cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Export Dumping: The Case of Mexican Winter Vegetables in the U.S. Market

This paper examines the 1978 agricultural dumping charge brought by Florida winter vegetable producers against Mexican growers. It discusses "fair value" in the context of three antidumping criteria: prices at home and abroad, selling below cost of production, and third-market test. The U.S. Department of Commerce found in favor of the Mexican producers by using the third-market test—a test which leads to ambiguous results. It is the authors' contention that the law should be changed so that future cases can be decided on a "normal business practice" concept, accounting for production and costing decisions unique to highly perishable products.
Scaling laws for testing of high lift airfoils under heavy rainfall

The results of studies regarding the effect of rainfall about aircraft are briefly reviewed. It is found that performance penalties on airfoils have been identified in subscale tests. For this reason, it is of great importance that scaling laws be dveloped to aid in the extrapolation of these data to fullscale. The present investigation represents an attempt to develop scaling laws for testing subscale airfoils under heavy rain conditions. Attention is given to rain statistics, airfoil operation in heavy rain, scaling laws, thermodynamics of condensation and/or evaporation, rainfall and airfoil scaling, aspects of splash back, film thickness, rivulets, and flap slot blockage. It is concluded that the extrapolation of airfoil performance data taken at subscale under simulated heavy rain conditions to fullscale must be undertaken with caution.
The Expected Number of Parts in a Partition of n.

Forn a positive integer letp(n) denote the number of partitions ofn into positive integers and letp(n,k) denote the number of partitions ofn into exactlyk parts. Let $$P(n) = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^\infty {kp(n,k)} $$ , thenP(n) represents the total number of parts in all the partitions ofn. In this paper we obtain the following asymptotic formula for $${{P(n)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{P(n)} {p(n)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {p(n)}}:{{P(n)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{P(n)} {p(n)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {p(n)}} = \sqrt {{{3n} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{3n} {2\pi }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {2\pi }}} (\log n + 2\gamma - \log {\pi \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\pi 6}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 6}) + 0(\log ^3 n).$$ .
Quantitation of Phenobarbital and Phenobarbital Sodium in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of phenobarbital and phenobarbital sodium in pharmaceutical dosage forms (elixir, injection, and tablets) was developed. The method is precise and accurate with percent relative standard deviations of 0.9 (without an internal standard) and 0.7 (with an internal standard) based on six injections. The method is stability indicating and is more sensitive than the revised USP-NF method. The products of decomposition showed two new peaks in the chromatogram.
Two-dimensional video disdrometer: A description

Abstract This paper describes the design and operation of a two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) for in situ measurements of precipitation drop size distribution. The instrument records orthogonal image projections of raindrops as they cross its sensing area, and can provide a wealth of information, including velocity and shape, of individual raindrops. The 2DVD is a sensitive optical instrument that is exposed to rain, high humidity, and possibly high temperatures. These and other issues such as calibration procedures impact its performance. Under low-wind conditions, the instrument can provide accurate and detailed information on drop size, terminal velocity, and drop shape in a field setting, and the instrument's advantages far outweigh its disadvantages.
Fourier‐transform infrared study of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) studies of polystyrene (PS)/poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blends are presented. Both compatible (one-phase) and phase-separated blends were studied. In the case of compatible PS/PVME blends, there is strong evidence for molecular interactions. The interaction spectrum was obtained by digital subtraction techniques. In contrast, no interaction is detected for the phase-separated blends. In view of these results, molecular interactions must play a role in the compatibility of the two polymers. The merits of factor analysis and least-squares fit methods, as pertaining to our data, are also discussed.
Oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope systematics of the crater lake system of Poás Volcano, Costa Rica

Oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope data for fluids and minerals associated with the crater lake of Poas Volcano, Costa Rica, are interpreted in the context of the chemical and hydrologic structure of the volcano. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data were obtained for rain, spring, and river water, low-temperature fumarole condensates, and acid brines collected from the hot crater lake before its disappearance in April 1989. Flank river and spring waters whose solute compositions have been modified by volcanic and hydrothermal activity have, with one exception, isotopic compositions similar to local meteoric water. Acid chloride-sulfate brines of the summit crater lake are extremely enriched in 18O with respect to local meteoric water; in the most enriched brines 18O shifts are greater than 20‰. The 18O shift is related to a kinetic isotope effect associated with the intense evaporation at the surface of the lake. These same brines exhibit only minimal shifts in their D/H ratios. The apparent lack of deuterium fractionation in the brines is attributed to an increase in the flux of isotopically light steam into the crater lake and/or a decrease in the deuterium fractionation factor for evaporation that occurs at the surface of the lake. The decrease in deuterium fractionation is correlated with large increases in lake-brine acidity and dissolved solids concentration that preceded the disappearance of the lake. Sulfur isotope data are presented for H2S and SO2 gas collected from low temperature fumaroles; dissolved sulfate in spring, river, and crater lake waters; and native sulfur and gypsum found in the acid lake and active crater area. ΔSO2-H2S for low temperature gases is approximately 24‰ indicating an equilibration temperature of 165°C. ΔSO2-H2S for low temperature H2S and lake brine sulfate is approximately 23‰, all indicating subsurface equilibration occurred at 265°C. The H2S and native sulfur are both highly depleted in 34S (δ34S = –8 to –11‰). δ34S values of 34S-depleted H2S and 34S-enriched sulfate in lake brine are produced by disproportionation of SO2 released by the shallow magma body. Native sulfur is formed by the oxidation of 34S-depleted H2S by non-sulfur-bearing oxidants such as atmospheric oxygen and ferric iron. Mass-balance calculations indicate that sulfitolysis of polythionic acids could also result in the deposition of significant quantities of native sulfur. Implications of the isotopic composition of present-day fluids observed at Poas Volcano with respect to the isotope systematics of acid-sulfate ore deposits are considered.
Analysis of the Gene and Multiple Messenger Ribonucleic Acids (mRNAs) Encoding Human Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Alternate RNA Splicing Occurs in Neural and Endocrine Tissue

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), the mammalian homolog of the amphibian peptide bombesin, is encoded in man by a single gene located on chromosome 18. Restriction enzyme and DNA sequence analyses establish that the gene is 10 kilobases in size with two introns of 4.8 and 3.9 kilobases. Exon 1 encodes the 5'-untranslated region, the signal peptide, and the first 23 amino acids of GRP. Exon 2 encodes the remaining three complete amino acids of GRP and the first 74 amino acids of the GRP carboxy-terminal extension peptide. Hence, intron 1 interrupts the coding region of the bioactive portion of GRP between the first and second nucleotides for Gly, the 24th amino acid of GRP. Exon 3 encodes the remainder of the GRP-extension peptide and the 3'-untranslated region. Two GC-rich, potential regulatory sequences and a sequence associated with regulation by cAMP lie between the CAAT and TATA boxes; the primary transcriptional start site is located 30 bases downstream from the TATA box. The second intron has an alternate donor site at its 5'-end and an alternate acceptor site at its 3'-end. S1 nuclease mapping demonstrates that differential RNA splicing using these sites results in the similar expression of three GRP mRNAs in GRP-containing neurons (in stomach and brain) as well as in GRP-containing neuroendocrine cells (fetal lung). In addition, the pattern of RNA splicing is similar between normal tissue and neoplastic tissue (small cell carcinoma of the lung and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid).
Initial end-to-end performance evaluation of 10-Gigabit Ethernet

We present an initial end-to-end performance evaluation of Intel's/spl reg/ 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 GbE) network interface card (or adapter). With appropriate optimizations to the configurations of Linux, TCP, and the 10 GbE adapter, we achieve over 4 Gb/s throughput and 21 /spl mu/s end-to-end latency between applications in a local-area network despite using less capable, lower-end PCs. These results indicate that 10 GbE may also be a cost-effective solution for system-area networks in commodity clusters, data centers, and web-server farms as well as wide-area networks in support of computational and data grids.
Demodulation of Single-Sideband Signals Via Envelope Detection

Present day single-sideband (SSB) technology is based on synchronous demodulation, with implicit stringent stability requirements. This factor has deterred the use of SSB in some services in which it might be advantageous. There are two general ways to mitigate the stability problem: by transmitting a pilot carrier to synchronize a local oscillator, and by extracting the information signal from the envelope of the SSB signal. This paper deals with the second approach, i.e., SSB reception via envelope detection. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that distortionless reception is possible if a carrier component of a certain minimal strength is present, and if special circuitry is provided to process the SSB envelope. An interesting and possibly useful system based on these premises is described.
Stem cell regulatory niches and their role in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

Purpose of review In the postnatal life, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches are specialized microenvironments in the bone marrow that are essential for the maintenance and function of HSCs. The purpose of this review is to discuss the concept of HSC niche in light of recent studies that broaden its complexity and better define its molecular regulation. Also, we will discuss recent studies addressing the impact of leukemia development on HSC regulation and normal hematopoiesis, while discussing the potential regulation of leukemia-initiating cells by bone marrow niches. Recent findings Recent studies have identified new cellular and molecular components of the HSC niche and highlighted reciprocal interactions between the hematopoietic cells and their niches. These studies indicate that the HSC niche is not constituted by a single cell type but rather should be considered as a multicellular functional unit. Finally, advances have been made that provide promising insights into the the instructive role of the bone marrow microenvironment in hematological malignancies. Summary Increasing insights into the cell-cell cross talk between the hematopoietic system and its microenvironment in the bone marrow, and in particular in the interplay of HSCs with their niche(s), should provide new tools for combinatorial therapies in bone marrow failure and bone marrow cancers.
H ∞ mixed-sensitivity optimization for distributed parameter plants subject to convex constraints

This paper focuses on Hinfin near-optimal finite- dimensional compensator design for linear time invariant (LTI) distributed parameter plants subject to convex constraints. The distributed parameter plant is first approximated by a finite dimensional approximant. For unstable plants, the coprime factors are approximated by their finite dimensional approximants. The Youla parameterization is then used to parameterize the set of all stabilizing LTI controllers and formulate a weighted mixed-sensitivity Hinfin optimization that is convex in the Youla Q-parameter. A finite-dimensional (real- rational) stable basis is used to approximate the Q-parameter. By so doing, the associated infinite-dimensional optimization problem is transformed to a finite-dimensional optimization problem involving a search over a finite-dimensional parameter space. In addition to solving weighted mixed-sensitivity Hinfin control system design problems, subgradient concepts are used to directly accommodate time-domain specifications (e.g. peak value of control action, overshoot) in the design process. As such, a systematic design methodology is provided for a large class of distributed parameter plant control system design problems. Convergence results are presented. An illustrative examples for a hypersonic vehicle is provided. In short, the approach taken permits a designer to address control system design problems for which no direct method exists.
Antigen-specific t lymphocyte clones. II. Purifcation and biological characterization of an antigen-specific suppressive protein synthesized by cloned T cells

We have generated an antigen-specific T suppressor clone that synthesizes 70,000-mol wt peptides that have antigen-specific-binding activity. Although these data also indicated that antigen-binding peptides completely inhibited the in vitro primary response to a complex antigen, suppression might reflect the combined biologic activities of many different 70-mol wt polypeptides or polypeptides associated with the 70,000-mol wt material by noncovalent interactions. The protein responsible for antigen-specific suppression was therefore purified to virtual homogeneity after sequential separation of internally labeled supernate peptides on Sephacryl S-200 and DEAE-cellulose columns followed by isoeleetrofocusing. The resulting protein is greater than 95 percent homogeneous according to sodium dodeeyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and represents two peptides having two very close but distinguishable isoelectric point values of approximately 5.0. The purified molecules are retained by columns coated with lentil lectin or antigen but not by columns coated with antisera specific for immunoglobulins, the I region of the major histocompatibility complex or Ly-1 or Ly-2 antigens. Less than 50 pg of the purified glycoprotein specifically and completely suppresses production of anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cell by mixtures of 10(6) Ly-1 cells and B cells and this is a result of inactivation of Ly-l-mediated helper function. Specific inactivation of T (Th) cells by the 70,000-mol wt molecule is rapid, specific, and requires the presence of antigen. The mechanism of specific suppression of Th function may depend upon two functionally distinct regions of the 70,000-mol wt molecule: one that binds antigen and a second that mediates suppression.
Comment on "Jamming percolation and glass transitions in lattice models".

A Comment on the Letter by Cristina Toninelli, Giulio Biroli, and Daniel S. Fisher, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 035702 (2006). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Rapid compressions in a captive bubble apparatus are isothermal

Captive bubbles are commonly used to determine how interfacial films of pulmonary surfactant respond to changes in surface area, achieved by varying hydrostatic pressure. Although assumed to be iso...
Case 5 Vitamin a Hepatotoxicity

CLINICAL HISTORY The patient was a 9-year-old white female professional actress who presented with increasing lethargy and shortness of breath of 2-3 days’ duration and abdominal distension of approximately 2 months’ duration. She had been born after an uncomplicated delivery and weighed 6 lb 13 oz at birth. There were no perinatal problems except for mild transitory jaundice. Development had been normal, but weight was in the tenth percentile for her age. There were no significant illnesses in the past except for multiple allergies and an episodic rash apparently associated with allergies. The patient was said to be a poor eater.” Her father was an account executive, and her mother operated a health food restaurant. Her mother reported that she had gastrointestinal problems as a child, and that the child’s sibling, a female, had “sprue” (although currently well on a normal diet). Her father had a history of nephrolithiasis. Physical examination and chest X-ray revealed hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, and bilateral pleural effusions. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, white blood cell count and differential were within normal limits, as were blood levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, creatinine and uric acid. Serum antinuclear antibody (ANA) was negative. Total serum protein was 5.2 gldl, albumin 4.0 gldl. Bone marrow aspirate was not remarkable. Total bilirubin was 4.5 mg/dl with direct recovery fraction of 2.6 mg/dl. Prothrombin time was slightly elevated. Because of the suggestion of a retroperitoneal mass on ultrasound, an exploratory laparotomy was done and a liver biopsy taken during the procedure. Although no history of vitamin A overdose had been obtained prior to the biopsy, the biopsy revealed sinusoidal and central fibrosis (Fig. 1) and quite prominent fat-laden Ito cells. These findings in an apparently otherwise well patient, particularly in combination with evidences of portal hypertension (in
Joint analysis of ISM and TES spectra: The utility of multiple wavelength regimes for Martian surface studies

utility of these data sets, they need to be joined to provide pan-spectral coverage of the surface of Mars that will give information on different types of absorption processes in surface materials. We have performed a test of this approach using ISM and TES data to provide near-infrared and thermal infrared coverage of the selected regions observed by both instruments. Gridding and registering the two data sets to a common reference allows investigations of regional and global properties of the surface. Here we investigate the variability in the spectral properties of low-albedo regions, particularly Type I (basaltic) and Type II regions, and relate these variations to probably mineralogic composition. ISM and TES data agree on the presence of pyroxenes in Type I regions but may indicate a lack of pyroxene in the Type II material, although this is inconclusive. Type I regions in general appear to be uniform in composition, and surface variations are primarily controlled by mixing with dust. Temporal variations in surface reflectance make analysis of the differences in spectral properties between eastern and western Syrtis Major difficult but indicate that slope differences may not be due to intimate cementing of dark and light materials but rather due to penetrative oxidation of the surfaces of basaltic materials. These results demonstrate that the complementary strengths of multiple wavelength regimes allow greater understanding of surface composition and processes.
Holocene dune-sourced alluvial fans in the Nebraska Sand Hills

Abstract The large, stabilized dunes of the Nebraska Sand Hills are in a phase of degradation. The deposition of small-scale alluvial fans composed of well-sorted, fine- to medium-grained sand occurs when sand is transported via gullies on the lee side of large barchanoid-ridge dunes during infrequent, intense summer rain storms (>5 cm/h). The hydraulic conductivity of the dune sand itself is too high to allow Hortonian overland flow, but organically bound mats and crusts on the surface of the dunes help to impede infiltration. Secondary eolian bed forms at the crests of the dunes focus shallow groundwater and overland flow that erodes gullies. Internally, alluvial fans are dominated by laminated sands interpreted as sheetflood deposits. Depositional couplets of structureless (bottom) and laminated (top) sands may form from a combination of hyperconcentrated flow and sheetflood. Thickness of deposits varies with storm intensity and sediment supply in the gullies. The alluvial fans are Holocene in age, and gully initiation may have begun at the onset of a wetter climate when vegetation was less dense than at present. Water-laid sandstones associated with large-scale eolian cross-strata have been recognized in Precambrian, Devonian, and Cretaceous sequences. The alluvial fans from the Sand Hills may provide a new modern analogue for interpreting these ancient sandstones.
Unsupervised methods for developing taxonomies by combining syntactic and statistical information

This paper describes an unsupervised algorithm for placing unknown words into a taxonomy and evaluates its accuracy on a large and varied sample of words. The algorithm works by first using a large corpus to find semantic neighbors of the unknown word, which we accomplish by combining latent semantic analysis with part-of-speech information. We then place the unknown word in the part of the taxonomy where these neighbors are most concentrated, using a class-labelling algorithm developed especially for this task. This method is used to reconstruct parts of the existing Word-Net database, obtaining results for common nouns, proper nouns and verbs. We evaluate the contribution made by part-of-speech tagging and show that automatic filtering using the class-labelling algorithm gives a fourfold improvement in accuracy.
Concrete budgeting: A financial planning tool for intertemporal tradeoffs and just-in-time information

Existing budgeting tools take only the short-term view; here, we present an interface for scenario-based, long-term planning. Our work is grounded in recent empirical advances in behavioral economics. We present a system architecture and suggest contributions and directions for future research.
The use of insulin declines as patients live farther from their source of care: results of a survey of adults with type 2 diabetes

Although most diabetic patients do not achieve good physiologic control, patients who live closer to their source of primary care tend to have better glycemic control than those who live farther away. We sought to assess the role of travel burden as a barrier to the use of insulin in adults with diabetes 781 adults receiving primary care for type 2 diabetes were recruited from the Vermont Diabetes Information System. They completed postal surveys and were interviewed at home. Travel burden was estimated as the shortest possible driving distance from the patient's home to the site of primary care. Medication use, age, sex, race, marital status, education, health insurance, duration of diabetes, and frequency of care were self-reported. Body mass index was measured by a trained field interviewer. Glycemic control was measured by the glycosolated hemoglobin A1C assay. Driving distance was significantly associated with insulin use, controlling for the covariates and potential confounders. The odds ratio for using insulin associated with each kilometer of driving distance was 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.95, 0.99; P = 0.01). The odds ratio for using insulin for those living within 10 km (compared to those with greater driving distances) was 2.29 (1.35, 3.88; P = 0.02). Adults with type 2 diabetes who live farther from their source of primary care are significantly less likely to use insulin. This association is not due to confounding by age, sex, race, education, income, health insurance, body mass index, duration of diabetes, use of oral agents, glycemic control, or frequency of care, and may be responsible for the poorer physiologic control noted among patients with greater travel burdens.
Modification of norfloxacin by a Microbacterium sp. strain isolated from a wastewater treatment plant.

Antimicrobial residues found in municipal wastewater may increase selective pressure on microorganisms for development of resistance, but studies with mixed microbial cultures derived from wastewater have suggested that some bacteria are able to inactivate fluoroquinolones. Medium containing N-phenylpiperazine and inoculated with wastewater was used to enrich fluoroquinolone-modifying bacteria. One bacterial strain isolated from an enrichment culture was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as a Microbacterium sp. similar to a plant growth-promoting bacterium, Microbacterium azadirachtae (99.70%), and a nematode pathogen, “M. nematophilum” (99.02%). During growth in medium with norfloxacin, this strain produced four metabolites, which were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses as 8-hydroxynorfloxacin, 6-defluoro-6-hydroxynorfloxacin, desethylene norfloxacin, and N-acetylnorfloxacin. The production of the first three metabolites was enhanced by ascorbic acid and nitrate, but it was inhibited by phosphate, amino acids, mannitol, formate, and thiourea. In contrast, N-acetylnorfloxacin was most abundant in cultures supplemented with amino acids. This is the first report of defluorination and hydroxylation of a fluoroquinolone by an isolated bacterial strain. The results suggest that some bacteria may degrade fluoroquinolones in wastewater to metabolites with less antibacterial activity that could be subject to further degradation by other microorganisms.
Investigation of multiple-input converters bi-directional power flow characteristics

This paper analyses the composition and structure of five multiple-input converter (MIC) families, and then identifies possible bi-directional applications for these MIC families. Among these five MIC families, the bi-directional power flow capability of pulsating voltage source cell MICs, push-pull connected MICs, and time-sharing (TS) MICs were not identified in past works. In particular, TS-MICs are originally considered unidirectional. With a new driving strategy and components arrangement, TS-MICs can also perform bi-directional operations. The operation states of a bi-directional TS-MIC are analyzed and the voltage transfer ratios (VTRs) are derived. A prototype of TS dual-input SEPIC is built to verify the bi-directional operation analysis. The measured VTRs match with the prediction in the analysis, and both input cells simultaneously change their input current direction when the operation status changes between discharge-mode and charge-mode.
CASE REPORTS: POTENTIAL FOREIGN BODY EMBOLI ASSOCIATED WITH BOTULINUM TOXIN A INJECTIONS

1 Reasons for the rapid increase in usage of Botox include the cost effectiveness, safety, and efficacy of the procedure. The procedure is asso- ciated with high patient satisfaction in validated testing and is also noted to improve patient self esteem. 2,3 Abstractthe injection of Botox Cosmetic for the treatment of dynamic rhytids is safe and effective, there is a potential risk for foreign body embolization. This case report documents the presence of a rubber particle in the reconstituted Botox product. Although the risk of embolization is thought to be very small because it is unlikely that the particle could be injected through most needle orifices, this risk can be eliminated through the use of No Kor needles. Alternatively, alteration of the manufacturing process for the bottle cap may reduce the risk of coring a piece of the cap during recon- stitution. Injectors should be aware of this risk and visually inspect Botox prior to injection.
Microfluidic Platforms for the Interrogation of Intravascular Cellular Trafficking Mechanisms Influenced by Hemodynamic Forces

Cell homing within the vasculature regulates the dissemination of circulating cells to distant target tissues. As such, these processes are intimately involved in the physiologic regulation of oxygen delivery and immunity as well as in the pathologic processes of wound healing and cancer metastasis. Mechanisms regulating intravascular cell homing include vessel preferences of cells at microvascular bifurcations, aggregation of erythrocytes and margination of leukocytes, and adhesion of circulating cells to the endothelium. Each is uniquely modulated by mechanical fluidic effects and by geometrical features of the vasculature. Model fluidic systems have been widely employed in the study of intravascular cell homing through the implementation of advanced fabrication techniques to allow both highly realistic and highly controlled microfluidic environments for the elucidation of contributing biological and mechanical factors. In particular, realistic microvascular architectures, endothelialized substrates, artificially functionalized substrates with very precise properties, and conduits with highly controlled shear stress profiles have been constructed to interrogate microvascular cell homing processes. Furthermore, methods have also been developed to harness partition, margination, and adhesion effects in order to allow enrichment or separation of specific cell types, purification of plasma, and detection of abnormal or diseased cells.
Quantification of anterior cortical bone removal and intermeniscal ligament damage at the tibial nail entry zone using parapatellar and retropatellar approaches

Objectives Anterior cortical bone removal at the tibial nail entry zone has been shown to alter biomechanical properties of the proximal tibia. However, no study has quantified the amount of bone removed. The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of anterior bone removed at the nail entry zone and assess damage to adjacent intra-articular structures using both parapatellar and retropatellar techniques. Methods The study was performed using 36 cadaveric knees (18 medial parapatellar and 18 retropatellar approaches). A guide pin was placed in the anatomic safe zone using fluoroscopic guidance and a 12.5-mm entry reamer used to open medullary canal. Soft tissues were removed, damage to intra-articular structures recorded, and size of osseous defect created in proximal tibia measured. Results The surface area of bone removed with portal creation was not significantly larger with retropatellar (228.4 ± 38.1 mm) versus parapatellar technique (207.9 ± 33.4 mm(2); P = 0.108). This was substantially different than if the entry hole was perfectly round (122.7 mm(2)). No knee went without some damage to intra-articular structures using the parapatellar technique, as opposed to 33% knees with retropatellar technique (P = 0.019). Intermeniscal (IM) ligament was damaged in 83% parapatellar and 56% retropatellar knees (P = 0.146). Conclusions A substantial amount of anterior bone is removed during nail entry portal creation using both parapatellar and retropatellar techniques. Intra-articular structure damage, most commonly IM ligament disruption, was also found to occur at a lower rate with retropatellar technique. Avoidance of both anterior bone removal and IM ligament damage may not be possible because of size and geometrical constraints.
Inundative release of common green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to suppress Erythroneura variabilis and E. elegantula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in vineyards

The effectiveness of inundative release of common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea , (Stephens) to suppress 2 vineyard pests, Erythroneura variabilis Beamer and western grape leafhopper, E. elegantula Osborn, was examined in small-plot and on-farm trials. In 1900, C. carnea larvae were hand-released into quarter-vine cages. Leafhopper densities were significantly reduced by 23.5 and 30.3% in plots that received 29,652 and 88,956 C. carnea larvae per hectare, respectively, as compared with no-release plots. In 1991, C. carnea larvae were hand-released onto vines in uncaged, 3-vine plots; the 2 release rates used closely reflected commercial recommendations. At the lower rate (9,884 larvae per hectare), no significant differences were found between C. camea -release and no-release plots. At the higher rate (19,768 larvae per hectare), leafhopper densities were significantly reduced by 33.6 and 31.4% in 1st and 2nd leafhopper generations, respectively. In 1992, 3-vine plots were again used and the 3 commercially available lacewing species [ C. carnea , Chrysoperla c0manche Banks, and Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister)] were tested at a release rate of 19,768 larvae per hectare. The only significant reduction in leafhopper density was in the C. rufilabris release treatment. From 1990 to 1993, the effectiveness of commercial release programs was tested in on-farm trials using large, replicated C. carnea -release and no-release plots. C. carnea was released at rates between 7,413 and 37,065 eggs per hectare per leafhopper generation. In 9 of 20 trials, leafhopper densities were significantly lower in C. carnea -release than norelease plots. Data from all trials were combined to determine possible explanations for the variation in the effectiveness of C. carnea releases. Possibilities include differences in release trials, rates, and methods, as well as prey density. The average reduction of leafhoppers in C. carnea -release plots, as compared with no-release plots, was 29.5% in cages, 15.5% in 3-vine plots, and 9.6% in commercial vineyards. A significant, although only weakly positive, correlation was found between release rate and effectiveness. There was also a greater reduction of leafhopper nymphs when lacewings were released as larvae, as compared with eggs. Combining data from all studies, the number and percentage of reduction of leafhopper nymphs was related to leafhopper density. Most importantly, when leafhopper densities were above the suggested economic injury level (15–20 nymphs per leaf), the reduction in leafhopper number was frequently not sufficient to lower the leafhopper density below the economic injury threshold.
Group Delay Characteristics Analysis Method for Range Error and Its Applications in Deep Space TT&C Systems

This paper analyzes group delay effect on range accuracy for continuous wave radar ranging system.Range error estimation is derived by means of equation and illustration,and deep space ranging signals are incorporated in the analysis.
Rapid Determination of Pyrethroid Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits by Gas Chromatography

Objective To establish a rapid method for determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits,and to monitor chemical pollution in foods in Guangdong province.Method The pesticide residues of samples were extracted with petroleum ether,concentrated and cleaned up by Florisil solid phase extraction column,and then determined by gas chromatography with electron detector.The column was DB-1 capillary column(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm).Results When pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits were at the 5.0 μg/kg level,the mean recovery in pakchois ranged from 86.2% to 93.4%,and the relative standard deviation was from 3.4% to 8.6%.The mean recovery of apples ranged from 87.3% to 92.8%,and the relative standard deviation was from 2.8% to 8.1%.5 pyrethroid pesticide residues from 511 vegetable and fruit samples were detected.The detection rate of pyrethroid residues was 17.4% and the over-standard rate was 0.59%.Conclusion Compared with GB/T 5009.146—2003,the method could be rapid,accurate and suitable for fast analysis of pyrethroid pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits.
Application of Global Mapper Software in Lightning Protection of Power Transmission Line

It is needed for lightning protect practice to power transmission lines to collect all kinds of lightning parameters roundly and truly and distinguish accurately the terrains around the power transmission lines.Traditional plan of collecting lightning parameters is not comprehensive and accurate,and large numbers of manpower and material resources are often consumed to judge the terrains around the power transmission lines.In view of above-mentioned problem,the basic function of the Global Mapper software is briefly introduced and explained the applications of the software on the better statistics on lightning parameters and the judgment plan on the terrains around the power lines is explained emphatically.By the software,the three-dimensional location of lightning flash pot is achieved,the lightning parameters is collected roundly in the three-dimensional space,the algorithm for density of the lightning current is optimized,the lightning protection angle is attained by establishing the cut path graph of the power lines,the judgment is simplified greatly by building the stereoscopic terrain graphs around the power lines,time and energy for the investigations on the spot is saved and the working efficiency is improved highly.
Maxillofacial restoration after tumor ablation

Communication between the surgeon and the maxillofacial prosthodontist before, during, and after surgery is the most important aspect to successful prosthetic rehabilitation of the head and neck cancer patient. Surgeons should understand the problems and limitations involved in prosthetic rehabilitation so that the patient is adequately educated during rehabilitation. Osseointegrated implants, although an important advancement in this field, should not take the place of proper defect preparation. The use of implants in the irradiated patient is currently being evaluated by controlled studies. However, if implants are used, then their position and number should be carefully planned in the pretreatment phase. Preparation of the defect by skin grafting and controlling the position of the remaining structures is important to the overall aesthetic and functional result of the prosthesis.
Use It or Lose It? A Longitudinal Performance Assessment of Undergraduate Business Students' Information Literacy

Abstract At a large, public, Midwestern, American university, business librarians teach a required, one-credit information literacy course geared towards lower-division students in the school of management. In order to determine the lasting effects of the course, a longitudinal study of individual students' performance on three pre/post-test surveys was conducted across a set of management courses. The first course, a required information literacy class, was generally taken in the lower-division. The second course, a career strategies course, is generally taken after the first information literacy class. Students who took both required courses displayed greater information literacy knowledge and skills than students who took only the second course. Students retained the information uniformly over time, as time between the two courses did not yield a significant difference in scores. These findings show that information literacy courses have a lasting impact on lower-division students as they progress through a college program.
Biological Determinism and Gender Issues in Sexuality Education

AbstractThere is currently a strong emphasis on biology and physiology in sexuality education in the schools. If social and cultural issues are ignored and physiology oversimplified, teaching sexuality as a science can produce a biological determinist view of gender issues. This paper specifically examines these ideas in relation to the ways in which discussions of the roles of sex hormones can reinforce sex role stereotypes, particularly in the areas of aggression and sex drive. The mistaken and potentially dangerous conclusions that can easily be drawn are that such culturally determined behaviors as male sexual aggression and female passivity are actually biologically determined and innate.
Cognitive Processes and Asymmetrical Dependencies, or How Thinking is Like Swimming

Where does the cognitive system begin and end? Intracranialists (such as Rupert, Adams, and Aizawa) maintain that the cognitive system is entirely identifiable with the biological central nervous system (CNS). Transcranialists (such as Clark and Chalmers), on the other hand, suggest that the cognitive system can extend beyond the biological CNS. In the second division of Supersizing the Mind, Clark defends the transcranial account against various objections. Of interest for this paper is Clark’s response to what he calls “asymmetry arguments.” Asymmetry arguments can be summarized as follows: subtract the props and aids, and the organism may create replacements. But subtract the organism, and all cognitive activity ceases. Although I am sympathetic to Clark’s overall project, I find his response to the asymmetry arguments inadequate in light of his responses to other objections. For this reason, I maintain that Clark’s response requires revision. By adopting a process metaphysics and appealing to mereological dependencies, I believe that Clark can provide a substantive response to asymmetry arguments that is consistent with his overall theory. This paper unfolds as follows: after summarizing Clark’s response to the asymmetry objection in (§2), I will argue that his response is unsuccessful in (§3). My argument hinges on the claim that Clark does not take into account the full intent of Rupert’s asymmetry argument. In (§4) I modify Clark’s response by appealing to mereology and the asymmetrical dependencies found therein. I conclude in (§5) that this modification provides Clark with an adequate response Essays in Philosophy 17(2) 9 to the asymmetry argument and is consistent with his overall transcranialist account. The further question of whether this account assists Clark in responding to other intracranialist objections is beyond the scope of this paper. Essays Philos (2016)17:8-37 | DOI: 10.7710/1526-0569.1555 Published online: 8 July 2016. © Andrew Winters 2016 Contact author: andrew.winters@sru.edu
Community Health Workers: An Untapped Resource to Promote Genomic Literacy.

Poor understanding of gene–environment contributors to health conditions can lead the public to misinterpretations that overemphasize genetics as determinants of health. The present commentary calls for engaging the national community health worker (CHW) workforce to use community elicitation methods such as mental models approaches as a means to enhance the public’s literacy regarding genetic and environmental or genomic contributions to health. We discuss three needs related to genomic literacy and suggest how CHWs are uniquely positioned to address these needs among diverse target audiences. We conclude by offering directions for the future of CHWs working to build genomic literacy.
Development of Thiolated-Graphene Quantum Dots for Regulation of ROS in macrophages

The current study was designed to develop thiolated-graphene quantum dots (SH-GQDs) as a theranostic nanocarrier and evaluate its potential for the optimal scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages. SH-GQDs were prepared by hydrothermal pyrolysis of carbon source (citric acid) in the presence of reduced-glutathione (GSH). Raw264.7 cells were treated with varying concentrations of oxLDL (0.5, 1 and 2 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of SH-GQDs and cells were stained with peroxide-sensitive fluorescent dye (DCFDA). Flow cytometry analysis was performed to investigate the expression of MSR and ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA1) after such treatments as the negative control, oxLDL treatment and oxLDL treatment in the presence of either GQDs or SH-GQDs. SH-GQDs had a size ranging from 10 to 30 nm with an average size of 21.3 ± 5.2 nm. The elemental analysis indicated that SH-GQDs are mainly composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The expression levels of ABCA1 in macrophages treated with either LDL or oxLDL were lower than those treated with the media control (the negative control: 100 ± 7.6%; LDL: 82.7 ± 1.2%; and oxLDL: 79.2 ± 1.7%). The level of ABCA1 expression increased as cells were incubated with SH-GQDs (SH-GQDs: 101.5 ± 3.1%). The level of MSR on the surface of macrophages upon being treated with SH-GQDs was lower than those with oxLDL (oxLDL: 112.1 ± 8.8% and SH-GQDs: 91.5 ± 4.2%). The enhancement of lipid efflux and down-regulation of MSR in macrophages by SH-GQDs supported its promising usage as a theranostic nanocarrier to prevent foam cell formation and plaque development.
Running Away from Substitute Care

This chapter assesses why youth are placed in substitute care such as foster care, the prevalence of eloping from substitute care, and the duration of eloping from these out-of-home settings. This chapter analyzes the institutional conditions of substitute care and the demographic, social, psychological, and behavioral conditions that may increase at the probability that young people will elope from substitute care settings. This chapter discusses organizational issues such as the differences in social service agencies’ classification of elopement and the resources available to agencies in locating and returning youth who have gone absent without leave. This chapter discusses the role of emergency runaway shelters for youth who have eloped from substitute care. In addition, the conditions that increase the risk that youth will elope from substitute care are presented. Such factors as placement instability or disruption, substitute care neglect and abuse, demographic characteristics of the youth in substitute care, peer influence, substance use, and family issues are discussed. This chapter also analyzes the impact of frequent elopement from out-of-home placement settings on the youth’s future social, educational, and employment status. Interventions to improve substitute care are also discussed.
Impact on weight and physical function of intensive medical weight loss in older adults with stage II and III obesity.

Objective A 6-month pilot trial compared two strategies for weight loss in older adults with body mass indexes (BMIs) ≥35 kg/m2 to assess weight loss response, safety, and impact on physical function. Methods Twenty-eight volunteers were randomized to a balanced deficit diet (BDD) (500 kcal/day below estimated energy needs) or an intensive, low-calorie, meal replacement diet (ILCD, 960 kcal/day). Behavioral interventions and physical activity prescriptions were similar for both groups. Primary outcomes were changes in body weight and adverse event frequency; secondary outcomes included measures of physical function and body composition. Results ILCD average weight change was −19.1 ± 2.2 kg or 15.9 ± 4.6% of initial body weight compared with −9.1 ± 2.7 kg or 7.2 ± 1.9% for BDD. ILCD lost more fat mass (−7.7 kg, 95% CI [−11.9 to −3.5]) but had similar loss of lean mass (−1.7 kg, 95% CI [−4.1 to 0.6]) compared with BDD. There were no significant differences in change in physical function or adverse event frequency. Conclusions Compared with a traditional BDD intervention, older adults who have severe obesity treated with intensive medical weight loss had greater weight loss and decreases in fat mass without a higher frequency of adverse events. In the short term, however, this did not translate into greater improvements in physical function.
Privacy Challenges of Genomic Big Data

With the rapid advancement of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies, genomics has become a big data discipline where large-scale genetic information of human individuals can be obtained efficiently with low cost. However, such massive amount of personal genomic data creates tremendous challenge for privacy, especially given the emergence of direct-to-consumer (DTC) industry that provides genetic testing services. Here we review the recent development in genomic big data and its implications on privacy. We also discuss the current dilemmas and future challenges of genomic privacy.