cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rectifier-less piezoelectric micro power generator

A novel thin film lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) MEMS energy harvesting device is designed and developed for powering autonomous wireless sensors. It is designed to harvest energy from parasitic vibrational energy sources and convert it to electrical energy via the piezoelectric effect. The new pie-shaped design for the harvester is about a size of a nickel and has a radical departure from previous design concepts. This design always generates positive tension on the PZT layer and then positive charge output throughout vibration cycles. It produces mono-polarity output charge without using any additional bridge rectifier circuitry, which will be a huge cost saving for commercial production of scaled-up products. Contrary to the high Q cantilever designs, the new design has a low Q, doubly anchored beam design, which provides a wide bandwidth of operational frequency. This will enable more robust power generation even if the frequency spectrum of the source vibration varies unexpectedly. Furthermore, the beam shape is optimized to achieve uniform strain throughout the PZT layer. To authors' knowledge, this is the first self-rectifying piezoelectric power generator at the MEMS-scale
Two-dimensional vision-based autonomous microparticle manipulation using a nanoprobe

Autonomous micromanipulation has been an emerging interest in constructing and assembling micro-objects. Manual assembly and manipulation of small-scale objects through teleoperation is possible; however, autonomy is necessary for large-volume manipulation and manufacturing. In this study, we discuss a two-dimensional autonomous manipulation system, which is based on an optical microscope and a nanoprobe. We demonstrate the manipulation of polystyrene and silica microspheres, which are detected through image processing using the generalized Hough transform. Using an atomic force microscope nanoprobe as an end-effector, microspheres are autonomously pushed to a user-defined configuration. Furthermore, we demonstrate motion planning in micromanipulation by using the Wavefront expansion algorithm, which is necessary in manipulating microspheres without colliding into obstacles. In experiments, we successfully demonstrate the automatic arrangement of 4.5 μm polystyrene and 5 μm silica microspheres into user-defined patterns with an average precision of around 0.5 μm, which is limited by the microscope imaging resolution. This autonomous microparticle arrangement system could be applied to fabricate mold templates for micro/nanoprinting and prototyping micro/nanodevices.
Modulation of the Voltage-gated Potassium Channel (Kv4.3) and the Auxiliary Protein (KChIP3) Interactions by the Current Activator NS5806

Abstract KChIP3 (potassium channel interacting protein 3) is a calcium-binding protein that binds at the N terminus of the Kv4 voltage-gated potassium channel through interactions at two contact sites and has been shown to regulate potassium current gating kinetics as well as channel trafficking in cardiac and neuronal cells. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal calorimetry, and docking simulations we show that the novel potassium current activator, NS5806, binds at a hydrophobic site on the C terminus of KChIP3 in a calcium-dependent manner, with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 2–5 μm in the calcium-bound form. We further determined that the association between KChIP3 and the hydrophobic N terminus of Kv4.3 is calcium-dependent, with an equilibrium dissociation constant in the apo-state of 70 ± 3 μm and 2.7 ± 0.1 μm in the calcium-bound form. NS5806 increases the affinity between KChIP3 and the N terminus of Kv4.3 (Kd = 1.9 ± 0.1 μm) in the presence and absence of calcium. Mutation of Tyr-174 or Phe-218 on KChIP3 abolished the enhancement of Kv4.3 site 1 binding in the apo-state, highlighting the role of these residues in drug and K4.3 binding. Kinetic studies show that NS5806 decreases the rate of dissociation between KChIP3 and the N terminus of KV4.3. Overall, these studies support the idea that NS5806 directly interacts with KChIP3 and modulates the interactions between this calcium-binding protein and the T1 domain of the Kv4.3 channels through reorientation of helix 10 on KChIP3.
Mixed ionic electronic conducting powder bed for grid level energy storage and release: A study of tungsten oxide reduction kinetics

Abstract The reduction kinetics of tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) powder using hydrogen gas was studied with titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) or 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) mixed into the powder bed. TiO 2 was selected as an inert volume filler, and 8YSZ was selected to increase the ionic conductivity of the powder bed. The reduction sequence of tungsten trioxide in hydrogen is known to take place in the following steps: WO 3 → WO 2.9 → WO 2.72 → WO 2 → W. When the electronic and ionic conductivities of the mixed powder bed were both sufficiently high, reduction rates were found to increase. Specifically, reaction kinetics improved with the addition of 8YSZ to the WO 3 when compared to experiments in which TiO 2 was added to the WO 3 powder bed. Chemical reaction rates were determined by first recording changes in mass as a function of time during reduction using thermogravimetry, and then reaction rates were calculated using relevant kinetic theory.
The fine structure of the conical-headed sperm of the crinoid Antedon bifida

Scanning- and transmission electron microscopy show that the sperm head ofAntedon bifida is conical and thus different from the spherical sperm head that is typical of crinoids. The head consists of the acrosome and the nucleus. The posterior fibrogranular component of the acrosome is housed in a tubular, axial invagination running from the anterior pole almost to the posterior pole of the nucleus. The middle piece includes a mitochondrion and a pair of centrioles. One of the centrioles is a basal body, which gives rise to the tail flagellum.
The Veepstakes: Forecasting Vice Presidential Selection in 2008

One of the more entertaining pastimes during the presidential campaign is the "veepstakes," or speculation about who the presidential nominee will select for a running mate. While much of this speculation occurs after the nomination has been decided (Alter 2004; Feldmann 2004; Kennedy 2004; Lehigh 2004; Starr 2004), speculation about the 2008 selec tions had begun as early as 2007 (Cain 2007; Klein 2007; Mackowiak 2007; Sanderson 2007). Most are grounded in a good understanding of what presidential candidates look for in a running mate, but one writer has not unfairly referred to the veepstakes as a "largely fact-free parlour game" (Harding 2004). Perhaps there is a better way. After all, we have long understood the basics of vice presidential selection. This under standing has come to us by way of prac titioners, observation of vice presidential candidates in the past, and even some few scholarly studies (e.g., Goldstein 1982; Sigelman and Wahlbeck 1997; Mayer 2000). Moreover, political scien tists are no strangers to predictive mod els, especially those dealing with presidential elections. For example, the October 2004 issue of this journal fea tured seven forecasting models of the 2004 election; this issue, of course, fea tures 10 such articles. Many of the par ticipants in that symposium also contributed to an edited volume forecast ing the 2000 presidential election (Camp bell and Garand 2000) as well as to the October 1996 issue of American Politics Quarterly dealing with the election of 1996.1
Heuristic simulation: an alternative to linear programming in developing forest management schedules.

Abstract Heuristic simulations can overcome many of the limitations of mathematical programming techniques in solving forest management scheduling problems. Trial runs with one such stand-sorting techniques simulator, employing single and multiple sorting criteria, demonstrated the flexibility of the approach. While linear programming (LP) solutions for test cases, small enough to be formulated and solved by LP, show the superiority of optimal solution techniques, heuristic-simulation approaches have an advantage for the typically large scheduling problems that cannot be solved via LP, or only after data aggregation with all its associated problems are presented.
Use of Tris-hydroxymethyl aminomethane in severe lactic acidosis due to highly active antiretroviral therapy: a case report

Summary Background: Lactic acidosis is a rare, yet life-threatening adverse drug effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), specifically stavudine and lamivudine. These nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are commonly used to treat patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Case: We report the use of Tris–hydroxymethyl aminomethane (THAM) to treat severe lactic acidosis due to HAART in a 50-year-old African-American woman. NRTIs can cause hyperlactinaemia by interfering with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation function, which normally removes H+ generated by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. This side-effect is associated with a high mortality in patients infected with HIV. One explanation for this high mortality is that lactic acidosis is typically refractory to treatment with commonly used buffering agents. Conclusion: THAM generates serum bicarbonate, and reduces the level of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. Both of these qualities appear to make THAM an ideal agent for treating lactic acidosis caused by HAART.
Mycoplasma testudineum in free-ranging desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii.

We performed clinico-pathological evaluations of 11 wild Agassiz’s desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) from a translocation project in the central Mojave Desert, California, USA. Group 1 consisted of nine tortoises that were selected primarily due to serologic status, indicating exposure to Mycoplasma testudineum (seven) or both M. agassizii and M. testudineum (two), and secondarily due to clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease (URTD). Group 2 consisted of two tortoises that were antibody-negative for Mycoplasma and had no clinical signs of URTD, but did have other signs of illness. Of the Group 1 tortoises, M. testudineum, but not M. agassi-zii, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and DNA fingerprinted from two tortoises. Using light microscopy, mild to severe pathologic changes were observed in one or more histologic sections of either one or both nasal cavities of each tortoise in Group 1. Our findings support a causal relationship between M. testudineum and URTD in desert tortoises.
Adjacent chromosomal regions can evolve at very different rates: evolution of the Drosophila 68C glue gene cluster.

The 68C puff is a highly transcribed region of theDrosophila melanogaster salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Three different classes of messenger RNA originate in a 5000-bp region in the puff; each class is translated to one of the salivary gland glue proteins sgs-3, sgs-7, or sgs-8. These messenger RNA classes are coordinately controlled, with each RNA appearing in the third larval instar and disappearing at the time of puparium formation. Their disappearance is initiated by the action of the steroid hormone ecdysterone. In the work reported here, we studied evolution of this hormone-regulated gene cluster in themelanogaster species subgroup ofDrosophila. Genome blot hybridization experiments showed that five other species of this subgroup have DNA sequences that hybridize toD. melanogaster 68C sequences, and that these sequences are divided into a highly conserved region, which does not contain the glue genes, and an extraordinarily diverged region, which does. Molecular cloning of this DNA fromD. simulans, D. erecta, D. yakuba, andD. teissieri confirmed the division of the region into a slowly and a rapidly evolving protion, and also showed that the rapidly evolving region of each species codes for third instar larval salivary gland RNAs homologous to theD. melanogaster glue mRNAs. The highly conserved region is at least 13,000 bp long, and is not known to code for any RNAs.
Effects of surface heat flux during the 1972 and 1982 El Niño episodes

It has been suggested1,2 that anomalous surface heat flux may be partly responsible for the initial warming that occurs in the eastern Pacific during El Nino events. Sea surface temperature, net surface heat flux, and winds in the equatorial Pacific are examined here for the 1972 and 1982 El Nino episodes. It is found that surface heat flux and sea surface temperature anomalies tend to have little or negative correlation; thus, surface flux is not of major importance in the formation of thermal anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific.
Ongoing evaluation of PACS in a clinical setting

The radiology department of Jackson Memorial Hospital processes 255,000 clinical examinations each year -- 65,000 of which are portable x rays. Film transportation and loss are major obstacles to the smooth operation of this department. To assist in the solution of these problems we have designed and begun the piecemeal installation of a clinical PACS. This system is based on a platform of IBM RISC/6000 computers and software developed by Genesys Corporation. The initial installation involved the digitization of the portable x rays from three ICUs. The images (in the form of a matrix of 2048 X 1648 pixels) are then entered into the network and can be viewed simultaneously in the radiology department and in the ICU. The second phase of installation, involving the images from two CT scanners and two MRI scanners is currently underway. We have evaluated the system from several standpoints. The first is user acceptance. The users are the radiologists who must make the diagnosis at the workstation and the referring physicians who need the diagnosis quickly but also require the image. The radiologists must be comfortable with their diagnosis based on the images presented at the two viewer workstation. This is compared to the use of a multiviewer which presents many radiographs simultaneously. The second parameter for evaluation involves the impact on patient care in terms of the time elapsed between the taking of the radiograph and the presentation to the physician of the image and the diagnosis.
The role of sexual attitude similarity in romantic heterosexual relationships

This investigation explored the role of sexual attitude similarity in sexually involved romantic couples. Findings indicate that sexual attitudes of partners are positively correlated, and that partners exhibit significantly greater levels of similarity than randomly generated couples. Similarity in sexual attitudes did not vary as a function of length of relationship or length of sexual involvement. Gender differences were evident in the correlations between certain types of sexual attitudes and the four indicators of relationship quality: sexual satisfaction, relational satisfaction, commitment, and sexual communication satisfaction. In addition, sexual communication satisfaction mediated the effect of sexual attitude similarity on both males' and females' sexual satisfaction.
Higher Prostate-specific Antigen Levels Predict Improved Survival in Patients With Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer Who Have Skeletal Metastases and Normal Serum Alkaline Phosphatase

BACKGROUND. Higher prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P) levels predicted worse survival in men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). In the current study, the authors evaluated the combined effects of PSA and ALK-P on survival. METHODS. Two hundred twenty-four men who had HRPC with bone metastases and who were receiving chemotherapy were identified, and 143 of those men had data available on both ALK-P and PSA levels at chemotherapy initiation. The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival (OS) after chemotherapy. The men were dichotomized into normal and abnormal ALK-P groups according to levels based on institutional normal ranges. The effect of PSA was evaluated as both a categorical value and a continuous value using Cox regression. RESULTS. Eighty-nine of 143 patients (62%) had elevated ALK-P levels. The median PSA was 147 ng/mL (93 ng/mL in patients with normal ALK-P, 171 ng/mL in patients with elevated ALK-P). At a median follow-up of 30 months after chemotherapy initiation, 93 patients had died. The median OS after chemotherapy was 15.8 months (95% confidence interval, 12.8–18.4 months) and was significantly longer if ALK-P was in the normal range (21.3 months vs 14 months; P = .005). For the group with normal ALK-P levels, the median OS was 12.5 months, 24.5 months, and 36.9 months for patients with low, medium, and high PSA levels, respectively. In contrast, the effect of PSA on survival was not as evident in the group with elevated ALK-P levels (16.5 months vs 11.9 months vs 12.1 months, respectively; P = .14 for interaction). Age-adjusted multivariate analysis demonstrated statistically significant interactions of PSA and ALK-P with OS (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS. ALK-P significantly predicted OS in men with HRPC who had bone metastases. In patients with normal ALK-P levels, higher PSA levels were associated with improved survival. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Coping With Globalization: A Profile of the Northern NGO Sector

Northern NGOs are facing unprecedented challenges posed by globalization. This article is a profile of the northern international relief and development sector and how it is coping with these challenges, based on a study of 10 major organizations. Their concerns center on changing internal organizational culture to stay at the cutting edge, becoming more effective and exploring competition and cooperation. Externally, these organizations are developing strategies for improved north-south relations, advocacy, and autonomy.
Quench stress and training of short superconducting samples

Abstract Training was quantitatively investigated in short superconducting samples, taking into account the plastic properties of the material. The dependence of quench stress on the step number, n , was obtained both analytically and numerically. The effect of external conditions (cooling intensity, transport current and stress rate), mechanical prehistory (prestrain and training run number, n ) and the thermophysical parameters of the material on short sample training was investigated. The conditions are specified under which it is possible to differentiate between the training behaviour due to plastic yield jerk and that due to gradual strain of the material. The results are in qualitative agreement with the known experimental data. Numerical calculations confirm the conclusions of the analytical theory.
Heat capacity and thermal relaxation of bulk helium very near the lambda point

In October 1992 a low temperature experiment was flown on the Space Shuttle in low Earth orbit. The objective of the mission was to measure the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of helium very close to the lambda point with the smearing effect of gravity removed. We report preliminary results from the experiment, and compare them with related measurements performed on the ground. The sample was s sphere of helium 3.5 cm in diameter contained within a copper calorimeter of vey high thermal conductivity. The calorimeter was attached to a pair of high resolution paramagnetic salt thermometers with noise levels in the 10(exp -10) K range and suspended from a high stability thermal isolation system. During the mission we found that the resolution of the thermometers was degraded somewhat due to the impact of charged particles. This effect limited the useful resolution of the measurements to about two nanokelvins from the lambda point. The results reported here are limited to about ten nanokelvins from the transition.
Formative years of the Urodynamics Society: reminiscences.

This paper traces the roots and foundations of the Urodynamics Society as a scientific urologic research society back to the postwar information explosion of the 1950s and 1960s. It describes the then-separate islands of science and urologic practice which gradually became amalgamated through interdisciplinary and crossprofessional collaborations and networks, aided by generous government subsidies and wise university policies. Neurourol. Urodynam. 17:159–174, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effects of Cocaine on Nonhuman Primate Brain Function Are Age Dependenta

The effects of acute intravenous (i.v.) cocaine (COC) on several complex brain functions were studied in rhesus monkeys at 1.5, 3 and 10-11 years of age. Subjects performed several operant tasks (for food) that were used to model learning, short-term memory, color and position discrimination, and motivation, and disruption of performance of these tasks was used to quantitate drug effect. Drug effects were age dependent: The youngest subjects were 3 to 10 times less sensitive than the oldest. Presuming the observed behavioral effects of cocaine were caused primarily via its interaction with dopamine (DA) systems, changes in sensitivity to its effects with age are likely a reflection of the functional status of the DA system. These data, along with preliminary data on levels of DA transporters, suggest that the age-related differences in sensitivity to cocaine lie in, 'downstream' from, the dopamine receptor.
Diallyl Phthalate/Epoxy Interpenetrating Polymer Network Encapsulating Materials:

This paper describes diallyl phthalate/epoxy interpenetrating encapsulating resins as a replacement for the moisture sensitive epoxies now used in light emitting diode (LED) displays. These encapsulation re sins will find application in the electronics industry in potting the small LEDs used in display devices for watches, calculators, and computers.
Chemical Synthesis of Normal and Transformed PSA Glycopeptides

Chemical syntheses are reported for prostate specific antigen (PSA) N-linked glycopeptide fragments consisting of an uneicosapeptide (residues 27-47 of PSA) with di-, tri-, and tetrabranched N-acetyllactosamine-type glycans. The syntheses involve simultaneous, multiple glycosylations of the corresponding pentasaccharide acceptors prepared from a common trisaccharide precursor. Globally deprotected glycans are aminated and then aspartylated with a hexapeptide, which is then extended using native chemical ligation (NCL). The glycopeptides will be used for the generation of antibodies that may form the basis for a new prostate cancer diagnostic assay.
Cross-cultural issues in a tutored video instruction course

In this paper we discuss cultural issues encountered while offering an Algorithms course from a US university at a Chinese university using Tutored Video Instruction (TVI). TVI is a distance learning methodology where lectures are recorded at one site and then shown to a group of students at a remote site by Teaching Assistants (TAs) who stop the video periodically for questions and discussion. In conducting this cross-cultural class, we were interested in determining if we could overcome the issues of using English language materials for Chinese students, achieve a sense of local ownership of the course, and create an interactive classroom environment. We were generally successful in achieving these goals by providing supporting materials and working closely with the Teaching Assistants who served as facilitators.
A Statistical Evaluation of the Predictive Abilities of Climatic Averages

Abstract The predictive abilities of NOAA normals and running means of 2–30 years length are tested statistically. Heating degree-day (HDD) data from six northern United States sites are tested using root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSE) tests, mean absolute error (MAE) tests, and a “best versus worst” predictor methodology. Monte Carlo tests using biased and unbiased numbers are presented for the RMSE and “best versus worst” analyses. Results are consistent with past research in showing that running means 10–30 years in length perform better than shorter averaging periods for predictive purposes. The MAE values are generally found to be lowest for running mean lengths shorter than that for the RMSE statistic at the six sites. For the 30 years studied, NOAA HDD normals performed well along the east coast, indicating a possible regional difference that requires more detailed investigation. Limitations of the “best versus worst” predictor method are discussed, and it is suggested that such a procedure...
Ventriculomegaly associated with ependymal gliosis and declines in barrier integrity in the aging human and mouse brain

Age-associated ventriculomegaly is typically attributed to neurodegeneration; however, additional factors might initiate or contribute to progressive ventricular expansion. By directly linking postmortem human MRI sequences with histological features of periventricular tissue, we show that substantial lateral ventricle surface gliosis is associated with ventriculomegaly. To examine whether loss of ependymal cell coverage resulting in ventricle surface glial scarring can lead directly to ventricle enlargement independent of any other injury or degenerative loss, we modeled in mice the glial scarring found along the lateral ventricle surface in aged humans. Neuraminidase, which cleaves glycosidic linkages of apical adherens junction proteins, was administered intracerebroventricularly to denude areas of ependymal cells. Substantial ependymal cell loss resulted in reactive gliosis rather than stem cell-mediated regenerative repair of the ventricle lining, and the gliotic regions showed morphologic and phenotypic characteristics similar to those found in aged humans. Increased levels of aquaporin-4, indicative of edema, observed in regions of periventricular gliosis in human tissue were also replicated in our mouse model. 3D modeling together with volume measurements revealed that mice with ventricle surface scarring developed expanded ventricles, independent of neurodegeneration. Through a comprehensive, comparative analysis of the lateral ventricles and associated periventricular tissue in aged humans and mouse, followed by modeling of surface gliosis in mice, we have demonstrated a direct link between lateral ventricle surface gliosis and ventricle enlargement. These studies highlight the importance of maintaining an intact ependymal cell lining throughout aging.
Toward a Generalization of the Gross–Zagier Conjecture

We review some of Kolyvagin’s results and conjectures about elliptic curves and then make a new conjecture that slightly refines Kolyvagin’s conjectures. We introduce a definition of finite index subgroups W p ⊂ E(K), one for each prime p that is inert in a fixed imaginary quadratic field K. These subgroups generalize the group ℤy K generated by the Heegner point y K ∈ E(K) in the case r an = 1. For any curve with r an ≥ 1, we give a description of W p , which is conditional on truth of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture and our conjectural refinement of Kolyvagin’s conjecture. We then deduce the following conditional theorems, up to an explicit finite set of primes: (1) the set of indexes [E(K) : W p ] is finite and (2) the subgroups W p with [E(K) : W p ] maximal satisfy a higher-rank generalization of the Gross–Zagier formula. We also investigate a higher-rank generalization of a conjecture of Gross–Zagier.
Benthic boundary layer processes in the Lower Florida Keys

This special issue of Geo-Marine Letters, “Benthic Boundary Layer Processes in the Lower Florida Keys,” includes 12 papers that present preliminary results from the Key West Campaign. The Dry Tortugas and Marquesas Keys test sites were selected by a group of 115 scientists and technicians to study benthic boundary layer processes in a carbonate environment controlled by bioturbation and biogeochemical processes. Major activities included remote sediment classification; high-frequency acoustic scattering experiments; sediment sampling for radiological, geotechnical, biological, biogeochemical, physical, and geoacoustic studies; and hydrodynamic studies using an instrumented tetrapod. All these data are being used to improve our understanding of the effects of environmental processes on sediment structure and behavior.
Characterization and distribution of 3H-(eMeHis2) thyrotropin releasing hormone receptors in rat brain

Abstract The characteristics and distribution of putative thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) receptors were studied in rat central nervous system using the TRH analogue 3 H-(3MeHis 2 )TRH as a radiolabeled ligand. The analogue had a dissociation constant of 2.3 ± 0.2 nM and a receptor density of 34 ± 2 fm/mg protein in whole brain homogenates. An association rate constant of 1.6 × 10 −3 min −1 nM −1 and a biphasic dissociation with rate constants of 2.6 × 10 −3 min −1 and 1.3 × 10 −4 min −1 were observed. The brain was dissected into ten regions, and detectable levels of binding were found in all regions. The highest levels were found in the amygdala/piriform cortex area and the septal region, and the lowest levels were found in the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Competition curves showed the methylated analogue to have approximately 7-fold higher affinity for the receptor than TRH. The higher affinity, along with lower nonspecific binding, accounts for the much improved sensitivity of the binding assay of the methylated analogue (70–80% specific binding) as compared to 3 H-TRH (15–20% specific binding) and enables one to work with much lower tissue amounts. Use of the tritiated analogue will greatly aid in further studies of TRH receptors.
Notes on American Monkeys of the Genus Cebus

Critical remarks by the late Dr. G. H. H. Tate (1954) regarding my identification of Cebus apella Linnaeus seem to be founded on a misunderstanding of the significance of certain external characters of the species and a misinterpretation of the terminology used for indicating those characters. The original figure and description of Simia apella Linnaeus, 1766, reproduced by Tate (1954, Pl. 1) refers quite correctly to the animal all authors have held to be Cebus apella . My 1949 characterization of Cebus apella is based on the same figure as well as on large series of specimens from various museums and others accumulated by Dr. Remington Kellogg for his study of the species Cebus apella . The basis for the difference of opinion is that Tate (1954: 415) points to one animal but holds in mind a totally different one when he states that C. apella is “an uncrested species and that the name appeared to be applicable to the common gray-brown species inhabiting the Guiana region, which Hershkovitz (p. 332 [1949]) refers to C. nigrivittatus castaneus .” Tate goes on to say (p. 417) that comparisons of the picture of the original C. apella “with the apella of Hershkovitz (1949: 325, Fig. 52) will, I think, forever still any doubt that Linnaeus had before him an uncrested Cebus monkey when he described Simia apella .” Tate's concept of crested and uncrested species of Cebus is based solely on cranial characters and primarily on the presence or absence of a sagittal crest on the skull of the adult male (cf. Tate, 1939:210). Neither sex nor cranial characters of the original Simia apella are placed in evidence. Obviously, Tate confused his own term crested , referring to cranial characters, with his and my term, “tufted,” referring to …
A Comparative Evaluation of the Transport of H2-Receptor Antagonists by the Human and Baboon Placenta

Using a single cotyledon perfusion model, the placental transport of four H2-receptor antagonists, cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, and ranitidine, was determined and compared using normal term human and normal preterm baboon placentas. In both the human and baboon placentas, the transport of each agent was similar whether administered singly or in combination with the other drugs. Drug transport was the same in both directions, maternal-to-fetal and vice versa, indicating a lack of preferential transfer. The H2-receptor antagonists were transported at about 40% the rate of the freely diffusable reference compound, antipyrine. There were no significant differences between the human and baboon in any of the parameters of placental function evaluated. Placental glucose and oxygen consumptions, and lactate production were comparable in the human and baboon preparations. The transport and clearance of each of the H2-antagonists were similar in each species.
Chemoreception in Aplysia californica III. Evidence for pheromones influencing reproductive behavior

Sexual pheromones are implicated in three aspects of the reproductive behavior of Aplysia californica: First, mating and ovipositing animals tend to induce others to engage in breeding activity; second, A. californica during and immediately following egg-laying are significantly more attractive as sexual partners than non-egg-laying individuals; and third, egg-laying tends to be synchronized among animals sharing the same water. Although as many as three pheromones could be involved, a single chemical, released during oviposition, could account for all three findings. Chemical communication is probably instrumental in the formation and maintenance of the breeding aggregations observed in the field during the summer reproductive season.
Epidemiologic features of asymptomatic cerebral infarction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation

• We performed unenhanced computed tomographic scans on 141 asymptomatic patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Thirty-six patients (26%) had hypodense areas consistent with cerebral infarction. The majority of these were small deep infarcts, seen in 29 patients (21%), but 13 patients (9%) had cortical or large deep infarctions. Twelve patients had more than one infarct on computed tomographic scan. Increasing age and increased left atrial diameter were the only clinical features associated with asymptomatic infarction. Patients older than 65 years with a left atrial diameter greater than 5.0 cm (n = 23) had a 52% prevalence of asymptomatic infarction. Patients younger than 65 years with a left atrial diameter less than 5.0 cm (n = 38) had an 11% prevalence of silent infarction. Patients with only one of these risk factors (n = 72) had a 24% prevalence of silent infarction. Infarction was more common in those with chronic (34%) as opposed to intermittent (22%) nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, but this difference was not significant. Hypertension, diabetes, duration of atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, and echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction were not associated with asymptomatic infarction. A history of hypertension was present in only 35% of our patients with small-deep asymptomatic infarction, similar to the percentage in patients without stroke. Asymptomatic cerebral infarction is common in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The association with enlarged left atria and the lack of correlation with major cerebrovascular risk factors suggests a cardioembolic mechanism. Further study is needed to determine the functional and prognostic significance of these strokes. ( Arch Intern Med . 1990;150:2340-2344)
Unified treatment and measurement of the spectral resolution and temporal effects in frequency-resolved sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS)

The lack of understanding of the temporal effects and the restricted ability to control experimental conditions in order to obtain intrinsic spectral lineshapes in surface sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) have limited its applications in surface and interfacial studies. The emergence of high-resolution broadband sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (HR-BB-SFG-VS) with sub-wavenumber resolution [Velarde et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2011, 135, 241102] offers new opportunities for obtaining and understanding the spectral lineshapes and temporal effects in SFG-VS. Particularly, the high accuracy of the HR-BB-SFG-VS experimental lineshape provides detailed information on the complex coherent vibrational dynamics through direct spectral measurements. Here we present a unified formalism for the theoretical and experimental routes for obtaining an accurate lineshape of the SFG response. Then, we present a detailed analysis of a cholesterol monolayer at the air/water interface with higher and lower resolution SFG spectra along with their temporal response. With higher spectral resolution and accurate vibrational spectral lineshapes, it is shown that the parameters of the experimental SFG spectra can be used both to understand and to quantitatively reproduce the temporal effects in lower resolution SFG measurements. This perspective provides not only a unified picture but also a novel experimental approach to measuring and understanding the frequency-domain and time-domain SFG response of a complex molecular interface.
Frege's alleged realism

Michael Dummett, following an established line of reasoning, has interpreted Frege as a realist. But his claim that Frege was arguing against a dominant idealism is untenable. While there are passages in Frege's writings that seem to support a realistic interpretation, others are irreconcilable with it. The issue can be resolved only by examining the historical context. Frege's thought is, in fact, related to the philosophy of Hermann Lotze. Frege is best regarded as a transcendental idealist in the Lotze‐Kant tradition. His contextual principle is a linguistic version of Kant's principle of the transcendental unity of judgment. By ignoring the historical context Dummett has been led to misinterpret the precise role of the contextual principle in Frege's thought.
Popular Canonization as Political Propaganda: The Cult of Archbishop Scrope

RECENT attempts to explore the failure of governance in fifteenth-century England have tended to concentrate on the opposition to Henry IV in the years from 1403 to 1408. This opposition, and the royal concessions to parliament which resulted in part from it, were instrumental in misleading Bishop Stubbs into notions of a premature Lancastrian constitutionalism. This critical era established the balance between the monarchy and the Parliament which was a hallmark of the Lancastrian dispensation. Its importance has since drawn the attention of modern scholars to the northern rebellions of the Percies and of Archbishop Richard Scrope of York, which challenged the tottering authority of the first Lancastrian monarch, and contributed to the weakness of his dynasty.' The execution of Archbishop Scrope after the rebellion of 1405 and his posthumous elevation as a popular political saint have rightly been viewed as critical factors in political opposition to the crown. Stubbs himself considered the judicial murder of the northern primate unparalleled in English history, and thought that the death of Becket was "thrown into the shade" by the execution of Scrope.2 The immediate aftermath of the execution brought about political events which have, however, obscured the equal importance of Scrope as the central figure of a durable anti-Lancastrian cult which was to outlive the dynasty itself. This uncanonical veneration of the martyr to Lancastrian oppression served as a rallying point for opposition to Henry IV, his son, and his grandson. It would survive to buttress the authority and the prestige of Edward IV. In the threequarters of a century between the execution of Scrope and the death of Edward IV adherence to the cult of Richard Scrope and support of his shrine at York Minster was a touchstone of opposition to Lancastrian rule. The rise and fall in the popularity and intensity of this veneration is one measure of the waxing and waning of opposition to the crown in those years. The popular canonization of Archbishop Scrope was a notable instance of that political manipulation of popular religious enthusiasm which distinguishes the history of England from the death of Thomas Becket under Henry II to the sorry case of the Nun of Kent in the reign of Henry VIII. In a seminal essay published over forty years ago, Josiah Cox Russell analysed the phenomenon of
Heuristic direct-search minimization

A new heuristic direct-search minimization algorithm is presented. The algorithm consists of global and local search strategies. Improved performance versus other direct-search algorithms is shown by a performance comparison on standard test functions.
Characterization of Crack Length Measurement Methods for Flat Fracture with Tunneling

This paper compares area-average and unloading compliance crack-growth values with experimental crack-front shapes recorded at various stages of crack growth during fracture tests conducted on 2024-T351 aluminum alloy plate. Crack-front shapes were determined by fracturing the specimen up to a predetermined amount of crack growth and fatigue cycling the specimen for about 4000 cycles at a high stress ratio to mark the crack-front location. For each shape, the area-average and unloading compliance crack lengths were determined. Boundary collocation results provide an approximation to the δ5 unloading compliance crack length. The crack tunneling results show that the area-average technique produces crack-length measurements more representative of the straight-front finite element analyses than optical based surface measurements. The δ5 technique is significantly more sensitive to tunneling than the CMOD technique and is easier to apply than the area-average technique.
A matrix model for valuing anesthesia service with the resource-based relative value system

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to propose a new crosswalk using the resource-based relative value system (RBRVS) that preserves the time unit component of the anesthesia service and disaggregates anesthesia billing into component parts (preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, and postoperative evaluation). The study was designed as an observational chart and billing data review of current and proposed payments, in the setting of a preoperative holing area, intraoperative suite, and post anesthesia care unit. In total, 1,195 charts of American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status 1 through 5 patients were reviewed. No direct patient interventions were undertaken. RESULTS Spearman correlations between the proposed RBRVS billing matrix payments and the current ASA relative value guide methodology payments were strong (r=0.94-0.96, P<0.001 for training, test, and overall). The proposed RBRVS-based billing matrix yielded payments that were 3.0%±1.34% less than would have been expected from commercial insurers, using standard rates for commercial ASA relative value units and RBRVS relative value units. Compared with current Medicare reimbursement under the ASA relative value guide, reimbursement would almost double when converting to an RBRVS billing model. The greatest increases in Medicare reimbursement between the current system and proposed billing model occurred as anesthetic management complexity increased. CONCLUSION The new crosswalk correlates with existing evaluation and management and intensive care medicine codes in an essentially revenue neutral manner when applied to the market-based rates of commercial insurers. The new system more highly values delivery of care to more complex patients undergoing more complex surgery and better represents the true value of anesthetic case management.
Large scale purification of heparinase

Isoelectric points of the glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes in Flavobacterium heparinum were determined by a recently developed method, the pH-dependent binding analysis. Based upon these data, we developed a facile method that was conducive to producing gram quantities of heparinase that was nearly free from the other enzymes. The method includes a combination of batch procedures of hydroxylapatite and QAE-Sephadex chromatography. The resulting heparinase preparation contains less than 1% of each of the above enzymes, except for heparitinase, which is present at a maximum level of about 3%. It also shows identical kinetic properties to those of a completely purified heparinase. The strategy described in this paper may be useful in developing other large-scale protein purification methods.
Conventionalism, consistency, and consistency sentences

Conventionalism about mathematics claims that mathematical truths are true by linguistic convention. This is often spelled out by appealing to facts concerning rules of inference and formal systems, but this leads to a problem: since the incompleteness theorems we’ve known that syntactic notions can be expressed using arithmetical sentences. There is serious prima facie tension here: how can mathematics be a matter of convention and syntax a matter of fact given the arithmetization of syntax? This challenge has been pressed in the literature by Hilary Putnam and Peter Koellner. In this paper I (i) sketch a conventionalist theory of mathematics, (ii) show that this conventionalist theory can meet the challenge just raised (this is done by considering how arithmetical coding works in non-standard models of arithmetic), and (iii) clarify the type of mathematical pluralism endorsed by the conventionalist by introducing the notion of a semantic counterpart. The paper’s aim is an improved understanding of conventionalism, pluralism, and the relationship between them.
Reorganization energy associated with small polaron mobility in iron oxide.

The reorganization energy is an important quantity controlling electron transfer rates. The internal contribution arising from the energy to reorganize donor/acceptor bonds can be evaluated by the “direct” and “4-point” methods. We examine how spatial separation leading to the noninteracting character of the donor and acceptor affects the reorganization energy. We show that the direct method captures contributions from interaction of the donor and acceptor while the 4-point method does not, and the two methods converge at large separation. Comparing reorganization energies determined by the two methods yields a measure of the degree of interaction between the initial and final states. The analysis is illustrated in the characterization of small polarons in iron oxides.
Antiglucocorticoid steroids have increased agonist activity in those hepatoma cell lines that are more sensitive to glucocorticoids.

Abstract FU5-5 rat hepatoma (Reuber H35) cells are hypersensitive in that the same percentages of full induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) occur at much lower concentrations of glucocorticoids than in the related HTC rat hepatoma (Morris) cells. Unexpectedly, these hypersensitive FU5-5 cells also exhibited more agonist activity with the affinity labeling antiglucocorticoids cortisol 21-mesylate and dexamethasone 21-mesylate than did HTC cells (Mercier et al., Endocrinology112, 601–609 [1983]). In the present study, several other antiglucocorticoids (11-desoxycortisone, progesterone, dexamethasone oxetanone, and RU486 in addition to dexamethasone 21-mesylate) and the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate were examined to see if chemically unreactive, reversible antisteroids also would exhibit an altered activity (i.e. increased agonist activity) in FU5-5 cells. Each antiglucoeorticoid examined did display a 2-fold increased amount of agonist activity in FU5-5 cells, as compared to HTC cells; only RU 486 was predominantly an antagonist in FU5-5 cells but the potency of RU 486 was about 9-fold less than in HTC cells. Dexamethasone, and especially progesterone, was metabolized in FU5-5 and HTC cells. However, differential metabolism in FU5-5 vs HTC cells cannot account for the increased induction of TAT in FU5-5 cells since the amount of agonist activity seen for dexamethasone mesylate (or its metabolites) depended not on the cell type used but rather on the glucocorticoid inducible enzyme monitored, i.e. TAT or glutamine synthetase. The combined data suggest that the hypersensitivity of FU5-5 cells towards glucocorticoid induction of TAT may be linked with the ability of both reversible and irreversible antiglucocorticoids to display increased TAT agonist activity in FU5-5 cells. This behavior was somewhat steroid specific since the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate did not display increased TAT agonist activity in FU5-5 cells compared to HTC cells and was only 2-fold less effective as an antiglucocorticoid in FU5-5.