cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geostatistical 3D geological model construction to estimate the capacity of commercial scale injection and storage of CO2 in Jacksonburg-Stringtown oil field, West Virginia, USA

Abstract As concerns around global warming increase, carbon capture, utilization and geological storage (CCUS) is a promising way to reduce the emissions of anthropogenic CO2 into the atmosphere. Sequestering the CO2 into depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs with associated enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the most achievable approach under current economic constraints since it increases recovery of existing oil reserves, and bridges the gap between regional-scale CO2 capture and geologic sequestration. However, one of the challenges is the paucity of modern subsurface data required for adequate reservoir characterization and storage estimates. The Upper Devonian fluvial sandstone reservoirs in the Jacksonburg-Stringtown oil field in West Virginia, which have produced over 22 million barrels of oil since 1895, are ideal candidates for CO2 sequestration coupled with EOR. Reservoir storage capacity and oil recovery factors are keys for the evaluation of coupled CO2 storage and CO2-EOR process. Regression relationships between wireline logs and core measured data for porosity, permeability are constructed by artificial neural network and support vector machine in core-scale; then extended from core-scale to well-scale, where wells do not have porosity and permeability wireline logs; finally a 3D static geological model is generated based on the Random Gaussian Function simulation method and well-established variogram models generated by detailed data analysis. A static 3D reservoir model, which integrates detailed geological knowledge and existing legacy geological data from Jacksonburg-Stringtown oil field, is constructed to estimate theoretical CO2 storage capacity. Depending on the proposed 3D geological model, the best regions for coupled CCUS-EOR are located in southern portions of the field, and the estimated CO2 theoretical storage capacity for Jacksonburg-Stringtown oil field varies from 24 to 383 million metric tons. The estimated results of CO2 sequestration indicate that the Jacksonburg-Stringtown oilfield has significant potential for CO2 storage and value-added EOR.
Abstract P190: The Angiotensin AT 1A Receptor Couples to G-alpha-i inAgouti-Related Peptide-ExpressingNeurons to Control Resting Metabolic Rate

We recently demonstrated that leptin stimulates resting metabolic rate (RMR) through a mechanism that requires angiotensin (ANG) type 1A receptors (AT1A) localized to neurons of the arcuate nucleus...
Primary lung cancer samples cultured under microenvironment-mimetic conditions enrich for mesenchymal stem-like cells that promote metastasis

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of a heterogeneous biological ecosystem of cellular and non-cellular elements including transformed tumor cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, activated fibroblasts or myofibroblasts, stem and progenitor cells, as well as the cytokines and matrix that they produce. The constituents of the TME stroma are multiple and varied, however cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) and their contribution to the TME are important in tumor progression. CAF are hypothesized to arise from multiple progenitor cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells. Currently, isolation of TME stroma from patients is complicated by issues such as limited availability of biopsy material and cell stress incurred during lengthy adaptation to atmospheric oxygen (20% O2) in cell culture, limiting pre-clinical studies of patient tumor stromal interactions. Here we describe a microenvironment mimetic in vitro cell culturing system that incorporates elements of the in vivo lung environment, including lung fibroblast derived extracellular matrix and physiological hypoxia (5% O2). Using this system, we easily isolated and rapidly expanded stromal progenitors from patient lung tumor resections without complex sorting methods or growth supplements. These progenitor populations retained expression of pluripotency markers, secreted factors associated with cancer progression, and enhanced tumor cell growth and metastasis. An understanding of the biology of these progenitor cell populations in a TME-like environment may advance our ability to target these cells and limit their effects on promoting cancer metastasis.
Disparities in care among patients presenting to the emergency department for urinary stone disease

To determine whether patients with ureteral stones received different standard of care in the emergency department (ED) according to various sociodemographic factors. We conducted a retrospective study of patients presenting to EDs in a large tertiary-care hospital in the Bronx, New York with a diagnosis of ureteral stones. Electronic chart review was used to assess each patient’s ED course and to gather socio-demographic information. The primary outcomes of interest were administration of pain medication, prescription of alpha-1 antagonists to facilitate stone passage, and whether or not patients received CT scan or ultrasound. Associations of these outcomes with age categories, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI category, socioeconomic status and insurance status were examined using multivariate logistic regression models. 1200 patients were included in this analysis of which 616 (51%) were women. A large proportion of patients were minorities: 40% Hispanic, 15% non-Hispanic Black, and 20% other/multiracial. Patients aged 55–64 years and those 65 or older were less likely to receive pain medication compared to patients < 35 years (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.27–0.86, p = 0.01 and OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.21–1.00, p = 0.05, respectively). Women were less likely than men to undergo any form of diagnostic imaging (OR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.35–0.76, p = 0.001). Similarly, patients in the lowest quintile of SES received less imaging than patients in the highest SES group (OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.27–0.90, p = 0.02). Finally, women were less likely to receive alpha blockade compared to men (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.49–0.92, p = 0.014). Multiple disparities exist among patients presenting to the emergency department for ureteral stones.
THE CAUSE OF RESTRAINT HYPOTHERMIA INDUCED IN COLD EXPOSED RATS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cause of restraint hypothermia induced in cold exposed rats. The chapter describes a few experiments that were performed with the rats in a Plexiglas neck stock at an ambient temperature of 2°C. The first procedure was to restrain each naive rat in the cold. For restraint, a wide elastic band was placed about the rat's waist. Restraint of naive rats caused rapid falls of T re , and the experiment was terminated when such falls reached 30°C. A few days later, the rats were reexposed to the cold but without restraint. The rats were then adapted at room temperature by restraining them for five days at least five hours each day. On the sixth day, the rats were again exposed to the cold while restrained. It was observed that in the naive state, the rat started with a T re near 37°C and an MR of about 10 watts/kg. When restraint was applied, MR fell to about 6 WT/kg, and T re fell steadily to reach 30°C 75 min later for a cooling rate of almost 6°C/h. Before restraint, EMG showed shivering activity, but after restraint, the EMG was silent, in accord with the reduced MR.
Assessing improvements in socio-ecological system governance using mixed methods and the quality governance framework and its diagnostic capacity tool

We face extreme and unprecedented socio-ecological systems (SES) governance challenges given advances in technology, global biophysical change, human behavior, and our abilities to seek resilience through policy decisions. The associated demands to rapidly adapt and shift our trajectories for improved SES outcomes provide a great impetus for humans to improve upon complex SES governance quality. Building on theories derived from polycentric, participatory, network-based practices, structured deliberative decision processes, and capacities that align with resilient systems thinking, a Quality Governance Framework (QGF) and Diagnostic Capacity Tool (DCT) were developed to diagnose SES governance quality that could improve outcomes for a cleanup and redevelopment program in Michigan. The QGF and its DCT were found to be reliable and valid. Using a subset of the DCT measurements and other respondent data, this research uses a mixed methods approach to further test and validate the QGF and DCT. The cleanup program was in its third year of transitioning from a more hierarchical form of governance to one that is more participatory. The results indicate further convergence in ratings between previously disparate practitioner populations and increases in the perceptions of improved governance quality and resilient SES outcomes. Respondents’ open-ended feedback and program metrics correlate with the DCT findings and provide further validity for the QGF and competencies associated with quality governance measured with the DCT. This research contributes to the growing body of empirical evidence that can assess governance quality and illuminates how governance quality can be diagnosed to treat and improve SES outcomes.
SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST FROM FLECAINIDE TOXICITY A CASE REPORT

Flecainide toxicity is a complication of antiarrhythmic therapy with high mortality rate. Rapid recognition and appropriate therapy are important in managing complications of flecainide therapy. We report a case of flecainide toxicity with a literature review. 57 year old man with HIV, ESRD on
Parametric optimization and control for a smart Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (PEMWE) system

Abstract Hydrogen production from Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (PEMWE) system is attracting attention due to its ability to circumvent the effect of the intermittent nature of variable renewal energy. However, the relatively high operating temperatures of the PEMWE system exacerbates the degradation of polymer membranes in PEMWE system. This paper describes the development of an optimal thermal management strategy for a PEMWE system that can attenuate the long-term effects of high operating temperatures or rapid temperature changes on the polymer membranes. The thermal management strategy is tested on a laboratory scale smart PEMWE system. First, a high fidelity mathematical model of the smart PEMWE is developed and validated based on which the application of the PARameteric Optimization and Control (PAROC) framework results in the design of an explicit model predictive controller which is deployed into the laboratory PEMWE system. It is shown that the smart PEMWE prototype system empowered with the embedded control policy achieves effective temperature control across the electrolyzer maintaining the integrity of the membrane electrode assembly.
What Makes the Systems Engineer Successful? Various Surveys Suggest An Answer

This book offers a survey of successful attributes of the systems engineer. It focuses on the key positive attributes of what today’s systems engineer should be and puts a model in place for achievement and behavior for future systems engineers. The book, in survey form, provides a description of how and why systems engineers can be, and have been, successful. It offers successful attributes, focuses on the key positive qualities, and drills down to the success features to aim for and the failure characteristics to avoid. The ending result is that it sets a model for achievement and behavior for future systems engineers to follow a successful path. This book will be helpful to systems engineers, industrial engineers, mechanical engineers, general engineers, and those in technical management.
Maillard reaction products inhibit the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by chelating iron.

Abstract Objective To determine the mechanism of growth inhibition of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by Maillard reaction products (MRP). Design Growth and cell viabilities in the presence or absence of MRP were measured for both the rough and smooth variants of the bacteria. Effects of addition of ferrous and ferric ions on the inhibition of the bacteria by MRP were determined. Results MRPs decreased the extent of complex formation of Chrome Azurol S with iron suggesting that MRPs can chelate iron effectively. The chelation causes growth inhibition of both the rough and smooth strains. At low concentrations of the inhibitor, lag time was extended by approximately 12 h while at high concentrations, cells were killed, decreasing cell viability by up to 8 orders of magnitude. Growth of both the rough and smooth strains could be restored to original level by addition of iron. For the rough strain, both ferrous and ferric ions could relieve the inhibition by MRP while for the smooth strain only ferrous ion was effective. Conclusion MRPs inhibit the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans by chelating iron and the inhibition can be relieved by addition of iron.
A Classical q-Hypergeometric Approach to the \(A_2^{(2)}\) Standard Modules

This is a written expansion of the talk delivered by the author at the International Conference on Number Theory in Honor of Krishna Alladi for his 60th Birthday, held at the University of Florida, March 17–21, 2016. Here, we derive Bailey pairs that give rise to Rogers–Ramanujan type identities, the product sides of which are known to be the principally specialized characters of the \(A_2^{(2)}\) standard modules \((\ell - 2i+2)\varLambda _0 + (i-1)\varLambda _1\) for any level \(\ell \), and \(i=1, 2\).
How Can Iowans Effectively Prevent the Commercial Misappropriation of Their Identities? Why Iowa Needs a Right of Publicity Statute

The right of publicity is an individual’s right to control the commercial use of her identity. Thirty-five states in the United States recognize the right of publicity, either through statute or common law, and provide their citizens with a mechanism to prevent unauthorized uses of their identities. Iowa, however, is one of the 15 states that does not expressly recognize the right of publicity in any form, leaving Iowans uncertain about their intellectual property rights in their identities. Due to the recent emergence of social media and digital manipulation technology, which make it easier than ever for advertisers to commercially exploit an individual’s identity, Iowans are particularly vulnerable to the misappropriation of their identities. Therefore, Iowa’s legislature should join the majority of states and adopt a right of publicity statute to provide Iowans with a mechanism to enforce their rights in their identities. The certainty and protection provided by this neutral right of publicity statute will incentivize Iowans to commercialize their identities—enriching Iowa’s society and, perhaps, its economy.
Autofluorescence Anisotropy based investigation of cellular heterogeneity and metabolism

Autofluorescence-based optical imaging methods have advanced cellular metabolism research as a technique to non-invasively measure metabolic shifts temporally and spatially. In this work, we present metabolic investigations using fluorescence anisotropy in two well-defined plant and animal models: 1) A set of flavonoid-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutants which shows unique fluorescence polarization properties with varying degrees of flavonoid accumulation. 2) The cancer metabolic deformities manifested in animal cells using real-time fluorescence anisotropy based metabolic readout (4fps). These studies demonstrated the potential of using fluorescence anisotropy in a systematic way to study metabolism and cellular heterogeneity.
Automation of strategy using IDEF0 — A proof of concept

Abstract The goal of this interdisciplinary paper is to show that an existing modeling language, Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0), is applicable for use in strategy modeling and for automation of strategic plan development and implementation. We will show how utilization of the systems modeling language IDEF0 simplifies strategic plan development, and moves strategic planning and management from a static, document-based approach to a model- and software-based approach. A sequence of examples, as a proof-of-concept, is shown to demonstrate the use of IDEF0 to translate document-based strategic plans to model-based plans. The advantages of IDEF0 include: a well-tested language, and comprehensive systems modeling technique. The resulting IDEF0 models are well-defined, well-structured, easy to understand, easy to modify and use, and can be extended to any depth of detail. It is noted, that while the paper focuses on small- and medium manufacturing enterprises (SME), the approach can be used for strategy development and strategy automation of any size company or organization.
Separation of spermatogenic cells and nuclei from rodent testes.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes and evaluates separation methods employing two physical parameters— density and sedimentation rate. The chapter also discusses the use of ultrasound or enzymes to destroy cells and nuclei selectively. The techniques, as currently being used in the laboratory are outlined. Velocity sedimentation, equilibrium density centrifugation, and ultrasonic disruption are used to obtain enrichment of all classes of cells and nuclei from adult rodent testes. Several types of nuclei, including pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, early elongated spermatids, and late elongated spermatids can be obtained in purities by using the appropriate combinations of methods. The important factors and principles involved in the development of the separation methods are emphasized. The chapter reviews the methods developed in other laboratories and compares the results obtained with the different procedures. Using the cell separation methods, spermatogenesis as a model of cell differentiation can be exploited and the sequence of macromolecular events involved in sperm development can be mapped. The availability of purified populations of specific testicular cell types will permit the elucidation of other important events of spermatogenesis, such as genetic recombination, meiosis, spermatid morphogenesis, and nuclear inactivation and condensation.
Legal cartels and social contracts

A cartel is a group of oligopolistic firms that agree to act collectively as a monopolist in some industry or economic enterprise. Discusses the social contract of the Southwest Conference (a legal cartel) using some of the principles of constitutional economics. Viewed from a contractarian framework (following Sobel and Holcombe), the Southwest Conference represent an inter‐university constitution or social contract, whose successes and failures are analysed with graphic models and historical evidence.
Compact Visibility Representation of Plane Graphs

The visibility representation (VR for short) is a classical representation of plane graphs. It has various applications and has been extensively studied. A main focus of the study is to minimize the size of the VR. It is known that there exists a plane graph $G$ with $n$ vertices where any VR of $G$ requires a grid of size at least (2/3)n x((4/3)n-3) (width x height). For upper bounds, it is known that every plane graph has a VR with grid size at most (2/3)n x (2n-5), and a VR with grid size at most (n-1) x (4/3)n. It has been an open problem to find a VR with both height and width simultaneously bounded away from the trivial upper bounds (namely with size at most c_h n x c_w n with c_h < 1 and c_w < 2$). In this paper, we provide the first VR construction with this property. We prove that every plane graph of n vertices has a VR with height <= max{23/24 n + 2 Ceil(sqrt(n))+4, 11/12 n + 13} and width <= 23/12 n. The area (height x width) of our VR is larger than the area of some of previous results. However, bounding one dimension of the VR only requires finding a good st-orientation or a good dual s^*t^*-orientation of G. On the other hand, to bound both dimensions of VR simultaneously, one must find a good $st$-orientation and a good dual s^*t^*-orientation at the same time, and thus is far more challenging. Since st-orientation is a very useful concept in other applications, this result may be of independent interests.
USE OF THE AGAR DIFFUSION ASSAY TO EVALUATE BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF FORMULATIONS OF ALKALINE SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS AGAINST BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY PROCESSING

The agar diffusion assay was used to examine antibacterial activity of alkaline salts of fatty acids (FA). Wells in agar seeded with bacteria were filled with FA-potassium hydroxide (KOH) solutions, plates were incubated and zones of inhibition were measured. Effects of lauric acid-KOH concentration and pH of caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric and myristic acids in KOH on sizes of zones of inhibition of bacteria were examined. Results indicated that lauric acid-KOH concentration significantly (P < 0.05) affected the size of zones of inhibition of all isolates. Furthermore, although each FA varied in antibacterial activity, pH between 9.5 and 12.5 generally produced no significant changes in antibacterial activity. Greater antibacterial activity above pH 13.5 was due to the high pH produced by KOH. Findings demonstrated that alkaline salts of FA possess antibacterial activity toward bacteria, and that the agar diffusion assay can be used to screen antibacterial activity of these solutions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Findings of this research can be applied in the development of novel formulations of solutions of alkaline salts of fatty acid that can be used as sanitizers in poultry processing operations. Research indicates that the agar diffusion assay can be used to quickly screen these new formulations to assess their ability to kill pathogenic, spoilage and indicator associated with processing. Solutions of these natural bactericides that exhibit the highest degree of antibacterial activity as determined by this in vitro assay can then be tested under actual processing conditions.
8 – Ecology of Plant Viruses, with Special Reference to Whitefly-Transmitted Geminiviruses (WTGs)

This chapter discusses the ecology of plant viruses with emphasis on geminiviruses transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci . The ability of the virus to spread and reach epidemic proportions depends on several ecological factors that directly or indirectly influence the population dynamics of the aerial vectors, its feeding behavior, or its movement over long distances, and certainly the availability of susceptible cultivated or wild hosts. Plant viruses are classified into different genera using a set of established criteria based on their morphological, physical, and biochemical properties. Plant virus diseases result from a complex interplay of host, virus, and vector over time under favorable environmental conditions that allow efficient spread and survival of both the virus and its vector. This chapter discusses the management strategies to prevent virus infections. It also highlights the role of man by manipulating the agro-climatic environment and indiscriminate movement of plant material, which, in some instances, has led to the emergence of new recombinant viruses.
A mobile element-based evolutionary history of guenons (tribe Cercopithecini)

Guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) are a species-rich group of primates that have attracted considerable attention from both primatologists and evolutionary biologists. The complex speciation pattern has made the elucidation of their relationships a challenging task, and many questions remain unanswered. SINEs are a class of non-autonomous mobile elements and are essentially homoplasy-free characters with known ancestral states, making them useful genetic markers for phylogenetic studies. We identified 151 novel Alu insertion loci from 11 species of tribe Cercopithecini, and used these insertions and 17 previously reported loci to infer a phylogenetic tree of the tribe Cercopithecini. Our results robustly supported the following relationships: (i) Allenopithecus is the basal lineage within the tribe; (ii) Cercopithecus lhoesti (L'Hoest's monkey) forms a clade with Chlorocebus aethiops (African green monkey) and Erythrocebus patas (patas monkey), supporting a single arboreal to terrestrial transition within the tribe; (iii) all of the Cercopithecus except C. lhoesti form a monophyletic group; and (iv) contrary to the common belief that Miopithecus is one of the most basal lineages in the tribe, M. talapoin (talapoin) forms a clade with arboreal members of Cercopithecus, and the terrestrial group (C. lhoesti, Chlorocebus aethiops and E. patas) diverged from this clade after the divergence of Allenopithecus. Some incongruent loci were found among the relationships within the arboreal Cercopithecus group. Several factors, including incomplete lineage sorting, concurrent polymorphism and hybridization between species may have contributed to the incongruence. This study presents one of the most robust phylogenetic hypotheses for the tribe Cercopithecini and demonstrates the advantages of SINE insertions for phylogenetic studies.
Session 4 ‐ Markets, Media and Meanings Simon Roberts (Intel, Ireland), Curator: How Consumers Create Value in a Recession Economy

This essay examines a conscious shift in the cultural flows of consumption practices. It explores the ways consumers are generating and sharing shopping competence as a new form of value. I argue that a shift in consumer consciousness and resulting open social discourse around shopping practices are creating a new consumption narrative in the recession. This narrative celebrates the resourceful and collective acts of people who transform modes of restriction (cutting back) into a positive social value of thrift. As people are practicing more thoughtful purchasing styles they are also more communicative with others in sharing their shopping strategies and ways of savings. Social changes are thus arising out of these adjustments in shopping behaviors. Such emergent shopping behaviors amplify a new sociability that demonstrates more appropriate ways to spend and save on commodities. This change shows that consumers are not just accepting new attitudes and behaviors towards shopping because they have to, but are doing so to be in tune with the spirit of the times.
Applying Transfer in Practice.

This chapter offers a practical framework for applying the learning transfer concepts discussed in this issue from a facilitation and instructional design standpoint.
ARISTOTLE'S ETHICA EUDEMIA 1220b10–11 ἐν τοῖς ἀπηλλαγμένοις AND DE VIRTUTIBUS ET VITIIS

Aristotle's Ethica Eudemia (EE) Book 2 Chapter 2 contains, at lines 1220b10–11, a well-known crux in the phrase ἐν τοῖς ἀπηλλαγμένοις. The context makes clear that Aristotle is using this phrase to refer to some writing or other, but scholars have been puzzled both about what the phrase means and what writing it refers to.
Child sex tourism: Facilitating conditions, legal remedies, and other interventions

Commercial sexual exploitation of children puts a black cloud upon the myriad promises offered by the tourism industry. This article provides an overview of some of the major topical areas that appear in the current debates on child sex tourism (CST) and attempts to synthesize a conceptual model that encompasses the scope of CST. As an academic field of inquiry, CST refers to touristic pursuits for the express or otherwise purpose of having sexual encounters with children and the consequent ramifications for various stakeholder groups. The circumstances that provide a fertile ground for the worldwide growth of the CST phenomenon are addressed. Selected international regulatory responses against CST are presented. Finally, a range of other potential interventions are proposed.
Developing a tutoring module for presentation of computerized patient management problems

Abstract The simulation problem is one of the most commonly used formats in computer-assisted instruction (CAI). In medical education, a patient simulation problem is known as a patient management problem (PMP). A number of computerized PMP systems are currently available. However, to date, there is no record of PMP systems having been developed using artificial intelligence. This is noteworthy since artificial intelligence techniques could help in the generation of more effective and intelligent instructional systems. This paper analyzes and evaluates existing instructional simulation software in clinical medicine in terms of effective educational design attributes. Components of effective PMP systems thus identified are incorporated into a computerized instructional system which uses artificial intelligence techniques for teaching problem-solving and diagnostic skills to undergraduate medical students.
Alternative formulations of multilevel selection

Hierarchical expansions of the theory of natural selection exist in two distinct bodies of thought in evolutionary biology, the group selection and the species selection traditions. Both traditions share the point of view that the principles of natural selection apply at levels of biological organization above the level of the individual organism. This leads them both to considermultilevel selection situations, where selection is occurring simultaneously at more than one level. Impeding unification of the theoretical approaches of the multilevel selection traditions are the different goals of investigators in the different subdisciplines and the different types of data potentially available for analysis. We identify two alternative approaches to multilevel situations, which we termmultilevel selection [1] andmultilevel selection [2]. Of interest in the former case are the effects of group membership onindividual fitnesses, and in the latter the tendencies for the groups themselves to go extinct or to found new groups (i.e., group fitnesses). We argue that: neither represents the entire multilevel selection process; both are aspects of any multilevel selection situation; and both are legitimate approaches, suitable for answering different questions. Using this formalism, we show that: multilevel selection [2] does not require “emergent” group properties in order to provide an explanatory mechanism of evolutionary change; multilevel selection [1] is usually more appropriate for neontological group selection studies; and species selection is most fruitfully considered from the point of view of multilevel selection [2]. Finally we argue that the “effect hypothesis” of macroevolution, requiring, in selection among species, both the absence of group effects on organismic fitness (multilevel selection [1]), and the direct determination of species fitnesses by those of organisms, is untestable with paleontological data. Furthermore, the conditions for the effect hypothesis to hold are extremely restrictive and unlikely to apply to the vast majority of situations encountered in nature.
Catalytic hydroprocessing of chlorinated olefins

Substantial quantities of chlorinated alkanes and chlorinated olefins are found in industrial waste streams. The hydrodechlorination reactions of tetrachloro-, trichloro-, 1,1-dichloro-, cis-dichloro-, and trans-dichloroethylenes were examined over a commercial NiMo/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst in a packed bed microreactor. The reactor was operated at 1,500 psig and at temperatures between 175 and 275 C. Rates of hydrodechlorination of the chlorinated olefins were much faster than the rates for hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene, chlorophenols, and chloropyridinols over the same catalyst. Multiple chlorine removal steps appear to be the dominant pathway for hydrodechlorination of olefins as opposed to sequential removal with desorption of intermediates.
Immigrant Incorporation, Technology, and Transnationalism Among Korean American Women

The premise of the inevitable incorporation of the newcomers through assimilation is widely accepted among those who study immigrant incorporation, even though ample evidence suggests this premise may be inappropriate to explain the growing complexity of immigrant adaptation processes in an increasingly connected global society. Using focus group data of Korean American women, this study explores how immigrant incorporation patterns may be associated with the use of the Internet for fulfilling social needs and the implications that the findings have in terms of the effect of technology on immigrant incorporation. The results indicate that contemporary Korean American adaptation patterns may be at variance with the conventional expectations of immigrant assimilation. This appears to be an effect of the expanding availability of interactive technology as it facilitates the increasing cultural and social transnational activities that connect immigrants to their country of origin.
Cross Entropy Accelerated Ant Routing in satellite networks

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites are becoming increasingly important in many applications, and the Cross Entropy method has recently been proposed as a heuristic method for solving combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, we briefly review the Cross Entropy method and then develop a new on-demand routing system named Cross Entropy Accelerated Ant Routing System (CEAARS) for regular constellations LEO satellite network. We compare the basic CEARS algorithm (Cross Entropy Ant Routing System, also novel development) with the enhanced CEAARS algorithm by implementing simulations on an Iridium-like satellite network. The results show that CEAARS not only remarkably improves the convergence speed of achieving optimal or suboptimal paths, but also highly decreases the number of overhead ants (management packets).
Sox10 acts as a tissue-specific transcription factor enhancing activation of the myelin basic protein gene promoter by p27Kip1 and Sp1.

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is one of the major components of the myelin sheath that insulates axons. In the central nervous system, MBP is synthesized by differentiating oligodendrocytes. The expression of MBP in oligodendrocytes is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level. The Sp1 family of transcription factors has been shown to be important in the regulation of many genes. Binding of Sp1 to the GC box in the proximal MBP promoter has been shown to be indispensable for the activation of MBP gene expression. Previous results from our laboratory have shown that the increase in p27 K i p 1 that accompanies oligodendrocyte differentiation is paralleled by an increase in Sp1. We also have shown that the increase in MBP expression resulting from elevated p27 K i p 1 levels is mediated through Sp1 and that this effect occurs specifically in oligodendrocytes. In this study, we found that increased expression of p27 K i p 1 together with the nervous-system-specific transcription factor Sox10 can activate the MBP promoter even in nonoligodendrocyte cells. This indicates that Sox10 confers cell type specificity on the expression of MBP. Both Sp1 and Sox10 can enhance MBP promoter activity when expressed alone. Cotransfection of plasmids encoding Sp1 and Sox10 induces increased activation of the MBP promoter over expression of either transcription factor alone. This effect is not limited to oligodendrocyte cell lines, in that Sp1 and Sox10 can also synergistically activate the MBP promoter when expressed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Mutation of the Sp1 binding sites in the MBP promoter eliminates Sox10 stimulated activation, suggesting that the MBP promoter is activated, at least in part, through protein-protein interactions between Sp1 and Sox10.
A tri-plane cursor

Abstract Interactive three-dimensional editing requires visualization techniques that help the user gauge position and shape. This paper describes the use of a triplane cursor to provide correlated cursor/object position and surface-shape feedback. These visual cues are generated dynamically by three cursor planes in the form of contours and shading variations.
The N2 diluted Application in PECVD NF3 in-situ chamber cleaning for PFC reduction

For plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber cleaning, the in-situ plasma cleaning method was widely used with C3F8/N2O/O2 and NF3/He sources. A high efficiency NF3 in-situ cleaning recipe is demonstrated in diluting with diatomic gas, N2. With lower first ionization energy and several dissociative electron attachment (DEA) reactions, the N2 is characterized as catalyst and increase the dissociation of NF3. The cleaning uniformity problem is also solved by statistical design of experiment (DOE) approach; the well-optimized NF3/N2 cleaning recipe offers 79.6% less PFC emission than C3F8 in-situ chamber clean.
Two-dimensional, time-dependent MHD description of interplanetary disturbances Simulation of high speed solar wind interactions

A two-dimensional, time-dependent nonlinear MHD model is used to simulate the general features of multiply-interacting, transient solar wind flows. The major advantage of the two-dimensional model over the one-dimensional one is the proper consideration of azimuthal gradients. In addition, the new model can provide contour maps for disturbed plasma properties in the equatorial plane, thereby enabling one to perform essential tests of the physical assumptions through direct comparison with space probe data.
Increasing deamination reactions in soil with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate.

Abstract Amino acid N accounts for ca 30–45% of the total soil N content and represents a potentially-available nutrient source for plant growth. Previous investigations have demonstrated that amino acid deamination in soil is catalyzed by pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) in the absence of any enzyme. Batch experiments using soils managed under different land uses and tillage regimes were conducted in which 3 g soil was amended with 1.9 or 9.6mM PLP and 19.2 mM NaN 3 and kept at 35 C for 24 h. Maximum NH + 4 -N production (2.7 mg kg −1 soil) occurred in Melton soil previously managed as pasture. Comparison of Palouse soil previously managed under conventional, minimum or no-tillage regimes showed no differences in NH 4 + -N production with tillage and relatively little NH + 4 -N production as a result of substrate limitations. In a second set of experiments, soil columns containing a 40 g soil-sand mixture (1:1. w:w) were maintained for 29 weeks at a water potential of −0.08 MPa. Soil columns were incubated without organic matter addition, or were amended with l g wheat straw or alfalfa. PLP or pyridoxine (Pd) addition to the columns at weeks 2 and 14 resulted in the detection of increased inorganic N in the leachate most likely as a result of PLP or Pd mineralization. Amounts of inorganic N produced by PLP- and Pd-treated soils never exceeded N produced by soils treated with an equivalent amount of N in the form of NH 4 Cl. Inorganic N produced in the leachate of PLP- or Pd-amended soil columns also never exceeded N expected as a result of PLP and Pd mineralization. PLP does not appear to be a useful soil amendment to catalytically increase inorganic N production from the organic N pool.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, paradoxical thromboembolism, and other adverse effects of heparin-type therapy

This article discusses the common and uncommon side effects of heparin and heparin-like therapy. Most attention is devoted to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, as it is the most clinically aggressive adverse reaction. Additionally, less common and several newly reported side effects are discussed.
Emission spectra from synthetic polynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid in aqueous solutions.

A study has been made of the emission spectra at 77°K from poly A, poly U, poly C, their complexes, and from native and heat-denatured DNA in buffered aqueous solutions containing 0·25 per cent glucose: no emission was observed from these polynucleotides at room temperature. The spectra differed from those obtained in the polyalcoholic glasses used by other workers. The principal differences between the emission spectra of poly A and adenosine at pH 7 in a water-glucose mixture were: (a) a decrease in both P/F and the overall intensity in poly A; (b) absence of the structure normally found in adenosine phosphorescence; and (c) appearance of a new short-lived component in the phosphorescence decay. Further changes in the emission characteristics (e.g. the increase of P/F, the proportional increase of the short-lived component in the phosphorescence decay) from poly A were observed at pH 5. These can not be explained solely by protonization of adenosine residues, but rather appear to depend upon exciton interactions of the most intense π–π* transition in double-stranded poly A. and perturbation of the lowest-lying emitting band. When poly A or poly C is complexed with poly U or poly I the luminescence intensity decreases in two-strand complexes and is completely quenched in poly (A + 2U), poly (A+2I) and poly (C++I); no emission was observed from either, single-strand poly I or poly U. Identical emission patterns were obtained from native and heat-denatured samples of DNA. The comparison of polynucleotide emission spectra in the water-glucose medium with those obtained from polyalcoholic glasses leads to the conclusion that the emission spectra depend most critically upon the relative proportions of base-solvent and base-base interactions in each environment: the possible importance of proton tunneling and/or triplet-triplet transfer mechanisms is briefly discussed.
A fast direct solver for boundary integral equations in two dimensions

We describe an algorithm for the direct solution of systems of linear algebraic equations associated with the discretization of boundary integral equations with non-oscillatory kernels in two dimensions. The algorithm is ''fast'' in the sense that its asymptotic complexity is O(n), where n is the number of nodes in the discretization. Unlike previous fast techniques based on iterative solvers, the present algorithm directly constructs a compressed factorization of the inverse of the matrix; thus it is suitable for problems involving relatively ill-conditioned matrices, and is particularly efficient in situations involving multiple right hand sides. The performance of the scheme is illustrated with several numerical examples. rformance of the scheme is illustrated with several numerical examples. ples.
Frequency-Modulation Transmitter and Receiver for Studio-to-Transmitter Relay System

A complete studio-to-transmitter system for high-fidelity program relaying between the studio and the main transmitter is described. The entire equipment was designed considering simplicity and reliability to be of prime importance. Several installations have been in successful operation for over one year. The 25-watt transmitter incorporates several novel features which account for the excellent performance obtained. Newly designed tubes especially suited for ultra-high-frequency operation are used. A crystal-controlled, double-conversion superheterodyne receiver, employing such features as cascade limiting, carrier-off-noise suppression, and vertical-chassis construction is also described. Harmonics from the same crystal oscillator are used in performing both conversions, resulting in an extremely stable unit. Both transmitter and receiver may be remotely operated when proper compliance is made with Federal Communications Commission regulations. A high-gain studio-to-transmitter antenna, which meets all Federal Communications Commission requirements, is totally enclosed against the weather to avoid ice-melting problems. A frequency-modulation station monitor indicates center frequency continuously, as well as per cent modulation and carrier level. Aural monitoring is also obtained from the same unit.
RACIAL INEQUALITY IN MEN'S EMPLOYMENT AND RETIREMENT EARNINGS

Data from the New Beneficiary Study for currently married men who began receiving social security benefits in 1980–1981 indicate that the racial earnings gap is greater in retirement than it was in...
DISTORTION PRODUCT OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS IN NORMAL-HEARING CHILDREN WITH HOMOZYGOUS SICKLE CELL DISEASE

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in young normal-hearing children with sickle cell disease (SCD). It was hypothesized that the prevalence of DPOAEs and response amplitudes would be lower than those in children with normal hemoglobin due to suspected compromised cochlear function as a result of vaso-occlusive events characteristic of SCD. Twenty African-American children with SCD and 15 African-American children with normal hemoglobin participated. Distortion product OAEs were evoked by 13 primary tone pairs with f 2 frequencies ranging from 1000 to 4500 Hz. The primary tones were presented at L 1 and L 2 levels of 70 and 60 dB SPL (high) and 50 and 40 dB SPL (low), respectively. The findings of this study were completely unexpected and contrary to our original hypotheses. The likelihood of detecting a DPOAE response was not related to the clinical status of the children. Distortion product OAE amplitudes were significantly larger for children with SCD ( p = .01).
Focus groups: a humanistic means of evaluating an HIV/AIDS programme based on caring theory

Summary • This qualitative study utilized focus group methodology to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a nurse-directed HIV/AIDS facility based on Jean Watson's theory of human caring (1985a,b, 1988, 1990). • The focus group method proved to be a humanistic means of evaluating consumer satisfaction congruent with Watson's theory of human caring. • Different concerns of research informants in different stages of the HIV/AIDS disease process were elicited; in addition, many of the informants elected to tell their stories of living with HIV/AIDS. These stories were profoundly moving and informative regarding the realities of living with HIV/AIDS in an under-prepared social and health-care system. • A consistent theme emerging from the data was the high value the clients placed on the caring behaviour shown by nursing staff. • This study was the beginning of an empirical validation of the tenets of Watson's theory of human caring in nursing, and demonstrated the applicability of caring theory in practice.
Upregulation of adrenergic beta receptor subtypes in the senescent rat heart.

Beta receptors in older hearts respond to procedures which cause upregulation (N. Tumer et al., J. Gerontol., 1989, in press). To determine whether a particular beta receptor subtype is responsible for the development of upregulation as a function of age, we studied the ratio of beta 1- to beta 2-adrenergic receptors in the membrane preparations from the ventricles of Fischer-344 hearts at 6 and 24 months of age. The animals were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA) (2 x 50 mg/kg, i.v.) on days 1 and 8 and they were decapitated on day 15. The depletion of norepinephrine in the heart was about 86% in each age group. [125I]iodopindolol (IPIN) was used as the radioligand at the final concentration of 110 pM. Inhibition of specific IPIN binding was studied by adding ICI 89,406 (beta 1-selective antagonist) and ICI 118,551 (beta 2-selective antagonist) at 25 pM to 40 microM. The relative proportions of the beta receptor subtypes were determined using a competition radioligand selective binding and computer modeling technique. The ventricles contained about 67% beta 1 and 33% beta 2-adrenergic receptors in hearts isolated from 6- and 24-month old rats; the ratio remained the same in sympathectomized animals. These data suggest that both subtypes of cardiac adrenergic receptors participate in the response to chemical denervation by 6-OHDA regardless of age.