cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
John Milton and the Epochs of International Law

For the historian of international law William Grewe in his controversial opus, The Epochs of International Law, it was the English writer John Milton who offered the death blow to an entire epoch, one founded on the principle that discovery brought legal title in international law. Yet John Milton's Paradise Lost is rarely considered alongside the history of international law. In this article, I contend that a robust history of international law in the 17th century would profit from engaging head on with literary texts like Paradise Lost. Milton's understanding of the law of nations provides legal scholars with a richer intellectual history of 17th-century international law than that typically on offer � one more sensitive to humanist methods, literary texts, and embodied questions of vulnerability. Approaching the intellectual history of the law of nations dialectically, I suggest that a full reckoning of Milton's law of nations in Paradise Lost requires a careful balance of presentism and openness to alterity � presentism in the sense that we might appreciate how strongly Milton's law of nations resonates with debates about international law in our own time, and alterity in the sense that Milton's law of nations encompassed much that many of today's readers would hardly recognize as "international law". A full intellectual history of Milton's law of nations, then, may require us partly to estrange that term - to set aside a priori definitions of the "international" and resist easy transhistorical transpositions from Milton's late Renaissance world to our own - but it also requires a paradoxical domestication of the law of nations, a making familiar, a bringing into one's home.
Beam distribution function after filamentation

In this paper, we calculate the the distribution function after filamentation (phase-mixing) of a focusing mismatch. This distribution is relevant when interpreting beam measurements and sources of emittance dilution in linear colliders. It is also important when considering methods of diluting the phase space density, which may be required for the machine protection system in future linear colliders, and it is important when studying effects of trapped ions which filament in the electron beam potential. Finally, the resulting distribution is compared with measured beam distributions from the SLAC linac.
Tactical HF modem performance: a simplified comparison of serial tone vs. parallel tone approach

A simplified analysis of performance of the PTM (parallel tone modem) and STM (serial tone modem) equipments demonstrates that the PTM will equal or exceed the performance of the STM for short haul tactical HF links. The MilStd 188-110a STM technology demonstrates advances in HF modem technology for channels that exhibit severe multipath conditions. The MilStd 188-110a STM will also enhance performance in disturbed HF channel conditions as occur in the auroral regions. Coding and interleaving are, however, still the most significant factors affecting overall performance in both voice and data communications. In data communications interleaving of up to 5 s with good modern coding techniques will enable acceptable performance with either approach. For voice communications the voice and coding integration applied in the ANDVT works quite effectively and mitigates any advantages of applying MilStd 188-110a STM solutions to this application. This is also unwise given the interoperability achieved under existing military and NATO standards. >
A mechanism for enhanced recombination at the p-i junction of a-Si:H solar cells

The existence, in equilibrium, of a large density of dangling bonds at the interface is proposed as the mechanism for enhanced recombination at the p-i junction of a-Si:H solar cells. The existence of this large density results from the fact that the Fermi level, near the p-i interface, lies in the valence band tail state distribution in the gap, and hence tail states above E/sub F/ are empty. Holes in these weak bonds create dangling bonds through the relaxation of the lattice, which by the very existence of the weak bond is under stress at that site. Hence, the mere capture of an electron does not heal the bond, since lattice motion is also required. The capture of an electron is followed by hole capture and constitutes a recombination event. These dangling bonds may be identical to the Staebler-Wronski defect, but are established by the equilibrium conditions at the p-i interface, rather than by light. Calculation of the magnitude of the interface recombination velocity (10/sup 3/ to 10/sup 4/ cm/s) and its effect on open-circuit voltage are discussed and compared to experiment. Ways to minimize the effects on cell properties are also discussed. >
A numerically optimized active shield for improved transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) devices suffer of poor targeting and penetration depth. A new approach to designing TMS coils is introduced in order to improve the focus of the stimulation region through the use of actively shielded probes. Iterative optimization techniques were used to design different active shielding coils for TMS probes. The new approach aims to increase the amount of energy deposited in a thin cylindrical region below the probe relative to the energy deposited elsewhere in the region ("sharpness"), whereas, simultaneously increase the induced electric field deep in the target region relative to the surface ("penetration"). After convergence, the resulting designs showed that there is a clear tradeoff between sharpness and penetration that can be controlled by the choice of a tuning parameter. The resulting designs were tested on a realistic human head conductivity model, taking the contribution from surface charges into account. The design of choice reduced penetration depths by 16.7%. The activated surface area was reduced by 24.1% and the volume of the activation was reduced from 42.6% by the shield. Restoring the lost penetration could be achieved by increasing the total power to the coil by 16.3%, but in that case, the stimulated volume reduction was only 13.1% and there was a slight increase in the stimulated surface area (2.9%).
Dendritic macromolecules at the interface of nanoscience and nanotechnology

As a result of their unique architecture and structural as well as functional versatility, dendrimers have generated considerable interest in numerous areas of the physical sciences, engineering, as well as the biological sciences. Both their size - in the 1-10 nm range - and their globular shape resemble those of many proteins suggesting a host of biomimetic and nanotechnological applications. This brief highlight describes some of our recent work with nascent applications of dendrimers as unimolecular nanoreactors, as nanoscale antennae for energy harvesting and transduction, and as nanosized carriers for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. While implementation of some of these applications may still be distant, the impatient critic might remember that new markets are not created overnight as demonstrated by the slow commercial acceptance of many promising molecules and technologies with development frequently extending decades after their initial discovery.
Mining Concept Drifting Network Traffic in Cloud Computing Environments

Anomaly-based network Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)model patterns of normal activity and detect novel network attacks. However, these systems depend on the availability of the systems normal traffic pattern profile. But the statistical fingerprint of the normal traffic pattern can change and shift over a period of time due to changes in operational or user activity at the networked site or even system updates. The changes in normal traffic patterns over time lead to concept drift. Some changes can be temporal, cyclical and can be short-lived or they can last for longer periods of time. Depending on a number of factors the speed at which the change in traffic patterns occurs can also be variable, ranging from near instantaneous to the change occurring over the span of numerous months. These changes in traffic patterns are a cause of concern for IDSs as they can lead to a significant increase in false positive rates, thereby reducing the overall system performance. In order to improve the reliability of the IDS, there is a need for an automated mechanism to detect valid traffic changes and avoid inappropriate ad hoc responses. ROC curves have historically been used to evaluate the accuracy of IDSs. ROC curves generated using fixed, time-invariant classification thresholds do not characterize the best accuracy that an IDS can achieve in presence of concept-drifting network traffic. In this paper, we present integrated supervised machine learning and control theoretic model (especially for clouds) for detecting concept drift in network traffic patterns. The model comprises of an online support vector machine based classifier (incremental anomaly based detection), a Kullback-Leiblerdivergence based relative entropy measurement scheme (quantifying concept drift) and feedback control engine (adapting ROC thresholding). In our proposed system, any intrusion activity will cause significant variations, thereby causing a large error, while a minor aberration in the variations(concept drift) will not be immediately reported as alert.
Linear Cosmological Structure Limits on Warm Dark Matter

I consider constraints from observations on a cutoff scale in clustering due to free streaming of the dark matter in a warm dark matter cosmological model with a cosmological constant. The limits are derived in the framework of a sterile neutrino warm dark matter universe, but can be applied to gravitinos and other models with small-scale suppression in the linear matter power spectrum. With freedom in all cosmological parameters including the free streaming scale of the sterile neutrino dark matter, limits are derived using observations of the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background, the 3D clustering of galaxies and 1D clustering of gas in the Lyman-alpha ($\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$) forest in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), as well as the $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest in high-resolution spectroscopic observations. In the most conservative case, using only the SDSS main-galaxy 3D power-spectrum shape, the limit is ${m}_{s}g0.11\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$; including the SDSS $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest, this limit improves to ${m}_{s}g1.7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$. More stringent constraints may be placed from the inferred matter power spectrum from high-resolution $\mathrm{Ly}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ forest observations, which has significant systematic uncertainties; in this case, the limit improves to ${m}_{s}g3.0\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$ (all at 95% CL).
Risk Measurement and the Pricing of Ipos

Numerous empirical studies of the well documented IPO underpricing anomaly have employed a variety of different proxies for risk, none of which seem able to explain a significant portion of initial trading day returns. We find evidence that several of the risk proxies used in these studies are outperformed by the Parkinson Extreme Value method in explaining returns to IPOs; hence, these studies seem to have underestimated the power of uncertainty to predict IPO returns. Nonetheless we do find evidence in support of the asymmetric theories of IPO underpricing.
Formation, Patterning, and Polymerization of Surface Adlayers Using Self-Assembled Monolayers as Templates

Ordered surface adlayers of diacetylene-containing molecules were formed using amide hydrogen-bonding interactions with a pre-formed self-assembled monolayer on gold. Photopolymerization of the diacetylene molecules in the adlayer results in enhanced solvent and processing stability of the adlayer. Patterning of the base monolayer using soft lithography techniques allows patterning of the adlayer as well, and may lead to methods for templating soluble two-dimensional monolayer sheets.
Maternal Meta-Emotion Philosophy and Cognitive Functioning in Children Exposed to Violence

Children exposed to violence tend to have lower IQs, poorer performance on explicit memory tasks, and lower verbal performance. Despite evidence that caregivers influence children’s behavioral and emotional responses to violence, little is known about caregivers’ role in mitigating the effects of violence exposure on children’s cognitive functioning. This study tested the hypothesis that maternal meta-emotion philosophy of children’s sadness and anger, assessed using Gottman’s Meta-Emotion Interview, would be associated with children’s verbal IQ. This was done in a sample of 79 dyads consisting of mothers and their preschool-aged children exposed to either community or domestic violence. Multiple regression analyses indicated that a composite of maternal awareness, acceptance, and coaching of children’s sadness, but not anger, significantly predicted children’s verbal IQ. These findings contribute to the field’s understanding of parents’ role in children’s cognitive functioning among children exposed to community and family violence.
Activity of thyroid gland during fasting and realimentation with diets high in carbohydrate.

Summary and conclusions1) Activity of thyroid glands of dogs as determined by serum PBI and I131 uptake is not significantly altered during prolonged fasting or realimentation with diets high in carbohydrate. 2) The high systolic pressure and rapid pulse with low or normal diastolic pressure which is produced by a diet high in carbohydrate fed at the luxus consumption level of 120 cal/M2/hr after a prolonged fast is strikingly similar to the hemodynamic effect of thyroid powder but it is not due to increased thyroid activity according to the indices studied.
Changing How Speech-Language Pathologists Think and Talk About Dialect Variation

In this article, we argue for a change in how professionals in speech-language pathology think and talk about dialect diversity in the United States and elsewhere. Our recommendation is evidence-ba...
Immunotherapy of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid

AbstractPolyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, a double-stranded ribonucleic acid that is a potent inducer of interferon production, was used in a stabilized form to treat 11 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Seven patients completed a full course of 8 infusions at maximum tolerated dosage. All patients experienced transient fever and marked fatigue. Anorexia was mild. Transient leukopenia occurred in 3 patients and reversible elevation in creatinine was observed in 1. All 4 patients with brain metastases became lethargic, and 3 died during or shortly after therapy. Only 2 patients demonstrated measurable total regression of isolated metastases (pleural/pulmonary in 1 and bone in 1) but in both metastases at other sites progressed. No partial regressions were seen. Metastases at all other sites (liver, brain and renal fossa) progressed during therapy. Patients who appeared to respond and who performed best during therapy generally demonstrated a higher performance status initially. Expression of na...
Nutrition in Patients with Diseases of the Liver and Pancreas

Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) is common in patients with cirrhosis and screening should be performed to detect its presence. Dietary protein intake of 1.2–1.5 g/kg/d is safe for patients with advanced liver disease. Significant protein restriction should be avoided in cirrhotics, even those with hepatic encephalopathy. Chronic overnutrition and resultant obesity/insulin insensitivity is associated with the development of chronic liver disease; nutritional counseling should be provided to patients with obesity and liver disease. Gradual weight loss through diet and exercise is warranted in this group of patients. Severe acute pancreatitis can result in marked malnutrition and mortality is high. Nutritional support through enteral nutrition is the preferred method of maintaining adequate nutrition in this setting. Chronic pancreatitis is associated with exocrine insufficiency that may require supplemental pancreatic enzymes and dietary adjustments to control symptoms and maintain adequate nutrition.
IMPACT — A common building block to enable next generation radar arrays

This paper discusses the progress of this team's project known as IMPACT (Integrated Multi-use Phased Array Common Tile), which addresses a major goal of the DARPA Arrays at Commercial Timescales (ACT) program. The goal of this program has been to develop a common technology base for Electronically Scanned Array (ESA) systems. Historically, most fielded ESA systems have been comprised of highly tailored, application-specific layers. This has led to slow design cycles, costly components, and significant portions of the total cost of ownership being invested in the up-front Non-Recurring Expenses (NRE). The results section highlights the receiver side of our progress.
The surgical management of severe obesity.

The prevalence of obesity in the United States is increasing to epidemic proportions. At present, more than 60% of Americans are overweight. While a variety of medications are available for the treatment of obesity, none results in the long-term loss of more than 10% of body weight. The current standard for the treatment of severe obesity, defined as a body mass index of greater than 35-40 kg/m 2 , is surgical. Several surgical procedures are currently available, including gastric bypass, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, and the adjustable gastric band. These operations may be performed using laparoscopic surgical techniques to minimize perioperative morbidity and postoperative recovery time. To optimize the outcome of this type of procedure, bariatric surgery should be performed on carefully selected patients, in centers specially equipped to care for the obese, within a broadly based, multidisciplinary setting providing lifelong postoperative care.
The 'Fraudulent Joinder Prevention Act of 2016': A New Standard and a New Rationale for an Old Doctrine

H.R. 3624, the “Fraudulent Joinder Prevention Act of 2016” (FJPA), was approved by the House of Representatives on Feb. 25, 2016. The purpose of the bill, as its sponsor has explained, is to establish “a uniform standard for determining whether a [local] defendant has been fraudulently joined to a lawsuit, in order to defeat federal diversity jurisdiction.” The new standard would make it somewhat easier for defendants to remove diversity cases to federal court notwithstanding the joinder of an in-state or co-citizen defendant. The bill now awaits action in the Senate. Should the Senate act favorably on the legislation? That depends on whom you ask. Supporters argue that the bill corrects an imbalance in current doctrine that allows plaintiffs to game the system, defeat the legitimate removal rights of out-of-state defendants, and drag local individuals or small businesses into lawsuits notwithstanding their “tangential or peripheral role” in the controversy. Opponents insist that the bill is “a solution in search of a problem,” that it seeks “to tilt the civil justice playing field in favor of corporate defendants,” and that it will “create problems by upending longstanding rules and potentially wreak havoc on the Federal courts.”This article provides an initial look at the FJPA. Part I sketches the background. Part II traces the evolution of the bill, and Part III describes its provisions. Parts IV through VI discuss the principal points of contention between the bill’s supporters and its opponents. The article concludes by suggesting that the debate over the FJPA reflects a deeper disagreement over the role of removal based on diversity of citizenship in the American legal system. For opponents of H.R. 3624, diversity removal is an anomaly in the law, to be kept under tight restraints and made available only when absolutely necessary. In this view, the requirement of complete diversity is a desirable and almost unassailable part of the legal regime. In contrast, for supporters of the bill, diversity removal is an integral part of the judicial system established by the Constitution and the Judiciary Act of 1789. The anomaly, if there is one, is the complete-diversity rule — a rule that perhaps should be abrogated or modified because it can prevent defendants from removing cases to federal court when the purpose of diversity jurisdiction would support removal.
Autodiction, or Consciousness Narrating Itself

Men’s words are a poor exponent of their thought; nay their thought itself is a poor exponent of the inward unnamed Mystery, wherefrom both thought and action have their birth.
Spectral analysis for the High Efficiency Multimode Imager

The High Efficiency Multimode Imager, HEMI, is a combined Compton and coded aperture imager designed to detect, localize, and characterize gamma-ray sources within the energy range from tens of keV to a few MeV. HEMI consists of cubic centimeter CdZn Te detectors with good spectral resolution (∼2% at 662 keV) that allow for the separation and identification of discrete gamma-ray energies. This paper describes the methods being developed to analyze spectra and identify radioisotopes using measurements from a 24-detector system, a 42-detector planar array, and simulations from a large-scale HEMI system.
NetRexx-an alternative for writing Java classes

This paper describes a new human-oriented programming language, called NetRexx, which has been designed as an alternative to the Java language. The reference implementation of NetRexx compiles to the Java Virtual Machine and allows programmers to create programs and applets for the Java environment faster and more easily than by programming in Java. NetRexx classes and Java classes are entirely equivalent-NetRexx can use any Java class (and vice versa). Using existing Java classes is especially easy in NetRexx, as the different types of numbers and strings that Java expects are handled automatically by the language. NetRexx combines the strengths of two very different programming languages, Rexx and Java. The result is a language which is tuned for both scripting and application development, and is therefore genuinely general-purpose.
Reply to "Nitrofurantoin, an Excellent Empiric Choice for Outpatient Cystitis".

We read the letter from Cortes-Penfield and Trautner ([1][1]) and thank them for their interest in our recent paper ([2][2]). In our paper, we demonstrated increasing resistance of Escherichia coli to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in urinary isolates obtained from adult
Investigating Rare Events and a Discussion on Waiting Room Chest Pain Evaluations: Answers to the November 2010 Journal Club Questions

Editor’s Note: You are reading the 18th installment of Annals of Emergency Medicine Journal Club. The questions and the article they are about (Scheuermeyer et al. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56:455-462) were published in the November 2010 issue. Information about journal club can be found at http://www.annemergmed.com/content/journalclub. Readers should recognize that these are suggested answers. We hope they are accurate; we know that they are not comprehensive. There are many other points that could be made about these questions or about the article in general. Questions are rated “novice,” ( ) “intermediate,” ( ) and “advanced” ( ) so that individuals planning a journal club can assign the right question to the right student. The “novice” rating does not imply that a novice should be able to spontaneously answer the question. “Novice” means we expect that someone with little background should be able to do a bit of reading, formulate an answer, and teach the material to others. Intermediate and advanced questions also will likely require some reading and research, and that reading will be sufficiently difficult that some background in clinical epidemiology will be helpful in understanding the reading and concepts. We are interested in receiving feedback about this feature. Please e-mail journalclub@acep.org with your comments.
An AFM Investigation of the Nanoscale Forces that Govern the Interactions between Actin and Proteins of Tropomodulin Family

Tropomodulin family of proteins includes several isoforms of tropomodulins (Tmod) and leiomodins (Lmod), which are differentially expressed in various tissues. They bind to the pointed end of an actin filament and regulate dynamics at that end. By binding to G-actin they sequester actin or nucleate actin polymerization. Of Tmod isoforms, Tmod2 is the best nucleator and Tmod3 is the best in sequestering. Although these properties are isoform-dependent, knowledge on how they vary in their strength of interactions to actin is missing.
The Impact of Resources on International Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Study

We study how resources affect the entrepreneurial process in an international business context. Due to the transformation of many start-ups into multinational enterprises, it is important to understand how such internationalization transpires. Accordingly, our study focuses on the impact of resources on entrepreneurs’ ability to identify, appraise and take advantage of opportunities that lead to internationalization. This is accomplished by drawing on and synthesizing the resource-based view with opportunity-based theory. Furthermore, the under-researched international entrepreneurship literature provides a clear knowledge gap, hence the study is exploratory. Through interviewing eight international entrepreneurs operating in diverse industries, we gain comprehensive insights and experiences vis-a-vis resource impact on internationalization. Our empirical findings show that resources influence each stage of the international entrepreneurial action process in different ways. An important conclusion is that social capital in the form of networks and partnerships are critical to entrepreneurs pursuing internationalization. In line with international business and entrepreneurship literature, such third party resources aid in the discovery of opportunities and provision of information. Furthermore, they alleviate resource constraints and provide entrepreneurs with better understanding of foreign markets. Given these findings, we suggest that entrepreneurs and managers pursuing internationalization should actively increase their networking capabilities and enter apposite global partnerships.
Graded Particle Swarm Optimization (GPSO)

Particle Swarm Optimization has attracted a vast amount of researchers over the past two decades for its ability to search global optima by simple update equations for position and velocity. A set of randomly initialized points in a search space exchange information regarding their position and fitness. The individual's personal best factor and the group leader's positions support the swarm's movement towards optima. However, this strategy is not guaranteed to achieve the global optimum values in all the scenarios, which is otherwise dependent on the complexity of the fitness function. In addressing this issue, a better performing variant is proposed by introducing the concept of grouping, gradation (hierarchy) and universal leader concepts. In the proposed variant, during initialization, the members of the swarm are grouped for search and each group is associated with a group leader based on best fitness individual in the group. All these group leaders form a hierarchical group associated with a universal leader. For, applying this strategy a fourth term in the PSO velocity update equation is introduced governing the influence of a universal leader. In the current paper, the GPSO algorithm, its modified equation and deduction of the general PSO rules followed by its evaluation on the standard benchmark functions are presented. This algorithm like other swarming techniques is expected to support new search, exploration and mapping strategies in the fields of computational intelligence, swarm intelligence and swarm robotics.
Echoes of a flood pulse: short-term effects of record flooding of the Illinois River on floodplain lakes under ecological restoration

The flood pulse drives primary productivity, biotic communities, and abiotic processes in large river systems; however, the effects of floods on restored floodplain lakes and associated wetlands are poorly understood. Record flooding of the Illinois River, Illinois, in 2013 reconnected two floodplain preserves under restoration that had been disconnected from the river by levees for >80 years. Differences in hydrological connections between sites created a natural experiment where field-based data collection could be employed to document flood effects. Levee failure and subsequent river connection at Merwin Preserve increased nutrient capture and floodwater retention, shifted microbial and invertebrate communities, increased fish species richness, spawning and nursery habitat, and stimulated production of moist-soil plant communities during summer drawdown that provided foraging habitat for spring-migrating waterfowl. However, increased hydrologic connectivity during the growing season resulted in loss of submersed vegetation and habitat for autumn-migrating waterfowl. In contrast, river water overtopped the levee at Emiquon Preserve during a 6-day event that resulted in marginal changes in the bacterial community and negligible changes in water quality and community diversity. Tradeoffs among ecological services should be carefully considered when reconnection of highly altered rivers to restored lakes and wetlands is proposed.
Incorporating the Principles of Self-Management into Treatment of Dysarthria Associated with Parkinson's Disease.

Although understanding patient perspectives on treatment is a major component of patient-centered care, little is known about patient perspectives related to dysarthria treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD). This article attempts to explore the perspective of patients with dysarthria associated with PD by interviewing them before and after treatment. Treatment expectations and experiences are summarized along with a discussion of how patients are using the tools they learned once treatment was completed. Comments about treatment were generally positive and suggested increased awareness and improved speech loudness. However, areas for improvement were also identified including: (1) treatment was not addressing some communication problems that were of concern to patients; (2) therapy programs were not enjoyable; and (3) it was difficult to maintain gains after therapy ended. Principles of self-management are reviewed to address some of the shortcomings of current treatment approaches.
The marine mammals of the Gulf of Mexico

Recorded knowledge of marine mammals of the Gulf began with commercial whaling of sperm whales, short-finned pilot whales, and Risso’s dolphins in the 1700s and 1800s, progressed to natural history observations and one of the first volunteer stranding organizations, the Texas Marine Mammal Stranding Network, in the 1970s. The vegetarian sirenian, the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), occurs mainly in Florida. All others are cetaceans, members of the whale and dolphin clades. There are no porpoises, sea lions, fur seals, or true seals in the Gulf. The most common cetacean in the Gulf numerically is the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), and the one with most biomass is the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), common in mid-depth waters off Louisiana and the shelf break off Texas. Major anthropogenic threats exist for all marine mammals but do not appear to be as intensive in the Gulf as in several other oceanic basins. Threats to marine mammals in the Gulf include prey depletion, incidental mortality, injury due to fisheries, intentional and direct takes, vessel strikes, disturbance, acoustic (noise) pollution, chemical contamination, ingestion of solid debris, oil spills, and aspects of ecosystem change.
Supervised Adversarial Domain Adaptation

This work provides a framework for addressing the problem of supervised domain adaptation with deep models. The main idea is to exploit adversarial learning to learn an embedded subspace that simultaneously maximizes the confusion between two domains while semantically aligning their embedded versions. The supervised setting becomes attractive especially when there are only a few target data samples that need to be labeled. In this scenario, alignment and separation of semantic probability distributions is difficult because of the lack of data. We found that by carefully designing a training scheme whereby the typical binary adversarial discriminator is augmented by having to distinguish between four different classes, it is possible to effectively address the supervised adaptation problem. In addition, the approach has a high “speed” of adaptation, which requires an extremely low number of labeled target training samples, even one per category can be effective. We then extensively compare this approach to the state of the art in domain adaptation in two experiments: one using datasets for handwritten digit recognition, and one using datasets for visual object recognition.
Maternal conception of gestational weight gain among Latinas: A qualitative study.

Objective Interventions to support healthy gestational weight gain are often ineffective. The objective was to develop a model of how pregnant Latinas-who have a higher risk of poor maternal and neonatal weight-related outcomes-conceptualize healthy gestational weight gain, providing guidance for future interventions. Method Ten focus groups with 50 pregnant Latinas were conducted by a native Spanish-speaking female moderator. On the basis of participant responses, we used grounded theory to inductively develop a personal conceptual framework for gestational weight gain. Results Commonly identified barriers to being active and healthy eating included negative emotions, body image, physical discomfort, low energy, and lack of motivation. Women identified sociocultural issues such as a sense of isolation from family (among immigrants) and the degree of perceived social support as important contributors to health behaviors. Two personal health schemas emerged from participant responses. The "mother-child health schema" describes the degree to which participants recognized the interrelatedness of health needs for baby and for themselves. The "attention to gestational weight gain schema" describes how a respondent's attention to and perceived importance of gestational weight gain influences health-related behaviors during pregnancy. Conclusions Women's sociocultural and interpersonal context influence weight-related behaviors through the lens of personal health schemas. Understanding how cognitive aspects relate to traditional behavioral determinants suggests several opportunities for intervention, such as focusing on healthy behaviors instead of numerical targets for healthy weight gain. Although derived from Spanish-speaking Latin-American women, these results may also be potential leverage points for other minority groups. (PsycINFO Database Record
Patient Safety and Risk Management in the Treatment of Pain

Treating patients with severe, nonmalignant pain can be challenging, and with so many options for pain management, one should evaluate the risks and benefits of each treatment. Opioid pain medications are very potent analgesics and should be considered for severe pain in certain cases, but it is important to weight the risks and benefits of prescribing and to document this reasoning clearly to avoid confusion and misunderstanding. Opioids carry a risk of abuse and diversion, as well as side effects of respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, and others. There are recommended precautions to take in order to minimize risk when using these high profile drugs. Proper screening practices should be used to determine candidacy for opioid use, including a full history and physical examination, urine drugs screens, and utilizing a state wide prescription monitoring program can help to reduce the risk of misuse, drug seeking behavior. A full patient history, evaluation, and screening for risks of abuse and diversion can help prescribers use opioids more effectively, balance the risks and benefits, and treat pain more appropriately.
Elbow Dislocation and Subluxation Injuries in the National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2009-2010 Through 2013-2014.

Background:Examination of the incidence of elbow dislocation and subluxation injuries in the collegiate athlete population is limited.Purpose:To determine the incidence of elbow dislocation and sub...
Effect of defibrillation threshold testing on effectiveness of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

Background Defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing is recommended with the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (SICD). Objective To describe first shock efficacy for appropriate SICD therapies stratified by the presence of implant DFT testing. Methods We reviewed all patients receiving SICDs at our institution and stratified them based on whether implant DFT testing was performed. Appropriate shocks were reviewed to see if ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) terminated with a single shock. First shock efficacy was stratified by implant DFT status. Results 178 patients implanted with SICDs and followed in our center were included in this study. Of these, 135 (76%) underwent DFT testing (DFT (+) group). In the DFT (+), 80 appropriate shocks were needed to treat 69 episodes of VT/VF. The first shock was effective in 61 out of 69 episodes (88.4%), whereas multiple shocks were required to terminate VT/VF in the remaining eight episodes. Among 43 patients without implant DFT testing (DFT (-) group), 20 appropriate shocks to treat 17 episodes of VT/VF occurred in seven patients. VT/VF was successfully terminated with the first shock in 16 out of 17 episodes (first shock efficacy 94.1 %). There was no significant difference in first shock effectiveness between those with and without implant DFT testing (P = 0.97). Conclusion A strategy that omits DFT testing at implant did not appear to compromise the effectiveness of the SICD. These data suggest that routine DFT testing at SICD implant might not be necessary. Randomized trials are needed to confirm this finding.
Medicaid physician fees and use of physician and hospital services

This paper examines how physician fees affect use of physician and hospital services under the Medicaid program. Using data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES), it examines how Medicaid physician fee levels affect beneficiaries' probability of using ambulatory physician services, the site at which ambulatory physician care is usually received, and how that site affects level of use and probability of hospital admission. The results indicate that low Medicaid fees hamper access to office-based physicians and encourage use of hospital outpatient departments and emergency rooms. They also indicate that having an office-based doctor as a usual source of ambulatory physician care is associated with a higher frequency of visits and a lower probability of having an inpatient hospitalization.
A Poetic Dialectic: The Place Is Void

Examining Badiou’s essay “A Poetic Dialectic: Labid ben Rabi’a and Mallarme,” MacKenzie demonstrates the principles of Badiou’s thought and the stakes of modernity in relationship to the void using the triplet of “master,” “place,” and “truth.” For Badiou, the master provides truth for a community that would place itself as subservient to him. Modernity then arises with the recognition of the absence or failure of the master and the eruption of a void of contingency that undermines truth and annihilates determinate place. In order to escape a resultant nihilism, Badiou suggests that the void itself be taken as truth, and folded back into thought as the place upon which all action may occur.
Kinetic mechanism of time-dependent inhibition of CYP2D6 by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Functional heterogeneity of the enzyme and the reversibility of its inactivation

We investigate the mechanism of time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), one of the most widespread recreational drugs of abuse. In an effort to unravel the kinetic mechanism of the formation of metabolic inhibitory complex (MIC) of CYP2D6 with MDMA-derived carbene we carried out a series of spectrophotometric studies paralleled with registration of the kinetics of time-dependent inhibition (TDI) in CYP2D6-incorporated proteoliposomes. The high amplitude of spectral signal in this system allowed us to characterize the spectral properties of the formed MIC in details and obtain an accurate spectral signature of MIC formation. This information was then used in the studies with CYP2D6-containing microsomes of insect cells (CYP2D6 Supersomes™). Our results demonstrate that in both systems the formation of the ferrous carbene-derived MIC is relatively slow, reversible and is not associated with the accumulation of the ferric carbene intermediate, as takes place in the case of CYP3A4 and podophylotoxin. Furthermore, the limited amplitude of MIC formation suggests that only a fraction (∼50%) of spectrally detectable CYP2D6 in both proteoliposomes and Supersomes participates in the formation of MIC and is therefore involved in the MDMA metabolism. This observation reveals yet another example of a cytochrome P450 that exhibits persistent functional heterogeneity of its population in microsomal membranes. Our study provides a solid methodological background for further mechanistic studies of MIC formation in human liver microsomes and demonstrates that the potency and physiological relevance of MDMA-dependent TDI of CYP2D6 may be overestimated.
The use of indocyanine green during robotic ureteroenteric reimplantation for the management of benign anastomotic strictures.

We describe our technique for using intraureteral and intraurinary diversion indocyanine green (ICG) during robotic ureteroenteric reimplantation and report our outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed eight patients who underwent ten robotic ureteroenteric reimplantations between August 2013 and July 2017. ICG was injected antegrade and/or retrograde into the lumen of the ureter, and retrograde into the lumen of the urinary diversion. All patients consented to off-label use of ICG. Postoperatively, all patients were assessed for: clinical success: the absence of flank pain; and radiological success: the absence of obstruction on renal scan and/or loopogram. Visualization of ICG under near-infrared fluorescence allowed for precise identification of the strictured ureter and urinary diversion, which fluoresced green; and localization the ureteroenteric stricture margins, which poorly fluoresced green. The median operative time was 208 min (IQR 191–299), estimated blood loss was 125 ml (IQR 69–150), and length of stay was 6 days (IQR 1–8). Three of eight (37.5%) patients suffered a minor (Clavien ≤ 2), and 2/8 (25.0%) patients suffered a major (Clavien > 2) post-operative complication. There were no complications related to ICG use. At a median follow-up of 29 months (IQR 21–38), 8/10 (80.0%) ureteroenteric reimplantations were clinically and radiologically successful. Intraureteral and intraurinary diversion ICG may be utilized as a real-time contrast agent during robotic ureteroenteric reimplantation to assist with identification of the strictured ureter and urinary diversion, and delineation of the ureteroenteric stricture margins. Despite this, RUER remains a technically difficult and morbid procedure.
Music Blocks: Audio-augmented Block Games for Play-Based Cognitive Assessment

Music Blocks are audio and musical games that use sensor-embedded cube blocks designed for play-based cognitive and motor skill assessments. Music Blocks allow the user to customize the sensory feedback, such as audio, visual, tactile, or a combination of any two or more, within the game design. Three Music Games were designed for preliminary evaluation: Direction Blocks, MineSweeper, and Password Blocks. New algorithms to support real-time game administration and data collection for these three games were also developed. For preliminary evaluation of technical function and usability, the games were tested on a small group of 17 participants. As a baseline cognitive assessment, three subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV: Block Design, Digit Span, and Matrix Reasoning) were also administered to all participants. Preliminary results showed that audio and visual stimuli have equal participant digit span performance in the Password Game (50 % /50 %), and audio portrays information well in tangible games (e.g. MineSweeper No-Visual Completion Rate: 64.7%). Individual Music Blocks games correlated with the WAIS-IV subtests.
Using Pupillometry to Assess the Atypical Pupillary Light Reflex and LC-NE System in ASD

With recent advances in technology, there has been growing interest in use of eye-tracking and pupillometry to assess the visual pathway in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Within emerging literature, an atypical pupillary light reflex (PLR) has been documented, holding potential for use as a clinical screening biomarker for ASD. This review outlines dominant theories of neuropathology associated with ASD and integrates underlying neuroscience associated with the atypical PLR through a reciprocal model of brainstem involvement and cortical underconnectivity. This review draws from animal models of ASD demonstrating disruption of cranial motor nuclei and brain imaging studies examining arousal and the influence of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system on the pupillary response. Pupillometry methods are explained in relation to existing data examining the PLR in ASD and pupillary parameters of constriction latency and tonic pupil diameter as key parameters for investigation. This focused review provides preliminary data toward future work developing pupillometry metrics and offers direction for studies aimed at rigorous study replication using pupillometry with the ASD population. Experimental conditions and testing protocol for capturing pupil parameters with this clinical population are discussed to promote clinical research and translational application.
uPAR isoform 2 forms a dimer and induces severe kidney disease in mice

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is an immune-derived circulating signaling molecule that has been implicated in chronic kidney disease, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Typically, native uPAR (isoform 1) translates to a 3-domain protein capable of binding and activating integrins, yet the function of additional isoforms generated by alternative splicing is unknown. Here, we characterized mouse uPAR isoform 2 (msuPAR2), encoding domain I and nearly one-half of domain II, as a dimer in solution, as revealed by 3D electron microscopy structural analysis. In vivo, msuPAR2 transgenic mice exhibited signs of severe renal disease characteristic of FSGS with proteinuria, loss of kidney function, and glomerulosclerosis. Sequencing of the glomerular RNAs from msuPAR2-Tg mice revealed a differentially expressed gene signature that includes upregulation of the suPAR receptor Itgb3, encoding β3 integrin. Crossing msuPAR2-transgenic mice with 3 different integrin β3 deficiency models rescued msuPAR2-mediated kidney function. Further analyses indicated a central role for β3 integrin and c-Src in msuPAR2 signaling and in human FSGS kidney biopsies. Administration of Src inhibitors reduced proteinuria in msuPAR2-transgenic mice. In conclusion, msuPAR2 may play an important role in certain forms of scarring kidney disease.