cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of interdisciplinary education in underserved areas: Health professions collaboration in Tennessee

A community-based interdisciplinary health professions education project, involving the Colleges of Medicine, Nursing and Public and Allied Health, was implemented at the undergraduate level at East Tennessee State University from 1990 to the present. The outcomes of this project and the extension of the project into graduate health profession programs are described. Committed leadership, effective communication, and genuine community involvement are identified as essential to the success of community-based, interdisciplinary health professions training programs.
God Helps Those Who Help Themselves?: The Effects of Religious Affiliation, Religiosity, and Deservedness on Generosity Toward the Poor

Universiry of South Fl^1s Few studies in recent sociological literature include detailed analysis of how religious affiliation and religiosity affect perceptions of the poor. In this paper, data from the 1986 GSS Factorial Survey Supplement are used to examine the effects of religious affiliation and religiosity on generosity toward poor famikes, and on factors which ffect such generosity . The analysis suggests iat religious affikation has a strong relationship with levels of generosity, and that indicators of deservedness vary among faith groups. This study examines the role of religious affiliation and religiosity in formulating levels of generosity toward the poor. A number of studies have been carried out which address perceptions and beliefs about the poor, but few have examined the influence of religious factors on issues of deservedness (cf. Kluegel and Smith 1985). In this paper we employ the 1986 General Social Survey and its accompanying Factorial Survey Component in order to better understand how religious affiliation and personal religiosity affect generosity toward the poor.
A New Rational Approach to Jet Noise Reduction

This paper offers a new rational approach to jet noise suppression methodology. The tools required to implement such an approach are discussed. These involve the use of global velocimetry to measure those Lighthill turbulent stress tensor terms thought most important to noise generation. The framework of the dynamic systems model as it applies to the development of a noise suppression model is discussed, as well as the latest results on the development of an actuator for control input. The dynamic systems model offers a unique opportunity to study the influence of a concept noise reduction scheme on noise reduction through appropriate algorithms that relate turbulent jet processes to noise.
Surface deformation in He and H implanted metals

Abstract The surface deformations produced by high-dose He and H implantations in Mo, 316 stainless steel, and V have been studied using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that He implantation produces surface deformation in all three materials at temperatures ranging from −170°C to 1200°C. In contrast, H implantation produced blistering only in Mo and stainless steel implanted at low temperatures.
All in the family: IL-27 suppression of T(H)-17 cells.

Interleukin 17 (IL-17)–producing T cells are associated with inflammatory conditions. Two studies now show that IL-27, an IL-12 family member with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, potently suppresses the development of IL-17-producing T cells.
Anxiolytic-like activity of the non-selective galanin receptor agonist, galnon

Abstract Galanin's influence on monoaminergic neurotransmission, together with its discrete CNS distribution in corticolimbic brain areas, points to a potential role for this neuropeptide in mediating anxiety- and depression-like responses. To evaluate this hypothesis, the non-selective galanin receptor agonist, galnon, was tested in multiple preclinical models of anxiolytic- and antidepressive-like activity. Acute administration of galnon (0.03–1mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently increased punished crossings in the four plate test, with magnitude similar to the effects of the endogenous ligand, galanin (0.1–1.0μg, i.c.v.). Moreover, the effects of galnon and galanin were blocked by central administration of the non-selective galanin receptor antagonist, M35 (10μg, i.c.v.). Interestingly, the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil (1mg/kg, i.p.), reversed galnon's effect in the four plate test, implicating GABAergic neurotransmission as a potential mechanism underlying this anxiolytic-like response. In the elevated zero maze, galnon (0.3–3.0mg/kg, i.p.) and galanin (0.03–0.3μg, i.c.v.) increased the time spent in the open arms, while in the stress-induced hyperthermia model, galnon (0.3–30mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated stress-induced changes in body temperature. Consistent with these anxiolytic-like effects, in vivo microdialysis showed that acute galnon (3mg/kg, i.p.) treatment preferentially elevated levels of GABA in the rat amygdala, a brain area linked to fear and anxiety behaviors. In contrast to the effects in anxiety models, neither galnon (1–5.6mg/kg, i.p.) nor galanin (0.3–3.0μg, i.c.v.) demonstrated antidepressant-like effects in the mouse tail suspension test. Galnon (1–10mg/kg, i.p.) also failed to reduce immobility time in the rat forced swim test. In vitro , galnon and galanin showed affinity for human galanin receptors expressed in Bowes melanoma cells ( K i =5.5μM and 0.2nM, respectively). Galanin displayed high affinity and functional potency for membranes expressing rat GALR1 receptors ( K i =0.85nM; EC 50 =0.6nM), while galnon (10μM) failed to displace radiolabeled galanin or inhibit cAMP production in the same GALR1 cell line. Galnon (10μM) showed affinity for NPY1, NK2, M5, and somatostatin receptors but no affinity for galanin receptors expressed in rat hippocampal membranes. Taken together, the present series of studies demonstrate novel effects of galnon in various preclinical models of anxiety and highlight the galaninergic system as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders. Moreover, these data indicate rodent GALR1 receptors do not mediate galnon's in vivo activity.
An application of the policy-capturing method to the analysis of value systems

Measurement of value systems has been largely limited to the method of rank ordering. Some weaknesses of this method are suggested and a more powerful approach, policy capturing, is used to analyze value judgments. Subjects in four religious categories (including no religion) were found to possess value systems to the same average degree, with ranges from low to high. There was a high degree of similarity of value system structure revealed by the policy capturing method. At the same time, there were differences in value systems that also were depicted.
10E,12Z-conjugated linoleic acid impairs adipocyte triglyceride storage by enhancing fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a naturally occurring dietary trans fatty acid found in food from ruminant sources. One specific CLA isomer, 10E,12Z-CLA, has been associated with health benefits, such as reduced adiposity, while simultaneously promoting deleterious effects, such as systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. The precise mechanisms by which 10E,12Z-CLA exerts these effects remain unknown. Despite potential health consequences, CLA continues to be advertised as a natural weight loss supplement, warranting further studies on its effects on lipid metabolism. We hypothesized that 10E,12Z-CLA impairs lipid storage in adipose tissue by altering the lipid metabolism of white adipocytes. We demonstrate that 10E,12Z-CLA reduced triglyceride storage due to enhanced fatty acid oxidation and lipolysis, coupled with diminished glucose uptake and utilization in cultured adipocytes. This switch to lipid utilization was accompanied by a potent proinflammatory response, including the generation of cytokines, monocyte chemotactic factors, and mitochondrial superoxide. Disrupting fatty acid oxidation restored glucose utilization and attenuated the inflammatory response to 10E,12Z-CLA, suggesting that fatty acid oxidation is critical in promoting this phenotype. With further investigation into the biochemical pathways involved in adipocyte responses to 10E,12Z-CLA, we can discern more information about its safety and efficacy in promoting weight loss.
Moiré interferometry: Advances and applications

Recent applications of moire interferometry at VPI & SU and related developments of laboratory techniques are reviewed. The applications are studies of composite bodies, including micromechanics and macromechanics of composites, thermal strains and residual strains. The techniques section discusses steady-state thermal strain measurements, carrier fringes, and advances in methods for producing specimen gratings. With its high sensitivity, high spatial resolution and extensive displacement range, moire interferometry has matured into a powerful technique for measuring inplane deformations of complex materials and structures.
Interior radiances in optically deep absorbing media. III Scattering from Haze L

The interior radiances are calculated within an optically deep absorbing medium scattering according to the Haze L phase function. The dependence on the solar zenith angle, the single scattering albedo, and the optical depth within the medium is calculated by the matrix operator method. The development of the asymptotic angular distribution of the radiance in the diffusion region is illustrated through a number of examples; it depends only on the single scattering albedo and on the phase function for single scattering. The exact values of the radiance in the diffusion region are compared with values calculated from the approximate equations proposed by Van de Hulst. The variation of the radiance near the lower boundary of an optically thick medium is illustrated with examples. The attenuation length is calculated for various single scattering albedos and compared with the corresponding values for Rayleigh scattering. The ratio of the upward to the downward flux is found to be remarkably constant within the medium. The heating rate is calculated and found to have a maximum value at an optical depth of two within a Haze L layer when the sun is at the zenith.
Simultaneous tracking of multiple body parts of interacting persons

This paper presents a framework to simultaneously segment and track multiple body parts of interacting humans in the presence of mutual occlusion and shadow. The framework uses multiple free-form blobs and a coarse model of the human body. The color image sequence is processed at three levels: pixel level, blob level, and object level. A Gaussian mixture model is used at the pixel level to train and classify individual pixel based on color. Relaxation labeling in an attribute relational graph (ARG) is used at the blob level to merge the pixels into coherent blobs and to represent inter-blob relations. A twofold tracking scheme is used that consists of blob-to-blob matching in consecutive frames and blob-to-body-part association within a frame. The tracking scheme resembles multi-target, multi-association tracking (MMT). A coarse model of the human body is applied at the object level as empirical domain knowledge to resolve ambiguity due to occlusion and to recover from intermittent tracking failures. The result is 'ARG-MMT': 'attribute relational graph based multi-target, multi-association tracker.' The tracking results are demonstrated for various sequences including 'punching,' 'hand-shaking,' 'pushing,' and 'hugging' interactions between two people. This ARG-MMT system may be used as a segmentation and tracking unit for a recognition system for human interactions.
‘Duck and cover’: the evolution of peace education at the beginning of the nuclear age

This article will provide an historical analysis of the various trends within the field of peace education/peace studies during the beginning of the nuclear age. It will provide an overview of how peace education grew from noted grassroots organizations to school-based programs and in academic societies devoted to peace education and conflict resolution. The historical record of the past 50 years or so provides a progression of peace education/peace studies from an antidote to the science of war to a comprehensive examination of the causes of violence and related strategies for peace. Furthermore, this analysis offers a thorough examination of the evolution of peace ideology after the World War II when weapons of mass destruction presented a direct threat to humankind’s existence. While peace efforts have always been a part of American history, the burgeoning field of peace education/peace studies gained academic credibility as a direct result of developing atomic and nuclear weapons. To a great extent, w...
Stochastic Flow-Shop Scheduling with Lateness-Related Performance Measures

In this paper we consider stochastic flow-shop scheduling with reference to certain lateness-related performance measures. We show that for various assumptions on the distribution of job-processing times of a flow shop, certain scheduling policies following the stochastic analogy of the Earliest Due Date (EDD) rule yield optimal results.
Operational Experience with UAV Payloads for Climate Research Applications

The Department of Energy (DOE) established the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement-Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle (ARM-UAV) Program to acquire valuable atmospheric data, to demonstrate the utility of UAVs for atmospheric research, and to foster the development of instruments and measurement techniques suitable for use on UAVs. These objectives have been pursued in the context of obtaining important scientific data primarily at Department of Energy (DOE) ARM ground sites. ARM-UAV flights have been conducted with a variety of manned and unmanned aircraft, including the General Atomics Aeronautical Systems “GNAT” and “Altus” UAVs, and instrumented Grob “Egrett”, DOE-owned “Twin Otter”, and Scaled Composites “Proteus” piloted aircraft. For the recent flight series with Proteus, ARMUAV developed a new payload of airborne instruments and used it to obtain climate-related data during a field deployment at the DOE Southern Great Plains site. The new payload made maximum use of commercial hardware and networked sensors to provide maximum performance and flexibility with minimum cost.
The Transmembrane Heregulin Precursor Is Functionally Active

A variety of eucaryotic polypeptide growth factors are synthesized as transmembrane precursors. Many of these precursors are released from plasma membranes by proteolytic cleavage and converted into soluble mature proteins. A number of studies, however, indicate that bound growth factor precursors can be biologically active, suggesting a role for these membrane-associated ligands in cell-cell communication. Secreted heregulin is a 45-kDa growth factor with homology to epidermal growth factor. This growth factor binds directly to HER-3 and HER-4 and activates heterodimeric receptor complexes composed of the type I receptor tyrosine kinases,i.e. HER-1, HER-2, HER-3, and HER-4. Heregulin was originally detected in the conditioned medium of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and purified based on its ability to stimulate phosphorylation of p185HER-2/neu. In the current study, the biologic activity of plasma membrane-anchored heregulin was evaluated in human breast cells. Transmembrane heregulin binds to cells expressing p180HER-3, induces p185HER-2/neu phosphorylation, and increases DNA synthesis in cells overexpressing the HER-2/neu gene product. In addition, when cells containing heregulin receptors are co-cultured with heregulin-producing cells, specific in vivo associations are observed. This study demonstrates that transmembrane heregulin is functionally active and suggest it is capable of playing a role in cell-cell communication and subsequent signal transduction in vivo.
A model of fishing vessel accident probability.

Abstract Problem : Commercial fishing is one of the least safe occupations. Method : The researchers develop a fishing vessel accident probability model for fishing areas off the northeastern United States using logit regression and daily data from 1981 to 1993. Results : The results indicate that fishing vessel accident probability declined over the study period. Higher wind speed is associated with greater accident probability. Medium-size vessels have the highest accident probability, while small vessels have the lowest. Within the study region, accident probability is lower in the southwestern section than in the northeastern section. Accidents are likely to occur closer to shore than offshore. Accident probability is lowest in spring. Impact on Industry : The probability model is an important building block in development and quantitative assessment of management mechanisms related to safety in the commercial fishing industry.
Serological analysis of some enzymes present in pseudorabies virus-infected and noninfected cells.

Abstract The pattern of activity of some of the “DNA-synthesizing” enzymes was examined in rabbit kidney cells in the stationary phase of growth before and after infection with pseudorabies virus. It was found that the levels of activity of thymidine kinase, thymidine monophosphate kinase, and DNA polymerase, which are barely detectable in noninfected cells, start to increase between 1 and 2 hours after infection. No sequence in the time of appearance of these enzymes could be detected. The levels of activity of deoxyadenosine monophosphate kinase, deoxycytidine monophosphate kinase, and deoxyguanosine monophosphate kinase remain high in cells which reach the stationary phase of growth and are unchanged by infection. The antigenic relationships between thymidine kinase, DNA polymerase, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate kinase present in noninfected cell and in virus-infected cell extracts were determined by testing the effect of incubation with specific γ-globulins on the enzyme activity. These tests showed that the deoxyadenosine monophosphate DNA polymerases present in infected and noninfected cells are antigenically related. Thymidine kinase present in infected cells is, however, unrelated antigenically to the protein performing the same function in noninfected cells.
Pregnancy Outcomes Among Active and Sedentary Primiparous Women

OBJECTIVE To describe the relationship between exercise during the last trimester of pregnancy and physiologic outcomes of mothers and newborns to determine whether differences exist between active and sedentary exercise patterns on these variables. DESIGN Nonexperimental, descriptive. SETTING Physicians' offices, Lamaze classes, and hospitals. PARTICIPANTS One hundred one primiparous women (48 sedentary and 53 active), 20-30 years of age, with no medical complications, whose length of gestation was at least 32 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES Weight gain, weeks of gestation, length of labor, common discomforts of pregnancy, occurrence of cesarean section, birth weight, and Apgar scores. RESULTS Brisk walking was the preferred physical activity among 47% of the participants. Regular, active exercise had no significant effect on maternal weight gain or neonate birth weight. Twenty-five percent of the women in the active exercise group reported five or fewer discomforts compared with 6% of the women in the sedentary group (X2 = 7.45, p < 0.01). For the discomforts of swelling, leg cramps, fatigue, and shortness of breath, 44% of the women in the active group reported having only one or two of them, compared with 21% of the women in the sedentary group (X2 = 6.15, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Women who engaged in active exercise during the last trimester of pregnancy had fewer of the common discomforts associated with pregnancy.
Shifting the perspective on identity discourse in Estonia

Abstract I argue that the post-socialist identity discourse in Estonia should be studied as a result of the dialectic relationship between the international context in which Estonia exists and the perceptions of history and culture that elites deploy in the public discourse of Estonia's identity. Four major narratives that compose much of the identity discourse emerge from this dialectic: Estonia as a reconstituted state and society; Estonia as European; Estonia as Finno-Ugric; and Estonia as Nordic. These narratives can be overlooked if research relies simply on “East” and “West” analytic categories or assumes that history and culture alone yield identity. Estonia provides an excellent opportunity to examine this dialectic because of the international community's role in the country's transformation into a European Union applicant state.
Emulsion polymerization of styrene with ionic comonomer in the presence of methanol

Soap-free emulsion polymerization of styrene with sodium vinylbenzyl sulfonate (NaVBS) was studied in the presence of water–methanol mixtures. In the presence of both methanol and NaVBS, the particle size and uniformity increased with methanol content. Increasing the concentration of NaVBS decreased the particle size. Initiator and electrolyte level had similar effects on particle size as in recipes prepared in aqueous medium.
Organosilyl substituted prosphoranyl radicals

Abstract Organosilyl substituted phosphoranyl radicals were generated by the addition of t-butoxyl radical to (Me3Si)3P and MeP(Sime2)n (n  5,6) and studied by ESR spectroscopy. (Me3Si)3·PO-t-Bu, the initial phosphoranyl radical formed from (Me3Si)3P, undergoes α-cleavage and formation of a second radical species, (Me3Si)2·P(O-t-Bu)2. Kinetic measurements of the decay of these phosphoranyl radicals are reported.
Integration of Multicultural Video Strategies that Transform Entertainment into Historical Film Literacy

According to many educators, textbooks will eventually be replaced by digital versions. Today's teachers, school administrators, and education policy makers are often digitally disconnected or at best digital immigrants, individuals who were born before the existence of digital technology and adopted it later in life. Unfortunately, when students enter most classrooms they are expected to turn off their digital devices and learn through textbooks and teacher-led discussions. This digital disconnect is counterproductive to cultivating film/video literacy, an innovative method that has been supported by the National Council of Social Studies (NCSS) as a means to make learning relevant and meaningful for all students in social studies classrooms. The purpose of this study is to showcase the NCSS position through two lenses: Look closely at film and video viewing strategies currently in place in social studies classrooms and point toward viewing strategies that bring engagement and deeper thinking and respons...
Expression of mRNAs coding for the transforming growth factor-β receptors in brain regions of euthyroid and hypothyroid neonatal rats and in adult brain

Abstract The TGF-β family of peptides has been postulated to play a role in control of the cell cycle but also may act in the developing brain to influence neuronal differentiation and survival. Because reception of TGF-β signals requires the simultaneous expression of all three known receptor subtypes, we examined two neonatal rat brain regions in which neurogenesis has been largely completed. mRNA coding for all three receptors was detectable in both the forebrain and brainstem but only the type II receptor in brainstem showed a difference from adult levels of expression. Animals given perinatal PTU treatment to achieve congenital cretinism did not show significant differences in expression of any of the receptor subtypes in either of the regions, despite the fact that the treatment is known to cause anomalies of neuronal differentiation. These results indicate that regions in which neurons are undergoing axonogenesis and synaptogenesis rather than neurogenesis, nevertheless express the mRNAs coding for TGF-β receptors and are thus likely to be receptive to trophic signals mediated through TGF-β. However, synthesis and release of TGF-β, rather than receptor expression per se, is more likely to be the major point for regulation of signaling. The potential roles of TGF-β in developmental events outside of the cell cycle, such as synaptogenesis and apoptosis, need to be examined.
How will genomic information become integrated into the health care system

On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the publication of the DNA double helix and the 10th anniversary of the completion of the Human Genome Project, the value of genomic information to medicine continues to be widely debated. When the human genome was first sequenced it provided a “reference sequence,” an incomplete composite based on DNA from many different individuals, and the promise that it would revolutionize medical research and clinical practice. Figure ​Figure11 represents a slide that I made in 2003 summarizing our expectations at that time. Only in the last few years has the development of microarray and rapid massive parallel sequencing technologies led to breakthroughs in several areas.
Serologically specific lipopolysaccharides from oral veillonella.

Abstract Biologically active (pyrogenic, Schwartzmann-reactive) lipopolysaccharides were prepared by phenol-water extraction of nineteen strains of oral anaerobic gram-negative cocci conforming to the characteristics of the genus Veillonella. Analyses of certain of these lipopolysaccharides for lipid, protein, polysaccharide, N and P contents revealed a striking similarity in gross chemical composition. Conventional agglutination tests and haemagglutination tests employing lipopolysaccharide-sensitized sheep erythrocytes compared favourably as a means of determining the potency of anti-veillonella rabbit sera. The lipopolysaccharides appeared to be serologically specific as determined by haemagglutination-inhibition tests, which established several serotypes of veillonellae. This specificity could not be demonstrated by conventional agglutination tests or by agar-gel diffusion tests using cell extracts.
Potential artifact formation of dioxins in ball clay during supercritical fluid extraction.

Earlier surveys indicate that meat, fish and dairy products are the principal source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) exposure in the diet. A recent finding by others of PCDDs in chickens that consumed a feed containing PCDD led to the finding of ball clay, an anti-caking agent, as the source. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was studied as a means to isolate PCDDs from commercial ball clays using GC-electron capture detection (μECD) as a means to screen for these contaminants. The finding of ng/g amounts and recoveries >100% in several samples of ball clay containing octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) suggested that PCDD may form artifactually as a result of analysis. Studies on pentachlorophenol (PCP) fortified ball clay were carried out by SFE and soxhlet extraction and the results compared. The values obtained by SFE were considered more problematic. The results obtained from ball clay suggest that precautions need to be exercised when using SFE to analyze for dioxins in solid samples containing chlorophenols.
Automorphisms of three-dimensional handlebodies

Abstract This paper gives a classification up to isotopy of automorphisms (self-homeomorphisms) of three-dimensional handlebodies and compression bodies, analogous to the Nielsen–Thurston classification of automorphisms of surfaces. Indecomposable automorphisms analogous to pseudo-Anosov automorphisms are identified and called generic. The first steps are taken towards understanding generic automorphisms using invariant laminations. An automorphism f : M→M of an arbitrary compact, connected, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold M with non-empty boundary can be understood by decomposing the 3-manifold into f-invariant submanifolds including the Jaco-Shalen–Johannson characteristic manifold and Bonahon's characteristic compression body.
BCAR3/AND-34 can signal independent of complex formation with CAS family members or the presence of p130Cas

BCAR3 binds to the carboxy-terminus of p130Cas, a focal adhesion adapter protein. Both BCAR3 and p130Cas have been linked to resistance to anti-estrogens in breast cancer, Rac activation and cell motility. Using R743A BCAR3, a point mutant that has lost the ability to bind p130Cas, we find that BCAR3-p130Cas complex formation is not required for BCAR3-mediated anti-estrogen resistance, Rac activation or discohesion of epithelial breast cancer cells. Complex formation was also not required for BCAR3-induced lamellipodia formation in BALB/c-3T3 fibroblasts but was required for optimal BCAR3-induced motility. Although both wildtype and R743A BCAR3 induced phosphorylation of p130Cas and the related adapter protein HEF1/NEDD9, chimeric NSP3:BCAR3 experiments demonstrate that such phosphorylation does not correlate with BCAR3-induced anti-estrogen resistance or lamellipodia formation. Wildtype but not R743A BCAR3 induced lamellipodia formation and augmented cell motility in p130Cas(-/-) murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), suggesting that while p130Cas itself is not strictly required for these endpoints, complex formation with other CAS family members is, at least in cells lacking p130Cas. Overall, our work suggests that many, but not all, BCAR3-mediated signaling events in epithelial and mesenchymal cells are independent of p130Cas association. These studies also indicate that disruption of the BCAR3-p130Cas complex is unlikely to reverse BCAR3-mediated anti-estrogen resistance.
Cognitive Apprenticeship in an Online Research Lab for Graduate Students in Psychology

In this paper, the authors present a qualitative study of student perceptions of a cognitive apprenticeship in an Online Research Lab Lab. The Lab's purpose was to provide psychology graduate students in an online university with hands-on experience in the full trajectory of a research project. Interview data were analyzed using the four categories of the Cognitive Apprenticeship theoretical framework: Content, Method, Sequencing, and Sociology. When discussing their content of the course, students focused on the challenges of tasks that went beyond their previous coursework and knowledge of statistics. Methodologically, students focused on the multiple ways course members communicated with one another. The sequence of the course, both internally as a research project and externally as part of the graduate program, were both important aspects of the experience. From a sociological perspective, social loafing, or non-responsiveness from colleagues, had a negative impact. Instructors seeking to develop online research opportunities for students must consider multiple modes of communication, provide ongoing narratives of the study context, and encourage students to use each other as well as the instructor for support.
High Thermoelectric Power Factor Near Room Temperature in Full-Heusler Alloys

We present results on the electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity for the Heusler alloys Fe2VAl1–x Si x and Fe2VAl1–x Sn x synthesized using standard arc-melting techniques. While alloys with x = 0 are p-type, upon substitution of Si or Sn for Al the alloys can be made n-type with optimized sample compositions exhibiting thermoelectric power factors in excess of that of bismuth telluride near room temperature. The lattice thermal conductivity κ L of these alloys is too large to produce a high figure of merit; the prospects for and initial attempts at lowering κ L are discussed.
Plasma concentrations, behavioural and physiological effects following intravenous and intramuscular detomidine in horses.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Detomidine hydrochloride is used to provide sedation, muscle relaxation and analgesia in horses, but a lack of information pertaining to plasma concentration has limited the ability to correlate drug concentration with effect. Objectives: To build on previous information and assess detomidine for i.v. and i.m. use in horses by simultaneously assessing plasma drug concentrations, physiological parameters and behavioural characteristics. Hypothesis: Systemic effects would be seen following i.m. and i.v. detomidine administration and these effects would be positively correlated with plasma drug concentrations. Methods: Behavioural (e.g. head position) and physiological (e.g. heart rate) responses were recorded at fixed time points from 4 min to 24 h after i.m. or i.v. detomidine (30 μg/kg bwt) administration to 8 horses. Route of administration was assigned using a balanced crossover design. Blood was sampled at predetermined time points from 0.5 min to 48 h post administration for subsequent detomidine concentration measurements using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were summarised as mean ± s.d. for subsequent analysis of variance for repeated measures. Results: Plasma detomidine concentration peaked earlier (1.5 min vs. 1.5 h) and was significantly higher (105.4 ± 71.6 ng/ml vs. 6.9 ± 1.4 ng/ml) after i.v. vs. i.m. administration. Physiological and behavioural changes were of a greater magnitude and observed at earlier time points for i.v. vs. i.m. groups. For example, head position decreased from an average of 116 cm in both groups to a low value 35 ± 23 cm from the ground 10 min following i.v. detomidine and to 64 ± 24 cm 60 min after i.m. detomidine. Changes in heart rate followed a similar pattern; low value of 17 beats/min 10 min after i.v. administration and 29 beats/min 30 min after i.m. administration. Conclusions: Plasma drug concentration and measured effects were correlated positively and varied with route of administration following a single dose of detomidine. Potential relevance: Results support a significant influence of route of administration on desirable and undesirable drug effects that influence case management.
Multiheterodyne detection for self-referenced characterization of complex arbitrary waveforms from largely detuned optical frequency combs

Multiheterodyne detection is a particularly effective method in spectroscopy and metrology to measure the full, complex spectrum of an unknown signal [1,2]. Upon photodetection, the mixing of two optical frequency combs (OFCs) with different mode spacings produces a frequency comb in the radio frequency (RF) domain which retains the amplitude and phase information of both OFCs [3]. If one of the two OFCs acts as a reference with flat spectral phase, the spectral phase of the RF comb directly mirrors that of the test comb, which can then be mapped to the optical spectrum and Fourier transformed to produce the comb's time-domain waveform [4]. Recently, it has been demonstrated that by considering a larger portion of the RF comb, a self-referenced measurement of each optical comb can be recovered, thus eliminating the need for a known reference with flat phase [5]. In this manuscript, a more general form of this technique is explored, in which the mode spacings of the two unknown comb sources are detuned from each other by a factor of two or greater. This is a case of interest, seeing as how arbitrary waveforms generated from spectral modulation of OFCs which one might wish to characterize regularly exceed 10's of GHz rates, whereas the self-referenced, carrier-envelope offset stabilized sources which provide absolute knowledge of the optical frequencies involved in the multiheterodyne process are most commonly found in the sub-GHz repetition rate regime.
Non-linear interactions in electromagnetically induced transparency and related pump-probe optical phenomena

Reduced density matrix descriptions are developed for linear and non-linear interactions in electromagnetically induced transparency and related pump-probe optical phenomena involving moving atomic systems. Applied magnetic fields as well as atomic collisions, together with other environmental decoherence and relaxation processes, are taken into account. Time-domain (equation-of-motion) and frequency-domain (resolvent-operator) formulations are developed in a unified manner. The standard Born (lowest-order perturbation-theory) and Markov (short-memory-time) approximations are systematically introduced within the framework of the general non-perturbative and non-Markovian formulations. A preliminary semiclassical treatment of the electromagnetic interaction is adopted. However, the need for a fully quantum mechanical approach is emphasized. Compact Liouville-space operator expressions are derived for the linear and the general (n'th order) non-linear macroscopic electromagnetic-response tensors within the framework of a perturbation-theory treatment of the semiclassical electromagnetic interaction. These expressions can be evaluated for coherent initial atomic excitations and for the full tetradic-matrix form of the Liouville-space self-energy operator representing the environmental interactions in the Markov approximation. Collisional interactions between atoms can be treated in various approximations for the self-energy operator, and the influence of Zeeman coherences on the electromagnetic-pulse propagation can be investigated.
Low-energy Electron Reflectivity from Graphene

Low-energy reflectivity of electrons from single- and multilayer graphene is examined both theoretically and experimentally. A series of minima in the reflectivity over the energy range of 0--8 eV are found, with the number of minima depending on the number of graphene layers. Using first-principles computations, it is demonstrated that a freestanding $n$-layer graphene slab produces $n\ensuremath{-}1$ reflectivity minima. This same result is also found experimentally for graphene supported on SiO${}_{2}$. For graphene bonded onto other substrates it is argued that a similar series of reflectivity minima is expected, although in certain cases an additional minimum occurs, at an energy that depends on the graphene-substrate separation and the effective potential in that space.
Effects of upstream deletions on light‐ and oxygen‐regulated bacterio‐opsin gene expression in Halobacterium halobium

Summary The bacterio-opsin gene (bop) of Halobacterium halobium is located within a cluster with three other genes. Growth conditions of high light intensity and low oxygen tension induce bop gene cluster expression. To identify putative regulatory factor binding sites upstream of the bop gene, we have compared sequences upstream of the bop gene with the corresponding sequences from two other genes in the bop gene cluster. Conserved sequence motifs were observed which may mediate the effect of high light intensity and/or low oxygen tension on bop gene expression. Based on these motifs, a set of mutants was constructed which contained deletions upstream of the bop gene. These constructs were tested in a host strain where bop gene expression is independent of oxygen regulation and in another strain where it is regulated by oxygen and light. The minimal upstream sequence required for both light- and oxygen-regulated bop gene expression was determined to be 54 bp.
Infusions of chemicals into the brain and the development of sustained elevations of blood pressure in the rat.

Abstract Osmotic minipumps were used to infuse carbachol chloride (1.23 μg/hr), echothiophate iodide (0.5 μg/hr), histamine dihydrochloride (10 μg/hr), prostaglandin E 2 (1.0 μg/hr) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (0.5 and 5.0 μg/hr) solutions into the cerebral ventricles of unanesthetized rats and blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method. Histamine dihydrochloride, prostaglandin E 2 and thyrotropin-releasing hormone produced an initial rise in blood pressure, but were not effective in producing sustained elevations in blood pressure. Carbachol infusions elevated blood pressure throughout the 7-day infusion period when results were compared to saline-infused animals. Infusions of echothiophate iodide, an anticholinesterase agent, produced an initial rise in blood pressure but these pressor effects were not sustained. In animals infused with echothiophate for 7 days, the pressor response to a challenge dose of echothiophate was diminished.
Speaking and whistling with non-air gases

Whistling by humans after a deep breath of helium was observed to sound normal, with subsequent speech on the remainder of the breadth sounding strange. Inadvertent correction movements may have occurred, but effort was made not to shift any structures as the gas composition was changed. Large pressure changes do not make it difficult to speak but do somewhat change the sound composition. Human deep divers usually breathe a helium-oxygen mixture, which considerably changes the sound. However, a whistle language would not be ideal for divers. The effects of heavy gas at atmospheric pressure were also studied. An attempt was made to speak after a breath of SF/sub 6/, and the frequency was found to be lowered, the resonance being modified. However, the frequency of whistling did not change. Experiments were also tried with the very heavy gas perfluoropropane, with similar results. The voice took on a low pitch, while whistling was not changed. >
Alterations of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in rabbit urinary bladder after partial outlet obstruction

Previous studies demonstrated that one of the most significant cellular responses of the rabbit urinary bladder to partial outlet obstruction is a 50% decrease in the activities of the mitochondrial enzymes citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase, when calculated as either activity per unit mass or activity per mg protein. A major question arose from these studies: Are the mitochondrial enzyme activities per mitochondrion reduced, or is the number of mitochondria per unit tissue mass reduced? The current experiments were designed to study the sequential changes in the activities of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes following partial outlet obstruction. The activities of NADH-cytochrome c reductase (NCCR), cytochrome oxidase (CO), citrate synthase (CS) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were measured in whole tissue homogenates and in mitochondrial preparations of separated bladder mucosa and muscle, from normal bladders, and, from hypertrophied bladders at 1, 3, and 7 days following partial outlet obstruction. The results can be summarized as follows: These results show that mitochondrial enzyme activity is significantly impaired immediately following partial outlet outlet obstruction, and whereas the activity of the cytochrome enzymes NCCR and CO recover to control levels (in the mitochondiral preparations) within 7 days post obstruction, the Krebs cycle enzymes (CS and MD) show no significant recovery. Thus, the regulatory mechanisms for the cytochromes is significantly different from that for the enzymes of the krebs cycle.
Ultrasonically initiated free radical-catalyzed emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (II) : Radical generation process studies and kinetic data interpretation

In the previous work, we have studied the effects of acoustic intensity, argon gas flow rate, surfactant concentration, and initial monomer concentration on polymerization rate, polymer particle number, and polymer molecular weight in the ultrasonically initiated emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate. In this study, radical trapping experiments were used to investigate the effect of acoustic intensity, argon gas flow rate, and sodium lauryl sulfate concentration on the extent of free radical generation in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate solutions. In these radical trapping experiments, aqueous solutions of sodium lauryl sulfate were ultrasonically irradiated in the presence of a radical scavenger. The sodium lauryl sulfate molecule degraded under ultrasound to form free radicals in the water. It was found that the extent of free radical generation increased as: (1) the 0.60 power of the acoustic intensity, (2) the 0.44 power of the argon gas flow rate, (3a) the 0.35 power of the surfactant concentration within the 0.035M-0.139M surfactant concentration range, and (3b) the 1.09 power of the surfactant concentration within the 0.139M-0.243M surfactant concentration range. The generated free radical concentration, the number of polymer particles produced, and the polymerization rate exhibit an increasing trend with an increasing (1) acoustic intensity, (2) argon gas flow rate, and (3) surfactant concentration. Increases in surfactant concentration correspond to: (1) an increase in generated free radical concentration and (2) a decrease in polymer molecular weight. These relationships confirm the previous assumptions that (1) the polymerization rate increases with increasing acoustic intensity and argon gas flow rate due to an increase in the radical generation rate and the reaction temperature; (2) the polymerization rate increases with increasing surfactant concentration due to an increase in the radical generation rate, the micellar, homogeneous nucleation, and the reaction temperature; and (3) the polymer molecular weight decreases with increasing surfactant concentration due to an increase in the radical generation rate. These results are helpful in understanding the kinetics of the ultrasonically initiated emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate.
The Influence of the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen-interacting Domain of p21CIP1 on DNA Synthesis Catalyzed by the Human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Polymerase δ Holoenzymes

In eukaryotes, processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerases delta and epsilon (pol delta and epsilon) requires the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). It has recently been shown that in humans (h), the PCNA function, required for both DNA replication and nucleotide excision repair, can be inactivated by p21(CIP1) due to a specific interaction between hPCNA and the carboxyl terminus of p21(CIP1). In this report, we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) PCNA-dependent pol delta-catalyzed DNA synthesis was inhibited less efficiently than the human system by the intact p21(CIP1) protein and was unaffected by the p21(CIP1) carboxyl-terminal peptide (codons 139-160). This species-specific response of PCNA to p21(CIP1)-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis results from a marked difference in the ability of h and S. cerevisiae PCNA to interact with p21(CIP1). As shown by binding studies using the surface plasmon resonance technique, hPCNA binds both full-length p21(CIP1) and the p21(CIP1) peptide-(139-160) stoichiometrically with a similar affinity (KD approximately 2.5 nM) while S. cerevisiae PCNA binds p21(CIP1) with approximately 10-fold less affinity and does not interact with the p21(CIP1) peptide-(139-160).
Improvement of systemic absorption of insulin through eyes with absorption enhancers.

A painless, simple, and practical method has been developed for systemic delivery of peptide drugs through eyes. In order to increase the amount of peptides absorbed into systemic circulation, effects of enhancers on insulin absorption into systemic circulation and reduction of blood glucose concentration have been studied. Saponin showed the highest potency to enhance insulin absorption, while Tween 20 was the least effective. The efficacy order of seven compounds studied can be arranged as follows: saponin > fusidic acid > BL-9 = EDTA > glycocholate = decarnethonium > Tween 20. Since 1% of saponin reached the maximum effect to enhance insulin absorption and decrease blood glucose concentration, not more than 1% of saponin should be used for enhancing peptide absorption through eyes.