cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversal Agents and Antagonists

Reversal agents are defined as any drug or agents that are used to reverse the effects of commonly used agents in practice like anesthetics, narcotics, or other pharmacological agents. While reversal is a common practice for reversal of anesthesia, these are used to a fair extent at bedside to reverse toxic effects of certain therapeutic agents. Reversal agents can be either receptor-specific (antagonist) or nonspecific agents.
Externalization of the European Union Migration Regime: The Case of Turkey

Migration management has become a top policy concern for the European Union (EU) and a significant implication of this has been to externalize the control and containment practices of migration. As...
Travel time costs in the near- (circa 2020) and long-term (2030–2035) for automated, electrified, and shared mobility in the United States

Abstract The introduction of automated, electrified, and ridesourcing mobility options will likely revolutionize mobility over the coming decades. Adoption of these new mobility technologies will be shaped by their economic competitiveness. Economic assessments typically focus on fixed and variable out-of-pocket monetary costs such as vehicle purchase, fuel, maintenance, parking, and insurance cost. Non-monetary costs, while difficult to quantify, are also important in determining the relative attractiveness of competing mobility options. Travel time cost (TTC) is an important non-monetary hedonic cost. Vehicle automation and shared mobility enable more productive use of travel time and have a large impact on TTC. We build on our recent monetary cost (MC) analysis by adding TTC for driving a personal vehicle, riding as a passenger, waiting for pickup, searching for parking, and walking to and from vehicles and destination points. We show that TTCs can be of major importance and are sometimes greater in value than the MCs for competing choices. The sum of MC and TTC which we define as “generalized cost” varies with trip type, travel time, and the traveler's value of time which is a function of their income. In our circa 2020 scenarios driving a personal car is the lowest cost mode for all income levels and trip lengths. Pooled ridesourcing is typically lower cost than solo ridesourcing. In marked contrast to the situation in circa 2020, in our hypothetical future automated scenario in 2030–2035 ridesourcing becomes cost competitive with private vehicles; pooled ridesourcing is generally the least attractive option for short trips. Finally, we review road pricing programs around the world. We find that even those systems with the highest fees per mile do not change the relative costs of private and ridesourced trip options significantly, with the exception of congestion area fees (such as London's). These can substantially disfavor the use of private vehicles especially for short trips.
Molecular pathology associated with altered synaptic transcriptome in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of depressed subjects.

Disrupted synaptic plasticity is the hallmark of major depressive disorder (MDD), with accompanying changes at the molecular and cellular levels. Often, the maladaptive molecular changes at the synapse are the result of global transcriptional reprogramming dictated by activity-dependent synaptic modulation. Thus far, no study has directly studied the transcriptome-wide expression changes locally at the synapse in MDD brain. Here, we have examined altered synaptic transcriptomics and their functional relevance in MDD with a focus on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). RNA was isolated from total fraction and purified synaptosomes of dlPFC from well-matched 15 non-psychiatric controls and 15 MDD subjects. Transcriptomic changes in synaptic and total fractions were detected by next-generation RNA-sequencing (NGS) and analyzed independently. The ratio of synaptic/total fraction was estimated to evaluate a shift in gene expression ratio in MDD subjects. Bioinformatics and network analyses were used to determine the biological relevance of transcriptomic changes in both total and synaptic fractions based on gene–gene network, gene ontology (GO), and pathway prediction algorithms. A total of 14,005 genes were detected in total fraction. A total of 104 genes were differentially regulated (73 upregulated and 31 downregulated) in MDD group based on 1.3-fold change threshold and p 1.3-fold, p < 0.05). Several of these altered genes were validated independently by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). GO revealed an association with immune system processes and cell death. Moreover, a cluster of genes belonged to the nervous system development, and psychological disorders were discovered using gene–gene network analysis. The ratio of synaptic/total fraction showed a shift in expression of 119 genes in MDD subjects, which were primarily associated with neuroinflammation, interleukin signaling, and cell death. Our results suggest not only large-scale gene expression changes in synaptosomes, but also a shift in the expression of genes from total to synaptic fractions of dlPFC of MDD subjects with their potential role in immunomodulation and cell death. Our findings provide new insights into the understanding of transcriptomic regulation at the synapse and their possible role in MDD pathogenesis.
Match and mismatch: Integrating consumptive effects of predators, prey traits, and habitat selection in colonizing aquatic insects

Predators are a particularly critical component of habitat quality, as they affect survival, morphology, behavior, population size, and community structure through both consumptive and non-consumptive effects. Non-consumptive effects can often exceed consumptive effects, but their relative importance is undetermined in many systems. Our objective was to determine the consumptive and non-consumptive effects of a predaceous aquatic insect, Notonecta irrorata, on colonizing aquatic beetles. We tested how N. irrorata affected survival and habitat selection of colonizing aquatic beetles, how beetle traits contributed to their vulnerability to predation by N. irrorata, and how combined consumptive and non-consumptive effects affected populations and community structure. Predation vulnerabilities ranged from 0% to 95% mortality, with size, swimming, and exoskeleton traits generating species-specific vulnerabilities. Habitat selection ranged from predator avoidance to preferentially colonizing predator patches. Attraction of Dytiscidae to N. irrorata may be a natural ecological trap given similar cues produced by these taxa. Hence, species-specific habitat selection by prey can be either predator-avoidance responses that reduce consumptive effects, or responses that magnify predator effects. Notonecta irrorata had both strong consumptive and non-consumptive effects on populations and communities, while combined effects predicted even more distinct communities and populations across patches with or without predators. Our results illustrate that an aquatic invertebrate predator can have functionally unique consumptive effects on prey, attracting and repelling prey, while prey have functionally unique responses to predators. Determining species-specific consumptive and non-consumptive effects is important to understand patterns of species diversity across landscapes.
ACADEMIA’S ROLE TO DRIVE CHANGE IN THE ORTHOTICS AND PROSTHETICS PROFESSION

This position paper outlines the important role of academia in shaping the orthotics and prosthetics (O&P) profession and preparing for its future. In the United States, most healthcare professions including O&P are under intense pressure to provide cost effective treatments and quantifiable health outcomes. Pivotal changes are needed in the way O&P services are provided to remain competitive. This will require the integration of new technologies and data driven processes that have the potential to streamline workflows, reduce errors and inform new methods of clinical care and device manufacturing. Academia can lead this change, starting with a restructuring in academic program curricula that will enable the next generation of professionals to cope with multiple demands such as the provision of services for an increasing number of patients by a relatively small workforce of certified practitioners delivering these services at a reduced cost, with the expectation of significant, meaningful, and measurable value. Key curricular changes will require replacing traditional labor-intensive and inefficient fabrication methods with the integration of newer technologies (i.e., digital shape capture, digital modeling/rectification and additive manufacturing). Improving manufacturing efficiencies will allow greater curricular emphasis on clinical training and education – an area that has traditionally been underemphasized. Providing more curricular emphasis on holistic patient care approaches that utilize systematic and evidence-based methods in patient assessment, treatment planning, dosage of O&P technology use, and measurement of patient outcomes is imminent. Strengthening O&P professionals’ clinical decision-making skills and decreasing labor-intensive technical fabrication aspects of the curriculum will be critical in moving toward a digital and technology-centric practice model that will enable future practitioners to adapt and survive. Article PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/36673/28349 How To Cite: Kogler GF, Hovorka CF. Academia’s role to drive change in the orthotics and prosthetics profession. Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal. 2021; Volume 4, Issue 2, No.21. https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v4i2.36673 Corresponding Author: Geza F. KoglerOrthotics and Prosthetics Unit, Kennesaw State University.E-Mail: gkogler1@kennesaw.eduORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0212-5520
Left-Lane Changes in Laterally Unbalanced Traffic: Estimating Number of Lane Changes with Data from Lane-Based Loop Detectors

Lane changes caused by weaving traffic flows at freeway merging, diverging, and weaving sections can lead to a drop in capacity and can significantly disrupt the entire traffic facility. The lane-changing pattern of on-ramp vehicles has been studied by using vehicle trajectory data when traffic is laterally balanced. However, in reality, detailed vehicle trajectory data are hard to obtain, and traffic at freeway weaving sections can be laterally unbalanced. This study offers a simple but practical approach that uses data from lane-based loop detectors for estimating the number of left-lane changes when traffic is steady but laterally unbalanced. Stationary states with nearly constant flow rates and speeds were obtained from the loop detector data at a freeway weaving section on SR-91 in Buena Park, California. Under near-stationary traffic conditions inside the weaving section, (a) traffic flow conservation was found generally to hold, and (b) traffic was laterally unbalanced with dissimilar additions of ...
Introduction to Probability with Mathematica

An Interactive Approach That Complements Todays Highly Technological Teaching Environment Updated to conform to Mathematica 7.0, Introduction to Probability with Mathematica, Second Edition continues to show students how to easily create simulations from templates and solve problems using Mathematica. It provides a real understanding of probabilistic modeling and the analysis of data and encourages the application of these ideas to practical problems. The accompanying CD-ROM offers instructors the option of creating class notes, demonstrations, and projects. New to the Second Edition Expanded section on Markov chains that includes a study of absorbing chains New sections on order statistics, transformations of multivariate normal random variables, and Brownian motion More example data of the normal distribution More attention on conditional expectation, which has become significant in financial mathematics Additional problems from Actuarial Exam P New appendix that gives a basic introduction to Mathematica New examples, exercises, and data sets, particularly on the bivariate normal distribution New visualization and animation features from Mathematica 7.0 Updated Mathematica notebooks on the CD-ROM After covering topics in discrete probability, the text presents a fairly standard treatment of common discrete distributions. It then transitions to continuous probability and continuous distributions, including normal, bivariate normal, gamma, and chi-square distributions. The author goes on to examine the history of probability, the laws of large numbers, and the central limit theorem. The final chapter explores stochastic processes and applications, ideal for students in operations research and finance.
Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in cell injury and proliferation by environmental particulates.

Cell signaling pathways may be initiated by environmental particulates by indirect mechanisms such as elaboration of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) or directly upon contact of particulates with the plasma membrane and uptake by epithelial or mesothelial cells. Research in the last few years has mainly addressed cell signaling cascades leading to activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factors, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), and activator protein-1 (AP-1). The activation of these transcription factors may be linked to increases in gene expression controlling cell injury or apoptosis, proliferation and /or cell survival, and inflammatory cytokines. Here, we provide an overview of the MAPK signaling pathways and their activation by asbestos, specifically the role of ROS, receptor-dependent and independent activation via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and strategies for proving causal relationships between these pathways and changes in epithelial cell phenotype linked to disease causation.
Reasons for Rank-Dependent Utility Evaluation

Three reasons for why people may evaluate utility in a rank-dependent fashion have been suggested: (a) rank-dependent weighting is a function of perceptual biases and thus not prescriptively defensible; (b) weights are (re)distributed by motivational processes that reflect stable personality characteristics of the decision maker; and (c) weights are (re)distributed as a function of the situation, allowing rank-dependent evaluation to be a rational response to an environment with asymmetric loss functions. By modifying a study by Wakker, Erev, and Weber (1994) we show that all three processes—that is, perceptual biases, individual predispositions in weighting, as well as rational adaptation to an asymmetric loss function—can be involved in rank-dependent weighting.
Effects of siltation on stream fishes and the potential mitigating role of the buffering riparian zone

Riparian buffer zones serve several important roles in linking a stream to its watershed. A main function is controlling the dynamics of sedimentation. This paper documents how siltation impacts fish communities and how proper riparian management can mitigate the negative effects of sedimentation. Two studies examined the relation between stream siltation and fish community characteristics. Community responses to siltation were poorly described by common structural indices. Community level responses to varying siltation were most consistently described by changes in functional characteristics of the resident fish species using a guild-based analysis. Herbivores, benthic insectivores and simple lithophilous spawners were most sensitive to siltation while other guilds were not. These results were repeatable in both intraregional comparisons among sites of similar size and character, and in interregional comparisons of streams which varied in characteristics besides siltation. This suggests the index may be useful in separating the effects of siltation from other environmental variables. A discussion of bufferstrip characteristics important in mitigating against, or preventing, excess siltation is presented.
Use of paint-on die spacers in preparations with grooves

Film thickness of paint-on die spacer materials was measured on axial walls and in grooves. Two different materials and two different modes of application were tested. From the data presented, the following conclusions can be drawn: There are potentially significant differences in film thickness produced with different die spacing materials. The technique used to apply die spacer can affect the film thickness produced. Careful application of Pactra airplane dope will not result in significant accumulation of die spacer in the groove. Tru-fit die spacer produced generally erratic film thickness and demonstrated a potentially significant amount of pooling in the groove base. Further study is warranted to determine if use of die spacer in grooves will improve the seating of castings.
Data logging of body temperatures provides precise information on phenology of reproductive events in a free-living arctic hibernator

Precise measures of phenology are critical to understanding how animals organize their annual cycles and how individuals and populations respond to climate-induced changes in physical and ecological stressors. We show that patterns of core body temperature (Tb) can be used to precisely determine the timing of key seasonal events including hibernation, mating and parturition, and immergence and emergence from the hibernacula in free-living arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii). Using temperature loggers that recorded Tb every 20 min for up to 18 months, we monitored core Tb from three females that subsequently gave birth in captivity and from 66 female and 57 male ground squirrels free-living in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range Alaska. In addition, dates of emergence from hibernation were visually confirmed for four free-living male squirrels. Average Tb in captive females decreased by 0.5–1.0°C during gestation and abruptly increased by 1–1.5°C on the day of parturition. In free-living females, similar shifts in Tb were observed in 78% (n = 9) of yearlings and 94% (n = 31) of adults; females without the shift are assumed not to have given birth. Three of four ground squirrels for which dates of emergence from hibernation were visually confirmed did not exhibit obvious diurnal rhythms in Tb until they first emerged onto the surface when Tb patterns became diurnal. In free-living males undergoing reproductive maturation, this pre-emergence euthermic interval averaged 20.4 days (n = 56). Tb-loggers represent a cost-effective and logistically feasible method to precisely investigate the phenology of reproduction and hibernation in ground squirrels.
Molecular dissection of dystrophin identifies the docking site for nNOS

At current count, we human beings have 20,687 protein-coding genes encoded within our DNA (1). The unfortunate reality is that we know very little about the functions of most of these proteins. Because new scientific discovery is built upon the foundation of prior work, it is perhaps obvious that knowledge gaps like these can have compounding effects to slow further scientific advancement. Indeed, imagine the state of molecular biology and biotechnology today if Watson and Crick’s publication of DNA structure had been reported just a few decades earlier. So too is the case for translational research: it is difficult to develop treatments for a genetic disorder when we do not understand the affliction’s pathogenic mechanisms. Thus, the more basic knowledge we possess about the function of a given disease gene and its protein product, the more ammunition we have to design rational therapies. In PNAS, Lai et al. from the Duan laboratory at the University of Missouri provide an exquisite example of a basic study on protein structure and function with potentially important translational implications for therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) (2).
Closed-loop assessment of flight simulator fidelity

An analytical methodology is presented for the preliminary assessment of piloted flight simulator fidelity. The hypothesis that forms the central theme of the methodology is that many major simulator fidelity problems stem from simulator limitations that adversely affect the pilot's innermost feedback control loop, referred to here as the "primary control loop." This loop is the most critical in terms of task performance and the pilot's evaluation of vehicle handling qualities. The proposed methodology, based on a pilot/vehicle analysis of the vehicle and tasks being simulated, has the potential for serving as a tool for the rapid diagnosis of simulator fidelity problems. Selected results from experiments involving both flight test and piloted simulation of a UH-60A rotorcraft in a pair of demanding vertical and lateral hover tasks are used to exercise the methodology and indicate its potential.
Lack of End-Product Inhibition and Repression of Leucine Synthesis in a Strain of Salmonella typhimurium

Mutants of Salmonella have been isolated which luck either end product inhibition or repression of leucine biosynthesis. In a minimal saltsglucose medium, growth is not impaired by the lack of either control mechanism alone. The loss of both control mechanisms, however, leads to a 43 percent reduction in cell yield and a 1.5-fold reduction in the growth rate.
Roaming radicals in the thermal decomposition of dimethyl ether:Experiment and theory

The thermal dissociation of dimethyl ether has been studied with a combination of reflected shock tube experiments and ab initio dynamics simulations coupled with transition state theory based master equation calculations. The experiments use the extraordinary sensitivity provided by H-atom ARAS detection with an unreversed light source to measure both the total decomposition rate and the branching to radical products versus molecular products, with the molecular products arising predominantly through roaming according to the theoretical analysis. The experimental observations also provide a measure of the rate coefficient for H + CH3OCH3. An evaluation of the available experimental results for H + CH3OCH3 can be expressed by a three parameter Arrhenius expression as,
Journalists and academics and the delivery of race statistics: being a statistician means never having to say you’re certain

Abstract This article examines a number of public issues that have been framed in racial terms with the aid of statistical data and analysis. It explores the efforts of journalists and public intellectuals to shape public understanding of the causes and consequences of racial disparity through the strategic use of statistical data and representations. Journalistic frames emphasize discrimination in financial markets and in the administration of justice. Public intellectuals interpret the statistics behind the debates over racial profiling as they engage the alternative frames of “Intelligent Bayesians” and other “reasonable racists.” Expert witnesses confront a judiciary that is unwilling or unable to establish and be guided by meaningful standards of confidence and regard for statistical evidence. Statistical reasoning is likely to extend its influence on the social construction of race; the consequences remain uncertain.
Selective activation of murine Vβ8.2 bearing T cells by Pseudomonas exotoxin A

We have determined that Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE) can selectively stimulate the proliferation of V beta bearing T lymphocytes. Murine thymocytes were fractionated by selective agglutination with peanut agglutinin (PNA) and the PNA- thymocytes, which represent mature thymocytes, were shown to be responsive to PE stimulation. In addition, mature peripheral T lymphocytes (nylon wool nonadherent splenocytes) were also observed to respond to PE stimulation. Both CD4+ and CD8+ splenic T lymphocyte populations proliferated in response to PE. Flow microfluorimetry analysis of PNA- thymocytes stimulated with PE indicated that V beta 8.2 bearing T cells were preferentially expanded. Thus, our data indicate that PE represents a microbial super antigen which stimulates murine thymocytes which bear the V beta 8.2 element of the T cell receptor.
Time-reversal focusing of elastic surface waves with an asymmetric surface layer

The effectiveness of time-reversal focusing is evaluated in the presence of an asymmetric surface layer that changes the direction of the propagating waves, but does not continually scatter or block the propagating wave front. Interactions between the wave front and the surface layer are dependent on the depth and material properties of the asymmetric surface layer and its orientation in the medium with respect to the incident wave. Time-reversal focusing is shown to perform significantly better than other excitation methods for the purpose of delivering energy to the location of a buried land mine.
Long-Term Changes in Properties of the Autokinetic Illusion

Sz~mtuary.-Large inter-individual differences were noted in latency, complexity, amount, and direction of movement reported by three sophisticared Ss exposed to the autokinetic illusion for 90 sec. on each of 120 consecutive days. Systematic changes characteristic of each S were far too complex to permit the rypical analyses found in the lirerature, using only the four primary directions, simple latencies, simple qualitative comparison of drawings, etc. Stern ( 1964) had naive Ss observe a point of light in a quiet, dark room for 30 min. The resulting autokinetic movement (AK) increased with time and more movements were reported in the vertical than in the horizontal plane. Stern attributed the former effect to increasing suggestibility induced by sensory deprivation and the latter to the vertical-horizontal illusion induced by the horizontally extended oval-shaped visual field (Kuennapas, 1959). Santos, Farrow, and Haines (1965), on the basis of qualitative analyses of draw~ngs of AK movement on five successive 30-sec. trials, concluded that there was a high degree of intra-subject consistency in style and pattern, but large inter-subject differences. The present study presents data relevant to the conclusions of both of these earlier studies. METHOD Three cooperative, male Ss drew their AK movements during a highly srandardited 90-sec. exposure on each of 120 consec~~tive days.' They knew the nature of the illusion and that the light was stationary, i.e., the influence of suggestibility was minimized. The pre-movement latent period was recorded each day, and several variables were measured from the drawings. RESULTS S1 reported the movement illusion every day, S:$ on most days (87), but S2 reported it only half the time (63 days). S3 drew primarily straight lines, while the other two drew many circles, figure-eights, and the like (e.g., SI drew one or more figure-eights on 93 days). Furthermore, the nanire of each S's drawings changed radically from time to time, e.g., from smooth, flowing patterns to tight, jittery random-walks. The direction of first movement each day and subsequent changes in direction were analyzed into eight directions, up (U), down (D), right (R), left (L), UR, UL, DR, and DL. The per cent of movements 'S was dark adapted for 20 min. previous to the testing, which was carried out at the same time and under the same viewing conditions each day. This was a part of a larger experiment in which activity, diet, etc., were also controlled.
Role of 67gallium citrate scanning in the management of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

67Gallium scans were performed as part of the initial evaluation in 45 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eighteen of these patients underwent staging laparotomy and splenectomy. In addition, scans were performed either shortly after therapy was completed or during subsequent followup in 10 patients. The initial scans were found most useful for patients with histiocytic lymphoma: in detecting sites of involvement above the diaphragm and the high para-aortic/mesenteric region, and when tumors were greater than 2 cm in diameter. The addition of 67Ga scanning to the pre-operative clinical evaluation reduced the number of incorrectly staged patients from 8 to 4. Reversion of previously positive 67Ga scans to negative in 3 patients with suspected persistent or recurrent disease was associated with fibrosis and no lymphoma when biopsied. Five other patients had histologically documented positive 67Ga scans post-therapy; in 1 the 67Ga scan was only definitive noninvasive procedure. Despite the occurrence of both false-positive and false-negative 67Ga scans, this procedure appears to be a useful supplement to the pretreatment evaluation of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, especially the histiocytic form. Confirmation of its ability to detect high para-aortic/mesentric involvement may subsequently result in a reduction of the number of staging laparotomies necessary. For the post-treatment followup of these patients 67Ga scans may prove to be a valuable noninvasive investigation.
Organic alloys (TSeF) x (TTF) 1-x TCNQ-structure, conductivity, and phase transitions

The isostructural series of alloys ${(\mathrm{TSeF})}_{x}{(\mathrm{TTF})}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{TCNQ}$ is investigated with the intention of better understanding tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ) and TSeF-TCNQ and their several surprising differences. For several compositions, the crystal-lattice parameters are measured by indexing the x-ray powder patterns and the transitions are characterized by means of the dc conductivity versus temperature. The dominance of the TCNQ stacks and the unimportance of fulvalence disorder in producing the metal-insulator transition are confirmed for $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.9$. The lowering of the transition temperature for this range is attributed to the change in lattice parameter along the stacks and the associated change in TCNQ transfer integral and charge transfer. The importance of the fulvalene stacks for $0.9\ensuremath{\lesssim}x\ensuremath{\le}1$ is shown by an anomalously high sensitivity of the transition temperature to fulvalene doping. Possible explanations for this anomalous behavior are considered.
African American Women Describe Support Processes During High-Risk Pregnancy and Postpartum

Objective To explore social support processes in low-income African American women during high-risk pregnancy and postpartum. Design A qualitative grounded theory approach. Interview was the primary data collection technique and was combined with observation, medical chart review, and literature review. Setting A high-risk pregnancy clinic and participants' homes. Participants Ten pregnant women, 3 social network members, and 11 health care providers. Four of the women at high risk tell their in-depth stories in this article: Yolanda, coping with gestational diabetes; Frances, participating in drug rehabilitation; Trista, waiting to deliver a fetus with severe congenital anomalies; and Beatrice, HIV positive and carrying her seventh child. Results The substantive theory of support developed in the study was termed mutual intentionality. Narratives illustrate the mutual roles that women at high risk and support givers played in the helping process. Support themes included being there, caring, respecting, sharing information, knowing, believing in, and doing for the other. Conclusion The theorsy of mutual intentionality suggests that social support is a process or transaction involving intentionality. For support to happen, the therapeutic relationship must be valued as a mutual re-source.
Intensity of the 1·6 μ bands of CO2

Quantitative measurements of intensity and half-width have been made for over 30 lines in each of the C12O162 bands of the 1·6 μ tetrad. The total band intensities, derived from the line intensity measurements, for the (30°1)I, (30°1)II, (30°1)III, and (30°1)IV bands are 127, 1050, 1070, and 122 cm-1 km-1 atm-1 STP, respect ively. The observed rotational line intensity distribution of the (30°1)III band was found to depart slightly from the Boltzmann distribution. A satisfactory fit to the observed distribution was obtained by applying a weak vibration- rotation interaction. The widths of the lines of the (30°1)IV band are found to be 50 per cent larger than those of the other members of this tetrad.
The Krüppel-like zinc finger protein Glis2 functions as a negative modulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

To gain insight into the mechanism by which Gli-similar 2 (Glis2) regulates transcription, we performed yeast-two hybrid cDNA library screening using Glis2 as bait. This screening identified β-catenin as a potential Glis2-interacting protein. Mammalian two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and GST-pulldown analyses supported the interaction between Glis2 and β-catenin. Pulldown analyses with several Glis2 deletion mutants indicated that the 1st zinc finger motif of Glis2 is critical for its interaction with β-catenin, while the armadillo repeats of β-catenin are important in its interaction with Glis2. Reporter analyses showed that Glis2 represses T-cell factor (TCF)-mediated transcriptional activation. In addition, Glis2 represses the expression of the TCF target gene cyclin D1. Our results indicate that Glis2 interacts with β-catenin and suggest that Glis2 functions as a negative modulator of β-catenin/TCF-mediated transcription.
Psychrotrophic strain of Janthinobacterium lividum from a cold Alaskan soil produces prodigiosin.

We have explored the microbial community in a nonpermafrost, cold Alaskan soil using both culture-based and culture-independent approaches. In the present study, we cultured >1000 bacterial isolates from this soil and characterized the collection of isolates phylogenetically and functionally. A screen for antibiosis identified an atypical, red-pigmented strain of Janthinobacterium lividum (strain BR01) that produced prodigiosin when grown at cool temperatures as well as strains (e.g., strain BP01) that are more typical of J. lividium, which produce a purple pigment, violacein. Both purple- and red-pigmented strains exhibited high levels of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. The prodigiosin pathway cloned from J. lividium BR01 was expressed in the heterologous host, Escherichia coli, and the responsible gene cluster differs from that of a well-studied prodigiosin producer, Serratia sp. J. lividum BR01 is the first example of a prodigiosin-producer among the β-Proteobacteria. The results show that characte...
The Role of Alpha-Band Brain Oscillations as a Sensory Suppression Mechanism during Selective Attention

Evidence has amassed from both animal intracranial recordings and human electrophysiology that neural oscillatory mechanisms play a critical role in a number of cognitive functions such as learning, memory, feature binding and sensory gating. The wide availability of high-density electrical and magnetic recordings (64-256 channels) over the past two decades has allowed for renewed efforts in the characterization and localization of these rhythms. A variety of cognitive effects that are associated with specific brain oscillations have been reported, which range in spectral, temporal, and spatial characteristics depending on the context. Our laboratory has focused on investigating the role of alpha-band oscillatory activity (8-14 Hz) as a potential attentional suppression mechanism, and this particular oscillatory attention mechanism will be the focus of the current review. We discuss findings in the context of intersensory selective attention as well as intrasensory spatial and feature-based attention in the visual, auditory, and tactile domains. The weight of evidence suggests that alpha-band oscillations can be actively invoked within cortical regions across multiple sensory systems, particularly when these regions are involved in processing irrelevant or distracting information. That is, a central role for alpha seems to be as an attentional suppression mechanism when objects or features need to be specifically ignored or selected against.
Effects of acamprosate on ethanol-seeking and self-administration in the rat

Background: Acamprosate (calcium acetyl homotaurinate) has been used clinically to treat relapse in alcoholics. In rats, it has been shown to decrease ethanol, but not water, self-administration after ethanol deprivation. Methods: To further investigate the effect of acamprosate on reinforced behaviors in rats, the present experiment used: (1) both ethanol and sucrose reinforcer solutions to better assess the distinct effects of acamprosate on ethanol-directed behaviors, and (2) an operant model that procedurally separates the “cost” to begin drinking from consuming the reinforcer solutions to dissociate the effects of acamprosate on appetitive versus consummatory processes. In daily sessions (5 days/week), rats (n= 6/group) were trained to make 30 lever-press responses to gain access for 20 min to a sipper tube containing either ethanol (10%) or sucrose (3%). After stable responding, acamprosate treatment was given. Three doses were tested (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/injection, intraperitoneally), one dose per week. Each week, a total of four injections were given (21 and 2 hr before the operant sessions over 2 consecutive days). Results: At these doses, acamprosate had no effect on the measures of appetitive responding for either solution. However, all doses reliably decreased ethanol consumption on the 2nd day of treatment (from an average of 0.83 to 0.63 g/kg). Analysis of the pattern of ethanol consumption showed that the effects of acamprosate occurred after the onset of a normal pattern of intake, as measured by lick rate and size of the initial bout of drinking, which suggested that acamprosate is most effective when combined with the pharmacological effects of ethanol. Sucrose intake was unaffected by all acamprosate treatments, which indicated that the treatment effects were specific to ethanol and not due to a general decrease in consummatory behavior. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that acamprosate is effective at reducing total ethanol intake, but may not reliably alter subjects propensity to begin a drinking bout as measured by this model. However, whether this applies to the clinical use of acamprosate, where other types of reinforcement may also precipitate relapse drinking, is not certain.
Influence of Sterilized Human Fecal Extract on the Sensitivity of Salmonella enterica ATCC 13076 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313 to Enrofloxacin

There is much debate on whether continuous exposure of commensal bacteria and potential pathogens residing in the human intestinal tract to low levels of antimicrobial agents from treated food animals pose a public health concern. To investigate antimicrobial effects on bacteria under colonic conditions, we studied resistance development in Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes exposed to enrofloxacin in the presence of fecal extract. The bacteria were incubated at 37 °C in Mueller-Hinton broth, with and without 0.01~0.5 μg/mL enrofloxacin, in the presence and absence of sucrose, and with 1% or 2.5% filter-sterilized fecal extract, for three passages. In the second and third passages, only the bacteria incubated in the media containing sterilized fecal extract grew in 0.5 μg/mL of enrofloxacin. Fecal extract (1% and 2.5%) decreased the sensitivity of S. enterica to enrofloxacin in the medium containing the efflux pump inhibitors reserpine and carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and affected the accumulation of ethidium bromide (EtBr) in this bacterium. Enrofloxacin (0.06 µg/mL) and fecal extract altered the composition of fatty acids in S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. We conclude that fecal extract decreased the susceptibilities of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes to concentrations of enrofloxacin higher than the MIC and resulted in rapid resistance selection.
Theoretical Study of the Oxidation Catalyst N-Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI): Thermochemical Properties, Internal Rotor Potential, and Gas- and Liquid-Phase Bond Dissociation Energies

N-Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) has received significant attention in recent years as a catalyst of oxidation synthesis reactions. In this study, we use quantum chemical methods to calculate the molecular geometries, vibrational frequencies, and thermochemical properties of NHPI and the species corresponding to OH hydrogen loss in NHPI, the phthalimide N-oxyl radical (PINO). We also study an analogue of NHPI, N-hydroxymaleimide (NHMI), and we demonstrate that NHPI and NHMI have similar thermochemical properties. G3B3 and CBS-APNO calculations with bond-isodesmic work reactions provide O−H BDEs of 83.3 and 83.5 kcal mol-1 (348.5 and 349.4 kJ mol-1) for NHPI and NHMI, respectively, in the gas phase. Liquid-phase bond energy calculations are performed using the solvents benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, ethanol, DMSO, and acetonitrile with the PCM solvent model. From these liquid-phase G3B3 calculations, we calculate a NHPI O−H BDE of between 83.3 and 83.7 kcal mol-1 (348.5 and 350.2 kJ mol-1) in a variety...
Afferent properties and reflex functions of bronchopulmonary C-fibers

Bronchopulmonary C-fiber afferents are characterized by their distinct sensitivity to chemical stimuli in the airways or pulmonary circulation. Responses evoked by activating these afferents are mediated by both central reflex pathways and by local or axon reflexes involving the release of tachykinins from sensory endings. Bronchopulmonary C-fiber stimulation reflexly reduces tidal volume and increases respiratory rate, constricts the airways, increases mucus secretion in the airways, and is associated with coughing. Cardiovascular effects include bradycardia, a fall in cardiac output, and bronchial vasodilation that increases airway blood flow despite systemic hypotension. In animals, C-fiber stimulation inhibits skeletal muscle activity, and in humans, is accompanied by burning and choking sensations in the throat and upper chest. Recent studies have identified additional physiologic and pharmacologic stimuli to these afferents, such as hydrogen ions, adenosine, reactive oxygen species, and hyperosmotic solutions. Furthermore, increasing evidence indicates that the excitability of these afferents is enhanced by the local release of certain autocoids (e.g. PGE2) during airway inflammation. These findings further indicate that vagal C-fiber endings in the lungs and airways play an important role in regulating the cardiopulmonary functions under both normal and abnormal physiologic conditions.
Writing and feelings: Checking our vital signs

(1990). Writing and feelings: Checking our vital signs. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 290-308.
Low testosterone correlates with delayed development in male orangutans.

Male orangutans (Pongo spp.) display an unusual characteristic for mammals in that some adult males advance quickly to full secondary sexual development while others can remain in an adolescent-like form for a decade or more past the age of sexual maturity. Remarkably little is understood about how and why differences in developmental timing occur. While fully-developed males are known to produce higher androgen levels than arrested males, the longer-term role of steroid hormones in male life history variation has not been examined. We examined variation in testosterone and cortisol production among 18 fully-developed (“flanged”) male orangutans in U.S. captive facilities. Our study revealed that while testosterone levels did not vary significantly according to current age, housing condition, and species origin, males that had undergone precocious development had higher testosterone levels than males that had experienced developmental arrest. While androgen variation had previously been viewed as a state-dependent characteristic of male developmental status, our study reveals that differences in the physiology of early and late developing males are detectable long past the developmental transition and may instead be trait-level characteristics associated with a male’s life history strategy. Further studies are needed to determine how early in life differences in testosterone levels emerge and what consequences this variation may have for male behavioral strategies.
Parametric Excitation of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves propagating along a dc magnetic field are shown to excite parametrically decay, purely growing, modulational and beat wave instabilities. Particular attention is given to whistler parametric instabilities, including a discussion of their nonlinear development and saturation.
Experience facilitates olfactory quality discrimination.

Perceptual learning in olfactory quality discrimination was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, it was asked whether training participants to label target odorants would improve subsequent discrimination performance. Four groups participated. Prior to discrimination testing, one group was asked to provide a name for each of seven target odors and received training to ensure that reliable naming occurred (label training). A second group profiled the quality of the target odorants, using an odor-adjective attribute list (profile group). A third group was trained to label seven control odorants, and a fourth received no prior experience. Discrimination performance by each group ranked as follows: [label training on targets] > [profile experience on targets] > [label training on controls = no prediscrimination experience]. Experiment 2 was designed to relate the odor knowledge a participant brought into the experiment to performance on a discrimination task wherein an odorant (the target) was paired either with itself or with a mixture consisting of target odorant plus a familiar or an unfamiliar contaminant (target transform). Six different targets were selected for each participant, to represent three familiar and three unfamiliar odors. Familiar targets and familiar contaminants facilitated discrimination. Taken together, these two experiments demonstrate that olfactory quality discrimination can be improved through training, or via experience naturally accumulated over time.
The interaction between pulse shape and strain hardening in dynamic plastic response

Abstract The effect of pulse shape on the dynamic plastic response of a single-degree-of-freedom system with rigid-strain-hardening behavior is investigated. The duration of response and final displacement are found to depend exactly on three parameters defined in terms of simple integrals of the pulse shape and material constants. These three parameters, however, lack an obvious physical interpretation. Consequently, a second set of three parameters is proposed which approximately accounts for the effect of pulse shape on the determination of the response duration and final displacement. Two of these parameters are the amplitude and duration of an equivalent rectangular pulse which has the same area and centroid as the applied pulse. The third parameter represents the amount of strain hardening and is determined from the strain-hardening coefficient and a measure of the effective pulse length.
Bayesian nonparametric predictive modeling of group health claims

Abstract Models commonly employed to fit current claims data and predict future claims are often parametric and relatively inflexible. An incorrect model assumption can cause model misspecification which leads to reduced profits at best and dangerous, unanticipated risk exposure at worst. Even mixture models may not be sufficiently flexible to properly fit the data. Using a Bayesian nonparametric model instead can dramatically improve claim predictions and consequently risk management decisions in group health practices. The improvement is significant in both simulated and real data from a major health insurer’s medium-sized groups. The nonparametric method outperforms a similar Bayesian parametric model, especially when predicting future claims for new business (entire groups not in the previous year’s data). In our analysis, the nonparametric model outperforms the parametric model in predicting costs of both renewal and new business. This is particularly important as healthcare costs rise around the world.