cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sodium gradient dependent calcium transport in Renilla lumisomes.

Renilla lumisomes are membrane-bounded bioluminescent vesicles which produce light when the lumisomal membrane is made permeable to Ca2+. During studies of Ca2+ transport we found that lumisomes can be made permeable to Ca2+ by establishing a Na+ gradient with the higher Na+ concentration being on the inside of the lumisomal membrane. No other cation will substitute for Na+ on the inside but any of several monovalent cations can be used to maintain electroneutrality external to the lumisomes. This Na+ gradient dependent Ca2+ transport appears not to involve active transport and occurs on a millisecond time scale suggesting that it is rapid enough to account for the onset of bioluminescence in Renilla.
Spreadsheet simulation: spreadsheet simulation

"Spreadsheet simulation" refers to the use of a spreadsheet as a platform for representing simulation models and performing the simulation experiment. This tutorial explains the reasons for using this platform for simulation, discusses why this is frequently an efficient way to build simulation models and execute them, describes how to setup a spreadsheet simulation, and finally examines when a spreadsheet is not an appropriate platform for simulation.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas and Hodgkin’s disease

Abstract Certain poor-prognosis patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease, usually with recurrent and/or refractory disease, are rarely curable with standard chemoradiotherapy. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been shown to result in improved long-term disease-free survival in some of these patients. Unfortunately, a number of patients are not suitable for autologous transplantation due to a damaged stem cell pool involvement or other disease processes of the marrow. These patients may benefit from allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In addition to the therapeutic effect of high-dose chemotherapy with or without total body irradiation, an immunologic [i.e. graft-versus-lymphoma (GVLym)] effect may be present in some patients undergoing allogeneic transplantation, resulting in a lower relapse rate than autotransplants. However, allografts are almost always associated with a higher non-relapse mortality due primarily to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD); unfortunately, GVHD and GVLym are difficult to separate. Thus, full exploitation of this GVLym effect may require the modification of commonly used conditioning regimens; if successful, these modifications may allow an additional decrement in the incidence of relapse without additional morbidity. Also, when combined with lesser intensity conditioning, such may permit patients who otherwise would not be candidates for standard transplant regimens to be allografted.
Cardiovascular Risk and the Use of Biologic Agents in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Although patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are recognized to be disproportionately impacted by cardiovascular disease (CVD), effective approaches of primary and secondary CVD prevention have not been well defined in this population. Given their robust disease-modifying potential and effects on both pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic pathways, there has been substantial speculation that biologic treatments may serve as a means of providing highly effective RA disease control while simultaneously reducing CVD risk in this high risk group. In this review, we examine available evidence relevant to the associations of approved biologic treatments with CVD outcomes in the context of RA.
Stereochemical studies of the C-methylation of deoxycytidine catalyzed by Hha I methylase and the N-methylation of deoxyadenosine catalyzed by EcoRI methylase

The steric course of methyl group transfer catalyzed by two DNA methylases, HhaI methylase, a DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase, and EcoRI methylase, which methylates at N6 of adenosine, has been studied with (methyl-R)- and (methyl-S)-[methyl-2H1,3H]adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor, using as substrates poly-d(GC) (HhaI) and the dodecamer oligonucleotide duplex d(CGCGAATTCGCG) (EcoRI), respectively. The methylated nucleotides were degraded to convert the chiral methyl groups into acetic acid for configurational analysis. It was found that both enzymatic reactions proceed with inversion of configuration of the methyl group.
Finding and transferring policies using stored behaviors

We present several algorithms that aim to advance the state-of-the-art in reinforcement learning and planning algorithms. One key idea is to transfer knowledge across problems by representing it using local features. This idea is used to speed up a dynamic programming based generalized policy iteration. We then present a control approach that uses a library of trajectories to establish a control law or policy. This approach is an alternative to methods for finding policies based on value functions using dynamic programming and also to using plans based on a single desired trajectory. Our method has the advantages of providing reasonable policies much faster than dynamic programming and providing more robust and global policies than following a single desired trajectory. Finally we show how local features can be used to transfer libraries of trajectories between similar problems. Transfer makes it useful to store special purpose behaviors in the library for solving tricky situations in new environments. By adapting the behaviors in the library, we increase the applicability of the behaviors. Our approach can be viewed as a method that allows planning algorithms to make use of special purpose behaviors/actions which are only applicable in certain situations. Results are shown for the “Labyrinth” marble maze and the Little Dog quadruped robot. The marble maze is a difficult task which requires both fast control as well as planning ahead. In the Little Dog terrain, a quadruped robot has to navigate quickly across rough terrain.
Protective coating on stainless steel interconnect for SOFCs: oxidation kinetics and electrical properties

An effective, dense and well adherent coating was produced on 430SS that has the result of significantly reducing the oxidation rate of this alloy at elevated temperatures. The coating is essentially a Mn-Co-O spinel, applied in powder form, and compacted to improve its green density. A simplified model is presented that allows an assessment of the effects of the contact and scale geometries. For 850oC, an ASR can be predicted of approximately 0.5 cm2, after 50,000hrs in air, taking into account a factor of 10 penalty for unfavorable contact geometries. The effect of the densified Mn-Co spinel coating is to reduce significantly Cr2O3 sub-scale formation, lower the thermal expansion mismatch, and increase the electronic conductivity of the scale. The findings point to several potential remedies for achieving coatings on 430 SS that allow for metal interconnects with a service life of 50,000hrs or more. Considering contact geometries, such service life is unlikely to be possible above operating temperatures of about 700oC, unless highly specialized alloys are used, with potential processing and cost penalties.
Congenital dislocation of the patella

Purpose Congenital dislocation of the patella is permanent and manually irreducible, and it manifests immediately after birth with flexion contracture of the knee, genu valgus, external tibial torsion and foot deformity. We retrospectively reviewed the results of operative treatment of seven knees in six patients with congenital dislocation of the patella.
Evolution of phase morphology in compatibilized polymer blends at constant quench depths : Complementary studies by light scattering and transmission electron microscopy

The effect of added block copolymer on the phase separation and morphology evolution in a partially miscible blend of polystyrene and polybutadiene near the critical composition is studied by temperature jump light scattering (TJLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As block copolymer is added, the phase boundary is shifted to lower temperatures and the phase separation process is slowed dramatically. Since the quench depth greatly affects the rate of phase separation in any blend system, we have used equivalent quench depths by adjusting for the shift in the phase boundary as block copolymer is added. The morphology evolution of these ternary blends was studied by preparing TEM specimens at equivalent shallow quench depths (ΔT = 1.6°C) and allowing each blend mixture to coarsen for the time required to reach a specific constant size, or q-value, using the TJLS data on the kinetics of phase separation. The q-range selected was q ∼ 0.003-0.005 nm -1 , which corresponds to a spacing of 1-2 μm in real space. The combination of light scattering and microscopy techniques more rigorously describes the compatibilization process in these complex ternary systems.
Stability of carbon islands on 90% Rh-10% Pt (111) surfaces

Abstract Islands of carbon were created on a 90% Rh-10% Pt(111) surface by electron beam cracking of CO. The islands were one monolayer thick and either circular (approximately 60 μm) in diameter or rectangle (as a result of scanning the electron beam). The spots were stable up to a temperature of 980 K. AtT⩾990K they disappeared in a few minutes (9 min at 1000 K, 3 min at 1030 K) by dissolution of carbon into the bulk of the crystal. By analogy to other carbon-metal systems, it was concluded that 990 K is a surface phase transition temperature. Direct observation of the islands and the surrounding clean crystal surface with scanning Auger microscopy did not show carbon diffusing out across the surface from the islands.
Current United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service research on understanding agrochemical fate and transport to prevent and mitigate adverse environmental impacts

Environmentally and economically viable agriculture requires a variety of cultivation practices and pest management options as no one system will be appropriate for every situation. Agrochemicals are some of the many pest control tools used in an integrated approach to pest management. They are applied with the intent of maximizing efficacy while minimizing off-site movement; however, their judicious use demands a practical knowledge of their fate and effects in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Agrochemical distribution into environmental compartments is influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the agrochemical and environmental conditions, ie soil type and structure, and meteorological conditions. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) researchers working in the area of agrochemical fate have focused on accurately describing those processes that govern the transport, degradation and bioavailability of these chemicals under conditions reflecting actual agronomic practices. Results from ARS research concerning the environmental fate and effects of agrochemicals have led to the development of science-based management practices that will protect vulnerable areas of the ecosystem. The new challenge is to identify these vulnerable areas and the temporal and spatial variations prior to use of the chemical by predicting how it will behave in environmental matrices, and using that information, predict its transport and transformation within an air- or watershed. With the development of better predictive tools and GIS (Geographic Information System)-based modeling, the risks of agricultural management systems can be assessed at the watershed and basin levels, and management strategies can be identified that minimize negative environmental impacts.
Spry1 is expressed in hemangioblasts and negatively regulates primitive hematopoiesis and endothelial cell function.

Funding sources were omitted from the funding statement. The correct funding statement is: "This work was supported by NIH grants R01 HL65301 and P20 RR15555 to RF. Part of this work was supported by the Progenitor Cell Analysis Core, Bioinformatics and Genomics Core supported by NIH grant P20RR018789 (D. Wojchowski, PI) and the Histopathology Core supported P20RR018789 and P30RR030927 (R. Friesel, PI). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript."
Understanding Osteoporosis Knowledge and Health-Beliefs of African-American Seniors in Rural Southeastern North Carolina: A Pilot Study

Background: The chance of developing osteoporosis increases with aging, and in AfricanAmericans the incidence is low, but the resulting outcomes are more devastating compared to other racial groups. Evidence shows that osteoporosis is understudied among African-American seniors, and in Southeastern North Carolina this population is a medically underserved minority with a history of health disparity.
“The Great American Competitive Disadvantage: Fact or Fiction?”: A Reply

Share analysis was Performed for the periods of 1967-1972 and 1972-1977 to determine the source of the slow rate of growth of American exports vis-a-vis exports of all members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Although share analysis is subject to several theoretical and practical limitations, the conclusions indicated clearly that, during these periods, the relatively slow rate of increase for American exports was attributable mainly to a loss of market share rather than to export structure or mix. So it may be concluded that if a faster rate of growth for America exports is to be realized, the united States should continue efforts to raise the competitiveness of American goods in international market and—perhaps more importantly—to provide special incentives to firms that increase export sales in preference to alternative forms of business expansion.
David Lewis's Semantics for Deontic Logic

Numerous attempts to provide'semantic interpretations for deontic logic are based on the idea that a given state of affairs ought to be the case in this world if and only if it is the case in every morally perfect world. In classical versions of this theory, a 'morally perfect world' is simply defined as one in which all the particular obligations obtaining in the actual world are fulfilled.' Such theories have two disadvantages. First, as Richard Purtill has pointed out, it is extremely difficult to spell out the requirement that all obtaining obligations be satisfied in a morally perfect world.2 If a world contains no agents at all, are all our obligations fulfilled in it? If it contains agents who are not counterparts to the agents in this world, are our obligations fulfilled in it? Second, the value of such theories lies solely in their elucidation of the logical form of obligation statements, e.g., their explanation of what makes a set of obligation statements consistent. The application of such theories depends on prior possession of the list of true statements of particular obligations ('Jones ought to do A', 'Smith ought to do B', etc.). Since they do not offer an independent method for determining whether or not a given obligation obtains, they fail to provide illuminating reductive or eliminative definitions for statements of particular obligation. David Lewis has proposed a semantic theory which falls within this general tradition but employs an alternative definition of the morally best worlds.3 Because of this difference, his theory may escape Purtill's direct objections.4 In addition, this aspect of his theory makes possible the derivation of particular obligations, not from an initial list of such obligations, but rather from a statement of abstract moral principles together with the general notion of a possible world. Thus it may be interpreted as providing not only an account of the logical form of statements of particular obligations, but also a reductive definition of them -in terms of these other two concepts. Promising as this theory appears, I shall argue that it does not succeed, because it neglects the fact that
Cryogenic Model Materials

An overview and status of current activities seeking alternatives to 200 grade 18Ni Steel CVM alloy for cryogenic wind tunnel models is presented. Specific improvements in material selection have been researched including availability, strength, fracture toughness and potential for use in transonic wind tunnel testing. Potential benefits from utilizing damage tolerant life-prediction methods, recently developed fatigue crack growth codes and upgraded NDE methods are also investigated. Two candidate alloys are identified and accepted for cryogenic/transonic wind tunnel models and hardware.
Male infertility associated with a unique 8;22 translocation.

Proper evaluation of male infertility includes a careful history, physical examination, semen analysis, and karyotyping. Molecular cytogenetic analysis may also be necessary to further delineate the karyotype. Following the above approach, we found an apparently unique 8;22 translocation in a male patient with infertility but few other phenotypic manifestations. Delineating the exact genetic basis of infertility is important in view of the most recent advances in reproductive technology such as in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Patients utilizing these emerging techniques need to be properly counseled as to their risks of transmitting these chromosomal abnormalities to their offspring.
Trityltitanium Complexes. X-ray Structural Characterization of [Ti(CO)4{η5-C(4-C6H4R)3}]- (R = H, OCH3)1

Reactions of [Ti(CO)6]2- and chlorotriphenylmethane or chlorotris(4-methoxyphenyl)methane provide the first examples of trityltitanium complexes. These have been shown by IR, NMR, and single-crystal X-ray structural characterizations to have the molecular formula [Ti(CO)4{η5-C(4-C6H4R)3}]- (R = H, OCH3).
Liposome-mediated delivery of DNA to carrot protoplasts.

The encapsulation of DNA within liposomes and subsequent fusion of the liposomes with carrot (Daucus carota L.) protoplasts were examined to determine optimum conditions for effective liposome-mediated delivery of DNA to protoplasts. Escherichia coli [3H]DNA could be encapsulated with 50% efficiency using encapsulation volumes as low as 0.5 ml. Incorporation of liposome-encapsulated [3H]DNA by carrot protoplasts increased linearly for 2.5 h, and increasing the ratio of protoplasts to liposomes increased the total amount of radioactive label incorporated within the protoplasts. Liposome-mediated incorporation of [3H]DNA by protoplasts increased over a range of polyethylene glycol concentrations up to 20%, but Ca2+ did not increase liposome-mediated incorporation when present in the liposome-protoplast incubation mixture. Optimum incorporation was observed when the pH of the liposome-protoplast incubation medium was decreased to 4.8. Encapsulation experiments using DNA of the plasmid pBR322 indicated that an average of 200–1,000 intact copies of pBR322 were sequestered within each nucleus after liposome delivery.
Modeling air entrainment and transport in a hydraulic jump using two-fluid RANS and DES turbulence models

Both RaNS (Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes) and DES (Detached Eddy Simulation) type turbulence models were used in conjunction with a two-fluid model of bubbly flow and a new subgrid air entrainment model to predict air entrainment and transport in a hydraulic jump. It was found that the void fraction profiles predicted by both methods are in agreement with the experimental data in the lower shear layer region, which contains the air bubbles entrained at the so-called toe of the hydraulic jump. In contrast, in the upper roller region behind the toe, the averaged results of the DES turbulence model gives accurate predictions while a RaNS turbulence model does not. This is because the DES turbulence model successfully captures the strong fluctuations on the free surface which allows it to entrain air near the top of the roller region. In contrast, RaNS type turbulence model results in a steady, smooth interface which fails to capture the wave-induced bubble sources in that region. To our knowledge, this study is the first successful quantitative numerical simulation of the overall void fraction profiles in a hydraulic jump.
The Juvenile Offender Parent Questionnaire A Structural Validation Study

This study provides evidence for the structural validity of the Juvenile Offender Parent Questionnaire, developed by Rose, Glaser, Calhoun, and Bates. Data analysis indicates that the model does have an adequate level of fit, providing cross-validation for the original exploratory model. Clinical implications are also discussed.
Intracellular Trafficking of Plasmids during Transfection Is Mediated by Microtubules

Little is known about how plasmids move through the cytoplasm to the nucleus. It has been suggested that the dense latticework of the cytoskeleton impedes free diffusion of large macromolecules, including DNA. However, since transfections do work, there must be mechanisms by which DNA circumvents cytoplasmic obstacles. One possibility is that plasmids become cargo on cytoskeletal motors, much like viruses do, and move to the nucleus in a directed fashion. Using microinjection and electroporation approaches in the presence of drugs that alter the dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton, we show that microtubules are involved in plasmid trafficking to the nucleus. Further, by co-injecting inhibitory antibodies, we find that dynein likely facilitates this movement. These results were confirmed using an in vitro spin-down assay that demonstrated that plasmids bind to microtubules through adaptor proteins provided by cytoplasmic extracts. Taken together, these results suggest that plasmids, like most viruses, utilize the microtubule network and its associated motor proteins to traffic through the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
Metric Identities and the Discontinuous Spectral Element Method on Curvilinear Meshes

We study how to approximate the metric terms that arise in the discontinuous spectral element (DSEM) approximation of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws when the element boundaries are curved. We first show that the metric terms can be written in three forms: the usual cross product and two curl forms. The first curl form is identical to the "conservative" form presented by Thomas and Lombard [(1979), AIAA J. 17(10), 1030---1037]. The second is a coordinate invariant form. We prove that in two space dimensions, the typical approximation of the cross product form does satisfy a discrete set of metric identities if the boundaries are isoparametric and the quadrature is sufficiently precise. We show that in three dimensions, this cross product form does not satisfy the metric identities, except in exceptional circumstances. Finally, we present approximations of the curl forms of the metric terms that satisfy the discrete metric identities. Two examples are presented to illustrate how the evaluation of the metric terms affects the satisfaction of the discrete metric identities, one in two space dimensions and the other in three.
Interaction electromagnetic field and anisotropic superconductors : application to high Tc

Abstract The specialities of interaction between high frequency electromagnetic field and anisotropic superconducting state are considered. It is shown that an interpretation of the high frequency surface resistance data for oxide superconductors could be based on the nonzero orbital momentum (spin) model.
Soft X-Ray Polarimeter: Potential Instrumentation and Observations

We present an instrument design capable of measuring linear X-ray polarization over a broad-band using conventional spectroscopic optics. A set of multilayer-coated flats reflects the dispersed X-rays to the instrument detectors. The intensity variation with position angle is measured to determine three Stokes parameters: I, Q, and U - all as a function of energy. By laterally grading the multilayer optics and matching the dispersion of the gratings, one may take advantage of high multilayer reflectivities and achieve modulation factors >90% over the entire 0.2 to 0.8 keV band. This instrument could be used in a small suborbital mission or adapted for use in an orbiting satellite to complement measurements at high energies. We present progress on laboratory work to demonstrate the capabilities of key components.
Hospital to Home: A Geriatric Educational Program on Effective Discharge Planning

There has been increased attention on the needs of the burgeoning older adult population, with focus on the limited education and training experiences available in geriatric care. Older adults transitioning between levels of care often require increased attention, and the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) Task Force on the Future of Geriatric Medicine has encouraged greater training opportunities be provided to better understand the needs of this population. The Hospital to Home Program is one model of geriatric training emphasizing many of the AGS recommendations. Through qualitative analyses of 51 internal medicine residents' reflections, the authors report how this educational program is meeting the above need and share how Hospital to Home is enhancing residents' skills in creating a safe discharge for geriatric patients and their families.
EUV observations of the chromospheric network

Extreme ultraviolet observations of a quiet region of the Sun on August 18, 1969, with the Harvard spectroheliometer on OSO 6 indicate that the chromospheric network can be observed in lines of the chromosphere and transition region (T = 8.4 × 105 K) with almost identical structure. At coronal heights, the network changes but some residual structure can still be discerned in Mgx and perhaps Sixii (T = 2.3 × 106 K), although there is little or no evidence remaining in Fexvi (T = = 3.5 × 106 K).
Effect of retinoids and carotenoids on prostaglandin formation by oral squamous carcinoma cells.

Abstract Several studies have correlated the excessive production of prostaglandins (PGs) with tumor promotion and the suppression of the immune response. Inhibition of PGs by pharmacological agents has been demonstrated to enhance immunocompetence, and to suppress growth of tumors in animals and humans. In this study we examined the effect of retinol (I), all-trans-retinoic acid (II), N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (N-4-HPR) (III), canthaxanthin (CTX) (IV), and β-carotene (β-CT) (V) on the bioconversion of 14 C-arachidonic acid (AA) to PGE 2 by squamous carcinoma cells of the tongue, SCC-25. Agents (I), (II), (III), (IV) inhibited while (V) stimulated PGE 2 formation in a dose related manner. N-4-HPR was the most potent inhibitor of PGE 2 synthesis. The data suggest that certain retinoids and carotenoids have the potential of inhibition of PG synthesis by oral squamous carcinoma cells. Inhibitory effects such as those described here and antioxidant properties might in part contribute to the antiinflammatory and anticarcinogenic activity of retinoids in vivo.
Age, Self-Assessed Health Status, and Cognition

Datafrom a recent project involving 362 adults ranging from 20 to 79 years of age were reanalyzed to examine the eJfects of statistical control of self-assessed health status on the age trends in several measures of cognitive functioning. The major result was that the age trends were virtually identical with, and without, control ofthe healthstatus variable. Implications of the views that the lack of health influences was d.ue lo a narrow range of health status or to insensitive assessment of health status were discussed. fT is sometimes suggested that age-related effects on mear sures of coenitive functioning are no[ due to intrinsic maturational pio..rr", or to diffJrential patterns of experience at diff'erent phases of life, but instead are attributable to a variety of pathological diseases. This is clearly a plausible argument because the incidence of many diseases does increase with age, and at least some of those diseases have been documented to be associated with lower levels of cognitive functioning. Unfortunately, however, the role of health variables in the relations between age and cognitive measures has seldom been systematically investigated. The analyses described in the present report represent one attempt to determine whether there are significant relations among age, self-assessed health status, and measures of cognitive functioning, and whether an age-related decrease in health status might account for some of the observed agerelated differences in cognitive functioning. Health status ofresearch participants in the current pro1ect
A unified mobility model for analysis and simulation of mobile wireless networks

We propose a novel mobility model, named Semi-Markov Smooth (SMS) model, to characterize the smooth movement of mobile users in accordance with the physical law of motion in order to eliminate sharp turns, abrupt speed change and sudden stops exhibited by existing models. We formulate the smooth mobility model by a semi-Markov process to analyze the steady state properties of this model because the transition time between consecutive phases (states) has a discrete uniform distribution, instead of an exponential distribution. Through stochastic analysis, we prove that this model unifies many good features for analysis and simulations of mobile networks. First, it is smooth and steady because there is no speed decay problem for arbitrary starting speed, while maintaining uniform spatial node distribution regardless of node placement. Second, it can be easily and flexibly applied for simulating node mobility in wireless networks. It can also adapt to different network environments such as group mobility and geographic constraints. To demonstrate the impact of this model, we evaluate the effect of this model on distribution of relative speed, link lifetime between neighboring nodes, and average node degree by ns-2 simulations.
Fatal methicillin-resistant Stapylococcus aureus infection after Le Fort I osteotomy: a case report

Surgical planning is carried out, trying o achieve, the correct functional and aeshetic position of the scheletical bases for n optimum projection of the soft tissues. evertheless often, additional ancillary rocedures are necessary to correct or nhance the results of surgery. Most of the patients are not available for urther retouches, giving the instance of the rimary surgery a critical unique opportuity for achieving the best possible result. he former will be highly influenced by the kills of the surgeon, speed of the surgery nd personal and patient aesthetic prefernces. We present our experience in the area escribing the possible procedures to be ombined and final results in our hands. Conflict of interest: None declared.
Scientist-Year and Publication Expenditures for U.S. Poultry Research in 1974 and 1975

Abstract A comparison of research expenditures and publication numbers compiled from U.S.D.A. statistics was made for the United States’ State Agricultural Experiment Stations (S.A.E.S.) in Fiscal Year (FY) 1974 and 1975. Scientist Year (SY) costs for all the animal sciences were $88,000 and $96,000 with poultry at $74,000 and $81,000, for the two years respectively, compared to similar data for certain crop commodities of $62,000 and $69,000, respectively. Research expenditures represent 0.25% of the total cash receipts for animal products except lamb and wool (0.31% for poultry) and 0.27% for the crop receipts. For poultry research, approximately 39% of the funds used are for studies to improve efficiency, 17% to solve disease problems and 11% for studies to improve reproduction. Mean values of all S.A.E.S. averages show an annual productivity of 6.9 and 7.2 publications per SY costing $11,300 and $12,000 per publication for the two years, respectively.
Geo-Store: a spatially-augmented SPARQL query evaluation system

The techniques of utilizing spatial data on the Semantic Web have attracted more and more interest from researchers due to the rapidly increasing applications based on geographic information. However, there are currently limited solutions providing efficient spatial query evaluation based on Semantic Web data. In this demonstration, we present Geo-Store, a novel spatially-augmented SPARQL evaluation system. By extending the standard SPARQL query language with spatial query filters, Geo-Store is able to process complex spatial queries with common spatial constraints. These spatial filters are designed based on our Spatially Aware Mapping (SAM) scheme. With SAM, spatial data are pre-processed and encoded with their Hilbert values by employing the Hilbert curve, resulting in more efficient spatial query processing than the existing approaches. The Geo-Store demonstration includes both a server and a web browser-based client.
Determinants of Neutralization Resistance in the Envelope Glycoproteins of a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Passaged In Vivo

In vivo passage of a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-89.6) generated a virus, SHIV-89.6P, that exhibited increased resistance to some neutralizing antibodies (G. B. Karlsson et al., J. Exp. Med. 188:1159–1171, 1998). Here we examine the range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralizing antibodies to which the passaged virus became resistant and identify envelope glycoprotein determinants of antibody resistance. Compared with the envelope glycoproteins derived from the parental SHIV-89.6, the envelope glycoproteins of the passaged virus were resistant to antibodies directed against the gp120 V3 variable loop and the CD4 binding site. By contrast, both viral envelope glycoproteins were equally sensitive to neutralization by two antibodies, 2G12 and 2F5, that recognize poorly immunogenic structures on gp120 and gp41, respectively. Changes in the V2 and V3 variable loops of gp120 were necessary and sufficient for full resistance to the IgG1b12 antibody, which is directed against the CD4 binding site. Changes in the V3 loop specified complete resistance to a V3 loop-directed antibody, while changes in the V1/V2 loops conferred partial resistance to this antibody. The epitopes of the neutralizing antibodies were not disrupted by the resistance-associated changes. These results indicate that in vivo selection occurs for HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins with variable loop conformations that restrict the access of antibodies to immunogenic neutralization epitopes.
Power and Robustness in Product-Moment Correlation

The power of statistical tests based on four popular product-moment correlation coefficients was examined when relatively small samples (10 ≤ N100) are drawn from bivariate populations of several different distributional shapes. Analytical procedures for deter- mining theoretical power under conditions of bivariate normality are presented for the Pearson (Spearman where N is the number of paired Z,Y observations in the sample and fp is the sample Pearson product- moment correlation coefficient. The robustness of r, when p X 0 has been examined both analytically (~r~~r~~r9 ~ 1980) and empirically (see ~~~v~~s~~9 1972, for a review), with less agreement as to the effects of non-normality. The literature on the robustness of product-moment correlation (PMC) statistics other than rp is not extensive and tends to be highly technical. Of more interest to users of statistical tests is a theoretical tradeoff assumed between Type I and Type 11 errors when distributional assumptions for the theoretically more powerful test are not met. That is, will the cost in power of ranking or dichotomizing a continuous variable be offset by the additional protection against erroneous rejections of the null hypothesis? Often, the original data are in a form which limits the choice of a PMC statistic, such as when X or Y are inherent dichotomies (e.g., male or female) or created dichotomies (e.g., normal vs. psychotic).
Determinants and Polynomial Root Structure

A little known property of determinants is developed in a manner accessible to beginning undergraduates in linear algebra. Using the language of matrix theory, a classical result by Sylvester that describes when two polynomials have a common root is recaptured. Among results concerning the structure of polynomial roots, polynomials with pairs of roots that are either multiplicative inverses or additive inverses are completely characterized.
Measuring the Impact of Fraud in the UK A Conceptual and Empirical Journey

This article examines the conceptual and empirical underpinnings of data on the cost of fraud—collected for a study conducted for the Association of Chief Police Officers and summarized in the article—and reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the data collection processes. It also raises broader questions about the relationship between crime control ideologies, institutional responsibilities, and what data on crime are kept and not kept; and concludes by reviewing the implications of recent strategies for enhancing fraud data collection.
A SUPPORT VECTOR DATA DESCRIPTION APPROACH FOR BACKGROUND MODELING IN VIDEOS WITH QUASI-STATIONARY BACKGROUNDS

Video segmentation is one of the most important tasks in high-level video processing applications. Stationary cameras are usually used in applications such as video surveillance and human activity recognition. However, possible changes in the background of the video such as waving flags, fluctuating monitors, water surfaces, etc. make the detection of objects of interest particularly challenging. These types of backgrounds are called quasi-stationary backgrounds. In this paper we propose a novel, non-statistical technique to generate a background model and use this model for background subtraction and foreground region detection in the presence of such challenges. The main advantage of the proposed method over the state of the art is that unlike statistical techniques the accuracy of foreground regions is not limited to the estimate of the probability density. Also, the memory requirements of our method are independent of the number of training samples. This makes the proposed method useful in various scenarios including the presence of slow changes in the background. A comprehensive study is presented on the efficiency of the proposed method. Its performance is compared with various existing techniques quantitatively and qualitatively to show its superiority in various applications.
Nuclear CaMKII enhances histone H3 phosphorylation and remodels chromatin during cardiac hypertrophy

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) plays a central role in pathological cardiac hypertrophy, but the mechanisms by which it modulates gene activity in the nucleus to mediate hypertrophic signaling remain unclear. Here, we report that nuclear CaMKII activates cardiac transcription by directly binding to chromatin and regulating the phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine-10. These specific activities are demonstrated both in vitro and in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Activation of CaMKII signaling by hypertrophic agonists increases H3 phosphorylation in primary cardiac cells and is accompanied by concomitant cellular hypertrophy. Conversely, specific silencing of nuclear CaMKII using RNA interference reduces both H3 phosphorylation and cellular hypertrophy. The hyper-phosphorylation of H3 associated with increased chromatin binding of CaMKII occurs at specific gene loci reactivated during cardiac hypertrophy. Importantly, H3 Ser-10 phosphorylation and CaMKII recruitment are associated with increased chromatin accessibility and are required for chromatin-mediated transcription of the Mef2 transcription factor. Unlike phosphorylation of H3 by other kinases, which regulates cellular proliferation and immediate early gene activation, CaMKII-mediated signaling to H3 is associated with hypertrophic growth. These observations reveal a previously unrecognized function of CaMKII as a kinase signaling to histone H3 and remodeling chromatin. They suggest a new epigenetic mechanism controlling cardiac hypertrophy.
Numerical quadrature used for radiative heat-transfer computations

Physical reasoning makes it possible to use artificial parameters with numerical quadrature in order to obtain approximate solutions for the Fredholm integral equations associated with radiative heat transfer calculations. With the aid of such parameters, decisions can be made concerning the applicability and usefulness of the numerical quadrature technique.
A 3.84 gbits/s AES crypto coprocessor with modes of operation in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology

In this paper an AES crypto coprocessor that is fabricated using a 0.18-μm CMOS technology is presented. This crypto coprocessor performs the AES-128 encryption in both feedback and non-feedback modes of operation. A maximum throughput of 3.84 Gbits/s is achieved at a 330 MHz clock frequency for ECB, OFB, and CBC modes of operation. This crypto coprocessor can be programmed using the memory-mapped interface of an embedded CPU core and is tested using a LEON 32-bit (SPARC V8) processor in the ThumbPod secure system-on-chip.
Design of a low power video decompression chip set for portable applications

This paper describes the design process of a chip set which performs real-time video decompression for wireless portable applications and concentrates on four critical aspects of the design: compression algorithm development, control complexity, programmability, and throughput. For each of these design areas, this paper evaluates the design trade-offs between low power, compression efficiency, and throughput, which are the three main requirements for wireless portable video. The chip set consists of a subband reconstruction chip and a pyramid vector quantization (PVQ) decoder chip and requires no external memory support or frame buffer. For portable applications with a resolution of 176 pixels wide, 240 lines, and 30 frames per second color video, the chip set, operating at a 1.35 V supply, dissipates less than 9 mW.
Global Sourcing of Electronic Components

The automotive industry, and its suppliers, face major challenges such as 8 million units of excess worldwide capacity, attendant concerns over environmental issues, increased customer expectations, a proliferation of model offerings, and the globalization of the industry. These challenges continue to reinforce Ford Motor Company's vision "to be a low cost producer of the highest quality products that provides the best customer value." Ford's Electronics Division shares the Company's basic Strategies to address the industry's challenges - - continuous improvement in quality, cost containment, time management, and a customer-driven philosophy. These strategies involve major process improvements within Ford and, in turn, the challenge for similar change within Ford's worldwide supply base. I am very pleased to have this opportunity to share with you Ford's strategies to meet the global challenges that face the automotive and the associated electronics industries in the decade of the 90's. These challenges include: . Excess worldwide capacity . Heightened concern over environmental issues . Increased model offerings coupled with increased customer expectations, and . Global competition. Our strategies to meet these challenges include: . Continuing quality improvement, . Cost competitiveness, and . Customer-driven philosophy Further, Time is likely to be the competitive advantage that separates the best companies in the next five - ten years -- meaning faster, smarter, better! Think about it -- time is the only resource of which every company has an equal amount. The challenge is to be the best at using time in product development, manufacturing through-put, and administrative processes.
Declarative Language Design for Interactive Visualization

We investigate the design of declarative, domain-specific languages for constructing interactive visualizations. By separating specification from execution, declarative languages can simplify development, enable unobtrusive optimization, and support retargeting across platforms. We describe the design of the Protovis specification language and its implementation within an object-oriented, statically-typed programming language (Java). We demonstrate how to support rich visualizations without requiring a toolkit-specific data model and extend Protovis to enable declarative specification of animated transitions. To support cross-platform deployment, we introduce rendering and event-handling infrastructures decoupled from the runtime platform, letting designers retarget visualization specifications (e.g., from desktop to mobile phone) with reduced effort. We also explore optimizations such as runtime compilation of visualization specifications, parallelized execution, and hardware-accelerated rendering. We present benchmark studies measuring the performance gains provided by these optimizations and compare performance to existing Java-based visualization tools, demonstrating scalability improvements exceeding an order of magnitude.
Adaptive Control of MEMS Mirrors for Beam Steering

This paper presents the design and experimental implementation of an adaptive inverse control system for a two axis MEMS tilting mirror used for optical beam steering. The theoretical issues and practical design considerations involved in this task are discussed in detail. The first topic addressed is the system identification of input-output and state-space models of the MEMS mirror. Consistency among the following two system identification methods is verified: identification of a parameterized transfer function and identification of a state-space model by a subspace method. Next, a stabilizing feedback controller and an adaptive inverse control scheme based on an adaptive inverse QR recursive least-squares filter are developed. Finally, the experimental implementation of the control loops is described and the performance of the beam steering system is analyzed.
Acousto‐optic wavelength division multiplexing system

A novel wavelength division multiplexing/demultiplexing (WDM) system using acousto-optic Bragg cell is presented. The system is adaptable for any wavelength deviation of light sources caused by temperature changes and allows changing the operating wavelengths over a wide range. High diffraction efficiency, high resolution, and a large number of channels are obtained. Computer simulation for a five-channel system in the 0.8-μm region is presented. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.