cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avoidance and tolerance of freezing in ectothermic vertebrates

Ectothermic vertebrates have colonized regions that are seasonally or perpetually cold, and some species, particularly terrestrial hibernators, must cope with temperatures that fall substantially below 0°C. Survival of such excursions depends on either freeze avoidance through supercooling or freeze tolerance. Supercooling, a metastable state in which body fluids remain liquid below the equilibrium freezing/melting point, is promoted by physiological responses that protect against chilling injury and by anatomical and behavioral traits that limit risk of inoculative freezing by environmental ice and ice-nucleating agents. Freeze tolerance evolved from responses to fundamental stresses to permit survival of the freezing of a substantial amount of body water under thermal and temporal conditions of ecological relevance. Survival of freezing is promoted by a complex suite of molecular, biochemical and physiological responses that limit cell death from excessive shrinkage, damage to macromolecules and membranes, metabolic perturbation and oxidative stress. Although freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance generally are mutually exclusive strategies, a few species can switch between them, the mode used in a particular instance of chilling depending on prevailing physiological and environmental conditions.
Human bulbar conjunctival hemodynamics in hemoglobin SS and SC disease.

The known biophysical variations of hemoglobin (Hb) S and Hb C may result in hemodynamic differences between subjects with SS and SC disease. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare conjunctival hemodynamics between subjects with Hb SS and SC hemoglobinopathies. Image sequences of the conjunctival microcirculation were acquired in 9 healthy control subjects (Hb AA), 24 subjects with SC disease, and 18 subjects with SS disease, using a prototype imaging system. Diameter (D) and blood velocity (V) measurements were obtained in multiple venules of each subject. Data were categorized according to venule caliber by averaging V and D for venules with diameters less than (vessel size 1) or greater than (vessel size 2) 15 µm. V in vessel size 2 was significantly greater than V in vessel size 1 in the AA and SS groups (P ≥ 0.009), but not in the SC group (P = 0.1). V was significantly lower in the SC group as compared to the SS group (P = 0.03). In AA and SS groups, V correlated with D (P ≤ 0.005), but the correlation was not statistically significant in the SC group (P = 0.08). V was inversely correlated with hematocrit in the SS group for large vessels (P = 0.03); however, no significant correlation was found in the SC group (P ≥ 0.2). Quantitative assessment of conjunctival microvascular hemodynamics in SS and SC disease may advance understanding of sickle cell disease pathophysiology and thereby improve therapeutic interventions. Am. J. Hematol. 88:661–664, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effects of Electronic Health Record Implementation on Medical Student Educators

Background: Electronic heath records (EHRs) are being rapidly adopted. Little attention has been paid to the effects of EHR implementation on teaching. Purpose: The goal was to determine the effect of EHR implementation on medical student educators and to characterize features that might influence their responses. Methods: A survey of all clinical faculty at Oregon Health & Science University was taken. The authors inquired about the effect of EHR implementation on enthusiasm for teaching and characterized factors that might contribute to responses. Results: Nearly half of the faculty reported decreased enthusiasm for teaching following EHR implementation (48.2%). Most (65.1%) reported that the EHR distracted from teaching, and few saw its advantages. Most reported that EHR implementation led them to teach less (62.3%); the most enthusiastic teachers were most affected. Conclusions: EHR implementation in an academic medical center has substantial effects on educators. Further work is needed to determine h...
Neuropeptide FF exerts pro- and anti-opioid actions in the parabrachial nucleus to modulate food intake

Neurons that synthesize the morphine modulatory peptide neuropeptide FF (NPFF; Phe-Leu-Phe-Gln-Pro-Gln-Arg-Phe-NH2) densely innervate the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), an area implicated in regulatin...
Multimedia Performance in a Computer‐Mediated Community: Communication as a Virtual Drama

In this study, I explored the complex multimedia performances of an interactive computer-mediated community. Through the frameworks of Erving Goffman's dramaturgical perspective and Dell Hyme's ethnography of communication, I explored the patterns of multimedia performance of a virtual community called the Palace. The findings demonstrate how virtual architecture, visual context, virtual space/proxemics, and avatars can be used in social interaction in communities on the World Wide Web. More importantly, the analysis represents the multimedia communicative processes that serve to foster and sustain virtual communities. These communication patterns of the multimedia chat community represent a form of virtual dramatic performance in contemporary communication. Based upon the findings, conclusions, implications, and future directions for scholarship are explored in detail.
Cloud Forest Conservation in the Central Highlands of Guatemala Hinges on Soil Conservation and Intensifying Food Production

Soil erosion threatens long-term soil fertility and food production in Q’eqchi’ communities native to the Sierra Yalijux and Sierra Sacranix mountain ranges in the central highlands of Guatemala. Environmental factors such as steep topography, erodible soils, and intense precipitation events, combined with land subdivision and reduced fallow periods as a consequence of population growth, contribute to severe erosion and strain soil resources. The preservation of the region's cloud forests hinges on enhancing production of staple crops through agricultural intensification while maintaining soil fertility through implementation of soil conservation measures.
Scale-dependent intermittency and coherence in turbulence

The statistics of isotropic homogeneous decaying at moderately large Reynolds number are studied in detail using a Fourier-space band-filtering method on flow fields obtained by direct numerical simulation. Two distinct aspects of the non-Gaussianity of the turbulent field are discussed: The nonzero derivative skewness, related to energy transfer, is shown to be essentially a large-scale property, while intermittency measured by the flatness factor is basically a dissipation range phenomenon. In addition, elongated coherent structures of single velocity components at inertial range scales are shown to align with the velocity component, leading to depletion of the nonlinear interaction. Finally, it is shown that the statistics of the dissipation may be simply related to the statistics of the spatial derivative and small-scale velocity fields.
The Role of Quasi-Experimental Designs in Pain Research

The double-blind, randomized clinical trial (RCT) has long been the gold standard of research in pain medicine, for reasons that are well known. Among these are: All of these are critical to effectively showing the benefits of a proposed treatment. Many preliminary studies of new treatments use a simpler design, in which a single group of participants is tested before and after an intervention. Such designs do avoid confounding, because participants are compared with themselves. They do not, however, deal well with placebo effects or changes due to time and the natural history of the disorder. In this paper, I argue that new thinking about placebo effects combined with some old design types makes it possible to do preliminary studies in a potentially more powerful and convincing manner, in advance of more definitive studies using randomized double-blind methodology. First of all, it is important to be clear on what is meant by a placebo effect. This is the benefit to a patient specifically from the belief that he or she is receiving an effective therapy. For example, someone getting an aspirin may experience benefits even before the drug kicks in biologically—both an anticipatory release of endogenous substances and a psychological boost from having “taken control” may reduce actual pain and the psychosocial disturbance from pain. The mechanism of the placebo effect is not fully known, but these are plausible components. Much of the purported power of the placebo …
Determination of endocannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716 (rimonabant) in plasma by liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometry

SR141716 (rimonabant) is an endocannabinoid receptor antagonist. Endocannabinoids are a class of chemicals that affect neurotransmission via G-protein coupled CB1 (brain) and CB2 (peripheral tissue) receptors. Numerous animal studies have shown that SR141716 binds with the CB1 receptor in the brain, resulting in several biological consequences including reduced alcohol intake and reward as well as reduced food consumption. In this work, an analytical method based on liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) has been developed and validated for the quantitative measurement of SR141716 in both human and rat plasma to support the investigation of this compound. A suitable internal standard (AM251) has been chosen and the experimental conditions have been optimized for the separation and detection of singly charged positive ions of SR141716 and the internal standard. A protein precipitation protocol has been developed for extraction of SR141716 and the internal standard from plasma samples. Quantitation was achieved using multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode for SR141716 (m/z 463-->m/z 363) and the internal standard (m/z 555-->m/z 455) and calibration curve over the concentration range of 5.00-1000 ng/ml was plotted using the peak-area ratio versus the concentration of SR141716 with a LOD and LLOQ of 1.09 and 3.62 ng/ml, respectively. The method developed has been used to analyze SR141716 in rat plasma samples from an animal study.
The Archaeology of the African Diaspora

Some of the more recent attempts to reaffirm Africa's vital enduring cultural contributions to the New World and the global community have included reconstructions of pre-Columbian Africa-New World contacts, identification of African continuities in the Diaspora through artifact pat tern analyses (Armstrong, 1990), demographic evidence and racial types or ethnicity (Waiters, 1987), African technological transfer (Goucher, 1993), spatial and settlement pattern studies (Higman, 1986, 1987, 1988), migra tions (Kozlowski, 1974; Rouse and Allaire, 1978), and the archaeology of Maroon heritage (Agorsah, 1993b, 1994). With the exception of these and a few other studies, hardly any scholars have focused attention on related archaeological evidence. Yet all these developments indicate the need to tap those sources and the need for collaboration as well. Much of the lack of consensus and the diversity of approaches in ar chaeological analysis and interpretations that crystallized in the 1970s in the Americas can be identified in Africa, and it is not difficult to identify the intellectual ancestry of those new trends because they reflect the wider social and intellectual movements. For the African Diaspora, the develop ments have been more grievous not only due to the biases involved but also because of the failure of African archaeologists to assume the respon sibility of assessing and interpreting the past that includes the prehistoric and historical past of linkages with Africans and African-Americans. Owing to this sad situation, several long-standing unresolved issues, such as chro nology, methodology, identification of populations or ethnic groups or grouping, and continuities of African traditions [problems reminiscent of many of those discussed by Musonda (1990) in his recent review of the African archaeological scene], continue to plague archaeological practice in the Diaspora. For example, chronological schemes developed for the his
Disparities in publication patterns by gender, race and ethnicity based on a survey of a random sample of authors

Gender and racial disparities have greatly diminished in academia over the last 30 years, but attrition rates among women and minority faculty still remain high. In this paper we examine gender and racial disparities in publishing, an activity that is important for career advancement, but has not been incorporated adequately into the debate on faculty attrition. We surveyed a random sample of 1,065 authors who contributed a peer-reviewed journal article indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) in 2005 and at least one other article during the period of 2001---2004 in four academic disciplines representing natural sciences (biochemistry and water resources) and social sciences (anthropology and economics). We then report on the relationships between demographic variables (gender and race/ethnicity) and career-related variables (academic rank, discipline, and h-index) of these authors. Our findings show that at every career level and within each discipline, women were under-represented in academic positions compared to men and an even lower percentage of women published at each academic level than were employed at that level. Further, we found that women had lower h-indices than men in all four disciplines surveyed. Societal and biological constraints may reduce women's ability to obtain research intensive positions and contribute to these gender disparities. Hispanics and blacks were underrepresented among individuals awarded with doctoral degrees, doctorate recipients employed in academia, and academics publishing in WoS as compared to their representation in the population. Whites, Asians, and Native Americans and Pacific Islanders were adequately or over-represented in each category. Additionally, blacks had lower h-indices than the other ethnic groups across the disciplines surveyed. Compared to women, attrition among blacks and Hispanics appears to occur earlier in their career development. Cumulative experiences with discrimination and stereotypes may partly explain higher attrition and lower publication productivity among blacks and Hispanics.
Fragility versus excessive crash involvement as determinants of high death rates per vehicle-mile of travel among older drivers

Using multiple national data systems, the roles of fragility (susceptibility to injury) versus excessive crash involvement in the increased fatality risk of older drivers per vehicle-mile of travel (VMT) were estimated. For each age and gender group, deaths per driver involved in a crash (a marker of fragility) and drivers involved in crashes per VMT (a marker of excessive crash involvement) were computed. Compared with drivers ages 30-59, those younger than 20 and those 75 or older both had much higher driver death rates per VMT. The highest death rates per mile driven, 13-fold increases, were observed among drivers age 80 or older, who also had the highest death rates per crash. Fragility began to increase at ages 60-64 and increased steadily with advancing age, accounting for about 60-95% of the excess death rates per VMT in older drivers, depending on age group and gender. Among older drivers, marked excesses in crash involvement did not begin until age 75, but explained no more than about 30-45% of the elevated risk in this group of drivers; excessive crashes explained less of the risk among drivers ages 60-74. In contrast, crash over-involvement was the major factor contributing to the high risk of death among drivers younger than 20, accounting for more than 95% of their elevated death rates per VMT. Although both fragility and crash over-involvement contributed to the excess death rates among older drivers per VMT, fragility appeared to be of over-riding importance. These findings suggest that measures to improve the protection of older vehicle occupants in crashes should be vigorously pursued.
Exciton splitting in the electronic spectra of triphenylmethane

Abstract Observation of two electronic origins, separated by about 230 cm −1 , in both absorption of fluorescence spectra of triphenylmethane is ascribed to intramolecular exciton interaction.
Multi-level shared caching techniques for scalability in VMP-M/C

The problem of building a scalable shared memory multiprocessor can be reduced to that of building a scalable memory hierarchy, assuming interprocessor communication is handled by the memory system. In this paper, we describe the VMP-MC design, a distributed parallel multi-computer based on the VMP multiprocessor design, that is intended to provide a set of building blocks for configuring machines from one to several thousand processors. VMP-MC uses a memory hierarchy based on shared caches, ranging from on- chip caches to board-level caches connected by busses to, at the bottom, a high-speed fiber optic ring. In addition to describing the building block components of this architecture, we identify the key performance issues associated with the design and provide performance evaluation of these issues using trace-drive simulation and measurements from the VMP. This work was sponsored in part by the Defense Advanced Re- search Projects Agency under Contract N00014-88-K-0619.
On-Demand Business Collaboration Enablement with Services Computing

In this talk, I will introduce a model for on-demand business process based collaboration, namely, Extended Business Collaboration (eBC), and its major characteristics: modeling, solution stack, configurable business protocol enabling framework, on-demand services deployment, as well as monitoring and analytical control. Then we present a few major research issues associated with facilitating extended business collaboration, followed by our proposed Annotated Business HyperChain technology leveraging Services computing and semantic annotation model. Services computing is the evolution of Internet computing by leveraging services oriented architecture. Services computing is mainly targeting for a new ground break technology suite – Web services and services oriented Grid/Utility Computing, Business Computing, and Autonomic Computing. A research prototype is illustrated at the end of the talk followed by some observations and discussion of open research issues requiring further exploration.
Reliability of two-stage weighted-k-out-of-n systems with components in common

This paper extends the existing one-stage weighted-k-out-of-n model to two-stage weighted-k-out-of-n models with components in common. Algorithms are developed to calculate the system reliability, and generate the minimal cuts & minimal paths of two-stage weighted-k-out-of-n systems. Reliability bounds for systems with s-dependent component failures are investigated based on the generated minimal cuts & minimal paths. Two types of two-stage weighted-k-out-of-n models, the SW-k-out-of-n model, and the PW-k-out-of-n model, can be applied to investigate reliability issues in network applications, such as the project management, and the shortest path problems. Examples are provided to demonstrate the developed models & algorithms.
Patterns of Evolution in the Feeding Mechanism of Actinopterygian Fishes

SYNOPSIS. Structural and functional patterns in the evolution of the actinopterygian feeding mechanism are discussed in the context of the major monophyletic lineages of ray-finned fishes. A tripartite adductor mandibulae contained in a maxillary-palatoquadrate chamber and a single mechanism of mandibular depression mediated by the obliquus inferioris, sternohyoideus, and hyoid apparatus are primitive features of the Actinopterygii. Halecostome fishes are characterized by having an additional mechanism of mandibular depression, the levator operculi—opercular series coupling, and a maxilla which swings anteriorly during prey capture. These innovations provide the basis for feeding by inertial suction which is the dominant mode of prey capture throughout the halecostome radiation. A remarkably consistent kinematic profile occurs in all suction-feeding halecostomes. Teleost fishes possess a number of specializations in the front jaws including a geniohyoideus muscle, loss of the primitive suborbital adductor component, and a mobile premaxilla. Structural innovations in teleost pharyngeal jaws include fusion of the dermal tooth plates with endoskeletal gill arch elements, the occurrence of a pharyngeal retractor muscle, and a shift in the origin of the pharyngohyoideus. These specializations relate to increased functional versatility of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus as demonstrated by an electromyographic study of pharyngeal muscle activity in Esox and Ambloplites . The major feature of the evolution of the actinopterygian feeding mechanism is the increase in structural complexity in both the pharyngeal and front jaws. Structural diversification is a function of the number of independent biomechanical pathways governing movement.
Implications of Globalization and Trade for Water Quality in Transboundary Rivers

Increases in international trade have a variety of effects on the environment through the location, scale, and techniques of production. International trade may also have special effects on transboundary resources, such as international rivers as trade provides greater opportunities for policy coordination between trading partners who share a resource. This chapter discusses several mechanisms by which trade may facilitate coordination: trade may provide opportunities for linkage between environmental and trade concessions, facilitate implicit side payments, grant countries direct leverage over other countries’ production, and instill a perception of shared goals between countries. An empirical section reports a test of the effects of globalization (interpreted in the regression equations as overall trade) and trade specifically between countries sharing a natural resource. The United Nation’s Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) provides data on water quality at river monitoring stations around the world. We have coded these stations to indicate whether the rivers cross international borders, and if so, which countries share the river. We then merged these data with information on bilateral trade between upstream and downstream countries and characteristics of these countries such as their income levels and trade openness. The results suggest that water pollution is lower in rivers shared between countries with more trade; supporting the hypothesis that trade promotes coordination of environmental policies.
1‐Oxo‐2‐Cyclohexenyl‐2‐Carbonitrile

1-Oxo-2cyclohexenyl-2-carbonitrile R 1-Cyclopentene acetonitrile P 1-Oxo-2-cyclohexenyl-2-carbonitrile Keywords: ketones, monoketones, miscellaneous; nitriles; annulation, carbocyclic-[>6]; cyclization, condensation; oxidation, CC 2 CO; ozonolysis apparatus; cyclohexenones with electron-attracting substituents
""Based on the True Story of": Political Filmmaking and Analogical Thinking"

“Based on the True Story of” considers how reception studies contributes to determining what constitutes effective political filmmaking and the lessons these films offer to encourage political allegiances. Prior work has indicated that filmmakers need to provide narrative frames to insure their preferred views are accessible to audiences, that excessive emotional appeals can backfire, that conspiracy narratives are more accepted if the narratives argue for complicated webs of power structure, and that markers of authorial subjectivity provide space for spectators to negotiate the material. Here analogical thinking – finding resemblances of one or more features between events in the text and the historical past – is studied for docudramas. Using the reception of Good Night, and Good Luck (2005), the essay argues two further hypotheses that also involve analogical thinking : (1) reviewers expect audiences to seek lessons and explicitly engage with a film's assumed message about contemporary politics, and (2) reviewers often reposition the lessons into other generic narrative formula which have heroes and villains.
Deactivating Implanted Cardiac Devices in Terminally Ill Patients: Practices and Attitudes

Background: Clinicians may receive requests to deactivate pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in terminally ill patients. Methods: We describe practices and attitudes regarding deactivation of pacemakers and ICDs in terminally ill patients among physicians, nurses, and others who manage treatment of patients with implanted cardiac devices and among field representatives of device manufacturers. A Web-based survey was provided to Heart Rhythm Society members and to representatives of two manufacturers of implantable cardiac devices. Measurements were the answers of 787 respondents. Results: Of the respondents, 86.8% reported involvement in requests for ICD deactivation and 77.6% reported involvement in pacemaker deactivation (P < 0.001). Having cared for a terminally ill patient for whom the respondent or a physician had ordered device deactivation was common (95.4% for ICDs vs 84.8% for pacemakers; P < 0.001). Having personally deactivated a device was also common (92.4% for ICDs vs 76.6% for pacemakers; P < 0.001). More respondents said they were comfortable with personally deactivating an ICD than deactivating a pacemaker (56.7% for ICDs vs 34.4% for pacemakers; P < 0.001). Respondents reported that the industry representative is the individual who deactivates the device most of the time (59.3% for ICDs and 49.7% for pacemakers). Conclusions: Deactivation of implanted cardiac devices in terminally ill patients is common. Practices and attitudes associated with pacemaker deactivation differ significantly from those associated with ICD deactivation. Professional groups should develop guidelines for managing requests for implanted cardiac device deactivation and should clarify the role of device industry representatives in these deactivations.
Microfabricated Silicon High-Frequency Waveguide Couplers and Antennas

A method has been developed to fabricate waveguide-to-waveguide couplers and tapered dielectric rod antennas for the millimeter-wave regime from microetched silicon. A proof-of-concept study shows that the structures can be realized using relatively simple wet etching and robotic process control. Experimental measurements of the waveguide-waveguide couplers agree in key features with simulations. The results indicate that two-stepped tapers perform nearly as well as smooth linear tapers, but are much easier to fabricate. Coupling transmissivity of better than -1 dB, and peak antenna gain of 8-10 dB are indicated at W-band frequencies. Lateral dimension etch control of 5-mum precision was realized. To solve a challenge of controlling the length of the first step, either an improved masking method or a switch to dry etching processes is required.
Chemical stability of açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) anthocyanins as influenced by naturally occurring and externally added polyphenolic cofactors in model systems.

Abstract The influence of different classes of naturally occurring and externally added polyphenolic cofactors on the phytochemical and colour stability of anthocyanins in acai fruit (Euterpe oleracea) was investigated. Model systems were based on anthocyanin isolates from acai fruit, rich in cyanidin-3-rutinoside (311 ± 27 mg/l) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (208 ± 18 mg/l), and isolated groups of naturally occurring polyphenolic cofactors in acai fruit (phenolic acids, procyanidins, and flavone-C-glycosides, each adjusted to ∼50 mg/l). Anthocyanin degradation kinetics were assessed as a function of pH (3.0, 3.5, and 4.0) and storage temperature (5, 20 and 30 °C). During storage, anthocyanins experienced pH and temperature-dependent losses, and the half life cyanidin-3-rutinoside (t1/2 = 2.67–210 days) was consistently longer than cyanidin-3-glucoside (t1/2 = 1.13–144 days). The presence of flavone-C-glycosides induced significant hyperchromic shifts and enhanced anthocyanin stability at all pH and temperature combinations, while no significant effects were attributed to the presence of phenolic acids or procyanidins. Additional models using externally added cofactors from rooibos tea, also rich in flavone-C-glycosides, resulted in up to 45.5% higher anthocyanin colour and up to 40.7% increased anthocyanin stability compared to uncopigmented anthocyanin isolates and had similar copigmentation effects to a commercial rosemary-based colour enhancer. Results suggest flavone-C-glycosides offer potential for their use as colour enhancers and stabilizing agents in products rich in cyanidin glycosides, particularly acai fruit-containing foods, juice blends, and beverages.
It's Not All on the Net: Identifying, Preserving and Protecting Rare and Unique Federal Documents.

The notion that all the government information that researchers will ever need is available, or shortly will be, in a user friendly, electronic form on the Internet, is a far cry from the reality facing most government information professionals. Paper and microfiche, the familiar, tangible products of the Government Printing Office, remain a substantial part of most federal document collections. Although GPO is on the path to a “more electronic” environment it is not likely to become a paperless agency anytime in the next several years, if at all. Consider that in their 1998 fiscal year report GPO indicated that they had distributed over 140 million pieces of fiche and paper products, and this did not include direct mail or distribution from USGS and the National Imagery and Mapping Administration. The fact that paper will be with us in the Federal Depository Library Program well into the next century was highlighted by Dan O’Mahoney of Brown University in Government Documents Quarterly:
Colonic J-pouch function in rectal cancer patients: impact of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

PURPOSE: The colonic J-pouch technique of reconstruction optimizes functional outcome after proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis. However, the impact of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy on pouch function in rectal cancer patients has not been investigated. METHODS: From January 1994 to December 1999, 74 patients with midrectal or low rectal tumors (less than 10 cm from the anal verge) underwent a proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis with colonic J-pouch reconstruction. Chemoradiation was offered in patients with Stage II and III disease. Radiation therapy was administered using a four-field technique including the anal canal, for a total dose of 50.4 Gy (1.8 Gy/fraction/day). Fifteen patients (20 percent) died with metastatic disease, five (6.8 percent) died of other causes without evidence of recurrence, and five (6.8 percent) were lost to follow-up. In addition, two patients had local recurrence (2.7 percent) at the time of follow-up. Forty-five of 47 eligible patients (96 percent) responded to a questionnaire designed to evaluate specifically the degree of continence and pouch evacuation. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 68.9 (range, 42–88) years and the mean duration of follow-up was 28.8 (range, 1–69) months. There were 28 patients in the surgery alone group and 17 patients who received either preoperative (13) or postoperative (4) adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Patients in the surgery alone group had a significantly better degree of continence (mean ± standard deviation continence score: 18.1 ± 2.9vs. 13.3 ± 4.1,P<0.001) and were less likely to experience evacuatory problems (mean ± standard deviation evacuation score: 21.3 ± 3.7vs. 16.4 ± 3.5,P<0.001). Use of a pad was more frequent in the chemoradiation therapy than in the surgery alone group (53vs. 18 percent,P=0.02). The incidence after functional disorders was also more frequent in the irradiated group of patients: incontinence to gas (76vs. 43 percent,P=0.03), to liquid stool (64vs. 25 percent,P=0.01), and to solid stool (47vs. 11 percent,P=0.01). Moreover, irradiated patients reported more frequent pouch-related specific problems, such as clustering (82vs. 32 percent,P=0.001), and sensation of incomplete evacuation (82vs. 32 percent,P=0.001). Finally, regression analysis demonstrated that radiation-induced sphincter dysfunction was progressive over time. CONCLUSIONS: Both preoperative and postoperative chemoradiation therapy adversely affects continence and evacuation in patients with colonic J-pouch. Because radiation-induced damage to the normal tissues is known to be cumulative over time, long-term progressive dysfunction of the anal sphincter and neorectum are causes of concern. Consideration should be given to excluding the anal canal from the field of irradiation in patients with Stage II and III rectal cancer, whenever a sphincter-preserving procedure is planned.
DTA of Kaolinite and Montmorillonite Under Water Vapor Pressures up to Six Atmospheres

Thermograms of kaolinite and montmorillonite were obtained at water-vapor pressures varying from approximately 0.0001 to 4,500 mm. of Hg with a variable pressure, dynamic gas, differential thermal analysis apparatus. The beginning of the kaolinite endotherm is shifted to a higher temperature with increasing water-vapor pressure. The sharp kaolinite exotherm is shifted to a lower temperature until at six atmospheres water-vapor pressure it makes a small broad peak at approximately 900° C. The dehydroxylation endotherm of montmorillonite is almost unaffected. The 900° C endotherm and the recrystallization exotherm are shifted to a lower temperature with increasing water-vapor pressure. The temperatures of the start of the endothermic peaks associated with exchange cations are shifted upward by increased gas (N2) pressure.
Experiment or Ordeal?—Marivaux’s L’Épreuve

Marivaux’s short comedy, L’Epreuve, has long attracted interest because of the double signification of its title as both experiment and ordeal, two ideas profoundly important to the development of eighteenth-century sensationalism. An examination of the play as a quasi-scientific experiment yields new insight into the dilemmas of its characters, including the roles of both Maitre Blaise and Frontin as control factors. As a specimen, Angelique becomes necessarily the subject of emotional manipulation that goes beyond Condillac’s system of analysis to prefigure the advent of sadism. As social and/or physical scientist, Lucidor prefigures modern researchers in refusing to confront fully the ethical issues posed by his desire to establish truth in a human context.
Molecular Data Are Transforming Hypotheses on the Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The explosion of molecular data has transformed hypotheses on both the origin of eukaryotes and the structure of the eukaryotic tree of life. Early ideas about the evolution of eukaryotes arose through analyses of morphology by light microscopy and, later, electron microscopy. Though such studies have proven powerful at resolving more recent events, theories on origins and diversification of eukaryotic life have been substantially revised in light of analyses of molecular data including gene and, increasingly, whole-genome sequences. By combining these approaches, progress has been made in elucidating the origin and diversification of eukaryotes. Yet many aspects of the evolution of eukaryotic life remain to be illuminated.
Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in obese patients.

Objectives To report our experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in obese (body mass index greater than 30 kg/m 2 ) patients compared with a contemporary cohort of nonobese patients. Methods From August 1999 to December 2004, 140 obese (group 1) and 238 nonobese (group 2) patients underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy at our institution. We compared the demographics, operative data, and perioperative complications of these two groups. Results Group 1 had a significantly greater incidence of hypertension and diabetes. In groups 1 and 2, respectively, the mean estimated blood loss was 310 mL (range 50 to 1500) and 249 mL (range 50 to 2500), the mean operating time was 3.4 hours (range 2.5 to 6) and 3.4 hours (range 1.5 to 6), and the mean warm ischemia time was 31 minutes (range 15 to 51) and 32 minutes (range 12 to 60). Intraoperative complications occurred in 8 patients (5.7%) in group 1 and 20 (8%) in group 2 ( P = 0.19), with a blood transfusion rate of 6% and 3%, respectively ( P = 0.42). The postoperative complication rate was not significantly different between the two groups (13% versus 9%, P = 0.77). The mean hospital stay was 2.8 days (range 1 to 8) for group 1 and 3.5 days (range 1 to 32) for group 2. Retroperitoneal access was associated with a shorter operative time and hospital stay in both groups. Conclusions Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was performed safely in obese patients, with a perioperative complication rate similar to that of nonobese patients. The retroperitoneal approach was associated with a shorter operative time and hospital stay in the obese and nonobese patients.
(IN) SECURE TIMES: Constructing White Working-Class Masculinities in the Late 20th Century

This article documents a moment in history when poor and working-class white boys and men are struggling in their schools, communities, and workplaces against the “Other” as a means of framing identities. Drawing on two independent qualitative studies, the authors investigate distinct locations where poor and working-class boys and men invent, relate to, and distance from marginalized groups in an effort to create self. First the authors look at an ethnography of “the Freeway boys,” a community of urban white working-class high school boys who must deal with the economic ravagement of their neighborhood and their insecure place in a world different than that of their fathers. Next, the authors draw from a large-scale survey of young adults to hear how a combined sample of urban poor and working-class white men narrate identities that are carved explicitly out of territory bordered by white women and African American men. Across sites, the authors theorize how high schools and workplaces both, in part, cre...
Robust intrapulmonary CD8 T cell responses and protection with an attenuated N1L deleted vaccinia virus.

Background Vaccinia viruses have been used as a model for viral disease and as a protective live vaccine. Methodology and Principal Findings We investigated the immunogenicity of an attenuated strain of vaccinia virus engineered to inactivate the N1L gene (vGK5). Using the intranasal route, this recombinant virus was 2 logs less virulent compared to the wildtype VACV-WR. Infection by the intranasal, intraperitoneal, and tail scarification routes resulted in the robust induction of cytolytic virus-specific CD8 T cells in the spleens and the lungs. VACV-specific antibodies were also detected in the sera of mice infected 3–5 months prior with the attenuated vGK5 virus. Finally, mice immunized with vGK5 were significantly protected when challenged with a lethal dose of VACV-WR. Conclusions These results indicate that the attenuated vGK5 virus protects against subsequent infection and suggest that the N1L protein limits the strength of the early antiviral CD8 T cell response following respiratory infection.
The U4 Antibody Epitope on Human Papillomavirus 16 Identified by Cryo-electron Microscopy

ABSTRACT The human papillomavirus (HPV) major structural protein L1 composes capsomers that are linked together through interactions mediated by the L1 C terminus to constitute a T=7 icosahedral capsid. H16.U4 is a type-specific monoclonal antibody recognizing a conformation-dependent neutralizing epitope of HPV thought to include the L1 protein C terminus. The structure of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) complexed with H16.U4 fragments of antibody (Fab) was solved by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) image reconstruction. Atomic structures of virus and Fab were fitted into the corresponding cryo-EM densities to identify the antigenic epitope. The antibody footprint mapped predominately to the L1 C-terminal arm with an additional contact point on the side of the capsomer. This footprint describes an epitope that is presented capsid-wide. However, although the H16.U4 epitope suggests the presence of 360 potential binding sites exposed in the capsid valley between each capsomer, H16.U4 Fab bound only to epitopes located around the icosahedral five-fold vertex of the capsid. Thus, the binding characteristics of H16.U4 defined in this study showed a distinctive selectivity for local conformation-dependent interactions with specific L1 invading arms between five-fold related capsomers. IMPORTANCE Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is the most prevalent oncogenic genotype in HPV-associated anogenital and oral cancers. Here we use cryo-EM reconstruction techniques to solve the structures of the HPV16 capsid complexes using H16.U4 fragment of antibody (Fab). Different from most other antibodies directed against surface loops, H16.U4 monoclonal antibody is unique in targeting the C-terminal arm of the L1 protein. This monoclonal antibody (MAb) is used throughout the HPV research community in HPV serological and vaccine development and to define mechanisms of HPV uptake. The unique binding mode of H16.U4 defined here shows important conformation-dependent interactions within the HPV16 capsid. By targeting an important structural and conformational epitope, H16.U4 may identify subtle conformational changes in different maturation stages of the HPV capsid and provide a key probe to analyze the mechanisms of HPV uptake during the early stages of virus infection. Our analyses precisely define important conformational epitopes on HPV16 capsids that are key targets for successful HPV prophylactic vaccines.
Inter-annotator Agreement for ERE annotation

This paper describes a system for interannotator agreement analysis of ERE annotation, focusing on entity mentions and how the higher-order annotations such as EVENTS are dependent on those entity mentions. The goal of this approach is to provide both (1) quantitative scores for the various levels of annotation, and (2) information about the types of annotation inconsistencies that might exist. While primarily designed for inter-annotator agreement, it can also be considered a system for evaluation of ERE annotation.
Cesium and Strontium Incorporation into Zeolite-Type Phases During Homogeneous Nucleation From Caustic Solutions

Formation of faujasite- and sodalite/cancrinite-type phases associated with caustic waste reactions in the environment may structurally incorporate contaminant species such as radioactive Sr2+ and Cs+, and thus provide a mechanism of attenuation. To investigate mineral evolution and structural incorporation of cations in simplified experiments, aluminosilicate solids were precipitated homogeneously at room temperature from batch solutions containing a 1:1 molal ratio of Si to Al and 10−3 molal Sr and/or Cs, and aged for 30 or 548 days. Syntheses were done with solutions in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 and with gas-purged solutions. Experimental products were characterized by bulk chemical analyses, chemical extractions, XRD, SEM/TEM, TGA, solid-state 27Al NMR, and Sr EXAFS. Chemical analysis showed that solids had a 1:1 Al:Si molar ratio, and that Sr was sequestered at higher amounts than Cs. After 30 days of aging in purged solutions, XRD showed that zeolite X (faujasite-type) was the only crystalline product. After aging 30 and 548 days in solutions equilibrated with atmospheric CO2, a mixture of sodalite, cancrinite, and minor zeolite X were produced. Surface areas of solids at 30 days were much lower than published values for zeolite phases synthesized at high temperature, although particle aging produced more crystalline and less aggregated phases with higher bulk surface areas. Characterization of products by 27Al NMR indicated only tetrahedrally coordinated Al. Measured isotropic shifts of primary resonances did not change substantially with precipitate aging although the primary mineral phase changed from zeolite X to sodalite/cancrinite, indicating local ordering of Al-Si tetrahedra. Analysis of reaction products by Sr EXAFS suggested Sr bonding in hexagonal prisms and six-membered rings of the supercages of zeolite X that may be more site specific than those of monovalent cations. For samples aged for 548 days, interatomic distances from Sr-EXAFS are consistent with partial Sr dehydration and bonding to framework oxygen atoms in sodalite cages or in large channels in cancrinite. Incorporation of Sr into both faujasite and sodalite/cancrinite phases is favored over Cs during room-temperature synthesis, possibly because of increased cation site competition between Cs+ and Na+. Results of this study help to constrain cation incorporation into sodalite/cancrinite mineral assemblages that form at caustic waste-impacted field sites and may aid in the predictive modeling of contaminant release.
The Chemical Basis of the Host Selection in the Catalpa Sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae (Lepidoptera, Sphingitlae)

The monophagy of the larvae of the catalpa sphinx on leaves of several species of the catalpa tree has been confirmed. A mixture of catalposides has been isolated from leaves of Catalpa bignonioides , and their chemical properties found identical with those described in the literature. These catalposides elicited a strong feeding response when tested in an agar diet. The activity was lost after acid hydrolysis. It is suggested that the presence of catalposides in the catalpa tree is responsible for the monophagous habit of this insect.
Estimation of amount of oxytocin released as result of nursing stimuli in lactating rat.

SummaryWe estimated amount of oxytocin required for normal milk let-down in lactating rats. This was determined by injecting various doses of oxytocin i.v. into anaesthetized mothers while young were actively sucking and comparing weight of milk obtained by young expressed as percent litter body weight with normal values. Nembutal (3 mg/100 g) blocked milk let-down reflex and prevented removal of milk by the young .05 USP/kg oxytocin restored normal milk withdrawal; .02 USP/kg did not. Much greater yields were obtained with .1 USP/kg. Milk flow commenced with all doses after latent period of 5–10 seconds and lasted 4–5 minutes. It is concluded that normal 14 day postpartum lactating rats vary in amount of release of oxytocin following nursing stimuli from less than .02 to .1 USP/kg.
Hepatic tumors of long duration with eventual metastases. Two cases of leiomyosarcomatosis possibly arising from hamartomas of liver.

The cases of two patients who had hepatic tumors of long duration interpreted as hamartomas in whom, after many years, widespread metastases of malignant smooth muscle cells developed in a pattern of “carcinomatous lymphangitis” in the lungs are described. In one of the cases calcification of the hepatic nodules was prominent. The smooth muscle origin of the malignant cells was established only on electron microscopic examination. These cases appear similar to others variously reported as mixed tumors, hepatic cell carcinomas, and mesotheliomas.
A conservation law model for bidensity suspensions on an incline

Abstract We study bidensity suspensions of a viscous fluid on an incline. The particles migrate within the fluid due to a combination of gravity-induced settling and shear induced migration. We propose an extension of a recent model (Murisic et al., 2013) for monodisperse suspensions to two species of particles, resulting in a hyperbolic system of three conservation laws for the height and particle concentrations. We analyze the Riemann problem and show that the system exhibits three-shock solutions representing distinct fronts of particles and liquid traveling at different speeds as well as singular shock solutions for sufficiently large concentrations, for which the mechanism is essentially the same as the single-species case. We also consider initial conditions describing a fixed volume of fluid, where solutions are rarefaction–shock pairs, and present a comparison to recent experimental results. The long-time behavior of solutions is identified for settled mono- and bidisperse suspensions and some leading-order asymptotics are derived in the single-species case for moderate concentrations.