cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALGORITHMS FOR CONSTRAINED MOLECULAR DYNAMICS

In molecular dynamics simulations, the fastest components of the potential field impose severe restrictions on the stability and hence the speed of computational methods. One possibility for treating this problem is to replace the fastest components with algebraic length constraints. In this article the resulting systems of mixed differential and algebraic equations are studied. Commonly used discretization schemes for constrained Hamiltonian systems are discussed. The form of the nonlinear equations is examined in detail and used to give convergence results for the traditional nonlinear solution technique SHAKE iteration and for a modification based on successive overrelaxation (SOR). A simple adaptive algorithm for finding the optimal relaxation parameter is presented. Alternative direct methods using sparse matrix techniques are discussed. Numerical results are given for the new techniques, which have been implemented in the molecular modeling software package CHARMM and show as much as twofold improvement over SHAKE iteration. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evidence for a Steady Rate of Secretion of Prolactin Following Suckling in the Rat

Abstract The concentration of prolactin in plasma of rats on day 14 of lactation increased rapidly to a maximum within the first 15 min of suckling following 8 h of nonsuckling and was maintained during the remaining 45 to 75 min of suckling. Fresh, hungry litters were substituted every 30 min to maintain teat stimulation. The pattern of change in prolactin concentration during suckling closely resembled one when rat prolactin was infused constantly for 60 min into the circulation of rats on day 14 of lactation and after 8 h of nonsuckling. By contrast a single rapid intravenous injection of rat prolactin to rats on day 14 and after 8 h of nonsuckling produced a temporal pattern of prolactin concentrations unlike that during suckling. We conclude that in rats at mid-lactation prolactin is not released during suckling in a large amount over a short time but rather is released in relatively small quantities during each minute of suckling.
The tangled taxonomic history of Dictyococcus, Bracteacoccus and Pseudomuriella (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) and their distinction based on a phylogenetic perspective

Abstract Fucikova K., Rada J.C. and Lewis L.A. 2011. The tangled taxonomic history of Dictyococcus, Bracteacoccus, and Pseudomuriella (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta) and their distinction based on a phylogenetic perspective. Phycologia 50: 422–429. DOI: 10.2216/10-69.1 Phylogenetically diverse algae, especially unicellular forms from similar habitats, can have nearly indistinguishable morphology when viewed with light microscopy. Consequently, historical taxonomy of many green coccoids based on light microscopy is not only inaccurate but also highly tangled because over time taxonomists have emphasized different traits. In the case of the three morphologically similar genera, Bracteacoccus, Dictyococcus and Pseudomuriella, we present an example of molecular data helping to resolve phylogenetic relationships of coccoids and facilitating the interpretation of morphology. The three genera are shown to be distinct lineages by our phylogenetic analysis of 18S and rbcL sequence data. Our photomicroscopic observati...
Carbamazepine and Polyethylene Glycol Solid Dispersions: Preparation, in Vitro Dissolution, and Characterization

AbstractThe objective of this study was to prepare solid dispersions of carbamazepine (CBZ) using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and PEG 6000, measure the dissolution, and characterize using x-ray diffraction, DSC, and IR spectroscopy. Solid dispersions were prepared by either the melt or solvent methods. A comparison of dissolution profiles of the solid dispersions indicated dramatic increases in the rate and extent of CBZ dissolution from solid dispersions. The dissolution of physical mixtures provided evidence of the solubilizing effects of PEGs. Untreated CBZ exhibited 10.09 ± 2.92% dissolution in 10 min (Dl0); whereas, a melt of PEG 6000 and CBZ at a ratio of 6: 1 provided 36.49 ± 1.97% and a melt of PEG 4000 and CBZ at a ratio of 6: 1 gave a D10 of 23.59 ± 1.45%. The rate and extent of dissolution of CBZ were significantly higher when blends of the PEGs were employed to prepare solid dispersion. The melt method provided significantly higher rate and extent of dissolution of CBZ than the solvent meth...
Analytical Integration within Polyhedra

AbstractArbitrary shapes of engineering objects demand spatial discretization in design analysis. Therein, an accurate estimation of energy-like integrals, within each volume subset, becomes essential to formulate a variety of approximate solution procedures. Higher numerical accuracy in finite element methods, especially in evaluations of system matrices, is incessantly sought to make commercial computer programs more dependable. Three-dimensional thermo-viscoplastic stress analyses motivated this research. In addition, applications in optimization can be cited. The divergence theorem of vector calculus provided the algorithm that leads to better accuracy as compared with conventional numerical quadratures.
pH-sensitive siRNA Nanovector for Targeted Gene Silencing and Cytotoxic Effect in Cancer Cells

A small interfering RNA (siRNA) nanovector with dual targeting specificity and dual therapeutic effect is developed for targeted cancer imaging and therapy. The nanovector is composed of an iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle core coated with three different functional molecules: polyethyleneimine (PEI), siRNA, and chlorotoxin (CTX). The primary amine group of PEI is blocked with citraconic anhydride that is removable at acidic conditions, not only to increase its biocompatibility at physiological conditions but also to elicit a pH-sensitive cytotoxic effect in the acidic tumor microenvironment. The PEI is covalently immobilized on the nanovector via a disulfide linkage that is cleavable after cellular internalization of the nanovector. CTX as a tumor-specific targeting ligand and siRNA as a therapeutic payload are conjugated on the nanovector via a flexible and hydrophilic PEG linker for targeted gene silencing in cancer cells. With a size of ∼60 nm, the nanovector exhibits long-term stability and good magnetic property for magnetic resonance imaging. The multifunctional nanovector exhibits both significant cytotoxic and gene silencing effects at acidic pH conditions for C6 glioma cells, but not at physiological pH conditions. Our results suggest that this nanovector system could be safely used as a potential therapeutic agent for targeted treatment of glioma as well as other cancers.
On Planning Your Career [Career Consultation]

Over the 50-plus years of my career, at least to this point, I have noted a large population of industry workers, engineers, technicians, administrative, and manufacturing personnel who did not enjoy the work in which they were involved.
Toward a typology of research in the creative arts therapies

The purpose of this paper is to support the assertion made by Junge and Linesch (1993) that it is crucial to effective and enjoyable research that there be a match between the art therapist's personal style and the particular research methods used in inquiry.
Diagnostic Biomarkers for Oral and Periodontal Diseases

This article provides an overview of periodontal disease diagnosis that uses clinical parameters and biomarkers of the disease process.This article discusses the use of biomarkers of disease that can be identified at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels and that are measurable in oral fluids such as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. Biomarkers identified from these biologic fluids include microbial, host response, and connective tissue-related molecules that can target specific pathways of local alveolar bone resorption. Future prospects for oral fluid-based diagnostics that use micro-array and microfluidic technologies are presented.
The story of Greater Britain: what lessons does it teach?

This article describes some of the ways that ‘Greater Britain’ functioned as a component of British national identity for some of those devoted to the ideal of a united empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As outspoken advocates of a united empire, historians such as Charles Lucas and Hugh Egerton, promoted and adapted what was essentially a cultural ‘story’ that helped shape and communicate this identity. The article also seeks to demonstrate how these ideas were reflected in a variety of organisations that supported the ideal of a united empire.
Assessing quality of life when planning and evaluating worker notification programs : two case examples

Notifying workers that they have been placed at risk for serious medical problems may affect their lives in unexpected ways. Although very little evidence supports the fear of notification causing grave psychological problems, more subtle disruptions in quality of life may result. In addition, psychological reactions to notification, such as anxiety or denial, may impede or enhance workers' abilities to process, remember, or act upon the information presented. Measuring how different notification strategies affect quality of life is crucial; this process can enable us to design and select effective strategies that improve, rather than disrupt, the lives of workers and their families. Two preliminary efforts to include consideration of quality of life in planning and evaluating notification programs are described. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Molecular Motions and Protein Folding: Characterization of the Backbone Dynamics and Folding Equilibrium of α2D Using 13C NMR Spin Relaxation

De novo protein design enables systematic exploration of the relationship between the amino acid sequences, conformations, and thermodynamics of proteins. The polypeptide α2D is a de novo designed ...
A survey of the cosmic ray diurnal variation during 1973-1979 - I. Persistence of solar diurnal variation

Abstract We find that the solar diurnal variation in cosmic ray intensity is a persistent phenomenon over the years 1973–1979. That is, even during solar minimum, conditions in the heliosphere lead to a net flux of cosmic rays from a particular (time-varying) direction in space. If we regard the daily fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of the diurnal variation as random perturbations about the mean vector, we are able to quantify the relative magnitude of the random component.
Frizzled 9 knock-out mice have abnormal B-cell development

The binding of frizzled (Fzd) receptors by their Wnt ligands results in the inhibition of β-catenin degradation and subsequent transcription of β-catenin/LEF–inducible genes. The β-catenin pathway is known to be involved in development, tumorigenesis, and stem cell self-renewal. In humans, the FZD9 gene lies in the region of chromosome 7q11.23 deleted in the neurodevelopmental disorder, Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS). Fzd9-/- mice show no obvious features of WBS, but reveal a role for Fzd9 in lymphoid development and maturation. Fzd9-/- mice show pronounced splenomegaly, thymic atrophy, and lymphadenopathy with age, with accumulation of plasma cells in lymph nodes. There is a depletion of developing B cells in the bone marrow (BM), particularly in the pre-B stage where immunoglobulin heavy chains are expressed and the cells are undergoing clonal expansion prior to light chain rearrangement. The pre-B defect is partially intrinsic to the hematopoietic system; as in competitive BM reconstitution studies, Fzd9-/--derived BM exhibits defective B-cell development when implanted into a wild-type host. Mature B cells are present in normal numbers in lymph node and spleen. These findings suggest a role for Fzd9 signaling in lymphoid development, particularly at points where B cells undergo self-renewal prior to further differentiation.
Improved contrast at 1.5 tesla using half-Fourier imaging: application to spin-echo and angiographic imaging.

Abstract Half-Fourier imaging is useful for reducing imaging time by requiring less than the usual number of phase-encoding steps. This increase in speed can be traded off for longer repeat times, TR, for improved contrast-to-noise in the same imaging time or to collect short asymmetric echoes. Consequently, it is shown to be especially useful for long TR spin-echo imaging where at 1.5 T a repeat time of 4 sec is recommended for a double-echo TE = 30 90 sequence or 3 sec for a double-echo TE = 15 90 sequence. Short TR FLASH imaging also benefits from a longer TR since there is more time to spoil the signal. In both cases, there is the advantage when a multislice acquisition mode is used that more slices (and hence, a larger volume) can be taken. Another application is to apply half-Fourier imaging in the read direction to avoid spin dephasing and motion artifacts. This is particularly useful in angiographic imaging where smaller pixel sizes and shorter echo times both reduce pixel dephasing. Again, even though taking less than the usual number of data points leads to a reduction in S N , the improved signal and resolution for blood vessels can more than compensate this loss.
Seasonal ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass development on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings

Ergosterol, a membrane sterol found in fungi but not in plants, was used to estimate live mycelial biomass in ectomycorrhizae. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seeds were sown in April 1993 and grown with standard nursery culture practices. Correlations between total seedling ergosterol and visual assessment of mycorrhizal colonization were high during July and August but low as ectomycorrhizal development continued into the growing season. Percentages of mycelial dry weight over lateral roots decreased from 9% in July to 2.5% in November because seedling lateral root dry weight accumulated faster than mycelial dry weight. Total ergosterol per seedling increased from July through February. As lateral root dry weight ceased to increase during winter months, ectomycorrhizal mycelia became the major carbohydrate sink of pine seedlings. No distinctive seasonal pattern of soil ergosterol content was observed. The impact of ectomycorrhizal fungi on plant carbohydrate source-sink dynamics can be quantitatively estimated with ergosterol analysis but not with conventional visual determination.
Unintentional 4-Aminopyridine Overdose in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient Case Presentation With a Focus on Intervention

Objective: To discuss the clinical presentation and treatment of a 4-aminopyridine overdose resulting from a pharmacy prescription compounding error. Case Summary: A 55-year-old female with a 12-ye...
The New Body Snatchers: On Scott's The Body as Property

Russell Scott, an Australian attorney, in The Body as Property, wants us to know that the utility and marketability of the parts of the human bodydead, alive, or anywhere in between-is no longer speculative or confined to donation of regenerative tissues such as blood and skin.' Technology races ahead faster than we can develop a consensus about how to use it, and almost as fast as we can imagine. Gaylin's musings about the ways in which braindead patients ("neomorts") might be put to use have become realities. A growing list of body parts can now be transplanted, including the kidney, heart, liver, cornea, thymus, pancreas, testicle, and ovary, not to mention tendon, cartilage, muscle, skin, and bone. The possibility of using the neomort as a research subject has become a reality.2 Men sell their sperm and women their eggs, and wombs are rented for enormous sums.3 While some of Gaylin's speculations about using neomorts-in teaching and training, as factories to manufacture antisera, or as banks for blood products-have not yet become common practice, the barriers are no longer technical. It is possible to maintain such bodies for many months,4 so fictional bioemporiums such as the "Jefferson Institute"' may not be far away as actualities.
Integrating research on racial and ethnic disparities in health care over place and time.

Black Americans have substantially higher rates of cardiovascular mortality than other racial and ethnic groups in the United States, and they have experienced much less improvement in this important outcome than white Americans over the past 15 years. Racial disparities in cardiovascular treatment contributing to this mortality gap have been extensively documented. Numerous deficiencies, however, limit the usefulness of prior studies of racial and ethnic disparities in health care to guide policy and improve clinical practice and outcomes. Even studies with national scope have rarely assessed the extent to which variations among regions, local health markets, or hospitals might mediate observed racial disparities in care. Cross-sectional studies provide little information on changes over time. Furthermore, many studies have focused solely on black and white patients, providing little understanding of treatments and outcomes for other major racial and ethnic groups, including Latinos, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and American Indians. Three new studies in this issue of Medical Care consider racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular care across providers, over time, and across multiple groups. Each study contributes to our understanding of specific aspects of disparities in care. Using data from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project (CCP) for nearly 140,000 elderly Medicare beneficiaries treated in the mid-1990s at approximately 4700 hospitals, Barnato and colleagues analyzed the relative contributions of within-hospital and between-hospital effects to disparities between black and white patients in medical therapies, coronary procedures, and risk-adjusted mortality after myocardial infarction. They concluded that black patients more often were treated in hospitals where effective medical therapies were less often prescribed, coronary procedures were more often used, and 30-day mortality rates were worse; thus, hospital assignment was an important mediator of disparities. These findings complement another recent study by Rathore et al from the CCP that attributed similar racial differences to regional variations in care, with black patients disproportionately treated in the Southeast where beta blockers are less often prescribed, coronary angioplasty is more common, and risk-adjusted mortality rates are higher than in the Northeast. These 2 studies both may be correct in attributing a part of racial disparities to variations in quality across hospitals or regions, respectively, but because each study assessed only 1 of these factors, the relative importance of hospital and regional effects cannot be determined. Furthermore, only very limited data were available
Gifts of Earth: Terracottas & Clay Sculptures of India

Foreword Preface The Roots of Indian paper Preserving the world The Arabs Liberate Paper Secret A Prospering Paper Craft The Path of Paper Conquerors and Craftsmen Paper's Northwestern Frontier Sialkot Kashmir Paper in the Northeastern Crescent Agra and Mathura Zafarabad Bihar and Bengal Delhi: Days of Papermaking Western India's Wave of Paper Gujarat Rajasthan The Deccan: Middle India Daulatabad: Fabled Fortress Medieval Paper Centre Kagzipura at Khuldabad Erandol: City of Paper Ruins Making Traditional Indian Paper The Materials of Paper The World of the Written Word Before Paper Materials Used by the First Papermakers The Papermaker's Garden Pulp Pounders The Mould: The Papermaker's Ally The Dimension of Paper Creating the Paper Sheet Drying Paper in India's Warm Domain Coating Paper with Size Hand Polishing Paper Sheets Colouring Paper Paper of Gold Bird Paper Masterful Marbled Papers, Stencils & Cut-Paper The Strange Transparent Deer and Snake Paper Recycled Paper: An Indian Tradition Using Every Resource Papier Mache Mountain Paper In search of Indian Paper's Lost Himalayan Roots The Strong Lustrous Plant of High Mountain Paper Making Mountain Paper The Mysterious "Big-Paper of the North" Pundit Paper Influences Towards Change: Contemporary Handmade Paper Encounters with the West Jailhouse Paper Gandhian Efforts to Help Rescue Papermakers Government Rescue for Papermakers 1990s Turn Around: An Unpredicted Blossoming of Traditional and Contemporary paper Units throughout India List of Indian Hand-made Papermakers Fibre List Bibliography & Map.
Enhanced core hydrophobicity, functionalization and cell penetration of polybasic nanomatrices.

Purpose In this work a novel pH-responsive nanoscale polymer network was investigated for potential applications in nanomedicine. These consisted of a polybasic core surface stabilized with poly(ethylene glycol) grafts. The ability to control swelling properties via changes in core hydrophobicity and crosslinking feed density was assessed. The nanomatrices were also evaluated in vitro as nanocarriers for targeted intracellular delivery of macromolecules.
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: a proposed superfamily.

Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins: a proposed superfamily. Acta Pzdiatr 1999; Suppl 428:37-45. Stockholm. ISSN 0803-5326 The conventional concept is that the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are cysteine-rich proteins, with conserved N- and C-domains, that are capable of binding insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) with high affinity. This dogma was recently challenged by the discovery of a group of cysteine-rich proteins that share important structural similarities with the IGFBPs, but have demonstrably lower affinity for IGFs. It is therefore proposed that these IGFBP-related proteins (IGFBP-rPs) and the IGFBPs constitute an IGFBP superfamily. We speculate that the IGFBP superfamily is derived from an ancestral gene/protein that was critically involved in the regulation of cell growth and was capable of binding IGF peptides. Over the course of evolution, some members (IGFBPs) evolved into high-affinity IGF binders and others (IGFBP-rPs) into low-affinity IGF binders, thereby conferring on the IGFBP superfamily the ability to influence cell growth by both IGF-dependent and IGF-independent means. 0 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein, superfamily
The biology of oxygen radicals

The reactive superoxide radical, O2-, formerly of concern only to radiation chemists and radiobiologists, is now understood to be a normal product of the biological reduction of molecular oxygen. An unusual family of enzymes, the superoxide dismutases, protect against the deleterious actions of this radical by catalyzing its dismutation to hydrogen peroxide plus oxygen.
Component Approach for Confident Predications of Deepwater CALM Buoy Coupled Motions: Part 2 — Analytical Implementation

This paper describes an analytical implementation of the component approach for motion predictions of a deepwater CALM buoy as described in the companion paper “Component Approach for Confident Predictions of Deepwater CALM Buoy Coupled Motions — Part 1: Philosophy”. The implementation of the approach starts with a “model-of-the-model” validation of the analytical tool. Emphasis is given to making an accurate analytical characterization of the model as tested. To capture the strong coupling between the buoy motions and line dynamics the analyses described herein were carried out in the time-domain. This allows a rigorous treatment of the hydrodynamic forces on the buoy as well as the non-linear mooring loads when analyzing the buoy responses in waves. Since the validation analysis is a model-of-the-model practice at model scale, the proper application of the validated tool to the full-scale system is discussed. This involves modeling of the exact full-scale system and the proper selection of the hydrodynamic coefficients for the buoy and lines. In this paper we will present the numerical modeling procedures and the results from validation work to confirm that the analytical tool is validated correctly. Detailed results from validation analysis versus model test data will be shown for system components including buoy hydrodynamics from the forced oscillation test, line tension from line oscillation test, and the motions and tensions of integrated buoy/mooring/riser system. We point out that the hydrodynamic coefficients at model scale can not be directly applied to the full-scale system analysis even though they are from model test measurements. We will present the difference between the results of the model-scale system using model scale hydrodynamic coefficients and those based on a proper range of the coefficients at full-scale. This will highlight the need to design component tests to determine appropriate full scale coefficients in order to improve the accuracy of full-scale design predictions. These results will show the advantages of adopting a component approach over the common industry practices in the areas of correct use of model test data, validation analysis and the analysis of the coupled CALM buoy system responses in waves.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A semantic e-Kanban system for network-centric manufacturing: technology, scale-free convergence, value and cost-sharing considerations

It is critical to facilitate business partners to be seamlessly interoperable with each other as the network-centric manufacturing (NCM) paradigm becomes a major trend in today's manufacturing environment. In this work, we propose a semantic e-Kanban inventory system where a semantic gateway is acting as a mapping hub to enable heterogeneous messages to be seamlessly exchanged between business partners on demand. The semantic gateway uses reasoning rules to map business partners’ proprietary data schemas and provides interoperability required for NCM. To observe the network dynamics of our proposed system, a discrete time dynamic model is built and shows its growth to a scale-free network with a convergence rate depending on the initial connectivity of the semantic gateway and preferential attachment parameters. To analyse the proposed system from an economic perspective, analytical and numerical studies are conducted showing that it has enough potential to reduce supply chain costs in comparison to those...
Fast Neighbor Discovery with Lightweight Termination Detection in Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks

An important step in the initialization of a wireless ad hoc network is neighbor discovery in which every node attempts to determine the set of nodes it can communicate with in one wireless hop. In recent years, cognitive radio technology has gained attention as an attractive approach to alleviate the congestion within the frequency spectrum. A cognitive radio transceiver can operate over a wide range of frequencies possibly spanning multiple frequency bands. A cognitive radio node can scan the frequency spectrum and dynamically identify frequencies that it can use for communication without interference from other wireless devices in its vicinity. When multiple cognitive radio nodes come together to form an ad hoc network, due to spatial variations in frequency usage and hardware variations in radio transceivers, different nodes in the network may perceive different subsets of frequencies available to them for communication. This heterogeneity in the available channel sets across the network increases the complexity of conducting neighbor discovery in a cognitive radio network. In this paper, we propose a new deterministic neighbor discovery algorithm for heterogeneous multi-hop cognitive radio networks with termination detection capability. Our algorithm allows nodes to detect termination of the neighbor discovery process. Our simulation results indicate that our algorithm is much faster compared to a recently proposed deterministic neighbor discovery algorithm (a reduction of 97-98% in time complexity ) and termination detection is lightweight (at most 3% of the total time complexity).
Local Score Tests in Mixture Exponential Family with Fixed Mean

Abstract In this paper, the testing problem for homogeneity is considered in the mixture exponential density or probability distribution family {f(x|θ1, θ2, λ,) = (1 - λ)fθ1(x) + λfθ2(x)} where {fθ(x) = f0(x)exp(xθ - c(θ))} belongs to a standard one-parameter exponential family for |θ| ≤ K (>0). Assuming the mean is fixed and unknown, a local score-based test is proposed which naturally generalizes Neyman and Scott's C(α)-test. Simulation results show that the proposed test improves C(α)-test in certain cases. The test does not involve the boundedness problem of the mean parameter space and the results continue the work of Wu and Gupta (2003).
Potential of membrane-mimetic polymers in membrane technology

Abstract Development of new generations of membranes with high degrees of permeabilities and controllable mass transport properties requires a fundamental understanding of the relationship between molecular structures and permeabilities. Initiation of interdisciplinary research in biology, biophysics, polymer and colloid chemistry is proposed to provide the insight to membrane transport processes at the molecular level. Mother nature's most talented transporter — the biological membrane — should inspire this endeavor. Following a survey of the properties of, and recognized transport mechanisms in, biomembranes, membrane-mimetic chemistry is introduced to serve as a bridge between biological and polymeric membranes. Surfactant aggregates — micelles, monolayers, organized multilayers (Langmuir—Blodgett films), bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs), vesicles and polymerized vesicles — are shown to be the media in membrane-mimetic chemistry. Properties of these organized surfactant assemblies are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the control of molecular transport in membrane-mimetic systems. Perspectives and prospectives of biomimetic membranology are discussed.
Marketplace attributions and consumer evaluations of discount claims

Two studies were conducted in which respondents were exposed to test advertisements in which the amount of savings implied by a reference price discount claim was manipulated. Respondents' attributions concerning the advertiser's motives for making the reference price discount claim were measured, along with dependent variables that assessed the respondents' evaluations of the price offer. Results across both studies indicated that the attributions about the advertiser's motives for the price discount offer had a significant effect on consumers' evaluations of the offer. Furthermore, across both studies, a person-stimulus-circumstance taxonomy appeared consistent with the structure of the attributions that respondents made when presented with reference price claims.
Trimethylamine oxide and the maintenance of volume of dogfish shark rectal gland cells.

Determinants of the steady-state vol of the dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) rectal gland cells were studied. The cellular levels of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) in fresh tissue and slices incubated aerobically 60 min in standard (TMAO-free) elasmobranch saline were close to those in the plasma (71 ± 5 mM S.E.M.); therefore, under these conditions, the cell membrane appears to be impermeable to this solute. However, depolarization of the cells in high-K+ media produced a rapid loss of TMAO. Thus, TMAO is a major, effectively impermeant solute in the rectal gland cells. The osmolarity of cell solutes in tissue water (fresh and incubated slices) did not differ significantly from values in the plasma or incubation medium, demonstrating the absence of an osmotic pressure gradient across the cell membrane. An analysis of a simple model of cell solutes under steady-state conditions shows that the presence of an (effectively) impermeant osmolyte decreases the cellular concentration of bulk cations. The analysis is consistent with available observations on the distribution of cell Na+ and K+ in tissues containing high concentrations of (nitrogeneous) osmolytes. One simplifying assumption of the model, i.e., identity (or closeness) of the respective reflection coefficients σ for Na+ and K+ passage through the cell membranes could not be verified. Compared to available data on the steady-state cellular fluxes of 42K+ in slices of the rectal gland, the uptake of 22Na+ by the tissue was slow (the derived rate constant k′ = 0.017 min−1, i.e., about one tenth of that for K+). Hence, σNa < σK. On the other hand, 36Cl− rapidly exchanged with cell Cl− with the first rate constant (k′ = 0.60 + 0.12 min−1) close to that of 3H2O.
Rethinking the Idea of Profit in Professional Communication and Cultural Capitalism

Critical theorists often attack economic capitalists for focusing excessively on profit. But critical theorists are themselves capitalists—cultural capitalists—and they also pursue profit: in the form of publications, promotions, enhanced reputations, tenure, and course releases. Economic capitalists typically use profit for constructive reasons: as a form of audience analysis and as a way to create the wealth that enables other people to work, to have specialized jobs (including professorships), and to raise families. Profit is an integral part of the communication of economic capitalism, and the profit motive helps capitalists create safer products and usable professional communication.
Distinction of the roles of the two high-affinity calcium sites in the functional activities of the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

The effects of trypsin digestion and low temperature on Ca2+ binding and on Ca2+ activation of ATP hydrolysis by the high-affinity transport sites of the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum were examined. Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles contain 0.7–1.1 high-affinity Ca2+ sites per 105 g sarcoplasmic reticulum with K= 3–5 × 105 M−1, as well as sites of lower affinity. The first cleavage of the ATPase with trypsin (TD1) has no effect on the binding properties of the high affinity sites. The second tryptic cleavage (TD2) decreases the affinity of the high sites to K= 3 × 104 M−1 with conservation of the total number of sites. The purified ATPase contains 1.6 – 2.0 high affinity Ca2+ sites per 105 g protein when measured at 23°C, while at 0–4°C there is ∼ 1 high-affinity (K= 5 – 10 × 105 M−1) affinity site and ∼ 1 intermediate-affinity (K= 3 × 104 M−1) site per 105 g. Trypsin digestion to the point of TD1 has no effect on either the number or the binding constants of the high-affinity sites. Upon TD2 cleavage, one of the sites is converted to the intermediate-affinity state, while the other remains at high affinity. After TD2 modification of the enzyme both of the sites are in the intermediate affinity state at 4°C. On the basis of the binding data, several models for the roles of the Ca2+ sites in the activation of ATP hydrolysis are derived. The results are summarized by a scheme in which the two high-affinity Ca2+ sites are heterogeneous with respect to sensitivity to temperature and to TD2 modification. The results of this and a previous study (Scott, T. L. and Shamoo, A. E. (1982) J. Membr. Biol. 64, 137–144] indicate that while occupation of either of the two Ca2+ sites can stimulate ATP hydrolysis, the site which is sensitive to TD2 is essential for the coupling of hydrolysis to Ca2+ transport.
The chemical stability of BaSnO3 in the melt of YBa2Cu3O6+x during solidification

Abstract The chemical interactions between YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x (YBCO) and BaSnO 3 additions during solidification have been investigated. It is found that a Y-Ba-Sn-O phase forms upon solidification. The formation of this phase removes some yttrium from the YBCO that would otherwise be produced, and results in the formation of additional liquid.
Combined molecular replacement

Current molecular-replacement methods assume that the correct rotations to be applied to a search atomic model are close to peaks in the rotation function. In addition, generally only the top peaks in the rotation function are examined by the translation function. For difficult structures and for high-symmetry space groups, this assumption may no longer hold true. The more powerful approach is to examine not only the peaks but also other angles that have reasonable values in the rotation function to look for the molecular-replacement solutions. The combined molecular-replacement protocol is therefore a limited six-dimensional search, where the sampling of the rotational degrees of freedom is restricted by the rotation function. A packing check is used to eliminate solutions that cause steric clashes of the search atomic model in the crystal. Several new structures have been determined with this protocol.
Optimal control of linear delay systems via combined piecewise and continuous basis functions

A method for finding the optimal control of a linear time varying delay system with quadratic performance index is discussed. The properties of the hybrid functions which consists of block-pulse functions plus Chebyshev polynomials are presented. The operational matrices of integration, delay and product are then utilized to reduce the solution of optimal control to the solution of algebraic equations. An illustrative example is included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique.
INDUCTION OF TUMORS IN DOMESTIC RABBITS WITH NUCLEIC ACID PREPARATIONS FROM PARTIALLY PURIFIED SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS AND FROM EXTRACTS OF THE PAPILLOMAS OF DOMESTIC AND COTTONTAIL RABBITS.

A deoxyribonucleic acid preparation which showed infectivity and tumorigenic activity in domestic rabbits was isolated from the papillomatous tissue of wild cottontail rabbits by phenolic deproteinization procedure. The activity of the preparation could be completely abolished by its exposure to a minute amount (0.02 µg/ml) of DNAase. Antisera against Shope papilloma virus did not block the tumorigenic activity of the preparation, and trypsin and chymotrypsin had no effect on it. The extraction with phenol of a partially purified virus preparation also yielded extracts with tumorigenic potency. Extracts obtained from the domestic rabbit papilloma and submitted to phenolic deproteinization also proved infective and tumorigenic in rabbits of this sort, although the level of "tumorigenicity" was much lower than that of the cottontail preparations. Tests for intact virus, carried out with half of the extracts yielded wholly negative findings.
Sensing of Aqueous Fluoride Anions by Cationic Stibine–Palladium Complexes

Turn on the lantern! The stibine donor ligand of a cationic palladium complex acts as a Lewis acid and reacts with a fluoride anion to afford the corresponding fluorostiboranyl-palladium species (see scheme). Bindung of the fluoride anion to the antimony center induces a change in denticity of the triphosphine unit and leads to a bright-orange trigonal-bipyramidal d(8) lantern complex.
Bias due to misclassification of personal exposures in epidemiologic studies of indoor and outdoor air pollution

Abstract In this paper, we examine the nature and magnitude of bias resulting in the estimation of relative health risks ( RR ) and risk differences ( ΔR ) due to misclassifications of exposures and disease. Bias correction expressions depending on the misclassification parameters, sensitivity and specificity, as well as the observed risk indicators, RR or ΔR , are provided. Examples based on predictions of exposures of adults and children to both indoor and outdoor respirable particles suggest the potential for significant bias toward the null, if exposure or disease misclassifications are not properly acounted for in the epidemiologic studies of air pollution health effects.
Metals inhibit riboflavin-catalyzed generation of superoxide anion in vitro

We found that addition of cationic metals inhibited flavin-catalyzed superoxide anion (\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \)) productionin vitro. Inhibition of\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) generation by metals appeared to relate to the ability of metal ions to chelate or complex with amine groups, altering their electronegativity. Metal inhibition of\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) production has important implications for biological systems involving\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \) radical production, as well as for assays requiring the generation of\(O_2^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\cdot}$}}{ - } } \)in vitro.
IATROGENIC INJURY TO THE LEFT ANTERIOR DESCENDING CORONARY ARTERY DURING SURGICAL REPAIR OF A LEFT VENTRICLE LACERATION AND CARDIAC TAMPONADE

Penetrating chest trauma is associated with many potential cardiovascular complications. Timely recognition and treatment could be lifesaving. During emergent trauma surgery potential complications can be experienced intra-operatively. We describe a case of inadvertent left anterior descending
Driving low frequency oscillations in a Hall thruster

Coherently rotating azimuthal and axial breathing modes in a cylindrical Hall thruster can be driven using a segmented anode in appropriate thruster regimes. To drive the azimuthal mode, a sine-wave bias with the varying amplitude of 5–50 V is applied to four anode segments. The bias voltage between segments is phase shifted. The breathing mode is driven by applying sine-wave to the anode segments without phase shift. A fast camera is used to monitor global fluctuations in the plasma. Planar Langmuir probes, emissive probes and laser-induced fluorescence are used to obtain time-averaged and time-dependent plasma parameters. The effect of the driven spoke and breathing oscillations on the thruster performance in terms of the plasma plume characteristics (propellant utilization, current utilization, energy utilization and ion energy distribution function) and a comparison between naturally occurring and driven oscillations as well as their dependence on the magnetic field will be discussed in this paper.
Licensing and Career-Long Teacher Education.

Abstract Licensing of education professionals is a state responsibility. In most states teachers and other educators must complete professional development exercises or college coursework to renew their credentials. Teacher educators and state licensing officials must work together to help teachers and other education professionals become effective life-long learners. Rather than providing and accepting haphazard activities for license renewal, teacher education institutions and licensing agencies should collaborate on the design of a strategic plan for career-long teacher education. Initiatives that could be included in such a plan might be expanding teacher career paths, meeting state or national goals for education, designing remedial growth plans if necessary, or participating in future planning.
Partially adaptive robust estimation of regression models and applications

Abstract This paper provides an accessible exposition of recently developed partially adaptive estimation methods and their application. These methods are robust to thick-tailed or asymmetric error distributions and should be of interest to researchers and practitioners in data mining, agent learning, and mathematical modeling in a wide range of disciplines. In particular, partially adaptive estimation methods can serve as robust alternatives to ordinary regression analysis, as well as machine learning methods developed by the artificial intelligence and computing communities. Results from analysis of three problem domains demonstrate application of the theory.
A Gravity Balanced Test Stand for Flight Testing of Small/Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

For the purpose of safety, test stands are usually needed for testing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), especially in the early test stage. Although a test stand can prevent the tested vehicle from flying away or crashing, it adds extra burden to the vehicle due to the weight of its moving mechanism. This can be a major problem for micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) because of their tiny lifting or payload capability. This paper presents an innovative solution to this problem by designing a passive gravity balanced test stand. The stand is capable of completely compensating its own weight, so that the tested vehicle will not have the extra burden from the weight of the test stand. To verify the feasibility of the design, a simulation study has been conducted, which demonstrated the benefits of the new design.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
High-Tensile Strength Tape Versus High-Tensile Strength Suture: A Biomechanical Study.

Purpose To determine which suture design, high-tensile strength tape or high-tensile strength suture, performed better at securing human tissue across 4 selected suture techniques commonly used in tendinous repair, by comparing the total load at failure measured during a fixed-rate longitudinal single load to failure using a biomechanical testing machine. Methods Matched sets of tendon specimens with bony attachments were dissected from 15 human cadaveric lower extremities in a manner allowing for direct comparison testing. With the use of selected techniques (simple Mason−Allen in the patellar tendon specimens, whip stitch in the quadriceps tendon specimens, and Krackow stitch in the Achilles tendon specimens), 1 sample of each set was sutured with a 2-mm braided, nonabsorbable, high-tensile strength tape and the other with a No. 2 braided, nonabsorbable, high-tensile strength suture. A total of 120 specimens were tested. Each model was loaded to failure at a fixed longitudinal traction rate of 100 mm/min. The maximum load and failure method were recorded. Results In the whip stitch and the Krackow-stitch models, the high-tensile strength tape had a significantly greater mean load at failure with a difference of 181 N ( P = .001) and 94 N ( P = .015) respectively. No significant difference was found in the Mason−Allen and simple stitch models. Pull-through remained the most common method of failure at an overall rate of 56.7% (suture = 55%; tape = 58.3%). Conclusions In biomechanical testing during a single load to failure, high-tensile strength tape performs more favorably than high-tensile strength suture, with a greater mean load to failure, in both the whip- and Krackow-stitch models. Although suture pull-through remains the most common method of failure, high-tensile strength tape requires a significantly greater load to pull-through in a whip-stitch and Krakow-stitch model. Clinical Relevance The biomechanical data obtained in the current study indicates that high-tensile strength tape may provide better repair strength compared with high-tensile strength suture at time-zero simulated testing.
Inflammation, Pain, and Pressure—Purinergic Signaling in Oral Tissues

Signaling by extracellular purines such as ATP and adenosine has implications for dental research on multiple levels, with the association of purinergic signaling with inflammation, mechanical strain, and pain making the system particularly relevant for the specific challenges in the oral cavity. Oral tissues express a variety of G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors for ATP and P1 receptors for adenosine in addition to ionotropic P2X receptors for ATP. When these receptors are combined with the plethora of extracellular enzymes capable of manipulating extracellular agonist levels, a complex system for regulating oral health emerges, and recent findings have begun to identify a key role for purinergic signaling in oral pathophysiology. For example, the manipulation of extracellular ATP levels by P. gingivalis reduces inflammasome activation and apoptosis linked to P2X7 receptor activation. Release of ATP by periodontal ligaments may link mechanical strain to bone remodeling. Activation of P2X receptors is impli...
Task planning for flexible manufacturing systems

The design and implementation of flexible manufacturing systems require the planning of task requirements to meet standards of reliability, cost, and throughput over a family of products. Tools for computer-aided engineering of manufacturing systems utilize automated planning and representation methods to enhance the capability of engineers to design better systems. Automated assembly sequence planning methods link product design to assembly system design and provide a basis for such interactive engineering tools. Methods for geometric reasoning, assembly plan representation, and automated assembly sequence selection are discussed. >