cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Correlative Study of Hepatic Selenium Levels and Depletion Rates with the Onset of Selenium-Vitamin E Deficiency Disease in the Chick

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the correlation between time of onset of selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) deficiency disease and hepatic selenium (Se) levels in young chicks. Experiment 1 was a protection trial evaluating the influence of several dietary supplements on mortality, survival time, and terminal Se levels. The mean initial hepatic Se content in day-old chicks used in this trial was 0.69 p.p.m.. There was 100% mortality in the chicks fed the basal Se-E deficient diet for twenty-two days with mortalities beginning on diet day 14. Chicks dying of Se-E deficiency had hepatic Se levels of less than 0.20 p.p.m. Chicks fed the deficient diet supplemented with high levels of vitamin E (100 I.U./kg.) had low mean terminal hepatic Se levels (0.06 p.p.m.) and a high incidence of pancreatic lesions comparable to those observed in chicks that died after consuming only the basal diet but no clinical disease developed during the 26 day trial. These results demonstrate synergism between vitamin E and Se and suggest that this synergism is not due to the maintenance of normal tissue Se levels by vitamin E. Chicks fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.20 p.p.m. Se, as selenite, were protected from the development of either clinical disease or lesions of Se-E deficiency and mean hepatic Se content remained high (0.56 p.p.m.). Experiment 2 compared hepatic Se depletion rates and time of onset of lesions of Se-E deficiency in three groups of newly hatched chicks from different Indiana hatcheries and with differing initial hepatic Se levels. Hepatic Se depletion occurred more rapidly in chicks with higher initial hepatic stores. By the end of the second week of the depletion period mean hepatic Se levels among the three groups were comparable (approximately 0.20 p.p.m.). Clinical signs of Se-E deficiency were seen after 18 to 20 days when mean hepatic Se levels had dropped to 0.11–0.17 p.p.m. These results suggest that Se supplementation of breeding hens would appear to be an inefficient and probably ineffective method when used alone as a preventative measure against the development of Se deficiency disease in chicks.
Nitric Oxide Regulation of Autonomic Function in Heart Failure

Nitric oxide (NO) functions at all levels of the autonomic nervous system to influence sympathetic and parasympathetic control of cardiovascular function. It modulates the excitability of peripheral sensory and motor neurons of cardiovascular reflexes and the central neurons that integrate their function. Its effects within this system are diverse and site specific and are (at many levels) not well defined. However, most evidence suggests that the neuromodulator’s influence acts to restrain sympathetic outflow and facilitate parasympathetic outflow. In chronic heart failure, these functional effects of NO are impaired or downregulated and contribute to the state of sympathetic overactivation and parasympathetic deactivation characterized by the disease. The cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating NO production and signaling in the autonomic nervous system in the normal and chronic heart failure state are summarized and discussed in light of their therapeutic implications. This review also emphasizes questions of regulation of NO function in the autonomic nervous system that remain unresolved.
Dying and Decision Making — Evolution of End-of-Life Options

I recently helped my father to die. He was an engineer, independent, always on the go and in charge. He began to deteriorate rapidly from an ill-defined dementing illness, and his confusion and intermittent agitation did not respond to the standard treatments that were tried. He had made his wishes clear about avoiding any prolongation of his dying, but now he had lost the capacity to make decisions for himself. Furthermore, we did not know whether his remaining life span was measured in months or years. He was unable to sleep or relax at night, despite trials of neuroleptics, antidepressants, . . .
An approach to the use of stable isotopes for DNA sequencing

The sequencing of DNA by current procedures involves the use of radioisotopic or fluorescent labels. We propose that stable isotopes can be used as such labels and that the large number of stable isotopes available would allow multiplexing so that many DNA segments could be sequenced simultaneously. We have developed methods to use 57Fe2O3 to synthesize ferrocene and to attach the ferrocene to the 5' end of oligonucleotides. The 57Fe-labeled M13 universal primer functioned normally in a Sanger sequencing procedure. When a 57Fe-labeled oligonucleotide had migrated on a polyacrylamide gel it was readily located on the dried gel by scanning with resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) coupled with mass spectrometry. Using a 57Fe-labeled primer in a PCR reaction a 2000-bp DNA was produced that was detected by RIS on nylon membrane after agarose electrophoresis. The rapid analysis features of RIS coupled with the multispectral multiplexing possibilities of stable isotopes should significantly increase the rate of determination of DNA sequences.
Neurospora crassa glycogen phosphorylase: Characterization and kinetics via a new radiochemical assay for phosphorolysis

Abstract Purified glycogen phosphorylase (α-1, 4-glucan:orthophosphate glucosyl transferase, E.C.2.4.1.1.) from Neurospora crassa shows a specific activity of 51 units/mg protein when measured in the direction of phosphorolysis by a new radiochemical assay. This compares to 148 units/mg protein when assayed in the direction of glycogen synthesis. The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.5–8.0. Fluoride and pCMB are inhibitory. Glycogen, dextrin, and amylopectin are equally good substrates in the direction of phosphorolysis. In the synthesis direction glycogen was a superior primer. The enzyme follows normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to phosphate and glycogen. The Km values for phosphate and glycogen are 2.6–3.1 × 10−2 m and 4.0 mg/ml respectively. Each Km value was independent of the concentration of the second substrate. AMP at 1.5 × 10−4 m increased the Vmax 30% but had no effect on the Km values. Glucose-6-phosphate (Ki = 2.5–5.0 × 10−3 m) and UDPG (Ki = 4.4–5.5 × 10−3 m) are competitive inhibitors with respect to phosphate, as are ADPG and TDPG. UDPG and glucose-6-phosphate are both noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to glycogen. The inhibition of phosphorylase by UDPG and glucose-6-phosphate may play an important regulatory role in vivo. Arsenate was competitive with phosphate and noncompetitive with glycogen (Ki = 4–9 × 10−3 m). The enzyme was stabilized by glycogen and phosphate (but not by glucose-1-phosphate) against denaturation at 30 °. Rabbit muscle phosphorylase α phosphatase failed to convert the enzyme into an AMP-dependent form.
A revealed preference test for weakly separable utility maximization with incomplete adjustment

Abstract Functional structure is an important issue in many areas of economics. We suggest a nonparametric revealed preference test for weakly separable utility maximization that permits category incomplete adjustment within the period under study. This test is an extension of the necessary and sufficient condition for weakly separable utility maximization developed by Varian (1983). We implement this test and identify a quarterly economic monetary aggregate. This is the first implementation that we know about of any revealed preference necessary and sufficient condition for weakly separable utility maximization. We also perform sensitivity analyses of the test and find it to be reasonably robust.
Hprt mutant frequency and molecular analysis of Hprt mutations in Fischer 344 rats treated with thiotepa

Thiotepa is a bifunctional alkylating anticancer drug that is a rodent carcinogen and a suspected human carcinogen. In order to determine the sensitivity of mutant induction in the Hprt lymphocyte assay for detecting tumorigenic doses of thiotepa, Fischer 344 rats were treated for 4 weeks with thiotepa using a procedure adapted from a carcinogenesis protocol. At various times after beginning the treatment regimen, rats were killed and the lymphocyte Hprt assay was performed on splenic lymphocytes isolated from the animals. The 6-thioguanine-resistant T lymphocyte mutant frequency increased with time during the period of thiotepa exposure and declined slightly thereafter. Significant dose-dependent increases in mutant frequency were found using concentrations of thiotepa that eventually result in lymphoproliferative tumors. Hprt mRNA from mutant lymphocytes was reverse transcribed to cDNA, amplified by PCR and examined for mutations by DNA sequencing. This analysis indicated that the major type of point mutation was G:C-->T:A transversion and that 33% of the mutants contained simple or complex frameshifts. Also, a multiplex PCR performed on DNA from mutant clones that were expanded in vitro indicated that 34% of the clones had deletions in the Hprt gene. These results indicate that the induction of lymphocyte Hprt mutants is a sensitive biomarker for the carcinogenicity of thiotepa and that the types of mutations found in the lymphocyte Hprt gene reflect the kinds of DNA damage produced by thiotepa.
Adult lipids associated with early life growth in traditional melanesian societies undergoing rapid modernization: A longitudinal study of the mid-20th century

Both poor fetal development and accelerated post-natal growth have been linked to adult dyslipidemias in many studies conducted in developed societies. It is not known, however, whether these relationships only characterize populations with typical Western diets or if they also may develop in groups at the early stages of a dietary transition. Our longitudinal study of traditional rural populations in the Southwest Pacific during a period of extremely rapid modernization in diet and life-styles shows a nascent association between child growth retardation, subsequent growth acceleration, and adult lipid values in spite of a continuing prevalence of very low lipid levels. However, our results do not entirely conform to results from populations with “modern” diets. Outcome (i.e., young adult) cholesterol and triglyceride levels are more consistently related to initial measures of body fat and growth in body fat measures than with stature, while outcome apo A-1 is more consistently related to initial stature or stature growth than to measures of body fat. We suggest this may reflect a pattern characteristic of the initial stages of “modernization” associated with dietary change, with stronger and more pervasive relationships emerging only later as populations complete the dietary transition. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:551–558, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On reduced neighborhood mutation analysis using a single mutagenic operator

Mutation analysis evaluates the quality of a test suite based on its ability to reveal simple faults, termed mutations, injected in the program under test. Unfortunately, the need to execute many slightly different versions, or mutants, of a program makes mutation analysis a computationally expensive technique. This paper reports on a promising approach that reduces the cost of mutation analysis by reducing the number of mutants that need to be executed.
Phase I and II enzyme polymorphisms as risk factors for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Although several studies have examined the association between phase I/II enzyme polymorphisms and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and/or Barrett's esophagus (BE), their overall findings remain unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether phase I/II polymorphisms are independent risk factors for either BE or EAC. We employed keyword searches in multiple databases to identify studies published before October 1, 2007. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) examined in > or =3 studies were meta-analyzed to obtain a pooled estimate of effect. Meta-analysis suggested the minor allele for GSTP1 Val(105) conveys modest excess risk (odds ratio [OR](BE)= 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-1.95; OR(EAC)= 1.20, 95% CI 0.94-1.54). No excess risk was observed with GSTM1 null (OR(BE)= 0.77, 95% CI: 0.56-1.08; OR(EAC)= 1.08, 95% CI: 0.79-1.48), GSTT1 null (OR(BE)= 1.35, 95% CI: 0.91-2.01; OR(EAC)= 0.84, 95% CI: 0.48-1.49), or CYP1A Val(462) (OR(EAC)= 0.89, 95% CI: 0.40-1.97). Insufficient data existed to meta-analyze remaining SNPs. Our review identified GSTP1(Ile105Val) as a possible risk factor for BE and EAC in Caucasian males. No excess risk was observed for other phase I/II polymorphisms with sufficient data to meta-analyze. Additional studies are needed to determine if GSTP1 conveys excess risk in females or non-Caucasians and to evaluate other phase I/II polymorphisms.
Branches in the lines of descent: Charles Darwin and the evolution of the species concept

Charles Darwin introduced a novel idea into the concept of species, namely that species are branches in the lines of descent (segments of population lineages). In addition to this novel evolutionary component, Darwin's species concept also retained an older taxonomic component, namely the view that the species category is a taxonomic rank; moreover, he adopted amount of difference as a criterion for ranking lineages as species. Subsequent biologists retained both components of Darwin's species concept, although they replaced Darwin's ranking criterion with ranking criteria that either are more objectively defined or relate more directly to the biological bases of lineage separation and divergence. Numerous alternative ranking criteria were proposed, resulting in a proliferation of species definitions and a controversy concerning the concept of species. That controversy can be resolved by distinguishing more explicitly between the theoretical concept of species and the operational criteria that are used to apply the concept in practice. By viewing the various alternative ranking criteria as operational indicators of lineage separation rather than necessary properties of species, the conflicts among competing species concepts are eliminated, resulting in a unified concept of species. A brief examination of the history of biology reveals that an important shift related to the unified species concept has been emerging ever since Darwin reformulated the concept of species with an evolutionary basis. The species category is effectively being decoupled from the hierarchy of taxonomic ranks and transferred to the hierarchy of biological organization. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 103, 19–35.
CD40 Ligand: A Novel Target in the Fight against Cardiovascular Disease

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the role of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes (ACS), as well as describe relevant clinical literature evaluating the effects of pharmacotherapeutic agents on CD40L expression and soluble CD40L levels.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE and EMBASE search (1966–September 2003) was conducted using the key terms CD40, CD40 ligand, platelets, inflammation, and drug therapy. Additional primary literature was identified by reviewing the reference lists of relevant original and review papers.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All articles identified in the search were evaluated, and those deemed relevant were incorporated into the review.DATA SYNTHESIS:CD40L is a transmembrane protein expressed on T cells, B cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and activated platelets. It is also found in plasma as a soluble protein, sCD40L. As a consequence of CD40L binding to its receptor (CD40), ...
Political Activist As Participant Observer: Conflicts Of Commitment In A Study Of The Draft Resistance Movement Of The 1960's*

In studying the draft resistance movement of the 1960's the author combined sociological observation with active and politically committed participation in the movement. The resulting conflicts of loyalty were rooted in basic characteristics of the movement, and of field research as a way of being in and experiencing the world. There were conflicts between political and research goals in daily decisions about how to allocate time and energy, and in larger choices about whether to take risks and to more fully join the community of fate of the movement. The role of researcher became a retreat, expressing limits to involvement and risk-taking, and providing a point of outside leverage which full participants lacked. The movement's ways of defining and interpreting experience ran counter to the more detached and routihizing perspectives of sociology. Conflicts between being a committed participant and an observing sociologist culminated in a sense of betraying the movement, and raised basic questions about uses, organization, and types of knowledge.
Impact of donor MHC class I or class II antigen deficiency on first‐ and second‐set rejection of mouse heart or liver allografts

The influence of donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I- or class II-deficiency on the initiation of first- and second-set rejection of mouse heart and liver allografts was examined. C3H (H-2k) mice received heterotopic cardiac or orthotopic liver grafts from unmodified B10 (H-2b), B6 (H-2b), b2m (H-2b; class I deficient) or AB0 (H-2b; class II deficient) donors. Organ survival was also investigated in C3H recipients that had been presensitized by a normal B10 skin graft 2-3 weeks before heart or liver transplantation. The absence of cell surface MHC class I or class II resulted in significant prolongation of primary cardiac allograft survival. Three of seven (43%) MHC class I-deficient, and two of five (40%) class II-deficient heart grafts were accepted indefinitely (survival time > 100 days). Thus both MHC class I and class II molecules appear to be important for the elicitation of first-set rejection in the heart allograft model. All liver allografts survived > 100 days in normal recipients. In C3H recipients that had been presensitized by a B10 skin graft, however, both heart and liver grafts from AB0 (class II deficient) donors underwent accelerated rejection (median survival time [MST] 3 and 4 days, respectively). In contrast, liver grafts from class I-deficient mice (b2m) were still accepted indefinitely by B10 skin-presensitized C3H recipients, whereas class I-deficient hearts survived significantly longer than those from class II-deficient or normal donors. These data demonstrate that the expression of donor MHC class I, and not class II is crucial in initiating second-set organ allograft rejection. In vitro monitoring revealed that at the time of organ transplant, both splenocytes and serum of the skin-presensitized animals displayed high cytotoxicity against AB0 (class II-deficient) but not against b2m (class I-deficient) targets.
An Empirical Analysis of the Public's Attitudes Toward Advertising Hospital Services: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

This study investigates current opinions about hospital advertising and compares them to the attitudes expressed 25 years ago. It replicates a survey done in 1985, using the same questionnaire and population to compare responses longitudinally. The study indicates some changes in the public's opinions of hospital advertising. Although the image of hospitals remains positive, most of the 2010 respondents' opinions were rather mixed regarding whether it is proper for hospitals to advertise. The study also confirmed that the quality of service and reputation of hospitals remain more important to the public than price.
A convex model and L1 minimization for musical noise reduction in blind source separation

Blind source separation (BSS) methods are useful tools to recover or enhance in- dividual speech sources from their mixtures in a multi-talker environment. A class of efficient BSS methods are based on the mutual exclusion hypothesis of the source signal Fourier spectra on the time- frequency (TF) domain, and subsequent data clustering and classification. Though such methodology is simple, the discontinuous decisions in the TF domain for classification often cause defects in the recovered signals in the time domain. The defects are perceived as unpleasant ringing sounds, the so called musical noise. Post-processing is desired for further quality enhancement. In this paper, an efficient musical noise reduction method is presented based on a convex model of time-domain sparse filters. The sparse filters are intended to cancel out the interference due to major sparse peaks in the mixing coefficients or physically the early arrival and high energy portion of the room impulse responses. This strategy is efficiently carried out by l1 regularization and the split Bregman method. Evaluations by both synthetic and room recorded speech and music data show that our method outperforms existing musical noise reduction methods in terms of objective and subjective measures. Our method can be used as a post-processing tool for more general and recent versions of TF domain BSS methods as well.
Emotional expressiveness in visual-sonic integration: a framework for multimedia design

A review of studies from psychology, music and cognitive science suggests that emotional expressiveness from the perception of visual and sonic information is comprised of two dimensions - valence and activation. These two dimensions can be used as a framework to guide design for emotional expressiveness in multimedia. This paper discusses the formation of this theoretically derived framework.
Are in-dwelling catheters necessary for 24 hours after hysterectomy?

Abstract OBJECTIVE: In-dwelling catheters for 24 hours after operation are used routinely in gynecologic surgery. This study assesses whether the immediate removal of an in-dwelling catheter after the operation affects the rate of recatheterization, febrile morbidity, symptomatic urinary tract infections, or subjective pain assessments. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a prospective randomized controlled trial comprised of 250 women who underwent hysterectomy and who did not require bladder suspension or strict fluid treatment. The in-dwelling catheter was removed either immediately after the operation or on the first day after the operation. The association between clinical variables and the length of catheterization were assessed by chi-squared analysis. RESULTS: Patients were assigned randomly into 2 groups, with no significant differences in the outcomes, only in the perception of pain. Clinical events included fever (≥38.5°C) that occurred in 6 patients in the in-dwelling catheter group compared with 5 patients in the early removal group ( P =.01), symptomatic urinary tract infections in 3 patients in both groups ( P =.99), and recatheterization in 3 patients in the in-dwelling catheter group compared with 5 patients in the early removal group ( P =.17). Subjectively, patients in the early removal group reported significantly less pain than did the in-dwelling group ( P CONCLUSION: The early removal of in-dwelling catheters after operation was not associated with an increased rate of febrile events, urinary tract infections, or need for recatheterization. In addition, subjective pain assessment was significantly less in the early removal group. Early removal of an in-dwelling catheter immediately after operation is not associated with adverse events.
The Horizons Are Receding

Not quite ten years had passed since Bruno’s tragic death when an event took place that would completely vindicate him and his master, Copernicus. On January 7, 1610, Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), by then already a renowned scientist, aimed his new telescope at the planet Jupiter. To his amazement, he found the planet surrounded by four small objects, which he correctly identified as satellites circling their parent body. He named them the Medicean Stars, in honor of the Medici family in whose service Galileo hoped to be employed. Here, then, was an entire solar system in miniature—a retinue of small bodies circling a large one—and it gave strong, though indirect, support to the theory of a heliocentric system (which even at that time was far from being universally accepted). Even stronger evidence came when Galileo discovered that Venus, a planet closer to the sun than the earth, exhibits phases like the moon—a convincing proof that it must be circling the sun and not the earth.1 He then directed his telescope (he called it a “spyglass”) at the moon and saw sights never seen before by the human eye—a heavenly body crisscrossed by valleys and mountains, by flat plains, and by “seas”—in short, an imperfect world not unlike our own and a far cry from the perfect crystal spheres of the Greeks.
Transplantation of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in an animal model of diffuse traumatic axonal injury: Survival and differentiation

Diffuse axonal injury is an extremely common type of traumatic brain injury encountered in motor vehicle crashes, sports injuries, and in combat. Although many cases of diffuse axonal injury result in chronic disability, there are no current treatments for this condition. Its basic lesion, traumatic axonal injury, has been aggressively modeled in primate and rodent animal models. The inexorable axonal and perikaryal degeneration and dysmyelination often encountered in traumatic axonal injury calls for regenerative therapies, including therapies based on stem cells and precursors. Here we explore the proof of concept that treatments based on transplants of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells can replace or remodel myelin and, eventually, contribute to axonal regeneration in traumatic axonal injury. We derived human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from the human embryonic stem cell line H9, purified and characterized them. We then transplanted these human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into the deep sensorimotor cortex next to the corpus callosum of nude rats subjected to traumatic axonal injury based on the impact acceleration model of Marmarou. We explored the time course and spatial distribution of differentiation and structural integration of these cells in rat forebrain. At the time of transplantation, over 90 % of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells expressed A2B5, PDGFR, NG2, O4, Olig2 and Sox10, a profile consistent with their progenitor or early oligodendrocyte status. After transplantation, these cells survived well and migrated massively via the corpus callosum in both injured and uninjured brains. Human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells displayed a striking preference for white matter tracts and were contained almost exclusively in the corpus callosum and external capsule, the striatopallidal striae, and cortical layer 6. Over 3 months, human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells progressively matured into myelin basic protein(+) and adenomatous polyposis coli protein(+) oligodendrocytes. The injured environment in the corpus callosum of impact acceleration subjects tended to favor maturation of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Electron microscopy revealed that mature transplant-derived oligodendrocytes ensheathed host axons with spiral wraps intimately associated with myelin sheaths. Our findings suggest that, instead of differentiating locally, human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells migrate massively along white matter tracts and differentiate extensively into ensheathing oligodendrocytes. These features make them appealing candidates for cellular therapies of diffuse axonal injury aiming at myelin remodeling and axonal protection or regeneration.
Tachyarrhythmia threshold of ischemic heart in 3-dimensional computer model

A three-dimensional (3-D) computer model of electrical propagation through an ischemic heart is presented. Thirty-eight slices through a real dog heart are discretized into 9532 1.5-mm-sided cubic elements to form the anatomical basis of the model. Each element can be in one of five states: absolutely refractory, three relative refractory states, and an excitable state. Propagation from an excited element to its neighbors occurs in 3-D with varying velocities, depending upon the current state of those neighbors. Ischemia in a specific region of the heart in this model is represented by a reduction in conduction velocities in that region. By varying both the number of extra-stimuli applied to the heart and the severity of the ischemia, this model simulates transitions into sustained, as well as spontaneously terminating, ventricular tachycardias and fibrillations. In addition, this model demonstrates that the threshold for sustained tachyarrhythmia decreases as the ischemia becomes more severe. >
Overlapping numerical cognition impairments in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion or Turner syndromes

Children with one of two genetic disorders (chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and Turner syndrome) as well typically developing controls, participated in three cognitive processing experiments. Two experiments were designed to test cognitive processes involved in basic aspects numerical cognition. The third was a test of simple manual motor reaction time. Despite significant differences in global intellectual abilities, as measured by IQ tests, performance on the two numerical cognition tasks differed little between the two groups of children with genetic disorders. However, both performed significantly more poorly than did controls. The pattern of results are consistent with the hypothesis that impairments were not due to global intellectual ability but arose in specific cognitive functions required by different conditions within the tasks. The fact that no group differences were found in the reaction time task, despite significant differences in the standardized processing speed measure, further supports the interpretation that specific cognitive processing impairments and not global intellectual or processing speed impairments explain the pattern of results. The similarity in performance on these tasks of children with unrelated genetic disorders counters the view that numerical cognition is under any direct genetic control. Instead, our findings are consistent with the view that disturbances in foundational spatiotemporal cognitive functions contribute to the development of atypical representations and processes in the domains of basic magnitude comparison and simple numerical enumeration.
Plant Peroxisome Multiplication: Highly Regulated and Still Enigmatic

Plant peroxisomes play a key role in numerous physiological processes and are able to adapt to environmental changes by altering their content, morphology, and abundance. Peroxisomes can multiply through elongation, constriction, and fission; this process requires the action of conserved, as well as species-specific proteins. Genetic and morphological analyses have been used with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to determine at the mechanistic level how plant peroxisomes increase their abundance. The five-member PEX11 family promotes early steps of peroxisome multiplication with an unknown mechanism and some subfamily specificities. The dynamin-related protein (DRP)3 subfamily of dynamin-related large guanosine triphosphatases mediates late steps of both peroxisomal and mitochondrial multiplication. New genetic and biochemical tools will be needed to identify additional, especially plant-specific, constituents of the peroxisome multiplication pathways.
THE PRESERVATION OF VIRULENT TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND TREPONEMA PERTENUE IN THE FROZEN STATE; WITH A NOTE ON THE PRESERVATION OF FILTRABLE VIRUSES

1. A simple method for freezing and maintaining tissue specimens in a mixture of solid carbon dioxide and 95 per cent ethyl alcohol at a temperature approximating -78 degrees C. is described. 2. When frozen and maintained at this temperature Treponema pallidum and Treponema pertenue, upon thawing, exhibited normal morphology and motility and their virulence for rabbits was not appreciably altered after periods of at least 1 year. This applied to a number of different strains of each organism. The infectivity of material in which treponemes were scant was maintained as well as of material in which they were abundant. 3. At temperatures of -10 degrees C. and -20 degrees C. syphilis treponemes did not survive as long as 2 months. Death of the organism occurred not at the time of freezing but during the maintenance period. 4. Treponemes did not commonly survive freezing and desiccation, although one lot of dried material which contained T. pallidum was infective for rabbits 1 day after desiccation. 5. The viruses of human influenza, yellow fever, and spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice when frozen and maintained at -78 degrees C. showed substantially the same titer after 6 months as before freezing. 6. Certain practical applications of the method are suggested.
Involvement of T-box genes Tbx2-Tbx5 in vertebrate limb specification and development

We have recently shown in mice that four members of the T-box family of transcription factors (Tbx2-Tbx5) are expressed in developing limb buds, and that expression of two of these genes, Tbx4 and Tbx5, is primarily restricted to the developing hindlimbs and forelimbs, respectively. In this report, we investigate the role of these genes in limb specification and development, using the chick as a model system. We induced the formation of ectopic limbs in the flank of chick embryos to examine the relationship between the identity of the limb-specific T-box genes being expressed and the identity of limb structures that subsequently develop. We found that, whereas bud regions expressing Tbx4 developed characteristic leg structures, regions expressing Tbx5 developed characteristic wing features. In addition, heterotopic grafts of limb mesenchyme (wing bud into leg bud, and vice versa), which are known to retain the identity of the donor tissue after transplantation, retained autonomous expression of the appropriate, limb-specific T-box gene, with no evidence of regulation by the host bud. Thus there is a direct relationship between the identity of the structures that develop in normal, ectopic and recombinant limbs, and the identity of the T-box gene(s) being expressed. To investigate the regulation of T-box gene expression during limb development, we employed several other embryological manipulations. By surgically removing the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) from either wing or leg buds, we found that, in contrast to all other genes implicated in the patterning of developing appendages, maintenance of T-box gene expression is not dependent on the continued provision of signals from the AER or the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). By generating an ectopic ZPA, by grafting a sonic hedgehog (SHH)-expressing cell pellet under the anterior AER, we found that Tbx2 expression can lie downstream of SHH. Finally, by grafting a SHH-expressing cell pellet to the anterior margin of a bud from which the AER had been removed, we found that Tbx2 may be a direct, short-range target of SHH. Our findings suggest that these genes are intimately involved in limb development and the specification of limb identity, and a new model for the evolution of vertebrate appendages is proposed.
New results and open problems for deletion channels

At this point, it seems that most everything is known about the basic channels studied in information theory. For the i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) binary erasure channel and the i.i.d. binary symmetric error channel, the capacity has long been known, and there are very efficient encoding and decoding schemes that are near capacity.
Recurrent disc herniation versus scar: triple- versus single-dose gadoteridol

We carried out MRI to evaluate possible recurrent herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) before and after i.v. infusion of 0.1 mmol/kg gadoteridol, immediately followed by an additional 0.2 mmol/kg and repeat imaging in 21 patients. In comparison with standard 0.1 mmol/ kg gadoteridol, images at a cumulative 0.3 mmol/kg demonstrated increased epidural enhancement, increased enhancement of intradural and affected S1 nerve roots. The level of certainty in MRI diagnosis of recurrent HNP at 0.3 mmol/kg was decreased in 5, increased in 1, and unchanged in 4 patients compared with standard dose. The triple dose was not advantageous for identification of recurrent HNP, owing to the increased peridiscal and S1 nerve root enhancement, which masked the displaced S1 nerve root and decreased the conspicuity of HNP.
How soon after hip fracture surgery should a patient start bisphosphonates

Starting a bisphosphonate too soon after surgery could disrupt bone remodeling and delay fracture repair.
Passive Modelocking in an Electrically Pumped High Power Semiconductor Laser at 1550 nm

We report on the generation of stable modelocked pulses from monolithic semiconductor diode lasers with repetition rates > 5 GHz, pulse widths approaching 6 ps, and output powers exceeding 150 mW.
Photoluminescence in semimagnetic Zn 1-x Mn x Te

Luminescence in photoexcited Zn/sub 1-x/Mn/sub x/Te has been studied for three dilute alloy compositions (x = 0.001, 0.011, and 0.016) under a wide range of excitation and in zero external magnetic field. We find that the bound-exciton localization energy is composition dependent, evidently due to an exchange-induced contribution by the paramagnetic Mn ions. Under high-intensity excitation we have observed electron-hole plasma (EHP) emission from all the samples studied. For the line-shape analysis of the EHP emission, a simple model is introduced that takes alloy-compositional fluctuations into account. The EHP emission for the x = 0.001 material yields plasma parameters which are consistent with the formation of an electron-hole liquid, while in samples with higher Mn concentration there is no evidence for such formation.
Reduced Oxygen Tension Increases Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Release from Atrial Cardiocytes

To test the hypothesis that reduced oxygen tension stimulates cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion, we measured ANP release and expression in neonatal rat atrial and ventricular cardiac myocytes exposed to 45 min and 3, 6, and 24 hr of 3% or 21% oxygen. In atrial cardiocytes, the percentage of increase in culture media ANP concentration from baseline was greater in cells exposed to 3% than in cells exposed to 21% oxygen after 3 hr (814% +/- 52% vs. 567% +/- 33%, P < 0.05) and 6 hr of exposure (1639% +/- 91% vs. 1155% +/- 73%, P < 0.05). No differences in the percentage of increase in culture media ANP concentration was seen at 45 min (284% +/- 27% vs. 201% +/- 16%, P = NS) or 24 hr (2499% +/- 250% vs. 2426% +/- 195%). There was a significant increase in cellular ANP content between 3 and 24 hr in atrial cardiocytes exposed to 21% oxygen (105% +/- 40% vs. 296% +/- 60%, P < 0.05), but not in atrial cardiocytes exposed to 3% oxygen (118% +/- 20% vs. 180% +/- 26%, P = NS). Steady-state ANP mRNA levels in atrial cardiocytes were not affected by oxygen tension. In ventricular cardiocytes, oxygen tension did not affect ANP secretion, cellular ANP content, or steady-state ANP mRNA levels. We conclude that reduced oxygen tension increases release of ANP from atrial, but not ventricular cardiocytes and that this mechanism may contribute to the elevation in plasma ANP seen during acute hypoxia.
Productivity Decomposed: Getting Big Things Done with Little Microtasks

It is difficult to accomplish meaningful goals with limited time and attentional resources. However, recent research has shown that concrete plans with actionable steps allow people to complete tasks better and faster. With advances in techniques that can decompose larger tasks into smaller units, we envision that a transformation from larger tasks to smaller microtasks will impact when and how people perform complex information work, enabling efficient and easy completion of tasks that currently seem challenging. In this workshop, we bring together researchers in task decomposition, completion, and sourcing. We will pursue a broad understanding of the challenges in creating, allocating, and scheduling microtasks, as well as how accomplishing these microtasks can contribute towards productivity. The goal is to discuss how intersections of research across these areas can pave the path for future research in this space.
INFLUENCE OF POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN ON EQUINE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE IN EXPLANT CULTURE

Articular cartilage explants from 3 horses were maintained in tissue culture to test the effects of a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on proteoglycan biosynthesis. Cultures were exposed to concentrations of 0, 50, or 200 micrograms of the drug/ml for either 2 days or 6 days, and labeled with 35S, before measuring the content of sulfated proteoglycan in the culture media and in extracts of cartilage. In a second experiment, the explants were incubated with the isotope and subsequently exposed to the same concentrations of the polysulfated glycosaminoglycan for 4 days. Subsequently, the amount of remaining labeled proteoglycan was determined. Gel filtration chromatography was used to compare the hydrodynamic size of proteoglycans from the cartilage explants in each experiment. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan caused a dose-dependent depression of sulfated proteoglycan synthesis, which was statistically significant after 6 days of exposure. Radioactive proteoglycan content in explants was similar in the experiment involving isotopic labeling prior to exposure to the drug. Proteoglycan monomer size was similar in all treatment groups. It was concluded that polysulfated glycosaminoglycan caused a modest depression in proteoglycan synthesis, had little effect on endogenous proteoglycan degradation, and did not influence the size of sulfated proteoglycans synthesized by normal equine chondrocytes in explant culture.
Design-Based Economic Development Understanding the Role of Cultural Institutions and Collections of Industrial and Product Design

This research builds on previous work that developed the context for understanding art, design, and culture in local and regional economic development by investigating U.S. cultural institutions housing collections of industrial and product design and exploring their connections to economic development. The research question guiding this inquiry is, “How are collections of industrial and product design functioning as components of economic development strategies?” The analysis of 11 key-person interviews identified indirect connections to economic development among the case institutions, including events, programming, membership groups, and university partnerships. The study concludes by outlining a framework that builds from these existing connections and offers additional strategies for improving the integration of cultural institutions and design collections in design-based economic development approaches.
Microcavity characteristics associated with a single liquid droplet

The spontaneous and stimulated spectra are altered by the droplet's morphology. Characteristics of droplet microcavities are presented, e.g., radiation lifetime, Q, distributions of internal and emitted fields, phase velocities, and nonlinear wave equations.
Next Generation Sequencing in Clinical and Public Health Microbiology

Abstract The introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS) and other high-throughput laboratory technologies are beginning to have a broad impact on clinical medicine and public health practice. These new technologies hold tremendous promise in terms of improving the speed, accuracy, and resolution of infectious disease diagnostics; public health surveillance; and outbreak detection, investigation, and response. Sustainable implementation of these technologies will require ongoing research and commitment to laboratory and informatics capacity, workforce development, and development of standardized methods and protocols.
Youth Online Media Use: Associations with Youth Demographics, Parental Monitoring, and Parent-Child Relationships

As online media has become an increasingly important part of youths’ daily lives, it is critical for the field to explore questions related to youth online media use in order to support youth workers, youth development practice and programming. Using a national sample of youth age 13-22 (N = 585), the current study explored demographic differences in youth online media use, and examined associations between youth demographics, parental monitoring, parent-child relationship quality, and likelihood of being a frequent user of online activities. Although youth reported being frequent users of online media, Internet use was not the same for all youth. Online media use differed significantly by youth age, gender, race, and family relationship quality. The findings remind the field to consider the young people we are working with and how they use online media in their daily lives.
Behavioral Response of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Semiochemicals Deployed Inside and Outside Anthropogenic Structures During the Overwintering Period.

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal), is an invasive species from Asia capable of causing severe agricultural damage. It can also be a nuisance pest when it enters and exits anthropogenic overwintering sites. In recent years, pheromone lures and traps for H. halys have been developed and used to monitor populations in field studies. To date, no study has investigated the applicability of these monitoring tools for use indoors by building residents during the overwintering period. Herein, we 1) assessed when in late winter (diapause) and spring (postdiapause) H. halys begins to respond to its pheromone (10,11-epoxy-1-bisabolen-3-ol), 2) evaluated whether pheromone-based tools can be used reliably for monitoring H. halys adults in unheated and heated buildings, and 3) elucidated the potential for indoor management using pheromone-baited traps. A 2-yr trapping study suggested that H. halys began to respond reliably to pheromone-baited traps after a critical photoperiod of 13.5 h in the spring. Captures before that point were not correlated with visual counts of bugs in buildings despite robust populations, suggesting currently available pheromone-baited traps were ineffective for surveillance of diapausing H. halys. Finally, because baited traps captured only 8-20% of the adult H. halys known to be present per location, they were not an effective indoor management tool for overwintering H. halys. Our study contributes important knowledge about the capacity of H. halys to perceive its pheromone during overwintering, and the ramifications thereof for building residents with nuisance problems.
BOVINE TRANSFER FACTOR: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISTICS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the isolation and characteristics of bovine transfer factor, the preparations of antigens from oocysts of E. stiedai, a natural parasite of rabbits and E. bovis, a natural parasite of cattle, which have enabled us to demonstrate and characterize delayed hypersensitivity (DH) by skin testing in these animals Chromatographic fractionation and biochemical characteristics of bovine TF were investigated. The yield of crude TF was about 16 g per calf which enabled us to use the same product in both the biological and biochemical characterization. The TF preparations were analyzed by H2SO4–cysteine reaction for pentoses and quantitated with d -ribose and yeast RNA as standards. The ribose content was 8.8 to 9.8 μg/mg crude TF. The RNA content was 43.81 to 48.1 μg/mg crude TF. Analysis of DNA content by the cysteine reaction using calf thymus DNA as standard gave 10.0 to 16.7 μg/mg crude TF. The actual content of RNA was 27.1 to 33.8 μg/mg crude TF after subtraction of the DNA values.