cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical properties of lactoferrin stabilized oil-in-water emulsions: Effects of pH, salt and heating

Abstract Lactoferrin is a globular protein from bovine milk with an unusually high isoelectric point (pI > 8), which may lead to novel functional properties in foods and other products because it is cationic across a wide pH range. In this study, we investigated the influence of pH (2–9), NaCl addition (0–200 mM), CaCl2 addition (0–200 mM), and thermal processing (30–90 °C, 20 min) on the stability of lactoferrin (LF) stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. At ambient temperature, the emulsions were stable to droplet aggregation at low pH (pH ≤ 6), but exhibited some aggregation at pH ≈ pI (pH 7–9). The thermal stability of the emulsions depended on pH, holding temperature, and thermal history. When LF-coated droplets were heated in distilled water, and then their pH was adjusted in the range 2–9, they were highly unstable to aggregation at pH 7 and 8. On the other hand, when the pH was altered in the range 2–9 first, and then they were heated, the LF-coated droplets were highly unstable to aggregation at pH ≥ 5 when heated above 50 °C. The stability of the emulsions to salt addition depended on pH and salt type, which was attributed to counter-ion binding and electrostatic screening effects. For NaCl, emulsions were stable from 0 to 200 mM at pH 3 and 9, but aggregated at ≥100 mM at pH 6. For CaCl2, emulsions were stable from 0 to 200 mM at pH 3, but aggregated with ≥150 mM CaCl2 at pH 6 and 9. These results have important implications for the formulation and production of emulsion-based products using lactoferrin as an emulsifier.
Rolling-Element Bearing Heat Transfer—Part II: Housing, Shaft, and Bearing Raceway Partial Differential Equation Solutions

Part I of this three-part series presented a heat transfer rolling-element bearing model. The model is composed of solid conduction partial differential equations (PDEs), control volume formulation for lubricant temperatures, and heat partitioning. The model applies to systems with a shaft, housing, numerous bearings, gears, and various methods of lubrication. Part II, this work, presents a solution to the thermal conduction equations. The raceways are three-dimensional (3D), the shaft and housing models are two-dimensional (2D) and lumped in the third direction. This generalized method applies to ball, cylindrical, spherical, and tapered rolling-element bearings. Semi-analytic solutions are obtained by imposing integral transforms. This approach accounts for the axial and circumferential variations in the bearing load zone and rib heating, as well as the ability to link many bearings and gears within an assembly. The housing and shaft equations are radially lumped. The lumped fluxes account for internal and external convection and radiation, as well as conduction fluxes from contiguous bearings and gears. These equations are solved using a Fourier transform. The 3D bearing raceway solution uses a Fourier transform and a modified Hankel transform. Part III of this series presents additional results and experimental validation.
Wearable multifunctional sensors using printed stretchable conductors made of silver nanowires

Considerable efforts have been made to achieve highly sensitive and wearable sensors that can simultaneously detect multiple stimuli such as stretch, pressure, temperature or touch. Here we develop highly stretchable multifunctional sensors that can detect strain (up to 50%), pressure (up to ∼1.2 MPa) and finger touch with high sensitivity, fast response time (∼40 ms) and good pressure mapping function. The reported sensors utilize the capacitive sensing mechanism, where silver nanowires are used as electrodes (conductors) and Ecoflex is used as a dielectric. The silver nanowire electrodes are screen printed. Our sensors have been demonstrated for several wearable applications including monitoring thumb movement, sensing the strain of the knee joint in patellar reflex (knee-jerk) and other human motions such as walking, running and jumping from squatting, illustrating the potential utilities of such sensors in robotic systems, prosthetics, healthcare and flexible touch panels.
Effect of Glucose on the Capacity of Escherichia coli to Be Infected by a Virulent λ Bacteriophage

Howes, William V. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge). Effect of glucose on the capacity of Escherichia coli to be infected by a virulent lambda bacteriophage. J. Bacteriol. 90:1183-1193. 1965.-A substrate-dependent phenotypic resistance to phage lambda(vir) was observed among cells of Escherichia coli W3350 and C600 grown aerobically on glucose. Similar cells grown on glycerol were sensitive. When cells of W3350 grown on glycerol were transferred to glucose, the rate of appearance of the resistant fraction was proportional to the growth rate and became zero after 5.5 to 6.0 generations. Cells grown on glucose, upon transfer to glycerol, became sensitive within one generation. P(32) studies with W3350 indicated that the resistant cells did not adsorb phage. Furthermore, among the sensitive cells approximately the same number of particles adsorbed to each cell. Among five strains of E. coli K-12 investigated, three did not exhibit this aerobic phenotypic resistance. W3350 grown anaerobically on glucose was 100% resistant. Anaerobic growth had no further effect on C600. These inconsistent effects of anaerobiosis probably involved a mechanism different from that of aerobic growth.
Rheology of biofilms formed from the dental plaque pathogen Streptococcus mutans

Here we describe an experimental study of the mechanical properties of bacterial biofilms formed from the early dental plaque colonizer Streptococcus mutans. The S. mutans biofilms demonstrated the behavior of rheological fluids, with properties similar to those of organic polymers and other biological fluids. The time-dependent response of the biofilms was modeled on the basis of principles of viscoelasticity theory. The static and dynamic responses were defined in terms of the creep compliance, storage and loss moduli, and viscosity. The creep compliance and stress relaxation functions of S. mutans biofilms were characterized using the Burger model. Implications for developing more effective mechanical removal strategies of dental plaque biofilms are discussed
Power efficient stochastic - wireless sensor networks

Energy utilization is a challenging problem in wireless sensor networks due to the limited battery capacity in sensor nodes. This paper presents a fundamentally different design of an energy-efficient WSN, named stochastic-WSN (S-WSN). Two main energy-saving techniques are proposed: (i) optimal traffic flow and (ii) efficient scheduling and routing protocol to implement the optimal traffic flow. By using the optimal traffic flow, each sensor can decide its own activity in the routing procedure, thus, S-WSN realizes near-zero network administrative overhead. The optimal traffic flow provides a constructive approach for defining a scheduling algorithm, which keeps only a small subset of nodes awake in the network to provide connectivity while placing the majority of nodes in sleep mode. It reduces power consumption as well as operation interference. The network lifetime obtained using S-WSN provides a significant improvement as compared to using the energy balanced data propagation (EBDP) approach
Computer Design and Control of Probabilistic Communication Networks

A probabilistic communication network is one in which the nodes and links are subject to random failure (or destruction). For a class of such probabilistic networks-in which user traffic demands are converted and stated in terms of required number of circuits or trunks between each node pair-an optimum method of design and utilization (or control) is described. A linear programming model of the communication network is formulated. The solution yields the initial link capacities and the network restoral (or control) doctrine for maximizing the network performance ratio. Estimates are made of the computational complexity as a function of network size. Both off-line and real-time computer-controlled implementations are described. Several simple numerical examples are presented to illustrate the methods employed.
CrossTalk: scalably interconnecting instant messaging networks

We consider the problem of interconnecting a simple type of social network: Instant Messaging services. Today, users are members of various IM communities such as AOL, Yahoo, and MSN. Users often want to engage in conversations that span multiple IM communities, since their friends may use competing IM clients. While client-side solutions exist in the form of Trillian and Pidgin, they require multiple logins and offer a subset of the features present in official IM clients. We propose a different solution based on translating gateways that only requires a single login and allows users to keep their existing IM clients. We claim that such interconnection empowers users and encourages the development of third-party applications. We propose using an overlay of bypass gateways that avoids many of the scalability limitations of standard gateways. We argue that smaller IM networks have the right incentives to use these gateways, and larger networks cannot easily obstruct bypass gateways. Deploying these gateways into a system we call CrossTalk can ultimately aid in protocol standardization. We describe the architecture of bypass gateways and the implementation challenges faced in interconnecting MSN, AOL, Jabber and Yahoo for IM. We briefly discuss to extensions to other domains such as interconnecting SIP and Skype.
Fault detection and identification in a mobile robot using multiple-model estimation

This paper introduces a method to detect and identify faults in wheeled mobile robots. The idea behind the method is to use adaptive estimation to predict (in parallel) the outcome of several faults. Models of the system behavior under each type of fault are embedded in the various parallel estimators (each of which is a Kalman filter). Each filter is thus tuned to a particular fault. Using its embedded model each filter predicts values for the sensor readings. The residual (the difference between the predicted and actual sensor reading) is an indicator of how well the filter is performing. A fault detection and identification module is responsible for processing the residual to decide which fault has occurred. As an example the method is implemented successfully on a Pioneer I robot. The paper concludes with a discussion of future work.
On the relation type of large powers of an ideal

We prove that the relation type of all high powers of an ideal in a Noetherian ring is either one or two. It is one exactly when some power of the ideal is locally principal.
Electronic Structure of Atoms

In this chapter the electronic structure of single atoms will be discussed. A few quantum concepts will be introduced, as they are necessary for the understanding of many aspects in solid-state physics and device applications.
Lidar measurements of two intense stratospheric dust layers

Lidar measurements were made of two stratospheric dust layers on November 26, 1974, using the NASA 48-inch laser radar system. The dust was probably of volcanic origin. The measurements, made at a wavelength of 0.6943 micron, indicated a 6-km thick layer centered at an altitude of 16 km, and a 1.5-km thick layer centered at 20.25 km. The abnormal scattering ratios, scattering functions, and particle concentrations were evaluated. Measurements made on November 28 showed that both layers had considerably diminished.
Recognition of Sexual Abuse in Children

Although sexual abuse of children has likely been present for ages, its recognition in the United States and other countries has dramatically increased in the past 5 years. Reported cases, which represent an unknown fraction of actual cases, now account for approximately 25% of all abuse and neglect reports. Local, county, and state agencies are staggering under the load, and many are relying heavily on pediatricians to assist them in their work. DEFINITION Sexual abuse can be defined as the engaging of a child in sexual activites that the child does not understand, to which the child cannot give informed consent, or which violate the social taboos of society. This definition is broad and includes intrafamilial and extrafamilial forms and all types of sexual activities (eg, exhibitionism, fondling, child pornography, oral, anal, and genital sexual contact). The interface between "normal sexual exploratory behavior" and "sexual abuse" is not clearly defined. Pediatricians should, however, use common sense. If two 4-year-old children are found to be playing without clothes, touching each others9 genitals and giggling, there is probably little to worry about. The same is true if two 15-year-old adolescents are discovered together. A probably exists if the 15-year-old child (some states set statutory 2- to 4-year limits within which sexual activities are not to be considered abuse) or if one 4-year-old child is engaging in fellatio or attempting intercourse with another preschool-aged child.
Regional Variation in Medical Classification Agreement: Benchmarking the Coding Gap

The growing use of classification and coding of patient data in medical information systems has resulted in increased dependence on the accuracy of coding practices. Information maintained on systems must be trusted by both providers and managers in order to serve as a viable tool for the delivery of healthcare in an evidence-based environment. A national survey of health information managers was employed here to assess observed levels of coder agreement with physician code selections used in classifying patient data. Findings from this survey suggest that, on a national level, the quality of coded data may suffer as a result of disagreement or inconsistent coding within healthcare provider organizations, in an era where physicians are increasingly called upon to enter and classify patient data via computerized medical records. Nineteen percent of respondents report that coder–physician classification disagreement occurred on more than 5% of all patient encounters. In some cases disagreement occurs in 20% or more instances of code selection. This phenomenon occurred to varying degrees across regions and market areas, suggesting a confounding influence when coded data is aggregated for comparative purposes. In an evidence-based healthcare environment, coded data often serves as a representation of clinical performance. Given the increasing complexity of medical information classification systems, reliance on such data may pose a risk for both practitioners and managers without consistent agreement on coding practices and procedures.
Rapid clinical diagnosis in fatal swine influenza (H1N1) pneumonia in an adult with negative rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs): diagnostic swine influenza triad

Background The “herald wave” of the H1N1 pandemic spread from Mexico to the United States in spring 2009. Initially, the epicenter of H1N1 in the United States was in the New York area. Our hospital, like others, was inundated with large numbers of patients who presented at the Emergency Department (ED) with influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) for swine influenza testing and evaluation. Methods The Winthrop-University Hospital ED used rapid influenza (QuickVue A/B) tests to screen for H1N1 infection. Patients who were rapid influenza A test-positive were also reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive for H1N1. In our ED, 30% of patients with ILIs and possible H1N1 pneumonia had negative rapid influenza A screening tests. Because H1N1 RT-PCR testing was restricted, there was no laboratory test to confirm or rule out H1N1. Other rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs), e.g., the respiratory fluorescent antibody (FA) viral panel test, were used to identify H1N1 patients with negative RIDTs. Results Unfortunately, there was not a good correlation between RIDT results and RT-PCR results. There was a critical need to develop a clinical syndromic approach for diagnosing hospitalized adults with probable H1N1 pneumonia with negative RIDTs. Early in the pandemic, the Winthrop-University Hospital Infectious Disease Division developed a diagnostic weighted point score system to diagnose H1N1 pneumonia clinically in RIDT-negative adults. The point score system worked well, but was time-consuming. As the “herald wave” of the pandemic progressed, our ED staff needed a rapid, simplified method to diagnose probable H1N1 pneumonia in hospitalized adults with negative RIDTs. A rapid and simplified diagnosis was based on the diagnostic weighted point score system, which we simplified into a triad of key, nonspecific laboratory indicators. In adults hospitalized with an ILI, a fever >102°F with severe myalgias, and a chest x-ray without focal segmental/lobar infiltrates, the presence of three indicators, i.e., otherwise unexplained relative lymphopenia, elevated serum transaminases, and an elevated creatinine phosphokinase, constituted the diagnostic swine influenza triad. The Infectious Disease Division's diagnostic swine flu triad was used effectively as the pandemic progressed, and was not only useful in correctly diagnosing probable H1N1 pneumonia in hospitalized adults with negative RIDTs, but was also in ruling out mimics of swine influenza, e.g., exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, asthma, or congestive heart failure, as well as bacterial community-acquired pneumonias (CAPs), e.g., legionnaire's disease. Conclusion Clinicians can use the Winthrop-University Hospital Infectious Disease Division's Diagnostic swine influenza triad to make a rapid clinical diagnosis of probable H1N1 pneumonia in hospitalized adult patients with negative RIDTs.
Learning to Interview in the Social Sciences

A large proportion of social science investigations rely on interview data, yet few researchers received formal training in interviewing. The authors investigated how novice researchers developed their interview skills, reporting on postgraduate students’ experiences and reflections during an intensive 15-day interview course. Data analyzed for the article include audiotapes and transcripts of in-depth interviews and students’ written critiques and journal reflections. Challenges faced by novice interviewers conducting in-depth interviews included unexpected participant behaviors, dealing with the consequences of the interviewers’ own actions and subjectivities, constructing and delivering questions, and handling sensitive research topics. The authors also discuss the transcription of audio-recorded talk and include their own and students’ reflections concerning the learning and teaching of interviewing. Finally, the authors provide recommendations for teaching interview skills for the purpose of doing social science research. This study informs teachers of qualitative research and researchers who seek to develop their interview skills.
Recresistance of high-toughness grains to cleavage cracking in a polycrystalline, brittle material

As a cleavage crack propagates through a field of randomly oriented grains, due to the variation in local fracture resistance, the crack front advance is nonuniform. The crack would first penetrate into the low-toughness grains, leaving the high-toughness ones behind its front. In this article, the barrier effect of the high-toughness grains is investigated in considerable detail through a computational analysis. The dominant factors are the grain size and the effective content of high-toughness grains.
Induced respiratory system modeling by high frequency chest compression using lumped system identification method

High frequency chest compression (HFCC) treatment systems are used to promote mucus transport and mitigate pulmonary system clearance problems to remove sputum from the airways in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and at risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Every HFCC system consists of a pump generator, one or two hoses connected to a vest, to deliver the pulsation. There are three different waveforms in use; symmetric sine, the asymmetric sine and the trapezoid waveforms. There have been few studies that compared the efficacy of a sine waveform with the HFCC pulsations. In this study we present a model of the respiratory system for a young normal subject who is one of co-authors. The input signal is the pressure applied by the vest to chest, at a frequency of 6Hz. Using the system model simulation, the effectiveness of different source waveforms is evaluated and compared by observing the waveform response associated with air flow at the mouth. Also the study demonstrated that the ideal rectangle wave produced the maximum peak air flow, and followed by the trapezoid, triangle and sine waveform. The study suggests that a pulmonary system evaluation or modeling effort for CF patient might be useful as a method to optimize frequency and waveform structure choices for HFCC therapeutic intervention.
The Coach Is In: Improving Nutritional Care in Nursing Homes

Evidence abounds that usual practice in nursing homes (NHs) is not evidence-based practice. This gap in recommended care has been documented in numerous areas (Schnelle et al., 2003), including nutritional care (Simmons et al., 2003). The reasons for these gaps in care are many, including high staff turnover and insufficient staffing (Donoghue, 2010; Harrington et al., 2000), but another often neglected reason is a weak translational system. For the most part, we have not followed up the development of effective interventions with robust, sustainable efforts to support NH staff to adopt efficacious interventions (Grimshaw et al., 2005). Although the NH literature includes calls to strengthen translational research (Resnick, Quinn, & Baxter, 2004), few studies have tested or evaluated such strategies. Among these, some have focused on commonly used passive strategies, such as the publication of best-practice guidelines. Although these strategies may increase awareness of recommended care, there is scant evidence that they lead to improved practice (Colon-Emeric et al., 2007; Watson, Brink, Zimmer, & Mayer, 2003). The strategies that to date have worked best are the most intensive, often involving on-site visits to NHs, which can be challenging for change agents to sustain or to replicate (Baier et al., 2004; Hutt et al., 2006; Jones et al., 2004), though not impossible, as Rantz and colleagues (2003) have demonstrated. Fewer studies have examined translation strategies that use primarily telecommunications to effect behavior change in NHs (Gardner et al., 2001). These newer technologies may make intensive translation approaches more affordable and thus more sustainable. In this study, we administered and evaluated a telecommunications-based translational strategy—a long distance coaching course—designed to promote uptake of an evidence-based nutritional care intervention. This translational strategy was previously used to improve incontinence care (Rahman, Schnelle, Yamashita, Patry, & Prasauskas, 2010). The aim of this study was to determine whether the multicomponent coaching course strategy would work in a different care area, a question that touches on the robustness of the translational strategy and its potential for wider replication. Theoretically, the coaching course can be used to disseminate any evidence-based or recommended best practice. In this study, the intervention was a nutritional care program that has been shown to increase caloric intake among at-risk residents but has not been widely adopted by NHs.
Cognitive Development in Social and Cultural Context

The development of thinking is discussed from a sociocultural perspective. Three features of the social and cultural context that play important roles in organizing and directing cognitive development are presented and illustrated empirically: (a) activity goals and values of the culture, (b) material and symbolic tools for satisfying cultural goals and values, and (c) higher level structures that instantiate cultural goals and values in everyday practices. The article concludes with a discussion of the utility of this approach for advancing understanding of human intellectual growth.
Alternatives to the discrete fourier transform

It is well-known that the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a finite length discrete-time signal samples the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of the same signal at equidistant points on the unit circle. Hence, as the signal length goes to infinity, the DFT approaches the DTFT. Associated with the DFT are circular convolution and a periodic signal extension. In this paper we identify a large class of alternatives to the DFT using the theory of polynomial algebras. Each of these transforms approaches the DTFT just as the DFT does, but has its own signal extension and own notion of convolution. Further, these transforms have Vandermonde structure, which enables their fast computation. We provide a few experimental examples that confirm our theoretical results.
Selective manipulation of a non-dominant plant and its herbivores affects an old-field plant community

Competition and herbivory can interact to influence the recovery of plant communities from disturbance. Previous attention has focused on the roles of dominant plant species in structuring plant communities, leaving the roles of subordinate species often overlooked. In this study, we examined how manipulating the density of a subordinate plant species, Solanum carolinense, and its insect herbivores influenced an old-field plant community in northern Florida following a disturbance. Five years following the disturbance, the initial densities of S. carolinense planted at the start of the experiment negatively influenced total plant cover and species diversity, and the cover of some grasses (e.g., Paspalum urvillei) and forbs (e.g., Rubus trivalis). Selectively removing herbivores from S. carolinense increased S. carolinense abundance (both stem densities and cover), increased the total cover of plants in the surrounding plant community, and affected plant community composition. Some plant species increased (e.g., Digitaria ciliaris, Solidago altissima) and others decreased (e.g., Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon) in cover in response to herbivore removal. Herbivore effects on plant community metrics did not depend on S. carolinense density (no significant herbivory by density interaction), suggesting that even at low densities, a reduction of S. carolinense herbivores can influence the rest of the plant community. The recovery of the plant community was context dependent, depending on site- and plot-level differences in underlying environmental conditions and pre-disturbance plant community composition. We demonstrate that the density of and herbivory on a single subordinate plant species can affect the structure of an entire plant community.
Microfluidic Magnetic Bead Assay for Cell Detection

We present a novel cell detection device based on a magnetic bead cell assay and microfluidic Coulter counting technology. The device cannot only accurately measure cells size distribution and concentration but also detect specific target cells. The device consists of two identical micro Coulter counters separated by a fluid chamber where an external magnetic field is applied. Antibody-functionalized magnetic beads were bound to specific antigens expressed on the target cells. A high-gradient magnetic field was applied to the chamber closer to the second counter via an external cylindrical magnet. Because of the magnetic interaction between the magnetic beads and the magnetic field, target cells were retarded by the magnetic field; transit time of a target cell (bound with magnetic beads) passing through the second counter was longer than that through the first counter. In comparison, transit times of a nontarget cell remained nearly the same when it passed through both counters. Thus, from the transit ti...
Detailed Analysis of How Power Stage and Power Clip Products Achieve Optimized Power Density

The power stage and power clip packages are designed to increase the power density, in a synchronous rectifier (SR) buck application, while using a significantly smaller PCB land pattern area than a conventional discrete pair of MOSFETs. This paper presents a detailed analysis of how these new Fairchild dual-die designs achieve this performance.
Observations on the bovine blood picture in health and under parasitism

Observations made on 6 normal Jersey and Holstein calves between the ages of 2 days and 6 months showed an average of 8.70 million red cells, 10,674 white cells per cubic millimeter of blood and a differential leucocytic count as follows: Lymphocytes, 64.4%; monocytes, 12.2%; neutrophils, 19.6%; eosinophiles, 3.3%.Six counts made on each of 5 adult animals between the ages of 3 years and 6 1/2 years, which were on range and which were considered to be normal from the standpoint of the absence of disease, revealed an average of 6.39 million red cells and 10,225 white cells per cubic millimeter of blood, with a differential leucocytic count of: Lymphocytes, 58.1%; monocytes, 8.0%; neutrophils, 25.9%; eosinophiles, 7.0%.The feeding of a pure nodularworm culture produced in calf No. 95 a sharp drop of 2 1/2 million red cells 5 days after the administration of the larvae, with an increase of 5000 in the total number of white cells caused by an increase above the previous range of 17% in the number of neutrophi...
Improved Efficiency Lens-Loaded Cavity-Backed Transmit Sinuous Antenna

A dual-circular polarized dielectric lens-loaded cavity-backed four-arm sinuous antenna operating in the frequency range from 600 MHz to 2.5 GHz is proposed. The antenna is built without lossy absorber with several design aspects discussed, including substrate/lens loadings, effects of backing, and impedance match to 50 Ω. Fabricated prototype is integrated with a dual-CP beamformer network. The complete configuration is unidirectional, flush-mountable, has input , isolation > 7 dB, boresight realized gain > 3.9 dBic, boresight axial ratio 2.3 dB, and Wobble of Wave (WoW) at the 3-dB elevation cut 2 dB. Through a high power test, the antenna is shown to be capable of transmitting 200 W of CW power with a maximum temperature rise of 60 ° C without any external cooling in the operating frequency range. Average overall efficiency of 70% is demonstrated. Two other high-power capable ferrite-tile-backed sinuous antennas are also fabricated to fully showcase unique benefits of the proposed antenna. Presented results should pave the way for the use of sinuous as a transmit antenna in many nontraditional applications requiring higher radiated powers and efficient high-quality dual-polarized patterns over wide frequency ranges.
Phase-matching and dilution effects in two-dimensional femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy.

We present theoretical and experimental data for the attenuation of the cascade signal in two-dimensional femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (2D-FSRS). In previous studies, the cascade signal, caused by two third-order interactions, was found to overwhelm the desired fifth-order signal that would measure vibrational anharmonic coupling. Theoretically, it is found that changing the phase-matching conditions and sample concentration would attenuate the cascade signal, while only slightly decreasing the fifth-order signal. By increasing the crossing angle between the Raman pump and probe and the impulsive pump and probe, the phase-matching efficiency of the cascade signal is significantly attenuated, while the fifth-order efficiency remains constant. The dilution experiments take advantage of the difference in the concentration dependence for the fifth-order and cascade signal, in which the fifth-order signal is proportional to concentration and the cascade signal is proportional to concentration squa...
Seating Location and Personality

Buckalew, et al. (1986) found that seating position (front versus back) in college classes was not related to academic performance, while Kinarthy (1975) found that seating position by row was not related to scores on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. The present study explored whether seating position by row was related to scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory (E~senck and Eysenck, 1973). In classes with four rows of chairs 81 students had a mean age of 22.3 yr. (SD = 5.0), a mean Extraversion score of 13.1 (SD = 3.7) and a mean Neuroticism score of 10.5 (SD = 4.9). On analyses of covariance (by sex and row, with age as the covariate), the students in the four rows did not differ in Extraversion or Neuroticism scores (F,,,,s = 0.43 and 1.00, respectively). A lack of significant differences was also observed for 63 students in classes with three rows and for an additional 40 students in classes with five rows. In these analyses then there was no evidence that seating position in classes was related to personality.
Friends in Low Places: How the Law Should Treat Friends in Insider Trading Cases

This article discusses how the law should treat friends in insider trading cases. Specifically, it argues that the title of "friend" alone should not provide an automatic and legally enforceable duty of trust and confidence in insider trading cases. Instead, the quality of the relationship, as analyzed under Rule 10b5-2(b)(2), should be the appropriate test to consider whether a fiduciary duty between friends exists in insider trading cases.
France and the United States at the End of the Eighteenth Century

The French Revolution transformed not only the way that Americans of the early republic perceived France, but also greatly influenced how they saw their own nation. They viewed France as a mirror and used that reflection to analyse the historical progress of their own society. In other words, events in France after 1789 seemed to many Americans as a kind of yardstick for measuring and evaluating the future course of their own country against the failures and successes of the Revolution and Republicanism in France. But they were also disheartened by any French failures or challenges, as ominous forebodings of potential problems in the United States as well.1
Convective plumes in rotating systems

Convective plumes emanating from fixed buoyant sources such as volcanoes, hot springs and oil spills are common in the atmosphere and the ocean. Most of what we know about their dynamics comes from scaling laws, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. A plume grows laterally during its ascent mainly due to the process of turbulent entrainment of fluid from the environment into the plume. In an unstratified system, nothing hampers the vertical motion of the plume. By contrast, in a stratified system, as the plume rises, it reaches and overshoots the neutral buoyancy height – due to the non-zero momentum at that height. This rising fluid is then dense relative to the environment and slows down, ceases to rise and falls back to the height of the intrusion. For buoyant plumes occurring in the ocean or atmosphere, the rotation of the Earth adds an additional constraint via the conservation of angular momentum. In fact, the effect of rotation is still not well understood, and we addressed this issue in the study reported here. We looked for the steady states of an axisymmetric model in both the rotating and non-rotating cases. At the non-rotating limit, we isolated two regimes of convection depending on the buoyancy flux/momentum flux ratio at the base of the plume, in agreement with scaling laws. However, the inclusion of rotation in the model strongly affects these classical convection patterns: the lateral extension of the plume is confined at the intrusion level by the establishment of a geostrophic balance, and non-trivial swirl speed develops in and around the plume.
Effects of Climate and Sewer Condition on Virus Transport to Groundwater

Pathogen contamination from leaky sanitary sewers poses a threat to groundwater quality in urban areas, yet the spatial and temporal dimensions of this contamination are not well understood. In this study, 16 monitoring wells and six municipal wells were repeatedly sampled for human enteric viruses. Viruses were detected infrequently, in 17 of 455 samples, compared to previous sampling at these wells. Thirteen of the 22 wells sampled were virus-positive at least once. While the highest virus concentrations occurred in shallower wells, shallow and deep wells were virus-positive at similar rates. Virus presence in groundwater was temporally coincident, with 16 of 17 virus-positive samples collected in a six-month period. Detections were associated with precipitation and occurred infrequently during a prolonged drought. The study purposely included sites with sewers of differing age and material. The rates of virus detections in groundwater were similar at all study sites during this study. However, a relationship between sewer age and virus detections emerged when compared to data from an earlier study, conducted during high precipitation conditions. Taken together, these data indicate that sewer condition and climate affect urban groundwater contamination by human enteric viruses.
Statistical Script Learning with Recurrent Neural Networks

Statistical Scripts are probabilistic models of sequences of events. For example, a script model might encode the information that the event “Smith met with the President” should strongly predict the event “Smith spoke to the President.” We present a number of results improving the state of the art of learning statistical scripts for inferring implicit events. First, we demonstrate that incorporating multiple arguments into events, yielding a more complex event representation than is used in previous work, helps to improve a co-occurrence-based script system’s predictive power. Second, we improve on these results with a Recurrent Neural Network script sequence model which uses a Long Short-Term Memory component. We evaluate in two ways: first, we evaluate systems’ ability to infer held-out events from documents (the “Narrative Cloze” evaluation); second, we evaluate novel event inferences by collecting human judgments. We propose a number of further extensions to this work. First, we propose a number of new probabilistic script models leveraging recent advances in Neural Network training. These include recurrent sequence models with different hidden unit structure and Convolutional Neural Network models. Second, we propose integrating more lexical and linguistic information into events. Third, we propose incorporating discourse relations between spans of text into event co-occurrence models, either as output by an off-the-shelf discourse parser or learned automatically. Finally, we propose investigating the interface between models of event co-occurrence and coreference resolution, in particular by integrating script information into general coreference systems.
240. Lenti-BMP2/GFP Gene Therapy Enhance the Chondrogenic and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Muscle Derived Stem Cells In Vitro

Human muscle derived stem cells (hMDSCs) have been shown to be multipotent in vitro and can repair critical size bone defects as efficiently as human bone marrow stem cells, but require BMPs. In this study, we constructed a new lenti-BMP2/GFP vector and tested its ability to promote in vitro chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of the hMDSCs. Material and methods: 1. Lenti-BMP2/GFP was made by inserting human BMP2 gene up-stream of an eGFP tag gene in a Lenti-viral vector with a CMV promoter. 2. hMDSCs were isolated from skeletal muscle via the preplate technique. All 6 populations were transduced with the Lenti-BMP2/GFP virus, expanded and sorted via FACS based on GFP fluorescence. BMP2 secretion was measured using an R&D ELISA kit. 3. Osteogenesis:3D pellet cultures were used for osteogenic differentiation of non-transduced and Lenti-BMP2/GFP transduced hMDSCs. After 4 weeks, the cell pellets were fixed and scanned using VivaCT40 to detect mineralization. The pellets were embedded in NEG medium and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, sectioned and von Kossa stained. Osteogenic differentiation was detected by staining for osteocalcin. 4. Chondrogenesis was performed on non-transduced and Lenti-BMP2/GFP transduced hMDSCs using a 3D pellet culture method. Cell pellets were cultured for 24 days in chondrogenic medium, embedded in freezing medium and cryosectioned. Alcian blue staining and Col2A1 immunohistochemistry was also performed. Raman Spectroscopy was used to quantify chondroitin sulphate and collagen. Results: 1. Lenti-BMP2/GFP transduction enhanced osteogenesis of the hMDSCs. BMP2 secretion levels of the sorted lenti-BMP2/GFP transduced cells are showed in Fig. 1AFig. 1A. MicroCT results of the lenti-BMP2/GFP transduced cells showed they had an increase in mineralized pellet volume (Fig. 1B, CFig. 1B, C). Von Kossa staining indicated that the non-transduced hMDSCs had variable brown-black mineralization while the lenti-BMP2/GFP transduced cells all showed stronger mineralization (Fig. 1DFig. 1D). Osteocalcin staining showed lenti-BMP2/GFP transduction enhanced osteogenic differentiation of the hMDSCs (Fig. 1EFig. 1E). 2. Lenti-BMP2/GFP transduction enhanced chondrogenesis of the hMDSCs. Alcian blue staining showed a significantly bluer chondrogenic matrix in the Lenti-BMP2/GFP transduced cell pellets compared to non-transduced hMDSCs (Fig2A and 2BFig2A and 2B). Raman Spectroscopy indicated the Lenti-BMP2/GFP transduced hMDSC exhibited higher amounts of chondroitin sulphate and collagen (Fig. 2C, DFig. 2C, D). Col2A1 staining showed more Col2A1 in the lenti-BMP2/GFP transduced hMDSCs compared to non-transduced hMDSCs (Fig. 2EFig. 2E). Conclusion: We found that all the Lenti-BMP2/GFP transduced hMDSCs showed enhanced osteogenesis and chonrogenesis compared to non-transduced cells. This in vitro study lays the foundation for using Lenti-BMP2/GFP gene transfer to repair bone and cartilage defects.View Large Image | Download PowerPoint SlideView Large Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The Indirect Effects of Adolescent Psychopathic Traits on Aggression Through Social-Cognitive Factors

Psychopathic traits have been shown to designate youth who are at-risk for varied forms of aggression. The present study examined the indirect effects of social-cognitive factors (i.e., hostility and general approval of aggression) in the association between psychopathic traits (i.e., callous-unemotional traits, narcissism) and two functions of adolescent aggression (i.e., reactive, proactive). Participants were 209 (178 males, 31 females) adolescents aged 16 to 19 attending a residential program for youth who have dropped out of high school. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed self-report measures of callous-unemotional traits (i.e., callousness, uncaring, unemotional), narcissism, aggression, hostility, and approval of aggression. Results indicated significant indirect effects of callousness on both functions of aggression through hostility. Similarly, there were significant indirect effects of narcissism on both functions of aggression through hostility. Significant indirect effects were also evident for general approval of aggression in the relations between callous-unemotional traits (both callous and uncaring dimensions) and both functions of aggression, and between narcissism and both functions of aggression. These results suggest the importance of examining social-cognitive processes insofar as they may contribute to the relation between psychopathic traits and aggression in youth and serve as possible targets of intervention.
Genetic signatures of translocations and habitat fragmentation for two evolutionarily significant units of a protected fish species

Genetic population structure was evaluated for the White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa), a protected fish species comprised of two Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs); the Malpais Spring ESU and the Salt Creek ESU. The Malpais Spring ESU is restricted to Malpais Spring, whereas the Salt Creek ESU includes the native Salt Creek population and two Salt Creek-derived populations at Mound Spring and Lost River; all three of these habitats are physically fragmented. We sampled the upper and lower reaches of the four populations, examining 13 DNA microsatellite loci from 40 individuals per population. As expected, significant genetic structure was observed between the two ESUs; Malpais Spring and Salt Creek. Substantial genetic drift was observed for the introduced Lost River population, with modest genetic drift for the introduced Mound Spring population. Taken together with ecological data, neither of the introduced populations successfully replicates the Salt Creek population. We also report significant reductions in genetic diversity for the upper reaches of both Salt Creek and Lost River, indicating that recent habitat changes have altered the genetic structure of these two populations. We consider these findings along with previously reported ecological data to develop guidelines for managing C. tularosa.
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: An overview for the primary care physician.

SummaryAims Sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of anti-hyperglycaemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review examines their mechanism of action and provides an overview of safety and efficacy from the main studies of SGLT2 inhibitors marketed in the United States and Europe, namely, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin. Methods We searched the PubMed database to identify relevant publications on the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors and clinical trial reports. Results Clinical trials in patients with T2DM have shown significant improvements in glycaemic control vs placebo with canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin: patients were more likely to reach target glycated haemoglobin levels compared with patients receiving placebo. All SGLT2 inhibitors also led to modest reductions in body weight and blood pressure vs placebo. Generally, all agents were well tolerated, with the most common adverse events with this class being genital mycotic infections and urinary tract infections. Hypoglycaemia was reported at rates similar to those seen with placebo, except when SGLT2 inhibitors were given in combination with insulin or an insulin secretagogue. Long-term outcome data are available only for empagliflozin: in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study, empagliflozin demonstrated reduced risk of the composite end-point of 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke), primarily because of a significant reduction in cardiovascular mortality. Conclusions SGLT2 inhibitors are an exciting addition to the list of available agents for T2DM, and may be suitable for various types of patients who need additional glycaemic control.
Gγ identity dictates efficacy of Gβγ signaling and macrophage migration

G protein βγ subunit (Gβγ) is a major signal transducer and controls processes ranging from cell migration to gene transcription. Despite having significant subtype heterogeneity and exhibiting diverse cell- and tissue-specific expression levels, Gβγ is often considered a unified signaling entity with a defined functionality. However, the molecular and mechanistic basis of Gβγ's signaling specificity is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Gγ subunits, bearing the sole plasma membrane (PM)-anchoring motif, control the PM affinity of Gβγ and thereby differentially modulate Gβγ effector signaling in a Gγ-specific manner. Both Gβγ signaling activity and the migration rate of macrophages are strongly dependent on the PM affinity of Gγ. We also found that the type of C-terminal prenylation and five to six pre-CaaX motif residues at the PM-interacting region of Gγ control the PM affinity of Gβγ. We further show that the overall PM affinity of the Gβγ pool of a cell type is a strong predictor of its Gβγ signaling-activation efficacy. A kinetic model encompassing multiple Gγ types and parameterized for empirical Gβγ behaviors not only recapitulated experimentally observed signaling of Gβγ, but also suggested a Gγ-dependent, active-inactive conformational switch for the PM-bound Gβγ, regulating effector signaling. Overall, our results unveil crucial aspects of signaling and cell migration regulation by Gγ type-specific PM affinities of Gβγ.