cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuronal architecture in nucleus magnocellularis of the chicken auditory system with observations on nucleus laminaris: a light and electron microscope study.

Abstract This report presents the major structural features of neurons and their afferent input in nucleus magnocellularis, the avian homologue of the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Results of light-microscope observations, as seen in Golgi, Nissl, and normal fiber preparations, as well as ultrastructural morphology are reported. In addition, cells and axons in nucleus laminaris, the presumed homologue of the mammalian medial superior olivary nucleus, are also described. In Golgi-impregnated material, the mature principal cell in nucleus magnocellularis has an ovoid soma encrusted with somatic spines. A dendrite, when present, emerges from the cell soma, travels for a short distance and breaks into a tuft of stubby terminal branches. Foremost among the afferents to nucleus magnocellularis are auditory nerve axons that terminate in large, axosomatic endings, or endbulbs, covering a large portion of the somatic surface. Other afferents, which also end in relation to the perikaryon, are of undetermined and perhaps multiple origins. The neurons resemble the bushy cells of the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Evidence is presented that individual axons from the nucleus magnocellularis bifurcate and send branches to the nucleus laminaris bilaterally, thus placing constraints on the binaural interactions possibly involved in lateralization functions. In electron micrographs, the end-bulbs appear as large, elongate structures which can cover a third of the cell soma. Multiple sites of synaptic specialization occur along these terminals. The synaptic membrane complexes may form directly on the cell body or on the sides or crests of somatic spines. These complexes are characterized by asymmetric membrane densities with a cluster of clear, spherical vesicles on the axonal side. Other small terminal profiles are also present on the somata receiving the end-bulbs. Dendritic profiles are scarce, in agreement with observations in Golgi impregnations. The structural findings indicate that the medial part of the nucleus magnocellularis is homologous to the anterior part of the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus in that the neurons of nucleus magnocellularis are homologous to the bushy cells of the cat. On this basis, the cells in nucleus magnocellularis could faithfully preserve the acoustic response patterns generated in the auditory nerve. This should, in turn, allow a secure relay of bilateral latency differences essential for binaural interactions in the nucleus laminaris.
Partial purification and some properties of a ring B-O-glucosyltransferase from onion bulbs

Abstract A novel ring B- O -glucosyltransferase which catalysed the O -glucosylation of the 4′-position of flavonols was isolated from the bulb of Allium cepa . It was highly purified (949-fold) by the combined application of ion-exchange, dye-ligand affinity, and size-exclusion chromatography. The enzyme had an apparent p I of 6.0, and a pH optimum of 7.5–8.0. The apparent M r estimated by gel filtration was 48 ± 2 kD. The apparent K m values for quercetin and UDP-glucose were 4 and 8 μM, respectively. This O -glucosyltransferase activity was independent of divalent cations, such as Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ , although Cu 2+ had an inhibitory effect. It was not affected by EDTA, but required SH groups. The enzyme had strict specificity to the 4′-position of flavonols with an o -dihydroxy group on ring B.
SERIALS DUPLICATES EXCHANGE PROGRAMS: COSTS AND BENEFITS

Libraries undertake many activities to stretch budget dollars and “get more for less,” enhancing their collections at the least cost. In some instances, these programs also are seen as having the potential to generate revenues for the library. Serials duplicates exchange programs are one example of this type of activity. Often, the duplicate exchange is viewed as a cost‐effective mechanism for acquiring wanted back issues of serial titles. Libraries offer their duplicates or discards to exchange partners and receive journal issues they may be lacking. Money does not change hands, and all participants appear to benefit. On the surface, this activity appears to be a cost‐free mechanism for swapping excess materials for needed ones. A concern about postage increases and the cost of shipping materials to exchange partners prompted the Pennsylvania State University Libraries to evaluate its serials duplicates exchange program. This cost study documented the actual cost to maintain a duplicates exchange program and provided an opportunity to examine these costs in relation to the benefits derived from the program. The following is a summary of the method used to analyze the costs and benefits of the serials duplicates exchange program at Penn State, as well as the results of the study.
Preservice teachers’ schemata for a diagnostic framework in reading

Abstract This study examined preservice teachers’ understanding of an analytic framework for making classroom‐level decisions about students’ instructional needs in reading. It described knowledge in terms of schemata activated during reading diagnosis. Thirty‐nine teachers analyzed students’ problems based upon Information presented in fifteen scenarios that covered four types of problems and an insufficient information condition. Responses were descriptively compared in terms of the complexity and organization of teachers’ schemata for the diagnostic framework. Results Indicated that the content of responses was affected by the content of each problem area and of each scenario. Lower diagnostic accuracy was associated with six types of misinterpretations that reflected (a) less accurate, less organized schemata, (b) a tendency to be more easily distracted by Irrelevant or secondary contextual factors, and (c) greater attention to pedagogical activities, general ability factors, and motivational issues. ...
An in vitro rainbow trout cell bioassay for aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated toxins

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and other chemicals that act as aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor (AhR) agonists cause a variety of toxicity effects. In sac fry of many fish species, these effects include blue-sac disease and mortality. Because HAHs occur in complex mixtures, their toxicity in the environment is difficult to predict. A bioassay useful in predicting AhR-mediated toxicity to fish was developed using the RTH-149 rainbow trout hepatoma cell line. Stable transfection of this cell line with the pGudLuc 1.1 plasmid, which contains a firefly luciferase reporter gene under the transcriptional regulation of dioxin responsive enhancers, has produced a recombinant cell line designated Remodulated Lightning Trout (RLT 2.0). The RLT 2.0 bioassay method detection limit for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is 4 pM. The responses of the RLT 2.0 bioassay to TCDD and several HAH congeners closely matched the responses observed in vivo in fish. The RLT 2.0 bioassay can provide an integrative measure of the total AhR-mediated toxic activity of complex mixtures to fish. The assay will be useful in screening environmental extracts, guiding chemical analysis, and interpreting the AhR-mediated mechanism of toxicity.
On generalized two-dimensional plate theory—II

Abstract In elaboration of a recently proposed procedure for the derivation of two-dimensional shell theory from three-dimensional elasticity theory the special case of a flat plate is considered explicitly. The starting point of the work is a suitable version of elasticity theory including moment as well as force stresses. It is shown that a certain straightforward but not previously considered reduction of three-dimensional equilibrium and compatibility equations leads to suitable two-dimensional equilibrium and compatibility equations, while leaving the three-dimensional aspects of the problem in the form of a system of integro-differential constitutive equations. The derivation of two-dimensional constitutive equations then is one involving parametric expansion or iteration, in conjunction with the stipulation of smallest characteristic length large compared to plate thickness.
Men, Birds and Anchovies in the Peru Current—Dynamic Interactions

Abstract Apparent abundance, measured by catch-per-effort in the commercial fishery, of the anchoveta, Engraulis ringens, in the Peru Current, during 1966, 1967 and 1968 has been above that expected from earlier analysis of the relation of apparent abundance to commercial fishing effort. During these years there has also been apparent enhanced recruitment, measured by the catch-per-effort of the entering year-class. During these same years, however, the guano birds, that also feed on E. ringens, have been at a low population level compared to previous years. Combining the fishermen's catch with the harvest by guano birds, for fishing years 1960–61 through 1967–68, relating this to the total fishing effort by the two predators, and treating this as a single fishery, it is shown that the combined data are well fitted by the logistic model for the catch-effort relationship. The maximum sustainable yield of the combined fishery is about 10 million metric tons per year, presently shared, approximately, 9.3 mil...
Basic data concerning noninvasive vascular testing.

Tout examen non invasif doit etre evalue en terme de sensibilite, specificite, valeur predictive positive (VPP) et valeur predictive negative (VPN). Ceci est possible en construisant pour chaque variable cliniquement importante une table 2x2 avec l'examen de reference
The Dimer Interface of SecA

In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the general secretion (Sec) pathway transports preproteins across membranes. The ATPase SecA mediates preprotein translocation through the integral membrane channel SecYEG. SecA exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium at micromolar concentrations that is highly sensitive to salt concentration and temperature (1,2). Interestingly, the published crystal structures of SecA reveal different dimerization interfaces. It is unclear which of these structures, if any, represents the physiological dimer interface. In order to address this question, we created mutations based on the alternative dimer interfaces observed in the crystal structures. We determined the effect of alanine mutation of interfacial residues on dimerization energetics using sedimentation velocity. Residues for mutagenesis were chosen by computational alanine scanning using the program ROBETTA. The residues selected for alanine mutations were predicted to destabilize the interface by at least 1 kcal/mol. The results are consistent with one of the crystal structures and suggest that it represents the solution dimer interface.1. Woodbury, R. L., Hardy, S. J. & Randall, L. L. (2002). Complex behavior in solution of homodimeric SecA. Protein Sci 11, 875-882.2. Wowor, A. J., Yu, D., Kendall, D. A. & Cole, J. L. (2011). Energetics of SecA dimerization. J Mol Biol 408, 87-98.
Inactivation of the Germicidal Action of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Abstract The need for means of inactivating the anti‐bacterial activity of quaternary ammonium germicides is summarized. Anionic detergents and soaps fail to inactivate surface‐active cationic detergents. Suramin sodium is the most satisfactory inactivator of any in a group of sulfonates and sulfonic acids tested for this purpose.
Surgical management of giant Brunner's gland hamartoma: case report and literature review

Brunner's gland hamartomas (BGH) are uncommon benign tumors of the duodenum forming mature Brunner's glands. We report here an unusual case of a giant BGH that was not amenable to endoscopic or surgical local resection thus requiring a pancreaticoduodenectomy for extirpation. The relevant literature is discussed.
The T-cell-receptor signaling network

T-cell-receptor (TCR) signaling in response to antigen recognition has a central role in the adaptive immune response. Furthermore, the comprehensive nature of the TCR signaling network is such that it has become a model system for complex cellular responses ranging from gene regulation to
Women in limbo: Life course consequences of infertility in a Nigerian community

Infertility is a devastating problem around the world, particularly in the high fertility context of sub-Saharan Africa. Regardless of its medical origins, infertility causes African women personal grief and economic deprivation.This research was conducted among the Ijo who are organized into exogamous patrilineal descent groups. Women who marry into a patrilineage are perceived as bearers of sons who will eventually take their place in the lineage's genealogy. Women only figure in the lineage structure as mothers.In addition to extensive ethnographic research in this community, the paper is based on a combination of surveys of 246 women and interviews of 25 fertile and 25 infertile women.Women who have never given birth were characterized as “useless”. Some managed to accumulate wealth or attained education but most feared a marginal old age. Respect was given to women who have had even one child, even if that child died. The biological process of gestation confers an adult status on women allowing them to undergo initiation and to function as mature individuals. In the life course the most prominent periods of suffering are the transition from the stages of ereso (girl) to erera (mature woman), and in the period of old age.
Intracranial Hemorrhage in Term or Near-term Newborns With Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension

To substantiate the clinical impression of an increased incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in term and near-term infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH), a retrospective chart review of 35 affected patients was performed. ICH was diagnosed in 40 percent of the patients. Multiple regions of the brain were affected; in many patients, at more than one location. In addition, 43 percent of ICH victims had hemorrhages of the type associated with periventricular bleeding in preterm newborns. Of multiple obstetric and neonatal factors analyzed, many of which are identified risk factors for periventricular hemorrhage, only thrombocytopenia (p = 0.02) was significantly associated with ICH. We conclude that the risk of ICH in newborns with PPH is significant and warrants consideration by clinicians caring for this population. Risk factors (except thrombocytopenia) previously implicated in other types of neonatal ICH, particularly periventricular hemorrhage, do not significantly correlate with ICH in infants with PPH.
Teriflunomide for the Treatment of Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis A Review of Clinical Data

Objective: To review the pharmacology and clinical data for teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). Data Sources: A literature search from 1966 to May 2013 using PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Academic Search Premiere, Science Citation Index, and the national clinical trials registry was performed using the terms teriflunomide, HMR1726, and A771726. All articles containing human clinical trial data and relevant pharmacologic information were reviewed. Study Selection/Data Extraction: Phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials for teriflunomide were evaluated. All peer-reviewed articles with clinically relevant information were reviewed. Priority for inclusion was placed on randomized controlled trials. Data Synthesis: Three phase 2 and three phase 3 clinical trials have evaluated teriflunomide as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy in approximately 3000 patients with relapsing forms of MS. The phase 3 studies used annualized relapse rate, magnetic resonance i...
Liquid crystal 1 × N optical switch

The design, experimental results, and analysis of a 1 × N ferroelectric liquid-crystal optical switch based on polarization rotation are reported. The switch is broadband and tolerant to errors in the ferroelectric liquid-crystal tilt angle and cell thickness. Moreover, the cross talk in the switch is noncumulative and independent of the switch size N. The results of an experimental 1 × 4 switch are presented. The switch has a signal-to-cross-talk ratio ranging from 21.6 to 37.1 dB, a switching time of 50 μsec, and a worst-case insertion loss of 3.5 dB.
A comparison of detergent action on supported lipid monolayers and bilayers

Using spatially patterned supported lipid mono- and bilayers, we compare the effect of transleaflet dynamics on membrane solubilization by a common, non-ionic detergent in single samples. We find that at concentrations surrounding CMC, complete bilayers undergo 5–8% lateral expansion followed by rapid dissolution. In contrast, single supported monolayers remain remarkably resistant to solubilization, suggesting the central role of detergent or lipid flip-flop in driving membrane solubilization. In addition to the previously well-appreciated mode of detergent-resistance by tight lateral packing of saturated and cholesterol-rich lipids (e.g., rafts) in membrane bilayers, our results suggest that hindrance to interleaflet dynamics, such as by strong interaction with the cytoskeleton, provides an alternative mechanism by which membranes resist detergent solubilisation. Furthermore, we show that this differential resistance can be exploited to design spatial compositional patterns of lipid bilayers and monolayers.
Centralized Cooperative Positioning for Underwater Sensor Networks: A Weighted Gradient Approach

We consider cooperative positioning using acoustic range measurements for underwater sensor networks. Severe multipath scattering from the seabed and ocean surface can result in inaccurate range measurements. The direct path is not necessarily the strongest path or the first arrival. Then, the range measurements based on the first or strongest arrival could be significantly biased. We introduce herein a new centralized cooperative positioning algorithm, referred to as the weighted steepest descent algorithm (WSDA), for underwater sensor networks. We assume that for each acoustic ranging channel, multiple range measurements corresponding to several propagation paths, one of which is the direct path, are available for cooperative positioning. Since it is unknown a priori which path is the direct path, we must identify it first. We show that WSDA can be used to automatically identify the direct path. We also show via numerical examples that WSDA is an effective and efficient approach to cooperative positioning in underwater sensor networks.
A privacy-preserving algorithm for distributed training of neural network ensembles

Distributed training allows individual entities to benefit from the training sets owned by other entities. Nevertheless, distributed training also causes serious privacy concerns. Hence, it is highly important to protect privacy in distributed training. In this paper, we study the privacy protection in distributed training of neural network ensembles. We design a privacy-preserving distributed algorithm for training neural network ensembles using AdaBoost.M2. We also analyze the security and complexity of our algorithm. Furthermore, we perform experiments on two data sets of the UCI repository to verify the algorithm’s effectiveness and efficiency.
Stability of switched linear systems and the convergence of random products

In this paper we give conditions that a discrete time switched linear systems must satisfy if it is stable. We do this by calculating the mean and covariance of the set of matrices obtained by using all possible switches. The theory of switched linear systems has received considerable attention in the systems theory literature in the last two decades. However, for discrete time switched systems the literature is much older going back to at least the early 1960's with the publication of the paper of Furstenberg and Kesten in the area of products of random matrices, or if you like the random products of matrices. The way that we have approached this problem is to consider the switched linear system as evolving on a partially ordered network that is, in fact, a tree. This allows us to make use of the developments of 50 years of study on random products that exists in the statistics literature. A nice byproduct of this research is that we use Konig's theorem of finatary trees. This may be the first use of this theorem in systems and control.
Detection of longitudinal electromagnetic fields in AIR

By means of a small square loop antenna and an electric probe it was possible to detect significant longitudinal components of magnetic and electric fields, respectively, in the far zone in the air. Unique features of this observation are the abundance and the slow variation with radial distance of the detected longitudinal electromagnetic field components which seem to decay at a rate much slower than 1/r2. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
The life-cycle of Hemigalichus chrotogale sp. nov. (Acari: Listrophoridae), with comparative observations on listrophorid morphology

A new fur‐mite species, Hemigalichus chrotogale (Acari: Listrophoridae), is described from Chrotogale owstoni (Carnivora: Viverridae) from Vietnam. The external morphology of all instars is described in detail. The precopulatory mate‐guarding behaviour exhibited by H. chrotogale is the first report of this phenomenon in the Listrophoridae. A morphological comparison of all currently recognized listrophorid genera and some early derivative representatives of the family Atopomelidae, which are closely allied to the Listrophoridae, is conducted. The results obtained support the monophyly of Listrophoridae. The family Listrophoridae includes two subfamilies, Listrophorinae, with more than 150 species in 20 genera, and the monobasic Aplodontochirinae, and is characterized by the following synapomorphies: the palps are enveloped by distinct membranes, the prescapular shield covers the gnathosoma, or most of it, dorsally, the clasping organs of coxal fields I are larger than those of coxal fields II, and setae s...
Anorexia Nervosa and Salivary Gland Enlargement

Enlargement of the salivary glands can occur in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). This enlargement appears to be related to both the nutritional deficiencies and the bizarre eating habits (particularly the bulimia and vomiting) characteristic of these patients. In some patients, the salivary gland enlargement persists despite return to normal weight. Three patients illustrating this finding are described and the implications of this association between AN and salivary gland enlargement are discussed.
Simultaneous identification of tire cornering stiffnesses and vehicle center of gravity

INS, GPS measurements are used to simultaneously estimate the location of the center of gravity of a vehicle and the tire cornering stiffnesses. The developed method uses kinematic as well as dynamic equations of a lateral vehicle model to eliminate the bias in the yaw rate and lateral acceleration measurements. An approximation of the moment of inertia is used to combine the dynamic equations of a bicycle model and thereby estimate the tire cornering stiffnesses. The chief advantage of this method is its determinate formulation which eliminates the constraint on persistency of excitation during vehicle testing. It is shown using simulations that the accuracy of the proposed method is affected by measurement noise.
Authenticity and the Reconciliation of Modernity

This chapter shows how Taylor’s notion of authenticity, Polanyi’s postcritical epistemology and Aristotle’s conception of actualization come together in a fruitful way. Lowney demonstrates how the subjective feeling of beauty or a “resonance” can plausibly indicate the existence of reality or of a personal ideal. He shows how three strands of modernity, represented by the Aristotelian traditionalist, scientific rationalist, and the subjective expressivist, all have something to contribute to a new modernity, and how each may find valuable insights in views that it normally opposes.
A very wide bandwidth digital VCO using quadrature frequency multiplication and division implemented in AlGaAs/GaAs HBT's

A digital voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is described which uses frequency multiplication and division to achieve very wide bandwidth. The VCO uses current-mode logic and does not require reactive elements such as inductors, capacitors or varactors. A novel, fully symmetric exclusive-OR (XOR) circuit was developed which uses product pairs and emitter-coupled logic. To achieve the highest performance possible, the critical path is symmetric and special physical design techniques were developed to promote matched-capacitance. The maximum measured frequency was 13.66 GHz. The chip occupies 1.9 mm/spl times/1.6 mm and dissipates 2.45 W at a supply voltage of -6.0 V. With a measured frequency range from 1.25 to 13.66 GHz, this circuit has the widest bandwidth reported in the literature for any VCO, digital or analog.
Soil Sampling for Microbial Analyses

Environmental microbiology is wrought with difficult to sample environments, not least of which is soil. Soil is a dynamic environment, ripe with changing viral, prokaryotic, and eukaryotic populations, all awaiting assay. Soil sampling, depending on the assay, experiment, or project can vary from simple probes, deep cores, to soil slurry collections. Atop of this, soils must be collected from a statistically sound perspective as well as considerations made for physiological, cultivation, or molecular analysis. This chapter will focus on the use of soil sampling equipment, schemes, assays, and case studies aimed at introducing the reader to the various caveats and potential pitfalls associated with soil sampling. No one chapter can attempt to cover all potential characteristics of a specific soil sampling situation; therefore, this chapter will focus on general trends in microbial soil sampling.
Explicit and Implicit Syntactic Features for Text Classification

Syntactic features are useful for many text classification tasks. Among these, tree kernels (Collins and Duy, 2001) have been perhaps the most robust and eective syntactic tool, appealing for their empirical success, but also because they do not require an answer to the dicult question of which tree features to use for a given task. We compare tree kernels to dierent explicit sets of tree features on five diverse tasks, and find that explicit features often perform as well as tree kernels on accuracy and always in orders of magnitude less time, and with smaller models. Since explicit features are easy to generate and use (with publicly available tools), we suggest they should always be included as baseline comparisons in tree kernel method evaluations.
Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is an ultrafast nonlinear optical technique that provides vibrational structural information with high temporal (sub-50 fs) precision and high spectral (10 cm(-1) ) resolution. Since the first full demonstration of its capabilities ≈15 years ago, FSRS has evolved into a mature technique, giving deep insights into chemical and biochemical reaction dynamics that would be inaccessible with any other technique. It is now being routinely applied to virtually all possible photochemical reactions and systems spanning from single molecules in solution to thin films, bulk crystals and macromolecular proteins. This review starts with an historic overview and discusses the theoretical and experimental concepts behind this technology. Emphasis is put on the current state-of-the-art experimental realization and several variations of FSRS that have been developed. The unique capabilities of FSRS are illustrated through a comprehensive presentation of experiments to date followed by prospects.
Integrating Usability Methodologies to Assess Weather Avionics Systems

Technological advances support the display of a wide variety of text and graphical weather information in the cockpit. These advances present new challenges for ensuring optimal human-computer inte...
Structure and Radical Scavenging Activity Relationships of Pyrolytic Lignins

This work deals with antioxidant properties of pyrolytic lignins against two free radicals, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). Pyrolytic lignins produced by the thermal pyrolysis of the Etek lignin were extracted from the liquid pyrolysis product and fractionated using solvents of different polarities. The main functional groups linked to the lignin skeleton have been characterized by (1)H NMR and (19)F NMR upon acetylation and trifluoromethylation, respectively. Their radical scavenging activity against targeted free radicals was evaluated in vitro, and it was correlated to the content of studied functional groups. In contrast to the extracted Etek lignin, thermal pyrolysis produces lignin adducts that have higher scavenging efficacy than the nonthermally altered lignin and even higher than that of quercetin, a well-known phenolic antioxidant. The phenyl hydroxyl and methoxyl groups appear to be the main lignin structural factors contributing to the overall scavenging properties against the DPPH and ABTS free radicals. Also, these results show that there is no correlation between the content of aliphatic hydroxyl and carbonyl groups and the antioxidant activity.
A simplified method for the quantitative determinations on free pregnanediol excretion in pregnancy.

SummaryA rapid, accurate colorimetric method for the quantitative determination of pregnanediol based on the methods of Venning, Talbot and Guterman is described. Serial determinations in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complications have been carried out in over 100 patients. Pregnanediol excretion in the last 28 weeks of the gestation can be used as a quantitative measure of uteroplacental circulation. During this period the placenta is the chief source of this urinary metabolite for corpus luteum activity wanes rapidly after the first trimester. Serial determinations in normal pregnancy and the complications of pregnancy may throw light on the adequacy of the placenta as the essential organ for the survival of the fetus.
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Discitis and Cervical Osteomyelitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Case: A fifty-six-year-old man presented with a three-month history of worsening neck pain and weakness of the right arm. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed C5-C6 osteomyelitis and discitis and a prevertebral abscess from C3 to C7. He underwent staged instrumented anterior and posterior spinal fusion from C5 to C7, with an anterior C5-C6 cervical discectomy and a C6 corpectomy. Intraoperative cultures exhibited growth of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . The patient subsequently received five months of oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole therapy. At twelve months postoperatively, he had full recovery of motor strength bilaterally. Conclusion: Osteomyelitis with S. maltophilia is associated with agricultural-machinery-related injuries. Surgical intervention for cervical osteomyelitis should be considered if the patient presents with a neurologic deficit or a paravertebral abscess.
Purification and properties of adenylyl sulphate:ammonia adenylyltransferase from Chlorella catalysing the formation of adenosine 5' -phosphoramidate from adenosine 5' -phosphosulphate and ammonia.

Extracts of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris, spinach, barley, Dictyostelium discoideum and Escherichia coli form an unknown compound enzymically from adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate in the presence of ammonia. This unknown compound shares the following properties with adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate: molar proportions of constituent parts (1 adenine:1 ribose:1 phosphate:1 ammonia released at low pH), co-electrophoresis in all buffers tested including borate, formation of AMP at low pH through release of ammonia, mass and i.r. spectra and conversion into 5′-AMP by phosphodiesterase. This unknown compound therefore appears to be identical with adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate. The enzyme that catalyses the formation of adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate from ammonia and adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate was purified 1800-fold (to homogeneity) from Chlorella by using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex and Reactive Blue 2–agarose chromatography. The purified enzyme shows one band of protein, coincident with activity, at a position corresponding to 60000–65000 molecular weight, on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, and yields three subunits on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of 26000, 21000 and 17000 molecular weight, consistent with a molecular weight of 64000 for the native enzyme. Isoelectrofocusing yields one band of pI4.2. The pH optimum of the enzyme-catalysed reaction is 8.8. ATP, ADP or adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulphate will not replace adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate, and the apparent Km for the last-mentioned compound is 0.82mm. The apparent Km for ammonia (assuming NH3 to be the active species) is about 10mm. A large variety of primary, secondary and tertiary amines or amides will not replace ammonia. One mol.prop. of adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate reacts with 1 mol.prop. of ammonia to yield 1 mol.prop. each of adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate and sulphate; no AMP is found. The highly purified enzyme does not catalyse any of the known reactions of adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate, including those catalysed by ATP sulphurylase, adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate kinase, adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate sulphotransferase or ADP sulphurylase. Adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate is found in old samples of the ammonium salt of adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate and can be formed non-enzymically if adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate and ammonia are boiled. In the non-enzymic reaction both adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate and AMP are formed. Thus the enzyme forms adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate by selectively speeding up an already favoured reaction.
Relying on Third Parties: Applying the Fourth Amendment to Fitness Tracker Data

Self-tracking of personal data has become a part of the daily routine for many people, not just early adopters and athletes. A Pew Internet study from 2013 estimated that 69% of adults track a health indicator about themselves or others, and 21% use devices or apps to do so. As a normative matter, privacy protection for one’s tracked fitness data shouldn’t be dependent on the format in which it is collected, or tied to the device it was collected on. Unfortunately, this principle of technological neutrality is not reflected in the modern Fourth Amendment legal regime. The data collected by fitness trackers does not fit well into our existing regimes for maintaining data privacy, either from others or from the government. These medium-dependent protections have been created by different, sometimes overlapping, legal regimes that implicate fitness tracker data. This paper focuses on how existing privacy regimes do not protect fitness tracker data, and argues that at least as far as law enforcement is concerned, users' best protection may come from fitness tracker companies themselves.
Hydroxymethylation of the benzene ring. Microsomal hydroxymethylation of benzo(alpha)pyrene to 6-hydroxymethylbenzo(alpha)pyrene.

Abstract The formation of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo(α)pyrene from benzo(α)pyrene has been shown to be catalyzed by sonicates of rat liver microsomes. The biosynthetic pathway for the formation of the aryl hydroxymethyl groups appears to be a direct hydroxymethylation of the benzene ring and not involve 6-methylbenzo(α)pyrene as an intermediate, because the formation of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo(α)pyrene is not a cytochrome P -450-mediated reaction, whereas a model aryl side chain methyl group hydroxylation has been shown to be inhibited by cytochrome P -450 inhibitors.
Management of Ovarian Cancer: The Theory

The mathematical modeling concepts developed by Robert Dedrick and his colleagues, and subsequent preclinical evaluation, provided a strong framework upon which to build a clinical investigative program examining intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy as a management approach in advanced ovarian cancer. These investigative efforts suggested the type of antineoplastic agents that should be explored, the patient populations more likely to benefit, and the limitations and potential toxicities of this novel strategy.
Value of information based scheduling of cloud computing resources

Traditionally, heavy computational tasks were performed on a dedicated infrastructure requiring a heavy initial investment, such as a supercomputer or a data center. Grid computing relaxed the assumptions of the fixed infrastructure, allowing the sharing of remote computational resources. Cloud computing brought these ideas into the commercial realm and allows users to request on demand an essentially unlimited amount of computing power. However, in contrast to previous assumptions, this computing power is metered and billed on an hour-by-hour basis.In this paper, we are considering applications where the output quality increases with the deployed computational power, a large class including applications ranging from weather prediction to financial modeling. We are proposing a computation scheduling that considers both the financial cost of the computation and the predicted financial benefit of the output, that is, its value of information (VoI). We model the proposed approach for an example of analyzing real-estate investment opportunities in a competitive environment. We show that by using the VoI-based scheduling algorithm, we can outperform minimalistic computing approaches, large but fixedly allocated data centers and cloud computing approaches that do not consider the VoI.
Performance-Enhancing Drug Use in Adolescence:

Despite inconclusive efficacy data and concerning safety data, the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) in the adolescent population is on the rise. Anabolic-androgenic steroids, growth hormones, stimulants, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are among the most widely known and studied prescription PEDs in the adolescent population. The purpose of this article is to describe the proposed mechanism of action, efficacy and adverse effects of these agents as well as discuss prevention measures and treatment considerations for those patients at risk for, considering, or currently using PEDs.
Transport Processes from Mechanics: Minimal and Simplest Models

We review the current state of a fundamental problem of rigorous derivation of transport processes in classical statistical mechanics from classical mechanics. Such derivations for diffusion and momentum transport (viscosities) were obtained for minimal models of these processes involving one and two particles respectively. However, a minimal model which demonstrates heat conductivity contains three particles. Its rigorous analysis is currently out of reach for existing mathematical techniques. The gas of localized balls is widely accepted as a basis for a simplest model for derivation of Fourier’s law. We suggest a modification of the localized balls gas and argue that this gas of localized activated balls is a good candidate to rigorously prove Fourier’s law. In particular, hyperbolicity is derived for a reduced version of this model.
Clinical Features Differentiating Benign From Malignant Conjunctival Tumors in Children.

Importance Conjunctival tumors in children are usually benign and rarely malignant. Objective To evaluate clinical features of conjunctival tumors in children by comparing benign tumors with their malignant counterparts. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective case series reviewed 806 cases of conjunctival tumor in children (aged Main Outcomes and Measures Features of benign and malignant tumors were compared. Data were collected on patient demographics, tumor features, and specific diagnoses to determine findings related to each tumor. Results Among the 806 patients with conjunctival tumor, the top 5 diagnoses included nevus (492 [61%]), benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (BRLH) (38 [5%]), nodular conjunctivitis (31 [4%]), dermoid (30 [4%]), and primary acquired melanosis (27 [3%]). Overall, conjunctival tumors were benign (779 [97%]) or malignant (27 [3%]), including melanoma (18 [2.2%]) and lymphoma (9 [1.1%]). The mean age at detection was 11 years for benign tumors and 14 years for malignant tumors ( P = .005), with mean difference of 3 years (95% CI, 1.2-4.6). The relative frequency of any malignancy (per all conjunctival tumors) by age bracket (0-5 years, >5-10 years, >10-15 years, and >15- P = .006), mean tumor thickness (1.1 mm vs 1.5 mm; difference of 0.4 mm [95% CI, −0.29 mm to 1.12 mm]; P = .04), tumor base of 10 mm or greater (relative risk [RR] = 4.92; 95% CI, 1.73-13.97; P = .003), tumor hemorrhage (RR = 25.30; 95% CI, 11.91-53.78; P P = .002). A comparison between BRLH and lymphoma revealed lymphoma with a larger base (RR = 5.16; 95% CI, 1.19- 22.19; P = .002) and diffuse location (RR = 16.50; 95% CI, 4.31-63.22; P P P = .01). The small cohort of malignant lesions precluded determining if these features were independent of one another. Conclusions and Relevance These data, from an ocular tertiary referral center, suggest that conjunctival tumors in children are nearly always benign. The few malignant tumors included melanoma and lymphoma. Melanoma, compared with nevus, was associated with older children (aged >10-15 years) with larger tumor, hemorrhage, and lack of cyst. Lymphoma, compared with BRLH, was associated with larger size and diffuse involvement.
Abstract 470: Aip1 Suppresses Atherosclerosis by Limiting Hyperlipidemia-Induced Inflammation and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction

Objective- Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-interacting protein-1 (AIP1) is a signaling adaptor molecule implicated in stress and apoptotic signaling induced by proinflammatory mediators. However, its function in atherosclerosis has not been established. In the present study, we use AIP1-null (AIP1-/-) mice to examine its effect on atherosclerotic lesions in an ApoE-null (ApoE-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results- ApoE-/- control mice developed atherosclerosis in the aortic roots and descending aortas upon Western-type diet for 10 weeks, while the atherosclerotic lesions are significantly augmented in ApoE-/-AIP1-/- double knockout (DKO) mice. DKO mice show increases in plasma inflammatory cytokines with no significant alterations in body weight, total cholesterol levels or lipoprotein profiles. Aortas in DKO mice show increased inflammation and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction with NF-κB activity, correlating with increased accumulation of macrophages in the lesion area. Importantly, macrophages from DKO donors are not sufficient to augment inflammatory responses and atherogenesis when transferred to ApoE-KO recipients. Mechanistic studies suggest that AIP1 is highly expressed in aortic EC but not in macrophages, and AIP1 deletion in EC significantly enhance oxidized LDL-induced NF-κB signaling, gene expression of inflammatory molecules and monocyte adhesion, suggesting that vascular EC are responsible for the increased inflammatory responses observed in DKO mice. Conclusion- Our data demonstrate that loss of AIP1 in aortic EC primarily contributes to the exacerbated lesion expansion in the ApoE-/-AIP1-/- mice, revealing an important role of AIP1 in limiting inflammation, EC dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
Characterization of Pathogenicity Genes of Erwinia Carotovora

The plant pathogenic bacterium, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), causes soft rot on a number of plant species. The most striking characteristic of soft-rot Erwinias is the production of large amounts of extracellular pectolytic enzymes (2). Ecc produces several pectate lyases and polygalacturonases (7,8,10). In addition to pectic enzymes, several environmental components, especially anaerobic conditions, have been implicated in the development of severity of soft rot disease (3). During the last five years, several laboratories have cloned DNA sequences encoding pectolytic enzymes in order to clarify their role in the disease development (7,8,10, Handa et al. unpublished results). Isolated PL and PG can cause soft rot symptoms on potato tuber (7,8,10). However, an E. coli strain expressing both PL and PG from cloned genes caused only a limited tissue maceration of potato tuber (8), thus suggesting the involvement of other gene product(s) in the development of disease. At present, little is known about the nature of these gene products. To investigate the genetic factors responsible for the virulence of Ecc we have isolated and characterized a large number of nonpathogenic mutants by transposon mutagenesis. Partial characterization of some of these mutants is presented in this paper.
Internal Pressures on the Resource

The United States water resource is unevenly distributed and in many locations greatly overused. This chapter looks at the major internal forces that are adversely affecting our water supplies, withdrawals by eight categories of water users: public supply (domestic, commercial, and municipal supplied by public and private utilities), domestic (self-supplied or by public suppliers), irrigated agriculture, livestock raising and processing, aquaculture, industrial, mining, and thermoelectric power generation. A 60-year history of total water used in the U.S. reveals a steady increase in withdrawals has occurred, particularly by thermoelectric generating industry and for agriculture irrigation, plus growth in domestic use but somewhat offset by a decline in the amounts used per person.
Applications of the Permutation Group in Dynamic Stereochemistry

A typical problem in dynamic stereochemistry is to determine the mechanism of the rearrangement of a chemical structure such as 1.
Fluctuations in alliance and use of techniques over time: A bidirectional relation between use of “common factors” techniques and the development of the working alliance

Objective The aim of this study was twofold: (a) Investigate whether therapists are consistent in their use of therapeutic techniques throughout supportive–expressive therapy (SET) and (b) Examine the bi-directional relation between therapists' use of therapeutic techniques and the working alliance over the course of SET. Method Thirty-seven depressed patients were assigned to 16 weeks of SET as part of a larger randomized clinical trial (Barber, Barrett, Gallop, Rynn, & Rickels, 2012). Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form (WAI-SF) was collected at Weeks 2, 4, and 8. Use of therapeutic interventions was rated by independent observers using the Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions (MULTI). Intraclass correlation coefficients assessed therapists' consistency in use of techniques. A cross-lagged path analysis estimated the working alliance inventory- Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions bidirectional relation across time. Results Therapists were moderately consistent in their use of prescribed techniques (psychodynamic, process-experiential, and person-centred). However, they were inconsistent, or more flexible, in their use of “common factors” techniques (e.g., empathy, active listening, hope, and encouragements). A positive bidirectional relation was found between use of common factors techniques and the working alliance, such that initial high levels of common factors (but not prescribed) techniques predicted higher alliance later on and vice versa. Conclusion Therapists tend to modulate their use of common factors techniques across treatment. Additionally, when a strong working alliance is developed early in treatment, therapists tend to use more common factors later on. Moreover, high use of common factors techniques is predictive of later improvement in the alliance.
Calomyscus bailwardi (Mouselike hamster)

Identification of the X chromosomes is unequivocal, but the Y chromosome is one of three smaller elements.