cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Science Education for Women: Situated Cognition, Feminist Standpoint Theory, and the Status of Women in Science

This paper examines the relation between situated cognition theory in science education, and feminist standpoint theory in philosophy of science. It shows that situated cognition is an idea borrowed from a long since discredited philosophy of science. It argues that feminist standpoint theory ought not be indulged as it is a failed challenge to traditional philosophy of science. Standpoint theory diverts attention away from the abiding educational and career needs of women in science. In the interest of women in science, and in the interest of science, science educators would do best for their constituencies by a return to feminist philosophy understood as the demand for equal access and a level playing field for women in science and society.
Large Vibrational Effects upon Calculated Phase Boundaries in Al-Sc

The fcc portion of the Al-Sc phase diagram is calculated from first principles including contributions to alloy free energies associated with ionic vibrations. It is found that vibrational entropy accounts for a 27-fold increase in the calculated solubility limits for Sc in fcc Al at high temperatures, bringing calculated and measured values into very good agreement. The present work gives a clear example demonstrating a large effect of vibrational entropy upon calculated phase boundaries in substitutional alloys.
Relationship Between Foot Pressure Pattern and Foot Type

Foot type and location of area of peak pressure under the metatarsal heads were determined for 54 healthy adults between the ages of 21 and 39 years. Feet were classified as neutral, pronated, or supinated. Each subject walked barefoot over a pedobarograph, and the area of peak pressure was identified as being either medial, central, or lateral under the metatarsal heads. A Fisher's exact test determined that there was a significant relationship between the area of peak pressure and foot type. A post hoc lambda asymmetric test showed that the relationship was very weak. Nearly half (49%) of the feet were classified as neutral, 36% were pronated, and 15% were supinated. Pressure patterns were as follows: 62% central, 26% medial, and 12% lateral. Other factors besides foot type influence the area of peak pressure under the metatarsal heads.
Clusters minimizing area plus length of singular curves

Soap bubble clusters, which seek the least-area way to enclose and separate given volumes of air, often have been used as models for metallic structures, which likewise seek to minimize interfacial areas between regions. For metals, however, there may well be additional energy associated with the singular curves, affecting both the global and local structure (cf. [MT, Bo]). See Fig. 1. We give the first existence and regularity results for clusters of prescribed volumes in R 3 minimizing area plus length of singular curves. Almgren's general theory of soap bubble clusters [A2] does not apply, because it provides no control over the singular curves, although some of his ideas and lemmas prove useful.
Influence of weaning-initiated dietary restriction on responses to T cell mitogens and on splenic T cell levels in a long-lived F1-hybrid mouse strain.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that rodents dietarily restricted (but not malnourished) since weaning (3–4 weeks old) show prolonged maximum survivorship, inhibition of occurrence of late-life diseases and delayed onset of senescent changes in the immune system. Mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation, known to decline with age, was examined using mice of a long-lived hybrid strain dietarily restricted at weaning. They were fed intermittently on diets enriched in protein, vitamins and salts and providing approximately 50–60% of the calories fed to control mice. In six series of experiments dietarily restricted mice showed a 2–4 fold decrease in the number of nucleated cells per spleen and a 1.3–3.3 fold increase in phytohemagglutin (PHA)-induced tritiated thymidine uptake by spleen cells. However, diet restriction did not influence splenic responses to B cell mitogens ( E. coli lipopolysaccharide and pokeweed mitogen). An increase in splenic concanavalin A (Con A) reactivity was observed in one of three experiments. The higher maximal PHA responses by restricted mice could not be attributed to kinetic differences or to mitogen concentrations. Spleen cells from restricted mice displayed higher PHA responses at both optimal and reduced cell densities. Lymph node cell yields were reduced by underfeeding but PHA responses were not altered by dietary restriction. The immediate fasting vs. feeding state of restricted mice affected both splenic PHA and Con A reactivity as restricted mice studied 48 hours from last feeding revealed lower PHA and Con A responses than were displayed by restricted mice fed 24 hours before being killed. Neither synergy nor suppression was detected in PHA-stimulated mixed cultures of control and restricted spleen cells. The increase in splenic PHA reactivity for restricted mice was associated with a 1.7 fold increase in the proportion of PHA stimulated blast cells (as judged microscopically) and a 1.7–2.0 fold increase in the proportion of splenic T cells (as shown by cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence measurements). This increase in T cell proportions in underfed spleens is not as great as the decrease in total spleen cells yielding a 1.4–2.1 fold fall in absolute T cell numbers in restricted spleens. These findings suggest that dietary restriction of a type which may be described as “undernutrition without malnutrition” raises splenic PHA response capacity at least in part by increasing the proportion of PHA-responsive T cells.
The relationship between sex role attitudes and attitudes supporting marital violence

This study explored the relationship between attitudes toward sex roles and attitudes endorsing the legitimacy of physical force by men in the marital relationship. Approximately 40% of this sample of 300 college undergraduates were black, allowing black-white comparisons on these variables as well. The results support a sociocultural analysis of spouse abuse. A moderately strong positive relationship was found between traditional sex role preferences and attitudes supporting the use of physical force. In addition, men were found to hold more traditional sex role attitudes than women and were more likely to endorse the use of physical force in the marital relationship. Whites were found to be more traditional in their sex role attitudes than blacks, but no racial differences were found with regard to attitudes endorsing physical force. Further analysis revealed that traditional sex role attitudes were the most powerful predictor of attitudes supporting marital violence, while race and sex played a relatively unimportant role. Implications for spouse-abuse prevention program are discussed.
Latin American Connections: Recent Work on German Interactions with Latin America

German interactions with Latin America have a long history. Indeed, early modern historians have demonstrated that people from German-speaking central Europe took part in all aspects of the European conquest of Central and South America. They have shown that these people were critical to mining operations and publishing in sixteenth-century Mexico; they have found them among Portuguese and Spanish sailors and soldiers almost everywhere; and they have located them playing important roles in a wide range of professions from Mexico to the south of Chile.
Increased interleukin-6 production by murine bone marrow and bone cells after estrogen withdrawal

We have previously shown that cytokine-induced production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by cultured bone marrow-derived stromal and osteoblastic cells is inhibited by 17 beta-estradiol, and that estrogen withdrawal (ovariectomy) in mice causes an up-regulation of osteoclast development which can be prevented by a neutralizing antibody against IL-6 or estrogen replacement. To directly establish the link between estrogen loss and altered IL-6 production, implied by our earlier studies, we have now compared IL-6 production in ex vivo cultures of bone marrow cells from mice that were sham operated, ovariectomized, or ovariectomized and treated with 17 beta-estradiol. In addition, we have examined the effect of the in vitro withdrawal of estrogens from primary cell cultures of neonatal murine calvaria on IL-6 production. IL-6 production in ex vivo cultures of bone marrow cells maintained in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or PTH was greater in marrow cells from ovariectomized mice than in those from sham-operated animals or ovariectomized animals receiving estrogen replacement. In line with this finding, addition of 17 beta-estradiol to calvaria cell cultures followed by withdrawal of the steroid caused an increase in the amount of IL-6 produced in response to the subsequent stimulation of these cultures with IL-1 or PTH compared to that in cultures that had never been treated with estradiol; when the inactive isomer 17 alpha-estradiol was used, no change in IL-6 production was observed. These results establish that estrogen loss causes an up-regulation of IL-6 production by bone marrow cells and that a similar phenomenon can be elicited in vitro by withdrawal of 17 beta-estradiol from primary cultures of bone cells.
Seasonal attenuation of quantum irradiance (400–700 NM) in three Nebraska reserviors

The attenuation of down-welling quantum irradiance (400–700 nm) was monitored seasonally in three eutrophic Nebraska reservoirs from July, 1975, to June, 1976. Measurements were made at four stations in McConaughy, three in Pawnee, and three in Yankee Hill using a commercially available, quantum irradiance sensor. The mean vertical attenuation coefficient (Ē) for McConaughy varied within a range of thirty-four-fold (0.16 5.45 m-1), and this range is apparently the greatest reported and this range is apparently the greatest reported for a freshwater system in which data were collected with a quantum sensor. Annual average Ē values for McConaughy, Yankee Hill, and Pawnee were 0.69 m−1, 1.08 m−1, and 1.25 m−1, respectively. The euphotic zone and the 1% level of subsurface irradiance is discussed with respect to the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) into natural waters.
Immunologic studies on rat uterine fluid

Abstract In vitro and in vivo immunologic methods were used to demonstrate that rat uterine fluid, unlike rabbit, appears to lack a specific protein (blastokinin) which functions in the control of blastocyst development in utero . Immune sera, produced in four different rabbits against uterine fluid from five-day pregnant rats, lacks antibodies to rat uterine fluid specific proteins. Furthermore, these same anti-uterine fluid sera had no effect on blastocyst implantation when injected in pregnant rats twice daily on days 2–6 postcoitus. These findings are discussed in light of a previous study (Ying and Greep, Contraception 6:93–98, 1972) which reached the opposite conclusion using similar methods.
Reactions of Cu(hfac)2 and Co2(CO)8 during Chemical Vapor Deposition of Copper−Cobalt Films

The reactions of Co2(CO)8 and submicron cobalt particles with Cu(hfac)2 (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate) were studied in toluene. Reactions between these species in the gas phase were studied in a hot-wall, parallel-plate chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Similar results were obtained with both methods. The overall chemical reactions can be expressed by the following equations: 2Cu(hfac)2 + Co2(CO)6 → 2Cu + 2Co(hfac)2 + 8CO and Cu(hfac)2 + Co → Cu +Co(hfac)2. These results suggested that Co2(CO)8 is not a good source precursor for CVD of Cu−Co binary films when used in conjunction with copper(II) and some copper(I) hexafluoroacetylacetonate compounds and that chemical etching of cobalt metal by Cu(hfac)2 needs to be taken into account when depositing this binary film with copper(I) and copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate compounds as copper source precursors.
Response to Comment on "Arsenic(III) Fuels Anoxygenic Photosynthesis in Hot Spring Biofilms from Mono Lake, California"

Schoepp-Cothenet et al . bring a welcome conceptual debate to the question of which came first in the course of planetary biological evolution, arsenite [As(III)] oxidation or dissimilatory arsenate [As(V)] reduction. However, we disagree with their reasoning and stand by our original conclusion.
Comparison of serum testosterone and androstenedione responses to weight lifting in men and women.

To determine if a sex difference exists in the androgen response to heavy-resistance exercise, serum testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A) concentrations were measured in 20 men and 20 women before and during a 2-h period following 30 min of weight lifting. Hormone concentrations from venous blood samples were determined by radioimmunoassay. Prior to weight lifting, T for men (3.51±0.24 ng·ml−1) was approximately 10 times that for women (0.36±0.04 ng·ml−1), whereas A for women (1.26±0.07 ng·ml−1) was 43% higher than for men (0.88±0.07 ng·ml−1). Immediately following weight lifting, T was increased significantly (p<0.01) in men (0.76 ng·ml−1, 21.6%), but nonsignificantly in women (0.06 ng·ml−1, 16.7%). Resting T levels were restored within 30 min. Serum A levels decreased significantly (p<0.01) below pre-exercise levels at 2 h post-exercise for both men and women. It was concluded that men have a greater absolute T response to weight lifting than women, whereas the absolute A response to weight lifting is similar in men and women.
Exchange Stabilization Funds.

THIS STUDY ANALYZES and evaluates the operations of the fourteen exchange stabilization funds' established during the 1930's as devices for coping with pressing problems arising out of the international financial disequilibrium. The lessons gained from their experience, coupled with a theoretical analysis of the problem of exchange stability as opposed to price and income stability, are then applied to similar problems in the period following World War II. It is suggested that national, as well as regional, stabilization funds could serve a useful purpose-within the framework of the International Monetary Fund-in facilitating the movement toward freer trade and currency convertibility. Because of the operational secrecy surrounding the transactions of all stabilization funds, their methods and policies had to be deduced from indirect evidence. While some of the funds performed no useful function, others-primarily those patterned after the British Exchange Equalization Account-were extremely helpful in carrying out the policies for which they were destined. The British Account was successful in securing the advantages of exchange flexibility and at the same time avoiding too violent exchange fluctuations. Especially after the Tri-Partite Agreement of 1936, a balance was struck between the need for exchange stability, on the one hand, and the desire to follow independent domestic policies, on the other. Although most funds were initially created as instruments of nationalistic policies, they were later used as tools of international co-operation. After evaluating possible standards in the field of international exchanges, it is argued that a certain degree of exchange flexibility is preferable to rigidity under current economic conditions, provided that exchange fluctuations are contained within predetermined limits. Stabilization funds can be operated to maintain the limits of exchange fluctuations, as well as to moderate fluctuations within those limits. They can also offset the effect of disruptive capital movements
Observation of a longitudinal coupled bunch instability with trains of bunches in CESR

A longitudinal coupled bunch instability has been observed in the operation of CESR with multiple trains of bunches. The instability threshold is dependent on the number of bunches per train and the spacing between those bunches. The threshold is also sensitive to parameters in the RF system leading to the conclusion that the RF cavities play a significant role in the dynamics. A summary of these observations is presented along with the design and status of a feedback system to stabilize the beams.
High TFAP2C/low CD44 expression is associated with an increased rate of pathologic complete response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer

Background In luminal breast cancer cell lines, TFAP2C regulates expression of key genes in the estrogen receptor–associated cluster and represses basal-associated genes including CD44. We examined the effect of TFAP2C overexpression in a basal cell line and characterized the expression of TFAP2C and CD44 in breast cancer specimens to determine if expression was associated with clinical response.
APPS's Stance on Self-Plagiarism: Just Say No

Should authors be able to reuse the same text in multiple papers without citing the earlier source? Known as self-plagiarism, this practice is strongly discouraged in Applications in Plant Sciences (APPS) because it violates professional standards, is potentially deceptive, and lacks originality. The most frequent form of self-plagiarism in APPS submissions is text recycling, which depending on the extent and location of copied text, has consequences ranging from authors being required to rewrite duplicated text or add citations, to automatic rejection of a manuscript without review. Ultimately, avoidance of self-plagiarism will result in original articles that improve upon, and do not simply replicate, the existing literature.
Some Thermodynamic Properties of NiAl Calculated by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Calculations of the surface free energy and anti-phase boundary energy as a function of low index orientations and temperature have been determined for equiatomic perfectly ordered bcc NiAl via molecular dynamics computer simulations. The simulations utilized an Embedded Atom Method calculation of the interatomic potentials and volume forces in the Ni-As alloy system. Values of about 0.95, 1.6, 1.9 and 2.0 J/m2 were found for surface energies of the {100}, {110}, {112} and {111} orientations:, respectively. APB energies of about 0.24 and 0.38 J/m2 were determined for {110} and {112} boundaries, respectively. In addition, we have examined the phase stability and relative energies of the ordered bcc, fcc and bct phases at low temperature, and find a bct phase with c/a = 1.32 slightly lower in energy than the bcc, presaging the martensitic transformation that occurs at finite temperatures in more nickel rich alloys.
Continuous MOSFET performance increase with device scaling: the role of strain and channel material innovations

A simple model that links MOSFET performance, in the form of intrinsic switch delay, to effective carrier velocity in the channel is developed and fitted to historical data. It is shown that nearly continuous carrier velocity increase, most recently via the introduction of process-induced strain, has been responsible for the device performance increase commensurately with dimensional scaling. The paper further examines channel material innovations that will be required in order to maintain continued commensurate scaling beyond what can be achieved with process-induced strain, and discusses some of the technological tradeoffs that will have to be faced for their introduction.
Sustainable Biofuel Supply Chain Planning and Management Under Uncertainty

The concept of environmental thinking is integrated into sustainable supply chain planning and management for biofuels, and a multiobjective modeling framework is developed. The aim is to seek best-compromise solutions that are economically and environmentally sustainable in supplying biofuels from cellulosic biomasses while satisfying demand, resource, and technology constraints. The least-cost objective and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions are integrated into the modeling framework, and carbon footprints are assessed with the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation model, a life-cycle assessment framework, to ensure that strategies to mitigate GHG emissions are factored into system planning and management. Biomass-to-biofuel conversion efficiency can be highly variable because of uncertainties inherent in the conversion processes; this uncertainty is considered explicitly in the integrated modeling framework. A multiobjective, mixed-integer, stochastic programmin...
Barrier Island Population along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts

Abstract Barrier islands, the dominant geomorphic features along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, are a favorite place for living and visiting. Unfortunately, barrier islands are vulnerable to storm-surge flooding and erosion because of low elevations and the movement of sand by waves and tides. In order to estimate the impacts of surge flooding, sea-level rise, and erosion on barrier islands, the lengths and areas of barrier islands and population living there were quantified using high-resolution satellite imagery from Google Earth and 1990–2000 census block data. The total length and area of barrier islands spanning 18 states along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts are about 3700 km and 6800 km2, respectively. There are approximately 1.4 million people living on barrier islands, half of which are in Florida according to 2000 census data. The population densities of barrier islands are three times those of coastal states on average, and the population increased 14% from 1990 to 2000. The collision cou...
D-Dimer is an early diagnostic marker of coronary ischemia in patients with chest pain.

Abstract Background Chest pain is a frequent symptom in the emergency department and often presents a diagnostic challenge. Because coronary thrombosis is a hallmark of acute ischemic syndromes, the substrates of the coagulation and fibrinolysis cascades may be markers of coronary ischemia. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of several hemostatic markers in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain syndromes. Methods Two hundred fifty-seven consecutive patients with acute chest pain were studied in this prospective study conducted in an urban ED. D- Dimer levels were measured at admission to the ED in all patients. We also measured thrombin-antithrombin complexes, prothrombin fragment 1+2, activated factor VII, and fibrinogen. We used regression analysis to estimate the likelihood of myocardial infarction and the diagnostic value of D -dimer. Results D -Dimer and fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in patients with acute ischemic events (myocardial infarction and unstable angina) than in nonischemic patients ( P P =.02, respectively). The other hemostatic markers were not significantly elevated in patients with ischemic events. D -Dimer level >500 μg/L had an independent diagnostic value for myocardial infarction and increased the diagnostic sensitivity of the electrocardiogram and history from 73% to 92%. Conclusion D -Dimer, an expression of ongoing thrombus formation and lysis, is a marker of substantial incremental value for the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes presenting with chest pain. It adds independent information to the traditional assessment for myocardial infarction. D -Dimer can be incorporated into clinical decision models in the ED. (Am Heart J 2000;140:379-84.)
Probability of Cost-Effective Management of Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in North America

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is one of the most damaging pests of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in the midwestern United States and Canada. We compared three soybean aphid management techniques in three midwestern states (Iowa, Michigan, and Minnesota) for a 3-yr period (2005-2007). Management techniques included an untreated control, an insecticidal seed treatment, an insecticide fungicide tank-mix applied at flowering (i.e., a prophylactic treatment), and an integrated pest management (IPM) treatment (i.e., an insecticide applied based on a weekly scouting and an economic threshold). In 2005 and 2007, multiple locations experienced aphid population levels that exceeded the economic threshold, resulting in the application of the IPM treatment. Regardless of the timing of the application, all insecticide treatments reduced aphid populations compared with the untreated, and all treatments protected yield as compared with the untreated. Treatment efficacy and cost data were combined to compute the probability of a positive economic return. The IPM treatment had the highest probability of cost effectiveness, compared with the prophylactic tank-mix of fungicide and insecticide. The probability of surpassing the gain threshold was highest in the IPM treatment, regardless of the scouting cost assigned to the treatment (ranging from $0.00 to $19.76/ha). Our study further confirms that a single insecticide application can enhance the profitability of soybean production at risk of a soybean aphid outbreak if used within an IPM based system.
PALMELLOPSIS MURALIS SP. NOV. (CHLOROPHYCEAE, TETRASPORALES, PALMELLACEAE)1

A new member of the chlorophycean, tetrasporalean genus Palmellopsis Korschikov (1953), Palmellopsis muralis Bold and King, is described from limestone in Austin, Texas, U.S.A. Certain details of ultrastructural organization are included.
Classical metallocenes as photoinitiators for the anionic polymerization of an alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate

The classical metallocenes, ferrocene and ruthenocene, dissolve readily in neat ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (CA) monomer. The electronic spectra of the resulting solutions display a near-ultraviolet absorption band assigned as a charge-transfer-to-solvent (metallocene → CA) transition. Irradiation into this band causes the one-electron oxidation of the metallocene to the corresponding metallocenium cation accompanied by reduction of CA to its radical anion. Addition of the latter species to CA initiates the anionic polymerization of the electrophilic monomer. The progress of photoinitiated polymerization was monitored in real time by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy.
Detection of Antibodies in Serum and Egg Yolk following Infection of Chickens with an H6N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Active serologic surveillance programs to detect avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in table egg-laying chickens have been initiated by several states as a response to the economic threat posed by these viruses. Most outbreaks of avian influenza in domestic poultry are caused by mildly pathogenic AIVs. In the study reported here, infection by an H6N2 AIV was used as a model of mildly pathogenic AIV infections in egg-type chickens. The total number of eggs laid by 5 control hens was 619 or 0.904 eggs/day/hen, whereas the total number laid by 10 infected hens was 1,018 or 0.743 eggs/day/hen. The difference in egg production between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.38). Anti-influenza antibodies were monitored by use of an agar gel immunodiffusion test and an ELISA for a period of 20 weeks after inoculation. Antibodies in serum developed sooner, peaked at higher levels, and remained at higher levels than did antibodies found in egg yolk, as indicated by ELISA results. For infected chickens, the correlation between serum and egg yolk ratios was 0.66. Serum samples would appear to be preferable to egg yolk samples for surveillance programs intended to identify chicken flocks that may have been infected by an AIV weeks or months before samples are collected.
A review of blood substitutes: examining the history, clinical trial results, and ethics of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

The complications associated with acquiring and storing whole blood for transfusions have launched substantial efforts to develop a blood substitute. The history of these efforts involves a complicated mixture of science, ethics, and business. This review focuses on clinical trials of the three hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) that have progressed to Phase II or III clinical trials: HemAssist (Baxter; Deerfield, IL, US), PolyHeme (Northfield; Evanston, IL, US), and Hemopure (Biopure; Cambridge, MA, US). Published animal studies and clinical trials carried out in a perioperative setting have demonstrated that these products successfully transport and deliver oxygen, but all may induce hypertension and lead to unexpectedly low cardiac outputs. Overall, these studies suggest that HBOCs resulted in only modest blood saving during and after surgery, no improvement in mortality and an increased incidence of adverse reactions. To date, the results from these perioperative studies have not led to regulatory approval. All three companies instead chose to focus their efforts on large trials of trauma patients in the pre-hospital setting. Baxter abandoned the development of HemAssist after a trial in the U.S. was prematurely halted when the first 100 patients showed significantly increased mortality rates as compared to patients treated with blood products. Northfield's PolyHeme trial demonstrated a non-significant trend towards increased mortality and a very modest reduction in the subsequent need for blood. The testing of Biopure's Hemopure for trauma patients has been halted for several years because of FDA concerns over trial design and study justification. Ethical concerns have also been raised regarding the design and implementation of all HBOC clinical trials. Thus, the available evidence suggests that HemAssist, Polyheme, and Hemopure are associated with a significant level of cardiovascular dysfunction. The next generation of HBOCs remains under development.
Human placental DNA methyltransferase: DNA substrate and DNA binding specificity

We have partially purified a DNA methyltransferase from human placenta using a novel substrate for a highly sensitive assay of methylation of hemimethylated DNA. This substrate was prepared by extensive nick translation of bacteriophage XP12 DNA, which normally has virtually all of its cytosine residues replaced by 5-methylcytosine (m5C). Micrococcus luteus DNA was just as good a substrate if it was first similarly nick translated with m5dCTP instead of dCTP in the polymerization mixture. At different stages in purification and under various conditions (including in the presence or absence of high mobility group proteins), the methylation of m5C-deficient DNA and that of hemimethylated DNA were compared. Although hemimethylated , m5C-rich DNAs were much better substrates than were m5C-deficient DNAs and normal XP12 DNA could not be methylated, all of these DNAs were bound equally well by the enzyme. In contrast, from the same placental extract, a DNA-binding protein of unknown function was isolated which binds to m5C-rich DNA in preference to the analogous m5C-poor DNA.
The Effect of Treating Institution on Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer

ObjectiveFactors leading patients with head and neck cancer (HNCA) to seek radiation or chemoradiation in an academic center versus the community are incompletely understood, as are the effects of site of treatment on treatment completion and survival.Study DesignHistorical cohort study.SettingTertiary academic center, community practices.MethodsA historical cohort study was completed of patients with mucosal HNCA identified by International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes receiving consultation at the authors’ institution from 2003 to 2008. Patients who received primary and adjuvant radiation at an academic center or in the community were included. The authors compared treatment completion rates and performed univariate and multivariate analyses of treatment outcomes.ResultsOf 388 patients, 210 completed treatment at an academic center and 145 at a community center (33 excluded, location unknown). Patients with HNCA undergoing radiation at an academic site had more advanced diseas...
Invited Editorial on “Importance of the lactate anion in control of breathing”

during a progressive-intensity exercise test, minute ventilation rises linearly as a function of the exercise power output until the point where lactate begins to accumulate in the plasma. At this point, referred to as the lactate or ventilatory threshold, an inflection point is often evident, and
Noninvasive Imaging Protocols to Detect and Monitor Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression

It has been shown that B-mode ultrasound imaging is a valid and reliable technique to measure arterial wall thickness. Based on the results of early validation studies and relatively small-scale investigations, large-scale epidemiologic studies using high-resolution ultrasonography were designed to provide information on the association of wall thickness and cardiovascular risk factors, and to determine the prevalence, extent, and severity of peripheral atherosclerosis. Recent reports indicate that ultrasonographic endpoints correlate with the most important cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, noninvasive carotid endpoints have been shown to be predictive of clinical atherosclerosis status with a high degree of confidence. B-mode ultrasonography has also been used to evaluate prospectively the natural history of peripheral atherosclerosis by monitoring lesion growth over time. Recently, ultrasonographic measurements of the arterial wall have been chosen as the primary and secondary endpoints for several clinical trials of the antiatherogenic effects of behavioral and pharmacologic interventions on major cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia and hypertension.
Emergency Care Use and the Medicare Hospice Benefit for Individuals with Cancer with a Poor Prognosis.

Objectives To compare patterns of emergency department (ED) use and inpatient admission rates for elderly adults with cancer with a poor prognosis who enrolled in hospice to those of similar individuals who did not. Design Matched case–control study. Setting Nationally representative sample of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries with cancer with a poor prognosis who died in 2011. Participants Beneficiaries in hospice matched to individuals not in hospice on time from diagnosis of cancer with a poor prognosis to death, region, age, and sex. Measurements Comparison of ED use and inpatient admission rates before and after hospice enrollment for beneficiaries in hospice and controls. Results Of 272,832 matched beneficiaries, 81% visited the ED in the last 6 months of life. At baseline, daily ED use and admission rates were not significantly different between beneficiaries in and not in hospice. By the week before death, nonhospice controls averaged 69.6 ED visits/1,000 beneficiary-days, versus 7.6 for beneficiaries in hospice (rate ratio (RR) = 9.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 9.3–10.0). Inpatient admission rates in the last week of life were 63% for nonhospice controls and 42% for beneficiaries in hospice (RR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.45–1.57). Of all beneficiaries in hospice, 28% enrolled during inpatient stays originating in EDs; they accounted for 35.7% (95% CI = 35.4–36.0%) of all hospice stays of less than 1 month and 13.9% (95% CI = 13.6–14.2%) of stays longer than 1 month. Conclusion Most Medicare beneficiaries with cancer with a poor prognosis visited EDs at the end of life. Hospice enrollment was associated with lower ED use and admission rates. Many individuals enrolled in hospice during inpatient stays that followed ED visits, a phenomenon linked to shorter hospice stays. These findings must be interpreted carefully given potential unmeasured confounders in matching.
Abstract TMP90: Caregiver Task Difficulty, Depressive Symptoms, and Life Changes among Stroke Family Caregivers: Does Type of Relationship Matter?

Background/Purpose: The high incidence of stroke creates greater need for caregivers than can be met solely by immediate family members. However, little research has explored how caregiver relation...
Portable Incubator and Its Use in Insecticide Bioassays with Field Populations of Lygus Bugs, Aphids, and Other Insects

An inexpensive, portable incubator can be constructed with a battery-powered thermostat, fan, and resistor as a warming mechanism, with cooling provided by a frozen bag of artificial ice. Temperature control is adequate to allow a variety of insects, including Lygus hesperus Knight and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), to be tested directly in the field for insecticide susceptibility. The bioassay is a contact procedure with pretreated glass vials which is suitable for a wide range of insects if vial caps, provision of food material in the vials, length of the bioassay test, and criteria of death are varied depending upon the species.
Robust, Transferable, and Physically Motivated Force Fields for Gas Adsorption in Functionalized Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks

We extend our existing methodology for generating physically motivated, tailored ab initio force fields via symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT). The revised approach naturally yields transferable atomic exchange, charge penetration, and dispersion parameters, facilitating the creation of versatile, optimized force fields; this approach is general, applicable to a wide array of potential applications. We then employ this approach to develop a force field, “ZIF FF”, which is tailored to accurately model CO2/N2 adsorption in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). In conjunction with our previous “SYM” force field used to model adsorbate–adsorbate interactions, we compute adsorption isotherms for both CO2 and N2 in nine different ZIFs, yielding results that are in excellent accord with the corresponding experimental results. We find that ZIF FF accurately predicts isotherms for three different topologies of ZIFs (RHO, SOD, GME) and reproduces gas adsorption trends for varying functionalization across...
Validation of the Mark I Thermal Vacuum Chamber

Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) is the premier ground-test facility for the United States Air Force. It houses a wide variety of ground-test facilities including aeropropulsion, aerodynamic, and space test facilities. The space test facilities at AEDC simulate the atmospheric and thermal conditions of typical space flight. Of these space simulation facilities, the Mark I Space Test Facility (Figure 1) is the largest. The Mark I Chamber is a 42 ft diameter by 82 ft high thermal vacuum chamber, making it the largest in the United States Air Force inventory. Because of this large size and free interior volume, Mark I is able to support a wide variety (size and scope) of space system tests that require a contamination-free thermal vacuum test environment. The test environment provided by the Mark I facility, the simulation of space conditions, typically consists of two major components: chamber vacuum and background temperature. The Mark I vacuum system is capable of high-vacuum levels in the chamber, simulating space well beyond the Karman line (100km ~ 3x10−3 Torr) and well into the troposphere effectively simulating the atmosphere of outer space. The Mark I Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) system provides LN2 to an internal LN2 cold shroud to simulate the cold background of space. The majority of recent test activity in Mark I has been focused on vacuum test conditions without specific thermal requirements. The Mark I validation effort was focused on validating and verifying the vacuum capability of the Mark I facility. A typical measure of performance of a vacuum chamber is the pumpdown rate and ultimate pressure. In this particular vacuum checkout, the vacuum pumpdown rate was expected to differ from the historical record because of the nature of the test. The test was not to quickly achieve vacuum conditions; rather, it was to systematically activate and verify all components required for a high-vacuum test in the Mark I chamber. Each of the components was allowed to achieve complete steady-state operation as it was activated before another component or process was started; this delayed the normal vacuum pumpdown progression. With the activation and checkout of the components taken into consideration, the chamber experienced a pumpdown that was consistent with historical records. The data showed the chamber performed well as the ultimate pressure without a cold shroud was 4.4x10−6 Torr. The next step in the validation effort is the process of validating the cold vacuum capability of the Mark I facility. This is expected to increase future testing opportunities in the Mark I chamber since such a capability is required for testing many space systems. Due to its size, Mark I can accommodate large space systems, and with a demonstrated cold vacuum capability, it will offer a suitable alternative for a wide range of potential test customers.
Effects of Side Group Functionality and Molecular Weight on the Activity of Synthetic Antimicrobial Polypeptides

The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria along with increasing difficulty in biofilm treatment has caused an immediate need for the development of new classes of antimicrobial therapeutics. We have developed a library of antimicrobial polypeptides, prepared by the ring-opening polymerization of γ-propargyl-l-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride and the alkyne−azide cycloaddition click reaction, which mimic the favorable characteristics of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AmPs). AmPs are known not to cause drug resistance as well as prevent bacteria attachment on surfaces. The ease and scale of synthesis of the antimicrobial polypeptides developed here are significantly improved over the traditional Merrifield synthetic peptide approaches needed for naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides and avoids the unique challenges of biosynthetic pathways. The polypeptides range in length from 30 to 140 repeat units and can have varied side group functionality, including primary, secondary, tertiar...
Modeling and design of asymmetric vibrations to induce ungrounded pulling sensation through asymmetric skin displacement

When subjected to asymmetric accelerations at the fingertips, a human perceives an ungrounded pulling sensation. This paper presents a model and analysis of the underlying physics and perception behind this pulling sensation. We design a system with voicecoil actuators that are driven with step-ramp current pulses to create asymmetric accelerations. When the voicecoils are attached to a handle, the force pulses are translated to skin displacement at the user's fingertips. This skin displacement, which is asymmetric in both amplitude and speed, is perceived as a directional pulling force, rather than as a vibration. Our analysis shows that the frequency and pulse width of the actuator inputs are important in creating effective skin displacement profiles. Both the amplitude and speed of skin displacement should be maximized in the desired direction, and minimized in the opposite direction. Our physical model of the system allows us to optimize the parameters of the actuator commands without time-intensive human-subject studies.
Multiplexing requirements for solid state photomultipliers in time-of-flight PET

The solid state photomultiplier (SSPM), an array of Geiger-mode APDs, developed by Hamamatsu Corp. has been evaluated for time-of-flight PET detectors. As it was demonstrated in previous work the SSPM is a promising photo sensor to achieve very good timing resolution for PET applications. Due to relatively small size of individual sensor (3×3 mm2) a large number of readout channels will be required in applications such as a whole body PET scanner. The obvious solution for this problem is multiplexing several devices into a single readout channel. To better understand the limits and trade offs involved for timing resolution a detailed analysis of the effects of dark current, amplifier noise, bandwidth and amplifier input impedance was done.
Application of maximum entropy to statistical inference for inversion of data from a single track segment

In this paper an approach is presented to estimate the constraint required to apply maximum entropy (ME) for statistical inference with underwater acoustic data from a single track segment. Previous algorithms for estimating the ME constraint require multiple source track segments to determine the constraint. The approach is relevant for addressing model mismatch effects, i.e., inaccuracies in parameter values determined from inversions because the propagation model does not account for all acoustic processes that contribute to the measured data. One effect of model mismatch is that the lowest cost inversion solution may be well outside a relatively well-known parameter value's uncertainty interval (prior), e.g., source speed from track reconstruction or towed source levels. The approach requires, for some particular parameter value, the ME constraint to produce an inferred uncertainty interval that encompasses the prior. Motivating this approach is the hypothesis that the proposed constraint determinatio...
Metal/dielectric thermal interfacial transport considering cross-interface electron-phonon coupling: Theory, two-temperature molecular dynamics, and thermal circuit

The standard two-temperature equations for electron-phonon coupled thermal transport across metal/nonmetal interfaces are modified to include the possible coupling between metal electrons with substrate phonons. The previous two-temperature molecular dynamics (TT-MD) approach is then extended to solve these equations numerically at the atomic scale, and the method is demonstrated using Cu/Si interface as an example. A key parameter in TT-MD is the nonlocal coupling distance of metal electrons and nonmetal phonons, and here we use two different approximations. The first is based on Overhauser's ``joint-modes'' concept, while we use an interfacial reconstruction region as the length scale of joint region rather than the phonon mean-free path as in Overhauser's original model. In this region, the metal electrons can couple to the joint phonon modes. The second approximation is the ``phonon wavelength'' concept where electrons couple to phonons nonlocally within the range of one phonon wavelength. Compared with the original TT-MD, including the cross-interface electron-phonon coupling can slightly reduce the total thermal boundary resistance. Whether the electron-phonon coupling within the metal block is nonlocal or not does not make an obvious difference in the heat transfer process. Based on the temperature profiles from TT-MD, we construct a new mixed series-parallel thermal circuit. We show that such a thermal circuit is essential for understanding metal/nonmetal interfacial transport, while calculating a single resistance without solving temperature profiles as done in most previous studies is generally incomplete. As a comparison, the simple series circuit that neglects the cross-interface electron-phonon coupling could overestimate the interfacial resistance, while the simple parallel circuit in the original Overhauser's model underestimates the total interfacial resistance.