cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preclinical leads for brain metastases of breast cancer

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA SY32-04 The incidence of brain metastases of breast cancer appears to be increasing as a “sanctuary site” as chemo- and molecular therapies improve patients’ systemic survival. Brain metastases are particularly prevalent in young patients, and in patients with hormone receptor negative, Her-2+ and/or EGFR+ primary tumors. Therapeutic options are limited to whole brain or stereotactic radiation and steroids; few chemotherapeutic compounds cross the blood-brain barrier, or what is left of it as tumor cells colonize (blood-tumor barrier). The median one year survival after a diagnosis of a brain metastasis is approximately 20%. A model system was validated using a brain-seeking derivative of the human MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell line (231-BR). Upon intracardiac injection, these cells form multiple metastatic lesions within a month. Histopathologic analysis of brain sections revealed numerous micrometastases and several metastases >502 µm in area, comparable in size to those detected by imaging in the human brain, termed “clinical” metastases. Immunoflourescence staining of brain metastases in the model revealed a high proliferation rate and a negligible rate of apoptosis. In addition, the brain metastases were surrounded by activated glial cells, from both astrocytic and microglial lineages, suggestive of an ongoing tumor-host microenvironmental interaction. When a small cohort of 16 resected human brain metastases of breast cancer was stained, similar trends were found, suggesting the relevance of the model system. For the Her-2+ subset of patients, there are many potential reasons for the increased incidence. Trastuzumab, a large monoclonal antibody to Her-2, poorly penetrates the blood-tumor barrier, rendering the brain a sanctuary site. We tested an additional hypothesis, that Her-2 overexpression changes the natural history of breast cancer to promote brain metastasis. 231-BR cells were transfected with Her-2 and signaling and in vitro growth and invasion characteristics analyzed. The Her-2 transfectants produced comparable numbers of micrometastases as control transfectants, but 2.5-3 fold greater clinical metastases in vivo. The data indicate that Her-2+ breast cancer cells extravasate into the brain and form micrometastases at rates equivalent to that of controls, but that Her-2 increases their outgrowth to clinically detectable lesions. Thus, Her-2+ overexpression stimulates brain colonization, and trastuzumab poorly penetrates the brain, resulting in the “perfect storm”. The ability of Lapatinib, an orally available small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of Her-2 and EGFR, to prevent brain metastatic colonization will be discussed.
Handling real-time scheduling exceptions using decision support systems

Airbase Logistics involves processes that support aircraft maintenance which requires resources and completion of many tasks. Uncertainties in the maintenance system can lead to deviations from the schedule. Events that are unplanned and interrupt the normal process flow of a system are termed as "exceptions". Under exceptional situations, the supervisor has to provide decisions in the shortest time. The key research objective was to develop a decision support system and determine the effectiveness with which such a system can handle exceptions occurring during the maintenance phase. This paper discusses the problems that lead to uncertainties, and also the architecture of the decision support system for the research study. An experimental evaluation used completion time, and percentage mechanic utilization to evaluate system performance. Results showed significant performance improvement between the system with decision support tools and system with no exception handling.
Cost of oral antibiotic therapy

Many bacterial infections can be managed effectively with oral agents rather than parenteral therapy, significantly reducing treatment costs. With renewed interest in oral therapy, and with the importance of cost containment in the managed care environment, it is necessary to evaluate costs associated with different oral antimicrobials. Comparison of per-dose cost and baseline treatment cost (cost/dose x doses/day x days of treatment) is straightforward. More difficult to determine is the overall treatment cost, which is influenced by probabilities that therapy will be effective, safe, and complete. Tolerability, complexity of dosage regimen, and potential for drug-drug interactions may all affect therapeutic efficacy and overall cost. Compared with older agents, newer antibiotics are generally better tolerated and less likely to produce adverse reactions, resulting in better patient compliance, greater efficacy, and often lower overall cost of antimicrobial therapy.
Pharmacokinetics of pars plana intravitreal injections versus microcannula suprachoroidal injections of bevacizumab in a porcine model.

Purpose. To compare the pharmacokinetics and tissue response between intravitreal and microcannulation injections into the suprachoroidal space using bevacizumab.
Selection mechanisms for multiple similarity solutions for solidification and melting

Abstract When a solid phase of uniform temperature TS∞ and composition CS∞ is brought into contact with a liquid phase of uniform temperature TL∞ and composition CL∞, there exist (under the assumption of local equilibrium at the solid–liquid interface) similarity solutions for which the position X of the interface is proportional to the square root of time t, i.e., X=λ t . Recently, we explored situations in which there are multiple similarity solutions, e.g., three values of λ for the same far-field and initial conditions. We examine the stability of these similarity solutions with respect to perturbations which preserve the planar geometry. When there are three similarity solutions, we find that the solution corresponding to the intermediate value of λ is unstable and the other two solutions are stable. We then relax the assumption of local equilibrium by assuming a linear kinetic law in which the interface velocity is proportional to the deviation of interface temperature from the equilibrium temperature. We use an expansion technique, valid at small times, which leads to a single solution with a finite initial velocity. Time-dependent numerical calculations of the complete set of governing equations are used to follow the transition from kinetic control to a similarity solution.
The three-photon spectrum of the 1B2u-1A1g transition in benzene

Abstract The three-photon spectrum of the 1B2u-1A1g transition in gas-phase benzene has been recorded and analyzed. Though formally allowed at the three-photon level, this transition is seen to be entirely vibronically induced. The last unknown e2g vibration (ν8) in the 1B2u state is identified.
Effect of growth conditions on microbial activity and iron-sulfide production by Desulfovibrio vulgaris

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) can produce iron sulfide (FeS) solids with mineralogical characteristics that may be beneficial for a variety of biogeochemical applications, such as long-term immobilization of uranium. In this study, the growth and metabolism of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, one of the best-studied SRB species, were comprehensively monitored in batch studies, and the biogenic FeS solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Controlling the pH by varying the initial pH, the iron-to-sulfate ratio, or the electron donor - affected the growth of D. vulgaris and strongly influenced the formation and growth of FeS solids. In particular, lower pH (from initial conditions or a decrease caused by less sulfate reduction, FeS precipitation, or using pyruvate as the electron donor) produced larger-sized mackinawite (Fe1+xS). Greater accumulation of free sulfide, from more sulfate reduction by D. vulgaris, also led to larger-sized mackinawite and particularly stimulated mackinawite transformation to greigite (Fe3S4) when the free sulfide concentration was 29.3mM. Furthermore, sufficient free Fe(2+) led to the additional formation of vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2·8(H2O)]. Thus, microbially relevant conditions (initial pH, choice of electron donor, and excess or deficiency of sulfide) are tools to generate biogenic FeS solids of different characteristics.
Librarians' Use of Images on LibGuides and Other Social Media Platforms

This study compared the use of librarians’ profile images across Web platforms designed for librarian-patron communication. The primary focus was LibGuides profiles at a peer group of Association of Research Libraries institutions. Librarians are currently using a variety of options, including professional head shots, casual head shots, other photos, alternate images, avatars, and no image. Where possible, results were also analyzed by gender. For a smaller selection of libraries, LibGuides photos were compared with Facebook photos to see if different images were used for a professional versus a personal social media setting. This research was done in December 2010 and duplicated in May 2012 to track changes over time. The later study also reviews profile images for the smaller selection of libraries in LinkedIn and ALA Connect. The findings provide a baseline for further comparative research, could also inform individual librarians’ image choices based on patterns among their peers, and gives the profess...
WebCentric GeoSpatial collaboration

A critical challenge for collaborative net-centric operations is the efficient organization, segmentation and presentation of information and data. Since each group of end users may have different job-related needs, it is important to provide and divide information into operational contexts (OC) within a user-defined operational picture (UDOP). Using a web-based approach, the GeoViz OC/UDOP capability is implemented through the use of user permissions, team sharing, and project promotion/publication facilities. Graphically, the implementation follows a tabbed, multi-sheet Excel metaphor with each OC/UDOP available by selecting a different tab in the Web-browser interface. Each selection of an OC (tab) provides a custom set of collaborated 2D/3D maps, vectors, annotations, data filters, URL links, video connections, voice and text messaging. Additionally, the GeoViz web interface offers several unique integration paths into a Service Orientated Architecture for enhanced content delivery. The demonstration will highlight these features and present specific examples from the user community.
Association of Rad51 polymorphism with DNA repair in BRCA1 mutation carriers and sporadic breast cancer risk

Inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity is thought to modulate breast cancer risk. The phenotypic mutagen sensitivity assay (MSA) measures DNA strand breaks in lymphocytes; women with familial and sporadic breast cancers have a higher mean number of breaks per cell (MBPC) then women without breast cancer. Here, we explore the relationships between the MSA and the Rad51 gene, which encodes a DNA repair enzyme that interacts with BRCA1 and BRCA2, in BRCA1 mutation carriers and women with sporadic breast cancer. Peripheral blood lymphoblasts from women with known BRCA1 mutations underwent the MSA (n = 138 among 20 families). BRCA1 and Rad51 genotyping and sequencing were performed to identify SNPs and haplotypes associated with the MSA. Positive associations from the study in high-risk families were subsequently examined in a population-based case-control study of breast cancer (n = 1170 cases and 2115 controls). Breast cancer diagnosis was significantly associated with the MSA among women from BRCA1 families (OR = 3.2 95%CI: 1.5-6.7; p = 0.004). The Rad51 5'UTR 135 C>G genotype (OR = 3.64; 95% CI: 1.38, 9.54; p = 0.02), one BRCA1 haplotype (p = 0.03) and in a polygenic model, the E1038G and Q356R BRCA1 SNPs were significantly associated with MBPC (p = 0.009 and 0.002, respectively). The Rad51 5'UTR 135C genotype was not associated with breast cancer risk in the population-based study. Mutagen sensitivity might be a useful biomarker of penetrance among women with BRCA1 mutations because the MSA phenotype is partially explained by genetic variants in BRCA1 and Rad51.
Superresolution of passive millimeter-wave images using a combined maximum-likelihood optimization and projection-onto-convex-sets approach

Imagery data acquired from Passive Millimeter-Wave (PMMW) radiometers have inherently poor resolution due to limited aperture dimensions and the consequent diffraction limits thus requiring processing by a sophisticated super- resolution algorithm before the images can be used for nay useful purposes such as surveillance, fusion, navigation and missile guidance. Recent research has produced a class of powerful algorithms that employ a Bayesian framework in order to iteratively optimize a likelihood function in the resolution enhancement process. These schemes, popularly called ML algorithms, enjoy several advantages such as simple digital implementation and robustness of performance to inaccurate estimation of sensor parameters. However, the convergence of iterations could in some cases become rather slow and practical implementations may require executing a large number of iterations before desired resolution levels can be achieved. The quality of restoration and the extent of achievable super-resolution depend on the accuracy and the amount of a prior information that could be utilized in processing the input imagery dat. Projection-based set- theoretic methods offer a considerable flexibility in incorporating available a priori information and hence provide an attractive framework for tailoring powerful restoration and super-resolution algorithms. The prior information, which is used as constraints during the processing, can be derived form a number of sources such as the phenomenology of the sensor employed, known conditions at the time of recording data, and scene-related information that could be extracted from the image. In this paper, we shall describe a POCS approach to image restoration and use it to enhance the super-resolution performance of ML algorithms. A new algorithm, termed POCS-assisted ML algorithm, that combines the strong points of ML and POCS approaches will be outlined. A quantitative evaluation of the performance of this algorithm for restoring and super- resolving PMMW image data will also be presented.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of plasticization on the dielectric properties of poly(vinyl chloride) membranes

Abstract Electrode bodies and biosensors are engineered from membranes that often contain poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as the structural component. Citroflex B-6 (CF), dibutyl sebacate (DBS), dioctyl sebacate (DOS), epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), ortho-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE), and propylene glycol dioleate (PGDO) were used to plasticize the PVC membranes. After adding tridodecylamine (TDDA) and potassium tetrakis-4-chlorophenyl borate (KTpCIPB) as neutral charge carriers and negative sites, respectively, the dielectric properties of the plasticized PVC membranes were measured with a TA Instruments' DEA 2970. Using parallel plate sensors, the plasticizers were scanned at 3°C min −1 from − 100 + 100°C at seven log frequencies: − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Generally, increasing the amount of plasticizer in the membrane improved the ionic conductivity (σ) and lowered the temperature of the tan δ peak. A positive linear correlation existed between the log σ and the log(phr ratio) for a given temperature and frequency. The slopes and intercepts of the log σ versus log(phr ratio) lines were linear functions of the log frequency but non-linear functions of temperature. The positive slope of the log σ versus log(phr ratio) lines was greatest at about 0°C and 10 −1 Hz, and the peak values of the slopes diminished as they shifted to higher temperatures and frequencies. The intercepts of the log σ versus log(phr ratio) lines increased monotonously and tended to converge at the highest temperatures and frequencies. In the final analysis, the traditional phr ratios, which are associated with 200 parts of plasticizer per 100 parts of polymer, were not necessary since sufficient performance was achieved for all plasticizers at lower phr ratios.
A combination conformal-transfinite mapping method for grids about fin-afterbody combinations

An algebraic procedure is presented for the generation of a smooth computational grid about an afterbody-fin configuration. The method makes use of a sequence of conformal transformations to unwrap the geometry and remove the corner singularities at the fin trailing edge and tail of the afterbody. A 3-D grid is generated by stacking a sequence of 2-D grids of the C type on predetermined, smooth tubular surfaces. Clustering is accomplished by a sequence of one-dimensional stretching functions in physical space. Examples are presented to show the character of the resulting grid.
Indirect Attempt to Change Death Attitudes: Negative Findings and Associated Relationships:

Indirect treatment (concentrated relaxation and stress management) of student nurses did not produce a significant change in death anxiety or death depression or ability to communicate with the dyi...
Expression of semenogelins I and II and its prognostic significance in human prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the role of semenogelins, seminal plasma proteins that play critical roles in semen clotting and subsequent liquefaction in the presence of zinc and prostate-specific antigen, in human malignancies. METHODS We investigated the expression of semenogelins in four human prostate cancer lines by RT-PCR and Western blotting as well as in 70 radical prostatectomy specimens by immunohistochemistry. Effects of semenogelin overexpression on prostate cancer cell proliferation were also assessed. RESULTS mRNA/protein signals for semenogelins I (SgI) and II (SgII) were detected only in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells cultured with zinc. Transfection of SgI/SgII increased/decreased cell growth of androgen receptor (AR)-positive/semenogelin-negative CWR22Rv1 in the presence of zinc, whereas it showed marginal effects in AR-negative/semenogelin-negative PC-3 and DU145. Immunohistochemical studies showed that SgI and SgII stain positively in 55 (79%) and 31 (44%) cancer tissues, respectively, which was significantly higher than in corresponding benign tissues [SgI-positive in 13 (19%) cases (P < 0.0001) and SgII-positive in 15 (21%) cases (P = 0.0066)]. Among the histopathological parameters available for our patient cohort, there was an inverse association only between Gleason score (GS) and SgII expression (GS ≤ 7 vs. GS ≥ 8: P = 0.0150; GS7 vs. GS ≥ 8: P = 0.0111). Kaplan–Meier and log-rank tests further revealed that patients with SgI-positive/SgII-negative tumor have the highest risk for biochemical recurrence (P = 0.0242). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the involvement of semenogelins in prostate cancer and their prognostic values in predicting cancer progression after radical prostatectomy. Additional functional analyses of semenogelins are necessary to determine their biological significance in prostate cancer. Prostate 71:1108–1114, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Seeded free-electron and inverse free-electron laser techniques for radiation amplification and electron microbunching in the terahertz range

A comprehensive analysis is presented that describes amplification of a seed THz pulse in a single-pass free-electron laser (FEL) driven by a photoinjector. The dynamics of the radiation pulse and the modulated electron beam are modeled using the time-dependent FEL code, GENESIS 1.3. A 10-ps (FWHM) electron beam with a peak current of 50 ‐100 A allows amplification of a � 1k Wseed pulse in the frequency range 0.5‐3 THz up to 10 ‐100 MW power in a relatively compact 2-m long planar undulator. The electron beam driving the FEL is strongly modulated, with some inhomogeneity due to the slippage effect. It is shown that THz microbunching of the electron beam is homogeneous over the entire electron pulse when saturated FEL amplification is utilized at the very entrance of an undulator. This requires seeding of a 30cm long undulator buncher with a 1‐3 MW of pump power with radiation at the resonant frequency. A narrow-band seed pulse in the THz range needed for these experiments can be generated by frequency mixing of CO2 laser lines in a GaAs nonlinear crystal. Two schemes for producing MW power pulses in seeded FELs are considered in some detail for the beam parameters achievable at the Neptune Laboratory at UCLA: the first uses a waveguide to transport radiation in the 0.5‐3 THz range through a 2-m long FEL amplifier and the second employs high-gain third harmonic generation using the FEL process at 3‐9 THz.
Experimental investigation of bond in concrete members reinforced with shape memory alloy bars

Conventional seismic design of reinforced concrete structures relies on yielding of steel reinforcement to dissipate energy while undergoing residual deformations. Therefore, reinforced concrete structures subjected to strong earthquakes experience large permanent displacements and are prone to severe damage or collapse. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have gained increasing acceptance in recent years for use in structural engineering due to its attractive properties such as high corrosion resistance, excellent re-centering ability, good energy dissipation capacity, and durability. SMAs can undergo large deformations in the range of 6-8% strain and return their original undeformed position upon unloading. Due to their appealing characteristics, SMAs have been considered as an alternative to traditional steel reinforcement in concrete structures to control permanent deformations. However, the behavior of SMAs in combination with concrete has yet to be explored. In particular, the bond strength is important to ensure the composite action between concrete and SMA reinforcements. This study investigates the bond behavior between SMA bars and concrete through pull-out tests. To explore the size effect on bond strength, the tests are performed using various diameters of SMA bars. For the same diameter, the tests are also conducted with different embedment length to assess the effect of embedment length on bond properties of SMA bars. To monitor the slippage of the SMA reinforcement, an optical Digital Image Correlation method is used and the bond-slip curves are obtained.
Cyk3, a novel SH3-domain protein, affects cytokinesis in yeast

Abstract Cytokinesis requires the wholesale reorganization of the cytoskeleton and secretion to complete the division of one cell into two. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the IQGAP-related protein Iqg1 (Cyk1) promotes cytokinetic actin ring formation and is required for cytokinesis and viability [1–3]. As the actin ring is not essential for cytokinesis or viability, Iqg1 must act by another mechanism [4]. To uncover this mechanism, a screen for high-copy suppressors of the iqg1 lethal phenotype was performed. CYK3 suppressed the requirement for IQG1 in viability and cytokinesis without restoration of the actin ring, demonstrating that CYK3 promotes cytokinesis through an actomyosin-ring-independent pathway. CYK3 encodes a novel SH3-domain protein that was found in association with the actin ring and the mother–bud neck. cyk3 null cells had misshapen mother–bud necks and were deficient in cytokinesis. In the cyk3 null strain, actin rearrangements associated with cytokinesis appeared normal, suggesting that the phenotype reflects a defect in secretory targeting or septal synthesis. Deletion of either cyk3 or hof1 alone results in a mild cytokinetic phenotype [5–7], but deletion of both genes resulted in lethality and a complete cytokinetic block, suggesting overlapping function. Thus, Cyk3 appears to be important for cytokinesis and acts potentially downstream of Iqg1.
Theoretical study of nasal deposition.

A theory is derived to calculate the regional and total deposition of aerosol particles in the nasal passages during inhalation. The particle size studied range from 0.2 to 10.0 μm diameter. The deposition is calculated in five regions; (I) the region filled with nasal hair, (II) the nasal valve, (III) the expansion region, (IV) the turbinate region and (V) the posterior bend. Equations are derived to determine the deposition caused by direct impaction on the nasal hairs and bends of the passages. The calculations show the deposition due to direct impaction does not account for the amount or location of deposited particles measured in experiments. Secondary flows have been speculated to exist in the expansion region after the nasal valve and an equation is derived to estimate the deposition caused by the secondary flows. The calculated deposition, due to direct impaction and secondary flows, shows general agreement with the experiment as to the predicted amount and location of deposited particles.
Monitor cell for alpha activity in liquid process streams

Abstract An in-line monitor cell for alpha activity that has good resistance to contamination is described.
Unholy Alliance: Suppressing Catholic Teachings in Subservience to Republican Ascendance in America

AbstractThe Catholic vote has long been one of the most accurate indices of broader electoral behavior in America. Catholic involvement in the 2004 presidential contest far exceeded customary levels in virtually all manners—clergy involvement, voter registration, get-out-the vote activity, and lay activism. Methodist George W. Bush lost the Catholic vote in 2000 to Baptist Al Gore but—largely by stressing the emotional issues of abortion and homosexuality—he won it comfortably in 2004 against Catholic John Kerry. Some observers have argued that this turnaround actually accounted for Bush's re-election. This article explores the nature and character of Catholic involvement in American politics during the 2004 election and in other recent contests. It argues that Catholic involvement in politics has largely been hijacked by a small but committed group of lay and clerical activists who represent the rightist fringe of the political and economic spectrum, not the views of a majority of American Catholics. Fur...
Boundary-layer loss mechanism and assessment of wall functions for turbulence modeling

The present results clearly show the existence of two regimes in the diffusion of jets with annular counterflow and small diameter ratio. For R ≤ 0.2, the combination of a high level of suction and a narrow slot gives rise to a strong enhancement of the jet diffusion and turbulent activity. However, it has been shown3 that a fraction of the central flow rate is ingested into the slot for a tube jet and the same diameter ratio. Furthermore, this fraction grows with R. It is likely that the same phenomenon occurs with the present nozzle. This probably contributes to increase the spreading of the central jet and to accelerate the decrease of U (x) inside the collar (Fig. 2). For R ≥ 0.28, the central jet completely fills the collar exit section and effect of the suction is simply to give birth to a standard jet of reduced initial mass flow rate and increased diameter. It is clear that this second regime is of minor interest for practical applications. Acknowledgment
Content and fractionation of heavy metals in water treatment sludges.

Mesure des teneurs en cadmium, cuivre, chrome, nickel, plomb et zinc dans les boues residuaires de traitement d'eau potable par coagulation
"A Kiss for Mother, A Hug for Dad": The Early 20th Century Parents' Day Campaign

Father’s Day and Mother’s Day occupy sacred positions in American society— at least today. Unbeknownst to many, however, there was a campaign in the 1920s and 1930s to change Father’s Day and Mother’s Day to Parents’ Day, so that fathers and mothers would be honored on the same day. The campaign, based in New York City, was essentially a debate about the cultural position of parents in American society. How the campaign came to be—and why, in the end, it failed—illustrate the political maneuvering that characterizes people’s efforts to draw symbolic boundaries around fatherhood and motherhood.
Effects of selective injection of contrast media on coronary artery diameter

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of Renografin-76 on epicardial coronary artery diameters, during selective coronary angiography. Using 105 mm-photospot angiograms taken at 0, 1, and 5 min, 99 coronary segments from ten patients were measured. Comparing the angiograms at 1 and 5 min to the control angiograms, a 7 +/- 7% and 6 +/- 7% (both p = NS) change in diameter respectively was noted. Comparing the 1 and 5 min angiograms, there was no significant change (-1 +/- 7%). Measurements were found to be very reproducible. This study shows that there is a trend toward dilation of the coronary arteries during selective coronary angiography, but this did not reach statistical significance and probably is not clinically important.
A short synthesis of 4-aryioxymethyl-δ3-chromenes and 3-(β-aryloxy)ethylbenzofurans

A direct and short route to the synthesis of 4-aryloxymethyl-δ3 -chromenes and 3-(β-aryloxy)-ethylbenzofurans is described. Hydration of I,4-diaryloxy-2-butynes with mercuric oxide and sulfuric acid affords, instead of a ketone, the cyclization product of the ketone. In three of the diaryloxy-butynes studied, the corresponding aryloxyethylbenzofurans are formed. In no instance could the ketone be isolated from the hydration reaction.
OPTIMUM INTERPLANETARY RENDEZVOUS WITH POWER-LIMITED VEHICLES

The optimum thrust programs for power-limited propulsion systems are used to generate rendezvous trajectories from Earth to Mars for various flight times and launch dates during the years 1968 to 1971. The manner in which the propulsion requirements vary with flight time and launch date is considered, and a comparison of vehicle performance using the variable and constant thrust programs is presented. The existence of optimum launch dates is interpreted in terms of certain transversality conditions derivable from the calculus of variations. A brief comparison of the advanced propulsion vehicle and the ballistic vehicle propulsion requirements is made for Earth-Mars rendezvous trajectories.
Kinetic energy of an electron gas.

We derive a simple expression for the correlation part of the kinetic energy of an inhomogeneous electron gas from density-functional theory. We show that in the local density approximation, this expression reduces to the virial theorem result ${t}_{\mathrm{xc}}=3{v}_{\mathrm{xc}}\ensuremath{-}4{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$. We also derive the correction for an inhomogeneous gas using Langreth and Mehl's expression for the exchange-correlation energy from a nonuniform density.
The induction of nitric oxide synthase activity is inhibited by TGF-β1, PDGFAB and PDGFBB in vascular smooth muscle cells

The effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) was investigated on the induction of nitric oxide synthase activity caused by interleukin-1 beta in cultured smooth muscle cells from rat aorta. TGF-beta 1, PDGFAB and PDGFBB but not PDGFAA inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the production of nitrite, an oxidation product of nitric oxide, evoked by interleukin-1 beta. The growth factors alone did not stimulate the release of nitrite. The addition of interleukin-1 beta-treated smooth muscle cells to suspensions of indomethacin-treated human washed platelets inhibited the aggregation evoked by thrombin whereas no effect was observed with untreated cells. Platelet aggregation was not inhibited by smooth muscle cells that had been pretreated with interleukin-1 beta in combination with either TGF-beta 1, PDGFAB or PDGFBB but not with PDGFAA. These observations demonstrate that platelet-derived products such as TGF-beta and PDGFs inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in vascular smooth muscle cells.
The role of the school principal in computer education

Abstract This paper has presented some information regarding administrative policies and practices regarding the educational use of computers, attitudes of principals, and equity issues. Such information is not easily summarized, especially when one considers the amount of variability that exists both between educational levels within countries as well as between countries. There are several observations that can be offered, however. First, there is generally restricted penetration of computers into schools in many countries while, in other countries, computer use is widespread. Second, although computer use is limited in many countries, school principals have generally favorable attitudes towards technology and the use of computers in education. This may be one of the most notable findings in this paper and suggests that even though computer use was not widespread at the time of data collection in 1989, there is a climate of receptivity towards the use of computers in schools. Third, findings with regard to equity issues reveal that countries are highly variable. Some countries have clearly developed policies while other countries have not addressed these issues yet. It will, of course, be interesting to see what changes occur between the first and second stage of the COMPED study.
The Corruption of Transition

A political economic framework is used to describe an economy following transition to private ownership. Thetransition, characterized by massive privatization, is accompanied by a change in the legal system, which isinfluenced by the elite who may be described as either corrupt or non-corrupt. The ability of the corrupt elite toinfluence the ruling party may lead to weak legal institutions, which cause underinvestment, corruption, andcapturing of lucrative industries by corrupt investors. By introducing heterogeneity among industries, we extendthe literature and show that the corrupt investors corrupt the more lucrative industries, and in corrupt economiescorrupt investors may separate themselves from the non-corrupt investors. Furthermore, we identified twomethods used by the corrupt investors to siphon profit – output stealing and profit stealing – and illustrate thatcorrupt investors may substitute between the two methods to alleviate the constraints created by strongerinstitutions. To this end, strengthening the institutions only in one dimension may, at the end of the day, causeoutput, as well as investment, to decline.
Conducting Ladder Polymers: Insulator-to-Metal Transition and Evolution of Electronic Structure upon Protonation by Poly(styrenesulfonic Acid)

The electrical, electrochemical, and optical properties of new ambient air stable conducting polymers, prepared by complexation of ladder poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) and its semi...
The use of modified scaling factors in the design of high-power, non-linear, transmitting rod-core antennas

In this paper, we develop a technique for designing high-power, non-linear, transmitting rod-core antennas by using simple modified scale factors rather than running labor-intensive numerical models. By using modified scale factors, a designer can predict changes in magnetic moment, inductance, core series loss resistance, etc. We define modified scale factors as the case when all physical dimensions of the rod antenna are scaled by p, except for the cross-sectional area of the individual wires or strips that are used to construct the core. This allows one to make measurements on a scaled-down version of the rod antenna using the same core material that will be used in the final antenna design. The modified scale factors were derived from prolate spheroidal analytical expressions for a finite-length rod antenna and were verified with experimental results. The modified scaling factors can only be used if the magnetic flux densities within the two scaled cores are the same. With the magnetic flux density constant, the two scaled cores will operate with the same complex permeability, thus changing the non-linear problem to a quasi-linear problem. We also demonstrate that by holding the number of turns times the drive current constant, while changing the number of turns, the inductance and core series loss resistance change by the number of turns squared. Experimental measurements were made on rod cores made from varying diameters of black oxide, low carbon steel wires and different widths of Metglas foil. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the modified scale factors work even in the presence of eddy currents within the core material.
Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture: Figural Motifs In Western Anatolia And The Aegean Islands

Sculpted figural motifs were an important component of many buildings in the Hellenistic world, and their frequent relegation to subsidiary status has, until now, left our knowledge of both Hellenistic architecture and sculpture incomplete. In "Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture," Pamela A. Webb examines the full range of figural embellishment from simple to complex, on large monuments as well as on more obscure ones, and in the major population centers as well as the smaller cities, sanctuaries, and isolated areas throughout western Anatolia and the Aegean islands.In this book, the first to focus specifically on the figural adornment of Hellenistic architecture, Webb provides extensive information about the chronology and interpretation of figural motifs adorning religious, civic, commercial, commemorative, and domestic constructions. She finds that figural sculptures adorn structures at every level from the ground to the roof, and display a wide variety of motifs on such architectural elements as columns, walls, entablatures, and pediments. More than 130 illustrations of Hellenistic monuments temples, altars, cult buildings, "heroa," theaters, "bouleuteria," "stoas," gymnasia, and houses and their sculptured adornment complement the author's descriptions and analyses. The book features an extensive bibliography, citing resources from the early nineteenth century to the most recent publications."
In-vivo measurements of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin levels in breast cancer xenografts in a mammary window chamber model

Cancer cells are characterized by adaptive features that allow them to evade apoptosis and proliferate in an unchecked manner in the host tissue. Therapeutic strategies often involve targeting those adaptive molecular pathways leading to downstream effects such as changes in perfusion, metabolic rate, and/or oxygen utilization in the malignant tissue. Such surrogate biomarkers can be used to monitor therapeutic response, optimize treatment protocols, or assist in development of new therapeutic approaches. In this study, we present an optical methodology to make in vivo measurements of oxygen saturation as a surrogate biomarker in breast cancer xenografts within a mouse mammary window chamber (MWC) model. By using multi-spectral measurements of the reflectance off the tissue under the coverslip of the window chamber, we are able to obtain high resolution maps of the variation of oxygenation levels of the tissue, which allow continuous tracking of the level of tissue oxygenation during tumor growth and following treatment. The MWC, which was designed and fabricated in-house, is compatible with multiple imaging modalities such as MRI and high resolution intravital microscopy, providing the capability for cross validation of oxygenation measurements on multiple imaging platforms.
Determining the significance of side branch lesion during bifurcation stenting.

randomized trials. 5 A strategy of routine single-stent implantation of the major branch with provisional side branch stenting was found to be at least as good as, and, in some studies superior, to a mandated 2-stent strategy. These results were found despite a more satisfactory immediate angiographic result with the 2-stent strategy. 5
Change in intraocular pressure during scleral depression

Abstract Purpose Manometric studies have found that intraocular pressure (IOP) rises 116–350 mmHg during scleral depression in surgical settings. No information is available regarding the effect of scleral depression on IOP in routine clinical settings. The aim of this study is to quantify the change in IOP that occurs when scleral depression is performed on normal eyes in a routine clinical setting. Methods A total of 28 eyes from 28 normal subjects were included. Tono-Pen tonometry was performed while scleral depression was performed in each of the two quadrants: superotemporal (ST) and inferonasal (IN). A post-procedure IOP measurement was obtained following each scleral depression examination. Both ST and IN quadrants were tested on all eyes, with the quadrant tested first chosen at random (15 ST, 13 IN). Results The mean IOP during scleral depression was 65.3 mmHg ST and 47.8 mmHg IN, with a maximum recorded IOP of 88 mmHg. The mean change in IOP for the ST quadrant was 51.9 ± 17.3 mmHg and 46.4 ± 16.0 mmHg for the right and left eyes, respectively. The mean change in IOP for the IN quadrant was 45.3 ± 22.7 mmHg and 16.8 ± 15.8 mmHg for the right and left eyes, respectively. Conclusions Scleral depression as performed in a routine office setting produces wide fluctuations in IOP and may impair ocular perfusion. Additional studies are needed to determine the long-term consequences of routine scleral depression.
Evaluation of a new modified chest lead in diagnosing wide-complex beats of unknown origin

Background: Simulation of electrical activation of the heart and its comparison with real activation is a promising method in testing potential determinants of excitation events in the heart. The need for simulation of the electrical activity of the human heart is now emerging as a step forward for understanding and predicting electrophysiological patterns in humans. Initial points of excitation and the manner in which the activation spreads from these points are important variables determining QRS complex characteristics. It was suggested that in humans, the initial excitation of the left ventricle is primary determinant of QRS complex characteristics, and it begins at the papillary muscles and septum, where the fascicles of the left bundle branch insert. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that QRS duration and direction of QRS axis in the frontal plane has excellent agreement between real QRS and simulated QRS using papillary muscle position as the origin of early ventricular activation. Methods: Fourteen healthy adult volunteers were included in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were obtained to assess the papillary muscle positions. 12-Lead electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings were used to obtain real ECG for assessment of QRS duration and QRS axis in each subject. Simulation software developed by ECG-TECH Corp was used to simulate ECG of each subject and assess simulated QRS duration and QRS axis. Agreement between real and simulated QRS duration and QRS axis was calculated. Results: Seventy-nine percent of subjects had difference of the QRS duration between real and simulated ECG of less than 10 milliseconds. The calculated strength of agreement between simulated and real QRS duration was 71% and considered as ‘good’ (kappa statistics). In 70% of subjects, the difference in the QRS axis was less than 10 degrees. The calculated strength of agreement between simulated and real QRS axis was 80% and considered as ‘excellent’ (kappa statistics). Conclusions: The results suggest the sites of the initiation of electrical activity in the left ventricle, as assessed by the positions of papillary muscles, may be considered as primary determinants of the QRS duration and QRS axis in the humans. This knowledge may help in predicting normal QRS characteristic on a patient-specific basis. This is the first study where simulation of the QRS complex was based on anatomical data from the human hearts.
Threshold Dose--Response Model--RIP: 1911 to 2006.

This essay represents a serious but fictional obituary of a scientific concept called the Threshold Dose–Response Model, which has long dominated the fields of toxicology and the broader biomedical sciences. Recent evidence indicates that the Threshold Dose–Response Model has long outlived its utility to predict low-dose effects. In fact, so poorly does this model predict low-dose responses that the idea arose that it should receive a symbolic burial recounting its achievements and failings, hence this obituary. BioEssays 29:686–688, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perceptual pressures on lenition.

The phonological processes known as ‘lenition’ have traditionally been explained as articulatory effort reduction. However, such a motivation for lenition has never been directly demonstrated; in addition, there are reasons to doubt the articulatory explanation.This paper focuses on a particular type of lenition (intervocalic spirantization of voiced stops) and presents two experiments that investigate what role, if any, perceptual considerations might play in lenition. Experiment 1 shows that spirantization of intervocalic voiced stops is a less perceptually salient change than devoicing of intervocalic voiced stops (an unattested process). Using the line of reasoning of Steriade’s P-map hypothesis, perceptual facts offer an alternative to the articulatory account: lenition of intervocalic voiced stops yields spirants rather than voiceless stops because the latter change is perceptually highly salient. The results of Experiment 2 show that the perceptual facts differ by place of articulation, such that t...
SOLID-SOLID TRANSITIONS IN TITANIUM AND ZIRCONIUM AT HIGH PRESSURES

The body-centered cubic to hexagonal close-packed transformations in titanium and zirconium have been studied by means of differential thermal analysis at pressures in the range 0-65 kbar and at cooling and heating rates of 3-5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C/sec. The transitions occurred at different temperatures upon heating and upon cooling and these hysteresis intervals did not appear to vary much with increasing pressure and/or contamination. Alloying with the tantalum containers and consequent lowering of the transition temperatures was unavoidable in most of the experiments. The Ti transition decreases only slightly in temperature with increasing pressure; a zero pressure volume change of less than 0.3% is suggested. The Zr transition exhibits a slope of about -.24\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C/kbar until a new transition is encountered near 58 kbar; the transition from body-centered cubic to the new Zr polymorph is without much hysteresis, and the phase boundary exhibits a slope of about 0.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C/kbar. Discontinuities of about 17% in resistance at room temperature are detected near 51-59 kbar for Zr and 80-90 kbar for Ti, there being a decrease for Zr and an increase for the resistance of Ti.
Foreign direct investment, industrialization, and social change

Indicators of the changes in social structure which result from the industrialization of traditional societies are developed via factor analysis of data from 59 developing countries. Multiple regre...