cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Child Abuse and the Effects of Subsequent Witnessed Violence: Results from a National High Risk Sample of Adolescents

Early child abuse likely changes the response to later witnessed community violence, but this interaction is not well understood. This study examined whether early physical, emotional and sexual abuse modify the relationship between adolescent witnessed community violence and functioning. Drawing on stress–diathesis theory, we examined the relevance of two competing models—the stress amplification and stress inoculation model—in a large national high risk sample (N = 874) in the United States. Consistent with stress amplification, results derived from multiple linear regressions suggested that early physical and sexual abuse strengthened the association of adolescent witnessed violence with social competency. In contrast, in one case a stress-inoculation effect was observed, such that youth who reported early sexual abuse experienced fewer internalizing symptoms in response to witnessed violence compared to those without early abuse. Implications of findings are addressed, including the importance of screening for all forms of early abuse (physical, emotional and sexual) so service provision can be effectively timed and tailored.
122 School-level determinants of variability in observed concussion incidence: a care consortium study

Statement of Purpose To investigate variability in observed concussion incidence between NCAA colleges participating in a multisite prospective study of concussion, and to quantify the effect of selected school-level factors on concussion risk. Methods/Approach Data on sport-related concussion (SRC) were provided by the CARE Consortium, a multisite study of 30 collegiate institutions. School-level factors included NCAA Division (DI, DII, DIII) and school type (military or civilian) and a 3-level Sport Risk Index (Low, Medium, High). Random intercepts G-side log-binomial regression was used to model between- and within-school variability in concussion risk in NCAA athletes. Three concussion outcomes were modeled: all SRCs, competition SRCs only, and practice SRCs only. Results School-Level Risk Factors: In fully adjusted models with all SRCs as the outcome, Sport Risk Index was the strongest predictor (risk ratio (RR) of 6.0; 95%CI: 4.4, 8.1, for the High vs. Low categories of the Index). Concussion risk was higher in Division I schools than in Division 2 (RR=1.6, 95%CI: 0.6, 4.2) and Division 3 schools (RR=1.8, 95%CI: 0.9, 3.6) schools. Military academies had an elevated risk of SRC (RR=1.5; 95%CI: 0.7, 3.3; analysis limited to NCAA athletes). School-Level Variability: Most of the variability in SRC risk was at the level of the athlete, not at the school. For all three outcomes, the within-school (athlete-level) variance was over five times the between-school variance. Adjusting for our three school-level risk factors (Division, Mil/Civ, and Sport Risk Index) removed 40% of the variation between schools for competition SRC, and 25% for overall SRCs and practice SRCs. Conclusions Sport-level factors predict concussion risk, and a substantial portion of variability in concussion risk between schools is readily explainable. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science Understanding school-level determinants and variability in concussion risk may identify opportunities for interventions to reduce SRC incidence.
The secret is in the sauce: foraged food and dietary diversity among female farmers in southwestern Burkina Faso

In Burkina Faso, New Green Revolution projects have focused on increasing and commercialising agricultural output to ameliorate poor nutrition, but have been blind to foraging as an important sourc...
Spintronic Phenomena in Magnetic/Nonmagnetic Topological Insulator Heterostructures

In this chapter, we demonstrate various interesting spintronic functionalities of magnetic topological insulators. The basic idea is to couple spin-momentum locked surface conduction electrons with localized spins, or magnetism. The coupling between them enables electric control of magnetism and vice versa. We experimentally find nonlinear nonreciprocal transport, i.e., diode-like effect, current-induced magnetization switching, skyrmion formation, and its current-induced motion. We show that the efficiency of these effects is much higher than that of conventional spintronic materials due to the strong entanglement of spin and momentum at the surface state.
A review on underwater shockwave processing and its application in food technology

Underwater shockwave processing (USP) is a non-thermal food processing method where a high-energy impulse is generated near a food product submerged in a liquid. The resulting shockwave transfers energy to the food, and is used to improve quality, safety, and nutritional aspects. This review presents the origin and evolution of the technology, principles of shockwave generation, mechanism of action, and applications in the food industry. The most common food application of USP is currently meat tenderization, where it is used to improve the sensory characteristics of meat as a value-added process. The use of USP as a pretreatment process has also been investigated to increase the yield and nutritional value of extracted juice and oil via softening of plant tissues. This technique also has an impact on food-borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in food, however, it is more effective when combined with other hurdles. Major challenges facing the industrial implementation of underwater shockwave technology include the lack of appropriate packaging materials resistant to the disruptive effects of shockwaves, the capital investment required, and a lack of regulatory information pertaining to USP. So far, most studies of underwater shockwaves on food are at the laboratory scale and validation stage. Further research endeavors and collaboration between food scientists, engineers, and regulators are necessary to scale up this technology to industrial implementation.
Water harvesting during orb web recycling

Before constructing an orb web, an araneoid spider takes down and ingests the previous day's web. Nocturnal species do this either during the early evening or in the early morning and diurnal species during the early morning, times of the day when relative humidity (RH) is high. Under these conditions the hygroscopic glue droplets of a web's viscous prey capture thread attract atmospheric moisture, providing a net gain of water when a spider ingests its web. The contribution of web recycling to a spider's water budget has been estimated, but not determined empirically. This study does so for adult females of four species (Araneus marmoreus Clerck, 1757, Argiope trifasciata (Forskal, 1775), Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer, 1841), and Micrathena gracilis (Walckenaer, 1805)) by first determining the total volume of a web's glue droplets at 20% and 37% RH to estimate the water invested in web during construction. Subtracting each of these values from the web's total droplet volume at 90% RH approximates the range of water harvested when the web is recycled. High estimates of the net water gained range from 0.45% of a spider's body mass (3.01 µl water gained) in A. marmoreus to 0.88% of body mass (0.19 µl water gained) in L. venusta. In A. trifasciata, the water gained when a web is ingested is equivalent to 29% of a spider's daily evaporative water loss.
Azacitidine maintenance therapy post-allogeneic stem cell transplantation in poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is the potential curative modality for poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), relapse remains the main reason for transplant failure. Early-phase studies showed azacitidine is safe for post-transplant maintenance therapy in AML. METHODS We performed a single institutional prospective cohort study to evaluate the benefit of azacitidine maintenance therapy following allogeneic HSCT in poor-risk AML. The main objective of this study is to generate a hypothesis aiming to optimize post-transplantation outcomes in poor-risk AML. Forty-nine adults with poor-risk AML who underwent allogeneic HSCT were evaluated in a nonrandomized prospective cohort fashion. Thirty-one participants received post-transplant azacitidine (32 mg/m2) on Days 1-5 for a 28-day treatment cycle beginning approximately 40 days after transplantation. The study was controlled using 18 matched individuals who were on a noninterventional surveillance protocol. RESULTS The relapse rate was significantly higher in the control cohort (66.67%) versus (25.81%) in the azacitidine maintenance cohort (p < .005). Time to relapse was significantly prolonged by azacitidine maintenance, not reached versus 4.1 months in the control arm (p < .0001). In addition, median overall survival was lower in the control cohort at 7.6 versus 27.4 months in the interventional cohort (p < .0001). At a median follow-up of 24 months, incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) did not differ between study groups (p = .325). In both cohorts, minimal residual disease was correlated with higher hazard of relapse (95% confidence interval, 2.31-13.74; p < .001). CONCLUSION We conclude that low dose azacitidine maintenance following allogeneic HSCT in poor-risk AML, decreased relapse rate, and increased both the time to relapse and overall survival without increased risk of GVHD.
Lake Erie tributary nutrient trend evaluation: Normalizing concentrations and loads to reduce flow variability

Abstract Establishing tributary load (i.e., the mass exported over a period of time) targets to reduce anthropogenic nutrient inputs to receiving waters — and thus eutrophication — is a common mitigation strategy in freshwater and coastal ecosystems. However, detecting and quantifying trends can be difficult because annual precipitation strongly influences tributary flow (e.g., average daily stream discharge). This may obscure trends as wet years tend to produce high tributary loads despite management activities to reduce nutrient export, and dry years typically generate low loads, even without management of nutrients. Furthermore, flow and nutrient concentrations are often correlated. Earlier efforts to reduce the effect of flow variability on tributary nutrient assessment were limited by computational and methodological constraints, until the weighted regressions on time, discharge, and season (WRTDS) method was introduced in 2010. Here we use WRTDS to assess nutrient concentration and load changes from 1982 to 2018 in three tributaries to the western basin of Lake Erie, of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Generally, trends revealed by flow-normalization do not contradict those of non-normalized metrics; however flow-normalization made the patterns more perceptible than in non-normalized metrics and reduced the influence of a particularly wet or dry period at the end of records on long-term trend analysis. We demonstrate that using WRTDS for flow-normalization removed the noise arising from annual precipitation variability and makes tributary nutrient trend evaluation more straightforward.
Quality Improvement Strategies and Outcomes in Pediatric Dialysis

To provide dialysis patients with the highest quality of care, each dialysis team must develop a Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement (QAPI) program to ensure ongoing quality. Quality metric goals can be set by clinical practice guidelines, regulatory and accreditation bodies, and, finally, the care team. In this chapter, we discuss what is needed to establish a QAPI program, briefly review the current regulations that drive the metrics, discuss methods on how to continuously monitor quality metrics, and provide a step-by-step guide on how to start, measure, and sustain a quality improvement project.
Childhood maltreatment predicts poorer executive functioning in adulthood beyond symptoms of internalizing psychopathology

Abstract Background A history of childhood maltreatment predicts poorer functioning in several domains during childhood, including executive function (EF). While there is also evidence of poorer EF in adults with a history of childhood trauma, results are mixed. Notable limitations of previous research are (a) the use of single indicators of EF, and/or (b) not consistently assessing whether childhood maltreatment predicts poorer EF beyond internalizing psychopathology. Objective We sought to overcome limitations of prior work by examining relationships between childhood maltreatment and EF in adulthood by using a latent factor of EF derived from multiple indicators and including psychopathology covariates in our analyses. Participants and setting The present study included a large sample of community adults (n = 489) who were oversampled for internalizing psychopathology symptoms. Methods Primary analyses examined whether childhood maltreatment (cumulative and subtypes) predicted EF using a latent factor approach and linear mixed effects models. Follow-up analyses assessed the impact of childhood maltreatment on EF beyond internalizing psychopathology symptoms and assessed whether gender moderated relationships between EF and childhood maltreatment. Results Greater cumulative maltreatment predicted poorer EF (B = -0.15), and emotional neglect emerged as a unique predictor of EF (B = -0.18). These results remained after controlling for psychopathology symptoms. Gender moderated the relationship between physical abuse and EF, with physical abuse predicting poorer EF among males (B = 0.30), but not females (B = -0.04). Conclusions Overall, results indicate that general EF deficits are related to a history of childhood maltreatment, which is not accounted for by internalizing psychopathology symptoms. Potential implications and future directions are discussed.
Issues in Athletic Administration: A Content Analysis of Syllabi from Intercollegiate Athletics Graduate Courses.

This study examined courses focused on intercollegiate athletics in sport-related graduate programs (e.g., Sport Leadership, Sport Management, and Athletic/Sport Administration). A content analysis of course syllabi was used to determine the alignment of course scope and content. Analysis included course type (i.e., required or elective), instructor status, course hours per week, number of major readings, course objectives, course topics, course structure and activities, and student assessment. While several course topics were consistent across syllabi, intercollegiate athletics courses were found to vary widely in their course purpose statements, course objectives, and major readings. This study highlights new directions for future work in aligning professional preparation programs for athletic administrators and has implications for course design, which we believe is significant because of the importance of intercollegiate athletics within U.S. higher education.
The Effect of Identity Disclosure on Reliability and Efforts Provision in Online Review Systems

As consumers rely on online customer reviews to assess the quality of products, firms often try to manipulate the reviews to attract consumers. If review sites fail to maintain reliability, firms are less likely to be motivated in improving quality of products. To alleviate fakery, online review providers have designed several identity disclosure mechanisms. The purpose of this research is to explore the role of identity disclosure on (1) reliability of online review systems and (2) subsequent efforts provision. We employ an incentive-aligned laboratory experiment based on a simple model of review systems. As theory of social pressure predicts, our results show that identity disclosure hurt the reliability of review systems, but not necessarily efforts provision. The current paper is a research in progress that aims to better understand the role of identity disclosure in online review systems.
Effect of heating rate on bonding strength of pressure-free sintered nanosilver joint

Chip-bonding by sintering silver particles (micron-scale or nanometer-scale) is widely believed to replace soldering for manufacturing high-performance power semiconductor devices and modules because sintered silver joints are better for heat dissipation and more reliable in temperature-cycling and power-cycling tests than soldered joints. Common raw materials used for the silver sintering process are in the form of paste consisting of silver particles mixed in an organic system of binders, surfactants, and solvents. In our recent studies, we developed a mathematical model based on diffusion of solvent molecules and viscous-flow mechanics of a silver paste to show that drying of the paste in the bonding process is a critical step in determining the bond-line microstructural and mechanical quality. Our modeling results showed that stresses and strains generated in the shrinking silver paste were responsible for observed delamination and cracking in the sintered bond-line. In this study, we extended the modeling analysis to investigate effect of heating rate on the bond-line quality. A numerical simulation algorithm of the model was developed to determine the time-dependent physical properties of the silver paste as the material being dried at different heating rates. The simulation results showed a strong dependence of the relative density of the sintered bond-line on heating rate. By lowering the heating rate, the relative density of the sintered silver could be increased. Higher sintered density would mean stronger bonding strength, and this was verified by our experimental data. The findings of this study can be used to optimize the manufacturing process that uses sintering of silver paste for bonding power semiconductor chips.
Proposed Coordinated U.S. PWR Reactor Vessel Surveillance Program: An Updated Summary Including Program Optimization

Irradiated reactor pressure vessel (RPV) surveillance data is used to predict decreases in RPV fracture toughness due to irradiation embrittlement. A limited amount of data at fluences that many U.S. PWR RPVs will reach in 60 or more years of operation exists today. However, there is a significant amount of test reactor data available at high fluences, which shows higher embrittlement shifts than the power reactor data-based correlations. This has significant implications for plant operation to 60 years. A coordinated program for withdrawal and testing of the U.S. PWR RPV surveillance capsules is being developed, with the intent of filling high fluence gaps in existing PWR data. This paper summarizes the methodology, optimization strategy, and current results of this coordinated U.S. PWR reactor vessel surveillance program (RVSP). The coordinated RVSP has been optimized to maximize the quantity and quality of high fluence data while minimizing the burden on the industry.
Rates of Change and the Derivative

What are the \(y\)-intercept(s) and \(x\)-intercept(s) of graphs of the following functions?
The Story of Jacobson V United States: Catching Criminals or Creating Crime?

This book chapter, an entry in the forthcoming Criminal Law Stories, gives the background and impact of Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992), a landmark case in the revitalization of the entrapment defense. In Jacobson, the Supreme Court found that the defense of entrapment was available as a matter of law, even though the defendant had been convicted by a jury of the unsavory offense of receiving child pornography. 5 to 4, the Court was persuaded that the 26-month-long sting operation, which involved numerous mailings and letters, persuaded a person who had never before purchased unlawful child pornography do do so. Accordingly, Jacobson was not criminally liable. Jacobson has had a substantial impact. The decision provided the basis for juries to acquit based on overaggressive police tactics, and for judges - including those with hard-nosed reputations like Richard Posner and Alex Kosinski - to reverse when juries convicted where the evidence showed police encouragement overcame a defendant's initial reluctance to commit an offense. In addition, some scholars have claimed that Jacobson is the first supreme court majority opinion which expressed the slightest empathy for any homosexual.
Tetracycline-inducible system for photoreceptor-specific gene expression.

PURPOSE. To develop a system for inducible photoreceptor-specific gene expression in transgenic mice. The tetracycline regulatory system was chosen because it possesses the useful property of direct control of gene expression through use of an exogenous agent, doxycycline, a tetracycline derivative. METHODS. Transgenic mice were generated that carried the reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator under the control of the photoreceptor-specific promoters for rhodopsin and interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. These animals were crossed with transgenic mice carrying the lacZ reporter gene under control of the tetracycline operator cassette, creating doubly transgenic mice. Doxycycline was administered to induce expression of the reporter gene. Reporter assays were then performed to evaluate lacZ expression. RESULTS. Doxycycline administration led to photoreceptor-specific expression of the lacZ reporter gene in the doubly transgenic mice. X-gal staining was restricted to photoreceptor inner segments and synaptic termini. Induction could be achieved by addition of the drug to the animals' drinking water or by intravitreal injection. Induction was noted within 24 hours of doxcycline administration. Because of variability among animals, there was an approximate correlation, but not a clean dose-response curve relating drug dose to level of reporter expression. CONCLUSIONS. A transgenic system for inducible photoreceptor-specific gene expression has been developed. This system is currently being exploited to study the effects of regulated expression of genes of biological interest.
Challenges ahead in developing and testing referral to treatment interventions.

Keywords: Alcohol use disorders; case management; intervention development; intervention design; meta-analysis; referral to treatment
SERS-Based Raman Probes

The sections in this article are Introduction Different SERS-Based Probes Metal Electrodes Metal Colloids Solid SERS Probes Based on Metallic Nanostructures Metal Nanoparticle Island Films Silver-Coated Nanosphere Probes Metal-Coated Nanoparticle SERS Probes SERS Probes Based on Metal-Coated Quartz Posts SERS Probes Based on Chemically and Abrasively Roughened Solid Surfaces SERS Probes Based on Inherently Rough Materials SERS-Based Probes Based on Metal Nanoparticle-Embedded Media SERS Probe Coatings General Organic, Metallic and Dielectric Coatings SAMs Monolayers of Bioreceptors Advanced Sensing Technologies Based on SERS Probes Remote Fiber Optic SERS Monitors and Nanosensors Dual-Fiber Systems Integrated Single-Fiber System and Nanosensors Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy Conclusion Acknowledgments
Los enredos de una pieza. El contexto histórico-teatral de El encanto es la hermosura o La segunda Celestina de Salazar y Torres, Vera Tassis y sor Juana

En 1990 Guillermo Schmidhunber publico en Mexico una edicion de La segunda Celestina en la cual adjudico a sor Juana la conclusion de una comedia inconclusa del poeta y dramaturgo mexicano hispanoamericano, Agustin de Salazar y Torres (1642-1675). Hasta fecha reciente este final fue considerado anonimo por los bibliografos. Otra version mas conocida, intitulada El encanto es la hermosura y el hechizo sin hechizo , contiene una conclusion escrita por don Juan de Vera Tassis y Villarroel, editor de las obras completas de Salazar.
Perceptual Categorization of Synthetic Vowels as a Tool in Dialectology and Typology

In this paper the possibility of using the results of the perceptual categorization of synthetic vocalic stimuli to assign a degree of similarity to the languages or dialects which the subjects represent is explored. It is shown that there are any number of procedures whereby this can be done-some being applicable to languages having the same number of categories (phonemes), others being usable with any two categorizations.
Vibrotactile perception thresholds: The tactile equivalent of audiometry

An overview is given on the information that led to international acceptance of two, closely-related methods of measurement together with normative threshold values that may be used to identify changes from the vibrotactile perception thresholds (VPTs) of healthy persons. The information given is expected to rekindle interest in, and the development of, products designed to be used in analogous manner to audiometric instruments for determining hearing thresholds.
Influence of observable and unobservable exposure on the patient's risk of acquiring influenza-like illness at hospital

During outbreaks of hospital-acquired influenza-like illness (HA-ILI) healthcare workers, patients, relatives, and visitors are each source of infection for the others. Quantifying the contribution of various exposures will help improve prevention and control of HA-ILI outbreaks.
A Transcriptionally Inactive E2F-1 Targets the MDM Family of Proteins for Proteolytic Degradation

E2F-1-activated transcription promotes cell cycle progression and apoptosis. These functions are regulated by several factors including the E2F-1-binding protein MDM2 and the retinoblastoma protein pRb. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen we have identified the MDM2-related protein, MDMX, as an E2F-1-binding protein. In these studies we find that coexpression of MDMX with E2F-1 results in degradation of the MDMX protein. Although this proteolytic degradation can be blocked by the protease inhibitors bafilomycin A(1), N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-Norleu-AL, and N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-Met-AL, MDMX degradation is not inhibited by lactacystin, suggesting that degradation occurs by a proteasome-independent mechanism. Using an E2F-1 deletion mutant (E2F-1(180-437)) we show that E2F-1-targeted degradation of MDMX does not require the E2F-1 DNA binding domain and therefore is independent of E2F-1-driven transcription. We also find that this transcriptionally inactive E2F-1 mutant is capable of degrading the MDMX-related protein MDM2 and the MDMX isoform MDMX-S. Mapping of the E2F-1 C terminus reveals that neither a previously characterized C-terminal MDM2 binding domain nor the pRb binding domain on E2F-1 is required for MDMX and MDM2 degradation.
Oppression of the different: impact and treatment

This paper explores the psychological impact of oppressive social forces among those with personal differences and delineates the affective and cognitive patterns that can unfold as a result. Recommendations for clinicians who treat patients with social/personal differences are offered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors for Asthma in Inner City African-American Children

The relations between pre- and perinatal risk factors and asthma were investigated using a case-control study of 262 African-American children aged 4-9 years, both asthmatic and nonasthmatic, all of whom resided in a poor urban area and received health care at a local hospital-based clinic. Risk factors were ascertained through review of obstetric, perinatal, and pediatric records. Asthmatic children had significantly lower birth weights and gestational ages than nonasthmatic children and were more likely to have required oxygen supplementation and positive pressure ventilation after birth than nonasthmatics (p < 0.05). The mothers of asthmatic children were more likely to have smoked during pregnancy (50% vs. 27%), to have gained less weight during pregnancy (26.3 pounds (11.9 kg) vs. 34.5 pounds (15.7 kg)), and to have had no prenatal care (12% vs. 2% ) than mothers of nonasthmatic children. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the strongest independent predictors of asthma were maternal history of asthma (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 9,7), lack of prenatal care (OR = 4.7), history of bronchiolitis (OR = 4.7), positive pressure ventilation at birth (OR = 3.3), low maternal weight gain (<20 pounds (<9 kg)) (OR = 3.4), and maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR = 2.8). These data suggest that pre- and perinatal exposures may increase susceptibility to asthma in inner city children.
Multifunctional, phase separated, BaTiO3+CoFe2O4 cap buffer layers for improved flux-pinning in YBa2Cu3O7?? based coated conductors

Phase separated, epitaxial, nanostructured film comprised of BaTiO3 (BTO) and CoFe2O4 (CFO) composite has been developed as a potential multifunctional cap buffer layer for improved flux-pinning in YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) films. All films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3 (STO) (100) single crystal substrates. The CFO fraction and growth temperature were identified as key factors for determining the areal number density and mean diameter of the CFO nanocolumns. Compared to the reference sample grown on a pure BTO cap layer, the YBCO films grown on BTO+CFO cap layers show a remarkable improvement in isotropic flux-pinning and, consequently, Jc over the entire field and angle ranges. Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the presence of a very defective YBCO layer containing a high density of randomly distributed defects at the interface area, induced by nanostructural modulation on the surface of the BTO+CFO composite cap layer.
A zone model for reactions of solid particles with strongly adsorbing species

Abstract A new zone model for reaction of solid particles with zeroth order reaction with respect to the fluid reactant and first order with respect to solid reactant has been proposed and analytical solutions for conversion and effectiveness factor obtained. The effect of Biot number and Thiele modulus on model predictions is investigated. Comparison of the model to other models for fluid solid reactions is presented together with the method for model discrimination. The model predicts conversion time behaviors encountered in practice.
Theoretical and experimental studies of mode dispersion in biperiodic photonic crystal structures

We show that simultaneous perturbation of periodicity and radius of air holes next to the guiding region in a photonic crystal waveguide results in low loss and large bandwidth waveguides that are also single mode. We also show the results of a single shot spectral phase measurement that can be used for real time dispersion measurement of photonic crystal waveguides.
The Augmentation of Internal Blade Tip-Cap Cooling by Arrays of Shaped Pins

The objective of the present study is to demonstrate a method to provide substantially increased convective heat flux on the internal cooled tip cap of a turbine blade. The new tip cap augmentation consists of several variations involving the fabrication or placement of arrays of discrete shaped pins on the internal tip cap surface. Due to the nature of flow in a 180-degree turn, the augmentation mechanism and geometry have been designed to accommodate a mixture of impingement-like flow, channel flow, and strong secondary flows. A large-scale model of a sharp 180-degree tip turn is used with the liquid crystal thermography method to obtain detailed heat transfer distributions over the internal tip cap surface. Inlet channel Reynolds numbers range from 200,000 to 450,000 in this study. The inlet and exit passages have aspect ratios of 2:1, while the tip turn divider-to-cap distance maintains nearly the same hydraulic diameter as the passages. Five tip cap surfaces were tested including a smooth surface, two different heights of aluminum pin arrays, one more closely spaced pin array, and one pin array made of insulating material. Effective heat transfer coefficients based on the original smooth surface area were increased by up to a factor of 2.5. Most of this increase is due to the added surface area of the pin array. However, factoring this surface area effect out shows that the heat transfer coefficient has also been increased by about 20 to 30%, primarily over the base region of the tip cap itself. This augmentation method resulted in negligible increase in tip turn pressure drop over that of a smooth surface.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Conversion of α-pinene to α-pinene oxide by rat liver and the bark beetle Dendroctonus terebrans microsomal fractions

Abstract The metabolism of α-pinene, a major monoterpene in Pinus spp. in the United States, has been examined utilizing microsomal fractions from larval and adult Dendroctonus terebrans and rat liver. Under hydroxylating conditions, both insect and rat liver microsomes convert α-pinene into α-pinene oxide and several other undentified products. α-Pinene oxide was identified by mass spectrometry. α-Pinene is an inducer of cytochrome P -450 in rat liver microsomes and its effect on the pattern of α-pinene metabolism is very similar to β-naphthoflavone. No increase in cytochrome P -450 was observed when insects were treated with α-pinene; however, the quantity of α-pinene metabolic products was increased by α-pinene pretreatment. The role of cytochrome P -450 linked reactions in the production of insect pheromones via the α-pinene epoxide intermediate is discussed.
Nucleotide alterations in the bacteriophage T4 glutamine transfer RNA that affect ochre suppressor activity.

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequences of the glutamine transfer RNAs that are coded by wild-type and psu2+ ochre-suppressor strains of bacteriophage T4. The two transfer RNAs have the same sequence except for their anticodons, where NUG in the wild-type species is mutated to NUA in the psu2+ species (N is a modified residue of U). This mutation is believed to confer suppressor activity on the psu2+ glutamine tRNA. Three mutants derived from psu2+ by loss of suppressor activity have been characterized with respect to their sequence alterations. Each mutant specifies a transfer RNA differing from the psu2+ species by a nucleotide substitution that occupies a base-paired region in the cloverleaf arrangement of the molecule. The mutants synthesize a reduced amount of tRNA that is defective in nucleotide modifications and processing at the 5′ and 3′ termini.
Recombinant Probiotic Expressing Listeria Adhesion Protein Attenuates Listeria monocytogenes Virulence In Vitro

Background Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular foodborne pathogen, infects immunocompromised hosts. The primary route of transmission is through contaminated food. In the gastrointestinal tract, it traverses the epithelial barrier through intracellular or paracellular routes. Strategies to prevent L. monocytogenes entry can potentially minimize infection in high-risk populations. Listeria adhesion protein (LAP) aids L. monocytogenes in crossing epithelial barriers via the paracellular route. The use of recombinant probiotic bacteria expressing LAP would aid targeted clearance of Listeria from the gut and protect high-risk populations from infection.
Duodenoplasty in the management of duodenal atresia

When the duodenum is congenitally obstructed it becomes distended to varying degrees. Our case of combined duodenal and multiple jejunal atresias indicates the value of duodenoplasty for symptomatic duodenomegaly diagnosed in late childhood. The technique used has restored duodenal motility and is recommended for selective use as part of the primary surgery for duodenal and proximal jejunal atresia.
On “Return Flow” in Winter over the East China Sea

Abstract The heat flux density to the “return flow” (defined as polar or arctic air flowing momentarily toward the pole on the southwest side of an anticyclone) over the East China Sea is computed using a Lagrangian parcel-layer method, applied to selected cases. The rate of heat transfer from the ocean to the air is small in the case of return flow, and under certain conditions may reverse. In the AMTEX area the average total of latent and sensible heat transfer was about 170 W m−2 but when the great area and duration are considered the total heat transferred is large. Calculations based on the bulk aerodynamic method yielded a weighted average total sensible plus latent heat transfer of slightly under 190 W m−2 for the same cases.
Characterization of laser-optical systems packaged for use in harsh environments

The characterization of laser-optical subsystems packaged for survivability in harsh environments is crucial for the development of robust laser-optical firing systems. Previously, custom mounts and bonded optical assemblies were environmentally tested to ensure their survivability 1 . The results verified the sub-assemblies would enable the design of a laser-optical initiation system that could be fielded for use in extreme conditions. A design package, which utilized the proven opto-mechanical sub-assemblies, was selected. This design was based on past experience and desired performance criteria. The packaged laser-optical assembly was tested to the same environmental levels as the sub-assemblies. This test regiment encompassed the harshest environments currently utilized. Temperature tests were performed ranging from a maximum of +75 degrees C to a minimum of -55 degrees C, allowing for a two hour soak at each temperature set point. Vibration tests were performed to a maximum level of 15.5 grms for forty seconds in each of three critical axes. Shock tests were performed until failure which was an impulse level of 5700 G's with a 1.1 millisecond long pulse. The laser-optical assembly was visually inspected and functionally tested before and after each test to verify survival. As designed, the system was intended to be hermetically sealed via laser welding. Therefore the visual inspection of the interior was performed post mortem. Experimental results obtained from the environmental tests will be discussed as will their impact on future packaging strategies.
The Lure of the Perverse: Moral Negotiation of Pederasty in Porfirian Mexico

This article examines the dynamic relationship between a criminologist, Carlos Roumagnac, and the inmates that he interviewed in the large Mexico City prison, Belem, in the first decade of the twentieth century. In particular the piece delves into the way that pederasty, or male homosexuality, was discussed in these interviews, revealing the ways in which Mexican men understood homosexuality as morally unseemly but acceptable if left unspoken. The article concludes with some suggestions about the difficulties encompassed in the history of (homo)-sexuality. / Este articulo examina la relacion dinamica entre un criminologista, Carlos Roumagnac, y los presos entrevistados por el en la enorme carcel Belem, en la ciudad de Mexico en la primera decada del siglo veinte. En particular este ensayo profundiza en la manera en que la pederastia, o homosexualidad masculina, fue discutida en estas entrevistas. En dichas entrevistas se observan las maneras en como los hombres mexicanos en la carcel entienden la homosexualidad: mientras que aceptan que la homosexualidad es moralmente impropia, tambien afirman que es aceptable si no se discute. Este articulo concluye con algunas sugerencias sobre las dificultades encuadradas en la historia de la (homo)sexualidad.
Role and Relevance of PEPT2 in Drug Disposition, Dynamics, and Toxicity

Pept2 knockout mice are an important tool to evaluate the evolving role and relevance of this proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter beyond drug disposition, where the transporter also modulates the pharmacodynamic and toxicodynamic effects of drug substrates. Our in vivo studies with glycylsarcosine in Pept2 knockout mice have established "proof of concept" that PEPT2 can have a significant effect on dipeptide disposition. Subsequent studies with the aminocephalosporin antibiotic cefadroxil have shown relevance to pharmacology and infectious disease. Finally, studies with the endogenous peptidomimetic 5-aminolevulinic acid have demonstrated relevance to toxicology in the framework of porphyria- and lead-induced neurotoxicity. These studies have consistently demonstrated the dual action of PEPT2 with respect to its apical localization in choroid plexus epithelium and kidney in: 1) effluxing substrates from CSF into choroid plexus, thereby affecting regional pharmacokinetics in brain; and 2) reabsorbing substrates from renal tubular fluid into proximal tubules, thereby affecting systemic pharmacokinetics and exposure. Moreover, these studies have shown that the regional effect of PEPT2 in limiting substrate concentrations in the CSF is more dramatic than its effect in increasing systemic exposure. In the case of 5-aminolevulinic acid, such regional modulation of drug disposition translates directly into significant changes in neurotoxicity.
Making a College Course Matter at Scale: The Importance of Implementation Support

This study describes the development and implementation of a college course intended to promote effective teacher–child interactions within the early childhood education setting. One hundred forty-nine early childhood teachers participating in a randomized control trial with the National Center for Research in Early Childhood Education (NCRECE) were selected to receive the course. The goal of the NCRECE course was to increase teachers’ ability to provide classroom interactions that promote improved school readiness skills in children. Results from this study suggest that a course can be standardized and successfully delivered to 10 sites across the United States without compromising the quality and impact of the course. Two components of the course were vital to its success. First, the course curriculum, assignments, and lectures were aligned with research in effective teacher-child interactions. Second, instructors’ implementation was intentionally supported throughout the course to maintain quality of d...
Laparoscopic ileocolic resection for perforated Crohn's disease in pregnancy.

Dear Sir, A morbidly obese 26-year-old female at a gestational age of 21 weeks presented with progressive right lower quadrant pain, nausea, vomiting, and fevers over three weeks. She had a recent pulmonary embolism and a history of Crohn's disease (CD) treated with ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and prednisone. On exam, she was febrile to 101 °F and tachycardic to 130 bpm. Her abdomen was gravid and tender diffusely with guarding over a palpable epigastric mass. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 15 cm complex fluid collection anterior to the uterus, a thick-walled segment of terminal ileum, and ascites (Figure 1). These findings suggested perforated Crohn's ileitis with phlegmon …
A Fractional Cointegration Analysis of Purchasing Power Parity

A generalized notion of cointegration, called fractional cointegration, is introduced to examine the long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis. By allowing deviations from equilibrium to follow a fractionally integrated process, the fractional cointegration analysis can capture a wider range of mean-reversion behavior than standard cointegration analyses. This gain is flexibility in modeling subtle mean-reverting dynamics is found to be important for a proper evaluation of long-run PPP. Empirical results based on historical data for the 1914–1989 period show that PPP reversion exists and can be characterized by a fractionally integrated process in three out of five countries studied. The results support PPP as a long-run phenomenon, though significant short-run deviations from PPP can exist.
Three Categories of Cultural Knowledge Useful in Doing Cultural Therapy

Definition de la notion de therapie culturelle et des trois formes de connaissance culturelle se degageant dans le contexte social : la connaissance culturelle ordinaire, la connaissance culturelle resultant d'une interaction avec l'autre et la connaissance culturelle cachee, tacite.
Wisconsin desmids. II. Aufwuchs and plankton communities of selected soft water lakes, hard water lakes and calcareous spring ponds

This report summarizes the results of summer studies of five soft water lakes, five hard water lakes and six calcareous spring ponds in Wisconsin with respect to the composition of the plankton and aufwuchs communities and the relative role of desmids in those communities. The results are compared with similar data obtained from selected acid bog lakes, alkaline bog lakes and closed bogs. Soft water lakes harbored a greater aufwuchs and plankton desmid diversity than hard water lakes or spring ponds; however, diversity in acid bog lakes was substantially greater than in any other lake type. Utricularia contained the greatest desmid diversity and population density in every lake where it occurred. Staurastrum was the most prevalent genus in the plankton and it was the only one recorded from hard water lakes and calcareous spring ponds. Desmid aufwuchs population densities were roughly comparable in hard water lakes, soft water lakes and acid bogs and the contribution of desmids to the total aufwuchs population was similar for the latter two lake types. However, the plankton of acid bog lakes generally harbored substantially greater desmid populations and these populations contributed much more to the total population than in any other lake type. Aufwuchs data are presented for several hosts and comparisons of population densities are given among hosts within a given lake and between the same host in different lakes of a given type. Data for other algal groups are also included.
Major hemolymph proteins from larvae of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes

Three major hemolymph proteins of Papilio polyxenes larvae were isolated and characterized. Density gradient ultracentrifugation of hemolymph resulted in flotation of the major lipoprotein, lipophorin. P. polyxenes larval lipophorin is composed of two apoproteins, apolipophorin-I and apolipophorin-II, plus a mixture of lipids, to give a density of 1.13 g/ml. Immunoblotting experiments using antisera directed against Manduca sexta apolipophorin-I and apolipophorin-II, respectively, revealed cross-reactivity of apoLp-I with Manduca sexta apoLp-I, and apoLp-II with M. sexta apoLp-II. Gel permeation chromatography of the subnatant obtained following density gradient ultracentrifugation revealed the presence of a major protein peak which was shown to contain three major serum proteins, two of which were isolated and characterized. One of these proteins was purified by lectin affinity chromatography. Both proteins have native molecular weights in the range of 450,000 and appear to be hexamers of a single subunit type. Major serum protein-1 is nonglycosylated and has a subunit molecular weight of 75,000. Major serum protein-2 is glycosylated and has a subunit molecular weight of 74,000. Amino acid analysis of this protein revealed a tyrosine plus phenylalanine content of 20 mole percent, characteristic of the arylphorin class of insect storage proteins. Using antibodies against M. sexta larval hemolymph proteins, both the P. polyxenes major serum proteins were shown to be immunologically related to serum proteins of other lepidopteran species.
Microwave/millimeter-wave fiber optic link using two-section gain-coupled DFB lasers

A semiconductor laser based microwave/millimeter wave fiber-optic link is proposed and demonstrated. The microwave/millimeter-wave frequency response is realized using optical injection locking. This narrow-band high-frequency link can operate in the frequency-modulated (FM), phase-modulated (PM) and QAM formats.