 1999-2002.

Background Reproductive health disparities may be partly explained by the cumulative effects of chronic stress experienced by socially disadvantaged groups. Although, telomere length (TL) and allostatic load score have each been used as biological markers of stress, the relationship between these two measures is unknown. Methods We investigated the association between leucocyte TL and allostatic load score in 1503 non-pregnant women (20–44 years) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2002. We constructed six different allostatic load scores using either quartile- or clinical-based cut-points for 14 biomarkers based on previously published methods. We estimated associations between TL and allostatic load scores and component biomarkers using linear regression, also assessing interactions by race/ethnicity. Results After adjustment for age, longer TL was associated with higher HDL cholesterol and lower C-reactive protein and creatinine clearance; TL was not associated with the other component biomarkers. Shorter TL was associated with higher allostatic load scores for the two clinical cut-point-based scores after adjustment for age, but not the four scores based on quartile cut-points. Significant interactions by race/ethnicity were observed for TL and HbA1c and triglycerides, but not for other component biomarkers or allostatic load scores. Conclusions Although TL and allostatic load score are both considered measures of cumulative stress, most component biomarkers and scores using quartile-based cut-points were not associated with TL. In reproductive-aged women, allostatic load scores using clinical-based cut-points were more strongly associated with TL compared with quartile-based scores.
Simulation of Flow in an Intermeshing Internal Mixer and Comparison of Rotor Designs

Abstract This paper describes a simulation of flow in various intermeshing rotor internal mixer designs. The rotor designs studied were obtained from the patent literature and presentations of the major intermeshing rotor machinery mixer manufactures. The results of the simulation are compared to those for rotors of commercial separated rotor mixers. We seek to compare intermeshing and separated rotor mixers by contrasting estimated rates of mixing per unit total mixing chamber volume. Intermeshing rotors are generally predicted to perform better. This indicates they will mix more material despite smaller available internal mixer volume.
Viscosities of Acetate or Chloride-Based Ionic Liquids and Some of Their Mixtures with Water or Other Common Solvents

For the temperature range (80 to 120) °C, viscosity data are reported for imidazolium-based ionic liquids 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Omim][Cl], 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Hmim][Cl], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim][Cl], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Emim][Cl], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [Emim][Ac], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [Bmim][Ac], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide [Bmim] [N(CN)2]. Acetate-based ionic liquids have considerably lower viscosities than the corresponding chloride-based ILs. At 25 °C, viscosity data are reported for binary mixtures of [Bmim][Ac] with diluents water, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), and ethylene glycol. Even a small concentration of diluent very much reduces the viscosity of an ionic liquid.
Geometry and the Foucault Pendulum

(1995). Geometry and the Foucault Pendulum. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 102, No. 6, pp. 515-522.
Determination of Trace Lead Content by Using Rhodamine B Spectrophotometry with Lead(II)-Potassium Iodide

The chemical reaction that the lead-iodide complex compound,which formed from lead(II) and iodization potassium,reacted with Rhodamine B to form multi-ion-association complex was studied when Polyvinyl Alcohol(PVA) and gum arabic existed simultaneously.The maximum absorption on the ion-association complex was at 595nm and the apparent molar absorption coefficient was 4.6×105 L·mol-1·cm-1.This method has high sensitivity and selectivity,and the method is very simple and rapid when trace lead is determined directly at the water phase.
Determination of four elements in blood by octopole reaction system with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Objective:To establish the method for determination of 4 elements in blood by octopole reaction system with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Methods: The samples were diluted by 0.1%Triton X-100+0.1%HNO3.The solution was directly analyzed by ORS-ICP-MS for determination of four elements in blood,including Pb,As,Hg,Cd.Results: The detection limit of each element was between 0.20 μg/L~0.52 μg/L.Deviations were below 3.0%.Recovery rates were in the range of 94.0%~102%.Standard reference materials were used as quality control standards and the analysis results conformed well to the certified values.Conclusion: The method is simple,rapid,accurate and reliable for determination of four elements in blood samples.
The Decline of Professionalism

Traditionally, professionalism conceived of the professions as central to democratic society. Because professionals gained their status through reputation not wealth, they were in the best position to suppress their own self-interest in order to ascertain and pursue the public good. This Article argues that this traditional understanding of the professions was lost as a market ideology took hold in the 1970s. Professionalism gradually became synonymous with the delivery of services. This Article draws on this intellectual history to argue that aspects of the traditional concept of professionalism can and should be revived today.
Obesity and Subtypes of Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

BackgroundObesity is a risk factor for various subtypes of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure (HF), and stroke. Nevertheless, there are limited comp...
Low-Osmolar Diet and Adjusted Water Intake for Vasopressin Reduction in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) affects millions of people worldwide. Vasopressin promotes disease progression. Study Design A randomized controlled trial with equal (1:1) allocation. Setting & Participants This trial examined the effect of combining a low-osmolar (low-sodium [1,500mg/d], low-protein [0.8g per kilogram of body weight]) diet and adjusted water intake on vasopressin secretion in 34 patients with ADPKD. Intervention Participants were randomly assigned to receive a low-osmolar diet followed by adjusted water intake to achieve urine osmolality ≤ 280mOsm/kg water versus no intervention for 2 weeks. Outcome The primary outcome of the study was change (delta) in copeptin levels and urine osmolality between the intervention and control groups from baseline to 2 weeks. Measurements Fasting plasma copeptin level, 24-hour urine osmolality, and total solute intake. Results Baseline characteristics of the 2 groups were similar. Mean plasma copeptin levels and urine osmolality declined from 6.2±3.05 (SD) to 5.3±2.5pmol/L (P=0.02) and from 426±193 to 258±117mOsm/kg water (P=0.01), respectively, in the intervention group compared to a nonsignificant change in the control group (from 4.7±3.6 to 5.07±4pmol/L [P=0.2] and 329±159 to 349±139mOsm/kg water [P=0.3], respectively). The change in copeptin levels (primary outcome) and urine osmolality was statistically significant between the intervention and control groups (delta copeptin, −0.86±1.3 vs +0.39±1.2pmol/L [P=0.009]; delta urine osmolality, −167±264 vs +20±80mOsm/kg water [P=0.007], respectively). Total urinary solute decreased in only the intervention group and significantly differed between groups at week 1 (P=0.03), reducing mean water prescription from 3.2 to 2.6L/d. Limitations Small sample size and short follow-up. Conclusions We developed a stepwise dietary intervention that led to a significant reduction in vasopressin secretion in patients with ADPKD. Furthermore, this intervention led to a reduction in water required for vasopressin reduction.
Higher Education in the New Digital Ecosystem

The Year of Open is a joint effort by the University of Texas Libraries and Texas Learning Sciences to raise the profile of open content on the campus of The University of Texas at Austin, in the city of Austin, and in the surrounding area.
3D Printed Annular Focusing Ambient Ion Mobility Spectrometer

From its beginnings as “Plasma Chromatography™” for the analysis of trace organic molecules, to applications in security for the detection of explosives and chemical warfare agents, and more recent applications in structural analysis of biomolecules, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been demonstrated as a powerful analytical tool.
Flight simulation study of airplane state awareness and prediction technologies

Airplane state awareness (ASA) is a pilot performance attribute derived from the more general attribute known as situation awareness. Airplane state alludes primarily to attitude and energy state, but also infers other state variables, such as the state of automated or autonomous systems, that can affect attitude or energy state. Recognizing that loss of ASA has been a contributing factor to recent accidents, an industry-wide team has recommended several Safety Enhancements (SEs) to resolve or mitigate the problem. Two of these SEs call for research and development of new technology that can predict energy and/or auto-flight system states, and intuitively notify or alert flight crews to future unsafe or otherwise undesired states. In addition, it is desired that future air vehicles will be able to operate with a high degree of awareness of their own well-being. This form of ASA requires onboard predictive capabilities that can inform decision-making functions of critical markers trending to unsafe states. This paper describes a high-fidelity flight simulation study designed to address the two industry-recommended SEs for current aircraft, as well as this desired self-awareness capability for future aircraft. Eleven commercial airline crews participated in the testing, completing more than 220 flights. Flight scenarios were utilized that span a broad set of conditions including several that emulated recent accidents. An extensive data set was collected that includes both qualitative data from the pilots, and quantitative data from a unique set of instrumentation devices. The latter includes a head-/eye-tracking system and a physiological measurement system. State-of-the-art flight deck systems and indicators were evaluated, as were a set of new technologies. These included an enhancement to the bank angle indicator; predictive algorithms and indications of where the auto-flight system will take the aircraft and when automation mode changes will occur or where energy-related problems may occur; and synoptic (i.e., graphical) depictions of the effects of loss of flight critical data, combined with streamlined electronic checklists. Topics covered by this paper include the research program context, test objectives, descriptions of the technologies under test, platform and operational environment setup, a summary of findings, and future work.
Haematopoietic stem cells show their true colours

Delineating the behaviour of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vivo has thus far proven challenging. Two studies in zebrafish and mouse models now track HSCs in vivo using fate mapping with multicolour approaches to provide further insights into clonal events that regulate blood development, HSC function and differentiation during homeostasis and stress conditions.
Quantitative evaluation of maxillary alveolar cortical bone thickness and density using computed tomography imaging.

Introduction Primary stability is essential to the success of orthodontic mini-implants (OMIs) and heavily depends on the mechanical retention between OMIs and their supporting bone. Alveolar cortical bone commonly serves as the supporting bone for OMIs during treatment. The purposes of this study were to characterize alveolar cortical bone thickness and density in the maxilla and to explore patient factors that may significantly affect these bone properties. Methods Sixty medical computed tomography scans of the maxilla were analyzed from a selected sample of patients seen at the Radiology Department of Boston Children's Hospital. Interradicular alveolar bone thickness and density were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm from the buccal and palatal alveolar bone crests using the Synapse 3D software (version 4.1; FUJIFILM Medical Systems USA, Stamford, Conn). Analyses were conducted with STATA /1C (version 12.0 for Windows; StataCorp, College Station, Tex) using multivariate mixed-effects regression models and paired t tests. Results Mean age and body mass index of the study sample were 17.88 years and 22.94 kg/m2, respectively. Cortical bone density and thickness significantly increased from the coronal (2 mm) to the apical (8 mm) regions of the alveolar bone (P Conclusions Alveolar bone properties vary in the maxilla in patterns that could guide clinicians in selecting sites best suited for placement of OMIs.
Syntactic Approach to Pattern Recognition

Syntactic approach to pattern recognition is introduced. Special topics discussed include primitive selection and pattern grammars, syntactic recognition and error-correcting parsing, and clustering analysis for syntactic patterns.
Powell’s Conjecture

There are several interesting long-standing open problems around Powell’s conjecture regarding the global convergence of quasi-Newton methods. In this chapter, we review these open problems and existing related results.
Genetics of Hereditary Ataxia in Scottish Terriers.

Background Scottish Terriers have a high incidence of juvenile onset hereditary ataxia primarily affecting the Purkinje neuron of the cerebellar cortex and causing slowly progressive cerebellar dysfunction. Objective To identify chromosomal regions associated with hereditary ataxia in Scottish Terriers. Animals One hundred and fifty-three Scottish Terriers were recruited through the Scottish Terrier Club of America. Materials and Methods Prospective study. Dogs were classified as affected if they had slowly progressive cerebellar signs. When possible, magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological evaluation of the brain were completed as diagnostic aids. To identify genomic regions connected with the disease, genome-wide mapping was performed using both linkage- and association-based approaches. Pedigree evaluation and homozygosity mapping were also performed to examine mode of inheritance and to investigate the region of interest, respectively. Results Linkage and genome-wide association studies in a cohort of Scottish Terriers both identified a region on CFA X strongly associated with the disease trait. Homozygosity mapping revealed a 4 Mb region of interest. Pedigree evaluation failed to identify the possible mode of inheritance due to the lack of complete litter information. Conclusion and Clinical Importance This finding suggests that further genetic investigation of the potential region of interest on CFA X should be considered in order to identify the causal mutation as well as develop a genetic test to eliminate the disease from this breed.
Increased TSH producing cells in the pituitary gland of Pax6 haplo-insufficient mice

Aniridia is a congenital condition characterized by absence of iris and is caused by a semidominant mutation in the transcription factor encoded by the PAX6 gene. Although ocular phenotypes of this disorder are well characterized, recent studies report that individuals with aniridia have a higher propensity for obesity, infertility, polycystic ovarian disease, and severe eczema compared to their Pax6-normal siblings. These symptoms collectively suggest an underlying endocrine disturbance related to haploinsufficient levels of Pax6. In mice, during development, Pax6 expression in the pituitary gland begins at E9.0 in the primordial anterior pituitary gland (Rathkes Pouch). This expression becomes restricted to the dorsal anterior pituitary by E11.5, but is expressed throughout the anterior lobe by E14.5, and remains through adulthood. It is possible that a reduction in Pax6 could result in a change in pituitary hormone levels or cell numbers, which may explain symptoms experienced by aniridics. Using the Small eye mouse model, we find that Pax6 reduction results in a decrease in GH-producing cells and an increase in TSH-producing cells in neonate mice, with the TSH increase continuing into adulthood. Adult Pax6 haploinsufficient mice also have an increase in anterior pituitary volume and weigh significantly less than their wild-type littermates. Furthermore, we show that the increase in TSH-producing cells leads to an increase in thyroxin (T4) in mutant mice, although tri-iodothyronine (T3) levels remain unchanged. These findings present a new role for Pax6 in the endocrine system, which serves to refine our current understanding of Pax6 in endocrine development and maintenance and provides new avenues for investigating endocrine-related symptomatology in aniridia.
The Economics of the Climate

I review the economic characteristics of the climate problem, focusing on the choice of discount rates in the presence of a stock externality, risk and uncertainty/ambiguity, and the role of integrated assessment models (IAMs) in analyzing policy choices. I suggest that IAMs can play a role in providing qualitative understanding of how complex systems behave, but are not accurate enough to provide quantitative insights. Arguments in favor of action on climate issues have to be based on aversion to risk and ambiguity and the need to avoid a small but positive risk of a disastrous outcome.
Oxidant Stress in Acute Lung Injury

Fridovich has noted that, “The aerobic lifestyle offers many advantages but is fraught with danger (1).” The lungs represent the first aspect of a pathway of oxygen delivery from the environment to the mitochondria where efficient ATP production is facilitated via respiration. At the interface between the atmosphere and the circulation, the lungs are poised not only for gas exchange, but also as a target of both airway and blood-borne insults. Thus, a variety of prodromes can initiate acute lung injury (ALI) which is consistently manifested and amplified by inflammatory host auto-injury. A key aspect of this pulmonary inflammatory response is mediated by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. This review will focus on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species chemistry, cellular pathophysiology in relation to ALI, and therapeutic interventions designed to modulate the contribution of these chemicals to pulmonary inflammation and injury.
Reflection of Ultrasonic Waves by an Imperfect Diffusion Bond

The analytical treatment of the reflection of ultrasonic wave motion by a planar distribution of cracks is of interest for the nondestructive evaluation of imperfect diffusion bonds. Preliminary results for an experimental approach have been given by Hosten et al.1, for two bonded stainless steel cylinders. In practice, new high strength steel tubing has complicated the pinch welding process and placed emphasis on the integrity of the resulting weld, see Rehbein et al2, Thomas et al3. Two ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation techniques to find defects in the pinch weld and to determine weld strength have been discussed by Thomas et al.4.
Trends in anesthesiology research: a machine learning approach to theme discovery and summarization.

Objectives Traditionally, summarization of research themes and trends within a given discipline was accomplished by manual review of scientific works in the field. However, with the ushering in of the age of "big data," new methods for discovery of such information become necessary as traditional techniques become increasingly difficult to apply due to the exponential growth of document repositories. Our objectives are to develop a pipeline for unsupervised theme extraction and summarization of thematic trends in document repositories, and to test it by applying it to a specific domain. Methods To that end, we detail a pipeline, which utilizes machine learning and natural language processing for unsupervised theme extraction, and a novel method for summarization of thematic trends, and network mapping for visualization of thematic relations. We then apply this pipeline to a collection of anesthesiology abstracts. Results We demonstrate how this pipeline enables discovery of major themes and temporal trends in anesthesiology research and facilitates document classification and corpus exploration. Discussion The relation of prevalent topics and extracted trends to recent events in both anesthesiology, and healthcare in general, demonstrates the pipeline's utility. Furthermore, the agreement between the unsupervised thematic grouping and human-assigned classification validates the pipeline's accuracy and demonstrates another potential use. Conclusion The described pipeline enables summarization and exploration of large document repositories, facilitates classification, aids in trend identification. A more robust and user-friendly interface will facilitate the expansion of this methodology to other domains. This will be the focus of future work for our group.
Metabolic constraints on Magnaporthe biotrophy: loss of de novo asparagine biosynthesis aborts invasive hyphal growth in the first infected rice cell

The blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae devastates global rice yields and is an emerging threat to wheat. Determining the metabolic strategies underlying M. oryzae growth in host cells could lead to the development of new plant protection approaches against blast. Here, we targeted asparagine synthetase (encoded by ASN1), which is required for the terminal step in asparagine production from aspartate and glutamine, the sole pathway to de novo asparagine biosynthesis in M. oryzae. Consequently, the Δasn1 mutant strains could not grow on minimal media without asparagine supplementation. Spores harvested from supplemented plates could form appressoria and penetrate rice leaf surfaces, but biotrophic growth was aborted and the Δasn1 strains were nonpathogenic. This work provides strong genetic evidence that de novo asparagine biosynthesis, and not acquisition from the host, is a critical and potentially exploitable metabolic strategy employed by M. oryzae in order to successfully colonize rice cells.
Bee Viruses: Ecology, Pathogenicity, and Impacts.

Bees—including solitary, social, wild, and managed species—are key pollinators of flowering plant species, including nearly three-quarters of global food crops. Their ecological importance, coupled with increased annual losses of managed honey bees and declines in populations of key wild species, has focused attention on the factors that adversely affect bee health, including viral pathogens. Genomic approaches have dramatically expanded understanding of the diversity of viruses that infect bees, the complexity of their transmission routes—including intergenus transmission—and the diversity of strategies bees have evolved to combat virus infections, with RNA-mediated responses playing a prominent role. Moreover, the impacts of viruses on their hosts are exacerbated by the other major stressors bee populations face, including parasites, poor nutrition, and exposure to chemicals. Unraveling the complex relationships between viruses and their bee hosts will lead to improved understanding of viral ecology and...
Examining Trauma-Informed Teaching and the Trauma Symptomatology of Court-Involved Girls

Young women living in urban contexts, particularly those with involvement in the foster care and juvenile justice systems, experience significant barriers to academic well-being as a result of childhood trauma. To date, little research has been done to evaluate evidence-based, trauma-informed educational interventions to improve outcomes among these students. This study used survey data from a multi-year trauma-informed teaching intervention to quantitatively measure the well-being of trauma-exposed girls in an urban, trauma-informed school setting. The study explored whether girls at a trauma-informed school demonstrated significant changes in trauma symptomatology and whether these changes varied by race/ethnicity. As hypothesized, participants experienced a statistically significant decrease in trauma symptoms over the observation period. However, there were no significant differences in trauma symptom change based on race/ethnicity. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
Effect of Varicocele Treatment on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Pregnancy Outcomes

Varicoceles are frequently detected in infertile men and are associated with decreased sperm quality. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have enabled men with only a few sperm to father their own children. While repair of clinical varicoceles can improve semen parameters, whether this is necessary—or even relevant—given the technology we currently possess may be questioned. In this chapter, we evaluate the literature to determine the effects of varicocele repair on ART outcomes. The financial and time costs of repair remain understudied; however, the literature strongly favors varicocele repair in both improving ART outcomes as well as decreasing the level of ART needed to achieve pregnancy and live birth. Thus, repair of clinical varicoceles should be considered and discussed with patients prior to ART.
Psychotherapy Trainee Humility and Its Impact: Conceptual and Practical Considerations

Humility has been increasingly recognized and elaborated upon as a critical variable for effective therapeutic practice and training. But all considerations thus far have focused virtually exclusively on supervisor or therapist humility, the psychotherapy trainee’s humility going unexamined. What role might humility play in the trainee’s own therapist development process and treatment functioning? Furthermore, what implications might trainee humility have for the supervisory relationship? Those questions are considered subsequently. We examine the role of trainee humility in both the treatment and supervisory situations and give focus to its intrapersonal and interpersonal properties, specifically considering the following: (a) three types of trainee humility; (b) trainee humility as contributing to four best practices; and (c) three ways by which trainee humility is placed under developmental threat. Case examples are provided for illustrative purposes, and some ways of cultivating trainee humility are proposed.
Soil-Forming Factors of the Great Lakes Coastal Zone

Soils result from the interaction of climate, organisms (plants, animals, and humans), relief (topography), parent material, and time—all of which have been influenced by humankind.
A Goldsmith Experiment for Learning Money Creation

The paper presents a classroom experiment designed to improve undergraduate students’ understanding of how banks create money. This concept is important to Macroeconomics and Money and Banking courses, yet students frequently struggle with it, largely due to the non-physical nature of deposits and reserves. In contrast, gold-based banking systems tend to be more intuitive due to the physical nature of gold. By simulating interactions between a Goldsmith, a Depositor, a Merchant and a Borrower in a gold-based system students gain a deeper understanding of reserves and money creation and of the intricate link between lending and the creation of new money. Highlighting the importance of gold reserves to Goldsmiths’ ability to make new loans and create new money, helps students understand the importance of reserves to modern banking.
Virtual Home Assistant Use and Perceptions of Usefulness by Older Adults and Support Person Dyads.

Aim: Describe virtual home assistant use and usefulness from the perspective of older adults and their support persons. Methods: This was a mixed-methods study with older adults and their support persons (n = 10 dyads). Virtual home assistant (VHA) equipment was installed in participants’ homes, and its use was documented for 60 days. Participants received protocol-guided telephone calls to address their VHA questions or problems. The type and frequency of VHA use were summarized with descriptive statistics. End-of-study interviews about VHA use were conducted with dyad participants. Qualitative content analyses were used to describe the interview findings about the dyad’s perceptions of using the VHA, how it was used, any difficulties experienced, and suggestions for future VHA uses. Results: Participant dyads reported positive VHA perceptions, including the potential for VHAs to promote aging in place. Participants discussed the challenges learning the technology and replacing old habits with new ones. Participants offered recommendations for future VHA skills and for more education and training about using the VHA. Conclusions: The study findings suggest that VHAs may be useful for older adults as they age in place and offer reassurance for support persons.
A quantitative prediction of the post-operative lobectomy lung physiology using a GPU-based linear elastic lung biomechanics model and a constrained generative adversarial learning approach

Lobectomy is a common and effective procedure for treating early-stage lung cancers. However, for patients with compromised pulmonary function (e.g. COPD) lobectomy can lead to major postoperative pulmonary complications. A technique for quantitatively predicting postoperative pulmonary function is needed to assist surgeons in assessing candidate’s suitability for lobectomy. We present a framework for quantitatively predicting the postoperative lung physiology and function using a combination of lung biomechanical modeling and machine learning strategies. A set of 10 patients undergoing lobectomy was used for this purpose. The image input consists of pre- and post-operative breath hold CTs. An automated lobe segmentation algorithm and lobectomy simulation framework was developed using a Constrained Adversarial Generative Networks approach. Using the segmented lobes, a patient-specific GPU-based linear elastic biomechanical and airflow model and surgery simulation was then assembled that quantitatively predicted the lung deformation during the forced expiration maneuver. The lobe in context was then removed by simulating a volume reduction and computing the elastic stress on the surrounding residual lobes and the chest wall. Using the deformed lung anatomy that represents the post-operative lung geometry, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (the amount of air exhaled by a patient in 1 second starting from maximum inhalation), and forced vital capacity (FVC) (the amount of air exhaled by force from maximum inhalation), were then modeled. Our results demonstrated that the proposed approach quantitatively predicted the postoperative lobe-wise lung function at the FEV1 and FEV/FVC.
L2 student engagement with automated feedback on writing: Potential for learning and issues of trust

Abstract Recent case-study research on L2 student engagement with automated writing evaluation (AWE) feedback shows it is not simply a matter of understanding and implementing suggested changes but can instead be strongly influenced by individual and contextual factors. The present multiple-case study builds on this work by investigating the extent to which engagement supports learning from, and is influenced by trust in, AWE feedback. Six Mandarin L1 university students at different levels of English writing instruction participated, each providing a text they had written for a current course, which was submitted to the tool Grammarly for feedback. Screen-capture recordings, stimulated recalls, and interviews were used to collect information about how much of the feedback participants viewed, which of it they accepted, which they ignored or modified, and why they did so. Findings showed participants adopting a proofreading as opposed to a learning orientation toward the feedback, perhaps because most of it included specific corrections, thus requiring little work on the user’s part. Whereas previous studies attributed more successful engagement with AWE feedback to higher language proficiency, the present research showed different dimensions of trust in Grammarly’s feedback to be determining factors.
On the Crystal Chemistry of Inorganic Nitrides: Crystal-Chemical Parameters and Opportunities in the Exploration of Their Compositional Space

The scarcity of nitrogen in Earth’s crust, combined with challenging synthesis, have made inorganic nitrides a relatively-unexplored class of compounds compared to their naturally-abundant oxide counterparts. To facilitate exploration of their compositional space via a priori modeling, and to help a posteriori structure verification not limited to inferring the oxidation state of redox-active cations, we derive a suite of bond-valence parameters and Lewis-acid strength values for 76 cations observed bonding to N3-, and further outline a baseline statistical knowledge of bond lengths for these compounds. We examine structural and electronic effects responsible for the functional properties and anomalous bonding behavior of inorganic nitrides, and identify promising venues for exploring uncharted compositional spaces beyond the reach of high-throughput computational methods. We find that many mechanisms of bond-length variation ubiquitous to oxide and oxysalt compounds (e.g., lone-pair stereoactivity, the Jahn-Teller and pseudo Jahn-Teller effects) are similarly pervasive in inorganic nitrides, and are occasionally observed to result in greater distortion magnitude than their oxide counterparts. We identify inorganic nitrides with multiply-bonded metal ions as a promising venue in heterogeneous catalysis, e.g. in the development of a post-Haber-Bosch process proceeding at milder reaction conditions, thus representing further opportunity in the thriving exploration of the functional properties of this emerging class of materials.
Ciclos económicos y ciclos de referencia , aspectos teóricos y evidencia empírica.

La existencia de un ciclo de referencia de la economia y diferentes ciclos en el conjunto de actividades .que integran el sistema economico es util precisarla para efectos de analizar las interrelaciones empresa y economia. En esencia se trata de reconocer que si bien existe un ciclo general;, en el cual se condensa el efecto de la actividad , tambien ocurren ciclos especificos, de acuerdo con la caracteristica propia de la actividad.Este documento comprende las siguientes secciones, de las cuales la primera es esta introduccion; en la segunda se introduce al conocimiento de los ciclos economicos, en la tercera se exponen de manera breve las diferentes teorias que explican el ciclo economico y abre discusion al debate teorico actual. La cuarta seccion tiene como objeto introducir al lector en el conocimiento del ciclo de referencia y los indicadores lideres, mientras que la quinta trata de forma separada el caso colombiano. Se finaliza con las conclusiones.
The Honest Broker: Making Sense of Science in Policy and Politics

Scientists have a choice concerning what role they should play in political debates and policy formation, particularly in terms of how they present their research. This book is about understanding this choice, what considerations are important to think about when deciding, and the consequences of such choices for the individual scientist and the broader scientific enterprise. Rather than prescribing what course of action each scientist ought to take, the book aims to identify a range of options for individual scientists to consider in making their own judgments about how they would like to position themselves in relation to policy and politics. Using examples from a range of scientific controversies and thought-provoking analogies from other walks of life, The Honest Broker challenges us all - scientists, politicians and citizens - to think carefully about how best science can contribute to policy-making and a healthy democracy.
Chapter 8 Waterborne Viruses: Assessing the Risks

Publisher Summary The diversity and frequency of human health consequences associated with exposures to hazards in the environment are traditionally documented during outbreaks of disease resulting from human exposure to an extensive amount of a hazard. In lieu of an outbreak investigation, a risk assessment approach may be undertaken to address a hazard or a group of hazards to identify individuals most vulnerable, the range of resulting human health outcomes, and likely places and routes of exposure. Risk assessment is the first component of the risk analysis process, followed by risk management and risk communication. Results of risk assessments may then be used to guide policy makers in allocating resources for mitigation strategies or additional research, as well as direct the scientific information released to the public regarding a hazard. A four-step risk assessment framework was initially developed by the National Research Council (NRC) to address environmental exposures to chemicals that include hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Assessments may be qualitative or quantitative depending upon the information available, with the latter the more ideal approach. In addition, the framework has been modified to address issues specific to microorganisms such as survivability of a virus in the environment and virus susceptibility to treatment and—more recently—the impact of immunity and multiple exposures.