cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversible Side Chain Modification through Noncovalent Interactions. “Plug and Play” Polymers

Polystyrene-based systems with varying donor−acceptor−donor (D−A−D) hydrogen bonding side chains were synthesized. Recognition interactions between these polymers and guest flavin 5 were studied through 1H NMR titration experiments. Using these systems, we have shown that the efficiency of recognition between the polymer and guest can be controlled through the choice of recognition element on the polymer by adjusting the balance between intra- and intermolecular interactions. The versatility of this “plug and play” strategy was readily extended to bulk materials. Using spin casting, we kinetically trapped these host−guest complexes in polystyrene films, resulting in highly efficient recognition processes, a key prerequisite for creation of supramolecular devices.
The interaction of certain organic amines with di(1,2,3-benzotriazolatium) hexacyanoosmate(IV)

Abstract The chemistry of the interactions of certain organic amines with di(1,2,3-benzotriazolatium)hexacyanoosmate(IV) is reported in this study. Empirical formulas and yields have been calculated for the products produced in these reactions.
Central lateral line pathways in a vocalizing fish.

The organization of the central lateral line pathways in the midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, was identified following biotin injections into physiologically identified sites in the lateral line-recipient nucleus ventrolateralis in the midbrain. Retrogradely filled neurons are located primarily in nucleus medialis, the principal termination site of lateral line nerve afferents in the medulla, whereas terminal fields are mainly identified in isthmal (nucleus praeeminentialis) and diencephalic (posterior thalamic) nuclei. Compared to other teleosts, nucleus medialis has a distinctive cytoarchitecture in that most of its somata are confined to a dense cell plate adjacent to the fourth ventricle. Injections into nucleus ventrolateralis reveal a caudal (MEDc) and a rostral (MEDr) division of nucleus medialis which are separated by a dorsomedial division of the descending octaval nucleus. MEDc is further divisible into a caudal spherical and a more extensive rostral Purkinje-like cell division. MEDr includes a caudal division of Purkinje-like cells and a rostral division of round and fusiform-shaped cells that form a lateral band under the cerebellar crest. In addition to labeling terminals in nucleus ventrolateralis, biotin injections into MEDc and MEDr further distinguish intrinsic connectivity within nucleus medialis, and also label somata and terminals within other octavolateralis nuclei in the medulla. Injections into both nucleus ventrolateralis and nucleus medialis identify sites which may be processing information from both the auditory and lateral line systems, including the eighth nerve-recipient descending octaval nucleus, the acoustic division of the midbrain, and nucleus praeeminentialis which receives auditory input from the midbrain in midshipman. J. Comp. Neurol. 418:41–64, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of salts upon starch granule rupture

Abstract Viscosity measurements show that salts do not affect the rate of starch granule rupture. This indicates that only the solvent plays a major role in the swelling process. The salts affect the conformations of the hydrated starch molecules in the same manner in which electrolytes affect other polyelectrolytes.
A NEW SPECIES OF EIMERIA (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM THE NORTHERN MYOTIS, MYOTIS SEPTENTRIONALIS (CHIROPTERA: VESPERTILIONIDAE), IN OKLAHOMA

Abstract: During September 2004, 4 adult northern myotis, Myotis septentrionalis, were collected from LeFlore County, Oklahoma (n = 2), and Logan (n = 1) and Yell (n = 1) counties, Arkansas, and their feces examined for coccidian parasites. Three of 4 bats (75%) were passing oocysts of Eimeria spp. Oocysts of Eimeria tumlisoni n. sp. were subspherical, 17.6 × 16.8 (16–19 × 14–18) µm with a shape index of 1.0 (1.0–1.1). A micropyle and oocyst residuum were absent, although 1–2 bilobed polar granules were often present. Sporocysts were ovoidal, 10.5 × 5.9 (9–12 × 5–7) µm with a shape index of 1.8 (1.6–2.0). A Stieda body was present, but substieda and parastieda bodies were absent. A sporocyst residuum was present consisting of compact to dispersed granules between the sporozoites. The sporozoites were elongate, with subspherical anterior refractile body and spherical posterior refractile body; a nucleus was not discernable. This is the second coccidian reported from this host and the first instance o...
THE ULTRAVIOLET FLUORESCENCE OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN AND THE LOCATION OF TRYPTOPHANYL RESIDUES

— The ultraviolet fluorescence spectrum of bacteriorhodopsin is characterized by emission from an ensemble of internal, surface and exposed Trp residues. The temperature dependence of fluorescence yields exhibits a discontinuity at about 30°C coincident with previously observed transitions in membrane lipid microviscosity, photocycle lifetime and photoconductivity. Quenching at high pH coincides with ionization of Tyr and an emission red shift to a spectrum typical of that of tyrosinate. Guanidine hydrochloride produces only partial protein denaturation, increasing the number of exposed Trp by 50%. While exposed Trp in native bacteriorhodopsin are in the minority, they represent a higher proportion of total Trp than is found in rhodopsin of animal rod outer sections.
Dissecting the Cooperative Reassociation of the Regulatory and Catalytic Subunits of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase ROLE OF Trp-196 IN THE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT

The catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase requires two distinct surfaces to form a stable complex with its physiological inhibitors, the regulatory (R) subunits and the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitors. In addition to a substrate-like segment that is common to both inhibitors, R requires a peripheral recognition site, PRS2. This surface is comprised of the essential phosphorylation site, Thr-197, His-87, Trp-196, and several surrounding basic residues. To probe the role of Trp-196 in the recognition of R, Trp-196 was replaced with Arg and Ala. Although both rC(W196A) and rC(W196R) were inhibited readily with cAMP-free R, they failed to form an inhibited holoenzyme complex with native R under conditions in which wild-type holoenzyme formed readily. Pairing rC(W196R) with mutant forms of R lacking domain B or having defects in cAMP binding sites A or B highlighted the importance of the conformation of R, and, in particular, the accessibility of site A. One of these mutants, rR(R333K), having a defect in cAMP binding site B formed a stable complex with rC(W196R) in the absence of cAMP. However, unlike wild-type holoenzyme, this complex was active.
Shades of Gray: An empirical examination of Gray's model of culture and income measurement practices using 20-F data

Abstract Gray (1988) developed a theory linking accounting values and systems to Hofstede’s (1980) cultural dimensions. To date, no studies have used actual reported data to test the Gray model. This study addresses this shortcoming by using data from the SEC Form 20-F to test proposed relationships between Gray's (1988) accounting value of conservatism (in income measurement practices) and Hofstede's (1980) cultural values. It also tests three other non-cultural environmental variables (tax rates, relative size of capital markets, and influence of the European Union) proposed by Gray (1988) and Salter and Niswander (1995) as modifiers to cultural effects. The results of this study suggest that, as theorized by Gray (1988), the cultural variable individualism is significantly and positively related to differences in income measurement practices between countries. This study also finds that a country's membership in the EU and corporate tax rate is related to income measurement practice differences. However, unlike previous studies, this study does not find that the source of equity is related to income measurement practices.
Nickel-Catalyzed Reactions of Indoles and Fuel-Instability Reactions

The reactions that lead to fuel instability are not fully understood. Various reports in the literature link particular fuels with specific reactions, usually oxidation or free-radical processes. Trace quantities of metals are present in all processed fuels. The metal source can be naturally occurring or present from fuel handling. The usual case is to look at the catalysis reactions of metals or metal ions with molecular oxygen or other active oxygen species such as hydroperoxides. This paper reports on the reaction of a nitrogen heterocycle, indole, with Ni(0). We propose a mechanism that shows that catalytic amounts of metals such as nickel can produce compounds of higher molecular weight and increased polarity and thus actively participate in the fuel-instability process.
Clinical relevance of the venom-specific immunoglobulin G antibody level during immunotherapy☆☆☆

Abstract Parameters associated with successful venom immunotherapy in insect allergy were sought by comparison of treatment failures with successes. Half-dose treatment was completely protective in 32 patients (successes) but was only partially effective in eight (failures). The outcome of treatment was not related to the severity of pretreatment sting reactions, to the degree of skin-test sensitivity, to an atopic personal history, or to age or gender. The mean yellow jacket venom-specific IgG antibody level (by the Staph-A solid-phase radioimmunoassay) was significantly less in the failures (3.9 ± 0.6 μg/ml) than in the successes (7.3 ± 1.1 μg/ml) (p
Day-Night Periodicity of Exudation in Detopped Tobacco

Exudate was collected periodically from the root systems of detopped tobacco plants. Volume, cations, and 42 K or 86 Rb transfer were measured. According to measurements of K by 42 K and by the flame photometer, when concentrations of KCl and KNO 3 were lower than 10 −2 m, the K in the exudate came mostly from a pool in the plant rather than from the external solution. With higher external KNO 3 solutions, within a few hours nearly all of the K in the exudate came directly from the external solutions. Studies with 86 Rb lead to the same conclusion. In contrast the maximum proportion of K in the exudate that came from KCl in the external solution was reached usually in many hours after detopping and amounted to from 50 to 75%. The higher the external concentration the faster it was reached. These data for KCl are indicative of the 42 K passing through a K pool in the root cells. K and Rb from high concentrations of KNO 3 and RbNO 3 , however, may not pass through such a pool. The addition of 10 −2 m KNO 3 into the external solution during exudation essentially eliminated the effect of periodicity at least for a period of time and under the conditions of the experiments. Hydrochloric acid, mercuric chloride, anaerobiosis, and 2,4-dinitrophenol had the same effect and each resulted in a massive final exudation that usually persisted for 1 to 3 days before stopping. These results all lead to a hypothesis that periodicity is regulated at the tonoplast.
Highly stereoselective intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization of conjugated aminodienes catalyzed by organolanthanides

Efficient intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization of primary and secondary conjugated aminodienes can be effected by using organolanthanide precatalysts of the type Cp'2LnCH(TMS)2 (Cp' = eta5-Me5C5; Ln = La, Sm, Y; TMS = SiMe3) and CGCSmN(TMS)2 (CGC = Me2Si(eta5-Me4C5)(tBuN)). The transformation proceeds cleanly (>/= 90% conversion) at 25-60 degrees C with good rates and high regioselectivities, and with electronic effects leading to significant rate enhancements. Some features of the reaction parallel monosubstituted aminoalkene hydroamination/cyclization, including rate law (zero order in [aminodiene]), and rate enhancements observed with larger lanthanide ionic radii and/or more open catalyst ligation structures. Good to excellent diastereoselectivity is obtained in the synthesis of 2,5-trans-disubstituted pyrrolidines (80% de) and 2,6-cis-disubstituted piperidines (99% de) with using the corresponding alpha-methyl aminodiene precursors. Formation of 2-(prop-1-enyl)piperidine with the chiral C1-symmetric precatalyst (S)-Me2Si(OHF)(CpR*)SmN(TMS)2 (OHF = eta5-octahydrofluorenyl; Cp = eta5-C5H3; R* = (-)-menthyl) proceeds with up to 69% ee.
Development of digital image analysis techniques for the study of velocity and void profiles in slug flow

Abstract This paper describes the development of a nonintrusive flow visualization method for the quantitative study of the dynamic velocity and void profiles across the pipe cross section in slug flow. The method utilizes novel digital image analysis and computer graphics techniques. Slug flow in a 75 mm diameter, 10 m long Plexiglass pipe is recorded on video using super-VHS cameras and an audio-visual mixer. Sixty images are obtained every second and these are digitized and analyzed on a SGI© graphics workstation. Detailed information regarding the local velocity and void distribution is obtained from the analysis and is used to generate velocity and void profiles across the pipe at different distances into the slug. Results show that gas is released into the slug in the form of pulses of bubbles resulting in the existence of large, frothy, highly aerated structures in the mixing zone. The hydrodynamic boundary layer is destroyed at the slug front but begins to redevelop in the mixing zone. It becomes fully developed at the end of the mixing zone and the one-seventh power law profile for velocity profile is applicable. At the end of the mixing zone, the gas moves towards the top of the pipe and the void fraction distribution tends to a steady profile. A process dynamic model is developed to predict the variation of the average liquid holdup within the slug.
Contributions of infertility treatment to very-low-birth-weight multiple birth infants receiving neonatal intensive care

Abstract Objective This study was undertaken to determine proportions of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) multiple birth infants receiving neonatal intensive care whose mothers received various types of infertility treatment and to evaluate infertility treatment–associated morbidity and mortality. Study design Study infants were multiples with birth weight 401 to 1500 g cared for in Cincinnati neonatal intensive care units from January 1996 to December 2000. Data were obtained retrospectively from the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network registry. Use of infertility treatment (in vitro fertilization, injection or oral ovulation, and intrauterine insemination) was determined by maternal interview or chart review. The generalized estimating equation approach to logistic regression was used. Results The study included 382 infants of 212 mothers: 201 = spontaneous conception (53%), 93 = in vitro fertilization (24%), 55 = injection (14%), 15 = oral (4%), and 18 = intrauterine insemination (5%). Neither gestational age nor birth weight differed between groups. More female (58%, P = .003) and white infants (95%, P Conclusion Of VLBW multiples receiving neonatal intensive care, 47% are associated with infertility treatment. Infertility treatment does not influence outcomes in VLBW multiples.
Potential for erroneous interpretation of poisoning outcomes due to changes in National Poison Data System reporting

Background/Objective. In 2006, the annual report of poison centers in the United States changed the method of reporting profiles for generic substance categories from all exposures to single-substance exposures only. The objective of this study is to describe the potential impact of this reporting change on longitudinal analysis of outcomes. Methods. Generic substance categories with data available for all years of the study were manually extracted from Table 22 of the National Poison Data System (NPDS) annual reports for 2002–2007. For each generic substance category, the following data were extracted for each of the 6 years: total number of substance mentions (2002–2005) or single-substance exposures (2006–2007), reason (unintentional or intentional), pediatric exposures (children age <6 years), and outcomes of major effect and death. Data were compared using descriptive analysis (Wilcoxon signed-rank test) and negative binomial regression. Results. There were 65 generic substance categories (30 drug ca...
Measures matter: Evidence of faculty development effects on faculty and student learning

Abstract In this paper, a team of researchers explores the benefits and challenges of using rubrics for analyzing faculty development influences on teaching strategies and student writing outcomes. Fine-grained rubrics, aligned with local faculty development practices and institutional conditions, proved more successful at identifying particular changes in practice than generic rubrics or holistic analyses of writing. Nonetheless, the complexity of tracing faculty development into student learning calls for a combination of context-dependent methods. The Tracer Project – a collaboration between a Midwestern Liberal Arts College (Carleton College or “CC”) and a large State University (Washington State University or “WSU”) – applies mixed methods to assess the effects on student learning of programs to teach faculty about writing across the curriculum, quantitative reasoning, and critical thinking. This paper is an invitation to other researchers to learn from the Tracer Project's journey and to continue to develop approaches that will reveal faculty development effects on their campuses.
A new and unusual type of transport vesicle

The adventitial cells surrounding the spermatheca of the reproductive system of Sonorella santaritana (Mollusca: Gastropoda) appear to have an unusual system of vesicles. Electron micrographs of the membranes forming these vesicles show that they have multiple openings to the cell's exterior and that each opening has a “pore complex”. In addition, secondary vesicles appear to be generated by the primary vesicles. Evidence is presented suggesting that these vesicles represent a previously unreported membrane transport system.
Specificity of gonadal hormone modulation of cholinergic enzymes in the avian syrinx

Abstract The effectiveness of testosterone (T) and metabolites to increase activity of cholinergic enzymes in the androgen-sensitive syrinx of male zebra finches was assessed. Administration of aromatizable (T and androstenedione) or non-aromatizable (androsterone) androgens to castrates increased total activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the syrinx. Estradiol was ineffective in altering AChE activity. Results, when compared with behavioral data from the birds 5 , support the hypothesis that expression of male reproductive behaviors requires peripheral target organ activation by androgens and central target area activation by both androgens and estrogens.
The effect of cortisone in experimental hypervitaminosis D.

Hypcrcalcemia is the recognized complication of overdosage with vitamin]) and cortisone is sometimes effective in reducing the concentration of serum calcium in this as well as other hypercalcemic states. The present experiment was designed to study the effect of cortisone in experimental hypervitaminosis D. Rats given 50,000 u. of vitamin D2 per kilo daily for 7 to 14 days developed hypercalcemia and metaphysial sclerosis. Larger doses (100,000 to 400,000 u.) promoted the formation of excess osteoid tissue and there was an accompanying increase in histological evidence of active bone resorption. In bones of rats given cortisone (50 mg./kg.) the metaphyses were dense and cartilage cell proliferation was reduced. However, concomitant administration of cortisone with vitamin D did not lessen the vitamin D induced hypercalcemia, and bones from these rats showed combined effects of both compounds. These results suggest that in rats cortisone and vitamin D act independently rather than competitively on bon
Determinants of ventilation during high-frequency jet ventilation

To better define the variables unrelated to ventilator frequency that affect gas transport during high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV), we performed experiments in anesthetized paralyzed dogs (n = 8). The independent effects of changing driving pressure (300, 200, 150 kPa), catheter used for HFJV delivery (14-gauge and jet port of endotracheal tube), inspiratory time (30%, 50%, and 70%), and injector cannula diameter (12-gauge, 14-gauge, and 16-gauge) on minute volume (VE ), gas exchange, and cardiac output were studied at a ventilatory frequency of 100 min−1. VE increased with increasing driving pressure and inspiratory time. Entrainment decreased with increasing inspiratory time or when HFJV was delivered either via the jet port of the endotracheal tube, or via a jet cannula with distal side holes. Arterial PCO2 varied inversely with VE. Arterial oxygenation increased with hypocarbia, whereas venous admixture and cardiac output were unchanged. Several factors affect the ventilator-delivered and entrained volumes during HFJV, which in turn affect gas exchange. The determinants of gas exchange during HFJV appear to be similar to those described for conventional low-frequency positive-pressure ventilation.
A review of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets

In response to the emerging epidemic of obesity in the United States, a renewal of interest in alternative diets has occurred, especially in diets that limit carbohydrate intake. Recent research has demonstrated that low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets can lead to weight loss and favorable changes in serum triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the physiology and recent clinical studies regarding this type of diet.
Simple Approach for Preparation of Epoxy Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Nanotubes and a Model Clay

We report a simple, yet effective solution method for dispersion of carbon nanotubes and inorganic nanoplatelets into a thermosetting epoxy matrix. With an aid of exfoliated inorganic nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes can be easily deroped in aqueous solution. Subsequently, the aqueous dispersion of carbon nanotubes and nanoplatelet hybrid can be easily transferred to organic solvents by a drying-redispersion process, and then to the epoxy matrix. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy images show that carbon nanotubes have been individually dispersed and nanoplatelets have been fully exfoliated in the epoxy matrix. X-ray diffraction is also used to investigate the dispersion mechanism. The resulting epoxy nanocomposites, containing both individually dispersed carbon nanotubes and exfoliated nanoplatelets, exhibit greatly improved modulus (up to 41%) and strength (up to 55%) at low nanotube loadings (up to 0.4 wt.%) without compromising the strain at failure. This approach is promising for large-scal...
Insulin Lispro: In‐vivo Potency Determination by Intravenous Administration in Conscious Rabbits

Insulin lispro is a monomeric analogue of human insulin, produced by genetic engineering, and has been reported to have a more rapid absorption following subcutaneous injection than insulin. Since it has been shown to have a similar hypoglycaemic action to insulin in clinical studies and comparable properties in radioimmunoassay, the feasibility of using a bioassay which was designed originally for insulin, to measure insulin lispro potency was evaluated in this investigation. A random-dose bioassay protocol, in which insulin lispro and two insulin standards were administered intravenously in a random sequence, was used and validated in nine conscious healthy rabbits. The decline in blood-glucose levels, following the intravenous injection of a dose of insulin or its lispro analogue, was monitored by a continuous glucose monitoring system. A glucose response curve was generated, from which various pharmacodynamic parameters were determined. Compared with the insulin standards, the potencies of insulin lispro determined from nadir, basal glucose normalized nadir, glycaemic reduction and ABGC (area of the blood-glucose response curve under baseline) were observed to have mean (95% confidence limits) values of 97.0 (69.5–124.6)%, 106-3 (72.4–140-2)%, 94.9 (51.8–138-0)% and 102.4 (76.3–128.5)%, respectively. In addition, the coefficients of variation for correspondent parameters were 36.9, 41.5, 59.1 and 33.2%, respectively. The results indicated that the hypoglycaemic potency calculated from the ABGC values was the most accurate (102.4%) with the least coefficient of variation (33.2%). In conclusion, the potency of insulin lispro can be determined accurately from the ABGC values measured by the random-dose bioassay used.
SU-D-116-02: Super-Resolution Spiral Imaging Via Tensor Framelet: Megavoltage CT On TomoTherapy

Purpose: Spiral computed tomography (CT) acquires the sinogram projection views while the patient couch moves axially. As a Result each projection corresponds to a different “narrow” axial slice. However, limited by the minimal requirement of ∼180‐degree projections, filtered backprojection (FBP) can only reconstruct an axially‐averaged “thick” slice. This work is to investigate the recovery of multiple “narrow” axial slices per rotation for increasing the axial resolution, namely the super‐resolution image reconstruction. Methods: A key that enables the super‐resolution image construction for spiral CT is the utility of the image slice similarity along the axial dimension, since the patient anatomy is often continuous with small variation within a narrow thickness. This prior of axial image coherence and the smoothness of each slice can be conveniently enforced by tensor framelet (TF), in which the image details are characterized by various filters at multilevel. In particular, we apply piecewise‐linear TF that regularizes multilevel first‐order and second‐order gradients for x, y, and z directions in an isotropic fashion. The formulated convex L1‐type optimization problem is efficiently solved by the split Bregman method with GPU accelerated X‐ray transform and its adjoint. Results: The validation of this super‐resolution technique was performed using the setting of megavoltage (MV) CT on TomoTherapy with 1mm in‐plane resolution and the couch speed 8mm per gantry rotation. The simulation results indicated that this TF‐based super‐resolution technique was able to reconstruct multiple slices per rotation, while FBP failed to do so. The experimental results suggested that this technique was able to reconstruct multiple slices with 1mm axial resolution, with new abundant information that was not available otherwise. Conclusion: The super‐resolution concept is introduced for spiral CT to enhance the axial image resolution. TF‐based super‐resolution reconstruction technique provides finer axial slices with 1mm axial resolution and in‐plane resolution for TomoTherapy MVCT. This work is partially supported by NIH/NIBIB grant EB013387.
Creative and Supporting Cognitive Modes

The psychiatrist Carl G. Jung has asserted that the “creative impulse” — the drive to solve problems — is almost an instinct on a par with hunger, sex drive, aggression and flight from danger. Unlike the instincts, however, creativity can be extinguished or can atrophy from disuse. Jung’s personality theory identifies eight “cognitive modes” which channel the creative impulse in different directions for various people. A given person’s “creative mode” — the most conscious — can be identified by the four-letter code of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®). Of the remaining seven modes, as many as three “supporting” modes can be found by simple calculation using the four “clarity index” numbers associated with the MBTI® letters. Although these supporting modes are not the “creative” one, they back it up during problem-solving and at Stanford have been found useful for forming, organizing and analyzing student design teams.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Changsha in the 1930 Red Army Occupation

Exactly halfway between 191 1 and 1949 in the summer of 1930, Red Army forces seized Changsha, the capital city of Hunan. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established the Provincial Worker-Peasant-Soldier Soviet, and set about creating a new order in the city. After only eight days, however, the Red Army withdrew. It was the last time for over one and a half decades that the CCP held a city the size of Changsha. The party based its eventual success in 1949 on mobilization in an extra-urban context. In both party history written in China and in foreign studies, the importance of the 1930 occupation of Changsha is assessed as the final misguided efforts at urban "putschism." Party historians label this putschism the "Li Lisan line." In all analyses, the failure of the Changsha soviet made the tactic of rural revolution in fortress-base more obvious and attractive. This article is not a contribution to the history of policy formation and dispute in the CCP. Rather, the failure of the Changsha occupation will be analyzed in an attempt to understand some of the problems the CCP faced in trying to make urban revolution. Available evidence suggests that the nine days the CCP forces spent in the city were dominated by military considerations. The soviet's pretensions beyond a temporary warlord occupation did not engage the citizens in revolution. In effect, the "Li Lisan line" was not given a chance.
Case Report: Fatal Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

We have presented the case of a young woman with MCTD who died of gastrointestinal bleeding due to fibrinoid necrosis of blood vessels of the small and large intestine. This appears to be the first recorded occurrence of such findings in MCTD.
Elimination and catalytic decomposition of dialkylmanganese species

Abstract Alkylmanganese species are generated in situ by metathesis of Grignard reagents with manganous chloride in THF. The stoichiometry and the rate of decomposition of a variety of dialkylmanganese species are examined. The decomposition is shown to proceed principally by α,β-elimination of an hydrido—manganese species. The alkene is hydrogenated in a subsequent step to alkane by an active catalyst derived from the decomposition of the hydrido—manganese. The decomposition is catalyzed in a remarkable way by reduced Fe, Co, Ni, Ag and Pd. Alkylmanganese also reacts readily with alkyl halide to form alkane and alkene by two competing heterolytic and homolytic processes.
Productivity-Cost Controversies in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Review and Research Agenda

Productivity costs represent true costs to society and should not be ignored in a cost-effectiveness analysis. However, there is dissension among health economists regarding measurement of productivity costs. Certain health economists argue for inclusion of productivity costs in the denominator of the cost-effectiveness ratio, measured in quality-adjusted life-years. Others argue that productivity costs should be included in the numerator of the cost-effectiveness ratio, measured in dollars using the friction-cost method or the human-capital method. This paper reviews the productivity-cost controversies and offers suggestions for future research addressing the debated issues.
"Narrowing the Gap": decreasing emergency department use by children enrolled in the Medicaid program by improving access to primary care.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of increased primary care access created by North Carolina's Medicaid managed care plan, Carolina Access (CA), in reducing unnecessary emergency department (ED) use in Guilford County. Methods Emergency department records of pediatric visits before and after the implementation of CA were analyzed. Variables included patient age, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision discharge diagnosis, insurance status, date of visit, time of visit, and ZIP code. Visits were classified as either urgent or nonurgent based on discharge diagnosis. Rates of ED use per 1000 persons were calculated using county population and Medicaid enrollment figures. Results A total of 54,742 ED visits occurred between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 1997. Thirty-eight percent of these visits were by children (defined as those aged 0-18 years in this study) enrolled in the Medicaid program. After the implementation of CA, monthly ED rates per 1000 children with Medicaid insurance decreased 24% from 33.5 ± 5.3 to 25.6 ± 2.3 ( P P Conclusions For children with Medicaid insurance, we found a strong temporal relation between decreased visits to the ED and increased access to primary care services, services that were made available by the implementation of North Carolina's Medicaid managed care plan, CA. Specific services that may be responsible for the decreased ED use include the expanded availability of primary care physicians and the use of telephone triage systems. No similar decrease in ED use was seen among the non–Medicaid-insured group.
Reconciling Rules and Principles: An Ethics-Based Approach to Corporate Governance

In this paper, we consider the nature of recent corporate abuses both in the U.S. and in Europe, and how globalization has had an impact on amplifying their consequences. We discuss the rules-based and principles-based remedies that have been proposed in each region, respectively. With a focus on the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA), we examine the principles forwarded by this act, and how it addresses those principles with specific rules and governance mechanisms. Invoking Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT), we conclude with a reconciliation of the principles and rules-based approaches to corporate governance as suggested by theory.
Role of Btk in B cell development and signaling

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), the target of inactivating mutations in X-linked immunodeficiency diseases of mice and humans, is essential for normal B cell responsiveness. Recent studies have outlined a mechanism for the activation of Btk by B cell receptor engagement and have identified proximal and distal targets of Btk action.
A Small Molecule That Inhibits OGT Activity in Cells

O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential mammalian enzyme that regulates numerous cellular processes through the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) residues to nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Its targets include kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, histones, and many other intracellular proteins. The biology of O-GlcNAc modification is still not well understood, and cell-permeable inhibitors of OGT are needed both as research tools and for validating OGT as a therapeutic target. Here, we report a small molecule OGT inhibitor, OSMI-1, developed from a high-throughput screening hit. It is cell-permeable and inhibits protein O-GlcNAcylation in several mammalian cell lines without qualitatively altering cell surface N- or O-linked glycans. The development of this molecule validates high-throughput screening approaches for the discovery of glycosyltransferase inhibitors, and further optimization of this scaffold may lead to yet more potent OGT inhibitors useful for studying OGT ...
Si(001) epitaxy from hyperthermal beams: Crystal growth, doping, and electronic properties

Abstract Epitaxial undoped and Sb-doped Si films have been grown on Si(001) substrates at temperatures Ts between 80 and 750°C using hyperthermal Si (average energy 〈ESi〉 ∼- 18 eV) and Sb (〈ESb〉 ∼- 14 eV) beams generated by ultra high vacuum Kr+ ion-beam sputtering. Critical epitaxial thicknesses te in undoped films were found to range from 8 nm at Ts = 80°C to >1.2 μm at Ts ≥ 300°C while Sb incorporation probabilities σSb varied from unity at T s ≲ 550° C to ⋍ 0.1 at 750°C . These te and σSb values are approximately one and one-to-three orders of magnitude, respectively, higher than reported results achieved with molecular-beam epitaxy. Temperature-dependent transport measurements carried out on 1 μm-thick Sb-doped layers grown at Ts ≥ 350°C showed that Sb was incorporated into substitutional sites with complete electrical activity and that electron mobilities in films grown at Ts ≥ 400°C were equal to the best reported results for bulk Si.
An efficient search algorithm to find the elementary circuits of a graph

A theoretically most efficient search algorithm is presented which uses an exhaustive search to find all of the elementary circuits of a graph. The algorithm can be easily modified to find all of the elementary circuits with a particular attribute such as length. A rigorous proof of the algorithm is given as well as an example of its application. Empirical bounds are presented relating the speed of lhe algorithm to the number of vertices and the number of arcs. The speed is also related to the number of circuits inthe graph to give a relation between speed and complexity. Extensions to undirected and s-graphs are discussed.
Regularization in skewed binary classification

Skewed binary classification concerns the assignment of a new unknown object to one of two populations, 0 or 1, on the basis of a q-dimensional vector x = (x1, …xq), where one of the populations, for example population 0, is the prevalent class. Assignment rules are developed from learning samples of known objects, that is, objects known to come from each of the two populations. Since population 1 is the rare class, overfitting and generalization problems arise easily for many classification models. We propose an effective solution by assigning more weights to class 1. The idea is to produce noisy replicates of the rare cases while keeping the dominant class 0 cases unchanged. The classification models considered are: nearest neighbor method, neural networks, classification trees, and quadratic discriminant. Noisy replication of the rare cases was applied to three real world and simulated data sets. Encouraging results were obtained for all the classification models considered.
Teaching box builder: customizing pedagogical contexts for use of digital library resources in classrooms

This poster and accompanying demonstration introduces the Teaching Box Builder application that, as being implemented, supports the development of pedagogically rich inquiry-based earth science lessons using digital library resources.
Comparative X-ray Sensitivity of Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) at Different Developmental Stages during their Life-cycle

Comparative X-ray Sensitivity of Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) at Different Developmental Stages during their Life-cycle
Topical Review: Clinical Aspects of Hereditary Ataxias:

The hereditary ataxias are a group of complex genetic disorders the understanding of which is undergoing a revolution because of advances in molecular genetics. Within the last few years, at least ...
Chatter stability of a slender cutting tool in turning with tool wear effect

An analysis of the chatter behavior for a slender cutting tool in turning in the presence of wear flat on the tool flank is presented in this research. The mechanism of a self-excited vibration development process with tool wear effect is studied. The components contributing to the forcing function in the turning vibration dynamics are analyzed in the context of cutting force and contact force. A comparison of the chatter stability for a fresh cutting tool and a worn cutting tool is provided. Stability plots are presented to relate width of cut to cutting velocity in the determination of chatter stability. Machining experiments at various conditions were conducted to identify the characteristic parameters involved in the vibration system and to identify the analytical stability limits. The theoretical result of chatter stability agrees qualitatively with the experimental result concerning the development of chatter stability model with tool wear effect.
Ocean acoustic sensor installation at the South Florida Ocean Measurement Center

A tri-axial array of acoustic hydrophones has been installed off the South Florida coast in 145 m of water. The installation is one of a number of projects that have begun making use of the new South Florida Ocean Measurement Center facilities in Dania, FL. The arrays are linked to shore via a fiber-optic cable and powered from shore with a separate insulated copper cable. Two of the arms of the array are deployed on the bottom to the east and south of the origin. The third array is a sub-surface vertical mooring which includes a pressure sensor to monitor the depth of the top buoy. Each axis contains 32 hydrophones spaced in a nonlinear distribution to facilitate acoustic coherence measurements. Other sensor configurations are possible, including the replacement of hydrophones with other instruments such as current meters or temperature, pressure, or conductivity sensors. Small projectors are placed at the base of the vertical array and at the ends of the horizontal arrays, making it possible to determine the location of each sensor in real time via time-of-flight measurements. Computers running the Linux operating system control the projectors and process data from each leg of the array. Each of the three computers is connected via fiber-optic lines to a Fast Ethernet switch box and networked to shore. The computers can be accessed via TCP/IP connections and programmed from shore to suit new missions. A wireless link to the Nova Southeastern University network and the Internet makes it possible to access the system and conduct experiments from anywhere in the world. The current mission of this system is to study the coherence of shallow-water acoustic propagation. However, knowledge gained here will facilitate a variety of future projects-which include active and passive sonars, ambient noise study, high-frequency acoustic monitoring of fish migration, and acoustic tomographic monitoring of the Gulf Stream. Excellent data were obtained from several experiments. At the present time, only the vertical array is working but plans to restore the two horizontal arrays are actively pursued.
Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of Mouse C-Terminal Kinesin Motor KifC3

Proteins of the kinesin superfamily define a class of microtubule-dependent motors that play crucial roles in cell division and intracellular transport. To study the molecular mechanism of intracellular transport involving microtubule-dependent motors, a cDNA encoding a new kinesin-like protein called KifC3 was cloned from a mouse brain cDNA library. Sequence and secondary structure analysis revealed that KifC3 is a member of the C-terminal motor family. In contrast to other mouse C-terminal motors, KifC3 is apparently ubiquitous and may have a general role in intracellular transport. To understand the in vivo function of the KifC3 gene, we used homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to construct knockout mouse strains for the KifC3 gene. Homozygous mutants of the KifC3 gene are viable, reproduce normally, and apparently develop normally. These results suggest that KifC3 is dispensable for normal development and reproduction in the mouse.
Effects of family presence on the content and dynamics of the clinical encounter among diabetic patients

Rationale, aims and objectives Primary care visits often include a family member or friend. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the presence of a family member on the visit content and dynamics among diabetic patients in Family Medicine settings. Method Encounters of patients with type 2 diabetes from 20 primary care clinics were audio-recorded and transcribed. Encounters were coded using the Davis Observation Codes, classifying content into 20 different categories at 15-second intervals. A random sample of 30 patients with family members was selected; 30 encounters in which no family was present were then matched to the randomly selected patients so that they would be similar group-wise in A1C level, length of visit, level of distress and discussion of non-patient family problems for analysis using orbital decomposition, an analytic technique based on symbolic dynamics in which categorical time series data are used to identify amount of complexity present and recurrent patterns of strings. Results Visits were more linear if family members were present. When family members were present, 90-second strings of preventive services and evaluation/feedback were observed while 90 seconds of exercise discussion occurred when they were absent. Visits without family members tended to include more chatting, compliance discussion and nutrition counselling, while those with family members included more patient questions and evaluation/feedback. Finally, the sequence of history-to-planning-to-evaluation was observed when family were absent, but evaluation-to-planning-to-history when family were present. Conclusion The presence of a family member was associated with increased linearity and recurrent patterns that focused more on evaluation/feedback, preventive services, and patient questions, and less on chatting, exercise, compliance and nutrition in diabetic encounters.
Development of Positive Selectable Markers for the Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes meningitis in ∼10% of patients with AIDS. New selectable markers which confer resistance to G418 or phleomycin when transformed into C. neoformans were made. A hygromycin-selectable marker was modified to allow selection with a single copy of the marker.
Monte Carlo query processing of uncertain multidimensional array data

Array database systems are architected for scientific and engineering applications. In these applications, the value of a cell is often imprecise and uncertain. There are at least two reasons that a Monte Carlo query processing algorithm is usually required for such uncertain data. Firstly, a probabilistic graphical model must often be used to model correlation, which requires a Monte Carlo inference algorithm for the operations in our database. Secondly, mathematical operators required by science and engineering domains are much more complex than those of SQL. State-of-the-art query processing uses Monte Carlo approximation. We give an example of using Markov Random Fields combined with an array's chunking or tiling mechanism to model correlated data. We then propose solutions for two of the most challenging problems in this framework, namely the expensive array join operation, and the determination and optimization of stopping conditions of Monte Carlo query processing. Finally, we perform an extensive empirical study on a real world application.