cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting Stream Physical Characteristics in Index of Biotic Integrity Classifications: General Similarities and Specific Differences

Abstract Fish assemblage-based indices of biotic integrity (IBIs) are commonly used by many states. These IBIs contain a core of common metrics and a few metrics that are specific to the local environmental setting and fish assemblage. This implies a consistency of responses as degradation increases, but the responses are modified by the local environmental setting. These implications lead to two hypotheses: (1) stream physical characteristics, such as substrate composition, geomorphologic composition, and hydraulic characteristics, will differ among integrity classes regardless of geographic location or environmental setting and (2) the differences in stream physical characteristics among integrity classes change due to the environmental setting. To test these hypotheses, fish assemblages and stream physical characteristics were examined across a priori defined degradation gradients in four diverse environmental settings by comparing species traits (preferences for substrate, preferences for geomorphic c...
Implementing E-Learning components with adult English language learners: Vital factors and lessons learned

The growing use of both computers and the Internet in adult English language classrooms has widespread implications for English language programs. As computer access increases, so do new learning technologies in adult literacy education. Specifically, this paper is interested in the case of adult English language instruction, also commonly referred to as English as a Second Language (ESL) or English Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), and blending e-learning components as tools for supporting English acquisition. Increasingly in adult English language classrooms, e-learning is being employed as an instructional strategy. Given the multitude of options, how do instructors and program directors of English Language Learners (ELLs) begin to choose an approach that is right for their programs and learners? Through the analysis of survey and focus group data, this study explored how programs across the United States are successfully implementing e-learning components in their adult English language classrooms.
Supraspinatus and biceps brachii tendinopathy in dogs

Calcifying tendinopathy was seen on radiographic views of the scapulohumeral joint in 12 of 183 (7 per cent) dogs reviewed retrospectively. Calcifying tendinopathy was identified only in large breed dogs, five being labradors. All the affected dogs, except one, were presented for unilateral thoracic limb lameness, which was typically of a chronic and intermittent pattern. Pain on manipulation of the scapulohumeral joint in the lame leg was present in eight of 12 dogs (67 per cent). Calcification of the supraspinatus tendon was seen in eight dogs and calcification of the biceps brachii tendon was seen in the other four dogs. Radiographic changes indicative of biceps brachii tendon avulsion were found in conjunction with calcification of the contralateral biceps brachii tendon in two dogs. Filling defects, indicative of bicipital tenosynovitis, were also seen in positive contrast arthrograms of two dogs with biceps brachii calcification. Of the eight dogs for which radiographic views of both scapulohumeral joints were available, six dogs had bilateral radiographic signs of calcifying tendinopathy. Overall, radiographic signs of calcifying tendinopathy were seen in 18 scapulohumeral joints, but lameness was apparent in only nine limbs, suggesting the lesion may at times be asymptomatic. Further prospective investigation of calcifying tendinopathy is needed to determine why lameness does not always appear to be associated with the presence of the lesion.
New polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with seven fused rings

Abstract Four new polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing seven fused rings have been synthesized and their properties described. The spectral data relating to the new compounds are discussed and Clar's principles of annelation have been applied to substantiate the assigned structures.
Charge derivatization of peptides for analysis by mass spectrometry

The analysis of peptide derivatives by fast atom bombardment, liquid secondary-ionization mass spectrometry, plasma desorption, electrospray ionization, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization is reviewed. The fragmentation patterns of peptides and of charge-derivatized peptides are compared, and the proposed fragment ion structures are summarized. A variety of derivatization approaches and the distinguishing features of mass spectra produced from these derivatives are described. The most promising derivatization approaches are evaluated, and the strengths and limitations of these approaches are discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 17: 255–274, 1998
Estuaries as nurseries for the jacks Caranx ignobilis and Caranx melampygus (Carangidae) in Hawaii

Abstract Estuaries provide juvenile nursery habitat for many species of fish that inhabit marine environments as adults. In Hawaii, some juvenile Caranx ignobilis and Caranx melampygus occupy estuaries opportunistically before moving to nearshore ocean habitats. This study examined the extent and nature of estuarine habitat available in the lower Hanalei River of Kauai, the relative abundance and distribution of jacks in the estuary, and their diets. Salinity measurements indicated that the upstream extent of saltwater ranged from the mouth to nearly 5 km upriver and was strongly influenced by the variable river discharge. Juvenile jacks between 80 and 310 mm FL were observed on underwater transects over the full range of mixohaline conditions. Hand-operated seine collections produced overall catch rates of ∼0·64 fish/haul for each of these species. The two jacks ate much the same spectrum of food items. C. ignobilis was somewhat more piscivorous than C. melampygus , as determined by measures of frequency of predation and number and bulk of prey. Data for length at age, incorporating daily otolith increment counts from these estuarine juveniles and previous counts from non-estuarine specimens, were fitted to a lifetime von Bertalanffy growth model. The results greatly extended the age range of the model and suggested that growth rates were not much different between estuarine and non-estuarine fish.
A method for time domain filtering using computerized fluoroscopy.

A new computerized fluoroscopy technique for isolating low imagecontrast, which results during the flow of an intravenously administered bolus of iodinated contrast materials, is proposed. The technique requires the application of one of a family of imaging algorithms which have been designed to isolate time varying imagecontrast. This family of imaging algorithm is described, as is the way in which each isolates a particular range of temporal frequency components associated with the bolus’s flow through various cardiovascular structures. The implementation of these algorithms in real time using appropriate digital recursive filtering techniques is described. The architecture of a dedicated hardwired computerized fluoroscopy apparatus which would incorporate these algorithms is also presented.
Mixed mode energy release rate determination for delamination buckling using a crack tip element

One dimensional delamination buckling and growth is analyzed using closed form cylindrical buckling and crack tip element analyses. A cylindrical buckling analysis is utilized to determine the strains, curvatures, deflections, forces and moments in a buckled region bounded by the laminate free surface and a near-surface delamination. These results are used as input into a linear crack tip element analysis to obtain the total energy release rate and individual mode I and mode I1 components. Geometric nonlinearities are accounted for through the loading on the crack tip element. Total energy release rate and fracture mode ratio as found by this new technique are shown to agree with nonlinear finite element results.
Motions of the Earth's Core and Mantle, and Variations of the Main Geomagnetic Field

Theoretical work on the magnetohydrodynamics of the earth9s liquid core indicates (a) that horizontal variations in the properties of the core-mantle interface that would escape detection by modern seismological methods might nevertheless produce measurable geomagnetic effects; (b) that the rate of drift, relative to the earth9s surface, of nonaxisymmetric features of the main geomagnetic field might be much faster than the average zonal speed of hydrodynamic motion of core material relative to the surrounding mantle; and (c) why magnetic astronomical bodies usually rotate. Among the consequences of (a) and (b) are the possibilities that (i) the shortest interval of time that can be resolved in paleomagnetic studies of the geocentric axial dipole component of the earth9s magnetic field might be very much longer than the value often assumed by many paleomagnetic workers, (ii) reversals in sign of the geomagnetic dipole might be expected to show some degree of correlation with processes due to motions in the mantle (for example, tectonic activity, polar wandering), and (iii) variations in the length of the day that have hitherto been tentatively attributed to core motions may be due to some other cause.
Not so) positive illusions

We question a central premise upon which the target article is based. Namely, we point out that the evidence for “positive illusions” is in fact quite mixed. As such, the question of whether positive illusions are adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint may be premature in light of the fact that their very existence may be an illusion.
Dilithium bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]diimide salts as electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries

Abstract A series of four different dilithium salts of structure F 3 CSO 2 N(Li)SO 2 -(CF 2 ) x -SO 2 N(Li)SO 2 CF 3 , with x = 2, 4, 6, 8 were synthesized and characterized in polyethylene-oxide-based solid polymer electrolytes. Each salt may be thought of as two bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide anions linked together by a perfluoroalkyl chain of a particular length. Taken together, this homologous series provides an opportunity to study the effects of linker chain length and degree of fluorination in dianionic (and ultimately polyanionic) salts on the properties, particularly the conductivity, of the salts in various solvating media. SPEs in polyethylene oxide were characterized using scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, 1 H and 19 F NMR, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for SPEs prepared using ethylene-oxide-oxygen-to-lithium (EO:Li) ratios of 10:1 and 30:1. Trends in SPE ionic conductivity with anion structure revealed an unexpected trend whereby ionic conductivity is generally rising with increased length of the perfluoroalkylene linking group in the dianions. This trend could be the result of a decrease in dianion basicity that results in diminished ion pairing and an enhancement in the number of charge carriers with increasing anion fluorine content, thereby increasing ionic conductivity.
Effect of Isotopic Composition on Electrical Resistance of Lithium

The electrical resistance of solid metallic lithium containing varying proportions of lithium-6 and lithium-7 was measured between 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 295\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. For the isotopically pure substances, the main features of the behavior agree with the predictions of the Bloch-Gr\"uneisen law, the characteristic temperature being inversely proportional to the square root of the mass. The deviation in the details is just that found for most other metals. For the isotopically impure substances, the behavior of the resistance as a function of temperature can be described just as that of an isotopically pure substance with a mass dependent on the isotopic composition. In fact, the temperature dependence of resistance for all compositions, including the pure isotopes, can be represented as a universal curve by use of appropriate scaling factors depending on average isotopic mass. From the present data the arithmetic mean cannot be preferred over the harmonic mean isotopic mass, and hence one cannot decide between certain theoretical proposals concerned with the effect of isotopic impurities on lattice vibration spectra. On the other hand, it appears definite that no need exists to invoke a scattering mechanism that looks upon isotopes as introducing imperfections in the lattice; rather, their presence merely modifies the lattice vibration spectrum. The effect of the martensitic transition at low temperatures is barely, if at all, discernible.
Do reverse stock splits indicate future poor stock performance

There has been much written on the individual topics of bankruptcy prediction, corporate performance, and forward/reverse stock splits. However, there is little research into the relationship between reverse stock splits and subsequent corporate performance and the potential for bankruptcy. Previous research suggested there is a negative drift in stock prices following reverse splits. The purpose of this study is to provide and empirically support rationales for reverse splits by classifying reverse splitting firms into two groups. The presumed rationales for engaging in reverse splits would differ between the two groups, so do the subsequent stock performance. Our results show that both neural networks and Z-scores can successfully distinguish the two groups of firms while neural networks outperforms Z-scores in finding the firms with best performing stocks.
Outcome of patients with early postoperative seizures following anterior temporal lobectomy

Abstract Retrospective analysis of the records of patients with postoperative seizures immediately following anterior temporal lobectomy was performed to identify variables predictive of outcome. The data indicate that the absence of epileptiform activity on the postoperative scalp EEG is a strong predictor of good outcome. A young age at seizure onset is a weaker, but significant and additive, predictor of good outcome. There is also a trend for patients having early generalized seizures to have better outcomes than those having early complex partial seizures. There is no predictive value in age at operation, sex, or postoperative electro-corticography, nor does outcome in patients with mass lesions differ from patients without mass lesions.
Reaction Sequence and Kinetics of Uranium Nitride Decomposition

The reaction mechanism and kinetics of the thermal decomposition of uranium dinitride/uranium sesquinitride to uranium mononitride under inert atmosphere at elevated temperature were studied. An increase in the lattice parameter of the UN2/α-U2N3 phase was observed as the reaction temperature increased, corresponding to a continuous removal of nitrogen. Electron density calculations for these two compounds using XRD powder patterns of the samples utilizing charge-flipping technique were performed for the first time to visualize the decrease in nitrogen level as a function of temperature. Complete decomposition of UN2 into α-U2N3 at 675 °C and the UN formation after a partial decomposition of α-U2N3 at 975 °C were also identified in this study. The activation energy for the decomposition of the UN2/α-U2N3 phase into UN, 423.8 ± 0.3 kJ/mol (101.3 kcal/mol), was determined under an inert argon atmosphere and is reported here experimentally for the first time.
Regulation of the CAMP gene by 1,25(OH)2D3 in various tissues

Abstract The induction of antimicrobial peptides such as the human cathelicidin, CAMP/hCAP18, by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 provides a very exciting therapeutic approach in boosting immunity against infectious diseases. To explore the range of cell types and expand the number of cell models for studying the regulation of CAMP gene expression by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , we treated cell lines from various tissue types and determined CAMP gene expression. Also, we tested additional compounds together with 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 to look for possible cooperative activation of the gene. We identified 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 -mediated induction of the CAMP gene in B-cell lymphomas, prostate and endometrial cancer lines and found cooperative activation with the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate. The data suggest that regulation of CAMP by 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 is potentially important in a wide range of tissues.
Family Therapy and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Pursuing Clinical and Bio/Psycho/Social Competence

Childhood-onset schizophrenia is perceived as more complicated because of its complexity, pervasive duration, and impact on individual and family functioning. Viewing the symptoms of childhood schizophrenia as creating a bio/psycho/social competence within which the therapist and family must interact may help contribute to treatment success. Competent family therapists working within this culture should be knowledgeable about the characteristics of childhood-onset schizophrenia, aware of their own biases towards psychosis, and skillful in its treatment. Guidelines are provided to help therapists identify their attitudes about schizophrenia and understand appropriate skills for treating the disorder.
A new rust of Orchids.

Among the interesting genera that have been assigned by Dietel (2) to the tribe Ravenelieae of the Pucciniaceae, belongs the genus Sphenospora which occurs in Africa, but primarily in the American tropics. The genus occurs on such widely separated host genera as Dioscorea, Smilax and Copaifera, and to these must now be added Epidendrum of the Orchidaceae. The material about to be described was received from Dr. A. G. Kevorkian through the kindness of Prof. W. H. Weston, Jr., who turned it over to the writer for study and determination. It is indeed a great pleasure to the wvriter to dedicate this species to Dr. Kevorkian, not only because of his interest in the orchids, but more especially because of his many collections of interesting fungi of the tropics.
Processing A Language without Inflections: A Reaction Time Study of Sentence Interpretation in Chinese

Chinese is well-known for its impoverished system of grammatical morphology. This study examines how, in the absence of inflections, Chinese speakers employ other types of cues in real-time sentence interpretation. A reaction time technique was designed to tap into the role of word order, noun animacy, the object marker ba, the passive marker bei, and the indefinite marker yi. Results show the following hierarchy of cue strengths in Chinese: passive marker bei > animacy > word order > object marker ba > indefinite marker yi. The fact that the semimorphological markers (ba and bei) are intercepted by semantic (noun animacy) and syntactic (word order) cues in this strength hierarchy shows that cues are not necessarily grouped together by linguistic type (e.g., morphology > order vs order > morphology). Complex interactions among cue types were observed in both the decision and the reaction time data, reflecting principles of competition and convergence. These findings are compatible with interactive activation models of sentence processing (e.g., the Competition Model), while posing problems for models that assume a modular architecture in which morphological, semantic, and syntactic sources of information are insulated from one another at various points in parsing and interpretation. Finally, reaction time data reveal aspects of processing that are often not available in results from choice response measures, attesting to the usefulness of reaction time studies at the sentence level.
Fish cell culture: A new cell line fromCynoscion nebulosus

A new fibroblast-like cell line, CyN, has been developed from muscle tissue of the marine fishCynoscion nebulosus (the spotted weakfish). A subline, CyN-1, was characterized fully and carried through 100 subcultures. CyN-1 is heteroploid and has a modal chromosome number of 49. The line is susceptible to LT-1, lymphocystis, eastern equine encephalitis and vesicular stomatitis viruses. Optimal growth occurred at 25° to 34° C in growth medium adjusted to 0.150m NaCl.
The effect of exercise on IL-6-induced cachexia in the Apc Min/+ mouse

Background Cachexia involves unintentional body weight loss including diminished muscle and adipose tissue mass and is associated with an underlying disease. Systemic overexpression of IL-6 accelerates cachexia in the ApcMin/+ mouse, but does not induce wasting in control C57BL/6 mice. With many chronic diseases, chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction can be improved with moderate exercise. A direct effect of regular moderate exercise on the prevention of IL-6-induced cachexia in the ApcMin/+ mouse has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of exercise on the development of cachexia in the ApcMin/+ mouse.
New Feature Weighting Technique for Predicting Protein Subcellular Localization

Protein sub cellular localization prediction is an important task with significant applications including the discovery of molecular functions of proteins. A number of prediction techniques have been developed in the past years based on protein sequence information. In this paper, we propose a new technique for predicting sub cellular localizations of proteins using improved features of proteins extracted from protein sequences. The method is effective in inducing the features from protein sequences in multiple localizations. We evaluated the method using six datasets of proteins from bacteria, gram-negative and gram-positive, plant, and non-plant proteins and compared the results with recent methods. The evaluation results with six protein localization datasets showed that the method is promising and competitive for predicting protein localizations. This method is fairly effective in extracting strong features from protein sequences which will have significant impact on great deal of research work that relies mainly on protein sequence information for discovering molecular functions of proteins, drug design, and disease-protein associations.
Reply to the comment on Vickers et al. (2009): Self-correlation between assimilation and respiration resulting from flux partitioning of eddy-covariance CO2 fluxes

Reply to the comment on Vickers et al. (2009): Self-correlation between assimilation and respiration resulting from flux partitioning of eddy-covariance CO2 fluxes Dean Vickers *, Christoph K. Thomas , Jonathan G. Martin , Beverly Law College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
NGF receptor (p75)-immunoreactivity in the developing primate basal ganglia

The distribution of the p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFr) was determined within the developing human basal ganglia in specimens between weeks 16 through 40 of gestation, 5 years of age, and adulthood. Although NGFr-immunoreactive neurons were rarely seen in the caudate nucleus, a few such neurons were seen in the putamen between prenatal weeks 16 and 26 of development. At 26 and 40 weeks of gestation, the putamen also displayed NGFr-immunoreactive fibers of putative basal forebrain origin. Some of these fibers coursed through the putamen en route to the cortex while others appeared to remain within the putamen. The external segment of the globus pallidus contained dense collections of NGFr-immunoreactive neurons between 16 and 26 weeks of gestation, whereas the internal segment was devoid of immunoreactive perikarya. A few NGFr-immunoreactive neurons were observed within the globus pallidus at embryonic week 40. The expression of NGFr-immunoreactive neurons within the external segment of the globus pallidus was paralleled by a dense granular NGFr-immunoreactive terminal-like staining pattern within the subthalamic nucleus. This staining pattern was most intense at midgestation (weeks 21-26) and was not observed at 40 weeks of gestation or in adulthood. Interestingly, a similar NGFr-immunoreactive terminal-like pattern was also observed within the monkey subthalamic nucleus at embryonic day 120. These data indicate that NGF receptor mediated mechanisms may underlie developmental processes within the primate basal ganglia. The absence of NGFr-immunoreactive neurons within the caudate nucleus, and the paucity of such neurons in the putamen, suggests that NGF receptors play a limited role in primate neostriatal development. Alternatively, developmental events mediated through NGF receptors may occur prior to embryonic week 16. Furthermore, an NGFr/trophic interaction appears to underlie the development of the pallidal-subthalamic nucleus pathway.
Evaluation of pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in cystic fibrosis. A comprehensive study.

• A questionnaire survey of 375 patients with cystic fibrosis was performed to seek evidence of pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHOA). Three hundred responses were obtained. Forty-five patients (15%) who described long-bone or joint pain met clinical criteria for the diagnosis of PHOA, 25 of whom had roentgenographic evidence of periostitis. Compared with an age-and sex-matched control group (group 3), the patients with cystic fibrosis and PHOA as well as roentgenographic evidence of periostitis (group 1) had worse Shwachman scores and pulmonary function and a significantly increased mortality rate (36%). The patients with PHOA but no roentgenographic evidence of periostitis (group 2) had Shwachman scores intermediate between groups 1 and 3. We believe PHOA is more common than previously suspected. Its incidence appears related to severity of disease. ( AJDC 1986;140:74-77)
Engineering Education in Americas

The systems of engineering education in Latin America and the United States developed quite differently and have different strengths and weaknesses. The universities of Latin America tend to emphasize professional training, while those of the United States have emphasized research and a somewhat more investigative approach. Curricula, goals, and the duration of studies are substantially different, as are the composition and interests of the faculty. At present, educators and practicing engineers in both regions are critically evaluating their own programs and, in many cases, recommending changes directed toward correcting perceived deficiencies. Before either society adopts sweeping changes in its present system, it could profit by examining the experience of the other. In particular, the emphasis upon professionalism, which is common in Latin America and is often urged in the United States, may be seen to have served less well than the more theoretical approach of most U.S. programs.
Reasserting Design Relevance in Cartography: Some Concepts

Cartographers have always been concerned about the appearance of maps and how the display marries form with function. An appreciation of map design and the aesthetic underpins our fascination with how each and every mark works to create a display with a specific purpose. Yet debates about what constitutes design and what value it has in map-making persist. This is particularly acute in the modern map-making era as new tools, technology, data and approaches make map-making a simpler process in some respects, yet make designing high-quality maps difficult to master in others. In the first part of a two-part paper, we explore what we mean by map design and how we might evaluate it and apply it in a practical sense. We consider the value of aesthetics and also discuss the role of art in cartography taking account of some recent debates that we feel bring meaning to how we think about design. Our intent here is to reassert some of the key ideas about map design in cartography and to provide a reference for the...
Individual Differences in Work Motivation: Further Explorations of a Trait Framework

Empirical evidence on the conceptual and construct validity of the motivational trait taxonomy proposed by Kanfer and Heggestad is presented. 228 adults completed a shortened form of the Motivational Trait Questionnaire (MTQ), along with a battery of personality and ability measures. Relationships of the MTQ with personality measures show evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for trait constructs of Personal Mastery, Competitive Excellence, and Motivation Related to Anxiety. In addition, MTQ scale scores were generally unrelated to composite measures of fluid and crystallised intelligence. Examination of age differences showed a pattern of developmental decline in the achievement trait complex, but not the anxiety complex.
Interactions between dopamine D1 receptors and γ-aminobutyric acid mechanisms in substantia nigra pars reticulata of the rat: neurochemical and behavioral studies

Rationale: Several studies have shown that dopamine D1 agonists act on forebrain dopamine terminal regions to exert many of their behavioral effects. Yet, there is also a large number of D1 receptors in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and these receptors are located mainly on terminals of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic striatonigral neurons. Objective: The present studies were undertaken to determine the behavioral and neurochemical effects of local administration of the D1 agonist SKF 82958 and to study the interactions between D1 and GABA mechanisms in SNr. Methods: Microdialysis methods were used to characterize the effect of SKF 82958 on extracellular GABA, and several experiments studied the effects of nigral D1 stimulation on motor activity and investigated the behavioral significance of D1/GABA interactions in SNr. Results: Local infusion of 10–6 M SKF 82958 increased extracellular levels of SNr GABA, and this effect was blocked by co-infusion of the D1 antagonist SCH 23390. Bilateral SNr injections of SKF 82958 increased locomotor activity, and this effect was blocked by the GABA-A antagonist bicuculline. Intranigral bicuculline reduced motor activity, while the GABA-A agonist muscimol increased various motor activities in a manner similar to SKF 82958. Conclusions: The present results suggest that the D1 agonist SKF 82958 acts on D1 receptors in SNr to increase extracellular levels of GABA, and the increase in motor activity produced by nigral D1 stimulation is dependent on stimulation of GABA-A receptors. D1/GABA interactions in SNr are important for the modulation of basal ganglia output, which may have important implications for Parkinson's disease.
Development of a stochastic wave force function on ocean-structures

Abstract The wave forces exerted on structures are of vital importance in the design of marine structures. Circular piles are frequently used to provide most or all of the support for such structures. The forces exerted by waves of similar properties vary greatly. These variations are the result of fluctuations in fluid particle velocities and accelerations as well as by eddies and turbulence around piles caused by rapidly reversing flow. Consequently, a deterministic approach to wave force prediction appears to be impossible. As an alternative, a probabilistic approach was developed in this paper. The method applied here utilizes a multiple linear regression analysis to develop a relationship between wave parameters which are relatively easy to observe and the parameters used in the Morison force equation. They include the velocity and acceleration of water particles and the drag and mass coefficients and are considered to be random variables. The assumption of their lognormal distribution was reasonably well verified. Using Monte Carlo simulation these regression relations were then utilized to generate the frequency function of the wave forces. The wave force function can best be described as stationary periodic process. It can then be used as an input function for a probabilistic dynamic analysis of offshore structures.
INSTRUCTIONS, FEEDBACK, AND REINFORCEMENT IN REDUCING ACTIVITY LEVELS IN THE CLASSROOM

Abstract The biomotometer, an electronic device which simultaneously measures motor activity and provides auditory feedback, was used in combination with material reinforcers in an experiment to reduce children's activity level in a classroom setting. Subjects were nine boys and two girls, aged 9--13, from a day hospital program for emotionally disturbed children. After five baseline trials, each child had five contingent reinforcement trials in which he/she received feedback "beeps" from the biomotometer and was given toy or candy rewards after each trial in which activity fell at least 20% below mean baseline level. Then five noncontingent reinforcement trials were run in which children received rewards for wearing the apparatus without the feedback attachment. Results indicated that the intervention "package," including instructions, feedback, and contingent reinforcement, was successful in all five trials for 8 of 11 children. Activity levels increased during the final noncontingent phase.
A randomized trial comparing mitomycin C and conjunctival autograft after excision of primary pterygium.

Purpose To determine the rate of recurrence and complications after bare sclera excision of primary pterygia followed by low-dose mitomycin C (0.2 mg/ml twice daily for five days), placebo (balanced saline solution), or conjunctival autograft. Methods We performed a prospective, double-masked clinical trial of 64 patients (60 Hispanic) randomly assigned to a treatment group. Twenty-four patients received mitomycin C, 23 conjunctival autograft, and 17 placebo. Recurrence was denned as fibrovascular tissue over the corneoscleral limbus onto clear cornea in the area of previous pterygium excision. Results The recurrence rate after mitomycin C and conjunctival autograft was 38% and 39% of eyes, respectively, after mean follow-up (in recurrence-free patients) of 12.3 and 13.5 months, respectively. The recurrence rate after placebo treatment was significantly higher (P = .002), 88%, after mean follow-up (in recurrence-free patients) of 9.3 months. Increasing age was associated with significantly fewer recurrences (P = .006) after controlling for pterygium type (atrophic, noninflamed, or inflamed) and treatment group. The mean time to recurrence varied from 3.7 to 4.8 months; only 6% of recurrences were noted after the sixth postoperative month. Major complications included symblepharon (two), loose autograft (one), and pyogenic granuloma (two). No group had significantly more complications. Conclusions Conjunctival autograft and low-dose topical mitomycin C are equally effective as adjunctive treatment after excision of primary pterygia in this young, southern California, predominantly Hispanic population. Both methods have significantly lower rates of recurrence than bare sclera excision alone, and neither is associated with severe complications after one year of follow-up. Increasing patient age is associated with significantly less risk of recurrence.
Alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and panic disorder

Abstract The purpose of this article is to review the literature concerning the interaction of alcohol and/or substance abuse with panic disorder, the comorbidity of these disorders, possible causal relationships, biologic relationships, and the recognition and treatment of dually disordered patients. A number of studies suggest significant comorbidity between panic disorder and alcoholism or abuse of drugs, especially cocaine and sedatives. Panic may lead to drinking or sedative use and also result from prolonged use or withdrawal of alcohol or other drugs. Possible biologic relationships involve the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)benzodiazepine receptor complex and the central noradrenergic system. Although treatment of panic in substance abusers has not been studied specifically, guidelines for recognition and management of these patients, including use of antipanic medication, are discussed.
Involvement of deoxycytidylate deaminase in the response to Sn1-type methylation DNA damage in budding yeast

Summary In addition to spellchecking during DNA replication and modulating recombination, DNA mismatch repair (MMR) promotes cytotoxic responses to certain DNA-damaging agents [1]. In mammalian cells, the best-studied response is to S n 1-type methylating agents, including N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) [1]. Notably, MMR-deficient mammalian cells are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of these agents. A recent report showed that MMR deficiency conferred resistance to MNNG in yeast cells crippled for both homologous recombination ( rad52 Δ ) and the detoxifying enzyme methylguanine methyltransferase ( mgt1 Δ ) [2]. To better understand the response, we searched for additional genes modulating sensitivity to MNNG in rad52 Δ mgt1 Δ budding yeast. In addition to alleles of known MMR genes, we isolated an allele of DCD1 encoding the enzyme deoxycytidylate deaminase, which influences the dCTP:dTTP nucleotide pool ratio by catalyzing the conversion of dCMP to dUMP [3]. Models of the MMR-dependent cytotoxic response to S n 1-type methylating agents have included the incorporation of dTTP opposite O 6 -methyl guanine (O 6met G) in the template [1]. Our findings lend further support to this aspect of the MMR-dependent response and highlight a mechanism for ‘methylation' resistance that may be of therapeutic relevance for human cancer.
Iron transport by phospholipids in a two phase system containing water and n-pentanol.

Abstract Transport of ferrous iron by phospholipids, from various Thiobacillus species and commercial sources, was studied as a liquid membrane permeability phenomenon using a modified apparatus of Schulman. It was observed that phosphatidyl serine enhanced the iron transport at a considerably higher level than phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine or phosphatidyl choline in that order. No difference was observed in the iron transporting ability of the phospholipids from thiobacilli and the standard phospholipids. Phosphatidyl serine was found to have more cation exchanging properties under the given conditions, than any of the other phospholipids tested.
Enantioselective binding of Casodex to the androgen receptor

1. The biologic activity of androgens is mediated through the formation of a non-covalent androgen receptor (AR)-steroid complex. Casodex and other antiandrogens inhibit formation of this complex and thus negate the role of endogenous steroids in androgen-dependent growth of prostate. 2. Casodex is currently available as a racemic mixture. The goal of this investigation was to determine the in vitro AR binding affinities of the individual isomers of Casodex. 3. The (R) or (S) isomers of Casodex were synthesized according to the general synthetic scheme proposed by Tucker et al. for (S)-Casodex, using (R) or (S)-proline as the chiral matrix respectively. 4. ARs were isolated from rat ventral prostate tissue by homogenization and differential centrifugation, and used as the receptor source. 5. AR binding studies were conducted by incubation of the cytosol with 1 nM 3H-mibolerone (a synthetic androgen) and increasing concentrations of each isomer (10(-12) - 10(-5) M). Bound radioligand was quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. 6. Ki for (R)-Casodex (11.0 +/- 1.5 nM) was about 30 times lower than that of (S)-Casodex (364 +/- 10 nM). Ki for the racemate was 20.2 +/- 2.0 nM. 7. This study demonstrated that (R)-Casodex has a higher binding affinity than its stereoisomer and suggests that the antiandrogenic activity of racemic Casodex is almost completely due to the (R)-isomer.
Norepinephrine-induced increase in sympathetic neuron-derived prostaglandins is independent of neuronal release mechanisms.

Abstract The contribution of exocytosis to norepinephrine-stimulated prostaglandin release from sympathetic postganglionic neurons was evaluated in homogenates of adult rat superior cervical ganglia. Incubation of ganglion homogenates with norepinephrine (1 mM) for 30 min caused an increased release of prostaglandin E 2 and prostaglandin I 2 (measured as the stable metabolite, 6-keto-PGF 1a ). Neither tetrodotoxin (10 mM), K + (120 mM), nor EDTA in Ca 2+ -free buffer affected prostaglandin generation under basal and norepinephrine-stimulated conditions. These results suggest that the increase in prostaglandin production by sympathetic neurons after norepineprhine administration is not through the release of previously synthesized intracellular stores. Instead, the increase in prostaglandins in response to norepinephrine appears to be explained by de novo synthesis.
TU-D-213AB-01: How You Can Be the Speaker and Communicator Everyone Wants You to Be.

Effectiveness of an oral presentation depends on the ability of the speaker to communicate with the audience. An important part of this communication is focusing on two to five key points and emphasizing those points during the presentation. Every aspect of the presentation should be purposeful and directed at facilitating learners' achievement of the objectives. This necessitates that the speaker has carefully developed the objectives and built the presentation around attainment of the objectives. A presentation should be designed to include as much audience participation as possible, no matter the size of the audience. Techniques to encourage audience participation include questioning, brainstorming, small‐group activities, role‐playing, case‐based examples, directed listening, and use of an audience response system. It is first necessary to motivate and gain attention of the learner for learning to take place. This can be accomplished through appropriate use of humor, anecdotes, and quotations. This course will review adult learning principles and effective presentation skills, Learning Objectives: 1. Apply adult learning principles. 2. Demonstrate effective presentations skills.
Synthesizing aluminum particles towards controlling electrostatic discharge ignition sensitivity

Aluminum particles were synthesized with shell thicknesses ranging from 2.7 to 8.3 nm and a constant diameter of 95 nm. These fuel particles were combined with molybdenum trioxide particles and the electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity of the mixture was measured. Results show ignition delay increased as the alumina shell thickness increased. These results correlated with electrical resistivity measurements of the mixture which increased with alumina concentration. A model was developed using COMSOL for ignition of a single Al particle. The ignition delay in the model was consistent with the experimental results suggesting that the primary ESD ignition mechanism is joule heating.
Epigenetic resolution of the ‘curse of complexity’ in adaptive evolution of complex traits

The age of most genes exceeds the longevity of their genomic and physiological associations by many orders of magnitude. Such transient contexts modulate the expression of ancient genes to produce currently appropriate and often highly distinct developmental and functional outcomes. The efficacy of such adaptive modulation is diminished by the high dimensionality of complex organisms and associated vast areas of neutrality in their genotypic and developmental networks (and, thus, weak natural selection). Here I explore whether epigenetic effects facilitate adaptive modulation of complex phenotypes by effectively reducing the dimensionality of their deterministic networks and thus delineating their developmental and evolutionary trajectories even under weak selection. Epigenetic effects that link unconnected or widely dispersed elements of genotype space in ecologically relevant time could account for the rapid appearance of functionally integrated adaptive modifications. On an organismal time scale, conceptually similar processes occur during recurrent epigenetic reprogramming of somatic stem cells to produce, recurrently and reversibly, a bewildering array of differentiated and persistent cell lineages, all sharing identical genomic sequences despite strongly distinct phenotypes. I discuss whether close dependency of onset, scope and duration of epigenetic effects on cellular and genomic context in stem cells could provide insights into contingent modulation of conserved genomic material on a much longer evolutionary time scale. I review potential empirical examples of epigenetic bridges that reduce phenotype dimensionality and accomplish rapid adaptive modulation in the evolution of novelties, expression of behavioural types, and stress-induced ossification schedules.
Patents for Toll-like receptor ligands as radiation countermeasures for acute radiation syndrome

Acute radiation exposure induces apoptosis of tissues in the hematopoietic, digestive, cutaneous, cardiovascular and nervous systems; extensive apoptosis of these tissues ultimately leads to acute radiation syndrome. A novel strategy for developing radiation countermeasures has been to imitate the genetic mechanisms acquired by radiation-resistant tumors. Two mechanisms that underlie this ability of tumor cells are the p53 and NF-κB pathways. The loss of p53 function results in the inactivation of pro-apoptotic control mechanisms, while constitutive activation of NF-κB results in the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes. Various Toll-like receptor ligands are capable of up regulating the NF-κB pathway, which increases radio-resistance and reduces radiation-induced apoptosis in various tissues. Several Toll-like receptor ligands have been patented and are currently under development as radiation countermeasures for acute radiation syndrome. Ongoing studies suggest that a few of these attractive agents are progressing well along the US FDA approval pathway to become radiation countermeasures.
Timing of Enzyme Synthesis During Outgrowth of Spores of Bacillus cereus I. Ordered Enzyme Synthesis

During outgrowth of spores of Bacillus cereus T, the pattern of enzymes synthesized varied with respect to time. The periods of synthesis of α-glucosidase, l-alanine dehydrogenase, and histidase were ordered; each began at a specific time and synthesis continued for only a brief period. An examination of the timing of induced α-glucosidase and induced histidase was made to determine whether specific regions of the genome were continually available for transcription and regulation during this period. Several observations indicated that inducers could function during outgrowth, but for only a limited time interval. The period of induced enzyme synthesis occurred over the same interval as that observed for uninduced and catabolically repressed cultures. When inducer was added partway through the period of gene expression, the level of enzyme induction was diminished. Addition of inducer at a time after the period of gene expression had no significant effect. Since messenger ribonucleic acid formed during outgrowth had a half-life of only a few minutes, it was concluded that ordered enzyme synthesis was a result of ordered transcription of the corresponding portion of the genome. An examination of the timing of induced α-glucosidase and histidase synthesized in the presence of actinomycin D supported this conclusion.