cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Spreadsheets Get Us to Mars and Beyond

Spreadsheets, spreadsheets everywhere and nary a page of documentation. JPL is NASA's prime center for deep space missions. In all of our missions, spreadsheets have played a major role in managing parts lists, managing requirements, monitoring progress, planning budgets, developing the initial concept designs, and providing the backbone of our infrastructure. In this paper we will share our lessons learned in building various spreadsheet intensive systems and applications. Based on our experience in developing and using these various systems we will propose a number of exploratory ideas as to the dimensions of spreadsheet system complexity. In addition, we will share our approaches to documentation, review, and verification of these types of systems.
Rotating Stall Acoustic Signature in a Low Speed Centrifugal Compressor: Part 2 — Vaned Diffuser

An experimental study is performed to identify spatially coherent pressure waves which would serve as precursors to the development of an instability in the Purdue Low Speed Centrifugal Research Compressor when configured with a vaned diffuser. To achieve this, sensitive electret microphones were uniformly distributed around the circumference in the inlet and diffuser sections of the compressor. Fourier analysis of simultaneously sampled data from these microphone arrays was employed to identify the development of dominant spatial modes in the pressure field in the compressor. Three different diffuser geometries were investigated, resulting in three different instability pathologies. The rotating stall patterns observed in the compressor demonstrated propagation rates near impeller speed, and from one to four cells. These instabilities would classically be described as impeller stall, although the conditions appeared to arise simultaneously in the diffuser and impeller and were typically of similar magnitude in both locations. The excitation of the pressure waves, as indicated by spatial Fourier analysis, occurred five to fifteen impeller revolutions before small changes were evident in the raw microphone signals, and fifteen to twenty-five revolutions before the stall condition could be considered fully developed.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
The Structure of Stable Marriage with Indifference: An Alternative Approach

We consider the stable marriage problem where each agent in both sides can be indifferent between alternatives from the opposite sex. First, we separately characterize the strongly/super-stable matchings as the fixed points of certain functions. Then, based on these characterization results, we provide an alternative proof for the existence of a lattice structure result in the strong and super stability cases.
The Exterior Type Consistency Inspection System for Smart Meter

Based on computer vision technology, automatic control technology and laser ranging technology, the exterior type consistency inspection system for smart meters is designed and developed in this paper. The system realizes such exterior type consistency inspection items as liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, characters, bar codes, aperture size, appearance size and so on, which is designed to replace current manual detection mode. The four biaxial linkage control subsystem enables horizontal scanning, side scanning and even multi-angle scanning. The consistency inspection algorithm for exterior type based on fast template matching is used for fast and reliable character recognition and matching. The system automatically completes all the exterior type consistency detection items with fast detection speed and high accuracy and reliability.
Morphological and conformational changes of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) during isothermal melt crystallization.

The isothermal melt crystallization of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Triple-melting endotherms were dominant at crystallization temperatures (Tc) below 195 °C, while double-melting endotherms were dominant at Tc above 195 °C. These multiple-melting behaviors were attributed to melting and recrystallization as well as thermal stability of the crystallites. The difference in crystallinity observed between melt-crystallized PTT films before and after cooling to room temperature was attributed to lamellar thickening. The kinetics of isothermal melt crystallization of PTT was analyzed using an Avrami equation, and the rate constant (k) and t1/2 increased with increasing Tc. An Avrami exponent n = 2−3 was obtained for the PTT melt crystallized from 150 to 205 °C, suggesting two-dimensional to three-dimensional growth with heterogeneous nucleation and was confirmed...
Socrates' disavowal of knowledge

In Plato's earliest dialogues, when Socrates says he has no knowledge, does he or does he not mean what he says? The standard view has been that he does not. What can be said for this interpretation is well said in Gulley, 1968: Socrates' profession of ignorance is “an expedient to encourage his interlocutor to seek out the truth, to make him think that he is joining with Socrates in a voyage of discovery” (p. 69). More recently the opposite interpretation has found a clear-headed advocate. Terence Irwin in his Plato's Moral Theory holds that when Socrates disclaims knowledge he should be taken at his word: he has renounced knowledge and is content to claim no more than true belief (Irwin, 1977: 39–40). I shall argue that when each of these views is confronted with the textual evidence each is proved false: there are texts which falsify the first, and others which falsify the second. How could this be? These views are proper contradictories: if either is false, must not the other be true? Not necessarily. If Socrates is making appropriately variable use of his words for “knowing” both views could be false. I shall argue that this is in fact the case, proposing a hypothesis which explains why Socrates should wish to do just this. I shall review the relevant evidence (section I), develop the hypothesis (section II), and exhibit its explanatory power (section III). The first interpretation is virtually ubiquitous. It has even captured the dictionaries. Webster's gives this entry under “irony”:
0051 Work Intensity, Injury, Stress and Pain among Commercial Janitors

Objectives Commercial janitors are a relatively unseen and understudied segment of the workforce. Janitors report increasing work pressures over the past few years. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among janitors to evaluate the association of changes in work intensity and other aspects of work organisation on injury, musculoskeletal pain, disability, and stress. Method We conducted a cross-sectional survey among commercial janitors, including both union and non-union workers, and a comparison group of union security guards using peer interviewers and electronic data collection. Work intensity was measured using a 10-point scale and outcomes including injury, musculoskeletal pain, disability, and stress were assessed for the current year, and two previous years. The association between work intensity and each outcome was evaluated, controlling for group and demographics. Results Surveys were collected among 276 union and 78 non-union janitors, and 76 security guards, 76% of whom were immigrants. An increase in work intensity among union janitors, and strong trend of increasing injury, pain, upper extremity disability and stress associated with work intensity was observed. Union janitors report an increase in injury over the past 3 years from 6.3 to 13.5%. Multi-variable models further explore the impact of demographics and work characteristics on the increase in risk. Conclusions Anecdotal reports of increased workload among janitors are substantiated by the reported increase in work pressure over the past three years and its association with stress, pain and injury among janitors.
Molecular Orientation of Enzymes Attached to Surfaces through Defined Chemical Linkages at the Solid–Liquid Interface

The immobilization of enzymes on solid supports is widely used in many applications, including biosensors, antifouling coatings, food packaging materials, and biofuel cells. Enzymes tend to lose their activity when in contact with a support surface, a phenomenon that has been attributed to unfavorable orientation and (partial) unfolding. In this work, specific immobilization of 6-phospho-β-galactosidase (β-Gal) on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) containing maleimide end groups and oligo(ethylene glycol) spacer segments was achieved through a unique cysteinyl residue. A systematic means to characterize the interfacial orientation of immobilized enzymes has been developed using a combination of sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance FTIR-spectroscopy. The possible orientations of the immobilized β-Gal were determined and found to be well-correlated with the tested activity of β-Gal. This study will impact the development of an increasingly wide range of devices that use surface-immobilized enzymes as integral components with improved functions, better sensitivity, enhanced stability, and longer shelf life.
Deposition of autofluorescent eosinophil granules in pathologic bone marrow biopsies

Eosinophil granules are intensely autofluorescent when excited by green light. To determine if eosinophils degranulate in the bone marrows of patients with a variety of diseases, we used green light epifluorescence microscopy to examine deparaffinized and dezenkerized sections of 49 bone marrow core biopsies. In 14 of the biopsies, there was striking extracellular deposition of intensely autofluorescent eosinophil granules in addition to numerous intact eosinophils. Among the 14 specimens with extracellular autofluorescence were seven cases of leukemia, four cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, two cases of myelofibrosis, and one case of pancytopenia with eosinophilia. In the remaining 35 specimens, only intact eosinophils were identifiable. There was no extracellular autofluorescence in three normal marrows, four marrows from AIDS patients, or three biopsies from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). We conclude that green light epifluorescence microscopy identifies extracellular deposits of eosinophil granules in bone marrow biopsies of some neoplastic disorders and in diseases associated with reticulin fibrosis.
Kinetics of Oligomycin Inhibition of Sodium- and Potassium-Activated Adenosine Triphosphatase from Beef Brain

Oligomycin and rutamycin inhibited the activity of a beef brain adenosine triphosphatase that required both sodium and potassium, but these antibiotics were without effect on the potassium-requiring p-nitrophenyl phosphatase or acetyl phosphatase obtained from the same preparation. Several other macrolide antibiotics believed to be structurally similar to oligomycin were without appreciable effect on either the adenosine triphosphatase or the p-nitrophenyl phosphatase. Kinetic studies indicated that oligomycin is an uncompetitive inhibitor of the sodium- and potassium-requiring adenosine triphosphatase. The antibiotic was an uncompetitive inhibitor of sodium activation and a noncompetitive inhibitor of the potassium activation of this enzyme. Alteration of the Mg++: ATP ratio from 0.1 to 5.0 did not affect the inhibition by oligomycin. It would appear that oligomycin is an even more selective inhibitor than the cardiac glycosides of the hydrolytic function that requires both sodium and potassium.
SU-F-J-137: Intrafractional Change of the Relationship Between Internal Fiducials and External Breathing Signal in Pancreatic Cancer Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy

Purpose: The use of respiratory gating for management of breathing motion during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) relies on a consistent relationship between the breathing signal and the actual position of the internal target. This relationship was investigated in patients treated for pancreatic cancer. Methods: Four patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing SBRT that had implanted fiducials in the tumor were included in this study. Treatment plans were generated based on the exhale phases (30–70%) from the pre-treatment 4DCT. The margin between the internal target volume (ITV) and the planning target volume was three mm. After patient setup using cone-beam CT, simultaneous fluoroscopic imaging and breathing motion monitoring were used during at least three breathing cycles to verify the fiducial position and to optimize the gating window. After treatment, fluoroscopic images were acquired for verification purposes and exported for retrospective analyses. Fiducial positions were determined using a template-matching algorithm. For each dataset, we established a linear relationship between the fiducial position and the anterior-posterior (AP) breathing signal. The relationships before and after treatment were compared and the dose distribution impact evaluated. Results: Seven pre- and post-treatment fluoroscopic pairs were available for fiducial position analyses in the superior-inferior (SI) and left-right (LR) directions, and five in the AP direction. Time between image acquisitions was typically six to eight minutes. An average absolute change of 1.2±0.7 mm (range: 0.1–1.7) of the SI fiducial position relative to the external signal was found. Corresponding numbers for the LR and AP fiducial positions were 0.9±1.0 mm (range: 0.2–3.0) and 0.5±0.4 mm (range: 0.2–1.2), respectively. The dose distribution impact was small in both the ITV and organs-at-risk. Conclusion: The relationship change between fiducial position and external breathing signal has been observed to be about 1 mm in four pancreas SBRT patients, leading to small dose distribution impact. Pettersson and Cervino are funded by a Varian Medical Systems grant.
Sparse Representation Based Complete Kernel Marginal Fisher Analysis Framework for Computational Art Painting Categorization

This paper presents a sparse representation based complete kernel marginal Fisher analysis (SCMFA) framework for categorizing fine art images. First, we introduce several Fisher vector based features for feature extraction so as to extract and encode important discriminatory information of the painting image. Second, we propose a complete marginal Fisher analysis method so as to extract two kinds of discriminant information, regular and irregular. In particular, the regular discriminant features are extracted from the range space of the intraclass compactness using the marginal Fisher discriminant criterion whereas the irregular discriminant features are extracted from the null space of the intraclass compactness using the marginal interclass separability criterion. The motivation for extracting two kinds of discriminant information is that the traditional MFA method uses a PCA projection in the initial step that may discard the null space of the intraclass compactness which may contain useful discriminatory information. Finally, we learn a discriminative sparse representation model with the objective to integrate the representation criterion with the discriminant criterion in order to enhance the discriminative ability of the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed SCMFA method is assessed on the challenging Painting-91 dataset. Experimental results show that our proposed method is able to (i) achieve the state-of-the-art performance for painting artist and style classification, (ii) outperform other popular image descriptors and deep learning methods, (iii) improve upon the traditional MFA method as well as (iv) discover the artist and style influence to understand their connections in different art movement periods.
Clinical, MRI, and Genetic Findings in Batten Disease

The correlation of clinical, MRI and genetic factors in 36 patients with Batten disease (juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) followed up for 25 years is reported from the Department of Paediatric Neurology, University of Helsinki, Finland, and other centers.
Family Resilience Relative to Mental Health Challenges

Traditionally, treating individuals with mental health challenges has involved a singular focus on intrapsychic processes, or the internal workings of the mind, consistent with the view that the illness resides within the person. However, during the 1950s and 1960s, a variety of models for working with families rather than only individuals began to emerge (Becvar & Becvar, 2009), with much of the early research examining families that included a member diagnosed with schizophrenia (Bateson, Jackson, Haley, & Weakland, 1956; Wynne, Ryckoff, Day, & Hirsch, 1958). Unfortunately, however, many of these studies of schizophrenia had the perhaps unintentional effect of blaming families for the problems experienced by one of their members.
Measures to keep islands stable after power oscillation or out of step islanding

In China, when an interconnected grid is subjected to large disturbances and becomes out-of-step, splitting the out of step area from the main grid has been used widely as the last resort for preventing widespread blackout. If an area that will be split from the main grid has large generation deficit, low voltage and high frequency may occur at the beginning of the island's forming. Sometimes, the frequency may be so high that generator overspeed protection acts to trip generators cascading or simultaneously. Thus, measures based on underfrequency are invalid. In addition, the undervoltage load shedding measures can not work quickly enough due to its time delay. At this case, an integrated measure is proposed to keep the island stable. That is, a certain proportion of load is shed when system splitting is being operated; the quantity of the load shed can be set according to the generation deficit of the area. After that, other load shedding measures can act under certain conditions. This can improve the voltage profile, increase the generators' output power, and limit island frequency. Simulation results show that the integrated measure can keep the island stable. (4 pages)
Long Distance Measurements up to 160 Å in the GroEL Tetradecamer Using Q-Band DEER EPR Spectroscopy

Current distance measurements between spin-labels on multimeric protonated proteins using double electron–electron resonance (DEER) EPR spectroscopy are generally limited to the 15–60 A range. Here we show how DEER experiments can be extended to dipolar evolution times of ca. 80 μs, permitting distances up to 170 A to be accessed in multimeric proteins. The method relies on sparse spin-labeling, supplemented by deuteration of protein and solvent, to minimize the deleterious impact of multispin effects and substantially increase the apparent spin-label phase memory relaxation time, complemented by high sensitivity afforded by measurements at Q-band. We demonstrate the approach using the tetradecameric molecular machine GroEL as an example. Two engineered surface-exposed mutants, R268C and E315C, are used to measure pairwise distance distributions with mean values ranging from 20 to 100 A and from 30 to 160 A, respectively, both within and between the two heptameric rings of GroEL. The measured distance distributions are consistent with the known crystal structure of apo GroEL. The methodology presented here should significantly expand the use of DEER for the structural characterization of conformational changes in higher order oligomers.
Sources of Crime Data

Crime is a complex phenomenon not easily measured. Yet systematic data are fundamental to developing and evaluating effective crime prevention strategies. Official criminal justice data are valuable because they have long been uniformly collected in the USA. However, official data sources cannot capture the sizeable amount of crime unreported to police or undetected. Victim- and self-report data address underreporting of crimes by citizens and victims to law enforcement, although these data under-represent certain types of crimes and have some sampling issues, respondent error, and interviewer bias. Just as there is not a “silver bullet” for preventing crime, there is not one solution to best measuring crime. Existing crime data are perhaps most useful to prevention researchers interested in etiological and epidemiological aspects of social problems because these data may be used to detail the prevalence and distribution of crime, delinquency, and substance abuse across time, place, and population subgroups such as race-ethnicity, sex, and age. Crime data based on survey research methods (e.g., victimization, self-report data) offer measures of commonly theorized risk and protective factors for crime. Another advantage for prevention researchers, some existing datasets support techniques to address contextual effects (individual and neighborhood influences) on crime. Although there are noteworthy caveats to using official or survey data, these crime data sources continue to provide much valuable information on prevalence, distribution, and etiology of substance abuse, deviance, and crime and are useful in evaluating promising paths to prevention.
Readmissions after adult congenital heart surgery: Frequency and risk factors

OBJECTIVE Despite their clinical importance, 30-day readmission after adult congenital heart surgery has been understudied. They sought to determine the frequency of unplanned readmissions after adult congenital heart surgery and to identify any potential associated risk factors. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using State Inpatient Databases for Washington, New York, Florida, and California from 2009 to 2011. SETTING Federal and nonfederal acute care hospitals. PATIENTS Admissions of patients age 18-49 years with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes indicating adult congenital heart surgery. OUTCOME MEASURES Readmission was defined as any nonelective hospitalization for a given patient ≤30 days of discharge from the index congenital heart surgery admission. RESULTS Of 9863 admissions, there were 8912 patients discharged home, of which 1419 were readmitted (14.2%). Unadjusted mortality rate was 2.6%. Most common indications for readmission were cardiac (pericardial disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure) and infectious (postoperative infection, endocarditis). On multivariable analysis, female gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.1; P = .05), black race (AOR 1.2; P = .05), median income <$40,000 (AOR 1.3; P = .01), government-sponsored insurance (AOR 1.4; P < .001), renal insufficiency (AOR 2.1; p < .001), Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 (RACHS-1) 3 complexity (AOR 1.3; P = .04), and emergent admissions (AOR 1.5 P < .001) were risk factors for readmission. CONCLUSIONS One out of seven adult congenital heart surgery hospitalizations results in unplanned readmission. Female gender, lower income status, black race, government-sponsored insurance, renal failure, unscheduled index admission, and RACHS-1 three surgical procedures are risk factors for subsequent unplanned 30-day readmission. These risk factors may serve as potential quality improvement targets to reduce readmissions.
Lowest-ever 0.1419-dB/km loss optical fiber

Lowest-ever 0.1419-dB/km loss at 1560-nm wavelength was realized in a silica-core fiber with 1290-°C low fictive temperature, 147-μm2 large effective area and low microbending loss due to soft primary coating.
Qualitative interviewing and epistemics

Work on epistemics in conversation analysis (CA) has demonstrated how speakers attend closely to the knowledge claims they and others make and how this shapes interaction. This paper uses work on epistemics in CA to explore how interviewers and interviewees orient to knowledge claims involving the asking and answering of questions. Since research participants are recruited to represent a category identified by the researcher, interviewees are assumed to have greater knowledge relative to the research topic as compared to interviewers, who typically work to demonstrate that they are eager learners about others’ experiences, perceptions and beliefs and so forth. This paper examines sequences from research interviews to focus on the fine-grained work involved in asking questions and making knowledge claims within interviews. Epistemics provides a powerful tool to examine how speakers’ orientations to others’ knowledge claims is central to the interactional work of conducting interviews.
First Demonstration of AlSiO as Gate Dielectric in GaN FETs; Applied to a High Performance OG-FET

Gate dielectric plays an integral role in advancing the performance and reliability of GaN-based transistors. Si-alloying of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) dielectrics have been shown to provide a promising route to improve gate dielectric properties in GaN. In this letter, we report on the first demonstration of a GaN FET with aluminum silicon oxide (AlSiO) as the gate dielectric. Vertical normally-off GaN MOSFETs were fabricated on bulk GaN substrate. Excellent dc performance was achieved with a breakdown voltage of 1.2 kV, an ON-resistance of 2 $\text{m}\Omega $ .cm2, and a threshold voltage of 1.5 V (defined at $I_{\textsf {DS}} =1\,\,\mu \text{A}$ /mm). A high breakdown electric-field of 2.3 MV/cm was calculated in these devices. In addition to vertical GaN MOSFET results, a comparative study of Al2O3 and AlSiO-based in situ GaN MOS capacitors, including time-dependent dielectric breakdown characteristics is also presented.
Gegenständlichkeit—From Marx to Lukács and Back Again

As one of very few authors in the Anglo-American tradition, Andrew Feenberg, has pointed out, the early development of critical theory and Lukacs’ philosophy cannot be understood without reflecting on the historically rich network between phenomenology, Neo-Kantianism, and social theory. Moreover, in contradistinction to many contemporary critical theorists, Feenberg, following Lukacs, is not hostile to epistemological and ontological questions in social theory. In this vein, the main term that Feenberg introduces in his interpretation of Lukacs is Gegenstandlichkeit (objectivity). Although I agree with Feenberg’s claim that this term is central for understanding Lukacs’ understanding of social entities as culturally meaningful entities, I argue that we can find this broader social meaning of entities already foreshadowed in Chap. 1 of Marx’s Capital if we read Capital as a theory of society. Unfortunately, traditional Marxist discourses tend to reduce Capital to an “economic” theory and Feenberg seems to follow this tradition, that is, he seems to dismiss the critique of political economy as the primary horizon for a critical theory of society. However, as I will demonstrate, Marx’s project cannot be reduced to a labor theory of value and, instead, it should, from the beginning, be understood as a social theory based on social categories; and Gegenstandlichkeit serves as the central element for translating epistemological concepts into social concepts.
The effects of technology on stress and coping strategies in nurse educators

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among the independent variables of age, gender, years of experience as a nurse educator, and previous technology training, and the dependent variables of feeling compelled to respond to students after hours, level of stress experienced by nurse educators with technology (in general), and level of stress experienced by nurse educators with technology in the classroom/clinical setting. The researcher also investigated the coping strategies demonstrated by these nurse educators. The target population was defined as master’s prepared nurse educators in a nursing program who utilize technology while teaching a nursing theory or clinical course. Of the thirty-six inquiries sent, twenty-two subjects participated in the voluntary survey, resulting in a 61% response rate. Overall, the independent variables were found to not be significantly associated with the measure of the dependent variable of overwhelming feelings of stress or anxiety related to technology. For the measure of the dependent variable of “feeling compelled to answer emails/texts after hours”, age was the only significant predictor. It is now ever more important for nursing faculty to engage in life-long learning in informatics. Deans need to support IT initiatives, and ensure that all faculty members have competency in computer literacy during the interview process.
Orchard manoeuvring strategy for a robotic bin-handling machine

Unlike a car-like vehicle manoeuvring its way in an open field, a four-wheel-independent-steered robotic machine placed in an orchard must operate in a very confined working space between tree rows. Because the machine is subject to the unique constraints of the worksite space and operation limits, multiple steering modes are often required to effectively accomplish the desired bin-handling manoeuvers. In this study, we created a multi-mode manoeuvring strategy selection method to generate strategies that can guide the robotic platform to accomplish bin handling tasks, such as correcting pose error between tree rows, entering a tree lane from the headland, and loading a bin between tree rows, effectively. The method determines the manoeuvring strategies based on the situation among four steering modes: 1) Ackermann steering, 2) coordinated four wheel steering, 3) crab steering, and 4) spinning. The study first evaluated applicable strategies and selected the best of these strategies for different bin handling scenarios. Then, the selected strategies were implemented to drive a four-wheel-independent-steering (4WIS) system to complete the tasks in a commercial orchard in order to validate the method. Obtained results showed that the system could navigate the platform on desired trajectories to complete bin-handling tasks with a root mean square errors less than 0.06 m.
Production of methoxylated flavonoids in yeast using ring A hydroxylases and flavonoid O -methyltransferases from sweet basil

Numerous methoxylated flavonoids exhibit pronounced bioactivities. Their biotechnological production and diversification are therefore of interest to pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. We used a set of enzymes from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) to construct five strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing 8- and/or 6-substituted, methoxylated flavones from their natural precursor apigenin. After identifying several growth parameters affecting the overall yields and flux, we applied optimized conditions and explored the ability of the generated strains to utilize alternative substrates. The yeast cells produced substantial amounts of 6-hydroxylated, methylated derivatives of naringenin and luteolin while the corresponding derivatives of flavonol kaempferol were only detected in trace amounts. Analysis of the intermediates and by-products of the different bioconversions suggested that the substrate specificity of both the hydroxylases and the flavonoid O-methyltransferases is imposing barriers on yields obtained with alternative substrates and highlighted steps that appear to represent bottlenecks en route to increasing the strains' efficiencies. Additionally, analysis of flavonoid localization during fermentation revealed unequal distribution with strong intracellular accumulation of a number of methylated flavonoids and extracellular enrichment of several pathway intermediates. This work establishes a platform for the production of complex methoxylated flavonoids and discusses strategies for its improvement.
Coupling of Photonic Fano Resonances with MoS2 Excitons for Enhanced Light Emission and Optical Modulation

We demonstrate unidirectional enhanced photoluminescence from a monolayer MoS2 via Fano resonances in dielectric photonic crystals. The Fano resonances can also be dynamic controlled by optical and electrical tuning of the MoS2 refractive index.
Radiometry of Ultraviolet Radiation

It is of utmost importance in any field of research to control, quantify, and objectively describe the conditions of an experiment. Much of the literature in photo-biology lacks adequate, and occasionally any, measurement of the radiation. This is no longer acceptable. Recent advancements in electro-optics technology have produced readily available, versatile, and relatively precise ultraviolet radiometry equipment. This chapter reviews radiometric techniques and devices, with emphasis on the ultraviolet region.
Protein processing:: a role in the pathophysiology of genetic disease

Abstract Genetic diseases associated with an enzyme deficiency frequently have reduced intracellular levels of the mutant protein, despite apparently normal levels of message and protein synthesis. It has been suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can recognise mutant protein as incorrectly folded and invoke `quality control' processes which cause the retention and degradation of this protein. This process may occur, even for mutations which do not abrogate protein activity, contributing directly to pathophysiology. Genetic diseases associated with defects in ER and Golgi processing proteins have also been reported and generally result in impaired processing of multiple protein products. In this review the role of the ER and Golgi in the pathogenesis of genetic diseases relating to the vacuolar network are discussed.
Trends in prostate-specific antigen test use, 2000-2005.

OBJECTIVE This study examined prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test use among men and identified sociodemographic and health-related characteristics associated with its use over time. METHODS The National Health Interview Survey collected information on PSA test use among 16,058 men > or = 40 years of age in 2000 and 2005. We examined two outcomes: (1) having had a recent (within two years) screening PSA test and (2) having had three or more PSA tests in the past five years (to indicate frequent use). RESULTS Marital status, family history of prostate cancer, and having seen a doctor in the past year differed over time in the unadjusted model. In the adjusted model, recent PSA screening decreased from 2000 to 2005 for single, never-married men, but increased for men with chronic diseases. Frequent PSA test use increased for men with a family history of prostate cancer, men with chronic diseases, and men who had seen a physician in the past year. Significant correlates of higher recent PSA test use included being older, married, and of black race/ethnicity; having higher levels of education and income, health-care coverage, and a usual place of health care; and increased comorbidity. CONCLUSION Major organizations are not in agreement about the efficacy of prostate cancer screening; however, men > or = 40 years of age continue to use the PSA test. Both recent screening and frequent testing showed variability during the study period and may have implications for the ongoing randomized clinical trials that are expected to clarify whether early detection of prostate cancer with PSA testing increases survival.
Essential Fatty Acid Metabolism in Metabolic Syndrome and Neurological Disorders

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are important components of neural membrane phospholipids. They are either obtained from the diet or synthesized from their dietary precursors, a-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) in liver. DHA and ARA compete for incorporation into the glycerophospholipids of neuronal membranes, and increased levels of DHA/EPA in neurons result in a decrease in the level of ARA in glycerophospholipids. ARA is released from neural phospholipids by PLA2s. This fatty acid is metabolized into eicosanoids (PGs, LTs, TXs, and LXs) by COX and LOX enzymes. High concentrations of eicosanoids produce platelet aggregation, hemorrhage, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation. ARA-derived eicosanoids not only produce proinflammatory effects but also play important homeostatic roles in regulating both the promotion and resolution of inflammation in the immune response. In contrast, DHA and EPA are metabolized into docosanoids (resolvins, neuroprotectins, and maresins), which induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, MetS, and age-related neurodegenerative diseases are accompanied by enhancement in synthesis of PGs, LTs, and TXs. Studies in animal models of MetS and neurodegenerative disorders indicate that the consumption of DHA and EPA produces beneficial effects by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation and inducing the cell survival genes.
Treatment of established TH2 cells with 4μ8c, an inhibitor of IRE1α, blocks IL-5 but not IL-4 secretion.

T cell activation induces ER stress and upregulates Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α), an activator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Inhibition of IRE1α RNase activity in activated CD4+ splenocytes from naive mice, via treatment of the cells with the commercially available drug 4μ8c upon activation, results in the reduction of the secretion of proteins IL-5, IL-4, and IL-13. Prior to this work, it was unknown if 4μ8c could inhibit TH2 cytokines in established TH2 cells, cells that are crucial in promoting disease in severe asthma. Treatment of a mouse T helper (TH)2 cell line and differentiated human TH2 cells with 4μ8c resulted in inhibition of IL-5, but not IL-4, as measured by ELISA. The reduced cytokine expression was not due to differences in mRNA stability or mRNA levels; it appears to be due to a defect in secretion, as the cells produce cytokines IL-5 as measured by flow cytometry and western blot. These data suggest that the inhibition of IL-5 was due to post-translational processes. IL-5 promotes chronic, inflammatory asthma, and 4μ8c blocks its expression in T cells in vitro. Future studies will determine if 4μ8c treatment can ameliorate the effects of the cytokine IL-5 in a disease model.
Time to study metastatic-cancer survivorship

Time to Study Metastatic-Cancer Survivorship Long-term survivors with metastatic cancer have not been well studied, but diagnoses of incurable cancer will have substantial effects on patients’ fami...
Fathering Within Transnational and Mixed-Status Mayan Families: An Exploratory Study

This study explores fathering within a small sample of Mayan transnational and mixed-status families divided between the Northeastern United States and the Quiche region of Guatemala. A positive ma...
Cue salience of the use of an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) device marketed to women

Abstract Introduction Passive exposure to the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS or e-cigarettes) has been shown to generalize as a smoking cue. As young adult women in particular are increasingly targeted by ENDS distributors, the present study examined whether passive exposure to the use of a female-marketed ENDS product selectively enhanced smoking urge, cigarette and e-cigarette desire, and smoking behavior among women (vs men) smokers. Methods Using a mixed design, young adult smokers (n = 64; mean age 28.2 yrs.; ≥5 cigarettes/day) observed a study confederate drink bottled water (control cue) and then vape a female-marketed tank-based ENDS (active cue). Main measures were the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (BQSU) and visual analog scales (VAS) for cigarette and e-cigarette desire pre- and post-cue exposure, followed by a smoking latency task. Results Compared to the control cue, the female-marketed ENDS cue increased smoking urge and desire for cigarettes and e-cigarettes to a similar extent in women and men. It also affected subsequent smoking behavior similarly between the sexes, with 68% of men and 58% of women opting to smoke (vs. obtaining monetary reinforcers). Conclusions Both women and men were sensitive to the use of the female-marketed ENDS as a smoking cue. Consistent with prior work by our group, findings demonstrate the cue salience of ENDS, which may be attributable to the aspects of vaping that resemble traditional smoking (e.g. hand-to-mouth and inhalation and exhalation behaviors).
Individual-Specific Analysis for Psychoradiology

In neuroimaging research, averaging data at the level of the group results in blurring of potentially meaningful individual differences. A more widespread use of an individual-specific approach is advocated for, which involves a more thorough investigation of each individual in a group, and characterization of idiosyncrasies at the level of behavior, cognition, and symptoms, as well as at the level of brain organization. It is hoped that such an approach, focused on individuals, will provide convergent findings that will help identify the underlying pathologic condition in various psychiatric disorders and help in the development of treatments individualized for each patient.
Property rights and groundwater management in the High Plains Aquifer

Abstract Groundwater is an important natural resource that needs to be managed dynamically. Ideally, institutions governing property rights to the groundwater of low-recharge aquifers should not discourage or disincentivize groundwater users from dynamic management. We develop an empirical model to examine whether agricultural groundwater users faced with prior appropriation property rights to groundwater in western Kansas exhibit dynamic, forward-looking behavior consistent with dynamic management. We find that although farmers are allotted a time-invariant maximum amount of groundwater that they can extract each year, they still behave in a manner consistent with dynamic management. Their groundwater extraction decisions are not significantly affected by the quantity they are authorized to extract, but are instead affected by expected future crop prices, expected future energy prices, and groundwater extraction by neighbors. Our results provide evidence that farmers manage their groundwater resource dynamically, even if their property rights do not necessarily encourage or incentivize them to do so.
Effort avoidance is not simply error avoidance

Little is known about how effort is represented for different kinds of tasks. Recently, we suggested that it would help to establish empirical benchmarks for this problem. Accordingly, Feghhi and Rosenbaum (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45:983-994, 2019) estimated how many additional digits to be memorized corresponded to navigating through a narrow gap versus a wide gap. The estimates were based on a study in which participants chose between walking paths with associated memory demands. We found that participants were equally willing to choose to walk through a narrow gap as to walk through a wide gap when the narrow-gap walk required memorization of 0.55 fewer digits on average than the wide-gap walk. In the present experiment, we sought to replicate and extend this previous finding in two ways: (1) by presenting the memory digits in auditory rather than visual form to test the hypothesis that participants used phonological recoding of the visually presented digits; and (2) by providing a new metric of the relative difficulty of navigation errors compared to recall errors. We provided 36 university students with two action/memorization options per trial and asked them to choose the easier option. Each option had varying degrees of physical demand (walking through a wide or narrow gap) and mental demand (memorizing 6, 7, or 8 digits). We expected performance to be comparable to what we observed earlier with visually presented digits to be memorized, and this prediction was confirmed. We also used a new metric to show that navigation errors were implicitly judged to be 17% more costly than recall errors. The fact that this percentage was not 0 indicates that reducing percent error was not the only basis for reducing effort.
A Pathway Switching Mechanism for Water Catalyzed Ethanol Decomposition on Cu(111)

A first-principles study of the ethanol decomposition mechanism on Cu(111) is presented with a focus on the selectivity of acetaldehyde production controlled through the addition of molecular water...
A Novel SEC22B-NOTCH2 Fusion in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a neoplasm composed of monoclonal mature B lymphocytes. It demonstrates a heterogenous genomic landscape, commonly associated with karyotypic abnormalities. Here we report a case of CLL that demonstrated a rearrangement of the NOTCH2 gene with SEC22B, forming a novel fusion not previously reported in CLL.
People, Fields, and Strategies: Dissecting Political Institutions in the Tequila Valleys of Western Mexico

This chapter synthesizes and expands prior studies of the role of sociopolitical institutions in the Teuchitlan culture (1000 BCE–CE 500) of the Tequila Valleys, Jalisco, western Mexico. Western Mexico lies geographically intermediate to the contemporary urban center of Teotihuacan in central Mexico, and the later Puebloan societies of the American Southwest. The Teuchitlan culture shares elements of collective governance with both groups. In a discussion that alternates between theory and archaeological evidence, I address the association of elites with different forms of capital, and how we can better incorporate commoners through an assessment of the resources available to them. I then elaborate upon prior work that found certain types of formal architecture were more appropriate for the enactment of exclusionary or corporate strategies. With these strands in place, I relate these proposals to the evidence for the diversification and interaction of strategies and institutions in the Tequila Valleys.
The Sigma Algebra of Events

In Chapter 1, we show that events are represented as subsets of the basic space Ω of all possible outcomes of the basic trial or experiment. Also, we see that it is highly desirable to consider logical operations on these subsets (complementation and the formation of unions and intersections). Very simple problems make desirable the treatment of sequences or other countable classes of events. Thus, if E is an event, the complementary set E c should be an event. If {E i : 1 ≤ i} is a sequence of events, then the union ∪ ∞ i=1 E i and the intersection ∩ ∞ i=1 E i should be events. On the other hand, there are technical mathematical reasons for not considering the class of events to be the class of all subsets of Ω. Basic spaces with an infinity of elements contain bizarre subsets that put a strain on the fundamental theory. We are thus led to consider some restrictions on the class of events, while still maintaining the desired flexibility and richness of membership. Long experience has shown that the proper choice is a sigma algebra. We wish to characterize these classes. Sigma algebras and many other important types of subclasses are characterized by various closure properties.
Advancing Self-Healing Capabilities in Interconnected Microgrids via Dynamic Data Driven Applications System with Relational Database Management

A microgrid is an interdependent electrical distribution system containing renewable energy sources, local demand and a coupled connection to the main grid. A very appealing feature of a microgrid is its capability to self-heal from disruptions, which is made even more viable with the emergence of interconnected collaborative microgrids. In this study, we present a dynamic data driven application system framework that integrates a relational database management system (RDBMS) to advance self-healing capabilities among interconnected microgrids. A RDBMS facilitates access to various sensors in the microgrid for fast abnormality detection and for determining the optimal self-healing action to implement. We build an agent-based simulation model (ABM) for three self-healing interconnected microgrids. Using the ABM, we compare self-healing operations of microgrids with and without an RDBMS. Simulation results show that an RDBMS may lead to faster response time and thus advance self-healing capabilities of interconnected microgrids.