cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the dynamics of business values: A self-affirmation perspective

In this paper our aim is to augment the value-congruency literature by demonstrating the dynamics of business value structures. The relationship between cognitive discomforts and value restructuring is examined by applying self-affirmation theory. Subjects (N = 115) were randomly assigned either to the treatment group (n = 69) or control group (n = 46). Those subjects in the treatment group were tasked with deciding between two different organizational re-structuring options that involved downsizing. The values of job-entitlement, and obligations to the disadvantaged shifted in emphasis in a direction that legitimated and justified the lay-off decision. The value of economic nationalism remained unchanged. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The fetal origins of memory: the role of dietary choline in optimal brain development.

Fetal nutrition sets the stage for organ function in later life. In this review we discuss the fetal and neonatal origins of brain function. Numerous research observations point to the importance of choline for the developing fetus and neonate. This essential nutrient is involved in 1-carbon metabolism and is the precursor for many important compounds, including phospholipids, acetylcholine, and the methyl donor betaine. Dietary intake of choline by the pregnant mother and later by the infant directly affects brain development and results in permanent changes in brain function. In rodents, perinatal supplementation of choline enhances memory and learning functions, changes that endure across the lifespan. Conversely, choline deficiency during these sensitive periods results in memory and cognitive deficits that also persist. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that perinatal choline supplementation can reduce the behavioral effects of prenatal stress and the cognitive effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in offspring. The likely mechanism for these effects of choline involves DNA methylation, altered gene expression, and associated changes in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The currently available animal data on choline and hippocampal development are compelling, but studies are needed to detrermine whether the same is true in humans.
The nutritional value of two cereal-based foods in Nigeria

Abstract Two cereal-based foods fortified with soybean flour, vitamins and minerals were evaluated for their nutrient composition and protein quality. Results presented suggest that both ‘Soy-ogi’ and ‘Belona’ contain no trypsin inhibitors or other growth-inhibiting substances. Both have adequate amounts of the essential amino acids, high protein content and in vitro digestibility values of 78% and 80%, respectively. Soy-ogi and Belona have protein efficiency ratio (PER) values of 1·35 and 2·54, respectively, assuming respective digestibility values of 78% and 80·8% for the samples and 93% for casein.
Mixed Chloride Phosphine Complexes of Dirhenium Cores. 1. New Reactions and Unprecedented Structures Involving Trimethylphosphine

The unusual 1,2,7-isomer of Re2Cl5(PMe3)3 (1) has been used as a starting material to prepare previously unknown dirhenium complexes. One-electron reduction of 1 by cobaltocene followed by nonredox substitution of the resulting anionic species with PMe3 led to the formation of a triply bonded 1,2,7,8-Re2Cl4(PMe3)4 (2). In the crystal structure of 2, phosphine ligands on both metal centers exhibit a cis arrangement with a P−Re−P angle of 93.3° in contrast to the well-known type of 1,3,6,8-isomers with a trans arrangement of the monodentate phosphines connected to each metal atom. Complex 2 represents the first example of an isomer of this type in the large M2X4(PR3)4 class of compounds (M = Re, Tc, W, Mo; X = Cl, Br, I; PR3 = monodentate phosphine). The one-electron oxidation product of 1 cocrystallized with one molecule of tetrabutylammonium chloride afforded Re2Cl6(PMe3)2 (3), for which all previous synthetic attempts had failed. This quadruply bonded complex exhibits an unusual 3-fold disorder of the Re...
Recent advances and future prospects in intestinal and multi-visceral transplantation.

From an experimental procedure, intestinal transplantation (ITx) has evolved over the last 10 yr into a treatment option for patients suffering from short bowel syndrome and who develop life-threatening complications from total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (e.g. liver dysfunction, line sepsis, shortage of venous access, etc.). One-year survival rates are approximately 70% and thus similar to lung Tx. However, the intestine remains the most challenging abdominal organ to transplant. This is because of the severe immune response (mostly rejection) that is produced, and therefore the need for profound immunosuppression with its attendant complications (sepsis, lymphoma, direct drug toxicity). Unlike other organs, graft loss as a result of acute rejection can occur late after transplantation (more than 1 yr post-transplant). With regard to the actual immunosuppressive regimens, considerable experience in patient management is required to optimize outcome of those complex transplants, which are permanently at risk of rejection and infection. ITx remains an unfinished product, and the application of ITx to patients doing well on TPN warrants further research in the understanding of the rejection process, in the development of less toxic and more efficient immunosuppressive protocols, and in the development of immunomodulatory strategies, to better control rejection and thereby reduce the need for immunosuppression.
Pyridinediimine Iron Dicarbonyl Complexes with Pendant Lewis Bases and Lewis Acids Located in the Secondary Coordination Sphere

A series of asymmetric iron(II) dichloride and dicarbonyl pyridinediimine (PDI) complexes that contain either pendant Lewis bases or Lewis acids located in the secondary coordination sphere were synthesized. These complexes are important intermediates in the reduction scheme of the small molecule CO2 on iron(II). The electrochemistry of the direduced FePDI(CO)2 complexes was evaluated for the 2-electron oxidation from the reduced-ligand to the neutral-ligand species. The complexes with either pendant Lewis bases or Lewis acids located in the secondary coordination sphere displayed reduction potentials for CO release that span over 300 mV.
Port-access minimally invasive cardiac surgery in a patient without arms

INIMALLY INVASIVE cardiac surgery has gained prominence over the past several years and can be divided into two groups: beating-heart cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) I and Port-Access (Heartport, Inc, Redwood City, CA) cardiac surgery with CPB. 2 Port-Access cardiac surgery uses a system of catheters and cannulae placed in the internal jugular vein and femoral artery to provide closed-chest CPB and enables the heart to be arrested and protected with cardioplegic solution in a manner equivalent to that used in conventional open cardiac surgery. Catheter and cannula placement are facilitated by transesophageal echocardiography and fluoroscopy. Application of the technique introduces unique monitoring considerations to the anesthesiologist. 2 During CPB, verification of proper positioning of the endoaortic balloon is vital because distal migration may compromise cerebral blood flow by occluding the brachiocephalic artery. Bilateral radial artery catheters are routinely used in most institutions to ensure proper positioning of the endoaortic balloon in the ascending aorta throughout CPB. 2 The authors report the successful management of a patient undergoing Port-Access cardiac surgery in whom radial artery pressures could not be monitored.
The structure and regulation of tight junctions

Tight junctions create a paracellular barrier between both epithelial and endothelial cells. Recent advances have helped define their molecular composition and regulation. Studies in cultured cell lines provide new insights into how assembly and barrier properties may be controlled by signal transduction cascades.
Optical MEMS: Huge possibilities for lilliputian-sized devices

Recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have made it possible to produce entire micro-optical systems in a single chip. After describing this exciting technology, micro-optical benches, XYZ stages, and fiber optic switches are explored.
The synthesis of 3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-c] pyridazines

7-Chloro-3-(β-D-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoylribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-c] pyridazine (3), obtained from the condensation of 7-chloro-3-trimethylsilylimidazo[4,5-c] pyridazine (1) with 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranosyl bromide (2), served as the percursor of 7-chloro- (4), 7-amino- (8), and 7-mercapto-3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-c] pyridazine (9). 3-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-c] pyridazine (7) was obtained from 3-(β-D-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoylribofuranosyl)imidazo-[4,5-c]pyridazine (6). The site of ribosidation is based upon uv spectral comparisons with model methyl compounds. The assignment of the anomeric configuration is derived from pmr spectral data.
Spontaneous Dressed-State Polarization in the Strong Driving Regime of Cavity QED

We utilize high-bandwidth phase-quadrature homodyne measurement of the light transmitted through a Fabry-Perot cavity, driven strongly and on resonance, to detect excess phase noise induced by a single intracavity atom. We analyze the correlation properties and driving-strength dependence of the atom-induced phase noise to establish that it corresponds to the long-predicted phenomenon of spontaneous dressed-state polarization. Our experiment thus provides a demonstration of cavity quantum electrodynamics in the strong-driving regime in which one atom interacts strongly with a many-photon cavity field to produce novel quantum stochastic behavior.
The Class Mesomycetozoea: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary*

▪ Abstract When the enigmatic fish pathogen, the rosette agent, was first found to be closely related to the choanoflagellates, no one anticipated finding a new group of organisms. Subsequently, a new group of microorganisms at the boundary between animals and fungi was reported. Several microbes with similar phylogenetic backgrounds were soon added to the group. Interestingly, these microbes had been considered to be fungi or protists. This novel phylogenetic group has been referred to as the DRIP clade (an acronym of the original members: Dermocystidium, rosette agent, Ichthyophonus, and Psorospermium), as the class Ichthyosporea, and more recently as the class Mesomycetozoea. Two orders have been described in the mesomycetozoeans: the Dermocystida and the Ichthyophonida. So far, all members in the order Dermocystida have been pathogens either of fish (Dermocystidium spp. and the rosette agent) or of mammals and birds (Rhinosporidium seeberi), and most produce uniflagellated zoospores. Fish pathogens al...
Affective Modulation of Pain in Substance‐Dependent Veterans

Objective. Prior work suggests that positive affect inhibits pain while negative affect facilitates it. The current study sought to determine whether: 1) affective modulation of pain extends to a patient population; 2) cocaine and alcohol dependence influences the pattern of modulation; and 3) affective modulation of pain is mediated by changes in arm temperature. Design. Thirty-seven participants with and without substance dependence (14 alcohol, 13 cocaine, 10 none) attended three experimental sessions intended to induce emotions (negative, neutral, positive) by picture-viewing. Following emotion-induction, participants were asked to submerge their arm in 33°F water and keep it there until they reached tolerance. During submersion, pain ratings were made on a mechanical visual analog scale (M-VAS). Outcome Measures. Latency from submersion to first movement of the M-VAS (pain threshold) and latency to arm removal (pain tolerance) were measured. Arm temperature and manipulation checks for emotion-induction (corrugator electromyogram, heart rate, skin conductance, self-report) were also recorded. Results. Manipulation checks confirmed that targeted affective states were achieved. Pain threshold and tolerance were higher after viewing pleasant pictures than after unpleasant ones. Although arm temperature did vary based on the affect induced, analyses suggested that temperature did not influence pain outcomes. Conclusions. Affect modulates pain perception in patients and does not appear to be mediated by changes in arm temperature. Additionally, pain modulation was not significantly influenced by cocaine or alcohol dependence. These data are encouraging, because they suggest that nonpharmacological methods of pain modulation may be effective in substance-dependent individuals.
Reaction pathways for quartz dissolution determined by statistical and graphical analysis of macroscopic experimental data

Abstract In light of recent work on the reactivity of specific sites on large (hydr)oxo-molecules and the evolution of surface topography during dissolution, we examined the ability to extract molecular-scale reaction pathways from macroscopic dissolution and surface charge measurements of powdered minerals using an approach that involved regression of multiple datasets and statistical graphical analysis of model fits. The test case (far-from-equilibrium quartz dissolution from 25 to 300 °C, pH 1–12, in solutions with [Na+] ⩽ 0.5 M) avoids the objections to this goal raised in these recent studies. The strategy was used to assess several mechanistic rate laws, and was more powerful in distinguishing between models than the statistical approaches employed previously. The best-fit model included three mechanisms—two involving hydrolysis of Si centers by H2O next to neutral (>Si–OH0) and deprotonated (>Si–O−) silanol groups, and one involving hydrolysis of Si centers by OH−. The model rate law is d Si d t ( mol / m 2 s ) = e - 8.9 ± 0.8 T e - 67.5 ± 2.7 kJ / mol R T ( θ > SiOH ) + e 3.6 ± 0.7 T e - 82.8 ± 2.1 kJ / mol R T θ > SiO - + e 6.7 ± 1.8 T e - 77.5 ± 6.0 kJ / mol R T a OH - ( ± 0.7 log units ) , where θ>SiOH and θ > SiO - are the fraction of surface silanol groups in the neutral and deprotonated forms, and a OH - is the bulk activity of OH−. The fitted Δ H ‡ value (67.5 kJ/mol) for the dominant low pH mechanism indicates that the model lacks a fourth mechanism involving protonation of bridging oxygens on siloxane (>Si–O–Si
When Indexing Works and When It Doesn’t in U.S. Equities: An Update of the Purity Hypothesis

The Purity Hypothesis asserts that indexing tends to beat active management in the top-performing U.S. equity asset classes and tends to lose to active management in the worst-performing U.S. equity categories. Active managers often stray from their size and valuation style boxes, which can help or hurt their performance versus benchmarks. For example, a U.S. equity large growth manager may drift away from the large growth style by holding some midcap stocks. If the large growth style is the best-performing U.S. equity asset category, the manager’s midcap holdings may well erode fund performance. But if large growth is the worstperforming U.S. equity asset class, the manager’s midcap positions will likely lift fund returns.
Challenges in supporting end-user privacy and security management with social navigation

Social navigation is a promising approach for supporting privacy and security management. By aggregating and presenting the choices made by others, social navigation systems can provide users with easily understandable guidance on security and privacy decisions, rather than requiring that they understand low-level technical details in order to make informed decisions. We have developed two prototype systems to explore how social navigation can help users manage their privacy and security. The Acumen system employs social navigation to address a common privacy activity, managing Internet cookies, and the Bonfire system uses social navigation to help users manage their personal firewall. Our experiences with Acumen and Bonfire suggest that, despite the promise of social navigation, there are significant challenges in applying these techniques to the domains of end-user privacy and security management. Due to features of these domains, individuals may misuse community data when making decisions, leading to incorrect individual decisions, inaccurate community data, and "herding" behavior that is an example of what economists term an informational cascade. By understanding this phenomenon in these terms, we develop and present two general approaches for mitigating herding in social navigation systems that support end-user security and privacy management, mitigation via algorithms and mitigation via user interaction. Mitigation via user interaction is a novel and promising approach to mitigating cascades in social navigation systems.
Acute Nose-Only Exposure of Rats to Phosgene. Part II. Concentration × Time Dependence of Changes in Bronchoalveolar Lavage During a Follow-Up Period of 3 Months

Groups of young adult male Wistar rats were acutely exposed to phosgene gas for either 30 or 240 min using a directed-flow nose-only mode of exposure. In 30-min exposed rats the concentrations were 0.94, 2.02, 3.89, 7.35, and 15.36 mg/m3, which relate to C x t products of 28.2, 60.6, 116.7, 220.5, and 460.8 mg/m3 x min. In 240-min exposed rats the concentrations were 0.96, 0.387, 0.786, 1.567, and 4.2 mg/m3, which relate C x t products of 47.0, 92.9, 188.6, 376, and 1008 mg/m3 x min. Six rats/group were sacrificed on postexposure days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 84, while the rats of the 1008 mg/m3 x min group where sacrificed on postexposure days 1, 7, 14, and 28. The focus of measurements was directed toward indicators of inflammatory response and increased transmucosal permeability in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), including lung weights. Lungs from rats sacrificed at the end of the postexposure period were additionally examined by histopathology. Mortality did not occur at any C x t product. The most pronounced changes were related to C x t-dependent increases in the following markers in BAL: protein, soluble collagen, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) counts, and alveolar macrophages with foamy appearance. These indicators were maximal on the first postexposure day, while total cell counts and alveolar macrophages containing increased phospholipids reached their climax around post-exposure day 3. At 1008 mg/m3 x min the most sensitive indicators in BAL, that is, protein, PMN, and collagen, resolved within 2 wk, whereas at lower C x t products they reached the level of the control by postexposure day 7. At 1008 mg/m3 x min (day 28), histopathology revealed a minimal to slight hypercellularity in terminal bronchioles with focal peribronchiolar inflammatory infiltrates and focal septal thickening. At lower C x t products (day 84) the rats from all groups were indistinguishable and Sirius red-stained lungs did not provide evidence of late-onset sequelae, such as fibrotic changes or collagen deposition. At similar C x t products the changes in BAL were slightly less pronounced using 30-min exposure periods when compared to 240-min exposure periods. In summary, the phosgene-induced transmucosal permeability caused a C x t-dependent increase of several BAL indicators, of which those of protein, PMN, and soluble collagen were most pronounced. Exposure intensities up to 116.7 mg/m3 x min did not cause changes different from those observed in controls, while at 188.6 mg/m3 x min distinct differences to the control existed. Despite the extensively increased airway permeability, histopathology did not provide evidence of lung tissue remodeling or irreversible sequelae.
Wavelength Measurements with a Concave Grating Spectrograph

Certain disadvantages and limitations in conventional methods of measuring wavelengths from grating spectrograms are discussed, and some alternative procedures described. It is shown that by fitting thorium standards to the dispersion of the Argonne 9.15-m spectrograph, using a polynomial least-squares program with a digital computer, wavelengths accurate to 1 in 108 can be obtained at a rate of 1000 per day.
Women Police Stations as a Dispute Processing System

Abstract In 1992, the Tamil Nadu State government in India began to introduce all-women police stations whose primary role is to deal with crimes against women, including family violence and dowry disputes. Dowry giving is a customary practice in India, which often results in disputes between young wives and their new families. As a result, the young women may be subjected to physical and mental ill treatment, sometimes resulting in death. Using detailed data from 474 case records and interviews with 60 dowry victims, the present study examines how women police stations serve as a dispute processing system, and describes the services extended by the stations to the victims of dowry disputes. Many cases were successfully resolved and violence was frequently reduced. The study holds implications for the extension of training in dispute resolution for women police in India.
Trading Voices: The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations

Trading Voices: The European Union in International Commercial Negotiations. By Sophie Meunier. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 248p. $35.One often hears that integration in Europe magnifies the political voice of European countries on the international scene. The larger size of the European Union market surely makes investment in any particular European country more attractive, and importers are certainly more eager to satisfy a regulatory requirement if doing so will give them access to the entire European market. But does unity bring negotiating clout, too? This is the question Sophie Meunier investigates in her book Trading Voices.
THE ART OF SEEING AND PAINTING

The human urge to represent the three-dimensional world using two-dimensional pictorial representations dates back at least to Paleolithic times. Artists from ancient to modern times have struggled to understand how a few contours or color patches on a flat surface can induce mental representations of a three-dimensional scene. This article summarizes some of the recent breakthroughs in scientifically understanding how the brain sees that shed light on these struggles. These breakthroughs illustrate how various artists have intuitively understood paradoxical properties about how the brain sees, and have used that understanding to create great art. These paradoxical properties arise from how the brain forms the units of conscious visual perception; namely, representations of three-dimensional boundaries and surfaces. Boundaries and surfaces are computed in parallel cortical processing streams that obey computationally complementary properties. These streams interact at multiple levels to overcome their complementary weaknesses and to transform their complementary properties into consistent percepts. The article describes how properties of complementary consistency have guided the creation of many great works of art.
"That's Not Fair!": A Simulation Exercise in Social Stratification and Structural Inequality.

Social stratification may be one of the most difficult topics covered in sociology classes. This article describes an interactive learning exercise, using a modified version of the game Monopoly, intended to stress the structural nature of social inequality and to stimulate student reflection and class discussion on social stratification in the United States. The primary focus of this exercise is to help students experience different levels of social stratification and to challenge the idea that individual talents or aspirations are enough to overcome structural barriers to upward class mobility. Student reactions to the experience suggest that it is an effective tool for demonstrating the structural nature of social inequality in the United States and for stimulating discussion on social inequality and related topics. This exercise has worked well in introductory sociology, social problems, and social inequality classes.
TOPONIUM DECAY TO A HIGGS BOSON AND BOTTOM QUARKS

The pseudoscalar (ηt) and vector (θt) toponium states may decay to a neutral Higgs boson and a pair. For mH≲30 GeV we find branching fractions of a few times 10−4 for Mηt ≳ 130 GeV or Mθt ≳ MZ. We also present the dynamical distributions of the decay products. We find that may be observable for Mθt ~ 120-160 GeV and mH ≲ 30 GeV.
The response of SI directionally selective neurons to stimulus motion occurring at two sites within the receptive field.

Data from two classes of primary somatosensory (SI) neurons (termed “direction-invariant” and “direction-variant”) were analyzed to evaluate their capacity to process the directional information provided by two moving (i.e., brushing) stimuli delivered to nonoverlapping skin sites within the receptive field (RF). The stimulus sites were arranged either end to end or side by side on the skin. The two stimuli were delivered at the same time (i.e., simultaneously) or asynchronously in precisely defined orders. For both classes of neurons, and with both the end-to-end and side-by-side dual-stimulus arrangements, the response elicited by dual-site stimulation was usually much less than a linear summation of the responses elicited by independent stimulation of each site.For the direction-invariant neurons, when the two sites were arranged end to end and direction of motion at both sites was the same, directional sensitivity with dual-site stimulation most often matched or exceeded a vectorial sum of the sensiti...
Obituary: Remembering Michael Piatak, Jr.

Michael Piatak, Jr, a talented, creative molecular virologist best known for his many contributions to developing methods for quantitative analysis of retroviral nucleic acids, analyses central to many key advances in AIDS research, passed away suddenly on 19 September 2014 at the age of 64 (Figure ​(Figure1).1). His loss will be deeply felt by the research community that benefitted profoundly from his work over the past three decades, and from their rewarding personal interactions with him over his career.
Social Learning Through Environmental Risk Analysis of Biodiversity and GM Maize in South Africa

Environmental risk analyses (ERAs) can benefit from participatory methods that enhance social learning, whereby diverse participants share knowledge and perspectives to learn about complex socio-ecological systems, develop a collective understanding of the risk problem and build support for specific solutions. We used surveys and interviews to investigate social learning among 22 stakeholders during a participatory ERA workshop to evaluate risks of genetically modified maize to South African biodiversity. The ERA process incorporated methodologies designed to enhance social learning, such as open communication, constructive conflict and extended engagement. We observed that social learning occurred as participants understood new information and perspectives, began thinking systemically and transformed their impressions of other participants. In this workshop, they did not develop a shared understanding of the ERA process or priority risks. However, the ERA workshop did engender social learning about other stakeholders, socio-ecological systems and risk, creating a foundation for longer, iterative engagement needed to build shared understanding of complex problems and solutions related to biodiversity governance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Exercise and food intake. What is the relationship

Understanding the effects of exercise on food intake is complicated by limitations of methodology. One primary limitation with human subjects is food intake assessment. Highly accurate techniques may not represent usual eating patterns. Present techniques representative of usual eating habits lack accuracy. Several independent variables also affect the results of exercise-food intake studies, even with laboratory rats where food intake measurements can be quite accurate. These variables include exercise protocols, subject characteristics, types and amounts of food available for consumption, environmental conditions, and sociocultural factors. Most investigations have focused on the effects of exercise training protocols on energy intake. When forced to run on treadmills, energy intake of laboratory rats usually decreases in males and increases in females. In response to forced swimming protocols, energy intake in male rats is usually unchanged and increased by female rats. In contrast, voluntary running (in running wheels) usually results in an increase in energy intake in both male and female rats. However, energy intake may also be unaffected or reduced in male rats given access to running wheels. These gender differences may be related to much lower levels of voluntary wheel running observed in male rats. The gender difference observed with rats is not apparent in humans. Energy intake of humans is usually increased or unchanged in response to exercise training programmes. However, when energy intake is increased, it is usually below the increased expenditure, resulting in negative energy balance. Highly trained athletes and lean individuals usually increase energy intake in response to increased physical activity, whereas, obese untrained subjects commonly do not change energy intake when exposed to exercise training. Few studies have investigated the effects of exercise on changes in food selection in laboratory animals; the results of studies with humans also have been inconsistent. Research results range from increased carbohydrate, fat, or protein consumption to no change in diet composition. Rats respond to detraining (cessation of exercise) with increased or unchanged energy intake. Men who detrain after 9 months of training regain bodyweight and body fat lost during training despite a reduction of energy intake and the percentage of calories from dietary fat. The relationship between exercise and food intake is complex. These often inconsistent or conflicting results reflect this complexity. Further understanding awaits additional research to clarify confounding variables.
Less rigid stable fracture fixation in osteoporotic bone using locked plates with near cortical slots

Abstract Introduction Locked plating leads to improved fixation in osteoporotic bone. In addition, experimental data suggest that overall construct stiffness is increased. Ideal stiffness may be significantly less than that achieved with these locked constructs, and overly stiff constructs may lead to impaired fracture healing and stress concentration at the ends of the plate. In osteoporotic bone, this stiffness mismatch can be even more pronounced. We hypothesized that substituting slots for holes in the near cortex under a locked plate would lead to predictably lower stiffness without diminishing implant stability. Methods Osteoporotic bone substitute segments were used. Locking screws and plates were applied to each specimen using either standard holes or near cortical slots. The slots were designed to allow axial displacement of the screw in the near cortex only, while continuing to provide some torsional stability. Mechanical testing was performed using a progressive dynamic displacement load protocol to determine failure and stiffness. Next, cyclic axial loading was performed with a physiologic load for 10,000 cycles to determine change in stiffness with cycling. Outcomes were compared between groups using Mann–Whitney U tests. Results In the dynamic displacement tests, the slotted specimens reached both maximum load and failure load at a significantly greater displacement than the non-slot group (p = 0.008), indicating later failure. The magnitude of the maximum load achieved was no different between groups. In the cyclic loading tests, the axial stiffness in the slotted group was significantly lower (1199 N/mm) than the non-slotted group (3538 N/mm; p Discussion The ability to predictably adjust the axial stiffness of locked plating constructs is critical, particularly in osteoporotic bone. The use of near cortical slots decreases axial stiffness of locking plates, while maintaining fixation stability. This may allow the surgeon to more closely tailor the construct stiffness to the clinical situation to minimize stiffness mismatches and complications.
Enhancement stimulants: perceived motivational and cognitive advantages

Psychostimulants like Adderall and Ritalin are widely used for cognitive enhancement by people without ADHD, although the empirical literature has shown little conclusive evidence for effectiveness in this population. This paper explores one potential explanation of this discrepancy: the possibility that the benefit from enhancement stimulants is at least in part motivational, rather than purely cognitive. We review relevant laboratory, survey and interview research and present the results of a new survey of enhancement users with the goal of comparing perceived cognitive and motivational effects. These users perceived stimulant effects on motivationally-related factors, especially “energy” and “motivation,” and reported motivational effects to be at least as pronounced as cognitive effects, including effects on "attention."
Surgical Management of Patellar Fractures

The patella plays a crucial role in the extensor mechanism to increase the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps. Fractures can be classified based on displacement, comminution, and fracture pattern, which often guide treatment. Modern treatment options include internal fixation using tension bands with Kirschner wires or cannulated screws, lag screw fixation, partial patellectomy, and rarely total patellectomy. Nondisplaced, closed patellar fractures or fractures with less than 2-mm articular steps can be successfully treated conservatively. Open fractures, articular step of 2 mm or greater, and loss of knee extension are indications for surgical intervention.
Reduced Plate Model Used for 2D Traveling Wave Propagation

The focus of this study is to understand traveling wave generation and propagation in reduced order 2D plate models. A plate with all clamped (C-C-C-C) boundary conditions was selected to be the medium through which the wave propagation occurs. The plate is excited at multiple locations by point forces which generates controlled oscillations resulting in net traveling waves. A finite element model is developed and the traveling wave response is simulated. The numerical model is complex with a large number of degrees-of-freedom making a parametric study computationally intensive. In order to overcome this computational burden, balanced truncation based and interpolation-based model reduction techniques are employed to reduce the total number of degrees-of-freedom. The capabilities of these reduction techniques to capture the steady-state frequency-domain characteristics and the steady-state time-domain response have been compared in this paper.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Physical Activity and Self-Rated Health Status Among Older Adult Cancer Survivors: Does Intensity of Activity Play a Role?

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To examine the association between routine physical activity and self-rated health status in older adults with cancer.. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Community-dwelling older adult survivors who completed a screening tool and subsequent detailed interview from the 2004 wave of the National Long-Term Care Survey, a nationally representative study of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older. SAMPLE 251 older adult cancer survivors who regularly engaged in routine physical activity. METHODS Participants were asked about chronic health conditions, depression, activities of daily living, participation in physical activities, self-rated health status, and sociodemographic characteristics. A weighted ordered probit model was used to estimate variables that predict self-reported health status. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Self-rated health status and participation in physical activity. FINDINGS Age and higher education level were found to be significant correlates of health status (p < 0.05) in the first model. Although education was not significant in subsequent models, age, functional disability, and depression all were identified as significant correlates of health status (p < 0.01). In the final model, in which moderate and vigorous activity participation were entered, older adult survivors who engaged in vigorous physical activity showed higher levels of health status than those who engaged in light physical activity (p < 0.05), but number of chronic health conditions was not significantly associated with health status. CONCLUSIONS The association between vigorous activity and health status points to the primacy of physical activity within a post-cancer treatment health regimen. . IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Health programs and policies need to address physical activity to improve the overall well-being of older adult cancer survivors.
Coriolis Effects on Natural Convection

The effect of the Coriolis acceleration on natural convection is presented in this chapter. When the imposed thermal gradient is perpendicular to the direction of the centrifugal body force unconditional natural convection occurs. Then the Coriolis effect is reflected in creation of secondary flows in a cross section perpendicular to the direction of the main convection. When the natural convection occurs due to gravitational buoyancy and the thermal gradient is parallel to the direction of the gravity body force natural convection occurs conditionally. Stability analysis is then required and presented for stationary or possibly oscillatory convection. Weak nonlinear solutions identify then the direction of the bifurcations for different values of the controlling parameters.
The specificity of allergic reactions. IV. The cornea.

SummaryInjection of protein antigens in complete Freund's adjuvant into the footpads of guinea pigs produces a hypersensitivity which induces allergic reactions in the cornea both during the delayed and Arthus phases of the allergic response. This corneal reaction is similar to the intracutaneous delayed type in that its specificity is oriented toward the protein portion of a conjugate and not toward the hapten.The authors express their sincere appreciation to Jane Nishio, Aspascia Cobure and LeRoy F. Peel for technical assistance.
Minimum-Loop Realization of Degree Sequences.

Given a finite sequence D of nonnegative integers, let M(D) denote its maximum element and S(D) its sum. It is known that D is realizable as a degree sequence by some graph if and only if S(D) is even, and by a loopless graph if and only if the even integer S(D) - 2M(D) ⩾ 0. Here it is shown that if the even integer 2M(D) - S(D) is positive, then one-half this integer is the minimum number of loops in graphs realizing D, and that the minimum-loop realization is unique. These results are extended to a more general loop-cost minimization problem in which loops incident at different vertices can have different costs. The possible numbers of loops, in graphs realizing D, are also determined.
Progress in genetic research on childhood autism

Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder in early childhood,characterized by social communication disturbance and lalopathy accompanied with repetitive and stereotyped behaviors.Autism is considered as a multi-genetic and multi-factorial disorder. However,no autism-specifically associated genes are found now.This article reviewed foreign researches in recent years on localization and correlative analysis of the candidate genes of autism.
Sexual Harassment in Las Vegas Nightclub Industry

3 PART ONE 4 Introduction 4 Purpose Statement 5 Justification 5 Limitations 6 Definitions 7 PART TWO 8 Introduction 8 Literature review 8 Sexual harassment at a workplace 9 Sexualization of American Society 12 Sexual Harassment in Hospitality Industry 13 Nightclub Industry and VIP Bottle Service 17 Nature of Las Vegas and the Evolution of Nightclub Industry in the City.........22 Sexual Harassment in Las Vegas Nightclub Industry 27 Current Sexual Harassment Policies and Procedures in Las Vegas Nightclub Industry 29 PART THREE 33 Results 33 Limitations 37 Implications and Recommendations 38 Summary 43 References 45
A comparative study on different detection methods for monitoring of cleaning quality of surgical instruments

OBJECTIVE To compare the cleaning quality of the recycled surgical instruments by using different detection methods so as to provide a rapid on-site detection technique for the monitoring of cleaning quality of the surgical instruments.METHODS From May 2012to Jun 2013,the surgical instruments that were cleaned with automatic cleaning machine in central sterile supply department of a certain general hospital were randomly sampled for test by using the residual protein test and ATP bioluminescence assay,then the positive rate was compared between the two test techniques,the statistical analysis of the data was performed with the use of SPSS19.0software,the count data were described by using the qualified rate,and the difference between the groups was statistically analyzed by means of the chi-square test.RESULTS Totally 14of 148sampled surgical instruments were detected positive by using the residual protein test with the positive rate of 9.46%;totally 144instruments were sampled in the ATP group,among which there were 108(75.00%)instruments with the relative light units(RLU)less than 2 000,25(17.37%)instruments with the RLU varying from 2 000to 4 000,11(7.63%)instruments with the RLU no less than 5 000,and 2(1.39%)instruments with the RLU no less than 8 000.As the no less than 5 000RLU/piece was set as the standard for the positive in the ATP group,the positive rate was 7.63%;the difference in the positive rate of test between the two techniques was not significant.CONCLUSION Both the residual protein test and the ATP bioluminescence assay can be used for the on-site monitoring of cleaning quality of the surgical instruments;the medical institutions should choose the monitoring technique according to their own characteristics so as to improve the cleaning quality of the surgical instruments and ensure the quality of disinfection of the highly dangerous objects.
Irreducible components of varieties of representations: The local case

Abstract For any positive integer d, we determine the irreducible components of the varieties that parametrize the d-dimensional representations of a local truncated path algebra Λ. Here Λ is a quotient K Q / 〈 the paths of length L + 1 〉 of a path algebra KQ, where K is an algebraically closed field, L is a positive integer, and Q is the quiver with a single vertex and a finite number r of loops. The components are determined in both the classical and the Grassmannian settings, Rep d ( Λ ) and GRASS d ( Λ ) . Our method is to corner the components by way of a twin pair of upper semicontinuous maps from Rep d ( Λ ) to a poset consisting of sequences of semisimple modules. An excerpt of the main result is as follows. Given a sequence S = ( S 0 , … , S L ) of semisimple modules with dim ⁡ ⨁ 0 ≤ l ≤ L S l = d , let Rep S be the subvariety of Rep d ( Λ ) consisting of the points that parametrize the modules with radical layering S . (The radical layering of a Λ-module M is the sequence ( J l M / J l + 1 M ) 0 ≤ l ≤ L , where J is the Jacobson radical of Λ.) Suppose the quiver Q has r ≥ 2 loops. If d ≤ L + 1 , the variety Rep d ( Λ ) is irreducible and, generically, its modules are uniserial. If, on the other hand, d > L + 1 , then the irreducible components of Rep d ( Λ ) are the closures of the subvarieties Rep S for those sequences S which satisfy the inequalities dim ⁡ S l ≤ r ⋅ dim ⁡ S l + 1 and dim ⁡ S l + 1 ≤ r ⋅ dim ⁡ S l for 0 ≤ l L ; generically, the modules in any such component have socle layering ( S L , … , S 0 ) . As a byproduct, the main result provides further installments of generic information on the modules corresponding to the irreducible components of the parametrizing varieties.
A Multibasin Residual-Mean Model for the Global Overturning Circulation

The ocean’s overturning circulation is inherently three-dimensional, yet modern quantitative estimates of the overturning typically represent the subsurface circulation as a two-dimensional, two-cell streamfunction that varies with latitude and depth only. This approach suppresses information about zonal mass and tracer transport. In this article, the authors extend earlier, zonally averaged overturning theory to explore the dynamics of a “figure-eight” circulation that cycles through multiple basins. A three-dimensional residual-mean model of the overturning circulation is derived and then simplified to a multibasin isopycnal box model to explore how stratification and diabatic water mass transformations in each basin depend on the basin widths and on deep and bottom-water formation in both hemispheres. The idealization to multiple, two-dimensional basins permits zonal mass transport along isopycnals in a Southern Ocean–like channel, while retaining the dynamical framework of residual-mean theory. The model qualitatively reproduces the deeper isopycnal surfaces in the Pacific Basin relative to the Atlantic. This supports a transfer of Antarctic Bottom Water from the Atlantic sector to the Pacific sector via the Southern Ocean, which subsequently upwells in the northern Pacific Basin. A solution for the full isopycnal structure in the Southern Ocean reproduces observed stratification differences between Atlantic and Pacific Basins and provides a scaling for the diffusive boundary layer in which the zonal mass transport occurs. These results are consistent with observational indications that North Atlantic Deep Water is preferentially transformed into Antarctic Bottom Water, which undermines the importance of an adiabatic, upper overturning cell in the modern ocean.
Reasoning with Uncertain Beliefs

This chapter describes the reasoning with uncertain beliefs. There are circumstances in which it would not be appropriate for an agent to invest its beliefs with total commitment. An agent may realize that not only does it merely believe P instead of knowing P , but that it does not believe P strongly. There are many situations in which humans possess and reason with uncertain beliefs. In searching for ways to formalize the idea of beliefs having strengths, one are tempted to consider a generalization of logic in which truth values can take on values intermediate between true and false. To believe P with total commitment is to assign it the value true. To disbelieve P totally is to assign P the value false. Inventing truth values between true and false allows for various degrees of partial belief. Multivalued logics have been studied sometimes with this application in mind.
Practicing Emotional Strengthening: Principles of Everyday Healthy Living (Session 10 of the Treatment Manual)

Session 10 helps clients further cultivate inner strength by focusing on emotional strengthening. In doing so, the session discusses balancing positive and negative emotions, understanding the principles of everyday healthy living, and practicing these principles to improve physical and mental health. The session emphasizes that all feelings and emotions are natural and normal. However, depression is associated with lack of balance and an overabundance of negativity. This session helps clients let go of negative cycles by focusing on principles that promote health and well-being.
Pro-consumer Legislation Supported by Elites: The Curious Case of the 1866 Post Roads Act

Politicians connected to elites who anticipated benefiting from the 1866 Post Roads Act overcame the problem of collective action and passed pro-consumer legislation over the objections of a concentrated economic interest. Mancur Olson’s (1965, 1982) theory on the cost of collective action predicts a concentrated interest should prevail over dispersed consumers. Republicans took advantage of the exclusion of Southern Democrats from states that supported the Confederacy to push the act through over the vigorous objections of Western Union. Without the support of Republican politicians linked to economic and political elites who stood to benefit from the act, the pro-consumer 1866 Post Roads Act would have failed to pass in the United States Congress or Senate.