cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of Immunity to Eimeria maxima in Newly Hatched Chickens Given 100 Oocysts

Abstract The acquisition of immunity to Eimeria maxima by chicks infected 18 hr after hatch with a single dose of 100 oocysts was investigated. In the first experiment, birds were moved each day to clean cages in order to prevent the possibility of secondary infection resulting from ingestion of oocysts passed in their feces. Immunity was measured at 4 wk of age by calculation of oocyst production following challenge with 500 oocysts or weight gain following challenge with 100,000 oocysts. Large numbers of oocysts were produced by infected birds following challenge, although numbers were significantly less than those from birds that had been reared in the absence of infection (susceptible controls). The weight gain of infected birds following challenge was significantly greater than that of susceptible controls but less than that of unchallenged controls. Thus, only partial protection had been acquired, whether parasite replication or body weight gain was used to assess the extent of immunity development....
Serial and cineradioangiographic visualization of maternal circulation in the primate (hemochorial) placenta

Abstract The maternal circulation of the hemochorial placenta common to man and the higher primates has been studied by serial and cineradioangiography. This technique has confirmed the validity of the circulatory hypothesis derived from previous anatomic and physiologic studies. 1. Maternal blood enters the intervillous space from the endometrial spiral arterioles in discrete, relatively high-pressure, funnel-shaped streams. 2. Inflow of blood is curtailed or abolished during uterine contractions. 3. The endometrial spiral arterioles act independently of one another. Not all of them are patent and discharging blood into the intervillous space simultaneously. 4. Several factors appear to be responsible for regulation of blood flow into the intervillous space: intrauterine pressure, the pattern of uterine contractility, the contour of the individual contraction wave, and those factors which act specifically upon arteriolar walls. 5. Attention is called to the nonhomogeneity of the blood in the intervillous space.
The dilemma of international counselor education: Attending to cultural and professional fits and misfits

Efforts at international counselor educationare potentially problematic because of oftenunexamined differences between host and donor.These differences can include culture itself aswell as the related constructs of worldview andinformation processing styles. The interactionbetween this `cultural nexus' and the`professional nexus' of theoretical models,therapeutic schools, and particular professionsprovides the topography that must be negotiatedby educators attempting to cross nationalboundaries. The international counseloreducator who wishes to avoid doing harm in thelocal development of the mental healthprofessions must at a minimum take into accountthe potential sources of difference betweenhost and donor implied in such cultural andprofessional distinctions.
ADAPTATION OF A STRAIN OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX FROM INDIA TO NEW WORLD MONKEYS, CHIMPANZEES, AND ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES

A strain of Plasmodium vivax from India was adapted to develop in splenectomized Saimiri boliviensis, Aotus lemurinus griseimembra, A vociferans, A. nancymai, A. azarae boliviensis, hybrid Aotus monkeys, and splenectomized chimpanzees. Infections were induced via the inoculation of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of Anopheles stephensi and An. dirus mosquitoes to 12 Aotus and 8 Saimiri monkeys; transmission via the bites of infected An. stephensi was made to 1 Aotus monkey and 1 chimpanzee. The intravenous passage of infected erythrocytes was made to 9 Aotus monkeys and 4 chimpanzees. Gametocytes in 13 Aotus monkeys and 4 chimpanzees were infectious to mosquitoes. Infection rates were markedly higher in mosquitoes fed on chimpanzees. PCR studies on 10 monkeys injected with sporozoites revealed the presence of parasites before their detection by microscopic examination. The India VII strain of P. vivax develops in Aotus and Saimiri monkeys and chimpanzees following the injection of parasitiz...
Ambipolar field effect in Sb-doped Bi2Se3 nanoplates by solvothermal synthesis.

A topological insulator is a new phase of quantum matter with a bulk band gap and spin-polarized surface states, which might find use in applications ranging from electronics to energy conversion. Despite much exciting progress in the field, high-yield solution synthesis has not been widely used for the study of topological insulator behavior. Here, we demonstrate that solvothermally synthesized Bi2Se3 nanoplates are attractive for topological insulator studies. The carrier concentration of these Bi2Se3 nanoplates is controlled by compensational Sb doping during the synthesis. In low-carrier-density, Sb-doped Bi2Se3 nanoplates, we observe pronounced ambipolar field effect that demonstrates the flexible manipulation of carrier type and concentration for these nanostructures. Solvothermal synthesis offers an affordable, facile approach to produce high-quality nanomaterials to explore the properties of topological insulators.
Susceptibility of the Raccoon to Fox Encephalitis

ConclusionAlthough raccoons are relatively resistant to fox encephalitis, they are susceptible to invasion by the virus, as shown by a positive intra-ocular test, by demonstration of the virus in the spleen of 1 animal showing typical symptoms, and by the development of immunity as evidenced by negative intra-ocular tests 36 days after the original inoculation.
EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM COMPLEXATION ON THE 31P MIDDLE-GROUP CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF CHAIN AND RING PHOSPHATES

Abstract For pure sodium polyphosphates, Na n + 2P n O3n + 1, exhibiting 3 through 6 phosphorus atoms per molecule, the 31P chemical shift of the middle group phosphorus atoms as measured in aqueous solution (0.1 M in P) at pH 7 was seen to increase with increasing magnesium ion concentration until there was one Mg atom per polyphosphate molecule, after which the chemical shift decreased. Finally the rate of decrease diminishes and precipitation occurs. For the longer-chain phosphates, Na n + 2P n O3n + 1 with n = 8, 9, 10, or an average of 100, as well as for the ring phosphates, Na n P n O3n for n ranging from 3 through 10, an increase in magnesium concentration simply leads to a decrease in chemical shift which diminishes at the higher concentrations. These data lend additional support to the concept that polymerized phosphate anions in solution exist in preferred conformations which depend on the nature of the counteraction.
Thermally tunable extrinsic Fabry-Perot filter for whitelight interferometry

We describe a tunable filter suitable for whitelight interferometry, utilizing an high-finesse extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer formed by fusion bonding of two mirror-coated single-mode fibers to a short piece of borosilicate tubing. Wavelength tuning up to 90.8nm is achieved using a Peltier device. Experimental results for a temperature sensor are presented.
Neonatal Informatics—Dream of a Paperless NICU: Part Two: Understanding Clinical Expertise

Expert versus novice clinical data gathering, cognitive modeling strategies, and physical skills for evaluating medical problems differ markedly in complexity, clinical accuracy, and speed. Experts’ mental models develop during a decade of education and practical training. Clinical experts use data-based clinical information flow in near real-time to assess complex intensive care unit (ICU) situations and to act definitively and correctly within 2 to 30 seconds of acute problem recognition. Critical care bedside medical management of unstable neonates, when parents are present, challenges all existing clinical processes and computerized information systems. Success is currently-site dependent. Details are very important. The critical care expert9s working mental model is a temporally sequenced, multidimensional, physiologically based matrix, in which 20 to 60 simultaneous clinical variables can be assimilated nearly instantaneously. The mental data-seeking exercise follows an expert9s cognitive pattern of simultaneously developing answers, while still seeking more data. Any computerized, paperless incarnation of clinical data management in NICUs should have instant data access at the bedside for full support of focused, expert-level, cognitive work and decision making. High-speed information reporting is essential in all ICU environments. Critical care clinicians often are interrupted by a more urgent situation. Standard computer access/use/log-off is very difficult to incorporate seamlessly into a NICU workflow. Critical care physicians report feeling cognitively blinded by computer-related fragmentation of the temporally flowing clinical data streams. Nurses are distracted by time-consuming, adult-designed charting systems requiring typed data entry. Reports are slow and fragmented. Neonatologists and criticalists find that existing computerized charting methods in NICUs waste time. Without bedside data tracking, quick understanding of the overall situation of a particular patient, at the bedside, at a particular moment is virtually impossible. New computerization introduces change that often disrupts generations-old clinical workflow functions and may have many unintended consequences. Planning, developing, or purchasing and implementing effective systems for totally computerizing an NICU is an interdisciplinary work in progress.
Research on Optimal Operation of Circulating Water System of 600MW Unit

This article described the principles of pump frequency regulation and similar principle of pump,and establishs a pump operating point of the solution method.based on circulating water system of 600MW plant,the article set up a mathermatics modle of optimal operation,analyses and compares optimal results of variable frequency speed modulation and general regulation.
Robust single-view instance recognition

Some robots must repeatedly interact with a fixed set of objects in their environment. To operate correctly, it is helpful for the robot to be able to recognize the object instances that it repeatedly encounters. However, current methods for recognizing object instances require that, during training, many pictures are taken of each object from a large number of viewing angles. This procedure is slow and requires much manual effort before the robot can begin to operate in a new environment. We have developed a novel procedure for training a neural network to recognize a set of objects from just a single training image per object. To obtain robustness to changes in viewpoint, we take advantage of a supplementary dataset in which we observe a separate (non-overlapping) set of objects from multiple viewpoints. After pre-training the network in a novel multi-stage fashion, the network can robustly recognize new object instances given just a single training image of each object. If more images of each object are available, the performance improves. We perform a thorough analysis comparing our novel training procedure to traditional neural network pre-training techniques as well as previous state-of-the-art approaches including keypoint-matching, template-matching, and sparse coding, and we demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms these previous approaches. Our method can thus be used to easily teach a robot to recognize a novel set of object instances from unknown viewpoints.
Detection of anthropogenic influence on a summertime heat stress index

One of the most consequential impacts of anthropogenic warming on humans may be increased heat stress, combining temperature and humidity effects. Here we examine whether there are now detectable changes in summertime heat stress over land regions. As a heat stress metric we use a simplified wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index. Observed trends in WBGT (1973–2012) are compared to trends from CMIP5 historical simulations (eight-model ensemble) using either anthropogenic and natural forcing agents combined or natural forcings alone. Our analysis suggests that there has been a detectable anthropogenic increase in mean summertime heat stress since 1973, both globally and in most land regions analyzed. A detectable increase is found over a larger fraction of land for WBGT than for temperature, as WBGT summertime means have lower interannual variability than surface temperature at gridbox scales. Notably, summertime WBGT over land has continued increasing in recent years--consistent with climate models--despite the apparent ‘hiatus’ in global warming and despite a decreasing tendency in observed relative humidity over land since the late 1990s.
A Method to Assess Neurological Effectiveness of a Spinal Adjustment for an Individual Patient: A Descriptive Study

Introduction : A hallmark in health care research is comparison , typically done by comparing groups of patients, e.g., intervention group versus no intervention group. The clinician may be interested in bringing these research methods to the level of the individual patient in practice. Such is done in the present study, where the neurological indicator of resting pulse rate (RPR) is compared pre versus post spinal adjustment, and also compared to instances of no adjustment â€“ for one individual patient. Research indicates that a lower RPR is healthier than a higher RPR. Methods : Neurological disturbance was operationally defined in the present study as at least two increases in RPR on consecutive visits. Based on this criterion, the patient, over hundreds of RPR measures observed over approximately 2 years, had 16 instances of neurological disturbance; in one of these instances a chiropractic spinal adjustment was given. The 15 other instances were used to estimate a predicted post RPR, which was compared to the observed post-adjustment RPR. Results : Post-adjustment RPR was 67.5 beats per minute (BPM) which was only slightly lower than the average predicted post RPR of 68.1 BPM. Conclusion : The method described may help clinicians determine if their intervention was neurologically effective. The method also provides normative RPR data for future comparisons of adjustment versus no adjustment . In the present case, the chiropractic adjustment post RPR was better (lower) than the predicted post RPR, but only slightly so.
The Cytochrome P450-Catalyzed Oxidative Rearrangement in the Final Step of Pentalenolactone Biosynthesis: Substrate Structure Determines Mechanism.

The final step in the biosynthesis of the sesquiterpenoid antibiotic pentalenolactone (1) is the highly unusual cytochrome P450-catalyzed, oxidative rearrangement of pentalenolactone F (2), involving the transient generation and rearrangement of a neopentyl cation. In Streptomyces arenae this reaction is catalyzed by CYP161C2 (PntM), with highly conserved orthologs being present in at least 10 other Actinomycetes. Crystal structures of substrate-free PntM, as well as PntM with bound substrate 2, product 1, and substrate analogue 6,7-dihydropentalenolactone F (7) revealed interactions of bound ligand with three residues, F232, M77, and M81 that are unique to PntM and its orthologs and absent from essentially all other P450s. Site-directed mutagenesis, ligand-binding measurements, steady-state kinetics, and reaction product profiles established there is no special stabilization of reactive cationic intermediates by these side chains. Reduced substrate analogue 7 did not undergo either oxidative rearrangemen...
Evaluation and Conclusion

We began this work with an interest in pursuing a symbolic, knowledge-based approach to the control of complex engineered systems. The work presented in this thesis has been based on two premises. First, we believe that qualitative process (QP) theory offers potential for reasoning about the control of complex engineered physical systems, especially when they are poorly understood or the capability for making observations of the systems is limited. Second, we surmise that problem solving in this domain proceeds by an iterative process of building, applying, and patching models of the svstem under consideration.
Specification of GABAergic Neocortical Interneurons

Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons within the cerebral cortex are critical for fine-tuning the activity of cortical circuits and thus are thought to be involved in generating the distinct oscillatory patterns that underlie higher brain functions such as consciousness and memory. Understanding how cortical interneurons are specified during development is important not just from the standpoint of basic research but also is likely to provide key insights into how cognitive disorders emerge. Although interneurons only consist of around 20 % of the neurons within the neocortex, they are extremely diverse with regard to their morphologies, molecular expression profiles, intrinsic electrophysiological properties, and synaptic connections. In rodents, most neocortical interneurons originate during embryogenesis from ventrally located structures, primarily the ganglionic eminences, and therefore must migrate over long distances following discrete pathways to reach the appropriate cortical areas. Thus, proper coordination of the distinct migration programs followed by pyramidal cells and interneuron precursors during development is crucial for the assembly of functional microcircuits within the cerebral cortex. Here, we review and discuss emerging views of how cortical GABAergic interneuron specification, migration, and integration occur from embryonic to early postnatal stages.
Sleep Issues in Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders

The clinical effects surfacing with either hereditary or nonhereditary neuromuscular disorders (NMD) in children have significant impact in terms of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the resulting neuromuscular weaknesses of these disorders predispose to sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), hypoventilation, and central sleep apnea. SRBD are very common in neuromuscular disorders and are often overlooked and misdiagnosed. Besides, NMD and OSAS are both prevalent disorders that overlap, thereby making it more challenging in delineating one from the other in deriving its etiology. SRBD become more prominent, severe, and persistent with the progression of underlying NMD. The effects of SRBD on cognition, learning, behavior, and respiratory status demonstrably influence their neurological functioning and quality of life. The strategies in creating awareness and early recognition of these patients benefit in identification of sleep problems and associated SRBD, respiratory complications. Besides, it aids in initiation of early treatment and thereby optimizing quality of life. We review SRBD in children with various NMD, along with assessment tools for early recognition and appropriate cost-effective therapies for treatment.
CDK12 regulates DNA repair genes by suppressing intronic polyadenylation

Mutations that attenuate homologous recombination (HR)-mediated repair promote tumorigenesis and sensitize cells to chemotherapeutics that cause replication fork collapse, a phenotype known as 'BRCAness'1. BRCAness tumours arise from loss-of-function mutations in 22 genes1. Of these genes, all but one (CDK12) function directly in the HR repair pathway1. CDK12 phosphorylates serine 2 of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain heptapeptide repeat2-7, a modification that regulates transcription elongation, splicing, and cleavage and polyadenylation8,9. Genome-wide expression studies suggest that depletion of CDK12 abrogates the expression of several HR genes relatively specifically, thereby blunting HR repair3-7,10,11. This observation suggests that the mutational status of CDK12 may predict sensitivity to targeted treatments against BRCAness, such as PARP1 inhibitors, and that CDK12 inhibitors may induce sensitization of HR-competent tumours to these treatments6,7,10,11. Despite growing clinical interest, the mechanism by which CDK12 regulates HR genes remains unknown. Here we show that CDK12 globally suppresses intronic polyadenylation events in mouse embryonic stem cells, enabling the production of full-length gene products. Many HR genes harbour more intronic polyadenylation sites than other expressed genes, and these sites are particularly sensitive to loss of CDK12. The cumulative effect of these sites accounts for the enhanced sensitivity of HR gene expression to CDK12 loss, and we find that this mechanism is conserved in human tumours that contain loss-of-function CDK12 mutations. This work clarifies the function of CDK12 and underscores its potential both as a chemotherapeutic target and as a tumour biomarker.
Chromatic properties of dichoptic Westheimer functions

Sensitivity to a test light at the center a small field is lower than that at the center of a large field. This is the spatial sensitization or Westheimer effect. Previous studies have shown that under dichoptic conditions there is little or no effect, i.e. dichoptic sensitivity is approximately equal on small, large and no backgrounds. We present three new results: (1) If the test is S cone detected then a small background can reduce sensitivity by between 1 and 2 log units, whereas a large background causes little or no change in sensitivity. (2) Appropriate chromatic conditions fail to show an equivalent dichoptic effect in the isolated M and L cone systems. (3) When we blur and temporally filter a yellow test light (which avoids S cone stimulation) to mimic the sluggish appearance of an S cone detected light, we find a 0.7 log unit reduction in sensitivity on a small yellow background. This suggests that sharp edges and brisk transients may prevent dichoptic masking from occurring. Thus the large dichoptic masking effect is not limited to the S cone system but it may be a feature of pathways carrying low-frequency spatiotemporal information.
Nonbiased Assessment of Minority Group Children.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that commonly used standardized intelligence scales are free from the alleged inherent flaws that presumably result in discriminatory assessment. Accor...
Why the Psychology of Religion? A Rocky Path to Self-Understanding

Writing any kind of autobiography is daunting, difficult, and somewhat distressing. I fear both the egocentrism and inaccuracy such an effort may convey, yet I am also flattered to be asked to accept such a responsibility. This is a serious task but it should not be a grave and solemn one. It has its limits and I have always enjoyed embracing a little irreverence now and then. I do feel I should pen various biographical views for those who will follow me. These will help complete a life well lived since my birth in 1926. Consider that I feel I am so old that I remember when the Dead Sea was only sick. I stole that line from a now deceased comedian. In any event with much ambivalence I offer the following primarily relative to my work in the psychology of religion. Most of those to whom I relate professionally assume that my attraction to the field is an expression of a deep religious commitment. I do not share those views. This is not to say that I have never sampled their vision for I have lived the religious quest from one extreme to the other. Complexity has replaced simplicity and tradition; my current predilection is to seek answers by adhering to a hard science viewpoint. Let me therefore employ these pages to locate the path to my current inclinations. Returning to the task at hand, my guess is that at least two courses became interwoven in my becoming a psychologist of religion: religion and psychology. Underlying these are probably some more basic propensities.
Cycling logarithmically converging networks that flow information to behave (perceive) and learn

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the way in which recognition cone computer vision systems can be realized as networks that are only slight variants of the traditional multilayer feed-forward type and the way in which the addition of back-links makes possible a variety of potentially useful perceptual and cognitive processes, including the handling of feedback-learning within the network itself. Networks are directed graphs whose links are one-way connections and whose nodes are simple processors that have some of the characteristics of simplified neurons. Typically, each node is a processing unit that sums the weights fired into it; this sum is typically then thresholded or transformed by a logistic or other squashing function; finally, the result is multiplied by a weight associated with the output link, and fired out. Such nets, if given an adequate set of primitive instructions, plus whatever numbers of nodes and links are needed, are in theory general-purpose equivalents to turing machines, recursive functions, Post productions, and other models of universal computers.
A Framework for Misconfiguration Diagnosis in Interconnected Multiparty Systems

Most large systems involve multiple zones with distinct ownership or control and one or more such zones must be traversed by the transactions. Therefore, in case of misconfigurations, it is necessary to conduct tests that go across parties. Such tests are complex as they must consider composition of test functionalities provided by each party and the feasible tests must abide by the access restrictions. In this paper we propose a framework for defining test functionalities their composition, and their access control. We then discuss an efficient algorithm to determine the realization of the given test via valid compositions of individual functionalities in a way to minimize the number of parties involved.
Constructed Gender but Unconstructed Sex? Historical Roots of Sociological Practice

In sociology, in the natural sciences, and in mainstream American society, there is general agreement that “sex” is biological. For sociologists, biological sex remains separate and distinct from gender, gender identity, or sexuality, and we use genetic sex (XX and XY chromosomes) as a foil for arguments that gender is different – historically, culturally, and socially constructed. I re-examine the professional discourse surrounding the foundational 1905 “sex chromosome” discoveries to reveal that (1) the empirical basis for the chromosomal determination of sex depended on specific concepts of sex, and was far from conclusive, that (2) the powerful validity of the chromosomal theory of heredity left the causality of chromosome/sex relationship unexamined, and that (2) the “sex” that early genetics researchers correlated with the X/Y chromosome combinations was heavily inflected by contemporary gender norms. I argue that sociologists must reconsider their use of the “settled fact” that the X and Y chromosomes determine sex, particularly when using sex as a contrasting concept to gender, and that the history of the chromosome discoveries implies the need to re-set for the boundaries between sociological and biological explanations.
Cancer-associated stroma significantly contributes to the mesenchymal subtype signature of serous ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective Mesenchymal (MES) subtype of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is associated with worse outcomes including survival and resectability compared with other molecular subtypes. Molecular subtypes have historically been derived from ‘tumor', consisting of both cancer and stromal cells. We sought to determine the origins of multiple MES subtype gene signatures in HGSOC. Methods Fifteen patients with MES subtype of HGSOC diagnosed between 2010 and 2013 were identified. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks from primary surgery were sectioned for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of relevant proteins. Eight genes (ACTA2, COL5A1, COL11A1, FAP, POSTN, VCAN, ZEB1 and p-SMAD2) were selected for IHC staining based on their differential expression in MES vs. non-MES subtypes of HGSOC. Slides were scored for intensity and localization and simple statistics were used to compare expression results in cancer vs. stroma and between primary and metastatic sites. Results COL5A1, VCAN, FAP, and ZEB1 proteins were almost exclusively expressed by stroma as opposed to cancer cells. In addition, stromal expression was dominant for ACTA2, COL11A1, POSTN and p-SMAD2. In general there were minimal differences in expression of proteins between primary and metastatic sites, exceptions being COL5A1 (reduced in metastases) and COL11A1 (increased in metastases). Nuclear p-SMAD2 expression was more common in metastatic stroma. Conclusions The existing molecular classification of HGSOC MES subtype reflects a significant stromal contribution, suggesting an important role in HGSOC behavior and thus stroma may be a relevant therapeutic target. Specific patterns of expression indicate that collagens and TGF-β signaling are involved in the metastatic process.
To Know It Is to Loath It: Perceptions of Campaign Finance and Attitudes About Congress:

We model attitudes about Congress as structured by perceptions of campaign finance. Attitudes about unlimited corporate and union spending are modeled as structured by knowledge about Congress. We ...
Surface Chemistry, Passivation, and Electrode Performance in Core–Shell Architectures of LiCoO2 Nanoplates

Core–shell structures offer opportunities to overcome challenges to the durability of Li-ion batteries with high energy density due to instability at the cathode/electrolyte interface. Achieving complete stability requires fundamental understanding of the role of the shell in providing passivation without compromising carrier transport, by tuning surface chemistry and structural features in a highly conformal barrier layer. Here, individual LiCoO2 nanoplates were employed as the core, and passivating shells were grown at a tailored thickness and composition, through different Al loadings and annealing temperatures. Depending on the annealing conditions, the sub-5 nm shells were shown to vary from amorphous aluminum oxide layers to LiAlxCo1–xO2 gradients, resulting in an Al-rich outer layer on a Co-rich core. This control revealed the differing balance between effective minimization of redox-active Co3+ at the surface and transport properties of the two types of shell. Based on correlations with electrode ...
Peasants in Russia From Serfdom to Stalin: Accommodation, Survival, Resistance. ByBorisB.Gorshkov. (London,UK: BloomsburyAcademic, 2018. Pp. xiii, 236. $114.00.)

Boris Gorshkov's flawed and rambling survey of the history of the Russian peasantry over two and a half centuries is part of the Bloomsbury History of Modern Russia Series, edited by Jonathan Smele...
Assessing Parents’ Treatment Fidelity: A Survey of Practitioners in Home Settings:

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities may benefit from home-based interventions to promote positive, prosocial behavior. Frequently, a practitioner (e.g....
Erratum to “Transfer Learning as a Tool for Reducing Simulation Bias: Application to Inertial Confinement Fusion”

We adopt a technique, known in the machine learning community as transfer learning, to reduce the bias of computer simulation using very sparse experimental data. Unlike the Bayesian calibration, which is commonly used to estimate the simulation bias, the transfer learning approach discussed in this article involves calculating an artificial neural network surrogate model of the simulations. Assuming that the simulation code correctly predicts the trends in the experimental data but it is subject to unknown biases, we then partially retrain, or transfer learn, the initial surrogate model to match the experimental data. This process eliminates the bias while still taking advantage of the physics relations learned from the simulation. Transfer learning can be easily adapted to a wide range of problems in science and engineering. In this article, we carry out numerical tests to investigate the applicability of this technique to predict the observable outcomes of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments under new conditions. Using our synthetic validation data set, we demonstrate that an accurate predictive model can be built by retraining an initial surrogate model with experimental data volumes so small that they are relevant to the ICF problem. This opens up new opportunities for knowledge transfer and building predictive models in physics. After implementing transfer learning in a standard neural network, we successfully extended the method to a more complex, generative adversarial network architecture, which will be needed for predicting not only scalars but also diagnostic images in our future work.
Optimal interventions for flood control, drainage and irrigation project improvements

A Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model is formulated and solved in this study to optimize environmental sustainability of flood control, drainage, and irrigation (FCDI) projects in the...
Temporal Changes in Resting Heart Rate, Left Ventricular Dysfunction, Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease: CARDIA Study

ABSTRACT Background The prognostic significance of temporal changes in resting heart rate in young adults for premature heart failure and cardiovascular disease is unclear. We investigated the association between temporal changes in resting heart rate in young adults and early adult risk factors, subsequent cardiac function, and the risk of heart failure and cardiovascular by middle age. Methods We examined 4343 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study participants (mean [SD] age was 29.9 [3.6] years at the CARDIA Year-5 examination [1990-1991], 49% of participants were men, and 45% were African-American). Adjusted linear regression models were used to assess the association between temporal changes in resting heart rate, early life cardiovascular disease risk factors, and midlife cardiac function. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to relate temporal changes in resting heart rate to heart failure and cardiovascular disease. Outcomes were followed up until August 31, 2017. Results Higher alcohol consumption (β = 0.03, P Conclusions Baseline and temporal changes in resting heart rate in young adults were associated with incident heart failure and cardiovascular disease by midlife. Contributory factors were associations between temporal increases in resting heart rate and early adult risk factors and subsequent cardiac dysfunction.
Effects of copper exposure and increased temperatures on Collembola in western Washington, USA

Abstract In the city of Seattle and the surrounding Puget Sound region, increased human population and the resulting increased domestic and commercial transportation has led to higher inputs of heavy metal pollutants in the region, many of which have been shown to increase in toxicity for various organisms at higher temperatures. One pollutant of concern in the region is copper (Cu) from brake and tire attrition. The extent to which Cu can affect other organisms that are part of the Puget Sound ecosystem is largely unknown. We studied the effect of Cu exposure on two species of Collembola, one of which is a native species (Choreutinula americana Palacios-Vargas, Castano-Meneses & Gao) inhabiting the region's epiphytic mosses and lichen while the other is a model species commonly used in ecotoxicology studies (Folsomia candida Willem). We then extended this work by examining the effect of Cu exposure when Collembola are exposed to increased temperatures as predicted by the B1 and A2 climate change scenarios. We found that the native Collembolan was significantly more sensitive to Cu than the model species when maintained under a constant 20 °C, suggesting that ecotoxicology studies using the model species F. candida might underestimate the effect of toxicants to native Collembola. We also observed that increased temperatures significantly lowered the tolerance of both species to Cu. The results of this study highlight the joint effect of warming temperatures and pollutants on a representative species of Collembola in the Pacific Northwest.
Alumina/zirconia composites produced from alumina and zirconyl chloride

ABSTRACT Alumina and zirconia were coprecipitated in a gel form from boehmite alumina and zirconyl chloride. After calcination, ball milling and dry pressing the powder, the boehmite alumina/zirconia composite green bodies were sintered in the temperature range 1480 − 1600°C. The gel route derived powder density upon sintering was in the range 84 − 96%. The flexural strength increased with an increase in the sintering temperature; however, the composite strength did not increase significantly due to an increase in the concentration of zirconia particles. X-ray diffraction analysis of the sintered composites suggest that the dispersed zirconia did not coarsen even after sintering at1600°C. This is thought to account for the much lower composite strength.
The practice of dentistry amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

The initial onset of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, in humans was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Due to rapidly spreading the COVID-19 outbreak worldwide, the World Health Organization declared a pandemic on March 11th, 2020 that has globally increased to 62,844,837 cases worldwide with a total of 1,465,144 confirmed deaths, as of December 1st, 2020. With the ever-evolving nature of COVID-19, it is imperative that healthcare professionals, especially those in the dental profession, remain educated and prepared with the best inclusive practices to ensure the safety of their patients, staff, and themselves. A review of guidelines from organizations around the world has been conducted to evaluate the most comprehensive strategies dental practices can take to minimize the risk of disease transmission during the pandemic and the post-pandemic future.
Feasibility and Clinical Utility of Ultra-Widefield–Navigated Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Purpose:This work aims to evaluate the clinical utility and feasibility of a novel scanning laser ophthalmoscope-based navigated ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography (UWF SS-OC...
Identification of a Delay Attack in the Secondary Control of Grid-Tied Inverter Systems

This work is developed for the identification of a denial-of-service cyberattack on the secondary controller of inverter systems which is connected to the power grid. The identification is made through the dynamic response of the reactive power (Q) of the system under attack. By observing the dynamic characteristic of Q, it is possible to correlate the attack with the nominal response of the hierarchical controller. The article shows that the occurrence of the attack can be identified through a supervisory control that runs a model in parallel. The article argues that after an early identification of the attack, a local controller can take action to mitigate its effects on the system’s response.
Applications of AlphaFold beyond Protein Structure Prediction

Solving the half-century-old protein structure prediction problem by DeepMind9s AlphaFold is certainly one of the greatest breakthroughs in biology in the twenty-first century. This breakthrough paved the way for tackling some previously highly challenging or even infeasible problems in structural biology. In this study, we propose strategies to use AlphaFold to address several fundamental problems: (1) protein engineering by predicting the experimentally measured stability changes using the representations extracted from AlphaFold models; (2) estimating the designability of a given protein structure by combining a protein design method (e.g. ProDCoNN), sequential Monte Carlo, and AlphaFold. The designability of a protein structure is defined as the number of sequences that encode that protein structure.; (3) predicting protein stabilities using natural sequences and designed sequences as training data, and representations extracted from AlphaFold models as input features; and (4) understanding the sequence-structure relationship of proteins by computational mutagenesis and testing the foldability of the mutants by AlphaFold. We found the representations extracted from AlphaFold models can be used to predict the experimentally measured stability changes accurately. For the first time, we have estimated the designability for a few real proteins. For example, the designability of chain A of FLT3 ligand (PDB ID: 1ETE) with 134 residues was estimated as 3.12 ± 2.14E85.
Photodissociation spectroscopy of the Mg+–C2H2 π-complex

Abstract The Mg + –acetylene complex is produced by pulsed-nozzle laser vaporization and studied with mass-selected resonance-enhanced photodissociation spectroscopy. A progression of broad vibrational bands is observed near 347 nm. The broad linewidths, which preclude rotational resolution, are attributed to rapid predissociation in the excited state. The progression is assigned to the metal–acetylene stretch in the 2 B 1 ← X 2 A 1 band system, which produces vibrational constants of ω e ′=330.5 cm −1 and D 0 ′=13100 cm −1 . The ground-state dissociation energy is estimated as D 0 ″=6100 cm −1 (17.4 kcal mol −1 ). These properties are in good agreement with the predictions of theory.
Banking Sector Efficiency in New EU Member States A Survey of Cross-Country Evidence

This paper reviews cross-country studies on banking efficiency in new European Union (EU) member states that apply frontier techniques. The paper examines the relative rankings in efficiency of individual countries across the studies and the effect of ownership structure on bank performance. Different techniques and efficiency concepts yield different results for efficiency rankings, but some common patterns are discernible. The Czech banking system ranks among the highest in technical and profit efficiency but lowest in cost efficiency. Banks in Slovenia and Estonia rank among the most cost efficient. The evidence on the relationship between foreign ownership and cost efficiency is not conclusive.
Quality Assurance Verification of High-Flux Isotope Reactor Fuel Elements by the 252Cf-Source-Driven Noise Analysis Method

The method used since 1970 for determining the subcriticality of High-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) fuel elements submerged in water is to add extra reactivity-calibrated uranium fuel plates and neut...
ABO-immune complex formation and impact on platelet function, red cell structural integrity and haemostasis: an in vitro model of ABO non-identical transfusion

Background Transfusion of ABO non-identical platelets has been associated with fatal haemolytic reactions, increased red cell transfusion needs and other adverse effects, but the practice of ABO matching in platelet transfusion is controversial. Immune complexes can be formed from the anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies and ABO soluble antigen(s) present in donor and recipient plasma after ABO non-identical transfusions. We hypothesized that these immune complexes affect recipient red cell structural integrity, platelet function and haemostasis. Study Design and Methods Haemolysis, platelet function and haemostatic function were assessed before and after incubation of recipient red cells, platelets and whole blood with normal saline controls, ABO-identical plasma controls or in vitro-generated ABO-immune complexes. Results ABO-immune complexes caused significantly increased haemolysis (P < 0·001), inhibition of platelet function (P = 0·001) and disruption of clot formation kinetics (P < 0·005) in both group A and O recipient samples. Conclusions Substantial changes in platelet function, red cell integrity and haemostasis occur after in vitro exposure to immune complexes. These in vitro findings may explain, in part, previously observed associations of ABO non-identical platelet transfusions with adverse effects including increased red cell transfusion needs, organ failure and mortality.
FGF-7 modulates ureteric bud growth and nephron number in the developing kidney

The importance of proportioning kidney size to body volume was established by clinical studies which demonstrated that in-born defecits of nephron number predispose the kidney to disease. As the kidney develops, the expanding ureteric bud or renal collecting system induces surrounding metanephric mesenchyme to proliferate and differentiate into nephrons. Thus, it is likely that nephron number is related to ureteric bud growth. The expression patterns of mRNAs encoding Fibroblast Growth Factor-7 (FGF-7) and its high affinity receptor suggested that FGF-7 signaling may play a role in regulating ureteric bud growth. To test this hypothesis we examined kidneys from FGF-7-null and wild-type mice. Results of these studies demonstrate that the developing ureteric bud and mature collecting system of FGF-7-null kidneys is markedly smaller than wild type. Furthermore, morphometric analyses indicate that mature FGF-7-null kidneys have 30+/−6% fewer nephrons than wild-type kidneys. In vitro experiments demonstrate that elevated levels of FGF-7 augment ureteric bud growth and increase the number of nephrons that form in rodent metanephric kidney organ cultures. Collectively, these results demonstrate that FGF-7 levels modulate the extent of ureteric bud growth during development and the number of nephrons that eventually form in the kidney.
Sorting, sizing and field filling of fruit and vegetables into bins

Abstract Research and development was done on a field machine for fruit sizing, sorting and filling bins during harvest. The machine has a sorting conveyor, sizing conveyor, and bin filling units for two grades of fruit. In operation pickers select fruit for maturity only and deposit it on the machine. The operator sorts reject fruit as it is conveyed to and over a sizing conveyor where small sizes are passed and diverted to a bin. The large fruit is retained by the sizing rolls and deposited on a flighted bin filler which is raised as the bin fills. Bruising caused by hand picking and filling of bins was 14·5% compared to 13·8% when the machine was used. Results show that quick-change sizing rolls permit close control of fruit sizes placed in different price categories. A single operator makes the decisions on quality. The machine has been used for pears, peaches and gherkins.
A Complete Electrical Shock Hazard Classification System and Its Application

The Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 70E, and the relevant Occupational Safety and Health Act electrical safety standards evolved to address the hazards of 60-Hz power that are faced primarily by electricians, linemen, and others performing facility and utility work. This leaves a substantial gap in the management of electrical hazards in research and development (RD low voltage can be harmful if the available current/power is high; high-voltage capacitor hazards are unique and include severe reflex action, effects on the heart, and tissue damage; and arc flash hazard analysis for dc and capacitor systems is not provided in existing standards. This work has led to a comprehensive electrical hazard classification system that is based on various research conducted over the past 100 years on analysis of such systems in R&D and on decades of experience. Initially, national electrical safety codes required the qualified worker only to know the source voltage to determine the shock hazard. Later, as arc flash hazards were understood, the fault current and clearing time were needed. These items are still insufficient to fully characterize all types of electrical hazards. The new comprehensive electrical hazard classification system uses a combination of voltage, shock current available, fault current available, power, energy, and waveform to classify all forms of electrical hazards. Based on this electrical hazard classification system, many new tools have been developed, including work controls for these hazards, better selection of PPE for dc work, improved training, and a new Electrical Severity Ranking Tool that is used to rank electrical accidents and incidents with various forms of electrical energy.