cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational study of the threshold energy for the 1,2-interchange of X and R (X, R = halogens, pseudohalogens, and monovalent hydrocarbon groups) on CH2XCH2R

Transition state geometries and threshold energies, E0, were computed for an unusual unimolecular isomerization reaction that exchanges two groups (X, R) on CH2XCH2R. An objective is to determine the most energetically feasible interchanges to guide experimental investigations. The interchanging species included halogens (F, Cl, Br) and pseudohalogens and monovalent hydrocarbons (H, SH, CH3, NH2, OH, OCF3, OCH3, CH=CH2, CH2CH3, CH2OH, C≡CH, CH2CF3, CCl3, CF3) attached to a two carbon backbone. Ground state and transition state geometries were optimized with the B3PW91 level of theory and 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set. The Br–Br interchange had the lowest E0 (141 kJ/mol), and CH3–H had the highest E0 (582 kJ/mol). In general, larger atoms or groups with lone pairs of electrons such as halogens, SH, OH, OCH3, OCF3, and NH2 tend to lower the E0 barrier for interchange, making them the most likely to be experimentally observed.
The dementias of Parkinson's disease: prevalence, characteristics, neurobiology, and comparison with dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Abstract Overt dementia occurs in 40% of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, but neuropsychological testing indicates that mental status changes are ubiquitous. The characteristics of the intellectual changes in PD are those of subcortical dementia and include impaired recall, visuospatial disturbances, executive deficits, bradyphrenia, and depression. Language function is largely uninvolved. These features contrast with the neuropsychological abnormalities of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) where language and memory encoding are prominently affected and depression is rare. The dopaminergic deficit of PD is complicated in some patients by a cholinergic deficit and in others by DAT. Several dementia syndromes exist within PD, reflecting the superimposition of different types of pathologies and multiple neurotransmitter deficits.
IMPACT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES ON ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND HEART FAILURE MORTALITY AND READMISSION MEASURES

Background: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services penalizes hospitals for excess 30-day readmissions and mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart failure (HF) hospitalization. There is concern as to whether Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services should exclude
L’Hôpital’s Rule—Taylor’s Theorem

Theorem 1.1 (Cauchy’s Mean-Value Theorem). If f and g are real-valued functions of a real variable, both continuous on the bounded closed interval [a,b], differentiable in the extended sense on (a; b) with g′(x) ≠ 0 for x ∈ (a; b), having derivatives which are not simultaneously infinite, then (1) g(a) ≠ g(b); (2) there exists an x0 ∈ (a; b) such that $$\frac{{f\left( b \right) - f\left( a \right)}}{{g\left( b \right) - g\left( a \right)}} = \frac{{f\prime \left( {{x_0}} \right)}}{{g\prime \left( {{x_0}} \right)}};$$ (1.1) (3) if f(a) ≠ f(b), then at the x0in (1.1), f′(x0) and g′(x0) are both finite.
Use of Genetic Testing after Abnormal Screening Ultrasound: A Descriptive Cohort Study.

Background/aims The study aimed to characterize the use of genetic testing after abnormal screening ultrasound. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing genetic testing after abnormal ultrasound. Genetic evaluation consisted of noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) or amniocentesis. Classification of ultrasound findings, type of genetic testing, and results were collected. Results A total of 139 subjects underwent genetic evaluation after abnormal screening ultrasound. Screening via NIPS was pursued by 61 (44%) patients while 78 (56%) proceeded directly to amniocentesis. Patients electing for amniocentesis had more cardiac, neurologic, and gastrointestinal malformations while soft markers for aneuploidy prompted more NIPS screening. Results were negative in 85% of the NIPS group compared to 60% of the amniocentesis group. Only 8% of patients who underwent NIPS proceeded to diagnostic testing. Conclusion Patients pursuing NIPS after abnormal ultrasound had more soft markers of aneuploidy. Patients pursuing diagnostic testing were more likely to have major structural malformations and more total abnormalities identified. Patients who proceeded directly to amniocentesis were more likely to have abnormal genetic testing.
Characterization of an electrothermal plasma source for fusion transient simulations

The realization of fusion energy requires materials that can withstand high heat and particle fluxes at the plasma material interface. In this work, an electrothermal (ET) plasma source has been designed as a transient heat flux source for a linear plasma material interaction device. An ET plasma source operates in the ablative arc regime driven by a DC capacitive discharge. The current channel width is defined by the 4 mm bore of a boron nitride liner. At large plasma currents, the arc impacts the liner wall, leading to high particle and heat fluxes to the liner material, which subsequently ablates and ionizes. This results in a high density plasma with a large unidirectional bulk flow out of the source exit. The pulse length for the ET source has been optimized using a pulse forming network to have durations of 1 and 2 ms. The peak currents and maximum source energies seen in this system are 1.9 kA and 1.2 kJ for the 2 ms pulse and 3.2 kA and 2.1 kJ for the 1 ms pulse, respectively. This work is a proof...
Prevalence of Proteinuria and Albuminuria in an Obese Population and Associated Risk Factors

Obesity has been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for kidney disease and both proteinuria and microalbuminuria have been associated with obesity. The actual prevalence of microalbuminuria and proteinuria in obese patients in the United States (US) has not been clearly described in the literature. Furthermore, obesity is associated with risk factors of kidney disease such as diabetes and hypertension and the prevalence of proteinuria and albuminuria excluding these risk factors is uncertain. In this study, we collected urine albumin/creatinine and urine protein/creatinine ratios on obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery to determine the prevalence of albuminuria and proteinuria in obese patients with and without associated diabetes and hypertension. The study included 218 obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery at a New York City hospital. The mean age was 42.1 +/- 11.3 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 43.9 +/- 8.1. . Diabetes (DM) was present in 25%. Hypertension (HTN) was present in 47%. The prevalence of proteinuria and albuminuria was 21% (95% CI: 15.8-27.1%) and 19.7% (95% CI: 14.2-26.2%) respectively. Among those without DM but who had HTN, 22.6% (95% CI: 12.9-35) had proteinuria and 17% (95% CI 8.4-30.9) had albuminuria. Of patients with neither DM nor HTN, 13.3% (95% CI: 7.3-21.6) and 11% (95% CI: 5-17%) had proteinuria and albuminuria respectively. Diabetics had a significantly higher prevalence of proteinuria and albuminuria than the non-diabetic groups. The non-diabetic groups did not differ significantly from each other in terms of prevalence of proteinuria and albuminuria. The BMI for diabetics did not differ from non-diabetics. On multivariate analysis, only the presence of diabetes was associated with proteinuria and albuminuria. BMI, age, and hypertension were not predictive. In conclusion, we found a relatively high prevalence of microalbuminuria and proteinuria in an urban, US, obese population undergoing bariatric surgery. When diabetics were excluded, there was a lower prevalence. Even patients who had neither diabetes nor hypertension, still however had much greater amounts than seen in the general US population, likely reflecting an adverse effect of obesity itself on renal physiology.
Role of Preexposure Prophylaxis in the Reproductive Health of Women at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Women in the United States and especially women of color continue to acquire human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. During reproductive health visits, health care providers are ideally positioned to assess HIV risk and offer HIV prevention strategies, including preexposure prophylaxis (also k
From in-Medium Color Forces to Transport Properties of QGP

Abstract A thermodynamic quantum many-body T -matrix approach is employed to study the spectral and transport properties of the quark-gluon plasma at moderate temperatures where nonperturbative effects are essential. For the partonic two-body interaction we utilize a QCD-inspired Hamiltonian whose color forces are motivated by the heavy-quark (HQ) limit including remnants of the confining force, and augmented by relativistic corrections. We solve the in-medium parton propagators and T -matrices selfconsistently and resum the skeleton diagrams for the equation of state (EoS) to all orders thereby accounting for the dynamical formation of two-body bound states. Two types solutions for the in-medium potential are found in when fitting to lattice-QCD data for the EoS, HQ free energy and quarkonium correlators: a weakly-coupled scenario (WCS) with a (real part of the) potential close to the free energy, resulting in moderately broadened spectral functions and weak bound states near T c , and a strongly-coupled scenario (SCS), with a much stronger potential which produces large imaginary parts (“melting” the parton spectral functions) and generates strong bound states near T c . We calculate pertinent transport coefficients (specific shear viscosity and HQ diffusion coefficient) and argue that their constraints from heavy-ion phenomenology unambiguously favor the strongly-coupled scenario.
Ciliopathy: Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive disease with a prevalence of about 1/125,000. The syndrome involves mixed rod-cone dystrophy (which becomes obvious by 6 years of age). About two thirds of patients have postaxial polydactyly, and sometimes syndactyly, brachydactyly, and/or clinodactyly may be present. Hypogonadism and renal involvement occur in about 40%, mental retardation in about 50%, and truncal obesity in about 70%; it is present early, along with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Vision becomes markedly impaired by about age 30 years. The BBS is genetically heterogeneous entity with considerable phenotypic variability. Other associated problems include CNS-related ataxia, abnormal gait, and facial hypotonia, as well as anomalies such as high palate, hearing loss, and cardiac malformations. In males, there is oligospermia, leading to infertility. Around 50–80% of BBS patients have renal malformations (like cyst, agenesis or scarring) and renal dysfunction leading to end-stage renal disease. There are no pigmentary changes before the age of 1–2 years. Later, subtle pigmentary changes appear in the macula or peripapillary area. Several years later, pigments appear in the equatorial region, along with attenuation of retinal blood vessels and waxy pallor of the optic disc. Eventually, the macula may show atrophic changes (Figs. 33.1, 33.2 and 33.3). Electroretinography (ERG) shows involvement of rods and cones and is abnormal even before the fundus shows changes. A perimacular hyperfluorescent ring can be seen.
Video-Implemented Script Training in a Bilingual Spanish-English Speaker With Aphasia.

Purpose This study examines the utility of Video-Implemented Script Training for Aphasia (VISTA) for improving speech production and fluency in a Spanish–English bilingual speaker with aphasia. Met...
Diverging Trajectories or Parallel Pathways? An Intersectional and Life Course Approach to the Gender Earnings Gap by Race and Education:

Integrating ideas about intersectionality with life course theories, we explore how trajectories of gender earnings inequality vary across race and education. Past research suggests that gender ear...
Modeling hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen depletion using monitoring data

Eutrophication increases hypoxia in lakes and reservoirs, causing deleterious effects on biological communities. Quantitative models would help managers develop effective strategies to address hypoxia issues, but most existing models are limited in their applicability to lakes with temporally resolved dissolved oxygen data. We describe a hierarchical Bayesian model that predicts dissolved oxygen in lakes based on a mechanistic understanding of the factors that influence the development of hypoxia during summer stratification. These factors include the days elapsed since stratification, dissolved organic carbon concentration, lake depth, and chlorophyll concentration. We demonstrate that the model can be fit to two datasets: one in which temporally resolved dissolved oxygen profiles were collected from 20 lakes in a single state and one in which single profiles were collected from 381 lakes across the United States. Analyses of these two datasets yielded similar relationships between volumetric oxygen demand and chlorophyll concentration, suggesting that the model structure appropriately represented the effects of eutrophication on oxygen depletion. Combining both datasets in a single model further improved the precision of predictions.
Predictors of surgical treatment in children with tethered fibrofatty filum terminale.

OBJECTIVE Thickened or fatty filum terminale is an occult lesion that can cause tethered cord syndrome requiring surgical untethering. This study's objectives were to estimate the incidence of tethered fibrofatty filum terminale (TFFT) in a large insured pediatric population, identify predictors of surgery among those TFFT patients, and assess a diagnostic algorithm. METHODS TFFT was defined according to the ICD-9-CM code for cord tethering (742.59), after excluding codes for diastematomyelia, lipomyelomeningocele, terminal myelocystocele, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Utilizing the Optum Insight database for 2001-2014, the authors identified pediatric patients (< 21 years) in the US who were diagnosed with a tethered cord and estimated the TFFT incidence rates in that source population and the surgical untethering probability among TFFT patients over the 14-year period. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effects (adjusted OR and 95% CI) of age at diagnosis, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, diagnosis of Chiari malformation type I, diagnosis of syrinx, and the probability of surgery by US census region. Lastly, to evaluate their algorithm for identifying TFFT from ICD-9 codes, the authors estimated its positive predictive value (PPV) among 50 children who were diagnosed at their institution and met the ICD-9-CM criteria. RESULTS There were 3218 diagnoses of TFFT, with 482 of these pediatric patients undergoing tethered cord release during the study period. The estimated incidence rate was 12.0 per 100,000/year (95% CI 11.6-12.4 per 100,000/year). The incidence rate was slightly higher in females than in males (12.7 vs 11.4 per 100,000/year). The probability of surgery in the total pediatric TFFT population was 15.0% (95% CI 13.8%-16.2%) and was greater in children with a syrinx (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.6-3.0), children 7-11 years of age at diagnosis versus < 1 year (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0), CCI score ≥ 3 versus 0 (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.4-3.8), and residents of the Western vs Northeastern US (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6-3.5). In the authors' own institution's database, the PPV of TFFT was 35/50 (70.0%, 95% CI 57.3%-82.7%) for identifying tethered cord due to fibrofatty filum terminale among childhood positives. CONCLUSIONS Patients with comorbidities or an associated syrinx showed a higher risk of untethering procedures for TFFT. Also, surgery was appreciably more frequent in the Western US. These findings signify the need for a collaborative prospective cohort study of long-term outcomes for TFFT patients with and without surgery to determine which patients should have surgery.
Innovation in Weaving at ITMA 2019

ITMA 2019 (18th show) was held in Barcelona, Spain, June 20-26. In its press release from June 27, CEMATEX (the European Committee of Textile Machinery Manufacturers), the owner of ITMA and ITMA ASIA, reported that over 105,000 visitors from 137 countries and 1,717 exhibitors from 45 countries participated in the show. The show is marked as record-breaking in terms of number of exhibitors since its inception in 1951.
A Solving Method for Computing and Network Resource Minimization Problem in Service Function Chain Against Multiple VNF Failures

Service Function Chain (SFC) has been an inevitable element for the development of Network Function Virtualization (NFV). SFC usually consists of some Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) such as firewall and network address translation (NAT). Although SFC inherently has scalability and flexibility, the routing for composing SFC and the VNF deployment tend to consume computing and network resources. Besides, multiple and simultaneous VNF failures inflict heavy damage on SFCs. This paper formulates a minimization problem of computing resource usage and a network resource usage for SFC against multiple VNF failures. Our proposed methods of SFC routing and VNF deployment aim to minimize the cost specified with the computing and network resources. Specifically, our SFC routing algorithm employs the k-node disjoint shortest path, and our VNF deployment algorithm employs the generalized assignment problem (GAP) and the set-cover problem. The paper also mentions intractability on the minimization problem and demonstrates the effectiveness of our solving method by conducting comparison experiments.
Ceramics for Laser Technologies

Abstract In this article we present an overview of transparent ceramic materials for laser applications, with major attention on polycrystalline laser gain media. The most commonly used laser ceramics are introduced (rare-earth garnets, sesquioxides) and the methods for their production are shown, illustrating the advantages of ceramic processing as well as the main transparency-related issues and optical requirements for laser-quality ceramics. Thermal properties are also discussed. Eventually, the aim of this article is to illustrate the application potential of ceramic materials in laser technology and provide the reader the information about the fabrication possibilities, leading to new generations of laser host materials, with a composite structure produced without the need of bonding.
The personal influence of Instagram bloggers on consumer–brand interactions: brands as tribal artifacts

Popular press reports that some bloggers active on Instagram are attracting a large number of followers and strongly shaping their brand-related perceptions. Academic examination of the nature and extent of influence of Instagram bloggers (IBs) on consumers’ brand-related perceptions is yet to occur. In response, the article reports findings from three studies that examined the personal influence of IBs. The first study derived a grounded framework, hypotheses and measurement scales from focus group data. The second study used survey data to test the structural coherence of the grounded framework, and the reliability and validity of newly developed measurement scales, and produced a purified theoretical model. Finally, a third study surveyed Instagram users for the purpose of validating the purified theoretical model. Findings yield a new framework and scales for assessing IBs influence on brand-perceptions and consumer–brand relationships. The research finds that IBs are tribal leaders anointed by their followers on the medium; they curate brands for their followers’ consumption, and endow the status of tribal artifacts to brands.
Optimal Allocation of the COVID-19 Stimulus Checks

Congress spent $250B sending stimulus checks to individuals. Could the same stimulus have been achieved for less, assuming the government's information is restricted to 2019 tax returns? Using a life-cycle consumption-saving model with heterogeneous consumers, we calculate the consumption responses to $100 increments of cash transfers by, e.g., marital status, income, and number of children. We find the optimal allocation under different constraints using a new algorithm that can rank an arbitrarily-large number of possible allocations. The optimal policy roughly doubles the amount for low-income and younger consumers and can achieve the same stimulus at almost half the cost.
Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak from cervical gunshot wounds with external ventricular drainage: a small case series.

Historically, the surgical management of gunshot wounds to the spine has been controversial. Repair of a persistent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is a generally agreed upon indication. The management of such CSF leaks typically involves lumbar drainage or direct surgical repair. Here, the authors report two cases of CSF diversion with an external ventricular drain (EVD) in patients with cervical gunshot wounds. Both patients had spinal canal obliteration or physiologic myelographic block at or below the level of injury. To the best of the author's knowledge, these are the first two reports of successful EVD treatment of persistent CSF leaks related cervical gunshot wounds. The authors also propose a CSF treatment algorithm for cervical gunshot wounds that includes EVD.
Exceptional points and enhanced sensitivity in PT-symmetric continuous elastic media

Abstract We investigate non-Hermitian degeneracies, also known as exceptional points, in continuous elastic media, and their potential application to the detection of mass and stiffness perturbations. Degenerate states are induced by enforcing parity-time symmetry through tailored balanced gain and loss, introduced in the form of complex stiffnesses and may be implemented through piezoelectric transducers. The introduction of external perturbations leads to a splitting of the eigenvalues, which is explored as a sensitive approach to the detection of such perturbations. Numerical simulations on one-dimensional waveguides illustrate the presence of several exceptional points in their vibrational spectrum, and conceptually demonstrate their sensitivity to point mass inclusions. Second order exceptional points are shown to exhibit a frequency shift in the spectrum with a square root dependence on the perturbed mass, which is confirmed by a perturbation approach and by frequency response analyses. Elastic domains supporting guided waves are then investigated, where exceptional points are formed by the hybridization of Lamb wave modes. After illustrating a similar sensitivity to point mass inclusions, we also show how these concepts can be applied to surface wave modes for sensing crack-type defects. The presented results describe fundamental vibrational properties of PT-symmetric elastic media supporting exceptional points, whose sensitivity to perturbations goes beyond the linear dependency commonly encountered in Hermitian systems. The findings are thus promising for applications involving sensing of perturbations such as added masses, stiffness discontinuities and surface cracks.
Battling Collateral Consequences: The Long Road to Redemption

Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour issued 193 controversial pardons on January 10, 2012, his last day in office. Former Ohio Governor Ted Strickland, who left office in January 2011, also faced criticism when he granted 280 pardons. Both governors publicly acknowledged that they granted most of their pardons to rehabilitated ex-offenders who sought to overcome the civil consequences of their criminal convictions. These consequences, known as collateral consequences, impede the ability of millions of ex-offenders to find employment, housing or other important benefits. This Article explores the increasingly important, but controversial, role that governors play in the battleground of collateral consequences. Their use of their redemptive pardon power has become critical to ex-offenders to overcome the collateral consequences of their convictions so they may reintegrate into society. This Article examines the redemptive pardon process through the lens of two ex-offenders who made the journey from conviction to pardon. As their stories reveal, the pardon process is long and arduous. This Article recommends that governors adopt an expedited process for redemptive pardons so ex-offenders may have more timely relief from the burden of their collateral consequences. The redemptive pardon serves an important role for ex-offenders who seek a second chance, but it is impossible for governors to consider and to grant the pardon applications of millions of ex-offenders. States must offer other remedies to ex-offenders that can also serve to ameliorate the impact of collateral consequences. This Article recommends changes to judicial expungement statutes, using Ohio as a model, to offer this needed relief. The redemptive pardon and judicial expungement process will help ex-offenders in their ongoing struggle with the collateral consequences of their convictions, but true relief can only occur if there is an end to collateral consequences. This Article urges states to abolish collateral consequences and it highlights Ohio’s efforts as a model for this change.
Intersecting internalized stigmas and HIV self-care among men who have sex with men and who use substances

Abstract Rationale Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV, substance use, and stigma related to co-existing or intersecting identities that are stigmatized or devalued by society (e.g., being a sexual minority male, a person living with HIV, or a person who uses substances). Evidence indicates that when stigma is internalized it may act as a barrier to engagement in self-care behaviors. Objective Gaining a better understanding of how intersecting internalized stigmas affect HIV self-care among MSM who use substances. Methods To investigate these relationships, we conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews until we reached thematic saturation (n = 33) with HIV + MSM who use substances and were sub-optimally engaged in HIV care. Interviews inquired about identity, internalized stigmas, substance use, HIV self-care behaviors, and interrelationships between concepts. Results Our sample was 61% African American and 76% reported annual incomes of ≤$20,000. Approximately half of the participants explicitly described how intersecting internalized stigmas impacted their sense of self and their behavior. The overwhelming majority conveyed that internalized stigma related to substance use was the most burdensome and was considered a barrier to HIV self-care behaviors. Participants also described internalized stigmas related to HIV and sexual orientation, as well as race, effeminateness, poverty, and housing instability, which together impacted their psychological wellbeing and HIV self-care. Conclusions Our results indicate a need for clinicians to consider and address intersecting internalized stigmas, particularly internalized stigma related to substance use, to both reduce substance use and improve HIV self-care among MSM who use substances and are sub-optimally engaged in HIV care.
RAF conformational autoinhibition and 14-3-3 proteins promote paradoxical activation

RAF kinase inhibitors can, in some conditions, increase RAF kinase signaling. This process, which is commonly referred to as paradoxical activation (PA), is incompletely understood. RAF kinases are regulated by autoinhibitory conformational changes, and the role of these conformational changes in PA is unclear. Our mathematical investigations reveal that a dynamic equilibrium between autoinhibited and non-autoinhibited forms of RAF, along with the RAF inhibitor stabilization of the non-autoinhibited form, can be sufficient to create PA. Using both computational and experimental methods we demonstrate that 14-3-3 proteins, which stabilize both RAF autoinhibition and RAF dimerization, potentiate PA. Our model led us to hypothesize that increased 14-3-3 expression would amplify PA for the third generation RAF inhibitors that normally display minimal to no PA. Our subsequent experiments find that 14-3-3 overexpression increases PA, increases RAF dimerization, and promotes resistance to these inhibitors, effectively breaking these paradox breaker and pan-RAF inhibitors. Overall, this work reveals a robust mechanism for PA based solely on equilibrium dynamics of canonical interactions in RAF signaling and identifies conditions which allow PA to occur.
Charged Particle Environments in Earth's Magnetosphere and Their Effects on Space System

This slide presentation reviews information on space radiation environments important to magnetospheric missions including trapped radiation, solar particle events, cosmic rays, and solar winds. It also includes information about ion penetration of the magnetosphere, galactic cosmic rays, solar particle environments, CRRES internal discharge monitor, surface charging and radiation effects.
The use of enhanced information displays to support procedure following

A recent experiment has produced evidence that information displays to support the execution of operational procedures can aid performance and increase situation awareness. The experiment involved private pilots flying instrument approach on a desktop flight simulator. The pilots flew six approaches which varied by the entry maneuver required and the presence of dynamic "procedure context" information on an electronic instrument approach display. After each approach subjects were asked a number of questions which tested recall of their adherence to procedure, and this recall was then compared to their control actions while flying the simulator. These two measures were used as an indication of the subjects' situation awareness. The subjects' actual conformance to procedure and their ability to fly a stabilized approach were used as performance measures. All of these measures were significantly affected by the use of the display enhanced with procedure context information. The importance of this finding is reflected in the observation that the control of most systems in safety critical environments is highly proceduralized. While the extent to which procedures impact the work domain has been recognized, there has been little work on understanding how pilots use procedure information or on how to support procedure following. This study provides insight into the use of procedure information during instrument approaches, and suggests a design methodology that may be used for creating information displays to support procedure following. The intent of such displays is to assist operators in not only following operational procedures, but also in comprehending the context of procedures, enabling them to understand why, when, and how to deviate from procedures if necessary.
Computational structural mechanics and fluid dynamics: Advances and trends; Proceedings of the Symposium, Washington, DC, Oct. 17-19, 1988

Recent advances in computational structural and fluid dynamics are discussed in reviews and reports. Topics addressed include fluid-structure interaction and aeroelasticity, CFD techniques for reacting flows, micromechanics, stability and eigenproblems, probabilistic methods and chaotic dynamics, and perturbation and spectral methods. Consideration is given to finite-element, finite-volume, and boundary-element methods; adaptive methods; parallel processing machines and applications; and visualization, mesh generation, and AI interfaces.
Language Outcomes for Preverbal Toddlers with Autism

Research on late talking toddlers who do not have autism indicates the majority of late talkers will perform within normal limits on comprehensive language measures by the time they reach school age, and toddlers with higher receptive language skills will have better language outcomes. There is little research on school-age outcomes for late-talking toddlers who have autism. The present research investigated 75 children between 2 and 3 years of age who presented with language delays and characteristics of autism. Results indicated the majority (81%) of children with autism use verbal language by the time they reach school age. A subset of 40 of these children who were reported to use verbal language completed language testing. Results revealed that children with better language scores between the ages of 2 and 3 demonstrated better language scores upon follow-up. These findings add to our knowledge of the nature of language use and performance in children with autism. Key words: Autism; Nonverbal; Language; Preschool; School age; Outcomes
Measures for incident reporting of patient violence and aggression towards healthcare providers: A systematic review

Abstract Patient violence and aggression towards healthcare providers is a significant health and public affairs problem receiving international attention. Such violence is found to occur regardless of healthcare setting or provider discipline. However, most of the evidence of a high frequency of incidents perpetrated against providers is anecdotal and solid data on the prevalence of these incidents is not yet available. Studies have shown that accurate incident reporting remains one of the primary impediments to creating organizational policies and procedures to ensure the safety of the clinical direct care healthcare provider. Yet there is no clear evidence base currently existing to suggest what measures are of most utility in remedying this underreporting. This article contributes to the literature by conducting a systematic review of existing instruments designed to measure and report incidents of patient violence against health care workers. It is hoped that this review of existing measures will stimulate health care agencies to employ routine provider reporting mechanisms in order to increase provider reporting, improve the data on patient violence and consequentially work towards combatting this public affairs problem.
Photoemission studies of layered transition metal dichalcogenides

Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) has been used to study the valence-band electronic structure of $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$. The samples were cleaved or heated in ultrahigh vacuum of \ensuremath{\sim} 1 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ Torr to achieve atomically clean surfaces. A spherical retarding-field analyzer was used to measure the angle-integrated photoelectron energy-distribution curves (EDC) and Fermi levels were located by the use of a copper reference sample. In $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, EDC structure is observed primarily at constant initial-state energies but with relative strengths being a strong function of photon energy. Arguments are presented that these data are indicative of bulk Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ electronic structure. The data can thus provide a sensitive test for a detailed calculation of Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ bulk electronic structure and transition probabilities. The UPS data are combined with other reported data, and a rather complete band model for Mo${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ is developed. Two key points of this model are a semiconducting band gap in excess of 1 eV and an overlap of the two valence bands. This model is compared with earlier models (such as Wilson and Yoffe's) as well as more recent "first-principles" band-structure calculations.
Evolutionary origin of SL-addition trans-splicing: still an enigma

Abstract Spliced-leader (SL) trans -splicing is an essential step in pre-mRNA maturation in a variety of lower eukaryotic organisms. However, this processing pathway is absent in mammals, insects, yeast and plants. The patchy phylogenetic distribution of SL trans -splicing is consistent with either ‘multiple gain' or ‘multiple loss' evolutionary scenarios. Recent studies show that two additional metazoan phyla carry out SL trans -splicing, significantly increasing its phylogenetic range. However, it remains unclear whether this unusual type of splicing is an ancestral or an acquired trait.
Intranuclear messenger-ribosome complexes and protein synthesis

Abstract Recent reports are reviewed, two of which provide evidence of the association of ribosomal RNA or ribosomes with messenger-like RNA within the eukaryotic cell nucleus. The significance of these findings is related to the theory of nucleolus-dependent transport of genetic information. The possibility of intranuclear protein synthesis is also considered.
THE LOCOMOTION OF LIMAX : II. VERTICAL ASCENSION WITH ADDED LOADS.

In Limax the lifting of additional loads during vertical ascension does not alter the law of linear proportionality between speed and frequency of pedal waves, or that between speed and dimensions of the single waves; for equal velocities of progression these quantities are the same, regardless of the mass lifted. The pedal organ of the slug, although under the control of central impulses, is thus essentially an independent effector.
Broad-Scale Patterns of Brook Trout Responses to Introduced Brown Trout in New York

Abstract Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis and Brown Trout Salmo trutta are valuable sport fish that coexist in many parts of the world due to stocking introductions. Causes for the decline of Brook Trout within their native range are not clear but include competition with Brown Trout, habitat alteration, and repetitive stocking practices. New York State contains a large portion of the Brook Trout's native range, where both species are maintained by stocking and other management actions. We used artificial neural network models, regression, principal components analysis, and simulation to evaluate the effects of Brown Trout, environmental conditions, and stocking on the distribution of Brook Trout in the center of their native range. We found evidence for the decline of Brook Trout in the presence of Brown Trout across many watersheds; 22% of sampled reaches where both species were expected to occur contained only Brown Trout. However, a model of the direct relationship between Brook Trout and Brown Trout...
Information uncommon: public computing in the life of reference

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide a perspective on the role of public computing in the daily operations of reference services at an academic library.Design/methodology/approach – An overview of approaches to managing and supporting public computing workstations in academic libraries, in general, is provided. Specific aspects of operations at the University of Nebraska at Omaha Library are presented.Findings – Challenges and opportunities associated with reference's role in providing support for technology are identified.Practical implications – Other academic libraries may find this helpful as they consider the management and support required when providing public computing workstations to patrons.Originality/value – This paper provides a public service perspective on managing technology in an academic library. Specifically, an alternative approach to other management models is highlighted using the University of Nebraska at Omaha Library as an example.
Lysine Inhibition of Cell Protein and Viral Synthesis. Reversal by Other Amino Acids.

SummaryReversal or augmentation by certain amino acids of lysine inhibition of viral replication and cell protein synthesis is related to effects on transport of lysine. Interaction of excess lysine or a metabolic product with the protein-nucleic acid fraction of cells is indicated by observations on C14 labeling. These results plus previous evidence suggest that formation during the eclipse period of a viral precursor is significantly more sensitive to excess lysine than synthesis of cell protein or influenza virus structural protein as represented by hemagglutinin.
Effects of reserpine, propranolol, and aminophylline on seizure activity and CNS cyclic nucleotides.

Convulsant doses of pentylenetetrazol (100 mg/kg) increase levels of both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) in mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In animals pretreated with reserpine, propranolol, or aminophylline, pentylenetetrazol seizures were more severe, cyclic AMP elevations were attenuated or blocked, and cyclic GMP increases were unaffected or augmented. These data indicate that norepinephrine, adenosine, and perhaps other biogenic amines have a regulatory effect on cyclic AMP, but not cyclic GMP, levels in epileptic brain. An increased levels of cyclic AMP in brain tissue may have an antiepileptic effect leading to seizure attenuation or termination. By contrast, elevated levels of cyclic GMP may have an antiepileptic effect leading to seizure attenuation or termination. By contrast, elevated levels of cyclic GMP may have an epileptogenic effect in initiating or maintaining seizure activity.
Comparison of two radioimmunoassay kits for aldosterone determination

Two commercially available radioimmunoassay kits for aldosterone determination not requiring preliminary chromatographic purification were examined. Aldosterone standard curve solutions prepared from the CIS kit, Nuclear International Corp., (x-axis) and Diagnostic Products kit (y-axis) were assayed with both kits and the results yielded a regression equation of y = 0.834x + 0.08 nmol/ liter. Analytical recovery experiments with aldosterone added to urine and serum showed 120% and 101% recovery with the CIS kit, respectively, and 92% and 92% recovery with the Diagnostic Products kit, respectively. Both kits demonstrated good parallelism with urine and serum. Antibody specificity was tested with six structurally related steroids and each kit showed virtually no crossreactivity at clinically normal serum concentrations. Serum aldosterone values were compared before (y-axis) and after (x-axis) column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, with the following regression equations: y = 1.070x + 0.092 nmol/liter for the CIS kit and y = 1.023x + 0.093 nmol/liter for the Diagnostic Products kit. Regression equations comparing patient samples between kits, CIS (x-axis) and Diagnostic Products (y-axis), were: y = 0.832x + 0.007 μmol/24 h with urine and y = 0.850x + 0.097 nmol/liter with serum.
Teaching Mathematics to Control Engineers [Focus on Education]

How can mathematics courses be taught so as to be more effective for the training of control engineers? Without doubt, the range of mathematical techniques relevant to at least one branch of control engineering is large and includes multivariable calculus, ordinary and partial differential equations, real and complex analysis, linear algebra, multivariable statistics, convex optimization, functional analysis, and differential geometry. To be effective in applications, a control engineer should also be versed in at least one other engineering discipline (such as electrical, mechanical, or aeronautical) as an understanding of a system is required before an effective control system can be designed. A control engineer should also be trained in systems and control problems and techniques, such as model identification, experimental design, fault detection and diagnosis, dynamic optimization, model predictive control, robust control, and nonlinear control. Collectively, the number of courses needed to cover all of these topics would be too high to fit into one curriculum, or even two curricula, which means that most control engineers take courses in only some of these topics.
α-Synuclein–enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion proteins form proteasome sensitive inclusions in primary neurons

Alpha-synuclein accumulates in the brains of sporadic Parkinson's disease patients as a major component of Lewy bodies, and mutations in alpha-synuclein are associated with familial forms of Parkinson's disease. The pathogenic mechanisms that precede and promote the aggregation of alpha-synuclein into Lewy bodies in neurons remain to be determined. Here, we constructed a series of alpha-synuclein-enhanced green fluorescent protein (alpha-synucleinEGFP, SynEGFP) fusion proteins to address whether the Parkinson's disease-associated mutations alter the subcellular distribution of alpha-synuclein, and to use as a tool for experimental manipulations to induce aggregate formation. When transfected into mouse cultured primary neurons, the 49-kDa alpha-synucleinEGFP fusion proteins are partially truncated to a approximately 27-kDa form. This non-fluorescent carboxy-terminally modified fusion protein spontaneously forms inclusions in the neuronal cytoplasm. A marked increase in the accumulation of inclusions is detected following treatment with each of three proteasome inhibitors, n-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal, lactacystin and MG132. Interestingly, Ala30Pro alpha-synucleinEGFP does not form the cytoplasmic inclusions that are characteristic of wild-type and Ala53Thr alpha-synucleinEGFP, supporting the idea that the Ala30Pro alpha-synuclein protein conformation differs from wild-type alpha-synuclein. Similar inclusions are formed if alpha-synuclein carboxy-terminus is modified by the addition of a V5/6xHistidine epitope tag. By contrast, overexpression of unmodified alpha-synuclein does not lead to aggregate formation. Furthermore, synphilin-1, an alpha-synuclein interacting protein also found in Lewy bodies, colocalizes with the carboxy-terminally truncated alpha-synuclein fusion protein in discrete cytoplasmic inclusions.Our finding that manipulations of the carboxy-terminus of alpha-synuclein lead to inclusion formation may provide a model for studies of the pathogenic mechanisms of alpha-synuclein aggregation in Lewy bodies.
Radical Democracy, Personal Freedom, and the Transformative Potential of Politics*

In recent years, theorists of radical democracy have criticized the liberal pluralist model of politics, a model which views the political forum primarily as a space for bargaining and the aggregation of individual preferences. While conceding that some measure of bargaining and preference aggregation is probably an ineliminable feature of democratic politics, radical democrats have charged that this model underestimates or ignores the transformative effects of democratic political interaction. In particular, liberal pluralism does not allow for the possibility that democratic politics can generate new forms of solidarity, enhance personal freedom, and inculcate virtue.
The Role of Fibrinogen in Platelet Interaction with Methacrylate Polymers

When blood comes in contact with a foreign surface, protein adsorption occurs within seconds and precedes the arrival of blood cells. Since a layer of plasma proteins is laid down on any surface in contact with blood before the platelets arrive, differences in platelet reactivity with different surfaces must result from variations in the nature of the protein-surface interactions. These interactions may vary in terms of which proteins bind to the surfaces, the amounts bound, and the various changes in protein conformation induced by surface contact.
Body mass, ambient temperature, time of day, and vigilance in tufted titmice

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