cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two spheres in a free stream of a second-order fluid

The forces acting on two fixed spheres in a second-order uniform flow are investigated. When α1+α2=0, where α1 and α2 are fluid parameters related to the first and second normal stress coefficients, the velocity field for a second-order fluid is the same as the one predicted by the Stokes equations while the pressure is modified. The Stokes solutions given by Stimson and Jeffery [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 111, 110 (1926)] for the case when the flow direction is along the line of centers and Goldman et al. [Chem. Eng. Sci. 21, 1151 (1966)] for the case when the flow direction is perpendicular to the line of centers are utilized and the stresses and the forces acting on the particles in a second-order fluid are calculated. For flow along the line of centers or perpendicular to it, the net force is in the direction that tends to decrease the particle separation distance. For the case of flow at arbitrary angle, unequal forces are applied to the spheres perpendicularly to the line of centers. These forces ...
Gene cloning and containment properties of plasmid Col E1 and its derivatives

Colicinogenic plasmid E1 (Col E1) and Col E1 derivatives offer advantages as plasmid cloning vehicles with regard to both utility and biological containment. The Col E1 derivative pCR1 does not alter those essential characteristics of the enfeebled Escherichia coli strain x1776 that make this strain particularly useful as a host-vehicle system for recombinant DNA research.
Managing images with image BOSS

Biomedical researchers require effective tools to manage large numbers of 2D and 3D images. Image BOSS is designed to provide a database management system that is easy to use, flexible enough to support varied research disciplines, and powerful enough to handle large sets of images. Researchers organize and select images based on research topics, image metadata, and thumbnails of the images. Within this system, image information is captured from existing images in a Unix-based filesystem, stored in an object oriented database, and presented to the user in a familiar laboratory notebook metaphor. Built upon a commercial object data manager, Image BOSS captures image metadata from the file- system through a scavenging program. The image files remain intact in the filesystem, permitting ordinary access by any other image software. Through the novel use of lab notebook windows, the user is presented with a collection of image thumbnails representing the contents of the filesystem. Based upon an object oriented version of AVW, a comprehensive library of image processing and analysis functions, a wealth of image processing and visualization algorithms are available in the system to build intelligent selection mechanisms. This image database system is being used in preliminary evaluation for several projects at Mayo Foundation. In addition, Image BOSS has been integrated with the ANALYZE software package providing researchers with 'Drag-and Drop' features between their database and image processing/analysis functions.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Application of the boundary element method to the micromechanical analysis of composite materials

A new boundary element formulation for the micromechanical analysis of composite materials is presented in this study. A unique feature of the formulation is the use of circular shape functions to convert the two-dimensional integrations of the composite fibers to one-dimensional integrations. To demonstrate the applicability of the formulations, several example problems including elastic and thermal analysis of laminated composites and elastic analyses of woven composites are presented and the boundary element results compared to experimental observations and/or results obtained through alternate analytical procedures. While several issues remain to be addressed in order to make the methodology more robust, the formulations presented here show the potential in providing an alternative to traditional finite element methods, particularly for complex composite architectures.
Effects of an external magnetic field on the gaps and quantum corrections in an ordered Heisenberg antiferromagnet with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya anisotropy

We study the effects of external magnetic field on the properties of an ordered Heisenberg antiferromagnet with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction. Using the spin-wave theory quantum correction to the energy, on-site magnetization, and uniform magnetization are calculated as a function of the field $H$ and the DM anisotropy constant $D$. It is shown that the spin-wave excitations exhibit an unusual field evolution of the gaps. This leads to various nonanalytic dependencies of the quantum corrections on $H$ and $D$. It is also demonstrated that, quite generally, the DM interaction suppresses quantum fluctuations, thus driving the system to a more classical ground state. Most of the discussion is devoted to the spin-$S$, two-dimensional square lattice antiferromagnet, whose $S=\frac{1}{2}$ case is closely realized in ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}{\mathrm{V}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ where at $H=0$ the DM anisotropy is hidden by the easy-axis anisotropy but is revealed in a finite field. The theoretical results for the field dependence of the spin-excitation gaps in this material are presented and the implications for other systems are discussed.
A Tradeoff Analysis of FPGAs, GPUs, and Multicores for Sliding-Window Applications

The increasing usage of hardware accelerators such as Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) has significantly increased application design complexity. Such complexity results from a larger design space created by numerous combinations of accelerators, algorithms, and hw/sw partitions. Exploration of this increased design space is critical due to widely varying performance and energy consumption for each accelerator when used for different application domains and different use cases. To address this problem, numerous studies have evaluated specific applications across different architectures. In this article, we analyze an important domain of applications, referred to as sliding-window applications, implemented on FPGAs, GPUs, and multicore CPUs. For each device, we present optimization strategies and analyze use cases where each device is most effective. The results show that, for large input sizes, FPGAs can achieve speedups of up to 5.6× and 58× compared to GPUs and multicore CPUs, respectively, while also using up to an order of magnitude less energy. For small input sizes and applications with frequency-domain algorithms, GPUs generally provide the best performance and energy.
An experimental and theoretical study of crack propagation in crossply fiber composites

Abstract Rectangular specimens of a cross-ply fiberglass composit e (Scotchply 1002) in which sharp edge notches have been cut along one of the fiber directions parallel to a specimen edge have been tested in an “Instron” testing machine. Tensile stress was applied perpendicular to the direction of the notch. The commencement and growth of the crack has been observed. It has been found that if the notch is sufficiently close to one edge of the specimen the crack instead of propagating along the direction of its axis, i.e. perpendicular to the applied stress runs along the stress direction; when the notch is sufficiently far from the edge the crack propagates in the direction of its axis right across the specimen while at intermediate notch positions the crack runs along in its axial direction and then turns sharply through a right angle and continues in the direction of the applied stress. The theory of this behavior has been studied and it is shown that if a criterion of a critical tensile force rather than a critical energy density is used, the observed phenomena can, at least qualitatively, be accounted for. The comparable situation for a brittle isotropic specimen of “Plexiglass” is also described. This shows a quite different response and conventional linear fracture mechanics can be used to describe this behavior.
Neural activity in the frontal pursuit area does not underlie pursuit target selection

The frontal pursuit area (FPA) contains neurons that are directionally selective for pursuit eye-movements. We found that FPA neurons discriminate target from distracter too late to account for pursuit directional selection. Rather, the timing of neuronal discrimination is linked to pursuit onset, suggesting a role in motor execution. We also found buildup of activity of FPA neurons prior to pursuit onset that correlated with eye acceleration. These results show that the FPA is unlikely to be involved in selection of initial pursuit direction, but could be involved in motor preparation by increasing pursuit gain prior to pursuit onset.
A MULTISPECIES APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF GENE FLOW IN MARINE SHORE FISHES.

Ten species of marine shore fishes with a wide range of life-history strategies were collected from four areas in southern California, U.S.A., and Baja California, Mexico, and examined for patterns of genetic differentiation. Multilocus D and FST values (based on 32-42 presumptive gene loci in each species) were both negatively correlated with estimated dispersal capability. These results were robust to variations in the number and type of loci used in the analysis and are compatible with the hypothesis that levels of genetic differentiation in these shore fishes are determined primarily by gene flow and genetic drift. There is no a priori reason to expect the observed correlation to result from natural selection or historical factors. The findings thus suggest that populations of these shore fishes are in at least a quasi-equilibrium with respect to migration, mutation, and genetic drift. Present data were also used to compare estimates of mNe obtained by three different methods. Estimates based on FST values calculated by the methods of Nei and Chesser (FST(N) ) and Weir and Cockerham (FST(W) ) were highly correlated, but FST(N) ≤ FST(W) for every species, leading to generally higher mNe estimates for Nei and Chesser's method. Estimates of mNe based on the frequency of private alleles (Slatkin, 1985a) were not as strongly correlated with dispersal capability as were FST and D values. A low incidence of private alleles in many species may be responsible for this relatively weak correlation and may limit the general usefulness of Slatkin's method. In spite of their sensitivity to natural selection, FST and D may be better indicators of relative gene flow levels for high gene flow species.
Psychological Laws (Revisited)

It has been suggested that a functionalist understanding of the metaphysics of psychological typing eliminates the prospect for psychological laws. Kim, Millikan, and Shapiro have each separately argued that, if psychological types as functional types are multiply realized, then the diversity of realizing mechanisms demonstrates that there can be no laws of psychology. Additionally, Millikan has argued that the role of functional attribution in the explanation of historical kinds limits the formulation of psychological principles to particular taxa; hence, psychological laws applicable to any cognitive being are not possible. Both arguments against the possibility of psychological laws, I want to suggest, only succeed at showing that certain types of empirical principles will not be laws. I will suggest that a further type of empirical principle, grounded in the general constraints on the sustainability of population types, remains in the running as a candidate law. Importantly, the formulation of these principles presupposes a functionalist understanding of psychological typing.
Equatorial Response to Northeasterly Cold Surges as Inferred from Satellite Cloud Imagery

Daily convective activity in equatorial regions during Dec.-Jan., 1974-1975 was estimated from NOAA satellite data and composited in relation to the phase of cold surge episodes which then occured. Eastward and westward propagating cloud clusters displayed phase speeds of about 5 and 10 m/sec, respectively, and were generated near southwestern Borneo after a cold surge. Kelvin wave responses were indicated by confinement of the eastward-moving components to the equatorial region. Further, an analysis of symmetric and asymmetric characteristics showed that components symmetric with respect to the equator displayed a larger response amplitude, which was taken to mean that strongly trapped waves were generated from heat sources near the equator.
The immune system in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer

Clinical outcomes in ovarian cancer are heterogeneous even when considering common features such as stage, response to therapy, and grade. This disparity in outcomes warrants further exploration into tumor and host characteristics. One compelling host characteristic is the immune response to ovarian cancer. While several studies have confirmed a prominent role for the immune system in modifying the clinical course of the disease, recent genetic and protein analyses also suggest a role in disease incidence. Recent studies also show that anti-tumor immunity is often negated by immune suppressive cells present in the tumor microenvironment. These suppressive immune cells also directly enhance the pathogenesis through the release of various cytokines and chemokines, which together form an integrated pathologic network. Thus, future research into immunotherapy targeting ovarian cancer will likely become increasingly focused on combination approaches that simultaneously augment immunity while preventing local immune suppression or by disrupting critical cytokine networks.
Modeling and analysis of membrane humidifiers for fuel cell applications

Maintaining proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, which can be achieved by adding a humidifier to the fuel cell system. A membrane-type humidifier system using the fuel cell exhaust gas to humidify the dry inlet air is studied in this paper. We first develop a thermodynamic model, which captures the crucial dynamic variables of the humidifier, including pressure, flow, temperature and relative humidity of air flows. Steady state simulations are then conducted to optimize the humidifier design. Subsequently, dynamic simulations are performed to predict the behavior of the humidifier during typical transient operations for automotive applications. A simple proportional controller was designed to control the humidifier according to the fuel cell stack operating conditions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Skeletal anomalies in hyper-IgE recurrent infection syndrome (HIES, Job syndrome)

Abstract Rationale Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES, Job syndrome) is characterized by a triad of elevated IgE, skin abscesses and cyst-forming pneumonia. Non-immunological characteristics of this syndrome (skeletal anomalies, scoliosis, retention of primary teeth, osteoporosis, pathologic fractures, characteristic facies and hyperextensibility) have been described in detail only recently. Some of these characteristics as well as the severe infectious complications may not be apparent until late childhood or adolescence. Our objective was to study the association of HIES with skeletal anomalies that are detectable in the early years. Methods We reviewed our data from 159 subjects in 49 families evaluated for possible HIES at the National Institutes of Health. Congenital skeletal anomalies were detected by radiological assessment of the skull, spine and long bones. Results HIES was diagnosed in 52 patients. Ten of these patients had not had either skin abscesses or a history of pneumonias by the time of diagnosis, but presented with the other components of this syndrome and/or a fully affected first degree relative. Seventeen of the 52 HIES patients (32%) had at least one congenital skeletal anomaly, in contrast to 5 of 107 (4.7%) subjects in whom HIES was not confirmed (p=0.002). Some of the observed skeletal anomalies were: craniosynostosis, hemivertebrae, short limbs, spina bifida, bifid rib and Blount's disease. Conclusions HIES patients have an increased incidence of congenital skeletal anomalies. Physicians should look for skeletal anomalies when considering HIES, especially in patients too young to have enough manifestations of HIES to make a definitive diagnosis.
STOCHASTIC PORTFOLIO OPTIMIZATION WITH LOG UTILITY

A portfolio optimization problem on an infinite time horizon is considered. Risky asset price obeys a logarithmic Brownian motion, and the interest rate varies according to an ergodic Markov diffusion process. Moreover, the interest rate fluctuation is correlated with the risky asset price fluctuation. The goal is to choose optimal investment and consumption policies to maximize the infinite horizon expected discounted log utility of consumption. A dynamic programming principle is used to derive the dynamic programming equation (DPE). The explicit solutions for optimal consumption and investment control policies are obtained. In addition, for a special case, an explicit formula for the value function is given.
Further observations of chemiluminescence in diffusion flames of alkali metals and halogenated methanes

Emission spectra of low-pressure diffusion flames of haloforms or carbon tetrahalides burning in potassium or sodium vapor have been studied at moderate resolution. Spectra of the tetrahalide flames are very rich in C 2 emission. The spectrum of the CCl 4 −K flame is found to contain about 150 new bands of C 2 that can be measured and assigned with the aid of calculations of band heads or origins. The new bands are found to include transitions of the Swan, Ballik-Ramsay, and Phillips systems, plus transitions from four previously unobserved, forbidden systems. All of the new systems involve known states of C 2 . Some discussion and observations are included on the origins of the chemiluminescence, on populations, and on the effects of additives.
Initial Risk Assessment for Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with COPD

Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a comorbidity associated with increased mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. It is not known which clinical markers are predictive of PH in COPD. The goal of this study was to develop a clinical tool to identify patients who should be sent for initial screening with echocardiography.
Patient comprehension and attitudes toward maintenance chemotherapy for lung cancer

Objective Maintenance chemotherapy is a recently approved approach to the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We sought to gain insight into patients’ perceptions of maintenance chemotherapy using qualitative methods.
Getting to the Bottom of It: Tools, Techniques, and Discoveries of Deep Ocean Geography

The initial impetus for developing a specialty in ocean geography resulted from the need to resolve applied problems in coastal resources, as opposed to development of oceanographic research methods and concepts. However, the development in the last 10 to 20 years of sophisticated technologies for ocean data collection and management holds tremendous potential for mapping and interpreting the ocean environment in unprecedented detail. With the understanding that ocean research is often very costly, yet deemed extremely important by large funding agencies, geographers now have the opportunity to perform coastal and marine studies that are more quantitative in nature, to formulate and test basic hypotheses about the marine environment, and to collaborate with geographers working in corollary subdisciplines (e.g., remote sensing, GIS, geomorphology, political geography as pertaining to the Law of the Sea, etc.), as well as with classically-trained oceanographers. This article reviews, for the non-specialist,...
Lack of preoperative spinous process tenderness does not affect clinical success of percutaneous vertebroplasty.

PURPOSE Some operators use the lack of point tenderness over compression fractures to exclude patients from undergoing percutaneous vertebroplasty procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this lack of tenderness portends a poorer clinical outcome after vertebroplasty than is achieved in patients with such tenderness. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective review of consecutive percutaneous vertebroplasty procedures performed at their institution to define two populations. Group 1 included 90 patients with tenderness to palpation over the spinous process of the fractured vertebra, whereas group 2 included 10 patients without such tenderness. This second group presented with back pain and demonstrated tenderness distant from the fracture ( n = 5), tenderness lateral to the fracture ( n = 4), or no focal tenderness at all ( n = 1). All were treated because of edema seen on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and/or increased activity on bone scan. Clinical outcomes were assessed by quantitative measurements of preand postoperative levels of pain (11-point scale) and mobility (five-point scale). RESULTS Pain improvement of three points or greater occurred in 77 of the 85 patients (91%) in group 1 who complied with follow-up and nine of nine such patients (100%) in group 2, with mean postoperative pain levels of 1.82 and 0.33 points, respectively ( P = .14). Forty of 45 patients (89%) in group 1 with impaired preoperative mobility reported improvement postoperatively, as did two of three such patients (67%) in group 2. Mean levels of postoperative impaired mobility for groups 1 and 2 were 0.27 and 0.67 points, respectively ( P = .27). CONCLUSION Pain on palpation over the fractured vertebra is not a necessary requirement in selecting patients who will benefit from percutaneous vertebroplasty. Other factors, such as MR evidence of edema or increased uptake on bone scan, should be weighed considerably in the decision to treat a patient.
Cryopreservation of stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue in a serum‐free freezing medium

Developing effective techniques for the cryopreservation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells could increase the usefulness of these cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Unfortunately, the use of serum and a commonly used cryoprotectant chemical, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), during cryopreservation storage restricts the direct translation of adult stem cells to in vivo applications. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue can be effectively cryopreserved and stored in liquid nitrogen, using a freezing medium containing high molecular weight polymers, such as methylcellulose (MC) and/or polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP), as the cryoprotective agent (CPA) instead of DMSO. To this end, we investigated the post-freeze/thaw viability and apoptotic behaviour of SVF of adipose tissue frozen in 16 different media: (a) the traditional medium containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 80% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 10% DMSO; (b) DMEM with 80% human serum (HS) and 10% DMSO; (c) DMEM with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% or 10% DMSO; (d) DMEM with 1% MC and 10% of either HS or FCS or DMSO; (e) DMEM with 10% PVP and varying concentrations of FCS (0%, 10%, 40% or 80%); (f) DMEM with 10% PVP and 10% HS. Approximately 1 ml (10(6) cells/ml) of SVF cells were frozen overnight in a -80 degrees C freezer and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2 weeks before being rapidly thawed in a 37 degrees C water bath (1-2 min agitation), resuspended in culture medium and seeded in separate wells of a six-well plate for a 24 h incubation period at 37 degrees C. After 24 h, the thawed samples were analysed by brightfield microscopy and flow cytometry. The results suggest that the absence of DMSO (and the presence of MC) significantly increases the fraction of apoptotic and/or necrotic SVF cells. However, the percentage of viable cells obtained with 10% PVP and DMEM was comparable with that obtained in freezing medium with DMSO and serum (HS or FCS), i.e. approximately 54 +/- 14% and approximately 63 +/- 10%, respectively. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation behaviour of the frozen thawed cells was also assessed, using histochemical staining. Our results suggest that post-thaw SVF cell viability and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiability can be maintained even when they are frozen in the absence of serum and DMSO but with 10% PVP in DMEM.
Production of cold formaldehyde molecules for study and control of chemical reaction dynamics with hydroxyl radicals

We propose a method for controlling a class of low temperature chemical reactions. Specifically, we show the hydrogen abstraction channel in the reaction of formaldehyde H2CO and the hydroxyl radical OH can be controlled through either the molecular state or an external electric field. We also outline experiments for investigating and demonstrating control over this important reaction. To this end, we report the first Stark deceleration of H2CO. We have decelerated a molecular beam of H2CO essentially to rest, producing molecules at 100 mK with a density of 10 6 cm �3 .
The search for carbon sinks in the tropics

The study and modeling of the global C cycle have been dominated by the assumption that the atmosphere and the biota were in C steady state prior to the industrial revolution. This view led to the perception that most of the terrestrial biota was neutral with regards to the C concentration of the atmosphere. Recent evidence suggests that neither the atmosphere nor the biota were in C steady state prior to, or since, the industrial revolution. Therefore, it is now necessary to re-visit the role of natural processes in the global C cycle, study the C cycle in its totality, and focus attention on the magnitude of potential C sinks in ecosystems previously thought to be neutral with respect to atmospheric C.
Graph theoretical approach to local and overall aromaticity of benzenenoid hydrocarbons

Abstract Structural indices which characterize individual benzene rings in benzenoid hydrocarbons have been suggested. For each ring separately we count the number of classical valence structures in which the ring is formally represented by a Kekule benzene formula. The ratio of this number and the total number of classical valence structures for the molecule is suggested as a measure of benzenoid-like character of the ring considered. Rings with local indices approaching one, the value belonging to benzene, correspond to more isolated pi-electron sextets, those with an intermediate values indicate more delocalized environment. Rings with very small indices, approaching zero or being zero, are typical for rings not contributing to conjugation significantly. Limited experimental evidence is consistent with the concept of local ring character as illustrated by a correlation between Me doublet separation in NMR spectra of selected dimethyl substituted polycondensed benzenoid hydrocarbons. The sum of the contributions of all rings constitute a molecular index of benzenoidity which can serve as a topological measure of molecular aromaticity.
Winter Aggregations of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) as Revealed by Ultrasonic Tracking

Abstract Daily movements of 17 carp bearing ultrasonic transmitters were monitored during autumn and winter of 1974-1975 and 1975-1976. In each year these fish joined concentrations of carp in two areas of Lake Mendota in late autumn before freeze-up. Instrumented carp arrived at these two areas with relative synchrony from different parts of the lake. Commercial fishermen, advised of these locations, harvested 46,400 kg of fish. The use of carp bearing ultrasonic transmitters to locate large concentrations could be useful as both a commercial fishing and management technique.
Risk factors for interstitial pneumonia following bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anaemia

Data from 547 patients with aplastic anaemia who received bone marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings were analysed to determine factors associated with the risk of interstitial pneumonia (IPn). IPn developed in 92 patients (17%). 37% of cases were associated with cytomegalovirus infection and 22% with other organisms; in 41% of cases no organism was identified. The case fatality rate was 64%; the mortality rate due to IPn was 11%. In multivariate analysis, four factors were associated with an increased probability of interstitial pneumonia: use of methotrexate rather than cyclosporine after transplantation (relative risk, 2.8; P less than 0.0008); occurrence of moderate to severe acute graft-versus-host disease (relative risk, 2.2; P less than 0.002); inclusion of total body radiation in the pretransplant preparative regimen (relative risk 2.2, P less than 0.004); and patient age greater than 20 (relative risk 1.7, P less than 0.002). The probability of IPn ranged from 4% for patients with none of these adverse risk factors to 51% (relative risk of 13.4) for patients with all four. The incidence of IPn decreased significantly between 1978 and 1985, paralleling a decrease in the use of total body radiation pretransplant for immune suppression and methotrexate post-transplant for prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease.
Development of a Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Intervention for Vietnamese American Women: A Community-Based Participatory Approach

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a collaborative partnership approach to research that combines the efforts of researchers and stakeholders. CBPR can effectively be used to target local community populations in increasing knowledge and improving behaviors in cancer prevention as participants have a voice and active role in the research process. This article describes how CBPR was used in the development, implementation, and evaluation of a pilot intervention for breast and cervical cancer screening among a Vietnamese female population. The authors outline the use of CBPR in three phases: (a) the identification of preventive health topics important in the local Vietnamese community, (b) the development and administration of a survey to gain a deeper understanding of barriers to breast and cancer screening among Vietnamese women, and (c) the development of a culturally appropriate pilot intervention to promote cancer screening behavior among a local Vietnamese population. In Study 1, it was found that Vietnamese women experienced disparities in breast and cervical cancer screening. In Study 2, it was found that having health insurance and a regular physician were predictive of breast and cervical cancer screening. It was also found that participants had low levels of acculturation and lacked cancer screening knowledge. In Study 3, it was found that the culturally relevant intervention used in this study improved cancer screening-related outcomes in knowledge, self-efficacy, intention, and behavior.
Design Considerations When Using Edge-Mounted Heat Pipes in Space Radiators

An effort to create a design tool for the evaluation of potential heat-pipe e n designs, specie cally for e at-plate heat-pipe e ns used as space radiators, has been carried out. The axial temperature distribution along the e n was derived using an energy balance. The solution to the differential equation for the temperature distribution was found using the e nite difference method. From this solution, the heat transfer from the e n was found, and the efe ciency of the e n was calculated. The resulting efe ciencies were then plotted as design charts based on the critical parameters. When compared to experimental results of four different tests from the literature, the model yielded good results. The e n model was also used to consider improvements to existing satellites. The Viking 1 and 2 orbiters, each with a SNAP-19 radioisotope thermal generator, were studied. Nomenclature A = conduction area C® = heat absorbed by e n surface, W/m 2 C" = radiation constant of e n, W/ (m 2 ¢K 4 ) hi = convection coefe cient, inside of e n, W/ (m 2 ¢K) k = thermal conductivity, W/ (m¢K) keff = effective thermal conductivity of wick, W/ (m¢K) L = position along axial length of e n, m Lh = length of e n, m Lw = e n width, m n = numerical special index q = e n heat transfer, W T = e n temperature, K Th = e n base temperature, K Tv = vapor temperature within heat pipe, K tw = wick thickness, m Z = nondimensional temperature Zv = nondimensional vapor temperature ±h = thickness of e n, m ±v = thickness of vapor space, m "a;b = emissivity of e n, sides a and b ‡HP = proe le number of e n ´ = e n efe ciency ae = Stefan‐Boltzmann constant, 5:87£10 i8 W/(m 2 ¢K 4 ) ! = nondimensional position
Tat Peptide Is Capable of Importing Large Nanoparticles Across Nuclear Membrane in Digitonin Permeabilized Cells

Understanding the capabilities and limitations of nuclear import is crucial to efficient delivery of macromolecules and nanoparticles for diagnosis and targeted therapy of diseases. Here we report the Tat peptide-mediated import of different cargos into cell nucleus, including dye-labeled streptavidin protein, 43 and 90 nm fluorescent beads, as well as approximately 20 nm quantum dots for kinetic measurements. Our results revealed significant differences between Tat- and NLS-mediated nuclear import: unlike delivery with the NLS, Tat peptide-based delivery is not inhibited by WGA blockage nor does it require ATP. Surprisingly, Tat peptide was able to import 90 nm beads into the nuclei of digitonin-permeabilized cells, suggesting that its interaction with the nuclear envelope follows a mechanism different from that of NLS. The import kinetics was quantified using Tat peptide-conjugated QDs, yielding a kinetic constant of 0.0085 s(-1). Taken together, our results suggest that, compared with NLS, Tat peptide-mediated nuclear import is faster, follows a different pathway, and is capable of importing large nanoparticles. These results have significant implications for the development of new approaches for delivery of cargo into the nuclei of living cells.
Serum Antigens of Cattle

. Cattle sera can be conveniently assayed for the presence of haptoglobin (Hp) using specific precipitating rabbit antiserum. Hp is usually undetectable in the sera of normal, healthy cattle, but may appear and last for several days in response to mild, often undetectable, physiologic stresses. The cattle Hp molecule has a molecular weight of 106 or more and may exist as a polymeric series. No evidence of polymorphism was obtained.
Cerebral oxygen supply and utilization during infant cardiac surgery

The survival of infants with congenital heart disease has improved dramatically. However, the incidence of neurological injury in infants surviving cardiac surgery remains considerable. These neurological sequelae are attributable at least in part to hypoxia-ischemia/reperfusion, which inevitably accompanies infant heart surgery with deep hypothermia, cardiopulmonary bypass, and circulatory arrest. To begin to identify mechanisms of brain injury during infant cardiac surgery, we used near-infrared spectroscopy to study the relationship between cerebral intravascular (hemoglobin) and mitochondrial (cytochrome aa3) oxygenation in 63 infants (aged 1 day to 9 months) undergoing deep hypothermic repair of congenital heart defects, throughout the intraoperative period. Moreover, we assessed the effect of postnatal age on these changes. The cerebral concentration of oxidized cytochrome aa3 decreased from the onset of deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, despite apparent abundant intravascular oxygenation manifested by a simultaneous increase in the cerebral concentration of oxyhemoglobin. During this interval infants older than 2 weeks had a greater decrease in oxidized cytochrome aa3 than did infants 2 weeks old or younger. During deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, cerebral levels of oxidized cytochrome aa3 remained depressed while those of oxyhemoglobin declined. With reperfusion following circulatory arrest, the recovery of oxidized cytochrome aa3 was delayed, despite a rapid recovery of intravascular oxygenation (HbO2). After rewarming and 60 minutes of reperfusion, only 46% of infants recovered to the baseline level of cerebral oxidized cytochrome aa3. These findings demonstrate a paradoxical dissociation of changes in intravascular and mitochondrial oxygenation during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass; a pronounced decrease of mitochondrial oxygenation is established during induction of hypothermia and a delay in recovery of mitochondrial oxygenation occurs following circulatory arrest. These effects were more pronounced in infants older than 2 weeks than in younger infants. The data suggest potentially deleterious impairments of intrinsic mitochondrial function or of delivery of intravascular oxygen to the mitochondrion or both, effects previously undetected and apparently influenced by cerebral maturation.
Placental iron transfer: relationship to placental anatomy and phylogeny of the mammals.

Serum iron transfer from mother to fetus was measured in near-term pregnant females from 16 species representing 15 families and 7 orders of eutherian mammals. The amount of transfer at 2 hr was 5% or greater in species with hemochorial placentation and less than 0.1% at 3 hr in species with epitheliochorial or endotheliochorial placentation.
Longevity and Correlated Frailty in Multigenerational Families

Multigenerational pedigrees provide an opportunity for assessing the effects of unobserved environmental and genetic effects on longevity (i.e., frailty). This article applies Cox proportional hazards models to data from three-generation pedigrees in the Utah Population Database using two different frailty specification schemes that account for common environments (shared frailty) and genetic effects (correlated frailty). In a model that includes measures of familial history of longevity and both frailty effects, we find that the variance component due to genetic factors is comparable to the one attributable to shared environments: Standard deviations of the correlated and the shared frailty distributions are 0.143 and 0.186, respectively. Through simulations, we also show a greater reduction in the bias of parameter estimates for fixed covariates through the use of the correlated frailty model.
Bias Point Stability of Packaged Lithium Niobate Linear Modulators

Linear modulators are useful for electromagnetic field sensing1 and as external modulators in communication and cable television systems2. Theoretically, a passively-biased modulator can be achieved with a difference in interferometer arm lengths, to give an intrinsic 90° phase bias angle. Fabrication tolerances result in error from 90° but can be corrected by using excimer laser ablation to phase-tune the angle3. Here we describe the thermal stability of modulator phase angle ϕ0 for dielectrically packaged devices, and we compare stability before and after ablation. The effect of humidity on the magnitude and stability of ϕ0 is investigated. Beaumont et al.4 showed that humidity significantly affects modulator stability under conditions of constant DC bias voltage. However, the interferometers studied were in Z-cut LiNbO3 with a silicon dioxide buffer layer. Many effects were thought to be due to a surface phenomenon associated with the SiO2. In our work we are concerned with X-cut LiNbO3 devices where no buffer layer is required. Such devices show no longterm drift, as opposed to those with SiO2 buffers5.
A wide speed range and high precision position and velocity measurements chip with serial peripheral interface

This paper presents a VLSI chip, with a serial peripheral interface (SPI), that obtains position and velocity measurements from incremental optical encoder feedback. It combines period and frequency countings to provide velocity estimates with good dynamic behavior over a wide speed range (10Hz-50MHz). By sensing the velocity of the encoder, it reserves the computational power of a supervisory microcontroller, and subsequently enhances the performance of the total system. It is compact with lower power consumption when compared to traditional FPGA implementations. Although designed for use in the control unit of a medical robot with 34-axes and tight space and power constraints, it can be readily used in other applications. It is implemented in a 2P3M 0.5@mm CMOS process and consumes 4.82mW power with active area of 0.45mm^2.
Ratings decline of presidential television

Network audience share for presidential speeches and news conferences has declined during the Reagan Administration even more rapidly than the networks’ overall share of audience. Contrary to the findings of a Nielsen study that found presidential speeches to attract additional viewers during the 1970s, this research shows that millions of viewers turn away temporarily from presidential broadcasts on the television networks in the 1980s.
Effect of hyperthermia on the in vitro hydrolysis of melphalan

The pharmacokinetics of melphalan was investigated at 37°C and 42°C in vitro in canine and porcine plasma to assess heat-induced changes in the in vivo rate of melphalan hydrolysis. Melphalan concentrations were assayed using HPLC. Rate of spontaneous hydrolysis of melphalan at 42°C was increased 1.5-fold in canine and 1.9-fold in porcine plasma. These results should be considered when interpreting in vivo disposition studies.
The Apocalyptic Sting and the Rise of Israeli Unrealism: Toward a Negative-Dialectical Critique

AbstractThis paper explores Gershom Scholem's notion of an ‘apocalyptic sting’—a messianic political theology which, he feared, haunted Jewish and Israeli politics through the Hebrew language. The paper makes four key moves. First, I unpack Scholem's ‘sting’ in relation to contemporary Israeli religious radicalism. Second, I tie that notion of a sting to Frankfurt-School discussions of reification and its political effects. Third, I survey attempts to critique this notion of a sting, through the work of Israeli International Relations (IR) Realist Yehoshafat Harkabi. Drawing on the negative dialectics of Theodor Adorno, I then draw out and deepen Harkabi's reflexive stance, with an eye to setting out a vocation for critical IR-realism in the context of contemporary Israeli security discourse.
Input, flux, and persistence of six select pesticides in San Francisco Bay

Temporal patterns of pesticide inputs to San Francisco Bay were identified and correlated with timing of application and transport mechanism. Fluxes were calculated from measured concentrations and estimated flow. Persistence of the pesticides under typical riverine or estuarine conditions were estimated from laboratory experiments. Simazine was detected most frequently and had the highest flux into the Bay, which could be explained by its continuous use and long half-life. In comparison, diazinon was detected at lower concentrations and had a lower flux which corresponded to its lower use and shorter half-life. The order-of-magnitude lower fluxes of carbofuran and methidathion corresponded to their lower use and expected hydrolysis. Molinate was detected at the highest concentration but its flux was lower than expected, considering its very high use and persistence in the laboratory experiments. Additional loss of molinate is likely to occur from volatilization and photodegradation on the rice fields. Al...
Heavy ion radiolysis of organic materials

Abstract Radiation chemical processes induced by the passage of heavy charged particles in organic materials are discussed. An overview of the physics of energy loss processes on the subsequent chemical reactions is given. The effects of the dominant physical parameter, the linear energy transfer, (LET), on the radical and molecular products from organic compounds are examined. It is shown how the complex interaction of excited states and radical intermediates can sometimes make it difficult to predict the variation of final product yields with high LET radiation. Molecular hydrogen yields are examined in detail because of their fundamental and practical aspects. Hydrogen formation is especially interesting because it is produced by a variety of reactions with different relative LET dependences. The yield of H 2 is found to be very similar for liquid organic molecules and solid polymers containing the same molecule as the side group connected to the main carbon–carbon backbone. Biradical products and cross-linking yields are also found to be comparable suggesting very similar chemistry between the liquid and solid compounds.
Calcium channels of schistosomes: unresolved questions and unexpected answers

Parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a highly prevalent, neglected tropical disease that causes significant morbidity in hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The current treatment of choice against schistosomiasis is praziquantel (PZQ), which is known to affect Ca(2+) homeostasis in schistosomes, but which has an undefined molecular target and mode of action. PZQ is the only available antischistosomal drug in most parts of the world, making reports of PZQ resistance particularly troubling. Voltage-gated Ca(2+) (Ca(v)) channels have been proposed as possible targets for PZQ, and, given their central role in the neuromuscular system, may also serve as targets for new anthelmintic therapeutics. Indeed, ion channels constitute the majority of targets for current anthelmintics. Ca(v) channel subunits from schistosomes and other platyhelminths have several unique properties that make them attractive as potential drug targets, and that could also provide insights into structure-function relationships in, and evolution of, Ca(v) channels.
Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror”

Mockeries and Metamorphoses of an Aztec God: Tezcatlipoca, “Lord of the Smoking Mirror.” Guilhem Olivier, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2003, 403 pp.
Default reasonableness and the mathoids

In this paper I will argue that (principled) attempts to ground a priori knowledge in default reasonable beliefs cannot capture certain common intuitions about what is required for a priori knowledge. I will describe hypothetical creatures who derive complex mathematical truths like Fermat’s last theorem via short and intuitively unconvincing arguments. Many philosophers with foundationalist inclinations will feel that these creatures must lack knowledge because they are unable to justify their mathematical assumptions in terms of the kind of basic facts which can be known without further argument. Yet, I will argue that nothing in the current literature lets us draw a principled distinction between what these creatures are doing and paradigmatic cases of good a priori reasoning (assuming that the latter are to be grounded in default reasonable beliefs). I will consider, in turn, appeals to reliability, coherence, conceptual truth and indispensability and argue that none of these can do the job.
Employment Orientation's Influence on Lifestyle and Evaluative Criteria for Apparel

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of female consumers' employment orientation on lifestyle and evaluative criteria of apparel. Employ ment orientation—a person's attitude toward employment outside of the home—was classified into four distinct segments: Career-Oriented Working Women, Just-a-Job Working Women, Plan-to-Work Housewives, and Stay-at-Home Housewives. A random sample of 2,000 female consumers, ages 25–44, was sent questionnaires resulting in a 45 percent (n = 842) return rate. Principal Compo nents Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation was used to reduce the number of lifestyle and evaluative criteria items to 11 factors. Analysis of Variance was per formed to determine if influence did occur. Employment orientation did signifi cantly influence lifestyle and evaluative criteria. The four employment orientation groups differed significantly on lifestyle and on the evaluative criteria used in selecting social apparel. In addition, female consumers were segmented into four distinct groups each with its own demographic and psychographic profile. Segmentation by employment orientation provided a richer and more accurate marketing framework than previous consumer profiles, reaffirming that women's employment orientation does change them as consumers and therefore as a target market.