cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research institute for nurse scientists responds to the challenge to expand and strengthen research focused on breast cancer in African American women.

In an era where scientifically derived ‘evidence’ is used as a basis for nursing practice, it is imperative that nurses have a breadth of knowledge relative to the fundamentals of nursing science; knowledge of the current standards of nursing and medical practice; and knowledge of the characteristics, needs, concerns, and challenges of diverse consumer and patient population groups. Yet, while a significant body of ‘evidence’ that describes the experiences and needs of African American women across the breast care continuum has been generated, research suggests that there is a need to expand and strengthen this body of science. This report presents an overview of a decade of research focused on breast cancer among African American women and describes an initiative funded by the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation to expand and strengthen nursing science that aims to reduce and/or eliminate excess breast cancer morbidity and mortality among African American women. Cancer 2007. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Using a Computer Simulation Model To Demonstrate Effects of Ingredient Measurement Bias in Volume Recipe Production

Abstract A sample data set consisting of selected recipe production/ingredient data and supporting inventory/ingredient and unit size conversion data was constructed. A computer application was developed to simulate the "production" of a recipe on an iterative basis. Numerous prototypical parameters were stochastically generated from normal distributions defined by given actual or hypothetical means and standard deviations based on the production environment. A series of "rules" were provided for converting computer data-base recipe ingredient quantities with real-number precision of 15 significant digits of accuracy to calculated quantities of ingredient amounts in multiples of institutional measurement unit sizes formatted for textual display on printed recipe production documents. Paired t-tests were used to test the null hypothesis between experimental treatments (calculated values of extended ingredient quantities vs. formatted textual display amounts of extended ingredient quantities vs. stochastically generated "actual" measured ingredient quantities) and levels of measurement bias (heaping vs. level vs. scant measuring techniques). By executing the simulation model over hundreds or thousands of recipe "production" iterations, each with stochastically generated variables in measuring techniques, the student or investigator can observe the magnitude of variation in nutrient and/or cost values of these recipes on a per-serving or per-batch basis.
Wolman's disease: ultrastructural evidence of lipid accumulation in central and peripheral nervous systems.

We report the first case of Wolman's disease in which the fine structure of either the peripheral or the central nervous system has been examined. We confirm ultrastructurally the presence of lipid within endothelial and pericytic cells. Several cell types previously believed to be uninvolved in this storage process demonstrate lipid inclusions characteristic of Wolman's disease: perineurial, endoneurial and Schwann cells of peripheral nerve, and oligodendrocytes and astrocytes of the central nervous system.
Three years of ocean color instrument intercomparisons and cross-calibrations by the SIMBOIS project (1997-2000)

The NASA Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) Project has a worldwide, ongoing ocean color data collection program, as well as an operational data processing and analysis capability. SIMBIOS dat collection takes place via the SIMBIOS Science Team and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aerosol Robotic Network. In addition, SIMBIOS has a calibration and product validation component. The primary purpose of these calibration and product validation activities are to (1) reduce measurement error by identifying and characterizing true error sources such as real changes in the satellite sensor or problems in the atmospheric correction algorithm, in order to differentiate these errors from natural variability in the marine light field; and (2) evaluate the various bio-optical algorithms being used by different ocean color missions. For each sensor, the SIMBIOS Project reviews the sensor design and processing algorithms being used by the particular ocean color project, compares the algorithms with alternate methods when possible, and provides the results to the appropriate project office.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fat suppression by saturation/opposed-phase hybrid technique: Spin echo versus gradient echo imaging

The objective of the study was to compare hybrid opposed-phase fat suppressed sequences using gradient-echo (GRE) and spin-echo (SE) techniques. Eight normal volunteers had abdominal imaging at 1.5 T using both an opposed-phase fat-suppressed SE sequence (TRTE 45014) and an opposed phase GRE sequence (TE = 2.5) with frequency-selective fat suppression. Signal to noise ratios (SNR) and contrast to noise ratios (CNR) relative to fat of pancreas, liver and paraspinal muscle were calculated for each sequence. The GRE sequence with TR of 150 (25 s breath-hold) significantly outperformed the corresponding 3 min SE sequence for SNR and CNR for all tissues (p < .05). Hybrid opposed-phase fat-suppressed GRE sequences can be performed with breath-holding in less overall imaging time than SE sequences, and can achieve superior fat suppression and signal-to-noise if sufficient TR is used.
Que veinte años no es nada: Hugo Chávez, las elecciones de 2012 y el continuismo político venezolano

En este articulo se examina el continuo predominio de Hugo Chavez en la politica venezolana. 2012 estuvo marcado por varios exitos electorales chavistas, a pesar de crecientes problemas relativos a la economia, al deficit de infraestructura y la inseguridad ciudadana, y a que enfrento a una oposicion unificada y coordinada. Para explicar el predominio de Chavez luego de catorce anos de gobierno, el articulo pone enfasis en la opinion publica venezolana entre 2006 y 2012. Encuentra que la evaluacion a la gestion de Chavez y su gobierno fue, como minimo, ambivalente y, para muchos venezolanos, relativamente positiva durante este periodo. Ademas, debilidades ideologicas dentro de la oposicion impidieron que esta le ofreciera al pais una alternativa verdaderamente distinta. El articulo concluye sugiriendo que las consecuencias del proyecto bolivariano de Chavez probablemente trascenderan al paso de este por el gobierno.
Adolescent Dating Violence Do Adolescents Follow in Their Friends’, Or Their Parents’, Footsteps?

Past research suggests that adolescents whose parents are violent toward one another should be more likely to experience dating violence. Having friends in violent relationships also may increase the odds of dating violence. The authors examined which antecedent, friend dating violence or interparental violence, if either, is more strongly predictive of own dating violence perpetration and victimization. Five hundred and twenty-six adolescents (eighth and ninth graders) completed self-report questionnaires on two occasions over a 6-month period. Consistent with hypotheses, friend dating violence and interparental violence each exhibited unique cross-sectional associations with own perpetration and victimization. However, only friend violence consistently predicted later dating violence. The authors explored influence versus selection processes to explain the association between friend and own dating violence.
LASER-INDUCED STABILIZATION OF AUTOIONIZING STATES

Stabilization of autoionizing states of barium by laser-induced, stimulated emission of light is demonstrated. Relative to purely flourescent stabilization, the data clearly show an enhancement of the stabilization process for laser pulses short compared to the flourescent lifetime of the autoionizing states. Shakeup spectra in which the principal quantum number of both electrons changes during the stimulated emission process are also clearly demonstrated.
Smooth Bosch Etch for Improved Si Diodes

A modified Bosch process is used to reduce leakage current resulting from surface damage and roughness for high aspect ratio pillars fabricated from Si p-i-n structures. C4F8 is used during both the etch and passivation steps to achieve a scallop-free and vertical structure. A 5× decrease in both the reverse bias leakage current and corresponding improvement in effective carrier density, charge density, depletion width, and minority carrier lifetime are observed using this process, indicating that surface charge states are decreased using this process. This can impact a number of 3-D next-generation devices.
Preparation and Integration of Beta Amyloid Protein Nanofibers With Microfabricated Electrodes

Micro and nano fabricated bio-systems and bio-devices can be produced once compatible processes for the integration of biomaterials and micro and nano systems are developed. Here, we demonstrate the integration of Alzheimer’s β-amyloid peptide nanofibers with metalized electrodes. The metalized electrodes and Alzheimer’s β-amyloid peptide nanofiber solutions are prepared separately. Metalized electrodes, composed of either chrome/gold or aluminum, with multiple electrodes are prepared using standard photolithography processes. Meanwhile, the Alzheimer’s β-amyloid peptide nanofiber solutions are prepared via the hydration of β-amyloid powder at various concentrations. The self-assembly of the β-amyloid nanofibers, to achieve well-dispersed networks, is optimized through periodic sonication and readdition of aliquots over timed intervals. The β-amyloid peptide solution can be successfully deposited onto the metalized electrodes to yield dense yet well-dispersed nanofiber arrays.© 2010 ASME
Observations of vector magnetic fields with a magneto-optic filter

We describe the use of the magneto-optic filter (MOF) to observe solar magnetic fields in the potassium line at 7699 A. The filter has been used in the Big Bear video-magnetograph since 23 October. It gives a high sensitivity and dynamic range for longitudinal magnetic fields and enables us to measure transverse magnetic fields using the sigma component. Examples of the observations are presented.
Mechanism of origin of radiometric anomalies over oil deposits

Intensities and anomalies of radiometric (gamma) natural fields are related to structures in geologic sections. Positive and negative anomalies in the overburden of petroliferous as well as of "sterile" structures are essentially functions of lithologic and/or mineral composition of the rocks which, in turn, depend on tectonic structure of the area. These and still other complexities, suited as they may be for interpreting radiometric expressions of various structures, are still in need of further research. -- AGI Staff.
A curious letter in the archives: Jonas Friedenwald and the new Duke University School of Medicine.

An interesting letter about an important figure in the history of American ophthalmology was recently discovered in the archives of the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. The letter, dated September 29, 1929, is from Dr Julian Deryl Hart (1894-1980) to Dr Wilbert Cornell Davison (1897-1972). 1 In the letter, Hart discusses plans for the new Duke University School of Medicine. Midway through the letter, Hart writes.
Functional characterization of the T. gondii ortholog of parafusin by an in vivo Paramecium ortholog assay

Parafusin (PFUS) is a phosphoglycoprotein of Paramecium that functions in Ca2+-regulated exocytosis. The ortholog of this protein in Toxoplasma gondii, called Parafusin Related Protein 1 or PRP1, is associated with micronemes and functions in Ca2+–regulated secretion (Matthiesen et al., 2003). We have demonstrated that PRP1 colocalizes with PFUS to the Paramecium dense core vesicles (trichocysts) by means of a new assay. In this assay, recombinant, fluorescently tagged PRP1 was electroporated directly into either wild type or mutant live Paramecium cells. After a brief recovery period, the protein was observed on trichocysts docked below the cell membrane. In control experiments using labeled actin and pyruvate kinase, no localization to trichocysts was seen. Additionally, PRP1 could only be detected on undocked trichocysts that had accumulated in the cytoplasm of tam8, a Paramecium exo-mutant that fails to transport trichocysts to the surface. Furthermore, PRP1 fluorescence disappeared from the trichocysts of wild-type Paramecium that were stimulated with lysozyme for synchronous secretion, in a manner similar to that observed for PFUS. Cumulatively these data suggest that PRP1 of T. gondii can be properly modified, transported and localized after electroporation and that fluorochrome labeling of recombinant PRP1 did not adversely affect localization. The assay is ideal for assessing strategic residues and domains within PRP1 and other orthologs for their structural and functional relevance in exocytic processes in living cells.
Mismatch-tolerant distributed photonic analog-to- digital conversion using spatial oversampling and spectral noise shaping

The analog-to-digital (A/D) interface is generally considered to be the most critical part of any signal acquisition and processing sys- tem. Because of the difficulty in achieving high-resolution and high- speed A/D converters, this interface has been a barrier to the realization of high-speed, high-throughput systems. Recently, there has been re- newed interest in new and innovative approaches to A/D conversion, with a significant emphasis on photonic techniques. Interleaving is a common approach applied to high-speed photonic A/D conversion; it re- duces the wide-bandwidth input signal to one that can be converted using conventional high-speed A/D converters. The high-speed sampled input is interleaved to N individual channels with each channel operating at 1/N of the sampling rate. These channelization techniques are known to suffer from performance degradations due to channel-to-channel mis- match. Within the electronic A/D converter community, temporal over- sampling and spectral noise shaping have become common practice in high-fidelity audio applications. Here, a low-resolution quantizer is em- bedded in a feedback architecture in an effort to reduce the quantization noise through spectral noise shaping. A large error associated with a single sample is diffused over many subsequent samples, and then lin- ear filtering techniques are applied to remove the spectrally shaped noise, thereby improving the overall SNR of the converter. The approach to photonic A/D conversion described here leverages the 2-D nature of an optical architecture to extend the concept of spectral noise shaping to include 2-D spatial noise shaping. The proposed approach uses a mode- locked laser to generate the optical sampling pulses, an interferometer to modulate the electronic analog signal onto the optical pulses, and a 2-D smart-pixel hardware implementation of a distributed error-diffusion neu- ral network. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
What helps most about hospitalization

Abstract Patient and doctor ratings of eight treatment modalities and four aspects of psychiatric hospitalization agreed in ranking these five as most helpful: being in a new environment a while, interaction with nursing staff, medication, individual psychotherapy, and interaction with other patients. Rated as least helpful were rehabilitational therapies, group therapy, and psychodrama. The relational aspects of hospitalization thus tended to be seen as more helpful than those activities more directly concerned with the active assumption of responsibility outside the hospital. Possible explanations for these findings are suggested in terms of theoretical framework.
Systematic desensitization of test anxiety.

Abstract Thirty-two female undergraduate students served as subjects, selected on the basis of extreme scores on Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale and Geer's Fear Survey Schedule II. Sixteen Ss were randomly assigned to a treatment group and the remainder to a no-contact control group. Subjects in the treatment group were given taped instructions. Four graduate students in clinical psychology served as T's. Relaxation training was accomplished in two sessions using a tape recording to ensure standardization of procedure. Two sessions were spent in developing hierarchies and teaching visualization. Six to seven sessions were spent in the desensitization procedure. All Ss completed all items. The Test Anxiety Scale and the Fear Survey Schedule were administered to all Ss after the treatment was completed. A significant decrease in reported test anxiety occurred in the Treatment Group while the Control Group showed a smaller decrement. On the Fear Survey Schedule, both groups showed a significant decrease in scores, but the Treatment Group showed a greater decrease than the Control Group. The reported changes in Test Anxiety were not reflected in better performance on course examinations or final grades.
A systematic approach to teaching abstraction and mathematical modeling

The need for undergraduate CS students to create and understand mathematical abstractions is clear, yet these skills are rarely taught in a systematic manner, if they are taught at all. This paper presents a systematic approach to teaching abstraction using rigorous mathematical models and a web-based reasoning environment. It contains a series of representative examples with varying levels of sophistication to make it possible to teach the ideas in a variety of courses, such as introductory programming, data structures, and software engineering. We also present results from our experimentation with these ideas over a 3-year period at our institution in a required course that introduces object-based software development, following CS2.
Crystal structure of neodymium and gadolinium dihydroxy-nitrate, Ln(OH)2NO3

The crystal structures of Nd(OH)2NO3 and Gd(OH)2NO3 have been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Crystallization occurs in monoclinic space group P21 (No. 4) with a = 6.420(1), b = 3.838(1), c = 7.746(2) A, and β = 98.18(2)° for Nd(OH)2NO3 and a = 6.340(2), b = 3.715(1), c = 7.728(2) A, and β = 96.95(2)° for Gd(OH)2NO3. The structures were refined to residual indices of 0.025 and 0.048, respectively, using 372 and 360 unique reflections. The lanthanoid metal atoms are nine-coordinated, having a tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry. The nitrate counter ion acts as a bidentate ligand, while the two hydroxide oxygen atoms link symmetry-related lanthanoid atoms, forming two-dimensional layers.
Effect of Extravasated Antibody upon Antigenicity of Extracts of Virus-Induced Rabbit Papillomas

Saline suspensions of virus-induced rabbit papillomas may stimulate the production of specific antiviral antibody when injected in-traperitoneally into normal rabbits, as Shope found, even though they contain no pathogenic virus demonstrable by the ordinary test.1 In experiments of the same sort we found that saline extracts containing infectious papilloma virus in quantity elicited the antibody in much higher titer than extracts in which little or none was present.2 Other studies already reported from this laboratory have shown that the antibody often extravasates into the large, disorderly papillomas of cottontail rabbits in such quantity as to “mask” the causative virus,3 and that the antibody can be identified as such in extracts of the growths.4 With these findings in mind, experiments were undertaken to determine whether the antibody, which accumulates in the papillomas in various amounts depending upon the titer of it in the blood and upon the local vascular conditions determining its extravasation...
The association between attachment, parental bonds and physically aggressive and violent behavior: a comprehensive review

Abstract In the present paper a comprehensive review of studies of the association between indicators of attachment or its proxy, and physical aggression or violence is presented. The review includes both early developmental studies and criminological studies of older children and adolescents. The studies fall into five categories: studies of separation from parents or parent death; studies using attachment categories (such as secure or insecure-avoidant) conducted with very young children; studies of continuous measures of attachment and violent delinquency conducted with adolescents and young adults; studies of parental bonding and violence; and studies of parental sensitivity. The findings overall suggest a very consistent association between indicators of attachment and violent behavior. This association withstands a host of conservative control variables in multivariate models, including those for “child effects” and abuse. It is reported in both male and female samples and across cultures. The findings remain consistent in longitudinal analyses and in studies of attachment bonds to fathers. Nuances of the findings and suggestions for further research are presented as well as a summary of findings from studies of incarcerated samples.
The effect of horizontal resolution on systematic errors of the GLA forecast model

Systematic prediction errors of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (GLA) forecast system are reduced when the higher-resolution (2 x 2.5 deg) model version is used. Based on a budget analysis of the 200-mb eddy streamfunction, the improvement of stationary eddy forecasting is seen to be caused by the following mechanism: by increasing the horizontal spatial resolution of the forecast model, atmospheric diabatic heating over the three tropical continents is changed in a way that intensifies the planetary-scale divergent circulations associated with the three pairs of divergent-convergent centers over these continents. The intensified divergent circulation results in an enhancement of vorticity sources in the Northern Hemisphere. The additional vorticity is advected eastward by a stationary wave train along 30 deg N, thereby reducing systematic errors in the lower-resolution (4 x 5 deg) GLA model.
Opportunities for supersonic performance gains through non-linear aerodynamics

This paper contains a number of examples wherein basic aerodynamic shapes are shown to achieve improved performance when non-linear effects are taken into account. Analytical, numerical, and experimental results have all been used to demonstrate this conclusion. Improvements in both zero lift drag and drag due to lift have been identified. The results show that the exploitation of these non-linear aerodynamic effects may be a key ingredient of future supersonic aircraft.
Effective requirements engineering

Failures in systems closely correlate to shortcomings in the system's requirements. Some historic data suggests that requirements are responsible for nearly half of all system development failures. This is especially true for critical systems that are real-time and embedded. Expectations for fault tolerance, graceful degradation, degraded performance modes, and temporal challenges (latency and synchronization) fail to be fully satisfied by common practice.This tutorial discusses shortcomings in current practices, and provides guidance for enhanced practices that address historic shortcomings, and provide an approach to weighing tradeoffs associated with ambitious goals and realistic limits. It clarifies terminology to facilitate a clearer focus on underlying concepts. In addition, it specifically addresses the issue of stakeholder acceptability, allowing trade-offs of various system qualities to determine overall system acceptance. The tutorial does not describe in detail any specific techniques. Rather, it describes the ways that requirements need to be handled to maximize the likelihood of success.
Changes in soil chemical properties with flooding : A field laboratory approach

Abstract Phenolic compounds, which can affect the availability of soil nitrogen (N) for plants, may accumulate in the soil under flooded conditions. The objective of this study was to determine if short-duration floods (i.e., 3 vs. 5 weeks) with varying flow rates (i.e., stagnant vs. flowing) would affect soil inorganic-N or polyphenolic content under field conditions. Our study site was an outdoor research facility used for evaluating flood tolerance of various plant species. Flood conditions (i.e., timing, depth, duration, and flow rate) at this facility can be manipulated making it ideal for a field-based investigation of the effects of flooding on soil chemical and environmental properties. Four flood treatments (non-flooded control, 3-week-flowing flood, 5-week-flowing flood, and 5-week stagnant flood) were implemented in May–June, 2005. Soil redox potential, pH, temperature, volumetric water content and dissolved oxygen were monitored over the course of the flood treatments with automated sensors. Pre- and post-flood soil samples were collected and analyzed for inorganic-N content, total N, total organic C, and total soluble polyphenolics. Sensor data revealed a decrease in redox potentials and dissolved oxygen with flooding; however, differences between flood treatments were not significant. Both 5-week flood treatments developed anaerobic soil conditions within 12 days of inundation; anaerobic conditions were maintained for these treatments until dry-down. Soil conditions in the 3-week-flowing treatment remained generally in the suboxic range. Significant differences in soil temperature, volumetric water content and pH were not observed. Flooding affected soil inorganic-N in that NO3–N decreased under 5-week flood treatments and increased under 3-week-flowing and control treatments. Losses in soil NO3–N were nearly 4 times greater for the 5-week-stagnant treatment than the 5-week-flowing treatment. Trends included all flood treatments (including the control) showing increases in soil NH4–N and most flood treatments (all except the 5-week-flowing) showing decreases in soil polyphenolic content. Changes in soil NH4–N and polyphenolics, as well as TN, TOC and C:N ratio with flooding were not significant. Short-duration floods in this facility, therefore, did not result in the accumulation of polyphenolics in the soil. Other changes in soil chemistry, such as TN and TOC were minimal and not significant despite development of anaerobic soil conditions.
The coevolution of Euphydryas chalcedona butterflies and their larval host plants : II. Maternal and host plant effects on larval growth, development, and food-use efficiency.

The effects of foodplant species and maternal food type on larval growth, development, and digestive parameters were examined for larvae from an oligophagous colony of Euphydryas chalcedona butterflies. Broods of larvae from areas containing two different foodplants, Diplacus aurantiacus and Scrophularia californica, were divided. One group was fed their "native" host and their siblings were fed the other species. Growth and digestion parameters were measured from hatching until larvae entered diapause.Larvae that fed on Scrophularia grew faster and larger, and suffered lower mortality than their siblings that fed on Diplacus. Growth and digestion indices for larvae from the two maternal-host types did not indicate genetically mediated differences in food-use efficiency; Scrophularia was more digestible than Diplacus to all larvae. Larvae showed a strong feeding preference for Scrophularia, regardless of previous food or presumed maternal-host type. However, larvae that had been reared on Diplacus ate more Diplacus than larvae that had been reared on Scrophularia. In addition, all larvae were capable of increasing gut pH when fed Diplacus. Thus, the effect of previous feeding experience on host utilization and preference by larvae was more significant than the effect of the presumed maternal-host type.
Does Econometric Methodology Matter? An Analysis of Public Policy Using Spatial Econometric Techniques

A popular approach to examining the effects of public policy has been to rely on a spatial data sample of border counties as in Holmes (1998)Nborder counties from a sample of states that are used in conjunction with least-squares estimation techniques in an attempt to isolate the policy impact while controlling for spatial dependence that often arises from latent or unobserved variables. This technique is in the spirit of control-group methodologies from the laboratory sciences. This paper contrasts border-county estimation results from Holmes' (1998) approach and those from a related methodology set forth in Holcombe and Lacombe (2003), with estimates from a spatial autoregressive model explicitly accounting for within-state and between-state public policy effects. As an illustration, the paper examines the effects of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Food Stamp payments on female-headed households and female labor force participation using the three different methods.
A quantitative method for separating reaction components of CMP-sialic acid: Lactosylceramide sialyltransferase using Sep Pak C18 cartridges

A rapid procedure is described for the separation of CMP-sialic acid:lactosylceramide sialyltransferase reaction components using Sep Pak C18 cartridges. The quantitative separation of the more polar nucleotide sugar, CMP-sialic acid, and its free acid from the less polar GM3-ganglioside is simple and rapid relative to previously described methods. Recovery of GM3 is optimized by the addition of phosphatidylcholine to the reaction mixture prior to the chromatographic step. Using rat liver Golgi membranes as a source of CMP-sialic acid: lactosylceramide sialyltransferase activity (GM3 synthase; ST-1), the transfer of [14C] sialic acid from CMP-[14C] sialic acid to lactosylceramide can be quantified by this assay. The procedure is reliable and may be applicable to the isolation of ganglioside products in otherin vitro glycosyltransferase assays.
E-optimal designs for three treatments

E-optimality is studied for three treatments in an arbitrary n-way heterogeneity setting. In some cases maximal trace designs cannot be E-optimal. When there is more than one E-optimal design for a given setting, the best with respect to all reasonable criteria is determined.
Phenomenology on the lattice: Composite operators in lattice gauge theory.

We study composite operators in lattice gauge theory that reduce to operators of the form \ensuremath{\psi}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\Gamma}D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}...\ensuremath{\psi} in the continuum limit; such operators arise in perturbative analyses of quantum chromodynamics. Using our results and the data of a numerical simulation one could normalize exclusive processes and predict moments of deep-inelastic scattering structure functions. To initiate the program we construct and renormalize lattice operators to the one-loop level. We are encouraged that the hadronic matrix elements of the simpler operators are within reach of numerical simulations.
Watershed use and Giardia cyst presence

Abstract The presence of Giardia in a heavily visited watershed in the Olympic Mountains was compared to that in an adjacent watershed having much lower human use. Also, statistical relationships between cyst presence and watershed use parameters were examined as indicators of potential causal relationships. The number of Giardia cysts found in water samples ranged from 0.2 100 l to 3 100 l and were highest in areas of high human use. A significantly higher prevalence of Giardia in selected animal species was observed in the heavily visited watershed. Statistically significant relationships were found between aqueous Giardia cyst concentrations and both the prevalence of Giardia in animals and the intensity of human use. Based on the water samples analyzed, a calculated median cyst concentration of 1 cyst per 20 l (0.05 cysts/l) can be expected in relatively pristine rivers.
Estrogen-induced release of LH in the ovariectomized ewe: independence of time of day.

The time interval between injection of estrogen and the resulting LH surge was determined in ovariectomized ewes. All experiments were conducted from October through February. Ovariectomized ewes which had previously received either progesterone (P) or no other treatment were injected with 50 pg of estradiol benzoate (EB) to induce LH release. LH levels in the serum were measured by radioimmunoassay. In the first experiment two groups of P-treated ewes were injected with EB. Eight h later one group was given another injection of EB and the other group was given oil. There was no significant difference in the intervals between the first dose of EB and peak levels of LH (16.3 ± 1.1 vs 18.0 ± 1.7 h) in the two groups. When P-treated ewes were given EB at either 0600 or 1800 h peak levels of LH in the serum occurred 17.4 ± 1.2 h and 16.8 ± 0.7 h later, respectively. In a third experiment ovariectomized ewes were given EB at 0900 h, at 1200 h, or at both times. All showed peak levels of LH approximately 14 h after the initial injection of EB. These results demonstrate that E-induced LI-I release occurs in the ovariectomized ewe, in contrast to the rat, at a relatively constant interval after injection of EB rather than at a specific time of the day.
Response to Letter by Paraskevas et al

Response: In response to our article,1 Paraskevas et al suggest that “severe, but not moderate, carotid atherosclerosis may predict concomitant vascular disease in other arterial beds.” In their study,2 they found a significant association between symptomatic (stroke, transient ischemic attack, amaurosis fugax) internal carotid artery occlusion and symptomatic atherosclerotic disease in other vascular beds, including the coronary, vertebral, aortic, and peripheral arteries. In contrast, in our study, we found that in patients with acute stroke symptoms, significant atherosclerotic disease in the carotid arteries (>50% stenosis imaged on CT angiography) did not predict significant disease in the coronary, aortic, or vertebral arteries. Our findings challenge the need for extensive investigation into the presence of coronary disease in patients with stroke symptoms as well as the general concept that atherosclerotic disease tends most …
Delineation of platinum thin films, requiring high-temperature deposition

Abstract Two lift-off methods were developed for patterning platinum films deposited at 400 °C via DC magnetron sputtering. Both methods are based upon the formation of multiple-layer metal lithography masks. Ti/Al and Cr/Al masks were fabricated such that the Ti or Cr layer overhangs the aluminum base layer. When using a Ti/Al lithography mask, the patterned platinum lines were broadened and the line resolution was low. Higher line resolution and cleaner line edges were obtained when a Cr/Al mask was used.
The Role of Viscosity in Store-Induced Limit-Cycle Oscillation

Aircraft with stores can exhibit an aeroelastic phenomenon characterized by limited amplitude, self-sustaining oscillations produced by aerodynamic-structure interactions known as limit-cycle oscillation. In order to study this phenomenon, a first order accurate code has been developed to interface a modal structural model with a commercial, parallel, Navier-Stokes fluid solver with a deforming grid capability. The commercial solver chosen was FLUENT 6.1 by FLUENT Inc. Initial testing of this code has been completed on the Goland+ and AGARD 445.6 wings. Limit-cycle oscillation was successfully obtained with the Goland+ wing. Grid refinement was found to slightly decrease the oscillating frequency. The Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model was used in one Goland+ test case. However, due to the length of the run times, conclusions can not yet be drawn. A tip store and underwing stores were successfully added to the Goland+ wing. These stores did not affect the limit-cycle oscillation. The code was also used to get a preliminary look at a documented F-16C limit-cycle oscillation flight test scenario.
Policymaking in the Age of Internet: Is the Internet Tending to Make Policy Networks More or Less Inclusive?

Although many policy and political scientists have studied the Internet’s role in electoral and organizational processes, there is little work that examines the Internet’s effect on policy processes. Has the Internet tended to make policy deliberations more inclusive? Has it affected patterns of influence reputation among network participants? Has the Internet helped to bring new organizations into policy debates? This study provides preliminary answers to these questions. Treating policy networks as a type of interorganizational network, a ‘‘socialized’’ resource dependence framework is developed. Deployment of the Internet is conceptualized as an exogenous shock, where the shock alters the material resource base of a policy network and allows actors inside and outside the network to challenge structural power holders. Structural power holders attempt to ‘‘mold’’ use of the Internet to protect their position and its perquisites. To test this framework data were collected from two policy networks in ‘‘Newstatia’’—one focused on adult basic education policy and the other on mental health policy. Both policy networks appear to have become more exclusive since the deployment of the Internet. Electronic central discussion networks (or ‘‘cores’’) were primarily populated by actors who were already entrenched in positions of structural power within the network and possessed very high influence ratings. Most Internet communication occurs between members of the electronic core. At least preliminarily, the Internet appears to reinforce existing patterns of authority and influence.
Diffraction tomography without phase information

A modified form of diffraction tomography is presented in which measurements of the phase of the scattered field are replaced with measurements of the intensity on two planes beyond the scatterer. The new method is illustrated by an example.
The Tariff and the Lobbyist: Political Institutions, Interest Group Politics, and U.S. Trade Policy

During the twentieth century, the United States shifted from embracing protectionism to being an advocate for global free trade. Scholarly debate has focused on whether this shift was solely because of changes in preferences or if changes to institutions also played a role. Relying upon access point theory, this article argues that an institutional change, delegation to the President, led to endogenous changes in preferences. Delegation makes it harder for interest groups to gain access to policy makers, which should raise the costs of all lobbying. As protectionists dominate lobbying due to their collective action advantage, they will be disproportionately hurt. Thus, delegation should lead to less lobbying and lower tariff rates. These arguments are tested on time series data of tariff rates using an Error Correction Mechanism model and on data on interest group testimony before Congressional committees.
Volatiles from Injured and Uninjured Valencia Oranges at Different Temperatures

SUMMARY— Volatiles emanating from injured and uninjured Valencia oranges increased in number and amount with increasing temperature. The amount of emanated volatiles increased about 20-fold from uninjured fruit and about 50-fold from injured fruit between holding temperatures of 2 and 38°C. The average amount of volatiles emanating from injured oranges was nearly 75 times as great as that from uninjured fruit; the number of components did not increase. These results demonstrate the need for caution in interpretation of aroma patterns from oranges and for strict standardization of experimental conditions.
Voice problems following limited surgical excision.

The published literature contains relatively few references to vocal rehabilitation for persons with partial laryngectomy. Articles on various types of surgery indicate that many individuals develop satisfactory voice following limited surgery, particularly supraglottic procedures. An informal questionnaire completed by 10 laryngologists who had had substantial experience with sub-total laryngectomy revealed that an average of 25 percent of their patients with laryngeal cancer receive partial laryngectomy. Lesions limited to the epiglottis, supraglottic areas or one vocal cord are regularly treated by limited excision. Half of the questionnaires indicated that partial laryngectomy can be used for bilateral vocal cord lesions under certain circumstances. The questionnaire confirmed the published reports that most of the subsequent voices were satisfactory or good and many recover without special vocal retraining. None reported employment of partial laryngectomy for sub-glottal cancer. Hemilaryngectomy and cordectomy frequently resulted in some impairment of voice. Speech therapy is often recommended when possible. Therapy applicable to voice following partial laryngectomy combines five emphases: 1. strengthening glottic closure and loudness of the voice; 2. improving the efficiency of breath expenditure; 3. increasing the articulately skill and intelligibility of speech; 4. recognizing and compensating for hearing loss; and 5. aiding the patient to reduce detrimental environmental influences and to adjust to his environmental requirements.
A simple decision analytic solution to the comparison of two binary diagnostic tests

One of the most basic biostatistical problems is the comparison of two binary diagnostic tests. Commonly, one test will have greater sensitivity and the other greater specificity. In this case, the choice of the optimal test generally requires a qualitative judgment as to whether gains in sensitivity are offset by losses in specificity. Here we propose a simple decision-analytic solution in which sensitivity and specificity are weighted by an intuitive parameter, the threshold probability of disease at which a patient will opt for treatment. This gives a net benefit that can be used to determine which of two diagnostic tests will give better clinical results at a given threshold probability, and whether either is superior to the strategy of assuming that all or no patients have disease. We derive a simple formula for the relative diagnostic value, which is the difference in sensitivities of two tests divided by the difference in the specificities. We show that multiplying relative diagnostic value by the odds at the prevalence gives the odds of the threshold probability below which the more sensitive test is preferable, and above which the more specific test should be chosen. The methodology is easily extended to incorporate combination of tests, and the risk or side-effects of a test.
Simvastatin attenuates the development of pulmonary and cutaneous fibrosis in a murine model of systemic sclerosis

Objective The antifibrotic effect of simvastatin has been demonstrated in human lung fibroblasts. This study aimed to measure the effects of simvastatin in the development of pulmonary and cutaneous fibrosis in a murine model of SSc and to explore the mechanisms of these effects. Methods Chronic oxidant stress SSc was induced in BALB/c mice by daily s.c. injections of HOCl for 6 weeks. Mice were randomized in three arms: treatment with HOCl, HOCl plus simvastatin or vehicle alone. Statin treatment was initiated 30 min after HOCl s.c. injection and continued daily for 6 weeks. Skin and lung fibrosis were evaluated by histological methods. Immunohistochemical staining for α-smooth muscle actin in cutaneous and pulmonary tissues was performed to evaluate myofibroblast differentiation. Lung and skin concentrations of VEGF, extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), rat sarcoma protein (Ras), Ras homologue gene family (Rho) and TGF-β were analysed by western blot. Results Injections of HOCl induced cutaneous and lung fibrosis in BALB/c mice. Simvastatin treatment prevented both skin thickness and pulmonary fibrosis. Myofibroblast differentiation was also inhibited by simvastatin in the skin and in the lung. Increased cutaneous and pulmonary expression of VEGF, ERK, Ras and Rho in mice treated with HOCl was significantly lower in mice treated with HOCl plus simvastatin. Conclusion Simvastatin reduces the development of pulmonary fibrosis, potentially modulating adverse lung remodelling, as shown by the reduced deposition of collagen in alveolar septae. Simvastatin also reduces skin thickness in this model.
A Cytochemical Study of the Stem Cell Concept in Specimens of a Human Ovarian Tumor

The amounts of DNA in interphase nuclei were compared with the amounts of DNA in metaphase and anaphase figures in Feulgen-stained tissue sections of 5 specimens of the human ovarian papillary serous adenocarcinoma. The relative amounts of DNA per cell were determined by cytophotometric measurements of interphase nuclei at a single wavelength and of mitotic figures by the two wavelength method. The 5 specimens conformed to the stem cell concept of cell proliferation since anaphase distributions of amounts of DNA were restricted to a narrow range of DNA values indicating the successful mitosis of a single cell type (stem cell) out of several cell types whose presence were suggested by the wide spread of interphase and metaphase values. In addition, the data indicated that, in some instances, only the amounts of DNA in anaphase figures can reliably identify the stem cell. Changes in the frequency of dividing cells having doubled amounts of DNA, and/or the presence of cells resulting from endoreduplication can distort the interphase distribution of amounts of DNA and thus give rise to a modal DNA interphase value which is not the same as the DNA value of the stem cell (anaphase figures).
Electron tomography of nascent herpes simplex virus virions.

Cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were conventionally embedded or freeze substituted after high-pressure freezing and stained with uranyl acetate. Electron tomograms of capsids attached to or undergoing envelopment at the inner nuclear membrane (INM), capsids within cytoplasmic vesicles near the nuclear membrane, and extracellular virions revealed the following phenomena. (i) Nucleocapsids undergoing envelopment at the INM, or B capsids abutting the INM, were connected to thickened patches of the INM by fibers 8 to 19 nm in length and ≤5 nm in width. The fibers contacted both fivefold symmetrical vertices (pentons) and sixfold symmetrical faces (hexons) of the nucleocapsid, although relative to the respective frequencies of these subunits in the capsid, fibers engaged pentons more frequently than hexons. (ii) Fibers of similar dimensions bridged the virion envelope and surface of the nucleocapsid in perinuclear virions. (iii) The tegument of perinuclear virions was considerably less dense than that of extracellular virions; connecting fibers were observed in the former case but not in the latter. (iv) The prominent external spikes emanating from the envelope of extracellular virions were absent from perinuclear virions. (v) The virion envelope of perinuclear virions appeared denser and thicker than that of extracellular virions. (vi) Vesicles near, but apparently distinct from, the nuclear membrane in single sections were derived from extensions of the perinuclear space as seen in the electron tomograms. These observations suggest very different mechanisms of tegumentation and envelopment in extracellular compared with perinuclear virions and are consistent with application of the final tegument to unenveloped nucleocapsids in a compartment(s) distinct from the perinuclear space.