cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propranolol Therapy in Infantile Hemangioma: It Is Not Just About the Beta.

Background Propranolol, a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat problematic infantile hemangiomas, but a subset of patients experience treatment complications. Parents wary of long-term use and side effects consult plastic surgeons on surgical options or as a second opinion. Understanding the mechanism(s) of action of propranolol will allow plastic surgeons to better inform parents. Methods A systemic literature search was performed to query published translational and basic science studies on propranolol effects on infantile hemangiomas and cells derived from these lesions. Results In experimental studies, propranolol was antiproliferative and cytotoxic against hemangioma endothelial and stem cells and affected infantile hemangioma perivascular cell contractility. Propranolol inhibited migration, network formation, vascular endothelial growth factor A production, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 activation and down-regulated PI3K/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in hemangioma endothelial cells, but it increased ERK1/2 activity in hemangioma stem cells. At effective clinical doses, measured propranolol plasma concentration is 100 times higher than necessary for complete β-adrenergic receptor blockade, yet was 10 to 100 times less than required to induce hemangioma stem cell death. Conclusions Propranolol targets multiple cell types in infantile hemangiomas by means of β-adrenergic receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Plasma concentration played a significant role. At clinically relevant doses, incomplete infantile hemangioma suppression may explain the rebound phenomenon and worsening ulceration, and propranolol off target effects may lead to commonly reported adverse effects, such as sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances. Propranolol limitations and complications underscore the importance of surgical treatment options in cases of rebound and severe adverse effects. Surgical intervention remains an important treatment choice when parents are hesitant to use propranolol.
A Systematic Review of Spatial-Temporal Scale Issues in Sociohydrology

Sociohydrology is a recent effort to integrate coupled human-water systems to understand the dynamics and co-evolution of the system in a holistic sense. However, due to the complexity and uncertainty involved in coupled human-water systems, the feedbacks and interactions are inherently difficult to model. Part of this complexity is due to the multi-scale nature across space and time at which different hydrologic and social processes occur and the varying scale at which data is available. This systematic review seeks to comprehensively collect those documents that conduct analysis within the sociohydrology framework to quantify the spatial-temporal scale(s) and the types of variables and datasets that were used. Overall, a majority of sociohydrology studies reviewed were primarily published in hydrological journals and contain more established hydrological, rather than social, models. The spatial extents varied by political and natural boundaries with the most common being cities and watersheds. Temporal extents also varied from event-based to millennial timescales where decadal and yearly were the most common. In addition to this, current limitations of sociohydrology research, notably the absence of an interdisciplinary unity, future directions, and implications for scholars doing sociohydrology are discussed.
Behavioral responsiveness in preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage

Preterm infants with varying degrees of intraventricular hemorrhage (none, n = 21; grade I to II, n = 22; grade II to IV, n = 24) and a group of full-term infants (n = 21) were compared with regard to behavioral responsiveness and parental reports of the infant's temperament. Behavioral responsiveness was assessed during the presentation of 15 visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli at 3 months of age (corrected age for preterm infants). Summary scores for positive and negative responsiveness, as well as sociability, soothability, and overall activity levels, were derived from behavioral observations by coders who were unaware of the infant's characteristics. The Bates Infant Characteristic Questionnaire was completed by the main care giver and scored on four summary variables: fussy-difficult, unadaptable, dull, and unpredictable. Preterm infants, regardless of the presence or severity of intraventricular hemorrhage, showed less positive responses and less overall activity in response to stimulation. Infants with grade I to II intraventricular hemorrhage were less sociable and more difficult to soothe than full-term control infants. Individual differences in positive, negative, sociability, and soothability were related to the questionnaire scores of fussy-difficult and unadaptability. Both prematurity and degree of intraventricular hemorrhage affect behavioral responsiveness and these individual differences are related to parental reports of the infant's temperament.
Sex and virulence of human pathogenic fungi.

Abstract Over the past decade, opportunistic fungal infectious diseases have increased in prevalence as the population of immunocompromised individuals escalated due to HIV/AIDS and immunosuppression associated with organ transplantation and cancer therapies. In the three predominant human pathogenic fungi ( Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans , and Aspergillus fumigatus ), a unifying feature is that all three retained the machinery needed for sex, and yet all limit their access to sexual reproduction. While less well characterized, many of the other human pathogenic fungi also appear to have the ability to undergo sexual reproduction. Recent studies with engineered pairs of diploid strains of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , one that is sexual and the other an obligate asexual, provide direct experimental validation of the benefits of both sexual and asexual reproduction. The obligate asexual strain had an advantage in response to constant environmental conditions whereas the sexual strain had a competitive edge under stressful conditions (Goddard et al ., 2005; Grimberg and Zeyl, 2005). The human pathogenic fungi have gone to great lengths to maintain all of the machinery required for sex, including the mating‐type locus and the pheromone response and cell fusion pathways. Yet these pathogens limit their access to sexual or parasexual reproduction in unique and specialized ways. Our hypothesis is that this has enabled the pathogenic fungi to proliferate in their environmental niche, but to also undergo genetic exchange via sexual reproduction in response to stressful conditions such as new environments, different host organisms, or changes in the human host such as antimicrobial therapy. Further study of the sexual nature of the human pathogenic fungi will illuminate how these unique microbes have evolved into successful pathogens in humans.
On dipole moments of overlapping atoms. Application to H in 1 s, 2 s, and 2p$_{o}$ states

The dipole moments of two overlapping H atoms in the dissimilar states 1 s, 2 s and 2p$_{o}$ were calculated for both the triplet (destructive overlap) and the singlet (constructive overlap) states at large separations. The results are based on the Heitler-London method, using elliptical coordinates with the nucleus of the larger, more diffused orbital, located at a on the Z-axis of the coordinate system, and the nucleus of the smaller, less diffused orbital, located at b on the Z-axis. The origin of the coordinate system is midway between a and b. We find it instructive to identify three types of moments - a moment associated with the orbital on a, a moment associated with the orbital on b, and the overall moment, which is the sum of these two. It is shown that in the region of small overlap the calculated values of the dipoles on a and on b point towards each other in the triplet state, and away from each other in the singlet state. In every case, the total or net dipole moment points from the more diffused orbital towards the more compact orbital. The absolute value of the more diffused orbital is always found to be greater than of the more rigid orbital.
Design-to-Manufacture Information Transfer in the Context of Solid Freeform Fabrication Technologies

With Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technologies, the possibility of implementing a VLSI-like metaphor for design-manufacturing information transfer is enabled. That is, it has been hypothesized that a standard interchange format for SFF can be developed that enables design activity to be separated from manufacturing activity and that little additional communication between design and manufacturing organizations is necessary. In this paper, this hypothesis is explored for various points along the product design timeline. At earlier times in the design process, the requirements for a standard interchange format change as do requirements on SFF process planning. Advantages and disadvantages of early transfer of design information are presented. A system architecture and information models are discussed for enabling design-manufacturing transfers at various points in the design timeline. Examples are presented that illustrate progress toward this architecture and demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of our progress.
Health Social Movements in the United States: An Overview

This article reviews the literature on health social movements (HSMs) and provides an overview of their main conceptual, theoretical and empirical underpinnings. Health social movements is not a single paradigm but spans several decades’ worth of theoretical and research activity in the areas of social movements, medical sociology and social studies in science. Case studies of HSMs have been accumulating for years, and several new collections of papers attempt to systematize the various strands of health social movements research to answer questions about their origins, different strategic and political approaches to social change, their trajectories and consequences. We provide a selective overview of the literature on health social movements that explore these questions, while distinguishing between health social movements seeking greater access to healthcare, those focusing on health disparities and inequality, and those challenging the underlying science of health and healthcare. We conclude with some suggestions for the direction of future studies.
The "Death-Effect" on Collectible Prices

It has been widely observed that the price of celebrity memorabilia rises around the time of that person's death. Previous authors attribute this "death-effect" primarily to expectations on the part of collectors concerning the future supply of collectibles about the public figure as in the case of a durable goods monopolist. Our observations of the sports memorabilia market suggest that the increase in prices is instead due to a "nostalgia effect" as a result of the media attention that surrounds the death of a prominent public figure.
SOME CONVERGENCE PROPERTIES OF THE PERTURBATION SERIES FOR THE EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR INTERACTION: THE STABILITY OF RESULTS UNDER DOUBLE PARTITIONING IN MASS 18 NUCLEI

Abstract The Bloch-Horowitz-Brandow (BHB) expansion for the effective interaction in mass-18 nuclei is evaluated by the method of double partitioning. That is, the BHB expansion for the effective interaction is divided into two calculations for the purpose of approximating separately the high- and low-energy (long- and short-range, respectively) effects so as to improve the approximation of each. This is done by approximating a high-energy effective interaction (for a larger, or “outer”, model space) and then using that for the potential in terms of which the low-energy BHB expansion (for a smaller, or “inner”, model space: the sd shell) is evaluated. The size of the outer model space is 4 h Ω larger than the smaller. The results, by comparision with earlier works by Barrett, show a trend that suggests that the (intermediate-range) tensor force is being poorly accounted for and as a result the convergence of the intermediate-excitation sums is poor, a finding similar to that found by Vary, Sauer and Wong. The convergence of the order-by-order sum, however, seems to be improved as the outer model space is enlarged. The suggestion is made that the use of a better approximation, if one can be found, to the effective interaction for the outer model space (appropriate for including the effects of the tensor force) might improve the intermediate excitation convergence.
User interfaces for patient-centered communication of health status and care progress

The recent trend toward patients participating in their own healthcare has opened up numerous opportunities for computing research. This dissertation focuses on how technology can foster this participation, through user interfaces to effectively communicate personal health status and care progress to hospital patients. I first characterize the design space for electronic information communication to patients through field studies conducted in multiple hospital settings. These studies utilize a combination of survey instruments, and low- and high-fidelity prototypes, including a document-editing prototype through which users can view and manage clinical data to automatically associate it with progress notes. The prototype, activeNotes, includes the first known techniques supporting clinical information requests directly within a document editor. A usage study with ICU physicians at New York-Presbyterian Hospital (NYP) substantiated our design and revealed how electronic information related to patient status and care progress is derived from a typical Electronic Health Record system. Insights gained from this study informed following studies to understand how to design abstracted, plain-language views suitable for patients. We gauged both patient and physician responses to information display prototypes deployed in patient rooms for a formative study exploring their design. Following my reports on this study, I discuss the design, development and pilot evaluations of a prototype Personal Health Record application providing live, abstracted clinical information for patients at NYP. The portal, evaluated by cardiothoracic surgery patients, is the first of its kind to allow patients to capture and monitor live data related to their care. Patient use of the portal influenced the subsequent design of tools to support users in making sense of online medication information. These tools, designed with nurses and pharmacists and evaluated by cardiothoracic surgery patients at NYP, were developed using topic modeling approaches and text analysis techniques. Embodied in a prototype called Remedy, they enable rapid filtering and comparison of medication-related search results, based on a number of website features and content topics. I conclude by discussing how findings from this series of studies can help shape the ongoing design and development of patient-centered technology.
Review: Sarah Pink (2001). Doing Ethnography: Images, Media and Representation in Research

Doing Ethnography von Sarah PINK beschaftigt sich insbesondere mit den Moglichkeiten und der Anwendung visueller Verfahren im ethnographischen Forschungsprozess. Dabei greift PINK auf Ansatze und Paradigmen aus der Anthropologie, der Soziologie und aus den Kulturwissenschaften zuruck, um den Einsatz visueller Verfahren in einem qualitativen Forschungsdesign zu skizzieren. Zusatzlich werden in dem Buck wichtige Diskussionen um Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Reprasentation, der Interpretation und der Konstruktion von Wissen in den Sozialwissenschaften diskutiert. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs020197
Biochemical switching in hypothalamic circuits mediating responses to stress.

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines one view of the general organization of hypothalamic circuitry, as well as evidence that information flow through this circuitry may be influenced by changes in the ratios of neuropeptides released by individual links in this circuitry. Clear alterations in the ratios of multiple neuroactive substances due to hormonal and/or neural influences have been established in the sympathetic system and in the paraventricular nucleus. Although the functional significance of these particular changes remains to be established with certainty, it is tempting to suggest that the underlying phenomenon represents the substrate for biochemical switching of information flow in what could be anatomically fixed circuitry, and that it could represent a strategy used in many other parts of the brain.
SocialCloud: Using Social Networks for Building Distributed Computing Services

In this paper we investigate a new computing paradigm, called SocialCloud, in which computing nodes are governed by social ties driven from a bootstrapping trust-possessing social graph. We investigate how this paradigm differs from existing computing paradigms, such as grid computing and the conventional cloud computing paradigms. We show that incentives to adopt this paradigm are intuitive and natural, and security and trust guarantees provided by it are solid. We propose metrics for measuring the utility and advantage of this computing paradigm, and using real-world social graphs and structures of social traces; we investigate the potential of this paradigm for ordinary users. We study several design options and trade-offs, such as scheduling algorithms, centralization, and straggler handling, and show how they affect the utility of the paradigm. Interestingly, we conclude that whereas graphs known in the literature for high trust properties do not serve distributed trusted computing algorithms, such as Sybil defenses---for their weak algorithmic properties, such graphs are good candidates for our paradigm for their self-load-balancing features.
Phenomenological models for the gap anisotropy of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 as measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.

Recently, high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy has been used to determine the detailed momentum dependence of the superconducting gap in the high-temperature superconductor ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$. In this paper, we first describe tight-binding fits to the normal-state dispersion and superlattice modulation effects. We then discuss various theoretical models in light of the gap measurements. We find that the simplest model which fits the data is the anisotropic s-wave gap cos(${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{x}}$)cos(${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{y}}$), which within a one-band BCS framework suggests the importance of next-near-neighbor Cu-Cu interactions. Various alternative interpretations of the observed gap are also discussed, along with the implications for microscopic theories of high-temperature superconductors.
Technical Quality Criteria for Evaluating District Assessment Portfolios Used in the Nebraska STARS.

Nebraska districts use different strategies for measuring student performance on the state's content standards. District assessments differ in type and technical quality. Six quality criteria were endorsed by the state. These criteria cover content and curricular validity, fairness, and appropriateness of score interpretations. District assessment portfolios document how well assessments meet these criteria. Districts receive ratings on how well their assessments meet each of the quality criteria and are given a rating from Unacceptable to Exemplary. This article presents these technical quality criteria and explains how they are (a) individually rated and (b) combined for the district's overall quality rating.
Pulmonary reactions to tartrazine

In this report we have reviewed the medical literature and outlined the history of, support for and prior conclusions about adverse pulmonary reactions to tartrazine. Data obtained during oral tartrazine challenges, conducted at Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, revealed the following: in 194 aspirin (ASA)-sensitive asthmatic patients, asthmatic attacks, occurring after ingestion of tartrazine, occurred in only one patient. Since this patient has not been available for rechallenge, using double blind protocol, we cannot definitively conclude that this patient has tartrazine induced asthmatic cross-reactivity. In the remaining six patients with initial single-blind positive challenges to tartrazine, repeat double blind challenges were subsequently negative. In 43 asthmatic patients, proven to be insensitive to ASA during oral challenges, none reacted to single blind challenges with tartrazine 50 mg.
Effect of partial hepatectomy on the responsiveness of microsomal enzymes and cytochrome P-450 to phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene

Abstract The effects of phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) pretreatment on liver weight, microsomal protein, cytochrome P-450 content, microsomal aniline hydroxylase, hexobarbital hydroxylase and P -nitroanisole O -demethylase activities have been studied in control, sham-operated and partially hepatectomized rats. In unoperated rats, phenobarbital pretreatment significantly increased liver weight, microsomal protein, P-450 content and enzyme activities toward all three substrates. 3-MC pretreatment significantly increased liver weight, P-450 content and p -nitroanisole O -demethylation without influencing the other parameters. When administered to shamoperated or partially hepatectomized rats, phenobarbital and 3-MC caused substantially the same effects, though the magnitude of the effects was less than in unoperated animals. Thus, significant increases were seen in the various parameters after injection of phenobarbital or 3-MC into hepatectomized rats. It is concluded that the regenerating liver, like the fetal or newborn liver and certain rodent hepatomas, although exhibiting low levels of microsomal enzymes, has the capacity to respond to the enzyme inducers, phenobarbital and 3-MC. Differential comparison of the enzyme changes expressed in terms of microsomal protein and also in terms of microsomal P-450 content revealed that the activity of the enzymes catalyzing p -nitroanisole and aniline oxidations parallel the microsomal P-450 content more closely than does the enzyme catalyzing hexobarbital hydroxylation.
Non-vanishing of quadratic twists of modular L-functions

;kƒhave been the subject of much study, both because of their intrinsicinterest and because of the prominent role they have played inKolyvagin’s work on the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture (see[B-F-H], [I], [J], [Ko], [Ma-M], [M-M1], [O-S], [P-P]).Waldspurger proved a fundamental theorem [The´ore`me 1, W1]relating these central critical values to the Fourier coe†cients of half-integral weight cusp forms. For notational convenience, if D is afundamental discriminant of a quadratic number ﬁeld, then deﬁne D
Mapping in vivo protein-RNA interactions at single-nucleotide resolution from HITS-CLIP data

Widely applicable methods for mapping protein-RNA interactions by crosslinking achieve a resolution of ∼30–60 nucleotides. Zhang and Darnell analyze sites of mutation induced by the crosslinking to map binding at single-nucleotide resolution.
Personality, social environment, and past behavior as predictors of late adolescent alcohol use

Personality, as measured by subscales of the Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman, 1979), social environmental exposure to alcohol use measured by parental and peer alcohol use, and past alcohol use were examined as predictors of late adolescent alcohol use in a sample of 575 1st-year college students. Efficacious predictors, in order of importance, include peer alcohol use, disinhibition, and age of first intoxication. The results support the relative importance of peer networks over parental models in determining late adolescent alcohol use. Our combinatorial model of personality, social environment, and past behavior is one such model in a growing trend toward the use of interactional models for predicting behavior.
Point mutations causing the McLeod phenotype

BACKGROUND: The McLeod phenotype is defined by absence of Kx, weakening of Kell system antigens, and acanthocytosis. Individuals with the McLeod phenotype usually develop late-onset neuromuscular abnormalities. Gene deletions, insertions, and point mutations that affect RNA splicing or that lead to premature stop codons have been reported to cause the McLeod phenotype. The McLeod phenotype may also be caused by mutations at a different splice site and by a novel mutation encoding an amino acid substitution that prevents transport to the cell surface. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The coding and flanking intron regions of XK from four male, unrelated individuals with the McLeod phenotype and nonchronic granulomatous disease were sequenced and compared with the wild type sequence. Genomic DNA was amplified by PCR, and the products were sequenced. In one case, the mutant cDNA was expressed in a heterologous cell, and cell surface expression was determined. RESULTS: Three individuals with the McLeod phenotype had mutations that disrupted conserved GT sequences present at RNA splice sites. Two of them had G>C mutations at the 5′ splice site of intron 1, and one had a G>A mutation at the 5′ splice site of intron 2. One person with the McLeod phenotype had a 746C>G mutation in exon 3 encoding an R222G substitution. In a transfected cell, the expressed protein from the latter mutant did not travel to the cell surface. CONCLUSION: The McLeod phenotype may be caused by several different mutations.
Fabrication of SOI substrates with ultra-thin Si layers

A simple technique for the fabrication of ultra-thin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates is presented. The bond-and-etch-back technique utilising an Si/sub x/Ge/sub 1-x/ etch stop has been combined with the thin film separation by hydrogen implantation approach, and SOI substrates with ultra-thin (<5 nm) Si layers have been successfully fabricated.
Automating the Software Design Process by Means of Software Design and Documentation Language

The Software Design and Documentation Language (SDDL) approach to software design automation consists of (1) a design and documentation language with forms and syntax that are simple, unrestrictive, and communicative, (2) a processor which can take design specifications written in the SDDL language and produce an intelligible, informative, machine reproducible document, and (3) methodology for effective use of language and processor for top-down design development. The language and processor capabilities are described and suggestions and guidelines for using SDDL are discussed.
Oral cancer: leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. In 2004, more than 563,000 people will die of cancer, and there will be more than 1.3 million new cases (Table 1). Cancer of the mouth and pharynx accounts for nearly 30,000 cases of cancer (incidence of 10/100,000) and approximately 7200 deaths per year in the United States and is the sixth most common cancer worldwide [1]. Oral cancer is more common than leukemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, brain, stomach, or ovarian cancer. More than 90% of these oral-pharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. The other 10% are salivary gland tumors, lymphoma, sarcoma, and others. The 5-year survival rate from these carcinomas has not significantly improved in the past 30 years and remains at approximately 50%. For whites the 5-year survival rate is approximately 55%; for African Americans it is only 31% [1]. The ratio of males to females diagnosed with oral cancer is 2:1 over lifetime, although the ratio comes closer to 1:1 with advancing age (perhaps influenced by the relationship of human papillomavirus to oral cancer). Approximately 96% of oral cancer is diagnosed in persons older than 40 years, and more than 50% of all cancers occur in persons over the age of 65 years [2]. The average age at the time of diagnosis is 63 years [1]. Recently, however, evidence has emerged indicating that oral cancers are occurring more frequently in younger persons (under 40 years) [3,4]. The overall incidence of oral cancer has remained stable, relative to the occurrence of newly diagnosed cancers of all sites, with absolute numbers only slightly increasing each year [5]. The observation that oral cancer generally occurs with advancing age indicates that over time certain sequenced alterations in the biochemical
Alkaloids of Arctomecon species (Papaveraceae). 12-methoxyallocryptopine, a new protopine-type alkaloid

Abstract The alkaloid content was determined, mainly by GCMS, for three rare western United States species of the Papaveraceae: Arctomecon californica, A. humilis and A. merriamii . Allocryptopine and protopine were major alkaloids in all species, along with lesser quantities of a new alkaloid, 12-methoxyallocryptopine. Eleven other alkaloids, especially benzophenanthridines, were detected in minor amounts. The pattern of alkaloid structures in Arctomecon , one of the few remaining genera of the Papaveraceae left to be studied in detail, is briefly discussed.
Age of the Olympic Metamorphism, Washington: K-Ar Dating of Low-Grade Metamorphic Rocks

The complexly deformed core rocks of the Olympic Mountains grade from mildly sheared and recrystallized graywacke and slate to semi-schist and mica phyllite. K-Ar ages of sand-sized and matrix-sized fractions from 14 samples (28 ages) of the graywacke-semischist sequence decrease with increasing rank of metamorphism. The ages plotted against the rank of metamorphism (as determined in thin section) define a curve which, in a rough way, flattens to an asymptote at approximately 29 m.y. The ages of 8 samples of the slate-phyllite sequence define the same asymptote, which is assumed to represent the age of regional metamorphism. Four samples from brecciated and quartz-veined mica phyllite indicate a local resetting of the clock by faulting and resulting recrystallization at about 17 m.y. Lines of equal age plotted from the average ages of samples from the graywacke-semischist sequence denote a crude metamorphic zonation which corresponds approximately to the observed metamorphic gradation. The ages of the metamorphic events are reasonable in light of known stratigraphic ages of the rocks and the regional tectonic setting, suggesting this method may be applied to other areas of low-grade rocks.
Renal uptake of an 18-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide

Renal uptake of a 35S labeled 18-mer phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (molecular wt approximately 6,000) was evaluated following intravenous infusion into rats. The kidneys contained 21 +/- 3% of the infused dose at five hours after infusion and 3 +/- 1% of the infused dose at four days after infusion. The concentration of oligonucleotide was greater in the kidney than in the liver, spleen, or plasma at both intervals. Urine excretion of oligonucleotide label averaged 17 +/- 1%, 35 +/- 5%, and 64 +/- 3% of the infused dose at five hours, one day, and four days after infusion. Electrophoresis (PAGE) showed that oligonucleotide was retained in the kidney was the intact 18-mer at both five hours and four days after infusion, while full size oligonucleotide was not found in the urine at either interval. Light microscopic autoradiography showed that oligonucleotide uptake was most prominent in the early proximal tubule. Electron microscopic autoradiography indicated that oligonucleotide was not confined to the brush border or endocytic-lysosomal pathway. Micropuncture studies showed that the tubule fluid to plasma concentration ratios of oligonucleotide label averaged 7 +/- 3% in Bowman's space and 6 +/- 2% in the distal tubule. Despite restriction of filtration by plasma protein binding, as indicated by the low Bowman's space to plasma concentration ratio, the calculated tubular reabsorption rate for oligonucleotide was sufficient to account for the large amount of oligonucleotide found in the kidney after intravenous infusion. These results indicate that the proximal tubule plays a prominent role in the disposition of intravenously infused oligonucleotide, and raise the possibility that oligonucleotides could exert antisense effects in this nephron segment.
Deeply Contingent A Priori Knowledge

0.1 In 'Reference and Contingency," Gareth Evans distinguished between 'superficially contingent' and 'deeply contingent' truths. A true sentence is superficially contingent just in case the function from possible worlds to truth-values associated with that sentence reckons it false at some (non-actual) world. A deeply contingent true sentence is one for which there is no semantic guarantee that there actually exists some verifying state of affairs.2 Supposing I introduce 'Julius' by the reference fixer 'the inventor of the zip', then the sentence 'If anyone uniquely invented the zip, Julius invented the zip' is merely superficially contingent. Though false at some worlds, anyone who understands it will see that it is true at the actual world just in case 'If anyone uniquely invented the zip, then the unique inventor of the zip invented the zip' is true. Since it is quite clear that the latter can be known without empirical investigation,3 the same is true of the former. We have little trouble seeing how there can be superficially contingent a priori knowledge: once we get straight about what is involved in understanding (merely) superficially contingent sentences-which is part of the more general project of accounting for our understanding of indexical elements of language, there is no genuine
Death, destruction, and the proteasome

A recent study has uncovered a mechanism through which the proteasome mediates apoptosis. This process may be central to a new treatment for multiple myeloma.
Incidental renal artery stenosis among a prospective cohort of hypertensive patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Objective To determine the feasibility, safety, and clinical yield of angiographic screening among hypertensive patients undergoing coronary angiography. Patients and Methods This study was a prospective cohort analysis of hypertensive patients who underwent cardiac catheterization at a tertiary care referral center from July 1998 to March 1999. Abdominal aortography was performed to screen for renal artery stenosis, the percentage of which was measured. Results The mean SD age of the 297 study patients was 64.910.2 years; 58.6% were male, and 98.0% were white. Mean SD systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 142.822.5/79.611.4 mm Hg. Aortography required a mean incremental dose of 629 mL of nonionic contrast agent. No complications were attributable to aortography. Of 680 renal arteries, 611 (90%) were visualized adequately. Also, 53% of patients had normal renal arteries, 28% had stenoses less than 50%, and 19.2% had stenoses of 50% or more. Renal artery stenosis was bilateral in 3.7% of patients and high grade (>70% stenosis) in 7% Patients with renal artery stenosis were more likely to have had a previous coronary intervention. in multivariate analysis, systolic blood pressure (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.38; P =.02), history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.27-5.78; P =.01), and cancer (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.02-3.82; P =.04) independently correlated with renal artery stenosis of 50% or more. Conclusion The prevalence of incidental renal artery stenosis among hypertensive patients undergoing coronary catheterization is significant. Therefore, screening abdominal aortography should be considered in these patients to better define their risk of cardiovascular complications.
The effect of precursors on the ionic conductivity in lithium silicate gels

Abstract ac impedance measurements were carried out on lithium silicate gels prepared in four different ways. The first two referred to as polymerized gels are prepared by hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) with either a methanol-water-LiNO3 solution, or a methanol-LiOH solution. The second two referred to as infiltrated gels are prepared by soaking previously formed colloidal silica gels in either LiNO3 or LiOH solutions. The ionic conductivity results indicate different conducting mechanisms in the gels prepared with LiNO3 versus those with LiOH. In the LiNO3 gels, the conductivity mechanism is associated with the xerogel/crystalline-LiNO3 composite, while in the LiOH gels the lithium is found to be associated with non-bridging oxygens. Furthermore, the conductivity in the LiNO3 gels is higher in the cooling cycle than in the heating cycle, corresponding to a supercooling of the LiNO3 melt below its crystallization temperature of 254°C. In general, polymerized gels have higher conductivities than infiltrated gels.
Comprehensive Intraplant and Interplant Correlation of Photometric Measurements for Avionics LCDs

Honeywell has developed and implemented a comprehensive intraplant and interplant colorimeter certification method with traceability to NIST standards for inspection of avionics LCDs. To perform effective interplant correlation of optical measurements, special-purpose hardware was specified, designed, and built. Since the implementation of these procedures, increases in interplant correlation have helped to dramatically reduce the cycle time for LCD glass; and intraplant correlation has improved to the level where grouping in CIELuv space by colorimeters is no longer apparent.
Neuroanatomy and Volumes of Brain Structures of a Live California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) From Magnetic Resonance Images

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) has been a focal point for sensory, communication, cognition, and neurological disease studies in marine mammals. However, as a scientific community, we lack a noninvasive approach to investigate the anatomy and size of brain structures in this species and other free-ranging, live marine mammals. In this article, we provide the first anatomically labeled, magnetic resonance imaging-based atlas derived from a live marine mammal, the California sea lion. The brain of the California seal lion contained more secondary gyri and sulci than the brains of terrestrial carnivores. The olfactory bulb was present but small. The hippocampus of the California sea lion was found mostly in the ventral position with very little extension dorsally, quite unlike the canids and the mustelids, in which the hippocampus is present in the ventral position but extends dorsally above the thalamus. In contrast to the canids and the mustelids, the pineal gland of the California sea lion was strikingly large. In addition, we report three-dimensional reconstructions and volumes of cerebrospinal fluid, cerebral ventricles, total white matter (WM), total gray matter (GM), cerebral hemispheres (WM and GM), cerebellum and brainstem combined (WM and GM), and hippocampal structures all derived from magnetic resonance images. These measurements are the first to be determined for any pinniped species. In California sea lions, this approach can be used not only to relate cognitive and sensory capabilities to brain size but also to investigate the neurological effects of exposure to neurotoxins such as domoic acid.
Complement inhibition does not reduce post-hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury in 21-day-old rats

Abstract Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) cerebral injury frequently follows resuscitation and is a recognized cause of permanent long-term neurologic disability in children. Complement activation has been shown to participate in post-ischemic injury to a variety of tissues and organs. To test the hypothesis that complement activation participates in post-HI cerebral injury in immature rats, 21-day-old rats were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation and 8% O 2 . This combination of ischemia and hypoxia resulted in the development of significant neuronal loss, edema, and atrophy in the right cerebral hemisphere. However, intraperitoneal administration of the complement inhibitors soluble complement receptor type 1 or cobra venom factor did not reduce the neuronal loss, edema, or atrophy. Therefore, complement activation did not contribute significantly to the cerebral injury observed in this immature rat model.
Information Security Evaluation of the Key Equipment in Industrial Control Systems

This paper analyzes the information security risks faced by the industrial control systems, Propose the Information Security Evaluation on industrial control system based on the level protection assessment technology, The development of industrial control system from the device level , field-level and system-level three levels of information security evaluation, propose the next step in the research program.
Prolactin and growth hormone stimulate food intake in ring doves.

Abstract Ingestive behavior and body weight were measured in male and female ring doves given twice daily subcutaneous injections of ovine prolactin (7 mg/kg/day) or vehicle and in male doves given daily intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of ovine prolactin at doses ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 μg/day. Changes induced by ICV administration of turkey prolactin, turkey growth hormone, ovine growth hormone, human growth hormone, and vehicle were also examined. Subcutaneous injections of ovine prolactin markedly increased food intake and body weight in both sexes. Similar effects occured in dose-related fashion in male doves given ICV injections of ovine prolactin. The three growth hormone preparations also increased feeding and body weight significantly, but turkey prolactin was ineffective in this regard. Changes in drinking generally paralleled feeding patterns but were less pronounced and may have been secondary to feeding changes. We conclude that feeding in this species is strongly stimulated by some prolactin and growth hormone preparations. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be clarified.
Aerobic fitness and glycemic variability in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective This study examines the association of fitness on glycemic variability (GV) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). GV has been associated with high frequency of hyper-and hypoglycemia. Methods Nineteen adolescents with T1DM, ages 14 to 19 years, underwent aerobic fitness testing to determine their maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max). A continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device was placed on each subject and worn for 3 to 5 days until a return visit when the subjects underwent a 1-hour treadmill exercise session. Mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) was calculated from the CGM data collected between the 2 study visits. Metabolic equivalent (MET), a measure of accumulated metabolic workload during the exercise session, was also calculated. Results Mean VO2 max was 46.6 ± 6.8 mL/kg/min, with a range of 34.8 to 57.0 mL/kg/min. Mean MET during the exercise session was 577.2 ± 102.4 and ranged from 354.3 to 716.2 METs. There was an inverse association between VO2 max and MAGE (r = − 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], − 0.01 to − 0.76; P = .048). MET load and MAGE also had an inverse relationship (r = − 0.48; 95% CI, − 0.03 to − 0.77; P = .037). Conclusion GV is inversely associated with fitness and MET load. Aerobic fitness should be promoted in adolescents with T1DM not only because of its multiple beneficial effects but also due to a possible association with GV, leading to fewer extremes in hypo-and hyperglycemia. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:566-570)
Quantitative Trait Loci for Grain Chalkiness and Endosperm Transparency Detected in Three Recombinant Inbred Line Populations of Indica Rice

Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for percentage of chalky grain, degree of chalkiness, and endosperm transparency were detected using 3 recombinant inbred line populations derived from crosses between parental lines of commercial three-line hybrids of indica rice. Two of the populations showed great variations on heading date, and the other had a short range of heading date variation. A total of 40 QTLs were detected and fell into 15 regions of 10 chromosomes, of which 5 regions were detected for 1 or more same traits over different populations, 2 were detected for different traits in different populations, 3 were detected for 2 or all the 3 traits in a single population, and 5 were detected for a single trait in a single population. Most of these QTLs have been reported previously, but a region located on the long arm of chromosome 10 showing significant effects in all the 3 populations has not been reported before. It was shown that a number of gene cloned, including the Wx and Alk for the physiochemical property of rice grain, and GW2, GS3 and GW5 for grain weight and grain size, could have played important roles for the genetic control of grain chalkiness in rice, but there are many more QTLs exerting stable effects for rice chalkiness over different genetic backgrounds. It is worth paying more attentions to these regions which harbor QTL such as the qPCG5.2/qDC5.2/qET5.2 and qPCG10/qDC10/qET10 detected in our study. Our results also showed that the use of segregating populations having high-uniform heading date could greatly increase the efficiency of the identification of QTL responsible for traits that are subjected to great environmental influence.
Don't Try This at Home

In the Random Samples item “No LSD required” (17 Sept., p. 1845), it is stated that pressing gently against your eyeballs results in phosphenes that “are the result of direct stimulation of the visual cortex.” These visual artifacts are actually the result of physical stimulation of the
Traffic-entry behavior and crash risk for older drivers with impairment of selective attention

Current research suggests that older drivers with declines in selective attention would make more unsafe traffic-entry judgments than would older drivers with normal attention. This hypothesis was tested using an instrumented vehicle and a LIDAR speed and range detector. Participants were 20 older drivers: 10 (M=72.0 yr.) had impairments of selective attention, measured with the Visual Attention Analyzer, Model 3000, and 10 were nonimpaired (M=71.2 yr.). Drivers pressed a button to indicate the last possible moment they could safely cross a road in front of an oncoming vehicle. The speed and distance of the oncoming vehicles were measured and time-to-contact was calculated. Each driver's time-to-cross the roadway was independently measured. Attention-impaired drivers showed shorter time-to-contact values (5.60 sec. versus 6.86 sec.), took longer to cross the roadway (5.41 sec. versus 4.84 sec.), and had shorter safety cushions (the difference between time-to-contact and time-to-cross the roadway). Monte Carlo simulation showed that these performance differences increased the crash risk of the impaired group by up to 17.9 times that of the nonimpaired group.
Estimating the intermittency of point processes with applications to human activity and viral DNA

Abstract The intermittency of a point process is the extent to which the number of events in a time window has pronounced departures from typical values. Combining point process and multifractal formalisms indicates that the correlation codimension can be used to quantify intermittency. The correlation codimension is easily estimated and is simply related to other second-order scaling exponents, such as those of the Fano factor and spectral density. The correlation codimensions are derived for various uncorrelated, fractal, and fractal-rate point processes. In addition, the estimation of intermittency as the correlation codimension of experimental events is illustrated with applications to experimental data. Human activity during bed rest is highly intermittent, while other human activity and viral DNA composition are non-intermittent.