cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dipole Potential of Bilayer Membranes

Abstract Membrane dipole potential (DP) manifests at the lipid–water interface. In contrast to a surface and a transmembrane potential, it is dependent neither on the charge of the lipid nor on the ionic strength of the surrounding solution. With respect to the considerable magnitude of 200–300 mV in bilayer membranes, DP has long been supposed to play an important role in a number of physiological processes. Meanwhile it is well established that DP is responsible for differences in the permeability of oppositely charged hydrophobic ions, charged carriers, some potential sensitive dyes, charged spin label probes and nonelectrogenic carriers. A novel exciting hypothesis is that the regulation of ion-transporting cell membrane proteins is possible via an effect of the local electric field of the lipid (DP) on the kinetics of charge-transporting steps of the proteins. This idea enhances de novo the interest in the DP. One of the main difficulties hindering the progress of DP investigation in cell membrane is the lack of methods that would enable its direct recording. The majority of DP research was carried out with vesicular and planar bilayers. At the moment, they represent the most convenient and reliable system to understand the origin and significance of DP. Recent investigations on model systems support the notion that the DP affects peptide channel insertion and conductivity. In the present chapter an overview concerning origin, modification and significance of the DP is given. Methods, which determine the DP of planar bilayers are reviewed. In the mean time, a number of substances have been investigated with regard to their ability to alter the membrane DP. The classification of the DP modifiers undertaken here indicates that their investigation has rather spontaneous character. Some examples demonstrate the biological importance of the DP.
Are there trade-offs between pre- and post-fledging survival in black brent geese?

Summary 1. The growth period is an important determinant of fitness later in life through its effects on first-year survival and future reproduction. Choices by adult females about where to rear their offspring strongly affect growth rates and offspring fitness in geese. 2. Individual female black brent (Branta bernicla nigricans) tend to raise their broods in the same areas each year, and these areas are consistently ranked with respect to growth rates of goslings. Therefore, some females consistently rear their broods on areas resulting in lower post-fledging fitness. 3. We explore the potential that growth rates of offspring (and associated fitness consequences) are traded off against other vital rates influencing fitness of either adult females or goslings. Growth of goslings primarily influences fitness after fledging, so one hypothesis is that survival before fledging, which is influenced by predation, is traded off against growth rates and post-fledging survival. 4. We estimated pre-fledging and post-fledging survival for goslings reared on areas used by broods from the Tutakoke River black brent colony. We examined recaptures, recoveries by hunters and resightings of brent marked as goslings with webtags and standard leg rings. These data were analyzed using capture–mark–recapture models in program mark to derive separate estimates of pre- and post-fledging survival for 18 cohorts (1987–2004) of black brent goslings across seven brood rearing areas (BRAs). 5. Estimates of pre-fledging survival probability varied from 0·00 ± 0·00 (mean ± 95% confidence interval) to 0·92 ± 0·1; and estimates of post-fledging survival probability varied from 0·00 ± 0·00 to 1·00 ± 0·08. Substantial variation existed both among BRAs and years but post-fledging survival declined substantially during the study. 6. Pre- and post-fledging survival were positively correlated, exhibiting a quadratic relationship (spost-fledging survival = 1·00 (±0·47)x−0·83 (±0·480)x2, where x = pre-fledging survival). Therefore, we did not find a trade-off between pre- and post-fledging survival in black brent goslings across BRAs, suggesting that factors other than foraging conditions and predation on goslings must influence selection of BRAs.
A merger of antenna array beam pattern scanning (BPS) and OFDM: achieving directionality and transmit diversity

In this paper, we introduce a novel merger of antenna arrays with moving beam patterns and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Here, we apply controlled time varying phase shifts to the antenna array elements mounted at the base station. This creates a small movement in the antenna beam pattern that is directed toward the desired user. This beam pattern movement creates a time varying environment and in rich scattering area leads to time diversity exploitable at the receiver. We call this technique beam pattern scanning (BPS) that may create a high probability-of-error performance at the receiver. In this paper, we apply OFDM signals to BPS antenna arrays, and we achieve: 1) directionality, which supports space division multiple access (SDMA); and 2) a time diversity gain, which leads to a high performance. We discuss the structure of the base station antenna array and the OFDM receiver that exploits time diversity and we run probability-of-error performance simulations. These simulations show that a high performance is achievable via BPS/OFDM scheme comparing to traditional OFDM. Simulations with coded OFDM (COFDM) also reveal similar performance improvement through BPS scheme.
Studies on polynucleotides. LXXX. Yeast phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acid: products obtained by degradation with ribonuclease T1.

Abstract The fragments produced by digestion of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA (tRNAphe) with Taka-Diastase ribonuclease T1 have been resolved on anion exchange columns and characterized. The 3'-terminal sequence has been confirmed to be CpApCpC, and the tetranucleotide TpψpCpGp, concluded previously to be a sequence common to tRNAs, is present also in this RNA. The results of the present work and those described previously on degradation with pancreatic ribonuclease are in mutual agreement and, taken together, permit the derivation of longer oligonucleotide sequences: the latter account for 55 out of 76 nucleotide residues of tRNAphe. The largest oligonucleotide isolated is the dodecanucleotide Ap2'OMeCpUp2'OMeGpApApYp-Apψp5MeCpUpGp; this oligonucleotide contains the presumed anticodon, 2'OMeGpApA.
Occupancy Time Limits for PersonsWorking in ToxicWarm Environments While Wearing Encapsulating Chemical-biological Protective Clothing with Self Contained Air Supply and Water/Ice Microclimate Cooling

Safe work time limits for persons wearing US Army's Self Contained Toxic Environment Protective Outfit (STEPO) were developed from human tests and human simulation. STEPO, a Level A HAZMAT protective garment, has C02 scrubber, 02 supply and upper body liquid cooling. Rest/treadmill-exercise (10/20 min) cycle test results for a limited range of conditions were extended by simulating human responses to more environments. A rational 5 compartment lumped parameter thermo-physiological model was adapted to simulate responses with STEPO. The model's output showed close conformity with measured core temperatures and heart rates. The safe working time criterion was for the core temperature and heart rate not to exceed 38.3°C and 150bpm. For example, at 27 and 38°C the resulting recommended work limits are 240 and 70 min, respectively.
Implementation of the universal physical access control system (UPACS)

The Universal Physical Access Control System (UPACS) is a communication protocol designed to provide secure access to remote physical devices over untrusted communication networks, where it could be subjected to eavesdropping, unauthorized modification of its messages, and other forms of tampering by attackers. We created a reference implementation of the UPACS protocol and performed a security analysis designed to determine the protocol’s resilience to several known forms of security attack. Our implementation prevented several attempted security attacks, including Privilege Elevation Attacks and unauthorized registration, addition and deletion of physical device controller nodes.
A Compact 2.5-Kelvin Closed-Cycle Refrigerator

A helium refrigerator utilizing the Gifford-McMahon/Joule-Thomson cycle was designed and tested to demonstrate the feasibility of using small closed-cycle refrigerators as an alternative to batch filled-cryostats for operating temperatures below 4 kelvin. The systems could be used to cool low- noise microwave maser amplifiers located in large parabolic antennas. These antennas tilt vertically, making conventional liquid-filled dewars difficult to use. The system could also be used for a non-tilting beam waveguide antenna to reduce the helium consumption of a liquid helium cryostat. The prototype system is adjustable to provide 700 milliwatts of cooling at 2.5 K to 3 watts at 4.3 K. Performance of the unit is not significantly affected by operation in any physical orientation. The volume occupied by the refrigerator is less than 0.1 m3. Two JT expansion stages are used to maximize cooling capacity per unit mass flow. The heat exchangers were designed to produce minimum pressure drop in the return gas stream. Pressure drop for the entire JT return circuit is less than 7 kpa at a mass flow of 0.06 g/s when operating at 2.5 K.
Is the Faith of Faith Development Christian Faith

The major research with a theological and developmental psychological perspective on the meaning and development of faith has been produced by James Fowler of Emory University and the Candler School of Theology. In this paper, I will present challenges by important critics who pose a significant question. Is this faith of the faith development research Christian faith? To provide an initial answer to the question, I will offer brief summaries of some of Fowler's writings that he has listed as most important for responding to the question. I will also present evidence from his writings and from the writings of other authors that he is indeed interpreting Christian faith.
Stimulation of Corticotropin Release by Pentagastrin in Normal Subjects and Patients With Panic Disorder

ln oduction Patients with panic disorder have shown blunted corticotropin (ACTH) responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) infusion (RoyByrne et al 1986). The precise mechanism underlying such blunting remains uncertain. Control of the hypo~lalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis involves multiple hormonal regulators; but other regulators have received little attention. The availability of other regulators for infusion studies could advance our understanding of HPA axis function and help clarif:, the mechanisms underlying the blunted ACTH response to CRH. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin are centrally active neurotransmitters (Williams 1982) that appear to co-regulate HPA axis function, most likely through a brain receptor that is responsive to both ""-':""" (Reisine ,.,a ~ ...... Q.It |tdt Jlb, lt l~,,ll| l-~Uttu~n
Immunodeficiency in humans as a risk factor in the development of malignancy.

Abstract Evaluation of descriptive information from the Immunodeficiency-Cancer Registry and the Denver Tumor Transplant Registry led to the hypothesis that in certain groups of immunodeficient patients, and possibly in some elderly patients, defective immunoregulatory mechanisms may permit uncontrolled lymphoid proliferation triggered by various environmental antigens. Homogeneous groupings of immunodeficient diseases are associated with specific tumor types. Further investigation of these associations may permit more specific identification of causative variables in the development of these malignancies.
When Political Science Championed Public Service Training: The American Political Science Association Campaign for Professional Public Administration

This article examines how Progressive-Era political scientists worked to promote public service training. It gives evidence that the Progressive-Era political science community had a broad view of its mission that included preparing civil servants. Since World War II, tension has permeated relations between mainstream political science and professional public administration programs. Participants in current debates on relations between the two fields can gain from knowing something about the broad interests that engrossed the American Political Science Association at its start.
Assessment of a Sodium Nonatitanate and Pharmacosiderite-Type Ion Exchangers for Strontium and Cesium Removal from DOE Waste Simulants

Several inorganic ion exchangers were tested for 89Sr and 137Cs removal from simulated DOE aqueous defense wastes (NCAW and 101SY-Cs5) and a Hanford groundwater solution (N-springs). The materials used in this scoping study consisted of the three-dimensional tunnel-structured pharmacosiderites [M3H(AO)4(BO4)3·4−6H2O (M = H, K; A = Ti, Ge; B = Si, Ge)]; the layered sodium nonatitanate, Na4Ti9O20·xH2O; and two commercially available exchangers, AW-500 and clinoptilolite. 89Sr and 137Cs distribution coef ficient (Kd) measurements showed that all of the synthetic exchangers removed at least 97% of the 89Sr from the N-springs groundwater simulant in a single static equilibration. This simulant also contained parts per million levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+. Similarly, many of the same materials also efficiently removed 137Cs (>98%) from the same solution, except for sodium titanate, which exhibited the lowest Kd of 1210 mL/g for Cs+. These preliminary Kd values provide an indication that these exchangers ma...
Compression sprain of the foot

Abstract “Compression sprain” of the foot is described as a typical injury, as it is initiated by compression of the foot in its long axis, elevating the longitudinal arch sufficiently to cause a severe sprain of all of the joints in the middle of the foot with chip fractures into these joints. This is particularly true regarding the bases of the metatarsal bones. The disability in such cases, both in length and severity, has been far out of proportion to the fractures suffered. Heretofore, too much emphasis has been placed on the fractures, but in the future, these cases will be treated primarily as those of sprain. Active motion and vigorous physical therapy should be instituted with immobilization of the length of time for that of sprains. Success in treatment depends on limiting the period of complete immobilization.
Use of Equity Capital in Financing Future Agricultural Production: Discussion

In the first of the three papers discussed here, Fiske, Batte, and Lee sketch briefly the history of capital accumulation in agriculture, noting the lack of efficient equity markets for agricultural assets. This they attribute to legal restraints, high transactions costs, and the peculiar organizational structure of farm businesses. While theory holds that capital should flow to the sector yielding the highest rate of return, this provides little guidance in explaining actual capital flows in agriculture. This they attribute to market imperfections, of which the most important are technical externalities, defective factor markets, and tax laws.
Microstructure-based modeling of the influence of particle spatial distribution and fracture on crack growth in particle-reinforced composites

The crack growth behavior of particle-reinforced composites is determined by several factors, such as volume fraction, particle size, particle morphology, spatial distribution and particle strength. Thus, an accurate and robust numerical model must incorporate the true microstructure of the particles. It will be shown that the strength of the reinforcement particles is also an important factor. Hence, the model must be able to simulate particle fracture. In this paper, the crack growth behavior of SiC particle-reinforced Al matrix composites was modeled using actual microstructures. Linear elastic fracture mechanics principles were used to propagate the crack and obtain the local stress intensity values. The effect of particle fracture on crack growth was studied. It will be shown that spatial distribution and shape of the particles, as well as particle fracture ahead of the crack tip, significantly affect the crack trajectory and the stress distribution at the crack tip.
Application of the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser to the treatment of experimental cerebral vasospasm

Laser energy of 480 nm was applied in 1-microsecond pulses varying between 2.2 and 10 mJ to in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral vasospasm. First, the pulsed-dye laser was applied intravascularly via a 320-microns fiber to basilar artery segments from six dogs. The segments were mounted in a vessel-perfusion apparatus and constricted to, on average, 70% of resting diameter by superfusion with dog hemolysate. Immediate increase in basilar artery diameter occurred to a mean of 83% of control. In a second model, the basilar artery was exposed transclivally in the rabbit. In three normal animals, superfusion of the artery with rabbit hemolysate resulted in a reduction of mean vessel diameter to 81% of control. Following extravascular application of the laser, vessels returned to an average of 106% of the resting state. In six rabbits, the basilar artery was constricted by two intracisternal injections of autologous blood. 3 days apart. Two to 4 days after the second injection, the basilar artery was exposed. Extravascular laser treatment from a quartz fiber placed perpendicular to the vessel adventitia resulted in an immediate 53% average increase in caliber to an estimated 107% of control. No reconstriction was observed over a period of up to 5 hours. Morphologically, damage to the arterial wall was slight. This preliminary investigation suggests that the 1-microsecond pulsed-dye laser may be of benefit in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.
Preparation of hot-pressed silicon-germanium ingots: Part III - vacuum hot pressing☆

Abstract Vacuum hot pressing silicon-germanium powders containing 80 atomic percent silicon and sufficient phosphorus or boron to give a carrier concentration of 2 × 10 19 cc for one hour at 1295°C and 28,000 psi produces ingots of uniform composition with densities of 2.975 to 3.006 g/cm3. Variations in resistivity across and between faces of individual ingots and between ingots are less than about ±5%. Variations in composition on a micron scale are normally less than ±2 atomic percent. Porosity is very low and ultimate strength is on the order of 24,000 psi.
Factors influencing the auricular murmur and the intensity of the first heart sound

Abstract Studies of cases of mitral stenosis in which there were varying degrees of heart block have clearly demonstrated that the presystolic murmur of mitral stenosis is produced by contraction of the auricle. 1, 2, 3 More recently it has been appreciated that presystolic gallop rhythm and certain split heart sounds also result from sound waves initiated by auricular contraction. 4, 5 The relation of the auricular contraction to the intensity of the first heart sound has been investigated by many observers. 6, 7, 8 There has been no unanimity of opinion, however, as to the mechanism by which the auricular contraction modifies the intensity of the first sound. This study is reported for the purpose of emphasizing: (1) the effect of the degree of ventricular filling on the intensity of the sound produced by the auricular contraction; (2) the relative effect on the intensity of the first heart sound of (a) the time of auricular contraction and (b) the degree of ventricular filling.
Synthesis, characterization, and comparative analysis of amylose-guest complexes prepared by microwave irradiation.

Abstract The preparation and characterization of amylose–small molecule complexes is a heavily researched area. There are few reports, however, that compare complexation efficiencies across a matrix of different amylose hosts and guests. We present herein a detailed account of using microwave irradiation to prepare amylose–small molecule complexes in water. Microwave heating reduced the time required to prepare these amylose complexes from hours to minutes. We characterized not only the quantity of complex for each amylose–guest pairing but also the loading of small molecule guest in that complex. Amylose–1-naphthol complexes were found to have the highest loading density compared with other hydrophobic guests studied; in the case of 1-naphthol, there was a linear dependence of guest loading on amylose molecular weight. In addition, complexes featuring 1-naphthol were the most ordered as judged by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry. Further, powder XRD analysis of the microwave-prepared complexes revealed that many contained mixtures of V-form (single helix) and B-form (double helical) amylose. Lastly, untreated Hylon VII complexed the widest variety of small molecules with the overall greatest efficiency.
Route planning algorithms for unmanned aerial vehicles with refueling constraints

Small UAVs are currently used in several monitoring applications to monitor a set of targets and collect relevant data. One of the main constraints that characterize a small UAV is the maximum amount of fuel the vehicle carry. In this article, we consider a single UAV routing problem where there are multiple depots and the vehicle is allowed to refuel at any depot. The objective of the problem is to find a path for the UAV such that each target is visited at least once by the vehicle, the fuel constraint is never violated along the path for the UAV, and the total cost of the edges present in the path is a minimum. We first develop a mixed integer, linear programming formulation to solve the problem optimally. We also propose fast and efficient construction and improvement heuristics to solve the same. Computational results are also presented to corroborate the solution quality and the running times of all the algorithms.
"Performance Of A Wafer Stepper With Automatic Intra-Die Registration Correction."

An evaluation of a wafer stepper with the new improved Philips/ASM-L phase grating alignment system is reported. It is shown that an accurate alignment system needs an accurate X-Y-0 wafer stage and an accurate reticle Z stage to realize optimum overlay accuracy. This follows from a discussion of the overlay budget and an alignment procedure model. The accurate wafer stage permits high overlay accuracy using global alignment only, thus eliminating the throughput penalty of align-by-field schemes. The accurate reticle Z stage enables an intra-die magnification control with respect to the wafer scale. Various overlay data are reported, which have been measured with the automatic metrology program of the stepper. It is demonstrated that the new dual alignment system (with the external spatial filter) has improved the ability to align to weakly reflecting layers. The results are supported by a Fourier analysis of the alignment signal. Resolution data are given for the PAS 2500 projection lenses, which show that the high overlay accuracy of the system is properly matched with submicron linewidth control. The results of a recently introduced 20mm i-line lens with a numerical aperture of 0.4 (Zeiss 10-78-58) are included.
Cognitive functioning in bulimia: comparison with depression

The neuropsychological test performance of groups of female outpatients with major depression or bulimia nervosa was examined. Compared to normal controls, both groups were impaired in learning and recalling a list of unrelated words and in generating the names of famous people, and both groups showed elevated scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the State and Trait Anxiety Scales. In addition, the bulimic but not the depressed sample made more rule violations than did controls on a design-fluency task. Both patient groups generated normal numbers of correct responses on letter, category, and design-fluency tests; they also performed normally on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, a version of the Brown-Peterson short-term memory test, and on a test of verbal recognition memory. Thus, similar focal neuropsychological deficits can be demonstrated in outpatients with bulimia or depression. In addition, bulimia but not depression may be characterized by a previously unrecognized cognitive impairment: the tendency to violate task rules.
A 1TnR array architecture using a one-dimensional selection device

Phase-change memory (PCM) cells on a single carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET) are demonstrated toward the realization of the 1TnR array architecture. The use of CNFET as one-dimensional selector, which exhibits ultra-low leakage ( 10 6 ) at high current densities, enables the cost-effective PCM cell to operate with a wide voltage margin in large 2D arrays. Uniform electrical characteristics of PCM cells over 100 cycles are obtained with the ON/OFF ratio of ~ 100 and the low SET/RESET currents of <; 1 μA.
PD-1 Ligand Expression by Human Colonic Myofibroblasts/Fibroblasts Regulates CD4+ T-Cell Activity

Background & Aims: A prominent role for inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 in peripheral tolerance has been proposed. However, the phenotype and function of PD-L–expressing cells in human gut remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that colonic myofibroblasts (CMFs) and fibroblasts are important in the switch from acute inflammation to adaptive immunity. In the normal human colon, CMFs represent a distinct population of major histocompatibility complex class II+ cells involved in the regulation of mucosal CD4+ T-cell responses. Methods: PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression on human CMFs was determined using Western blot, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and confocal microscopy. Lymphoproliferation assays and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to evaluate the role of B7 costimulators expressed by CMFs with regard to the regulation of preactivated T-helper cell responses. Results: We demonstrate here the expression of PD-L1/2 molecules by normal human CMF and fibroblasts in situ and in culture. Both molecules support suppressive functions of CMFs in the regulation of activated CD4+ T-helper cell proliferative responses; blocking this interaction reverses the suppressive effect of CMFs on T-cell proliferation and leads to increased production of the major T-cell growth factor, interleukin (IL)-2. PD-L1/2-mediated CMF suppressive functions are mainly due to the inhibition of IL-2 production, because supplementation of the coculture media with exogenous IL-2 led to partial recovery of activated T-cell proliferation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that stromal myofibroblasts and fibroblasts may limit T-helper cell proliferative activity in the gut and, thus, might play a prominent role in mucosal intestinal tolerance.
The effect of Ca2+ and Al3+ additions on the stability of potassium disilicate glass as a soot oxidation catalyst

Abstract Potassium disilicate (K2Si2O5) glasses substituted with additions of Ca2+ and Al3+ have been prepared, characterized and tested as diesel soot oxidation catalysts. Ca and Al modify the silicate glass network, resulting in improved stability for catalyzing oxidation of diesel soot. TGA and water immersion studies showed that substituting K2O with CaO can improve the chemical stability with a small loss of catalytic activity. (K2O)0.5(CaO)0.5(SiO2)2 had a soot ignition temperature (Tig) around 410 °C and also excellent catalytic stability with repeated soot oxidation cycling. Similarly, substituting with Al3+ gave improved stability, with (K2O)0.7(Al2O3)0.3(SiO2)2 exhibiting a Tig around 370 °C and better stability than K2O·2Si2O2. The activity results are interpreted with insights gained from FTIR characterization.
Reduced bandwidth frequency domain equalization for underwater acoustic communications

Two challenges facing adaptive decision feedback equalizers (DFEs) in the underwater acoustic channel are those of the channel changing too rapidly to allow for the stable adaptation of the number of coefficients required to represent the equalizer filters and the high computational complexity of the associated adaptation algorithms. These challenges are particularly acute for multichannel DFEs where a separate filter needs to be adapted for each input signal channel. A multichannel ”frequency domain” DFE is proposed in which the feedforward filter coefficients are represented in the frequency domain while the feedback filter coefficients are represented in the time domain. For fractionally sampled input signals, the frequency range over which the feedforward filter coefficients are calculated is limited thus reducing the number of coefficients that need to be calculated. The resulting DFE is shown to have both improved demodulation performance and a reduced complexity when compared to a time domain equalizer.
Diurnal Changes on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: A Pilot Study

-11 people took the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator on two consecutive workdays. They took it in the morning upon awakening, in the afternoon while at work, and in the evening after finishing the day's work, with the instruction to take it each time as though they had never seen it before. Analysis indicated that the data were not free of diurnal changes. Individuals differed in amount and on dimensions of significant change. Diurnal changes were most consistent on Extraversion, Introversion, Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing, Intuicion, and Sensing-Intuition, and least consistent on Thinking, Feeling, and Thinking-Feeling. As interview and observation suggested that the variations reflected genuine changes in the individuals, diurnal changes on personality tests should be studied further; tests should be given a person several times to obtain a profile of the person; and classifications should be viewed as reflecting the person at a specific time and in a specific setting.
High frequency design and EMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a form of radio frequency (RF) spectroscopy. Its current popularity in applications, such as analytical chemistry and biomedical imaging was made possible by advances in RF design. Those advances permitted modern pulsed excitation and data acquisition in the microsecond time domain. Electron magnetic resonance (EMR) is equally powerful. But, its timescale for the spin dynamics (subnanosecond) and excitation spectrum (microwave) have posed formidable technological problems. These problems have forced the method to lag behind NMR. The situation is changing rapidly, however. Improvements in high frequency design now allow EMR to sit at an evolutionary threshold. These improvements and various technological solutions are considered. The processes involved in EMR are also discussed.
Comparison Of Acousto-Electric And Acousto-Optic Signal Processing Devices

Developers of surface-wave acoustooptic (AO) and acoustoelectric (AE) devices are currently competing with one another by conducting feasibility demonstrations which suggest substantial analog signal-processing capabilities. The development of one AE surface-acoustic-wave device, a wideband convolver, is currently in a more advanced state in terms of system-worthiness than are AO and other AE devices. However, in terms of future potential in most systems applications, it has not been apparent whether either class of devices has had a clear advantage. In this paper, figures of merit as well as design tradeoffs in the two technologies are compared. These comparisons focus on those areas of the competing technologies which will be most stressed as the devices become system-worthy components in the near future. Projections are made for the realization of practical devices capable of providing, with adequate dynamic range, the signal-processing gains suggested by the feasibility demonstrations. It is concluded that each system application must be considered individually to determine whether AE or AO devices are the most advantageous.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
3-D real-time volumetric imaging using 20 MHz 1.5-mm diameter single-chip CMUT-on-CMOS array

An intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) catheter that can provide forward-viewing volumetric ultrasound images would be an invaluable clinical tool for guiding interventions in coronary arteries for treatment of chronic total occlusions (CTOs) and for helping stent deployment. Single-chip integration of front-end electronics with CMUTs is highly desirable for reduced interconnect complexity, miniaturization, and flexibility of IVUS catheters. For this purpose we use the monolithic CMUT-onCMOS integration where CMUTs are fabricated directly on top of pre-processed CMOS wafers. We have previously demonstrated the characterization and imaging performance of monolithically integrated single-chip CMUT-on-CMOS Forward looking IVUS array. Here, we present 3-D real-time volumetric imaging results on vessel mimicking and relevant biological phantoms. The fabricated single chip CMUT-on-CMOS device has 56 transmit and 48 receive array elements operating at 20 MHz with a fractional bandwidth of 50%. The imaging results demonstrate that the single-chip forward looking IVUS (FLIVUS) system with monolithically integrated electronics has potential to visualize the front view of coronary arteries.
A comparison of radiofrequency treatment schemes for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether increasing temperature-controlled radiofrequency tissue ablation (TCRFTA) treatments provide incremental improvement in outcomes of obstructive sleep apne...
Structural characteristics of the desmin protofilament

Biochemical investigations of intermediate filaments in soluble or partially assembled forms are often difficult to perform due to the unusual insolubility of most types of intermediate filaments. However, desmin is soluble in 10 mM Tris. The structure of partially soluble native desmin was studied by gel-filtration chromatography and electron microscopy. The lowest molecular weight species of soluble desmin is a flexible rod averaging 53 nm in length. Calculations of f/fmin values from a previously published sedimentation value allowed comparisons with other elongated proteins. These values and the dimensions obtained from electron microscopy suggest that the desmin protofilament contains three or four protein subunits.
Review of Fran Quigley, Walking Together, Walking Far

Interest in “global health” programs has increased rapidly in the last 20–30 years at academic health centers in the developed world. This increased attention on the part of students and faculty me...
The ultrastructure of the gastric mucosa in normal and hypophysectomized rats

The objectives of this study were to observe with the electron micro scope (a) the epithelial cell types found in the neck and isthmus of the gastric fundic gland of the rat, and (b) the effects of hypophysectomy on the gland. The following cell types were distinguished in the neck of the fundic gland of the rat: nondifferentiated cell, immature surface cell, mucous neck cell, and neck parietal cell. In the normal gland, these cell types resembled each other in the possession of a ground cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of low density, a poorly developed endoplasmic reticulum, few mitochondria and numerous free ribosomes. The most important structural difference between mucous neck and immature surface cells was the contrasting density of the secretory granules; both cell types differed from the nondifferentiated cell primarily in the presence of their characteristic secretory granules. The neck parietal cell appeared to be a developmental form between the immature surface cell and the mature parietal cell. No changes were observed in these cells to result from hypophysectomy. Hypophysectomy caused marked involutional changes in the chief cell which involved mainly the organelles most directly concerned with protein synthesis, i.e., the ergastoplasm and Golgi apparatus. These effects were correlated with the loss of basophilia and secretory granules and with the reduction in cell size and capacity to secrete pepsinogen which were described previously. In contrast, the parietal cell, which is concerned with electrolyte transport, was affected much less.
IS AVAILABLE CARBON LIMITING MICROBIAL RESPIRATION IN THE RHIZOSPHERE

Abstract It is widely known that the carbon availability in the rhizosphere is much higher than in the bulk soil. However, studies have failed to show whether microbial respiration in the rhizosphere is carbon-limited. Precise and timely measurements are lacking. We measured carbon availability index (basal respiration divided by substrate-induced respiration), and water soluble carbon in soils sampled at four spatial points (rhizoplane, rhizosphere, bulk soil and root-free soil) in the rhizosphere continuum in greenhouse and field experiments. Carbon availability index and water soluble carbon were inversely related to the relative distance from the root surface, with several times higher concentrations in the rhizoplane soils. Microbial respiration was not limited by available carbon in the rhizoplane and in the rhizosphere.
A new family of convex splines for data interpolation

Abstract This paper develops a new family of convexity-preserving splines of order n , hereby entitled the CP n -spline, that preserves convexity when derivatives at the data points satisfy some reasonable conditions. The spline comprises four components: a constant term, a first order term, and two n th order binomials. A slope-averaging-method is proposed for the general implementation of the new spline. Numerical results that allow for an assessment of the new spline are provided. In particular, a comparative analysis of the CP n -spline, the cubic spline, and of the Carnicer '92 spline is performed. By varying two parameters, the spline shape can be controlled at the local level, while other conventional means can be used to control the shape at the global level. The CP n -spline has no singularities in the case where inflection points are present. Additionally, a less general form of the CP n -spline that applies to most practical cases can be implemented with extreme ease.
Interpretation of surface and planetary directional albedos for vegetated regions

An atmospheric solar radiation model has been coupled with surface reflectance measurements for two vegetation types, pasture land and savannah, in order to address several issues associated with understanding the directional planetary albedo; i.e., the dependence of planetary albedo upon solar zenith angle. These include an elucidation of processes that influence the variation of planetary albedo with solar zenith angle, as well as emphasizing potential problems associated with converting narrowband planetary albedo measurements to broadband quantities. It is suggested that, for vegetated surfaces, this latter task could be somewhat formidable, since the model simulations indicate that narrowband to broadband conversions strongly depend upon vegetation type. A further aspect of this paper is to illustrate a procedure by which reciprocity inconsistencies within a bidirectional reflectance dataset, if they are not too severe, can be circumvented.
A functional murine model of hindlimb demand ischemia.

Background: To date, murine models of treadmill exercise have been used to study general exercise physiology and angiogenesis in ischemic hindlimbs. The purpose of these experiments was to develop a murine model of demand ischemia in an ischemic limb to mimic claudication in humans. The primary goal was to determine whether treadmill exercise reflected a hemodynamic picture which might be consistent with the hyperemic response observed in humans. Methods: Aged hypercholesterolemic ApoE null mice (ApoE(-/-), n = 13) were subjected to femoral artery ligation (FAL) and allowed to recover from the acute ischemic response. Peripheral perfusion of the hindlimbs at rest was determined by serial evaluation using laser Doppler imaging (LDI) on days 0, 7, and 14 following FAL. During the experiments, mice were also assessed on an established five-point clinical ischemic score, which assessed the degree of digital amputation, necrosis, and cyanosis compared to the nonischemic contralateral limb. After stabilization of the LDI ratio (ischemic limb flux/contralateral nonischemic limb flux) and clinical ischemic score, mice underwent 2 days of treadmill training (10 min at 10 m/min, incline of 10 degrees) followed by 60 min of daily treadmill exercise (13 m/min, incline of 10 degrees) through day 25. An evaluation of preexercise and postexercise perfusion using LDI was performed on two separate occasions following the onset of daily exercise. During the immediate 15 min postexercise evaluation, LDI scanning was obtained in quadruplicate, to allow identification of peak flux ratios. Statistical analysis included unpaired t-tests and analysis of variance. Results: After FAL, the LDI flux ratio reached a nadir between days 1 and 2, then stabilized by day 14 and remained stable through day 25. The clinical ischemic score stabilized at day 7 and remained stable throughout the rest of the experiment. Based on stabilization of both the clinical ischemic score and LDI ratio, exercise training began on day 15. The peak 15 min postexercise LDI ratio increased significantly compared to the preexercise ratio on day 17 (0.48 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.04, p Conclusion: Clinical and hemodynamic stabilization of limb perfusion is evident by 14 days after FAL. FAL followed by demand ischemia results in a reversible relative hyperemic response similar to that observed in exercising human claudicants. A murine model of FAL associated with demand ischemia may be useful to evaluate the metabolic, inflammatory, and flow-related changes associated with claudication in humans.
Harassment as a Predictor of Job Burnout in Correctional Officers

The experiences and effects of harassment were examined in correctional officers (129 male and 60 female) from one state and three county medium-security facilities. Survey results indicate that women reported significantly more harassment (70%) than did men (44%) (p < .001), and women were less likely to depersonalize (p < .05). Separate multiple regressions were performed for each gender on burnout, organizational commitment, and perceived stress. Harassment significantly contributed to each regression for females, whereas harassment was significant only in the male regression for perceived stress. Although men and women did not differ on burnout or organizational commitment, harassment was a pervasive contributor to these measures for women. It appears that in correctional settings, harassment forms a background stressor differentially affecting women.
Interaction of early biological and family risk factors in predicting cognitive development

Abstract Both biological and social environmental risks have been shown to impair cognitive development. The combination of biological and social risks may be more detrimental to later intelligence than their main effects would suggest; that is, the interaction of biological and social risk factors may add to the risks associated with either factor alone. In this study, we examined the effects of early biological risks associated with below average birth weight and factors of the home environment on the cognitive development of 1,044 Bermudian 2-year-olds. In addition to main effects for the biological and social risks, the interaction effects of low birth weight and social risks associated with father absence were shown in this study to increase the likelihood of cognitive impairment at 2 years of age.
Chlorophyll a interactions with chloroplast lipids in vitro

Abstract Purified chloroplast glycolipids—galactosyldiglycerides and sulfoquinovodiglyceride—form relatively strong complexes with chlorophyll a, as measured by their ability to dissociate chlorophyll dimers in carbon tetrachloride solution. The chloroplast lipids form stable monolayers at a water-nitrogen interface, with cross-sectional areas at a surface pressure of 12 dyne·cm-1 of 39, 44 and 73 A 2 ·molecule -1 for sulfolipid, monogalactolipid and digalactolipid, respectively. Mixed monolayers of chlorophyll a with sulfolipid or monogalactolipid exhibit compression behavior characteristic of ideal two-dimensional solutions.
Ganglioside synthesis and transport in regenerating sensory neurons of the rat sciatic nerve

Abstract The sciatic nerves of rats were crushed with fine forceps and allowed to survive for 3 or 7 days, at which time the 5th lumbar dorsal root ganglion was injected with [3H]glucosamine. Animals were killed 18 h later and the nerves proximal and distal to the crush site were cut into 3 mm segments. Gangliosides were purified from these segments, and radioactivity was separately measured in gangliosides, neutral glycolipids and glycoprotein. For all 3 fractions, radioactivity was distributed similarly between the crush site the point of maximum axonal elongation. A second smaller peak of ganglioside radioactivity was seen to span a few segments immeidately distal to the point of maximum axonal elongation. We propose two possible explanation for this: (1) it represents ganglioside synthesis by Schwann cells (from blood-borne [3H]glucosamine) as part of the mitogenic response of these cells to the reappearance of axons; or (2) recently synthesized, transported gangliosides are released from the growth cone and taken up by adjacent mitogenic Schwann cells.
Mother Jones in Kansas: An archival note

(1986). Mother Jones in Kansas: An archival note. Labor History: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 431-442.
Parenting Stress, Alliance, Child Contact, and Adjustment of Imprisoned Mothers and Fathers

The present study contrasted the parenting stress and adjustment patterns of 100 mothers and 111 fathers incarcerated in one of 11 U.S. prisons. In comparison to inmate mothers, fathers had less contact with children, higher levels of parenting stress, and poorer alliance with caregivers. For inmate mothers, higher levels of contact with children—particularly letter writing—was associated with reduced parenting stress. For both mothers and fathers, there was an association between heightened parenting stress and increased levels of self-reported in-prison violent and aggressive behaviors. For women, increased parenting stress as well as lower levels of parenting alliance with caregivers was associated with heightened depressive symptoms. Results imply the importance of recognizing the impact of separation from children on parents in prison, and support the need for prison parenting interventions that directly address ways of coping with parenting stress.
The identification of mesospheric frontal gravity-wave events at a mid-latitude site

Abstract Mesospheric frontal-type gravity waves are an uncommon type of wave disturbance that occurs in the mesospheric OH, Na, O2, and O(1S) nightglow. They are understood to be the result of gravity waves exhibiting various degrees of non-linear behavior. Despite their similar appearance in all-sky images, careful analysis reveals that there are at least two distinct types of frontal wave disturbances, each with completely different consequences in terms of vertical momentum transport and deposition. Therefore, a correct identification is important in order to characterize their propagation modes. In this report we present the frontal gravity wave activity that occurred during a twelve-month period at Millstone Hill (42.6°N, 172.5°W), a mid-latitude site, to illustrate their range of behaviors.
Features of inelastic monopole transitions and the excitation of a giant monopole resonance

Abstract Inelastic monopole transitions are discussed in a shell model description. Basically there are two types of monopole transitions, (a) transitions to low lying states due to the mixing of spherical and deformed components in the nuclear ground state, and (b) higher energy 1p1h excitations. An estimate for the excitation strength of a possible giant monopole resonance is given. This microscopic calculation of the giant monopole resonance is in remarkable agreement with collective model predictions of Satchler.