cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peer Education: Productive Engagement for Older African Americans in Recovery From Depression.

Background and objectives Older adults who have personal experience with the mental health service delivery system gain unique and potentially valuable insight from their treatment experiences. Research suggests that incorporating trained individuals in recovery from a mental illness (i.e., peer educators) into mental health service delivery roles results in substantial benefits for current mental health consumers, particularly for older adults and racial and ethnic minorities who may feel disenfranchised from the traditional mental health service delivery system. However, little research has examined the impact of participating in these activities on the peer educators themselves. Research design and methods This mixed methods study examines the experiences of 10 African American older adults in recovery from depression currently working as trained peer educators. Peer educators reported feeling more positive, feeling their lives had significantly improved, and feeling better in general due to their peer educator roles. Results This qualitative investigation highlights four unique themes that can explain the benefit of serving in this capacity (i.e., Community Engagement, Life Long Learning and Education, Mental Health Recovery and Productive Aging). Discussion and implications This study suggests that serving has a peer educator has a number of beneficial outcomes for African American older adults in recovery from depression.
Operative Treatment of Calcaneus Fractures Through a Sinus Tarsi Approach

The operative treatment of intra-articular calcaneus fractures has historically been performed through the extensile lateral approach. However, the extensile approach continues to be associated with high rates of wound complications, despite the advent of improved implant designs and modifications in surgical technique. The limited sinus tarsi approach provides excellent access to the posterior articular facet of the calcaneus with significantly reduced rates of wound complications and associated improved outcomes. This chapter will go over the indications and surgical technique of the sinus tarsi approach for fixation of calcaneus fractures using a representative case example.
Majorite-indicative ultradeep (>300 km) xenoliths with spinel associations from the Jagersfontein kimberlite, South Africa.

Our earlier studies continued in a diligent search for rare ultradeep xenoliths in the kimberlite diatreme at Jagersfontein. The search has met with moderate success insofar as 20 majorite-bearing (decomposed to *gt + lamellar px) xenoliths are identified. Discrete gts (1 to 2 cm), gt-rich layers (2 to 3 cm) in lherzolites, and rare megacrystic gts (>3 cm) from xenoliths characterize the ultradeep suite. Pyroxene lamellae are crystallographically controlled along {111} gt planes, but px may also be prismatic, lensoidal, coarsely graphic, or annular to gt; jigsaw, rather than 120° dihedral textures, are typical. Gt ranges from Pyr 68-74 mole% and CaO - Cr 2 O 3 relations, with two exceptions, are distinctly lherzolitic. Cpx 37-46 = Wo mole%, Jd 3-19 mole%, with 0.4 to 2.4 wt% Cr 2 O 3 ; opx = 92 to 95 mole% en, and ol averages 92.5 mole% with maximum wt% 0.1 CaO, 0.4 NiO, and 0.1 Cr 2 O 3 . A new class of 10 ultradeep xenoliths has lamellar spinel (Cr/Cr + Al = 0.74; Mg/Mg + Fe = 0.58) in addition to cpx with gt >3wt% Cr 2 O 3 (c.f. 0.5 to 1.5 for sp-free types). Five samples are texturally linked but are compositional outliers to the central body of data: two are sp hosts (Cr# 0.69, Mg# 0.76) and (Cr# 0.74, Mg# 0.57) to gt (Pyr 72 ) + cpx (Jd 14 ); one is a gt megacryst (Pyr 80 ) with sp (Cr# 57, Mg# 69); and the remaining two are unusually rich in chromium with gt = 7.3 to 8.2 wt% Cr 2 O 3 , rimmed by cpx (2.3 to 3.3 wt% Cr 2 O 3 ). In addition, there are 17 xenoliths with compositional affinities to the ultradeep suite but lacking the texturally diagnostic lamellar intergrowths of cpx in gt are possibly completely equilibrated to gt + irregular cpx. Results from the new collection substantiate our earlier conclusions that the mantle was sampled by the Jagersfontein kimberlite from the lower lithosphere (250 to 350 km) and the transition zone (435 km) with diagnostic high P-T majorite in lherzolite that decomposed to gt + px at one or more interruptive stations (e.g. lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary), and at one or another time, en route to the surface. Homogeneous majorite occurs as diamond inclusions at Jagersfontein but these are eclogitic, leading to the proposition that the source region in the asthenosphere was an unassimilated mixture of lherzolite and eclogite in the Mid-Cretaceous at the time of kimberlite sampling. Important questions arise: Is majorite primordial; did majorite form exclusively from the transition of pyroxene; or did subsequent dissolution into coexisting garnet take place? Why has majorite not been identified in eclogite, nor diamonds of lherzolitic affinity? Does the formation of majorite and the crystallization of encapsulating diamond imply distinct high P-T events?
Studying Water and Solute Transport through Desalination Membranes via Neutron Radiography

Abstract Neutron radiography, a non-destructive imaging technique, is applied to study water and solute transport through desalination membranes. Specifically, we use neutron radiography to quantify lithium chloride draw solute concentrations across a thin-film composite membrane during forward osmosis permeation. This measurement provides direct visual confirmation of incomplete support layer wetting and reveals significant dilutive external concentration polarization of the draw solution outside of the membrane support layer. These transport-limiting phenomena have been hypothesized in previous work and are not accounted for in the standard thin-film model of forward osmosis permeation, resulting in inaccurate estimations of membrane transport properties. Our work demonstrates neutron radiography as a powerful measurement tool for studying membrane transport and emphasizes the need for direct experimental measurements to refine the forward osmosis transport model.
Signal Selection in High-Resolution NMR by Pulsed Field Gradients: I. Geometrical Analysis

A geometrical description for the selection of coherence transfer pathways in high resolution NMR by the application of pulsed field gradients along three orthogonal directions in space is presented. The response of the spin system is one point of the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the sample volume affected by a sequence of field gradients. The property that a pathway is retained (or suppressed) when a sequence of field gradients is applied is expressed by the property of vectors, representing the pathway and the sequence, respectively, to be orthogonal (or not orthogonal). Ignoring imperfections of RF pulses, and with the exception of sensitivity enhanced experiments and experiments where the relevant coherence order is zero while field gradients are applied, it is shown that at most only half of the relevant pathways, as compared to a phase cycled experiment, are retained when field gradients are used for signal selection.
Initial experience with a novel electrophysiology mapping simulator

Background Despite data supporting the use of simulation training in procedural specialties and accreditation requirements, few options exist for electrophysiology (EP) training. We aimed to develop a low-cost, accessible simulator for training in EP mapping, and to test the simulator in a group of novice users. Methods Our mapping simulator is composed of three components: an acrylic case representing torso and thigh; three-dimensional (3D) printed cardiac models; and a commercially available mapping system. Using a proprietary flexible material that mimics the consistency of human heart tissue, we created an anatomically accurate model of a normal right atrium (RA) from computed tomography data. We developed a test protocol consisting of two activities: creation of a RA shell and timed navigation to specific locations within the RA shell. Seventeen participants were randomized to either practice versus no practice on the simulator, and repeated simulator and self-assessment tests were performed after 1 week. We measured volume of the RA map and time taken and distance from the target sites for each target location. Results Both groups showed improvement in generation of geometry, volume, time to target, and self-assessed comfort level after initial exposure to the simulator. Compared with no-practice, the practice group demonstrated an improved sense of confidence in mapping. Conclusions Focused training in EP mapping using a novel simulator created with 3D printed heart models and a standard mapping system is feasible for use in the training environment. Exposure to the simulator is associated with improved mapping skills and trainee comfort level.
Clinical Value of CT Colonography Versus Preoperative Colonoscopy in the Surgical Management of Occlusive Colorectal Cancer.

OBJECTIVE. CT colonography (CTC) has been recognized as a complementary approach to evaluating the entire colon after incomplete colonoscopy (IC) in patients with occlusive colorectal cancer (CRC)....
Microplastic in two South Carolina Estuaries: Occurrence, distribution, and composition.

Here we report on the distribution of microplastic contamination in two developed estuaries in the Southeastern United States. Average concentration in intertidal sediments of Charleston Harbor and Winyah Bay, both located in South Carolina, U.S.A., was 413.8 ± 76.7 and 221.0 ± 25.6 particles/m2, respectively. Average concentration in the sea surface microlayer of Charleston Harbor and Winyah Bay was 6.6 ± 1.3 and 30.8 ± 12.1 particles/L, respectively. Concentration in intertidal sediments of the two estuaries was not significantly different (p = 0.58), however, Winyah Bay contained significantly more microplastics in the sea surface microlayer (p = 0.02). While microplastic concentration in these estuaries was comparable to that reported for other estuaries worldwide, Charleston Harbor contained a high abundance of black microplastic fragments believed to be tire wear particles. Our research is the first to survey microplastic contamination in Southeastern U.S. estuaries and to provide insight on the nature and extent of contamination in these habitats.
Active smoking in claudicants undergoing lower extremity bypass predicts decreased graft patency and worse overall survival

Abstract Objective Performing lower extremity bypass (LEB) in actively smoking claudicants remains controversial. Whereas some surgeons advocate a strict nonoperative approach to active smokers, citing perceived inferior outcomes, others will proceed with surgical bypass if the patient is anatomically suited and medical management has failed. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of active smoking on LEB outcomes among claudicants. Methods All patients undergoing infrainguinal LEB for claudication in the Vascular Study Group of New England from 2003 to 2016 were analyzed. Smoking was defined as active tobacco use within 1 month of surgery. End points included in-hospital outcomes; long-term primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency; and mortality. Univariate, Cox multivariable, and Kaplan-Meier methods were used to determine the impact of smoking. Propensity score matching was performed to control for intergroup differences. Results Of 1789 LEBs, 971 (54%) were performed in nonsmokers and 818 (46%) in smokers. The follow-up rate was 87% at a mean of 382 days (standard error, ±6.8 days). Smokers were younger (60 vs 68 years; P P ≤ .05); they were more likely to have an above-knee popliteal bypass target (52% vs 43%; P = .001). Smokers also had lower rates of postoperative major cardiac events (2.4% vs 5.3%; P = .002) and perioperative blood transfusion (5.6% vs 11%; P P = .03) and assisted primary patency (59% vs 74%; P = .01), with comparable rates of secondary patency and overall mortality. Propensity matching yielded two similar groups (n = 450 for each). Propensity-matched smokers had significantly decreased 2-year primary patency (43% vs 58%; P = .02), assisted primary patency (54% vs 71%; P = .03), and 10-year survival (69% vs 76%; P P = .03), assisted primary patency (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8; P = .004), and overall survival (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.5; P Conclusions Despite the fact that smokers are younger and have fewer comorbidities than nonsmokers, active smoking at the time of LEB for claudication is associated with decreased long-term patency and decreased overall survival. Surgeons should consider smoking an important risk factor for worse LEB outcomes in smokers compared with nonsmokers.
Differences in smoking prevalence and eligibility for low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening among older U.S. adults: role of sexual orientation

The purpose of this study was to determine the past-year prevalence estimates of cigarette smoking and eligibility for low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening among older U.S. adults and examine potential variations in these estimates by sexual orientation. Data were from the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III) and included in-person interviews with a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized adults aged 18 and older. Eligibility for LDCT was based on U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) guidelines. Analyses included participants aged 55–77 (n = 9,635). Overall, 17.5% of older adult respondents reported past-year smoking. Overall rates of past-year cigarette smoking were influenced by sex and sexual orientation with males reporting higher rates compared to females. Among both males and females, smoking was most prevalent among bisexual individuals. Eligibility for LDCT was also higher among males compared to females and among bisexually identified adults relative to homosexual and heterosexual-identified adults. Overall, 11.2% of older U.S. adults met eligibility for LDCT lung cancer screening. Eligibility for LDCT lung screening is associated with sexual orientation; the highest rates of eligibility are among bisexual women and men (26.9 and 24.5%, respectively). The current study found variations in cigarette smoking and eligibility for LDCT lung cancer screening (a proxy for chronic high-risk smoking) among older U.S. adults based on sexual orientation. Efforts to increase screening should take into account these differences.
Developmental aspects of the contractile smooth muscle component in small intestinal submucosa regenerated urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder reconstruction through bladder regeneration requires the use of a material that is readily available, increases bladder volume and compliance, does not violate the gastrointestinal tract, and is non-immunogenic. The major obstacle has been developing a biomaterial, either permanent or biodegradable, that will function as a suitable scaffold to allow the natural process of regeneration to occur.
Teaching CS0 with mobile apps using App Inventor for Android

App Inventor for Android (AIA) is a visual programming environment freely available from MIT's Center for Mobile Learning that enables students with no previous programming background to build apps for Android mobile devices. Empowering students to create their own mobile apps engages them personally and can infuse much-needed energy and excitement into computer science education.
The Structure of HPK1 Kinase Domain: To Boldly Go Where No Immuno-Oncology Drugs Have Gone Before

In this issue of Structure, Wu et al. (2018) report several apo and small-molecule inhibitor-bound structures of the kinase domain of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1, a ser/thr kinase that functions as an inhibitor of T cell activation. The studies reveal that the HPK1 kinase domain exists as a domain-swapped dimer.
The U(1) Higgs model

By using rigorous renormalization group methods we construct the continuum limit of the finite-volume lattice U(1) Higgs model in two and three dimensions. The method relies on a proof of the convergence of the effective action.
Exploring the potential for groundwater inundation in coastal US cities due to interactions between sewer infrastructure and global change

Urbanization, in particular, the culverting and burying of streams in sewer infrastructure, has affected both surface and subsurface flow regimes. While researchers have examined the impact of stream burial on groundwater budgets, field studies examining the influence of urbanization on groundwater dynamics are relatively scarce. This study analyzes tidal patterns in water-level data from shallow groundwater monitoring wells located next to a legacy sewer line within the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. The coupling of historic records, sewer network maps, and well bore hydrogeology explains spatial patterns in groundwater elevations. Furthermore, a synthesis of early twentieth century United States census data, and continental scale GIS data demonstrates the potential for groundwater inundation in coastal United States cities that are served by aging sewer infrastructure. Altered groundwater flow dynamics caused by sea level rise, coupled with climatic shifts will likely stress aging sewer infrastructure, and can lead to increased discharge of combined sewer overflow systems and flooding.
The prevalence and utility of screening for urinary tract infection at the time of presumed multiple sclerosis relapse

Abstract Background Methods of screening for infections at the time of suspected relapse in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) vary across physicians. People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI). Data evaluating the utility of screening for potential UTI at the time of suspected relapse and whether there are key subgroups of patients in which screening would be most effective are sparse. Objectives To evaluate demographic and clinical predictors of UTI in the context of a suspected acute relapse in (1) a retrospective hospital admission cohort and (2) a prospectively-enrolled, ambulatory care-based cohort, and to determine an approximate number needed to screen to detect one UTI in both healthcare settings. Methods For the hospital admissions cohort, we included individuals with a known or new diagnosis of MS or clinically isolated syndrome who were admitted at least once to the Johns Hopkins Neurology Inpatient Service (March 2012 to December 2014). We considered those screened via urinalysis. Possible UTI was defined as leukocyte esterase OR nitrite positive. For the ambulatory population, we enrolled a cohort of RRMS patients aged 18–65 who were suspected of suffering from an acute MS relapse who either called or came into clinic. Participants were screened via urinalysis; possible UTI was similarly defined. Participants also completed questionnaires (disability, history of Uhthoff's-type phenomenon, recent sexual intercourse, and new urologic symptoms). For both cohorts, we calculated an approximate number needed to screen, and tested if demographic and patient characteristics were associated with possible UTI using logistic regression models. Results For the hospital admissions cohort, we included 158 individuals; 48 (30.4%) were identified as possibly having a UTI. For possible UTI, the approximate number needed to screen in order to detect 1 possible UTI is 3 (95% CI: 2, 6). Female sex was the only factor associated with increased odds of UTI (odds ratio [OR]: 3.90; 95% CI: 1.59–9.61; p = 0.003). For the ambulatory cohort, we included 50 participants; 10 (20.0%) with possible UTI. The approximate number needed to screen in order to detect 1 possible UTI was 5 (95% CI: 3, 11) in this cohort. Foul-smelling urine was positively associated with UTI (OR: 5.36; 95% CI: 1.10, 26.17; p = 0.04); no men had a possible UTI in this cohort, so we could not estimate odds ratios associated with sex. Conclusion UTIs at the time of a suspected MS relapse are relatively uncommon. Female sex is a strong risk factor for UTI in people with MS; foul-smelling urine is a potential predictor of UTI in people with MS. Larger studies are needed to comprehensively evaluate the utility of screening and risk factors for UTI at the time of suspected MS relapse.
Hierarchical Orchestration of Disaggregated Memory

This article presents XMemPod , a hierarchical disaggregated memory orchestration system. XMemPod virtualizes cluster wide memory to scale large memory workloads in virtualized clouds. It makes three novel contributions: (1) XMemPod offers efficient, transparent, and dynamic sharing of available memory that is disaggregated across VMs on the same host or in the cluster. (2) XMemPod provides a hierarchical memory expansion framework, which enables memory-intensive workloads on a VM to expand its memory demand over virtualized host memory first, and remote memory next, before resorting to external disk. (3) XMemPod provides a suite of optimization techniques to further improve the utilization and access latency of disaggregated memory. XMemPod is deployed on a virtualized RDMA cluster without any modifications to user applications and the OSes. Evaluated with multiple workloads on unmodified Spark, Apache Hadoop, Memcached, Redis and VoltDB, using XMemPod , throughputs of these applications improve by 11x to 612x over conventional Linux, and by 1.7x to 14x over the existing representative remote memory paging systems, and yet the total amount of network traffic consumed by XMemPod is only 24 percent of the existing approaches.
Smaller brained cliff swallows are more likely to die during harsh weather

The cognitive-buffer hypothesis proposes that more harsh and unpredictable environments favour animals with larger brains and resulting greater cognitive skills. Comparisons across taxa have supported the hypothesis, but it has rarely been tested within a species. We measured brain size, as inferred from head dimensions, for 1141 cliff swallow specimens collected in western Nebraska, 1982-2018. Cliff swallows starving to death during unusual late-spring cold snaps had significantly smaller brains than those dying from other causes, suggesting that brain size in this species can affect foraging success and that greater cognitive ability may confer advantages when conditions exceed normal environmental extremes. Brain size declined significantly with the size of the breeding colony from which a specimen came. Larger brains may be favoured in smaller colonies that represent more unpredictable and more challenging social environments where there is less public information on food sources and less collective vigilance against predators, even in relatively normal conditions. Our results provide intraspecific support for the cognitive-buffer hypothesis and emphasize the potential evolutionary impact of rare climatic events.
Shaping Markets Through Temporal, Constructive, and Interactive Agency

In this introductory essay, we develop a theoretical framework of agency as a basis for strategic shaping and market transformation. We conceive of agency as both constrained and enabled by structu...
Athletic ability in the sport of amputee soccer

Individuals with amputation have the option to participate in an adaptive version of soccer known as amputee soccer. During this game field players use forearm crutches and one leg to control the b...
Modeling Capacity of Through Movement at Signalized Intersection Affected by Short Left-Turn Bay under Different Signal Settings:

Through movement capacity is an essential factor used to reflect intersection performance, especially for signalized intersections, where a large proportion of vehicle demand is making through move...
Acetylcholine receptor antibodies in a patient with sensory neuropathy.

Abstract Antibodies to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) are detected in the vast majority of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) and are rarely detected in significant titer in other autoimmune diseases. We report a patient with an axonal predominately sensory neuropathy for over 12 years with persistent binding and modulating AChR antibodies as well as striational muscle antibodies with no evidence of MG or any neoplastic disease.
Caracterización de la oferta académica no presencial en la Educación Superior en el Paraguay en el 2021

Due to the forced quarantine originated by the Covid-19 pandemic between 2020 and 2021, the importance of having an academic offer of non-face-to-face courses at all levels, including higher education, is evident, an offer that already existed before the aforementioned situation but that was quite low compared to the face-to-face offer. To obtain these data from an official source, there is the national registry of careers of the Ministry of Education and Sciences, this database contains the total academic offer of higher education in Paraguay, including information on all undergraduate, undergraduate, and graduates degrees. postgraduate degrees defined by the Law of Higher Education 4995/13, including the modality in which said careers are offered. The objective of this study is to characterize the academic offer in the remote mode using the data provided by the Ministry to generate a visualization tool that allows the aforementioned data to be obtained quickly and dynamically. The type of research is applied, exploratory-descriptive and quantitative considering the aforementioned objective. As a result, a tool available on the web and accessible to any interested party was obtained, thanks to this the following conclusions can be presented about the non-face-to-face academic offer: the still very low number of careers that are offered in the distance modalities and virtual, the unclear differentiation between these modalities, the institutions that offer the greatest number of this type of careers, where the leadership of private universities is evidenced, the degree levels where undergraduate and undergraduate studies prevail and the areas of knowledge of the same where education-related careers prevail.
Redefining Ancient Orphism: A Study in Greek Religion

This book examines the fragmentary and contradictory evidence for Orpheus as the author of rites and poems to redefine Orphism as a label applied polemically to extra-ordinary religious phenomena. Replacing older models of an Orphic religion, this richer and more complex model provides insight into the boundaries of normal and abnormal Greek religion. The study traces the construction of the category of 'Orphic' from its first appearances in the Classical period, through the centuries of philosophical and religious polemics, especially in the formation of early Christianity and again in the debates over the origins of Christianity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A paradigm shift in the study of Greek religion, this study provides scholars of classics, early Christianity, ancient religion and philosophy with a new model for understanding the nature of ancient Orphism, including ideas of afterlife, cosmogony, sacred scriptures, rituals of purification and initiation, and exotic mythology.
Negative regulation of mitosis by two functionally overlapping PTPases in fission yeast

We have identified a third protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) gene in fission yeast, pyp2, encoding an 85 kDa protein. Disruption of pyp2 has no impact on cell viability, but pyp2 is essential in strains lacking the 60 kDa pyp1 PTPase. The two pyp PTPases are approximately 42% identical in their C-terminal catalytic domains and share weak homology in their N-terminal regions. Both genes play a role in inhibiting the onset of mitosis. Disruption of either gene rescues the G2 arrest caused by mutation of the cdc25 mitotic inducer, though the effect of pyp1-disruption is more pronounced. Disruption of pyp1 advances mitosis, suppresses overexpression of the tyrosine kinase encoded by the wee1 mitotic inhibitor, and causes lethal mitotic catastrophe in cdc25 overproducer cells. Cells bearing inactive wee1 are unresponsive to disruption of pyp1. Overexpression of pyp1 or pyp2 delays the onset of mitosis by a wee1-dependent mechanism. These data reveal an unexpected second role for protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the mitotic control that acts by promoting the inhibitory wee1 pathway.
An Accelerator Test of Semi-Empirical Cross-Sections

We compare experimentally measured yields of isotopes of elements from _(12)Mg to _(19)K resulting from the fragmentation of ^(40)Ar with calculated yields based on semi-empirical cross-section formulae. The measurements, made at the LBL Bevalac using a beam of 287 MeV / amu ^(40)Ar incident on a CH_2 target, achieve excellent mass resolution (σ_m ≤ 0.2 amu) through the use of a Si(Li) detector telescope. The general agreement between calculation and experiment is good (rms difference ≃ 24%), but some significant differences are reported.
Octreotide- or trimethoprim-induced hyperkalemia ?

The article by Sargent et al1 associating hyperkalemia with octreotide in a 68-year-old, 91-kg trauma victim has little focus on other potential causes of her hyperkalemia. Her medical history was significant for noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The authors, however, do not state how long she had this disease and whether she had any evidence of end-organ damage. The episode of postoperative hypotension, as well as the assumed oliguria (her serum creatinine increased from 1.5 to 2.3 mg/dl) on day 3 of hospitalization, clearly contributed to renal hypoperfusion and potential renal injury. There was no other mention of renal impairment until the laboratory values revealed a serum creatinine of 2.5 mg/dl and a blood urea nitrogen of 91 mg/dl on day 14 of hospitalization. The patient appeared to be volume depleted (blood urea nitrogen:serum creatinine ratio > 20:1, serum sodium 154 mmol/L), and her potassium may have been lower (4.1 mmol/L) secondary to the effects of aldosterone. Interestingly, on day 11, oral (suspension?) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) 180 mg twice/day (4 mg/kg/day TMP) was started for a urinary tract infection. The next day (day 12), this was changed to the intravenous route at a dose of 320 mg every 8 hours (∼11 mg/kg/day TMP) for suspected pneumonia. The patient's serum potassium was already beginning to rise slowly (4.1 to 4.6 mmol/L) even before the start of octreotide on day 16 despite improving serum creatinine (2.5 to 1.2 mg/dl) and serum sodium (154 to 147 mmol/L).
Some organizing principles for the control of movement based on olivocerebellar physiology.

Publisher Summary In this chapter, motor control is defined as the process of restricting the output of the motor nervous system so that meaningful and coordinated behavior ensues. The high dimensionality of the computation underlying motor control is presented and a simplifying framework is outlined. Evidence that movements are performed non-continuously is reviewed, as is the construct of the motor synergy as a fundamental unit of control. It is proposed that the pulsatile nature of movement and the tendency of muscle collectives, to be activated as synergies, reflect processes that the nervous system has evolved to reduce the dimensionality of motor control. The chapter proposes that the inferior olive simplifies the computation underlying motor control by biasing the activities of spinal and cranial motor systems so that discrete collectives of muscles are predisposed to contract at specific times during movement. The well-characterized oscillatory activity of olivary neurons is postulated to provide a pacemaking signal and restrict the control process to particular moments in time, while the process of electrotonic coupling and uncoupling of assemblies of olivary neurons is proposed to underlie the spatial distribution of synergic muscle activations.
Gene transfer of Ig-fusion proteins into B cells prevents and treats autoimmune diseases.

Based on the tolerogenic properties of IgG carriers and B cell Ag presentation, we developed a retrovirally mediated gene expression approach for treatment of autoimmune conditions. In this study, we show that the IgG-Ag retroviral constructs, expressing myelin basic protein (MBP) or glutamic acid decarboxylase in B cells, can be used for the treatment of murine models for multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Transduction of syngeneic B cells with MBP-IgG leads to the amelioration of ongoing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced by the transfer of primed cells from PL×SJL F 1 mice with ongoing disease and could be effective even after symptoms appeared. This effect is specific and does not involve bystander suppression because treatment with MBP-IgG does not affect disease induced after immunization with proteolipid protein immunodominant peptide plus MBP. Interestingly, if donor B cells are derived from gld mice (Fas ligand-negative), then tolerance is not induced with a model Ag although there was no evidence for Fas ligand-mediated deletion of target T cells. In spontaneous diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice, we were able to stop the ongoing autoimmune process by treatment at 7–10 wk with glutamic acid decarboxylase-IgG retrovirally transduced B cells, or attenuate it with B cells transduced with an insulin B chain (B9–23) epitope IgG fusion protein. Furthermore, IgG fusion protein gene therapy can also protect primed recipients from Ag-induced anaphylactic shock, and thus does not cause immune deviation. These results demonstrate proof of principle for future efforts to develop this approach in a clinical setting.
Developmental patterns in the associations between instructional practices and children's math trajectories in elementary school

Abstract Although procedural and conceptual math instruction have been linked to children's math achievement in elementary school, the extant research provides an inconsistent developmental picture of how children respond to a variety of instructional inputs from kindergarten through 5th grade. Using data from a large, longitudinal sample, the ECLS-K (n = ~ 7600), this study considered how within-child changes in exposure to procedural and conceptual approaches are additively and interactively linked to corresponding changes in children's math achievement across elementary school. Specifically, this investigation examined whether these instructional associations with math achievement change as children progress from kindergarten to 5th grade. Significant two- and three-way interactions between instructional approach and longitudinal time were detected. Although an emphasis on procedural instruction was most positively linked to achievement for kindergarteners, a combination of both conceptual and procedural instruction was more beneficial for 5th graders' achievement. Implications for practice are discussed.
Performance of the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale in psychiatric outpatients

Zimmerman M, Galione JN, Chelminski I, Young D, Ruggero CJ. Performance of the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale in psychiatric outpatients. Bipolar Disord 2010: 12: 528–538. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: Recent research has suggested that bipolar disorder, when defined to include milder variants such as bipolar II disorder and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (NOS), is more prevalent than had been previously reported and often underrecognized. Recommendations for improving the detection of bipolar disorder have included careful clinical evaluations inquiring about a history of mania and hypomania and the use of screening questionnaires. The Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale (BSDS) was designed to be particularly sensitive to the milder variants of bipolar disorder. In the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we examined the operating characteristics of the BSDS in a large sample of psychiatric outpatients presenting for treatment. Methods: A total of 1,100 psychiatric outpatients were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and asked to complete the BSDS. Missing data on the BSDS reduced the sample size to 961, approximately 10% (n = 90) of whom were diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Results: The sensitivity of the BSDS was similar for bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and bipolar disorder NOS/cyclothymia. A receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis indicated that cutoffs of 11 and 12 maximized the sum of sensitivity and specificity for the entire group of patients with bipolar disorder (area under curve = 0.80, p < 0.001). The cutoff point associated with 90% sensitivity for the entire sample of patients with bipolar disorder was 8. At this cutoff the specificity of the scale was 51.1% and positive predictive value was 16.0%. We compared the patients with and without bipolar disorder on each of the BSDS symptom items. The odds ratios were higher for the items assessing hypomanic/manic symptoms than items assessing depressive symptoms. We therefore examined the performance of a subscale composed only of the hypomania/mania items. The area under the curve in the ROC analysis was nearly identical to that of the entire scale (0.81, p < 0.001). Conclusions: With its high negative predictive value, the BSDS was excellent at ruling out a diagnosis of bipolar disorder; however, the low positive predictive value indicates that it is not good at ruling in the diagnosis. These data raise questions about the use of the BSDS as a screening measure in routine clinical psychiatric practice.
Cortical neuroanatomy and cognition.

Publisher Summary The chapter provides an overview of the cortical components of cognition and the functions they serve and explores the specific cognitive deficits that result from dysfunction in each of these systems. The majority of cognitive processing begins with the interpretation of incoming sensory information, and it is in these sensory processing systems that the segregation of information is most apparent. Many syndromes of cognitive dysfunction are easily understood in light of topographical organization. The visual system is most intensely studied, and provides the best example of cortical specialization. The chapter describes the cortical topography of visual processing, followed by a discussion of some of the other sensory modalities. Much of the power in cognitive capacities comes from ability to maintain sensory information over time (memory), to control processing of sensory information (attention), to focus behavior so that goals can be achieved efficiently without distraction (executive functions) and to attach value to information, tailoring actions accordingly (emotion and motivation).
Studies of reticulum cell sarcoma in hamsters.

Summary A reticulum cell sarcoma has been produced in Syrian golden hamsters after injection of a murine leukemia virus (GC). Infectious viral particles were not produced, but rescue experiments with mixed tissue culture demonstrated that the tumor cells are virogenic, and immunological studies disclosed the presence of virus-related antigens (soluble antigen and membrane-associated antigens).
Thermal distortions in laser-diode- and flash-lamp-pumped Nd:YLF laser rods

The laser crystal Nd:YLF has played an important role in the development of large fusion-class laser systems since it is wavelength matched (1053 nm) to the Nd:phosphate glass amplifiers.
Coherent spectroscopic effects in the propagation of ultrashort pulses through a two-level system

A theoretical and experimental investigation is made of the spectrum of a near-resonant femtosecond laser pulse propagating through a two-level atomic system. Measurements made using a high-resolution Fabry-Perot microcavity show that at the transition frequency the spectrum of the transmitted pulse acquires a feature whose structure depends sensitively on the pulse area, the pulse detuning, and the absorption path length. Our observations are in excellent agreement with the predictions of the Maxwell-Bloch equations. In the thin-sample limit, these results show that from the shape of the spectral feature it is possible to infer the quantum state of the atomic system excited by the pulse.
Technology and Teaching Philosophy

This article discusses the challenges faced when integrating new technologies into the classroom. Viewing the experiences of teaching a first year learning community through the lens of the princip...
Exploring HRT: Gauging the Benefits, Risks, and Unknowns of Hormone Replacement Therapy

Making a decision about HRT may seem more difficult now than ever before, but one thing is clear: It's a highly personal decision that each woman must make after discussing it with her health care provider. Nearly 1.3 million women reach menopause in the U.S. each year and the number is growing as the baby‐boom generation reaches midlife. During the decision‐making process, it's important to discuss a woman's reasons for considering or taking HRT as well as her personal risk profile. No particular approach is the "best" one. Instead, what is most important is helping individual women to choose the course that best suits them.
STATISTICAL THEORY OF MULTIPLE MESON PRODUCTION

The Fermi statistical theory of multiple meson production is examined, and its application to medium-energy pion-nucleon and nucleon-nucleon collisions is discussed. Various approximate calculational procedures are described and their results compared critically. It is found, by the use of a precise integration procedure, that a rigorous relativistic inclusion of the meson rest mass is necessary if one is to draw accurate conclusions from the postulates of the theory. The consequences of isotopic spin conservation are described and tables are given for the expected distribution of charged products from both pion-nucleon and nucleon-nucleon collisions. The theory is applied to the case of pion-nucleon collisions at 1.4 Bev, and is found to predict only poorly the tentative results of recent experiments. The failure of the theory to predict nucleon-nucleon collisions is also described, and possible modifications and improvements are discussed.
Economic and fiscal implications of aging for subnational American governments.

Abstract This article begins with a brief review of the extensive literature dealing with the macroeconomic consequences of population aging in industrialized societies and places the question in the context of the political and economic framework of the United States. Next, we move to the fiscal ramifications of population aging for subnational units of government. The varying demographic sources of aging are then introduced and their economic implications are reviewed. The role of population aging within the context of subnational fiscal impacts is first examined by reviewing patterns of change in demand for state-government-provided public goods and services associated with an older population. These include primarily health care and income security. These considerations on the expenditure side are then extended to substate government, where primary and secondary educations are easily the largest component of public budgets. Finally, the implications of demographic change on the revenue side of state a...
Relation between exercise-induced changes in ejection fraction and systolic loading conditions at rest in aortic regurgitation.

To examine the role of systolic wall stress at rest in determining left ventricular performance during exercise in aortic regurgitation (AR), systolic wall stress (measured by M-mode echocardiography) was related to changes in left ventricular function during maximal exercise (evaluated by radionuclide ventriculography) in 30 patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. Of these 30 patients, 7 had a normal exercise response, defined as an absolute increase in ejection fraction of 5% or greater (Group I) and 23 had abnormal exercise response, defined as no change ( These findings suggest that exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction in patients with aortic regurgitation is the result of elevated left ventricular systolic wall stress; both echocardiographic evaluation of wall stress at rest and radionuclide determination of the exercise response identify a similar patient group that may be at a high risk of persistent symptoms and left ventricular dysfunction after aortic valve replacement.
Supremum weighted log-rank test and sample size for comparing two-stage adaptive treatment strategies

SUMMARY In two-stage adaptive treatment strategies, patients receive an induction treatment followed by a maintenance therapy, given that the patient responded to the induction treatment they received. To test for a difference in the effects of different induction and maintenance treatment combinations, a modified supremum weighted log-rank test is proposed. The test is applied to a dataset from a two-stage randomized trial and the results are compared to those obtained using a standard weighted log-rank test. A sample-size formula is proposed based on the limiting distribution of the supremum weighted log-rank statistic. The sample-size formula reduces to Eng and Kosorok's sample-size formula for a two-sample supremum log-rank test when there is no second randomization. Monte Carlo studies show that the proposed test provides sample sizes that are close to those obtained by standard weighted log-rank test under a proportional hazards alternative. However, the proposed test is more powerful than the standard weighted log-rank test under non-proportional hazards alternatives.
Predicted dynamic response of a composite beam with history-dependent damage

Abstract The transverse vibration solution for both uniform and non-uniform (variable cross-section) beams, with homogeneous or non-homogeneous (such as composites) linear elastic material properties has been widely discussed and is well documented. However, spatial variations in material properties due to history-dependent damage have not been previously considered. In this paper, the internal state variable concept is introduced to account for the cumulative stress-induced damage in a simple composite beam structure resulting from a fatigue-type loading of several hundred thousand cycles. Furthermore, the transverse vibration solution based on the history-dependent material is presented for a simple beam.
Superconductivity and transport properties of Tl2−xHgxBa2Ca2Cu3O10−δ

Abstract Superconducting samples of Tl 2−x Hg x Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10−δ were prepared by solid state reaction of appropriate quantities of HgO, Tl 2 O 3 and the precursor Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 7 . Our best Hg-doped samples have the superconducting onsets at 130 K. Similar to the substitution of Bi ions by Pb ions stabilizing the Bi-based superconducting oxides [1], partial substitution of Tl 3+ with Hg 2+ in Tl-2223 produces a stable Tl-2223 phase with highest possible T c .
A Course in Dementia for Third-Year Medical Students

Outcomes of an annual 1-week intensive course, entitled “Dementia With Focus on Alzheimer Disease (AD),” were studied. The Division of Geriatric Psychiatry created this “selective” in 1990 for third-year medical students of the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in an effort to enhance geriatric education. In 1997, a survey was mailed to all participants of the past 6 years whose addresses were available (N = 50). Fifty nonparticipants, matched by graduation year, received a similar survey. The respondent participants in the course (N = 25) reported significantly more confidence in their assessment and diagnosis of dementia, awareness of community resources for demented patients, and familiarity with issues of caregiver burden than the control subjects (N = 27). The authors conclude that small-group, brief, intensive but comprehensive, and diverse learning experiences in AD had favorable effects on the self-reported knowledge base of the course participants.