cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who comes to a self-help depression prevention website? Characteristics of Spanish- and English-speaking visitors.

Abstract Objective To describe demographic and clinical characteristics of Spanish- and English-speaking visitors to a "Healthy Mood" website. Methods An online study intended to prevent depression by teaching users mood management skills recruited participants globally using primarily Google Ads. Those who consented responded to the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the MDE Screener (Munoz, 1998) upon entry into the study. Results 1423 participants consented, 437 English speakers and 986 Spanish speakers. Of the 1271 participants with sufficient depression symptom data, 65% screened positive for a current major depressive episode, 30% were at high risk for onset of a major depressive episode, and 5% were in the low-risk category. Conclusion Websites intended to be preventive appear to attract primarily individuals who are currently experiencing enough symptoms to screen positive for a major depressive episode. Only 30% of participants were appropriate for a depression prevention intervention. Therefore, such sites must be ready to encourage those with current depression to obtain professional help as well as ensure that the online self-help interventions are appropriate for participants who could benefit from both preventive and treatment interventions.
A technique for intra-procedural blood velocity quantitation using time-resolved 2D digital subtraction angiography.

2D digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is utilized qualitatively to assess blood velocity changes that occur during arterial interventions. Quantitative angiographic metrics, such as blood velocity, could be used to standardize endpoints during angiographic interventions. To assess the accuracy and precision of a quantitative 2D DSA (qDSA) technique and to determine its feasibility for in vivo measurements of blood velocity. A quantitative DSA technique was developed to calculate intra-procedural blood velocity. In vitro validation was performed by comparing velocities from the qDSA method and an ultrasonic flow probe in a bifurcation phantom. Parameters of interest included baseline flow rate, contrast injection rate, projection angle, and magnification. In vivo qDSA analysis was completed in five different branches of the abdominal aorta in two 50 kg swine and compared to 4D Flow MRI. Linear regression, Bland-Altman, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and chi squared tests were used to assess the accuracy and precision of the technique. In vitro validation showed strong correlation between qDSA and flow probe velocities over a range of contrast injection and baseline flow rates (slope = 1.012, 95% CI [0.989,1.035], Pearson’s r = 0.996, p < .0001). The application of projection angle and magnification corrections decreased variance to less than 5% the average baseline velocity (p = 0.999 and p = 0.956, respectively). In vivo validation showed strong correlation with a small bias between qDSA and 4D Flow MRI velocities for all five abdominopelvic arterial vessels of interest (slope = 1.01, Pearson’s r = 0.880, p = <.01, Bias = 0.117 cm/s). The proposed method allows for accurate and precise calculation of blood velocities, in near real-time, from time resolved 2D DSAs.
Extensive structural variation in the Bowman-Birk inhibitor family in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) are a family of serine-type protease inhibitors that modulate endogenous plant proteolytic activities during different phases of development. They also inhibit exogenous proteases as a component of plant defense mechanisms, and their overexpression can confer resistance to phytophagous herbivores and multiple fungal and bacterial pathogens. Dicot BBIs are multifunctional, with a “double-headed” structure containing two separate inhibitory loops that can bind and inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin proteases simultaneously. By contrast, monocot BBIs have a non-functional chymotrypsin inhibitory loop, although they have undergone internal duplication events giving rise to proteins with multiple BBI domains. We used a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profile-based search to identify 57 BBI genes in the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome. The BBI genes are unevenly distributed, with large gene clusters in the telomeric regions of homoeologous group 1 and 3 chromosomes that likely arose through a series of tandem gene duplication events. The genomes of wheat progenitors also contain contiguous clusters of BBI genes, suggesting this family underwent expansion before the domestication of common wheat. However, the BBI gene family varied in size among different cultivars, showing this family remains dynamic. Because of these expansions, the BBI gene family is larger in wheat than other monocots such as maize, rice and Brachypodium. We found BBI proteins in common wheat with intragenic homologous duplications of cysteine-rich functional domains, including one protein with four functional BBI domains. This diversification may expand the spectrum of target substrates. Expression profiling suggests that some wheat BBI proteins may be involved in regulating endogenous proteases during grain development, while others were induced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, suggesting a role in plant defense. Genome-wide characterization reveals that the BBI gene family in wheat is subject to a high rate of homologous tandem duplication and deletion events, giving rise to a diverse set of encoded proteins. This information will facilitate the functional characterization of individual wheat BBI genes to determine their role in wheat development and stress responses, and their potential application in breeding.
Creativity: The Capacity for Creativity and Creative Living

After outlining multiple theories of creativity, this chapter describes the movement toward integration itself as an act of creativity. The gathering of the bodily self’s disparate lifeworld meanings is a form of creativity. In this light, the relative resolution of the dialectical tension between polar meanings experienced in everyday life, such as presence versus absence or being versus nothingness, is itself a creative (playful) work of synthesis.
An Experiment in Multiple Criteria Energy Policy Analysis

An international panel of energy analysts participated in an experiment to use HOPE (holistic preference evaluation): an interactive parametric linear programming method for multiple criteria optimization. The criteria of cost, environmental effect, crude oil and nuclear fuel were considered according to BESOM: an energy model for the U.S. in the year 2000.
Carbonic anhydrase IX and pathological features as predictors of outcome in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma receiving vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy.

Study Type – Prognosis (retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of tumour carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression and histological features for predicting the outcome in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified 118 patients with mRCC initiating first-line VEGF-targeted therapy, including 94 with clinical and histological data, and available tissue. The primary endpoint was to detect an interaction between sorafenib vs sunitinib treatment and CAIX status on tumour shrinkage. Other treatment outcomes were also assessed. RESULTS There was heterogeneity in tumour responsiveness to sunitinib or sorafenib according to CAIX status; the mean shrinkage was –17% vs –25% for sunitinib-treated patients with high vs low tumour CAIX expression, compared to –13% vs +9% for sorafenib-treated patients (P interaction, 0.05). A higher tumour clear-cell component was independently associated with greater tumour shrinkage (P= 0.02), response (P= 0.02) and treatment duration (P= 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Although CAIX expression had no prognostic value in patients with clear-cell mRCC treated with VEGF-targeted therapy, it might be a predictive biomarker for response to sorafenib treatment. Patients with a higher clear-cell component in their tumours are likely to have a superior clinical benefit from VEGF-targeted therapy.
Analog states of 7He observed via the 6He(p,n) reaction.

Isobaric analog states of $^{7}\mathrm{He}$ have been investigated by a novel technique involving the observation of the resonant yield of neutrons from the $^{6}\mathrm{He}(p,n)$ reaction in coincidence with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from the decay of the $({0}^{+},T=1)$ state in $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays provide a clean signature for the isospin-conserving neutron decay of the low-lying isobaric analog resonances. It is conclusively shown that the analog of the recently observed low-lying spin-orbit partner of the $^{7}\mathrm{He}$ ground state does not exist. Evidence is presented that this state lies at much higher energies, in agreement with microscopic calculations.
Genome scanning for complex disease genes using the transmission/disequilibrium test and haplotype-based haplotype relative risk

Two tests for allelic association were applied to a simulated complex disease for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 9. The transmission/disequilibrium test [Spielman et al., 1993] and the haplotype-based haplotype relative risk approach [Terwilliger and Ott, 1992] were used to detect disease-associated alleles in a set of 360 computer-simulated markers located on six chromosomes and genotyped in 200 nuclear families. This analysis emulates a genome-based search for linked markers. Computer simulations were also performed to clarify statistical properties of the TDT.
Chapter 11 The Arts in the “New Economy”

Abstract The revolutionary growth in economic prosperity and technological change that underlie the “new economy” have profoundly affected the arts. They have evidently contributed new and previously unimaginable methods of dissemination and preservation. But they have even had revolutionary effects on goals and standards. They have substantially affected training. These developments also raise profound problems for financial support and pricing. The paper characterizes these developments and suggests the nature of the relationships. It also provides a brief discussion of relevant pricing principles dealing with the trade-off between encouragement of creativity and facilitation of dissemination.
Polysome Stability in Relaxed and Stringent Strains of Escherichia coli During Amino Acid Starvation

The influence of amino acid starvation on polysome content was examined in relaxed and stringent strains of Escherichia coli which were isogenic for the RC locus. No difference was observed between the polysome profiles obtained from two different sets of stringent and relaxed strains starved for the same amino acid. In both relaxed and stringent strains, starvation for amino acids other than methionine resulted in only a slight breakdown of polysomes with a concomitant increase of 70S ribosomes. However, starvation for methionine in both RC stringent and relaxed strains of E. coli resulted in a more extensive degradation of polysomes and accumulation of 70S ribosomes. The 70S ribosomes obtained as a result of methionine starvation were more sensitive to degradation to 50 and 30S subunits in 10(-3)m Mg(2+) than 70S monomers obtained either by degradation of polysomes with ribonuclease or by starvation of cells for amino acids other than methionine. The 70S ribosomes from methionine starvation were similar (sensitivity to 10(-3)m Mg(2+)) to 70S ribosomes obtained from cells in which initiation of protein synthesis had been prevented by trimethoprim, an inhibitor of formylation. Since N-formyl-methionyl-transfer ribonucleic acid is required for initiation, the 70S ribosomes obtained in both methionine-starved and trimethoprim-treated cells must result from association of 50 and 30S subunits for reasons other than reinitiation. These results suggest that the level of ribonucleic acid synthesis does not influence the distribution of ribosomes in the polysome profile and vice versa.
The adenovirus E4-6/7 protein transactivates the E2 promoter by inducing dimerization of a heteromeric E2F complex.

Abstract Binding of the mammalian transcription factor E2F to the adenovirus E2a early promoter is modulated through interaction with the viral E4-6/7 protein. E4-6/7 induces the cooperative and stable binding of E2F in vitro to two correctly spaced and inverted E2F binding sites in the E2a promoter (E2F induction) by physical interaction in the protein-DNA complex. The E2a promoter is transactivated in vivo by the E4-6/7 product. The C-terminal 70 amino acids of E4-6/7 are necessary and sufficient for induction of E2F binding and for transactivation. To assess the mechanism(s) of E2a transactivation and the induction of cooperative E2F binding by the E4-6/7 protein, we have analyzed a series of point mutants in the functional C-terminal domain of E4-6/7. Two distinct segments of E4-6/7 are required for interaction with E2F. Additionally, and E4-6/7 mutant with a phenylalanine-to-proline substitution at amino acid 125 (F-125-P) efficiently interacts with E2F but does not induce E2F binding to the E2a promoter and is defective for transactivation. Induction of E2F stable complex formation at the E2a promoter by the F-125-P mutant protein is restored by divalent E4-6/7-specific monoclonal antibodies, but not a monovalent Fab fragment, or by appending a heterologous dimerization domain to the N terminus of the mutant protein. These and other data support the involvement of E4-6/7 dimerization in the induction of cooperative and stable E2F binding and transactivation of the E2a promoter. We present evidence that at least two cellular components are involved in E2F DNA binding activity and that both are required for E2F induction by the E4-6/7 product. The recently cloned E2F-related activities E2F-1 and DP-1 individually bind to an E2F binding site weakly, but when combined generate an activity that is indistinguishable from endogenous cellular E2F. Recombinant E2F-1, DP-1, and E4-6/7 are sufficient to form the induced E2F complex at the E2a promoter.
18th International Conference on Antiviral Research.

The 18th International Conference on Antiviral Research (ICAR) was held at the Princess Sofia Hotel in Barcelona, Spain, from 11th – 14th April, 2005. This is a yearly international meeting sponsored by the International Society for Antiviral Research (ISAR). The current president of ISAR is John A Secrest 3rd of the Southern Research Institute. The scientific programme committee was chaired by John C Drach from the University of Michigan. ISAR was founded in 1987 to exchange prepublication basic, applied and clinical information on the development of antiviral, chemical and biological agents as well as to promote collaborative research. The ISAR has had a major role in the significant advances of the past decade in the reduction of the societal burdens of viral diseases by the focus of ICAR on the discovery and clinical application of antiviral agents. The 18th ICAR was organised as a series of focus presentations on specific viral groups consisting of oral and poster presentations of original research f...
Using simulators for medical students and anesthesia resident education

Over the last several years, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of anesthesia human patient simulators for educational purposes. Full-scale, computer run simulators are currently being used to teach courses ranging from basic instruction of non-anesthesiologists to the more complicated Anesthesia Crisis Resource Management™,1 for continuing medical education of attending anesthesiologists. At the University of Rochester, the emphasis of our simulator program has been in the education of medical students and anesthesia residents. This chapter will not only provide an outline of the different courses for which we have used the simulator as an educational adjunct, but also to share some of the lessons we have learned that will help in creating a successful educational program.
Systems engineering in industry internship and academic projects

Large complex Industrial projects most often are interdisciplinary and require a complex systems engineering approach to guarantee success. In this paper we present a successful implementation of a true systems engineering approach to a summer internship program in industry. We exported the methods and lessons learned to an academic environment. For each project a group of six to fifteen students were selected to solve a practical industry problem and produce a detailed design for a specified project. Different aspects of the project plan were assigned to members of each group who were the most qualified or who expressed interest in a specific area of specialization. Three industrial and one academic implementation of this method are explained in this paper.
Simulations of a molecular plasma in collisional-radiative nonequilibrium

A code for the simulation of nonequilibrium plasmas is being developed, with the capability to couple the plasma fluid-dynamics for a single fluid with a collisional-radiative model, where electronic states are treated as separate species. The model allows for non-Boltzmann distribution of the electronic states. Deviations from the Boltzmann distributions are expected to occur in the rapidly ionizing regime behind a strong shock or in the recombining regime during a fast expansion. This additional step in modeling complexity is expected to yield more accurate predictions of the nonequilibrium state and the radiation spectrum and intensity. An attempt at extending the code to molecular plasma flows is presented. The numerical techniques used, the thermochemical model, and the results of some numerical tests are described.
Regulating incremental innovation in medical devices

Patients need active regulatory oversight, linked to compulsory post-marketing research As therapeutic options, medical devices differ from prescription drugs in many ways, but one of the most important is their potential for rapid evolution in basic design or technology. In the context of prescription drugs, it would be completely unreasonable to take a basic chemical structure, add another methyl group to it, and presume the drug would work the same (or better) without subjecting the new molecule to additional clinical testing. Medical devices, by contrast, change often. In a study published earlier this year, we found that cardiac implantable electronic devices approved in the US had a median of 50 applications to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for big and small changes over their median 15 year regulatory lifespans.1 In a linked paper (doi:10.1136/bmj.g5133), Nieuwenhuijse and colleagues provide important insights into the evidence base supporting new versions of hip and knee replacement devices.2 After conducting a systematic review of the literature and registry data, they found no good evidence of improved clinical outcomes for five widely used and marketed “advances” in hip and knee replacement technology, but they …
Outcome of vitrectomy for retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of complications and the visual outcome of pars plana vitrectomy in patients with retained lens fragments in the vitreous cavity after phacoemulsification. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 85 patients who underwent vitrectomy for removal of retained lens fragments at the Barnes Retinal Institute/Washington University Medical Center between 1990 and 1998. RESULTS: At the time of presentation, uveitis (n = 57, 67.1%), increased intraocular pressure >25 mmHg (n = 44, 51.8%), and corneal edema (n = 42, 49.4%) were frequently observed. The initial visual acuity was 20/200 or worse in 61 (71.8%) eyes. However, the final visual acuity after vitrectomy, with 10.1 months follow-up, was 20/40 or better in 44 (51.8%) eyes. The major complication observed was retinal detachment, which was present in seven (8.2%) eyes: four before vitrectomy and three after vitrectomy. Visual outcome after vitrectomy and cataract extraction was compared among three groups based on the timi...
Aphanorphine, a novel tricyclic alkaloid from the blue-green algaAphanizomenon flos-aquae

Abstract An alkaloid with a benzazepine skeleton, aphanorphine (1) was isolated from the blue-green alga, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae together with its previously known constituents neosaxitoxin and saxitoxin.
The bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio of “incompressible” materials

Abstract Poisson's ratio, ν, is a fundamental parameter characterizing the mechanical behavior of a material. Because the ratio of the bulk to the shear modulus, B/G, becomes infinite when ν = 1 / 2 , it is often assumed that the bulk modulus becomes very large as a material approaches “incompressibility.” This is incorrect; experimental results for viscoelastic materials show that changes in the bulk modulus are actually negligible as ν approaches 1/2. An analysis is performed to clarify the apparent conflict between the classic elastic equations and the experiments. At ν = 1 / 2 , the bulk modulus is shown to exhibit a singularity, but this is irrelevant to real materials.
Low-level bioluminescence detected in Mycena haematopus basidiocarps

(1992). Low-Level Bioluminescence Detected in Mycena Haematopus Basidiocarps. Mycologia: Vol. 84, No. 5, pp. 799-802.
Examining media content: A case study of newspaper coverage of dowry in India, 1999–2006

This study employs three methods to understand media content. First, the study examines the ‘peak periods’ to ascertain the pattern of coverage. Second, with a sample of 4058 articles the study examines the prominent frames used by newspapers. Third, with the help of interviews of journalists from the same newspapers, the study examines the factors that influence the way these frames are created in the first place. Results show that, in general, the driving force of this coverage is marketability of the stories. This is implied by the overall coverage as well as the responses of journalists.
Best practices in teaching information technology development

Programming is one of the most fundamental and central topics in the information technology curriculum. Because of its importance it is crucial to understand how to effectively teach development students. In this panel we share best practices for teaching programming to a variety of populations, including freshman, non-majors, and community college students. Various pedagogical approaches including pair programming, studio-based instruction, peer instruction, active learning, cooperative learning, project-based pedagogy, high-impact education practices, and CS Unplugged type activities are included.
Introducing Micro-Computers

Specifically, administration and faculty must address a number of important issues-issues which are reflected in such questions as the following: 1. What is involved in computer literacy? 2. Should I buy one brand of micro-computer or several? If one brand, which one-and why? 3. If I buy now, will my equipment soon be out of date? How can I find out? 4. While I can obtain quotations on installation costs, what about long-term maintenance and replacement expenses? 5. Do all the micro-computer companies possess high quality educational software? 6. Where do I find sound evaluations of educational software? In fact, what are the criteria for effective educational programs? 7. And what about faculty training-where do I get it and how much does it cost? Should each teacher have his or her own micro in his or her room or should there be a central laboratory? The above and a myriad of other questions abound. This article addresses two of the most urgent questions-questions 1 and 6.
Holograms in motion. II. Diffracting capabilities of strained holograms

A general procedure for the analysis of the diffraction capabilities of a three-dimensional low-efficiency hologram is presented. Tightly coupled to a description of the hologram in terms of its three-dimensional spatial Fourier modes, the procedure uses the angular spectrum theory for decomposing the reading light into plane waves. The convolution in the Fourier domain between the two Fourier distributions produces the angular spectrum of the diffracted light. Of special interest are the angular moments of the diffracted light, as a means of detecting the average orientation and distortion of the fringes in the hologram. These vary, in the case studied here, as a consequence of the uneven motion of the supporting media, which subjects the hologram to convection, rotation, and deformation. Diffusion takes place simultaneously, reducing the hologram modulation. Computed time evolutions of diffracted spots from holograms deformed by simple case flows are presented. In this paper we deal only with the readout process of deformed holograms; the effect of the fluid motion on the hologram is studied in detail in the first part of this series [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A5, 1287 ( 1988)].
Pathogenesis of local tetanus in rats: neural ascent of tetanus toxin.

The mechanisms of local tetanus or unilateral tetanus toxin induced paralysis due to intramuscular injections were studied in adult Wistar rats. Mouse bioassay methods, microdissection techniques, multiple toxin dosages (100; 600; 1000; 2500; and 6000 mouse minimum lethal doses per 100g rat's body weight); multiple sampling times (1, 6, 12, 18, 24 h after injection); and nerve transection were used. The toxin content of rat's blood and the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium of both sciatic nerve trunk was measured during the onset of local tetanus.
Purification and partial characterization of feline pepsinogen

Objective—To purify and partially characterize feline pepsinogen (fPG) from the gastric mucosa and compare fPG with PGs of other species. Sample Population—Stomachs of 6 cats. Procedure—A crude protein extract was prepared from the gastric mucosa of feline stomachs. Feline PG A was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, weak-anion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and strong-anion exchange chromatography. Partial characterization consisted of estimation of molecular weights (MWs) and isoelectric points, N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and investigation of susceptibility to pepstatin inhibition. Results—Several fPG A-group isoforms were identified. The MWs of the isoforms ranged from 37,000 to 44,820. Isoelectric points were all < pH 3.0. The proteolytic activity of the activated PGs was inhibited completely by pepstatin in a range of equimolar to 10- fold molar excess. The specific absorbance of fPG A was 1.29. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 25 residues of the...
Probing Adenosine Nucleotide-Binding Proteins with an Affinity-Labeled Nucleotide Probe and Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry combined with chemical labeling strategies has become very important in biological analysis. Herein, we described the application of a biotin-conjugated acyl nucleotide for probing adenosine nucleotide-binding proteins. We demonstrated that the probe reacted specifically with the lysine residue at the nucleotide-binding site of two purified adenosine nucleotide-binding proteins, Escherichia coli recombinase A (RecA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase-I (YADH-I). A single conjugate peptide with a specifically labeled lysine residue was identified, by using LC−MS/MS, from the tryptic digestion mixture of the reaction products of the nucleotide analogue with RecA or YADH-I. The strategy, which involved labeling reaction, enzymatic digestion, affinity purification, and LC−MS/MS analysis, was relatively simple, fast, and straightforward. The method should be generally applicable for the identification of lysine residues at the nucleotide-binding site of other proteins. The bio...
Prognostic value of elevated biomarkers in diabetic and non-diabetic patients admitted for acute coronary syndromes

Diabetes is not only a predisposing factor for cardiovascular disease but once diabetic patients develop coronary artery disease (CAD) they have significantly worse outcomes compared to non-diabetic patients.1,2 Diabetes is an independent risk factor for a worse outcome after presentation with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).2 Prior studies have demonstrated that diabetic patients without previous myocardial infarction have as high a risk as non-diabetic patients with previous myocardial infarction.3 Based on this and other studies, diabetes is considered a CAD equivalent or, in other words, patients with diabetes should be treated as already having vascular disease. Elevated cardiac enzymes, both creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) and troponin, have been demonstrated to be important prognostic determinants of patients with ACS and to identify high risk patients.4 The prognostic implications of elevated biomarkers in diabetic patients who are already considered to be at high risk have not been systematically studied. The primary objective was to analyse the prognostic implication of elevated biomarkers in patients with and without diabetes in predicting six month mortality. We studied 1951 consecutive patients who were admitted to the University of Michigan Medical Center from 27 December 1998 to 16 October 2002 with a diagnosis of ACS. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board at the University of Michigan and informed consent obtained from all patients. …
The Anticoagulated Atrial Fibrillation Patient Who Requires "Curative" Therapy for Prostate Carcinoma: a Bleeding Conundrum.

With the aging of the population, the incidence of both prostate carcinoma (PCa) and atrial fibrillation (AF) has increased. Options for “curative therapy” PCa now include surgery, external beam radiation (EBT), and radioactive seed implantation (RSI). The latter two approaches, especially EBT, can produce radiation proctitis (RP) with rectal bleeding (RB). This poses an issue for anticoagulating the elderly AF patient who develops PCa. The attached case report of a 77 year old male who was treated with a combination of RSI and “low dose” EBT followed by recurrent severe rectal bleeding demonstrates the significance of this problem. In the AF patient with a CHADS2 score of 2 or more, and hence an indication for chronic warfarin therapy, the therapy of subsequently detected PCa requires careful consideration of the risks associated with its therapeutic options.
Neuronal Glud1 (Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1) Over-Expressing Mice: Increased Glutamate Formation and Synaptic Release, Loss of Synaptic Activity, and Adaptive Changes in Genomic Expression

Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) is a mitochondrial enzyme expressed in all tissues, including brain. Although this enzyme is expressed in glutamatergic pathways, its function as a regulator of glutamate neurotransmitter levels is still not well defined. In order to gain an understanding of the role of GLUD1 in the control of glutamate levels and synaptic release in mammalian brain, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice that over-express this enzyme in neurons of the central nervous system. The Tg mice have increased activity of GLUD, as well as elevated levels and increased synaptic and depolarization-induced release of glutamate. These mice suffer age-associated losses of dendritic spines, nerve terminals, and neurons. The neuronal losses and dendrite structural changes occur in select regions of the brain. At the transcriptional level in the hippocampus, cells respond by increasing the expression of genes related to neurite growth and synapse formation, indications of adaptive or compensatory responses to the effects of increases in the release and action of glutamate at synapses. Because these Tg mice live to a relatively old age they are a good model of the effects of a “hyperglutamatergic” state on the aging process in the nervous system. The mice are also useful in defining the molecular pathways affected by the over-activation of GLUD in glutamatergic neurons of the brain and spinal cord.
Mutual toughening of vinylidene chloride and methyl methacrylate in network composites prepared via concentrated emulsion polymerization

Abstract Polymer composites based on vinylidene chloride/methyl methacrylate (VDC/MMA) copolymer cross-linked with vinyl-terminated polycaprolactone (VTPCL) were prepared via a concentrated emulsion polymerization procedure. In that method, a partially polymerized solution of VDC, MMA and VTPCL in toluene, containing also an initiator, is dispersed at room temperature in a small amount of an aqueous solution of a surfactant. The concentrated emulsion thus generated is subjected to polymerization at 60°C. Compared to the polymerization in solution, which leads to a swollen bulk material, the concentrated emulsion polymerization provides latexes. The effects of the various constituents on the mechanical properties of the composites were studied via tensile testing. One concludes that there is mutual toughening between PVDC and PMMA, and that additional toughening is produced by the VTPCL. There is an optimum amount of VTPCL and an optimum weight ratio of VDC/MMA for which the toughness is maximum. Composites have also been prepared in which ethyl methacrylate or acrylonitrile replaced partially or completely MMA.
Discordant Expression of Osteoblast Markers in MC3T3-E1 Cells that Synthesize a High Turnover Matrix

To examine the autocrine effects that an organizing extracellular matrix has on osteoblast precursors, we created MC3T3-E1 cell lines that stably expressed pro-alpha1(I) collagen chains with a truncated triple helical domain. Cells that had incorporated the pro-alpha1(I) expression plasmid (pMG155) expressed shortened pro-alpha1(I) transcripts at high levels and efficiently secreted the expression gene products into culture media. Those cells lost over 30% of newly deposited collagenous matrix compared with virtually no loss in control cultures, and media from the abnormal cells had qualitative differences in matrix metalloprotinase production. Electron micrographs strongly suggested that type I collagen molecules containing the truncated pro-alpha1(I) chains dramatically interfered with collagen fibrillogenesis in newly forming osteoblast matrix. Abnormal collagen fibrillogenesis was also associated with altered characteristics of cellular differentiation in that abnormal cells displayed a delayed and attenuated increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. Surprisingly, synthesis of osteocalcin was more than 5-fold higher than control cultures. These findings demonstrate that osteoblasts require a normally structured collagenous matrix for up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity. However, in the presence of rapid turnover of osteoblast matrix, osteocalcin gene expression may be up-regulated in response to local signals by an unknown mechanism.
Limits on ion radial diffusion coefficients in Saturn's inner magnetosphere

The development of upper and lower limits for the rate of radial diffusion of energetic ions in Saturn's inner magnetosphere is discussed. Improved calculations of the satellite-sweeping rate and phase space density profiles for a wide range of ion invariants are utilized to determine the limits. The lower limit for the radial diffusion coefficient is established by requiring the rate of inward diffusion to be large enough to balance satellite sweeping losses; the upper limit is obtained by requiring the rate of inward diffusion to be less than the observable ultraviolet aurora on plasma torus L shell. It is concluded that the radial diffusion coefficient for ions in Saturn's inner magnetosphere is calculated to about two orders of magnitude.
Interferon regulatory factor-1 is required for interferon-γ-induced MHC class I genes in astrocytes

Recent studies have shown that the role of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules is tissue-specific. Our previous studies indicated a role for IRF-1 in expression of MHC class I genes in cultured astrocytes in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). However, the requirement for IRF-1 in MHC class I expression has not been directly analyzed in neural tissue. To further ascertain the importance of IRF-1 in the induction of MHC class I genes in astrocytes in response to IFN-gamma, we analyzed astrocytes from mice with a targeted disruption of the IRF-1 gene (IRF-1(-/-) mice). As expected, astrocytes from wild type (IRF-1(+/+)) mice showed a coordinate increase in both IRF-1 and MHC class I gene expression in response to IFN-gamma. To the contrary, astrocytes from IRF-1(-/-) mice had greatly reduced MHC class I mRNA expression. MHC class I gene promoter activity in astrocytes was controlled entirely through a single enhancer, the MHC-IRF-E, to which IRF-1 bound in response to IFN-gamma in wild type but not in IRF-1(-/-) mouse astrocytes. In vivo, astrocytes in brains of wild type mice readily responded to IFN-gamma to express MHC class I molecules. This correlated with increased MHC class I mRNA in the brain. In contrast, brains of IRF-1(-/-) mice showed no MHC class I gene induction following exposure to IFN-gamma indicating that all cells in the central nervous system (CNS) including astrocytes with the potential to express MHC class I molecules were dependent on IRF-1. These studies conclusively demonstrate a major role for IRF-1/MHC-IRF-E interactions in controlling MHC class I gene expression in astrocytes in response to IFN-gamma.
Maintenance Hemodialysis in End‐Stage Renal Disease Associated with Spinal Cord Injury

Data on maintenance hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) are lacking. Forty-three SCI-ESRD patients treated with hemodialysis in our unit were retrospectively studied. A control group of ESRD patients without SCI were included for comparison. Predialysis concentrations of Na, K, bicarbonate, creatinine, albumin, calcium, and phosphorus and anion gap were significantly lower in the SCI group than in the control group. In contrast, chloride concentration was significantly higher in the SCI patients. Hemodialysis was equally effective in providing azotemia control and acid-base, electrolyte, and fluid balance in both groups. Interdialytic weight gain in the SCI group was significantly less than that of the control group. Hypotensive episodes during dialysis were quite common in the SCI patients. Interestingly, hypertensive episodes during or shortly after dialysis were also noted with considerable frequency. The hypotensive episodes usually responded to blood flow reduction and/or fluid administration. Hypertensive episodes were usually mild to moderate and reversed with continued dialysis without requiring vigorous intervention. The leg cramps often seen in ambulatory patients due to rapid ultrafiltration and fluid shifts were uncommon among the SCI patients. However, diffuse painful muscle spasms caused by uninhibited spinal reflexes were observed with considerable frequency and presented a difficult therapeutic problem. Due to prolonged immobilization and other factors, SCI-ESRD patients appear to be at high risk of thromboembolic disorders. SCI-ESRD patients thus appear to differ from the ambulatory ESRD patients from both clinical and biochemical viewpoints. These specific feaures can be of significant value with respect to the dietary and therapeutic considerations.
Internal working models of caregiving and security of attachment at age six

This study describes the relation between internal working models of caregiving, child attachment, and maternal behavior in the home. Thirty-two mothers of 6-year-old children were observed in the home and subsequently interviewed regarding experiential and affective dimensions of parenting. Interviews were examined in order to assess the quality of the mother's thinking regarding two dimensions of caregiving (secure base, competence) which we hypothesized to be related to attachment security. Results indicated a strong correspondence between internal working models of caregiving and child mental representations of attachments as measured from the child's response to a laboratory reunion. The correspondence between mental representations of caregiving and maternal behavior in the home was limited. Representation ratings were most strongly associated with competence-supporting behavior. Implications for infant mental health research and program evaluation are discussed.
Determining the pharmacokinetics and long-term biodistribution of SiO2 nanoparticles in vivo using accelerator mass spectrometry.

Biodistribution is an important factor in better understanding silica dioxide nanoparticle (SiNP) safety. Currently, comprehensive studies on biodistribution are lacking, most likely due to the lack of suitable analytical methods. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was used to investigate the relationship between administered dose, PK, and long-term biodistribution of 14C-SiNPs in vivo. PK analysis showed that SiNPs were rapidly cleared from the central compartment, were distributed to tissues of the reticuloendothelial system, and persisted in the tissue over the 8-week time course, raising questions about the potential for bioaccumulation and associated long-term effects.
I want what i need!: analyzing subjectivity of online forum threads

Online forums have become a popular source of information due to the unique nature of information they contain. Internet users use these forums to get opinions of other people on issues and to find factual answers to specific questions. Topics discussed in online forum threads can be subjective seeking personal opinions or non-subjective seeking factual information. Hence, knowing subjectivity orientation of threads would help forum search engines to satisfy user's information needs more effectively by matching the subjectivities of user's query and topics discussed in the threads in addition to lexical match between the two. We study methods to analyze the subjectivity of online forum threads. Experimental results on a popular online forum demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods.
Rotationally symmetric operators for surface interpolation

Abstract The use of rotationally symmetric operators in vision is reviewed and conditions for rotational symmetry are derived for linear and quadratic forms in the first and second partial directional derivatives of a function f ( x , y ). Surface interpolation is considered to be the process of computing the most conservative solution consistent with boundary conditions. The “most conservative” solution is modeled using the calculus of variations to find the minimum function that satisfies a given performance index. To guarantee the existence of a minimum function, Grimson (W. E. L. Grimson, From Images to Surfaces: A Computational Study of the Human Early Visual System , MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass., 1981.) has recently suggested that the performance index should be a seminorm. It is shown that all quadratic forms in the second partial derivatives of the surface satisfy this criterion. The seminorms that are, in addition, rotationally symmetric form a vector space whose basis is the square Laplacian and the quadratic variation. Whereas both seminorms give rise to the same Euler condition in the interior, the quadratic variation offers the tighter constraint at the boundary and is to be preferred for surface interpolation.
Guidelines for Thermoforming Part Wall Thickness

Finite element analysis and analytical geometric analysis are two active approaches to calculating local wall thicknesses in simple vacuum formed parts. FEA requires substantial computational skill...
First words: Do sociologists actually use the terms in introductory textbooks' glossaries?

Remember folkways? The concept, of course, originated with William Graham Sumner (1959 [1906]). Sumner sought to distinguish varieties of rules?folkways (routine habits and customs), mores (more serious rules required for the societal welfare), and so on. The concept of folkways once was invoked fairly frequently by sociologists, but it is no longer in vogue. Figure 1 traces the rise and fall in folkway's appearance in the three principal general sociology journals (the meth ods we used to produce this figure are outlined below). We can see that references to folkways peaked in the 1940s, and have become relatively uncommon in recent decades. And yet, the concept of folkway continues to thrive in introductory sociology textbooks. The term appears in the glossaries of the leading introductory texts. This raises several questions: Why are introductory students taught a term that sociolo gists in fact rarely use? Is this practice of teaching obsolete terminology common and if so, what accounts for this practice? What does this tell us about the relation ship between the introductory course and the state of sociological research?
Drilling fluids and the arctic tundra of Alaska: Assessing contamination of wetlands habitat and the toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and fish

Drilling for oil on the North Slope of Alaska results in the release of large volumes of used drilling fluids into arctic wetlands. These releases, usually come from regulated discharges or seepage from reserve pits constructed to hold used drilling fluids. A study of five drill sites and their reserve pits showed an increase in common and trace elements and organic hydrocarbons in ponds near-to and distant from reserve pits. Ions elevated in water were Ba, Cl, Cr, K, SO4 and Zn. Concentrations of Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, and Si in sediments were higher in near and distant ponds than in control ponds. The predominant organics in drill site waters and sediments consisted of aromatic and paraffinic hydrocarbons characteristic of petroleum or a refined product of petroleum. In 96-hr exposures in the field, toxicity toDaphnia Middendorffiana was observed in water from all reserve pits, and from two of five near ponds, but not from distant ponds. In laboratory tests withDaphnia magna, growth and reproduction were reduced in dilutions of 2.5% drilling fluid (2.5 drilling fluid: 97.5 dilution water) from one reserve pit, and 25% drilling fluid from a second. Growth and reproduction were not affected at these dilutions of fluid from the other three reserve pits. Additional regulations—such as an upper limit on aromatic hydrocarbon content and toxicity to sensitive organisms —are needed to improve safety for aquatic organisms in habitats receiving used drilling fluids.