cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A retrospective and prospective look at medical education in the United States: trends shaping anatomical sciences education

During the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, curricular reform has been a popular theme. In fact, reform on the current scale has not occurred since the early 1900s, when Abraham Flexner released his landmark report ‘Medical Education in the United States and Canada’. His report, suggesting major changes in how physicians were educated, became the norm and few changes occurred until the last quarter of the 20th century. During this period increased demands on medical school curriculums due to the explosion of knowledge in biomedical sciences and the pressure to add additional clinical experiences increased the momentum for curriculum reform. In 1984 an Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) report, ‘Physicians for the Twenty-First Century: The Report of the Panel on the General Professional Education of the Physician (GPEP) and College Preparation for Medicine’, discussed many items related to reforming medical education including the value of integration, increased use of active learning formats, more self-directed learning, improved communication skills and increased problem-solving activities. This was followed by a report released in 1993 entitled ‘Educating Medical Students: Assessing Change in Medical Education – The Road to Implementation’ (ACME-TRI), which identified educational problems by surveying medical school deans, suggested ways to deal with these issues and presented a plan of action. Recently, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching released ‘Education Physicians: A Call for Reform of Medical School and Residency’ with additional suggestions. At this point the question that might be asked is – Where is all this going and how is it going to affect anatomy education?
Automated migration of build scripts using dynamic analysis and search-based refactoring

The efficiency of a build system is an important factor for developer productivity. As a result, developer teams have been increasingly adopting new build systems that allow higher build parallelization. However, migrating the existing legacy build scripts to new build systems is a tedious and error-prone process. Unfortunately, there is insufficient support for automated migration of build scripts, making the migration more problematic. We propose the first dynamic approach for automated migration of build scripts to new build systems. Our approach works in two phases. First, from a set of execution traces, we synthesize build scripts that accurately capture the intent of the original build. The synthesized build scripts are typically long and hard to maintain. Second, we apply refactorings that raise the abstraction level of the synthesized scripts (e.g., introduce functions for similar fragments). As different refactoring sequences may lead to different build scripts, we use a search-based approach that explores various sequences to identify the best (e.g., shortest) build script. We optimize search-based refactoring with partial-order reduction to faster explore refactoring sequences. We implemented the proposed two phase migration approach in a tool called METAMORPHOSIS that has been recently used at Microsoft.
A Process-Model Account of Task Interruption and Resumption: When Does Encoding of the Problem State Occur?:

Memory for goals theory (Altmann & Trafton, 2002) describes how people suspend and resume an interrupted task by encoding, or rehearsing, the current problem state at the point of interruption and recalling this state after the interruption. In this work we investigated the timing of the encoding process, attempting to determine the most likely strategies for when to perform encoding of interrupted problem state. We examined several candidate encoding strategies and developed computational cognitive models to represent each strategy, embedding the models into a larger model of behavior in a interruption-tracking task. Comparison of the model simulations with recent empirical data suggests that encoding of problem state occurs for a short time at the start of the interruption period and is performed concurrently with the interrupting task.
Raman amplification and lasing in SiGe-on-insulator waveguides

Stimulated Raman scattering in SOI waveguides has received significant attention recently with the demonstration of pulsed, continuous wave Raman lasers and high gain Raman amplification. However, the limited bandwidth of the Raman signal in silicon (/spl sim/105GHz) renders this scheme unsuitable for broadband WDM amplification unless multi-pumping scheme is employed. Large pulsed gain and lasing have been reported in GeSi waveguides. The SiGe on SOI platform represents a Raman medium with a flexible gain spectrum.
Finding concurrency bugs with context-aware communication graphs

Incorrect thread synchronization often leads to concurrency bugs that manifest nondeterministically and are difficult to detect and fix. Past work on detecting concurrency bugs has addressed the general problem in an ad-hoc fashion, focusing mostly on data races and atomicity violations. Using graphs to represent a multithreaded program execution is very natural, nodes represent static instructions and edges represent communication via shared memory. In this paper we make the fundamental observation that such basic context-oblivious graphs do not encode enough information to enable accurate bug detection. We propose context-aware communication graphs, a new kind of communication graph that encodes global ordering information by embedding communication contexts. We then build Bugaboo, a simple and generic framework that accurately detects complex concurrency bugs. Our framework collects communication graphs from multiple executions and uses invariant-based techniques to detect anomalies in the graphs. We built two versions of Bugaboo: BB-SW, which is fully implemented in software but suffers from significant slowdowns; and BB-HW, which relies on custom architecture support but has negligible performance degradation. BB-HW requires modest extensions to a commodity multicore processor and can be used in deployment settings. We evaluate both versions using applications such as MySQL, Apache, PARSEC, and several others. Our results show that Bugaboo identifies a wide variety of concurrency bugs, including challenging multivariable bugs, with few (often zero) unnecessary code inspections.
Phugoid oscillations in optimal reentry trajectories

Abstract A major problem with operations of lifting reentry vehicle having an aft center-of-gravity location due to large engine mass at the rear is the required hypersonic trim to fight the desired trajectory. This condition is most severe for lifting maneuvers. As a first step toward analyzing this problem, this paper considers the lift requirement for some basic maneuvers in the plane of a great circle. Considerations are given to optimal lift control for achieving the maximization of either the final altitude, speed or range. For the maximum-range problem, phugoid oscillation along an optimal trajectory is less severe as compared to a glide with maximum lift-to-drag ratio. An explicit formula for the number of oscillations for an entry from orbital speed is proposed.
A Polyhedral-based SystemC Modeling and Generation Framework for Effective Low-power Design Space Exploration

With the prevalence of System-on-Chips there is a growing need for automation and acceleration of the design process. A classical approach is to take a C/C++ specification of the application, convert it to a SystemC (or equivalent) description of hardware implementing this application, and perform successive refinement of the description to improve various design metrics. In this work, we present an automated SystemC generation and design space exploration flow alleviating several productivity and design time issues encountered in the current design process. We first automatically convert a subset of C/C++, namely affine program regions, into a full SystemC description through polyhedral model-based techniques while performing powerful data locality and parallelism transformations. We then leverage key properties of affine computations to design a fast and accurate latency and power characterization flow. Using this flow, we build analytical models of power and performance that can effectively prune away a large amount of inferior design points very fast and generate Pareto-optimal solution points. Experimental results show that (1) our SystemC models can evaluate system performance and power that is only 0.57% and 5.04% away from gate-level evaluation results, respectively; (2) our latency and power analytical models are 3.24% and 5.31% away from the actual Pareto points generated by SystemC simulation, with 2091x faster design-space exploration time on average. The generated Pareto-optimal points provide effective low-power design solutions given different latency constraints.
Chemical Approaches to Semiconductor Nanocrystals and Nanocrystal Materials

At present “nanotechnology” is a vision rather than a reality. We do not have practical, manufacturable methods to make complex materials, machines, and electrical circuits on the 1–100 nm scale. However, there is a flourishing “nanoscience” research effort involving ideas and methods drawn from chemistry, physics, and engineering science. “Nanoscience” presently is in a discovery stage, uncovering new physical processes and effects, and learning how to use these processes in new devices and designed materials. The key technological issue is control of natural processes to make assemblies nf nanometer components in useful ways.
“The Behavioral Foundations of Social Politics: Evidence from Surveys and a Laboratory Democracy”

The dominant theoretical approaches in the comparative political economy of the welfare state provide alternative accounts for why some governments spend more on social policies than others. In the first, poor voters seek to increase their current income by taxing the rich, and social policy serves to redistribute income from the rich to the poor. In the second account, voters seek social insurance against future job loss, and social policy serves as an insurance mechanism rather than a redistributive one. Both of these accounts share the assumption that voters can clearly distinguish between the redistributive and insurance elements of public policy and, therefore, that individual-level characteristics (income, labor market risks) systematically shape preferences over social policy. Our goal is to examine the soundness of that behavioral assumption. We do so with a laboratory experiment that involves economic production, voting on taxation and fiscal transfers. We treat subjects with social policies that...
From optimal measurement to efficient quantum algorithms for the hidden subgroup problem over semidirect product groups

We approach the hidden subgroup problem by performing the so-called pretty good measurement on hidden subgroup states. For various groups that can be expressed as the semidirect product of an abelian group and a cyclic group, we show that the pretty good measurement is optimal and that its probability of success and unitary implementation are closely related to an average-case algebraic problem. By solving this problem, we find efficient quantum algorithms for a number of nonabelian hidden subgroup problems, including some for which no efficient algorithm was previously known: certain metacyclic groups as well as all groups of the form /spl Zopf//sub p/ /sup r/ /spl times/ /spl Zopf//sub p/ fixed r (including the Heisenberg group, r = 2). In particular our results show that entangled measurements across multiple copies of hidden subgroup states can be useful for efficiently solving the nonabelian HSP.
Effects of high- and low-carbohydrate meals on maximum exercise performance in chronic airflow obstruction.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of isocaloric liquid meals with high fat (55 percent) and low carbohydrate (28 percent) content (Pulmocare) to meals with low fat (30 percent) and high carbohydrate (53 percent) content (Ensureplus) on exercise performance in subjects with chronic airflow obstruction (CAO). Twelve stable subjects with CAO (FEV 1 = 1.30 ±0.47 L) underwent incremental symptom-limited exercise tests 90 minutes following the ingestion of 920 calories of EnsurePlus HN (E), 920 calories of Pulmocare (P), or a noncaloric placebo (C). Tests were performed on three days, in a double-blind randomized fashion. Expired gases were collected continuously and analyzed every 30 seconds. The mean maximal work load after E (81 ±24 W) was significantly less than that after P (88 ±21 W) or C (88 ±24 W). The mean ventilation at exhaustion was similar after E (48 ± 13 L/min), P (51 ± 11 L/min), and C (49 ± 10 L/min). In comparison to C, six of the 12 individuals had a decreased work load following E, while only one had a decreased maximal tolerated work load following P. The results of this study suggest that meals with a higher fat and lower carbohydrate content may be less likely to impair work performance of patients with CAO in the absorptive phase than meals with a lower fat and higher carbohydrate content. These findings may have clinical significance to patients with CAO who complain of postprandial exertional dyspnea. (Chest 1991; 100:792-95)
Light‐Scattering Properties of Representative, Morphological Rutile Titania Particles Studied Using a Finite‐Element Method

The light-scattering performance of TiO 2 pigment depends intimately upon particle size, size distribution, shape and dispersion quality. TiO 2 particles exhibit complex shapes and have anisotropic optical constants, and particulate dispersions of TiO 2 are characterized by complicated microstructures such as aggregates and agglomerates. Despite this complexity, the theoretical understanding of light scattering by white pigment has been based upon Mie theory, which is restricted to the case of a single, optically isotropic sphere. We utilize a finite-element method which produces rigorous solutions to Maxwell's equations to determine computationally the light-scattering properties of complex particulate microstructures. This represents a significant step beyond the restrictions of Mie theory, providing a method to determine quantitatively the effects of particle shape, optical anisotropy, and interactions between neighboring particles upon the light-scattering properties of white pigments in coatings. In the present study, we use the finite-element method first to compute the light-scattering properties of a single, morphological rutile particle with a representative size and shape. These results are compared to the light-scattering properties of the optically isotropic, equivalent volume sphere using Mie theory. Neither the average index nor the weighted sum approximation offers clear advantages in this case. Second, the far-field light-scattering properties of two such particles interacting at near field are determined as a function of the interparticle separation. The agglomerated pair of particles exhibits a 20% decrease relative to the single particle in the scattering parameter associated with the hiding power of a paint film. The basis for this decrease is the same as for the crowding effect observed in extensive paint films. The results of both sets of computations are compared to Mie theory to determine the sizes of spherical particles with equivalent scattering cross sections. These comparisons highlight the inherent difficulties in using Mie theory to evaluate particle size by light-scattering methods.
Regulation of Janus-activated kinase-2 (JAK2) by diindolylmethane in ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo

Janus-activated kinase-2 (JAK2) plays an important role in the activation of signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3), which is over expressed in majority of ovarian tumors. We have reported previously that diindolylmethane (DIM) induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting STAT3. However, the role of JAK2 in our model was not yet understood and hence evaluated in this report. SKOV-3 human ovarian cancer cells were used to evaluate concentration and time dependent effects of DIM. Interleukin 3 (IL-3) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were used to activate JAK2. Tumor xenograft studies were used to determine modulation of JAK2 in vivo. DIM treatment blocked the phosphorylation of JAK2 at Tyr-1007 in a concentration-dependent manner. In a time-dependent study, inhibition of JAK2 by DIM was as early as 1 h, which was followed by the inhibition of STAT3 and survivin. IL-3-induced phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 was significantly blocked by DIM. IL-3 treatment blocked DIM-induced apoptosis. EGF treatment resulted in the activation of JAK2 and STAT3 but suppressed by DIM. These results indicate the involvement of cytokines and growth factors in the activation of JAK2/STAT3 and that DIM suppress their activation. Furthermore, DIM in combination with cisplatin drastically reduced the phosphorylation of JAK2 when compared to cisplatin alone. Western blot analysis of tumors from DIM treated mice showed significant inhibition of JAK2 activation as compared with controls. These findings provide a rationale for further clinical investigation of DIM for its potential use alone or in combination with chemotherapy of ovarian cancer.
Characteristics of competing marketing strategies when defending market leadership

Forty-one case histories of attacks on market leaders were studied for the purpose of identifying the characteristics of competing marketing strategies when such attacks occur. Based on this research, a four-part classification model of such competitive behaviour is proposed. (1) When are market leaders most likely to be attacked? (2) What should a market leader identify about an attack? (3) How should a market leader defend against an attack? (4) How should the market leader respond to the attacker's counter-attack? Summary findings are also presented.
ACCE: automatic coding composition evaluator

Coding style is important to teach to beginning programmers, so that bad habits don't become permanent. This is often done manually at the University level because automated Python static analyzers cannot accurately grade based on a given rubric. However, even manual analysis of coding style encounters problems, as we have seen quite a bit of inconsistency among our graders. We introduce ACCE--Automated Coding Composition Evaluator--a module that automates grading for the composition of programs. ACCE, given certain constraints, assesses the composition of a program through static analysis, conversion from code to AST, and clustering (unsupervised learning), helping automate the subjective process of grading based on style and identifying common mistakes. Further, we create visual representations of the clusters to allow readers and students understand where a submission falls, and the overall trends. We have applied this tool to CS61A--a CS1 level course at UC, Berkeley experiencing rapid growth in student enrollment--in an attempt to help expedite the involved process as well as reduce human grader inconsistencies.
Gender differences in the developmental risk of onset of alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana use and the effects of nicotine and marijuana use on alcohol outcomes.

Objective:This study aimed to (a) characterize gender-specific risk of onset of alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana use developmentally; (b) investigate the effects of early-onset status and frequency of nicotine and marijuana use on alcohol outcomes, controlling for the effects of alcohol use; and (c) examine gender differences in the developmental trajectories of alcohol outcomes and the effects of nicotine and marijuana use on alcohol outcomes.Method:This study conducted secondary analysis on a longitudinal study that recruited at-risk youth through fathers’ drunk-driving records and door-to-door canvassing in the midwestern United States. The sample included 160 female–male sibling pairs who were assessed on substance use and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnosis from early childhood to young adulthood.Results:Although males were at higher risk for being early-onset alcohol users, females tended to be at higher risk for initiating marijuana use at younger ages. ...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Sensitizes Cells to Apoptosis Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory tract disease worldwide, especially in the pediatric population. For viruses in general, apoptotic death of infected cells is a mechanism for reducing virus replication. Apoptosis can also be an important factor in augmenting antigen presentation and the host immune response. We examined apoptosis in response to RSV infection of primary small airway cells, primary tracheal-bronchial cells, and A549 and HEp-2 cell lines. The primary cells and the A549 cell line gave generally similar responses, indicating their appropriateness as models in contrast to HEp-2 cells. With the use of RNase protection assays with probes representing 33 common apoptosis factors, we found strong transcriptional activation of both pro- and antiapoptotic factors in response to RSV infection, which were further studied at the protein level and by functional assays. In particular, RSV infection strongly up-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its functional receptors death receptor 4 (DR4) and DR5. Furthermore, RSV-infected cells became highly sensitive to apoptosis induced by exogenous TRAIL. These findings suggest that RSV-infected cells in vivo are susceptible to killing through the TRAIL pathway by immune cells such as natural killer and CD4 + cells that bear membrane-bound TRAIL. RSV infection also induced several proapoptotic factors of the Bcl-2 family and caspases 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, representing both the death receptor- and mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic pathways. RSV also mediated the strong induction of antiapoptotic factors of the Bcl-2 family, especially Mcl-1, which might account for the delayed induction of apoptosis in RSV-infected cells in the absence of exogenous induction of the TRAIL pathway.
Sense-aware semantic analysis: a multi-prototype word representation model using Wikipedia

Human languages are naturally ambiguous, which makes it difficult to automatically understand the semantics of text. Most vector space models (VSM) treat all occurrences of a word as the same and build a single vector to represent the meaning of a word, which fails to capture any ambiguity. We present sense-aware semantic analysis (SaSA), a multi-prototype VSM for word representation based on Wikipedia, which could account for homonymy and polysemy. The "sense-specific" prototypes of a word are produced by clustering Wikipedia pages based on both local and global contexts of the word in Wikipedia. Experimental evaluation on semantic relatedness for both isolated words and words in sentential contexts and word sense induction demonstrate its effectiveness.
Fractures about the knee in sports.

In a review of fractures about the knee in sports, we have emphasized that these are uncommon but not unseen injuries. Within the spectrum of each fracture type, and excluding motor vehicle injuries, the fractures are usually of the more benign type. The athlete can anticipate participating at his or her desired level of play after appropriate treatment and rehabilitation in most instances. As in any fracture treatment, rehabilitation of the athlete is extremely important and enhanced, when feasible, by early motion. As the AO Group espouses "life is movement, movement is life."
Impact of Gender, Race, And Dress On Choice of CPAs

The study investigated the effect of client gender, CPA ethnic origin, CPA gender and CPA dress on the likelihood of hiring a CPA. Subjects perceptions of CPAs for important determinants of the hiring decision were collected and analyzed. Results indicate that Caucasian CPAs were rated highest on most dimensions including likelihood-of-hiring and African-American CPAs were rated lowest. While the dress of Caucasian CPAs did not seem to matter, casually dressed minority CPAs were rated significantly lower than formally dressed minority CPAs.
Inpatient Cognitive Behavior Therapy Approaches for Suicide Prevention

Within the current healthcare system, individuals recognized to be at imminent risk for suicide are likely to be referred for inpatient psychiatric care. The hospitalization setting provides a safe and supportive environment for specialty acute care services and stabilization. However, the majority of current interventions that are delivered to suicidal patients during this sensitive timeframe do not directly target suicide risk. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based psychotherapeutic intervention that can easily be adapted for use in psychiatric inpatient settings. A specialized outpatient CBT protocol for suicide prevention has been developed and empirically evaluated by Drs. Aaron Beck and Gregory Brown at the University of Pennsylvania. This brief and targeted outpatient CBT program has been found to be efficacious in reducing the likelihood of subsequent suicide attempts by 50 %. Post-Admission Cognitive Therapy (PACT) is an inpatient adaptation of the CBT protocol for suicide prevention, developed by Dr. Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. PACT is currently undergoing empirical validation, but it is important to note that the components of PACT are all cognitive behavioral practices recognized to reduce suicide risk. PACT is a promising inpatient CBT program that can be delivered in individual format to suicidal patients during their hospital stays. This intervention provides an opportunity to collaboratively review the suicide narrative, to conceptualize underdeveloped and overdeveloped skills directly tied to suicide risk, and to plan for safety and relapse prevention. Moreover, based on their conceptualization of the suicide mode activation for each patient, PACT clinicians choose cognitive behavioral strategies to modify thoughts, emotions, and/or behaviors that are most likely to result in a recurrence of suicidal behaviors. This paper provides a brief review of inpatient-based CBT options, introduces providers to the PACT inpatient protocol, and describes several promising alternate interventions.
The medical complications associated with purging.

Objective Purging behaviors, including self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, and diuretic abuse, are present across many of the eating disorders. Here we review the major medical complications of these behaviors. Method Although we identified over 100 scholarly articles describing medical complications associated with purging, most papers involved case studies or small, uncontrolled samples. Given the limited evidence base, we conducted a qualitative (rather than systematic) review to identify medical complications that have been attributed to purging behaviors. Results Medical conditions affecting the teeth, esophagus, gastrointestinal system, kidneys, skin, cardiovascular system, and musculoskeletal system were identified, with self-induced vomiting causing the most medical complications. Discussion Purging behavior can be associated with severe medical complications across all body systems. Mental health professionals should refer patients with purging behaviors to medical providers for screening and treatment as needed. The medical work-up for individuals with eating disorders should include a comprehensive metabolic panel, complete blood count, and a full body exam including the teeth to prevent severe complications. Medical providers should screen patients for purging behaviors and associated medical complications, even in the absence of an eating disorder diagnosis, to increase the detection of eating disorders. Recognizing the link between purging and medical complications can aid in identifying potential eating disorders, particularly those that often elude detection such as purging disorder.
Experimental investigation of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability.

The Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) is experimentally investigated using several different initial conditions and with a range of diagnostics. First, a broadband initial condition is created using a shear layer between helium+acetone and argon. The post-shocked turbulent mixing is investigated using planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). The signature of turbulent mixing is present in the appearance of an inertial range in the mole fraction energy spectrum and the isotropy of the late-time dissipation structures. The distribution of the mole fraction values does not appear to transition to a homogeneous mixture, and it is possible that this effect may be slow to develop for the RMI. Second, the influence of the RMI on the kinetic energy spectrum is investigated using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The influence of the perturbation is visible relatively far from the interface when compared to the energy spectrum of an initially flat interface. Closer to the perturbation, an increase in the energy spectrum with time is observed and is possibly due to a cascade of energy from the large length scales of the perturbation. Finally, the single mode perturbation growth rate is measured after reshock using a new high speed imaging technique. This technique produced highly time-resolved interface position measurements. Simultaneous measurements at the spike and bubble location are used to compute a perturbation growth rate history. The growth rates from several experiments are compared to a new reshock growth rate model.
The Failure of an a Priori Argument for Realism

In "An A Priori Argument for Realism",' Colin McGinn tries to establish realism about mental states and material objects, thereby refuting behaviourism and phenomenalism in one fell swoop. He argues that one cannot combine anti-realism about either subject matter with realism about the other, that one cannot be an anti-realist about both, and hence that his thoroughly realist conclusion follows. I will show that his argument by cases fails: one can combine realism about either subject matter with antirealism about the other.
Development of an Instantaneous Corrosion Rate Monitoring System for Metal and Metal Alloys in Recirculating Cooling Systems

An instantaneous corrosion rate (ICR) monitoring technique, suitable for application in recirculating cooling water systems, is useful for rapid appraisal of corrosiveness of the aqueous system with respect to metal and metal alloys of interest. In this study the instantaneous corrosion rates of mild steel, copper, and cupronickel alloys were measured at various times during an exposure period by electrochemical polarization resistance measurements using a three-electrode system. The average corrosion rates (ACR) were also determined by the gravimetric weight loss method to correlate with the ICR data. Stainless steel was used as the reference electrode to replace the standard saturated calomel electrode for increased robustness of the system in pilot-scale cooling systems. A side-streamflow channel unit was designed to hold the three electrodes in flowing cooling water. Use of stainless steel as a reference electrode was reliable and ICR was monitored intermittently for 28 days. Integration of the ICR data from the pilot-scale cooling towers correlated well with the ACR results, with similar correlation coefficients obtained from bench-scale experiments.
Carcinoid tumor of the pancreas causing the diarrheogenic syndrome: report of a case combined with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I.

Tumeur carcinoide du pancreas chez une femme de 23 ans, avec diarrhee aqueuse, hypochlorhydrie, hypokaliemie, hyperparathyroidie et syndrome d'amenorrhee-galactorrhee. Exerese de 3 parathyroides hyperplasiques restaurant l'eucalcemie. Exerese de la tumeur pancreatique pesant 370 g et avec coloration immunocytochimique positive seulement pour la serotonine
Malignant Tumors of the Liver

Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs in association with identified risk factors, including hepatitis B virus, cirrhosis, and the ingestion of aflatoxins. Early detection in high risk individuals can best be accomplished with serum alpha-fetoprotein determinations and liver ultrasonography, with CT and arteriography being reserved for preoperative evaluation. Resection continues to be the only curative therapy option, with hepatic artery ligation/embolization, regional chemotherapy via infusion devices, regional hyperthermia, and laser and cryosurgical techniques having useful palliative roles.
Amplitude Modulation (AM)

In Amplitude Modulation (AM), the amplitude of the carrier changes in accordance with the input analog signal, while the frequency of the carrier remains the same. The modulated carrier contains several spectral components, requiring frequency domain analysis. In an effort to examine this, this chapter presents the following topics: Amplitude Modulation (AM) and AM spectrum Double sideband-suppressed carrier (DSBSC) and DSBSC spectrum Single sideband (SSB) carrier and SSB spectrum These materials have been augmented by diagrams and associated waveforms to make them easier for readers to grasp.
Unraveling the meaning of patient engagement: A concept analysis

Abstract Objective Patient engagement has been credited with contributing to improved outcomes and experiences of care. Patient engagement has become a widely used term, but remains a poorly understood concept in healthcare. Citations for the term have increased throughout the healthcare-related disciplines without a common definition. This study seeks to define the concept by identifying its attributes in the context of its use. Methods A concept analysis of the scientific literature in the health disciplines was performed using the Rogers method. Results The analysis revealed four defining attributes of patient engagement: personalization, access, commitment and therapeutic alliance. Patient engagement is defined as the desire and capability to actively choose to participate in care in a way uniquely appropriate to the individual, in cooperation with a healthcare provider or institution, for the purposes of maximizing outcomes or improving experiences of care. Conclusion Patient engagement is both process and behavior and is shaped by the relationship between the patient and provider and the environment in which healthcare delivery takes place. Practice implications The definition and the identified attributes serve as a heuristic in designing patient engagement strategies and as a basis for future development of the patient engagement concept in healthcare.
Safety and Immunogenicity of the 13-Valent Protein-Conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccine(PCV13) Following Related and Unrelated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HCT)

Abstract Abstract 3037 In 2009, the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) published an updated, unified international set of post HCT vaccine guidelines which for the first time recommended vaccinating all patients with the protein conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7), rather than the pure polysaccharide vaccine PPV23, which is poorly immunogenic in this patient population. Due to the licensing of PCV13 in 2010 and cessation of PCV7 production, the guidelines were updated in 2010 to substitute PCV13 for PCV7. To date, there are limited studies evaluating PCV13 in HCT recipients. Since May of 2010, 59 patients transplanted at this center received three doses of PCV13 administered 1–3 months apart following an HLA-matched sibling (n=17) or alternative donor (n=42) HCT. The median patient age (range) at HCT was 39 (range: 3–68) years. The majority of patients were transplanted for acute leukemia (63%) or myelodysplastic syndrome (15%). Thirty-three percent of patients received an unmodified graft. Due to the variable kinetics of immune reconstitution post HCT in recipients of alternative donor HCTs compared to HLA matched siblings, patients were immunized upon acquisition of minimal milestones of immune competence (CD4 cell count >200 cells/ul and IgG level >500 mg/dl at least 6 weeks off gammaglobulin), rather than at fixed times post HCT. The median time to vaccination was 452 (range: 143–1187) days post HCT. Time to vaccination was significantly shorter in patients 21 years of age (median: 318 vs 498 days, p=0.006) and significantly longer in patients who received post HCT rituximab versus those who did not (median: 610 versus 405 days, p= 7 measured serotypes. Overall response was 73%, including 87% of patients Disclosures: Small: Pfizer, Inc: Equity Ownership, family member employed by Pfizer, Inc. Off Label Use: Use of 13cPnC in transplant patients. Perales: Pfizer, Inc: Equity Ownership.
Treatment of M1a/M1b prostate cancer with or without radical prostatectomy at diagnosis.

The aim of the study was to evaluate survival and perioperative outcomes of metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) patients treated with surgery or androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) only. We retrospectively selected 47 metastatic PCa patients treated at a single center (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN) by two urologists (RJK and EK) between 2007 and 2014. Overall, 31 (66%) underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) with or without adjuvant therapies and 16 (34%) underwent ADT only. Surgical patients were treated by a single surgeon (RJK). Complications and functional outcomes were recorded for surgery group. Cancer-specific mortality (CSM) was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier estimation. Univariable Cox regression analyses were used to test the risk factors associated with CSM in mPCa patients treated with RP. Median age at diagnosis was 61 years. During median follow-up 38.8 months, 12 deaths were recorded. At 5 years, the overall CSM-free survival rate of the whole cohort was 57.9%. When patients were stratified according to the treatment, CSM-free survival rate at 5 years was 62% and 46% for patients who underwent surgery and ADT, respectively (P=0.3). Median length of stay was 3 days, with a 30 days readmission rate of 9.7%. The 30-day all complication rate was 29% (n=9). Specifically, we recorded: 2 lymphoceles (6.5%), 2 wound infection (6.5%), 2 ileus (6.5%), 2 hematoma (6.5%) and 1 anastomosis leak (3.2%). Within 90 days after surgery, 2 (6.5%) and 5 (16.1%) patients needed 1–2 supportive and 3 or more pads, respectively. However, continence was achieved by all treated patients during the follow-up period. We demonstrated the feasibility of local surgical treatment of primary tumor in mPCa patients. However, in the short term, no survival benefits have been observed for patients treated with surgery when compared with patients treated with ADT only. Further prospective studies are warranted to explore the treatment of M1a/M1b prostate cancer patients.
Simulated mussel mortality thresholds as a function of mussel biomass and nutrient loading.

A freshwater "mussel mortality threshold" was explored as a function of porewater ammonium (NH4+) concentration, mussel biomass, and total nitrogen (N) utilizing a numerical model calibrated with data from mesocosms with and without mussels. A mortality threshold of 2 mg-N L-1 porewater NH4+ was selected based on a study that estimated 100% mortality of juvenile Lampsilis mussels exposed to 1.9 mg-N L-1 NH4+ in equilibrium with 0.18 mg-N L-1 NH3. At the highest simulated mussel biomass (560 g m-2) and the lowest simulated influent water "food" concentration (0.1 mg-N L-1), the porewater NH4+ concentration after a 2,160 h timespan without mussels was 0.5 mg-N L-1 compared to 2.25 mg-N L-1 with mussels. Continuing these simulations while varying mussel biomass and N content yielded a mortality threshold contour that was essentially linear which contradicted the non-linear and non-monotonic relationship suggested by Strayer (2014). Our model suggests that mussels spatially focus nutrients from the overlying water to the sediments as evidenced by elevated porewater NH4+ in mesocosms with mussels. However, our previous work and the model utilized here show elevated concentrations of nitrite and nitrate in overlying waters as an indirect consequence of mussel activity. Even when the simulated overlying water food availability was quite low, the mortality threshold was reached at a mussel biomass of about 480 g m-2. At a food concentration of 10 mg-N L-1, the mortality threshold was reached at a biomass of about 250 g m-2. Our model suggests the mortality threshold for juvenile Lampsilis species could be exceeded at low mussel biomass if exposed for even a short time to the highly elevated total N loadings endemic to the agricultural Midwest.
Spatially resolved near infrared observations of Enceladus’ tiger stripe eruptions from Cassini VIMS

Abstract Particle properties of individual fissure eruptions within Enceladus’ plume have been analyzed using high spatial resolution Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) observations from the Cassini mission. To first order, the spectra of the materials emerging from Cairo, Baghdad and Damascus sulci are very similar, with a strong absorption band around 3 µm due to water-ice. The band minimum position indicates that the ice grains emerging from all the fissures are predominantly crystalline, which implies that the water-ice particles’ formation temperatures are likely above 130 K. However, there is also evidence for subtle variations in the material emerging from the different source fissures. Variations in the spectral slope between 1–2.5 µm are observed and probably reflect differences in the size distributions of particles between 0.5 and 5 µm in radius. We also note variations in the shape of the 3 µm water-ice absorption band, which are consistent with differences in the relative abundance of > 5 µm particles. These differences in the particle size distribution likely reflect variations in the particle formation conditions and/or their transport within the fissures. These observations therefore provide strong motivation for detailed modeling to help place important constraints on the diversity of the sub-surface environmental conditions at the geologically active south-pole of Enceladus.
Web-based Multimedia GIS: Exploring Interactive Maps and Associated Multimedia Information on the Internet

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a new approach to link geographic information system (GIS) and multimedia technologies on the Internet, called the web-based multimedia GIS. It is based upon interactions between three components: a web-based GIS application developed to manipulate digital maps; a web-based interactive multimedia application designed to manipulate multimedia information including hypertext, hyperlinks, graphics, photographs, digital video, and sound; and a mechanism linking the web-based GIS application and the interactive multimedia application. The chapter provides an example that uses an Everglades vegetation database to demonstrate the use of a web-based multimedia GIS, which allows the Internet user to explore digital maps and associated multimedia information. The web-based multimedia GIS approach has the potential to generate many interests in the GIS community for natural resource management, environmental conservation and planning, tourist management, and urban planning.
The Court, or the Constitution?

Two of the great recurring questions in constitutional law are the authority of the Supreme Court and the proper method for interpreting the Constitution. Larry Alexander has, of course, written important work on both questions. And on each he takes a hard-nosed but somewhat unfashionable position: He maintains that the Supreme Court has supreme interpretive authority to which others should defer, and also that the Constitution is controlled by its original meaning. But one of these positions is, and must be, wrong.
THE POLITICS OF DESPAIR AND THE CALLING OF HISTORY

What happens to history as a set of practices and intellectual protocols when the assumed subject of our historical narratives is not a product of the European Enlightenment? Such has been the question motivating much of Dipesh Chakrabarty's work for almost thirty years. This essay offers a largely chronological account of Chakrabarty's major works. It begins with his first book, published in 1989, which provided a culturalist account of working-class history in Bengal. It then tracks his movement in the early 1990s toward a position positing radical disjuncture and even incommensurability between the worlds of Indian subalterns and Western moderns, and his subsequent attempts to soften and blur precisely this kind of disjuncture. Meditating on the problems posed by the experiences of subjects who did not live within the time of history led him to answer in the affirmative the question of whether there are experiences of the past that history could not capture. Soon thereafter, however, he drew back from the most extensive articulation of this claim, suggesting that the experiences of the non-Enlightenment subject could function as a positive resource and not merely as the source of a profound and destabilizing critique. I argue here that this solution to the problem of incommensurability is not entirely satisfactory, for it relies implicitly on precisely the kinds of argumentative asymmetries of which his earlier analysis taught us to be wary. Chakrabarty himself, meanwhile, has continued to step further away from the radicalism of the early 1990s; his most recent book may be read as a defense of rationalist history in the face of contemporary threats posed by the rise of a politics of identity in India.
A min-entropy power inequality for groups

We develop a general notion of rearrangement for certain metric groups, and prove a Hardy-Littlewood type inequality. Combining this with a characterization of the extreme points of the set of probability measures with bounded densities with respect to a reference measure, we establish a general min-entropy inequality for convolutions. Special attention is paid to the integers where a min-entropy power inequality is conjectured and a partial result proved.
Glucose Limitation Alters Glutamine Metabolism in MUC1-Overexpressing Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Pancreatic cancer cells overexpressing Mucin 1 (MUC1) rely on aerobic glycolysis and, correspondingly, are dependent on glucose for survival. Our NMR metabolomics comparative analysis of control (S2–013.Neo) and MUC1-overexpressing (S2–013.MUC1) cells demonstrates that MUC1 reprograms glutamine metabolism upon glucose limitation. The observed alteration in glutamine metabolism under glucose limitation was accompanied by a relative decrease in the proliferation of MUC1-overexpressing cells compared with steady-state conditions. Moreover, glucose limitation induces G1 phase arrest where S2–013.MUC1 cells fail to enter S phase and synthesize DNA because of a significant disruption in pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Our metabolomics analysis indicates that glutamine is the major source of oxaloacetate in S2–013.Neo and S2–013.MUC1 cells, where oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate, an important metabolite for pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. However, glucose limitation impedes the flow of glutamine ca...