cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limitations on nonlinear fractional calculus models used in biomedical acoustics

Fractional calculus models used for biomedical ultrasound are associated with attenuation proportional to ω y, where y is typically in the range 1 < y < 2. To determine whether the attenuation and accompanying dispersion are sufficient to stabilize shock formation, the models are formulated as a Burgers equation with the traditional loss term replaced by a fractional derivative of order y. For y < 1 the resulting equation predicts unphysical solutions beyond the shock-formation distance. The second example pertains to nonlinear Lucassen interface waves, a model equation for which has been proposed to describe mechanical perturbations that accompany the transmission of nerve impulses. Linear Lucassen waves are defined by a second-order space derivative and a fractional time derivative of order 3/2, which falls between order 2 in the wave equation and order 1 in the diffusion equation. The resulting attenuation is proportional to ω3/4, and the corresponding nonlinear “fractional diffusive waves,” while strongly attenuated on the scale of a wavelength, may be lacking essential physics beyond the predicted shock-formation distance. Calculations are presented that determine wave amplitudes and propagation distances for which these two fractional calculus models may be of questionable physical significance due to nonlinearity. [B.E.S. is supported by the ARL:UT McKinney Fellowship in Acoustics.]
Synthesis of substituted thieno[2,3-b]pyrroles

A relatively simple route for synthesis of substituted thieno[2,3-b]pyrroles from readily available starting material and data for structural assignment are reported.
Comparison of Statistical Methods for Identifying Risk Factors for Salmonella Contamination of Whole Chicken Carcasses.

ABSTRACT The complexity of the food system makes analyzing microbiological data from food studies challenging because many of the assumptions (e.g., linear relationship between independent and dependent variable and independence of observations) associated with common analytical approaches (e.g., analysis of variance) are violated. Repeated sampling within an establishment introduces longitudinal correlation that must be accounted for during analyses. In this study, statistical methods for clustered or correlated data were used to determine how correlation impacts conclusions and to compare how assumptions associated with statistical methods impact the appropriateness of these methods within the context of food safety. Risk factor analyses for Salmonella contamination of whole chicken carcasses were conducted as a case study with regulatory data collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service between May 2015 and December 2019 from 203 regulated establishments. Three models, generalized estimating equation, random effects, and logistic, were fit to Salmonella presence or absence data with establishment demographics and inspection history included as potential covariates. Beta parameter estimates and their standard errors and odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were compared across models. Conclusions drawn from the three models differed with respect to geographic region, whether the chicken establishment also slaughters turkeys, and establishment noncompliance with 9 CFR §417.4 (hazard analysis critical control point system validation, verification, and reassessment) in the 84 days leading up to sample collection. The results of this study reveal the need to consider clustering and correlation when analyzing food microbiological data, provide context for selecting a statistical method, and suggest that generalized estimating equation and random effects models are preferrable over logistic regression when analyzing correlated food data. These results support a renewed focus on statistical methodology in food safety. HIGHLIGHTS
Heart Model Supported in Organ Culture and Analyzed by Acoustic Microscopy

Various cardiac models have been described in the literature which have been used extensively in the study of the physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology of the heart. Since the original work of Langendorff in 18981 there have been numerous improvements in cardiac models. Bleehen and Fisher2 simplified the preparation by adding recirculation. In the original cardiac model, no ventricular filling occurred; thus little work was done by the left ventricle, i.e., work done in contraction is a function of the initial length of the fibers. To correct this deficiency, Morgan et al.3 added loading to the heart. Opie4 in England and Arnold and Lochner5 on the continent prepared an isovolumic constant volume, and later, Neely (1967)6 and Rabitzsch (1968)7 improved on the working heart model. Since that time various other improvements have been added.8–10
Nanostructure and bonding of zirconium diboride thin films studied by X-ray spectroscopy

Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) is an important ceramic due to its extremely high melting temperature of 3245 °C and metallic electrical conductivity, properties that make it an ideal candidate thin film electrode material for high temperature electronics. In this report, thin films of varying B:Zr ratio ranging from 3–0.67 have been grown by e-beam evaporation from elemental sources. X-ray absorption spectra at the Zr K-edge were measured before and after annealing in ultra-high vacuum for 9 h at 1000 °C. Films with compositions near ZrB2 stoichiometry show X-ray absorption fine structure that can be well modeled by crystalline ZrB2 with a small portion of a coexisting tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) phase. Films far from stoichiometry show substantial disorder beyond the nearest-neighbor distances, and after vacuum annealing exhibit high levels of oxidation. Contributions to the X-ray absorption fine structure from a pure Zr phase are very small compared to ZrB2 and t-ZrO2 phases. The fact that nearly stoichiometric (3 < B:Zr < 1.6) as-deposited amorphous films form the same crystalline ZrB2 nanostructure after annealing is particularly encouraging for high temperature thin film electronics applications, because it would allow the production of highly stable electrodes with e-beam evaporation without the need of any high temperature heating during film growth.
Variance estimation for statistics computed from inhomogeneous spatial point processes

Summary. The paper introduces a new approach to estimate the variance of statistics that are computed from an inhomogeneous spatial point process. The approach proposed is based on the assumption that the observed point process can be thinned to be a second-order stationary point process, where the thinning probability depends only on the first-order intensity function of the (unthinned) original process. The resulting variance estimator is proved to be asymp totically consistent for the target parameter under some very mild conditions. The use of the approach proposed is demonstrated in two important applications of modelling inhomogeneous spatial point processes: residual diagnostics of a fitted model and inference on the unknown regression coefficients. A simulation study and an application to a real data example are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach proposed.
Helping the Homeless

Abstract The emergence of occupational therapy in the community has led a number of practitioners to work in homeless shelters. The purpose of this article is to examine how the profession of occupational therapy became involved in treating the homeless population and to describe how the profession offers help for this particular population. In addition, this article takes a historical look at the early development of the occupational therapy profession, its involvement in mental health, how changes in society brought about changes in mental health practice, where the profession is today, how occupational therapy students are involved as part of fieldwork experiences, and the consideration of future needs related to occupational therapy among the homeless population.
Principled Governance: The American Creed and Congressional Authority.

The Supreme Court recently limited Congress's ability to pass civil rights statutes for the protection of fundamental rights. Decisions striking sections of the Violence Against Women Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act focused on states' sovereign immunity. These holdings inadequately analyzed how the Reconstruction Amendments altered federalism by making the federal government primarily responsible for protecting civil rights. The Supreme Court also overlooked principles of liberty and equality lying at the foundation of American governance. The Court's restrictions on legislative authority to identify fundamental rights and to safeguard them runs counter to the central credo of American governance that all three branches of government are responsible for protecting individual rights for the general welfare. This Article examines the central principles of American governance. It first analyzes the role of liberty and equality in the founding generation's legal thought. It then reflects on how abolitionists adopted these principles and argued for their universal applicability. Abolitionist theories then entered the Constitution through the Reconstruction Amendments, which granted Congress the power to secure the privileges and immunities of national citizenship against arbitrary abuses. Since the late nineteenth century, however, the Court has diminished the potential uses of these amendments. Several Rehnquist Court decisions, such as United States v. Morrison and Board of Trustees v. Garrett, are indicative of the continuing constraint on legislative civil rights authority.
Magnesium absorption and metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure and in patients with normal renal function

Abstract The intestinal absorption of magnesium was determined under strictly controlled dietary conditions in patients with chronic renal disease and in patients with normal renal function. The average net absorption of magnesium of patients with chronic renal failure was significantly lower (17% of magnesium intake) than the absorption of patients with normal renal function (48.5%). The lower absorption of magnesium of patients with chronic renal failure was due to the significantly higher fecal magnesium excretion, averaging 82.5% of the magnesium intake, compared with an average of 51.5% for patients with normal renal function. The fecal/urinary magnesium excretion ratio for patients with normal renal function was close to 1.0, whereas it averaged 1.75 for patients with chronic renal failure, which indicates a shift of the magnesium excretion from the kidney to the intestine. The magnesium balance did not differ significantly from that of age-matched patients with normal kidney function receiving a similar or higher magnesium intake. In a long-term study of a patient with chronic renal failure, the net absorption of magnesium was greater during a higher magnesium intake than during the lower magnesium intake; however, the magnesium absorption was only half the value, 24% vs. 48%, for patients with normal renal function receiving the same magnesium intake. Increasing the calcium intake from 200 to 800, 1400, and 2000 mg/day did not change the magnesium balance or the net absorption of magnesium of patients with chronic renal failure and of patients with normal renal function.
Can we enhance performance via learning theory

Research in learning theory has aided designers of help systems in determining education-oriented ways to present information. Many of these explanation approaches for assisting users in computing tasks remain primarily text-based. By incorporating learning theory ideas into our existing text-based explanation approach supplemented with visualizations, we hope to enhance not only the learning of but also the productivity of end users.
Evaluation of PPARα activation by known blueberry constituents

BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are known to have hypolipidemic properties. It was deemed necessary to determine whether major blueberry anthocyanins and catechins are ligands for the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha isoform (PPARα), and compare activation with known PPARα agonistic constituents, pterostilbene and resveratrol. It was also considered important to investigate the effect of pterostilbene on PPARα gene expression, and relate results with hepatic mRNA PPARα expression up-regulation observed previously in hamsters fed a diet supplemented with blueberry peels extract (BBX). RESULTS The anthocyanins and catechins did not activate PPARα. Only pterostilbene exhibited a dose-dependent activation of PPARα in H4IIEC3 cells. The resveratrol responses were lower than those of pterostilbene. Pterostilbene significantly and dose-dependently (at 10, 20 and 50 µmol L−1) increased PPARα gene expression and the effect at 10 µmol L−1 was greater than 100 and 200 µmol L−1 of fenofibrate. Analysis of BBX showed levels of pterostilbene and resveratrol at 418 and 2381 ng g−1, respectively. CONCLUSION Anthocyanins and catechins do not appear to contribute to the up-regulation of hepatic PPARα expression observed in hamsters. While pterostilbene and resveratrol demonstrated PPARα activation, their levels in BBX do not seem to be at efficacious concentrations. These stilbenes may contribute to the up-regulation of PPARα expression by acting synergistically with each other or with other constituents in BBX. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Proving negative selection in the thymus.

Today, the idea that many self-reactive T cells are destroyed during ontogeny in the thymus seems almost self-evident. Yet proving this concept of “central tolerance,” or “negative selection,” was surprisingly difficult and depended upon a remarkable piece of detective work by the Kappler/
Translatable RNA Populations Associated with Maintenance of Primary Root Elongation and Inhibition of Mesocotyl Elongation by Abscisic Acid in Maize Seedlings at Low Water Potentials

Previous work indicated that accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) acts differentially to maintain elongation of the primary root and inhibit elongation of the mesocotyl of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings at low water potentials ([psi]w). Subsequent results indicated specific locations in the elongation zones where elongation is maintained, inhibited, or unaffected by endogenous ABA at low [psi]w. This information was utilized in this study to identify in vitro translation products of RNA associated with the maintenance or inhibition of elongation in the primary root and mesocotyl, respectively, by endogenous ABA at low [psi]w. The results distinguished products associated specifically with the elongation responses from those nonspecifically associated with ABA accumulation or low [psi]w, as well as normal cell development and maturation. In the primary root, the maintenance of elongation at low [psi]w by ABA was associated with the maintenance of expression of three products that were also expressed during elongation at high [psi]w, the expression of a novel product, and the suppression of two products. In the mesocotyl, the inhibition of elongation by ABA after transplanting to low [psi]w was associated with the induction of a novel translation product. However, the induction of this product, as well as accumulation of ABA and inhibition of elongation, occurred without a decline in tissue water content. The results demonstrate the necessity of examining the association of gene expression with elongation responses to low [psi]w with a high degree of spatial resolution.
Utilization of Exogenous and Endogenous Ornithine by Neurospora crassa

Abstract Through the use of a mutant deficient in ornithine-δ-transaminase (OTA), it is shown that this enzyme normally has no obligate or even major biosynthetic role in Neurospora. The pathways of ornithine and proline synthesis proceed wholly independently of each other in OTA-less strains. It is probable that OTA functions as an enzyme of arginine catabolism. With mutants affected in OTA, ornithine transcarbamylase, and the synthesis of ornithine, it was demonstrated that exogenous and endogenous ornithine are utilized in different ways. Exogenous ornithine is destined mainly for catabolism, whereas endogenous ornithine is destined mainly for biosynthesis. It is suggested that this distinction depends upon differences in the intracellular location or origin of the two sources of ornithine.
Self-validation of radiance measurements from the CERES (TRMM) instrument

Eight continuous months of earth-nadir-viewing radiance measurements from the 3-channel Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM,) Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) scanning radiometric measurement instrument, have been analyzed. While previous remote sensing satellites, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) covered all subsets of the broadband radiance spectrum (total, longwave and shortwave.) CERES has two subset channels (window and shortwave) which do not give continuous frequency coverage over the total band. Previous experience with ERBE indicated the need for us to model the equivalent daytime longwave radiance using a window channel regression, which will allow us to validate the performance of the instrument using a three-channel inter-comparison. Limiting our consideration to the fixed azimuth plane, cross-track, scanning mode (FAPS), each nadir-viewing measurement was averaged into three subjective categories called daytime, nighttime, and twilight. Daytime was defined as any measurement taken when the solar zenith angle (SZA) was less than 90 ; nighttime was taken to be any measurement where the SZA was greater than 117 ; and twilight was everything else. Our analysis indicates that there are only two distinct categories of nadir-view data; daytime, and non-daytime (i.e., the union of the nighttime and twilight sets); and that the CERES longwave radiance is predictable to an accuracy of 1%, based on the SZA, and window channel measurements.
Health Promotion in Ecuador: A Solution for a Failing System

In 2008, the newly written Ecuadorian Constitution guaranteed access to healthcare for all citizens. Consequently, a vast amount of resources have been directed toward rebuilding the public healthcare system, which was in shambles due to the effects of neoliberalism. Although national healthcare studies show positive outcomes, community-based research studies from an impoverished rural barrio in southern Ecuador indicate that the public healthcare system has been unable to address a health epidemic. Based on several years of fieldwork, we argue that the failure originates from the continued functioning of the biomedical model of healthcare as the dominant health discourse in Ecuador. The ensuing result has been the construction of health system governed by an “administrative state” that enforces health policies from the top-down and delivers “episodic” emergency-style care. Accordingly, we maintain that the Ministry of Health (MOH) should create a nationwide community-based health promoter program guided by the principles of health promotion.
Effect of Doxycycline vs Placebo on Retinal Function and Diabetic Retinopathy Progression in Mild to Moderate Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Randomized Proof-of-Concept Clinical Trial

Importance Microglia have been associated with inflammatory changes underlying diabetic retinopathy. Objective To investigate whether low-dose oral doxycycline monohydrate, a drug capable of inhibiting microglial activation, can improve or slow the deterioration of retinal function and whether it can induce regression or slow progression of diabetic retinopathy in patients with mild to moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized, double-masked, 24-month proof-of-concept clinical trial. We randomized 33 patients (from the Penn State Hershey Eye Center) with at least 1 eye with mild to moderate NPDR (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study level 20-43) to doxycycline monohydrate, 50 mg/d, or daily placebo for 24 months. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean change at 24 months compared with baseline in the foveal sensitivity of matrix frequency-doubling perimetry in each treatment group. We also compared the 2 groups with respect to change from baseline to 24 months in functional variables (Humphrey photopic visual field testing using the Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm 24-2 strategy, contrast sensitivity, dark adaptation, visual acuity, and quality of life) and anatomical variables (diabetic retinopathy severity level, area of retinal thickening, central subfield thickness on optical coherence tomography, and macular volume on optical coherence tomography). Results From baseline to month 24, no significant difference was detected between groups with respect to all visual function and anatomical outcomes assessed. Conclusions and Relevance Although a link between low-dose oral anti-inflammatory agents and subclinical improvement in inner retinal function has been suggested in patients with severe NPDR or non–high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy, the same association was not found in the present study of patients with mild to moderate NPDR. The different findings in the 2 patient populations may relate to a differential effect of doxycycline on different stages of diabetic retinal dysfunction, or the sample size of the present study may be too small to detect a treatment effect of doxycycline in patients with mild to moderate NPDR. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00917553
Age-specific Presentation of Campylobacter Enteritis in Children

The presentation of Campylobacter enteritis varies with the age of the patient. Abdominal distention is common in infants less than 3 months of age. Fever remains uncommon up to 6 months of age, whereas abdominal pain and fever are common in children more than 1 year of age.
Multiple myeloma simulating hyperparathyroidism

Summary We have presented a case proved at autopsy to be multiple myeloma but which during life presented a picture consistent with a diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroidectomy failed to benefit this patient and this failure is evidence against the supposition that hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands develops as a compensatory effort in conditions involving extensive bone destruction.
Changes in legumin messenger RNAs throughout seed development in Pisum sativum L.

The patterns of accumulation of three classes of legumin mRNA from Pisum sativum have been followed through seed development by cell-free translation and hybridization to complementary DNAs. Maximum amounts of mRNA were found at 19 days after flowering (DAF) for two classes and at 24 DAF for the third class. The proportions of the three classes varied through development: the RNA species which was 40% of the total legumin mRNA at 14 DAF represented 15–20% of the total at 25–27 DAF, whereas a second mRNA species represented approx. 30% and 70% at the same stages, respectively. Based on these results, some deductions about the possible contribution of individual genes within classes are made.
Trauma or transition: A life-course perspective on the link between childhood sexual experiences and men’s adult well-being

Abstract This research attempts to adjudicate between two competing models of the long-term effects of childhood sexual experiences on men. The psychogenic perspective conceptualizes adult–child sexual contact as a variably traumatic event producing a lingering emotional disturbance. Trauma leads to bidirectional behavioral responses with some withdrawing from sexual interaction and others engaging in heightened levels of sexual activity. The more severe the sexual contact, the more adverse the long-term effects. The life-course perspective suggests that childhood sexual contacts reinforce sexual activity, leading to risky behavior in adolescence and adulthood. The consequences of risky life paths accumulate to diminish long-term prospects. Analyses of the 1992 National Health and Social Life Survey offer little evidence of a tendency to avoid sexual activity in the aftermath of childhood sexual contact. Moreover, childhood sexual event severity was not associated with long-term well-being. Consistent with the life-course perspective, childhood sexual contacts (with both peers and adults) were associated with heightened levels of sexual activity. Trajectories established in the aftermath of early sex mediated part, but not all, of the effect of childhood sexual experiences on adult well-being and sexual adjustment.
Inhibition of leukaemia virus replication by polyadenylic acid.

A PREVIOUS communication from this laboratory demonstrated that the DNA polymerase of the Rauscher leukaemia virus is strongly inhibited in vitro by unprimed, single stranded polyribonucleotides1 as a result of competition between the polymers and the active template for the same enzyme binding site. This inhibition was apparently specific, since partially purified preparations of DNA polymerase from Escherichia coli and BALB/c mouse embryos were not inhibited in the same conditions. We attempted to determine therefore whether single stranded polyribonucleotides would have any effect on the activities of oncogenic RNA viruses in cultured cells.
Retrospective on DACNOS

Heterogeneity of hardware and software is a fact in most distributed computing environments. The DACNOS prototype is a network operating system that enables resource sharing in such environments. It extends the local operating systems without interfering with existing programs. It provides comprehensive system level support for distributed applications.
Characterization of the Native Lysine Tyrosylquinone Cofactor in Lysyl Oxidase by Raman Spectroscopy

Lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) recently has been identified as the active site cofactor in lysyl oxidase by isolation and characterization of a derivatized active site peptide. Reported in this study is the first characterization of the underivatized cofactor in native lysyl oxidase by resonance Raman (RR) spectrometry. The spectrum is characterized by a unique set of vibrational modes in the 1200 to 1700 cm^(−1) region. We show that the RR spectrum of lysyl oxidase closely matches that of a synthetic LTQ model compound, 4-n-butylamino-5-ethyl-1,2-benzoquinone, in aqueous solutions but differs significantly from those of other topa quinone-containing amine oxidases under similar conditions. Furthermore, we have observed the same ^(18)O shift of the C=O stretch in both the lysyl oxidase enzyme and the LTQ cofactor model compound. The RR spectra of different model compounds and their D shifts give additional evidence for the protonation state of LTQ cofactor in the enzyme. The overall similarity of these spectra and their shifts shows that the lysyl oxidase cofactor and the model LTQ compound have the same structure and properties. These data provide strong and independent support for the new cofactor structure, unambiguously ruling out the possibility that the structure originally reported had been derived from a spurious side reaction during the derivatization of the protein and isolation of the active site peptide.
Genome-directed primers for selective labeling of bacterial transcripts for DNA microarray analysis.

DNA microarrays have the ability to analyze the expression of thousands of the same set of genes under at least two different experimental conditions1. However, DNA microarrays require substantial amounts of RNA to generate the probes, especially when bacterial RNA is used for hybridization (50 μg of bacterial total RNA contains approximately 2 μg of mRNA)2. We have developed a computer-based algorithm for prediction of the minimal number of primers to specifically anneal to all genes in a given genome. The algorithm predicts, for example, that 37 oligonucleotides should prime all genes in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. We tested the usefulness of the genome-directed primers (GDPs) in comparison to random primers for gene expression profiling using DNA microarrays. Both types of primers were used to generate fluorescent-labeled probes and to hybridize to an array of 960 mycobacterial genes. Compared to random-primer probes, the GDP probes were more sensitive and more specific, especially when mammalian RNA samples were spiked with mycobacterial RNA. The GDPs were used for gene expression profiling of mycobacterial cultures grown to early log or stationary growth phases. This approach could be useful for accurate genome-wide expression analysis, especially for in vivo gene expression profiling, as well as directed amplification of sequenced genomes.
Professional Development for Instruction and Student Learning? A New State Policy for Administrators.

Can a capacity building policy encourage school leaders to engage in professional development that will increase their focus on student achievement and understanding of instructional leadership? To explore this issue, school administrators were interviewed and a content analysis of plans for professional development generated during the first year of New Jersey's Professional Development Initiative for School Leaders was conducted. This initiative requires administrators to develop and carry out professional development plans. It calls for peer review of those plans but provides few sanctions and little support. Findings revealed that most plans intended to promote student achievement but only about a third focused on instructional issues.
Anisakidosis of the sigmoid colon disguising as metastatic carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature

Intestinal anisakidosis is a rare nematode infestation caused by the ingestion of larvae-infected raw or undercooked fish. Most cases are incidentally diagnosed during surgery for other reasons. We present such a case of anisakid larvae seen in a patient's sigmoid colon resected for adenocarcinoma, where a subserosal nodule caused by the inflammatory reaction to the worm was presumed to be a lymph node involved by metastatic tumor. With the increasing popularity of raw fish consumption, the incidence of this parasitic infection is bound to increase, requiring surgical pathologists to be cognizant of its existence and aware of its histologic appearance.
Disruption of tissue-specific fucosyltransferase VII, an enzyme necessary for selectin ligand synthesis, suppresses atherosclerosis in mice.

A hallmark feature of atherosclerosis is that circulating mononuclear cells adhere to the endothelium and migrate into the subendothelial space. This adhesion is mediated by molecules such as selectins that are expressed on the surfaces of both leukocytes and endothelial cells. In this study, we have determined the role of tissue-specific fucosyltransferase VII (FucT-VII), an enzyme necessary for selectin ligand synthesis, in the development of atherosclerosis. We adopted a scheme of transplanting either FucT-VII −/− GFP + bone marrow into lethally irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor low density lipoprotein receptor mice or FucT-VII +/+ GFP + bone marrow into FucT-VII −/− , low density lipoprotein receptor double-mutant mice to evaluate the roles of E- and P-selectin ligands versus L-selectin ligands, respectively, in diet-induced atherosclerosis. GFP was used to track the transplanted cells. Our results indicate that, compared with controls, selective disruption of E- and P-selectin ligand synthesis resulted in a significant reduction in atherosclerosis. Selective disruption of L-selectin ligand production did not reduce atherosclerosis as robustly as disruption of E- and P-selectin ligands. In both groups, however, there was a significant reduction in the accumulation of macrophages in the lesion. These studies indicate that selectin ligands, particularly those for E- and P-selectins, play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions.
Differential Riccati equation for the active control of a problem in structural acoustics

In this paper, we provide results concerning the optimal feedback control of a system of partial differential equations which arises within the context of modeling a particular fluid/structure interaction seen in structural acoustics, this application being the primary motivation for our work. This system consists of two coupled PDEs exhibiting hyperbolic and parabolic characteristics, respectively, with the control action being modeled by a highly unbounded operator. We rigorously justify an optimal control theory for this class of problems and further characterize the optimal control through a suitable Riccati equation. This is achieved in part by exploiting recent techniques in the area of optimization of analytic systems with unbounded inputs, along with a local microanalysis of the hyperbolic part of the dynamics, an analysis which considers the propagation of singularities and optimal trace behavior of the solutions.
Phyllopodopsyllus Hermani, a New Species of Harpacticoid Copepod From Bermuda 1)

Description de Phyllopodopsyllus hermani, nouvelle espece de Copepode harpacticoide de la micro-faune des sables marins aux Bermudes.
Conformal scalar fields and chiral splitting on super Riemann surfaces

We provide a complete description of correlation functions of scalar superfields on a super Riemann surface, taking into account zero modes and non-trivial topology. They are built out of chirally split correlation functions, or conformal blocks at fixed internal momenta. We formulate effective rules which determine these completely in terms of geometric invariants of the super Riemann surface. The chirally split correlation functions have non-trivial monodromy and produce single-valued amplitudes only upon integration over loop momenta. Our discussion covers the even spin structure as well as the odd spin structure case which had been the source of many difficulties in the past. Super analogues of Green's functions, holomorphic spinors, and prime forms emerge which should pave the way to function theory on super Riemann surfaces. In superstring theories, chirally split amplitudes for scalar superfields are crucial in enforcing the GSO projection required for consistency. However one really knew how to carry this out only in the operator formalism to one-loop order. Our results provide a way of enforcing the GSO projection to any loop.
Bio-optical properties in relation to an algal bloom caused by iron enrichment in the equatorial Pacific

In 1995 a massive bloom of phytoplankton composed primarily of diatoms was created by adding small quantities of iron to the surface waters of the equatorial Pacific. As part of this experiment, several bio-optical parameters were measured using drifter instruments and shipboard measurements. The iron-induced bloom resulted in dramatic changes in the bio-optical properties of the study site, potentially resulting in light limitation of the phytoplankton at the peak of the bloom. The results also provide evidence for a shift in photosynthetic energy partitioning by the phytoplankton assemblage upon initial exposure to iron. It is unclear, however, whether the physiological changes associated with the bloom were purely a result of the iron addition, or were also influenced by changes in species composition. We hypothesize that iron-induced changes in bio-optical properties of equatorial Pacific waters could have far-reaching effects on the global climate system.
Alternative and adaptive transportation: What household factors support recovery from a drastic increase in gas price?

Transportation resiliency is the ability for a transportation system to maintain or return to a previous level of service after a disruptive event. Among many methods to assess resiliency, quality and quantity of mode choice have shown to be promising. The provision of multiple transportation options helps facilitate resiliency by relieving the transportation system stress that tends to occur in many situations when only one modal option is available. This research seeks to understand how the availability of environmentally friendly transportation modal options—bicycling, walking, and transit—contribute to resiliency as caused by an abrupt doubling of gas price. By creating a multinomial logistic regression mode choice model for Denver, Colorado, we are able to measure the resiliency value of various multimodal transportation infrastructures, even if few people are using those facilities today. Results of this study suggest three paths to resiliency: higher income, proximity to downtown, and the availability of transportation options. There is a cumulative effect in these results as well; for instance, low-income, suburban areas tend to spend more of their household budget on transportation than urban, higher-income areas, thus increasing their vulnerability. Through this analysis, we also investigate how this resiliency scenario affects geographically and demographically diverse areas in Denver, as well as how investments in more environmentally sustainable modes of transportation can support more resilient communities.
Resonant Impedance of Bellows above Cutoff

The perturbation method of Chatard-Moulin and Papiernik is used to calculate the longitudinal and transverse impedances, Z(ω) and Z⊥(ω), of a bellows. The bellows shape is defined by its radius a(z) = a (1 + es(z)), where a is the mean radius, e a small parameter, and s(z) describes the convolution of the bellows. We consider a finite wall conductivity and determine the resonant contribution to the impedance above the cutoff frequency of the unperturbed chamber, obtaining analytic approximations to the resonant frequencies, quality factors, and shunt impedances. The relation Z⊥(ω) = (2c/a2)Z(ω)/ω, of course, does not hold as an identity, but it is found to be a useful relation for the shunt impedances, holding exactly for one family of transverse modes and providing an upper bound on the shunt impedances of the second set of transverse modes.
Cell Movement Is Guided by the Rigidity of the Substrate

Directional cell locomotion is critical in many physiological processes, including morphogenesis, the immune response, and wound healing. It is well known that in these processes cell movements can be guided by gradients of various chemical signals. In this study, we demonstrate that cell movement can also be guided by purely physical interactions at the cell-substrate interface. We cultured National Institutes of Health 3T3 fibroblasts on flexible polyacrylamide sheets coated with type I collagen. A transition in rigidity was introduced in the central region of the sheet by a discontinuity in the concentration of the bis-acrylamide cross-linker. Cells approaching the transition region from the soft side could easily migrate across the boundary, with a concurrent increase in spreading area and traction forces. In contrast, cells migrating from the stiff side turned around or retracted as they reached the boundary. We call this apparent preference for a stiff substrate "durotaxis." In addition to substrate rigidity, we discovered that cell movement could also be guided by manipulating the flexible substrate to produce mechanical strains in the front or rear of a polarized cell. We conclude that changes in tissue rigidity and strain could play an important controlling role in a number of normal and pathological processes involving cell locomotion.
Eyeblink conditioning anomalies in bipolar disorder suggest cerebellar dysfunction

Objectives: Accumulating research implicates the cerebellum in non-motor psychological processes and psychiatric diseases, including bipolar disorder (BD). Despite recent evidence that cerebellar lesions have been documented to trigger bipolar-like symptoms, few studies have directly examined the functional integrity of the cerebellum in those afflicted with BD. Methods: Using a single-cue delay eyeblink conditioning procedure, the functional integrity of the cerebellum was examined in 28 individuals with BD (9 manic, 8 mixed, and 11 euthymic) and 28 age-matched healthy controls. Results: Analysis of the bipolar group as a whole indicated a conditioned response acquisition and timing deficit compared to controls. However, when the bipolar group was categorized according to mood state (mixed, manic, euthymic), individuals tested during mixed episodes were strikingly impaired, performing significantly worse than all other groups on both the acquisition and timing of conditioned responses. Conclusions: These findings extend prior research implicating cerebellar functional abnormalities in BD and suggest that cerebellar dysfunction may be associated with mood state and course of illness.
Spectroscopy in Infrared by Reflection and Its Use for Highly Absorbing Substances

The infrared spectra of many strongly-absorbing solids and liquids can be measured directly only with difficulties, involving preparation of very thin sections, or mulling the substance with diluents, etc. In such cases, the measurement of reflection offers an advantage. If the measurements are performed at two different angles of incidence, the two optical constants, namely, the refractive index n and the index of absorption κ of the studied substance can be obtained. A graphical method for obtaining n and κ from the measured reflecting powers is described and due corrections for the apparatus polarization are given. An alternative method for obtaining the optical constants from a single set of measurements at normal incidence is indicated for a case of a simple resonance band. This method is based on the impedance concept of the reflecting medium. Experimental arrangement for reflection measurements, using a standard infrared spectrometer, is described. Examples of measured reflecting powers and optical constants derived from them are given for the cases of quartz, mica, and liquid carbon tetrachloride.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Wwp2 regulates craniofacial development through mono-ubiquitylation of Goosecoid

Craniofacial anomalies (CFAs) are the most frequently occurring human congenital disease, and a major cause of infant mortality and childhood morbidity. Although CFAs seems to arise from a combination of genetic factors and environmental influences, the underlying gene defects and pathophysiological mechanisms for most CFAs are currently unknown. Here we reveal a role for the E3 ubiquitin ligase Wwp2 in regulating craniofacial patterning. Mice deficient in Wwp2 develop malformations of the craniofacial region. Wwp2 is present in cartilage where its expression is controlled by Sox9. Our studies demonstrate that Wwp2 influences craniofacial patterning through its interactions with Goosecoid (Gsc), a paired-like homeobox transcription factor that has an important role in craniofacial development. We show that Wwp2-associated Gsc is a transcriptional activator of the key cartilage regulatory protein Sox6. Wwp2 interacts with Gsc to facilitate its mono-ubiquitylation, a post-translational modification required for optimal transcriptional activation of Gsc. Our results identify for the first time a physiological pathway regulated by Wwp2 in vivo, and also a unique non-proteolytic mechanism through which Wwp2 controls craniofacial development.
Current driven organization of magnetic vortices

We report on a novel form of organization of magnetic vortices in a superconductor driven by a current. By following the vortex motion with fast transport measurements we show that the current enables the system to escape out of metastable states and explore its energy landscape. At low fields and temperatures the system relaxes into an ordered vortex lattice while just below H 2 it is in a disordered state. In the intermediate region the vortex state can be controlled by an extemal driving current. In this regime the critical current can be either increased or decreased with an appropriate driving current.
Developmental patterns of sleep slow wave activity and synaptic density in adolescent mice.

STUDY OBJECTIVE In humans sleep slow wave activity (SWA) declines during adolescence. It has been suggested that this decline reflects the elimination of cortical synapses, but this hypothesis has never been tested directly. DESIGN We focused on mouse frontal cortex and collected data from early adolescence (∼postnatal day 20, P20) to adulthood (P60) of (1) SWA; (2) expression of synapsin I, a presynaptic marker; and (3) number of dendritic spines in layers I-II. SETTING Basic sleep research laboratory. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS YFP-line H mice (n = 70; P15-87, all males) and GFP-line S mice (n = 14; P17-60, 8 females) were used for EEG recording. Forty-five YFP mice (P19-119, 12 females) and 42 GFP-S mice (P20-60, 14 females) were used for in vivo 2-photon imaging and ex vivo confocal microscopy, respectively. Other YGP mice (n = 57, P10-77) were used for western blot analysis of synapsin I. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS As in humans, SWA in mice declined from early adolescence to adulthood. Synapsin I levels increased from P10 to P24, with little change afterwards. Mean spine density in apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons (YFP-H) showed no change from P20 to P60. Spine number in layers I-II apical dendrites, belonging to layer III and V pyramidal neurons (GFP-S), increased slightly from P20 to P30 and decreased from P30 to P60; smaller spines decreased in number from P20 to P60, while bigger spines increased. CONCLUSIONS In mice, it is unlikely that the developmental decrease in SWA can be accounted for by a net pruning of cortical synapses.
Application of laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) to investigate trace metal spatial distributions in human tooth enamel and dentine growth layers and pulp

Human tooth enamel provides a nearly permanent and chronological record of an individual’s nutritional status and anthropogenic trace metal exposure during development; it might thus provide an excellent bio archive. We investigated the micro-spatial distribution of trace metals (Cu, Fe, Mg, Sr, Pb, and Zn) in 196×339 μm2 raster pattern areas (6.6×104 μm2) in a deciduous tooth using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS). Ablated areas include prenatal and postnatal enamel, the neonatal line, the dentine–enamel junction (DEJ), dentine, and the dentine–pulp junction. Topographic variations in the surface elemental distribution of lead, zinc, strontium, and iron intensities in a deciduous tooth revealed heterogeneous distribution within and among regions. 43Ca normalized elemental intensities showed the following order: Sr>Mg>>Zn>Pb>Fe>Cu. Elevated zinc and lead levels were present in the dental pulp region and at the neonatal line. This study demonstrates the ability of LA–ICP–MS to provide unique elemental distribution information in micro spatial areas of dental hard tissues. Elemental distribution plots could be useful in decoding nutrition and pollution information embedded in their bio apatite structure.
Ductile ceramic-like materials by inorganic polymerization

Abstract This brief communication is to report the unusual ductile behavior of ceramic-like materials that were synthesized by inorganic polymerization at room temperature, a process that is similar to organic polymerization. In this process, mix compositions play a critical role in achieving high ductility, which is measured by the ultimate strain capacity under compressive loadings. Such high ductility is postulated to result from chain slippage and uncoiling, similar to that in organic polymers.
Lectotypification of Arctostaphylos hooveri (Ericaceae)

Abstract The holotype of Arctostaphylos hooveri P. V. Wells, cited as having been deposited in the Robert F. Hoover Herbarium, California Polytechnic State University (OBI), apparently is not extant. The isotype deposited in the University Herbarium (UC) at the University of California, Berkeley (Hoover & Wells 1960 — UC 1218855) is designated as the lectotype, and the isotype in the California Academy of Science Herbarium (CAS 423565) is thereby an isolectotype. Hoover 8520 (OBI 175682) is recognized as a paratype.