cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meal Microstructure Characterization from Sensor-Based Food Intake Detection.

To avoid the pitfalls of self-reported dietary intake, wearable sensors can be used. Many food ingestion sensors offer the ability to automatically detect food intake using time resolutions that range from 23 milliseconds to 8 minutes. There is no defined standard time resolution to accurately measure ingestive behavior or a meal microstructure. This paper aims to estimate the time resolution needed to accurately represent the microstructure of meals such as duration of eating episode, the duration of actual ingestion, and number of eating events. Twelve participants wore the Automatic Ingestion Monitor (AIM) and kept a standard diet diary to report their food intake in free-living conditions for 24hrs. As a reference, participants were also asked to mark food intake with a pushbutton sampled every 0.1s. The duration of eating episodes, duration of ingestion, and number of eating events were computed from the food diary, AIM and the push button resampled at different time resolutions (0.1s-30s). ANOVA and multiple comparison tests showed that the duration of eating episodes estimated from the diary differed significantly from that estimated by the AIM and the pushbutton (p-value < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the number of eating events for pushbutton resolutions of 0.1s, 1s, 5s but there were significant differences in resolutions of 10s-30s (p-value < 0.05). The results suggest that the desired time resolution of sensor-based food intake detection should be ≤5s to accurately detect meal microstructure. Furthermore, the AIM provides more accurate measurement of the eating episode duration than the diet diary.
Treatment-Related Noncontiguous Radiologic Changes in Children With Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Treated With Expanded Irradiation Fields and Antiangiogenic Therapy.

Purpose We previously reported the cases of 3 children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) in whom noncontiguous treatment-related abnormalities (NCTRAs) developed in the brain after expanded-field radiation therapy (RT). To investigate the occurrence and putative mechanism of NCTRAs, we reviewed brain magnetic resonance imaging studies of patients with DIPG treated in 2 consecutive phase I clinical trials (trials 1 and 2). Methods and Materials The 55 children included in these trials received small-molecule inhibitors: vandetanib in trial 1 (n=32; mean age 6.4 years) and vandetanib and dasatinib in trial 2 (n=23; mean age 5.8 years). The patients also received conformal 3-dimensional RT (cumulative dose 54 Gy). For patients enrolled in trial 1, the clinical target volume (CTV) was expanded by 1 cm from the gross tumor volume. In trial 2, the expansion to form the CTV was 2 to 3 cm. A review of imaging studies was performed from the initial diagnosis through the end of progression-free survival. The imaging findings were grouped into 5 categories according to the presence, absence, location, extent, and putative mechanism of NCTRAs. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association between covariates and NCTRA, cohort characterization, and survival comparisons. Results Overall survival was similar in both studies ( P =.74). NCTRAs developed in 9 patients (39%) treated in trial 2 but in none treated in trial 1. The NCTRAs included T2-weighted hyperintensities with (n=3; radiation necrosis) or without (n=5) contrast uptake, supratentorial leukoencephalopathy (n=2), and ischemic stroke (n=1). All NCTRAs, except for 1, occurred within the CTV. Compared with nonaffected patients, patients with a NCTRA were younger ( P =.003) and had had larger relative brain volumes exposed to doses >20 Gy. Conclusions The imaging features of NCTRAs suggest that their development is secondary to synergistic steno-occlusive vascular effects induced by the combination of RT, an expanded CTV, potent antiangiogenic therapy, young age, and, in 1 case, a genetic predisposition.
The enlarged uterus : Relation of uterine size to symptoms and histopathologic findings

OBJECTIVE : To determine the association between the weight of an enlarged uterus and its clinical and histopathologic pictures. STUDY DESIGN : Forty-three patients with symptoms related to uterine enlargement of < 280 g who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy were compared to 73 patients with uteri weighing ≥280 g. RESULTS : The mean age, parity, duration of disease and incidence of past myomectomy were not different. All symptoms except low abdominal pressure were similarly distributed. The incidences of leiomyomata combined with adenomyosis were similar. A leiomyoma alone was more frequent in patients with a uterus of ≥280 g (P <.001) while adenomyosis alone was more commonly associated with a smaller uterus (P <.001). CONCLUSION : Symptoms were not related to uterine weight except for low abdominal pressure, which was absent from smaller uteri. The diagnosis of leiomyomata was confirmed in all uteri ≥ 280 g and in 62.8% of smaller uteri. Adenomyosis alone was present in smaller uteri only.
Distributed Optimization via Local Computation Algorithms

We propose a new approach for distributed optimization based on an emerging area of theoretical computer science -- local computation algorithms. The approach is fundamentally different from existing methodologies and provides a number of benefits, such as robustness to link failure and adaptivity in dynamic settings. Specifically, we develop an algorithm, LOCO, that given a convex optimization problem P with n variables and a "sparse" linear constraint matrix with m constraints, provably finds a solution as good as that of the best online algorithm for P using only O(log(n+m)) messages with high probability. The approach is not iterative and communication is restricted to a localized neighborhood. In addition to analytic results, we show numerically that the performance improvements over classical approaches for distributed optimization are significant, e.g., it uses orders of magnitude less communication than ADMM.
Inventing a New Model of Hypertension Care for Black Men.

There are more than 200,000 deaths in the United States each year from heart disease, stroke, and hypertensive disease that could be avoided by timely and effective preventive medical care.1 The risk of avoidable cardiovascular deaths among black men is 80% higher than that among white men or black women. The combination of a high prevalence of hypertension and poor blood-pressure control is a major contributor to the high rates of cardiovascular death and disease among black men.2 Despite the high priority for finding ways to improve blood-pressure treatment in black men, few unequivocal success stories have been reported. The . . .
40-year old Pilot with Fevers, Diplopia, Hypertropia, Skew Deviation, and Visual Field Loss due to H. parainfluenza endocarditis (P1.303)

Objective: Toreport a case of H. parainfluenza endocarditis presenting as diplopia, hypertropia, visual field loss, and skew deviation. Background: Infectiveendocarditis (IE) carries a high incidence of morbidity and mortality and maypresent diversely. Early neurologicpresentations are encountered rarely. According to a prospective study of 2781 patients, vascular embolicevents were encountered in only 17% and Roth spots in 2% of patients 1 . Design/Methods: CaseReport Results: A40 year old male active duty F-16 pilot was admitted with fevers and myalgias. The next day he complained of sudden-onset double vision. Examination demonstrated a monocular visual field defect in a wispy pattern in the inferiornasal region, a right hypertropia, skew deviation, and vertical nystagmus. Blood cultures were pending and without growth. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were initiated and a STAT brain MRI/MRA/MRV and echocardiogram were obtained to evaluate for a potential embolic source. MRI demonstrated restricted diffusion within the left superior cerebellum and cerebellar vermis, right medial thalamus and right hypothalamus/red nucleus. Fundoscopic exam showed branched retinal artery occlusion and a Rothspot. He developed pulmonary edema and underwent emergent mitral valve replacement. TEE demonstrated thickening of the mitralvalve with flail chordea. Three weeks later the cultured valve grew H. parainfluenza. The patient completed a six-week course of intravenous ceftriaxone. One month later, the patient’s diplopia had resolved. Conclusions: Focal neurologic deficits are not a common early presentation of IE. The visual field cut in this case was typical for a retinal artery occlusion and represented an embolic event. The diplopiawas likely caused by the thalamic infarct, with involvement of the corticomesencephalic tract. In characteristic fashion for IE, time required for bacterial culture growth was lengthy. Prompt recognition of focal deficits in a patient with signs and symptoms of systemic inflammation may allow for earlier recognition of IE. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. Stephens has nothing to disclose. Dr. Frattalone has nothing to disclose.
The Parietal Visual System and some Aspects of Visuospatial Perception

A complex function of highly developed brains is their capacity to construct and update veridical images of surrounding space and to identify accurately the spatial relations between objects in that space. These perceptual and control functions are executed ordinarily at preconscious levels, as witness the powerful but usually unnoticed role of the visual flow fields in guiding locomotion. These central images of the immediate surround can be brought immediately to conscious perception by directed attention. Studies of humans and other primates indicate that the parietal lobe system plays an important role in these aspects of visuospatial perception and in the visual guidance of pointing, reaching, and locomotion. Evidence obtained in neurophysiological studies in waking monkeys conforms with these general statements, for the functional properties of the several major classes of neurons identified in the posterior parietal homotypical cortex of the monkey mimic many of the functions attributed to the parietal system in man, and mirror the defects seen in man and other primates after parietal lobe lesions (Mountcastle et al. 1975; Lynch et al. 1977).
Characterization of Surfaces

It is less than two decades since methods became available which truly deserve the predicate “Surface Characterization.” We owe this progress to advances in electronics which allow the detection of signals emerging from layers of minute thickness less than 100A. A knowledge of the compositional and geometrical features of the surface help to devise processes for improved surface performance and properties, which is the theme of this book. This discussion will review classical methods, recent progress in surface characterization, as well as the desires of researchers for further advances.
Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of prostate cancer.

e17052Background: Age-specific prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and risk of clinically-significant prostate cancer (PCa) are components of shared decision-making for PCa screening. Inflammati...
A Darwinian Perspective on

Though the real exchange rate is a key price for most economies, our understanding of its determinants is still incomplete. This paper studies the implications of status competition in the marriage market for the real exchange rate. In theory, a rise in the sex ratio (increasing relative surplus of men) can generate a decline in the real exchange rate (RER) through both a savings channel and an effective labor supply channel. The effects can be quantitatively large if the biological desire for a marriage partner is strong. Empirically, we show that within China, those regions with a faster increase in the sex ratio also exhibit a faster decline in the RER (the relative price of nontradables). Furthermore, across countries, those with a high sex ratio tend to have a low real exchange rate, beyond what can be explained by the Balassa-Samuelson effect, financial underdevelopment, dependence ratio, and exchange rate regime classifications. As an application, the estimation suggests that these structural factors can account for the Chinese exchange rate almost completely.
Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease and outcomes after hospitalization: A cohort study.

Abstract Background The impact of hospitalization on patient outcomes is increasingly recognized and considered in the prognostication of many pulmonary disorders. We sought to evaluate the impact of hospitalization on survival in connective tissue disease-interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) patients. Methods A chart review of patients with CTD-ILD followed at a tertiary care center was performed. Patients were stratified into two groups based on hospitalization status. Outcomes of the groups were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses as well as multivariate competing risk analysis. Results There were 137 patients identified with confirmed CTD-ILD. Patients who underwent hospitalization for any reason had a significant decrease in transplant-free survival compared to the never hospitalized cohort (3-year survival 60% vs. 94%; p = 0.0001). Hospitalization for ≥7 days was associated with worse outcomes than those hospitalized for Conclusion This study highlights the impact of hospitalization on subsequent outcomes in the CTD-ILD population with a significantly reduced transplant-free survival demonstrated, especially after cardiopulmonary hospitalization events.
Characterizing the US trade in lionfishes.

Invasive lionfishes Pterois volitans and Pterois miles have spread throughout the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Greater Caribbean. Beyond these two invaders, additional species within the subfamily Pteroinae are regularly imported into the United States. We evaluated the trade of lionfishes as a surrogate measure for propagule pressure, an important component of invasion success. Proactive evaluation of marine ornamental fishes in trade is vital, particularly for those sharing characteristics with known invaders. We utilized one year of import records from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Law Enforcement Management Information System database and two domestic databases to capture the trade of all lionfishes in the US, the invasive complex in its invaded range in Florida, and two Hawaiian endemic lionfishes. Retail surveys were completed to assess lionfish availability across 10 coastal states. Compared to species diversity within the subfamily, the number of traded species was low and just two species were traded at moderate to high volume, including P. volitans and Dendrochirus zebra. At the retail level, fewer species are available to consumers. The trade in lionfishes is consolidated because most lionfishes originate from two Indo-Pacific countries and arrive through the port of Los Angeles. The volume and diversity of traded lionfishes presents some risk of introduction for lionfishes which are not established, and secondary introductions of the invasive P. volitans. In combination with rapid risk screening, this research can be applied to a proactive risk management framework to identify risky species prior to introduction and establishment.
Bis(dimethylamino)phosphorodiamidate: A Reagent for the Regioselective Cyclophosphorylation of cis-Diols Enabling One-Step Access to High-Value Target Cyclophosphates

Bis(dimethylamino)phosphorodiamidate (BDMDAP) enables an efficient and one-pot cyclophosphorylation of vicinal cis-diol moiety of polyol-organics of biological importance without the need for prote...
Ewing sarcoma with myxoid stroma: Case report of an unusual histological variant

We describe the case of a Ewing sarcoma with prominent myxoid stroma of the temporal bone in a 26-year-old female. Histologically, the tumor exhibited a fascicular growth pattern of round to spindled cells with a minimal amount of pale eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm and oval or spindled nuclei with finely dispersed chromatin and small nucleoli. Myxoid changes were prominent (>50%), with reticular or pseudoacinar growth of the loosely cohesive cells. The tumor showed strong expression of CD99, FLI1, and CD56 and was positive for the EWSR1-FLI1 fusion transcript. The diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma with myxoid stroma (myxoid variant) is particularly problematic owing to the large number of potential mimics. The tumor extends the morphologic spectrum of Ewing sarcoma beyond the previously described histological variants, and broadens the differential diagnosis. For any round/spindle cell sarcoma, prominent myxoid stroma and CD99 immunoreactivity should prompt consideration for molecular studies that include analysis of both EWSR1 and FLI1.
Analytical Mechanics of space systems: Fourth Edition [Bookshelf]

Spacecraft dynamics and control is an exciting discipline that incorporates fundamental areas of particle and rigid-body dynamics as well as advanced areas of astrodynamics and nonlinear control theory. The current fourth edition of this book serves as an excellent resource for use by researchers or practicing engineers or in the classroom. A colleague who teaches advanced dynamics recently stated that this text “is now the best aerospace-focused first graduate dynamics book available.” The book is divided into 14 chapters and nine appendices. The first eight chapters comprise Part 1, “Basic Mechanics,” and the remaining chapters comprise Part 2, “Celestial Mechanics.” The difficulty level moves from the undergraduate level in the first few chapters to advanced graduate-level material by the end. The contents provide versatility for use in undergraduate and graduate-level courses on Newtonian dynamics, orbital mechanics, spacecraft attitude dynamics and control, analytical dynamics, and nonlinear control. This fourth edition has been updated by including new discussions of various topics and adding examples,
A zinc-responsive fluorophore based on 5′-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-pyridylthiazole

The synthesis and photophysical properties of an ion-sensitive fluorescent compound are described, featuring 5′-(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyridylthiazole (HPPT) as a highly emissive fluorophore. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that HPPT is capable of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), with further polarization upon complexation with Zn(II). A 4′-picolyloxy–HPPT derivative was prepared and determined to form a 1 : 1 complex with Zn(NO3)2 in acetonitrile, with a Stokes shift of 137 nm (6323 cm−1) and a 67 nm bathochromic shift in emission relative to the neutral ligand, and a fluorescence quantum yield (ΦPL) of 92%. An X-ray crystal structure of the HPPT–Zn(II) complex confirmed a tridentate structure with a seven-membered chelate ring, and the picolyloxy unit rotated out of plane.
Abstract P552: The Role of Traditional Risk Factors in Mediating the Influence of Cumulative Social Risk Exposure on Cardiovascular Death

Introduction: Cumulative social risk exposure, defined as experiencing more than one social risk factor and captured through an index of cumulative social risk, is associated with a significant inc...
Rebuilding Trust and Restoring Positive Relationships : A Commitment-Based View of Trust

This chapter argues that trust is central to all positive relationships. It suggests that reader views of trust—those based on a social exchange perspective—are insufficient for understanding trust in these relationships. A social exchange perspective provides limited theoretical leverage for understanding how trust can be rebuilt, beyond the observation that trust occurs—and by extrapolation, might possibly be rebuilt—over a series of exchanges. However, an exchange perspective might even suggest that once trust is broken, the exchange relationship would likely terminate. The chapter discusses the implications of using a relationship-based commitment perspective for restoring trust. Relationship-based commitment and trust appear to have much in common. Relationship-based commitment, trust involves the simultaneous existence of both positive and negative elements. In a commitment-based view, by contrast, these positive and negative elements associated with trust do not "cancel out" to reveal either a positive or a negative relationship; rather both positive and negative elements are simultaneously present in all trust relationships.
Evaluation of hyperglycemia

Abstract The most common cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes mellitus, which has become a worldwide epidemic. This chapter concerns the definition, diagnosis, causes, and evaluation of hyperglycemia, diabetes, and related conditions (e.g., the metabolic syndrome). Emphasis is placed on the broad causes of diabetes that range from the common conditions of type 1 and type 2 diabetes to the emerging field of monogenic diabetes. The reader is referred to the second edition of this textbook for an extensive discussion of the metabolic syndrome although the salient clinical features of the metabolic syndrome are described in this chapter.
Environmental effects on efficacy of herbicides for postemergence goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control.

Experiments were conducted to understand environmental effects on efficacy of herbicides used to control goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn.). Herbicides were applied to goosegrass maintained at soil moisture contents (VMC) of 20%. Herbicides included fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (140 g ha-1), topramezone (25 g ha-1), foramsulfuron (44 g ha-1), 2,4-D + dicamba + MCPP + carfentrazone (860 + 80 + 270 + 28 g ha-1), and thiencarbazone-methyl + foramsulfuron + halosulfuron-methyl (22 + 45 + 69 g ha-1). Goosegrass control increased as VMC increased. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature were manipulated to determine effects of evaporative demand on foramsulfuron. Effects of soil drying were also studied following foramsulfuron application. Reductions in transpiration rate (TR) and leaf area were greatest with foramsulfuron applications to goosegrass in silt-loam under high evaporative demand (3 kPa VPD, 38 °C). Foramsulfuron had no effect on goosegrass in silica-sand regardless of evaporative demand. TR dropped to 0.2 mmh-1 within eight days after application to goosegrass in silt-loam compared to 18 days in silica-sand. Overall, foramsulfuron efficacy on goosegrass was maximized under conditions of high soil moisture and evaporative demand, and may be reduced in sandy soils that hold less water.
Human Capital Portability and Worker Career Choices: Evidence from M&A Bankers

How does firm-specific human capital shape workers’ career trajectories? We develop a model that allows workers to accumulate both portable and non-portable (firm-specific) human capital through their work experience and learn about their match quality with current employers over time. The model is estimated using granular data on M&A bankers. We show that bankers accumulate a significant fraction of non-portable human capital, and this non-portability influences their productivity, job turnover, and career choices between sectors offering high returns on human capital and sectors offering generalizable skills. Our results have implications for high-skill workers in human capital-intensive industries in general.
LEGAL CONCERNS IN ASSOCIATESHIPS AND PARTNERSHIPS

SUMMARY Entering into an associateship and forming a partnership are major career-shaping and, to a great extent, life determinative decisions. OMSs cannot take such decisions lightly. Once the OMS decides to go the associateshippartnership route, he or she must be aware that there are many legal concerns involved in the process. Each associateship is unique. The doctors can customize the relationship, address all details, and design the associateship and partnership to their individual circumstances. It is essential that each OMS involved in any type of associateship attempt to understand the myriad legal concerns. The associates must be able to communicate with each other in an effective and professional manner. Putting it all together, however, is not a “do-it-yourself” matter. Competent health-care advisors can guide, advise, protect, and help tremendously. Each OMS must consult with them at various stages of the relationship. Doing this could be one of the better small investments an OMS will make. Although our example in this article involves only two OMSs, the philosophies, prin- ciples, and concerns hold true for a multiperson organization. The more OMSs involved, the more complicated the various situations become. In either case, duo or multiple, if the doctors are not aware of the myriad legal aspects in such relationships they could be much worse off. The doctors must understand that there are complicated federal, state, and local labor, tax, and other laws and regulations under which they must operate. In each instance, however, they must have a baseline or starting point. At all stages they have to factor in reasonable bailout provisions. They should work with competent, experienced advisors who will explain the legal facts, ramifications, and alternatives. One of the difficulties the OMS will encounter is that there is a great deal of strategic planning that requires vision and anticipation. Usually the OMS finds this difficult to comprehend. Nevertheless, it is necessary, especially in the never-anticipated cases of premature and unexpected death, illness, incapacity, and change. Basic planning can prevent legal and emotional turmoil. It can protect the doctors and their families from the ravaging effects of uncertainty, short- and long-term taxation, estate taxation, extended and expensive nego tiations, frustration, and mental and physical anguish. This article is not meant to be and cannot be an all-inclusive discourse. Its primary purpose is to point out the myriad legal concerns that each doctor already in, about to enter, or anticipating to leave an associateship and partnership situation can face; however, if each doctor and each advisor are reasonable, realistic, rational, and flexible throughout the process each concern will become a comfort.
Determination of thyroid hormones in dietary supplements using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

More than 27 million Americans have some kind of thyroid disease. Numerous dietary supplements claiming to support healthy thyroid function and healthy metabolism and balance or promote weight loss are available for purchase in retail stores and on the internet. In the literature, there have been reports of adverse events associated with the consumption of thyroid hormone-containing products. In this study, an LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the analysis of thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3), 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) in dietary supplements. Sonication with methanol was used for the extraction of free hormones from nonglandular products. The tissue-bound hormones from glandular thyroid products were extracted using a modified enzymatic digestion, in which the matrix was first extracted by sonication with methanol and then by enzymatic digestion with proteases. Both extraction methods provided acceptable recovery values between 78% and 116%. Fifty-eight products making claims related to thyroid management were purchased over the internet from 2017-2018 and quantitatively analyzed for five hormones using the validated methods. Eleven out of 19 glandular products were found to contain quantifiable amounts of hormones. Maximum daily servings were also calculated for each product based on label information. The maximum amount of T4, T3, and rT3 per daily serving in the glandular products were up to 210, 32, and 7.6 μg/day, respectively. In the case of nonglandular products, which were labeled to contain plant extracts, vitamins, minerals, diiodo compounds, and so forth, the amounts of 3,5-T2 and 3,3'-T2 were up to 740 and 2700 μg/day, respectively.
Applications of Cryptography in Database: A Review

Cryptography is the foundation and core of network security. Privacy protection, sensitive information is particularly important, so whether it is system development or app development, as long as there is network communication. As data plays very critical steps for IOT devices it's very crucial that cryptography applied to the databases as well. A lot of information needs to be encrypted to prevent interception and tampering. Many people use cryptography on a daily basis, not everyone is aware of it. This paper investigates the applications of cryptography in the context of databases and offers suggestions to enhance security and privacy.
Implementation of an Online Social Annotation Tool in a College English Course

An online social annotation tool was implemented in the context of utilizing question-answering tasks with reading documents. The tool and tasks were used in order to foster students’ cognitive development with higher-order thinking, critical analysis, and development of sophisticated arguments in English writing. The effects of the tool on students’ mental models as well as their motivation for and achievement in a college argument and persuasion course were investigated. The findings are discussed along with implications and possibilities for future studies.
Yearning for the Impossible: The Surprising Truths of Mathematics, Second Edition

This book explores the history of mathematics from the perspective of the creative tension between common sense and the "impossible" as the author follows the discovery or invention of new concepts that have marked mathematical progress: - Irrational and Imaginary Numbers - The Fourth Dimension - Curved Space - Infinity and others The author puts these creations into a broader context involving related "impossibilities" from art, literature, philosophy, and physics. By imbedding mathematics into a broader cultural context and through his clever and enthusiastic explication of mathematical ideas the author broadens the horizon of students beyond the narrow confines of rote memorization and engages those who are curious about the place of mathematics in our intellectual landscape.
Arithmetic Progressions, Different Regularity Lemmas and Removal Lemmas

This lecture note is mainly about arithmetic progressions, different regularity lemmas and removal lemmas. We will be very brief most of the time, trying to avoid technical details, even definitions. For most technical details, we refer the reader to references. Apart from arithmetic progressions, we also discuss property testing and extremal graph theory.
Different Knowledge, Same Joke: Response-Based Computational Detection of Humor

The paper explores the very basis of linguistic theories of humor with a view of applying them to computational humor. Computation requires tighter definitions. The paper analyzes joke-carrying texts based on the existing script-based methods. It compares jokes that have the same setup but different punchlines by examining the background knowledge that should be available to detect humor. It then moves into jokes where the same joke text elicits different responses from the reader, and conjectures that the responses are based on the readers' world knowledge and preferences. Such responses make it possible not only to analyze humor, but also to understand more about the people that produce the responses.
Through a Fly's Eye: Multiple Yet Overlapping Perspectives on Future Directions for Human Motivation Research

In this final chapter we examine future directions in motivation research by looking through the individual lenses of our volume authors. We review each chapter for viewpoints on new directions for research. Each chapter offers some unique ideas relevant to the particular area of inquiry, but there is also overlapping emphasis on several issues facing the field as a whole. The most widely cited future direction was for more research into dual-process models of motivation. There were also frequent calls for more intervention research, especially interventions in which process variables and active ingredients can be carefully assessed. A desire for more developmental and neuropsychological studies of motivation was also common among this selected group. The centrality of motivation for human adaptation and wellness makes the pursuit of these topics a central task for psychology.
Induction by chloroform of two forms of ornithine decarboxylase in rat liver. Half-life of isozymes.

Abstract Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in rat liver was separated into two species by DEAESepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The activity of both species of ODC was increased at least 20-fold by chloroform treatment of the rats. The major species, Peak A, contained 65% of the ODC activity and possessed a half-life of 11 min. The second species, Peak B, accounted for 35% of the activity and possessed a half-life of 50 min. The long-lived species of ODC activity, induced in rat liver by chloroform, has not been reported previously and might be related to the prolonged induction of ODC activity by chloroform and to tumor promotion and growth.
China and Cambodia: Patron and Client?

In recent years, Cambodia has become one of China's closest international partners and diplomatic allies. Cambodia's apparent defense of China during ASEAN talks on the South China Sea demonstrated the strength of the partnership and its relevance to broader regional relations. This paper examines key trends in the relationship and argues that it conforms increasingly to a patron-client arrangement. Such arrangements are rooted in an exchange of benefits. Among other things, patronage buys the stronger state a degree of deference and political support from its weaker partner, while client status entitles the weaker party to aid and protection at some cost in policy autonomy. This paper argues that Sino-Cambodian ties have become close over the past fifteen years largely because China has offered Cambodia's governing elites a favorable bargain, providing ample economic and political benefits without demanding particularly costly forms of political support in return. That has begun to change, however. Cambodia's governing elites have become more dependent on China, more beholden to Beijing's policy preferences, and more closely identified with China by critics at home and abroad. Cambodia is thus beginning to experience more of the risks inherent in any patron-client pact, suggesting an imbalance in its foreign relations that augurs poorly for the future if current trends continue.
Inclusion of a Coulomb interaction potential in a variational model for positronium–helium scattering

While carrying out investigations on Ps–He scattering it was discovered that it would be possible to improve the results of a previous work on zero-energy scattering of ortho-positronium by helium atoms. The previous work used a model to account for exchange and also attempted to include the effect of short-range Coulomb interactions in the close-coupling approximation. The three terms that were then included did not produce a well-converged result but served to give some justification to the model. Now we improve the calculation by using a simple variational wave function, and derive a much better value of the scattering length. The new result is compared with other computed values, and when an approximate correction due to the van der Waals potential is included the total is consistent with an earlier conjecture.
Fungal Lethality, Binding, and Cytotoxicity of Syringomycin-E

Syringomycin-E (SE) was significantly lethal to Aspergillus and Fusarium species at between 1.9 and 7.8 μg/ml. SE complexed with the following fungal wall constituents (in order of binding): β-1,3-glucan > chitin > mannan > ergosterol = cholesterol. Cytotoxicity in HeLa cells was proportional to the SE concentration, while the amount required for cytotoxicity was 3 to 20 times that needed to kill 95% of the fungi tested.
The first oncogene in Drosophila melanogaster.

Discovered by Bridges in the 1930s, lethal (2) giant larvae was the first of more than 27 recessive oncogenes identified in Drosophila, which provides an excellent model to study neoplastic mechanisms due to the fact that homologs of human oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been isolated and most of the complexes and associated pathways are conserved. This review explores the potential of neoplastic studies in Drosophila to help understand the genomic mechanisms of neoplastic development in vertebrates and invertebrates. Starting from neoplasms and genetic mutations, the article introduces the reader to one of the possibilities that the studies on neoplastic mechanisms of oncogenes in Drosophila can provide a great understanding of the developmental progression in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
Model-free detection of synchrony in neuronal spike trains, with an application to primate somatosensory cortex

Synchronized neuronal firing has been reported in many neural systems and may play a role in the representation of sensory stimuli and the modification of sensory representations by both experience and attention. In this report we describe a bootstrap procedure for computing the statistical significance of changes in the degree of synchrony and apply it to recordings from the second somatosensory (SII) cortex of Macaques performing tactile and visual discrimination tasks. A majority (68%) of neuron pairs in SII fire synchronously in response to a tactile stimulus. In a fraction of those pairs (17.5%), the degree of synchrony covaries with the focus of attention.
Downdrift coarsening of beach foreshore sediments at tidal inlets: An example from the coast of New Jersey

Analysis of grain size statistics of upper foreshore sediments on sand beaches at two tidal inlets in New Jersey, U.S.A. reveals that sediments are coarser at beaches flanking the inlets than updrift, although sediments become finer downdrift at the broad, regional scale. The local reversal of the regional trend in size grading is attributed to: (1) the offshore diversion of the finer sands along the surf zone on the ebb tidal delta, and (2) the removal of the finer sands from the inlet flank beach caused by low wave energy conditions at low stages of the tide and by deflation. Sediments thus become coarser at inlet beaches as a result of alterations in the interaction of waves with the beach and as a result of aeolian processes, not solely as a result of increased tidal current velocities as previously reported. The distance along the New Jersey barrier islands over which inlet processes are likely to affect changes in sediment size updrift averages less than 1100 m, but the impacts of inlets on the sedimentary record can be extended greater distances as a result of inlet migration.
Composite Material Testing Data Reduction to Adjust for the Systematic 6-DoF Testing Machine Aberrations

This paper describes a data reduction methodology for eliminating the systematic aberrations introduced by the unwanted behavior of a multiaxial testing machine, into the massive amounts of experimental data collected from testing of composite material coupons. The machine in reference is a custom made 6-DoF system called NRL66.3 and developed at the NAval Research Laboratory, that consists of multiple sets of hexapod configurations essentially forming a recursive synthesis of multiple parallel mechanisms. Hexapod linkages, the grips, and other deformable parts of the machine absorb energy. This is manifested in an either reversible or irreversible manner, thus introducing a parasitic behavior that is undesirable from the perspective of our ultimate goal of the material constitutive characterization. The data reduction focuses both on the kinematic (pose of the grip) and the reaction (forces and moments) that are critical input quantities of the material characterization process. The kinematic response is reduced by exploitation of the kinematics of the dots used for full field measurements. A correction transformation is identified by solving an inverse problem that minimizes the known displacements at the grips as given by the full field measurements and those given by the machine’s displacement sensors. A Procrustes problem formalism was introduced to exploit a known material behavior tested by the testing machine. Consequently, a correction transformation was established and was applied on the load cell data of the machine in order to eliminate the spurious responses appearing in the force and moment data.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Glucocorticoid Receptors Are Differentially Expressed in the Cells and Tissues of the Immune System

Cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding studies on immune tissues demonstrate that the thymus exhibits three to four times higher levels of GR protein than the spleen. High levels of GR are consistent with the exquisite sensitivity of the thymus to glucocorticoid exposure. Nevertheless, whole cell binding studies reveal similar levels of GR in immature thymic T lymphocytes and more mature, splenic T lymphocytes. Moreover, whole cell binding techniques indicate that neutrophils (which represent roughly 30% of splenic leukocytes) exhibit higher GR than both T and B lymphocytes, further contradicting results from cytosolic binding studies. To address these inconsistencies, GR protein was assessed in immune cells and tissues using cytosolic radioligand binding. Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. Consistent with previous cytosolic receptor binding studies on immune tissue homogenates, thymic T cells were found to have higher levels of GR than T cells isolated from the spleen. In addition, neutrophils were found to have fewer GR than lymphocytes and monocytes. These results indicate a meaningful relationship between receptor expression and known sensitivity to glucocorticoids.
Bacterial Vesicles in Marine Ecosystems

Many heterotrophic bacteria are known to release extracellular vesicles, facilitating interactions between cells and their environment from a distance. Vesicle production has not been described in photoautotrophs, however, and the prevalence and characteristics of vesicles in natural ecosystems is unknown. Here, we report that cultures of Prochlorococcus, a numerically dominant marine cyanobacterium, continuously release lipid vesicles containing proteins, DNA, and RNA. We also show that vesicles carrying DNA from diverse bacteria are abundant in coastal and open-ocean seawater samples. Prochlorococcus vesicles can support the growth of heterotrophic bacterial cultures, which implicates these structures in marine carbon flux. The ability of vesicles to deliver diverse compounds in discrete packages adds another layer of complexity to the flow of information, energy, and biomolecules in marine microbial communities.
Sequence of the most informative joints (SMIJ)

HighlightsWe propose a new representation of human actions that is extremely interpretable.We represent a given action as a sequence of the most informative joints (SMIJ).SMIJ is successful at capturing the invariances in different human actions.SMIJ outperforms standard methods for action recognition task from skeletal data.SMIJ is resilient to dataset bias and generalizes well across different datasets. Much of the existing work on action recognition combines simple features with complex classifiers or models to represent an action. Parameters of such models usually do not have any physical meaning nor do they provide any qualitative insight relating the action to the actual motion of the body or its parts. In this paper, we propose a new representation of human actions called sequence of the most informative joints (SMIJ), which is extremely easy to interpret. At each time instant, we automatically select a few skeletal joints that are deemed to be the most informative for performing the current action based on highly interpretable measures such as the mean or variance of joint angle trajectories. We then represent the action as a sequence of these most informative joints. Experiments on multiple databases show that the SMIJ representation is discriminative for human action recognition and performs better than several state-of-the-art algorithms.
Neuromodulatory effects of corticotropin releasing factor on cerebellar purkinje cells: An in vivo study in the cat

Corticotropin releasing factor, a 41 amino acid peptide, has been localized in climbing fibers and mossy fibers in the cat's cerebellar cortex. In the present study, corticotropin releasing factor was iontophoretically applied to Purkinje cells, isolated extracellularly, to assess the effect of this peptide on the firing rate of the neuron. By itself corticotropin releasing factor had little or no effect on cellular activity. However, this peptide potentiated the excitatory effects of aspartate and glutamate, the putative neurotransmitters of the climbing fiber and mossy fiber-parallel fiber systems, respectively. In addition, corticotropin releasing factor blocked the suppressive effects induced by the iontophoretic application of GABA. Finally, it shortened or eliminated the period of suppression produced by activation of climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex. These data suggest that corticotropin releasing factor functions as a neuromodulator rather than as a neurotransmitter in cerebellar circuitry.
Language support for dynamic, hierarchical data partitioning

Applications written for distributed-memory parallel architectures must partition their data to enable parallel execution. As memory hierarchies become deeper, it is increasingly necessary that the data partitioning also be hierarchical to match. Current language proposals perform this hierarchical partitioning statically, which excludes many important applications where the appropriate partitioning is itself data dependent and so must be computed dynamically. We describe Legion, a region-based programming system, where each region may be partitioned into subregions. Partitions are computed dynamically and are fully programmable. The division of data need not be disjoint and subregions of a region may overlap, or alias one another. Computations use regions with certain privileges (e.g., expressing that a computation uses a region read-only) and data coherence (e.g., expressing that the computation need only be atomic with respect to other operations on the region), which can be controlled on a per-region (or subregion) basis.We present the novel aspects of the Legion design, in particular the combination of static and dynamic checks used to enforce soundness. We give an extended example illustrating how Legion can express computations with dynamically determined relationships between computations and data partitions. We prove the soundness of Legion's type system, and show Legion type checking improves performance by up to 71% by eliding provably safe memory checks. In particular, we show that the dynamic checks to detect aliasing at runtime at the region granularity have negligible overhead. We report results for three real-world applications running on distributed memory machines, achieving up to 62.5X speedup on 96 GPUs on the Keeneland supercomputer.
An Experience Using Two Covert Channel Analysis Techniques on a Real System Design

This paper examines the application of two covert channel analysis techniques to a high level design for a real system, the Honeywell Secure Ada® Target (SAT). The techniques used were a version of the noninterference model of multilevel security due to Goguen and Meseguer and the shared resource matrix method of Kemmerer. Both techniques were applied to the Gypsy Abstract Model of the SAT. The paper discusses the application of the techniques and the nature of the covert channels discovered. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the two methods are discussed and criteria for an ideal covert channel tool are developed.