cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volatile methylsiloxanes in sewage treatment plants in Saitama, Japan: Mass distribution and emissions

Abstract Wastewater, aeration gas, dewatered sludge, and incineration ash and flue gas (from dewatered sludge) were collected from 9 sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and analyzed for seven cyclic and linear volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) namely, D3, D4, D5, D6, L3, L4, and L5. The mass loadings and distribution of VMSs in STPs were estimated based on measured concentrations in liquid, solid, and gaseous samples, including incinerated dewatered sludge. Mass loading of ΣVMS varied widely from 21 kg y−1 to 3740 kg y−1, depending on the volume of wastewater treated in each STP. Mass % of ΣVMS distributed in aeration gas was 15% and that in activated sludge was 78%. Approximately 6.6% of ΣVMS remained in the final effluent. Overall, partitioning onto the activated sludge was the dominant removal mechanism for D4, D5, and D6, whereas volatilization was also an important removal mechanism for D4. Incineration was effective to degrade VMSs in dewatered sludge, with a reduction rate of >99%. Activated carbon treatment removed >99% of VMSs from the aeration gas. In Saitama Prefecture, total emission of ΣVMS via STPs was estimated at 434 kg y−1, 86 kg y−1, and 0.065 kg y−1, to aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial environments, respectively, which accounted for 83%, 17%, and 0.01% of the total environmental emissions. Our results indicate that majority of VMSs in dewatered sludge can be removed by incineration and emission of VMSs through incineration ash landfill is negligible.
An Effective and Economical Photometer for Classroom Demonstrations and Laboratory Use.

We present a simple, effective, and inexpensive spectrophotometer design that may be used in a stand-alone teaching module, and to enhance various unit operations experiments. The spectrophotometers described performed as well as a commercial option at estimating cell concentration in a bioreactor and tracking a first-order reaction. Such devices have been found to be ideal for hands-on classroom demonstrations of reaction kinetics, for use in our unit operations lab, and as tools for community outreach.
Checkpoint inhibitor therapy in preclinical sepsis models: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Animal studies reporting immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) improved host defense and survival during bacterial sepsis provided one basis for phase I CPI sepsis trials. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the benefit of CPI therapy in preclinical studies, and whether variables potentially altering this clinical benefit were investigated. Studies were analyzed that compared survival following bacteria or lipopolysaccharide challenge in animals treated with inhibitors to programmed death-1 (PD-1), PD-ligand1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4), or B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) versus control. Nineteen experiments from 11 studies (n = 709) were included. All experiments were in mice, and 10 of the 19 were published from a single research group. Sample size calculations and randomization were not reported in any studies, and blinding procedures were reported in just 1. Across all 19 experiments, CPIs increased the odds ratio for survival (OR, 95% CI) [3.37(1. 55, 7.31)] but with heterogeneity (I2 = 59%, p < 0.01). After stratification by checkpoint molecule targeted, challenge site or type, or concurrent antibacterial treatment, CPIs had consistent effects over most experiments in the 9 that included antibacterial treatment [OR = 2.82 (1.60, 4.98), I2 = 6%, p = 0.39 with versus 4.01 (0.89, 18.05), I2 = 74%, p < 0.01 without]. All 9 antibiotic experiments employed cecal-ligation and puncture (CLP) bacterial challenge while 6 also included a Candida albicans challenge 3–4 days after CLP. In these six experiments (n = 322), CPIs were directed at the fungal challenge when CLP lethality had resolved, and were consistently beneficial [2.91 (2.41, 3.50), I2 = 0%, p = 0.99]. In the three experiments (n = 66) providing antibiotics without fungal challenge, CPIs were administered within 1 day of CLP and had variable and non-significant effects [0.05 (0.00, 1.03); 7.86 (0.28, 217.11); and 8.50 (0.90, 80.03)]. No experiment examined pneumonia. Preclinical studies showing that CPIs add benefit to antibiotic therapy for the common bacterial infections causing sepsis clinically are needed to support this therapeutic approach. Studies should be reproducible across multiple laboratories and include procedures to reduce the risk of bias.
Pocahontas and the English Boys: Caught Between Cultures in Early Virginia / Relation of Virginia: A Boy’s Memoir of Life with Powhatans and Patawomecks

Everybody knows at least one part of the story: in 1607 Jamestown’s English settlers encounter a paramount chief in eastern Virginia known to them as Powhatan, though this was actually the name of ...
The two faces of giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor (GCT) is a bone-destructive benign neoplasm characterized by distinctive multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells with osteolytic properties distributed among neoplastic stromal cells. GCT is locally aggressive with progressive invasion of adjacent tissues and occasionally displays malignant characteristics including lung metastasis. GCT is characterized genetically by highly recurrent somatic mutations at the G34 position of the H3F3A gene, encoding the histone variant H3.3, in stromal cells. This leads to deregulated gene expression and increased proliferation of mutation-bearing cells. However, when GCT complicates Paget disease of bone (GCT/PDB) it behaves differently, showing a more malignant phenotype with 5-year survival less than 50%. GCT/PDB is caused by a germline mutation in the ZNF687 gene, which encodes a transcription factor involved in the repression of genes surrounding DNA double-strand breaks to promote repair by homologous recombination. Identification of these driver mutations led to novel diagnostic tools for distinguishing between these two tumors and other osteoclast-rich neoplasms. Herein, we review the clinical, histological, and molecular features of GCT in different contexts focusing also on pharmacological treatments.
Net Neutrality and Its' Repeal: Small Firms' Shareholders Shrug While Large Firms' Shareholders Turn

The FCCs decision to repeal Net Neutrality governance of Internet traffic has not ended the debate over whether such protections are needed. This paper investigates the effects of changes in Net Neutrality regulation through an event study that unlike previous studies, employs as a baseline model, the Fama/French Three-Factor model to capture differences in rm size. The results are striking: for the most part, investors in both small and large firms are indifferent to changes in Net Neutrality rules. However, the selection of Chairman Pai is a signifi cant negative event for the group of largest rms. One explanation consistent with this finding is that the appointment of Pai gave a green light not only for Net Neutrality's repeal but also signalled that the FCC would take a favorable stance towards merger activity. Large firms in a given industry are more likely to operate as acquirers and therefore, more likely to realize losses in shareholder value.
Evolution of delayed resistance to immunotherapy in a melanoma responder

Despite initial responses1-3, most melanoma patients develop resistance4 to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). To understand the evolution of resistance, we studied 37 tumor samples over 9 years from a patient with metastatic melanoma with complete clinical response to ICB followed by delayed recurrence and death. Phylogenetic analysis revealed co-evolution of seven lineages with multiple convergent, but independent resistance-associated alterations. All recurrent tumors emerged from a lineage characterized by loss of chromosome 15q, with post-treatment clones acquiring additional genomic driver events. Deconvolution of bulk RNA sequencing and highly multiplexed immunofluorescence (t-CyCIF) revealed differences in immune composition among different lineages. Imaging revealed a vasculogenic mimicry phenotype in NGFRhi tumor cells with high PD-L1 expression in close proximity to immune cells. Rapid autopsy demonstrated two distinct NGFR spatial patterns with high polarity and proximity to immune cells in subcutaneous tumors versus a diffuse spatial pattern in lung tumors, suggesting different roles of this neural-crest-like program in different tumor microenvironments. Broadly, this study establishes a high-resolution map of the evolutionary dynamics of resistance to ICB, characterizes a de-differentiated neural-crest tumor population in melanoma immunotherapy resistance and describes site-specific differences in tumor-immune interactions via longitudinal analysis of a patient with melanoma with an unusual clinical course.
The association between housing and food insecurity among medically underserved cancer patients.

To assess the prevalence of socioeconomic needs and associations between housing characteristics and food insecurity among low-income cancer patients, among whom housing and food insecurity are particularly prevalent. Low-income cancer patients in active treatment (N = 1618) were enrolled in a comprehensive patient navigation program. Food insecurity was assessed using the 18-item US Department of Agriculture US Household Food Security Survey Module. Participants self-reported their need for assistance with housing issues/type of assistance needed, perception of overcrowding, satisfaction with living situation, and household density via a cross-sectional survey. Descriptive analyses, cross-tabulations and tests of proportions, and binary logistic regression were used in data analyses. Seventy percent of patients were food insecure. Housing characteristics associated with food insecurity were homelessness or living in sheltered/supportive housing (83.3% food insecure), renting (71.9%), and homeownership (58.1%; p < .001); living situation satisfaction (not satisfied, 79.4%; somewhat satisfied, 25.6%; very satisfied, 66%; p < .001); need of housing assistance (79.2%; p < .001), and feeling crowded in their living unit (77.6%; p < .05). Associations of living unit type with food insecurity were significant in the binary logistic regression model (renters 1.68 OR, homeless/sheltered housing 2.80 OR vs homeowners). The vulnerability to food insecurity of patients in this low-income sample was underlined by the high rates found, and clear associations with housing characteristics of homelessness, housing assistance needs, and feeling overcrowded were identified. These results could help shape priorities around screening patients for nutrition and housing needs and developing interventions to address them.
Millennials as the Future of Corrections: A Generational Analysis of Public Policy Opinions:

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of what Millennials think about U.S. correctional policy. Using a 2017 national-level sample (N = 1,000), Millennials’ correctional policy opinions ac...
Does CT-based Rigidity Analysis Influence Clinical Decision-making in Simulations of Metastatic Bone Disease?

There is a need to improve the prediction of fracture risk for patients with metastatic bone disease. CT-based rigidity analysis (CTRA) is a sensitive and specific method, yet its influence on clinical decision-making has never been quantified. What is the influence of CTRA on providers’ perceived risk of fracture? (2) What is the influence of CTRA on providers’ treatment recommendations in simulated clinical scenarios of metastatic bone disease of the femur? (3) Does CTRA improve interobserver agreement regarding treatment recommendations? We conducted a survey among 80 academic physicians (orthopaedic oncologists, musculoskeletal radiologists, and radiation oncologists) using simulated vignettes of femoral lesions presented as three separate scenarios: (1) no CTRA input (baseline); (2) CTRA input suggesting increased risk of fracture (CTRA+); and (3) CTRA input suggesting decreased risk of fracture (CTRA−). Participants were asked to rate the patient’s risk of fracture on a scale of 0% to 100% and to provide a treatment recommendation. Overall response rate was 62.5% (50 of 80). When CTRA suggested an increased risk of fracture, physicians perceived the fracture risk to be slightly greater (37% ± 3% versus 42% ± 3%, p < 0.001; mean difference [95% confidence interval {CI}] = 5% [4.7%–5.2%]) and were more prone to recommend surgical stabilization (46% ± 9% versus 54% ± 9%, p < 0.001; mean difference [95% CI] = 9% [7.9–10.1]). When CTRA suggested a decreased risk of fracture, physicians perceived the risk to be slightly decreased (37% ± 25% versus 35% ± 25%, p = 0.04; mean difference [95% CI] = 2% [2.74%–2.26%]) and were less prone to recommend surgical stabilization (46% ± 9% versus 42% ± 9%, p < 0.03; mean difference [95% CI] = 4% [3.9–5.1]). The effect size of the influence of CTRA on physicians’ perception of fracture risk and treatment planning varied with lesion severity and specialty of the responders. CTRA did not increase interobserver agreement regarding treatment recommendations when compared with the baseline scenario (κ = 0.41 versus κ = 0.43, respectively). Based on this survey study, CTRA had a small influence on perceived fracture risk and treatment recommendations and did not increase interobserver agreement. Further work is required to properly introduce this technique to physicians involved in the care of patients with metastatic lesions. Given the number of preclinical and clinical studies outlining the efficacy of this technique, better education through presentations at seminars/webinars and symposia will be the first step. This should be followed by clinical trials to establish CTRA-based clinical guidelines based on evidence-based medicine. Increased exposure of clinicians to CTRA, including its underlying methodology to study bone structural characteristics, may establish CTRA as a uniform guideline to assess fracture risk. Level III, economic and decision analyses.
Electroplating of Refractory Metals

Fused salt electroplating offers the prospects for producing refractory metals in a variety of technologically important forms: coatings of metals, alloys, and compounds; thin films and graded interfaces; and ceramic to metal interlayers. Previous results of fused salt electroplating of refractory metals are reviewed. New techniques of studying the electroplating process, process control, and evaluation of the deposit are discussed.
Observations on the implementation and testing of scripted Web applications

Scripting languages have become a very popular choice for implementing server-side programs in Web applications. Scripting languages are thought to provide quick start up and enhance programmer productivity. We present two case studies in which scripting languages were used. In both studies, the projects struggled with implementation; however, project factors such as the strength of management and the training of the development team are thought to out weigh the choice of programming language in terms of impact on project success. The choice to implement a Web application with a scripting language can lead to undisciplined behavior on the part of management and the development team, so caution must be exercised when implementing complex applications. Testers of scripted implementations should adjust their risk profile to match the error-prone aspects of the language. Dynamically type checked scripting languages are likely to be susceptible to type errors. Scripting languages are powerful enough to successfully implement complex e-commerce applications as long as management and software engineering practice are strong.
The linked list class of Modula-3

The desirability of providing built-in linked list support for the next generation of system programming languages is discussed. A Modula-2 pseudo inheritance implementation is given that demonstrates a proposed set of primitives. A set of rules are specified that enhance reliability without adding significant restrictions. Benefits to concurrency control are described.
Global Joule heating index derived from thermospheric density physics-based modeling and observations

The primary operational impact of upper atmospheric neutral density variability is on satellite drag. Drag is the most difficult force to model mainly because of the complexity of neutral atmosphere variations driven by solar UV and EUV radiation power, magnetospheric energy input, and the propagation from below of lower atmosphere waves. Taking into account the self-consistent interactions between neutral winds, composition, ion drifts, and ionization densities, first-principles models are able to provide a more realistic representation of neutral density than empirical models in the upper atmosphere. Their largest sources of uncertainty, however, are the semiannual variations in neutral density and the magnitude, spatial distribution, and temporal evolution of the magnetospheric energy input. In this study, results from the physics-based coupled thermosphere-ionosphere-plasmasphere electrodynamics (CTIPe) model and measurements from the CHAMP satellite are compared and used to improve the modeled thermospheric neutral density estimates. The good agreement between modeled and observed densities over an uninterrupted yearlong period of variable conditions gives confidence that the thermosphere-ionosphere system energy influx from solar radiation and magnetospheric sources is reasonable and that Joule heating, the dominant source during geomagnetically disturbed conditions, is appropriately estimated. On the basis of the correlation between neutral density and energy injection, a global time-dependent Joule heating index (JHI) is derived from the relationship between Joule heating computed by the CTIPe model and neutral density measured by the CHAMP satellite. Preliminary results show an improvement in density estimates using CTIPe JHI, demonstrating its potential for neutral density modeling applied to atmospheric drag determination.
QoS-Centric Stateful Resource Management in Information Systems

There is little resource management and Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee in the “best-effort” model underlying existing information systems, leaving information systems vulnerable to exploits and denial-of-service attacks. To overcome these problems, an engineering approach to QoS-centric stateful resource management in information systems is presented in this paper. System engineering principles are first used to identify various scales and levels of resources in information systems. QoS attributes of resources are then discussed. We also introduce the topological and algebraic structures of propagating QoS attributes across levels and scales of various resources for service contracting and admission control. We use a control-theoretic structure to specify QoS-guarantee functions for managing individual resources, including functions of admission control, scheduling & control, QoS conformance monitoring, and state probing and testing, along with scheduling techniques and statistical process control (SPC) techniques to support these functions.
Impact Generated Shockwaves are Proposed for the Origin of Sunspots to Explain the Detected Planetary Effects on the Solar Activity

Five new correlations between sunspot activity and orbiting position of the Jovian planets are detected. In order to explain these correlations it is suggested that the resonance of the outer planets destabilizes the orbit of Kuiper Belt Objects and generates a cyclical impact frequency on the Sun. The vaporization of the object initiates a shock way disrupting the upwelling of the plasma resulting in a sunspot formation. The proposed model is able to explain the length of the cycle, the latitude distribution of the sunspots and the extremely long term stability of the cycles. Calculating the positions of the Jovian planets at conjunction and opposition allows the long term prediction of the solar activity.
Gauss-type Quadrature Rules for Rational Functions

When integrating functions that have poles outside the interval of integration, but are regular otherwise, it is suggested that the quadrature rule in question ought to integrate exactly not only polynomials (if any), but also suitable rational functions. The latter are to be chosen so as to match the most important poles of the integrand. We describe two methods for generating such quadrature rules numerically and report on computational experience with them.
The relationship between women's work and family roles and their subjective well-being and psychological distress.

The aim of this chapter is to assess the effects of women’s work and family roles (both the occupancy and quality of these roles) on their mental health.1 Although there is general concern about the impact of multiple roles on women’s mental health, most of the available research examines the impact of individual roles such as that of mother (by itself) or paid employee (by itself). For example, we know that mothers report more symptoms of distress than nonmothers (Barnett & Baruch, 1985; Veroff, Douvan, & Kulka, 1981). Similarly, findings suggest that occupancy of the paid-employee role is associated with high subjective well-being and low psychological distress (Baruch, Biener, & Barnett, 1987; Brown & Harris, 1978; Thoits, 1983).
Durability of Colorants for Plastic Building Products

Colorants are used widely in a variety of today's building materials, or in coatings applied thereon, to protect or decorate the finished product. Durability is a frequent requirement of the colorant, but few appreciate the many considerations that enter into its selection for this purpose. This paper describes aspects of durability that may be important to the appearance and long-term life of the product, and the many factors of formulation and use that influence performance. Means of determining durability, including common pitfalls of accelerated testing, are discussed, and typical performance of commonly used colorants are reviewed.
Cardiovascular and sensory responses to forearm ischemia and dynamic hand exercise

The relationship between cardiovascular responses and pain produced by the submaximal-effort tourniquet procedure was evaluated in healthy humans. Graded increases in ischemic pain were associated with graded elevations in arterial blood pressure, forearm vascular resistance, and venous tone. Many of the vascular responses to muscle ischemia were typical of the cardiovascular components of the defense reaction and correlated with both the sensory and affective aspects of ischemic pain. The cardiovascular responses to arm ischemia were distinguishable from those produced by rhythmic hand exercise used to produce ischemia. Dynamic hand exercise produced a transient increase in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and measures of hand discomfort. These responses were enhanced when dynamic hand exercise was conducted under ischemic conditions. The tightly coupled and coordinated cardiovascular responses elicited by ischemic pain represent integrated adaptive responses to painful stimulation.
System Modeling Through Parametric Spreadsheet Analyses

Operational and cost effectiveness analyses are essential elements in the decision making process for both government and civil programs. Programs, now more than ever, require integrated system level models to perform early assessments of system tradeoffs between operational capability, performance, cost and schedule. At Rockwell Space Systems Division, an approach has been developed to achieve easy integration of various quantitative products of integrated product teams into a “system model”. This approach, at the present, is based on use of spreadsheets. We have taken advantage of the availability of PCs and Macs and familiarity of most engineers with spreadsheet operations. A demonstration of this approach is presented in the context of a satellite development program.
Design Sensitivity Analysis: Computational Issues on Sensitivity Equation Methods

This book provides an understandable introduction to one approach to design sensitivity computation and illustrates some of the important mathematical and computational issues inherent in using the sensitivity equation method (SEM) for partial differential equations. The authors use basic models to illustrate the computational issues that one might encounter when applying the SEM in a laboratory or research setting, while providing an overview of applications and computational issues regarding sensitivity calculations performed by way of continuous sensitivity equation methods (CSEM). Here they focus on the construction and analysis of algorithms for computing sensitivities. For readers already acquainted with the concept of a sensitivity equation, the authors include mathematical background for a deeper understanding of their approach. Finally, the book explores the use of SEMs for applications in the area of computational fluid dynamics, demonstrating that the early examples readers encounter in the book can be observed in the context of a more realistic physical setting. Several colour figures are included.
Ion transport and sub‐cellular compartmentation in maize root tissue as examined by in vivo 133Cs nmr spectroscopy

Abstract 133Cs NMR has been used to examine the intracellular and extracellular pools of Cs+ containing, and CsCl‐perfused, excised maize seedling roots. The 133Cs spectrum is sensitive to ionic environment and the presence of protein. In the absence of shift reagents, resonances corresponding to sub‐cellularly compartmented Cs+, in addition to extracellular Cs+, were observed. The designated assignments for each intracellular shift were established from chemical shift, spin lattice relaxation times and compartment volume ratios for different root tissue sections. Influx studies of the perfused maize tips showed a rapid uptake of Cs+ into the cytoplasm followed by a much slower movement into the vacuole. The rate constant for the cytoplasmic efflux was found to match the rate constant corresponding to vacuolar influx. Overall, Cs+ influx into the tissue was suppressed under hypoxia. Perfusion of Cs+ ‐containing tips with K+ demonstrated that cytoplasmic Cs+ exchanged directly for K+ while vacuolar Cs+ lev...
A method for high-resolution x-ray imaging of intermodal cargo containers for fissionable materials

The sensitivity for identification of high-Z objects in elemental form in the massive cargos of intermodal containers with continuous bremsstrahlung radiation depends critically on discriminating the weak signal from uncollided photons from the very intense flux of scattered radiations that penetrate the cargo. We propose that this might be accomplished by rejection of detected events with E⩽2–3MeV that contain the majority of multiply scattered photons along with a correction for single-scattered photons at higher energies. Monte Carlo simulations of radiographs with a 9MeV bremsstrahlung spectrum demonstrate that rejection of detected events with E⩽3MeV removes the majority of signals from scattered photons emerging through cargos with Z⩽30 and areal densities of at least 145gcm−2. With analytical estimates of the single-scattered intensity at higher energies, accurate estimates of linear attenuation coefficients for shielded and unshielded uranium spheres with masses as small as 0.08kg are found. The e...
The Trophic Effect of Luteinizing Hormone on the Rat Leydig Cell

Little is known about the factors controlling Leydig cell growth and differentiation. However, unique correlations exist between specific testicular compartments and the testosterone-secreting capacity of the testes. Selected experimental findings from three common laboratory animals—the rat, the hamster, and the guinea pig—are discussed.
A naturalistic observation of verbal discipline modeling in a first grade classroom

Within the context of illustrating three observational techniques: Ad Lib., Focal Child, and All Occurrences of Some Behaviors, verbal disciplinary techniques as used by a regular classroom teacher and a student teacher are compared. Managing, Threatening, and Describing behaviors were observed as these were used as desist attempts by the teachers to stop inappropriate behaviors, and, presumably, to return the children to on-task behaviors.
The development of heparin in Toronto.

Les proprietes anticoagulante de l'heparine furent decouvertes a Toronto par McLean (J.) en 1916, puis confirmees par Howell (W.H.) en 1918
Clinical Comparison of Minifragment Plates Versus Conventional Semitubular Plates for Fixation of Distal Fibula Fractures.

Background Although operative stabilization of unstable distal fibula fractures is frequently performed and discussed, the ideal implant and technique for these injuries is still debated.
The Need to Control Asbestos Fibers in Potable Water Supply Systems

Occupational studies have shown that asbestos is a human carcinogen. Because many inhaled asbestos fibers deposited in the lung are cleared and swallowed, workers are also exposed through ingestion. Of the millions of current and former workers who have been heavily exposed to asbestos, one in ten will die from cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. A number on the order of 1 in 1,000 ingested asbestos fibers penetrate the digestive tract and ingested fibers have been recovered in such tissues as kidney, intestine, liver, and urine. One animal study showed tumor production related to ingestion of asbestos-containing material but, in general, the results of seven animal feeding studies have been inconclusive. A statistically significant relationship between male lung and stomach cancer and female peritoneal, gall bladder, and esophageal cancer and asbestos counts in drinking water was determined in one epidemiology study. Increased rates for male stomach and lung, and female pancreatic cancer related to asbestos in drinking water were reported in another study but possible occupational exposure made it difficult to draw conclusions. Data on excess gastrointestinal cancer among occupational groups has been used to estimate that drinking water containing 300,000 asbestos fibers per liter over a lifetime will result in one additional cancer among 100,000 people.
A general age-dependent branching process. II

A property of the Bellman-Harris age-dependent branching process (Harris [4], Chapter 6) which limits its range of application is that the death of a parent and the birth of offspring must occur simultaneously. This property is not satisfied by many biological populations, e.g., populations of man. Various age-dependent birth-and-death processes have been studied which do not have this property (See [4], page 159, and [3], for example), but assume the probability of an individual of age x giving birth to offspring in the age-interval (x, x + ax) is independent of the past history of the individual. However, this latter property is also clearly untenable in many biological populations. In this paper a general age-dependent branching process is formulated and studied which incorporates neither of the properties mentioned above. As we shall see, special cases of this process will include the Bellman-Harris process as well as many familiar birth-and-death processes so that a number of well-known results may be obtained by particularizing the results presented here. We shall be interested primarily in the random function Z(t) representing the number of individuals alive at time t who are descendents of a single individual born at time t = 0. Each individual (I) appearing in the population lives for a random length of time /, , and at random times during its life (I) gives birth to offspring that behave in a similar fashion, the behavior of each individual being independent of all others. The random function NY; i.e., if x e; . U-1)
Perioperative Laboratory Assessment of Diabetic Foot Infections Undergoing Amputation A Systematic Review

Diabetes is the leading cause of nontraumatic amputations. Although laboratory assessment may not alone determine the optimal level of amputation thorough assessment of a variety of laboratory values is critical to overall care of the patient and may place the patient into risk category. This systematic review analyzes publications related to diabetic lower extremity amputations and associated laboratory values, including lymphocyte count, albumin, hemoglobin, and glycemic control.
COMPETE: a model for vocational evaluation, training, employment, and community for integration for persons with cognitive impairments.

This paper describes a job skills training program for young adults with cognitive impairments called COMPETE, an acronym for Computer Preparation: Evaluation, Training, and Employment. Participants in COMPETE trained in use of information-age machines, (e.g., computers, fax machines). The 3-year demonstration project resulted in successful placement of 17 of 27 persons who were unemployed before entering the program.
Outcomes following infrapopliteal angioplasty for critical limb ischemia.

Objective Infrapopliteal angioplasty (percutaneous transluminal angioplasty [PTA]) is routinely used to treat critical limb ischemia (CLI) despite limited data on long-term outcomes. Methods We reviewed all patients undergoing infrapopliteal PTA for CLI from 2004 to 2012 stratified by TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) class. Outcomes included restenosis, primary patency, reintervention (w/PTA or bypass), amputation, procedural complications, wound healing, and survival. Results Infrapopliteal PTA (stenting 14%, multilevel intervention 50%) was performed in 459 limbs of 413 patients (59% male) with a technical success of 93% and perioperative complications in 11%. TASC class was 16% A, 22% B, 27% C, and 34% D. Multilevel interventions were performed in 50% of limbs and were evenly distributed among all TASC classes. All technical failures were TASC D lesions. Mean follow-up was 15 months; 5-year survival was 49%. One- and 5-year primary patency was 57% and 38% and limb salvage was 84% and 81%, respectively. Restenosis was associated with TASC C (hazard ratio [HR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-3.9; P = .010) and TASC D (HR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.4; P = .004) lesions. Amputation rates were higher in patients who were not candidates for bypass (HR, 4.4; 95% CI, 2.6-7.5; P P = .03). Unsuitability for bypass was also predictive of repeat PTA (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0-3.4; P = .047). Postoperative clopidogrel use was associated with lower rates of any revascularization (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.83; P = .011). Conclusions Infrapopliteal PTA is effective primary therapy for TASC A, B, and C lesions. Surgical bypass should be offered to patients with TASC D disease who are suitable candidates. Multilevel intervention does not adversely affect outcome.
Fluid Therapy in Shock

The goal of treatment for all types of shock is the improvement of tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The mainstay of therapy for hypovolemic and septic shock is the expansion of intravascular volume by fluid administration, including crystalloids, colloids, and blood products. Frequent physical examinations and monitoring enables the clinician to determine the adequacy of tissue oxygenation and thus the success of the fluid therapy.
Electronics EMI/EMC and radiation effects testing for a university-designed ISS imaging payload

The University of North Dakota (UND) is developing the agricultural camera (AgCam) payload to capture precision agriculture imagery from an Earth-observing window onboard the International Space Station (ISS). Before AgCam operations can begin, however, the AgCam system must be thoroughly tested in order to prove its safety, reliability, and compatibility with other vitally important ISS electronics which is in close proximity to the payload. Electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC) are NASA-required tests for all payloads containing electronic components. Radiation effects testing, although not required by NASA is critically important in determining the reliability of the system in a low Earth orbit environment. The process of design and verification through testing to minimize the effects of EMI/EMC and ionizing radiation is really more of an art than a science, since in many cases the best way to succeed in these areas is to use the intuition gained from experience and a handful of "rules of thumb". Facilities and expertise for conducting these tests are usually unavailable in the university environment, but with the assistance of technical professionals in NASA and industry, the AgCam system will undergo the required tests in time for launch to the ISS onboard a Space Shuttle in 2006
Effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on the cell cycle and chromosomes of human embryonic lung cell.

Abstract The effects of N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) on DNA synthesis and cell cycle of random and synchronized populations of human embryonic lung cell, L-132, were determined by autoradiographic and liquid scintillation counting techniques. MNNG, after 2 h exposure at concentrations of 1 μg and 0.5 μg/ml, decreased the rate of DNA synthesis and delayed cellular progression through a normal cell cycle. Cells in S phase at the time of MNNG expose were blocked in S before entering G 2 , while cells in G 1 at the time of exposure proceeded into the S stage where the cells were delayed. The rate of DNA synthesis decreased concoimitantly during the prolonged S phase. G 1 and S cells proceeded to metaphase exhibited chromatid breaks and muti-exchange configurations. G 2 cells were not affected by MNNG and proceeded directly into mitosis without delay; chromosome aberrations were not apparent. The action of MNNG on the synchronized population of L-132 cells resembles the effect of UV irradiation on other synchronized cell lines. Cells in early and late G 1 phase at the time of MNNG exposure began an abnormal incorporation of [ 3 H] TdR. This atypical DNA synthesis, also seen in UV-irradiated cells, could indicated a repair response elicited by MNNG or an acceleration of G 1 cells into S phase.
Characterization of mouthguard materials: physical and mechanical properties of commercialized products

Abstract Objectives Contemporary mouthguard materials need to perform consistently over a wide range of possible temperatures (−20 to 40 °C). Therefore the specific aim of this study was to characterize commercialized mouthguard materials’ properties and investigate the effect of temperature on these properties. Methods Five commercially representative thermoplastic mouthguard materials (Essix™ Resin, Erkoflex™, Proform™-regular, Proform™-laminate, and Polyshok™) were tested. The durometer hardness, water absorption, tear strength, and impact attenuation of the mouthguard materials were measured according to ASTM D2240-05, D570-98 (2005), D624-00, and ASTM D6110-06f (modified) guidelines. Tests were conducted on five separate specimens at both room 23 ± 2 °C and intra-oral 37 ± 2 °C temperatures. Independent t -tests ( α = 0.05) were used to test for differences between room and intra-oral temperatures. Results Material hardness decreased ( p p p p p = .058) or Proform™-regular ( p = .275) materials. Significance Temperature measureably affects the physical and mechanical properties of mouthguard materials. It is particularly noteworthy that none of the commercialized products met current ANSI and SAI standards for impact attenuation.
Comparative Scaling of Flapping- and Fixed-Wing Flyers

The scaling laws in the geometry, velocity, and power for flapping flyers, for example, birds, and fixed-wing aircraft are discussed from a comparative point of view, and the aerodynamic implications of the scaling, particularly on the lift-to-drag ratio, flapping span efficiency, induced drag, parasite drag, and propulsive efficiency are explored. The results shed insights into flapping flight and provide a useful guideline for the preliminary design of a flapping-flight vehicle.
Paying the Price for a Theory of Explanation: De Regt’s Discussion of Trout*

In his discussion of “Scientific Explanation and the Sense of Understanding” (Trout 2002), de Regt (2004) argues that Trout “denounces understanding as irrelevant, if not dangerous, from an epistemic perspective…” (de Regt 2004, 98), and that Trout prefers “a thoroughly objectivist view, in which understanding has no epistemic function and explanations require only accurate theories” (100). I argue that this is a fundamental misinterpretation of the objectivist proposal of Trout (2002), and that it results from de Regt’s failure to address the distinction announced there between genuine and counterfeit understanding. De Regt also advances a pragmatic alternative to my realist account of understanding in scientific explanation, one that focuses on the skills of scientists and the intelligibility of theories. After supplementing my earlier account of genuine understanding, I argue that de Regt’s pragmatic account obscures the nature of scientific explanation, and is vulnerable on several additional fronts.
Do Affiliative and Autonomous Styles Relate to Peer Relational Victimization and Aggression

This study considers whether established depressogenic personal styles based on Beck’s theory of autonomy and sociotropy relate to peer relational victimization and aggression. A diverse emerging adult sample was administered a computer-based survey. Latent profile analysis revealed affiliative, autonomous, and more balanced personal styles. Autonomous and affiliative style participants reported greater peer relational aggression than balanced style participants. Peer relational victimization mediated autonomous style differences in peer relational aggression. Additionally, peer relational victimization mediated the affiliative style difference in peer relational aggression among males and depressed females. Finally, the effect of peer relational victimization on relational aggression was greatest among depressed affiliative and depressed autonomous adults. Results highlight the potential that personal styles relate to depression risk pathways for peer relational victimization and aggression.
On the existence of high Lewis number combustion fronts

We study a mathematical model for high Lewis number combustion processes with the reaction rate of the form of an Arrhenius law with or without an ignition cut-off. An efficient method for the proof of the existence and uniqueness of combustion fronts is provided by geometric singular perturbation theory. The fronts supported by the model with very large Lewis numbers are small perturbations of the front supported by the model with infinite Lewis number.
Nuclear Elastic Scattering of Photons

A NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometer biased to detect only photons in the upper energy tip of a betatron-produced bremsstrahlung spectrum is used to measure the differential nuclear elastic scattering cross section at 120 degrees as a function of photon energy from 4 to 40 Mev. The targets ranged in $Z$ from Na to U. Total cross sections are calculated by assuming a dipole angular distribution. The scattering cross sections tend to exhibit two maxima, one below the particle threshold that corresponds to the scattering by separate levels, and one that follows the giant resonance for photon absorption. Both the maximum cross section and the energy of the giant resonance vary smoothly with $A$ from Na to U and are roughly proportional to ${(\frac{\mathrm{NZ}}{A})}^{2}$ and ${A}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$, respectively. The dipole dispersion relation is used to compare the scattering data with the neutron yield data in the giant resonance region.
Differential survival of two minnow species under experimental sunfish predation: implications for re‐invasion of a species into its native range

Summary Predators have long been recognised as important drivers of community structure, and there is a growing literature that suggests predation can affect invasion success by limiting survival or recruitment of potential invaders. Effects of apex predators are well known, but there is increasing evidence that mesopredators may also affect invasion success. In southern Oklahoma (USA), red shiners (Cyprinella lutrensis, which are considered highly invasive outside their native range) disappeared from several streams in which they had historically been the most abundant species. Subsequent to a major flood, red shiners reappeared repeatedly in one stream (Brier Creek) but have not become re-established, and several lines of evidence suggest that native predators, including sunfish mesopredators, may be inhibiting the re-invasion of their native range. Over this same time course, another midwater minnow, the bigeye shiner (Notropis boops), has remained common in Brier Creek. In a mesocosm experiment conducted in 2009, red shiners and bigeye shiners exhibited differential survival, and the results of that experiment suggested differential predation by sunfish as the underlying cause. To test specifically for differential predation, we conducted another mesocosm experiment in 2010 in which we exposed equal numbers (n = 15 per mesocosm) of red shiners and bigeye shiners to two sunfish species: green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus; n = 2 per mesocosm) and longear sunfish (L. megalotis; n = 1 per mesocosm). There was no differential survival of the two minnow species in units without predators in 2010, but significantly more bigeye shiners than red shiners survived in predation units. Survival rates in mesocosms with predators ranged from 80 to 100% (mean of 93.3%) for bigeye shiners and from 33.3 to 93.3% (mean of 74.1%) for red shiners. Feeding trials in aquaria showed that both predator species could consume both prey species, suggesting that the differential survival was not the result of inability of the predators to eat either prey species. Although red shiners historically occurred in natural streams along with sunfish, they have failed to become re-established following their abrupt decline, despite their occasional occurrence in these creeks in recent years. Increased abundance of mesopredators in conjunction with differential survival of red and bigeye shiners in the presence of sunfish predators may underlie the seemingly paradoxical situation in which red shiners fail to re-invade their native habitat, but bigeye shiners persist in the same system.
The Three Legs of the Practitioner's Learning Stool: Practice, Research/Theory, and Personal Life

The goal of this article is to introduce the many guides that serve as our knowledge base in the helping professions. Practitioners work with the complexity of human emotion, thought, and variability, which at times makes the work confusing. In order to deal with the confusion, the practitioner attends many years of school and intensive practical experiences to be optimally prepared to work with human beings. Even so, different philosophies exist as to what the best sources of practitioner knowledge are. Where should practitioners get their ideas? The academic culture suggests it should be science; the practitioner culture suggests reflection on practice; candid discussion with practitioners suggests that the therapist’s personal life is the richest source of knowledge. This article argues that practitioner expertise is like a three-legged stool with each of the foregoing areas essential to optimal functioning.
Jenseits der Mauer: a Tragic Untragedy

This paper will utilize Nietzsche’s views on the relationship between tragedy and the Apollonian and Dionysian drives to evaluate the character of Jutta von Hadersloh in Elisabeth Heinroth’s novel Jenseits der Mauer. Nietzsche first presented his idea of Apollonian and Dionysian forces in the book The Birth of Tragedy. His theory developed as a response to contemporary analyses of Greek art and literature (Sweet 347). Nietzsche argued that two major forces existed in art and in life itself, which he dubbed the Apollonian and the Dionysian. The Apollonian side represents individuality, logic, reason, and form, the “edle Einfalt und Stille Grosse” apparent in many pieces of Greek art (Sweet 347). The Dionysian side represents collectiveness, nature, formlessness, rage, passion, and raw emotions.