cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can constructed action be considered obligatory

A communicative device that a signer can take advantage of in the visual–gestural modality is the use of the signer's body to depict the actions and movements of an object—whether that object be animate or inanimate. This communicative device (referred to within this abstract as becoming the object) is used frequently in signed narratives, but it also appears in other genres of signing. Whether or not becoming the object is dependent on the use of traditional linguistic devices (e.g., signs, so-called “classifier” constructions, word order structures, etc.) is open to question, so its role as a necessary part of ASL or any signed language may be the source of debate. This study seeks to explore the degree to which becoming the object is obligatory. To that end, production and judgment data are discussed, and it is suggested that specific examples of becoming the object appear to be obligatory for the depiction of some actions of animate objects. Further, commonly used alternative strategies to becoming the object are also discussed. The overall findings suggest that some instantiations of becoming the object can be considered obligatory in some contexts—especially for some signers. Implications of these results are discussed, especially as they concern the use of mimetic versus linguistic representations within both modalities—sign and speech.
Extending The Non-Interference Version Of MLS For Sat

A non-interference formulation ofMLS applicable to the Secure Ada Target (SAT) Abstract Model is developed. An analogous formulation is developed to handle the SAT type enforcement policy. Unwinding theorems are presented for both MLS and Multi-Domain Security (MDS) and the SAT Abstract Model is shown to satisfy both MLS and MDS. Generalizations and extensions are also considered.
A low velocity zone underlying a fast-spreading rise crest

WE present the results of an unreversed seismic refraction profile on the East Pacific Rise near the Siqueiros Fracture Zone recorded using a digital ocean bottom seismograph (OBS)1. An analysis of P wave arrival times and amplitudes indicates a velocity gradient in the top 2 km, with the velocity reaching 6.7 km s−1. This is underlain by a low velocity channel some 1.4 km thick in which the velocity decreases to around 4.8 km s−1. Below this low velocity region there is a velocity gradient from 6.2 to 6.8 km s−1 and mantle velocities of 7.7 km s−1 are reached at a depth of 6 km below the sea bed.
Investigation of the Effects of the Local Environment on the Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectra of Striped Gold/Silver Nanorod Arrays

The effects of the local environment on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra utilizing gold, silver, and gold/silver striped nanorod array substrates was investigated. The arrays were fabricated using an electrochemical metal deposition into an anodic aluminum oxide template. The analyte chosen for this study was p-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline (p-NDMA), which has an electronic structure that is highly sensitive to its surrounding environment. Changes in the peak positions and peak ratios were used to probe the influence of water and the striping pattern on the SERS signal of p-NDMA. We present the results of the fabrication and characterization of the nanorod array substrates, as well as SERS spectra of p-NDMA in both polar and nonpolar environments and SERS spectra on a variety of striped nanorod arrays. The Raman data suggests that the p-NDMA molecule exists in a more polarized state when bound to the gold as compared to the silver rods. We have attempted to use these differences to determine...
Synthesis of novel polyhydroxamides and their dihydroxylamine precursors

Polycondensation de chlorure de diacide avec la dihydroxylamine. Le controle du nombre d'atomes de carbone dans la chaine fait varier la solubilite du polymere
Gravlee Jet Irrigator as a Screening Method?-Reply

The favorable results Drs Casey and Madden experienced with the Gravlee jet irrigation technique are to be commended. Certainly, strict control of all variables will increase the reliability of this technique. As the correspondents suggest, it is possible that our results could have been improved by varying the processing method; however, our pathology department tested and then discarded the permeable membrane filter (Millipore) technique, as did Dr Gravlee, 1 since it added little information. In our study, collection of gross tissue fragments was accomplished by rinsing the tip of the irrigator in the fixing solution as a terminal step in gathering the specimen. It is perhaps teleologic that the onset of symptoms is directly proportional to the extent of the disease. Thus, the accuracy of a given technique would increase in patients with symptoms and presumably more advanced lesions. Possibly, this is not the case. On the other hand,
The enduring and vanishing American Indian: American Indian population growth and intermarriage in 1990

Abstract The American Indian and Alaskan Native population has grown rapidly since 1950 because of changes in the racial classification of persons with mixed Indian and non‐Indian descent. These changes have challenged once common expectations that the Indian population was likely to shrink over time through assimilation. However, in regions of the United States where the recent growth of the Indian population has been particularly sharp most married Indians are married to non‐Indians. Fertility rates of women who are part of intermarried couples are lower than fertility rates for Indian women in racially endogamous marriages. The majority of the children of intermarried Indians in high intermarriage regions are labelled with the race of the non‐Indian parent. Intermarriage is likely to substantially reduce the long‐run impact of changes in identification on the future growth of the Indian population. At the same time, in a few states the American Indian population remains ethnically homogenous and shows ...
SU-FF-I-51: Effect of Subcutaneous Fat On Abdominal CT Dosimetry: Monte Carlo Study

Purpose: To investigate the effect of abdominal subcutaneous fat on organ and effective doses in abdominal computed tomography(CT) examination by using deformable hybrid anthropomorphic phantoms and MCNPX2.5. Methods and Material: A hybrid anthropomorphic computational phantom representing a newborn reference patient was employed in this study to illustrate use of deformable phantoms for patient‐specific dosimetry. The hybrid phantom is currently the most advanced computational phantom incorporating the best features of conventional stylized and voxel phantoms, which include parameter‐based flexibility and improved anatomical realism, respectively. Based on the template phantom of which the abdominal circumference was 36 cm, two more phantoms having abdominal circumferences of 33 and 39 cm were generated by manipulating control points on the abdominal surfaces. Three phantoms were then incorporated into MCNPX2.5 code where helical fan beams from SOMATOM Sensation 16 helical multi‐slice CT scanner were modeled. A CTcollimator setting of 12 mm and a tube potential of 100 kVp, both commonly used in pediatric CT scans, were simulated for illustrative calculations. Absorbed doses for major organ doses were calculated in each of the three newborn phantoms. The normalized organ absorbed doses for a total of 9 major organs were calculated and compared to each other. Results: As waist circumference increases, the thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat increases correspondingly which causes a decrease in the organ absorbed dose for CT beams, especially, for the small intestinal wall (−5.8%) and kidney (−7.3%). Conclusion: Even though the effect of fat thickness on organ dose was not significant in newborn phantom, higher correlation would be observed in older and larger phantoms. The authors are working on a series of pediatric phantoms so that a more systematic investigation on the effect of abdominal subcutaneous fat on CTdosimetry could be performed in the future.
Dynamic response improvement in a three-level buck type converter

Compared to the conventional Buck converter, the equivalent switching frequency in the three-level Buck converter (TL-Buck) is doubled. This leads to a smaller output inductance required for the same inductor current ripple. Therefore, the dynamic response will be faster than that of the conventional Buck converter. In this paper, to further improve the dynamic performance, the current feed-forward control scheme is applied to the TL-Buck converter. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed topology and controller, both Matlab/Simulink based simulation and experimental results are presented. The main advantages of the proposed approach include faster dynamic response, simple topology configuration, and simple controller implementation.
PMU based robust state estimation using scaling

State estimation problem is commonly solved by the weighted least squares (WLS) method, which is known to be non-robust, i.e. it fails in the presence of a single bad measurement. A more robust alternative is the least absolute value (LAV) estimator which can automatically reject bad-data in the absence of the so called leverage measurements. When using only measurements provided by phasor measurement units (PMU), it can be shown that leverage measurements can be eliminated easily by strategic scaling. Hence, in this paper it is argued that when using PMU measurements, LAV estimator will provide a robust alternative to the WLS.
Oleanolic Acid from Cranberries

A modified procedure, involvin decolorization of the ammonium salt, is feescribed for the purification of crude ursolic acid obtained from cranberries. Oleanolic acid was isolated from the mother liquors remaining from the final recrystallization of the purified product.
Spin of the 1082.8 keV level in 152Sm

Abstract The spin of the 1082.8 keV level in 152 Sm was measured as 0 by directional correlation experiments. Earlier a level at 1081 keV was assigned a spin and parity of 1 ± or 2 + from the decay of 152 Pm. Our results indicate that either these two levels are different or the previously assigned 1081 keV ground state transition is misplaced in the decay studies of 152 Pm.
Alicyclic photoresists for CO2-based next-generation microlithography: A tribute to James E. McGrath

Addition polymerization of norbornene-based monomers has been pursued toward the fabrication of photoresists for next-generation microlithography, using condensed carbon dioxide as the developing solvent. Addition polymers containing a norbornyl backbone, for dry plasma etch resistance and high thermal stability, were synthesized to include fluorinated moieties and chemical amplification switching groups. These materials have been characterized and their lithographic properties evaluated. Solubility differences between exposed and non-exposed resist have been observed in these novel systems, which should provide the necessary contrast for high-resolution imaging. Lithographic imaging produced dense lines as small as 3 μm.
The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et comb. nov. and the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia)

ABSTRACT Our general understanding of hyaenodontid phylogeny and classification, particularly the division between the phylogenetically and morphologically primitive Proviverrinae and the derived Hyaenodontinae, has been fairly stable since Matthew laid down its framework in the early 20th century. However, a wealth of material described since that time allows Matthew's conclusions to be re-examined. Adding to that wealth is a new skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. et comb. nov. The postcranium of this specimen indicates that this animal was probably incipiently cursorial. The hindlimb morphology suggests that motion in the ankle was restricted to a parasagittal plane and that the animal was digitigrade. The forelimb is less completely preserved, making its functional ability more difficult to assess. Cladistic analysis suggests that Gazinocyon was related to a clade containing Eurotherium, Propterodon, Hyaenodon, and “Pterodon” hyaenoides. It also suggests that Hyaenodontinae (containing Pterodon, Hy...
Protein Database and Quantitative Analysis Considerations when Integrating Genetics and Proteomics to Compare Mouse Strains

Decades of genetics research comparing mouse strains has identified many regions of the genome associated with quantitative traits. Microarrays have been used to identify which genes in those regions are differentially expressed and are therefore potentially causal; however, genetic variants that affect probe hybridization lead to many false conclusions. Here we used spectral counting to compare brain striata between two mouse strains. Using strain-specific protein databases, we concluded that proteomics was more robust to sequence differences than microarrays; however, some proteins were still significantly affected. To generate strain-specific databases, we used a complete database that contained all of the putative genetic isoforms for each protein. While the increased proteome coverage in the databases led to a 6.8% gain in peptide assignments compared to a nonredundant database, it also necessitated the development of a strategy for grouping similar proteins due to a large number of shared peptides. Of the 4563 identified proteins (2.1% FDR), there were 1807 quantifiable proteins/groups that exceeded minimum count cutoffs. With four pooled biological replicates per strain, we used quantile normalization, ComBat (a package that adjusts for batch effects), and edgeR (a package for differential expression analysis of count data) to identify 101 differentially expressed proteins/groups, 84 of which had a coding region within one of the genomic regions of interest identified by the Portland Alcohol Research Center.
Effect of the Spilt-Over Hydrogen Species on the Product Yields of the Hybrid Catalysts Used in the Thermocatalytic Cracking (TCC) Process for the Production of Light Olefins

The supported Ni co-catalyst surface of the thermocatalytic cracking (TCC) hybrid catalyst produces very active hydrogen species. Such species, once transferred (spilt-over) onto the surface of the main catalyst component (cracking sites), interact with the adsorbed reaction intermediates, resulting in a decreased formation of coke precursors (polynuclear aromatics) and the dearomatization/ring-opening of some heavy compounds of the feed. Simultaneously, there is a significant increase in the product yields of light olefins, particularly ethylene and propylene. Analysis of reaction products after 10 h of continuous reaction shows the very significant effects of these co-catalysts on heavy feedstocks such as vacuum gas oils, although the amounts of these (spilt-over) hydrogen species are very small, in comparison to the molecular hydrogen produced by the cracking reactions.
Influence of α-adrenergic blockade on platelet-mediated thrombosis in stenosed canine coronary arteries

The functional significance of platelet α-adrenergic receptors in vivo is uncertain. The aim of this study was to elucidate their role in experimental coronary thrombosis. In 46 open-chest dogs with a critical coronary stenosis produced by plicating the coronary artery wall with a suture, blood flow showed cyclical reductions followed by an abrupt return to control levels. The flow reductions were previously shown to be caused by platelet aggregation. In the present study they were unaffected by heparin (1,000 U·kg−1·h−1) at the start of the experiment but consistently abolished by aspirin (30 mg·kg−1) at the end of the protocol, further supporting platelet aggregation as the primary mechanism. After 1 h of observation, dogs were assigned to one of the following groups: control (no intervention, n=9), phentolamine (a nonselective α-blocker) "low dose" (0.07 mg·kg−1 bolus followed by 0.1 mg·kg−1·min−1, n=4), phentolamine "high dose" (3 mg·kg−1 bolus followed by 0.07 mg·kg−1·min−1, n=6), prazosin (an α1-blocker, 2 mg·kg−1, n=8), yohimbine (an α2-blocker, 3 mg·kg−1, n= 11) or prazosin + yohimbine (same doses, n=8). In controls, cyclical reductions in flow continued unchanged for another hour. Phentolamine effected a partial dose-related inhibition of flow reductions; however, prazosin and yohimbine, given separately or in combination, failed to produce any significant effect despite an α-blocking action equivalent to or greater than that of phentolamine (α-agonist dose-response studies). Thus, α1−, α2− and combined α1− and α2-blockade, per se , did not interfere with coronary thrombosis in the face of elevated plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline (285 ± 48 and 399 ± 31 ng·litre−1, respectively). It is concluded that, in the dog, α-adrenoceptors do not contribute significantly to spontaneous formation of platelet coronary thrombi even at moderately increased levels of adrenergic stimulation. In addition, this study identifies an in vivo platelet-inhibitory activity of phentolamine that is independent of α-adrenergic blockade.
An analysis of second time around bankruptcies using a split-population duration model

Abstract A significant proportion of firms that reorganize under Chapter 11 file for a second Chapter 11 protection or liquidate. We use a “split-population” duration model that provides useful information regarding factors that could lead to a second bankruptcy. We find that the probability (hazard) of a firm re-entering bankruptcy is lower for firms that take a long time to reorganize, reduce their debt-to-assets ratio, do not divest, belong to an industry that has low capacity utilization and low demand growth. We also find that the probability of an average firm re-entering bankruptcy increases for about 4 years before declining.
Spectroscopic intravascular photoacoustic imaging of neovasculature: phantom studies

ABSTRACT An acceleration of angiogenesis in the adventitial vasa-vasorum is usually associated with vulnerable, thin-cap fibro-atheroma in atherosclerotic plaques. Angiogenesis creates microvasculature too sm all to be detected and differentiated using conventional imaging techniques. However, by using sp ectroscopic photoacoustic imaging, we take advantage of the wavelength-dependent optical absorption properties of blood. We used a vessel-mimicking phantom with micro blood vessels. The phantom was imaged with intravascular photoacoustic imaging across a range of wavelengths. The image intensities were cross-correlated with the known absorption spectra of blood. The resulting cross-correlation image was able to reveal the location of the artificial blood vessels differentiated from non-blood vessel components. Keywords: Keywords: photoacoustic, optoacoustic, intravascular imaging, ultrasound, spectroscopy, atherosclerosis, vasa-vasorum, neovasculature, angiogenesis 1. INTRODUCTION
The fate of a macroporous hydroxyapatite cranioplasty four years after implantation: macroscopical and microscopical findings in a case of recurrent atypical meningioma.

Reconstruction of calvarial bone defects can be achieved using utologous bone or awide range of prostheticmaterials [1].Macroorous hydroxyapatite (MH) has histologically proven its potential steointegration in animal models [2–4]. Recent radiological and linical data in human subjects are in favour of good osteointegraion of MH cranioplasty [5,6]. However, the MH implant has weak echanic stability and is prone to fractures [7]. Furthermore, it is ot known how fast and to which extent the implant is ossified n vivo. We report a case with limited ossification of a MH prosthesis our years after implantation.
Intensified Diurnal Tides along the Oregon Coast

AbstractIntensified diurnal tides are found along portions of the Oregon shelf (U.S. West Coast) based on analyses of high-frequency (HF) radar surface current data and outputs of a 1-km resolution ocean circulation model. The K1 tidal currents with magnitudes near 0.07 m s−1 over a wider part of the shelf (Heceta Bank complex; 44°–44.5°N), previously predicted by Erofeeva et al., are confirmed here by newly available HF radar data. Intensified diurnal tides are also found along the narrow shelf south of Heceta Bank. In the close vicinity of Cape Blanco (42.8°N), diurnal tidal currents (K1 and O1 constituents combined) may reach 0.3 m s−1. Appreciable differences in diurnal tide intensity are found depending on whether the model is forced with tides and winds (TW) or only tides. Also, diurnal variability in wind forcing is found to affect diurnal surface velocities. For the case forced by tides alone, results strongly depend on whether the model ocean is stratified [tides only, stratified (TOS)] or not [t...
Direct summation of fields for light scattering by fibrils with applications to normal corneas

A statistical analysis based on a direct summation of electric fields scattered by individual fibrils is developed to calculate corneal scattering from the fibril distributions shown in electron micrographs. Unlike previous analyses, the method of direct summation of fields can be used for swollen and scarred corneas as well as normal corneas. The method is tested by applying it to the case of the normal rabbit cornea. The results are in good agreement with those obtained using the radial distribution formulation.
Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease.

Purpose of reviewNutrition plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and treatment of the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. In addition, patients with inflammatory bowel disease are often found to have nutrient deficiencies at the time of diagn
Sources of variation in body size traits, dressout percentage and their correlations for the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii☆

Abstract Eighty, third instar red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, from each of 15 wild-caught females were stocked in separate tanks and harvested after 175 days. Nine body size traits and dressout percentage were measured. Females and mature males were significantly different from the overall mean for seven out of 10 traits. Immature males were significantly smaller than the overall mean for abdomen width. Most phenotypic variation was due to individuals with density, family and pool providing minor contributions to the total variance. Correlations between traits ranged from −0.72 between chela length and width with dressout percentage in females and mature males to +0.95 for several traits.
Endoscopic removal of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas: a video presentation.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Juvenile nasal angiogibroma (JNA) is a relatively rare, benign neoplasm generally seen in prepubertal and adolescent males. In the past, surgical management included lateral rhinotomy, transpalatal and transmaxillary routes, and midface degloving approaches. Endoscopic approaches have become the treatment of choice, especially for tumors limited by size and location criteria. Our presentation demonstrates an endoscopic approach to excision of JNAs that are limited to the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses. Through the use of a brief video presentation, participants will be able to visualize the endoscopic technique. Study Design and Methods: A retrospective review of JNA patients treated at our institution identified 3 patients who underwent endoscopic removal. All patients underwent preoperative embolization followed by endoscopic resection. Results: A video demonstration is presented of a patient with a 3.5 cm JNA who underwent successful endoscopic, endonasal excision. After medialization of the middle turbinate and anterior ethmoidectomy, the tumor could be mobilized using a Cottle elevator and microdebrider. The origin and attachment of the tumor were visualized and detached from the sphenopalatine foramen. The tumor was resected en bloc with minimal bleeding. There were no intraoperative complications, and postoperative bleeding was negligible. To date, there has been no evidence of recurrence of tumor in these individuals. Conclusions: Endoscopic removal is the approach of choice for small to medium, limited-extent JNAs.
Reflex habituation and potentiation in Rana pipiens.

Abstract This study was an attempt to further elucidate the nature of habituation. Two groups of frogs ( Rana pipiens ) were stimulated 100 times daily for 12 days with a No. 10 von Frey bristle. In one group, the locus of stimulation was maintained within the general area which elicits the wiping reflex of the ipsilateral hind foot. In the other group, the same reflex movement was elicited from a carefully delimited spot within the reflexogenous zone which was maintained from day to day on the basis of skin markings. In the former group the rate of responding increased from day to day, while in the latter group, habituation to the repeated stimulation occurred. These results were interpreted to mean that habituation depends upon not only eliciting the same response with a series of repeated, nonreinforced stimuli, but that it is necessary as well to insure that the nature and location of the stimulus is repeated as closely as possible.
Plasmid Involvement in Parathion Hydrolysis by Pseudomonas diminuta

An organism identified as Pseudomonas diminuta was found to hydrolyze parathion. Cells grown for 48 h contained 3,400 U of parathion hydrolase activity per liter of broth. Expression of enzymatic activity was lost at a high frequency (9 to 12%) after treatment with mitomycin C. Hydrolase-negative derivatives were missing a plasmid present in the wild-type organism. The molecular mass of this plasmid (pCS1), as determined by electron microscopy, was about 44 × 10 6 daltons. Images
A Gold Interdigitated Microelectrodes Fabricated on Polyhydroxybutyrate Substrate for the Determination of Urea Using Impedimetric Measurements

A novel impedimetric biosensor was microfabricated for the selective and quantitative determination of urea by immobilizing urease onto the 1 cm × 2 cm × 0.5 mm PHB substrate which was patterned with gold interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs) using a combination of photolithography, etching, and thermal evaporation processes. In this study, urease was covalently immobilized onto the gold IDAs functionalized with 10-carboxyl-1-decanethiol (CDT) and similarly, onto gold IDAs functionalized with CDT-polypropylenimine dotriacontaamine dendrimer (Generation 4.0, DAB-Am-32) for monitoring factors that affect urease immobilization. The response studies were carried out as a function of urea concentration with impedimetric measurements. These two immobilization techniques were introduced to assay for in vitro urea and evaluate the two immobilization technique in terms of their repeatability, linear dynamic range, temperature and pH stability. The CDT-urease biosensor displayed linearity for assayed urea up to 10 mM with a response time (t95) of 2 s and yielded a Km(app) of 0.7 mM, indicating the urease enzyme immobilized using CDT onto the PHB IDA surface had a high affinity to urea. The CDT-DAB-Urease biosensor exhibited a dynamic linear range of 0.10 - 300.0 mM, which represented a 30-fold increase in linear dynamic urea range compared to the biosensor with the CDT-urease. The CDT-DAB-Urease yielded a Km(app) of 2.2 mM, which is not significantly different from that for the native, solution-borne enzyme (3 mM), thereby indicating an affinity to urea. Preliminary results suggest that the coupling of the CDT-DAB immobilization technique with microfabrication technology can offer large scale production of PHB urea biosensor.
A live recombinant avirulent oral Salmonella vaccine expressing pneumococcal surface protein A induces protective responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

A live oral recombinant Salmonella vaccine strain expressing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) was developed. The strain was attenuated with Dcya Dcrp mutations. Stable expression of PspA was achieved by the use of the balanced-lethal vector-host system, which employs an asd deletion in the host chromosome to impose an obligate requirement for diaminopimelic acid. The chromosomal Dasd mutation was complemented by a plasmid vector possessing the asd 1 gene. A portion of the pspA gene from Streptococcus pneumoniae Rx1 was cloned onto a multicopy Asd 1 vector. After oral immunization, the recombinant Salmonella-PspA vaccine strain colonized the Peyer’s patches, spleens, and livers of BALB/cByJ and CBA/N mice and stimulated humoral and mucosal antibody responses. Oral immunization of outbred New Zealand White rabbits with the recombinant Salmonella strain induced significant anti-PspA immunoglobulin G titers in serum and vaginal secretions. Polyclonal sera from orally immunized mice detected PspA on the S. pneumoniae cell surface as revealed by immunofluorescence. Oral immunization of BALB/cJ mice with the PspA-producing Salmonella strain elicited antibody to PspA and resistance to challenge by the mouse-virulent human clinical isolate S. pneumoniae WU2. Immune sera from orally immunized mice conferred passive protection against otherwise lethal intraperitoneal or intravascular challenge with strain WU2.
Autoimmune Diabetes Inflames the Heart

Patients with type 1 diabetes tend to suffer subsequent and persistent inflammation of cardiac tissue after a heart attack.
A Technique for Estimating Riparian Root Production

Belowground plant biomass plays a critical role in the maintenance of riparian ecosystems and generally constitutes the majority of the total biomass on a site. Despite this importance, belowground dynamics of riparian plant species are not commonly investigated, in part because of difficulties of sampling in a belowground riparian environment. We investigated the field utility of a root-ingrowth sampling technique for measuring root production. We established four streamside sampling sites in southeastern Oregon, and randomly located four plots within each site. In each plot we established two 7.6-cm–diameter sandfilled ingrowth cores in September of 2004. In September of 2005 we harvested the cores with the use of a vacuum sampling technique in which a 5.1-cm–diameter camphored polyvinyl chloride casing was driven into the center of the root core and sand and root materials were suctioned out. Root-length density was determined by computer image analysis, and roots were dried and weighed to determine production by weight. Results indicate that root-length density averaged 7.2 (6 0.7) cm ? cm 23 across sites and root-production index was 356.7 (6 20.6) g ? m 22 . Our index to root production by weight was consistent with previous estimates of annual root production reported in the literature. Our sampling technique proved to be a practical solution for root sampling in riparian environments, and helps overcome some of the difficulties in sequential coring of saturated soils. Use of any ingrowth core technique to index root production can potentially bias production estimates because of the artificial, root-free environment of the core. However, these biases should be consistent across sites, making ingrowth cores useful for determining differences between manipulative treatments.
Hypothermia and perinatal asphyxia: Executive summary of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop

ROSEMARY D. HIGGINS, MD, TONSE N.K. RAJU, MD, JEFFREY PERLMAN, MD, DENIS VICTOR AZZOPARDI, MD, LILLIAN R. BLACKMON, MD, REESE H. CLARK, MD, A. DAVID EDWARDS, F MED SCI, DONNA M. FERRIERO, MD, PETER D. GLUCKMAN, MBCHB, FRS, ALISTAIR J. GUNN, MBCHB, PHD, SUSAN E. JACOBS, MD, DOROTHEA JENKINS EICHER, MD, ALAN H. JOBE, MD, PHD, ABBOT R. LAPTOOK, MD, MICHAEL H. LEBLANC, MD, CHARLES PALMER , MBCHB, SEETHA SHANKARAN, MD, ROGER F. SOLL, MD, ANN R. STARK, MD, MARIANNE THORESEN, MD, JOHN WYATT, MD, THE NICHD HYPOTHERMIA WORKSHOP SPEAKERS AND DISCUSSANTS*
Measurement of tumor volume by PET to evaluate prognosis in patients with advanced cervical cancer treated by radiation therapy.

Abstract Purpose: This study evaluated the usefulness of tumor volume measurement with positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with advanced cervical cancer treated by radiation therapy. Methods and Materials: Fifty-one patients underwent PET before treatment. Primary tumor volume was determined, and volume, FIGO stage, and presence of lymph nodes on the PET study were compared to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Tumor volume, lymph node disease, and stage were predictive of PFS, whereas volume and lymph node involvement predicted OS. Lymph node status did not correlate with volume. Dividing patients according to whether the tumor volume was more or less than 60 cm 3 predicted PFS and OS. Separation of patients with tumor volumes ≤60 cm 3 and no lymph node disease vs. any other combination was strongly predictive of PFS and OS. Conclusions: The following conclusions were drawn regarding patients with advanced cervical cancer treated with radiation therapy: ( 1 ) Tumor volume can be accurately measured by PET; ( 2 ) Tumor volume separates patients with a good prognosis from those with a poorer prognosis; ( 3 ) A subset of patients with relatively small tumors and no lymph node involvement does remarkably well; ( 4 ) Tumor volume does not correlate with the presence of lymph node disease.
Sleep-disordered breathing in children: are we underestimating the problem?

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a spectrum of disorders, ranging from primary snoring to severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). Several studies have suggested that primary snoring may affect 10–25% of children aged 3–12 yrs, and 10% of these children may have OSAS 1–3. SDB is known to be associated with behavioural problems, such as aggression, hyperactivity, attention-deficit disorder and poor socialisation 4. Gozal 5 showed that SDB was 6–9-fold more common in 1st grade children (aged 6 yrs) who were in the bottom tenth percentile for academic achievement. Furthermore, neurocognitive functions, such as memory, learning and problem solving, are reduced in children with SDB 6. Therefore, it is not surprising that the overall health status and quality of life for children with SDB is reduced significantly 4, 7. Indeed, the quality of life for children with adenotonsillar disease, a group of children with SDB and/or recurrent throat infections, was shown to be similar to children with asthma or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and, in some respects, worse 8. A high percentage of children with SDB who undergo adenotonsillectomy experience resolution of the disorder, as documented by post-operative polysomnography (PSG) 9. However, do behavioural and neurocognitive problems also resolve …
Examination of the relationship between inbreeding and population size.

This chapter presents a method for examining the relationship between effective population size and accumulated random inbreeding in human populations. Using a linear regression model on 9 Irish isolates results show that this method is very useful in assessing differential influences on population structure. Inbreeding refers to the level expected at random due to finite population size offset by migration into the population. The data used consist of effective population size estimates and kinship estimates derived from surnames for 9 isolates on or near the west coast of Ireland. Based on the non-parametric correlation results there is no monotonic relationship between effective population size and the inverse of kinship. The demographic data available show that with the exception of Garumna Lettermullen and the Aran Islands the other populations changed little in population size during the latter part of the 19th century. The fact that observed kinship is higher than predicted kinship suggests an increse in population size. These analyses suggest that there is little if any relationship between population size and inbreeding among these populations using 1891 effective population size estimates. Given the range of demogrphic ecological and cultural environments of human populations perhaps it is unexpected to see a set of populations adhering strongly to a given theoretical model. The more important aspect of such model fitting is not whether or not a given model shows a significant fit but rather the analysis of deviations from an expected relationship.
Epstein-Barr virus sustains tumor killers.

The immune system's response to a latent and ubiquitous virus is harnessed to kill tumors in a small study of humans. The approach overcomes a major barrier to effective tumor immunotherapy—generating a sustained immune response ( pages 1264–1270 ).
Modeling and perception of deformable one-dimensional objects

Recent advances in the modeling of deformable one-dimensional objects (DOOs) such as surgical suture, rope, and hair show significant promise for improving the simulation, perception, and manipulation of such objects. An important application of these tasks lies in the area of medical robotics, where robotic surgical assistants have the potential to greatly reduce surgeon fatigue and human error by improving the accuracy, speed, and robustness of surgical tasks such as suturing. However, different types of DOOs exhibit a variety of bending and twisting behaviors that are highly dependent on material properties. This paper proposes an approach for fitting simulation models of DOOs to observed data. Our approach learns an energy function such that observed DOO configurations lie in local energy minima. Our experiments on a variety of DOOs show that models fitted to different types of DOOs using our approach enable accurate prediction of future configurations. Additionally, we explore the application of our learned model to the perception of DOOs.
Basin-Wide Diagenetic Patterns: Integrated Petrologic, Geochemical, and Hydrologic Considerations

The serious scholar of petrology is well aware of the discrepant level of understanding that exists between igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis and sediment diagenesis (also known as postdepositional evolution). While nucleation and crystallization theory, phase equilibria, and principles of heat and mass transport have provided guidance for scientists to understand the formation and subsequent evolution of igneous and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary petrologists seem to have been left behind in detailed, descriptive characterization, with little chemical and physical basis to unify the diagenesis of one rock unit with any other. Of course, one cannot lay blame entirely on the scientist: the study of sediment diagenesis is plagued by problems of incomplete chemical reaction, the need to characterize amorphous solids and poorly crystalline mineral phases, low temperature and pressure conditions that result in reaction kinetics dominating over thermodynamic equilibria, and a lot of fugitive water! Further complications arise because most of the samples available for extensive regional study of sediment diagenesis are those recovered during the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon and mineral resources. The processes that have controlled postdepositional chemical and physical evolution of such samples are undeniably nonrepresentative of those affecting the vast volumes of most sedimentary sequences.
Influence of solar UV-B radiation on peatland microbial communities of southern Argentinia

SUMMARY • Stratospheric ozone depletion occurs over Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, in the austral spring and summer due to the Antarctic ‘ozone hole’ and the general erosion of the ozone layer. Thus, we investigated the responses of microbial communities to manipulations of solar UV-B radiation. • Results reported here are for field plots receiving either near-ambient or reduced solar UV-B using plastic filters in a Sphagnum peatland and a Carex fen during the second and third years of UV-B manipulations. • The total number of testate amoebae (Protozoa, Rhizopoda) inhabiting the upper centimeter of Sphagnum magellanicum was greater under near-ambient solar UV-B than under reduced UV-B. No response to UV-B manipulation was apparent for rotifers, nematodes, bacteria, microfungi, and a common microalga (Euglena mutabilis) inhabiting the S. magellanicum. On leaves of small Nothofagus antarctica trees, the ratio of upper: lower leaf-surface fungal populations for the genus Aureobasidium and for total fungi indicated lower populations on the upper, relative to the lower, surface under near-ambient solar UV-B. • When responses to modifications of the solar UV-B flux were detected, these involved both direct UV-B inhibition and indirect consequences of UV-B manipulation.
Photodynamic Action: From Paramecium to Photochemotherapy*

SUMMARY It has been a most interesting and often exciting experience to have been involved in the study of photodynamic reactions during this period of rapid expansion of research and the development of so many promising applications of photosensitized reactions to biomedical problems. As indicated above, the present level of activity is overwhelming at times. I should probably not admit it, but occasionally, after going through masses of new literature, I become a bit nostalgic, and reminisce a little on the earlier days when the study of photodynamic reactions was a quiet, noncompetitive, relaxing and gentlemanly pursuit.
Isolation and characterization of the N2-fixing marine photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas marina, variety agilis

Rhodopseudomonas marina/agilis was enriched from a natural microbial mat by using conditions that favor growth of anoxygenic photoheterotrophs able to fix N2 rapidly. The isolated bacterium grows more readily on fructose or mannitol than on organic acid carbon sources, requires preformed biotin and thiamine as growth factors, and is extraordinarily motile; growth occurs up to a temperature of approx. 44°C. The photosynthetic pigments of R. marina/agilis are housed in intracytoplasmic lamellar membranes which show the in vivo absorbance characteristics of bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the normal spirilloxanthin series. In common with other non-sulfur purple bacteria, R. marina/agilis can also grow as an aerobic heterotroph in darkness. Under these conditions, photopigment synthesis is severely repressed. R. marina/agilis requires 1–5% NaCl for optimal growth, and cells grown on N2 showed nitrogenase activity of >1000 nmol acetylene reduced h/mg dry wt.
Probability density function of polarization dependent loss (PDL) in optical transmission system composed of passive devices and connecting fibers

This paper presents a probability density function formula for predicting the polarization dependent loss (PDL) in an optical transmission system composed of passive devices and connecting fibers. A new calculation technique, which enables the probability density function formula to be obtained theoretically, is used instead of the most complicated part of the Muller-matrix or Jones-matrix calculations, which has been thought to be necessary for analyzing PDL. This technique involves calculation of the transmission coefficients of the transmission system and its devices from their PDLs. In the theoretical development, the central limit theorem is used as the sole approximation. A Monte Carlo numerical simulation was done to verify the validity of the analytical theory. Very good agreement between simulation and analytical theory is obtained when the number of devices having PDL is four or more. An experiment also demonstrated the validity of the analytical theory. The theory can also explain some phenomena that occur in systems composed of optical amplifiers, even though it had originally been developed to explain PDL-related phenomena in systems composed of passive devices only.
Mapping of ESE-1 subdomains required to initiate mammary epithelial cell transformation via a cytoplasmic mechanism

Background The ETS family transcription factor ESE-1 is often overexpressed in human breast cancer. ESE-1 initiates transformation of MCF-12A cells via a non-transcriptional, cytoplasmic process that is mediated by a unique 40-amino acid serine and aspartic acid rich (SAR) subdomain, whereas, ESE-1's nuclear transcriptional property is required to maintain the transformed phenotype of MCF7, ZR-75-1 and T47D breast cancer cells.
Friction compensation for a force-feedback telerobotic system

This paper presents a model-based approach to cancel friction in the joints of the manipulators of a force-feedback telerobotic system. Friction compensation can improve the transparency of telerobotic systems, where transparency is quantified in terms of a match between the impedance of the environment and the impedance transmitted to the user. We used Dahl friction models to compensate for physical friction in the device. Experiments performed on a telerobotic system demonstrated that teleoperation transparency is improved by using these models. Further, the stability of the teleoperation is analyzed using passivity theory, and it is shown that the master-slave system remains stable up to a certain level of friction compensation
A Variant form of Takotsubo Syndrome secondary to Sumatriptan: A case report

Takotsubo syndrome (TS), also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome, is an acute reversible left ventricular systolic dysfunction that mimics an acute coronary syndrome. It has various types and mechanism of pathogenesis is not very well defined. It is more common in postmenopausal women and is associated with emotional or physical stress. We report a case of type III takotsubo syndrome in a postmenopausal woman after taking sumatriptan for migraine headache.
Restorative justice and democracy: fostering public accountability for criminal justice

This essay examines the democratic aspects of restorative justice, placing it in the context of a more general civic engagement movement attempting to narrow the distance between citizens and the state. Along with the goals of fostering healing dialogs between victims, offenders, and communities that can lead to forgiveness and restoration of loss rather than compensatory penal harm, restorative justice programs such as the Vermont reparative probation program attempt to share responsibility and decision-making power for the awful tasks of criminal justice. Over the last 35 years, while restorative justice programs have become more widespread and more mainstream, their democratic dimensions have remained underdeveloped. This essay critically reflects on the degree to which restorative justice programs have involved the public in the professional domain of criminal justice administration and how well they have managed to operate within rule-bound bureaucratic environments while remaining informal and open ...
From the Elder-Friendly Law Office to the Elder-Friendly Courtroom: Providing the Same Access and Justice for All

This article discusses the issues for clients in access to attorneys offices and accessing courtrooms and how Stetson University College of Law's Eleazer courtroom, the country's first high-technology elder-friendly courtroom serves as a model for access.
Methods for monitoring the spread of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations in the Appalachian Mountains

Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), is gradually spreading in North America from New England to the west and south. Monitoring this expansion is important for evaluating effects of population management on the rate of gypsy moth spread, for planning areas regulated by domestic quarantine, and for accurate timing of preventive silvicultural measures. Spread rate was measured as the distance between population boundaries in consecutive years. Gypsy moth population boundaries from 1988 to 1995 were estimated in northwestern Virginia and southeastern West Virginia using counts of male moths in pheromone-baited traps. Population boundaries estimated using the 10 moths per trap threshold were most stable in space and time compared with the boundaries estimated for other thresholds ranging from 1 to 300 moths per trap. Thus, the 10 moths per trap threshold is reliable for the monitoring of gypsy moth spread. Local spread rates were significantly autocorrelated in space (range, 80 km) but not in time. The rate of gypsy moth spread decreased from 16.9 km/yr in 1984-1990 to 8.8 km/yr in 1991-1996. An 8-km intertrap distance was adequate for detecting this decline in the rate of gypsy moth spread.