cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Desalination and reuse of high-salinity shale gas produced water: drivers, technologies, and future directions

In the rapidly developing shale gas industry, managing produced water is a major challenge for maintaining the profitability of shale gas extraction while protecting public health and the environment. We review the current state of practice for produced water management across the United States and discuss the interrelated regulatory, infrastructure, and economic drivers for produced water reuse. Within this framework, we examine the Marcellus shale play, a region in the eastern United States where produced water is currently reused without desalination. In the Marcellus region, and in other shale plays worldwide with similar constraints, contraction of current reuse opportunities within the shale gas industry and growing restrictions on produced water disposal will provide strong incentives for produced water desalination for reuse outside the industry. The most challenging scenarios for the selection of desalination for reuse over other management strategies will be those involving high-salinity produced water, which must be desalinated with thermal separation processes. We explore desalination technologies for treatment of high-salinity shale gas produced water, and we critically review mechanical vapor compression (MVC), membrane distillation (MD), and forward osmosis (FO) as the technologies best suited for desalination of high-salinity produced water for reuse outside the shale gas industry. The advantages and challenges of applying MVC, MD, and FO technologies to produced water desalination are discussed, and directions for future research and development are identified. We find that desalination for reuse of produced water is technically feasible and can be economically relevant. However, because produced water management is primarily an economic decision, expanding desalination for reuse is dependent on process and material improvements to reduce capital and operating costs.
Crystallization of retinol dehydratase from Spodoptera frugiperda: improvement of crystal quality by modification by ethylmercurythiosalicylate

Retinol dehydratase is a sulfotransferase which is presumed to catalyze the dehydration of its substrate via a transient retinyl sulfate intermediate. Crystals (space group P21, unit-cell parameters a = 82.05, b = 66.61, c = 84.90 A, β = 111.29°) are significantly improved by covalent modification of the protein with ethylmercury.
Nicotine potentiates superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils.

Cytotoxic neutrophil-derived oxygen radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neoplastic disorders for which cigarette smoking is a prominent risk factor. Although nicotine alone failed to provoke neutrophil oxidative metabolism, the alkaloid caused dose-dependent (0.1 to 10 μM) potentiation of superoxide anion release induced by either phorbol myristate acetate or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. The potentiating effect of nicotine was not attenuated by either atropine or hexamethonium nor was it mimicked by acetylcholine, suggesting involvement of noncholinergic receptors or a membrane-fluidizing effect of the alkaloid. Nicotine-induced exacerbation of neutrophil superoxide anion production may be involved with the enhanced risk of cardiovascular, pulmonary, or neoplastic disease in individuals who smoke.
Electrically driven single-photon emission from site-controlled InGaN/GaN quantum dots

We report single-photon emission from electrically driven site-controlled InGaN/GaN dot-in-nanowires, fabricated from a planar single InGaN quantum well LED using a top-down approach. Each dot-in-nanowire’s formation site, diameter, height and material compositions were precisely controlled.
Special grain boundaries based on local symmetries

We propose that, in large unit cell structures, the operation of local symmetries rather than a coincidence site lattice (CSL), is important for the creation of special, low energy, grain and twin boundaries. We illustrate this with a Durer tiling, and its monoclinic realization, as well as with crystals with large icosahedral motifs.
High-level expression of a functional single-chain human chorionic gonadotropin-luteinizing hormone receptor ectodomain complex in insect cells.

Reproductive capacity in primates is dependent on the high-affinity binding of the glycoprotein hormones LH and human (h)CG to the large ectodomain (ECD) of their common receptor (LHR). Our understanding of the precise molecular determinants of hormone binding is limited, because there are no structural data for any of the glycoprotein hormone receptors. Overexpression of the ECD of the receptor has been attempted in various expression systems. Prokaryotic expression does not yield properly folded ECD. Eukaryotic expression, on the other hand, results in mostly heterogeneous, intracellularly trapped protein, but the secreted ECD is completely folded. Accordingly, we have tethered the single-chain hormone, yoked hCG, to the N terminus of LHR-ECD (yoked hormone-extracellular domain). Yoked hCG is secreted at high levels; binds LHR with high affinity; and, when tethered to the N terminus of full-length LHR, it binds and constitutively activates the receptor. Using recombinant baculovirus, yoked hormone-extra...
A secure and privacy-preserving communication scheme for Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Smart grid is the modernization of the existing nation-wide power grid. As a core component of the smart grid, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) integrates a two-way communications network which enables customers and utilities to actively monitor and manage their energy use. While the deployment of AMI brings enormous social and industrial benefits, some incurred security and privacy issues need to be properly addressed. In this paper, we propose a data communication scheme for AMI with particular considerations on these issues. In our approach, we require strong device authentication before a smart meter joins AMI network. Data confidentiality as well as customer privacy associated with sensitive data are protected by taking advantage of homomorphic encryption. Each in-network message is digitally signed for data integrity. Security analysis is provided to justify our scheme.
Error Minimization and Covergence in Numerical Methods

Abstract Operators that occur in the solution to boundary value problems in electromagnetic theory are reviewed in Hilbert space. Various types of convergence are discussed. The Method of Moments is reviewed and the special cases of Galerkin's Method, the Raleigh-Ritz Method, and the Method of Least Squares are included. Error minimisation and convergence in the various cases are emphasised. A classic electromagnetic example is discussed and operator characteristics in the quasistatic limit are noted.
Detection of bovine αs1-casein genomic variants using the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction

A method was developed to distinguish between genotypic variants B and C of bovine alpha s1-casein, using the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR). The alpha s1-casein genotype determined for 17 Jersey cows by the ASPCR method was confirmed by typing the alpha s1-casein milk proteins on isoelectric focusing gels. Using the ASPCR method described, rapid analysis of the alpha s1-casein genotype of bulls is now possible. In addition, kappa-casein genotypes can be determined from the same PCR reaction.
Modified atomic transition rates by plasma ion fields

Abstract Atomic transition rates used in plasma modeling are themselves affected by the plasma environment. The effect of plasma ions is conveniently represented by a time-dependent electric field and the resulting changes in the various rates by this field are presented as plasma enhancement factors, in compact and user friendly forms. They apply to radiative deexcitation, collisional excitation and deexcitation, radiative recombination, collisional ionization, three-body recombination and Auger ionization. The enhancement factors are scaled in terms of three parameters; principal quantum number(s) n of atomic bound state(s), plasma density N = N Z 3 and (ionic) temperature T p = T p (μ p Z 2 ) , where Z is the charge of the ionic core. Although the enhancement factors that involve high Rydberg states are as large as 103 in the range of interest of N and T p , their effects on the plasma kinetics may be small since the atomic rates strongly decrease with n and the role of high Rydberg states is suppressed by plasma field ionization and by Debye shielding.
Substance use disorder: abuse, dependence and dyscontrol

The purpose of this paper is to review the diagnostic concepts of substance abuse and substance dependence provided in DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and the forthcoming DSM-IV. The review incorporates the principles that there are no infallible criteria for identifying taken a person lacks sufficient control over the usage of a drug, that dyscontrol exists on a continuum, that substance use dyscontrol shares many formal properties with behavioral dyscontrol within other domains, and that the diagnosis of a mental disorder should be free of moralistic connotations. We conclude the paper with an alternative proposal, wherein the DSM-IV diagnoses of abuse and dependence are collapsed within one diagnosis of substance dyscontrol disorder and physiological substance dependence is placed with the diagnoses of substance intoxication and substance withdrawal.
Comparison of 10 Different Hemostatic Dressings in an Aortic Injury

Abstract : Background: Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the leading preventable cause of death on the battlefield. Similarly, hemorrhage accounts for 80% of all deaths within the first 48 hours of injury in civilian trauma patients. New methods of hemostasis are required to reduce hemorrhagic mortality. The purpose of this study was to compare nine hemostatic dressings for their efficacy in controlling bleeding from an otherwise fatal aortic injury in a pig model. Each hemostatic dressing was compared with the current standard U.S. Army field gauze dressing for a 1-hour period. Methods: Fifty-nine anesthetized pigs were instrumented with catheters and splenectomized. Nine test dressings (n = 5 per group) and two control groups (gauze, n = 9; suture, n = 5) were applied to a 4.4-mm aortotomy through the spraying jet of blood, and direct pressure was held for 4 minutes and then released. Survival, blood loss, and other variables were measured over a 1-hour period. Results: All animals with fibrin dressing and those receiving suture repair (five of five in both groups) survived the 1-hour observation period with minimal bleeding in the postocclusion period (less than 37 mL). Those in the other dressing groups exsanguinated within 10 minutes, except for two animals in the gauze group surviving 1 hour. Conclusion: With one 4-minute application, a single fibrin dressing stopped bleeding from an aortotomy, which was equivalent to sutured repair. No other test group exhibited any evidence of significant hemostatic efficacy.
On the machining of glass

A study to examine the feasibility of cutting glass in the same manner as ductile metals was carried out on three types of glass (soda-lime microscope slides, carefully polished specimens of lead-doped flint and fused silica). No success was obtained with fused silica while soda-lime glass showed clear evidence of cutting in a manner similar to ductile metals, but provided variable results with different specimens. The most encouraging results were obtained with the lead-doped flint glass. Using a diamond tool with a semicircular face at a rake angle of −34°, crackfree cuts were produced with widths and depths up to about 100 and 1.6 μm, respectively. The “chips” produced during this machining are tightly curled with a serrated concave side. The results of this preliminary investigation suggest many aspects for further study. However, the essential conclusion is that certain glasses may be machined in a manner similar to ductile metals if the “size” of the cut is small enough.
Relationship of Ocular Latency and Speed to Intellectual Performance

(1935). Relationship of Ocular Latency and Speed to Intellectual Performance. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 129-137.
Uptake of HIV Testing in Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs That Offer On-Site Testing

Increasing rates of HIV testing within substance use disorder (SUD) treatment clients is an important public health strategy for reducing HIV transmission rates. The present study examined uptake of HIV testing among 1,224 clients in five SUD treatment units that offered on-site testing in Florida, New York, and California. Nearly one-third (30 %) of the participants, who had not previously tested positive, reported not having been tested for HIV within the past 12 months. Women, African Americans, and injection drug users had a higher likelihood of having been tested within the past 12 months. The SUD treatment program was the most frequently identified location of participants' last HIV test. Despite the availability of free, on-site testing, a substantial proportion of clients were not tested, suggesting that strategies to increase uptake of testing should include addressing barriers not limited to location and cost.
Hypnosis for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The Empirical Evidence of Therapeutic Effects

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex and prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder that is treated with limited effectiveness by standard medical care. Hypnosis treatment is, along with cognitive-behavioral therapy, the psychological therapy best researched as an intervention for IBS. Eleven studies, including 5 controlled studies, have assessed the therapeutic effects of hypnosis for IBS. Although this literature has significant limitations, such as small sample sizes and lack of parallel comparisons with other treatments, this body of research consistently shows hypnosis to have a substantial therapeutic impact on IBS, even for patients unresponsive to standard medical interventions. The median response rate to hypnosis treatment is 87%, bowel symptoms can generally be expected to improve by about half, psychological symptoms and life functioning improve after treatment, and therapeutic gains are well maintained for most patients for years after the end of treatment.
Guidelines for structural verification and fracture control of Shuttle payloads

The procedures followed by the NASA Office of the Chief Engineer in developing the guidelines concerning the structures, materials, and fracture control of the Space Shuttle payloads are described. Factors controlling the payload launch safety, such as crew and passenger safety, reusability, and mixes of payloads in a single launch are emphasized. Special consideration is given to the STS design and testing approaches, materials considerations, safety criticality review processes, nondestructive evaluation inspection for STS payload fracture control, fracture mechanics screening procedures, and components of special concern (e.g., pressurized vessels, fasteners, and composite structures).
Farm Consumption and Liquidity Constraints

This study examines whether farm family consumption is liquidity‐constrained. Results, using 1976 to 1990 data for groups of Illinois and Kansas farms, indicate that consumption behavior is not liquidity‐constrained. Analysis of 207 Kansas farms in 1989 and 1990 provides similar results. These results are in contrast to findings for nonfarm families, and support the validity of using the life cycle‐permanent income hypothesis for farm level modeling and analysis.
Morphological evolution of In0.26Ga0.74As grown under compression on GaAs(001) and under tension on InP(001)

Abstract The morphology and compositional uniformity of strained alloy films have recently been predicted to depend on the sign of the misfit strain between the film and the substrate. Other theories have been proposed where this is not the case. In order to test these contradictory predictions, we deposited In 0.26 Ga 0.74 As films on GaAs(0 0 1) and InP(0 0 1) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. This alloy concentration was selected because its lattice parameter at the growth temperature (5.77 A) lies directly between those of GaAs (5.67 A) and InP (5.88 A). This enables growth under both 1.85% compressive and tensile misfit for the same film material. The surface energy, surface diffusivity, elastic parameters, and thermodynamic coefficients are nominally identical. This leaves the sign of the misfit and the film–substrate interface as the only variables, and the latter is expected to be a minor contributor. We find that the films grown under tension develop much smaller perturbations than do the films grown under compression.
Weather Information and the Potential for Intertemporal Adverse Selection in Crop Insurance

This study investigates the potential usefulness of early-season weather information in forecasting corn yields for the Midwest. To the extent that farmers are able to forecast yields prior to sales closing dates for crop insurance, farmers may use such information in deciding which years to purchase crop insurance and which years not to purchase insurance. Such intertemporal adverse selection would result in increased losses for the crop insurance program. Three yield forecasting models were developed using early-season weather information: (1) simple weather forecasts; (2) yield-weather regression models; and (3) yield-weather discriminant functions. This study presents procedures that would allow farmers to predict low corn yields before the purchasing deadline of corn insurance on 95 percent of planted acreage in the Midwest.
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794) and Christopher Columbus (1446 ?–1506)

(1954). Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794) and Christopher Columbus (1446 ?–1506) Annals of Science: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 63-68.
Determination of tissue folate composition by affinity chromatography followed by high-pressure ion pair liquid chromatography

A recent report from this laboratory described the use of affinity chromatography for the isolation of pure folates from tissue extracts (J. Selhub, B. Darcy-Vrillon, and D. Fell (1988) Anal. Biochem. 168, 247-251). The present study was undertaken to develop chromatographic procedures for quantitative analysis of the individual folates in the affinity-purified mixture. Methods were devised whereby mixtures containing pteroylglutamates (PteGlu1-7) were batch reduced to the dihydro, H2PteGlu1-7, and tetrahydro, H4Pte-Glu1-7, forms. The 5-methylH4PteGlu1-7 and the 10-formylH4PteGlu1-7 series were prepared from H4Pte-Glu1-7. These compounds were used to calibrate a liquid chromatographic system for the resolution of folate mixtures. This system included reverse-phase ion pair chromatography and a diode array detector. A mixture containing oxidized and reduced PteGlu1-7, a total of 35 derivatives, was separated into seven clusters arranged in an order of increasing number of glutamate residues. Each cluster was represented by two or more peaks which were due to folates that differed in the pteridine ring structure but had the same number of glutamate residues. In clusters containing mono and diglutamyl derivatives the 10-formyltetrahydro-, the tetrahydro-, and the dihydrofolate forms appeared as separate peaks while those representing folic acid and 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate derivatives eluted in coinciding peaks. This hierarchy was maintained in the following clusters except for increasing tendency of the former three forms of folates to elute in the same peak. The number of glutamate residues of any eluting folate can be determined on the basis of retention time in relation to those of the clusters. The pteridine ring structure of that same folate can be determined on the basis of its elution position within that cluster and spectral characteristics determined by the diode array detection system. If that position is common for more than one derivative then identification is based on differential spectral properties. Using uv absorption signals at 280 nm to determine indiscriminate folate activity, absorption signals at 350 nm are used to identify folic acid and dihydrofolate derivatives and signals at 258 nm are used to identify 10-formyltetrahydrofolate derivatives. These principles were incorporated into mathematic expressions which were used for quantitative resolution of simulated mixtures containing oxidized and reduced PteGlu5 and for the analysis of folate composition in rat liver, human milk, and cows milk.
An Analysis of Frontogenesis in Numerical Simulations of Baroclinic Waves

Abstract Using a primitive equation (PE) model, we revisit two canonical flows that were previously studied using a semigeostrophic equation (SG) model. In a previous paper, the authors showed that the PE and the SG models can have significantly different versions of the large-scale dynamics—here they report on the implications of this difference for frontogenesis. The program for the study of frontogenesis developed by B. J. Hoskins and collaborators is followed to show how, in the PE version of the canonical cases, the surface warm front develops before the cold front, and why the upper-level front is a long, nearly continuous feature going from ridge to trough. The frontogenesis experienced by an air parcel is computed following the parcel to illustrate better the mechanisms involved. As the present calculations are carried out longer than most previous ones, the relation of the upper frontogenesis to the formation of the upper-level “cutoff” cyclone is also examined. Trajectory and three-dimensional g...
Influence of Foreign Metal Dopants on the Durability and Performance of Zr/Ca Sorbents during High Temperature CO2 Capture

The effect of foreign metal on the adsorption performance and stability of the Zr/Ca sorbents has been investigated for high temperature CO2 capture. For this purpose, M/Zr/Ca (M˭Al, W, Hf, Ce, and Y) sorbents are prepared by the flame spray pyrolysis method with the molar ratio 0.5:0.5:10. Improvement in the stability and sorption capacity were observed in Zr/Ca sorbents after doping with some foreign metals. The Al-doped Zr/Ca sorbent (Al/Zr/Ca) with the molar ratio of 0.5:0.5:10 exhibits excellent performance and remarkable stability among all the sorbents tested. The sorbent was stable up to about 50 carbonation-decarbonation cycles due to its high resistance towards sintering. The sorbent shows CO2 capture capacity of 0.54 g/g which is comparable to Zr/Ca (1/10) sorbent (0.53 g/g). Surface area measurements show that addition of a second metal to the Zr/Ca sorbents greatly influences both the surface area and pore volume of the sorbents. Our TPD results indicate that addition of second metal lowers t...
On the covering relation in the interpretability lattice of equational theories

We prove that the chapter in the interpretability lattice represented by the equational theory of Boolean algebras has a unique cover in the lattice. We conjecture that, among chapters represented by equational theories of two-element algebras, this is the only one to have a cover. Also, we prove that the chapter represented by the equational theory of Abelian groups has no cover.
Architecture and devices for an all-optical routing switch

Ultra-high-speed optical communication networks will require routing switches which support data rates beyond the capabilities of optical-electronic conversion. This paper describes the preliminary design of an `all-optical' routing switch for a network in which data messages remain in optical form throughout the transmission from source to destination. The basic switch architecture and fundamental design trade-offs affecting switch implementation are discussed. Characteristics of the optical device technology required to implement the routing switch elements are also presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Disposition of tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis: A prospective controlled study

The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in adolescents or young adults with cystic fibrosis and in age-matched controls were prospectively compared. Patients with CF had a higher tobramycin total body clearance (121.2±14.2 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) than did controls (102.2±18.9 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , P 2 in patients vs 142.9±33.3 ml/min/1.73 m 2 in controls) or a lower binding of gentamicin to serum proteins (14.3%±2.6% in patients vs 17.4%±3.8% in controls). Tobramycin renal clearance was not significantly different in the two groups (89.5±17.9 ml/min/1.73 m 2 in patients vs 81.0±15.8 ml/min/1.73 m 2 in controls). In the control group, tobramycin total body and renal clearances were highly correlated with iothalamate total body clearance ( r =+0.95 and +0.88, P r =+0.56, P >0.05 for total body clearance, and r =0.32, P >0.1 for renal clearance). There was no significant difference in volume of distribution normalized to body surface area or in half-life of elimination. The higher tobramycin total body clearance without an increase in renal clearance, and the lower correlation with glomerular filtration rate indicate that an extrarenal clearance pathway might play a significant role in the elimination of tobramycin from the serum of patients with cystic fibrosis.
Smart Optical Transceiver Architecture with Dynamic Channel Encoding

In this paper we introduce a novel dynamic channel coding technique designed to minimize errors introduced by electrical noise in the driver and receiver circuits and by channel-to-channel crosstalk in the optics.
Radiosensitization of Pancreatic Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo through Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibition with ABT-888.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1/2 (PARP-1/2) inhibition enhances radiation-induced cytotoxicity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo, and the mechanism by which this occurs.
One Century after the Description of the “Sign”: Joseph Babinski and His Contribution to Neurosurgery

One hundred years ago, in 1896, Joseph Babinski published a preliminary report on "reflexe cutane plantaire" (cutaneous plantar reflex), which became widely known as the Babinski sign. However, Babinski did not view the description of the sign as his major achievement. Instead, he considered his greatest contribution to medicine to be his having "... indique la voie a Martel et a Vincent" (pointed the way to Thierry de Martel and Clovis Vincent, founders of French neurosurgery). Several of Babinski's manuscripts deal with neurosurgical problems. In 1900, 1 year before Alfred Frohlich's description, Babinski gave the first account of the adiposogenital syndrome and its relation to pituitary-hypothalamic disorder. Many other original contributions ensued. These include a report on the relief of papilledema by surgical decompression in 1901, the successful removal (in collaboration with de Martel) of an intracranial meningioma in 1909, the description (again with de Martel) of a cerebellopontine angle tumor treated by surgical excision with good result in 1925, and several manuscripts concerning diagnosis and treatment of compressive spinal cord lesions. Babinski's dream to establish a department of neurosurgery became a reality shortly after his death. The Hopital de la Pitie in Paris, where Babinski did most of his work, established the first French department of neurosurgery chaired by Babinski's pupil, Vincent.
Force Spectroscopy of Single Stranded DNA with Biological Nanopore MspA

Biological nanopores are single molecule sensors able to probe individual DNA molecules. In this method, a nanometer scale pore is inserted into a lipid bilayer in an electrolyte solution. Voltage is applied across the bilayer and the ionic current through the pore is measured. DNA nucleotides residing in the pore constriction modulate the resistance of the DNA-pore system. Our group previously introduced Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) as a biological nanopore sensor with high signal to noise resolution of DNA nucleotides. In this work, we perform force spectroscopy on individual single-stranded DNA molecules. DNA molecules are attached to NeutrAvidin and driven into MspA until the NeutrAvidin comes to rest on MspA's entrance. Approximately 14 nucleotides span the distance to MspA's constriction. The nucleotides within the pore constriction experience a force proportional to the applied voltage. By varying the voltage applied across the pore, we detect stretching of the DNA with angstrom precision. These experiments validate MspA as a single molecule tool to study mechanical properties of DNA.
Prevention of bone loss and fractures in women

Bone loss with aging is very largely a female problem resulting from loss of gonadal function. It is easily and safely preventable by oestrogen-progestogen replacement therapy. This fact is only now finally accepted although these principles were enunciated in a report to the Association of American Physicians by Albright as long ago as 1940 [l]. They were presented by him, in amplified form, to the American Medical Association in 1941 [2] and, together with a rationale for the disease, to the American College of Physicians when he received the Phillips Award in 1947 [3]. Although seriously incapacitated by parkinsonism at that time, Albright clearly thought that this subject was of sufficient clinical importance to warrant presentation before those critical audiences. It is gratifying to note that his views were finally accepted in April 1984 by the Consensus Development Conference on Osteoporosis at the National Institutes of Health [4], whose report is actually in good agreement with that previously presented by the Obstetrics and Gynecology Advisory Committee of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on 28 July 1977 [5]. In the case of bone loss, the explanation for the slow progress is fairly apparent. Albright’s concepts were based primarily on long and remarkably astute clinical experience and were confirmed by balance studies. Nowadays, at least in American universities, few professors of medicine stay in one place long enough to acquire comparable long-term clinical experience. Furthermore, balance studies are hard to understand without first-hand experience. Fig. 1 illustrates Albright’s original study, in which he showed that 1 mg of stilboestrol reversed the negative calcium and phosphate balance of an osteoporotic woman and that 15 mg put her into positive balance.
Ovavesicula popilliae (Microsporidia: Ovavesiculidae) spore production in naturally infected adult Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).

Abstract Ovavesicula popilliae is a microsporidian that infects both Japanese beetle larvae and adults. This is the first study quantifying the number of O. popilliae spores produced by Japanese beetle adults. Mean spore production per adult Japanese beetle was 2.67 × 10 7 (SE ± 4.65 × 10 6 ) spores with a range of 1.46 × 10 6 –1.02 × 10 8 . The number of spores produced per host is similar to other microsporidian species and may help explain the speed with which this pathogen has spread from introduction sites to surrounding areas.
Fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of 10-deazaaminopterin, 10-ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin, and known metabolites

Abstract The antifolate compounds 10-deazaaminopterin (10-dAM) and 10-ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin (10-EdAM) are therapeutically superior to methotrexate in transplanted murine tumor systems and in human tumor xenografts growing in immunodeficient “nude” mice. The increased therapeutic index of these analogs correlates with their selective uptake, retention, and polyglutamation within neoplastic cells. We have developed a fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatographic assay applicable to 10-dAM, 10-EdAM, their polyglutamate anabolites, and their 7-hydroxy (7-OH) and deglutamate catabolites. The assay is based upon the high native fluorescence of pteridine-containing compounds which contain carbon in the 10 position. The assay employs a reverse-phase C-18 column and an ascending acetonitrile gradient in 50 m m phosphate, pH 7.0. The compounds are extracted from plasma and urine with 95 ± 7% and 98 ± 2% recoveries, respectively, using C-18 Sep-Paks. The linear range of the assay is, for 10-dAM, 2–10 n m , and for 10-EdAM, 1–100 n m . Polyglutamated metabolites of [ 3 H]10-EdAM isolated from L1210 cells have been separated by HPLC with identification of five derivatives (Glu 1–5) confirmed by enzymatic peak shift using serum conjugase and by quantitative correlation of fluorescence intensity, radioactivity, and titration inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase. The assay has been used successfully in pharmacokinetic analyses of plasma and urine samples from patients receiving 10-dAM and 10-EdAM. In patients who had received 10-EdAM, 7-OH-10-EdAM, and the deglutamate catabolite were also detected. This HPLC fluorescence assay is superior to the dihydrofolate reductase inhibition and binding assays with regard to specificity and precision; moreover, it can provide a means for simultaneous assay of the physiologically important anabolites and catabolites of these new antifolates.
Finite element simulation of shaped charges

This paper analyzes by numerical simulation the formation, the fragmentation, and the penetration in a plate of a copper jet that develops in a shaped charge. A finite element Lagrangian code has been used to gain insight into this problem. The study is conducted in two dimensions, axisymmetric. An explicit contact/friction algorithm is used to treat multi-body dynamics. A remeshing algorithm is needed to follow the high deformation pattern of the copper jet. The calculations account for rate-dependent plasticity, heat conduction and thermal coupling. A criterion is introduced to model the jet break-up. The simulations reveal in particular a gradient of shear deformation across the jet.
Elemental and isotopic analysis of powders by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with arc nebulization

Abstract A powdered sample is mixed with graphite and pressed into a conducting pellet. The pellet is eroded by an intermittent arc, and the resulting sample particles are injected into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). This provides rapid survey analysis and determination of elemental and isotope ratios without dissolution of the sample. Small peaks for ArC+, ArO+ and Ar2+ are the only species detected in the, background spectrum above m z = 45. The absence of nebulized water effectively suppresses formation of metal oxide ions. Detection limits are 30–50 μg g−1 for the elements studied. Isotope ratios may be determined with a precision of approximately 1 % relative standard deviation for major constituents. Various rare earth elements are determined quantitatively at 0.1–1 % levels in the original sample.
Innovative research and relevant targets

The American Fund for Dental Health will support innovative research and training studies that are readily or directly adoptable to clinical application.
Phosphorylation of tau at THR212 and SER214 in human neuronal and glial cultures: the role of AKT.

We have reported recently that the microtubule-associated protein tau is phosphorylated in vitro by Akt, an important kinase in anti-apoptotic signaling regulated by insulin and growth factors. We also established that Akt phosphorylates tau separately at T212 and S214, two sites previously shown to be phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and protein kinase A (PKA), respectively. In the present studies, we examined the relationship between Akt and T212/S214 in primary cultures of human neurons and astrocytes, and evaluated the contribution of two other kinases. In intact cells, we found a very low content of active (phospho-S473) form of Akt. We also found a low content of phospho-S214 but not phospho-T212 of tau, suggesting that only phospho-S212 may depend on Akt activity in situ. We upregulated Akt activity using two experimental models: treatment with a protein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid, and transfection with a constitutively active Akt gene construct (c-Akt). Under these conditions, phosphorylation of tau at T212 and S214 was regulated independently, with little change or downregulation of phospho-T212 and dynamic upregulation of phospho-S214. Our studies revealed that Akt may influence the phospho-S214 content in a meaningful manner. They also revealed that PKA may only partially contribute to the phosphorylation of S214. In comparison, okadaic acid treatment severely depleted the content of GSK3β and downregulated the remaining GSK3β activity by Akt-dependent inhibition, consistent with minimal changes in phospho-T212. In summary, these results strongly suggest that in primary cultures, Akt selectively phosphorylates tau at S214 rather than T212. Our studies raise the possibility that tau S214 may participate in Akt-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling.
Collaborative design and analysis of electro-optical sensors

Complex products are best developed in a collaborative design environment where engineering data and CAD/CAE results can be shared across engineering discipline boundaries within a common software interface. A new software tool that allows Electro-Optical (EO) sensors to be developed in this manner has been used to conduct an integrated Structural/Thermal/Optical (STOP) analysis of a critical lens subassembly in a flight payload. This paper provides a description of the software environment and a summary of the technical results that were produced with it.
Compact full-text indexing of versioned document collections

We study the problem of creating highly compressed full-text index structures for versioned document collections, that is, collections that contain multiple versions of each document. Important examples of such collections are Wikipedia or the web page archive maintained by the Internet Archive. A straightforward indexing approach would simply treat each document version as a separate document, such that index size scales linearly with the number of versions. However, several authors have recently studied approaches that exploit the significant similarities between different versions of the same document to obtain much smaller index sizes. In this paper, we propose new techniques for organizing and compressing inverted index structures for such collections. We also perform a detailed experimental comparison of new techniques and the existing techniques in the literature. Our results on an archive of the English version of Wikipedia, and on a subset of the Internet Archive collection, show significant benefits over previous approaches.
Enzymatic down regulation with exercise in rat skeletal muscle

Maximal activities of rat skeletal muscle mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as several other mitochondrial enzymes involved in various metabolic functions were significantly suppressed after a single bout of acute or exhaustive treadmill running. This enzymatic "down regulation" was maintained 24 and 48 h post exhaustion, especially in the untrained rats. Neither muscle cytosolic nor hepatic enzymes exhibited down regulation after exercise. Proteolysis was increased with exercise as assessed by the clearance of [3H]leucine previously incorporated into the proteins of the rats. Decreased CS, MDH, and ALT activities correlated with a significant loss of mitochondrial total protein sulfhydryl (r = 0.67, 0.68, 0.59, respectively, P less than 0.001) in untrained rats and both CS and MDH could be partially restored by incubation with dithiothreitol. Endurance-tested untrained and trained rats had significantly higher glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in both muscle mitochondria and cytosol which correlated significantly with endurance time (r = 0.70 and 0.74, respectively). It is concluded that enzymatic down regulation is not caused by proteolysis alone; i.e., peroxides and oxygen free radicals produced in prolonged exercise may alter the intramitochondrial redox state by oxidizing free thiols that may be required at active sites of these enzymes. Training may enhance the ability of the muscle to resist the toxic oxygen species by increasing GPX activity.
Impact of BMI on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing proctectomy for rectal cancer: a national surgical quality improvement program analysis.

BACKGROUND:There is a mounting body of evidence that suggests worsened postoperative outcomes at the extremes of BMI, yet few studies investigate this relationship in patients undergoing proctectomy for rectal cancer.OBJECTIVE:We aimed to examine the relationship between BMI and short-term outcomes
Climate, plant response and development of dunes on barrier beaches along the U.S. east coast

In recent years, the U.S. National Park Service has taken responsibility for eight National Seashores along the East and Gulf Coasts and has been supporting research aimed at an understanding of natural processes, human effects, and management techniques that will accomplish various goals related to public use. The importance of developing management approaches, including dune stabilization, consistent with goals of individual Seashores and in keeping with natural dune dynamics, has become increasingly clear. Current studies underway deal with variations in dune ecology along the coast and in the response of dune species to environmental variables. While certain basic processes (such as dune building or migration, inlet formation, littoral transport, and overwash) occur all along the coast, they do not do so with the same importance or frequency. The relative significance of such processes depends on the general climatic and oceanic conditions of any given area. Prevailing winds, shoreline orientation, average wave energies, sea level change, storm frequency, off shore profiles, shore configuration, and tidal range are important environmental factors which determine the relative importance of dune building, overwash, or various combinations of the two. Added to the climatic factors are the response of dune strand species to environmental forces and the distribution of adapted species along the coast. The behavior of plants adapted to dune building, overwash, or both, can be a significant factor in the development of shoreline morphology.
Quantum theory of modulation in magnetic resonance: Modulated transition rate

Abstract By use of first-order time-dependent perturbation theory, the transition rate is calculated for an S = 1 2 spin in a static magnetic field with field or frequency modulation. The result consists of the expected steady-state and transient solutions. The steady-state solution is found to be similar to those obtained from the Bloch equations and the density matrix formalism. The transient solution shows a signal buildup characterized by the linewidth parameter T 2 .
A comparison of two mental status examinations in an inpatient psychiatric sample.

This study compares the psychometric properties and clinical use of the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) and the Modified MMSE (3MS) in patients admitted to an acute medical-psychiatric inpatient uni...
Isoarecolones and arecolones: selective central nicotinic agonists that cross the blood-brain barrier

Abstract Isoarecolones and arecolones bearing different ketone substituents were synthesized and their affinities at central muscarinic and nicotinic receptors determined. The compounds were selective for nicotinic receptors, produced appropriate nicotinic responses, and crossed the blood brain barrier in rats.
Rectangular products of lattices

Abstract Given lattices L1 and L2, their rectangular product L1□L2 is the set of ordered pairs (a,b) ϵ L1 x L2, with a and b not zero, together with (0,0). Alternatively: L1□L2 = 1 ⊕ ((L1β{0}) × (L2β{0})). If L1 and L2 are face lattices of convex polytopes, then L1□L2 is the lattice of faces of the (topological) product of these polytopes. If L1 and L2 are concept in the sense of Wille, then L1□L2 is the concept lattice of the semiproduct of the underlying contexts. In this article, properties which are preserved (or not preserved) by rectangular products are discussed, and necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a lattice to be a rectangular product.
Serum homocysteine, thermolabile variant of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and venous thromboembolism: Longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology (LITE)

We sought to examine prospectively the association of serum homocysteine and the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene polymorphism with risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We studied these relationships in a nested case-control study of 303 VTE cases and 635 matched controls from a population-based cohort of 21,680 adults from six U.S. communities. The highest quintile of serum homocysteine carried a non-statistically significant adjusted odds ratio of 1.55 (95% CI, 0.93-2.58) compared to the lowest quintile in the overall cohort but a significant association among adults aged 45-64 years (OR = 2.05, 95% CI, 1.10-3.83) and an inverse association in those > or = 65 years of age. Carriers of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism were not at higher risk for VTE than those with normal genotype (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56-0.98). Our prospective data showed, at most, a weak relationship between homocysteine and VTE risk, with associations larger among younger participants. MTHFR C677T was not a risk factor for VTE.
Error performance of synchronous multiuser code division multiple access detector with multidimensional adaptive canceler

A code division multiple access detector that employs a combination of a decorrelator and a multidimensional interference canceler is considered. The weights of the canceler are adaptively controlled using a steepest descent algorithm. The probability of error is evaluated and compared to those of the decorrelating detector and a similar, fixed-weights scheme that requires an estimation of received signal energies. It is shown that the proposed two-stage detector provides substantial improvement over the decorrelating detector, particularly in the presence of strong interfering signals. This is especially noticeable in the high bandwidth efficiency cases. It is also observed that in the presence of weak interferers, the proposed scheme performs better than its fixed-weights counterpart.
Climate-driven chlorophyll-a changes in a turbid estuary: Observations from satellites and implications for management

Abstract Significant advances have been made in ocean color remote sensing of turbidity and water clarity for estuarine waters, yet accurate estimations of chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chla in mg m− 3) has been problematic, posing a challenge to the research community and an obstacle to managers for long-term water quality assessment. Here, a novel empirical Chla algorithm based on a Red-Green-Chorophyll-Index (RGCI) was developed and validated for MODIS and SeaWiFS observations between 1998 and 2011. The algorithm showed robust performance with two independent datasets, with relative mean uncertainties of ~ 30% and ~ 50% and RMS uncertainties of ~ 40% and ~ 65%, respectively, for Chla ranging between 1.0 and > 30.0 mg m− 3. These uncertainties are comparable or even lower than those reported for the global open oceans when traditional blue-green band ratio algorithms are used. A long-term Chla time series generated from SeaWiFS and MODIS observations showed excellent agreement between sensors and with in situ measurements. Substantial variability in both space and time was observed in the four bay segments, with higher Chla in the upper bay segments and lower Chla in the lower bay segments, and higher Chla in the wet season and lower Chla in the dry season. On average, river discharge could explain ~ 60% of the seasonal changes and ~ 90% of the inter-annual changes, with the latter mainly driven by climate variability (e.g. El Nino and La Nina years) and anomaly events (e.g. tropical cyclones). Significant positive correlation was found between monthly mean Chla anomalies and monthly Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.43, p