cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compiling scientific code using partial evaluation

The partial evaluation approach, which transforms a high-level program into a low-level program that is specialized for a particular application, exposing the parallelism inherent in the underlying numerical computation, is discussed. A prototype compiler that uses partial evaluation is described. Experiments with the compiler have shown that for an important class of numerical programs, partial evaluation can provide marked performance improvements: speedups over conventionally compiled code that range from seven times faster to 91 times faster have been measured. By coupling partial evaluation with parallel scheduling techniques, the low-level parallelism inherent in a computation can be exploited on heavily pipelined or parallel architectures. The approach has been demonstrated by applying a parallel scheduler to a partially evaluated program that simulates the motion of a nine-body solar system. >
On Top of the World: Ernest S. Burch, Jr.'s Contribution to the 1983 National Geographic Society Peoples of the Arctic Map

Ernest Burch, Jr. served as the expert on National Geographic magazine's 1983 Peoples of the Arctic supplemental map. Using material from his personal collection and the National Geographic Society archives, Burch's contribution to the Saami portion of the map is analyzed for accuracy in 1825, the time period specified by the accompanying text. The remainder of the Peoples of the Arctic issue is also discussed in light of contemporary popular understanding of the Saami. The Saami portion of the map was based primarily on secondary in English sources, resulting in place names that used a mixture of languages. Yet, Burch's reconstruction of the traditional resource territories in the North Cap region accurately reflected the complexity of the situation during the early 19th century before borders became fixed and states established sovereignty over the region. It also provides scholars with a model to test assumptions about how arctic peoples' resource territories changed as they became incorporated into state-level societies.
Will I still be writing code when I'm forty?

I had just told a community college instructor that in industry, where I teach and work, a typical software engineer spends little time coding. "So what do you do all day?", she asked.
Heat Transfer Enhancement—The Maturing of Second-Generation Heat Transfer Technology

This paper is basically the text of the Kern Lecture for 1991 (the 1990 Kern Award). The paper begins with some remarks about Dr. Kern. By way of introduction to heat transfer enhancement, historical notes and the evolution of literature in this area are presented. Comments are made about the increasing practical applications of enhancement technology. Developments in single-phase convection are presented, with particular emphasis on offset strip fins and twisted-tape inserts. Pool boiling and flow boiling (particularly microfin tubes) are then considered in some detail. It is concluded that enhancement represents a powerful technology to improve heat exchanger performance.
Rheumatic manifestations of euthyroid, anti-thyroid antibody-positive patients

The aim of this study is to define the rheumatic manifestations of euthyroid patients with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) but without a well-defined connective tissue disease. Forty-six consecutive patients with anti-thyroid peroxidase (αTPO) and/or anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (αTG), and normal thyroid function in the absence of a well-defined connective tissue disease were included in a case–cohort study. Arthralgias were a presenting complaint in 98 % of patients. Fibromyalgia syndrome was found in 59 % of patients. Raynaud’s phenomenon occurred in 28 % and sicca symptoms in 26 % of patients. Two patients had seronegative arthritis resembling rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis was radiographically present in 88 %, affecting the spine in 45 % of patients. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels positively correlated with levels of αTPO, but not with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or αTG levels. A positive ANA was found in 24 % of patients. One patient developed subclinical hypothyroidism during the study. Rheumatic manifestations frequently occur in patients with CLT in the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction and mimic the presentation of the well-defined connective tissue diseases.
Surfactant Concentration Effects on Nitroxide-Mediated Living Free Radical Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene

TEMPO-terminated oligomers of polystyrene (TTOPS) are being used as a macroinitiator to initiate the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene at 125 °C. In this work, the surfactant concentration (Dowfax 8390) used to prepare the miniemulsion was varied from 1.25 to 25 mM. It was found that with increasing surfactant concentration the particle size decreased, and the particle number increased as expected. However, this variation in the surfactant concentration and its effect on the number of particles generated had little effect on the resulting polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight in the nitroxide-mediated miniemulsion system. The average numbers of active and stable free radicals per particle were estimated and used to explain the kinetic differences between living free radical miniemulsion polymerization and normal free radical emulsion polymerization.
The equatorial latitude of auroral activity during 1972–1977

The equatorial latitude of auroral activity has been derived from both electron and optical observations with the DMSP satellites. Virtually all of the observations that were obtained during the 5-year interval June 1972-September 1977 have been used to construct a nearly continuous plot of invariant geomagnetic latitude versus time.
Structural analysis and regulation of angiotensin II receptors

Angiotensin (Ang II) is an octapeptide hormone that plays a crucial role in the maintenance of electrolyte homeostasis and cardiovascular function. The hemodynamic and cardiovascular effects o f Ang II are mediated by high-affinity cell-surface receptors of the AT(1) pharmacologic class. The mammalian AT(1) receptor has recently been cloned and found to encode a 359-amino-acid protein of 41,000 molecular weight. The AT, receptor belongs to the guanine nucleotide regulatory-proteincoupled receptor family and is coupled to the phospholipase C signal transduction pathway as evidenced by intracellular calcium mobilization and inositol trisphosphate production upon receptor activation. Cloning of the AT(1) receptor has facilitated the study of structure-function correlates and molecular mechanisms of receptor regulation, and will lead to substantial progress in elucidating the mechanisms governing Ang II actions.
Growth rates and body condition factors of Alligator mississippiensis in coastal Louisiana wetlands: A comparison of wild and farm-released juveniles

Abstract 1. 1. Growth rates and body condition factors for native wild and captive-raised juvenile alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) that had been released to the wild were studied using tag-recapture methods for 274 alligators over a 4-year period. Alligators were grouped by sex, size class, source (farm-released vs native wild) and as to whether they had overwintered or not. 2. 2. In most groups, the farm-released alligators grew significantly better than wild alligators matched for sex and size; in the remaining groups the post-release alligators grew as well as their counterparts, though not better. 3. 3. Overwintering tended to slow growth rates in both groups, but farm-released alligators still demonstrated superior growth over native wild alligators even after overwintering. 4. 4. Males tended to grow faster than females, though this trend was not always significantly greater. In no matched group did females grow faster than males. 5. 5. Growth rates diminished with increasing size in native wild alligators (smaller alligators grew faster), but growth rates of farm-released alligators remained accelerated even at the larger size classes. 6. 6. Growth curves were constructed using known recapture data with three growth models (von Bertlanffy, Gompertz and logistic); the calculated maximum attainable length and growth parameters were significantly larger (P 7. 7. Body condition factors were not different in captive-raised post-released alligators than native wild alligators.
Determination of Polyacrylate Super Absorbent Polymers in Air

Abstract A sampling and analytical method has been developed for measurement of a starch-grafted, cross-linked sodium polyacrylate in air. Also, the method is applicable to measurement of several other polyacrylate super absorbent polymers and involves air sampling with a 37-mm PVC membrane filter, treatment of the sample with 0.07 M cupric acetate solution to form a copper-polymer precipitate, digestion of the precipitate with nitric and perchloric acids, and measurement of the copper content by inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometry. The interior surface of the front piece of the filter cassette also is analyzed. This analytical method has been compared with a sodium method that currently is used. Detection limits for various super absorbent polymers ranged from 4.4 to 14 micrograms per sample.
Absolute temperature MR imaging with thulium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (TmDOTMA−)

MR thermometry based on the water (1)H signal provides high temporal and spatial resolution, but it has low temperature sensitivity (approximately 0.01 ppm/degrees C) and requires monitoring of another weaker signal for absolute temperature measurements. The use of the paramagnetic lanthanide complex, thulium 1,4,7,10- tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (TmDOTMA(-)), which is approximately 60 times more sensitive to temperature than the water (1)H signal, is advanced to image absolute temperatures in vivo using water signal as a reference. The temperature imaging technique was developed using gradient echo and asymmetric spin echo imaging sequences on 9.4 Tesla (T) horizontal and vertical MR scanners. A comparison of regional temperatures measured with TmDOTMA(-) and fiber-optic probes showed that the accuracy of imaging temperature is <0.3 degrees C. The temperature imaging technique was found to be insensitive to inhomogeneities in the main magnetic field. The feasibility of imaging temperature of intact rats at approximately 1.4 mmol/kg dose with approximately 1-mm spatial resolution in only 3 min is demonstrated. TmDOTMA(-) should prove useful for imaging absolute temperatures in deep-seated organs in numerous biomedical applications.
Lesions in the preoptic area suppressed sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats with estrogen implants in the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Abstract The objective of the experiment was to determine if electrolytic ablation of a portion of the preoptic area (POA) influenced the activation of female lordosis behavior by implants of estradiol benzoate in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Two weeks after ovariectomy, rats received either bilateral electrolytic lesions (2 mA for 10 sec in Experiment 1, or 1 mA for 5 sec in Experiment 2) in the POA, or sham lesions (all procedures except passage of current). On the same day (day 0 of the experiment) thirty-gauge stainless steel cannulae containing crystalline estradiol benzoate were stereotaxically placed bilaterally into the VMH of all the rats. Subsequently, females were tested for the lordosis response to stud males on days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 in Experiment 1 or on days 7, 14 and 15 in Experiment 2. All rats received 0.5 mg progesterone (SC) only before the last test. A female was considered sexually receptive if she exhibited a lordosis quotient (LQ) greater than or equal to 10 (LQ=No. lordosis responses/10 mounts by male × 100). The frequencies for sexual receptivity in females with POA lesions were significantly lower than those for control females without lesions in both experiments. Additionally the degree of receptivity (lordosis quotient) was significantly lower on each test day for rats with POA lesions than that for rats without POA lesions. The results imply that the maintenance of the integrity of the POA under this experimental condition was important for the expression of the facilitative influence of the VMH on lordotic responsiveness.
The Chancery of Alfonso VII of León-Castilla: The Period 1116-1135 Reconsidered

A THOROUGH AND SYSTEMATIC STUDY of the charters and chanceries of the kings of Leon-Castilla for the central Middle Ages is one of the essential and unfinished tasks of Spanish medieval studies. Until it is completed, much of the political, ecclesiastical, economic and social history of this area will remain most precariously based. What has been done to date may be described fairly briefly. Paradoxically, the charters of the earlier Asturian kings have been closely studied, albeit with somewhat diverging conclusions in various instances, by L. Barrau-Dihigot and more recently by Antonio C. Floriano.2 For the latter twelfth century, Julio Gonzalez has written of the separate realms of Leon under Fernando 11 (1157-1188) and of Castilla under Sancho III (11571158), Alfonso VIII (1158-1214) and Enrique I (1214-1217), appending to these most valuable histories collections of the royal charters which seem exhaustive in scope but which are not critically examined.3 But within these two periods the charters and chanceries, for example, of the enormously significant Fernando I (1037-1065), Alfonso VI (1065-1109) and Urraca (1109-1126) remain almost untouched. Now it is true that Augustin Millares Carlo has made a useful general survey of the period in his "La cancilleria real en Leon y Castilla hasta fines del reinado de Fernando 111."4 In addition, more specialized works have been undertaken by Luis S'anchez Belda,5 Tomas Mann6 and A. Eitel.7 But the most comprehensive study is that of S'anchez Belda, "La cancelleria castellana en el reinado de Dofia Urraca",8 wherein he cites only fifty-five of her charters while I am currently aware of the existence of some one hundred and four. One may safely assert then, that the magisterial work of Peter Rassow on the charters of Alfonso VII (1126-1157) seems to be the one exhaustive exploration of this entire period.9
Adsorption in gas chromatography with liquid and solid stationary phases

The peculiar features and the mechanism of ageing of sorbents containing a non-polar and a polar liquid as the stationary phase coated on a polar support are discussed. Procedures for ageing sorbents in order to improve the reproducibility of retention values have been developed. It is shown that the retention values for a polar sorbate-non-polar stationary phase-polar support system depend substantially on the degree of drying of both the carrier gas (in the chromatographic run) and of the stream of gas used in the ageing treatment. The roles played by the different components of retention have been estimated on the basis of a study of the dependence of the specific retention of n-propanol on the percentage of squalane coated on Celite. Static measurements of adsorption at the liquid-solid support interface have been made for two systems. In addition, for the n-propanol-squalane system static measurements of the partition coefficient have been carried out. The results of static measurements of adsorption at the liquid-solid support interface have confirmed the conclusions on the significant role of adsorption on this surface that have been drawn from the results of chromatographic measurements carried out with sorbents subjected to ageing. The possibilities of using the effects of adsorption at the phase interfaces of sorbents containing liquid and solid stationary phases are considered. A linear dependence of the retention volume or the reciprocal of the percentage of stationary phase is shown to exist when solid stationary phases are used. The height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) is considerably lower when a solid than when a liquid stationary phase is used, owing to a decrease in the resistance to internal diffusion. The HETP decreases sharply if helium is substituted for nitrogen as the carrier gas.
Independent Structural Domains in Paramyxovirus Polymerase Protein

All enzymatic activities required for genomic replication and transcription of nonsegmented negative strand RNA viruses (or Mononegavirales) are believed to be concentrated in the viral polymerase (L) protein. However, our insight into the organization of these different enzymatic activities into a bioactive tertiary structure remains rudimentary. Fragments of Mononegavirales polymerases analyzed to date cannot restore bioactivity through trans-complementation, unlike the related L proteins of segmented NSVs. We investigated the domain organization of phylogenetically diverse Paramyxovirus L proteins derived from measles virus (MeV), Nipah virus (NiV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Through a comprehensive in silico and experimental analysis of domain intersections, we defined MeV L position 615 as an interdomain candidate in addition to the previously reported residue 1708. Only position 1708 of MeV and the homologous positions in NiV and RSV L also tolerated the insertion of epitope tags. Splitting of MeV L at residue 1708 created fragments that were unable to physically interact and trans-complement, but strikingly, these activities were reconstituted by the addition of dimerization tags to the fragments. Equivalently split fragments of NiV, RSV, and MeV L oligomerized with comparable efficiency in all homo- and heterotypic combinations, but only the homotypic pairs were able to trans-complement. These results demonstrate that synthesis as a single polypeptide is not required for the Mononegavirales polymerases to adopt a proper tertiary conformation. Paramyxovirus polymerases are composed of at least two truly independent folding domains that lack a traditional interface but require molecular compatibility for bioactivity. The functional probing of the L domain architecture through trans-complementation is anticipated to be applicable to all Mononegavirales polymerases.
Retinoblastoma protein expression and radiation response in muscle- invasive bladder cancer

Purpose: The retinoblastoma protein (pRB) is a key regulator of the Gl cell cycle checkpoint and has been wed as having a role in Gl arrest and apoptosis induced by radiation damage. In this report we examine the association between pRB expression and radiation response in patients treated between 1960 and 1983 with preoperative radiotherapy (50 Gy in 25 fractions) followed 4-6 weeks later by radical cystectomy. The correlation of pRB to patient outcome and how this relationship is complimentary to that seen with p53 staining status is also described. Methods and Materials: Immunohistochemical staining of pRB and ~53 in paraffin-embedded tumor sections using WL-1 anti-RB and DO1 anti-p53 antibodies was considered adequate in 98 and 97 pretreatment tumor samples, respectively. There were 46 patients with clinical Stage T2, 28 with Stage T3a, and 24 with Stage T3b disease. The median age was 62 years and follow-up for those living was 85 months. Results: Staining for pRB was negative in 30% of the cases. Correlations were observed between pRB negativity andgh pretreatment apoptosis level @ = 0.06), locally advanced clinical stage (p = O.Ol), increased clinicalto-pathologic downstaging (p = 0.014)) and more pathologic complete responses (Path-CRs; p = 0.019). Several other factors were tested and were not associated with pRB status, including ~53 expression. RB status was the only pretreatment prognostic factor in the univariate analyses that correlated with downstaging and was independently associated with Path-CR using multivariate logistic regression. Despite these significant relationships, no correlations with patient outcome were observed when the entire cohort was analyzed. Restriction of the analyses to Stage T3b patients, however, revealed that pRB negativity predicted for enhanced distant metastasis freedom (p = 0.006, log rank) and overall survival @ = 0.02). The overexpression of ~53 also correlated with distant metastasis freedom and overall survival in Stage T3b patients. Patient outcome was best when RB negative and ~53 negative staining were seen. Conclusion: Our results indicate that loss of RB function as measured by immunohistochemical staining is the strongest correlate of radiation response thus far recognized. Loss of RB expression also predicted for poor outcome in Stage T3b patients, which appeared to compliment the finding of normal ~53 expression. While normal RB protein expression is usually associated with better patient outcome, other series have not examined patients treated with radiotherapy. The absence of pRB may be a useful marker for selecting patients for bladder preservation with radiotherapy, particularly when wild-type ~53 is present. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
The Dawn of African Pastoralisms: An Introductory Note☆

Etude de la naissance et de l'expansion du pastoralisme en Afrique a l'Holocene. L'A fait une analyse par regions de ce phenomene culturel qui a envahi tout le continent au cours de cette periode, phenomene lie a la creation du nomadisme.
The homemaker’s hydrogen generator: A report for IAHE student hydrogen design competition 2010

Abstract As a highly reactive gas, hydrogen presents significant challenges for its acquisition and safe storage. Consequently, the viability of a sustainable hydrogen economy greatly depends on the development of an efficient, cost-effective method of hydrogen production. One model for addressing this challenge is to deploy portable hydrogen generators for the home. The Princeton University Chapter of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE-PU) has designed and created a generator that produces hydrogen through water electrolysis and optimizes cost effectiveness and portability while maximizing hydrogen output. For our proof-of-concept, the system utilizes simple household items with a Sharp ND130UJF 130W solar panel. In our design, Ni electrodes submerged in 8 M KOH solution in six glass containers were utilized to power an external circuit. Over 1 h, our system produced 8.61 L of hydrogen gas at an estimated cost of $8.58 per kilogram of hydrogen gas over the 25-year lifetime of the solar panel.
The orientation and direction selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex

Quantitative data are presented on the orientation and direction specificity of the responses of cells in macaque monkey striate cortex. There is a bimodal distribution of direction-specific and nondirection-specific cells, with similar orientation tuning in each class. Cells range in orientation bandwidth at half amplitude from 6 degrees to 360 degrees (i.e. no orientation tuning), with a median near 40 degrees. Foveal-parafoveal and simple-complex subsamples show similar ranges of orientation bandwidths as well as similar medians (the bandwidths being somewhat broader than those found in cat cortex). The foveal subsample and a high-spatial-frequency subsample have more horizontal and vertical optimal orientations than oblique ones. Most cells show inhibition to some orientations, as well as excitation to others. Minimum-response orientations are generally less than 90 degrees from the optimal orientation--indicating maximum inhibition adjacent to the excitatory orientations. Three simple receptive field models are shown to differ in their abilities to account for these results.
Morphological changes in the cochlear nucleus and nucleus of the trapezoid body in gunn rat pups

Abstract Mechanisms underlying bilirubin encephalopathy and hearing loss remain poorly understood, including the way bilirubin enters the nervous system and how bilirubin accumulates in circumscribed regions of the brain. The present experiments examined the auditory brainstem in heterozygous (Nj) and homozygous (jj) Gunn rats at an age when serum bilirubin levels were highest, and after brain bilirubin concentration was artificially raised by sulfadimethoxine administration. In four litters of 11–12 day old Gunn rats, Nj and jj littermates received a single intraperitoneal injection of sulfadimethoxine (100 mg/kg) or a comparable volume of saline. At 16–17 days of age, brainstem auditory evoked potentials were recorded to assess the severity of bilirubin toxicity in the Nj and jj animals. Following the recordings, each animal was perfusion-fixed and frozen sections of the brainstem were cut in the transverse plane from medullary through mesencephalic levels. Sections were mounted on slides, stained with thionin and coded to avoid observer bias. Quantitative analysis revealed no differences between saline and sulfa-treated Nj rats for cochlear nucleus volume, or for cell size in the cochlear nucleus or superior olive. In the sulfa-treated jj rats, cochlear nucleus volume, and cross-sectional areas of spherical cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus and principal cells in the nucleus of the trapezoid body, were all significantly smaller than in the combined groups of Nj animals. The affected areas in the cochlear nucleus and superior olive are innervated by large axosomatic end-bulbs of Held or calyceal endings, and were associated with bilirubin staining of glia in the most severely jaundiced jj sulfa-treated rats. The findings suggest that cells receiving synaptic input from end-bulbs or calyces are early targets of bilirubin toxicity in the auditory system.
Nucleic Acid Metabolism during Greening and Unrolling of Barley Leaf Segments.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaf segments unroll and green when illuminated. Illuminated segments also have an increased capacity for RNA synthesis. Part of this increased RNA synthesis may be attributed to an increased RNA polymerase activity. In addition, following illumination there is an increased formation of polysomes.Analyses of RNA synthesized during illumination showed that the radioactive RNA which accumulated was predominantly associated with cytoplasmic ribosomal RNAs. It appears that the early phases of greening are achieved without chloroplast RNA synthesis. Following extended illumination there was evidence of chloroplast ribosomal RNA synthesis; however, this occurred after appreciable chlorophyll synthesis. Actinomycin D, which effectively inhibits RNA synthesis and leaf unrolling, restricts chlorophyll synthesis only during the later stages of illumination. 5-Fluorouracil inhibits the bulk of RNA synthesis but not greening, unrolling, or polysome formation. Studies with inhibitors of protein synthesis have demonstrated a requirement for protein synthesis concomitant with chlorophyll production and leaf unrolling.
A heat transfer model for incorporating carbon foam fabrics in firefighter’s garment

In the present work, a numerical study was performed to predict and investigate the performance of a thermal protection system for firefighter’s garment consisting of carbon foam fabric in both the outer shell and the thermal liner elements. Several types of carbon foam with different thermal conductivity, porosity, and density were introduced to conduct a parametric study. Additionally, the thickness of the introduced carbon foam fabrics was varied to acquire optimum design. Simulation was conducted for a square planar 2D geometry of the clothing comprising of different fabric layers and a double precision pressure-based implicit solver, under transient state condition was used. The new anticipated thermal protection system was tested under harsh thermal environmental conditions that firefighters are exposed to. The parametric study showed that employing carbon foam fabric with one set of designed parameters, weight reduction of 33 % in the outer shell, 56 % in the thermal liner and a temperature reduction of 2 % at the inner edge of the garment was achieved when compared to the traditional firefighter garment model used by Song et al. (Int J Occup Saf Ergon 14:89–106, 2008). Also, carbon foam fabric with another set of designed parameters resulted in a weight reduction of 25 % in the outer shell, 28 % in the thermal liner and a temperature reduction of 6 % at the inner edge of the garment. As a result, carbon foam fabrics make the firefighter’s garment more protective, durable, and lighter in weight.
Modulation of hepatic PPAR expression during Ft LVS LPS-induced protection from Francisella tularensis LVS infection

Background It has been shown previously that administration of Francisella tularensis (Ft) Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) protects mice against subsequent challenge with Ft LVS and blunts the pro-inflammatory cytokine response.
Absorption of food protein antigen in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis.

Increased gastrointestinal absorption of intact antigen with systemic immunization has been considered a major etiologic factor in the development of food sensitivity. We attempted to test this hypothesis in infants with suspected food protein-induced enter colitis by measuring serum ovalbumin (OVA) concentrations after ingestion of egg white (prior to the performance of good challenges to establish this diagnosis). We first noted significant underestimation of serum OVA concentrations in the presence of even low serum anti-OVA antibody concentrations (>1∶12). Next, using selected noninhibitory sera, we found that all infants studied absorbed some OVA, there was no correlation between serum OVA levels and age (3–11 months), and there was no significant difference between serum OVA concentrations in infants who subsequently had positive oral food challenge responses (120 ±67 ng/ml) and a matched group with negative challenges (102 ±80). These data do not support the hypothesis that “intestinal closure” (antigen exclusion) occurs in the neonatal period or the role of antigen absorption as the major etiological factor in the development of food sensitivity. Better methods of quantitating macromolecular absorption must be developed before the role of antigen absorption in food sensitivity can be assessed. Of note, urinary excretion of intact OVA also occurred. This varied greatly from one voiding to the next and continuing for at least 13 hr after ingestion.
Analysis of nonlinear mass and energy diffusion.

Before a complete analysis can be made of the radial transport of mass and energy in the presence of magnetic fields, the nonlinear diffusion of mass and energy across magnetic fields must be well understood. ' In pursuit of this goal, this paper is concerned with a mathematical analysis of a simple model of slow diffusive selfrelaxation of a magnetically confined plasma. As prototype equations of heat and mass diffusion we consider pt = t.Di(p T)px L D i =dorp
Tuberculosis chemotherapy : present situation, possible solutions, and progress towards a TB-free world.

********* Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious disease responsible for nearly 1.5 million deaths annually. The emergence of multi- and extensively drug-resistant (MDR and XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in combination with the AIDS pandemic, poses formidable obstacles for global TB control efforts. Active TB in humans comprises a heterogeneous population of bacilli, including those that are rapidly multiplying and susceptible to the cell wall-agent isoniazid, and sporadically replicating or nonreplicating organisms. The latter population of bacilli, termed ‘persisters’, [1,2] are diffi cult to eradicate with bactericidal drugs and account for the lengthy treatment required to prevent clinical relapse. The synergistic activity of the sterilizing drugs rifampin and pyrazinamide has allowed shortening of treatment duration to the current 6-month DOTS (directly observed treatment, “short-course”) regimen, which consists of an initial 2-month “intensive phase” of daily rifampinisoniazid-pyrazinamide-ethumbutol, followed by a 4-month “continuation phase” of intermittent rifampin and isoniazid. Proper implementation of the ‘DOTS’ strategy can achieve very high cure rates, while limiting the development of drug resistance, which is considered a “man-made phenomenon” resulting from inappropriate prescribing practices, poor drug quality, erratic drug supply, and poor patient adherence to treatment. [3] Strategies involving new drugs and drug combinations, as well as new uses of existing drugs, are urgently needed to reduce the time required to cure patients with drug-susceptible TB. In addition to improving treatment completion rates and reducing the emergence of drug resistance, shortening treatment duration is expected to have several other benefi cial effects, including reducing: i) transmission in the community; ii) potentially unfavorable interactions with antiretroviral drugs in HIVco-infected persons; and iii) public health care costs. It has been suggested that optimized dosing of rifampin may shorten treatment duration without losing effectiveness. [4] Furthermore, several new or repurposed drugs, including fl uoroquinolones (moxifl oxacin, gatifl oxacin), a diarylquinoline (TMC207/bedaquiline), nitroimidazoles (PA-824, OPC-67683), an ethylene diamine (SQ-109), a pyrrole (LL-3858) and oxazolidinones (Linezolid, PNU100480/sutezolid, AZD5847), are currently being evaluated in clinical trials to determine if they can shorten the duration of treatment for MDR-TB from the current 18-24 months with less toxicity relative to currently available secondline drugs. [5] Clofazimine is also being re-investigated as a potential drug for MDR/XDR-TB, as a result of recent insights into novel targets and mechanisms of its antimicrobial and anti-infl ammatory activities coupled with the acquisition of innovative drug delivery technologies. [6] In addition, thioridazine has been shown to have activity in vitro and ex vivo against MDR/XDR-TB, as well as in mice infected with MDR-TB, and in patients with XDR-TB. [7,8]
An animation framework for improving the comprehension of TinyOS programs

In this paper, we describe an animation framework for TinyOS programs to enhance the comprehension of their runtime behavior. The framework enables application developers to specify, in an XML configuration file, the runtime elements to be captured within a given system, and the manner in which those elements should be displayed. The presented visualization is an animated playback sequence of the events that occurred during application execution. We describe the design and implementation of the framework and present an analysis of the runtime overhead it introduces.
Two-channel recording of auditory-evoked potentials to detect age-related deficits in temporal processing.

Abstract Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), and envelope and frequency following responses (EFRs and FFRs) are widely used to study aberrant auditory processing in conditions such as aging. We have previously reported age-related deficits in auditory processing for rapid amplitude modulation (AM) frequencies using EFRs recorded from a single channel. However, sensitive testing of EFRs along a wide range of modulation frequencies is required to gain a more complete understanding of the auditory processing deficits. In this study, ABRs and EFRs were recorded simultaneously from two electrode configurations in young and old Fischer-344 rats, a common auditory aging model. Analysis shows that the two channels respond most sensitively to complementary AM frequencies. Channel 1, recorded from Fz to mastoid, responds better to faster AM frequencies in the 100–700 Hz range of frequencies, while Channel 2, recorded from the inter-aural line to the mastoid, responds better to slower AM frequencies in the 16–100 Hz range. Simultaneous recording of Channels 1 and 2 using AM stimuli with varying sound levels and modulation depths show that age-related deficits in temporal processing are not present at slower AM frequencies but only at more rapid ones, which would not have been apparent recording from either channel alone. Comparison of EFRs between un-anesthetized and isoflurane-anesthetized recordings in young animals, as well as comparison with previously published ABR waveforms, suggests that the generators of Channel 1 may emphasize more caudal brainstem structures while those of Channel 2 may emphasize more rostral auditory nuclei including the inferior colliculus and the forebrain, with the boundary of separation potentially along the cochlear nucleus/superior olivary complex. Simultaneous two-channel recording of EFRs help to give a more complete understanding of the properties of auditory temporal processing over a wide range of modulation frequencies which is useful in understanding neural representations of sound stimuli in normal, developmental or pathological conditions.
An Adjustable, Constant-Torque, Alternating-Current Motor

A single-phase, alternating current motor system is presented wherein the motor components form part of the control system to provide constant-torque regardless of speed changes and also provide a means for adjusting the magnitude of torque over a wide range of values--each adjustment resulting in a fixed torque for all of its associated speeds. This is accomplished by maintaining a constant field flux for all operating speeds and by maintaining an armature current having a component that is in time phase with the field flux. This component of the armature current is constant for each adjustment thereby providing a constant torque. The armature current is obtained by connecting one side of the armature circuit to a mid tap of the motor field winding and the other side to the junction of an inductor and a capacitor connected in series to the same voltage that supplies the field winding. Control of the torque of the motor is achieved by adjustment of the magnitude of the ohmic values, and the ratio of the capacitance reactance to the inductive reactance.
An MRI-based dose–response analysis of urinary sphincter dose and urinary morbidity after brachytherapy for prostate cancer in a phase II prospective trial

Abstract Purpose To compare dose–volume histogram variables for the internal and external urinary sphincters (IUS/EUS) with urinary quality of life after prostate brachytherapy. Methods and Materials Subjects were 42 consecutive men from a prospective study of brachytherapy as monotherapy with 125 I for intermediate-risk localized prostate cancer. No patient received hormonal therapy. Preplanning constraints included prostate V 100 higher than 95%, V 150 lower than 60%, and V 200 lower than 20% and rectal R 100 less than 1 cm 3 . Patients completed the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite quality-of-life questionnaire before and at 1, 4, 8, and 12 months after implantation, and urinary domain scores were analyzed. All structures including the IUS and EUS were contoured on T2-weighted MRI at day 30, and doses received were calculated from identification of seeds on CT. Spearman's (nonparametric) rank correlation coefficient ( ρ ) was used for statistical analyses. Results Overall urinary morbidity was worst at 1 month after the implant. Urinary function declined when the IUS V 285 was 0.4% ( ρ = −0.32, p = 0.04); bother worsened when the IUS V 35 was 99% ( ρ = −0.31, p = 0.05) or the EUS V 240 was 63% ( ρ = −0.31, p = 0.05); irritation increased when the IUS V 35 was 95% ( ρ = −0.37, p = 0.02) and the EUS V 265 was 24% ( ρ = −0.32, p = 0.04); and urgency worsened when the IUS V 35 was 99.5% ( ρ = −0.38, p = 0.02). Incontinence did not correlate with EUS or IUS dose. Conclusions Doses to the IUS and EUS on MRI/CT predicted worse urinary function, with greater bother, irritative symptoms, and urgency. Incorporating MRI-based dose–volume histogram analysis into the treatment planning process may reduce acute urinary morbidity after brachytherapy.
Rotation of pre-main-sequence stars in NGC 2264 and the solar angular momentum problem

Preliminary measurements of rotational velocities of pre-main sequence stars indicate that stars evolving into early F or late A spectral type have rotational velocities which are consistent with present Main-Sequence stars of similar spectral type. Stars evolving into G type, however, have rotational velocities which are as high as ∼100 km s−1 and would reach the Main Sequence with velocities of ∼150 km s−1. This requires the presence of a strong stellar wind to carry off considerable angular momentum in order to slow down the Sun to its present low rotational velocity.
The United States–India Nuclear Relations after 9/11: Alternative Discourses

Abstract In this article, I go beyond the conventional realist arguments of anarchy, national interest, and nuclear security to offer alternative discourses of the same as applied in the context of US–India nuclear relations after 9/11. To this extent, I draw from feminist International Relations, that security is a gendered phenomenon, to explore how the post-9/11 climate of globalization has served as the context within which are articulated masculinist forms of nuclear discourses between India and the United States. Furthermore, considering issues of international hierarchy and power relations between India and United States, I also draw from Edward Said's Orientalism to explore how assumptions of Orientalism are also sustained in these masculinist nuclear discourses. My contribution in this article lies in offering an alternative feminist and post-colonial perspective to comprehend that nuclear security discourses are not only about objective realist/neoliberal issues of insecurity and strategic inter...
Patent Claims Revisited: Examiners and Trolls

In this article, the author revisits the writing of claims, and demonstrates two other styles of writing them. In one style, the author shows how to write a more narrow and focused claim. In the other style, he shows how to write claims that are beyond broad - claims that can be written prior to actually inventing anything. Note that a patent claim must be a single sentence, although it may contain many clauses. The clauses are generally separated by semicolons, with corresponding line breaks to make the structure more apparent and enhance its readability. The author describes a tactic that is sometimes used by companies that are strictly in the intellectual property (IP) business. These are companies that file and market patents but produce no other goods. Companies that do this are called "patent trolls". They have no intent to create anything of value; instead, they generate revenue exclusively by filing lawsuits
Promises of Advent: North and South

The purpose of this essay is to set in motion a hermeneutics of divine posse through the exploration of religious, poetic, and artistic works on the promise of advent, spanning the North-South axis of our globe—from the European Renaissance to a present-day transcultural Andean Renaissance. It takes its point of departure from Richard Kearney's essay "Enabling God," with its proposed play of hermeneutic circles from sacred to secular contexts in our readings of "annunciation" and "advent." I see this methodological shift as a necessary step towards making further imaginative leaps between wisdom traditions in our search to understand the experiences and aspirations symbolized in religious and artistic expressions across cultures.
Child abuse: Betrayal and disclosure

Abstract Objective The current study tested several hypotheses about disclosure of childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuse derived from Betrayal Trauma Theory [Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press]. We predicted that the duration of time from abuse to its disclosure would vary as a function of victim–perpetrator closeness. Methods Data collected from 202 undergraduate participants using a survey methodology were submitted to logistic regression analyses. The relative variance explained by other variables was also examined. Results Compared to survivors of emotional abuse (EA) who were in not very close (NVC) victim–perpetrator relationships, EA survivors in very close (VC) victim–perpetrator relationships were significantly more likely to wait 1 or more years to disclose, or never to disclose, than to wait a period of time less than 1 year (OR = 2.65). Further, survivors of physical abuse (PA) in VC victim–perpetrator relationships were significantly more likely to wait 1 or more years to disclose their abuse, if it was disclosed at all, than PA survivors of NVC victim–perpetrator relationships (OR = 3.99). Results for sexual abuse were not significant. Conclusions For EA and PA, VC victim–perpetrator relationships predicted longer durations of time from abuse to its disclosure than NVC victim–perpetrator relationships. Practice implications Although delayed disclosure may support necessary (albeit abusive) attachments with caregivers, it may also prolong the abuse and prevent receipt of support. Increased awareness that VC victim–perpetrator relationships may predict longer durations of time from abuse to its disclosure, and that these delays may serve a functional purpose, can help guide supportive and empathic responses to traumatic disclosures.
Flexor tendon biology

Significant advances in the understanding of intrasynovial flexor tendon repair and rehabilitation have been made since the early 1970s. The concept of adhesion-free, or primary tendon healing--that tendons could heal intrinsically without the ingrowth of fibrous adhesions from the surrounding sheath has been validated both experimentally and clinically in studies over the past 25 years. Recent attempts to understand and improve the results of intrasynovial flexor tendon repair have focused upon restoration of the gliding surface, augmentation of early post-operative repair site biomechanical strength and on the elucidation of the molecular biology of early post-operative tendon healing. The goals of the surgical treatment of patients with intrasynovial flexor tendon lacerations remain unchanged: to achieve a primary tendon repair of sufficient tensile strength to allow application of a post-operative mobilization rehabilitation protocol. This program should inhibit the formation of intrasynovial adhesions and restore the gliding surface, while facilitating the healing of the repair site.
Cosmic axion searches

Abstract Axions may have been created in the big bang and condensed into galactic halos to constitute the “dark” matter implied by galactic rotation curves. Experimental efforts are underway to detect these cosmic axions by conversion in the presence of an applied magnetic field to microwave photons which may be trapped by a resonant cavity. Present limits on abundance and coupling are less than three orders of magnitude higher than the values expected for all dark matter being axions; only a small part of the available phase space has been searched so far. Possible detector improvements and related laser production experiments are also discussed.
Thermodynamic ionization energies and charge transfer reactions in benzene and substituted benzenes

Abstract Ionization energies of 11 substituted benzenes of CS 2 related to the ionization energy of benzene were obtained by measurements of the charge exchange equilibrium constants for C 6 H 5 X + + C 6 H 5 Y ⇌ C 6 H 5 Y + + C 6 H 5 X at 450 and K. Thermodynamic ionization energies of substituted benzenes, related to that of benzene, are found to be higher by 0.5–2.0 kcal/mole than the corresponding photoionization (0—0) values. Exothermic charge transfer reactions between substituted benzenes are found to proceed with rate constants of (1.3–1.6) × 10 −9 cm 3 /mol s, which agree well with calculated collision rates.