cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Theory, Language Teaching, Sociolinguistics: Can They Be Interrelated?

Although the present findings may be difficult to rationalize completely with respect to current theories of memory, their importance lies in the fact that, on a variety of measures, it tudy 1 and the 1st semest r stud nt in Study 2 ay possibly be du to unknow motivational ariables whic might operate different ally at he beginning as compared to the end, of the cho l term. That is, studen s may be "fresher" has been demonstrated that only relatively s all changes in second language performance wer recorded over reasonably long periods during whic students were not receiving instruction. This in turn suggests that the foreign language teacher may not need to mount a particularly extensive programme of review for the skills measured by these tests.
Methane rain on Titan

The atmosphere of Titan is characterized by means of model computations based on Voyager IRIS IR spectra and published data from laboratory determinations of absorption coefficients and cloud refractive indices. The results are presented in tables and graphs, and it is pointed out that the presence of Ar is not required in the model. Particular attention is given to the role of CH4, which is found to form patchy clouds (with particle radii of 50 microns or greater and visible/IR optical depths of 2-5) at altitudes up to about 30 km. The mechanisms by which such rain-sized particles could form are discussed, and it is suggested that the observed 500-600/cm spectrum is affected much less by the CH4 clouds than by H2 or variations in the temperature of the high-altitude haze.
Implementation of high interfacial energy anisotropy in phase field simulations

Abstract We show changes of equilibrium shape and artifacts of enhanced particle coalescence and numerical pinning, introduced by boundary thickness variation associated with anisotropy in interfacial energy in phase field simulations. Methods to implement high anisotropy in interfacial energy without altering boundary thickness are presented.
A note on procedure timing

Procedure timing is important in program performance improvement. The feasibility of such timings is discussed in relation to commonly used computers and operating systems. Some simple design criteria are described which facilitate such timing in an operating system. Finally, some observations are made on how clocks might be made available at the hardware level to further facilitate procedure timing.
Collagen cross-linking with Au nanoparticles.

Tiopronin (N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine)-protected gold nanoparticles (TPAu) were cross-linked to collagen via EDC (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide) coupling. On average, each TPAu forms eight amide bonds with collagen lysine moieties. The resulting gels were studied with environmental SEM, TEM, micro-DSC, and TNBS assay. The porous structure of collagen was significantly altered by cross-linking, resulting in the reduction of the pore size from ca. 140 to <1 μm depending on the concentration of nanoparticles. The collagenase biodegradation assay showed improved stability of cross-linked material. The cell viability assay, CellTiter96, indicates that the gold nanoparticles are not toxic at the concentrations used in gel synthesis. This new material has potential for the delivery of small molecule drugs as well as Au nanoparticles for photothermal therapies, imaging, and cell targeting.
Stress Ulcer Syndrome

Stress ulcer syndrome refers to gastroduodenal erosions or ulcers that develop acutely in relation to major physi ological stress, usually manifested clinically as upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding. These lesions occur most often in the gastric fundus. Endoscopy has shown gastroduodenal mucosal lesions in 75 to 100% of inten sive care unit (ICU) patients within 72 hours of admis sion. Patients at high risk for stress ulcer include those with large body surface area burns, intracranial lesions associated with coma, fulminant hepatic failure, sepsis, and trauma and abdominal, cardiovascular, and thoracic surgery patients. Also considered high risk are ICU pa tients with superimposed complications such as shock, mechanical ventilation for more than 3 days, coagulopa thy, jaundice, and sepsis. Approximately 15% of ICU pa tients will experience UGI bleeding from stress ulcer. Patients bleeding from stress ulcer have an overall mor tality rate approaching 65% compared with 9 to 22% mortality in patients wit...
Peer relations and social adjustment of chronically ill children and adolescents

Abstract This article reviews available literature on the peer relations and social adjustment of children and adolescents with chronic illnesses. Although a topic of considerable theoretical and clinical speculation, empirical work specifically addressing peer relations in chronic illness has been limited. Available research frequently suffers from inadequate methodology, particularly with respect to the assessment of peer relations. Whether differences exist between chronically ill and healthy children in the quality of peer relations is unclear at this time due to contradictory findings; however, there is currently little support for the contention that most chronically ill children experience poorer peer relations than healthy children. The limited number of studies available also precludes drawing conclusions about individual diseases. However, there do appear to be certain problems, i.e., change in physical appearance and restrictions placed on activities, that arise secondary to chronic illness and specifically affect peer relations of these children. Suggestions for future research, including examination of variables that mediate the impact of illness, are discussed.
Construction of the large-format far-infrared array for SIRTF

We report on the design, modeling, and construction of far-infrared focal plane array modules for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). The modules consist of 4 X 32 detector elements, readout electronics, and interconnections. The modules, which are of Z- plane architecture, may be stacked to produce imaging arrays of at least 32 X 32 format. These arrays are the largest available operating in the wavelength range 50 - 120 micrometers . The design takes advantage of the Hughes CRC-696 readout which was specifically developed for use with far-infrared photoconductive detectors. Since the readouts have excellent performance at temperatures below 2 K, a simplified construction concept using the proven interconnection methods of wire boding and multilayer ceramic boards are used. We report on additional design considerations such as minimization of parasitic capacitance at the input node and accommodation of thermal annealing of the detectors.
Trends in a clinical genetics program for adults

The purpose of this study was to review trends in physician referrals, indications for referral, and payor mix for genetic consultations for common, chronic conditions of adulthood. There were 57 patient visits in 1997, 126 in 1998, and 157 in the first 3 quarters of 1999. The gender and age distribution did not vary from year to year. In 1999, 90% of patients were female, and their average age was 51 (range 22-77). 65% of patients were referred by a physician in 1998, and this proportion increased to 80% in 1999, p=0.006. The majority of patients were referred because of a family or personal history of breast or ovarian cancer, this accounted for 65% of consultations in 1998 and 71% in 1999. In these years, only 20% and 11% of patients were referred because of a personal or family history of colon cancer/polyposis, respectively. Histories of other cancer types accounted for 8% of referrals in both years. Only 4 patients (3%) were referred for cardiovascular risk assessment in 1998 and 10 (6%) in 1999. For both years, 3 patients were referred for hemochromatosis and 2 for porphyria. In 1998, 20% of patients paid cash for their genetic consultation, 20% were MediCal/Medicare, and the remainder used other forms of insurance. In 1999, only 10% paid cash (different from 1998, p=0.03), 17% were MediCal/Medicare, and 73% used other insurance. Follow-up surveys have been mailed to patients seen in 1998 with a possible inherited cancer susceptibility; thus far 36 have responded and none have reported experiencing insurance discrimination. In conclusion, these results demonstrate an exponential growth in patient referrals over the past 3 years with a significant increase in physician referrals. The largest number of patients seen have been women at risk for breast and/or ovarian cancer with disappointing patterns of referral for other cancers, cardiovascular disease and other common conditions. This trend may be due in large part to the high visibility regarding the availability of BRCA testing. The trend in increasing use of insurance for genetic consultations suggests that patients have become less fearful of insurance discrimination, which may be due to the lack of evidence that such discrimination exists.
A kit-based approach to preparing undergraduate students for research

In the context of a research skills class for undergraduates, we find that providing students background on the scientific method, literature review, writing an abstract, etc. leaves little time for exposing students to actual research. Previously in this class, one assignment involved student teams of four brainstorming for a short time before conducting an experiment that could be performed over a 1-hour period. Some of the experiments included: counting the number of cars of a particular color to estimate an entire population, characterizing the skittish behavior of squirrels, monitoring coffee preferences at a local Starbucks, and estimating the chance of receiving a ticket while parked illegally on campus. While the students enjoyed designing and performing these experiments, we felt the experience did not reflect the rigor that research and experimentation demand. To rectify this situation, we supplemented the data collection activity with a new project; an educational kit was used to provide a systematic procedure for fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The kit presents an opportunity for students to fabricate devices as well as design a set of experiments for testing them with several options for controlled variables in a short amount of time.
Coronary thrombosis without coronary atherosclerosis.

Abstract The case of a patient with extensive coronary artery thrombosis, with myocardial infarction but without coronary atherosclerosis, is presented. Although a review of the literature was not helpful in locating similar reports, the findings were thought to represent an exaggerated example of the process that ordinarily leads to myocardial infarction, rather than a new disease entity.
Microarray-based identification of differentially expressed genes in hypoxic term human trophoblasts and in placental villi of pregnancies with growth restricted fetuses.

Hypoxia adversely influences the function of the human placenta. We sought to identify a set of hypoxia-regulated transcripts in both term human trophoblasts in vitro and in villous trophoblasts in vivo. Using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays we initially examined differences in gene expression between trophoblast cultured in standard conditions (20% oxygen) vs. hypoxic conditions (≤1% oxygen), as well as in placental tissues from pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction vs. matched controls. We used a novel computation method to compile data from the two approaches and identify transcripts that exhibited a marked expression change. Using quantitative PCR we confirmed an up-regulation of transcripts for vascular endothelial growth factor, connective tissue growth factor, follistatin-related protein, N-Myc down-regulated gene 1 and adipophilin in hypoxic term trophoblasts. In contrast, the expression of human placental lactogen and Beckwith–Wiedemann region 1 C was reduced in hypoxic trophoblast. Using in situ hybridization we validated the expression of each transcript in cultured term villous trophoblasts, and determined transcript expression in placental samples derived from four sets of dichorionic twins complicated by growth restriction of one twin. The identification of hypoxic trophoblast signature transcripts may implicate new mediators in pathways underlying trophoblast hypoxic injury and adaptation.
Metal-InP(110) interface properties: Temperature, dopant-concentration, and cluster-deposition dependencies.

Synchrotron-radiation photoemission has been used to investigate the movement of the surface Fermi level, ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$, in the gap as a function of temperature, bulk dopant concentration, and the technique of interface formation for Ag/InP(110) and Ti/InP(110). Studies involving atom deposition at 300 and 60 K reveal temperature-independent substrate disruption with substrate retreat that is estimated to be \ensuremath{\sim}4.4 monolayers (ML) for Ti and \ensuremath{\sim}1 ML for Ag deposition. Atom distributions differ, however, because In atoms released by substrate disruption are kinetically trapped near the interface at 60 K but they are distributed in and atop the metal overlayer at 300 K. Moreover, Ag deposition at 60 K produces uniform overlayers because of restricted surface mobility whereas Ag clustering occurs for atom deposition at 300 K. Despite these significant differences in interface chemistry and morphology, both overlayers induce very different amounts of band bending at 60 K than at 300 K for n-type InP(110) doped at 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. This temperature-dependent difference in band bending is significantly smaller for n- and p-type InP(110) doped at 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. At higher coverage above the metallization threshold, the Schottky-barrier height is largely independent of substrate dopant concentration or measurement temperature but exhibits metal-specific values for Ag and Ti overlayers. The relationship between ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{F}}$ movement and the details of interfacial bonding and morphology has been further examined by depositing preformed Ag clusters (rather than atoms) on pristine InP(110) surfaces. For cluster deposition, there was no noticeable substrate disruption and the Fermi-level position was not dependent on the size or number of clusters. This indicates that changes in surface relaxation under and around the clusters introduce states that determine band bending.
Determination of phases in as prepared Gd5(SixGe1−x)4, where x≅1/2

Abstract Phase identification of Gd 5 (Si 1.95 Ge 2.05 ), produced using commercial grade Gd and induction melting, showed that various contaminant and second phases were produced along with the desired Gd 5 (Si 1.95 Ge 2.05 ) matrix. These phases included Gd 1 (Si,Ge) 1 , Ta 2 Si crystals that are a result of reaction with the crucible, and a Widmanstatten structure of Gd 5 (Si,Ge) 3 rods.
The viscosity of a moderately dense suspension of particles with piece-wise constant potentials of interaction

Abstract A recently developed formalism is used to construct an expression for the viscosity second virial coefficient (proportional to the Huggins coefficient) of a monodisperse suspension of spherical colloid particles with piece-wise constant potentials of interaction. Numerical values are generated for the two special cases of square-well and square-step potentials, both with stick boundary conditions at the solute–solvent interface. Also, presented is a demonstration that the so-called “sticky-sphere” model is incapable of representing a suspension of particles interacting with a square-well potential.
Magnetic Field Decay in a Neutron Star and the Distribution of Pulsar Periods

HERE I wish to comment briefly on the distribution of pulsar periods in relation to the expected lifetime of the magnetic field in a neutron star.
PMU placement for optimal three-phase state estimation performance

The future `smart' grid will see increasing deployments of intelligent electronic devices (IED), that sense the state variables of the grid at more locations than present. It is anticipated that sensory devices with Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-like capabilities will find deployment within the changing distribution sub-system, to provide greater operational efficiency. However, due to the current high cost of PMU installation, their deployment in the distribution network will continue to be selective for the foreseeable future. Much of the prior literature on PMU placement has focused on how to obtain full observability with minimal number of PMUs for a single-phase power network. Very little work exists for the placement problem for three-phase distribution grid. We further observe that there typically exist multiple minimal-PMU sets that achieve full network observability, affording additional degree of freedom to select an optimal choice among this set. We define the desired solution as the PMU placement that also achieves best overall state estimation performance. Accordingly, we derive the state estimator of all buses in a three-phase network and propose a) greedy algorithm and b) integer programming optimization method to determine the optimal solution. The comparative performance of these two methods is presented via evaluation of transmission and distribution test networks.
Neuronal coding of motivational level during sleep.

Abstract Stable increases or decreases in the discharge rate of single neurons were recorded from the ventral diencephalon and midbrain during sleep following manipulation of the hunger level of freely moving cats. These changes were larger during paradoxical than during slow wave sleep. Control data indicated that in the absence of any external manipulation neuronal activity is stable from one sleep session to another.
Assessing the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system: digital vs plaster dental casts.

Introduction: The purposes of this study were to determine whether the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system (ABO OGS) can be assessed accurately from digital dental casts and whether there are statistical differences between digital and plaster dental casts in scoring the ABO OGS. Methods: Thirty posttreatment plaster dental casts were selected and scanned by OrthoCAD (Cadent, Carlstadt, NJ) to produce 30 corresponding digital dental casts. The plaster and digital casts were compared by using the criteria of the ABO OGS. Because the data were ordinal, a nonparametic statistical analysis was used. Results: The Wilcoxon test for paired samples showed significant differences between the plaster and digital casts for occlusal contacts, occlusal relationships, and total scores ( P Conclusions: Based on this study, the current OrthoCAD program (version 2.2) was not adequate for scoring all parameters as required by the ABO OGS.
New insights into innate immune mechanisms underlying allergenicity.

Allergic diseases, which have reached epidemic proportions, are driven by inappropriate immune responses to a relatively small number of environmental proteins. The molecular basis for the propensity of specific proteins to drive maladaptive, allergic responses has been difficult to define. Recent data suggest that the ability of such proteins to drive allergic responses in susceptible hosts is a function of their ability to interact with diverse pathways of innate immune recognition and activation at mucosal surfaces. This review highlights recent insights into innate immune activation by allergens—via proteolytic activity, engagement of pattern recognition receptors, molecular mimicry of TLR signaling complex molecules, lipid binding activity, and oxidant potential—and the role of such activation in inducing allergic disease. A greater understanding of the fundamental origins of allergenicity should help define new preventive and therapeutic targets in allergic disease.
Addressing Runtime Performance Issues in Ad-Hoc Network Simulations

Quantifying the end-to-end performance of evolving DOD communication networks is highly desired by the component and network designers during all phases of the development process. Analytical techniques, in-lab testing and field demonstrations are all necessary toward this end but all have limitations in addressing this need leaving simulation as a primary method with which to generate end-to-end performance. However, simulation often results in unacceptably long runtimes for these types of networks. The purpose of this paper is to report on the results generated in the second year of a 2-year IR&D program to investigate methods to improve simulation runtime performance of mobile ad-hoc communication networks.
Effect of systolic flow rate on the prediction of effective prosthetic valve orifice area

The Gorlin equation for the hemodynamic assessment of valve area is commonly used in cardiac catheterization laboratories. A study was performed to test the prediction capabilities of the Gorlin formula as well as the Aaslid and Gabbay formula for the effective orifice area of prosthetic heart valves. Pressure gradient, flow, and valve opening area measurements were performed on four 27 mm valve prostheses (two mechanical bileaflet designs, St. Jude and Edwards-Duromedics, an Edwards pericardial tissue valve, and a trileaflet polyurethane valve) each mounted in the aortic position of an in vitro pulse duplicator. With the known valve orifice area, a different discharge coefficient was computed for each of the four valves and three orifice area formulas. After some theoretical considerations, it was proposed that the discharge coefficient would be a function of the flow rate through the valve. All discharge coefficients were observed to increase with increasing systolic flow rate. An empirical relationship of discharge coefficient as a linear function of systolic flow rate was determined through a regression analysis, with a different relationship for each valve and each orifice area formula. Using this relationship in the orifice area formulas improved the accuracy of the prediction of the effective orifice area with all three formulas performing equally well.
A Model of Heat Transfer in Fluidized Beds

An expression for estimating the heat transfer coefficient in a fluidized bed has been developed based on the surface renewal and penetration concept. The predicted heat transfer coefficients between walls and beds agree well with experimental results. The result of this analysis shows that, in general, the effect of thermal conductivity of particle on heat transfer is insignificant. The maximum possible Nusselt number for the gas fluidized system is determined theoretically as 13.5. This value appears to be reasonable in light of the majority of available experimental data.
Small anatomical variant has profound implications for evolution of human birth and brain development

Humans differ from primates and other mammals in a number of anatomies, including having big brains and big babies. The evolutionary origin and adaptive significance of a big brain and the consequent difficulty of giving birth to a big baby have long been discussed. Falk et al. (1), in PNAS, report on a small anatomical difference of the cranium between humans and chimpanzees, and document the presence of this trait in early human ancestors. This trait may have profound importance for understanding evolution of birth and brain development. Falk et al. (1) report on the metopic suture (MS) in modern humans, two species of chimpanzees, and our hominid ancestors, Australopithecus and earlier Homo. MS is the joint between the two frontal bones of the cranium (Fig. 1). In the human fetus and young child, the confluence of MS with the coronal and sagittal sutures is the anterior fontanelle. This is the “soft spot” in a baby’s cranium. Fusion of MS occurs in infancy (2⇓–4), whereas the anterior fontanelle closes by 2 y of age (5). Fusion of MS begins near the nose and progresses toward the anterior fontanelle. As the cranium forms around the developing brain, premature closure of MS causes atypical cranial development (6).
Surgical Considerations in Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Shoulder

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and intractable shoulder pain present unique challenges to the orthopedic surgeon. The inflammatory process affects not only the articular surfaces, but causes significant damage to the soft tissue restraints as well. Depending on the stage of the disease and the status of the rotator cuff musculature, various surgical options, including synovectomy, bursectomy, and shoulder arthroplasty, may be indicated. Total shoulder arthroplasty has demonstrated superior long-term results in glenohumeral arthritis with an intact rotator cuff. Hemiarthroplasty and humeral resurfacing are typically reserved for cases of poor glenoid bone stock or massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty may have a role in these cuff-deficient cases but glenoid fixation in end-stage cases remains a challenge.
Predictors of Survival and Severity of Disability after Severe Brain Injury in Children

Seventy-five children, 16 years of age or younger, consecutively admitted to a level I trauma center over a 2-year period with severe nonpenetrating traumatic brain injuries were studied to assess factors predictive of survival and level of disability. The mortality rate was 33%; 31% had good recovery, 12% had moderate disability, 19% had severe disability, and 5% remained in a vegetative state. Factors were analyzed separately for potential effects on survival and, with fatalities excluded, for potential effects on the level of disability in survivors. Clinical status in the field and emergency room, although highly associated with survival, was less predictive of the level of disability in survivors. Glasgow Coma Scale scores 72 hours after injury, especially the motor component, were significantly better predictors of quality of survival. The severity of the brain injury and the presence and severity of extracranial injuries were strongly related both to survival and quality of survival. Chest injuries, in particular, were associated with increased mortality and morbidity, as was level of oxygenation; these factors were highly correlated. Factors most significantly predictive of survival were severity of total injuries as assessed with the Injury Severity Score and pupillary responses in the emergency room; factors most predictive of disability were Glasgow Coma Scale motor responses 72 hours after injury and level of oxygenation in the emergency room. These findings of differential predictive factors for outcomes of survival versus quality of survival have implications relevant both to clinical care and to research involving severely brain-injured children.
Thermodynamic investigation of the lead molecules Pb2, Pb3, and Pb4 by mass spectrometry

The high‐temperature Knudsen effusion mass spectrometric technique has been used to determine the thermodynamic properties of the molecules Pb2, Pb3, and Pb4. The enthalpies of the following reactions were determined: nPb(s,l) =Pbn(g), Pb(s,l)+Pbn−1(g) = Pbn(g), and Pbn(g) =nPb(g). From the values obtained and appropriate literature data the following atomization energies D°298 and standard heats of formation ΔH°f,298, in kJ per mole, were obtained: Pb2, 81±6 and 310±6; Pb3, 224±16 and 360±16; and Pb4, 408±16 and 372±16.
Short-term carbon, nitrogen and pH alterations in a hill-land Ultisol under maize silage relative to tillage method

Abstract Information is sparse on short-term (1–5 years) alterations in soil chemical properties when grassland (non-native sod) is brought under cultivation, especially under no-tillage (NT). Thus, we endeavored to determine if selected soil chemical properties of a Gilpin silt loam in West Virginia, USA, converted from an old-field to continuous maize ( Zea mays , L.) silage production for 4 years, were significantly affected by tillage method (NT and plow tillage (PT)). Tillage method differences (NT > PT) existed in total C, with few differences in total N, pH, NH 4 + -N and NO 3 − -N. However, total C differences were usually restricted to the soil surface (0- to 7.5-cm layer) and small (26%) in comparison with results from other tillage method studies done under maize grain production. Soil pH decreased with increasing N-rate in the surface and 7.5- to 15-cm layers but was unrelated to tillage method. Comparison of data obtained soon after planting in Year 1 with that obtained after harvest in Year 4 suggests that total C in the NT soil had not changed over the course of the experiment. Thus, the tillage method differences found for total C were likely due to decreases brought about by the initial plowing of the PT plots. These results provide an explanation, at least in part, for the lack of a tillage method effect on silage production and soil- and fertilizer-N use, as previously reported, for this hill-land Ultisol.
SABLE: A Tool for Generating Structured, Multi-Level Simulations

SABLE (Structure And Behavior Linking Environment) is a system currently being developed at Stanford to support structured, multi-level behavior specification and simulation of digital systems. SABLE accepts information about the nesting and interconnectivity of components, and combines it with descriptions of their behavior, which are written in a new language called ADLIB (A Design Language for Indicating Behavior). ADLIB allows users to define the "data level" at which each component operates, and to specify mechanisms for translating information between these levels. The facilities provided by SABLE are general and flexible, making it feasible to simulate a large system at several levels of abstraction simultaneously. Examples are included that illustrate: the' use of ADLIB for behavior specification, techniques for data level translations, and a design methodology that makes use of multi-level simulation.
Exogenous and endogenous hyaluronic acid reduces HIV infection of CD4 + T cells

Preventing mucosal transmission of HIV is critical to halting the HIV epidemic. Novel approaches to preventing mucosal transmission are needed. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major extracellular component of mucosa and the primary ligand for the cell surface receptor CD44. CD44 enhances HIV infection of CD4+ T cells, but the role of HA in this process is not clear. To study this, virions were generated with CD44 (HIVCD44) or without CD44 (HIVmock). Exogenous HA reduced HIV infection of unstimulated CD4+ T cells in a CD44-dependent manner. Conversely, hyaluronidase-mediated reduction of endogenous HA on the cell surface enhanced HIV binding to and infection of unstimulated CD4+ T cells. Exogenous HA treatment reduced activation of protein kinase C alpha via CD44 on CD4+ T cells during infection with HIVCD44. These results reveal new roles for HA during the interaction of HIV with CD4+ T cells that may be relevant to mucosal HIV transmission and could be exploitable as a future strategy to prevent HIV infection.
Microphysical Characteristics of a Well-Developed Weak Echo Region in a High Plains Supercell Thunderstorm

Abstract Microphysical measurements in and near the weak echo region of a supercell thunderstorm are discussed. The observations were made in southeastern Montana with an armored T-28 aircraft, which has the capability to measure hydrometeors over almost the entire spectrum between about 3 μm and 5 cm diameter. The storm exhibited many of the classic supercell characteristics, such as a well-developed weak echo region, overhang, persistent hook echo, and a large high-reflectivity core. Peak updrafts in the weak echo region exceeded 50 m s−1, and a continuous region of updraft extending over a horizontal distance of more than 14 km was observed. The updraft core appeared to be undiluted, but the edges of the updraft were clearly mixed with air from other regions of the storm. Virtually no ice particles were observed in the weak echo region, but the cloud liquid water concentrations exceeded 6 g m−3. Hail larger than 4 cm was encountered in several locations to the west of the weak echo region. The observat...
The Relationship between Reduplicated Babble Onset and Laterality Biases in Infant Rhythmic Arm Movements.

This study examined changes in rhythmic arm shaking and laterality biases in infants observed longitudinally at three points: just prior to, at, and just following reduplicated babble onset. Infants (ranging in age from 4 to 9 months at babble onset) were videotaped at home as they played with two visually identical audible and silent rattles presented at midline for 1.5 min each. Rate of rattle shaking increased sharply from the pre-babble to the babble onset session; but there was no indication that this increase was specific to the right arm. This finding suggests that the link between babble onset and increased rhythmic arm activity may not be the product of language-specific mechanisms, but is rather part of a broader developmental process that is also perceptual and motor.
PGD2 formation in the vasculature: Characteristics of rat tail vein prostaglandin endorperoxide-D isomerase

Abstract Rat tail vein homogenates, microsome and high speed supernatant fractions were incubated with [1-14C]prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGH2) and products separated and identified by radio-thinlayer chromatography. PGI2 synthase was localized to the microsomal fraction, but exhibited low activity compared to rat tail arteries prepared in the same manner. PGH-D isomerase was maximally active in the presence of reduced glutathione at pH 7.5–8.0, exhibited a Km for PGH2 of 33 μM, and was inhibited sulfhydryl-directed reagents. The similarities of this enzyme to PGD synthase of the rat cerebral microvasculature are discussed.
Intraoperative electron beam treatment for pediatric malignancies: The Ohio State University experience.

Purpose To report the result of intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy (IOERT) in patients with extensive pediatric tumors. Method From October 1989 through June 2000, 13 children were treated with chemotherapy, maximal surgery, and 10–15 Gy IOERT at a total of 18 sites. IOERT was used for palliative purposes in 5 children with metastatic disease and in 3 others who were previously treated with external beam radiation (EBRT). The remaining five patients received definitive IOERT. Postoperative EBRT of 35.4–45 Gy was given in 5 patients. Results After a median follow-up of 42 months (range = 18–63 months), 4 patients were alive and without evidence of disease. Overall and 3 year actuarial survival rates were 31% (4/13) and 26%, respectively. Local control was achieved at 13/18 sites (72%). Poor prognostic factors included metastatic disease, recurrent disease, and the absence of adjuvant EBRT. Two children with Wilms tumors had 100% local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival without the addition of EBRT. Conclusion A boost dose of IOERT allows for reduction in the dose of EBRT, thereby limiting growth-related morbidity without compromising local control or disease-free survival. Except for Wilms tumors, which achieved 100% local control and disease-free survival, adjuvant EBRT is necessary for successful local control and survival in children with soft tissue sarcomas. Based on this study and others, intraoperative irradiation should be considered for inclusion in prospective, multi-institutional trials designed to treat localized malignancies in young children. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;40:360–366. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Human-Carnivore Conflict and Perspectives on Carnivore Management Worldwide

Carnivore conservation depends on the sociopolitical landscape as much as the biological landscape. Changing political attitudes and views of nature have shifted the goals of carnivore management from those based on fear and narrow economic interests to those based on a better understanding of ecosystem function and adaptive management. In parallel, aesthetic and scientific arguments against lethal control techniques are encouraging the development of nonlethal approaches to carnivore management. We anticipate greater success in modifying the manner and frequency with which the activities of humans and domestic animals intersect with those of carnivores. Success should permit carnivore populations to persist for decades despite human population growth and modification of habitat.
Parasitic Diseases that Cause Seizures

The propensity of parasites to invade the brain, cause disease, and give rise to seizures and epilepsy varies greatly. This reflects the wide diversity of parasites that differ in fundamental ways. This manuscript reviews parasites that invade the brain or its vasculature and give rise to seizures.
Impacts of input parameter spatial aggregation on an agricultural nonpoint source pollution model

The accuracy of agricultural nonpoint source pollution models depends in part on how well model input parameters describe the relevant characteristics of the watershed. The spatial extent of input parameter aggregation has previously been shown to have a substantial impact on model output. This study investigates this problem using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a distributed-parameter agricultural nonpoint source pollution model. The primary question addressed here is: how does the size or number of subwatersheds used to partition the watershed affect model output, and what are the processes responsible for model behavior? SWAT was run on the Pheasant Branch watershed in Dane County, WI, using eight watershed delineations, each with a different number of subwatersheds. Model runs were conducted for the period 1990‐1996. Streamflow and outlet sediment predictions were not seriously affected by changes in subwatershed size. The lack of change in outlet sediment is due to the transport-limited nature of the Pheasant Branch watershed and the stable transport capacity of the lower part of the channel network. This research identifies the importance of channel parameters in determining the behavior of SWAT’s outlet sediment predictions. Sediment generation estimates do change substantially, dropping by 44% between the coarsest and the finest watershed delineations. This change is primarily due to the sensitivity of the runoff term in the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation to the area of hydrologic response units (HRUs). This sensitivity likely occurs because SWAT was implemented in this study with a very detailed set of HRUs. In order to provide some insight on the scaling behavior of the model two indexes were derived using the mathematics of the model. The indexes predicted SWAT scaling behavior from the data inputs without a need for running the model. Such indexes could be useful for model users by providing a direct way to evaluate alternative models directly within a geographic information systems framework. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Measuring neural correlates of insect escape behaviors using a miniature telemetry system

The firing patterns of visual neurons tracking approaching objects need to be translated into appropriate motor activation sequences to generate escape behaviors. Locusts possess an identified neuron highly sensitive to approaching objects (looming stimuli), thought to play an important role in collision avoidance through its motor projections. Although the sensory and motor side of the system have been studied extensively in the past, an integrative study of the sensory-motor transformations underlying escape behaviors has been missing. Furthermore, such sensory-motor transformations can best be studied by instant monitoring of the brain's visual and motor activities in freely behaving locusts, which has been a challenging feat because of the insect's small size. Here we present a miniature telemetry system and its use for acquiring neural, muscle, and acceleration data from a freely escaping locust.
RNase H2 roles in genome integrity revealed by unlinking its activities

Ribonuclease H2 (RNase H2) protects genome integrity by its dual roles of resolving transcription-related R-loops and ribonucleotides incorporated in DNA during replication. To unlink these two functions, we generated a Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNase H2 mutant that can resolve R-loops but cannot cleave single ribonucleotides in DNA. This mutant definitively correlates the 2-5 bp deletions observed in rnh201Δ strains with single rNMPs in DNA. It also establishes a connection between R-loops and Sgs1-mediated replication reinitiation at stalled forks and identifies R-loops uniquely processed by RNase H2. In mouse, deletion of any of the genes coding for RNase H2 results in embryonic lethality, and in humans, RNase H2 hypomorphic mutations cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), a neuroinflammatory disorder. To determine the contribution of R-loops and rNMP in DNA to the defects observed in AGS, we characterized in yeast an AGS-related mutation, which is impaired in processing both substrates, but has sufficient R-loop degradation activity to complement the defects of rnh201Δ sgs1Δ strains. However, this AGS-related mutation accumulates 2-5 bp deletions at a very similar rate as the deletion strain.
Thermal degradation of N‐substituted polycarbamates

N-substituted polycarbamates of relatively low molecular weight have been prepared from the condensation of 1,6-hexanebischloroformate with N-substituted diamines, both aliphatic and aromatic. The initial rates of thermal degradation of these polymers and of unsubstituted analogs have been determined at 230–285°C. by following the evolution of carbon dioxide. The results showed that the more thermally stable polymers were those derived from the substituted aliphatic diamines, having the formula [N(R)XN(R)COO(CH2)6OCO]n where X is (CH2)5 or (CH2)6. When R was CH3 and C6H5, the overall EA was 31 and 46 kcal./mole, respectively. The polymers derived from aromatic diamines, where X was 4,′ 4-C6H4CH2C6H4, showed low values for EA, approximately 15 kcal./mole, regardless of whether R was H or alkyl. This low thermal stability was shown to be caused by amine endgroups. Some evidence as to modes of thermal degradation was obtained from a study of volatile products.
A small, autonomous, agile robot with an on-board, neurobiologically-based control system

For decades, insects have been a valuable source of inspiration for mechanical and control designs of legged robots. Anatomical and behavioral studies of insects such as cockroaches, stick insects and locusts have inspired the development of many robots. However, their control systems had to be engineered based upon behavioral studies and control hypotheses rather than neurobiology. Recent insect neurobiological discoveries now make it possible to control the legs of robots with a network found to control the legs of stick insects. In previous work this network we have dubbed SCASM (Sensory-Coupled Action Switching Modules) was shown coordinating the joints of a robot leg and adapting its normal leg cycle to irregularities in the terrain. We also showed that the SCASM network can be implemented effectively on a simple micro-controller with little computational power. This video describes additional sensory connections that, when added to SCASM, generate elevator and searching reflexes. We also show for the first time an autonomous hexapod robot walking over irregular terrain using a SCASM network to control each of its six legs and a Cruse type network to control its gait using only on-board, simple micro-controllers.
Autologous versus allogeneic unrelated donor transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: comparative toxicity and outcomes.

Abstract For patients with high-risk or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lacking a related histocompatible donor, autologous (Auto) and unrelated donor (URD) transplantation are available options. We compared outcomes and toxicities in 712 patients with ALL (517 URD, 195 Auto) in first complete remission (CR1) or second complete remission (CR2) who underwent transplantation. All patients were or=50 x 10(9)/L (33% versus 14%, P 1year, WBC or=90%, and in those who have undergone transplantation since 1995. These comparative data suggest that both matched URD and Auto transplantation can yield extended survival. Although URD transplantation offers substantially better protection against leukemic relapse, improvements in allotransplantation safety and refinements in patient selection are required to better aid treatment decision making for the best overall survival. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2002;8(4):213-20.
On U-Statistics and Compressed Sensing I: Non-Asymptotic Average-Case Analysis

Hoeffding's U-statistics model combinatorial-type matrix parameters (appearing in CS theory) in a natural way. This paper proposes using these statistics for analyzing random compressed sensing matrices, in the non-asymptotic regime (relevant to practice). The aim is to address certain pessimisms of worst-case restricted isometry analyses, as observed by both Blanchard and Dossal, We show how U-statistics can obtain average-case analyses, by relating to statistical restricted isometry property (StRIP) type recovery guarantees. However unlike standard StRIP, random signal models are not required; the analysis used here holds in the almost sure (probabilistic) sense. For Gaussian/bounded entry matrices, we show that both $\ell_{1}$ -minimization and LASSO essentially require on the order of $k \cdot [\log ((n-k)/u) + \sqrt {2(k/n) \log (n/k)}]$ measurements to respectively recover at least $1-5u$ fraction, and $1-4u$ fraction, of the signals. Noisy conditions are considered. Empirical evidence suggests our analysis to compare well to Donoho and Tanner's recent large deviation bounds for $\ell_{0}/\ell_{1}$ -equivalence, in the regime of block lengths $1000 \sim 3000$ with high undersampling ( $50 \sim 150$ measurements); similar system sizes are found in recent CS implementation. In this work, it is assumed throughout that matrix columns are independently sampled.
Embryonic Developmental Rates of Northern Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Implications for Climate Change and Habitat Management

Accurate models of temperature-dependent embryonic developmental rates are important to assess the effects of a changing climate on insect life cycles and to suggest methods of population management by habitat manipulation. Embryonic development determines the life cycle of many species of grasshoppers, which, in cold climates, spend two winters in the egg stage. Increasing temperatures associated with climate change in the subarctic could potentiate a switch to a univoltine life cycle. However, egg hatch could be delayed by maintaining a closed vegetative canopy, which would lower soil temperatures by shading the soil surface. Prediapause and postdiapause embryonic developmental rates were measured in the laboratory over a wide range of temperatures for Melanoplus borealis Fieber and Melanoplus sanguinipes F. (Orthoptera: Acrididae) A model was fit to the data and used to predict dates of egg hatch in the spring and prediapause development in the fall under different temperature regimens. Actual soil temperatures were recorded at several locations over 5 yr. To simulate climate warming, 2, 3, or 4°C was added to each hourly recorded temperature. Results suggest that a 2, 3, or 4°C increase in soil temperatures will result in eggs hatching ≈ 3, 5, or 7 d earlier, respectively. An increase of 3°C would be required to advance prediapause development enough to allow for a portion of the population to be univoltine in warmer years. To simulate shading, 2 and 4°C were subtracted from observed temperatures. A 4°C decrease in temperatures could potentially delay hatch by 8 d.