cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating Solidification in Metals at High Pressure: The Drive to Petascale Computing

We investigate solidification in metal systems ranging in size from 64,000 to 524,288,000 atoms on the IBM BlueGene/L computer at LLNL. Using the newly developed ddcMD code, we achieve performance rates as high as 103 TFlops, with a performance of 101.7 TFlop sustained over a 7 hour run on 131,072 cpus. We demonstrate superb strong and weak scaling. Our calculations are significant as they represent the first atomic-scale model of metal solidification to proceed, without finite size effects, from spontaneous nucleation and growth of solid out of the liquid, through the coalescence phase, and into the onset of coarsening. Thus, our simulations represent the first step towards an atomistic model of nucleation and growth that can directly link atomistic to mesoscopic length scales.
Hierarchical approach to feature indexing

Abstract We extend data driven indexed hypotheses, our previous approach to 2D shape indexing, to hierarchical features. It is shown mathematically and experimentally that an index based on hierarchical features is more computationally efficient than one based on non-hierarchical features under some very general conditions which are easily satisfied. Our approach addresses two types of hierarchies: a multilevel approximation of the contours of 2D objects; and a multilevel feature indexing system, which in this particular illustration consists of three levels. Our approach can easily be extended to 3D objects.
IR Theory Built on the Founders’ Principles with Empirical Application to Australia

The authors identify 10 core principles of industrial relations (IR) theory and policy, based on the writings of British IR founders Beatrice Webb and Sidney Webb and U.S. IR founder John Commons. These principles are then represented diagrammatically in an expanded IR version of the Marshallian demand/supply (DS) model. The DS and IR models, representing on one side the merits of abstraction and parsimony and on the other realism and complexity, are applied to a case study: an analysis and explanation of the reasons behind the formation of the Australian IR system in the 1890s and its evolution to 2010. Although the DS model captures important forces behind the shift from a centralized and unionized employment system in the early period to a significantly decentralized and deunionized system in the latter period, the evidence indicates the extra structural and behavioral elements in the IR model are important for a full and accurate explanation.
Study of a misaligned flexibly coupled shaft system having nonlinear bearings and cyclic coupling stiffness—Theoretical model and analysis

A model which enables dynamic analysis of flexibly coupled misaligned shafts is presented. The model is setup to account for both angular and parallel misalignment in the presence of mass unbalance and incorporates a coupling having angular, torsional and axial flexibility. Among the important features is the ability to simulate both nonlinear bearing stiffness and coupling angular-stiffness anisotropy. The equations of motion are derived for the linear system, extended to include nonlinear bearing effects and subsequently transformed into non-dimensional form for general application. A series of numerical analyses are performed and the influence of important system parameters assessed thereby providing insight to the resulting static and dynamic forces and motions. Angular and parallel misalignments are shown to produce fundamentally different system response. It is found that the static preload induced by both types of misalignment can play a key role in producing complex vibration resulting from it's interaction with rotating-element anisotropy and bearing nonlinear properties. Bearing static forces are altered and rotating elements are subjected to alternating forces which could affect fatigue life. Bearing forces can be further modified by the application of transmitted torque. The potential for great variability in system response is shown to exist due to the participation of numerous influential variables.
Filter digitization based on polynomial interpolation

Describes a polynomial interpolation based filter digitization technique which aims to preserve an analog system's frequency response. It is shown that the procedure is capable of digitizing non-bandlimited, including highpass, analog filters. In most cases considered, it results in digital filters whose frequency response is closer to the frequency response of the analog filter than that of filters designed using impulse invariance or the bilinear transformation. >
Learning and the new workplace: Impacts of technology change on postsecondary career and technical education

This chapter explores how technological innovation is changing the kinds of skills and knowledge used in the workplace and how two-year colleges are responding to these changes. It features examples of new and emerging practices in Wisconsin's technical colleges that situate learning in settings designed to meet the needs of learners and their communities.
Characterization of the usage of the serine metabolic network in human cancer

The serine, glycine, one-carbon (SGOC) metabolic network is implicated in cancer pathogenesis, but its general functions are unknown. We carried out a computational reconstruction of the SGOC network and then characterized its expression across thousands of cancer tissues. Pathways including methylation and redox metabolism exhibited heterogeneous expression indicating a strong context dependency of their usage in tumors. From an analysis of coexpression, simultaneous up- or downregulation of nucleotide synthesis, NADPH, and glutathione synthesis was found to be a common occurrence in all cancers. Finally, we developed a method to trace the metabolic fate of serine using stable isotopes, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and a mathematical model. Although the expression of single genes didn't appear indicative of flux, the collective expression of several genes in a given pathway allowed for successful flux prediction. Altogether, these findings identify expansive and heterogeneous functions for the SGOC metabolic network in human cancer.
55 PROPAGATION OF MULTIPLE CAT HEREDITARY DISEASE MODELS FOLLOWING ASSISTED REPRODUCTION WITH FROZEN SEMEN AND EMBRYOS

Domestic cats are invaluable research models for the study of hereditary diseases that affect both cats and humans. By necessity, most cat models are maintained as living populations; however, semen and embryo cryopreservation could provide a cost-effective alternative for model conservation if viable offspring can be readily produced with assisted reproductive techniques such as IVF, embryo transfer (ET) and AI. In our earlier research, semen and IVF-derived embryos representing 24 cat models at 7 veterinary/medical schools were frozen for liquid nitrogen storage. Our objectives in this study were to (1) assess the application of assisted reproduction using frozen semen or embryos for producing pregnancies and viable kittens in several cat models and (2) provide our university collaborators with rederived model offspring. Five cat models (i.e. spinal muscular atrophy, SMA; porphyria, POR; Chediak-Higashi syndrome, CHS; progressive retinal atrophy, PRA; and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM) were selected for propagation based on investigator research needs. For 3 models (SMA, POR and CHS), semen from affected males, frozen as pellets in Test Egg Yolk medium (with 4% glycerol), was thawed and used to inseminate (5 × 105 motile sperm mL–1) oocytes from eCG/hCG-treated queens. Resulting embryos (2- to 8-cell stage) were transferred laparoscopically (3–5 embryos/recipient) into the oviducts of anestrual queens synchronized with eCG/pLH. For PRA, IVF embryos from affected cats were frozen in 1.5 M ethylene glycol and later thawed for transfer into eCG/pLH-synchronized queens and for HCM, frozen semen from a carrier male was used for laparoscopic oviducal insemination (1 × 106 to 4 × 106 motile sperm/AI) of eCG/pLH-treated females. Ultrasonography was conducted approximately 21 days post-ET or -AI for pregnancy diagnosis. Following IVF with frozen-thawed semen, embryos were produced in all 3 models but overall fertilization success was low (21%, 34/164). All (5/5) recipients became pregnant after ET, giving birth to a total of 11 offspring (6 viable, 5 stillborn). Following frozen ET (PRA), most (3/5) recipients became pregnant with 6 kittens carried to term (3 viable, 3 stillborn), whereas with frozen semen AI (HCM), most (4/7) females conceived with the subsequent birth of 22 kittens (all viable). All surviving offspring (n = 25) for the 5 disease models were distributed to collaborating veterinary schools to reestablish breeding colonies or for ongoing studies. These results indicate that assisted reproduction using frozen semen or embryos may be applied effectively with specific cat models to propagate desired lineages or reestablish research colonies, although some other models have proven more difficult to reproduce. These findings validate our contention that cryopreservation and assisted reproduction may be used to manage and conserve these irreplaceable cat disease models. Funded by NIH grants RR015338, RR02512, HL093603 and HD39888.
Cation–pi interactions in neutral calix[4]resorcinarenes

Abstract The interaction of the neutral form of resorcin[4]arene 1 (R=i-Bu) with tetraalkylammonium cations (Me4N+, Et4N+, Pr4N+and Bu4N+) was analyzed in the solid state and in methanol solutions. In methanol, NMR titration results indicate almost no differentiation between Me4N+ and Et4N+ cations (Kass(Me4N+)=93 M−1 and Kass(Et4N+)=81 M−1) and a relatively low association constant for Pr4N+( Kass(Pr4N+)=25 M−1). In the solid state, for the Me4NCl complex, the resorcinarene assumes the C2v boat conformation and is surrounded by as many as four Me4NCl moieties. The structure of the Et4NCl complex indicates that ethyl group can be conveniently placed in the resocin[4]arene cavity. The larger Bu4N+ cation was found completely external to the cavity.
Stimulation of Protein Kinase C Inhibits Bursting in Disease-Linked Mutant Human Cardiac Sodium Channels

Background— Mutations in SCN5A, the gene coding for the human cardiac Na+ channel α-subunit, are associated with variant 3 of the long-QT syndrome (LQT-3). Several LQT-3 mutations promote a mode of Na+ channel gating in which a fraction of channels fail to inactivate, contributing sustained Na+ channel current (Isus), which can delay repolarization and prolong the QT interval. Here, we investigate the possibility that stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC) may modulate Isus, which is prominent in disease-related Na+ channel mutations. Methods and Results— We measured the effects of PKC stimulation on Na+ currents in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells expressing 3 previously reported disease-associated Na+ channel mutations (Y1795C, Y1795H, and ΔKPQ). We find that the PKC activator 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG) significantly reduced Isus in the mutant but not wild-type channels. The effect of OAG on Isus was reduced by the PKC inhibitor staurosporine (2.5 μmol/L), ablated by the mutation S1503A, a...
Negative affect and cognitive biases in suicidal and nonsuicidal hospitalized adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the main and interactive effects of suicidal behavior and gender on negative affect and cognitive biases in hospitalized adolescents ( N = 228) aged 13 to 18 years, identified as suicide ideators ( n = 68), attempters ( n = 90), and nonsuicidal ( n = 70). Method Standardized measures of negative affect (depression, anxiety, anger) and cognitive biases (hopelessness, self-concept) were administered upon admission. Results Suicide ideators reported significantly greater hopelessness and poorer self-concept than did nonsuicidal controls; suicide attempters did not differ from either group. Regression analysis indicated that negative affect and cognitive bias variables accounted for 48% of the variability in suicidal ideation; however, only anxiety and depression were uniquely related to suicidal ideation. Females reported greater depression severity and anxiety than did males; no interaction effects were evident. Conclusions Suicide ideators and attempters may have different psychological profiles, with the former reporting greater cognitive biases than nonsuicidal adolescents. The findings regarding suicidal ideation support a mediational model in which negative views of the self and the future contribute to negative affect, and ultimately, suicidal ideation. An integrated assessment of suicidal ideation and affective and cognitive variables is recommended for early risk detection and treatment.
1036 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPONENT AND REGULATORY PROTEINS OF THE CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE

The classical pathway C3 convertase (C4b2a) is regulated by the action of two components. C4 binding protein (C4bp) accelerates its intrinsic decay and acts as a cofactor with the C3 inactivator (I) in the cleavage of C4b. We examined the possibility that an equilibrium existed between the serum concentration of the components (“C”[C4 and C2]) and regulators (“R”[C4bp and I]) of the classical C3 convertase. Complete measurement of serum complement components was made in 184 normals. The r value of C vs R (each expressed as 7, normal) was +0.64; the 95% confidence interval was defined as the normal classical convertase C vs R relationship (CCC vs R). A normal CCC vs R was found in 23/25 patients with heterozygous genetic deficiency of C2, C4, I, or C4bp and 11/13 newborns with low complement levels in cord sera. These data suggest that hypocomplementemia in the absence of complement consumption would not disturb the CCC vs R. In situations of classical pathway mediated complement consumption, the CCC vs R was usually abnormal (19/23 SLE, 2/2 bacteremla, 8/8 HANE, and 14/24 MPGN I). Patients with MPGN II with evidence of alternative pathway activation, however, generally had normal values of CCC vs. R (10/13). Simultaneous examination of C4bp and I along with C4 and C2 may help to document the contribution of classical pathway activation to hypocomplementemia.
Geographic Change with Trade Based on Comparative Advantage

Abstract This article describes a multimarket von Thunen model that concerns change in the internal economic geography of two countries once trade develops between them. Using the principle of comparative advantage, an initial allocation of four industries is established across each of the countries based on local variation in factor endowments, regional demand at several centers, and internal transport costs. Once trade begins, reallocation of production in the four industries in each country is modeled as the response to comparative factor endowments across the countries, trade costs, transport costs, and differences in demand. The model's results indicate that geography matters in trade both within and across countries. Proximity is especially important. Regions of the trading countries that are effectively neighbors are affected more by the introduction of trade than are regions that are peripheral in the true geographical sense. At the national scale, results suggest that a high tariff in one country...
Protein synthesis dependent gradient of ECS retrograde amnesia.

The interacting amnesic effect of a protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, and ECS was studied in active and passive avoidance tasks. By giving one to three injections of anisomycin, the duration of inhibition of protein synthesis was from 2 to 6 hr at 80% or greater. ECS was administered at various times after training (1 min to 9 hr) to both inhibited and uninhibited mice. The ECS gradient in uninhibited mice was never greater than 30 min. The ECS gradient in anisomycin-treated mice ranged from 3 to 8 hr, depending on the training strength and the number of anisomycin injections. The ECS gradient of retrograde amnesia consistently developed at about 1 hr after the recovery of protein synthesis began, and this displaced the ECS amnesic gradients by as much as 8–9 hr. The study also determined that ECS caused only a transient, low-percentage inhibition of protein synthesis in uninhibited mice. The ECS given to anisomycin-treated mice had only a slight additional effect on inhibition of protein synthesis and did not seem to increase the inhibition enough to account for the amnesia observed. The results are discussed in terms of the ECS amnesic gradient's being dependent on memory-related protein synthesis that precedes ECS administration.
Syntheses and coordination studies of 2-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine and its oxide towards mercury(II)

Abstract Several coordination complexes of mercury(II) have been synthesized by the reaction of mercury(II) salts with 2-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine (L1) and its corresponding oxide (L2). The synthesized complexes were fully characterized by elemental analysis and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy techniques. The crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Different geometries were observed around the metal center, including distorted trigonal–pyramidal (1,3), distorted tetrahedral (2) and distorted octahedral (4,5), with the degree of distortion depending on the steric effects and the chelating capability of 2-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)pyridine and its oxide.
Improvement in Dissolution of Liver Fibrosis in an Animal Model by Tetrathiomolybdate

The background for this study is that we have observed some improvement in cirrhosis in Wilson’s disease patients treated with the anticopper medicine, zinc, and another anticopper drug, tetrathiomolybdate, has completely prevented hepatic fibrosis in the carbon tetrachloride mouse model. We hypothesize that in existing cirrhosis, there may be a fine balance between fibrosis formation and fibrosis dissolution, which may be pushed in the direction of dissolution by anticopper drugs. Thus, in this study, we produced hepatic fibrosis in mice by treatment with carbon tetrachloride, then gave half the fibrotic mice tetrathiomolybdate for 3 months, while the other half of the fibrotic mice received nothing for 3 months and served as controls. Tetrathiomolybdate caused a dramatic and significant reduction in fibrosis as measured by hydroxyproline (the major amino acid constituent of collagen) levels, almost back to baseline levels, compared to controls, who had only a slight and nonsignificant reduction. It is c...
Patient Handling Methods Taught in Occupational Therapy Curricula

Sixteen of 100 full-time occupational therapists are injured while performing manual patient handling techniques. We developed a Theory of Planned Behavior self-report questionnaire to determine what educators teach and the behavioral constructs that best predict intention to change curriculum content. Traditional manual patient handling and safe patient handling methods were investigated. The results showed that both methods are taught in most programs; however, only 22% stated that they teach safe patient handling as the standard of practice. Stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that attitude and perceived behavioral control are the best predictors of intention to continue teaching manual transfers as the standard; however, normative belief and attitude best predict intention to teach safe patient handling as the standard. Knowing these predictors will assist in developing strategies to promote a paradigm shift in the way patient transfers are taught
ESR investigation of the [ Al ] 0 center in tetragonal Ge O 2

$\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray, x-ray, or uv irradiation of an Al-doped tetragonal Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ single crystal at 77 K generates holelike centers in four inequivalent sites. The ESR spectrum for one of the sites consists of a six-line hyperfine pattern corresponding to the interaction of a single unpaired spin with an $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ (100% abundant, $I=\frac{5}{2}$) nucleus. Symmetry considerations and the spin-Hamiltonian parameters show that the hole is localized in the $2{p}_{z}$ orbital of one of four (out of six) nearest-neighbor oxygen anions. Owing to the low point symmetry (${C}_{s}$) at the trapped-hole lattice site, the $\stackrel{}{\mathrm{g}}$, $\stackrel{}{\mathrm{A}}$, and $\stackrel{}{\mathrm{Q}}$ tensors have only one common principal axis, which lies along a [110] direction (the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{z}}$ axis). Spin-Hamiltonian parameters are: ${g}_{{z}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=2.0040\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002$, ${g}_{{y}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=2.0143\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002$, ${g}_{{x}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=2.0202\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0002$, ${A}_{{z}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}}=4.51\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, ${A}_{{y}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}}=3.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, and ${A}_{{x}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}}=4.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$, where the $\stackrel{}{\mathrm{A}}$ components are in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The axes ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{y}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{y}}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ make angles of 11.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 36.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} relative to the [001] direction, respectively, and ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{z}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}={\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{z}}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{z}}$. A point-ion crystal-field calculation provides support for the defect model. Characteristics of the optical absorption spectra for the center are predicted assuming transitions between $2p$ levels of the ${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion.
A Morphometric Study of Nasal-Pharyngeal Growth for Particle Deposition in the Rat

Animal studies frequently are used in assessing potential human health effects from exposure to inhaled toxicants. Such studies also are used to investigate sensitive subpopulations such as children. Among other factors that influence the degree to which animal models are predictive of human effects in the delivered dose of the toxicant to the various regions of the respiratory tract. Because the rat is an obligatory nose breather, an understanding of the rat nasal-pharyngeal airway geometry is needed to relate exposures to delivered doses. In this study, the growth and development of the rat nasal-pharyngeal airway was studied at one-week intervals in male Fischer-344 rats from one to five weeks. Casts of an adult (60 day) and an aging(441 day) rat were included for comparison. Replica casts of the nasal-pharyngeal airway were made by injecting silicone rubber through the trachea, and sections in anterior-posterior positions were made for morphometric study. A simpler structure of the nasal-pharyngeal ai...
MO-F-213CD-03: Design and Testing of the VirtualDose Software Under the Software as a Service (SaaS) Platform for Tracking and Reporting CT Doses

Purpose: To report recent progress toward developing and testing the VirtualDose software under the ‘Software as a Service (SaaS)’ platform for tracking and reporting patient CT doses. Methods: Many of existing tools for reporting CT dose are based on data derived from phantoms that are anatomically crude and ignore pediatric, obese and pregnant patients. Based on extensive original dose data derived from Monte Carlo simulations and computational phantoms including a new set of BMI‐adjustable obese patient phantoms, VirtualDose was designed under the ‘Software as a Service (SaaS)’ platform to provide a Web based software application to a large number of client users. Unlike the traditional software, SaaS does not require the installation of the software on a user's computer.Organ doses and effective doses are computed using ICRP Publication 60 and 103. Dosimetry capabilities for tube current modulation (TCM) protocols are included by integrating a DICOM information extraction function module. A new ‘Service‐Orientated Architecture (SOA)’ software developing pattern is adopted in designing and building the whole software architecture. The entire software framework was developed using Microsoft .NET platform. C# was used as the primary programming language in the development of the graphical user interface (GUI). Results: Testing of the VirtualDose package shows that the modern GUI accommodates for interactively displaying 3D phantoms and selecting scanner parameters. The patient (weight, age, gender) and scan parameter information(e.g., kVp, mAs, scan protocol, etc.) stored in the DICOM file can be automatically retrieved and imported into ‘VirtualDose’ to calculate the organ dose and effective dose for specific patients. After the dose calculation process is complete, the software will automatically summarizes various scan parameters and results in Microsoft Word (‘.doc’) format. Conclusions: The VirtualDose package shows improved patient organ dose database, software GUI design, reporting features, and software distribution mode when compared with existing tools. This project was supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R42EB010404).
Limits of survivability and damage for optical components used in a high-repetition-rate visible laser

An effort is being made to understand the limits of survivability and damage for optical components exposed to a visible laser operating continuously at a high repetition rate over 4 kHz. Results of this work are reported and related to the materials and manufacturing conditions for coatings and substrates as well as defects seen at the surface under laser illumination. These results were obtained for a variety of optical coatings and conditions using lasers from the Laser Demonstration Facility, part of the Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (AVLIS) Program at LLNL. Better understanding of the reliability of optical components in this environment could lead to improvements in design and manufacture that would result in reduced size for the laser optical system and correspondingly lower costs for the facilities that can use this technology.
Divorce and the Divine: The Role of Spirituality in Adjustment to Divorce

This study examined the role of three spiritual responses to divorce for psychological adjustment: appraising the event as a sacred loss/desecration, engaging in adaptive spiritual coping, and experiencing spiritual struggles. A sample of 100 adults (55% female) was recruited through public divorce records. Most appraised their divorce as a sacred loss/desecration (74%), experienced spiritual struggles (78%), and engaged in adaptive spiritual coping (88%). Appraisals of sacred loss/desecration and spiritual struggles were tied to higher levels of depression. Adaptive spiritual coping was tied to greater posttraumatic growth. Spiritual coping and struggles each contributed uniquely to adjustment beyond parallel forms of nonspiritual coping and struggles and mediated links between viewing the divorce as a sacred loss/desecration and depression.
Death and the pediatric house officer

Pediatric house officers treating dying children often tend to withdraw from the patient and from their own feelings. Routine supervision by experienced faculty early in the house officer's career may be crucial for the modifications of these tendencies.
Effect of pressure on the pyrolysis of newsprint

Abstract Data are presented on tar and char yields from newsprint pyrolysed at temperatures between 300 and 385 °C and at pressures ranging from below 0.1 kPa to 93 kPa. A one parameter model is developed to describe the effect of ambient pressure on tar yield. Both untreated and 1% HC1 washed newsprint are considered.
Predictability of the NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis Model during Austral Summer

Abstract Ten years of forecasts during Northern Hemisphere winter produced by the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis project are analyzed and their errors are documented with a focus on forecasts over South America. Previous studies have documented a seesaw pattern in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). Events associated with a strong SACZ are periods when the subtropical plains of South America exhibit precipitation deficits. When the SACZ weakens, precipitation in the plains is abundant. The forecast errors during these periods are examined separately. An error climatology is also obtained based on all available forecasts for January and February. It is found that cases with weak SACZ are characterized by relatively smaller forecast errors in the Americas and neighboring oceans during the first three days than are strong SACZ cases. The error growth for these weak SACZ cases is larger, and the forecast errors exceed those in the strong SACZ cases after about 5 days. Upper-tropospheric divergence is systematic...
Lymphocyte subsets in lung cancer

Altered cellular immune function has been demonstrated in patients with lung cancer, including decreased numbers of circulating lymphocytes and changes in the percentage of lymphocytes in various functional subsets. We quantitated lymphocyte subsets in 54 patients with lung cancer including patients with limited (stages 1 and 2) nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n = 23), advanced (stage 3) NSCLC (n = 16), and small cell cancer (SCLC, n = 15). Serum albumin was decreased in 15 lung cancer patients, and lymphocyte subsets were separately evaluated in these patients. Lymphocyte populations in cancer patients were compared to those of nonsmokers and a smoking patient population. No difference from smokers was noted in patients with limited NSCLC. Patients with SCLC and advanced NSCLC had significantly decreased numbers of T-helper and T-suppressor cells (p less than 0.05). Patients with lung cancer and hypoalbuminemia had the greatest decrease in number of circulating T-helper cells (p less than 0.001). B-lymphocytes were also decreased in patients with advanced NSCLC and patients with hypoalbuminemia (p less than 0.05). A decrease in population of T-lymphocytes subsets is frequent in patients with SCLC, advanced NSCLC, and lung cancer patients with hypoalbuminemia.
Changes in coeds' sex role concepts: 1969 and 1980

In 1969, as part of a larger study, a sample (N = 177) of Kent State University senior women responded to the Fand Inventory of Feminine Values, a sex role inventory. A similar sample (N = 180) of senior women responded to the same inventory in 1980. Although it was expected that the 1980 sample would exhibit more “liberated” attitudes on this index, the extent of change was unanticipated. When the responses were compared, it was found that the 1980 sample expressed more liberal attitudes within every category of each of twelve variables. A multivariate analysis indicated that attitudinal variables explained more of the variance in sex role concepts than did soicodemographic variables. A comparison of these findings is made with those on other campuses, and with the general adult population.
Phrase-final syllable lengthening and intonation in early child speech

This research describes the development of phrase-final prosodic patterns in nine English-speaking children. The intonation feature of interest is the fall in the fundamental frequency of the voice...
Properties of antidromically activated callosal neurons and neurons responsive to callosal input in rabbit binocular cortex

Abstract Extracellular spikes were recorded from the cell bodies of antidromically activated callosal axons in the binocular visual cortex of unanesthetized, unparalyzed rabbits. Callosal axons were stimulated near their terminals in the contralateral cortex. Recordings were also obtained from neurons which responded synaptically to contralateral cortical stimulation. The primary method for differentiating antidromic from synaptic activation was the test for collision of impulses. Additional tests provided further confirmation of antidromic activation. Units which sent an axon across the corpus callosum (callosal neurons) were thereby distinguished from units which responded synaptically to callosal input. Eighteen percent of units sampled sent an axon across the corpus callosum. The median conduction velocity of callosal axons was less than 2 m/sec. An additional 18% of units encountered were synaptically activated by contralateral cortical stimulation. Callosal neurons were found to differ from synaptically activated units in three distinct ways. Callosal neurons had very low spontaneous firing rates (median =
Pulmonary MR angiography

Recent technical improvements have made pulmonary MR angiography (MRA) feasible. The technique is attractive because it is noninvasive, provides a full three-dimensional (3D) display of the pulmonary vasculature, and potentially can be combined with MR venography of the lower extremities and pelvis for the comprehensive diagnosis of thromboembolism. Approaches to acquiring pulmonary MR angiograms are currently being developed and include both two-dimensional and 3D time-of-flight methods, breath-hold and non-breath-hold techniques, and the use of gadolinium-based contrast enhancement. The results of initial studies using pulmonary MRA for the detection of pulmonary embolism are encouraging, but they must be evaluated in conjunction with newly developed fast CT scanning techniques. This article reviews the state of development of pulmonary MRA, the current clinical applications of the technique, and the prospects for future development.
The timeliness of accounting disclosures in international security markets

In this study, we examine financial reporting lags, the incidence of late filing, and the relationship between reporting lags, firm performance and the degree of capital market scrutiny. We use a large sample of firms spanning 22 countries over a eleven-year period. A focal point of our analysis is whether the incidence of late filing, and the relations between reporting days and other variables, differ systematically between common and code law countries. Relative to U.S. firms, we report that the time taken and allowed for filing is usually longer in other countries and that the statutory requirement is more frequently violated. Timely filing is found to be less frequent in code law countries. Poor firm performance and longer reporting lags are more strongly linked in common law countries. We also find that whereas greater capital market scrutiny and more timely filing are related, there is less support for a relationship between the level of debt financing and timely filing in code law countries.
Elevated production of interleukin-2 by lymphocytes from children with acute leukemia

Abnormalities of the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) may play an important role in the immunologic dysfunction observed in pediatric leukemia patients. For an evaluation of the ability of lymphocytes from leukemic children to produce this cytokine, the production of IL-2 by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined in children with acute leukemia at the time of diagnosis, during clinical remission, and at the time of relapse. Of 16 patients, 11 (69%) with either acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia at the time of diagnosis had IL-2 production levels above the highest level observed in control subjects, and all but one had values above the control mean. Three of five treated patients had elevated IL-2 production at the time of bone marrow relapse. In addition, of 37 patients examined during clinical remission (both during chemotherapy and after the completion of maintenance chemotherapy), five had IL-2 production values above the control range and four of these five patients subsequently had relapses, compared with only one relapse in the remaining 32 patients with normal or below-normal levels of IL-2 production. These results demonstrate an increased ability to produce IL-2 by many patients with acute leukemia, both at the time of diagnosis and at relapse. Elevated IL-2 production may represent an immunologic response to leukemic cells and in some patients may provide a marker for persistent leukemia.
Factors Associated with Attendance at Caregiver Support Group Meetings

Four hundred ninety caregivers to dementia victims from 16 states completed questionnaires assessing a range of information including personal, psychosocial and situational characteristics, along with information regarding attendance and perceived helpfulness from support group meetings. A stepwise regression procedure revealed a positive relationship between number of meetings attended and perceived helpfulness of meetings, and length of time providing care, and a negative relationship with caregiver life satisfaction. Implications for future research, nursing home services and intervention strategies are discussed, particularly regarding the unexpected finding that those attending more meetings reported lower life satisfaction.
The erythrocyte binding motif of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein is highly polymorphic and functionally conserved in isolates from Papua New Guinea.

The Duffy binding protein (DBP) of Plasmodium vivax is a critical adhesion ligand that participates in merozoite invasion of human Duffy positive reticulocytes. Binding domains have been shown to lie within a conserved N-terminal cyteine-rich region, region II, that contains 330-aa and the critical binding residues have been recently mapped to 170-aa stretch within this region. Previous studies on few isolates indicated a significant degree of polymorphism in region II (DBPII). To examine further the degree of variability of DBPII, and whether these variants produce functional changes, DBPII was amplified by nested PCR from 24 isolates from Papua New Guinea, and the amplicons were cloned and sequenced. One synonymous and 18 non-synonymous mutations were identified. Altogether, 93% of the cumulative polymorphisms lie within the 170-aa region. Targeted surface expression of region II of two different alleles on the surface of Cos7 cells did not affect their binding to Duffy positive erythrocytes. These results indicate that polymorphisms in the critical binding motifs do not alter its function. If DBPII variation arose to avert mechanisms of protective immunity targeting the DBP, vaccine development employing the parasite binding ligand may require strategies to minimize the effect of this polymorphism.
Free-ridership in the standards-setting process: the case of 10BaseT

In many cases, standards have public goods attributes. As a result it is important to consider how the development costs are provided. It is well known that public goods, due to their nonexclusionary nature, are subject to free riders. We consider free-ridership in standardization in general, and examine the case of one standard, IEEE 802.3i (10BaseT) in particular. We show that free-ridership existed in the development of the 10BaseT standard, and in the subsequent product market, by specifying the criteria for the existence of free-ridership and by providing the necessary data to show that such an issue actually exists. We discuss the consequences of free-ridership and consider the implications for the standards development process in general.
Oxidative coupling of methane over antimony-based catalysts

Abstract The conversion of methane to C 2 hydrocarbons by oxidative coupling was studied using a series of potassium-doped bulk and supported antimony oxide catalysts over the temperature range 700–800 °C. A combination of both pulse and flow reaction techniques was used in the study. The use of a tapered reactor design significantly reduced any gas-phase contribution to the reaction. α-Sb 2 O 4 was identified as the only antimony oxide phase which gave high C 2 selectivity under the reaction conditions studied. It was found that addition of potassium to supported antimony oxide resulted in a slight increase in the C 2 yield and C 2 selectivity. Kinetic studies were used to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
Seasonal density, distribution and interactions of predatory and scavenger arthropods in accumulating poultry wastes in coastal and interior Southern California

Seasonal predatory and scavenger arthropod densities were studied at interior and coastal southern California poultry ranches. Though some seasonal population clumping occurred with some species, the distribution of predators and scavengers was fairly uniform within each ranch. Correlation analyses of key predators in theHisteridae, Staphylinidae, Hydrophylidae andDermaptera with the potential hosts,Musca domestica L.,Tinea fuscipunctellaHaworth, andFannia spp. suggested that predator activity was seasonally influenced. Possible periodic avoidance of a particular host's habitat was detected as significant negative correlations. The data tend to support the importance of different species of predators in different seasons and the need for natural enemy complexes rather than single species for biological control.
Potential modifiable risk factors for macrosomia in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

PATIENTS WITH GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS K. JENNIFER VOSS, JUDITH CHUNG, PAMELA RUMNEY, KIRK KEEGAN, CAROL MAJOR, University of California, Irvine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Orange, CA Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Long Beach, CA OBJECTIVE: Treatment of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus has not necessarily been shown to reduce the risk of macrosomia in this population. This study evaluates the contribution of potentially modifiable interventions that may help to reduce the risk of macrosomia in gestational diabetics. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study (June 2001-December 2002) was performed using data from the California Department of Health Services, Maternal Child Health Branch, and the California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program Data System (the system collects data from all patients referred to the California Sweet Success Program). Logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds of macrosomia, defined as >4000 grams. The following factors were evaluated in the multivariate model: ethnicity, parity, education, gestational age at delivery, maternal weight, and the interaction between ethnicity and preferred language. RESULTS: Of 8790 patients, there were 6406 gestational diabetics that met inclusion criteria. The incidence of macrosomia was 11.6%. Ethnicity, preferred language, and the interaction of ethnicity and preferred language did not appear to be predictive of macrosomia. However, when compared to patients with a college education ormore, the odds ofmacrosomia in patients with a high school education were 1.53 (95% CI 1.24-1.90). In patients with less than a high school education, the odds were 1.79 (95% CI 1.34-2.38). CONCLUSION:Gestational diabetics with a lower level of education appear to have an increased risk of macrosomia. Interventions directed towards improving communication and knowledge of the disease process in such patients may prove to be beneficial. (This analysis, interpretation, and conclusion are that of the authors and not of the California Department of Health Services, Maternal Child Health Branch, or the California Diabetes and Pregnancy Program).
Patients With and Without Prior Urolithiasis Have Hypocitraturia and Incident Kidney Stones While on Topiramate

Objectives To determine the effect of topiramate (TPM) on 24-hour urinary parameters in stone formers. TPM is frequently prescribed for epilepsy, migraine headaches, and eating disorders. Methods Twelve stone-forming patients who were prescribed TPM between 2003 and 2008 were identified from our stone clinic. Of these, 9 patients (M:F, 4:5; 47 ± 7.1 y SEM) underwent a full metabolic workup (UroRisk Diagnostic Profile, Mission Pharmacal Reference Laboratory, San Antonio, TX) and were included for review. Parameters examined include duration and dose of the drug, 24-hour urine calcium, oxalate, citrate, volume, and pH. If available, urine parameters before taking TPM and after either stopping it or receiving potassium citrate therapy were recorded. Results Mean duration taking TPM was 17 ± 5.2 months (range, 3-43) months and median dose was 100 mg (range, 25-300) daily. Mean urinary citrate excretion was 136 ± 29 mg/d (range, 30-280) in all patients taking the drug. Three patients were either taken off the drug or placed on potassium citrate, resulting in a mean increase in urinary citrate of 374 mg/d (65%). TPM dosage correlated inversely with urinary citrate excretion (Pearson correlation coefficient = −0.73). Conclusions TPM therapy is associated with a profound, dose-dependent decrease in urinary citrate, leading to increased lithogenic risk. This hypocitraturia persists even after long periods of taking the drug. Urologists should be aware of the stone-forming risk of this medication. Strategies to maintain therapeutic urinary citrate concentrations in patients on TPM are needed.
Multi-scale study of condensation in water jets using ellipsoidal-statistical Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook and molecular dynamics modeling

Homogeneous water condensation and ice formation in supersonic expansions to vacuum for stagnation pressures from 12 to 1000 mbar are studied using the particle-based Ellipsoidal-Statistical Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (ES-BGK) method. We find that when condensation starts to occur, at a stagnation pressure of 96 mbar, the increase in the degree of condensation causes an increase in the rotational temperature due to the latent heat of vaporization. The simulated rotational temperature profiles along the plume expansion agree well with measurements confirming the kinetic homogeneous condensation models and the method of simulation. Comparisons of the simulated gas and cluster number densities, cluster size for different stagnation pressures along the plume centerline were made and it is found that the cluster size increase linearly with respect to stagnation pressure, consistent with classical nucleation theory. The sensitivity of our results to cluster nucleation model and latent heat values based on bulk water, specific cluster size, or bulk ice are examined. In particular, the ES-BGK simulations are found to be too coarse-grained to provide information on the phase or structure of the clusters formed. For this reason, molecular dynamics simulations of water condensation in a one-dimensional free expansion to simulate the conditions in the core of a plume are performed. We find that the internal structure of the clusters formed depends on the stagnation temperature. A larger cluster of average size 21 was tracked down the expansion, and a calculation of its average internal temperature as well as a comparison of its radial distribution functions (RDFs) with values measured for solid amorphous ice clusters lead us to conclude that this cluster is in a solid-like rather than liquid form. In another molecular-dynamics simulation at a much lower stagnation temperature, a larger cluster of size 324 and internal temperature 200 K was extracted from an expansion plume and equilibrated to determine its RDF and self-diffusion coefficient. The value of the latter shows that this cluster is formed in a supercooled liquid state rather than in an amorphous solid state.
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study of the Morphology of Carbon Black Mass Fractal Aggregates in Polymeric Composites

Carbon blacks (CB) demonstrate varied structural features on length scales from angstroms to micrometers. Widely used as fillers in polymers, carbon blacks improve the mechanical and electrical properties of the host material. In general, CB is a low-dimensional mass-fractal aggregate of carbonaceous primary particles. Here we investigate the effect of processing on the interpenetration of aggregates in CB/polymer composites by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). We performed SAXS measurements on a series of N330/EPR and N330/HDPE composites containing different amounts of a commercially available N330 carbon black. N330/HDPE composites were prepared by two different methods. The first method is Brabender dispersion of depelletized N330 in molten polymer; the second method is high-shear mixing of depelletized N330 in HDPE dissolved in a good solvent and subsequent addition of this mixture to a poor solvent for polyethylene. SAXS experiments were performed at the University of New Mexico/Sandia National L...