cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellular uptake of intracerebrally administered oligodeoxynucleotides in mouse brain

Intracerebral diffusion, cellular uptake and intracellular localization of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) after their microinjection in mouse brains were examined. Using either tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and -6)-isothiocyanate (TRITC)- or gamma-33P ATP-labeled ODNs, it was found that both phosphodiester ODNs (D-ODN) and phosphorothioate ODNs (S-ODN) quickly diffused (up to about 500 microns) and were taken up by many cells around the injection site as early as 15 min after administration. Fluorescence labeling intensity and silver grain accumulation of D-ODNs were greatly reduced by 4 h after injection, whereas those of S-ODNs were stable beyond at least 8 h after injection. Most of labeled ODNs were found in neuronal cells as identified by immunocytochemistry for neurofilament, NF 200, and to a much lesser extent in astrocytic cells as identified by immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein.
Social Security Reform and National Wealth

Recent trends in common stock prices suggest a distinction between increases in national net worth and flows of physical investment. In this paper we present a simple overlapping generations model in which such differences can arise: technological progress occurs exogenously, yet firms own new technologies for a time. We examine possible consequences for social security reform. Reform which increases private saving depletes part of its force raising the (capitalized) price of proprietary technologies. A calibrated example suggests an increase in physical capital one-third smaller than without inelastic factors. Both steady states and transition paths are considered.
Impairment of albuterol-induced suppression of food intake in diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Albuterol (salbutamol), a β 2 adrenoreceptor agonist, produced a dose-dependent decrease in food intake in Sprague-Dawley male control rats. This phenomenon appeared to be impaired in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. The density of β 2 adrenoreceptors in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus was increased as a function of diabetes. In contrast, a decrease in the ventromedial hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration, an indicator of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) release or turnover rate, was observed in this disease state. Neither the β 2 adrenoreceptors level nor 5-HT turnover rate was altered in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus of STZ diabetic rats. The concentrations of 5-HT in both hypothalamic nuclei were unchanged in these animals. Neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities featured in the diabetic state were reversed with institution of insulin therapy. These data conclude that diabetes-related impairment in the anorexic action of albuterol may be due to derangements in ventromedial hypothalamic β 2 adrenoceptor function.
Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma—A case study and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION Primary retroperitoneal tumours of mucinous type are extremely rare and can be further sub-divided into benign, borderline or cystadenocarcinoma. Prompt diagnosis of retroperitoneal tumours is important as the majority are malignant.
Surface Complexation of Catechol to Metal Oxides: An ATR-FTIR, Adsorption, and Dissolution Study

The interaction of catechol with chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese dioxide (MnO2), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was evaluated as a function of pH conditions (pH 3−10) and ionic strength using a combined approach of bulk adsorption, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and dissolution analysis. Adsorption of catechol showed a strong pH-dependent behavior with the metal oxides, remaining constant under acidic−neutral pH (3−7) and increasing under more basic conditions. In situ ATR-FTIR measurements indicate that catechol binds predominately as an outer-sphere complex on MnO2 and as an inner-sphere complex on Fe2O3, TiO2, and Cr2O3 substrates. Catechol complexation on Fe2O3, TiO2, and Cr2O3 promotes dissolution at pH >5, whereas MnO2 dissolution occurs under acidic and basic conditions (pH 3−10).
Longitudinal Atom Interferometry

A detuned, radiofrequency field interacting with atoms in an atomic beam constitutes a beamsplitter in longitudinal momentum space. Using such beamsplitters, we have constructed a longitudinal atom interferometer in a generalization of Ramsey's classic SOF configuration. This interferometer is well-suited to studying the longitudinal coherence properties of matter-wave beams. We report on two such experiments, including a deconvolution of the longitudinal density matrix of an atomic beam, and a search for longitudinal coherences coming from our supersonic beam source.
Real-time observation of surface reactivity and mobility with scanning tunneling microscopy.

Scanning tunneling microscopy allows the direct observation of reactions on surfaces on the atomic scale that otherwise must be inferred from the statistical behavior of hundred of trillions of molecules or atoms. Since the study of the details of reactions on this length scale began, our conception of surface reactivity has changed profoundly. In this Account we focus attention on our real-time observations of reactions for a number of systems, including the island growth of surface oxide on Cu(110), the anisotropic and site-specific reactivity of this oxide with carbon monoxide and ammonia, the collective motion of laterally interacting O(a) and SO 3 (a), and the incorporation of metal atoms into the structures of molecular intermediates formed in the reaction of ammonia with O(a) on Ag(110). These nanoscale, time-resolved movies capture the events as they occur, providing a dynamic picture of the distribution of reactants and products on the surface, thus providing a better understanding of the roles of reactant distribution and site specificity in surface reactivity.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Deep Vein Thrombosis After Liver Transplantation

Abstract Background Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) occurs in 0.1% of persons per year, affecting 15%–40% of general surgical procedures without prophylaxis. Thromboembolic prophylaxis is not commonly used after orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) owing to the risks of bleeding and coagulopathy. Cirrhosis and the association with the coagulation cascade, before and after transplantation, are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of DVT and its risk factors after LT. Methods We retrospectively reviewed LTs performed at our center from 2005 to 2012. We identified patients with Doppler examinations showing DVT after LT, platelet count, and international normalized ratio (INR) at time of DVT, associated symptoms, DVT prophylaxis, and perioperative risk factors. We determined the incidence of DVT, the odds ratio of each preoperative risk factor, the difference in platelet count and INR between those with and without a DVT, and the weighted risk of each factor in the development of DVT with the use of logistic regression modeling. Results Of 314 patients, the incidence of DVT was 8.6% (27/314). Between those with and without DVT there was no significant difference in age, sex, platelet count, INR, infection, hepatocellular cancer, use of venous bypass, and prior surgery. There was a significant difference in mobility, 67% vs 20% (P Conclusions The risk of developing a DVT after LT is ≥9% even with mechanical DVT prophylaxis. Consideration should be given to using both mechanical and chemical prophylaxis after LT.
Gudonov methods for solution of full ten-moment plasma model

Summary form only given. Gudonov methods for the solution of the full ten-moment plasma model are presented. The ten-moment model belongs to the class of two-fluid fluid models based on the moments of the Vlasov equation. The model takes into account electron inertia, displacement current, non-neutral effects and full anisotropic pressure tensor for both the electron and ion fluids. Unlike tradition gyroviscous models, the ten-moment model computes the pressure tensor self-consistently by evolving it using a set of pressure-tensor moment equations. For closure, the third-order heat tensor is set to zero. The Gudonov method used is a shock capturing finite-volume method based on solving Riemann problems at cell interfaces. Two problems are studied to benchmark the model. The first is a Rayleigh-Taylor instability, for which analytical growth rate results are available. The second is the GEM magnetic reconnection challenge problem. For both problems the simulations are compared with results from a previously published full two-fluid model in which the pressure tensor is isotropic. For the Rayleigh-Taylor instability it is seen that the pressure anisotropies lead to stabilization as compared to the two-fluid model. Effects of anisotropic pressure tensor in the magnetic reconnection are also discussed
Drug abuse in Vietnam: a critical review of the literature and implications for future research.

Aims To provide an overall picture of drug abuse in Vietnam, its prevalence, correlates and patterns. Methods Studies addressing the drug abuse problem in Vietnam are reviewed. Attention is paid to studies conducted from 1993 onwards. The reviewed studies were collected from both refereed and non-refereed sources. Results Drug abuse is rising sharply in Vietnam: almost threefold over the past 10 years. From a predominantly rural-mountainous phenomenon, illicit drug abuse spread rapidly to urban areas. Meanwhile, the average age of drug users has declined and more women have been engaging in drug consumption. At the same time, heroin has replaced opium as the most preferred drug in the country's illicit drug market, especially among young users in urban areas. At the national level, the second main route of drug administration, injecting, has exceeded smoking and taken precedence in the country's drug abuse culture, especially among heroin users. Conclusion Drug abuse in Vietnam has changed radically over the past decade, which has implications for the national and international community and requires further research to fill the knowledge gap and to inform intervention policy for better drug control policy.
Computerized Interactive Diagnostic Intelligence Center

Information and images from multiple sources, including CT, Ultrasound, and Angiography are transmitted to a central processing center. The digital information has standardized formats allowing for data manipulation and image processing. Display is either in single or multi-image format and integration of patient information is by multiformat cameras. Initial experience using this system will be presented.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simultaneous Liver-Kidney Transplantation in the MELD Era

Impaired kidney function is common in liver transplant candidates and portends heightened risk for both postoperative chronic kidney disease and mortality. The weighting of serum creatinine in the Model of End-stage Liver Disease classification for liver allocation has been accompanied by a proliferation of simultaneous liver-kidney transplants in recent years. In the absence of standardized criteria for allocating kidneys in this setting, there is a wide variation in combined organ transplants across transplant centers. This review discusses the issues surrounding simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation and proposes a strategy for selecting patients to receive both organs.
Selective opioid receptor antagonist effects upon intake of a high-fat diet in rats.

Short-term (2 h) intake of a high-fat diet in rats was significantly inhibited by intravenous (0.1–10 mg/kg: 39–67%) and central (1–5 μg, i.c.v.: 51%) naloxone. The irreversible mu opioid antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine (10 μg, i.c.v.: 37%), but not the irreversible mu1 antagonists naloxonazine (10 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited intake, suggesting mu2 receptor mediation. The delta antagonist, ICI 174864 (1–10 μg, i.c.v.: 41%) inhibited high-fat diet intake only at doses that also produced motor dysfunction.
Disruption of the Gi2α locus in embryonic stem cells and mice: a modified hit and run strategy with detection by a PCR dependent on gap repair

We have used an insertion vector-based approach to target the G(i2) alpha gene in AB-1 embryonic stem cells. 105 bp located 0.8-0.9 kb upstream of a disrupting Neo marker in exon 3 were deleted and replaced with an engineered Not I site, that served to linearize the vector. The 105 bp deletion served as a primer annealing site in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) designed to detect the gap repair associated with homologous recombination. Both target conversion and vector insertion events were obtained ('hit' step). Clones that had inserted the entire targeting vector were taken into FIAU (1-[2-deoxy,2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl]-5-ioduracil) counterselection to select against a thymidine kinase (TK) marker flanking the homologous genomic sequences and thus for cells that had excised the plasmid and the TK marker by intrachromosomal recombination ('run' step). Additional selection in G418 reduced the number of drug-resistant colonies at least five-fold. Thus, the Neo marker disrupting the homologous sequences allows for a more specific selection of the desired intrachromosomal recombination event in tissue culture. This modified 'hit and run' strategy represents a novel approach for vector design and the use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect targeting. It may be particularly useful for targeting genes that display a low frequency of homologous recombination. Germ line transmission of the mutated G(i2) alpha allele is also demonstrated.
Competence-Independent Activity of Pneumococcal Enda Mediates Degradation of Extracellular DNA and Nets and Is Important for Virulence

Membrane surface localized endonuclease EndA of the pulmonary pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is required for both genetic transformation and virulence. Pneumococcus expresses EndA during growth. However, it has been reported that EndA has no access to external DNA when pneumococcal cells are not competent for genetic transformation, and thus, unable to degrade extracellular DNA. Here, by using both biochemical and genetic methods, we demonstrate the existence of EndA-mediated nucleolytic activity independent of the competence state of pneumococcal cells. Pneumococcal mutants that are genetically deficient in competence development and genetic transformation have extracellular nuclease activity comparable to their parental wild type, including their ability to degrade neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The autolysis deficient ΔlytA mutant and its isogenic choline-treated parental wild-type strain D39 degrade extracellular DNA readily, suggesting that partial cell autolysis is not required for DNA degradation. We show that EndA molecules are secreted into the culture medium during the growth of pneumococcal cells, and contribute substantially to competence-independent nucleolytic activity. The competence-independent activity of EndA is responsible for the rapid degradation of DNA and NETs, and is required for the full virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae during lung infection.
Evaluation of the Root Zone Water Quality Model Using Field-Measured Data from the Missouri MSEA

The USDA-ARS Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a comprehensive computer model developed to simulate water, chemical, and biological processes in the root zone of agricultural management systems. The model is capable of evaluating the effects of various cropping and management practices on surface and ground water quality. In this study, the performance of RZWQM Version 3.2 was evaluated for a claypan soil, particularly surface runoff and chemical loss to surface runoff predictions. The model was calibrated and evaluated using data collected from the Missouri Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) and the Kingdom City runoff plots. Soil water predictions of the model compared well with those measured, particularly at the 15-, 60-, 75-, and 90-cm soil depths. In most cases, corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield predictions were within 15 and 20%, respectively, of those measured. Using the macropore option (constant cracking) greatly improved the prediction of chemical losses to seepage. Annual runoff simulated for corn and soybean under conventional and no-till systems was adequately predicted. The model underpredicted large runoff events and overpredicted runoff events that occurred after long dry periods when soil cracking was a dominant factor. The model overpredicted NO 3 -N concentrations in runoff but underpredicted concentrations in near-surface soils. Predicted and measured atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide) concentrations in surface runoff compared well, particularly when the computed runoff was dose to that measured. In this study, the model was run using the option of constant cracking in the soil. To improve the predictions of agrichemical losses to runoff and seepage, RZWQM should include the capability to predict variable soil cracking based on soil moisture.
Mucin genes expressed by the ocular surface Epithelium

Abstract Mucins are the glycoproteins which form the viscous, gel-like mucus layer of the tear film. Molecular characterization of mucins has been slow due to their heavy glycosylation and high molecular weight, but recent cloning of human gut and trachea, mammary gland, and salivary gland mucins has begun to shed light on the primary structure of these important protective molecules. To date nine human mucin genes, designated MUCI-8, have been cloned. The presence in the protein backbone of tandem repeats of series of amino acids rich in serine and/or threonine is a feature common to all. Numbers and sequences of amino acids in each tandem repeat varies with each mucin. Numbers of amino acids per repeat vary from 169 (MUC6) to 8 (MUC5AC). Until recently little has been known regarding the expression of these genes by the ocular surface epithelium. This review summarizes recent work from our laboratory aimed at determining the molecular character of mucins expressed by conjunctival and corneal epithelium. Using northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization techniques, we have demonstrated that the stratified epithelium of both cornea and conjunctiva express the transmembrane mucin, MUC1. This widely expressed mucin is the best characterized of the cloned mucins. Using similar methodologies we demonstrated that the conjunctival goblet cell expresses MUC5AC, a gel-forming mucin, which has a cysteine-rich domain responsible for the disulfhydryl bonding between mucin molecules. Conjunctival stratified epithelium expresses MUC4, a relatively uncharacterized mucin, whose function is not known. Are there additional and/or unique mucins expressed by the ocular surface epithelium? We summarize our recent work on characterization of a mucin isolated from rat and human corneal epithelium. Antibodies to these mucins localize to the glycocalyx of the corneal epithelial apical cells. Since MUCI appears to be the only one of the cloned mucins expressed by the corneal epithelium, it is a candidate for comparison to our mucin isolate. Current efforts are directed toward this comparison. Identification of mucin genes expressed by the ocular surface epithelium opens many new avenues for investigation into expression, regulation, and glycosylation of mucins in ocular surface pathologies and into the specific character of these molecules which enhance protection from pathogen invasion.
Fungal brain infections.

Purpose of reviewFungal infections of the central nervous system, once a relatively rare occurrence, are increasingly common due to the expansion of immunocompromised populations at risk, and therefore are important to recognize early and manage appropriately.Recent findingsThe specific infectious r
Tangential flow filtration — A new method for the separation of bacterial enzymes from cell debris

The ability of tangential flow filtration to separate enzymes from cell debris in bacterial homogenates has been studied. Homogenates of two organisms which are difficult to clarify by centrifugation were tested. Ultrafiitration membranes gave very low enzyme yields in the filtrates. However, microfiltration membranes gave clear filtrates containing high yields of enzyme.
Analysis of patient variables affecting neurologic outcome after traumatic cervical facet dislocation.

Abstract Background context Traumatic cervical facet dislocation accounts for a disproportionate rate of neurologic disability. The relative importance of patient and management variables, including the timing of spinal reduction, in ultimate neurologic outcome has not been well defined. Purpose To analyze data from a cohort of patients sustaining traumatic cervical facet dislocation to determine the relative importance of several patient and management variables in neurologic recovery after injury. Study design/setting A retrospective study was conducted at a major referral center for spinal-cord-injured patients. Patient sample Forty-five patients sustaining traumatic cervical facet dislocation. Outcome measures Using improvement in American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score as the primary outcome measure, patient data were used to construct a statistical model allowing the analysis of several clinically relevant variables. Methods The records of patients sustaining a traumatic cervical facet dislocation over a 5-year period were reviewed. Clinical data were collected for all patients with adequate follow-up. The data were used to construct a statistical model designed to analyze the contribution of the variables age, gender, time to reduction of the spine and initial motor score to neurologic improvement (the outcome measure). In addition, the effect of variable interaction was studied. Results Most patients demonstrated neurologic improvement over the course of follow-up after cervical facet dislocation. For this data set, the variables age and initial motor score were significantly associated with neurologic improvement. However, time to reduction of the spine did not demonstrate a significant independent relationship to neurologic outcome. No significant interaction was found between patient age or gender and the time to reduction with regard to predicting neurologic recovery. Conclusion The present study uses a statistical model to determine the relative importance of clinically relevant variables for a population of patients after traumatic cervical facet dislocation. This model confirms the clinical impression that younger patients with lesser degrees of neurologic injury tend to achieve the best neurologic recovery after a traumatic facet dislocation. Although a strong benefit from earlier spinal column reduction did not emerge from the present data set, additional study is needed to define those patients who would benefit from immediate reduction of the spinal column.
Ecology of the Porcupine caribou herd

Researchers have described general patterns of population regulation that fit most caribou (Rangifer tarandus) herds. Nevertheless, specific factors operating on particular populations vary greatly, and efforts to categorize herds according to the general patterns often lead to confusion. It is difficult for biologists to attempt to describe population dynamics in terms of density relationships for wide-ranging arctic caribou such as the Porcupine Herd. In these herds density varies as a function of dispersal and erratic movement patterns and is not simply the number of caribou divided by a fixed range area. Density is also a poor surrogate for resource availability per individual caribou because climatic factors affect forage and/or access to forage independendy of caribou numbers. Thus classic signs of nutritional stress such as delayed puberty, reduced productivity, and winter starvation can occur when a population is small as well as large and do not necessarily denote food competition brought on by high density, per se. Nutritional stress and exacerbated predation due to adverse weather conditions occasionally cause the Porcupine Herd to decline, and limiting factors such as poor nutrition, predation, harvest, accidents, and disease act in combination to keep herd growth rates low during periods of good weather. Adverse weather setbacks occur frequently, and the herd remains within a fairly restricted range of densities over long time periods. There is no true density dependent regulation and no equilibrium in this system.
Osler, Cardiac Disease, and Students of Medicine—Columbus, OH: December 1899

"Our Distinguished Visitor" was the headline describing the day William Osler honored the Ohio Medical University (OMU) with a visit and clinical lecture. OMU, founded in 1892 and located in downtown Columbus, was the fourth in a series of 5 19th-century Columbus medical schools that were predecessors to The Ohio State University College of Medicine established in 1914. OMU occupied a new 5-story building adjacent to the Protestant Hospital established in 1891. Osler was the guest of Dr Edwin Frazer Wilson, Professor of Therapeutics and Clinical Medicine at OMU, a student of Osler's at the University of Pennsylvania, and an 1885 graduate of that institution. Osler was in Columbus for consultation with one of Dr Wilson's patients. While Osler was in Columbus, a teaching clinic and lecture was arranged at OMU. Murray B. McGonigle, OMU Class of 1900, reported the visit in The Phagocyte, the OMU student publication, and in the Columbus Medical Journal. There was an assemblage of hundreds of students in the amphitheater at clinic hour when OMU Chancellor, Dr David N. Kinsman, introduced Osler. The patient, a 16-year-old young man, was brought to the amphitheater with a history of kidney trouble. Osler's clinical evaluation, physical examination, diagnosis, and discussion of prognosis and treatment provided an object lesson that was impressed on the minds of the students. Following the clinic, Osler addressed the students in his familiar style, demonstrating his easy rapport with students. His comments to the students are classic statements combining personal encouragement with professional attitudes. McGonigle concluded, "these remarks by so eminent an authority are certainly encouraging for the future of the medical student if he will but heed the excellent advice."
The time of consciousness and vice versa.

Abstract The temporal granularity of consciousness may be far less fine than the real-time information processing mechanisms that underlie our sensitivity to small temporal differences. It is suggested that conscious time perception, like space perception, is subject to errors that belie a unitary underlying representation. E. R. Clay's (The Alternative: A Study in Psychology, 1882) concept of the “specious present,” an extended moment represented in consciousness, is suggested as an alternative to the more common notion of instantaneous experience that underlies much reasoning based on the “time of arrival” in consciousness.
Gender Differences in Science, Math, and Technology Careers: Prestige Level and Holland Interest Type

This study examined gender differences in Holland's occupational interest types and occupational prestige for persons in a science, math, or technical (SMT) career. Participants were 113 (62 female, 51 male) young adults followed up in 1990 from a larger Midwest longitudinal study involving six high schools first assessed in 1980. Their 1990 occupations (n= 71) or college majors (n= 42) were coded for Holland occupational interest type and prestige. As expected, gender differences were found for occupational prestige (p< .001). The odds for the men compared to women being in higher prestige majors/occupations were 18.7 times higher. Men and women had similar proportions of occupations with a Holland Investigative emphasis. Although, as in previous research, there were gender differences (p< .01) for Holland's Realistic and Social interest types this was true only when Realistic or Social was the first letter in the Holland code. There were no gender differences for Holland Realistic or Social codes in the second or third positions. Our findings indicate that women need not feel they must give up their Social interests to pursue a high-prestige science career since many of these combine Social with Investigative and Realistic interests. Results are discussed with implications for practice and future research.
Differential crosstalk between estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ and the thyroid hormone receptor isoforms results in flexible regulation of the consensus ERE

Abstract Crosstalk between nuclear receptors is important for conversion of external and internal stimuli to a physiologically meaningful response by cells. Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated crosstalk between the estrogen (ER) and thyroid hormone receptors (TR) on two estrogen responsive physiological promoters, the preproenkephalin and oxytocin receptor gene promoter. Since ERα and ERβ are isoforms possessing overlapping and distinct transactivation properties, we hypothesized that the interaction of ERα and β with the various TR isoforms would not be equivalent. To explore this hypothesis, the consensus estrogen response element (ERE) derived from the Xenopus vitellogenin gene is used to investigate the differences in interaction between ERα and β isoforms and the different TR isoforms in fibroblast cells. Both the ER isoforms transactivate from the consensus ERE, though ERα transactivates to a greater extent than ERβ. Although neither of the TRβ isoforms have an effect on ERα transactivation from the consensus ERE, the liganded TRα1 inhibits the ERα transactivation from the consensus ERE. In contrast, the liganded TRα1 facilitates ERβ-mediated transactivation. The crosstalk between the TRβ isoforms with the ERα isoform, on the consensus ERE, is different from that with the ERβ isoform. The use of a TRα1 mutant, which is unable to bind DNA, abolishes the ability of the TRα1 isoform to interact with either of the ER isoforms. These differences in nuclear receptor crosstalk reveal an important functional difference between isoforms, which provides a novel mechanism for neuroendocrine integration.
Limitations of single kernel near-infrared hyperspectral imaging of soft wheat for milling quality

Soft wheat milling quality assessment typically begins in the later stages of wheat breeding programmes and continues after cultivar release in commercial milling and processing operations. Near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral (HS) image analysis, a technique that is gaining interest in food and pharmaceutical inspection research, was explored as an alternative procedure for milling quality evaluation. Three quality properties were studied, flour yield (the weight fraction of flour to whole grain), softness equivalent (a gauge of how easily flour is released from the kernel during break), and sucrose solvent retention capacity (SRC, related to arabinoxylans, which influence water absorption during dough mixing) because of their high degree of heritability and influence on soft wheat quality. NIR HS reflectance images (1000–1700 nm) of non-touching kernels were collected on more than 120 pure cultivars or advanced lines of soft red and white wheat. Five morphological properties (area, elliptical eccentricity and major and minor axis lengths, and ellipsoidal volume) and three spectral properties (principal component scores 1–3) were exhaustively examined in multiple linear regression models for each quality property and in nonparametric classification into low, medium, and high groups using texture properties (contrast, correlation, energy, and homogeneity) calculated from grey-level co-occurrence matrices of principal component scores images. Results indicated that softness equivalent exhibited the highest correlation with HS properties, while sucrose SRC had the lowest correlation. The combination of morphological and spectral properties produced better models than either property group alone. However, because of the inherent chemical and physical complexities of wheat, HS imaging will not be sufficient so as to replace actual pilot milling procedures.
Dielectric-sphere-mounted corrugated conical horn

Results of the experimental and theoretical study of the effect of placing a dielectric sphere in front of, but displaced from, the aperture of a corrugated conical horn are presented. The analytical treatment of the radiation characteristics of the device is based on the scattering theory approach. Calculations based on this formulation show good overall agreement with experimental pattern and directivity measurements. It is established that a dielectric-sphere-mounted corrugated conical horn will have gain and directivity in excess of conventional corrugated conical horns of the same dimensions. This is a broad-band system with low side-lobe patterns, and hence can be used as a variable beamwidth feed with higher gain, greater directivity, and low side-lobe levels for paraboloidal reflector antennas for satellite communications and many other space applications.
A structural approach to alignment: A case study of the China‐Soviet‐U.S. strategic triangle, 1971–1988

This study probes the nature of inter‐state alignments. Alignment is argued to be one type of structural relation that follows the logic of structural balance (Heider, 1946, 1958;Cartwright and Harary, 1956). The findings from a case study of the superpower strategic triangle, 1971–1988, support the general hypothesis about the tendency toward balance in structural relations. The structural mechanism in this triangle appears to help balance the bilateral conflicts among China, the Soviet Union, and the United States, and hence produced a war‐free era from 1971 to 1988 among the three countries. These results support the view that balance and stability can be better preserved in a multilateral rather than in a bilateral context. While it is premature to offer a definitive conclusion on the theory of structural balance, this study suggests some new ways to probe the nature of alignment relations.
County Seat Status as a Factor in Small Town Growth and Decline

Are county seats more likely to grow than other small towns? This has been asserted by several writers, and borne out by limited research. Using all nonmetropolitan places in the United States outside New England, a test of the hypothesis has been made for the period 1940-1960. With size of place controlled, county seats were more likely to grow than other towns in the South, and in the North away from metropolitan centers. These results were elaborated by controlling for whether or not each place was largest in its county. The expected association was not found in the western states. Ecological theory pertaining to the development of community structure in the United States leads to the prediction that the rural village should decline in importance and population size. The following argument is familiar: with developments in transportation and communication, and the elaboration of the division of labor in society, local communities may expand in size, become multinucleated, exhibit more territorial differentiation in function, and develop more interdependence with larger units. In this complex, the small town, acting as a purveyor of common goods and services for the open country population, may lose out to larger places. For with the expansion of the community, there is a centralization in terms both of activities and population. Thus the larger centers must carry out integration and coordination functions for an expanding complex of relationships. Further, with increased division of labor in terms of trade and services, and the operation of economies of scale in which bigger establishments have a competitive advantage, rural people must turn more and more to larger centers to meet their needs, and farmers must turn to larger places to obtain supplies and market their products. At the same time, technological changes have revolutionized extractive industries such as farming and mining, so that fewer and fewer people may live in the service areas of small towns.1 * This research was supported in part by Research Grant No. NSF-GS 444 from the Division of Social Sciences of the National Science Foundation, and by the Research Committee of the Graduate School from special funds voted by the State Legislature. 1 Amos H. Hawley, Human Ecology A Theory of Community Strutcture (New York: The Ronald Press, 1950), chap. 20; Harlan W. Gilmore, Transportation and the Growth of Cities (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1953) ; John H. Kolb, Emerging Rural Conmmunities (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959) ; Jack P. Gibbs, "The Evolution of Population Concentration," Economic Geography 39 (April 1963), pp. 119-129, and Philip M. Raup, "Economic Aspects of Population Decline in Rural Communities" in Labor This content downloaded from 157.55.39.208 on Fri, 14 Oct 2016 04:14:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Characterization of Mice Deficient in the Src Family Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Frk/rak

Frk/rak belongs to a novel family of Src kinases with epithelial tissue-specific expression. Although developmental expression patterns and functional overexpression in vitro have associated these kinases with growth suppression and differentiation, their physiological functions remain largely unknown. We therefore generated mice carrying a null mutation in iyk, the mouse homolog of Frk/rak. We report here that frk/rak−/− mice are viable, show similar growth rates to wild-type animals, and are fertile. Furthermore, a 2-year study of health and survival did not identify differences in the incidence and spectrum of spontaneous tumors or provide evidence of hyperplasias in frk/rak−/− epithelial tissues. Histological analysis of organs failed to reveal any morphological changes in epithelial tissues that normally express high levels of Frk/rak. Ultrastructural analysis of intestinal enterocytes did not identify defects in brush border morphology or structural polarization, demonstrating that Frk/rak is dispensable for intestinal cytodifferentiation. Additionally, frk/rak-null mice do not display altered sensitivity to intestinal damage induced by ionizing radiation. cDNA microarray analysis revealed an increase in c-src expression and identified subtle changes in the expression of genes regulated by thyroid hormones. Significant decreases in the circulating levels of T3 but not T4 hormone are consistent with this observation and reminiscent of euthyroid sick syndrome, a stress-associated clinical condition.
Fuzzy interpretation of discretized intervals

When there are both numerical and nominal attributes in a database, existing data mining systems (such as rule induction and decision tree construction) discretize numerical domains into intervals and the discretized intervals are treated in a similar way to nominal values during induction. This paper describes a type of fuzzy intervals implemented in the HCV version 2.0 rule induction software for the interpretation of rule induction results when rules with sharp intervals do not clearly apply to a test example at hand. A battery of experimental results with HCV show that these fuzzy intervals are useful.
A Niche for Microfluidics in Portable Hematology Analyzers

The complete blood count (CBC) has by and large remained confined to the traditional laboratory setting since its inception. Used in a variety of diagnostic assessments, the CBC has essentially become limited to clinical laboratories because of reliance on large automated hematology devices. With many potential uses at the point of care and clinical settings, as well as the research laboratory, a portable low-cost hematology analyzer could aid in earlier detection of a wide variety of medical conditions. Using smaller sample volumes, inexpensive polymers, and low power consumption, microfluidic devices present one such route toward miniaturization of the traditional flow cytometer-based hematology analyzers. This review focuses on challenges for development of cost-effective portable analyzers, potential areas for point-of-care clinical usage, current commercial systems with increasing portability, and recent research in improved miniaturization and automation, including developments in acoustic and inert...
Characteristics and the Role of the Place Graphics System in Simulation of a Flexible Manufacturing System

The purpose of this paper is to present the advantages of using computer simulation for designing an FMS workcell. Simulation of the FMS at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) has demonstrate...
Education and Work Satisfaction

This study examines the relationship between education and overall work satisfaction. Data from 1385 workers representing a variety of different occupational groups are analyzed. Basically, the findings indicate that education has an indirect positive effect, but a direct negative effect on overall work satisfaction. More specifically, the data suggests that education may increase work satisfaction by increasing work rewards. Moreover, it appears that most of the educational payoff is in terms of intrinsic rewards, e.g., task autonomy, task significance, and task involvement. On the other hand, the findings also indicate that education which does not lead to greater intrinsic rewards may significantly reduce work satisfaction. Thus, for workers who report equal levels of intrinsic rewards, work satisfaction tends to be considerably lower among the better educated workers. This effect appears to be due to the higher aspirations or work values associated with increased education.
Retrospective cohort mortality study of cancer among sewage plant workers

There is little known about the incidence of cancer among sewage workers. In this paper we examine findings from a retrospective cohort study of 487 white male sewer authority workers employed between January 1950 and October 1979. Vital status was ascertained for 93% of the cohort yielding a total of 6,886 person years. Total mortality from all causes was comparable to that of the general white male U.S. population (Standardized Mortality Ratio [SMR] = 0.91, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.77-1.07). The cohort was subdivided into those not exposed, and sewer workers who were exposed to sewage effluent, sludge, or wastewater containing chemicals including potential carcinogens. Among the nonexposed group, mortality from all causes was significantly low (SMR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.33-0.88). Among the exposed sewer workers, mortality from all causes was not significantly different from that of the general white male U.S. population (SMR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.84-1.19). Mortality from all cancers among exposed sewer workers was slightly higher than that of the general population (SMR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.79-1.7). Statistically significant elevated mortality ratios were seen for cancer of the larynx (SMR = 7.93, 95% CI = 1.59-23.96), and cancer of the liver (SMR = 5.4, 95% CI = 1.10-16.05). Careful study of the medical and occupational histories of these cases suggested that larynx cancer was possibly work-related, while liver cancer was not. A group estimated to be the highest exposed, composed predominantly of operatives, had a higher directly adjusted death rate from all malignant neoplasms combined compared to all other workers (rate ratio = 1.64). These findings of increased risk of cancer among exposed sewage workers, especially operators, are based on small number of cases and should be interpreted with caution. Studies of larger cohorts are needed to clarify the risk of these cancers among sewage workers.
Obstacles to preserving precaution and equity in global hazardous waste regulation: an analysis of contested knowledge in the Basel Convention

The Basel Convention is regaining attention for the potential entry into force of the heretofore stalled Ban Amendment. In this paper, we draw parallels between the current debate surrounding the Ban Amendment and contestations that occurred in the early years of the Basel Convention’s Technical Working Group (TWG) over defining ‘hazardousness.’ Like the present debate, TWG deliberations involved a contestation between two divergent discourses concerning how hazardous wastes should be regulated—as ideally managed versus actually managed in the global South. Scholars have shown how the TWG is a site for industry to press for a definition of hazardousness favorable to their economic interests. However, explorations of the specific processes by which this occurred—particularly, how a framework for defining hazardousness that privileges private technical expertise over concerns of precaution and equity was successfully institutionalized within the TWG—have yet to be completed. We show that it is important to reexamine this debate today in order to better understand current Basel Convention developments.
Undifferentiated Carcinoma with Osteoclast-Like Giant Cells of the Pancreas in a Patient with New Diagnosis of Follicular Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Pancreatic tumors with osteoclast-like giant cells are rare, with only 50 cases published to date. We report a case of a 67-year-old male with a new diagnosis of follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with an incidental pancreatic body mass on abdominal imaging. Cytology from the pancreatic mass obtained via endoscopic ultrasound-directed fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) revealed an undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells.
THE NUCLEOTIDE POOLS FOR THYMIDINE AND CYTIDINE IN TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS.

Abstract The incorporation of thymidine by Tetrahymena pyriformis is accompanied by the formation of the nucleotides, TMP, TDP, and TTP, as well as two or more unidentified components. Cytidine incorporation results in the formation of the mono-, di-, and triphosphates of both cytidine and uridine. The time course of incorporation of these nucleosides into acid soluble components and into nucleic acids was followed.
Carcass analog addition enhances juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth and condition

Our study used historic marine-derived nutrient (MDN) delivery timing to simulate potential effects of restored connectivity on juvenile Atlantic salmon (ATS; Salmo salar) growth and condition. Four headwater streams were stocked with ATS young of the year (YOY) and received carcass analog additions (0.10 kg·m–2 wetted area) in treatment reaches to match the timing of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) spawning. Individual ATS mass was 33%–48% greater and standard length was 9%–15% greater in treatment reaches relative to control reaches for 4 months following nutrient additions. Percent total lipids in YOY ATS were twice as great in treatment reaches 1 month following carcass analog additions and remained elevated in treatment fish for 2 more months. Absolute growth rates, based on otolith microstructure analysis, correlated with water temperature fluctuations in all reaches and were elevated by an average of 0.07 mm·day–1 in treatment reaches for 1 month following carcass analog additions. Simulated sea l...