cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary dl-alpha-tocopherol on tissue alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in broilers

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of high dietary levels of vitamin E on growth performance and pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) mortality. Male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments consisting of standard starter and grower diets supplemented with 0, 17, 46, and 87 mg dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg. To encourage the development of PHS, air temperature in the house was 32 and 28 C for Weeks 1 and 2, dropped to 18 C during Week 3, and kept between 10 and 15 C during Weeks 4 through 7. Also, chicks were placed in floor pens on litter used for five previous flocks and ventilation reduced to increase dust and ammonia in the house. Ammonia levels increased from an initial 18 to 36 ppm on Day 42 with the increase in ammonia corresponding to an obvious increase in dust in the air. Lung and liver tissue obtained at 2, 5, and 7 wk of age were analyzed for tissue alpha- and gamma-tocopherol by liquid chromatography. Dietary vitamin E had no effect on body weight, feed intake, or feed efficiency. Cumulative PHS mortality through 7 wk of age was 21% and was also unaffected by dietary treatment. Liver and lung alpha-tocopherol concentrations exhibited a dose-response increase to dietary tocopherol and there was a high correlation between lung and liver tissue alpha-tocopherol (r = 0.72, P
Adsorption of adenine at the mercury/water interface. Effects of pH and ionic strength

The adsorption of adenine at the mercury/aqueous solution interface has been examined by phase-selective a. c. polarography. Surface charge, surface tension and adsorption isotherms have been derived from the capacity curves. At all pH, adenine molecules are adsorbed in a flat orientation due to specific π-orbital interaction, which, in acidic media, predominates over electrostatic repulsion between protonated adenine and positively charged electrode. The extent of adsorption increases with pH in Mcllvaine buffer (pH 2.6 to 7.2); it is less in pH 9.0 carbonate buffer than in pH 7.2 Mcllvaine buffer. With increasingly negative electrode potential or charge, the surface excess of adenine steadily decreases; adenine is not adsorbed negative of -1.6V. There is neither potential- nor surface-charge-dependent reorientation beyond about - 1.1 V; a concentration-dependent-reorientation occurs before monolayer coverage is complete. Adsorption can be described by a Frumkin isotherm with an interaction factor corresponding to attraction between adsorbed molecules for potentials positive of -0.7 V at pH 7.2 and - 0.5 V at pH 9.0. Repulsion between adsorbed molecules at pH 3.8 implies that protonated adenine is present on the surface. The standard free energy of adsorption varies from - 29 to - 38 kJ/mol. Das adsorptive Verhalten von Adenin an der Phasengrenze Quecksilber/Wasser in McIlvaine- und Carbonat-Puffersystemen wurde mit Hilfe der phasenempfindlichen Wechselstrompolarographie studiert. Die erhaltenen Kurven der differentiellen Doppelschichtkapazitat gegen das Elektrodenpotential wurden quantitativ zur Ermittlung der Adsorptionsisothermen des Adenins mit unterschiedlichen Rand-bedingungen (pH, Ionenstarke) ausgewertet. Die Untersuchung bei samtlichen pH-Werten zeigt, das die absorbierten Adenon-Molekule planar angeordnet sind und eine Umorientierung in einer vertikalen Lage, lediglich in Abhangigkeit von der Aktivitat des Adenins in der Losung, erleiden. Mit zunehmendem pH-Wert, in McIlvaine-Puffern, tritt eine erhohte Adsorption des Adenins auf. Jedoch ist in alkalischen Medien (Carbonat-Puffersystem, pH 9,0) eine geringere Oberflachenkonzentration des Adenins, im Vergleich zu pH 7,2, zu beobachten. Mit zunehmend negativem Elektrodenpotential nimmt die Oberflachenaktivitat des Adenins ab. Die Adsorption des Adenins last sich durch eine Frumkinsche Adsorptionsisotherme beschreiben. In neutralen und basischen Medien treten intermolekulare Anziehungskrafte an der Hg-Oberflache ein. Die in aciden Medien beobachtete Abstosung zwischen den adsorbierten Adenin-Molekulen ist vermutlich auf die Koadsorption von protoniertem Adenin zuruckzufuhren. Die freie Adsorptionsenthalpie variiert zwischen - 7 und - 9 kcal mol (−29 bis - 38kJ/mol)
MARS2: An Advanced Femtosecond Laser Mask Repair Tool

Femtosecond pulsed lasers offer fundamental advantages over other techniques for repairing lithographic masks. Since the femtosecond ablation process is non-thermal, the spatial resolution is not degraded by thermal diffusion and is therefore limited only by optical diffraction. In addition, metal splatter, gallium staining, reduced optical transmission, beam induced charging, quartz damage, and phase errors inherent in other repair methods are eliminated. A second generation femtosecond laser repair tool is described. The tool utilizes DUV optics which allow ~100nm mask features to be imaged. The laser beam is focused to a round, gaussian spot. This gaussian spot is scanned over the defect, thus allowing arbitrarily shaped repairs to be performed with a spatial resolution of ~100nm. Since the mask is not degraded in any way during the repair process, repairs can be performed iteratively by ablating small slices of the defect. Mask features can be trimmed to an RMS precision of ~5nm. The system is also highly automated: masks are loaded into the tool from a SMIF pod via a robot and the tool is controlled from a single screen operator interface. This new tool has been operating successfully in the IBM Burlington mask house since late 2001, and is currently IBM's primary repair tool for 248 and 193nm chrome on glass and phase shift masks.
Risktaking and electoral competition

Abstract This paper examines riskating by candidates competing for political office. It demonstrates that risky strategies may be chosen even if voters are risk averse. Candidates seek to maximize their chances of electoral victory but are uncertain about the way political strategies translate into votes. The analysis begins with two-candidate plurality rule races. In selecting among options with the same expected vote share, the favorite takes as few chances as possible while the underdog selects the highest risk option. There is a ‘knife-edge’ at 50 per cent of the expected vote where a candidate shifts from the most risky to the most cautious strategy. The paper then contrasts this result with risktaking under other voting rules. The ‘knife-edge’ remains under supermajorities, appears in modified form in plurality rule with more than two candidates and in approval voting, and disappears under some forms of proportional representation.
Effect of population density on mortality after motor vehicle collisions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of population density on mortality after traffic crashes. Subjects were the drivers of vehicles requiring towing after collisions, sampled by NASS-GES during 1994-1998. Cases were classified by population of crash location (greater or lesser than 25,000) and by population density of the driver's county of residence (using ZIP code and Census data). Cases were also categorized by age, belt use and vehicle speed. Analytic methods for weighted, stratified survey data were used to estimate effects on mortality. A total of 190,721 cases with a specified crash location were identified in the sample, of which 93.7% had a specified population at the crash location, and 94.1% could be linked to the driver's county data. Mortality was higher in locations with populations less than 25,000 and was inversely proportional to the driver's county population density. Age, belt use, and vehicle speed also affected mortality significantly, but the effect of rural location remained after controlling for these factors (O.R. 2.10, 95% C.I. 1.62-2.73). The excess risk for residents of rural areas to die in traffic crashes can be attributed in part to post-crash factors.
Tubes and Ear Infections

To the Editor. — Ruohola et al1 demonstrate that placebo-controlled trials can be performed in young children, and time-to-resolution endpoints can be measured in such trials. Recent US Food and Drug Administration meetings2,3,4 have discussed the need for placebo-controlled antimicrobial trials in potentially self-resolving bacterial infections and the endpoints for such trials. Unfortunately, the clinical relevance of the time to resolution of tube otorrhea is unclear. The authors state that acute otitis media (AOM) is associated with tube otorrhea when accompanied by acute symptoms. The authors show that the majority of children had “respiratory symptoms,” but these may not be the same as symptoms of AOM. If acute symptoms differentiate AOM from tube otorrhea alone, then the resolution of acute symptoms should be the primary endpoint. Measuring the time to resolution of acute symptoms rather than measuring outcomes at some fixed time point is most relevant to patients and may allow the greatest chance of showing a difference between antibiotics and placebo in self-resolving diseases. As the authors state, the ultimate goal of administering antibiotics is to help the host recover from disease. Disease is the presence of signs and symptoms, not merely the presence of bacteria and/or serous drainage. Although microbiologic …
Synthesis, turnover, and stability of heterogeneous RNA in growing mouse oocytes.

Abstract RNA of midgrowth phase naked mouse oocytes was labeled for 1 to 48 hr in vitro with [ 3 H]uridine and displayed on 2% polyacrylamide gels. From the gel profiles and the total incorporation into RNA at each time point, the cumulative incorporation into hRNA >36 S, hRNA ≤36 S, and rRNA was computed. Assuming that rRNA is stable and that the rate of synthesis of rRNA is about 0.4 ng (the amount found in the egg) per 2 weeks (length of the oocyte growth phase), the incorporation data were converted to mass. The steady-state level of hRNA >36 S was 15 pg/nucleus, while hRNA ≤36 S (after some initial turnover) accumulated linearly at a rate of 0.01 pg/min. Correcting for the changing specific activity of the pool, reflected in the changing rate of incorporation into rRNA, the t 1 2 of hRNA >36 S was found to be less than 25 min. Assuming a t 1 2 of 20 min, the rate of synthesis of hRNA was 0.6 pg/min, a rate higher than that in mouse L cells, but 40X lower than expected for lampbrush chromosomes with a high rate of transcriptional activity. The available evidence indicates that very active lampbrush chromosomes do not exist at any stage in meiotic prophase of mouse oocytes.
Optic nerve edema: complication of peripheral hemodialysis shunt

Peripheral arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis can be complicated by infection, limb edema, venous thrombosis and stenosis, aneurysm, venous hypertension, and rarely, ophthalmic manifestations. We report an unusual case of unilateral optic nerve edema secondary to a contralateral peripheral hemodialysis shunt.
Significant association of DRD1 with nicotine dependence.

Epidemiologic studies have strongly implicated genetics in smoking behavior. Genes in the dopaminergic system, which mediates the reinforcing and dependence-producing properties of nicotine, are plausible candidates for roles in nicotine dependence (ND). In this study, we examined five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or near the dopamine D1 receptor gene (DRD1) for their association with ND, which was assessed by smoking quantity (SQ), the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), and the Fagerstrom Test for ND (FTND). The samples were obtained from 2,037 participants representing 200 European American (EA) and 402 African American (AA) families. Although we found significant associations of SNPs rs265973, rs686, and rs4532 in the AA sample; of rs4532 in the EA sample; and of rs265975, rs686, and rs4532 in the pooled sample with various ND measures, only the association of rs686 in the AA sample and of rs686 and rs4532 in the pooled sample remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Haplotype-based association analysis revealed that haplotype C-T-A, formed by rs265973, rs265975, and rs686, was significantly associated with all three ND measures in both the AA and the pooled sample. Another haplotype, T-A-T, formed by rs265975, rs686, and rs4532, showed a significant association with FTND in the pooled sample. Furthermore, in a luciferase reporter assay, rs686, located in the 3′ untranslated region, caused differential luciferase activities, indicating that rs686 is a functional polymorphism affecting expression of DRD1.
Condition-based updating of the fragility for roof covers under high winds

Abstract Fragility modeling is a commonly used approach to quantify the risk of a structure subjected to high winds. In order to overcome a limitation of conventional fragility models where the performance of the roof cover is assumed to be fixed, we propose a new framework for obtaining the fragility of roof covers under high winds. The approach models the capacity related terms as functions rather than fixed values. Therefore, it can describe gradual increase of failure probability as the roof cover degrades over time. The parameters for the capacity functions are obtained from sensor measurements. In order to overcome the uncertainties associated with the limited measurements, a Bayesian approach is employed. Although the proposed framework can be applied to any type of roof covers, an illustrative example is given for asphalt shingles. Results show the importance of considering degradation of the roof cover in obtaining the fragility. The proposed approach provides much more comprehensive fragility functions than conventional approaches by considering the degradation of the roof cover.
The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940

Preface 1. Introduction (Richard Graham) 2. Racial Ideas and Social Policy in Brazil, 1870-1940 (Thomas E. Skidmore) 3. Race in Argentina and Cuba, 1880-1930: Theory, Policies, and Popular Reaction (Aline Helg) 4. Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940 (Alan Knight) Bibliography Index
Progesterone is neuroprotective after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in male rats

Progesterone (PROG) is a neurosteroid, possessing a variety of functions in the central nervous system. Exogenous PROG has been shown to reduce secondary neuronal loss in conjunction with attenuated brain edema after cerebral contusion and to reduce brain edema after focal cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we assessed the neuroprotective potential of PROG in a model of focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups, i.e. pretreatment with water soluble PROG, or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) dissolved PROG, or DMSO as control or delayed treatment with DMSO dissolved PROG. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced by insertion of an intraluminal suture and reperfusion was performed by withdrawing the suture. Pretreatments were initiated 30 min before MCAO via intraperitoneal injection. Delayed treatment was initiated upon reperfusion following 2 h of MCAO. Infarct volume, body weight loss, and neurological deficit were measured 48 h after MCAO. Pre- and delayed treatment with DMSO dissolved PROG resulted in a 39% (P < 0.05) and 34% (P < 0.05) reduction in cerebral infarction, respectively, along with decreased body weight loss and improved neurological function as compared to control animals, whereas no statistically significant reduction in infarct volume by water soluble PROG was found. We demonstrated that administration of PROG to the male rat before or 2 hours after onset of MCAO reduces ischemic cell damage and improves physiological and neurological function 2 days after stroke. These results suggests potential therapeutic properties of PROG in the management of stroke.
Deaf Mothers, Maternal Thinking and Intersections of Gender and Ability

Abstract This paper investigates the mothering experiences of college-educated Deaf women and connects this to their identities as part of the Deaf community. Using feminist life history interviews with ten Deaf women, the analysis focuses on their work as mothers and the connections with “maternal thinking,” difference and sameness. Discussions about wanting hearing or deaf children and communication with children influenced their identities and were part of the disciplined practice of this work. The women developed strategies to “normalize” experiences and viewed themselves as a linguistic minority. They made political decisions when using American Sign Language, English, or both and resonated with the Deaf community, hearing world, or “in between.” They worked to ensure the acceptability of their children as well as themselves. The author argues that an analysis of ability along with gender is useful to further current theorizing about gender and mothering as a kind of work.
Effects of worry and progressive relaxation on the reduction of fear in speech phobia: An investigation of situational exposure.

Previous research has demonstrated the facilitative effects of relaxation and inhibitory effects of worry on the emotional processing of imaginal fear exposures. The present study was designed to determine whether these same effects occur in the emotional processing of in vivo exposures to feared stimuli. Forty-two speechanxious college students were randomly assigned to one of three experimental induction conditions. Participants engaged in either progressive muscle relaxation, a neutral control procedure, or worry immediately before each of five repeated speech presentations while heart period and self-reported fear were monitored. Relative to the relaxation condition, the worry group demonstrated greater subjective anxiety across exposures, despite the fact that all three groups displayed strong and equivalent cardiovascular response to the first speech presentation and showed equivalent heart rate decreases across the repeated presentations. The role of parasympathetic activity in fear reduction was also documented, with decreased parasympathetic activity occurring during initial fear exposure and increased activity across repeated presentations. Implications for the role of relaxation and worry during real-life exposure to feared social situations are discussed.
Experimental Validation of Advanced Dispersed Fringe Sensing (ADFS) Algorithm Using Advanced Wavefront Sensing and Correction Testbed (AWCT)

Large aperture telescope commonly features segment mirrors and a coarse phasing step is needed to bring these individual segments into the fine phasing capture range. Dispersed Fringe Sensing (DFS) is a powerful coarse phasing technique and its alteration is currently being used for JWST.An Advanced Dispersed Fringe Sensing (ADFS) algorithm is recently developed to improve the performance and robustness of previous DFS algorithms with better accuracy and unique solution. The first part of the paper introduces the basic ideas and the essential features of the ADFS algorithm and presents the some algorithm sensitivity study results. The second part of the paper describes the full details of algorithm validation process through the advanced wavefront sensing and correction testbed (AWCT): first, the optimization of the DFS hardware of AWCT to ensure the data accuracy and reliability is illustrated. Then, a few carefully designed algorithm validation experiments are implemented, and the corresponding data analysis results are shown. Finally the fiducial calibration using Range-Gate-Metrology technique is carried out and a <10nm or <1% algorithm accuracy is demonstrated.
Chronic Methamphetamine Induces Structural Changes in Frontal Cortex Neurons and Upregulates Type I Interferons

While methamphetamine-induced changes in brain neurotransmitters, their receptors, and transporters are well studied, the means by which methamphetamine abuse results in cognitive and behavioral abnormalities is unknown. Here, we administered methamphetamine chronically, in doses relevant to recreational usage patterns, to nonhuman primates. Neurostructural analysis revealed decreased dendritic material and loss of spines in frontal lobe neurons. Molecular examination demonstrated that type I interferons (interferon-alpha and interferon-beta) increased in the frontal lobe in response to chronic methamphetamine treatment, in correlation with the neuronal changes. Chronic methamphetamine thus results in significant changes in the primate brain, inducing cytokines and altering neuronal structure, both of which can contribute to functional abnormalities.
Protrusio Acetabuli and Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients With Marfan Syndrome

Our goals were (1) to quantify protrusio acetabuli in patients with Marfan syndrome who underwent total hip arthroplasty and (2) to identify clinical results and complications associated with total hip arthroplasty in those patients. We reviewed the preoperative radiographs of the 29 patients (38 hips) in our study and analyzed the related patient operative reports, postoperative records, and self-administered questionnaires (mean follow-up, 116 ± 102 months). The mean preoperative center-edge angle of Wiberg was 50.9° ± 14°. Loosening (3) and radiolucent lines (4) occurred in femoral but not acetabular components. The hips had 15 complications, including 8 reoperations. High questionnaire scores (82 ± 13 points) indicated good hip function regardless of preoperative protrusio severity.
Modeling Rural Growth

Rural economic growth has been in and out of the spotlight as a public issue. Sometimes the concern is how to spur lagging development. Sometimes it is how to limit an unbalanced surge. Other times interest lags and the issue is neglected. When the issue is in the spotlight, there are always ready answers at hand to the question, "What to do?" During the 1960s we often heard: "Stop rural outmigration or reverse it!" Toward this end, we made loans and grants, trained workers, and located firms. The answer by some persons in areas which were growing too fast during the early 1970s was to put up a sign to the effect that "this is a nice place to visit but we don't want you to live here."
Aldosterone and other corticosteroids from chondrichthyean interrenal glands.

Aldosterone and other corticosteroids are produced by incubated interrenal tissue of three chondrichthyean fishes: the dogfish, Squalus acanthias; the skate, Raja rhina; and the ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei. Use of the double isotope derivative method has permitted the definitive identification of aldosterone from this group of fishes. In addition, the dogfish interrenal produces corticosterone; the skate corticosterone and a small amount of cortisol; and the ratfish cortisol.
PAS kinase: integrating nutrient sensing with nutrient partitioning.

Recent data suggests that PAS kinase acts as a signal integrator to adjust metabolic behavior in response to nutrient conditions. Specifically, PAS kinase controls the partitioning of nutrient resources between the myriad of possible fates. In this capacity, PAS kinase elicits a pro-growth program, which includes both signaling and metabolic control, both in yeast and in mammals. We propose that, like other kinases possessing these properties—AMPK and TOR, PAS kinase might be target for therapy of diabetes, obesity and cancer.
A phase cell cluster expansion for a hierarchical Ø 3 4 model

The formalism developed in a previous paper is applied to yield a phase cell cluster expansion for a hierarchical ~b~ model. The field is expanded into modes with specific renormatization group scaling properties. The present cluster expansion for a vacuum expectation value is formally the natural factorization of each term in the perturbation expansion into the contribution of modes connected to the variables in the expectation via interactions, and that of the complementary set. The expectation value is thus realized as a sum of contributions due to finite subsets of the modes. We emphasize the following additional features : 1) Partitions of unity are not used. 2) There are essentially no cut-offs. 3) The expansion is developed directly, without an initial need to prove an ultraviolet stability bound, the most difficult part of the traditional approach. Our main interest in the present phase cell cluster expansion is founded in the belief that it may be the right vehicle for proving the existence of a non- trivial four-dimensional field theory.
Discrete shock profiles for systems of conservation laws

The existence of discrete shock profiles for difference schemes approximating a system of conservation laws is the major topic studied in this paper. The basic theorem established here applies to first-order accurate difference schemes; for weak shocks, this theorem provides necessary and sufficient conditions involving the truncation error of the linearized scheme which guarantee entropy satisfying or entropy violating discrete shock profiles. Several explicit difference schemes are used as examples illustrating the interplay between the entropy condition, monotonicity, and linearized stability. Entropy violating stationary shocks for second-order accurate Lax-Wendroff schemes approximating systems are also constructed. The only tools used in the proofs are local analysis and the center manifold theorem.
Human growth hormone site 2 lactogenic activity requires a distant tyrosine164

Comparison of crystallographic structures of human growth hormone, either bound to the prolactin receptor or free of receptors, reveals that human growth hormone binding to the prolactin receptor at site 1 is associated with a structural change in human growth hormone that influences the organization of residues which constitute site 2. We have identified Tyr164 as a residue that is critical for the propagation of this structural rearrangement. Tyr164 is a structural epitope for site 1 and is distal to site 2. Mutation of Tyr164 to glutamic acid (Y164E) does not affect the somatotrophic activity, absorption or fluorescence spectra or binding to the human prolactin receptor when compared to wild-type human growth hormone, indicating the subtle effects of the mutation. Lactogenic assays using extended concentrations of Y164E human growth hormone produce dose-response curves that are characterized by a right-shifted agonist phase and an unchanged antagonist phase when compared to wild-type human growth hormone. These results indicate that Tyr164 is required for the lactogenic activity of human growth hormone and that mutation to glutamic acid disrupts the lactogenic function of site 2.
Nonlinear Surface Waves in Three Dimensions

The study of shape oscillations of drops has a wide variety of applications at different space and time scales. At microscopic scales this includes the liquid drop models of nuclei, especially heavy nuclei, super- and hyperdeformed nuclei, nuclear breakup and fission, where the surface energy plays an important role. They also play a role in the modeling of atomic clusters and clouds of electrons in high magnetic fields. Zooming out from the Angstr{o}m scale, the study of drops is important in the study of motion and swimming of motile cells, and cellular division in biological systems. Bubble sonoluminescence represents a recent application of bubbles and droplets formed inside the bubbles [328, 326]. At lab scale there is a huge spectrum of applications, including container-less liquid processing in space, rheological and surfactant theory, pharmaceutical industry, mixture of fluids in droplet form, behavior of long wavelet jets emitted from noncircular orifices, coalescence of liquid drops [219], and surface oscillations of liquid drops, bubbles, and shells in combination with surfactants. At larger scales drops are important for calculations of the radar cross-section of rain clouds, modeling of impacts between stellar objects and neutron star tides, important for the gravitational waves emitted by such oscillations.
Human Monoclonal IgM Anti-Gal(β1-3)GaINAc Autoantibodies Bind to the Surface of Bovine Spinal Motoneurons

An IgM monoclonal autoantibody (M-protein) with anti-Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc activity from a patient with lower motor neuron disease bound to the surface of motoneurons isolated from bovine spinal cord. The Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc epitope is shared by the gangliosides GM1 and GD1b and by several glycoproteins in the nervous system, and binding was abolished by preabsorbing the patient's serum with GM1. Antibodies specific for GM1, however, which do not bind to GaL(beta 1-3)GalNAc, did not bind to the motoneurons. This suggests that Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc bearing glycoproteins or glycolipids other than GM1 are expressed on the surface of motoneurons, while GM1 may be absent or shielded, and that antibody binding to the cell surface might contribute to the development of the motor neuron disease.
RADIOSENSITIVITY AND INTERPHASE CHROMOSOME VOLUME IN THE GYMNOSPERMS.

Abstract The sensitivities to acute 60 Co γ-radiation of five species of gymnosperms were studied. The species were Pinus elliotti, Pinus palustris, Juniperus conferta, Podocarpus macrophylla and Zamia floridana . The nuclear and interphase chromosome volumes (nuclear volume divided by chromosome number) were calculated from measurements of shoot meristematic nuclei for each species. The plants, which were 1–2 year seedlings or 1-year old rooted cuttings, received acute radiation, taking care to shield the roots and thus simulate irradiation under natural growing conditions. The gymnosperms are a very radiosensitive group of plants; the 50 percent lethal doses (LD 50 ) for the species studied ranged from 500 to 760 R. The correlation between radiosensitivity and nuclear (or interphase chromosome) volume for the species studied agreed quite well with values obtained from other acutely irradiated woody species. A general curve of survival vs. exposure (in units of LD 50 's) is given. It is useful for selecting in advance the appropriate exposures to deliver in order to obtain data in the exposure region of declining survival, if any exposure causing a given survival percentage is previously known or can be estimated. The data came from survival curves for 10 species of acutely irradiated woody plants. On the average, the LD 1 (99% survival exposure) is 0·53 times the LD 50 the LD 99 (1% survival exposure) is 1·47 the LD 50 .
A distributed execution environment for large data visualization

Over the years, homogeneous computer cluster have been the most popular, and, in some sense, the only viable, platform for use in parallel visualization. In this work, we designed an execution environment for data-intensive visualization that is suitable to handle SciDAC scale datasets. This environment is solely based on computers distributed across the Internet that are owned and operated by independent institutions, while being openly shared for free. Those Internet computers are inherently of heterogeneous hardware configuration and running a variety of operating systems. Using 100 processors of such kind, we have been able to obtain the same level of performance offered by a 64-node cluster of 2.2 GHz P4 processors, while processing a 75GBs subset of TSI simulation data. Due to its inherently shared nature, this execution environment for data-intensive visualization could provide a viable means of collaboration among geographically separated SciDAC scientists.
Predictable Closure of the Abdominoperineal Resection Defect: A Novel Two-Team Approach

Background Primary closure of the perineum at the time of abdominoperineal resection (APR) is seldom successful. Several factors are known to adversely affect healing, including neoadjuvant chemoradiation, tension, contamination, and fluid collection. This study evaluates a 2-team approach for resection and routine perineal closure in a single stage. Study Design After tumor resection, the abdominal and perineal closures are performed simultaneously by 2 separate teams. A competent closure of the perineal defect is achieved with bilateral V-to-Y inferior gluteal artery perforator fasciocutaneous flaps (BIGAP) mobilizing buttock skin, fat, and gluteal muscle fascia for inset into the defect. No muscle is elevated with the flaps and no attempt is made to obliterate the deepest aspects of the pelvic defect. Results Beginning in August 2010, 18 consecutive patients who underwent APR for distal rectal (n = 14) and anal carcinoma (n = 4) were included in the study. All patients had received neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Primary healing was achieved in 16 of 18 patients with a completely tension-free closure. One patient required debridement and secondary closure. Another patient had an unresectable tumor, which invaded the flap closure. Minor healing problems were seen in 7 patients. Conclusions BIGAP flaps provide sufficient tissue to predictably provide primary closure of the perineal defect. Perineal wound healing morbidity is dramatically reduced compared with primary simple closure of this defect. Early results indicate that this method of perineal closure offers a straightforward and predictable method that is comparable in efficacy to other methods using pedicled flaps for perineal closure.
Transport limitation of oxygen in shrimp culture ponds

Abstract A 120-acre shrimp farm located in southeast Texas has failed for three years to produce expected yields of shrimp despite intensive management. Data obtained from these ponds are combined with observations from other culture facilities to support the hypothesis that the degree of mixing of pond water is the primary limitation to oxygenation of the benthic biomass in a shrimp culture pond. The implication of this conclusion is that shrimp ponds are advection limited; therefore, rational design of such facilities will require detailed data concerning the impact of interactions of pond size, depth and geometry with wind speed, and aerator placement, upon pond mixing.
Damping in coupled, layered helium films.

A phenomenological description of coupled, layered helium films, which includes damping, is formulated and applied to analysis of the recent data of Ellis and Hallock. This application requires estimating the interfilm coupling for two quite different situations: for low $^{3}$He coverage, where the $^{3}$He behaves like a d=2 ideal gas and for high $^{3}$He coverage, where $^{3}$He is a self-bound incompressible liquid. Only one of the two modes that coupled, layered films are able to support is observed. It is the weakly damped, third-sound mode. The second mode, involving motion of the $^{3}$He, is overdamped, \ensuremath{\omega}${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{3}$\ensuremath{\simeq}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$, at both low and high $^{3}$He concentration.
Analysis of biexcitonic optical bistability in CuCl in the presence of collision broadening

The dielectric function of CuCl in the presence of biexciton formation that involves collision-broadening effects is analyzed in terms of incident photon energy and intensity. We discuss the nonlinear response of the material and its application to bistable devices.
Towards Analyzing and Synthesizing Protocols

The production of error-free protocols or complex process interactions is essential to reliable communications. This paper presents techniques for both the detection of errors in protocols and for prevention of errors in their design. The methods have been used successfully to detect and correct errors in existing protocols. A technique based on a reachability analysis is described which detects errors m a design. This "perturbation technique" has been implemented and has successfully detected inconsistencies or errors in existing protocol designs including both X.21 and X.25. The types of errors handled are state deadlocks, unspecified receptions, nonexecutable interactions, and state smbiguities. These errors are discussed and their effects considered. An interactive design technique is then described that prevents design errors. The technique is based on a set of production rules which guarantee that complete reception capability is provided in the interacting processes. These rules have been implemented in the form of a tracking algorithm that prevents a designer from creating unspecified receptions and nonexecutable interactions and monitors for the presence of state deadlocks and ambiguities.
Industry meets academia: my year of retooling from practicing professional to tenure-track professor

The ultimate industry-academia partnership is when a member of one group joins the other. I left an 18-year career in industry to become a professor. The initial reaction from my friends and colleagues in industry ranged from insulting to encouraging: "You'll have to take a pay cut," "You'll be great with students," "They don't do any real work there." The feedback from academic colleagues has been similarly diverse. This paper explores the real challenges and rewards I experienced as a practicing professional turned professor. Specifically, it explores how my industry experience affected the job search, classroom teaching, service and research agenda, as well as my general response to the academic environment.
Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice

Vertebrates constantly remodel bone. The resorption of preexisting bone by osteoclasts and the formation of new bone by osteoblasts is strictly coordinated to maintain bone mass within defined limits. A few molecular determinants of bone remodelling that affect osteoclast activity have been characterized, but the molecular determinants of osteoblast activity are unknown. To investigate the role of osteocalcin, the most abundant osteoblast-specific non-collagenous protein, we have generated osteocalcin-deficient mice. These mice develop a phenotype marked by higher bone mass and bones of improved functional quality. Histomorphometric studies done before and after ovariectomy showed that the absence of osteocalcin leads to an increase in bone formation without impairing bone resorption. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that osteocalcin is a determinant of bone formation.
Molecular architecture of G protein‐coupled receptors

This review of the current literature on mutations in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the rhodopsin-related family intends to draw inferences from amino acid sequences for single receptors and multiple sequence alignments with regard to the molecular architecture of this class of receptors. For this purpose a comprehensive list of mutations within the transmembrane helical regions (TMs; over 390 mutations from 38 different receptor subtypes) and their effects on function was compiled, and an alignment of known GPCR sequences (over 150 separate sequences) was made. Regions most prominently involved in ligand binding are located in TMs 3, 5, 6, and 7. Position 3.32 in TM3 is occupied by a D in all biogenic amine receptors (sequence conservation) but may be occupied by uncharged residues in other receptors while its role in ligand binding is analogous (function conservation). TMs 5, 6, and 7 display considerable sequence conservation throughout the majority of GPCRs investigated, but not necessarily at those positions involved in ligand binding. However, considerable function conservation is observed for positions 5.42 (frequently hydrophilic), 5.46 (small amino acids required for agonist binding to "small ligand" receptors), 6.52 and 7.39 (high variability), and 7.43 (frequently aromatic). A general conclusion of this review is that there is overwhelming conservation of structure-function correlates among GPCRs. Thus, it is now possible to cross-correlate the results of mutagenesis studies between GPCRs of different subfamilies, and to use those results to predict the function of specific residues in new GPCR sequences.
Modulation of PPARγ activity with pharmaceutical agents: Treatment of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis

The anti-diabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of compounds with insulin-sensitizing activity that were originally discovered using in vivo pharmacological screens. In subsequent binding studies, TZDs were demonstrated to enhance insulin action by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). PPARγ is a member of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily that promotes adipogenesis and enhances insulin sensitivity by controlling the expression of genes in glucose and lipid metabolism. Given the large size of the ligand binding pocket in PPARγ, novel classes of both full and partial agonists that are structurally distinct from TZDs have been discovered. These compounds have been effective tools in differentiating adipogenic and insulin-sensitizing activities as well as tissue selectivity of PPARγ activation. This information has led to the hypothesis that one ligand can activate or inactivate PPARs depending upon the tissue in which the PPAR resides. Thus particular compounds can be designated selective PPAR modulators or SPPARMs, a concept similar to that observed with the activation of estrogen receptor (ER) by SERMS. Additionally, both preclinical and clinical data suggest that PPARγ activation is useful for the prevention of atherosclerosis. However, the effects of TZDs on plasma lipid profiles do not solely account for their anti-atherogenic effects. Recent studies with macrophage cells and animal models for atherosclerosis indicate that TZDs reduce the size and number of lesions formed in the vessel wall by modulating foam cell formation and inflammatory responses by macrophages. Thus in addition to the treatment of type II diabetes, PPARγ agonists can be potentially employed for the treatment of atherosclerosis in general population. J. Cell. Biochem. 89: 38–47, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detection of adamantane-resistant influenza on a microarray

Abstract Background Influenza A has the ability to rapidly mutate and become resistant to the commonly prescribed influenza therapeutics, thereby complicating treatment decisions. Objective To design a cost-effective low-density microarray for use in detection of influenza resistance to the adamantanes. Study design We have taken advantage of functional genomics and microarray technology to design a DNA microarray that can detect the two most common mutations in the M2 protein associated with adamantane resistance, V27A and S31N. Results In a blind study of 22 influenza isolates, the antiviral resistance-chip (AVR-Chip) had a success rate of 95% for detecting these mutations. Microarray data from a larger set of samples were further analyzed using an artificial neural network and resulted in a correct identification rate of 94% for influenza virus samples that had V27A and S31N mutations. Conclusions The AVR-Chip provided a method for rapidly screening influenza viruses for adamantane sensitivity, and the general approach could be easily extended to detect resistance to other chemotherapeutics.
History and Anthropology in South Asia: Rethinking the Archive

▪ Abstract This article examines the relationship between history and anthropology in South Asia during the past two decades, a relationship that has done much to shape the emerging intellectual practices of postcolonial anthropology. After locating the current conjuncture in an earlier moment of American anthropology in South Asia—village studies of the 1950s—the article reviews a body of interdisciplinary scholarship published during the 1980s and 1990s, paying specific attention to the impact of debates in Indian historiography generated by subaltern studies. The article goes on to identify five interlinked sets of themes in the literature for discussion: the “problem” of Europe, the interpenetration of power and knowledge in the colonial archive, the search for indigenous forms of knowledge, the phenomenon of violence and ethnic conflict, and the specific concerns of gender and feminist criticism. It argues that it is no longer feasible to do anthropology in South Asia without attending to one or more...
A study of mantle layering beneath the western Pacific

The reverberative interval of the seismogram, defined as the portion following the surface wave train propagating along the minor arc and ending with the first body wave arrivals from the major arc, provides an excellent window in which to observe subcritical reflections from mantle discontinuities. On an SH-polarized seismogram the intervals between ScSn and sScSn wave groups (zeroth-order reverberations) are approximately 15 min long and consist almost entirely of waves reflected one or more times from mantle discontinuities (first- and higher-order reverberations). We have developed signal enhancement and waveform inversion schemes to progressively extract information pertaining to mantle layering from the waveforms of zeroth- and first-order reverberations and have applied them to a data set of long-period digital seismograms drawn from a number of tectonic regions in and around the western Pacific. The results place important constraints on the nature of the transition zone discontinuities. Measurements of the two-way, vertical shear wave travel time from the free surface to the 400-km and 650-km discontinuities (τ400 and τ650 respectively) yield estimates of transition zone travel time, τTZ, largely uncontaminated by outside heterogeneity. Variations in the path-averaged estimates of τTZ are of the order of 5.4 s, indicating significant lateral heterogeneity in the transition zone. Correlations of τTZ with τ400 and τLM (travel time through the lower mantle) are consistent with, but do not require, the thermal deflection of an exothermic phase transition near 400 km and an endothermic transition at 650 km, with ∼12 km of long-wavelength (500–5000 km) topography on each. The amount of topography estimated for the 650-km discontinuity is significantly less than predicted for a rigorously stratified mantle (>100 km). In a search for other mantle discontinuities, we find evidence for a strong reflector possibly associated with the onset of partial melting in the upper mantle (average depth of 86 km). Due to ambiguity inherent to the method, this feature can also be interpreted as an impedance increase in the D″ region of the lower mantle (70–170 km above the core-mantle boundary). No evidence is found for a 220-km discontinuity or the D″ discontinuity proposed by Lay and Helmberger (1983), suggesting that if such features are present in the western Pacific, they are either small (normal incidence, SH reflection coefficient R < 1.5%) or intermittent or have lateral depth variations well in excess of 50 km.
Are there hopeless neighborhoods? An exploration of environmental associations between individual-level feelings of hopelessness and neighborhood characteristics

Feelings of hopelessness are prospectively associated with increased risk of death, progression of atherosclerosis and other health outcomes. Places as well as people may promote a sense of hopelessness. We used the Chicago Community Adult Health Study to investigate whether feelings of hopelessness cluster at the neighborhood level. Random-intercept logistic models were used to examine associations of hopelessness with neighborhood conditions (physical disorder and decay, perceived violence and disorder, social cohesion) and census-based measures of neighborhood socioeconomic conditions (poverty, unemployment, % high school dropouts) from 1980-2000. Of the 3074 participants, 459 were categorized as experiencing hopelessness. Greater physical disorder and perceived disorder and a higher unemployment rate were associated with increased odds of hopelessness. Individuals' reports of hopelessness reflect physical, socioeconomic, and opportunity characteristics of their neighborhoods above and beyond their individual characteristics. Changing opportunity structures in a neighborhood may play a key role in reducing individuals' feelings of hopelessness. Language: en