cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal syntheses and structures of the uranyl tellurates AgUO2(HTeO5) and Pb2UO2(TeO6)

Abstract Two uranyl tellurates, AgUO2(HTeO5) (1) and Pb2UO2(TeO6) (2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and were structurally, chemically, and spectroscopically characterized. 1 crystallizes in space group Pbca, a=7.085(2) A, b=11.986(3) A, c=13.913(4) A, V=1181.5(5) A3, Z=8; 2 is in P2(1)/c, a=5.742(1) A, b=7.789(2) A, c=7.928(2) A, V=90.703(2) A3, and Z=2. These are the first structures reported for uranyl compounds containing tellurate. The U6+ cations are present as (UO2)2+ uranyl ions that are coordinated by O atoms to give pentagonal and square bipyramids in compounds 1 and 2, respectively. The structural unit in 1 is a sheet consisting of chains of edge-sharing uranyl pentagonal bipyramids that are one bipyramid wide, linked through the dimers of TeO6 octahedra. In 2, uranyl square bipyramids share each of their equatorial vertices with different TeO6 octahedra, giving a sheet with the autunite-type topology. Sheets in 1 and 2 are connected through the low-valence cations that are located in the interlayer region. The structures of 1 and 2 are compared to those of uranyl compounds containing octahedrally coordinated cations.
Nuclear astrophysics from direct reactions

Tasas precisas de reacciones nucleares son importantes para la sintesis nuclear primordial y la quema hidroestatica en estrellas. Las reacciones relevantes son extremadamente dificiles para medir en el laboratorio para las energias de interes para la astrofisica. Recientemente se han desarrollado reacciones directas para determinar factores S astrofisicas a bajas energias. Estos metodos requieren una combinacion de tecnicas experimentales nuevas y calculos teoricos, que se discuten a continuacion en esta contribucion
Malicious Bayesian Congestion Games

In this paper, we introduce malicious Bayesian congestion games as an extension to congestion games where players might act in a malicious way. In such a game each player has two types . Either the player is a rational player seeking to minimize her own delay, or --- with a certain probability --- the player is malicious in which case her only goal is to disturb the other players as much as possible. We show that such games do in general not possess a Bayesian Nash equilibrium in pure strategies (i.e. a pure Bayesian Nash equilibrium ). Moreover, given a game, we show that it is NP-complete to decide whether it admits a pure Bayesian Nash equilibrium. This result even holds when resource latency functions are linear, each player is malicious with the same probability, and all strategy sets consist of singleton sets of resources. For a slightly more restricted class of malicious Bayesian congestion games, we provide easy checkable properties that are necessary and sufficient for the existence of a pure Bayesian Nash equilibrium. In the second part of the paper we study the impact of the malicious types on the overall performance of the system (i.e. the social cost ). To measure this impact, we use the Price of Malice . We provide (tight) bounds on the Price of Malice for an interesting class of malicious Bayesian congestion games. Moreover, we show that for certain congestion games the advent of malicious types can also be beneficial to the system in the sense that the social cost of the worst case equilibrium decreases. We provide a tight bound on the maximum factor by which this happens.
Fractionated Branes and Black Hole Interiors

Combining a variety of results in string theory and general relativity, a picture of the black hole interior is developed wherein spacetime caps off at an inner horizon and the inter-horizon region is occupied by a Hagedorn gas of a very low tension state of fractionated branes. This picture leads to natural resolutions of a variety of puzzles concerning quantum black holes.
Using Elliptic Curves of Rank One towards the Undecidability of Hilbert's Tenth Problem over Rings of Algebraic Integers

Let F ? K be number fields, and let OF and OK be their rings of integers. If there exists an elliptic curve E over F such that rk, E(F) = rk, E(K) = 1, then there exists a diophantine definition of OF over OK.
Migration, school attainment, and child labor : evidence from rural Pakistan

Inequalities in access to education pose a significant barrier to development. It has been argued that this reflects, in part, borrowing constraints that inhibit private investment in human capital by the poor. One promise of the recent proposals to open international labor markets to allow for the temporary economic migration of low-skilled workers from developing to industrial countries is its potential impact on human capital accumulation by the poor. The large remittance flows from migrants to their communities of origin underscores this aspect of migration. However, migration can also transform expectations of future employment and induce changes in household structure that can exert an independent effect on the private returns to investment in human capital. The author explores the relationship between temporary economic migration and investment in child schooling. A key challenge is to deal appropriately with selection into migration. She finds that the potential positive effects of temporary economic migration on human capital accumulation are large. Moreover, the gains are much greater for girls, yielding a very substantial reduction in gender inequalities in access to education. Significantly, though, the gains appear to arise almost entirely from the greater resource flows to migrant households. The author cannot detect any effect of future migration prospects on schooling decisions. More significantly, she does not find any protective effect of migration-induced female headship on schooling outcomes for girls. Rather, female headship appears to protect boys at the cost of girls.
Least squares estimation-based synchronous generator parameter estimation using PMU data

In this paper, least square estimation (LSE)-based dynamic generator model parameter identification is investigated. Electromechanical dynamics related parameters such as inertia constant and primary frequency control droop for a synchronous generator are estimated using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data obtained at the generator terminal bus. The key idea of applying LSE for dynamic parameter estimation is to have a discrete autoregression with exogenous input (ARX) model. With an ARX model, a linear estimation problem can be formulated and the parameters of the ARX model can be found. This paper gives the detailed derivation of converting a generator model with primary frequency control into an ARX model. The generator parameters will be recovered from the estimated ARX model parameters afterwards. Two types of conversion methods are presented: zero-order hold (ZOH) method and Tustin method. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the proposed LSE application in dynamic system parameter identification using PMU data.
On singularity as a function of time of a conditional distribution of an exit time

We establish the singularity with respect to Lebesgue measure as a function of time of the conditional probability distribution that the sum of two one-dimensional Brownian motions will exit from the unit interval before time t, given the trajectory of the second Brownian motion up to the same time. On the way of doing so we show that if one solves the one-dimensional heat equation with zero condition on a trajectory of a one-dimensional Brownian motion, which is the lateral boundary, then for each moment of time with probability one the normal derivative of the solution is zero, provided that the diffusion of the Brownian motion is sufficiently large.
On-the-Fly Model Checking Under Fairness that Exploits Symmetry

An on-the-fly algorithm for model checking under fairness is presented. The algorithm utilizes symmetry in the program to reduce the state space, and employs novel techniques that make the on-the-fly model checking feasible. The algorithm uses state symmetry and eliminates parallel edges in the reachability graph. Experimental results demonstrating dramatic reductions in both the running time and memory usage are presented.
Constraining nucleon strangeness

Determining the nonperturbative $s\overline{s}$ content of the nucleon has attracted considerable interest and has been the subject of numerous experimental searches. These measurements used a variety of reactions, and place important limits on the vector form factors observed in parity-violating (PV) elastic scattering and the parton distributions determined by deep inelastic scattering (DIS). In spite of this progress, attempts to relate information obtained from elastic and DIS experiments have been sparse. To ameliorate this situation, we develop an interpolating model using light-front wave functions capable of computing both DIS and elastic observables. This framework is used to show that existing knowledge of DIS places significant restrictions on our wave functions. The result is that the predicted effects of nucleon strangeness on elastic observables are much smaller than those tolerated by direct fits to PV elastic scattering data alone. Using our model, we find $\ensuremath{-}0.024\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{s}\ensuremath{\le}0.035$ and $\ensuremath{-}0.137\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}^{D}\ensuremath{\le}0.081$ for the strange contributions to the nucleon magnetic moment and charge radius. The model we develop also independently predicts the nucleon's strange spin content $\ensuremath{\Delta}s$ and scalar density $\ensuremath{\langle}N|\overline{s}s|N\ensuremath{\rangle}$, and for these we find agreement with previous determinations.
Using Feedback to Improve Masquerade Detection

To gain access to account privileges, an intruder masquerades as the proper account user. Information from user feedback helps to improve the accuracy of classifiers used for detecting masquerades. Instead of operating in isolation, the online sequential classifier can request feedback from the user. In the full-feedback policy, the classifier verifies every session; in the feedback-on-alarm policy, the classifier confirms only suspicious sessions. Surprisingly, confirming only a few sessions under the feedback-on-alarm policy is enough to be competitive with verifying all sessions under the full-feedback policy. Experiments on a standard artificial dataset demonstrate that the naive-Bayes classifier boosted by the feedback-on-alarm policy beats the previous best-performing detector and reduces the number of missing alarms by 30%.
Quantum algorithm design using dynamic learning

We present a dynamic learning paradigm for "programming" a general quantum computer.A learning algorithm is used to find the control parameters for a coupled qubitsystem, such that the system at an initial time evolves to a state in which a given measurementcorresponds to the desired operation. This can be thought of as a quantumneural network. We first apply the method to a system of two coupled superconductingquantum interference devices (SQUIDs), and demonstrate learning of both the classicalgates XOR and XNOR. Training of the phase produces a gate congruent to the CNOTmodulo a phase shift. Striking out for somewhat more interesting territory, we attemptlearning of an entanglement witness for a two qubit system. Simulation shows a reasonablysuccessful mapping of the entanglement at the initial time onto the correlationfunction at the final time for both pure and mixed states. For pure states this mappingrequires knowledge of the phase relation between the two parts; however, giventhat knowledge, this method can be used to measure the entanglement of an otherwiseunknown state. The method is easily extended to multiple qubits or to quNits.
Estimates of Armington parameters for a landlocked economy

One of the most debated issues in the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) literature concerns the validity of the key behavioral parameters used in the calibration process. CGE modelers seldom estimate those parameters, preferring to borrow from the handful of estimates available in the literature. The lack of data is often cited as a reason for this type of modus operandi (technique). Estimating key parameters is very crucial since CGE results are quite sensitive to parameter specification. This paper proposes a new and robust econometric technique, the Generalized Maximum Entropy (GME), to estimate Armington elasticities for selected commodities. All the parameters estimated are intended for use in a Lesotho CGE model.
Covert Communication Over Noisy Channels: A Resolvability Perspective

We consider the situation in which a transmitter attempts to communicate reliably over a discrete memoryless channel, while simultaneously ensuring covertness (low probability of detection) with respect to a warden, who observes the signals through another discrete memoryless channel. We develop a coding scheme based on the principle of channel resolvability, which generalizes and extends prior work in several directions. First, it shows that irrespective of the quality of the channels, it is possible to communicate on the order of $\sqrt {n}$ reliable and covert bits over $n$ channel uses if the transmitter and the receiver share on the order of $\sqrt {n}$ key bits. This improves upon earlier results requiring on the order of $\sqrt {n}\log n$ key bits. Second, it proves that if the receiver’s channel is better than the warden’s channel in a sense that we make precise, it is possible to communicate on the order of $\sqrt {n}$ reliable and covert bits over $n$ channel uses without a secret key. This generalizes earlier results established for binary symmetric channels. We also identify the fundamental limits of covert and secret communications in terms of the optimal asymptotic scaling of the message size and key size, and we extend the analysis to Gaussian channels. The main technical problem that we address is how to develop concentration inequalities for low-weight sequences. The crux of our approach is to define suitably modified typical sets that are amenable to concentration inequalities.
Cluster algebras I: Foundations

In an attempt to create an algebraic framework for dual canonical bases and total positivity in semisimple groups, we initiate the study of a new class of commutative algebras.
Partial Verbal Redundancy in Multimedia Presentations for Writing Strategy Instruction

Summary Multimedia instructional materials require learners to select, organize, and integrate information across multiple modalities. To facilitate these comprehension processes, a variety of multimedia design principles have been proposed. This study further explores the redundancy principle by manipulating the degree of partial redundancy between written and narrated content. Ninety high school students learned about cohesion via animated lesson videos from the Writing Pal intelligent tutoring system. Videos were crafted such that narrated and onscreen written content overlapped by 10%, 26%, or 50%. Across conditions, students gained significantly in their knowledge of cohesion-building strategies and the effects of cohesion on writing quality. However, degree of redundancy did not influence learning gains. Additionally, although more-skilled readers outperformed less-skilled readers, reading skill did not interact with the degree of redundancy. These results provide evidence that a broad range of partially redundant multimedia materials may be viable instructional tools that benefit diverse learners. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification of compact complex homogeneous spaces with invariant volumes

We solve the problem of the classification of compact complex homogeneous spaces with invariant volumes (see Matsushima, 1961).
Split Bregman method for large scale fused Lasso

Ordering of regression or classification coefficients occurs in many real-world applications. Fused Lasso exploits this ordering by explicitly regularizing the differences between neighboring coefficients through an @?"1 norm regularizer. However, due to nonseparability and nonsmoothness of the regularization term, solving the fused Lasso problem is computationally demanding. Existing solvers can only deal with problems of small or medium size, or a special case of the fused Lasso problem in which the predictor matrix is the identity matrix. In this paper, we propose an iterative algorithm based on the split Bregman method to solve a class of large-scale fused Lasso problems, including a generalized fused Lasso and a fused Lasso support vector classifier. We derive our algorithm using an augmented Lagrangian method and prove its convergence properties. The performance of our method is tested on both artificial data and real-world applications including proteomic data from mass spectrometry and genomic data from array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). We demonstrate that our method is many times faster than the existing solvers, and show that it is especially efficient for large p, small n problems, where p is the number of variables and n is the number of samples.
Are Firms in Developing Countries in Spider Webs or Iron Cages? Geographic Traps and Firm Performance

We explore the question of whether a geographic context represents opportunity or threat using two competing theories — geography of opportunity and curse of geography — and multilevel techniques to analyze data from 366 firms in six African countries (and validated with 128 firms from 24 countries). We find that location (landlockedness and bad neighbors) relate negatively to both sales and net profit. Infrastructure, however, does not relate directly to firm performance at a significant level but interacts with one firm characteristic — multinationality — in relating to sales and net profit. Locational traps — landlockedness and bad neighbors — also interact with multinationality and CEO origin in relating to sales and net profit. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and practice. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Absorbers toward CSO 118: Superclustering at z ~ 3, or an Intrinsic Absorption Complex?*

We present two low-resolution (R ~ 1300) high signal-to-noise ratio spectra (Wr, lim ≈ 50 mA) of the quasar CSO 118 (zem = 2.97) taken with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Marcario Low-Resolution Spectrograph. We detect eight absorbers selected by the C IV λλ1548, 1550 absorption doublet in the redshift range 2.23 zabs 2.97, seven of which are zabs 2.68. In the redshift range covered by the seven zabs 2.68 systems, one expects to find two absorbers. We discuss possible explanations for such an excess of absorbers in a small velocity range. Only superclustering at high redshift and absorption due to intrinsic gas are feasibly allowed.
Fetal echocardiography: A tool for evaluation of in utero cardiac arrhythmias and monitoring of in utero therapy: Analysis of 71 patients

Fetal echocardiographic studies were performed in 71 patients referred for evaluation of cardiac rhythm disturbances at 24 to 40 weeks' gestation. After 2-dimensional echocardiographic study of cardiac structure was performed, M-mode echocardiograms were analyzed for measurement of cardiac rate, atrioventricular contraction sequence, atrioventricular valve motion, and duration of postectopic pauses. Arrhythmias were diagnosed in 59 patients. In 34 patients with isolated ectopic beats, the arrhythmia resolved during later pregnancy in 26 or within the first 5 days of life in 8. Six patients had mild sinus bradycardia and 8 had frequent sinus pauses; all 14 had resolution of the arrhythmia during pregnancy. Sustained arrhythmias occurred in 11 patients. Deaths occurred when there was associated fetal congestive heart failure (hydrops fetalis), structural heart disease, or both. M-mode echocardiography diagnosed supraventricular tachycardia in 3 fetuses. The echocardiogram was used thereafter for monitoring transplacental digoxin therapy.
The structure of social disparities in education : gender and wealth

Using internationally comparable household data sets (Demographic and Health Surveys), the author investigates how gender and wealth interact to generate within country inequalities in educational enrollment and attainment. He carries out multivariate analysis to assess the partial relationship between educational outcomes and gender, wealth, household characteristics (including level of education of adults, in the households), and community characteristics (including the presence of schools in the community). He finds that: 1) women are at a great educational disadvantage in countries in South Asia and North, Western, and Central Africa. 2) Gender gaps are large in a subset of countries, but wealth gaps are large in almost all of the countries studied. Moreover, in some countries where there is a heavy female disadvantage in enrollment (Egypt, India, Morocco, Niger, and Pakistan), wealth interacts with gender to exacerbate the gap in the educational outcomes. In India, for example, where there is a 2.5 percentage point difference between male and female enrollment for children from the richest households, the difference is 34 percentage points for children from the poorest households. 3) The education level of adults in the household has a significant impact on the enrollment of children in all the countries studied, even after controlling for wealth. The effect of the educational level of adult female is larger than that of the education level of adult males in some, but not all, of the countries studied. 4) The presence of a primary and a secondary school in the community has a significant relationship with enrollment in some countries only (notably in Western and Central Africa). The relationship appears not to systematically differ by children's gender.
The Influence of Employee Involvement Program Membership During Downsizing: Attitudes Toward the Employer and the Union

This study investigates the influence of employee involvement (EI) program membership on attitudes towards an organization, its management, and the union during organizational downsizing. Respondents were 147 union members who had been notified of their discharge from a large manufacturer. EI membership had significant effects on worker commitment to the organization, attitudes towards management, perceived fairness and attributions of blame, but not on attitudes toward the union. However, EI members displace somewhat greater blame for the layoff on the union.
CANONICAL HEIGHTS ON ELLIPTIC CURVES IN CHARACTERISTIC p

Let \(k = \mathbb{F}_q (t)\) be the rational function field with finite constant field and characteristic \(p \geqslant 3\), and let K/k be a finite separable extension. For a fixed place v of k and an elliptic curve E/K which has ordinary reduction at all places of K extending v, we consider a canonical height pairing \(\left\langle {{\text{ }},{\text{ }}} \right\rangle _v :E(K^{sep} ) \times E(K^{sep} ) \to \mathbb{C}_F^ \times\) which is symmetric, bilinear and Galois equivariant. The pairing \(\left\langle {{\text{ }},{\text{ }}} \right\rangle _\infty \) for the “infinite” place of k is a natural extension of the classical Neron–Tate height. For v finite, the pairing \(\left\langle {{\text{ }},{\text{ }}} \right\rangle _v \) plays the role of global analytic p-adic heights. We further determine some hypotheses for the nondegeneracy of these pairings.
Endothelial MMP14 is required for endothelial-dependent growth support of human airway basal cells.

Human airway basal cells are the stem (or progenitor) population of the airway epithelium, and play a central role in anchoring the epithelium to the basement membrane. The anatomic position of basal cells allows for potential paracrine signaling between them and the underlying non-epithelial stromal cells. In support of this, we have previously demonstrated that endothelial cells support growth of basal cells during co-culture through vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)-mediated signaling. Building on these findings, we found, by RNA sequencing analysis, that basal cells expressed multiple fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands (FGF2, FGF5, FGF11 and FGF13) and that only FGF2 and FGF5 were capable of functioning in a paracrine manner to activate classical FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling. Antibody-mediated blocking of FGFR1 during basal-cell–endothelial-cell co-culture significantly reduced the endothelial-cell-dependent basal cell growth. Stimulation of endothelial cells with basal-cell-derived growth factors induced endothelial cell expression of matrix metallopeptidase 14 (MMP14), and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of endothelial cell MMP14 significantly reduced the endothelial-cell-dependent growth of basal cells. Overall, these data characterize a new growth-factor-mediated reciprocal ‘crosstalk’ between human airway basal cells and endothelial cells that regulates proliferation of basal cells.
Short-run learning dynamics under a test-based accountability system : evidence from Pakistan

Low student learning is a common finding in much of the developing world. This paper uses a relatively unique dataset of five semiannual rounds of standardized test data to characterize and explain the short-term changes in student learning. The data are collected as part of the quality assurance system for a public-private partnership program that offers public subsidies conditional on minimum learning levels to low-cost private schools in Pakistan. Apart from a large positive distributional shift in learning between the first two test rounds, the learning distributions over test rounds show little progress. Schools are ejected from the program if they fail to achieve a minimum pass rate in the test in two consecutive attempts, making the test high stakes. Sharp regression discontinuity estimates show that the threat of program exit on schools that barely failed the test for the first time induces large learning gains. The large change in learning between the first two test rounds is likely attributable to this accountability pressure given that a large share of new program entrants failed in the first test round. Schools also qualify for substantial annual teacher bonuses if they achieve a minimum score in a composite measure of student test participation and mean test score. Sharp regression discontinuity estimates do not show that the prospect of future teacher bonus rewards induces learning gains for schools that barely did not qualify for the bonus.
Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in osteocytes precedes bone resorption as stimulated by disuse: Evidence for autoregulation of the cell's mechanical environment?

An in vivo animal model of bone adaptation was used to examine a possible role for matrix metalloproteinase-1 in the local mediation of bone remodeling: to corrode the coupling of osteocytes to the matrix in an attempt to autoregulate the cell's perception of its mechanical environment. Twelve young (12-16 months old) skeletally mature turkeys were separated into groups to be studied for stimulus periods of either 3 or 30 days. In each animal, the left ulna was functionally isolated and subjected to either disuse or 3,000 microstrain at 1 Hz for 10 minutes per day. The right ulna remained intact and served as an intra-animal control. No significant differences in bone area were detected at 3 days; however, ulnae subjected to disuse lost 8 +/- 4% (+/-SD) of bone area by 30 days. Over the same period, ulnae subjected to the mechanical stimulus gained 21 +/- 9% of bone area. With use of in situ reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, less than 2% of the osteocytes examined from the intact control ulnae stained positively for matrix metalloproteinase-1 mRNA. An antibody raised against matrix metalloproteinase-1 revealed no positively labeled osteocytes in the intact ulnae. This low percentage of osteocytes expressing matrix metalloproteinase-1 mRNA was similar to that seen in ulnae subjected to the osteogenic mechanical stimuli. In contrast, ulnae subjected to either 3 or 30 days of disuse showed evidence of matrix metalloproteinase-1 mRNA activity in a high percentage of osteocytes (89 +/- 5 and 66 +/- 8%, respectively; each time point significantly different from intact ulnae, as well as from each other, p < 0.05). The percentage of osteocytes labeled with the anti-matrix metalloproteinase-1 antibody was also highly elevated following 3 days of disuse (74 +/- 17%). These data demonstrate that an early response of bone to disuse is the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity in osteocytes. It is proposed that this upregulation of collagenase activity is indicative of the cell's degradation of coupling to the matrix, and it thus reflects the osteocyte's regulation of its own mechanical environment. We believe that such autoregulation of the osteocyte's physical environment will accommodate subtle changes in the bone's functional environment without the need to add or resorb bone tissue.
Quantum and randomized lower bounds for local search on vertex-transitive graphs

We study the problem of local search on a graph. Given a real-valued black-box functionf on the graph's vertices, this is the problem of determining a local minimum of f--a vertex v for which f(v) is no more than f evaluated at any of v's neighbors. In1983, Aldous gave the first strong lower bounds for the problem, showing that anyrandomized algorithm requires Ω(2n/2-o(n)) queries to determine a local minimum onthe n-dimensional hypercube. The next major step forward was not until 2004 whenAaronson, introducing a new method for query complexity bounds, both strengthened thislower bound to Ω(2n/2/n2) and gave an analogous lower bound on the quantum querycomplexity. While these bounds are very strong, they are known only for narrow familiesof graphs (hypercubes and grids). We show how to generalize Aaronson's techniques inorder to give randomized (and quantum) lower bounds on the query complexity of localsearch for the family of vertex-transitive graphs. In particular, we show that for anyvertex-transitive graph G of N vertices and diameter d, the randomized and quantumquery complexities for local search on G are Ω (√N/dlogN) and (4√N / √dlogN),respectively.
The Economics of Franchising

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Four popular misconceptions about franchising 3. Franchise contracts 4. Franchising, vertical integration, and vertical restraints 5. Quality control 6. Franchise tying contracts 7. Vertical price controls in franchising 8. Encroachment 9. Advertising and promotion 10. Termination and non-renewal 11. Concluding remarks.
Principal component gene set enrichment (PCGSE)

Although principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used for the dimensional reduction of biomedical data, interpretation of PCA results remains daunting. Most existing interpretation methods attempt to explain each principal component (PC) in terms of a small number of variables by generating approximate PCs with mainly zero loadings. Although useful when just a few variables dominate the population PCs, these methods can perform poorly on genomic data, where interesting biological features are frequently represented by the combined signal of functionally related sets of genes. While gene set testing methods have been widely used in supervised settings to quantify the association of groups of genes with clinical outcomes, these methods have seen only limited application for testing the enrichment of gene sets relative to sample PCs. We describe a novel approach, principal component gene set enrichment (PCGSE), for unsupervised gene set testing relative to the sample PCs of genomic data. The PCGSE method computes the statistical association between gene sets and individual PCs using a two-stage competitive gene set test. To demonstrate the efficacy of the PCGSE method, we use simulated and real gene expression data to evaluate the performance of various gene set test statistics and significance tests. Gene set testing is an effective approach for interpreting the PCs of high-dimensional genomic data. As shown using both simulated and real datasets, the PCGSE method can generate biologically meaningful and computationally efficient results via a two-stage, competitive parametric test that correctly accounts for inter-gene correlation.
Galaxy–galaxy lensing by non-spherical haloes – I. Theoretical considerations

We use a series of Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the theory of galaxy-galaxy lensing by non-spherical dark matter haloes. The simulations include a careful accounting of the effects of multiple deflections on the galaxy-galaxy lensing signal. In a typical observational data set where the mean tangential shear of sources with redshifts z s ≃ 0.6 is measured with respect to the observed symmetry axes of foreground galaxies with redshifts z 1 ≃ 0.3, we find that the signature of anisotropic galaxy-galaxy lensing differs substantially from the simple expectation that one would have in the absence of multiple deflections. In general, the observed ratio of the mean tangential shears, γ + (θ)/γ - (θ), is strongly suppressed compared to the function that one would measure if the intrinsic symmetry axes of the foreground galaxies were known. Depending upon the characteristic masses of the lenses, the observed ratio of the mean tangential shears may be consistent with an isotropic signal (despite the fact that the lenses are non-spherical), or it may even be reversed from the expected signal (i.e. the mean tangential shear for sources close to the observed minor axes of the lenses may exceed the mean tangential shear for sources close to the observed major axes of the lenses). These effects are caused primarily by the fact that the images of the lens galaxies have, themselves, been lensed and therefore the observed symmetry axes of the lens galaxies differ from their intrinsic symmetry axes. We show that the effects of lensing of the foreground galaxies on the observed function γ + (θ)/γ - (θ) cannot be eliminated simply by the rejection of foreground galaxies with very small image ellipticities nor by simply focusing the analysis on sources that are located very close to the observed symmetry axes of the foreground galaxies. We conclude that any attempt to use a measurement of γ + (θ)/γ - (θ) to constrain the shapes of dark matter galaxy haloes must include Monte Carlo simulations that take multiple deflections properly into account.
A conformal prediction approach to explore functional data

This paper applies conformal prediction techniques to compute simultaneous prediction bands and clustering trees for functional data. These tools can be used to detect outliers and clusters. Both our prediction bands and clustering trees provide prediction sets for the underlying stochastic process with a guaranteed finite sample behavior, under no distributional assumptions. The prediction sets are also informative in that they correspond to the high density region of the underlying process. While ordinary conformal prediction has high computational cost for functional data, we use the inductive conformal predictor, together with several novel choices of conformity scores, to simplify the computation. Our methods are illustrated on some real data examples.
Menu costs and Markov inflation: A theoretical revision with new evidence

Abstract We revisit a foundational theoretical paper in the menu-cost literature, Sheshinski and Weiss [1983. Optimum pricing policy under stochastic inflation. Review of Economic Studies 50(3), 513–529], one of the few to treat stochastic inflation with persistent deviations from trend. In contrast to the original finding, we show that optimal pricing in this environment entails using different ( s , S ) bands in high-inflation and low-inflation states of the world. The low-inflation band is strictly contained within the high-inflation band. This revised solution has very different implications from the original one. Firms are generally risk loving, not risk averse, with respect to inflation. An increase in the variance of inflation increases price dispersion when inflation is high and decreases price dispersion when inflation is low. On an aggregate level, this optimal pricing would lead to bunching of prices and non-neutrality of money in the setting of Caplin and Spulber [1987. Menu costs and the neutrality of money. Quarterly Journal of Economics 102(4), 703–725]. To test the main finding, we construct an establishment-level dataset from the months surrounding Mexico's “tequila crisis” in 1995. In the high-inflation state, price increases are larger and establishments allow their prices to vary more widely around their respective long-run mean relative prices. Cross-establishment price dispersion is lower, but this result seems due to decreased establishment heterogeneity rather than narrower ( s , S ) bands. Overall, the evidence suggests that establishments employ wider ( s , S ) bands in the high-inflation state.
Directed Heterodimerization: Stereocontrolled Assembly via Solvent-Caged Unsymmetrical Diazene Fragmentation

A general strategy for the directed and stereocontrolled assembly of carbon–carbon linked heterodimeric hexahydropyrroloindoles is described. The stepwise union of complex amines in the form of mixed diazenes followed by photoexpulsion of dinitrogen in a solvent cage provides completely guided assembly at challenging Csp3–Csp3 and Csp3–Csp2 connections.
CENTESIMO ANNO: THE SOCIAL ENCYCLICAL OF MAY 1991

Introduction On 15 May 1891 Pope Leo XIII issued what has become known as “the Great Social Encyclical”, Rerum Novarum: De Conditione Opificum; or, “Revolutionary Change: On the Condition of the Working Classes”. Forty years thereafter, Pope Pius XI issued the second GSE, Quadragesimo Anno: On the Restoration of the Social Order (15 May 1931); and, in a string of papal pronouncements (allocutions, encyclical epistles and letters, etc.) and related Vatican documents ranging from Pius XII's brief Sertum laetitiae (1 Nov. 1939) and Radio Address of Pentacost 1941 celebrating the 50th anniversary of RN, e.g. via John XXIII's Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris (1961; 1963), …, John Paul II's Laborem Exercens: On Human Work and Sollicitudo Rei Socialis: On Social Concern (1981; 1987), official “Social Catholicism” has continued to address itself to the so‐called “social question” over this near‐century. It is thus with some anticipation, and the prediction of a prominent US ordinary, that we await a major social encyclical letter on the 100th anniversary of Rerum Novarum, perhaps with the opening words and title, Centesimo Anno: On the Social Question Today.
Some New Ideas in Liquid Detectors

Abstract Three new techniques for the detection and imaging of the energy deposited in liquid detectors are discussed. These are: electrostatic imaging in liquid argon doped with methane, photon mediated charge amplification in liquid xenon containing photosensitive dopants, and electron extraction from liquid argon and 2,2,4,4-TMP with charge amplification in the gas phase.
Gait Cycle Duration in 3-Year-Old Children

The gait cycle duration of 11 children who were 3 years old was recorded using cinematography. The variation of cycle duration from cycle to cycle during free walking with each child and the variation of mean cycle duration among the children are reported. I analyzed individual subject characteristics including sex, height, weight, leg length, and age at onset of independent walking for strength of relationship to recorded cycle duration. Results suggest that cycle duration in 3-year-old children during free walking is shorter than that expected for adults. A minimum of variability exists in average cycle duration across subjects at 3 years of age; however, considerable variation of cycle duration from cycle to cycle within individual subjects is not uncommon. I identified no significant relationships between subject characteristics and gait cycle duration. The data reported are consistent with the results of other studies showing a trend of gradually increasing cycle duration and decreasing variability with increasing age in early childhood.
Visual influences on alignment to voice onset time.

Purpose Speech shadowing experiments were conducted to test whether alignment (inadvertent imitation) to voice onset time (VOT) can be influenced by visual speech information. Method Experiment 1 e...
An efficient QoS routing algorithm for quorumcast communication

This paper studies quality of service (QoS) routing for quorumcast, a generalized form of multicast communication. The need of quorumcast communication arises in a number of distributed applications such as distributed synchronization and resource discovery, but little work has been done on routing quorumcast messages with or without QoS constraints. Moreover, most known research work aimed to construct a minimum cost tree that spans the source and the quorumcast group members. In this paper, we further consider the path quality of a tree in terms of source-destination delay constraints imposed by applications that use the tree. As the delay-constrained quorumcast routing problem is NP-complete, we propose an efficient heuristic QoS routing algorithm. We also consider how to detect and remove loops in the course of tree construction and how to deal with member join/leave in/from the quorumcast pool. Our simulation study shows that the proposed algorithm performs well and constructs a quorumcast tree with the cost close to that of the "optimal" routing tree.
Stochastic correlation across international stock markets

Abstract This paper examines the correlation across a number of international stock market indices. As correlation is not observable, we assume it to be a latent variable whose dynamics must be estimated using data on observables. To do so, we use filtering methods to extract stochastic correlation from returns data. We find evidence that the estimated correlation structure is dynamically changing over time. We also investigate the link between stochastic correlation and volatility. In general, stochastic correlation tends to increase in response to higher volatility but the effect is by no means consistent. These results have important implications for portfolio theory as well as risk management.
STUDY OF BRANCH POINTS IN THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM PLANE

A study is made of the Amati-Fubini-Stanghellini (AFS) type of approximation to the amplitudes associated with the exchange of a single Regge pole and an elementary spinless particle, and with the exchange of two Regge poles. The location, motion, and nature of the singularities in the complex-angular-momentum plane of the $s$ reaction which appear in these approximations, and their cancellation in the full diagram, are considered in detail; the singularities are found to be of two general types: branch points whose positions are independent of, and dependent on, particle masses. Only the former singularities determine the asymptotic behavior of the AFS amplitudes in the physical scattering region, while the latter appear only on the physical sheet via the mass-independent branch points at unphysical momentum transfers. The same method used in the study of the AFS approximation to the diagrams which do not have the AFS-type singularities is applied to the analysis of the Mandelstam diagrams for which the above-mentioned cancellation of the cuts does not occur; the analysis, although less rigorous, suggests that the location and nature of the singularities in the $j$ plane are the same as those found for the AFS type of approximations to the simpler versions of these diagrams. With a number of approximations which, although plausible, are hard to justify rigorously, an estimate is made of the contribution to the amplitude coming from the angular-momentum cut.
Jumping Numbers of Hyperplane Arrangements

Saito [8] proved that the jumping numbers of a hyperplane arrangement depend only on the combinatorics of the arrangement. However, a formula in terms of the combinatorial data was still missing. In this note, we give a formula and a different proof of the fact that the jumping numbers of a hyperplane arrangement depend only on the combinatorics. We also give a combinatorial formula for part of the Hodge spectrum and for the inner jumping multiplicities.
Fermi liquid viscosity in a finite geometry

Forced flow of a Fermi liquid is studied for a cell geometry consisting of two planes with a separation on the order of mean free path. An approximate transport equation is used to derive an integral equation for the velocity profile, which is solved numerically. Results for the total flux through the cell, which determines the dissipation, are given as a function of the Knudsen number N (ratio of cell thickness to mean free path). Effects of specular reflection at the boundaries are considered. It is found that the dissipation has a minimum at N approximately equal to 1/2, and behaves linearly for N greater than or equal to 3. Implications for present experimentation are discussed.
The closed-end fund puzzle: Management fees and private information

Abstract Using a multi-period partial equilibrium model, I demonstrate that a combination of management fees and a time-varying information advantage for a fund manager can account for several empirically observed characteristics of closed-end funds simultaneously. The model is consistent with the basic time-series behavior of fund discounts, accounts for the excess volatility of fund returns, explains why the management fee appears to be an insignificant determinant of discounts, and is consistent with many time-series correlations between discounts, NAV returns, and fund returns. The model also generates novel predictions regarding the relations between asset turnover, discounts, and returns.
EMPIRICAL BAYES ESTIMATION AND INFERENCE FOR THE PHOSPHORUS–CHLOROPHYLL RELATIONSHIP IN LAKES

ABSTRACT State and regional agencies frequently must use a model or models to assess limnological relationships, like that between phosphorus and chlorophyll, in a large number of lakes. If lake behavior in all lakes is essentially identical, then it is reasonable to pool information across lakes concerning the relationships and to make inferences on the basis of a universal model. Alternatively, if all lakes are unique, then inferences must be drawn from lake-specific models. The truth probably lies somewhere in between these two extremes. On that basis, empirical Bayes estimation is used to fit a simple model relating phosphorus to chlorophyll in lakes. The model is then applied to each lake in such a way that the chlorophyll prediction is based on both lake-specific and regional lake information. For lakes as a whole, the empirical Bayes estimator should result in improved predictions over standard approaches.
Damage Control and Increasing Returns: Further Results

Recently, researchers have been paying attention to the possibility of increasing returns to the use of damage control inputs under very plausible technologies. By looking at the mathematical structure of damage and control functions, we can describe a necessary and sufficient condition on these functions for locally increasing returns to occur. Using examples, I demonstrate how the result can be applied to models with single or multiple control inputs. Because analytic solutions are sometimes not possible, a simple empirical test for concavity violations is also provided. A caution is given about problems associated with estimating the basic model specification.
Roadmap towards ultimately-efficient zeta-scale datacenters

Chip microscale liquid-cooling reduces thermal resistance and improves datacenter efficiency with higher coolant temperatures by eliminating chillers and allowing thermal energy re-use in cold climates. Liquid cooling enables an unprecedented density in future computers to a level similar to a human brain. This is mediated by a dense 3D architecture for interconnects, fluid cooling, and power delivery of energetic chemical compounds transported in the same fluid. Vertical integration improves memory proximity and electrochemical power delivery creating valuable space for communication. This strongly improves large system efficiency thereby allowing computers to grow beyond exa-scale.