cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pyrrolinone–Pyrrolidine Oligomers as Universal Peptidomimetics

Peptidomimetics 1–3 were prepared from amino acid-derived tetramic acids 7 as the key starting materials. Calculations show that preferred conformations of 1 can align their side-chain vectors with amino acids in common secondary structures more effectively than conformations of 3. A good fit was found for a preferred conformation of 2 (an extended derivative of 1) with a sheet/β-turn/sheet motif.
Thermochemical evidence for strong iodine chemisorption by ZIF-8

For the first time, using aqueous solution calorimetry, we clearly identify the chemisorption of an unusually strong iodine charge-transfer (CT) complex within the cages of a metal–organic framework. Specifically, we studied the sorption of iodine gas in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8, Zn(2-methylimidazolate)2). Two iodine-loaded ZIF-8 samples were examined. The first, before thermal treatment, contained 0.17 I2/Zn on the surface and 0.59 I2/Zn inside the cage. The second sample was thermally treated, leaving only cage-confined iodine, 0.59 I2/Zn. The energetics of iodine confinement per I2 (relative to solid I2) in ZIF-8 are ΔHads = −41.47 ± 2.03 kJ/(mol I2) within the cage and ΔHads = −18.06 ± 0.62 kJ/(mol I2) for surface-bound iodine. The cage-confined iodine exhibits a 3-fold increase in binding energy over CT complexes on various organic adsorbents, which show only moderate exothermic heats of binding, from −5 to −15 kJ/(mol I2). The ZIF-8 cage geometry allows each iodine atom to form two CT...
The Prognostic Significance of the Skeletal Manifestations of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia of Childhood

The variety and distribution of skeletal pathology in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is rarely seen in other disease states. Skeletal radiographic changes associated with and/or suggestive of acute leukemia include diffuse osteopenia, metaphyseal bands, periosteal new bone formation, geographic lytic lesions, sclerosis, mixed sclerosis/lysis, and permeative destruction. This retrospective analysis of 83 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia suggests that children without radiographic skeletal abnormalities have an "aggressive" form of leukemia. Children with one to four lesions have an "indolent" form of leukemia that is of short duration. Children with five or more lesions have an indolent form of leukemia that is of longer duration. The longer duration of symptoms before diagnosis reduces the survival rate to that of the aggressive form of leukemia. It is therefore imperative that physicians who treat children recognize the orthopaedic/radiographic manifestations of acute leukemia (the most common pediatric malignancy) to facilitate diagnosis, and, thereby, improve survival.
Procedures for immunizations of mice

Immunization of mice for the maximum number of sensitized splenocytes for fusion with myeloma cells is the first important step in successful production of monoclonal antibodies. Techniques for anesthetizing and bleeding of mice are described. A discussion of the techniques for inoculation of mice is presented. Emphasis is placed upon humane treatment of the animals by prevention of undue pain.
Translators' Mode of Thinking Impact of the Translation

For a long time,"the faithful" was touted as the translation of the highest standards.Led to "reliance" "transformation" and so on,its essence is the original as "absolute standard." We may ignore that the translator will play a dynamic role in the process of subjective.In fact,in the process of translation,the translator will be a subject to its restrictions on the times.In the translation of works,their own attitudes and life experiences,thinking,understanding the depth of the article,will determine the standards and value systems impact.Translator's mode of thinking determines his choice of translation strategies,thereby determines the style of the translation configuration features.It is an objective reality that the translator will be involved in the process of the translation,and his subjective state of the translation can not be ignored in the resulting impact.
Discussion on the Application of an Expert System for Optimizing Natural Gas Pipeline's Operation

Basic tasks of dispatchers and expert system were discussed during the operation of natural gas pipeline.Because of some uncertain and imprecise information existing in the process of operation,the theories of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic were introduced to expert systems to describing them,which can offer a more natural communication mode between human and machines.The knowledge acquisition and fuzzy control rules were discussed emphatically.Otherwise,the method provided a convenient optimizing control mode for gas pipelines.
Seizures associated with antidepressants: A review

Background Seizures are uncommon, but serious, adverse effects of antidepressant drugs. A better understanding of drug-related seizure risk, its predictors, and its neurophysiologic basis might help clinicians avoid this adverse event. A better understanding of the factors involved in the determination of seizure risk would be helpful for interpretation of seizure rates reported. Method The authors review case reports, series of cases, and information from clinical trials of antidepressants to determine antidepressant-related seizure risk. Predisposing factors are identified. Effects of dose, blood levels, and duration of treatment on seizure risk are examined. Electrophysiologic and in vitro models of drug-related seizure induction are discussed. Results A significant proportion of drug-related seizures occurs in individuals with an identifiable predisposition, such as previous seizures, sedative or alcohol withdrawal, and multiple concomitant medications. Seizure risk for most antidepressants increases with dose (or blood level), and comparisons between drugs should consider seizure rates at the effective dose (or blood level) for each drug. For imipramine, the most frequently studied tricyclic, the literature indicates a seizure rate between 0.3% and 0.6% at effective doses. In unselected patients and at higher doses, these rates may be higher. Fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, trazodone, nomifensine, and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors have a lower seizure risk. Estimates for recently marketed antidepressants with intermediate seizure risk are complicated by the fact that effective doses and blood levels are not well established. Conclusion Assessment of seizure risk in individuals involves consideration of predisposing factors, the antidepressant selected, and the bioavailability of the drug. Future studies of seizure risk would benefit from the use of specified criteria for determination of probable seizure events, a priori definition of predisposing exclusions, samples sufficiently large to provide adequate power, blood level monitoring, and inclusion of duration of drug treatment in the calculation of risk.
Some Aspects of Striated Urethral Sphincter Structure and Function

During the last 2 decades various routes of investigation have enhanced our knowledge of the striated urethral sphincter. Anatomic and neurophysiological studies as well as clinical evaluation in the form of urodynamic studies have demonstrated the components of the sphincter and its function. This information has provided the urologist with greater understanding of problems related to striated sphincter function.
Recovery from NMDA-induced intracellular acidification is delayed and dependent on extracellular bicarbonate

A 30-s exposure to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) produced a dose-dependent and long-lasting (10-20 min) reduction in intracellular pH in cultured cortical neurons, detected by the fluorescent dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. This intracellular acidification could be blocked by addition of the NMDA antagonist, D-(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, or by removal of extracellular Ca2+. Removal of extracellular HCO3- markedly impaired recovery from NMDA-induced intracellular acidification. Recovery was also impaired when 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, inhibitors of HCO3- transport, were added to the cultures immediately after NMDA exposure. In contrast, the Na+/H+ exchange blocker, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride, did not affect pH recovery. Removal of extracellular Cl- partially prevented pH recovery after NMDA stimulation. In addition, extracellular HCO3- increased intracellular Na+ after NMDA exposure, consistent with HCO3- activation of a Na(+)-dependent exchanger. These results demonstrate that stimulation of cortical neuronal NMDA receptors is followed by long-lasting intracellular acidification and that the presence of extracellular HCO3- is important in the subsequent recovery of normal intracellular pH, likely acting at least in part via the Na(+)-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchanger.
Salivary Gland Cytology

The human body harbors both major and minor salivary glands. The major ones are paired and consist of the parotid, the submandibular and the sublingual glands. The minor salivary glands are numerous and are estimated to be from 500 to 1000. Approximately 40 subtypes of neoplasms (benign and malignant) have been described. Fine needle aspiration is considered to be one of the best modalities for initial evaluation of these neoplasms. However, assessing these specimens can be a challenge for the cytopathologist because of significant cytomorphologic diversity and overlap between benign and malignant salivary gland tumors. Judicious attempt is always made to categorize neoplastic entities to best guide appropriate therapeutic interventions. However, one has to also be mindful of the non-neoplastic conditions that share many cytomorphological features with neoplasms. Ancillary studies are often of limited use, but certain cytomorphological features when evaluated in the context of the clinical and radiographic impression may help prevent erroneous interpretation.
Measurement of ankle spasticity in children with cerebral palsy using a manual spasticity evaluator

Spastic hypertonia involving spasticity and/or contracture is a major source of disability in cerebral palsy and other neurological impairments like stroke. Several measures have been used to assess the reflex hyperexcitability and hypertonus associated with spasticity, including the Ashworth scale, tendon reflex scale, pendulum test, mechanical perturbations and passive joint ROM. These measures generally are either convenient to use in clinics but not quantitative or they are quantitative but difficult to use conveniently in clinics. We developed a manual spasticity evaluator (MSE) to evaluate the spasticity/contracture quantitatively and conveniently in a clinical setting. Using the MSE, we measured the ankle ROM at controlled low velocity, elastic stiffness, and Tardieu R/sub 1/ catch angle at different velocities. The results show decreased ROM and increased stiffness in spastic ankle, and the Tardieu R1 catch angle was approximately linearly related to the movement velocity.
Prognostic importance of dyspnea for cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in persons without prevalent cardiopulmonary disease: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study

Background The relationship between dyspnea and incident heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (MI) among patients without previously diagnosed cardiopulmonary disease is unclear. We studied the prognostic relevance of self-reported dyspnea for cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in persons without previously diagnosed cardiopulmonary disease. Methods and results We studied 10 881 community-dwelling participants (mean age 57±6, 56% women, 25% black) who were free of prevalent cardiopulmonary disease from Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Dyspnea status at study entry using the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale. The primary outcomes were time to HF, MI or all-cause death. Dyspnea prevalence was 22%, and was mild (mMRC grade 1 or 2) in 21% and moderate-to-severe (mMRC 3 or 4) in 1%. The main correlates of dyspnea were older age, female sex, higher BMI and active smoking. Over a follow-up of 19±5 years, greater self-reported dyspnea severity was associated with worse prognosis. Mild dyspnea was associated with significantly heightened risk of HF (adjusted Hazard Ratio, HR,1.30; 95% CI: 1.16-1.46), MI (adjusted HR 1.34; 95%CI: 1.20-1.50), and death (adjusted HR 1.16; 95%CI: 1.06-1.26), with moderate/severe dyspnea associated with an even greater risk (adjusted HR 2.14, 95%CI: 1.59-2.89; 1.93, 95%CI: 1.41-2.56; 1.96, 95%CI: 1.55-2.48, respectively). Conclusion In community-dwelling persons free of previously diagnosed cardiopulmonary disease, self-reported dyspnea is common and, even when of mild intensity, it is independently associated with a greater risk of incident HF, MI, and death. Our data emphasize the prognostic importance of even mild self-reported dyspnea for cardiovascular outcomes.
On multivariate signed rank tests

A class of affine-invariant signed rank test statistics is considered for the one-sample multivariate location problem. This class is obtained by modifying Randles’ sign test which uses the transformation–retransformation approach of Chakraborty, Chaudhuri and Oja along with a directional transformation due to Tyler. It contains test statistics that have been previously studied for this problem. For the class of symmetric distributions, the asymptotic null distribution of the proposed class of statistics is shown to be chi-square. One particular member of this class of tests is recommended. This specific statistic is obtained using a linear function of the ranks of Euclidean norms of the transformed vectors. Comparisons between this new test statistic and several leading competitors are made through efficiency calculations and Monte Carlo studies. This new statistic has strong efficiencies over a wide spectrum of distributions, ranging from very light-tailed distributions to very heavy-tailed ones. It per...
Microbial Growth During Spontaneuos Uji Fermentation and Its Influence on the End Product

(1984). Microbial Growth During Spontaneuos Uji Fermentation and Its Influence on the End Product. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal: Vol. 50, No. 1-4, pp. 101-110.
Abstract 194: Increasing Expression of Connexin43 in Bone Marrow Stem Cells Enhances Their Protective Effects on the Infarcted Heart

Introduction: Coupling of stem cells (SCs) injected into the infarcted heart to endogenous cells that survived injury may enhance SC survival and engraftment and improve their protective effects. Connexin43 (Cx43) gap junctions are some of the first proteins expressed by differentiating SCs transplanted into the heart after myocardial infarction (MI), suggesting that cell coupling is critical for SC survival and differentiation. Hypothesis: Overexpression of Cx43 in SCs will enhance their ability to engraft, differentiate, and improve cardiac function and survival after transplant into the infarcted heart. Methods: Adult mouse SCs isolated from compact bone were sorted for c-kit surface marker using magnetic beads. SCs were transduced with PLL3.7 lentivirus encoding the Cx43 gene (GJA1) at MOI=300 to produce overexpression, which was confirmed by Western analysis on SC lysates. MI was induced in 12-week-old male C57BL/6 mice by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery, and 40,000 SCs in 20 uL saline were administered immediately after MI via intramyocardial injection. A total of 69 animals were used: 18 received Cx43 SCs, 30 received non-transduced SCs (NTSC), 11 received only saline, and 10 underwent sham surgery. Echocardiography was performed 1 and 2 weeks post-MI. Results: Animals receiving Cx43 SCs had improved survival (90.0%) versus NTSC (76.7%) and saline controls (70.0%). The Cx43 SC group displayed improved ejection fraction versus NTSC and saline controls at 1 week (48.7% v. 43.3%, p=0.04; 30.1%, p Conclusion: All SCs improved survival and cardiac function, and attenuated remodeling. Transplantation of Cx43 SCs improved survival and cardiac function even more than NTSCs, suggesting that Cx43 may play a crucial role in engraftment and differentiation.
Wagnerian Climatic Fantasies: Sound, Space, Breath

ABSTRACTIn Richard Wagner’s 1850 essay “Art and Climate,” the composer implicates climatic engagement as crucial to cultural and artistic progress. He critiques the relationship mankind had built with the natural world, arguing that civilization had developed counter to the deterministic influence of climate; instead of respecting nature, the vices of humanity had led it to live in opposition to beneficial climatic influences. Wagner casts his “artwork of the future” as “taking account of … the natural characteristics of [Germanic] native skies”; it would channel the Teutonic climate lost to civilization and, through exposure to it in the theater, engender a new social order. This essay explores the foundations of Wagner’s climatic determinism, their manifestations in his dramatic works and relationship to his atmospheric technologies for his theater in Bayreuth, Germany, and the didactic motivations behind these theories and practices.
Memory-based prediction in control and optimisation

Abstract The recent progress in database and computer technology makes it possible to use for control and optimisation of technological processes the whole process history. Traditionally, prediction uses either global models covering the total process behaviour or local models fitting just the recent process behaviour. The concept of memory-based prediction combines the advantages of global and local modelling. First, data 'similar' to the predicted situation are retrieved from the process database, usually as a result of a SQL query. Second, the target value is predicted by applying a proper smoothing methodology to the retrieved data. Being more flexible and faster than a global model and more precise and robust than a local (recent-data) model, memory-based approach offers an attractive alternative to the current paradigms. The paper outlines the traditional view of local regression, shows its Bayesian extension and discusses practical choices affecting data retrieval and smoothing.
Biomarkers and Stimulation Algorithms for Adaptive Brain Stimulation.

The goal of this review is to describe in what ways feedback or adaptive stimulation may be delivered and adjusted based on relevant biomarkers. Specific treatment mechanisms underlying therapeutic brain stimulation remain unclear, in spite of the demonstrated efficacy in a number of nervous system diseases. Brain stimulation appears to exert widespread influence over specific neural networks that are relevant to specific disease entities. In awake patients, activation or suppression of these neural networks can be assessed by either symptom alleviation (ie, tremor, rigidity, seizures) or physiological criteria, which may be predictive of expected symptomatic treatment. Secondary verification of network activation through specific biomarkers that are linked to symptomatic disease improvement may be useful for several reasons. For example, these biomarkers could aid optimal intraoperative localization, possibly improve efficacy or efficiency (ie, reduced power needs), and provide long-term adaptive automatic adjustment of stimulation parameters. Possible biomarkers for use in portable or implanted devices span from ongoing physiological brain activity, evoked local field potentials, and intermittent pathological activity, to wearable devices, biochemical, blood flow, optical or magnetic resonance imaging changes, temperature changes, or optogenetic signals. First, however, potential biomarkers must be correlated directly with symptom or disease treatment and network activation. Although numerous biomarkers are under consideration for a variety of stimulation indications the feasibility of these approaches has yet to be fully determined. Particularly, there are critical questions whether the use of adaptive systems can improve efficacy over continuous stimulation, facilitate adjustment of stimulation interventions and improve our understanding of the role of abnormal network function in disease mechanisms.
Keeping Neurons Young and Foxy: FoxOs Promote Neuronal Plasticity

Any adult who has tried to take up the piano or learn a new language is faced with the sobering realization that acquiring such skills is more challenging as an adult than as a child. Neuronal plasticity, or the malleability of brain circuits, declines with age. Young neurons tend to be more adaptable and can alter the size and strength of their connections more readily than can old neurons. Myriad circuit- and synapse-level mechanisms that shape plasticity have been identified. Yet, molecular mechanisms setting the overall competence of young neurons for distinct forms of plasticity remain largely obscure. Recent studies indicate evolutionarily conserved roles for FoxO proteins in establishing the capacity for cell-fate, morphological, and synaptic plasticity in neurons.
Inhomogeneous Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy as a Source of Higher-order Quasistatic and Dynamic Anisotropies

We investigate the influence of lateral variations of the second-order perpendicular anisotropy in thin films on the effective anisotropies required to represent this structure using a macrospin approximation. Second-order and fourth-order effective anisotropies are required for the macrospin approximation. In the case of quasistatic calculations, the fourth-order effective anisotropy is closely linked to deviations of the average magnetization angle from the field direction and lateral variations of the magnetization direction in the structure leading to dependence on the field strength and the lateral length scale of anisotropy variations of the effective anisotropies. We find that the field and lateral length-scale dependence of the effective anisotropies extracted from simulations of the magnetization dynamics are profoundly different from those of the quasistatic simulations. This is caused by resonance localization that depends on the orientation of the external magnetic field.
Engineering and the Politics of Commensuration in the Mining and Petroleum Industries

Engineers and applied scientists form the backbone of the mining and petroleum industries, yet rarely figure in social science accounts of natural resource extraction. This article begins to fill that gap by ethnographically exploring how community conflicts have prompted engineers and applied scientists working in these industries to reconsider the relationship between the surface and subsurface dimensions of their work. To make social concerns on the surface matter to how drilling and extraction would happen, they tried to make these two domains legible to one another. Using mapping and modeling, they created new techniques for making “social” concerns visible and actionable by field operators, even as they expressed reservations about unduly flattening the inherent complexity of human thought, action, and emotion in the process. While these practices opened space for other engineers and applied scientists to incorporate the concerns of nearby residents into their plans and practices, they also raised questions about the appropriateness of commensuration, or the process of translation through which things and values are made comparable.
Body composition and physical function in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Abstract Physical function is critical for mobility and quality of life. We hypothesized that higher total lean mass is associated with higher physical function, and body fat inversely associated, among postmenopausal women. Women's Health Initiative Observational Study participants at Pittsburgh, PA; Birmingham, AL; and Tucson-Phoenix, AZ (1993–1998) completed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and the Rand SF-36 questionnaire at baseline and 3 y (N = 4526). Associations between quartiles (Q1–4) of lean or fat mass and physical function were tested using linear regression, adjusted for demographics, lifestyle factors, medical history, and scanner serial number. At baseline, participants had a mean ± SD age of 63.4 ± 7.4 y and BMI of 27.4 ± 5.8 kg/m2. Higher percent lean mass was positively associated with physical function at baseline (Q4, 83.6 ± 0.6 versus Q1, 74.6 ± 0.7; p
1 – Introduction to innovations in food labelling

: National labelling laws, international norms and guidelines as well as private standards aim to protect consumers from deception and businesses from unfair competition. Food labelling is also becoming a policy tool for motivating change in consumer behaviour and shifts in food production practices. In this process of developing labels, the interactions between private actors and public institutions are dynamic and complex, especially given the need to harmonize labels to facilitate trade. This book provides information about the rights and responsibilities that are the foundation for food labelling, and illustrates how labelling policies are developed. Labelling topics include the Codex Committee on Food Labelling, international trade agreements and human rights, nutrition, allergens, organic, eco-labelling for fish, fair trade, geographic indication and genetically modified foods.
Broadening Research on Developmental Risk

Risk research, with its roots in epidemiology, is concerned with the identification of factors that accentuate or inhibit disease and deficiency states, and the processes that underlie them. Risk studies run the gamut from individual case histories to cross-sectional, and short-term and lengthier longitudinal investigations. The studies traverse the entire life span from birth to old age, with foci that include a broad range of risk factors. These include etiological studies emphasizing potential biological and behavioral precursors; personal positive and negative predispositional attributes; genetic and environmental influences on disorder; the actualizing power of stressful experiences; the ameliorating force of identifiable “protective” factors; the study of coping patterns, including their origins, development, and situational contexts; and the evaluation of outcomes ranging from signs of severe biobehavioral and social deficits to patterns of resilience and adaptation amid disadvantage.
A Neurological View of Violence

The problem of defining aggression—and thus differentiating it from violence—has already been discussed in Chapter 2 by David Crowell and continues to be an issue throughout this book. The position taken in this chapter is that it is clinically useful to consider extreme aggression or violence as a separate category of behavior. This is based on the observation that acts of repeated or extreme personal violence that are committed with little or no provocation are truly rare, as pointed out by Evans and Scheuer in Chapter 4. Considering the opportunities for this form of self-expression, physical acts of violence against persons are unusual in adulthood and even in adolescence.
The catalytic specificity of liver alcohol dehydrogenase: vitamin A alcohol and vitamin A aldehyde activities.

Liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH, E.C.I. 1.1.1) is an NAD+/NADH dependent enzyme with a broad substrate specificity. It catalyzes the reversible oxidation of a wide variety of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones, as well as the oxidation of certain aldehydes to their carboxylic acids (Jornvall, 1970; Branden, et al., 1975; Klinman, 1981; Eklund and Branden, 1983; Zeppezauer, 1986; Pocker, et al., 1986; Pettersson, 1987; Pocker, 1989). The enzyme’s primary and tertiary structures have been determined, as have its catalytic mechanisms, isozyme differences and evolutionary divergences (Eklund and Branden, 1987; Eklund, et al., 1987; Pocker, 1989, Light, et al., 1992). Although the physiological substrates of alcohol dehydrogenase are unknown, this enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of all-trans retinol, Vitamin A alcohol and all-trans retinal, Vitamin A aldehyde, Figure 1 (Pocker et al., 1987). In addition, liver alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of all-trans retinal to the corresponding retinoic acid (Pocker et al., 1987).
Contempt of Congress: Do Liberals and Conservatives Harbor Equivalent Negative Emotional Biases Towards Ideologically Congruent vs. Incongruent Politicians at the Level of Individual Emotions?

Prior research suggests that conservatives are more fear-motivated, disgust-sensitive, and happy than liberals. Yet when it comes to political targets (e.g., politicians), both liberals and conservatives can get very emotional. We examined whether the ideological differences in emotion seen in past research apply to emotions towards specific ideologically similar vs. dissimilar targets, or whether these emotions are instead equivalent between liberals and conservatives. Across two studies, liberals and conservatives rated their anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and happiness towards Democratic and Republican congresspersons. We compared participants’ levels of each emotion towards their respective ideologically dissimilar and ideologically similar congresspersons. Liberals and conservatives both experienced stronger negative emotions towards ideologically dissimilar congresspersons than they did towards ideologically similar ones. Neither liberals nor conservatives differed in negative emotions towards politicians overall (i.e., on average). However, there were ideological differences in emotional bias. In Study 1, liberals exhibited a greater contempt bias (i.e., a larger gap in contempt ratings between ideologically similar and ideologically dissimilar politicians) than conservatives did. In Study 2, liberals exhibited greater contempt, anger, disgust, and happiness biases than conservatives did. The need to consider context in the study of ideological differences in emotion is discussed.
The double edge sword of fibrosis in cancer

Cancer-associated fibrosis is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) which significantly impacts cancer behavior. However, there is significant controversy regarding fibrosis as a predominantly tumor promoting or tumor suppressing factor. Cells essential to the generation of tissue fibrosis such as fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have dual phenotypes dependent upon their independence or association with cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and cancer-associated MSCs have unique molecular profiles which facilitate cancer cell cross talk, influence extracellular matrix deposition, and direct the immune system to generate a protumorigenic environment. In contrast, normal tissue fibroblasts and MSCs are important in restraining cancer initiation, influencing epithelial cell differentiation, and limiting cancer cell invasion. We propose this apparent dichotomy of function is due to (1) cancer mediated stromal reprogramming; (2) tissue stromal source; (3) unique subtypes of fibrosis; and (4) the impact of fibrosis on other TME elements. First, as cancer progresses, tumor cells influence their surrounding stroma to move from a cancer restraining phenotype into a cancer supportive role. Second, cancer has specific organ tropism, thus stroma derived from preferred metastatic organs support growth while less preferred metastatic tissues do not. Third, there are subtypes of fibrosis which have unique function to support or inhibit cancer growth. Fourth, depleting fibrosis influences other TME components which drive the cancer response. Collectively, this review highlights the complexity of cancer-associated fibrosis and supports a dual function of fibrosis which evolves during the continuum of cancer growth.
Ionized Gas in Damped Lyman Alpha Protogalaxies: II. Comparison Between Models and the Kinematic Data

We test semi-analytic models for galaxy formation with accurate kinematic data of damped Lyman alpha protogalaxies (DLAs) presented in the companion paper I. The models envisage centrifugally supported exponential disks at the centers of dark matter halos which are filled with ionized gas undergoing radial infall to the disks. The halo masses are drawn from cross-section weighted mass distributions predicted by CDM cosmogonies, or by the null hypothesis (TF model) that the dark matter mass distribution has not evolved since z ~ 3. In our models, C IV absorption lines detected in DLAs arise in infalling ionized clouds while the low-ion absorption lines arise from neutral gas in the disks. Using Monte Carlo methods we find: (a) The CDM models are incompatible with the low-ion statistics at more than 99% confidence whereas some TF models cannot be excluded at more than 88% confidence. (b) Both CDM and TF models agree with the observed distribution of C IV velocity widths. (c) The CDM models generate differences between the mean velocities of C IV and low ion profiles in agreement with the data, while the TF model produces differences in the means that are too large. (d) Both CDM and TF models produce ratios of C IV to low-ion velocity widths that are too large. (e) Both CDM and TF models generate C IV versus low-ion cross-correlation functions incompatible with the data. While it is possible to select model parameters resulting in consistency with the data, the disk-halo configuration assumed in both cosmogonies still does not produce significant overlap in velocity space between C IV low-ion velocity profiles. We conjecture that including angular momentum of the infalling clouds will increase the overlap between C IV and low-ion profiles.
Themes Across New Directions in Community Engagement.

The articles in this special issue on New Directions in Environmental Communication in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health present new research and perspectives on engaging communities impacted by Superfund sites—the hazardous waste sites that have been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as needing cleanup. In particular, these articles focus on the community engagement cores (CECs) that work with affected communities as part the Superfund Research Program at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). The purpose of this closing article is to highlight important themes evident across the eight articles in the special issue. When considered together, the findings reveal important lessons learned about community engagement and environmental communication, but also reveal that much more remains to be known. Recommendations are made for how these teams can continue to practice, reflect on, and research community engagement in ways that build toward a better understanding and implementation of best practices.
Connecting the Dots on the Origins of Social Knowledge

Understanding what infants know about social life is a growing enterprise. Indeed, one of the most exciting developments within psychological science over the past decade is the view that infants m...
Time to Learn from Others

America is frequently characterized by its perpetual innovation and willingness to respond to challenges. Very often the US manages to reinvent itself within a short period of time. For instance, in 1957 American was shocked when the USSR launched the world’s first human-made satellite named Sputnik (its literal meaning is “fellow traveler”).
Optimization of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of cocaine and other drugs of abuse via gas chromatography - Vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry (GC - VUV).

Abstract Gas Chromatography-Vacuum UV Spectroscopy (GC-VUV) has seen increased attention in many areas, however, a statistical optimization of VUV method parameters has not been published. This article presents the first statistical optimization of parameters influencing analytes such as cocaine in the VUV flow-cell. Flow-cell temperature, make-up gas pressure, and carrier gas flow rate from the GC were examined and optimized for the detection of controlled substances. The accuracy, precision, linearity, and optimized detection limits for drugs such as cocaine (98.5%, 1.2%, 0.9998, 1.5 ng), heroin (99.3%, 0.94%, 0.9998, 2.0 ng), and fentanyl (98.5%, 1.7%, 0.9752, 9.7 ng) are reported. In general, the limits of detection for cocaine, heroin, fentanyl, and methamphetamine after optimization were comparable to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in “scan mode”, which had detection limits of 1.1–38 ng on column. The VUV absorption spectra of cocaine, PCP, lorazepam, and HU-210 are also reported. And three samples of “real world” cocaine are analyzed to demonstrate applicability to forensic drug analysis.
Metrical Variability Between South Asian Handaxe Assemblages: Preliminary Observations

The Indian subcontinent represents the easternmost abundant source of classic Acheulean technology in the Old World. Since the late nineteenth century, a large number of Acheulean sites have been reported from India, Pakistan, and most recently Nepal. This study focuses exclusively on handaxes and attempts to respectively compare published metrical data from individual assemblages and groups of assemblages with each other, using univariate and multivariate statistical methods (cluster analyses and the Mann–Whitney U test). The five main variables that are examined include mean values of handaxe length, breadth, thickness, and elongation and “refinement,” to reveal levels of statistical metric differences between handaxe groups and associated typological and geographic patterns. Preliminary results indicate that many of these handaxe assemblages are not metrically distinguishable as strictly Early or Late Acheulean types, as has been done in the past. While the handaxe assemblages geographically closest to each other broadly cluster together at the locality level (albeit inconsistently), there are significant statistical differences between groups of assemblages at interregional levels. This indicates that there was marked geographic and probably chronological overlap in the degrees of metric variation across the entire Indian subcontinent, possibly reflecting a dynamic intermediate developmental phase within the region following initial colonization by Acheulean hominins.
Teacher leadership for social change in bilingual and bicultural education: by Deborah K. Palmer, Bristol, UK, Multilingual Matters, 2018, vii + 198 pp., $39.95 (paperback), ISBN 9781788921428

With a captivating cover displaying the iconic game of Loteria, which will undoubtedly catch the eye of the Hispanic audience, Deborah K. Palmer calls on bilingual educators with the title Teacher ...
Dating fault damage along the eastern Denali fault zone with hematite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry

Abstract Unraveling complex slip histories in fault damage zones to understand relations among deformation, hydrothermal alteration, and surface uplift remains a challenge. The dextral eastern Denali fault zone (EDFZ; southwest Yukon, Canada) bounds the Kluane Ranges and hosts a variety of fault-related rocks, including hematite fault surfaces, which have been exhumed through the brittle regime over a protracted period of geologic time. Scanning electron microscopy-based microtextural observations and hematite (U-Th)/He (hematite He) thermochronometry from these surfaces indicate multiple generations of foliated, high-aspect ratio hematite plates. Single-aliquot hematite He dates ( n = 38 ) from 11 samples range from 11.5 ± 3.2 Ma (2σ) to 3.4 ± 2.1 Ma and exhibit moderate inter- and intrasample dispersion. A subset of dates is 15-20 Myr younger than previously published apatite (U-Th)/He dates from collocated host rocks, despite similar closure temperatures, precluding a simple ambient cooling interpretation for our hematite He data. Mixture modeling defines hematite He date populations at ∼8 Ma, ∼6 Ma, and ∼4 Ma, and when combined with microtextural observations, supports episodes of hydrothermal alteration and fault reactivation at aseismic to subseismic slip rates. There is no evidence that hematite experienced deformation- or hydrothermal fluid-related He loss. Hematite He dates overlap previously documented Kluane Ranges surface uplift and shifting dynamics of the Yakutat microplate, pinpointing fault networks and deformation processes that accommodate regional deformation in response to far-field plate boundary processes.
Advancing Placement

Placement is central to IC physical design: it determines spatial embedding, and hence parasitics and performance. From coarse-to fine-grain, placement is conjointly optimized with logic, performance, clock and power distribution, routability and manufacturability. This paper gives some personal thoughts on futures for placement research in IC physical design. Revisiting placement as optimization prompts a new look at placement requirements, optimization quality, and scalability with resources. Placement must also evolve to meet a growing need for co-optimizations and for co-operation with other design steps. "New" challenges will naturally arise from scaling, both at the end of the 2D scaling roadmap and in the context of future 2.5D/3D/4D integrations. And, the nexus of machine learning and placement optimization will continue to be an area of intense focus for research and practice. In general, placement research is likely to see more flow-scale optimization contexts, open source, benchmarking of progress toward optimality, and attention to translations into real-world practice.
Suppression of cancer-associated bone loss through dynamic mechanical loading.

Abstract Patients afflicted with or being treated for cancer constitute a distinct and alarming subpopulation who exhibit elevated fracture risk and heightened susceptibility to developing secondary osteoporosis. Cancer cells uncouple the regulatory processes central for the adequate regulation of musculoskeletal tissue. Systemically taxing treatments to target tumors or disrupt the molecular elements driving tumor growth place considerable strain on recovery efforts. Skeletal tissue is inherently sensitive to mechanical forces, therefore attention to exercise and mechanical loading as non-pharmacological means to preserve bone during treatment and in post-treatment rehabilitative efforts have been topics of recent focus. This review discusses the dysregulation that cancers and the ensuing metabolic dysfunction that confer adverse effects on musculoskeletal tissues. Additionally, we describe foundational mechanotransduction pathways and the mechanisms by which they influence both musculoskeletal and cancerous cells. Functional and biological implications of mechanical loading at the tissue and cellular levels will be discussed, highlighting the current understanding in the field. Herein, in vitro, translational, and clinical data are summarized to consider the positive impact of exercise and low magnitude mechanical loading on tumor-bearing skeletal tissue.
Making it to the finish line: Educational resilience among Dominican women of Haitian descent

Dominican-born children of Haitian descent are frequently excluded from the public education system in the Dominican Republic. Barriers to participation include poverty, discriminatory government p...
Intrusion Detection System: The Use of Neural Network Packet Classification

Despite recent advances in cloud processing power and network connectivity to handle massive network traffic, networks are still vulnerable to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. With the recent proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT), unsecured devices are fueling the ever-growing botnets, which allow creating larger malicious networks. Current mitigation techniques need to adapt to a new growing size of zero-day attacks to protect network services to consumers and block malicious connections. Deep learning enables machines to find the solution to many complex problems. This paper evaluates the performance of the Simple Neural Networks, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Recurrent Neural Networks in detecting DDoS attacks when trained with the CSE-CIC-IDS2018 Dataset. This research will discuss the presented datasets and the efficiency of the proposed networks. The trained data was obtained from a realistic dataset that holds different forms of intrinsic volume, protocol, and web-based attacks.
The influence of current and potential distribution on the measurement of dielectric permittivity

Abstract The impedance responses of three different electrode geometries in contact with synthetic motor oil were measured and shown to exhibit constant-phase element (CPE) behavior in the geometric impedance. A mathematical model that accounts for frequency dispersion in the geometric impedance was developed and shown to be in agreement with experimental measurements. The electrical properties observed were shown to be influenced by nonuniform modulating electric fields, in agreement with observations reported in the literature. In this work, the influence of electrode geometry and frequency dispersion on impedance spectra was identified and used to develop a method to estimate the electrical properties of non-ideal materials.
Networking and Some Novel Applications

As discussed in earlier chapters, Impulse Radios within communication networks using Pulse Coupled Oscillator (PCO) global synchronization can be efficiently duty cycled for significant power savings. In this chapter we discuss the emergent dynamic behavior in the PCO network to enable some of the novel applications par-ticular to this type of network.
Current applications of finite element analysis to diesel engine component design

The drive to increase engineering productivity and decrease expensive hardware testing has resulted in the widespread application of the finite element method of structural analysis to diesel engine components. The scope of finite element analysis at Detroit Diesel Allison has been expanded far beyond the simple investigation of mechanically induced component stresses. The DDA developed, multipurpose finite element code, STRATA, has been used to analyze critical deflections, combustion induced thermal stresses, the probability of survival of ceramic structures and assembly parameters for ceramic-metal composite components. Finite element analysis has also been combined with the concept of factorial experiments to optimize new component designs. Specific examples of each application are discussed including piston kit, cylinder head, and valve gear components. Analytical results are interpreted and unique characteristics highlighted.
The genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a serious psychiatric disorder that affects approximately 2% of the populations of children and adults. Family aggregation studies have demonstrated that OCD is familial, and results from twin studies demonstrate that the familiality is due in part to genetic factors. Only three genome-wide linkage studies have been completed to date, with suggestive but not definitive results. In addition, over 80 candidate gene studies have been published. Most of these studies have focused on genes in the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. Unfortunately, none have achieved genome-wide significance, and, with the exception of the glutamate transporter gene, none have been replicated. Future research will require the collaboration of multidisciplinary teams of investigators to (i) achieve sufficiently large samples of individuals with OCD; (ii) apply the state-of-the-art laboratory techniques; and ( iii) perform the bioinformatic analyses essential to the identification of risk loci.
Suggested management responses to ethical issues raised by technological change

The development of technology raises an array of ethical issues related to work. Many of these ethical issues are old issues surfacing under new guises. Technology has not changed the issues, but technology makes the issues' analysis and application more complex. This paper identifies several new ethical issues raised by technological change: computer crime, an over-reliance on computer controlled systems, bio-technical developments, degradation of quality-of-life at work and new categories of work-related injuries. These issues are discussed in the context of management responsibilities and responses. The paper offers a five-step process for the effective management of these ethical issues: Be aware of the issues, develop an ethical framework, be consistent, communicate clearly, stay alert for future developments.