cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative shearography in axisymmetric gas temperature measurements

This paper describes the use of shearing interferometry (shearography) for the quantitative measurement of gas temperatures in axisymmetric systems in which vibration and shock are substantial, and measurement time is limited. The setup and principle of operation of the interferometer are described, as well as Fourier-transform-based fringe pattern analysis, Abel transform, and sensitivity of the phase lead to temperature calculation. A helium jet and a Bunsen burner flame are shown as verification of the diagnostic. The accuracy of the measured temperature profile is shown to be limited by the Abel transform and is critically dependent on the reference temperature used.
Helium energetics in the high‐latitude solar wind: Ulysses observations

We present a study of the interplanetary evolution of solar wind helium (alpha particle) energetics. The analysis of Ulysses observations of the fast high-latitude solar wind concentrates on the radial evolution of the alpha-proton differential streaming vαp, the alpha temperature, and the alpha temperature anisotropy. Ulysses observations show that the average vαp steadily decreases with radius, ranging from ∼40 km s−1 at 1.5 AU to ∼15 km s−1 at 4.2 AU. In addition, observations indicate that the alphas cool more slowly than what would be expected from adiabatic expansion. The radial increase in the nonadiabatic heat content of the alphas matches the free energy liberated as vαp decreases with distance, suggesting that the dissipated energy acts to heat the alpha particles. The alphas also exhibit a temperature anisotropy of T⊥α/T‖α = 0.87, which is essentially constant with distance. These and other observations reported here place stringent constraints on recent plasma microinstability models that attempt to explain the evolution of alpha-proton differential streaming and ion heating in the heliosphere.
Pneumocystis carinii infection presents as common bile duct mass biopsied by fine-needle aspiration.

This paper describes a case of Pneumocystis carinii (PC) presenting as a common bile duct intraluminal mass in an HIV-infected 30-yr-old homosexual man. In fine-needle aspiration smears, exuberant vascular proliferation associated with multinucleated giant-cell reactions was found within the granular exudate of PC.
A cloud computing based architecture for cyber security situation awareness

The exponential growth of cyber space has created opportunities for world-wide web-based businesses and information sharing, but also led to the proliferation of cyber attacks. To conduct the cyber security situation awareness, a large volume of data streams from monitored devices needs to be efficiently stored and processed in real time. In this paper, we propose a cloud computing based architecture for conducting cyber security situation awareness. Particularly, we leverage the cloud infrastructure with a cost-effective data storage and investigate efficient stream processing techniques to reduce operational delays. To effectively detect threats, we present a parallel cloud based threat detection that integrates both signature-based detection and anomaly-based detection. To capture the insightful characteristics of attacks, we discuss the attack scene analysis based on spatiotemporal correlation and visualization schemes to analyze, trace, and visualize abnormal behaviors. Lastly, we present the testbed setup and the implementation workflow to validate the effectiveness of our proposed system.
Changes in Abundance and Certain Population Parameters of American Plaice on St. Pierre Bank off Newfoundland during 1972–1994, with Implications for Fisheries Management

Abstract Changes in abundance and certain population parameters of American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides in Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) subdivision 3Ps, south of Newfoundland, were examined over the period 1972–1994. During these years, there has been a substantial reduction in population size and in more recent years, there has been a redistribution of the remaining population to deeper, warmer water than previously observed. Despite the substantial changes in stock size and distribution, there is no clear evidence that growth patterns have changed nor has there been any truncation of the age structure of the population, both of which commonly occur if overexploitation takes place. On the other hand, age and size at 50% sexual maturity for both males and females declined over the same period. This stock has been managed through quota regulation since 1974; however, the quota rarely restricted the fishery. During the 1980s, when the greatest declines in stock abundance occurred...
Importance of Volume Effects to Adsorption Isotherms of Carbon Dioxide on Coals

Attempts to describe high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption isotherm data using conventional adsorption equations to model the coal behavior have been only partially successful. Because swelling of the coal organic matrix in the presence of adsorbing gases is a well-known phenomenon and because traditional isotherm models assume a rigid structure, an adsorption isotherm equation was derived to account for the volume effects which may occur when an adsorbate alters the structure of an adsorbent. The equation, which accounts for volume change in general, was applied to the particular example of CO2 adsorption on coal. In some cases, significantly better fits were obtained when the adsorption data were fit to the swelling-modified model. The modified model partitions the experimentally determined adsorption into a surface adsorption term, which is important at lower pressure, and a rectilinear term, related to volume effects, which is important at higher pressures. This is particularly significant to ...
Ozone precursors have regionally variable effect on radiative forcing

When released near the surface, carbon monoxide, assorted nitrogen oxides (NOx ), and nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) contribute to the production of ozone, a key component of photochemical smog, which is known to have serious deleterious effects on human health. However, when ozone gets lifted into the troposphere, it is a greenhouse gas. That these ozone precursors have such a dual-pronged effect—affecting both human health and the global radiation budget—suggests that mitigating their emissions could be a potential method to both improve air quality and dampen the rate of anthropogenic climate change.
Malignant melanoma in children: imaging spectrum.

Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of diagnostic imaging in detecting unsuspected metastatic disease in children with malignant melanoma. This has not been well studied previously.
Philip Freneau at Seventy

Among the numerous files of old American newspapers owned by the Rutgers Library that of the New Brunswick Fredonian is one of the most rare. For the eighteen-twenties, indeed, only the file of the Library of Congress can approach that of Rutgers for completeness, and even it lacks a few numbers. Consequently when following the scent of uncollected poems by Philip Freneau, the poet of the Revolution and a resident of Monmouth County, New Jersey, Mr. Lewis LearyÂ found several hitherto unrecognized poems by Freneau, and he also found a number of books which had belonged to the poet and which bear his autograph. In the following article Mr. Leary makes accessible to modern students of American literature these uncollected poems.Â
A Mathematical Analog for Determination of Porous Annular Disk Squeeze Film Behavior Including the Fluid Inertia Effect

A simple mathematical analog for determination of the squeeze film behavior between two parallel annular disks, one having a porous facing, from the already available solutions of comparable nonporous disks is presented. A comparison of the analog solution with a Fourier-Bessel solution has been made and the agreement is found to be good for a range of values of the permeability parameter and the porous facing thickness. The results also have been extended to include the rotating inertia effect of the film fluid. The resulting dimensionless pressure distribution and the dimensionless squeeze film load are expressed in terms of a permeability parameter, inertia parameter, squeeze film number, and the disk dimensions. For constant squeeze film load, a relationship between squeeze time and film thickness also has been obtained. Generally, the presence of the porous facing will decrease the squeeze film load and will reduce the total squeeze time to some finite value. The inertia effect will further decrease the squeeze film load and the squeeze time, however, the squeeze time reduction due to the inertia effect will become small if the porous facing has high permeability and is thick.
Simplified groundwater flow modeling: An application of Kalman filter based identification☆

Abstract The need exists for methods to simplify groundwater contaminant transport models. Reduced-order models are needed in risk assessments for licensing and regulating long-term nuclear waste repositories. Such models will be used in Monte Carlo simulations to generate probabilities of nuclear waste migration in aquifers at candidate repository sites in the United States. In this feasibility study we focused on groundwater flow rather than contaminant transport because the flow problem is more simple. A pump-drawdown test is modeled with a reduced-order set of ordinary differential equations obtained by differencing the partial differential equation. We determined the accuracy of the reduced model by comparing it with the analytic solution for the drawdown test. We established an accuracy requirement of 2% error at the single observation well and found that a model with only 21 states satisfied that criterion. That model was used in an extended Kalman filter with synthesized measurement data from one observation well to identify transmissivity within 1% error and storage coefficient within 10% error. We used several statistical tests to assess the performance of the estimator/identifier and found it to be satisfactory for this application. This feasibility study highlighted problems known to others who have attempted to apply modern systems methods to hydrological problems and has led to related research studies at our laboratory.
A propranolol-responsive coated-wire electrode

Abstract Propranolol-responsive electrodes of both the coated wire and conventional types based on the didodecylnaphthalene sulfonic acid salt were prepared and their operating characteristics were compared. The detection limit of the coated-wire electrodes is about 10-6 M; interferences from common inorganic ions and from the analagous product isoproterenol are small. The response time varies from 15 s to 30 min depending on concentration; readings are reproducible to within 0.5 mV. Electrodes are still operational after six months of intermittent use.
Immersion defectivity study with volume production immersion lithography tool for 45 nm node and below

Volume production of 45nm node devices utilizing Nikon's S610C immersion lithography tool has started. Important to the success in achieving high-yields in volume production with immersion lithography has been defectivity reduction. In this study we evaluate several methods of defectivity reduction. The tools used in our defectivity analysis included a dedicated immersion cluster tools consisting of a Nikon S610C, a volume production immersion exposure tool with NA of 1.3, and a resist coater-developer LITHIUS i+ from TEL. In our initial procedure we evaluated defectivity behavior by comparing on a topcoat-less resist process to a conventional topcoat process. Because of its simplicity the topcoatless resist shows lower defect levels than the topcoat process. In a second study we evaluated the defect reduction by introducing the TEL bevel rinse and pre-immersion bevel cleaning techniques. This technique was shown to successfully reduce the defect levels by reducing the particles at the wafer bevel region. For the third defect reduction method, two types of tool cleaning processes are shown. Finally, we discuss the overall defectivity behavior at the 45nm node. To facilitate an understanding of the root cause of the defects, defect source analysis (DSA) was applied to separate the defects into three classes according to the source of defects. DSA analysis revealed that more than 99% of defects relate to material and process, and less than 1% of the defects relate to the exposure tool. Material and process optimization by collaborative work between exposure tool vendors, track vendors and material vendors is a key for success of 45nm node device manufacturing.
Surface electronic states of meteoritic nanodiamonds

The C K edge of Orgueil nanodiamonds (C? diamonds) was acquired by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), with an energy resolution of 300 meV. The spectra show peaks at 282.5, 284.7, and 286.4 eV, which occur in the band gap below the main diamond edge and are absent from the bulk diamond spectrum. These peaks are attributed to transitions from C 1s surface core levels to unoccupied surface states, and arise from single and ?-bonded dangling bonds and C-H bonds. A shoulder to the main absorption edge at 287.8 eV may correspond to hydrocarbon adsorbates. These results can be used to further our understanding of C? diamond structure and may reveal the presence of a fullerene-like surface. The unique surface electronic states of the C? diamond surfaces are expected to affect their optical properties, which are dependent on features such as extent of H coverage, particle size, and surface structure.
Microbial Removal of Arsenic

Bangladesh is currently the subject of the world's largest mass arsenic poisoning in history. Groundwater throughout Bangladesh and West Bengal is contaminated with naturally occurring arsenic from the alluvial and deltaic sediments that form the region's aquifers. It has been estimated that 75 million people are at risk of developing health effects associated with the ingestion of arsenic. This project focuses on the use of microorganisms such as bacteria and algae to remove arsenic from water. Arsenic in the arsenite form was used in the studies. Experiments were conducted with a common alga and wastewater bacteria. A common green algae Scenedesmus abundans was used for determining arsenic uptake in batch experiments. Results of the experiments indicated that the algae biosorption could be modeled by the conventional Langmuir isotherm model. Algae morphology studies indicated that the algae cells were impacted due to the presence of arsenic as evidenced by clumping or loss of cell clusters. The wastewater bacteria also were capable of high percent of arsenic removal. Results indicate that microbial uptake of arsenic may be a viable method of pretreatment of arsenic contaminated water. However algae and sludge disposal would pose a problem and will have to be dealt with accordingly.
The Risk of Umbilical Hernia and Other Complications with Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery

Abstract Study Objective To estimate the risk of umbilical hernia and other latent complications in women who underwent laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) for a gynecologic indication. Design Retrospective, nonrandomized clinical study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Four tertiary care academic medical centers. Patients Women undergoing LESS for a benign or malignant gynecologic indication from 2009 to 2011. Interventions A total of 211 women underwent LESS via a single 1.5- to 2.0-cm umbilical incision. All surgeries were performed by advanced gynecologic laparoscopists. Incisions were repaired with a running, delayed absorbable suture. Subject demographics and clinical variables were collected and surgical outcomes analyzed. Measurements and Main Results Median age and body mass index were 45 years and 30 kg/m 2 , respectively. Approximately half of study subjects underwent a hysterectomy with or without salpingo-oophorectomy, and 15% had a diagnosis of cancer. Overall, 0.9% of women were diagnosed with a preoperative umbilical hernia, and 2.4% of women experienced a major perioperative complication. After a median postoperative follow-up time of 16 months, 2.4% had development of an umbilical hernia. However, 4/5 of these women had significant risk factors for fascial weakening independent of LESS, including requirement for a second abdominal surgery in 1 subject and a cancer diagnosis with postoperative chemotherapy administration in 2 subjects. When these subjects deemed “high risk” for incisional disruption were excluded from the analysis, the umbilical hernia rate was 0.5% (1/207). On univariable analysis, obesity was the only factor associated with complications (p = .04). Conclusion When performed by advanced laparoscopic surgeons, laparoendoscopic single-site gynecologic surgery is associated with a low risk of major adverse events. Additionally, the overall umbilical hernia rate was 2.4% and was lower (0.5%) in subjects without significant comorbidities.
Market designs for the primary frequency response ancillary service

The first part of this two-paper series discusses the motivation of implementing a primary frequency response (PFR) market in restructured pool-based power markets, as well as the market design that would create the right incentives to provide the response reliably. PFR is the immediate, autonomous response of generation and demand to system frequency deviations. It is the critical response required to avoid triggering under- and over-frequency relays or instability that could lead to machine damage, load-shedding, and in the extreme case, blackouts. Currently, in many restructured power systems throughout the world, ancillary services markets have been developed to incent technologies to provide the services to support power system reliability. However, few ancillary services markets include a market explicitly incentivizing the provision of PFR. Historically, PFR was an inherent feature available in conventional generating technologies, and in most systems, more was available than needed. Yet, recent trends in declining frequency response, the introduction of emerging technologies, and market behavior may soon require innovative market designs to incent resources to provide this valuable service.
Gender, social roles and health care utilization

Using data from the fourth wave of an ongoing panel study (N=2373) as input to the LISREL VII program, a model is estimated according to which the gender differential in health care utilization is attributable to the mediating effects of gender influenced social roles and the resources and psycho-social dispositions associated with such roles. Gender is found to have significant direct and indirect effects on health care utilization. Gender indirectly affects health care utilization via its direct effects on variables which, in turn, have direct effects on utilization. These variables include social class, education, vulnerability to illness, health limitations, finances, self-derogation, psychological vulnerability to distress and locus of control. Gender further influences health care utilization by its (in the aggregate) significant indirect effects via social and health-related identities on self-derogation, psychological vulnerability to distress, locus of control and symptom reports. Additionally, gender directly affects subject's social class, education, employment, health limitations and health vulnerability which each indirectly influence health care utilization.
Imputation of the Rare HOXB13 G84E Mutation and Cancer Risk in a Large Population-Based Cohort

An efficient approach to characterizing the disease burden of rare genetic variants is to impute them into large well-phenotyped cohorts with existing genome-wide genotype data using large sequenced referenced panels. The success of this approach hinges on the accuracy of rare variant imputation, which remains controversial. For example, a recent study suggested that one cannot adequately impute the HOXB13 G84E mutation associated with prostate cancer risk (carrier frequency of 0.0034 in European ancestry participants in the 1000 Genomes Project). We show that by utilizing the 1000 Genomes Project data plus an enriched reference panel of mutation carriers we were able to accurately impute the G84E mutation into a large cohort of 83,285 non-Hispanic White participants from the Kaiser Permanente Research Program on Genes, Environment and Health Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging cohort. Imputation authenticity was confirmed via a novel classification and regression tree method, and then empirically validated analyzing a subset of these subjects plus an additional 1,789 men from Kaiser specifically genotyped for the G84E mutation (r2 = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.37−0.77). We then show the value of this approach by using the imputed data to investigate the impact of the G84E mutation on age-specific prostate cancer risk and on risk of fourteen other cancers in the cohort. The age-specific risk of prostate cancer among G84E mutation carriers was higher than among non-carriers. Risk estimates from Kaplan-Meier curves were 36.7% versus 13.6% by age 72, and 64.2% versus 24.2% by age 80, for G84E mutation carriers and non-carriers, respectively (p = 3.4×10−12). The G84E mutation was also associated with an increase in risk for the fourteen other most common cancers considered collectively (p = 5.8×10−4) and more so in cases diagnosed with multiple cancer types, both those including and not including prostate cancer, strongly suggesting pleiotropic effects.
Plastic ratcheting induced cracks in thin film structures

In the microelectronic and photonic industries, temperature cycling has long been used as a reliability test to qualify integrated materials structures of small feature sizes. The test is time consuming, and is a bottleneck for innovation. Tremendous needs exist to understand various failure modes in the integrated structures caused by cyclic temperatures. This paper presents a systematic study of a failure mechanism recently discovered by the authors. In a thin film structure comprising both ductile and brittle materials, the thermal expansion mismatch can cause the ductile material to plastically yield in every temperature cycle. Under certain circumstances, the plastic deformation ratchets, namely, accumulates in the same direction as the temperature cycles. The ratcheting deformation in the ductile material may build up stress in the brittle materials, leading to cracking. The paper introduces an analogy between ratcheting and viscous flow. An analytical model is developed, which explains the experimental observations, and allows one to design the structure to avert this failure mode. Design rules with increasing levels of sophistication are described. Concepts presented here are generic to related phenomena in thin film structures.
Biodistribution and in vivo efficacy of genetically modified human mesenchymal stem cells systemically transplanted into a mouse bone fracture model

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have generated a great deal of interest in clinical application due to their ability to undergo multi-lineage differentiation. Recently, ex vivo genetic modification of hMSCs was attempted to increase their differentiation potential. The present study was conducted to evaluate the biodistribution and in vivo efficacy of genetically modified hMSCs. To accomplish this, Runx2, which is a key transcription factor associated with osteoblast differentiation, was transduced into hMSCs using lentiviral vectors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or luciferase. Here, we developed an experimental fracture in mice femur to investigate the effects of Runx2-transduced hMSCs on bone healing and migration into injury site. We conducted bio-luminescence imaging (BLI) using luciferase-tagged vector and quantitative real-time PCR using GFP probe to investigate the biodistribution of Runx2-transduced hMSCs in the fracture model. The biodistribution of hMSC cells in the fractured femur was observed at 14 days post-transplantation upon both BLI imaging and real-time PCR. Moreover, the fractured mice transplanted with Runx2-transduced hMSCs showed superior bone healing when compared to mock-transduced hMSC and MRC5 fibroblasts which were used as control. These data suggested that transplanted genetically modified hMSCs systemically migrate to the fractured femur, where they contribute to bone formation in vivo.
Biosensors for pesticide detection based on alkaline phosphatase-catalyzed chemiluminescence

Abstract An enzyme-based detection methodology for sensing and quantitation of organophosphorus pesticides is described. The enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, is used in soluble form for reactions in bulk solutions, and in immobilized form for reactions on optical fibers or in glass capillaries. The immobilization strategy involves building a molecular assembly of the enzyme and a conjugated copolymer, poly (3-undecylthiophene-co-3-thiophenecarboxyldehyde-biotin-LC-hydrozone) on a glass surface. Hydrophobic or specific biotin-streptavidin interactions are used to immobilize the biotinylated copolymer on a silanized glass surface and attach a streptavidin conjugate of alkaline phosphatase to the copolymer. Alkaline phosphatase catalyzes the dephosphorylation of a macrocyclic compound, chloro-3-(4-methoxy spiro[1,2 dioxetane-3-2′-tricyclo-“3.3.1.1”-decan]-4-yl) phenyl phosphate and releases light; the chemiluminescence signal is detected with a simple photomultiplier tube. The enzyme activity, and proportionately the chemiluminescence signal strength, are inhibited in the presence of organophosphorus pesticides such as paraoxon. Quantitation of pesticides is thus possible from the inverse correlation between the enzyme activity or signal strength and pesticide concentration. Detection of paraoxon at a concentration of about 50 ppb is achieved with this system. Reaction kinetics are examined for the enzyme in both states. The immobilized enzyme can be reused a number of times, and there is no significant loss of enzyme activity over a period of eight weeks. The design of a flow cell for continuous analysis of the pesticides is described.
Teaching Counselor Trainees to Identify and Manage Countertransference through a Counseling Analogue

Graduate students in a counseling techniques class wrote a paper discussing their interpersonal reactions in an interview designed as a counseling analogue. In the paper, students described their positive and negative reactions to the interviewee, possible explanations for their reactions, how these reactions might positively and negatively affect their work if this were a counseling client, and how they would manage the countertransference if this were a counseling relationship. The majority of students found the exercise effective at enhancing their understanding of countertransference.
Effective Lagrangians and low energy photon-photon scattering

We use the behavior of the photon-photon scattering for photon energies {omega} less than the electron mass, m{sub e}, to examine the implications of treating the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian as an effective field theory. Specifically, we determine the {omega}{sup 2}/m{sub e}{sup 2} behavior of the scattering amplitude predicted by including oneloop corrections to the Euler-Heisenberg effective Lagrangian together with the counterterms required by renormalizability. This behavior is compared with the energy dependence obtained by expanding the exact QED photon-photon scattering amplitude. If the introduction of counterterms in the effective field theory is restricted to those determined by renormalizability, the {omega}{sup 2}/m{sub e}{sup 2} dependences of the two expansions differ. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Thermodynamic equations for a model lithium-ion cell

Fundamentals of classical thermodynamics of electrochemical systems have been employed to formulate mathematical equations for a model lithium-ion and lithium electrode concentration cell. Equations have been formulated to determine the energetic lithium interaction coefficients in the solid lithium-ion electrode phases and the salt mean activity coefficient in the electrolytic solution used in the model cell from the measured experimental data. In addition, a mathematical equation to predict the open-circuit voltage of the model cell for the case of differing electrolyte compositions in its porous electrodes has been developed.
Degeneration of the Infundibular Nerve Fibers Without Precipitating Diabetes Insipidus.

Conclusions and CommentsThe tissue of the pars nervosa in its entirety plus that of the ventral extent of the hypothalamus is not essential for the maintenance of a normal fluid exchange in the cat. Therefore, unless a tissue of the adenohypophysis secretes the anti-diuretic principle, tissue elsewhere (hypothalamus) must possess this power. This conclusion is predicated on the assumptions, first, that these experiments were not complicated by as yet unrecognized factors, and, second, that a continuous elaboration of the antidiuretic substance is invariably essential for the maintenance of a normal fluid exchange.If the adenohypophysis is concerned the pars tuberalis as well as the pars intermedium possess antidiuretic secretory powers since: (1) total hypophysectomy except for remnant of tuberalis,9 and (2) removal of the entire tuberalis and most of the pars anterior, leaving the isolated posterior lobe, can be accomplished without precipitating d. i.
Hiding Bits in Bell States

We present a scheme for hiding bits in Bell states that is secure even when the sharers, Alice and Bob, are allowed to carry out local quantum operations and classical communication. We prove that the information that Alice and Bob can gain about a hidden bit is exponentially small in n, the number of qubits in each share, and can be made arbitrarily small for hiding multiple bits. We indicate an alternative efficient low-entanglement method for preparing the shared quantum states. We discuss how our scheme can be implemented using present-day quantum optics.
Apparent increases in phospholipid degradation and turnover during combined treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors and adrenocorticotropin

Inhibitors of protein synthesis, cycloheximide and puromycin, blocked ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)-induced increases in phospholipid mass, including phosphatidylinositol, but paradoxically increase 32P-labelling (but not [3H]glycerol-labelling) therein. Cycloheximide also provoked an initial rapid decrease in 32P-prelabelled phospholipids, followed by an increase in [32P]Pi incorporation. These effects of cycloheximide and puromycin occurred in ACTH-treated (but not in control) cells. It appears that inhibition of protein synthesis during ACTH action provokes an increase in phospholipid degradation, followed by partial resynthesis of the phospholipid head groups.
Protein-tyrosine Kinase 6 Promotes Peripheral Adhesion Complex Formation and Cell Migration by Phosphorylating p130 CRK-associated Substrate

Protein-tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) is a non-myristoylated intracellular tyrosine kinase evolutionarily related to Src kinases. Aberrant PTK6 expression and intracellular localization have been detected in human prostate tumors. In the PC3 prostate cancer cell line, the pool of endogenous activated PTK6, which is phosphorylated on tyrosine residue 342, is localized at the membrane. Expression of ectopic membrane-targeted PTK6 led to dramatic morphology changes and formation of peripheral adhesion complexes in PC3 cells. Peripheral adhesion complex formation was dependent upon PTK6 kinase activity. We demonstrated that p130 CRK-associated substrate (p130CAS) is a novel direct substrate of PTK6, and it works as a crucial adapter protein in inducing peripheral adhesion complexes. Activation of ERK5 downstream of p130CAS was indispensable for this process. Knockdown of endogenous PTK6 led to reduced cell migration and p130CAS phosphorylation, whereas knockdown of p130CAS attenuated oncogenic signaling induced by membrane-targeted PTK6, including ERK5 and AKT activation. Expression of membrane-targeted PTK6 promoted cell migration, which could be impaired by knockdown of p130CAS or ERK5. Our study reveals a novel function for PTK6 at the plasma membrane and suggests that the PTK6-p130CAS-ERK5 signaling cascade plays an important role in cancer cell migration and invasion.
Performing Elective Surgery on the Breastfeeding Patient A Review of the Literature

The prevalence of breastfeeding among women in the United States is increasing along with the understanding of the importance of continually and exclusively breastfeeding an infant in the first half year of life. Modern necessities and problems evoke questions about what medications can be safely utilized by a breastfeeding mother and which procedures she may safely undergo. Planning elective surgery for a patient who is breastfeeding is a challenge because of insufficient studies regarding medication safety, apprehension among patients, and inadequate information from care providers. Nonetheless, information on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the maternal system, the possible adverse effects to the infant, and how to minimize drug exposure to the infant is easily accessible to both patients and their surgeons. Positively informed providers and breastfeeding mothers who elect to undergo surgery, willing to take the proper steps and precautions, ensure healthy outcomes postoperatively.
Comments on self-destructive behaviors

I am pleased to accept the invitation by the Editors of AIDD to comment on the papers in this issue of the journal. I am also delighted that they offered me a flexible format for these comments. I think it would be most helpful if I used this opportunity to discuss a few general impressions of the conceptual and clinical issues in the area of self-injurious behaviors, and refrained from a detailed critique of each of the research papers. The experimental analysis of self-destructive behavior was begun in the early 60s and was one of the first behavioral problems to be studied by those psychologists who subsequently came to call themselves "behavior modifiers" or "applied behavior analysts." Since self-destructive or self-injurious behaviors have been investigated, off and on, over the last fifteen years it is a behavior which is reasonably well understood at this time. The fact that it is "reasonably well understood" is of great credit to our profession. It reflects favorably both on the choice of research designs which were applied in its investigation and the conceptual model (learning theory) which helped organize the findings. It is no minor achievement to take a behavior as "psychotic" and disturbing as selfdestructive behavior and make some conceptual order of it, and then to devise effective programs for its treatment. Let me first try to provide some historical context for the study of selfdestructive behavior. I shall try to point out some of the unique contributions of the behavioral approach to the study of self-destructive behavior and to suggest how things may have gone astray for our colleagues who preceded us, and what we can learn from that lesson. Then I would like to point out some cautions and weaknesses in this area of investigation and application.
Solid State and Solution Conformations of Methadone Hydrochloride and Related Compounds

Carbon-13 NMR data for salts of methadone and methadol in the solid-state were used to elucidate the crystalline forms of the compounds and to determine if more than one conformer contributes to a single crystalline form. A comparison of 13C NMR isotropic chemical shift data for these compounds in the solid-state and in various solvents was used to correlate solution and solid-state conformations (determined from x-ray data). Three-bond 1H13C and 1H1H coupling constants, measured by various one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques, were compared with those calculated from x-ray dihedral angle data in order to confirm or dispute the conformational predictions based on chemical shift comparisons.
Modeling the thermomechanical effects of crystallization in natural rubber: II. Elementary thermodynamic properties

The model proposed in the first part of this series for characterizing the thermomechanical response of natural rubber during crystallization is used in this article to model the elementary thermodynamic properties of natural rubber. In particular, known experimental results for the heat capacity, heat of fusion, fundamental melting temperature, and equilibrium crystallinity are used to calculate specific material functions associated with the proposed model. Based on these material parameters the model is used to evaluate the dependence of equilibrium crystallinity on pressure and temperature. The dependence of the melting temperature on pressure is also evaluated.
Relationships between period and cohort life expectancy: Gaps and lags

This paper offers an empirical and analytic foundation for regarding period life expectancy as a lagged indicator of the experience of real cohorts in populations experiencing steady improvement in mortality. We find that current period life expectancy in the industrialized world applies to cohorts born some 40–50 years ago. Lags track an average age at which future years of life are being gained, in a sense that we make precise. Our findings augment Ryder's classic results on period–cohort translation.
Effect of Sodium Intake on Plasma Catecholamines in Normal Subjects

The effect of the state of sodium balance on the activity of the sympathetic nervous system has been evaluated previously by measuring urinary catecholamine excretion. Since urinary catecholamine may be affected by factors such as renal function or renal production of catecholamines, blood catecholamines may provide a better index of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of varying sodium intake on blood catecholamines. Thirteen normal subjects were studied for a period of 3 weeks in a metabolic ward. They received during the first, second, and third week 10, 100, and 200 meq sodium/day, respectively. On the seventh day of each week, when the patients had achieved sodium balance, urinary sodium excretion as well as blood levels of PRA, norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (Ep), and dopamine (D) were measured in the supine position, at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min of upright posture, and at the end of 40 min of ambulation. The results show that: 1) blo...
Regulation of transcription termination in the leader region of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli involves tryptophan or its metabolic product

Abstract In cultures of Escherichia coli grown with excess tryptophan about seven of every eight RNA polymerase molecules that initiate transcription on the trp operon terminate in the leader region (Bertrand et al., 1976). Tryptophan starvation relieves this termination, allowing a greater fraction of initiating RNA polymerase molecules to proceed beyond the termination site into the structural genes of the operon. Isoleucine starvation does not have a similar effect. These findings suggest that tryptophan or a metabolic product of tryptophan functions as an effector in regulation at the termination site. None of the five major polypeptides specified by the operon appears to regulate termination of transcription in the leader region; the polypeptides are neither required for termination nor do they influence the relief of termination observed during tryptophan starvation.
Medicaid reimbursement and the uptake of adolescent vaccines.

Abstract Background In light of low adolescent vaccination rates, state-level policies that could improve vaccine coverage should be evaluated. Approximately 1/3 of adolescents are eligible, primarily through Medicaid enrollment, to receive vaccines from state-administered Vaccines for Children (VFC) programs. We investigated whether Medicaid reimbursement, the scope of implementation of VFC programs (i.e. limited or universal purchase), and/or presence of school-based vaccine mandates were associated with adolescent vaccination levels. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of state-level associations between these policies and 2009 National Immunization Survey-TEEN vaccination rates for tetanus-containing, meningococcal conjugate (MCV4), and among females only, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. Results Medicaid reimbursement was not associated with vaccine coverage rates after adjusting for presence of vaccine-related school mandates, type of VFC program, proportion of adolescents attending preventive care visits, and state-specific distribution of insurance coverage. Participation in a more expansive VFC program (universal or universal-select) was significantly associated with HPV vaccine coverage, but not tetanus-containing vaccine or MCV4, among states that had mandates for any vaccines. Conclusions Our results suggest that, contrary to what has been shown for childhood vaccines, raising Medicaid reimbursement rates may not improve adolescent vaccine utilization. Instead, other policy changes may be more effective, such as expansion of VFC programs into universal purchase programs, further implementation of school-based vaccine mandates and efforts to raise preventive care visits among adolescents.
Adaptive capacity in evolving peri-urban spaces: Responses to flood risk in the Upper Lerma River Valley, Mexico

Abstract Although ‘peri-urban’ and ‘rur-urban’ growth patterns are now prominent in previously rural areas of Latin America, there has been little exploration of the implication of these patterns for social vulnerability to hazards and adaptive capacity for hazard management. A case study of flooding in the Upper Lerma River Valley, Mexico, illustrates how livelihood and land use change in these peri-urban spaces have altered residents’ perceptions of risk and loss, while public officials are adhering to a traditional sectoral and structural interpretation of flooding as an agricultural problem, managed by agricultural and water agencies. The current system of treating flooding as an agricultural problem, managed by agricultural and water agencies, does not address the increased role of urbanization as a driver of flooding and water risk in the valley. The resulting mismatch in policy potentially exacerbates regional vulnerability in face of rising flood losses. Enhancing adaptive capacity in this context requires a new vision of the populations and communities of the region as an integrated system, supported by institutions that facilitate cross-scale and intersectoral planning.
Temperature-Dependent Inhibition of Opportunistic Vibrio Pathogens by Native Coral Commensal Bacteria

Bacteria living within the surface mucus layer of corals compete for nutrients and space. A number of stresses affect the outcome of this competition. The interactions between native microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens largely determine the coral holobiont's overall health and fitness. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that commensal bacteria isolated from the mucus layer of a healthy elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, are capable of inhibition of opportunistic pathogens, Vibrio shiloi AK1 and Vibrio coralliilyticus. These vibrios are known to cause disease in corals and their virulence is temperature dependent. Elevated temperature (30 °C) increased the cell numbers of one commensal and both Vibrio pathogens in monocultures. We further tested the hypothesis that elevated temperature favors pathogenic organisms by simultaneously increasing the fitness of vibrios and decreasing the fitness of commensals by measuring growth of each species within a co-culture over the course of 1 week. In competition experiments between vibrios and commensals, the proportion of Vibrio spp. increased significantly under elevated temperature. We finished by investigating several temperature–dependent mechanisms that could influence co-culture differences via changes in competitive fitness. The ability of Vibrio spp. to utilize glycoproteins found in A. palmata mucus increased or remained stable when exposed to elevated temperature, while commensals' tended to decrease utilization. In both vibrios and commensals, protease activity increased at 30 °C, while chiA expression increased under elevated temperatures for Vibrio spp. These results provide insight into potential mechanisms through which elevated temperature may select for pathogenic bacterial dominance and lead to disease or a decrease in coral fitness.
The public health and social consequences of black male violence

There is no simple solution toward the prevention and reduction of black male violence. The fact that the high rates of black male violence are the result of multiple causes strongly suggest that a multisolution violence prevention agenda should be developed and implemented throughout the nation. An aggressive but narrowly focused criminal justice response will not work. Failure to address “the causes” of black male violence and its public health and social consequences will only lead to greater entrenchment of the social conditions and dysfunctional adaptative responses that precipitate the concentration of interpersonal violence in urban poor black communities.
Measurements of radiation field signatures of rocket-triggered lightning

In this paper, we describe the two-station measurements of triggered-lightning electromagnetic fields performed by the University of Florida Lightning Research Group in 2008–2009. Lightning is triggered at Camp Blanding, Florida, where near-field signals were recorded. Far-field signals were recorded at the Lightning Observatory in Gainesville, located about 45 km away from Camp Blanding.
Attribution of Responsibility and Individual and Collective Coping with Environmental Threats

This article summarizes many of the sources of stress that often accompany environmental threats, examines both individual and collective strategies for coping with environmental threats and the efficacy of these strategies, and discusses some of the problems with measuring coping strategies and with gauging their success. It describes collective coping strategies within the framework of social and institutional networks, and it considers why grass-roots citizen groups are often formed as a coping strategy and what needs these organizations seem to fulfill. It presents some empirical research on individual and collective coping strategies derived from an investigation that examined residents' coping strategies in response to living near a large hazardous waste landfill. Finally, it addresses some of the social and policy implications of the ways that people cope with environmental hazards.
Resonance Raman spectra of iron(II) 2,2′‐bipyridyl complexes

The resonance Raman effect is reported for the bipyridyl ligand vibrations in the complexes {Fe(bipy)3}+2, {Fe(bipy)2(CN)2} and {Fe(bipy)(CN)4}−2. The Raman spectra were obtained using exciting laser line frequencies coincident with the visible metal–ligand charge transfer absorption bands. The identity of the resonantly enhanced Raman bands is correlated with the nature of the absorption bands. The resonantly enhanced excitation profiles of the bipyridyl vibrations are analyzed in terms of the theory of resonance Raman scattering. The results indicate that the high frequency components of these bands are primarily due to a superposition of the vibrational progressions of the symmetric ligand stretching modes and not due to additional charge transfer absorptions.