cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple fractional integrals

Multiple integrals with respect to fractional Brownian motion (with H > 1/2) are constructed for a large class of functions. The first and second moments of the multiple integrals are explicitly identified.
The mechanical properties of immature osteopetrotic bone.

The elastic properties of the longer bones of the fore and hind limbs of an osteopetrotic Angus calf were measured using an ultrasonic technique. the same bones of a second Angus calf with unaffected bone tissue were also studied. The osteopetrotic bones were found to exhibit statistically significant lower values of density and mineral content than did the unaffected bones (P=.0054 andP=.0492, respectively.) This result is contrary to what has been reported in the literature. The variations of the elastic properties and the density around the circumference of both the immature osteopetrotic femur and the unaffected femur were found to be similar to those previously measured on normal adult bovine femora.
Double Azeotropy in Binary Mixtures 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-Decafluoropentane + Tetrahydrofuran

Vapor−liquid equilibria have been measured as a function of overall composition for binary mixtures of 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane (HFC-4310mee) + tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 323.18 K using a static cell and at 26.68 kPa and 58.58 kPa using an ebulliometer. The data were correlated using the NRTL equation. The coexistence curves at 26.68 kPa exhibit a maximum and a minimum in temperature, establishing the existence of double azeotropes at this pressure.
Immunocytochemical evidence of Tulp1-dependent outer segment protein transport pathways in photoreceptor cells

Tulp1 is a protein of unknown function exclusive to rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Mutations in the gene cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa in humans and photoreceptor degeneration in mice. In tulp1−/− mice, rod and cone opsins are mislocalized, and rhodopsin-bearing extracellular vesicles accumulate around the inner segment, indicating that Tulp1 is involved in protein transport from the inner segment to the outer segment. To investigate this further, we sought to define which outer segment transport pathways are Tulp1-dependent. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the localization of outer segment proteins in tulp1−/− photoreceptors, prior to retinal degeneration. We also surveyed the condition of inner segment organelles and rhodopsin transport machinery proteins. Herein, we show that guanylate cyclase 1 and guanylate cyclase activating proteins 1 and 2 are mislocalized in the absence of Tulp1. Furthermore, arrestin does not translocate to the outer segment in response to light stimulation. Additionally, data from the tulp1−/− retina adds to the understanding of peripheral membrane protein transport, indicating that rhodopsin kinase and transducin do not co-transport in rhodopsin carrier vesicles and phosphodiesterase does not co-transport in guanylate cyclase carrier vesicles. These data implicate Tulp1 in the transport of selective integral membrane outer segment proteins and their associated proteins, specifically, the opsin and guanylate cyclase carrier pathways. The exact role of Tulp1 in outer segment protein transport remains elusive. However, without Tulp1, two rhodopsin transport machinery proteins exhibit abnormal distribution, Rab8 and Rab11, suggesting a role for Tulp1 in vesicular docking and fusion at the plasma membrane near the connecting cilium.
Depth-increment detection function for individual spatial channels.

We have used stimuli with difference-of-Gaussian (DOG) luminance profiles to measure depth-increment thresholds within postulated spatial channels as functions of depth from the fixation plane. Stereoacuity was best with high-frequency DOG’s presented at the fixation plane. Performance was relatively constant for spatial frequency above 2.4 cycles/deg, but it deteriorated as spatial frequency was decreased. Regardless of spatial frequency, stereo sensitivity declined rapidly as stimuli were presented away from the horopter. The falloff occurred more rapidly over the 0–20-arc-min range than over the 20–80-arc-min range. Depth was perceived over a broader range of disparity pedestals with low-spatial-frequency stimuli; however, the lowest thresholds were always obtained with the highest-frequency stimuli. Both the falloff of sensitivity with disparity pedestal and the disparity range of quantitative stereo depth lead to the conclusion that different size-tuned channels process disparity differently.
Risk of selected structural abnormalities in infants after increased nuchal translucency measurement.

Objective We sought to examine the association between increased first-trimester fetal nuchal translucency (NT) measurement and major noncardiac structural birth defects in euploid infants. Study Design Included were 75,899 singleton infants without aneuploidy or critical congenital heart defects born in California in 2009 through 2010 with NT measured between 11-14 weeks of gestation. Logistic binomial regression was employed to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for occurrence of birth defects in infants with an increased NT measurement (by percentile at crown-rump length [CRL] and by ≥3.5 mm compared to those with measurements Results When considered by CRL adjusted percentile and by measurement ≥3.5 mm, infants with a NT ≥95th percentile were at risk of having ≥1 major structural birth defects (any defect, RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3–1.9; multiple defects, RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3–3.4). Infants with a NT measurement ≥95th percentile were at particularly high risk for pulmonary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal anomalies (RR, 1.6-2.7; 95% CI, 1.1–5.4). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that risks of major pulmonary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal structural birth defects exist for NT measurements ≥95th percentile. The ≥3-fold risks were observed for congenital hydrocephalus; agenesis, hypoplasia, and dysplasia of the lung; atresia and stenosis of the small intestine; osteodystrophies; and diaphragm anomalies.
Regulation of metallothionein gene expression. Studies in transfected primary cultures of chick embryo liver cells

To study the regulation of expression of the metallothionein gene in normal liver cells, we transfected chick embryo liver cells in primary cultures with constructs containing luciferase or chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (as reporter genes) under the control of differing lengths of the 5'-promoter region of the chick metallothionein gene (containing 30, 122, 190, or 623 base pairs upstream of the transcriptional start site). We controlled for efficiency of transfection by co-transfections with a plasmid containing a bacterial beta-galactosidase gene under the control of the SV 40 promoter and enhancer. Treatment of the transfected cells with transition metallic ions (cadmium, cobalt, and zinc) or sodium arsenite produced increases in activities of luciferase or chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, relative to beta-galactosidase, and this activity mapped to the first 122 base pairs of the promoter. Although heme has recently been reported to induce the endogenous metallothionein gene in chick embryo liver cells, 10-50 microM heme did not increase reporter gene activities in transfected cells. Nevertheless, the heme-dependent induction of endogenous heme oxygenase-1 in these cells was normal. We conclude that the heme-dependent induction of the liver metallothionein gene depends upon DNA region(s) outside the regulatory region of the chick metallothionein gene studied here and that elements within the first 122 base pairs of the metallothionein promoter are sufficient to confer responsiveness to transition metals or sodium arsenite.
Institutional Roles in Technology Transfer: A Diagnosis of the Situation in One Small Country

The findings of this survey indicate that in fostering international transfer of technology much can be done to influence the development of inter-personal and inter-organizational contacts. This is not in itself a complete answer to international technology transfer, but this study suggests that it is an important, though much neglected area, which should be a central concern in science policy. A survey was conducted in 1970 and 1971 of the communication patterns of more than 1,200 research and development scientists and engineers working in Ireland. Techniques previously used in studying individual firms were adapted to suit the conditions within the country.
Photic input to rat pineal gland conveyed by both sympathetic and central afferents.

Average photic evoked responses were recorded from the pineal in light and dark adaptation. Permanent semimicroelectrodes were implanted several days before the experiments were begun. Local anesthesia (xylocaine) at the superior cervical ganglion (scg) level was used as a tool to determine whether or not photic responses are transmitted via the scg and/or through another CNS route. The experiments demonstrated that in dark adaptation, photic evoked responses recorded from the pineal exhibited higher amplitude. Moreover, the photic evoked responses are transmitted via two separate routes: one, a fast pathway with a “shorter” latency, via the CNS,i.e. the habenular posterior commissure complex, and the other a “slower” (or longer) pathway via the reticular formation scg to the pineal.
Ultra-spectral remote sounding: background and future

Ultra-spectral atmospheric remote sounding has been under development since the late 1970's. It has evolved through a series of aircraft experiments into the operational space-borne system that we enjoy today. In this paper the background and evolution of the ultra-spectral remote sounding program is reviewed. Results from airborne and polar satellite ultraspectral instruments are presented to illustrate the improved atmospheric remote sounding capability provided by these instruments. Ground-based measurements with the Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) are presented to illustrate the "state of the art" in imaging spectrometry and its potential for greatly improved ultra-spectral remote sounding from future polar and geostationary satellites.
A new algorithm for the minimum spanning tree verification problem

This paper proposes a new algorithm for the minimum spanning tree verification (MSTV) problem in undirected graphs. The MSTV problem is distinct from the minimum spanning tree construction problem. The above problems have been studied extensively, and there exist several papers in the literature devoted to them. Our algorithm for the MSTV problem combines the insights of Bor?vka's algorithm for constructing a minimum spanning tree with a bucketing scheme. The principal idea underlying this combination is the efficient identification of edges that cannot be part of any minimum spanning tree. Although the proposed algorithm imposes no restrictions on the input graph, it was designed to exploit the case in which the number of distinct edge weights is small. On a graph with $$n$$n vertices, $$m$$m edges, and $$K$$K distinct edge weights, our algorithm runs in $$O(m+n\cdot K)$$O(m+n·K) time. It follows that our algorithm runs in linear time if $$K$$K is a fixed constant. Although there exist several linear time MSTV algorithms in the literature, our algorithm improves on the state of the art in two ways, viz., it is conceptually simpler, and it is easy to implement. We contrast the performance of our algorithm vis-a-vis Hagerup's linear time MSTV algorithm, which is one of the more practical linear-time MSTV algorithms. Our experiments indicate that the proposed algorithm is superior to Hagerup's algorithm when $$K \le 24$$K≤24. One surprising observation is that our algorithm is substantially faster than Hagerup's algorithm on "No" instances, i.e., on instances in which the input spanning tree is not the minimum spanning tree.
In Vitro and in Vivo Ligation-mediated Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of a Polypurine/Polypyrimidine Sequence Upstream of the Mousemetallothionein-I Gene *

The mouse metallothionein-Ihomopurine/homopyrimidine (MT-I R/Y) sequence is a 128-base pair element located ∼1.2 kilobase pairs upstream of theMT-I gene. Previous in vitro studies of this sequence in purified plasmids indicated the formation of a non-B DNA structure stabilized by acidic pH and negative supercoiling. We now present a detailed in vitro and in vivoanalysis of the MT-I R/Y sequence using chemical probes of DNA structure and ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction. In vivo analysis suggests neither profound base unpairing nor protein binding within the MT-I R/Y sequence before or after metal induction of MT-I. We conclude for this element that the propensity to adopt an unusual DNA structure in vitro does not imply the occurrence of such a structure in vivo. We were able to show both in purified genomic DNA andin vivo that only isolated thymines and the 3′ terminal thymine in strings of consecutive thymines are modified significantly by KMnO4, indicating an altered thymine accessibility pattern within the R/Y sequence. This KMnO4 reactivity pattern is more consistent and predictable within the R/Y sequence when compared with flanking sequences. We propose a simple steric interference model to explain the observed pattern of KMnO4modification of thymines.
Effects of K+, Ba2+ and Ca2+ on the excitable membrane in Paramecium tetraurelia

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of Ba2+ and K+ ions on the membrane currents of Paramecium tetraurelia under a voltage clamp were investigated. 2. 2. External Ba2+ suppresses the inward-going K-current and the Ca-induced K-outward current and changes the activation and inactivation kinetics of transient inward current through the Ca-channel. 3. 3. K+ increases the Ca-induced K-conductances but little affects the leakage conductance. 4. 4. The resting potentials by changing those ionic concentrations shift the voltage sensitivities of all voltage sensitive channels, simultaneously. 5. 5. The competition between ions to the channel responses was discussed.
Stimulus overselectivity of autistic children in a two stimulus situation.

Autistic and normal children were trained to respond to a complex stimulus involving an auditory component (white noise) and a visual component (red floodlight). After the Ss had acquired this discrimination, the individual components were presented singly to assess their control over the Ss' behavior. The autistic Ss' unlike the normals, demonstrated stimulus overselectivity in that seven out of nine Ss responded to only one of the components. These results were consistent with those of a previous study where autistics showed stimulus overselectivity in an experiment involving three modalities. In both experiments, the previously non-functional stimulus was made functional when trained separately.
A Common Explanation for the Changing Age Distributions of Suicide and Homicide in the United States, 1930 to 2000.

A longstanding debate focuses on whether suicide and homicide rates walk hand in hand or whether they are reciprocally related. Much of the research on this issue investigates whether suicide or homicide predominates in certain geographic areas or whether they trend together over time. We theorize that the degree of social integration and social regulation associated with birth cohorts is negatively related to both of these forms of lethal violence. We develop a common explanation for shifts in the age distributions of homicide and suicide in the United States from 1930 to 2000. In this context, suicide rates and homicide rates walk hand in hand and their parallel movements are associated with two variables linked to social integration and regulation.
A Simple Geometric Approach to Approximating the Gini Coefficient.

The author shows how a quick approximation of the Lorenz curve's Gini coefficient can be calculated empirically using numerical data presented in cumulative income quintiles. When the technique here was used to estimate 621 income quintile/Gini coefficient observations from the Deninger and Squire/World Bank data set, this approach performed better than a popular alternative, the trapezoidal rule.
Trials, travails and triumphs: an account of RNA catalysis in RNase P.

Abstract Last December marked the 20th anniversary of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech for their discovery of RNA catalysts in bacterial ribonuclease P (an enzyme catalyzing 5′ maturation of tRNAs) and a self-splicing rRNA of Tetrahymena , respectively. Coinciding with the publication of a treatise on RNase P, 1 this review provides a historical narrative, a brief report on our current knowledge, and a discussion of some research prospects on RNase P. “ … the great thing about science is that you can actually solve a problem. You can take something which is confused, a mess, and not only find a solution, but prove it 's the right one.” 2 -Sydney Brenner “In research the front line is almost always in a fog.” 3 -Francis Crick
Estimation of Demand for Transportation of Agricultural Commodities

services. The model is applied to a sample of cherry and apple shipments. The performance of the model in explaining choice of transportation method is highly satisfactory. Estimated coefficients, with one exception, have expected signs and are statistically significant.
Variable selection for qualitative interactions

In this article we discuss variable selection for decision making with focus on decisions regarding when to provide treatment and which treatment to provide. Current variable selection techniques were developed for use in a supervised learning setting where the goal is prediction of the response. These techniques often downplay the importance of interaction variables that have small predictive ability but that are critical when the ultimate goal is decision making rather than prediction. We propose two new techniques designed specifically to find variables that aid in decision making. Simulation results are given along with an application of the methods on data from a randomized controlled trial for the treatment of depression.
State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex

This study examined the extent to which the responses of single cells in the striate cortex (V1) and the extrastriate cortex (V4) of the alert rhesus monkey are modulated by visual stimuli whose relevance in a behavioral task is varied. The animal had to detect the repetition of a visual pattern (i.e. detect similarity), preceded by a randomized number of alternations between two different patterns. The responses produced by the last, reward contingent stimulus were compared with responses obtained to that same stimulus earlier in the sequence. Modulatory effects in V1 were moderate: 31% of the cells (63 of 200) showed response increments of 20% or more to the last, reward contingent stimulus. In V4 the effects were much more pronounced: 72% of the cells (110 of 154) showed modulatory effects of more than 20%. In V4 but not in V1 orientation tuning curves showed a significant narrowing as well as a peak response increment to the behaviorally salient stimulus, suggesting a feature specific mechanism associated with the detection of similarity. Although a response decrement was observed in many cells during the repeated alternations, this effect was significantly smaller than the modulation produced by the detection of similarity. Controls included the presentation of novel stimuli during the presentation sequence which did not produce an enhanced response. It is hypothesized that the feature specific effects reported here are produced by higher order feedback systems.
Dielectric relaxation in aqueous solutions of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide: Water structure implications

We report dielectric relaxation studies of aqueous solutions of two water-like molecules, hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide, in the neighborhood of their glass transition temperatures, Tg. These solutions behave in a rathersimple manner, reminiscent of the diols and diamines of which they are the limiting cases. Their relaxations near Tg are more nearly exponential than in most other cases, and they show essentially no secondary relaxations. Supercooled hydrazine solutions are the more stable. At the composition 20 mol % N 2 H 4 , the liquid exhibits precise time-temperature-superposition (TTS) behavior. At higher N 2 H 4 contents, a weak deviation from TTS appears. The temperature dependence of the relaxation time follows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation, and the strength parameter, D, is similar to that of glycerol, a liquid of intermediate fragility. The VFT divergence temperature, To, lies close to the Kauzmann temperature, T K , determined earlier from calorimetric studies implying that the thermodynamic and kinetic measures of fragility are very similar. Tg values assessed from T(τ=100s) agree well with observed calorimetric, Tg's. Extrapolation of the relaxation time behavior to pure water would imply a Tg for water of 135-140 K; however, the dielectric behavior of amorphous solid water in the temperature range 130-160 K is completely different from that of the solutions showing no sign of the loss peak exhibited by all the solutions. Based on the solution behavior, water controversially must either remain glassy up until the temperature of crystallization or be an almost ideally strong liquid above 136 K. Having shown elsewhere how this implies glassy character up to LDA crystallization and a Tg above 160 K, we now examine the implications for water structure reorganization on dissolution of solutes, certain glycols excepted. It appears that the water in these solutions behaves like ice III rather than ice I.
Reactor Analysis for Counter-Flowing Moderator and Coolant in a Supercritical Water Reactor

New thermal-hydraulic models have been implemented in the PARCS v2.5 core simulator to enable the simulation of heat transfer between the counter-flowing moderator and coolant in supercritical water reactors. The impact of this heat transfer on the performance of an individual assembly has been demonstrated. A quarter-core model has been simulated to demonstrate how this new capability can be used to identify hot channels in the core and to design different core configurations that may reduce the hot channel effects. Future developments will couple this core simulator capability to advanced thermal-hydraulic simulation capability for full core design and transient simulation. (authors)
Racist Acts and Racist Humor

Racist jokes are often funny. And part of this has to do with their racism. Many Polish jokes, for example, may easily be converted into moron jokes but are not at all funny when delivered as such. Consider two answers to ‘What has an I.Q. of 1007’: (a) a nation of morons; or (b) Poland. Similarly, jokes portraying Jews as cheap, Italians as cowards, and Greeks as dishonest may be told as jokes about how skinflints, cowards, or dishonest people get on in the world. But they are less funny as such (at least if one is not Jewish, Greek, or Italian). As this suggests, racist humor is ‘put down’ humor. We laugh, in part, because we find put-downs funny, sometimes even if they are about us. In many contexts, this tendency is relatively harmless; indeed, within reason, it may be therapeutic to join others in a good laugh at oneself. Why, then, all the commotion about racist humor?
Digital preservation of ancient cuneiform tablets using 3D-scanning

Cuneiform is the world's oldest known writing system. Ancient scribes impressed reed styluses onto damp clay to write the approximately 900 different logographic, syllabic and taxographic signs. These clay tablets were preserved in the ruins of ancient Near Eastern cities for millennia, and today sit in museum storerooms around the world, where they are subject to degradation and are available for study-only to scholars who can visit the collections in person. Cuneiform documents exhibit three dimensional writing on three dimensional surfaces and we seek to provide accurate, high resolution 3D models of these tablets for scholars' use in their research and for digital preservation of these unique historical artifacts. We describe our project and the requirements for constructing and publishing large digital libraries of these ancient tablets. We also present visualization requirements and algorithms for producing them.
Diurnal variation in fecal concentrations of acid-detergent insoluble ash and alkaline-peroxide lignin from cattle fed bermudagrass hays of varying nutrient content

The effect of time of fecal sampling on the accuracy of acid-detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) and alkaline-peroxide lignin (APL) for the prediction of fecal output (FO) in cattle was evaluated. Eight ruminally cannulated cows (594 ± 35.5 kg) were allocated randomly to 4 bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] hay diets markedly different in crude protein concentration (79–164 g/kg) with 2 replicates per diet for 3 periods. Cows were offered hay individually at 20 g DM/kg of body weight daily in equal feedings at 08:00 and 16:00 h for a 10-d adaptation period followed by 5-d of total fecal collection. Fecal grab samples also were taken each day during the fecal collection period at 06:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 24:00 h either directly from the rectum or from freshly voided feces. Samples were composited within cow and time across the 5 d total fecal collection period. Additionally, forage, ort, and fecal samples were analyzed for concentrations of APL and ADIA. Fecal concentrations of ADIA and APL were not affected by sampling time (P ≥ 0.22), even though diet affected (P < 0.01) fecal ADIA and APL concentrations. There were no diet × sampling time interactions (P ≥ 0.60). Estimates of FO and dry matter digestibility (DMD) from ADIA and APL were not affected (P ≥ 0.16) by sampling time or the diet × sampling time interaction (P ≥ 0.74). Estimates of FO and DMD from markers from different sampling times or all different combinations of sampling time were not different (P ≥ 0.72) from those of total collection among internal markers. Little variation in concentrations of ADIA and APL in daily fecal excretion across time increases flexibility in fecal grab sampling schedules for predicting FO and DMD.
Primary Processor and Data Storage Equipment for the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory

Telescopes in space will soon permit astronomers to observe the heavens in more detail than ever before. The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) is a space vehicle designed to place these telescopes in orbit beyond the earth's atmosphere and to telemeter the collected data back to earth. To aid the orbiting observatory in the fulfillment of its scientific mission, a low-power, long-life, high-density command and memory system has been designed and is currently undergoing qualification testing. The digital command storage and processing element will permit reprogramming of spacecraft orientation and astronomical experiments on each orbit, even when the satellite is not in contact with the ground, while the core memory element will permit storage of experiment data for subsequent transmission to the ground. In the following paper, the functional design of the satellite command and memory system is discussed in detail. In addition, the power conservation methods, reliability design techniques and environmental performance considerations which influenced the design of this equipment are reviewed.
Genome-wide prediction of C. elegans genetic interactions.

To obtain a global view of functional interactions among genes in a metazoan genome, we computationally integrated interactome data, gene expression data, phenotype data, and functional annotation data from three model organisms—Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster—and predicted genome-wide genetic interactions in C. elegans. The resulting genetic interaction network (consisting of 18,183 interactions) provides a framework for system-level understanding of gene functions. We experimentally tested the predicted interactions for two human disease-related genes and identified 14 new modifiers.
A Song Is Born: Discovering Meaning in Improvised Songs through a Phenomenological Analysis of Two Music Therapy Sessions with a Traumatic Spinal-cord Injured Young Adult

In this article the author defines the phenomenon of “impro­ vised song” and discusses its meaning. The article describes research, conducted at Rusk Rehabilitation Center in New York City, based on observations of music therapy sessions for one month with a traumatic spinal-cord injured young adult. A description of the specific phenomenological method em­ ployed is given. The session material is analyzed according to this seven-step method. The analysis brings to light the essential qualities of two music therapy sessions and discovers the meaning of the improvised songs that came into existence during these sessions. It highlights the inherent struggle of this patient’s existence and the resources that he draws upon in coping, and shows the meaning of music therapy for him.
New Approach to Modeling Airfoil Interaction with Upstream Turbulence

The current work proposes a new method to introduce an upstream turbulence for high-fidelity numerical simulations of unsteady flow-structure interactions. In particular, the approach to generate a threedimensional, divergence-free, convected perturbation velocity field by prescribing a momentum source in an arbitrary region of the computational domain upstream of a solid body is discussed. It is shown that the method can be efficiently employed in conjunction with the random flow generation (RFG) procedures for numerical analysis of airfoil response to synthetically-generated upstream turbulence with prescribed integral characteristics. Details of the numerical implementation of the method are discussed. Preliminary two-dimensional test studies are conducted to illustrate application of the proposed technique for analysis of the airfoil interaction with convected disturbance fields.
Computed tomography assessment of splenic size as a predictor of splenic weight and disease involvement in laparotomy staged Hodgkin's disease

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate how well splenic size predicts the risk of splenic Hodgkin's disease and to assess how accurately splenic dimensions on computerized tomographic scans predict spleen size and involvement by Hodgkin's disease. Methods and Materials: Splenic weights were obtained from laparotomies performed on 897 patients who presented with Hodgkin's disease and were compared with histologic involvement using logistic regression. Splenic dimensions were measured from preoperative computerized tomographic scans in 94 of these patients, and unidimensional splenic measurements [length (L), width (W), thickness (T)] and their products were compared with splenic weight at laparotomy using linear regression. Results: Hodgkin's disease involved 42% of the spleens at laparotomy and 31% of those assessed by computerized tomography. Splenic weight averaged 198 ± 5 g (range 40–2000 g). Weight and involvement were greater with "unfavorable" histologies (mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion, and unclassified Hodgkin's disease: 229 ± 12 g; 62.7% involved) than with "favorable" histologies (nodular sclerosing, lymphocyte predominant, and interfollicular Hodgkin's disease: 191 ± 5 g; 37.8% involved). Splenic weight was the strongest independent risk factor correlated with Hodgkin's disease in univariate and multivariate analyses in all patients and the only identifiable univariate risk factor among those with computerized tomographic scans. For most patients, however, splenic weight poorly predicted involvement: The probability of involvement never fell below 20% and exceeded 80% when splenic weight exceeded 270 g with unfavorable histologies or 685 g in favorable histologies. Spleens of average weight had a probability of involvement of 36% with favorable histologies, 70% with unfavorable histologies. Unidimensional measurements of the spleen on computed tomography correlated poorly with splenic weight, but their product correlated well (Correlation coefficients: L: 0,73; W: 0.65; T: 0.78; [0.344485 × L × W × T]: 0.94). Conclusions: Splenic weight is the strongest factor correlating with the risk of splenic involvement by Hodgkin's disease and can be accurately estimated from three-dimensional measurements on computed tomographic scans, but not from unidimensional measurements. However, splenic weight is not a sensitive predictor of involvement of the spleen by Hodgkin's disease. Therefore, treatment approaches to Hodgkin's disease must be based upon intermediate risks of splenic involvement for most clinically staged patients.
Regulation of apolipoprotein B—containing lipoproteins by vitamin C level and dietary fat saturation in guinea pigs

Effects of suboptimal and adequate vitamin C, with varying dietary fat saturation, on hepatic cholesterol and plasma lipoprotein concentrations and metabolism were studied in guinea pigs fed 15% (wt/wt) fat/0.04% cholesterol diets. Fat mixtures were either 49% saturated (SFA) (24% lauric acid) or 53% polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid with vitamin C at 50 (suboptimal) or 500 (adequate) mg/kg diet. Guinea pigs fed suboptimal vitamin C had 15% lower hepatic active 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity and 25% lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL; apolipoprotein [apo] B/E) receptor number, 20% higher acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity, 28% higher triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesteryl ester concentrations, and increased very-low-density lipopoprotein (VLDL) apo B secretion rates in comparison to animals fed adequate vitamin C. Intake of suboptimal vitamin C lowered plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations by 45% and increased plasma TAG, total and VLDL/LDL cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity by 40%, 50%, and 30%, respectively. The hyperlipidemic effects of suboptimal vitamin C were more pronounced with intake of the SFA diet. These data demonstrate that low vitamin C intake results in a pattern of changes in whole-body cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism that are related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF GRAFT FLOW FOR ANASTOMOTIC ERROR DETECTION IN OFF-PUMP CABG

Objective: Flow probes have been introduced as a non-invasive means of anastomotic quality assessment in off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Flow waveform morphology cannot reliably be assessed visually unless severe anastomotic stenosis is present ( . 90%). We applied spectral analysis techniques to determine whether the frequency content of graft flow can improve the surgeon’s ability to detect anastomotic errors. Methods: Forty-six mammary to left anterior descending artery (LAD) anastomoses were created in mongrel dogs during off-pump CABG surgery. Graft flow was measured using transit-time flow probes with the LAD closed, and the mammary graft patent and with varying degrees of stenosis. The degree of anastomotic stenosis was created by an artificial stitch and verified by random postoperative angiography. Spectral analysis of the graft flow waveforms was performed. Differences in the magnitude and phase components of the graft flow for the first five harmonics were determined for the varying anastomosis test conditions. Differences were determined using analysis of variance and least square means techniques. Results: The magnitude of the fundamental (zeroth) harmonic was statistically different in the internal mammary artery (IMA) with 0‐25% stenosis compared to IMA with 50‐75% stenosis (P , 0:01). Further, the magnitude of the first, second, and fourth harmonics were statistically different in IMA with 0‐25% compared to IMA with 75% (P , 0:01). The phase of the first harmonic was statistically different in IMA with 25% stenosis than IMA with 50% stenosis (P , 0:01). No differences in interaction between the LAD and IMA for all ranges of stenosis were detected (P . 0:50). Conclusion: Spectral analysis of graft flow waveforms may be beneficial in detecting lesser degrees of anastomotic stenosis (i.e. , 90%) compared to traditional visual assessment of mean graft flow and/or graft flow waveform morphology. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A multilevel Newton method for mixed-energy domain simulation of MEMS

An efficient black-box algorithm for self-consistent analysis of three-dimensional (3-D) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is described. The algorithm is matrix-free based and employs a multilevel Newton technique to solve the coupled electromechanical equations. The new approach is shown to converge very rapidly and is much faster than relaxation algorithm for tightly coupled cases. While this paper focuses on coupled electromechanical analysis, the proposed algorithm can be extended to include several coupled domains typically encountered in MEMS.
Early gestation dexamethasone programs enhanced postnatal ovine coronary artery vascular reactivity.

Excessive exposure of the fetus to maternally derived corticosteroids has been linked to the development of adult-onset diseases. To determine if early gestation corticosteroid exposure alters subs...
Electrochemical Synthesis of Zirconia

Zirconia powder was produced in aqueous solution from zirconyl nitrate using electrogenerated base. Both divided and undivided electrochemical cells were used. In the divided cell, hydroxide ion was discharged in the cathode compartment, and hydrated zirconia was produced. The as-produced material was weakly agglomerated, amorphous, and had a surface area of up to 316 m 2 /g. The surface area of the powder did not vary systematically with the electrosynthesis current density, but did depend on subsequent processing. Crystalline zirconia was produced by calcining in air at temperatures above 400°C. Tetragonal zirconia was the only phase observed until about 800°C. After calcining at 800°C the crystallite size increased to about 20nm and about 34% monoclinic zirconia was produced. When an undivided cell was used, the pH remained constant (1–1.5) throughout the electrosynthesis, and amorphous zirconia deposited on the cathode.
Toward a technology for assessing basic early literacy skills.

This study examined the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of experimental measures developed to assess three areas of early literacy: phonological awareness, vocabulary development, and fluenc...
A Potential Enstrophy and Energy Conserving Numerical Scheme for Solution of the Shallow-Water Equations on a Geodesic Grid

Abstract Using the shallow water equations, a numerical framework on a spherical geodesic grid that conserves domain-integrated mass, potential vorticity, potential enstrophy, and total energy is developed. The numerical scheme is equally applicable to hexagonal grids on a plane and to spherical geodesic grids. This new numerical scheme is compared to its predecessor and it is shown that the new scheme does considerably better in conserving potential enstrophy and energy. Furthermore, in a simulation of geostrophic turbulence, the new numerical scheme produces energy and enstrophy spectra with slopes of approximately K−3 and K−1, respectively, where K is the total wavenumber. These slopes are in agreement with theoretical predictions. This work also exhibits a discrete momentum equation that is compatible with the Z-grid vorticity-divergence equation.
Physics of High-Frequency Noise in Insulated Gate Field-Effect Transistors

A physical understanding of both intrinsic and extrinsic noise mechanisms in an IGFET is developed. Intrinsic noise mechanisms fundamental to device operation include channel thermal noise, induced gate noise and induced substrate noise. While the effect of channel thermal noise is observable at zero drain-to-source voltage, the induced gate and substrate noise do not manifest themselves under these conditions. However, the attendant fluctuations in the channel charge are observable by the passage of electric current through the device. Extrinsic noise mechanisms manifested due to structural evolution of the MOSFET include the distributed gate resistance noise, distributed substrate resistance noise, bulk charge effects, substrate current super-shot noise and gate current noise. Where possible, methods of suppression of these mechanisms are also highlighted.
Zuzen, a cloud-based framework for automated machinima generation

The Zuzen framework is an intelligent tool set for assisting in the generation of machinima. With Zuzen, users that are novice cinematographers do not need to use complex movie-making tools. Rather, they only need to specify a set of high-level cinematic directives for use in filming a story and Zuzen will produce a video file that reflects their specifications. This forgoes the usual learning curve associated with typical machinima or cinematic content creation tools. This paper describes the Zuzen framework and details its implementation.
Effects of cyber security knowledge on attack detection

We quantitatively evaluate the role of knowledge when detecting cyber-attacks.Knowledge supports the identification of the relevant cues for classifying events.Knowledge facilitates integration of cues when detecting malicious network events.Knowledge makes a decision maker more aware of the type of cyber-attack (context).Situated knowledge is crucial to correctly integrate events and detect a cyber-attack. Ensuring cyber security is a complex task that relies on domain knowledge and requires cognitive abilities to determine possible threats from large amounts of network data. This study investigates how knowledge in network operations and information security influence the detection of intrusions in a simple network. We developed a simplified Intrusion Detection System (IDS), which allows us to examine how individuals with or without knowledge in cyber security detect malicious events and declare an attack based on a sequence of network events. Our results indicate that more knowledge in cyber security facilitated the correct detection of malicious events and decreased the false classification of benign events as malicious. However, knowledge had less contribution when judging whether a sequence of events representing a cyber-attack. While knowledge of cyber security helps in the detection of malicious events, situated knowledge regarding a specific network at hand is needed to make accurate detection decisions. Responses from participants that have knowledge in cyber security indicated that they were able to distinguish between different types of cyber-attacks, whereas novice participants were not sensitive to the attack types. We explain how these findings relate to cognitive processes and we discuss their implications for improving cyber security.
Dynamics of the Katabatic Wind Confluence Zone near Siple Coast, West Antarctica

Abstract The surface wind pattern over the ice sheets of Antarctica is irregular with marked areas of airflow confluence near the coastal margins. Where cold air from a large interior area of the ice sheet converges (a confluence zone), an anomalously large supply of air is available to feed the coastal katabatic winds, which, as a result, are intensified and more persistent. The confluence zone inland of Siple Coast, West Antarctica, differs from its East Antarctic counterparts in that the terrain slopes become gentler rather than steeper as the coast is approached. In addition, synoptic processes exert substantially more impact on the behavior of the surface winds. A month-long field program to study the dynamics of the springtime katabatic wind confluence zone has been carried out near Siple Coast. Two sites, Upstream B (83.5°S, 136.1°W) and South Camp (84.5°S, 134.3°W), were established roughly perpendicular to the downslope direction. The field program involved the use of the ground-based remote sens...
Membrane and other Biochemical Effects of the Phorbol Esters and their Relevance to Tumor Promotion

The pleiotropic effects of TPA and related phorbol esters on a variety of cell cultures provide important clues to the process of tumor promotion and the multistep nature of carcinogenesis. These effects can be divided into three categories: 1) mimicry of transformation in normal cells, and enhancement of transformation by chemical carcinogens or oncogenic viruses; 2) modulation (inhibition or induction) of differentiation; and 3) membrane and receptor effects. Recent evidence suggests that TPA acts by binding to specific high affinity cell surface membrane receptors and that this then leads to rapid alterations in the composition of membrane phospholipids. Presumably, these changes in the lipid matrix of cell membranes produce signals or mediators which lead to the subsequent cytoplasmic and nuclear effects of TPA. Thus, whereas the critical target in the action of initiating carcinogens appears to be cellular DNA, the critical target of the phorbol ester tumor promoters appears to be cell membranes. As a unifying concept of two-stage carcinogenesis, we postulate that during the initiation phase in carcinogenesis the covalent binding of carcinogens to DNA induces a host response somewhat analogous to that of the SOS response in bacteria. However, in mammalian cells this response results in abberations in the commitment of the target cells. This may involve ordered events, for example, gene transpositions, rather than random point mutations. Tumor promoters, via their effects on growth, gene expression and differentiation, enhance the selective outgrowth of Initiated cells and induce them to express their newly acquired but previously dormant committed state. Thus, initiation and promotion parallel events during normal development and differentiation, but during carcinogenesis the new cell populations are aberrant in terms of specialized functions and growth control.
SPECTRAL SUPER-RESOLUTION IN COLORED CODED APERTURE SPECTRAL IMAGING

The use of colored coded apertures in spectral compressive imaging system (CASSI) have been shown to provide advantages in terms of reconstruction fidelity. This work shows that the use of colored coded aperture can also increase the number of resolvable spectral bands.
Effect of Petroleum Ether Extract of Mouse Carcasses as Solvent in Production of Sarcoma.

The production of sarcomata in mice may be influenced by the solvent used for the carcinogenic hydrocarbon.1 Most experiments have been carried out with vegetable oils, lard, cholesterol or paraffin which are effective vehicles for 1:2:5:6-dibenzanthracene, 3:4-benzpyrene and methylcholanthrene. The increase in the incidence of skin tumors in mice following the application of mouse fat to the skin before tarring, as reported by Watson and Mellanby,2 led us to investigate the effect of a petroleum ether extract of mouse tissues as a solvent for 3:4-benzpyrene in the production of connective tissue sarcoma.The extract was prepared by refluxing fresh minced mouse carcasses, from which the stomach and intestines had been excised, with petroleum ether (maximum boiling point 50°C) for 16 hours. The petroleum ether was removed by distillation under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was turbid, yellow and oily at 37°C. A gray-white, greasy, amorphous precipitate formed on cooling. The whole extract consiste...
Reaction Dynamics of Zeolite-Catalyzed Alkene Methylation by Methanol

A hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) model and the quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) method have been combined to study the reaction of alkene methylation by methanol catalyzed by the zeolite H-MFI. The rate-limiting step of this reaction is the methylation of the alkene, and the apparent activation energy calculated at the ωB97X-D/6-31G(d,p)//ωB97X-D/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory for this step agrees well with experiment and previous full QM studies. Following the ethene methylation transition state toward the products along the intrinsic reaction coordinate reveals the existence of a protonated cyclopropane (PCP+) carbocation intermediate. A similar protonated methylcyclopropane (mPCP+) carbocation intermediate is found for propene methylation. The intermediates produced during the alkene methylation reaction are metastable with a lifetime of O(1 ps) obtained from QCTs. Because of the short lifetime of these intermediates, the available energy in the carbocation is not in thermal equ...