cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXTENDED GRAETZ SOLUTION FOR PREDICTING NONREACTING VAPOR SPECIES CONCENTRATION PROFILE AND WALL DEPOSITION RATE FOR NON-ISOTHERMAL LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH A PIPE

Diffusive vapor deposition rates are predicted on the walls of a straight tube in which fully developed non-isothermal laminar flow exists. As a prerequisite to calculating the deposition rates at different axial positions on the wall, the species mass balance equation (convective diffusion) is solved, using the method of separation of variables. For the present calculations, fully developed Poiseuille flow is considered. The case of isothermal flow was solved by Graetz (1885). However, in most engineering systems, a highly non-isothermal environment exists where the center of the tube is at a temperature that is very different from the temperature at the wall. This results in Fickian diffusivity being a function of radial position, which can appreciably alter the species concentration profile in the tube and its deposition behavior. A method is presented here to predict the species concentration profile and its deposition rates on the tube wall, systematically, taking into account the variation in specie...
Self-learning ad-hoc routing protocol

As the technologies for ad-hoc networks emerge, an ad-hoc routing protocol that can supply connectivity to mobile devices while utilizing a minimal amount of bandwidth as overhead becomes increasingly important. Minimal packet delay and the conservation of power and memory in wireless devices must also be considered. In this research, the self-learning ad-hoc routing protocol (SARP) is proposed. This protocol discovers information about the network topology while forwarding packets that it would have to process anyway. Due to the large number of routes learned through forwarding packets and the route discovery procedure, the overhead created by the routing protocol is reduced. The performance of SARP is compared with AODV in terms of data packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, control overhead, average energy consumption and average number of routes stored in the routing table of each node at any given time. The simulation results show that SARP had up to a 34% reduction in the percentage of overhead generated by the routing protocol and up to a 26% increase in the data packet delivery ratio over AODV. The average energy consumed by SARP was comparable with that of AODV although the average end-to-end delay for SARP was slightly higher than AODV at high mobility rates. The average number of routes stored in the routing table of each node in SARP was always greater than in AODV.
Social Justice: The Moral Imperative of Vocational Psychology

In response to the article “An Emancipatory Communitarian Approach to Vocational Development Theory, Research, and Practice” by David Blustein, Ellen Hawley McWhirter, and Justin Perry, this author discusses the moral imperative of a social justice approach to vocational psychology. Planning for and directly addressing the inevitable and necessary resistance to change are critical components of social justice work. Implications for vocational psychology theory, research, and training are discussed, including the application of social cognitive career theory.
Biogenesis of Nuclear Bodies

The nucleus is unique amongst cellular organelles in that it contains a myriad of discrete suborganelles. These nuclear bodies are morphologically and molecularly distinct entities, and they host specific nuclear processes. Although the mode of biogenesis appears to differ widely between individual nuclear bodies, several common design principles are emerging, particularly, the ability of nuclear bodies to form de novo, a role of RNA as a structural element and self-organization as a mode of formation. The controlled biogenesis of nuclear bodies is essential for faithful maintenance of nuclear architecture during the cell cycle and is an important part of cellular responses to intra- and extracellular events.
Applying unmixing to gene expression data for tumor phylogeny inference

While in principle a seemingly infinite variety of combinations of mutations could result in tumor development, in practice it appears that most human cancers fall into a relatively small number of "sub-types," each characterized a roughly equivalent sequence of mutations by which it progresses in different patients. There is currently great interest in identifying the common sub-types and applying them to the development of diagnostics or therapeutics. Phylogenetic methods have shown great promise for inferring common patterns of tumor progression, but suffer from limits of the technologies available for assaying differences between and within tumors. One approach to tumor phylogenetics uses differences between single cells within tumors, gaining valuable information about intra-tumor heterogeneity but allowing only a few markers per cell. An alternative approach uses tissue-wide measures of whole tumors to provide a detailed picture of averaged tumor state but at the cost of losing information about intra-tumor heterogeneity. The present work applies "unmixing" methods, which separate complex data sets into combinations of simpler components, to attempt to gain advantages of both tissue-wide and single-cell approaches to cancer phylogenetics. We develop an unmixing method to infer recurring cell states from microarray measurements of tumor populations and use the inferred mixtures of states in individual tumors to identify possible evolutionary relationships among tumor cells. Validation on simulated data shows the method can accurately separate small numbers of cell states and infer phylogenetic relationships among them. Application to a lung cancer dataset shows that the method can identify cell states corresponding to common lung tumor types and suggest possible evolutionary relationships among them that show good correspondence with our current understanding of lung tumor development. Unmixing methods provide a way to make use of both intra-tumor heterogeneity and large probe sets for tumor phylogeny inference, establishing a new avenue towards the construction of detailed, accurate portraits of common tumor sub-types and the mechanisms by which they develop. These reconstructions are likely to have future value in discovering and diagnosing novel cancer sub-types and in identifying targets for therapeutic development.
Play it in E or G: utilization of HLA-E and -G in xenotransplantation

Human NK cell-mediated graft rejection is likely to be one of several biological obstacles to routine pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Abrogating NK cell activation by either elimination of activating ligands on porcine cells or expression of molecules serving as ligands for NK cell inhibitory receptors, or both, could overcome this hurdle. HLA-E and -G exhibit very limited polymorphism and are ligands for NK cell inhibitory receptors. This review summarizes successes and limitations of their use in xenotransplantation as inferred from ex vivo analyses of NK cell activity, highlights potential effects they may have on T-cell responses, and considers prospects of preclinical trials and potential outcomes.
Fabrication and characterization of polymer microfluidic devices for bio-agent detection

Sandia and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories are developing a briefcase-sized, broad-spectrum bioagent detection system. This autonomous instrument, the BioBriefcase, will monitor the environment and warn against bacterium, virus, and toxin based biological attacks. At the heart of this device, inexpensive polymer microfluidic chips will carry out sample preparation and analysis. Fabrication of polymer microfluidic chips involves the creation of a master in etched glass; plating of the master to produce a nickel stamp; large lot chip replication by injection molding; and thermal chip sealing. Since the performance and reliability of microfluidic chips are very sensitive to fluidic impedance and to electromagnetic fluxes, the microchannel dimensions and shape have to be tightly controlled during chip fabrication. In this talk, we will present an overview of chip design and fabrication. Metrology data collected at different fabrication steps and the dimensional deviations of the polymer chip from the original design will be discussed.
Monkeys rely on recency of stimulus repetition when solving short-term memory tasks

Seven monkeys performed variants of two short-term memory tasks that others have used to differentiate between selective and nonselective memory mechanisms. The first task was to view a list of sequentially presented images and identify whether a test matched any image from the list, but not a distractor from a preceding list. Performance was best when the test matched the most recently presented image. Response rates depended linearly on recency of repetition whether the test matched a sample from the current list or a distractor from a preceding list, suggesting nonselective memorization of all images viewed instead of just the sample images. The second task was to remember just the first image in a list selectively and ignore subsequent distractors. False alarms occurred frequently when the test matched a distractor presented near the beginning of the sequence. In a pilot experiment, response rates depended linearly on recency of repetition irrespective of whether the test matched the first image or a distractor, again suggesting nonselective memorization of all images instead of just the first image. Modification of the second task improved recognition of the first image, but did not abolish use of recency. Monkeys appear to perform nonspatial visual short-term memory tasks often (or exclusively) using a single, nonselective, memory mechanism that conveys the recency of stimulus repetition.
Medial collateral knee ligament healing. Combined medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligament injuries studied in rabbits.

We examined the histological appearance and biochemical properties of the healing medial collateral ligament (MCL) of a rabbit knee after combined MCL and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury treated with ACL reconstruction and with or without MCL repair. By so doing, we hoped to understand better our previous biomechanical observations (Ohno et al. 1995) and possibly learn where to focus future investigation into improving the quality of the healing MCL.Ligaments were examined at 6 and 12 weeks of healing. We found healing of all ligaments with hypercellularity and fibroblast elongation along the axis of loading, as expected. Unexpected, however, was the finding of multiple osteophytes in both the repaired and nonrepaired specimens at the medial borders of the joint and at the MCL insertions. These were felt to affect possibly the biomechanics of the MCL by causing stress risers at the point where they undermine the ligament. Biochemically, we demonstrated a correlation between collagen content and hy...
“Life‐Like” or “Old‐Fashioned” Foreign Language Teaching?

ONE of the important questions posed at the 1944 Annual Meeting of the American Association of Teachers of Spanish was this: "Though the results of the new 'life-like' methods are at the moment more brilliant, will they be more lasting than those of the 'old-fashioned grammar-composition'?" The question could not be fully discussed at the meeting. However, it was suggested that only time could be the ultimate judge in testing the validity of the "new" methods compared with the "old" one. The suggestions seems to me rather unfortunate for it encourages a "wait and see" attitude, while the issue can be cleared without delay in the light of selfevidence and experience. In the first place, the determining principle of the so-called "new" methods, being derived from life, is as old as life itself. Ever since Genesis all the people on earth have learned at least one language by this principle. In the second place, long before the Army Specialized Training Program, "lifelike" methods were known and practiced under various forms and names by teachers to whom the foreign language meant not only a mere theory of a subject but a living tongue. Their true motto has always been "In the beginning was the Word" and their primary effort always to focus the student's mind on the spoken foreign language, thus promoting, vividly and intensely, the assimilation of its idiomatic word and thought pattern. On the other hand, by reversing this motto to "In the end was the Word," one could well characterize the attitude of the "old-fashioned" method. For the latter disregards the word as the vital source from which spring all known manifestations of language. Without attempting to secure the assimilation of the foreign pattern of "thinking in words," it makes, on a mere basis of theoretic principles, its foremost concern the teaching of "composition" by translation from English. By doing so, it chains the student's mind to the idiomatic pattern of his own language which is worlds apart from that of the foreign language in which he is expected to "compose." The "old-fashioned" conception of composition is reflected in a goodly number of grammars in which English sentences to be translated into the foreign tongue appear under the heading "Composition" not "Translation."
Toward a more accurate view of when and how people seek help with computer applications

Based on 40 interviews and 11 on-site workplace observations of people using computer applications at work, we confirm that use of printed and on-line help is very low and find that providing greater detail of categories solution methods can present a more realistic picture of users' behaviors. Observed study participants encountered a usability problem on average about once every 75 minutes and typically spent about a minute looking for a solution. Participants consumed much more time when they were unaware of a direct way of doing something and instead used less effective methods. Comparison of results from different data-collection methods suggests that interviews, and probably surveys, provide less reliable views of users' problem-solving behaviors than do participatory evaluation and direct observation.
Linking Surveillance to Action: Incorporation of Real-time Regional Data into a Medical Decision Rule

Abstract Objective Broadly, to create a bidirectional communication link between public health surveillance and clinical practice. Specifically, to measure the impact of integrating public health surveillance data into an existing clinical prediction rule. We incorporate data about recent local trends in meningitis epidemiology into a prediction model differentiating aseptic from bacterial meningitis. Design and Measurements Retrospective analysis of a cohort of all 696 children with meningitis admitted to a large urban pediatric hospital from 1992 to 2000. We modified a published bacterial meningitis score by adding a new epidemiological context adjustor variable. We examined 540 possible rules for this adjustor, varying both the number of aseptic meningitis cases that needed to be seen, and the recent time window in which they were seen. We performed sensitivity analyses with each of 540 possibilities in order to identify the optimal rule—namely, the one that included the most cases of aseptic meningitis without missing additional cases of bacterial meningitis, as compared with the published prediction model. We used bootstrap methods to validate this new score. Results The optimal rule was found to be: “at least four cases of aseptic meningitis in the previous 10 days.” The epidemiological context adjustor based on surveillance of recent cases of meningitis allowed the correct identification of an additional 47 cases (7%) of aseptic meningitis without missing any additional cases of bacterial meningitis. The epidemiological context adjustor was validated, showing significance in 84% of 1,000 bootstrap samples. Conclusion Epidemiological contextual information can improve the performance of a clinical prediction rule. We provide a methodological framework for leveraging regional surveillance data to improve medical decision-making.
uPAR induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition in hypoxic breast cancer cells

Hypoxia activates genetic programs that facilitate cell survival; however, in cancer, it may promote invasion and metastasis. In this study, we show that breast cancer cells cultured in 1.0% O2 demonstrate changes consistent with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Snail translocates to the nucleus, and E-cadherin is lost from plasma membranes. Vimentin expression, cell migration, Matrigel invasion, and collagen remodeling are increased. Hypoxia-induced EMT is accompanied by increased expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and activation of cell signaling factors downstream of uPAR, including Akt and Rac1. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β is phosphorylated, and Snail expression is increased. Hypoxia-induced EMT is blocked by uPAR gene silencing and mimicked by uPAR overexpression in normoxia. Antagonizing Rac1 or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase also inhibits development of cellular properties associated with EMT in hypoxia. Breast cancer cells implanted on chick chorioallantoic membranes and treated with CoCl2, to model hypoxia, demonstrate increased dissemination. We conclude that in hypoxia, uPAR activates diverse cell signaling pathways that cooperatively induce EMT and may promote cancer metastasis.
Seismic response and damage detection analyses of an instrumented steel moment-framed building

The seismic performance of steel moment-framed buildings has been of particular interest since brittle fractures were discovered at the beam–column connections in a number of buildings following the M 6.7 Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994. A case study of the seismic behavior of an extensively instrumented 13-story steel moment frame building located in the greater Los Angeles area of California is described herein. Response studies using frequency domain, joint time–frequency, system identification, and simple damage detection analyses are performed using an extensive strong motion dataset dating from 1971 to the present, supported by engineering drawings and results of postearthquake inspections. These studies show that the building’s response is more complex than would be expected from its highly symmetrical geometry. The response is characterized by low damping in the fundamental mode, larger accelerations in the middle and lower stories than at the roof and base, extended periods of vibration...
The Sensory Functions of the Cerebellum of the Thornback Ray, Platyrhinoidis triseriata

Single unit spikes and evoked field potentials were recorded in different parts and depths of the corpus cerebelli and auricle of immobilized rays before and after stimulating with light, electric fields, touch, tail bending and direct shock to mechanoreceptive nerves of the lateral line.
A semantic-based concurrency control protocol for real-time transactions

Real-time database systems must maintain both logical and temporal data integrity so that transactions can respond to real-world events timely and predictably. For real-time applications, such as avionics and process control, that are connected to sensor devices, the consistency between the device readings and the current values used by transactions could be more important than the serializability of transactions. In this paper, we propose a semantic-based concurrency control protocol that increases the responsiveness of transactions. A method compatibility matrix is created for each object in the database. Transactions request different types of methods according to their consistency requirements. We show the performance of the semantic-based concurrency control protocol by simulation.
Adaptive lightpath routing in wavelength-routed networks

In this paper, we study the issue of dynamically selecting shortest paths in wavelength-routed networks. We present several fast shortest path selection algorithms for networks with and without wavelength conversions. The presented algorithms employ the strategies of sequential search, backward routing, and informed search. Simulation results demonstrate that our presented algorithms can significantly reduce the average-case running time in identifying shortest paths in wavelength-routed networks.
Retrospective Reports of Interparental Abuse by Adult Children From Intact Families

Previous investigations of the effects of interparental abuse on adult children's self-esteem and closeness to their parents have included participants from both intact and divorced homes. The present study examined retrospective reports of adult children from intact families regarding the effects of both the verbal and physical abuse tactics they remembered occurring between each of their parents. These participants reported relatively lower levels of interparental physical and verbal abuse tactics than participants in previous studies had reported. Whereas abuse tactics were found to negatively influence reports of current closeness with parents, fathers' verbal abuse tactics were positively related to closeness with mothers.
Influence of vegetation on montane riparian bird communities in the Sky Islands of Arizona, USA

Abstract Montane riparian areas across the Sky Island region of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico contribute disproportionally to biodiversity at local and regional scales. We explored how composition and structure of vegetation influenced species richness and community composition of songbirds breeding in riparian areas of southern Arizona. We surveyed birds and vegetation during two breeding seasons at 45 stations established across three riparian canyons in two mountain ranges. Species richness of songbirds increased as volume of understory vegetation, density of Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii), and density of alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana) increased; species richness decreased as density of Acacia and Mimosa species increased and oak (Quercus) trees increased. Composition of breeding bird communities was structured along an elevation and vegetation gradient, from open-canopy desert scrub to closed-canopy oak woodlands. Richness and composition of breeding bird communi...
Interdecadal Variability of the Thermohaline Circulation and High-Latitude Surface Fluxes

Abstract An idealized North Atlantic Ocean model is forced by climatological wind stress, restoring temperature, and a diagnosed salinity flux. Both centennial and interdecadal oscillations are sustained in the model if the diagnosed salinity flux is characterized by net evaporation in high latitudes. To investigate further the role of salinity fluxes two different linear profiles are imposed: one has net evaporation in high latitudes and the other net precipitation. The first salinity flux induces a purely interdecadal oscillation in the model, while the second one causes a millennial and a decadal-to-interdecadal oscillation. Next, the authors consider a boundary condition for temperature expressed as the sum of a fixed heat flux and a restoring term. Constant heat flux characterized by net cooling in high latitudes leads to an interdecadal oscillation similar to the one caused by net evaporation. Both the decadal-to-interdecadal and the purely interdecadal oscillation are upper-ocean phenomena. Inter-d...
Exploring reading habits and academic success in rural Kenya

This study explores the relationship between reading habits and reading materials, and academic success of primary school students in the Ontulili community of Kenya. The study revealed high levels...
Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Growth by Estramustineand Etoposide: Evidence For Interaction at the Nuclear Matrix

Metastatic prostate cancer which is refractory to hormone therapy remains an incurable disease for which there is no effective therapy. We have begun to investigate the nuclear matrix, the RNA-protein network of the nucleus that plays an important role in DNA replication and gene expression, as a target for cancer chemotherapy. It was postulated that estramustine phosphate (EMP), an estradiol-nitrogen mustard conjugate that binds to the nuclear matrix, might enhance the cytotoxicity of etoposide (VP-16), a topoisomerase II inhibitor that acts at the level of the nuclear matrix. In a nascent DNA synthesis assay, EMP and etoposide interact to selectively inhibit new DNA synthesis on the nuclear matrix. In vitro, EMP and etoposide appeared to act synergistically to inhibit the growth of the metastatic Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma cell line Mat-LyLu as well as the metastatic human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PC-3. In vivo, EMP and etoposide inhibited prostate adenocarcinoma growth in the Dunning Copenhagen rat model. These data have formed the basis of a Phase I/II clinical trial to examine the effect of EMP and etoposide in patients with stage D hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Diffusion in prostate cancer detection on a 3T scanner: How many b‐values are needed?

PURPOSE To assess the influence of perfusion on apparent coefficient diffusion (ADC) maps, the contribution of b-value images, and the number of b-values needed in prostate cancer detection by diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients scheduled for prostatectomy were scanned by 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with DWI based on b-values 0-500-1000-1500 s/mm(2) . A monoexponential model was fitted to obtain ADC using multiple b-values, with or without b0 (perfusion-sensitive ADC4b-b0-500-1000-1500 , perfusion-insensitive ADC3b-b500-1000-1500 ), or two b-values (ADC2b-b0-500 , ADC2b-b0-1000 , ADC2b-b0-1500 ). Prostate and cancer foci were segmented to label voxels as normal or tumoral, according to histology. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) were calculated for each ADC and b-value, then for multivariate logistic regression models combining them. A threshold of 85 tumoral voxels (=0.5 cm(3) ) was used to stratify AUC analysis. RESULTS In all, 21 patients were selected. Segmentation collected 143,665 prostatic voxels including 10,069 tumoral voxels. In five patients, tumor segmentation provided fewer than 85 voxels, resulting in an ADC with AUC inferior to 0.52. In 16 patients with larger tumors, perfusion-sensitive ADC4b-b0-500-1000-1500 performed better than perfusion-insensitive ADC3b-b500-1000-1500 and similar to ADC2b-b0-1500 (AUC of 0.840, 0.809, and 0.838, respectively). In comparison to the ADC alone, models combining ADC4b-b0-500-1000-1500 or ADC2b-b0-1500 with b1500 improved performance, leading to similar AUCs of 0.884 and 0.883, respectively. In both models, ADC and b1500 were significant markers (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Including b0 in ADC calculation provided superior ADC maps for prostate cancer detection. b1500 images as a combined parameter with ADC also improved performance. Using more than two b-values showed no improvement. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:601-609.
Effectiveness and Safety of the Impella 5.0 as a Bridge to Cardiac Transplantation or Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device

Many patients with end-stage heart failure require mechanical circulatory support as a temporizing measure to enable multidisciplinary assessment for the most suitable therapeutic strategy. Impella 5.0 can be used as a bridge to decision to evaluate patients for potential recovery or bridge to next therapy (bridge to heart transplantation [BTHT] or bridge to durable left ventricular assist device or VAD [BLVAD]. Our goal was to examine single-center outcomes with the Impella 5.0 device as a bridge to next therapy (BTHT or BTLVAD). Forty patients underwent Impella 5.0 support from December 2009 to December 2015 with the intent of BTHT (n = 20) or BTLVAD (n = 20). The primary end point was survival to next therapy. Secondary end points included hemodynamic assessments and in-hospital/30-day complications. All patients were inotrope-dependent, with severely depressed left ventricular ejection fraction (12%) and renal insufficiency (creatinine 2.0 mg/dl). Most were Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) 2 (66%) with biventricular failure (65%). Thirty patients (75%) survived to next therapy, including transplant (n = 13), durable LVAD (n = 15), and recovery of native heart function (n = 2). No strokes or major bleeding events requiring surgery were observed. Acute renal dysfunction, bleeding requiring transfusion, hemolysis, device malfunction, limb ischemia occurred in 13 (33%), 11 (28%), 3 (8%), 4 (10%), and 1 (3%) patients, respectively. Survival rate to discharge and/or 30 days was 68% (27 of 40). Temporary support with the Impella 5.0 allows for an effective bridge to decision strategy for hemodynamic stabilization and multidisciplinary heart team assessment of critically ill patients with heart failure. In conclusion, many of these patients can be subsequently bridged to the next therapy with favorable outcomes.
Time-resolved fluorescence polarization of cancer receptor-targeted contrast agents in prostate tissues

Time-dependent fluorescence depolarization measurements were performed and an empirical model was discussed to investigate the evolution of polarization-dependent fluorescence emitted from cancer receptor-targeted contrast agents in cancerous and normal prostate tissues.
Horse demography and use in Bronze Age Mongolia

Abstract This paper presents new archaeozoological evidence for horse pastoralism and transport in Mongolia's Deer Stone–Khirigsuur (DSK) Complex (circa 1300–700 BCE). As both livestock and transport, the domestic horse fundamentally altered life in the dry steppe of eastern Eurasia. However, the timing and process of mobile pastoralism's adoption in Mongolia and Northeast Asia remains poorly understood. To evaluate previous suggestions of late Bronze Age horse herding in the DSK complex, I produced age and sex estimates for archaeological horse crania from DSK sites across Mongolia. This sample yielded a high proportion of juvenile animals and an elderly female specimen, consistent with the culling practices of contemporary equine pastoralists. However, the sample also contained a significant proportion of ‘prime age’ adult male animals. This finding is seemingly inconsistent with the practical requirements of pastoral herd management, but comparable with other archaeological assemblages of ritually-sacrificed transport horses. Spatial comparison suggests that these adult males were buried in specific ritual contexts, along the eastern edge of stone mounds known as khirigsuurs , while osteological features of the premaxilla point to harnessing or heavy exertion. Together, these data provide compelling evidence that adult male DSK horses were used for chariotry or mounted riding. Results support the interpretation of DSK people as early mobile pastoralists, and suggest an important role for horse transport in late Bronze Age social dynamics and the development of herding societies in Northeast Asia.
Factors Which Interfere with the Benzidine and Meyer's Tests for Blood in Milk and Urine

Summary1. When milk and urine specimens containing, in some instances, even macroscopic amounts of red corpuscles, give false negative tests with the standard Meyer or benzidine reagents, the factors found at least partially responsible include: lessened fragility of the corpuscles; increased alkalinity of the specimen, producing alkaline hematin which does not respond: settling or entrainment of red corpuscles by the precipitating phosphates. 2. These factors may be controlled by pre-acidification and heating of the specimen, by storage for 12 to 24 hours at room temperature to increase hemolysis, or by centrifugation and making up to the original volume with distilled water to insure hemolysis. The latter treatment is recommended for urine samples which have been allowed to stand in the refrigerator.
Strong anisotropy and magnetostriction in the two-dimensional Stoner ferromagnet Fe 3 GeTe 2

Computationally characterizing magnetic properies of novel two-dimensional (2D) materials serves as an important first step of exploring possible applications. Using density-functional theory, we show that single-layer ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ is a potential 2D material with sufficiently low formation energy to be synthesized by mechanical exfoliation from the bulk phase with a van der Waals layered structure. In addition, we calculated the phonon dispersion demonstrating that single-layer ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ is dynamically stable. Furthermore, we find that similar to the bulk phase, 2D ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ exhibits a magnetic moment that originates from a Stoner instability. In contrast to other 2D materials, we find that single-layer ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ exhibits a significant uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy of $920\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$ per Fe atom originating from spin-orbit coupling. Finally, we show that applying biaxial tensile strains enhances the anisotropy energy, which reveals strong magnetostriction in single-layer ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ with a sizable magneostrictive coefficient. Our results indicate that single-layer ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{GeTe}}_{2}$ is potentially useful for magnetic storage applications.
Classroom Teaching, Implicit Learning and the Deleterious Effects of Inappropriate Explication

Eighty-five senior cadets participated in a class exercise involving complex decision-making in a natural context. One experimental group was induced to employ explicit decisional processing and another was allowed to simply guess appropriate responses. Decision accuracy was measured at three levels of information availability. Both groups performed significantly above the level of chance when no reliable, objective information was provided. However, neither accurate base rate information nor conditional probabilities increased the decision accuracy of either experimental group. The group allowed to simply guess made significantly more accurate responses than did the group induced to explicate their decisional choices. These results provide convergent support for the dissociation of implicit and explicit knowledge. The exercise itself was a useful combination of research and experiential learning and encouraged classroom discussions of many issues related to human decision making.
Alteration of Plasma Lipoprotein Subclasses in Obesity People with Impaired Glucose Tolerance After Pioglitazone Treatment

Aim To investigate the high density lipoprotein(HDL) subclasses distribution characteristics before and after the intervention of Pioglitazone in obesity people with impaired glucose tolerance. Methods The difference of plasma HDL subclass distribution was compared in 40 cases of healthy people and 40 cases of obesity people with glucose tolerance,to investigate the plasma HDL and class distribution characteristics in obesity people with impaired glucose tolerance. Using the randomized matching design method(the sex as the condition),forty men were randomized,to placebo or pioglitazone(30 mg /day) for 12 weeks. The subclasses of serum HDL were determined by two dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with immunodetection method and paraoxonase-1 activity by spectrophotometric assays. The correlation between the distribution of plasma HDL subclasses and the activity of PON-1 were analyzed. Results Compared to the health group,the HDL2a and HDL2b decreased while the preβ1-HDL,preβ2-HDLand HDL3a increased significantly in obesity man with glucose tolerance. Compared to the control group,the preβ1-HDL decreased while the HDL2a and HDL2b increased and activity of PON-1 increased significantly in Pioglitazone group after 12 weeks. PON-1 is positively correlated with HDL2b,and negatively correlated with preβ1-HDL. Conclusion Obese patients with abnormal glucose tolerance handicaped the mature process of serum HDL,tended to have weaker resistance from atherosclerosis. Pioglitazone improved the distribution of HDL subclass and increased the activity of PON-1 in overweight and obese men with impaired glucose tolerance,which may help reduce the incidence of premature cardiovascular disease. The activity of PON-1is positively correlated with mature distribution of HDL subclasses.
The Meaning of Human Existence

Searching for meaning in what Nietzsche called "the rainbow colours" around the outer edges of knowledge and imagination, Edward O. Wilson bridges science and philosophy to create a twenty-first-century treatise on human existence. Once criticised for his over-reliance on genetics, Wilson unfurls his most expansive and advanced theories on human behaviour. Whether attempting to explicate "the Riddle of the Human Species", warning of "the Collapse of Biodiversity" or creating a plausible "Portrait of E.T.", Wilson believes that humanity holds a special position in the known universe. Alarmed, however, that we are about to abandon natural selection by redesigning biology and human nature as we wish them, Wilson concludes that advances in science and technology bring us our greatest moral dilemma in millennia.
Common causes of dyspnoea in athletes: a practical approach for diagnosis and management

Key points “Dyspnoea” during exercise is a common complaint in seemingly otherwise healthy athletes, which may be associated with fatigue and underperformance. Because dyspnoea is an general term and may be caused by numerous factors, ranging from poor aerobic fitness to serious, potentially fatal respiratory and nonrespiratory pathologies, it is important for clinicians to obtain an appropriate case history and ask relevant exercise-specific questions to fully characterise the nature of the complaint so that a targeted diagnostic plan can be developed. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction are two common causes of dyspnoea in athletes, and both are regularly misdiagnosed and mismanaged due to poor adherence to available practice parameters. Aside from airway dysfunction, iron deficiency and anaemia, infectious disease, and musculoskeletal conditions are common problems in athletes which ultimately may lead to complaints of dyspnoea. Educational aims To inform readers of the common causes of dyspnoea encountered in athletes. To highlight that airway diseases, such as asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, are commonly misdiagnosed and mismanaged. To introduce readers to common nonairway causes of dyspnoea in athletes, including clinical features and general principles of diagnosis, and management. To emphasise the importance of a detailed case history and proper adherence to established protocols in evaluating and managing the dyspnoeic athlete. To provide readers with a general framework of appropriate questions that are useful for developing a targeted diagnostic plan for evaluating dyspnoeic athletes. Dyspnoea during exercise is a common chief complaint in athletes and active individuals. It is not uncommon for dyspnoeic athletes to be diagnosed with asthma, “exercise-induced asthma” or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction based on their symptoms, but this strategy regularly leads to misdiagnosis and improper patient management. Dyspnoea during exercise can ultimately be caused by numerous respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions, ranging from nonpathological to potentially fatal in severity. As, such it is important for healthcare providers to be familiar with the many factors that can cause dyspnoea during exercise in seemingly otherwise-healthy individuals and have a general understanding of the clinical approach to this patient population. This article reviews common conditions that ultimately cause athletes to report dyspnoea and associated symptoms, and provides insight for developing an efficient diagnostic plan.
Perianal Crohn’s: Review of endoscopic and cross-sectional imaging

Abstract Crohn's disease has many manifestations and can affect any aspect of the gastrointestinal lumen. In this article, we would review perianal manifestations of Crohn's disease, which includes the formation of fistula tracts, strictures, and abscesses. Perirectal fistulas can be particularly challenging to manage because of the complexity in diagnosis. Additionally, clinical symptoms of perirectal disease do not always reflect disease activity. Perianal fistulas are important to diagnose early and accurately because of associated complication of abscess formation. We would review diagnostic tools to evaluate perirectal disease. These would include examination under anesthesia, fistulography, and computerized tomography imaging. Endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are particularly useful in the classification of perirectal disease and are used to monitor disease activity as well as response to medication or surgical therapy or both. The uses and the limitations of these studies would be reviewed in this article. We would also review the technique of endoscopic ultrasound, its uses, along with its limitations. The classification of fistulas as simple and complex with endoscopic ultrasound helps determine treatment course from antibiotics to biologic agents to surgical therapy for more complex disease.
Function of CD39 (NTPDase-1) in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by accumulation of large numbers of mature lymphocytes. However, thrombotic events in CLL are relatively rare. CD39, the main control system for blood fluidity, was identified on the surface of CLL cells in about 80% of patients in two recent studies. This suggests that CD39 could play a role in prevention of thrombotic events in CLL. Lymphocytes were prepared from peripheral blood of an initial 13 patients with CLL by histopaque isolation and purified to at least 95%. The ADPase and ATPase activities in these lymphocytes was measured by our radio-thin-layer chromatographic assay. Additionally, cells were stained with antibodies to CD3, CD19, and CD39, and analyzed by FACS. Remaining lymphocytes were pelleted and frozen for semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the CD39 transcipt. Lymphocytes from patients with CLL showed increased ATPase and ADPase activities compared with lymphocytes from normal donors. Average ADPase activity per 50,000 cells from CLL patients was 57pmol/min, compared with 14pmol/min in lymphocytes from normal donors. Average ATPase activity was 43.6pmol/min in CLL patients, and 10.6 pmol/min in normal lymphocytes. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR of CLL lymphocytes showed upregulation of CD39 RNA compared with normal lymphocytes. FACS data showed that the percentage of cells expressing CD39 was greater in CLL cells (62.5%) than in normal lymphocytes (11%). Additionally, some CLL cells appear to express CD39 at higher densities than normal lymphocytes. Interestingly, one patient in whom lymphocytes were isolated before and during an accelerated phase of the disease showed a decrease in CD39 expression on his lymphocytes as the disease progressed. Two other patients with advanced disease, requiring chemotherapy, showed relatively low CD39 levels as well. We conclude that CD39 is present and functions as an ecto-nucleotidase on the surface of most malignant lymphocytes in CLL. The quantities are much higher than observed in normal lymphocytes. CD39 may be protective from thrombotic events in patients with CLL. In addition, lymphocyte CLL may be a marker of earlier or less aggressive disease and a decrease of CD39 on the cell surface may signify a worsening of the disease.
THE DIRECT ANTERIOR APPROACH: FIRST AMONG EQUALS – AFFIRMS

Abstract The recent resurgence of the anterior approach to total hip arthroplasty has made it a controversial topic. While technically demanding, the direct anterior approach can be rewarding to both the patient and the surgeon when properly performed. The direct anterior approach is a true intra-nervous approach to the hip allowing for surgeon to deploy minimally invasive techniques and soft tissue handling. This article highlights the senior author's experience with the direct anterior approach and reviews the recent literature on post operative rehabilitation, muscle strength, muscle atrophy, and complications in the direct anterior approach to total hip arthroplasty.
Molecular Biology of Pseudorabies Virus

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes a natural infection in swine similar to that of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in man, and B virus in monkeys. Sabin (1934) was the first to recognize that these viruses are naturally related. As Sabin put it, “Their generic relationship may perhaps be based on the following properties, which, taken together, are not possessed by any other virus: (a) they are pantropic, i. e., they have affinities for cells derived from all embryonic layers; (b) they are neuroinvasive, i. e., they are capable of invading the central nervous system from a peripheral focus; (c) they give rise to a similar intranuclear body; (d) they have a similar, though not identical, range of susceptible hosts; and (e) they appear to have a partial immunological relationship.” Later studies established that PRV is indeed a herpesvirus, as determined by a variety of morphological, biological, and biochemical characteristics. To this may be added the fact, established by Shope (1935), that PRV is latent in swine, its natural host, as HSV is in man.
Reducing Crash Risk in Visually-Impaired Older Drivers: Medical-Surgical versus Educational Interventions

OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of a medical-surgical intervention and an educational intervention in reducing the rate of crash involvement among visually impaired older drivers. Visual impairment is a common functional problem in older adults. Older drivers with visual processing deficits have an increased crash risk. Interventions that reduce these risks need to be identified in order to enhance driver safety. METHODS We have conducted two studies in an effort to examine two types of interventions to lower crash risk in visually impaired drivers. In a prospective cohort study we focused on 277 older drivers with cataracts, about half of who elected surgery and intraocular lens implantation at baseline, and the other half who declined surgery. They were followed for police-reported crash involvement for four to six years. In a second study, 403 older drivers who were visually impaired (acuity and/or useful field of view deficit) were randomly assigned to an individually administered and tailored educational intervention plus usual care, or to usual-care-only. The educational intervention promoted the use of self-regulatory driving strategies and was based on current models of health behavior change. Usual care was a comprehensive eye exam. In this study, subjects were also followed for police-reported crash involvement. RESULTS With respect to the study evaluating the cataract surgery intervention, patients who underwent cataract surgery had half the rate of crash involvement during follow-up compared with cataract patients who did not undergo surgery (rate ratio [RR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23 to 0.94; p0.05) CONCLUSIONS Cataract surgery has a previously undocumented benefit for older driver safety. However, an individualized educational intervention to promote safe driving strategies did not enhance driver safety. The most effective public health initiatives for reducing crash risk in older drivers may be to focus on the timely treatment of chronic medical conditions in order to prevent, reverse, or slow functional decline. Evidence that educational programs improve older driver safety remains unavailable.