cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Effects on Layers of Sodium Sulfate and Magnesium Sulfate in Their Drinking Water

Potential for increasing contamination of water supplies with such materials as dissolved inorganic solids suggests more precise water quanlity standards for poultry. Commercial strain S.C.W.L. hens were supplied water containing sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (250, 1,000, 4,000, or 16,000 p.p.m.) on a total sulfate basis in Exp. 1 and on a total salt basis in Exp. 2. All data are expressed as percentages deviated from pre-treatment performance. Four thousand p.p.m. of total sulfate as Na2SO4 or MgSO4 significantly depressed feed consumption and hen-day production. Magnesium sulfate (4,000 p.p.m.) had a more depressing effect than Na2SO4 (4,000 p.p.m.) on hen-day production (-80.4 vs. -24.4%). At that level, Na2SO4 significantly increased water consumption and fecal moisture content, while MgSO4 significantly decreased water consumption. All hens on 1l,000 p.p.m. of either salt died during the experiment. No effect on egg quality was observed before the hens died. On a total salt basis (Exp. 2) 16,000 p.p.m. of either Na2SO4 or MgSO4 significantly depressed hen-day production, body weight, and feed comsumption, but increased water consumption. Hens receiving 16,000 p.p.m. Na2SO4 increased water consumption more than those receiving 16,000 p.p.m. MgSO4(146.7 and 24.6%). No significant differences between treatments were observed for mortality (Exp. 2). Mortality data suggest that lethal levels of Na2SO4 and MgSO4 are between 16,000 and 20,032 or 23,680 p.p.m. total salt, respectively.
A Life Study of Ausforged, Standard Forged, and Standard Machined AISI M-50 Spur Gears

Tests were conducted at 350 K (170 F) with three groups of 8.9 cm (3.5 in.) pitch diameter spur gears made of vacuum induction melted (VIM) consumable-electrode vacuum-arc melted (VAR), AISI M-50 steel and one group of vacuum-arc remelted (VAR) AISI 9310 steel. The pitting fatigue life of the standard forged and ausforged gears was approximately five times that of the VAR AISI 9310 gears and ten times that of the bending fatigue life of the standard machined VIM-VAR AISI M-50 gears run under identical conditions. There was a slight decrease in the 10-percent life of the ausforged gears from that for the standard forged gears, but the difference is not statistically significant. The standard machined gears failed primarily by gear tooth fracture while the forged and ausforged VIM-VAR AISI M-50 and the VAR AISI 9310 gears failed primarily by surface pitting fatigue. The ausforged gears had a slightly greater tendency to fail by tooth fracture than the standard forged gears.
Merged stagnation shock layer of nonequilibrium dissociating gas.

Abstract : The paper presents the formulation of the problem, the numerical method leading to solution, and the physical significance of the results obtained for the fluid flow of a viscous merged layer with nonequilibrium chemical reactions. The solution is limited to the stagnation region of a blunt body. The chemical reactions considered are the dissociation and the recombination of air. It is first shown that the reduced Navier-Stokes equation and the corresponding energy and species conservation equations, wherein certain curvature effects have been neglected, are sufficiently accurate for the flow regime in which Re > or approx. 20, where Re is the Reynolds number behind the bow shock. It is also shown that only in this regime are the nonequilibrium chemical reactions important. From the solutions it was found, as was expected, that a strong coupling exists between the chemical reactions and the rarefaction of the shock layer. One of the unexpected results is that, for a given flight condition, increase of the surface catalycity causes the shock layer to become thinner. Since the increase in surface catalycity reduces the degree of dissociation within the merged shock layer, it had been expected that it would increase the shock layer thickness instead of decreasing it. The physical interpretation of the phenomenon and its possible implications are discussed. (Author)
Abstract 1298: The role of nuclear factor kappa B in survival of human papillomavirus-positive head and neck cancer cell lines.

Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) has been implicated in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) from premalignant changes to tumor progression, and in treatment resistance and recurrence. However, the roles of NFκB in the sensitivity to chemoradiation of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated HNSCC have not been well defined. Previously we reported that high expression of NFκB detected by immunohistochemistry in pretreated HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer patients was significantly associated with poor progression free survival (AACR 2012 Abstract #4489). Therefore, we hypothesized that NFκB could play a role in pro-survival in HPV+ head and neck cancer cells. We first examined the sensitivity of five HPV+ head and neck cancer cell lines (HPV16: UDSCC2, 93-VU-147T, UM-SCC47, UPCI:SCC90, HPV18: SCC1483) to radiation and cisplatin, Consistent with current models, when we knocked down expression of the HPV16E6 oncogene, SCC47 and SCC1483 cells with restored expression of p53 displayed a significant reduction in S phase entry as revealed by cell cycle analysis (SCC47: scrambled control 14.08% ± 0.55% versus siRNA-E6 6.39% ± 2.40, p=0.004; SCC1483: scrambled control 13.39% ± 1.28% versus 7.49% ± 0.83, p=0.002). In addition, all five cell lines displayed reduced sensitivity to cisplatin compared with cells treated with scrambled control siRNA. The basal level of activated NFκB in HPV+ cell lines was correlated with the sensitivity to radiation and cisplatin as assessed by colony formation and cell growth assays. Suppression of NFκBp65 by siRNA resulted in marked increases in apoptosis associated with reduction of Bcl-2 in both SCC47 and SCC1483 cells. This pattern was more pronounced with increasing doses of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (32.5 to 130 nM for 48 to 72 hr). Furthermore, SCC47 and SCC1483 cells treated with siRNA NFκBp65 displayed a significantly greater level of apoptosis induced by radiation or cisplatin compared to cells treated with non-targeted control siRNA, indicating a pro-survival effect for NFκB. Further studies are warranted to delineate the effects of HPV oncogene interactions with NFκB signaling pathways on chemoradiation sensitivity. (This study was supported by the V Foundation). Citation Format: Hongzheng Zhang, Zhongliang Hu, Ning Jiang, Rossella Marullo, Paul W. Doetsch, William D. Hunt, Georgia Z. Chen, Dong M. Shin. The role of nuclear factor kappa B in survival of human papillomavirus-positive head and neck cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1298. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1298
Hole wave functions and transport with deazaadenines replacing adenines in DNA.

Transport of a hole along the base stack of DNA is relatively facile for a series of adenines (As) paired with thymines (Ts) or for a series of guanines (Gs) paired with cytosines (Cs). However, the speed at which a hole was found to travel was much too small to make useful semiconductor-type devices. Quite recently it was found that replacing one of the electronegative nitrogens (N3 or N7) with a carbon and a hydrogen, thus turning A into deazaadenine, increased the hole speed in what was A/T by a factor 30. To study the effect of the substitution we have carried out simulations for the wave function of a hole on an A/T oligomer with As modified by replacing N3 or N7, or both, with C–H’s. The simulations were carried out using QM/MM and the code CP2K. We find, for either N, or both, replaced, the wave function of the hole behaves similarly to that of a hole on A/T in being delocalized immediately after hole insertion for up to ∼20 fs, and then becoming localized on one of the modified As. The time for lo...
Tripartite behavioral intervention to reduce stereotypic and disruptive behaviors in young multihandicapped children

A comprehensive, tripartite intervention to reduce maladaptive stereotypic and disruptive behaviors exhibited by three young multihandicapped children was carried out. First, preferred stimuli were systematically identified for each child by scoring approach responses to each of 18 stimulus items. Highly preferred stimuli were used as positive reinforcers in DRO behavior management programs. Second, behavioral interventions were applied and evaluated in multiple-baseline designs within a laboratory classroom setting. Momentary DRO plus immobilization time-out and momentary DRO combined with overcorrection were found to be effective in reducing disruptive and/or stereo-typic behaviors. Third, efficacy of treatments was demonstrated in the regular classroom environment using A-B-A-B experimental designs. In two cases, behavioral programs were gradually faded to facilitate application by classroom staff. Concurrent effects of treatment, trainer compliance, and cost effectiveness were monitored throughout the study. Gains were maintained across five-month follow-up period.
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in a Patient with Situs Inversus

Coronary artery disease occurs in patients with dextrocardia and situs inversus totalis with an incidence and clinical presentation similar to that in the general population. Such a patient with unstable angina pectoris and subsequent coronary artery bypass surgery is described.
Use of the Blister Test to Study the Adhesion of Brittle Materials. Part II. Application

Abstract Using a modified form of the blister test, where the adhesive layer was between the substrate and a massive base, instead of as a continuous sheet on top of the substrate, we determined the interfacial fracture energy F for a series of interfaces where a brittle material (ice) was adhering to various substrates. Fracture energies obtained were compared with work of adhesion values measured for water on the same substrates. Fracture energy, which contains within it both a reversible contribution due to intermolecular interactions across the interface (work of adhesion) and an irreversible contribution due to collective dissipative processes, was found to rise rapidly with modest increases in work of adhesion. The observed relation suggests that the irreversible contribution to fracture energy is influenced strongly by the intermolecular interactions at the interface.
Role of a novel excipient poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-histidine) in retention of physical stability of insulin at aqueous/organic interface.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-histidine) diblock copolymer (PEG-polyHis), can stabilize insulin, at the aqueous/methylene chloride interface formed during the microencapsulation process. Insulin aggregation at this interface was monitored spectrophotometrically at 276 nm. The effects of protein concentration, pH of the aqueous medium, and the presence of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in methylene chloride (MC) on insulin aggregation were observed. For the 2.0 mg/mL insulin solutions in phosphate buffer (PB), the effect of addition of Pluronic F-127 as a positive control and addition of PEG-polyHis as a novel excipient in PB was also evaluated at various insulin/polymeric excipient weight ratios. The conformation of insulin protected by PEG-polyHis and recovered after interfacial exposure was evaluated via circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Greater loss in soluble insulin was observed with increasing insulin concentrati...
11B(3He, d)12C spectroscopic factors

Abstract Particle-identification techniques have been used to study the 11 B( 3 He, d) 12 C reaction. Angular distributions have been measured for incident 3 He energies of 10, 12 and 18 MeV for residual states in 12 C up to 16.11 MeV excitation. Elastic scattering of 3 He by 11 B has been measured at the same energies in order to extract optical-model parameters. The angular distributions have been analysed using DWBA calculations in order to obtain absolute spectroscopic factors. Zero-range DWBA was used with and without radial cut-off, and approximate finite-range DWBA calculations were also performed. Comparisons of the spectroscopic factors extracted using 11 B( 3 He, d) 12 C and 11 B(d, n) 12 C are given.
Electrophilic reactions at the cyanomethyl ligand in the electron rich complex FeCp(dppe)CH2CN

Abstract Protonation or alkylation (MeOSO 2 F) of the electron-rich complex FeCp(dppe)CH 2 CN (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphine)ethane) is accompanied by an unexpected intramolecular rearrangement to give new carbene complexes. The interesting step in this rearrangement is believed to be the electrophilic attack of the methylene carbon of an η 2 -CH 2 CNR group at a cyclopentadienyl carbon atom; no precedent exists for this process. A crystal structure on the protonated complex (as the PF 6 − salt) was carried out.
Underwater Sounds heard from Sperm Whales

WHILE the sperm whale (Physeter catodon) is one of the more conspicuous cetaceans, it has not figured among the relatively few that have been demonstrated to make underwater sounds, although they have occasionally been suspected of doing so. We have now obtained reliable evidence that they, too, are soniferous.
Health and Labor Supply in the Context of HIV/AIDS: The Long-Run Economic Impacts of Antiretroviral Therapy

AbstractUsing longitudinal survey data collected in Kenya, this article estimates the longer-term impacts of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the labor supply of treated adults and their household members. Building on previous work in Kenya, data collected from 2004–6 indicate that early evidence on the short-run impacts of ART tends to be upheld over the long term as well. The results show that the labor supply response among treated adults occurs rapidly and is sustained through the 3-year observation period in our study. These results underscore the strong relationship between health and labor supply that has been observed in other contexts.
Synthesis of a family of epoxyvinyltriflate stereotetrads from 4-hydroxycyclohex-2-en-1-one

Abstract 4-Hydroxy cylohex-2-en-1-one can be converted into a family of highly oxygenated cyclohexyl epoxyvinyltriflates by epoxidation, rearrangement, and epoxidation. Furthermore, double stereoselection via Jacobsen epoxidation enables synthesis of compounds such as 20a which were previously very difficult to prepare.
Differential charging in XPS. Part III. A comparison of charging in thin polymer overlayers on conducting and non‐conducting substrates

Previous work has used small-area and imaging XPS to show that differential charging in bulk insulators develops as a result of non-uniform x-ray flux across the surface, causing lateral differential charging. Charging in heterogeneous samples can be further affected by the local sample environment and sample mounting. The current work extends these studies through an analysis of differential charging effects in thin overlayers on conducting and insulating substrates. The charging observed in PnBMA overlayers on indium tin oxide, glass, Ag and Al is discussed as a function of substrate conductivity and photoelectron cross-sections. Substrate conductivity is the most significant factor in determining the magnitude of the overlayer charging observed when no charge compensation is utilized. Differential charging in the PnBMA overlayer was used to image a patterned substrate containing insulating and conducting areas.
Chicken Gizzard: Relation Between Calcium-Activated Phosphorylation and Contraction

Of the proteins in mechanically disrupted chicken gizzard fibers (no functional sarcolemma) only the 20,000-dalton light chains of myosin underwent large Ca2+-and Sr2+-dependent changes in phosphorylation. Phosphorylation closely corresponded with the Ca2+- and Sr2+-activated tensions. Adenosine 5'-O (3'-thiotriphosphate) only in the presence of Ca2+ induced irreversible Ca2+-insensitive activation of tension and thiophosphorylation of the 20,000-dalton light chains, and blocked incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]adenosine triphosphate into the myosin light chains.
Schottky diode solar cells on electrodeposited copper phthalocyanine films

Abstract Schottky diode solar cells were fabricated on electrodeposited films of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). The aluminum contact was deposited by two methods, viz. thermal evaporation and electron beam evaporation; the materials and electro-optical characteristics of these devices were compared. We achieved the highest ever reported open-circuit voltage of 1.19 V with the electrodeposited CuPc films. This is in contrast to an open-circuit voltage of 0.907 V reported in Schottky diode cells with evaporated CuPc films. β-Phase dominance in electrodeposited CuPc films was thought to be a major factor in enhanced performance. Effects of varying the CuPc thickness on the device performance were investigated.
TU‐C‐210A‐02: Recent Advances in Breast Tomosynthesis

This presentation in the symposium is focused on the recent advances in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). DBT is a three‐dimensional (3D) x‐ray breast imaging technique. Several projection images of the breast are obtained from different angles, and image reconstruction is used to generate cross‐sectional slices (with 1 mm thickness) that are parallel to the detector. Several DBT prototype systems have been developed by different manufacturers through modification of screening full‐field digital mammography (FFDM) systems. The x‐ray tube gantry typically rotates around the compressed breast with a limited angular range (15 to 60 degrees) and acquires a limited number of images (11 to 49). In this presentation, an overview of the following aspects of DBT will be provided: 1. Different approaches to system implementation of DBT, and their advantages and limitations; 2. Comparison of different image reconstruction methods, including filtered back projection (FBP) and iterative reconstruction; 3. Special considerations for DBT compared to conventional projection mammography: scattered radiation, x‐ray spectrum and detector performance; 4. Methods for the evaluation and optimization of DBT image quality; 5. Clinical results of breast cancer detection using DBT and its comparison with projection mammography; 6. Combination of DBT with other 3D imaging methods for multi‐modality breast imaging applications.
Breast self-examination and the health belief model: variations on a theme.

Variables derived from the Health Belief Model (HBM) were studied in relation to breast self-examination (BSE) performance, which was measured in terms of both frequency and thoroughness. Data were collected from 202 adult women via self-administered questionnaires. Susceptibility and Seriousness were combined to form a “threat of breast cancer” variable, and two approaches were used to compute “net perceived efficacy of BSE.” However, barriers and susceptibility in their original form explained more variance in BSE practice than did the combined variables. The negative relationship found between perceived barriers and BSE performance (r= –.44) is consistent with previous findings. Implications for research and practice are presented.
High-order mimetic finite difference method for diffusion problems on polygonal meshes

The mimetic finite difference (MFD) methods mimic important properties of physical and mathematical models. As a result, conservation laws, solution symmetries, and the fundamental identities of the vector and tensor calculus are held for discrete models. The MFD methods retain these attractive properties for full tensor coefficients and arbitrary polygonal meshes which may include non-convex and degenerate elements. The existing MFD methods for solving diffusion-type problems are second-order accurate for the conservative variable (temperature, pressure, energy, etc.) and only first-order accurate for its flux. We developed new high-order MFD methods which are second-order accurate for both scalar and vector variables. The second-order convergence rates are demonstrated with a few numerical examples on randomly perturbed quadrilateral and polygonal meshes.
Truncation of wavelet matrices: Edge effects and the reduction of topological control

Abstract Edge effects and Gibbs phenomena are a ubiquitous problem in signal processing. We show how this problem can arise from a mismatch between the “topology” of the data D (e.g., an interval in the case of a time series or a rectangle in the case of a photographic image) and the topology X (often a circle or tours) natural to the construction of the transformation O . The notion of a manifold control space X for an orthogonal transformation O is introduced. It is proved that no matter how complicated X is, O may be “truncated” to an O ′ with control space D , homeomorphic to an interval or a product of intervals. This yields a new, topologically motivated approach to edge effects. We give the complete details for applying this approach to the discrete Daubechies transform of functions on the unit interval so that no data are wrapped around from one end of the interval to the other.
Simulation of Utility-Scale Central Receiver System Power Plants

The operation of solar energy systems is necessarily transient. Over the lifetime of a concentrating solar power plant, the system operates at design conditions only occasionally, with the bulk of operation occurring under part-load conditions depending on solar resource availability. Credible economic analyses of solar-electric systems requires versatile models capable of predicting system performance at both design and off-design conditions. This paper introduces new and adapted simulation tools for power tower systems including models for the heliostat field, central receiver, and the power cycle. The design process for solar power tower systems differs from that for other concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies such as the parabolic trough or parabolic dish systems that are nearly modular in their design. The design of an optimum power tower system requires a determination of the heliostat field layout and receiver geometry that results in the greatest long-term energy collection per unit cost. Research presented in this paper makes use of the DELSOL3 code (Kistler, 1986) which provides this capability. An interface program called PTGEN was developed to simplify the combined use of DELSOL3 and TRNSYS. The final product integrates the optimization tool with the detailed component models to provide a comprehensive modeling tool set for the power tower technology.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Siliceous sponge spicules in coral reef sediments

Experimental etching with hydrofluoric acid indicated that silica deposition occurs in a recognizable pattern in common sponge microscleres. The postdepositional alteration of these spicules has previously been generally unrecognized or misinterpreted in the literature. Early stages of postdepositional etching of sponge spicules were observed in the acid insoluble fraction of sediments from the West Atlantic barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Preliminary data on silica distribution in the Belize barrier reef show that concentrations in fine sediment (<0.25 mm) increase landward of the main reef tract. Sponge spicules are the main component of particulate silica in sediments of the reef and fore-reef where sponge populations abound, whereas grains prevail in the back-reef lagoon deposits. Recycling of locally dissolved silica appears to be important for the growth of many off-shore reef sponges.
Improving Availability with Adaptive Roaming Replicas in Presence of Determined DoS Attacks

Static replicas have been proven useful in providing fault tolerance and load balancing, but they may not provide enough assurance on the continuous availability of mission- critical data in face of a determined denial-of-service (DoS) attacker. A roaming replica scheme can provide higher availability assurance, but the overhead associated with replica movement and lookup is high. In this paper, we propose ARRP, an adaptive roaming replication protocol in which static replicas are used normally but if a certain percentage of static replicas has already been shut down, then a small number of roaming replicas will be added and stored in randomly selected hosts that are changed periodically. In particular, we analyze the appropriate threshold when the roaming replica scheme should be enabled by empirically investigating the tradeoff between availability, performance, and overhead. Simulation results show that ARRP can effectively mitigate the impacts of DoS attacks and host failures to ensure continuous availability of critical data, with better performance and reasonable overhead compared to only using static replicas.
The crystal and molecular structure of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-xylo-pentodialdo-1,4-furanose. A dimeric form in the crystalline state

Abstract 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α- d -xylo-pentodialdo-1,4-furanose (1), C16H24O10, Mr = 376.4, is orthorhombic, space group P212121 with a = 10.3028(10), b = 11.1875(3), c = 15.7484(13) A, V = 1815.2(4) A3, Dc = 1.377 gcm−3, μ(CuKα) = 9.5 cm−1 and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.033 and Rw = 0.045 for 1984 observed reflections. Crystalline 1 has a dimeric cyclic acetal-hemiacetal structure, formed by self aldol condensation of two monomers. The absolute configuration at the condensation centers, C-5 and C-5′, were assigned as 5R and 5S, respectively. In the dimer 1, the xylofu anose rings adopt different conformations, one is a twist 3T4, whereas the second is an envelope E4 slightly distorted towards the 3T4 conformation; their fused 1,2-O-isopropylidene rings adopt O-2E and O-2TC-6 conformations, respectively. The 1,3-dioxane ring has a distorted chair conformation with puckering parameters Q = 0.516 A, φ = 90.9, and θ = 11.0°. The molecules are linked in the crystal through intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions that involve the two hydroxyl groups, OH-3 and OH-5′, and the isopropylidene ring oxygen atoms, O-2 and O-1′, as donor and acceptor, respectively.
Identifying and modifying protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions using a bacterial two-hybrid selection system.

A bacterial two-hybrid system based on transcriptional activation in E. coli has recently been described. A variety of different protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions from bacteria, yeast, and humans have been studied using this bacterial-based system. The method, because it is based in bacteria, offers significant advantages relative to its yeast counterpart including the ability to analyze complex libraries > 10(8) in size, ease of use, and speed. The ability to easily and rapidly process very large libraries make this system a powerful tool for identifying, modifying, or optimizing protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions.
Comparison of effects of diet versus exercise weight loss regimens on LDL and HDL particle size in obese adults

Obesity is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile characterized by a predominance of small LDL and HDL particles. Weight loss, by dietary restriction or exercise, increases LDL particle size. Whether these interventions can augment HDL size in conjunction with LDL size remains unknown. This study compared the effects of alternate day fasting (ADF), calorie restriction (CR), and endurance exercise on LDL and HDL particle size in overweight and obese subjects. In a 12-week parallel-arm trial, adult subjects (n = 60) were randomized to 1 of 4 groups: 1) ADF (75% energy restriction for 24-h alternated with ad libitum feeding for 24-h), 2) CR (25% energy restriction every day), 3) exercise (moderate intensity training 3 x/week), or 4) control. Body weight was reduced (P < 0.001) by ADF, CR, and exercise (5.2 ± 1.1%, 5.0 ± 1.4%, 5.1 ± 0.9%, respectively). Plasma LDL cholesterol decreased (P < 0.05) with ADF (10 ± 4%) and CR (8 ± 4%), whereas HDL cholesterol increased (P < 0.05) with exercise (16 ± 5%). Integrated LDL particle size was augmented (P = 0.01) by ADF and CR. The proportion of small LDL particles decreased (P = 0.04) with ADF only, and the proportion of large HDL particles increased (P = 0.03) with exercise only. These results indicate that dietary restriction increases LDL particle size, while endurance training augments HDL particle size, with minimal weight loss. None of these interventions concomitantly increased both LDL and HDL particle size, however.
Online System Problem Detection by Mining Patterns of Console Logs

We describe a novel application of using data mining and statistical learning methods to automatically monitor and detect abnormal execution traces from console logs in an online setting. Different from existing solutions, we use a two stage detection system. The first stage uses frequent pattern mining and distribution estimation techniques to capture the dominant patterns (both frequent sequences and time duration). The second stage use principal component analysis based anomaly detection technique to identify actual problems. Using real system data from a 203-node Hadoop [1] cluster, we show that we can not only achieve highly accurate and fast problem detection, but also help operators better understand execution patterns in their system.
The role of cardiolipin in the structural organization of mitochondrial membranes

Considerable progress has recently been made in understanding the role of cardiolipin in mitochondria. In this brief review, we discuss new data that show how cardiolipin specifically contributes to the lateral organization of mitochondrial membranes. We argue that the function of cardiolipin has to be understood in the context of dynamic membrane assembly rather than static membrane structure, and we propose that remodeling of cardiolipin, i.e. the formation of uniformly substituted molecular species, may reduce the energy barrier of the assembly process.
The nuclear function of angiogenin in endothelial cells is related to rRNA production.

Angiogenin is a potent angiogenic protein whose inhibition is known to prevent human tumor growth in athymic mice. It is secreted by both tumor and normal cells; and interacts with endothelial and smooth muscle cells to induce a wide range of cellular responses including cell migration and invasion, proliferation, and formation of tubular structures. Angiogenin is rapidly endocytosed and translocated to the cell nucleus where it accumulates in the nucleolus and binds to DNA. Although nuclear translocation is necessary for its angiogenic activity, the nuclear function of angiogenin is unclear. Here we report that exogenous angiogenin enhances the production of 45S rRNA in endothelial cells, and reduction of endogenous angiogenin inhibits its transcription. In a nuclear run-on assay, angiogenin stimulates RNA synthesis including that containing the initiation site sequences of 45S rRNA. This suggests that the nuclear function of angiogenin relates to its capacity to induce rRNA synthesis. Because rRNA transcription is essential for the synthesis of new ribosomes that are necessary for protein translation and cell growth, inhibition of angiogenin-stimulated transcription of rRNA may inhibit angiogenesis and therefore, would serve as a molecular target for therapeutic intervention.
Lung clearance index in pediatric patients with asthma

Introduction: Children with asthma often have normal spirometry despite significant disease. There is evidence that the small airways are affected which may be reflected in Multiple Breath Washout (MBW) and the Lung Clearance Index (LCI). There are only few studies using MBW in children with asthma. Existing data regarding bronchodilator effect are contradictory. The aim of the present pilot study was to compare LCI in asthma and controls and assess the effect of salbutamol in children with asthma on the LCI. Methods: Unselected patients with a diagnosis of asthma visiting the out patient department of our hospital between 04-2010 and 03-2011 and healthy controls were included. MBW was performed as inert gas MBW using sulfurhexafluorid (SF 6 ) as the tracer gas. Clinical data were documented and spirometry and MBW (EasyOne Pro, ndd Switzerland) were performed before and after the use of salbutamol (200 - 400 ug). Healthy controls performed baseline MBW only. Results: 32 children diagnosed with asthma (4.7-17.4 years) and 42 controls (5.3-20.8) were included in the analysis. 2/32 failed spirometry. LCI differed between patients and controls, with mean LCI (SD) of 6.48 (0.48) and 6.21 (0.38) respectively (P=0.011). Use of salbutamol had no significant effect on LCI for the groupt. 4/30 patients had a positive bronchodilator test in spirometry. In these, LCI showed a significant difference pre- and post- bronchodilator, with mean (SD) of 7.04 (0.6) and 6.56 (0.72) respectively (P= 0.029). Conclusion: These pilot data show that asthma patients and controls both have a LCI in the normal range. However in patients the LCI is significantly higher indicating that MBW may have a role in assessing small airways disease in asthma.
Electron-Transfer Studies of a Peroxide Dianion

A peroxide dianion (O22–) can be isolated within the cavity of hexacarboxamide cryptand, [(O2)⊂mBDCA-5t-H6]2–, stabilized by hydrogen bonding but otherwise free of proton or metal-ion association. This feature has allowed the electron-transfer (ET) kinetics of isolated peroxide to be examined chemically and electrochemically. The ET of [(O2)⊂mBDCA-5t-H6]2– with a series of seven quinones, with reduction potentials spanning 1 V, has been examined by stopped-flow spectroscopy. The kinetics of the homogeneous ET reaction has been correlated to heterogeneous ET kinetics as measured electrochemically to provide a unified description of ET between the Butler–Volmer and Marcus models. The chemical and electrochemical oxidation kinetics together indicate that the oxidative ET of O22– occurs by an outer-sphere mechanism that exhibits significant nonadiabatic character, suggesting that the highest occupied molecular orbital of O22– within the cryptand is sterically shielded from the oxidizing species. An understand...
Physical Aggression and Sexual Behavior Among Siblings: A Retrospective Study

Retrospective recall of physical aggression and sexual behavior among siblings was investigated. Participants described behaviors between themselves and siblings in the family, their estimation of the appropriateness of the behavior, and their current relationship with their siblings. Additionally, participants completed measures of family structure and stress. Results indicated that rates of physical aggression among siblings was high, with varying severity. Rates of sexual behavior were lower. For both physical and sexual behaviors, participants were more likely to believe that the behaviors were abusive in retrospect than when they actually occurred. No differences were found in family structure among abusive and nonabusive siblings, but siblings who reported physical or sexual behaviors also reported higher levels of intrafamilial stress. Certain types of stressors may predict particular sibling relationships.
Cortical plasticity induced by different degrees of peripheral nerve injuries: a rat functional magnetic resonance imaging study under 9.4 Tesla

Major peripheral nerve injuries not only result in local deficits but may also cause distal atrophy of target muscles or permanent loss of sensation. Likewise, these injuries have been shown to instigate long-lasting central cortical reorganization. Cortical plasticity changes induced after various types of major peripheral nerve injury using an electrical stimulation technique to the rat upper extremity and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were examined. Studies were completed out immediately after injury (acute stage) and at two weeks (subacute stage) to evaluate time affect on plasticity. After right-side median nerve transection, cortical representation of activation of the right-side ulnar nerve expanded intra-hemispherically into the cortical region that had been occupied by the median nerve representation After unilateral transection of both median and ulnar nerves, cortical representation of activation of the radial nerve on the same side of the body also demonstrated intra-hemispheric expansion. However, simultaneous electrical stimulation of the contralateral uninjured median and ulnar nerves resulted in a representation that had expanded both intra- and inter-hemispherically into the cortical region previously occupied by the two transected nerve representations. After major peripheral nerve injury, an adjacent nerve, with similar function to the injured nerve, may become significantly over-activated in the cortex when stimulated. This results in intra-hemispheric cortical expansion as the only component of cortical plasticity. When all nerves responsible for a certain function are injured, the same nerves on the contralateral side of the body are affected and become significantly over-activated during a task. Both intra- and inter-hemispheric cortical expansion exist, while the latter dominates cortical plasticity.
Ultrastructure of Excystment of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts

The excystation of sporozoites from intact Toxoplasma gondii oocysts or mechanically released sporocysts was studied by light and electron microscopy. Both intact oocysts and free sporocysts excysted in 5% bovine bile in 0.9% NaCl solution after 30-60 min incubation at 37C. Sporozoites were first activated in either intact sporocysts or oocysts within 2-12 min of incubation in bile. Sporozoites escaped from sporocysts through 4 plate-like sutures in the sporocyst wall, and from the oocyst as the oocyst wall ruptured at one or more points.
Externship Demographics Redux

Professors Ogilvy (Catholic University) and Seibel (California Western) report on the results of a national survey of externship programs at American Law Schools and compare many of the data points to previous surveys of externship programs to chart the growth of legal externships in 1) number of schools with externship programs as part of their curriculum, 2) number of discrete courses within programs, and 3) the increasing sophistication and complexity of the pedagogy associated with legal externships. Some of the data discussed include the average number of credits allowed for participation in externships, the average number of hours of fieldwork required for each credit, the percentage of courses with a contemporaneous classroom component or seminar, the typical length of class sessions, the nature and percentage of time devoted to discrete topics in the classroom components, the type and percentage of time devoted to specific methods of instruction in the classroom component, the type of materials used, the use of reflective journals, grading practices, faculty status of externship course teachers, administrative support for externship programs, and methods of evaluation of externship placements. The article also briefly traces the history of externship pedagogy from the earliest legal apprenticeships to the present. A glossary of terms and a bibliography is included.
Single-shot measurement of the complete spatio-temporal intensity and phase of an ultrashort laser pulse

We present a very simple, linear, and general technique for measuring the complete electric field, E(x,y,z,t), of a single ultrashort laser pulse in a single interferogram containing multiple digital holograms simultaneously recorded at different wavelengths.
Bearing Strength of Slabs on Grade Supporting a Cold-Formed Steel Wall in Low-Rise Building

The main objective of this research project was to develop a better understanding of the bearing strength of slabs on grade supporting load-bearing walls made of cold-formed steel studs and tracks used in residential and commercial multistory constructions. A total of 60 specimens were manufactured with four different configurations of stud-track assembly: single stud, single-stud wall, back-to-back, and back-to-back wall. The test results showed that the bearing strength was affected by the configurations of the stud-track assembly, and that the bearing strength gradually increased as the stud-track assembly was located at the inner side from the edge of the slab due to the confinement effect of the surrounding concrete. An analytical study using a finite-element model was performed to develop the analytical equations used to predict the bearing area of the stud-track assembly. Design guidelines were proposed based on the test results and the analytical study, which included the equations to compute the design bearing capacity of slabs on grade at varying distances from the edge of the slab to the stud-track assembly.
Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics with laser guide stars: performance in the infrared and visible

In this paper, the performance of a Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics (MCAO) system is evaluated, in the case where several (five) laser guide stars (LGSs) are used. The low-order modes are measured from either a single natural guide star (1NGS) with a 3 × 3 ShackHartmann sensor, or three tip‐tilt stars (3NGS), each measuring only tip and tilt. To widen the corrected field of view, three deformable mirrors are used. These simulations are performed in closed loop, using a Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) control algorithm. It is shown that both systems significantly increase the corrected field of view (FOV). Residual anisoplanatism is seen over the 30-arcsec (diameter) corrected FOV, and it is due to errors in measuring loworder modes. In the visible part of the spectrum, the modelled infrared-optimized system still provides high angular resolution (22 mas ‐ not strictly diffraction limited) over a field of view 10 times larger than the isoplanatic angle. This has a significant impact on the astrophysical instrumentation to be used. Both 1NGS and 3NGS methods provide good correction quality, the second one providing better stability of correction quality within the FOV. The 3NGS system allows the use of guide stars ∼2 mag fainter than the 1NGS approach.
A Duplication Based Algorithm for Optimizing Latency Under Throughput Constraints for Streaming Workflows

Scheduling, in many application domains, involves the optimization of multiple performance metrics. For example, application workflows with real-time constraints have strict throughput requirements and also desire a low latency or response time. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for the scheduling of workflows that act on a stream of input data. Our algorithm focuses on the two performance metrics: latency and throughput, and minimizes the latency of workflows while satisfying strict throughput requirements. We leverage pipelined, task and data parallelism in a coordinated manner to meet these objectives and investigate the benefit of task duplication in alleviating communication overheads in the pipelined schedule for different workflow characteristics. The proposed algorithm is designed for a realistic k-port communication model, where each processor can simultaneously communicate with at most k distinct processors. Evaluation using synthetic and application benchmarks shows that our algorithm consistently produces lower-latency schedules and meets throughput requirements, even when previously proposed schemes fail.
Deterrence or Escalation?: The Puzzle of Aggregate Studies of Repression and Dissent

Aggregate data studies of domestic political conflict have used an Action-Reaction (AR) model that has produced contradictory findings about the repression/dissent nexus: Repression by regimes may either increase or decrease dissent by opposition groups. To clarify these findings I propose an alternative Rational Actor (RA) model from which are derived three propositions. (1) An increase in a government's repression of nonviolence will reduce the nonviolent activities of an opposition group but increase its violent activities. (2) The balance of effects, that is, whether an increase in the regime's repression increases or decreases the opposition group's total dissident activities, depends upon the government's accommodative policy to the group. (3) Consistent government accommodative and repressive policies reduce dissent; inconsistent policies increase dissent. The RA model thus accounts for the contradictory findings produced by the AR-based aggregate data studies of repression and dissent.
Optimized trench MOSFET technologies for power devices

Low-voltage silicon trench power MOSFETs with forward conductivities approaching the silicon limit are reported. Vertical trench power MOSFETs with the measured performances of V/sub DB/=55 V (R/sub sp/=0.2 m Omega -cm/sup 2/, k/sub D/=5.7 Omega -pF) and V/sub DB/=35 V (R/sub sp/=0.15 m Omega -cm/sup 2/, k/sub D/=4.3 Omega -PF) were developed where V/sub DB/ is the drain-source avalanche breakdown voltage, R/sub sp/ is the specific on-state resistance, and k/sub D/=R/sub sp/C/sub sp/ is the input device technology factor where C/sub sp/ is the specific MOS gate input capacitance. The optimum device performance resulted from an advanced trench processing technology that included (1) an improved RIE process to define scaled vertical silicon trenches, (2) silicon trench sidewall cleaning to reduce the surface damage, and (3) a novel polysilicon gate planarization technique using a sequential oxidation/oxide etchback, process. The measured performances are shown to be in excellent agreement with the two-dimensional device simulations and the calculated results obtained from an analytical model. >
Array dispersions of matrices and constructions of quasi-cyclic LDPC codes over non-binary fields

This paper presents two new algebraic constructions of high performance non-binary quasi-cyclic LDPC codes based on array dispersions of matrices over non-binary fields. Codes constructed perform well over the AWGN channel with iterative decoding using a Fast Fourier Transform based sum-product algorithm. They achieve significantly large coding gains over Reed-Solomon codes of the same lengths and rates decoded with either the hard-decision Berlekamp-Massey algorithm or the algebraic soft-decision Koetter-Vardy algorithm. Due to their quasi-cyclic structure, they can be efficiently encoded using simple shift-registers with linear complexity. They have a potential to replace RS codes for some applications in communication and storage systems.
Utilization of the Standards of Best Practice Simulation: A descriptive study

Objective: The Standards serve as a framework for simulation activities development, providing terminology, rationale, outcomes, criteria and guidelines based on evidence-based best practices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which educators have heard, read, adopted, and used the guideline statements in the Standards of Best Practice: Simulation. Methods: This study used survey research with a convenience sample to evaluate educator’s use of the Standards. Results: Most individuals indicated they had heard of the Standards but less indicated they had read or adopted the Standards as a framework for simulation education. Overall, the guideline statements in Standard VI (The Debriefing Process) and Standard VII (Participant Assessment and Evaluation) were used less than guideline statements in other Standards. Conclusions: More dissemination of the Standards is needed for educators to recognize the value of the Standards and adopt the Standards into practice.