cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responsibilities and Accountabilities of an Early Childhood E-Instructor

This qualitative study was intended to explore the roles that an early childhood instructor undertook in a virtual learning environment. Throughout three consecutive semesters, multiple forms of data collection techniques were employed, including: field notes, teacher-student online interaction, the course design, students' online submissions, e-mail communication between the instructor and students, and the end-of-semester course surveys. The collected data was analyzed qualitatively and involved an inductive process. The findings reveal that the e-instructor took on a plethora of roles characterized horizontally by two categories: Pedagogical Efficacy (8 roles) and Affective Promotion (19 roles). These roles were also set apart vertically by three distinct stages: Course Development (7 roles), Course Delivery (18 roles), and Course Completion (2 roles).
Mice with a partial deficiency of manganese superoxide dismutase show increased vulnerability to the mitochondrial toxins malonate, 3-nitropropionic acid, and MPTP.

Abstract There is substantial evidence implicating mitochondrial dysfunction and free radical generation as major mechanisms of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. The major free radical scavenging enzyme in mitochondria is manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2). In the present study we investigated the susceptibility of mice with a partial deficiency of SOD2 to the neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), and malonate, which are commonly used animal models of Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Heterozygous SOD2 knockout (SOD2+/−) mice showed no evidence of neuropathological or behavioral abnormalities at 2–4 months of age. Compared to littermate wild-type mice, mice with partial SOD2 deficiency showed increased vulnerability to dopamine depletion after systemic MPTP treatment and significantly larger striatal lesions produced by both 3-NP and malonate. SOD2+/− mice also showed an increased production of “hydroxyl” radicals after malonate injection measured with the salicylate hydroxyl radical trapping method. These results provide further evidence that reactive oxygen species play an important role in the neurotoxicity of MPTP, malonate, and 3-NP. These findings show that a subclinical deficiency in a free radical scavenging enzyme may act in concert with environmental toxins to produce selective neurodegeneration.
Cloning and characterisation of an aspartyl protease inhibitor (API-1) from Ancylostoma hookworms.

Abstract Hookworm infection persists as a public health problem in developing nations. Vaccine-based strategies offer the best chance of long-term control. Aspartyl protease inhibitors from parasitic nematodes are highly immunogenic, and have been suggested as potential vaccine antigens. An aspartyl protease inhibitor, API-1, was cloned and characterised from the hookworms Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Using sequence from the hookworm expressed sequence tag project, specific primers were designed and used to amplify Ac-api-1 from A. caninum infective L3 cDNA by PCR. Amplicons from the 5′ and 3′ ends were cloned, sequenced, and combined to create an 874-bp full-length composite sequence of the Ac-api-1 gene. The A. ceylanicum api-1 cDNA of 878 bp was cloned from L3 cDNA using the A. caninum primers. The amino acid sequences of hookworm orthologues were nearly identical, and database searching indicated they belonged to the aspin family, a group of nematode specific aspartyl protease inhibitors that includes the Ascaris pepsin inhibitor PI-3. Ac-api-1 mRNA was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR in eggs, L1, L3 and adult life cycle stages. A polyclonal antiserum against Escherichia coli expressed recombinant Ac-API-1 detected the protein in adult A. caninum excretory/secretory products, but not in those from activated infective larvae. Immunolocalisation experiments using the antiserum indicated that Ac-API-1 is present primarily in the pseudocoelomic fluid in adult hookworms. Soluble, yeast-expressed Ac-API-1 failed to inhibit pepsin or a hookworm gut aspartyl protease in vitro, but inhibited approximately 30% of the proteolytic activity of adult excretory/secretory products. The pseudocoleomic location, presence in all life cycle stages, lack of inhibitory activity against pepsin, and inhibitory activity against excretory/secretory products suggest that Ac-API-1 inhibits an unidentified, putative aspartyl protease secreted by adult hookworms, and may be released as an enzyme–inhibitor complex. The highly immunogenic properties of nematode aspins suggest that Ac-API-1 represents a promising target for a recombinant hookworm vaccine.
Boron Determination—A Review of Analytical Methods

This paper reviews published methods of sample preparation, determinand purification, and the determination of boron concentration and isotopic composition in a sample. The most common methods for the determination of B concentration are spectrophotometric and plasma-source spectrometric methods. Although most spectrophotometric methods are based on colorimetric reactions of B with azomethine-H, curcumin, or carmine, other colorimetric and fluorometric methods have also been used to some extent. These methods, in general, suffer from numerous interferences and have low sensitivity and precision. Application of nuclear reaction and atomic emission/absorption spectrometric (AES/AAS) methods has remained limited because these methods have poor sensitivity and suffer from serious memory effects and interferences. Among a large number of published nuclear reaction methods only prompt-γ spectrometry has been of practical use. The prompt-γ method can determine B concentration in intact samples, which makes this method especially useful for some medical applications, including boron neutron capture therapy. However, this is a time-consuming method and not suitable for detection of low levels of B. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) created a new dimension in B determination because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and multielement capability. However, it suffers interferences and is not adequately sensitive for some nutritional and medical applications involving animal tissues that are naturally low in B. All methods involving the measurement of B isotopic composition require a mass spectrometer. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have been used to measure isotopic composition of B; however, these methods are time consuming and require extensive sample preparation and purification. Development of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) not only overcame most of the drawbacks of earlier methods, but also its capabiltiy of measuring B isotopes made possible (1) B concentration determination by isotope dilution, (2) verification of B concentration by isotope fingerprinting in routine analysis, and (3) determination of total B concentration and B isotope ratio for biological tracer studies in the same run. Therefore, plasma source MS appears to be the method of choice among present-day technologies.
Maximal functions: Poisson integrals on symmetric spaces

Abstract Let u be a harmonic function on a symmetric space which is the Poisson integral of a function f in Lp, 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Then u converges restrictedly and admissibly to f almost everywhere. This result is proved by obtaining an appropriate maximal theorem which takes into account the structure of the Poisson kernel.
Development of a Virtual Environment for Interactive Interrogation of Computational Mixing Data

Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to enable visualization of complex physical phenomena in their natural spatial scales and significantly improve the product development process. Virtual environments provide a tool for users to interact with three-dimensional models using intuitive methods in their natural spatial scales. This paper presents the implementation details of a virtual environment combining surround-screen virtual reality technology and particle tracing of massless particles to explore the benefits these tools bring to engineers seeking to understand the complex fluid behavior present in mixing processes. The implementation of interaction methods, including volume data selection using a convex hull approach, cutting plane generation, and the integration of a tablet PC as a user interface, will be presented. Design and technical details involved with the interaction methods will be discussed along with the resulting interactive virtual environment.
A modern industrial laboratory

Industrial laboratories are playing an increasingly important role in providing manufacturers with information needed in the design, development, and production of better products. The function and operation of the General Electric Company's new Industry Control Laboratory are described.
Selective maintenance for support equipment involving multiple maintenance actions

Abstract Selective maintenance is the process of identifying a subset among sets of desirable maintenance actions. Previous works use mathematical programming models for making selective maintenance decisions for production equipment and military vehicles, which perform sequences of missions and are repaired only between missions. In this paper, extensions of these models are proposed. First, system component life is assumed to follow Weibull distributions. Second, the decision-maker is given multiple maintenance options: minimal repair on failed components, replacement of failed components, and replacement of functioning components (preventive maintenance).
An introduction to a metabehavioral model with implications for social skills training for aggressive adolescents.

A model is introduced which combines traditional metacognitive explanations for the acquisition of social skills with situationally specific environment variables. This “metabehavioral” model suggests considering such variables as situational characteristics, task demands, and personal characteristics in predicting social performance. Use of this model may help professionals training behaviorally disordered children in social skills.
Infarct size—can it be measured or modified in humans?*

Despite more than 15 years of intensive experimental and clinical research in the general area of limiting infarct size, no treatment has been shown to be so efficacious and relatively free of side effects that its routine use can be recommended. In addition, there is no ideal means of measuring infarct size as yet. However, considerable progress has been made in understanding mechanisms responsible for irreversible cellular injury and in identifying factors and anatomic alterations responsible for or contributing to the development of transmural (Q wave) and non-transmural (non-Q wave) myocardial infarcts. Interventions are available that are capable of causing rapid coronary thrombolysis, and techniques are becoming available tht have increasing power to size myocardial infarcts and estimate both segmental and ventricular function. Experimental studies have also suggested a potential benefit from a combination of reperfusion therapy with selected pharmacologic intervention in reducing infarct size and preserving ventricular function. It seems likely that this general area will remain an intensive area of clinical research in the immediate future.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION : V. EXPERIMENTAL SNUFFLES.

Rabbits were bred at The Rockefeller Institute with special relation to protection from exposure to Bacterium lepisepticum. These healthy rabbits were then submitted to intranasal instillation of a given dose of cultures of Bacterium lepisepticum. The results of the inoculation were various according to the natural degree of resistance of the individual animals. The following graded effects could be distinguished: Some of the animals became (1) short time carriers of Bacterium lepisepticum; others (2) long time carriers of the same organism; some developed (3) local nasal infection (snuffles) of short duration; others (4) local nasal infection (snuffles) of long duration; while yet others had (5) snuffles, followed by pneumonia and signs of general infection after a few weeks; and finally there were instances of (6) local nasal discharge attended by general infection and pneumonia after a few days. The effects produced in any given healthy stock depend also upon the degree of virulence of Bacterium lepisepticum of which great differences exist among the same and different strains.
Coupled sodium-chloride influx across brush border of flounder intestine.

Measurements of the unidirectional influxes of Na and Cl from the mucosal solution into the epithelium (J me ) of flounder intestine under short-circuit conditions reveal the presence of a coupled NaCl influx process at the brush border membrane which appears to be essential for the absorption of these ions.J andJ were inhibited by replacing Na or Cl, respectively, in the bathing media with nontransported ions which also reduced the short-circuit current (I sc) to near-zero values. Addition of furosemide to the mucosal solution alone inhibited theI sc and reducedJ andJ under control conditions, but not in the absence of Na or Cl, respectively. The reductions inJ andJ elicited by ion replacement or furosemide were approximately equal, suggesting that the coupled influx mechanism mediates a one-for-one entry of these ions into the cell from the mucosal solution. Furosemide inhibited Cl absorption by reducing the unidirectional Cl flux from mucosa to serosa, consistent with its inhibition of the influx process. As in other epithelia, coupled NaCl influx is inhibited by cyclic AMP, which accounts for the decrease in Cl absorption elicited by cyclic nucleotides. These results support the notion thattranscellular NaCl transport is a neutral process and that the serosa-negative transepithelial electrical potential difference and preponderance of Cl over Na absorption under short-circuit conditions result from dissimilar permeabilities of the paracellular pathway to Na and Cl.
Influence of the substrate electronic structure on metallic quantum well state dispersions in ultrathin metal films

Abstract We have studied ultrathin Cu films grown on three related ferromagnetic (FM) layers to clarify the role of the substrate in determining the two-dimensional dispersion of metallic quantum well (MQW) states in the overlayer. The dispersions with parallel momentum of Cu MQW states above the Fermi level E F were measured in the Cu/fccFe/Cu(1 0 0) and Cu/fccCo/Cu(1 0 0) systems using inverse photoemission, and below E F in the Cu/fccNi/Cu(1 0 0) system using angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy. This study focussed on the Γ X direction of the two-dimensional Brillouin zone. For states away from the projected band gaps of the FM layer, the identity of the FM layer (i.e., Fe or Co) has little influence on Cu MQW states and their dispersions closely resemble those of a free standing Cu film. In contrast, all three systems exhibit nondispersing MQW states when the Cu bands overlap the minority spin projected band gaps of the FM metal. A phase accumulation approach gives a very simple explanation of this behavior, showing that the flat dispersion occurs because the phase shift upon reflection from the FM layer has a strong energy dependence in the projected gap.
Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms: Variations among strains and correlations with other cell properties

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious infections in humans by colonizing and persisting on surfaces normally found in hospital settings. The capacity of this pathogen to persist in these settings could be due to its ability to form biofilms on inanimate surfaces. This report shows that although the ATCC 19606T type strain and 8 different clinical isolates form biofilms, there are significant variations in the cell density and microscopic structures of these cell aggregates, with 3 of the isolates forming pellicles floating on the surface of stagnant broth cultures. PCR indicated that, like ATCC 19606T, all 8 clinical isolates harbor all the genetic components of the CsuA/BABCDE chaperone-usher pili assembly system, which is needed for biofilm formation on plastic. Pili detection in cells of all strains examined supports the presence and function of a pilus assembly system. However, only one of them produced the putative ATCC 19606T CsuA/B pilin subunit protein. Hydrophobicity tests and motility assays also showed significant variations among all tested strains and did not result in direct correlations between the biofilm phenotype and cell properties that could affect biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. This lack of correlation among these 3 phenotypes may reflect some of the variations already reported with this pathogen, which may pose a challenge in the treatment of the infections this pathogen causes in humans using biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces as a target.
Tricuspid annuloplasty significantly reduces early tricuspid regurgitation after biatrial heart transplantation

Abstract Background The incidence of tricuspid annuloplasty (TR) observed early after cardiac biatrial implantation is unpredictable and in our experience not infrequently problematic. Although the bicaval method of implant may reduce the incidence of TR, its benefit has not been conclusively documented. Methods In an attempt to reduce the incidence of TR observed early after cardiac transplantation, 25 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac transplantation received donor heart tricuspid annuloplasty (TA) with either a DeVega or Ring technique. Early transthoracic echocardiograms were analyzed and compared with an immediately prior and consecutive cohort of 25 patients undergoing transplantation without TA. The biatrial technique of cardiac transplantation with a Cabrol modification was used for donor heart implant in both groups. Echocardiograms obtained 5 days after cardiac transplantation were reviewed in blinded fashion. TR was scored 0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, and 3=severe. Results Donor and recipient characteristics were not different between groups. No hospital deaths occurred in either group. Patients undergoing transplantation without TA had a higher TR score, 1.3 (range 0–3), than did patients with TA, 0.7 (range 0–1.5, p = 0.002). Moderate or severe TR was present in 8 of 25 patients without TA compared with 0 of 25 patients with TA ( p = 0.004). No patients required permanent pacemaker. Conclusions TA can significantly reduce the incidence of early postoperative TR after biatrial cardiac transplant without adding to the complexity of operation.
Regulatory fit as input for stop rules

Three experiments show that the motivational effects of regulatory fit (consistency between regulatory state and strategic means) are context dependent. With no explicit decision rule about when to stop (Experiment 1) or an explicit enjoyment stop rule (Experiments 2 and 3), participants exerted more effort on tasks when experiencing regulatory fit than when experiencing regulatory nonfit. With an explicit sufficiency stop rule (Experiments 2 and 3), participants exerted less effort when experiencing regulatory fit than when experiencing regulatory nonfit. The interactive effect of regulatory fit and stop rules can be explained by misattribution of rightness feelings from regulatory fit; the effect was eliminated by drawing participants' attention to an earlier event as a source of rightness feelings (Experiments 1 and 3).
Reversible association and network formation in 3 : 1 ligand–metal polymer solutions

Formation of reversible metallo-supramolecular networks based on 3 : 1 ligand–metal complexes between end-functionalized oligomers and metal ions was studied using Monte Carlo simulations. The fraction of 1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 ligand–metal complexes was obtained and analyzed using an analytical approach as a function of oligomer concentration, c and metal-to-oligomer ratio, r. At low concentration the maximum in the number-average molecular weight is achieved near the stoichiometric composition (r = 2/3), while the weight-average molecular weight maximum is shifted to higher r (≃ 0.75). With an increase in oligomer concentration the molecular weight maxima shift to higher metal-to-oligomer ratios (similar to the experimentally observed viscosity) due to diminished ring formation. Network formation as determined from the analysis of the molecular weight distribution and reduced average cluster size occurs in a limited range of metal-to-oligomer ratios at sufficiently large oligomer concentrations. At oligomer concentrations slightly exceeding the onset of network formation its growth occurs by means of incorporation of sol molecules into the dangling parts of the network. In the range of r close to the stoichometric composition the overall number of oligomers in the sol and dangling parts is found to remain nearly constant as a function of oligomer concentration and equal to that at the onset of network formation. The average molecular weight between effective crosslinks decreases with oligomer concentration and reaches its minimum at the stoichiometric composition, where the high-frequency elastic plateau modulus approaches its maximal value. At high oligomer concentrations the plateau modulus follows a c1.8 concentration dependence, similar to recent experimental results for metallo-supramolecular networks.
The Structure and Energetics of Helix Formation by Short Templated Peptides in Aqueous Solution. 2. Characterization of the Helical Structure of Ac-Hel1-Ala6-OH

Analysis of NOE cross-peaks in 1H NMR ROESY spectra of Ac-Hel1-Ala6-OH in water and in water−trifluoroethanol mixtures demonstrates that the template Ac-Hel1 initiates an α-helix in a linked hexa-Ala peptide. Other NMR parameters and circular dichroism spectra are consistent with the presence of an α-helix, frayed at the C-terminus. Effects of NaCl, urea, temperature, and trifluoroethanol on the stability of a short alanine helix are reported.
Digital image analysis of starch granules for recognizing hard red and soft red winter wheats

The relationship between isolated starch granule morphometry and wheat hardness was studied. Starch granule size and shape may relate to grain millability, rheological properties of dough, and baking quality. Twenty four Kansas wheats were studied: 14 hard red winter (HRW) and 10 soft red winter (SRW). Isolated starch granules were viewed with light microscopy to obtain black and white images which were recorded on video tape. A program was designed to keep track of the taped images and measure starch granules without operator intervention. The data base of starch granule size and shape features of the 24 samples contained 152,237 granule observations. The number of observations per sample varied from 3,238 to 14,671. Distinguishing HRW from SRW wheat samples was accomplished by evaluation of starch granule morphometry. Several data manipulations and transformations were performed in analysis of the data. Information carried in two shape descriptors, which reflect aspect ratio and equivalent diameter distribution, was used to distinguish starch granules of HRW and SRW wheats. The percentage of starch granules in the aspect ratio range of 1.65 - 1.95 was 25.8 - 31.5% for HRW and 19.9 - 25.4% for SRW.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Situation awareness issues in tactical cognitive radio

Cognitive radios (CR) are capable of sensing their radio environment and adjusting their transmit/receive frequencies and other radio parameters intelligently. Software-defined radios (SDR) implement the radio functionality in software using a general-purpose digital signal processor and reloadable software. SDR has proven to be an ideal platform to implement CR applications. While the recently adopted IEEE 802.22 WRAN standard currently leads the civilian applications of CR technology, we point out that there are far more potentials and challenges for military applications of CR in the tactical arena. We consider the example of a team of soldiers who need to slip into enemy territory individually and make mutual contact using CR equipment by forming an ad hoc network. The situation awareness problem here is exacerbated by the likely lack of accurate knowledge of usage patterns of the radio spectrum in the alien territory. This is in sharp contrast with the civilian (e.g. 802.22) case where the frequencies and bandwidth allocations and user activity patterns in the bands of interest (e.g. VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands) are known in advance. The paper reviews the radio environment situation awareness issues in tactical military communications, points out specific problems, and proposes approaches to robust solutions for network establishment and management using CR technology in unknown radio environments. Simulation studies are presented. Two key contributions are a new channel sensing method and a novel technique for frequency rendezvous.
Calculation of phase equilibria for ethylene/low-density polyethylene mixtures

We have used recent ethylene/low-density polyethylene gas sorption data to calculate phase equilibria for ethylene/polyethylene mixtures from 0 to 30.3 MN/m2 (0 to 300 atm), the pressure range normally used in the flash separation step in low-density polyethylene manufacture. The computations show significant differences from results obtained by extrapolation of the results of a previous study to the relatively low pressure range considered here.
The in Situ Polymerization of Ethylene Ureas and Ethylene Amides Within the Fibers of Cotton

A research program has been carried out to investigate a new approach to cotton finishing. This approach has involved a study of various diaziridinyl compounds, such as those obtained by reacting ethylene imine with org-anic diisocyanates, diacid chlorides, and bischloroformates as potential cross-linking agents for cotton cellulose to produce "minimum care" or "wash-wear" fabric finishes. Over 25 different aziridinyl com pounds were prepared experimentally and screened for utility on the basis of water solubility and effect on such fabric properties as crease-recovery angle, tear strength, breaking strength and elongation, flex abrasion, washfastness, and chlorine retention. The experimental finishes were applied to an 80 X 80-count cotton print cloth, using . laboratory-size padding and drying equipment.The diaziridinyl compounds based on aliphatic diisocyanates and bischloroformates were found to demonstrate the greatest utility for the contemplated application, particu larly those compounds prepared f...
Hypervitaminosis A and matrix alterations in maxillary explants from 16-day rat embryos

Hypervitaminosis A in treated pregnant rats has been shown to interfere with normal palatal closure and fusion, as demonstrated by the presence of cleft palates in offspring. The observation that palatal shelves of excess vitamin A exposed fetuses are stunted and delayed in rotation suggests that vitamin A may inhibit a biochemical event crucial to the successful contact of the palatal shelves. Maxillary explants from 16 day Wistar rat embryos cultured in the presence or absence of 30 IU/ml retinyl palmitate were analyzed for DNA, glycosaminoglycan, and collagen synthesis. Maxillary explants cultured in vitamin A-containing medium showed an inhibition in DNA, GAG, and collagen synthesis in comparison to control explants. Excess vitamin A in the culture medium of maxillary explants also resulted in a reduction of intermolecular cross-links in collagen. The possible significance of the results in terms of cleft palate and normal secondary palate formation is discussed.
Teaching and Learning as a Bi-Directional Activity: Investigating Dyadic Interactions between Child Teachers and Child Learners.

Abstract Building upon Vygotsky's ideas about the shift from other- to self-regulation in the “zone of proximal development,” we study how children, when teaching a board game that they previously co-constructed with a peer to a new child, reciprocally negotiate the roles of teacher and learner. From our investigation, we find that the quality of the relationship between teacher and learner changes from one reflecting guidance to one reflecting collaboration. This collaborative model of teaching and learning differs from more traditional models by which an active adult teacher is depicted as transmitting knowledge to a relatively passive child learner. Instead, we contend and demonstrate that the practice of teaching and learning is best viewed as a bi-directional interaction that results in the cognitive growth of both teacher and learner.
Identification of unmyelinated axons in fractions from caudate-putamen in the rat.

Previous studies have indicated that fractions of unmyelinated axons can be obtained from cerebellum, whole brain or forebrain. It seemed likely that unmyelinated axons break into segments upon homogenization and that any circumscribed region of brain containing abundant unmyelinated axons could be found to yield axonal fractions. Caudate-putamen material was used to test this hypothesis. Fractions analogous to cerebellum were obtained from sucrose gradients and were found to yield abundant axonal profiles which could be correlated with the appearance of unmyelinated axons after sucrose immersion in situ. We conclude that fractions of unmyelinated axons can likely be obtained from any anatomical region rich in them and can be used upon purification for obtaining chemical data from different axonal types.
Augmentation of image resolution for law enforcement

The core concept developed here is one of digital registration of multiple frames of moderate resolution from such readily available recording sources as palm VCRs. The multiple frames are then coalesced into a single frame of highly sampled imagery to increase the critical Nyquist sampling rate in regions of interest. To achieve the highest resolution of the final product, special data driven spatially varying image enhancement techniques are the employed. Both mathematics and results are shown.
Apportionment of primary and secondary organic aerosols in southern California during the 2005 study of organic aerosols in riverside (SOAR-1).

Ambient sampling was conducted in Riverside, California during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside to characterize the composition and sources of organic aerosol using a variety of state-of-the-art instrumentation and source apportionment techniques. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass is estimated by elemental carbon and carbon monoxide tracer methods, water soluble organic carbon content, chemical mass balance of organic molecular markers, and positive matrix factorization of high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer data. Estimates obtained from each of these methods indicate that the organic fraction in ambient aerosol is overwhelmingly secondary in nature during a period of several weeks with moderate ozone concentrations and that SOA is the single largest component of PM1 aerosol in Riverside. Average SOA/OA contributions of 70−90% were observed during midday periods, whereas minimum SOA contributions of ∼45% were observed during peak morning traffic periods. These results are contr...
Equations-of-motion approach to large amplitude collective motion: Coupled bosons

Abstract A scheme based on the equations-of-motion approach to collective motion is described for the decoupling of a collective subspace in the adiabatic limit, starting from a hamiltonian describing coupled bosons. Such a description can be viewed as an intermediate stage in the transformation from a shell-model starting point or in its own right. Equations are obtained which characterize a point transformation to the collective subspace and the elements of the collective hamiltonian — potential energy and mass matrix. These are found to have the same mathematical structure as those occurring in studies based on the adiabatic time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation (ATDHF). It is shown that these equations imply uniquely that a p -dimensional collective subspace in an n > p dimensional space is the natural p -dimensional generalization of the valley path, the solution when p = 1. Though indebted in particular to previous work of Rowe and of Mukherjee and Pal, it differs in showing how these consequences flow from Villars' equations, requiring no “second-order” conditions, and in the method of proof. Several properties of the formulation such as an associated variational principal and gauge invariance in the description of the collective subspace are discussed briefly. The equivalence to the local harmonic aproximation is pointed out.
Open anterior approaches for lumbar spine procedures

With the advent of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) and artificial discs as common procedures for the treatment many spinal problems such as pseudoarthrosis, degenerative disc disease and internal disc disruption from trauma, anterior exposure has become an increasingly popular procedure for the general, thoracic, urologic and vascular surgeon. Despite this, the body of literature describing this procedure is lacking. Dividing the approach for anterior spinal surgery into the thoracolumbar, mid-lumbar, and lumbosacral regions, we describe the basic techniques and anatomy needed to perform these open approaches, specifically, repairs of disc spaces T12-L2, L2-5, and L5-S1, respectively. The technique for the retroperitoneal approach will be discussed in detail; however, issues involved with indications for transperitoneal approach and technical "pearls" will also be discussed.
Stroop interference in a delayed match-to-sample task: evidence for semantic competition

Discussions of the source of the Stroop interference effect continue to pervade the literature. Semantic competition posits that interference results from competing semantic activation of word and color dimensions of the stimulus prior to response selection. Response competition posits that interference results from competing responses for articulating the word dimension versus the color dimension at the time of response selection. We embedded Stroop stimuli into a delayed match-to-sample task in an attempt to test semantic and response competition accounts of the interference effect. Participants viewed a sample color word in black or colored fonts that were congruent or incongruent with respect to the color word itself. After a 5s delay, participants were presented with two targets (i.e., a match and a foil) and were instructed to select the correct match. We probed each dimension independently during target presentations via color targets (i.e., two colors) or word targets (i.e., two words) and manipulated whether the semantic content of the foil was related to the semantic content of the irrelevant sample dimension (e.g., word sample “red” in blue font with the word “red” as the match and the word “blue” as the foil). We provide evidence for Stroop interference such that response times increased for incongruent trials even in the presence of a response option with semantic content unrelated to the semantic content of the irrelevant sample dimension. Accuracy also deteriorated during the related foil trials. A follow-up experiment with a 10s delay between sample and targets replicated the results. Results appear to provide converging evidence for Stroop interference in a delayed match-to-sample task in a manner that is consistent with an explanation based upon semantic competition and inconsistent with an explanation based upon response competition.
Doubled-sided FRLSM for long-stroke safety-critical applications

Permanent-magnet linear synchronous motors (PMLSMs) are increasingly preferred in the industry wherever linear motion is required because of their high reliability and excellent dynamic characteristics. In this paper, a modified double-sided design of a linear motor for long-stroke applications is introduced. The proposed motor utilizes a flux-reversal topology and hence requires lesser number of permanent magnets (PMs) for operation than PMLSMs with magnet tracks. Comparison is made with conventional single-sided flux-reversal motor configuration, which shows 33% increase in thrust producing capability in the proposed design without an increase in excitation sources. Additionally, mover weight is reduced significantly, which can improve the dynamic characteristics of the motor. A five-phase 5-slot/11-pole flux reversal motor based on the double-sided topology is introduced for use in safety-critical applications. The proposed five-phase motor has low detent force and improved thrust density.
Correlation of the in vivo and in vitro Renal Toxicity of S-(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)-L-Cysteine

ABSTRACTThe major site at which vinyl cysteine conjugates exert nephrotoxicity is the proximal tubule. Since this is the site of all active anion and cation transport, tubule transport integrity was used to assess nephrotoxicity. Tubules were isolated from young rabbits to study the in vivo and in vitro nephrotoxicity of the conjugate, dichlorovinyl cysteine (DCVC). In vivo exposure to DCVC caused necrosis in the pars recta region of the proximal tubules (20–100 mg/kg ip) and a dose-dependent decrease in tubular active transport. Addition of DCVC to the perfused kidney and tubule suspensions resulted in similar decreases in tubular organic ion transport. At 0.01 mM DCVC, transport was similar to controls while 1 mM DCVC completely inhibited active accumulation of the organic ions. Thus kidney tubule active transport is similarly inhibited in vivo and in vitro by DCVC indicating that bioactivation of DCVC and inhibition of active transport occur directly in the renal tubule.
The effect of in vivo and in vitro irradiation (25 Gy) on the subsequent in vitro growth of satellite cells

The effect of in vivo and in vitro irradiation on subsequent satellite cell growth, in vitro, was investigated to ascertain the ability of a 25 Gy dose to inhibit satellite cell proliferation. Satellite cells were isolated from the left (irradiated) and right (non-irradiated) Pectoralis thoracicus of two-week-old tom turkeys 16 h (n=3) and seven weeks (n=2) after the left Pectoralis thoracicus had been irradiated (25 Gy). Satellite cells isolated from the irradiated and non-irradiated muscles exhibited similar (P>0.10) in vitro proliferation indicating that a population of satellite cells survived an in vivo dose of 25 Gy. In additional experiments, satellite cell cultures derived from tom turkey Pectoralis thoracicus were irradiated (25 Gy) in vitro. The number of satellite cells did not (P>0.05) increase in irradiated cultures for 134 h following irradiation, while satellite cells in non-irradiated cultures proliferated (P<0.05) over this time. At later time periods, satellite cell number increased (P<0.05) in irradiated cultures indicating that a population of satellite cells survived irradiation. The results of these in vitro experiments suggest that a 25 Gy dose of irradiation does not abolish satellite cell divisions in the turkey Pectoralis thoracicus.
Structure of Bacterial Flagellar Filaments at 11 Å Resolution: Packing of the α-Helices

Abstract Recent advances in the analysis of electron micrographs of frozen, hydrated bacterial filaments have allowed us to average data from more than 150 images and to reconstruct the bacterial flagellar filament ofSalmonella typhimuriumat a resolution of ∼11 A. In addition to the outermost features seen in earlier lower resolution maps of the filament, we find a pair of concentric tubes which surround a ∼30 A diameter channel at the center of the structure. The walls of these tubes are composed of rod-like features which we have interpreted as columns of individual α-helices stacked end-to-end. Each column runs approximately parallel to the helix axis. The wall of the innermost tube, at a radius of ∼20 A, is formed from 11 such columns. The wall of the second tube is formed from 22 columns which occur alternately at radii of ∼43 and ∼47 A. The two concentric tubes are held apart by spacers. These are short, rod-like features, which run approximately parallel to the helix axis. We have interpreted these as additional α-helices. By symmetry, each flagellin monomer contributes an α-helix to the inner tube, two α-helices to the outer tube and a fourth α-helix to the spacer. We have tentatively assigned one type of α-helix in the outer tube to the ∼30 C-terminal residues of flagellin while the remaining three α-helices are assigned to the ∼70 N-terminal residues. This interpretation of the reconstruction is consistent with available biochemical, biophysical, and amino acid sequence information. We also present details of improved methodology to extract and evaluate the original data and also to assess the statistical significance of features in the three-dimensional map.
Distribution Volume of Radiolabeled Large Neutral Amino Acids in Brain Tissue

Variations in the cerebellum to plasma ratio at late times in 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA studies are shown to be consistent with competitive binding of large neutral amino acids for a common transporter in the blood-brain barrier and the stability of brain tissue large neutral amino acid level in the presence of plasma level changes. The distribution volume of an inert large neutral amino acid can be estimated from plasma and tissue large neutral amino acid levels and apparent half-saturation concentrations (Km) of the transporter in the blood-brain barrier. Stability of brain large neutral amino acid levels is supported by literature findings and can be explained by high saturation of the large neutral amino acid transporter at physiologic conditions.
Successive approximation in separable programming: an improved procedure for convex separable programs

We implement a solution procedure for general convex separable programs where a series of relatively small piecewise linear programs are solved as opposed to a single large one, and where, based on bound calculations developed in [13] and [14], the ranges of linearization are systematically reduced for successive programs. The procedure inherits e-convergence to the global optimum in a finite number of steps, but perhaps its most distinct feature is the rigorous way in which ranges containing an optimal solution are reduced from iteration to iteration. This paper describes the procedure, called successive approximation, discusses its convergence, tightness of the bounds, bound-calculation overhead, and its robustness. It presents a computer implementation to demonstrate its effectiveness for general problems and compares it (1) with the more standard separable programming approach and (2) with one of the recent augmented Lagrangian methods [10] included in a comprehensive study of nonlinear programming codes [12]. It seems clear from over 130 cases resulting from 80 distinct problems studied here that significant savings in terms of computational effort can be realized by a judicious use of the procedure, and the ease with which it can be used is appreciably increased by the robustness it shows. Moreover, for most of these problems, the advantage increases as the size, nonlinearity, and the degree of desired accuracy increase. Other important benefits include significantly smaller storage requirements, the ability to estimate the error in the current solution, and to terminate the algorithm as soon as the acceptable level of accuracy has been achieved. Problems requiring up to about 10,000 nonzero elements in their specification and about 45,000 nonzero elements in the generated separable programs resulting from up to 70 original nonlinear variables and 70 nonlinear constraints are included in the computations.
THE PLANT LOCATION DECISION IN MULTINATIONAL MANUFACTURING FIRMS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING STRATEGY PERSPECTIVES

The paper combines perspectives from international business and manufacturing to examine multinational plant location decisions. The location choice in manufacturing is between integrated and independent plants, while the international choice is between a foreign and domestic plant relative to their headquarters’ country. The study empirically investigates whether these choices have different plant location determinants using data from a survey of plant managers of large, multinational firms. We find more evidence that the manufacturing choices benefit from consideration of international business issues than vice versa. However, managers rank determinants associated with manufacturing strategy considerably higher than those associated with intemational business.
Centromere-specific histone Cse4 by the chaperone Scm3

A specialized nucleosome is a component of all eukaryotic kineto-chores. The core of this nucleosome contains a centromere-specific histone, CENP-A (the Cse4 gene product in budding yeast), instead of the usual H3. Assembly of a centromeric nucleosome depends on a specific chaperone, called Scm3 in yeast and HJURP in higher eukaryotes. We describe here the structure of a complex formed by an N-terminal fragment of Scm3 with the histone-fold domains of Cse4, and H4, all prepared as recombinant proteins derived from the budding yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. The contacts of Scm3 with Cse4 explain its selectivity for the centromere-specific histone; key residues at the interface are conserved in HJURP, indicating a common mechanism for centromeric histone deposition. We also report the structure of a (Cse4:H4)2 heterotetramer; comparison with the structure of the Scm3:Cse4:H4 complex shows that tetramer formation and DNA binding require displacement of Scm3 from the nucleosome core. The two structures together suggest that specific contacts between the chaperone and Cse4, rather than an altered overall structure of the nucleosome core, determine the selective presence of Cse4 at centromeres.
Vibrio cholerae Enterotoxin in Miniature Pigs

Miniature pigs appear to be less sensitive than rabbits to cholera toxin introduced into segments of the ileum.
Spectral dominance and commuting chains

A positive semidefinite (PSD) operator A "spectrally dominates" a PSD operator B if A t - B t is PSD for all t > 0. We (i) give a new characterization of spectral dominance in finite dimensions in terms of a monotonic chain of intermediate, pairwise commuting operators and (ii) determine for which pairs A, B spectral dominance persists under the taking of arbitrary compressions. Earlier results about spectral dominance are proven (in finite dimensions) in new ways, and several corollary observations are made.
Validation of the dime.

If you haven’t read the related commentary on anticoagulated head-injured patients, start there. This is a necessary addendum to that piece. Since that commentary was put into the Annals article queue, a large high-quality study of head-injured patients completed the review process. It adds substantial evidence on the risk of both immediate and delayed intracranial hemorrhage for anticoagulated headinjured patients. Indeed, the profusion of data added in this issue of Annals provides some conclusiveness to the question of how we should be managing such patients, particularly those with normal initial computed tomography (CT) scan results. To top it off, we are provided with the first rigorous evidence that we should scan head-injured patients who are receiving clopidogrel. The work by Nishijima et al roughly doubles the number of previously studied CT results for head-injured patients receiving warfarin. It quadruples the number of such patients investigated for delayed hemorrhages. Furthermore, the study was conducted in a mix of community and academic centers and was thoughtfully designed so its conclusions could apply to actual practice. When analyzed in the context of previous reports (Table), it slightly reduces the aggregated rate of intracranial hemorrhage found by initial CT scan and further tightens the confidence interval for the sum of previous reports. With the addition of these data, the