cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Demographic Variability and Periodic Fluctuations on Disease Outbreaks in a Vector–Host Epidemic Model

Seasonality and contact patterns affect the dynamics of disease outbreaks. Recent studies applied to deterministic and stochastic epidemic models with periodic environments have shown that the average basic reproduction number is not sufficient to predict an outbreak. We extend these studies to a time-nonhomogeneous stochastic vector–host model with demographic variability and periodic fluctuations to better understand the combined effects of variability and periodicity on the risk of a disease outbreak. A multitype branching process approximation is used to calculate the probability of a disease outbreak. The approximation follows from the solution of a system of differential equations which is derived from the backward Kolmogorov differential equations. This approximation shows that the risk of a disease outbreak is also periodic and depends on the particular time at which either an infected vector or an infected host is introduced into the susceptible vector and susceptible host populations. Numerical examples with periodic transmission rates for vector and host illustrate the times at which there is the greatest probability of an outbreak and also demonstrate how these times are related to the peak transmission rates for vector or host.
Bismuth(III) triflate as a novel and efficient activator for glycosyl halides

Presented herein is the discovery that bismuth(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Bi(OTf)3) is an effective catalyst for the activation of glycosyl bromides and glycosyl chlorides. The key objective for the development of this methodology is to employ only one promoter in the lowest possible amount and to avoid using any additive/co-catalyst/acid scavenger except molecular sieves. Bi(OTf)3 works well in promoting the glycosidation of differentially protected glucosyl, galactosyl, and mannosyl halides with many classes of glycosyl acceptors. Most reactions complete within 1 h in the presence of only 35% of green and light-stable Bi(OTf)3 catalyst.
Relationship between body mass index and malignancy rates of MRI-guided breast biopsies: impact of clinicodemographic factors.

To determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided breast biopsy stratified by body mass index (BMI). Secondary endpoints include evaluation of indications for breast MRI and identification of factors associated with malignant biopsy. We retrospectively analyzed results of MRI-guided breast biopsies in a consecutive cohort of women at a single institution between 2014 and 2019. The PPV was compared between BMI subgroups and the overall group by the one-sample z-test. Factors associated with malignant biopsy were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. Among 427 MRI-guided breast biopsies, the PPV was significantly higher in patients with a BMI ≥ 35 compared to BMI < 35 (38.6% versus 24.5%, p = 0.043). This remained true in the 180 biopsies from high-risk screening studies, but there was no difference in PPV by BMI in the 205 biopsies performed to evaluate extent of known disease. Among this cohort who underwent MRI-guided breast biopsy, the underlying indication for MRI was less likely to be high-risk screening in those with a higher BMI or Black or Hispanic race (p = 0.015 and p < 0.001, respectively). For high-risk screening studies, only BMI ≥ 35 was associated with malignant biopsies (OR 37.5, p = 0.003). For evaluation of extent of disease studies, only increased lesion size was a significant predictor of malignant result (OR 1.01, p = 0.04). Among women who underwent MRI-guided breast biopsy, elevated BMI was associated with increased PPV and malignant biopsies. Patients with a higher BMI or Black or Hispanic race who had MRI-guided biopsy were less likely to be undergoing high-risk screening and more likely to have breast MRI to evaluate extent of known disease.
The Power of Voice to Convey Emotion in Multimedia Instructional Messages

This study examines an aspect of the role of emotion in multimedia learning, i.e., whether participants can recognize the instructor’s positive or negative emotion based on hearing short clips involving only the instructor’s voice just as well as also seeing an embodied onscreen agent. Participants viewed 16 short video clips from a statistics lecture in which an animated instructor, conveying a happy, content, frustrated, or bored emotion, stands next to a slide as she lectures (agent present) or uses only her voice (agent absent). For each clip, participants rated the instructor on five-point scales for how happy, content, frustrated, and bored the instructor seemed. First, for happy, content, and bored instructors, participants were just as accurate in rating emotional tone based on voice only as with voice plus onscreen agent. This supports the voice hypothesis, which posits that voice is a powerful source of social-emotional information. Second, participants rated happy and content instructors higher on happy and content scales and rated frustrated and bored instructors higher on frustrated and bored scales. This supports the positivity hypothesis, which posits that people are particularly sensitive to the positive or negative tone of multimedia instructional messages.
Recent Advances in Traditional Medicines and Dietary Supplements

Traditional medicines and dietary supplements continue to be used in the search for bioactive agents that maintain health and prevent disease. Individual compounds are being isolated and tested, as is the synergism offered by the variety of compounds in botanicals and supplements. Establishing the composition and quality control of botanicals and supplements is essential in order to carry out clinical trails. Interactions between botanicals and conventinal therapeutics must also be carefully considered. Increasing numbers of investigators are applying–Omic technologies to pursue the mechanisms of action of botanicals.
Introduction to Science and Instruments

The first volume of this book covers the important topics of Earth science remote sensing. The volume methodically covers a variety of Earth science data sets obtained from several remote sensing sensors, and is divided into three main sections, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data and data processing; National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) and NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) missions; and several other missions. In some ways the division into 3 main components makes a lot of sense: MODIS represents advanced global Earth observing covering all components of the Earth as it presently stands. NPP and NPOESS represent advanced future observing systems and, in the case of NPOESS future operational systems, also rely on heritage sensors such as MODIS. The third category represents equally valuable observing systems. They all help, we believe, to provide the reader with information about the exciting field of Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing (RS). We provide here a synopsis of the volume, heavily using material provided in the chapters themselves. The material is surely not ours; it is the authors’ works, which we have relied on. The reader is guided to references and more detailed discussion in the chapters themselves, written by the experts in the relevant areas.
Intracellular pattern reversal in Tetrahymena thermophila. I: Evidence for reverse intercalation in unbalanced doublets

Homopolar doublets of Tetrahymena thermophila possess two sets of similar cell surface structures, the most prominent of which are the complex and asymmetrical oral apparatuses. These initially are located on opposite surfaces of the duplex cell, but tend to shift so that they are no longer directly opposite each other. The two sets of oral structures are then separated by one wider and one narrower arc of cell surface. When one arc becomes sufficiently narrow, a new third oral apparatus with partially reversed internal asymmetry frequently becomes interposed between the two preexisting oral apparatuses, always within the narrower arc. After this happens, the reliability of development of new oral structures, particularly of the interposed ones, is reduced. Contractile vacuole pores, typically present within both arcs of homopolar doublets, tend to disappear from the narrower arcs. This anomalous partial triplet condition appears to be a transient intermediate stage in the reversion of homopolar doublets to normal singlets. We interpret the interposition of a transient third oral system in doublets that are regulating toward the singlet state as being a consequence of reverse intercalation of new positional values subsequent to excessive crowding of the preexisting positional values. This interpretation is an adaptation of the shortest-distance intercalation rule of the polar coordinate model applied in an intracellular and morphallactic context.
Purification and Properties of Lactaldehyde Dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

Abstract An aldehyde dehydrogenase capable of acting on l-lactaldehyde was detected in a strain of Escherichia coli K-12 selected to grow on 1,2-propanediol as the sole source of carbon and energy. This enzyme activity was purified over 200-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The purified enzyme appears different from the other known aldehyde dehydrogenases in that it specifically converts l-lactaldehyde to lactic acid. This enzyme uses NAD as coenzyme, has a high Km for l-lactaldehyde, and displays a broad pH optimum in the alkaline region. It is produced constitutively by the above bacterial mutant and is essential for the catabolism of 1,2-propanediol.
Medication adherence among acne patients: a review

Summary Background Acne is a chronic disease often requiring the use of medications for extended periods of time. In general, adherence decreases over time in patients with chronic diseases, and adherence to topical medications is poor compared to adherence to oral medications, placing individuals using topical medications at increased risk for nonadherence and treatment failure. Poor adherence may also be a common cause of treatment failure in teens with acne. Purpose We reviewed the current literature on medication adherence in teenagers with acne to assess adherence levels and predictors of adherence. We hope to provide a foundation for further research into medication adherence in acne patients. Methods A Medline search was conducted using the key words “acne” and “adherence” or “compliance.” Studies reporting adherence were included in the analysis. Results A positive correlation was found between quality of life of patients with acne and medication adherence. Weaker predictors of adherence include increased age, female gender, and employment. The most commonly reported reason for nonadherence was inadequate time to use the treatment medication. Patients taking medications requiring less frequent dosing had better adherence, and medication adherence correlated with better health status among acne patients. A longer duration between office visits may be associated with decreased compliance. Limitations Few studies investigating the prevalence and causes of nonadherence in acne patients were identified. Conclusions Adherence to medications is difficult to measure and rates reported by patients often overestimate actual adherence. Patients cite lack of time as a common reason for nonadherence to topical medications.
Properties of a Trehalose Phosphate Synthetase from Mycobacterium smegmatis ACTIVATION OF THE ENZYME BY POLYNUCLEOTIDES AND OTHER POLYANIONS

Abstract An enzyme system was isolated and partially purified from Mycobacterium smegmatis which catalyzes the synthesis of trehalose-phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate and a number of different glucose sugar nucleotides. Adenosine diphosphate-d-glucose (ADP-Glc), cytidine diphosphate-d-glucose (CDP-Glc), guanosine diphosphate-d-glucose (GDP-Glc), deoxythymidine diphosphate-d-glucose (TDP-Glc), and uridine diphosphate-d-glucose (UDP-Glc) are all able to serve as glucosyl donors in this reaction. However, when the pyrimidine sugar nucleotides (CDP-Glc, TDP-Glc, UDP-Glc) were used as substrates, there was an almost absolute requirement for a high molecular weight polyanion for activity. On the other hand, when the purine sugar nucleotides (ADP-Glc, GDP-Glc) were used as substrates, fairly good enzymatic activity was observed in the absence of polyanion and this activity only increased 2 to 4-fold in the presence of optimum concentrations of polyanion. Various properties of the enzyme system were examined with UDP-Glc and GDP-Glc as substrates. The enzymatic activity with both of these sugar nucleotides appears to reside in the same protein since (a) heat inactivation studies at several different temperatures in the presence or absence of polyanion result in the simultaneous disappearance of both activities, (b) both activities remain together throughout a variety of purification procedures, and (c) the two activities have the same pH optimum and Mg++ concentration and are affected in the same way by other cations. The Km for GDP-Glc was about 1 x 10-3 m in the presence or absence of polyanion, whereas that for UDP-Glc in the presence of optimum concentrations of polyanion was about 4 x 10-5 m. When the concentration of polyanion is lowered (suboptimal), the Km for UDP-Glc is increased. The partially purified enzyme has an almost absolute requirement for a high molecular weight polyanion when pyrimidine glucose nucleotides are used as substrates. Various RNAs, particularly that isolated from M. smegmatis, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin are the best activators of the enzyme whereas various mononucleoside phosphates, salts, and various proteins do not activate the enzyme. Activation of the enzyme by the polyanion is inhibited by high salt concentration as well as by high concentrations of mononucleoside phosphates. The polyanion does not appear to cause activation by protecting the enzyme or substrates from degradation, nor by binding or removal of products or inhibitors. Since the [G-3H]polynucleotide activator isolated from M. smegmatis binds to the enzyme fraction, it may cause a conformational change in the protein, leading to a more active form of the enzyme, and one which is now able to utilize glucose nucleotides with pyrimidine bases.
The unimolecular C2 fragmentation of C82: a computational study

Abstract The possible fragmentation pathways of three C2 and three Cs isomers of C82 by unimolecular C2 loss were investigated with semi-empirical (PM3), ab initio (HF/STO-3G) and density functional theory (B3LYP/3-21G) calculations. The C2 fragmentation energy of the most stable C2 isomer of C82 calculated with the most reliable model chemistry employed here (B3LYP/3-21G) lies in the 9.1–9.4 eV range, which is 0.5–0.9 eV larger than the recently reported experimental values. However, other, less stable, isomers were found to have lower fragmentation energies, closer to the experimental data, which suggests that the presence of other isomers in experiments may affect the measured values of the C82 fragmentation energies.
Data Analysis for a Multimedia Library

This section describes the indexing, search, and retrieval of various combinations of audio, video, text, and image media and the automated content processing that enables it. The intent is to provide a framework for data analysis in multimedia digital libraries. The organization of this article is as follows: The introduction briefly distinguishes digital from traditional libraries and touches on the specific issues important to searching the content of multimedia libraries. The second section introduces the Informedia Digital Video Library as an example of a multimedia library, including a quick tour of the functionality. The next section discusses the processing of audio and image information, as it relates to a multimedia library. Section four illustrates the interplay between audio and video information using a video information retrieval experiment as an example. Section five discusses the exporting and sharing of metadata in a digital library using MPEG–7. Finally, section 6 presents one vision of a future digital library, where all personal memory can be recorded and accessed.
The Risk of Extinction--What You Don't Know Will Hurt You

With the rapid disappearance of some of the world's largest carnivores, prey populations in predator-free areas are becoming blasA©, perhaps too much so, according to [Gittleman and Gompper][1]. In their Perspective. They discuss new findings ([ Berger et al. ][2]) showing that reintroduction of large carnivores such as wolves and grizzly bears into areas containing their favorite prey, moose, results in an initial decline in moose numbers. Luckily, however, it turns out that moose are quick learners and within a single generation have acquired an array of antipredator behaviors. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5506/997 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/291/5506/1036
Prenatal stretching exercise and autonomic responses: preliminary data and a model for reducing preeclampsia.

Purpose Preeclampsia is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, and it increases maternal risk for future cardiovascular disease. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationships among stretching exercise, autonomic cardiac response, and the development of preeclampsia.
Presentation of the 2007 Morris F. Collen award to William W. Stead, MD, including comments from recipient.

The American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI) is an honorary society established to recognize those who have made sustained contributions to the field. Its highest award, for lifetime achievement and contributions to the discipline of medical informatics, is the Morris F. Collen Award. Dr. Collen's own efforts as a pioneer in the field stand out as the embodiment of creativity, intellectual rigor, perseverance, and personal integrity. The Collen Award is given each year, when appropriate, to pioneers in the field of Medical Informatics who best exemplify the teaching and practice of Morris Collen. In 2007, the College was proud to present the Collen Award to William Wallace Stead (Figure 1). Throughout his career, Dr. Bill Stead, has been able to visualize better ways of achieving the purpose of work, and then to drop to ground level to figure out how to execute on the next step in that direction. Figure 1 William Wallace Stead 2005. Bill Stead was born in Durham NC in 1948 as third child to Eugene Anson Stead, Jr. and Evelyn Emogene Selby. Gene Stead was Chair of Medicine at Duke. He trained a generation of independent thinkers and constantly broke the mold; changing the Duke curriculum to replace memory with research, using the Cardiovascular Databank to improve practice, and launching the physician assistant profession to increase access to care. Evelyn was at Gene's side every step; raising Nancy, Lucy, and Bill, co-authoring an early low fat cook book, and editing the journals Gene took on. Every person or event she touched became special. To many observers through the years, it seemed that Gene and Bill Stead were practically the same person. As Harry Jacobson, MD, Vice-Chancellor, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, observed, “They had both a loving relationship, but a mutual respect—and a mutual curiosity, intellectual curiosity about what …
Risk groups for yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD)

Although previously considered as the safest of the live virus vaccines, reports published since 2001 indicate that live yellow fever virus vaccine can cause a severe, often fatal, multisystemic illness, yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD), that resembles the disease it was designed to prevent. This review was prompted by the availability of a listing of the cumulative cases of YEL-AVD, insights from a statistical method for analyzing risk factors and re-evaluation of previously published data. The purpose of this review is to identify and analyze risk groups based on gender, age, outcome and predisposing illnesses. Using a passive surveillance system in the US, the incidence was reported as 0.3 to 0.4 cases per 100,000. However, other estimates range from 0 to 12 per 100,000. Identified and potential risk groups for YEL-AVD include elderly males, women between the ages of 19 and 34, people with a variety of autoimmune diseases, individuals who have been thymectomized because of thymoma, and infants and children ≤11 years old. All but the last group are supported by statistical analysis. The confirmed risk groups account for 77% (49/64) of known cases and 76% (32/42) of the deaths. The overall case fatality rate is 66% (42/64) with a rate of 80% (12/15) in young women, in contrast to 50% (13/26) in men ≥56 years old. Recognition of YEL-AVD raises the possibility that similar reactions to live chimeric flavivirus vaccines that contain a yellow fever virus vaccine backbone could occur in susceptible individuals. Delineation of risk groups focuses the search for genetic mutations resulting in immune defects associated with a given risk group. Lastly, identification of risk groups encourages concentration on measures to decrease both the incidence and the severity of YEL-AVD.
Simulation-Based Model for Integrated Daylighting System Design

AbstractRepeated modifications of multiple design parameters are required to optimize daylighting system design. However, a large number of optional design parameters increase the computation time. This research developed a simulation-based model to evaluate daylighting system design based on system daylighting and thermal performance. The model utilized the prediction methods to speed up computation. The methods that predict the daylight levels and energy usage were developed based on sample simulation results using Radiance and EnergyPlus software. A prominent multiobjective optimization technique, strength Pareto evolutionary approach II, was applied to optimize four main design parameters (window dimensions and position, glazing transmittance, and blind reflectance). A patch division scheme was proposed to limit the maximum number of daylighting simulations if there was a larger number of window dimensions and positions. A case study was conducted to illustrate the application of the model and to vali...
Relationalism in a Rationality of Peace

I discuss Ken Gergen's (2009) Relational Being and offer a critique of some of its underlying philosophical commitments. The principle claim made in this critique is that, although many of the arguments in the book move toward a more relational conception of human life, elements of those arguments are based on an Enlightenment form of rationality. Enlightenment reason dichotomizes transcendence and immanence and so inevitably issues in some form of ontological reduction. Such “nothing more than” reductions efface the mystery at the core of any concrete relation and so undermine any relational form of rationality.
ISCHEMIC ACUTE RENAL FAILURE: ENHANCED RECOVERY OF SUPERFICIAL NEPHRON FUNCTION BY ATP-MGCL 2

The infusion of ATP-MgCl2 will enhance the recovery from an ischemic renal insult. To define the role of intratubular obstruction and hemodynamic factors in the recovery process, rats were subjected to 45 minutes of bilateral renal artery occlusion and infused with either ATP-MqCl2 (25 μmoles) or 0.9% saline (NS). In ATP-MgC12 treated animals, whole kidney GFR (WKGFR) was significantly greater (550 ± 46 μl/min/100 gmBW) than NS infused animals (286 ± 32, P < 0.01) although both values were less than controls (1107.8 ± 51.4). Superficial single nephron GFR (SNGFR) attained control values (45.6 ± 2.2 μl/min) in ATP-MgCl2 treated animals whereas SNGFR was 50% of control values in NS treated rats (22.6 ± 2.1, P < 0.01). The return of SNGFR to normal values while WKGFR remained reduced was not related to intratubular obstruction since proximal tubular pressure was not significantly different in either group (11.8 ± 0.3 in NS and 10.8 ± 0.3 in ATP-MgCl2, P = NS). The relative changes in SNGFR and WKGFR could be related to hemodynamic factors. Although total renal blood flow was similar in both groups (5585 ± 282 μl/min/100 gmBW), the proportion of flow to the outer cortex was significantly increased in ATP-MgCl2 treated animals (1.94 ± 0.06, P < 0.01) as compared to NS (1.51 ± 0.03). Thus, the enhancement of recovery of GFR in superficial nephrons appears to be related to cortical blood flow distribution rather than intratubular obstruction.
On-line fuzzy logic control of tube bending

This paper describes the simulation and on-line fuzzy logic control of tube bending. By combining elasticity and plasticity theories, a conventional model was developed. The results from simulation were compared with those obtained from testing. The experimental data reveal that there exists certain level of uncertainty and nonlinearity in tube bending, and its variation could be significant. To overcome this, a on-line fuzzy logic controller with self-tuning capabilities was designed. The advantages of this on-line system are (1) its computational requirement is simple in comparison with more algorithmic-based controllers, and (2) the system does not need prior knowledge of material characteristics. The device includes an AC motor, a servo controller, a forming mechanism, a 3D optical sensor, and a microprocessor. This automated bending machine adopts primary and secondary errors between the actual response and desired output to conduct on-line rule reasoning. Results from testing show that the spring back angle can be effectively compensated by the self- tuning fuzzy system in a real-time fashion.
Comparative analysis of the hemodynamic actions of captopril and sodium nitroprusside in severe chronic congestive heart failure.

Abstract The hemodynamic actions of the systemic vasodilators parenteral sodium nitroprusside (NP) and oral captopril (CPT) were compared in 11 patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). While the two agents produced similar reductions in mean blood pressure (NP, 90 to 70 mm Hg vs CPT, 88 to 74 mm Hg, p > 0.05) and left ventricular (LV) filling pressure (NP, 27 to 14 mm Hg vs CPT, 24 to 15 mm Hg, p > 0.05), they produced disparate effects on LV pump performance. NP raised cardiac index 35% (2.0 to 2.7 L/min/m 2 , p 2 , p 2 , p
Post-transcriptional gene silencing signal could move rapidly and bidirectionally in grafted Arabidopsis thaliana

RNA interference (RNAi), one of the newly found ways for post-transcriptional gene silencing, has been widely used to investigate gene functions through transgenic methods for introducing an RNA silencing signal into plants. In the present study, we constructed a dexamethazone (DEX)-inducible RNAi binary vector harboring a specific sequence fragment (168-bp) homologous to KatB and KatC, two kinesin isoform genes of Arabidopsis, which were proved to result in the post-transcriptional gene silencing of KatB and KatC in DEX-induced transgenic plants. RT-PCR and Northem blot analysis on transgenic homozygous Arabidopsis (termed as RNAi-type plants) showed that DEX inducement causes KatB and KatC mRNA degradation. With a simplified method, Arabidopsis grafting was effectively performed between RNAi-type and wild-type lines. The target gene mRNA levels were tested based on semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Our results demonstrateed that DEX-induced gene silencing signals could result in a reduction in KatB and KatC mRNA in the wild-type rootstocks or scions, indicating that silencing signals of RNAi could be transmitted bidirectionally across the graft junction whether RNAi-plants were scions or stocks. In contrast to the previously reported results on grafted tobacco, the transmission of post-transcriptional gene silencing signals caused by RNAi in grafted Arabidopsis is more effective than that in tobacco.
Infrared spectroscopy of model electrochemical interfaces in ultrahigh vacuum : coupled influence of double layer anion/cation solutes upon acetone solvent chemisorption on Pt(111)

Abstract The effects of adsorbing chlorine and/or potassium on the infrared spectra of acetone dosed onto Pt(111) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) are reported with the objective of ascertaining the manner and extent to which the oxygen bound ( η 1 ) chemisorbed state of acetone is influenced by ‘specific anion’ adsorption, along with the cation countercharge in this ‘UHV electrochemical model’ system. Acetone was chosen as a model solvent in view of its dipolar properties along with the presence of an infrared chromophore, the carbonyl stretching vibration, the frequency as well as the intensity of which is sensitive to the dipolar orientation and coordination of adsorbed acetone. The presence of co-adsorbed chlorine atoms stabilizes substantially the perpendicular solvent dipole orientation, as deduced from a marked intensity increase in the ca. 1640 cm −1 band due to the η 1 chemisorbed state of acetone. This effect, which can be understood most simply in terms of an attractive electrostatic interaction between the Cl δ− metal image and δ+ CO δ− oriented dipoles, is opposite to that observed in the presence of adsorbed K + alone. In the latter case, even very low fractional coverages (around 0.02) of K + are sufficient to eliminate essentially the η 1 chemisorbed acetone state as deduced from the removal of the ca. 1640 cm −1 band; this finding indicates that long range (over two to three solvent diameters) cation-solvent interactions are operative [cf. I. Villegas and M.J. Weaver, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (1996) 458]. In the presence of co-adsorbed chlorine + potassium mixtures, the η 1 acetone state is also largely absent even for marked (five- to 10-fold) stoichiometric deficiencies of the cation relative to the ‘anion’ solute component. This latter result can be rationalized on the basis of the anticipated greater ionicity of the adsobed cation (K + ) relative to the chemisorbed anion (Cl δ− ) species. These findings are corroborated by means of measurements of the work-function changes induced on Pt(111) by dosing acetone in the presence of varying coverages of chlorine and/or potassium. The implications to our understanding of the interplay between interfacial ion-solvent and solvent-surface interactions in electrochemical systems are noted on a more general basis.
Abstract 5039: Physical activity is associated with improved quality of life in cancer survivors: A population-based analysis

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction: The CDC recommends cancer survivors engage in 150 minutes of moderate- or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity, along with 2 sessions of strength training, every week. We sought to determine whether meeting these guidelines was correlated with improved quality of life in a large contemporary population-based sample of cancer survivors. Methods: Data regarding quality of life, physical activity and other covariates were obtained from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey, the largest source of health information of people in the United States. Quality of life was determined by the answer to the question, “In general, would you say your quality of life is…”, with potential responses of “excellent”, “very good”, “good”, “fair” and “poor”. Correlation between meeting CDC guidelines and self-reported quality of life was assessed with univariate and multivariate analyses using SUDAAN software. Results: A weighted total of 19,441,052 cancer survivors in the United States were included in this analysis. Only 10.4% of cancer survivors met physical activity guidelines. Meeting guidelines was significantly correlated with White race, young age, cancer type, higher education, and private insurance on univariate analysis (all p<0.01). Meeting guidelines was also correlated with decreased fatigue and higher self-reported quality of life, physical health, mental health status, and reported satisfaction with social activities and relationships (all p<0.01). On multivariate analysis controlling for race, age, sex, cancer type, education, and insurance, meeting physical activity guidelines remained significantly correlated with higher quality of life (OR=3.69, 95% CI: 1.2-11.6, p=0.03). Conclusions: Only 10.4% of cancer survivors meet physical activity guidelines. Meeting guidelines is significantly associated with improved quality of life, independent of other sociodemographic factors, and should therefore be encouraged. View this table: Citation Format: Apoorva Tewari, Melinda Irwin, Anees Chagpar. Physical activity is associated with improved quality of life in cancer survivors: A population-based analysis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5039. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5039
Interoperability and democracy: A political basis for open document standards

This paper employs democratic theory as a method of inquiry into the political implications of openness in information and communication technology (ICT) standards. Our account describes four ways in which ICT standards have political implications in democratic societies: standards can have implications for other democratic processes; standards can affect the broader social conditions relevant to democracy; the content and material implications of standards can themselves constitute substantive political issues; and lastly, the internal processes of standards-setting can be viewed politically. After providing examples of these political implications, we examine various conceptions of openness in ICT standards and describe a maximal definition of openness as a conceptual pole that anchors one end of the spectrum of potential standards policy options. We then develop some guidelines as to the contexts in which democratic values require a greater degree of openness in both the substance of technical standards and their development. In particular, we examine the function of documents and document formats in democratic governments and suggest that movements toward open document standards are highly beneficial in democratic societies.
Identifying at-risk preschoolers : The discriminant validity of the differential ability scales

The discriminant validity of the Upper Preschool Level of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS) was studied using 32 at-risk preschoolers (females = 14, males = 18) with a mean age of 57.28 months (SD = 4.43) and 30 normal preschoolers (females = 13, males = 17) with a mean age of 56.40 months (SD = 6.46). The results indicated that the DAS was an excellent measure to use when trying to differentiate between at-risk and normal preschoolers. The DAS could reliably identify, better than chance, whether a child was at-risk or normal. Specifically, the General Conceptual Ability score was found to be approximately 77% accurate in correctly classifying at-risk from normal preschoolers. In addition, the use of the DAS in an abbreviated format by selecting specific core and/or diagnostic subtests during the preschool screening process was strongly supported. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessment of Health Effects of Fluctuating Concentrations Using Simplified Pharmacokinetic Algorithms

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a simple, practical method to improve the accuracy of assessing health effects by determining the concentration patterns inside the body resulting from fluctuating external pollutant concentrations. Linear pharmacokinetic processes were assumed, and the attenuations of the high- and low-frequency components of the external pattern when entering through the "biological window" were determined. Similar attenuations also were determined for the "time-averaged sampling window." It was shown that when the averaging time was less than 1/4 of the biological half-life, no information of biological significance was lost. Thus, a simple arithmetic step equation was proposed to convert external time-averaged concentrations to "biologically effective concentrations" proportional to internal concentrations. Calculations could readily be made in real time by a monitoring instrument, or even with a pocket calculator. Another simple algorithm was proposed for determining ...
Computer usage by young individuals with down syndrome: an exploratory study

In this paper, we discuss the results of an online survey that investigates how children and young adults with Down syndrome use computers and computer-related devices. The survey responses cover 561 individuals with Down syndrome between the age of four to 21. The survey results suggest that the majority of the children and young adults with Down syndrome can use the mouse to interact with computers, which requires spatial, cognitive, and fine motor skills that were previously believed to be quite challenging for individuals with Down syndrome. The results show great difficulty in text entry using keyboards. Young individuals with Down syndrome are using a variety of computer applications and computer related devices, and computers and computer-related devices play important roles in the life of individuals with Down syndrome. There appears to be great potential in computer-related education and training to broaden existing career opportunities for individuals with Down syndrome, and there needs to be further research on this topic.
Photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide in Antarctic Waters

Abstract Photochemical production rates of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were determined in Antarctic waters during two research cruises. The first cruise was from mid-October to mid-November, 1993, in the confluence of the Weddell and Scotia Seas, and the second cruise was in December, 1994, along the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. During these cruises, midday sea-surface production rates ranged from 2.1 to 9.6 nM h−1, with an average rate of 4.5 nM h−1. Production rates were consistently smaller than rates determined at lower latitudes (>9 nM h−1), primarily due to the colder temperatures and lower ultraviolet irradiances in polar waters. In situ production rates were determined with a free-floating drifter that was deployed for 12–14 h. Production rates, averaged over the deployment time, were highest at or near the surface (ca. 2.4–3.5 nM h−1) and decreased rapidly with depth to 0.1–0.7 nM h−1 at 10–20 m. The decrease in production rates with depth generally paralleled the decrease in ultraviolet irradiance in the water column. Production rates of hydrogen peroxide in Antarctic seawater were largely controlled by the ultraviolet irradiance in the water column, although there was some evidence for production in the blue region of the solar spectrum. A laboratory study was conducted to determine the wavelength dependence of the apparent quantum yield for the photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in Antarctic waters. Apparent quantum yields determined at 0°C decreased from 0.74×10−3 mol einstein−1 at 290 nm to 1.0×10−5 mol einstein−1 410 nm. At 20°C, apparent quantum yields for the photochemical production of hydrogen peroxide were within a factor of two of apparent quantum yields determined in temperate waters at 20–25°C. Sunlight-normalized H2O2 production rates were determined as a function of wavelength using noontime irradiance data from Palmer Station, Antarctica. A decrease in stratospheric ozone from 336 to 151 Dobson units resulted in a predicted 19–42% increase in the photoproduction of H2O2 at the sea surface in Antarctic waters. The magnitude of this increase depends on the concentration and absorbance characteristics of dissolved organic matter in the photic zone, as well as on other factors such as cloudiness and decreasing solar zenith angle that tend to lower photochemical rates offsetting increases due to stratospheric ozone depletion.
Retinyl ester hydrolysis in the rabbit lacrimal gland.

The lacrimal gland stores retinyl esters which are synthesized by the enzyme acyl CoA:retinyl acyl transferase. Retinol is released from retinyl ester reserves by retinyl ester hydrolase (REH). Since the lacrimal gland secretes retinol, this gland should also contain this enzyme. To identify bile saltdependent REH activity, rabbit lacrimal glands were homogenized in 0.05 M Trismaleate buffer, and enzyme activity was determined in the tissue homogenate, in the membrane fraction and in the cytosolic fraction by measurement of production of retinol from retinyl palmitate (nmol retinol produced/mg protein/h). In the lacrimal gland, production of retinol was optimal in the presence of 200 mM CHAPS at pH 7. The REH activity in the presence of 1000 μM retinyl palmitate was 2.38 $pM 0.18 nmol/mg/h in the homogenate, 1.13 $pM 0.16/ nmol/mg/h in membranes and 3.25 $pM 0.26 nmol/mg/h in cytosol. By comparison, REH activity in rabbit liver was 6.58 $pM 0.75 nmol/mg/h. The REH activity in lacrimal gland was not affect...
The van der Waals theory of nematic liquids

This paper describes the van der Waals theory of nematic liquids, an approximate molecular theory in which very short-range intermolecular repulsions are approximated by hard-rod exclusions, and somewhat longer-ranged intermolecular attractions are subject to a self-consistent mean-field treatment. The rationale, underlying assumptions, idealizations and approximations of the theory are presented in detail and the numerical results so far reported are summarized, together with the results of extensive new calculations, which provide a quite accurate test of the theory in its present state. Finally, the current status of the theory, its relative strengths and weaknesses, and the prospects for extending and improving it are discussed.
The effects of ethanol on mucociliary clearance

Mucociliary clearance by the in vitro frog palate can be used as a model to study such clearance by mammalian lung. Frog palates bathed in Ringer's solution exhibited a constant mucociliary clearance rate for over 2 hr. When the bathing solution was exchanged for one containing ethanol, the mucociliary clearance rate was detectably inhibited by 300 mg/100 ml (mg%) ethanol and significantly inhibited by 400 (50%) and 500 mg% (67%) ethanol. At a concentration of 500 but not 200 mg%, ethanol significantly increased both the amount and the apparent viscosity of the frog palate mucus secreted in 1 hr. Mucus removed from palates bathed in Ringer's solution containing 500 mg% ethanol had no effect on the mucociliary clearance of palates bathed in Ringer's solution alone, and mucus from palates bathed in Ringer's solution alone failed to restore the mucociliary clearance of palates bathed in Ringer's solution containing 500 mg% ethanol. These results suggest that while mucus secretion and rheology are affected by ethanol, such changes in palate mucus do not account for the ethanol-induced inhibition of mucociliary clearance, but rather that the inhibition is the result of a ciliotoxic action of ethanol. Prior exposure of palates to histamine significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of 500 mg% ethanol on mucociliary clearance, while 200 mg% ethanol significantly potentiated the inhibitory effect of dopamine. It is concluded that the neurohumoral environment of the ciliated epithelium in part determines the effect a given concentration of ethanol will have on mucociliary clearance.
Speechmaking of the New York draft riots of 1863

(1968). Speechmaking of the New York draft riots of 1863. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 134-139.
Pharmacologic Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Few randomized controlled trials of oral pharmacotherapy have been performed in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The prevalence of CRPS is uncertain. Severe and advanced cases of CRPS are easily recognized but difficult to treat and constitute a minority compared with those who meet minimum criteria for the diagnosis. Unsettled disability or liability claims limit pharmaceutical industry interest in the disorder. Many studies are small or anecdotal, or are reported on only via posters at meetings. Targeting the process of bone resorption with bisphosphonate-type compounds such as calcitonin, clodronate, and alendronate has shown efficacy in three published randomized controlled trials. Intravenous phentolamine has been studied both alone and in comparison to intravenous regional blockade or stellate ganglion block. Steroids continue to be administered by multiple routes without large-scale placebo-controlled trials. Topical medications have received little attention. There has been considerable interest in the use of thalidomide and TNF-alpha blockers for CRPS, but no published controlled trials as of yet. Numerous other oral drugs, including muscle relaxants, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and opioids, have been reported on anecdotally. Some therapies have been the subject of early controlled studies, without subsequent follow-up (eg, ketanserin) or without an analogous well-tolerated and equally effective oral treatment (eg, intravenous ketamine). Gabapentin, tricyclic antidepressants, and opioids have been proven effective for chronic pain in disorders other than CRPS. Each has shown a broad enough spectrum of analgesic activity to be cautiously recommended for treatment of CRPS until adequate randomized controlled trials settle the issue. The relative benefit of oral medications compared with the widely used treatments of intensive physical therapy, nerve blocks, sympathectomy, intraspinally administered drugs, and neuromodulatory therapies (eg, spinal cord stimulation) remains uncertain. In summary, treatment of CRPS has received insufficient study and remains largely empirical.
Stability of prostacyclin in human and rabbit whole blood and plasma

The stability of prostacyclin (PGI2) in whole blood and plasma was studied in vitro by measuring the disappearance rate of labeled prostacyclin during a 37°C incubation. Prostacyclin was assayed using a quantitative chromatographic method. The half-life of PGI2 was 6.3 + 0.8 minutes (mean + s.d., n=6) in citrated human whole blood, significantly shorter (p<0.001) than the 10.7 + 2.3 minute half-life in citrated human plasma (n=7). Prior freezing and thawing of plasma did not affect the rate of PGI2 hydrolysis. These values, including the prolonged half-life in plasma, were similar in the blood (5.4 + 1.8 min, n=7) and plasma (9.0 + 1.9 min, n=14) of diabetic patients. In plasma samples from patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, the half-life of prostacyclin (4.9 + 1.0 min, n=4) was significantly shortened (p< 0.001) compared to that in plasma from normal volunteers. The stability of prostacyclin in rabbit blood and plasma was also quantified. The PGI2 half-life in citrated rabbit plasma (10.8 + 1.1 min, n=3) was similar to that in citrated human plasma from control subjects. In contrast to the findings in human blood, the half-life of PGI2 in citrated rabbit whole blood (11.7 + 3.3 min, n=4) was not different from the rabbit plasma value. Substitution of EDTA for citrate did not affect the half-life in rabbit blood or plasma.
Welded tuffs deformed into megarheomorphic folds during collapse of the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada‐Oregon

The Montana Mountains contain part of a resurgent dome complex within the southwestern sector of the McDermitt caldera. Exposed intracaldera units consist of welded tuffs, lavas, domes and epiclastic deposits. The majority of volcanic units have a comenditic composition, but a few units are nonperalkaline and biotite bearing. A deformed series of comenditic welded tuffs occur in a strongly folded rheomorphic zone more than 500 m. thick. The geometry of vitrophyres, flow bands, foliations, and lineations causes the rheomorphic zone to superficially resemble a series of intrusive domes. However, the contacts between units are conformable, the vitrophyres are continuous from one fold to the next, and the units display pumice, shards, and other features common in welded tuffs. The deformed tuff sequence lies on top of biotite tuffs and epiclastic deposits that are tilted and faulted (but not folded) and beneath relatively undeformed tuffs and lake deposits. This relationship suggests that their large-scale folds in the deformed sequence developed shortly after caldera collapse