cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of square planar nickel(II)-arylthiolate complexes with the biphenyl-2,2'-dithiolate ligand.

Two new NiIIS4 complexes with the biphenyl-2,2'-dithiolate ligand (L) are reported. The dinuclear complex 1, [Ni2L3]2-, was formed in the reaction of 2-3 equiv of Na2L and [NiCl4]2- and the mononuclear complex [NiL2]2- (2) by using 4-10 equiv of Na2L. Complexes 1 and 2 have been crystallographically characterized. (Et4N)2[1].0.5S2Ph2, CH3CN: C60H71N3Ni2S7, triclinic, P1, a = 13.806(2) A, b = 14.267(2) A, c = 16.873(2) A, alpha = 69.263(10) degrees, beta = 69.267(8) degrees, gamma = 83.117(10) degrees, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0752 (wR2 = 0.2011). (Et4N)(Na.CH3CN)[2]: C34H39N2NaNiS4, triclinic, P1, a = 9.9570(10) A, b = 13.2670(10) A, c = 13.9560(10) A, alpha = 108.489(7) degrees, beta = 90.396(6) degrees, gamma = 103.570(4) degrees, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0390 (wR2 = 0.0995). Both complexes are square planar about the nickel ion in the solid state as well as in solution. Most Ni(II)-thiolate complexes are square planar except the tetrahedral mononuclear complexes with monodentate arylthiolate ligands that cannot force a square planar geometry. The ligand (L) has some flexibility to change its bite angle via the phenyl-phenyl bond and should not force a planar geometry on its complexes either. Therefore, it is interesting that 2 has adopted a square planar structure. Complex 2 readily converts to 1 in solution when not in the presence of excess L in a process that is presumably similar to that known for other mononuclear, bidentate ligated Ni(II) complexes. Both complexes, at least in the solid state, appear to have an inclination to bind another metal ion on one face of the complex (Ni2+ in 1, Na+ in 2). We hope to take advantage of this in future work to synthesize relevant model complexes for the active sites of the nickel-iron hydrogenases after suitable modifications are made to L.
THE RELATIVISTIC GARDENHOSE INSTABILITY. II.

Gardenhose instability for ultrarelativistic plasma in magnetic field, showing that instability criterion for particular non-Maxwellian distribution function is not met
Growth and characterization of zinc and cadmium thiogallate

In an attempt to prepare infrared materials which have properties superior to those of the II-VI chalcogenides, members of the system Zn1−xCdxGa2S4 (1≧x≧0) were prepared and their infrared transmission, hardness and thermal stability were measured. Whereas both ZnGa2S4 and CdGa2S4 transmitted in the infrared and have reasonable measured values for thermal stability and hardness, there is little improvement achieved by solid solutions.
Effect of Sensory Stimulation on Eye Contact in a Profoundly Retarded Adult

A case study is presented that documents changes in eye contact duration following a program of sensory stimulation. Stimulation was provided by bouncing, being pulled on a scooter board, quick rocking, and use of an electric toothbrush. Data indicated that longer eye contact, decreased self-stimulation, and improved learning occurred. These results lend support to the hypothesis that some hyperactive children are underaroused and need stimulation. The rationale for treatment of these individuals is discussed.
The Hopkins Rehabilitation Engagement Rating Scale: development and psychometric properties.

Abstract Kortte KB, Falk LD, Castillo RC, Johnson-Greene D, Wegener ST. The Hopkins Rehabilitation Engagement Rating Scale: development and psychometric properties. Objective To conduct an initial investigation of the psychometric properties of the Hopkins Rehabilitation Engagement Rating Scale (HRERS), a 5-item, clinician-rated measure developed to quantify engagement in acute rehabilitation services. Design We used a cross-sectional design to conduct correlational and multivariate analyses to establish the measure's internal consistency, interrater reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity. Setting Acute inpatient rehabilitation in 3 metropolitan hospitals. Participants A total of 206 subjects with spinal cord injury, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, amputation, or hip or knee replacement. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The HRERS, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Brief Symptom Inventory, Levine's Denial of Illness Scale, Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique, and FIM instrument. Results The HRERS has good internal consistency (α=.91) and interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, .73) and represents a unidimensional construct. It correlated negatively with symptoms of depression ( r =−.24, P r =−.30, P r =−.23, P r =.36, P r =.22, P Conclusions The HRERS is a valid and reliable measure of rehabilitation engagement that relates to intermediate-term functional outcomes.
Explicitly correlated gaussian calculations of the 2D Rydberg states of the boron atom.

Accurate non-relativistic variational calculations are performed for the seven lowest members of the 2D Rydberg series (1s22s2p2, and 1s22s2nd, n = 3, …, 8) of the boron atom. The wave functions of the states are expanded in terms of all-electron explicitly correlated Gaussian basis functions and the effect of the finite nuclear mass is directly included in the calculations allowing for determining the isotopic shifts of the energy levels. The Gaussian basis is optimized independently for each state with the aid of the analytic energy gradient with respect to the Gaussian parameters. The calculations represent the highest accuracy level currently achievable for the considered states. The computed energies are compared with the available experimental data.
Effects of a Bedtime Massage on Relaxation in Nursing Home Residents with Sleep Disorders

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an activity-based intervention (massage) in producing a relaxation response and sleep in nursing home residents. Using a 2 (intervention, control) × 3 (baseline, intervention, withdrawal) mixed design with random assignment to the intervention (n = 15) or control (n = 13) group, results indicated that the massage produced a statistically significant relaxation response as measured by heart rate (p < .001), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p = .01), and anxiety (p < .001) for individuals receiving the intervention. Analyses had sufficient power despite the sample size. Implications for future research using massage with nursing home residents are discussed.
Response of Selenium Status Indicators to Supplementation of Healthy North American Men with High-Selenium Yeast

The essential nutrient selenium is required in microgram amounts [recommended dietary allowance (RDA) = 55 μg/day, 699 nmol/day] and has a narrow margin of safety (upper tolerable intake limit = 400 μg/day, 5 μmol/day). We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled study of high-selenium yeast, the form used in most supplements (300 μg/day, 3.8 μmol/day), administered to 42 free-living healthy men for 48 weeks. Dietary intakes of selenium, macronutrients, and micronutrients were not different between groups and did not change during the study. Supplementation more than doubled urinary selenium excretion from 69 to 160 μg/day (876 to 2,032 nmol/day). Urinary excretion was correlated with recent selenium intake estimated from 3-day diet records: urinary selenium excretion = 42 μg/day (533 nmol/day) + 0.132 × dietary selenium intake, p < 0.001. Dietary selenium intake was not significantly correlated with the other indicators of selenium status, presumably because urinary selenium excretion reflected recent intake, and tissue selenium was homeostatically controlled. After 48 weeks of supplementation, plasma selenium was increased 60% from 142 to 228 μg/l (1.8 to 2.9 μmol/l), and erythrocyte selenium was approximately doubled from 261 to 524 μg/l (3.3 to 6.6 μmol/l). Selenium concentrations increased more modestly in hair (56%) and platelets (42%). Platelets were the only blood component in which glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly related to selenium content. Selenium levels decreased rapidly after the end of supplementation, and there were no significant differences in selenium status indicators between groups by week 96. The absorption, distribution, and excretion of selenium from high-Se yeast were similar to selenium in foods.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Multinuclear Zinc(II) Alkyl Derivatives of Linked Phenoxides

Alkyl zinc derivatives of tris(3,5-dialkyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)methanes (alkyl = tert-butyl 1a, methyl 1b, tert-pentyl 1c) have been prepared by reaction with dimethyl or diethylzinc, and characterized. Whereas dimethylzinc with 1a or diethylzinc with 1b give S6 symmetric, hexanuclear aggregates with the general formula 12(ZnR)6 (R = Me 2a, Et 2b), when 1a reacts with diethylzinc, solvent dependent reactions take place. If dichloromethane is used for the reaction solvent, a dimeric, C2 symmetric, tetranuclear product with the formula 1a2Zn2(ZnEt)2 (3) is isolated while in diethyl ether, a C2 symmetric, pentanuclear aggregate 1a2Zn(ZnEt)4 (4) forms, and in tetrahydrofuran a C3 symmetric trinuclear compound 1a[ZnEt(THF)]3 (5a) is produced. Each example is represented by a single-crystal X-ray structure determination. Preliminary studies regarding their activity toward the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide are also reported.
[DLys(6)]-luteinizing hormone releasing hormone-curcumin conjugate inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are invariably lethal, and developing effective treatments that have minimal side effects is a challenge. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that conjugates of cell membrane disrupting lytic peptides and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) target and destroy human prostate and breast cancer cells in xenografts in the nude mouse model (Hansel et al., Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007;260–262:183–9; Hansel et al., Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007;269:26– 33), which express LHRH receptors. The objectives of our study were to synthesize a bioconjugate of LHRH analog ([DLys 6 ]LHRH) and a dietary microchemical (curcumin) and test the hypothesis that [DLys 6 ]-LHRH–curcumin targets and inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo .I nin vitro studies, we determined by confocal microscopy, flow cytometry analysis and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction that MIAPaCa-2, Panc-1 and BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cell lines express LHRH receptors. [DLys 6 ]-LHRH–curcumin inhibited cell proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines and induced apoptotic cell death (p < 0.05). Apoptosis was induced by cleavage of polyadenosine-5 0 -diphosphate-ribose-polymerase and caspase-3. The activity of [DLys 6 ]-LHRH–curcumin was equal to free curcumin at equimolar concentrations in vitro. Unlike curcumin itself, the [DLys 6 ]-LHRH–curcumin conjugate is water soluble which allows its intravenous administration. In two in vivo studies, [DLys 6 ]-LHRH–curcumin given intravenously caused a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in tumor weights and volumes, and free curcumin given by gavage at an equal dose failed to cause a significant reduction in tumor weights and volumes in the nude mouse pancreatic cancer model. [DLys 6 ]-LHRH–curcumin treatment enhanced apoptosis compared to [DLys 6 ]-LHRH and vehicle-treated controls in tumor tissue. In conclusion, [DLys 6 ]-LHRH–curcumin may be useful in treating pancreatic cancer.
Retire Hybrid Atomic Orbitals

We argue that localized bond orbitals can be used to interpret photoelectron spectra of molecules.
Protein Efficiency Ratio and Amounts of Selected Nutrients in Mechanically Deboned Spent Layer Meat

Three types of mechanically deboned spent layer meat (MDSL) were found to have adjusted protein efficiency ratios (PER) equivalent or superior to a standard (casein) diet. These same materials proved to be good sources of calcium, iron and zinc. Percentage protein ranged from 15.39 for MDSL from whole spent layers to 16.55 for MDSL from spent layer frames with wings. Fat levels were highest for whole birds (20.41%) and lowest for frames without skin (16.84%). High levels of unsaturated fatty acids were found to be associated with these products.
Catastrophe theory and technical analysis applied to a Cal Tech experiment on irrational exuberance

A Catastrophe Theory Model modified for the explanation of the evolution/revolution of behavior in the securities market can be classified in the realm of behavioral finance. An early model of the Cusp Catastrophe Model modified to explain speculative crashes appeared in Zeeman (1976, 1977). Later, Pruden expanded upon Zeeman’s use of the Cusp Model version of Catastrophe Theory to allow for “buying stampedes” as well as “selling panics”. Pruden also established connections between the Cusp Catastrophe Model and technical market analysis. Whereas the Catastrophe Theory Model, like other models from the behavioral sciences, provides a positive scientific theory as to the “why” of behavior in the stock market, technical market analysis furnishes a nominal theory of rules and principles about “how” a trader or investor may profit from the behavior observed in the stock market. Hence, the presupposition is that behavioral science models that explain the stock market behavior provide solid scientific foundations upon which to base the principles and practices of technical market analysis.
The Importance of Specialized Treatment Programs for Lesbian and Gay Patients

Abstract This article describes a dual diagnosis treatment program for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered community in Washington, DC called the Lambda Center. By using a case example, the article describes how a specialized treatment program can more effectively treat and return a gay or lesbian patient to full functioning, by addressing specific issues which would be overlooked in a mainstream program. These unique issues include coming out, internalized homophobia, socialization, dating and intimacy for sexual minorities, use of certain recreational drugs, and the role of spirituality. The article also gives examples of failures and difficulties faced by lesbian and gay patients in straight programs. The author calls for further studies to prove the superior efficacy of specialized programs for lesbians and gay men and urges patients and providers demand that third party payers and HMOs authorize gay affirmative treatment programs because they are better for patients and probably more cost e...
Part-whole relations: Some structural features of children's representational block play

Research is reported that shows how block play becomes more complex with respect to part-whole relationships with the child's increasing age. Older children include a greater number of constituent parts in their constructions. Constructions appear to reveal knowledge of parts before the child uses spontaneous language to indicate parts.
Momentum and Heat Transfer on a Continuous Moving Surface

Determination du transfert de chaleur et de quantite de mouvement dans la couche limite laminaire sur une surface mobile avec une vitesse de surface arbitraire et une temperature de surface non uniforme
The regulatory role of nerve growth factor and its receptor system in fibroblast-like synovial cells.

Objectives: Investigating the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors (NGF‐R) in inflammatory diseases is an active field of research. Inflammatory diseases of the joint are the commonest cause of human morbidity but very little is known about the effect of NGF on synovial tissue biology. Here we have studied NGF/NGF‐R and their functional significance on cultured fibroblast‐like synovial cells (FLS) collected from the synovial tissue of five healthy subjects.Methods: NGF/NGF‐R expression was determined in the basal condition and after stimulation with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)‐1β by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS). Proliferation studies were performed by cell count, hexosaminidase assay, and the MTT assay. The synovial fluid (SF) NGF level was studied by ELISA in 12 psoriatic arthritis (PsA), 14 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 10 osteoarthritis (OA) patients.Results: FACS studies showed that unstimulated FLS expr...
A presentation for the special automorphism group of a free group

Abstract A presentation is given for SAn, the group of automorphisms of determinant 1 of a free group Fn of rank n. The canonical isomorphisms H 2 (A n , Z ) ∋ H 2 (SA n , Z ) ∋ K 2 ( Z ) are established for n ≥ 5, where An is the full group of automorphisms of Fn.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF FAMILY STATUS ON UNDEREMPLOYMENT

Family status is often regarded as an important factor determining female labor force participation as well as outcomes of that participation such as wages and occupational standing. Indeed, employment status can be expected to have implications for the work patterns of both men and women, through timing or scheduling conflicts, and other constraints related to the roles of parent and spouse. In this article the relationship between underemployment and family status is examined in a multivariate framework. Underemployment is measured here as a combination of unemployment, involuntary part‐time work, overeducation, and low wages, using data from the 1972 and 1982 March Current Population Survey. The findings suggest that family status is important for both men and women, although the most salient role for men is that of spouse, while for women the parental role has the strongest effect. Both men and women experience negative work outcomes related to single parenthood.
Testing electrostatically suspended gyroscopes using trapped magnetic flux and superconducting sensors

This paper presents the results of dynamical testing of an electrostatically levitated, spherical gyroscope that has a superconducting coating. These results are used to verify and to assess the characteristics and the performance of these gyroscopes in preparation for the Stanford Relativity Experiment (also known as Gravity Probe B) space mission intended for 1996. During this mission the angular drift of the spin axis of a spinning gyroscope will be measured during a period of one full year or more in orbit. This measured drift rate will be compared with the theoretical drift rate as predicted by the general theory of relativity. Research presented here shows that it is possible to measure the time history of the spin vector of a spherical gyroscope with respect to two mutually perpendicular pickup loops in a Helmholtz configuration using the dipole component of the magnetic trapped flux inside the gyroscope. With the use of the time history of the gyroscope spin axis, it is possible to estimate the gyroscope characteristics, in particular its mass unbalance. The measurements recorded during this research are unique in a sense that it is the first time a superconducting sensor in conjunction with trapped magnetic flux was used to determine the orientation of the spin vector of a nearly perfect spherical gyroscope.
Isolation and characterization of a glycine transport mutant in an established mammalian cell line, CHO(PEOT/1).

Glycine uptake in CHO(PEOT/1) cells is mediated by at least three systems, of which two have been identified and partially characterized in this study: (1) a low affinity “A” system that transports a number of small neutral amino acids including glycine and methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB), and (2) a highaffinity system, specific for glycine and sarcosine. By a combination of tritium suicide and replica plating, we have isolated a mutant (CHY-3) with a 47% decrease in glycine transport at the standard test concentration of 2.5 ΜM. Uptake studies with radioactive glycine, MeAIB, and sarcosine revealed that the mutant lacks the glycine-sarcosine system, but has undergone a compensatory 30–50% increase in the A system. Thus, there appears to be a regulatory interaction between these two systems for glycine uptake by CHO cells.
Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in the young rat.

Rationale: Repeated psychostimulant treatment has been shown to sensitize the locomotor activity of young rats, but there is conflicting evidence suggesting that this sensitized response will persist across only a few drug abstinence days. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether: (a) young rats are capable of expressing a sensitized locomotor response after an extended drug abstinence period, and (b) the longevity of the sensitized response is critically affected by either the number of drug pretreatment days or environmental conditioning factors. Methods: Young rats were pretreated with saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg, i.p.) for either five or ten consecutive days [i.e., on postnatal days (PD) 16–20 or PD 11–20]. After each daily injection, rats were placed in activity chambers, and locomotion was measured for 30 min. To assess environmental conditioning factors, some rats were injected with saline prior to being placed in the activity chambers and then injected with cocaine prior to being returned to the home cage. After one or seven abstinence days (i.e., on PD 22 or PD 28), rats received a challenge injection of saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg) in the activity chamber and locomotion was assessed. Results: Young rats exhibit cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization after either a short (1-day) or long (7-day) drug abstinence period. When a long abstinence period was used, locomotor sensitization was only apparent when cocaine pretreatment lasted for 10 days. Conditioning factors were also important for determining whether locomotor sensitization was expressed, because young rats pretreated with cocaine in the home cage did not show a sensitized locomotor response after seven abstinence days. Conclusions: Young rats are capable of showing cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization after an extended abstinence period. Both the number of drug pretreatment days and the environmental context in which cocaine was given (i.e., the activity chamber or home cage) influenced the longevity of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization.
Hierarchically Porous Rutile Titania: Harnessing Spontaneous Compositional Change in Mixed-Metal Oxides

In numerous applications involving fluid flow through a porous structure, performance improvements, such as better flow characteristics and increased fluid−solid contact, are obtained when multiple length scales of porosity are present in the porous medium. To this end, we have developed a route to hierarchically porous rutile titania that obviates the need for preformed or preassembled structure-directing agents. The preparation involves the successive leaching of phases and components from a dense composite of wurtzite ZnO and inverse spinel Zn2TiO4. The resulting monoliths are composed of grains of highly crystalline rutile titania and possess a hierarchy of interconnected pores with length scales of 5 μm and 100 nm. Ex situ solid-state 67Zn and 47,49Ti NMR has helped probe local environments around these elements in both the mixed and pure crystalline materials that are formed during the leaching processes.
Acculturation and Depressive Symptoms in Mexican American Couples

SUMMARY Despite interest in examining the relationship between acculturation and depressive symptomatology among Latinos, limited attention has been given to these factors within the context of the Latino marital environment. The present study examines the role of acculturation in determining depressive symptoms among 173 married, Mexican American (MA) couples who participated in the 1992 Health and Retirement Survey, Wave I, while holding relevant variables (i.e., age, years of formal education, logged lower body difficulties, logged household income, logged household net worth, and logged household size) constant. Aspects of acculturation are measured both at the individual level (language used during interview and nativity) and couple level (dyad concordance on language preference and nativity). Multilevel analysis revealed significant correlation between spouses' depressive symptomatology (intraclass correlation, ρ = .41), suggesting that the study of depressive symptoms in MA couples requires attenti...
In vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies suggest a conserved immune module that regulates malaria parasite transmission from mammals to mosquitoes

Human malaria can be caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum that is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. "Immunological crosstalk" between the mammalian and anopheline hosts for Plasmodium functions to control parasite numbers. Key to this process is the mammalian cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). In mammals, TGF-β1 regulates inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) both positively and negatively. In some settings, high levels of NO activate latent TGF-β1, which in turn suppresses iNOS expression. In the mosquito, ingested TGF-β1 induces A. stephensi NOS (AsNOS), which limits parasite development and which in turn is suppressed by activation of the mosquito homolog of the mitogen-activated protein kinases MEK and ERK. Computational models linking TGF-β1, AsNOS, and MEK/ERK were developed to provide insights into this complex biology. An initial Boolean model suggested that, as occurs in mammalian cells, MEK/ERK and AsNOS would oscillate upon ingestion of TGF-β1. An ordinary differential equation (ODE) model further supported the hypothesis of TGF-β1-induced multiphasic behavior of MEK/ERK and AsNOS. To achieve this multiphasic behavior, the ODE model was predicated on the presence of constant levels of TGF-β1 in the mosquito midgut. Ingested TGF-β1, however, did not exhibit this behavior. Accordingly, we hypothesized and experimentally verified that ingested TGF-β1 induces the expression of the endogenous mosquito TGF-β superfamily ligand As60A. Computational simulation of these complex, cross-species interactions suggested that TGF-β1 and NO-mediated induction of As60A expression together may act to maintain multiphasic AsNOS expression via MEK/ERK-dependent signaling. We hypothesize that multiphasic behavior as represented in this model allows the mosquito to balance the conflicting demands of parasite killing and metabolic homeostasis in the face of damaging inflammation.
Formation of dimeric products during steady state hydrogenation of ethylene over cobalt

During the steady state hydrogenation of ethylene over cobalt, C4 hydrocarbons are formed. Such C4 hydrocarbons are not formed from ethylene alone. The relative yield of C4 products is enhanced by chemisorbed hydrogen; the distribution of C4 products is a function of the H2/C2H4 ratio in the reactant stream. These results are similar to those found for nickel catalysts but the yield of C4 products is greater for cobalt than for nickel. Kinetic analysis suggests that both for nickel and cobalt the C4 hydrocarbons stem from an adsorbed CH3CH species that undergoes surface reactions analogous to disproportionation and combination.
Asymptotically efficient retiming under setup and hold constraints

We present a polynomial-time algorithm for retiming synchronous circuits with edge-triggered registers under setup and hold constraints. Given a circuit G and a target clock period c, our algorithm computes in O(V/sup 3/ E) steps a retimed circuit that achieves c and is free of hold violations, where V is the circuit's gate count, and E is the number of wires in the circuit. This is the first polynomial-time algorithm ever reported for retiming with constraints on both long and short paths. The asymptotically efficient operation of our algorithm is based on a novel formulation of the timing constraints as an integer monotonic program with O(E/sup 2/) inequalities.
Evidence for the existence of the permanganyl ion in sulphuric acid solutions of potassium permanganate

Abstract The green solution produced when potassium permanganate is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid has been investigated. The results of cryoscopic and conductance studies of this solution can be explained on the basis of the equation KMnO 4 + 3H 2 SO 4 → K + + H 3 O + + MnO 3 + + 3HSO 4 − . The visible and ultra-violet spectrum of the solution can be shown to be consistent with the presence of a planar MnO 3 + ion of symmetry D 3 h .
p53 Expression in Incidental Prostatic Cancer

Incidental prostate cancer is an indolent disease typically characterized by a benign clinical course. This is not clearly established, however, as recent reports suggest that up to 27% of cases progress with long-term follow-up. The indolent history of this disease led initially to the hypothesis that mutations of the p53 gene would be an infrequent event in this patient population. Archival specimens from 24 patients with Stage A1 carcinomas were evaluated for abnormal p53 expression. In 23 patients the disease was diagnosed after transurethral resection for bladder outlet obstructive symptoms, and in one patient after a radical prostatectomy. Using a monoclonal antibody (PAb 240) and an immunohistochemical technique, a total of 36 microfoci of tumor were evaluated. Thirteen (36%) microfoci were positive with an intense nuclear staining pattern (2 +), and eight (22%) microfoci had an intermediate staining pattern. Four areas of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia also stained positively with a 2 + staining pattern. These results suggest that abnormal p53 expression is a feature of a significant number of incidental prostatic carcinomas and that this occurrence is an early event in the development of the malignant phenotype.
DNA End Joining by the Klenow Fragment of DNA Polymerase I

DNA end joining is a type of illegitimate recombination characterized by the joining of two DNA ends that lack homology. Using oligonucleotides as substrate, we found that an exonuclease-free derivative of the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I can mediate DNA end joining in vitro. DNA sequence analysis of product DNA indicated that overlap products were formed between direct repeat sequences at the termini of the oligonucleotides. Formation of recombinant products was dependent on the strandedness of the substrate DNA, and the rate of product formation was dependent on the size of the potential overlap. With one to three complementary bases available for pairing at the 3' termini, there was an absolute requirement that one of the oligonucleotides be double-stranded, whereas with four complementary bases, products were also formed in reactions with single-stranded oligonucleotides. When noncomplementary nucleotides were added to the terminus of one of the oligonucleotides, product formation was delayed but not blocked. These data indicate that a DNA polymerase can mediate DNA double strand break rejoining in the absence of other proteins.
Turbulent Boundary Layers on Surfaces Covered With Filamentous Algae

Abstract : Turbulent boundary layer measurements have been made on surfaces covered with filamentous marine algae. These experiments were conducted in a closed return water tunnel using a two-component, laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The mean velocity profiles and parameters, as well as the axial and wall-normal turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stress, are compared with flows over smooth and sandgrain rough walls. Significant increases in the skin friction coefficient for the algae-covered surfaces were measured. The boundary layer and integral thickness length scales were also increased. The results indicate that profiles of the turbulence quantities for the smooth and sandgrain rough walls collapse when friction velocity and boundary layer thickness are used as normalizing parameters. The algae-covered surfaces, however, exhibited a significant increase in the wall-normal turbulence intensity and the Reynolds shear stress, with only a modest increase in the axial turbulence intensity. The peak in the Reynolds shear stress profiles for the algae surfaces corresponded to the maximum extent of outward movement of the algae filaments.
Spatial Variability and Transport of Nitrate in a Deep Alluvial Vadose Zone

Little empirical evidence exists about the spatial distribution of NO 3 –N in deep vadose zones and about the associated fate and transport of NO 3 –N between the root zone and the water table. We investigated NO 3 –N occurrence in a deep alluvial vadose zone and its relation to geologic site characteristics, hydraulic properties, and fertilizer application rates via an intensive three-dimensional core-sampling campaign beneath an irrigated orchard in semiarid Fresno County, California. Statistical and geostatistical analyses were used to determine spatial variability of NO 3 –N and water content, to estimate total NO 3 –N mass in the vadose zone beneath each of three fertilizer treatments, and to compare NO 3 –N occurrence with that predicted from standard agronomic analysis of N and water flux mass balances. Vadose zone NO 3 was highly variable and lognormally distributed. Fertilizer treatment had a significant effect on NO 3 –N levels in the vadose zone. In all cases, deep vadose zone N mass estimated by kriging measured data totaled only one-sixth to one-third of the mass predicted by the N and water flux mass balance approach. Vadose zone denitrification estimates could not account for this discrepancy. Instead, the discrepancy was attributed to highly heterogeneous flux conditions that were not accounted for by the mass-balance approach. The results suggest that spatially variable vadose zone flow conditions must be accounted for to better estimate the potential for groundwater NO 3 loading.
Protein Kinase Cδ Mediates Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Stimulated Translocation of Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide and Multidrug Resistant Associated Protein 2 in Rat Hepatocytes

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulates translocation of Na+-taurocholate (TC) cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) and multidrug resistant associated protein 2 (Mrp2) to the plasma membrane. Because cAMP activates phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase C (PKC) activation is PI3K-dependent, the aim of the current study was to determine whether cAMP activates conventional and novel PKCs in hepatocytes and whether such activation plays a role in cAMP-stimulated Ntcp and Mrp2 translocation. The effect of cAMP on PKCs, TC uptake, and Ntcp and Mrp2 translocation was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes using a cell-permeable cAMP analog, CPT-cAMP. The activity of PKCs was assessed from membrane translocation of individual PKCs, and phospho-specific antibodies were used to determine PKCδ phosphorylation. TC uptake was determined from time-dependent uptake of 14C-TC, and a cell surface biotinylation method was used to determine Ntcp and Mrp2 translocation. CPT-cAMP stimulated nPKCδ but not cPKCα or nPKCϵ, and induced PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of nPKCδ at Thr505. Rottlerin, an inhibitor of nPKCδ, inhibited cAMP-induced nPKCδ translocation, TC uptake, and Ntcp and Mrp2 translocation. Bistratene A, an activator of nPKCδ, stimulated nPKCδ translocation, TC uptake, and Ntcp and Mrp2 translocation. The effects of cAMP and bistratene A on TC uptake and Ntcp and Mrp2 translocation were not additive. Conclusion: These results suggest that cAMP stimulates Ntcp and Mrp2 translocation, at least in part, by activating nPKCδ via PI3K-dependent phosphorylation at Thr505. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
The association between reading time and students' performance in a surgery clerkship.

Objective: Medical students are expected to acquire a large amount of knowledge in both the basic and clinical sciences by reading. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between reading time and students' performance on various objective and subjective evaluative measures.
Subtyping binge eating-disordered women along dieting and negative affect dimensions

Objective Because etiologic and maintenance models of binge eating center around dieting and affect regulation, this study tested whether binge eating-disordered (BED) individuals could be subtyped along dieting and negative affect dimensions and whether subtypes differed in eating pathology, social functioning, psychiatric comorbidity, and response to treatment. Method Three independent samples of interviewer-diagnosed BED women (N = 218) were subtyped along dieting and negative affect dimensions using cluster analysis and compared on the outcomes of interest. Results Cluster analyses replicated across the three independent samples and revealed a dietary subtype (63%) and a dietary-depressive subtype (37%). The latter subtype reported greater eating and weight obsessions, social maladjustment, higher lifetime rates of mood, anxiety, and personality disorders, and poorer response to treatment than did the dietary subtype. Discussion Results suggest that moderate dieting is a central feature of BED and that affective disturbances occur in only a subset of cases. However, the confluence of dieting and negative affect signals a more severe variant of the disorder marked by elevated psychopathology, impaired social functioning, and a poorer treatment response.
Low heliosphere pressure drives wider CMEs in weaker solar cycles

Every 11 years, the Sun cycles from a period where sunspot counts are high to one where counts are low. Individual cycles, however, are not created equal—the current solar cycle, 24, has been called the weakest (with the fewest sunspot counts) in 100 years. The weakness of the solar cycle could be the reason the massive ejections of charged plasma from the Sun's corona have been anomalously wider and thus more diffuse than in preceding cycles.
The HARNESS PVM-Proxy: gluing PVM applications to distributed object environments and applications

Metacomputing frameworks have received renewed attention of late, fueled both by advances in hardware and networking, and by novel concepts such as computational grids. HARNESS is an experimental metacomputing system based upon the principle of dynamic reconfigurability, not only in terms of the computers and networks that comprise the virtual machine (VM), but also in the capabilities of the VM itself. These characteristics may be modified under user control via a "plug-in" mechanism that is the central feature of the system. The system's capabilities have been used to develop a PVM compatibility suite, i.e. a set of plug-ins that allow users to run PVM applications of top of HARNESS. In this paper, we describe the PVM-Proxy plug-in, which is capable of gluing PVM applications to distributed object environments.
Determining the Minimum Energy Consumption using Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling

While improving raw performance is of primary interest to most users of high-performance computers, energy consumption also is a critical concern. Some microprocessors allow voltage and frequency scaling, which enables a system to reduce CPU power and performance when the CPU is not on the critical path. When properly directed, such dynamic voltage and frequency scaling can produce significant energy savings with little performance penalty. Various DVFS scaling algorithms have been proposed. However, the benefit is application-dependent. We cannot see if they achieve the energy consumption as minimum as possible. So, it is important to establish the baseline of the DVFS scheduling for any application. This paper determines minimum energy consumption in voltage and frequency scaling systems for a given time delay. We assume we have a set of fixed points where scaling can occur. A brute-force solution is intractable even for a moderately sized set (although all programs presented in this paper can be solved with the brute-force). Our algorithm efficiently chooses the exact optimal schedule satisfying the given time constraint by estimation. Besides, our time and energy estimations from the optimal schedule have reasonable accuracy with 1.48% of differences at maximum.
Recognizing student emotions and attitudes on the basis of utterances in spoken tutoring dialogues with both human and computer tutors

While human tutors respond to both what a student says and to how the student says it, most tutorial dialogue systems cannot detect the student emotions and attitudes underlying an utterance. We present an empirical study investigating the feasibility of recognizing student state in two corpora of spoken tutoring dialogues, one with a human tutor, and one with a computer tutor. We first annotate student turns for negative, neutral and positive student states in both corpora. We then automatically extract acoustic–prosodic features from the student speech, and lexical items from the transcribed or recognized speech. We compare the results of machine learning experiments using these features alone, in combination, and with student and task dependent features, to predict student states. We also compare our results across human–human and human–computer spoken tutoring dialogues. Our results show significant improvements in prediction accuracy over relevant baselines, and provide a first step towards enhancing our intelligent tutoring spoken dialogue system to automatically recognize and adapt to student states.
Corrections to and comments on "optimization of urban optical wireless communication systems"

This letter addresses the optimization of optical wireless communication systems by refining the model of [1], solving the revised model, and showing the effects of the new model on system performance in terms of the bit error probability, required transmitter power, and required transmitter gain.
Gebed en die vorming van Christelike identiteit in Openbaring

Prayer and the formation of Christian identity in Revelation. The use of prayer in the book of Revelation is analysed. It is illustrated that heavenly prayer is directed to God, but that Jesus is also the subject of praise in contexts of prayer. Specific attention is given to the relation between prayer and Christian identity, illustrating how prayer serves the formation and sustenance of the Christian community within this world. Prayer also aims at witnessing to this world, thus strengthening Christian identity. Prayer further has a strong eschatological dimension, calling for the return of the Lord Jesus.
Dynamic and Static Fatigue Behavior of Sintered Silicon Nitrides: II, Microstructure and Failure Analysis

The microstructures and failure mechanisms of a sintered silicon nitride, tested under dynamic and static fatigue conditions, were studied. For longer test times at 1000°C, all specimens showed a slow crack growth mechanism of failure, with failure generally initiating at a defect. Even more importantly, these specimens contained cracks in addition to the failure fracture which extended into the material surrounding the initiation site. The cracking always appeared to occur within an amorphous grain-boundary phase.
Radar target identification using genetic algorithms

A radar target recognition system based on genetic minimization algorithms is proposed in this study. A pool of known binary encoded target responses is bred such that its fitness with the signatures of an unknown target with unknown azimuth position is maximized. Once the pool is stabilized, the identity of the unknown target is determined as the most dominant bit string in the pool. The performance of the proposed target recognition system measured in error rate versus signal to noise ratio is discussed.
Schizophrenia: reproductive hormones and the brain.

OBJECTIVE: Onset of schizophrenia occurs during the reproductive period in more than 80% of those affected. The author reviews neuroendocrine and physiologic events that occur in the basal forebrain at the initiation of and throughout the reproductive period and proposes their possible relationship to the onset of schizophrenia. METHOD: The neuroendocrine changes that occur in specific areas of the anterior basal forebrain during the reproductive period are reviewed and analyzed in relation to reported anatomic, molecular, and biochemical pathologies of schizophrenia. RESULTS: The reproductive period is associated with development of regular pulsatile release in the brain and bloodstream of gonadotropic releasing hormones from the hypothalamus, luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones from the pituitary, and gonadal hormones from the ovaries and testes. In addition to being concentrated in the hypothalamus, brain receptors for gonadotropic and gonadal hormones are concentrated in specific subcortical...
Immune sensitization to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) resulting from skin exposure: albumin as a carrier protein connecting skin exposure to subsequent respiratory responses

Background: Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), a reactive chemical used for commercial polyurethane production, is a well-recognized cause of occupational asthma. The major focus of disease prevention efforts to date has been respiratory tract exposure; however, skin exposure may also be an important route for inducing immune sensitization, which may promote subsequent airway inflammatory responses. We developed a murine model to investigate pathogenic mechanisms by which MDI skin exposure might promote subsequent immune responses, including respiratory tract inflammation. Methods: Mice exposed via the skin to varying doses (0.1-10% w/v) of MDI diluted in acetone/olive oil were subsequently evaluated for MDI immune sensitization. Serum levels of MDI-specific IgG and IgE were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), while respiratory tract inflammation, induced by intranasal delivery of MDI-mouse albumin conjugates, was evaluated based on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Autologous serum IgG from “skin only” exposed mice was used to detect and guide the purification/identification of skin proteins antigenically modified by MDI exposure in vivo. Results: Skin exposure to MDI resulted in specific antibody production and promoted subsequent respiratory tract inflammation in animals challenged intranasally with MDI-mouse albumin conjugates. The degree of (secondary) respiratory tract inflammation and eosinophilia depended upon the (primary) skin exposure dose, and was maximal in mice exposed to 1% MDI, but paradoxically limited in mice receiving 10-fold higher doses (e.g. 10% MDI). The major antigenically-modified protein at the local MDI skin exposure site was identified as albumin, and demonstrated biophysical changes consistent with MDI conjugation. Conclusions: MDI skin exposure can induce MDI-specific immune sensitivity and promote subsequent respiratory tract inflammatory responses and thus, may play an important role in MDI asthma pathogenesis. MDI conjugation and antigenic modification of albumin at local (skin/respiratory tract) exposure sites may represent the common antigenic link connecting skin exposure to subsequent respiratory tract inflammation.