cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The program dependence graph and vectorization

Previous attempts at vectorizing programs written in a sequential high level language focused on converting control dependences to data dependences using a mechanism known as IF-conversion. After IF-conversion vector optimizations are performed on a data dependence graph. However, IF-conversion is an irrevocable process which can introduce high run-time overhead if the input program is not amenable to vectorization.This paper uses a program dependence graph as the intermediate representation for a vectorizing compiler. A program dependence graph explicitly represents both control and data dependences, allowing guard values to be generated for vectorized statements. Techniques have been developed to perform code motion on vectorization candidates, to validly eliminate all unnecessary control and data dependence cycles, and to regenerate the newly vectorized program consistent with a topological ordering based on the control and data dependences.
Cardiovascular effects of cocaine in humans : laboratory studies

Abstract Studies in which healthy, carefully screened, experienced cocaine users receive cocaine under controlled laboratory conditions, although often overlooked by the medical community, are an excellent source of data on the cardiovascular effects of cocaine. Cocaine is generally self-administered in repeated-dose ‘binges’, and studies simulating this pattern provide interesting cardiovascular information, such as the selective development of acute tolerance or the unique effects of some drug combinations. Studies with intranasal, intravenous, and smoked cocaine all show that under conditions in which subjects are allowed to take cocaine repeatedly, heart rate generally returns to near baseline levels between doses despite gradually increasing cocaine blood levels. Blood pressure either shows the same pattern, or gradual increases with repeated dosing. Analyses of cardiovascular activity as a function of cocaine plasma level indicate the rapid development of acute (i.e., within session) tolerance to cocaine. Cocaine self-administration often occurs in the presence of behavioral stressors, or in combination with other drugs of abuse or cocaine abuse treatment medications. Performance of a behaviorally-demanding task increases heart rate and blood pressure. When cocaine is taken prior to task performance larger increases in heart rate are observed than with either drug or task alone. An unexpected cardiovascular interaction was observed in subjects who inhaled cocaine and drank ethanol-containing beverages. This combination resulted in heart rate increases that were significantly larger than observed with either drug alone. Combinations of i.v. cocaine and smoked marijuana also increased heart rate above levels seen with either drug alone. A single intravenous dose of cocaine and morphine in combination, however, produced cardiovascular effects similar to those produced by cocaine alone. The effects of these drug combinations on blood pressure were often equal to the effect of one drug alone. Since cocaine is frequently taken in combination with potential treatment drugs, these interactions can be assessed under controlled settings prior to large-scale treatment studies. For instance, maintenance on the antidepressant desipramine increased baseline heart rate and diastolic pressure. Cocaine administration engendered increases in heart rate and blood pressure above the desipramine-elevated baselines. Clearly, drug interactions can have unexpected cardiovascular effects, and laboratory studies provide a controlled setting for understanding and studying these interactions.
Coupled‐channel investigation of rotationally and vibrationally inelastic collisions between He and H2

The coupled-channel formalism has been employed for He + H2 collisions including rotational (j = 0, 2) and vibrational (n = 0, 1) levels and making use of the Kraus-Mies potential energy surface. Integral and differential cross sections are obtained at the total energies 0.3884, 0.9, and 1.4116 eV for rotational and vibrational transitions separately, and for the combined processes. Considerable use has been made of the microscopic reversibility principle to extract cross sections from the S matrix for de-excitations as well as for excitations. Cross sections for vibrational excitation are found to decrease when accompanied by rotational excitation. For vibrational de-excitation, the effect of rotational excitation is to increase the cross sections. Defining a most probable impact parameter bmax from the maximum in the partial integral cross sections, vibration excitation is found to occur at low bmax, while rotational excitation is observed at comparatively higher values. For simultaneous rotational and transitions, bmax decreases with increasing energy transfer. A deflection angle ©(cl is defined in terms of the impact parameters and the turning point radii for the initial and final channels, and a correlation between this angle and the maxima in the computed angular distributions is found. The transition probabilities for the rotational excitation j = 0 2 with simultaneous vibrational excitation and their physical interpretation are also discussed within the total angular momentum coupling scheme.
k-Edge Failure Resilient Network Design

Abstract We design a network that supports a feasible multicommodity flow even after the failures of any k edges. We present a mixed-integer linear program (MILP), a cutting plane algorithm, and a column-and-cut algorithm. The algorithms add constraints to repair vulnerabilities in partial network designs. Empirical studies on previously unsolved instances of SNDlib demonstrate their effectiveness.
Inhibition of ovarian cancer cell metastasis by a fusion polypeptide Tat-ELP

Tumor cell metastasis is a complex, multi-step process that is a major cause of death and morbidity amongst cancer patients. Cell adhesion plays a critical role in the development of metastatic cancer, and it is mediated by interactions between receptors on the cell surface and ligands of the extracellular matrix or other surfaces. Therefore, inhibition of the cell adhesion process appears to be an effective method of preventing metastasis. This work describes a genetically engineered polypeptide with the potential to prevent cell adhesion and inhibit metastasis. We have found that the cell penetrating peptide Tat, fused with elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) inhibited adhesion, spreading, invasion and migration of SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells in cell culture. Furthermore, we have also confirmed that Tat-ELP has anti-metastatic potential in an experimental ovarian cancer metastasis model in vivo, causing approximately 80% reduction in the tumor burden. Since cell attachment is an important step in tumor cell invasion and metastasis, these results suggest a novel role of Tat-ELP as a therapeutic intervention in cancer metastasis.
Stereopsis and Disparity Vergence in Monkeys with Subnormal Binocular Vision.

Abstract The surgical treatment for strabismus in infants generally results in microtropia or subnormal binocular vision. Although the clinical characteristics of these conditions are well established, there are important questions about the mechanisms of binocular vision in these patients that can best be investigated in an appropriate animal model. In the present psychophysical investigations, spatial frequency response functions for disparity-induced fusional vergence and for local stereopsis were studied in macaque monkeys, who demonstrated many of the major visual characteristics of patients whose eyes were surgically aligned during infancy. In six rhesus monkeys, unilateral esotropia was surgically induced at various ages (30–184 days of age). However, over the next 12 months, all of the monkeys recovered normal eye alignment. Behavioral measurements at 4–6 years of age showed that the monkeys' prism-induced fusional vergence responses were indistinguishable from those of control monkeys or humans with normal binocular vision. Investigations of stereo-depth discrimination demonstrated that each of the experimental monkeys also had stereoscopic vision, but their stereoacuities varied from being essentially normal to severely stereo-deficient. The degree of stereo-deficiency was not related to the age at which surgical esotropia was induced, or to the presence or absence of amblyopia, and was not dependent on the spatial frequency of the test stimulus. Altogether, these experiments demonstrate that a temporary, early esotropia can affect the binocular disparity responses of motor and sensory components of binocular vision differently, probably because of different sensitive periods of development for the two components. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
A recurrence local computation approach towards ordering composite beliefs in Bayesian belief networks

Abstract Finding the l Most Probable Explanations (MPE) of a given evidence, S e , in a Bayesian belief network can be formulated as identifying and ordering a set of composite hypotheses, H i s, of which the posterior probabilities are the l largest; ie, Pr(H 1 ¦S e ) ≥ … ≥ Pr(H 1 ¦S e ). When an order includes all the composite hypotheses in the network in order to find all the probable explanations, it becomes a total order and the derivation of such an order has an exponential complexity. The focus of this paper is on the derivation of a partial order, with length l, for finding the l most probable composite hypotheses; where l typically is much smaller than the total number of composite hypotheses in a network. Previously, only the partial order of length two (ie, l = 2) in a singly connected Bayesian network could be efficiently derived without further restriction on network topologies and the increase in spatial complexity. This paper discusses an efficient algorithm for the derivation of the partial ordering of the composite hypotheses in a singly connected network with arbitrary order length. This algorithm is based on the propagation of quantitative vector streams in a feed-forward manner to a designated “root” node in a network. The time complexity of the algorithm is in the order of O(lkn); where l is the length of a partial order, k the length of the longest path in a network, and n the maximum number of node states—defined as the product of the size of the conditional probability table of a node and the number of incoming messages towards the node.
Generation of transient electric field structures in femtosecond high intensity ionizing laser pulses

Abstract A model for the generation of electric field structures in ultrashort high intensity laser pulses in air is developed. A collisionless plasma fluid model is developed to compute the transient electron–ion displacement generated by a high intensity laser pulse in air. We show that the electric fields associated with the electron–ion dipolar displacement are in good agreement with recent observations.
Antibody for detection and quantitation of membrane-associated folate-binding protein from Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus casei cells contain a 25 kDa, membrane-associated, folate-binding protein (fbp), which is a component of the folate transport system. Polyclonal antibody to fbp (anti-fbp) has been prepared, and conditions have been established for detection and quantitation of the protein. Anti-fbp did not block [3H]folate transport or binding in L. casei cells. As judged by Western blots, the antibody reacted only with fbp on sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoretograms of Triton X-100 extracts of L. casei membranes. Anti-fbp showed no cross-reactivity with L. casei dihydrofolate reductase, L. casei 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, L1210 dihydrofolate reductase, rat liver dihydrofolate reductase, or L1210 folate-binding protein. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements indicated the presence of an fbp in membranes of Lactobacillus salivarius and two transport-defective sublines of L. casei. Anti-fbp was used to demonstrate selective extraction, with n-butanol, of fbp from a mixture of Triton-solubilized L. casei membrane proteins; repression of fbp in membranes of L. casei cells grown on high levels of folate; and localization of fbp by electron microscopy, using anti-fbp in conjunction with goat anti-rabbit IgG gold conjugate, in L. casei membranes.
STUDIES OF THE PROGESTERONE-LIKE ACTION OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE IN WOMEN1

RECENTLY several members of our group (1) reported that a male excreted sodium pregnandiol glucuronide in the urine during the course of therapy which involved intramuscularly administered desoxycorticosterone acetate in oil. In view of this observation and of reports that desoxycorticosterone acetate was capable of inducing progesterone-like responses in certain experimental animals (2), a study of the possible progestational action of desoxycorticosterone acetate in women was initiated. Two groups of women were studied. One group of 5 women (average age 25 years) was characterized by the common symptom of secondary amenorrhea, the duration of which had ranged from 3 to 9 months. The other group comprised 3 women (average age 29 years) who received desoxycorticosterone preoperatively. The procedure in the first group was as follows. Endometrial responses prior to therapy were sampled by biopsies.
Enabling the 21st century health care information technology revolution

The U.S. government's vision of the health care information infrastructure is possible using technologies that support the sharing of medical e-records while maintaining patient privacy.
Magnesium correction to the NaKCa chemical geothermometer

Abstract Equations and graphs have been devised to correct for the adverse effects of magnesium upon the Na-K-Ca chemical geothermometer. Either the equations or graphs can be used to determine appropriate temperature corrections for given waters with calculated NaKCa temperatures > 70°C and R R = { Mg (Mg + Ca + K) } × 100 with cation concentrations expressed in equivalents. Waters with R > 50 are probably derived from relatively cool aquifers with temperatures approximately equal to the measured spring temperature, irrespective of much higher calculated Na-K-Ca temperatures.
Guns, Debt, and Politics: New Variations on An Old Theme

The impact of military budgets on Third World debt problems cannot be understood outside the context of the political attractiveness of external borrowing in the 1970s. While military expenditures have increased Third World borrowers' debt levels and impeded their debt service efforts, an analysis of 35 Third World debtor countries between 1974 and 1986 suggest this is less important than the political capacity of debtor governments to mobilize and (sic) human and material resources toward that end. Many Third World countries used much of the borrowed capital to finance current budget deficits, government consumption, and arms imports. The apparent worsening of Third World debt service difficulties attributed to military expenditures may reflect defense budgets' and domestic arms industries' intimate connection with the distributive politics of many of these countries. Language: en
OXYGEN EFFECT ON THE DEGRADATION OF ASCORBIC ACID IN A DEHYDRATED FOOD SYSTEM

The stability of reduced and total ascorbic acid in a low moisture dehydrated model food system was determined as a function of water activity, moisture content, oxygen and temperature. Ascorbic acid degradation rates were satisfactorily described by first-order kinetics and were dependent on water activity and temperature. Rate constants obtained for the model system stored with a large excess of oxygen (303 cans) were compared with those reported previously for the case of limited gaseous oxygen (TDT cans). At all conditions of temperature and water activity the degradation of ascorbic acid was greater for the condition of excess oxygen (303 cans). This effect is interpreted as reflecting the consumption of oxygen dissolved in the moisture of the product and the continuous dissolution of excess molecular oxygen present in the 303 cans. The significance of this oxygen effect is further manifested by the change in activation energies for RAA and TAA destruction at 0.1 aw from 7.0 kcal/mole limited oxygen to 10.7 kcal/ mole in excess oxygen conditions. These data suggest that dissolved and gaseous oxygen are primary factors in the storage stability of ascorbic acid in dehydrated food systems.
GPGPU accelerated simulation and parameter tuning for neuromorphic applications

Neuromorphic engineering takes inspiration from biology to design brain-like systems that are extremely low-power, fault-tolerant, and capable of adaptation to complex environments. The design of these artificial nervous systems involves both the development of neuromorphic hardware devices and the development neuromorphic simulation tools. In this paper, we describe a simulation environment that can be used to design, construct, and run spiking neural networks (SNNs) quickly and efficiently using graphics processing units (GPUs). We then explain how the design of the simulation environment utilizes the parallel processing power of GPUs to simulate large-scale SNNs and describe recent modeling experiments performed using the simulator. Finally, we present an automated parameter tuning framework that utilizes the simulation environment and evolutionary algorithms to tune SNNs. We believe the simulation environment and associated parameter tuning framework presented here can accelerate the development of neuromorphic software and hardware applications by making the design, construction, and tuning of SNNs an easier task.
The role of water particles in the atmospheric transmission of infra-red radiation

The attenuation of infra-red radiation by scattering on atmospheric haze particles, in the form of water droplets, is discussed in some detail. The spectrum is divided into two regions, the near infra-red to λ 2·25 μ, where the refractive index of water may be assumed constant and real, and the region 2·25 to 12μ, where the index is complex and varies with the wavelength. This paper is concerned with the first region. It is shown that certain haze models, involving a continuous drop-size distribution and previously used in explaining the attenuation of visible wavelengths and the aureole around the sun, adequately explain the window transmission measured by Gebbie and co-authors (1951) along a horizontal path. The observed optical thickness of the whole atmosphere with respect to near infra-red sunlight is also explained by means of these models. The infra-red attenuation spectrum appears as a logical extension of the visible one and represents the continuous background upon which gas line and wing absorptions must be superposed. The magnitude of the latter can thus be assessed with more confidence.
The effect of chemical and physical processes on the acoustic properties of carbonate rocks

Carbonate rocks have major economic significance; 60% of the world's oil reserves lie in carbonate reservoirs and the potential for additional gas reserves is huge. However, the relationship in carbonates between measured geophysical data and rock properties is complex, due to the large variety of textures that arise during postdepositional diagenesis and to the chemical processes (i.e., dissolution and replacement by newly formed phases) that characterize carbonate-forming minerals. Most experimental and theoretical rock physics research has focused on siliciclastic and shaly rocks. However, applying insights gained from clastics to carbonates is rarely straightforward, and thus is questioned in the literature.
A Plaque-Specific Antibody Clears Existing β-amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease Mice

Aβ Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. Preclinical studies demonstrate that plaque prevention is possible; however, the more relevant therapeutic removal of existing plaque has proven elusive. Monoclonal antibodies in development target both soluble and insoluble Aβ peptide. We hypothesized that antibody specificity for deposited plaque was critical for plaque removal since soluble Aβ peptide would block recognition of deposited forms. We developed a plaque-specific antibody that targets a modified Aβ peptide (Aβ(p3-42)), which showed robust clearance of pre-existing plaque without causing microhemorrhage. Interestingly, a comparator N-terminal Aβ antibody 3D6, which binds both soluble and insoluble Aβ(1-42), lacked efficacy for lowering existing plaque but manifested a significant microhemorrhage liability. Mechanistic studies suggested that the lack of efficacy for 3D6 was attributed to poor target engagement in plaques. These studies have profound implications for the development of therapeutic Aβ antibodies for Alzheimer's disease.
Recent /B-physics results from CDF

Abstract We present recent results from the CDF experiment, based on the data taken between 1992 and 1995 (Tevatron Run I). We classify the results according to the need to know the initial flavor of the B meson. Of the analyses that do not require this knowledge, we focus on the measurements of cross-sections, lifetimes, and polarizations. Next, we describe the analyses based on the knowledge of the initial flavor of the B meson: several B 0 mixing measurements (which are also used to study the flavor determination), a B s mixing search, and a recently updated limit on sin(2 β ).
Dual-stage repetitive control with Prandtl-Ishlinskii hysteresis inversion for piezo-based nanopositioning

Abstract The positioning performance of piezo-based nanopositioning systems is limited by dynamic and hysteresis effects in the piezoactuator. Herein, a high-performance, dual-stage repetitive controller (dual-RC) with a feedforward hysteresis compensator is proposed for tracking periodic trajectories, such as the scanning-type motion, in nanopositioning systems. Firstly, a discrete-time dual-RC is created by cascading a conventional RC with an odd-harmonic RC. The favorable gain characteristics of the dual-RC coincide with the odd harmonics of the scanning-type periodic reference trajectory, thus offering good robustness and low tracking error. Secondly, a new inverse-hysteresis compensator is developed based on the Prandtl–Ishlinskii hysteresis model. The structure of the inverse model mimics the structure of the forward model, where the parameters of the inverse model can be easily identified from measured input–output data. Finally, the controllers are applied to a custom-designed high-speed nanopositioner, and simulations and experimental results are provided to illustrate the performance improvement of the proposed control scheme compared to industry-standard PID control and conventional RC. High-speed positioning results (tracking of triangle scan trajectories) at rates of 1 kHz, 1.5 kHz, and 2 kHz are shown. Compared to a conventional RC, the tracking error of the dual-RC is 48% lower at 1 kHz and 33% lower at 2 kHz scanning frequency. It is also shown that by compensating for hysteresis, the performance of the RC system designed based on the linear dynamics can be enhanced.
The intra-cortical trajectory of the coeruleo-cortical projection in the rat: a tangentially organized cortical afferent.

Abstract Cortical and sub-cortical lesions in the rat were used to analyze the intracortical trajectory of the noradrenergic axons, which were visualized by aldehyde-induced catecholamine histofluorescence and by immunohistochemistry using an antibody directed against rat dopamine-β-hydroxylase. Following subcortical lesions there is a slowly progressive reduction in the density of cortical noradrenergic axons, indicating that they undergo asynchronous anterograde degeneration. By 2 weeks after transection of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle, no dopamine β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers are detectable in the ipsilateral cortex. Neither transection of the cingulum bundle, nor parasagittal incisions through the dorsal cortex lateral to the cingulum, diminished the noradrenergic innervation of medial or dorso-lateral cortex. A cortical lesion medial to the cingulum bundle markedly reduced the density of noradrenergic fibers in cingulate cortex caudal to the lesion, but did not affect the innervation of dorso-lateral cortex. In contrast, dorso-lateral frontal incisions and decortication (frontal lobotomy) produced a marked ipsilateral decrease in the noradrenergic fiber density throughout the remaining dorso-lateral cortex, while sparing the innervation of cingulate and infra-rhinal cortex. These results demonstrate that the dorso-lateral cortex is innervated by noradrenergic fibers in the medial forebrain bundle that reach the frontal pole, turn dorsally over the anterior portion of the forceps minor and continue caudally within the deep layers of frontal and dorso-lateral cortex, supplying the noradrenergic innervation throughout their trajectory. The medial cortex is innervated by a separate group of noradrenergic fibers that ascend through the septum, curve over the genu of the corpus callosum, and run caudally in the supracallosal stria. The present results show that the cingulum bundle is not a major intra-cortical noradrenergic pathway and does not provide branches that contribute significantly to the innervation of dorsal or lateral cortex. Thus the medial and lateral cortex can be selectively and differentially denervated of noradrenergic fibers and a coarse topographic order exists in the noradrenergic innervation of cortex. Since noradrenergic fibers travel long distances within the cortical grey matter, a small lesion of frontal cortex can have far-reaching effects on the innervation of distant, more caudal regions of cortex. The coeruleocortical projection has properties that differ from those of the best characterized cortical afferents and may be a useful model for the study of other ascending monoamine systems. The tangential, intracortical trajectory of the noradrenergic fibers would confer upon the coeruleo-cortical system the capacity to modulate neuronal activity simultaneously through a vast expanse of neocortex. A formulation of cortical organization is presented which integrates the tangential organization of the coeruleo-cortical projection with the concept of columnar organization of cortex.
Teaching Digital Forensics Techniques within Linux Environments

Appropriately motivating digital forensics topics in an educational environment is a challenging task for a lecturer. Not only will the skill levels of the students vary widely, but designing a lab exercise that introduces a single concept runs the risk of requiring too much additional knowledge to appropriately describe the task or may easily devolve into a contrived example that does not allow the student to fully grasp the extent of the topic at hand. In some cases, this difficulty is compounded by the sheer amount of misinformation that results from years of common knowledge and research becoming invalid after changes to kernels and operating systems. Last year, the Honeynet Project Challenge 12 - "Hiding in Plan Sight" - and a computer security workshop sought to introduce some concepts regarding information and process hiding and disguising through a series of digital forensics labs. This paper will describe the components of these labs that were successful at motivating a core concept, as well as those that were not as successful and have been subsequently modified based upon feedback. These findings will be presented through a suggested lecture-lab format, and a series of scoped topics that can be used in other educational environments to motivate digital forensics and anti-forensics concepts. Scripts used to build each lab have also been provided to serve as a point of reference.
Phosphorylation regulated ion‐binding is a property shared by the acidic subclass dehydrins

Dehydrins are a family of proteins that accumulate in response to abiotic stresses. Little is known about the biochemical functions of these proteins. It is known that the Arabidopsis dehydrin, ERD14, is activated by phosphorylation to bind calcium and other ions. To begin to categorize the Arabidopsis dehydrins into functional families, we determined whether representative members of the dehydrin sub families share the properties of ERD14. When phosphorylated in vitro with casein kinase II; recombinant COR47, and ERD10 (and ERD14) become activated to bind calcium. ERD14 exhibited the highest calcium-binding activity followed by ERD10 and COR47. These dehydrins, when isolated from cold-treated Arabidopsis plants were also shown to have phosphorylation-dependent, calcium-binding activity. RAB18 showed very little calcium binding activity, even though it was phosphorylated by casein kinase II. XERO2 was not phosphorylated with CKII and did not bind calcium. Competition studies suggest that other divalent cations may bind to the dehydrins COR47, ERD10, and ERD14. Utilizing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization - time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF), we determined that the poly serine region located in all three calcium-binding family members (COR47, ERD10, and ERD14) is the most likely phosphorylation site responsible for the activation of calcium binding. These results are consistent with a distinct biochemical function for the acidic subclass of dehydrins (COR47, ERD10, and ERD14) as ion (calcium)-interacting proteins.
SU-GG-I-132: Refinements to the Deformation Model of an Anthropomorphic Computer Generated Breast Phantom

Purpose: We have previously developed a method for generating synthetic mammograms and breast tomosynthesisimages of an anthropomorphic computer generated breast phantom. Mammographic compression of the phantom was simulated based upon a finite element(FE) deformation model. Currently, the compressed phantom is affected by artifacts arising during deformation. In this paper we investigate two refinements to the deformation model.Method and Materials: The mammographic compression simulation involves three steps. First, the undeformed voxel phantom is transformed into a mesh of tetrahedral elements, with each element encompassing several hundred voxels. Decimation reduces the computational complexity of the finite element model. Second, an FE deformation model is applied resulting in a deformed mesh. Finally, the deformed phantom is voxelized by interpolation. Each voxel in the undeformed and deformed phantoms encode a single tissue type. To reduce deformation artifacts we supersampled the deformed phantom during interpolation; uniformly spaced 3×3×3 sub‐voxel sampling points were used for each deformed voxel. In addition, we introduced rules governing the assignment of the tissue type to each voxel in the deformed phantom. Each voxel is now assigned the tissue type most frequently referred to by the supersampling points. These refinements were evaluated by analyzing phantoms whose interior consisted of regularly spaced parallel planes. Results: Without supersampling, 33.6% of the undeformed phantom voxels were not used during interpolation; supersampling reduced the number to 0.2%. The refined rules governing the tissue assignment improved the smoothness of the boundaries between simulated tissues; particularly near the interface between the breast phantom and air, where previously voxels incorrectly assigned as air produced noticeable artifacts. Conclusion: The refinements of the phantom compression model improve the simulation of tissue structures. This is especially important for the simulation of small structures (e.g., microcalcifications).
Immunogenicity of ad libitum drinking water administration of bovine serum albumin in Leghorn chickens

Oral administration of protein antigen in solution routinely leads to development of oral tolerance in most mammals but has been reported to be fully immunogenic in chickens. Previous studies, including several performed by our laboratory, have demonstrated that oral administration of discrete amounts of BSA for 6 consecutive days is fully immunogenic. This study was performed to determine immunoresponsiveness to protein antigen administered ad libitum at low levels in drinking water compared with i.p. and oral gavage routes of administration. Seven days following the last oral immunization, serum was assayed for IgG, bile for IgA, and tissue culture supernatant from 3 distinct lower intestinal regions for IgG and IgA in immunized and nonimmunized single-comb White Leghorn chickens. Systemic responses in the serum of experimental birds revealed a greater (P < 0.001) IgG response when BSA was administered via i.p. injection or by drinking water compared with gavage administration or nonimmunized controls. Responses measured in bile revealed that BSA administration in the drinking water resulted in a greater (P < 0.001) secretory IgA response compared with i.p. or gavage administration, and negative control groups. Intestinal antigen specific IgG, but not IgA, was elevated (P < 0.05) in all intestinal areas tested in birds immunized against BSA by drinking water and i.p. routes of administration, compared with other experimental groups. Taken together, the present experiments demonstrate that ad libitum drinking water administration of a protein antigen is as effective as i.p. administration or gavage routes of antigen exposure and potentially describe a novel approach to immunization of commercial poultry with purified protein antigens.
Free vibration analysis of orthogonal-woven fabric composites

Abstract This paper presents a study on the free vibration analysis of orthogonal-woven fabric composites. The fabrics are composed of two sets of mutually orthogonal yarns of either the same material (nonhybrid fabrics) or different materials (hybrid fabrics). We focus on the repeating unit of the woven structure, known as a `unit cell'. Based upon the one-dimensional (1D) elasto-dynamic analysis developed by the authors for such a woven fabric composite, the free vibration problem is formulated and solved for four basic boundary conditions. Natural frequency equations and natural modes are obtained analytically. For the special case of two bonded isotropic layers, closed-form solutions of natural frequencies and natural modes are given. It has been shown that numerical solutions can readily be carried out for woven fabric composites with arbitrary combinations of material and geometrical parameters. As an example, the first ten natural frequencies for plain weave composites based upon graphite/epoxy and glass/polyester are presented and discussed.
An analysis of reproductive isolation between Rana magnaocularis and Rana berlandieri forreri (Rana pipiens complex)

The leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex) are presently known to include several distinct species, the geographic distributions of which involve numerous sympatries. Very little information has been reported concerning the methods through which such sympatric species maintain their distinctness in suture zones. Therefore, the object of this research was to describe the reproductive nature of the sympatric relationship existing between Rana magnaocularis and Rana berlandieri forreri in western Mexico. Observations were made of seasonal changes in ovarian development and in reproductive behavior between the two species. Genetic compatibility was assessed in numerous interspecific crosses and in backcrosses with laboratory-produced interspecific hybrids. The breeding period of R. magnaocularis was established as early October through mid-March and that of R. b. forreri as mid-March through early September, but limited interspecific overlap in breeding does occur. Females of both species apparently oviposit several times during a single breeding season. Pronounced unidirectional genetic incompatibility was demonstrated in interspecific crosses and most laboratory reared hybrids were found to be sterile. Therefore, breeding season differences and genetic incompatibility (an unusual type) represent major reproductive isolating mechanisms between the two species. Several ethological traits also appear to favor conspecific reproduction, but recent habitat alterations seem to have reduced their effectiveness in the contact zone.
Diphenylhydantoin: evidence for a central action.

Abstract Cerebellar Purkinje cells display random firing rates which vary spontaneously from 5 to 300 Hz under normal circumstances. Diphenylhydantoin, a clinically useful antiepileptic drug, was studied to determine its effect on Purkinje cell discharge patterns. After diphenylhydantoin (10 mg/kg i.v.) the usual pattern of spontaneous random alteration in P-cell firing rate was replaced by sustained high frequency discharge at 140 Hz, which persisted for several hours. Concomitant with the increased Purkinje cell discharge rate, DPH reduced spread of spontaneous cortical epileptiform activity from a penicillin-induced cortical focus. The possible relation between these events is discussed.
Reading, Writing, and Doctoring: Literature and Medicine

Literature and medicine share an inherently enduring relationship. Doctors turn to literature--both its plots and its forms--to understand what occurs in their patients' lives, to increase their own narrative competence, to interpret accurately the texts of medicine, to develop empathy, and to deepen their capacities for reflection and self-knowledge. Together, these skills, attitudes, and bodies of knowledge contribute to the effective practice of medicine. Literature is now taught in almost three quarters of the medical schools in the United States. Different goals, agendas, and methods are appropriate at each developmental stage of a physician's training, from the premedical curriculum to the continuing education of a practicing physician. A vigorous and growing scholarship and body of experience is propelling the field of literature and medicine to understand all the more clearly how acts of reading and acts of writing might illuminate acts of doctoring.
The Scope and Span of Supply Chain Management

Studies on supply chain management suggest that the scope of business processes being coordinated across supply chains is broad. However, little empirical evidence exists that corroborates such claims. In this study executives randomly selected from a diverse array of industries were surveyed to determine the scope of processes that are being integrated across organizational borders, the extent to which they are being jointly managed, and the span in terms of the number of tiers across which they are being managed. The results indicate that a large proportion of companies that practice supply chain management are attempting to integrate logistics, marketing, and operations‐oriented processes with those of other companies in their supply chains. Also, the span of a company's supply chain management efforts significantly relates to the extent to which it jointly manages business processes with other firms.
Associations Between Function and Composition of Blood Mononuclear Leukocyte Populations from Holstein Bulls Treated with Dexamethasone

To characterize further the effects of corticosteroidinduced stress on the immune system of dairy cattle, functional and phenotypic characteristics of populations of blood mononuclear leukocytes from control and treated (0.04 mg dexamethasone/kg per d for 3 consecutive d) Holstein bulls were evaluated concurrently. In vivo administration of dexamethasone caused a ≥97% reduction in in vitro secretion of interferon-g by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated mononuclear leukocytes by d 2 after the first treatment. In vitro secretion of immunoglobulin M was reduced by >50% on d 2 and 3 after the first treatment, but returned to normal concentrations sooner than did interferon-g secretion. Concurrent with changes in the secretion of these proteins were changes in the mean fluorescence intensities of major histocompatibility class I and II antigens and the WC1 antigen and in the proportion of B cells, CD3 T cells, gd T cells, and cells in the leukocyte population expressing major histocompatibility class II antigens. Examination of the relationships between protein secretion in vitro and the composition of the blood mononuclear leukocyte population indicated that secretion was associated positively with the proportion of CD3 T cells (primarily the gd T-cell subset) and the expression of major histocompatibility class I and II molecules and associated negatively with the proportion of cells expressing major histocompatibility class II antigens. Overall, these results suggest that corticosteroidmediated stress in dairy cattle impairs secretion of proteins that are critical to normal cellular and humoral immune responses, an effect that is strongly linked with changes in the composition of the circulating mononuclear leukocyte population. ( Key words: immunosuppression, flow cytometry, dairy cattle, corticosteroid, interferon-g) Abbreviation key: DEX = dexamethasone, IFN-g = interferon-g, MFI = mean fluorescence intensities, MHC = major histocompatibility, PBML = peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes, PBST = PBS containing Tween 80, PBST-g = PBST and gelatin, PWM = pokeweed mitogen.
Analysis of the Extent of Resection for Adenocarcinoma of the Gallbladder

Gallbladder cancer has historically been considered an incurable malignancy; although, extended resection has been associated with cure in selected patients. However, the optimal extent of resection is unknown. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the extent of resection for gallbladder adenocarcinoma on disease-specific survival (DSS) and perioperative morbidity. Analysis of a prospective hepatobiliary surgery database identified patients undergoing surgical resection for gallbladder adenocarcinoma from 1990 to 2002. Clinicopathologic factors including extent of resection were analyzed for their association with DSS and perioperative morbidity. Long-term outcome was evaluable in 104 patients. With median follow-up of 58 months for survivors, the actuarial 5-year DSS was 42%. Thirty-six patients (35%) underwent major hepatectomy, but in 15 this was not mandatory to clear all disease. Sixty-eight patients (65%) underwent common bile duct (CBD) excision, but 32 were performed empirically. Twenty-one patients (20%) underwent en bloc resection of adjacent organs other than the liver. The performance of a major hepatectomy or a CBD excision was not associated with other clinicopathologic variables or long-term survival. Resection of adjacent organs were associated with advanced T stage but not with survival. T stage, N stage, histologic differentiation, and CBD involvement were independently associated with survival. Major hepatectomy and CBD excision were significantly associated with perioperative morbidity. We conclude that tumor biology and stage, rather than extent of resection, predict outcome after resection for gallbladder cancer. Major hepatic resections, including major hepatectomy and CBD excision, are appropriate when necessary to clear disease but are not mandatory in all cases.
Alienation, the self, and television: Psychological life in mass culture

Abstract The psychological reality of contemporary experience is that of alienation. Marcuse has referred to this profound alienation as the one dimensional character of mass culture. Virtually all possible experiences are leveled to the common denominator of the status quo which in turn becomes the norm with which individuals identify and in terms of which they seek fulfillment. Romanyshyn's phenomenological interpretation of psychological life, as a reality of lived reflection, provides the basis for an analysis of the dynamics of this alienation as it is cultivated by the mass media, specifically television. The constellation of television conditioned imagination and consumption oriented lifestyles results in a forgery of genuine psychological experience in which the self is disfigured and its transcendent possibilities are repressed.
The ion environment near Europa and its role in surface energetics

This paper gives the composition, energy spectra, and time variability of energetic ions measured just upstream of Europa. From 100 keV to 100 MeV, ion intensities vary by less than a factor of ∼5 among Europa passes considered between 1997 and 2000. We use the data to estimate the radiation dose rate into Europa's surface for depths 0.01 mm – 1 m. We find that in a critical fraction of the upper layer on Europa's trailing hemisphere, energetic electrons are the principal agent for radiolysis, and their bremsstrahlung photon products, not included in previous studies, dominate the dose below about 1 m. Because ion bombardment is more uniform across Europa's surface, the radiation dose on the leading hemisphere is dominated by the proton flux. Differences exist between this calculation and published doses based on the E4 wake pass. For instance, proton doses presented here are much greater below 1 mm.
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity in Healthy Term Infants

Using the anterior fontanel as an acoustic window, two-dimensional/pulsed Doppler ultrasonography provides the opportunity to visualize and to insonate under an approximately zero degree angle the pericallosal, internal carotid, and basilar arteries. We studied the correlation between mean flow velocity and pulsatility index in guided pulsed Doppler waveforms obtained from these three vessels in 83 healthy term newborn infants. The mean flow velocity was derived from the area under the velocity curve, the pulsatility index was calculated by dividing the difference between the peak systolic and end diastolic flow velocities by the peak systolic flow velocity. The pulsatility index correlated very poorly with the mean flow velocity in the 3 cerebral vessels under study. In a clinical setting mean flow velocity and not the pulsatility index should be used as an indirect indicator of cerebral blood flow in infants.
ADH resistance of LLC-PK1 cells caused by overexpression of cAMP-phosphodiesterase type-IV

ADH resistance of LLC-PK 1 cells caused by overexpression of cAMP-phosphodiesterase type-IV. The studies of animal models of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) suggest that abnormally high activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) may cause unresponsiveness to the diuretic effect of AVP. We explored whether overexpression of one of the cAMP-PDE type isozymes, PDE-IV, in [8-Arg]-vasopressin (AVP) sensitive renal epithelial LLC-PK 1 cells can prevent the hormone-elicited cAMP increase. LLC-PK 1 cells were stably transfected with ratPDE3.1 cDNA (which encodes for rolipram-sensitive PDE-IV), inserted in plasmid pCMV5 and then were compared with sham-transfected LLC-PK 1 cells and wild LLC-PK 1 cells. In the stably transfected clone (LLC-PK 1 S#16), the rolipram-sensitive PDE-IV activity was about five times higher than in controls, whereas activities of other types of PDEs were not different. The presence of cognate mRNA for PDE-IV was confirmed by Northern blot. Whereas in the control cells (wild LLC-PK 1 cells and sham-transfected LLC-PK 1 cells), the incubation with 10 -7 M AVP increased cAMP more than tenfold, the LLC-PK 1 S#16 cells with overexpressed cAMP-PDE were resistant to cAMP-increasing effects of AVP and forskolin. However, in the same LLC-PK 1 -S#16 cells the cGMP increases in response to nitroprusside were not diminished. The AVP-dependent cAMP accumulation in LLC-PK 1 S#16 cells with overexpressed PDE-IV was restored by addition of roliprams which decreased cAMP-PDE activity to the levels similar to those in wild LLC-PK 1 cells and sham-transfected LLC-PK 1 -#A1 cells. In contrast, inhibitors of other PDE isozymes (PDE-I or PDE-III) had little or no effect. Our findings show that excessive activity of cAMP-PDE, in this case of isozyme PDE-IV, can cause resistance to AVP which is analogous to that observed in collecting ducts of mice with hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.