cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cough Response and Uptake of Mercury by Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, Exposed to Mercuric Compounds at Different Hydrogen-ion Concentrations

Abstract The lowest concentration of methylmercuric chloride (MMC) and mercuric chloride added to Lake Superior water that caused a significant increase in cough frequency in brook trout was 3 μg Hg/liter. Cough frequency is a good short-term indicator of the long-term effects of MMC. The response can be used to predict the safe concentration of mercuric chloride since the long-term effects of this compound are not known. Increases in cough frequency were proportional to the concentration (from 3 to 12 μg Hg/liter) of both compounds at pH 7.5. The fish were more responsive to MMC when the pH of the test water was lowered to 6.0; response to mercuric chloride was not changed by lowered pH. Fish exposed to MMC at pH 6.0 contained more total mercury in their gills and red blood cells than fish tested at pH 9.0. The uptake of mercury by brook trout exposed to mercuric chloride did not differ significantly at pH 6.0 and 9.0.
Sensory Attributes of Whey Protein Isolate and Candelilla Wax Emulsion Edible Films

Whey protein isolate (5% w/v) films were plasticized with sorbitol or glycerol, and candelilla wax (0.8% w/ v) was added to produce whey protein isolate and candelilla wax emulsion edible films. The films were cut into 7.62 cm x 2.54 cm strips and evaluated by a 15-member trained sensory panel for milk odor, transparency/opaqueness, sweetness, and adhesiveness using a structured 9-point intensity scale. The films had no distinctive milk odor; however, they were perceived to be slightly sweet and adhesive by the trained sensory panel. Whey protein isolate films without candelilla wax were clear and transparent, whereas candelilla wax containing films were opaque. Les films comestibles peuvent ameliorer la qualite des aliments en agissant comme une barriere a l'humidite, aux gaz, aux aromes et aux lipides. Les films a base de proteines de lactoserum ont de bonnes qualites mecaniques et de barriere a l'oxygene, aux lipides et aux aromes mais faibles a l'humidite. L'effet de barriere a l'humidite peut etre ameliore par l'incorporation de materiaux hydrophobes comme les lipides pour produire des films d'emulsion lipide/proteine. Cependant, le film doit etre sensoriellement neutre pour ne pas etre detecte a la consommation. Le sujet de cette etude est de determiner les attributs sensoriels de films comestibles d'emulsion cire/proteines de lactoserum par un panel entraine. Ces films ne presentent pas d'odeur de lait mais sont percus comme legerement sucres et adhesifs. L'addition de cire candelilla les rend opaques.
The Spy in the Sandbox: Practical Cache Attacks in JavaScript and their Implications

We present a micro-architectural side-channel attack that runs entirely in the browser. In contrast to previous work in this genre, our attack does not require the attacker to install software on the victim's machine; to facilitate the attack, the victim needs only to browse to an untrusted webpage that contains attacker-controlled content. This makes our attack model highly scalable, and extremely relevant and practical to today's Web, as most desktop browsers currently used to access the Internet are affected by such side channel threats. Our attack, which is an extension to the last-level cache attacks of Liu et al., allows a remote adversary to recover information belonging to other processes, users, and even virtual machines running on the same physical host with the victim web browser. We describe the fundamentals behind our attack, and evaluate its performance characteristics. In addition, we show how it can be used to compromise user privacy in a common setting, letting an attacker spy after a victim that uses private browsing. Defending against this side channel is possible, but the required countermeasures can exact an impractical cost on benign uses of the browser.
The cost-effectiveness of independent housing for the chronically mentally ill: do housing and neighborhood features matter?

Housing has long been a neglected area in research on persons with chronic mental illness (CMI). As a result, there is little reliable information to guide important resource allocation decisions by both the public and private sectors. There are compelling reasons for closing this information gap: the estimated 4.6 million individuals with CMI who now live most of their lives in the community; the plight of the homeless; the high cost of mental health service use by the CMI (Frank, Goldman, and McGuire 1996); attention to community-based care options in proposals to reform the health care system; research findings suggesting that housing may contribute in a significant way to a number of individual mental health outcomes (Baker and Douglas 1990; Hanrahan et al. 2001; Nagy, Fisher, and Tessler 1988; Earls and Nelson 1988); and the increased involvement of states and localities in funding housing for persons with CMI (Frank, Lave, and Goldman 1988). This article examines the mental health service costs and residential instability of 670 persons with CMI living in alternative types of independent housing in the community (i.e., different housing structure, tenantry, and neighborhood). It also assesses whether residential features associated with lower mental health service costs are cost-effective in the sense that the mental health cost savings outweigh the cost of purchasing housing with these features. The next section provides a brief review of the literature on housing and mental illness. This is followed by a description of the approach taken in this study, the data and research methods. We then present the results, followed by a discussion of their implications for mental health services, housing policy, and research.
Properties of the beck depression inventory as a screening instrument for adolescent depression

The utility of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for identifying Major Depressive Episode was assessed with two samples of adolescents, 65 psychiatric hospital inpatients and 49 secondary school students. Diagnoses based on the Child Assessment Schedule served as criteria. With the school sample, a BDI screening score of 16 resulted in 100% sensitivity and 93.2% specificity. For the inpatient sample, a cutoff of 11 yielded a sensitivity of 81.5% and specificity of 52.6%. There was evidence of the BDI's convergent and discriminant validity for both samples. The results were consistent with the assertion that Major Depressive Episode is a sufficiently distinct diagnostic category in adolescence to be detected by a screening measure such as the BDI.
Primary prevention as health and social competence promotion

Primary prevention continues to be shackled by an implicit “magic bullet” perspective and an inoculationist mentality. The proliferation of short-term, uncoordinated programs co-exists with data showing that large segments of our teenage-and-younger population are exposed to conditions that are likely to harm their psychosocial growth. The status of primary prevention in the schools is shown pictorially as a jumbled confusion. An argument is made that coordination of interventions, centered around the goal of promotion of health and social competence, is necessary to achieve more successful primary prevention. Skills comprising social competence as life skills for adaptation to diverse environments are outlined. A representation of schools with programming organized by a shared prevention/promotion skills/set of strategies is provided. Primary prevention is discussed as emergent from the promotion of health and social competence; the latter are ends in themselves, reflecting children's inalienable, developmental “rights”. Persons concerned with primary prevention—and therefore with the education and the socialization of children—are called upon to examine their efforts and determine the extent to which they are addressing focal skills and doing so in a coherent, developmental, and cross-culturally sensitive manner, accompanied by the commitment of resources, time, and focused professional development activity guided by the tenets of knowledge in the primary prevention field.
Understanding nonperturbative deep-inelastic scattering: Instanton-induced inelastic dipole-dipole cross section

We derive the semiclassical (instanton-induced) contribution to the inelastic cross section of two color dipoles at large $\sqrt{s}.$ We study its dependence on the dipole sizes, orientations, and most importantly the impact parameter. The inelastic cross section is approximately quadratic in the dipole sizes and Gaussian like in the impact parameter with a width of the order of the instanton size. These results are directly relevant to double DIS ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*},$ as well as ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and standard DIS ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}h$ at small x when a real photon and a hadron can be approximated by a dipole. For such cases, with one small dipole scattering on a large dipole, the impact parameter profile exhibits a width of about 1/2 fm, which is in good agreement with the impact parameter profile recently extracted from DIS DESY HERA data, including diffractive ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}.$
Role of sensory-motor cortex activity in postnatal development of corticospinal axon terminals in the cat

The initial pattern of corticospinal (CS) terminations, as axons grow into the spinal gray matter, bares little resemblance to the pattern later in development and in maturity. This is because of extensive axon pruning and local axon terminal growth during early postnatal development. Pruning is driven by activity-dependent competition between the CS systems on each side during postnatal weeks (PW) 3–7. It is not known whether CS axon terminal growth and final topography are activity dependent. We examined the activity dependence of CS axon terminal growth and topography at different postnatal times. We inactivated sensory-motor cortex by infusion of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) agonist muscimol and traced CS axons from the inactivated side. Inactivation between PW5 and PW7 produced permanent changes in projection topography, reduced local axon branching, and prevented development of dense clusters of presynaptic sites, which are normally characteristic of CS terminals. Inactivation at younger (PW3–5) and older (PW8–12) ages did not affect projection topography but impeded development of local axon branching and presynaptic site clusters. These effects were not due to increased cortical cell death during inactivation. Neural activity plays an important role in determining the morphology of CS terminals during the entire period of development, but, for the projection topography, the role of activity is exercised during a very brief period. This points to a complex, and possibly independent, regulation of termination topography and terminal morphology. Surprisingly, when a CS neuron's activity is blocked during early development, it does not recover lost connections later in development once activity resumes. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:43–56, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PHOTODYNAMICALLY INDUCED TROPISMS IN PLANT ROOTS.

Metzner (7) found that a positive phototropic response could be induced in the roots of wheat seedlings by growing them in dilute solutions of fluorescein dyes. Normally the direction of growth in these roots is not influenced by light, but the presence of a very small concentration of dye (e.g., 1/500,000) brings about a definite bending of the roots toward the light. This phenomenon is of interest from two standpoints: the information it may give as to the mechanism of tropic bending in plants, and the bearing it may have on the phenomenon of photodynamic action in general. In conducting the investigations described in this paper, we have been concerned with both of these questions.
A compressional mode of damage in carbon composites

Abstract One of the important modes of compressional damage in carbon composites— complex kinking of the lateral bundles—has been studied. It is shown that damage propagation is a consequence of matrix plasticity, with the damage trajectory approximately coinciding with the elastic/plastic boundary. The analysis indicates that the damage resistance is enhanced by increasing the matrix yield strength and by optimising the relative dimensions of the bundles.
Smart resource allocation needed to study 'legal highs'

Ground-breaking science in the area of cannabinoid signaling holds great promise for new drug development, but an unintended consequence of this research has led to the emergence of an onslaught of deadly 'legal highs'. Providing public health scientists with access to laboratory resources designed to investigate emerging chemicals of concern is crucial for timely, sound evaluation of products that pose major threats to public health.
Elective, Therapeutic, and Delayed Lymph Node Dissection for Malignant Melanoma of the Head and Neck: Analysis of 1444 Patients From 1970 to 1998

Objective The purpose of this article is to evaluate the effects on survival, disease-free interval, and recurrence patterns for patients undergoing elective, therapeutic, and delayed lymph node dissection for malignant melanoma of the head and neck. Study Design and Methods A retrospective computer-aided analysis was performed comparing 1444 patients treated from 1970 to 1998 at Duke University Medical Center. A total of 446 of the 1444 (32%) of patients with head and neck melanoma underwent some form of lymph node dissection. Survival, disease-free interval, and recurrence rates for patients having 1) no initial lymph node dissection (no LND), 2) elective lymph node dissection (ELND) within 2 months of date of diagnosis, 3) therapeutic lymph node dissection (TLND) for metastatic regional disease at diagnosis, or 4) delayed lymph node dissection (DLND) for patients developing regional lymph node metastasis later than 3 months from the date of diagnosis were compared. Results A total of 246 patients undergoing ELND demonstrated 11% with occult disease. DLND for regional lymph node recurrence was reported at a median time interval of 1.2 years from diagnosis. Multivariate analysis indicated a significant improvement in survival for DLND when compared with patients undergoing ELND⊕ or TLND (P = .01). Distant metastasis was the site of first recurrence in 12% of patients undergoing no initial LND. Five-year survival after DLND and TLND was 56% and 36%, respectively. Conclusion Patients undergoing DLND had an overall better survival than patients undergoing TLND or ELND with positive nodes. The progression of metastatic disease following regional node disease occurred in 35% to 45% of cases, underscoring the need for effective adjunctive therapy.
Substrate Bias Effects on Electron Mobility in Silicon Inversion Layers at Low Temperatures

The mobility of electrons in silicon inversion layers and conductance activation energy have been measured as a function of substrate bias. The mobility increased and the activation energy decreased as the electrons were forced toward the surface. This seems inconsistent with activated conduction arising from potential fluctuations due to oxide charge.
Molecular Convergence of Infrared Vision in Snakes

It has been discovered that the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) proteins of Boidae (boas), Pythonidae (pythons), and Crotalinae (pit vipers) are used to detect infrared radiation, but the molecular mechanism for detecting the infrared radiation is unknown. Here, relating the amino acid substitutions in their TRPA1 proteins and the functional differentiations, we propose that three parallel amino acid changes (L330M, Q391H, and S434T) are responsible for the development of infrared vision in the three groups of snakes. Protein modeling shows that the three amino acid changes alter the structures of the central region of their ankyrin repeats.
Schizophrenic disorders and reading disturbance

Schizophrenic disorders, perhaps the most serious of severe mental disorders, develop in adulthood in about 1% of the population. Patients with these conditions frequently report a host of cognitive impairments, including reading disturbances. Case observations, the literature on reading disturbances in these disorders, and recent empirical studies that indicate potential linkages between reading disturbances and semantic memory processes are discussed.
Reflective Professional Development for Urban Teachers through Videotaping and Guided Assessment.

As a part of the United States Department of Education Teacher Quality Enhancement Grants (TQE) program, a professional development project was conducted to support selected urban teachers from a Professional Development School to think reflectively about their teaching and learning. The 24 survey items were developed based on the three domains of Danielson’s teaching practice. Using the survey, the eight participating teachers and 15 external reviewers were asked to assess the videotaped teaching performances three times. The main goal of the study was to examine if the participants would improve their reflective thinking skills using structured reflective tools, i.e. videotaping, the assessment rubrics, reflective writing guidelines, coaching and the reflective practice model. In addition the study examined if there were any significant differences in the three ratings. The results indicated that several items showed the significances among the ratings, and half of the participants evolved to the stage ...
The contributions of parental management language to executive function in preschool children

This study investigated relations between preschoolers' emergent executive function skills and their interactions with parents, with particular focus on the verbal utterances parents use to guide children's behavior (i.e., management language). Parent-child dyads (N = 127) were videotaped during a structured play task and the frequency of two types of management language, Direction (high control) and Suggestion (low control), was observed. Children's executive function was assessed using the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS) task. Latent growth modeling was used to investigate relations between management language and the development of children's executive function. Direction language (i.e., commands) was negatively associated with children's age three executive function but not significantly related to the rate of executive function development over time. Conversely, Suggestion language (i.e., questions and statements that offer children some degree of choice) was positively related to executive function at age three but negatively related to growth. The potential importance of management language as a parenting behavior that contributes to various aspects of children's self-regulation during preschool and kindergarten is discussed.
A note on the welfare of the maximin rational expectations

We provide a counterexample to the ex-ante efficiency of the maximin rational expectations equilibrium. In particular, we show that a maximin rational expectations equilibrium allocation may not be ex-ante maximin efficient, and therefore it may not be in the maximin core.
Transient synchronization following invasion: revisiting Moran's model and a case study

Synchrony in forest insect outbreaks is impor- tant because the resulting regionalized outbreak dilutes the regulating effects of natural enemies, reduces the land- scape's ability to buffer the disturbance, exacerbates the economic burden on individual stakeholders, and over- whelms the logistical abilities of managers to suppress populations and mitigate impacts. Understanding the pro- cess of synchronization of dynamics is therefore a crucial aspect of understanding outbreak dynamics. We studied the second-order log-linear (autoregressive) model to ask what patterns of synchronization across invasion fronts may be expected from Moran's model. Generally, we show that the time to synchronization in the log-linear model is a com- plex function of a number of parameters of which the overall strength of regulation, the strength of delayed sta- tistical density dependence, and the relaxation time seem to be of particular importance. Interestingly, while environ- mental correlation is the crucial determinant of the magnitude of asymptotic synchrony, it does not appear to influence the transient process of synchronization. How- ever, synchronization proceeds much more quickly among weakly periodic populations than among populations that are strongly periodic. As a case study, we investigate synchronization following colonization by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations located along the species's expanding invasion front in northeastern USA. Data con- sisted of more than 100 years of county quarantine records and 30 years of detailed defoliation maps. We found that the dynamics of new populations tended to be initially out of synch with the broadly synchronized outbreaks within the established range. However, the outbreak dynamics of these new populations lock on to the regional patterns very quickly—within 10-15 years of invasion. Focusing on parameters that produce periodicity comparable to that seen in real gypsy moth populations, we discuss how the observed synchronization compares to that predicted by the log-linear model. While our results are equivocal, the synchronization appears to be surprisingly rapid, so more mechanistic models may be needed to explain the syn- chronization observed in this case study.
Digalactosyl diacylglycerols, plant glycolipids rarely found in bacteria, are major membrane components of bacteroid forms of Bradyrhizobium japonicum

The membrane lipids of free living and bacteroid forms of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, obtained from nodules occupied by both typed and untyped bacteria, were isolated and characterized by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and other chemical and physical methods. These studies indicated that both the free living and bacteroid forms of this organism contain glycolipids almost exclusively of the type found in plant cells. In the bacteroid forms, there was a dramatic shift towards the synthesis of digalactosyl diacylglycerol as the major lipid. This glycolipid has rarely been found outside of the plant kingdom and photosynthetic bacteria, and its occurrence in the bacteroid form of a plant symbiont is therefore remarkable. The presence of plant cell and organelle contaminants in the bacteroid preparations was ruled out by scanning electron microscopy, Southern blot analyses for plant DNA using specific gene probes, and chemical analyses for plant marker steroids, steroid glycosides, and cerebrosides. Digalactosyl diacylglycerol is not found in the plasma membrane of plant cells (of which the peribacteroid membrane is an extension) but is thought to be restricted to plastids. This result follows our earlier finding that the other predominant plant glycolipid, sulfoquinivosyl diacylglycerol, is a membrane component of fast growing Rhizobia and is found even when cells are cultivated in free culture where there is no question of plant contamination. The near absence of these lipids in the membranes of bacteria outside of this special group of organisms and photosynthetic bacteria suggests that the trait could have been passed on through gene transfer from plants to the bacteria at some point during the development of their symbiotic relationship. In the case of digalactosyl diacylglycerol, there is also the possibility that some common biosynthetic intermediates are used by both the plant and the bacteria. This is a striking parallel with some host-pathogen interactions.
ITLinQ: A New Approach for Spectrum Sharing in Device-to-Device Communication Systems

We consider the problem of spectrum sharing in device-to-device communication systems. Inspired by the recent optimality condition for treating interference as noise, we define a new concept of information-theoretic independent sets (ITISs), which indicates the sets of links for which simultaneous communication and treating the interference from each other as noise is information-theoretically optimal (to within a constant gap). Based on this concept, we develop a new spectrum sharing mechanism, called information-theoretic link scheduling (ITLinQ), which at each time schedules those links that form an ITIS. We first provide a performance guarantee for ITLinQ by characterizing the fraction of the capacity region that it can achieve in a network with sources and destinations randomly located within a fixed area. Furthermore, we demonstrate how ITLinQ can be implemented in a distributed manner, using an initial two-phase signaling mechanism that provides the required channel state information at all the links. Through numerical analysis, we show that distributed ITLinQ can outperform similar state-of-the-art spectrum sharing mechanisms, such as FlashLinQ, by more than 100% of sum-rate gain, while keeping the complexity at the same level. Finally, we discuss a variation of the distributed ITLinQ scheme, which can also guarantee fairness among the links in the network and numerically evaluate its performance.
Molecular Mechanism for the Spontaneous Generation of Pigmentless Porphyromonas gingivalis Mutants

Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the pathogens associated with periodontal diseases, and its protease activity has been implicated as an important virulence factor. Kgp is the major Lys-gingipain protease of P. gingivalis and appears to be involved not only in enzyme activity but also in hemagglutination and the pigmented phenotype due to heme accumulation and/or hemoglobin binding. However, little information concerning the molecular mechanism for the spontaneous generation of pigmentless P. gingivalis mutants is currently available. In this study, several spontaneous pigmentless mutants of P. gingivalis were isolated and characterized. The results revealed that a portion of the kgp gene had been deleted from the chromosomes of the pigmentless mutants. This deletion appears to result from recombination between the highly homologous DNA sequences encoding the adhesin domains of the tandemly arranged hagA and kgp genes on the chromosomes of P. gingivalis strains.
Network formation and photoluminescence in copper(I) halide complexes with substituted piperazine ligands.

The synthesis, X-ray structures and photophysics of ten complexes of CuX (X = I or Br) with bridging N-substituted and N,N′-disubstituted piperazines (Pip) are presented. Depending on the steric demand of the Pip substituents, the complexes fall into four categories: (CuX)4(Pip)2, which are networks of linked Cu4X4 cubane units, (CuX)2(Pip), which are chains of linked Cu2X2 rhombs, and (CuX)2(Pip)2 or (CuX)4(Pip)4, which are simple rhomboid dimers and cubane tetramers. A combination of spectroscopic studies and DFT calculations was used to investigate the luminescence of the products. The results suggest that the relatively high energy emission seen in dimers is due to cluster-centred (XMLT/metal-centred) excitations for the aliphatic amines and MLCT (d → π*) for aromatic amines, and low energy emission seen in the tetramers is the result of cluster-centred transitions. The (CuI)2(Pip) complexes act as sensor materials, undergoing irreversible reaction with aliphatic and aromatic amines (Nu) in the vapour state, irreversibly producing cubanes (CuI)4Nu4, with corresponding production of long wavelength emission.
Nonreciprocal Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Coupled Microstrip Lines on a Non-Uniformly Biased Ferrite Substrate

Previous work demonstrated that nonreciprocal slow waves can be guided on a pair of coupled transmission lines printed on a magnetic substrate. This was done by designing the unit-cell geometry to exhibit spectral asymmetry near the band edge ($K = pi$) frequency in its dispersion (K-ω) diagram. In this effort, the same concept is adapted to attain nonreciprocal radiation by operating the coupled lines in the fast wave region (|β| <; k0) of the K-ω diagram. To validate the nonreciprocal radiation, an 8-unit-cell leaky-wave antenna (LWA) was constructed and tested in presence of a non-uniform external magnetic field. Specifically, 5 dB contrast was observed between the measured transmit and receive gain in the E-plane. Importantly, good agreement was observed between measurements and simulations once non-uniformities in the magnetic field were taken into account. We note that the external magnetic field can be changed to achieve beam scanning. This is unlike traditional LWAs that achieve beamscanning via frequency control.
The empire of capital and the remaking of centre–periphery relations

Through most of the second half of the 20th century the idea of ‘development’ served as a key conceptual marker for understanding global hierarchies of wealth and power. The development initiative acquired epochal significance at the intersection of three world-historical processes: the transition in the regulation of economic activity from laissez-faire to nationally managed economies; the dismantling of colonial empires and the emergence of a Third World; and the shift in the locus of hegemony from Britain to the USA, and the parallel cold war bifurcation of the world order. The promise and optimism generated by development was unevenly sustained during the long postwar boom, although the subsequent downturn altered many of the co-ordinates within which development was conceived, but outside which it could not survive. In this context, neoliberal globalisation has emerged as a new, albeit tenuous, framework for articulating global hierarchies. By historicising the development framework, and its links to...
Liver Transplantation for Malignancy

Liver transplantation for hepatic malignancies has emerged from an exotic and desperate approach to a well-documented and proven treatment modality for these unfortunate patients. However, early unsatisfactory results emphasized that only a highly selected patient population would benefit from transplantation. Currently, <10% of all liver transplants performed are for hepatocellular cancer (HCC). There is no controversy that hepatoblastoma is an excellent indication in pediatric patients with unresectable tumors. Similarly, liver transplantation for HCC in the adult population yields good results for patients whose tumor masses do not exceed the Milan criteria. It remains to be determined whether patients with more extensive tumors can be reliably selected to benefit from the procedure. Adjunctive procedures like radiofrequency ablation, chemoembolization, or cryotherapy might be indicated to limit tumor progression for patients on waiting lists. Epitheloid hemangioendothelioma is also an appropriate indication for liver transplantation, unlike angiosarcoma. Metastatic liver disease is not an indication for liver transplantation, with the exception of cases in which the primary is a neuroendocrine tumor, for which liver transplantation can result in long-term survival and even cure in a number of patients. And finally, while gallbladder cancers are never an indication for liver transplantation, rare cases of cholangiocellular cancer might qualify if aggressive combination therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by OLT, are carried through. Survival in these selected patients can approach that for patients with cholestatic liver disease.
Friendship and Romantic Relationships Among Emerging Adults With and Without Type 1 Diabetes

Objective To examine whether friendship and romantic relationships of emerging adults with type 1 diabetes differed from those of a comparison group, and to determine whether these relationships were associated with psychological and diabetes health outcomes. Methods High school seniors with (n = 122) and without (n = 118) type 1 diabetes were assessed annually for 3 years. Friend and romantic relationship variables, psychological distress, life satisfaction, eating disturbances, and, for those with diabetes, diabetes outcomes were assessed. Results Those with diabetes reported less friend support but similar friend conflict compared with controls. Aspects of romantic relationships and friend relationships were associated with health outcomes, but there were more effects involving romantic relationships. On some indices, romantic support was more beneficial for controls and romantic conflict was more troublesome for those with diabetes. Conclusions Both friendship and romantic relationships were associated with psychological and diabetes outcomes among emerging adults.
Green economy and carbon markets for conservation and development: a critical view

Green economy aims to use economic rationality and market mechanisms to mute the most ecologically damaging effects of globalized capitalism while reviving economic growth in the global North, fostering development in the South, and decoupling economic growth from environmental decline. An archetypal application of green economy is transnational trade in ecosystem services, including reduced emissions for deforestation and degradation (REDD+). By compensating developing countries for maintaining forests as carbon sinks, this approach is meant to transcend politics and circumvent conflicts over the responsibilities of industrialized and ‘less-developed’ countries that have stymied global climate policy. However, carbon-offset trading is unlikely to result in lower greenhouse gas emissions, much less combined conservation and development gains. The troubled record of payment for environmental services and other schemes or commodification of nature illustrates that living ecosocial systems do not fit the requirements of market contracts. Disputes over proto-REDD+ projects point to the dangers that REDD+ will disadvantage or dispossess rural communities and distract attention from underlying causes of forest and livelihood loss. Two decades of all-but-futile climate negotiations have shown that global warming cannot be managed by means of technocratic expertise nor dealt with separately from the politics of inequality and the paradox of economic growth. The deceptive promise of greening with growth can blind us to these realities. Counter-hegemonic discourses to growth-centered green economy under the headings of buen vivir, mainly in the global South, and degrowth, mainly in the global North, therefore merit attention.
Genome Organization: Human

The human nuclear genome is a highly complex arrangement of two sets of 23 chromosomes, or DNA molecules. There are various types of DNA sequences and chromosomal arrangements, including single-copy protein-encoding genes, repetitive sequences and spacer DNA. Keywords: human genome; genome organization; DNA sequence complexity; gene families; chromosomes
Scydmepitoxis gen. n., a new genus of Cyrtoscydmini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae) from Australia

A new Australian genus of Cyrtoscydmini, Scydmepitoxis gen. n. with a single species S. paradoxa sp. n. is described from New South Wales. A remarkable character of the new genus is a deep sub-basal constriction of the pronotum. The morphology of Scydmepitoxis is described and illustrated in detail, and its diagnostic characters are discussed. Possible affinities with Sciacharis and Sciacharoides are suggested.
Four Decades of Conservation Research

The context of this chapter is well put by Erich Wittmann in introducing one of his own papers: The epistemology of natural numbers has been a subject of discussion since Helmholtz, Frege, Russell, Poincare up to Hilbert, Brouwer and Weyl. This includes questions as to whether the ordinal or cardinal aspect is constitutive for number, whether number is an a priori entity as believed by Poincare and the intuitionists, or reducible to logic as claimed by Frege and Russell. As a paradigm of long standing for the epistemological problem, that of natural number kept the status of a controversial question depending on different philosophical views, as long as it remained within philosophy—indeed philosophy does not know means to remove these differences. A way out was shown by J. Piaget’s genetic epistemology, which is based on the equality of developmental mechanisms both in the genesis of science and the individual, and consequently transforms the epistemological problem of natural number into an empirical problem, namely that of exploring the psychogenesis of the number concept. (Wittmann, 1975, p. 53)
Cool-season grasses produce more total biomass across the growing season than do warm-season grasses when managed with an applied irrigation gradient

Abstract Warm-season grasses have shown great potential for biomass production. However, their productivity under irrigated conditions has not been thoroughly documented. This study evaluated the biomass production potential and production stability of a number of warm- and cool-season grasses across an irrigation gradient. Under the multiple-harvest management strategy, the cool-season grasses were most productive across the entire growing season. Nevertheless, when considering only the summer harvests, the switchgrass and big bluestem entries were the most productive, although the lowland cultivar Alamo did not perform well under the conditions. Overall, cool-season grasses were clearly the most productive for total biomass production across the growing season. However, based on the high biomass production of switchgrass, this species may have potential as a high-producing option for animal feed during the summer months when the cool-season grasses are unproductive.
Autoinhibition of the kinesin-2 motor KIF17 via dual intramolecular mechanisms

Long-distance transport in cells is driven by kinesin and dynein motors that move along microtubule tracks. These motors must be tightly regulated to ensure the spatial and temporal fidelity of their transport events. Transport motors of the kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 families are regulated by autoinhibition, but little is known about the mechanisms that regulate kinesin-2 motors. We show that the homodimeric kinesin-2 motor KIF17 is kept in an inactive state in the absence of cargo. Autoinhibition is caused by a folded conformation that enables nonmotor regions to directly contact and inhibit the enzymatic activity of the motor domain. We define two molecular mechanisms that contribute to autoinhibition of KIF17. First, the C-terminal tail interferes with microtubule binding; and second, a coiled-coil segment blocks processive motility. The latter is a new mechanism for regulation of kinesin motors. This work supports the model that autoinhibition is a general mechanism for regulation of kinesin motors involved in intracellular trafficking events.
Digital Doppler measurement with spacecraft

Digital and analog phase-locked loop (PLL) receivers were operated in parallel, each tracking the residual carrier from a spacecraft. The PLL tracked the downlink carrier and measured its instantaneous phase. This information, combined with a knowledge of the uplink carrier and the transponder ratio, permitted the computation of a Doppler observable. In this way, two separate Doppler measurements were obtained for one observation window. The two receivers agreed on the magnitude of the Doppler effect to within 1 mHz. There was less jitter on the data from the digital receiver. This was due to its smaller noise bandwidth. The demonstration and its results are described. >
Compensation of CMOS op-amps using split-length transistors

Theoretical and experimental results are presented for op-amp compensation using split-length transistors. By using split-length devices the right-half plane zero which plagues op-amp performance can be eliminated. Experimental results indicate substantial enhancements in speed while reducing power consumption and layout area. Further, these techniques can be used to compensate op-amps when using small supply voltage (VDD).
IS “WHY BE MORAL?” A PSEUDO‐QUESTION?: HOSPERS AND THORNTON ON THE AMORALIST'S CHALLENGE

Many arguments have been advanced for the view that "Why be moral?" is a pseudo-question. In this paper I address one of the most widely known and influential of them, one that comes from John Hospers and J. C. Thornton. I do so partly because, strangely, an important phase of that argument has escaped close attention. It warrants such attention because, firstly, not only is it important to the argument in which it appears, it is important in wider respects. For instance, if it is sound it has weighty consequences even if the argument in which it figures fails. Secondly, it is not sound; it succumbs to a simple objection.
Calcium and Vitamin D Intakes in Relation to Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women

The authors examined intakes of calcium and vitamin D, and interaction with retinol, in relation to risk of adenoma of the distal colon or rectum among 48,115 US women who were free of colorectal cancer or polyps, completed a food frequency questionnaire in 1980, and underwent endoscopy by 2002. They documented 2,747 cases of adenoma (1,064 large, 1,531 small, 2,085 distal colon, and 779 rectal). Total calcium intake was weakly associated with distal colorectal adenoma risk (multivariable relative risk (RR) for extreme quintiles = 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74, 1.04; p(trend) = 0.06), particularly for large adenoma (RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.96; p(trend) = 0.02). Total vitamin D intake was weakly associated with reduced risk of distal colorectal adenoma (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63, 0.99; p(trend) = 0.07), but more strongly with distal colon adenoma risk (RR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.87; p(trend) = 0.004). The combinations of high vitamin D and low retinol intake (RR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.28, 1.10) further decreased risk of distal colorectal adenoma when compared with the opposite extreme. Higher total calcium and vitamin D intakes were associated with reduced risk, and the actions of vitamin D may be attenuated by high retinol intake.
Classification and Characterization of Tropical Precipitation Based on High-Resolution Airborne Vertical Incidence Radar. Part I: Classification

Airborne measurements of vertical incidence radar reflectivity and radial velocity are analyzed for some 21 231 km of high-altitude flight tracks over tropical precipitation systems, in order to describe their characteristic vertical structure. The strength of the radar dataset lies in its superb vertical resolution, sufficient to detect unambiguously a bright band and the coincident Doppler velocity change, which identify the melting layer in stratiform precipitation. In this first of a two-part study, a technique based on the detection of this stratiform precipitation signature is developed to classify hydrometer profiles as convective, stratiform, or shallow. Even though the profiles are classified individually, stratiform and convective regions emerge, whose characteristics are described. The hydrometeor vertical velocity variability is smaller in stratiform profiles, which is consistent with the physical concept of a stratiform region. The purpose of the classification is to describe, in Part II, the composite vertical structure of the various rain types in hurricanes, as well as in isolated to organized precipitating convection sampled in Florida and Brazil.
High-Grade Glioma/Glioblastoma Multiforme: Is There a Role for Photodynamic Therapy?

In the United States, the 5-year survival rate for patients of all ages with all types of brain tumors is approximately 20%, with the scale skewed toward even poorer survival in patients with gliomas. Although surgery and radiotherapy are primary treatment options, surgery is rarely curative and radiotherapy has had little impact on overall survival. Predominantly studied in adults with advanced high-grade gliomas, photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a paradigmatic shift in the treatment of brain tumors. With no clear standard of care for brain tumors, PDT may emerge as a potential alternative, although challenges regarding its clinical use remain and studies confirming its promise are necessary.
Superomedial submucosal partial arytenoidectomy for improved posterior glottic closure: surgical technique and case presentation.

Objective:Endoscopic medial partial arytenoidectomy has been described previously for expansion of the posterior glottic airway in bilateral vocal fold paralysis. Superomedial submucosal partial arytenoidectomy (SSPA), a modification of this technique, can improve glottic closure in the setting of an obstructing anteromedially prolapsed arytenoid. We present our surgical technique and a case example.Methods and Results:A 45-year-old man presented with dysphonia attributable to unilateral true vocal fold paralysis. Laryngoscopy revealed right true vocal fold atrophy and an anteriorly prolapsed right arytenoid cartilage preventing posterior glottic closure during adduction. Right SSPA and ipsilateral vocal fold injection augmentation were performed without complication. One-month and 11-month postoperative evaluations showed marked improvement in voice, with complete glottic closure. Quality-of-life assessment and patient report showed a durable result at 50 months.Conclusion:SSPA may be a valuable techniqu...
Behaviorally Relevant Abstract Object Identity Representation in the Human Parietal Cortex.

The representation of object identity is fundamental to human vision. Using fMRI and multivoxel pattern analysis, here we report the representation of highly abstract object identity information in human parietal cortex. Specifically, in superior intraparietal sulcus (IPS), a region previously shown to track visual short-term memory capacity, we found object identity representations for famous faces varying freely in viewpoint, hairstyle, facial expression, and age; and for well known cars embedded in different scenes, and shown from different viewpoints and sizes. Critically, these parietal identity representations were behaviorally relevant as they closely tracked the perceived face-identity similarity obtained in a behavioral task. Meanwhile, the task-activated regions in prefrontal and parietal cortices (excluding superior IPS) did not exhibit such abstract object identity representations. Unlike previous studies, we also failed to observe identity representations in posterior ventral and lateral visual object-processing regions, likely due to the greater amount of identity abstraction demanded by our stimulus manipulation here. Our MRI slice coverage precluded us from examining identity representation in anterior temporal lobe, a likely region for the computing of identity information in the ventral region. Overall, we show that human parietal cortex, part of the dorsal visual processing pathway, is capable of holding abstract and complex visual representations that are behaviorally relevant. These results argue against a “content-poor” view of the role of parietal cortex in attention. Instead, the human parietal cortex seems to be “content rich” and capable of directly participating in goal-driven visual information representation in the brain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The representation of object identity (including faces) is fundamental to human vision and shapes how we interact with the world. Although object representation has traditionally been associated with human occipital and temporal cortices, here we show, by measuring fMRI response patterns, that a region in the human parietal cortex can robustly represent task-relevant object identities. These representations are invariant to changes in a host of visual features, such as viewpoint, and reflect an abstract level of representation that has not previously been reported in the human parietal cortex. Critically, these neural representations are behaviorally relevant as they closely track the perceived object identities. Human parietal cortex thus participates in the moment-to-moment goal-directed visual information representation in the brain.