cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of X-ray analysis methods used to determine the grain size and strain in nanocrystalline materials

Abstract The Warren-Averbach (WA) analysis of X-ray Bragg-peak broadening, as well as simplified methods, are employed in the characterization of a set of nanocrystalline Fe powder samples with a wide range of grain sizes. In the WA analysis, the hook effect present at short times is attributed to small-angle grain boundaries. A universal relationship between grain size and rms strain is observed for all samples. For subtraction of instrumental peak broadening, a parabolic relation is found to yield the closest approximation to iterative convolution. Among the integral breadth methods, assuming that both strain and grain size broadening result in a Cauchy peak shape yields the largest grain size and smallest strain. Assuming that both contributions result in Gaussian peaks does the opposite, providing the closest approximation of the WA volume-averaged grain size. The Scherrer equation shows fortuitous agreement with the WA area-averaged grain size. The simplified methods can lead to severe systematic err...
2001: a mouse genome odyssey.

A report on the 15th International Mouse Genome Conference, Edinburgh, UK, 21-24 October 2001.
Group Risk Taking and Internal-External Control of Group Members:

Group risk taking was investigated as a function of the internal-external control level of group members. Using an experimental paradigm of Kogan and Wallach, it was predicted that groups composed of external Ss would manifest a greater risky shift and would reach group consensus in significantly less time than groups of internal Ss. The results demonstrated the risky-shift phenomenon for each group type and indicated that female groups reached consensus significantly faster than male groups. However, the predictions relating internal-external control to group risk taking were not supported.
Parallel logic level simulation of VLSI circuits

Interest in the exploitation of parallelism in circuit simulation has been increasing steadily. In this paper, we study parallel logic level simulation of combinational VLSI Boolean networks using both conservative and optimistic simulation algorithms. In particular, we describe a logic level circuit simulator that uses an acyclic multi-way network partitioning algorithm to decompose Boolean networks and an algorithm-independent simulation language that allows a discrete-event simulation model to be executed using a variety of simulation algorithms. The simulator has been implemented on an IBM SP1 supercomputer and was used to simulate a set of combinational Boolean circuits from the ISCAS85 benchmark suite. Our results show that it is feasible to obtain speedups for even relatively small circuits using both conservative and optimistic methods.
A Funding Simulation for Use in an Advanced Experimental Laboratory Class.

Keep the number of student projects limited to your time available, but increase the reality of the experience. This paper tells you how.
Construction, alignment and analysis of twelve framework physical maps that represent the ten genome types of the genus Oryza

We describe the establishment and analysis of a genus-wide comparative framework composed of 12 bacterial artificial chromosome fingerprint and end-sequenced physical maps representing the 10 genome types of Oryza aligned to the O. sativa ssp. japonica reference genome sequence. Over 932 Mb of end sequence was analyzed for repeats, simple sequence repeats, miRNA and single nucleotide variations, providing the most extensive analysis of Oryza sequence to date.
Urinary Excretion of Disulfated Disaccharides in Hunter Syndrome: Correction by Infusion of a Serum Fraction

Abstract The presence of disulfated disaccharides containing iduronic acid has been demonstrated in the urine of a Hunter patient by gel filtration of the low molecular weight urinary mucopolysaccharides. Intravenous infusion of a purified fraction from normal human serum causes disappearance of these metabolites which probably represent the substrate of the enzyme deficient in the disease, a sulfatase specific for an ester group situated on position 2 or 3 of the iduronic acid residues of dermatan sulfate.
Mach 12 & 15 Scramjet Test Capabilities of the HYPULSE Shock -Expansion Tunnel

The NASA Hypersonic Pulse Facility (HYPULSE), formerly known as t he Langley 6 Inch Shock Expansion Tube , has been used for several decades to provide hypersonic flow conditions for ground tests in various aeroheating and aeropropulsion studies. These test programs have included the Gemini and Apollo re -entry studies, N ational Aero Space Plane injector and combustor testing, and Hyper -X Mach 7 and 10 scramjet engine flowpath development. In anticipation of future direction to further expand the scramjet operability database in the hypervelocity regime, researchers at NA SA Langley Research Center have continued to investigate the means to obtain the test capability. Conceptual studies of air -breathing access to space systems have indicated that hydrogen -fueled scramjet engines have practical operational limits within the vicinity of the Mach 15 -16 range. An effort was started in early 2003 to expand the HYPULSE operational range to provide for additional hypervelocity scramjet test conditions . Using the flow properties derived from detailed pitot pressure surveys at th e exit of the HYPULSE shock tube, a contoured nozzle was designed to produce the desired inlet conditions for Mach 12 and 15 flight operations of an air -breathing launch vehicle. This paper report s the new test conditions, the test conduct for the tube -en d and nozzle exit survey tests, and demonstrate s through comparison of data against computed values that the expanded flow at the nozzle exit is suitable for combustion t esting .
The self beyond words: comment on ‘Is there a place for individual subjectivity within a social constructionist epistemology’

Roy-Chowdhury (2010) is on a quest to reclaim the subject in constructionist practice, specifically therapeutic practice. His argument rests on the claim that there is no subject, no self, no individual outside language in social construction. To be sure, the notion of a self-contained, privately cognizing individual is dismissed within social construction, noting instead that knowledge of self and world is a byproduct of relational interchange. As Lock and Strong (2010, p.7) put it, ‘meaning and understanding have their beginnings in social interaction, in shared agreements as to what these symbolic forms are to be taken to be’. The relational self – social construction's version of the self – is very much alive and well. The relational self is very much a person.
Partner preferences and asymmetries in social play among domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris, littermates

We videotaped behaviour in four litters of domestic dogs to explore social play and the development of relationships within litters. We collected data when the puppies were between 3 and 40 weeks of age, but collection times varied by litter. We divided data analysis into three time periods to coincide approximately with critical periods in the early social development of dogs. Early play-partner preferences were associated with preferences in later time periods, and the tendency for puppies to prefer specific partners increased over time. Play did not conform to 50e50 symmetry of roles between partners, which some researchers claim is necessary to sustain play. In the later juvenile period (time 3), dogs who engaged in high rates of offense behaviours (e.g. chasing, forcing partners down) also initiated play at higher rates, implying that winning during play may become more important as puppies mature. Self-handicapping behaviours were positively associated with play signalling, suggesting that, like play signals, self-handicapping may function to indicate playful intent. In mixed-sex dyads, males initiated play, engaged in offense behaviours, and self-handicapped more than females. Females were more likely to initiate with females across all time periods, but males were more likely to initiate with males only in time 3. We discuss results from mixed- and same-sex interactions with reference to inter- and intrasexual competition. The types of offense and self-handicapping behaviours displayed were similar across litters, suggesting that the expression of these behaviours may follow a similar ontogeny in puppies in general.
Coherence and Coreference Revisited.

For more than three decades, research into the psycholinguistics of pronoun interpretation has argued that hearers use various interpretation ‘preferences’ or ‘strategies’ that are associated with specific linguistic properties of antecedent expressions. This focus is a departure from the type of approach outlined in Hobbs (1979), who argues that the mechanisms supporting pronoun interpretation are driven predominantly by semantics, world knowledge and inference, with particular attention to how these are used to establish the coherence of a discourse. On the basis of three new experimental studies, we evaluate a coherence-driven analysis with respect to four previously proposed interpretation biases—based on grammatical role parallelism, thematic roles, implicit causality, and subjecthood—and argue that the coherence-driven analysis can explain the underlying source of the biases and predict in what contexts evidence for each will surface. The results further suggest that pronoun interpretation is incrementally influenced by probabilistic expectations that hearers have regarding what coherence relations are likely to ensue, together with their expectations about what entities will be mentioned next, which, crucially, are conditioned on those coherence relations.
Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of multilayered grating structures

Using a rigorous coupled-wave analysis, a (2 /spl times/ 2) matrix method in homogenous layered media is generalized for a grating-embedded multilayer structure with (2M /spl times/ 2M) dynamic and propagation matrices in both transverse-electric and transverse-magnetic polarizations, where M is the number of harmonics retained in the field expansion. A numerically stable algorithm to implement the method is described. Numerical results are presented for a diffraction-based optoacoustic sensor that consists of a reflective movable membrane and fixed grating fingers on a transparent quartz substrate and are compared with the scalar diffraction method to illustrate the limited applicability of the scalar approach.
Neuroscience: Forgetfulness illuminated.

Memories are stored in the complex network of neurons in the brain. With the help of innovative tools to manipulate the connections between neurons, memories in mice can now be erased with a beam of light. See Article p.333
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Attenuation of Age-Related Rise in Blood Pressure: An Important Role for Effective Primordial Prevention∗

The blood pressure (BP) trajectory with advancing age in normotensive subjects has been well described, with increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) up to ∼50 years of age and minimal changes in pulse pressure. This is followed by further increases in SBP
New players in heterochromatin silencing: histone variant H3.3 and the ATRX/DAXX chaperone

A number of studies have demonstrated that various components of the ATRX/DAXX/Histone H3.3 complex are important for heterochromatin silencing at multiple genomic regions. We provide an overview of the individual components (ATRX, DAXX and/or H3.3) tested in each study and propose a model where the ATRX/DAXX chaperone complex deposits H3.3 to maintain the H3K9me3 modification at heterochromatin throughout the genome.
Wanting to See People Like Me? Racial and Gender Diversity in Popular Adolescent Television

Media are one source for adolescent identity development and social identity gratifications. Nielsen viewing data across the 2014-2015 television season for adolescents ages 14-17 was used to examine racial and gender diversity in adolescent television exposure. Compared to US Census data, mainstream shows under represent women, but the proportion of Black characters is roughly representative. Black adolescents watch more television than non-Black adolescents and, after taking this into account, shows popular with Black adolescents are more likely than shows popular with non-Black adolescents to exhibit racial diversity. In addition, shows popular with female adolescents are more likely than shows popular with males to exhibit gender diversity. These results support the idea that adolescents seek out media messages with characters that are members of their identity groups, possibly because the characters serve as tools for identity development and social identity gratifications.
Mating Structure and the Cost of Deleterious Mutation: I. Postponing Inbreeding

Mating structure governs the distribution of alleles in populations and thus the extent to which the phenotypes associated with the alleles are manifested. A mating system which initially achieves more genetic identity within individuals than between individuals enhances the probability that a finite population without reproductive excess will become extinct from a recessive lethal or semidominant lethal mutation; however, such a mating system decreases the number of deaths that will ensue if the population size is maintained by replacement of inviable progeny with individuals engendered from the entire mating pool. This is illustrated with Markov chain models for half-sib and double-first-cousin mating in populations of four individuals and by various techniques for analogous large populations. An appropriate choice of mating strategy can mitigate the effect of deleterious mutations, but the determination of which strategy is appropriate depends on how much reproductive excess is available and on the relative costs assigned to individual deaths and the extinction of a population.
High Responsiveness and Direction Sensitivity of Neurons in the Rat Thalamic Reticular Nucleus to Vibrissa Deflections

The thalamic reticular nucleus (Rt) is strategically positioned to integrate descending and ascending signals in the control of sensorimotor and other thalamocortical activity. Its prominent role i...
Comparison of Two Containers Used for Shipment of Stallion Semen

Abstract In Experiment 1, cooling rates and final storage temperatures of two commercial static cooling devices were compared during air transit utilizing internal temperature loggers. The cooling devices were shipped from Tucson, AZ to Springfield, MO and consisted of a reusable device (Equitainer I®; Hamilton Research Inc., Beverly, MA) and a disposable device (Equine Express®; Exodus Breeders Supply, York, PA). Cooling rates were compared during summer and winter shipments, as was the percentage of progressively motile sperm following transit. In Experiment 2, cooling rates were determined in four static cooling devices held for 48 h at a controlled-environmental temperature of 22°C. During actual transit, the mean and minimum internal temperatures reached were less (P
Psychological Pain and the Presidency: The Case of Calvin Coolidge

The political personality of Calvin Coolidge changed noticeably as a result of his 16-year-old son's death in 1924. Prior to that, Coolidge was a hardworking and moderately progressive political figure. As Governor of Massachusetts, he proposed legislation in a wide variety of areas and established a record of accomplishment that compared favorably with that of many other Governors of the time. His first year as president saw a politically astute Chief Executive who was actively involved in the work of his Administration and a Chief Legislator who made specific and detailed legislative requests. Following his son's death, however, Coolidge suffered a major depression and lost interest in the presidency. His workday shrank in duration, his proclivity for sleep expanded; he disassociated himselffrom his Administration, deferred to Congress, and declined to provide leadership even to his own Cabinet. As an explanation for Coolidge's behavior change, his childhood is explored and the midlife crisis precipitated by his son's death is examined.
CONCORDANT VERSUS DISCORDANT VARIATION IN 'RELATION TO INTROGRESSION

After analyzing introgressive hybridization in the field in, a number of genera, it became increasingly eyident that such mongrelized populations shared a certain peculiar aspect. .Though quite different characters were being used for population analysis in each genus, nevertheless there seemed to be something about introgressive variation so characteristic that with practice one might, just from looking at a population, be reasonably certain that there had been hybridization and extensive back-crossing. The possibility of recognizing introgression in organisms with which one was unacquainted was at first dismissed as fantastic until repeated experience proved not only that such intuitive perception could occur, but that, to a certain extent, it was even communicable. The large number of cases of introgression (the majority of them unpublished) which have been discovered and analyzed in the past decade are largely due to increasing ability to spot introgression in the field, sometimes almost instantly and frequently in organisms with which one was unfamiliar. The uninitiated sometimes complained that we ".'were seeing hybrids under every bush." The truth of the matter was that we had learned under exactly which bush to look if we wished to find hybrids for study. The fact of intuitive hybridization perception having thus been forced upon our attention, I was led to study it as a phenomenon of scientific importance. Biological intuition; though frequently inarticulate, is not necessarily something mystical and unscientific. It usually rests on an almost instantaneous recognition of certain combinations of facts as significant for certain problems. While those endowed with such intuition do not ordinar'ilyattempt to study their own perceptive pro'cesses, I had been forced to do so in my earlier studies of the species problem, and realized that though such a quest was difficult it was not entirely impossible. The following hypothesis of discordant variation as a criterion of introgression is the result of this attempt. Though originally derived by working backwards from the perception to the facts, and then by building an appropriate hypothesis on these facts, it is here presented directly. It is put forward with greater confidence because not only' is it based on demonstrable facts; the very notion of forming such an hypothesis grew out of field experience.
Indomethacin and patent ductus arteriosus: effects on renal function in preterm lambs

To examine the independent effects of a patent ductus arteriosus and of indomethacin therapy on the renal function of the preterm newborn, we created a preterm lamb model in which ductus diameter could be regulated. We studied 24 preterm newborn lambs. Eight lambs (group 1) had their ductus closed at delivery and received no indomethacin. Eight lambs (group 2) had their ductus closed and then received indomethacin (0.3 mg/kg) at 5.5 h; eight lambs (group 3) had their ductus kept open and then received indomethacin at 5.5 h. Hemodynamic and renal function measurements were made at 5 h (pretreatment) and at 12.5 h. In group 2 lambs there was a significant reduction in inulin clearance (GFR) and osmolal clearance after indomethacin. In contrast, lambs with an open ductus (group 3), when compared with lambs with a closed ductus (groups 1 and 2) at 5 h, already had significantly decreased blood pressure, GFR, urine volume, and osmolal clearance. Following indomethacin treatment, group 3 lambs showed no further decrease in renal function. We suggest that in preterm lambs with patent ductus, the apparent lack of renal dysfunction following indomethacin treatment reflects underlying diminished renal function.
Algebraic Codes for Data Transmission: Performance of Error-Control Codes

In any engineering discipline, one looks for methods of solving a given class of problems and then for methods of quantifying the performance and complexity of those solutions. Accordingly, in this chapter, we shall study performance in terms of the composition structure of block codes, and the probabilities of decoding error and of decoding failure. Later, after satisfactory methods are in hand, one turns to questions of optimality. Are these methods the best methods, and if not, in what ways and by how much are they inferior? To answer such questions, one needs to know how good are the known codes and how good are the best possible codes. Generally, we cannot answer either of these questions satisfactorily. Although for any given rate and blocklength, not too small, the best possible code is not known, a number of bounds are known – bounds beyond which no codes can exist, and bounds within which codes are sure to exist. We shall give some such bounds on the best possible codes later in this chapter. Knowledge of these bounds can deepen our understanding of the subject. Weight distributions of block codes If a linear block code has a minimum distance d min , then we know that at least one codeword of weight d min exists. Sometimes, we are not content with this single piece of information; we wish to know how many codewords have weight d min , and what are the weights of the other codewords.
End-stage liver disease patients with MELD >40 have higher waitlist mortality compared to Status 1A patients

Status 1A patients are prioritized over end-stage liver disease (ESLD) for liver transplantation (LT). ESLD patients with high MELD may have higher waitlist mortality than Status 1A patients, and may require LT more urgently. Using United Network for Organ Sharing registry data, we retrospectively evaluated LT waitlist mortality and probability of LT between adults in the United States with Status 1A or ESLD with MELD >30 listed for LT from 2003–2013. Overall waitlist mortality and probability of LT were evaluated with Kaplan–Meier and multivariate logistic regression models. From 2003–2013, 15,049 ESLD patients with MELD >30 and 3049 Status 1A patients were listed for LT. While overall 14-day waitlist survival decreased with increasing MELD score among ESLD patients (54.0 % for MELD 31–35; 37.1 % for MELD 36–40; 27.5 % for MELD >40), overall survival at 14 days was significantly lower among Status 1A (14.4 %). Compared to Status 1A, ESLD patients with MELD >40 had significantly higher 14-day waitlist mortality (OR 1.92; 95 % CI 1.56–2.36; p 40 and Status 1A (p = 0.89). ESLD patients with MELD >40 had higher post-LT survival compared to Status 1A on multivariate regression modeling (HR 0.80; 95 % CI 0.66–0.96; p 40 have significantly higher waitlist mortality, but similar probability of receiving LT compared to Status 1A patients.
The Case For 21st Century Teacher Preparation: The Call To Serving The Most Vulnerable Students In K-12 Education Is Challenging The Status Quo And Realization Of The Promise Of Instructional Leadership

Education is a human endeavor through which nations seem to have demonstrated a common interest in the promise that education makes society better, and can improve the human condition. At the forefront of society-wide effort toward national development, are teachers. Through them, schools and universities--which constitute the most extended networks of human organization present in any country--are created to typically function as excel of society performing prophylactic and prognostic roles in wealth creation and improvement of the human condition. But in the modern society, some people experience limited access to education that others take for granted. Among the inhabitants that cannot take advantage of the yellow brick road to acquiring a good education, as well as attaining a satisfactory standard of living in America, typically belong to the lower socioeconomic status. Meanwhile, teachers constitute a foundation of untapped dynamism and insight to profoundly change schools and improve student outcomes. Therefore, in the 21st century, teacher preparation implies sufficiently equipping preservice teachers with distinctive capabilities to serve the most vulnerable students in K-12 schools to become empowered participants in national development.
Perception of Landscape and Land Use

Air, water, fire, and earth were declared by Aristotle to be the four essential elements of life. Recent history has clearly demonstrated the significance of his declaration. As public awareness developed that all was not well with our environment, and as supporting evidence accumulated during the past two decades, attention was focused initially on the first two of these classically defined elements, air and water. Relationships between air and water quality and public health and safety were defined and, where possible, quantified and steps were taken to establish standards that were deemed to be consonant with desired and acceptable health and safety conditions. These standards, promulgated primarily through the legislative process, were based both on professional judgments and empirical data. The standards were defined in terms of physical parameters of the elements such as parts-per-million, units of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), or units of discharge per unit of time.
Extra-broad Photonic Crystal Fiber Refractive Index Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance

We propose and investigate a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) refractive index sensor with triangular lattice and four large-size channels based on surface plasmon resonance. In such sensor, two gold wires obtained by chemical reaction are filled in two air holes between the upper and lower channels. Numerical results show that the refractive indexes of the analytes can be detected from 1.30 to 1.79. It’s a very broad detection range that is rarely seen in the field of photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance. The average sensitivity of this photonic crystal fiber could be 100 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) in the dynamic index range from 1.30 to 1.63. In the range from 1.63 to 1.79, the highest sensitivity could reach to 3233 nm/RIU. The ability to integrate four large-size microfluidic channels for efficient analyte flow in is attractive for the development of integrated highly sensitive PCF-SPR sensors.
Upper bounds on || Delta L||=2 decays of baryons.

From a retroactive data analysis, we derive the first upper bound on a {vert bar}{Delta}{ital L}{vert bar}=2 hyperon decay: {ital B}({Xi}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital p}{mu}{sup {minus}}{mu}{sup {minus}}){lt}3.7{times}10{sup {minus}4} (90% C.L.). We also comment on the decay {Sigma}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital p}{mu}{sup {minus}}{mu}{sup {minus}} and {vert bar}{Delta}{ital L}{vert bar}=2 decays of charmed and {ital b} baryons, in particular, {Xi}{sub {ital c}}{sup +}{r arrow}{Xi}{sup {minus}}{mu}{sup {minus}}{mu}{sup {minus}}. Finally, rough upper limits are given on {ital B}({Sigma}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital p}{mu}{sup {minus}}{ital e{minus}}) and {ital B}({Xi}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital p}{mu}{sup {minus}}{ital e{minus}}).
18F-FDG PET/CT Volumetric Parameters are Associated with Tumor Grade and Metastasis in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors in von Hippel-Lindau Disease.

Background Approximately 8–17 % of patients with von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) syndrome develop pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), with 11–20 % developing metastases. Tumor grade is predictive of prognosis.
Quantification of Secrecy in Partially Observed Stochastic Discrete Event Systems

While cryptography is used to protect the content of information (e.g., a message) by making it undecipherable, behaviors (as opposed to information) may not be encrypted and may only be protected by partially or fully hiding through creation of ambiguity (by providing covers that generate indistinguishable observations from secrets). Having a cover together with partial observability does cause ambiguity about the system behaviors desired to be kept secret, yet some information about secrets may still be leaked due to statistical difference between the occurrence probabilities of the secrets and their covers. In this paper, we propose a Jensen–Shannon divergence (JSD)-based measure to quantify secrecy loss in systems modeled as partially observed stochastic discrete event systems, which quantifies the statistical difference between two distributions, one over the observations generated by secret and the other over those generated by cover. We further show that the proposed JSD measure for secrecy loss is equivalent to the mutual information between the distributions over possible observations and that over possible system status (secret versus cover). Since an adversary is likely to discriminate more if he/she observes for a longer period, our goal is to evaluate the worst case loss of secrecy as obtained in the limit over longer and longer observations. Computation for the proposed measure is also presented. Illustrative examples, including the one with side-channel attack, are provided to demonstrate the proposed computation approach.
Familial Occurrence in Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy

The familial occurrence of epilepsy among 462 children with newly diagnosed multiple unprovoked seizures was studied at the Leiden University Medical Centre, and other hospitals in the Netherlands.
The effects of anaemia and transfusion on patients with traumatic brain injury: A review.

AbstractBackground: Anaemia in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently encountered. Neurosurgical texts continue to recommend transfusion for hematocrit below 30%, despite clear evidence to do so. Transfusion should increase oxygen delivery to the brain, but it may also increase morbidity and mortality.Methods: This study reviewed the relevant literature to better understand the risks of anaemia and benefits of correction of anaemia by transfusion.Results: Of the 21 studies reviewed, eight found that anaemia was harmful to patients with TBI; five found no significant outcome; seven found transfusion was associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality; two found that transfusion lowered mortality and increased brain tissue oxygen levels; and ten found no correlation between transfusion and outcome. However, the levels of anaemia severity and the outcome measurements varied widely and the majority of outcomes focused on crude measurements rather than detailed functional assessments.Conclusions: N...
Robin Williams' suicide: a case study.

Introduction: The world renowned comedian and four-time Oscar nominated actor Robin Williams died on August 11, 2014. From the outset, the news indicated that his death was believed to be a suicide and this was later confirmed to be true by the autopsy reports. Williams had been suffering from severe depression, which is believed to be the leading contributor to his suicide. In this case study, I will highlight the event of the actor's suicide and the main risk factors along with depression leading to his tragic death. As of the end of 2015, no other case study seemed to have addressed or explored the links between the cause (or causes) and events leading to Robin Williams' suicide. Case description: Robin Williams was suffering from relationship problems, financial problems, drug addiction, and major depression. All of these factors led to his suicide. Comments: The chances of committing suicide drastically increase in the presence of any of the key risk factors. Unfortunately, the actor Robin Williams was dealing with four of the major risk factors all together, which put him at a high risk of committing suicide and eventually led to his tragic death.
The Smart Growth Machine: Coalitions of Entrepreneurs

A political economy perspective reveals that both market and political Smart Growth entrepreneurs shape and design this New Urbanism; they form a Smart Growth machine. Smart Growth entrepreneurs can be distinguished from conventional planners and builders along three dimensions: First, Smart Growth requires entrepreneurial public-private partnerships (PPPs). The predominant lending industry is unfamiliar with the building type and shies away from unconventional real estate practices. Second, the green building methods associated with Smart Growth require expertise not found in customary development. Finally, a market-based regulatory framework is endemic to Smart Growth. Most practitioners accept market logic, but also believe that markets can be steered or nudged by careful and considerate government involvement.
Neonatal Paraplegia Through Umbilical Catheterization

This is a condition of spinal cord infarction through umbilical artery catheterization (UAC) for therapeutic purposes.
Thiols as Volatile Corrosion Inhibitors for Top-of-the-Line Corrosion

The effectiveness of hexanethiol, decanethiol, and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid for CO2 corrosion inhibition of carbon steel exposed to top-of-the-line conditions has been investigated. Weight loss m...
Static Compaction by Merging of Seeds for LFSR-Based Test Generation

Static compaction procedures reduce the number of tests or test cubes in a given test set, thus reducing the test data volume and test application time. In the context of test data compression where on-chip decompression is based on a linear-feedback shift-register (LFSR), this paper describes a static compaction procedure that is applied directly to the LFSR seeds. This procedure provides an option for additional compaction after other compaction procedures have already been applied. In a basic step, the procedure attempts to merge pairs of seeds s_i and s_j into a single seed s_{i,j} that detects all the faults that s_i and s_j detect. When merging is successful, the number of seeds is reduced by one without reducing the fault coverage. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate that the procedure reduces the number of seeds even when the set of seeds is produced by a dynamic compaction procedure and does not contain unnecessary seeds.
Using ePortfolios to Assess Student Achievement within an Online Library and Information Studies Program

As a result of suggestions from the American Library Association (ALA) the Division of Library and Information Science (DLIS) program at St. John's University implemented an end-of-program electron...
On Distributed Linear Estimation With Observation Model Uncertainties

We consider distributed estimation of a Gaussian source in a heterogenous bandwidth constrained sensor network, where the source is corrupted by independent multiplicative and additive observation noises. We assume the additive observation noise is zero-mean Gaussian with known variance, however, the system designer is unaware of the distribution of multiplicative observation noise and only knows its first- and second-order moments. For multibit quantizers, we derive an accurate closed-form approximation for the mean-square error (MSE) of the linear minimum MSE) estimator at the fusion center. For both error-free and erroneous communication channels, we propose several rate allocation methods named as longest root to leaf path , greedy , integer relaxation , and individual rate allocation to minimize the MSE given a network bandwidth constraint, and minimize the required network bandwidth given a target MSE. We also derive the Bayesian Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) for an arbitrarily distributed multiplicative observation noise and compare the MSE performance of our proposed methods against the CRLB. Our results corroborate that, for the low-power multiplicative observation noise and adequate network bandwidth, the gaps between the MSE of greedy and integer relaxation methods and the CRLB are negligible, while the MSE of individual rate allocation and uniform methods is not satisfactory. Through analysis and simulations, we also explore why maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori estimators based on one-bit quantization perform poorly for the low-power additive observation noise.
Food bundling as a health nudge: Investigating consumer fruit and vegetable selection using behavioral economics

Displaying bundles of healthy foods at the grocery store is a health nudge that simplifies shopping and may have the potential for increasing fruit and vegetable (F&V) purchasing. To evaluate the impact of food bundling, we conduct an artefactual field experiment with community participants in a laboratory set up as a grocery store. Dual-self theory suggests that food choices may differ depending on whether shoppers are under cognitive load – in our experiment, we exogenously vary whether bundles are displayed (with and without a price discount) and whether shoppers are under cognitive load. Our findings align with prior studies that suggest unhealthy options are more likely to be selected when cognitive resources are constrained. When bundles are displayed, we observe increased F&V purchasing. We also observe a significant interaction between cognitive load and price discounting. We find discounted bundles are more effective in the absence of cognitive load, but non-discounted bundles are more effective when shoppers are under cognitive load. Although more research is warranted, our findings suggest that when shopping under cognitive load, it is possible that discounts impose additional cognitive strain on the shopping experience. For retailers and policymakers, our results point to the potential power of bundling as a strategy for increasing healthy food purchasing.
The role of consolidation in learning context-dependent phonotactic patterns in speech and digital sequence production.

Speakers implicitly learn novel phonotactic patterns by producing strings of syllables. The learning is revealed in their speech errors. First-order patterns, such as “/f/ must be a syllable onset,” can be distinguished from contingent, or second-order, patterns, such as “/f/ must be an onset if the vowel is /a/, but a coda if the vowel is /o/.” A metaanalysis of 19 experiments clearly demonstrated that first-order patterns affect speech errors to a very great extent in a single experimental session, but second-order vowel-contingent patterns only affect errors on the second day of testing, suggesting the need for a consolidation period. Two experiments tested an analogue to these studies involving sequences of button pushes, with fingers as “consonants” and thumbs as “vowels.” The button-push errors revealed two of the key speech-error findings: first-order patterns are learned quickly, but second-order thumb-contingent patterns are only strongly revealed in the errors on the second day of testing. The influence of computational complexity on the implicit learning of phonotactic patterns in speech production may be a general feature of sequence production.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluations of Asymmetric Bow-Tie PAMAM Dendrimer-Based Conjugates for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery.

A unique asymmetric bow-tie poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer (ABTD) scaffold was designed and developed as a well-defined macromolecular carrier for tumor-targeted drug delivery. The ABTD scaffold in this study consists of a G3-half-dendron (G3-HD) unit and a G1-half-dendron (G1-HD) unit, bearing thiol moiety in each unit and a bis(maleimide) linker unit, which undergo sequential thiol–maleimide coupling to assemble the scaffold. This assembly methodology is applicable to all other combinations of different generations of PAMAM dendrimers. In the prototype ABTD in this study, 16 biotin moieties were tethered to the G3-HD unit and 4 payloads (new-generation taxoid) to the G1-HD via a self-immolative linker to form an ABTD-tumor-targeting conjugate (ABTD-TTC-1). Two other ABTD-TTCs were synthesized, wherein the G1-HD unit was tethered to a fluorescence-labeled taxoid or to a fluorescent probe. These three ABTD-TTCs were constructed by using a common key ABTD 6 bearing a terminal acetylene group in the G1-...
The Role of Hope and Self-Esteem in the Relation between Economic Pressure and Life Satisfaction of Adolescents

The aim of this study was to examine whether hope and self- -esteem are moderators and/or mediators in the relation between perceived economic pressure and life satisfaction of adolescents. The study included 348 children (219 girls), mean age 15 years, from seven primary and four secondary schools located in the city of Zagreb and its surroundings. Perceived economic pressure was assessed using the eight economic strain items of the Responses to Stress Questionnaire (Wadsworth & Compas, 2002), hope was measured with the Children's Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1997), self-esteem was measured with the short version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg et al., 1989), and life satisfaction was measured with the Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (Selingson et al., 2003). The results show that self-esteem is not a moderator, but a partial mediator in the relation between economic pressure and life satisfaction of girls. Similarly, hope was a partial mediator, and not a moderator in the relation between economic pressure and life satisfaction of boys and girls. The findings of this study show that part of the negative impact of economic pressure on adolescent life satisfaction can be explained by the adverse effect of economic pressure on self-esteem and hope among adolescents, i.e. by reducing self-esteem and hope.
Melanoma of the Oral Cavity

Melanomas within the oral mucosa are rare and, as a rule, do not pose any diagnostic difficulty during their invasive stage. On the other hand, melanoma in situ on mucous membranes and desmoplastic melanoma of the oral cavity can be important diagnostic traps, both clinically and histologically. The inconsistency of training in biopsy of the oral mucosa, resulting in the reluctance of some dentists and dermatologists to biopsy this area, leads both to inadequate specimens and under-recognition of the disease at its early stages.
Lessons learned from two interventions designed to increase adherence to LTBI treatment in Latino youth.

Abstract Effort is required to meet the Healthy People 2020 goal of tuberculosis (TB) disease reduction to 1 new case per 100,000 in the United States (US) and reduce burden among those disparately affected. Preventing new cases by reducing conversion from latent TB infection (LTBI) to infectious disease is one approach to reducing disease burden. This paper describes the outcome of a trial designed to determine if LTBI-positive youth prescribed daily Isoniazid with peer counseling would achieve higher adherence than attention control participants. The paper also compares adherence to a previous trial. 263 students age 15.9 years (SD = 1.2), 51.7% female, 96.2% Latino, 43.7% foreign-born were randomly assigned to condition. Adherence was measured by self-report validated by metabolite analysis. Outcome analyses used number of pills taken and proportion of youth consuming 80% of medication. There was no significant difference by condition for either analysis. Thirty-seven percent of adherence participants completed treatment versus 40% of controls. Without a usual-care control group we were unable to determine whether conditions were equally effective or ineffective. The study's inability to pay for treatment resulted in the intervention being tested in the context of compromised access to care. Still to be determined is whether same-age peers can influence adherence among Latino adolescents. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00233168.
Brief Report: “Um” Fillers Distinguish Children With and Without ASD

Two laboratories have reported that children with ASD are less likely than their typical peers to fill pauses with um but their use of uh is unaffected (Irvine et al., J Autism Dev Disord 46(3):1061–1070, 2016; Gorman et al., Autism Res 9(8):854–865, 2016). In this brief report, we replicated this finding by comparing the discourse of 7-to-15-year-olds with ASD (N = 31) to that of their typically developing same-age peers (N = 32). The robustness of this easily documented difference in discourse suggests a potentially useful clinical marker of ASD.
Magnetostrictively deforming the surface of a Silicon wafer at two locations

The only way to increase the sensitivity of X-ray telescopes without significantly increasing their size (compared to existing telescopes) is to use thinner mirror shells. However, to maintain the figure of thin mirror shells, their shape will need to be adjusted after they are mounted and/or actively controlled during flight. Here we describe progress toward developing a method that can be used to do both. The core of the concept is to coat thin (<500 μm) X-ray mirrors with a ~10 μm layer of magnetic smart material (MSM). When an external magnetic field is applied to the MSM layer it will expand or contract, changing the shape of the mirror. We have previously demonstrated that this method can be used to generate a single localized deformation on the surface of a test sample. Here we present work to study how two deformations affect each other. The first deformation that we created has a height of ~5 μm. The second deformation, generated by applying a magnetic field to the sample 4 mm from the first position, has a height of ~1 μm. It is likely that the second deformation is smaller than the first because the two areas where the magnetic field was applied were close to each other. This could have caused the MSM to already be partially expanded in the second area when the field was applied there.
Low prevalence of HPV-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma in Geneva, Switzerland.

OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to analyze the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A selection was made of 155 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity treated at the University Hospital of Geneva. HPV detection was performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Pathology using a PCR technique followed by in situ hybridization of the viral DNA. Sections were studied for the immunohistochemical expression of P16INK4a . RESULTS The presence of HPV-DNA was found in 3.3% of the cases (95% CI: 1.3%-7.5%). The only HPV genotype found was HR-HPV 16. In contrast, 7.7% (95% CI: 1.3%-7.5%) of the cases showed an overexpression of the P16INK4a . We found no significant differences in age, sex, or tobacco and alcohol consumption in relation to the P16INK4a or HPV positivity. CONCLUSIONS Human papillomavirus is rarely associated with squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. Our results suggest that an overexpression of the P16INK4a protein, even in the absence of the virus, is linked to an increase in the survival of the patient.
The T2Bacteria Panel had 90% sensitivity for detecting targeted organisms, 43% for any bloodstream infection organism.

Source Citation Nguyen MH, Clancy CJ, Pasculle AW, et al. Performance of the T2Bacteria Panel for diagnosing bloodstream infections: a diagnostic accuracy study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170:845-52. 31...