cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban-rural wind velocity differences

Abstract Wind speeds along a streamflow line through New York City are found to be decreased below (increased above) those at sites outside of the city during periods with regional wind speeds above (below) about 4 m/s. The decrease is attributed to increased values of the surface roughness parameter in the city, as compared to values in nearby non-urban regions. The increase is associated with accelerations produced by a well-developed urban heat island. Cyclonic turning of the flow along the streamflow line through the city during the high wind speed periods results from decreases in the value of the Coriolis force associated with the increased urban frictional drag. During periods of acceleration over the city, either cyclonic or anticyclonic turning was found, due to a combination of two effects. The origin of the flow was found to influence the direction of the turning over the city during night-time heat island hours. For easterly flows the origin is a highly stable rural region, while for westerly flows it is most likely one of the less stable, but aerodynamically smooth, water bodies around New York City.
Synthesis of aligned single-walled nanotubes using catalysts defined by nanosphere lithography.

We have extended nanolithography into deep submicrometer regime to obtain packing of 50, 100, and 200 nm polystyrene nanospheres, which were then successfully employed to produce highly ordered cat...
Activation analysis applied to steel production

The techniques of activation analysis are discussed and equipment suitable for application to steel production described which uses a neutron generator based on the D–T reaction. These techniques offer the possibility of direct process control, since the analyses can be performed automatically and the results are presented in a form which could easily be applied to a controlling mechanism.
On the applicability of the Cauchy-Born rule

Numerical computations are presented confirming the possible breakdown of the Cauchy-Born rule for an infinite planar square lattice whose vertices are occupied by interacting particles, in agreement with the theoretical predictions of Friesecke and Theil (2002). Energy minimization yields solution branches exhibiting a non-zero deviatoric inner displacement for shearing and extensional deformation. A statically square lattice can become unstable when subjected to sufficiently large deformation. Numerical solutions of a boundary-value problem illustrate the development of irregular lattice configurations under supercritical conditions.
Asymptotically exact a posteriori estimators for the pointwise gradient error on each element in irregular meshes. Part II: The piecewise linear case

We extend results from Part I about estimating gradient errors elementwise a posteriori, given there for quadratic and higher elements, to the piecewise linear case. The key to our new result is to consider certain technical estimates for differences in the error, e(x 1 )-e(x 2 ), rather than for e(x) itself. We also give a posteriori estimators for second derivatives on each element.
Regional simulations of deep convection and biomass burning over South America: 2. Biomass burning aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation

[1] A fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol mesoscale model (WRF-Chem) is used to simulate a multiday biomass burning event in the dry season of South America. The effects of biomass burning aerosols on clouds and precipitation are described at both 36 km and 4 km horizontal resolutions. The dominant effect of the aerosols is to reduce the diurnal amplitude of convection by decreasing clouds and precipitation in the afternoon but increasing them at night, with the afternoon decrease greater than the nighttime increase on the daily mean. On average, the decrease of surface precipitation is about 5% (3%) and the amplitude of diurnal cycle is reduced by about 11% (5%) in the 36 km (4 km) simulations. Such a modulation of clouds and precipitation is primarily contributed by the aerosol radiative effect, i.e., their ability to scatter and absorb solar radiation. The aerosol microphysical effect as cloud condensation nuclei tends to act oppositely to the aerosol radiative effect but with a smaller magnitude, especially in the simulations at 36 km horizontal resolution. The 4 km resolution runs exhibit similar behaviors to the 36 km simulations, with a slightly stronger role of the aerosol microphysical effect relative to the aerosol radiative effect. We find another important effect of biomass burning aerosols. When uplifted into the upper troposphere by deep convection, they can significantly warm the upper troposphere through their local radiative heating effect and result in significant moistening in the upper troposphere, potentially affecting the water vapor transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere.
Differential reproduction: Its relation to IQ test score, education, and occupation

Abstract The correlations among IQ test score, educational attainment rating, socioeconomic status, total number of children in the family of origin, total number of offspring in completed families, and mean age at birth of live‐born children are examined for a representative sample of the Minnesota white population. Natural selection appears to be favoring an increase in the mean IQ score in the sample, or at least there is no evidence for a decrease. The data show positive marital assortment for IQ score and for educational attainment. Four estimates of the heritability of the phenotype “IQ test score” coincide well with each other. The value of h2 estimated from parent‐children regression is 0.631; from a weighted regression of children's scores on the score of the father alone, it is 0.668 and on the score of the mother alone, it is 0.654. The estimate from the intra‐class correlation of full siblings is 0.666.
Distribution of citations in databases in a multidisciplinary field

Word‐oriented databases of potential relevance to the multidisciplinary field of emergency management were identified by the University of Illinois, Information Retrieval Research Laboratory under contract to the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). This article is an extension and outgrowth of that contract. It analyzes forty databases for relevance to emergency management by searching each database using an emergency management subject profile, printing a random sample of citations to determine percent of false drops, and ranking the databases according to number of relevant citations. Bradford's law of scatter is shown to apply to this multidisciplinary field, using databases instead of journals and citations instead of articles. No one database provides more than 19% of the literature, however, illustrating that the literature in the field is widely scattered throughout databases. These findings can help in the choice of the specific databases containing emergency management citations and in the determination of how many databases need to be searched in order to retrieve a given percentage of the literature. A companion article in this issue of Online Review — ‘Evaluation of database coverage: a comparison of two methodologies,’ explains the subject profile evaluation method employed in this project and compares it to another coverage evaluation technique.
Sizing segregation bins in bulk conveyor systems with discrete loading sources

Abstract Bulk conveyor systems often employ bins to segregate flow and to prevent interruptions in material handling. Analytical methods for sizing these bins were explored for the case when they serve multiple loading sources, each discharging a series of individual loads onto the conveyor. These methods included both an exact expression of the probability distribution for the required bin capacity and a normal approximation. The two analytical methods and a simulation model were used to size bins for some real and hypothetical applications. In comparing the modeling results of each method, only minor differences in the bin sizes were seen. For the applications examined, the normal approximation would be preferred as very little computational effort is required.
Experiments with Gammexane ' in the control of lice on poultry and their bearing on the problem of vitamin D intake.

RECENTLY, I conducted a series of experiments to determine the tainting effect of ‘Gammexane’ (benzene hexachloride) when used for the control of body lice on poultry. A commercial louse powder containing 5 per cent benzene hexachloride (15 per cent gamma isomer) was used. Dusted on the birds, this gave rapid and prolonged control of louse infestation, and when eggs from these birds were submitted to a panel of tasters they could detect no difference from eggs laid by control hens. Similarly, no taint could be detected in the meat when dusted birds were cooked and eaten. In the most severe test, birds were excessively dusted four times at weekly intervals and killed one week after the final dusting.
Profound hypothermia is superior to ultraprofound hypothermia in improving survival in a swine model of lethal injuries.

Background Rapid induction of profound hypothermia can improve survival from uncontrolled lethal hemorrhage. However, the optimal depth of hypothermia in this setting remains unknown. This experiment was designed to compare the impact of deep (15°C), profound (10°C), and ultraprofound (5°C) hypothermia on survival and organ functions. Methods Uncontrolled lethal hemorrhage was induced in 32 swine (80-120 lb) by creating an iliac artery and vein injury, followed 30 minutes later by laceration of the descending thoracic aorta. Hypothermia was induced rapidly (2°C/min) by infusing cold organ preservation solution into the aorta through a thoracotomy. The experimental groups were (n = 8 per group): a normothermic control, and 3 hypothermic groups in which the core temperature was reduced to 15°C, 10°C, and 5°C. Vascular injuries were repaired during 60 minutes of hypothermia. Animals were then rewarmed (0.5°C/min) and resuscitated on cardiopulmonary bypass, and monitored for 6 weeks for neurologic deficits, cognitive function, and organ dysfunction. Results All normothermic animals died, whereas 6-week survival rates for the 15°C, 10°C, and 5°C groups were 62.5%, 87.5%, and 25%, respectively (P Conclusions In a model of lethal injuries, rapid induction of profound hypothermia can prevent death. The depth of hypothermia influences survival, with a better outcome associated with a core temperature of 10°C compared with 5°C.
Space durable polymer/carbon nanotube films for electrostatic charge mitigation ☆

Abstract Low color, flexible, space environmentally durable polymeric materials possessing sufficient surface resistivity (10 6 –10 10 Ω/square) for electrostatic charge (ESC) mitigation are of interest for potential applications on Gossamer spacecraft as thin film membranes on antennas, large lightweight space optics, and second surface mirrors. One method of incorporating intrinsic ESC mitigation while maintaining low color, flexibility, and optical clarity is through the utilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). However, SWNTs are difficult to uniformly disperse in the polymer matrix. The approach reported herein employed amide acid polymers endcapped with alkoxysilane groups that could condense with oxygen containing functionalities that were present on the ends of SWNTs as a result of the oxidative purification treatment. These SWNTs were combined with the endcapped amide acid polymers in solution and subsequently cast as unoriented thin films. Two examples possessed electrical conductivity (measured as surface resistance and surface resistivity) sufficient for ESC mitigation at loading levels of ≤0.08 wt% SWNT as well as good retention of thermo-optical properties. The percolation threshold was determined to lie between 0.03 and 0.04 wt% SWNT loading. Electrical conductivity of the film remained unaffected even after harsh mechanical manipulation.
Assessment of the role of circulating breast cancer cells in tumor formation and metastatic potential using in vivo flow cytometry

The identification of breast cancer patients who will ultimately progress to metastatic disease is of significant clinical importance. The quantification and assessment of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has been proposed as one strategy to monitor treatment effectiveness and disease prognosis. However, CTCs have been an elusive population of cells to study because of their small number and difficulties associated with isolation protocols. In vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) can overcome these limitations and provide insights in the role these cells play during primary and metastatic tumor growth. In this study, we used two-color IVFC to examine, for up to ten weeks following orthotopic implantation, changes in the number of circulating human breast cells expressing GFP and a population of circulating hematopoietic cells with strong autofluorescence. We found that the number of detected CTCs in combination with the number of red autofluorescent cells (650 to 690 nm) during the first seven days following implantation was predictive in development of tumor formation and metastasis eight weeks later. These results suggest that the combined detection of these two cell populations could offer a novel approach in the monitoring and prognosis of breast cancer progression, which in turn could aid significantly in their effective treatment.
The public library and the internet : Who has a right to what?

There is a controversy, both within and outside the library community, over whether or not public libraries should provide unrestricted Internet access. The debate usually centers around the use of filtering software to block sites whose content might be considered pornographic, indecent, violent, or hate speech. On one side of the debate are those who argue that material of this nature should not be accessible in public libraries, while on the other side are those who argue that the blocking of any Constitutionally protected material is a violation of the First Amendment. In this article, I take the position that the intellectual freedom controversy addresses only part of the issue. I argue that the Internet is a resource, and that the level of service a library can provide is largely dependent on what it can afford to provide, consistent with its mandate to serve the information needs of the community.
National Territory and the Reconstruction of History in Kazakhstan

This paper examines efforts to recreate the history of Kazakhstan for the purpose of bolstering that newly independent state's external and internal legitimacy. It first explores the interrelationship between nationalism and territory, and then proceeds to a discussion of the constructed historical linkages between the titular community and its current territory of residence. Included in the study is a brief review of counterhegemonic historiographies and also of relevant political conditions. Anchored in a theoretical framework, the paper incorporates population statistics as well as information obtained during interviews in Almaty in 2001. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, R23, Z13. 2 figures, 1 table, 92 references.
Distributed computation with communication delay (distributed intelligent sensor networks)

A linear network of communicating processors is examined. The objective is to solve a computational problem in a minimal amount of time. The processors in the networks may be equipped either with or without front-end processors for communication off-loading. The cases of equal division of processing load and optimal division of processing load are discussed for both the network with front-end processors and the network without front end processors. An example of the inclusion of solution time, the time taken for processors to report the solution back to the problem originator, is also presented. >
Predictors of in-hospital mortality in coronary artery dissection: Findings from the National Inpatient Sample 2009-2010.

Background: The pathophysiology of coronary artery dissection (CD) remains poorly under­stood and little is known about the factors predicting mortality in these patients. We aimed to study the epidemiology of CD and predictors of mortality in these patients. Methods: All patients diagnosed with CD in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2009–2010 database using International Classification of Diseases ninth revision 414.12 were included in the study. Chronic conditions included in the analysis were diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), obesity, alcohol use, smoking, heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias. Non-cardiovascular conditions were connective tissue disorders, fibromuscular dysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease, polycystic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis including giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa and Takayasu’s disease, cocaine use, early or premature labor. Results: The prevalence of CD in the United States was 0.02% (n = 11,255), based on the hospital admissions reviewed in the database. The mean age was 63.25 years with women (64.62 years) being older than men (62.25 years) (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality rate was 4.2%, with women (5.5%) having higher mortality than men (3.2%) (p = 0.009). Ventricular arrhythmias (OR 5.86, p < 0.001) predicted higher mortality, while hyperlipidemia (OR 0.26, p < 0.001) and CAD (OR 0.31, p = 0.001) predicted lower mortality in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that CD was more prevalent in men but women had higher mortality than men. Age, heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias were independent predictors of increased mortality but hyperlipidemia CAD predicted lower mortality in patients with CD.
Care transitions in the outpatient surgery preoperative process: facilitators and obstacles to information flow and their consequences

Patient care transitions have been shown to be critical points at which failure as well as recovery from potential failure may occur. The purpose of this research was to identify transitions in patient care and the flow of associated information at different steps in the outpatient surgery preoperative care process and, in turn, attempt to identify breakdowns in the information flow process and their ramifications. A study of one organization’s preoperative process for outpatient surgery was conducted, employing four means of data collection to gather information on preoperative work processes: employee shadowing, patient shadowing, clinic observation, and dictated feedback. Various facilitators and obstacles in information flow were found to be present in the preoperative care process. Obstacles often resulted in negative consequences for healthcare providers and patients. Helping care providers understand how their actions affect the various elements of the preoperative process, through improved awareness, may be one way to improve information flow problems within the outpatient surgery process.
Solar wind time history contribution to the day‐of‐year variation in geomagnetic activity

[1] The day-of-year (DOY) variation in the average value of a solar wind driver of geomagnetic activity has been shown to explain only a minority of the observed amplitude of DOY variation in geomagnetic activity. The proxies for solar wind driving used to show this are averages of a solar wind measurement in the same hour or 3-hour interval as the geomagnetic activity measurement. This model of solar wind driving of geomagnetic activity does not account for the observation that the solar wind state in a given time interval can have an effect on activity that lasts many hours. In this work we show a model that includes the solar wind time history predicts a much higher DOY variation in both auroral zone and midlatitude geomagnetic activity. This model is used to estimate the solar wind contribution in two geomagnetic activity measures that exhibit a semiannual DOY variation: the am index and postmidnight ground magnetic field measurements in the auroral zone. The estimated solar wind driver contribution to the DOY variation in the am index is 75%, which is approximately twice the amount of previous estimates. Solar wind driving is estimated to explain 40-60% of the DOY variation in the magnetic field measured by auroral zone ground magnetometers in the postmidnight sector, where previous estimates were near zero.
An automatic phase correction method in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract A phase correction method is proposed based on the analysis of the phase behavior in NMR images. When NMR signals are acquired as a whole echo, the phase shows linear dependency on the distance. The phase is generally dependent not only on the frequency-encoding direction but also on the phase-encoding direction. An automatic phase correction routine based on the phase behavior analysis has been developed and applied to inversion-recovery NMR images as well as to standard spin-echo images.
The black boox: Vol. III, 39 steps

Ranulph Glanville, Echoraum, Vienna, 2009, 463 pp., ISBN 978-3-901941-21-4 Although this book is the third volume of a trilogy entitled The black boox, it was the first one of the three published. ...
Residence time distributions in surface transient storage zones in streams: Estimation via signal deconvolution

[1] Little is known about the impact of surface transient storage (STS) zones on reach-scale transport and the fate of dissolved nutrients in streams. Exchange with these locations may influence the rates of nutrient cycling often observed in whole-stream tracer experiments, particularly because they are sites of organic matter collection and lower flow velocities than those observed in the thalweg. We performed a conservative stream tracer experiment (slug of dissolved NaCl) in the Ipswich River in northeastern Massachusetts and collected solute tracer data both in the thalweg and adjacent STS zones at three locations in a fifth-order reach. Tracer time series observed in STS zones are an aggregate of residence time distributions (RTDs) of the upstream transport to that point (RTDTHAL) and that of the temporary storage within these zones (RTDSTS). Here we demonstrate the separation of these two RTDs to determine the RTDSTS specifically. Total residence times for these individual STS zones range from 4.5 to 7.5 h, suggesting that these zones have the potential to host important biogeochemical transformations in stream systems. All of the RTDSTS show substantial deviations from the ideal prescribed by the two-state (mobile/immobile) mass transfer equations. The deviations indicate a model mismatch and that parameter estimation based on the mass transfer equations will yield misleading values.
Matching and mismatching preservice teachers' learning styles: Keys to educating for individual differences

Learning styles of elementary education majors in biology (n=83), measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), were compared to learning styles of students (n=673) in a general non-majors biology course. Recommendations for courses for elementary education majors were made, which included incorporating student-led demonstrations and presentations, a study schedule, instruction with personal involvement, television, films and audiovisuals. A program which taught psychological (MBTI) type theory and matched and mismatched students' learning styles was incorporated into a biology course for elementary education majors to educate them in individual differences. The program facilitated an increase in the students' decided dominant MBTI function scores (p<.04).
Multi-fluid Model of a Sun-grazing Comet in the Rapidly Ionizing, Magnetized Low Corona

Two Sun-grazing comets were recently imaged in the low solar corona by space telescopes in unprecedented detail, revealing a wide range of new phenomena. This sparked growing interest in the interaction of comets with the coronal plasma and magnetic field and their diagnostic potential as solar probes. However, interpretation of such rich observational data requires profound understanding of relevant physical processes in an unexplored regime. Here advanced numerical modeling can provide critical clues. To this end, we present a prototype, multi-fluid, magnetohydrodynamic model of a steady-state comet in the low solar corona. These simulation results are compared with previously modeled comets in the solar wind environment. By inspecting their projection and column densities, we find a dominance of O6 + ions in the cometary tail, which can explain the observed extreme ultraviolet emission. The tail is found to be comparable to recent EUV images of these comets. In addition, the comet tail appears wider when the observer's line of sight is perpendicular rather than parallel to the local magnetic field. This is opposite to the trend in the interplanetary space permeated in the solar wind, because the ratio between dynamic pressure and magnetic pressure is an order of magnitude smaller than at 1 AU. On the other hand, we find that iron ions in the comet head build up to a density comparable to that of oxygen ions, but are unlikely to form a visible tail because of the shorter mean free paths of the neutrals.
The Challenges of Field Testing the Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) in an Operational Air Traffic Control Facility

The Traffic Management Advisor (TMA), the sequence and schedule tool of the Center/TRACON Automation System (CTAS), was evaluated at the Fort Worth Center (ZFW) in the summer of 1996. This paper describes the challenges encountered during the various phases of the TMA field evaluation, which included system (hardware and software) installation, personnel training, and data collection. Operational procedures were developed and applied to the evaluation process that would ensure air safety. The five weeks of field evaluation imposed minimal impact on the hosting facility and provided valuable engineering and human factors data. The collection of data was very much an opportunistic affair, due to dynamic traffic conditions. One measure of the success of the TMA evaluation is that, rather than remove TMA after the evaluation until it could be fully implemented, the prototype TMA is in continual use at ZFW as the fully operational version is readied for implementation.
Editorial: Contributed Papers and Special Section Papers--An Analysis

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: Contributed Papers and Special Section Papers--An Analysis” for OE Vol. 33 Issue 04
Personal ontologies for web navigation

The publicly indexable Web contains an estimated 800 million pages, however it is estimated that the largest search engine contains only 300 million of these pages. As the number of Internet users and the number of accessible Web pages grows, it is becoming increasingly difficult for users to find documents that are relevant to their particular needs. Often users must browse through a large hierarchy of categories to find the information for which they are looking. To provide the user with the most useful information in the least amount of time, we need a system that uses each user’s view of the world for classification. This paper explores a way to use a user’s personal arrangement of concepts to navigate the Web. This system is built by using the characterizations for a particular site created by the Ontology Based Informing Web Agent Navigation (OBIWAN) system and mapping from them to the user’s personal ontologies. OBIWAN allows users to explore multiple sites via the same browsing hierarchy. This paper extends OBIWAN to allow users to explore multiple sites via their own browsing hierarchy. The mapping of the reference ontology to the personal ontology is shown to have a promising level of correctness and precision.
Evaluation of hydrologic components of community land model 4 and bias identification

Runoff and soil moisture are two key components of the global hydrologic cycle that should be validated at local to global scales in Earth System Models (ESMs) used for climate projection. We have evaluated the runoff and surface soil moisture output by the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) along with 8 other models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) repository using satellite soil moisture observations and stream gauge corrected runoff products. A series of Community Land Model (CLM) runs forced by reanalysis and coupled model outputs was also performed to identify atmospheric drivers of biases and uncertainties in the CCSM. Results indicate that surface soil moisture simulations tend to be positively biased in high latitude areas by most selected CMIP5 models except CCSM, FGOALS, and BCC, which share similar land surface model code. With the exception of GISS, runoff simulations by all selected CMIP5 models were overestimated in mountain ranges and in most of the Arctic region. In general, positive biases in CCSM soil moisture and runoff due to precipitation input error were offset by negative biases induced by temperature input error. Excluding the impact from atmosphere modeling, the global mean of seasonal surface moisture oscillation was out of phase compared to observations in many years during 1985–2004. The CLM also underestimated runoff in the Amazon, central Africa, and south Asia, where soils all have high clay content. We hypothesize that lack of a macropore flow mechanism is partially responsible for this underestimation. However, runoff was overestimated in the areas covered by volcanic ash soils (i.e., Andisols), which might be associated with poor soil porosity representation in CLM. Our results indicate that CCSM predictability of hydrology could be improved by addressing the compensating errors associated with precipitation and temperature and updating the CLM soil representation.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of SBRT versus IMRT for low-risk prostate cancer

Objectives:Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has been established as the standard external-beam modality in treating low-risk prostate cancer. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a novel approach involving high-dose radiotherapy in 5 fractions. This analysis compared their cost-effec
New Soluble n-Type Conjugated Polymers for Use as Electron Transport Materials in Light-Emitting Diodes

We report the synthesis of a series of six new soluble n-type conjugated copolymers that incorporate bis(phenylquinoline) and regioregular dialkylbithiophene in the backbone, the investigation of their electrochemical, photophysical, and electroluminescent properties, and their use as electron transport materials in light-emitting devices. Variation of the alkyl chain length of the head-to-head dialkylbithiophene linkage from butyl (C4) to dodecyl (C12) had little or no effect on the photophysical or redox properties of the new polyquinolines. However, the glass transition temperature decreased from 256 °C for the butyl derivative to 76 °C for the dodecyl derivative. A single-crystal X-ray structure of a model compound allowed quantification of the intramolecular torsion angles which explain the significant difference in optical band gap and redox properties between the head-to-tail and head-to-head polymers. The high electron affinity (2.88−2.97 eV), robust thermal stability, suitable solution processabi...
Rho GTPases in hematopoiesis and hemopathies

Rho family GTPases are intracellular signaling proteins regulating multiple pathways involved in cell actomyosin organization, adhesion, and proliferation. Our knowledge of their cellular functions comes mostly from previous biochemical studies that used mutant overexpression approaches in various clonal cell lines. Recent progress in understanding Rho GTPase functions in blood cell development and regulation by gene targeting of individual Rho GTPases in mice has allowed a genetic understanding of their physiologic roles in hematopoietic progenitors and mature lineages. In particular, mouse gene–targeting studies have provided convincing evidence that individual members of the Rho GTPase family are essential regulators of cell type–specific functions and stimuli-specific pathways in regulating hematopoietic stem cell interaction with bone marrow niche, erythropoiesis, and red blood cell actin dynamics, phagocyte migration and killing, and T- and B-cell maturation. In addition, deregulation of Rho GTPase family members has been associated with multiple human hematologic diseases such as neutrophil dysfunction, leukemia, and Fanconi anemia, raising the possibility that Rho GTPases and downstream signaling pathways are of therapeutic value. In this review we discuss recent genetic studies of Rho GTPases in hematopoiesis and several blood lineages and the implications of Rho GTPase signaling in hematologic malignancies, immune pathology. and anemia.
Analysis of visceral heterotaxy according to splenic status, appendage morphology, or both

Abstract We conclude, therefore, that description and analysis of visceral heterotaxy need to include considerations of the bodily organs as well as attention to cardiac structure. It must then be recognized that important differences exist between the groupings made on the basis of splenic status and morphology of the appendages. It is up to the individual investigator, based on the specific topic to be studied, to choose between the utilities of these different approaches.
Ultrafast electronic disorder in heat-induced structural deformations and phase transitions in metals

Heat-induced structural deformations and phase transitions of gold and silver are studied using 1.55-eV, 120-fs ultrashort laser pulses. The dynamics of the heating process is monitored by measuring the time evolution of the dielectric constants following optical excitation. Intensity-dependent dielectric constants in silver and gold show similarities with the photon-energy-dependent dielectric constants, which is shown to indirectly map out the degree of heat-induced electronic disorder in these noble metals. This observation strongly suggests that the heat-induced structural deformations and phase transitions in metals are tied to the electronic disorder and band-structure collapse. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Ethnicity and aging: Implications for the Jewish community

There has been an increased interest in the gerontological literature concerning the effects that ethnicity has in the lives of older persons. While sharing a common history and holding many similar beliefs and values, members of the Jewish community are characterized by considerable diversity and heterogeneity. The diversity of the Jewish aged can be better understood when ethnic group affiliations, ethnic identity, and ethnic practices are considered along with other factors. A better understanding of diversity among Jewish aged will aid the Jewish community in the identification of service needs as well as the planning and delivery of health and human services.
First Unambiguous Characterization of a Novel RO-BH2 Intermediate by 1H{11B} and 1H{13C,11B} NMR Spectroscopy. Proof of Boron−Carbonyl Interaction through Innovative Use of NMR Techniques

An unusual reduction of the aryl-substituted 3-hydroxyacrylic acid ester 1 by BH3 results in the propenoic acid ethyl ester 3. We were able to prove the presence of an intermediate 2 containing a c...
Feedback suppression of pituitary-adrenal function in rats with pituitary islands.

Abstract To study the role of the pituitary in negative feedback regulation of pituitary-adrenal function, the effects of dexamethasone-21-PO4 (Dex) on plasma concentrations of corticosterone were determined in adult female rats with pituitary islands (PI); sham-operated and intact rats served as controls. “Non-stress” levels of corticosterone 24 hr after forebrain removal were not different from those of controls. However, hypophysectomy at time of brain removal resulted in a decrease ( P ) in plasma corticosterone levels. Rats treated 4 hr previously with Dex (100 μg/kg) had corticosterone concentrations that were lower than those of saline-treated rats. These results indicate that 24 hr after forebrain removal the pituitary releases considerable ACTH and is sensitive to negative feedback.
Cell cycle changes associated with formation of Pt-DNA adducts in human ovarian carcinoma cells with different cisplatin sensitivity.

The possible correlation between alterations in cytokinetic response to cisplatin (CP) treatment and drug resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cell lines was examined. Using dual parameter flow cytometry, we performed detailed time-course and dose-response analysis of cell cycle modifications in the parental A2780 and resistant A2780/CP cells exposed to CP. The data suggested that drug treatment resulted in similar types of cell cycle alterations in cells with different CP sensitivity. Rapid normalization of the cytokinetic pattern in both cell lines at low doses of CP was observed. At higher drug concentrations reversible S phase delay predominated, accompanied by blocks in both G1/S and G2/M and followed by complete normalization of cytokinetic patterns in the surviving cells. CP treatment by lethal doses resulted in almost complete S phase block. The surviving cells at 72 h accumulated in G2 phase. CP-induced cell cycle perturbations, among which the most pronounced were alterations in the S phase populations, correlated with the level of DNA damage, but not with cell survival in these cell lines. However, at identical levels of DNA damage, the resistant A2780/CP cell line demonstrated decreased p53 induction and decreased apoptosis compared to the parental cell line. Thus, at equivalent levels of DNA damage, resistance in this model system correlated with a diminished p53-dependent apoptotic pathway rather than with differences in cell cycle response. Cytometry 27:54–64, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of tritium labelled 4-fluoro-1-[1–(2-thienyl)]cyclohexylpiperidine ([3H]-FTCP); a tool for autoradiographic study of the phencyclidine binding site

4-Fluoro-1–[1–(2-thienyl)-3-cyclohexenyl)] piperidine was efficiently synthesized in four steps starting from cyclohexane-1, 4-dione monoethylene ketal. Catalytic tritiation of this key intermediate in the final step afforded the title compound.
Radioactive Tracer Study of a Photomultiplier Manufacturing Process

A quantitative measurement of the cesium disposition within a multiplier phototube was accomplished by the use of cesium-137 as a tracer. The processing and measurement techniques are described, and the significance of the findings are discussed in relation to tube performance and improvement. An attempt was made to examine the role of cesium in the fatigue behavior of the AgMgOCs dynode surface. The effort met with interpretation difficulties when it was found that an apparent excess of cesium masks the postulated surface changes. Experimental work with the Du Mont 6292 showed that a low fatigue rate is associated with a high degree of dynode oxidation, but no correlation with cesium uptake was readily evident.
Parent’s Perceptions of Involvement in Children’s Education: Findings from a Qualitative Study of Public Housing Residents

Parent involvement in children’s education is an important element in enhancing academic achievement and promoting positive behavior in young people. This qualitative study uses a Grounded Theory approach to examining parent’s perceptions of their ability or inability to be involved in their children’s education by querying about factors impacting involvement and their experiences overcoming barriers. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data on parents (N = 12) of youth who participate in a public housing after-school program by way of focus groups. Results suggest that parents are hopeful about engaging in education, but often fail to become actively involved because they feel marginalized. Furthermore, tangible barriers, a hurdle they were previously able to combat, was more challenging for them to overcome in the face of oppression. Marginalization is manifested cyclically for these parents. Implications for strategies helping parents become more involved in the educational process are identified.
Theoretical effect of wheel loads on subsoil stresses

Abstract This study highlights the previously expressed concerns of soil researchers who have indicated that compaction pressures or stresses in the deeper layers of soil are determined by the amount of surface load. Modifications of Boussinesq theory by Froelich and further modification of Froelich's equations by Soehne were used to predict and develop graphical relationships for maximum allowable loads and/or mean surface contact pressures beneath loaded farm machinery tyres. Vertical compressive stresses at different subsoil depths were calculated and design loads for a currently used high flotation tyre were examined for comparative purposes. For highly compactible soils the results indicate that mean surface contact pressures should not exceed maximum allowable stresses in the subsoil for individual wheel loads which exceed approximately 30 kN. Thus, it appears that future designs based upon limited ground contact pressures are essential. This will require limitations on vehicle wheel loads and the use of more tyres and axles on heavy equipment.
Analysis and Transformations for Efficient Query-Based Debugging

This paper describes a framework that supports powerful queries in debugging tools, and describes in particular the transformations, alias analysis, and type analysis used to make the queries efficient. The framework allows queries over the states of all objects at any point in the execution as well as over the history of states. The transformations are based on incrementally maintaining the results of expensive queries studied in previous work. The alias analysis extends the flow-sensitive intraprocedural analysis to an efficient flow-sensitive interprocedural analysis for an object-oriented language with also a form of context sensitivity. We also show the power of the framework and the effectiveness of the analyses through case studies and experiments with XML DOM tree transformations, an FTP client, and others. We were able to easily determine the sources of all injected bugs, and we also found an actual bug in the case study on the FTP client.
Postsynaptic Density-95 Mimics and Occludes Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation and Enhances Long-Term Depression

Previous studies have shown that overexpression of the protein PSD-95 (postsynaptic density-95) selectively enhances AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic responses in hippocampal pyramidal cells. To determine whether this effect is related to synaptic plasticity at these synapses, we examined whether PSD-95 expression mimics long-term potentiation (LTP), and also whether it influences LTP and long-term depression (LTD) in hippocampal slice cultures. Using simultaneous recording from transfected or infected cells and control pyramidal cells, we found that PSD-95, similar to LTP, increases the amplitude and frequency of miniature EPSCs. It also converts silent synapses to functional synapses, as does LTP. In addition, LTP is completely occluded in cells expressing PSD-95, whereas LTD is greatly enhanced. These results suggest that common mechanisms are involved in controlling synaptic AMPA receptors by PSD-95 and synaptic plasticity.
Using Trusted Computing to Build a Safer World

Internet safety is not easy to acquire. Therefore, IT systems are using the trusted computing framework to build a safety system. A European commission funded a project to build out an open source trusted computing solution which increase transparency, reduce the trusted computing base and remotely verifiable compartments that enforce information flows, based on trusted virtualisation.
THE NF-κB AND IκB PROTEINS: New Discoveries and Insights

▪ Abstract The transcription factor NF-κB has attracted widespread attention among researchers in many fields based on the following: its unusual and rapid regulation, the wide range of genes that it controls, its central role in immunological processes, the complexity of its subunits, and its apparent involvement in several diseases. A primary level of control for NF-κB is through interactions with an inhibitor protein called IκB. Recent evidence confirms the existence of multiple forms of IκB that appear to regulate NF-κB by distinct mechanisms. NF-κB can be activated by exposure of cells to LPS or inflammatory cytokines such as TNF or IL-1, viral infection or expression of certain viral gene products, UV irradiation, B or T cell activation, and by other physiological and nonphysiological stimuli. Activation of NF-κB to move into the nucleus is controlled by the targeted phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IκB. Exciting new research has elaborated several important and unexpected findings that...
An uplink CDMA system architecture with diverse QoS guarantees for heterogeneous traffic

The uplink access control problems for cellular code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems that service heterogeneous traffic with various types of quality-of-service (QoS) and use multicode CDMA to support variable bit rates are addressed. Considering its distinct QoS requirements, class-I real-time traffic (e.g., voice and video) is differentiated from class-II non-real-time traffic (e.g., data). Connection-oriented transmission is achieved by assigning mobile-oriented code channels for class-I traffic, where each corresponding mobile needs to pass an admission test. Class-II traffic is transmitted in a best-effort manner through a transmission-rate request access scheme which utilizes the bandwidth left unused by class-I traffic. Whenever a mobile has class-II messages to transmit, the mobile requests code channels via a base station-oriented transmission-request code channel, then, according to the base station scheduling, the transmission is scheduled and permitted. Addressed are the admission test for class-I connections, transmission power allocation, and how to maximize the aggregate throughput for class-II traffic. The admission region of voice and video connections and the optimum target signal-to-interference ratio of class-II traffic are derived numerically. The performance of class-II traffic transmissions in terms of average delay is also evaluated and discussed.
Tax Policies in Core Area Improvement Program

The deliberate use of tax policies as a program element (of the many elements put together in organized urban core area improvement programs) has, until recently, largely been neglected. The background section considers the most common elements in such programs. The third section examines the implications of current tax policies for core areas. The fourth section describes the economic aspects of core areas that might be affected favorably by altered tax policies. The fifth section considers possible roles for tax policies in program implementation. This paper contends that there is much promise in shaping tax policies both as incentives and disincentives as an integral part of core area revitalization programs.
MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF MEAT | Yeasts and Molds

Yeasts and molds are important microorganisms related to human welfare, safety, and food resources. They contribute greatly to the food industry in areas such as winemaking, single-cell protein production, brewing, baking, vitamin production, etc. However, under certain conditions they can act as potential spoilage organisms in food, especially in processed, preserved, and refrigerated food. Enumeration and identification of yeasts and molds from foods are of great importance in understanding the value of these organisms in various food systems as well as their role in spoilage. Knowledge of how certain yeasts and molds colonize meat products and of their effects on the meat products is essential in order to prevent economic losses during spoilage or to maximize desirable fermentation of certain cured meat products by yeasts and molds. Occasionally, some pathogenic yeasts and molds might occur in meat and meat products that may pose food safety issues.