cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Urban-Rural Cleavage in Political Involvement: The Case of France*

Rural France is often seen as culturally isolated and politically uninvolved. Using a combination of community studies and survey evidence, one can show that the lack of declared interest in politics of rural Frenchmen seems to mean an absence of involvement in the party system rather than a passivity toward public life. Nevertheless rural France produces higher voting turnouts in local and national elections than are found in other sections or population groups. The weakness of partisan involvement, as opposed to citizen involvement, seems to bespeak not merely apathy, but actual hostility, toward party politics. This political hostility is widespread among French workers but is politically more important among French peasants. Thus voting choices are less party-oriented precisely where urban-based campaign organizations are least effective. Local non-party notables therefore probably play a greater brokerage role in national election campaigns, and election results are less predictable than in the rural sectors of many other societies. The degree of antipartisanship in rural constituencies also seems to encourage candidates to avoid national party labels in election campaigns. Three kinds of factors are suggested to account for both the high citizen involvement and the low partisan involvement: First, historically, the extension of the suffrage to the rural periphery long before the French party system was capable of the same kind of penetration may have habituated rural Frenchmen to the exercise of the vote in a non-partisan context. Second, the achievement of stable landholding for most peasants removes visible class conflict as a legitimizing factor for party organization, while an extensive interest group structure increases the tendency to keep informed, to participate, and to run for local office. Third, the political ecology of the French village both encourages high citizen involvement and discourages partisan involvement. While many of these factors are universal among peasant societies, the particular historical, sociological, and ecological configuration of the French village seems to produce a rural resident who is more informed and active than our inherited wisdom would suggest, but less partisan than are urban citizens with similar levels of involvement.
Multi-organellar disorders of pigmentation: intracellular traffic jams in mammals, flies and yeast

Several different mutant genes in humans, mice and Drosophila, most of which were identified initially on the basis of reduced pigmentation, have been associated with defects of multiple cytoplasmic organelles - melanosomes, lysosomes and granules. Recent discoveries show that several of these mutations directly affect components in the pathway of organelle-specific protein trafficking, and provide new insights into the relationships of these pathways in mammals, flies and yeast.
Mechanistic study of the hydrothermal reduction of palladium on the Tobacco mosaic virus

The fundamental mechanisms governing reduction and growth of palladium on the genetically engineered Tobacco mosaic virus in the absence of an external reducer have been elucidated via in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In recent years, many virus-inorganic materials have been synthesized as a means to produce high quality nanomaterials. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in virus coating have not been sufficiently studied to allow for directed synthesis. We combined XAS, via XANES and EXAFS analysis, with TEM to confirm an autocatalytic reduction mechanism mediated by the TMV1Cys surface. This reduction interestingly proceeds via two first order regimes which result in two linear growth regimes as spherical palladium nanoparticles are formed. By combining this result with particle growth data, it was discovered that the first regime describes growth of palladium nanoparticles on the virion while the second regime describes a second layer of larger particles which grew sporadically on the first palladium nanoparticle layer. Subsequent aggregation of free solution based spherical particles and metallized nanorods characterize a third and final regime. At the end of the second reduction regime, the average particle diameter of particles tethered to the TMV1Cys surface are approximately 4.5 nm. The use of XAS to simultaneously monitor the kinetics of biotemplated reactions along with growth of metal nanoparticles will provide insight into the pertinent reduction and growth mechanisms so that nanorod properties can be controlled through their populating nanoparticles.
The genera Amblostoma, Lanium, and Stenoglossum (Orchidaceae)

The generaAmblostoma, Lanium, andStenoglossum are discussed, and it is concluded that all three should be included inEpidendrum.Lanium is treated as a section, and new names are proposed for two species whose epithets are preoccupied inEpidendrum: E. macrum (forAmblostoma gracile) andE. stiliferum (forLanium subulatum).
Psychosocial intervention for a geriatric patient to address fears related to implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharges.

Received July 14, 2003; accepted Aug. 14, 2003. From Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif; and the Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville. Address reprint requests to Dr. Urizar, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hoover Pavilion, 211 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305-5705; urizar@stanford.edu (e-mail). Copyright 2004 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. The efficacy of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in preventing sudden cardiac death is well described in the cardiovascular medicine literature. Nonetheless, ICD patients and their families must cope with the challenges of recovering from and adjusting to life after ICD implantation. ICD-specific fears and symptoms of both anxiety and depression are quite common and appear to be more prevalent in ICD patients who experience a high frequency of defibrillator discharges. These psychological sequelae may be due to patients’ misconceptions about the causes of dysrhythmia and ICD discharges, as well as perceived loss of control in daily functioning. For many patients, these misconceptions can lead to avoidance behaviors for fear of triggering an ICD discharge. As is found with young ICD recipients, 4 older ICD patients share common fears and concerns that include fear of unpredictable ICD discharge, device malfunction, and death. Given the psychological sequelae experienced by some ICD recipients, cognitive behavior stress management interventions have been suggested as one treatment modality to aid in the management of ICD-specific fears, concerns, and psychosocial challenges. However, few studies have examined the efficacy of such interventions for ICD recipients experiencing distress and poor adjustment, especially for older ICD recipients (age 65 years and older). The following case presentation highlights the efficacy of an ICD-tailored psychosocial intervention in facilitating adjustment and addressing specific fears and concerns related to the ICD in an older patient. Case Report
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated hardwoods - effect of native lignin content

A series of correlations was made between the performance of 15 wood species in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and their respective chemical compositions. A compelling inverse trend (p < 0.001) was demonstrated between the percent conversion of glucan to ethanol during SSF and the Klason lignin content of the wood samples before dilute acid pretreatment. No significant relationships were found between the glucan, xylan, and ash compositions of the native wood samples and ethanol yield. This observation is unique and provides a convenient predictor of biomass conversion efficiency.
Cognitive cooperation through visual interaction

The purpose of the paper is to describe a cooperative system which was designed to provide intelligent assistance in the domain of diagnostic radiology. The approach taken includes the collection and analysis of human performance data, cognitive modelling of the interaction between perception and problem solving, incorporation of this knowledge into a blackboard-based architecture, implementation of a prototype system and testing and evaluation of the prototype. These stages are described, and then discussed in the context of issues particularly relevant to the study of human-machine cooperation.
Reproducibility of in vivo brain measures of 5-HT2A receptors with PET and [18F]deuteroaltanserin

Abstract The test/retest reproducibility of brain measures of 5-HT2A receptors with positron emission tomography (PET) and [ 18 F]deuteroaltanserin was examined in a group of eight healthy human subjects. PET measures of 5-HT2A receptors were obtained under an equilibrium paradigm, with a 40-min PET acquisition starting approximately at 300 min (308±11 min) after bolus plus constant infusion of the radiotracer. Three brain outcome measures were obtained at equilibrium, V 3 (ratio of specific brain uptake to free parent plasma concentration of radiotracer), V 3 ′ (ratio of specific brain uptake to total parent plasma concentration) and RT (ratio of specific to non-displaceable brain uptakes). V 3 ′ and RT had high test/retest reproducibility, as measured by mean intra-subject% change for cortical brain areas of 14.1 and 11.0%, respectively. They also had high reliability, as measured by mean intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for cortical brain areas of 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. V 3 had low test/retest reproducibility, due to high variability in the measures of free parent tracer in plasma. This study supports the feasibility of equilibrium imaging of 5-HT2A receptors with PET and [ 18 F]deuteroaltanserin. The equilibrium imaging method with [ 18 F]deuteroaltanserin allows a single acquisition and blood measurement to provide an image whose pixel values equal a receptor volume of distribution. Since the single image pixel values are proportional to receptor densities, the images can be used in pixel-by-pixel statistical methods, such as SPM, to assess the distribution and density of 5-HT2A receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Therapy of hypoparathyroidism with intact parathyroid hormone.

Summary Hypoparathyroidism, a disorder characterized by low parathyroid hormone (PTH), is generally treated with oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation. We investigated the effects of PTH(1–84) treatment in 30 hypoparathyroid subjects for 24 months. PTH(1–84) treatment in hypoparathyroidism significantly reduced supplemental calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D requirements without generally altering serum and urinary calcium levels.
Manipulating superconducting films with magnetic nanostripes

Abstract We present studies of the transport properties of a Pb 82 Bi 18 and Sn superconducting film with an array of parallel nickel or cobalt magnetic nanostripes (500 nm period) deposited on the top of a germanium insulating layer covering the superconducting film surface. The critical current parallel to the stripes is significantly larger than critical current perpendicular to the stripes for Pb 82 Bi 18 .
Analysis of arterial waves by the single-pulse-response method

This study introduces an improved method for determining experimentally the characteristic arterial impedance and the forward and backward wave components in the carotid artery of the rabbit. This method is based on the concept of the single-pulse response, i.e., the pressure and flow responses to a single cardiac contraction. The complete forward and backwave waveforms are determined by this method. >
What Adolescent and Adult Stamp Collectors Learn from Their Avocation

(1942). What Adolescent and Adult Stamp Collectors Learn from Their Avocation. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 99-108.
The synthesis of a potential bisintercalating ethidium bromide analog

The synthesis of diethyl-1,3,4,13b-tetrahydro-13b-phenyl-2H-pyrimido[1,2-f]phenanthridine-7,12-dicarba-mate and N,N′-3,3′[5,5′-Bis(3,8-biscarbethoxyamino-6-phenyl)phenanthridinium]propylglutarylamide dichloride are reported starting from 3,8-biscarbethoxyamino-5-(3′-bromopropyl)-6-phenylphenanthridinium bromide.
Audiological deficits in brain-injured children and adolescents.

A retrospective chart review of 62 children aged 2 to 18.5 yean admitted over a 4-year period to a brain injury rehabilitation unit was performed. Glasgow Coma Scales were not always recorded at the referring institutions, but all but three of the children in the series experienced a period of unresponsiveness to the environment for a period of at least one hour. Available Glasgow Coma scores at the time of injury ranged from 3 to 13. Maximum coma duration was 3 months. All children received an audiological evaluation. Sixteen per cent of the children had conductive hearing losses, 13% had sensorineural hearing loss, and 16% had central auditory processing problems. Three of these children were found to have combined losses, one with both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, and two with sensorineural hearing loss and central auditory processing problems. Of the five patients with the most severe injuries and prolonged comas, none had hearing deficits. Twenty-five of the 62 patients, or 40%, had hea...
Radiofrequency ablation for refractory gastric antral vascular ectasia (with video)

Background Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is a cause of upper GI bleeding and chronic anemia. Although upper endoscopy with argon plasma coagulation (APC) is an accepted therapy for GAVE, many patients continue to bleed and remain transfusion dependent after therapy. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may provide an alternative therapeutic option for GAVE. Objective To determine the efficacy and safety of RFA for patients with GAVE who remain transfusion dependent after APC treatment. Design Open-label prospective cohort study of patients with GAVE refractory to APC. Setting Academic tertiary referral center. Patients GAVE patients with previous failed APC therapy, chronic anemia, and transfusion dependence. Interventions Endoscopic RFA to the gastric antrum using the HALO 90 ULTRA ablation catheter until transfusion independence is achieved or a maximum of 4 sessions are performed. Main Outcome Measurements Transfusion requirements before and after RFA. Secondary outcomes are hemoglobin before and 6 months after RFA completion, number of RFA sessions, and complications. Results Twenty-one patients underwent at least 1 RFA session with ablation of GAVE lesions. At 6 months after completion of the course of RFA therapy, 18 of 21 patients (86%) were transfusion independent. Mean hemoglobin increased from 7.8 to 10.2 in responders (n = 18). Two adverse events occurred (minor acute bleeding and superficial ulceration); both resolved without intervention. Limitations Single-center, single-operator, and nonrandomized design. Conclusions RFA is safe and effective for treating patients with refractory GAVE after attempted APC.
Effects of coronary occlusion on transmural distribution of blood flow in the interventricular septum and left ventricular free wall.

Collateral flow to the interventricular septum in the dog was measured after septal artery ligation (N=8) and compared to that in the left ventricular free wall after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (N=10) in other animals. Flow was quantitated by radiolabelled microsphere injection before, and 90s, 2 h and 4 h after occlusion. Perfusion territory size was measured after colored dye infusion; the septal artery bed occupied 21.74±5.44% of the left ventricle and was significantly smaller than the anterior descending artery zone (40.72±5.44% of the left ventricle and was prior to occlusion was equal in both beds and symmetric across the ventricular wall; endocardial/epicardial and left/right ratios in the anterior descending and septal artery beds were 0.97±0.14 and 1.14±0.17, respectively. 90 s after occlusion, left and right septal and endocardial and epicardial anterior descending flows were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. Right septal flows exceeded left sided flows to produce a transseptal gradient. However, right septal flow was significantly greater than epicardial anterior bed values, and free wall endocardial/epicardial was significantly lower than septal left/right ratios. By 2 h after occlusion, left and right septal flows were no longer significantly different from preocclusion values, whereas anterior descending flows remained significantly below control for the full 4-h period. Thus, significant differences between the two beds exist, with greater acute collateral flows and more rapid correction of flow deficits in the septum than in the free wall.
Endoscopic biopsy for tumors of the third ventricle.

Twelve patients underwent endoscopic biopsy of a tumor involving the third ventricle. Nine patients had no significant medical history while 3 had a history of cancer. Unique characteristics of each case dictated the optimal surgical technique. Endoscopic tumor biopsy was combined with additional procedures in 9 cases; shunt insertion (3), shunt insertion with endoscopic septostomy (5), and transcallosal craniotomy (1). Diagnosis was established in 11 patients (92%); 6 primary brain tumors, 3 metastatic central nervous system tumors, 1 metastatic systemic cancer, and 1 region of post-treatment gliosis. One case was aborted due to poor visualization. Therapy was directly influenced by endoscopic biopsy in 11/12 cases (92%) and craniotomy for tumor resection was avoided in 10/12 patients (83%). Of the 5 patients who underwent endoscopic septostomy, 4 required no subsequent procedures for hydrocephalus. There were no complications, and hospital stay averaged 1.78 days for patients who underwent successful endoscopic biopsy. Tumors of the third ventricle are amenable to endoscopic biopsy with excellent diagnostic yield and low morbidity. The procedure must be tailored depending upon the tumor location within the third ventricle, the degree of ventriculomegaly, and the need to perform a septostomy. Singularly or combined with other endoscopic procedures, patients can be spared multiple and more invasive surgical procedures.
The role of the flight membranes in insect capture by bats

Abstract 1. 1. A large series of electronic flash photographs of bats catching insects on the wing has demonstrated several common techniques employed. 2. 2. A small and slow-flying insect such as a fruit fly may be sometimes seized directly with the mouth. In most cases, however, the interfemoral membrane is formed into a pouch by forward flexion of the hind legs and tail just before an insect is intercepted. Immediately after contact with the insect, the head is enclosed within the pouched tail membrane while the insect is seized in the jaws. Examples of this technique occur when a Myotis lucifugus catches mealworms tossed into the air, and when Lasiurus borealis catches flying moths. 3. 3. When the insect is not directly in front of the approaching bat one wing is often extended so as to intercept it. Sometimes the terminal joints of the 3rd and 4th fingers are flexed to form a scoop in which the insect is rapidly conveyed to the mouth, usually by way of the pouched tail membrane. This technique has been photographed in Myotis lucifugus catching fruit flies and also mealworms that had been tossed into the air. The wing was also employed in this manner during a single case where a greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolphus ferrum-equinum , was photographed catching a flying moth. 4. 4. In a few cases the photographs show that the wing is used either deliberately or accidentally to flick an insect into a position where it is seized in the mouth or pouched tail membrane a fraction of a second later. This technique has been clearly photographed only with Myotis lucifugus catching tossed mealworms. 5. 5. While the use of tail and wing membranes greatly increases the potential area of contact with insect prey over the area of the opened mouth alone, the photographs almost invariably show that the bat's head is pointed at the insect well before contact with it. Preparatory movements such as cupping the tail membrane, flexing the terminal joints of the fingers, and reaching the wing toward the moving insect, all show that the insect is located quite accurately before it touches any part of the bat. These photographs strongly indicate that each insect is individually located and intercepted. 6. 6. The wing of these bats thus retains some of the prehensile functions of the hand in non-flying mammals.
Distribution of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) in microdissected brain structures and the pituitary gland: metabolite changes in the median eminence in response to hyperprolactinemia and suckling.

Dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DOPEG) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were determined simultaneously by a radioenzymatic, thin-layer chromatographic assay able to detect 1–10 pg of the parent compounds and 80–120 pg of their metabolites. A localization study of these compounds in 20 micro-dissected hypothalamic and limbic structures and the anterior and posterior pituitary glands of male rats was completed. DOPAC was detectable in 14 of 22 structures with the lowest DOPAC/DA ratio being found in the caudate nucleus (7.1%) and the highest in the medial aspect of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (422.0%). There was a higher DOPAC/DA ratio in the lateral (21.5%) than in the medial (11.3%) portion of the median eminence suggesting that a greater portion of released DA in the medial median eminence enters the portal circulation. DOPEG was detectable in 6 of 22 structures with DOPEG/NE ratios ranging from 8% (interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral aspect) to 32% (medial median eminence). A poor correlation exists between DOPAC and DA concentrations in the various brain regions while there was a stronger relationship between DOPEG and NE concentrations. Male rats were rendered hyperprolactinemic for 48 hours with injections of ovine prolactin (oPRL) every 8 hours (4 mg/kg body weight sc). In such rats there was a suppression of endogenous rat PRL (rPRL) secretion, the DOPAC/DA ratio increased 2.2-fold in the medial (MEm) and 1.9-fold in the lateral median eminence (ME1), and the DA concentration in the anterior pituitary also increased 2.6-fold. In 10 day postpartum lactating rats, suckling produced marked increases in serum rPRL but no change in DOPAC/DA ratios in the ME or in the DA concentration in the anterior pituitary. The data reveal a wide range of DOPAC/ DA ratios (7–422%) in brain regions containing cell bodies, axons and terminals of the different dopaminergic neuronal tracts in brain and pituitary.
Ei Elimination: An Unprecedented Facet of Sulfone Chemistry

Thermolysis of methyl 3-phenylpropyl sulfone in the gas phase results in formation of allylbenzene. Activation parameters of ΔH⧧ = 53.5 ± 1.0 kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = −0.7 ± 1.4 cal/(mol·K) were obtained over the range of 490−550 °C. Similar measurements with a deuterated analogue show a substantial isotope effect, and a lower activation enthalpy is observed for the formation of styrene from methyl 2-phenylethyl sulfone. Along with high-quality ab initio calculations of activation parameters and kinetic isotope effects, these results indicate that this is the first reported Ei reaction of a simple sulfone.
Barriers to the Advancement of Women in Social Work Administration

This article presents the results of a survey of social workers which examined the relationships of eight barriers to female advancement, the primary one being interest in the pursuit of an administrative career. Through path analysis, both the direct and indirect effects of numerous variables upon career interest for female non-administrators were assessed. A major conclusion was that informal support has much potential as a strategy for achieving gender parity because of its direct effects upon both perception of opportunity for advancement and the appeal of the administrative job and through its indirect effect upon career interest.
Effect of entrapped air bubbles on fine coal dewatering via filtration

Abstract An experimental study was conducted to obtain detailed information concerning entrapped air bubbles in fine coal filter cakes and their effects on filtration and the dewatering process. Four size fractions of coal samples (−80 mesh, −42 mesh, −82 mesh and −100 +200 mesh) were investigated. An image analyzer with the aid of quantitative stereology was used to measure the entrapped air bubbles in relation to the microstructure of the filter cake (i.e., the particle and pore size distribution in the filter cake). The results show that the size and number of air bubbles entrapped in the filter cake can be controlled by the degree of aeration/deaeration of the coal slurry prior to filtration. Both the rate of filtration and the extent of dewatering are adversely affected by the presence of air bubbles in the filter cake. These adverse effects can best be understood in terms of the alteration of cake structure caused by air bubbles. Specifically, the reduction in connectedness of pores within the cake matrix tends to impede the flow of filtrate through the filter cake.
Lack of significant skeletal changes after long-term, low-dose retinoid therapy: case report and review of the literature.

Background:Long-term systemic retinoid therapy has been associated with skeletal side effects. There have been reports of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) syndrome, calcification of ...
Stabilizing a random dynamics network with a random communications network

We study a networked control system with identical linear time-invariant subsystems and identical couplings. Using the Lyapunov method, we derive a sufficient network stability condition. Then, based on this condition we calculate bounds on the probability of stability of a random dynamics network with a random communications network. Finally, we investigate the stability trends of the random networks in the asymptotic regime. Numerical examples validate our analytical results.
Analysis and pharmacokinetics of olanzapine (LY170053) and two metabolites in rat plasma using reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection

A sensitive HPLC assay for measurement of the antipsychotic drug, olanzapine, in plasma has been developed. The assay has a limit of quantitation of 1 ng ml-1 in plasma and utilizes solid-phase extraction and electrochemical detection. The method provides a linear response for olanzapine over a concentration range of 1-100 ng ml-1 with coefficients of determination greater than 0.9912. The inter-assay precision was 15.9% at the limit of detection and ranged from 7.33% to 8.47% over the range of 5-100 ng ml-1. The intra-assay precision was in the range 0.97%-26.0%. The inter-assay accuracy ranged from 98.9 to 118% and the intra-assay accuracy ranged from 92.5% to 125% of the theoretical value. In addition, the assay was extended to measure the plasma levels of two metabolites of olanzapine, namely the N-desmethyl- and the 2-hydroxymethyl analogs. The utility of the assay was demonstrated following the administration of a single oral dose of 14C-olanzapine to rats where, at several time-points after dosing, the plasma was assayed for total radioactivity, levels of olanzapine, and the two metabolites. Olanzapine and two of its metabolites accounted for less than 50% of the total plasma radiocarbon; olanzapine accounting for approximately 39% at the Cmax, N-desmethyl for 5% and 2-hydroxymethyl for 8% respectively. The plasma elimination half-times for olanzapine and the two metabolites were approximately the same, ranging from 3.3 to 4.4 h.
1,8-Difunctionalized naphthalenes as building blocks. A convenient low temperature synthesis of 1-silaacenaphthenes

Abstract The synthesis of 1-silaacenaphthenes by the reaction of chlorosilanes with 8-bromo-1-halomethylnaphthalenes and magnesium is described. The use of dichlorosilanes was found to give better yields of 1-silaacenaphthenes than trichlorosilanes. Halogen—metal exchange between 8-bromo-1-halomethylnapthalenes and n-butyllithium was also investigated as a method of preparing 1-silaacenaphthenes. 1,1,2,2-Tetramethyl-1-silaacenaphthene was synthesized from 8-bromo-1-iodonapthalene in good yield.
Analysis of protein structure in intact cells: Crosslinking in vivo between introduced cysteines in the transmembrane domain of a bacterial chemoreceptor

Oxidative crosslinking of cysteines introduced by site-specific mutagenesis is a powerful tool for structural analysis of proteins, but the approach has been limited to studies in vitro. We recently reported that intact cells of Escherichia coli could be treated with Cu(II)-(o-phenanthroline)3 or molecular iodine in a way that left unperturbed flagellar function or general chemotactic response, yet crosslinks were quantitatively formed between select cysteines in adjoining transmembrane helices of chemoreceptor Trg. This suggested that oxidative crosslinking might be utilized for structural analysis in vivo. Thus, we used our comprehensive collection of Trg derivatives, each containing a single cysteine at one of the 54 positions in the two transmembrane segments of the receptor monomer to characterize patterns of crosslinking in vivo and in vitro for this homodimeric protein. We found that in vivo crosslinking compared favorably as a technique for structural analysis with the more conventional in vitro approach. Patterns of crosslinking generated by oxidation treatments of intact cells indicated extensive interaction of transmembrane segment 1 (TM1) with its homologous partner (TM1') in the other subunit and a more distant placement of TM2 and TM2', the same relationships identified by crosslinking in isolated membranes. In addition, the same helical faces for TM1-TM1' interaction and TM2-TM2' orientation were identified in vivo and in vitro. The correspondence of the patterns also indicates that structural features identified by analysis of in vitro crosslinking are relevant to the organization of the chemoreceptor in its native environment, the intact, functional cell. It appears that the different features of the two functionally benign treatments used for in vivo oxidations can provide insights into protein dynamics.
Prescription for Trouble: Medicare Part D and Patterns of Computer and Internet Access Among the Elderly

The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 specifically encourages Medicare enrollees to use the Internet to obtain information regarding the new prescription drug insurance plans and to enroll in a plan. This reliance on computer technology and the Internet leads to practical questions regarding implementation of the insurance coverage. For example, it seems unlikely that all Medicare enrollees have access to computers and the Internet or that they are all computer literate. This study uses the 2003 Current Population Survey to examine the effects of disability and income on computer access and Internet use among the elderly. Internet access declines with age and is exacerbated by disabilities. Also, decreases in income lead to decreases in computer ownership and use. Therefore, providing prescription drug coverage primarily through the Internet seems likely to maintain or increase stratification of access to health care, especially for low-income, disabled elderly, who ar...
New hemostatic agents in the combat setting.

BACKGROUND: Hemorrhage is a leading cause of potentially preventable death in both civilian and military trauma patients. Animal data have shown that hemostatic bandages reduce hemorrhage and improve survival. This article reports recent clinical observations regarding the efficacy and evolution of use of two new hemostatic bandages employed in the global war on terrorism. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort review of soldiers treated with either the QuikClot or HemCon hemostatic bandages between April and October 2006. Hemostatic dressings were placed on wounds either in the field or at the combat support hospital (CSH). RESULTS: During the 6-month study period, 1691 trauma patients were admitted to the CSH. Fifty uses of hemostatic dressings in 44 patients (2.6% of admissions) were identified. Forty patients were treated with HemCon dressings, three patients with QuikClot, and one with both QuikClot and HemCon. Eighteen percent of the dressings were used in the field, predominantly on extremity wounds (7/8). In contrast, most dressings used in the CSH were for truncal wounds (26/36 patients). Hemostatic dressings were applied to extremity wounds in prehospital and hospital settings, either alone or in conjunction with tourniquets. In surviving patients (95%), the treating surgeon determined that the hemorrhage was either stopped or greatly decreased by use of hemostatic dressings. Two of the four patients treated with QuikClot had burns from exothermic reactions, while no adverse reactions were noted with HemCon. CONCLUSIONS: Hemostatic agents stop or decrease bleeding. Whereas HemCon appears to be safe, QuikClot may produce superficial burns. These new hemostatic agents have a place in the surgical armamentarium to assist in controlling internal hemorrhage from truncal and pelvic hemorrhage, especially during damage-control surgery.
From Hippocrates to HIPPA: The Collapse of the Assumptive World

This paper studies the developments in the ethical concerns for physicians (Business Concerns) and job satisfaction contigent upon changes in Physicians’ assumptive world.
Pyrimidine-rich region mutations compensate for a stem-loop V lesion in the 5' noncoding region of poliovirus genomic RNA.

Five revertants of a linker-scanning mutation adjacent to the stem-loop V attenuation determinant (X472) in the 5' noncoding region of poliovirus RNA were independently isolated from neuroblastoma cells and contained RNAs with seven nucleotide changes in the pyrimidine-rich region. Generation of the identical rare second-site mutations suggests the existence of a replicase-dependent mutagenesis mechanism during poliovirus replication. Enzymatic structure probing of the mutated pyrimidine-rich domain identified secondary structure changes between stem-loops V and VI. A consensus secondary structure model is presented for wild-type stem-loops V and VI and the pyrimidine-rich region located in the 5' noncoding region of poliovirus RNA. A pyrimidine-rich region mutant (X472-R4N) produced large plaques in neuroblastoma cells and small plaques in HeLa cells, but the plaque size differences were not due to cell-type differences in viral translation or RNA replication. Release of X472-R4N from HeLa cells was 10-fold lower than release from neuroblastoma cells, which may explain the small plaque phenotype of X472-R4N in HeLa cells. Wild-type poliovirus was also released more efficiently from neuroblastoma cells (approximately 4-fold increase compared with release from HeLa cells), indicating that poliovirus neurotropism may be influenced by the cell-type efficiency of virus release. Thermal treatment increased the levels of infectious X472-R4N virions but not wild-type virus particles; thus RNA sequence and structural changes in the mutated 5' noncoding region of X472-R4N may have altered RNA-protein interactions necessary for virus infectivity.
Query formulation for handling negation in information retrieval systems

Queries containing negation are widely recognized as presenting problems for both users and systems. In information retrieval systems such problems usually manifest themselves in the use of the NOT operator. An algorithm to transform Boolean queries with negated terms into queries without negation is presented; the transformation process is based on the use of a hierarchical thesaurus. In addition, a set of user requests submitted to the Thomas Cooper Library at the University of South Carolina are examined to determine the pattern and frequency of use of negation
Which app will you use next?: collaborative filtering with interactional context

The application a smart phone user will launch next intuitively depends on the sequence of apps used recently. More generally, when users interact with systems such as shopping websites or online radio, they click on items that are of interest in the current context. We call the sequence of clicks made in the current session interactional context. It is desirable for a recommender system to use the context set by the user to update recommendations. Most current context-aware recommender systems focus on a relatively less dynamic representational context defined by attributes such as season, location and tastes. In this paper, we study the problem of collaborative filtering with interactional context, where the goal is to make personalized and dynamic recommendations to a user engaged in a session. To this end, we propose the methodname algorithm that works in two stages. First, users are clustered by their transition behavior (one-step Markov transition probabilities between items), and cluster-level Markov models are computed. Then personalized PageRank is computed for a given user on the corresponding cluster Markov graph, with a personalization vector derived from the current context. We give an interpretation of the second stage of the algorithm as adding an appropriate context bias, in addition to click bias (or rating bias), to a classical neighborhood-based collaborative filtering model, where the neighborhood is determined from a Markov graph. Experimental results on two real-life datasets demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithm, where we achieve at least 20% (up to 37%) improvement over competitive methods in the recall level at top-20.
The effect of weak acids upon the transport of carbon dioxide in alkaline solutions

Abstract The transport of carbon dioxide through stationary alkaline liquid films is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Attention is focused on the effect of catalysis of the hydrolysis reaction and on the role of weak acids which may be present. As a result of their ionic character and their buffering capabilities, weak acids can substantially increase the rate of transport. The experimental magnitude of this effect, which has apparently not been generally recognized, is in good quantitative agreement with theoretical prediction.
Bifurcation and disaggregation in urban/regional spatial modelling: A technical note

Abstract Using the Lowry-Garin model as an example, we illustrate the complexity of bifurcation and aggregation issues in urban/regional spatial systems. As a first step, a disaggregate version of the Lowry-Garin model is formulated. Then the general conditions for bifurcation are identified in terms of disaggregate labor-force participation rate, population-serving ratio and accessibility indices. Physical interpretation of these conditions is also given.
Duplication 20p identified via fluorescent in situ hybridization

A 3-year-old girl is reported with dup (20p) resulting from 3:1 segregation of a de novo t(20;21). The proposita presented with minor anomalies, developmental delay, a clinical phenotype suggestive of 20p trisomy, and a karyotype with a 21p+ and an additional small marker chromosome. Conventional cytogenetic techniques were not informative for the identification of the origin of the extra material of chromosome 21p nor for the marker chromosome. The 21p+ and marker chromosomes were successfully characterized using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).
'To promote useful knowledge' : An accurate map of the four New England states by John Norman and John Coles

Abstract In the early Federal period (1783–1799), American commercial cartography had yet to become an organized enterprise. Map publishers faced numerous challenges, including finding competent engravers. Publishers who lacked the financial resources to underwrite map produaion offered their product by subscription. This paper examines the efforts of John Coles, a painter/publisher, and John Norman, an engraver/printer, to publish and market a wall map of New England in 1785.
Effect of macromolecular polydispersity on diffusion coefficients measured by Rayleigh interferometry.

Rayleigh interferometry has been extensively used for the precise determination of diffusion coefficients for binary and ternary liquid mixtures. For ternary mixtures, the 2 × 2 matrix of multicomponent diffusion coefficients is obtained. Polydispersity adds complexity to the meaning of these measured diffusion coefficients. Here we discuss three important issues of polydispersity regarding the diffusion measurements extracted from this interferometric technique. First, we report novel equations for the extraction of diffusion moments from the Rayleigh interferometric pattern. These moments are used to define polydispersity parameters for macromolecular systems. We have experimentally determined mean diffusion coefficients and polydispersity parameters for aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(vinyl alcohol) at 25 °C. Aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) mixtures were used to examine the accuracy of the polydispersity parameters. Second, we compare Rayleigh interferometry to dynamic li...
Satellite Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Satellite viruses contain particles and genomes that have structural and genetic features which indicate a viral origin but have lost (or never had) the ability to replicate by themselves in susceptible plant hosts. They lack an identifiable gene for a replicase of their own and so, in order to replicate, they need to be a dependent partner in a mixed infection with another virus, usually referred to as the helper virus. The helper virus is presumed to supply the replicase function the satellite virus lacks, but it is not needed for particle formation, since the satellite virus codes for its own capsid protein.
Living Memorials: Understanding the Social Meanings of Community-Based Memorials to September 11, 2001

Living memorials are landscaped spaces created by people to memorialize individuals, places, and events. Hundreds of stewardship groups across the United States of America created living memorials in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. This study sought to understand how stewards value, use, and talk about their living, community-based memorials. Stewards were asked to describe the intention, use, and meanings of the memorials. Qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis were used to analyze 117 semi-structured interviews. Sacredness of space varied by a memorial’s site type and uses. This and other findings supported the notion of sacred space as contested space. Sacred space can be produced from acts of “setting aside” that ascribe meaning to a memorial site.
CAAC -- An Adaptive and Proactive Access Control Approach for Emergencies in Smart Infrastructures

The article presents an access control model called Criticality Aware Access Control (CAAC) for criticality (emergency) management in smart infrastructures. Criticalities are consequences of events which take a system (in our case, a smart infrastructure) into an unstable state. They require the execution of specific response actions in order to bring them under control. The principal aim of CAAC is to grant the right set of access privileges (to facilitate response action execution), at the right time, to the right set of subjects, for the right duration, in order to control the criticalities within the system. In this regard, the CAAC model uses a stochastic model called the Action Generation Model to determine the required response actions for the combination of criticalities present within the system. It then facilitates response actions by adaptively altering the privileges to specific subjects, in a proactive manner, without the need for any explicit access requests. In this article, we formalize the CAAC model and validate it based on two design goals - proactivity and adaptiveness. Finally, we present a case study demonstrating CAAC’s operation on an oil-rig platform in order to aid in the response to health- and fire-related criticalities.
The Mixing of Unbounded Coaxial Compressible Streams

An invest igat ion was made of the over-all characteristics associated wi th unbounded mixing of axially symmetr ic compressible coaxial air streams. Experiments were performed to determine the effects of what are considered the fundamenta l parameters of the problem (the init ial Mach numbers and init ial s tagnat ion temperature ratio of the streams) . Included in the range of experiments were primary Mach numbers of 2.60, 0.97 and 0.68, secondary Mach numbers of 0.45, 0.25 and 0.00, and stagnat ion temperature ratios of 1.00 and 1.429. Mass flows in the mixing region, and hence mixing rates were computed from the experimenta l data for the range of parameters tested. The experimental (and to a lesser extent the analytical) results exhibited a very marked effect of the secondary Mach number . This effect was greatest for the subsonic primary Mach numbers . The over-all spreading was less for Mi = 2.60 and the effect of the secondary Mach n u m ber was less pronounced. The effect of increased temperature ratio was to increase the over-all spreading. A practical correlation between the spreading rates was found for the subsonic Mach numbers . For a constant primary Mach n u m b e r the spreading angle of the mixing region seems to depend linearly on the secondary Mach number .
Oct-4 expression in inner cell mass and trophectoderm of human blastocysts

The expression of the transcription factor Oct-4 is thought to be one of the decisive factors that maintain totipotency in embryonic and germ cells. In mice, oct-4 is exclusively expressed in germ cells and totipotent cells of the embryo. In humans, Oct-4 is expressed in germ cells, embryonic stem cells and whole embryos at various stages of development. However, there is limited information about the distribution of Oct-4 expression in human embryos. In an attempt to address this issue, the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) of 17 human blastocysts were separated and Oct-4 mRNA expression individually assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In discarded blastocysts that developed from two pronuclear zygotes, the mean Oct-4 expression was 31 times higher in totipotent ICM cells than in differentiated TE cells. This finding suggests that, in accordance with data from the mouse, Oct-4 is highly expressed in human ICM cells as opposed to TE cells; this in turn supports the hypothesis that Oct-4 plays a similar role to maintain totipotency in these two species.
Saitohin, Which Is Nested in the tau Locus and Confers Allele-specific Susceptibility to Several Neurodegenerative Diseases, Interacts with Peroxiredoxin 6

Saitohin is a gene unique to humans and their closest relatives, the function of which is not yet known. Saitohin contains a single polymorphism (Q7R), and its Q and R alleles belong to the H1 and H2 tau haplotype, respectively. The Saitohin Q allele confers susceptibility to several neurodegenerative diseases. To get a handle on Saitohin function, we used it as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen. By this assay and subsequent co-immunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays, we discovered and confirmed that Saitohin interacts with peroxiredoxin 6, a unique member of that family that is bifunctional and the levels of which increase in Pick disease. The strength of the interaction appeared to be allele-specific, giving the first distinction between the two forms of Saitohin.