cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of Aerodynamic Coefficients Using Time-Accurate CFD and Virtual FLy-Out Simulations

This paper describes a multidisciplinary computational study undertaken to compute the unsteady free-flight aerodynamics of spinning and finned projectiles. Advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD), rigid body dynamics (RBD), and flight control systems have been successfully coupled on high performance computing platforms for "Virtual Fly-Outs" of munitions. Time-accurate CFD has been performed to compute the unsteady aerodynamics of spinning projectiles and coupled CFD/RBD methods have been used to compute the unsteady aerodynamics associated with the free flight of a finned projectile at supersonic speeds using an advanced scalable unstructured flow solver on a highly parallel Linux Cluster. A method to efficiently generate a complete aerodynamic description for projectile flight dynamic modeling is described. At the core of the method is an unsteady, time accurate CFD simulation that is tightly coupled to a RBD projectile flight dynamic simulation. A set of short time snippets of simulated projectile motion at different Mach numbers is computed and employed as baseline data. For each time snippet, aerodynamic forces and moments and the full rigid body state vector of the projectile are known. With time synchronized air loads and state vector information, aerodynamic coefficients can be estimated with a simple fitting procedure. By inspecting the condition number of the fitting matrix, it is straight forward to assess the suitability of the time history data to predict a selected set of aerodynamic coefficients. The technique is exercised on a fin stabilized projectile with good results.
Chromium and nickel in shale of the Taconic foreland : a case study for the provenance of fine-grained sediments with an ultramafic source

ABSTRACT To test the suitability of using shale geochemistry as a provenance indicator of a source with an ultramafic component, we used I.C.P. Mass Spectrometry to analyze 130 samples from seven localities from Newfoundland to New York. These samples represent mud from the foreland basin produced during the collision of the Taconic are with North America in the Ordovician. The sandstones in the flysch contain detrital chromite and other detritus that indicate that the source contained ultramafic rocks, presumably from ophiolites emplaced during collision. This setting is an ideal test case for examining the spatial and temporal variation in Cr and Ni geochemistry of shale derived from ophiolite-bearing highlands. Shale samples with high concentrations of Cr and Ni have a Cr/Ni ratio of 1.4, which is approximately the Cr/Ni ratio for ultramafic rocks ( 1.6), suggesting only minor geochemical partitioning, but sandstones have a Cr/Ni ratio of > 3.0, suggesting significant sedimentary fractionation. Analyses of samples taken upsection in a single stratigraphic section suggest that proximity to the source influences Cr and Ni concentrations. A decrease in Cr and Ni concentrations through time suggests that uplift and erosion of the thrust complex (non-ophiolitic) diluted the ultramafic signal. We attribute significant along-strike variation in Cr and Ni concentrations to the relative proportion of ultramafic rocks in the source region. This case study shows that Cr and Ni geoch mistry of shale from basin strata can be used to determine the lateral and temporal variability of ultramafic rocks in an active orogenic setting.
Allosteric Regulation Provides a Molecular Mechanism for Preferential Utilization of the Fully Assembled Dolichol-Linked Oligosaccharide by the Yeast Oligosaccharyltransferase†

The oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) preferentially utilizes the fully assembled dolichol-linked oligosaccharide Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol as the donor for N-linked glycosylation of asparagine residues in N-X-T/S consensus sites in newly synthesized proteins. A wide variety of assembly intermediates (Glc0-2Man0-9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol) can serve as the donor substrate for N-linked glycosylation of peptide acceptor substrates in vitro or of nascent glycoproteins in mutant cells that are defective in donor substrate assembly. A kinetic mechanism that can account for the selection of the fully assembled donor substrate from a complex mixture of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides (OS-PP-Dol) has not been elucidated. Here, the steady-state kinetic properties of the OST were reinvestigated using a proteoliposome assay system consisting of the purified yeast enzyme, near-homogeneous preparations of a dolichol-linked oligosaccharide (Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol or Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol) and an 125 I-labeled tripeptide as the acceptor substrate. The Km of the OST for the acceptor tripeptide was only slightly enhanced when Glc3Man9- GlcNAc2-PP-Dol was the donor substrate relative to when Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol was the donor substrate. Evaluation of the kinetic data for both donor substrates showed deviations from typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Sigmoidal saturation curves, Lineweaver-Burk plots with upward curvature, and apparent Hill coefficients of about 1.4 suggested a substrate activation mechanism involving distinct regulatory (activator) and catalytic binding sites for OS-PP-Dol. Results of competition experiments using either oligosaccharide donor as an alternative substrate were also consistent with this hypothesis. We propose that binding of either donor substrate to the activator site substantially enhances Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-PP-Dol occupancy of the enzyme catalytic site via allosteric activation.
Reinventing solutions to systems of linear differential equations: A case of emergent models involving analytic expressions

An enduring challenge in mathematics education is to create learning environments in which students generate, refine, and extend their intuitive and informal ways of reasoning to more sophisticated and formal ways of reasoning. Pressing concerns for research, therefore, are to detail students’ progressively sophisticated ways of reasoning and instructional design heuristics that can facilitate this process. In this article we analyze the case of student reasoning with analytic expressions as they reinvent solutions to systems of two differential equations. The significance of this work is twofold: it includes an elaboration of the Realistic Mathematics Education instructional design heuristic of emergent models to the undergraduate setting in which symbolic expressions play a prominent role, and it offers teachers insight into student thinking by highlighting qualitatively different ways that students reason proportionally in relation to this instructional design heuristic.
Photo-modeling for Construction Site Space Planning

Space planning of complex and congested construction sites affects construction safety and field performance. The traditional method of relying on visual inspection and 2 dimensional (2D) drawings for layout planning is limited by the fact that construction sites are usually highly complex and dynamic. Existing site conditions must be frequently captured to represent its latest status for space planning. Recent development of 3 dimensional (3D) reality-capturing technologies, such as laser scanning and photo-based modeling, allows an accurate measurement of a job site and its representation in a 3D format. This research proposes a photo-modeling approach for capturing as-built conditions for space planning purposes. This technique automates the reality-capturing process in which a series of 2D photos taken from different perspectives are used to derive an as-built 3D model of a construction site. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated in an industrial case study.
The Relationships among Attachment Style, Personality Traits, Interpersonal Competency, and Facebook Use

Abstract Among emerging adult populations, the increasingly prevalent use of online social media, such as Facebook, and its relationship to individual personality traits and interpersonal relationships are of growing interest to researchers. The current study sought to investigate how attachment style, personality traits based on the Five Factor Model, and self-esteem were related to perceptions of interpersonal competency and Facebook use. Using data collected from 463 emerging adults in college, we conducted three hierarchical multiple linear regression models which suggested that (a) extraversion was positively related to Facebook use, (b) attachment style, extraversion, agreeableness, and openness were positively related to two aspects of interpersonal competency, and (c) Facebook use was negatively related to competence with initiating interpersonal relationships. Future directions for research and practical implications are also discussed.
Automation of Single-Axis Floated-Gyro Drift Measurement

This paper describes the technique and equipment developed for automating measurement of the drift rate of precision single-axis floated gyros. The basic construction principles of singleaxis floated gyros are described and illustrated. The sources and components of drift are then discussed and defined. The random component of drift is shown to be a useful measure of gyro quality and is, by reason of its definition, suited to automatic testing techniques. The equipment used to measure the random component of drift consists basically of a single-axis servo table (in which the gyro to be tested is mounted), the servo table and gyro operating circuitry, and the programming and readout devices. Although adaptable to a variety of situations, the equipment is designed specifically to apply the "cogging" or repositioning type of single-axis gyro-drift test. The servo table is slaved to the gyro output so that the table angular rate is equal to gyro input plus gyro total drift. Two microsyns (rotary differential transformers) are attached to the table shaft with their null positions spaced at an accurately known angle. The unique phase characteristic of the microsyns is used to gate a precision frequency to a time-interval meter and a digital recorder. With a component of Earth Rate as input to the gyro, the time required for the servo table (and gyro) to process through the accurately-known angle is measured a number of times. The standard deviations of the average rates through the angle is taken as random drift. The time data is printed out in digital form for transfer to punched cards and digital processing. The application of the equipment to the development and production testing of precision single-axis floated gyros provides a means of accumulating large quantities of precise data in a relatively short period of time for a reliable statistical measure of gyro-production quality.
Field-Effect Transistors Built from All Two-Dimensional Material Components

We demonstrate field-effect transistors using heterogeneously stacked two-dimensional materials for all of the components, including the semiconductor, insulator, and metal layers. Specifically, MoS2 is used as the active channel material, hexagonal-BN as the top-gate dielectric, and graphene as the source/drain and the top-gate contacts. This transistor exhibits n-type behavior with an ON/OFF current ratio of >106, and an electron mobility of ∼33 cm2/V·s. Uniquely, the mobility does not degrade at high gate voltages, presenting an important advantage over conventional Si transistors where enhanced surface roughness scattering severely reduces carrier mobilities at high gate-fields. A WSe2–MoS2 diode with graphene contacts is also demonstrated. The diode exhibits excellent rectification behavior and a low reverse bias current, suggesting high quality interfaces between the stacked layers. In this work, all interfaces are based on van der Waals bonding, presenting a unique device architecture where crystal...
Reconciling Work and Family Responsibilities: Practical Ideas from Global Experience

Reconciling Work and Family Responsibilities: Practical Ideas from Global Experience, by Catherine Hein. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2005. 207 pp. ISBN-13: 978-92-2-115352-8, ISBN-10...
Integration of a 4×8 antenna array with a reconfigurable 2-bit phase shifter using RF MEMS switches on multilayer organic substrates

In this paper, liquid crystal polymer (LCP) is used as the substrate, which enables the fabrication of a flexible, low cost, and light weight antenna. Using LCP, an attempt to expand from the previous works has been accomplished by constructing a 4times8 antenna array made of two 4times4 sections being fed with a reconfigurable 2-bit phase shifter. Each reconfigurable phase shifter is enabled by eight RF MEMS switches and the two 2-bit phase shifter together, allow a 6deg phase shift in the final design.
Markov modeling of transient scattering and its application in multi-aspect target classification

Transient scattered fields from a general target are composed of wavefronts, resonances and time delays, with these constituents linked to the target geometry. A classifier applied to transient scattering data requires a statistical model for such fundamental constituents. A Markov model is employed to characterize the transient scattered fields-for a set of target-sensor orientation over which the transient scattering is stationary-utilizing a wavefront, resonance, time-delay "alphabet". The Markov model is utilized in a classifier developed for multi-aspect transient scattering data, with a hidden Markov model (HMM) employed to address the generally non-stationary nature of the multi-aspect waveforms. Each state of the HMM is characteristic of a set of target-sensor orientations for which the scattering statistics are stationary, the statistics of which are characterized via the Markov model. The wavefront, resonance and time-delay features are extracted via a modified matching-pursuits algorithm.
Substrate noise analysis and experimental verification for the efficient noise prediction of a digital PLL

Substrate noise is a major impediment to mixed-signal integration. This paper describes a CAD tool that can be used at any stage of the design cycle to estimate the substrate noise generated by large digital circuits. The results have been verified with substrate noise measurements on a 480 MHz digital PLL implemented in a 90 nm CMOS process on a high resistivity substrate.
Estimation of arrival times from seismic waves: a manifold-based approach*

SUMMARY We propose a new method to analyse seismic time-series and estimate the arrival times of seismic waves. Our approach combines two ingredients: the time-series are first lifted into a highdimensional space using time-delay embedding; the resulting phase space is then parametrized using a non-linear method based on the eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian. We validate our approach using a data set of seismic events that occurred in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming and Utah between 2005 and 2006. Our approach outperforms methods based on singular-spectrum analysis, wavelet analysis and short-term average/long-term average (STA/LTA).
A Stable Isotope Tracer Study of the Influences of Adjacent Land Use and Riparian Condition on Fates of Nitrate in Streams

The influence of land use on potential fates of nitrate (NO3−) in stream ecosystems, ranging from denitrification to storage in organic matter, has not been documented extensively. Here, we describe the Pacific Northwest component of Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment, phase II (LINX II) to examine how land-use setting influences fates of NO3− in streams. We used 24 h releases of a stable isotope tracer (15NO3-N) in nine streams flowing through forest, agricultural, and urban land uses to quantify NO3− uptake processes. NO3− uptake lengths varied two orders of magnitude (24–4247 m), with uptake rates (6.5–158.1 mg NO3-N m−2 day−1) and uptake velocities (0.1–2.3 mm min−1) falling within the ranges measured in other LINX II regions. Denitrification removed 0–7% of added tracer from our streams. In forest streams, 60.4 to 77.0% of the isotope tracer was exported downstream as NO3−, with 8.0 to 14.8% stored in wood biofilms, epilithon, fine benthic organic matter, and bryophytes. Agricultural and urban streams with streamside forest buffers displayed hydrologic export and organic matter storage of tracer similar to those measured in forest streams. In agricultural and urban streams with a partial or no riparian buffer, less than 1 to 75% of the tracer was exported downstream; much of the remainder was taken up and stored in autotrophic organic matter components with short N turnover times. Our findings suggest restoration and maintenance of riparian forests can help re-establish the natural range of NO3− uptake processes in human-altered streams.
The Kub5-Hera/RPRD1B interactome: a novel role in preserving genetic stability by regulating DNA mismatch repair

Ku70-binding protein 5 (Kub5)-Hera (K-H)/RPRD1B maintains genetic integrity by concomitantly minimizing persistent R-loops and promoting repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). We used tandem affinity purification-mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation and gel-filtration chromatography to define higher-order protein complexes containing K-H scaffolding protein to gain insight into its cellular functions. We confirmed known protein partners (Ku70, RNA Pol II, p15RS) and discovered several novel associated proteins that function in RNA metabolism (Topoisomerase 1 and RNA helicases), DNA repair/replication processes (PARP1, MSH2, Ku, DNA-PKcs, MCM proteins, PCNA and DNA Pol δ) and in protein metabolic processes, including translation. Notably, this approach directed us to investigate an unpredicted involvement of K-H in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) where K-H depletion led to concomitant MMR deficiency and compromised global microsatellite stability. Mechanistically, MMR deficiency in K-H-depleted cells was a consequence of reduced stability of the core MMR proteins (MLH1 and PMS2) caused by elevated basal caspase-dependent proteolysis. Pan-caspase inhibitor treatment restored MMR protein loss. These findings represent a novel mechanism to acquire MMR deficiency/microsatellite alterations. A significant proportion of colon, endometrial and ovarian cancers exhibit k-h expression/copy number loss and may have severe mutator phenotypes with enhanced malignancies that are currently overlooked based on sporadic MSI+ screening.
Why Diversity and Equity Matter: Reflections from a Community College President

What roles can leaders play to create, nurture, and sustain a campus culture that can ultimately lead to improving student success, to diversifying the ranks of faculty and administrators, and to facilitating meaningful engagement concerning the critical issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion? This chapter offers the candid views and suggestions of an accidental leader, who now leads one of the largest community college districts in the nation.
Sustained release of neurotrophin‐3 via calcium phosphate‐coated sutures promotes axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury

Because of the dynamics of spinal cord injury (SCI), the optimal treatment will almost certainly be a combination approach to control the environment and promote axonal growth. This study uses peripheral nerve grafts (PNGs) as scaffolds for axonal growth while delivering neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) via calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings on surgical sutures. CaP coating was grown on sutures, and NT-3 binding and release were characterized in vitro. Then, the NT-3-loaded sutures were tested in a complete SCI model. Rats were analyzed for functional improvement and axonal growth into the grafts. The CaP-coated sutures exhibited a burst release of NT-3, followed by a sustained release for at least 20 days. Functionally, the rats with PNGs + NT-3-loaded sutures and the rats treated with PNGs scored significantly higher than controls on day 56 postoperatively. However, functional scores in rats treated with PNGs + NT-3-loaded suture were not significantly different from those of rats treated with PNGs alone. Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) labeling rostral to the graft was not observed in any controls, but CTB labeling rostral to the graft was observed in almost all rats that had had a PNG. Neurofilament labeling on transverse sections of the graft revealed that the rats treated with the NT-3-loaded sutures had significantly more axons per graft than rats treated with an NT-3 injection and rats without NT-3. These data demonstrate that PNGs serve as scaffolds for axonal growth after SCI and that CaP-coated sutures can efficiently release NT-3 to increase axonal regeneration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyperventilation: Mode of Action and Application in Electroencephalography

ABSTRACT.Although the fundamental mechanisms subsuming the EEG changes in response to HV are both complex and only incompletely understood, it remains a relatively safe and effective activating procedure in a variety of clinical disorders.
Social and temporal implications of variation among American Bottom Mississippian cemeteries

Mississippian period cemeteries in the American Bottom, Illinois, were divided into three categories representing two distinct social strata. Burial areas for an elite stratum occurred in large, regionally important town-and-mound centers. Locational, organizational, and artifactual criteria distinguish these burial areas from those of a non-elite social stratum. Members of the non-elite social stratum were buried either in cemeteries located within regional centers or in peripherally located cemeteries associated with outlying communities. Mortuary practices in the American Bottom changed somewhat during the several hundred year duration of the Mississippian period. These changes were particularly apparent at peripheral cemeteries. The size and distribution of these cemeteries were related to levels of regional social segmentation and settlement autonomy, which changed throughout the Mississippian period.
Meeting Emissions Reduction Targets: A Probabilistic Lifecycle Assessment of the Production of Alternative Jet Fuels

In 2009, the aviation industry announced its commitment to address aviation’s environmental footprint by defining a four-pillar strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of these pillars concerns the development of more efficient technologies for aircraft and engines, and the replacement of fossil carbon-based energy sources by renewable and sustainable solutions. Novel fuel-efficient technologies with promising emission reduction potential are currently being developed around the world. For instance, new lighter materials, new engine architectures, and futuristic aircraft concepts are studied to decrease fuel consumption and thus improve the carbon footprint of the future worldwide fleet. However, the projected 5% average annual growth in air transportation will most likely offset the expected carbon savings from new technologies alone. Another option for the aviation industry is to reduce its carbon footprint by considering the use of bio-jet fuels produced from renewable biomass feedstocks. Cost is however a barrier to large-scale commercial deployment of alternative fuels in aviation. In addition, selecting sustainable biomass options for the production of alternative jet fuels is challenging due to uncertain social, economic, environmental, and climatic factors. In this paper, we first examine the potential of new aircraft and engine technologies to reduce aviation-related carbon emissions. We show that without additional measures, technology infusions are not sufficient to meet the ambitious carbon emissions reduction goal set forth by IATA. Next, we study how changing the fuel source by introducing biofuels has potential to alleviate the environmental footprint of aviation. In this analysis, we account for the uncertainties associated with the selection of biomass feedstock options and their corresponding refining processes to produce suitable “drop-in” bio-jet fuels. A probabilistic analysis encompassing likely scenarios is carried out and a visualization interface is proposed to substantiate and facilitate decision making by aviation industry stakeholders.
The Realization of Continuous Simulation-based Conflict-point Detection Model for Heterogeneous Mixed Traffic Flows in an Urban Intersection

In view of the current phenomena that the traffic flows in China are always heterogeneous mixed with motorcycles,non-motorcycles,and pedestrians,the continuous microscope simulation model is used to reflect the complexity of the intersection system with heterogeneous mixed flows.This paper introduces a conflict-point detection model(CD) which belongs to a new type of this kind of model,and then presents its detailed simulation method.Then,a simulation example of a classic Chinese intersection is given and compared with the observe values.The good degree of fitting shows that the CD model can reflect the complexity of intersection filled with heterogeneous mixed flows in China very well.
A Critical Appraisal of Dental Adhesion Testing

The various methods used to investigate dental adhesion are reviewed. Concepts from fracture mechanics are used to interpret adhesive and cohesive failure of adhesives used in dentistry and to analyze bond strength testing techniques. The practical strength of an adhesive interface is a complex relationship between the stress distribution, specific adhesive fracture energy and the size and shape of interfacial defects. Bond strength tests are not designed to investigate these separate aspects related to adhesive failure. The problem of defects in dental adhesive failure are unique in that the number, size and shape of defects which result in failure are mainly technique related. However, the investigation of dental adhesive failure can generally be characterized as ignoring the relationship that specific adhesive fracture energy and defects have on the practical strength of adhesive systems. Based on theoretical considerations we propose that dental adhesion testing be reevaluated from a theoretical, experimental and most significantly from a practical viewpoint.
Joubert Syndrome, A Ciliopathy

Investigators at Neurogenetics Unit, Mendel Laboratory, Rome, and University of Salerno, Italy, review the clinical features and genetic basis of Joubert syndrome, overlap with other ciliopathies, and the multifaceted roles of primary cilia in CNS development.
The Discovery and Early Days of TGF-β: A Historical Perspective

Transforming growth factors (TGFs) were discovered as activities that were secreted by cancer cells, and later by normal cells, and had the ability to phenotypically and reversibly transform immortalized fibroblasts. TGF-β distinguished itself from TGF-α because it did not bind to the same epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor as TGF-α and, therefore, acted through different cell-surface receptors and signaling mediators. This review summarizes the discovery of TGF-β, the early developments in its molecular and biological characterization with its many biological activities in different cell and tissue contexts and its roles in disease, the realization that there is a family of secreted TGF-β-related proteins with many differentiation functions in development and activities in normal cell and tissue physiology, and the subsequent identification and characterization of the receptors and effectors that mediate TGF-β family signaling responses.
THE LOOP BLOCK

This chapter discusses loop blocks structures used in Turbo BASIC. Once an action block has been created, often it is necessary to repeat that action. The structure that causes an action block to be repeated over and over again is the loop structure. A counting process can be used to create a loop structure that repeats an action block a specified number of times. The programmer needs only to assign a first value to the variable that will keep track of the number of times the task has been performed. By changing the exit condition, the programmer can control the number of times a task is performed. Abbreviated loop structure called the FOR/NEXT loops are suited for situations where knowledge of exactly how many times an action is to be repeated is known. Thereafter, standard loop block is the most flexible loop structure. All looping situations can be handled with the standard loop block. Any programming problem can be solved using three fundamental block structures: the action block and decision block and the loop block structure.
Derivatives: Forwards, Futures, Swaps, and Options

Nowadays one cannot understand modern finance and financial markets without a solid understanding of derivatives. This chapter introduces the basic building blocks of derivatives: forwards, futures, swaps (a brief introduction only) and options with a balance of theoretical and practical perspectives. The approach focuses on understanding the contracts and strategies, with an emphasis on options. The pricing aspect will be discussed in the next chapter.
International Association for Trauma Surgery and Intensive Care (IATSIC) Presidential Address: Improving Trauma Care Globally: How is IATSIC Doing?

IATSIC is the foremost professional society addressing trauma care globally. How is it doing in meeting the needs of most injured patients? The vast majority (65 %) of trauma deaths occur in the poorer half of the world (low-income and lower-middle-income countries), where injury rates are the highest. IATSIC has accomplished a tremendous amount and has much to be proud of. However, most of its work thus far has been concentrated in the wealthier half of the world (upper-middle-income and high-income countries). For example, most of the speakers on IATSIC’s biannual program are from upper-middle-income and high-income countries and most of IATSIC’s courses are conducted in these countries. IATSIC’s trauma systems publications have been utilized in countries at all economic levels (including many low-income and lower middle-income countries), but much more needs to be done. IATSIC’S foundation is its membership. Only 5 % of our members come from the poorer half of the world. In order to make more of a difference for the majority of injured people in the world, IATSIC needs to expand its reach to where they live. Major priorities are: (1) increase representation from low- and lower middle-income countries in our scientific program; (2) disseminate of our courses more widely; (3) increase utilization of our trauma system publications, especially for higher yield activities, such as longitudinal monitoring of trauma systems, implementation in health policy, and developing curricula for trauma care in medical schools and in post-graduate training; and (4) especially, recruit new members from low- and lower-middle-income countries.
Some Considerations on the Soviet-American Relationship in the 1990s

In considering current speculation on the prospects for the Soviet-American relationship in the coming decade, it may be useful to recall past speculation on this relationship. The record is not one to inspire a great deal of confidence in present efforts to foresee the future. At the close of the 1940s the best known projection of the Soviet-American relationship was, of course, the National Security Council document NSC-68. That now-famous document, written in the shadow of the Chinese Communist victory and the Soviet Union’s development of the atomic bomb, forecast a year of maximum danger that would be reached in 1954. The 1950s ended with what was seen as an ominous disparity in missile development and an almost equally ominous disparity in rates of economic growth, prompting widespread fears that the terms of the balance of power were shifting sharply to our disadvantage. A decade later the domestic trauma of Vietnam led many to conclude that the 1970s would find a general American withdrawal in the world, and certainly in the developing world. When the 1970s drew to a close the Soviet-American relationship was seen to have entered a period even more dangerous perhaps than the period marking the early years of the Cold War. In Europe and in the Persian Gulf the United States was considered to face a decade of peril during which it would have to mount its best efforts in order to reverse a balance of military power, strategic and conventional, that now favored the Soviet Union.
The Fine Structure of the Respiratory Tree in Cucumaria

The delicate tubules of the respiratory tree consist of 4 layers: a lining epithelium, a thick mucoid layer containing collagenous filaments, a smooth muscle net, and a coelomic epithelium. The free surfaces of both epithelia have well developed plasmodesms. Amoebocytes are present in all layers and the spherules of one type are considered to be precursors of the mucoid substance; another amoebocyte may be a fibroblast. Perpendicularly oriented smooth muscle fibres, as well as those parallel to each other, are linked by desmosomes ensuring synchronous contraction. Secretory activity is evident in distended cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum of certain epithelial cells and in the vacuoles of the lining epithelium.
Hugo Chávez and the diffusion of Bolivarianism

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the mechanisms of influence, learning, and emulation used by Hugo Chavez to diffuse Bolivarianism across Latin America and the world. Different from autocratic types of diffusion that are instrumental and motivated by self-preservation, Chavez promoted what he depicted as a superior model of democracy and a populist strategy of political transformation using constitution making, heavy state intervention in the economy, and anti-imperialism. Even though Chavez promoted his script for regime change across Latin America and the Caribbean, his model was emulated only when opportunities opened up in nations such as Bolivia and Ecuador that experienced crises of political parties and the institutional framework of democracy. Bolivarianism was not emulated in nations where political parties and democratic institutions remained functioning, and where the left and civil society valued democracy, pluralism, and liberal rights due to brutal autocratic experiences. Despite its democratiz...
Hypomethylating agent therapy use and survival in older patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in the United States: A large population-based study.

BACKGROUND Despite the approval of azacitidine in 2004 and the approval of decitabine in 2006 in the United States for chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), the overall survival (OS) benefit with hypomethylating agent (HMA) therapy is unclear. METHODS Older adults (age ≥ 66 years) who had been diagnosed with CMML from 2001 to 2011 were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, and propensity score matching was used to match patients who had been diagnosed after HMA approval (2007-2011) and had received HMA treatment with patients diagnosed before HMA approval (2001-2003). Cox proportional hazards models with the matched sample were used to assess the change in OS. A second matched cohort of patients who did not receive HMA after approval and patients diagnosed before HMA approval was used to evaluate survival change attributable to other potential differences between the 2 time periods, such as improved supportive care. RESULTS Among 1378 older adults diagnosed with CMML, the median OS was 13 months, and 18.8% received HMAs. In the primary matched analysis, with 225 HMA users diagnosed in 2007-2011 and 395 patients diagnosed in 2001-2003, the median OS times were 17 and 11 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.58-0.91; P = .005). In a secondary analysis, the risk of death did not differ between 395 propensity score–matched HMA nonusers diagnosed in 2007-2011 and 484 patients diagnosed in 2001-2003 (hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.91-1.32; P = .34). CONCLUSIONS Despite limited evidence, HMAs are commonly used to treat older CMML patients. The use of HMAs was associated with a 28% reduction in the risk of death in adjusted analyses. Improvements in supportive care do not appear to account for temporal improvements in OS. Cancer 2017;123:3754–3762. © 2017 American Cancer Society
Evidence for Persistent Immune Suppression in Patients Who Develop Chronic Critical Illness After Sepsis.

Background Many sepsis survivors develop chronic critical illness (CCI) and are assumed to be immunosuppressed, but there is limited clinical evidence to support this. We sought to determine whether the incidence of secondary infections and immunosuppressive biomarker profiles of patients with CCI differ from those with rapid recovery (RAP) after sepsis. Methods This prospective observational study evaluated 88 critically ill patients with sepsis and 20 healthy controls. Cohorts were defined based on clinical trajectory (early death, RAP, or CCI), whereas immunosuppression was clinically determined by the presence of a postsepsis secondary infection. Serial blood samples were collected for absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs), monocytic human leukocyte antigen-DR (mHLA-DR) expression, and plasma-soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1) concentrations. Results Of the 88 patients with sepsis, 3 (3%) died within 14 days of sepsis onset, 50 (57%) experienced RAP, and 35 (40%) developed CCI. Compared with RAP patients, CCI patients exhibited a higher incidence and overall number of infections adjusted for hospital length of stay. ALC and mHLA-DR levels were dramatically reduced at the time of sepsis diagnosis when compared with healthy controls, whereas sPD-L1 concentrations were significantly elevated. There were no differences between RAP and CCI patients in ALC, sPD-L1, or mHLA-DR at the time of diagnosis or within 24 h after sepsis diagnosis. However, in contrast to the RAP group, CCI patients failed to exhibit any trend toward restoration of normal values of ALC, HLA-DR, and sPD-L1. Conclusions Septic patients demonstrate clinical and biological evidence to suggest they are immunosuppressed at the time of sepsis diagnosis. Those who develop CCI have a greater incidence of secondary infections and persistently aberrant markers of impaired host immunity, although measurements at the time of sepsis onset did not distinguish between subjects with RAP and CCI.
Computer Vision Syndrome: Implications for the Occupational Health Nurse:

Computers and other digital devices are commonly used both in the workplace and during leisure time. Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a new health-related condition that negatively affects workers. This article reviews the pathology of and interventions for CVS with implications for the occupational health nurse.
Using incentives to recruit physicians into behavioral trials: lessons learned from four studies

To describe lessons learned from the use of different strategies for recruiting physicians responsible for trauma triage, we summarize recruitment data from four behavioral trials run in the United States between 2010 and 2016. We ran a series of behavioral trials with the primary objective of understanding the influence of heuristics on physician decision making in trauma triage. Three studies were observational; one tested an intervention. The trials used different methods of recruitment (in-person vs. email), timing of the honorarium (pre-paid vs. conditional on completion), type of honorarium [a $100 gift card (monetary reward) vs. an iPad mini 2 (material incentive)], and study tasks (a vignette-based questionnaire, virtual simulation, and intervention plus virtual simulation). We recruited 989 physicians, asking each to complete a questionnaire or virtual simulation online. Recruitment and response rates were 80% in the study where we approached physicians in person, used a pre-paid material incentive, and required that they complete both an intervention plus a virtual simulation. They were 56% when we recruited physicians via email, used a monetary incentive conditional on completion of the task, and required that they complete a vignette-based questionnaire. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov; NCT02857348
Co-Sleeping among School-Aged Anxious and Non-Anxious Children: Associations with Sleep Variability and Timing

Little is known about the co-sleeping behaviors of school-aged children, particularly among anxious youth who commonly present for the treatment of sleep problems. The current study examined the occurrence of co-sleeping in both healthy and clinically anxious children and its associated sleep patterns. A total of 113 children (ages 6–12), 75 with primary generalized anxiety disorder and 38 healthy controls, participated along with their primary caregiver. Families completed structured diagnostic assessments, and parents reported on their child’s co-sleeping behaviors and anxiety severity. Children provided reports of anxiety severity and completed one week of wrist-based actigraphy to assess objective sleep patterns. A significantly greater proportion of anxious youth compared to healthy children co-slept, and greater anxiety severity was related to more frequent co-sleeping. Co-sleeping in anxious youth was associated with a delay in sleep timing and with greater sleep variability (i.e., more variable nightly sleep duration). All analyses controlled for child age, race/ethnicity, family income, and parental marital status. Co-sleeping is highly common in anxious school-aged children, with more than 1 in 3 found to co-sleep at least sometimes (2–4 times a week). Co-sleeping was even more common for youth with greater anxiety severity. Increased dependence on others to initiate and maintain sleep may contribute to poorer sleep in this population via shifted schedules and more variable sleep patterns.
Looking at faces in the wild

Abstract Recent advances in the face detection (FD) and recognition (FR) technology may give an impression that the problem of face matching is essentially solved, e.g. via deep learning models using thousands of samples per face for training and validation on the available benchmark data-sets. Human vision system seems to handle face localization and matching problem differently from the modern FR systems, since humans detect faces instantly even in most cluttered environments, and often require a single view of a face to reliably distinguish it from all others. This prompted us to take a biologically inspired look at building a cognitive architecture that uses artificial neural nets at the face detection stage and adapts a single image per person (SIPP) approach for face image matching.
Can Energy Democracy Thrive in a Non-democracy?

This paper argues that energy democracy could manifest in terms of public engagement at the community level, free of state intervention, government fostering, and donor support, even in locations where governments have been in flux from a democracy to a non-democracy. In currently non-democratic Thailand, for example, public engagement on community energy transitions had occurred, were sustained, and proved to be durable over time. The spaces of deliberation, created and nurtured by Thai citizens in this community, had become effective sites for navigating and negotiating the ebbs and flows of democratically organized sociotechnical energy transitions. This paper further argues that these spaces for public engagement had revealed that energy democracy is collective, cultural, consequential, co-produced, co-existent, and critical phenomenon that can be used to shore up an energy democracy framework.
Tagging of Weakly Expressed Toxoplasma gondii Calcium‐Related Genes with High‐Affinity Tags

Calcium ions regulate a diversity of cellular functions in all eukaryotes. The cytosolic Ca2+ concentration is tightly regulated at the physiological cytosolic concentration of 50-100 nm. The Toxoplasma gondii genome predicts the presence of several genes encoding potential Ca2+ channels, pumps, and transporters. Many of these genes are weakly expressed and likely tightly regulated due to their potential impact to the physiology of the cell. Endogenous tagging has been widely used to localize proteins in T. gondii but low level of expression of many of them makes visualization of tags difficult and sometimes impossible. The use of high-performance tags for labeling proteins expressed at low level is ideal for investigating the localization of these gene products. We designed a Carboxy-terminus tagging plasmid containing the previously characterized "spaghetti monster-HA" (smHA) or "spaghetti monster-MYC" (smMYC) tags. These tags consist of 10 copies of a single epitope (HA or MYC) inserted into a darkened green fluorescence protein scaffold. We localized six proteins of various levels of expression. Clonal lines were isolated and validated by PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses. Some gene products were only visible when tagged with smHA and in one case the smHA revealed a novel localization previously undetected.
Measuring Agreement in Method Comparison Studies — A Review

Assessment of agreement between two or more methods of measurement is of considerable importance in many areas. In particular, in medicine, new methods or devices that are cheaper, easier to use, or less invasive, are routinely developed. Agreement between a new method and a traditional reference or gold standard must be evaluated before the new one is put into practice. Various methodologies have been proposed for this purpose in recent years. We review the literature focussing on the assessment of agreement between two methods, and on the selection of the best when several methods are compared with a reference. A real data set is analyzed to illustrate the various approaches.
Quantitative Assay for Mouse Atherosclerosis in the Aortic Root

The mouse has become the preferred species for genetic manipulation aimed at creating and studying models for human disease. Although mice are highly resistant to atherosclerosis, dietary induction and, more frequently, gene knockout and transgenic mice have been widely used to study factors that alter the susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Although there are several ways to assess atherosclerosis in mice, measurement of the aortic root lesion area is a commonly used, medium-throughput method that allows for histological examination of the lesions. Here, we provide the detailed methods for the quantitative analysis of mouse aortic root lesion area.
On Decoupled Decoding of Quasi-Orthogonal STBCs Using Quaternion Algebra

Receiver complexity is an important performance metric in space time block coding (STBC). After comprehensive study and analysis of STBCs over complex domain, quaternion orthogonal designs (QODs) have been explored that can provide less decoder complexity. However, some researchers argue that existing maximum likelihood (ML) decoding rule for QODs does not yield optimal performance for quasi-orthogonal STBC-based QODs and, therefore, the design of optimal decoder for such designs remains a big challenge of this field. To counter this observation, we modify the system model slightly. In addition to this, we present a new generalized QOD construction that can generate QODs for any number of transmit antennas. These codes are quasi-orthogonal in complex domain and provide code rates higher than their respective complex orthogonal designs (CODs). We show that the proposed ML decoder provides optimal linear decoupled decoding solution for these codes because of their distinctive construction. Simulation results verify the optimal performance of the ML decoder for the proposed codes and also show that the diversity of the proposed quaternion-based codes is same as CODs, however, they provide better code rates.
An Investigation of the Usability Issues of a Family Health History Compiling Application

Family health history is considered a useful indicator for early detection or prediction of an individual’s risk for chronic diseases. There are several ways to collect these data, one of which is ...