cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Infiltrates in the Surgical ICU: Prospective Assessment of Predictors of Etiology and Mortality

A prospective cohort study of 129 consecutive patients developing pulmonary infiltrates in the surgical ICU was conducted to determine the predictors and outcome of pulmonary infiltrates. Most common etiologies of pulmonary infiltrates were pneumonia (30%), pulmonary edema (29%), acute lung injury (15%), and atelectasis (13%). Enteral nutrition was associated with a significantly lower incidence of acute lung injury as compared with pneumonia (22% vs 58%, p = 0.012). Patients with liver disease were significantly more likely to have pulmonary infiltrates due to acute lung injury as compared with other etiologies (p = 0.02). Clinical pulmonary infection score (Pugin score) > 6 virtually excluded acute lung injury, pulmonary edema, or atelectasis as etiologies of pulmonary infiltrates. Nosocomial Haemophilus/pneumococcal pneumonia occurred significantly earlier in the ICU as compared with Gram-negative (p = 0.05) or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia (p = 0.01). Pneumonia in trauma patients was significantly more likely to be due to Haemophilus/pneumococcus as compared with all other ICU patients (54% vs 0%, p = 0.0004). These data have implications for treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU.
Transistor Modeling and TCAD

The semiconductor industry faces two types of complexity. One is associated with generating and managing large amounts of data that define physical layouts. The other is associated with the nonlinear behaviors of semiconductor processes, devices, and circuits. Computer-aided design (CAD) tools help engineers deal with both types of complexity. Electronic design automation (EDA) software handles a range of tasks associated with the generation, verification, and storage of layout data. Physics-based process, device, and circuit simulators predict the behaviors that result from nonlinear phenomena. The apparently natural division of semiconductor CAD software into EDA tools and physics-based simulators of nonlinear phenomena is modified in practice by the fact that EDA tools and circuit simulators are used primarily by circuit designers, and process and device simulators are used primarily by technology developers. The CAD tools used by circuit designers are referred to as “electronics CAD (ECAD),” and the tools used by technology developers are referred to as “technology CAD (TCAD).” This partitioning of physics-based simulators by user communities can cause potentially useful connections between TCAD and circuit simulators to be neglected. These connections are the subject of this article.
Robots: Not yet smart enough: Improvements are needed in mechanical design, hands and manipulators, sensors, programming methods, kinematic models of behavior, and intelligence

Discusses the uses of robots in automatic production systems and suggests that improvements in mechanical design, hands and manipulators, sensors, programming methods, kinematic models of behaviour and intelligence are needed.
1042 HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE BIOTYPE PREDICTS VIRULENCE

Biotype and serotype were determined for 359 isolates of H. influenzae(Hi) to define relation to virulence and antibiotic resistance. Of 61 patients with Hi isolates from invasive sites 95% were serotypable(S+) and 79% were biotype(B)I. 87% of cases of Hi meningitis, cellulitis, bacteremia and arthritis were caused by BI;50% of epiglottitis and pneumonia were. All 71 isolates from inflamed conjunctivae were not serotypable(S-);83% were B II or III;only 8% were BI. Frequency and biotype of conjunctival Hi did not differ with age or season. 147 children with Hi respiratory isolates were grouped according to illness and probable pathogenic role of Hi. 90% of respiratory isolates were S-. Group 1(well or ill, Hi not related)had no S+ isolates and only 7% were BI. Group 2(ill, Hi possibly/probably related)had significantly more S+(17%)and BI(35%). Group 3(cystic fibrosis patients)also had significantly more S+(23%)and BI(45%). Ampicillin resistance of respiratory isolates was similar for all groups. Otitis media(Hi middle ear isolate)was significantly associated with BI(8/13,61%) but not S+(1/13). Ampicillin resistance of Hi(any source-299 patients)was greater in S-(18%)than in S+(10%)strains. Resistance varied significantly with biotype;(By highest(46%) and BI lowest (10%). In summary serotype positive Hi was associated with invasive disease. Biotype I Hi(serotype positive and negative)was associated with invasive disease, otitis media, and cystic fibrosis but had least resistance to ampicillin.
Comparison of chromogenic media for recovery of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae (CPE) and evaluation of CPE prevalence at a tertiary care academic medical center.

ABSTRACT We evaluated the performance characteristics of chromID CARBA and HardyCHROM Carbapenemase for the detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). A CPE prevalence study was conducted using chromID CARBA; this demonstrated that in low-prevalence settings, CPE screening agars may lack specificity, and confirmation of putative isolates is necessary.
High curvature and jerk analyses of arm ataxia

We investigated high curvature analysis (HCA) and integrated absolute jerk (IAJ) for differentiating healthy and cerebellopathy (CB) patients performing pointing tasks. Seventeen CB patients and seventeen healthy controls were required to move a pointer at their preferred pace between two 50.8 cm laterally spaced targets while standing with their arm extended in front of their body. HCA was used to quantify the frequency of sharp turns in the horizontal-plane (anterior-posterior and medio-lateral) velocity trajectory of the hand-held pointer. IAJ was assessed by integration of absolute jerk (second time derivative of velocity) time histories in the anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions. HCA scores and IAJ scores were then compared between CB patients and healthy controls; for both analyses, higher scores indicate less smooth movements. We hypothesized that CB patients would have less smooth movement trajectories than healthy controls due to upper extremity ataxia associated with cerebellar disease and degeneration. We found that CB patients had higher HCA scores than healthy controls (P = 0.014). Although CB patients had higher IAJ scores in both anterior-posterior (P = 0.060) and medio-lateral (P = 0.231) directions compared to the healthy controls, the differences were not significant. The difference in sensitivity between the HCA and the IAJ analysis might be explained by primitive neural activation commands, ubiquitous though only evident with some cerebellar dysfunctions, which produce sub-movements which are themselves minimal jerk curves. We conclude that HCA may be a useful tool for quantifying upper extremity ataxia in CB patients performing a repeated pointing task.
Analysis and performance of a valve-controlled hydraulic servomechanism

VALVE-CONTROLLED hydraulic servomechanisms are an important class of control systems because of their widespread use in fields requiring high performance and light weight, particularly for military aircraft. Unfortunately, hydraulic servos are not widely understood, as manifested by the scarcity of good technical papers and textbook material on the subject.
Properties of amino-terminal parathyroid hormone-related peptides modified at positions 11–13

Abstract Biological properties of amino-terminal PTHrP analogues modified in the region 11–13 were examined using ROS 17/2.8 cells. [Leu11,D-Trp12,Arg13,Tyr36]PTHrP(1–36)amide had a 17-fold lower binding affinity for the receptor (apparent Kd: 5 × 10 −8 M ) than [Tyr36]PTHrP(1–36)amide or [Arg11,13,Tyr36]PTHrP(1–36)amide (apparent Kd for both: 2 × 10 −9 M ). Moreover, it is only a weak partial agonist despite completely inhibiting radioligand binding. [Leu11,D-Trp12,Arg13,Tyr36,Cys38]PTHrP(7–38) and PTHrP(7–34)amide had similar receptor affinities (apparent Kds: 5 × 10 −8 M and 8 × 10 −8 M ), while that of [Nle8,18,Tyr34]bPTH(7–34)amide was more than 10-fold lower (apparent Kd: 2 × 10 −6 M ). These changes in biological properties suggest that high affinity receptor binding requires both amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of the PTHrP(1–36) sequence and/or intramolecular interactions which are impaired by the D-Trp substitution for Gly12.
Toward a Hybrid Model for Effective Organizing in Communities of Color

This paper examines the feminist and Alinsky approaches to community organizing, both of which have had great impact on the field of organizing. Viewing the two models as flexible and interflowing, the authors then propose a hybrid organizing model that draws from the strengths of both approaches. The model also calls for continual assessment of the changing organizing context and flexibility to change the blend of strategies according to the needs of the moment. Finally, the paper looks at how the dynamics of race and ethnicity affect organizing in communites of color, and discusses the usefulness of the proposed model in dealing with these dynamics.
Spectral sensitivity of dichromats: role of postreceptoral processes.

Abstract Increment spectral sensitivity functions were determined for dichromatic subjects; these functions were interpreted in the context of parvo and magno pathways. Increments of either 200 or 10 msec in duration were presented on a spatially coincident, 1000 td white background. When compared to the control trichromatic data, the 200 msec functions of dichromats manifest a reduction in sensitivity at middle and long wavelengths. These data are consistent with the notion that 200msec threshold increments reveal the sensitivity of the parvo pathway; the sensitivity of this pathway is reduced in dichromacy due to pigment replacement with a resultant loss of spectral opponency. The 10 msec functions of dichromats do not show a comparable reduction in sensitivity. Therefore, it is concluded that 10 msec increments reveal the sensitivity of a pathway whose spectral-opponent status is not substantially altered in dichromacy, presumably the magno pathway.
When Women’s Musical Activism is Motivated by an Activist Musician

In order to better understand connections between music, healing from trauma, and feminism, in the summer of 2009 I began interviewing and observing women who were fans of the musician Tori Amos. O...
Continuity and interrelatedness of social science curricula

(1959). Continuity and interrelatedness of social science curricula. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 96-101.
Catecholamine inputs to the nucleus tractus solitarius

Abstract The projections of brainstem catecholaminergic (CA) cell groups to the rat nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) were examined using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections and glass mieroknife cuts. 6-OHDA (4μg) was injected into the intermediate NTS. and this resulted in depletion of CA fluorescent varicosities from the NTS at this rostrocaudal level, except for varicosities along the periventricular edge of the NTS. In addition, a band of swollen fluorescent axons extended between the CA A1 cell group of the ventrolateral medulla and the lateral NTS. Microknife cuts were used to interrupt the projections of the CA A 1 and A2 cell groups (located in the caudal NTS) and tissues were examined for changes in CA varicosity density within the intermediate NTS. Following transverse knife cuts of the intermediate NTS. rostral to the A2 cell group, fluorescent varicosities rostral to the cut virtually disappeared, and the fluorescence intensity of the ipsilateral A2 neurons caudal to the cut was increased. These cuts also eliminated the 6-OHDA-resistant varicosities along the periventricular NTS. After microknife cuts lateral to the intermediate NTS. the fluorescent varicosity density in the NTS was unchanged. These results indicate that the major CA projection to the NTS arises from the ipsilateral A2 cell group. The 6-OHDA-resistant varicosities arising from neurons caudal to the knife cut probably arise from the adrenergic C2 cell group.
Methanol Reactions over Oxygen-Modified Re Surfaces: Influence of Surface Structure and Oxidation†

The reactions of methanol over planar and faceted oxygen-covered Re(1231), and over a thin-film oxide on Re(1231), are studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS), and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). These surfaces are potential model catalysts for the selective oxidation of methanol to methylal [dimethoxymethane, CH2(CH3O)2]. Re(1231) is chosen because it is a morphologically unstable substrate that develops nanometer scale facets when precovered with oxygen and annealed, thus providing a suitable surface to investigate structure−reactivity relationships in methanol decomposition. Reaction pathways for methanol over the O-covered planar and faceted surfaces are qualitatively similar, proceeding through competing pathways of dehydrogenation to CH2O and CO and nonselective decomposition to yield H2 and CO that is formed by recombination of C(ads) with surface-bound oxygen. The selectivity toward methanol dehydrogenation products...
Trisomy 8p: unusual origin detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Chromosomal analysis of a neonate with brain and heart abnormalities revealed trisomy for 8p. The mother's karyotype showed 47 chromosomes with one chromosome 8 being represented as two separate chromosomes, an acrocentric 8p and a telocentric 8q. Gbanding and silver staining revealed a satellite and nucleolus organizing region (NOR) on the 8p. Centromericspecific probes to the centromeres of chromosomes 8, 15, 13/21, 22 and the acrocentric chromosomes revealed that only the 8q centromere was of chromosome-8 origin, while the 8p centromere was of chromosome-14 origin.
Optical polarimetry of Comet West 1976 VI

Four narrowband filters covering the 440-850 nm wavelengths were used to measure the polarization of the continuum of Comet West 1976 VI. Postperihelion observations indicated wavelength-independent linear polarization in all of the three measurements made, in agreement with other polarization measurements of the comet from the visible to the near-infrared but in contrast with the general tendency in comets toward polarization increase with wavelength. No circular polarization was detected, and it is suggested by (1) the magnitude of polarization as a function of scattering angle, (2) wavelength independence, and (3) infrared and optical photometric properties, that dirty silicates with radii approaching 5 microns may be responsible for the phenomena observed.
User-friendly web mapping: lessons from a citizen science website

Citizen science websites are emerging as a common way for volunteers to collect and report geographic ecological data. Engaging the public in citizen science is challenging and, when involving online participation, data entry, and map use, becomes even more daunting. Given these new challenges, citizen science websites must be easy to use, result in positive overall satisfaction for many different users, support many different tasks, and ensure data quality. To begin reaching these goals, we built a geospatially enabled citizen science website, evaluated its usability, and gained experience by working with and listening to citizens using the website. We sought to determine general perceptions, discover potential problems, and iteratively improve website features. Although the website was rated positively overall, map-based tasks identified a wide range of problems. Given our results, we redesigned the website, improved the content, enhanced the ease of use, simplified the map interface, and added features. We discuss citizen science websites in relation to online Public Participation Geographic Information Systems, examine the role(s) websites may play in the citizen science research model, discuss how citizen science research advances GIScience, and offer guidelines to improve citizen-based web mapping applications.
Electromigration-Induced Failures in VLSI Interconnects

Electromigration in thin films has been identified as one of the primary failure mechanisms limiting the reliability of film interconnections. Most of the electromigration testing has been carried out with Al and Al-alloy film conductors as they happen to be most widely used on integrated circuits. A general expression for the median time to failure (MTF) is as follows: Aj?n exp (Q/kT) where (1) "A" is a parameter depending on the geometry, physical characteristics of film, protective coating, and substrate, (2) "j" is the current density A/cm2, and (3) "n" is the exponent: 1 < n < 3, Q is the activation energy, "T" is the average temperature of the conductor and "k" is Boltzmann's constant: MTF data are observed to obey lognormal distribution with a dispersion parameter ?. Predicted interconnection failure rates at use conditions of current density and chip temperature are found to vary over several orders of magnitude as they strongly depend on accelerated life test data and "n" the exponent of current density in the MTF equation. Since electromigration-induced failure rates increase with usage time, in contrast to the usual assumption of constant failure rates of ICs, the current density design guidelines must comprehend the failure rate goals as a function of usage time for specified operating temperatures and the selection of conductor material to design-in reliability.
Four-Wave Mixer Phase Compensation Performance

A theoretical study was conducted on the performance of the four-wave mixer as an adaptive optical element in an atmospheric optical communication system. As an active element, the mixer introduced its own quantum noise, and therefore, this noise was considered in the system performance. This analysis is directly applicable to atmospheric compensation for large telescopes in that the four-wave mixer phase conjugation property will restore planar phase fronts to incoming aberrated waves. Results indicated that the average received noise power generated in the four-wave mixer was 60 dB below the average received signal power.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fire Effects on Carbon And Nitrogen Budgets in Forests

Estimates of C and N loss by gasification during a wildfire in a Jeffrey pine (Pinus Jeffreyii [Grev. and Balf.]) forest in Little Valley, Nevada are compared to potential losses in more mesic forests in the Integrated Forest Study (IFS). In Little Valley, the fire consumed the forest floor, foliage, and an unknown amount of soil organic matter, but little standing large woody material. on an ecosystem level, the fire consumed approximately equal percentages of C and N (12 and 9%, respectively), but a considerably greater proportion of aboveground N (71%) than C (21%). Salvage logging was the major factor in loss, and C lost from the site will not be replenished until forest vegetation is established and succeeds the current shrub vegetation. N2 fixation by Ceanothus velutinus [Dougl.l in the post-fire shrub vegetation appears to have more than made up for N lost by gasification in the fire over the first 16 yr, and may result in long-term increases in C stocks once forest vegetation takes over the site. N loss from the fire equaled > 1,000 years of atmospheric N deposition and > 10,000 years of N leaching at current rates. Calculations of C and N losses from theoretical wildfires in the IFS sites show similar patterns to those in Little Valley. Calculated losses of N in most of the IFS sites would equal many centuries of leaching. Conceptual models of biogeochemical cycling in forests need to include episodic events such as fire.
Differential sensitivity to bicuculline in three inbred mouse strains.

Abstract We examined the inbred mouse strains DBA/2Ibg, C57BL/6Ibg and C3H/2Ibg for differences in susceptibility to bicuculline-induced seizures, as well as to bicuculline-induced epileptiform activity recorded in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of hippoeampal slices. For susceptibility to seizure onset the strain rank order was (most to least susceptible):C3H=DBA>C57. The rank order for sensitivity to effects of bicuculline on tonic seizure latency and on hippoeampal epileptiform activity were identical: C3H=DBA>C57. It is suggested that mechanisms underlying the development of bicuculline-induced epileptiform events in the hippoeampal slice may be similar to those involved in the development of tonic seizures measured in vivo.
Implementation of Design Sensitivity Analysis with Existing Finite Element Codes

A numerical method is presented to implement structural design sensitivity analysis theory, using the versatility and convenience of existing finite element structural analysis programs. Design variables such as thickness and cross-sectional areas of components of individual members and built-up structures are considered. Structural performance functionals considered include displacement and stress. The method is also applicable for eigenvalue problem design sensitivity analysis. It is shown that calculations can be carried out outside existing finite element codes, using postprocessing data only. Thus, design sensitivity analysis software does not have to be embedded in an existing finite element code. Feasability of the method is shown through analysis of several problems, including a built-up structure. Accurate design sensitivity results are obtained without the uncertainty of numerical accuracy associated with selection of finite difference perturbations.
The interaction between across‐the‐board wh‐movement and left‐branch extraction

. This paper explores the interaction between two independently well studied wh-movement strategies: across-the-board wh-movement and left-branch extraction. Focusing on Slavic languages, which allow both ATB movement and left-branch extraction in isolation, it shows that ATB left-branch extraction is subject to a rather surprising restriction: the ‘‘remnants’’ inside the second conjunct must be distinct from their ‘‘correspondents’’ inside the first conjunct. The account of this restriction developed in this paper relies on the interaction of two independently motivated principles: the Linear Correspondence Axiom of Kayne 1994 and a structural economy condition formulated within the framework of Chomsky's (1995) Minimalist Program.
EFFECT OF SEDATION ON TRANSIT TIME OF FELINE GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST STUDIES

The effect of commonly used sedatives on gastrointestinal motility and transit time in cats was evaluated using barium sulfate in gastrointestinal contrast studies. Control studies were performed in nonsedated animals, and the results were compared with those obtained from each of five sedation studies (ANOVA; p < 0.05). The ketamine/acepromazine transit time (18 minutes) was shortened significantly compared with the control group (42 minutes), and both ketamine/acepromazine and ketamine alone resulted in significant increase in the number of gastric contractions. The level of sedation was evaluated subjectively and compared with the transit times to determine a chemical restraint method for potential clinical use that would have the least effect on transit time and motility yet provide adequate sedation. When sedation is necessary and motility is not a primary concern, the ketamine/acepromazine combination if recommended. If a gastrointestinal motility problem is suspected, the ketamine/valium combination should be used.
On the sampling distribution of resubstitution and leave-one-out error estimators for linear classifiers

Error estimation is a problem of high current interest in many areas of application. This paper concerns the classical problem of determining the performance of error estimators in small-sample settings under a Gaussianity parametric assumption. We provide here for the first time the exact sampling distribution of the resubstitution and leave-one-out error estimators for linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in the univariate case, which is valid for any sample size and combination of parameters (including unequal variances and sample sizes for each class). In the multivariate case, we provide a quasi-binomial approximation to the distribution of both the resubstitution and leave-one-out error estimators for LDA, under a common but otherwise arbitrary class covariance matrix, which is assumed to be known in the design of the LDA discriminant. We provide numerical examples, using both synthetic and real data, that indicate that these approximations are accurate, provided that LDA classification error is not too large.
Comparison of intradermal and subcutaneous injections in lymphatic mapping.

Abstract Background. Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for melanoma, with its intradermal (ID) injection, has a higher success rate than SNB for breast cancer, which is typically performed with a subcutaneous (SC) or peritumor injection. It is hypothesized that this is in part due to a slower transit time of lymphatic mapping agents through the parenchymal lymphatics of the breast. No study has investigated differences in transit time between different tissues to account for this clinical observation. The goal of the study was to compare transit time between ID and SC injections with common agents used in lymphatic mapping. Methods. Four injection sites on five domestic pigs were used. Sites were bilateral and included cervical, forelimb, hindlimb, and flank areas. Agents included technetium sulfur colloid (Tc99, filtered and unfiltered), isosulfan blue (IB) dye, and fluorescein (FL) dye. At each site both ID and SC injections were made and the transit time to reach the sentinel node was recorded. The transit time differences were calculated per centimeter distance from the draining lymph node basin. Results. Sentinel nodes were identified draining all sites and found to be hot, blue, or fluorescent (using a Wood's lamp for identification). The cervical and forelimb injection sites drained to the same cervical lymph node basin and both SC and ID injection sites drained to the same sentinel node. Similarly, the hindlimb and flank injection sites both drained to inguinal lymph node basins. The slowest transit time occurred with Tc99 injected SC and the fastest occurred with Tc99 injected ID, whereas both FL dye and IB traveled rapidly to the sentinel node whether injected SC or ID. Large differences were found using unfiltered Tc99 depending on its injection ID (2.7 s/cm ± 0.5) vs SC (249 s/cm ± 14.7, P = 0.008). Conclusions. Tc99 ID injections were significantly faster than SC injection. The slowest and fastest SC injection agents were unfiltered Tc99 and IB, respectively. Dermal injections provide faster transit of lymphatic agents and may improve the identification rate when applied to patients with breast cancer.
The Practice of Vocational Assessment by Counseling Psychologists

One thousand American Psychological Association members who identified counseling as their psychology specialty were surveyed about their vocational assessment practices; 637 or 64% returned usable questionnaires. Some of the primary findings were as follows: (a) 56% of the respondents were engaged in providing vocational assessment services and spent about 8% of their professional time doing so; (b) vocational assessment services were provided by a moderate to relatively frequent number of practitioners across most considered work settings; (c) respondents most frequently recommended that graduate students in counseling psychology be trained in the Strong Interest Inventory (SI!); and (d) regardless of work setting, respondents most frequently used the SII, Self-Directed Search, and Kuder Occupational Interest Survey in their vocational assessment practice. The implications of the findings are briefly discussed, with particular mention being made about (a) the continued relevance of vocational assessment...
Ion optical clocks and quantum information processing

Techniques developed for quantum-information processing using trapped ions may be useful in future atomic clocks. Here, we summarize experiments at NIST that (1) use quantum gates to entangle ions and thereby improve the measurement signal-to-noise ratio in spectroscopy and (2) implement sympathetic cooling and quantum state transfer techniques, which might be used to increase the number of choices of ions used for clocks.
ButtonSchemer: ambient program reader

This paper describes ButtonSchemer, an "ambient program reader" that can be used to input program code directly from a computer screen or from specially bar-coded surfaces. The placement of programs for such a device can be made informal, creative, and practically ubiquitous, suggestive of ways to extend the traditional desktop-centric notions of programming.
The Spin Trapping of Superoxide and Hydroxyl Free Radicals with DMPO (5,5-Dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide): More About Iron

The reaction of superoxide with the spin trap DMPO (5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide) is widely used to study superoxide production as well as issues associated with the superoxide-related formation of hydroxyl radical. However, the interpretation of observed intensities of DMPO/.OOH and DMPO/.OH signals in electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping experiments is not without its difficulties. In this paper, I report experiments that demonstrate: 1. That the flux of superoxide formation in a DMPO spin trapping experiment can alter the apparent importance of weak DMPO/.OH signals; 2. That iron can influence the DMPO/.OOH spin trapping results; 3. That there is very little spontaneous breakdown of DMPO/.OOH to form DMPO/.OH.
Field Investigation of Highway Sign Damage Rates and Inspector Accuracy

This study sought to create a simulation model to provide the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) with recommendations to improve its sign inspection and replacement procedures. This research focuses on two key factors built into the model: (a) the rate at which signs are damaged beyond usefulness based on natural or man-made causes and (b) the accuracy rate of visual sign inspections based on retroreflectivity. The research team conducted nighttime rides with sign inspectors in 5 of 14 NCDOT divisions. During subsequent daytime rides, the team measured sign retroreflectivity to allow estimation of sign deterioration and inspector accuracy rates. Data were collected for white, yellow, red, and green signs and for sheeting Types I and III. About 2.3% of inspected signs (per year) were damaged to the point of needing replacement, and inspectors did not reject a large percentage of signs that had retroreflectivity values below the proposed minimum Federal Highway Administration standard.
Automatic characterization and modeling (ASIC design)

It is shown how an automatic characterization and modeling system called the library compiler reduces library development time, produces a consistent methodology, and increases the accuracy of characterization and modeling. The major characteristics of the system that help produce library development are shown to be automatic input vector generation, process portability, hierarchical parameters, CPU efficiency, timing window specification, and hierarchical characterization. These characteristics provide a flexibility for the ASIC designer. This flexibility mixed with the consistent reliability and maintainability of the software offers a degree of confidence in the characterization and modeling data of the libraries. >
Hepatic Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Regulated by PPARα and Is a Key Mediator of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Ketotic States

Mice fed a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) exhibit marked changes in hepatic metabolism and energy homeostasis. Here, we identify liver-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as an endocrine regulator of the ketotic state. Hepatic expression and circulating levels of FGF21 are induced by both KD and fasting, are rapidly suppressed by refeeding, and are in large part downstream of PPARalpha. Importantly, adenoviral knockdown of hepatic FGF21 in KD-fed mice causes fatty liver, lipemia, and reduced serum ketones, due at least in part to altered expression of key genes governing lipid and ketone metabolism. Hence, induction of FGF21 in liver is required for the normal activation of hepatic lipid oxidation, triglyceride clearance, and ketogenesis induced by KD. These findings identify hepatic FGF21 as a critical regulator of lipid homeostasis and identify a physiological role for this hepatic hormone.
An application of cybernetic algorithm design

Abstract Principles for cybernetic generation of algorithms are applied to a specific problem class in order to gain insight needed for the development of a general design methodology. The principles are formalized and implemented in a working program. Specifically, the family of problems considered consists of those where instances consist of finite sequences of distinct elements chosen from some linearly ordered set and the operation among elements is the comparison. The results obtained with the program indicate that the program can provide many insights into problem solution. Problems inherent in the cybernetic algorithm design process are discussed and applications to other types of problems are suggested.
A revised thermal history of the Ronda peridotite, S. Spain: New evidence for excision during exhumation

Abstract The Ronda peridotite massif of southern Spain exposes subcontinental lithospheric mantle that records pressure–temperature data and microstructures formed during exhumation beneath the rapidly extending Alboran domain. The peridotite is zoned from garnet- and spinel-bearing mylonites at the structural top, to spinel-bearing tectonites, to melt-percolated spinel-bearing granular peridotites, to plagioclase-bearing tectonites at the structural base. We find microstructural evidence of melt present in the spinel zones prior to the deformation event which exhumed the peridotites, and we therefore reinterpret the spinel tectonites as being a result of deformational overprinting of part of the granular domain. We also reinterpret garnet intergrown with spinel in the mylonite zone as part of the pre-mylonitic porphyroclast assemblage, rather than as a syn-mylonite assemblage. This places mylonite formation within the spinel field, rather than right on the garnet-spinel transition (18 kb). Two-dimensional thermal modeling indicates that these conditions require removal of lithospheric mantle below 100 km followed by exhumation along a low angle shear zone. Excision of material during exhumation is required to explain the steep thermal gradients observed. These results shed light on the mechanisms of back-arc extension, as well as the emplacement of orogenic lherzolites.
Electoral Selection with Parties and Primaries

We develop a model of intra-party candidate selection under partisan electoral competition and voter uncertainty. Candidates for oce belong to parties, which are factions of ideologically similar candidates. Each party’s candidate for a general election can be selected either by a \centralized" mechanism that eectively randomizes over possible candidates, or by voters in a primary election. The electorate cares about ideology and valence, and both primary and general elections may reveal candidate valences. Our main theoretical result is that while primaries raise the expected quality of a party’s candidates, they may hurt the ex ante preferred party in a competitive electorate by increasing the chances of revealing the opposing party’s candidates as superior. Thus primaries are adopted in relatively extreme districts where a clear favorite party exists. An empirical analysis of the adoption of direct primaries and the
Triple-negative breast cancers: an updated review on treatment options.

Morphologic features of tumour cells have long been validated for the clinical classification of breast cancers and are regularly used as a “gold standard” to ascertain prognostic outcome in patients. Identification of molecular markers such as expression of the receptors for estrogen (er) and progesterone (pgr) and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (her2) has played an important role in determining targets for the development of efficacious drugs for treatment and has also offered additional predictive value for the therapeutic assessment of patients with breast cancer. More recent technical advancements in identifying several cancer-related genes have provided further opportunities to identify specific subtypes of breast cancer. Among the subtypes, tumours with triple-negative cells are identified using specific staining procedures for basal markers such as cytokeratin 5 and 6 and the absence of er, pgr, and her2 expression. Patients with triple-negative breast cancers therefore have the disadvantage of not benefiting from currently available receptor-targeted systemic therapy. Optimal conditions for the therapeutic assessment of women with triple-negative breast tumours and for the management of their disease have yet to be validated in prospective investigations. The present review discusses the differences between triple-negative breast tumours and basal-like breast tumours and also the role of mutations in the BRCA genes. Attention is also paid to treatment options available to patients with triple-negative breast tumours.
Insight on pathogenesis of varicoceles: Relationship of varicocele and body mass index

Objectives Varicoceles, present in 15% to 20% of men, are the most common abnormal finding among men presenting with infertility, yet controversy exists regarding their etiology. Anecdotal experience suggests that varicoceles are more prevalent in lean men, supporting the “nutcracker” effect of the superior mesenteric artery compressing the left renal vein over the aorta. We examined this hypothesis in a large adult population. Methods A total of 2106 men were evaluated for infertility or erectile dysfunction from 1990 to 1996. The men were examined for the presence and severity of a varicocele. The association between age, height, body mass index, year of evaluation, and reason for consultation and the presence and severity of a varicocele was examined using logistic regression analysis. Results The mean age was 47 years (range 18 to 85), and the median body mass index was 26.4 kg/m2 (range 15.4 to 53.3). A varicocele was present in 398 men (18.9%). Stratified by grade, 59 (14.8%) were grade III, 155 (38.9%) were grade II, and 184 (46.2%) were grade I. The prevalence of varicoceles in the erectile dysfunction group (12.7%) was significantly less (P <0.001) than in the infertile group (32.2%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship between body mass index and the presence of a varicocele. Conclusions Varicoceles were less likely to be diagnosed among obese men. Although this suggests that the “nutcracker” phenomenon or other biophysical effects of increased adiposity may play a role in the pathogenesis, other factors could not be excluded as contributing to our findings.
Effect of Internal Wick Structure on Liquid-Vapor Oscillatory Flow and Heat Transfer in an Oscillating Heat Pipe

Liquid-vapor oscillating flow and heat transfer in a vertically placed oscillating heat pipe (OHP) with a sintered particle wick structure are analyzed in this paper. The oscillatory flow of the liquid slug is driven by the variations in pressures in the vapor plug due to evaporation and condensation. The evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients are obtained by solving the microfilm evaporation and condensation on the sintered particles. The sensible heat transfer between the liquid slug and the channel wall are obtained by analytical solution or empirical correlations depending on whether the liquid flow is laminar or turbulent. The effects of the sintered particles wick structure on the oscillatory flow, as well as sensible and latent heat transfer, are analyzed and compared with the results without wick structure. A parametric study on the oscillatory flow and heat transfer in the OHP with sintered particle wick structure is also performed.
History for the Twenty-First Century: The 114th Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association

The novelty of the new millennium proved too tempting for most to pass with out offering some reflections on the waning century or speculations for the fu ture, and the 114th annual meeting of the American Historical Association (AHA) was no exception. The tone was set early by the announced theme of the conference ("History for the Twenty-First Century: Continuity and Change") and its opening panel, which promised to consign the twentieth century to his tory. There were also sessions on "Scholarly Publishing in the Twenty-First Cen tury" and "Interviewing in the Job Market in the New Millennium." By my count there were no less than eight panels at the conference that adopted an explicit ly millennial theme. Not to be outdone, labor historians added their musings with a roundtable entitled "Labor History at the Millennium: International Cap italism and the Comparative Historical Dimension." The opening paper of the session by John D. French (Duke University) sketched a plan to "revitalize" labor history as a discipline "following Seattle." He urged labor historians to reject both the discourse of a "decline of the work ing class"?which he notes is only true in a North Atlantic context, there being more industrial workers in the world now than in any previous period in histo ry?and "globalization"?a term he rejects as the functional equivalent of the discredited trope of "modernization." A truly international capitalism must be paralleled, he suggests, by a truly comparative labor history. Nelson Lichtenstein (University of Virginia) echoed French's theme, sug gesting that the ideology of the "American Century" as embodied in Henry Luce has shifted from its moral roots (for Luce) to a triumphalism grounded in a high ly mobile capitalism that functions without ideological opposition at the present time. Emphasizing the importance of capital's geographic mobility as a strategy of beating labor, he suggested that labor history must historicize "globalization" in order to lay bare the ideological assumptions and teleology of the current rhetoric.
The Acylampicillins: Mezlocillin, Piperacillin, and Azlocillin

The new acylampicillin derivatives azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin have an increased activity against many gram-negative bacilli, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, when compared with the carboxypenicillins carbenicillin and ticarcillin. The new penicillins show synergistic activity in combination with aminoglycosides but, when combined with other p-lactams, may be synergistic (piperacillin and moxalactam; mezlocillin and cefoperazone), indifferent, or antagonistic (azlocillin, mezlocillin, or piperacillin and cefoxitin or cefamandole). The in vitro activity of these agents, either alone or in combination, appears to correlate with in vivo efficacy in animal models. The new penicillins are clinically effective for a very broad range of infections, including life-threatening nosocomial infections. Adverse effects with these, as with other semisynthetic penicillins, are minimal. Attention must be paid to the potential for infection by naturally resistant, gram-negative bacilli such as p-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and for the emergence of resistance during therapy. The granulocytopenic patient should receive these agents only in conjunction with another agent, such as an aminoglycoside; this combination will often result in a synergistic effect when tested in vitro. The carboxypenicillins and the newer penicillins have substantial similarities, and prospective, comparative studies have so far failed to demonstrate significant clinical superiority. However, the increased activity of the acylampicillins may be advantageous for the treatment of infections due to K. pneumoniae and P aeruginosa.
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS OF ALUMINUM PARTICLES BURNING IN CARBON DIOXIDE

ABSTRACT Aluminum particles are often added to solid propellants and explosives to enhance energy release, where the metal typically burns in mixtures of water vapor and carbon dioxide. In this study, information about the temperature field surrounding 5–10-µm aluminum particles burning at elevated pressure in CO2/Ar and CO2/N2 is obtained via emission and absorption spectroscopy of AlO and three-color pyrometry. Spectra of AlO fit well to Boltzmann distributions and to similar temperatures of 3000 to 3200 K in both excited and ground states, suggesting that both states are in equilibrium. Pyrometry yields slightly lower temperatures, in the range of 3000 to 3100 K. Both temperature ranges are well below the adiabatic flame temperature and the boiling point of alumina but are much closer to the predicted aluminum boiling temperature at elevated pressure. These results are consistent with a flame structure with combustion occurring at or very near the particle surface.
Cannibalism and Feather Picking in Chicks as Influenced by Certain Changes in a Specific Ration

Abstract THE vicious habit of picking feathers, combs, wings, toes, tails, vents, and other parts of the body is considered one of the serious problems in keeping poultry in confinement. It is prevalent among chicks, growing pullets, and mature birds and leads to outbreaks of cannibalism if not promptly controlled. The habit is usually attributed to faulty management, overcrowding, overheating, underventilation, humidity, too bright light, insufficient nesting, eating and drinking space, presence of injured or sick birds, the housing together of pullets of different ages, etc. The breed of chicken is also important. Most of the difficulty reported has been with White Leghorns which have a disposition and temperament quite different from the heavier breeds. To a lesser extent the habit is also attributed to rations deficient in certain nutrients or containing too much of others. Too little protein, fiber, salt, and bulk and too much corn in the ration have . . .
Adaptations of proteins to cellular and subcellular pH

Bioinformatics-based searches for correlations between subcellular localization and pI or charge distribution of proteins have failed to detect meaningful correlations. Recent work pub lished in BMC Biology finds that a physicochemical metric of charge distribution correlates better with subcellular pH than does pI. See research article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/7/69 The need for tight regulation of intracellular pH is one of the most important and constant organizing principles of living systems. It is essential because the fundamental energy transduction machinery of cells runs mainly on H+ gradients and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. It is also necessary because pH determines the charge state of weak acids and bases (for example, side chains of Asp, Glu, His, Lys and Arg, and so on), and the charge state in turn affects many physical and physiological properties of bio logical molecules, especially proteins and RNAs (Figure 1). Regulation of intracellular pH is so central to the living state that even the most primitive cells capable of energy transduction must have been able to control intracellular pH by expelling H+ produced from the hydrolysis of