cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site selection for a data centre – a multi-criteria decision-making model

IT data centres (DCs) are a huge investment and most mid-size companies need to set up their own DCs to run their business operations. Building new DCs is a time-consuming effort needing millions of dollars and months of planning. Companies cannot afford to make a wrong decision when designing and setting up a new DC as these need to build for a life of around 20 years. In this paper, we studied the challenges and issues faced by enterprise DCs and explored various criteria which can be used for selecting a site for a new DC. We use a hierarchical model to look into various financial, environmental, social, political and geographical factors which an organisation need to look into when choosing a city for their DC. The model discussed in the paper provides a general framework and can be adopted by a company operating in any industry and any country.
Mixing immiscible blends in an intermeshing counter-rotating twin screw extruder

Domain size of 10% dispersed polystyrene in polyethylene was followed in a 34-mm intermeshing counter-rotating twin screw extruder. Variables studied included the effects of barrel temperature, screw speed, viscosity ratio of dispersed-to-continuous phase, and parallel melt versus preblended solids feeds. After steady state was achieved, die samples were quenched for later photomicrographing. The extruder was then stopped and quenched, with subsequent pulling of the screws. From 7 to 12 additional samples were taken along the 18/1 L/D extruder for determination of the mechanism of dispersion and dispersed phase domain size by optical microscopy. At low temperatures, the polystyrene tended to fracture with sharp edges. The fine particles formed in the initial breakup underwent no further size reduction. At higher temperatures, fractured segments had rounder edges, but the size of the small domains remained constant throughout the axial length. There was some evidence of flocculation and coalescence prior to exit through the die. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 25: 81–89, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20065
Development and Migration of Barrier Islands, Northern Gulf of Mexico

Historical evidence and drilling results from published sources and U.S. Coast Survey charts 1 indicate that barrier islands form by upward aggradation of submerged shoal areas. Subsequent extensive barrier island migration may completely obscure conditions of formation of the original barrier island. Migration may take place parallel, perpendicular, or at oblique angles to the mainland shoreline and appears to take place much faster when parallel with the shoreline. No evidence indicates barrier island formation from engulfed beach and dune ridges during the early stages of transgression. Many strand plain and chenier ridges form the same wav as barrier ridges.
Structural basis for the assembly and gate closure mechanisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 20S proteasome

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) possesses a proteasome system analogous to the eukaryotic ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Mtb requires the proteasome to resist killing by the host immune system. The detailed assembly process and the gating mechanism of Mtb proteasome have remained unknown. Using cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography, we have obtained structures of three Mtb proteasome assembly intermediates, showing conformational changes during assembly, and explaining why the β-subunit propeptide inhibits rather than promotes assembly. Although the eukaryotic proteasome core particles close their protein substrate entrance gates with different amino terminal peptides of the seven α-subunits, it has been unknown how a prokaryotic proteasome might close the gate at the symmetry axis with seven identical peptides. We found in the new Mtb proteasome crystal structure that the gate is tightly sealed by the seven identical peptides taking on three distinct conformations. Our work provides the structural bases for assembly and gating mechanisms of the Mtb proteasome.
a Nonlinear Dynamics Perspective of Wolfram's New Kind of Science Part v: Fractals Everywhere

This fifth installment is devoted to an in-depth study of CA Characteristic Functions, a unified global representation for all 256 one-dimensional Cellular Automata local rules. Except for eight rather special local rules whose global dynamics are described by an affine (mod 1) function of only one binary cell state variable, all characteristic functions exhibit a fractal geometry where self-similar two-dimensional substructures manifest themselves, ad infinitum, as the number of cells (I + 1) → ∞. In addition to a complete gallery of time-1 characteristic functions for all 256 local rules, an accompanying table of explicit formulas is given for generating these characteristic functions directly from binary bit-strings, as in a digital-to-analog converter. To illustrate the potential applications of these fundamental formulas, we prove rigorously that the "right-copycat" local rule is equivalent globally to the classic "left-shift" Bernoulli map. Similarly, we prove the "left-copycat" local rule is equivalent globally to the "right-shift" inverse Bernoulli map. Various geometrical and analytical properties have been identified from each characteristic function and explained rigorously. In particular, two-level stratified subpatterns found in most characteristic functions are shown to emerge if, and only if, b1 ≠ 0, where b1 is the "synaptic coefficient" associated with the cell differential equation developed in Part I. Gardens of Eden are derived from the decimal range of the characteristic function of each local rule and tabulated. Each of these binary strings has no predecessors (pre-image) and has therefore no past, but only the present and the future. Even more fascinating, many local rules are endowed with binary configurations which not only have no predecessors, but are also fixed points of the characteristic functions. To dramatize that such points have no past, and no future, they are henceforth christened "Isles of Eden". They too have been identified and tabulated.
Detection of Cracks at Rivet Holes in Thin Plates Using Lamb-Wave Scanning

This paper describes a Lamb-wave scanning method for the detection of notches simulating cracks at rivet holes in thin plates. The approach requires the generation of an ultrasonic So-Mode Lamb wave using an incident transmitter excited with a tone burst centered at a near non-dispersive frequency. Area scans are performed on a plate with a hole with a notch to generate times series information which is used to create animations illustrating the wave propagation characteristics. The time series are subject to a sifting process to obtain intrinsic mode functions which contain narrow frequency banded information of the signals. The Hilbert-Huang transform is applied to the intrinsic mode functions which permit the computation of the signal energy as a function of time, proportional to the square of the amplitude of the analytical signal. Animations of the propagation of the Lamb-wave energy illustrate that a potential scanning approach is to acquire time series along a line between the transmitter and the hole, capturing wave scattering from the hole and reflections from the notches. The times of flight and amplitudes of the notch-reflected energy are used to calculate coordinates of the source of the reflections by a geometric approach. The identified coordinates of the reflections outline the extent of the notch at the rivet hole. Results of experiments conducted on thin square plates with a single hole with notches of various sizes compare favorably with the actual notches.
Sensory deprivation and operant conditioning of rats

The duration of partial sensory deprivation (SD) was varied to test the effects of SD upon subsequent bar-pressing response of white rats. There was a significant reduction in response rate as a function of SD. Some degree of adaptation was evident with longer periods of SD.
Measurement and interpretation of the high-frequency characteristics of InAlAs/InGaAs/InP MSM photodetectors

Summary form only given. In this paper, by matching experimental frequency-response characteristics of InAlAs-InGaAs-InP metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors with theoretical results based on an effective one dimensional velocity saturated carrier transport model, we demonstrate the relative importance of hole and electron carrier transit times and the dependence of the 3 dB bandwidth on the applied bias voltage.
Short-term keloid treatment in vivo with human interferon alfa-2b results in a selective and persistent normalization of keloidal fibroblast collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and collagenase production in vitro

Two intralesional injections of interferon alfa-2b (1.5 million U per injection) into a progressively enlarging keloid resulted in a 41% reduction in its area. Fibroblasts cultured from the keloid before and 9 days after the initial injection were compared with fibroblasts cultured from the patient's normal skin with respect to proliferation and production of connective tissue matrix components and collagenase. There were no significant differences in the in vitro doubling times of keloidal fibroblasts before ( p > 0.2) and after ( p >0.5) treatment with interferon alfa-2b, as well as of normal fibroblasts, in subconfluent cultures. Multiple passages of keloidal fibroblasts before interferon alfa-2b therapy assayed as confluent cultures produced more collagen (171%, 187%, and 204%), more glycosaminoglycans (153% and 141%), and less collagenase (26% and 31%) than the patient's own normal fibroblasts. In contrast, keloidal fibroblasts after interferon alfa-2b therapy persistently produced normal or subnormal amounts of collagen (107%, 73%, and 64%) and glycosaminoglycans (97% and 96%) and normalized levels of collagenase activity (96% and 86%). Normal amounts of fibronectin were produced by keloidal fibroblasts before and after treatment with interferon alfa-2b.
An Electronic Module for 12.8 Gbps Multiplexing and Loopback Test

A 2-channel module for testing serial and parallel signals up to 12.8 Gbps is described. It is intended to extend the capabilities of an existing 6.4 Gbps ATE, serving as a plug-in module in an active device interface board (DIB). This prototype circuit provides (1) direct connections to ATE channels for DC parametrics and low-speed functional testing, (2) 2:1 multiplexing of 6.4 Gbps to produce 12.8 Gbps stimuli with picosecond deskew, jitter-injection, and amplitude adjustment, (3) 1:2 fanout of 12.8 Gbps DUT response signals to allow testing by two 6.4 Gbps ATE channels, (4) full-rate low-jitter active loopback path with amplitude adjustment, and (5) auxiliary outputs for parallel monitoring of both transmitted and received signals. The basic logical structure is presented, and features of the module construction are described. A novel high-bandwidth adjustable delay circuit is described, that is used for deskew and XOR-based multiplexing. The performance of the module is demonstrated between 5.0 Gbps and 12.8 Gbps.
Positive Psychology in Clinical Practice

Positive psychology is the scientific study of positive experiences and positive individual traits, and the institutions that facilitate their development. A field concerned with well-being and optimal functioning, positive psychology aims to broaden the focus of clinical psychology beyond suffering and its direct alleviation. Our proposed conceptual framework parses happiness into three domains: pleasure, engagement, and meaning. For each of these constructs, there are now valid and practical assessment tools appropriate for the clinical setting. Additionally, mounting evidence demonstrates the efficacy and effectiveness of positive interventions aimed at cultivating pleasure, engagement, and meaning. We contend that positive interventions are justifiable in their own right. Positive interventions may also usefully supplement direct attempts to prevent and treat psychopathology and, indeed, may covertly be a central component of good psychotherapy as it is done now.
Rebellion and Social Change in Astarābād, 1537–1744

Three basic forms of rebellion existed in Iran during the Safavid period. These were qazāq revolts, rebellions by urban notables, and peasant revolts against the Safavid state or local notables. All three types sprouted spontaneously in the fallow fields of Astarābād. While they existed in other regions of Iran as well, Astarābād was the only region where all three grew up independent of one another. By examining the separate courses of these rebellions a better dissection can be made of the three forms, how they affected one another, and how they grew up. Since Astarābād was also a border region near Central Asia, some of the many grievances that affected life in other parts of Iran came more clearly to the forefront, and a better picture can be obtained of the reactions evinced by various local populations to the burdensome loads of the Safavid state and the qizilbāsh tribal state systems.
Steatohepatitis develops rapidly in transgenic mice overexpressing Abcb11 and fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common reason for abnormal liver chemistries in the United States. The factors that lead from benign steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are poorl...
A Proof of the Existence and Simplicity of a Maximal Eigenvalue for Ruelle^Perron^Frobenius Operators

We give a new proof of a result due to Ruelle about the existence and simplicity of a unique maximal eigenvalue for a Ruelle^Perron^Frobenius operator acting on some Ho« lder continuous function space. Mathematics Subject Classi¢cations (1991): Primary 58F23, Secondary 30C62.
Principal modes of variability of Martian atmospheric surface pressure

An analysis of daily-to-interannual variability in the surface pressure field of the Martian northern hemisphere as given by a Martian climate model is presented. In an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition, the dominant first two modes of variability comprise a zonal wavenumber 1 feature centered at 70 N latitude moving eastward with a period of 6 to 8 sols. This feature is a baroclinic wave and accounts for 53% of the northern hemisphere non-stationary surface pressure variability, and, when active, has an amplitude of up to 2% of local surface pressure. The third mode of the EOF decomposition is annular about the Martian north pole, is null southward of 70 N, and accounts for 7% of the northern hemisphere non-stationary surface pressure variability. The baroclinic wave (EOFs 1 & 2) is active during northern hemisphere winter and spring, consistent with models of the Martian atmospheric circulation, and the annular mode (EOF 3) is active only at the onset and demise of the baroclinic feature. When active, it is not uncommon for the annular mode to reside in either its positive or negative state stably for 20 to 30 sols. It is postulated that baroclinic waves with longitudinal wavenumber 2, 3, and 4 act as a pump for the annular mode. The annular mode should not be present in MGS TES data.
In vitro evaluation of pan-PI3-kinase inhibitor SF1126 in trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant HER2-over-expressing breast cancer cells.

Purpose The purpose of the current study is to determine the in vitro cytotoxic effects of the novel pan-PI3-kinase inhibitor SF1126 in HER2-over-expressing breast cancer cells.
Determining Optimal Use of Resources among Regional Producers under Differing Levels of Cooperation

We determine optimal allocation of means of production between a principal and alternative commodities under varying degrees of cooperation among producers. Producers are grouped into subsets with stipulated efficiencies, costs of production and demand prices. These producers collectively control the production of the principal commodity whose price depends upon total supply. Optimal allocation is determined under conditions of 1 pure competition, 2 cooperation within subsets, and 3 cooperation among all producers. The latter problem is modeled as a nonconcave quadratic programming problem. A very efficient algorithm for solving this problem is presented. This algorithm has been used to determine the optimal distribution of cotton production among 300 regions.
Application of a model of the decomposition of soil organic matter

Abstract A mathematical model of the decomposition of soil organic matter is tested against published experimental results and used to study important soil processes and to offer explanations of well known but incompletely understood experimental observations. The cycles of the three macronutrients N, P, and K through the plant-soil system are treated under both equilibrium and dynamic conditions. The equilibrium equations show that in many ecosystems, the annual-average soil solution concentrations of P and K are independent of the soil biota activity whereas the relative concentrations of the various N-forms in solution remain dependent on related microbe activity. The dynamic equations are compared with and shown to agree closely with a number of experimental observations, including (1) the overall pattern of decomposition and growth of heterotrophs and nitrifiers, (2) the immobilization and mineralization of N as a function of substrate C-N ratio, (3) wastage of substrate by various microbes, (4) the N priming effect, (5) the effect on microbes of oscillating low soil temperatures, and (6) the effect on microbes of soil moist-dry cycles. Among the conclusions drawn from the full model equations are the following: (i) the N priming effect is the consequence of a two-step substrate limitation involving first N and later C because of microbial waste metabolism, (ii) oscillating low soil temperatures result in lower population levels than does the mean temperature at least in part because nonlinearities give a net reduction in growth under oscillating conditions, (iii) moist-dry cycles, lethal to soil organisms, enhance CO2 evolution in part because of the organisms' self-metabolism, (iv) plant and microbes compete for N to a greater or lesser extent depending on the kind of N available, the C:N ratio, the amount of leaching, and whether or not microbe use of NO3− is suppressed, and (v) in fertilizing some crops with NH4+, NO3−, or organic N, multiple-batch application is preferable with the mineral forms, whereas a single batch is best with the organic form because of differences in microbial immobilization.
The evolution of Web-caching markets

Internet businesses lose billions of dollars each year because of slow and failed Web services, and new companies and coalitions have rushed to provide the worldwide content caching that can help recapture this lost revenue. Although the media has often characterized these companies as trailblazers in the e-commerce revolution, they are merely exploiting a temporary niche along the path to Internet infrastructure commoditization and distributed e-markets. The current players have a chance to succeed, but the future belongs to innovators in the distributed storage and compute online commodities markets.
Moral Hazard During the Savings and Loan Crisis and the Financial Crisis of 2008-09: Implications for Reform and the Regulation of Systemic Risk Through Disincentive Structures to Manage Firm Size and Interconnectedness

In the aftermath of the most recent financial crisis, policymakers and regulators have faced the formidable challenge of designing regulatory reforms that adequately address the problems of moral hazard and “too big to fail” in banking. While these concepts have remained persistent stumbling blocks in bank regulatory policy, the modern landscape of the financial services industry has introduced new challenges in the areas of systemic risk and the concentrations of financial power held by a few dominant firms. This Note compares and contrasts the causes of and responses to the subprime mortgage crisis with those of the Savings and Loan Crisis of the 1980s. It concludes that the provisions under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act intended to address “too big to fail” actually represent the same type of traditional responses to banking crises as seen before. By subjecting systemically significant firms to more stringent operating requirements and closer monitoring, current reforms merely treat complex financial conglomerates as traditional depository institutions whose incentives can be adequately managed through prudential regulation customarily used to counteract the moral hazard of deposit insurance. To deal with the moral hazard of systemic risk, however, reform efforts should place greater emphasis on anticipatory regulation in a framework of stronger disincentives to discourage growth towards “too big to fail” status. This Note also supports the recommendation of commentators who advocate for an industry-funded emergency liquidity pool that would incorporate actuarially fair premiums to price the cost of systemic risk, to be paid by the largest and most complex institutions themselves. This represents a combination of ex ante and ex post approaches to inhibit systemic risk at its source as well as manage the consequences of a future systemic crisis, the costs of which would otherwise be borne again by the public and the economy as a whole.
Water Depletion Associated with Improperly Constituted Powdered Milk Formulas

During the last few years several patients have been admitted to the Children9s Hospital with water depletion (hypernatremia, hyperosmolarity) associated with improperly prepared powdered milk formulas. The history in these instances indicates that the mother prepared a powdered milk formula (Similac, Enfamil) in a dilution of "one to one" rather than in the recommended dilution of "one to two." There has been some variation in the actual measurement in that some others have diluted the prepared powder one packed level measure (1 tbsp ) to 1 oz of water; some have used 1 oz of formula product to 1 oz of water; others have used one measure of powder to one measure of water.
Autophagy degrades hypoxia inducible factors

Hypoxia inducible factors are subjected to degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. The E3 ligases, ubiquitination, autophagy receptor proteins, and oxygen are determinants that direct hypoxia-inducible factors to different degradation pathways.
Effect of Ephedrine Sulfate on the Red Blood Cell Count of Humans.

ConclusionsThe daily oral administration of 50 mg of ephedrine sulfate to 7 normal men caused a mild but appreciable polycythemia within 3 wreeks. The elevation of the red cell count appeared to be only temporary, since in some subjects it disappeared at some time after the fourth week of drug administration.The continued daily oral administration of ephedrine sulfate (50 mg) produced no deleterious effects on the blood in these experiments.
Five Years of Socialist Economic Policy in France: A Balance Sheet

Nearly five years have elapsed since Francois Mitterrand assumed the presidency of the French Republic and a socialist-dominated assembly was elected. There have been considerable changes in the rhetoric as well as in the policy measures taken during this period. While references to ‘class warfare’ and to the need for a ‘radical break with capitalism’ were made in Mitterrand’s speeches prior to the 1981 elections, he subsequently spoke about ‘the community of a mixed economy’1 and, finally, in his televised statement of 15 January 1984, stated that ‘it is the enterprise that creates wealth, it is the enterprise that creates employment, it is the enterprise that determines our living standard and our place in the world hierarchy.’
Investigation of Yersinia Eterocolitica in Gaomi,2006-2010

Objective To investigate the distribution of Yersinia eterocolitica in food and the situation of Yersinia eterocolitica carried by animals.Methods Totally 2 097 livestock,poultry faeces and frozen-food specimens were collected.Strain enrichment was performed by using hosphate-buffered saline with sorbitol and bile salts(PSB) at 4°C,and then the strains were inoculated onto Yersinia selective agar(cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agar).Suspected stains was further tested serologic,biologic types and PCR which detected virulence gene.Rusults There were 131 Yersinia enterocolitica stains detected from 2 097 specimens.The total isolation rate was 6.25%,in which prevalence serelogic type O∶3(carrying ail+、ystA+、 rbfc+)and O∶9 were isolated,the isolation rate was 0.76%and 1.52 % respectively.Strains only with ystB gene accounted for 82.44%,and strains with none of the genes accounted for 19.85%.131 Yersinia enterocolitica stains was divided into 3 biologic types,1A type,3 type and 1A type,accounted for 74.80%,1.52%,and 0.76% respectively.Conclusion Yersinia enterocolitica pathogenic stainsexist in this area,which indicated the possibility of human and animals infection,as well as food-borne disease.The bacteria monitoring efforts should be enforced to prevent the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica pathogenesis disease.
Exploration Research of Ventricular Septal Defect Closure via Trans-jugular Approach Solely Under the Guidance of Echocardiography

Objective: In order to avoid the radiation and contrast agent injury, and to extend the echocardiography guided percutaneous ventricular septal defects(VSD) closure, based on femoral artery approach, we assessed the efficacy and safety of VSD closure via trans-jugular approach solely under the guidance of echocardiography. Methods: A total of 12 patients with peri-membranous VSD treated in our hospital from 2014-10 to 2015-04 were enrolled. The patients were at the age at(1.2-3.5 with the mean of 2.4 ± 0.8) years, the body weight at(7-15 with the mean of 11.6 ± 2.6) kg and the diameter of VSD was(3.5-6 with the mean of 4.8 ± 0.7) mm. The patients received percutaneous VSD closure via transjugular approach solely under the guidance of echocardiography. The procedural effect was evaluated by echocardiography and the follow-up study was conducted at 1, 3 and 6 month safter the procedures.Results: There were 9 patients successfully finished VSD closure via trans-jugular approach. 1 patient was converted to femoral artery approach because the wire could not pass through the defect of ventricular septal; 1 was converted to minimally invasive per-ventricular closure since the catheter could not pass through the defect; 1 was converted to conventional surgical repair due to the residual shunt was more than 2mm. The procedural time was(53-89 with the mean of 67.2±12.5) min, the diameter of symmetrical occluder was(6-8 with the mean of 7.0±0.9) mm. 2 patients had immediate post-operativeresidual shunt, all patients were recovered and discharged. No peripheral vascular injury and cardiac perforation occurred, the hospitalization time was(3-5 with the mean of 3.6 ± 0.7) days. The follow-up examination was conducted at(1-6 with the mean of 3.9 ± 2.1) months, the slight residual shunt in 2 patients disappeared at 1 month after procedure; no pericardial effusion, occluder malposition, aortic regurgitation and atria-ventricular block occurred. Conclusion: Echocardiography guided trans-jugular approach of VSD closure is safe and effective, it may particularly avoid the radiation and contrast agent injury in clinical practice.
Calculation Model of Sliding Pressure Operation Range

Based on the calculation theory of regulating stage,calculation model of pressure range of sliding pressure operation is established,with the consideration of overlap extent of regulating value.The practical application is also given and analyzed.
AAHKS Symposium: State-of-the-Art Management of Tough and Unsolved Problems in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Incompletely solved problems in hip and knee arthroplasty present ongoing practice challenges. Methods Content experts summarized treatment options and preferred treatment methods for 4 incompletely solved problems in hip and knee arthroplasty. Results The problems chosen for discussion in this symposium included 2 soft tissue problems: chronic extensor mechanism deficiency after total knee arthroplasty and abductor deficiency after total hip arthroplasty (THA), recurrent infection after a 2-stage procedure for infected THA or total knee arthroplasties, and pelvic discontinuity after THA. Conclusion The approaches outlined may provide guidance on management of these different problems. For surgeons and others in the orthopedic community interested in innovation, these challenges also present ripe opportunities to improve the care of patients with unmet needs.
The Role Of International Movements of Private Capital in Promoting Development

Capital is transferred from savers to investors through different institutional channels and instruments that have different natures and perform different functions.1 For this reason, a distinction is made in this paper between the different channels through which the international movements of private capital usually flow. A separate treatment is given to each.
Status and prospects for burning plasmas via laser fusion

The recent results from the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory raise the hopes for producing a thermonuclear burning plasma in the laboratory for the first time. A plasma is defined as “burning” when the self-heating from the fusion reactions is the main energy input to the plasma. A burning plasma represents the stage before thermonuclear ignition. Assessing the degree to which fusion alpha particles contribute to the fusion yield is essential to assess when the plasma is burning. The recent results from indirect-drive implosions on NIF [1,2] show that the total alpha energy is comparable to the input energy to the central hot spot of a compressed core. The level of alpha heating [3] of NIF indirect-drive implosions is inferred from the measurements of areal density and neutron yield, and compared to the results achieved by other approaches to nuclear fusion. An approach [4] is also developed to extrapolate fusion yields, including alpha heating from current direct-drive experiments on OMEGA at tens of kilojoules of incident laser energy to megajoule drivers such as the NIF assuming the same illumination configuration. The extrapolation assumes that the implosion hydrodynamic performance is unchanged at higher energies. It is estimated that the current best-performing OMEGA implosion [5] extrapolated to a 1.9 MJ laser driver would produce over 100 kJ of fusion energy [4] with alpha-heating levels [3] similar to current indirect-drive NIF implosions. While not included in this analysis, the predicted performance can be significantly degraded if laser-plasma instabilities become more detrimental at the larger energy scales.
Revisiting Mie’s scattering theory for the analysis of the plasmonic resonance of metal nanospheres

An alternate correction of Mie scattering theory for the analysis of plasmonics resonance of metal nanospheres is proposed. The analysis is based on the correction of Mie scattering theory originally developed for left-handed media or negative index media, which employs a solution using the Ricatti–Bessel functions in the calculation of Mie coefficients. It provides validation that the Mie solution for negative index media of spherical particles is also valid for resonance metal nanospheres. Therefore, the viewpoint of a time-reversal problem for the scattered fields in previous correction is not a necessary, fundamental correction to the Mie scattering theory for spherical metal particles. Our analytical solution is also verified by using finite element method.
Decay of Cs 132

The singles and coincidence gamma-ray spectra of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{132}$ have been investigated with scintillation spectrometers. Energies in keV (and relative intensities) of the gamma rays which were observed are 464(21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5), 509(5.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5), 511(12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4), 569(2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8), 631(8.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8), 669(1000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30), 1035(1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3), 1139(5.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5), 1304(0.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5), 1319(6.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6), and 2000(0.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06). From the results of these spectral studies and from gamma-gamma angular correlation measurements, it is proposed that ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{132}$ decays to levels with energies in keV (and spins) of 669\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4(2+), 1300\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10(2+), 1808\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13(2 or 3), and 1988\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12(2) in ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{132}$, and 464\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5(2+) and 1034\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9(2+) in ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{132}$. The ratios of the intensities of quadrupole to dipole radiation for the 631- and 1319-keV transitions in ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{132}$ and for the 569-keV transition in ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{132}$ were found to be 10,0.006, and \ensuremath{\ge}200, respectively. The predominantly quadrupole character of the transitions between the second and first spin 2 levels is attributed to the collective behavior of the nuclei. From the ratio of decay by electron capture and by positron emission to the 669-keV level, the energy separation between ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{132}$ and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{132}$ was estimated to be 2.15 MeV.
Mechanisms of Contact, Adhesion, and Failure of Metallic Nanoasperities in the Presence of Adsorbates: Toward Conductive Contact Design

The properties of contacting interfaces are strongly affected not only by the bulk and surface properties of contacting materials but also by the ubiquitous presence of adsorbed contaminants. Here, we focus on the properties of single asperity contacts in the presence of adsorbates within a molecular dynamics description of metallic asperity normal contact and a parametric description of adsorbate properties. A platinum–platinum asperity contact is modeled with adsorbed oligomers with variable properties. This system is particularly tailored to the context of nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) contact switches, but the results are generally relevant to metal–metal asperity contacts in nonpristine conditions. Even though mechanical forces can displace adsorbate out of the contact region, increasing the adsorbate layer thickness and/or adsorbate/metal adhesion makes it more difficult for metal asperity/metal surface contact to occur, thereby lowering the electrical contact conductance. Contact separation i...
Raise the Roof: Boosting the Efficacy of a Spinal Muscular Atrophy Therapy

Spinal muscular atrophy is the most common genetic killer of infants. A therapy shows promise in the clinic, but there is a potential limit to its efficacy. In this issue of Neuron, d'Ydewalle et al. (2017) devise a new way to make it more effective.
Nondestructive Characterization of the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Superlattice Thin Films

Superlattice thin films of Cu-Ni (50 atomic percent Cu-50 atomic percent Ni) with bilayer repeat lengths between 1.6 and 19.4 nm were produced by ion beam sputtering. The films were characterized by x-ray diffractometry, from which the bilayer repeat length and the average lattice parameter perpendicular to the plane of the film were determined. The average lattice parameter displayed a small increase as the bilayer repeat length was reduced. Films were also investigated using low load indentation methods. Such methods produce submicron deep indents, and leave most of the film unaffected, and as such can be considered nondestructive characterization techniques. A small enhancement above the rule of mixtures value of the effective elastic modulus of the films was observed (independent of the bilayer repeat length); however, a large enhancement in the hardness was measured for small bilayer repeat lengths. This hardness enhancement was attributed to an interface hardening effect. This behavior suggests that metallic superlattices may be have applications as high strength coatings or thin films.
A Laparoendoscopic Single-site Surgical Approach to Laparoscopic Salpingectomy.

Study Objective To demonstrate a laparo-endoscopic single site (LESS) surgical approach to salpingectomy.
A randomized phase II trial of epigenetic therapy following adjuvant treatment in patients with resected pancreatic cancer and high risk for recurrence.

TPS4144 Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has the highest disease specific mortality-to-incidence ratio of any malignancy. Even patients who present with potentially curable disea...
Liouville Transformation – 2

This chapter discusses second version of Liouville transformation. It is applicable to the second-order linear ordinary differential equation d 2 y / dx 2 + λ m 4 ( t ) y = 0 on the finite interval 0 t T , where λ is a constant and m ( t ) > 0. The Liouville transformation (version 2) is to change the dependent and independent variables in d 2 y / dx 2 + λ m ( t ) y = 0. The transformation changes d 2 y / dx 2 + λ m 4 ( t ) y = 0 into d 2 w / dx 2 + [λ J 2 + Q ( x )] w = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π where Q ( x ) is defined by Q ( x ) = (1/ m ( t )) (d 2 m ( t )/ dx 2 ) = −[( J 2 / m ( t ) 3 ) d 2 / dt 2 (1/ m ( t ))]. The chapter also highlights that this transformation is useful when followed by some sort of asymptotic analysis.
Evidence for a climate-induced ecohydrological state shift in wetland ecosystems of the southern Prairie Pothole Region

Changing magnitude, frequency, and timing of precipitation can influence aquatic-system hydrological, geochemical, and biological processes, in some cases resulting in system-wide shifts to an alternate state. Since the early 1990s, the southern Prairie Pothole Region has been subjected to an extended period of increased wetness resulting in marked changes to aquatic systems defining this region. We explored numerous lines of evidence to identify: (1) how the recent wet period compared to historical variability, (2) hydrological, geochemical, and biological responses, and (3) how these responses might represent a state shift in the region’s wetland ecosystems. We analyzed long-term climate records and compared how different hydrological variables responded in this wet period compared to decades before the observed shift. Additionally, we used multi-decadal records of waterfowl population and subsurface tile drain records to explore wildlife and human responses to a shifting climate. Since 1993, a novel precipitation regime corresponded with increased pond numbers, ponded-water depths, lake levels, stream flows, groundwater heights, soil-moisture, waterfowl populations, and installation of subsurface tile drains in agricultural fields. These observed changes reflect an alteration in water storage and movement across the landscape that in turn has altered solute sources and concentrations of prairie-pothole wetlands and has increased pond permanence. Combined, these changes represent significant evidence for a state shift in the ecohydrological functioning of the region’s wetland ecosystems, a shift that may require a significant refinement of the previously developed “wetland continuum” concept.
Effect of VS predictors on amplitude variation with offset response

We pose a question whether the differences between various Vs predictors affect one of the ultimate goals of Vs prediction, generating synthetic AVO gathers to serve as a calibration tool for interpreting the seismic amplitude for rock properties and conditions. We address this question by providing examples where we test several such predictors at an interface between two elastic layers, at pseudowells, and at a real well with poor-quality S-wave velocity data. The answer based on the examples presented is that no matter which predictor is used, the seismic responses at a reservoir are qualitatively identical. The choice of a Vs predictor does not affect our ability (or inability) to forecast the presence of hydrocarbons from seismic data. We also find that the AVA responses due to different predictors consistently vary along the same pattern, no matter which predictor is used. Because our analysis uses a “by-example” approach, the conclusions are not entirely general. However, the method of comparing th...
Rectal Eversion Technique: A Method to Achieve Very Low Rectal Transection and Anastomosis With Particular Value in Laparoscopic Cases

Introduction Transection of the rectum at the anorectal junction is required for proper resection in ulcerative colitis and restorative proctocolectomy. Achieving stapled transection at the pelvic floor is often challenging, particularly during laparoscopic proctectomy. Transanal mucosectomy and handsewn anastomosis are frequently used to achieve adequate resection. Rectal eversion provides an alternative for low anorectal transection and maintains the ability to perform stapled anastomosis. Technique The purpose of this article is to describe a technique for low anorectal transection. The work was conducted at tertiary care center by 2 colon and rectal surgeons on patients undergoing total proctocolectomy with creation of ileal pouch rectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. We measured the ability to achieve low stapled anastomosis. Results Very low transection was achieved, allowing for creation of IPAA without leaving significant rectal cuff. This study was limited because it is an early experience that was not performed in the setting of a scientific investigation. No sphincter or bowel functional data were obtained or evaluated. Conclusions Rectal eversion technique provides an alternative to mucosectomy when low pelvic transection is difficult to achieve. See Video at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A441.
Have Precipitation Forecasts Improved

Twelve years (1966–78) of precipitation forecasts made at National Weather Service forecast offices have been evaluated with a view to determining accuracy trends. Relative precipitation frequency, which proved to be negatively correlated to forecast accuracy, accounted for generally more than 80% of the variance. Winter forecasts were better than summer forecasts, and accuracy differed insignificantly among the eastern, southern, central, and western regions. After the contribution of relative precipitation frequency was removed, accuracy improvement, amounting to about 1% in seven years, could be detected only in the eastern and central region winter forecasts.
Electrochemical Phosphate Sensors Using Silver Nanowires Treated Screen Printed Electrodes

Essential biomolecules of the human body and plant growth depend upon the proper amount of phosphate ions. Phosphorus has critical values in both agricultural and biomedical applications. There is a need for inexpensive, portable, repeatable, highly sensitive, and field deployable sensors with wide detection range to monitor the health of water system and field soil. This paper aims to develop an electrochemical phosphate sensor using novel ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate/silver nanowires (AMT/AgNWs) modified screen printed electrode (SPE) for phosphate detection to achieve simplicity, high sensitivity, wide detection range, and high repeatability and portability. The cyclic voltammetry measurements exhibited the sensitivities of AMT modified SPE without and with AgNWs are $0.1~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{M}$ and $0.71~\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{M}$ , respectively. The use of highly conductive AgNWs significantly increased the sensitivities of the AMT/SPE. Besides, AgNWs and AMT modified SPE (AMT/AgNWs/SPE) showed a very wide detection range of $5~\mu \text{M}$ –1 mM. The maximum relative standard deviation of around 5% confirms the repeatability of the proposed sensor. This paper suggests that AMT/AgNWs/SPE is promising for simple, low-cost, and portable phosphate ion detection.
Light-Rail Investment in Seattle: Gentrification Pressures and Trends in Neighborhood Ethnoracial Composition:

Research often finds a positive relationship between public transportation investment and gentrification in nearby neighborhoods. This dynamic is particularly important in urban contexts that plan ...
Transcriptome analysis reveals enrichment of genes associated with auditory system in swimbladder of channel catfish

In aquatic organisms, hearing is an important sense for acoustic communications and detection of sound-emitting predators and prey. Channel catfish is a dominant aquaculture species in the United States. As channel catfish can hear sounds of relatively high frequency, it serves as a good model for study auditory mechanisms. In catfishes, Weberian ossicles connect the swimbladder to the inner ear to transfer the forced vibrations and improve hearing ability. In this study, we examined the transcriptional profiles of channel catfish swimbladder and other four tissues (gill, liver, skin, and intestine). We identified a total of 1777 genes that exhibited preferential expression pattern in swimbladder of channel catfish. Based on Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, many of swimbladder-enriched genes were categorized into sensory perception of sound, auditory behavior, response to auditory stimulus, or detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound, such as coch, kcnq4, sptbn1, sptbn4, dnm1, ush2a, and col11a1. Six signaling pathways associated with hearing (Glutamatergic synapse, GABAergic synapse pathways, Axon guidance, cAMP signaling pathway, Ionotropic glutamate receptor pathway, and Metabotropic glutamate receptor group III pathway) were over-represented in KEGG and PANTHER databases. Protein interaction prediction revealed an interactive relationship among the swimbladder-enriched genes and genes involved in sensory perception of sound. This study identified a set of genes and signaling pathways associated with auditory system in the swimbladder of channel catfish and provide resources for further study on the biological and physiological roles in catfish swimbladder.
The Impact of Divorce on Children

The special vulnerability and the particular needs of youngsters in divorcing families at the time of the marital rupture and during the extended aftermath have been reluctantly but slowly acknowledged both by the general community and the mental health professions. Proposed changes in the law and its implementation, and the nature of intervention programs to provide clinical services, community education, and increased social and economic support, need to be carefully considered in terms of the appropriateness of their underlying assumptions and method.
Anreize zur Investition in elektronische Koordi nation: Digitale vs. nicht-digitale Produkte

Der folgende Beitrag beschaftigt sich mit den Anreizen der Unternehmen zur Investition in elektronische Koordination. Dabei wird in einem Oligopolmodell mit differenzierten Produkten auf die transportkostensenkende Wirkung bei Handel uber elektronische Markte abgestellt. Dieser Transportkosteneffekt ist bei digitalen bzw. digitalisierbaren Produkten oder Dienstleistungen besonders ausgepragt, wahrend bei physischen Gutern und nicht-digitalisierbaren Dienstleistungen mit geringeren Kosteneinsparungen zu rechnen ist. Dem Unterschied zwischen digitalen und nicht-digitalen Gutern wird durch die Modellierung des Wettbewerbs im Absatzmarkt (bei digitalen Produkten ist Preiswettbewerb plausibel) und der Investitionskostenfunktion (bei nicht-digitalen Produkten keine Transportkostensenkung auf Null) Rechnung getragen: Es wird ein zweistufiges Spiel mit transportkostenreduzierender Investition auf der ersten und Preis- bzw. Mengen wettbewerb auf der zweiten Stufe analysiert.