cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The reactions of nickel(II) carboxylates with a series of ethylaluminum chlorides

Abstract The distribution of nickel in the reaction products from the reactions of nickel(II) stearate with diethylaluminum chloride (Et2AlCl), ethylaluminum sesquichloride (Et3Al2Cl3), and ethylaluminum dichloride (EtAlCl2) in benzene was investigated as a function of the Al/Ni reaction stoichiometry. The products consist of benzene-soluble nickel complexes and a precipitate from which can be extracted NiCl2 and metallic nickel. The percentage of each product is seen to be dependent upon the Al/Ni reaction ratio and the aluminum compound employed in the reaction. It was found that in each case six alkylaluminums are required for complete reaction with one nickel(II) stearate molecule. The compunds Et2AlCl, Et3Al2Cl3, and EtAlCl2 were all found to have greater reducing ability than Et3Al at room temperature. Alternative interpretations of the chloro compounds' greater reducing abilities are discussed.
The Obligation to Prevent the Next Dual-Use Controversy

The recent debates over H5N1 experiments highlight current shortcomings in oversight of potential dual-use research.
Total ankle arthroplasty in end-stage ankle arthritis

Recent advancements in ankle prosthesis design, combined with improved surgical techniques for correction of coronal plane deformity and ligamentous balancing, have led to a resurgence of interest in total ankle arthroplasty for the treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis. Although ankle arthrodesis has long been considered the gold standard treatment for ankle arthritis, recent studies have shown that patients who undergo total ankle replacement have equivalent pain relief and improved function, when compared with patients with an ankle fusion. The purpose of this review is to summarize the indications, advantages, disadvantages, and clinical outcomes of some of the more commonly used modern prostheses for total ankle arthroplasty.
Structure and Rearrangements in the Carboxy-Terminal Region of SpIH Channels

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) ion channels regulate the spontaneous firing activity and electrical excitability of many cardiac and neuronal cells. The modulation of HCN channel opening by the direct binding of cAMP underlies many physiological processes such as the autonomic regulation of the heart rate. Here we use a combination of X-ray crystallography and electrophysiology to study the allosteric mechanism for cAMP modulation of HCN channels. SpIH is an invertebrate HCN channel that is activated fully by cAMP, but only partially by cGMP. We exploited the partial agonist action of cGMP on SpIH to reveal the molecular mechanism for cGMP specificity of many cyclic nucleotide-regulated enzymes. Our results also elaborate a mechanism for the allosteric conformational change in the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain and a mechanism for partial agonist action. These mechanisms will likely extend to other cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels and enzymes as well.
An acute rise in serum phosphorus after single-dose oral metyrapone.

Metyrapone, an 11 β-hydroxylase inhibitor, is widely used as a pharmacologic test for ACTH reserve. During studies on the pharmacodynamics of metyrapone and the response of plasma 11-deoxycortisol and Cortisol, we fortuitously noted a consistent change in serum phosphate but no other routine laboratory chemistry determination. For these studies 12 control subjects were given oral metyrapone (30 mg/kg) at midnight. Serum phosphate (P) concentration was measured in fasting subjects at 08:00 on the morning before and after the administration of metyrapone. In 11 of 12 subjects, serum P increased from a mean of 3.6 ± 0.7 (SD) mg/100 ml to a mean of 4.2 ± 0.7 (SD) mg/100 ml on the morning following the drug. No increase in P was noted following the same dose of metyrapone in four patients on acute or chronic steroid therapy or in patients with primary or secondary hypoadrenocorticism. In addition, two addisonian patients were given either a saline or a hydrocortisone infusion for four hours. While the hydrocortisone infusion resulted in a drop in serum P, there was no decrease during saline infusions. These findings suggest that an acute rise in serum P after a single dose of metyrapone might be a rapid indicator of adrenocortical blockade leading to increased ACTH secretion, and Cortisol and/or ACTH might playa role in P homeostasis.
Did I do that? Self–esteem–related differences in reactions to romantic partners’ moods

This study examined the relation between self–esteem and responses to a romantic partner's moods. College students in dating relationships imagined one scenario in which their romantic partners were in a positive mood and one in which their partners were in a negative mood. A probable source of each mood was suggested to half the participants. Participants reported their cognitive, affective, behavioral, and attributional responses to each scenario. When the partner's mood was negative and ambiguous in cause, participants with low self–esteem felt more responsible for the mood, more rejected, and more hostile than did those with high self–esteem. A mediational analysis suggested a dependency regulation explanation of the results, such that low self–esteem people perceived self–directed negativity in their partners’ bad moods and in turn responded with more negativity toward their partners.
“Buenos Días/((Military Salute))”: The Natural History of a Coined Insult

In this article, I adopt an interpretive approach to the study of Maya children's peer talk to examine how Maya children's verbal arsenal of types of conflict talk—namely, teasing, shaming, and insulting nicknames—comprise powerful discursive strategies within caregiver and peer practices in the everyday negotiation and co-construction of peer politics and kin group social relationships. I specifically examine how children from 3 different households, members of an extended family network, entextualized a formulaic politeness routine to fight, tease, and shame rival siblings and peers. To illustrate this process, I trace the natural history (i.e., the birth, near death, and subsequent institutionalization) of an improvised insult within shifting kin and peer alliances. In all of these scenarios, sibling and peers' talk-in-interaction reveal how one's clever ways with words include interactional tactics that exploit adult-centric perspectives on who can be heard as a “competent speaker.” Funding for this e...
Professional Preparation: A Process of Discovery

Preparing prospective physical educators is a challenging task. The development of a “human service educator” may be the key to the direction of professional preparation. Teacher education must be seen as a process of becoming, of personal discovery. This self-awareness leads to growth, change, and full functioning. In achieving this growth, four guidelines may be valuable: increased autonomy; more adequate assumptions about reality, possibility, and value; improved competencies; and increased awareness and openness to experience. Prospective physical educators must be put in the position to achieve success, feel competent, and be aware of their potential.
Relationship Between Denotative and Connotative Meaning as an Intrasubject Phenomenon.

Summary.-67 Ss responded to a multiple-choice type vocabulary test and then marked semantic profiles for stimulus words and response words which were selected from the test. Ss who responded correctly to stimulus words marked more similar semantic profiles between the stimulus words and their respective correct response words than Ss who missed the stimulus words on the test. Ss who incorrectly responded to stimulus words but who indicated that they knew the words and that their chosen responses were good synonyms of them, marked more similar profiles between the stimulus words and their chosen response words than between the stimulus words and the correct response words. The study is concerned with the relationship between the denotative and connotative meanings of words. The hypotheses tested were: (1) Ss will rate words as having greater connotative similarity when they regard the words as denotatively similar than when they do not regard the words as denotatively similar; and (2) Ss will rate words they erroneously regard to be denotatively synonymous as having greater connotative similarity than words which they do not recognize as synonymous but which are conventionally regarded to be synonymous. The denotation of a word, as used in this study, refers to an abbreviated denotative meaning, the dictionary verbal definition of a word. The connotative meanings which are referred to are operationalized by the Semantic Dif
Frustration effect following changed S-R temporal relations

Twenty-four rat Ss received training to run down a 6 ft. runway for food reward with either a 2 or 4 sec. interval between a discrete click and being dropped onto the runway. Half the Ss in each group were then shifted to the other time interval while the remaining half of each group continued with its original interval. It was found that increasing the time interval between the click and placement in the runway led to an increase in speed of running which grew from the first to the second day of testing. Reducing the interval following the click had the effect of slowing the shifted animals, but this-effect vanished on the second test day. It was concluded that the increase in the time interval following the click produced a frustration effect (a motivational effect) while the decrease in the time interval led to generalization decrement (an associative effect), followed by new learning at the new interval.
The Role of Community Involvement in Fostering Investment Behavior in Low-Income Black Adolescents: A Theoretical Perspective

A framework for studying community actions to improve the status of low-income Black adolescents is presented. The framework identifies processes predominant in community activities and differentiates them according to content, frequency, and relation of outcome andprocess. Further, the processes are linked to the outcomes expected for youth who participate in community programs and to research methods for examining the outcomes. Investment behavior is described as one outcome that may be particularly amenable to community action, with theoretical significance to achievement outcomes.
Metabolic, thermoregulatory, and psychophysiological responses during arm and leg exercise.

The present investigation compares metabolic, thermoregulatory, and psychophysiological responses during upper and lower body exercise in different environmental conditions. Eight males performed four, 60-min exercise bouts using either arm or leg ergometry in ambient temperatures of 23 degrees C (relative humidity = 75%) and 33 degrees C (relative humidity = 57%). Power output was 75 W for all experiments. Oxygen consumption, rectal and skin temperatures, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion were measured during exercise. Exercise oxygen consumption averaged 1.54 l.min-1 across all experiments and was equivalent to 60% of arm and 37% of leg peak values. Rectal temperature increased (P less than 0.001) an average of 0.43 degrees C and did not differ due to experimental conditions. Exercise performed in the heat resulted in higher skin temperature (P less than 0.001), regardless of whether the arms or legs were used. HR and rating of perceived exertion were greater (P less than 0.001) in arm (132.9 b.min-1, 14.4 units) than leg (108.9 b.min-1, 10.9 units) experiments. When arm exercise was performed in the heat, HR was 6 b.min-1 greater than when performed in the cool. Greater relative exercise intensity in arm work resulted in higher HR and rating of perceived exertion at the given power output. Similar rectal temperature increases in all experiments indicate that core temperature is controlled by absolute heat production, regardless of mode of exercise and ambient temperature.
Malignant melanoma arising in a blue nevus with features of pilar neurocristic hamartoma

A 65-year-old man presented with a history of a giant blue plaque of the parietal scalp since childhood. Biopsy revealed a cellular blue nevus. The blue nevus was observed for 10 years and thought to be unchanged until a new adjacent lesion was noted. Biopsy of the new lesion revealed metastatic malignant melanoma. A wide excision was performed of the original lesion which revealed malignant melanoma arising in a blue nevus. Areas within the blue nevus were consistent with a pilar neurocristic hamartoma, whereas other areas were consistent with a common blue nevus. Subsequent satellite metastases developed, with early metastases resembling blue nevi except for the absence of a stromal component and the presence of hyperchromatic nuclei. Later metastases were typical of metastatic melanoma. This case illustrates the uncommon evolution of malignant melanoma from a blue nevus. The histological features and relationship between melanoma, blue nevus, and pilar neurocristic hamartoma are reviewed.
Amino acid excretion patterns in the offspring of a 'doubly-heterozygous' cystine stone former.

L'analyse des acides amines de la cystinurie du type I-III dans l'urine de deux enfants d'un heterozygote double a revele que les quantite d'acides amines dibasiques excretees en 24 h sont celles qui furent trouvees chez les heterozygotes de la cystinurie du type III. Les donnees experimentales s'accordent sur ce point que les types biochimiquement heterogenes de la cystinurie sont regies par des alleles.
Challenges of recurrent hepatitis C in the liver transplant patient

Cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a very common indication for liver transplant. Unfortunately recurrence of HCV is almost universal in patients who are viremic at the time of transplant. The progression of fibrosis has been shown to be more rapid in the post-transplant patients than in the transplant naive, hence treatment of recurrent HCV needs to be considered for all patients with documented recurrent HCV. Management of recurrent HCV is a challenging situation both for patients and physicians due to multiple reasons as discussed in this review. The standard HCV treatment with pegylated interferon and Ribavarin can be considered in these patients but it leads to a lower rate of sustained virologic clearance than in the non-transplanted population. Some of the main challenges associated with treating recurrent HCV in post-transplant patients include the presence of cytopenias; need to monitor drug-drug interactions and the increased incidence of renal compromise. In spite of these obstacles all patients with recurrent HCV should be considered for treatment since it is associated with improvement in survival and a delay in fibrosis progression. With the arrival of direct acting antiviral drugs there is renewed hope for better outcomes in the treatment of post-transplant HCV recurrence. This review evaluates current literature on this topic and identifies challenges associated with the management of post-transplant HCV recurrence.
901-6 Psychophysiological Investigations of Myocardial Ischemia (PIMI): Initial Results on Mechanisms of Cardiac Ischemia

Psychological factors are linked to outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD) pts but the mechanisms are obscure. The PIMI is a NIH multicenter study designed to test the overall hypothesis that manifestations and expressions of ischemia are influenced by specific psycho-physiologic mechanisms. Accordingly, 200 pts, mean age 62, with CAD and ischemia responses on treadmill were studied. Ambulatory ECG (AECG) monitoring, psychological instrument batteries and plasma biochemical tests were applied to identify mechanisms associated with ischemia during daily life, exercise and mental stress without influence of cardiac medications. Daily life ischemia (AECG) occurred in 41% of pts (95% with ischemia were asymptomatic) and was associated with lower hostility (p l 0.01) and anger expression (p l 0.03) scores compared with those without daily life ischemia. An inverse association between magnitude of daily life ischemia and these scores was observed. No differences were found for depression (Beck) or anxiety scores. On treadmill all pts had ischemia (ST segment depression) but 44% had angina. Angina expression was associated with higher depression (p =0.002), anxiety (State, p = 0.002 and Trait, p = 0.01) and autonomic perception (p = 0.05) scores than no angina. Depression best predicted time to angina (Cox model, p = 0.007). During mental stress (Stroop and speech tasks) ischemia (radionuclide ventriculogram (RVG) or ST segment abnormalities) occurred in 79% of pts (95% with ischemia were asymptomatic) and associated with higher Reward, Dependence, (Temperament and Character Inventory, p l 0.02) and level of irritation during Stroop task (p l 0.01). Plasma norepinephrine remained low, but epinephrine doubled and systolic pressure increased. No associations were found for medical or demographic factors examined. During bicycle exercise ischemia (RVG abnormality) occurred in 94% of pts (64% with ischemia were asymptomatic) yet norepinephrine increased three-fold. In summary, daily life ischemia (usually asymptomatic) is associated with suppressed hostility, anger and emotion but not depression or anxiety. Mental stress ischemia (mostly asymptomatic and with epinephrine release) is related to temperament characteristics. Exercise stress ischemia, on the other hand, more often evokes symptoms and marked norepinephrine release but symptom expression seems dependent upon depression, anxiety and autonomic perception. Mechanisms responsible for ischemia evoked in different settings and its symptomatic expression involve complex interactions of behavioral, physiological and psychophysiological factors.
Social disadvantage as a risk for first pregnancy among adolescent females in the United States.

Abstract Purpose Differences in underlying determinants of pregnancy at different stages of adolescent development have implications for prevention strategies. We sought to determine whether social disparities in rates of adolescent pregnancy vary between early, middle, and late adolescence. We hypothesized that as age increases, racial and socioeconomic disparities in rates of teen conception decrease. Methods Data were obtained from the National Survey of Family Growth cycle 6. Outcome variables indicated whether respondents had a first pregnancy at ages Results The disparity in odds of pregnancy between black and white teens is maximal in early adolescence (odds ratios p Conclusions In accordance with our hypothesis, we found that social disparities in pregnancy rates decrease between early and late adolescence. Although pregnancy prevention efforts often target those at social risk including poor minority youth, fewer acknowledge and target the risks associated with development of sexuality in all teens. Efforts to better define the nature of healthy adolescent sexual development may lead to pregnancy prevention interventions focused on developmental risk that can apply to a wider set of adolescents.
A multilayer cooperative/competitive method for creating hierarchical structures by clustering maximally-related nodes

A cooperative/competitive method can be used to generate hierarchical structures for clustering problems. These structures can prove useful in achieving high-level machine vision goals such as scene analysis through perceptual organization. The cooperative/competitive method was specifically designed for clustering related image segments to create hierarchical scene structures. The method addresses the need for rapid extraction of clusters from large sets of regions with different inter-region relationships. The multiple relationships cooperate to form clusters from the input nodes. These clusters then compete, eliminating all but the strongest. The input nodes that comprise the surviving clusters are combined. This process is applied repeatedly to produce a full hierarchical structure. A specific example uses this approach to create a hierarchical structure from a synthetic segmented image. >
Bulk and microscopic properties of copolymer networks in mixed aqueous solvents

Amphiphilic films and hydrogels have been prepared from ethanol/water solutions containing a hydrocarbon-grafted water-soluble cellulose ether. These materials are characterized by dispersed hydrophobic microdomains which form spontaneously in the solvent due to the inherent incompatibility of the side chains with water. At low applied shear stress, the microdomains behave as temporary linkages of finite lifetimes, imparting viscoelastic properties to the networks. The molecular weight between microdomains was found to be independent of the volume fraction of polymer in the gel, and the number of linkages per backbone ranges from 22.8 ± 1.3 to 26.2 ± 1.5 over the frequency range 30–50 rad/s. The behavior of the solutions and gels was characterized using fluorescence and dynamic rheological measurements. It was demonstrated that the microdomains are capable of sequestering water-insoluble solutes. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of posture on plasma atrial natriuretic hormone and renal function during salt loading in patients with and without postural (idiopathic) edema.

The effect of posture on plasma atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) and renal function was studied in subjects with idiopathic edema. Sixty-five subjects with edema but with no clinical evidence for cardiac, renal, or pulmonary diseases were studied after they had been off all medication for 1 week or more. They had nothing by mouth after midnight and were admitted to the Clinical Research Center at 0800 h. They voided, were weighed, and had their blood pressure and pulse measured in the recumbent and upright positions. A needle was inserted, and subjects were recumbent for 0.5 h, after which blood was drawn for measurement of plasma ANH, serum sodium, potassium, and (in 35 subjects) creatinine. They were then given 150 mL 0.14% sodium chloride solution to drink every 0.5 h for the next 6 h. Urine was collected every 0.5 h for measurement of sodium, potassium, and creatinine. After 4 h of recumbency repeat blood samples were drawn, subjects ambulated for 2 h, after which final repeat blood samples were drawn...
Perioperative parathyroid hormone levels in thyroid surgery: preliminary report.

Objectives/Hypothesis An immediate method of accurately predicting postoperative hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy would allow for selective early discharge of patients at low risk. The objective of the study was to determine the utility of perioperative parathyroid hormone measurement in predicting postoperative hypocalcemia after a thyroid surgery that places total parathyroid function at risk. Study Design Prospective case series. Methods Twenty-seven patients undergoing total or completion thyroidectomy had three blood samples drawn for parathyroid hormone measurement before dissection, 10 minutes after specimen removal, and in the recovery room. Serial ionized calcium levels were measured in the postoperative period. Preoperative, postresection, and recovery room levels were compared with postoperative ionized calcium levels. Results The average values before resection, after resection, and in the recovery room were 69.3 (range, 13–163), 42.3 (range, 0–120), and 37.4 (range 7–79) pg/mL, respectively. The incidence of hypocalcemia was 11% (3 of 27 patients). The rate of hypocalcemia was significantly higher (50%) in patients with recovery room parathyroid hormone values of 10 pg/mL or less relative to patients with recovery room parathyroid hormone values greater than 10 pg/mL (4%) in this setting (P = .01). Among patients with a parathyroid hormone value of less than 15 pg/mL in the recovery room, an increasing parathyroid hormone level in the recovery room relative to the level after resection predicted normocalcemia without calcium supplementation on χ2 analysis (P = .01). Conclusion The study demonstrated that perioperative parathyroid hormone values can help predict patients who are at highest risk for postoperative hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery.
The role of science in NGO mediated conservation: insights from a biodiversity hotspot in Mexico

Abstract Despite increased awareness of the biodiversity crisis, and increased global political and financial support for biodiversity conservation, (together referred to here as the biodiversity agenda ) biodiversity scientists continue to lament the poor performance of biodiversity conservation initiatives. Using the highly biodiverse state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico as a case study, the process by which the application of the science of biodiversity conservation becomes compromised by rural development agendas is illustrated with particular reference to the relationship between the Mexican state, a transnational conservation NGO (WWF) and a community of local conservation NGOs. Semistructured interviewing was the principal research tool used and an actor-network approach informed the analysis. Given the mixed agendas and powerful position of Oaxaca's NGO community it is argued that the extension of the biodiversity agenda into Oaxaca is necessarily a process of negotiation, not of expert driven prescription. Whilst Oaxacan conservation might be improved by strengthening local scientific capacity in the state, the less-than-perfect transmission of biodiversity science to the practice of biodiversity conservation might usefully be reinterpreted as indicative of the successful introduction of local concerns, rather than a failure of conservation.
Peer passengers: how do they affect teen crashes?

Abstract Purpose The specific mechanisms by which peer passengers increase teen drivers' crash risk are not completely understood. We aimed to provide insight on the two primary hypothesized mechanisms, distraction and promotion of risk-taking behavior, for male and female teen drivers and further for select driver–passenger gender combinations. Methods From the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey (2005–2007), we analyzed a nationally representative sample of 677 drivers aged 16–18 years (weighted n=277,484) involved in serious crashes, to compare the risk of specific distraction-related and risk-taking–related precrash factors (documented via on-scene crash investigation) for teens driving with peer passengers and teens driving alone. Results Compared with males driving alone, those with peer passengers were more likely to perform an aggressive act (risk ratio, RR [95% confidence interval] = 2.36 [1.29–4.32]) and perform an illegal maneuver (RR = 5.88 [1.81–19.10]) just before crashing; risk taking increased regardless of passenger gender. Crash-involved males with passengers were also more likely to be distracted by an exterior factor (RR = 1.70 [1.15–2.51]). Conversely, females with passengers were more often engaged in at least one interior nondriving activity (other than conversing with passengers) (RR = 3.87 [1.36–11.06]), particularly when driving with opposite-gender passengers. Female drivers, both with and without passengers, rarely drove aggressively or performed an illegal maneuver before crashing. Conclusions Passengers may affect male teen driver crashes through both distraction and risk-promoting pathways, and female involvement primarily through internal distraction. Results of this and future studies investigating peer–driver interactions may guide development of passenger-related crash prevention efforts to complement already existing Graduated Driver Licensing passenger restrictions.
Analyzing the “creative city” governance: Relational processes in Columbus, Ohio

Abstract Since the 1980s, the rhetoric of the “creative city” has been guiding the vision of cities around the world. Several approaches have been used to study this topic, but little attention has been given to issues of governance. This study aims to understand “creative city” governance relational processes. Specifically, it provides a neo-institutional analysis of the newly forming governance in Columbus, Ohio, examining 17 documents released in the last decade, which study the arts, culture, and creativity of the city. What emerges is that the actors involved in the process of building a “creative city” governance are from different sectors of civic society and they are getting together in the effort of assessing Columbus’ potential of being a creative city.
An empirical study of health planning in Latin America and Africa.

Abstract This study analyzes the impact which underlying social and economic forces have on the objectives of health planning and the techniques employed in resource allocation decisions in the health sector. Data drawn from twenty-seven countries are used to analyze the interaction between social and economic forces, the health planning process and ultimate resource allocation decisions in the health sector. The first issue studied is the objective function of the health sector for countries in Latin America and Africa. Subsequent planning techniques employed, types of data gathered and the focus of analysis and, of course, political commitment to implementation are all ultimately predicated on the underlying objective functions. Next, a brief review of various methodologies used by health planners is presented and the way in which these methodologies have been used in Latin America and Africa is analyzed with particular reference to the influence of a country's general socio-economic mileau on (a) the objective function enunciated by health planners and (b) the types of methodologies employed as resource allocation tools. A case study of Tanzania's health planning process since the 1967 Arusha declaration is presented. The study analyzes Tanzania's changed health care priorities and the consistency of these with the country's general economic development thrust. The final section of the paper summarizes the empirical analyses and discusses the ways in which health planning may be a channel through which a more systematic process of decision making can be incorporated into general economic development in developing countries. The issue of political commitment to implementation of the outcomes of the health planning process is highlighted.
Large transverse momentum processes

Abstract We present a comprehensive survey of experimental and theoretical work on large transverse momentum processes. Exclusive data and single particle inclusive measurements are summarized and some discussion of multiparticle inclusive data is included. We review many of the predictions of nonparton models including the geometrical, statistical, eikonal and bootstrap approaches. A more detailed discussion is given of the structure of models based on the hard scattering of constituents. The predictions for hadronic and electromagnetic processes based on quark counting rules and the constituent interchange model (CIM) are summarized. We present numerous comparisons with experiment and indicate the framework for the comparison with new experimental data. Recent theoretical progress in the problem of relating short distance structure of hadrons with the asymptotic behavior of form factors and fixed angle amplitudes is also reviewed. We include a brief discussion of the possible influence of new hadronic degrees of freedom on large- p T phenomena. Finally, we attempt to anticipate the type of experiments which will prove decisive in the understanding of this subject.
Study on the stability of nitroglycerine spent acid

Nitroglycerine has been widely used as an ingredient of explosives and propellants for a long time. It is produced by the glycerine nitration reaction. Many explosions have occurred during handling or storing spent acid after separating nitroglycerine from the reactor in nitroglycerine factories. Safety charts have been constructed by various authors in order to cope with these hazards. In this investigation we construct enthalpy diagrams that correspond with the safety charts produced by earlier researchers. These can be used to evaluate the variation of heat and the safety composition during the handling of spent acid. Furthermore, this study uses practical operating conditions at nitroglycerine factories to evaluate the stability of spent acids in storage.
E-Cadherin Suppresses Cellular Transformation by Inhibiting β-Catenin Signaling in an Adhesion-Independent Manner

E-cadherin is a tumor suppressor protein with a well-established role in cell–cell adhesion. Adhesion could contribute to tumor suppression either by physically joining cells or by facilitating other juxtacrine signaling events. Alternatively, E-cadherin tumor suppressor activity could result from binding and antagonizing the nuclear signaling function of β-catenin, a known proto-oncogene. To distinguish between an adhesion- versus a β-catenin signaling–dependent mechanism, chimeric cadherin constructs were expressed in the SW480 colorectal tumor cell line. Expression of wild-type E-cadherin significantly inhibits the growth of this cell line. Growth inhibitory activity is retained by all constructs that have the β-catenin binding region of the cytoplasmic domain but not by E-cadherin constructs that exhibit adhesive activity, but lack the β-catenin binding region. This growth suppression correlates with a reduction in β-catenin/T cell factor (TCF) reporter gene activity. Importantly, direct inhibition of β-catenin/TCF signaling inhibits the growth of SW480 cells, and the growth inhibitory activity of E-cadherin is rescued by constitutively activated forms of TCF. Thus, the growth suppressor activity of E-cadherin is adhesion independent and results from an inhibition of the β-catenin/TCF signaling pathway, suggesting that loss of E-cadherin expression can contribute to upregulation of this pathway in human cancers. E-cadherin–mediated growth suppression was not accompanied by overall depletion of β-catenin from the cytosol and nucleus. This appears to be due to the existence of a large pool of cytosolic β-catenin in SW480 cells that is refractory to both cadherin binding and TCF binding. Thus, a small pool of β-catenin that can bind TCF (i.e., the transcriptionally active pool) can be selectively depleted by E-cadherin expression. The existence of functionally distinct pools of cytosolic β-catenin suggests that there are mechanisms to regulate β-catenin signaling in addition to controlling its level of accumulation.
Asymmetric tandem organic photovoltaic cells with hybrid planar-mixed molecular heterojunctions

We demonstrate high-efficiency organic photovoltaic cells by stacking two hybrid planar-mixed molecular heterojunction cells in series. Absorption of incident light is maximized by locating the subcell tuned to absorb long-wavelength light nearest to the transparent anode, and tuning the second subcell closest to the reflecting metal cathode to preferentially absorb short-wavelength solar energy. Using the donor, copper phthalocyanine, and the acceptor, C60, we achieve a maximum power conversion efficiency of ηP=(5.7±0.3)% under 1 sun simulated AM1.5G solar illumination. An open-circuit voltage of VOC⩽1.2V is obtained, doubling that of a single cell. Analytical models suggest that power conversion efficiencies exceeding 6.5% can be obtained by this architecture.
Delivery Systems for Continuing Education

THIS paper, like the preceding one, is, in my judgment, very academic. In fact, we might say that this entire section of the program is a very important subject for academia today. Today's environment calls on us to develop a new sophistication, a broader program that will tax the discipline and provide an expanding opportunity to serve society. Today we, like every other discipline in the university, are being challenged. We are being challenged as to our reason for being. We are being asked the question, are you useful? Are you worth our tax dollars? Are we, as taxpayers, getting a product that is valuable to us as we work through the institutional and personal changes that are associated with a rapidly changing society? We are being challenged from many sources because we have assisted one segment of rural America but have virtually ignored another segment. We have been eager to help in building an efficient agriculture, but we have not been as eager to work with those rural Americans who are not sharing proportionally in the wealth of the nation, economically, socially, or culturally. We have not given this problem the recognition it merits in our research and extension programs. The statistics suggest that this recognition is long past due. Today per capita outlays for social services are three to four times greater in urban areas than in rural areas; non-metropolitan counties account for two-thirds of the substandard housing but receive one-sixth of the federal funds; and non-metropolitan counties have onehalf of the children in disadvantaged circumstances but only receive 20 to 41 percent of the monies allocated to programs concerned with such children. This situation represents a great challenge to the land grant university. While the university is not the sole cause for this condition, it must accept an educational responsibility for providing assistance in the future. The questions and the challenge must be answered and, in my judgment, can be answered very positively and effectively. The questions can be answered within our present framework in the land grant university. However, I believe we must examine our output as we attempt to answer the challenge. To be effective our output must contain knowledge which can be used by the decision makers on a day-to-day basis. To be used it must be understood, and to be understood it must be placed in a framework and in a language that has meaning to the recipient. To be useful this product must be conveyed to the public in a way that makes it relatively easy for the potential user to participate in the educational process. These two conditions cannot be met unless we as extension and research staff members have an intimate knowl-
Interactive effects of chronic cigarette smoking and age on hippocampal volumes.

a b s t r a c t Background: Previous cross-sectional MRI studies with healthy, young-to-middle-aged adults reported no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers on total hippocampal volume. However, these studies did not specifically test for greater age-related volume loss in the total hippocampus or hippocampal subregions in smokers, and did they did not examine relationships between hippocampal and subfield volumes and episodic learning and memory performance. Methods: Healthy, young-to-middle-aged (45 ± 12 years of age) smokers (n = 39) and non-smokers (n = 43) were compared on total hippocampal and subfield volumes derived from high-resolution 4 Tesla MRI, emphasizing testing for greater age-related volume losses in smokers. Associations between hippocampal volumes and measures of episodic learning and memory were examined. Results: Smokers showed significantly smaller volumes, as well as greater volume loss with increasing age than non-smokers in the bilateral total hippocampus and multiple subfields. In smokers, greater pack-years were associated with smaller volumes of the total hippocampus, presubiculum, and subicu- lum. In the entire cohort, performance on measures of learning and memory was related to larger total hippocampal and several subfield volumes, predominately in the left hemisphere. Conclusions: Chronic cigarette smoking in this young-to-middle aged cohort was associated with smaller total hippocampal and subfield volumes, which were exacerbated by advancing age. Findings also indi- cated an adverse smoking dose/duration response (i.e., pack-years) with total hippocampal and select subfield volumes. These hippocampal volume abnormalities in smokers may be related to the deficiencies in episodic learning and memory in young-to-middle-aged smokers reported in previous studies. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
An Algorithm for Aligning a Quadrilateral Grid with Internal Boundaries

We present a new numerical algorithm that aligns a quadrilateral grid with internal alignment curves (IACs). These IACs can be used to delineate internal interfaces, discontinuities in material properties, internal boundaries, or major features of a flow field. The adaptive IAC grid generation algorithm readjusts a predefined reference grid to create a nearby grid where the mesh cell edges are aligned with the IACs. On an aligned grid, numerical discretizations of partial differential equations can be formulated to satisfy the interfacial relations, such as matching fluxes across the discontinuity, to reduce the numerical errors introduced by the discontinuity. We present examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the IAC grid generation algorithm for multiple embedded interfaces in a quadrilateral grid.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF NUCLEI AND NUCLEOLI IN PSORIATIC EPIDERMIS, COMPARED WITH THOSE IN NORMAL EPIDERMIS

Quantitative and qualitative differences of the nuclear and nucleolar structures in normal and psoriatic (involved and uninvolved) epidermis were revealed with the electron microscope. The size of nuclei and nucleoli was increased, the frequency of nuclear bodies was increased, and the relative amount of heterochromatin was decreased in involved skin compared to normal or uninvolved skin. There was no significant difference between normal skin and uninvolved skin of psoriasis. In addition to these changes, multiple fibrillar centers within nucleoli and small masses of chromatin in the epidermal nucleoplasm were observed very frequently in involved skin, while rarely or not at all in normal and uninvolved skin. These results suggest that involved psoriatic keratinocytes have increased metabolic activity and abnormal protein synthesis, having undergone gene derepression.
A Large Submucosal Mass With Prominent Superficial Vessels

A man in his 40s presented with a multiple-year history of difficulty breathing throughhis left nostril. Severalmonthsprior topresentation, he began to experience left-sided epistaxis occurring up to 10 times per month, which was controlled with direct pressure. More recently, a friend noticed bulging of his left lateral nasal sidewall. Physical examination revealed a large submucosal mass with prominent superficial vessels within the mucosa almost completely filling the left anterior nasal cavity. Axial computed tomography (CT) showed a well-circumscribedoval-shaped lesionwith intermediate attenuation in the left anterior nasal cavity that shifted the septum to the right with remodelingof thenasalbone (Figure, A). The lesionhadmostlyhigh signalonaxialT2-weightedmagnetic resonance imaging(MRI)within which therewas a reticular pattern of septawith low signal (Figure, B). The lesionhadheterogeneous,mostly low signal on coronal fatsuppressed T1-weighted imaging (Figure, C), as well as prominent heterogeneous contrast enhancement using the same sequence (Figure,D).The lesionwas resectedviaanendoscopicendonasal approach andwas found to be originating from the left superior nasal septumwithnoextensionbeyond the left lateral nasalwallmucosa or the right septal mucosa. What is your diagnosis? A B
The effect of 2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide on DNA synthesis of a murine stratified keratinocyte culture system

A primary stratified keratinocyte culture resembling the epidermis in situ was used as a model for studying the effects of exposure to 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide, or sulfur mustard (SM), on DNA synthesis. A method that distinguishes between semi-conservative (s.c.) DNA synthesis and repair synthesis was used to determine if the former was inhibited following treatment with SM. In this method the density of the newly synthesized DNA was increased by incorporation of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. Density gradient centrifugation was then used to isolate the heavy DNA for quantification. It was demonstrated that topically applied SM in the dose range of 1-10 nmole/cm2 inhibited s.c. DNA synthesis (replication) in a dose and time related manner. Inhibition of DNA replication by SM would result in inhibition of cell division which must be preceded by s.c. DNA synthesis. This failure to replace damaged germinative cells may lead to the destruction of the basal layer which is observed in vivo and in our epidermal culture following exposure to SM. This may also be related to development of vesication observed in exposed intact human skin.
Minocycline treatment reverses ultrasonic vocalization production deficit in a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome

Abstract Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability, with behaviors characteristic of autism. Symptoms include abnormal social behavior, repetitive behavior, communication disorders, and seizures. Many symptoms of FXS have been replicated in the Fmr1 knockout ( KO) mice. Whether Fmr1 KO mice exhibit vocal communication deficits is not known. By recording ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) produced by adult male mice during mating, we show that USV calling rate (number of calls/second) is reduced in Fmr1 KO mice compared to WT controls. The WT control and Fmr1 KO groups did not differ in other aspects of mating behavior such as time spent sniffing, mounting, rooting and without contact. Acoustic properties of calls such as mean frequency (in kHz), duration and dynamic range of frequencies were not different. This indicates a specific deficit in USV calling rate in Fmr1 KO mice. Previous studies have shown that treatment of Fmr1 KO mice with minocycline for 4 weeks from birth can alleviate some behavioral symptoms. Here we tested if minocycline also reversed vocalization deficits in these mice. Calling rate increased and was similar to WT controls in adult Fmr1 KO mice treated with minocycline for four weeks from birth (P0–P28). All acoustic properties measured were similar in treated and untreated WT control mice indicating minocycline effects were specific to vocalizations in the Fmr1 KO mice. These data suggest that mating-related USVs are robust and relevant biomarkers of FXS, and that minocycline treatment is a promising avenue for treatment of FXS symptoms.
CHANGES IN SCORES ON CALIFORNIA PSYCHOLOGICAL INVENTORY AMONG SEMINARIANS: WHAT HAPPENED TO THE CLASS OF '68?'

-To test the hypothesis that ministers' family milieu fosters mixed masculine-feminine traits, a 10-yr. follow-up study was conducted where seminarians were retested with the California Psychological Inventory. Among the seminarians, 28 were ordained and 6 were not. Support was obtained for the hypothesis. Grade point averages were significantly higher among the ordained. This study is restricted to Catholic seminarians; making a good impression became important after ordination, not before; three scales which were significant among Protestant seminarians in previous research were not found in this study, suggesting dissimilarity among denominations.
A natural ring basis for the shuffle algebra and an application to group schemes

In this paper we construct a (ring) basis for the shuffle algebra Sh(V) of a vector space V over a field K and show that it provides a computational method for the study of commutative pointed irreducible Hopf algebras (such Hopf algebras represent unipotent pro-afIine group schemes). Let {Q: x E X} be an indexed basis for V and S = (X) be the free semigroup generated by X. The a, E vzl @ ... @ van’s, where
The gas phase reaction of O3 with a series of aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The reactions of O3 with acetylene, methylglyoxal and a series of aromatic hydrocarbons were studied at 297 ± 2°K. Rate constants k2 were obtained from the O3 decay rates in the presence of excess reactant and were determined to be (k2 × 1020 cm3 molecule‐1 sec‐1): acetylene 3.8 ± 0.6; methylglyoxal 0.11 ± 0.05; benzene 0.007 ± 0.004; toluene 0.015 ± 0.008; o‐xylene 0.07 ± 0.02; m‐xylene 0.06 ± 0.02; p‐xylene 0.04 ± 0.02; 1,2,3‐trimethylbenzene 0.16 + 0.04; 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene 0.13 ± 0.03; 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene 0.22 ± 0.06. The major products identified from the reaction of O3 with toluene, o‐xylene and 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene were α‐dicarbonyls.