cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Optic Lobes Regulate Circadian Rhythms of Olfactory Learning and Memory in the Cockroach

The cockroach, Leucophaea maderae, can be trained in an associative olfactory memory task by either classical or operant conditioning. When trained by classical conditioning, memory formation is regulated by a circadian clock, but once the memory is formed, it can be recalled at any circadian time. In contrast, when trained via operant conditioning, animals can learn the task at any circadian phase, but the ability to recall the long-term memory is tied to the phase of training. The optic lobes of the cockroach contain a circadian clock that drives circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, mating behavior, sensitivity of the compound eye to light, and the sensitivity of olfactory receptors in the antennae. To evaluate the role of the optic lobes in regulating learning and memory processes, the authors examined the effects of surgical ablation of the optic lobes on memory formation in classical conditioning and memory recall following operant conditioning. The effect of optic lobe ablation was to "rescue" the deficit in memory acquisition at a time the animals normally cannot learn and "rescue" the animal's ability to recall a memory formed by operant conditioning at a phase where memory was not normally expressed. The results suggested that the optic lobe pacemaker regulates these processes through inhibition at "inappropriate" times of day. As a pharmacological test of this hypothesis, the authors showed that injections of fipronil, an antagonist of GABA and glutamate-activated chloride channels, had the same effects as optic lobe ablation on memory formation and recall. The data suggest that the optic lobes contain the circadian clock(s) that regulate learning and memory processes via inhibition of neural processes in the brain.
Where We Have Been and Where We Might Be Going: Some Cautionary Reflections on Rape Law Reform

This piece, prepared in conjunction with the author's participation as the 68th Cleveland-Marshall Fund Visiting Scholar at Cleveland-Marshall College of Law, reflects on many salutary reforms of rape law in the past decade, but also expresses concern that the alliance between (or, at least, parallel efforts of) political conservatives and some feminists to bring about further rape law changes may result in the law following some regrettable paths. The author recommends further reform in certain areas (e.g., fraudulently induced sexual relations), but is concerned with changes that may be underway in the definition of forcible rape, and in the decreased role of mens rea in acquaintance rape prosecutions in some jurisdictions.
Focused Ion Beam Tomography Reveals the Presence of Micro-, Meso-, and Macroporous Intracrystalline Regions Introduced into Calcite Crystals by the Gastropod Nacre Protein AP7

Intracrystalline modification of calcium carbonates by macromolecules is a fascinating process that offers insights into potential pathways for modifying the material properties of inorganic solids. Recently, we reported on the induction of intracrystalline nanoporosities within calcite by the nacre layer intracrystalline protein, AP7 (Haliotis rufescens). In this report we revisited this AP7-mediated phenomenon and tracked time-dependent intracrystalline porosity formation during in vitro mineralization using FIB/SEM serial milling. We find that AP7 induces intracrystalline nanoporosities as early as 1 min of elapsed assay time. Quantitation of pore regions confirms that average cross-sectional volume (ACSV), average void volume (AVV), and percent porosity parameters increase over time, leading to the formation of porous calcite crystals with a high surface-to-volume ratio. FIB serial milling, SEM imaging, and 3-D tomography revealed the presence of unexpected semicontinuous channels and cavities in the ...
Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on three-dimensional graphene hydrogel films.

Flexible solid-state supercapacitors are of considerable interest as mobile power supply for future flexible electronics. Graphene or carbon nanotubes based thin films have been used to fabricate flexible solid-state supercapacitors with high gravimetric specific capacitances (80–200 F/g), but usually with a rather low overall or areal specific capacitance (3–50 mF/cm2) due to the ultrasmall electrode thickness (typically a few micrometers) and ultralow mass loading, which is not desirable for practical applications. Here we report the exploration of a three-dimensional (3D) graphene hydrogel for the fabrication of high-performance solid-state flexible supercapacitors. With a highly interconnected 3D network structure, graphene hydrogel exhibits exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness to make it an excellent material for flexible energy storage devices. Our studies demonstrate that flexible supercapacitors with a 120 μm thick graphene hydrogel thin film can exhibit excellent capaciti...
Using queuing models to aid design and guide research effort for multimodality buried target detection systems

Many remote sensing modalities have been developed for buried target detection (BTD), each one offering relative advantages over the others. There has been interest in combining several modalities into a single BTD system that benefits from the advantages of each constituent sensor. Recently an approach was developed, called multi-state management (MSM), that aims to achieve this goal by separating BTD system operation into discrete states, each with different sensor activity and system velocity. Additionally, a modeling approach, called Q-MSM, was developed to quickly analyze multi-modality BTD systems operating with MSM. This work extends previous work by demonstrating how Q-MSM modeling can be used to design BTD systems operating with MSM, and to guide research to yield the most performance benefits. In this work an MSM system is considered that combines a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera and a ground penetrating radar (GPR). Experiments are conducted using a dataset of real, field-collected, data which demonstrates how the Q-MSM model can be used to evaluate performance benefits of altering, or improving via research investment, various characteristics of the GPR and FLIR systems. Q-MSM permits fast analysis that can determine where system improvements will have the greatest impact, and can therefore help guide BTD research.
Fossil Fishes from the Pfeifer Shale Member of the Upper Cretaceous Greenhorn Limestone in North-Central Kansas, U.S.A.

The Pfeifer Shale Member of the Greenhorn Limestone is a Late Cretaceous (early Turonian) rock unit deposited in the Western Interior Seaway in North America. Approximately 50 isolated skeletal and dental elements of fossil fishes were recently recovered from the lower part of the Pfeifer Shale at a locality in south-central Republic County, Kansas, U.S.A. They include a minimum of three chondrichthyan taxa and six osteichthyan taxa, including Ptychodus cf. P. whipplei, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, Squalicorax cf. S. falcatus, Caturidae indet., Actinopterygii (non-teleostean?) indet., Pachyrhizodus minimus, Enchodus shumardi, and at least two additional teleost species. Even though the sample size is small, the present study provides a glimpse into the rich diversity of the fish fauna that encompasses a wide range of trophic regimes, including small bony fishes with small sharp teeth suited for catching smaller fishes and soft-bodied invertebrates, as well as durophagous, predatory, and scavenging sharks.
On the Computation of Steady Hopper Flows: I. Stress Determination for Coulomb Materials

Abstract The problem of determining the steady state flow of granular materials in silos under the action of gravity is considered. In the case of Mohr–Coulomb materials, the stress equations correspond to a system of hyperbolic conservation laws with source terms and boundary conditions. A higher order discontinuous Galerkin method is proposed and implemented for the numerical resolution of those equations. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated by the computation of the stress fields induced in silos with sharp changes of the wall angle.
Transient Electrochemical Measurements During Copper Chemical Mechanical Polishing

Chronoamperometry was used to investigate the reaction/passivation kinetics and thickness of the chemically modified surface layer on the copper during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The result showed that the reaction/passivation kinetics and the thickness of the chemically modified surface layer are strongly dependent on the chemistry of CMP slurry in the chemical aspect of CMP and play critical keys in the selection of the chemistry and its concentration. BTA and H2O2 enhanced the passivation kinetics, resulting in thinner layer on the copper surface. In addition, the reaction kinetics increased as pH decreased.
ATPS-45COMBINED INHIBITION OF WEE-1 AND PI3K SENSITIZES GLIOBLASTOMA TO APOPTOTIC CELL DEATH

Oncogenic activation of the PI3K signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the development of glioblastoma and is a major molecular target for therapeutic development. Multiple recent reports have described mechanisms of resistance to PI3K inhibitors. The goal of the present study was to identify ways to improve the efficacy of PI3K inhibitor-based therapy by overcoming adaptive resistance. Gene expression profiling before and after PI3K inhibitor treatment was analyzed by Affymetrix microarrays to identify molecular targets contributing resistance to PI3K inhibitor. We identified WEE-1 was markedly induced after BKM treatment. Wee1 is a critical component of the G2-M cell-cycle checkpoint control and mediates cell-cycle arrest by regulating the phosphorylation of CDC2. Inhibition of Wee1 by a selective small molecule inhibitor MK1775 can abrogate G2-M checkpoint, resulting in premature mitotic entry and cell death. We show that treatment with WEE1 inhibitor MK1775 inhibited BKM-induced Cdc2 Tyr15 phosphorylation, and forced GICs to enter into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Using a panel of GICs, we show that MK1775 synergizes with BKM to inhibit GBM cell proliferation. Also, MK1775 and BKM as a single agent alone partially blocks proliferation, however, combination of MK1775 and BKM induces apoptosis as evaluated by Annexin V positive cells, cleaved PARP and caspase 3, and TUNEL staining. MK1775 synergized with PI3K inhibitor to extend survival in an intracranial animal model. These results indicate that WEE1 inhibition potentiated the effectiveness of PI3K targeted inhibition in GBM.
Association between self-reported bupropion use and glaucoma: a population-based study

Purpose To investigate the relationship between self-reported bupropion use and self-reported glaucoma in a nationally representative sample of the US population. Methods This cross-sectional study included 6760 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2008, age ≥40 years, who responded to a question regarding their glaucoma status. Participants were interviewed regarding the use of prescription medications, and those ascertained as having used bupropion were further divided into groups based on duration of usage. Other relevant information, including demographics, comorbidities and health-related behaviours, was obtained via interview. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the OR and 95% CIs for association between bupropion use and prevalent glaucoma. Covariates in the final multivariate model included parameters associated with glaucoma at p Results 453 participants self-reported a diagnosis of glaucoma, and 108 reported bupropion medication use. Participants who reported using bupropion for more than 1 year had decreased odds of self-reporting a diagnosis of glaucoma (unadjusted OR=0.5, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.52; adjusted OR=0.1, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.81) compared with those not using bupropion or using it for less than a year. Conclusions Bupropion use, particularly for an extended period of time, may be associated with a reduced risk of glaucomatous disease.
Genetic and familial structural abnormalities of the liver and biliary system

This chapter discusses genetic and familial structural abnormalities of the liver and biliary system. It discusses the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of various hereditary fibropolycystic disorders such as autosomal recessive polycystic disease (ARPD) of the kidneys and liver, congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF), and autosomal dominant polycystic disease. ARPD of the kidneys and liver is characterized by renal and hepatic enlargement because of replacement of the renal parenchyma by cysts and fibrous tissue, and periportal hepatic fibrosis with dilatation of bile ductules. The designation ARPD replaces infantile polycystic disease of the kidneys and liver since the disorder may be seen in adults. The disorder may cause death in utero or present in infancy or in late childhood. In the perinatal period, ARPD may present as a difficulty in delivery because of marked abdominal distension caused by the gross enlargement of the kidneys. Death may occur within a few hours as a result of pulmonary insufficiency or soon afterwards from renal failure. CHF is a condition defined pathologically by the presence of bands of fibrous tissue within the liver that often contain linear or circular spaces lined by bile duct epithelial cells. Autosomal dominant polycystic disease is a condition inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with high penetrance and is characterized by the occurrence of multiple cysts in the liver and kidney and occasionally in other organs.
»Gespräch über die Poesie« (und Abschluss)

Beim Gesprach uber die Poesie durfte es sich um einen der komplexesten Texte Schlegels handeln. Er geht auf dessen Absicht zuruck, die Meister-Kritik fortzusetzen und abzuschliesen, ohne sich in der vorliegenden Form auf einen solchen Zweck zu beschranken.
Telecom-to-near-visible frequency translation via Bragg scattering four-wave mixing in a Rb vapor cell

We demonstrate telecom-to-near-visible frequency conversion, spanning over 181 THz (734 nm) via Bragg scattering four-wave mixing in a Rb vapor cell with a 0.15 % energy conversion efficiency at 1 mW pump power.
Single area load frequency control using fuzzy-tuned PI controller

This study aims to develop a Load Frequency Control (LFC) for a single area power system using a fuzzy logic tuned PI controller. A deviation of frequency value from the standard (±0.5Hz) arises when real power generation fails to supply demand along with network losses. Various LFC studies have been done exploiting control strategies ranging from classical control schemes to soft analysis techniques. In this proposed study system dynamics is modeled in MATLAB Simulink. Conventional PI controller is designed and tuned with two techniques: using Ziegler Nichols (ZN) tuning and PID tuner app from MATLAB control system toolbox. Intelligent analysis tool, fuzzy logic, is used for performance improvement of the developed controller. Incorporation of advanced tools and optimization techniques improves control response time allowing fast recovery of the system during disturbances and reducing system down time. The result of this work improves system performance and it is tested on 14bus system under different condition.
Subclinical Changes in Maternal Thyroid Function Parameters in Pregnancy and Fetal Growth.

Context Overt thyroid disease in pregnancy is a known risk factor for abnormal fetal growth and development. Data on the effects of milder forms of variation in maternal thyroid function on intrauterine growth are less well examined. Objective We explored these associations using repeated thyroid hormone and ultrasound measurements. Design, Setting, and Participants Data were obtained from 439 pregnant women without diagnosed thyroid disease who were participants in a case-control study of preterm birth nested within an ongoing prospective birth cohort in Boston, Massachusetts. Main Outcome Measures Ultrasound and delivery indices of fetal growth were standardized to those measured in a larger population. Results At median 10, 18, and 26 weeks of gestation, we observed significant inverse associations between free thyroxine (FT4) and birth weight z scores, with the strongest association detected at median 10 weeks, at which time a 10% increase in FT4 was associated with a 0.02 z score decrease (∼8.5 g) in birth weight (β = -0.41 for ln-transformed FT4; 95% confidence interval, -0.64 to -0.18). FT4 was also inversely associated with repeated measurements of estimated fetal weight, head circumference, and abdominal circumference. We observed weaker inverse associations for total T4 and a positive relationship between total triiodothyronine and birth weight z scores. We did not observe any associations for thyroid-stimulating hormone. Conclusion In pregnant women without overt thyroid disease, subclinical changes in thyroid function parameters may influence fetal growth.
Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced Composites for Enhanced Conductivity, Strength, and Tensile Modulus

Carbon nanofibers of diameter 200 nm may be used as an additive to thermoplastics for applications requiring electrical conductivity and enhanced mechanical properties. The electrical properties of nanofiber in thermoplastics such as nylon and polypropylene and are very attractive compared with those provided by other conventional conducting additives. Because of the low diameter of the nanofibers used, the onset of electrical conductivity (percolation threshold) can be below 1 volume %. Because of the highly conductive nature of the fibers, particularly after a graphitization step, the composites can reach resistivities as low as 0.15 Ohm cm. These conducting composites may be used for applications such as radio frequency interference shielding, primerless electrostatic painting, and static discharge. In order to make composites having excellent mechanical properties, good adhesion between fiber and matrix is essential. Carbon nanofiber-matrix adhesion was studied after surface treating the fibers using a variety of methods. Among as-grown fibers, those produced with longer gas phase feedstock residence times in the fiber growth reactor were less graphitic but adhered to a polypropylene matrix better, giving improved tensile strength and modulus Two chemical treatments were found to be somewhat effective in increasing tensile strength, but both decreased the modulus.. A modest degree of oxidation was also found to increase adhesion to the matrix and increase composite tensile strength, while extended oxidation attacked the fibers sufficiently to decrease composite properties.
Reactive navigation through rough terrain: experimental results

This paper describes a series of experiments that were performed on the Rocky III robot. Rocky III is a small autonomous rover capable of navigating through rough outdoor terrain to a predesignated area, searching that area for soft soil, acquiring a soil sample, and depositing the sample in a container at its home base. The robot is programmed according to a reactive behavior-control paradigm using the ALFA programming language. This style of programming produces robust autonomous performance while requiring significantly less computational resources than more traditional mobile robot control systems. The code for Rocky III runs on an 8-bit processor and uses about 10k of memory.
Occupational Turnover Intent Among Assistant Coaches of Women's Teams: The Role of Organizational Work Experiences

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which organizational work experiences could be used to understand when coaches planned to leave the profession. NCAA Division I assistant coaches (N = 188) were surveyed concerning (a) the age at which they anticipated leaving the coaching profession and (b) the extent to which the 3 work experiences described by S. Inglis, K. E. Danylchuk, and D. Pastore (1996)—Recognition and Collegial Support, Work Balance and Conditions, and Inclusivity—were fulfilled. Chi-square analyses revealed that women intended to leave the profession at an earlier age than did men. A multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that persons who intended to remain in the coaching profession after they turned 55 worked in organizational environments that emphasized Inclusivity. These results are particularly important for female coaches, as women consider an inclusive work environment to be more important than do men (D. L. Pastore, S. Inglish, & K. E. Danylchuck, 1996).
Anchored Multiperspective Visualization for Efficient VR Navigation

This paper presents a novel multiperspective visualization (MPV) approach designed to improve navigation efficiency in Virtual Reality applications. The MPV is continuous and non-redundant, it shows the near part of the scene with a conventional, first-person visualization to anchor the user, and it is controlled with user head translations and rotations reminiscent of natural motion. Three types of anchored MPV are introduced, one that provides a lateral disocclusion effect, allowing the user to see around occluders and through side portals, one that provides a vertical disocclusion effect, allowing the user to see over and on top of occluders, and one that provides teleportation, allowing the user to relocate. The VR navigation efficiency benefits of the anchored MPV have been analyzed in a user study. Significant improvements were achieved in the metrics of number of teleportations and total distance traveled. In these metrics, large or greater Cohen’s d effect sizes were observed at p-values below 0.05 in a first VR scene, while medium effect sizes at p-values of 0.1 or better were observed in a second VR scene.
A generic database indexing framework for large-scale geographic knowledge graphs

The paper proposes Riso-Tree, a generic indexing framework for geographic knowledge graphs. Riso-Tree enables fast execution of graph queries that involve spatial predicates (aka. GraSp). The proposed framework augments the classic R-Tree structure with pre-materialized sub-graph entries. Riso-Tree first partitions the graph into sub-graphs based on their connectivity to the spatial sub-regions. The proposed index allows for fast execution of GraSp queries by efficiently pruning the traversed vertexes/edges based upon the materialized sub-graph information. The experiments show that the proposed Riso-Tree achieves up to two orders magnitude faster execution time than its counterparts when executing GraSp queries on real knowledge graphs (e.g., WikiData).
The cobalt market revisited

The cobalt market is a market that has frequent supply shortages and crises. This paper looks at the changes in the cobalt market from the period of the 1970s to 2018 to gain insights into how the cobalt market is responding and adjusting to periods of supply shortages. Particular concern has arisen due to the potential large increase in the need for cobalt in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. Is the supply of cobalt able to grow at the necessary rate to match the projected increase in the production of electric vehicles? The paper finds that some cobalt market adjustments have occurred over the time period in response to supply risk, but these adjustments have not significantly offset the cobalt market characteristics that largely drive its behavior: by-product supply, the large amount of low-cost material in the DR Congo, and the technical advantages of using cobalt in its applications over potential substitutes. The ramifications for post-2018 are probably more of the same behavior. The cobalt market will continue to make incremental adjustments over time as periodic short-run price spikes occur with the corresponding supply “crisis.” The move of the cobalt market to a dominant end use may make the market even more cyclical and prone to supply crises.
Examining the Perceived Needs of Teacher Education Students for Facilitating Play

ABSTRACTDespite the documented role of physical activity (PA) in the overall health and links to academic achievement for young children, students’ recess time has decreased nationally over the las...
The fires of patriotism: Alaskans in the days of the First World War, 1910-1920; Kentucky and the Great War: World War I on the home front

As Americans commemorate the United States’ participation in World War I, historians are reevaluating not only the country’s significance in the military conflict but also the impact of mobilizatio...
Impaired Delivery of Cholesterol Effluxed From Macrophages to Hepatocytes by Serum From CKD Patients May Underlie Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk.

Introduction Although chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD), the underlying mechanisms are not completely defined. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that flux of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells to liver is impaired in subjects with CKD. Methods Consecutive healthy patients, patients with at least 1 CAD risk factor, patients with established CAD, and patients with CKD stages G3 to G5 (n ≥ 15/group) were recruited prospectively. The ability of total patient serum without any modifications to (i) facilitate efflux of cholesterol from human THP1-macrophage foam cells under physiological conditions (cholesterol efflux capacity [CEC]) and (ii) to deliver this effluxed cholesterol to primary hepatocytes with physiological expression of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor SR-BI (capacity to deliver cholesterol to hepatocytes [CDCH]) was evaluated. Results Although healthy patients, patients with at least 1 CAD risk factor, and patients with established CAD all showed similar CEC, patients with CKD showed significantly higher CEC. CDCH was significantly lower in all groups compared with the healthy patients; however, when corrected for higher CEC, CDCH in patients with CKD was significantly lower than in patients with CAD. CDCH correlated with age, body mass index, metabolic parameters, inflammatory markers, and kidney function markers (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], serum creatinine, and serum cystatin C). Conclusions These results suggest that aberrations in delivery of cholesterol effluxed from macrophage foam cells to liver for final elimination or the last step of reverse cholesterol transport, may underlie the increased risk of CAD in patients with CKD.
Relationship of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Origin on the Distal Femur to the Distal Femoral Physis: A Systematic Review:

Background:The relationship between the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) and the distal femoral physis has been reported in multiple studies.Purpose:To determine the distance from the MPFL cen...
A Review of the Control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Continental United States

Aedes aegypti (L) is an anthropophilic mosquito involved in the transmission of a variety of viral pathogens worldwide including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. This species, native to Africa, is well established in the continental U.S. (CONUS) and occasionally contributes to localized outbreaks of viral diseases. In the last seven decades, mosquito control programs in the CONUS have been focused on vectors of eastern equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, and West Nile viruses, as well as nuisance species. Aedes aegypti receives little control focus except during outbreak periods, which has led to a lack of information on appropriate and effective control options targeting Ae. aegypti in the CONUS. As such, in the event of an Ae. aegypti-borne arboviral outbreak in the CONUS, there are limited evidence-based control recommendations or protocols in place. Autochthonous outbreaks of Ae. aegypti-borne pathogens have occurred recently in the CONUS, including dengue outbreaks in 2010 and 2013, a chikungunya outbreak in 2014, and the 2016 outbreak of Zika virus. The increasing frequency of Ae. aegypti-borne outbreaks necessitates increased attention and research on control of this species to prevent and mitigate future outbreaks. This review consolidates and synthesizes the available literature on control of Ae. aegypti, specifically within the CONUS, focusing on data generated through operational applications as well as field and semifield experiments. The purpose of this review is to identify and highlight areas where additional research is needed. The review covers chemical control and insecticide resistance, biological control, source reduction, trapping, and alternative techniques.
Field Measurements of Ultrasonic Stress in a Compressor Rotor

The run-out report for a compressor rotor showed an almost continuous bow between the two bearings, with the maximum run-out of 0.03 mm (0.0012 in)at the inlet to the fourth stage impeller. It had been run in service, and removed for normal maintenance, when the bow was observed. The seven stage compressor rotor was made of 34 Cr Ni Mo 6 steel, which is approximately a 4340 steel. It was just over 3 m in length, with diameters of approximately 265 mm at the disk mounting areas (Fig. 1). Each of the compressor stages was mounted on the rotor at the time of the stress measurement. An evaluation of the residual stress at these locations in the shaft was performed using a nondestructive technique involving critically refracted longitudinal, LCR, ultrasonic waves. The LCR stress measurement data showed compressive stress on the bowed side of the rotor, supporting the conclusion that residual stress is the cause of the bow. At the time that the data were taken, the rotor was horizontal, resting on two stands at the bearing ends. The following is a brief report of the test and the results. Ref. 1 should be consulted for additional detail.
Sport facilities as sites of environmental and social resilience

Climate change is presenting an urgent and growing threat to human health in many regions of the world. Similarly, social issues such as pandemics, threats to democratic voting, and racial injustic...
Integrating Consumer Food Experience with Health and Sustainability Outcomes: The Critical Role of Design Imperatives

The focus on plant-based meats has increased in recent years as the food industry has engaged in creating new products from plant-based ingredients that mimic many of the attributes traditionally associated with animal-derived foods. Many of the resulting products, however, require highly refined plant fractions that can only be obtained through intensive processing that has environmental impacts and often reduces the potential nutritional benefits. This creates a tension in the narratives being put forth by plant-based meats manufacturers and the real benefits of their products. This paper argues for development of more stringent design imperatives that would bring deep understanding of the customer experience of consuming meats – plant based and otherwise – together with new technological opportunities to create plant-based meats that are both appealing to customers and support sustainability goals as well. In short, it is a call for framing and reframing the plant-based food design challenge and employing design imperatives that clarify the agenda of food design efforts.
Introducing the new CPOST dataset on suicide attacks

The University of Chicago Project on Security and Threats presents the updated and expanded Database on Suicide Attacks (DSAT), which now links to Uppsala Conflict Data Program data on armed confli...
ULK1 Regulates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism via Autophagy Independent Mechanisms

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a major complication of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome has emerged as a leading cause of chronic liver disease and a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy is a critical pathway for the degradation of intracellular components by lysosomes. Established functions for autophagy in hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity suggest a mechanistic link between altered autophagy and NASH. However, the interactions between insulin sensitivity, NASH, and autophagy are incompletely understood. The Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1 (ULK1) is the only serine/threonine kinase in the core autophagy pathway and thus represents an excellent drug target. In this study, we observed that ULK1 may directly regulate insulin signaling and lipid metabolism via mechanisms that might involve modulation of AKT dephosphorylation. Surprisingly, silencing ULK1 did not significantly alter autophagy in hepatocytes despite impairing insulin-stimulated activation of AKT. To further elucidate the autophagy-independent role of ULK1 in hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin action, ULK1 liver-specific knock-out mice were generated. L-ULK1 KO mice exhibited impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance on a normal chow diet or 60% high-fat diet (HFD). In young mice (4 weeks after birth), the expression of genes that regulate de novo lipogenesis, such as FAS, SCD1, and SREBP1-c were induced in livers of L-ULK1KO mice even prior to the development of insulin resistance and obesity. Hepatomegaly and lipid accumulation developed in L-ULK1KO on normal chow and was exacerbated relative to wild type mice on a HFD. Serum concentrations of insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, AST and ALT were significantly increased. In contrast, L-ULK2 KO mice were phenotypically normal. To identify putative novel ULK1 targets, we conducted a phospho-proteomics screen in a ULK1 deficient hepatocyte cell line. We identified a relatively small number of novel proteins whose phosphorylation levels were reduced by ULK1 deficiency. The identification of these targets supports autophagy-independent mechanisms of action of ULK1. Recently, we confirmed that NCOA3, one of the targets regulates hepatic lipid metabolism by interacting directly with ULK1. These data suggest that ULK-1 may regulate cellular targets that regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
From Social Burden to Support Elicitation: Development and Validation of a New Measure of Workplace Support Elicitation Experiences

Receiving social support is widely considered a positive workplace phenomenon, but what about the employees from whom the support is being sought? Following recent calls from social support scholars, we focus on the “potential support provider” perspective of the social support dynamic and propose that the measure of social burden (Yang et al., Stress and Health, 32(1): 70–83, 2016) currently used to capture this dynamic is significantly limited. In study 1, we refine and expand the measure of social burden by constructing and validating a measure of support elicitation experiences (SEE) that distinguishes between emotionally laden SEE (SEE-E; explicit or implicit requests for support with an emotional valence) and instrumental SEE (SEE-I; explicit requests for work-related support). In study 2, based on conservation of resources theory, we examine how SEE-E and SEE-I differentially relate to work outcomes and explore the potential costs of providing support in response to these behaviors. Results demonstrate that our measure of SEE is an improvement over the social burden measure and support the empirical distinctiveness of emotionally laden (associated with negative outcomes) and instrumental (associated with positive outcomes) support elicitations. In addition, we find some evidence that routinely providing support for both SEE-E and SEE-I carries implications for undesirable workplace behavior. Findings from this research support the notion that there are often differential effects for the kinds of support we elicit from our colleagues and provides researchers with an improved instrument to assess the social support dynamic from the perspective of potential support providers.
Emerging clinical pharmacology topics in drug development and precision medicine

Abstract Science is constantly evolving. As a result, novel tools as well as new issues are arising for clinical pharmacologists. In this chapter, we will discuss some emerging topics in clinical pharmacology, including model-informed drug development, real-world data and real-world evidence, and digital health technologies, as well as the microbiome and its impact on drug effect and treatment outcome.
Racial/ethnic discrimination, cultural mistrust, and psychological maladjustment among Asian American and Latino adolescent language brokers

Objective Past studies on language brokering have examined how various individual and contextual factors influence the association between language brokering and mental health outcomes, but few studies have assessed how racial/ethnic discrimination or perceptions of how society treats one's racial/ethnic group (i.e., cultural mistrust) affects mental health outcomes. The goal of this study was to examine how reports of racial/ethnic discrimination and perceptions of cultural mistrust influence mental health outcomes for adolescent language brokers. Method Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the moderating role of racial/ethnic discrimination and cultural mistrust on the associations between language brokering frequency and depressive and social anxiety symptoms in 1,044 Latino and Asian American adolescents (57.5% female, Mage = 15.12 years, SD = 0.41). Results Findings indicated that brokering more frequently was associated with more depressive and social anxiety symptoms for youth who reported racial/ethnic discrimination from adults in school and more depressive symptoms for youth who had high levels of cultural mistrust. Differences in racial/ethnic groups were also explored. Conclusions Our findings suggest that reports of racial/ethnic discrimination and perceptions of cultural mistrust exacerbate psychological challenges among Latino and Asian American adolescent language brokers and highlight the importance of further examining how discrimination influences the psychosocial development of brokering youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Adapting to Undernourishment : The Clinical Evidence and Its Implications

In estimating the prevalence of undernourishment in a region or country it has been common practice to choose a benchmark - or, as some would say, a critical limit - which reflects nutrition requirements and then to calculate the percentage of the population falling below the benchmark. (See e.g. Dandekar and Rath, 1971; Reutlinger and Selowsky, 1976; and FAO, 1978.) The logic underlying the choice of the benchmark has varied across studies.
Bemisia argentifolii Adult, Nymph and Egg Densities and Egg Distribution on Selected Upland Cottons

Five upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., cultivars, Deltapine (DPL) 50, 5415 and 5432, Fibermax 832 and Siokra L23, were studied in relation to silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, oviposition and colonization. Deltapine 5415 and 5432 had the highest numbers of eggs and nymphs and Siokra L-23 the lowest. Siokra L-23 also had the lowest number of adults compared to the other four cultivars. Over 75% of eggs were oviposited on leaf surfaces between veins and 23% were oviposited in veins that were ≤4 cells wide. Few eggs were found on veins that were five or more cells wide. No eggs were inserted into leaf stomata.
A NEUTRON DOSEMETER WITH SPHERICAL MODERATOR CONTAINING ABSORBERS AND A BF$sub 3$ COUNTER.

The Bonner moderating sphere, 25–30 cm in diameter, is widely used because of its isotropic and dose equivalent response for neutrons over an energy range from near thermal to about 10 MeV. However, two properties of the instrument limit its convenience: (1) the Lil scintillation counter in its center tends to make it difficult to use the instrument in high γ -fluxes, also response changes of the scintillation counter make frequent recalibrations necessary. (2) The moderating sphere is rather large and heavy for a portable instrument. The use of a BF 3 thermal neutron counter of 5 cm sensitive length and 2.5 cm diameter eliminated all difficulties mentioned under (1). Insertion of cadmium discs at appropriate locations in the polyethylene sphere near the counter ends made the response isotropic for all neutron energies. To improve on (2), neutron absorption studies were made in a slab geometry containing cadmium and polyethylene sheets, so as to obtain the best rem dose response for neutrons from an Am-Be source ( E av = 4.4 MeV) and from a Sb-Be source ( E av = 40 keV). On this basis, a compact neutron dosemeter 20 cm in diameter containing an inner cadmium shell of 10 cm diameter was constructed and tested.
Incorporating geostatistical constraints in nonlinear inversion problems

[1] In this paper we present a method of incorporating semivariogram constraints into nonlinear inversion problems. That is, we describe a method of sampling the space of inverse solutions that honor a specified semivariogram or set of semivariograms and also explain a set of state data. The approach can be considered a method of conditional simulation where model conditioning is based upon state data (as opposed to parameter data). The difference between this approach and other simulation approaches is that the simulation is posed as an optimization problem with the joint objective of matching the semivariograms and honoring the state data. This approach requires computing the sensitivities of the semivariograms with respect to the distributed parameter. We derive these sensitivities and find that they are efficient to compute and store, making the method tenable for large models. We demonstrate the method with one synthetic and one field example using radar velocity tomography, where radar velocity is related through a petrophysical transform to saturated porosity. We address biasing issues and demonstrate ensemble generation and the resulting resolution and uncertainty analysis using ensemble statistics. We also demonstrate how the method can be applied to existing deterministic inversion codes with the field example.
The treatment of behavior disorders in childrenwith benadryl: A preliminary report

Summary 1. Elixir Benadryl was administeredto forty-four children with behavior disorders. 2. Sixty-one per cent of the patientsshowed some improvement. 3. Children with primary behaviordisorders, especially those with manifest anxiety, were most benefited. 4. Benadryl is of value in the treatment of certain acutely disturbing situations in children. 5. No toxic symptoms were observed in children from the administration of Elixir Benadryl.
Panel Statement: Increasing test coverage in a VLSI design course

The question raised by the panel is how much testing should be included in a VLSI Design course and what makes a “well-rounded” electrical and computer engineering graduate. The fact that we had to have a National Science Foundation workshop and now an ITC panel to discuss how to incorporate test in a design course shows that the disconnect between design and test happens not only in industry but also in academia as well. The fact that the panel considers test in conjunction with VLSI design seems to imply that test is important only in the VLSI design context. How did we get to this sorry state? Can we do better and look at test as an integral part of electronic design, instead of narrowing the focus to just VLSI? At the University of Washington, we have shown that by taking a more global perspective, we can actually teach test, teach it very well, attract interested and well-motivated students, and build a new generation of students knowledgeable in both design and test.
Making program grading easier: but not totally automatic

Many instructors believe that the introductory computer science course is one of the most difficult in the curriculum to teach. One of the biggest challenges is in providing meaningful feedback rapidly to students. Our philosophy requires that faculty be involved with all aspects of evaluating student work. This paper describes the pluses and minuses of our pedagogical approach and our tool that helps this faculty to meet the challenge.
Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence

Preface. Fundamentals of Cavitation. Cavitation Bubble Dynamics. Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence. Sonochemistry Fundamentals. Applications of Sonochemistry. Subject Index. List of Contributors.
Stochastic convergence of asynchronous parallel computations for solving systems of linear equations

We consider the convergence of asynchronous parallel iterative algorithms for systems of linear equations. We assume the processors operate in a Poisson manner. Using Lyapunov functions, we demonstrate a condition for both mean square and almost sure convergence independent of processing rates. Our condition is less conservative than the worst case condition of Chazan and Miranker (1969), and yields results in keeping with asynchronous computation experience. >
Mode-locked dark pulse Kerr combs in normal-dispersion microresonators

Dark pulse combs are formed in normal-dispersion microresonators with mode-interaction-assisted excitation, increasing freedom in microresonator design and potentially extending Kerr comb generation into the visible wavelength regime.
Cross Relationships Among 37 Rhinoviruses Demonstrated by Virus Neutralization with Potent Monotypic Rabbit Antisera

Antisera produced in rabbits to 37 rhinovirus (RV) types have been examined for antibody to the 36 corresponding heterologous types. Reciprocal neutralization was noted between RV types 2 and 49 and RV types 13 and 41. Five additional monotypic rhinoviral rabbit antisera neutralized one heterologous rhinovirus. Neutralizing antibody titers against heterologous RV serotypes were similar to those shown in the RV 1A, 1B and RV 9, 32 reciprocal cross-reactions, and would not be expected to result in false identification of serotypes. Comparison of neutralizing antibody titers and neutralization rate constants in serial serum specimens of immunized rabbits showed that antibody response to the immunizing RV type and the cross-reacting type followed a similar time pattern.
An improved high-energy gamma spectrometer

Abstract A large, anticoincidence-shielded NaI(Tl) spectrometer has been developed for studies of nuclear reactions yielding γ radiation in the energy range 10–40 MeV. Improvements over earlier detector systems produce a mono-energetic γ ray response shape with, around E γ = 22 MeV, a fwhm resolution of 3.5% and a full width at 1/10 maximum of 7.6%. Good resolution is maintained with total counting rates of several hundred thousand pulses/sec in the NaI(Tl) crystal.
Activated transport and scaling behavior in the current-voltage characteristics and Coulomb-blockade oscillations of two-dimensional arrays of metallic islands

We have investigated the transport properties of two-dimensional arrays of normal islands interconnected by tunnel junctions fabricated close to a conducting ground plane. For bias voltages $V$ below a threshold voltage ${V}_{\mathrm{th}},$ the current $I$ is thermally activated with an activation energy proportional to ${V}_{\mathrm{th}}\ensuremath{-}V.$ For $Vg{V}_{\mathrm{th}},$ $I$ scales as $(V\ensuremath{-}{V}_{\mathrm{th}}{)}^{\ensuremath{\zeta}},$ where $\ensuremath{\zeta}=2.01\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ and $1.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04$ for two samples. For constant $V,$ $I$ exhibits Coulomb-blockade oscillations as a function of the voltage of the ground plane. The amplitude of these oscillations scales as $(V\ensuremath{-}{V}_{\mathrm{th}}{)}^{\ensuremath{\chi}},$ where $\ensuremath{\chi}=0.68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18$ and $0.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$ for the same samples, respectively. These values are consistent with our theoretical prediction $\ensuremath{\chi}=(\ensuremath{\zeta}\ensuremath{-}1)/2.$