cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ground-State Potential Surfaces and Thermochemistry

It has been known since the early days of quantum mechanics that with existing, well-understood, physical and mathematical concepts, it is in principle possible to accurately predict and account for all “chemical” behavior. Realization of this exciting and challenging goal requires only the development of an adequate computational technology and there have been significant advances toward this end in the last ten years. One of these has been the evolution of approximate, semiempirical molecular orbital (MO) methods. These methods can be used to study properties of molecules large enough to be interesting to the organic chemist and often to the biochemist. Although it is perhaps unduly optimistic to say that these methods have brought us to the state in which the computer effectively competes with existing laboratory measurement techniques(1) they do have a number of unique and valuable features. In addition to their computational economy and broad applicability, the interpretation of computed results can be couched in the simple and familiar vocabulary of LCAO molecular orbital theory.
Determinanten für die Diffusion der Passivhaustechnologie im privaten Eigenheimbau – Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung für Österreich

Energieinnovationen zielen auf eine effizientere sowie nachhaltigere Nutzung der naturlichen Ressource Energie ab und konnen auch einen Beitrag zur Energiesuffizienz, also der Senkung des Energieverbrauchs, leisten. Fur den Transformationsprozess hin zu einer ressourcenschonenden und emissionsarmen Wirtschaft sind Energieinnovationen somit von zentraler Bedeutung. Der Gebaudebereich spielt dabei eine wichtige Rolle als hier erhebliche Energieeinsparpotenziale bestehen. Die Passivhaustechnologie stellt einen moglichen Losungsansatz zur Ausschopfung dieser Energieeffizienzpotenziale dar. Passivhauser verbinden okonomische Vorteile (Kosteneinsparungen) mit einem okologischen Nutzen (externe Effekte) und bestehen seit mehr als 15 Jahren am Markt. Auf Basis einer umfassenden empirischen Erhebung unter Passivhaus- und Eigenheimbesitzer/innen sowie potenziellen zukunftigen Nutzer/innen der Energieinnovation (Eigenheimplaner/innen) wurden jene Faktoren und Bedingungen identifiziert und quantifiziert, welche die Diffusion von Passivhausern in Osterreich begunstigen oder behindern. Dazu zahlen die Verfugbarkeit staatlicher Forderungen, komplementare Inputs sowie individuelle Faktoren wie Umweltbewusstsein, Bedurfnis nach Energieautarkie, Interesse an Energiesparen und Energieeffizienz sowie die Neigung zu technologischen Neuerungen.
Hemostatic defects in pregnancy.

Abstract During the past decade there have been numerous reports concerning the role of alterations of the blood coagulation mechanism in the genesis of hemorrhage during pregnancy and the puerperium. 1–9 Most frequently hemorrhage due to blood coagulation defects has been reported in cases of severe abruptio placentae, amniotic fluid embolism, or prolonged intrauterine retention of a dead fetus; less attention has been focused on alterations of the hemostatic mechanism due to the transfusion of incompatible blood or associated with a septic abortion. In each of these 5 instances a prominent and clinically most significant alteration of the blood coagulation mechanism is a reduction in the concentration of circulating fibrinogen to a level inadequate for effective hemostasis. Associated with the hypofibrinogenemia may be a slight to moderate reduction in the activity of some of the plasma factors which accelerate clotting. On occasion there also may be thrombocytopenia of sufficient intensity to be clinically important. The present report is concerned with abnormal hemostasis in prolonged intrauterine retention of a dead fetus and more briefly alterations of the blood clotting mechanism in cases of transfusion of incompatible blood and of septic abortion. All methods used have been described in previous publications. 9–11
An Assessment of the Impacts of Government Energy Policy on Energy Technology, Innovation, and Security: The Case of Renewable Technologies in the US Electricity Sector

Purpose The reduction of using natural gas and coal and the necessity of having different sources of energy are essential for the energy security in the USA. Renewable energy technologies are considered as the alternative, but these technologies are not yet reliable and cost effective. The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that results in technological change and to analyze the direction and effects of energy policies in the electricity sector.
An augmented reality training environment for post-stroke finger extension rehabilitation

Finger extension is an important hand function and is crucial for object exploration and manipulation. Unfortunately, the impairment of this motor function is common among stroke survivors. A training environment incorporating augmented reality (AR) in conjunction with assistive devices has been developed for the rehabilitation of finger extension. The environment consists of three components: the stroke survivor user element consisting of AR equipment/software and body-powered orthosis; the therapist element comprised of monitoring/control interface with visual, audio and force feedback; and the networking module which interconnects these two. In this paper we present the structure of this environment along with the results from a pilot case study with a stroke survivor.
Testing the Standard View of the Long-Run Unemployment-Inflation Relationship

The results in this paper, based on estimating and testing price equations for 30 countries, do not support the standard view of the long-run relationship between unemployment and inflation. They overwhelmingly reject the dynamics implied by the standard view. Wage equations are also estimated and tested. The paper also attempts to estimate the functional form of the relationship between measures of demand pressure and price and wage levels, but no strong conclusions emerge.
Potentiation of the T lymphocyte response to mitogens IV. Serum-free production and testing of macrophage soluble products.

Serum-free cultures of activated macrophages generate conditioned media containing both potentiating and inhibitory activities for the lectin-induced transformation of syngeneic thymocytes, lymph node cells, or spleen cells, also cultured in serum-free medium. Exhaustive dialysis of macrophage conditioned medium (MCM) eliminates its inhibitory activity. At mitogenic doses of lectin, the dialyzable material enhances the potentiating activity exerted by macro-molecular factors at low and optimal concentration of MCM. The inhibitory effect of intermediate concentrations of nondialyzed MCM on [3H]thymidine uptake can be reversed if the cells are washed and pulsed in fresh medium, and thus is artefactual. On the other hand, high doses have a real inhibitory effect on proliferative response of transformed lymphocytes. Rat MCM is not mitogenic for any of the target lymphocytes tested. Its effect is observed both in primary cultures of lymphocytes and secondary cultures of blast cells.
Historic Archaeomagnetic Results from the Eastern U.S., and Comparison with Secular Variation Models

Archaeomagnetic data can supplement direct observations of the geomagnetic field in the development of high-resolution records of regional secular variation. Archaeomagnetic data from historic archaeological features are particularly well suited for this because of the highly accurate and precise dating afforded through historic documents and artifacts. Here, archaeomagnetic directional data from 20 well-dated historic archaeological features in the eastern U.S. are presented and compared to existing models of secular variation and historic field measurements to demonstrate the compatibility between archaeomagnetic and direct measurements of geomagnetic field directions. Then, a previously undated historic brick kiln from Virginia is archaeomagnetically dated to the late 17th-early 18th centuries by statistically comparing the kiln's archaeomagnetic data to existing secular variation models.
Stimulation of the acute-phase response in simian virus 40-hepatocyte cell lines.

Abstract Seven simian virus 40 (SV40)-hepatocyte cell lines were characterized with respect to the ability to express eight liver acute-phase genes. cDNA clones corresponding to albumin, serum amyloid A, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-fibrinogen, and alpha 1-major-acute-phase protein mRNAs were used in Northern (RNA) or slot blot analyses. In the noninduced state, six of the seven cell lines showed significant (i.e., liverlike) levels of constitutive expression of all genes examined except that expression of haptoglobin mRNA was considerable lower than in the normal liver. To examine whether these immortalized liver cells can respond appropriately to inflammatory mediators, cells were treated with conditioned medium from activated human monocytes or mixed lymphocyte cultures. Results showed that these SV40-hepatocyte cell lines responded to the conditioned media in culture by down-regulating albumin gene expression and up-regulating other acute-phase genes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the SV40-hepatocytes retained not only the ability to express a number of acute-phase genes but also the ability to respond to external stimuli. The usefulness of these cell lines for analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of these acute-phase genes is discussed.
A model for multiple subcutaneous insulin injections developed from individual diabetic patient data

Many diabetic patients taking multiple subcutaneous insulin injections cannot adjust their dosage appropriately to maintain blood glucose within a normal range. It is hard to predict how dosage changes and physiological fluctuations affect insulin levels and subsequently glucose control. To examine these issues, we have developed a model representing the link between dosage and blood insulin levels. Our model adequately predicts insulin concentrations for individual patients and could be incorporated into an overall glucose-insulin representation. More importantly, parameter and sensitivity analysis results highlight insulin kinetic features that are difficult to isolate in a clinical setting and that may significantly influence glucose dynamics. For example, large interpatient variation, measured quantitatively by model parameters, emphasizes the need for individualized design of insulin regimens. Intrapatient variations are also large in some patients. Improved control for these patients may only be possible through more frequent sampling and control action. The sensitivity coefficient for absorption suggests a significant overlapping injection effect that is not considered in present patient management strategies.
Bases of weaning recommendations

Recommendations for weaning have been based on empiric practices and observationsof physiologic development. Estimates of nutritional requirements mimic those of the preweaning infant, adjusted for a slower growth rate. Concern for the onset of deficiency states (e.g., obesity, failure to thrive, atherosclerosis, hypertension) may provide scientific bases for nutritional recommendations during weaning.
Disruption of the cytoskeleton during Semaphorin 3A induced growth cone collapse correlates with differences in actin organization and associated binding proteins.

Repulsive guidance cues induce growth cone collapse or collapse and retraction. Collapse results from disruption and loss of the actin cytoskeleton. Actin rich regions of growth cones contain binding proteins that influence filament organization, such as Arp2/3, cortactin, and fascin, but little is known about the role that these proteins play in collapse. Here we show that Semaphorin 3A (Sema 3A), which is repulsive to mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons, has unequal effects on actin binding proteins and their associated filaments. The immunofluorescence staining intensity of Arp-2 and cortactin decreases relative to total protein, while in unextracted growth cones fascin increases. Fascin and myosin IIB staining redistribute and show increased overlap. The degree of actin filament loss during collapse correlates with filament superstructures detected by rotary shadow electron microscopy. Collapse results in the loss of branched f-actin meshworks, while actin bundles are partially retained to varying degrees. Taken together with the known affects of Sema 3A on actin, this suggests a model for collapse that follows a sequence; depolymerization of actin meshworks followed by partial depolymerization of fascin associated actin bundles and their movement to the neurite to complete collapse. The relocated fascin associated actin bundles may provide the substrate for actomyosin contractions that produce retraction.
Preliminary results from the extended-trek detector

Abstract Extended-Trek is the continuation of the Trek ultraheavy cosmic-ray project. The Trek detector consisted of an array of stacks of 16 sheets of BP-1 track-etch glass. The detector was exposed on the Mir space station between 1991 and 1995. The first results of the Trek experiment were based on a maximum of 12 signal measurements for each cosmic-ray event. Extended-Trek will increase this to a maximum of 32 measurements for a selected sample of cosmic-ray tracks. The selected sample comes from detector stacks which were calibrated with 10.6 A GeV Au at two zenith angles. The anticipated improvement in charge resolution may allow a direct measurement of the abundance of Ir in the cosmic rays. Because of bound-state β− decay of 193Ir, a measurement of Ir abundance is essentially a measurement of the isotopic abundance of 191Ir.
Shortest alternating path algorithms

The concept of an alternating path has been very useful in analyzing matching problems and has formed the basis for a number of matching algorithms. However, no techniques have been devised to find the shortest alternating path in a weighted graph. This paper defines different types of directed and undirected alternating paths, and shows how the problem of finding the shortest directed alternating path can be transformed into a problem of finding the shortest path in a directed graph. Utilizing this transformation, an efficient algorithm is developed for finding the shortest undirected alternating path. Computational experience is given. Extensions of the techniques in this paper to other types of alternating paths are discussed.
Sensing pH-dependent fluorescence in a hydrocarbon solvent with 2,6-diphenylpyridine

Abstract Fluorescence measurements of 2,6-diphenylpyridine in cyclohexane indicate the formation of a 1:1 hydrogen bonded complex upon addition of trifluoroacetic acid, with a formation constant of 1.23 ± 0.07 × 10 3 M −1 , which increases the molecular fluorescence quantum yield from 0.014 to 0.61 for the complex. This behavior is potentially useful for sensing pH-dependent processes and acid generation in a hydrocarbon solvent, and occurs via an intermolecular hydrogen bond transfer in the excited state since the dielectric constant of the solvent is too low to support the excited-state proton transfer. MOPAC calculations correctly predict the formation of the 1:1 complex with an intermolecular N-H bond distance of 2.51 A, and a stabilization energy of 3.6 kcal/mol.
Glycosaminoglycans and their proteoglycans: host-associated molecular patterns for initiation and modulation of inflammation

Glycosaminoglycans, linear carbohydrates such as heparan sulfate and hyaluronan, participate in a variety of biological processes including cell-matrix interactions and activation of chemokines, enzymes and growth factors. This review will discuss progress in immunology and the science of wound repair that has revealed the importance of glycosaminoglycans, and their proteoglycans, in the inflammatory process. Heparan sulfate enables growth factor function and modifies enzyme/inhibitor functions, such as antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II. Heparan sulfate also interacts with cytokines/chemokines and participates in leukocyte selectin binding to promote the recruitment of leukocytes. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate regulates growth factor activity and is an alternate modulator of heparin cofactor II. In addition, dermatan sulfate induces ICAM-1 expression on endothelial cells and also recruits leukocytes via selectin interactions. Hyaluronan alternatively participates in leukocyte recruitment via interaction with CD44, while activating various inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, through CD44-dependent signaling. Hyaluronan also signals through Toll-like receptor 4 to induce dendritic cell maturation and promote cytokine release by dendritic cells and endothelial cells. Taken together, the field of glycosaminoglycan biology provides new clues and explanations of the process of inflammation and suggests new therapeutic approaches to human disease.
TOXICITY OF PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OILS UNDER CONTINUOUS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY REALISTIC EXPOSURE CONDITIONS: APPLICABILITY TO DISPERSANT USE DECISIONS IN SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING

ABSTRACT As part of efforts to develop standardized testing protocols under the Chemical Response to Oil Spills Environmental Research Forum (CROSERF) and apply the results to real-world scenarios, three types of oils and two dispersants were tested in both continuous and short-term spiked exposures using the early life-stages of several marine organisms. Test species included embryo-larval stages of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), two marine mysids (Holmesimysis costata and Mysidopsis bahia), and two marine fishes (turbot, Scophthalmus maximus and inland silverside, Menidia beryllina). Oils were physically dispersed in seawater by vortex mixing in a flask and chemically dispersed using the same approach with COREXIT® 9527 or COREXIT® 9500 applied in a 10:1 oil-to-dispersant ratio to generate maximum exposure concentrations. Continuous exposure tests followed standard testing protocols for 96-hour or 48-hour duration, according to demands of the test species. Spiked exposures reflect continuous diluti...
Peptide beacons: a new design for polypeptide-based optical biosensors

Both epitope mapping and other in vitro selection techniques produce short polypeptides that tightly and specifically bind to any of a wide range of macromolecular targets. Here, we demonstrate a potentially general means of converting such polypeptides into optical biosensors. The sensing architecture we have developed, termed peptide beacons, is based on the observation that, whereas short peptides are almost invariably unfolded and highly dynamic, they become rigid when complexed to a macromolecular target. Using this effect to segregate a long-lived fluorophore from an electron transfer based, contact quencher (both covalently attached to the peptide), we have produced a robust optical sensor for anti-HIV antibodies. The binding-induced segregation of the fluorophore-quencher pair produces a 6-fold increase in sensor emission, thus allowing us to readily detect as low as ∼250 pM of the target antibody. Because the sensor is based on binding-induced folding and a visible-light fluorophore, it is suffic...
Analysis of MOCVD of GaAs on patterned substrates

Abstract A single species diffusion model is used to simulate the localized growth of GaAs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with trimethylgallium (TMG) and arsine over patterned substrates. The effects induced by the surface topology of nonplanar substrates are investigated first with good agreement obtained between the model and experimental results for deposition within a trench. Next, a coupled volume and surface diffusion model is presented to simulate selective growth within a stripe pattern defined on a masked substrate. A parametric study is accomplished in order to determine the impact of the various mask and system properties upon the transport of TMG to the window area. Direct diffusion from the gas phase is shown to be the predominant mechanism of transport with the mask sticking coefficient controlling the extent to which surface diffusion contributes. The mask coverage and total system pressure exhibit the greatest effect on gas phase diffusion while surface diffusion remains relatively negligible in the parameter space explored. The model shows good agreement with published experimental results.
Collective effects in diffuse matter-antimatter plasma: II

It is shown that even very slightly ionized clouds of matter and anti-matter can interpenetrate only a little on collision. Initial interpenetration produces fast electrons and positrons from annihilation. These, in turn, produce strong magneto-hydrodynamic shocks which give the small ionized component enough energy to ionize the neutral fraction and produce a Leidenfrost layer in about ten years after which interpenetration stops.
Ion exchange properties of and rates of ionic diffusion in beta-alumina

Abstract The sodium ion in beta-alumina has been exchanged in molten salts with a number of univalent and divalent ions. The sodium and potassium concentrations in the solid beta-alumina in contact with various binary NaK nitrate compositions have been carefully determined and the free energy difference between K+ and Na+ beta-alumina calculated. The self diffusion coefficients of Na+, Ag+, K+, Rb+, and Li+ in single crystals of beta-alumina have been determined as a function of temperature. Sodium ion has the largest self diffusion coefficient (1 × 10−5 cm2/sec at 300°C and 4·0 × 10−7 cm2/sec at 25°C) followed by Ag+. L+, Li+, and Rb+. Data are also presented for interdiffusion conefficients and dielectric loss measurements, and some speculations are made as to the mechanism of the diffusion.
First-Generation ABC System, Evolving Design, and Half a Century of Performance: Michigan Side-by-Side Box-Beam Bridges

AbstractThe side-by-side box-beam bridge is the bridge of choice for short to medium span bridges due to ease of construction, favorable span-to-depth ratios, aesthetic appeal, and high torsional stiffness. The bridge can be constructed in an accelerated fashion, and classified among the systems that qualify accelerated bridge construction (ABC). This bridge is losing favor primarily because of persisting performance issues such as cracking between the beams that reflects to the deck surface. This is in spite of design changes, primarily for resolving the performance issues, since the 1950s. However, performance problems, specifically the longitudinal deck cracking reflecting from the shear keys, still persists. Reflective deck cracking is identified as the leading cause for triggering other distresses that create safety concerns. Significant recommendations in literature to mitigate reflective cracking include: (1) using full-depth grouted shear keys and transverse posttensioning, and (2) incorporating a...
An unusual case of suicide

Abstract The unusual feature of the case presented is the multiplicity of bullet wounds of the heart, self inflicted, any one of which would appear to be immediately fatal. The motives for suicide were apparently poverty and far-advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. Penetrating wounds of the heart may heal spontaneously and death may occur later from another cause independent of the former heart injury.
The Psychosocial Adjustment of African American Youth from Single Mother Homes: The Relative Contribution of Parents and Peers

This study examined the relative roles of parents and peers in the psychosocial adjustment of African American youth (7–15 years old) from single mother homes (N = 242). Main effects of both positive parenting and peer relationship quality were found for youth depressive symptoms. In addition, a main effect of peer relationship quality and an interaction of Positive Parenting × Peer Relationship Quality emerged for youth externalizing symptoms. When mothers engaged in higher levels of positive parenting behavior, peer relationship quality was not associated with youth externalizing symptomatology. When mothers engaged in lower levels of positive parenting behavior, however, higher peer relationship quality was associated with greater youth externalizing symptomatology. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Permeability properties of cell membranes and tight junctions of normal and cystic fibrosis sweat ducts.

The transepithelial permeability properties to Na, K, and Cl in microperfused segments of human eccrine sweat ducts from normal (N) subjects and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) were examined. Amiloride administered on the luminal surface caused the transepithelial potential (V t ) of normal ducts to depolarize to 0 mV, but in the absence of Cl in the medium or in CF ducts, amiloride caused theV t to significantly reverse electrical polarity from lumen negative to lumen positive with respect to the serosal bath. TheV t responses to changes in Na concentration in the lumen and K concentration in the bath were similar in CF and N ducts and showed that the basolateral membrane of the duct is K permeable and the apical membrane (in the absence of an anion shunt) is an almost ideal Na electrode. TheV t of N ducts was insensitive to 10-fold changes in luminal K and contraluminal Na solution concentrations. These responses show that in normal ducts, the apical membrane and tight junctions are relatively impermeable to K, and the basal membrane and tight junctions are relatively impermeable to Na. TheV t was highly sensitive to Cl− changes on either surface before or after ouabain inhibition in N ducts, but in every case were insensitive to Cl− changes in CF ducts. By comparison to control ducts the cation selective properties of the CF duct are probably normal, but both cell membranes as well as the tight junctions of the CF duct are relatively impermeable to Cl. The present data are inconclusive as to whether the route of Cl movement across the N duct epithelium is trans- or paracellular.
Movement of sodium into human platelets

Abstract Addition of ADP induces platelets in plasma to undergo shape change from a disc to a spiny sphere and to develop adhesiveness, i.e. to aggregate. The aggregation of human platelets by ADP is associated with a net uptake of Na+. The present experiments demonstrate that the induction of shape change by ADP in acidified or EGTA-treated plasma conditions which inhibit aggregation, is also associated with a movement of Na+ into platelets. When ADP-induced platelet shape change and aggregation is inhibited by prostaglandin E1 Na+ uptake is also blocked. Platelets aggregated by epinephrine do not take up Na+. In a manner analogous to the effect of ADP, polylysine also induces Na+ uptake during aggregation. Vasopressin, in a manner analogous to epinephrine, induces aggregation without Na+ uptake. The increase in platelet Na+ resulting from ouabain inhibition of Na+ efflux induces an increase in the aggregation response to ADP and to epinephrine.
Fetal gender and cocaine exposure as determinants of cord blood gamma-glutamyl transferase activity.

Fetal Gender and Cocaine Exposure as Determinants of Cord Blood Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Activity
Rehearsal strategy effects in children's discrimination learning: Confronting the crucible.

The present study incorporated a correlational methodology into an experimental context to determine the functional components of rehearsal strategies in children's discrimination learning. As anticipated on the basis of previous research, when a discrimination list was administered in the absence of explicit rehearsal instructions, subjects' ability to discriminate situational frequencies proved to be an important predictor of performance. However, when the same list was administered in the company of either an imagery or vocalization rehearsal strategy, frequency discrimination ability as a predictor was supplanted by subjects' ability to discriminate between previous usages and nonusages of the strategy. The results were discussed in terms of Underwood's individual differences crucible for theory construction.
Learned prediction affects body perception

Learning to recognize objects appears to depend critically on extended observation of appearance over time. Specifically, temporal association between dissimilar views of an object has been proposed as a tool for learning invariant representations for recognition. We examined heretofore untested aspects of the temporal association hypothesis using a familiar dynamic object, the human body. Specifically, we examined the role of appearance prediction (temporal asymmetry) in temporal association. In our task, observers performed a change detection task using upright and inverted images of a walking body either with or without previous exposure to a motion stimulus depicting an upright walker. Observers who were exposed to the dynamic stimulus were further divided into two groups dependent on whether the observed motion depicted forward or backward walking. We find that the effect of the motion stimulus on sensitivity is highly dependent on whether the observed motion is consistent with past experience.
Example-Based Machine Translation in the Pangloss system

The Pangloss Example-Based Machine Translation engine (PanEBMT) is a translation system requiring essentially no knowledge of the structure of a language, merely a large parallel corpus of example sentences and a bilingual dictionary. Input texts are segmented into sequences of words occurring in the corpus, for which translations are determined by subsentential alignment of the sentence pairs containing those sequences. These partial translations are then combined with the results of other translation engines to form the final translation produced by the Pangloss system. In an internal evaluation, PanEBMT achieved 70.2% coverage of unrestricted Spanish news-wire text, despite a simplistic subsentential alignment algorithm, a suboptimal dictionary, and a corpus from a different domain than the evaluation texts.
Efficient Distribution of Water Between Head-Reach and Tail-End Farms in Developing Countries

The necessity of surface water for irrigation and its increasing scarcity in developing economies motivate the need for its efficient distribution. The inequity in the distribution of surface water arises because of the relative physical locations of the farms. Head-reach primary farms are close to the source, whereas tail-end secondary farms are relatively farther. The lack of physical infrastructure implies that water allocated to secondary farms must pass through primary farms. Left to their individual incentives, primary farmers use more than their fair share of water by denying its release to secondary farmers. Such an inequitable sharing results in significantly suboptimal productivity of the farming community as a whole. We propose decentralized, individually rational mechanisms to achieve socially optimal distribution of surface water for a farming community under uncertainty in rainfall, choice of multiple crops, and differing risk-bearing abilities of primary and secondary farmers. We show that the mechanisms can be efficiently computed and highlight the impact of the improved sharing of surface water. We also study the movement of the price of water with its scarcity. Ideas that can help administer the mechanisms in practice are briefly discussed.
Inhibition of proinflammatory RANTES expression by TGF-β1 is mediated by glycogen synthase kinase-3β-dependent β-catenin signaling

TGF-β1 is a pleiotropic cytokine with potent anti-inflammation property. However, the mechanisms underlying TGF-β1 suppression of inflammation remain largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrated that TGF-β1 inhibited TNF-α- or IL-1-induced RANTES expression in human kidney tubular epithelial cells (HKC-8). To delineate the mechanism by which TGF-β1 inhibits RANTES expression, we examined the potential signal pathway activated by TGF-β1 in suppressing NF-κB signaling. TGF-β1 affected neither TNF-α-induced IκBα phosphorylation and subsequent degradation, nor p65 NF-κB phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation. However, TGF-β1 could inhibit p65 and p50 binding to the κB site in human RANTES promoter as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and protein-DNA binding assay. We found that TGF-β1 induced glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) phosphorylation on Ser-9 in HKC-8 cells, leading to its inactivation. Knockdown of GSK-3β mimicked TGF-β1 and inhibited RANTES induction, whereas overexpression of GSK-3β abolished the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 and completely restored RANTES expression. Furthermore, TGF-β1 induced the dephosphorylation and activation of β-catenin, a major downstream target of GSK-3β. Ectopic expression of constitutively active β-catenin mimicked the TGF-β1 effect and completely suppressed RANTES expression induced by TNF-α. Interestingly, TGF-β1 induced a physical interaction between β-catenin and p65 NF-κB, which prevented p65 binding to the κB site, sequestered its trans-activating activity, and repressed p65-mediated gene transcription. We conclude that TGF-β1 inhibition of proinflammatory RANTES expression is mediated by β-catenin-triggered blockade of NF-κB signaling.
High-performance gate sizing with a signoff timer

Process and device scaling in late-CMOS technologies highlight leakage power as a critical challenge for the semiconductor industry. Careful gate sizing and Vth-swapping can reduce leakage, but prior optimizations based on convex or dynamic programming (i) are often based on unrealistic assumptions about circuit delay and slew propagation, (ii) fail to handle practical design rules such as transition time or load upper bounds, and (iii) do not scale well to input complexities when full extracted parasitics are available. Seeing substantial opportunities for improvement, we present a multi-threaded, stochastic optimization (Trident2.0) for gate sizing and Vth assignment to minimize leakage power subject to capacitance, slew and timing constraints. Scalability and high performance of Trident2.0 are validated on ISPD-2013 Gate Sizing Contest benchmarks.
Control of hemorrhage in von Willebrand's disease and a hemophiliac carrier with norethynodrel-mestranol

Abstract A combination of norethynodrel-mestranol (Enovid) has been used for the treatment of von Willebrand's disease (V.W.D.), hemophiliacs, and a female carrier of hemophilia with low levels of Factor VIII. This therapy of V.W.D. was successful in 5 females; no response was observed in the single male with V.W.D. The female carrier of hemophilia showed increases in Factor VIII levels with therapy whereas no improvement was noted in two hemophiliacs, one severe (
Reaction time as an index of masking and the effect of check trials on thoughtful subjects1

Abstract Reaction time (RT) of 28 Ss to a tone preceded by an air-puff was measured for 40 trials. Absence v. presence of puff-tone overlap and short (420 msec.) v. long (620 msec.) intervals between puff and tone onsets were varied orthogonally within Ss and randomly over the trial series, which also included 6 check (toneless puff) trials in order to discourage anticipations. RT was significantly faster with no overlap, indicating a differential masking effect of the tone by the puff. Additional significant effects were interpreted as indicating that the introduction of check trials complicated the short-long interval comparisons through some “thoughtful” Ss recognizing and acting on certain differential probabilities in the situation.
Elevated polysaccharide production by mutants of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans

Two mutants of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 42023 were isolated that exhibited elevated polysaccharide production. Both mutants were isolated using a combination of chemical mutagenesis and resistance to growth inhibitors. It was found that both mutants elaborated higher polysaccharide levels after 7 days of growth on corn syrup or sucrose, respectively, compared to ATCC 42023. The dry weights of the mutant cells were found not to differ greatly from those of the parent cells whether corn syrup or sucrose served as the carbon source. The pullulan content of the polysaccharide synthesized by the mutants or parent cells on sucrose was consistently lower than polysaccharide synthesized on corn syrup. Using corn syrup as a carbon source, the pullulan content of the polysaccharide elaborated by the parent was higher than either mutant. The inverse was found to occur with respect to pullulan content when the strains were grown on sucrose as a carbon source.
Valuing Increments and Decrements in Natural Resource Service Flows

A general model for valuation of changes in natural resource service flows, entirely consistent with Hicksian concepts of consumer surplus, is developed. It is a total value model, applicable to all classes of goods: divisible and indivisible in production, divisible and indivisible in consumption, exclusive and nonexclusive. The standard result of partial equilibrium microeconomics-price is equal to value at the margin-may be derived as a special case from this model. An empirical application involving the valuation of changes in the provision of wildlife-related amenities is presented. In the course of his work, the benefit-cost analyst frequently encounters situations in which a proposed program or project would divert natural resources from their current use to some, quite different, alternative. In keeping with the "with and without" principle, he must determine "without project" benefits, which are equal to the net present value of the stream of services that would be provided by the natural resource in its current use over the
Pemphigus in the dog and cat. Part 1: Aetiology, pathogenesis and clinical signs

AETIOLOGY The aetiology of pemphigus is unknown, although there are a number of factors which may be important: there appears to be a strong breed predilection for pemphigus foliaceus, suggesting a genetic component there also appears to be a condition indistinguishable from pemphigus foliaceus which occurs as a response to drug therapy, and which resolves following withdrawal of the offending agent, suggesting the term ‘pemphiguslike drug eruption’ to be valid in these cases in humans there is also a link to diet, and this may also be true in dogs and cats; however caution should be applied here, as some food additives can induce drug eruptions.
Determination of acetylacetone and alcohols in titanium chelates

Abstract Acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione) and alcohols in titanium chelates have been determined by gas chromatography of the solvolyzed chelate. For the determination of acetylacetone, the tithanium chelate is cleaved with acetic acid at 140–150°C for 2–4 h in a closed system. The acetylacetone liberated is determined by capillary gas chromatography as the trimethylsilyl derivative. Normal alcohols elute as acetates, isoproyl alcohol elutes as a mixture of the corresponding acetate and trimethylsilyl derivative. The cleavage of a titanium chelate with acetic anhydride by heating at 130°C for 2 h converts alcohols, including isopropyl alcohol, quantitatively to their acetates which elute as a single peak for each alcohol. Acetylacetone decomposes partially under these conditions and the acetic anhydride method is useful only for the determination of alcohols.
Analysis of a Wire Antenna in the Presence of Sphere

An integro-differential equation is formulated for the problem of a thin-wire antenna in the presence of a sphere, and this equation is solved by the method of moments. The analysis is valid for an arbitrarily oriented and positioned wire relative to the sphere which may be either a perfect conductor or may be any simple homogeneous material. Input admittance of the wire antenna near a conducting sphere is determined from computed wire current and is corroborated by measured values of admittance. Also presented are calculated radiation patterns for the antenna/sphere structure.
Uniformity of infrared detector parameters in alloy semiconductors

Abstract The performance parameters of intrinsic infrared detectors made of alloy semiconductors can vary due to alloy compositional nonuniformities. These variations are analyzed for mercury-cadmium telluride detectors as an example. It is found that alloy nonuniformities should seldom cause noticeable variations in performance parameters among detectors fabricated in a similar manner. Variations in intrinsic semiconductor parameters, which are susceptible to alloy nonuniformities, should generally be much smaller contributors to detector parameter variations than are variations in extrinsic semiconductor parameters and in processing.
Drag Exposed Children and the Foster Care System: In the Best Interests of the Child?

ABSTRACT Children born to substance abusing women face many risks that can impede optimal developmental outcome. These risks include both potential neurologic and organic sequelae of intrauterine substance exposure, as well as additional risk factors in their postnatal environment. Foster care placement is a common occurrence among this population. The current study was conducted to explore the developmental status of a group of drug exposed infants and toddlers in foster care. Twenty-seven children placed through a church-based foster care program were observed. All but one of the children were African-American and nearly half (48%) had been placed shortly after birth. The children ranged in age from 1 to 29 months. Home environment and caregiver-child interaction was assessed using the HOME Inventory and the NCAS Feeding and Teaching Scales. Children were also given physical, neurological, and developmental assessments (Mean age = 11.7 months). While the majority of the children fell within normal limit...
Penetrating cardiac injury and the significance of chest computed tomography findings

In rare circumstances, hemodynamically stable patients can harbor serious penetrating cardiac injuries. We hypothesized that chest computed tomography (CCT) is potentially useful in evaluation. The records of all patients admitted to our center with wounds to the precordium or who sustained a hemothorax or pneumothorax after penetrating torso injuries over a 48-month period were reviewed. Those having an admission CCT were studied. The potential diagnostic value of hemopericardium (HPC) and pneumopericardium (PPC) on CCT was examined. Most of the 333 patients were male [293 (88.0 %)] with a roughly equal distribution of gunshot [189 (56.8 %)] and stab [144 (43.2 %)] wounds. Mean age was 28.7 ± 12.6 years. Thirteen (3.9 %) patients had cardiac injuries that were operatively managed. Eleven (3.3 %) CCT studies demonstrated HPC and/or PPC. Ten of these patients had an injury with one false positive. Retained hemothorax and proximity findings on the three false negative CCT studies led to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or subxiphoid exploration with diagnosis of the injury. HPC and/or PPC on CCT had a sensitivity of 76.9 %, specificity of 99.7 %, positive predictive value of 90.9 %, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.1 % for cardiac injuries. However, including all findings that changed management, CCT had a sensitivity and NPV of 100 %. CCT is a potentially useful modality for the evaluation of cardiac injuries in high-risk stable patients. The presence of HPC and/or PPC on CCT after penetrating thoracic trauma is highly indicative of a significant cardiac injury.
Bound-nucleotide exchange in actin and actomyosin.

Abstract 1. 1. To investigate the possibility that conformational changes in actin are involved in muscle contraction, we have studied the effect of myosin on the exchangeability of the bound nucleotide of F-actin. 2. 2. F-Actin shows a significant incorporation of radioactive nucleotide during incubation with 3H-labeled ATP, and this exchange is greatly enhanced by the interaction of the actin with myosin in superprecipitated actomyosin. 3. 3. In both actin and actomyosin, time-course studies show an initial rapid exchange of about 10% of the bound nucleotide followed by further exchange at a slower steady rate. The amount of rapid initial exchange is identical in actin and actomyosin; no extra rapid burst of exchange accompanies the binding of myosin to the actin or the transformation of the actomyosin gel to the superprecipitated state. Rather, myosin only increases the steady rate of exchange during continued exposure of superprecipitated actomyosin to 3H-labeled ATP.
Narcolepsy in children

Core symptoms of narcolepsy are similar in children compared with adults, but expression may be different due to more severe manifestations, maturational factors, and the significant impact of symptoms on behavior and academic performance. Diagnosis of narcolepsy in children is often challenging and requires a detailed history followed by polysomnography and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. Management involves a comprehensive approach, including patient and family education and emotional support; behavioral strategies, such as good sleep hygiene and planned naps; and pharmacologic intervention. Despite dramatic progress recently in understanding the etiology of human narcolepsy through molecular genetic investigations, the disorder remains a chronic and often disabling disease with major impact on the lives of children and their families.
Juvenile Court Clinical Services: A National Description

There have been few studies of the manner in which juvenile courts obtain clinical evaluations and consultation by juvenile court clinicians in order to identify and respond to youths with mental health problems. This study involved a telephone survey of professionals associated with juvenile court clinic (JCC) services in 87 of the largest juvenile court jurisdictions nationwide, providing data on their professional staff, functions, procedures, organizational and financial structures, and methods for providing evaluations to juvenile courts. We identified three models of JCC service delivery systems. Differences between the JCC service models offer hypotheses pertaining to potential differences in efficiency and quality of services and service delivery.
Dedicated nanoantenna elements for vertical nanorods in plasmonic photovoltaics

We investigate a novel light conversion scheme in nanostructures for the highly demanding field of plasmonic solar cells. In our study, we incorporate vertical nanorods made of semiconductor materials, which are coupled optically to plasmonic nanoantennas for optimal absorption of sunlight. Utilizing the unique properties of localized surface plasmon resonances, we create dedicated nanoantenna elements such that the emission pattern is effectively directed toward the absorber material. In our approach, we use a computational finite element method to investigate the effects of size and shape of metallic nanoparticles to obtain an asymmetric radiation pattern that matches the geometry of our design.
Analysis of the DNA-binding domain of the HSV-1 origin-binding protein

Abstract In order to understand DNA-protein interactions at the origin of DNA replication in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), we have undertaken an analysis of the DNA-binding domain of the origin-binding protein (OBP) and its mechanism of binding to the Ori s sequence of HSV-1. Mutant DNA-binding domains were constructed, expressed in vitro , and used to test for binding by gel shift analysis. A C-terminal deletion mutant was functional in binding, thereby redefining the C-terminal boundary of the DNA-binding domain at amino acid 822. Fifteen insertion mutants were also constructed across the DNA-binding domain. Several of these mutants were unable to bind DNA. Interestingly, 4 mutants that destroy DNA binding fall within a region that has a particularly high degree of sequence similarity to the varicella zoster virus gene 51 product. A second objective was to define how the DNA-binding domain interacts with the origin. Results of gel shift analysis using cotranslated proteins of different sizes suggest that the DNA-binding domain can interact with a single binding site as a monomer. Binding to the wild-type Ori s template indicated that the binding domains can interact with both binding sites I and II independent of any cooperative effect mediated by the amino-termini. This suggests that the basic unit of recognition involved in OBP/Ori s interactions may contain a single DNA-binding domain of OBP in association with a single binding site.