cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Wheeled ATV — A No-Suspension Rigid Rider System, Part II: Applications — Handling and Ride

This paper is the second in a series on three-wheeled all-terrain vehicles and investigates the handling and ride characteristics of the six degrees-of-freedom mathematical model of a vehicle/rigid-rider system with no suspension. This vehicle/rider system was simulated over three different bump profiles of rectangular, parabolic and sinusoidal shapes. The results show that a light vehicle/rider system equipped with a set of stiff tires has the poorest handling and ride characteristics whereas a heavy vehicle/rider system equipped with a set of soft tires has the best handling and ride characteristics. It was also shown that, for the particular profiles selected, a longer ramp-like bump profile disturbed the vehicle/rider systems significantly more than a shorter length bump profile.
Evidence for Protein Synthesis in Synaptosomal Membranes

Evidence is presented that a brain fraction containing synaptosomal membrane fragments and ghosts prepared from lysed rat forebrain synaptosomes synthesize protein in a cell free system. The protein synthesis was dependent upon the addition of a synaptosomal membrane fraction, Mg++, monovalent cations, ATP, GTP, and enzyme factors prepared from intact synaptosomes. Protein synthesis was inhibited by ribonuclease, cyclohexamide, puromycin, and phosphate ion, but chloramphenicol, erythromycin, ouabain, and KCN had no significant effect. The products of protein synthesis with both the synaptosomal membrane fraction and microsomal fractions from rat forebrain were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The distribution of the synaptosomal membrane fraction product in the polyacrylamide gels differed significantly from the microsomal product. Also the distribution of products following density gradient centrifugation and a comparison of requirements for monovalent cations further differentiated protein synthesis with the synaptosomal membrane fraction from that with microsomal preparations.
Origins of satellites

Satellites are an inevitable consequence of most plausible planetary accumulation processes. They can arise from gaseous or particulate circumplanetary disks, continuously fed during accretion of the planet or infrequently created by large impacts. They can also arise from capture, aided by gas drag. Fission (in the Darwinian sense) is highly unlikely. The relative importance of these processes depends primarily on: (a) the disposition and dynamics of the gas phase; and (b) the mass spectrum of the planetesimals which feed a growing planet. It is not possible to assess these factors with great confidence at present because of considerable uncertainty concerning the mode(s) of planetary formation. This review seeks, therefore, to assess critically the alternatives within the context of current ideas of the early solar system, guided by both cosmochemical and dynamical constraints, but unencumbered by prejudices concerning planetary growth. Topics discussed include the dynamics of both gaseous and particulate disks, the role of large impacts in creating satellite source material, the role of capture, and the thermodynamics of satellite accretion. Possible explanations for each of the satellite systems are offered.
Low Vision Intervention: Decision Making for Acquiring and Integrating Assistive Technology

Occupational-therapy intervention can enable strong, independent decision making primarily related to assistive device acquisition and use for clients with low vision. In developed nations, occupational therapists (OTs) provide interventions for older adults with acquired vision impairments more frequently than for any other population. Therefore, the information here will be applicable mostly to that age group. This chapter explores two main topics: (1) the decision-making process involved in acquiring and integrating low-vision assistive technology for clients with low vision and (2) the types of assistive technologies available to clients with low vision.
Study of compact fast reactor core designs

A study is conducted to investigate conceptual liquid-metal reactor (LMR) core concepts, employing some unconventional design features for improved economics and safety. The unconventional design elements are used to supplement the conventional measures, which alone have apparently not led to an attractive LMR design for the 21st century. Better economics are obtained through simplicity and compactness of the core design. For simplicity, internal scattered blankets are omitted. Core compactness is achieved by maximum power flattening, resulting from axial and radial enrichment zones along with axial and radial (BeO) reflectors. To further enhance core compactness, the in-core compactness, the in-core control rods are replaced by reflector controls. For improved safety, the general objective is to reduce both coolant-void and burnup reactivities. However, even with the use of a wide spectrum of unconventional design features, such as burnable poisons, peripheral reflectors, and inner moderating regions, it is not possible to overcome the fact that both coolant-void and burnup reactivities cannot be reduced simultaneously to desirably low levels. The only resolution of this dilemma appears to be minimize coolant-void reactivity and to manage the burnup reactivities. However, even with the use of a wide spectrum of unconventional design features, such as burnable poisons,more » peripheral reflectors, and inner moderating regions, it is not possible to overcome the fact that both coolant-void and burnup reactivities cannot be reduced simultaneously to desirably low levels. The only resolution of this dilemma appears to be to minimize coolant-void reactivity and to manage the burnup reactivity losses, such that an accidental insertion of significant amounts of reactivity is mechanically not possible. A conceptual design with these characteristics is described.« less
Size Distribution of Particle-Phase Molecular Markers during a Severe Winter Pollution Episode

Airborne particulate matter was collected using filter samplers and cascade impactors in six size fractions below 1.8 microm during a severe winter air pollution event at three sites in the Central Valley of California. The smallest size fraction analyzed was 0.056 0.8) for retene, benzo[ghi]flouranthene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, coronene, MW302 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), 17beta(H)-21alpha(H)-30-norhopane, 17alpha(H)-21beta(H)-hopane, alphabetabeta-20R-C29-ethylcholestane, levoglucosan, and cholesterol. Of these compounds, levoglucosan was present in the highest concentration (60-2080 ng m(-3)) followed by cholesterol (6-35 ng m(-3)), PAHs (2-38 ng m(-3)), and hopanes and steranes (0-2 ng m(-3)). Nighttime concentrations were higher than daytime concentrations in all cases. Organic compound size distributions were generally similar to the total carbon size distributions during the nighttime but showed greater variability during the daytime. This may reflect the dominance of fresh emission in the stagnant surface layer during the evening hours and the presence of aged organic aerosol at the surface during the daytime when the atmosphere is better mixed. All of the measured organic compound particle size distributions had a single mode that peaked somewhere between 0.18 and 0.56 microm, but the width of each distribution varied by compound. Cholesterol generally had the broadest particle size distribution, while benzo[ghi]perylene and 17alpha(H)-21beta(H)-29-norhopane generally had sharper peaks. The difference between the size distributions of the various particle-phase organic compounds reflects the fact that these compounds exist in particles emitted from different sources. The results of the current study will prove useful for size-resolved source apportionment exercises.
Influence of Milk Somatic Cell Count and Milk Age on Cheese Yield

Abstract Batches (n = 22) of milk were collected from groups of 8 to 10 cows with similar milk SCC from
Sugar binding to Na+/glucose cotransporters is determined by the carboxyl-terminal half of the protein

d-Glucose is absorbed across the proximal tubule of the kidney by two Na+/glucose cotransporters (SGLT1 and SGLT2). The low affinity SGLT2 is expressed in the S1 and S2 segments, has a Na+:glucose coupling ratio of 1, a K0.5 for sugar of approximately 2 mM, and a K0.5 for Na+ of approximately 1 mM. The high affinity SGLT1, found in the S3 segment, has a coupling ratio of 2, and K0.5 for sugar and Na+ of approximately 0.2 and 5 mM, respectively. We have constructed a chimeric protein consisting of amino acids 1-380 of porcine SGLT2 and amino acids 381-662 of porcine SGLT1. The chimera was expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and steady-state kinetics were characterized by a two-electrode voltage-clamp. The K0.5 for alpha-methyl-d-glucopyranoside (0.2 mM) was similar to that for SGLT1, and like SGLT1 the chimera transported D-galactose and 3-O-methylglucose. In contrast, SGLT2 transports poorly D-galactose and excludes 3-O-methylglucose. The apparent K0.5Na was 3.5 mM (at -150 mV), and the Hill coefficient ranged between 0.8 and 1.5. We conclude that recognition/transport of organic substrate is mediated by interactions distal to amino acid 380, while cation binding is determined by interactions arising from the amino- and carboxyl-terminal halves of the transporters. Surprisingly, the chimera transported alpha-phenyl derivatives of D-glucose as well as the inhibitors of sugar transport: phlorizin, deoxyphlorizin, and beta-D-glucopyranosylphenyl isothiocyanate are transported with high affinity (K0.5 for phlorizin was 5 microM). Thus, the pocket for organic substrate binding is increased from 10 x 5 x 5 (A) for SGLT1 to 11 x 18 x 5 (A) for the chimera.
Nightly Aeration to Increase the Efficiency of Channel Catfish Production

Abstract Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds were stocked at 10,000 fish/hectare and fed to a maximum daily rate of 53.2 kg/hectare. Three ponds were aerated 6 h/night from 30 May to 12 October at a rate equivalent to 6.25 kW/hectare with aerators that had a standard aeration efficiency of 1.34 kg O2/kWh. Three ponds served as unaerated controls, but emergency aeration was occasionally applied in these ponds. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were always above 4 mg/L in aerated ponds, but concentrations below 2 mg/L often were recorded in unaerated ponds. Harvest weight of fish averaged 4,813 kg/hectare in aerated ponds and 3,659 kg/ hectare in unaerated ponds. The same quantity of feed was applied to all ponds. Feed conversions (weight of feed applied/net weight gained by fish) were 1.32 and 1.75 in aerated and unaerated ponds, respectively. Production data were expanded to larger ponds for a budget analysis. Net returns to land, management, and equity capital were US$1,719/hectare for aerated pond...
The Third Intracellular Loop of α2-Adrenergic Receptors Determines Subtype Specificity of Arrestin Interaction

Nonvisual arrestins (arrestin-2 and -3) serve as adaptors to link agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors to the endocytic machinery. Although many G protein-coupled receptors bind arrestins, the molecular determinants involved in binding remain largely unknown. Because arrestins selectively promote the internalization of the α2b- and α2c-adrenergic receptors (ARs) while having no effect on the α2aAR, here we used α2ARs to identify molecular determinants involved in arrestin binding. Initially, we assessed the ability of purified arrestins to bind glutathioneS-transferase fusions containing the third intracellular loops of the α2aAR, α2bAR, or α2cAR. These studies revealed that arrestin-3 directly binds to the α2bAR and α2cAR but not the α2aAR, whereas arrestin-2 only binds to the α2bAR. Truncation mutagenesis of the α2bAR identified two arrestin-3 binding domains in the third intracellular loop, one at the N-terminal end (residues 194–214) and the other at the C-terminal end (residues 344–368). Site-directed mutagenesis further revealed a critical role for several basic residues in arrestin-3 binding to the α2bAR third intracellular loop. Mutation of these residues in the holo-α2bAR and subsequent expression in HEK 293 cells revealed that the mutations had no effect on the ability of the receptor to activate ERK1/2. However, agonist-promoted internalization of the mutant α2bAR was significantly attenuated as compared with wild type receptor. These results demonstrate that arrestin-3 binds to two discrete regions within the α2bAR third intracellular loop and that disruption of arrestin binding selectively abrogates agonist-promoted receptor internalization.
Models of Care for Vesicoureteral Reflux With and Without an End Point of Reflux Resolution: A Computer Cost Analysis

Accepted for publication December 14, 2012. AS providers increasingly believe in a more benign natural history of childhood vesicoureteral reflux, many have adopted a noninterventional approach, reserving aggressive therapy for select patients. On the other hand, the availability of subureteral injection has caused many to question whether indications for correction of vesicoureteral reflux should be more liberal than in the past. Options for VUR correction include open reimplantation and laparoscopic or robotic operations that replicate open reimplantation. Unlike the other minimally invasive options, dextranomer/ hyaluronic acid injection is well established in the treatment of VUR, offering an outpatient and virtually pain-free alternative to open surgery. However, this approach is controversial, and reported early and long-term success rates vary widely. We previously used a population model based on a theoretical cohort of girls with VUR followed for 5 years to examine surgical timing, impact of bladder dysfunction on cost of treatment, and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection success rates necessary to achieve cost equivalence to open surgical and standard treatment paradigms. With time costs have changed, as have attitudes toward what constitutes standard management. In particular practitioners are increasingly inclined to observe VUR, or to
Pump dysfunction after myocardial infarction: Importance of location, extent and pattern of abnormal left ventricular segmental contraction

Abstract To delineate the relative effects on left ventricular function of the site, extent and nature of abnormal left ventricular segmental contraction (dyssynergy) and thereby determine the mechanism by which anterior myocardial infarction results in greater depression of left ventricular performance than does inferior infarction, 43 patients with remote myocardial infarction of similar extent (average 38 percent of left ventricular systolic perimeter) and associated hypokinesia or dyskinesia confined to either the anterior or inferior wall were compared; 10 additional patients were evaluated who exhibited generalized dyssynergy (72 percent of left ventricular perimeter). When the pattern of dyssynergy and extent of infarction were similar, the location alone of dyssynergy did not influence variables of left ventricular function. However, paradoxical outward systolic movement (dyskinesia) of the anterior or inferior wall resulted in greater depression ( P P
On the influence of solar wind conditions on the outer-electron radiation belt

[1] The dependence of outer-radiation belt electron fluxes upon solar wind velocity and density is investigated using the OMNI solar wind database and LANL-GEO geosynchronous satellites for a period spanning over 20 years. Two dimensional probability distribution functions (PDF) of the flux-solar wind velocity (Vsw) and flux-solar wind density are calculated for electron energies in the 10's of keV to MeV range. The PDF's are normalized by Vsw and density and reveal new distinct relationships. Triangle-shaped flux-Vsw distributions become non-linear PDF's, and the most probable flux increases with Vsw. The only significant saturation of fluxes observed with an increase in Vsw occurs for the lower energy electron fluxes (31.7 keV). The low energy fluxes exhibit a positive correlation with solar wind density, while mid-to-high energy electron fluxes are anti-correlated with density. The maximum probability in the PDF's depends upon both velocity and density, the probability is higher for larger Vsw, and the maximum probability is larger for a given Vsw than for density. The results indicate that Vsw may be more important for determination of fluxes than density, especially for periods of high Vsw if suitable mixed delay times are applied to each solar wind parameter. It is shown that the source population of relativistic electrons of tens of keV exhibit a 2-D normalized flux-Vsw PDF, which is strikingly similar to that of the relativistic electrons. The findings support a model whereby solar wind velocity drives convective transport of source and seed electrons, to the inner magnetosphere, where local acceleration and subsequent radial diffusion is responsible for the enhanced fluxes. The results of this study also indicate that, statistically, ULF waves driven by dynamic pressure variations may act as a significant cause of loss for electrons in the 100's of keV to MeV range.
The Broken Supersymmetry Phase of a Self-Avoiding Random Walk

We consider a weakly self-avoiding random walk on a hierarchical lattice ind=4 dimensions. We show that for choices of the killing ratea less than the critical valueacthe dominant walks fill space, which corresponds to a spontaneously broken supersymmetry phase. We identify the asymptotic density to which walks fill space, ρ(a), to be a supersymmetric order parameter for this transition. We prove that ρ(a)∼(ac−a) (−log(ac−a))1/2 asa↗ac, which is mean-field behavior with logarithmic corrections, as expected for a system in its upper critical dimension.
Transcranial direct current stimulation to enhance motor function in spinal cord injury: Pilot data

Several lines of evidence indicate that a non-invasive form of brain stimulation called transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can facilitate motor recovery after stroke. However, there is no available data about how tDCS may enhance outcomes of intensive, task-oriented upper extremity (UE) motor training in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Moreover, there is a lack of effective interventions to enhance recovery of UE motor function after SCI, especially in chronic cases. Thus, we are conducting a double-blind, randomized, controlled study of how tDCS paired with intensive task-oriented training affects UE motor function in subjects with motor incomplete cervical SCI. Our central hypothesis is that subjects who receive anodal tDCS paired with intensive task-oriented training 3 days a week for 8 weeks will have significantly more improved UE motor performance than controls receiving sham tDCS paired with identical training. Furthermore, motor improvement will correlate with corticospinal reorganization (motor maps) measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Outcome measures for motor performance include Spinal Cord Independence Measure-Ill, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, and Medical Research Council scale administered at baseline, at midpoint, and immediately post-intervention. Here, we present our preliminary results (n=2) of this ongoing study.
Raman, infrared, and x-ray evidence for new phases of nitrogen at high pressures and temperatures

We report the existence and characterization of a distinct class of molecular phases of solid nitrogen at high pressures and temperatures by Raman scattering, infrared absorption, and powder synchrotron x-ray diffraction. The most remarkable is a phase $(\ensuremath{\theta})$ which is characterized by strong intermolecular interactions and infrared vibron absorption. A second lower-pressure phase $(\ensuremath{\iota})$ is diatomic with orientationally equivalent molecules. Both phases can be quenched to room temperature and are observed over a wide $P\ensuremath{-}T$ range from 20 to 100 GPa and 30 to 1000 K. The results suggest a major revision of the phase relations of nitrogen at high pressures and temperatures.
High-pressure water injection injury

Patients that present with high-pressure injection injuries most often have hand or digital involvement. Overall, high-pressure injection injuries to the hand are uncommon and tend to be occupation related. The usual cause is industrial equipment, with machinery such as grease guns, spray guns and diesel engine injectors accounting for most of these injuries. Materials injected include the following reported substances: paint, paint thinner, grease, oil, hydraulic fluid, plastic, wax, water and semifluid cement. The extent of damage from high-pressure injection injuries depends on a number of physical, chemical and biological factors, including the type, amount and velocity of injected material and the anatomical location of the injury. For any injury that results in a significant depth of penetration, the most important determinant of the extent of injury is the chemical composition of the injected material. This determines the likely tissue inflammatory response and the resulting fibrosis that develops during healing. Paint and paint thinner produce a large, early inflammatory response and result in a high percentage of amputations. In contrast, grease injuries cause a small inflammatory response and have a lower amputation rate but are associated with oleogranuloma formation, fistulas, scarring and loss of digit function. The amount of material injected into the confined space of the digits or palm determines the degree of mechanical distention and the potential for vascular compromise. The velocity of the injected material and the site of tissue penetration determine anatomical dispersion, which for upper extremity injuries may include the digit, hand and forearm [1]. The patient who seeks treatment early after injury may have minimal symptoms with either an innocuous entrance wound or no visible break in the skin. Fusiform swelling resulting from mechanical distention of the tissue by the injectant will usually be apparent. Several hours later, the involved digit or palm may become extremely painful, swollen and pale because of vascular compromise and tissue necrosis [1]. The incidence of high-pressure water injection injury to the mouth or oral cavity appears to be quite rare. A literature search of MEDLINE yielded no reports of high-pressure injuries to this region. The only literature detailing an oral water injury was described by Duplechain et al. in 1993 [2]. They reported on a 5-year-old girl who suffered an injury from a much lower pressure bathtub water spout. Here we describe a recent oral injury from a high power pressure washer.
Banking on Decoupling: Budget-Driven Sustainability for HPC Applications on EC2 Spot Instances

Cloud providers are auctioning their excess capacity using dynamically priced virtual instances. These spot instances provide significant savings compared to on-demand or fixed price instances. The users willing to use these resources are asked to provide a maximum bid price per hour, and the cloud provider runs the instances as long as the market price is below the user's bid price. By using such resources, the users are exposed explicitly to failures and need to adapt their applications to provide some level of fault tolerance. In this paper we expose the effect of bidding in the case of virtual HPC clusters composed of spot instances. We describe the interesting effect of uniform versus non-uniform bidding, in terms of failure rate and failure model. We propose an initial attempt to deal with the problem of predicting the runtime of a parallel application under various bidding strategies and various system parameters. We describe the relationship between bidding strategies and programming models. We build a preliminary optimization model that uses real price traces from Amazon Web Services as inputs, as well as instrumented values related to the processing and network capacities of clusters instances on the EC2 services. Our results show preliminary insights into the relationship between non-uniform bidding and application scaling strategies.
Carbanion versus hydride transfer mechanisms in flavoprotein-catalyzed dehydrogenations

The present understanding of the mechanisms by which flavoproteins oxidize amino acid or hydroxy acids to the respective imino or keto acids is reviewed. The observation that many of these enzymes catalyze the elimination of HBr or HCl from the appropriate beta-halogenated substrate was long considered evidence for a carbanion intermediate. Recent structural and mechanistic studies are not compatible with the intermediacy of carbanions in the reactions catalyzed by d-amino acid oxidase and flavocytochrome b(2). In contrast, the data are most consistent with mechanisms involving direct hydride transfer.
Applicants' Choice of an Ophthalmology Residency Program

Objective To determine the factors most important to applicants when selecting an ophthalmology residency program. Design Cross-sectional survey. Participants All 595 applicants who submitted a rank list to the Ophthalmology Residency Matching Program for the 2012 match. Methods Participants anonymously completed a 25-item questionnaire after the submission of their rank lists. A multiple-choice format and ordinal scale were used to query applicants on demographics, career plans, and the importance of factors related to program characteristics. One question allowed a free text response to identify factors that caused the applicant to rank a program lower than other programs or not at all (i.e., "red flag"). Main Outcome Measures Factors important to applicants when creating their rank lists. Results The response rate was 37% (218/595). The 3 most important factors affecting rank lists were resident–faculty relationships, clinical and surgical volume, and diversity of training. The fourth most important was the interview experience with faculty; poor interview experience was the most frequently cited "red flag." Age, gender, and marital status did not affect how applicants rated factors. Applicants planning a post-residency fellowship or an academic career placed greater importance on opportunities for resident research and a program's prestige ( P P Conclusions Applicants rated educational and interpersonal factors as more important than geographic factors when selecting an ophthalmology residency program. Future career plans and demographic factors influenced the rating of specific factors. The results of this study provide a useful resource to programs preparing for the match. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Impairment of calcium mobilization in phagocytic cells in glycogen storage disease type 1b

Patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD) type 1b, in contrast to patients with GSD 1a, are susceptible to recurrent bacterial infections suggesting defective phagocytic function. We have demonstrated a selective defect in respiratory burst activity but not in degranulation by phagocytic cells in GSD 1b but not in GSD 1a. The respiratory burst abnormality in phagocytic cells from GSD 1b patients was associated with impaired calcium mobilization, whereas these processes were normal in GSD 1a patients. Therefore, the alteration in calcium mobilization was an indication of a signalling defect in phagocytic cells from GSD 1b. However, calcium mobilization was normal in lymphocytes, indicating that defective calcium mobilization was not a global finding in circulating leukocytes, but was specific to phagocytic cells. Calcium mobilization in response to ionomycin was reduced suggesting decreased calcium stores in GSD 1b neutrophils. Therefore, altered phagocytic cell function in GSD 1b patients appears to be associated with diminished calcium mobilization and defective calcium stores. This defectice calcium signalling was associated with a selective defect in respiratory burst activity but not degranulation.
Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Clinical Applications of Transesophageal Echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography has emerged recently as a powerful cardiac imaging tool. The strengths and limitations of transesophageal echocardiography are reviewed. The clinical use of transesophageal echocardiography in aortic dissection, endocarditis, mitral valve disease, prosthetic heart valves, stroke, and miscellaneous other conditions is discussed.
Genetic Effects for Response to Live Edwardsiella ictaluri, Killed E. ictaluri, and Stress in Juveniles from All Crosses Among USDA 103, USDA 102, and Norris Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Strains

Juveniles from all possible crosses among USDA 102. USDA 103, and Norris channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus strains were compared for: 1) survival and mix-Edwardsiella ictaluri antibody after exposure to live E. ictaluri bacterium (isolate 597-458); 2) antibody level after injection with formalin-killed E. ictaluri (597-458); and 3) pre-stress. post-stress, and stress-recovery serum Cortisol levels. Purebred and crossbred USDA 102 strain fish had higher survival (mean of five genetic groups = 87%) and lower anti- E.ictaluri antibody (mean optical density (OD) of five genetic groups = 0.167) 30 d after live E. ictaluri challenge than purebred Norris and USDA 103 strains and their crosses (means of four genetic groups = 60% survival and 0.210 OD antibody level). Significant general combining ability, line effects, and heterosis indicated that the USDA 102 strain contributed additive and dominance genetic effects for increased survival and lower antibody level after live E. ictaluri challenge. Antibody response to formalin-killed, intra-peritoneally injected E. ictaluri was not different among genetic groups (overall mean = 0.198 OD). Serum Cortisol was measured prior to (pre-stress), immediately after (post-stress), and 2 h after (stress-recovery) a standard stressor. Serum Cortisol level was highest in post-stress fish (35.8 ng/mL), intermediate in stress-recovery fish (10.9 ng/mL), and lowest in pre-stress fish (6.5 ng/mL), but was not different among genetic groups within a stress time period. Results indicate diat differences exist among genetic groups of channel catfish for survival and antibody production after live E. ictaluri challenge, but these differences were not related to antibody response to killed E. ictaluri or serum Cortisol levels.
Foveal glands, source of sex pheromone production in the ixodid tickDermacentor andersoni stiles

The foveal glands of the Rocky Mountain wood tick,Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, are the sex pheromone glands from which the sex pheromone is released via the foveae dorsales. The sex pheromone, 2,6-dichlorophenol, was recovered from extracts of these glands by GLC. Other evidence of the role of these glands in sex pheromone production is described. A36Cl-labelled volatile compound (or compounds) was (were) collected from partially engorged femaleD. andersoni fed in36Cl-labelled hosts, but no labelled compounds were collected when the foveae dorsales were blocked. X-ray analysis revealed unusual concentrations of chlorine in the foveal glands compared to other tissues. Autoradiography also revealed significant accumulations of radiochlorine in the vicinity of these glands.
Association of catastrophizing and fatigue: A systematic review

Abstract Objective Catastrophizing is an exaggerated negative evaluation and attention to specific symptoms such as pain or fatigue. A number of studies consistently support the significant role of catastrophizing in pain. However, the role of catastrophizing in fatigue is less frequently investigated. This article provides a critical review of published studies investigating this association. Methods Using the keyword “Fatigue AND Catastrophizing”, we performed a search in PubMed, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, and EMBASE. Results Fourteen studies were reviewed and all except one were found to provide empirical support for an association between high catastrophizing and high fatigue. Most of these reviewed articles also show the large impact of catastrophizing on fatigue severity. Two longitudinal studies found that fatigue catastrophizing level before cancer treatment is a significant predictor of post-treatment fatigue. Studies also demonstrated that persons who had higher scores for catastrophizing recalled fatigue more accurately than those with lower scores. Conclusion In spite the differences of its definition and the measurements used, a similar significant association between catastrophizing and fatigue was reported. Because this observation was based on 14 studies with limited types of patients, further studies are recommended to examine the role of catastrophizing in fatigue from other clinical populations and to investigate its utility as a behavioral marker for central fatigue.
Rotation dependence of electric quadrupole hyperfine interaction in the ground state of molecular iodine by high-resolution laser spectroscopy

Doppler-free high-resolution spectroscopy is applied to molecular iodine at 532 nm by Nd:YAG lasers. The main hyperfine components as well as the crossover lines are measured for R(56)32-0 and P(54)32-0 transitions by heterodyne beating of two I2-stabilized lasers. The measured hyperfine splittings including both main and crossover lines are fitted to a four-term Hamiltonian, which includes the electric quadrupole, spin–rotation, tensor spin–spin, and scalar spin–spin interactions, with an average deviation of ∼1 kHz. Absolute values of the electric quadrupole hyperfine constants for both the upper and the lower states are obtained. The rotation dependence of the ground-state (v″=0) electric quadrupole constant eQq″ is found to be eQq″(J)=-2452.556(2)-0.000164(5)J(J+1)-0.000000005(2)J2(J+1)2 MHz.
Histamine in the regulation of wakefulness

The histaminergic system is exclusively localized within the posterior hypothalamus with projection to almost all the major regions of the central nervous system. Strong and consistent evidence exist to suggest that histamine, acting via H1 and/or H3 receptor has a pivotal role in the regulation of sleep-wakefulness. Administration of histamine or H1 receptor agonists induced wakefulness, whereas administration of H1 receptor antagonists promoted sleep. The H3 receptor functions as an auto-receptor and regulates the synthesis and release of histamine. Activation of H3 receptor decreased histamine release and promoted sleep. Conversely, blockade of H3 receptor promoted wakefulness. Histamine release in the hypothalamus and other target regions was highest during wakefulness. The histaminergic neurons displayed maximal activity during the state of vigilance, and cease their activity during NREM and REM sleep. The cerebrospinal levels of histamine were reduced in diseased states where hypersomnolence was a major symptom. The histamine deficient HDC KO mice displayed sleep fragmentation and increased REM sleep during the light period along with profound wakefulness deficit at dark onset, and in novel environment. Similar results were obtained when histamine neurons were lesioned. These studies strongly implicate the histaminergic neurons of the TMN to play a critical role in the maintenance of high vigilance state during wakefulness.
In-vivo validation of fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) of coronary arteries in swine

We report a scanning imaging system that enables high speed multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIm) of coronary arteries. This system combines a custom low profile (3 Fr) imaging catheter using a 200 μm core side viewing UV-grade silica fiber optic, an acquisition system able to measure fluorescence decays over four spectral bands at 20 kHz and a fast data analysis and display module. In vivo use of the system has been optimized, with particular emphasis on clearing blood from the optical pathway. A short acquisition time (5 seconds for a 20 mm long coronary segment) enabled data acquisition during a bolus saline solution injection through the 7 Fr catheter guide. The injection parameters were precisely controlled using a power injector and optimized to provide good image quality while limiting the bolus injection duration and volume (12 cc/s, 80 cc total volume). The ability of the system to acquire data in vivo was validated in healthy swine by imaging different sections of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary. A stent coated with fluorescent markers was placed in the LAD and imaged, demonstrating the ability of the system to discriminate in vivo different fluorescent features and structures from the vessel background fluorescence using spectral and lifetime information. Intensity en face images over the four bands of the instrument were available within seconds whereas lifetime images were computed in 2 minutes, providing efficient feedback during the procedure. This successful demonstration of FLIm in coronaries enables future study of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
Plasma pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral busulfan in children and adults undergoing bone marrow transplantation.

We have analyzed the plasma pharmacokinetics of busulfan in 272 patients receiving high-dose oral busulfan and intravenous cyclophosphamide in conjunction with allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation. The patients ranged in age from 2 months to 59 yr (mean 10, median 12 yr) and had the following diagnoses: thalassemia or sickle cell anemia (n = 74); leukemia or myelodysplasia (n = 112); inborn errors of metabolism (n = 41) or immunodeficiency (n = 45). Plasma specimens were collected following the first dose for each patient which ranged from 1 to 4 mg/kg (mean +/- SD, 1.21 +/- 0.41, median 1.15). Busulfan was quantitated using ultraviolet absorbance detection after derivatization and HPLC separation. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by modeling the raw data to fit first-order single compartment kinetics. The kinetic parameters showed wide interpatient variability independent of age and diagnosis. There was a statistically significant correlation of age with the following parameters: area under the curve (AUC); maximal concentration; minimum concentration; clearance; volume of distribution and absorption half-time. The coefficients of determination (i.e. correlation coefficient squared) were low ranging from 0.04 to 0.12 implying only a small part (i.e. 4-12%) of the variance was explained by age. Although busulfan pharmacokinetics are age-related most of the variability is not explained by age or diagnosis.
Sleep and Fatigue Issues in Continuous Operations: A Survey of U.S. Army Officers

Forty-nine U.S. Army officers with recent combat experience were surveyed to assess their units' sleep patterns and to determine the tactics, techniques, and procedures used to counter the effects of sleep deprivation in their units. Despite Army policy requiring units to develop and implement sleep management plans, nearly 80% of the participants reported they had not been briefed on a sleep management plan during their most recent deployment. Over one half of the respondents reported that fatigue was a problem in their units. During high operational tempo (OPTEMPO), which occupied nearly half of their time in combat, participants report receiving only 4 hr of sleep daily. The vast majority of respondents (82.6%) reported feeling sleep-deprived at least occasionally while at high OPTEMPO. These findings have important implications for the operational readiness of all military units deployed to combat environments.
Extreme ultraviolet spectra of highly charged Xe ions

Using the SuperEBIT electron-beam ion trap and a flat-field spectrometer, we observed extreme ultraviolet spectra of highly charged ions of Xe and measured the wavelengths of prominent lines from Li-, Be-, B-, Na-, and Mg-like ions. Our results for Li- and Na-like ions are as precise as the best available elsewhere. The results for Be-, B-, and Mg-like ions are much more precise than available data or extend those available from lower-$Z$ ions and reveal significant shortcomings of the various theoretical predictions.
Some effects of matrix and interface properties on the fatigue of short fiber-reinforced thermoplastics

The fatigue behavior of injection-molded tensile bars of short-fiber-reinforced theromplastics is described and related to the fatigue behavior of the matrices and the strength of the fiber/matrix interface. A brittle matrix system based on polyphenylene sulfide is shown to behave in a similar manner to long-fiber composites. Glass-fiber reinforcement in this matrix gives fatigue sensitivity that correlaes with that of unimpregnated glass fiber strands, while carbon-fiber rein-forcement gives better fatigue resistance. A well-bonded, due-tile matrix system based on nylon 6,6 gives matrix-controlled fatigue sensitivity. Fatigue data for glass- and carbon-fiber-reinfoced nylon 6,6 superimpose on the matrix fatigue data when normalized by the ultimate tensile strength. Another ductile matrix, polyetherther ketone, is very fatigue-resistant, but its composite progressively loses its reinforcing effect in fatigue, apparently due to interface failure. A transitional matrix, polysulfone, shifts from ductile to fatigue-crack-dominated failure as the cyclic stress is reduced. Its composites show an analogous failure mode shift, and the high cycle-fatigue response is correlated with fatigue-crack-growth data.
Analytic approximations to Hamiltonian lattice field theories (II). The weak-coupling behavior of U(1) theories

Abstract It is shown that at weak coupling physical quantities in hamiltonian U(1) lattive gauge (or global symmetric) theories of arbitrary dimension are provided as expectation values in a d − 1 dimensional lagrangian Z(2) gauge (or spin) theory with calculable long-range interactions. Confinement and the existence of a magnetic mass gap are equivalent to the existence of infinite-range plaquette-plaquette (or link-link) correlations in the spin field. The existence of infinite range correlations is simply related to the dimension of the lattice and the transformation property of the order parameter. As expected, only the d = 2+1 U(1) gauge theory confines electric charges at all non-vanishing coupling.
ON ganglion cells are intrinsically photosensitive in the tiger salamander retina

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have been well characterized in mammalian systems, both morphologically and electrophysiologically. They show slow, sustained responses to bright light in the absence of photoreceptor-based input, mediated by the photopigment melanopsin. Only one mammalian melanopsin gene is expressed in a small fraction of the retinal ganglion cell population, but there are two genes for melanopsin among nonmammalian vertebrates that are widely expressed in a variety of retinal and extraretinal cell types, along with other photosensitive pigments. The current study provides an electrophysiological study of ipRGCs in the larval tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), a nonmammalian vertebrate with a well-characterized retina. The results show that the ipRGC population is equivalent to the ON ganglion cell population in the tiger salamander retina. This sheds light on the evolutionary trajectory and functional significance of intrinsic photosensitivity through the vertebrate lineage and also affects our understanding of ON cell activity and development. We have characterized the nature of the intrinsic responses of the ON cell population, compared intrinsic and synaptically based receptive fields, and quantified the spectrum of the intrinsic activity. A wider action spectrum of intrinsic photosensitivity was obtained than would be expected for a single opsin photopigment, suggesting the expression of multiple photopigments in the salamander ipRGC. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodials, Inc.
(Na+, K+)-ATPase stimulation by sucrose feeding: Prevention by 6-hydroxydopamine

Abstract The effects of sucrose feeding on parameters associated with (Na + , K + )-ATPase in brown adipose tissue were compared in rats treated with parenteral 6-hydroxydopamine and vehicle. Sucrose feeding significantly increased K + -p-nitrophenylphosphatase and ouabain binding in brown adipose tissue from rats treated with vehicle. By contrast, sucrose feeding had no effects on these measurements in rats treated with parenteral 6-hydroxydopamine. 6-hydroxydopamine did not significantly alter sucrose consumption and there were no significant effects on weight gain during the short experimental period.
The possibility of guided electromagnetic waves in the earth's crust

A natural waveguide for electromagnetic waves may exist in the earth's crust. Choosing an idealized model, the attenuation in such a guide is calculated under more or less optimum conditions. By choosing certain dimensionless parameters the results may have rather broad applications to problems of this type.
Transport of fluid and ions through a porous-permeable charged-hydrated tissue, and streaming potential data on normal bovine articular cartilage

Abstract Using the triphasic mechano-electrochemical theory [Lai et al., J. biomech. Engng 113 , 245–258 (1991)], we analyzed the transport of water and ions through a finite-thickness layer of charged, hydrated soft tissue (e.g. articular cartilage) in a one-dimensional steady permeation experiment. For this problem, we obtained numerically the concentrations of the ions, the strain field and the fluid and ion velocities inside when the specimen is subject to an applied mechanical pressure and/or osmotic pressure across the layer. The relationships giving the dependence of streaming potential and permeability on the negative fixed charge density (FCD) of the tissue were derived analytically for the linear case, and calculated for the nonlinear case. Among the results obtained were: (1) at a fluid pressure difference of 0.1 MPa across the specimen layer, there is a 10% flow-induced compaction at the downstream boundary; (2) the flow-induced compaction causes the FCD to increase and the neutral salt concentration to decrease in the downstream direction; (3) while both ions move downstream, relative to the solvent (water), the anions (Cl − ) move with the flow whereas cations (Na + ) move against the flow. The difference in ion velocities depends on the FCD, and this difference attained a maximum at a physiological FCD of around 0.2 meq ml −1 ; (4) the apparent permeability decreases nonlinearly with FCD, and the apparent stiffness of the tissue increases with FCD; and (5) the streaming potential is not a monotonic function of the FCD but rather it has a maximum value within the physiological range of FCD for articular cartilage. Finally, experimental data on streaming potential were obtained from bovine femoral cartilage. These data support the triphasic theoretical prediction of non-monotonicity of streaming potential as a function of the FCD.
Falling commuting costs, amenity advantages, and suburbanization

The goal of this paper is to understand the direct and indirect effects (through impacting the quantity and quality of local public good in the communities) of falling commuting costs (per unit of distance) on suburbanization. A simple model for a monocentric metropolitan area with multiple communities is developed. It is found that whether decreases in commuting costs promote suburbanization or not depends on each community’s quantity and quality of local public good, distance from the central business district, and income distribution of the residents within and across communities. Sufficient conditions for decreases in commuting costs to promote residential decentralization and those for centralization are identified, respectively.