cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The PennBMBI: A general purpose wireless Brain-Machine-Brain Interface system for unrestrained animals

In this paper, a general purpose wireless Brain-Machine-Brain Interface (BMBI) system is proposed. The system provides all the necessary hardware for a closed-loop sensorimotor neural interface. The system integrates a neural signal analyzer, two neural stimulators with different specifications, multiple body area sensory devices and a user-friendly computer interface. The neural signal analyzer features four channel analog frontend with configurable bandpass filter, gain stage, digitization resolution, and sampling rate. Digital filtering, neural feature extraction, spike detection, sensing-stimulating modulation, and compressed sensing measurement are realized in a central processing unit integrated in the analyzer. Flash memory card is activated for low power operation, compressed sensing recovery verification and/or data backup. An 8-channel stimulator with high driving capability (±10 mA with compliance voltage ±22V), and a 2-channel stimulator for deep brain stimulation are included in the proposed system. Both stimulators are capable of delivering bipolar, biphasic capacitive coupled current pulses in programmable pulse shape, amplitude, width, pulse train frequency and latency. Multi-functional wireless sensor node, including an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, and a general sensor extension port has been designed. Surveillance camera is implemented for the monitoring of the animal's behavior. A userfriendly computer interface is designed to monitor, control and configure all aforementioned devices via wireless link. Wireless closed-loop operation between the sensory devices, neural stimulators, and neural signal analyzer can be configured. Bench test and in vivo experiments are performed to verify the functions and performance of the system.
Stretch Pattern Modulates Collagen and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 Expression by Fetal Human Intestinal Muscle Cells in Vitro • 294

Stretch Pattern Modulates Collagen and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 Expression by Fetal Human Intestinal Muscle Cells in Vitro • 294
Perinatal exposure to lead attenuates the conditioned reinforcing properties of cocaine in male rats.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of developmental lead exposure on drug responsiveness later in the life cycle. Adult female rats were gavaged daily with 0, 8, or 16 mg lead for 30 days before breeding with non-exposed males. The respective exposure regimens were maintained throughout gestation and lactation (perinatal exposure). In Experiment 1, at postnatal day (PND) 30 or 90, pups were trained with 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg cocaine HCl (IP) in a biased conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure. At both PND 30 and 90, an attenuation in CPP was present in animals exposed to 8 or 16 mg lead relative to control rats. Using an identical lead-exposure regimen, a conditioned place aversion (CPA) procedure with 0, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg lithium chloride (IP) was employed for Experiment 2. No significant differences were present among pups from each lead-exposure group conditioned and tested at PND 30 or 90, thus suggesting that an impairment of associative mechanisms was not solely responsible for the pattern of attenuation present in Experiment 1. Subsequent analyses of blood-lead in all experiments demonstrated concentrations below 5 μg/dl for all animals at PND 30 and below detectable limits (
Biomass and productivity of three phytoplankton size classes in San Francisco Bay.

Primary productivity of three size classes of phytoplankton ( 22 μm) was measured monthly at six sites within San Francisco Bay throughout 1980. These sites in the three principal embayments were chosen to represent a range of environments, phytoplankton communities, and seasonal cycles in the estuary. Temporal variations in productivity for each size class generaly followed the seasonality of the corresponding fraction of phytoplankton biomass. The 5–22 μm size class accounted for 40 to 50% of the annual production in each embayment, but production by phytoplankton >22 μm ranged from 26% in the southern reach to 54% of total phytoplankton production in the landward embayment of the northern reach. A productivity index is derived that predicts daily productivity for each size class as a function of ambient irradiance and integrated chlorophylla in the photic zone. For the whole phytoplankton community and for each size class, this index was constant and estimated as ≅0.76 g C m−2 (g chlorophylla Einstein)−1. The annual means of maximum carbon assimilation numbers were usually similar for the three size classes. Spatial and temporal variations in size-fractionated productivity are shown to be primarily due to differences in biomass rather than size-dependent carbon assimilation rates. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY034 00005
Gesture as communication I: Its coordination with gaze and speech

Gesture is one of the least charted terrains in human communication. This article presents one in a series of attempts to illuminate the forms, uses, meanings, and functions of hand gestures by using methods of microanalysis and naturalistic description. Reporting on findings from research on videotaped natural interaction in eight speech communities, the author describes speakers’ methods for making hand gestures relevant to the moment of symbolic communication. Gestures are “exposed” by means of indexical uses of gaze and language. This coordination becomes visible under “microscopic” viewing of videotapes. The analysis is embedded in a brief review of previous views of gesture and a discussion of the role of gesture for self‐awareness.
Picture-level parameteric motion representation for efficient motion compensation

When a picture contains non-translational motions in it, a picture-level parametric motion model can be more efficient than the block-based translational motion model because the former has small number of parameters that can replace many motion vectors of individual blocks. In addition, the former can represent the deformation of the image better than the latter. Based on this idea, we detected multiple homography transformations between a reference and a current picture. Then, we generated warped reference pictures1 corresponding to the homographies and inserted the one of the warped reference pictures into reference picture lists. We measured the performance of the proposed algorithm using the test condition that is proposed by MPEG and ITU recently. Experimental result showed 3.1% overall bitrate saving under low delay & high efficiency condition and 3.5% overall bitrate saving under random access & high efficiency condition compared with TMuC 0.7.3.
Phylogeography of the Patelloida profunda group (Gastropoda: Lottidae): diversification in a dispersal‐driven marine system

In the last decade, greater than expected levels of genetic structure have been reported for many marine taxa with high dispersal capabilities. Although little-studied to date, it is predicted that taxa with poor dispersal abilities would exhibit even more genetic differentiation than high dispersal taxa. These systems may track biogeographical processes better than more dispersive taxa and, more critically, function as the 'lowest common denominators' in MPA design initiatives. We investigate phylogeographical patterns in the poorly dispersing, yet widely distributed Patelloida profunda group and related congeners across the Indo-west Pacific region. One hundred and twenty-five individuals were sequenced for COI mtDNA [593 base pairs (bp)] and 44 individuals were sequenced for 16S mtDNA (539 bp). Identified P. profunda group lineages are highly geographically structured, with 12 reciprocally monophyletic lineages reported from 13 localities. Divergences within Indian and Pacific basins range from d = 0.013 to 0.127 and between basins from d = 0.147 to 0.197. The latter split is ancient (> 15 Myr) and cannot be related to Plio-Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations, characteristic of previously reported divergences in the same region. Juxtaposed against this structure is genetic connectivity between two widely separated P. profunda populations that share a common haplotype (phiST = 0.001). This finding contrasts with previous work in the same geographical region and cautions strongly against single taxon indicators for designing conservation priorities or marine protected areas (MPAs). Historical and/or biological factors may play more significant roles than oceanography alone in determining the genetic structuring of taxa. In light of these findings, we discuss the difficulty in deriving biogeographical process or directionality from phylogenetic trees in dispersal-driven systems. Even with a well-resolved, highly supported topology, many equally parsimonious scenarios are possible.
A NOTE ON PURE BENDING AND FLEXURE IN PLANE STRESS INCLUDING THE EFFECT OF MOMENT STRESSES

The paper presents generalizations of the problem of St. Venant flexure in plane stress, based on the assumption of a medium which supports moment stresses as well as force stresses.
The management of urinary incontinence in the exstrophy complex, posterior urethral valves, and infrasphincteric ureters.

Urinary incontinence is a debilitating problem that requires careful evaluation. Causes of incontinence in children are numerous, and once the mechanism of incontinence has been identified, management can be planned carefully. The management and outcome in children born with the exstrophy-epispadias complex, posterior urethral valves, and children who have an infrasphincteric ureteric orifice are discussed in this article.
The Impact of SAS No. 82 on Perceptions of External Auditor Responsibility for Fraud Detection: Perceptions of External Auditor Responsibility for Fraud Detection

This study evaluates whether perceptions of external auditor responsibility to detect fraud in US financial statement audits are greater under Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 82 than under the superseded SAS No. 53. A series of four fraud vignettes were evaluated by external auditors, internal auditors, and fraud examiners who were either given a summary of the new standard or the old standard to assess auditor fraud detection responsibilities. The vignettes manipulated fraud materiality and fraud type (i.e. fraudulent financial reporting and misappropriation of assets) within?subject. The results provide consistent evidence that perceptions of external auditor responsibility to detect fraud are higher under SAS No. 82 than under SAS No. 53. In addition, the results indicate that the external auditors' perceptions increased more than the perceptions of the internal auditors and fraud examiners. Finally, the findings revealed that while all participant groups were sensitive to fraud materiality, only the external auditors were sensitive to fraud type.
Rainfall Enhancement by Dynamic Cloud Modification: Massive silver iodide seeding causes rainfall increases from single clouds over southern Florida

In summary, the following points are made: 1) There are essentially two approaches to seeding for rain inducement, static and dynamic. 2) The dynamic approach is effective in inducing growth and increasing precipitation from individually seeded convective clouds under specifiable conditions. 3) The static approach to seeding for precipitation increases is apparently not relevant to the summer cumuli of Florida and Missouri. 4) Regional seeding climatologies, including studies of natural freezing processes in convective clouds, should be completed before commencement of a seeding operation. 5) The results of a seeding operation are frequently better understood by stratification of the data, especially with respect to weather conditions. Precipitation increases from seeding are usually found under fair weather regimes with isolated showers, whereas decreases are often noted under naturally rainy conditions.
Electrochromic properties of Au–WO3 nanocomposite thin-film electrode

Abstract We observed proton transfer phenomenon of WO 3 in Au–WO 3 nanocomposite thin-film electrode prepared by sputtering deposition method. The Au–WO 3 nanocomposite electrode formed using both the Au and WO 3 targets consisted of a nano-sized Au crystalline phases and a tungsten oxidative phase, indicating the formation of crystalline Au nanophases, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In particular, due to Au metallic nanophases, the modified electrochromic and electrochemical properties of WO 3 were observed. The Au–WO 3 electrode showed a reverse optical modulation with respect to applied potential compared to that of WO 3 electrode.
Brain glycogen following experimental cerebral ischemia in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Cortical glycogen levels decreased after both 1 and 3 h of unilateral ischemia. After 1 h of recirculation, the levels of glycogen were restored to control values in both groups. Subsequently, glycogen increased above normal levels after 1 week of recirculation in the 1 h ischemic groups, and after 5 h in the 3 h ischemic group. Thus, the onset of the excess glycogen accumulation appears to be dependent on the intensity of the ischemic insult.
The Impact Of Management Security Control Consciousness On Security Control Activities: Implications For Compliance With The Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Using information system audit documentation from 60 clients of a Big 4 firm, we extend Kizirian (2004) by examining whether management security control consciousness (i.e., the “tone at the top”) influences (1) security control activities performed by the client, and (2) the auditor’s firmwide (i.e., global) assessment of security control. Findings suggest that management control consciousness results in the employment of security controls. The auditor’s assessment of the strength of management control consciousness can also affect the auditor’s assessment of the client’s global security control. While our data pre-dates the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our findings speak to the importance of assessing an organization's tone at the top, and thus, have implications for auditors working to certify a client’s compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Impedance-based study of capacitive porous carbon electrodes with hierarchical and bimodal porosity

Porous electrode capacitors are used extensively in systems which store energy, harvest mixing energy, or desalinate water. These electrodes can possess a hierarchical pore structure with larger macroscale pores allowing for facile ion and fluid transport, and smaller, nanometer-scale pores enabling significant ion storage. We here present a combined theoretical (linear circuit model) and experimental (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) study of porous carbon electrode capacitors which integrate nanoscale pores into a micron-scale porous network. Our experiments are performed on a set of customfabricated hierarchical carbon aerogel electrodes with varying pore structure, including electrodes with sub-nanometer (sub-nm) pores. Our combined theory and experimental approach allows us to demonstrate the utility of our model, perform detailed characterizations of our electrodes, study the effects of pore structure variations on impedance, and propose hierarchical electrode design and characterization guidelines. Further, we demonstrate that our approach is promising toward the detailed study of ion storage mechanisms in sub-nm pores.
Video communication with QoS guarantees over HIPERLAN/2

This paper examines the impact of different physical modes on network QoS parameters such as throughput, bit error rate, and retransmission delays. An efficient technique for the transmission of MPEG-2 bit stream over HIPERLAN/2 networks is presented that exploits the hierarchical structure of the MPEG-2 bit stream. We show that for a given video bit stream use of multiple modulation schemes chosen based on the characteristics of underlying video data yields superior throughput and better picture quality in terms of PSNR.
Surface modification of PVDF membranes by grafting of a vinylphosphonium compound

A technique to incorporate positively charged groups onto the surface of microporous polyvinylidene fluoride membrane filters has been developed. In this method, a water-soluble vinyltriphenylphosphonium bromide compound was grafted onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes using 60Co γ-irradiation. The electrical characteristics of prepared membranes were measured by streaming potential and anionic dye challenge tests. The compatibility of these charge-modified membranes with ultrapure water was also investigated. Results show that these charge-modified membranes are characterized by a positive zeta potential in the pH range from 4 to 9.3. From the dye challenge tests the density of positively charged sites was calculated to be approximately five times larger than that of unmodified polyvinylidene fluoride. The modified membranes released less than 1 ppb of total organic carbon (TOC) into ultrapure water and thus appear to have potential for use in DI water systems.
A Quantitative Determination of the Interaction of Pentamethylenetetrazole with the Sodium Ion by Sodium-23 NMR

Abstract The importance of the sodium ion transport in biological systems is well known. Numerous studies have dealt with compounds which affect ion transport across membrane systems. However, the mechanism of ion transport across the membrane is still not clear. Hence it is of interest to investigate the interaction of the sodium ion with biologically active compounds in a system where the complex membrane is absent. Such a method of investigation must be able to detect very weak interactions. Sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance fits well into this classification. This technique has been used by others1 and by us2 to investigate electrolyte solutions and biological or model systems. We have been interested in the chemistry of cyclopolymethy-lenetetrazoles for some time.3 These compounds are characterized by their strong stimulating action on the central nervous system and, in
The presence of fucogalactoxyloglucan and its synthesis in rice indicates conserved functional importance in plants

The predominant structure of the hemicellulose xyloglucan (XyG) found in the cell walls of dicots is a fucogalactoXyG with an XXXG core motif, whereas in the Poaceae (grasses and cereals), the structure of XyG is less xylosylated (XXGGn core motif) and lacks fucosyl residues. However, specialized tissues of rice (Oryza sativa) also contain fucogalactoXyG. Orthologous genes of the fucogalactoXyG biosynthetic machinery of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are present in the rice genome. Expression of these rice genes, including fucosyl-, galactosyl-, and acetyltransferases, in the corresponding Arabidopsis mutants confirmed their activity and substrate specificity, indicating that plants in the Poaceae family have the ability to synthesize fucogalactoXyG in vivo. The data presented here provide support for a functional conservation of XyG structure in higher plants.
Perioperative, transtympanic electric abr in paediatric cochlear implant candidates.

With patients aged one year and younger considered for cochlear implantation, it is important to assess the suitability of an ear for implantation by preoperatively determining its electrical excitability. In a previous publication (Kileny et al., 1994), we described a technique to preoperatively obtain electrically evoked auditory brainstem responses (EABR) with transtympanic stimulation. This procedure is typically carried out in the operating room under general anaesthesia and neuromuscular blockade. Stimuli are delivered by a needle electrode placed transtympanically on the cochlear promontory. A custom-designed battery-operated stimulator requiring a trigger pulse from an evoked potential system is used to deliver the signal. This stimulator is capable of delivering biphasic pulses with an output limit of 999 μA. Pulses have a typical duration of 200 μs per phase and the EABR is recorded with a contralateral ear reference. In our clinic, we perform pre/perioperative transtympanic EABR on all patients who meet the following criteria:
Stability of frictional contact in constrained rigid-body dynamics

The use of rigid-body models during frictional contact is often justified by proving the existence of a unique solution to the forward dynamic equations. The implicit assumption here is that the contact forces so obtained are stable. In this paper, the rigid-body assumption is relaxed and body-to-body contacts are modeled using springs and dampers. A singular perturbation analysis reveals additional necessary conditions to ensure contact force stability in the reduced rigid-body model. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that stability depends on a damping ratio associated with the rigid contacts.
Energy Analysis of Parallel Scientific Kernels on Multiple GPUs

A dramatic improvement in energy efficiency is mandatory for sustainable supercomputing and has been identified as a major challenge. Affordable energy solution continues to be of great concern in the development of the next generation of supercomputers. Low power processors, dynamic control of processor frequency and heterogeneous systems are being proposed to mitigate energy costs. However, the entire software stack must be re-examined with respect to its ability to improve efficiency in terms of energy as well as performance. In order to address this need, a better understanding of the energy behavior of applications is essential. In this paper we explore the energy efficiency of some common kernels used in high performance computing on a multi-GPU platform, and compare our results with multicore CPUs. We implement these kernels using optimized libraries like FFTW, CUBLAS and MKL. Our experiments demonstrate a relationship between energy consumption and computation-communication factors of certain application kernels. In general, we observe that the correlation of energy consumption to GPU global memory accesses is 0.73 and power consumption to operations per unit time is 0.84, signifying a strong positive relationship between them. We believe that our results will assist the HPC community in understanding the power/energy behavior of scientific kernels on multi-GPU platforms.
Exploring adolescents’ thinking about globalization in an international education program

This research examined US high school students’ thinking about economic and cultural globalization during their participation in an international education program. The findings mapped the students’ categories for the two aspects of globalization and showed that the students’ positions were shaped by relatively stable narratives characterizing the phenomenon. In general, the ethnic minority students were found to have more critical perspectives. Suggestions based on the findings for improving the teaching of globalization in international education programs are described.
Test and simulation of axial flux-motor characteristics for hybrid electric vehicles

High power density is the main advantage of the axial flux motors compared to the conventional radial flux motors. Therefore, they are suitable candidates for the power train of hybrid electric vehicles. In addition, operating speed range and efficiency of axial flux motors can be improved by changing the air gap of the machine. In this paper, for each operating point, the optimal air gap is estimated based on the measured efficiency at different air gaps. The motor model is developed using the estimated optimal air gap and efficiency. Vehicle performance with the axial flux motor is also simulated based on the developed motor/controller model. Furthermore, the actual motor performance in a typical vehicle environment is analyzed with a vehicle simulator by applying the concept of hardware in the loop without installing the motor in the vehicle. Actual motor performance is compared with the simulation results as well. Motor performance in different drive cycles is also tested. The test motor can be used for the drivetrain of a series hybrid electric vehicle.
Single event Simulation methodology for analog/mixed signal design hardening

We propose a single-event simulation methodology to characterize the upset/error window of vulnerability for analog/mixed signal circuits. A custom designed 8-b pipeline analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is characterized and hardened based on the results of the simulations.
BRAF and MEK Mutations Make a Late Entrance

The small guanosine triphosphatase KRAS and the protein kinases BRAF, which is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 and 2 (MAPKK1/2, also known as MKK1/2 or MEK1/2) are signaling partners in the MAPK signal transduction pathway. They are involved in many biological processes and play crucial roles during embryonic development. When inappropriately expressed, KRAS, BRAF, and MEK1/2 are also frequently implicated in tumor progression. Hence, it might reasonably have been predicted that either loss- or gain-of-function germline mutations in the genes that encode them would cause embryonic death. However, in a surprising development, two articles report that germline mutations in the KRAS, BRAF, and MEK1/2 genes are associated with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome. This unexpected discovery demonstrates that mutations in KRAS, BRAF, and MEK can pass through the germline to cause specific developmental syndromes. This finding will undoubtedly stimulate further research into the function of these proteins in development and in both inherited and sporadic cancers.
Participatory communication for tuberculosis control in prisons in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Paraguay

Objectives: To assess the challenges in reducing tuberculosis (TB) in prisons in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Paraguay and propose ways to address them through communication interventions. Methods: Challenges to two central goals of TB control-early diagnosis of positive cases and successful application of the directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) strategy-were examined. Data were gathered (through in-depth, structured interviews) and focus groups were conducted in the prisons that housed the largest number of male inmates in each country. Interviewees and focus group participants included program directors, administrative personnel, correctional health and security staff, and incarcerated people who were or had been under treatment for TB and had participated as "peers" in health services. Results: The findings showed a range of entrenched obstacles for adequate TB control. Stigmatizing attitudes and low knowledge about TB among inmates and key prison personnel discouraged people living in prisons from seeking diagnosis and treatment. Systemic problems in prison health services, along with squalid living conditions, lack of coordination between national TB programs and prison health systems, and insufficient allocation of resources to health prevented the provision of adequate TB prevention and care. Conclusion: In addressing the barriers to effective TB control in prison systems in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Paraguay, a participatory approach to communication is necessary.(AU)
Special Session - Incorporating Values: A User-Oriented Approach to Curriculum Design

Curriculum development efforts often focus on delineating content within associated constraints: "How can I/we best design a course to cover a set of topics in the time available?" Such an approach is clearly productive, but it can easily lose sight of the people involved and their values. In this interactive session we will explore the importance of being explicit about the people participating in learning experiences. We will do this by introducing the use of user-oriented design techniques in curriculum design, and by involving participants in aspects of these techniques.
Broadband Fourier-domain mode-locked lasers

Broadband, high-speed wavelength-swept lasers can substantially enhance applications in optical coherence tomography, chemical spectroscopy, and fiber-optic sensing. We report the demonstration of Fourier-domain mode-lock lasers operating at about 90 kHz effective sweep rate over a 158 nm sweep range using a single-band design and over a 284 nm sweep range across the 1.3 μm to 1.5 μm wavelength spectrum using a unique broadband design. A novel dual-detection full-range Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography system is developed which provides 7 μm axial resolution (in air) at about 90 kHz axial scan rate for mirror-image resolved Doppler imaging in a human finger and an African frog tadpole.
Oysters produce an organic-inorganic adhesive for intertidal reef construction.

Coastal ecosystems rely upon oyster reefs to filter water, provide protection from storms, and build habitat for other species. From a chemistry perspective, few details are available to illustrate how these shellfish construct such extensive reef systems. Experiments presented here show that oysters generate a biomineralized adhesive material for aggregating into large communities. This cement is an organic−inorganic hybrid and differs from the surrounding shells by displaying an alternate CaCO3 crystal form, a cross-linked organic matrix, and an elevated protein content. Emerging themes and unique aspects are both revealed when comparing oyster cement to the adhesives of other marine organisms. The presence of cross-linked proteins provides an analogy to mussel and barnacle adhesives whereas the high inorganic content is exclusive to oysters. With a description of oyster cement in hand we gain strategies for developing synthetic composite materials as well as a better understanding of the components nee...
Longitudinal mandibular growth in children with tantalum implants.

Most of us, as orthodontists, are quite willing to give lip service to the concept of endless variation in Nature. Yet we tend to forget it and promote absolute biologic findings where they are shown later not to exist. Current concepts of craniofacial growth rest heavily on the studies by Bjiirk,” who some 25 years ago began reporting maxillary and mandibular growth in children with tantalum implants. This method depends basically on the well-accepted fact that bone grows only by apposition. This and other so-called facts in biology are open to question. What we choose to call bone is only a segment of the connective tissue continuum ranging from loose connective tissue, through cartilage and on through highly specialized Haversian bone. There are shades of gray remaining to be elucidated in the nature of bone growth where lesser orders of calcification are exhibited. As it stands, we stake our entire thesis on appositional growth of bone. We still know relatively little of the basic nature of connective tissue growth or of growth in general at the molecular level. The application of radiography to develop the cephalometric method has become an important part of the general method of studying growth in vivo. While implant methods began in the eighteenth century, it was not until the advent of cephalometry that the implant became a valuable tool. It is clear that cephalometry has become an integral part of the orthodontist’s armamentarium. It might be advisable to pause and examine some of its limitations. For all practical purposes, cephalometry still remains a two-dimensional method being applied to a three-dimensional subject. Broadbent recognized this in the design of his cephalometer, where both frontal and norma lateralis films were examined side by side, having been taken on a machine whose verniers allowed precise distance calibrations. Irrespective of the ingenuity of researchers in using both films, the method
A note on the existence of wakes behind large, rising bubbles.

Flow visualization technique study of wake existence behind large air bubble rising through quiescent liquid
On Epidemiology and Geographic Information Systems: A Review and Discussion of Future Directions

Geographic information systems are powerful automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data. While the systems have been in development for more than 20 years, recent software has made them substantially easier to use for those outside the field. The systems offer new and expanding opportunities for epidemiology because they allow an informed user to choose between options when geographic distributions are part of the problem. Even when used minimally, these systems allow a spatial perspective on disease. Used to their optimum level, as tools for analysis and decision making, they are indeed a new information management vehicle with a rich potential for public health and epidemiology. Geographic information systems (GIS) are
Integration of hp-adaptivity and a two-grid solver for elliptic problems

We present implementation details and analyze convergence of a two-grid solver forming the core of the fully automatic hp-adaptive strategy for elliptic problems. The solver delivers a solution for a fine grid obtained from an arbitrary coarse hp-grid by a global hp-refinement. The classical V-cycle algorithm combines an overlapping block Jacobi smoother with optimal relaxation, and a direct solve on the coarse grid. A simple theoretical analysis is illustrated with extensive numerical experimentation.
C20-D3-vitamin A Slows Lipofuscin Accumulation and Electrophysiological Retinal Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Stargardt Disease

Stargardt disease, also known as juvenile macular degeneration, occurs in approximately one in 10,000 people and results from genetic defects in the ABCA4 gene. The disease is characterized by premature accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye and by vision loss. No cure or treatment is available. Although lipofuscin is considered a hallmark of Stargardt disease, its mechanism of formation and its role in disease pathogenesis are poorly understood. In this work we investigated the effects of long-term administration of deuterium-enriched vitamin A, C20-D3-vitamin A, on RPE lipofuscin deposition and eye function in a mouse model of Stargardt's disease. Results support the notion that lipofuscin forms partly as a result of the aberrant reactivity of vitamin A through the formation of vitamin A dimers, provide evidence that preventing vitamin A dimerization may slow disease related, retinal physiological changes and perhaps vision loss and suggest that administration of C20-D3-vitamin A may be a potential clinical strategy to ameliorate clinical symptoms resulting from ABCA4 genetic defects.
A characterization of an affine invariant triangulation

The well known and widely used Delauny triangulation which is the dual of Dirichlet tessellation is not affine invariant. This means, among other things, that the triangulation is dependent upon the choice of the coordinate axes used to represent the vertices. We present a new type of triangulation of planar point sets which is unaffected by translations, rotations or changes of scale. A certain type of generalized Dirichlet tessellation is shown to always have a triangulation as its dual. When a particular affine invariant norm is used to create the tessellation, an affine invariant triangulation is characterized as the dual.
ADJUSTMENT TO AGING AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH OFFSPRING

Strmmary.-Structured interviews were conducted with 83 older people to determine the role of adult offspring in adjustment to aging. Satisfaction with the length of visits with offspring was significantly related to elderly people's well-being and so was having multiple friendships. Implications were drawn about how these two social networks-family and friends-an be used as support systems for married and widowed elderly persons. As older people experience natural diminutions in their health and mobility, their social support systems become increasingly important in helping them adjust to aging. One type of social support which has received widespread attention is that provided by the adult offspring of aging parents. The fact that most elderly people live independently (Mindel, 1979)-either alone or with spouse and near their children (Troll, 1971 )-suggests the potential usefulness of offspring in helping their parents adjust to the aging process. Previous research presents a confusing picture with regard to the importance of offspring in elderly persons' psychological adjustment to aging. Some research suggests that visits with relatives are important (Graney, 1975; Medley, 1976; Pihlblad & Adams, 1972) yet other research suggests that such visits do not significantly influence the adjustment process (Edwards & Klemmack, 1973; Lemon, Bengtson, & Peterson, 1972). The resolution of the inconsistent findings may depend upon consideration of two types of factors. First, different aspects of elderly persons' relationships with family members may be differentially ,related to well-being. Second, different characteristics of elderly people themselves may enhance or depress the importance of offspring as providers of psychological support. One purpose of this study was to examine the role of several different aspects of the relationship between elderly persons and their offspring in the adjustment to aging. Previous research typically examined the relationship in terms of "frequency of visits." Since visits of offspring and elderly persons tend to be frequent (Pihlblad 8: Adams, 1972), perhaps qualitative aspects of such visits are more important than is frequency. This possibility was supported in the work of Conner, Powers, and Bultena (1979) who argued that the prevalence in previous social gerontological research on single dimensional measurement of social participation, e.g., number of visits, has occluded exam
Using Ownership as an Incentive: Does the "Too Many Chiefs" Rule Apply in Entrepreneurial Firms?

Agency theory is used to develop hypotheses regarding the effects of ownership proliferation on firm performance. The authors examine the effects of chief executive officer (CEO) ownership, executive team ownership, and all employee ownership in addition to the moderating effect of risk on firm survival and stock price. Firms with low CEO ownership outperform those with high levels of CEO ownership across all levels of risk, but the effect is most pronounced for low-risk firms. Executive team ownership is negatively related to firm performance, whereas ownership for all employees is positively associated with firm performance, particularly for higher risk firms. Agency theory assumes that the organizational form with the lowest agency costs is one in which the leader (chief executive officer (CEO) or president) owns 100% of the company; in this case, the top executive is also the princi- pal (owner). When the top executive is not the sole owner, then that individual becomes an agent (employee) of the firm, at which point agency problems begin to arise. Agency problems are said to occur when agents pursue indi- vidual goals that are not necessarily consistent with those of the organization. In addition, agency problems arise because risk preferences of agents are dif- ferent from those of the principal, resulting in employee decision making that An earlier version of this article was presented at the 1996 Babson-Kauffman Entrepreneurship Research Conference and was published in the proceedingsFrontiers of Entrepreneurship Research in 1996. Funding for this research was provided by the Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies and the Entrepreneurship and Personal Enterprise Program at Cornell Uni - versity. The reviewers wish to thank the following individuals for their helpful comments on ear - lier versions of the manuscript: Alice Andrews, John Boudreau, Edward Zajac, Cornell ILR Human Resource Studies seminar participants, and the anonymous reviewers and editor of Group and Organization Management.
Extended abstract: Write like you talk? Research on the effects of voice to text applications when used as part of the writing process

Work being done with college writing students to introduce Voice to Text (VtoT) apps for use during the invention stage of writing will be shared. The research focuses on whether these apps help students to “write more like they talk,” which in turn may make their writing clearer. Descriptions of the activities conducted with students, feedback collected, and analysis of the effects of the technology on student writing will be discussed, as well as levels of comfort with use of the apps.
MR Imaging of Deltoid Ligament Pathologic Findings and Associated Impingement Syndromes

Injuries of the deltoid ligament of the ankle are increasingly recognized with the widespread use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The use of higher magnetic field strengths requires familiarity with the anatomic substructure of the deltoid ligament to better localize and characterize pathologic findings. Specifically, improved image resolution allows components of the superficial (tibiocalcaneal, tibionavicular, posterior superficial tibiotalar, and tibiospring ligaments) and deep (anterior tibiotalar and posterior deep tibiotalar ligaments) portions of the ligament to be evaluated separately. Awareness of the deltoid ligament substructure and associated injury patterns can guide the radiologist in defining underlying mechanical derangement, such as that seen in various impingement disorders. In this review article, the MR imaging technique for the deltoid ligament is summarized, and the normal and abnormal MR imaging appearances of various components of the deltoid ligament and associated impingement syndromes are presented.
Subtalar Distraction Bone Block Fusion for Late Complications of Os Calcis Fractures

The authors are presenting a new subtalar fusion technique for late complications of calcaneus fractures. These complications include pain, shoe wear difficulties, and foot deformity. The complex pathology includes incongruous subtalar joint, loss of calcaneal body height, and decreased lateral talocalcaneal angle. The latter two factors can result in tibiotalar neck impingement, a deformity that has received little attention in the literature. The subtalar fusion technique involves distraction of the subtalar joint, insertion of a bone block, and rigid screw fixation. The distraction allows correction of the talocalcaneal relationship and regains lost hindfoot height. The clinical series involved 16 feet with an average follow-up of 19 months. Results were satisfactory in 13 feet. Pre- and postoperative radiographic analysis for tibiotalar impingement, lateral talocalcaneal angle, and talonavicular subluxation was performed, with improvement to a normal range seen in the cases analyzed. The results are encouraging but should be considered preliminary based on the length of follow-up.
Concepts and Applications of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing

application of oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring in clinical practice. This is particularly the case in the exercise laboratory, where oxygen uptake (Voz) and carbon dioxide production (Vco2) can be easily moni­ tored using either intermittent or breath-by-breath sampling techniques. We term the monitoring of these respiratory gases during various forms of muscular work as cardiopulmona ry exercise (CPX) testing to distinguish it from traditional stress testing and to indicate that heart and lung function can be assessed simultaneously Hence, CPX testing makes it possible to assess the exercise response in patients with cardio­ vascular or respiratory disease, or in patients with coexistent heart and lung disease. Clinically relevant issues that heretofore could not be adequately ad­ dressed from the response in exercise heart rate or blood pressure alone, can now be examined in objec­ tive and quantitative terms. Specifically, one can determine aerobic capacity, anaerobic threshold, the ventilatory response, and the appearance of hypoxemia and use this information to address the nature and severity of disease, its progression over time, and its response to therapy 1 The CPX testing is therefore gaining in popularity while an increasing number of clinical applications are being identified to ensure its role as a valuable clinical tool in the future. The purpose of this brief review is to provide an overview of physiologic concepts relevant to CPX testing. We then will discuss our approach to using CPX testing in the assessment of common clinical problems that include evaluating the severity of cardiac or circulatory failure, identifying the cause of exer­ tional dyspnea, and finally monitoring the response to medical therapy in patients with chronic cardiac fail­
Hypertensive Emergency Following Embolization of a Large Adrenal Myelolipoma–Adrenal Medullary Infarction, Pheochromocytoma, or Acute Sympathetic Discharge? A Case Report and Literature Review

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe a case of hypertensive emergency following embolization of a large myelolipoma. Methods: Using the case report format to present clinical, laboratory, imaging, and dynamic testing data supporting clinical decision making. This is accompanied by a literature review. Results: A 40-year-old male with a history of hypertension presented with acute right upper abdominal pain and shortness of breath. Imaging completed at the transferring facility revealed a large right adrenal mass encapsulating the inferior vena cava. The blood hemoglobin was 7.8 g/dL because of internal hemorrhage into the mass. He underwent embolization of arterial flow to the right adrenal mass. A hypertensive emergency developed, and endocrinology was consulted to evaluate for pheochromocytoma. The plasma and urine normetanephrine were elevated, but the corresponding metanephrines remained normal. Surgery was imminent, and a clonidine suppression test in the surgical intensive care unit resulted in 60% suppr...
Neutrophil CD64 expression Distinguishing acute inflammatory autoimmune disease from systemic infections

Abstract Common bacterial and opportunistic infections are a major cause of mortality in patients who are immunosuppressed due to treatment with corticosteroids or cytotoxic drugs. Common laboratory tests for infection lack sensitivity and specificity. Therefore a new generation of tests to detect early systemic infections has been suggested. One of these tests measures the up-regulation of a Fc receptor (Fcγ R1, or CD 64) on neutrophils. The Fc receptors on white blood cells are very important for effective phagocytosis of bacteria and are up-regulated during an infection. The clinical utility of quantitative CD64 measurements to differentiate between systemic infection and active autoimmune inflammation was examined in an ongoing study. Patients with systemic infection (n = 26), patients with active autoimmune inflammatory disease (n = 45), patients with vasculitis (n = 4) and controls (n = 20) were studied for neutrophil CD64 expression using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. Results from this study concluded that CD64 is up-regulated in systemic infections and some localized infections. Some cases of infection can demonstrate low to intermediate levels of CD64 due to species of bacteria, localized infection and/or length of antibiotic therapy. Ninety-two percent of uninfected patients bind 2000 CD64 antibodies. These results together with other published studies indicate that quantitative measurement of CD64 is very promising for detection of systemic infection.