cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microlearning: A New Learning Model:

Changes in the current workplace are creating changes in traditional processes. One such process is the way that the millennial and subsequent generations joining the workplace consume learning. Th...
Spectral Rigidity of Random Schrödinger Operators via Feynman–Kac Formulas

We develop a technique for proving number rigidity (in the sense of Ghosh and Peres in Duke Math J 166(10):1789–1858, 2017) of the spectrum of general random Schrodinger operators (RSOs). Our method makes use of Feynman–Kac formulas to estimate the variance of exponential linear statistics of the spectrum in terms of self-intersection local times. Inspired by recent results concerning Feynman–Kac formulas for RSOs with multiplicative noise (Gaudreau Lamarre in Semigroups for one-dimensional Schrodinger operators with multiplicative Gaussian noise, Preprint arXiv:1902.05047v3 , 2019; Gaudreau Lamarre and Shkolnikov in Ann Inst Henri Poincare Probab Stat 55(3):1402–1438, 2019; Gorin and Shkolnikov in Ann Probab 46(4):2287–2344, 2018) by Gorin, Shkolnikov, and the first-named author, we use this method to prove number rigidity for a class of one-dimensional continuous RSOs of the form $$-\frac{1}{2}\Delta +V+\xi $$ , where V is a deterministic potential and $$\xi $$ is a stationary Gaussian noise. Our results require only very mild assumptions on the domain on which the operator is defined, the boundary conditions on that domain, the regularity of the potential V, and the singularity of the noise $$\xi $$ .
Sequential endoscopist-driven phone calls improve the capture rate of adverse events after ERCP: a prospective study.

Background and Aims ERCP is a high-risk endoscopic procedure, yet reports of ERCP-related adverse events are largely limited to early adverse events based on immediate postprocedure assessment. We hypothesize that immediate/1-day follow-up underestimates the true adverse event rate, and later follow-up calls may enable a more accurate assessment of adverse events, leading to enhanced postprocedural patient care. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing ERCP at our tertiary care academic medical center from 2018 to 2019 were analyzed. Patients were encouraged to contact us with postprocedure symptoms, and they received phone calls at 1, 7, 14, and 30 days after the procedure using a standardized script to assess for delayed adverse events and unplanned health care encounters. Results This study is notable for a high rate of successful patient follow-up at day 1 (94%) and day 7 (93%). The overall adverse event rate was 1.9% immediately postprocedure, 3.3% on day 1, and 9.8% on day 7. Increased detection of adverse events was accomplished by the day 7 call relative to the day 1 call (pancreatitis 2% vs 0.5%; bleeding 0.5% vs 0.2%; infection 0.9% vs 0.5%). Follow-up calls at 14 and 30 days were lower yield for detection of post-ERCP adverse events. Conclusions Initial postprocedure assessment and day 1 follow-up calls underestimate adverse event rates/unplanned health care encounters related to ERCP, due to delayed evolution of some adverse events. The day 7 call is optimal in that it resulted in a >3-fold higher rate of detection of adverse events and successful direction of over 10% of symptomatic patients to appropriate assessment and follow-up health care.
Kin recognition and outer membrane exchange (OME) in myxobacteria

Myxobacteria conduct complex social traits that requires populations to be highly related and devoid of exploiters. To enrich for clonal cells in populations, they employ kin discrimination mechanisms. One key system involves a polymorphic cell surface receptor, TraA, which recognizes self by homotypic interactions with neighboring myxobacterial cells. Recent studies revealed that TraA and its partner TraB are fluid outer membrane proteins that coalesce into foci upon recognition of kin. The formation of foci leads to transient membrane fusion junctions and the bidirectional exchange of outer membrane components that facilitates cooperative behaviors. Additionally, expansive suites of polymorphic lipoprotein toxins are exchanged, which act as self-identity barcodes that exquisitely discriminate against nonself to assemble homogenous populations.
Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Hospital Services Reduce Medicare Length of Stay.

Introduction: Almost 40% of the 63 million Americans who speak a language other than English have limited English proficiency (LEP). This communication barrier can result in poor quality care and potentially adverse health outcomes. Of particular interest is that the greatest proportion of LEP adults are aged >65 years and will face barriers and delays in accessing high-quality care. Age cohort variation of LEP burden has not been widely addressed. Culturally and lin­guistically appropriate hospital care delivery can mitigate these barriers. Methods: In order to test whether culturally competent services reduced length-of-stay (LOS), we linked organizational cultural competence surveys across two-states (CA+FL) for comparison across Medicare acute care LOS. Using the 2013 American Hospital Association Database, and Hospital Compare Data from CMS (N=184), we compared hospital structure with cultur­ally and linguistically appropriate services related to improved care delivery for LEP populations and aging LEP populations. We utilized Kruskal-Wallis to test group differ­ences and a negative binomial regression to model median LOS. All analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC). Results: Median LOS across all hospitals was 4.7 days (mean 5.7, standard devia­tion 6.3). Most hospitals were not-for-profit (46.7%), small (<150 beds, 54.4%), Joint Commission accredited (67.9%), and in urban areas. We found shorter median LOS when hospital units identified cultural or language needs at admission (Wald χ2 3.82, P=.0506). Hospitals’ identification of these needs at discharge had no impact on LOS. Hospitals that accommodated patient cultural or ethnic dietary needs also reported lower median LOS (Wald χ2 12.93, P=.0003). Structurally, public hospitals, accredited hospitals, and hospitals that re­ported system membership were predictive of a lower median LOS. Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that patient outcomes are responsive to cultur­ally and linguistically appropriate services. Further, our findings suggest understanding of culturally competent care in hospitals is lacking. A larger and multi-level sample across the United States could yield a greater understanding of the role of cultur­ally and linguistically appropriate care for a rapidly growing population of diverse older adults. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(4):603-610; doi:10.18865/ed.30.4.603
A comparative assessment of space-conditioning technologies

Abstract With recent technological developments, many space-conditioning technologies have undergone significant breakthroughs. This investigation provides an updated quantitative comparison of 14 air-source heat pump technologies for residential or commercial space conditioning. These technologies are subdivided into three categories based on the working material, which can be solid-state, two-phase, or gaseous. Thermodynamic models are implemented for each technology and three figures of merit – primary-energy-based COP, exergetic efficiency, and power density – are calculated for cooling and heating mode operation. Solid-state technologies (thermoelectrics, thermionics, elastocaloric, magnetocaloric, and electrocaloric), two-phase technologies (vapor absorption, adsorption, ejector heat pump, membrane heat pump, and conventional vapor compression), and gas cycles (Stirling, Brayton, Bernoulli, vortex tube, and thermoacoustics) are analyzed on a common basis, with proper accounting of realistic thermal resistances and estimates of component requirements, rather than just computing idealized performance. Vapor compression outperforms all the not-in-kind technologies in cooling mode; however, in heating mode, vapor absorption with the ammonia-water working pair outperforms vapor compression by ~ 4.3%, 50.2%, and 49.3% when comparing primary energy COP, exergetic efficiency, and power density, respectively. Elastocaloric and thermoelectric devices demonstrate high power density in heating mode, exceeding that of vapor compression by 83.3% and 46.1%, respectively.
Mood Congruency Effect on Academic Content Retention for Emotionally Disturbed High School Students

The effect of mood on the encoding and recall of memories is crucial to create more affective classroom environments conducive to retention of academic content. The current study hypothesized that emotionally disturbed (ED) students encode less academic content then their peers due to their pervasive negative mood. In three separate conditions, 73 participants were shown a 5 min video clip to either induce a positive or negative mood or to neutralize mood. Subjects were asked to rate their mood before and after the film clip. Finally, participants were instructed to recall as many words as they could from a presented word list containing emotionally positive, negative and neutral words. A paired samples t-test demonstrated statistically significant results for mood-induction in a positive, negative, and neutral condition (p = 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.003, respectively), which did concur with the hypothesis. However, no statistical significance demonstrated correlation between mood and memory. Mood Effect on Academic Content Retention 7 Chapter
Temperature effects in spin-dependent Hall currents in an ideal skyrmion gas

The quest for novel reliable and fast-performing logic and memory elements in classical and quantum computing requires discoveries of new effects in novel quantum materials. Skyrmions are such magnetic textures where electron scattering can essentially change the shape and location of the skyrmion, which can be used as a memory element being more efficient than domain walls as a memory device in classical computing. Because the skyrmion motion is sensitive even to very small currents, we study electron scattering by skyrmions in an ideal skyrmion gas in a ferromagnetic environment. In such systems, the direct and Hall currents become spin-dependent. For applications, it is important to consider a Hall effect in the whole range of temperatures under the assumption of the skyrmion existence. In this study, we find the nonmonotonic temperature dependence of the direct spin-up conductivity, i.e., the conductivity for the current directed along the applied electric field due to the electrons with the spin parallel to the ferromagnetic moment. Such a behavior contradicts the traditional understanding where the temperature only increases the value of the conductivity. The spin-down Hall conductivity is found to be even more dramatic exhibiting a conductivity sign change (i.e., a change in the current direction) with temperature for small skyrmion sizes. The found effects strongly depend on Fermi energy. The most pronounced dependencies take place if the Fermi energy is slightly below and above the bottom of the upper (spin-down) energy band of an ideal two-dimensional electron gas. In addition, we also find that the direct and Hall resistivities, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{xx}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{xy}$, are independent of the exchange integral $J$ for $2Jg{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{F}$.
HOW CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MANAGEMENT RECONCILES STRATEGY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

This paper studies how customers of a global firm evaluate their experiences within and across 44 countries. It focuses on customers’ emotional, cognitive, sensory and behavioral responses to the catalog experience. It develops a theory-based model of satisfaction with the catalog experience as a function of experiential attributes and control variables. A second model captures how each experiential attribute’s contribution to the customer experience is influenced by market and customer characteristics. The models were operationalized using survey data from 366,185 customers who used the firm’s catalog across different trade areas in 44 countries, yielding 571 equations that describe satisfaction with the customer experience. Consistent with theoretical work on context-dependent judgments, nine contingency factors explain significant and substantial amounts of variation (30% on average) in the elasticities of the 12 experiential attributes. East and West can appear similar when market characteristics are similar – or when they are different. Emotional, cognitive, sensory, and behavioral responses to the customer experience systematically differ due to economic, demographic, technological, cultural and consumer characteristics. East and West especially differ in terms of responses to emotional and sensory experiences. Customer experience management can help to shape a strategy that resolves strategy differences between East and West.
Polarization of the Lyα Halos around Sources before Cosmological Reionization

In Loeb & Rybicki (hereafter Paper I), it was shown that before reionization, the scattering of Lyα photons from a cosmological source might lead to a fairly compact (~15'') Lyα halo around the source. Observations of such halos could constrain the properties of the neutral intergalactic medium and, in particular, yield the cosmological density parameters of baryons and matter on scales where the Hubble flow is unperturbed. Paper I did not treat the polarization of this scattered radiation but did suggest that the degree of such polarization might be large. In this Letter, we report on improved calculations for these Lyα halos, now accounting for the polarization of the radiation field. The polarization is linear and is oriented tangentially to the projected displacement from the center of the source. The degree of polarization is found to be 14% at the core radius, where the intensity has fallen to half of the central value. It rises to 32% and 45% at the radii where the intensity has fallen to one-tenth and one-hundredth of the central intensity, respectively. At larger radii, the degree of polarization rises further, asymptotically to 60%. Such high values of polarization should be easily observable and provide a clear signature of the phenomenon of Lyα halos surrounding sources prior to reionization.
Methodological synthesis of research using multi-dimensional analysis

Since 1984 when Douglas Biber first conducted a multi-dimensional (MD) analysis, MD analyses have expanded in scope. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive survey of this body of research. This methodological synthesis conducts a large-scale survey of MD analyses dating back to Biber’s (1984) dissertation. An unprecedented total of 230 studies including peer-reviewed articles and dissertations were coded for a variety of study characteristics and methodological choices. The results of this survey show that researchers have made a wide variety of methodological decisions including the choice of tagger, factor loading and communality cut-off values, and types of additional statistical analyses conducted. It was also found that reporting practices of MD analyses have been less than optimal, lacking information necessary for the replicability of the study. The study concludes with a set of recommendations for future MD analyses in relation to reporting practices and the goals of future studies.
A combined calorimetric and computational study of the energetics of rare earth substituted UO2 systems

Abstract The energetics of rare earth substituted UO 2 solid solutions (U 1− x Ln x O 2−0.5 x + y , where Ln = La, Y, and Nd) are investigated employing a combination of calorimetric measurements and density functional theory based computations. Calculated and measured formation enthalpies agree within 10 kJ/mol for stoichiometric oxygen/metal compositions. To better understand the factors governing the stability and defect binding in rare earth substituted urania solid solutions, systematic trends in the energetics are investigated based on the present results and previous computational and experimental thermochemical studies of rare earth substituted fluorite oxides (A 1− x Ln x O 2−0.5 x , where A = Hf, Zr, Ce, and Th). A consistent trend towards increased energetic stability with larger size mismatch between the smaller host tetravalent cation and the larger rare earth trivalent cation is found for both actinide and non-actinide fluorite oxide systems where aliovalent substitution of Ln cations is compensated by oxygen vacancies. However, the large exothermic oxidation enthalpy in the UO 2 based systems favors oxygen rich compositions where charge compensation occurs through the formation of uranium cations with higher oxidation states.
Which Collaboration Technologies Best Support Student Teamwork? An Empirical Investigation

Today’s complex and dynamic business environment creates a demand for college graduates who can effectively use collaboration technologies in a team environment. However, choosing and using appropriate technologies can be a challenging task. In this research, we propose a comprehensive study on evaluating and promoting an appropriate collaboration technology for student teams. The research plan includes three phases: 1) identifying the important features of collaboration technologies; 2) creating an evaluation framework, assessing available collaboration technology products on the market, and selecting one product, and 3) empirically validating the effectiveness of the recommended collaboration technology. Results from phase one revealed that students consider document and content sharing, supporting team communication, and no cost technology as the top three features of collaboration technologies. Our study, once fully implemented, will provide deeper understanding and guidance on successfully using collaboration technologies for teams in a college setting.
Adding Semantic and Syntactic Predicates To LL(k): pred-LL(k)

Most language translation problems can be solved with existing LALR(1) or LL(k) language tools; e.g., YACC [Joh78] or ANTLR [PDC92]. However, there are language constructs that defy almost all parsing strategy commonly in use. Some of these constructs cannot be parsed without semantics, such as symbol table information, and some cannot be properly recognized without first examining the entire construct, that is we need “infinite lookahead.”
Cholesterol Kinetic Analyses in Normal and Cholesterol-fed Rabbits; Effects of Saturated Versus Polyunsaturated Fat and of Cholestyramine

A model for cholesterol metabolism in rabbits has been demonstrated based on kinetic analysis and total carcass analysis. As has been shown for humans and primates, the model conforms to a two-exchangeable pool model with a third pool not exchangeing during the time interval studied. Alterations in turnover rate, sizes of pools, and exchange rates were demonstrated when rabbits were fed diets containing increased amounts of cholesterol and fat. Evidence was presented that indicated that the there may be differences in tissue distribution of cholesterol, dependent on whether the fat fed with choleserol is saturated or polyunsaturated. These differences include: in rabbits fed cholesterol plus coconut oil is compared with those fed cholesterol plus corn oil, the ratio of the amount of cholesterol in plasma to the amount of cholesterol in pool B was higher, and the rate constant for transfer from pool B was higher. The serum cholesterol concentration of rabbits fed cholesterol plus coconut oil was lowered slightly by feeding cholestyramine. Cholestyramine administration at the dose fed failed to produce statistically significant alterations in pool sizes or serum cholesterol concentration in control rabbits; it did lower serum cholesterol concentration in rabbits fed cholesterol plus coconut oil.
Creating win–win situations via advertising: new developments in digital out-of-home advertising

Advertising's role in society has long been the subject of debate. As has been mentioned in this space previously, a school of thought often voiced by critics of advertising has been the Advertisin...
Corporate International Activity and Debt Financing

The literature provides conflicting evidence on the relation between corporate international activity and the cost and level of debt financing. Based on this evidence, we explore the impact of firm internationalization on debt financing. Using a market based sample of U.S. firms, we find significant evidence of a non monotonic relation between firm international activity and both the cost and level of debt financing. Specifically, we find that, contrary to prior research, firm international activity is, on average, associated with a 13% reduction in the cost of debt financing and a 30% increase in firm leverage.
The Ethics of Genetic Engineering

Preface CHAPTER 1: GENETIC ENGINEERING: PAST AND PRESENT AS PRELUDE TO THE FUTURE A. Fractious Problems and Ethical and Policy Decision Making B. Past: Genetic Medicine, Eugenics, Reproductive Medicine and Counseling 1. Genetic Medicine 2. Eugenics 3. Reproductive Medicine and Counseling C. Present: The Prospect of Genetic Engineering, the Gathering Debate, Fractious Problems and Decision Making 1. The Prospect of Genetic Engineering 2. The Gathering Debate 3. Fractious Problems and Decision Making CHAPTER 2: UTILITARIANISM AND ENGINEERING TO MAXIMIZE WELFARE A. Juanita, Louis, and Dr. Bentheme B. Utilitarianism: Justification, Impartial Welfare Maximization, and Action Guidance 1. Justification 2. Impartial Welfare Maximization i. Welfare ii. The welfare of future persons iii. Maximization, motivation, and decision making iv. Impartiality v. Utilitarian and consequentialist perspectives on genetic engineering 3. Action Guidance C. Utilitarianism and Genetic Engineering CHAPTER 3: DEONTOLOGY: ENGINEERING AT THE EDGES OF DISEASE, DISABILITY, DIFFERENCE, AND DEATH A. Miles, Lamar, and Dr. Neo B. Deontological Ethics: Justification, the Right, and Action Guidance 1. Justification 2. The Right i. Right, duty, and the categorical imperative a. Deontology and consequentialism b. Kantian duty as action from law c. Maxims and universalization: The first formulation d. Persons as ends in themselves and members of the kingdom of ends: The second and third formulations e. Critiques ii. Deontology, children, and future children 3. Action Guidance i. Moral personhood and Kantian respect ii. Principles and Kantian universalization iii. Dignity and rights C. Deontology and Genetic Engineering CHAPTER 4: VIRTUE ETHICS AND ENGINEERING FOR THE VIRTUES A. Leonard, Trisha, and Dr. Arete B. Virtue Ethics: Justification, Character, and Action Guidance 1. Justification 2. Character 3. Action Guidance C. Virtue Ethics and Genetic Engineering CHAPTER 5: GENETIC ENGINEERING, FRACTIOUS PROBLEMS, AND A NAVIGATIONAL APPROACH TO POLICYMAKING A. Utilitarianism As a Public Philosophy B. Deontology As a Public Philosophy C. The Virtues in Public Philosophy D. A Navigational Approach Notes Bibliography Index
Forms and Levels of Integration: Evaluation of an Interdisciplinary Team-Building Project

Team science models are frequently promoted as the best way to study complex societal and environmental problems. Despite increasing popularity, there is relatively little research on the processes and mechanisms that facilitate the emergence of integration of interdisciplinary teams. This article evaluates a suite of recent team-building and grant-writing activities designed to address water management in the Western U.S. We use qualitative methods to document the emergence of integrative capacity at the individual, group, and institutional levels, with particular attention to the role of graduate students and non-academic practitioners in a team science planning project. Our findings highlight the importance of social integration as a basis for conceptual integration and an ability to relate these concepts to real-world problems. The findings also demonstrate the value of qualitative evaluation measures of team readiness, capacity, and intellectual outputs to complement conventional evaluation indicators that rely on quantitative scientific outputs, particularly for team science projects still in the planning stages.
Mochi: visual log-analysis based tools for debugging hadoop

Mochi, a new visual, log-analysis based debugging tool correlates Hadoop's behavior in space, time and volume, and extracts a causal, unified control- and data-flow model of Hadoop across the nodes of a cluster. Mochi's analysis produces visualizations of Hadoop's behavior using which users can reason about and debug performance issues. We provide examples of Mochi's value in revealing a Hadoop job's structure, in optimizing real-world workloads, and in identifying anomalous Hadoop behavior, on the Yahoo! M45 Hadoop cluster.
H/sub 2/H/sub infinity / optimal control synthesis with an alpha -shifted pole constraint

It is shown that it is possible to construct an alpha -shifted augmented system which is twice that of the original system such that the exact H/sub 2/ norm is preserved. An algorithm is developed that calculates the decentralized repeated gains. Based on numerical results, it is concluded that the new approach yields lower costs than Anderson and Moore's approach (B.D.O. Anderson, J.B. Moore, 1989), in the sense that both the state and control costs are smaller. In principle, the approach is applicable to more general constraint regions, e.g., circular region, parabolic region, etc. >
Voltage-mode grid-tie inverter with active power factor correction

Presented herein is a power and control system architecture of a voltage-mode inverter that is interfaced between a DC power source and an AC utility grid. Utilizing an inverter power stage of a full-bridge switching configuration, the single stage of DC-to-AC power conversion is innovatively controlled to achieve maximum power tracking from the power source and a driving sinusoidal output voltage with a proper phase-shift with respect to the utility grid voltage such that the utility grid current contains no reactive component at the utility grid frequency regardless of the load type (resistive, capacitive, or inductive). In addition to various protection features, a particular novel feature is the harmonic-cancellation capability that eliminates most or all of harmonic content in the inverter output voltage. The overall system of power and control results in either an in-phase (absorbing power) or out-of-phase (providing power) utility-grid current (unity power factor) with respect to the utility grid voltage while absorbing either maximum power available from the DC power source or limiting the delivered AC output power to not exceed either the inverter rated power or the maximum rated output voltage.
A rapid non-acidolytic method for deprotection and removal of peptides from solid phase resins - applications of ammonium formate catalytic transfer hydrogenation

Abstract Ammonium formate aided catalytic transfer hydrogenation has been employed in the cleavage, and concommitant deprotection, of the pentapeptide leucine enkephalin from the Merrifield peptide resin under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure in a neutral medium.
A Liquid Water Model: Density Variation from Supercooled to Superheated States, Prediction of H-Bonds, and Temperature Limits

The expressions for density and fraction of H-bonding H atoms are derived and applied from supercooled to superheated states of liquid water (H2O). The anomalous density variation (around 4 °C) with temperature is explained solely on the basis of H-bonding and non-H-bonding (NHB) H atoms in the liquid. Interesting structural changes are postulated as the temperature of liquid water increases from a very low to a very high value. The limits of supercooling and superheating temperatures are calculated to be around 180 and 980 K, respectively, at 1 atm pressure.
Towards an optimum test for non-additivity in Tukey's model

Abstract In a two-way classification model with one observation per cell, the existence of an optimum test for non-additivity is investigated under Tukey's model. An expression for the local conditional (given the complete sufficient statistic under the null hypothesis) power of any invariant similar test is provided. It turns out that no optimum test exists in the class of invariant similar tests. It is further shown that there exist two exact F tests, different from Tukey's test, which are locally more powerful than Tukey's test under suitable restrictions on the main effects. Local unbiasedness of Tukey's test as well as the proposed tests is also established.
The future of aluminum chemistry

Abstract This article represents a survey of current aluminum chemistry and some predictions regarding what type of aluminum chemistry will be conducted in the year 2000 and after. Because of the abundance and availability of aluminum in the earth, research incorporating this element will always be of importance to applications that impact on daily life. Indeed, applied chemistry is the primary goal of most aluminum research. It is likely that three broad areas of aluminum chemistry, catalysis, materials synthesis, and biological studies, will see substantial activity in the future. The use of aluminum in materials will continue in step with the growth of materials science, in general. In contrast, the use of aluminum compounds in catalysis and in effecting synthetic transformations will see a spectacular increase. This is a result of an increased understanding of the chemistry of aluminum, and the availability of a wide range of compounds containing aluminum which was been achieved over the past few decades during a period of increased attention to Main Group chemistry. In the coming years a clear understanding of the influence of aluminum on biological systems will almost certainly be obtained based upon the quality and amount of effort that has focused on this area in recent times.
Seeing photos makes us read between the lines: the influence of photos on memory for inferences.

Three studies examined how photos accompanying stories could contribute to people drawing inferences about outcomes from the stories and subsequently claiming that they had read what had actually only been inferred. Subjects read short stories designed to induce inferences about their conclusions (e.g., “Sabrina dropped the delicate vase” invites the inference that the vase broke) accompanied by a photo depicting the likely conclusion (the broken vase), a photo depicting a detail of the story but not the conclusion (the vase before it was dropped), or no photo. Results showed that seeing photographs consistent with inferred conclusions led people to falsely claim that they read those conclusions. Photo-boosted inferences were held with high confidence and were robust over time. Falsely recalled inferences were sometimes accompanied by false claims to have seen a photo depicting the inferred events when another photo or no photo had actually be seen. These findings support the source monitoring framework's...
Thiomyristoyl peptides as cell-permeable Sirt6 inhibitors

Sirtuins regulate a variety of biological pathways and inhibitors of sirtuins have been actively pursued as tool compounds to study sirtuin biology and as potential therapeutics. Here we demonstrate that thiomyristoyl peptides are potent and cell-permeable inhibitors of Sirt6, one of the seven human sirtuins, and will serve as the starting point for the development of more specific Sirt6 inhibitors.
Using geolifespans to model dynamic geographic domains

Geographic objects are characterized by having different durations of existence, or geolifespans. A typology based on the concept of a geolifespan is developed to model variations in the longevity of entities that are stored in geographic information systems. The typology consists of two upper-level classes: Persistent and Ephemeral. The Ephemeral class is composed of three subclasses: Temporary, Transient and Brief. The set of possible transitions between classes in the typology is described, capturing how objects can change from one class to another, e.g., from Temporary to Brief or from Transient to Persistent. A transition sequence models the geolifespan class(es) to which an object belongs over a period of time and captures the evolution of dynamic geographic objects with respect to their longevity. Geolifespan classes are applied to scenarios of spatial change as well as a geosensor network to illustrate their role in modelling geographic dynamics.
Survey of Teaching Innovations in Interior Design Classes

This study was designed to establish an operational definition of innovation as it relates to interior design instruction. The research also addressed the teaching techniques that seem to be prevalent in the most innovative classes. The sample population was selected from members of IDEC who are currently teaching interior design. Faculty were asked to select which of their classes they considered to be most and least innovative and to respond to a series of identical questions related to these classes. Classes in contract/commercial and basic design were cited as being most innovative and history of interiors and drafting the least innovative. Lecture was used most frequently in the least innovative classes, and less time was spent in class discussion and team projects. A greater variety of techniques and more current editions of texts were used in the most innovative classes. Survey results indicate that program mandates concerning course content may impede the application of innovative techniques. The potential for creativity may be enhanced if faculty have the latitude to structure their courses within program objectives.
Revised genomic organization of FBN1 and significance for regulated gene expression.

FBN1 encodes fibrillin-1, an extracellular matrix protein that is defective in Marfan syndrome. This gene is divided into 65 exons and was previously reported to be approximately 110 kb in length. The existence of 3 exons upstream of the exon containing the putative initiating methionine left open the possibility of alternative fibrillin-1 isoforms that vary at their N-termini. Detailed examination of YACs containing human FBN1 reveal that the gene is 200 kb, almost twice as large as previously thought. Characterization of the porcine FBN1 cDNA and 5' flanking sequence demonstrates extreme conservation between the pig and the human predicted proteins and argues against the possibility of alternative amino-terminal coding sequence. These data further our understanding of the regulatory requirements for gene expression and establish a framework for recombinant expression of fibrillin-1.
PROGNOSTIC MODELLING OF CRACK GROWTH IN A TENSIONED STEEL BAND

Abstract The general problem of identifying the condition of a structure or machine, and in particular its vibration signature, as a means to optimise maintenance costs and reliability is currently of great interest. This work presents a method for predicting the state of damage in the future for prognostic maintenance , rather than just identifying the current state of damage for diagnostic maintenance . Prognostics carries great economic importance because it allows the assessment of the likelihood of failure as a function of future time in terms of past and current conditions. We present an experimental example using the modal response of a notched, tensioned, steel band undergoing broadband vibration excitation to propagate cracks across the notched area until failure. The natural modes of the band are monitored during fatigue and the modal frequency shifts are used as a prognostic observable. A Kalman filter is then used track these modal frequency shifts and predict the likelihood and time when the amount of frequency shift is indicative of imminent failure. As a practical approach for prognostics of the band failure, we examine whether the modal frequencies are converging towards a stable state (such as during the break-in period), or diverging away from a stable state. A new probability density function for the remaining useful life is derived from the kinematic model. This method of using the kinematic state of a damage observable for failure prognostics can be extended to any dynamical system with observable features which correlate with damage or fatigue state.
Estrous cycle dependence of nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced preneoplastic lesions in rat mammary gland.

Abstract Virgin 50–55-day-old rats exhibiting regular estrous cycles were injected i.v. with the direct acting carcinogen 1-nitroso-1-methylurea (NMU) on the morning of proestrus, estrus, or diestrus. Rats were killed at weekly intervals following NMU administration to identify source and number of microscopically identifiable dysplasias. Terminal end bud (TEB) abnormalities appeared within 1 week following NMU administration, with a significantly greater number of abnormal TEBs in mammary glands of rats injected on proestrus (PE) and estrus (E) than on diestrus (DE). Ductal (DH) and ductal alveolar hyperplasias (DAH) and hyperplastic alveolar nodules (HAN) appeared during week 3, with significantly more of each type of lesion appearing by 6 weeks after NMU injection. HAN were most numerous in glands from rats injected on estrus. Adenocarcinomas arose from both the proximal and distal ductal network; at 10 and 12 weeks post NMU, significantly more tumors were found in rats injected on proestrus than diestrus and estrus. These results support the theory that the hormonal environment at the time of NMU administration significantly alters early development of mammary tumors in the rat.
A monte carlo study of some multivariate nonparametric statistics for profile analysis of several samples

This paper describes the results of simulation studies on a class of nonparametric tests,T 0, developed for the hypothesis of homogeneityH 0, of several multivariate populations, and also on the class of testsT 1, developed subsequently for the hypothesisH 1, of parallelism of population profiles. Simulation studies relate to, first, the investigation of accuracy of the large-sample null-approximation for finite samples and, secondly, the study of powers under various types of alternatives to H 0 and H 1.
Fiberoptic microphone using a polymeric cavity

The fabrication and experimental investigation of a fiberoptic microphone is described. The sensing element is a silicon diaphragm with gold thin film coating that is positioned inside a silicone rubber mold at the end of a single mode optical fiber. Thus, a Fabry-Perot interferometer is formed between the inner fiber and the diaphragm. An acoustic pressure change is detected by using the developed microphone. The polymeric cavity and silicon diaphragm-based system exhibits excellent physicochemical properties with a small, simple, low cost, and lightweight design. The system is also electromagnetic interference / radio frequency interference immunity due to the use of fiberoptics.
A Modified Formulation of Lattice Dynamics

A modified formulation of lattice dynamics based on two-dimensional Fourier-transforms of the coupling parameters is presented. This approach will be useful for the study of twodimensional defects, surfaces, and layer structures. Subsequent Fourier-transform in the third dimension recovers the conventional formulation of lattice dynamics. The method is applied to the eigenfrequencies of rocksalt in the approximation of the point ion model and is shown to reproduce Kellermann's results. Es wird eine modifizierte Formulierung der Gittertheorie unter Vewendung zweidimensionaler Fourier-Transformationen der Kopplungsparameter dargestellt. Dieses Verfahren ist fur die Behandlung zweidimensionaler Gitterfehler, Oberflachen und Schichtstrukturen geeignet. Durch zusatzliche Fourier-Transformation in der dritten Dimension gelangt man zu der ublichen Formulierung der Gittertheorie. Das Verfahren wird in der Punkt-Ionen-Naherung auf die Eigenfrequenzen von Natriumchlorid angewendet und fuhrt zu den Ergebnissen von Kellermann.
Large eddy simulation of ship tracks in the collapsed marine boundary layer: a case study from the Monterey area ship track experiment

Abstract. For the first time, a large eddy simulation (LES) coupled to a bulk aerosol scheme is used to simulate an aircraft-sampled ship track. The track was formed by the M/V Sanko Peace on 13 June 1994 in a shallow drizzling boundary layer with high winds but very low background aerosol concentrations (10 cm−3). A Lagrangian framework is used to simulate the evolution of a short segment of track as it is advected away from the ship for 8 h (a downwind distance exceeding 570 km). Using aircraft observations for initialization, good agreement is obtained between the simulated and observed features of the ambient boundary layer outside the track, including the organization of the cloud into mesoscale rolls. After 8 h, a line of aerosol is injected to start the ship track. The simulation successfully reproduces the significant albedo enhancement and suppression of drizzle observed within the track. The aerosol concentration within the track dilutes as it broadens due to turbulent mixing. A sensitivity study shows the broadening rate strongly depends on the alignment between the track and the wind-aligned boundary layer rolls, as satellite images of ship tracks suggest. Entrainment is enhanced within the simulated track, but the observed 100 m elevation of the ship track above the surrounding layer is not simulated, possibly because the LES quickly sharpens the rather weak observed inversion. Liquid water path within the simulated track increases with time even as the ambient liquid water path is decreasing. The albedo increase in the track from liquid water and cloud fraction enhancement (second indirect effect) eventually exceeds that from cloud droplet number increases (first indirect or Twomey effect). In a sensitivity study with a higher initial ambient aerosol concentration, stronger ship track aerosol source, and much weaker drizzle, there is less liquid water inside the track than outside for several hours downwind, consistent with satellite estimates for such situations. In that case, the Twomey effect dominates throughout, although, as seen in satellite images, the albedo enhancement of the track is much smaller.
Prototyping: a Tool for Rapid Learning in Product Development

This paper examines the crucial roles which prototyping plays in fast-start product development - a concept which emphasizes thorough, up-front planning, early product definition, greater staffing during the start-up phase of the program, and intensive early-design effort. The diverse uses of prototypes in product development are first reviewed in general terms, followed by an examination of how prototypes were used in a number of development projects studied as part of the "Manufacturing Vision" program [2]. The effectiveness of use of prototypes at critical junctures proved to be pivotal events in the outcome of many of the product development programs studied.
The infrared spectrum of the airglow

The techniques of studying the IR airglow are briefly discussed followed by a review of recent observations. The main emphasis is on the molecular emissions of OH and O2 from the mesosphere and lower thermosphere with a shorter discussion of the F-region atomic emissions. The theoretical interpretations of these emissions are reviewed. It is concluded that dynamic effects must play a dominant and as yet incompletely understood part in the photochemistry of the molecular emission region. An atlas of recently available airglow spectra is included.
Carbonic Anhydrase in Marine Algae

An electrometric system for determination of carbonic anhydrase activity was constructed. Enzyme activity was assayed in homogenates of marine macroscopic Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Phaeophyta. Plants surveyed included Ulva expansa (Setchell) Setchell and Gardner, Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, Enteromorpha sp., Chaetomorpha torta (Farlow) McClatchie (Chlorophyta); Laurencia papillosa (Greville). Plocamium coccineum var. pacificum (Kylin) Dawson, Pterocladia capillacea (Gmelin) Bornet and Thuret. Gigartina armata J. Agardh (Rhodophyta); Eisenia arborea Areschoug and Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. A. Agardh (Phaeophyta). Activity was present in all algae; in the Phaeophyta this could be demonstrated only after dialysis. p-Chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid (10−4m) decreased activity in 1 species, Plocamium; this inhibition could be almost completely overcome with the addition of 10−3m dithiothreitol. In 2 green and 2 red algae assayed for sensitivity to acetazolamide (Diamox), inhibition was complete at 10−4m concentration of inhibitor. Dithiothreitol at a concentration of 10−3m did not enhance activity in any of the homogenates, and was not necessary for enzyme expression.
Identification of oxadiazoles as new drug leads for the control of schistosomiasis

Treatment for schistosomiasis, which is responsible for more than 280,000 deaths annually, depends almost exclusively on praziquantel. Millions of people are treated annually with praziquantel, and drug-resistant parasites thus are likely to evolve. Phosphinic amides and oxadiazole 2-oxides, identified from a quantitative high-throughput screen, were shown to inhibit a parasite enzyme, thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR), with activities in the low micromolar to low nanomolar range. Incubation of parasites with these compounds led to rapid inhibition of TGR activity and parasite death. The activity of the oxadiazole 2-oxides was associated with a donation of nitric oxide. Treatment of schistosome-infected mice with 4-phenyl-1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carbonitrile-2-oxide led to marked reductions in worm burdens from treatments against multiple parasite stages and egg-associated pathologies. The compound was active against the three major schistosome species infecting humans. These protective effects exceed benchmark activity criteria set by the World Health Organization for lead compound development for schistosomiasis.
Uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles by an inorganic phosphate transporter.

Previous work has identified two families of proteins that transport classical neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles, but the protein responsible for vesicular transport of the principal excitatory transmitter glutamate has remained unknown. We demonstrate that a protein that is unrelated to any known neurotransmitter transporters and that was previously suggested to mediate the Na + -dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate across the plasma membrane transports glutamate into synaptic vesicles. In addition, we show that this vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, exhibits a conductance for chloride that is blocked by glutamate.
Directionality and integration of nanoscale plasmon lasers

We demonstrated the first directionally emitting deep sub-wavelength plasmon laser and circuit. The plasmon laser circuit naturally integrates photonic and electronic functionality allowing both efficient electrical modulation and wavelength multiplexing.
Epigenetics in the Extreme: Prions and the Inheritance of Environmentally Acquired Traits

Prions are an unusual form of epigenetics: Their stable inheritance and complex phenotypes come about through protein folding rather than nucleic acid–associated changes. With intimate ties to protein homeostasis and a remarkable sensitivity to stress, prions are a robust mechanism that links environmental extremes with the acquisition and inheritance of new traits.
Reinvestigation of the Gas-Phase Structure of RDX Using Density Functional Theory Predictions of Electron-Scattering Intensities

Density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level are used to generate electron-diffraction intensity curves for six conformers of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX). These are compa...