cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exclusion of Candidate Genes for Canine SRY-Negative XX Sex Reversal

In mammals, the Y-linked SRY gene is normally responsible for testis induction, yet testis development can occur in the absence of Y-linked genes, including SRY. The canine model of SRY-negative XX sex reversal could lead to the discovery of novel genes in the mammalian sex determination pathway. The autosomal genes causing testis induction in this disorder in dogs, humans, pigs, and horses are presently unknown. In goats, a large deletion is responsible for sex reversal linked to the polled (hornless) phenotype. However, this region has been excluded as being causative of the canine disorder, as have WT1 and DMRT1 in more recent studies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether microsatellite marker alleles near or within five candidate genes (GATA4, FOG2, LHX1, SF1, SOX9) are associated with the affected phenotype in a pedigree of canine SRY-negative XX sex reversal. Primer sequences flanking nucleotide repeats were designed within genomic sequences of canine candidate gene homologues. Fluorescence-labeled polymorphic markers were used to screen a subset of the multigenerational pedigree, and marker alleles were determined by software. Our results indicate that the mutation causing canine SRY-negative XX sex reversal in this pedigree is unlikely to be located in regions containing these candidates.
Dissociation of response conflict, attentional selection, and expectancy with functional magnetic resonance imaging

Two different attentional networks have been associated with visuospatial attention and conflict resolution. In most situations either one of the two networks is active or both are increased in activity together. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a flanker task, we show conditions in which one network (anterior attention system) is increased in activity whereas the other (visuospatial attention system) is reduced, showing that attentional conflict and selection are separate aspects of attention. Further, we distinguish between neural systems involved in different forms of conflict. Specifically, we dissociate patterns of activity in the basal ganglia and insula cortex during simple violations in expectancies (i.e., sudden changes in the frequency of an event) from patterns of activity in the anterior attention system specifically correlated with response conflict as evidenced by longer response latencies and more errors. These data provide a systems-level approach in understanding integrated attentional networks.
Mechanisms of transcriptional synergism of eukaryotic genes : The interferon-β paradigm

Abstract The virus-inducible enhancer of the human interferon-β gene has served as an excellent example for the mechanisms controlling the activation and repression of transcription. This enhancer is activated by three different transcription factors that, with the help of the high mobility group protein HMG I(Y), assemble in a unique nucleoprotein complex that interacts as a unit with the basal transcriptional machinery. The assembly of unique enhancer complexes from similar sets of transcription factors may provide the specificity required for regulation of complex patterns of gene expression in higher eukaryotes.
Structure Discovery in Large Semantic Graphs Using Extant Ontological Scaling and Descriptive Semantics

As semantic datasets grow to be very large and divergent, there is a need to identify and exploit their inherent semantic structure for discovery and optimization. Towards that end, we present here a novel methodology to identify the semantic structures inherent in an arbitrary semantic graph dataset. We first present the concept of an extant ontology as a statistical description of the semantic relations present amongst the typed entities modeled in the graph. This serves as a model of the underlying semantic structure to aid in discovery and visualization. We then describe a method of ontological scaling in which the ontology is employed as a hierarchical scaling filter to infer different resolution levels at which the graph structures are to be viewed or analyzed. We illustrate these methods on three large and publicly available semantic datasets containing more than one billion edges each.
Pelle kinase is activated by autophosphorylation during Toll signaling in Drosophila

The Drosophila Pelle kinase plays a key role in the evolutionarily conserved Toll signaling pathway, but the mechanism responsible for its activation has been unknown. We present in vivo and in vitro evidence establishing an important role for concentration-dependent autophosphorylation in the signaling process. We first show that Pelle phosphorylation can be detected transiently in early embryos, concomitant with activation of signaling. Importantly, Pelle phosphorylation is enhanced in a gain-of-function Toll mutant (Toll(10b)), but decreased by loss-of-function Toll alleles. Next we found that Pelle is phosphorylated in transfected Schneider L2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner such that significant modification is observed only at high Pelle concentrations, which coincide with levels required for phosphorylation and activation of the downstream target, Dorsal. Pelle phosphorylation is also enhanced in L2 cells co-expressing Toll(10b), and is dependent on Pelle kinase activity. In vitro kinase assays revealed that recombinant, autophosphorylated Pelle is far more active than unphosphorylated Pelle. Importantly, unphosphorylated Pelle becomes autophosphorylated, and activated, by incubation at high concentrations. We discuss these results in the context of Toll-like receptor mediated signaling in both flies and mammals.
Phenomenal Woman The Legacy of Janet E. Helms and Racial Identity Theory

Janet E. Helms has been nominated by her peers as influential in the field of counseling psychology and beyond. She is the recipient of numerous awards and honors based on her contributions to multicultural issues, specifically race and culture. She is well known for her exceptional mentoring to next generation of counseling psychologists. Helms’ People of Color and White Racial Identity Theories continue to inspire and influence generations of researchers. Helms’ scholarship has encouraged investigation of the impact of race and racial identity on a variety of areas such as assessment, counseling, career, teaching and training, education, health, trauma, gender, and legal issues.
A diffusion approximation analysis of an ATM statistical multiplexer with multiple types of traffic. - I. Equilibrium state solutions

A multi-dimensional diffusion model is introduced to characterize the "on-off" sources behavior in an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) statistical multiplexer, where multiple types of traffic are concentrated. Under a reasonable set of assumptions, this diffusion process can then be approximated by a multi-dimensional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, which is a Gaussian Markov process. The packet arrival process is shown to be a Gaussian (but not Markov) process, and this process determines the statistical behavior of the buffer content. An expression is derived for the joint probability distribution of the buffer content and "on-off" sources in the equilibrium state. The final solution form is given in terms of the eigenfunctions of Weber's equation. >
Effective Direct Instruction Practices in Special Education Settings

This study examined effective and less effective teachers of special education students as differentiated by their direct instruction practices. Twenty-eight teacher interns were equally divided into two effectiveness groups based on their students' achievement. Each group was observed teaching lessons to special education students. Analyses of teacher behavior indicated that more effective teachers maintained a brisker lesson pace, had higher student accuracy, and prompted rather than told correct answers following student errors. The results of the study support prior research in teacher effectiveness and the hypothesis that teacher behavior is an important factor contributing to student achievement.
CCR2-/- knockout mice revascularize normally in response to severe hindlimb ischemia.

Objective Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is reported to stimulate ischemia-induced arteriogenesis (collateral artery development) by recruiting monocytes and macrophages into areas of active arteriogenesis. To determine whether the MCP-1–mediated response occurs through its receptor, CC-chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), we induced hindlimb ischemia in mice lacking the receptor for MCP-1 (CCR2 -/- ) and measured limb blood flow recovery, collateral artery development, and monocyte and macrophage recruitment. Methods and results Hindlimb ischemia was induced by excising the left femoral artery in CCR2 -/- and wild-type mice. Hindlimb blood flow recovery, as measured using laser Doppler perfusion imaging, was equivalent in both groups ( P = .78 for foot and P = 0.38 for calf). Collateral artery development, as measured by angiography at postoperative day 14 and 31, likewise did not differ between the 2 groups ( P = .46 and P = .67). Counts of monocytes and macrophages in calf and thigh muscle sections of mice sacrificed on postoperative day 7 revealed that although CCR2 -/- mice recruited 44% fewer monocytes and macrophages to areas of ischemia in the calf, they recruited similar numbers of monocytes and macrophages to areas of active arteriogenesis in the thigh. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1and MCP-1 mRNA levels were higher in the thigh muscle of CCR2 -/- mice than in wild-type mice (5.5-fold and 42.3-fold induction operated to unoperated vs 2.6-fold and 6.1-fold induction operated to unoperated, respectively). Conclusions Blood flow recovery, arteriogenesis, and monocyte and macrophage recruitment to the thigh was normal in CCR2 -/- mice. However, monocyte and macrophage recruitment to the ischemic calf was diminished in CCR2 -/- mice. Our results show that MCP-1 signaling through CCR2 is not required for physiologic arteriogenesis in response to severe hindlimb ischemia. ICAM-1 upregulation may substitute for MCP-1 signaling through CCR2 in order to allow normal arteriogenesis in CCR2 -/- mice.
Start spreading the news : A structural estimate of the effects of New York hospital report cards

Research on the effects of publicly reported hospital quality report cards on patient market shares is mixed. Higher-ranking hospitals do not consistently experience increases in market share. We argue that this may be because the report cards do not always convey "news" about quality; in some cases the rankings conform with prior beliefs about quality. We develop a structural model of the "news" in report cards and estimate the model using data from New York State in 1989-1991. We show hospitals with negative news in the original 1990 report cards experienced a decrease in market share, but that a misspecified model might continue to find no report card effect.
Enhancement of the Encryption Efficiency of Chaotic Communications Based on All-optical Feedback Chaos Generation by Means of Subcarrier Modulation

In this paper, the encryption efficiency of the chaotic carrier, which is defined as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the encrypted message after filtering the combined signal of chaos and signal, is considered as the basic measure of the offered security. Hence, the lower the SNR of the filtered signal is, the higher the encryption efficiency of the system that is achieved. For the numerical calculations of this work we have considered a typical semiconductor laser.
Forward patent citations as predictive measures for diffusion of emerging technologies

An extensive literature traces diffusion of knowledge and inventions using backward patent citations — i.e. patents cited by a new patent. Backward citations show how knowledge imbedded in past inventions influences new inventions. What can we learn from forward citations? Can forward citations be used to forecast the evolution of emerging technologies? In this study we analyze forward citations for three classes of technology — biotechnology, telecommunications and alternative energy. We use patent metrics to measure the rate of technological innovation. Following the existing literature, we examine the incremental advances in the three selected technological fields as indicated by forward patent citations. Our initial proposition is that forward citations should follow a classic S-curve distribution. The paper examines this proposition. Our study entails: selecting groups of patents issued at least 20 years, and some as far as 30 years ago; extracting the number of forward citations issued each year for each patent through 2008; and fitting the cumulative forward citations to a variety of models such S-, linear, quadratic and logistic curves. The analysis and findings are discussed in the paper.
A Rewriting-Based Model Checker for the Linear Temporal Logic of Rewriting

This paper presents a model checker for LTLR, a subset of the temporal logic of rewriting TLR* extending linear temporal logic with spatial action patterns. Both LTLR and TLR* are very expressive logics generalizing well-known state-based and action-based logics. Furthermore, the semantics of TLR* is given in terms of rewrite theories, so that the concurrent systems on which the LTLR properties are model checked can be specified at a very high level with rewrite rules. This paper answers a nontrivial challenge, namely, to be able to build a model checker to model check LTLR formulas on rewrite theories with relatively little effort by reusing [email protected]?s LTL model checker for rewrite theories. For this, the reflective features of both rewriting logic and its Maude implementation have proved extremely useful.
Comments OH the Definitions of the Terms Sensitivity and Detection Limit

Abstract Although we agree with the general discussion concerning the definitions of the terms sensitivity and detection limit made by de Galan(1), we must strongly suggest that to define sensitivity as the slope of the analytical curve is not entirely practical. Moreover, we would point out that Professor de Galan is apparently guilty of the charge he has made against Willis and west(1), i.e., he has failed to consult all of the pertinent literature. Specifically, he omitted reference to tlie definition of sensitivity presented by Mandel and Stiehler.(2,3) in 1954, two years prior to the first of a succession of papers on this topic by Kaiser(4–6). Therefore, to call attention to a very practical definition of sensitivity and to clarify some pertinent related points we offer the following comments.
Acute airsacculitis in turkeys inoculated with cell-free culture filtrate of Pasteurella multocida.

Twenty-six female and 26 male turkeys, inoculated into the caudal thoracic air sacs with cell-free culture filtrate of Pasteurella multocida strain R44/6, were examined from 0 to 6 hours post-inoculation and compared with 26 female and 26 male sham-inoculated control turkeys given brain-heart-infusion broth. The air sac reacted rapidly with exudation ofheterophils. Microscopically, low numbers ofheterophils were present within air sac blood vesselsand also perivascularly by 0.5 hour after inoculation. These became more numerous by 1.5 and 3 hours post-inoculation. By 6 hours post-inoculation, there was severe swelling of air sac epithelial and mesothelial cells and thickening of the air sac by proteinaceous fluid and heterophils. Ultrastructurally, mesothelial and air sac epithelial cells were vacuolated, and interdigitating processes of epithelial cells were separated. Microscopically, in control turkeys, rare heterophils were present perivascularlyat 1.5,3, and 6 hours after inoculation. Ultrastructurally, all features were normal. In turkeys given cell-free culture filtrate, total cell counts in air sac lavage fluidsincreased markedly by 3 hours post-inoculation in which heterophils predominated (>97%). There were only slight increases in cell counts of air sac lavages from control turkeys. The circulating blood heterophil cell count dropped transiently at 1.5 hours post-inoculation, followed by a return to normal 3 hours after inoculation, and by heterophilia by 6 hours post-inoculation in turkeys given either cell-freeculture filtrate or brain-heart-infusion broth. These results indicate cell-free culture filtrate of P. multocida induces hematologic, cytologic, and morphologic changes indistinguishable from those induced by cultures of P. mul­ tocida.
Incorporating controller intent into a runway incursion prevention system

This work presents a solution to prevent and reduce the severity of runway incursions. This solution, called the Controller Clearance Broadcast System (CCBS), addresses the root causes of many runway incursions as well as mitigating the impact of those that do occur. Specifically, the CCBS design incorporates controller intent, by serving as an intermediary system to capture controller clearances, vet them for appropriateness, and then broadcast them via both analog radio channels and digitally via ADS-B. CCBS is anticipated to benefit the air transportation system by: 1) increasing operational efficiency; 2) decreasing the numbers of pilot deviation and operational errors; 3) decreasing radio channel congestion; and 4) increasing the ability to ‘remote tower’ smaller airports. The CCBS includes visual displays for tower controllers and pilots, an expert system to improve operational efficiency, a critiquing system to prevent erroneous clearances, and an alerting system to provide warnings to both pilots and controllers about clearance deviations. The system is highly flexible, and accommodates various levels of aircraft and airport equipage, to allow a gradual transition from analog to digital based clearances. A software prototype of the CCBS has been created and shown the feasibility of the basic clearance capture functionality. Further research into the creation of a fully functional CCBS prototype is warranted as it will address a number of areas of research important for use in NextGen.
What Bilingual Toddlers Hear and Say: Language Input and Word Combinations

Parent reports of language input patterns and word combinations among 102 toddlers with exposure to Spanish and English are presented. The majority of the parents reported that they used both langu...
Social Skill Training with and without Modeling for Schizophrenic and Non-Psychotic Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients:

This investigation compared the relative effectiveness of two social skill training packages for patients diagnosed either schizophrenic or non-psychotic. Patients who scored low on a global measure of social skill were randomly assigned to one of three training conditions: social skills training with modeling, social skills training without modeling, and a behavior rehearsal control. Effects of training were assessed on brief role playing and extended interaction tasks. The results indicated that both social skills training programs had positive effects. However, modeling was essential in improving the performance of schizophrenics, but was unnecessary for non-psychotics. The effects of training transferred to semistructured inter-personal conversations. The importance of designing social skill training programs for relatively homogeneous populations was discussed.
The Effects of Parent Body Processes on Amino Acids in Carbonaceous Chondrites

To investigate the effect of parent body processes on the abundance, distribution, and enantiomeric composition of amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites, the water extracts from nine different powdered Cl, CM, and CR carbonaceous chondrites were analyzed for amino acids by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-FD/ToF-MS). Four aqueously altered type 1 carbonaceous chondrites including Orgueil (C11), Meteorite Hills (MET) 01070 (CM1), Scott Glacier (SCO) 06043 (CM1), and Grosvenor Mountains (GRO) 95577 (CR1) were analyzed using this technique for the first time. Analyses of these meteorites revealed low levels of two- to five-carbon acyclic amino alkanoic acids with concentrations ranging from -1 to 2,700 parts-per-billion (ppb). The type 1 carbonaceous chondrites have a distinct distribution of the five-carbon (C5) amino acids with much higher relative abundances of the gamma- and delta-amino acids compared to the type 2 and type 3 carbonaceous chondrites, which are dominated by a-amino acids. Much higher amino acid abundances were found in the CM2 chondrites Murchison, Lonewolf Nunataks (LON) 94102, and Lewis Cliffs (LEW) 90500, the CR2 Elephant Moraine (EET) 92042, and the CR3 Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 99177. For example, a-aminoisobutyric acid ((alpha-AIB) and isovaline were approximately 100 to 1000 times more abundant in the type 2 and 3 chondrites compared to the more aqueously altered type 1 chondrites. Most of the chiral amino acids identified in these meteorites were racemic, indicating an extraterrestrial abiotic origin. However, non-racemic isovaline was observed in the aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrites Murchison, Orgueil, SCO 06043, and GRO 95577 with L-isovaline excesses ranging from approximately 11 to 19%, whereas the most pristine, unaltered carbonaceous chondrites analyzed in this study had no detectable L-isovaline excesses. These results are consistent with the theory that aqueous alteration played an important role in amplification of small initial left handed isovaline excesses on the parent bodies.
Effects of Production Practices on Soil-Borne Entomopathogens in Western North Carolina Vegetable Systems

Abstract Populations of endemic soil entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) were monitored in vegetable production systems incorporating varying degrees of sustainable practices in Fletcher, NC. Two tillage types (conventional plow and disk versus conservation tillage), two input approaches (chemically versus biologically based), and two cropping schedules (continuous tomato versus 3-yr rotation of corn, cucumber, cabbage, and tomato) were employed in large plots from 1995 to 1998. A Galleria mellonella (L.) trap bioassay was used to identify and monitor activity of Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae populations during the vegetable growing season (April–September). Seasonal detection of entomopathogens was significantly higher in conservation compared with conventional tillage systems. The strip-till operation did not affect levels of detection of S. carpocapsae. Pesticide use significantly reduced detection of entomopathogenic fungi. Typ...
How Does the Fast Track Intervention Prevent Adverse Outcomes in Young Adulthood

Numerous studies have shown that childhood interventions can foster improved outcomes in adulthood. Less well understood is precisely how-that is, through which developmental pathways-these interventions work. This study assesses mechanisms by which the Fast Track project (n = 891), a randomized intervention in the early 1990s for high-risk children in four communities (Durham, NC; Nashville, TN; rural PA; and Seattle, WA), reduced delinquency, arrests, and general and mental health service utilization in adolescence through young adulthood (ages 12-20). A decomposition of treatment effects indicates that about a third of Fast Track's impact on later crime outcomes can be accounted for by improvements in social and self-regulation skills during childhood (ages 6-11), such as prosocial behavior, emotion regulation, and problem solving. These skills proved less valuable for the prevention of general and mental health problems.
Reid, F. A. 2009. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, 346 pp. + 52 color plates. ISBN-978-0-19-534322-6, price (hardbound), $149.00; ISBN-978-0-19-534323-6, price (paper), $45.00

F. A. Reid 2009. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, 346 pp. + 52 color plates. ISBN - 978-0-19-534322-6, price (hardbound), $149.00; ISBN - 978-0-19-534323-6, price (paper), $45.00. Fiona Reid has revised and updated her extremely useful, beautifully illustrated field guide to the mammals of the northern Neotropics. As the title states, this is a guide to the mammals of Central America and southeastern Mexico; however, this does not reflect the up-to-date, comprehensive systematic treatments, beautiful illustrations, ecological information, attention to detail, and the fact that the book is quite useful to both the north and south of Central America. Much of this work is based on her firsthand studies of mammals, both living and preserved specimens, from the region. The seemingly bewildering array of species present in this region is nicely laid out. Introductory sections include: How to use this book, How to find mammals, Studying mammals, The need for further research, Where to find mammals , and Conservation of mammals in Central America . The main section of the book consists of species accounts for all species of native mammals, including the marine mammals that are found in the adjacent waters and 3 introduced species that occur in the region. The book includes a glossary, which defines the words in a simple manner, an extensive bibliography, and indexes to the scientific and common names. All sections are written in a user-friendly manner. Accounts are provided for 364 species, which include 14 marsupials, 3 anteaters, 3 sloths, 2 armadillos, 15 shrews, 144 bats, 8 primates, 102 native rodents, 3 introduced rodents, 4 rabbits, 27 carnivores, 1 manatee, 1 tapir, 6 artiodactyls, and 31 cetaceans. Three widespread and commonly encountered introduced species (the house mouse, black rat, and Norway rat) are included. Throughout, the text includes a brief …
Combined Anterior and Dual Posterolateral Approaches for Ankle Arthroscopy for Posterior and Anterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome.

Background:We introduce a novel method of combining the standard anteromedial and anterolateral approaches and dual posterolateral approaches in the arthroscopic treatment of posterior and anterior ankle impingement syndrome and compare the postoperative outcomes with conventional anteromedial/anterolateral and posteromedial/posterolateral approaches.Methods:From January 2013 to January 2015, we treated 28 patients with posterior and anterior ankle impingement syndrome by arthroscopy. The patients were divided into the conventional group (n = 13) and the modified group (n = 15) according to the surgical approaches used in the operation. Preoperative and postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, range of ankle motion, and operation time were recorded. The average follow-up was 16 months (range 6-24 months).Results:Posterior and anterior ankle impingement syndrome was confirmed arthroscopically in all patients. After the operation, the range of a...
Additional Texas Bat Records

Since the note by Eads et al. (Jour. Mamm., 37: 440, 1956) concerning new locality records obtained during Texas bat rabies studies, data have been obtained on two additional species of sufficient interest to warrant reporting. On September 12, 1956, a Mastiff bat, Eumops perotis , was submitted by Dr. Paul R. Weyerts, veterinarian, from Alpine, Texas. It had been captured alive and apparently without injury shortly after daybreak by Mr. L. C. Bradford at the furnace plant of the …
Wealth Inequality among New Immigrants

Much of the research on immigrants’ economic well-being demonstrates a greater concentration of immigrants in or near poverty. A relatively new aspect of scholarly interest in immigrant economic we...
Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among residents aged 35-74 years in Henan province

Objective To investigate epidemic characteristics and risk factors of hypertension among residents aged 35- 74 years in Henan province. Methods With multi-stage cluster random sampling,according to a 4: 6 ratio of urban: rural area based on economic geography,a questionnaire survey was conducted in conjunction with the measurements of body height and weight and blood pressure among 9 983 inhabitants aged 35- 74 years. Multivariate unconditional regression model was employed to analyze the influence factors of hypertension. Results The prevalence rate of hypertension in the residents was 39. 7% and the standardized prevalence rate was 40. 1%. The standardized rates of male,female,urban and rural populations were 41. 5%,41. 4%,39. 2%,and 40. 1%,respectively. No significant differences were found in the standard rates of hypertension between male and female or the urban and rural residents( u≤1. 45,P 0. 05). With the increment of age,the hypertension prevalence rate of all residents,male,and female were obviously elevated. The results of logistic regresssion showed that the risk factors of hypertension were age,gender,educational level,marital status, smoking,central obesity and body mass index. Conclusion The results indicated that hypertension was highly prevalent in Henan province and the unhealthy living style and obesity were the major risk factors.
Guidelines for Corticosteroid use in Treatment of DMD

The guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology has provided an update to the 2005 treatment guidelines for use of corticosteroids (CS) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
Influences of the Times: The 1930s

The post-World War II period from 1919 to 1930 is sometimes referred to as the “Roaring Twenties”: which gives the impression of prosperity. However, it was only roaring for some. There was a difference between the affluent characters of The Great Gatsby and the poor in The Grapes of Wrath. The 1920s saw fluctuations in economic activity; and the 1930s saw the Great Depression upon which conservatives looked with fear and the Marxians with hope. To demonstrate the socio-economic and political influences on the era of the 1930s (the time when the Keyserlings were becoming active in political circles), I will choose two economists to set the stage. The first is Alvin Harvey Hansen (1887–1975) who influenced many economists such as Paul Samuelson (Nobel Prize in Economics, 1970); David McCord Wright; James Duesenberry; and John Kenneth Galbraith. Hansen, after he became a Keynesian, set the tone of economics and of economic policy until the early 1960s from his position at Harvard University (Brazelton, 1993). Thus, Hansen will be used to set the general tone of the times. The second, Rexford Guy Tugwell (1891–1979), was an important influence upon Leon Keyserling himself, as the study at the Truman Library (Brazelton and Wehmeyer, 1989) indicates in greater detail than is necessary here.
Parallel fiber optical bus technology-a cost performance breakthrough

Recent paradigm shifts in computing system design and in data communication switching center design are driving the need for high performance interframe interconnections. Performance requirements are for data rates of GigaBytes/sec over distances of tens to a few hundred meters. An essential requirement for optical implementations to be used is to be cost competitive to copper wire data interconnects. Recent breakthroughs in high wafer yield of complex OEICs, the adaption of IC module packing to optical devices, and designing for relaxed tolerance in assembly is making possible the potential of offering GigaByte/sec data buses at a cost well below $100/Gbit/sec, a factor of 10-100 times lower than telecommunications fiber optic link technology. IBM's involvement in the NIST-sponsored Jitney project and the ARPA-sponsored OETC project (both multicompany programs) are used to illustrate these technology developments $the chips, packaging, cabling, design and testing tools, and system level testbeds are described.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Pediatric Neurovascular Diseases

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an evolving approach for the treatment of pediatric neurovascular disease. Since its first use in the treatment of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in 1970, it has been used safely and effectively in treating adult patients with AVMs, selected cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), and arteriovenous fistulas (AVF). More recently, several case series have shown expansion to the pediatric population that have yielded promising results, with SRS achieving total obliteration of AVMs in up to 90 % of patients. The benefits of SRS are likely greatest in lesions that are deep-seated or adjacent to eloquent cortex, where the risks of microsurgery are typically greater than the risks of SRS. The validation of risk scores, which have identified smaller AVM volume and younger age as prognosticators of radiosurgical success, has helped guide patient selection and improve outcomes overall. However, concerns of persistent hemorrhage risk during the latency period prior to obliteration, as well as limited knowledge of long-term, radiation-specific complications, continue to limit the usage of SRS for pediatric neurovascular disease.
Association Between Gender and Drug Cost for Over-the-Counter Minoxidil

This observational study compares the prices of minoxidil products for men and women at retail pharmacies.
Enhanced Rational Signal Modeling

Abstract In various signal processing applications involving theoretical or empirical considerations, it is desired to appropriately modify a given data set so that the modified data set possesses prescribed properties. These properties are usually chosen so as to identify information signals believed to be contained within the given data set. The modification of the given data set then serves as a cleansing process whereby corrupting noise, measurement distortion or theoretical mismatch present in the given data set is removed. In this paper, a recently developed signal enhancement algorithm is described which achieves this objective. Particular attention is directed towards properties that are describable using a singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data generated matrix. Examples are given demonstrating a significant improvement in the performance of subspace-based frequency estimation techniques. Next, the behavior of these high resolution algorithms with respect to the relative phase of closely spaced sinusoids is examined. This behavior is related to the singular values of the data matrix. The predicted behavior is confirmed in the examples.
Permeability imaging as a predictor of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction has been implicated in ischemic risk following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), but never directly imaged. We prospectively examined whether post-bleed day 4 dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE-MR) BBB permeability imaging could predict development of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Global MR-derived BBB permeability (Ktrans) was significantly higher in aSAH patients who subsequently developed DCI (five patients; 2.28 ± 0.09 × 10−3 min−1) compared to those who experienced radiographic vasospasm only (three patients; 1.85 ± 0.12 × 10−3 min−1; p 2 × 10−3 min−1 predicted development of DCI (AUC = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.93–1). Global BBB dysfunction following aSAH is detectable with DCE-MR and predictive of ischemic risk.
Abstract 12973: PR-Interval Components and Atrial Fibrillation Risk: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study

Introduction: Reports on the association between the PR-interval and atrial fibrillation (AF) are conflicting. We hypothesized that inconsistencies stem from that fact that the PR-interval is not a single electrocardiographic (ECG) phenotype and it is more likely to represent a composite of several distinct components. Methods: We examined the association of the PR-interval and its components (P-wave onset to P-wave peak duration, P-wave peak to P-wave end duration, and PR-segment) with AF in 14,924 participants (mean age=54±5.8 years; 26% black; 55% female) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. The PR-interval and its components were automatically measured at baseline (1987-1989) from standard 12-lead ECGs. PR-interval >200 ms was considered prolonged and values >95th percentile defined abnormal PR-interval components. AF was ascertained during follow-up through December 31, 2010. Results: Over a median follow-up of 21.2 years, 1,985 (13%) participants developed AF. Prolonged PR-interval was associated with an increased risk of AF (HR=1.19, 95% CI=1.02, 1.40). However, PR-interval components showed varying levels of associations with AF (P-wave onset to P-wave peak duration: HR=1.57, 95%CI=1.31, 1.88; P-wave peak to P-wave end duration: HR=1.20, 95%CI=0.99, 1.46; and PR-segment: HR=1.05, 95%CI=0.85, 1.29). Additionally, the components of the PR-interval had weak to moderate correlation with each other (correlation r ranged from -0.44 to 0.06). Conclusions: Our findings suggest the PR-interval represents a composite of distinct components that are not uniformly associated with AF. Without considering the contribution of each component, inconsistent associations between the PR-interval and AF are inevitable.
Breastfeeding Intention Compared With Breastfeeding Postpartum Among Women Receiving Medication-Assisted Treatment.

Background:Women taking methadone or buprenorphine are encouraged to breastfeed if stable without polysubstance use.Research Aim:We aimed to determine the difference between stated intention to bre...
Historical sediment mercury deposition for select South Dakota, USA, lakes: implications for watershed transport and flooding

Select South Dakota, USA water bodies, including both natural lakes and man-made impoundments, were sampled and analyzed to assess mercury (Hg) dynamics and historical patterns of total Hg deposition. Sediment cores were collected from seven South Dakota lakes. Mercury concentrations and flux profiles were determined using lead (210Pb) dating and sedimentation rates. Most upper lake sediments contained variable heavy metal concentrations, but became more consistent with depth and age. Five of the seven lakes exhibited Hg accumulation fluxes that peaked between 1920 and 1960, while the remaining two lakes exhibited recent (1995–2009) Hg flux spikes. Historical sediment accumulation rates and Hg flux profiles demonstrate similar peak and stabilized values. Mercury in the sampled South Dakota lakes appears to emanate from watershed transport due to erosion from agricultural land use common to the Northern Great Plains. For sampled South Dakota lakes, watershed inputs are more significant sources of Hg than atmospheric deposition.
Evaluation of the 20 L dust explosibility testing chamber and comparison to a modified 38 L vessel for underground coal

Abstract The phenomenon of combustible dust explosions is present within many industries. Tests for explosibility of dust clouds per ASTM E1226 use a 20 L explosive chamber that places the combustible dust directly below the dispersion nozzle which generates a thorough mixture for testing purposes. However, in the underground coal mining industry, there are a number of geologic, mining, and regulatory factors that change the deposition scheme of combustible coal dust. This causes the atmosphere of a coal mine to have a variable rock dust-coal dust mixture at the time of ignition. To investigate the impact of this variable atmosphere, a series of lean explosibility tests were conducted on a sample of Pittsburgh Pulverized coal dust. These explosibility tests were conducted in a 38 L chamber with a 5 kJ Sobbe igniter. The 38 L chamber generates a variable air-dust mixture prior to ignition. The test results indicate that the 38 L chamber experiences reduced explosive pressures, and lower explosibility index values when compared to the 20 L chamber.
A Probabilistic Traffic-Theoretic Network Loading Model Suitable for Large-Scale Network Analysis

This paper formulates an analytical stochastic network loading model. It is a stochastic formulation of the link transmission model (LTM), which itself is an operational formulation of Newell’s sim...
A RECURSIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PERLIN NOISE FUNCTION

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the recursive implementation of the Perlin noise function. The initial requirement of the implementation is a mapping from integer 3-space to random gradients, and values, for which there are two basic approaches. The first approach is to use a hashing function to map integer triplets to a table of random numbers. The second approach is to use some uniformly distributed random function of three integers. The first method tends to be faster, and more reliable, although the second method has the potential to produce more random results. Once an algorithm has been chosen for assigning random vectors with components between −1, and 1 to integer lattice points, Hermite interpolation can be used to compute the function value at any point in 3-space. The pseudo-code function returns a random real value between −1, and 1 based on a single integer argument. It is found that because its value from one integer to the next essentially is uncorrelated, random functions of more arguments can be constructed by using a sum of prime multiples as shown for the marcros rand3a, rand3b, rand3c, and rand3d.
Employee Perceived Stress: Relationship to the Development of Repetitive Strain Injury Symptoms

Repetitive strain injuries (RSIs), specifically carpal tunnel syndrome, are the fastest growing type of occupational injury. Research about precipitating factors and prevention has been controversi...
Lexically guided perceptual learning is robust to task-based changes in listening strategy

Listeners use lexical information to resolve ambiguity in the speech signal, resulting in the restructuring of speech sound categories. Recent findings suggest that lexically guided perceptual learning is attenuated when listeners use a perception-focused listening strategy (that directs attention towards surface variation) compared to when listeners use a comprehension-focused listening strategy (that directs attention towards higher-level linguistic information). However, previous investigations used the word position of the ambiguity to manipulate listening strategy, raising the possibility that attenuated learning reflected decreased strength of lexical recruitment instead of a perception-oriented listening strategy. The current work tests this hypothesis. Listeners completed an exposure phase followed by a test phase. During exposure, listeners heard an ambiguous fricative embedded in word-medial lexical contexts that supported realization of the ambiguity as /∫/. At test, listeners categorized members of an /ɑsi/-/ɑ∫i/ continuum. Listening strategy was manipulated via exposure task (experiment 1) and explicit acknowledgement of the ambiguity (experiment 2). Compared to control participants, listeners who were exposed to the ambiguity showed more /∫/ responses at the test; critically, the magnitude of learning did not differ across listening strategy conditions. These results suggest that given sufficient lexical context, lexically guided perceptual learning is robust to task-based changes in listening strategy.
Fidelity Requirements with Fast Transients from VSC-HVdc

Fast control afforded by power electronics in highvoltage direct current (HVde) systems, especially voltage-source converter (VSC) based HVde systems, needs to be carefully assessed to identify stability boundaries. While there are several averaged models of VSC-HVdc systems that have been studied with low bandwidth alternating current (ac) system models, there have been limited studies to show the need for high-fidelity models to understand the control interactions between different VSC-HVdc systems as well as with other grid components. In this paper, the fidelity of power electronics and connected grid components like transmission lines are identified based on defined use-cases to understand the stability and impact of the fast control afforded by VSC-HVdc systems. These results will be useful to understand the methods required to study control in VSC-HVdc systems.
Characterizing the weathering induced degradation of Poly(ethylene-terephthalate) using PARAFAC modeling of fluorescence spectra

Abstract Poly(ethylene-terephthalate) (PET) film is widely used in photovoltaic module backsheets, for its dielectric breakdown strength, and in applications requiring high optical clarity. PET degrades under exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiance, heat, and moisture, which leads to loss of optical clarity and performance properties. To study the weathering driven degradation of PET films, three grades of PET, including unstabilized and stabilized grades, were exposed to three types of accelerated weathering exposure. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra were collected after predetermined exposure intervals. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was applied to the resulting spectra to decompose the fluorescence data into individual fluorophore components and monitor their relative concentrations over time. EEM-PARAFAC was used to identify and distinguish between the formation of monohydroxy-terephthalate and dihydroxy-terephthalate units in PET over time under the UV-light bearing accelerated exposures. The relative concentrations of these fluorophores were found to increase, while the relative concentration of the PARAFAC component assigned to PET was found to generally decrease. ATR-FTIR was used to support findings from EEM-PARAFAC. Results were also used to assess the impact of additives (UV stabilizer and TiO2) on degradation.
Correlation of crystal quality and extreme magnetoresistance of WTe2

High-quality single crystals of WTe2 were grown using a Te flux followed by a cleaning step involving self-vapor transport. The method is reproducible and yields consistently higher-quality single crystals than are typically obtained via halide-assisted vapor transport methods. Magnetoresistance (MR) values at 9 tesla and 2 kelvin as high as 1.75 million %, nearly an order of magnitude higher than previously reported for this material, were obtained on crystals with residual resistivity ratio (RRR) of approximately 1250. The MR follows a near B 2 law and, assuming a semiclassical model, the average carrier mobility for the highest-quality crystal was found to be at 2 K. A correlation of RRR, MR ratio and average carrier mobility is found with the cooling rate during the flux growth.
Sequencing chemotherapy and surgery in upper tract urothelial cancers.

521Background: Prognosis for high grade, non-metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) (renal pelvis or ureter) has not improved in past two decades. Given improvements in disease-free sur...
Learning variable-length representation of words

Abstract A standard word embedding algorithm, such as ‘word2vec’, embeds each word as a dense vector of a preset dimensionality, the components of which are learned by maximizing the likelihood of predicting the context around it. However, as an inherent linguistic phenomenon, it is evident that there is a varying degree of difficulty in identifying words from their contexts. This suggests that a variable granularity in word vector representation may be useful to obtain sparser and more compressed word representations, requiring less storage space. To that end, in this paper, we propose a word vector training algorithm that uses a variable number of components to represent words. Given a text collection of documents, our algorithm, similar to the skip-gram approach of word2vec, learns to predict the context of a word given the current instance of a word. However, in contrast to skip-gram, which uses a static number of dimensions for each word vector, we propose to dynamically increase the dimensionality as a stochastic function of the prediction error. Our experiments with standard test collections demonstrate that our word representation method is able to achieve comparable (and sometimes even better) effectiveness than skip-gram word2vec, using a significantly smaller number of parameters (achieving compression ratio of around 65%).
Comparing middle grade students’ oral and written arguments

Previous research making claims about students’ proving capabilities usually only explored one modality (e.g. oral or written arguments). This study compares the written and oral representations of...