cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Borchers' Theorem

We give a simplified proof of the following important theorem,which is due to Borchers. Let ℳ be a von Neumann algebra with cyclic and separating vector ω and let U(t), t ∈ R, be a group with positive generator, which leaves ω fixed and induces for positive arguments endomorphisms of ℳ. The modular group of (ℳ, ω) acts then as dilatations on this group. Our proof can also be applied to half-sided modular inclusions.
Design and Implementation of a String Matching System for Network Intrusion Detection using FPGA-based Bloom Filters

Modern Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) inspect the network packet payload to check if it conforms to the security policies of the given network. This process, often referred to as deep packet inspection, involves detection of predefined signature strings or keywords starting at an arbitrary location in the payload. String matching is a computationally intensive task and can become a potential bottleneck without high-speed processing. Since the conventional software-implemented string matching algorithms have not kept pace with the increasing network speeds, special purpose hardware solutions have been introduced. In this paper we show how Bloom filters can be used effectively to perform string matching for thousands of strings at wire speed. We describe how Bloom filters can be implemented feasibly on commodity FPGA. Our analysis shows that this approach for string matching is more effective than the current FPGA-based solutions which use Deterministic or Non-deterministic Finite Automata (DFA or NFA). Finally, we give the details of our implementation of string matching technique on Xilinx XCV 2000E FPGA.
Reasonably Confused: Human Rights and Intellectual Disability

In a conversation I recently had with Laura Hershey, friend, disability rights advocate, and participant in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, I brought up the problem of rights, personhood, and rationality. I wanted to know why, when the working group, of which she was a member, designed the CRPD, they did not implicitly address the redefinition of the notion of personhood to describe the status of all human beings, without consideration for reasoning ability. She was surprised that I would suggest any implicit exclusion existed or that people without the ability to reason currently hang in limbo within important primary human rights documents. Her understanding was that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, true to its name, was universal in its scope and that the CRPD followed in its sentiment. Unfortunately, for her view, the UDHR, in Article 1, states, “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience (italics the author’s) …” Political theory, from Socrates to Rawls, has conflated reason with recognition and inclusion in the political system. The UDHR is irreconciled on the status of people with severe intellectual impairment. Even as Article 1 defines human beings in terms of rationality, the Preamble states, “Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world…” Similarly, Article 2 states, “Everyone is entitled to all of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind…” The unaddressed questions are, “What does the term “human family” mean?” “Does “everyone” really mean everyone?” and “Is there a difference between human being and person?” This work will address the various historical meanings of personhood, including person as Homo sapiens, rational chooser, or contributor, and investigate what recognition of the eight-hundred pound gorilla might mean. Are the universality of human rights and the primacy of reason incompatible? Can a third position emerge that acknowledges reason as a “light of the world” and a “chief glory of man” while also acknowledging relational abilities, demonstrated by people with severe cognitive impairment as equally essential aspects of what it is to be human? Can we include all of our family members and neighbors without fear of our system imploding?
Temporal Changes in Cadmium, Thallium, and Vanadium Mobility in Soil and Phytoavailability under Field Conditions

A field study was conducted over a 30 mo period to examine movement of Cd, Tl, and V through the profile of a Coastal Plain soil (Typic Kandiudult) and the availability of these trace metals to bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. The metals were applied to field plots as dissolved salts and mixed into the surface 7.5 cm. The greatest concentration of all three metals was observed in the surface soils, with a steep decrease occurring down to the 7.5 to 15 cm depth. Thallium was the most mobile of the three metals; approximately 15% of the applied Tl and <3% of the applied Cd and V moved below the surface 7.5-cm region during the 30-mo experiment. Extractable concentrations of all three metals in the surface soils decreased significantly (P ≤0.05) during the initial 18 mo after treatment. No further decrease occurred between 18 and 30 mo. The presence of Al- and Fe-oxides and small amounts of clay minerals and organic matter in this highly-weathered, low cation-exchange soil were likely responsible for the retention of the trace metals. Bioavailability, as measured by concentrations and total amounts of metals in root and aboveground tissues of plants, did not change significantly between 18 and 30 mo. These data suggest that bioavailability of Cd, Tl, and V decreased over time as a result of transformation of these elements into unavailable forms and not to leaching. These changes in bioavailability occurred soon after application, becoming negligible after 18 mo.
Association of Uveal Melanocyte Destruction in Melanoma-Bearing Swine with Large Granular Lymphocyte Cells

Sinclair strain miniature swine spontaneously develop and regress malignant melanoma lesions, with uveitis and vitiligo occurring subsequent to tumor regression. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of Sinclair swine undergoing tumor regression and melanocyte destruction demonstrated significant lytic activity against K562, porcine semiallogeneic uveal melanocytes, and melanoma cells in 4-h chromium release assays. The ability of porcine PBL to lyse these target cells appears to be an age-associated immune response, as evidenced by the relative inability of PBL of pigs less than 4 weeks old to lyse target cells. In young adult pigs, however, PBL cytotoxic activity significantly increases; piglets 6 weeks old and older demonstrate efficient killing of all three targets. Conjugate formation assays demonstrate that a lymphoid effector cell possessing large granular lymphocyte (LGL) morphology may be involved in melanocyte destruction. These findings suggest that a LGL subpopulation may participate in melanoma and melanocyte destruction which can induce a uveitic syndrome in Sinclair swine with melanoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:2455-2460,1989
Individuality in early eukaryotes and the consequences for matazoan development.

The question of the monophyly of the metazoans clearly requires elucidating characters which distinguish the metazoans from their eukaryotic sister groups. Such characters will likely be diverse and include sequence data (e.g., Wainright et al. 1993; Doolittle et al. 1996) and additional biochemical and cellular characters (e.g., collagen, chitin, see Wilmer 1990; basal membranes, gap junctions, nematocysts, colloblasts, etc., see Schram 1991; Backeljau et al. 1993; Schram and Ellis 1994; extracellular matrix characteristics, see Morris 1993). Thus, to a large extent, the question of the monophyly of the metazoans will be resolved by characters which emerge from the cellular and subcellular natural histories of metazoans and other eukaryotes. A more complete understanding of this question will remain elusive as long as the selective forces which shaped these natural histories remain unexplored (see Buss 1987; Blackstone 1995; Coyne 1996). I therefore propose that discussions of the monophyly of the metazoans should not just elucidate the biochemical and molecular shared derived characters for this group, but should consider the Darwinian evolution of these characters as well.
Security analysis for interference management in heterogeneous networks

Abstract Heterogeneous network (HetNet) is recognized as a promising technique to provide blanket wireless coverage and high throughput in 5G wireless networks. With the heterogeneous characteristics, HetNet achieves higher capacity, wider coverage and better performance in energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency. However, HetNet also brings complex interference management in the network. In this paper, we present a security analysis for a proposed interference management mechanism in a two-tier heterogeneous network (HetNet) system. The proposed interference management mechanism aims to maximize the secrecy rate of a cellular user under eavesdropping attack. The HetNet system model includes a macro base station, several small base stations, several users, and one eavesdropper. To further improve the performance of the network, massive multiple-input multiple-output technology is applied to base stations. A single antenna is applied to users and the eavesdropper. Device-to-device (D2D) communications are considered in the HetNet system model for introducing interference in the macro cell to the eavesdropper. The proposed interference management mechanism takes consideration of three factors as transmit beamforming, spectrum reuse and D2D communications. Not only the secrecy rate of the user under eavesdropping attack but also the communication quality of services of SBSs users are considered in the security analysis. An optimization problem is formulated for the secrecy rate maximization of the user under eavesdropping attack with the constraints of quality of services of users associated with base stations and power limitation of base stations. The security analysis and numerical results show that our proposed interference management mechanism for physical layer security can utilize the interference in the network to improve the secrecy rate of the cellular user under eavesdropping attack.
Localized Electronic States in Glassy Se

During the past several years the discussion of localized electronic states in chalcogenide glasses has been dominated by phenomenological defect models [1–4] in which the nonbonding (lone pair) valence electrons of the group VI elements play a key role. Group VI elements have four p-electrons and three p-orbitals and when the atoms are in two-fold co-ordination two of the orbitais are used in the bonding while the third is filled and non-bonding [5]. It is these non-bonding valence electrons which give rise to many of the unusual properties of chalcogenide glasses. Amorphous elemental Se is the archetypal example of a bulk chalcogenide glass in which all atoms are twofold co-ordinated in the ideal case, and is unfailingly chosen as the most convenient vehicle for the exposition of the structural details and properties of the defect models in their simplest forms. For this reason experimental studies of the defect controlled properties of glassy Se are of central importance in the effort to test the validity of the various models.
TCT-817 Best Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Drug-Eluting Stent implantation: A Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation is the main interventional treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD), and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) remains the gold standard strategy to prevent ischemic events. However, the duration of DAPT after DES implantation remains controversial. Therefore, we
Structured Summarization of Social Web for Smart Emergency Services by Uncertain Concept Graph

The Web has empowered emergency services to enhance operations by collecting real-time information about incidents from diverse data sources such as social media. However, the high volume of unstructured data from the heterogeneous sources with varying degrees of veracity challenges the timely extraction and integration of relevant information to summarize the current situation. Existing work on event detection and summarization on social media relates to this challenge of timely extraction of information during an evolving event. However, it is limited in both integrating incomplete information from diverse sources and using the integrated information to dynamically infer knowledge representation of the situation that captures optimal actions (e.g., allocate available finite ambulances to incident regions). In this paper, we present a novel concept of an Uncertain Concept Graph (UCG) that is capable of representing dynamic knowledge of a disaster event from heterogeneous data sources, particularly for the regions of interest, and resources/services required. The information sources, incident regions, and resources (e.g., ambulances) are represented as nodes in UCG, while the edges represent the weighted relationships between these nodes. We then propose a solution for probabilistic edge inference between nodes in UCG. We model a novel optimization problem for the edge assignment between a service resource to a region node over time trajectory. The output of such structured summarization over time can be valuable for modeling event dynamics in the real world beyond emergency management, across different smart city operations such as transportation.
Thermodynamic assessment of the group IV, V and VI oxides for the design of oxidation resistant multi-principal component materials

Abstract Multi-principal component materials (MPCMs) are currently being investigated for use in high and ultra-high temperature environments. The design of oxidation resistant multi-component materials requires as input the oxidation behavior of each of the components. FactSage free energy minimization software and databases were used to calculate the equilibrium oxide phases and free energies of formation for the oxides of the Group IV, V and VI refractory metals, and their carbides, nitrides and borides. The results are summarized in Ellingham diagrams. Periodic trends were noted; Group IV elements form the most stable oxides with the highest melting temperatures (Tm), Group V elements form oxides with low Tm, and Group VI elements form gaseous oxide species. Oxygen diffusion data from literature for some of these oxides were also reviewed and summarized. The results are utilized to identify strategies for optimizing oxidation resistance of MPCMs for service at temperatures above 1700°C.
The prevalence of infertility in American Indian/Alaska Natives and other racial/ethnic groups: National Survey of Family Growth.

Background The prevalence of infertility in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations is unknown. The objective of our study was to estimate the prevalence of infertility and impaired fecundity in the AI/AN population and other racial and ethnic groups. Methods We analyzed female respondent data from the pooled National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) cycles 2002, 2006-2010, and 2011-2013. We used modified Poisson regression with robust error variance accounting for survey weighting to estimate prevalence proportion ratios (PPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for NSFG definitions of infertility and impaired fecundity by race and Hispanic ethnicity. Results The prevalence of infertility and impaired fecundity in the pooled NSFG was 6.4% (95% CI 5.7, 7.0) and 11.0% (95% CI 11.0, 12.2), respectively. Compared to whites, blacks had a 1.45 times greater adjusted prevalence of infertility (95% CI 1.15, 1.83) and AI/ANs had a 1.37 times greater prevalence of infertility (95% CI 0.91, 2.06) compared to whites. We observed a 1.30 times greater prevalence of impaired fecundity among AI/AN (95% CI 1.04, 1.62) compared to whites. We observed no differences in impaired fecundity for black or Asian/Pacific Islander women compared to whites or for Hispanic compared to non-Hispanic women. Conclusions Inequalities in the burden of reproductive impairments among blacks and AI/AN women warrant further evaluation to identify opportunities for prevention and disparity reduction.
A Research-Oriented EPIC Course - Applying Mobile Technologies to Biomedical Research Questions

At Wentworth Institute of Technology, we have advocated Externally-collaborative, Project-based, Interdisciplinary Curricula (EPIC) learning for years. EPIC learning provides opportunities for the students from different majors to work together on interdisciplinary projects, which have been proved interesting, useful and influential to the students' future career, either academia or industry. In 2016, we reported the success of applying mobile application development to biomedical education for creating a mobile health system for the students. To extend this success, we spent one year designing and teaching a new research-oriented interdisciplinary EPIC course for guiding undergraduate students to conduct research projects in biomedical field. In this talk, I will summarize our learning from this process, including (1) Why is it more difficult to teach a research-oriented EPIC course than a regular course for undergraduate students from different majors? (2) How to conquer some difficulties found in this process? (3) How to design suitable lectures and laboratory assignments to facilitate research collaboration? (4) How to motivate the undergraduate students to work on research projects? Although three out of six student teams' research work were accepted at a research conference, we believe there is a space to improve this process for this kind of research-oriented EPIC course in the future.
Whiteness and Masculinity in Nonprofit Organizations: Law, Money, and Institutional Race and Gender

Using an institutional framework and critical race and gender theories, this article argues that performances adopted by nonprofits to conform to the legal and economic realities of the sector bene...
Editorial: Paving the Way Toward Improving Safety Among Drivers With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The ability to drive is important to an individual's participation in modern society, as it enhances independence and social and economic opportunity. However, motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of injury-related death in the United States-and the leading cause of death among 15- to 24-year-olds. Thus, it is critical that we sequentially identify who may be at inherently higher crash risk and why their crash risk might be higher, with the ultimate goal of implementing comprehensive approaches to promote safe driving practices and to improve safe mobility.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder beyond adolescence. Time to think different

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a pattern of severe inattention-disorganization and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity beyond what is expected for individuals with a comparable development level. These behaviors impair daily life activities of patients in more than one environment and impact their performance and abilities compared with their peers. Extensive reviews have been published about the psychiatric comorbidities associated with ADHD but little attention has been given to the overall impact of ADHD on health. This study reviews some of the most common problems in medical care associated with ADHD like smoking, substance use, accident risk, sleep disorders, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and early mortality. Today, a close follow-up of patient with ADHD is necessary not only from the psychiatric perspective but also in regard to general medicine issues to prevent the impact on health of those medical co-morbidities. Such conditions can end in severe chronic diseases with consequences and high cost for the individuals, the families and the society far beyond the academic and emotional impact frequently described as associated to ADHD. This condition has serious repercussions on health which need a medical multidisciplinary approach.
Structural stability of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease: Can metal ions affect function?

Abstract We have investigated the structural stability of the SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)-CoV-2 main protease monomer (Mpro). We quantified the spatial and angular changes in the structure using two independent analyses, one based on a spatial metrics (δ, ratio), the second on angular metrics. The order of unfolding of the 10 helices in Mpro is characterized by beta vs alpha plots similar to those of cytochromes and globins. The longest turning region is anomalous in the earliest stage of unfolding. In an investigation of excluded-volume effects, we found that the maximum spread in average molecular-volume values for Mpro, cytochrome c-b562, cytochrome c’, myoglobin, and cytoglobin is ~10 A3. This apparent universality is a consequence of the dominant contributions from six residues: ALA, ASP, GLU, LEU, LYS and VAL. Of the seven Mpro histidines, residues 41, 163, 164, and 246 are in stable H-bonded regions; metal ion binding to one or more of these residues could break up the H-bond network, thereby affecting protease function. Our analysis also indicated that metal binding to cysteine residues 44 and 145 could disable the enzyme.
Assessment of silver release and biocidal capacity from silver nanocomposite food packaging materials.

Abstract In this study, silver release from commercially available food-contact materials in food simulants (water, acetic acid, ethanol-water and olive oil) and meats (tuna, ham, and turkey) was assessed. Additionally, the antimicrobial capacity of migrated silver was examined in meats. Largest silver release was observed in simulants from food touch papers (25 ± 11 mg/kg) as compared to bag, cutting board and containers. Silver ion and silver nanoparticles were released from food touch paper in food simulants. Food touch paper released the highest amount of silver in tuna (0.5 ± 0.02 mg/kg) than ham (0.2 ± 0.08 mg/kg) or turkey (0.3 ± 0.08 mg/kg) in the same conditions. Tuna exhibited the lowest pH and higher number of bacterial populations on day 0 compared with other foods. Nonetheless, a significant antibacterial capacity of released silver was noticed predominantly in turkey for Gram-negative bacteria. Our study suggests silver released in food simulants indicate an overestimation of silver migration; thus, precaution should be maintained when extrapolating such findings to “real” food. Moreover, further investigations are needed to determine if the amount of silver released from food touch paper in certain foods (for example turkey in the present study) possess any risk to human health.
Pre-plasticization of thermal binder facilitates processing and granule growth during melt granulation of gabapentin using co-rotating twin screw extruder.

Plasticization, a common method of reducing the polymer melt viscosity in plastics extrusion, was investigated to improve the processability of a pharmaceutical formulation during twin-screw melt g...
A Two Tiered and Categorical Approach to the Nondelegation Doctrine

This essay was written for a book of essays on the nondelegation doctrine to be published by the American Enterprise Institute. Building upon an earlier article, I explore the original meaning of the Constitution’s prohibition on the delegation of legislative power to the executive. I make two main claims. First, I argue that there is a two tiered nondelegation doctrine, with a strict tier extending to certain areas and a lenient tier extending to other areas. Although the strict tier imposes very substantial restrictions on delegation, the lenient tier does not. The lenient tier covers legislation in various areas, including spending laws, the territories, foreign commerce, and foreign and military affairs. The most important area that is covered by the strict tier is domestic law regulating private rights. Second, I argue that the strict tier imposes a categorical prohibition on the delegation of policymaking discretion to the executive. Under my approach, the executive does not exercise policymaking discretion when it undertakes law interpretation or genuine fact finding. Such activities may involve some uncertainty, but so long as the executive is genuinely seeking the meaning of the statute or finding facts, it is not exercising policymaking discretion. Unlike other strict approaches to the nondelegation doctrine that prohibit the executive from being given “too much” policymaking discretion, my approach categorically forbids the executive from being given any policymaking discretion in the areas governed by the strict tier. Thus, my approach avoids criticisms, like that of Justice Scalia, that argue that no distinction in kind can be drawn between statutes that permissibly and impermissibly delegate policymaking discretion.
A Meta-Analysis Approach to Understanding Maya Fish Use on the Yucatán Peninsula

This meta-analysis uses seven previously published fish assemblages from sites in the northern Maya lowlands to evaluate if environmental or human social factors, such as elite status, provided impetus for the increased emphasis on coastal trade during the Terminal to Postclassic periods. Following the political decline of sites in the central and southern Maya lowlands during the Terminal Classic period, the northern Maya lowlands rose in prominence. As political systems changed, so too did economic systems. Using species area curves, richness, nestedness, non-metric multidimensional scaling, evenness, and differences in habitat, this paper addresses to what degree fish trade in the northern Maya lowlands was driven by habitat differences, site distance from the coast, time period, or social status. The results indicate social factors, rather than environmental, explain more of the variation in the fish taxonomic composition at each site. The different taxonomic communities are explained less by specific environmental factors, recovery methods, or identification procedures than by site distance from the coast and social context of the site (i.e., elite versus non-elite). These data demonstrate that meta-analyses can explain how access-based differences—such as site distance from the coast or due to the social context of a particular assemblage—are expressed among large faunal datasets within complex societies.
Nightingale and Peplau Serve Again: The Cross and Camo in PMHNP Education Improvement

Background: Nursing theory should guide curriculum development at the advanced practice registered nursing level. Teaching military advanced practice nursing learners to respond in the complex, multi-domain advance combat support for our wartime mission is no exception. Defining capabilities for critical wartime specialties such as psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNP) are of critical importance. Educating PMHNPs in fragmented and outdated curricular and education principles will not allow us to come up with the prepared warfighter we need for the mission. Methods: Florence Nightingale and Hildegard Peplau both served in the US military. The Uniformed Services University Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) program has adopted their Environmental and Interpersonal Relationship Theories to explore foundational didactic content, classroom, simulation and field environment learning outcomes for individual, group, and unit level interactions in a PMHNP program. Findings: PMHNP program outcomes for individual, group, command and unit level interactions align with the theories and practical application of these different areas will be discussed. Interpretation: Advanced nursing practice education should pay tribute to the guiding lights in nursing while applying evidence based practice to improve the future of PMHNP practice. Funding Statement: None. Declaration of Interests: None.
Google v. Oracle and the Grateful (API) Dead: What a Long Strange Trip Its Been

The battle over intellectual property protection for computer software has raged for more than four decades. The most significant issue has been whether copyright protection constrains the ability of competitors and innovators to develop interoperable products. This commentary discusses the Supreme Court’s decision in Google v. Oracle, which goes a long way toward establishing that the functional specifications of computer software can be reimplemented without violating copyright law.
The Structure of Leadership Language: Rhetorical and Linguistic Methods for Studying School Improvement

In this chapter, I discuss the justification for a linguistic turn in the study of school improvement with an emphasis on the language of leadership, and in particular persuasion, in the implementation of reform. In addition to exploring the ways in which discourse analysis can be used more generally to understand the nature of school improvement, I also focus on the particular method of rhetorical analysis as it can be leveraged to understand how the structure of language can be in and of itself an improvement strategy for educational leaders. After discussing the methodological approach, I share examples of studies of principals’ talk in the context of reform and the findings that emerged. I then consider the methodological implications of this rhetorical and linguistic turn, before ending with implications for future research and practice about the role of language in improvement efforts.
What Comes Before

The construct of “who is killing whom” reflects the co-constituted phenomenological structure of terrorism. Central to this phenomenology, then, is the way in which specific structures of socially constructed meaning define the experience of existential threat and those responsible for the same. Within this dyadic relationality perpetrator and victim become simultaneously configured by process of Nomic ordering that both determines what will be valued and what will, and the specific contours of the self that is either validated or vilified.
Methodological Considerations in Research on Residential Alternatives for Developmentally Disabled Persons

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various issues of the validity of research as they apply to residential alternatives for developmentally disabled children and adults. The validity comprises external validity, validity of measurement, internal validity, and social validity. External validity means generality, the extent to which conclusions based on one set of observations from a particular set of subjects and a particular setting apply reasonably to a broader set of measures, subjects, and settings. Validity of measurement is a major requirement for adequate research. Measures or observations are valid if they are accurate reflections of the constructs, concepts, or events that they are presumed to assess. Another issue in research validity is social validity. Social validity refers to the acceptability and importance of a study's goals, methods, and outcomes for the consumers of the research, especially for the subjects themselves. Valid research on socially important issues must necessarily provide evidence that the clients and practitioners who have a stake in the research see it as relevant to their needs.
Someplace Between Philosophy and Economics: Legitimacy and Good Corporate Lawyering

What attitude toward the law should a lawyer have when advising a client? That is one of the motivating questions for this Symposium, and, of course, a central one that connects jurisprudence and professional responsibility. People’s answers will likely be influenced, implicitly at least, by what law they are thinking of when the question is posed. We can imagine many expressions of law that radiate a warm glow and readily incline one toward Hart’s “internal” point of view grounded comfortably in duty and justice. Holmesian lawyers look callous and miserly when their advice with respect to this kind of law is simply about the odds of avoiding sanction. But in the legal universe, how representative is this sample? This essay deals with the demands of responsible lawyering when one’s client is a corporate or other business entity.1 I suspect that to most business clients, many of the laws they encounter are mundane and, worse, suspicious in their origins. We would be naive to think that laws always do more good than harm, or even that they are intended to do so. Too often, law in economic and commercial settings is the product of special interest haggling, political grandstanding, or bureaucratic sloth. In its totality, the bulk of commercial and regulatory law probably is mediocre at best. If this is the law we imagine, identifying the right posture for responsible legal advice gets much harder. To pose the question bluntly, what is the right way to advise a business person whose company is facing burdensome new regulation that is the product of effective lobbying by a trade group representing its competitors? Or with regard to new investor protection rules responding to some recent scandal, if it seems that compliance will
The Corona Theorem

Exercise 348. This exercise outlines another derivation of Poisson’s integral formula, based on Cauchy’s integral formula. To this end, assume first thatA; ∈ ℌ[D(0, R)] for some R > 1.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Associated with Brain Volumetric Measurements in Multiple Sclerosis

Background. Little is known about physical activity and its association with volumes of whole brain gray matter and white matter and deep gray matter structures in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Purpose. This study examined the association between levels of physical activity and brain volumetric measures from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in MS. Method. 39 persons with MS wore an accelerometer for a 7-day period and underwent a brain MRI. Normalized GM volume (NGMV), normalized WM volume (NWMV), and deep GM structures were calculated from 3D T1-weighted structural brain images. We conducted partial correlations (pr) controlling for demographic and clinical variables. Results. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was significantly associated with NGMV (pr = 0.370, p < 0.05), NWMV (pr = 0.433, p < 0.01), hippocampus (pr = 0.499, p < 0.01), thalamus (pr = 0.380, p < 0.05), caudate (pr = 0.539, p < 0.01), putamen (pr = 0.369, p < 0.05), and pallidum (pr = 0.498, p < 0.01) volumes, when controlling for sex, age, clinical course of MS, and Expanded Disability Status Scale score. There were no associations between sedentary and light physical activity with MRI outcomes. Conclusion. Our results provide the first evidence that MVPA is associated with volumes of whole brain GM and WM and deep GM structures that are involved in motor and cognitive functions in MS.
Development of a low-cost, industrially suitable medium for the production ofacetic acid from Clostridium thermoaceticum

To develop a low-cost, industrially suitable medium for acetic acid production from Clostridium thermo-aceticum, two waste by-products of corn ethanol production were evaluated as replacements for the most expensive ingredients in modified Ljungdahl's medium (MLM). Condensed corn solubles (CCS; 66.7 g/l dry matter) resulted in an acetate productivity (0.33 g/h per litre) equivalent to that in MLM during fed-batch fermentation. Yields in CCS medium were often above the theoretical maximum owing to an unquantifiable substrate in the CCS. Although acetate concentrations in MLM were somewhat higher (35 g/l) than in CCS medium (32 g/l) it seems possible that further acclimation of the microbe could improve acetate production. CCS medium costs of $163/ton (1 U.S. ton = 907 kg) of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) produced compare favourably with that of MLM ($6973/ton of CMA produced).
The cap-to-tail guide to mRNA turnover

The levels of cellular messenger RNA transcripts can be regulated by controlling the rate at which the mRNA decays. Because decay rates affect the expression of specific genes, they provide a cell with flexibility in effecting rapid change. Moreover, many clinically relevant mRNAs — including several encoding cytokines, growth factors and proto-oncogenes — are regulated by differential RNA stability. But what are the sequence elements and factors that control the half-lives of mRNAs?
Holocone paleovegetation and paleohydrology of a prairie pothold in southern Saskatchewan, Canada

The Andrews site represents one of countless prairie potholes found in areas of hummocky moraine on the northern Great Plains. Sediments from a depth of 5.8 to 3.1 m at this 'kettle-fill' site in the Missouri Coteau upland of southern Saskatchewan, Canada, provides a record of vegetation, climate, and hydrologic changes within a small, ca 30 m diameter, closed-drainage basin from ca 10.2 to 5.8 ka. Plant macrofossil analyses of 67 samples, 6 14C ages, and stratigraphy were used to identify 5 zones, representing the paleohydrological changes that followed deglaciation in southern Saskatchewan. Results of this study indicate that with the melting of residual stagnant ice a pond (>2 m deep) with abundant aquatic, emergent, and shoreline plants developed in the basin at ca 10.2 ka and persisted until at least ca 8.8 ka. During this time there was a shift in upland vegetation from a white spruce forest (Zone II) to a deciduous parkland at ca 10 ka (Zone III). As climate warmed, brackish and alkaline conditions developed coincident with shallowing of the pond at the end of Zone III. The perennial water phase ended at ca 8.8 ka and was followed by a low-water stand lasting ca 1100 years. Prairie fires and slopewash from unstable slopes were dominant sedimentological processes until ca 7.7 ka (Zone IV). Water levels began to rise and between ca 7.7 and 5.8 ka a semi-permanent pond was established in a grassland setting (Zone V). After ca 5.8 ka this prairie pothole wetland became ephemeral, to the point that plant macrofossils could not be preserved, a situation continuing today. Interactions between climate change, variability in local groundwater supply, and sedimentological processes likely account for the paleohydrologic events reconstructed at the Andrews site.
Podocyte NLRP3 inflammasome activation and glomerular injury by adipokine visfatin: in vitro and in vivo evidence (1134.7)

NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation have recently been reported to be an important early mechanism responsible for glomerular inflammation and injury in obese mice. However, the precise mechanism of obesity-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation remains unknown. The present study explored whether adipokine visfatin mediates obesity-induced podocyte NLRP3 inflammasome activation and consequent glomerular injury in in vitro and in vivo models. Confocal microscopic analysis showed that visfatin treatment increased the colocalization of NLRP3 with Asc or caspase-1 in podocytes indicating the formation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. This visfatin-induced inflammasome formation was abolished by pretreatment of podocytes with Asc siRNA. Correspondingly, visfatin treatment significantly increased the caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production in podocytes, representing activation of NRLP3 inflammasomes, which was significantly attenuated by Asc siRNA. Further RT-PCR and confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated tha...
Role of CXC Chemokine Ligand 13, CC Chemokine Ligand (CCL) 19, and CCL21 in the Organization and Function of Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) orchestrates immune responses to Ags in the upper respiratory tract. Unlike other lymphoid organs, NALT develops independently of lymphotoxin-α (LTα). However, the structure and function of NALT are impaired in Lt α−/− mice, suggesting a link between LTα and chemokine expression. In this study we show that the expression of CXCL13, CCL19, CCL21, and CCL20 is impaired in the NALT of Lt α−/− mice. We also show that the NALT of Cxcl13 −/− and plt/plt mice exhibits some, but not all, of the structural and functional defects observed in the NALT of Lt α−/− mice. Like the NALT of Lt α−/− mice, the NALT in Cxcl13 −/− mice lacks follicular dendritic cells, BP3+ stromal cells, and ERTR7+ lymphoreticular cells. However, unlike the NALT of Lt α−/− mice, the NALT of Cxcl13 −/− mice has peripheral node addressin+ high endothelial venules (HEVs). In contrast, the NALT of plt/plt mice is nearly normal, with follicular dendritic cells, BP3+ stromal cells, ERTR7+ lymphoreticular cells, and peripheral node addressin+ HEVs. Functionally, germinal center formation and switching to IgA are defective in the NALT of Lt α−/− and Cxcl13 −/− mice. In contrast, CD8 T cell responses to influenza are impaired in Lt α−/− mice and plt/plt mice. Finally, the B and T cell defects in the NALT of Lt α−/− mice lead to delayed clearance of influenza from the nasal mucosa. Thus, the B and T cell defects in the NALT of Lt α−/− mice can be attributed to the impaired expression of CXCL13 and CCL19/CCL21, respectively, whereas impaired HEV development is directly due to the loss of LTα.
A universal optimisation network

An optimization algorithm was developed that causes the simultaneous convergence of a large number of parameters determining the value of a scaler cost function. The procedure is iterative and stochastic, and tends to avoid local extrema. It is shown that the number of iterations required for convergence of the cost function increases linearly with the number of parameters. The procedure is universal in that it can be applied without modification to a large variety of optimization problems. Several examples are discussed, and results of computer simulations are presented. >
Results of lookback for Chagas disease since the inception of donor screening at New York Blood Center.

BACKGROUND: Chagas disease is a parasitic infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, typically transmitted via infected triatomine bug fecal contamination of bite sites. Other routes of infection include congenital, oral, organ transplantation, and blood product transmission. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: From 2007 until 2011, New York Blood Center screened donations for the presence of T. cruzi antibodies using a Food and Drug Administration–approved test. Confirmatory testing was performed and recipients of units donated by confirmed-positive donors were investigated via lookback. RESULTS: A total of 204 donors were T. cruzi antibody positive representing 0.019% of all donors during this time period (1,066,516 unique donors screened). Of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay–reactive donors, 77 were confirmed positive by radioimmunoprecipitation assay (0.007%). At least 154 units from 29 of the confirmed-positive donors had been transfused to 141 recipients. At the time of lookback, 48 of the 141 recipients were alive and seven underwent T. cruzi screening. Two recipients were found to be immunofluorescence assay (IFA) positive. Both IFA-positive recipients received a leukoreduced apheresis platelet unit (two separate donations) from the same confirmed positive donor, a 72-year-old immigrant from Argentina. CONCLUSIONS: Lookback analysis was able to identify the first two cases of probable transfusion-transmitted T. cruzi infection since implementation of the national screening program, which increases the total number of reported cases in the United States to 8.
Behavioural context regulates dual function of ultrasonic hearing in lesser waxmoths: bat avoidance and pair formation

Ultrasonic hearing in moths evolved to detect bat echolocation cries and has been co-opted into the mating system of some species. Some moths evade or approach ultrasonic stimuli that overlap in their spectral and temporal features. The present study addressed the evaluation of ultrasonic stimuli by lesser wax- moths, a species in which ultrasonic hearing functions in bat evasion and pair formation. Playback experiments show that the role of different stimulus features varies with behavioural context. Flying moths have a single evasive response, which is performed mainly on the basis of pulse length and stimulus power: they dive upon hearing loud pulses � 1 ms in length, and respond more strongly to high-power stimuli above that pulse length. Female moths walking on the ground respond with positive phonotaxis mainly on the basis of pulse rate by orienting toward pulses delivered at rates � 30 pulses s � 1 . Consequently, moths on the
Comparison of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus and chemical insecticides for control of the beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on head lettuce.

A multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SeMNPV) isolated from the beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), was field tested and compared with methomyl and permethrin for control of BAW on head lettuce. In 3 years of testing (1980–1982), weekly population monitoring data indicated that application of the SeMNPV at a rate of 1.1 × 1012 polyhedra per ha caused BAW population reductions equivalent to those resulting from the application of methomyl (1 kg/ha) and permethrin (110 g/ha). Application of the SeMNPV at lower rates (5.5 × 1011 and 2.8 × 1011 polyhedra per ha) resulted in less effective levels of control.
Isotope effects associated with the anaerobic oxidation of sulfite and thiosulfate by the photosynthetic bacterium, Chromatium vinosum

The purple photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium vinosum, strain D, catalyzes several oxidations of reduced sulfur compounds under anaerobic conditions in the light: e.g., sulfide --> sulfur --> sulfate, sulfite --> sulfate, and thiosulfate --> sulfur + sulfate. Here it is shown that no sulfur isotope effect is associated with the last of these processes; isotopic compositions of the sulfur and sulfate produced can differ, however, if the sulfane and sulfonate positions within the thiosulfate have different isotopic compositions. In the second process, an observed change from an inverse to a normal isotope effect during oxidation of sulfite may indicate the operation of 2 enzymatic pathways. In contrast to heterotrophic anaerobic reduction of oxidized sulfur compounds, anaerobic oxidations of inorganic sulfur compounds by photosynthetic bacteria are characterized by relatively small isotope effects.
Two-dimensional compressive sensing in spectral domain optical coherence tomography

In this paper, we proposed a novel compressive sensing (CS) method in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT), which reconstructs B-scan image using a subset of the spectral data that is under-sampled in both axial and lateral dimensions. Thus a fraction of the A-scans for a B-scan are acquired; the spectral data of each acquired A-scan is under-sampled. Compared with the previous studies, our method further reduces the overall size of the spectral measurements. Experimental results show that our approach can obtain high quality B-scan image using 25% spectral data, which takes 50% number of A-scans and acquires 50% spectral data for each selected A-scan.
Reliability Through Redundancy

As requirements for automaticity cause airborne electronic systems to grow in complexity, reliability tends to become a limiting factor to system success. Because of the small probability that a large number of components will all operate successfully at once, even though individual reliabilities are high, complex systems are inherently unreliable. Efforts to better system reliability through improvement of component reliability rapidly reach the point of diminishing returns. A more fruitful solution to the problem is the redundant use of parts of the system in such a way that the function of a malfunctioning assembly is assumed by another assembly. The ``probability of no failure'' barrier is by-passed by this method, and a large improvement of in-flight reliability can be obtained with relatively small increase of system complexity. The potential of method is illustrated by a reliability analysis of a theoretical system, its application in design of a system is outlined, and techniques of detecting system failures and initiating corrective action are discussed.