cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The revised Anxious Thoughts and Tendencies (AT&T) scale: a general measure of anxiety-prone cognitive style.

Background. The ATT and normative data were not available. Method. In this research, the items were simplified and clarified. A community sample of northern New Mexico Hispanics and geographically matched non-Hispanic whites was identified from an earlier epidemiological study. The sample included 151 Anglos and 168 Hispanics; 98 respondents aged 18–34, 75 aged 35–49, 69 aged 50–64, and 77 aged 65 or more; and 111 men and 208 women. Results. Factor analysis produced one major factor with high loadings from the 15 negatively worded items, that accounted for about 41% of the total variation in the 15 items. The mean major factor score for Anglos was 1.65 with a standard deviation of 0.48, and for Hispanics was 1.76±0.52, F=4.17, df=1/311, P<0.05, and effect size d=0.22. There were no significant age or gender effects. Item analysis of the major factor produced item/total correlations from 0.49 to 0.68 and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.91. In a separate clinical sample of 30 patients with panic disorder, the test–retest correlation of the major factor at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment was 0.75. In the community sample, the correlations of the major factor with anxiety-related clusters of the SCL-90 were: Somatization, 0.36; Anxiety, 0.53; and Phobia, 0.44. Conclusions and Recommendations. We recommend that the AT&T be reduced to the 15 items of its major factor, and we supply quantiles and moments based on the full community sample of 319 as a standard of comparison. Further research with the AT&T in clinical samples of patients with anxiety disorders is ongoing.
Observability and Identifiability Problems in Perspective Systems: A New Approach to Computer Vision

Abstract Motivated from problems in computer vision, in this paper we introduce a new class of prob-lems in system theory, which we shall call - Perspective Problems in System Theory. The wordperspective is derived from vision problems wherein feature points on an object are assumed to beprojected perspectively on a screen during the process of imaging. Consequently, the basic prob-lem of perspective system theory that we consider in this paper is to observe the initial condition or to identify the parameters of a dynamical system with the aid of a perspective observation function. Based on this concept, we present a new approach for solving the problem from pointand line correspondence. 1 INTRODUCTION The role of perspective observation has been widely recognized in the field of computer vision. One considers a rigid body which is rotating and translating with unknown but constant velocities. The moving object in turn produces a time varying image on a screen through a system of lenses, possiblya camera. The vision problem considered in this paper is to identify the motion parameters, i.e. thevelocities, the initial conditions etc from the moving image.
Dress Style Variation Related To Perceived Economic Risk

What kinds of clothing styles do people see as having greater or lesser economic risk? What are the dimensions of this risk? Female university students responded to drawings of three dress styles (shirtwaist, chemise, softly fitted), each shown in four variations, by using selected polar adjectives describing economic risk, other types of perceived risk, and certain characteristics of the dresses. Data were examined by analysis of variance, graphing, and correlation. The three economic word pairs differentiated among styles and variations. Inexpensive-costly seemed to measure primarily money risk. Luxury-necessity was associated with performance and overall risk. Rich–poor functioned least well of the eco nomic word pairs. Of the three styles, the shirtwaist was seen as lowest in economic risk; variations having larger amounts of fabric were seen as higher in economic risk, but this risk was related to general impressions of formality and drama, rather than directly to amount of fabric. Economic risk did not seem to be related to texture of fabric.
Inhibition of cell division and cell elongation in higher plants by inhibitors of DNA synthesis

Abstract Lettuce seedlings were incubated in the presence and absence of gibberellin (GA3) in solutions containing different inhibitors of DNA synthesis. GA3 promoted the elongation of the lettuce hypocotyl in the dark, and of both hypocotyl and cotyledons in the light; 50% growth inhibition was obtained by 3 × 10−7 M 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR). Inhibition produced by FUDR at 10−7 to 10−5 M was completely reversed by 10−4 M thymidine, but not by uridine. The inhibition produced by amethopterin was only partly reversed by thymidine; 50% inhibition was obtained at 10−7 M of amethopterin, 10−5 M of mitomycin C, and 2 × 10−3 M of phenethyl alcohol. In the inhibited tissues both cell division and cell elongation were suppressed. In epicotyls of decapitated lentil seedlings, which grow mainly by cell elongation, cell elongation was promoted by GA3 and was inhibited by FUDR at 10−7 to 10−5 M. This inhibition was again reversed by thymidine, but not by uridine. The possible relationship between DNA synthesis and cell elongation in GA3-promoted tissues is discussed.
Evidence for a reactive sulfhydryl in the DNA binding domain of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor.

Abstract Evidence is presented here that organomercurial binding to a reactive sulfhydryl group is capable of altering the DNA-binding characteristics of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor (D-receptor). Accordingly, hormone-free receptor (R o ) binding to DNA-cellulose is inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion with both HgCl 2 and p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate (pCMBS) with complete inhibition evident at 1.0 mM. Further, low concentrations (0.5 mM) of mercurials are also capable of dissociating preformed DNA-receptor complexes, a process reversible with excess thiol reagent such as monothioglycerol. These findings are in contrast to alkylating reagents such as iodoacetamide, which is capable of only partially inhibiting the formation of the receptor-DNA duplex (37% at 25 mM). Once created, however, the duplex is completely insensitive to dissociation (even at 25 mM). These results imply that in addition to the association of a cysteine(s) moiety in or near the sterol binding site, modification of a similarly reactive group(s) can also alter the D-receptor's DNA-binding domain.
Diagnostic significance of 'atypia' in instrumented versus voided urine specimens.

BACKGROUND. Urine cytology plays an important role in monitoring patients with a history of urothelial carcinoma. Because it is difficult to reliably discriminate artifacts induced by instrumentation, inflammation, or therapy those of from malignant cells, many of these specimens are categorized as atypical. The objective of the current study was to study the prevalence and significance of atypical urine cytology with regard to the effect of instrumentation and prior biopsy. METHODS. All urine cytology cases seen during a 4-year period (2001-2004) with a diagnosis of atypical urothelial cells (AU) were obtained from the cytopathology computer database. In all cases with available surgical follow-up, the following data were extracted: total number and type of urine specimen, the primary histologic diagnosis, and follow-up histologic diagnosis. RESULTS. In all, 1653 voided and 3502 instrumented urine specimens were examined. A diagnosis of AU was rendered in 115 (6.9%) of the voided urine specimens and in 277 (7.9%) of the instrumented specimens. Follow-up histology was available in 70 cases, including 55 instrumented and 15 voided urine specimens. A nonbenign follow-up diagnosis was observed in 18 of 55 (32.7%) cases in the instrumented group and in 7 of 15 (46.6%) cases in the voided group. Voided urine was marginally associated with a worse subsequent biopsy diagnosis (Pexact Monte Carlo = .09) CONCLUSIONS. An AU diagnosis is more predictive of a subsequent adverse biopsy diagnosis in voided urine specimens compared with instrumented urines. In the absence of a benchmark for the atypia rate, it is prudent to keep the atypia rate low to keep it more meaningful. This important category should be used by the pathologist to convey concern and recognize the difficulty in interpretation of specimens that may require close follow-up. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES AND STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: AN UPDATE

The purpose of this paper is to provide an update on various methodological issues and statistical techniques pertinent to the conflict management literature. First, issues related to use of laboratory studies, college students, and the study situation are reviewed. Second, two recent innovative statistical techniques, meta‐analysis and confirmatory modeling are described and potential applications in the conflict management field are given.
The Effect of HVOF Particle-Substrate Interactions on Local Variations in the Coating Microstructure and the Corrosion Resistance

Splashing and redeposition of droplets occur during thermal spray processing, which affects the coating porosity and morphology. Therefore, this phenomenon is important from a practical point of view such as corrosion. Particle interaction with substrate is a function of the particle velocity, viscosity, temperature, as well as the substrate temperature, chemistry, roughness, and geometry. In the present study, the splashing phenomenon was studied on CrC-NiCr and stainless steel materials deposited using the high velocity oxygen fuel process. The effect of particle splashing on the coating microstructure was investigated with respect to the corrosion properties. Particle behavior during impact was explained based on in-flight particle velocity and temperature measurements. It was found that the conditions that favor particle splashing promote occurrence of localized porosity. The localized porosity was a strong function of the substrate curvature and originated from the substrate asperities.
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the room temperature incommensurate phase in graphite-bromine intercalation compound

Synchroton X-ray and a four-circle diffractometer were used to study the room temperature incommensurate phase in stage-2 graphite-bromine prepared with single crystal graphite in bromine liquid. The two strongest in-plane superlattice reflections and the strongest satellite peak were scanned along the most incommensurate direction of the lattice between 302 K and 324 K. The incommensurate-commensurate transition at 319±1 K caused disappearance of the incommensurate peaks and appearance of the commensurate one. Possible models of the incommensurate phase are presented Etude a l'aide d'un diffractometre a 4 cercles sur le compose d'insertion au stade 2, prepare a partir d'un monocristal de gaphite, entre 302 et 324 K. Observation de la transformation incommensurable-coummensurable a 319 K. Proposition de modeles pour la phase incommensurable
Mechanical behavior of magma reservoir envelopes: Elasticity of the olivine tholeiite solidus

A study of the elasticity of the solidus of igneous rocks provides a means of evaluating several high temperature mechanical characteristics of the zone that forms the transition region between solid rock and rock with a small fraction of partial melt — that is, the magma reservoirenvelope. This type of study has been performed for Hawaiian olivine tholeiite, by employing the theoretical treatment ofWalsh (1969). The effective aggregate bulk modulus (K*), aggregate rigidity (μ*), aggregate Young’s modulus (E*) and the aggregate Poisson’s ratio (n*) have been used to characterize the range in elastic behavior expected for this partially molten envelope. The details of mineralogy, mineral crystal chemistry and microstructure for a tholeiitic basalt from a deep-ponded flow unit (the Boiling Pots), as well as the geometry of melt pocket aspect ratios have been used to provide a basis for computing the elasticity for a shallow reservoir solidus. For a broad range in modal mineralogy, the internal 0–1% melt represents a transition region from an aggregate elasticity controlled by mineral composition, to an elastic behavior dominated by the melt phase (evaluated at a melt pocket aspect ratio ofe=0.001). For vesicular rocks in a low pressure environment, the internal 0–1% melt represents a transition from porosity-controlled elasticity to melt-controlled elasticity, evaluated at a prevalent aspect ratio ofe=0.001, and over the porosity range Φ=0.0−0.20 (20%). Thin melt films found to separate plagioclase microlites (0.0001=e) are capable of effecting a 94.7% reduction in Young’s modulus, E*, over the 0–1% melt range, and suggest that the reservoir envelope may be critically weakened by rather small volume fractions of liquid, if dispersed in such narrow packets.
Highest risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolic events after radical cystectomy occurs in patients with obesity or nonurothelial cancers.

Context: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality in cystectomy patients. Aims: The aim of this study is to identify variables associated with risk of developing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) within 90 days after radical cystectomy (RC). Setting and Design: Retrospective chart review of patients undergoing RC from 2004 to 2011 at the University of Wisconsin. Subjects and Methods: Clinical variables collected for all RC patients. All patients received mechanical prophylaxis, and routine heparin prophylaxis began in 2010. Statistical Analysis Used: Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate VTE association with known risk factors. Results: A total of 241 patients were identified with median age of 67.1 (interquartile range: 57.8-74.3) years. Body mass index (BMI) was ≥30 in 36.8% of patients. Median blood loss was 950 (600-1500) mL and 157/241 (65.2%) patients received a blood transfusion. Within 90 days postoperatively, overall venous thromboembolic event (VTE) rate was 20/241 (8.3%). Of these, 13 (5 DVT, 8 PE) and 7 (3 DVT, 4 PE) were diagnosed on days 0-30 and days 31-90, respectively. After multivariate analysis, BMI ≥30 (odds ratio [OR] = 4.69, confidence interval [CI] = 1.70-12.92) and nonurothelial bladder cancer (OR = 4.01, CI = 1.33-12.07) were associated with significantly increased rates of VTE. Conclusions: Patients with BMI ≥30 or nonurothelial cancer are at highest risk for postoperative VTE and should be considered for extended heparin prophylaxis.
An experimental comparison of several approaches to the discriminant problem with both qualitative and quantitative variables

Abstract This paper reports the results of an experimental comparison between a linear programming approach and the well known statistical procedure by Fisher for solving discriminant analysis problems. This work represents an extension of the work of Bajgier and Hill as we incorporate qualitative variables into our design as well as enlarge the estimation sample from 30 to 90. Our results indicate that both methods are enhanced by the inclusion of the qualitative variables, but that the Fisher approach seems preferable. Lastly, we discuss the effect of the different experimental factors on the relative performance of the two methods.
Nocturnal Songbird Migration

WE would like to comment on Evans's criticisms1 of our recent article2 concerning the influence of wind on the direction of nocturnal songbird migration. We pointed out that problems in identifying bird types from radar echoes may have contributed to the controversy about passerine nocturnal migrants compensating for wind drift. Evans claims that there is no difficulty in distinguishing between radar echoes from small land birds and those from waders and waterfowl in England. But his own radar work in Northumberland clearly demonstrates that this is not the case. In 1963 he attributed radar echoes of migrants in October and November to songbirds (wheatears, icelandic redwings, robins and song thrushes) and used these data to support his hypothesis that birds fly on fixed tracks, thus correcting completely for the drifting effects of the wind3. In a later article4, there is the following statement (pages 54–55): “However, records from October and November are excluded from this paper, because echoes from waders are difficult to distinguish from those from larger passerines, for example migrant thrushes, whose movements often overlap in timing, area of departure and direction with those of waders”.
Hodgkin transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience.

Background Hodgkin transformation is a rare complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). In this study, the authors assessed the incidence, presenting characteristics, and outcomes of patients with CLL/SLL who developed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Methods An electronic database search of patients with CLL/SLL who presented at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Leukemia between 1975 and 2005 was performed. Results Among 4121 patients with CLL/SLL, 18 patients (0.4%) developed HL. Presenting features included B-symptoms (67%), lymph node enlargement (79%), splenomegaly (43%), hepatomegaly (29%), hypercalcemia (6%), infection (6%), and mental status changes (6%). The median age was 72 years (range, 49-81 years), and there was a male preponderance (78%). The median time from CLL to HL diagnosis was 4.6 years (range, 0-12.9 years). Fourteen patients (78%) had been previously treated for CLL/SLL. Ten patients (56%) had received >1 prior therapy. The median beta2-microglobulin level was 4.5 mg/L, and the median lactate dehydrogenase level was 610 IU/L. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was positive by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded RNA in 3 of 4 tested patients. Fourteen patients (78%) received chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 44% (complete response rate, 19%). The median overall survival duration was 0.8 years (range, 0.03 years-6.7+ years). The median failure-free survival (FFS) duration was 0.4 years. Conclusions The rates of response, survival, and FFS in patients with Hodgkin transformation of CLL/SLL were inferior to those reported in patients with de novo HL and were similar to those in patients with Richter syndrome.
A light-switchable gene promoter system

Regulatable transgene systems providing easily controlled, conditional induction or repression of expression are indispensable tools in biomedical and agricultural research and biotechnology. Several such systems have been developed for eukaryotes1,2,3,4,5,6. Most of these rely on the administration of either exogenous chemicals or heat shock. Despite the general success of many of these systems, the potential for problems, such as toxic, unintended, or pleiotropic effects of the inducing chemical or treatment, can impose limitations on their use. We have developed a promoter system that can be induced, rapidly and reversibly, by short pulses of light. This system is based on the known red light–induced binding of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome to the protein PIF3 and the reversal of this binding by far-red light7,8. We show here that yeast cells expressing two chimeric proteins, a phytochrome–GAL4-DNA-binding-domain fusion and a PIF3–GAL4-activation-domain fusion, are induced by red light to express selectable or “scorable” marker genes containing promoters with a GAL4 DNA-binding site, and that this induction is rapidly abrogated by subsequent far-red light. We further show that the extent of induction can be controlled precisely by titration of the number of photons delivered to the cells by the light pulse. Thus, this system has the potential to provide rapid, noninvasive, switchable control of the expression of a desired gene to a preselected level in any suitable cell by simple exposure to a light signal.
The phototoxicity of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of environmental importance

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons substituted with nitro groups (nitro-PAHs) are important environmental pollutants. They comprise many direct-acting mutagens and are easily transformed into other derivatives by metabolism or irradiation. A new property of nitro-PAHs is documented: they are phototoxic. Irradiation of human eythrocytes with 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitropyrene, 1,3-dinitropyrene and 1,6-dinitropyrene led to hemolysis. Erythrocytes treated in the dark with the sensitizers, or with previously irradiated sensitizers, did not hemolyze. 1-Nitropyrene was also studied with a series of Escherichia coli strains. The phototoxicity was largely oxygen dependent, and the photodynamic effect combined Type I and Type II mechanisms. Light-dependent inactivation of Haemophilus influenzae DNA transforming activity by 1-nitropyrene was partially oxygen dependent, but the photosensitized nicking of pBR322 supercoiled DNA occurred more readily anaerobically.
Furazolidone in the Treatment of Salmonella Infections of Turkeys 2. Effect on Acute Paratyphoid Infection in Poults

ABSTRACT CURRENT methods used in the treatment of Salmonella infections in poultry have not been entirely satisfactory. Persistence of the organism in treated birds has resulted in a carrier state and further spread of the organism. Any medication which reduces mortality without eliminating the organism from the survivors can obviously produce an increase in the number of carriers. The carrier state is a major factor in perpetuating the disease both through the discharge of organisms in the droppings and through transmission to the young by way of the egg. Previous work using furazolidone in the treatment of acute pullorum disease indicated that this medication is effective both in controlling mortality and in reducing the number of carriers. This work was concerned with the effect of furazolidone on a member of the paratyphoid group. Salmonella san diego was used because one of the hatcheries in this state was experiencing annually recurrent difficulty . . .
Manual motor-plan similarity affects lexical recall on a speech-generating device: implications for AAC users.

Abstract Language production via high-tech alternative/augmentative communication (AAC) devices involves use of motor sequences that are determined by the visuo-spatial characteristics of a particular device. The current study uses traditional short-term memory tasks with device-based output to demonstrate that typical talkers show a trend toward device-specific modality interference in short-term device-based recall. The theoretical implications of these early findings with regard to models of working memory and the clinical implications are discussed. Learning outcomes : (1) Describe two modalities of non-phonological short-term storage, (2) List a potential effect of SGD-based output on modality of short-term word storage, (3) Describe a theoretical implication of device-based representations with regard to models of working memory, and (4) Describe a clinical application of the concept of motor memory in AAC.
Design of the Reversatron II RFP

A description is given of the design and initial operation of a small (outer radius/inner radius=50 cm/8 cm) reversed field pinch air core, a thin removable shell, and relatively low field errors. Equilibrium control is simplified by having no vertical field generated by the ohmic heating coils so that the equilibrium is determined solely by the variable index preprogrammed vertical field coil current. The toroidal field and vertical field coils are inductively decoupled from the ohmic heating circuit in order to simplify the programming of these fields. Discharges having a 22 kA plasma current and duration of 500 mu sec are obtained. >
Topographical specificity in isolated retinal capillary basement membranes: A high-resolution scanning electron microscope analysis

Abstract Numerous investigations have demonstrated that basement membranes (BMs) are composed of type IV collagen, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, nidogen, and possibly fibronectin. The precise proportion and supramolecular organization of these molecules within BMs is unclear, but is believed to be tissue-specific. In an effort to provide morphological evidence for BM specificity, we studied isolated bovine retinal capillary BMs by high-resolution SEM. Cryofractured specimens demonstrated that surfaces of BM leaflets and pericytic matrix (PCM) within the retinal capillary BM complex are composed of 20- to 100-nm granules and beaded fibrils arranged in patterns which are specific for each cell type. Subendothelial BMs and the subjacent PCM are composed of 20- to 30-nm granules loosely arranged and marked by numerous pits, features that are consistent with their TEM morphology and known susceptibility to proteolytic attack. These BMs also frequently exhibit large openings or fenestrations. These compare favorably with their fragmented image by TEM and probably represent BM discontinuities necessary for direct contact of pericytes and endothelial cells. Muller cell BMs are also composed of granules though they are much larger (40–100 nm) and more densely packed then those of subendothelial BMs. Moreover, they frequently contain interstitial collagen fibrils which could account for the tube-like structural rigidity exhibited by acellular retinal vessel BMs in SEM views. Data in the current study provide morphological evidence for direct contact of pericytes and endothelial cells in vivo and support the view that tissue specificity of BMs may be more exquisite than previously believed, extending even to surface topography of BM leaflets within capillary BM complexes.
Minimum ℓ1, ℓ2, and ℓ∞ Norm Approximate Solutions to an Overdetermined System of Linear Equations

Abstract Cadzow, J. A., Minimum l 1 , l 2 , and l ∞ Norm Approximate Solutions to an Overdetermined System of Linear Equations, Digital Signal Processing 12 (2002) 524–560 Many practical problems encountered in digital signal processing and other quantitative oriented disciplines entail finding a best approximate solution to an overdetermined system of linear equations. Invariably, the least squares error approximate solution (i.e., minimum l 2 norm) is chosen for this task due primarily to the existence of a convenient closed expression for its determination. It should be noted, however, that in many applications a minimum l 1 or l ∞ norm approximate solution is preferable. For example, in cases where the data being analyzed contain a few data outliers a minimum l 1 approximate solution is preferable since it tends to ignore bad data points. In other applications one may wish to determine an approximate solution whose largest error magnitude is the smallest possible (i.e., a minimum l ∞ norm approximate solution). Unfortunately, there do not exist convenient closed form expressions for either the minimum l 1 or the minimum l ∞ norm approximate solution and one must resort to nonlinear programming methods for their determination. Effective algorithms for determining these two solutions are herein presented (see Cadzow, J. A., Data Analysis and Signal Processing: Theory and Applications).
Wound tensile strength and contraction rate are not affected by laparotomy or pneumoperitoneum

Background: Many cellular elements responsible for wound healing are affected by laparotomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of laparotomy and CO2 pneumoperitoneum on wound healing.
SPECIFICITY PROBLEMS WITH THE ELISA FOR SEROTYPE-SPECIFIC STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE (Spn) ANTIBODIES. † 1050

SPECIFICITY PROBLEMS WITH THE ELISA FOR SEROTYPE-SPECIFIC STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE (Spn) ANTIBODIES. † 1050
Aperture radiation from an axially slotted elliptical conducting cylinder using geometrical theory of diffraction

The equatorial radiation pattern of a parallel-plate TEM mode axial slot on an infinite cylinder of elliptical cross section is computed using wedge-diffraction and creeping-wave theory. The wedge-diffracted fields are obtained by the diffraction interaction from a set of infinite wedges approximating the parallel-plate-cylinder geometry. Surface-wave propagation on curved bodies commonly used in scattering is employed for the creeping-wave contribution. The total field in the lit region is approximated using superposition of wedge-diffracted and creeping-wave fields and in the shadow region solely by creeping-wave fields. The computed patterns are compared with experimental results since boundary-value solutions are not readily available. Good agreement between theory and experiment is indicated.
The Influence of Current Density on the Electrocatalytic Activity of Oxide-Based Direct Hydrocarbon SOFC Anodes

We have studied the performance of Lao 0.75 Sr 0.25 Cr 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 3-δ (LSCM )-Cu-yttria-stabilized zirconia anodes for the direct utilization of hydrocarbon fuels in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). A significant decrease in anode polarization resistance and an increase in impedance peak frequency was observed with increasing the cell current density for H 2 , CH 4 , and C 4 H 10 fuel at both 973 and 1073 K. This was interpreted by considering an increase in LSCM lattice oxygen stoichiometry and a corresponding increase in electrocatalytic oxidation activity with increasing oxygen flux to the anode. A series of catalytic measurements indicates that, at a low current density (low oxygen stoichiometry), the anode reaction mechanism is dominated by hydrocarbon cracking. At a higher current density (higher oxygen stoichiometry), the reaction mechanism is dominated by total oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels on the LSCM surface to form CO 2 and H 2 O. This change in mechanism is confirmed by measurement of cell open-circuit voltage as a function of fuel, CO 2 , and H 2 O partial pressure and by analysis of the SOFC product stream. The increase in oxidation activity is attributed to an increase in nonequilibrium oxygen, relative to the anode gas, within the LSCM phase.
Determination of host-selective phytotoxins from Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici as their maleyl derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A rapid, fully reversible, and highly reproducible procedure for separation and quantitative detection of disease-determining phytotoxic metabolites of Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici as their maleyl amide derivatives by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is described. Maleyl-derivatized toxin, prepared by reaction with maleic anhydride, with an absorbance maximum at 250 nm, was detected for 0.5–10 nmoles following chromatography on a C18 bonded-phase column using binary gradient systems. Toxin samples, maleylated at pH 9.2 and then demaleylated at pH 3.0, showed no detectable loss of biological activity after the chromatographic separation. Quantification of the procedure was based on a trinitrophenol—aspartic acid standard. The procedure is currently being used to study kinetics of toxin production in culture and qualitative detection of phytotoxin in diseased host tissue.
Cannabinoids in pain management: CB1, CB2 and non-classic receptor ligands

Introduction: Commercially available cannabinoids are subject to psychotomimetic and addiction (cannabinomimetic) adverse effects largely through activation of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1r). The available commercial cannabinoids have a narrow therapeutic index. Recently developed peripherally restricted cannabinoids, regionally administered cannabinoids, bifunctional cannabinoid ligands and cannabinoid enzyme inhibitors, endocannabinoids, which do not interact with classic cannabinoid receptors (CB1r and CB2r), cannabinoid receptor antagonists and selective CB1r agonists hold promise as analgesics.Areas covered: This author provides a review of the current investigational cannabinoids currently in development for pain management. The author also provides their perspective on the future of the field.Expert opinion: Regional and peripherally restricted cannabinoids will reduce cannabinomimetic side effects. Spinal cannabinoids may increase the therapeutic index by limiting the dose necessary for respons...
An effect of β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (β-MSH) on α-motoneurones of cat spinal cord

Abstract Actions of β-MSH and melotonin on the recovery cycle of single spinal neurones were studied in the decerebrate-spinal cat. β-MSH facilitated the rate of post-excitation recovery of α-mononeurones and some internuncial neurones, and melatonin inhibited the rate of post-excitation recovery. These observations provide additional evidence that β-MSH functions in the nervous system as a modulator, and may help explain actions of β-MSH in modifying acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses as well as its interaction with drugs such as morphine.
On current continuity at the Harang discontinuity

Abstract Although the Harang discontinuity has so far been identified in terms of various phenomena (such as ground magnetic fields, ionospheric currents, auroral features, and electric fields), the loci defined by those different phenomena do not always coincide. It is suggested that the Harang discontinuity may not be a line boundary across which the electric field changes its direction simply from poleward to equatorward, but that the field gradually rotates counterclockwise in a narrow region; thus the westward electric field dominates there. In such a case, no field-aligned current is necessarily required to flow from or into the discontinuity region. This view may be contrasted with the conventional view that an intense upward field-aligned current should flow from the Harang discontinuity. A model is presented in which the poleward ionospheric current (the Hall current resulting from the westward electric field) in the Harang discontinuity region connects the eastward electrojet and the westward electrojet.
Supersonic Coaxial Jets: Noise Predictions and Measurements

The noise from perfectly expanded coaxial jets was measured in an anechoic chamber for different operating conditions with the same total thrust, mass flow, and exit area. The shape of the measured noise spectrum at different angles to the jet axis was found to agree with spectral shapes for single, axisymmetric jets. Based on these spectra, the sound was characterized as being generated by large turbulent structures or fine-scale turbulence. Modeling the large scale structures as instability waves, a stability analysis was conducted for the coaxial jets to identify the growing and decaying instability waves in each shear layer and predict their noise radiation pattern outside the jet. When compared to measured directivity, the analysis identified the region downstream of the outer potential core, where the two shear layers were merging, as the source of the peak radiated noise where instability waves, with their origin in the inner shear layer, reach their maximum amplitude. Numerical computations were also performed using a linearized Euler equation solver. Those results were compared to both the results from the instability wave analysis and to measured data.
Analyses of hepatocellular proliferation in a mouse model of α‐1‐antitrypsin deficiency

alpha-1-Antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) deficiency is the most common cause of metabolic pediatric liver disease. Hepatocellular injury is caused by toxicity of the mutant alpha-1-antitrypsin Z (alpha1-ATZ) molecule retained within hepatocytes. In these studies, we used the PiZ transgenic mouse model of alpha1-AT deficiency to examine hepatocellular proliferation in response to chronic liver injury resulting from this metabolic disease. The results showed increased hepatocellular proliferation and caspase 9 activation in male PiZ mice compared with female PiZ and wild-type mice. Hepatic alpha1-AT mRNA and protein expression also were increased in male PiZ mice, suggesting that greater hepatocellular proliferation and caspase activation in males results from increased hepatotoxicity associated with greater intracellular alpha1-ATZ accumulation. Testosterone treatment of female PiZ mice increased alpha1-ATZ expression and hepatocellular proliferation to a level comparable with that in males. In PiZ mice, hepatocytes devoid of intracellular alpha1-AT globules had a proliferative advantage compared with globule-containing hepatocytes. However, this advantage is relative because both globule-containing and globule-devoid hepatocytes exhibited comparable proliferation after partial hepatectomy. In conclusion, these data indicate that intracellular retention of mutant alpha1-ATZ is associated with a regenerative stimulus leading to increased hepatocellular proliferation, that gender-specific signals influence the degree of alpha1-AT expression and associated hepatic injury, and that hepatocytes devoid of alpha1-ATZ have a proliferative advantage over cells that accumulate the mutant protein. This selective proliferation suggests that hepatocellular transplantation may be applicable for treatment of this and other slowly progressive metabolic liver diseases.
Expanding Cross-Cultural Understanding of Suicide among Immigrants: The Case of the Somali:

There are a growing number of Somali refugees resettling in the United States. Frequently these immigrants have experienced significant stress both in their home country premigration and during the resettlement process. Best practices require that practitioners engage in culturally responsive ways to deal with cultural differences; social workers should strive toward building a practice that is culturally informed.
Multi-dimensional NMR without coherence transfer: minimizing losses in large systems.

Abstract Most multi-dimensional solution NMR experiments connect one dimension to another using coherence transfer steps that involve evolution under scalar couplings. While experiments of this type have been a boon to biomolecular NMR the need to work on ever larger systems pushes the limits of these procedures. Spin relaxation during transfer periods for even the most efficient 15 N– 1 H HSQC experiments can result in more than an order of magnitude loss in sensitivity for molecules in the 100 kDa range. A relatively unexploited approach to preventing signal loss is to avoid coherence transfer steps entirely. Here we describe a scheme for multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy that relies on direct frequency encoding of a second dimension by multi-frequency decoupling during acquisition, a technique that we call MD-DIRECT. A substantial improvement in sensitivity of 15 N– 1 H correlation spectra is illustrated with application to the 21 kDa ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) labeled with 15 N in all alanine residues. Operation at 4 °C mimics observation of a 50 kDa protein at 35 °C.
N‐methylene chemical shifts of N‐benzylpyridinium salts

The chemical shifts of N-benzylpyridinium salts have been measured in D2O, and the substituent induced chemical shifts of the methylene protons are in substantial agreement with those expected from the overall electronic effects of the substituents. An additivity effect of the substituents on the methylene resonance is also observed.
Infants with AIDS: Implications for development

It is well known that HIV‐infected women of child bearing ages are reported to be at substantive risk of transmission of AIDS. A complex illness with devastating consequences, AIDS affects an infant's interactions with the physical and social environment. As such, physiological and neurological impairments associated with AIDS prevent and increase the difficulty of optimal developmental progression. With the increasing numbers of infants afflicted with this disease, as well as the predictions for the rest of the adult population, the associated emotional and social ramifications need to be addressed by the health community. To illustrate the impact of AIDS on developmental processes, excerpts from three documented case histories are presented to highlight physical, socio‐emotional, and cognitive impairment.
Acetolysis and formolysis of (R)-and (S)-1-deuterio-2-cyclopropylethyl p-toluenesulfonates

Abstract Acetolysis and formolysis of the enantiomers of 1-deuterio-2-cyclopropylethyl tosylate, 3 -OTs and 4 -OTs, led to 17–18% retention (cyclopropyl participation) and 82–83% inversion (nucleophilic solvent assistance) of configuration in the 2-cyclopropylethyl product.
Computation of the electric field within a region of uniform current density

It is commonly accepted that the calculation of the electric field inside a current-carrying region by the Green's dyadic method requires that the normal Green's dyadic be modified to take into account the principal value of the Green's dyadic. For the special case of a uniform current density, commonly encountered in the application of the method of moments when pulse functions are used as sub-sectional basis functions and Dirac delta functions are used as testing functions, the Green's dyadic method can be successfully used to evaluate the electric field inside the current density without invoking the concept of principal values. This result is non-rigorous in the sense that it cannot be generalized for an arbitrary current density and is of interest primarily from a computational standpoint.
The production of five genera of Chironomidae (Diptera) in Lake Norman, a North Carolina reservoir

The production of five genera of chironomids collected at 4- and 8-m depths at four stations in Lake Norman, North Carolina, was estimated using the size-frequency method. To correct for multivoltinism, the estimates were adjusted by multiplying by 365/Cohort Production Interval. Ranges of production estimates (P) in milligrams dry mass m-2 yr-1 and production/mean annual biomass ratios (P/B ratios) for each genus over both depths were: Tanytarsus, P = 744 to 8788, P/BB = 66 to 176; Cladotanytarsus, P = 74 to 2387, P/B = 69 to 100; Stempellina, P = 19 to 412, P/ B = 74 to 132; Chironomus, P = 166 to 7293, P/ B = 50 to 70; Cryptochironomus, P = 92 to 398, P/ B = 71 to 221. These estimates are among the highest reported for chironomids, due primarily to the rapid larval development times estimated for these genera.
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY USING PORFIMER SODIUM AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CYSTECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH REFRACTORY TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA IN SITU OF THE BLADDER

AbstractPurpose: Photodynamic therapy combines a photosensitizer, such as porfimer sodium (Photofrin), with red laser light (630 nm.) to destroy cancer cells. Investigators have reported the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer. We assess the safety and efficacy of 1 or 2 photodynamic treatments using porfimer sodium and controlled uniform laser light (630 nm.) as an alternative to cystectomy in patients with refractory vesical carcinoma in situ of the bladder.Materials and Methods: A total of 36 patients with carcinoma in situ were treated with whole bladder photodynamic therapy as an alternative to cystectomy. In all patients at least 1 course of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) had failed. Each patient received a single whole bladder photodynamic therapy treatment, consisting of 2 mg./kg. porfimer sodium intravenously followed 40 to 50 hours later by intravesical red light (630 nm.) at 15 J./cm.2. Post-photodynamic therapy evaluation...
The Future of Vouchers Lessons From the Adoption, Design, and Court Challenges of Florida’s Three Voucher Programs

This study considers why Florida has been the most aggressive state in adopting school vouchers. Vouchers are consistent with Florida’s tradition of aggressive educational accountability policies, arising from the state’s moderate social conservatism, openness to privatization, and state demographic characteristics. Even with this fertile political soil, vouchers probably would not have been adopted without the efforts of Governor Jeb Bush. The programs also rest on a shaky legal foundation because of the state’s Blaine Amendment and constitutional provisions for “public” and “uniform” schools. The authors conclude that state-level voucher programs in Florida and other states are on uncertain political and legal ground.
Depth profiling of integrated circuits with thermal wave electron microscopy

Nondestructive depth profiling of integrated circuits is performed with thermal wave electron microscopy at 640 kHz modulation frequency.
Ethnicity and practice in Malaysian unions

Abstract In mainland Malaysia, the tri‐ethnic schema of Malay‐Chinese‐Indian continues to have a decisive influence on macro‐level policy and micro‐level behaviour. However, other means of organizing experience are not entirely precluded. This article features the profiles of three Malaysian trade union leaders who must, in effect, feed the concept of class through an ethnic grid in order to attract and retain union members. The lives of these unionists exemplify how ethnicity and class in Malaysia, as elsewhere, are constructive processes that demand the active participation of individuals even as that participation is subject to the constraints of hegemony. However, there is certainly sufficient play in the Malaysian system to suggest that current ethnic and class concepts ‐ and, indeed, hegemony itself ‐ have great potential for change.
Fabrication of an UltraLow-Resistance Ohmic Contact to MWCNT–Metal Interconnect Using Graphitic Carbon by Electron Beam-Induced Deposition (EBID)

Reduction in contact resistance is one of the foremost challenges for carbon nanotube/graphene nanodevices. In this study, we present a novel fabrication process for low-temperature, Ohmic contact between open-ended multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and metal interconnects using graphitic carbon deposited via electron beam-induced deposition (EBID). The electrical and structural properties of the contact interface are characterized for making connection to the single (outermost) shell only, as well as to multiple conducting shells of MWCNTs. In addition to establishing the scaling relationship between the carbon contact length and the resulting contact resistance, the magnitude of the contact resistance has been quantified with and without post-deposition thermal annealing. The results indicate that the contact is Ohmic in nature, and ranges from 26.5 kΩ for the connection made to the outermost shell of an MWCNT down to just 116 Ω for the multiple-shell connection performed via a process suggested through the EBID process simulations. These results provide a significant advance in application of MWCNTs to future interconnect technologies.
Influence of anatomic location on prognosis of malignant melanoma: Attempt to verify the BANS model

Stage I cutaneous malignant melanomas between 0.76 and 1.69 mm thick (Breslow measurement) in BANS (upper part of the back, posterior aspects of the arms, posterior and lateral aspects of the neck, posterior aspect of the scalp) areas have been reported to portend a relatively poor prognosis compared to non-BANS sites. We were unable to confirm the 15% poorer survival for BANS area lesions (84% BANS, 99% non-BANS) originally reported. In this report of 211 patients, malignant melanomas in BANS sites had a 4.6% poorer 5-year cumulative survival rate (88.9% BANS, 93.5% non-BANS; p = 0.35). Although many more patients need to be studied, we believe this small difference in survival is insufficient to influence therapeutic management strategies.
The use of scanning receivers in EMI compliance measurements

Spectrum analyzers and EMI receivers are both used to make radiated and conducted EMI measurements. In this paper, the hardware architectures of scanning and conventional receivers are compared in consideration of essential EMI receiver specifications and the still controversial fundamental practical considerations such as stepped versus swept frequency measurement, receiver frequency and display resolution, RF overload detection and narrowband and broadband signal discrimination.