cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective screening for nongynecologic cytology specimens: modifying the screening process for improved efficiency and practice.

Nongynecologic (NG) cytology cases usually generate multiple slides. In cases showing overtly malignant or neoplastic cells, the cytotechnologist (CT) may not need to screen all slides. We test the hypothesis that selective screening of a subset of slides by the CT is as effective as “routine screening” of all slides. The selective screening process (SSP) was performed by having the cytotechnologist (CT) screen and mark overtly malignant or neoplastic cells on up to three slides. Cases requiring more slides to be screened were not included in SSP. For each SSP case, the total slide count, number of slides screened, final diagnosis, and cytologic-histologic correlation (CHC) data were collected over 10 months and compared to the data from routinely screened cases. SSP was performed on 191 cases during a 10-month period. An average of 1.9 slides per case was screened by the cytotechnologist using the SSP. The average number of unscreened slides passed to the pathologist was 6.3 per case. On average, SSP resulted in 83.6 min of CT's time saved per day. Quality control by CHC demonstrated no false-positive cases in either the SSP or “routinely screened” groups. The diagnostic accuracy of the specific cytology diagnoses was 98% by SSP and 100% by “routine screening.” SSP provides a mechanism for the cytotechnologist to “screen” fewer slides and pass the cases to the pathologist more efficiently without compromising overall patient care. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The relationship between the thermodynamic non-ideality and the dielectric relaxation phenomenon of glasses

Abstract This paper presents the results of research into the relationship between dielectric relaxation of glasses and thermodynamic non-ideality. The results indicate that the dielectric relaxation strength of a homogeneous glass is related to the immiscibility tendency, a manifestation of the degree of thermodynamic non-ideality, of the glass system.
Bacille-Calmette Guèrin induces caspase-independent cell death in urothelial carcinoma cells together with release of the necrosis-associated chemokine high molecular group box protein 1.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of bacille-Calmette Guerin (BCG) to induce caspase-independent cell death and release the necrosis-associated chemokine high molecular group box protein 1 (HMGB1) from urothelial carcinoma (UC) cells; a correlative clinical trial determined if BCG treatment resulted in increased urinary levels of HMGB1. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS The human UC cell lines 253 J and T24 were pretreated with apoptosis inhibitors, exposed to BCG, and cell viability and ultrastructural changes measured. HMGB1 levels were assessed in cell culture supernatant after BCG treatment. The expression/function of HMGB1 receptors on the UC cell lines was determined by reverse transcription-polymerse chain reaction and the ability of exogenous HMGB1 to activate nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling assessed. An HMGB1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure HMGB1 levels in urine obtained from BCG-treated patients. RESULTS Inhibition of apoptotic pathways failed to inhibit BCG-induced cell death in UC cells. Electron microscopy showed BCG-dependent ultrastructural changes consistent with cellular necrosis. BCG exposure resulted in a binary increase in cell culture supernatant levels of HMGB1. UCs expressed multiple HMGB1 receptors. Treatment of UCs with HMGB1 activated NF-κB. In the clinical setting, six of seven patients had increased urinary levels of HMGB1 at 24 h after BCG treatment. CONCLUSIONS BCG causes direct cytotoxicity in a subpopulation of UC cells. This cytotoxicity is caspase-independent and associated with ultrastructural changes and cellular protein release (HMGB1), characteristic of necrosis. Urinary levels of HMGB1 can be elevated in patients after BCG treatment. The expression and function of HMGB1 receptors in UC cells, coupled with the known role of HMGB1 on the host immune response, suggest a role for necrosis and HMGB1 release in the antitumour effect of BCG.
Immunocytochemical study of cytochrome P450 (1A1/1A2) induction in murine ocular tissues

C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice were injected intraperitoneally with β-naphthoflavone in corn oil and killed 48 hr later. Control animals received an injection of corn oil. The immunoreactivity of cytochrome P450 1A1/1A2 expressed in different ocular tissues and liver was examined with goat anti-P450 antibody (primary antibody) and gold-conjugated anti-goat antibody (secondary antibody). DBA/2 mice, which are non-responsive to aryl hydrocarbon treatment, showed negligible levels of immunoreactivity toward anti-P450 1A1/1A2 antibody in all ocular tissues, whether or not the animals were treated with β-naphthoflavone. In responsive C57BL/6 mice, however, the immunoreactivity of the uveal tissues, especially ciliary non-pigmented epithelium, was markedly increased by β-naphthoflavone treatment. The time course of induction of P450 1A1/1A2 immunoreactivity was very similar for the liver and ciliary non-pigmented epithelium, although the maximum level of immunoreactivity of the ciliary epithelium reached in 48 hr after inducer treatment was about 25% of that of liver. The present results support our previous observations that the P4501A enzyme activities (e.g. aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase) in the liver and eye of C57BL/6 mice are under the same genetic regulation. Further, this study is the first demonstration of P450 isoform induction in specific ocular tissues of the whole animal.
Structural changes in the melt spinning, cold drawing, and annealing of poly(4‐methylpentene‐1) fibers

Isotactic poly(4-methylpentene-1) melt-spun fibers were investigated. Prior investigators of melt-spun fibers found that these fibers have a tetragonal unit cell (Form I). We obtained the same unit cell structure in melt-spun fibers. We found that higher draw-down-ratio fibers had d-spacings closer to the previously cited values of Form I. We also found that cold-drawn fibers had similar values to those of melt-spun fibers. However, after these were annealed at 200°C, the unit cell was changed. It is possible that this new unit cell was the orthorhombic form of He and Porter. We also observed the birefringence of these fibers. The values changed after the melt-spun fibers were cold drawn and annealed. The melt-spun fiber values reached 0.006. The values for the drawn fibers were as high as 0.007. We suggest that the intrinsic birefringence is about 0.0075. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 130–137, 2005
Polyploid microsatellite data reveal stock complexity among estuarine North American green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris)

North American green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) display the distinctive behavior of long ocean migrations along the west coast punctuated by summer residence in estuaries; however, little is ...
Does the Company Lawyer Have Your Back? A Brief Look at the Need for Personal Private Liability Insurance

There are four traditional uses of private personal liability insurance dating from the 1970s to the present (Hayes 1979; Sommers 2005) which pertain either to individuals or corporations. There is insurance to cover damage to rental cars, umbrella insurance to cover any injury to a guest at one’s home, insurance bought by corporations to cover potential corporate responsibility for actions of company representatives and insurance including misadventures with financial information and morally hazardous behavior as well as corporate required actions which are later deemed to be wrong or inappropriate. Employees need to find out if the employee manual provides for coverage for legal liabilities resulting out of performing job responsibilities. Due to a need to reduce company costs, many companies are reducing or eliminating coverage for employees for many types of actions. Private personal liability insurance gives you the peace of mind to know what you are covered for and for how long. Employee rights versus corporate budgets are at the core of this discussion.
Silicon Nanopillars for Field-Enhanced Surface Spectroscopy

Silicon nanowire and nanopillar structures have drawn increased attention in recent years due in part to their unique optical properties. Herein, electron beam lithography combined with reactive-ion etching is used to reproducibly create individual silicon nanopillars of various sizes, shapes, and heights. Finite difference time domain analysis predicts local field intensity enhancements in the vicinity of appropriately sized and coaxially illuminated silicon nanopillars of approximately 2 orders of magnitude. While this level of enhancement is modest when compared to plasmonic systems, the unique advantage of the silicon nanopillar resonators is that they enhance optical fields in substantially larger volumes. By analyzing experimentally measured strength of the silicon Raman phonon line (500 cm–1), it was determined that nanopillars produced local field enhancements that are consistent with these predictions. Additionally, we demonstrate that a thin layer of Zn phthalocyanine on the nanopillar surface w...
Wave heating of an ion beam in a tokamak plasma

Heating of a 26-keV trapped-ion beam by interaction with incident lower-hybrid RF power (as low as 5 kW) was observed in the ATC plasma. We suggest that ion-cyclotron damping of lower hybrid waves by beam ions can account for the increase in beam energy. This process can explain the main features of the experiment: (1) preferential absorption in the perpendicular direction, (2) lack of absorption by the background plasma ions, and (3) low power requirement for absorption. Theory requires k⊥ρi(ω/ωci)½. The relatively high perpendicular temperature of the beam ions (~ 1 keV), combined with one of several possibilities for RF energy at large k⊥, allows the condition on k⊥ρi to be satisfied. Moreover, the large parallel energy of the beam ions plays a major role in broadening the harmonic resonances, thus making it possible for a large number of beam ions to resonate with the wave. Though the primary process is perpendicular absorption, there is also a net gain in parallel energy during a collision time due to pitch-angle scattering. The importance of this heating mechanism for large machines such as TFTR is discussed. For these machines, ions will be injected with large ρi, making ion heating possible even with moderate values of k⊥.
The Dispersion and Absorption of Helium

An investigation is made of the relative importance of singly-excited, doubly-excited, and continuous states in the dispersion and absorption spectrum of helium. The $f$-values of the lines due to singly-excited and doubly-excited states are calculated by using wave functions of a screening-constant type, the most important of them having been obtained by variational methods. The $f$-sum of the continuous spectrum is then obtained by difference, from the Kuhn-Reiche sum rule. It is shown that the role of the singly-excited states is moderate, of the doubly-excited states small, and of the continuous spectrum very large. A table is given of relative intensities in the principal series absorption spectrum. Incidentally, a variational calculation of a wave function for the doubly-excited state $(2s)(2p)^{1}P$ places this level 302,000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ above the limit of single ionization. The corresponding absorption line comes out about one-thirtieth as strong as the first absorption line of the principal series or about as strong as the fifth line of this series.
Hormone content of anterior pituitary of monkey (Macaca mulatta) with special reference to gonadotrophins.

SummaryIndividual anterior pituitaries as well as pooled glands of Macaca mulatta have been assayed in hypophysectomized immature female rats for their content of trophic hormones, particularly gonadiotrophic hormones. 1. In the adult female macaque, the content of follicle stimulating hormone was highest between the ninth and eleventh days of the cycle. The content of interstitial cell stimulating hormone was also maximum at this time of cycle. The ratio of ICSH to FSH was highest (10 to 1) on days 11 and 15. 2. In adult male anterior pituitary the total content of ICSH and FSH and the ratio between these hormones was approximately the same as in the adult female pituitaries at beginning and end of menstrual cycle. The gonadotrophic hormone content of pituitaries of immature animals was lower than in adults. 3. Other trophic hormones in the adult female pituitary, thyro trophic, adrenocortico-trophic and growth hormones, did not change in amount during the menstrual cycle. In adult male, as well as in th...
Extraction of sediment-bound chlorinated organic compounds: implications on fate and hazard assessment

Five methods were used for the extraction of hexachlorobutadiene and chlorobenzenes from a contaminated estuarine sediment. The following extraction methods were used: Soxhlet extraction, sonication and solvent extraction, sequential solvent extraction, saponification and solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Soxhlet extraction resulted in better contaminant extraction efficiency and reproducibility. Most of the problems associated with the extraction methods were related to high water content and the inherent heterogeneity of the sediment samples. Drying and grinding of the sample greatly improved both extraction efficiency and reproducibility. Analyses of wet sieved and fractionated sediment samples indicated that the contaminants are not evenly distributed throughout the sediment organic fraction but rather predominate in the larger particle sediment fraction. The implications of quantification difficulties of sediment contaminants on the environmental fate and hazard assessment are discussed.
The Role of Struggle in Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Experiences as Students and Approaches to Facilitating Science Learning

Science education researchers are concerned with preparing pre-service elementary teachers (PSETs) to teach in ways that support students to learn science in a meaningful way. Preparing elementary teachers to teach science is complicated given that they tend to be generalists and may not have the same experience with science as secondary teachers. During an elementary science methods course, we explored PSETs’ perspectives on the teaching and learning of science via a case study that included four PSETs. Using Frykholm’s (Journal of Curriculum and Supervision 19:125–149, 2004) framework of ‘educative’ and ‘debilitating’ discomfort, we examined PSETs’ approaches to their own science learning and their approaches to science teaching. A theme apparent in PSETs’ perspectives was struggle. We described ways in which struggle was either educative or debilitating for PSETs, both in terms of their own learning and the ways in which they approached teaching. Some PSETs who struggled in their own learning developed learning experiences to engage their students in reform-based science teaching, while some PSETs developed learning experiences that prevented their students from experiencing any sort of struggle in their learning process. The ways in which these students dealt with their own learning struggles mirrored the ways in which they dealt with their struggles to become teachers of reform-based science instruction. Helping PSETs to deal with their feelings of discomfort with science content or ideas about the nature of science learning and teaching promoted by reform documents may be a key issue in developing their willingness to become facilitators of meaningful science learning.
Simple questionnaire studies

The evaluation methodology used most frequently in conjunction with continuing medical education (CME) activities is the written questionnaire. This article helps CME administrators identify when a questionnaire study is likely to be simple and straightforward, when a study is likely to be complex and require experts, and when there are major problems that are likely to prevent a successful study from being performed. Specific steps are detailed for performing a study using a written questionnaire. As an example, the steps in developing our institution's course evaluation questionnaire are described. Suggestions are made for identifying local consultants in research methods and for reference texts about questionnaire studies.
Differing Relationship Outcomes When Sex Happens Before, On, or After First Dates

While recent studies have suggested that the timing of sexual initiation within a couple's romantic relationship has important associations with later relationship success, few studies have examined how such timing is associated with relationship quality among unmarried couples. Using a sample of 10,932 individuals in unmarried, romantic relationships, we examined how four sexual-timing patterns (i.e., having sex prior to dating, initiating sex on the first date or shortly after, having sex after a few weeks of dating, and sexual abstinence) were associated with relationship satisfaction, stability, and communication in dating relationships. Results suggested that waiting to initiate sexual intimacy in unmarried relationships was generally associated with positive outcomes. This effect was strongly moderated by relationship length, with individuals who reported early sexual initiation reporting increasingly lower outcomes in relationships of longer than two years.
Session 36: Modeling and simulation enhanced mobility and III-V devices

The six papers in this session address performance limits and transport characteristics of devices on strained and III-V substrates. The session begins with a paper by Oh and Wong from Stanford. They discuss a physics-based compact model for heterostructure devices. Luisier and colleagues from Purdue next apply an advanced transport model to InAs HEMTs. Finally, an NEGF analysis for InGaAs DGFETs by Pal, Low, and Lundstrom is presented. Strain effects in group IV devices are the subject of the second half of the session. First, Pham and colleagues at Braunschweig Technical University employ multisubband simulation for strained DG PFET including magnetic effects. Results of a collaboration between Stanford, Braunschweig, and Intel that deal with the effect of orientation and strain on Ge and Si DG PFET's are presented next by Krishnamohan et al., Finally, Shi, Register and Banerjee from University of Texas Austin analyze strained, deeply scaled NFETs using quantum-scorrected Monte Carlo methods.
Dietary retinoids and carotenoids in rodent models of mammary tumorigenesis

In this review of the scientific literature the relationship between retinoids, carotenoids, and mammary carcinogenesis is examined. Several retinoids have shown promise as chemopreventive agents against chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in mice and especially in rats. The most promising retinoids are retinyl acetate (RA) and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR, fenretinide). In rats, dietary administration of these retinoids reduced tumor incidence and multiplicity, and increased the latency of DMBA or MNU-induced mammary cancers. In mice, 4-HPR reduced the number of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and the number of tumors in MTV- and MTV+ mice, respectively. Among retinoids, 4-HPR is at present the most promising analogue, due to its ability to concentrate in the mammary gland. The combination of 4-HPR with tamoxifen not only is more effective in suppressing breast cancer than either agent alone, but also inhibits the appearance of subsequent cancers following the surgical removal of the first tumor. These studies suggest that retinoids, like tamoxifen, may be applicable to the prevention of contralateral breast cancer in women who underwent breast cancer surgery. It is also becoming evident that differentiation therapy and chemoprevention can become attractive alternative approaches to intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. The role of carotenoids in the prevention of mammary carcinogenesis, however, is ambiguous. Poor absorption and low levels of carotenoids that reach the target tissues complicate interpretation of data in rodent models of mammary carcinogenesis. Very few animal studies are presently available in which purified carotenoids were found effective against mammary carcinogenesis. These results do not justify undertaking clinical evaluation of individual carotenoids against breast cancer at this time.
Habituation, memory, and the evaluative dimension of meaning

Abstract Two groups of subjects were exposed to a series of 20 either positively evaluated words (E + group) or negatively evaluated words (E − group). On the twenty-first trial, half the subjects in E + group (the E +− group) received a negatively evaluated word while the other half of the subjects received a further positively evaluated word (E ++ group). A similar subdivision was made with the E − group to yield E −+ and E −− groups. Skin conductance responses to all stimulus words were measured. The responses of the E +− and E −+ groups were compared to those of their control groups (E ++ and E −− ) for stimulus words 21 and 22. The results of these analyses, and the data concerning responses prior to stimulus word 21, indicated that subjects habituated to semantic stimuli of the same evaluative meaning. Memory for the words was assessed postexperimentally and its relationship to the orienting response in discussed.
Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Three Months After Alcohol Septal Ablation

Patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are presumed to have poor quality of life (QOL) and distress related to their cardiac symptoms and functional limitations. Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) is designed to improve heart function and reduce cardiac symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine psychosocial factors and QOL in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy before and 3 months after ASA. Twenty-two adult participants (mean age 57 ± 14 years, 59% women, 100% Caucasian, 67% married) were recruited during their initial evaluations or scheduled index hospitalizations for ASA. Psychosocial and medical measures were collected before and 3 months after ASA. The results indicated that before ASA, 57% of patients reported clinically relevant levels of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score >16), symptoms of anxiety, and reduced QOL. Repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed that ASA is an effective procedure in reducing disease severity (i.e., peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient, septal thickness, posterior wall thickness) (p = 0.001 to 0.05), depression (p = 0.005), and anxiety (p = 0.029) and improving cardiac-specific QOL (p
Quantitative histochemical distribution of biotin in the rat adrenal and lack of response to ACTH.

The quantitative histological distribution of biotin was studied in adrenals from control rats and those treated with ACTH. Microbiological assay with Lactobacillus arabinosus, by the procedure previously developed for microgram samples of tissue, was employed. The greatest concentration was found in the inner fascicular zone (2.4 μμg total biotin per μg fat-free dry weight), with values decreasing toward and through the glomerular zone to a minimum of 1.2, and also through the reticularis to 1.6 in medulla. ACTH treatment of the rats (25 mg./kg. injected subcutaneously 3 hours before sacrifice) had no demonstrable effect on either the distribution or concentration of total biotin. Free biotin constituted only about 2% of the total in any region of the gland.
Computational Modeling of Axonal Microtubule Bundles under Tension

Microtubule bundles cross-linked by tau protein serve a variety of neurological functions including maintaining mechanical integrity of the axon, promoting axonal growth, and facilitating cargo transport. It has been observed that axonal damage in traumatic brain injury leads to bundle disorientation, loss of axonal viability, and cognitive impairment. This study investigates the initial mechanical response of axonal microtubule bundles under uniaxial tension using a discrete bead-spring representation. Mechanisms of failure due to traumatic stretch loading and their impact on the mechanical response and stability are also characterized. This study indicates that cross-linked axonal microtubule bundles in tension display stiffening behavior similar to a power-law relationship from nonaffine network deformations. Stretching of cross-links and microtubule bending were the primary deformation modes at low stresses. Microtubule stretch was negligible up to tensile stresses of ∼1 MPa. Bundle failure occurred by failure of cross-links leading to pull-out of microtubules and loss of bundle integrity. This may explain the elongation, undulation, and delayed elasticity of axons following traumatic stretch loading. More extensively cross-linked bundles withstood higher tensile stresses before failing. The bundle mechanical behavior uncovered by these computational techniques should guide future experiments on stretch-injured axons.
Bird flight: Fly with a little flap from your friends

In-air measurements of northern bald ibises flying in a V formation show that the birds conform to predictions for saving energy by regulating their relative body position and synchronizing their flapping motion. See Letter p.399 Some bird species have refined their flying skills to the extent that they can fly in near-perfect V, but why they adopt such a tactic has been a matter of conjecture. One suggestion is that by flying in a V the birds are able to minimize energy costs, and now an analysis of data captured from free-flying migratory northern bald ibises suggests that there are energetic benefits. The data also reveal a sophisticated and dynamic process of in-flight control. Birds in the V phase their wing-beats to path-match, allowing a trailing bird to exploit the aerodynamic upwash from the bird in front. A bird flying directly behind, however, flaps with opposite phasing in order to minimize the detrimental downwash from the leader's wings. All this must require the birds to have developed a range of phasing strategies to cope with the dynamic wakes produced by flapping wings.
Solar energy and agriculture

Agriculture stands pre-eminent as the world’s first and largest industry. It is our most basic enterprise, and its products are renewable as a result of ‘farming the sun’. Through the production of green plants, agriculture is the only major industry that ‘processes’ solar energy. The greatest unexploited resource that strikes the earth is sunlight and the green plants are biological sun traps. Each day they store on earth 17 times as much energy as is presently consumed world-wide. The goal of agriculture is to adjust species and cultivars to locations, planting designs, cropping systems and cultural practices to maximize the biological harvest of sunlight by green plants to produce useful products for mankind. Many products of agriculture may be alternatively used as food, feed, fiber or energy. Conflicts over the agricultural use of land and water resources for food, feed or fuel production will arise as resource constraints tighten.
Strong scintillations in astrophysics. II - A theory of temporal broadening of pulses

A theory of temporal broadening of pulses propagating in a turbulent medium is developed on the basis of the Markov approximation. The theory may be applied to quite general turbulence spectra and to thin or thick turbulent regions. Since the basis of the theory is the wave equation, no reliance is placed on geometrical optics and no assumptions are made about the scattered angular spectrum. The observed smearing is found to be the combination of three effects: the dispersion effect, the pure refractive effect, and the diffraction effect. The last of these dominates for typical pulsar parameters. Pulse shapes are calculated for both Gaussian and Kolmogorov turbulence spectra and it is shown how these scale with the various turbulence parameters.
Thermal Analysis of a Micro Heat Pipe

A detailed mathematical model is developed in which the heat and mass transfer processes in a micro heat pipe (MHP) are examined. The model describes the distribution of the liquid in a MHP and its thermal characteristics depending upon the liquid charge and the applied heat load. The liquid flow in the triangular-shaped corners of a MHP with polygonal cross section is considered by accounting for the variation of the curvature of the free liquid surface and the interfacial shear stresses due to a liquid-vapor frictional interaction. The predicted results obtained are compared to existing experimental data. The importance of the liquid fill, minimum wetting contact angle, and the shear stresses at the liquid-vapor interface in predicting the maximum heat transfer capacity and thermal resistance of the MHP is demonstrated.
Myosin-X, a novel myosin with pleckstrin homology domains, associates with regions of dynamic actin

Myosin-X is the founding member of a novel class of unconventional myosins characterized by a tail domain containing multiple pleckstrin homology domains. We report here the full-length cDNA sequences of human and bovine myosin-X as well as the first characterization of this protein's distribution and biochemical properties. The 235 kDa myosin-X contains a head domain with <45% protein sequence identity to other myosins, three IQ motifs, and a predicted stalk of coiled coil. Like several other unconventional myosins and a plant kinesin, myosin-X contains both a myosin tail homology 4 (MyTH4) domain and a FERM (band 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin) domain. The unique tail domain also includes three pleckstrin homology domains, which have been implicated in phosphatidylinositol phospholipid signaling, and three PEST sites, which may allow cleavage of the myosin tail. Most intriguingly, myosin-X in cultured cells is present at the edges of lamellipodia, membrane ruffles, and the tips of filopodial actin bundles. The tail domain structure, biochemical features, and localization of myosin-X suggest that this novel unconventional myosin plays a role in regions of dynamic actin.
Quantitative relationship between clock gravitational 'red-shift' violations and nonuniversality of free-fall rates in nonmetric theories of gravity

When we assume conservation of energy (absence of perpetual motion of the first kind), a generally valid quantitative relationship is derived between possible violations of the clock gravitational "red-shift" effect, $\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}=\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}U(1+\ensuremath{\xi})}{{c}^{2}}$, $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\ne}0$ indicating violation, and nonuniversality of free-fall rates which can occur in nonmetric theories of gravity.
Phenotypic and genetic relationships of common health disorders with milk and fat yield persistencies from producer-recorded health data and test-day yields

The objective of this study was to investigate phenotypic and genetic relationships of common health disorders in dairy cows with milk (PMY) and fat (PFY) yield persistencies. Health and production data from 398 commercial dairy herds were used. Disease traits were defined in binary form for individual lactations considering mastitis only during the first 100 d in milk (MAST1), only after 100 d in milk (MAST2), and at any stage of lactation (MAST), and reproductive disorders (REPRO), metabolic disorders (METAB), and lameness (LAME). The persistencies were defined to be uncorrelated with 305-d yields. Impact of the diseases on PMY and PFY were investigated separately in first (FL) and later (LL) lactations. Phenotypic associations of PMY and PFY with likelihood of diseases in current and subsequent lactations were examined using odds ratios from a logistic regression model. Linear-threshold sire-maternal grandsire models were used to estimate genetic correlations of displaced abomasums (DA), ketosis (KET), metritis (MET), MAST, MAST1, and MAST2 with PMY and PFY across parities. Metabolic diseases and REPRO had significantly positive relationships with PMY and PFY in both FL and LL. Significantly greater PMY and PFY were associated with MAST1 in LL. Significantly lower PMY and PFY were related to MAST2 in both FL and LL, whereas cows affected by MAST had significantly less persistent lactations. Incidence of MAST and MAST2 decreased with increasing PMY and PFY in the present and previous lactation. Heritability of disease incidences were 0.03 (DA), 0.01 (KET), 0.10 (MAST), 0.02 to 0.05 (MAST1), 0.02 (MAST2), and 0.04 to 0.10 (MET). Displaced abomasum, KET, MAST, MAST1, and MET had unfavorable genetic correlations of 0.35, 0.46, 0.17, 0.02, and 0.27 with PMY, and 0.16, 0.21, 0.07, 0.06, and 0.12 with PFY, respectively. Favorable genetic correlations were found for MAST2 with PMY (-0.24) and PFY (-0.04). Results suggest that diseases in early lactation increase persistency of milk and fat yield. Selection for greater lactation persistency must consider these antagonistic relationships.
Metallurgy of bronze-process A-15 superconducting composites

Several aspects of the metallurgy of multifilamentary composites of Nb3Sn, V3Ga, and other A-15 superconductors produced by the bronze process are reviewed. Among the factors discussed are phase diagrams, reaction kinetics, alloying effects, and microstructure-properties relations. Es werden einige Aspekte der Metallurgie von Mehrfadenverbundstoffen aus Nb3Sn-, V3Ga- und anderen nach dem Bronze-Prozes hergestellten A-15-Supraleitern in einer Ubersicht dargestellt. Dabei werden Phasendiagramme, die Reaktionskinetik, Legierungseffekte und Mikrostruktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen diskutiert.
Fundamental Research in Utilization of an Oolitic Hematite by Deep Reduction

Oolitic hematite is an important iron ore resource. Because of its special feature，it can not be effectively separated by conventional beneficiation method. A new reduction and separation processe was used to treated an oolitic hematite in This study. The main factors influencing reduction was determined in the test. The main performance indexes of the product from this process were described as follows: iron grade>85%; metallization rate>97%; iron recovery>92%.
The use of botulinum toxins to treat hyperhidrosis and gustatory sweating syndrome

Hyperhidrosis is a chronic condition characterized by excessive sweating. Recent studies report that it affects approximately 2.8% of the population and typically begins during adolescence. Gustatory sweating usually occurs after parotid gland injury or surgery, and both disorders can be debilitating for those who are affected. Both diseases respond very well to botulinum toxin therapy and this article will review the use of botulinum toxins, including the serotypes used, dosing, and complications.
Gut adaptation and the insulin-like growth factor system: regulation by glutamine and IGF-I administration

Intestinal adaptation after extensive small bowel resection in rats is augmented by the provision of diets supplemented with the amino acid glutamine (Gln) or by administration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The goal of this study was to investigate potential synergistic effects of Gln and IGF-I on postresection ileal hyperplasia. Rats underwent 80% small bowel resection (SBR) and then were fed low-Gln or L-Gln-enriched diets and subcutaneously given recombinant human IGF-I or vehicle for 7 days. Gln and IGF-I each significantly enhanced adaptive ileal hyperplasia (DNA content) compared with rats receiving vehicle and low-Gln diet. Ileal DNA content was highest when IGF-I was administered together with Gln supplementation. Combined IGF-I plus Gln synergistically increased ileal weight and protein content. This was associated with higher plasma concentrations of IGF-I and Gln than observed when IGF-I or Gln was given individually. Ileal IGF-I mRNA expression rose nearly twofold during gut adaptation after SBR; this response was augmented with IGF-I administration but was unaltered by Gln feeding. In contrast, dietary Gln, but not IGF-I therapy, prevented a decrease in hepatic IGF-I mRNA induced by SBR. We conclude that parenteral IGF-I and enteral Gln have both individual and synergistic effects on ileal adaptation after massive small intestinal resection. These findings support the concept that specific gut-trophic nutrients and growth factors may be combined to enhance intestinal adaptation and possibly reduce the severity of short bowel syndrome after intestinal resection.
A Continuation Method for Singular Optimal Control Synthesis

An efficient computational method is presented for the synthesis of singular optimal control in this paper. The proposed numerical procedure consists of two phases: initialization and refinement. In the initialization phase, the original singular optimal contrl (SOC) problem is converted into nonsingular one by adding to the performance index a perturbed (or weighted) energy term. The resultant boundary value problem can easily be solved for an appropriately large value of the perturbation parameter. In the refinement phase, the solution obtained from the initialization phase is refined in a systematic manner based on continuation methods until the optimal (or sub-optimal) solution to the original SOC problem is achieved. One of the major advantages of the proposed algorithm is that the resultant two-point boundary value problem needs to be solved just one time and the refinement of the solution is accomplished by solving a set of initial value problems sequentially and/or in parallel as the perturbation parameter goes to zero. The proposed algorithm is, therefore, computationally efficient and applicable to a large class of optimal control problems with various boundary conditions (e.g., fixed and free terminal time). The practicability of the method is demonstrated by computer simulations on several example problems.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor–Associated Cutaneous Toxicities: An Evolving Paradigm in Clinical Management

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) have demonstrated improved overall survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer; however, their use is associated with dermatologic reactions of varying severity. The similar spectrum of events observed with monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors suggests such toxicities are a class effect. While such reactions do not necessarily require any alteration in EGFRI treatment, being best addressed through symptomatic treatment, there is limited evidence on which to base such therapies. In October 2006, at an international and interdisciplinary EGFRI dermatologic toxicity forum, the underlying mechanisms of these toxicities were discussed and commonly used therapeutic interventions were evaluated. Our aim was to reach a current consensus on management strategies. A three-tiered, EGFRI-focused toxicity grading system is suggested for the purposes of therapeutic decision making, and as a framework on which to build a stepwise approach to intervention. This approach to successful management is specifically tailored to accurately categorize dermatologic toxicity associated with EGFRIs, and can be easily applied by all health care professionals. The goal is to maximize quality of life in patients who are being treated with these agents--many of whom will be on these drugs for several months or even years.
Confidence intervals for the mean of diagnostic test charge data containing zeros.

In this paper, we consider the problem of interval estimation for the mean of diagnostic test charges. Diagnostic test charge data may contain zero values, and the nonzero values can often be modeled by a logânormal distribution. Under such a model, we propose three different interval estimation procedures: a percentileât bootstrap interval based on sufficient statistics and two likelihoodâbased confidence intervals. For theoretical properties, we show that the two likelihoodâbased oneâsided confidence intervals are only firstâorder accurate and that the bootstrapâbased oneâsided confidence interval is secondâorder accurate. For twoâsided confidence intervals, all three proposed methods are secondâorder accurate. A simulation study in finiteâsample sizes suggests all three proposed intervals outperform a widely used minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE)âbased interval except for the case of oneâsided lower endâpoint intervals when the skewness is very small. Among the proposed oneâsided intervals, the bootstrap interval has the best coverage accuracy. For the twoâsided intervals, when the sample size is small, the bootstrap method still yields the best coverage accuracy unless the skewness is very small, in which case the biasâcorrected ML method has the best accuracy. When the sample size is large, all three proposed intervals have similar coverage accuracy. Finally, we analyze with the proposed methods one real example assessing diagnostic test charges among older adults with depression.
Cystatin C and Sudden Cardiac Death Risk in the Elderly

Background— Recent studies have demonstrated an association between moderate kidney dysfunction and sudden cardiac death in people with cardiovascular disease. Methods and Results— The study was a longitudinal analysis among 4465 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study without prevalent cardiovascular disease at baseline. Cystatin C and creatinine were measured from baseline sera. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) was defined as a sudden pulseless condition from a cardiac origin in a previously stable individual that occurred out of the hospital or in the emergency room. The association between cystatin C tertiles and SCD was determined with multivariate Cox proportional hazards. A similar analysis compared SCD incidence across creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) tertiles. Over a median follow-up of 11.2 years, 91 adjudicated SCD events occurred. The annual incidence of SCD events increased across cystatin C tertiles: 10 events per 10 000 person years in tertile 1, 25 events per 10 000 person years in tertile 2, and 32 events per 10 000 person-years in the highest cystatin C tertile. These associations persisted after multivariate adjustment: hazards ratio=2.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.44 to 5.16 in tertile 2 and hazards ratio=2.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.33 to 5.35 in tertile 3. After multivariate adjustment, the rate of SCD also increased in a linear distribution across creatinine-based eGFR tertiles: 15 events per 10 000 person-years in tertile 1, 22 events per 10 000 person-years in tertile 2, and 27 events per 10 000 person-years in tertile 3. No significant associations, however, remained between creatinine-based eGFR and SCD after multivariable adjustment. Conclusions— Impaired kidney function, as measured by cystatin C, has an independent association with SCD risk among elderly persons without clinical cardiovascular disease. Received August 12, 2008; accepted November 9, 2009.
A rare presentation of a large extra-abdominal desmoid tumor of the posterior neck and back.

Abstract Objective To describe a difficult case of a large extra-abdominal desmoid fibroma of the posterior neck and back; to discuss the pathologic findings and treatment options of this case and to review the current literature for a rare presentation of this disease. Method A case report and review of the current relevant English literature, carried out using PubMed Medline, are presented. Results We present a challenging case in which a locally invasive desmoid of the posterior neck and back had grown to such an extent that complete surgical excision in one procedure was not possible. Conclusion Extra-abdominal desmoid fibromas are rare tumors with multiple treatment options. The literature supports incomplete surgical resection when necessary to reduce postoperative morbidity. Further options described for residual or recurrent disease include repeat surgical excision, radiation therapy, and possible chemotherapy. For particularly large tumors, close observation and a planned second stage procedure are an appropriate choice.
Assessing the U.S. oil security premium

Abstract World oil supply disruptions lead to U.S. economic losses. Increased oil consumption increases the vulnerability of the economy to oil supply disruptions, but it matters where the additional oil is produced. Increased production from stable producers can dampen future oil price shocks, whereas increased production from unstable producers can exacerbate future oil price shocks. Because oil is fungible, U.S. pricing and import policies can differentiate only between domestic and imported oil rather than between stable and unstable sources. The economic losses associated with oil supply disruptions—GDP losses and some transfers abroad—are externalities that can be quantified as oil security premiums. We estimate these premiums by taking into account projected world oil market conditions, probable oil supply disruptions, the market response to oil supply disruptions, and the resulting U.S. economic losses.
Search for cold molecular gas

The past several years have seen an increase in the interest for the potential presence of significant amounts of cold molecular gas in galactic disks. It has been hailed as the solution to the (Galactic) dark matter problem, a statement which merits a thorough discussion and investigation of the validity of the claims posed.
Metallurgical Processing and Superconducting Properties of V3Ga Formed in the V-Ga/Cu-Ga-Al Composite System

Higher critical current density, J c , in multifilamentary wire allows the use of a shorter length of conductor in winding a superconducting magnet and results in reduced weight, volume, and cryogenic refrigeration costs. Higher J c properties allow a greater safety factor and reliability in system design, which are due to an improved ability of the system to withstand surge currents in the winding during operations.
Elevational shifts in thermal suitability for mountain pine beetle population growth in a changing climate

Future forests are being shaped by changing climate and disturbances. Climate change is causing large-scale forest declines globally, in addition to distributional shifts of many tree species. Because environmental cues dictate insect seasonality and population success, climate change is also influencing tree-killing bark beetles. The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, is a major disturbance in Pinus forests of the western US. Using a mechanistic, phenology-based demographic model driven by downscaled daily temperature data, we describe recent and future spatial and temporal thermal suitability for mountain pine beetle population growth in a topographically complex region. Trends in model-predicted growth rates among Global Climate Models were similar and suggest that, relative to future trends, mountain pine beetle population growth within the past 60 years was most optimal at middle elevations and least optimal at the lowest and highest elevations. This trend aligns with observed mountain pine beetle-caused tree mortality that was greatest at middle elevations between 1997 and 2013, as estimated from Aerial Detection Surveys. However, thermal suitability for optimal phenological synchrony was predicted to shift in recent years, and by the end of the century, the best thermal habitats for mountain pine beetle will be at the lowest and highest elevations. Mechanistic demographic models are valuable tools for modelling future thermal regimes that may be both beneficial and maladaptive for mountain pine beetle population growth and subsequent tree mortality.
In-Situ Hrem Observation of Low Temperature Fracture Near the Oxide Surface of Iron Doped Silicon

Fracture of iron-doped silicon has been studied using HREM. Fractures were introduced into cross section specimens of oxidized silicon using microhardness indents. A crack is extended using thermal stresses generated by the electron beam. The tip of the advancing crack is made up of two or more parallel sub-cracks. As the crack grows, one of these sub-cracks appears to dominate while the multiple crack front still exists at the tip. Also shear strain has been seen across the crack interface. The process appears to be much more complicated that existing models suggest.