cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated control of dynamic facades and distributed energy resources for energy cost minimization in commercial buildings

Abstract Controllable window, shading, and daylighting technologies provide an interesting opportunity to manage end use demands on distributed energy resources (DER) in ways that both complements the peak output profile of solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation and counteracts the peak demands on the utility grid produced by daytime commercial activities. The objective of this study is to explore whether dynamic facade technologies can play an enabling role in supporting a desired level of electricity service at either minimum operating cost or minimum carbon footprint through optimized integrated control with distributed energy resources. A proof-of-concept control system was developed by approximating non-linearities as piecewise-linear and determining the control state of both the demand and supply side components through global optimization. Annual simulations of a south-facing office zone with switchable electrochromic windows, solar photovoltaic electricity generation, and battery storage indicated that with optimized integrated demand–supply side controls, the utility grid load profile could be lowered to nearly zero demand (5 W/m2) during the daytime when energy costs are highest. A full-scale outdoor field test in Berkeley, California verified this performance, demonstrating that during a week of sunny winter weather, electricity bills could be reduced by 63% compared to heuristic control of electrochromic windows without the photovoltaics and electrical storage. In both the simulated and measured cases, the photovoltaic system was sized to meet the peak perimeter zone load and the electrical storage was sized to be fully discharged by the end of the peak day. Technical and market challenges for achieving reliable optimal control for widespread applications are discussed.
A Graph-Based Program Representation for Analyzing Hardware Specialization Approaches

Hardware specialization has emerged as a promising paradigm for future microprocessors. Unfortunately, it is natural to develop and evaluate such architectures within end-to-end vertical silos spanning application, language/compiler, hardware design and evaluation tools, leaving little opportunity for cross-architecture analysis and innovation. This paper develops a novel program representation suitable for modeling heterogeneous architectures with specialized hardware, called the transformable dependence graph (TDG), which combines semantic information about program properties and low-level hardware events in a single representation. We demonstrate, using four example architectures from the literature, that the TDG is a feasible, simple, and accurate modeling technique for transparent specialization architectures, enabling cross-domain comparison and design-space exploration.
Learning About Product Quality: Automotive Recalls and Country Reputations

Prior studies have argued that quality uncertainty for experience goods may be in part resolved by firm-specific reputational assets. This paper demonstrates that unobserved quality may also be signaled by a reputational asset common to many firms – country of origin. Analyzing stock market reactions to all published automotive recalls in the U.S. from 1966-2011, I find evidence that consumers learn about product quality both through historic experience with firms and country of origin. I estimate that firms whose products are recalled initially experience abnormal returns of −0.6%, and that these abnormal returns diminish with each subsequent recall. Further, I find significant intra-country spillovers of −0.15% during recall announcements. These results have implications for firms’ willingness to invest in quality and may lend insight into the perceived country-specific quality observed in the automotive industry.
Social Network Websites and Social Movement Involvement

The Middle East revolutions in early 2011 brought attention to the involvement of online social networks in social movement activity. Using data from a survey of attendees fielded at the U.S. Social Forum (USSF), a national meeting of social movement participants, this research examines individuals who learned of the social movement event through social network websites (SNSs), such as Facebook or Twitter. Specifically, the study focuses on attendees’ offline protest activities and organizational memberships, while controlling for individual factors and other ways of hearing about the forum. Results show that learning of the USSF through SNSs significantly impacts attendees’ organizational memberships and the number of offline protests attended. Findings suggest activists should consider using SNSs to supplement more traditional social networks and information channels.
The lung HETEs (and EETs) up.

Arachidonic acid metabolites of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways have a variety of important lung functions. Recent observations indicate that cytochrome P-450 (P-450) monooxygenases are also expressed in the lung, localized to specific pulmonary cell types (e.g., epithelium, endothelium, and smooth muscle), and may modulate critical lung functions. This review summarizes recent data on the presence and biological activity of P-450-derived eicosanoids in the pulmonary vasculature and airways, including effects on pulmonary vascular and bronchial smooth muscle tone and airway epithelial ion transport. We hypothesize a number of potential functions of P-450-derived arachidonate metabolites in the lungs such as contribution to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, regulation of bronchomotor tone, control of the composition of airway lining fluid, and limitation of pulmonary inflammation. Finally, we describe a number of emerging technologies, including congenic and transgenic strains of experimental animals, P-450 isoform-specific inhibitors and inhibitory antibodies, eicosanoid analogs, and vectors for delivery of P-450 cDNAs and antisense oligonucleotides. These tools will facilitate further studies on the contribution of endogenously formed P-450 eicosanoid metabolites to lung function, under both normal and pathological conditions.
Subglacial clast/bed contact forces

A laboratory device was built to measure the forces that ice exerts on a 0.05 m diameter rigid plastic sphere in two different configurations: in contact with a flat bed or isolated from the bed. Measurements indicated that bed-normal contact forces were 1.8 times larger than drag forces due to creeping flow past a slippery sphere isolated from the bed. Measurements of forces as a function of the bed-normal ice velocity, estimations of the ice viscosity parameter and observations of markers in the ice indicate ice is Newtonian with a viscosity of ~1.3x 1011 Pas. Newtonian behavior is expected due to small and transient stresses. A model of regelation indicates that it had a negligible (<5%) influence on forces. Water pressure in the cavity beneath the sphere in contact with the bed had a likewise negligible influence on contact forces. When no cavity is present, drag forces can be correctly estimated using Stokes’s law (Newtonian viscosity) for a slippery sphere. The same law with a bed-enhancement factor of 1.8 is appropriate for estimating bed-normal contact forces. These results reinforce previous laboratory measurements and theories but provide no support for explanations of high debris/bed friction or rates of abrasion that depend on high contact forces.
Enantioselective Transport and Biotransformation of Chiral Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Whole Poplar Plants

Hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) have been found to be ubiquitous in the environment due to the oxidative metabolism of their parent PCBs. With more polarity, OH-PCBs may be more toxic and mobile than their parent compounds. However, the behavior and fate of OH-PCBs have been neglected in the environment because they are not the original contaminants. Some of these hydroxylated metabolites are chiral, and chiral compounds can be used to probe biological metabolic processes. Therefore, chiral OH-PCBs were selected to study their uptake, translocation, transformation, and enantioselectivity in plants in this work. Poplars (Populus deltoides × nigra, DN34), a model plant with complete genomic sequence, were hydroponically exposed to 5-hydroxy-2,2′,3,4′,6-pentachlorobiphenyl (5-OH-PCB91) and 5-hydroxy-2,2′,3,5′,6-pentachlorobiphenyl (5-OH-PCB95) for 10 days. Chiral 5-OH-PCB91 and 5-OH-PCB95 were clearly shown to be sorbed, taken up, and translocated in whole poplars, and they were detected in various tissues of whole poplars. However, the enantioselectivity of poplar for 5-OH-PCB91 and 5-OH-PCB95 proved to be quite different. The second-eluting enantiomer of OH-PCB95, separated on a chiral column (Phenomenex Lux Cellulose-1), was enantioselectively removed in whole poplar. Enantiomeric fractions in the middle xylem, top bark, top xylem, and stem, reached 0.803 ± 0.022, 0.643 ± 0.110, 0.835 ± 0.087, and 0.830 ± 0.029, respectively. Therefore, 5-OH-PCB95 was significantly enantioselectively biotransformed inside poplar tissues, in contrast to nearly racemic mixtures of 5-OH-PCB95 remaining in hydroponic solutions. Unlike 5-OH-PCB95, 5-OH-PCB91 remained nearly racemic in most tissues of whole poplars during 10 day exposure, suggesting the enantiomers of 5-OH-PCB91 were equally transported and metabolized in whole poplars. This is the first evidence of enantioselectivity of chiral OH-PCBs and suggests that poplars can enantioselectively biotransform at least one chiral OH-PCB: namely, 5-OH-PCB95.
Conception is a Blessing

John E. Hankins in his interesting article, “Hamlet's ‘God Kissing Carrion’: a Theory of the Generation of Life” (PMLA, LXIV, 507-516) suggests a possible theological interpretation to the lines: “For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog, being a good kissing carrion [or ‘god, kissing carrion’] …” (II, ii, 181). He points out that the belief in the generative power of the sun was not merely a pagan concept and (p. 515) quotes from Alanus de Insulis to show that the worm born in putrifying flesh by the power of the sun was regarded by mediaeval theologians as a symbol representing Christ, who was born of carnal flesh and without masculine seed.
Artistics and Its Evaluation Model Index

In the context of Scientific Development Concept, we must focus on and study artistics evaluation to construct the discipline of artistics, innovate its direction and developing model, integrate artistic experience and rationality, and establish complete theory system. It is a urgent task to study the construction theory and model of Chinese artistics. Artistics is a humanistic discipline on the integrated knowledge of artistic study. Artistics evaluation is people's activity to appreciate, judge and create the significance of artistic disciplines. Artistics evaluation model is the framework or model set up by people according to art evaluation theory. The theory for the construction of artistic evaluation model is the evaluation theory to pursue the discovery of artistic significance (concept of expecting to evaluate specific artistic significance). The core index of artistics evaluation are: art publicity, discipline theory, need satisfaction, actual consumption, management level, art sponsorship, art academy, and special activity. In a word, the present author advocate to set up Chinese artistics evaluation discipline to study the evaluation of Chinese artistics.
Development of a Versatile Interactive Performance System

This paper describes the development of an interactive performance system begun in 2001 and built using Max/MSP. Initially created for performance of a multimedia theater work, the system has been further developed since that time for use as an instrument for a variety of chamber music and improvisational situations.
Luteinizing hormone bioactivity and variable responses to clomiphene citrate in chronic anovulation.

In 18 women with infertility and chronic anovulation with normal gonadotropins, three different responses were observed to increasing doses (250 to 750mg) of clomiphene citrate (CC). Follicle development and ovulation in 8, follicle development but no ovulation without human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 6, and no response to CC in 4. Serum concentrations of bioactive luteinizing hormone (bioactive-LH), immunoactive (immunoactive-LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol (E 2 ) were measured and follicle growth was assessed by daily ultrasound. Findings were compared with 8 normal ovulatory controls. Folliculogenesis on CC therapy, based on our data, was 78%; however, only 44% ovulated spontaneously, 34% required hCG for follicle rupture. There were no apparent hormonal indicators to predict responders from nonresponders. The absence of an LH surge in the presence of follicles and sustained high E 2 concentrations in 34% of patients may be associated with a decreased E 2 sensitivity at the hypothalamic-pituitary level. Ultrasound easily identified patients who responded to CC with folliculogenesis but did not initiate an LH surge. Follicle rupture was achieved promptly by hCG administration.
PP-018 Drug savings realised by use of a right closed system transfer device in the preparation of antineoplastic drugs

Background Drug costs constitute a major part of health expenditure in Turkey. Among drug classes, antineoplastics are the most expensive. Another attempt at cost savings in antineoplastic drugs could be achieved by preparing the drugs without dose rounding without compromising either patient or healthcare worker safety. Reducing drug waste could also result in decreased costs for waste. Previous studies demonstrated that the PhaSeal Closed System Transfer Device maintains drug sterility for up to 7 days and suggested that the remaining part of drugs in single use vials could be stored for up to 7 days or during their physicochemical stability period, if shorter. Purpose To determine the rates of drug savings that could be achieved by storing the remaining part of drugs in the vial with and without PhaSeal. Material and methods Chemotherapy drug preparations are performed in separated units within the hospital pharmacy, inside a class II B2 type biological safety cabinet in accordance with aseptic technique procedures. This study included 16 different glass vials. A 3 month period was determined when the devices were not being used (July, August, September 2014–period A). Within period A, leftover drugs were reused during the day and discarded at the end of the day. Similarly, a 3 month period was determined when the devices were being used (July, August, September 2015–period B). Within period B, maximum stability period was limited to 7 days. Physicochemical stability information of related drugs was searched for in reference sources. For both cases, the amount of saved doses within the 3 month period was proportioned to amount of doses that were supposed to be used in case of instant discard and no drug savings. Cost savings were calculated using price per mg, total amount of prepared doses in mg and proportion of drug saving. The study evaluated only impact on drug savings. Results Results are shown in figure 1. Conclusion In 11 out of 16 drugs, the rate of drug saving was higher in period B and the percentage of drug savings increased from 7.48% to 17.57% in period B. It was concluded that, in addition reducing exposure to hazardous drugs, PhaSeal could also contribute to drug savings. No conflict of interest.
SMARCE1 regulates metastatic potential of breast cancer cells through the HIF1A/PTK2 pathway

While aberrant activation of the chromatin-remodeling SWI/SNF complexes has been associated with cancer development and progression, the role of each subunit in tumor cells is poorly defined. This study is aimed to characterize the role of SMARCE1/BAF57 in regulating metastasis of breast cancer cells. Genetic approaches and chemical inhibitors were used to manipulate the activities of SMARCE1 and its downstream targets in multiple breast cancer cell lines. Xenograft mouse models were used to analyze the role of SMARCE1 in lung metastasis in vivo. Nonadherent culture conditions were used to elucidate the role of SMARCE1 in regulating anoikis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting assays were designed to dissect the mechanism of action of SMARCE1. Public databases were used to investigate the relationship between SMARCE1 deregulation and breast cancer prognosis. SMARCE1 knockdown reduced lung metastasis of breast cancer cells and sensitized tumor cells to anoikis. In response to loss of attachment, SMARCE1 interacted with and potentiated transcriptional activity of HIF1A, resulting in rapid PTK2 activation. Both HIF1A and PTK2 were indispensable for SMARCE1-mediated protection against anoikis by promoting activation of ERK and AKT pathways while suppressing the expression of pro-apoptotic BIM protein. Expression data analysis of a large cohort of human breast tumors revealed that high expression of SMARCE1 or PTK2 is associated with poor prognosis and tumor relapse, and PTK2 expression is positively correlated with SMARCE1 expression in basal-like and luminal B subtypes of breast tumors. SMARCE1 plays an essential role in breast cancer metastasis by protecting cells against anoikis through the HIF1A/PTK2 pathway. SMARCE1-mediated PTK2 activation likely plays a key role in promoting metastasis of basal-like and luminal B subtype of breast tumors.
Quantifying and reducing leakage errors in the JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution

Recent advances in processing data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) have led to a new generation of gravity solutions constrained within a Bayesian framework to remove correlated errors rather than relying on empirical filters. The JPL RL05M mascon solution is one such solution, solving for mass variations using spherical cap mass concentration elements (mascons), while relying on external information provided by near-global geophysical models to constrain the solution. This new gravity solution is fundamentally different than the traditional spherical harmonic gravity solution, and as such, requires different care when postprocessing. Here, we discuss two classes of postprocessing considerations for the JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution: (1) reducing leakage errors across land/ocean boundaries, and (2) scaling the solutions to account for leakage errors introduced through parameterizing the gravity solution in terms of mascons. A Coastline Resolution Improvement (CRI) filter is developed to reduce leakage errors across coastlines. Synthetic simulations reveal a reduction in leakage errors of ∼50%, such that residual leakage errors are ∼1 cm equivalent water height (EWH) averaged globally. A set of gain factors is derived to reduce leakage errors for continental hydrology applications. The combined effect of the CRI filter coupled with application of the gain factors, is shown to reduce leakage errors when determining the mass balance of large (>160,000 km2) hydrological basins from 11% - 30% (0.6-1.5 mm EWH) averaged globally, with local improvements up to 8% - 81% (9-19 mm EWH). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Digital Knowledge Sharing: Forging Partnerships between Scholars, Archives, and Indigenous Communities

The article reviews a digital repatriation project carried out by the Center for Native American and Indigenous Research at the American Philosophical Society over the course of eight years (2008-present). The project focused on building digital archives in four indigenous communities: Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Penobscot Nation, Tuscarora Nation, and Ojibwe communities in both the United States and Canada. The article features insights from traditional knowledge keepers who helped to create a new system of co-stewarding the APS’ indigenous archival materials and recounts how the APS established protocols for cultural sensitivity. A new model of community-based scholarship is proposed to create a more equal and respectful relationship between indigenous communities, scholars, and archives.
The Azimuthal decorrelation of jets widely separated in rapidity

We study the azimuthal decorrelation between jets with pseudorapidity separation up to six units. The data were accumulated using the D0 detector during the 1994-1995 collider run of the Fermilab Tevatron at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. The data are compared to two parton shower Monte Carlos (HERWIG and PYTHIA) and an analytical prediction using the leading logarithmic BFKL resummation. The final state jets as predicted by the parton showering Monte Carlos describe the data over the entire pseudorapidity range studied. The prediction based on the leading logarithmic BFKL resummation shows more decorrelation than the data as the rapidity interval increases.
Automatic parameter tuning for image denoising with learned sparsifying transforms

Data-driven and learning-based sparse signal models outperform analytical models (e.g, wavelets), for image denoising, but require careful parameter tuning to reach peak performance. In this work, we provide a solution to the problem of parameter tuning for image denoising with transform sparsity regularization. We show that by viewing a learned sparsifying transform as a filter bank we can utilize the SURELET denoising algorithm to automatically tune parameters for an image denoising task. Numerical experiments show that combining SURELET with a learned sparsifying transform provides the best of both worlds. Our approach requires no parameter tuning for image denoising, yet outperforms SURELET with analytic transforms and matches the performance of transform learning denoising with hand-tuned parameters.
Operationism, Mechanism, and Psychological Reality: The Second-Coming of Linguistic Relativity

The nature of scientific explanation is examined from the convergent viewpoints of Skinner’s behavior-analytic theory and Whorf’s theory of linguistic relativity. In contrast to classical modes of scientific explanation, both Skinner and Whorf regard scientific activity as a social product, generated and maintained by verbal communities that determine what does and does not constitute legitimate explanation. It is suggested from Whorf’s comparative analyses of Western and non-Western languages that what different cultures accept as legitimate explanation depends on how their respective linguistic systems dissect natural phenomena. English and related languages, organized around nouns and implicit agent-action locutions, favor mechanistic explanation couched in terms of “cause-effect” relations. Other languages carve nature up differently, and thus accept quite different, yet equally valid, forms of explanation. It is suggested that some of the misconceptions surrounding Skinner’s position may arise from the fundamental incongruence between the linguistic patterns of English and the conceptual fabric of modern behavior-analytic theory.
Long-wave infrared selective pyroelectric detector using plasmonic near-perfect absorbers and highly oriented aluminum nitride

Pyroelectric detectors are desirable for infrared sensing because they operate at room temperature and are easier to fabricate than traditional detectors such as mercury-cadmium-telluride. Unfortunately, they cannot detect specific wavelengths or wavelength bands. Herein, a pyroelectric detector for selective detection in the long-wavelength infrared region will be presented. Pyroelectric aluminum nitride forms a dielectric layer separating a gold plasmonic hole array from a refractory metal, titanium nitride. Infrared radiation incident on the hole array forms a gap plasmon mode whose electric field is confined to the pyroelectric spacer layer. Relaxation of the mode heats the pyroelectric spacer layer, producing a pyroelectric voltage. Using this technique, 18.9 dB of spectral selectivity at λ=9 μm was achieved with a peak responsivity of 1.08 V/W.
Arterial Venous Differentiation for Vascular Bioengineering

The development processes of arteries and veins are fundamentally different, leading to distinct differences in anatomy, structure, and function as well as molecular profiles. Understanding the complex interaction between genetic and epigenetic pathways, as well as extracellular and biomechanical signals that orchestrate arterial venous differentiation, is not only critical for the understanding of vascular diseases of arteries and veins but also valuable for vascular tissue engineering strategies. Recent research has suggested that certain transcriptional factors not only control arterial venous differentiation during development but also play a critical role in adult vessel function and disease processes. This review summarizes the signaling pathways and critical transcription factors that are important for arterial versus venous specification. We focus on those signals that have a direct relation to the structure and function of arteries and veins, and have implications for vascular disease processes and tissue engineering applications.
1329 Predicting occupational injuries at the community level

Introduction Low wage, minority, and immigrant workers suffer a high and inequitable rate of traumatic workplace injury. These workers are difficult to reach. We hypothesised that these workers cluster in communities that could be predicted on demographics. Methods We assembled a database of severely injured workers by postal zipcode, as well as demographic variables for those zipcodes for Illinois from 2000–2009. We conducted a spatial cluster analysis, and multivariable regression of demographic features of a community that could be used to target high-risk populations for occupational health interventions. Results Among the 23 200 occupational injuries, 80% of cases were located in 20% of zip codes and clustered in 10 locations. After component analysis, numbers and clusters of injuries multiple regression showed a positive association with ‘immigrants’ and a negative association with ‘urban poverty.’ Discussion Traumatic occupational injuries were clustered spatially by home location of the affected workers and in a predictable way. This puts an inequitable burden on communities and provides evidence for the possible value of community-based interventions for prevention of occupational injuries. Work should be included in health disparities research. Stakeholders should determine whether and how to intervene at the community level to prevent occupational injuries.
Imaging radar performance analysis using product dark regions

Many types of dark regions occur naturally or artificially in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Coherent Change Detection (CCD) products. Occluded regions in SAR imagery, known as shadows, are created when incident radar energy is obstructed by a target with height from illuminating resolution cells immediately behind the target in the ground plane. No return areas are also created from objects or terrain that produce little scattering in the direction of the receiver, such as still water or flat plates for monostatic systems. Depending on the size of the dark region, additive and multiplicative noise levels are commonly measured for SAR performance testing. However, techniques for radar performance testing of CCD using dark regions are not common in the literature. While dark regions in SAR imagery also produce dark regions in CCD products, additional dark regions in CCD may further arise from decorrelation of bright regions in SAR imagery due to clutter or terrain that has poor wide-sense stationarity (such as foliage in wind), man-made disturbances of the scene, or unintended artifacts introduced by the radar and image processing. By comparing dark regions in CCD imagery over multiple passes, one can identify unintended decorrelation introduced by poor radar performance rather than phenomenology. This paper addresses select dark region automated measurement techniques for the evaluation of radar performance during SAR and CCD field testing.
Association of religiosity and spirituality with quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review

This review systematically identified and critically appraised the available literature that has examined the association between religiosity and/or spirituality (R/S) and quality of life (QOL) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We searched several electronic online databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, and CINAHL) from database inception until October 2017. Included articles were peer-reviewed, published in English, and quantitatively examined the association between R/S and QOL. We assessed the methodological quality of each included study. The 15 articles included were published between 2002 and 2017. Most studies were conducted in the US and enrolled patients with heart failure. Sixteen dimensions of R/S were assessed with a variety of instruments. QOL domains examined were global, health-related, and disease-specific QOL. Ten studies reported a significant positive association between R/S and QOL, with higher spiritual well-being, intrinsic religiousness, and frequency of church attendance positively related with mental and emotional well-being. Approximately half of the included studies reported negative or null associations. Our findings suggest that higher levels of R/S may be related to better QOL among patients with CVD, with varying associations depending on the R/S dimension and QOL domain assessed. Future longitudinal studies in large patient samples with different CVDs and designs are needed to better understand how R/S may influence QOL. More uniformity in assessing R/S would enhance the comparability of results across studies. Understanding the influence of R/S on QOL would promote a holistic approach in managing patients with CVD.
Further investigation of the work autonomy scales: Two studies.

Although the importance of work autonomy is widely recognized, research on autonomy has been criticized for failing to examine important facets of autonomy. In response to this criticism, Breaugh (1985) developed a new instrument which measures method, scheduling, and criteria autonomy. This paper presents the results of two studies that examined the validity of Breaugh's work autonomy scales and investigated whether employee reports of autonomy were related to autonomy ratings of their jobs made by independent sources. The results of these two studies generally support the validity of the work autonomy scales. For example, as predicted, full-time employees reported having more work autonomy than part-time employees, and the three autonomy scales were found to be related to a number of other variables with which they should be correlated. A moderate degree of correspondence was found between employee self-reports of autonomy and autonomy ratings of their jobs made by job analysts, supervisors, and co-workers.
Abelian Extensions and a Cohomology Theory of Harrison

Let k be a field, K be a separable closure of k, and П be the group of all automorphisms of K leaving k pointwise fixed. П is a compact, totally disconnected group in the topology for which a neighborhood base at the identity is the set of subgroups of П which correspond, via the fundamental theorem of Galois theory, to the finite separable extensions of k.
Information Science Laws and Regularities: A Survey

This paper catalogs laws and regularities of empirical nature which are in the domain of study of information science and which have been published in professional literature. No attempt has been made to critically assess or evaluate their validity in terms of reported empirical evidence. Selected applications of some of these laws and regularities are listed at the end.
Stability and Change

The overall picture from research on U.S. journalists from the early 1970s to the early years of this first decade of the 21st century is one of “more stability than change” (Weaver et al. 2007: 239). But there are some changes and contradictions that are worth noting, and I will concentrate more on these in this chapter than on those things that have not changed much over the past 30 years.
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment of Primary Brain Tumors Through Radiomic Features: A Metric for Guided Radiation Treatment Planning.

Purpose The definition of radiotherapy target volume is a critical step in treatment planning for all tumor sites. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequences are used for the definition of the gross target volume (GTV) and the contouring of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and meningioma. We propose the use of multiparametric MRI combined with radiomic features to improve the texture-based differentiation of tumor from edema for GTV definition and to differentiate vasogenic from tumor cell infiltration edema. Methods Twenty-five patients with brain tumor and peritumoral edema (PTE) were assessed. Of the enrolled patients, 17 (63 ± 10 years old, six female and 11 male patients) were diagnosed with GBM and eight (64 ± 14 years old, five female and three male patients) with meningioma. A 3 Tesla (3T) MRI scanner was used to scan patients using a 3D multi-echo Gradient Echo (GRE) sequence. After the acquisition process, two experienced neuroradiologists independently used an in-house semiautomatic algorithm to conduct a segmentation of two regions of interest (ROI; edema and tumor) in all patients using functional MRI sequences, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), as well as anatomical MRI sequences—T1-weighted, T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). Radiomic (computer-extracted texture) features were extracted from all ROIs through different approaches, including first-, second-, and higher-order statistics, both with and without normalization, leading to the calculation of around 300 different texture parameters for each ROI. Based on the extracted parameters, a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis was used to isolate the parameters that best differentiated edema from tumors while irrelevant parameters were discarded. Results and conclusions The parameters chosen by LASSO were used to perform statistical analyses which allowed identification of the variables with the best discriminant ability in all scenarios. Receiver operating characteristic results showcase both the best single discriminator and the discriminant capacity of the model using all variables selected by LASSO. Excellent results were obtained for patients with GBM with all MRI sequences, with and without normalization; a T1-weighted sequence postcontrast (T1W+C) with normalization offered the best tumor classification (area under the curve, AUC > 0.97). For patients with meningioma, a good model of tumor classification was obtained through the T1-weighted sequence (T1W) without normalization (AUC > 0.71). However, there was no agreement between the results of both radiologists for some MRI sequences analyzed for patients with GBM and meningioma. In conclusion, a small subset of radiomic features showed an excellent ability to distinguish edema from tumor tissue through its most discriminating features.
Radiation Evaluation of the TMP461-SP Radiation Hardened Remote and Local Digital Temperature Sensor

TMP461-SP is Radiation Hardened Remote Digital Temperature Sensor that is being released for Space applications. TMP461-SP has been characterized to pass Total dose level of up to 100KRrads. Single Event Heavy Ion testing showed that TMP461-SP was SEL-free up to LETeff = 76 MeV-cm2/mg, and has very low cross section for SET.
Quality Assurance in Interventional Radiology: Intra-procedural Care

To highlight elements that potentially improve the quality of patient care during the Interventional Radiology procedure. The success of an interventional radiology procedure is not merely dependent on the skill of the operator. Many other factors considerably influence the safety and therefore the outcome of the procedure. The following elements are discussed in depth: universal protocol, preprocedural checklist, physical environment, communication during the procedure, preventing infection, planning and executing the procedure, and radiation safety. Incorporating systems of safety and back-up plans during the procedure is essential in guaranteeing favorable results and decreasing complications.
A Critical Evaluation of Motivation to Change Conceptualization, Measurement, and Utility in Counseling and Psychotherapy:

Motivation to change, or a general sense of readiness to change, is an important construct in mental health counseling initiation, engagement, and persistence. Despite the connection of motivation ...
Stability of Dynamical Networks

This is a fundamental chapter of the book. It deals with networks, which are here considered as graphs, and is built on the theory developed in the previous chapter, on matrices.
A camera never told the truth: An exploration of objectivity in photojournalism

Several cases have surfaced in the past two decades where the photojournalists associated with some of the most respected and trusted news organizations have been accused of altering the news photos. During the same time, the developments in the digital cameras and editing software have put the image altering technology into the hands of all practicing journalists and journalism students. This paper explores two, somewhat connected, issues: objectivity in photojournalism and ethics of altering photographic images. The paper discusses objectivity in journalism in general and photojournalism to address the question: Can a photojournalist use a camera to record reality in an objective manner? Since the photographers have altered (retouched) images from the very beginning of photography, where are the ethical boundaries of image alteration for the photojournalists?
High-temperature dependency of elastic mechanical behavior of two wrought magnesium alloys AZ31B and ZK60A studied by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy

Abstract Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) was used to study the elastic mechanical properties and internal friction of two wrought magnesium alloys, AZ31B and ZK60A, from 25 °C to 450 °C. Samples in the rolled, transverse, and normal directions were characterized at 50 °C intervals to determine the temperature dependency of elastic moduli and stiffnesses for each direction. The temperature dependencies represented as, dE/dT, dG/dT, dB/dT, dC11/dT, dC12/dT, and dC44/dT are provided herein. To evaluate the RUS technique for these type of alloys, Young's modulus was also determined by conventional static tension testing and the results were compared. From the same RUS experiment, the internal friction variation with temperature was calculated for both alloys. The linear coefficients of thermal expansion for each direction over the temperature range considered were determined, as they were needed to estimate sample dimension at elevated temperature for the RUS measurements. This study shows that RUS can be a convenient and accurate technique to supply quantitative elastic mechanical data and fill the existing gaps on light metals characterization.
Impact of a problem-based learning elective on performance in non-problem-based learning required courses

Abstract Background and purpose Use of problem-based learning (PBL) in health professions education has limited data supporting improved exam performance and confidence in problem solving, primarily within courses converted to a PBL format. This study aimed to demonstrate a similar benefit in simultaneous and subsequent required, non-PBL courses that involved critical thinking. Educational activity and setting This retrospective cohort study included students who were enrolled in the pharmacotherapeutics and case studies/laboratory course sequences in the second and third professional (P3) years. We compared performance across both course sequences of students who took a PBL elective course in the fall of the P3 year (PBL students) and students who did not take the elective course (non-PBL students). Findings There was a statistically significant difference favoring PBL students in performance in both the therapeutics and case/lab courses offered simultaneously with the PBL elective. There was no significant difference noted between PBL and non-PBL student performance in the subsequent therapeutics and case/lab courses; however, results within individual cohorts differed strikingly from the aggregate analysis. Performance in the PBL elective had no impact on the outcomes of the study. Summary This study demonstrated an overall benefit for students who participated in a PBL course on performance in simultaneous, critical thinking courses that did not incorporate PBL. However, the aggregate did not show a difference in performance in subsequent critical thinking, non-PBL courses. Further studies are needed to elucidate the true benefit of the PBL approach in other non-PBL courses that require advanced clinical reasoning.
The Semiotic Functions of English in Indonesia

Under the modernist notion of distinct and separate languages, where speakers can have varying levels of fluency in a language, and the language is deployed or not at certain times (cf. Gargesh R. South Asian Englishes. In Kachru B, Kachru Y, Nelson CL (eds) The handbook of world Englishes. Wiley Blackwell, New York, pp 90–113, 2006; Kachru B. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the Outer Circle. In Quirk R, Widdowson HG, Cantu Y (eds) English in the world: teaching and learning the language and literatures (pp. 11–30). Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 11–30, 1985; Srivastava RN. Applied linguistics. Studies in language and linguistics, vol 4. Kalinga Publications, Delhi, 1994), we gain only a partial picture of how English manifests itself and what influence it has in local economies or ecologies. When we instead treat ‘English’, or any ‘language’ as an ideological object of commentary and as a semiotic resource deployed at different times for different purposes, without its producer needing ‘complete fluency’ in order to successfully communicate meaning, then we get a more nuanced image of the myriad ways in which ‘a language’ can appear in a given context, the ways in which it can be talked about, objectified, and commodified, and the greater socio-historical facts and tensions that circulate around the concept of the language and the semiotic forms associated with it (cf. Agha 2007; Zentz L. Statehood, scale and hierarchy: language, history and identity in Indonesia. Multilingual Matters, Bristol, 2017).
Exploration of the local solar neighbourhood I: Fixed number of probes

Previous work in studying interstellar exploration by one or several probes has focused primarily either on engineering models for a spacecraft targeting a single star system, or large-scale simulations to ascertain the time required for a civilization to completely explore the Milky Way galaxy. In this paper, a simulated annealing algorithm is used to numerically model the exploration of the local interstellar neighborhood (i.e. on the order of ten parsecs of the Solar System) by a fixed number of probes launched from the Solar System; these simulations use the observed masses, positions and spectral classes of targeted stars. Each probe visits a pre-determined list of target systems, maintains a constant cruise speed, and only changes direction from gravitational deflection at each target. From these simulations, it is examined how varying design choices – differing the maximum cruise speed, number of probes launched, number of target stars to be explored, and probability of avoiding catastrophic system failure per parsec – change the completion time of the exploration program and the expected number of stars successfully visited. In addition, it is shown that improving this success probability per parsec has diminishing returns beyond a certain point. Future improvements to the model and possible implications are discussed.
Removing Internal Reflections from Deep Imaging Data Sets

We present a means of characterizing and removing internal reflections between the CCD and other optical surfaces in an astronomical camera. The stellar reflections appear as out-of-focus images and are not necessarily axisymmetric about the star. Using long exposures of very bright stars as calibration images, we are able to measure the position, size, and intensity of reflections as a function of their position on the field. We also measure the extended stellar point-spread function out to 1°. Together this information can be used to create an empirical model of the excess light from bright stars and reduce systematic artifacts in deep surface photometry. We then reduce a set of deep observations of the Virgo cluster with our method to demonstrate its efficacy and to provide a comparison with other strategies for removing scattered light.
Toward First Principles Prediction of Voltage Dependences of Electrolyte/Electrolyte Interfacial Processes in Lithium Ion Batteries

In lithium ion batteries, Li+ intercalation into electrodes is induced by applied voltages, which are in turn associated with free energy changes of Li+ transfer (ΔGt) between the solid and liquid phases. Using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and thermodynamic integration techniques, we compute ΔGt for the virtual transfer of a Li+ from a LiC6 anode slab, with pristine basal planes exposed, to liquid ethylene carbonate confined in a nanogap. The onset of delithiation, at ΔGt = 0, is found to occur on LiC6 anodes with negatively charged basal surfaces. These negative surface charges are evidently needed to retain Li+ inside the electrode and should affect passivation (“SEI”) film formation processes. Fast electrolyte decomposition is observed at even larger electron surface densities. By assigning the experimentally known voltage (0.1 V vs Li+/Li metal) to the predicted delithiation onset, an absolute potential scale is obtained. This enables voltage calibrations in simulation cells used in AIMD studie...
Aggression Among Male Migrant Farmworkers Living in Camps in Eastern North Carolina

The living and working arrangements of migrant farmworkers in North Carolina are shaped by grower provided housing, codified by the US Department of Labor's H-2A temporary worker program. Growers typically dictate all facets about residences, living conditions, and even food acquirements. Farmworker camps likely contribute to aggression because of the forced relationships among a small group of people that live, work and recreate together for extended time periods. Participants in the study consisted of 371 farmworkers living in 183 camps. The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale was used to assess aggression among migrant farmworkers. Results indicated that aggressive acts were prevalent among the farmworkers, but the frequency of aggressive acts was low. The most common aggressive act was minor psychological aggression. Results also indicated that alcohol misuse was a common characteristic for both victims and perpetrators and the majority of aggressive acts occurred later in the agricultural season.
Improving preservice teachers’ noticing skills through technology-aided interventions in mathematics pedagogy courses

Abstract This study investigated effects of employing the Three-point framework (Key Point, Difficult Point, Critical Point) and three technology-aided interventions (online discussions, clinical interviews, and graphic lesson plan construction) on developing preservice teachers’ noticing skills in elementary mathematics pedagogy courses. Pre- and post-intervention assessments revealed significant improvement in the treatment group’s scores, and two case studies illustrated how the interventions can help preservice teachers develop noticing skills. These findings suggest that combining the framework with technology support provides an accessible model for guiding preservice teachers to use evidence from task-based interactions with learners to support instructional decisions.