cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Fear of panic’: An investigation of its role in panic occurrence, phobic avoidance, and treatment outcome

Abstract The concept of ‘fear of fear’ has recently received empirical attention regarding its role in panic occurrence and phobic avoidance. Overall, the results of such studies have indicated that anticipation of panic is positively correlated (albeit weakly) with self-reports of avoidance. The present study examined the relationship of panic anticipation—panic occurrence, phobic avoidance and treatment outcome, using a more direct measure of this fear than has been used in previous studies. Results indicated that anticipation of panic was slightly correlated with breadth and severity of avoidance, and moderately correlated with overall clinical severity. In addition, anticipation of panic was found to decrease significantly throughout treatment, but appeared to be independent of actual panic experience. These results may suggest the operation of an intervening variable which accounts for the reduction of both anticipated and actual panic events. Implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.
Fault Interactions and Large Complex Earthquakes in the Los Angeles Area

Faults in complex tectonic environments interact in various ways, including triggered rupture of one fault by another, that may increase seismic hazard in the surrounding region. We model static and dynamic fault interactions between the strike-slip and thrust fault systems in southern California. We find that rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga thrust fault system is unlikely to trigger rupture of the San Andreas or San Jacinto strike-slip faults. However, a large northern San Jacinto fault earthquake could trigger a cascading rupture of the Sierra Madre-Cucamonga system, potentially causing a moment magnitude 7.5 to 7.8 earthquake on the edge of the Los Angeles metropolitan region.
Elemental Concentrations in Eight New United States Geological Survey Rock Standards: A Review*

Elemental composition data on BHVO-1, MAG-1, QLO-1, RGM-1, SCo-1, SDC-1, SGR-1 and STM-1 have been compiled from 80 journal papers and reports. Mean values with standard deviations are provided for 76 elements.
The influence of pipe diffusion on the creep of fine-grained materials

Pipe diffusion can be important in a number of creep mechanisms, including diffusional, grain boundary sliding and slip creep. When pipe diffusion is the rate-controlling process, the stress exponent increases by a factor of 2 over that obtained when lattice diffusion is the rate-controlling step. Experimental observations which show both a grain size dependence of creep rate (ϵ ∝ d−2) and a relatively large stress exponent (of about 4) can be explained on the basis of a pipe-diffusion-controlled grain boundary sliding mechanism. This effect is predicted to be especially important for the creep of fine-grained materials at intermediate stresses and temperatures. The creep behavior of fine-grained austenitic stainless steel, as well as of Pb-5%Cd and a copper alloy, is shown to be in excellent agreement with the newly developed constitutive equations which incorporate pipe diffusion.
Possible Negative Effects of Economic Modernization Perceived by the Public Security Apparatus in the People's Republic of China

This analysis: (1) Identifies factors that motivate the Chinese public security apparatus to resist thoroughgoing implementation of the “Four Modernizations” program. (2) Weighs the acknowledged need for the rule of law to strengthen foreign investor confidence against the traditional concerns of the institutionalized public security system for social control. (3) Focuses on the implications for the public security system of the country's venture into “limited capitalism”, which is placing more people outside the pervasive network of factory work committees that regulate every aspect of the worker's life. (4) Attempts to take account of possible threats Chinese security officials may see to their role as the bulwark of social morality.
DDE effects on reproduction of ring doves

Abstract Reproductive performance was measured for 126 days in twelve pairs of ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) fed a diet containing 40 ppm of p,p'-DDE and in twelve other pairs given untreated food. The DDE-treated doves took an average of 2 1 2 times longer to renest than controls, produced 13·5% fewer eggs/clutch, had 10% thinner eggs, and experienced twice as great mortality of young; all these differences were statistically significant. Hatchability was also lower but not significantly so. Control birds nested forty-nine times during the study, laying two eggs in each clutch. DDE-treated birds nested only thirty-three times, laying an average of 1·7 eggs/clutch. The combined effects of DDE on reproduction resulted in only ten young being successfully raised by DDE-treated pairs versus thirty-five being raised by controls.
Crithidia luciliae: starvation for purines and/or phosphate leads to the enhanced surface expression of a protein responsible for 3′-nucleotidase/nuclease activity.

Abstract It has been shown previously that starvation of the trypanosomatid protozoan Crithidia luciliae for purines and/or inorganic phosphate results in increased levels of a surface membrane-associated 3′-nucleotidase/nuclease (3′-N'ase) activity which hydrolyzes both 3′-ribonucleotides and nucleic acids, thereby permitting the organisms to transport these essential nutrients across their cell membranes. A polypeptide with the requisite catalytic properties has been identified by an in situ gel activity assay following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In current studies, differential synthesis of the protein responsible for the 3′-N'ase activity was not demonstrable by comparisons of SDS-PAGE patterns of nutrient-replete or purine-starved parasites metabolically labeled with either [ 35 S]methionine, [ 3 H]leucine, or [ 3 H]tyrosine. However, surface labeling of nutrient-replete and purine-starved cells revealed the enhanced expression of an 125 I surfacelabeled 43-kDa protein which comigrated with the 3′-N'ase activity in one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic systems. The amount of this surface-labeled peptide correlated with the level of 3′-N'ase activity as measured by test tube assay. Refeeding adenosine to purine-starved cells led to the loss of both the enzyme activity and the surface iodinatable 43-kDa band as a result of renewed cell division. Starvation of these organisms for phosphate also led to the enhanced expression of the 43-kDa radioiodinatable band. The results indicated that the 3′-N'ase protein, itself, is differentially expressed at the cell surface under conditions which lead to increased enzyme activity.
MEMBRANE SURFACE MODIFICATION AND BACKPULSING FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Using a novel photoinduced grafting method, hydrophobic polypropylene (PP) membranes were rendered hydrophilic by grafting monomers of poly(ethylene glycol 200) monomethacrylate (PEG200MA), dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), or acrylic acid (AA), to produce a neutral, positive, or negative charge, respectively, on the membrane surface. Using both unmodified and modified PP membranes, as well as a hydrophilic cellulose acetate (CA) membrane, the effects of backpulsing and surface chemistries on membrane fouling were investigated for crossflow microfiltration of bentonite clay suspensions and crude oil emulsions. Without backpulsing, the permeate volumes collected over 60 min were not strongly dependent on membrane surface chemistry and morphology for the filtration of either clay or oil. With backpulsing, however, 5-fold and 6-fold permeate enhancements were obtained by backpulsing alone and by a combination of backpulsing and surface modification, respectively, for clay filtration. The recovered w...
Characterization of a concanavalin A-induced amplifier T cell which augments in vitro antibody responses to DNP-Ficoll

The addition of the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) on Day 2 of a 4-day in vitro culture of murine spleen cells with the thymus-independent (TI) antigen DNP39-Ficoll resulted in significant enhancement of the direct antitrinitrophenyl (TNP) plaque-forming cell (PFC) response. This enhancement was mediated by a nylon wool- and antiimmunoglobulin-nonadherent amplifier T cell (TA). TA activity was not eliminated by in vitro treatment of T cells with anti-Thy 1.2 and complement (C). TA activity could be eliminated by pretreatment of mice with antilymphocyte serum (ALS) in vivo, followed by in vitro treatment of T cells with anti-Thy 1.2 + C. Thus, TA appear to bear a low surface density of Thy-1 antigen. These TA were relatively resistant to ALS used alone, to cyclophosphamide, and to low dose in vitro irradiation. TA were still present in the spleen 14 weeks after adult thymectomy (ATx). They were I-J positive and apparently belonged to the Lyt 1+2- T-cell subset.
Inter‐basin water transfers in the United States

(1984). Inter‐basin water transfers in the United States. International Journal of Water Resources Development: Vol. 2, No. 2-3, pp. 37-65.
A design advisor for the optimal inspection of circularity tolerance

In the wake of growing importance for quality and the need to reduce inspection costs simultaneously, the need for a scientific method of selecting an optimum inspection strategy for coordinate measuring machine (CMM) based inspection has become very important. The inspection error resulting from CMM inspection is greatly affected by the profile irregularities and the sampling strategy, which includes sample size, sampling methods, and algorithms used for form evaluation. This paper describes a system that can recommend an optimal inspection plan based on the needs of the user. A design of experiments (DOE) based approach is used to relate the inspection error with sampling strategies. Surface irregularities are included in the form of lobes formed on the profile. A new two-way model is proposed that works in both directions between the sampling strategy and the performance metrics. The results indicate that the number of lobes and the sampling method used have little impact on the inspection error, while the sample size and form evaluation algorithms have a significant influence. An inspection plan advisor is presented, which provides an inspection plan based on the estimated shape and acceptable measurement error.
States in Ag-105, Ag-107 populated by heavy-ion reactions and interpreted by a quasiparticle-plus-rotor model

Levels in $^{105,107}\mathrm{Ag}$ have been studied using heavy-ion reactions. The experiments included $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray yields as a function of bombarding energy, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular distributions, and three-detector $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence measurements. The positive-parity band based on the unique-parity ${g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ orbital in both nuclei exhibits a $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=1$ character, unlike its counterpart ${h}_{\frac{11}{2}}$ band in Pd nuclei. The energy levels, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray mixing ratios, branching ratios, and lifetimes in this band as well as in the ground-state negative-parity band are shown to be in good agreement with calculations using a particle-plus-rotor model at a small, symmetric deformation ($\ensuremath{\delta}=0.12$). The Coriolis and recoil effects are explicitly included and a variable moment of inertia is used. The low-lying "anomalous" $\frac{7}{{2}^{+}}$ state is also readily reproduced by this model. The calculation also shows that the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=1$ nature of the positive-parity band results primarily from the fact that the Fermi surface is far from the $K=\frac{1}{2}$ state, whereas the transition properties are governed by the Coriolis mixing of the strong-coupled bands. Two bands built on the $\frac{17}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and $\frac{21}{{2}^{+}}$ states with high bandhead energies are thought to have three-quasiparticle configurations.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE $^{92}\mathrm{Zr}$($^{16}\mathrm{O}$,$p2n$)$^{105}\mathrm{Ag}$ at 60 MeV, $^{96}\mathrm{Zr}$($^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $3n$)$^{107}\mathrm{Ag}$ at 49 MeV: measured ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(E(^{16}\mathrm{O}))$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(E(^{14}\mathrm{N}))$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ DCOQ. $^{105,107}\mathrm{Ag}$ deduced levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ mixing ratios. Rotational model calculations, Coriolis, calculated levels, mixing ratios, branching ratios, lifetimes. Ge(Li) detectors.
The effect of respiratory alkalosis on oxygen consumption in anesthetized patients

Abstract Study Objective: To investigate whether hyperventilation significantly altered oxygen consumption in anesthetized and paralyzed patients undergoing surgery. Design: Open crossover trial with 1 hour of hyperventilation preceded and followed by 1 hour of normoventilation. Setting: University medical center. Patients: Eight patients (five men and three women) undergoing lengthy orthopedic surgery with general anesthesia and muscle paralysis. Interventions: After baseline normoventilationfor 1 hour (Period 1), the anesthetized patients were hyperventilated to an arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO 2 ) of 20 to 25 mmHg for 1 hour (Period 2). Patients then experienced another hour of normoventilation (Period 5). Measurements and Main Results: Hemodynamic variables, electrocardiography, temperature, end-tidal partial pressure of CO 2 (P ET CO 2 ), oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), carbon dioxide production, and minute ventilation were continuously followed throughout the study, and arterial blood gases were drawn at the beginning and end of each study period. During the period of hyperventilation, pH was significantly higher and P. ET CO 2 and (PaCO 2 ) significantly lower compared with the periods of normoventilation. (VO 2 ), was significantly increased during hyperventilation compared with the periods of normoventilation. Hemodynamic variables and temperature were similar in the three study periods. Conclusions: In anesthetized paralyzed patients, there is an increase in whole-body (VO 2 ), with hypocapnic alkalosis.
New physical effects on periodically grooved optical planar waveguides

Open dielectric waveguides are of prime importance in the field of integrated optics. Almost all of the published literature concerned with guiding, radiating or scattering effects on open dielectric structures involves a surface wave striking a structural discontinuity at normal incidence. Under those conditions, the TE and TM modes remain independent of each other. When the surface waves are incident at an arbitrary angle, however, the TE and TM modes couple to each other at the geometrical discontinuity, giving rise to a rich variety of interesting and sometimes unexpected new physical effects. We have previously examined such TE-TM mode coupling, and the interesting new physical effects that result from it, in the context of uniform open waveguiding structures. We found that on most dielectric strip waveguides leaky modes can occur instead of the previously expected purely-bound modes, and that resonance effects appear in the leakage process. Furthermore, these leaky modes constitute a new class of leaky modes, since the leaking energy possesses a polarization opposite to tl~at present in the main body of waveguide, in contrast to customary leaky modes. Here we are concerned with periodically-grooved open dielectric waveguides, involving a wide planar dielectric layer. We find that guidance in a direction oblique to the grooves produces four stop bands instead of the usual two in the Bragg reflection region; also produced are interesting anisotropy phenomena such as beam steering and focusing, radiation at peculiar skew angles, and surprisingly large cross-polarization effects. The physical effects are relevant to integrated optics components such as multiplexers, filters and mode deflectors. The guidance of optical surface waves propagating in a direction normal to the grooves on a periodically:corrugated planar dielectric waveguide is well known, and various theoretical treatments are available. Such structures have been used in grating couplers and in distributed-feedback lasers, for example. The electromagnetic boundary-value problem for the case of normal incidence is scalar, however, where the TE and TM surface waves remain independent of each other. When the
Metabolism of arachidonic acid by human nasal and bronchial epithelial cells.

Abstract Nasal and bronchial epithelium from normal human nasal turbinates was isolated from surgical specimens and used to study arachidonic acid metabolism. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cell incubations in the presence of calcium ionophore, A23187, showed the formation of 15-lipoxygenase products. The major arachidonic acid metabolite with bronchial and nasal tissue was 15-HETE identified by uv spectroscopy, coelution with the authentic standards by HPLC, and GC-mass spectrometry. The second major metabolite, formed from either arachidonic acid or 15-HPETE, was identified as 13-hydroxy-14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-α-HEPA) by uv spectroscopy, coelution with the authentic standard, and GC-mass spectrometry. In addition, two 8,15-diHETEs and two 8,15-LTs were identified by uv spectroscopy and coelution with the authentic standards by HPLC on both reverse-phase and normalphase HPLC. Also isolated and identified were 14,15-diHETEs, and 12-HETE. Nasal epithelial cells appear to be more active than nasal bronchial cells in oxidizing arachidonic acid. However, the profile of metabolites from these normal tissue preparations was similar. The addition of 15-lipoxygenase products to nasal epithelium weakly stimulated Cl− ion secretion. These studies indicate that human pulmonary epithelial cells selectively oxidize arachidonic acid to 15-lipoxygenase metabolites.
Backward second-harmonic and third-harmonic generation in a periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate waveguide.

We observed backward second-harmonic and backward third-harmonic generation in a periodically poled KTiOPO4 waveguide using nanosecond laser pulses. The highest conversion efficiency achieved for the backward second-harmonic generation, occurring at the 25th-order grating, was ?0.6%. The backward third-harmonic generation was the result of mixing the pump beam with the forward or the backward second-harmonic beam. Conversion efficiency of ?0.4% was achieved at a pump wavelength of 1233.7??nm, where the two constituent nonlinear processes are both quasi-phase matched.
Rheology of a liquid crystalline polymer dispersed in a flexible polymer matrix

Abstract The addition of 10% of an aqueous lyotropic liquid crystalline dispersed phase to an isotropic polydimethylsiloxane melt increases the steady shear and normal stresses and the dynamic moduli, but the increase caused by the liquid crystalline dispersed phase is much less than expected from the Palierne and Doi–Ohta theories of blends. In contrast, the Palierne theory does an adequate job of predicting the linear viscoelastic behavior of a blend with a 20% LCP dispersed phase.
Coordinating global inter‐firm product development

Purposes – Global product development requires complex international inter‐firm coordination between suppliers and manufacturers. Prior research on the impact of opportunities and risks of supplier‐manufacturer partnership in the context of global product development is relatively limited. The purpose of this article is to explore the rich interactions among global supplier‐manufacturer relationships.Design/methodology/approach – Based on the extensive review of global product development practices, an integrative framework of the global supplier‐manufacturer partnership is presented.Findings – Effective inter‐firm practices require firstly, global inter‐firm interaction practices that balance opportunities and risks; and secondly, specific process and product outcome measures.Research limitations/implications – This research model needs further empirical validation.Practical implications – Managers may identify opportunities and risks associated with supplier‐manufacturer partnership and translate them i...
Virtual worlds as cultural models

Thirteen gamelike virtual worlds illustrate issues that overlap social science and information science, because they embody rather clear theories of society and culture: World of Warcraft, Lord of the Rings Online, Dark Age of Camelot, Age of Conan, Pirates of the Burning Sea, A Tale in the Desert, Entropia Universe, Anarchy Online, The Matrix Online, Tabula Rasa, EVE Online, Star Trek Online, and Dungeons and Dragons Online. A fourteenth, Star Wars Galaxies, illustrates the possibility that not all virtual worlds embody clear theories. After describing the thirteen, this essay discusses their economic systems, social systems, communication challenges, and the ways in which autonomous agents and semi-autonomous secondary avatars enrich interactive complexity.
G Protein-Coupled Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channels (GIRKs) Mediate Postsynaptic but Not Presynaptic Transmitter Actions in Hippocampal Neurons

To study the role of G protein-coupled, inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels in mediating neurotransmitter actions in hippocampal neurons, we have examined slices from transgenic mice lacking the GIRK2 gene. The outward currents evoked by agonists for GABA(B) receptors, 5HT1A receptors, and adenosine A1 receptors were essentially absent in mutant mice, while the inward current evoked by muscarinic receptor activation was unaltered. In contrast, the presynaptic inhibitory action of a number of presynaptic receptors on excitatory and inhibitory terminals was unaltered in mutant mice. These included GABA(B), adenosine, muscarinic, metabotropic glutamate, and NPY receptors on excitatory synapses and GABA(B) and opioid receptors on inhibitory synapses. These findings suggest that a number of G protein-coupled receptors activate the same class of postsynaptic K+ channel, which contains GIRK2. In addition, the GIRK2 channels play no role in the inhibition mediated by presynaptic G protein-coupled receptors, suggesting that the same receptor can couple to different effector systems according to its subcellular location in the neuron.
The effect of high-heeled shoes on lumbar lordosis: a narrative review and discussion of the disconnect between Internet content and peer-reviewed literature

Objectives Some women complain of low back pain that they believe is due to wearing high-heeled shoes, and some clinicians seem to think the reason is that high-heeled shoes cause increased lumbar lordosis. This article examines Internet information aimed at the general public and presents a literature review of available research in this area.
Influence of dietary fiber on establishment and progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits

Rabbits were fed a semipurified diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and either 14% cellulose or a psyllium-rich cereal (PRC) which actually provided 6.2% fiber (insoluble fiber/soluble fiber:2.21/1.00). The PRC-containing diet led to significantly lower serum total cholesterol, higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and less severe atherosclerosis. In a regression study, after 2 months on the atherogenic diet rabbits were placed on cholesterol-free diets containing 6% corn oil and 14% cellulose or PRC. After 3 months serum cholesterol levels had fallen by 33% in the group fed cellulose and by 51% in the group given PRC. Liver cholesterol levels fell by 62 and 74% in the cellulose and PRC groups, respectively. The average severity of atherosclerosis had risen by 35% in the cellulose group and by only 4% in the rabbits fed PRC. This study shows that compared with 14% cellulose, 6.2% psyllium fed as part of an atherogenic diet resulted in lower serum and liver lipids and less severe atherosclerosis.
Zinc, copper and manganese levels in tissues of the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract The spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat is characterized by differences in ion transport and binding by cell membranes as compared with the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKy) control rat. Since changes in the levels of several essential and nonessential trace elements have been shown to alter blood pressure, we measured the levels of zinc, copper and manganese in tissues to determine whether the basal levels of these micronutrients differend in the SH and WKy rats. Significantly greater amounts of zinc and manganese were present in liver, kidney and femur, and copper in liver and femur of SH rats than WKy rats at 12 weeks of age. However, these differences were due to the greater mass of these organs in the SH rat. The concentrations of renal manganese and serum copper were slightly increased and hepatic zinc was slightly decreased in SH rats compared to WKy rats. The results indicate that there are no major differences between the SH and WKy rat in tissue concentrations of zinc, copper and manganese in animals consuming adequate amounts of these micronutrients.
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) in scleractinian corals and zooxanthellae

Steroid metabolism studies have yielded evidence of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) activity in corals. This project was undertaken to clarify whether there are multiple isoforms of 17beta-HSD, whether activity levels vary seasonally, and if zooxanthellae contribute to activity. 17Beta-HSD activity was characterized in zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate coral fragments collected in summer and winter and in zooxanthellae cultured from Montipora capitata. More specifically, 17beta-HSD activity was characterized with regard to steroid substrate and inhibitor specificity, coenzyme specificity, and Michaelis constants for estradiol (E2) and NADP+. Six samples each of M. capitata and Tubastrea coccinea (three summers, three winters) were assayed with E2 and NADP+. Specific activity levels (pmol/mg protein) varied 10-fold among M. capitata samples and 6-fold among T. coccinea samples. There was overlap of activity levels between summer and winter samples. NADP+/NAD+ activity ratios varied from 1.6 to 22.2 for M. capatita, 2.3 to 3.8 for T. coccinea and 0.7 to 1.1 for zooxanthellae. Coumestrol was the most inhibitory of the steroids and phytoestrogens tested. Our data confirm that corals and zooxanthellae contain 17beta-HSD and are consistent with the presence of more than one isoform of the enzyme.
Transforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like signalling pathways in parasitic helminths

The signal transduction pathways involved in regulating developmental arrest in the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, are fairly well characterised. However, much less is known about how these processes may influence the developmental timing and maturation in helminth parasites. Here, we provide an overview of two signalling pathways implicated in the regulation of dauer larva formation in C. elegans, the insulin-like signalling pathway and the transforming growth factor-beta pathway, and explore what is known about these signalling pathways in a variety of parasitic helminths. Understanding the differences about how these pathways are affected by environmental cues in free-living versus parasitic species of helminths may provide insights into novel mechanisms for the control or prevention of helminth-induced disease.
Nature, Reliability and Administration of the Tsai Number-Joining Test

The number-joining test, originally developed by Tsai in 1939 to predict success of Chinese pilots, was administered to 481 California State College students. Product-moment correlations of B-form with a “motor,” a “perceptual,” and a “coding” test were .33, .47, and .58 respectively, indicating that the test involves more central than peripheral functions. Test reliability is evidenced by r of .71 between alternate forms, of .93 between 4- and 6-min. segments and practically identical mean scores for alternate forms. Group testing is just as reliable as individual testing; however, male Ss perform significantly better in a group than when tested individually.
Hydrogen collision model of light-induced metastability in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract A new model of light-induced metastability (Staebler-Wronski effect) in hydrogenated amorphous silicon is proposed. When two mobile H atoms generated by photo-induced carriers collide, they form a metastable, immobile complex containing two SiH bonds. Excess metastable dangling bonds remain at the uncorrelated sites from which the colliding H were excited. The model accounts quantitatively for the kinetics of light-induced defect creation, both near room temperature and at 4.2 K. Other experimental results, including light-induced and thermal annealing kinetics, are also explained.
Preparation of tetrakis(arylisocyanide)trialkylphosphitecobalt(I) complexes with sterically-hindered arylisocyanides

Abstract The complexes, [Co(CNC 6 H 3 Et 2 -2,6) 4 P(OR′) 3 ]X, X = BF 4 , ClO 4 ; R′= Me, Et, CHMe 2 ; are prepared by trialkylphosphite substitution reaction in [Co(CNC 6 H 3 Et 2 -2,6) 5 ]X. The [Co(CNC 6 H 3 Me 2 -2,6) 3 {P(OCHMe 2 ) 3 } 2 ]ClO 4 is prepared, and P(OSiMe 3 ) 3 fails to substitute, under analogous reaction conditions. Ease of disubstitution, in preference to monosubstitution, appears to be controlled by steric hindrance of the arylisocyanide, with 2,6-Et 2 C 6 H 3 NC ⪡ 2,4,6-Me 3 C 6 H 2 NC ≲ 2,6-Me 2 C 6 H 3 NC ⪡ o -MeC 6 H 5 NC ≲ C 6 H 5 NC; and apparent trialkylphosphite reactivity, P(OSiMe 3 ) 3 ⪡ P(OCHMe 2 ) 3 3 ; but monosubstituted complexes, in general, are conveniently prepared only from [Co(CNC 6 H 3 Et 2 -2,6) 5 ]X. Melting (decomposition) ranges, ν( - NC), and electronic spectra of the new complexes are discussed, herein. Trends seem to parallel those previously observed for triarylphosphine-substituted arylisocyanide-cobalt(I) complexes.
Conditioning and Conditioned Aversion Therapies in the Treatment of the Alcoholic1

Conditioning therapies in the treatment of the alcoholic are traced from their crude beginnings in the non-scientific aversive methods of the thirties through the more rigorous application of the principles of classical conditioning (but still the traditional conditioned aversion model) to the present “broad-spectrum” use of modern learning theory by the behavioral clinician in the treatment not only of alcoholism but of a wide variety of other disorders.
Factors related to psychiatric disability

In order to evaluate the relationship between psychiatric diagnosis and disability, information obtained from the evaluation of 55 applicants for SSI psychiatric disability was reviewed. The Global Assessment Scale was used as an outcome variable. Signicifacnt associations were found with psychiatric diagnosis (p<0.05), marital status (p< 0.05), and race (p<0.05). The lowest mean scores for diagnosis were: organic brain syndrome and schizophrenia; for marital status, never married; and for race, Hispanic. (It appears the Hispanic low scores were due to a lack of ability to speak English.) No significant associations were found with sex, age, or education.
Low crosstalk monolithic wavelength demultiplexing switch arrays

Abstract Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a key enabling technology for increasing the transmission capacity of optical fiber communication systems. Recently, a new family of optoelectronic devices, including detectors, switches, and emitters, that is based on resonant cavity enhancement, has emerged. Wavelength selective optoelectronic switching is achieved by placing a photothyristor in an asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity, which provides a highly selective response at a wavelength determined during device fabrication. These WDM optoelectronic devices haue promising applications in optical COmmunications and optical logic circuits. Results on a N-p-n-p optoelectronic switch with a ten wavelength channel capability are presented.
Pertussis toxin inhibits chemotactic factor-induced phospholipase C stimulation and lysosomal enzyme secretion in rabbit neutrophils

Abstract Pertussis toxin suppressed [ 32 P]polyphosphoinositide breakdown and lysosomal enzyme secretion induced by fMet-Leu-Phe in rabbit neutrophils. Likewise, fMet-Leu-Phe- or leukotriene B4-evoked ( 3 H]inositol trisphosphate accumulation was inhibited by the toxin. These findings, taken together with evidence that pertussis toxin specifically causes inactivation of the guanine nucleotide binding protein (N i ), suggests that guanine nucleotide binding proteins may mediate coupling between calcium-mobilising receptors and phospholipase C-mediated reactions in rabbit neutrophils.
Immunoglobulin G binding proteins in male Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.

Three abundant immunoglobulin G binding proteins (IGBPs) of29kDa (IGBP-MA), 25kDa (IGBP-MB), and 21 kDa (IGBP-MC) were isolated from partly fed male Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks using an agar-ose-IgG column. After separating the proteins by SDS-PA GE, each individual IGBP band was cutou tfrom the gel and used to raise antiserum in guinea pigs. Using immuno-blotting, each of the three IGBPs was shown to be antigenically distinct, and specific for feeding male R. appendiculatus ticks. They were detected in the salivary glands of male ticks that had been feeding in either the presence of absence of female ticks, and appeared to be glycoproteins. The smallest protein, IGBP-MC, bound to guinea pig IgG (on which species the ticks were fed) and also bound to human and bovine IgG, whereas IGBP-MA and possibly IGBP-MB only bound to guinea pig IgG. The function of IGBPs in tick salivary glands and their significance in male ticks are discussed.
A stochastic production function for machine repair

Although work by Levhari and Sheshinski (1970) and Syrquin (1972) suggests that general functional forms, such as the Cobb–Douglas and CES, accurately approximate a machine-repair stochastic production process, this paper shows that these authors have not adequately captured the stochastic nature of the production process. More importantly, while general forms are convenient and widely employed, this paper argues that there is a more direct method for determining the properties of the production process.
Melt Inclusions in Zircon

Silicate melt inclusions (MI) are small samples of melt that are trapped during crystal growth at magmatic pressures and temperatures. The MI represent a sample of the melt that was isolated from the bulk melt during host crystallization. Thus, MI preserve the composition of the melt that was present during crystal growth and record the P-T growth conditions. As such, MI provide a valuable tool for constraining the magmatic history of igneous systems. Melt inclusions may be composed of a single-phase glass or they may contain multiple phases (vapor bubbles ± crystals) that nucleated from the melt within the inclusion during cooling, or were produced by devitrification of the glass following trapping. Heating and homogenization techniques applied to multiphase MI produce a glass suitable for microanalysis, and may also provide information regarding the temperature of MI and crystal formation (Roedder 1984). Many workers have used MI in major rock-forming minerals to constrain igneous processes, such as crystal fractionation and magma degassing (e.g., Anderson et al. 1989, Hervig and Dunbar 1992, Sobolev and Shimizu 1993, Sobolev and Danyushevsky 1994, Lu 1991), but there have been far fewer studies of MI in accessory minerals (e.g., Chupin et al. 1998, Spandler et al. 2000, Sokolov 2002, Thomas et al. 2002). Melt inclusions in zircons of igneous origin are common, and have been identified in a wide range of igneous rock types, including quartz diorite and rhyolite, and in detrital zircon grains from heavy mineral sands (Fig. 1⇓). Figure 1. Transmitted light photographs of crystalline and glass melt inclusions (MI) in zircons. The zircons commonly contain solid inclusions of apatite (labeled “ap”), feldspar (labeled “fsp”) and less commonly, oxide minerals. The zircons in the photographs are from: the 56 Ma quartz dioritic Quottoon Igneous Complex in …
Protein Components Contribute to Active Site Architecture for Eukaryotic Ribonuclease P

Abstract In eukaryotes, ribonuclease P (RNase P) requires both RNA and protein components for catalytic activity. The eukaryotic RNase P RNA, unlike its bacterial counterparts, does not possess intrinsic catalytic activity in the absence of holoenzyme protein components. We have used a sensitive photoreactive cross-linking assay to explore the substrate-binding environment for different eukaryotic RNase P holoenzymes. Protein components from the Tetrahymena thermophila and human RNase P holoenzymes form specific products in photoreactions containing [4-thio]-uridine-labeled pre-tRNAGln. The HeLa RNase P RNA in neither the presence nor the absence of holoenzyme protein components formed cross-link products to the pre-tRNAGln probe. Parallel photo-cross-linking experiments with the Escherichia coliRNase P holoenzyme revealed that only the bacterial RNase P RNA forms specific substrate photoadducts. A protein-rich active site for the eukaryotic RNase P represents one unique feature that distinguishes holoenzyme organization between bacteria and eukaryotes.
Rehabilitation of Children and Adults Who Have Neuromuscular Diseases

Neuromuscular diseases are a broad group of disorders that affect the motor unit. Recent advances in genetics and molecular biology have greatly furthered understanding of these diseases. Unfortunately, this has not greatly modified treatment strategies. This article addresses some common features of these diseases, and some less commonly addressed issues.
Customized aspheric intraocular lens selection: the evolution of refractive cataract surgery

Evaluation of:Beiko GH, Haigis W, Steinmueller A. Distribution of corneal spherical aberration in a comprehensive ophthalmology practice and whether keratometry can predict aberration values. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 33(5), 848–858 (2007).The application of wavefront aberrometry in ophthalmology began with excimer laser corneal refractive surgery and has expanded with the development of aspheric intraocular lens implants. While the initial clinical evaluation of these implants involved unselected populations of patients presenting for cataract surgery, more recently the concept of customized selection of the best-fit implant has taken hold. This article provides the foundation in optical and clinical science supporting the use of aspheric intraocular lens implants, explains the significance of the findings recently published by Beiko et al. and details some of the ongoing work in the area of customized correction of spherical aberration.
Labor Market Effects on Dropping Out of High School: Variation by Gender, Race, and Employment Status

It is known from previous research that the likelihood of dropping out is affected by a number of individual traits, including, among others, socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, gender, and...
ASTER obervations of the spectral emissivity over New Mexico

On several days in 2000 & 2001 the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra satellite obtained data over the Jornada Experimental Range test site along the Rio Grande river and the White Sand National Monument in New Mexico. ASTER has 14 channels from the visible (VNIR) through the thermal infrared (TIR) with 15 m resolution in the VNIR and 90 m in the TIR. The overpass time is approximately 11 AM (MST). With 5 channels between 8 and 12 micrometers these multispectral TIR data from ASTER provide the opportunity to separate the temperature and emissivity effects observed in the thermal emission from the land surface. Ground measurements during these overflights included surface temperature, vegetation type and condition and limited surface emissivity measurements. Preliminary results indicate good agreement between ASTER emissivities and ground measures. Analysis of earlier aircraft data has shown that the multispectral TIR data are very effective for estimating both the surface temperature and emissivity. These results will be compared with those obtained from the ASTER data for this site. With multispectral thermal infrared observations provided by ASTER it is possible for the first time to estimate the spectral emissivity variation for these surfaces on a global basis at high spatial resolution.
Relative effects of primary and tertiary structure on helix formation in myoglobin and α‐lactalbumin

We have determined the ultraviolet optical rotatory properties of the cyanogen bromide peptides of myoglobin and reduced, S-carboxymethylated α-lactalbumin in both aqueous and aqueous alcohol solutions. Similar measurements were also made on the tryptic digests of apomyoglobin. In aqueous solutions the α-helicity of the various peptides was between 5 and 15%, while in concentrated ethanol solutions the helicity could be increased significantly, but never to more than about 55%. The maximum helicity attained by the various peptides at high ethanol concentrations, as well as the cooperativity of the coil-to-helix transition (reflected in the slope at the steep portion of the helicity-alcohol concentration curves), does not depend on the number of residues in the peptide in the manner expected. We have used a model which treats proline residues as absolute helix breakers, thus introducing the concept of effective chain length. By applying available theories of helix–coil transitions of short-chain polypeptides to this model, one can satisfactorily describe most of the data on the myoglobin peptides. Significantly, it was possible to predict the helicity of acid-denatured apomyoglobin from the behavior of the shorter fragments. By using the model, the peptides were found to have an equal intrinsic helix-forming tendency which, with only two exceptions, was not raised by the formation of tertiary structure. The exceptions were apomyoglobin and peptide 56–131, which show, respectively, a considerable and a very small helicity attributable to tertiary structure formation in water at neutral pH. These results agree with the demonstrated absence of stable intermediates in protein unfolding equilibria. The results offer a further correlation between helical structure in the native molecule and the tendency to helix formation in isolated peptides. The results do not support the hypothesis that small folded regions are responsible for initiating the folding of the molecule, and an alternate description is proposed which envisages approximately half-folded structures at the rate limiting step in the folding reaction. Helix formation in the 33-residue C-terminal peptide of α-lactalbumin was found to be as easy as in the myoglobin peptides. If the proposed structural analogy between lysozyme and α-lactalbumin is correct, then this is a case where helix formation occurs in a peptide which is not helical in the native protein. On the other hand, an α-lactalbumin peptide corresponding to a region which has β-structure in lysozyme did not lend to form α-helices.
Long-Term Stability of Lip Bumper Therapy Followed by Fixed Appliances

Lip bumper treatment has been shown to successfully increase arch width, procline the incisors, and distalize molars. However, few studies have been performed showing the long- term stability of lip bumper treatment. In this study, mandibular casts taken by a single practitioner from 51 patients treated with lip bumpers without rapid palatal expansion were analyzed at pre- treatment, post-lip bumper treatment, posttreatment, and long-term out of treatment. Measure- ments of arch width, arch depth, arch length, and anterior crowding were made. During treatment, there was a mean decrease in irregularity of 3.73 mm, with a posttreatment increase of 0.76 mm, for a net decrease of 2.97 mm. Despite posttreatment decreases, significant gains in arch width were maintained for extended periods of time. The intercanine width had a net increase of 1.78 mm (19% relapse), first premolars 3.39 mm (26% relapse), second premolars 2.58 mm (34% relapse), and first molars 2.17 mm (20% relapse). Lip bumper treatment along with fixed appli- ances is an effective means to obtain long-term increases in arch width and decreases in the irregularity index. (Angle Orthod 2006;76:36-42.)
Survey of the Use of Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheters in Children

Objective . Use of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) to provide prolonged intravenous (IV) access in children is increasing. Our goal was to describe the children treated with PICCs in our institution, and to study catheter features such as catheter life, completion of therapy, and complications. Furthermore, we also evaluated PICC use in children completing therapy after discharge from our institution. Methods . A prospective study of all PICCs inserted at the Children’s Hospital and Medical Center (CHMC), a university-affiliated teaching institution, during a period of 18 months (January 1994 to July 1995). Results . A total of 441 PICCs were inserted in 390 patients. Patient age ranged from 0 to 22 years with a mean of 5.4 ± 6.0 years. No insertion complications occurred. Treatment of infectious disease (46%) was the most frequent reason for PICC insertion. All pediatric medical and surgical services used PICCs. Average catheter life was 13 ± 12 days. Sixty-one percent of PICCs were used entirely at CHMC, while 39% were also used at home or at an outside hospital. Completion of therapy was achieved in 69% of PICCs. Among children who completed therapy outside our hospital, there was no difference in the rates of occlusion, accidental dislodgment, or infection. One hundred twenty-nine (29%) PICCs were removed for complications. Occlusion (7%), accidental displacement (8%), and suspicion of sepsis (8%) were the most common complications. Only 2% of PICCs had documented catheter-associated sepsis. Conclusions . PICCs provide reliable and safe access for prolonged IV therapy in neonates and children. The low incidence of complications with PICCs make them an attractive device for prolonged IV access. Similar complication rates with use in and out of hospital suggest that home IV therapy can be safely delivered with PICCs, avoiding expensive hospitalization. peripherally inserted central venous catheter, vascular access, catheter related sepsis, completion of therapy, occlusion, accidental dislodgment, home therapy, phlebitis.
A shining computer simulation project affirms: the outlook for solar cell power is bright

An advanced computer simulation methodology is being defined. it consists of an open-ended set of software engineering tools, all coded in and linked by a high level, interpretive programming language. Interactive executive(s) aid in transacting the analysis, and output data from one software tool becomes compatible input data to the following one. This methodology has been successfully applied to simulate the potential of photovoltaic energy conversion. It is being presented here in context of that project.
Active Exploration in Robust Unmanned Vehicle Task Assignment

This paper presents new formulations for the robust allocation of unmanned vehicles (UVs) in the presence of parametric uncertainty. Standard robust optimization approaches for hedging against the worst-case plan performance can lead to overly conservative plans. Onewaytoreducethisconservatismistoemployactiveexplorationtoreducetheuncertainty in the model parameters, but the UV literature does not address the coupling between uncertainty reduction and improvement in worst-case mission performance.This paper presents a new algorithm that assigns active exploration tasks that provide the most benefit in reducing the conservatism of the robust plans. This algorithm is extended to a more complex, receding horizon task assignment framework which has been validated in previous UV hardware demonstrations. We then show that this novel formulation can be formulated as an integer program and improves overall mission score when compared to alternative decoupled formulations. Finally, this paper shows that this coupled formulation demonstrates more tightly coordinated behavior between heterogeneous UVs in complex resource allocation problems.