cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognizing Network Trip Patterns Using a Spatio-Temporal Vehicle Trajectory Clustering Algorithm

This paper presents a spatio-temporal trajectory clustering method for vehicle trajectories in transportation networks to identify heterogeneous trip patterns and explore underlying network assignment mechanisms. The proposed algorithm ST-TOPOSCAN is designed to consider both temporal and spatial information in trajectories. We adopt the time-dependent shortest-path distance measurement and take advantage of topological relations of a predefined network to discover the shared sub-paths among trajectories and construct the clusters. The proposed algorithm is implemented with a trajectory dataset obtained in the Chicago area. The results confirm the method’s ability to extract and generate spatio-temporal (sub-)trajectory clusters and identify trip patterns. Extensive numerical experiments verify the method’s performance and computational efficiency. Through spatio-temporal data mining, this paper contributes to exploring traffic system dynamics and advancing state-of-the-art spatio-temporal clustering for vehicle trajectories.
Has Democracy Failed Women

Feminists have always expected that democracy would deliver justice for women and opportunities for participation, based on the liberal commitment to the equal rights of each individual, and on the...
Markov Decision Process for Image-Guided Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a process to produce three-dimensional parts with complex and free-form geometries layer by layer from computer-aided-design models. However, real-time quality control is the main challenge that hampers the wide adoption of AM. Advancements in sensing systems facilitate AM monitoring and control. Realizing full potentials of sensing data for AM quality control depends to a great extent on effective analytical methods and tools that will handle complicated imaging data, and extract pertinent information about defect conditions and process dynamics. This letter considers the optimal control problem for AM parts whose layerwise defect states can be monitored using advanced sensing systems. Specifically, we formulate the in situ AM control problem as a Markov decision process and utilize the layerwise imaging data to find an optimal control policy. We take into account the stochastic uncertainty in the variations of layerwise defects and aim at mitigating the defects before they reach the nonrecoverable stage. Finally, the model is used to derive an optimal control policy by utilizing the defect-state signals estimated from layerwise images in a metal AM application.
Bleeding disorders: A general approach

Patients with bleeding disorders may present in a variety of ways. Using the history and basic screening tests, one can narrow the differential considerably. Bleeding with coagulation disorders is excessive for the situation, prolonged, and recurrent. For example, a patient with hemophilia will bleed for several hours from a minor wound before a clot forms, and then the bleeding may recur for days. Patients with mild bleeding disorders will manifest bleeding with dental extractions and surgeries. However, some patients with von Willebrand disease (due to the variability of the disease) may have had previous hemostatic challenges and not suffered significant bleeding.
Space Dependent Xenon Oscillations

The effect of xenon and temperature on reactor dynamics in a free system is extended to include an explicit spatial dependence. The stability boundaries are determined in linear approximation for s...
General Motors Bailout Problem: A Teaching Case Using the Planners Lab™ Software

A case study analyzing the “bailout” loan agreement between the US government and General Motors is presented. The loan terms required that GM produce a restructuring plan that showed it could repay the loans and become financially viable by having a positive net present value given “reasonable” assumptions over an unspecified period of time. The case illustrates use of the Planners Lab software as a modeling tool for analyzing GM’s situation. The intention is to illustrate the functionality and effectiveness of the Planners Lab software with regard to modeling and analyzing financial problems. A student assignment using this model to study GM’s situation is provided. The software and documentation are available free to academics at http://www.plannerslab.com.
Prophylactic mesh used in ileal conduit formation following radical cystectomy: a retrospective cohort.

Given the difficulty of durable repairs, there is continued interest in hernia prevention. One emerging prevention technique for parastomal hernias is prophylactic mesh placement, whereby mesh is inserted during the index procedure as hernia prophylaxis. We evaluated our experience using prophylactic mesh when creating an ileal conduit. We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing robotic cystectomy with ileal conduit from 6/2010 to 8/2017. Patient demographics and operative/perioperative outcomes were documented. We evaluated hernia recurrence using postoperative computed tomography scanning or physical exam. Prophylactic mesh was inserted at the operating surgeon’s discretion using a synthetic resorbable or biologic mesh. During the study period, 38 patients underwent robotic-assisted cystectomy with ileal conduit formation. Average patient age was 68 years, with 28 (74%) male and 35 (92%) Caucasian patients. Three patients (8%) required conversion to open, and one patient (3%) had a concomitant colorectal resection. Thirty-one (88%) patients had postoperative computed tomography scanning. Prophylactic mesh was used in 18 patients (47%) in a retrorectus position. Of these, 15 (83%) patients had synthetic resorbable mesh and 3 (17%) patients had biologic mesh. At average follow-up of 21 months, one hernia recurred (5%) in a patient without mesh placement at the time of ileal conduit. At an average follow-up of 11 months, there have been no recurrences and no mesh-related complications in the prophylactic mesh group. Using prophylactic mesh in ileal conduit, creation is feasible and may decrease the parastomal hernia formation rate. Further study of using synthetic resorbable and biologic meshes for hernia prophylaxis is warranted.
Experiences versus Perceptions: Do Students Agree That They Have Been Bullied?.

Each year, an estimated 30% of school children experience bullying by their classmates. While research has explored the prevalence of bullying, the causes of bullying, and the consequences of bullying, less attention has been focused on understanding how students define bullying experiences. Utilizing a school-based sample of students ranging from fifth to eighth grade, we examine the concordance between the experience of situations defined as “bullying” to the opinions of students as to whether they felt “bullied.” On average, one third of students report a mismatch between their victimization experiences and their perceptions of being bullied. Logistic regression analyses suggest that the characteristics of students who do not label victimization experiences as bullying differ based on the bullying behavior specified. We examine the students most likely to label bullying and victimization differently and suggest how these findings can be incorporated by school administrators and researchers to better un...
Differential relationships between cannabis consumption and sleep health as a function of HIV status.

Abstract Background There is evidence that regular cannabis use has negative effects on sleep health. Relative to HIV- populations, HIV + individuals consistently report greater sleep impairments. The number of HIV + individuals reporting frequent cannabis use, often to treat sleep issues, has significantly increased recently. It is unknown, however, if HIV status moderates the association between cannabis use and sleep health. The current study, therefore, examines these associations in a sample of HIV + and HIV- adults. Methods HIV + and HIV- (N = 107) individuals completed one laboratory visit. Participants completed a 30-day drug use history questionnaire quantifying consumption of cannabis, cigarettes, and alcohol, and a sleep health questionnaire. To verify substance use and HIV status, participants completed a urine toxicology screening and serology testing. Results HIV + individuals demonstrated lower sleep health than HIV- individuals. Linear regressions indicated that HIV status moderated the association between total 30-day cannabis consumption and sleep health; cannabis consumption was negatively associated with sleep health in HIV-, but not HIV + individuals. This interactive effect was significant after examining cigarette/alcohol use, depression symptoms, and demographic variables as covariates. Conclusions These results corroborate studies demonstrating an inverse relationship between sleep health and cannabis consumption. This study also suggests that factors other than cannabis may be associated with lower sleep health in HIV + individuals. Emerging studies suggest that inflammation may mediate effects of cannabis on HIV infection. Future studies examining this mechanism are warranted to understand cannabis further and sleep in HIV + individuals.
Eyes Wide Open - Examining the Data on Duty-Hour Reform.

In a world moved by story, medicine — we like to believe — is still moved by measurement. That is why, when resident work-hour limits were implemented in 2003, catalyzed by the tragic death of Libb...
Effects of Vitamin D Use on Outcomes of Psychotic Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease Patients.

Objective To identify medications that may prevent psychosis in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods The authors compared the frequency of medication usage among patients with AD with or without psychosis symptoms (AD + P versus AD – P). The authors also conducted survival analysis on time to psychosis for patients with AD to identify drugs with beneficial effects. The authors further explored the potential molecular mechanisms of identified drugs by gene-signature analysis. Specifically, the gene expression profiles induced by the identified drug(s) were collected to derive a list of most perturbed genes. These genes were further analyzed by the associations of their genetic variations with AD or psychosis-related phenotypes. Results Vitamin D was used more often in AD – P patients than in AD + P patients. Vitamin D was also significantly associated with delayed time to psychosis. AD and/or psychosis-related genes were enriched in the list of genes most perturbed by vitamin D, specifically genes involved in the regulation of calcium signaling downstream of the vitamin D receptor. Conclusion Vitamin D was associated with delayed onset of psychotic symptoms in patients with AD. Its mechanisms of action provide a novel direction for development of drugs to prevent or treat psychosis in AD. In addition, genetic variations in vitamin D-regulated genes may provide a biomarker signature to identify a subpopulation of patients who can benefit from vitamin D treatment.
Evolving natural history of metastatic prostate cancer.

5063Background: The systemic therapies available to patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) have improved dramatically over the past decade. Prior to 2010, the only agents with a proven surv...
Superelectrophilic carbocations: preparation and reactions of a substrate with six ionizable groups.

A substrate has been prepared having two triarylmethanol centers and four pyridine-type substituent groups. Upon ionization in the Bronsted superacid CF3SO3H, the substrate undergoes two types of reactions. In the presence of only the superacid, the highly ionized intermediate(s) provide a double cyclization product having two pyrido[1,2-a]indole rings. With added benzene, an arylation product is obtained. A mechanism is proposed involving tetra-, penta-, or hexacationic species.
A Lithography-Free and Chemical-Free Route to Wafer-Scale Gold Nanoisland Arrays for SERS

Noble metal nanostructures, when coupled with Raman spectroscopy, serve as a signal-enhancing medium for detection of molecules at trace level. The combination of noble metal nanostructures and Raman spectroscopy improve the detection ability of Raman spectroscopy by a magnitude of 106 or higher. The phenomenon is known as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The underlying mechanism of SERS is the interaction between light and noble metal nanostructures, specifically, the localized surface plasmon resonance around noble metal nanostructures. Translating this profound phenomenon of SERS into practical utilizations requires reproducible and scalable approaches to manufacture SERS-active noble metal nanostructures with well-defined nanoscale patterns. Ideally, lithography-based nanofabrication techniques, for example, electron beam lithography, appear to be the best choice for this purpose due to their power in writing nanoscale patterns with the best preciseness. However, the extremely low throughput and high cost of nanolithography prevent it from being realistic when it comes to wafer-scale fabrication. As an alternative, noble metal nanoisland arrays prepared by a controllable solid-state dewetting process, namely, cyclic deposition and anneal, have shown effectiveness to produce SERS-active nanostructures with reproducibility, scalability, and tunability. In this chapter, the growth methodology and the advantages of gold nanoisland arrays prepared by cyclic deposition and anneal for SERS will be reviewed. Compared to traditionally single process of deposition and anneal, the cyclic growth brings an appealing benefit that the pattern of gold nanoislands, i.e., size, shape, spacing, density, etc., are tunable. Despite intrinsically inferior to lithography-based techniques in tuning the nanoscale pattern, the cyclic grown gold nanoisland arrays hold a huge edge in cost reduction. Moreover, this technique does not involve any chemicals but pristine bulk gold, making it a truly clean fabrication process. Along with the advantages of scalability and reproducibility, gold nanoisland arrays resulting from cyclic deposition and anneal stand out as one of the most promising solutions to making SERS technology practical.
A Novel Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Design based on the Common Overexpression of microRNA-21 in Tumors.

Background Recognition sequences for microRNAs (miRs) that are down-regulated in tumor cells have recently been used to render lytic viruses tumor-specific. Since different tumor types down-regulate different miRs, this strategy requires virus customization to the target tumor. We have explored a feature that is shared by many tumor types, the up-regulation of miR-21, as a means to generate an oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV) that is applicable to a broad range of cancers. Methods We assembled an expression construct for a dominant-negative (dn) form of the essential HSV replication factor UL9 and inserted tandem copies of the miR-21 recognition sequence (T21) in the 3' untranslated region. Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) recombineering was used to introduce the dnUL9 construct with or without T21 into the HSV genome. Virus was produced by transfection and replication was assessed in different tumor and control cell lines. Results Virus production was conditional on the presence of the T21 sequence. The dnUL9-T21 virus replicated efficiently in tumor cell lines, less efficiently in cells that contained reduced miR-21 activity, and not at all in the absence of miR-21. Conclusion miR-21-sensitive expression of a dominant-negative inhibitor of HSV replication allows preferential destruction of tumor cells in vitro. This observation provides a basis for further development of a widely applicable oncolytic HSV.
CT angiogram findings in carotid-cavernous fistulas: stratification of imaging features to help radiologists avoid misdiagnosis.

BackgroundCarotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are commonly misdiagnosed on computed tomography angiography (CTA).PurposeThis study sought to identify the most sensitive and specific imaging features ...
Primary Care Cluster RCT to Increase Diabetes Prevention Program Referrals.

Introduction The Diabetes Prevention Program, an intensive lifestyle change program, effectively reduces the risk of progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes but is underutilized. An implementation study using formative research was undertaken to increase Diabetes Prevention Program referrals at a primary care clinic. Study design A pragmatic, cluster randomized, mixed-methods study. Setting/particpants Clusters were teams of primary care clinicians from 2 primary care clinics. The 3 intervention clusters had 8–11 clinicians, and the 3 control clusters had 7–20 clinicians. Intervention Implementation activities occurred from December 2017 to February 2019. The activities included targeted clinician education, a prediabetes clinician champion, and a custom electronic health record report identifying patients with prediabetes. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was referral of patients with prediabetes to the institutional Diabetes Prevention Program. Study data, including patient demographic and clinical variables, came from electronic health record. Interviews with clinicians evaluated the implementation strategies. Generalized estimating equation analyses that accounted for multiple levels of correlation and interview content analysis occurred in 2019. Results Study clinicians cared for 2,992 patients with a prediabetes diagnosis or HbA1c indicative of prediabetes (5.7%–6.4%). Clinicians in the intervention clusters referred 6.9% (87 of 1,262) of patients with prediabetes to the Diabetes Prevention Program and those in the control clusters referred 1.5% (26 of 1,730). When adjusted for patient age, sex, race, HbA1c value, HbA1c test location, and insurance type, intervention clinicians had 3.85 (95% CI=0.40, 36.78) greater odds of referring a patient with prediabetes to the Diabetes Prevention Program. The 11 interviewed intervention clinicians had mixed opinions about the utility of the interventions, reporting the prediabetes clinic champion (n=7, 64%) and educational presentations (n=6, 55%) as most helpful. Conclusions Intervention clinicians were more likely to make Diabetes Prevention Program referrals; however, the study lacked power to achieve statistical significance. Clinician interviews suggested that intervention components that triggered Diabetes Prevention Program referrals varied among clinicians.
A WTO Reform Agenda: Data Flows and International Regulatory Cooperation

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is in need of reform, including new rules. While there is not yet a comprehensive reform agenda for the WTO, developing e-commerce rules should be seen as part of WTO reform in two respects. First, the development of such rules will allow the WTO to demonstrate a capacity to remain relevant to the challenges and opportunities governing international trade today. Second, many of the issues that need to be addressed in a comprehensive outcome on e-commerce would contribute to broader WTO reform. This paper proposes, among other things, that the WTO become a platform that can enable increased regulatory cooperation and encourage good regulatory practice. Such a result is needed to overcome many of the current barriers to e-commerce. Success in the e-commerce context would also position the WTO to better address regulatory barriers to trade more broadly.
Pancreatic volume does not correlate with histologic fibrosis in adult patients with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis

Abstract Objectives Reduced pancreatic volume, often referred to as atrophy, is a commonly reported imaging feature of chronic pancreatitis (CP). This study evaluated whether there is an association between pancreatic volume and fibrosis, the criterion standard of CP, in patients undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) for recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) and CP. Methods All adult patients who underwent TPIAT between 2010 and 2019 were categorized into 3 groups: RAP, definite CP and indeterminate CP. Pancreatic volume was calculated by summing up the areas from each thin section of the pancreas on 3D CT imaging. Excisional biopsies of the pancreatic head as well as body/tail region were obtained at the time of TPIAT. Two different fibrosis scores were used for histologic assessment. Results A total of 16, 29 and 15 patients underwent TPIAT for RAP, definite CP and indeterminate CP, respectively. The mean pancreatic volumes for patients with RAP, definite CP and indeterminate CP were 65.7 ± 28.5 cc, 54.9 ± 22.9 cc and 61.8 ± 23.6 cc, respectively (p = 0.3). The mean fibrosis scores were significantly higher in patients with definite CP compared to RAP (p Conclusions While the fibrosis scores were higher in definite CP compared to both RAP and indeterminate CP, there was no correlation between pancreatic volume and fibrosis. This suggests that atrophy alone cannot be used to diagnose CP.
Will Plaque Quantification on Coronary CTA End Our Infatuation With Lumen Stenosis

Previous reports on tissue distribution of xenobiotic-processing genes (XPGs) have limitations, because many non–cytochrome P450 phase I enzymes have not been investigated, and one cannot compare the real mRNA abundance of multiple XPGs using conventional quantification methods. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify and compare the mRNA abundance of all major XPGs in the liver and intestine using RNA sequencing. The mRNA profiles of 304 XPGs, including phase I, phase II enzymes, phase II cosubstrate synthetic enzymes, xenobiotic transporters, as well as xenobiotic-related transcription factors, were systematically examined in the liver and various sections of the intestine in adult male C57BL/6J mice. By two-way hierarchical clustering, over 80% of the XPGs had tissue-divergent expression, which partitioned into liver-predominant, small intestine–predominant, and large intestine–predominant patterns. Among the genes, 54% were expressed highest in the liver, 21% in the duodenum, 4% in the jejunum, 6% in the ileum, and 15% in the large intestine. The highest-expressed XPG in the liver was Mgst1; in the duodenum, Cyp3a11; in the jejunum and ileum, Ces2e; and in the large intestine, Cyp2c55. Interestingly, XPGs in the same family usually exhibited highly different tissue distribution patterns, and many XPGs were almost exclusively expressed in one tissue and minimally expressed in others. In conclusion, the present study is among the first and the most comprehensive investigations of the real mRNA abundance and tissue-divergent expression of all major XPGs in mouse liver and intestine, which aids in understanding the tissue-specific biotransformation and toxicity of drugs and other xenobiotics.
Physically Unclonable Functions and AI: Two Decades of Marriage.

The current chapter aims at establishing a relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and hardware security. Such a connection between AI and software security has been confirmed and well-reviewed in the relevant literature. The main focus here is to explore the methods borrowed from AI to assess the security of a hardware primitive, namely physically unclonable functions (PUFs), which has found applications in cryptographic protocols, e.g., authentication and key generation. Metrics and procedures devised for this are further discussed. Moreover, By reviewing PUFs designed by applying AI techniques, we give insight into future research directions in this area.
Production of the Cytokine VEGF-A by CD4+ T and Myeloid Cells Disrupts the Corneal Nerve Landscape and Promotes Herpes Stromal Keratitis

Summary Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected corneas can develop a blinding immunoinflammatory condition called herpes stromal keratitis (HSK), which involves the loss of corneal sensitivity due to retraction of sensory nerves and subsequent hyperinnervation with sympathetic nerves. Increased concentrations of the cytokine VEGF-A in the cornea are associated with HSK severity. Here, we examined the impact of VEGF-A on neurologic changes that underly HSK using a mouse model of HSV-1 corneal infection. Both CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells produced pathogenic levels of VEGF-A within HSV-1-infected corneas, and CD4+ cell depletion promoted reinnervation of HSK corneas with sensory nerves. In vitro, VEGF-A from infected corneas repressed sensory nerve growth and promoted sympathetic nerve growth. Neutralizing VEGF-A in vivo using bevacizumab inhibited sympathetic innervation, promoted sensory nerve regeneration, and alleviated disease. Thus, VEGF-A can shape the sensory and sympathetic nerve landscape within the cornea, with implications for the treatment of blinding corneal disease.
Efficiency of Price Movements in Futures Markets

We study behaviour in the E-mini S&P (ES) commodity futures data market to test for violation of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), and test for market inefficiency. We demonstrate that, on lon...
Really Real Patterns

Dennett [1991] proposes a novel ontological account of the propositional attitudes—real patterns. Despite its name, the degree to which this account is committed to realism remains unclear. In this...
Control Escherichia coli O157:H7 growth on sprouting brassicacae seeds with high acoustic power density (APD) ultrasound plus mild heat and calcium-oxide antimicrobial spray

Abstract Sprouts and microgreens present unique food safety risks. This study aimed to enhance microbial food safety of sprouts and microgreens via seed sanitation and antimicrobial spray. Radish, broccoli, and kale seeds inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 were sanitized by a high acoustic power density (APD) ultrasound and mild heat (55 °C water) combined treatment for 5 min (US-5) or 10 min (US-10) that was compared with the FDA-recommended 20 min, 20,000 mg/L chlorine treatment. E. coli O157:H7 populations of the seeds and sprouts/microgreens were enumerated immediately after seed sanitation, on day-4 of germination, and after 4 more days in storage, or at the time of harvesting (day 7) for microgreens. Sanitated seeds were planted into germination mix and sprayed with water, 0.1% or 0.2% of calcium oxide (CaO) solution three times a day for 7 days. The US-5 treatment achieved a comparable E. coli O157:H7 reduction and sprout yield as the 20,000 mg/L chlorine treatment. The US-10 treatment exhibited a significantly higher E. coli O157: H7 reduction in all three seed types than the chlorine treatment but with a lower germination rate (p
High-fat diet increases gliosis and immediate early gene expression in APOE3 mice, but not APOE4 mice.

Background APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and obesity is a strong environmental risk factor for AD. These factors result in multiple central nervous system (CNS) disturbances and significantly increase chances of AD. Since over 20% of the US population carry the APOE4 allele and over 40% are obese, it is important to understand how these risk factors interact to affect neurons and glia in the CNS. Methods We fed male and female APOE3 and APOE4 knock-in mice a high-fat diet (HFD-45% kcal fat) or a "control" diet (CD-10% kcal fat) for 12 weeks beginning at 6 months of age. At the end of the 12 weeks, brains were collected and analyzed for gliosis, neuroinflammatory genes, and neuronal integrity. Results APOE3 mice on HFD, but not APOE4 mice, experienced increases in gliosis as measured by GFAP and Iba1 immunostaining. APOE4 mice on HFD showed a stronger increase in the expression of Adora2a than APOE3 mice. Finally, APOE3 mice on HFD, but not APOE4 mice, also showed increased neuronal expression of immediate early genes cFos and Arc. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that APOE genotype and obesity interact in their effects on important processes particularly related to inflammation and neuronal plasticity in the CNS. During the early stages of obesity, the APOE3 genotype modulates a response to HFD while the APOE4 genotype does not. This supports a model where early dysregulation of inflammation in APOE4 brains could predispose to CNS damages from various insults and later result in the increased CNS damage normally associated with the APOE4 genotype.
Placental transport of heparin.

Abstract Studies on guinea pigs indicated that heparin does not cross the placenta. Subsequently, 7 pregnant women were given heparin before delivery. The anticoagulant effect of heparin was observed in all maternal blood samples obtained at delivery. No anticoagulant effect was noted in samples from their infants. It is concluded that the fetus is safe from the anticoagulant effect of heparin.
Persistently low blood retinol levels during and after parenteral feeding of very low birth weight infants: examination of losses into intravenous administration sets and a method of prevention by addition to a lipid emulsion.

Very low birth weight infants have little storage of hepatic retinol and are, therefore, highly dependent upon an exogenous supply. The recent association between low serum retinol level and bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the persistently low serum levels of retinol during total parenteral nutrition prompted a prospective study to evaluate serial changes in serum retinol levels during 1 month of total parenteral nutrition (retinol dose 455 micrograms/d) and again during 1 month of total enteral feeding (retinol dose 200 to 300 micrograms/d) in the same infants. Infants were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of infants weighing less than 1,000 g (n = 24) and group 2 consisted of infants weighing 1,000 to 1,500 g (n = 17). Although initial mean levels of retinol were similar in both groups (14.8 +/- 0.9 and 13.5 +/- 0.7 micrograms/dL), there was wide variation between infants. In group 1 infants, there was a significant (P less than .01) decline in retinol level by the second week of life (to 9.2 +/- 1 micrograms/dL), which persisted during total parenteral nutrition, but increased to 13.4 +/- 2 after 1 week of enteral feeding. This level was maintained throughout enteral feeding. In group 2 infants, there was no significant change in serum retinol level throughout the study. During total parenteral nutrition, several infants had retinol levels below 10 micrograms/dL, a level associated with signs of retinol deficiency in older children. Because losses of retinol are known to occur in smaller volume total parenteral nutrition solutions, it was speculated that losses of retinol in our patients were due to retinol losses in the total parenteral nutrition delivery system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Disorientation of Workers

Many manufacturing processes include rapidly revolving objects, such as a turning lathe. Often workers must focus their eyes and attention on the moving object for extended periods of time. There is some indication that as workers monitor such an activity, there is a decrement in perceptual and motor abilities during, or for a short period of time immediately following the observation period. This is an example of disorientation that could jeopardize a worker's safety. The worker could make a mistake (unsafe act) at his work station while in this state of decreased perceptual-motor ability. It is also possible that a disoriented worker could leave a work position and encounter dangerous materials or situations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the potential characteristics of the working environment and the worker that could possibly contribute to disorientation. The various potential causes of disorientation are discussed. Recognizing these potentially hazardous factors will be an aid in improving workplace design. Language: en
Flavor deterioration during food storage

Abstract: Although there is limited knowledge about the stability of the desirable components of flavor, a loss of flavor quality during storage may well be the result of the deterioration of desirable flavor as opposed to the formation of off flavors. There has been more research into off flavor formation, but this chapter reviews work done on the stability of desirable flavor components in model and real food systems.
The effects of late gestation maternal nutrient restriction with or without protein supplementation on endocrine regulation of newborn and postnatal beef calves.

A study was conducted to evaluate late gestation maternal nutrient restriction (NR) with or without protein supplementation on endocrine regulation in newborn beef calves. This study used multiparous cows (4 and 5 years of age, n = 57) randomly assigned to one of three treatments for the last 100 days of gestation. The control (Con; n = 19) cows were fed to increase body condition score, whereas the NR (n = 19) and NR with protein supplement (NRS, n = 19) cows were fed to lose 1.2 ± 0.2 body condition score units during the last 100 days of gestation. Control cows were allowed ad libitum access to tall fescue/crabgrass paddock and, when grazing became insufficient, ad libitum hay was provided along with 1.3 kg of corn gluten feed 5 days/wk. Tall fescue paddocks were strip grazed to limit forage availability for NR and NRS. The NRS-treated dams were individually penned and fed 0.45 kg of soybean meal 3 days/wk. As forage became limited, the nutrient-restricted paddocks received limited fescue hay. After parturition cow/calf pairs were moved to a common pasture and received ad libitum silage and high-concentrate feed. Maternal NR regardless of supplementation reduced cow plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during late gestation (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0051, respectively). Calves from NR dams weighed less at birth than Con calves (P = 0.04), whereas NRS calves were intermediate (33.4 ± 1.2, 35.0 ± 1.3, and 37.2 ± 1.3 kg NR, NRS, and Con, respectively). Plasma glucose concentrations of unsuckled calves at birth were reduced (P = 0.037) in NR and NRS calves compared with Con (67.7 ± 6.5 and 60.1 ± 6.9 vs. 83.7 ± 6.1 mg/dL, respectively). At birth, Con and NRS calves had increased (P = 0.0037) plasma leptin concentrations compared with NR calves, whereas calf plasma cortisol concentrations were greater for the nutrient-restricted groups than the Con group (treatment × day P = 0.0135). Plasma IgG concentrations from calves at 5 days of age were similar (P = 0.701) between maternal late gestation treatments. This research reports that late gestation NR reduces postnatal calf birth weight, plasma glucose and leads to reduced plasma leptin. Maternal protein supplementation appears to partially alleviate the effects of late gestation NR on reducing plasma leptin, birth weight, and growth rate from Day 30 of age to weaning.
Dimensions of International Negotiations: Structures, Processes, and Outcomes

Cases of international negotiation are compared in terms of their similarities and dissimilarities. Using both primary and secondary source materials, each case is coded in terms of aspects of the issues, structure, situation, processes, and outcomes of negotiation. One analysis consisted of 23 cases in which Austrian delegations participated. Multidimensional scaling results indicated that a key dimension was the distinction between small bilateral talks and larger multilateral negotiations. Bilateral talks were more likely to be characterized by treaties, low turnover, stage-like processes, and no deadlines. Correlational findings also showed that outside influences had stronger impacts on outcomes than such internal factors as bureaucratic support. A second scaling analysis, based on cases published by the Johns Hopkins' Foreign Policy Institute, produced two dimensions, number and complexity of the issues. The groupings of the cases also corresponded to Ikle's distinctions among types of negotiation. Correlational findings indicated relationships among aspects of the negotiating situation and outcomes. The article concludes with a comparison of the two analyses.
A microbial assay for determining the influence of physicochemical environmental factors on the toxicity of organics: Phenol

The toxicity of phenol to filamentous fungi was unaffected by pH or water hardness, but it was potentiated by salinity at levels comparable to those occurring in estuarine and off-shore marine waters. The effect of temperature on the response of the fungi to phenol was highly variable: depending on the fungus, the toxicity of phenol was either not affected, increased, or decreased as the temperature was raised from 22 to 32°C. The toxicity of phenol was not affected by heavy metals. The mediating influences of these abiotic environmental factors on the toxicity of phenol to filamentous fungi were similar to those reported for aquatic macrobiota. This similarity, which has also been noted with the effects of environmental factors on the toxicity of heavy metals, strengthens the concept of using microbial assays to evaluate initially the potential mediating influence of physicochemical factors of natural environments on the toxicity of organic pollutants. An antagonistic interaction in toxicity occurred between phenol and endrin aldehyde orp-chloro-m-cresol, and an additive interaction occurred between phenol and toxaphene, but no interactions were apparent between phenol and other phenolic compounds and pesticides.
Kidney dysfunction in the arthritic rat

Kidney function and histopathology were investigated in the adjuvant-induced arthritic rat. Rats injected with Mycobacterium butyricum exhibited symptoms of arthritis (i.e. paw edema and loss of body weight) by day 9 which worsened and included systemic manifestations of the disease on days 16 and 30. Definite signs of kidney dysfunction were observed by day 16 which included elevated urine output and plasma creatinine values and decreased creatinine clearance. By day 30, these parameters were similar to the values obtained from normal rats; however, kidney weights from arthritic rats than those from normal rats. Histopathologic abnormalities observed in the kidneys of arthritic rats on day 30 included tubular lesions consisting of focal basophilia, edema, granular deposits and basement membrane thickening. Changes in the glomerulus included granular deposits with focal glomerulopathy. These findings are the first to clearly demonstrate kidney dysfunction and histopathologic alterations associated with the early expression of the adjuvant-induced disease process in the rat. Our observations in the rat suggest that renal dysfunction in man can be mediated by the inflammatory disease process and is not solely a drug treatment-induced side effect.
Millimeter-wave cameras for tokamak plasma imaging

This paper reviews the development of millimeter-wave cameras in the 50∼250 GHz region for use in plasma diagnostics on fusion plasma devices.
CRANIAL ULTRASOUND PREDICTS SHORT-TERM OUTCOME IN VLBW INFANTS

In a prospective study of factors which may predict neurologic outcome in VLBW infants, complete observations were collected on 84 preterm infants of < 32 weeks gestation. Cranial ultrasound (US.) was performed on days 1 and 3. The studies on day 3 better predicted outcome and will be described. US. were scored as "Normal" (normal, suspect, or mild ICH) or "Severe" (IVH with dilated ventricles or parenchymal blood). US. scores were compared with: neurologic status in the first week, occurence of seizures, development of hydrocephalus, discharge neurologic status, and mortality. Mean B.Wt. was 1229 gm, and mean GA was 30.3 weeks. 73 infants had "Normal" US., and 11 had "Severe" US. "Severe" US. correlated with low B.Wt. (p⩽.01), and low 5 minute Apgar score (p⩽.005), but not with GA or 1 minute Apgar score. US. did not correlate with development of hydrocephalus, or abnormal discharge neurologic status. The following outcomes correlated with day 3 US.: The infants are being followed to evaluate whether US. predicts long-term neurologic outcome.
forked, Gypsys, and suppressors in Drosophila

Summary We have isolated DNA sequences defining the forked locus of Drosophila. All the alleles belonging to the right pseudoallelic series of M. M. Green map within a 5.4 kb DNA fragment that encodes four transcripts. These RNAs are only expressed in 2–4 day old pupae and their accumulation is affected by mutations at the forked locus. Also, homozygous mutations at the unlinked suppressor loci su(Hw) and su( f ) cause the accumulation of these RNAs to return to the normal wild-type levels. The gypsy transposable element, which causes the mutant phenotype in the suppressible forked alleles, encodes a transcript that is maximally expressed in 2–3 day old pupae, the same time in development as transcription of the forked RNAs. We propose a model to explain the mutagenic effect of gypsy based on the influence of promoter elements in the long terminal repeats of the transposon on the transcription from other promoters located nearby.
Advantages of recall over anticipation methods in verbal learning

The standard paired-associate anticipation procedure previously has been argued to be inferior to recall (Battig, 1965). Anticipation performance measures provide contaminated and inaccurate estimates of Ss’ current learning level, reflecting the unnecessary confusion produced by requiring S to do too many things at once. The present paper shows these arguments against anticipation procedures to apply equally to other types of verbal-learning tasks. Even stronger advantages of recall over anticipation procedures are demonstrated for serial learning, wherein recall additionally displays a markedly greater sensitivity to the effects of relevant manipulated variables, and does not result in the classical bowed serial-position curve that has proved so difficult to understand under serial anticipation.
Passing the buck: risk avoidance and risk management in the illegal/informal drug trade

Extends the notion of informality into the area of illegality, looking at how illegal crack vendors in New York use informality to reduce and pass risk to others. Focuses on the techniques used to avoid detection and arrest and the methods of placing risk of imprisonment on smaller, lower‐income dealers. Suggests that this process of exploitation only makes sense when seen in the broader context of inequality in US society where some have nothing to lose by going to jail.
Reply to "Comment on 'Dynamics of wetting fronts in porous media' "

In our work [Phys. Rev. E 58, R5245 (1998)] we introduced a dynamic phenomenological approach to model propagation of localized wetting fronts in porous media. Gray and Miller in their Comment [Phys. Rev. E 61, 2150 (2000)] criticize our approach on several issues. The main criticism addresses the problem of mass conservation in our model. In this Reply we argue that their criticism is incorrect. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Unique antigens on neoplastic cells of the soft shell clam Myaarenaria

Soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) are commonly found in coastal waters of both the eastern and western United States. These invertebrates, which have an open circulatory system, may develop neoplasms of the haemolymph which ultimately kill the host. In this study we have 1) recorded the prevalence of hematopoietic neoplasms (HN) in Mya arenaria within a 50 mile radius of Woods Hole, Massachusetts and 2) utilized cells from one HN bearing clam to generate a series of monoclonal antibodies. Our data show that determinants are expressed on HN cells which are not detected on normal clam haemocytes, suggesting separate ontogenetic pathways of cell differentiation.
Kirkwood−Buff Integrals in Aqueous Alcohol Systems: Comparison between Thermodynamic Calculations and X-Ray Scattering Experiments

Thermodynamic data were used to calculate the Kirkwood−Buff integrals for the aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, propanols, and butanols. The calculated values have been compared to those obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments, and satisfactory agreement was found. Improved expressions have been suggested and used to calculate the excess number of molecules around central ones. On this basis, information about the structure of the solutions was gathered, the main conclusion being that the interactions among similar molecules prevail; this leads to clustering dominated by the same kind of molecules.
Factors influencing state progress in the implementation of Public Law 99-457, Part H

Policy implementation has been an infrequently studied process although it has become increasingly evident that the implementation processes of policy development, policy approval, and policy application can shape and delay prospective implementation of legislation. The current study analyzes the implementation of P.L. 99–457 (Part H) the Education for the Handicapped Amendments of 1986. This law provides the states with planning money from the federal government to design a comprehensive interagency, multidisciplinary program of services for children with handicapping conditions and their families. Ratings were taken from key administrators and citizens knowledgeable about the law on state progress in implementing the fourteen requirements of the law and also on proposed influential conditions that might affect that implementation. Additional demographic information was obtained for the fifty states. The factor that seemed to be most influential in a subset of 35 states was the prior presence in the state of systems for interagency planning and development. Neither prior history of early childhood services, available resources, wealth of the state, or geographic region appeared to have a significant influence on policy development. There was some indication that different factors might become influential in the next phase of implementation, policy approval. It appears that progress in state policy development may be linked to the special requirements of the legislation itself and to prior availability of institutional structures that make mandated collaborative efforts more possible.
The role of nutritional supplements in the prevention and treatment of resistance exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury.

The topic of exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury has received considerable attention in recent years. Likewise, strategies to minimise the injury resulting from heavy resistance exercise have been studied. Over the past 15 years, several investigations have been performed focused on the role of nutritional supplements to attenuate signs and symptoms of muscle injury. Of these, some have reported favourable results, while many others have reported no benefit of the selected nutrient. Despite these mixed findings, recommendations for the use of nutritional supplements for the purposes of attenuating muscle injury are rampant within the popular fitness media and athletic world, largely without scientific support. Those nutrients include the antioxidant vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol), N-acetyl-cysteine, flavonoids, L-carnitine, astaxanthin, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, creatine monohydrate, essential fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, bromelain, proteins and carbohydrates. A discussion of all published peer-reviewed articles in reference to these nutrients and their impact on resistance exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury is presented, in addition to a brief view into the potential mechanism of action for each nutrient. Based on the current state of knowledge, the following conclusions can be made with regard to nutritional supplements and their role in attenuating signs and symptoms of skeletal muscle injury occurring as a consequence of heavy resistance exercise: (i) there appears to be a potential role for certain supplements (vitamin C, vitamin E, flavonoids, and L-carnitine); (ii) these supplements cannot effectively eliminate muscle injury, only attenuate certain signs and symptoms; (iii) it is presently unclear what the optimal dosage of these nutrients is (whether used alone or in combination); (iv) it is unclear what the optimal pretreatment period is; and (v) the effectiveness is largely specific to non-resistance trained individuals. Ultimately, because so few studies have been conducted in this area, it is difficult to recommend with confidence the use of selected nutrients for the sole purpose of minimising signs and symptoms of resistance exercise-induced muscle injury, in particular with regard to resistance-trained individuals.