cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposure and Response (Ritual) Prevention for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Therapist Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Is This Programme Right For You? Chapter 3: Session 1 Chapter 4: Session 2 Chapter 5: Session 3 Chapter 6: Session 4 Chapter 7: Intermediate Sessions Chapter 8: Final Session References About the Authors Appendices
A High-Performance Sparse Tensor Algebra Compiler in Multi-Level IR.

Tensor algebra is widely used in many applications, such as scientific computing, machine learning, and data analytics. The tensors represented real-world data are usually large and sparse. There are tens of storage formats designed for sparse matrices and/or tensors and the performance of sparse tensor operations depends on a particular architecture and/or selected sparse format, which makes it challenging to implement and optimize every tensor operation of interest and transfer the code from one architecture to another. We propose a tensor algebra domain-specific language (DSL) and compiler infrastructure to automatically generate kernels for mixed sparse-dense tensor algebra operations, named COMET. The proposed DSL provides high-level programming abstractions that resemble the familiar Einstein notation to represent tensor algebra operations. The compiler performs code optimizations and transformations for efficient code generation while covering a wide range of tensor storage formats. COMET compiler also leverages data reordering to improve spatial or temporal locality for better performance. Our results show that the performance of automatically generated kernels outperforms the state-of-the-art sparse tensor algebra compiler, with up to 20.92x, 6.39x, and 13.9x performance improvement, for parallel SpMV, SpMM, and TTM over TACO, respectively.
Septins are essential for protrusion and detachment in collective border cell migration

Abstract Collective cell migration is prevalent throughout development and common in metastatic tumors, yet this process is not fully understood. In this study, we explore the role of septins (Sep) in collective cell migration, using the Drosophila border cell model. We show that Sep2 and Pnut are expressed in migrating border cells and Sep1, 2, 4, and Peanut (Pnut) are required for migration. Pnut stability depends on the expression of Sep1 and Sep2 in epithelial follicle cells and migratory border cells. We show that knockdown of septins prevents normal protrusion and detachment behaviors. High resolution Airyscan imaging reveals Pnut localization in rings at the base of protrusions. While septins function independently of Cdc42, they colocalize dynamically with nonmuscle myosin II. We suggest that septin polymers may stabilize growing protrusions until sufficient myosin is recruited to retract them.
A 3D tubular structure with droplet generation and temperature control for DNA amplification

This study provides an innovative design to generate droplets in a single tube. This creative design utilizes a single tube to generate droplets for the emulsion Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The multi-layered built-in microchannel structures were constructed in the disposable tube for minimum material used during the droplet PCR process. The PCR experiments show that the 3D tube provided a greater heating and cooling rate than the commercial PCR tube with the same system. In this research, droplets generation and PCR reaction results demonstrate the potentiality of digital PCR that can be executed in a single tubular structure.
The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Treated with 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors (5ARIs).

Background Many men receive 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) for ongoing treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The increased risk of cardiovascular complications with 5ARIs has been documented in BPH studies and the occurrence of cerebral venous thrombosis, presumably due to increased estrogen level following 5ARI use, was described in multiple case reports. The objective of this study was to determine if 5ARIs with or without alpha blockers (AB) were associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in males with BPH. Methods We conducted a nested case-control study among a population of men ages 40-79 who received at least one 5ARI or AB prescription for treatment of BPH between 1995 and 2015 in the UK-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD. Cases of incident VTE (pulmonary embolism [PE] or deep venous thrombosis [DVT]) and matched controls were identified from this population. We used descriptive analyses and conditional logistic regression to evaluate the risk of VTE in users of 5ARIs compared to users of ABs. Results For 5ARI only users, the adjusted odds ratios (aORs), (95% CI) for VTE were 1.51 (0.98-2.32) in current 5ARI users and 1.23 (0.70-2.17) in recent/distant past, compared to AB only users. However, the aOR (95% CI) in men who had 50 or more current 5ARI prescriptions compared to users of ABs only was higher: 2.29 (1.14-4.63). For 5ARI with AB use, the aORs, (95% CI) for VTE were 1.16 (0.64-2.10) in current 5ARI+AB users and 1.93 (0.71-5.25) in recent/distant past, compared to AB only users. The aOR (95% CI) in men who had 50 or more current 5ARI+AB prescriptions compared to users of ABs only was 1.65 (0.64-4.26). Conclusion Current use of 5ARI, particularly long-term use, is associated with an increased risk of incident idiopathic VTE compared to patients treated with AB use only.
BIOMARKERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND MULTIVARIATE APPROACHES FOR ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING

This paper presents a rationale for the use of biomarkers in detecting early stages of environmental stress and describes the greater responsiveness of biomarkers to varied and multiple stressors. A set of biomarkers from different biological levels is much more desirable than a single measure. Examples of multivariate approaches for data reduction and analysis of sets of biomarkers are suggested.
Estimating human pose from occluded images

We address the problem of recovering 3D human pose from single 2D images, in which the pose estimation problem is formulated as a direct nonlinear regression from image observation to 3D joint positions. One key issue that has not been addressed in the literature is how to estimate 3D pose when humans in the scenes are partially or heavily occluded. When occlusions occur, features extracted from image observations (e.g., silhouettes-based shape features, histogram of oriented gradient, etc.) are seriously corrupted, and consequently the regressor (trained on un-occluded images) is unable to estimate pose states correctly. In this paper, we present a method that is capable of handling occlusions using sparse signal representations, in which each test sample is represented as a compact linear combination of training samples. The sparsest solution can then be efficiently obtained by solving a convex optimization problem with certain norms (such as l1-norm). The corrupted test image can be recovered with a sparse linear combination of un-occluded training images which can then be used for estimating human pose correctly (as if no occlusions exist). We also show that the proposed approach implicitly performs relevant feature selection with un-occluded test images. Experimental results on synthetic and real data sets bear out our theory that with sparse representation 3D human pose can be robustly estimated when humans are partially or heavily occluded in the scenes.
Collaborative e-learning: Information Systems Research Directions

The boom in the application of information technologies to education and training, e-learning, underscores a fundamental need to understand how these technologies improve the learning process. Yet, very little Information Systems research is focusing on this issue. A review of education literature points out that learning strategies are shifting towards a more collaborative learning. In this paper, we articulate a theoretical lens for further research in collaborative e-learning. The main focus here is on understanding the structures involved due to a given learning strategy, interactions among structures, their appropriation as well as the impact of structures on learning outcomes. Three types of structures -- collaborative, technology and learning task -- are identified and interactions between them highlighted. We also outline key research issues within collaborative e-learning.
Does "high = high risk"? An event-based analysis of the relationship between substance use and unprotected anal sex among gay and bisexual men

This study examined the relationship between substance use and condom use using a study design that remedied some of the methodological problems noted in prior research. A community sample of 147 gay men completed daily diaries in which they reported their substance use and sexual behaviors for 8 weeks. This method helped ensure the contiguity of substance use and sexual behaviors, established the temporal relationships between them, and controlled for confounding individual differences that could cause both substance use and sexual risktaking. A within-subjects analysis showed no significant relationships between condom use and alcohol and/or drug use consumed within 4 hr of having anal sex. Condoms were more likely to be used with casual than with steady partners and were more likely to be used by HIV− men. These results suggest that the relationships found in prior studies could be due to measurement differences or confounding personality or situational factors.
Reduction of Alkyl Halides and Tosylates with Sodium Cyanoborohydride in Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide (HMPA): A. 1‐Iododecane to n‐Decane B. 1‐Dodecyl Tosylate to n‐Dodecane

Reduction of alkyl halides and tosylates with sodium cyanoborohydride in hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA): A. 1-iododecane to n-decane B. 1-dodecyl tosylate to n-dodecane product: n-decane reactant: 1-dodecyl tosylate (6.80 g., 0.0201 mole) reactant: sodium cyanoborohydride (5.02 g., 0.0797 mole) product: n-dodecane Keywords: reduction, CX CH; reduction, CX CH; 1-dodecyl tosylate, preparation of; hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA); hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA), toxicity; distillation, columns, Vigreux, vacuum-jacketed
Physics Potential of the IceCube DeepCore detector

Abstract The recent commissioning of the full DeepCore sub-array, a low-energy extension of the IceCube neutrino observatory, offers opportunities for neutrino physics in the energy region of 10 GeV to 1 TeV. The improved energy reach, use of the surrounding IceCube detector as an active veto and immense size of DeepCore will produce one of the largest all-sky neutrino datasets ever acquired. DeepCore will provide sensitivity to neutrinos from possible neutralino dark matter annihilations in the Earth, Sun and galactic center, down to neutralino masses in the region of ∼ 50 GeV. Tens of thousands of atmospheric neutrinos will be detected annually after oscillating over a baseline of up to one Earth diameter, opening the possibilities for muon neutrino disappearance and tau neutrino appearance measurements.
Some Thoughts on the Increasing Use of Administrative Data in Child Maltreatment Research

This commentary discusses three important articles in this issue that track recidivism among child maltreatment cases using administrative data. An attempt is made to place these articles within the larger picture of administrative child maltreatment research. In particular, this article discusses the strengths and weaknesses inherent in computerized administrative data, and suggests that the increased use of such data in child maltreatment research is both desirable and inevitable. This article concludes with a discussion of long-term benefits attendant to the growth of computerized administrative databases, including the development of historical archives that will allow future researchers unprecedented freedom in pursuing longitudinal designs. Perhaps more importantly, this article contends that a prime benefit of computerized administrative databases is their innate tendency to drive enhanced policy-practice-research synthesis.
Effects of Developmental Conditions on Nestling American Kestrel ( Falco Sparverius ) Corticosterone Concentrations

How n estling birds respond to stressful situations may constitute an important survival co mponent that has lasting developmental effects on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. As birds are exposed to increasing amounts of potential anthropogenic stressors through land use change, understanding how these factors contribute to HPA development is important. We examined whether conditions experienced during the nestling stage affected free-living American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) HPA activity prior to fledging. Kestrels experienced varying levels of human disturbance around their nest and we classified this environmental exposure as high or low environmental human disturbance based on traffic patterns and land use. We then exposed some broods from high and low disturbance areas to a standardized disturbance protocol. Prior to fledging we collected blood samples from 25day-old nestlings immediately after capture and 15 min post-capture. Corticosterone (CORT) did not vary with environmental human disturbance levels, disturbance protocol treatment, or with an interaction between environmental human disturbance and disturbance protocol treatment suggesting that nestling kestrels may not perceive external conditions related to human disturbance as stressful or kestrels may acclimate to disturbance. We also compared the relative effects of environmental human disturbance outside the nest cavity, conditions within the nest cavity (brood size), and individual condition (nestling fat scores) on baseline and stress-induced CORT. Baseline CORT did not vary with human disturbance level, brood size or fat score. F at scores best explained stress-induced CORT with nestlings in better condition displaying elevated CORT. These results suggest that individual variation is more likely to explain HPA development compared to nest conditions or the external environment. This study demonstrates the importance of considering the effects of developmental conditions on the stress response at several scales.
Androgen insufficiency in women: summary of critical issues

Critical issues concerning the role of androgens in the physical, sexual, and emotional health of women include the following:1. Which androgens best reflect the androgen status of women? 2. What form of T should be measured and how? 3. Do T levels fall after menopause? 4. What effect does oophorectomy have on T levels? 5. What is the relationship between T and sexual dysfunction? 6. What constitutes androgen insufficiency syndrome? 7. What conditions are associated with androgen insufficiency? 8. How should a patient with suspected androgen insufficiency be evaluated? 9. Does androgen replacement therapy improve sexual dysfunction? 10. Do androgens enhance the quality of life? 11. Is estrogen and androgen therapy superior to estrogen therapy alone for low bone mineral density? 12. What are the indications for androgen replacement therapy? 13. What is the best means for delivery of androgen therapy? 14. How should androgen replacement therapy be monitored? Based on our current knowledge, it is clear that some women develop symptomatic androgen insufficiency and that androgen replacement therapy has a beneficial effect on libido, sexual satisfaction, quality of life, and bone mineralization. Androgen replacement therapy should be given the same consideration that we give estrogen replacement therapy.
3D computational microscopy with depth-varying point-spread functions using a principal component analysis method

An image estimation method based on a principle component analysis (PCA) model for the representation of the depth varying point spread function is presented and demonstrated with 3D simulated and experimental data.
Vestibular dark cells contain an H^+/monocarboxylate-cotransporter in their apical and basolateral membrane

The transport of lactate and pyruvate across membranes of vestibular dark cells (VDC) may be important under aerobic, ischemic or hypoxic conditions. This study addresses the questions whether VDC from the gerbil contain an H+/monocarboxylate− cotransporter (MCT) and in which membrane, apical or basolateral, MCT is located. Uptake of monocarboxylates into VDC was monitored in functional studies by measuring the cytosolic pH (pH i ) and by measuring the pH-sensitive equivalent short circuit current (I sc ). Subtypes of the functionally identified MCT which are present in vestibular labyrinth tissues were identified as transcripts by cloning and sequencing of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products. Monocarboxylates but not dicarboxylates induced a transient acidification of pH i which was inhibited by 5 mmα-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC) but not by 1 μm DIDS or 500 μm pCMBS. The initial rate of acidification induced by monocarboxylates was dose-dependent in the range between 1 and 20 mm. K m values were for pyruvate 1.3, acetate 3.7, l-lactate 3.8 and d-lactate 7.3 mm. Both apical and basolateral application of monocarboxylates caused a transient increase of I sc which was sensitive to 5 mm CHC. RT-PCR revealed the presence of transcripts for the MCT subtypes MCT1 and MCT2. The identity of transcripts was confirmed by sequence analysis. These observations suggest that VDC contain an MCT in their apical and basolateral membrane and that the vestibular labyrinth contains transcripts for the subtypes MCT1 and MCT2.
Thermal desorption of deuterium from tantalum films

Etude des proprietes de desorption du deuterium dissous dans les couches epaisses (5 μm) de tantale deposees sur differents supports.Les energies d'activation et les temperatures critiques de desorption dependent fortement du support.
Unresponsive or un-noticed?

We establish an experimental design to test cyber-bystander behavior.Noticing cyberbullying is a predictor of cyber-bystander intervention.Various online distractions do not appear to affect cyber-bystander intervention.Cyberbystanders intervene indirectly more often than directly in cyberbullying.Cyberbystanders choose to intervene directly more often with the cyberbully. With increasing reliance on computer-mediated communication, emergencies and negative communication will also increase. Nearly one-fifth of adolescents report being cyberbullied, and over 25% of those report multiple occurrences. Though important gains have been made to understand the adverse effects and possible risk factors of cyberbullying for victims and cyberbullies, most individuals (70%; Pew Research Center, 2014) online fall into a third group-cyberbystanders. This experiment tests the first step (i.e., cyberbystanders notice the cyberbullying incident) of the five-step Bystander Intervention Model in a virtual environment. Data were analyzed from 221 cyberbystanders who witnessed in real time multiple episodes of cyberbullying. Results confirm that noticing cyberbullying significantly predicts intervention, indirect or direct. Nearly 68% of participants noticed the cyberbullying, but only 10% directly intervened by engaging with the bully. Most participants (68%) intervened indirectly after the incident and threat were removed. Further research is necessary to understand other boundary conditions, and to test the remaining steps of the Bystander Intervention Model in a virtual environment. This model has been very effective in understanding and increasing bystander intervention in the real world. We hope that the model will have similar effects on understanding and increasing cyberbystander intervention in the virtual world.
The Terminal Region of β-Catenin Promotes Stability by Shielding the Armadillo Repeats from the Axin-scaffold Destruction Complex

Post-translational stabilization of β-catenin is a key step in Wnt signaling, but the features of β-catenin required for stabilization are incompletely understood. We show that forms of β-catenin lacking the unstructured C-terminal domain (CTD) show faster turnover than full-length or minimally truncated β-catenins. Mutants that exhibit faster turnover show enhanced association with axin in co-transfected cells, and excess CTD polypeptide can compete binding of the β-catenin armadillo (arm) repeat domain to axin in vitro, indicating that the CTD may restrict β-catenin binding to the axin-scaffold complex. Fluorescent resonance energy transmission (FRET) analysis of cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-arm-CTD-yellow fluorescent protein β-catenin reveals that the CTD of β-catenin can become spatially close to the N-terminal arm repeat region of β-catenin. FRET activity is strongly diminished by the coexpression of β-catenin binding partners, indicating that an unliganded groove is absolutely required for an orientation that allows FRET. Amino acids 733–759 are critical for β-catenin FRET activity and stability. These data indicate that an N-terminal orientation of the CTD is required for β-catenin stabilization and suggest a model where the CTD extends toward the N-terminal arm repeats, shielding these repeats from the β-catenin destruction complex.
An Analysis of the Distribution and Social Antecedents of Restrictive Behavioural Practices in a Community Day Service for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

Background Community service providers strive to reduce the use of restrictive behavioural procedures, but little is known about their use in community services. Therefore, this study analysed the distribution among service users and antecedents to the use of restrictive procedures. Materials The authors analysed records of the use of restrictive behavioural procedures for 81 adults with intellectual disabilities, behavioural and mental health challenges who attended a community day programme. The authors obtained data from one quarter in each of three consecutive years. The authors analysed the frequency of restrictive procedures by individual and the frequency of antecedents to the use of restrictive procedures. Results A small proportion of service users accounted for all use of restrictive procedures. This was true for all three data sets. We coded antecedents to the use of restrictive procedures reliably. The most common antecedents were transitions and seatwork. Conclusion Restrictive behavioural procedures are concentrated among a small proportion of service users and occasions. Efforts to reduce the use of restrictive procedures should first identify these service users and occasions and then focus efforts to reduce restrictive procedures there. Information concerning the antecedents of restrictive behavioural procedures may be useful as part of a descriptive assessment to design individual interventions to reduce restrictive procedures.
Gliding resistance of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon and abductor pollicis longus tendon within the first dorsal compartment in fixed wrist positions.

Abstract Purpose: While the etiology of de Quervain’s disease is unknown, repetitive motion coupled with awkward wrist position and septation within the first dorsal compartment are considered causative factors. We hypothesize that these conditions might produce high gliding resistance, which could then induce micro-damage of the tendons and retinaculum. The purpose of this study was to measure the gliding resistance of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons within the first dorsal compartment in a human cadaver model. Methods: Fifteen human cadaver wrists, which included eight septation and seven non-septation wrists in the first dorsal compartment, were used. Gliding resistance of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons was measured in seven wrist positions: 60° extension, 30° extension, 0°, 30° flexion, 60° flexion in neutral deviation and 30° ulnar deviation, 15° radial deviation in neutral extension/flexion. Results: The overall gliding resistance was not different between septation and non-septation wrists (0.21 versus 0.19 N for abductor pollicis longus and 0.21 versus 0.15 N for extensor pollicis brevis, respectively), but there was a significant effect on gliding resistance due to wrist position (p Conclusions: A combination of septation and wrist position significantly affected extensor pollicis brevis tendon gliding resistance in this cadaver model. These factors may contribute to the development of de Quervain’s disease.
β-Adrenergic-control of cyclic AMP-generating systems in cerebellum: Pharmacological heterogeneity confirmed by destruction of interneurons

Abstract Rats subjected to neonatal x-irradiation selectively lose the vast majority of late-maturing granule, basket, and stellate cells, while the earlier-maturing Purkinje cells remain intact. These animals were used as a model to examine the electrophysiological and neurochemical interaction of neuroleptic compounds with the β-adrenergically linked cyclic AMP-generating systems of cerebellum. Intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine in x-irradiated animals resulted in an 80% increase in Purkinje cell mean discharge rate, suggesting an inhibitory adrenergic input comparable to that seen in normal animals. Iontophoresis of fluphenazine reversed the inhibitory effects of iontophoretically applied norepinephrine on Purkinje cell discharge rate in both x-irradiated animals and x-irradiated animals treated with 6-hydroxydopamine. The norepinephrine-stimulated formation of cyclic AMP was significantly reduced in cerebellar slices prepared from x-irradiated rats as compared with controls. Furthermore, while fluphenazine (10 μ m ) reduced the norepinephrine-stimulated formation of cyclic AMP by 50 to 60% in cerebellar slices from control rats, the same concentration of fluphenazine reduced norepinephrine-elicited accumulation of cyclic AMP to values which were not significantly different from basal values in slices from x-irradiated rats. These results indicate that at least two populations of cells containing catecholamine-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating systems exist in the cerebellum. One population, including the Purkinje cell, has β-receptors sensitive to the inhibitory effects of the clinically-active neuroleptic, fluphenazine. The other population of cells, destroyed by x-irradiation, has β-receptors which are resistant to the inhibitory effects of this neuroleptic. Moreover, the locus of the neuroleptic inhibition of catecholamine-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating systems in the cerebellum appears to be postsynaptic, since the electrophysiological effects of fluphenazine were qualitatively similar in both x-irradiated rats and x-irradiated rats treated with 6-hydroxydopamine.
Pain charts (body maps or manikins) in assessment of the location of pediatric pain

This article surveys the use of pain charts or pain drawings in eliciting information about the location of pain symptoms from children and adolescents. While pain charts are widely used and have been incorporated in multidimensional pediatric pain questionnaires and diaries, they present a number of issues requiring further study. These include, in particular, the number and size of different locations or areas of pain that need to be differentiated; the age at which children are able to complete pain charts unassisted; and whether the intensity and other qualities of pain can be accurately recorded on pain charts by children and adolescents. Based on data currently available, it is suggested that the unassisted use of pain charts be restricted to children aged 8 years or over, while for clinical purposes many younger children can complete pain charts with adult support. Where the investigator's interest is restricted to a few areas of the body, checklists of body parts may have greater utility than pain charts. A new pain chart adapted for use in studies of pediatric recurrent and chronic pain is presented.
US newspaper types, the newsroom, and the division of labor, 1750–2000

This article develops our argument in The Form of News, which explored the development of the press as a repository of material and imagined relationships, by focusing on newswork and the emergence of the newsroom. Our aim is to sketch elements of a history of newswork within the broader context of a history of newspapers. After summarizing a series of newspaper types in US history, we locate the development of modern newsrooms and newswork within a period of industrialization and professionalization. We conclude by remarking on current developments in the space of newswork and speculating on future trends in a context of the convergence of different media.
Research output, socialization, and the biglan model

This study first presents a test of the Biglan model of faculty subcultures using measures of research output and then tests the model controlling for the effects of faculty socialization. Developed in 1973, the Biglan model categorizes academic subject areas into three dimensions: hard-soft, pure-applied, and life-nonlife. Although the model has been empirically validated seven times, only the present test using data from the 1977 Ladd and Lipset (1978) Survey of the American Professoriate examines the concept of socialization as an explanation for the differences among the groups. Using discriminant analyses, the Biglan model is found to be valid: the faculty in the hard area differed from the soft, the pure from the applied, and the life from the nonlife in terms of research output. In addition, the distinctiveness of the Biglan groups appear to increase with the socialization of faculty into subject areas. These results indicate that the model may be generalized to research and doctoral-granting institutions and that the concept of socialization warrants further examination as an explanation of differences among the Biglan groups.
THE COMPOSITION AND TOXICITY OF DINOFLAGELLATE BLOOMS IN THE SALTON SEA, CALIFORNIA

Phytoplankton blooms have been implicated in mortality events of diverse groups of organisms including fish, birds and humans. About 300 species have been reported to form “red tides,” or surface discolorations due to high densities, but only 60–80 of these species produce harmful blooms. In marine systems, dinoflagellates account for 75% of all harmful algal bloom species. The Salton Sea is a large saline lake located in southeastern California, USA. The lake is eutrophic largely because it is in a closed basin and receives most of its input from agricultural and municipal wastewaters. Dinoflagellates comprise a significant portion of the phytoplankton biomass, particularly in winter, often resulting in “red” or “brown” tides. To date, 16 species of dinoflagellates have been identified from the Salton Sea, and many other unidentified forms have also been documented. In 1992, 150,000 eared grebes were found dead over a period of several months at the Salton Sea. This mortality event was among the largest of any bird species. The principal cause remains unknown, but algal toxins were suspected. A survey of the composition and toxicity of algal blooms was undertaken in 1999, and we report results from blooms where dinoflagellates dominated. Dominant species included Gonyaulax grindleyi, Gymnodinium spp., Gyrodinium uncatenum, Heterocapsa niei, and an unidentified scrippsielloid. Although most samples showed activity in a brine shrimp lethality assay, all were negative in a mouse bioassay. This evidence suggests that toxins from dinoflagellate blooms in the Salton Sea are not responsible for eared grebe mortality events.
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF SEROTONIN.

Serotonin given subcutaneously twice daily during pregnancy to rats produced congenital malformations, macerations, and resorptions of the offspring in a high percentage when given in the proper dose. Two cases of carcinoid in human beings are described briefly. In one the patient probably had carcinoid during all 4 pregnancies, 3 of which resulted in infants who died within 2 to 36 hours with respiratory difficulty and cyanosis, and the fourth of which resulted in multiple congenital malformations. In the second patient, the pregnancy resulted in an abortion during the fourth month of gestation.
Delamination identification of laminated composite plates using a continuum damage mechanics model and subset selection technique

In this paper, a new model-based delamination detection methodology is presented for laminated composite plates and its performance is studied both numerically and experimentally. This methodology consists of two main parts: (1) modal analysis of an undamaged baseline finite element (FE) model and experimental modal testing of panels with delamination damage at single or multiple locations and (2) a sensitivity based subset selection technique for single or multiple delamination damage localizations. As an identification model, a higher-order finite element model is combined with a rational micromechanics-based CDM model which defines the delamination damage parameter as a ratio of delaminated area to entire area. The subset selection technique based on sensitivity of the dynamic residual force has been known to be capable of detecting multiple damage locations. However, there has been no experimental study specifically for the applications in laminated composite structures. To implement the methodology, a sensitivity matrix for the laminated composite plate model has been derived. Applications of the proposed methodology to an E-glass/epoxy symmetric composite panel composed of 16 plies [CSM/UM1208/3 layers of C1800]s = [CSM/0/(90/0)3]s with delamination damage are demonstrated both numerically and experimentally. A non-contact scanning laser vibrometer (SLV), a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) actuator and a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor are used to conduct experimental modal testing. From the experimental example, capabilities of the proposed methodology for damage identification are successfully demonstrated for a 2D laminated composite panel. Furthermore, various damage scenarios are considered to show its performance and detailed results are discussed for future improvements.
Concise Total Synthesis of Sintokamides A, B, and E by a Unified, Protecting‐Group‐Free Strategy

Considered rare and exotic only about 50 years ago, more than 4000 halogenated natural products have been isolated and characterized to date.[1] These compounds exhibit a wide range of biological activity, including antitumor,[2] anti-HIV,[3] and analgesic activity.[4] Chlorinated marine natural products containing dichloromethyl or trichloromethyl groups, such as barbamide,[5] dysithiazolamide,[6] and dysamide,[7] constitute an important subclass of compounds. In 2006, the Gerwick and Walsh groups uncovered a novel class of halogenating enzymes that catalyzed halogenation at unactivated aliphatic carbon atoms of amino acid residues linked to a peptide carrier protein.[8] However, chemical methods for stereoselective di- or trichloromethylation are still limited.[9] Recently, our research group described a practical and efficient method for the haloalkylation of titanium enolates with high diastereoselectivity.[10]
Circadian Disruption Leads to Insulin Resistance and Obesity

Summary Background Disruption of circadian (daily) timekeeping enhances the risk of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. While clinical observations have suggested that insulin action is not constant throughout the 24 hr cycle, its magnitude and periodicity have not been assessed. Moreover, when circadian rhythmicity is absent or severely disrupted, it is not known whether insulin action will lock to the peak, nadir, or mean of the normal periodicity of insulin action. Results We used hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps to show a bona fide circadian rhythm of insulin action; mice are most resistant to insulin during their daily phase of relative inactivity. Moreover, clock-disrupted Bmal1 -knockout mice are locked into the trough of insulin action and lack rhythmicity in insulin action and activity patterns. When rhythmicity is rescued in the Bmal1 -knockout mice by expression of the paralogous gene Bmal2 , insulin action and activity patterns are restored. When challenged with a high-fat diet, arhythmic mice (either Bmal1 -knockout mice or wild-type mice made arhythmic by exposure to constant light) were obese prone. Adipose tissue explants obtained from high-fat-fed mice have their own periodicity that was longer than animals on a chow diet. Conclusions This study provides rigorous documentation for a circadian rhythm of insulin action and demonstrates that disturbing the natural rhythmicity of insulin action will disrupt the rhythmic internal environment of insulin sensitive tissue, thereby predisposing the animals to insulin resistance and obesity.
Quad band-notched UWB antenna compatible with WiMAX/INSAT/lower-upper WLAN applications

A simple design of multilayered quad band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented. The antenna is compact in size, suitable for UWB applications, and exhibits quad narrow band frequency notches to suppress the interference of the nearby wireless communication systems within a UWB frequency range. The narrow band notches are realised by adding closed-loop ring resonators designed to cover the 3.3–3.7 GHz, 4.5–4.8 GHz, 5.15–5.35 GHz, and 5.725–5.825 GHz bands. The antenna has been fabricated and tested for demonstrating the desired characteristics.
Considerations of the religious dimensions of emotional disorder

This author seeks to investigate some of the possible forms of relationship between religion and emotional disorder-instances in which a person's religious life appears to have been one of the sources of an emotional disorder, the influence of faith as an organizing center for one's life even in the midst of emotional disorder, and delusional systems and hallucinatory experiences in which traditional religious material in some form is an obvious component. The conclusion is drawn that while religious factors may be interwoven with the etiology of disorder they are neither predisposing nor precipitating causes per se, that the religious material exhibited in a pathological form is basically unrelated to earlier religious life, and that religious faith and its practice may in fact be ego-supportive. Implications of these findings for individual psychotherapy, for pastoral consultation, and for worship are discussed.
The plant/soil concentration ratio for calcium, radium, lead, and polonium: evidence for non-linearity with reference to substrate concentration

Evidence exists from both the literature and our own observations that plant nuclide uptake for a variety of plants and elements is a non-linear function of substrate concentration. The uptake response to increasing substrate concentration is usually in the form of a single or multi-phasic saturation curve. For some plant types and elements the uptake response may also take the form in which a threshold of soil activity is necessary before uptake is measurable. We present a generic uptake response curve and the resulting concentration ratio function determined by computer simulation. Data describing the uptake response of plants to 226Ra, 210Pb and 210Po as well as for calcium and stable lead are discussed. Functions are also presented for these elements to describe the uptake response and the concentration ratio and their mathematical forms are compared to the generic model.
Intraoperative blood flow analysis of direct revascularization procedures in patients with moyamoya disease

Moyamoya disease is characterized by the progressive stenosis and often occlusion of the terminal internal carotid arteries, which leads to ischemic and hemorrhagic injuries. The etiology is unknown and surgical revascularization remains the mainstay treatment. We analyzed various hemodynamic factors in 292 patients with moyamoya disease, representing 496 revascularization procedures, including vessel dimension and intraoperative blood flow, using a perivascular ultrasonic flowprobe. Mean middle cerebral artery (MCA) flow rate was 4.4±0.26mL/min. After superficial temporal artery (STA)–MCA bypass surgery, flows at the microanastomosis were increased fivefold to a mean of 22.2±0.8mL/min. The MCA flows were significantly lower in the pediatric (16.2±1.3mL/min) compared with the adult (23.9±1.0mL/min; P<0.0001) population. Increased local flow rates were associated with clinical improvement. Permanent postoperative complications were low (<5%), but very high postanastomosis MCA flow was associated with postoperative stroke (31.2±6.8mL/min; P=0.045), hemorrhage (32.1±10.2mL/min; P=0.045), and transient neurologic deficits (28.6±5.6mL/min; P=0.047) compared with controls. Other flow and vessel dimension data are presented to elucidate the hemodynamic changes related to the vasculopathy and subsequent to surgical intervention. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2011) 31, 262–274; doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.85; published online 30 June 2010
Phenols and quinones from the defensive secretions of the tenebrionid beetle, Zophobas rugipes

Abstract The Central American tenebrionid beetle, Zophobas rugipes , has a pair of prothoracic defensive glands secreting phenols, and a pair of abdominal defensive glands secreting quinones. The phenol-secreting prothoracic glands open between the head and prothorax and consist of a pair of reservoirs covered with glandular tissue. The orifice is controlled by a muscle, but the milky secretion is presumably expelled by haemolymph pressure and the elasticity of the reservoir. Electron microscopy revealed three cell types: (1) Large cells with large, villus-lined vesicles drained by cuticular ducts, (2) elongated cells through which these ducts pass, and (3) epithelial cells associated with the cuticle of the reservoir. Separation and collection of three free phenols were carried out by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on a 15% FFAP column. The predominant component was m -cresol (melting point and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of the N-phenylcarbamate). Meta-ethylphenol (u.v., m.p. of N-phenylcarbamate and phenol (u.v., retention time on three columns) were also identified as minor components. The abdominal quinone-secreting glands are a pair of eversible sacs located between the fifth and sixth visible sternites. Their gross anatomy is similar to the homologous glands in Tenebrio molitor . Three quinones (GLC on 5% SE-30) were identified (u.v. NMR) as benzoquinone, toluquinone, and ethylquinone. Unidentified minor components were also present.
Stratification, Partisanship and Love

In this issue we offer a set of papers that share concerns about inclusiveness and opportunity, as these apply both to particular groups within sociology and to established practices within subfields of the discipline. Gender, race and nationality take turns on center stage in these analyses. There is also a compassionate examination of the situation of one often neglected minority group, namely graduate students, who are of course the key to the discipline’s future within academia. Elizabeth Monk-Turner and Becki Fogerty begin the conversation with an examination of productivity differences as affected by local workplace cultures. They are primarily concerned about the situation of women in sociology, and especially those building careers in what the authors characterize as “chilly” environments. Their findings also point to significant experiential differences in the contexts of ranked and unranked departments across the United States. Roger Clark and Ryan Dandrea likewise focus on gender effects, in particular what they describe as the “eclipsing” of women in sociological theory. Building on earlier work by Kathryn Ward and Linda Grant, they undertake a longitudinal study of women’s participation and recognition in three conventional outlets for theorizing. Their findings include both positive and negative results, and they reflect also on complications in the analysis arising from women’s choices of non-conventional outlets for theoretical work. Stephen Poulson and Colin Campbell shift the focus of the conversation to the subfield of the sociology of religion. These authors are especially concerned with what might be regarded as an excessively inward orientation of scholarly work that is also self-reinforcing– a pattern they sum up in the phrase “institutional parochialism.” Poulson and Campbell inquire in particular about the relative percentages of published articles on Muslim and non-Western groups that appear in two leading journals in the periods before and after the 9/11/01 attacks in New York City. The authors touch again on the theme of gender, and conclude by Am Soc (2010) 41:1–2 DOI 10.1007/s12108-010-9089-7
EFFECT OF GUM TRAGACANTH, URETHAN, AND PHENOBARBITAL ON HEXOBARBITAL NARCOSIS IN MICE.

Abstract Gum tragacanth has no effect on control hexobarbital sleeping time in mice. The effect of phenobarbital and urethan pretreatment to induce a shortening of hexobarbital sleeping is blocked by intraperitoneal injection of gum tragacanth. These results demonstrate the presence of a hepatic effect of gum tragacanth.
The relationship between mass and acceleration for impacts on padded surfaces.

Abstract It is shown analytically that when an object impacts a deformable surface, the acceleration it experiences is inversely proportional to its mass. This is because acceleration is reduced by deformation of the surface, and more massive objects deform the surface more. Since head injury is thought to depend more on acceleration than applied force, this result implies that children may be at greater risk than adults when striking a padded surface. To test the theoretical prediction, 2.69 and 7.40 kg missile were dropped 31.8 cm onto three deformable surfaces: dry sod, moist sod, and an artificial playing surface. Impact force was measured with a force plate, and divided by missile mass to obtain acceleration. For each test surface, the smaller mass produced a larger acceleration than the larger mass, confirming the theoretical result. Additionally, load-deformation characteristics of the three surfaces were measured, and the results used to predict the effects of mass on acceleration during impact. The predicted results agreed well with the experimental data for the artificial surface (2.3% difference) and moist sod (5.7% difference), but less well for dry sod (21% difference).
Exploiting virtual registers to reduce pressure on real registers

It is well known that a large fraction of variables are short-lived. This paper proposes a novel approach to exploiting this fact to reduce the register pressure for pipelined processors with data-forwarding network. The idea is that the compiler can allocate virtual registers (i.e., place holders to identify dependences among instructions) to short-lived variables, which do not need to be stored to physical storage locations. As a result, real registers (i.e., physically existed registers) can be reserved for long-lived variables for mitigating the register pressure and decreasing the register spills, leading to performance improvement. In this paper, we develop the architectural and compiler support for exploiting virtual registers for statically scheduled processors. Our experimental results show that virtual registers are very effective at reducing the register spills, which, in many cases, can achieve the performance close to the processor with twice number of real registers. Our results also indicate that, for some applications, using 24 virtual, in addition to 8 real registers, can attain even higher performance than that of 16 real without any virtual registers.