cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS, RESIDUAL LACTOSE AND SALT-TO-MOISTURE RATIO ON TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF CHEDDAR CHEESE DURING RIPENING

The texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters and meltability of Cheddar cheeses with varying levels of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content, residual lactose content and salt-to-moisture (S/M) ratio were studied at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months of ripening. The TPA hardness had an inverse relationship with the meltability of Cheddar cheese and at any given ripening time, lower TPA hardness corresponded to higher meltability of Cheddar cheese. Higher Ca and P content (0.67% Ca and 0.53% P) in Cheddar cheese resulted in up to 22.8, 5.7, 14.6, 13.5 and 35.2% increase in hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, resilience and chewiness values, respectively, and up to 23.5 and 27.7% decrease in meltability and adhesiveness values during ripening compared to the Cheddar cheese prepared with lower Ca and P content (0.53% Ca and 0.39% P). Higher residual lactose content (1.4%) in Cheddar cheese resulted in up to 24.6, 8.8 and 20.0% increase in hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness values, respectively, and up to 12.7% decrease in meltability value in the Cheddar cheese during ripening compared to the lower lactose content (0.78%). High S/M ratio (6.4) resulted in up to 29.4, 30.3 and 29.4% increase in hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness values, respectively, and up to 7.3% decrease in meltability value in Cheddar cheese compared to low S/M ratio (4.8) during ripening.
Crystal and molecular structure of 16,18-di-O-acetyl-16,18-didemethyldelphinine

We have recently reported the use of HBr--AcOH in glacial acetic acid, as a demethylating reagent for norditerpenoid alkaloids (Liang et a l . , 1990). The reaction proceeds by demethylation of some of the methoxyl groups and acetylation of the hydroxyl groups exposed during the demethylation. Although there is no specificity in demethylation of the norditerpenoid alkaloids studied, in all the cases the C(16)-methoxyl group is replaced by an acetoxyl group; the C(18)-methoxyl group is demethylated and acetylated in the two aconitine-type alkaloids possessing a C(6)~-methoxyl group which remains intact. Vicinal cis diols are known to react with HBrAcOH at room temperature to give the corresponding trans bromoacetates (Golding et al . , 1973; Haynes and Newth, 1955). We were concerned as to whether the stereochemistry at the C(16) position had changed when the methoxyl group was replaced by an O-acetyl group. In the case of delphinine (1), treatment with HBr--AcOH afforded as one of the products, a crystalline compound which we had formulated as (2) (Liang et a l . , 1990). As the 1H and the 13C nmr spectra were not suitable for assigning the configuration of H(16), we undertook an X-ray crystal structure determination of the demethylation product of delphinine.
Relief of pain by electrical stimulation of the septal area

Abstract The effect of deep cerebral stimulation was investigated in 6 cases of severe pain, most of which were due to terminal carcinomatosis. In only 1 case was a satisfactory result obtained, and in one other case some improvement was noted following stimulation. In view of the low probability of success, the procedure, although of interest, does not appear to have definite therapeutic value at this time. It may, however, become useful if further investigation of the limbic system reveals accurately defined areas in man where stimulation regularly produces a rewarding effect.
The struggle for East Timor — Prelude to invasion

(1977). The struggle for East Timor — Prelude to invasion. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 486-496.
The use of literature-based innovation output indicators for research evaluation

This paper discusses the appropriateness of literature-based innovation output indicators in the evaluation arena, and it sets forth criteria against which to judge such appropriateness.
Automatic Exposure System by Fuzzy Control for Digital Still Camera

The purpose of this paper is to explain the applications of automatic exposure adjusting apparatus for a digital still camera. Suppose one image has 512 X 512 pixels and the gray levels of each pixel range from 0 to 255, it will result in 256512 X 512 kinds of images. The next question is: how can you differentiate the proper luminance from these images? The fuzzy c-means algorithm of the fuzzy pattern recognition is used. When the degree of the membership function, representing each element in the eight orthogonal vector spaces calculated by variance criterion, is equal to 0.5, it represents neither light images nor dark images and is the proper luminance. The equation `the degree of the membership function equal to 0.5' is derived. Applying the third form of the fuzzy control involves using this equation to differentiate proper luminance of images from all images. The experimental data demonstrate satisfactory results.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On three monotypic nursery web spider genera from Madagascar with first description of the male of Tallonia picta Simon, 1889 and redescription of the type-species of Paracladycnis Blandin, 1979 and Thalassiopsis Roewer, 1955 (Araneae: Lycosoidea: Pisauridae)

With 333 described species, the Pisauridae is a moderately species-rich spider family. The family is world wide in distribution and its members exhibit an exceptionally wide range of foraging and prey capture behavior, from web-based hunters, water surface hunters to ambusher hunters in the vegetation. While some pisaurid genera are diverse, boasting numerous species, such as Dolomedes with 96 described species, nearly half of pisaurid genera (22/48) are monotypic (Platnick 2013). Recent collecting and biodiversity research has uncovered several new species, especially from heretofore poorly collected regions in Africa (including Madagascar) and Asia (e.g. Jaeger 2011, Jocque 1994). Initial steps have been undertaken to develop a phylogenetic framework for parts of the family, e.g., Sierwald 1987; Santos 2007. However, no phylogenetic analysis exists that includes a representatively wide range of genera. The clade Pisaurinae (see Sierwald 1997) appears to be well supported by morphological characters, while the relationships among non-pisaurine genera remain uncertain.
Regulation of Collagenase Activities of Human Cathepsins by Glycosaminoglycans

Cathepsin K, a lysosomal papain-like cysteine protease, forms collagenolytically highly active complexes with chondroitin sulfate and represents the most potent mammalian collagenase. Here we demonstrate that complex formation with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is unique for cathepsin K among human papain-like cysteine proteases and that different GAGs compete for the binding to cathepsin K. GAGs predominantly expressed in bone and cartilage, such as chondroitin and keratan sulfates, enhance the collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K, whereas dermatan, heparan sulfate, and heparin selectively inhibit this activity. Moreover, GAGs potently inhibit the collagenase activity of other cysteine proteases such as cathepsins L and S at 37 °C. Along this line MMP1-generated collagen fragments in the presence of GAGs are stable against further degradation at 28 °C by all cathepsins but cathepsin K, whereas thermal destabilization at 37 °C renders the fragments accessible to all cathepsins. These results suggest a novel mechanism for the regulation of matrix protein degradation by GAGs. It further implies that cathepsin K represents the only lysosomal collagenolytic activity under physiologically relevant conditions.
Induction of a high incidence of damage to the X chromosomes of Rattus (Mastomys) natalensis by base analogues, viruses, and carcinogens.

Cultured embryonic cells from Rattus (Mastomys) natalensis were treated with the base analogues 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 2-aminopurine, the viruses herpes simplex virus and adenovirus type 12, and the carcinogens 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and urethan. Treatment with these agents, except urethan, causes an increase in the incidence of chromosome aberrations. The induced aberrations are not randomly distributed among the chromosomes or within a chromosome. The X chromosome, especially its long arm, is more sensitive to these agents than is any other chromosomes in the complement. — A possible relationship among the high incidence of damage, the positive heteropycnosis, and the late replication in the X chromosome of R. natalensis is discussed.
Specificity of recombinant antibodies generated from multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid probed with a random peptide library

We generated recombinant antibodies (rAbs) from over-represented IgG sequences expressed by single plasma cells from multiple sclerosis (MS) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Panning of a phage-displayed random peptide library with the rAbs revealed several specific peptide sequences. Inhibition assays confirmed specific binding of the peptides to the antigen-binding site of the antibody. The native IgG of MS CSF from which the recombinant antibody was cloned also recognized these peptides. Our data demonstrate that MS rAb reflects the specificity of IgG in the CSF. Thus, the epitopes/mimotopes identified by MS rAb may provide clues to disease-relevant antigens.
Transformation of a benign oral pigmentation to primary oral melanoma.

Objective The objective is to report the serendipitous 7-year follow-up and transformation of a melanotic palatal lesion, which was initially diagnosed histologically as a benign oral melanotic macule, into primary oral melanoma and to provide long-term follow-up of a case of oral malignant melanoma. Study design Nine formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from several different facilities and microscopic slides of the patient's lesions were reviewed to study the transformation of a benign, oral, pigmented lesion into melanoma. Results Review of blocks and slides of the patient's lesions suggest that the onset of melanocytic hyperplasia (increased clear cell activity) heralded the transformation of the melanotic macule into melanoma. The histology of the first biopsies was totally benign, but retrospectively, the clinical appearance was not typical and was somewhat worrisome because of the size of the lesion and feathering of the pigmentation at the periphery. This clinical presentation, however, was unknown to the pathologists. Conclusions This study documents a case of primary oral melanoma arising from an apparent oral melanotic macule and suggests that even histologically benign–appearing oral melanotic lesions should perhaps be viewed with caution if increased numbers of melanoctyes (melanocytic hyperplasia or clear cell activity) are present. Careful correlation of clinical appearance and histology is necessary to arrive at an appropriate diagnosis and prognosis for oral pigmented lesions.
Neuronal or Hemodynamic? Grappling with the Functional MRI Signal

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) continue to advance because creative physicists, engineers, neuroscientists, clinicians, and physiologists find new ways for extracting more information from the signal. Innovations in pulse sequence design, paradigm design, and processing methods have advanced the field and firmly established fMRI as a cornerstone for understanding the human brain. In this article, the field of fMRI is described through consideration of the central problem of separating hemodynamic from neuronal information. Discussed here are examples of how pulse sequences, activation paradigms, and processing methods are integrated such that novel, high-quality information can be obtained. Examples include the extraction of information such as activation onset latency, metabolic rate, neuronal adaptation, vascular patency, vessel diameter, vigilance, and subvoxel activation. Experimental measures include time series latency, hemodynamic shape, MR phase, multivoxel patterns, ratios of activation-related R2* to R2, metabolic rate changes, fluctuation correlations and frequencies, changes in fluctuation correlations and frequencies over time, resting correlation states, echo time dependence, and more.
Geomagnetism: Hum from the quiet zone

During the middle of the Cretaceous period, the polarity of Earth's magnetic field remained stable. A magnetic survey of oceanic crust formed during that time, however, suggests that the field intensity was surprisingly variable.
Effects of the seasonal cycle on the development and termination of the Indian Ocean Zonal Dipole Mode

[1] Effects of the seasonal cycles of atmospheric surface forcings on the development and termination of the Indian Ocean Zonal Dipole Mode (IOZDM) are studied using a nonlinear, 4-1/2 layer ocean model partially coupled to an advective atmospheric mixed layer model in which sea surface temperature (SST) feeds back only to air temperature and specific humidity. A series of experiments are performed for the period of 1984–1998 to isolate processes. The results indicate the seasonal cycle of atmospheric forcing aids development and decay of cold SST anomalies (SSTA) in the eastern basin associated with strong, positive dipole events. During the strong IOZDM years of 1994 and 1997, seasonal southeasterlies associated with the Asian summer monsoon reinforce coastal upwelling associated with the IOZDM near Sumatra-Java in boreal summer and fall, assisting initiation and increasing the peak amplitudes of these events. However, near the equator, fall equatorial westerlies deepen the thermocline in the eastern basin, reducing the cold SSTA in the eastern equatorial region and near Sumatra and Java. This contributes to the early termination of the 1994 IOZDM. In boreal winter the monsoon wind reversal reduces coastal upwelling along Sumatra and Java, further contributing to IOZDM termination. Moreover, the seasonal equatorial westerlies during fall and the monsoon wind reversal during winter counter southeasterly wind anomalies associated with the IOZDM in the eastern antinode region, reducing the total wind speed, weakening entrainment cooling and surface turbulent heat loss and thus further assisting IOZDM termination.
Histomonas meleagridis: effect on plasma enzymes in chickens and turkeys.

Abstract Substantial and sustained increases in glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were observed in infected turkeys after 9 and 12 days postinfection. Substantial but transient elevation of GOT activity occurred in chickens after 9 days if liver damage was present. The GOT activity in plasma was below normal when infected chickens had cecal but not liver damage. Cholinesterase was progressively depressed in turkeys 9 and 12 days postinfection, whereas, no statistically significant depression was found in infected chickens. Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) remained normal in all instances, even when GOT and LDH levels were elevated. Glutamic dehydrogenase (GLDH) and malic dehydrogenase (MDH) were elevated in turkeys with liver damage; amylase was elevated and MDH and LDH were depressed during cecal histomoniasis in chickens.
A rapid method for measuring the production of human migration inhibitory factor (MIF).

Abstract A rapid method for assaying Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) prepared from human peripheral venous blood is described. Using increased concentrations of human peripheral lymphocytes, MIF could be demonstrated in supernatant at the end of a 24 hr culture period. Both tuberculin and histoplasmin sensitivity were investigated. In persons with normal cell-mediated immunity, there was good correlation between skin test sensitivity and MIF production by this method.
Tensile and stress corrosion cracking behavior of ferritic–martensitic steels in supercritical water

Abstract Tensile and stress corrosion cracking behavior of ferritic–martensitic steels in supercritical water were studied in order to evaluate the suitability of these steels for supercritical water nuclear reactor concept. The ferritic–martensitic steels tested in this study consisted of T91, HCM12A, HT-9, weld T91, and weld HCM12A. A series of constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests at a strain rate of 3 × 10−7 s−1 were conducted in supercritical water over a temperature range of 400–600 °C and pressure 24.8 ± 0.07 MPa. CERT tests in argon and in supercritical water with 100 and 300 appb dissolved oxygen also were performed at 500 °C to compare the effect of environment. The results show that HT-9 exhibited the highest yield and maximum stresses, followed by HCM12A, and T91. The reduction in area of T91 is the highest, followed by HCM12A, and HT-9. Temperature has a great effect on tensile behavior of these steels. An increase in test temperature from 400 to 600 °C reduces the yield stress by ∼50%. Both T91 and HCM12A weld steels exhibited a slightly lower yield and maximum stresses than the base steels. Increased dissolved oxygen in the water resulted in a significant reduction of ductility. Fractography showed that all of the specimens exhibited ductile rupture except for HT-9 that showed evidence of intergranular cracking. Intergranular cracking in HT-9 is affected by temperature and oxygen concentration in supercritical water.
CARE: a hypermedia cancer information system

This paper discusses the CARE (Cancer Attitude Risk Education) system, an interactive user friendly hypermedia information system that will allow users to learn more about various aspects of cancer such as risk factors, diagnosis and available treatment options. The CARE system provides information to the user through various means like text, video, graphics, photographs, animation and sound. A defining feature of the CARE system is that it collects information from the user as well as disseminating information. The CARE system collects items such as name, age, gender and answers to risk assessment questions as the user browses through the system. The data collected through the CARE system is valuable to cancer researchers and support groups.
The Suppressive Effects of Testosterone on Growth in Young Chickens Appears to be Mediated via a Peripheral Androgen Receptor; Studies of the Anti-Androgen ICI 176,334

Abstract ICI 176,334 is a nonsteroidal anti-androgen that has been shown to selectively block peripheral androgen receptors in rats and is presumed to do so in chickens. In chickens, androgens stimulate secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., comb), but inhibit growth and the immune tissues. The present study examined the effect of dietary ICI 176,334 (5 or 25 mg/kg body weight) on growth in chickens in the presence or absence of testosterone treatment (as 1-cm long silastic implants). Treatments began at 2 wk of age and continued through 6 wk of age. Testosterone alone reduced body growth (average daily gain and shank-toe length, together with weights of the body, skeletal muscle, and the bursa of Fabricius, an immune tissue), and stimulated comb development. At the low dose (5 mg/kg), ICI 176,334 alone had no effect on body growth or organ weight with the exception that comb weight was reduced. At the high dose (25 mg/kg), ICI 176,334 decreased growth (body weight, average daily gain, and shank-toe length) and organ weights (breast muscle, bursa of Fabricius, testis, and comb weights). This effect may represent a toxicity. As might be expected with an anti-androgen, ICI 176,334 (at either 5 or 25 mg/kg) completely suppressed the stimulation of comb growth evoked by testosterone. Similarly, ICI 176,334 (5 mg/kg) overcame, albeit partially, the growth-suppressive effects of testosterone (on body weight, average daily gain, shank-toe length, and breast muscle weight) and also had inhibitory effects on the weights of the testis and bursa of Fabricius. The anti-androgen, ICI 176,334, did not influence the reduction in circulating concentrations of luteinizing hormone occurring after testosterone treatment. The present data are consistent with the growth-suppressive effects of testosterone in chickens being mediated via a peripheral androgen receptor. No effects of either testosterone or ICI 176,334 were observed on circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I despite the marked changes in growth rate.
Epedimic and endemic HLA-B and DR associations in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome

HLA-A,B and DR antigens were evaluated in 51 patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease) during both endemic and epidemic periods in the Boston area. Although 80% of patients were HLA-B5 (70% HLA-Bw51) during endemic periods, there were no HLA-B5 individuals during the epidemic period. There was, however, an increased incidence of HLA-Bw44 during the Boston epidemic. Such different associations in endemic versus epidemic periods suggest possible different, as yet unknown, inciting agents.
Next steps on ART.

Your news article "Can WHO provide guidance on HIV drugs for developing countries" (Nature Med. 8, 429; 2002) provided an excellent exegesis of the dilemma facing the World Health Organization (WHO) as it prepared guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the developing world.
Lipopolysaccharide stress induces cell-type specific production of murine leukemia virus type-endogenous retroviral virions in primary lymphoid cells

Some murine-endogenous retroviruses, making up ∼10 % of the mouse genome, are induced during the course of experimental sepsis in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pathogenic component of Gram-negative bacteria, often plays a critical role. In this study, we investigated whether LPS stress induces the production of murine leukemia virus type-endogenous retrovirus (MuLV-ERV) virions in primary lymphoid cells. LPS treatment of cells (single-cell suspensions and sorted B- and T-cells) isolated from seven lymphoid organs of C57BL/6J mice resulted in a differential increase in the production of MuLV-ERV virions in most cells examined. Interestingly, among the 34 unique MuLV-ERV U3 sequences cloned from the viral genomic RNAs, the nuclear respiratory factor 1 (transcription factor) element was present only in the 20 U3 sequences that were derived from the LPS-induced MuLV-ERV U3 bands. Using the U3 sequences as a probe, 55 putative MuLV-ERV loci were mapped onto the C57BL/6J mouse genome and 15 of them retained full coding potential. Furthermore, one full-length recombinant MuLV-ERV originating from a locus on chromosome 13 was determined to be responsive to LPS stress. The findings from this study suggest that LPS stress differentially activates MuLV-ERV virion production in lymphoid organs in a cell type- and MuLV-ERV-specific manner. Further investigation is needed to define the role of MuLV-ERVs in the LPS signalling pathway(s) in general, as well as in the pathogenesis of sepsis.
Design of Electric Vehicle’s Operation Management Platform Based on Cloud Computing and Internet of Vehicle

Based on the current research on the application of cloud computing and internet of vehicle, the design of electric vehicle’s operation management platform based on cloud computing is proposed. Firstly, the subsystem function design of electric vehicle’s operation management platform is analyzed, and the formation of platform is introduced. Then, based on theory of cloud computing and internet of vehicle, the software architecture, including core service layer, service management layer and user interface access layer, is built, and the key technology of operation management platform is analyzed. Finally, the system deployment based on private cloud and hybrid cloud is proposed. The research has an important role on the large-scale construction of electric vehicle operation network.
Consumption of important pelagic fish and squid by predatory fish in the northeastern USA shelf ecosystem with some fishery comparisons

The fish biomass on the continental shelf off the eastern USA and Southeastern Canada has shifted towards a higher proportion of pelagic fishes in the 1990s. This study provides estimates of consumption by 12 piscivorous fishes on Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus), sand lance (Ammodytes sp.), short-finned squid (Illex illecebrosus), and longfinned squid (Loligo pealei) during 1977–1997. Results suggest that total consumption (all prey) by the 12 predatory fish species is probably large relative to standing stocks of the above prey. Total consumption by these piscivores (all prey) ranged from 1.5–3.0 million tonnes during this period. The flow of fish biomass from these prey pelagic species to these 12 predators is an important and large fraction of the overall energy budget of the Northeast USA shelf ecosystem. The abundance of prey fishes and squids was reflected in the diets of individual predators; for example several prey species, such as sand lance and Atlantic herring, were very prominent at specific times during the period 1977–1997. Consumption of pelagic fish and squid by predatory fish appears to equal or exceed landings in most years from 1977–1997. In several cases, notably for long-finned squid, Atlantic herring and butterfish, consumption by piscivores may approach or exceed the current estimates of maximum sustainable yield, suggesting that changes in predator abundance may have important implications for long-term fishery yields of pelagic species. 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Factorization of the Drell-Yan Cross-Section in Perturbation Theory

We develop, through detailed one- and two-loop examples, a procedure for expressing the leading-twist Drell-Yan cross section in terms of the factored form proposed by Collins, Soper, and Sterman. We then show that this factorization program can be implemented to all orders in perturbation theory. The factored cross section takes the form of an on-shell qq\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} annihilation cross section (less certain collinear subtractions) convolved with structure functions for the incoming hadrons. The structure functions contain all the collinear singularities and spectator interactions. They are shown to be simply related to those that occur in deep-inelastic lepton scattering. We also demonstrate that the qq\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} cross section minus the collinear subtractions is free of infrared singularities if one integrates over the transverse momentum of the lepton pair.
THE FRANKLIN RELICS IN THE ARCTIC ARCHIVE

In August 2013 the Canadian government launched its largest search for the ships, relics, and records of the John Franklin expedition, which disappeared with all 129 hands lost searching for the Northwest Passage in 1845. Canada's latest search was its fifth in six years, one of dozens of search expeditions launched since 1848, in a well-known story of imperial hubris elevated to an international cause celebre. Recent work in nineteenth-century literary and visual culture has shown the significant role that Franklin played in the Victorian popular imagination of the Arctic (see Spufford, Potter, David, Hill, Cavell, Williams, Savours, MacLaren). In panoramas, stereographs, paintings, plays, music, lantern shows, exhibitions, and popular and elite printed texts, record numbers of Britons could enjoy at their leisure the Arctic sublime in which Franklin's men perished. Alongside this work on how Europeans represented Arctic peoples and places, we also have a growing body of Inuit oral histories describing their encounters with nineteenth-century Arctic explorers. Drawing on these traditional histories of British exploration, visual culture, and literary imagination, and on postcolonial, anthropological and indigenous accounts that shift our attention away from the Eurocentrism of exploration historiography, and toward the “hidden histories of exploration,” this essay uncovers an unexamined material dimension of these encounters – the “Franklin Relics” collected by voyagers searching for Franklin.
Flux Trapping in Superconducting Circuits

It is widely accepted that flux trapping is one of the most serious problems that could create an integration limit for superconductor integrated circuits. The ultimate goal of our project is to reduce the problem to a set of routine technical recommendations for SFQ circuit design. To achieve the goal, we review known theories and recommendations for the reduction of flux trapping. Another important part of the project is an experimental verification of our suggestions. In this paper, we describe our experimental technique, which allows measurements to be carried out in real environments, for example, in a closed-cycle refrigerator or transport Dewar. To illustrate the advantages of our technique we discuss in detail the measured flux trapping properties of one test circuit: a 16-bit shift register. We found that the flux trapping properties of apparently similar cells vary dramatically from cell to cell. In other words, the effects of microscopic fabrication imperfections could be as important as layout optimization.
Mutation of the central nervous system neuroblast proliferation repressor ana leads to defects in larval olfactory behavior

In the developing nervous system, interactions between glia and immature neurons or neuroblasts regulate axon pathfinding, migration, and cell division, and therefore affect structure and function. Glial control of neuroblast cell division has been documented by studies of the anachronism (ana) gene of Drosophila melanogaster. ana encodes a glycoprotein which, in the developing larval central nervous system, is secreted by glia that neighbor regulated neuroblasts. Mutations in ana lead to premature neuroblast proliferation in the larval brain. Examination of lacZ expression from an ana enhancer trap line as well as detection of the ana protein show that ana is also expressed in the larval antennal-maxillary complex (AMC) at all larval stages. As previously reported for the central nervous system, ana expression in the AMC appears to be confined to glial cells. Larval olfactory system function in ana mutants was assayed in a behavioral paradigm. When tested with the three different chemoattractants, third instar ana9 mutant larvae showed diminished olfactory response compared to controls. Examination of a second ana allele revealed aberrant olfactory response to ethyl acetate, demonstrating that more than one mutation in ana can give rise to abnormal larval olfactory behavior. Assays of early first instar ana9 mutant larvae revealed defective olfactory behavior, implying that the olfactory phenotype stems from early larval AMC and/or embryonic origins. This is consistent with proliferation analysis in the early larval AMC region which uncovered a significantly higher number of S-phase cells in ana9 mutants.
Apophaticism in Thomas Aquinas: a re-reformulation and recommendation

Apophaticism has become quite fashionable, for political as well as philosophical reasons: political, because apophaticism opens up space between God and oppressive God-talk; and philosophical, because apophaticism provides theological warrant for embracing our Kantian limits. A correlate fashion has been to broaden our sense of who belongs to the ‘apophatic tradition’ – and Thomas Aquinas has been one of the favourite candidates for such reconsideration. Contrary to this trend, I argue that apophaticism is not a ‘rule’ for Thomas – far from it. Apophaticism is, ironically, one of the steps in Thomas's strategy to assemble the conceptual resources necessary for making positive statements about God. That strategy, in brief, consists of five moves: first, Thomas provisionally defines ‘God’ as the sufficient cause of certain effects ascribed to God; second, using the via negativa to rule out whatever is incompatible with a ‘God’ so specified, he argues that God-in-Godself can be identified with ‘God’; third, Thomas identifies ‘being’ as the common term between God and creatures (which is licit because, Thomas claims, being is not a genus); fourth, he argues that all beings tend toward their perfection, and that God is this perfection; and fifth, he concludes that this tendency-toward-God funds the making of meaningful, positive statements about God-in-Godself.
Motion planning for a three-limbed climbing robot in vertical natural terrain

This paper presents a general framework for planning the quasi-static motion of a three-limbed climbing robot in vertical natural terrain. The problem is to generate a sequence of continuous one-step motions between consecutive holds that will allow the robot to reach a particular goal hold. A detailed algorithm is presented to compute a one-step motion considering the equilibrium constraint only. The overall framework combines this local planner with a heuristic search technique to generate a complete plan. An online implementation of the algorithm is demonstrated in simulation.
Strategies for Reducing Youth Access to Tobacco: a framework for understanding empirical findings on youth access policies

The purpose of this paper is to review empirical studies of youth access policies, to understand components of successful and unsuccessful interventions to help to formulate future policies, and to provide a framework for additional research. Studies of the effects of US youth access policies on retail compliance and youth smoking rates were collected using Internet searches, including Medline and other computerized databases, references identified from bibliographies of pertinent articles and books, and suggestions from tobacco control experts. Results suggested that a successful policy that reduces retail sales is likely to involve a multicomponent approach that includes strong enforcement and penalties, as well as community education and mobilization. The effects of youth access policies on youth smoking rates, however, are mixed and inconclusive. In addition to commercial sales, attention should also be paid to non-retail sources of tobacco, such as parents, older siblings and peers, and black markets...
Optimal solutions of selected cellular neural network applications by the hardware annealing method

An engineering annealing method for optimal solutions of cellular neural networks is presented. Cellular neural networks have great potential in solving many important scientific problems in signal processing and optimization by the use of predetermined templates. Hardware annealing (SaHyun Bang, 1994), which is a paralleled version of effective mean field annealing in analog networks, is a highly efficient method of finding optimal solutions for cellular neural networks. It does not require any stochastic procedure and henceforth can be very fast. The generalized energy function of the network is first increased by reducing the voltage gain of each neuron. Then, the hardware annealing searches for the globally minimum energy state by continuously increasing the gain of neurons. The process of global optimization by the proposed hardware annealing method can be described by eigenvalues in the time varying dynamic system. >
Serum Lactate as a Predictor of Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with Infection

Study objective Little is known about risk-stratification biomarkers in emergency department (ED) patients with suspected infection, and lactate is a biologically plausible candidate. We determine whether a serum venous lactate is associated with an increased risk of death in ED patients with infection. Methods This was a prospective cohort study in an urban, academic medical center with 50,000 annual ED visits. A total of 1,278 consecutive patient visits met enrollment criteria between July 24, 2003, and March 24, 2004, and all patients were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were age 18 years or older, serum lactate level obtained, and admission to the hospital with an infection-related diagnosis. The main outcome measure was all-cause 28-day inhospital mortality and death within 3 days of presentation. Results Among 1,278 patient visits, there were 105 (8.2%) deaths during hospitalization, with 55 (4.3%) of 1,278 deaths occurring in the first 3 days. Mortality rates increased as lactate increased: 43 (4.9%) of 877 of patients with a lactate level between 0 and 2.5 mmol/L died, 24 (9.0%) of 267 patients with a lactate level between 2.5 and 4.0 mmol/L died, and 38 (28.4%) of 134 patients with a lactate level greater than or equal to 4.0 mmol/L died. Lactate level greater than or equal to 4.0 mmol/L was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27% to 45%) sensitive and 92% (95% CI 90% to 93%) specific for any death; it was 55% (95% CI 41% to 68%) sensitive and 91% (95% CI 90% to 93%) specific for death within 3 days. Conclusion In this cohort of ED patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of infection, our results support serum venous lactate level as a promising risk-stratification tool. Multicenter validation, as well as comparison of the lactate level with clinical predictors, needs to be done before widespread implementation.
Teacher Effectiveness In A University Classroom

A teaching professor in the Department of Teacher Education and Human Performance is charged with the responsibility of preparing candidates for the teaching profession. This responsibility is not to be taken lightly as it affects the education and school success of future children across the United States and around the world. Along with this strong sense of responsibility, comes a real and deep-seeded passion for learning. Through my informal observations of teaching professors, I see commitment and sensitivity to meeting the needs and concerns of candidates. In the process of meeting ongoing responsibilities, and the needs and concerns of candidates and others, time allocated to preparation for courses and maintaining the delicate balance between the art and science of teaching can become diminished. This awareness coupled with experience as an educator of 38 years led me to examine the critical attributes that contribute to teacher effectiveness in a university classroom. I chose to emphasize teacher effectiveness in a university classroom because of place and time in my career as an educator.
Supporting the programmer of a rule based language

: In this paper we take up the plight of the programmer of a rule based language. Our focus is on the type of development environment that is most supportive of such programmers. Our view will be that programming is programming, whether it be with a rule based, functional or imperative language. While it is true that rule based languages have strong links to the Expert Systems field, our discussion in this paper has less to do with ‘expert systems’ per se1, and more to do with the view of rule based languages as yet another computational paradigm, often included under the same roof with non-rule-based languages. Just as programming environment research has progressed for non-rule-based languages, we would like to build more powerful environments in the rule based world as well. We report here on an attempt to build such an environment.2
Intelligent Integration of Information

This paper describes and classifies methods to transform data to information in a three-layer, mediated architecture. The layers can be characterized from the top down as information-consuming applications, mediators which perform intelligent integration of information (I3), and data, knowledge and simulation resources.The objective of modules in the I3 architecture is to provide end users' apoplications with information obtained through selection, abstraction, fusion, caching, extrapolation, and pruning of data. The data is obtained from many diverse and heterogeneous sources. The I3 objective requires the establishment of a consensual information system architecture, so that many participants and technologies can contribute. An attempt to provide such a range of services within a single, tightly integrated system is unlikely to survive technological or environmental change.This paper focuses on the computational models needed to support the mediating functions in this architecture and introduces initial applicatiions. The architecture has been motivated in [Wied:92C].
Forms structure form at ever “higher” and “lower” levels

The central purpose of perception is to recognize and describe: From 2-dimensional sensed images, which 3-dimensional objects, moving about in the 4th dimension of time, are “out there?” Almost always form (shape, structure) almost certainly contains the most important information for identifying objects. Even small fragments of form are usually enough; but images with absolutely no shape information are almost always enigmas — until we structure them, much as we do Rorschach blobs, with our own internal forms.
Characterization of microcantilevers solely by frequency response acquisition

A method is presented to determine the geometry of tipless microcantilevers by measuring the resonance frequencies of at least one of their bending, lateral and torsional resonance modes, and having knowledge of the beam’s elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and density. Once the geometry is known, the beam’s stiffness and mass can be calculated. Measurement of multiple modes allows for multiple estimates of cantilever geometry. Multiple data points from the experimental results show that this approach yields dimensional values accurate to roughly 2.5% as compared to SEM-determined length, width and thickness. Stiffness values determined with this new technique are roughly 4.7% and 6.5% less than two existing characterization methods (i.e., Sader’s method and Euler–Bernoulli beam theory predictions), and roughly 16% greater than Hutter and Bechhoefer’s stiffness determination method.
Exploiting criticality to reduce bottlenecks in distributed uniprocessors

Composable multicore systems merge multiple independent cores for running sequential single-threaded workloads. The performance scalability of these systems, however, is limited due to partitioning overheads. This paper addresses two of the key performance scalability limitations of composable multicore systems. We present a critical path analysis revealing that communication needed for cross-core register value delivery and fetch stalls due to misspeculation are the two worst bottlenecks that prevent efficient scaling to a large number of fused cores. To alleviate these bottlenecks, this paper proposes a fully distributed framework to exploit criticality in these architectures at different granularities. A coordinator core exploits different types of block-level communication criticality information to fine-tune critical instructions at decode and register forward pipeline stages of their executing cores. The framework exploits the fetch criticality information at a coarser granularity by reissuing all instructions in the blocks previously fetched into the merged cores. This general framework reduces competing bottlenecks in a synergic manner and achieves scalable performance/power efficiency for sequential programs when running across a large number of cores.
Lipid profiling identifies a triacylglycerol signature of insulin resistance and improves diabetes prediction in humans

Dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, although exactly which of the many plasma lipids contribute to this remains unclear. We therefore investigated whether lipid profiling can inform diabetes prediction by performing liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based lipid profiling in 189 individuals who developed type 2 diabetes and 189 matched disease-free individuals, with over 12 years of follow up in the Framingham Heart Study. We found that lipids of lower carbon number and double bond content were associated with an increased risk of diabetes, whereas lipids of higher carbon number and double bond content were associated with decreased risk. This pattern was strongest for triacylglycerols (TAGs) and persisted after multivariable adjustment for age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol. A combination of 2 TAGs further improved diabetes prediction. To explore potential mechanisms that modulate the distribution of plasma lipids, we performed lipid profiling during oral glucose tolerance testing, pharmacologic interventions, and acute exercise testing. Levels of TAGs associated with increased risk for diabetes decreased in response to insulin action and were elevated in the setting of insulin resistance. Conversely, levels of TAGs associated with decreased diabetes risk rose in response to insulin and were poorly correlated with insulin resistance. These studies identify a relationship between lipid acyl chain content and diabetes risk and demonstrate how lipid profiling could aid in clinical risk assessment.
Myogenic response gradient in an arteriolar network

Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a longitudinal gradient in myogenic responsiveness exists within an arteriolar network. Single arterioles were dissected from the hamster chee...
The Twenty-Sixth Mary McMillan Lecture

All of you must know how absolutely thrilling it is for me to be standing at this podium on this occasion. What has happened to me is just so astounding that I can scarcely comprehend it. This is the first time in all of my life that I have been invited to speak at a conference at which I was not the last person on the program. By the time I get to the podium, even my best friends have always gone home. When our [former] Association president, Jane Mathews, called last year to inform me that I would be the Mary McMillan lecturer here in Denver, I said I was awestruck. Later on, the thought occurred to me that “awestruck” may have been a vapid comment, so out came the dictionary and there it was in plain words. “Awe” means “a mixed feeling of reverence, fear, and wonder.”…
Resistance in Peanut Foliage Influencing Fall Armyworm Control

Larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) were reared through 3 successive generations in the laboratory, confined to feed on foliage of resistant (non preferred) and on susceptible (preferred) cultivars of the peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. In addition to being nonpreferred in the field, the major effects of the resistant cultivar (‘Southeastern Runner 56–15’), compared with the susceptible cultivar, on larvae were a persistent reduction in adult emergence and an associated extension of the life cycle. The effects were cumulative through the generations. The data suggest that plant breeding to incorporate this resistance may assist in controlling populations of fall armyworms.
Comparison of activated partial thromboplastin reagents.

Five commercial reagents and one noncommercial reagent for determining activated partial thromboplastin times were tested for reproducibility of results and ability to detect abnormalities of the intrinsic coagulation system. The sensitivity of the reagents to factors VIII and IX varied markedly; two reagents were so insensitive to factor IX that results obtained were misleading. Reproducibility of results with all reagents tested was satisfactory, although wide inter-reagent variability in results was noted.
More evidence of an association between antipsychotic drugs and the risk of diabetes in children and adolescents: A population-based study

ABSTRACT FROM : Nielsen RE, Laursen MF, Vernal DL, et al . Risk of diabetes in children and adolescents exposed to antipsychotics: a nationwide 12-year case-control study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014;53:971–9.e6. Second generation antipsychotics have been linked with heightened risk of clinically significant weight gain and adverse metabolic effects in adults, including new-onset type 2 diabetes.1 The use of these drugs has increased among children and adolescents in recent years, raising similar concerns about the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes in that age group. Two previous large-scale epidemiological studies have reported an increase in such risk.2 ,3 This was a retrospective, case–control study of 48 299 paediatric patients living in Denmark during the study period 1 January 1999 through 30 June 2010. Cohort members, exposures, outcomes and covariates for analysis were identified (or ascertained) using linked electronic medical care and prescription registers maintained by the Danish healthcare …