cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food Purchase Decision-Making Typologies of Women with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.

Abstract Food selection is a key factor in the nutritional management of diabetes mellitus. Since up to 80% of food purchase decisions are made at the supermarket, the purpose of this study was to identify the criteria which influence point-of-purchase decision-making in women with NIDDM aged 40–60 years. A qualitative approach with individual interviews and in-store observations was used. Analysis of the interviews identified four decision-making typologies based on the extent nutrition, price and family needs were emphasized. The four typologies included (1) the Overloaded Shopper, (2) the Budget Shopper, (3) the Nutrition Savvy Shopper, and (4) the Out-of-Touch Shopper. Cluster analysis confirmed the typologies for 71% of the sample. Educators should classify shoppers according to a typology to determine their clients' personal needs and interests. Then, educators can tailor the educational or counseling message to meet those specific needs.
Waves in a viscous liquid curtain

The wave motion created by a small obstacle placed in a viscous liquid curtain which falls steadily between two vertical guide wires is studied experimentally. The disturbances introduced by the obstacle propagate in the curtain to form two distinctive stationary lines of constant phase; one corresponds to the sinuous mode and the other to the varicose mode. The observed wave motion compares very well with that predicted by the theory of Lin (1980). The observed angle between the tangent at any point on the line of constant phase and the vertical are used to infer the dynamic surface tension of a rapidly moving surface. A considerable difference between the dynamic surface tension and the usual static surface tension is found for a liquid solution. However, no measurable difference is found for a pure liquid at the flow rates used in our experiments.
Crystal and molecular structure of a novel coordinatively unsaturated rhodium(II) dimer

Abstract A novel, coordinatively unsaturated, phosphido-bridged Rh(II) dimer [(PMe1Bu2)ClRh(μ-PMe1Bu)]2 (1) has been characterized. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2 1 /c, a = 11.121(1), b = 14.887(1), c = 22.865(2) A , β = 94.87(1)° , V = 3771.8(5) A 3 , Z = 4, R(F) = 0.039 and R w (F 2 ) = 0.096 for 1>2σ(1) .
Generalized Scaling Laws for the Electroproduction of Hadrons

The light-cone structure suggested by the quark model is used to propose a generalized scaling law in electroproduction with detection of one final hadron. At fixed momentum transfer between initial and final hadrons, the cross section scales in two variables: the usual Bjorken variable and the fractional longitudinal momentum of the final hadron.
A Golgi-on-a-chip for glycan synthesis

One of the primary functions of the Golgi apparatus is the assembly of glycans on macromolecules destined for secretion or the plasma membrane. A recent study describes the first step toward an artificial Golgi, based on a microfluidic chip and magnetic nanoparticles.
Determination of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid and folic acid in citrus juices using stable isotope dilution-mass spectrometry.

A stable isotope liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for the quantitative determination of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHFA) and folic acid in a variety of commercial citrus juices. Folates were extracted from juices, and the polyglutamyl side chain of 5-MTHFA was cleaved to the monoglutamate form using rat plasma conjugase. The folates were purified on a Bond-Elut column and analyzed by LC-MS with electrospray ionization. The analytes were quantified using the 13C5 analogues of 5-MTHFA and folic acid as internal standards. The relative standard error of the method was 3.35% based on replicate analyses (n = 4). This method was then applied to the determination of 5-MTHFA and folic acid in a variety of citrus juices obtained from local supermarkets. It was observed that although both “store” brands and “national” brands of fresh (nonfrozen) juices contained similar concentrations of 5-MTHFA, the “store” brands of fresh juices had on average >5-fold the amount of folic ...
Form Factor of the Photopion Matrix Element at Resonance

The inelastic scattering of electrons in hydrogen leading to pion formation has been examined. Measurements were carried out in which a hydrogen target was bombarded by electrons of energy ${E}_{1}$ W h secondary electrons of energy ${E}_{2}$ being detected by a magnetic analyzer at a fixed angle of 75\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The ene ies ${E}_{1}$ and ${E}_{2}$ were programed together such that the pions were produced at a constant energy near the peak of the pion-nucleon resonance in the ($\frac{3}{2}, \frac{3}{2}$) state; at the same time the momentum transfer to the pion-nucleon system was varied. Special procedures were developed to eliminate contributions from competing processes. Approximately three fourths of the observed cross section corresponds to magnetic-dipole absorption of the incident virtual photon; the momentum transfer dependence can be interpreted in terms of a form factor of the difference between the magnetic moments of the neutron and proton. If the electron-scattering radii are assumed for the proton, then the data appear to require an rms radius of the magnetic moment of the neutron of about 1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm, based on an exponential model; nucleon recoil corrections are still somewhat uncertain.
Double plastic stents for distal malignant biliary obstruction: preliminary evidence for a novel cost-effective alternative to metal stenting.

Double Plastic Stents for Distal Malignant Biliary Obstruction: Preliminary Evidence for a Novel Cost-Effective Alternative to Metal Stenting
Factors influencing patient thermomgulation in flight

Introduction: Endogenous control of core temperature (CT) is taxed during serious illness or injury. Temperature extremes increase morbidity and mortality. This prospective study sought to identify risk factors associated with decreases in patient CT during rotor-wing (RW) transport. Setting: The study was conducted at a Midwestern, hospital-based RW flight program completing more than 1,200 missions annually. Two BK-117 helicopters staffed by flight nurse/flight physician and flight nurse/flight paramedic configurations were used. Methods: Rectal temperature probes were secured. Patient, cabin and ambient temperatures were recorded on liftoff (LO), at 15-minute intervals after LO, and on landing. Also recorded were Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS) when applicable, transport time, time subjects were uncovered, total intravenous (IV) fluid and blood infused, use of neuromuscular blockade (NMB), exposure to moisture, and any warming aids used during flight. Results: Of 75 patients, 66 had temperature changes (ΔT). Five (6.7%) had clinically significant (ΔT ≥0.5 °C) transport changes, the greatest ΔT = −1.2 °C. Fifteen (20%) were hypothermic (<35 °C) on LO. Nine of these had further −ΔT in flight, four with −ΔT ≥0.5 °C. No patient who was not initially hypothermic dropped below 35 °C. Spearman rank correlation indicated that initial hypothermia (p = 0.006), time uncovered (p = 0.02) and NMB (p = 0.05) were significantly correlated with −ΔT. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests revealed patients with temperatures ≤35 °C had significantly lower GCS (p = 0.006) and RTS (p = 0.04). Warming aids were not significantly correlated with +ΔT. Conclusions: Factors associated with −ΔT in flight include initial hypothermia, NMB and exposure. Clinically significant −ΔT in this setting are rare and are associated with initially hypothermic patients. Patients with accidental hypothermia tend to have lower GCSs and RTSs. Nonhypothermic patients do not develop hypothermia during RW transport of relatively short duration when standard measures to prevent heat loss are employed.
Importance of organic and inorganic sulfur to mineralization processes in a forest soil

Abstract Sulfur mineralization rates, changes in organic and inorganic S constituents and arylsulfatase activity were determined in four soil horizons (O2, B21h, B22hir and B23) which represent the major portion of a forest Spodosol (Becket). Biweekly, for 20 weeks, soil subsamples were leached with deionized water and analyzed for S constituents. Rates of water-soluble sulfate release were 123, 39, 34 and 18 nmol S g−1 dry mass week−1 for O2, B22hir, B23 and B21h horizons, respectively. Only in the organic O2 horizon did non-sulfate inorganic S (Zn-HCl-S) increase (15 nmol S g−1) while phosphate extractable S decreased in all the mineral horizons (13, 19 and 28 nmol S g−1 week−1, B21h, B22hir and B23, respectively) due to desorption. Ester sulfate was mineralized in the B22hir and B23 horizons (−66 and −22 nmol S g−1 week−1) and increased in the O2 (174 nmol S g−1 week−1). Arylsulfatase activity varied among horizons and decreased with time. Carbon-bonded S decreased in all horizons, especially those with high respiration rates (i.e. O2 and B21h), but changes were not significant. Only the B22hir horizon exhibited a significant loss of total S (128 nmol S g−1 week−1). The interrelationships among inorganic and organic S dynamics were outlined.
Radiative lifetime, electronic quenching and spin-orbit state relaxation rate constants for SO(A 3Π0, 1, 2, v′=0)

Abstract A microwave discharge in a SOCl 2 /Ar mixture has been developed as a source for kinetic studies of the SO(A 3 Π 0,1,2 ) states in a flow reactor using the laser-induced fluorescence method. The radiative lifetime of SO (A 3 Π 0,1,2 , v ′ = 0 ) for a 300 K Boltzmann distribution of rotational and spin-orbit states was found to be 35±3 μs. Quenching rate constants at 300 K were measured for He, Ar and 11 molecular reagents. The spin-orbit relaxation rate constant for the 3 Π 2 , v ′ = 0 and 3 Π 1 , v ′ = 0 states in Ar are in the (1–3)×10 −11 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 range.
Taking Care of Hope

Why do we do what we do? For me, this question runs neck-and-neck in terms of importance with the more common question that ethics asks, namely, what should we do? My rationale is pragmatic with an...
Interactions of retinal cells in visual adaptation

Abstract Visual adaptation, neural interactions and the state of bleaching of the visual pigments in receptor cells are examined. Suggestions are made as to how retinal cells may interact, and the kinds of control which may operate.
Does sexual coercion play a role in the high-risk sexual behavior of adolescent and young adult women?

Sexual coercion and its relationship to high-risk sexual behavior were examined in five samples of young women. Sample 1 (N=22) consisted of sexually active adolescents aged 15 to 19. Samples 2 (N=206) and 3 (N=70) were recruited from among patients at three sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sample 4 (N=51) consisted of young homeless women living on the street in a large city. Sample 5 (N=51) was recruited from among young women on a college campus. Across all samples, 44.4% of women indicated that they had been forced into some form of sexual activity against their will. Self-reports of sexually coercive experiences were consistently related to risky sexual behavior. It appears that many young women are coerced into engaging in high-risk sexual behavior. This implies the need for greater attention to male coercive sexual behavior and women's skills for coping with such behavior.
Development of a minimal operating system for the ALTAIR 8800 microcomputer

ATMOS is a minimal operating system for the ALTAIR 8800 microcomputer. The program is being written to provide the Computer Science and Statistics Department of the University of Southern Mississippi with a minimal operating system which will be used in the development of ALTAIR 8800 software.The program when completed will permit an ALTAIR user to interact with the University of Southern Mississippi's Xerox SIGMA 9 computer, will provide the user with the capability to dynamically debug ALTAIR software, and will permit the user to use the SIGMA 9 system as a file storage device.
Livers from copper-deficient rats have lower glutathione peroxidase activity and mRNA levels but normal liver selenium levels

Abstract Activity of the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is lower in liver and plasma of copper (Cu)-deficient rats and mice. The cause is not known, but altered selenium (Se) levels may be a factor. The purpose of the current experiments was to determine the temporal relationship in liver GPX activity during Cu deficiency in growing male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, and to measure liver GPX mRNA and Se levels. Rats were fed a Cu-deficient (0.5–0.6 mg Cu/kg), Se-adequate (0.16 mg Se/kg) diet. Control rats received Cu in the drinking water (20 μg/mL). In experiment one, rat dams were divided into the two dietary treatments at parturition. Offspring were weaned to the treatment of their dams. In experiment two, treatment began with weanling rats. Specific cuproenzyme activities were markedly reduced in unsupplemented male and female rats in both experiments. In the postweanling model, growth was not impaired and mild anemia was evident only in Cu-deficient males. Livers of 60-day-old Cu-deficient rats from both experiments had 10-fold lower Cu levels, significantly reduced GPX activity, but unchanged Se levels. The steady-state liver GPX mRNA level was lower in Cu-deficient male rats in both experiments and in Cu-deficient female rats in experiment one, and highly correlated with enzyme activity. The corresponding levels of total mRNA were not influenced by Cu status nor sex. Female rats have higher liver Se, GPX activity, and GPX mRNA than male rats. The explanation for lower liver GPX activity in Cu-deficient rats appears unrelated to total liver Se or modulation of enzyme activity.
Avian consumption of blank pesticide granules applied at planting to Iowa cornfields

Consumption of pesticide granules by free-ranging birds was quantified by applying blank (untreated silica granules to Iowa cornfields at rates varying from 3.9 to 17.3 kg/ha and examining the gizzards of birds collected from these fields for the presence of granules. One or more granules were found in the gizzards of 39% of 256 birds collected. Counts of gizzard granules averaged 0.6 to 0.9 for the three avian groups collected (horned larks, blackbirds, and sparrows). More than 95% of the specimens contained ≤3 granules; the maximum count was 6. On the basis of granule voiding experiments, we estimate that gizzard examinations detected 24% of the granules consumed per day. Median daily consumption for birds in general was estimated to be 2.4 granules, with 95% of individuals estimated to consume ≤18 granules. For the species with the highest consumption rate, the savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), median consumption was 11 granules per day, with 95% of individuals estimated to consume ≤23 granules per day. Granule availability on the soil surface was highly correlated with the application rate. Counts within the application band immediately after application averaged 15 granules/ft2 for every 1 kg/ha applied, or about 6% of the granules applied. Our results suggest that when granular pesticides are applied to cropland, many birds may ingest granules, but the numbers ingested will generally be low.
The Relationship Between Spanish Use in the Classroom and the Mathematics Achievement of Spanish-Speaking Kindergartners

The number of children beginning public school in the United States who speak Spanish as their native language—Spanish-speaking kindergartners (SSK)—continues to increase. It is important that the teacher workforce acquire the characteristics and the instructional and curricular tools necessary to provide these children with meaningful early educational experiences so they can succeed academically. This article focuses on a recent study that used data from a nationally representative sample to find that teachers' use of Spanish in the classroom has a small effect on the mathematics achievement of SSK, such that Spanish use was associated with higher scores. Two hypotheses are offered to explain why the prevalence and size of this effect was found to vary by the following sociodemographic conditions (i.e., levels of human capital in the home): socioeconomic status, parent education, and student level of English proficiency. Limitations to this study and implications for future research are discussed.
Measure of Dirichlet type on regular polygons and their moments

Abstract The (k − 1)-dimensional simplex is projected onto the convex hull of the kth roots of unity in C , and a dihedral-group-invariant Dirichlet-type measure is thereby constructed. The integrals of monomials z m z n are obtained as single sums. A certain radial measure on the disc is obtained as a weak-∗limit.
First-principles calculations of the self-trapped exciton in crystalline NaCl

The atomic and electronic structure of the lowest triplet state of the off-center ${(C}_{2v}$ symmetry) self-trapped exciton in crystalline NaCl is calculated using the local-spin-density (LSDA) approximation. In addition, the Franck-Condon broadening of the luminescence peak and the ${a}_{1g}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{b}_{3u}$ absorption peak are calculated and compared to experiment. LSDA accurately predicts transition energies if the initial and final states are both localized or delocalized, but 1 eV discrepancies with experiment occur if one state is localized and the other is delocalized.
Development of a dual-frequency microwave burn-rate measurement system for solid rocket propellant

A DUAL-FREQUENCY microwave burn-rate measurement system for solid rocket motors has been developed. The system operates in the X-band (8.2-12.4 GHz) and uses two independent frequencies operating simultaneously to measure the instantaneous burn rate in a solid rocket motor. Computer simulation and limited laboratory testing of the system were performed to determine its ability to limit errors caused by secondary reflections and by uncertainties in material properties, particularly the microwave wavelength in the propellant. Simulations showed that the frequency ratio and the initial motor geometry determined the effectiveness of the system in reducing secondary reflections. Overall, the simulations showed that a dual frequency system can provide up to a 75% reduction in burn-rate error over that returned by a single-frequency system. The hardware and software for dual-frequency measurements was developed and tested; however, further instrumentation work is required to increase the data acquisition rate so its full potential can be realized.
From tribe to nation

Despite the extensive effort that generations of chroniclers and analysts have devoted to the history of Europe and its peoples, assigning dates to the acquisition of national consciousness by any of Europe’s roughly fifty national groups remains a most contentious undertaking. Disagreement is very conspicuous in the writings of some of the last generation’s distinguished historians. To the French medieval authority, Marc Bloch, for example, ‘the texts make it plain that so far as France and Germany were concerned this national consciousness was already highly developed about the year 1100’; Bloch felt the same could be said of the English. ’ Others placed the rise of national consciousness among the major peoples of Western Europe at only a slightly later date. The Dutch scholar, Johan Huizinga, perceived national consciousness evolving throughout the Middle Ages, and considered French and English nationalism to be ‘in full flower’ by the 14th century.2 The British historian, George Coulton, agreed; basing his analysis on the foreign alignments of the Italian states, France, England, Scotland, Germany, Hungary, Flanders, and Spain during the late 13OOs, he concluded that ‘by this time, the nationalism towards which Europe had been evolving for three centuries past was accepted not only as a social fact but as a fundamental factor in European politics.‘3 Another British scholar, Sydney Herbert, concurred that ‘the idea of nationality (began to) appear in real force [as] medieval society was dying’; he asserted that the Scottish 13th century ‘fierce resistance to an English overlord, provides one of the first examples of nationalism in action’, and he added that ‘if the Hundred Years War (1337-1453) between France and England is as far as possible from being a national war in its origins, yet toward its close genuine nationality appears, splendid and triumphant, with Jeanne d’Arc’.4 In an article dedicated to the early stirring of national consciousness among the English, the American scholar, Barnaby Keeney, concluded:
Artificial tracers for geothermal reservoir studies

Safe disposal of thermally spent geothermal brines that contain environmentally hazardous constituents is commonly obtained by reinjection. The reinjection process also serves to maintain reservoir pressure, enhance thermal recovery, and eliminate possible compactional subsidence. To avoid premature thermal breakthrough of reinjected fluids, tracer tests are employed for detection and evaluation of preferential path networks. In this paper some promising tracers that have not received much attention in geothermal reservoir studies are discussed, and a comprehensive tabulation of field sites of artificial tracer utilization is presented. Chemical and transport processes responsible for tracer retention by the formation of reservoir solids, as well as available tracer detection techniques, are emphasized.
Editorial: Year 1993 in Review: Part II

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: Year 1993 in Review: Part II” for OE Vol. 33 Issue 03
TAPS project 34: Out-of-hours referrals, before and after psychiatric admission bed changes

Reorganisation of the acute psychiatric services in Bloomsbury and Islington has seen a reduction in the number of admission and rehabilitation beds available. This has been followed by an increase in the number of emergency referrals for admission during 'out-of-hours' periods, and greater difficulty finding beds for those considered to need admission. The loss of rehabilitation beds on what often double up as 'overflow' wards has had as great an effect on the service as had the reduction in admission beds. The need for concomitant development of increased facilities in the community is discussed.
Mechanisms of polarization and fouling of ultrafiltration membranes by proteins

Unstirred, constant-pressure, batch-cell ultrafiltration of dilute (0-6 g/l) aqueous bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions through high permeability, asymmetric ultrafiltration membranes yields the classical linear dependence of permeate volume with (time)1/2, as predicted by osmotic (Vilker and Colton) and “gel-polarization” (Trettin and Doshi) models of the solute polarization process. However, step-changes in pressure during ultrafiltration reveal a linear dependence of flux on pressure, which is inconsistent with either of these models. A simple particle filtration model, based on the build-up of a BSA filter cake of constant hydraulic permeability, adequately correlates the observed results Of particular importance is the surprising observation that, following interruption of flow for extended time-periods (up to 16 hr), there is relatively little rebound of flux on repressurization, indicating only slight diffusional relaxation of the polarization layer. This implicates the existence of strong intermolecular attractive interactions within the BSA gel. Stirring of the solution overlying the polarized membrane (under zero-permeation conditions) is accompanied by a rapid removal of the BSA gel-layer (as evidenced by a rapid increase in pure-solvent permeability of the membrane with agitation time). For hydrophobic membranes which display strong adsorptivity of BSA from solution (e.g., polysulfone), the rate of BSA-layer removal by agitation is much slower than that observed with non BSA-sorbing, hydrophilic membranes (regenerated cellulose). This finding indicates that molecular interactions between BSA and the membrane surface are of central importance to membrane-fouling by this (and undoubtedly other) macrosolutes, and suggests that surface treatments to minimize solute adsorption should be highly beneficial to the reduction of fouling during ultrafiltration.
A cryogenic insulating suspension system for the high-resolution airbourne wideband camera (HAWC) and submillimeter and the far-infrared experiment (SAFIRE) adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADRs)

The High Resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC) and the Submillimeter And Far Infrared Experiment (SAFIRE) will use identical Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators (ADR) to cool their detectors to 200mK and 100mK, respectively. In order to minimize thermal loads on the salt pill, a Kevlar® suspension system is used to hold it in place. An innovative, kinematic suspension system is presented. The suspension system is unique in that it consists of two parts that can be assembled and tensioned offline, and later bolted onto the salt pill.
Distinguishing salt welds from shale detachments on the inner Texas shelf, western Gulf of Mexico

Detachment surfaces have important implications for structural restoration, burial-history and thermal modeling, hydrocarbon migration, and diagenesis. We present criteria to distinguish salt welds from shale detachments based on geophysical data from the inner Texas shelf. Here, the Paleogene detachment has been variously interpreted as salt or shale by different people. A newly reprocessed 8200 km2 (3200 mi2) 3D seismic volume provides excellent imaging of this detachment, which separates growth-faulted Oligocene–Miocene strata from the underlying, gently folded Cretaceous–Eocene section. Key criteria to evaluate detachment origins include seismic amplitude response, geometry, and relationship to supradetachment and subdetachment reflections. We argue that the detachment is a salt weld because (a) it is imaged as a high-amplitude, discrete reflection; (b) it has a ramp-flat geometry, cutting across underlying reflections; (c) it locally forms bowl-shaped depotroughs interpreted as former diapiric salt feeders; (d) it is overlain by seismically incoherent pods having high-amplitude tops and bases interpreted as remnant salt; and (e) in the depotroughs associated with former diapiric salt feeders the detachment has hints of upturned strata just beneath (possible halokinetic sequences). The inferred weld represents the evacuated remains of a patchy salt canopy emplaced across the study area during the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene. Preliminary examination beyond our study area suggests that this discontinuous canopy may have extended across most of the modern Texas shelf. Most of the salt was expelled from the canopy by loading from prograding Oligo–Miocene deltaic deposits.
Single-Dose Etomidate for Intubation in the Trauma Patient

Abstract Background Concerns over adrenal suppression caused by a single dose of etomidate for intubation led to limiting its use in trauma patients in 2006. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare mortality, hypotension, and intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay (LOS) for trauma patients requiring intubation during periods of liberal vs. limited etomidate use. Methods A retrospective review of trauma patients requiring emergent intubation who presented between August 2004 and December 2008, before and after we decided to limit the use of etomidate. Data were collected on patient demographics, induction agents used, episodes of hypotension in the first 24h, ICU and total hospital LOS, and survival. Results Of 1325 trauma patients intubated in the Emergency Department during the study period, 443 occurred during the 23 months before July 2006 (liberal etomidate use) and 882 in the 30 months after July 2006 (limited etomidate use). During the liberal use period, 258/443 (58%) were intubated using etomidate, compared to 205/882 (23%, p p =0.70), mean ICU days (8.2 vs. 8.8, p =0.356), or mean hospital LOS (13.8 vs. 14.4 days, p =0.55). Episodes of hypotension were more common in the limited etomidate use group (45% vs. 33%, p Conclusions A significant reduction in the use of etomidate in trauma patients was not associated with differences in mortality, ICU days, or hospital LOS, but was associated with an increase in episodes of hypotension within 24h of presentation.
Calcium metabolism in response to heparin administration

Heparin was administered to kittens, to intact cats, and to cats whose thyroids, or parathyroids, or both thyroids and parathyroids had been removed. Over 2 or more months, the serum calcium levels rose in all animals. This result, occurring both in the animals lacking thyroids and parathyroids and in those still having them, suggests that the calcium mobilizing effect of heparin was a direct one.
Simple rapid methods for freezing hybridomas in 96-well microculture plates

Macroscopic hybridoma colonies were frozen and recovered in a good state of viability in 96-well microculture plates using 2 freezing procedures. These methods offer convenient and rapid means of preserving hybridomas and will permit laboratories developing monoclonal antibodies to distribute workloads to more manageable levels without discarding possibly valuable hybridomas.
Where Are We 10 Years After the Women's Health Initiative?

The media attention surrounding the publication of the initial results of WHI in 2002 led to fear and confusion regarding the use of hormonal therapy (HT) after menopause. This led to a dramatic reduction in prescriptions for HT in the United States and around the world. Although in 2002 it was stated that the results pertained to all women receiving HT, subsequent studies from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and others clearly showed that younger women and those close to menopause had a very beneficial risk-to-benefit ratio. Indeed, the results showed similar protective effects for coronary disease and a reduction in mortality that had been shown in earlier observational studies, which had also focused on younger symptomatic women. In younger women, the increased number of cases of venous thrombosis and ischemic stroke was low, rendering them "rare" events using World Health Organization nomenclature. Breast cancer rates were also low and were found to be decreased with estrogen alone. In women receiving estrogen and progestogen for the first time in the WHI, breast cancer rates did not increase significantly for 7 years. Other data suggest that other regimens and the use of other progestogens may also be safer. It has been argued that in the 10 years since WHI, many women have been denied HT, including those with severe symptoms, and that this has significantly disadvantaged a generation of women. Some reports have also suggested an increased rate of osteoporotic fractures since the WHI. Therefore, the question is posed as to whether we have now come full circle in our understanding of the use of HT in younger women. Although it is appropriate to treat women with symptoms at the onset of menopause, because there is no proven therapy for primary prevention, in some women the use of HT for this role may at least be entertained.
Collapse Limit State Fragilities of Wood-Framed Residences from Storm Surge and Waves during Hurricane Ike

AbstractPosthurricane Ike surveys for almost 2,000 individual wood-framed houses were combined with high resolution numerical hindcasts to investigate the collapse limit state arising from overland waves and surge. For this storm, freeboard above wave crests, wave height, current velocity, and construction date were found to be the most important factors determining survival. Regressions show considerable skill in predicting collapse fragilities and will prove useful in assessing vulnerability. The relatively small range of wind speeds available in the data set did not allow accurate assessments of wind effects on collapse. Several ASCE and FEMA force estimates showed relatively low skill in modeling fragility, in large part because their breaking wave assumption was not accurate over much of the range. However, the use of best-estimate wave heights in force modeling greatly improved accuracy of fragility estimates. Despite the positive results of this study, numerous questions remain. It proved impossibl...
The Importance of Climate Variability to Wind-Driven Modulation of Hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Extensive hypoxia remains a problem in Chesapeake Bay, despite some reductions in estimated nutrient inputs. An analysis of a 58-yr time series of summer hypoxia reveals that a significant fraction of the interannual variability observed in Chesapeake Bay is correlated to changes in summertime wind direction that are the result of large-scale climate variability. Beginning around 1980, the surface pressure associated with the summer Bermuda high has weakened, favoring winds from a more westerly direction, the direction most correlated with observed hypoxia. Regression analysis suggests that the long-term increase in hypoxic volume observed in this dataset is only accounted for when both changes in wind direction and nitrogen loading are considered.
The relationship between lexical variation and lexical change

Much has been written about the relationship between the usage of particular social groups and language change. This article reports on a longitudinal study of lexical variables that analyzed comparable data from the 1930s and 1990. Nearly 1,000 words were tested to determine differences in usage related to age, sex, race, education, region, and rurality. Another set of tests compared the terms used at each point in time. Yielding a list of words that exhibited both change and a pattern of social or regional variation, the results indicated that males, whites, older speakers, and speakers from rural areas use more older terms. The most educated speakers use more newer terms. These findings were reinforced by an analysis of “No Response” answers, especially on questions about obsolete or agricultural referents, which were more common among females, blacks, and urban dwellers. Most of the linguistic change was not accompanied by significant social variation.
The impact of a recovery-based program on veterans with long inpatient psychiatric stays.

The study's purpose was to report outcomes for 47 veterans who participated in a recovery-based psychiatric rehabilitation program. On the whole, these veterans had a history of long continuous hospital stays, ranging from 6 months to less than 45 years. The discharged veterans (15, 32%) experienced statistically greater community tenure (paired t (28) = −4.158, p < 0.0001, two-tailed) and decrease in number of admissions (pre M = 2.7; post M = 1.9) after participation. While community tenure and number of admissions remained the same for non-discharged veterans, increased positive staff-veteran interactions were reported by staff.
DISSOLUTION OF ORNL HLW SLUDGE AND PARTITIONING OF THE ACTINIDES USING THE TRUEX PROCESS

ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted to evaluate acid dissolution of actual high-level radioactive waste sludge and to evaluate the transuranium extraction (TRUEX) process for partitioning actinides from the dissolved sludge solution. All tests were performed at a temperature of 24°C. Samples of sludge from Melton Valley Storage Tank W-25 were rinsed with mild caustic (0.2 M NaOH) to reduce the concentrations of nitrates and fission products associated with the interstitial liquid. In one campaign, the rinsed sludge was leached in nitric acid and about 50% of the dry mass of the sludge was dissolved. The resulting solution contained total metal concentrations of ∼1.8 M with a nitric acid concentration of 2.9 M. The solution began gelling immediately, and a visible gel layer was observed after 8 days. In the other campaign, the sludge was neutralized with nitric acid to destroy the carbonates and was subsequently leached with 2.6 M NaOH for ∼6 h before rinsing with the mild caustic. The sludge was then leac...
Optical probes for continuous Fabry-Perot velocimetry inside materials

We have used velocimetry for many years at LLNL to measure velocity-time histories of surfaces in dynamic experiments. We have developed and now use special instrumentation to make continuous shock-velocity measurements inside of materials. The goal is to extend the field of velocimetry into a new field of application in shock physics. At the last Congress we reported the successful use of our new filter system for selectively eliminating most of the non-Doppler-shifted light. We showed one record of a fiber embedded inside an explosive making a continuous detonation velocity-time history. At that time it was difficult to obtain complete records. We have now carried out over 50 inexpensive experiments usually using small cylinders or rectangular blocks of explosives or metals. Most were started by detonating a 25 mm diam. by 25 mm long cylinder of Comp B explosive to drive a shock into an adjacent material of similar dimensions, using our embedded fiber probes. In contrast to surface velocimetry, embedded measurements involve detailed hydrodynamic considerations in order to result in a successful record. Calculations have guided us in understanding of various failed and successful experiments. The homogeneity of the explosive, poor contact, the materials used in the cladding and core of the fiber optic probes, and the shock speeds to be covered all greatly affect the success of an experiment. For example, a poor contact between the optical fiber and its environment causes severe loss of data. Non-symmetric air gaps on one side of the fiber cause 3 dimensional hydrodynamic effects, which cause the shock wave in the fiber core to be too steeply angled to reflect light. We have recently developed and successfully used a special probe to usually overcome this limitation. We have custom designed several unique types of fiber-optic probes for specialty applications, using both solid and liquid core materials, to extend the usable shock-velocity range.
Melanoma and lifetime UV radiation.

ObjectiveBecause most risk factors for melanoma are immutable constitutional factors such as skin type, it is important to more fully understand the relationship between melanoma risk and sun exposure, one of the few modifiable risk factors for the disease. The goal of this case–control study was to quantify the risks of melanoma associated with UV exposure at different periods of life. Methods: Cases were 386 patients between the ages of 35 and 74 who were diagnosed with primary cutaneous melanoma within the Seattle–Puget Sound area during 1997. Controls were 727 participants of the same age and geographic area, selected by random-digit dialing. A telephone interview included a complete residential history, lifetime sun exposure history (days in the summer sun for at least 4h at each place of residence), and personal characteristics. UV exposure was calculated based on satellite data on potential erythemal exposure at each place of residence, years at each location and time spent in the sun at each location. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95 confidence intervals (CI) reflecting the risk of melanoma associated with UV exposure, after adjustment for age, sex, income, tendency to burn and sunburns during ages 2–10. Results: Among women, lifetime UV exposure was associated with melanoma risk (adjusted OR=1.99 for highest versus lowest quartile, 95 CI: 0.95–3.03, p for trend=0.008). There were significant trends for UV exposure during ages 1–10, 11–20 and 31–40 (all p<0.02). Among men, there were no significant associations at any time period, but lifetime UV exposure was associated with higher risk for men who had a tendency toward severe or painful sunburns (OR= 2.85 for highest versus lowest quartile, 95 CI: 0.84–9.64, p for trend=0.04). Conclusion: The differing results by sex are not easily interpretable, though it may be useful to target those with a higher sensitivity to the sun when formulating messages for prevention of melanoma by lowering exposure to UV.
Model integrated computing: foundations and applications

Summary form only given. The goal of this article is to describe our approach to model-based design, which is based on an integrated framework called model-integrated computing (MIC). MIC includes theoretical foundations for specifying the syntax and semantics of domain-specific modeling languages (DSML), and provides a meta-programmable tool suite for modeling, model transformation, code generation and tool integration. The approaches and tools discussed are used in a wide range projects focusing on different categories of computer-based systems.
Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome: Long-Term Results of Vascular Reconstruction

Purpose To evaluate long-term patency rates and related outcomes after vascular reconstruction of hypothenar hammer syndrome and identify patient- or treatment-related factors that may contribute to differences in outcome. Methods We used color flow ultrasound to determine the patency of 18 vein graft reconstructions of the ulnar artery at the wrist in 16 patients. Validated questionnaires evaluated patients' functional disability with the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score, pain with the visual analog scale, and cold intolerance with the Cold Intolerance Symptom Severity survey. Patient demographics, clinical data, and surgical factors were analyzed for association with graft failure. Patients were asked to grade the result of treatment on a scale of 0 to 10. Results Of 18 grafts, 14 (78%) were occluded at a mean of 118 months postoperatively. Patients with patent grafts had significantly less disability related to cold intolerance according to the Cold Intolerance Symptom Severity survey in addition to significantly less pain on the visual analog scale. There was no statistical difference in Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores between patients with patent or occluded grafts. Patients graded the result significantly higher in patent reconstructions. Conclusions We noted a higher incidence of graft occlusion than previously reported at a mean follow-up of 9.8 years, which represents a long-duration follow-up study of surgical treatment of hypothenar hammer syndrome. Despite a high percentage of occlusion, overall, patients remained satisfied with low functional disability and all would recommend surgical reconstruction. This study suggests that improved outcomes may result from patent grafts in the long term. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Error analysis of combined optical-flow and stereo passive ranging

Optical-flow ranging in which the stream of two-dimensional images obtained from a forward-looking forward-moving passive sensor is used to compute range to points in the field of view, and triangulation based on stereo images obtained from at least two stationary sensors are combined. The potential accuracies of the combined optical flow and stereo passive-ranging system are analyzed in the context of helicopter nap-of-the-earth obstacle avoidance. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is developed for the combined system under the assumption of a random angular misalignment common to both cameras of a stereo pair. It is shown that the range accuracy degradations caused by misalignment are negligible compared to those for a monocular optical-flow system. >
A Replication Overlay Assisted Resource Discovery Service for Federated Systems

Federated systems have recently attracted much attention because they allow loosely coupled organizations to share resources for common benefits. However, discovering resources across administrative boundaries is challenging. Despite their willingness to share resources, many organizations prefer not to export their internal resource description to unfamiliar parties. While it is highly desirable to facilitate such voluntary sharing, the system also needs to resolve resource queries in an efficient manner. Unfortunately, none of the existing resource discovery designs, either hierarchical or DHT-based, can address these two challenges in the same time.In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of ROADS, a Replication Overlay Assisted resource Discovery Service for federated systems. In ROADS, the resource owners only export summaries, which are condensed representations of their resource records. These summaries are aggregated along a hierarchy and used to direct queries to appropriate resource owners. To improve its efficiency and resiliency, ROADS replicates the summaries using server overlays that enable "shortcuts'' in query forwarding. We have implemented ROADS and evaluated its performance through extensive analysis and experiments. The results show that ROADS outperforms a DHT-based design with 1-2 orders of magnitude less overhead in update messages and 50% less query forwarding time.
Effects of temperature on dislocation pinning in electron irradiated copper

Abstract A study has been made of the effect of temperature on the number of dislocation pinners produced in copper by electron irradiation. The electron doses were kept low so that very small numbers of point defects were produced. Two irradiation techniques were employed. One (the “direct” procedure) simply involved irradiation at 77, 125 or 150°K. In the other (the “alternate” procedure), the sample was alternately irradiated at 77°K and annealed at either 125 or 150°K. In both procedures, modulus and internal friction measurements were made at 4.2 and/or 77°K. If the alternate procedure is employed, measurements at 77°K show that the number of pinners is less following an anneal than it was immediately after the 77°K irradiation. On the other hand, measurements at 4.2°K show that a net increase in pinner density occurred during this same anneal. It is suggested that these results are evidence that different portions of the dislocation population are being used at 77 and 4.2°K to monitor the pinner density and that the behavior of point defects on these dislocation groups is different. An enhancement of pinning at 77°K is observed after an anneal or irradiation at 125 or 150°K. These enhancement effects are observed only in samples exhibiting a well-defined relaxation peak at 80°K (frequency ~300 c/s) and can be observed at measuring temperatures between 40 and 150°K. This is the temperature range over which the relaxation peak occurs. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which enhanced pinning occurs because of a distribution of Stage I interstitials on dislocations. Enhancement of modulus Stage III (200–250°K) is observed following irradiation at 150°K over that after irradiation at 77°K. This result is discussed in terms of the possible conversion of Stage I to Stage III type interstitials.
Motor persistence and inhibition in autism and ADHD.

The present study compared performance of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and high functioning autism (HFA) with that of controls on 4 tasks assessing 2 components of motor control: motor response inhibition and motor persistence. A total of 136 children (52 ADHD, 24 HFA, 60 controls) ages 7 to 13 years completed 2 measures of motor inhibition (Conflicting Motor Response and Contralateral Motor Response Tasks) and 2 measures of motor persistence (Lateral Gaze Fixation and NEPSY Statue). After controlling for age, IQ, gender, and basic motor speed, children with ADHD performed significantly more poorly than controls on the Conflicting Motor Response and Contralateral Motor Response Tasks, as well as on Statue. In contrast, children with HFA achieved lower scores than controls only on measures of motor persistence, with no concomitant impairment on either motor inhibition task. These results are consistent with prior research that has demonstrated relatively spared motor inhibition in autism. The findings highlight the utility of brief assessments of motor control in delineating the unique neurobehavioral phenotypes of ADHD and HFA. (JINS, 2006, 12, 622–631.)