cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
iLid: Low-power Sensing of Fatigue and Drowsiness Measures on a Computational Eyeglass

The ability to monitor eye closures and blink patterns has long been known to enable accurate assessment of fatigue and drowsiness in individuals. Many measures of the eye are known to be correlated with fatigue including coarse-grained measures like the rate of blinks as well as fine-grained measures like the duration of blinks and the extent of eye closures. Despite a plethora of research validating these measures, we lack wearable devices that can continually and reliably monitor them in the natural environment. In this work, we present a low-power system, iLid, that can continually sense fine-grained measures such as blink duration and Percentage of Eye Closures (PERCLOS) at high frame rates of 100fps. We present a complete solution including design of the sensing, signal processing, and machine learning pipeline; implementation on a prototype computational eyeglass platform; and extensive evaluation under many conditions including illumination changes, eyeglass shifts, and mobility. Our results are very encouraging, showing that we can detect blinks, blink duration, eyelid location, and fatigue-related metrics such as PERCLOS with less than a few percent error.
Comparative Effectiveness of Surgical Treatments for Pediatric Hydrocephalus.

BACKGROUND Pediatric hydrocephalus represents a high health care burden in the United States (US). Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. OBJECTIVE To perform a comparative effectiveness analysis for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement in pediatric hydrocephalus patients in the US using a large administrative claims database through the application of propensity scores matching. METHODS The MarketScan® database (Truven Health Analytics, Atlanta, Georgia) 2003 to 2011 was used. Patients 19 yr or younger at first occurrence of ETV or shunt during the study period were included. The study outcome, surgery failure, was defined as further surgical treatment for hydrocephalus subsequent to initial ETV or shunt procedure. Age, etiology of hydrocephalus, and history of shunt were used to create matched samples for the ETV and shunt cohorts. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, stratified log-rank test, and Cox proportional-hazard models were used to analyze samples. RESULTS There were 3231 eligible cases (478 ETV; 2753 shunt). Propensity scores matching produced 455 balanced pairs. For matched samples, 326 of 455 (72%) pairs were concordant, while 129 pairs were discordant in surgery outcomes within 3 mo. Among discordant pairs, ETV patients were more likely to experience surgery failure compared to patients receiving shunt (relative risk = 1.4, P value = .011). Furthermore, patients' age < 1 yr had lower ETV success rates than those with shunt (P value = .009). No similar pattern was found in patients' age ≥ 1 yr. CONCLUSION There was no significant effect on time to failure between patients undergoing ETV and shunt, except in infants' age <1 yr.
Parametric study on the use of the Fokker-Planck Equation to examine the nonstationary wind-induced dynamics of tall buildings

Abstract This communication discusses the results of an ongoing investigation on the dynamics of tall buildings under thunderstorm-induced wind loads. Numerical simulations are based on a stochastic state-space model, which incorporates the effects of wind-induced damage on the facade of a tall building through a monetary random function. This function quantifies, in a generalized form, the intervention cost (repair and maintenance) needed after a strong wind event. The mixed model combines dynamic response states, equivalent buffeting load states and wind load estimation error states. Solution to the Fokker-Planck equation, associated with the stochastic differential equation, is determined by both intrusive mesh-free Galerkin approach and stochastic linearization. Both stationary (“fully frozen”) and evolutionary downburst dynamic responses are considered.
Recurrent adnexal lymphoma in a horse

Summary Lymphoma is a relatively uncommon neoplasm in the horse; however, it is considered the most common neoplasia of the equine haemolymphatic system. Limited reports of adnexal lymphoma have been documented in the literature, with no known reports of recurrence nearly a decade after mass excision. The objective is to describe a case of recurrent adnexal lymphoma in a 20-year-old Quarter Horse gelding presented to the Ophthalmology service at the University of Florida Veterinary Hospital (UFVH) for evaluation of a solitary subconjunctival mass of the right eye (OD). A focal, pink, fleshy mass associated with the dorsomedial bulbar conjunctiva was noted. An excisional biopsy was performed. Histopathology revealed lymphoma with clean margins. The client declined staging and further therapy at the initial visit. Approximately 8 years later, the horse began to exhibit intermittent mild to moderate diffuse swelling of the conjunctiva OD. Six months after onset, the swelling worsened acutely and was accompanied by severe swelling of the left conjunctiva (OS). The horse then returned to UFVH and was diagnosed with diffuse, bilateral conjunctival lymphoma. Humane euthanasia was elected. T cell lymphoma was confirmed with immunohistochemistry performed post-mortem. At necropsy, neoplastic tissue was observed throughout the adnexal and ocular tissues of both eyes and in the submandibular lymph nodes. Adnexal lymphoma is an uncommon neoplasm in the horse. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documentation of a nodular adnexal lymphoma that involved an 8-year period without recurrence followed by development of diffuse, bilateral disease. Typically, surgical excision of the nodular form of lymphoma involving the extraocular tissues yields an improved prognosis compared with the diffuse form of the disease. Further investigation is necessary to determine if nodular forms of adnexal lymphoma represent early stages of diffuse extraocular or systemic disease.
Comparative Physiology of Insect Flight Muscle

Insect flight is powered by muscles that attach more-or-less directly to the wings (direct flight muscles) and muscles that bring about wing movement by distorting the insect’s thorax (indirect flight muscles). Flight stability and steering are achieved by differential activation of power muscles and by the activity of control muscles that alter wing stroke amplitude and angle of attack. One evolutionary trend seen when comparing more advanced with less advanced fliers is a reduction in the number of power muscles and an increase in the number of control muscles. On the basis of the neural control of contraction, insect muscles may be divided into synchronous muscles and asynchronous muscles. In synchronous muscles there is neural input and evoked muscle action potentials associated with each contraction. Asynchronous muscles are turned on by neural input, but, when activated, they can contract in an oscillatory manner if attached to an appropriate, mechanically resonant load. The features of asynchronous muscles that allow oscillatory contraction are delayed stretch activation and delayed shortening deactivation. Because asynchronous muscles do not have to be turned on and off by neural input for each contraction, they are expected to be more efficient and more powerful than are synchronous muscles for high frequency operation.
Perimenstrual asthma: Report of a case with therapeutic intervention of oral prednisone.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Many asthmatic women of childbearing age experience cyclical aggravation of asthmatic symptoms during the perimenstrual period, or perimenstrual asthma (PMA). PMA is considered to be a difficult-to-treat asthma phenotype; conventional asthma therapies are not always effective against PMA. Case Study: We report a case of a 27-year-old female with PMA who had received standard asthma treatment since 2013. Result: The patient showed a dramatic response to therapeutic intervention of oral prednisone, taken for 7 days prior to menstruation each month, in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Premenstrual treatment with oral prednisone may be a successful new direction for the treatment of PMA, a troublesome type of asthma.
The Continuing Evolution of a Science for Students With Behavioral Disorders: Who, What, When, Where, and How:

Teachers report that students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) present challenges that are among the greatest they face on a daily basis. Research, however, clearly shows that teachers...
Efficacy of surveillance ultrasound for venous thromboembolism diagnosis in critically ill children after trauma.

Abstract Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increasingly prevalent in injured children admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Few data exist to support VTE pharmacologic prophylaxis or ultrasound (US) surveillance in children with high bleeding risk. After implementation of screening US guidelines, we sought to describe our experience, hypothesizing that screening US of children at highest risk for VTE results in earlier detection and management. Study design A retrospective analysis was conducted on prospectively collected data of injured children admitted to an American College of Surgeons Verified level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center from 2010 to 2015. In patients at high risk for both VTE and bleeding (HRHR), guidelines recommended deferral of pharmacologic prophylaxis and a screening US at ≥ 7 ICU days if bleeding risk remained. Outcomes analyzed included VTE rates, guideline compliance, and US timing. The rate of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) detection (number of DVT captured/number of US obtained) was examined. Results Of 4061 trauma patients, 588 (14.5%) were critically injured including 112 patients who met HRHR criteria. The rate of VTE in the HRHR group ≥ 7 ICU days was 25% (14/56). Of 23 VTE diagnosed in the ICU, 17 were detected by 49 US performed (34.7%), with the remaining 6 diagnosed by computed tomography. DVT was detected earlier than the US guideline recommended 7 days, independent of symptoms. Guideline compliance was 86%. Conclusion Critically injured children at risk for bleeding frequently develop VTE. Surveillance ultrasound in patients at high risk for both VTE and bleeding allows earlier detection and treatment. Level of Evidence Therapeutic study, level II.
Deriving Design Recommendations Through Discount Usability Engineering: Ethnographic Observation and Thinking-Aloud Protocol in Usability Testing for Computer-Based Teaching Cases

Usability engineering often involves experimental evaluation designs carried out in special usability laboratories. Though becoming more popular in medical informatics, the approach is little used. Possibly this is because of the expense involved in set-up, data collection, and data analysis. Excellent results may be obtained, however, by employing discount usability engineering and qualitative methods of data collection and analysis to generate recommendations to improve usability. A prototype computer-based teaching case was evaluated in a discount usability engineering approach by combining modified ethnographic observation with simplified thinking aloud protocol. Data was collected and analyzed using standard approaches for qualitative data. This approach led to helpful recommendations for designing teaching cases. The project team believes this economical approach to usability testing may be helpful to others engaged in interface design.
Cranial Base Surgery of Hypoglossal Schwannomas

Lesions of the ventrolateral brainstem, craniovertebral junction, and infrajugular-high cervical area pose significant challenges for surgeons, and the rate of morbidity and mortality from classic neurosurgical approaches has proven to be unacceptably high. The Extreme Lateral Infrajugular Transcondylar-transtubercular Exposure (ELITE) approach, which is an improved skull base version of the extreme lateral suboccipital approach, provides sufficient exposure for these formidable cranial base lesions such as intracranial or dumbbell-shaped hypoglossal schwannomas. Based on our experience and literature analysis, we proposed the following modified grading scale to facilitate surgical planning: Type A, intradural tumors; Type B, dumbbell-shaped tumors; Type C, extracranial skull base tumors; and Type D, peripheral tumors.
Do squid breathe through their skin

ABSTRACT Squid are thought to obtain a large portion of their oxygen via simple diffusion across the skin in addition to uptake at the gills. Although this hypothesis has support from indirect evidence and is widely accepted, no empirical examinations have been conducted to assess the validity of this hypothesis. In this study, we examined cutaneous respiration in two squid species, Doryteuthis pealeii and Lolliguncula brevis, using a divided chamber to physically separate the mantle cavity and gills from the outer mantle surface. We measured oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates in the two compartments and found that, at rest, squid only obtain enough oxygen cutaneously to meet the demand of the skin tissue locally (12% of total) and excrete little ammonia across the skin. The majority of oxygen is obtained via the traditional branchial pathway. In light of these findings, we re-examine and discuss the indirect evidence that has supported the cutaneous respiration hypothesis.
Community Performance: An Introduction

Community Performance: An Introduction is a comprehensive and accessible practice-based primer for students and practitioners of community arts, dance, and theatre, offering reflection on the ethical issues inherent to the field. It is both a classroom-friendly textbook and a handbook for the practitioner, perfectly answering the needs of a field where teaching is orientated around practice. Offering a toolkit for students interested in running community arts groups or community performance events, this book includes: international case studies and first-person stories by practitioners and participants sample exercises, both practical and reflective study questions excerpts of illustrative material from theorists and practitioners This second edition has been completely revised with over 25% new content to bring the book up to date with developments in both society and performance, including the rise of social media, updates in the contexts of social justice, new standards and norms in social practice, and the changing faces of funding, evaluation, and professional development. The book can be used as a standalone text or together with its companion volume, Community Performance: A Reader, to provide an excellent introduction to the field of community arts practice.
Competition as a Means for Improving Academic Scores and Attendance at Education Conference.

Objective To determine the effectiveness of competition on education conference attendance rate with a secondary goal of increased performance on in-service examination performance within a single academic general surgery residency. Design By using a competition-based model of learning, we aimed to increase the overall resident attendance to weekly education conference as well as performance on in-service examination. Residents were given weekly reading assignments which were supplemented with lectures from faculty with expert knowledge of a given topic on a weekly basis. The ability of the surgical resident to apply this knowledge in a board-style exam was then tested on a weekly by administering a 10-question quiz. Setting The program was implemented at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, an academic surgical residency program. Results The competition-based model of learning had improved conference attendance rates from 52% to 90% Overall quiz participation rates were 90.3% (SEM = 6.32%). Of the 5 distinct postgraduate levels performing on the weekly quizzes, the postgraduate year (PGY) 3 class performed best with the highest scores through 8 weeks. The next highest scoring class was the PGY 4 class. Overall average scores were 76% (standard deviation 10%). American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination scores did not significantly change between the observed years. Overall the average percentile for 2016 American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination was 55.3 compared to 2017’s 47.4 (p = 0.0906). Conclusions After adding competition to our weekly education conference, we were able to improve our overall education conference attendance. Although this change did not have any objective changes measured on in-service examination results, we feel the increase in attendance and participation within education conference can only serve to benefit the surgical trainee. The establishment of this program has increased resident academic expectations, and a formalized guest-attending lecture schedule only drives conference participation higher. The establishment of weekly quizzes for and by residents allows the student to be more involved in their own education, and that of their peers.
Development and demonstration of an integrated EEG, eye-tracking, and behavioral data acquisition system to assess online learning

Over the past several years, there has been a rise in online learning platforms and websites for skill acquisition. However, traditional learning analytics to evaluate the effectiveness of presented material are limited in that they do not acquire information regarding the user's biophysical state during this learning process. In this paper, we propose an inexpensive system for evaluating online learners' engagement and performance via electroencephalography (EEG), eye-tracking, and behavioral data methods. Such information is of interest to (i) neuroscientists and psychologists aiming to quantify computerized learning processes and developing models to represent learning states, as well as to (ii) individuals designing educational content to better understand how information is accessed and utilized by users. We first describe the selection, design, and integration of the bio-signal components. We then demonstrate the combined utility of our system through recording signals while participants (N=22) completed German language lessons on the free web-based platform, Duolingo. As low-cost hardware is utilized in our system, data acquisition can readily be scaled to multiple research sites or remote collection, allowing for access to more naturalistic datasets not typically studied using traditional laboratory research systems.
Names and Proverbs: Religious Significance

Using Kinyarwanda, the national language of Rwanda, this article shows that it is possible to obtain insight into a people's worldview and religious beliefs by looking at the vocabulary of their language, and also their language use, particularly names and proverbs. This is the approach that anthropological linguists use to understand a society's culture.
Identification of clinically relevant dysglycemia phenotypes based on continuous glucose monitoring data from youth with type 1 diabetes and elevated hemoglobin A1c.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize subgroups of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) who share patterns in their continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data as "dysglycemia phenotypes." METHODS Data were analyzed from the Flexible Lifestyles Empowering Change randomized trial. Adolescents with T1D (13-16 years, duration >1 year) and HbA1c 8% to 13% (64-119 mmol/mol) wore blinded CGM at baseline for 7 days. Participants were clustered based on eight CGM metrics measuring hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and glycemic variability. Clusters were characterized by their baseline features and 18 months changes in HbA1c using adjusted mixed effects models. For comparison, participants were stratified by baseline HbA1c (≤/>9.0% [75 mmol/mol]). RESULTS The study sample included 234 adolescents (49.8% female, baseline age 14.8 ± 1.1 years, baseline T1D duration 6.4 ± 3.7 years, baseline HbA1c 9.6% ± 1.2%, [81 ± 13 mmol/mol]). Three Dysglycemia Clusters were identified with significant differences across all CGM metrics (P < .001). Dysglycemia Cluster 3 (n = 40, 17.1%) showed severe hypoglycemia and glycemic variability with moderate hyperglycemia and had a lower baseline HbA1c than Clusters 1 and 2 (P < .001). This cluster showed increases in HbA1c over 18 months (p-for-interaction = 0.006). No other baseline characteristics were associated with Dysglycemia Clusters. High HbA1c was associated with lower pump use, greater insulin doses, more frequent blood glucose monitoring, lower motivation, and lower adherence to diabetes self-management (all P < .05). CONCLUSIONS There are subgroups of adolescents with T1D for which glycemic control is challenged by different aspects of dysglycemia. Enhanced understanding of demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics that contribute to CGM-derived dysglycemia phenotypes may reveal strategies to improve treatment.
Targeting and Resistance: Reassessing the Effect of External Support on the Duration and Outcome of Armed Conflict

This article draws a distinction between external support which primarily serves to enhance rebel capacity to offensively target vital state interests and support which primarily increases rebel ca...
Net Clinical Benefit of Oral Anticoagulation Among Older Adults With Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: While guidelines recommend anticoagulation for all atrial fibrillation (AF) patients ≥75 years, evidence for the net clinical benefit (NCB) of anticoagulant in older adults is sparse. W...
If Looks Could Kill: Do Characteristics of Female Offenders Influence Death Penalty Sentencing Decisions?

Sentencing research suggests that offenders who are more physically attractive are more likely to experience leniency in verdict and sentencing. Additionally, there is evidence that other extralega...
The total artificial heart in patients with congenital heart disease

Background: While ventricular assist devices (VADs) remain the cornerstone of mechanical circulatory support (MCS), the total artificial heart (TAH-t) has gained popularity for certain patients in whom VAD support is not ideal. Congenital heart disease (CHD) patients often have barriers to VAD placement due to anatomic and physiological variation and thus can benefit from the TAH-t. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in TAH application and outcomes in patients with and without CHD. Methods: The SynCardia Department of Clinical Research provided data upon request for all TAH-t implantations worldwide from December 1985 to October 2019. These patients were divided into two groups by pre-implantation diagnosis of CHD and non-CHD. Results: A total of 1,876 patients were identified. Eighty (4%) of these patients also carried a diagnosis of CHD. There was a higher proportion of children in the CHD cohort (16.3% vs. 2.1%, P Conclusions: TAH-t is an effective means to support patients with CHD. Patients with CHD had similar survival, support characteristics, and frequency of discharge compared to patients without CHD. As MCS continues to grow, its indications broadened, and its contraindications narrowed, more patient populations will see the benefit of the TAH’s continuously developing technology.
Cold spray technology in nuclear energy applications: A review of recent advances

Abstract Cold spray technology is a promising solid-state, powder-based deposition methods for fabrication of coatings, near-net-shape manufacturing, and component repair. In recent years, this technology has been investigated for many applications in the nuclear energy sector. For example, it has been explored for the deposition of coatings of corrosion and oxidation materials on zirconium-alloys fuel claddings in light water reactors (LWR) for achieving more accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding. Other examples of its use for nuclear energy applications include coatings for enhancements in wear resistance and heat transfer, near-net shape manufacturing of next-generation fuel claddings of oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steels, and for mitigation and repair of potential chloride induced stress corrosion cracking in used fuel storage canister systems. This paper reviews published literature on the application of cold spray process for nuclear energy applications, while pointing to gaps that have yet to be addressed.
Radiation-Induced Transformation in Rodent and Human Cells: Assay Systems and Uses in Risk Estimates

In recent years public concern has focussed on the hazards of low dose radiation, at the levels of 0.1 to 1.0 rad. This is a dose level involved in public exposure from nuclear installation as well as from medical diagnostic x-rays. While radiation is a weak carcinogen and mutagen compared to some chemicals it is the most ubiquituous and measurable at low doses.
Do Ratings Matter? An Examination of Non-Rated Firms

I attempt to add to the credit rating literature by empirically testing a hitherto untapped sample. While increased attention is being paid to credit rating agencies through academic studies, the examination of non-rated firms has yet to be investigated. An analysis of this subset of firms can begin to answer the question of whether firms are responding to some omitted variable, rather than an adherence or preference for a credit rating. After creating hypothetical ratings for a non-rated sample, I examine if these firms react in a similar fashion to credit rating threats as do rated firms since a response to a rating stimulus by a non-rated firm that is qualitatively similar to a rated firm would open up a new argument against firms’ regard for ratings. My results alleviate the concern of firm response to an omitted variable.
A Biomechanical, Cadaveric Evaluation of Single- Versus Double-Row Repair Techniques on Stability of Bony Bankart Lesions:

Background:Previous studies comparing stability between single- and double-row arthroscopic bony Bankart repair techniques focused only on the measurements of tensile forces on the bony fragment wi...
The care and feeding of 9-1-1 infrastructure: dispatcher culture as media work and infrastructural transformation

Emergency dispatchers who receive 9-1-1 calls and initiate various emergency response services perform media work that produces 9-1-1 as an infrastructural system for the public at large. This shou...
Data-Driven Learning of 3-Point Correlation Functions as Microstructure Representations

This paper considers the open challenge of identifying complete, concise, and explainable quantitative microstructure representations for disordered heterogeneous material systems. Completeness and conciseness have been achieved through existing data-driven methods, e.g., deep generative models, which, however, do not provide mathematically explainable latent representations. This study investigates representations composed of three-point correlation functions, which are a special type of spatial convolutions. We show that a variety of microstructures can be characterized by a concise subset of three-point correlations, and the identification of such subsets can be achieved by Bayesian optimization. Lastly, we show that the proposed representation can directly be used to compute material properties based on the effective medium theory.
The Nature of Informational Modeling

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS in computer and communication technology have changed the way information systems in organizations are looked upon, both by insiders (those who run the organizations) and outsiders (those who deal with the organizations). It has become commonplace for the customer and the general public, as well as the systems specialist and the service representative, to interact directly with such systems through computer terminals and modems at sites far outside the physical sphere of organizational control. This trend has, if anything, put even more pressure on organizations to develop or purchase information systems that are comprehensive in scope and easy to use. The term “user friendly” must be understood at a much higher level than when it is employed to sell PC software for the home computer.
Vortex shedding flow meter performance at high flow velocities

In some of the ducts of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), the maximum liquid oxygen flow velocities approach 10 times those at which liquid flow measurements are normally made. The hydrogen gas flow velocities in other ducts exceed the maximum for gas flow measurement by more than a factor of 3. The results presented here show from water flow tests that vortex shedding flow meters of the appropriate design can measure water flow to velocities in excess of 55 m/s, which is a Reynolds number of about 2 million. Air flow tests have shown that the same meter can measure flow to a Reynolds number of at least 22 million. Vortex shedding meters were installed in two of the SSME ducts and tested with water flow. Narrow spectrum lines were obtained and the meter output frequencies were proportional to flow to + or - 0.5% or better over the test range with no flow conditioning, even though the ducts had multiple bends preceeding the meter location. Meters with the shedding elements only partially spanning the pipe and some meters with ring shaped shedding elements were also tested.
The Foundations of the American Common Market

The United States Constitution commits the United States to a common market system, yet, unfortunately, the nature and scope of the American common market have been incompletely—and, at times, inconsistently—described by the U.S. Supreme Court. This Article provides an original, theoretical account of the Court’s commitment to national economic union. As I argue, the central constitutional commitment is one of deliberative equality—that is, states and localities may regulate or tax interstate commerce if and only if the government gives equal regard to similarly situated in-state and out-of-state interests burdened by the regulation or tax. Deliberative equality provides a powerful normative justification for the judicial review of state measures that inhibit interstate trade. Yet, at the same time, deliberative equality provides ample room for states to respond to public policy issues in divergent ways consistent with the desires of the local citizenry. In this way, deliberative equality offers a superior theoretical foundation than alternative theories embraced by the Court, which overemphasize either free trade or state regulatory autonomy. The relative superiority of deliberative equality and the defects in the alternative approaches are both illustrated by the Supreme Court’s recent decisions involving the states’ power to regulate commerce, which inject further confusion into an area already in need of analytical clarity.
The Solar-Stellar Connection: Internal Rotation in Low-Mass Stars

Since the theme of this workshop is the internal rotation of the Sun, I will discuss primarily the problem of the internal rotation of stars with masses and internal evolution which are similar to that of the Sun. Observations of solar type stars in different stages of evolution throw light on the past and future history of the Sun. At the same time, the ability to study stars with different rates of surface rotation, different masses and chemical compositions, provides an opportunity to test more thoroughly and convincingly the physical principles which underlie our models of the solar interior and its state of internal rotation.
Studies on mitochondrial tRNA from animal cells: II. Hybridization of aminoacyl-tRNA from rat liver mitochondria with heavy and light complementary strands of mitochondrial DNA☆☆☆

Abstract The sequence homology of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA's with mitochondrial DNA of rat liver has been studied by performing hybridization at low temperatures in the presence of 50% formamide. The tRNA was acylated with radioactive amino acids so that specific aminoacyl-tRNA-DNA hybridization could be followed in the presence of other species of RNA. With a constant amount of DNA and increasing RNA concentrations, a saturation plateau was reached with all tRNA's tested. Competition experiments showed that mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA competed far more efficiently with mitochondrial tyrosyl-, phenylalanyl-, seryl- or leucyl-tRNA for hybridization sites on mitochondrial DNA than did cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA. No hybridization was observed with rat liver nuclear DNA or Escherichia coli DNA. Hybridization of mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA's was also performed with isolated complementary heavy (H) and light (L) strands of mitochondrial DNA. The DNA was prepared by equilibrium centrifugation in alkaline cesium chloride. It was shown by electron microscopy that at least 20% of the single-stranded DNA molecules present in H and L fractions consisted of full-length 5 μ linear or circular forms. It was found that mitochondrial leucyl- and phenylalanyl-tRNA hybridized exclusively with the H strand, whereas tyrosyl- and seryl-tRNA hybridized exclusively with the L strand of mitochondrial DNA. These studies show (1) that at least four mitochondrial tRNA's are potentially transcribed from mitochondrial DNA; (2) these mitochondrial tRNA's differ in base sequence from their cytoplasmic counterparts; and (3) some species of mitochondrial tRNA may be transcribed in vivo from one strand and others from the complementary strand of mitochondrial DNA.
Measurement of Mw from LEP2

In 1997 each LEP experiment collected approximately 55 inv. pb of data at a center-of-mass energy of 183 GeV. These data yield a sample of candidate e+e- -> WW events from which the mass of the W boson, Mw, is measured. The LEP combined result, including data taken at roots = 161 and 172 GeV and assuming the Standard Model relation between the W decay width and mass, is Mw = 80.35 +/- 0.07 (exp) +/- 0.04 (CR) +/- 0.03 (E_beam) GeV, where the errors correspond to experimental, colour-reconnection/Bose-Einstein, and LEP beam energy uncertainties respectively.
Solutions for gigantism: evolutionary and biomechanical implications of dinosaur hip joint soft tissues

Reconstructing joint anatomy and function is critical to understanding locomotor behavior, ecology, and evolution of vertebrates. Dinosaurs evolved a wide diversity of hip joint morphology and loco...
Limits to Certainty in QoS Pricing and Bandwidth

Advanced services require more reliable bandwidth than currently provided by the Internet Protocol, even with the reliability enhancements provided by TCP. More reliable bandwidth will be provided through QoS (quality of service), as currently discussed widely. Yet QoS has some implications beyond providing ubiquitous access to advance Internet service, which are of interest from a policy perspective. In particular, what are the implications for price of Internet services? Further, how will these changes impact demand and universal service for the Internet. This paper explores the relationship between certainty of bandwidth and certainty of price for Internet services over a statistically shared network and finds that these are mutually exclusive goals.
Increasing the volume of a food by incorporating air affects satiety in men.

Background: Previous research indicated that increasing the volume of food by adding water can lead to reductions in energy intake. However, the addition of water affects not only the volume but also the energy density (kJ/g) of foods. No studies have examined the effect of volume independent of energy density on intake. Objective: We examined the effect of food volume independent of energy density on satiety. Design: In a within-subjects design, 28 lean men consumed breakfast, lunch, and dinner in the laboratory 1 d/wk for 4 wk. On 3 d, participants received a preload 30 min before lunch and on 1 d no preload was served. Preloads consisted of isoenergetic (2088 kJ), yogurt-based milk shakes that varied in volume (300, 450, and 600 mL) as a result of the incorporation of different amounts of air. Preloads contained identical ingredients and weighed the same. Results: The volume of the milk shake significantly affected energy intake at lunch (P < 0.04) such that intake was 12% lower after the 600-mL preload (2966 ± 247 kJ) than after the 300-mL preload (3368 ± 197 kJ). Subjects also reported greater reductions in hunger and greater increases in fullness after consumption of both the 450- and 600-mL preloads than after the 300-mL preload. Conclusions: Changing the volume of a preload by incorporating air affected energy intake. Thus, the volume of a preload independent of its energy density can influence satiety.
Linkage analysis of candidate genes in autoimmune thyroid disease. III. Detailed analysis of chromosome 14 localizes Graves' disease-1 (GD-1) close to multinodular goiter-1 (MNG-1)

The autoimmune thyroid diseases [Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases (GD and HT)] develop in genetically susceptible individuals, but the genes responsible for this susceptibility remain unknown. To identify such genes, we have been testing candidate genes and chromosomal regions using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. We recently reported evidence for the first locus linked to GD (GD-1) on chromosome 14q31 in a small group of families. We have now extended these studies and analyzed 53 multiplex families with GD and/or HT (323 individuals). Chromosome 14 was screened using 16 microsatellite markers spanning the entire chromosome. Three additional markers located inside candidate genes on chromosome 14 were also studied. Microsatellite markers were amplified using fluorescent-labeled primers and separated on an ABI-310 genetic analyzer. The data were analyzed using LIPED software for two-point logarithm of odds (LOD) score analysis and GeneHunter software for multipoint linkage analysis. No linkage ...
The Allocation of Scientific Effort: Some Important Aspects

I. Introduction, 307. — II. The model, 308. — III. Some limitations of the model, 312. — IV. Concluding remarks, 319. — Appendix, 320.
Dynamic link between mesoscopic fluctuations and photon localization

We observe the increasing impact of weak localization and the growth of intensity correlation with delay time from an exciting pulse and find a link between localization and mesoscopic fluctuations of total transmission.
Binding energy of benzoate ions on alumina

Abstract We present a simple statistical mechanical model for the adsorption of molecules from solution onto solid surfaces. This model improves our understanding of the liquid doping technique commonly used in inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) sample preparation. Using this model we obtain an excellent two parameter fit to the experimental data of Langan and Hansma for the surface concentration vs solution concentration for the adsorption of benzoic acid on alumina from a water solution. This fit gives the density of binding sites N = 1.0 × 10 15 cm -2 and the binding energy ϵ = 1.0eV for the system.
Thomas Chalmers (1780–1847) in North America (ca. 1830–1917)

When in the spring of 1817 the thirty-seven-year-old Scottish minister, Thomas Chalmers, descended upon London, the world's greatest metropolis was transfixed. The four benefit sermons that Chalmers preached between 14 May and 25 May produced electrifying results. “All the world wild about Dr. Chalmers,” wrote William Wilberforce in his diary. At the sermon for the Hibernian Society, which distributed Bibles to the Irish poor, Viscount Castlereagh, moving British spirit at the Congress of Vienna, and the future prime minister George Canning were visibly moved. For his final appearance the throng was so intense that Chalmers, arriving shortly before he was to preach, could neither get into the church nor, at first, convince the crowd that he was the preacher, so far did his nondescript appearance fall short of his grand reputation. When friends inside finally recognized Chalmers, they secured his entrance by having him walk on a plank through an open window up to the pulpit itself.
The kinetics of gas-phase propene hydroformylation over a supported ionic liquid-phase (SILP) rhodium catalyst

Abstract An investigation of the kinetics of propene hydroformylation in the gas phase has been conducted over a silica-supported Rh–sulfoxantphos complex stabilized by the ionic liquid [bmim][OctSO 4 ]. The reaction temperature was found to have a strong effect on the kinetics of n - and iso-butanal formation. For both products, it was observed that increasing the temperature decreased the apparent activation energy, altered the reaction orders with respect to reactants, and decreased the molar ratio of n - to iso-butanal. The observed changes in the kinetics are discussed in terms of the generally accepted mechanism for olefin hydroformylation and are attributed to a change in the rate-determining step (RDS). It is concluded that at low temperature, the RDS is alkene insertion into an Rh–H bond but becomes the oxidative addition of H 2 at high temperature. The change in the RDS is rationalized in terms of a change in the elementary step with the largest Gibbs free energy of activation (Δ G ‡ ). A greater loss in entropy for the oxidative addition of H 2 over alkene insertion causes the Δ G ‡ of the oxidative addition to be greater than the Δ G ‡ of alkene insertion at high temperature.
On the use of X-ray powder diffraction for determining low levels of chrysotile asbestos in gypsum-based bulk materials: use of a synchrotron source

Abstract The use of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction for the quantitative analysis of very low levels (0.25–3.5wt%) of chrysotile asbestos in bulk samples is examined. A study of chrysotile in a pure alumina matrix indicates that the detection limit is ca. 0.1wt% and the quantification limit ca. 0.2wt%. A second study using a more complex matrix, chrysotile in a gypsumvermiculite mixture, indicates a quantification limit between ca. 0.25 and 0.5wt% for dehydrated samples. The sensitivity of the method can be increased if appropriate chemical pre-treatments using sodium ethylenediamminetetraacetate (EDTA) are performed to remove the gypsum, which is the major component of the mixture. A study of the EDTA treated materials shows no change in the chrysotile and confirms the use of this procedure.
Current status of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy in the United Kingdom

In an era during which minimally invasive procedures are increasingly becoming the norm, arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) seems to be infrequently used for diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the TMJ. The reasons for this are not clear. The purpose of this study was to find out the current state of arthroscopy of the TMJ in the UK and, more specifically, how often it is used, the indications for its use, the level of experience of practising surgeons, and the reasons for not using it. Information was gathered between 2009 and 2010 from a postal and e-mail questionnaire to all oral and maxillofacial consultants in the UK. Of the 346 consultants, 215 (60%) responded to the questionnaire. Forty-two said that they currently used arthroscopy of the TMJ, and 33 of those (81%) have more than 5 years' experience. During the past year, a total of 8 consultants nationally have done 20 arthroscopies or more. Thirty-three of the procedures (81%) were done for both diagnosis and treatment. Lack of perceived need of patients and lack of interest in this specialty were the main reasons given for not doing arthroscopy, lack of training being a key secondary reason. The Storz and Olympus systems were the most commonly used within the UK. Results seem to support the opinion that arthroscopy of the TMJ is under-used, and consideration should be given to ensuring that trainees are instructed in its use, which is important in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the TMJ.
Post-translational Processing of RhoA CARBOXYL METHYLATION OF THE CARBOXYL-TERMINAL PRENYLCYSTEINE INCREASES THE HALF-LIFE OF RhoA

RhoA and related GTP-binding proteins are modified post-translationally at their carboxyl terminus to form a prenylcysteine methyl ester. The synthesis and post-translational modification of RhoA and Cdc42 were examined in the RAW264 macrophage cell line, and the effect of carboxyl methylation on protein turnover was determined. Cells were labeled with [35S]cysteine, and RhoA or Cdc42 was immunoprecipitated with specific antibodies. Both RhoA and Cdc42 were methylated rapidly in control cells, with little accumulation of unmethylated protein. Carboxyl methylation of RhoA was inhibited by incubation of cells with a carbocyclic adenosine analog, 3-deazaaristeromycin, resulting in the accumulation of unmethylated RhoA. Under these conditions, Cdc42 methylation was inhibited only partially. When methylation was inhibited, the RhoA half-life decreased from 31 to 12 h, and the Cdc42 half-life decreased from 15 to 11 h. The increased degradation of unmethylated RhoA demonstrates a novel function for carboxyl-terminal prenylcysteine carboxyl methylation in protecting RhoA and related proteins from degradation.
A cross-linguistic acoustic study of voiceless fricatives

Results of an acoustic study of voiceless fricatives in seven languages are presented. Three measurements were taken: duration, center of gravity, and overall spectral shape. In addition, formant transitions from adjacent vowels were measured for a subset of the fricatives in certain languages. Fricatives were well differentiated in terms of overall spectral shape and their co-articulation effects on formant transitions for adjacent vowels. The center of gravity measurement also proved useful in differentiating certain fricatives. Duration generally was less useful in differentiating the fricatives. In general, results were consistent across speakers and languages, with lateral fricatives displaying the greatest interlanguage variation in their acoustic properties and /s/ providing the greatest source of interspeaker variation.
Regulation of ribonucleotide reductase M2 expression by the upstream AUGs

Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes a rate-limiting reaction in DNA synthesis by converting ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. It consists of two subunits and the small one, M2 (or R2), plays an essential role in regulating the enzyme activity and its expression is finely controlled. Changes in the M2 level influence the dNTP pool and, thus, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. M2 gene has two promoters which produce two major mRNAs with 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) of different lengths. In this study, we found that the M2 mRNAs with the short (63 nt) 5'-UTR can be translated with high efficiency whereas the mRNAs with the long (222 nt) one cannot. Examination of the long 5'-UTR revealed four upstream AUGs, which are in the same reading frame as the unique physiological translation initiation codon. Further analysis demonstrated that these upstream AUGs act as negative cis elements for initiation at the downstream translation initiation codon and their inhibitory effect on M2 translation is eIF4G dependent. Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that the expression of M2 is likely regulated by fine tuning the translation from the mRNA with a long 5'-UTR during viral infection and during the DNA replication phase of cell proliferation.
Observations on the distribution of visual pigments in Amphibia.

Abstract 1. The distribution of visual pigments among the Amphibia has been reviewed and the relationship between the porphyropsin-rhodopsin visual pigment systems and metamorphosis has been discussed. 2. Retinas of larval California newts (Taricha torosa) and adult arboreal salamanders (Aneides lugubris) have been shown to contain solely rhodopsin.
Surface Emitting Lasers For Optical Circuitry - Optical Interconnect Technology

Surface emitting (SE) lasers and their application in VLSI optical interconnect networks are considered. In particular, the advantages provided by SE lasers in optical interconnect circuits and monolithic integration are discussed. Some of the requirements, such as wavelength stability, power dissipation, emission angle, size, etc., are compared with respect to conventional laser diodes. It is noted that the operation of SE lasers will be critically dependent on the properties of the feedback reflectors. Experimental measurements of reflection spectra on AlGaAs/GaAs multilayer reflectors and InAlAs/InGaAs etalons formed with molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are presented.