cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of debris flows in Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.

The spectacular scenery of Glacier National Park is the result of glacial erosion as well as post-glacial mass wasting processes. Debris flow magnitude and frequency have been established through extensive fieldwork across seven separate drainage basins in the eastern portion of the park. This paper summarizes the investigation of the hypotheses that debris flow distribution in the Glacier National Park, east of the Continental Divide is (a) not random; and (b) concentrated adjacent to the Continental Divide. The location of 2317 debris flows were identified and mapped from sixty-three 1-m resolution Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles and their spatial distribution was then analyzed using ArcView Spatial Analyst GIS software. The GIS analysis showed that the debris flows are not randomly distributed nor are they concentrated directly adjacent to the Divide. While the Continental Divide provides orographic enhancement of precipitation directly adjacent to the Divide, the debris flows are not concentrated there due to a lack of available weathered regolith. The most recent Little Ice Age glaciation removed the debris directly adjacent to the Divide, and without an adequate debris supply, these steep slopes experience few debris flows. Both abundant water and an adequate debris supply are necessary to initiate slope failure, resulting in a clustering of debris flows at the break in slope where valley walls contact talus slopes. A variety of summer storm and antecedent moisture conditions initiate slope failures in the Glacier National Park, with no distinct meteorological threshold. With over two million visitors every year, and millions of dollars of park infrastructure at risk, identifying the hazard of debris flows is essential to future park management plans.
Linezolid pharmacokinetics in an obese patient.

Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antibiotic that has demonstrated activity against gram-positive organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus , S. epidermidis , Streptococcus pneumoniae , and S. pyogenes .[1][1] The minimum inhibitory concentration at which 90% of strains of these organisms are inhibited
The Effects of Distance to Dentists and Dentist Supply on Children's Use of Dental Care.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of distance to dentists and dentist supply on dental services use among children with Medicaid coverage in Iowa. DATA SOURCE Iowa Medicaid claims for enrolled children between 2000 and 2009. STUDY DESIGN The study sample included 41,554 children (providing 158,942 child-year observations) who were born in Iowa between 2000 and 2006 and enrolled from birth in the Iowa Medicaid program. Children were followed through 2009. We used logistic regression to simultaneously examine the effects of distance (miles to nearest dentist) and county-level dentist supply on a broad range of dental services controlling for key confounders. Additional models only used within-child variation over time to remove unobservable time-invariant confounders. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Distance was related to lower utilization of comprehensive dental exams (2 percent lower odds per 1 mile increase in distance), an effect that also held in models using within-child variation only. Dentist supply was positively related to comprehensive exams and other preventive services and negatively related to major dental treatments; however, these associations became smaller and insignificant when examining within-child changes except for other preventive services. CONCLUSIONS Longer distance to dentists is a barrier for use of comprehensive dental exams, conditional on dentist supply.
Genetic modification of H2AX renders mesenchymal stromal cell-derived dopamine neurons more resistant to DNA damage and subsequent apoptosis.

Abstract Background aims Aberrant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its impact on the integrity of genomic DNA have been considered one of the major risk factors for the loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Stem cell transplantation as a strategy to replenish new functional neurons has great potential for PD treatment. However, limited survival of stem cells post-transplantation has always been an obstacle ascribed to the existence of neurotoxic environment in PD patients. Methods To improve the survival of transplanted stem cells for PD treatment, we explored a new strategy based on the function of the H2AX gene (H2A histone family, member X) in determination of DNA repair and cell apoptosis. We introduced a mutant form Y142F of H2AX into dopamine (DA) neuron-like cells differentiated from bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). Results Expression of H2AX(Y142F) renders DA neuron-like cells more resistant to DNA damage and subsequent cell death induced by ultraviolet irradiation and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treatment. Discussion This is a meaningful attempt to improve the sustainability of BMSC-derived dopamine neurons under a brain neurotoxic environment. Further studies are needed to evaluate the implications of our findings in stem cell therapy for PD and related diseases.
Multiple-input DC-DC converter topologies comparison

This paper compares multiple-input converters based on four different aspects: cost, potential modularity, reliability, and flexibility. The comparison includes seven multiple-input converters previously introduced in the literature as well as three new multiple-input converters presented here. Basic input-to-output voltage relationships for these three new converters are also shown here. The comparison results are shown in one table that allows to qualitatively identify the most suitable multiple-input topology for a given application.
Life cycle assessment of a commercial rainwater harvesting system compared with a municipal water supply system

Building upon previously published life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies, we conducted an LCA of a commercial rainwater harvesting (RWH) system and compared it to a municipal water supply (MWS) system adapted to Washington, D.C. Eleven life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) indicators were assessed, with a functional unit of 1 m3 of rainwater and municipal water delivery system for toilets and urinals in a four-story commercial building with 1000 employees. Our assessment shows that the benchmark commercial RWH system outperforms the MWS system in all categories except Ozone Depletion. Sensitivity and performance analyses revealed pump and pumping energy to be key components for most categories, which further guides LCIA tradeoff analysis with respect to energy intensities. Tradeoff analysis revealed that commercial RWH performed better than MWS in Ozone Depletion if RWH's energy intensity was less than that of MWS by at least 0.86 kWh/m3 (249% of the benchmark MWS energy usage at 0.35 kWh/m3). RWH also outperformed MWS in Metal Depletion and Freshwater Withdrawal, regardless of energy intensities, up to 5.51 kWh/m3. An auxiliary commercial RWH system with 50% MWS reduced Ozone Depletion by 19% but showed an increase in all other impacts, which were still lower than benchmark MWS system impacts. Current models are transferrable to commercial RWH installations at other locations.
Phonon Effects in Nanotubes: Phase Space Reduction and Electron Conductance

Electron phonon effects are studied in nanotubes with fixed ends using the elastic continuum model for phonons. The dispersion relations are used to identify phonon phase-space-reduction effects in short nanotubes. The electron-phonon coupling constant is calculated and the change in conductance is estimated for limiting cases.
Laparoscopic Closure of Defect

Laparoscopic approaches to ventral hernia repair provide safe and durable methods for repairing ventral hernias. While there is little argument on the beneficial aspects of wound morbidity with minimally invasive approaches, laparoscopic hernia defect closure remains a debated topic. Traditional laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) involves mesh bridging of the hernia without defect closure. With laparoscopic defect closure, one aims to reapproximate the linea alba, thus creating a more functional abdominal wall as well as provide a more stable tissue bed for mesh ingrowth and reinforcement. Other advantages of defect closure include obliteration of the dead space resulting in reduced seromas and mesh exposure as well as reducing subjective postoperative bulging. While laparoscopic closure of ventral hernia defects has increased in popularity, there is a continued need for further studies to demonstrate long-term durability and advantages over traditional bridged LVHR.
Epicycloid curves and continued fractions

AbstractIn this paper, we devise a means of visualizing a given continued fraction via a sequence of epicycloid curves possessing a common centre of rotational symmetry. As the continued fraction grows in length, the corresponding epicycloids grow in diameter. The geometric relationships between consecutive epicycloids in this expanding sequence illustrate elegant number-theoretic properties of the corresponding continued fraction. Moreover, we find the visual images produced according to our methods to be an aesthetically pleasing and versatile artistic device. While we do not attempt to fully develop the artistic potential of the epicycloid sequences defined in this paper, we provide a mathematical framework in which further artistic exploration could occur.
Administrators’ Reports of School Context in the Early Education Longitudinal Study (EELS) - Administrators’ Reports of School Context

The goal of the current project was to investigate the characteristics of a cohort of school administrators whose schools participated in the Early Education Longitudinal Study (EELS) conducted by the National Science Foundation's Science of Learning Center on Visual Language and Visual Learning (VL2) at Gallaudet University. In the study, which was an outgrowth of the previous Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children and Youth conducted at Gallaudet University from 1968 to 2004, school administrators (n = 48) were asked to describe the features of their early education programs for deaf children and to characterize the student populations they served. Descriptive statistics were calculated to report the results. The administrators surveyed reported that most of the children served were delayed in their language development, many of whom were extremely delayed and in need of language remediation. The data challenge the field of deaf education, especially early childhood education, in investigating the evidence-based practice that will help develop deaf and hard of hearing children to achieve their full learning potential.
Metacommunity theory meets restoration: isolation may mediate how ecological communities respond to stream restoration

An often-cited benefit of river restoration is an increase in biodiversity or shift in composition to more desirable taxa. Yet, hard manipulations of habitat structure often fail to elicit a significant response in terms of biodiversity patterns. In contrast to conventional wisdom, the dispersal of organisms may have as large an influence on biodiversity patterns as environmental conditions. This influence of dispersal may be particularly influential in river networks that are linear branching, or dendritic, and thus constrain most dispersal to the river corridor. As such, some locations in river networks, such as isolated headwaters, are expected to respond less to environmental factors and less by dispersal than more well-connected downstream reaches. We applied this metacommunity framework to study how restoration drives biodiversity patterns in river networks. By comparing assemblage structure in headwater vs. more well-connected mainstem sites, we learned that headwater restoration efforts supported higher biodiversity and exhibited more stable ecological communities compared with adjacent, unrestored reaches. Such differences were not evident in mainstem reaches. Consistent with theory and mounting empirical evidence, we attribute this finding to a relatively higher influence of dispersal-driven factors on assemblage structure in more well-connected, higher order reaches. An implication of this work is that, if biodiversity is to be a goal of restoration activity, such local manipulations of habitat should elicit a more profound response in small, isolated streams than in larger downstream reaches. These results offer another significant finding supporting the notion that restoration activity cannot proceed in isolation of larger-scale, catchment-level degradation.
Intelligent design endangers education

Proponents of creationism and the intelligent design (ID) hypothesis continue to undermine science education across the world ([ 1 ][1]). In the United States as of 2014, public or taxpayer-funded schools in 13 states and the District of Columbia were permitted to teach creationism alongside
18F-16α-17β-Fluoroestradiol Binding Specificity in Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer

Purpose To determine the binding specificity of 18F-16α-17β-fluoroestradiol (FES) in estrogen receptor (ER) α-positive breast cancer cells and tumor xenografts. Materials and Methods Protocols were approved by the office of biologic safety and institutional animal care and use committee. By using ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, clonal lines were created that expressed either wild-type (WT; 231 WT ER) or G521R mutant ERα (231 G521R ER), which is defective in estradiol binding. ERα protein levels, subcellular localization, and transcriptional function were confirmed. FES binding was measured by using an in vitro cell uptake assay. In vivo FES uptake was measured in tumor xenografts by using small-animal positron emission tomographic/computed tomographic imaging of 24 mice (17 WT ER tumors, nine mutant G521R ER tumors, eight MDA-MB-231 tumors, and four MCF-7 ER-positive tumors). Statistical significance was determined by using Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon rank sum) test. Results ERα transcriptional function was abolished in the mutated 231 G521R ER cells despite appropriate receptor protein expression and nuclear localization. In vitro FES binding in the 231 G521R ER cells was reduced to that observed in the parental cells. Similarly, there was no significant FES uptake in the 231 G521R ER xenografts (percent injected dose [ID] per gram, 0.49 ± 0.042), which was similar to the negative control MDA-MB-231 xenografts (percent ID per gram, 0.42 ± 0.051; P = .20) and nonspecific muscle uptake (percent ID per gram, 0.41 ± 0.0095; P = .06). Conclusion This study showed that FES retention in ER-positive breast cancer is strictly dependent on an intact receptor ligand-binding pocket and that FES binds to ERα with high specificity. These results support the utility of FES imaging for assessing tumor heterogeneity by localizing immunohistochemically ER-positive metastases that lack receptor-binding functionality. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Political Becoming in Movements: Lessons from the Environmental, Tea Party, and Rastafari Movements

Dorothy Holland, Charles Price, and William Westermeyer draw on person-centered accounts from their ethnographic studies of three social movements in the US and Jamaica to clarify how nonelite, non-powerful people sometimes manage to go beyond political ruminations to political action. Using social practice theory, which theorizes the social formation of mind and self in practice, the co-authors analyze significant moments in the trajectories of participants becoming political actors. The chapter offers insights into how people, despite the power of the state and elite institutions, develop political identities and agency and together raise and legitimate marginalized perspectives on issues such as the environment, local government, and new forms of Blackness. These efforts at cultural and conventional politics often contribute significantly to cultural and social transformations.
Working memory in aphasia: Peeling the onion

Abstract Compared to neurologically healthy adults, persons with aphasia (PWA) demonstrate impaired performance on working memory (WM) tasks. These deficits in WM are thought to underlie language processing problems in PWA. However, most studies use WM tasks that are verbal in nature, making it difficult to determine if these deficits are due to domain-general attentional processes related to WM or domain-specific verbal abilities. The purpose of the current study was to examine WM performance in PWA and healthy controls using verbal and spatial WM tasks. Additionally, this study investigated the relationship among WM performance and performance on short-term memory and domain-general attentional tasks. Fourteen PWA and 13 control participants completed verbal and spatial n-back tasks, the Flanker arrows task, and forward digit and spatial span tasks. The results revealed that the PWA performed worse than the control participants on the verbal tasks, but there were no group differences on the spatial tasks. Further, PWA showed significantly greater conflict and interference effects on the Flanker arrows task than control participants. These findings suggest that although WM deficits are primarily evident in the verbal domain in PWA, they are not solely the result of domain-specific verbal deficits; the ability to inhibit irrelevant information may contribute to WM deficits in PWA.
Distraction Arthroplasty Compared to other Cartilage Preservation Procedures in Patients with Post Traumatic Arthritis: A Systematic Review

Post-traumatic arthritis (PTA) is characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage temporally associated with an articular injury. With a paucity of literature comparing joint preservation techniques, we performed a systematic review of the literature intending to describe and summarize the results of ankle distraction arthroplasty as it compares with studies on tibio-talar microfracture, allograft, and autograft for ankle joint preservation in the post-traumatic population under 50 years of age. Research databases were searched and abstracts screened for relevance on our topic of interest. Abstracts meeting screening criteria with high interobserver reliability underwent full-manuscript review and coding for pertinent citation, study level, treatment, and outcome variables. Outcome variables for patient-reported pain scales, validated outcome measurement tools, radiographic progression, reoperation/re-treatment rates, and complication rates were recorded. Out of 105 unique citations, 10 publications were included. The distraction arthroplasty studies had 36 out of 181 patients requiring reoperation for complications (19.9%), while other joint-preserving procedures studies had 40 out of 177 patients requiring reoperations for complications (22.6%). Clinical outcome scores at mean follow-up time ranging from 2 to 10 years between studies were similar. Reported results for a variety of cartilage preservation procedures, including distraction arthroplasty, are satisfactory and reoperation rates for complication are similar. Limitations in available data and underlying study quality affect synthesis of the results therein. While distraction arthroplasty is an option for cartilage preservation in patients with PTA of the ankle, the technique is highly specialized which may affect the external validity. Level of evidence: III.
Understanding Trends in Medicare Spending, 2007-2014.

Objectives To analyze the sources of per-beneficiary Medicare spending growth between 2007 and 2014, including the role of demographic characteristics, attributes of Medicare coverage, and chronic conditions. Data Sources Individual-level Medicare spending and enrollment data. Study Design Using an Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition model, we analyzed whether changes in price-standardized, per-beneficiary Medicare Part A and B spending reflected changes in the composition of the Medicare population or changes in relative spending levels per person. Data Extraction Methods We identified a 5 percent sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and above from years 2007 to 2014. Results Mean payment-adjusted Medicare per-beneficiary spending decreased by $180 between the 2007–2010 and 2011–2014 time periods. This decline was almost entirely attributable to lower spending levels for beneficiaries. Notably, declines in marginal spending levels for beneficiaries with chronic conditions were associated with a $175 reduction in per-beneficiary spending. The decline was partially offset by the increasing prevalence of certain chronic diseases. Still, we are unable to attribute a large share of the decline in spending levels to observable beneficiary characteristics or chronic conditions. Conclusions Declines in spending levels for Medicare beneficiaries with chronic conditions suggest that changing patterns of care use may be moderating spending growth.
Maternal intake of milk and milk proteins is positively associated with birth weight: A prospective observational cohort study.

Summary Background A striking number of low birth weight (LBW) Indian babies are born annually. Previous studies have confirmed the positive association between milk intake and birth weight. However, the relations between protein and vitamin B12 from milk and birth weight have not been systematically explored. Aims We examined the relations between birth weight and maternal intake of milk, protein from milk and vitamin B12 from milk. Methods This prospective, observational cohort study was conducted in an urban South Indian hospital. The dietary intakes of milk and milk products were assessed using validated food frequency questionnaire and at delivery birth outcomes were measured. The relations between milk products, milk protein, and vitamin B12 from milk with birth weight and gestational weight gain were assessed in 2036 births with first trimester dietary and delivery data. Results Median consumption of milk products in the first trimester was 310 g·day−1 and average birth weight was 2876 g. Birth weight was positively associated with intake of milk products and of % protein from milk products (%milk protein) in the first trimester [β = 86.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 29.1, 144.6; β = 63.1, 95% CI: 10.8, 115.5; P Conclusions These findings indicate that intake of milk products in the first trimester and especially, protein from milk products is positively associated with birth weight in this South Asian Indian population.
Measured moisture in buildings and adverse health effects: A review

It has not yet been possible to quantify dose-related health risks attributable to indoor dampness or mold (D/M), to support setting specific health-related limits for D/M. An overlooked target for assessing D/M is moisture in building materials, the critical factor allowing microbial growth. A search for studies of quantified building moisture and occupant health effects identified 3 eligible studies. Two studies assessed associations between measured wall moisture content and respiratory health in the UK. Both reported dose-related increases in asthma exacerbation with higher measured moisture, with 1 study reporting an adjusted odds ratio of 7.0 for night-time asthma symptoms with higher bedroom moisture. The third study assessed relationships between infrared camera-determined wall moisture and atopic dermatitis in South Korea, reporting an adjusted odds ratio of 14.5 for water-damaged homes and moderate or severe atopic dermatitis. Measuring building moisture has, despite extremely limited available findings, potential promise for detecting unhealthy D/M in homes and merits more research attention. Further research to validate these findings should include measured "water activity," which directly assesses moisture availability for microbial growth. Ultimately, evidence-based, health-related thresholds for building moisture, across specific materials and measurement devices, could better guide assessment and remediation of D/M in buildings.
Student response to reports of unprofessional behavior: assessing risk of subsequent professional problems in medical school.

Background: An early concern note (ECN) program is used by some medical schools to identify, counsel, and intervene when students exhibit unprofessional behavior. Student maturity, insight, propensity for reflection, and receptiveness to feedback have been suggested as predictors of future behavior. Objective: We hypothesized that (a) classifying students with a first ECN based on their response to the report would identify students at risk of repeat ECNs better than the action that prompted it and (b) receipt of multiple ECNs would identify students at risk of adverse academic events.Design: For this study, 459 ECNs were classified based on students’ (1) recognition that their behavior was inappropriate and (2) acceptance of responsibility for the behavior. Student academic progress and receipt of subsequent ECNs were tracked.Results: Students who recognized their behavior was inappropriate and accepted responsibility after an initial ECN received subsequent ECNs at lower rates (14–19%) than stud...
Whose Universalism? Dipesh Chakrabarty and the Anthropocene

Dipesh Chakrabarty has drawn criticism from leftist thinkers for his insistence that humanity as a whole is responsible for climate change, and thus that humanity as a whole has a shared responsibi...
"What do you recommend a complete beginner like me to practice?": Professional Self-Disclosure in an Online Community

CSCW scholarship has previously addressed how professionals use digital technologies for learning and communication, but limited attention has been paid to professional self-disclosure on social media. Acts of self-disclosure-intentionally revealing personal information to others-are often considered beneficial for communication and formation of relationships, and describing the role of disclosure in professional communication is important to advance CSCW research that focuses on occupations or organizational settings. In this paper, we present a mixed-methods study of professional self-disclosure in an online community focused on user experience design (UX), documenting how acts of self-disclosure may support professional development. We found that self-disclosure was frequently used as an effective rhetorical and content-focused strategy to provoke discussions and request assistance with the goal of developing or maintaining professional competence. Through the identification of these self-disclosure strategies, we discuss professional self-disclosure in relation to professional identity development in online communities.
MDVs: Spare the SOD and Spoil the Bug

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are important anti-microbial weapons utilized by phagocytes of the innate immune system. In this issue of Cell Host and Microbe, Abuaita et al. (2018) show that in macrophages, mitochondrial-derived vesicles deliver the superoxide dismutase Sod2 to bacteria-containing phagosomes to produce hydrogen peroxide and kill invading bacteria.
Compact High-Resolution Multi-GeV Electron Spectrometer for PW-Laser-Driven Plasma Accelerators and Approximate Trajectory Method for Spectrum Analysis

For the past decade, laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) of millimeter to centimeter lengths have provided compact sources of nearly mono-energetic, highly directional electron bunches, with energies as high as 1 GeV. With the advent of petawatt scale lasers, these accelerators are now poised to go well beyond 1 GeV energies. In contrast to large-scale accelerator facilities, these LPA's will be compact devices, requiring compact electron spectrometers adapted to the unique properties of the LPA electron bunches. We report on a compact high-resolution spectrometer adapted to these conditions.
Theoretical Models for Transport of Low-Density Lipoproteins in the Arterial Wall

The accumulation of blood-borne plasma constituents, such as low-density lipoproteins (LDL), in the arterial wall is a complicated process dependent not only on the plasma LDL concentration but also on the transport properties of the arterial wall. In an attempt to learn more about this accumulation process, theoretical transport models have been developed which account for the movement of labelled plasma proteins into and through the arterial wall and for the interactions between the plasma proteins and constituents of the arterial wall. The labelled protein concentration profiles predicted by these models are compared with experimentally measured profiles of radioiodinated LDL in normal conscious rabbits in vivo in order to assess the suitability of the models and to estimate the magnitude of the various parameters which characterize intramural LDL transport.
BK virus histopathologic disease severity does not predict allograft outcome in renal transplant recipients.

Abstract Aims BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKPyVN) is an important cause of allograft failure after renal transplantation. Despite early screening for the virus, allograft loss from BKPyVN is still experienced in up to 14% of all renal transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between BKPyVN histopathologic disease severity and allograft outcome at our center. Methods Kidney transplant recipients who had undergone transplantation between 2002 and 2014 with biopsy proven BKPyVN were eligible for this retrospective study. Each biopsy was re-evaluated by a single pathologist blinded to the clinical data and scored according to the Banff criteria for rejection and BKPyVN. Serum creatinine and BK viral load at the time of biopsy diagnosis as well as allograft outcomes to include allograft survival and serum BK viremia resolution were collected for each recipient to determine if BK virus histopathologic disease severity could predict allograft outcome. Results Twenty cases of BKPyVN were identified from 1031 total renal transplants performed. There was no statistical association between allograft loss and BKPyVN histopathology (p = 0.49). There was also no statistical association between BKPyVN histopathology and BK viral load at the time of biopsy diagnosis (p = 0.38) or serum BK viremia resolution (p = 0.16). Conclusions BKPyVN histopathology does not appear to be useful in predicting renal allograft outcome in those recipients diagnosed with BKPyVN which is in contrast to some previously published data.
Advancing the Science of Deprescribing: A Novel Comprehensive Conceptual Framework

Polypharmacy is common in older adults and associated with inappropriate medication use, adverse drug events, medication nonadherence, higher costs, and increased mortality compared with those without polypharmacy. Deprescribing, the clinically supervised process of stopping or reducing the dose of medications when they cause harm or no longer provide benefit, may improve outcomes. Although potentially beneficial, clinicians struggle to overcome structural, organizational, technological, and cognitive barriers to deprescribing, limiting its use in clinical practice. Deprescribing science would benefit from a unifying conceptual framework to prioritize research. Current deprescribing conceptual frameworks have made important contributions to the field but often with a focus on specific medication classes or aspects of deprescribing. To further this relatively nascent field, we developed a broader deprescribing conceptual framework that builds on prior frameworks and includes patient, prescriber, and system influences; the process of deprescribing; outcomes; and dissemination. Patient factors include patients' biology, experience, values, and preferences. Prescriber factors include rational (eg, based on explicit knowledge) and nonrational (eg, behavioral tendencies, biases, and heuristics) decision making. System factors include resources, incentives, goals, and culture that contribute to deprescribing. The framework separates the deprescribing decision from the deprescribing process. The framework captures the results of deprescribing by examining changes in clinical structures, performance processes, patient experience, health outcomes, and cost. Through testing and refinement, this novel, more comprehensive conceptual framework has the potential to advance deprescribing research by organizing the existing evidence, identifying evidence gaps, and categorizing deprescribing interventions and the settings in which they are applied. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2018-2022, 2019.
Washing in hypotonic saline reduces the fraction of irreversibly-damaged cells in stored blood: a proof-of-concept study.

Background During hypothermic storage, a substantial fraction of red blood cells (RBCs) transforms from flexible discocytes to rigid sphero-echinocytes and spherocytes. Infusion of these irreversibly-damaged cells into the recipient during transfusion serves no therapeutic purpose and may contribute to adverse outcomes in some patients. In this proof-of-concept study we describe the use of hypotonic washing for selective removal of the irreversibly-damaged cells from stored blood. Materials and methods Stored RBCs were mixed with saline of various concentrations to identify optimal concentration for inducing osmotic swelling and selective bursting of spherical cells (sphero-echinocytes, spherocytes), while minimising indiscriminate lysis of other RBCs. Effectiveness of optimal treatment was assessed by measuring morphology, rheological properties, and surface phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure for cells from several RBCs units (n=5, CPD>AS-1, leucoreduced, 6 weeks storage duration) washed in hypotonic vs isotonic saline. Results Washing in mildly hypotonic saline (0.585 g/dL, osmolality: 221.7±2.3 mmol/kg) reduced the fraction of spherical cells 3-fold from 9.5±3.4% to 3.2±2.8%, while cutting PS exposure in half from 1.48±0.86% to 0.59±0.29%. Isotonic washing had no effect on PS exposure or the fraction of spherical cells. Both isotonic and hypotonic washing increased the fraction of well-preserved cells (discocytes, echinocytes 1) substantially, and improved the ability of stored RBCs to perfuse an artificial microvascular network by approximately 25%, as compared with the initial sample. Discussion This study demonstrated that washing in hypotonic saline could selectively remove a significant fraction of the spherical and PS-exposing cells from stored blood, while significantly improving the rheological properties of remaining well-preserved RBCs. Further studies are needed to access the potential effect from hypotonic washing on transfusion outcomes.
Scrotoschisis: an extremely rare congenital anomaly.

Scrotoschisis is a congenital defect of the scrotal wall, leading to evisceration of the testis. It typically affects healthy term infants. Less than 20 cases have been published in the literature.1 A term male weighing 3.87 kg was noted at birth to have a defect in the right hemi-scrotum. He was born via normal vaginal delivery with no requirement for obstetric instrumentation. Antenatal scans were …
Using the ArcGIS Collector Mobile App for Settlement Survey Data Collection in Armenia

Recent years have seen the rapid adoption of digital site recording strategies following the proliferation of GPS-enabled mobile devices and data collection apps. Much of the emerging literature on digital—or paperless—archaeology, however, has focused on excavation contexts, with fewer discussions of mobile-GIS solutions on archaeological survey. This article discusses the design and implementation of a site survey workflow based on Esri's ArcGIS Collector mobile app in the context of Project ArAGATS's Kasakh Valley Archaeology Survey in northwestern Armenia. The Collector app provides a simple, map-centric user interface that allows surveyors with little-to-no GIS experience to record site locations, enter attribute data on customized digital forms, and attach photographs. With a network connection, the Collector app instantly uploads site information as GIS data to the project geodatabase and refreshes the data across surveyors’ mobile devices. Although the Collector app lacks certain GIS features and requires an institutional Esri license, we found that the native integration with our project GIS and broad access to visualization and recording tools in the app made in-field decision-making and interpretation more collaborative and inclusive across the survey team.
Relationships of Physical Activity and Diet Quality with Body Composition and Fat Distribution in US Adults

Objective This study aimed to investigate the relationships among physical activity (PA), diet quality, body composition, and fat distribution in a representative sample of US adults. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using publicly accessible data from the 2011 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Food Patterns Equivalents Database (n = 7,423). Variables from the data sets were analyzed for this study, including PA, two 24-hour dietary recalls, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry outputs. Results For men, PA and diet quality were inversely associated with the percentage of body fat (β = -0.0042, 95% CI: -0.0084 to -0.0001; β = -0.28, 95% CI: -0.42 to -0.14) and fat mass index (β = -0.0125, 95% CI: -0.0209 to -0.0041; β = -0.56, 95% CI: -0.81 to -0.32); meeting the PA recommendation and having good diet quality provided an additive effect on body fat. A similar pattern was observed in women. Additionally, diet quality was inversely associated with all fat distribution measures in both sexes, whereas PA was positively associated with lean mass measures in men only. Conclusions Increased PA and/or better diet quality were associated with reduced body fat, a healthier fat distribution, and increased lean mass. Further research examining how changes in PA or diet quality influence body composition and fat distribution in adults is warranted.
Bidirectional control of orienting behavior by distinct prefrontal circuits

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) orchestrates voluntary behavior by biasing activity in downstream structures to promote actions consistent with current task goals while inhibiting inconsistent ones. PFC circuits comprise of vastly converging inputs and diverging outputs, but how this anatomical diversity allows it to bidirectionally control specific behaviors remains unclear. Here we use multiple approaches to show that a subdivision of the mouse PFC, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), integrates and routes discrete sensory inputs to anatomically segregated populations of projection neurons in order to promote and inhibit goal-directed visual orienting responses. Surprisingly, ACC outputs to the superior colliculus principally inhibit incorrect orienting movements. Optogenetic analyses and a projection-based activity model make the unexpected prediction that feedback from the ACC to the visual cortex is critical for correct orienting, which we confirm. Integrating anatomically non-overlapping but functionally complementary projections for bidirectional control may be a general organizing principle for PFC circuits.
Review of Nelson Tebbe, Religious Freedom in an Egalitarian Age

A brief review of Nelson Tebbe's Religious Freedom in an Egalitarian Age, which seeks to resolve the the tension between the egalitarian impulse toward protections for the full rights of all individuals and the traditional American commitment to preservation of freedom to exercise sincerely held religious beliefs, even the beliefs of those who “dissent from aspects of egalitarianism.”
Radikales Hören: sprachliche Hermeneutik und auditiver Turn

Was ist die Zukunft der Hermeneutik unter den Voraussetzungen des auditiven Turns? Friedrich Kittler betont zu Ungunsten der sprachlich-hermeneutischen Einbildungskraft die Prioritat klanglich-medialer Sinnlichkeit. Dagegen entwerfen Hans Zender, Gunther Anders und Lawrence Kramer ein ortlos-offen interpretierendes Horen, das nicht gegen das hermeneutische Verstehen, sondern quasi durch dieses hindurch in die Richtung dessen lauscht, was sich noch nicht lautlich geausert hat, aber unerwartet seine mogliche Realisierung durch die spontane Resonanz mit dem lauschenden Subjekt ankundigt.
O'Connell receives 2000 Inge Lehmann medal

Richard J. O'Connell was awarded the Inge Lehmann Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on December 17, 2000, in San Francisco, California. The medal recognizes outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core.
Using networking examples for labs and enrichment in CS1

John Gage's maxim, "The network is the computer," is self-evident to our students. IM, email, Facebook, YouTube, etc. are all network applications. Labs involving network applications can therefore be very motivating. This workshop will provide participants with 1) techniques for making networking projects accessible to CS1 students without sacrificing time required to cover fundamental skills, 2) an understanding of protocols such as IMAP and AOL's instant messaging protocol sufficient to design network-based laboratories, 3) examples of specific labs that have been successfully used in a Java-based CS1, and 4) strategies for enriching CS1 by exploring networking technology.
Characterization of the Polydisperse Closed Circular Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecules of Bacillus megaterium

The polydisperse circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules which comprise up to 30% of the total extractable DNA of Bacillus megaterium strain 216 have been purified and partially characterized. Banding in cesium chlorideethidium bromide by "gradient relaxation" in a fixed-angle rotor provided good resolution of circular and chromosomal DNAs for preparative separations. Renaturation studies on purified circular DNA failed to reveal a rapidly renaturing fraction, and DNA-DNA hybridization studies indicated that the majority of the chromosomal nucleotide sequences are represented in the heterogeneous-size population of circular molecules. It is concluded that the circular DNA of B. megaterium does not represent typical bacterial plasmid DNA. The possibility that the circular DNA molecules are the result of the expression of a defective bacteriophage is discussed.
Confronting the Informal in Good Governance: The Case of Decentralised Education-System Reform in Guinea

type="main"> For twenty years, technocratic planning and management approaches have dominated good-governance reforms in developing countries. This is true even for newer ‘participatory’ and ‘citizen-driven’ reforms that still struggle to engage with powerful informal forces affecting public service delivery. This article presents evidence from a case study of decentralised education-system reform in Guinea, revealing a wide range of influential dynamics outside the technical realm. These corroborate the argument for ‘good-fit’ alternatives to traditional governance approaches and concrete measures to better capture the constructive and disable the destructive effects of informality on development.
Early Dyspareunia Experience in Young Women: Confusion, Consequences, and Help‐seeking Barriers

ABSTRACT Introduction Recurrent painful intercourse or dyspareunia is a highly prevalent health problem associated with impairments in sexual function and psychosocial well‐being. Despite its particularly high prevalence in young women, little is known about how young women experience the onset of dyspareunia and how they attempt to manage or address the problem. Aims To explore the subjective experience of early dyspareunia symptoms in young women so as to model its cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and help‐seeking trajectory. Methods Using a qualitative methodology broadly based on grounded theory, 14 young women reporting recurrent entry and/or deep pain with intercourse underwent in‐depth semistructured interviews asking them to describe their personal experience with dyspareunia symptoms. Main Outcome Measures The Female Sexual Function Index was used to screen women with symptoms of dyspareunia. The main outcome measure was a semistructured interview inquiring about the cognitions and emotions associated with the experience of pain with intercourse, causal attributions for the pain, interference with personal, relational, and sexual well‐being, and help‐seeking decisions. Results The model/theory that emerged suggested a sequence of experiences that began with confusion about the onset of pain and a relatively fruitless search for causal attributions. Attempts to self‐manage the pain via a number of cognitive and behavioral strategies provided little relief. Deleterious consequences on sexual function, well‐being, and relationships ensued, and women reported a number of barriers to help‐seeking. Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that a lack of public health information about dyspareunia and the reluctance of health care providers to inquire about sexual problems may contribute to many young women delaying treatment for a serious sexual health problem with potentially negative biopsychosocial outcomes. Donaldson RL and Meana M. Early dyspareunia experience in young women: Confusion, consequences, and help‐seeking barriers. J Sex Med 2011;8:814–823.
World Medical Association's Caring Physicians of the World Initiative (CPWI)

The WMA is a federation of National Medical Associations (NMA) representing over 8 million physicians in >85 countries around the world. It was founded in 1947 with the mission to “serve humanity by endeavoring to achieve the highest international standards in medical education, medical science, medical care, and medical ethics, and health care for all the people of the world”. Despite the enormously disparate environments and circumstances in which physicians care for patients, there are three fundamental, unifying, and enduring traditions of the medical profession; caring, ethics, and science. Thus, it is not surprising that physicians’ desires and concerns are similar globally.
Gendering 'Bare Life': Marlene Streeruwitz's Novels Kreuzungen. and Entfernung

The novels by the Austrian writer and public intellectual Marlene Streeruwitz— Kreuzungen (2008) and Entfernung (2006)—are both in tune with and imply criticism of the concepts of ‘bare life,’ the sovereign, and homo sacer examined by the Italian political philosopher Giorgio Agamben. This article explores the gender aspect of ‘bare life,’ which has been absent from Agamben’s work, through the prism of Streeruwitz’s novels that provide male and female views on ‘bare life’: while Kreuzungen is narrated from the perspective of an extremely rich middle-aged man, Entfernung features an aging woman in a situation of loss. I argue that the male and female characters—Max and Selma—have opposite visions of ‘bare life.’ The relationship to one’s own ‘bare life,’ as presented by Streeruwitz, is a political one and can be constructed in terms of ownership and repression, or cooperation and corporeality. The latter has the potential to dissolve sociocultural hierarchies such as the mind/body dualism and open new insights into political consciousness and agency.