cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tilt of accretion disks in active spiral galaxies

Abstract How are accretion disks in Seyfert Galaxies oriented relative to the disk of the spiral galaxy which hosts them? This angle, β, serves as a link between the innermost workings of the black hole plus fueling accretion disk and the larger galaxy, either as the memory of the activity-provoking event, or as a diagnostic for the structure of the accretion disk. A sample culled from the literature shows that there is no tendency for accretion disks to align with the host galaxy disk and, in addition, there appears to be a zone of avoidance, where the accretion disks of no or very few active spirals are aligned within 20 degrees of the normal to the host galaxy disk. These results seem counter intuitive given the strong influence of angular momentum of the galaxy disk on material in that disk.
Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

The Drosophila larval neuromuscular preparation has proven to be a useful tool for studying synaptic physiology1,2,3. Currently, the only means available to evoke excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) in this preparation involves the use of suction electrodes. In both research and teaching labs, students often have difficulty maneuvering and manipulating this type of stimulating electrode. In the present work, we show how to remotely stimulate synaptic potentials at the larval NMJ without the use of suction electrodes. By expressing channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) 4,5,6 in Drosophila motor neurons using the GAL4-UAS system 7, and making minor changes to a basic electrophysiology rig, we were able to reliably evoke EJPs with pulses of blue light. This technique could be of particular use in neurophysiology teaching labs where student rig practice time and resources are limited.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of allergic disease

The molecular and cellular mechanisms mediating the allergic inflammatory cascade involve multiple mediators, cell types, and pathways. Of particular interest are the pathways regulated by the T(H)2 lymphocyte, which result in release of IL-4 (important to IgE synthesis) and IL-5 (important to eosinophil proliferation). IL-4 regulates differentiation of naive T(H)0 cells to develop a T(H)2 phenotype and stimulates B cells to produce IgE. Cross-linking by allergen of IgE affixed to high-affinity receptors on mast cells and basophils triggers degranulation and the release of preformed inflammatory mediators (important to the early phase response), and subsequently initiates synthesis and the release of lipid mediators and cytokines (which may contribute to the late phase response). Eosinophils may also play a prominent role in the development of bronchial hyperreactivity. IL-5, which is a lineage-specific eosinophil growth factor, increases the formation of eosinophils from progenitor cells and, in concert with CCR3 active chemokines, increases their trafficking to sites of allergic inflammation. An improved understanding of the basic mechanisms of allergic inflammation has led to the discovery of molecular targets involved in the initial events of the inflammatory cascade. Potential targets for the development of novel therapies for allergic disease include IgE, the T(H)2 lymphocyte, and T(H)2-derived cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5.
Effects of asparagine synthetase inhibitors on asparaginase resistant tumors

Abstract Inhibitors of asparagine synthetase have been selected with an asparagine-independent sub-line of L5178Y lymphoblasts in culture. Five of nineteen asparagine analogs showed selective inhibition of asparagine synthetase. The order of inhibition in vitro of cell growth and asparagine synthetase is: l -β- aspartyl methylamide > l -β- aspartyl hydroxamate > l -β- aspartyl hydrazide > d,l - threo -β- met > d,l -α-N- methylasparagine . The most effective inhibitor of asparagine synthetase, β-aspartyl methylamide, was competitive with glutamine (Ki, = 2 × 10−4M) and ammonia. The β-amide was also relatively resistant to hydrolysis by Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora asparaginases. The β-amide had a plasma half-life of 90 min in mice; was concentrated 5-fold in leukemic cells from ascites fluid; and was metabolized to an α-N-acetyl derivative which was excreted in the urine. The compound increased life span from 31 to 79 per cent when administered to mice bearing various asparaginase resistant tumors.
Lambda point experiment in microgravity

In October 1992 a low temperature experiment was flown on the Space Shuttle in low earth orbit, using the JPL low temperature research facility. The objective of the mission was to measure the heat capacity and thermal relaxation of helium very close to the lambda point with the smearing effect of gravity removed.
Homing of T cells to the central nervous system throughout the course of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Thy-1 congenic mice

Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in Thy-1.1 congenic SJL/J mice by the adoptive transfer of myelin basic protein (MBP)-responsive lymph node cells from Thy-1.2 SJL/J mice. The Thy-1 congenic mouse strain was constructed on the SJL (Thy-1.2) background by the initial cross with the AKR (Thy-1.1) strain and does not reject Thy-1.2+ T cells. Quantitative immunocytochemical analysis of the central nervous system (CNS) of Thy-1.1 recipients showed preferential trafficking of Thy-1.2+ T cells to the meninges and white matter, beginning prior to onset of clinical signs. At 7 days post-transfer (dpt), Thy-1.2+ donor cells constituted 2.5% of the infiltrating cells and reached peak values (ca. 10%) during the first attack. At later stages (up to ten relapses), Thy-1.2+ T cells constituted 2-5% of the infiltrate. In control mice injected with irrelevant antigen-stimulated Thy-1.2+ T cells, only the occasional Thy-1.2+ T cell could be demonstrated up to 14 dpt. This is the first study showing unequivocally the presence of MBP-stimulated, adoptively transferred T cells within the CNS of recipients throughout the course of EAE, particularly during later relapsing stages. These results indicate that the persistent presence of antigen-specific T cells may be required for the recruitment of non-CNS antigen-responsive immune cells.
Acute effects of ingestion of carbohydrate, protein, or fat on cardiac glycogen metabolism in rats☆

Abstract Administration of large doses of insulin to intact rats has been shown to stimulate cardiac glycogen synthase phosphatase activity. This results in an activation of glycogen synthase. However, whether a more physiologic stimulus for insulin secretion also resulted in activation of synthase had not been studied. In the present study, rats were fed glucose, casein hydrolysate, or a mixed meal after a 24-hour fast as a means of physiologically stimulating insulin secretion. Lard was fed as a noninsulinotropic nutrient for comparative purposes. Plasma insulin was significantly increased by 15 minutes in rats given a mixed meal or glucose, but surprisingly, no change was observed in rats fed casein hydrolysate. As expected, no change in plasma insulin was observed in rats fed lard. Synthase phosphatase activity was stimulated in rats fed a mixed meal, glucose, or casein hydrolysate, but not in rats fed lard. Likewise, the proportion of synthase in the active (I) form was significantly increased in rats fed a mixed meal, glucose, or casein hydrolysate, but not in rats fed lard. The increase in phosphatase activity and the increased proportion of synthase in the active form following ingestion of casein hydrolysate was unexpected since this occurred in the absence of an increase in insulin. The proportion of phosphorylase in the active (a) form decreased in rats fed glucose, but remained unchanged in rats fed a mixed meal, casein hydrolysate, or lard. The cardiac glycogen concentration decreased dramatically in rats fed casein hydrolysate. Following the other meals, there was either no change or the decrease was modest. Thus, casein hydrolysate ingestion caused a decrease in cardiac glycogen in the absence of a change in the proportion of phosphorylase in the active (a) form, and in the presence of an increase in the proportion of synthase in the active (I) form. The mechanisms involved in these casein hydrolysate stimulated events are unknown.
Computing the probability of hash table/urn overflow

We analyze the probability of a random distribution of n balls into m urns of size b resulting in no overflows. This solves the computational problem associated with a classical combinatorial extreme-value distribution. The problem arose during the analysis of a technique, called perfect hashing, for organizing data in computer files. The results and techniques presented can be used to solve several problems in the analysis of hashing techniques
Grand challenges for high-speed rail environmental assessment in the United States

The comprehensiveness of environmental assessments of future long-distance travel that include high-speed rail (HSR) are constrained by several methodological, institutional, and knowledge gaps that must and can be addressed. These gaps preclude a robust understanding of the changes in environmental, human health, resource, and climate change impacts that result from the implementation of HSR in the United States. The gaps are also inimical to an understanding of how HSR can be positioned for 21st century sustainability goals. Through a synthesis of environmental studies, the gaps are grouped into five overarching grand challenges. They include a spatial incompatibility between HSR and other long-distance modes that is often ignored, an environmental review process that obviates modal alternatives, siloed interest in particular environmental impacts, a dearth of data on future vehicle and energy sources, and a poor understanding of secondary impacts, particularly in land use. Recommendations are developed for institutional investment in multimodal research, knowledge and method building around several topics. Ultimately, the environmental assessment of HSR should be integrated in assessments that seek to understand the complementary and competitive configurations of transportation services, as well as future accessibility.
Hypercalcitoninemia and hypocalcemia in acutely ill children: studies in serum calcium, blood ionized calcium, and calcium-regulating hormones.

We studied the hypotheses that serum calcium and blood ionized calcium would be low in acutely ill children and would rise with clinical improvement. In 15 children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit, the blood ionized calcium level was 4.45±0.06 mg/dl (1.11±0.015 mmol/L) on entry versus 5.17±0.03 mg/dl (1.29±0.01 mmol/L) in control subjects ( p p
The Management of Role Ambiguity in Organizations

Solutions to role ambiguity related to employment stress in terms of managerial and individual behaviors. Five categories of stress reduction culled from social learning theory.
The thiolesterase activity of leucine aminopeptidase.

Abstract 1. 1. Leucine aminopeptidase ( l -leucyl-peptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.1.1) has been shown to be capable of hydrolyzing leucine thiol ethyl ester at a rate 50 times greater than the rate for l -leucine-p-nitroanilide. 2. 2. The pH optimum for the reaction is 8.6 and the Km is 1.3·10−3 M. 3. 3. Both products of the reaction are capable of product inhibition. Alcohols also inhibit the thiolesterase activity of leucine aminopeptidase, but are less effective than mercaptans. (NH4)2SO4 protects leucine aminopeptidase from inhibition by 2-mercaptoethylamine. This effect is not seen in combinations of ammonium sulfate and other mercaptans. 4. 4. A new assay method has been developed which is useful for the measurement of thiolesterase activity of proteolytic enzymes. This method is based on the development of color by the reaction of liberated mercaptan with 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). 5. 5. These results extend the types of proteolytic enzymes which are capable of thiolesterase activity to include exopeptidases and metalloenzymes.
State-space and verbal protocol methods for studying the human operator in process control

This paper presents a variety of methods founded in cognitive science for examining the behaviour of the human operator in process control. The waterbath task described by Crossman and Cooke (1974) and by Moray et al. (1986) is taken as a basic process control laboratory paradigm for applying these methods in an integrated approach. First, the waterbath task itself was analysed and a graphical representation developed to show relations between system variables (various valve and heater settings) and state variables (volume, temperature and flow rate). From this a representation of possible correct knowledge about the waterbath was developed. Second, a classification was made of the different states the waterbath system could be in with respect to an operator's goal state. A state-action diagram identified the correct control action or actions to travel from each state to the goal. This provided a basis for predicting the types of difficulties operators might have. Results of an experiment snowed that the ...
Orientation of endothelial cell division is regulated by VEGF signaling during blood vessel formation.

New blood vessel formation requires the coordination of endothelial cell division and the morphogenetic movements of vessel expansion, but it is not known how this integration occurs. Here, we show that endothelial cells regulate division orientation during the earliest stages of blood vessel formation, in response to morphogenetic cues. In embryonic stem (ES) cell–derived vessels that do not experience flow, the plane of endothelial cytokinesis was oriented perpendicular to the vessel long axis. We also demonstrated regulated cleavage orientation in vivo, in flow-exposed forming retinal vessels. Daughter nuclei moved away from the cleavage plane after division, suggesting that regulation of endothelial division orientation effectively extends vessel length in these developing vascular beds. A gain-of-function mutation in VEGF signaling increased randomization of endothelial division orientation, and this effect was rescued by a transgene, indicating that regulation of division orientation is a novel mechanism whereby VEGF signaling affects vessel morphogenesis. Thus, our findings show that endothelial cell division and morphogenesis are integrated in developing vessels by flow-independent mechanisms that involve VEGF signaling, and this cross talk is likely to be critical to proper vessel morphogenesis.
Helper-dependent vs. Helper-independent CTL Responses in HIV Infection: Implications for Drug Therapy and Resistance

Clinical data from HIV-infected patients, as well as theoretical studies, suggest that CTL responses in the presence and absence of CD4 cell help are qualitatively different. In the presence of help, CTL responses are maintained despite very low antigenic loads and control the infection in the long term. In the absence of specific helper cell responses, CTL require high antigenic loads to be maintained, are short lived at low levels of antigen, and do not control the infection in the long term. This paper describes mathematical models analysing the dynamics of helper-dependent and helper-independent CTL in HIV infection with special focus on the dynamics during drug therapy in chronic infection. Theory suggests that a fast rate of virus spread results in high degrees of helper cell impairment which promotes the development of helper-independent CTL responses and compromised immunological control. In agreement with clinical findings, the model suggests that upon start of therapy, there is a transient increase in the level of CTL, followed by a decline to low levels once virus load has been significantly suppressed. According to the model, the presence of helper-independent CTL can promote the establishment of a helper-dependent memory response. Interestingly, this gives rise to the prediction that a relatively early stop of therapy, before the level of CTL has fallen below a threshold, can promote improved immunological control. Issues concerning the timing and duration of treatment are discussed. The CTL kinetics during drug therapy also provide new insights into the principles underlying the emergence of drug-resistant strains during the course of treatment.
Reaction center triplet states in Photosystem I and Photosystem II

Abstract A photosystem I (PS I) particle has been prepared by lithium dodecyl sulfate digestion which lacks the acceptor X, and iron-sulfur centers B and A. Illumination of these particles at liquid helium temperature results in the appearance of a light-induced spin-polarized triplet signal observed by EPR. This signal is attributed to the triplet state of P-700, the primary donor, formed by recombination of the light induced radical pair P-700 + A − 1 (where A 1 is the intermediate acceptor). Formation of the triplet does not occur if P-700 is oxidized or if A 1 is reduced, prior to the illumination. A comparison of the P-700 triplet with that of P-680, the primary donor of Photosystem II, shows several differences. (1) The P-680 triplet is 1.5 mT (15 G) wider than the P-700 triplet. This is reflected by the zero-field splitting parameters, which indicate that P-700 is a slightly larger species than P-680. The zero-field splitting parameters do not indicate that either P-700 or P-680 are dimeric. (2) The P-700 triplet is induced by red and far-red light, while the P-680 triplet is induced only by red light. (3) The temperature dependences of the P-700 triplet and the P-680 triplet are different.
Resveratrol Induces Premature Senescence in Lung Cancer Cells via ROS-Mediated DNA Damage

Resveratrol (RV) is a natural component of red wine and grapes that has been shown to be a potential chemopreventive and anticancer agent. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying RV's anticancer and chemopreventive effects are incompletely understood. Here we show that RV treatment inhibits the clonogenic growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the tumor-suppressive effect of low dose RV was not associated with any significant changes in the expression of cleaved PARP and activated caspase-3, suggesting that low dose RV treatment may suppress tumor cell growth via an apoptosis-independent mechanism. Subsequent studies reveal that low dose RV treatment induces a significant increase in senescence-associated β–galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and elevated expression of p53 and p21 in NSCLC cells. Furthermore, we show that RV-induced suppression of lung cancer cell growth is associated with a decrease in the expression of EF1A. These results suggest that RV may exert its anticancer and chemopreventive effects through the induction of premature senescence. Mechanistically, RV-induced premature senescence correlates with increased DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in lung cancer cells. Inhibition of ROS production by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) attenuates RV-induced DNA DSBs and premature senescence. Furthermore, we show that RV treatment markedly induces NAPDH oxidase-5 (Nox5) expression in both A549 and H460 cells, suggesting that RV may increase ROS generation in lung cancer cells through upregulating Nox5 expression. Together, these findings demonstrate that low dose RV treatment inhibits lung cancer cell growth via a previously unappreciated mechanism, namely the induction of premature senescence through ROS-mediated DNA damage.
Patterns of Injuries in Newer Mechanisms of Pediatric Injuries (ATVs, Snowmobiles, Trampolines, Flat Screen TVs)

Injury is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability for children of all ages, with intentional injuries predominating in the less than 1 year age group and unintentional injuries posing the greatest threat to life in children older than 1 year of age. Recreational vehicles are gaining in popularity and availability making their use by children a more common mode of injury. The explosion of popularity and prevalence of flat screen televisions has also changed the landscape of pediatric injuries and provided new challenges to providers of pediatric trauma care. This chapter will provide an in-depth examination of these new modes of pediatric injury and provide insight into injury control efforts that should be incorporated into every primary care provider’s anticipatory teaching.
That “Most Inexhaustible of All Topics”: Reflections on the Leadership Studies Curriculum at the Jepson School

The curriculum at the University of Richmond's Jepson School of Leadership Studies draws upon the liberal arts to advance the understanding of leadership and the challenges of ethical and effective engagement in society. We examine leadership questions using a diverse set of disciplinary lenses, weave the study of ethics throughout the curriculum, and emphasize that leadership is contextual: leaders operate within a complex set of culturally determined norms.
Enzymatic catalysis on coal-related compounds in organic media: kinetics and potential commercial applications

Abstract Enzymatic catalysis in nonaqueous media has been considered for use in the modification of coal and related compounds including lignin and phenolic resins. This paper reviews the use of horseradish peroxidase and several other oxidative enzymes in organic media, and selected applications of these enzymes in such environments. These applications include phenolic polymerizations, lignin depolymerization, and S-oxidation of dibenzothiophene. The latter application is particularly relevant to coal desulfurization. Specifically, horseradish peroxidase, laccase, and chloroperoxidase were capable of oxidizing dibenzothiophene in 25% dimethylformamide. Yields of over 40% were obtained. Such an enzymatic reaction, used in conjunction with further microbial steps can be used to remove sulfur from coal.
STUDIES ON SPECIATION IN MALDANID POLYCHAETES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ATLANTIC COAST. II. DISTRIBUTION AND COMPETITIVE INTERACTION OF FIVE SYMPATRIC SPECIES1

The geographic and ecological distributions of five species of maldanid polychaetes have been characterized. Maximum density of each species occurs in areas where the species does not live sympatrically with other maldanids, even though these areas may not occupy the central portion of its geographic range. A more intensive investigation in Beaufort Harbor, North Carolina, indicates that the sympatry of all five species is accompanied by the reduction of total maldanid density. In the sympatric situation, three species are differentiated ecologically with respect to depth, sediment composition, and substratum utilization. The remaining two species, Clymenella torquata and C. zonalis, are completely sympatric yet undiversified in their utilization of the substratum for tube-building and feeding. The possible importance of an algal pigment, accumulated by C. torquata but not by C. zonalis, is discussed.
Positive Psychology in the Workplace

An economy in a downward spiral, rising unemployment, anxieties about future job loss, lack of access to affordable health care, a crisis in the financial industry, and declining consumer confidence are among some of the challenges creating significant stress in the lives of workers and their families. What impact are these stressors having on the day-to-day lives of people in the workplace? What role do concepts of positive psychology have in helping people to not only cope more effectively, but open their hearts and minds to move forward with newfound confidence, resilience, determination, hope, and vision for a better future? How can workers and their organizations create a more positive and proactive workplace that bridges economic and human goals? The purpose of this article is to examine these questions through an integrative analysis of conceptual and empirical approaches to positive organizational behavior and outcomes. Theory and research covering such areas as self-determining behavior patterns, emotional intelligence, psychologic capital, innovation, and workplace change are described, analyzed, and applied to individuals, groups, and the overall organizational system. These themes come together through the concept of a virtuous organization. These organizations have cultures infused with a strong ethical–moral foundation and leaders who bring out the best of their employees. Organizations of virtue strive to do well by doing good and strive to do good by doing well. These organizations succeed by having multiple bottom lines, not just economic ones. As such, they bridge the goals of economic development with human development.
SUBALPINE MEADOW FLOWERING PHENOLOGY RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE: INTEGRATING EXPERIMENTAL AND GRADIENT METHODS

We integrated experimental and natural gradient field methods to investigate effects of climate change and variability on flowering phenology of 11 subalpine meadow shrub, forb, and graminoid species in Gunnison County, Colorado (USA). At a subalpine meadow site, overhead electric radiant heaters advanced snowmelt date by 16 d and warmed and dried soil during the growing season. At three additional sites, a snow removal manipulation advanced snowmelt date by 7 d without altering growing season soil microclimate. We compared phenological responses to experimental climate change with responses to natural microclimate variability across spatial gradients at small and landscape scales, as well as across a temporal gradient from a separate study. Both manipulations significantly advanced timing of flowering for the group of species and for most species individually, closely paralleling responses of timing to natural spatial and temporal variability in snowmelt date. Snowmelt date singularly explained observed shifts in timing only in the earliest flowering species, Claytonia lanceolata. Among all other species except Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana, the latest flowering species, a consistent combination of temperature-related microclimate factors (earlier snowmelt date, warmer soil temperatures, and decreased soil degree-days) substantially explained earlier timing. Both manipulations also extended flowering duration for the group of species, similar to species' responses to natural snowmelt variability at small spatial scales. However, only early flowering species displayed consistent, significant changes in duration, with extended duration related to earlier snowmelt or warmer spring soil temperatures. Soil moisture was generally not a significant explanatory factor for either timing or duration of flowering. Best-fit microclimate models explained an average of 82% of variation in timing but only 38% of variation in duration across species. Our research demonstrates the value of comparing and synthesizing results of multiple field methods within a single study. This integrated approach makes it easier to identify robust community-wide trends, as well as species-specific responses of phenology to climate change. The predicted short-term flowering phenology responses to temperature-related aspects of climate change may lead to longer term asynchronies in interspecific interactions, potentially altering population and evolutionary dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem functioning. Corresponding Editor: S. C. Pennings
Leukocyte adenosine triphosphatases and the effect of endotoxin on their activity.

Abstract Intact rabbit leukocytes from acute peritoneal exudates and leukocytes separated from rabbit and human blood catalyzed the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. The pH optima and Michaelis constants for the adenosine triphosphatases of the three types of leukocytes were the same. The activity required Mg 2+ and was stimulated by added K + . Efforts to demonstrate Na + activation of the enzyme system were unsuccessful. Ouabain, as well as Ca 2+ and sulfhydryl reagents, inhibited the hydrolysis reaction. Greater percentage of inhibition with ouabain was obtained with blood or buffy coat adenosine triphosphatase than with exudate leukocyte adenosine triphosphatase. Similar results were obtained with cell-free leukocyte adenosine triphosphatase preparations. Endotoxin, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, inhibited both the intact cell and cell-free adenosine triphosphatases to about the same extent as ouabain. Treatment of the endotoxin with alkaline hydroxylamine to remove ester- and amide-bound fatty acids abolished its inhibitory activity for the adenosine triphosphatases.
Electro-chemical mechanical polishing of silicon carbide

In an effort to improve the silicon carbide (SiC) substrate surface, a new electro-chemical mechanical polishing (ECMP) technique was developed. This work focused on the Si-terminated 4H-SiC (0001) substrates cut 8° off-axis toward 〈1120〉. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) were used as the electrolytes while using colloidal silica slurry as the polishing medium for removal of the oxide. The current density during the polishing was varied from 10 µA/cm2 to over 20 mA/cm2. Even though a high polishing rate can be achieved using high current density, the oxidation rate and the oxide removal rate need to be properly balanced to get a smooth surface after polishing. A two-step ECMP process was developed, which allows us to separately control the anodic oxidation and removal of formed oxide. The optimum surface can be achieved by properly controlling the anodic oxidation current as well as the polishing rate. At higher current flow (>20 mA/cm2), the final surface was rough, whereas a smoother surface was obtained when the current density was in the vicinity of 1 mA/cm2. The surface morphology of the as-received wafer, fine diamond slurry (0.1 µm) polished wafer, and EMCP polished wafer were studied by high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Radiative and convective effects on the vibrational heating of semitransparent polymers

fluenced by the Shuttle. The field will no longer be spherically symmetric. Angular momentum will not be conserved and the calculation becomes invalid. The theory predicts that if the probe is well behind the Shuttle, its equilibrium potential will become increasingly negative as its radius is reduced approaching minus infinity as the radius squared approaches zero. The following argument will be used to show that the potential in fact will approach some finite limiting value and not minus infinity. For an ion to reach the center of an r~ field it must have zero angular velocity. As shown in the figure, this requires a substantial thermal velocity perpendicular to the drift velocity. The approximate thermal radial velocity of zero angular momentum ion is
The impact and implications of undocumented immigration on individual and collective health in the United States

Abstract A nation of immigrants, the United States currently has more foreign-born residents than any other country; approximately 28% of these foreign-born residents are undocumented immigrants—individuals who either entered or are currently residing in the country without valid immigration or residency documents. The complex and constantly changing social, political, and economic context of undocumented migration has profound effects on individuals, families, and communities. The lack of demographic and epidemiologic data on undocumented immigrants is a major public health challenge. In this article, we identify multiple dimensions of vulnerability among undocumented persons; examine how undocumentedness impacts health and health care access and utilization; and consider the professional, practice, and policy issues and implications for nurses.
Ricinus communis toxin‐mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in cell‐free extracts of a toxin‐resistant variant mouse lymphoma cell line

Ricinus communis agglutinin II (RCAII, ricin, toxin) at low concentrations inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free extracts, but not in intact cells, of an RCAII-resistant mouse lymphoma variant cell line. The concentration dependence of the inhibition by RCAII was the same in cell-free extracts of both RCAII-resistant variant and RCAII-sensitive parental cells, while intact parental cells are 250 times more sensitive to RCAII toxicity. The onset of RCAII inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis was extremely rapid in both cases, being complete in a few minutes. Under these condidtions RCAII inhibits protein synthesis in intact RCAII-sensitive parental cells, but maximal inhibition requires several hours to occur. These results support our previous electron microscopic observations that the variant cells are defective in the uptake of RCAII by endocytosis at low toxin concentrations.
Differential Assessment and Development of Character

Historically, Dewey believed that moral education and character development could not be separated from the school curriculum. Rather, it should be delivered through every aspect of school life (Dewey, 1909). Nowhere is that more apparent than at the college level where students are making moral choices on a daily basis as they enter the time of adulthood free of parental supervision.
Measurement of the Band Bending and Surface Dipole at Chemically Functionalized Si(111)/Vacuum Interfaces

The core-level energy shifts observed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to determine the band bending at Si(111) surfaces terminated with Si–Br, Si–H, and Si–CH3 groups, respectively. The surface termination influenced the band bending, with the Si 2p3/2 binding energy affected more by the surface chemistry than by the dopant type. The highest binding energies were measured on Si(111)–Br (whose Fermi level was positioned near the conduction band at the surface), followed by Si(111)–H, followed by Si(111)–CH3 (whose Fermi level was positioned near midgap at the surface). Si(111)–CH3 surfaces exposed to Br2(g) yielded the lowest binding energies, with the Fermi level positioned between midgap and the valence band. The Fermi level position of Br2(g)-exposed Si(111)–CH3 was consistent with the presence of negatively charged bromine-containing ions on such surfaces. The binding energies of all of the species detected on the surface (C, O, Br) shifted with the band bending, illustrating the importance of isolating the effects of band bending when measuring chemical shifts on semiconductor surfaces. The influence of band bending was confirmed by surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements, which showed that the core levels shifted toward their flat-band values upon illumination. Where applicable, the contribution from the X-ray source to the SPV was isolated and quantified. Work functions were measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), allowing for calculation of the sign and magnitude of the surface dipole in such systems. The values of the surface dipoles were in good agreement with previous measurements as well as with electronegativity considerations. The binding energies of the adventitious carbon signals were affected by band bending as well as by the surface dipole. A model of band bending in which charged surface states are located exterior to the surface dipole is consistent with the XPS and UPS behavior of the chemically functionalized Si(111) surfaces investigated herein.
Some history of the Army General Classification Test

The United States military services desperately needed appropriate classification procedures when World War II started. The Army General Classification Test (AGCT), a mental ability test, was taken by more than 12,000,000 soldiers and marines to help the Army classify them for specialty and officer training. In 1940, prior to Pearl Harbor, the Personnel Research Section of the Adjutant General's Office in the War Department developed the AGCT. This article describes the efforts to produce the AGCT as well as interview procedures, trade tests, and aptitude tests for mechanical and clerical work
Extrinsic curvature for the two-black-hole problem

The solutions of the momentum constraints on the Einstein-Rosen manifold with two bridges, representing two black holes, are analyzed. These solutions are in the form of an infinite series. Their higher order terms are shown to fall off asr−6. These terms add multipole moments and gravitational radiation to the initial data and do not contribute to the linear and (spin) angular momenta of the black holes.
Cooperative photorefractive beam fanning in BaSrKNaNb 5 O 15

A multiline laser beam incident upon a BaSrKNaNb5O15 crystal causes rings to form in the beam fan by means of cooperative photorefractive fanning between the different wavelengths. We examine the novel case in which the input beam consists of two lines from an argon-ion laser with independently controlled linear polarizations as well as the single-line case with equal amounts of ordinary and extraordinary light. We compute the expected rings in each case, taking full account of the crystal birefringence, and compare them with the experimental data. Applications of the rings to crystallography and cryptology are presented.
Introducing redundant computations in a behavior for reducing BIST resources

The degree of freedom that can be exploited during scheduling and assignment to minimize BIST resources is often limited by the data dependencies of a behavior. W e propose transformation of a behavior by introducing redundant computations such that the resulting data path requires few BIST resources. The transformation makes use of spare capacity of modules to add redundancy that enables test paths to be shared among the modules. A technique is presented for introducing redundant computations that reduce the BIST resource requirements of a data path without compromising the latency and functional resource constraints.
Environmental Disputes and Opportunity-Threat Impacts Surrounding Natural Gas Fracking in Louisiana:

Despite the increasing socioenvironmental controversy over the use of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology in unconventional natural gas development (i.e., fracking), few sociological studies have used citizen interview narratives to examine attitudes toward shale fracking at the local level. Drawing on sociological research, discursive documents, and in-depth interview data collected from regional stakeholder groups/citizens, this article offers a qualitative analysis of the environmental disputes and opportunity-threat impacts perceived to surround natural gas exploration and hydraulic fracking in the Haynesville Shale region of Louisiana. The narratives reveal that the fracking dispute largely revolves around divergent diagnostic and prognostic beliefs about shale gas development, as well as whether the perceived economic opportunities of development outweigh the alleged socioenvironmental risks to the Haynesville community. Some conclusions about the utility of qualitative research ...
DREAM BODIES AND PERIPATETIC PRAYER: READING BONAVENTURE's ITINERARIUM WITH CERTEAU

The erstwhile sedentary Parisian theologian, Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, traveled extensively throughout Europe after his election as Minister General of the Minorite Order in 1257. In the fall of 1259 he arrived on Mount La Verna in Tuscany. As he ruminated on the stigmatized flesh of Francis of Assisi, Bonaventure composed the classical mystical text, Itinerarium mentis in Deum. Utilizing Michel de Certeau's work on prayer, travel narratives and spatial practices, this essay explores how Bonaventure rereads the story of the Poverello in the Itinerarium mentis in Deum as a mystic narrative of peripatetic prayer.
Diabetic Limb Salvage: Too Much of a Good Thing?

Diabetic foot complications exact a significant toll on patients specifically and the health care system in general. Most data suggest that limb preservation generally results in a higher quality (and quantity) of life for the patient and lower overall direct and indirect costs. However, when focusing on a specific patient, significant questions remain. The most significant being: how much effort is too much? The purpose of this manuscript is to present a case that explores this issue.
Direct measurement and theoretical calculation of the rate coefficient for Cl + CH3 in the range from T = 202-298 K

The rate coefficient has been measured under pseudo-first-order conditions for the Cl+CH3 association reaction at T=202, 250, and 298 K and P=0.3-2.0 Torr helium using the technique of discharge-flow mass spectrometry with low-energy (12-eV) electron-impact ionization and collision-free sampling. Cl and CH3 were generated rapidly and simultaneously by reaction of F with HCl and CH4, respectively. Fluorine atoms were produced by microwave discharge in an approximately 1% mixture of F2 in He. The decay of CH3 was monitored under pseudo-first-order conditions with the Cl-atom concentration in large excess over the CH3 concentration ([Cl]0/[CH3]0=9-67). Small corrections were made for both axial and radial diffusion and minor secondary chemistry. The rate coefficient was found to be in the falloff regime over the range of pressures studied. For example, at T=202 K, the rate coefficient increases from 8.4x10(-12) at P=0.30 Torr He to 1.8x10(-11) at P=2.00 Torr He, both in units of cm3 molecule-1 s-1. A combination of ab initio quantum chemistry, variational transition-state theory, and master-equation simulations was employed in developing a theoretical model for the temperature and pressure dependence of the rate coefficient. Reasonable empirical representations of energy transfer and of the effect of spin-orbit interactions yield a temperature- and pressure-dependent rate coefficient that is in excellent agreement with the present experimental results. The high-pressure limiting rate coefficient from the RRKM calculations is k2=6.0x10(-11) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, independent of temperature in the range from 200 to 300 K.
Reinfusion of Shed Blood after Orthopaedic Procedures in Children and Adolescents

A prospective study was done of the results of infusion of drained blood after major procedures on the spine and hip in twenty-six patients. The Solcotrans system was used to salvage drained blood in the first six hours after the operation. Transfusion requirements, blood loss, hematocrit, temperature, prothrombin time, partial prothrombin time, platelet count, results of blood cultures, and levels of factor VIII, factor V,D-dimer, antithrombin III, plasminogen, protein C, and complement C3a des arginine were determined for some or all of the patients. A mean of 375 milliliters of blood from the Solcotrans receptacle was reinfused. All of the cultures were negative. There were no febrile reactions. The mean values for the specimens of the salvaged blood were: hematocrit, 0.20; hemoglobin, seventy-one grams per liter; plasma hemoglobin, 2.36 grams per liter; C3a des arginine, 9.4 x 10(-3) grams per liter; fat particles of less than nine micrometers in diameter, 23,643 per milliliter; and D-dimer, 205 x 10(-3) grams per liter. Studies of blood samples that were collected from patients one to two hours and twelve to eighteen hours after the transfusion showed only slight increases in fibrin split products one hour after the transfusion; these values reverted to normal by eighteen hours. No clinical coagulopathy associated with reinfusion was observed. The reinfusion of unwashed, filtered shed blood that was as much as 15 per cent of the total blood volume proved to be a safe technique after major orthopaedic procedures.
Clathrin is Important for Normal Actin Dynamics and Progression of Sla2p-Containing Patches During Endocytosis in Yeast

Clathrin is a major vesicle coat protein involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. In yeast and higher eukaryotes, clathrin is recruited to the plasma membrane during the early stage of endocytosis along with clathrin-associated adaptors. As coated pits undergo maturation, a burst of actin polymerization accompanies and helps drive vesicle internalization. Here, we investigate the dynamics of clathrin relative to the early endocytic patch protein Sla2p. We find that clathrin is recruited to the cortex prior to Sla2p. In the absence of clathrin, normal numbers of Sla2p patches form, but many do not internalize or are dramatically delayed in completion of endocytosis. Patches that do internalize receive Sla1p late, which is followed by Abp1, which appears near the end of Sla2p lifetime. In addition, clathrin mutants develop actin comet tails, suggesting an important function in actin patch organization/dynamics. Similar to its mammalian counterparts, the light chain (LC) subunit of yeast clathrin interacts directly with the coiled-coil domain of Sla2p. A mutant of Sla2p that no longer interacts with LC (sla2Δ376-573) results in delayed progression of endocytic patches and aberrant actin dynamics. These data demonstrate an important role for clathrin in organization and progression of early endocytic patches to the late stages of endocytosis.
Bubble Effects on Wall Shear in Vortical Flows

Direct numerical simulations of the motion of bubbles in turbulent flows are being carried out, using a finite volume/front tracking technique that accounts fully for the effect of fluid inertia, viscosity, bubble deformability, and surface tension. The objective of the simulations is both to address the fundamental interaction mechanisms between the bubbles and the flow and how the bubbles modify the wall turbulent structures, as well as to provide data for validation of simplified models. Results for bubbles placed in the so-called “minimum turbulent channel” show significant drag reduction as the bubbles disrupt the near-wall turbulent flow.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Open access publication in the fields of human fertility, infertility and early pregnancy

The study of human fertility has expanded dramatically since the birth of IVF and with it, the body of literature. That said, the availability of open access publication in the field remains somewhat limited. Fertility Research and Practice offers a new open access, peer-reviewed venue for quality clinical, basic science and translational studies and scholarly reviews in human fertility, infertility and early pregnancy. The journal specifically encourages works from international contributors and from investigators in less-resourced environments and has gathered an editorial board with a breadth of geographic representation to support this mission.
Assessment of sensitive thyrotropin assays for an expanded role in thyroid function testing: proposed criteria for analytic performance and clinical utility

Assays capable of detecting subnormal serum TSH concentrations can permit the prediction of response to TRH and the detection of hyperthyroidism. Five performance criteria for evaluating the eligibility of TSH assays for these new roles are proposed. Criterion 1 requires a less than 1% overlap between the variation of the lower normal value and the assay detection limit. Criteria 2 and 3 require subnormal basal TSH values in 95% of patients with subnormal TRH response, and detectable basal TSH values in 95% of patients with normal TRH responses. Criteria 4 and 5 require undetectable TSH values in 95% of hyperthyroid patients and detectable TSH values in 95% of clinically euthyroid subjects. Evaluation of 20 published studies using commercial reagents showed that only 5 assays met criterion 1; most reports did not provide adequate information for evaluation. We evaluated 2 sensitive assays by assessment of sera from 149 normal subjects and 893 patients. Substantial differences were found; only assay B met ...