cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Host-Based Anomaly Detection Using Learning Techniques

Anomaly detection is a crucial part of computer-security. This paper presents various host based anomaly detection techniques. One technique uses clustering with markov network (CMN). In CMN we first cluster the benign training data and then from each cluster we build a separate markov network to model the benign behavior. During testing, each Markov network calculates the probability of each testing instance. If the probability from multiple markov networks is low, we classify the point as malicious. The paper also presents CMN with Outlying subspace (CMN-OS). In CMN-OS, a training data set that consists of benign and few malicious data is used to identify the outlying subspace which is used as a lower dimensional representation of the full dimensional space. Then, CMN uses the new subspace to represent its training and testing data sets. Finally, the paper presents Clustered Label Propagation (CLP). CLP starts by clustering benign and malicious training. It then labels each cluster based on its central-most point. During testing, these points are added to the testing data as labeled points and Label Propagation is used to label the testing data. We experimentally show that CMN approach outperforms several other approaches and performs similar to CMN-OS and we show that it is less sensitive to noise as compared to other approaches.
K+ Occupancy of the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Channel Probed by Mg2+ Block

The single-channel kinetics of extracellular Mg2+ block was used to probe K+ binding sites in the permeation pathway of rat recombinant NR1/NR2B NMDA receptor channels. K+ binds to three sites: two that are external and one that is internal to the site of Mg2+ block. The internal site is ∼0.84 through the electric field from the extracellular surface. The equilibrium dissociation constant for this site for K+ is 304 mM at 0 mV and with Mg2+ in the pore. The occupancy of any one of the three sites by K+ effectively prevents the association of extracellular Mg2+. Occupancy of the internal site also prevents Mg2+ permeation and increases (by approximately sevenfold) the rate constant for Mg2+ dissociation back to the extracellular solution. Under physiological intracellular ionic conditions and at −60 mV, there is ∼1,400-fold apparent decrease in the affinity of the channel for extracellular Mg2+ and ∼2-fold enhancement of the apparent voltage dependence of Mg2+ block caused by the voltage dependence of K+ occupancy of the external and internal sites.
Flat free-standing silicon diaphragms using silicon-on-insulator wafers

Abstract Flat, free-standing silicon diaphragms for use as tunable micromirrors were demonstrated. Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers were employed to realize single-crystal mirrors, which are nearly free from residual strain. Using a wet chemical etch and a release process, free-standing structures were fabricated. A surface bowing approximately 10 nm was measured, indicating the lack of residual strain in the diaphragm. This value is much less than typically observed in polysilicon structures with diaphragms formed by chemical vapor deposition. Electrostatic actuation of the free-standing diaphragm was demonstrated and observed as a shift in the optical transmission spectrum of the Fabry–Perot cavity formed by the membrane and the substrate surface. A displacement of the membrane of approximately 200 nm was inferred from the wavelength shift of the transmission peak at an applied DC bias of 25 V.
Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in two siblings with Niemann-Pick disease

Niemann-Pick disease is a disorder of sphingomyelin metabolism, which produces organomegaly and progressive generalized neurologic dysfunction. In two brothers with Niemann-Pick disease type C brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) produced prolongation of waves I–III interpeak latencies.
Toll-like receptors in giant cell arteritis

Giant cell arteritis, a primary vasculitis of medium-sized and large arteries, causes vessel occlusion through fast and concentric intimal hyperplasia. Contextual parameters, especially the topography of the arterial wall, have emerged as critical pathogenic elements. Experimental data support the concept that the disease is initiated in the most outer layer of the arterial wall, the adventitia. CD4 T cells are recruited to the adventitia, undergo local activation and subsequently orchestrate macrophage differentiation. T cells and macrophages infiltrate into all wall layers and acquire different effector functions dependent on cues in their immediate microenvironment. The end result is myofibroblastic proliferation, luminal stenosis, and tissue ischemia. Adaptive immune responses in the adventitia are triggered by a population of indigenous dendritic cells (DC) placed at the adventitia-media junction. These arterial DCs have a unique surface receptor profile, including a series of Toll-like receptors (TLR). Responsiveness of such arterial DCs to blood-borne stimuli has been studied in human arteries engrafted into immunodeficient mice. Ligands of TLR4 are able to start maturation of adventitial DCs which fail to leave the peripheral tissue site. Instead, these adventitial DCs produce chemokines, recruit T cells, and support their local activation. These data identify tissue-residing DCs as gatekeepers in vasculitis and support the model that TLR ligands function as instigators of vessel wall inflammation.
Toyama Kametaro and Vernon Kellogg: silkworm inheritance experiments in Japan, Siam, and the United States, 1900-1912.

Japanese agricultural scientist Toyama Kametaro’s report about the Mendelian inheritance of silkworm cocoon color in Studies on the Hybridology of Insects (1906) spurred changes in Japanese silk production and thrust Toyama and his work into a scholarly exchange with American entomologist Vernon Kellogg. Toyama’s work, based on research conducted in Japan and Siam, came under international scrutiny at a time when analyses of inheritance flourished after the “rediscovery” of Mendel’s laws of heredity in 1900. The hybrid silkworm studies in Asia attracted the attention of Kellogg, who was concerned with how experimental biology would be used to study the causes of natural selection. He challenged Toyama’s conclusions that Mendelism alone could explain the inheritance patterns of silkworm characters such as cocoon color because they had been subject to hundreds of years of artificial selection, or breeding. This examination of the intersection of Japanese sericulture and American entomology probes how practical differences in scientific interests, societal responsibilities, and silkworm materiality were negotiated throughout the processes of legitimating Mendelian genetics on opposite sides of the Pacific. The ways in which Toyama and Kellogg assigned importance to certain silkworm properties show how conflicting intellectual orientations arose in studies of the same organism. Contestation about Mendelism took place not just on a theoretical level, but the debate was fashioned through each scientist’s rationale about the categorization of silkworm breeds and races and what counted as “natural.” This further mediated the acceptability of the silkworm not as an experimental organism, but as an appropriately “natural” insect with which to demonstrate laws of inheritance. All these shed light on the challenges that came along with the use of agricultural animals to convincingly articulate new biological principles.
Automated Translation of Safety Critical Application Software Specifications into PLC Ladder Logic

The numerous benefits of automatic application code generation are widely accepted within the software engineering community. A few of these benefits include raising the abstraction level of application programming, shorter product development time, lower maintenance costs, and increased code quality and consistency. Surprisingly, code generation concepts have not yet found wide acceptance and use in the field of programmable logic controller (PLC) software development. Software engineers at the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) recognized the need for PLC code generation while developing their new ground checkout and launch processing system. They developed a process and a prototype software tool that automatically translates a high-level representation or specification of safety critical application software into ladder logic that executes on a PLC. This process and tool are expected to increase the reliability of the PLC code over that which is written manually, and may even lower life-cycle costs and shorten the development schedule of the new control system at KSC. This paper examines the problem domain and discusses the process and software tool that were prototyped by the KSC software engineers.
Cysteine protease inhibitors block schistosome hemoglobin degradation in vitro and decrease worm burden and egg production in vivo

Schistosome parasites utilize hemoglobin as a major protein source for their metabolism. Degradation of hemoglobin has been hypothesized to be mediated by both cysteine and aspartyl proteases secreted into the lumen of the parasite intestine. We now show that two distinct types of irreversible cysteine protease-specific inhibitors both arrest schistosome hemoglobin degradation in vitro. Arrest of hemoglobin degradation is followed by death of developing schistosomula 1 week later. Schistosome infected mice treated by a dose of 2 mg inhibitor per day for 1 week early in infection, and 2 weeks at the time of egg production, showed a significant reduction in worm burden, hepatomegaly, and the number of eggs produced per female worm. Histopathology showed a minimal immune response to those eggs which were produced, consistent with a delay in egg production relative to untreated infections. By tagging the inhibitor with biotin, specific cysteine protease targets were identified in extracts of schistosome worms.
Flow trajectories in the Bering Sea: Evidence for chaos

A set of trajectories from drifting buoys in the Bering Sea is analyzed for evidence of chaos. The separation distance between drifters was found, in most cases, to have regions of exponential increase, which strongly suggest Lagrangian chaos. Analysis of Kolmogorov entropy indicated a fractal dimension of 1.2 and a time scale of (22 d){sup {minus}1}.
Alterations in lipid and protein profiles of plasma lipoproteins in middle-aged men consequent to an aerobic exercise program.

Abstract Thirty-four healthy, untrained middle-aged males ( X = 58.2 years) volunteered for a longitudinal study investigating alterations in lipoprotein profiles consequent to 20 weeks of aerobic training. Twenty randomly selected experimental subjects (E) participated in a walk/run training program 3 d/wk, 48 min/d, at an intensity equal to 65% to 85% of their heart rate reserve, while 14 control subjects (C) remained in an untrained state. Blood samples were obtained in the morning after a 14-hour fast. Plasma lipoproteins were separated by ultracentrifugation and agarose-column chromatography into very low (VLDL), low (LDL), and high (HDL) density lipoprotein fractions. A training effect was evidenced in E by significant increases (P
AN ONTOLOGY OF HEALTH : A CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN HEALTH AND EXISTENCE

. The pursuit of health is one of the most basic and prevalent concerns of humanity. In order to better attain and preserve health, a fundamental and unified description of the concept is required. Using Paul Tillich's ontological framework, I introduce a complete characterization of health and disease is that is useful to the philosophy of medicine and for health-care workers. Health cannot be understood merely as proper functioning of the physical body or of the separated levels of body, mind, and soul. Rather, the multidimensional unity that is the essence of human life requires a new understanding of health as balanced self-integration within the multiple human dimensions. The ontological description of health and disease has concrete implications for how health-care workers should approach healing. It calls for a multidimensional approach to healing in which particular healing is needed and helpful if it considers the other realms of the human. It reveals the importance of accepting limited health as well as the value of faith understood as an ultimate concern because of its ability to wholly integrate the person.
Adaptive sampling for atomic force microscopy

In atomic force microscopy, a 3-D image of a substrate is obtained. With the total number of samples remains constant, there is a trade-off between the size of the scanned image and the resolution. For the scanning mechanism, the time needed to image an area depends mainly on the number of samples and the size of the image. It is desirable to improve the imaging speed with limited impact to the effective resolution of the portion of the substrate that is of interested. To improve the imaging speed, there are two options: 1) increase the data process rate or 2) reduce the amount of data. One key issue for reducing the amount of data is to maintain acceptable image fidelity. To address this issue, we need to classify the sample area into regions based on importance. For high importance regions, a higher resolution is needed. For regions of less importance, a coarse sample density is employed. In this study, we propose a new adaptive sampling scheme that is leveraged from image compression. By adapting the sampling resolution to the substrate profile, the proposed method can decrease the scanning time by reducing the amount of data while maintaining the desired image fidelity.
The Place Not Yet Subjugated: Prince William Sound, 1770-1800

Apart from the important ethnographic descriptions of Kaj Birket-Smith (1953) and Frederica de Laguna (1956), only vague statements of the socio-territorial dynamics in the Chugach region of Alaska, Prince William Sound, are found in the literature. The historical records from the 18th and 19th century often note the seemingly small Chugach population and expansive territory occupied by this group. Analyzing the primary historical sources from the late 18th and early 19th centuries provides insight into how the Chugach were organized within the region and what events transpired to compel local Chugach groups to unify or wage war with each other for defense of territory and property. The methods used by Ernest Burch in his research of traditional Inupiaq societies serve as guides in this research, though the resulting reconstruction differs in important ways from the groups he describes in northwest Alaska.
A method to evaluate the option of storing carbon in your forest

Managing the forest to store carbon is a relatively new concept. Various regional greenhouse gas initiatives and new Federal legislation are providing financial incentives for forest owners to manage for carbon in addition to other forest products. These incentives are intended for landowners who engage in activities that go beyond business as usual practices. Managing for carbon will likely involve foregoing other investment alternatives and increasing rotation lengths. The analysis approach demonstrated here provides a relatively simple method for an owner to compare traditional forest management and regular harvests with letting the trees grow to accumulate more carbon in the forest. Several financial decision statistics are considered and demonstrated with examples. A derivative of land expectation value, called rotation equivalent value, is shown to be a useful decision tool for comparing carbon storage with other management options having different rotation lengths.
Asymptotic and spectral analysis of non‐selfadjoint operators generated by a filament model with a critical value of a boundary parameter

We consider a class of non-selfadjoint operators generated by the equation and the boundary conditions, which govern small vibrations of an ideal filament with non-conservative boundary conditions at one end and a heavy load at the other end. The filament has a non-constant density and is subject to a viscous damping with a non-constant damping coefficient. The boundary conditions contain two arbitrary complex parameters. In our previous paper (Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 2001; 24(15) : 1139–1169), we have derived the asymptotic approximations for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the aforementioned non-selfadjoint operators when the boundary parameters were arbitrary complex numbers except for one specific value of one of the parameters. We call this value the critical value of the boundary parameter. It has been shown (in Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 2001; 24(15) : 1139–1169) that the entire set of the eigenvalues is located in a strip parallel to the real axis. The latter property is crucial for the proof of the fact that the set of the root vectors of the operator forms a Riesz basis in the state space of the system. In the present paper, we derive the asymptotics of the spectrum exactly in the case of the critical value of the boundary parameter. We show that in this case, the asymptotics of the eigenvalues is totally different, i.e. both the imaginary and real parts of eigenvalues tend to ∞as the number of an eigenvalue increases. We will show in our next paper, that as an indirect consequence of such a behaviour of the eigenvalues, the set of the root vectors of the corresponding operator is not uniformly minimal (let alone the Riesz basis property). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential induction and suppression of potato 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase genes in response to Phytophthora infestans and to its elicitor arachidonic acid.

Induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is essential for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins and steroid derivatives in Solanaceous plants following stresses imposed by wounding and pathogen infection. To better understand this complex step in stress-responsive isoprenoid synthesis, we isolated three classes of cDNAS encoding HMGR (hmg1, hmg2, and hmg3) from a potato tuber library using a probe derived from an Arabidopsis HMGR cDNA. The potato cDNAs had extensive homology in portions of the protein coding regions but had low homology in the 39 untranslated regions. RNA gel blot analyses using gene-specific probes showed that hmg1 was strongly induced in tuber tissue by wounding, but the wound induction was strongly suppressed by treatment of the tissue with the fungal elicitor arachidonic acid or by inoculation with an incompatible or compatible race of the fungal pathogen Phytophtora infestans. The hmg2 and hmg3 mRNAs also accumulated in response to wounding, but in contrast to hmg1, these mRNAs were strongly enhanced by arachidonic acid or inoculation. Inoculation with a compatible race of P. infestans resulted in similar patterns in HMGR gene expression of hmg2 and hmg3 except that the magnitude and rate of the changes in mRNA levels were reduced relative to the incompatible interaction. The differential regulation of members of the HMGR gene family may explain in part the previously reported changes in HMGR enzyme activities following wounding and elicitor treatment. The suppression of hmg1 and the enhancement of hmg2 and hmg3 transcript levels following elicitor treatment or inoculation with the incompatible race parallel the suppression in steroid and stimulation of sesquiterpenoid accumulations observed in earlier investigations. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that there are discrete organizational channels for sterol and sesquiterpene biosynthesis in potato and other Solanaceous species.
Genome-free viral capsids as multivalent carriers for taxol delivery

Drugs used in chemotherapy predominantly act by targeting the mechanisms of cell division, 1 and to an extent, preferentially affect cancer cells because of their unusually high proliferation rates. Unfortunately, many healthy cells are also affected by these treatments, resulting in side effects that cause substantial discomfort for the patient. Emerging methods seek to focus the delivery of drugs on cancer tissue by targeting specific characteristics found in solid tumors.2 As a promising subset of these approaches, macromolecular drug delivery seeks to attach many small molecule drugs and targeting groups to large structures.3 Many of these delivery vehicles experience prolonged circulation time because of their increased size,4 as well as a degree of passive targeting through the enhanced permeation and retention effect, arising from unique characteristics of tumor vasculature.5 As an additional benefit, macromolecules are large enough to display multiple copies of active targeting ligands to enhance binding avidity,6 and can also provide multiple cargo attachment sites to increase the amount of payload that can be delivered.
Bayesian Estimation of Prediction Error and Variable Selection in Linear Regression

La selection des variables explicatives a prendre en consideration dans la modelisation d'une reponse est un probleme d'une grande importance pratique. Dans ce probleme, les modeles-candidats sont caracterises par l'ensemble des variables a inclure dans l'equation de regression. Une facon raisonnable d'evaluer les merites d'un modele-candidat consiste a introduire une mesure de divergence fondee sur l'erreur de prediction correspondante. Un ensemble de variables explicatives optimal est alors determine par minimisation de cette divergence. Dans cet article, nous nous concentrons sur une approche bayesienne de l'estimation de l'erreur de prediction et de la mesure de divergence associee, dans un cadre de regression lineaire. Nous montrons comment cette approche permet une evaluation du risque lie a la selection des variables.
Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Incidence of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Results From the Nurses' Health Study

Background & Aims Depression and psychosocial stress are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Although many mechanisms have been proposed to link these disorders, few prospective studies have examined the relationship between depressed mood and incidence of CD or UC. Methods We analyzed data from 152,461 women (aged 29–72 years) enrolled since 1992–1993 in the Nurses' Health Study cohorts I and II. Self-reported depressive symptoms were assessed by using the Mental Health Index (MHI)-5, a validated 5-item subscale of the 36-item Short-Form health survey, which is designed to estimate psychological distress on the basis of scores that range from 0 to 100. Self-reported CD and UC were confirmed through blinded record review by 2 gastroenterologists. Cox proportional hazards models were used to associate recent (within 4 years) and baseline MHI-5 scores with risk for CD or UC, adjusting for other risk factors. Results During 1,787,070 person-years of follow-up, we documented 170 cases of CD and 203 cases of UC. Compared with women with recent MHI-5 scores of 86–100, women with recent depressive symptoms (MHI-5 scores Conclusions On the basis of data from the Nurses' Health Study, depressive symptoms increase the risk for CD, but not UC, among women. Psychological factors might therefore contribute to development of CD. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms of this association.
A Direct Streptavidin-Binding Assay Does Not Accurately Quantitate Biotin in Human Urine

In human urine, the biotin concentration assayed directly using an avidin-binding assay (ABA) apparently overestimates "true" biotin concentration as measured by HPLC separation of biotin from biotin metabolites followed by ABA. Because biotin metabolites account for about half of biotin plus biotin metabolites in human urine, we speculate that the error might arise from biotin metabolites. We sought to test the following hypothesis: biotin measured by direct ABA routinely exceeds true biotin in urine due to biotin metabolites; however, if urinary biotin is quantitated using a streptavidin-binding assay (SABA) that does not detect biotin metabolites, results will agree with true biotin. An assay for biotin that uses europium coupled to streptavidin and time-resolved fluorescence was developed and validated. Urine samples were obtained from biotin-deficient, normal and biotin-supplemented adults. In 133 urine samples from 26 subjects, biotin by direct ABA correlated positively and significantly with biotin measured after HPLC separation (P < 0.001; r = 0.78). However, biotin by direct ABA routinely exceeded true biotin. The magnitude of the overestimate correlated strongly with biotin metabolites; r = 0.80 and P < 0.0001. In 92 samples from nine subjects, biotin by direct SABA correlated positively and significantly with true biotin (P = 0.001; r = 0.73) but exceeded true biotin by more than analytical error in 62 of the 92 samples. The error did not correlate significantly with total biotin metabolites. In 62 samples analyzed by both assays, biotin by direct SABA correlated weakly (r = 0.69) but significantly (P < 0.0001) with biotin by direct ABA. These studies provide evidence that direct SABA does not accurately quantitate biotin. Although the errors from direct ABA arise primarily from metabolites, the errors from direct SABA cannot be attributed primarily to biotin metabolites. Whether these interfering substances are biotin metabolites or other unknown substances, the substances are likely separated from the biotin fraction by HPLC.
The development of language processing strategies: A cross-linguistic study between Japanese and English . Reiko Mazuka. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Pp. 156.

One of the most fundamental, yet often neglected, or even paradoxical questions in the field of language acquisition is how children who have not yet acquired stable grammar can process language and still manage to acquire new grammar. This question is further complicated by cross-linguistic differences, such as how English- and Japanese-speaking children process complex sentences in their respective languages. To answer these two intricate questions, we need to identify cross-linguistically common – possibly universal or quasi-universal – characteristics in terms of the development of language processing strategies. At the same time, we also need to know whether different language processing strategies are used by children who speak different languages. We thus need to take both developmental and cross-linguistic issues into consideration simultaneously.
Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy inthe prevention of thromboemboli in chronic heart failure

Thromboembolism is an important complication in patients with heart failure. Several recent clinical trials have established the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation. There is renewed interest in examining the role of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy in patients with heart failure in sinus rhythm. There is a need to identify patients at risk for thromboembolism in heart failure. However, there are data to suggest that occult thromboembolic events may contribute to disease progression, ischemic events, and sudden cardiac death. This review summarizes the incidence, potential mechanism, and therapeutic approaches for management of thromboembolism in heart failure.
Evaluation of a Parallel Architecture and Algorithm for Mapping and Localization

The Beowulf cluster approach to parallel computation offers a potentially cheap and robust source of computational power for high complexity algorithms in robotics. The challenge is to integrate this approach with the mobility and time critical response constraints of many robotic algorithms. The key contributions of this paper are: (1) introduction of a computational architecture for integrating a cluster into the control architecture of one or more robots, (2) a cluster implementation of Thrun et al's Concurrent Localization and Mapping (CML) algorithm, and (3) presentation of results to illustrate the performance of the implemented CML algorithm and validate the architectural approach.
Spatial overlap and distribution of anchovies (Anchoa spp.) and copepods in a shallow stratified estuary

Juvenile pelagic fishes are integral members of many coastal river communities. Many of these systems are strongly influenced by variable wind stress and freshwater inputs that can increase heterogeneity in estuarine habitat for fishes. We use mobile sonar surveys within the Neuse River Estuary System, NC, USA to assess the distribution and behavioral patterns of juvenile anchovies, Anchoa spp. 25-65 mm TL, over a broad range of spatial scales in relation to diel and seasonal changes in water quality including stratification, hypoxic events and copepod distribution. Results from our study indicate that episodic stratification-induced hypoxic events can reduce suitable habitat volume for anchovies by more than 50%. Furthermore, our sampling suggests that hypoxia causes spatial separation between plankton and the grazing fishes. Under stratified oxygen conditions, we observe higher densities of copepods in hypoxic bottom water. Finally, we report that reductions in available habitat caused an increase in local densities of fishes and may result in increased competition for resources. These spatially explicit data are critical for developing trophic dynamic models that predict the response of fish communities to natural and anthropogenic impacts on the system.
Conflicting notions of language purity: the interplay of archaising, ethnographic, reformist, elitist and xenophobic purism in the perception of Standard Chinese

Abstract This paper examines factors complicating the definition of Standard Chinese, including register and socio-geographical variation, sound change and folk etymology, foreign loans and contact-induced structural change, and inherent imprecisions in the national spelling system. Also examined are reactions to change in the linguistic and language-teaching communities, how lay and academic attitudes towards impurities and linguistic innovation differ, and how differences between Chinese and western notions of ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ serve to further widen the gap between the textbook standard and perceived standardness. Predictions are made regarding the future development of Modern Standard Chinese that take into consideration the popular appeal of the language of westernized Chinese societies (e.g., Hong Kong and Taiwan) and the effect of the growth of native speakers of Mandarin in the Chinese-speaking world.
X-ray microanalysis of peripheral lung carcinomas.

A total of 15 cases of peripherally located lung carcinomas associated with scar (scar carcinoma) were studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (XMA). Results were compared to those of three autopsy lungs without significant pulmonary findings that served as controls. Fibrosis with scar formation characterized the 15 tumor cases. Particulate depositions including doubly refractile particles were also increased in the tumor group. XMA identified 25 elements with great complexity of particulate composition. Silicon was the most prominent element and was found in 16 of 18 cases studied. Kaolinite, feldspar, talc, muscovite, and silica were recognized. The fibrogenic properties of silicate compounds were emphasized, including their prominence in the lung tumor group. While the important concept of tumor desmoplasia was recognized, the study showed significant fibrosis in relation to fibrogenic materials, which undoubtedly preceded the appearance of the tum...
Modality and what is said

Au-dela des concepts philosophiques de possibilite et necessite, l'A. determine le statut modal d'une proposition en analysant le contenu exprime par la phrase. Examinant la notion d'item lexical, ainsi le contexte de la communication, l'A. definit le principe d'expression-communication qui lui permet de defendre la these d'un propositionnalisme non-modal.
THE SYSTEMS ZIRCONIA-LANTHANA AND ZIRCONIA-NEODYMIA

The minimum amounts of lanthana and neodymia required to stabilize zirconia into a cubic form are 30 and 20 mole %, respectively, at 980°C. X-ray diffraction studies have established the upper limit of the two cubic solid solution regions as approximately 40 mole %. This stabilized region of the phase diagrams broadens slightly in each system as the temperature of heat-treatment is raised. Based on experimental evidence obtained by X-ray diffraction and dilatometric methods, phase diagrams for the systems zirconia–lanthana and zirconia–neodymia are proposed.
The weapon focus effect on memory for female versus male perpetrators

Previous research suggests that weapons are often inconsistent with the schema activated by eyewitnesses, which leads them to attend to weapons more than they would to neutral objects. Therefore an especially strong weapon focus effect should occur when a perpetrator holds an object primarily associated with the opposite rather than the same gender. As predicted, a handgun reduced the accuracy of witnesses’ descriptions of a female perpetrator more than descriptions of a male perpetrator (Experiment 1). Additionally, memory for a female perpetrator was more severely impaired if she carried a folding knife as opposed to a knitting needle, but the reverse was true when the perpetrator was male (Experiment 2). Finally, the weapon focus effect was eliminated for perpetrators of both genders if witnesses saw them as dangerous individuals (Experiment 3).
Heavy-quark content of light hadrons and implications for the γ-family

The role of the η, η′ and e mesons in the decays of the γ-family is investigated. By analogy with the ψ system these light mesons, because of their heavy-quark content, are expected to exhibit special affinity for γ. The effect, however, is anticipated to be much less pronounced, for γ than it is for ψ. We predictΓ (γ′→(η, ππ)γ)≲2 keV, a value consistent with a bound of ≅10 keV derived from the observed ratio of the μ+μ- signal for γ and γ′. The latter data also favor a value of Λ(γ→direct hadrons) of at least 1 keV in contrast to expectations from duality.
A Formal Task-Analytic Approach to Medical Device Alarm Troubleshooting Instructions

User manual designers generally use written procedures, figures, and illustrations to convey procedural information to end users. However, ensuring that the instructions are accurate and unambiguous is difficult. With respect to accuracy, describing the task and under what conditions it should be conducted can be complicated by considerations such as the ordering of actions within a higher level task and the context under which tasks and lower level actions can be initiated, repeated, and completed. With respect to ambiguity, component and task level issues occur such as which portion of a component is relevant and what context constrains activity. To support accuracy and to decrease ambiguity, we propose a model-based approach coupled with model checking and visualization to aid in user manual development. Our approach integrates formal task-analytic and device models with safety specifications into a computational framework. We demonstrate the value of this approach using alarm troubleshooting instructions from the patient user manual of a left ventricular assist device. By encoding a formal task model, we revealed potential problems with task and device descriptions in the troubleshooting instructions. We also applied linear temporal logic and symbolic model checking to identify issues with the order of troubleshooting steps. Our framework provides insights into the use of formal methods for patient user manual evaluation.
Intrinsic plasticity induced by group II metabotropic glutamate receptors via enhancement of high-threshold KV currents in sound localizing neurons

Intrinsic plasticity has emerged as an important mechanism regulating neuronal excitability and output under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we report a novel form of intrinsic plasticity. Using perforated patch clamp recordings, we examined the modulatory effects of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR II) on voltage-gated potassium (KV) currents and the firing properties of neurons in the chicken nucleus laminaris (NL), the first central auditory station where interaural time cues are analyzed for sound localization. We found that activation of mGluR II by synthetic agonists resulted in a selective increase of the high-threshold KV currents. More importantly, synaptically released glutamate (with reuptake blocked) also enhanced the high-threshold KV currents. The enhancement was frequency-coding region dependent, being more pronounced in low-frequency neurons compared to middle- and high-frequency neurons. The intracellular mechanism involved the Gβγ signaling pathway associated with phospholipase C and protein kinase C. The modulation strengthened membrane outward rectification, sharpened action potentials, and improved the ability of NL neurons to follow high-frequency inputs. These data suggest that mGluR II provides a feedforward modulatory mechanism that may regulate temporal processing under the condition of heightened synaptic inputs.
Impact of Iron Amendment on Net Methylmercury Export from Tidal Wetland Microcosms

Tidal wetlands can be important sources of methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic ecosystems. As a result, wetland restoration could increase MeHg concentrations. Previous research has shown that addition of Fe[II] to wetland sediment can reduce MeHg production by decreasing concentrations of bioavailable Hg complexes with dissolved sulfur species. In this study, the potential for reducing MeHg production via an iron amendment was evaluated in laboratory microcosms that used intact sediments from a tidal marsh in San Francisco Bay. The microcosms were maintained under simulated tidal conditions and amended at four iron doses (0, 180, 360, and 720 g-Fe/m(2)). Two experiments were conducted: one with devegetated sediments and one with live wetland vegetation. Following iron addition to the devegetated sediments, porewater S[-II] concentrations decreased for each dose relative to the control with the average weekly export of MeHg in the surface water decreased by 82% and 89% for the two highest doses, respectively. Despite substantial variability within treatment groups, similar trends were observed for the vegetated microcosms. The results suggest that iron addition has the potential to provide a landscape-scale control on MeHg released by restored tidal wetlands; however, additional research is required to evaluate the efficacy of this approach under field conditions.
Research of Position Detected Sensor of Mine-used Locomotive Based on Geomagnetic Induction

In view of the problem of unaccurate position detection of rubber-tyred car by use of RFID,the paper proposed a design scheme of position detected sensor of mine-used locomotive based on geomagnetic induction.It analyzed detection principle of geomagnetic induction,and detailedly introduced design of hardware and software of the position detected sensor of mine-used locomotive.The actual application showed that the sensor is suitable for position detection not only of trackless rubber-tyred car,but also of track locomotive.
Touch preparation cytological evaluation of radical prostatectomy specimens.

AbstractThe failure of current histological techniques to predict local failure and disease progression after radical prostatectomy is supported by substantial evidence. Moreover, the characterization of histological findings is hampered by the lack of uniform interpretation. We report a prospective study of 92 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinical stages A and B prostate cancer in which the technique of touch preparation cytological analysis of surgical margins is compared to the standard histological approach. We evaluated 47 pathological stage B, 43 stage C and 2 stage D specimens. Specimens initially assigned to pathological stage B were upstaged to stage C on review by 1 blinded pathologist in 19 of 65 cases (29%). Overall, 15 of 47 histological stage B specimens (32%), 20 of 43 histological stage C specimens (47%) and 2 of 2 histological stage D specimens (100%) had malignant cells identified on the margins by touch preparation cytology. Postoperative mean followup of 7 months (rang...
CHAPTER 250 – Toll-Dorsal Signaling in Dorsal-Ventral Patterning and Innate Immunity

The Toll-Dorsal pathway functions in Drosophila in the establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the early embryo. The same pathway also controls the innate humoral and cellular immune response in larvae and adults and, besides Dorsal, involves an additional NF-KB/Rel protein, Dif. The NF-KB/Rel pathway is conserved in flies and vertebrates. In mammals it functions in the immune and inflammatory responses, and it is critical for cell growth and survival. Moreover a large number of mammalian tumors are associatedwith misregulation of the NF-KB/Rel proteins. Dorsal, like all Rel proteins, is retained in an inactive state in the cytoplasm through direct interaction with a IKB protein. Cactus. The ventral signal, transmitted through the transmembrane receptor Toll, destabilizes Cactus and controls the formation of a ventral-to-dorsal nuclear Dorsal gradient that, through the specific activation of zygotic genes, results in the formation of the dorsal-ventral axis. Although the nuclear import of Rel proteins is a key step in the formation of the nuclear gradient and in the immune response, little is known about the factors involved. The NF-KB/Rel pathways are some of the best known signaling processes and play central roles in development, immune response, and cancer. Because of their high level of conservation from flies to humans, further study of the Toll-Dorsal (Rel) pathways in flies will continue to complement the understanding of events in vertebrates.
Futility Disputes: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Model for Dispute Navigation Through Trust Building:

Futility disputes in the intensive care unit setting have received significant attention in the literature over the past several years. Although the idea of improving communication in an attempt to resolve these challenging situations has been regularly discussed, the concept and role of trust building as the means by which communication improves and disputes are best navigated is largely absent. We take this opportunity to review the current literature on futility disputes and argue the important role of broken trust in these encounters, highlighting current evidence establishing the necessity and utility of trust in both medical decision-making and effective communication. Finally, we propose a futility dispute navigation model built upon improved communication through trust building.
Advanced CMOS transistors in the nanotechnology era for high-performance, low-power logic applications

Sustaining Moore's Law requires continual transistor miniaturization. Through silicon innovations and breakthroughs, CMOS transistor scaling and Moore's Law will continue at least through early next decade. By combining silicon innovations with other nanotechnologies on the same Si platform, it is expected that Moore's Law will extend well into the next decade. This paper describes the most recent advances made in silicon CMOS transistor technology and discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by the recent emerging nanoelectronic devices such as carbon nanotubefield-effect transistors (FET), Si-nanowire FETs and III-V FETs for high-performance, low-power logic applications.
Nutrient removal and energy production from aqueous phase of bio-oil generated via hydrothermal liquefaction of algae

Removal of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) as struvite from bio-oil aqueous phase generated via hydrothermal liquefaction of algae was evaluated in this study. Effect of process parameters such as pH, temperature and reaction time on struvite formation was studied. More than 99% of phosphorus and 40-100% ammonium nitrogen were removed under all experimental conditions. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of struvite, and the struvite recovered from bio-oil aqueous phase can be used as a slow-release fertilizer. Biogas production from struvite recovered bio-oil aqueous phase showed 3.5 times higher CH4 yield (182±39mL/g COD) as compared to non-struvite recovered aqueous phase. The results from this study indicate that both struvite and methane can be produced from bio-oil aqueous phase.
The Impacts of Medicaid Expansion on Rural Low-Income Adults: Lessons From the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment:

Medicaid expansions through the Affordable Care Act began in January 2014, but we have little information about what is happening in rural areas where provider access and patient resources might be more limited. In 2008, Oregon held a lottery for restricted access to its Medicaid program for uninsured low-income adults not otherwise eligible for public coverage. The Oregon Health Insurance Experiment used this opportunity to conduct the first randomized controlled study of a public insurance expansion. This analysis builds off of previous work by comparing rural and urban survey outcomes and adds qualitative interviews with 86 rural study participants for context. We examine health care access and use, personal finances, and self-reported health. While urban and rural populations have unique demographic profiles, rural populations appear to have benefited from Medicaid as much as urban. Qualitative interviews revealed the distinctive challenges still facing low-income uninsured and newly insured rural populations.
Medical and Surgical Advancements in the Management of Cystic Fibrosis Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

The purpose of this review is to provide otolaryngologists with the most up-to-date advancements in both the medical and surgical management of CF-related sinus disease. Recent studies have supported more aggressive chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) management, often with a combination of both medical and surgical therapies. Comprehensive treatment strategies have been shown to reduce hospital admissions secondary to pulmonary exacerbations in addition to improving CRS symptoms. Still, current management strategies are lacking in both high-level evidence and standardized guidelines. The unified airway model describes the bi-directional relationship between the upper and lower airways as a single functional unit and suggests that CRS may play a pivotal role in both the development and progression of lower airway disease. Current strategies for CF CRS focus primarily on amelioration of symptoms with antibiotics, nasal saline and/or topical medicated irrigations, and surgery. However, there are no definitive management guidelines and there remains a persistent need for additional studies. Nevertheless, otolaryngologists have a significant role in the overall management of CF, which requires a multidisciplinary approach and a combination of both surgical and medical interventions for optimal outcomes of airway disease. Here, we present a review of currently available literature and summarize medical and surgical therapies best suited for the management of CF-related sinus disease.
A 'Dubious Expediency': How Race-Preferential Admissions Policies on Campus Hurt Minority Students

Mounting empirical research shows that race-preferential admissions policies are doing more harm than good. Instead of increasing the numbers of African Americans entering high-status careers, these policies reduce those numbers relative to what we would have had if colleges and universities had followed race-neutral policies. We have fewer African-American scientists, physicians, and engineers and likely fewer lawyers and college professors. If, as the evidence indicates, the effects of race-preferential admissions policies are exactly the opposite of what was originally intended, it is difficult to understand why anyone would wish to support them.