cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mechanistic model of a mutualism and its ecological and evolutionary dynamics

This paper develops a mechanistic model of the population dynamics and coevolution of mutualisms such as plants and mycorrhizae where one resource is traded for another resource. The mechanism is based on limiting resources and is derived from von Liebig’s law of the minimum [von Liebig, 1862, Die Chemie in irher Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie. 7e ed. F. Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschwieg] and Tilman’s R* [Tilman, D., 1980, Resources: a graphical-mechanistic approach to competition and predation, Am. Nat. 116, 362–393]. The model makes several predictions: (1) resource limitations cause mutualisms to have stable population dynamics, despite previous predictions to the contrary, (2) game-theory based models of evolution show that potential coevolving mutualists face a Prisoner’s-dilemma-like paradox, rigorously confirming the intuition of many people and (3) a mechanism which enforces fair-trade will eliminate the dilemma and a mutualism will evolve, despite having no gene flow between the species. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Mechanisms influencing the cryogenic fracture-toughness behavior of aluminum-lithium alloys

Abstract Cryogenic strength-toughness relationships for advanced aluminum-lithium alloys 2090, 8090, 8091 and 2091 are examined as a function of microstructure, plate orientation and wrought-product form (plate vs sheet), with specific emphasis on the underlying micro-mechanisms associated with crack advance. It is found that, with decrease in temperature from 298 K to 77 and 4 K, strength, tensile elongation and strain-hardening exponent are increased for all alloy chemistries, microstructures and product forms; however, the longitudinal (L-T, T-L) fracture toughness may increase or decrease depending upon the prevailing microscopic mechanism (microvoid coalescence vs transgranular shear) and macroscopic mode (plane strain vs plane stress) of fracture. In general, alloy microstructures that exhibit changes in either the fracture mechanism or mode at low temperatures show a decrease in L-T toughness. Conversely, when the fracture mechanism is unchanged between ambient and 4 K, observed variations in toughness with temperature are a strong function of the degree of local stress-triaxiality that develops at the crack tip. In very thin sheets, where the fracture mode remains one of plane stress (“slant” fracture), the elevation in toughness at low temperatures is associated with the concurrent increase in tensile strength and ductility; conversely, in thick plate, the increased occurrence of through-thickness delaminations (due to the weak short-transverse properties) at low temperatures locally promotes plane-stress conditions, thereby enhancing toughness by relaxing triaxial constraint. In sheets of intermediate thickness, however, the absence of such through-thickness delaminations permits the expected transition from plane-stress to plane-strain conditions, with the result that the toughness now decreases with reduction in temperature.
Neutrino-proton interactions at Fermilab energies: Experimental arrangement, analysis procedures, and qualitative features of the data

The Fermilab 15-ft bubble chamber filled with hydrogen was exposed to a broad-momentum-band horn-focused neutrino beam produced by 300-GeV interacting protons. The selection procedure to choose a charged-current neutrino event sample is discussed. Less than three percent of the events are due to neutral hadron interactions. We present and experimentally test a method that can be used to identify the muon, estimate the incident neutrino energy, and eliminate most neutral-current interactions from the charged-current sample. Above 10 GeV the method produces an approximately 86% pure sample of charged-current events with an error in energy estimation of the order of 8% over a broad region of the data. In addition we establish experimentally several important properties of high-energy charged-current neutrino interactions. The hadrons are produced in a jet, the individual particles having sharply limited momenta perpendicular to the hadronic axis. The jet structure is maintained with constant properties to very high values of ${Q}^{2}$ and hadronic mass. The fraction of energy going into invisible particles is moderate, consistent with that expected. The average number of neutral pions rises linearly with the average number of charged particles.
Existing and emergent roles for surfactants in the three-dimensional crystallization of integral membrane proteins

Abstract The determination of protein structures by X-ray crystallography necessitates the formation of well-ordered three-dimensional crystals that are grown from protein solutions. For integral membrane proteins, the protein solute consists of a protein surrounded by surfactant molecules; therefore, utilization of surfactant properties to improve the probability of membrane protein crystallization may provide the basis of rational crystallization methods. Properties of surfactants that may be germane to membrane protein crystallization include consolute boundaries, the second virial coefficient B 22 , and critical phenomena. Also, the non-lamellar lipidic cubic phase (LCP) has been shown to be a unique matrix in which to form membrane protein crystals. These physical and physical–chemical descriptors of surfactants (or lipids) are discussed in the context of relevance or potential relevance to three-dimensional membrane protein crystallization. Other topics covered include the development of crystallization screens based upon surfactant properties, novel surfactants, and the use of additives to improve crystal quality.
Heterolytic CH Activation and Catalysis by an O-Donor Iridium−Hydroxo Complex

A well-defined, O-donor ligated iridium hydroxide complex is reported that is competent for benzene CH activation and long-lived catalytic H/D exchange between benzene and water. An inverse dependence of the H/D exchange rate on added pyridine, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 2.65 ± 0.56 for CH activation with 1,3,5-trideuteriobenzene, a KIE of 1.07 ± 0.24 with C_6H_6/C_6D_6, and DFT calculations are consistent with the CH activation proceeding via rate-determining benzene coordination followed by fast CH cleavage via a σ-bond-metathesis transition state.
Comparison of 2 canal preparation techniques in the induction of microcracks: a pilot study with cadaver mandibles.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this pilot study in a cadaver model was to compare 2 different shaping techniques regarding the induction of dentinal microcracks. Methods Three lower incisors from each of 6 adult human cadaver skulls were randomly distributed into 3 groups: the control group (CG, no instrumentation), the GT group (GT Profile hand files; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK), and the WO group (WaveOne; Dentsply Tulsa Dental). In the GT group, manual shaping in a crown-down sequence with GT Profile hand files was performed. In the WO group, Primary WaveOne files were used to the working length. Teeth were separated from the mandibles by careful removal of soft tissue and bone under magnification. Roots were sectioned horizontally at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex using a low-speed saw. Color photographs at 2 magnifications (25× and 40×) were obtained. Three blinded examiners registered the presence of microcracks (yes/no), extension (incomplete/complete), direction (buccolingual/mesiodistal), and location. Data were analyzed with chi-square tests at P Results Microcracks were found in 50% (CG and GT) and 66% (WO) of teeth at 3 mm, 16.6% (CG) and 33.3% (GT and WO) at 6 mm, and 16.6% in all 3 groups at 9 mm from the apex. There were no significant differences in the incidence of microcracks between all groups at 3 ( P = .8), 6 ( P = .8), or 9 mm ( P = 1). All microcracks were incomplete, started at the pulpal wall, and had a buccolingual direction. Conclusions Within the limitations of this pilot study, a relationship between the shaping techniques (GT hand and WaveOne) and the incidence of microcracks could not be shown compared with uninstrumented controls.
Pointassist for older adults: analyzing sub-movement characteristics to aid in pointing tasks

Perceptual, cognitive and motor deficits cause many older adults to have difficulty conducting pointing tasks on computers. Many strategies have been discussed in the HCI community to aid older adults and others in pointing tasks. We present a different approach in PointAssist, software that aids in pointing tasks by analyzing the characteristics of sub-movements, detecting when users have difficulty pointing, and triggering a precision mode that slows the speed of the cursor in those cases. PointAssist is designed to help maintain pointing skills, runs as a background process working with existing software, is not vulnerable to clusters of targets or targets in the way, and does not modify the visual appearance or the feel of user interfaces. There is evidence from a prior study that PointAssist helps young children conduct pointing tasks. In this paper, we present a study evaluating PointAssist with twenty older adults (ages 66-88). The study participants benefited from greater accuracy when using PointAssist, when compared to using the "enhance pointer precision" option in Windows XP. In addition, we provide evidence of correlations between neuropsychological measures, pointing performance, and PointAssist detecting pointing difficulty.
Timetrees: a branching-time structure for modeling activity and state in human-computer interaction

The design and construction of usable interactive systems requires a user-centered approach to system development. Such an approach requires tools and representations reflecting a behavioral view of the interface--a view centered on user activities and the system activities and states that the user can perceive. We present a model of these behavioral phenomena well suited for defining, extending, and analyzing behavioral representations. Our model is based on the timetree, a novel tree-based structure representing tasks, user actions, system activity, and system and interface state, all within a framework of branching sequential timelines. We introduce the timetree model by relating it to well-known interactive behaviors. We present a formal definition of timetrees and some of the operations they support, and we show some ways in which the model has contributed to our understanding of behavioral descriptions.
Glucosamine modulates chondrocyte proliferation, matrix synthesis, and gene expression

Summary Objective To investigate the effects of glucosamine (GlcN) on chondrocyte proliferation, matrix production, and gene expression for providing insights into the biochemical basis of its reported beneficial effects in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Dose-dependent effect of GlcN on cell morphology, proliferation, cartilage matrix production and gene expression was examined by incubating primary bovine chondrocytes with various amounts of GlcN in monolayers (2D) and in cell-laden hydrogels (3D constructs). Histology, immunofluorescent staining and biochemical analyses were used to determine the effect of GlcN on cartilage matrix production in 3D constructs. The impact of GlcN on gene expression was evaluated with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results GlcN concentration and culture conditions significantly affected the cell behavior. Quantitative detection of matrix production in cell-laden hydrogels indicated a relatively narrow window of GlcN concentration that promotes matrix production (while limiting cellular proliferation, but not cell viability). Notably, GlcN enhanced cartilage specific matrix components, aggrecan and collagen type II, in a dose-dependent manner up to 2mM but the effect was lost by 15mM. Additionally, GlcN treatment up-regulated transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA levels. Conclusion Results indicate that culture conditions play a significant role in determining the effect of GlcN on chondrocytes, explaining both the previously reported beneficial and deleterious effects of this sugar. The ability of GlcN to alter TGF-β1 signaling provides a biochemical mechanism for GlcN activity on chondrocytes that up to now has remained elusive. The observed anabolic effect of optimal GlcN concentrations on chondrocytes may be useful in formulating effective cartilage repair strategies.
The rubber dam interposition technique during intracranial aneurysm clipping under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

OBJECTIVE We describe a technique for isolating perforating arteries by use of a rubber sheet during the clipping of intracranial aneurysms under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. METHODS After meticulous dissection of the perforating arteries from the aneurysm, a rubber sheet, cut from a surgical glove to the proper shape, is inserted between the aneurysm and the arteries to prevent arterial reattachment to the aneurysmal neck. RESULTS Even when perforators are invisible at the time of neck clipping because of a large aneurysmal body, the blade of the clip slides along the rubber sheet without injuring the vessels. CONCLUSION With this method, an aneurysm, especially a large or giant one, can be clipped easily and safely even when the patient is in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
The impact of a new light rail system on single-family property values in Charlotte, North Carolina

This paper examines the impact of a new light rail system on single family housing values in Charlotte, North Carolina is evaluated from 1997 to 2008. We use a Hedonic Price Analysis (HPA) to estimate how proximity to light rail, housing characteristics and spatial components (at the neighborhood and block group level) affect single family housing values. The same method is applied to each of the four time periods (t1, t2, t3, t4) that coincide with the pre-planning, planning, construction and operation phase of the light rail system. We observe a trend suggesting a greater desirability to live closer to a light rail station as the transit system becomes operational.
RFID Technology: Implications for Healthcare Organizations

The primary purpose of this paper is to investigate the healthcare organization’s intention to use radio frequency identification (RFID) technology for improving efficiency. This paper also intends to identify various factors that influence the adoption of RFID in the healthcare organization. This paper develops and tests seven different hypotheses. These hypotheses are tested using structural equation modeling. Our results provide support for a number of relationships in the hypothesized model. These include direct relationships among the factors risk, resistance to change, supplier support and the factor perceived usefulness. However, the study did not find support for the relationship between the factors perceived ease of use and intention to use. The results provide support for several indirect relationships as well. These include indirect relationships between the factors perceived resistance to change, risk, suppliers’ support and perceived ease of use with the factor intention to adopt RFID technology in the healthcare organization. This research is grounded in the theory of reasoned action and applies the technology acceptance model (TAM) to the healthcare organization’s intention to use RFID technology.
CORRELATION BETWEEN NMR PROTON RELAXATION TIME AND FREE FATTY ACIDS AND TOTAL POLAR MATERIALS OF DEGRADED SOYBEAN OILS

The objective of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between NMR proton relaxation times and the increase in free fatty acids and polar materials in soybean oil as it is degraded. Soybean oil was degraded by heating only and by frying corn tortilla dough for 10 min/h up to 50 h. Samples were collected every 10 h. Both analytical chemistry methods and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to determine the extent of oil degradation. Results showed that free fatty acids (FFA) and total polar materials (TPM) increased as heating time increased. The longitudinal relaxation time (T 1 ) and the transverse relaxation time (T 2 ) decreased as oil degradation increased. There was a linear relationship between NMR measurements and analytical chemistry measurements. As the prices of NMR equipment decrease, NMR technique could be a promising tool for on-line oil quality control in deep fat frying processes.
Subpixel Scatter in Digital Micromirror Devices

The DMD™ (Digital Micromirror Device) has become an integral part of the instrumentation for many applications. Prior characterization of this device has been focused on its use in DLP™ (TI Digital Light Processing) projector applications where a collimated wavefront impinges on the DMD. The results of such investigations are not applicable to using DMDs at the focal plane of an optical system where it is used as a slit mask (e.g. in a multi-object spectrometer). In order to study the DMD scattering function in this second case, a subpixel spot scanning system has been assembled. The scattered light collected from this system allowed a subpixel scattering function to be determined for the DMD when illuminated by a converging beam.
Identification of Robust Terminal-Area Routes in Convective Weather

Convective weather is responsible for large delays and widespread disruptions in the U.S. National Airspace System, especially during summer. Traffic flow management algorithms require reliable forecasts of route blockage to schedule and route traffic. This paper demonstrates how raw convective weather forecasts, which provide deterministic predictions of the vertically integrated liquid (the precipitation content in a column of airspace) can be translated into probabilistic forecasts of whether or not a terminal area route will be blocked. Given a flight route through the terminal area, we apply techniques from machine learning to determine the likelihood that the route will be open in actual weather. The likelihood is then used to optimize terminal-area operations by dynamically moving arrival and departure routes to maximize the expected capacity of the terminal area. Experiments using real weather scenarios on stormy days show that our algorithms recommend that a terminal-area route be modified 30% of the time, opening up 13% more available routes that were forecast to be blocked during these scenarios. The error rate is low, with only 5% of cases corresponding to a modified route being blocked in reality, whereas the original route is in fact open. In addition, for routes predicted to be open with probability 0.95 or greater by our method, 96% of these routes (on average over time horizon) are indeed open in the weather that materializes.
Comments on "Decentralized sequential detection

For the decentralized sequential detection problem studied by H.R. Hashemi and I.B. Rhodes (see ibid., vol.35, p.507-20, May 1989), it is pointed out that the likelihood-ratio tests are not necessarily optimal at the sensors when the decisions made by the sensors are allowed to depend on all their past observations. It is also argued that likelihood-ratio tests are indeed optimal if one restricts the decisions made by each sensor to depend on its present observation and its past decisions. >
Bullous Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Review and Update to Diagnosis and Treatment

Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (BSLE) is a rare cutaneous complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is a heterogeneous disease that is caused by autoantibodies to the dermoepidermal junction, mainly type VII collagen. Similarities in histology and immunopathology exist between BSLE and other primary bullous dermatoses, namely dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), respectively. EBA and BSLE commonly share the same autoantibody to type VII collagen and heterogeneous clinical presentations, creating a diagnostic challenge. However, clinical presentation combined with histology, immunological testing, and concomitant diagnosis of SLE distinguish this entity from other similar dermatoses. Diagnosis of this disease is important given its coexistence with SLE and its many complications. New developments in IgG subtyping have shown subtle variations in IgG subtypes between EBA and BSLE. In addition, rituximab was recently found to be efficacious in recalcitrant cases of BSLE that do not respond to dapsone and immunosuppressants. We review the topic of BSLE with emphasis on clinical, histologic, and immunopathologic features, as well as new methods of diagnosis and treatment.
DNA methylation in embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent, self-renewing cells. These cells can be used in applications such as cell therapy, drug development, disease modeling, and the study of cellular differentiation. Investigating the interplay of epigenetics, genetics, and gene expression in control of pluripotence and differentiation could give important insights on how these cells function. One of the best known epigenetic factors is DNA methylation, which is a major mechanism for regulation of gene expression. This phenomenon is mostly seen in imprinted genes and X-chromosome inactivation where DNA methylation of promoter regions leads to repression of gene expression. Differential DNA methylation of pluripotence-associated genes such as Nanog and Oct4/Pou5f1 has been observed between pluripotent and differentiated cells. It is clear that tight regulation of DNA methylation is necessary for normal development. As more associations between aberrant DNA methylation and disease are reported, the demand for high-throughput approaches for DNA methylation analysis has increased. In this article, we highlight these methods and discuss recent DNA methylation studies on ESCs.
Bayesian and information theory analysis of MAS sideband patterns in spin 1/2 systems.

Abstract Bayesian statistics and information theory are used to analyze the reliability of extracting chemical shift parameters from spinning sideband patterns of spin 1/2 systems. Efficient code has been written to calculate the two-dimensional posterior probability as a function of the chemical shift anisotropy, δ , and the asymmetry parameter, η , given the sideband intensities and the signal-to-noise ratio. This method has the advantage of assuming only that the noise in the sideband intensities is distributed as a Gaussian. It assumes nothing about the distribution of the values of parameters δ and η , which are shown in some cases to be highly non-Gaussian. The utility of Bayesian analysis is demonstrated on 1D slow-spinning MAS spectra and on sideband patterns extracted from 2D PASS spectra. Previous investigations have shown that there is an optimal range of spinning frequencies for determining δ . In this study, information theory is used to determine the signal-to-noise ratio dependence of the entropy in δ , η , and total entropy in spinning sideband spectra. The entropy is a measure of the information content of a probability distribution. When the entropy is zero, there is perfect information on a system, while if it is infinite, there is no information on the system. It is found that for all values of η and for signal-to-noise ratios in the range 50–1000, an entropy minimum in ν δ / ν r occurs for values 1.5 ⩽ ν δ / ν r ⩽ 3. In the same range of signal-to-noise ratios, the entropy in η is a monotonically decreasing function of ν δ / ν r . The global information content of a spinning sideband pattern (i.e., the total entropy) is dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio and has an optimal value at ν δ / ν r ≈ 2 at a signal-to-noise ratio of 50 and increasing to ≈2.5 for signal-to-noise ratios of 1000. Finally, the increase of information in a sideband pattern as a function of the number of sidebands used in the analysis is examined. Most of the information about δ and η is contained in the five central sidebands; i.e., sidebands −2 to 2.
Self-assembly of heteroleptic [Cu(dipyrrinato)(hfacac)] complexes directed by fluorine-fluorine interactions.

Heteroleptic copper(ll) complexes were synthesized from three different meso-substituted pyridyl- and quinoline-dipyrrinato ligands (3-pyrdpm, 3-quindpm, and 4-quindpm). Metal complexes were prepared with both acetylacetonate (acac) and hexafluoroacetyl-actonate (hfacac) ancillary ligands. The complexes undergo a self-complementary self-assembly process upon crystallization to generate a range of solid-state topologies including one-dimensional coordination polymers and discrete hexameric rings. The self-assembly of these molecular aggregates is driven by metal-ligand bonding, but is also modulated by fluorine-fluorine interactions. Perfluorination of the spectator ligand tends to generate more compact structures, which is attributed to aggregation of the perfluoromethyl groups. The results presented here demonstrate that fluorine-fluorine contacts can be used to modulate supramolecular structures in the solid state.
Subjective, individual and aggregate references in educational research

Subjective, individual, and aggregate references in educational research are distinguished. A particular method may center around a particular type of reference. Uses and misuses are described. Compatible relationships are indicated. The overall process is seen within a general principle of uncertainty reduction.
Rapid kinetic studies on calcium interactions with native and fluorescently labeled calmodulin.

Abstract Stopped-flow studies on calcium binding to calmodulin showed that under pseudo first order conditions the reaction was complete within 2.5 milliseconds. The time course for calcium dissociation from the native protein showed a single kinetic phase (τ1 −1 = 10S −1 ) while that from the dansylated derivative revealed a second slower kinetic phase (τ1 −1 = 10S −1 , τ2 −1 = 0.31S −1 ) that accounted for about one-half of the total fluorescence decrease. Therefore the dansyl derivative of calmodulin may provide a useful tool for studying conformational changes in the protein not reflected by the active site tyrosines.
On-line warehouse view maintenance

Data warehouses store materialized views over base data from external sources. Clients typically perform complex read-only queries on the views. The views are refreshed periodically by maintenance transactions, which propagate large batch updates from the base tables. In current warehousing systems, maintenance transactions usually are isolated from client read activity, limiting availability and/or size of the warehouse. We describe an algorithm called 2VNL that allows warehouse maintenance transactions to run concurrently with readers. By logically maintaining two versions of the database, no locking is required and serializability is guaranteed. We present our algorithm, explain its relationship to other multi-version concurrency control algorithms, and describe how it can be implemented on top of a conventional relational DBMS using a query rewrite approach.
Dielectric properties and dynamical conductivity of LaTiO 3 : From dc to optical frequencies

We provide a complete and detailed characterization of the temperature-dependent response to ac electrical fields of LaTiO 3 , a Mott-Hubbard insulator close to the metal-insulator transition, We present combined dc, broadband dielectric, mm-wave and infrared spectra of ac conductivity and dielectric constant, covering an overall frequency range of 17 decades. The dc and dielectric measurements reveal information on the semiconducting charge-transport properties of LaTiO 3 , indicating the importance of Anderson localization, and on the dielectric response due to ionic polarization. In the infrared region, the temperature dependence of the phonon modes provides evidence for structural anomalies at the magnetic ordering temperature. In addition, a gaplike electronic excitation following the phonon region is analyzed in detail. We compare the results to the soft-edge behavior of the optical spectra characteristic for Mott-Hubbard insulators. Overall a consistent picture of the charge-transport mechanisms in LaTiO 3 emerges.
Albedo models for the residual south polar cap on Mars: Implications for the stability of the cap under near-perihelion global dust storm conditions

Abstract It is uncertain whether the residual (perennial) south polar cap on Mars is a transitory or a permanent feature in the current Martian climate. While there is no firm evidence for complete disappearance of the cap in the past, clearly observable changes have been documented. Observations suggest that the perennial cap lost more CO 2 material in the spring/summer season prior to the Mariner 9 mission than in those same seasons monitored by Viking and Mars Global Surveyor. In this paper we examine one process that may contribute to these changes—the radiative effects of a planet encircling dust storm that starts during late Martian southern spring on the stability of the perennial south polar cap. To approach this, we model the radiative transfer through a dusty planetary atmosphere bounded by a sublimating CO 2 surface. A critical parameter for this modeling is the surface albedo spectrum from the near-UV to the thermal-IR, which was determined from both space-craft and Earth-based observations covering multiple wavelength regimes. Such a multi-wavelength approach is highly desirable since one spectral band by itself cannot tightly constrain the three-parameter space for polar surface albedo models, namely photon “scattering length” in the CO 2 ice and the amounts of intermixed water and dust. Our results suggest that a planet-encircling dust storm with onset near solstice can affect the perennial cap's stability, leading to advanced sublimation in a “dusty” year. Since the total amount of solid CO 2 removed by a single storm may be less than the total CO 2 thickness, a series of dust storms would be required to remove the entire residual CO 2 ice layer from the south perennial cap.
Correction of the type locality of Dryopetalon stenocarpum (Brassicaceae)

Abstract Al-Shehbaz I. A.: Correction of the type locality of Dryopetalon stenocarpum (Brassicaceae). — Willdenowia 45: 95. 2015. — Version of record first published online on 17 March 2015 ahead of inclusion in April 2015 issue; ISSN 1868-6397; © 2015 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3372/wi.45.45110 The type locality of the recently published Dryopetalon stenocarpum Al-Shehbaz was incorrectly cited in the protologue. The correct type locality data are provided here.
Half-value thickness measurements of ordinary concrete for neutrons from cyclotron targets

Half-value thicknesses of a wall of ordinary concrete bricks were determined for fast neutrons emitted from a variety of cyclotron beam-target combinations. The neutrons used in the study were produced at the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron by bombarding thick targets of carbon, aluminum, copper and tantalum with beams of protons, deuterons, alpha particles and carbon ions. Attenuated and unattenuated dose rate measurements of these neutrons were made at a 80 cm thick concrete block wall which served as one side of the target room where the irradiations occurred. The ratios provided by these shielded and unshielded dose rate measurements were translated into half-value thicknesses.
Fluctuation correlation spectroscopy of near-field trapped nanoparticles

A new technique, the near-field correlation spectroscopy (NFCS), is introduced which will be useful for monitoring individual binding events between the biomolecular complex precursors and a functionalized nanoparticle core in a physiological fluid. From jumps in the measured correlation times of single particles trapped in nanoapertures in a metal film, one will be able to determine the rate of binding/dissociation events and, most importantly, the nature of the binding entity, for e.g. discriminate the arrival and binding of a pentamer from a hexamer of protein subunits. This report deals only with the initial steps that are required to implement the new technique.
Observations of Fallibility in Applications of Modern Programming Methodologies

Errors, inconsistencies, or confusing points are noted in a variety of published algorithms, many of which are being used as examples in formulating or teaching principles of such modern programming methodologies as formal specification, systematic construction, and correctness proving. Common properties of these points of contention are abstracted. These properties are then used to pinpoint possible causes of the errors and to formulate general guidelines which might help to avoid further errors. The common characteristic of mathematical rigor and reasoning in these examples is noted, leading to some discussion about fallibility in mathematics, and its relationship to fallibility in these programming methodologies. The overriding goal is to cast a more realistic perspective on the methodologies, particularly with respect to older methodologies, such as testing, and to provide constructive recommendations for their improvement.
Precision lifetime measurements using laser excitation of a fast atomic beam

Abstract We employ resonant laser excitation of a fast atomic beam to measure excited state lifetimes by observing the decay-in-flight of the emitted fluorescence. Our program includes lifetime measurements of the low lying p states in alkali and alkali-like systems. This work was initiated by the motivation to test the atomic many-body-perturbation theory that is necessary for interpretation of parity nonconservation experiments in cesium. We report new measurements of the 6p 2 P 1 2 and 6p 2 P 3 2 state lifetimes in the 133Cs atom to be 34.934 ± 0.094 ns and 30.499 ± 0.070 ns respectively. With minor changes to the apparatus, we have extended our measurement capabilities to include the 2p 2 P 1 2 , 3 2 states of lithium. We present comparisons between measurements and relativistic calculations of atomic transition matrix elements.
IV Access Difficulty: Incidence and Delays in an Urban Emergency Department

Abstract Background Intravenous access difficulty (IVAD) has long been recognized as a problem for emergency departments (ED), but epidemiologic data are lacking. Objective To estimate the incidence of IVAD and its associated delays in an urban ED. Methods We conducted this prospective cohort study in an urban ED at an academic medical center, enrolling adult patients who were likely to require an IV line. We recorded patients’ history of IVAD and the time from the initial skin puncture to IV line establishment, noting the need for a second provider and the type of provider who was successful. We defined IVAD as follows: none, requiring a single skin puncture; mild, requiring multiple skin punctures; moderate, requiring a second non-physician provider; and severe, requiring a physician. We used descriptive statistics and calculated the relative risk (and 95% confidence interval [CI]) for the association between prior IVAD and observed moderate or severe IVAD. Results We enrolled 125 patients, 107 of whom had an IV line placed in the ED. Their median age was 48 (interquartile range 38–60) years. The incidence and median delays associated with IVAD categories were as follows: none, 61%/1 min; mild, 11%/5 min; moderate, 23%/15 min; and severe, 5%/120 min. Prior IVAD was associated with a 2.5-fold greater risk of observed IVAD (95% CI 1.3–4.7). Conclusion In an urban, tertiary care ED, mild and moderate IVAD was common and led to mild delays, but severe IVAD, requiring a physician, caused substantial delays.
Lung transplant is a viable treatment option for patients with congenital and acquired pulmonary vein stenosis.

Background Congenital pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is associated with high mortality because surgical repair is usually not feasible or is ineffective. In addition, acquired PVS after repair of congenital heart disease is a potential complication that occurs in 5% to 10% of patients and carries a poor prognosis. Lung transplantation has been proposed as a viable option. However, long-term outcomes after lung transplant in these patients remain unknown. Methods This was a retrospective review of prospectively maintained database. Results Between 1990 and 2010, 20 patients (12 girls, 8 boys) with PVS underwent transplantation. Of these, 8 had acquired stenosis from prior repair for total anomalous pulmonary venous return and 1 from atrioventricular canal repair. The median waiting time was 26 days. The mean age at transplant was 1.1 ± 0.89 years, and 16 of the 20 patients were white. All patients received bilateral lung transplants on cardiopulmonary bypass. Four patients (20%) were receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support before transplant, and 3 (15%) required ECMO after transplant due to graft dysfunction. The mean intensive care unit stay was 33.5 ± 29.1 days, and the mean hospital stay was 58.7 ± 43.5 days. The 30-day mortality was 10%. ECMO support in the peri-operative period was the main predictor of 30-day and 1-year mortality (hazard ratio, 3.6; p = 0.01). The overall 5-year survival of the entire cohort was 59.8% (67.3% congenital vs 50.7% acquired). The predominant cause of long-term mortality was bronchiolitis obliterans. The 5-year bronchiolitis obliterans-free survival was 48% (57.2% congenital vs 41% acquired). Conclusion Lung transplant is a viable treatment option for PVS, particularly for patients with diffuse disease or failed surgical correction.
Electro-optic and passive polymer micro-resonators

In this paper we review on polymer micro-resonators incorporating both passive and electro-optic polymers. We have presented recent data on micro-resonator strain sensors. The fabrication, analysis, and measurement of the optical strain sensors have been presented. Tunable laser mirrors based on coupled electro-optic micro-resonators instead of Bragg gratings has been proposed.
Differential p53-independent outcomes of p19(Arf) loss in oncogenesis.

One reported function of the tumor suppressor p19 Arf is to stabilize p53, providing a critical checkpoint in the response to oncogenic insults. Acute loss of Pten leads to an increase in the abundance of p19 Arf , p53, and p21 proteins as part of a fail-safe senescence response. Here, we report that loss of p19 Arf in prostate epithelium does not accelerate—but rather partially inhibits—the prostate cancer phenotype of Pten -deficient mice. Moreover, cellular senescence and a further decrease in the number of pre-neoplastic glands were observed in prostates of the Pten-p19 Arf double-mutant mice. In both prostate epithelium and primary mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), the increase in p53 protein abundance found upon loss of Pten was unaffected by the simultaneous loss of p19 Arf . However, in contrast to that in the prostate epithelium, p19 Arf deficiency in MEFs lacking Pten abolished cell senescence and promoted hyperproliferation and transformation despite the unabated increase in p53 abundance. Consistent with the effect of p19 Arf loss in Pten-deficient mouse prostate, we found that in human prostate cancers, loss of PTEN was not associated with loss of p14 ARF (the human equivalent of mouse p19 Arf ). Collectively, these data reveal differential consequences of p19 Arf inactivation in prostate cancer and MEFs upon Pten loss that are independent of the p53 pathway.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Augments Neurotrophin Expression and Corticospinal Axon Growth after Adult CNS Injury

The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) modulates glial and neuronal function in development and after peripheral nerve injury, but little is known regarding its role in the injured adult CNS. To further understand the biological role of LIF and its potential mechanisms of action after CNS injury, effects of cellularly delivered LIF on axonal growth, glial activation, and expression of trophic factors were examined after adult mammalian spinal cord injury. Fibroblasts genetically modified to produce high amounts of LIF were grafted to the injured spinal cords of adult Fischer 344 rats. Two weeks after injury, animals with LIF-secreting cells showed a specific and significant increase in corticospinal axon growth compared with control animals. Furthermore, expression of neurotrophin-3, but not nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, or ciliary neurotrophic factor, was increased at the lesion site in LIF-grafted but not in control subjects. No differences in astroglial and microglial/macrophage activation were observed. Thus, LIF can directly or indirectly modulate molecular and cellular responses of the adult CNS to injury. These findings also demonstrate that neurotrophic molecules can augment expression of other trophic factors in vivo after traumatic injury in the adult CNS.
Measurement Characteristics of the Inventory of Parent Experience Scales.

Researchers and practitioners increasingly recognize the importance of ecologically valid family-focused assessment tools, especially given the mandates of P.L. 99--457. The present study investigated the measurement integrity of one possible tool, the Inventory of Parent Experiences (IPE) (Crnic & Greenberg, 1981). Subjects were both parents from 66 intact families, half of which included children with handicaps. The results were generally not supportive of an interpretation that subscale or subsubscale scores have requisite measurement characteristics. At best, these scales must be viewed as first-step efforts to begin the development of appropriate item pools and item classification systems. However, the results regarding the use of IPE total scores were more favorable and were also consistent with previous research.
Observations on the cytology of the secretions in allergy of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Abstract 1.1. The demonstration of eosinophiles in the secretions from the nose and paranasal sinuses is good presumptive evidence of the existence of allergy. 2.2. The presence of neutrophiles in the secretions in addition to eosinophiles is an indication of the existence of superimposed infection. 3.3. The eosinophilic-neutrophilic proportions are an index of the nature of the infection. 4.4. By repeated observations on the cytology of the secretions, acute and chronic infections can be differentiated. 5.5. A pure eosinophilic response as the result of bacterial hypersensitiveness is not definitely substantiated on the basis of clinical evidence. 6.6. Cases of hyperplasia and polyposis with a persistent absence of a diagnostic number of eosinophiles, as a rule, do not prove to be allergic.
Highly crystalline core-shell FeCo-CoFe2O4 nanostructures

Highly crystalline core-shell FeCo-CoFe2O4 nanowires were obtained from a three step process. Initially, CoFe2O4 nanowires were grown using electrospinning and annealing at higher temperatures. Through a thermal reduction under controlled conditions, CoFe2O4 nanostructures were converted to FeCo alloy nanowires. Then by natural oxidation, a highly crystalline shell of CoFe2O4 formed over the FeCo core structure. Structural and magnetic characterizations revealed the presence of highly crystalline FeCo-Co2FeO4 core-shell structure. Magnetically, the soft FeCo phase switches at a lower magnetic field compared to the hard CoFe2O4 phase, yielding an irregular hysteresis loop with a squeezed loop in the middle. The FeCo/CoFe2O4 core-shell is stable and it retains its structure for a prolonged duration.
Electrophysiologic studies on ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a chronic canine infarct model

The development of a chronic canine infarct model has allowed us to (1) understand better the mechanisms of tachyarrhythmogenesis in infarction; (2) evaluate new antiarrhythmic regimens as well as other antitachycardia therapies, including cryoablation, laser ablation, pacing, and surgical techniques; (3) correlate directly the presence of low-level late potentials with myocardial activation in the presence of delayed and fractionated cardiac electrograms; and (5) evaluate critically our present methods of programmed electrical stimulation.
Clinical Science The Effect of an Antibacterial Solution on the Microflora of Human Incipient Fissure Caries

A technique for collecting various levels of plaque from incipient occlusal fissure caries was used to evaluate the antibacterial properties of a solution containing I2-KI, CuSO4, and ethanol. In comparison with control fissures (n = 6), the treated fissures (n = 9) showed a 98% difference in recoverable bacteria, with the killing of S. mutans, Actinomyces, and lactobacilli appearing to reflect the level of agent penetration.
High-efficiency broadband monolithic pseudomorphic HEMT amplifiers at Ka-band

The design and performance of high-efficiency, broadband (up to 7 GHz), monolithic Ka-band amplifiers using doped channel power pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) are discussed. Amplifiers with output powers as high as 500 mW and power-added-efficiencies as high as 40% were demonstrated. >
A file replication facility for Berkeley Unix

This paper describes two mechanisms – reproduction sets and metafiles – that provide low-cost, semi-automatic file replication and location transparency facilities for an interconnected collection of machines running Berkeley Unix. A reproduction set is a collection of files that the system attempts to keep identical; this is done on a ‘best effort’ basis, with the system relying on the user to handle unusual situations. A metafile is a special file that contains symbolic pathnames of other files, each of which may be on any machine in the network; opening a metafile results in opening an available constituent file. Examples are given to illustrate the use of these mechanisms. Their implementation and performance are also described.
Morphological and physiological variability in black nightshade (Solanum spp.)

Plants from two black nightshade (Solanum spp.) seed sources were compared for differences in morphology at seedling and mature plant stages, flowering and physiological responses to pre-germination seed treatment, growth responses to temperature, and response to herbicides. Differences in the morphology of the two Solanum spp. were evident from seedling to maturity. The plants grown from the Michigan (MI) seed source had a deep purple abaxial leaf surface at the three to four-leaf stage, a yellow anther column, and toothed proximal half in the mature leaf, whereas the plants grown from the California (CA) seed source had no unusual abaxial coloration or toothed proximal margin and had a dark brown anther column. Differences in response to herbicides were seen between plants grown from the two seed sources following pre-plant-incorporated, pre-emergence, and post-emergence herbicide applications. The plants from the MI seed source were up to five times more susceptible to chloramben, applied pre-plant-incorporated at 1.68 kg ha−1, and to ethalfluralin, applied preemergence at 1.12 kg ha−1, than plants from the CA seed source. Plants from both seed sources have been described as Solanum nigrum L. The plants from MI have been identified elsewhere as Solanum ptycanthum Dun. and those from CA as Solanum scabrum Mill. This identification could resolve conflicting reports among researchers regarding chemical control measures.
Schwingungen und Wellen

Schwingungsvorgange spielen nicht nur in der Technik eine grosse Rolle, auch unser tagliches Leben ist verschiedenen rhythmischen Ablaufen unterworfen. Sommer und Winter, Ebbe und Flut, Tag und Nacht sind die Folge der periodischen Bewegungen von Sonne, Mond und Erde.
Finding “Inner Steel”:A Pennsylvania Company’s Remarkable Rebirth

In 2002, Michelman-Cancelliere Iron Works of Bethle-hem, Pennsylvania was a respected provider of structural steel for large infrastructure projects in the Northeast. Four years later, MC Iron faced extinction with significant financial losses. With its willingness to persevere and the strength of an exceptional turnaround team—JC Jones & Associates—MC Iron found the “inner steel” to make the deep, lasting changes needed to turn a losing operation around and ensure long-term success. The path was painful but in little more than a year, recovery was complete and MC Iron is a different business. This case won the 2008 Small Company Turnaround of the Year Award from the Turnaround Management Association.