cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Genetic Relationship Information on Genome-Assisted Breeding Values

The success of genomic selection depends on the potential to predict genome-assisted breeding values (GEBVs) with high accuracy over several generations without additional phenotyping after estimating marker effects. Results from both simulations and practical applications have to be evaluated for this potential, which requires linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers and QTL. This study shows that markers can capture genetic relationships among genotyped animals, thereby affecting accuracies of GEBVs. Strategies to validate the accuracy of GEBVs due to LD are given. Simulations were used to show that accuracies of GEBVs obtained by fixed regression–least squares (FR–LS), random regression–best linear unbiased prediction (RR–BLUP), and Bayes-B are nonzero even without LD. When LD was present, accuracies decrease rapidly in generations after estimation due to the decay of genetic relationships. However, there is a persistent accuracy due to LD, which can be estimated by modeling the decay of genetic relationships and the decay of LD. The impact of genetic relationships was greatest for RR–BLUP. The accuracy of GEBVs can result entirely from genetic relationships captured by markers, and to validate the potential of genomic selection, several generations have to be analyzed to estimate the accuracy due to LD. The method of choice was Bayes-B; FR–LS should be investigated further, whereas RR–BLUP cannot be recommended.
Optical Properties of the Vanadium Oxides VO2 and V2O5

The optical properties of VO2 and V2O5 were determined using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The unique physical properties of these materials will be presented and discussed in conjunction with the materials electronic band structure determined by calculations using the orthogonalized linear combination of atomic orbitalsmethod.
An error estimation measure in the direct BEM formulation by the external Somigliana's identity

Abstract In this paper we consider a physical interpretation of Somigliana's identities as the basis of the formulation of the direct Boundary Element Method as well as its error estimation measure. While Somigliana's internal identity gives the solution to a given boundary value problem for a domain D(+), the external identity of Somigliana gives zero stress and displacement for the domain D(−) complementary to D(+) in the infinite region. The BEM error equally affects the accuracy of both identities and error estimation for the complementary domain D(−) is adopted for that for the original domain D(+). We propose the domain integral for the strain energy in the complementary domain D(−) as an error measure which, in turn, is converted to a boundary integral over the boundary of D(−). The individual contribution to this boundary error integral comes from each boundary element and it serves as an error measure for each boundary element, which can be used in an adaptive re-meshing strategy. Numerical examples strongly support our error measure and adaptive re-meshing strategy.
Effects of estrogen administration on the lipoproteins and apoproteins of the chicken

The plasma lipoproteins of estrogen-treated and untreated sexually immature hens have been compared with respect to their concentration in plasma, protein and lipid composition, particle size, and and apoprotein composition. Administration of diethylstilbestrol resulted in a 400-fold rise in the concentration of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), a 70-fold rise in low density lipoprotein (LDL), and a marked reduction in high density lipoprotein (HDL) protein. It also resulted in the production of LDL and HDL which were enriched in triacylglycerol, while the proportion of cholesterol in all three lipoprotein fractions decreased. In contrast to the lipoproteins from untreated birds, lipoproteins of density less than 1.06 g/ml from estrogen-treated birds were not clearly separable into discrete VLDL and LDL fractions, but appeared to be a single ultracentrifugal class. The apoprotein composition of VLDL and LDL from untreated birds differed from each other; however, the apoprotein patterns of VLDL and LDL from estrogen-treated birds were indistinguishable: both contained a large amount of low molecular weight protein in addition to the high molecular weight component that predominates in the untreated state. The apoprotein composition of HDL was also markedly altered by estrogen administration: the 28,000 mol. wt. protein (apo A-I) decreased in amount from 65% to less than 5% of the total, while a low molecular weight (Mr = 14,000) protein and as yet poorly defined high molecular weight components became predominant. These observations indicate that the hyperlipidemia induced by estrogen administration is accompanied by marked alterations, both qualitative and quantitative, in the plasma lipoproteins.
205Tl NMR studies: Ion pairing of Tl+ and (CH3)2Tl+ with NO 3 − and ClO 4 − in various solvents

The concentration dependence of the205Tl chemical shifts of Tl+ and of (CH3)2Tl+ ions was determined in several solvents with NO3− and ClO4− counterions. In general, increased ion pairing caused a low-frequency shift of the205Tl resonance, with the exceptions of (CH3)2TlNO3 inn-butylamine and TlNO3 in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and in hexamethylphosphorotriamide (HMPA). In HMPA,205Tl linewidths of both Tl+ and (CH3)2Tl+ increased dramatically with dilution below 0.1M. Analysis of the data allowed ion-pair formation constants and205Tl chemical shifts for the ion-paired cation and for the free (solvated) cation to be estimated for some of the solvents.
Occupations for the tuberculous insane

Just as in other types of disease, it is imperative that the occupational therapist dealing with tuberculous persons should know something of the nature of the disease itself, as well as of the methods of the cure and treatment of persons suffering from it. This is not a suitable occasion for it, nor can I, as a layman, attempt to deal with the nature of tuberculosis, but I have procured a supply of a popular exposition of the subject, "What You Should Know About Tuberculosis," published by the National Tuberculosis Association, and I hope that each member of this Institute will take a copy and read it at leisure. I regret that two other documents, each of which dealt with the subject in a more comprehensive way for our present purposes, are both out of print. I refer to a reprint of a series of lectures by Dr. Joseph Walsh, of Philadelphia, that appeared in the Journal of the Outdoor Life in 1923, and Bulletin No. 59, published by the Federal Board for Vocational Education, entitled " A Tuberculosis Background for Advisors and Teachers." I think it is likely that some copies of the latter may be in tile libraries of some of your hospitals, as the Bulletin was widely distributed to all institutions where ex-service men were under treatment. It is necessary, though, to review briefly at this time some of the facts about tuberculosis which must be known to lay workers. Tuberculosis is caused by a specific organism, the tubercle bacillus and, as we have all learned through the educational work of the organizations devoted to its prevention and cure, is a communicable disease. It is, however, curable if taken in time; the principal means of cure being a carefully supervised regimen of rest, fresh air and proper food. It is true that during the past few years a gi~eat many other methods of cure have been discovered and are in Use today, but the enormous development of the sanatorium movement during the past twenty years took place chiefly because of the realization that it was necessary to provide suitable institutions in which the formula of rest, fresh air and good food could conveniently be applied.
Canalicular obstruction: a histopathologic case series

Abstract Objective To investigate the histopathologic causes of canalicular obstruction in a case series of patients treated by canalicular trephination for symptomatic epiphora. Design A university and private practice retrospective chart review. Participants The study involved 12 consecutive patients who underwent unilateral canalicular trephination with tissue retrieval for the treatment of canalicular obstruction. Methods Canalicular obstruction was confirmed at the time of preoperative and intraoperative probing and irrigation. Treatment consisted of canalicular trephination combined with silicone intubation and a concomitant dacryocystorhinostomy in 6 cases. Tissue was recovered from the trephine lumen and submitted for pathologic analysis. Predisposing factors that could have caused canalicular obstruction and the clinical course following treatment were reported. Results The most common histopathologic finding was nonspecific inflammation with associated fibrosis. Cases demonstrating sebaceous gland adenoma, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and bone were identified. Conclusions Use of the lacrimal trephine to open canalicular obstructions provided tissue samples that revealed nonspecific inflammation and fibrosis as a common underlying histopathology. The presence of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue suggests a decrease in canalicular diameter or such dense scarring that the normal canalicular architecture could not be followed. Other causes of canalicular obstruction such as lacrimal sac tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Two Inbred Rat Strains That Differ Substantially in Hip Fragility

One approach to identifying the genetic influences on skeletal phenotypes involves the creation and genetic mapping of a population of the second filial (F2) offspring derived from a cross of two inbred strains of rodents. The two inbred strains should be chosen based upon a large difference in the phenotype of interest, e.g., bone fragility. We found previously that considerable variation exists in fragility phenotypes among inbred strains of rats, and the phenotypic variation was site specific. In particular, two inbred rat strains, Copenhagen 2331 (COP) and Dark Agouti (DA), were found to differ significantly in femoral neck geometry and strength. The aim of this study was to further characterize hip fragility in COP and DA rats at 6 months of age using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), microcomputed tomography (mCT), and biomechanical tests. COP rats had a significantly wider femoral head (P = 0.04) and neck (P = 0.007), significantly larger bone area and cortical bone area in femoral neck (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively), significantly greater total bone mineral content (BMC) and cortical BMC in femoral neck (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively), and 65% greater femoral neck cross-sectional moment of inertia (P = 0.02), as compared with DA rats. As a result, COP rats had 22% higher ultimate force (Fu), 68% higher ultimate displacement (du), and 81% higher work to failure (U) than DA rats in the femoral neck biomechanical test (P = 0.04, P = 0.01, and P = 0.02, respectively). The biomechanical properties for the femoral midshaft and lumbar vertebrae were virtually the same in the two rat strains, suggesting a hip-specific genetic effect on bone strength. These data indicate that significant phenotypic variation at the femoral neck site exists between these two inbred strains, and COP rats appear to have genes that specifically enhance the femoral neck structural properties and strength. Therefore these two inbred strains, COP with DA, may facilitate effective genetic studies of hip fragility.
Practice Makes Perfect: IA at the End of the Beginning?

Le point sur l'architecture en information comme discipline dans le domaine Sciences de l'information
Evolution of resistance to anti-cancer therapy during general dosing schedules

Anti-cancer drugs targeted to specific oncogenic pathways have shown promising therapeutic results in the past few years; however, drug resistance remains an important obstacle for these therapies. Resistance to these drugs can emerge due to a variety of reasons including genetic or epigenetic changes which alter the binding site of the drug target, cellular metabolism or export mechanisms. Obtaining a better understanding of the evolution of resistant populations during therapy may enable the design of more effective therapeutic regimens which prevent or delay progression of disease due to resistance. In this paper, we use stochastic mathematical models to study the evolutionary dynamics of resistance under time-varying dosing schedules and pharmacokinetic effects. The populations of sensitive and resistant cells are modeled as multi-type non-homogeneous birth-death processes in which the drug concentration affects the birth and death rates of both the sensitive and resistant cell populations in continuous time. This flexible model allows us to consider the effects of generalized treatment strategies as well as detailed pharmacokinetic phenomena such as drug elimination and accumulation over multiple doses. We develop estimates for the probability of developing resistance and moments of the size of the resistant cell population. With these estimates, we optimize treatment schedules over a subspace of tolerated schedules to minimize the risk of disease progression due to resistance as well as locate ideal schedules for controlling the population size of resistant clones in situations where resistance is inevitable. Our methodology can be used to describe dynamics of resistance arising due to a single (epi)genetic alteration in any tumor type.
Preparation of N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan-Human-Like Collagen Microspheres for Drug Delivery

In this investigation, the N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) was synthesized. A novel pH-sensitive hydrogel system composed of a water-soluble chitosan derivative (N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan, NOCC)and Human-like collagen (HLC) blended with phosphate was developed for controlling drug delivery and NOCC–HLC microspheres were prepared by the technology of electrostatic droplet generation technique. The release profiles of a model protein drug (bovine serum albumin, BSA) from test hydrogels were studied in simulated gastric and intestinal media.
SU-E-J-161: Biomechanical Framework for Thoracic Tumors Characteristics.

Purpose: Respiration‐induced kinematics of thoracic tumors suggests a simple analogy with elasticity, where a strain is used to characterize the volume of interests. The application of the biomechanical framework allows for the objective determination of tumorcharacteristics.Methods: The deformation of a given tissue element can be determined if its displacement is known. The latter can be obtained from 4DCT scans using image registration of the end of inhalation and exhalation CT volumes. The averaged right Cauchy‐Green strain tensor was determined for each of the 15 retrospectively analyzed thoracic GTVs. The departure of the strain tensor from the identity matrix gauges the departure of the medium from rigidity. The averaging was carried out in Log‐Euclidean framework. The fractional and geodesic anisotropy factors were determined for the tensor.Results: The amplitude of GTV motion varied from 0.64 to 4.21 with the average of 1.2cm. The GTV size ranged from 5.16 to 149.99cc with the average of 43.19cc. The tumor deformation is inconsiderable and the tensorial anisotropy is small. The Log‐Euclidean distance of averaged strain tensors from the identity matrix ranged from 0.06 to 0.31 with the average of 0.19. The Frobenius distance from the identity matrix is similar and ranged from 0.06 to 0.35 with the average of 0.21. Their fractional anisotropy ranged from 0.02 to 0.12 with the average of 0.07. Their geodesic anisotropy ranged from 0.03 to 0.16 with the average of 0.09. These values also indicate insignificant deformation. Conclusion: The biomechanical framework allows for the quantitative description of the tissue or anatomical regions of interest. Such regional characterization of volume of interests can be used in the objective evaluation of changes of the anatomy during the treatment or after the treatment. It might be used for correlation of outcome studies with objective characterization of changes within biomechanical framework. These objective characteristics do not rely on human interpretation. The measured changes might have predictive characteristics for the therapeutic success of the treatment.
Research Prioritization and the Potential Pitfall of Path Dependencies in Coral Reef Science

Studies of how scientists select research problems suggest the process involves weighing a number of factors, including funding availability, likelihood of success versus failure, and perceived publishability of likely results, among others. In some fields, a strong personal interest in conducting science to bring about particular social and environmental outcomes plays an important role. Conservation biologists are frequently motivated by a desire that their research will contribute to improved conservation outcomes, which introduces a pair of challenging questions for managers of science and scholars of policies governing science: 1) How do scientists integrate that goal into their processes of research priority evaluation, and 2) How can managers and funders of science utilize that knowledge in designing and administering funding programs? I use Q method to uncover four distinct schools of thought amongst researchers and knowledge-users about the merits of possible research priorities for coral reefs; one of the axes along which these schools of thought differ is in their interpretation of how science can and should interact with policy. The results reveal that perceived severity of reef stressors plays a role for some participants. Disciplinary training does not appear to be a major influence on research priority evaluation, but individual participants indicated professional expediency does prevent some researchers from pursuing or advocating that others pursue topics outside of that disciplinary specialty. Influences on and processes in research prioritization uncovered in this study have the potential to lead to counter-productive disciplinary path dependencies. From these results and building on outside literature, I conclude that better coordination and communication about research priorities across disciplines and with broader stakeholders – including knowledge users – could improve the research enterprise’s ability to contribute to meaningful societal and conservation goals. These findings are relevant to researchers and research administrators across disciplines that seek to conduct or fund science that is useful in addressing specific goals.
ACCURACY OF ESTIMATED PHYLOGENIES: EFFECTS OF TREE TOPOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY MODEL.

A simulation study was carried out to investigate the relative importance of tree topology (both balance and stemminess), evolutionary rates (constant, varying among characters, and varying among lineages), and evolutionary models in determining the accuracy with which phylogenetic trees can be estimated. The three evolutionary context models were phyletic (characters can change at each simulated time step), speciational (changes are possible only at the time of speciation into two daughter lineages), and punctuational (changes occur at the time of speciation but only in one of the daughter lineages). UPGMA clustering and maximum parsimony ("Wagner trees") methods for estimating phylogenies were compared. All trees were based on eight recent OTUs. The three evolutionary context models were found to have the largest influence on accuracy of estimates by both methods. The next most important effect was that of the stemminess × context interaction. Maximum parsimony and UPGMA performed worst under the punctuational models. Under the phyletic model, trees with high stemminess values could be estimated more accurately and balanced trees were slightly easier to estimate than unbalanced ones. Overall, maximum parsimony yielded more accurate trees than UPGMA-but that was expected for these simulations since many more characters than OTUs were used. Our results suggest that the great majority of estimated phylogenetic trees are likely to be quite inaccurate; they underscore the inappropriateness of characterizing current phylogenetic methods as being for reconstruction rather than for estimation.
The magnetosphere of Jupiter: Coupling the equator to the poles

Abstract Jupiter is a planet of superlatives: the most massive planet in the solar system, rotates the fastest, has the strongest magnetic field, and has the most massive satellite system of any planet. These unique properties lead to volcanoes on Io and a population of energetic plasma trapped in the magnetic field that provides a physical link between the satellites, particularly Io, and the planet Jupiter. There are strong differences between the magnetospheres of Earth and Jupiter but there are also underlying basic physical principles that all magnetospheres share in common. This paper provides a rough sketch of the magnetosphere of Jupiter, briefly describes the current understanding and lists outstanding issues. As at Earth, a major issue of the jovian system is how the magnetospheric plasma is coupled to the planet's ionosphere.
Problem Solving with Ordinal Measurement

Modern socio-political-economic problems often represent situations in which the traditional numerical problem models fall far short of being adequate for determining formal solutions. The basic reason for this inadequacy is the fact that the objective functions in such problems contain abstract criteria. It, therefore, is difficult, if not impossible, to determine how much one alternative in the problem is preferred to another alternative. When such information is not available in a problem, a numerical model will serve to fabricate this information and, therefore, reduce the degree of isomorphism between the problem and the problem model. A linear program that uses a relations set as its objective function can maintain isomorphism. In such models, the single optimal solution may not be determinable. However, if the set of feasible solutions is ordered, the optimal solution can be determined. The same ordered approach also has some useful applications to games.
Cosmic-Ray Composition at 10 17 - 10 18 eV

Evidence is presented, based on the proton-energy dependence of the proportion of mu particles produced in proton-induced showers, that cosmic primaries having total energies greater than about 10/sup 17/ ev are nearly all protons. The ratio of the number of mu particles to the total number of particles is measured in air showers for which the primary energies are above 10/ sup 17/ ev, and the distributions indicate that these showers are produced by primary protons. (T.F.H.)
Effects of food deprivation on object and nonobject directed behavior in the rat

Direct observations were made at the rate of 1 per sec. of three groups of rats observed 6, 11, or 22 hr. after feeding. Behavior was categorized into nonobject directed activity, object directed activity, resting, and grooming. The frequency of occurrence of object directed activity increased over the deprivation levels with compensatory decreases occurring in the resting and grooming categories. No change was observed in the nonobject directed category. The possibility that conditioning factors were responsible for the increased activity was rejected as the observations were made in a location and at a time which was unrelated to the feeding cycle. As an alternative interpretation, it was suggested that food deprivation acts to increase the incidence of investigatory or exploratory behaviors directed at stimuli within the environment.
The treatment of cyclical behavioral changes in women with mental disabilities

Abstract Study Objective: This study aims to evaluate the frequency of occurrence of cyclical behavioral changes in women with mental retardation, as well as the effectiveness of several treatment modalities for this type of behavior. Design: Retrospective chart analysis. Setting: University of Michigan clinic for reproductive healthcare of women with mental disabilities. Participants: All clinic patients of reproductive age, presenting with cyclical behavioral changes in our clinic from November 1985 to October 1992. Interventions: Medical treatment of cyclical behavioral changes. Main Outcome Measures: Presence and documentation of cyclical behavioral changes, level of retardation, type of behavior, treatment modalities and results. Results: Ninety-three of 522 reproductive-age patients (18%) presented with cyclical behavioral changes. Good documentation with behavior charts was present in 46% of these records. Level of retardation among the women included: 57 (61%) severely, 12 (13%) moderately, and 1 (1%) mildly retarded. No level of retardation could be detected in 23 (25%) women. Aggressive behavior was noted in 35 (38%) women, self-mutilation in 20 (22%) a combination of both in 10 (10%) and other behavior in 28 (28%) women. Primary treatment was by physician preference. Of 46 patients who received nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), 30 (65%) showed improvement, 10 (21%) showed no improvement, and 2 patients (4%) showed worsening symptoms. Birth control pills were used in 15 patients; there were signs of improvement in 6 (40%), no improvement in 3 (20%), and worsening in 3 (20%). The use of depomedroxyprogesterone injections was successful in treating 6 of 9 patients (66%), and showed no improvement in 2 women. No statistically significant differences were found between these treatment modalities. Conclusions: Cyclical behavioral changes in women with mental retardation is a common problem (18%) and may be related to pain— possibly due to menstrual cramps, since 65% of the patients responded to NSAID. If treatment with NSAID is unsuccessful, birth control pills and depomedroxyprogesterone improved behavior in 40% to 66% of patients. Documentation is a key issue.
Enterocutaneous Fistula in a Dog Secondary to an Intraperitoneal Gauze Foreign Body

A 6-year-old, spayed female German shepherd crossbreed had a 6-month history of a draining fistula in the left flank. Fistulography demonstrated an enterocutaneous fistula. Surgery revealed a granuloma that was enveloping the left ureter and caudal mesenteric artery and adhering to multiple loops of bowel. The granuloma centered on a gauze sponge inadvertently retained at time of ovariohysterectomy. Retained surgical foreign bodies can be avoided, and their frequency is likely underestimated. Risk factors identified in human medicine include emergency surgery, changes in surgical procedure, and obesity. A foreign body should be considered a potential cause of draining tracts in veterinary patients.
Search for combinations of thermal n-point functions with analytic extensions

The 2{sup n} different n-point functions that occur in real-time thermal field theory are Fourier transformed to real energies. Because of branch cuts in various energy variables, none of these functions can be extended analytically to complex energies. The known linear combinations that form the fully retarded and advanced functions can be extended analytically. It is proven that no other linear combinations have an analytic extension to complex energies.
Peptides mimicking GD2 ganglioside elicit cellular, humoral and tumor-protective immune responses in mice

Introduction Because of its restricted distribution in normal tissues and its high expression on tumors of neuroectodermal origin, GD2 ganglioside is an excellent target for active specific immunotherapy. However, GD2 usually elicits low-titered IgM and no IgG or cellular immune responses, limiting its usefulness as a vaccine for cancer patients. We have previously shown that anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody mimics of GD2 can induce antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity in mice, but inhibition of tumor growth by the mimics could not be detected.
Vanishing of second cohomology for tensor products of typeII$_1$ von Neumann algebras

We show that the second cohomology group $H^2(M\overline\otimes N, M\overline\otimes N)$ is always zero for arbitrary type II$_1$ von Neumann algebras $M$ and $N$.
Predicting the Coefficient of Restitution for Particle Wall Collisions in Gas Turbine Components

Jet engines often operate under hostile conditions and are increasingly exposed to fine particulate matter such as sand, ash and dirt. Large amounts of fine particulate ingestion, sand in particular, can damage different engine components through deposition and erosion. The extent of damage depends on the particle-wall interaction, which is further governed by particle velocity, impact angle, particle size, particle material, target material and target surface roughness. Coefficient of restitution, which is the ratio of rebound velocity to impact velocity, encapsulates the effect of all the energy losses occurring during a collision. The current work presents a new model which predicts the energy losses and hence coefficient of restitution for a particle-wall collision. The current work combines elastic plastic deformation and adhesion theories of particle-wall interaction. Plastic deformation losses and adhesion losses are calculated separately based on impact parameters: impact velocity, impact angle, particle/wall material properties. These losses combine together to give the net energy loss during a collision and hence coefficient of restitution. The main objective of this study is to develop a collision model for sand particle interaction in gas turbine components, so the results are compared with available experimental data on coefficient of restitution for sand particles. The coefficient of restitution predictions are also compared with existing experimental data on a wide range of particle sizes and materials. Model predictions are found to be in good agreement with experiments.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Biodistribution of a novel antiestrogen (Analog II) in the mouse and rat.

The biostribution of a novel antiestrogen Analog II was determined in the mouse and rat. The tritiated product, [3H]-Analog II was prepared by New England Nuclear and was purified by preparative chromatography using silica gel and petroleum ether/methylene chloride (80:20). The fat tissue had the highest uptake due to the hydrophobic nature of Analog II. The second highest uptake was in the mouse uterine tissue which was greater than that observed in the rat. The differences in biodistribution between the mouse and rat may partially explain the differences in biological activity of Analog II previously observed in these two animal species.
Optical music recognition on the International Music Score Library Project

A system is presented for optical recognition of music scores. The system processes a document page in three main phases. First it performs a hierarchical decomposition of the page, identifying systems, staves and measures. The second phase, which forms the heart of the system, interprets each measure found in the previous phase as a collection of non-overlapping symbols including both primitive symbols (clefs, rests, etc.) with fixed templates, and composite symbols (chords, beamed groups, etc.) constructed through grammatical composition of primitives (note heads, ledger lines, beams, etc.). This phase proceeds by first building separate top-down recognizers for the symbols of interest. Then, it resolves the inevitable overlap between the recognized symbols by exploring the possible assignment of overlapping regions, seeking globally optimal and grammatically consistent explanations. The third phase interprets the recognized symbols in terms of pitch and rhythm, focusing on the main challenge of rhythm. We present results that compare our system to the leading commercial OMR system using MIDI ground truth for piano music.
Image Quality Criteria Derived from Skew Traces

Simple inspection of spot diagrams is often enough to guide design by indicating the optimum imagery which results from variation of system parameters. However, quantitative criteria are necessary for the control of computation by stored-program machines. Skew traces yield data from which these criteria may be evaluated by methods (some old and some new) sketched below. In some cases, spot positions are enough. In others, optical path differences are also required. By such means, it is possible to determine what depth of aspherical figuring, if any, is desirable for a given system, and what other parameter values optimize the system in the sense of a given test. No universally satisfactory single criterion exists, but maximum reciprocal aberration and minimum required retouching are suggested as being often useful.
Super-resolution video reconstruction based on both local and global information

Although super-resolution (SR) methods have been successfully used to improve the resolution of video content, these methods estimate high resolution (HR) frames without explicitly use local information. Instead, they minimize the sum of difference between acquired low resolution (LR) images and observation model. On the contrary, adaptive kernel regression estimates each pixel of HR frames independently. It does not consider global optimum while estimating HR frames. In this paper, we proposed an idea of employing adaptive kernel regression on SR methods to improve the quality of super-resolved video frames. It is shown that the proposed idea can provide results with better visual quality and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).
Progress in GaAs JFETs for 4-kelvin IR readout applications

Gallium arsenide junction field-effect transistors (GaAs JFETs) can be made immune to carrier freeze-out, allowing them to operate normally from room temperature down to 4 K. This makes GaAs JFETs attractive for the readout of detector arrays that operate at deep cryogenic temperatures (< 10 K). Typical IR readout applications, however, require transistors with very low noise and extremely low input leakage current, and until recently the leakage current of cryogenic GaAs devices was too high for many IR readout applications. By using a recently developed HF-based etchant for GaAs that is highly isotropic, etched GaAs JFETs have been fabricated that have a gently tapered edge. This reduces edge fields, which consequently reduces the edge tunneling current, the dominant source of leakage current at 4 K. JFETs with gate leakage currents below 10-15 amps at 4 K have been fabricated. The fabrication technique, including the isotropic etchant, is discussed. The leakage current and noise of these JFETs are presented and compared with previous devices using a conventional etch.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Incomparability graphs of (3 + 1)-free posets are s -positive

Abstract In [5] Stanley associated to a (finite) graph G a symmetric function X G generalizing the chromatic polynomial of G . Using an involution on a special type of arrays constructed by Gessel and Viennot [1], we show that if G is the incomparability graph of a ( 3 + 1 )-free poset, then X G is a nonnegative linear combination of Schur functions. Since the elementary symmetric functions are nonnegative linear combinations of Schur functions, this result gives supportive evidence for a conjecture of Stanley and Stembridge ([5, Conjecture 5.1] or [6, Conjecture 5.5]).
Evolutionary Implications of Three Novel Members of the Human Sarcomeric Myosin Heavy Chain Gene Family

Sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MyHC) is the major contractile protein of striated muscle. Six tandemly linked skeletal MyHC genes on chromosome 17 and two cardiac MyHC genes on chromosome 14 have been previously described in the human genome. We report the identification of three novel human sarcomeric MyHC genes on chromosomes 3, 7, and 20, which are notable for their atypical size and intron-exon structure. Two of the encoded proteins are structurally most like the slow-beta MyHC, whereas the third one is closest to the adult fast IIb isoform. Data from pairwise comparisons of aligned coding sequences imply the existence of ancestral genomes with four sarcomeric genes before the emergence of a dedicated smooth muscle MyHC gene. To further address the evolutionary relationships of the distinct sarcomeric and nonsarcomeric rod sequences, we have identified and further annotated human genomic DNA sequences corresponding to 14 class-II MyHCs. An extensive analysis provides a timeline for intron gain and loss, gene contraction and expansion, and gene conversion among genes encoding class-II myosins. One of the novel human genes is found to have introns at positions shared only with the molluscan catchin/MyHC gene, providing evidence for the structure of a pre-Cambrian ancestral gene.
Dense feature deformation morphometry: Incorporating DTI data into conventional MRI morphometry

Registration based mapping of geometric differences in MRI anatomy allows the detection of subtle and complex changes in brain anatomy over time that provides an important quantitative window on the process of both brain development and degeneration. However, methods developed for this have so far been aimed at using conventional structural MRI data (T1W imaging) and the resulting maps are limited in their ability to localize patterns of change within sub-regions of uniform tissue. Alternative MRI contrast mechanisms, in particular Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data are now more commonly being used in serial studies and provide valuable complementary microstructural information within white matter. This paper describes a new approach which incorporates information from DTI data into deformation tensor morphometry of conventional MRI. The key problem of using the additional information provided by DTI data is addressed by proposing a novel mutual information (MI) derived criterion termed diffusion paired MI. This combines conventional and diffusion data in a single registration measure. We compare different formulations of this measure when used in a diffeomorphic fluid registration scheme to map local volume changes. Results on synthetic data and example images from clinical studies of neurodegenerative conditions illustrate the improved localization of tissue volume changes provided by the incorporation of DTI data into the morphometric registration.
Coherent Regeneration of K s 's by Carbon as a Test of Regge-Pole-Exchange Theory.

A measurement of the coherent regeneration amplitude in carbon in the energy range 30--130 GeV is presented. The results are consistent with the dominance of this process by ..omega.. exchange, and a precise value of the intercept of the ..omega.. trajectory is obtained: ..cap alpha../sub ..omega../(0) = 0.390 +- 0.014.
In situ temperature measurement by infrared absorption for low-temperature epitaxial growth of homo- and hetero-epitaxial layers on silicon

The use of infrared transmission to measure silicon wafer temperature in a lamp-heated susceptor-free reactor is described. The relevant temperature range is 400 to 800° C, and the accuracy is on the order of a few degrees centigrade. The method is then applied towards the growth of silicon and silicon-germanium alloy layers on silicon substrates. For silicon-germanium layers typical of those used in heterojunction bipolar transistors, no change in absorption compared to that of the silicon substrates is observed.
The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer Misssion: Software Development

The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) is a NASA explorer-class satellite mission devoted entirely to observations in the wavelength range from 70 to 760 A. The science payload incorporates four individual grazing incidence telescopes, three of which will be used to conduct a complete imaging sky survey in the EUV in four separate bandpasses. The fourth telescope, called the Deep Survey/Spectrometer (DS/S) has two coaligned instruments consisting of one “deep” imaging system and an EUV spectrometer with three overlapping bandpasses covering the entire 70–760 A window. The spectrometer will be used by guest observers in a pointed observation program during the second part of the mission. The instruments were built by the Space Astrophysics Group, at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB).
Preliminary design of composite wing-box structures for global damage tolerance

A procedure is presented that incorporates the influence of potential global damage conditions into the design process for minimum-mass wing-box structures. The procedure is based on mathematical-programming optimization techniques. Material-strength, minimum-gage, and panel-buckling constraints are introduced by penalty functions, and Newton's method with approximate second derivatives of the penalty terms is used as the search algorithm to obtain minimum-mass designs. A potential global damage condition is represented by a structural model with the damaged components removed. Example minimum-mass designs are obtained that simultaneously satisfy the constraints of the damaged and undamaged configurations of both graphite-epoxy and aluminum wing-box structural models. These examples are designed with and without the influence of potential damage conditions, and results indicate that for equal mass cases the residual strength of a damaged structure is higher when the influence of potential damage is properly included in the design from the outset. Results of these examples also identify the minimum structural mass increase required to increase residual strength levels.
Using Inquiry-Based Instruction to Teach Research Methods to 4th-Grade Students in an Urban Setting

When a college professor who teaches research methods to graduate education students was approached by a local public urban elementary school to help them teach research skills to 4th-graders, we t...
Legislating School Crisis Response: Good Policy or Just Good Politics?

Over the past decade, a growing number of schools have responded to students’ safety and mental health needs following campus violence and other crises. More recently, policymakers have joined this trend, proposing legislation requiring schools to establish crisis response programs. This paper provides an overview of crisis response initiatives implemented by school districts following traumatic events, including school violence. It then examines recent state legislation and other policies, followed by a discussion of the advisability of such mandates, given the scant research and evaluation of school crisis response to date.
Technology roles and paths of influence in an ecosystem model of technology evolution

We propose a new conceptual model for understanding technology evolution that highlights dynamic and highly interdependent relationships among multiple technologies. We argue that, instead of considering technologies in isolation, technology evolution is best viewed as a dynamic system or ecosystem that includes a variety of interrelated technologies. By considering the interdependent nature of technology evolution, we identify three roles that technologies play within a technology ecosystem. These roles are components, products and applications, and support and infrastructure. Technologies within an ecosystem interact through these roles and impact each others' evolution. We also classify types of interactions between technology roles, which we term paths of influence. We demonstrate the use of our proposed model through examples of wireless networking (Wi-Fi) technologies and a business mini-case on the digital music industry.
Feminist Praxis, Citizenship and Informal Politics: Reflections on South Africa's Anti-Eviction Campaign

This article focuses on the Anti-Eviction Campaign (AEC) in Cape Town, South Africa, which is part of the larger anti-privatization movement, mobilized by disadvantaged township residents to assert...
Toward a Service-Oriented Development Through a Case Study

The rapidly emerging technology of Web services paves a new cost-effective way of engineering software to quickly develop and deploy Web applications by dynamically integrating other independently developed Web-service components to conduct new business transactions. This paper reports our efforts on designing and developing a Web service of pass-through authentication (PTA) for 12 online electronic-payment Web applications. In accordance with how a PTA service is developed and integrated with a corresponding back-end e-payment system, our strategies can be categorized in three stages: end-to-end integration stage, Web-services-enabled stage, and Web-services-oriented stage. Derived from real-world industrial experience, this three-stage pathway can be applied to a broad range of Web-application development projects to guide smooth transformation from a specific application-oriented design and development model toward a reusable Web-services-oriented model. Furthermore, this paper contributes to an engineering process that leads to practical Web-services-oriented software development. New research issues revealed by this project are also reported.
Can hemoglobin A1c in early pregnancy predict adverse pregnancy outcomes in diabetic patients

Abstract Objective To examine the association of elevated early pregnancy hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels with adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with preexisting diabetes mellitus. Study Design Retrospective cohort study of 330 women with preexisting diabetes enrolled in a Diabetes in Pregnancy Program at an academic institution between 2003 and 2011 who had an early HbA1c determination. The frequencies of composite maternal adverse pregnancy outcomes (birth at Results There was no statistically significant difference between composite adverse maternal pregnancy outcomes and composite adverse fetal pregnancy outcomes as well as other individual outcomes between different HbA1c categories. Of the vaginally delivered women in our cohort, the 37 patients with HbA1c levels of≥8.5% had a significantly higher frequency of fetal shoulder dystocia than the 62 with HbA1c levels of P =0.002). Neonates of patients with HbA1c≥8.5% were more likely to have low five minute Apgar scores than neonates of patients with HbA1c P =0.05). Conclusion In patients with preexisting diabetes mellitus, HbA1c levels of≥8.5% during early pregnancy are not useful in predicting most adverse outcomes, although there may be an increased risk for shoulder dystocia.
Ernest Starling's analysis of the energy balance of the German people during the blockade, 1914-19.

Ernst H. Starling FRS (1866–1927) is remembered as a great physiologist; nevertheless a paper of his that is of substantial historical interest has dropped out of sight. It is a quantitative analysis of the effects of the Allied food blockade during World War I on the energy available to the German population and of the failure by the German government to distribute the available energy fairly. He shows that by 1919 a substantial proportion of the urban Germans were starving. His data are summarized in this article. Starling concluded that empty stomachs were a major reason for the German capitulation. His analysis grew out of his work as the second chairman of the Food [War] Committee of The Royal Society and as one of the two British members of the International Scientific Food Commission, pioneering bodies in using science to help to set public policy.