cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional network connectivity of the control and epileptic hippocampus

With the rapid rise in our knowledge about the structural and functional properties of hippocampal microcircuits, it has become possible to closely integrate experimental findings with large-scale, anatomically and biophysically realistic computational simulations of control and epileptic neuronal networks with unprecedented precision and predictive power. We are developing full-scale realistic network models of the control and injured temporal lobe in order to investigate fundamental questions related to normal hippocampal microcircuit function and the mechanistic bases of epilepsy. I review the conceptual framework and biological basis of model development and show specific applications, including new computational and experimental results concerning the phase-related firing of various interneuronal subtypes during learning and memory-related hippocampal network oscillations and the roles of aberrant hyper-connected hub-like neurons in seizures. The talk will highlight the unprecedented predictive and analytic power of increasingly user-friendly, freely shared, highly realistic, large-scale computational models in understanding normal circuit function and temporal lobe epilepsy.
Studies of the 3D structure of the proton at Jlab

In recent years parton distributions, describing longitudinal momentum, helicity and transversity distributions of quarks and gluons, have been generalized to account also for transverse degrees of freedom. Two new sets of more general distributions, Transverse Momentum Distributions (TMDs) and Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) were introduced to describe transverse momentum and spatial distributions of partons. Great progress has been made since then in measurements of different Single Spin Asymmetries (SSAs) in semi-inclusive and hard exclusive processes, providing access to TMDs and GPDs, respectively. Studies of TMDs and GPDs are also among the main driving forces of the JLab 12 GeV upgrade project.
A Maser Amplifier for Radio Astronomy at X-Band

The design and operating characteristics of a maser radiometer for use in radio astronomy at 3-cm wavelength are discussed. The operating system which is described has a bandwidth of 5.5 mc and an input noise temperature, including background radiation into the antenna, of about 85°K. An rms fluctuation level of about 0.04°K is attained using an averaging time of 5 seconds. A discussion of the factors determining the sensitivity of such devices is presented.
J/ψ and γ production in high energy electron-proton collisions☆

Abstract Differential cross sections for electroproduction of J/ψ and γ are predicted for HERA and LHC energies.
Effects on Communicative Requesting and Speech Development of the Picture Exchange Communication System in Children With Characteristics of Autism

Few studies on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems have addressed the potential for such systems to impact word utterances in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is an AAC system designed specifically to minimize difficulties with communication skills experienced by individuals with ASD. The current study examined the role of PECS in improving the number of words spoken, increasing the complexity and length of phrases, and decreasing the non-word vocalizations of three young children with ASD and developmental delays (DD) with related characteristics. Participants were taught Phases 1-4 of PECS (i.e., picture exchange, increased distance, picture discrimination, and sentence construction). The results indicated that PECS was mastered rapidly by the participants and word utterances increased in number of words and complexity of grammar.
Spiritual Pathology: The Case of Adolf Hitler

Hitler had a noble purpose (to save the world) and a strong faith in the laws of Nature as he understood Nature. He was, then, a spiritual person, though his spirituality was pathological and destructive. Here, the example of Hitler, his faith, and his spiritual pathology is given to both understand spiritual pathology in general and, through contrast, to understand positive spiritual development.
“Coyote Was Walking. . .”: Management Education in Indian Time

The authors present a Coyote story to illustrate Native American perspectives on time, teaching, and learning. Coyote stories invoke Indian Time, a traditional Native American perception of time that progresses through events rather than minutes on a clock. Coyote, a trickster, wanders and investigates, interacting with animate creatures and inanimate objects. He inspires us to pursue creative, multidirectional approaches of understanding and reflective, self-discovered approach to learning. Whereas management and management education typically edify a single-time perspective, that of clock time, you may find wisdom in nonlinear Indian Time and reflective learning through timeless stories.
Literal Meaning and Psychological Theory

This paper evaluates the psychological status of literal meaning. Most linguistic and philosophical theories assume that sentences have well-specified literal meanings which represent the meaning of a sentence independent of context. Recent debate on this issue has centered on whether literal meaning can be equated with context-free meaning, or whether a sentence's literal meaning is determined only given a set of background assumptions. Neither of these positions meet the demands of a psychological theory of language understanding. Sentences do not have well-defined literal meanings, regardless of whether these are determined in light of a set of background assumptions. Moreover, the putative literal meanings of sentences do not contribute in systematic ways toward the understanding of speakers' utterance meanings. These observations suggest that the distinctions between literal and metaphoric meanings, and between semantics and pragmatics, have little psychological validity.
METAL-DIELECTRIC COMPOSITE FILTERS WITH CONTROLLED SPECTRAL WINDOWS OF TRANSPARENCY

In this report we show the possibility of broadband low-pass filters with windows of transparency in pre-set spectral ranges. Those filters are based on the unique optical properties of metal-dielectric composites near the percolation threshold. In such composites, metal clusters of different sizes and shapes have different plasmon resonances and resonate nearly independently at different wavelengths. All together, the resonant plasmon modes cover a very broad spectral range. Applying the effect of spectrally selective photo-modification, we develop a procedure that creates mid-infrared windows of transparency within the broadband filters. We also investigate the possibilities of making low-pass filters composed of spheroids and conductive sticks with certain distributions of aspect ratios.
Hypnosis as an aid to recall of meaningful information presented under three types of arousal

Abstract This study was designed to examine the effect of hypnotic induction on recall of information which was incidental, meaningful, and contextually presented. A hypnotic induction with task motivating suggestions was found to enhance recall to a greater extent than were task motivating suggestions alone. It was argued that the positive findings of this study might be due to (a) the types of information used for recall in this study, (b) confidence/motivational factors felt to be facilitated by hypnotic induction, and (c) reduction in critical judgment which allows for the reporting of partial memories. Film-induced arousal resulted in physiological measures and self-reports of arousal which varied with the content of the films. The effects of arousal on recall, however, were less clear but with only slight indications that traumatic arousal had a deleterious effect on recall. Support for the contention that a hypnotic induction would aid recall of information learned under traumatic arousal to a grea...
Classical Arabic Biography: The Heirs of the Prophets in the Age of al-Ma'mun

Pre-modern Arabic biography has served as a major source for the history of Islamic civilization. In this 2000 study exploring the origins and development of classical Arabic biography, Michael Cooperson demonstrates how Muslim scholars used the notions of heirship and transmission to document the activities of political, scholarly and religious communities. The author also explains how medieval Arab scholars used biography to tell the life-stories of important historical figures by examining the careers of the Abbasid Caliph al- Ma'mun, the Shiite Imam Ali al-Rida, the Sunni scholar Ahmad Ibn Hanbal and the ascetic Bishr al-Hafi, each of whom represented a tradition of political and spiritual heirship to the Prophet. Drawing on anthropology and comparative religion, as well as history and literary criticism, the book considers how each figure responded to the presence of the others and how these responses were preserved by posterity.
Ethnic and Racial Social Distance: Seven Decades Apart

Comparison of findings of a 1925 study of social distance with 110 businessmen and teachers and of a 1993 study with 135 teachers, rating 24 ethnic groups on essentially the same Bogardus scale, showed that, while the size of mean distances had decreased, the preferential order of the target peoples had remained remarkably stable over the seven decades, the rank correlation being .86.
Nonlinear control via equilinearization

The equilinearization method of control design was recently introduced by the author. In this paper, we provide a considerably simplified derivation of the controller, state a theorem on local stabilization along reference trajectories, and explore further an example previously considered, dealing with the stabilization of a satellite.
Induction and localization of cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) protein in the livers of TCDD-treated rats: detection using polyclonal antibodies raised to histidine-tagged fusion proteins produced and purified from bacteria

Knowledge of the response of cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) to exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin (TCDD) in both humans and rodents is limited. To improve the analysis of CYP1 proteins, specific CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 polypeptides were expressed as hexahistidinetagged fusion proteins in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity and used to produce polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. Immunoblot analyses showed that these antibodies were specific and sensitive, detecting both the human and rat forms of the respective isozymes and exhibiting negligible cross-reactivity between the two known CYP1 subfamilies. We show that CYP1B1, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 protein levels were induced in the livers of female Sprague‐ Dawley rats following either acute (single dose of 25 mg TCDD/kg) or chronic (125 ng TCDD/kg/day for 30 weeks) exposure to TCDD. CYP1B1 protein exhibited a doseresponse to TCDD that was different from those of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. CYP1B1 induction appeared to be less sensitive to TCDD exposure, with induction occurring at higher doses of TCDD than that required for induction of CYP1A1 or CYP1A2. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that in animals chronically exposed to TCDD (35 ng/kg/day for 30 weeks), CYP1B1 was induced only in centrilobular hepatocytes, a pattern of expression similar to that of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. These observations of cellular co-localization of the CYP1 cytochromes in livers of TCDD-treated rats and apparent differences in both protein amounts and dose-response are indicative of both common and unique regulation of CYP1 induction.
Spectrum of appearance of hyperostosis frontalis interna on In-111 leukocyte scans.

It is important to differentiate cerebral uptake of In-111 labeled leukocytes in abscess, metastasis, infarct, hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and meningitis from marrow accumulation in hyperostosis frontalis interna, a relatively common benign disorder. The intensity of activity can vary from faint to minimal, moderate to intense, but the pattern of symmetrical frontal uptake sparing the midline is a consistent finding. As illustrated here, findings may be confirmed by bone scans and CT scans.
Elementary reaction models and correlations for burning velocities of multicomponent organic fuel mixtures

This computational study uses elementary reaction mechanisms to interpret the trends in a database of burning velocities for multicomponent organic fuel mixtures derived from coal. These mixtures contain CO, H{sub 2}, CH{sub 4}, C{sub 2}H{sub 2}, oils, and, in some cases, appreciable amounts of C{sub 2}H{sub 4}, C{sub 2}H{sub 6}, C{sub 3}H{sub 6} and C{sub 3}H{sub 8}. The database represents fuel equivalent ratios from 0.5 to 1.5, two unburned gas temperatures, and two diluent: O{sub 2} ratios. Predicted burning velocities are based on a one-dimensional laminar flame code with the Miller-Bowman mechanism without nitrogen conversion chemistry or oxidative pyrolysis of any higher hydrocarbons. The initial amounts of oils and higher hydrocarbons are expressed as additional amounts of C{sub 2}H{sub 4} and C{sub 2}H{sub 6} and reduced levels of H{sub 2}. Burning velocities of multicomponent fuel mixtures at high temperatures can be interpreted with only oxyhydrogen and C{sub 1}/C{sub 2} chemistry without any fuel decomposition steps for the higher hydrocarbons. This approach rationalizes the trends due to higher extents of secondary volatiles pyrolysis, which means increasing CO and H{sub 2} levels and diminishing hydrocarbon levels in the fuel mixtures. It also rationalizes the variations with coals of higher rank, which meansmore » diminishing CO levels and H{sub 2} and hydrocarbon levels that pass through maxima. Predictions from the elementary reaction mechanism are quantitatively accurate for nearly all lean mixtures, but discrepancies are substantial for rich mixtures, especially those with abundant CO and H{sub 2}. Systematic overpredictions for rich mixtures are probably due to defects in steps for the attack of C{sub 1} or C{sub 2} species by O{sub 2} or H atoms.« less
Changing the start codon context of the 30K gene of tobacco mosaic virus from “weak” to “strong” does not increase expression

The translation initiation region of the 30K gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was modified by in vitro mutagenesis to create more optimal start codon contexts. A complicating factor was that modifications in this region also altered the 3' terminus of the 183K ORF that overlaps the 30K ORF. An insertion of GACUCGA between nucleotides 4901 and 4902 resulted in a purine (G) in position -3 relative to the AUG creating a "stronger" start codon context, but this also changed the last four amino acids of the 183K protein. This mutant was infectious, replicated efficiently, but produced reduced amounts of 30K protein. Despite the reduced amount of movement protein, this mutant spread effectively from cell to cell and had a phenotype indistinguishable from that of wild-type virus. A more conservative mutation inserted GAC between TMV nucleotides 4901 and 4902 resulting in a "strong" start codon context (ACGAUGG) and modification of the 183K protein only by insertion of an aspartic acid adjacent to a native aspartic acid. This modification did not enhance the production of 30K protein. These data demonstrate consensus sequences that are optimal for other eukaryotic systems did not cause increased expression of the 30K gene in vivo. The modified sequences of both mutants were stably maintained during relatively long periods of replication. Even though each mutant replicated efficiently, when mixed with wild-type TMV, neither mutant effectively competed with the wild-type virus. Another mutant which removed the native 30K AUG to determine whether subsequent internal start codons with "stronger" contexts would function in its absence was constructed. However, this mutant and a mutant that fused the 183K reading frame to the 30K reading frame did not replicate and move in intact plants.
Satisfying Regulatory and Accreditation Requirements for Quality Control

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) requires all US clinical laboratories that test "materials derived from the human body for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of any disease..." to be regulated. The CLIA mandates are site neutral; based on test complexity; and focus on the three phases of the testing process (preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical). Many testing sites choose to meet the CLIA requirements by following the testing standards of a professional accreditation organization deemed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. The three principal organizations are The Joint Commission, the College of American Pathologists, and COLA.
Nucleotide pools of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells growing in suspension culture. IV. Nucleoside transport in cells depleted of nucleotides by treatment with KCN.

Incubation of Novikoff rat hepatoma cells in glucose-free basal medium containing 2 mM KCN results in a rapid and almost complete loss of uracil and adenine nucleotides. By following the fate of radioactivity from 3H-nucleoside pulse-labeled cells during incubation with KCN it was shown that the nucleotides are degraded to nucleosides and bases which are released into the culture fluid. Depletion of the cells of nucleotides by incubation with KCN allows a direct analysis of the kinetics of uridine transport into the cell, since KCN-treated cells fail to phosphorylate uridine. Uridine uptake follows normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Kn of about 50 μm at 18°C. Uptake is by facilitated diffusion since it does not require energy and uridine is not transported against a concentration gradient. The effects of KCN are largely prevented by the presence of 10 mM glucose in the medium. They are also rapidly reversed by resuspending the cells in fresh medium without KCN. Upon removal of KCN, the cells rapidly regenerate their nucleotide pools and resume growth at the normal rate.
A near-field microscopy study of submicron domain structure in a model lung surfactant monolayer

Abstract The submicron domain structure of coexisting liquid condensed (LC) and liquid expanded (LE) phases in monolayers composed of palmitic acid and 20 wt% of a lung surfactant protein B fragment has been investigated. Near-field microscopy was used to simultaneously measure topography and fluorescence images of monolayers that were prepared at a surface pressure of 15 mN/m and a temperature of 22°C. The use of a fluorescently tagged peptide allowed for unambiguous determination of the peptide location in the two-component system. The LC and LE phases in the monolayers are measured on the submicron length scale. A 6–11 A height difference between the LC and LE phases was evident in the height images. Gradual transitions between the LC and LE domains were observed across a 1.3 μm length scale in the near-field fluorescence images, but were significantly sharper in the simultaneously collected topography images and in the separately measured AFM images. These results may reflect the occurrence of peptide encroachment into the LC domains.
Seasonal regulation of dormancy in Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera)

Abstract In Ithaca, New York, diapause incidence in Chrysopa carnea exceeds 50 per cent among adults emerging between 31 August and 3 September. Apparently, decreasing late summer day lengths, which exceed the stationary critical photoperiod in the laboratory, act on the sensitive stages and induce diapause. Full diapause intensity occurs about 2 weeks after adult emergence; complete winter coloration appears approximately 2 weeks later. Photoperiodic stimili in combination with the geographic strain largely determine diapause depth. Decreasing autumn day lengths decelerate diapause development and maintain diapause until the winter solstice. Subsequently, short day lengths and cold temperatures slow diapause development. In nature, neither long days, increasing day lengths, nor chilling hasten diapause termination. Diapause duration is largely determined by the interaction between inducing photoperiod, maintaining photoperiodic and thermal stimuli, and geographic strain. In Ithaca, diapause ends (all response to photoperiod ceases) between 22 January and 12 March. After diapause ends, the animals retain their diapause characteristics until temperatures exceed 4°C. Post-diapause reproductive development in females requires approximately 100 heat units above 4°C; however, below 8°C mating and oviposition are absent. Although the winter coloration remains, mating occurs within 1 day after transfer from 4 to 24°C. Temperature determines the rate at which the green summer colour returns.
A method for isolating large numbers of viable disaggregated cells from various human tissues for cell culture establishment.

A method is described for the isolation of large numbers of viable disaggregated cells from human tissues. This method combined the mechanical action of a Stomacher Model 80 Lab Blender, 0.1 mg/ml trypsin or 0.5 mg/ml collagenase, and 0.1 mM [ethylene bis(oxyethylenenitrolo)]-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Tissue (0.2 to 1.0 g) obtained from human fetal intestine, kidney, liver, lung, and skin were separately minced into approximately 1-mm3 pieces. The pieces were placed in a sterile bag containing 60 ml of calcium- magnesium-free phosphate buffered saline, the appropriate enzyme (0.1 mg/ml trypsin or 0.5 mg/ml collagenase) plus 0.1 mM EGTA, and 0.1% methylcellulose. The bag was then placed into the blender and mixed at a low speed for 3 to 20 min at room temperature. After a single cell suspension was observed by phase contrast microscopy, 10 ml of bovine calf serum was added to the cell suspension to inactivate the proteolytic enzymes. At this time 130 ml of cold Hanks' balanced salts solution containing 5% bovine calf serum was added and the entire cell suspension passed through a tissue sieve (100 mesh, 140 μm) and the cells collected by centrifugation. These cells were then resuspended into the appropriate culture medium. In comparison to other methods for establishment of cell cultures from human tissues, the method described requires shorter incubation times with relatively low concentrations of proteolytic enzymes, and yields two- to three-fold greater number of cells per tissue with 86 to 93% viability. Also, depending on the cell type, 50 to 75% of the isolated cells attached to the culture vessel within 24 h. Variation of the time and concentration of digestive enzymes can be used to select different cell types for culture.
Emergency Thoracotomy in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit after Open Cardiac Operation

Since January, 1977, 64 patients (3%) out of 2,112 who underwent open cardiac operation had 74 emergency thoracotomies in the surgical intensive care unit 10 minutes to 12 days after operation. In all instances thoracotomy was performed for inadequate circulation. Patients were divided into two groups. In Group 1, 44 patients suddenly and unexpectedly became hypotensive due to an arrhythmia (13 patients), sudden massive bleeding (15), suspected tamponade (6), or unexplained reasons (10). In Group 2 (20 patients), circulatory insufficiency was progressive despite maximum pharmacological and intraaortic balloon support. Circulation was restored after 37 of the 74 thoracotomies (50%), including 8 in Group 2. Nineteen patients (30%) were ultimately discharged; however, no patient in Group 2 survived hospitalization. Of the 19 survivors in Group 1, only 2 of the 13 with a sudden arrhythmia and 3 of the 10 with unexplained hypotension survived. However, 5 of the 6 with tamponade and 9 of the 15 with sudden massive bleeding survived. Overall, 43% of Group 1 patients survived. We conclude that emergency thoracotomy in the surgical intensive care unit after open-heart operation may be lifesaving if performed promptly in patients with sudden, unexpected hypotension. The incidence of wound infection in survivors in 5% whether or not the chest is closed in the operating room.
RNA Polymerase: Structural Similarities Between Bacterial RNA Polymerase and Eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II☆☆☆

Bacterial RNA polymerase and eukaryotic RNA polymerase II exhibit striking structural similarities, including similarities in overall structure, relative positions of subunits, relative positions of functional determinants, and structures and folding topologies of subunits. These structural similarities are paralleled by similarities in mechanisms of interaction with DNA.
Automated analysis of intracellular motion using kymographs in 1, 2, and 3 dimensions

In this paper we use kymographs and computational image processing to convert 3-D video microscopy data of intracellular motion into 1-D time series data for further analysis. Because standard tools exist for time series analysis, this method allows us to produce robust quantitative results from otherwise visual data. The kymograph-based approach has an additional advantage over standard particle-tracking and flow-based image quantification algorithms in that we can average out camera noise over the spatial axis of the kymograph. The method has the disadvantage that it removes all spatial information. For this reason we see this method as a complement to rather than a replacement of standard tracking algorithms. The standard problem we are trying to address in our work is how fluorescent proteins in one cellular compartment are injected into another cellular compartment. The proteins travel at constant speed along a fixed spatial path, so a 2-D kymograph produced from a trace along this fixed path will tell us about the injection history into this second compartment. Our algorithm works by first taking a Radon transform of the input 2-D kymograph. We next make synthetic kymographs by backprojection. The angle with the best correlation between the original kymograph and the backprojection determines the dominant speed of the moving particles as well as the angle of the 1-D projected time series. Time series are then analyzed with standard tools to determine the peak size distribution, the peak interval distribution, the autocorrelation and the power spectrum.
Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Reappraisal of Negative Self-Beliefs in Social Anxiety Disorder

Background Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by distorted negative self-beliefs (NSBs), which are thought to enhance emotional reactivity, interfere with emotion regulation, and undermine social functioning. Cognitive reappraisal is a type of emotion regulation used to alter NSBs, with the goal of modulating emotional reactivity. Despite its relevance, little is known about the neural bases and temporal features of cognitive reappraisal in patients with SAD. Methods Twenty-seven patients with SAD and 27 healthy control subjects (HCs) were trained to react and to implement cognitive reappraisal to downregulate negative emotional reactivity to NSBs, while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and providing ratings of negative emotion experience. Results Behaviorally, compared with HCs, patients with SAD reported greater negative emotion both while reacting to and reappraising NSBs. However, when cued, participants in both groups were able to use cognitive reappraisal to decrease negative emotion. Neurally, reacting to NSBs resulted in early amygdala response in both groups. Reappraising NSBs resulted in greater early cognitive control, language, and visual processing in HCs but greater late cognitive control, visceral, and visual processing in patients with SAD. Functional connectivity analysis during reappraisal identified more regulatory regions inversely related to left amygdala in HCs than in patients with SAD. Reappraisal-related brain regions that differentiated patients and control subjects were associated with negative emotion ratings and cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy. Conclusions Findings regarding cognitive reappraisal suggest neural timing, connectivity, and brain-behavioral associations specific to patients with SAD and elucidate neural mechanisms that might serve as biomarkers of interventions for SAD.
Thin films of a ferroelectric phenazine/chloranilic acid organic cocrystal

Abstract Phenazine–chloranilic acid cocrystal thin films can be formed by vacuum evaporation of the component molecules onto cooled substrates. Fluxes of phenazine and chloranilic acid were provided from separate sublimation sources, from which the cocrystalline phase can be formed under a wide range of impingement rates of the component molecules. Substrates consisted of Au or Ni thin films on Si wafers, cooled to 100–140 K during deposition. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy show that this process yields polycrystalline thin films of the cocrystal with voids between crystalline grains. The relative intensities of X-ray reflections differ from reported intensities of polycrystalline powders, suggesting that the films have an anisotropic distribution of crystallographic orientations. The cocrystalline thin films have an effective dielectric constant of 13 at room temperature, increasing at lower temperatures and exhibiting a broad maximum near 200 K. The means to grow thin films of organic ferroelectric materials will allow the integration of new functionalities into organic electronic device structures, including capacitors and field-effect transistors.
A comparison of low back pain patients in the United States and New Zealand: psychosocial and economic factors affecting severity of disability.

Abstract One hundred and ninety-eight patients suffering from chronic low back pain seen at the University of Virginia (U.S.) Pain Center and 117 similar patients seen at the Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (N.Z.) Pain Clinic completed a self-report questionnaire prior to beginning comparable outpatient treatment programs. Approximately 55% of the sample from each country returned a follow-up questionnaire 1 year later. Analyses of the results indicated that despite nearly similar between-country reports of pain frequency and intensity, the U.S. patients, both at pre- and post-testing, reported greater emotional and behavioral disruption as a correlate of their pain. U.S. patients consistently used more medication, experienced more disphoric mood states, and were more hampered in social-sexual, recreational, and vocational functioning. Patients from both countries demonstrated a nearly equal degree of pre- to post-improvement; however, the relative initial differences favoring the New Zealanders remained constant across both questionnaire administrations. At the onset of treatment, 49% of the U.S. sample and only 17% of the N.Z. patients were receiving pain-related financial compensation. At follow-up, patients from both countries receiving pretreatment compensation were less likely to report a return to full activity, although the relationship appeared more pronounced in U.S. patients. Seemingly, compared to the U.S., the N.Z. compensation-disability system is used less, or for shorter durations of time, resulting in less severe life-style disruption than appears to be the case in the U.S. patients. Seemingly, compared to the U.S., the N.Z. compensation-disability system is used less, or for shorter durations of time. resulting in less severe life-style disruption than appears to be the case in the U.S.
THE QUESTION OF CLIMATIC STABILITY IN AMERICA BEFORE 1900

Belief that regional climates had significantly changed in historic times, possibly as a result of human activities, is firmly established in the Western tradition. Europe itself was believed to have undergone such changes, especially a warming trend, since ancient times. It was also widely believed that the European colonization of North America would duplicate many of the changes that had occurred in Europe, including the climatic changes that were supposed to have taken place. In the New World, it was at first believed that climatic change was occurring, as a result of human settlement and land use changes, but these views gave way to the idea of climatic stability. The first extensive compilations of reliable North American precipitation and temperature data in the latter part of the nineteenth century seemed to support the notion of stable climates. Ideas relating to macroclimatic change and stability that were entertained in America before 1900, mainly between 1770 and 1870, are examined.
Human studies of recombinant human nerve growth factor and diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) is the first neurotrophin to be investigated in clinical trials of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). To date, the drug has been administered to 60 hea
A plasticizer released from IV drip chambers elevates calcium levels in neurosecretory terminals.

We report that intracellular calcium levels rise in mammalian neurosecretory terminals and in cultured pheochromocytoma cells during acute exposure to physiological medium incubated in IV drip chambers. The agent responsible for this effect is shown to be di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). DEHP (800 nM) added to saline solution caused a rise in [Ca(2+)](i) similar to that elicited by the contaminant-containing solution. The extraction of this contaminant from the IV drip chamber, as measured by spectrophotometry, was time-dependent and was markedly accelerated by the presence of 50 mM ethanol in the solution. Larger [Ca(2+)](i) increases were observed in terminals exposed to solutions incubated in IV drip chambers for greater durations. The rise in calcium requires transmembrane calcium flux through membrane channels, as the response is blocked by either 100 microM cadmium or by lowering the extracellular free Ca(2+) concentration to 10 microM. Our results suggest that acute alterations in intracellular calcium should be considered in addition to long-term effects when determining the safety of phthalate-containing plastics and that laboratory researchers using plastic perfusion materials consider this potential source of artifactual results.
Cognitive Socialization during Adolescence.

Our knowledge of cognitive development in adolescence is still surprisingly limited, despite all the available data. It is possible that the primary subject-environment relations of adolescents have not been sufficiently considered. This paper seeks to describe the development of cognitive structure as establishing isomorphism between the subject and the environment, with regard to "primary content areas", using an ecological model of cognitive development as the theoretical framework. The primary content area chosen for this analysis was modern work structure. In the analysis clearly definable stages could be discerned along two dimensions.The first of these was the serial differentiation of the psychological concepts "effort-industry" (E), "aptitude-intelligence" (A) and "pure subject" (S). Once an individual has attained the level of S he can function independently of the work process by being liberated from the relationships between the subject and the environment and is capable of thinking independen...
Actions are not Events

A common prejudice in action theory is that actions are events. Virtually no defence of this view is to be found, and hardly anyone has even considered an alternative. On all sides of the debate on individuation of action, it is innocently presupposed that actions are events, as in the context of arguments regarding times, places, and causes of actions. What I propose is that actions are not events but instances of a certain relation, the relation of bringing about (or making happen), whose terms are agents and events. There is, in fact, nothing new about this view, which was proposed both by von Wright and by Chisholrn' long before individuation became a hotly debated issue. Because of the present impasse in that debate, this view needs to be reconsidered. Three qualifications must be made about the relational view. First, to view actions as bringings about does not require accepting Chisholm's controversial Agency Theory, on which bringing about is an irreducible relation between agents and events. For even if we opt, as I do,2 for some version of the Causal Theory of action, on which the relation essential to action is analysed in terms of a causal relation betveen events, we are not thereby committed to the view that actions are events. Second, we must not confuse the relevant sense of 'action', the sense in which a bringing about is an action, with the sense (if it is a genuine sense of 'action') in which the event brought about is an action. Suppose that Wilbur bends the spoke of a bicycle wheel. Our question is not whether the spoke's bending is an event-we may grant that3-but whether Wilbur's bending of the spoke is an event.4 Notice that 'the bending of the spoke' is ambiguous between these intransitive and transitive readings. The gerundive forms of a great many action verbs are ambiguous in this way, e.g., 'opening', 'heating', and 'arousing', and taken intransitively surely they do designate events. 'Movement' (as in 'bodily movement')
Community-based senior health promotion program using a collaborative practice model: the Escalante Health Partnerships

Recent research demonstrates that, although the risk of disease and disability clearly increases with age, poor health need not be an inevitable consequence of aging. A healthy lifestyle is more influential than genetic factors in assisting older adults avoid the decline and deterioration traditionally associated with aging. Many effective strategies for reducing disease and disability are widely underused. The Escalante Health Partnerships is a community-based, nurse-managed health promotion and chronic disease care management program for community-residing older adults. The program base supports a multidisciplinary, collaborative practice model, which has responded to the health needs of members of a community at high risk of having or developing chronic conditions. Preliminary comparisons of the health status of program participants with national norms demonstrate that these seniors report better general health, performance of roles, and social functioning, with the strongest correlations occurring between general health and vitality and between general health and role-physical. In addition, these participants have 4.2 doctor visits per year, in comparison with 7.1 office visits for a national comparison group and 1.6 hospital days per year, in comparison with 2.1 hospital days in the same referenced population. This collaborative partnership is a model that can be replicated cost-effectively in other communities.
Low power and hardware efficient decimation filter

This paper presents a novel implementation of low power and hardware efficient digital decimation filter. We use multi-stage multi-rate signal processing to design and implement poly-phase half-band FIR filters and a band-pass IIR filter. The band-pass IIR filter is realized by cascading six second order all-pass filters. The decimation filter is designed and simulated using Simulink, DSP blockset and Matlab. The hardware realization of the decimation filter is obtained using FPGA Xilinx technology. The resulting decimation filter has a power reduction of 42% and a hardware saving of 61% compared to conventional decimation filters.
Caring for the caregiver: Early Head Start/family child care partnerships

Cette etude explore les resultats du partenariat de quatre creches familiales avec un programme de Early Head Start, les programmes Early Head Start etant des programmes de prevention et d'aide gouvernementale a la petite enfance defavorisee aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique. Les creches ont fait etat de leurs perceptions des modes de soin, des sortes de soutien qu'elles trouvaient utiles dans le programme et des manieres dont le programme Early Head Start d'aide a la petite enfance defavorisee pourrait mieux servir la communaute. Les resultats indiquent que les creches pensent que le partenariat avec le programme d'Early Head Start leur a profite a la fois de maniere emotionnelle et instrumentale. Elles pensent egalement qu'avec le partenariat elles ont pu a la fois ameliorer la qualite de leur programme et augmenter leur sens du soutien et leur sens de professionalisme. Ces resultats sont discutes sur le plan du soutien du developpement du nourrisson et du petit enfant a travers le soutien aux creches. Des recommendations sont aussi donnees.
Quadratic Discriminant Revisited

In this study, we revisit quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). For this purpose, we present a majorize-minimize (MM) optimization algorithm to estimate parameters for generative classifiers, of which conditional distributions are from the exponential family. Furthermore, we propose a block-coordinate descent algorithm to sequentially update parameters of QDA in each iteration of the MM algorithm, for each update, we apply a trust region method, of which each iteration has a simple closed form solution. Numerical experiments show that: when compared with conjugate gradient method, the new proposed method is faster in 9 of 10 benchmark data sets, when compared with other widely used quadratic classifiers in the literature, QDA trained with the proposed method is either the best or not statistically significantly different from the best ones in 8 of 10 benchmark data sets.
Resistin-Like Molecule β (RELMβ/FIZZ2) Is Highly Expressed in the Ileum of SAMP1/YitFc Mice and Is Associated with Initiation of Ileitis

SAMP1/Fc mice develop spontaneous ileitis that shares many features with human Crohn’s disease. One of the earliest features of ileitis in SAMP1/Fc mice is an increase in the number of ileal goblet and intermediate cells. Resistin-like molecule β (RELMβ) is a goblet cell-specific, cysteine-rich peptide previously shown to function as part of the innate immune response. In this study, we examined the role of expression of RELMβ in the initiation of ileal inflammation in SAMP1/Fc mice. RELMβ was highly induced in the ilea of SAMP1/Fc mice beginning at age 5 wk, coincident with the histological appearance of inflammation. RELMβ was found in ileal goblet cells and some intermediate and Paneth cells. Surprisingly, RELMβ mRNA levels were significantly increased in the ilea of 80% of germ-free SAMP1/Fc mice examined compared with specific pathogen-free AKR control mice of similar age. Ileitis was observed in germfree SAMP1/Fc mice, although it was attenuated relative to specific pathogen-free SAMP1/Fc mice. These data suggest that neither the early induction of RELMβ expression nor ileal inflammation requires the presence of viable intestinal flora. Neither was the induction of RELMβ dependent on the major Th1 or Th2 cytokines. However, RELMβ stimulated naive bone marrow-derived macrophages to secrete significant amounts of TNF-α, IL-6, and RANTES. Our data suggest that RELMβ is involved in the initiation of ileitis in SAMP1/Fc mice and may act through the induction of proinflammatory cytokines from resident immune cells within the mucosa.
Drag reducing properties of microalgal exopolymers

Dilute aqueous solutions of polymers released by marine phytoplankton (microalgae) were shown to effectively reduce drag in capillary pipe flow. Tests were performed in a capillary turbulent flow viscometer which extruded small samples under high pressures. In all, 22 species were screened, and the products of one chlorophyte and four rhodophyte species proved especially effective. The viscoelastic polymers produced by these species delayed the transition from laminar to turbulent flow to significantly higher Re. In general, polymeric regime segments come off the maximum drag reduction asymptote at characteristic retro-onset points, and come to lie approximately parallel to, but displaced upwards from the Prandtl-von Karman line. The delay to transition was shown to be dependent on additive polymer concentration, capillary diameter, and temperature. Ionic concentration, ionic composition, or pH had little effect on drag reducing properties.
Contexts for Understanding Professional Certification: Opening Pandora's Box?

The Society of American Archivists's recent decision to establish a program to certify individual archivists has been seen by both proponents and opponents as a sign of fundamental change in the nature and direction of the profession. While its merits and potential effects have been debated extensively, there are other contexts in which it should be considered, including as an example of the broader phenomena of professionalization and credentialism, as a means to define competencies for use in employment decisions, and as a generic aspect of the behavior of a professional association. Yet, these perspectives have not been brought to bear sufficiently on either side of the issue. To illustrate some of the larger dimensions of certification, this article reviews sociological and historical analyses of the professionalization process, human resource management studies of competency, legal issues, and case studies of four other occupational groups. It concludes with a commentary on archival certification and...
Particulate and optical properties during CaCO3 precipitation in Otisco Lake1

In late June 1983, Secchi depth d was 3.5 m and the vertical attenuation coefficient K was ≤ 0.5 m−1 in Otisco Lake. By 2 August, near the peak of a “whiting,” the values were 1.4 m and 0.64 m−1, and calcium-containing, acidlabile particles >4 µm comprised ∼ 65% of total analyzed inorganic particles. From measured values of K and of the reflectance ratio R, the volume-scattering coefficient b was calculated to be 2.88 m−1 and the volume absorption coefficient a, 0.31 m−1. Turbidity measurements confirmed the value of b and indicated ∼ 60% of the value was due to CaCO3. Of the value of a, water, Gelbstoff, and chlorophyll-bearing particles contributed 54, 25, and 21%, respectively. The observed changes in d and K, from June to August, are theoretically consistent with an approximate doubling of b (due to CaCO3), with little or no change of a.
Media representations of majority and minority groups

This research series replicated and extended earlier findings of Gardikiotis, Martin, and Hewstone (2004), who examined via content analysis UK media representations of numeric majority and minority groups. Using news articles from North and South Dakota, where majority/minority population characteristics mirror those of the UK in terms of number and power, Study 1 replicated the patterns of results found in Gardikiotis et al. Study 2, in which articles from California newspapers were analyzed, yielded findings contrary to Gardikiotis et al. and our Dakota analyses: Minority headlines were more frequent in California, and majority articles were longer than minority articles. Consistent with UK and Dakotas findings, majority headlines in California were associated with politics and identity adjectives, whereas minority headlines were linked to social issues and ethnicity-based adjectives. Arguably, these differences occurred because in California, unlike the UK and the Dakotas, Whites are not simultaneously the social power and the numeric majority. Variations in power and number associated with majority and minority status were discussed in explaining differences across contexts, and in signaling possible shortcomings in the conceptualization and methods used to investigate minority and majority influence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pareto genetic algorithm optimization of broadband dipole antenna elements for use in a low frequency radio telescope array including mutual coupling effects

A Pareto GA approach has been used to optimize broadband dipole antennas for use in the LWA in terms of mutual coupling performance, sky noise frequency response, and radiation pattern quality. A simple receive coupling calculation between two antennas was used in the GA to estimate mutual coupling effects in a phased array. It was found that performance trade-offs must be made between sky noise response and mutual coupling performance, and between sky noise response and radiation pattern quality, but not between mutual coupling performance and radiation pattern quality. Selected designs from the final Pareto front were evaluated, and were indeed found to offer unique performance trade-offs between the three objectives.