cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causes and consequences of U.S. chain store closings: Attributions in the media

This article examines store closings by U.S. chain retailers including the reasons for closing and the consequences of store closings for customers, employees, and other concerned parties. This exploratory study is based on content analysis of a sampling of newspaper and magazine articles in the general public and business media during the period 1990 to early 1996. An important aspect in the framing of media articles is to delineate a cause-and-effect structure of reasons and implications of news events. The attributions of responsibility in these media accounts are compared to the attributions commonly made in official corporate accounts, such as annual reports. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Leveraging Organizational Learning for Knowledge and Performance.

This article examines the alignment and fit between knowledge management and organizational learning to determine the potential feasibility of integrating the two approaches. The philosophical roots of both disciplines are traced to common ground in a philosophy known as “pragmatism”. Early generation forms of knowledge management are critiqued and a new more pragmatic version is proposed – one that is compatible with organizational learning. A new form of alignment between organizational learning and knowledge management is proposed.
SUPERCRITICAL AND SUB-CRITICAL FLUID SOLVENT EFFECTS ON A DIELS-ALDER REACTION

Abstract The effect of pressure on the measured bimolecular rate constant of the Diels-Alder reaction between maleic anhydride and isoprene was investigated in supercritical CO2 and sub-critical propane. The reaction was carried out at 35°C in CO2 and 80°C in propane. Measured bimolecular rate constants are also compared to predictions from the thermodynamic pressure effect using transilion state theory and the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The rate constants in supercritical C02 agreed closely with the thermodynamic pressure effect predictions over the entire pressure range. Furthermore, the mole fraction based rate constants were found to vary linearly with the density of the solution. The rate constants in the sub-critical propane solvent significantly diverged from the thermodynamic pressure effect predictions and were found to deviate from this linear density dependence at the lower pressures studied. The results are interpreted in the context of local reactant concentrations about the reacting ma...
Continuum space simulation and experimental characterization of electrical percolation behavior of particulate composites

Abstract A model for predicting the percolation threshold of electrical conductivity of particulate composite materials is presented. The model consists of an impermeable hard core and a permeable soft shell. The hard core represents the physical inclusion while the permeable shell represents the effective range for electron transfer in the matrix polymer. The simulation procedure utilizes the method of gradual addition of inclusions into a finite volume to probe the existence of a three-dimensional percolating network. After each addition of the inclusion, the microstructure is examined by updating the connectivity matrix to chexk if a percolating network has been formed. From the onset volume fractions for percolation of various finite systems, the threshold in an infinite system was calculated by extrapolating the data according to the finite size scaling theory. A value of 0·89 was observed for the correlation length exponent, which matches well with values of ∼0·9 reported in literature. The critical volume fractions for percolation for different ratios of shell thickness to diameter are compared with the experimental conductivities of polyethylene composites filled with various grades of nickel powder. It is shown that the shell thickness can be estimated from the experimental threshold of one grade of nickel filled composite, and this shell thickness can be used to predict the percolation thresholds of composites filled with other grades of nickel powder. The effects of particle size distribution and non-random spatial distributions are also discussed.
Learning From Others The Consequences of Psychological Reasoning for Human Learning

From early childhood, human beings learn not only from collections of facts about the world but also from social contexts through observations of other people, communication, and explicit teaching. In these contexts, the data are the result of human actions—actions that come about because of people’s goals and intentions. To interpret the implications of others’ actions correctly, learners must understand the people generating the data. Most models of learning, however, assume that data are randomly collected facts about the world and cannot explain how social contexts influence learning. We provide a Bayesian analysis of learning from knowledgeable others, which formalizes how learners may use a person’s actions and goals to make inferences about the actor’s knowledge about the world. We illustrate this framework using two examples from causal learning and conclude by discussing the implications for cognition, social reasoning, and cognitive development.
VLF/ELF Radiation from the Ionospheric Dynamo Current System Modulated by Powerful HF Signals

Abstract This paper presents results of several campaigns at the Arecibo Observatory using the new HF high power ‘heater’ facility. The specific measurement pertains to detecting VLF/ELF radiation from the ionospheric dynamo current system that has been periodically modified by pulsing the HF high power transmitter at VLF or ELF. Because of the nonlinear relationship between ionospheric conductivities and electron temperature, the high power HF source can produce modification of the ionospheric conductivities and consequently of the dynamo current system. That this effect indeed does occur is verified by detecting the VLF/ELF radiation from this current source. Most of the data presented in this paper are concerned with measurements made at ground level beneath the modified current region. Limited data are presented for ELF signals received in Pennsylvania, U.S.A., over a long path from the HF ‘heater’ facility at Tromso, Norway.
Thermo-erosion gullies increase nitrogen available for hydrologic export

Formation of thermokarst features, ground subsidence caused by thaw of ice-rich permafrost, can result in increased export of inorganic nitrogen (N) from arctic tundra to downstream ecosystems. We compared physical characteristics, N pools, and rates of N transformations in soils collected from thermo-erosion gullies, intact water tracks (the typical precursor landform to thermo-erosion gullies), and undisturbed tundra to test potential mechanisms contributing to export of inorganic N. Subsidence exposes mineral soils, which tend to contain higher abundance of inorganic ions relative to surface soils, and may bring inorganic N into contact with flowing water. Alternatively, physical mixing may increase aeration and drainage of soils, which could promote N mineralization and nitrification while suppressing denitrification. Finally, some soil types are more prone to formation of thermokarst, and if these soils are relatively N-rich, thermokarst features may export more N than surrounding tundra. Inorganic N pools in thermo-erosion gullies were similar to the mean for all tundra types in this region, as well as to water tracks when integrated across two sampled depths. Thus, soils prone to thermo-erosion are not intrinsically N-rich, and increased N availability in thermokarst features is apparent only at sub-regional spatial scales. However, vertical profiles of N pools and transformation rates were homogenized within thermo-erosion gullies compared to adjacent intact tundra, indicating that physical mixing brings inorganic N to the surface, where it may be subject to hydrologic export. Increased inorganic N availability caused by formation of thermo-erosion gullies may have acute, localized consequences for aquatic ecosystems downstream of positions within drainage networks that are susceptible to thermo-erosion.
Suramin, hydrocortisone, and retinoic acid modify inhibitory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on prostatic epithelial cells

Abstract The proliferation of prostatic epithelial cells is regulated by the complex interplay of numerous growth-stimulatory and growth-inhibitory factors. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] has recently been identified as a potent inhibitor of the growth of prostatic epithelial cells. Epidemiologic studies indicate that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for the development of clinical prostate cancer, possibly due to increased growth and reduced differentiation of prostatic cells in an environment with decreased 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . The application of vitamin D or analogs in chemotherapy against prostate and other cancers is being explored by several investigators. In order to use vitamin D most efficaciously in a clinical setting, it may be beneficial to learn more about the interaction of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 with other factors that regulate prostatic epithelial cellular growth. In this study, we examined the effect of the proliferative status of cultured cells on their ability to respond to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , and found that minimally proliferative cells were equally as responsive to 1,25(OH)2D3 as actively dividing cells. We noted no apparent interaction of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 with epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, cholera toxin, or transforming growth factor-β, but we did find synergistic inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 with suramin and retinoic acid. Perhaps most noteworthy was the dramatic increase in potency of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 that occurred upon deletion of hydrocortisone from the culture medium. Our in vitro studies indicate that combination therapy of vitamin D analogs with suramin, vitamin A analogs, or anti-glucocorticoids might be considered for prostate cancer.
Interrogating Instruction and Intervention in RTI Research With Students Identified as English Language Learners

There are ample research and position papers advocating response-to-intervention (RTI) frameworks to address the academic struggles of students identified as English language learners (ELLs) and to prevent inequitable outcomes such as overrepresentation in special education. However, some scholars have questioned how RTI is conceptualized and implemented with ELLs. This systematic literature review explores how the existing research on RTI for ELLs has addressed (a) the quality and appropriateness of Tier 1 practices for ELLs and (b) linguistic factors as contexts that impact this quality. A key finding is that current research is not sufficiently linked to general education instruction. Thus, we suggest that future RTI research address instruction for ELLs in general education settings, including the incorporation of Title I supports, bilingual education and language acquisition programs, and culturally responsive pedagogy into Tier 1 universal interventions.
Functional morphology of the sound-generating labia in the syrinx of two songbird species

In songbirds, two sound sources inside the syrinx are used to produce the primary sound. Laterally positioned labia are passively set into vibration, thus interrupting a passing air stream. Together with subsyringeal pressure, the size and tension of the labia determine the spectral characteristics of the primary sound. Very little is known about how the histological composition and morphology of the labia affect their function as sound generators. Here we related the size and microstructure of the labia to their acoustic function in two songbird species with different acoustic characteristics, the white-crowned sparrow and zebra finch. Histological serial sections of the syrinx and different staining techniques were used to identify collagen, elastin and hyaluronan as extracellular matrix components. The distribution and orientation of elastic fibers indicated that the labia in white-crowned sparrows are multi-layered structures, whereas they are more uniformly structured in the zebra finch. Collagen and hyaluronan were evenly distributed in both species. A multi-layered composition could give rise to complex viscoelastic properties of each sound source. We also measured labia size. Variability was found along the dorso-ventral axis in both species. Lateral asymmetry was identified in some individuals but not consistently at the species level. Different size between the left and right sound sources could provide a morphological basis for the acoustic specialization of each sound generator, but only in some individuals. The inconsistency of its presence requires the investigation of alternative explanations, e.g. differences in viscoelastic properties of the labia of the left and right syrinx. Furthermore, we identified attachments of syringeal muscles to the labia as well as to bronchial half rings and suggest a mechanism for their biomechanical function.
Attention, Memory, Intrusive Thoughts, and Acceptance in PTSD: An Update on the Empirical Literature for Clinicians

Abstract Information processing theory suggests that cognitive changes following trauma are common and hypothesized to have an impact on attention, memory, and intrusive thoughts. There is an ever-expanding empirical literature where cognitive features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are being explored. However, it can sometimes be difficult for front-line clinicians to stay abreast of this literature and how it impacts the treatment s/he provides. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of some recent basic and applied research on information processing in PTSD and the implications of these findings for cognitive-behavioral clinicians. In particular, we explore recent findings regarding attention, memory, intrusive thoughts/thought suppression, and acceptance as they relate to clinical work in patients with PTSD.
The Drosophila Hindgut Lacks Constitutively Active Adult Stem Cells but Proliferates in Response to Tissue Damage

The adult Drosophila hindgut was recently reported to contain active, tissue-replenishing stem cells, like those of the midgut, but located within an anterior ring so as to comprise a single giant crypt. In contrast to this view, we observed no active stem cells and little cell turnover in adult hindgut tissue based on clonal marking and BrdU incorporation studies. Again contradicting the previous proposal, we showed that the adult hindgut is not generated by anterior stem cells during larval/pupal development. However, severe tissue damage within the hindgut elicits cell proliferation within a ring of putative quiescent stem cells at the anterior of the pylorus. Thus, the hindgut does not provide a model of tissue maintenance by constitutively active stem cells, but has great potential to illuminate mechanisms of stress-induced tissue repair.
Circadian effects of hydrocortisone on the blood of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens

Differential counts of the leucocytes of newts,Notophthalmus viridescens, were made at four times of day (2∶00, 9∶00, 14∶00 and 21∶00), 72 hours after the injection of hydrocortisone acetate (experimentais) or distilled water (controls). At all times, increases in neutrophils and decreases in lymphocytes were observed in experimentais as compared to the controls (Table 1). The increases in neutrophils in the experimental newts were most pronounced at 14∶00, and the decreases in the lymphocytes were greatest at 21∶00. The least degrees of neutrophilia and lymphopenia occurred at 9∶00. Consequently, circadian variations in response to the hydrocortisone are indicated. The possible mechanism of mediation of the variations is discussed.
Periventricular Leukomalacia in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Associated Preventive Factors 1867

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether there is a correlation between Vitamin E prophylaxis, mean airway pressure (MAP) and the frequency of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in the very low birth weight(VLBW) infants. The study included 183 VLBW inborn infants, weighing 445 to 1500 gms admitted consecutively who survived the neonatal period between June 1986 and July 1997. A portable screening cranial ultrasound (US) was performed during the first week of life and abnormal results were followed by periodic US examinations. A routine discharge cranial US was performed in the department of radiology until 1991. Infants were ventilated with low MAP to maintain partial pressure of carbondioxide in arterial blood (PaCo2) in high normal range, 40-50 mm Hg. Oral vit E 15 - 45 units per day was begun 2-4 weeks of age in addition to the amount present in total parenteral nutrition, and the formula, until infant weight reached 1,800 to 2,500gms. The incidence of PVL was 2%. Vitamin E prophylaxis, low MAP and high normal PaCo2 may all contribute in prevention of PVL in VLBW infants.
Combustion of a fuel drop immersed in a hot atmosphere

Abstract The combustion of a liquid fuel drop immersed in a hot atmosphere is considered when the activation energy is very large. Closed form solutions are obtained which describe a monotone variation of burning rate with Damkohler number, d 1 . For some of the solutions the burning rate varies from the frozen limit at d 1 = 0 , to the Burke-Schumann limit at D 1 = α . For all the others the burning rate varies from the frozen limit to a large D 1 limit distinct from the Burke-Schumann limit.
PREDICTIVE MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING OPERATIONS WITH COMPLEX GROOVED CUTTING TOOLS FOR CURLED CHIP FORMATION AND CHIP BREAKING

Abstract This paper presents a summary of the most recent developments in predictive modeling and optimization of turning operations, While almost all previous models for turning operations deal only with flat-faced tools, the present work presents the more practical turning operations involving the use of complex grooved tools for producing 3D chip flow, curl and breaking. The paper provides details of the analytical modeling efforts including the development and validation of the universal slip-line model for 2D curled chip formation. Side-curl and up-curl dominated 3D chip formation process is then discussed with case studies for predicting 3D chip curl using a newly developed Equivalent Toolface (ET) model followed by a description of analytical models and experimental work on 2D and 3D cyclic chip formation and chip breaking involving variable tool-chip contact. At the end, new tools and techniques used in the machining process optimization for optimum machining performance including cutting tool sel...
Antifibrin scintigraphy in the diagnostic evaluation of acute deep venous thrombosis

Antifibrin scintigraphy is a new and innovative approach to the diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Many antifibrin monoclonal antibodies (Mo-Abs) have been described, but only two, 59D8 and T2G1s, have undergone broad preclinical or clinical investigation. Both of these MoAbs recognize an epitope on the amino terminal end of fibrin. The epitope for 59D8 and T2G1s is available for binding only on newly formed, acute thrombi. Preclinical studies have confirmed the specificity of these MoAbs for acute DVT, and have demonstrated their ability to image experimentally induced DVT. Preliminary clinical studies in patients with signs or symptoms of DVT have evaluated indium-111 59D8 Fab and technetium-99m T2G1s Fab'. Fragments of the intact MoAbs are employed to promote faster blood clearance and to reduce immunogenicity. The initial clinical studies indicate that antifibrin scintigraphy has a diagnostic accuracy approaching 90%. Antifibrin scintigraphy has the potential for overcoming many of the deficiencies of both invasive (contrast venography) and noninvasive (Doppler/ultrasound, impedance plethysmography) methods for detecting DVT. With a single procedure, it provides an accurate and rapid evaluation of both lower extremities, both above and below the knee. Because of its unique specificity for acute DVT, it should have excellent potential for use in patients with suspected acute, recurrent DVT, a condition difficult to diagnose by all currently employed tests for DVT.
Influence of perspective-taking and mental rotation abilities in space teleoperation

Operator performance during Space Shuttle and International Space Station robotic arm training can differ dramatically among astronauts. The difficulty making appropriate camera selections and accurate use of hand controllers, two of the more important aspects for performance, may be rooted in a problem mentally relating the various reference frames used by the displays, hand controllers and robot arm. In this paper, we examine whether the origin of such individual differences can be found in certain components of spatial ability. We have developed a virtual reality simulation of the Space Station Robotic Workstation to investigate whether performance differences can be correlated with subjects' perspective-taking and mental rotation abilities. Spatial test scores were measured and correlated to their performance in a docking robotic task. The preliminary results show that both mental rotation strategies and perspective-taking strategies are used by the operator to move the robot arm around the workspace. Further studies must be performed to confirm such findings. If important correlations between performance and spatial abilities are found, astronaut training could be designed in order to fulfill each operator's needs, reducing both training time and cost.
Spectrophotometric analysis of nectar production in Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae)

Significant differences in nectar content were observed between hermaphrodite and female plants of the gynomonoeciousgynodioecious taxon, Silene vulgaris, from populations in northern lower Michigan. These differences in nectar sugar content were observable with a carbohydrate digestion technique involving sulfuric acid, phenol, and measurement of the color change with a spectrophotometer. A hand-held refractometer did not provide sufficient resolution to discern differences between the genders. Both genders were similar in the pattern of sugar content of nectar during floral development. A splitplot factorial design revealed significant differences both among individual plants and stages of floral phenology within each gender. The spectrophotometric technique and statistical analysis provided the needed resolution to discern differences between the genders that we relate to pollinator activity, levels of inbreeding depression, and the maintenance of gynodioecy in this taxon.
Host-Parasite Relationships in Experimental Airborne Tuberculosis. VII. Fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Primary Lung Lesions and in Primary Lesion-Free Lung Tissue Infected as a Result of Bacillemia

Evidence suggests that in humans tuberculous disease usually arises at apical or subapical sites in the lungs seeded as a consequence of an early bacillemic phase of the infection. This study examined the fate of bacilli transported via the bloodstream to metastatic sites in the lungs of guinea pigs after aerosol infection with approximately two viable virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The results revealed that, even after logarithmic-phase multiplication of bacilli in primary lesions had been terminated, bacilli seeded via the bloodstream to metastatic sites in the lung were able to multiply. These observations, made in an animal model that mimics the conditions under which tuberculosis develops in human subjects, challenge the relevance of systemic macrophage activation in experimental airborne tuberculosis in guinea pigs.
Rapid detection of perchlorate in groundwater using capillary electrophoresis

Perchlorate is a groundwater contaminant originating from facilities that manufacture and test solid rocket fuel. A new technology, capillary electrophoresis, has the potential to measure perchlorate rapidly and inexpensively in water samples. With its speed and simplicity, this method would complement existing methods. The perchlorate anion is routinely detected in water samples using high performance ion exchange chromatography, a very sensitive yet time consuming and expensive method. In this work, the parameters for detection of perchlorate are optimized to permit detection of 0.400 mgL−1 perchlorate in a standard solution. The usefulness of this technology is demonstrated for measuring perchlorate in several ground-water samples from the Western United States. The results demonstrate that CE can be used to rapidly screen environmental samples for perchlorate at intermediate to high levels (greater than 0.400 mgL−1). This technique allows faster, easier screening of potential contamination sites and could complement the use of ion exchange chromatography for groundwater testing.
Ultrafast laser assisted fabrication of ZnO nanorod arrays for photon detection applications

Abstract Orderly aligned ZnO nanorod arrays were grown by the ultrafast laser assisted ablation deposition method. These nanorod arrays were further used to make efficient p–n heterojunction photodetector arrays, which have the potential to have nanoscale spatial resolution for imaging, unique incident polarization discrimination capability, and much improved quantum efficiency as well as detection sensitivity. Both front- and back-illumination photodetection schemes were demonstrated by growing those ZnO nanorod arrays on p-type silicon and p-type Zn0.9Mg0.1O-coated Al2O3 (0 0 0 1) substrates, respectively. Typical diode rectification behavior and photosensitivity were observed in both designs through I–V and photocurrent measurements.
Medication Overuse Headache.

•Medication overuse headache is common and affects 2% of the United States population. •Simple analgesics, caffeine-containing analgesics, butalbital-containing analgesics, opioids, ergotamine, and triptans may cause medication overuse headache. The recidivism rate is higher after detoxification from butalbital and opioids than after detoxification from other substances. •Treatment venues have included the patient’s home, an infusion center, or a hospital setting. No consensus exists to determine the setting that is most appropriate. •Patients with analgesic overuse headache have a different psychologic substrate than psychiatric substance abusers. Most should not be treated in psychiatric detoxification facilities, although, psychiatric assessment and support may be beneficial.
The neurobiology of childhood trauma and abuse

During the past decade there has been rapid progress in the understanding of the effects of exposure to traumatic life experiences on subsequent psychopathology in children. Trauma exposure affects what children anticipate and focus on and how they organize the way they appraise and process information. Trauma-induced alterations in threat perception are expressed in how they think, feel, behave, and regulate their biologic systems. The task of therapy is to help these children develop a sense of physical mastery and awareness of who they are and what has happened to them to learn to observe what is happening in present time and physically respond to current demands instead of recreating the traumatic past behaviorally, emotionally, and biologically.
Pirecetam and event-related potentials in dyslexic males

The effect of piracetam on visual event-related potentials (ERP) was investigated in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eight- to 12-year-old dyslexic males were randomly assigned to 3.3 g/day of piracetam or matching placebo in two divided doses over a 12-week period. Children performed a vigilance task in which they pressed a key when two alphabetic letters or shapes occurred in sequence. ERPs to letters and shapes, for active and passive responses, were recorded at the vertex and left and right parietal areas of the scalp. Performance measures included letter- and form-hits, misses, commission errors and reaction times. Piracetam increased the amplitude of a late positive component (believed to correspond to P300) at the vertex for letter-hits. Piracetam also increased the latency of this component in both hemispheres, but only for active responses (letter-hits) in the left hemisphere and passive responses (correct rejections and misses) in the right hemisphere. Although piracetam did not significantly affect performance, reaction time to letter-hits was significantly correlated with the latency of the P300 component, suggesting that letters created increased effort or attentional demand on the subjects compared with forms. An early ERP component (P225) also showed increased amplitude to piracetam in both hemispheres and effects were limited to form-hits. These effects were thought to possibly reflect slow negative potentials arising from stimulus anticipation in the CNV-like paradigm. In view of the small sample size, the results were cautiously interpreted as indicating a facilitation of verbal processing mechanisms responsible for analyzing the verbal significance of visual stimuli.
Long-Range Generation Planning Using Decomposition and Probabilistic Simulation

This paper discusses application of mathematical programming decomposition techniques in a model for planning least-cost investments in generating capacity subject to reliability constraints. The planning problem is decomposed into a set of subproblems, each representing theoperation of a set of generating units of fixed capacity in one year, and a master problem, representing optimal generating capacity investments over the entire planning horizon. The subproblems are solved using the probabilistic simulation procedure. The master problem is a linear program which uses Lagrange multipliers derived from the sub- problems. The solution is found by iteratively solving the master problem and the subproblems.
The Proteome in Balance

Inherited mutations and polymorphisms that alter the sequence of a polypeptide can affect its folding and stability, triggering disease at birth and during aging. A central cellular mechanism for generating and maintaining normal protein folds is the protein homeostasis or proteostasis network (referred to as the PN) ( 1 ). These processes sustain functional proteins as well as direct their removal from the cell during protein turnover or in response to misfolding. This “yin-yang” balance is critical for normal cellular, tissue, and organismal physiology. On page 805 in this issue, Okiyoneda et al. ( 2 ) show that the PN operates globally, constantly surveying protein folds, from co-translational insertion of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to removal of unstable proteins at the plasma membrane.
Galerkin Approximations and Conley Index

Abstract In this paper we prove two stable theorems about a Conley-type index, which show that the generalized Conley index can be reduced to a finite-dimensional Conley index in certain cases. These theorems can be used to prove the existence of critical points for certain functionals.
Undue influence: eliminating the impact of link plagiarism on web search rankings

Link farm spam and replicated pages can greatly deteriorate link-based ranking algorithms such as HITS. In order to identify and neutralize link farm spam and replicated pages, we look for sufficient material copied from one page to another. In particular, we focus on the use of "complete hyperlinks" to distinguish link targets by the anchor text used. We build and analyze the bipartite graph of documents and their complete hyperlinks to find pages that share anchor text and link targets. Link farms and replicated pages are identified in this process, permitting the influence of problematic links to be reduced in a weighted adjacency matrix. Experiments and user evaluations show significant improvement in the quality of results produced using HITS-like methods.
Acute anticholinesterase toxicity in ducks and Japanese quail.

Abstract Acute parathion dosing of ducks and quail induced parasympathomimetic responses which included increased salivation, miosis, increased nictitating membrane response, tachycardia, various forms of heart block, polypnea associated with dyspnea, and an elevated hematocrit. The responses to parathion were similar to the responses to acetylcholine and acetyl-β-methylcholine in these birds.
Intracellular Sequestration of Sodium by a Novel Na+/H+ Exchanger in Yeast Is Enhanced by Mutations in the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF SODIUM TOLERANCE

Sodium tolerance in yeast is disrupted by mutations in calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, which is required for modulation of Na+ uptake and efflux mechanisms. Five Na+-tolerant mutants were isolated by selecting for suppressors of calcineurin mutations, and mapped to the PMA1 gene, encoding the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. One mutant, pma1-alpha4, which has the single amino acid change Glu367 --> Lys at a highly conserved site within the catalytic domain of the ATPase, was analyzed in detail to determine the mechanism of Na+ tolerance. After exposure to Na+ in the culture medium, 22Na influx in the pma1 mutant was reduced 2-fold relative to control, consistent with a similar decrease in ATPase activity. Efflux of 22Na from intact cells was relatively unchanged in the pma1 mutant. However, selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane revealed that mutant cells retained up to 80% of intracellular Na+ within a slowly exchanging pool. We show that NHX1, a novel gene homologous to the mammalian NHE family of Na+/H+ exchangers, is required for Na+ sequestration in yeast and contributes to the Na+-tolerant phenotype of pma1-alpha4.
Potentiation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced dopamine release and serotonin neurotoxicity by 5-HT2 receptor agonists

The effects of the 5-HT2 receptor agonists 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT) on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced dopamine release and 5-HT depletion in the striatum were studied. The MDMA-induced increase in the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the striatum was enhanced significantly in rats treated with either DOI (2 mg/kg, ip.) or 5-MeODMT (15 mg/kg, ip.), as assessed using in vivo microdialysis. Neither DOI nor 5-MeODMT alone altered the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the striatum. The striatal concentration of 5-HT was decreased, but not significantly, 7 days following a single administration of MDMA (10 mg/kg, sc.). However, 7 days following the concomitant treatment with DOI and MDMA the striatal concentration of 5-HT was significantly less than that in rats treated with MDMA alone or the vehicle-treated controls. It is concluded that activation of 5-HT2 receptors is an important determinant of the acute increase in extracellular dopamine and, consequently, the long-term depletion of brain 5-HT produced by MDMA.
Automatically acquiring phrase structure using distributional analysis

In this paper, we present evidence that the acquisition of the phrase structure of a natural language is possible without supervision and with a very small initial grammar. We describe a language learner that extracts distributional information from a corpus annotated with parts of speech and is able to use this extracted information to accurately parse short sentences. The phrase structure learner is part of an ongoing project to determine just how much knowledge of language can be learned solely through distributional analysis.
Applicability of a new synthetic dye-labeled substrate for amylase assay.

SummaryObservations were made on the hydrolytic effect of human serum and saliva, as well as hog pancreatic α-amylase, on a new chromogenic substrate, Cibachron blue F3GA-amylose (CBA). Maltose markedly inhibited hydrolysis of CBA while sucrose did not. This obtained whether the enzyme source was human serum, saliva, or crystalline α-amylase. Rabbit liver glycogen and shellfish glycogen also inhibited hydrolysis by either serum or crystalline amylase. The various findings were interpreted to indicate that hydrolysis of CBA reflects amylase activity.
Modeling of triple-well isolation and the loading effects on circuits up to 50 GHz

This paper presents the noise isolation characteristics and substrate loading effects of NMOS devices in triple-well (TW) at frequencies up to 50 GHz. The importance of the series resistance in well bias path is investigated. Our study reveals that using large well bias resistors, which create a high substrate impedance, are beneficial to circuit performance in both saturation and triode bias regimes. However, small bias resistances are advantageous for better substrate noise isolation. By using test circuits designed in a 0.13-mum CMOS technology, a compact model for TW substrate impedance is developed to facilitate quantitative analyses. The dependence of TW isolation effectiveness on the bias resistance, well capacitance, and noise frequency are evaluated. To measure the impact of TW on circuit performances, the output impedance of a saturation-mode device and the insertion loss (IL) between source and drain of a triode-mode device are examined under different biasing conditions.
Effect on Retortable Pouch Heat Transfer Coefficients of Different Thermal Processing Stages and Pouch Material

Apparent heat transfer coefficients (h) were determined for the come-up, heating, and cooling cycles of thermal processing for retortable pouches heated by circulating hot water under overriding air pressure. Values for h were converged on by a computer-based optimization method that incorporated process data, a finite difference model, and optimization criteria. For retortable pouches thermally processed in circulating water under overriding air pressure, h values for the come-up, heating, and cooling cycles were found not significantly different (95% confidence). This indicates that in mathematical models a constant h value may be assumed for the three thermal processing stages. Also, there was no significant difference between h values for aluminum foil/plastic laminate pouches and all-plastic pouches during the combined come-up and heating stages. Thus, the same h value for a given process is applicable to either pouch type.
Developing a stratospheric climatology from NMC analyses

Abstract The National Meteorological Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has archived global, daily synoptic analyses and computer gridded fields of geopotential height and temperature for 8 stratospheric pressure levels (70, 50, 30, 10, 5, 2, 1 and 0.4 mb) since the Autumn of 1978. More restricted analyses are available since 1964. The fields are discussed, with special emphasis on improvement of the data bases and analysis procedures. Included in the discussions are screening procedures for the climatological data base. Examples are given with regard to monthly mean energy, wind and hemispheric temperature patterns calculated as the initial development of a stratospheric dynamic climatology.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED GUIDANCE: CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES

The development and status of computer-assisted guidance systems are reviewed and analyzed. They are compared with other career guidance resources and differentiated from one another in terms of such major topics as scope, content, structure, style, procedures, cost, effects, and rationales and models.
Preliminary 3D Computational Analysis of the Relationship between Aortic Displacement Force and Direction of Endograft Movement

Objective Endograft migration is usually described as a downward displacement of the endograft with respect to the renal arteries. However, change in endograft position is actually a complex process in three-dimensional (3D) space. Currently, there are no established techniques to define such positional changes over time. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the direction of aortic endograft movement as observed in follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans is related to the directional displacement force acting on the endograft. Methods We quantitated the 3D positional change over time of five abdominal endografts by determining the endograft centroid at baseline (postoperative scan) and on follow-up CT scans. The time interval between CT scans for the 5 patients ranged from 8 months to 8 years. We then used 3D image segmentation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques to quantitate the pulsatile displacement force (in Newtons [N]) acting on the endografts in the postoperative configurations. Finally, we calculated a correlation metric between the direction of the displacement force vector and the endograft movement by computing the cosine of the angle of these two vectors. Results The average 3D movement of the endograft centroid was 18 mm (range, 9-29 mm) with greater movement in patients with longer follow-up times. In all cases, the movement of the endograft had significant components in all three spatial directions: Two of the endografts had the largest component of movement in the transverse direction, whereas three endografts had the largest component of movement in the axial direction. The magnitude and orientation of the endograft displacement force varied depending on aortic angulation and hemodynamic conditions. The average magnitude of displacement force for all endografts was 5.8 N (range, 3.7-9.5 N). The orientation of displacement force was in general perpendicular to the greatest curvature of the endograft. The average correlation metric, defined as the cosine of the angle between the displacement force and the endograft centroid movement, was 0.38 (range, 0.08-0.66). Conclusions Computational methods applied to patient-specific postoperative image data can be used to quantitate 3D displacement force and movement of endografts over time. It appears that endograft movement is related to the magnitude and direction of the displacement force acting on aortic endografts. These methods can be used to increase our understanding of clinical endograft migration.
Engrailed homeodomain-DNA complex at 2.2 A resolution: a detailed view of the interface and comparison with other engrailed structures.

We report the 2.2 A resolution structure of the Drosophila engrailed homeodomain bound to its optimal DNA site. The original 2.8 A resolution structure of this complex provided the first detailed three-dimensional view of how homeodomains recognize DNA, and has served as the basis for biochemical studies, structural studies and molecular modeling. Our refined structure confirms the principal conclusions of the original structure, but provides important new details about the recognition interface. Biochemical and NMR studies of other homeodomains had led to the notion that Gln50 was an especially important determinant of specificity. However, our refined structure shows that this side-chain makes no direct hydrogen bonds to the DNA. The structure does reveal an extensive network of ordered water molecules which mediate contacts to several bases and phosphates (including contacts from Gln50), and our model provides a basis for detailed comparison with the structure of an engrailed Q50K altered-specificity variant. Comparing our structure with the crystal structure of the free protein confirms that the N and C termini of the homeodomain become ordered upon DNA-binding. However, we also find that several key DNA contact residues in the recognition helix have the same conformation in the free and bound protein, and that several water molecules also are "preorganized" to contact the DNA. Our structure helps provide a more complete basis for the detailed analysis of homeodomain-DNA interactions.
Conceptual conservatism: An understated variable in human affairs?

Abstract Experimental psychology strongly supports the notion of conceptual conservatism—the human tendency to cling to strongly-held beliefs long after these beliefs have been decisively discredited. Following a partial review of the experimental literature and of a few relevant theories, the implications of this human failing to political history, literature, ordinary human affairs, and the history of ideas are illustrated. This essay goes on to question the completeness of social theories which do not take this failing into account. Given the ubiquitousness of conceptual conservatism in human affairs and the overwhelming psychological evidence in its favor, its nature, causes, and cures merit far more attention than they have hitherto received.
The relative accuracy of 4D dose accumulation for lung radiotherapy using rigid dose projection versus dose recalculation on every breathing phase

Purpose To investigate the accuracy of 4D dose accumulation using projection of dose calculated on the end-exhalation, mid-ventilation, or average intensity breathing phase CT scan, versus dose accumulation performed using full Monte Carlo dose recalculation on every breathing phase. Methods Radiotherapy plans for 10 patients with stage I-II lung cancer were analyzed. All patients had respiratory-correlated computed tomography (4D-CT) performed as part of an IRB-approved research protocol. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) plans were optimized using the dose calculated by a commercially-available Monte Carlo algorithm on the end-exhalation 4D-CT phase. 4D dose accumulations using deformable registration were performed with a commercially available tool that projected the planned dose onto every breathing phase without recalculation, as well as with a Monte Carlo recalculation of the dose on all breathing phases. The 3D planned dose (3D-EX), the 3D dose calculated on the average intensity image (3D-AVE), and the 4D accumulations of the dose calculated on the end-exhalation phase CT (4D-PR-EX), the mid-ventilation phase CT (4D-PR-MID), and the average intensity image (4D-PR-AVE), respectively, were compared against the accumulation of the Monte Carlo dose recalculated on every phase. Plan evaluation metrics relating to target volumes and critical structures relevant for lung SBRT were analyzed. Results Plan evaluation metrics tabulated using 4D-PR-EX, 4D-PR-MID, and 4D-PR-AVE differed from those tabulated using Monte Carlo recalculation on every phase by an average of 0.14±0.70 Gy, -0.11±0.51 Gy, and 0.00±0.62 Gy, respectively. Plan evaluation metrics calculated from 3D-EX and 3D-AVE were acceptably accurate for target volumes and most critical structures, however deviations of between 8 and 13 Gy were observed for the proximal bronchial trees of 3 patients. Conclusions The accuracy of 4D dose accumulated by projecting the dose calculated on the end-exhale, mid-ventilation, and average intensity images has been presented for 10 lung cancer SRBT plans. These methods involving projection without re-calculation may be sufficiently accurate compared to 4D dose accumulated from Monte Carlo recalculation on every phase, depending on institutional protocols. Projection of the dose calculated on the mid-ventilation scan was found to be statistically significantly more accurate than projection of the dose calculated on end-exhalation when considering target volume dose metrics. Use of 4D dose accumulation should be considered when evaluating normal tissue complication probabilities as well as in clinical situations where target volumes are directly inferior to mobile critical structures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Residual hearing and speech production in deaf children.

Residual hearing, phoneme recognition, speech production errors, and selected background variables were examined in 40 congenitally deaf children of normal intelligence who had no apparent anomalie...