cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Intake of Working Mothers: Relationships with the Family Environment.

The relationships of family environment to frequency of food use and nutrient intakes were investigated among a purposive sample of working mothers in Min neapolis, Minnesota. The family environment scale which measured cohesion, expressiveness, conflict, intellectual-cultural orientation, morals and religious emphasis, organization, and control in the family was used to measure the social environment of the mothers. A 24-hour recall was used to estimate intake of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamins A and C of the working mothers. Data on frequency of food use were also collected and converted into food-use fre quency scores. Nutrient adequacy was determined by percent RDA and an overall index of adequacy: mean nutrient adequacy ratio or MAR. Pearson corre lation coefficients were used to estimate the relationships among family environ ment, nutrient intakes, and food-use frequency scores. The family environment scores indicated that mothers were from highly cohesive families and had a strong intellectual-cultural orientation. Analysis of the data on nutrient intake indicated that 69 percent and 41 percent of the respondents consumed 66.9 per cent or less of the RDA for iron and calcium, respectively. Overall nutrient ade quacy (MAR) correlated negatively with moral and religious orientation of the family. Significant negative relationships were found among vitamin C intake and cohesion and expressiveness, while positive relationships occurred among vi tamin A intake and intellectual-cultural orientation and organization in the family. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients was, however, small in all cases, indicating weak relationships. In addition, other investigated relationships were not significant.
Sophocles' "Aiax": "hybris", foolishness and good sense. A comparison with "Antigone"

Disobedience to civic authority, shift of perspective within friendship —that is, who was or should be friend is then regarded as enemy—, and burial issue make the tragedy Aiax an appropriate candidate for a comparison with Antigone . Indeed, a comparison between the two tragedies has been already proposed, and parallels have been usually established between Antigone and Aiax, on the one hand; Creon and the Atridae, on the other. Along the lines of a previous study of mine on Sophocles’ Antigone , the present paper aims at comparing Aiax and Antigone with reference to a specific theme and terminology, i.e. those pertaining foolishness and wisdom. Antigone and Aiax are usually associated with each other in their foolish rebellion to those who are in authority (respectively Creon and the Atridae). As argued in the previous paper, while, however, that of Antigone is foolishness only in all appearance, the foolishness of Aiax is a real, factual one bordering on hybris, which makes him a counterpart of Creon rather than of Antigone. On the other hand, the Atridae differ from Creon —rather than being his counterpart— in that they avoid acting foolishly, and falling for a mistake of judgment, i.e. for a lack of good sense, while dealing with the burial issue. Indeed, the Atridae avoid Creon’s hybris by finally respecting the «unshakable and unwritten laws of Zeus» which makes them, in some way, a counterpart of Antigone. A closer lexical analysis of the occurrences of words pertaining foolishness and wisdom —such as ἄνοια, ἄφρων/ ἀφροσύνη - σωφροσύνη, φρονeῖν - μὴ φρονeῖν, μωρία, ἀβουλία, δυσβουλία etc.— has led to these results.
Flow Field Simulation and Atomization Characteristic of Pneumatic Oil Mist Swirler

Based on the theory of Fluid Dynamics CFD and Fluid analysis software Fluent，we accomplished the flow field simulation of internal speed and internal pressure of pneumatic oil mist atomizer. Both the flow field simulation and the results of experiment are in good agreement，particle size and density of oil mist change very little when the pressure of compressed air is kept constant while the distance of nozzle and baffle is varied. When the distance from nozzle to baffle is fixed, and the pressure of compressed air is increased gradually, the density of oil mist will increase and the particle size of oil mist will decrease along with the increasing pressure of compressed air. This decreasing trend of particle size of oil mist will slow down when the pressure of compressed air increases to 0.35Mpa. The particle size of oil mist can reach 2μm.
Lifetime rates of suicide attempts among subjects with bipolar and unipolar disorders relative to subjects with other axis I disorders

The lifetime rate of suicide attempts among subjects in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area database with bipolar disorder, unipolar disorder, and any other DSM-III-defined Axis I disorder were determined. The latter constituted a control or reference group. The lifetime rates of suicide attempts of persons in these diagnostic groups were 29.2%, 15.9%, and 4.2%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio of subjects within a diagnostic group having a history of a suicide attempt relative to subjects in a second group. The odds ratio of subjects with bipolar disorder having a history of a suicide attempt relative to subjects in the control group was 6.2 (df 1, x(2) = 5347.2, p < .0001). The odds ratio of subjects with unipolar disorder having a history of a suicide attempt relative to subjects in the control group was 3.1 (df = 1, x(2) = 4785.2, p < .0001). The odds ratio of subjects with bipolar disorder having a history of a suicide attempt relative to unipolar subjects was 2.0 (df = 1, x(2) = 697.9, p < .0001). Bipolar disorder has a strong relationship to a history of suicide attempts relative to unipolar disorder and other Axis I disorders.
Accidental Shooting: An Analysis

Despite efforts at managing crises, they tenaciously occur at the most inopportune times. The crisis manager understands that the risk of a catastrophic failure never equals zero when the human species interacts with nature or man-made structures and processes. However, the role of responsible managers is to limit risk or at least to make a best effort in assuring that acceptable precautions are taken to reduce risk to an acceptable level. In this case study, the author discusses the elements of risk taking and the causes of error in a police firearms training environment. Also discussed are the goals of firearms training, and the impact of that training design on the firearms training environment which is put into perspective. The author looks at the mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery stages of crisis management as they relate to police firearms training. The author discusses precautions and how those precautions were violated in an established environment of safety, resulting in the accidental shooting in the gun-cleaning area. Also included are alternative safety measures designed to further negate the possibility of a recurrence of such an accident.
Production of amorphous alloy ribbons and effects of apparatus parameters on ribbon dimensions

An apparatus for the production of amorphous alloy ribbon is described. The alloy is induction-melted in a small quartz crucible and ejected by argon gas pressure through a small orifice in the bottom of the crucible. The liquid jet impinges at a small angle with respect to a radius of a copper disk rotating at several thousand rev/min, flattens while rapidly cooling and solidifying, and leaves the circumferential surface of the disk as a result of centrifugal force. The resulting ribbon geometry for an alloy of Fe 40 Ni 40 B 20 has been studied as a function of orifice sizes between 340 and 480 μm in diameter, of disk speeds between 5 and 10 \times 10^{3} rev/min (20 and 40 m/sec), and of ejection pressures between 4 and 10 psig (28 and 70 kPa). The cross-sectional area of the ribbon can be predicted quite accurately from the disk speed, the orifice diameter, and the velocity of the liquid jet as given by the Bernoulli equation. Experimental data are in the form of ribbon thicknesses, ranging between 10 and 40 μm, and mass/ length, ranging between 0.05 and 0.24 mg/mm. None of the ribbons produced showed any signs of crystallinity, as determined by X-ray diffraction.
Pediatric Lipid Screening Rates in the US Are Low: What Can Labs Do to Help?

Prevention of atherosclerosis should begin in childhood, since several studies have demonstrated that dyslipidemia in childhood is associated with severity of atherosclerotic lesions later in life. Pediatric lipid screening aims to identify children and adolescents with dyslipidemia, including those with more severe, genetic cases and those with mild to moderate lipid increase due to secondary causes. A variety of recommendations related to pediatric lipid screening have been published in the past 25 years, most advocating a targeted approach to screening in those with pertinent family history or risk factors, such as increased body mass index. An expert panel sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)2 issued a report in 2011, detailing guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents. The report included recommendations for targeted screening in children age 2 and older with a positive or unknown family history of dyslipidemia-related cardiovascular disease or other major risk factors. The expert panel recognized the past failure of targeted screening to identify many at-risk youth and, therefore, also included recommendations for universal screening in those aged 9–11 years and again between 17 and 21 years (1). Despite its endorsement by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the universal screening recommendation was met with controversy. Two recent reports have shown pediatric lipid screening rates before the universal screening guidelines to be low in children, including obese children for whom lipid screening has been a consistent recommendation (2, 3). Vinci et al. used National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data to examine rates and correlates of lipid testing in 2- to 21-year-olds seeing primary care providers for well visits from 1995 to 2010 (2). During this 16-year period that included 10 159 visits, …
Advanced Gated X-Ray Imagers for Experiments at the National Ignition Facility

X-ray imaging is integral to the measurement of the properties of hot plasmas. To this end, a suite of gated x-ray imagers have been developed for use in a wide range of experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). These instruments are sensitive to x-rays over the range of 0.7-90keV and can acquire images at 20ps intervals for source intensities ranging over several orders of magnitude. We review the design, technology, and construction of these instruments and present recent results obtained from NIF experiments in which gated x-ray imagers have played a key role. The radiation environment associated with Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) experiments presents unique challenges for x-ray imaging. We report on the performance of gated imagers that have been optimized for this harsh environment and describe diagnostics to be deployed in the near future that will provide x-ray images of imploding ICF capsules in the presence of backgrounds associated with neutron yields above 1016. Such images will provide crucial data that will enable even higher neutron yields and successful ignition.
What are really the true late complications of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy

Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) of the ampulla of Vater was first performed almost three decades ago (1, 2) and is the treatment of choice for choledocholithiasis, especially in elderly or high risk patients. With the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, ES has been widely used for extracting common bile duct stones even in younger and healthier patients. The immediate or short-term complications have been extensively studied; they occur uncommonly and include pancreatitis, bleeding, and duodenal perforation (3). Long-term complications of biliary ES have been the subject of several recent reports and have gained much attention, as sphincterotomies are frequently carried out in young patients (<60 yr). Several large studies including that by Sugiyama and Atomi (4) in the current issue of the Journal have shown that stone recurrence, ascending cholangitis, cholecystitis, and papillary restenosis are among the most common complications that occur 8–14 yr after ES. Finally, biliary tract malignancy, although not conclusively demonstrated, is a realistic concern.
Patents on antifungal compounds effective against Candida species: 1999 – 2002

This review summarises patents from 1999 to 2002, claiming compounds and methods for antimicrobial agents effective against pathogenic fungi of the genus Candida. The majority of the patents described in this review will focus on modifications or novel compounds of the three major classes of antifungal agents currently approved for human use against Candida infections; polyenes, azoles and cell wall synthesis inhibitors. Novel compounds and approaches will also be considered. Since the correlation between antifungal effects in vitro and efficacy in vivo is often not strong with antifungal agents, emphasis will be placed on filings for which biological data in animal models has been disclosed.
Molecular phylogenetic revision of the freshwater limpet genus Ferrissia (planorbidae: Ancylinae) in North America yields two species: Ferrissia (Ferrissia) rivularis and Ferrissia (Kincaidilla) fragilis

ABSTRACT Members of the gastropod genus Ferrissia Walker, 1903, have a near-cosmopolitan distribution in freshwater ecosystems. Five North American species, distinguished by conchological, habitat, and distributional details, are generally recognized. However, they can be difficult to diagnose in practice, and we aimed to comprehensively revisit their systematics and taxonomy using molecular phylogenies. Our primary result was congruent for all three genetic markers: two highly distinctive Ferrissia clades, each encompassing multiple nominal species, were widely distributed across North American watersheds in both lentic and in lotic habitats. One clade was restricted to North America and was exclusively composed of lotic F. rivularis (Say, 1817) and lentic F. parallela (Haldemann, 1841). These two taxa exhibited geographic, rather than taxonomic, genetic structuring, strongly implying that they are conspecific and that F. parallela is a junior synonym of F. (Ferrissia) rivularis. The other clade containe...
Reduced Behavioral Response to Gonadal Hormones in Mice Shipped during the Peripubertal/Adolescent Period

Animals shipped from commercial suppliers to laboratories are exposed to a wide variety of stressors. Female C57Bl6/J mice shipped during the peripubertal/adolescent period (6 wk old) display lower levels of female sexual behavior in response to estradiol and progesterone injections after ovariectomy when tested in adulthood than female mice shipped in adulthood (12 wk old). These shipping-induced reductions in female sexual behavior appear to be limited to a vulnerable period around the time of puberty. Likewise, male mice shipped at 6 wk of age express lower levels of masculine sexual behavior in response to testosterone treatment as adults than do mice shipped when 12 wk old. RIA of corticosterone levels in response to behavior testing revealed that, upon first exposure to testing, mice shipped at 6 wk of age have reduced corticosterone levels. These results suggest that during the peripubertal/adolescent period, mice of both sexes are susceptible to the effects of stressors associated with shipping. Furthermore, they suggest that stress during this period has enduring, negative influences on behavioral responses to estradiol and progesterone in females and to testosterone in males, and it induces changes in response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. These results suggest that age at shipping is a critical variable that may influence many endocrinological studies, and they suggest that the peripubertal/adolescent period is a period of vulnerability to some stressors.
Hydrogen adsorption on Ge(100) studied by high-resolution energy-loss spectroscopy

We have studied the adsorption of hydrogen at room temperature and liquid-nitrogen temperature on a Ge(100) single crystal. As in the Si case, two temperature-dependent phases are observed: The monohydride and dihydride phases which show a (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) and (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) pattern, respectively. The monohydride-phase saturation is observed at about 500 L (1 L\ensuremath{\equiv}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ Torr?c) of hydrogen exposure at room temperature; after that value the 105-meV loss, typical of the dihydride-phase presence, appears but the full (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) LEED pattern is obtained only after about 4000-L exposure. The width of the specularly reflected elastic peak grows with increasing hydrogen exposure up to a maximum value at 500 L, indicating that the monohydride phase on Ge(100) has a lower surface resistivity with respect to clean or dihydride-covered Ge. Hydrogen exposure at 100 K shows a new peak at 195 meV which is not completely due to water contamination; the origin of this peak is not clear at present.
Growth hormone: species-specific stimulation of erythropoiesis in vitro

The effects of purifed bovine and human growth hormone were tested in vitro with murine and human bone marrow by means of granulocyte-monocyte and erythroid progenitor cloning techniques. Nanogram concentrations of the growth hormones potentiated erythropoietin-stimulated erythropoiesis, but not granulopoiesis, in a species-specific manner.
The effects of five widely used pesticides on erythrocytes of the Dorset sheep, an animal model with low erythrocyte glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) activity

Abstract The in vitro effects of five widely employed pesticides (i.e., insecticides: malathion and aldicarb; herbicides: diuron, metolachlor, and glyphosate) on the occurrence of oxidative stress [i.e., increased levels of methemoglobin (METHB) amd decreased levels of induced glutathione (GSH)] in erythrocytes from female Dorset sheep, an animal model with low erythrocyte G‐6‐PD activity. The only statistically significant treatments (p 0.05) occurred with malathion and metolachlor which reduced GSH levels at the highest concentration (i.e., 100 ppm) employed by 59% and 45%, respectively.
Citrus aurantium and Rhodiola rosea in combination reduce visceral white adipose tissue and increase hypothalamic norepinephrine in a rat model of diet-induced obesity

Extracts from the immature fruit of Citrus aurantium are often used for weight loss but are reported to produce adverse cardiovascular effects. Root extracts of Rhodiola rosea have notable antistress properties. The hypothesis of these studies was that C aurantium (6% synephrine) and R rosea (3% rosavins, 1% salidroside) in combination would improve diet-induced obesity alterations in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. In normal-weight animals fed standard chow, acute administration of C aurantium (1-10 mg/kg) or R rosea (2-20 mg/kg) alone did not reduce deprivation-induced food intake, but C aurantium (5.6 mg/kg) + R rosea (20 mg/kg) produced a 10.5% feeding suppression. Animals maintained (13 weeks) on a high-fat diet (60% fat) were exposed to 10-day treatments of C aurantium (5.6 mg/kg) or R rosea (20 mg/kg) alone or in combination. Additional groups received vehicle (2% ethanol) or were pair fed to the C aurantium + R rosea group. Although high-fat diet intake and weight loss were not influenced, C aurantium + R rosea had a 30% decrease in visceral fat weight compared with the other treatments. Only the C aurantium group had an increased heart rate (+7%) compared with vehicle. In addition, C aurantium + R rosea administration resulted in an elevation (+15%) in hypothalamic norepinephrine and an elevation (+150%) in frontal cortex dopamine compared with the pair-fed group. These initial findings suggest that treatments of C aurantium + R rosea have actions on central monoamine pathways and have the potential to be beneficial for the treatment of obesity.
Consistency of hand use, exercise, and sports-related injuries.

S~immary.-In this study, we examined the relationships between the consistency of hand use, exercise, and sports-related injuries as an indirect test of the hypothesis that the consistency of hand use is a reflection of general motor coordination. As we predicted, the consistent hand.use group (17=23) exercised more, were more likely to follow a regular exercise schedule, and reported having experienced more sports-related accidents than their inconsistent hand-use peers (n=23). In two recent studies, we have reported that the consistency of hand use is related to accidents. In the first of these (I), we observed that university students who were inconsistent in the use of their hands were 6.1 times more Uely to have experienced serious injury in accidents that required medcal care than a matched group who were consistent in the use of their hands. In our more recent study (2). we reported that relative to the consisrent hand-use group, the incons~stenr hand-use group was 2.8 times more Wrely to have experienced frequent falls during the last 12-mo, period. In discussing these data (21, we concluded that collectively, the results of these studies suggest that inconsistent hand use may be a sign of a general lack of motor coordination. Our purpose in this study was to provide an indirect test of this hypothesis by measuring the relationships for consistency of hand use with amount of regular exercise and the frequency of sports-related injuries. We reasoned that, if persons who were inconsistent in the use of their hands were generally less well coordmated than those who were consistent in their hand use, the inconsistent group would exercise less on a regular basis. Further, we predicted that, because they might be less involved in exercise and sports, the inconsistent group would report having experienced fewer sports-related accidents than the consistent hand-use group. To do this, we asked 46 university students2 who had been classified as
High-irradiance 248-nm laser system.

A laser system that routinely generates irradiances of 8 × 1017 W cm−2 is described. Pulses from a mode-locked visible dye laser are heterodyned to 248 nm and amplified in two KrF amplifiers. Output is 25–30 mJ in a 700-fsec pulse that can be focused to 5 μm2.
Acute exposure to high-fat diets increases hepatic expression of genes related to cell repair and remodeling in female rats

High-fat diets (HFD) promote the development of both obesity and fatty liver disease through the up-regulation of hepatic lipogenesis. Insulin resistance, a hallmark of both conditions, causes dysfunctional fuel partitioning and increases in lipogenesis. Recent work has demonstrated that systemic insulin resistance occurs in as little as the first 72 hours of an HFD, suggesting the potential for hepatic disruption with HFD at this time point. The current study sought to determine differences in expression of lipogenic genes between sexes in 3-month-old male and female Long-Evans rats after 72 hours of a 40% HFD or a 17% fat (chow) diet. Owing to the response of estrogen on hepatic signaling, we hypothesized that a sexual dimorphic response would occur in the expression of lipogenic enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic, and cell repair and remodeling genes. Both sexes consumed more energy when fed an HFD compared with their low fat-fed controls. However, only the males fed the HFD had a significant increase in body fat. Regardless of sex, HFD caused down-regulation of lipogenic and inflammatory genes. Interestingly, females fed an HFD had up-regulated expression of apoptotic and cell repair-related genes compared with the males. This may suggest that females are more responsive to the acute hepatic injury effects caused by HFDs. In summary, neither male nor female rats displayed disrupted hepatic metabolic pathways after 72 hours of the HFD treatment. In addition, female rats appear to have protection from increases in fat deposition, possibly due to increased caloric expenditure; male rats fed an HFD were less active, as demonstrated by distance traveled in their home cage.
Polymerization of styrene-isoprene on glass cloth for use in composite manufacture

The evaluation of a new process for promoting the adhesion of thermosetting resins to a reinforcing fiber is described. In this process, termed admicellar polymerization, monomers are polymerized inside a surfactant bilayer adsorbed on a surface. Admicellar polymerization is essentially a surface analogue of emulsion polymerization. This technique can place a variety of polymers at the surface of the reinforcing agent, so that the interfacial layer can be tailored at will. In this study, a styrene-isoprene copolymer was polymerized on the surface of glass mats. Epoxy-matrix composites made with untreated cloth, silane-treated cloth, and admicellar-treated cloth were evaluated via three-point bend tests and single filament pull-out tests. The epoxy-matrix composites made from admicellar-treated and silane-treated cloth gave significantly higher strengths in three-point bend tests than composites made from untreated cloth. Single filament pull-out tests, which measure fiber-matrix adhesion directly, and scanning electron micrographs of the failure interface gave results consistent with three-point bend tests. This paper indicates that admicellar polymerization deserves further study as an alternative to silane coupling agents in structural composites.
State-to-State Reactive Scattering via Real L2 Wave Packet Propagation for Reduced Dimensionality AB + CD Reactions

We present a computational method for the calculation of quantum state-to-state reactive probabilities for reduced dimensionality, three degree-of-freedom, AB + CD ↔ A + BCD reactions. Our approach is based on the recently developed wave packet propagation method in real L2 eigenstates [Skokov, S.; Bowman, J. M. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2000, 2, 495]. Here we show how the real L2 approach can be used for the calculation of state-to-state probabilities. The “coordinate transformation problem” is relatively easily solved in the L2-eigenstate formulation because the eigenstates used for propagation are analytical functions of the coordinates. The method is tested for the H2 + CN ↔ H + HCN reaction for zero total angular momentum, J, using a previous potential energy surface of Sun and Bowman, who reported reduced dimensionality, time-independent calculations of state-to-state reaction probabilities. New calculations for J > 0 are presented using the adiabatic rotation approximation. In this approximation the ...
APPLICANT PERCEPTIONS OF SIMULATED BEHAVIOR DESCRIPTION INTERVIEWS

Behavior description interviews (Janz, 1982) were compared to standard interview techniques in the context of a recruiting interview. Positive or negative recruiter affect was combined with the two types of interview techniques to determine if positive recruiter affect can reduce the hypothesized stress induced by behavior description interviews. Simulated recruiting interviews were presented using videotaped interviews where different types of questions were asked (behavior description vs. standard) and recruiter affect was manipulated through eye contact, smiling, and other non-verbal communication. Sixty-seven undergraduates were randomly assigned to view one of the four simulated interviews. Subjects' perceptions of the recruiter and interview were collected on a post-experimental questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated main effects for both type of interview questions (F=2.69, p<.05) and recruiter affect (F=9.25, p<.001). Implications for recruiting interviews were discussed.
Dynamic observation models

It is shown that radar and quantum mechanics may be modeled using the Kalman-Bucy state-equation observation approach. A method is given for realizing the optimal position filters.
Ab initio molecular dynamics studies of the liquid-vapor interface of an HCl solution.

Ab initio molecular dynamics is used to investigate the propensity of the hydronium ion for the interface of an HCl solution containing 1 HCl and 96 water molecules in a slab geometry. Unconstrained trajectories in the NVT and NVE ensemble reveal a clear preference of the hydronium ion for the interfacial region and several qualitative spectral features of interfacial hydronium ions. Orientational distribution functions indicate that the C 3 axis of the hydronium is tilted with respect to the surface normal, thereby allowing surface proton transfer reactions to occur. Finally, constrained simulations combined with thermodynamic integration are used to compute the potential of mean force for the transfer of the hydronium from the bulk to the interface and into the gas phase as a pure H 3 O + . The potential of mean force is found to exhibit a shallow free energy minimum of roughly 1.3 kcal/mol with respect to the bulk, in good agreement with very recent calculations based on polarizable force fields and empirical valence bond potentials.
Restorative justice practice: An examination of program completion and recidivism

Abstract Studies of restorative justice programs continue to provide a review of restorative justice practice and impact. While this body of research is growing, many questions remain regarding the impact of restorative justice in reducing crime. By relying on individual and community-level data, the present study examined how offense type and poverty level influenced program completion and recidivism among juveniles in a restorative justice program. This study also examined the relationship between program completion and recidivism. Findings revealed that status offenders in the restorative justice program were more likely to complete the program and less likely to recidivate than status offenders in the comparison group. In addition, property offenders in the restorative justice program were less likely to recidivate than property offenders in the comparison group. Poverty level at the community-level had a significant influence in both program completion and recidivism.
Benthic invertebrate assemblage change following dam removal in a Wisconsin stream

Small dams (height <10 m) have transformed stream networks across the United States. Shopiere Dam was removed from Turtle Creek, a fourth order stream in Southeastern Wisconsin in the fall of 1999. We sampled three sites (upstream of the impoundment, immediately below the dam, and farther downstream) before and after dam removal to identify changes in the invertebrate assemblage following removal. Prior to removal, upstream and downstream sites had similar taxonomic composition. In contrast the dam site had more taxonomic variation. The upstream, dam and downstream sites responded differently to dam removal in analyses of diversity, functional feeding groups, and invertebrate composition. Upstream at the reference site, changes in functional feeding group composition appeared to be associated with a decrease in silt coverage. At the dam site, taxonomic composition changed following dam removal, however diversity and functional feeding groups remained similar. At the downstream site, the invertebrate assemblage remained similar in all analyses. Our observations indicate that the effects of dam removal were not uniform through the stream, rather each site responded in a different way.
Adaptive Coding and Modulation for Multicast Transmission in Packet Radio Networks

A low-complexity protocol is described and evaluated for adaptation of the modulation and coding for multicast transmission in half-duplex packet radio networks. The adaptive multicast transmission protocol is designed to compensate for changes in propagation conditions that occur from packet to packet during a session with one sender and multiple receivers. The protocol relies on simple receiver statistics to obtain the control information for adapting the modulation and coding, and it also provides scheduling to avoid collisions among acknowledgments from the receivers. The throughput provided by the protocol is compared with performance results for hypothetical ideal adaptive multicast transmission protocols that are given perfect channel state information. We illustrate the importance of adaptive modulation and channel coding in systems that employ fountain coding for packet erasure correction.
Computationally efficient optimal Transmission Switching: Solution space reduction

Recent studies have shown that the dynamic removal of transmission lines from operation (“Transmission Switching”) can reduce the costs associated with power system operation. Smart Grid technologies introduce flexibility into the transmission network topology and enable state dependent co-optimization of generation and network topology. The optimal transmission topology problem has been posed in previous research on small test systems. However, the problem complexity and large system size makes optimal transmission switching (OTS) intractable on real power systems. We analyze the optimal transmission switching results of prior work on the RTS-96 network and find that most of the economic benefits arise from switching a small number of lines. We decompose the results to determine the marginal savings contribution of each optimally switched line. Our marginal analysis leads to the development of an off-line screening method, based on network sensitivities, for identifying candidate switchable lines. When compared to OTS on the RTS-96 network, our screening tool generates near optimal solutions in a fraction of the time.
Tacrolimus conversion improves hyperlipidemic states in stable liver transplant recipients

With improvements in surgical technique and the advent of new and more effective immunosuppressive agents, survival rates in liver transplant recipients have dramatically improved. However, hyperlipidemia frequently develops in patients administered cyclosporine-based immunosuppression long-term, although it appears to occur less often with newer, tacrolimus-based regimens. We sought to determine whether an isolated change in the baseline immunosuppressive regimen (cyclosporine to tacrolimus) would improve hyperlipidemic states in these patients. Twenty-one long-term stable liver transplant recipients with hyperlipidemia, manifested by elevated cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels, were offered conversion to tacrolimus from cyclosporine A therapy. Lipid profiles were monitored at baseline (while on cyclosporine therapy) and at 1 and 3 months after conversion to tacrolimus therapy. There were no other medication manipulations. After conversion to tacrolimus therapy, mean cholesterol levels decreased from 251 to 202 mg/dL at 1 month (P <.001) and 194 mg/dL at 3 months (P <.001). Similarly, triglyceride levels decreased from 300 to 207 mg/dL by 1 month (P =.011) and 203 mg/dL by 3 months (P <.001). There was also a statistically significant decrease for very low-density lipoprotein levels at 3 months (P =.005) and low-density lipoprotein levels at 1 and 3 months (P =.013 and P =.014, respectively). High-density lipoprotein levels did not significantly change after conversion to tacrolimus therapy. Conversion was not accompanied by adverse side effects, and patients tolerated the change well. In conclusion, simple conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus-based immunosuppression therapy is safe and improves posttransplantation hyperlipidemia in a subgroup of liver transplant recipients.
SIM Lite mission spectral calibration sensitivities and refinements

SIM-Lite missions will perform astrometry at microarcsecond accuracy using star light interferometry. For typical baselines that are shorter than 10 meters, this requires to measure optical path difference (OPD) accurate to tens of picometers calling for highly accurate calibration. A major challenge is to calibrate the star spectral dependency in fringe measurements — the spectral calibration. Previously, we have developed a spectral calibration and estimation scheme achieving picometer level accuracy. In this paper, we present the improvements regarding the application of this scheme from sensitivity studies. Data from the SIM Spectral Calibration Development Unit (SCDU) test facility shows that the fringe OPD is very sensitive to pointings of both beams from the two arms of the interferometer. This sensitivity coupled with a systematic pointing error provides a mechanism to explain the bias changes in 2007. Improving system alignment can effectively reduce this sensitivity and thus errors due to pointing errors. Modeling this sensitivity can lead to further improvement in data processing. We then investigate the sensitivity to a model parameter, the bandwidth used in the fringe model, which presents an interesting trade between systematic and random errors. Finally we show the mitigation of calibration errors due to system drifts by interpolating instrument calibrations. These improvements enable us to use SCDU data to demonstrate that SIM-Lite missions can meet the 1pm noise floor requirement for detecting earth-like exoplanets.
Extravascular placement of a central venous catheter in the mediastinum.

COMPLICATIONS FROM CENTRAL venous cannulation range from 5% to 11% depending on operator experience. The real incidence may not be known because of underreporting and inadequate surveillance. Extravascular placement of the catheter occurs approximately 2% of the time when the internal jugular or subclavian approaches are used,1 and perforation of the central venous catheter into the mediastinum is a rare event.2 A case of mediastinal cannulation through the left internal jugular vein approach with a triple-lumen catheter is described.
Analysis of indentation cracking in piezoceramics

The electric field can significantly affect the growth of Vickers indentation cracks in piezoceramics. In this study, the wedge effect caused by inelastic deformation was proposed to explain the phenomenon. An approximate analytic solution for a half penny-shaped crack in a piezoceramic half space was derived from modifying full penny-shaped crack solution according to proper boundary conditions on the free surface of the indented piezoceramic specimen. The solution in conjunction with the mechanical strain energy release rate was used to quantitatively account for the effect of electric field on crack length produced by Vickers indentations with various indentation forces. The proposed model was able to explain the effects of electric field on crack growth in piezoceramics.
A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study of a Large, Statewide Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Autism Waiver Program.

State-specific 1915(c) Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services waiver programs have become central in the provision of services specifically tailored to children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Using propensity score matching, 130 families receiving waiver services for a child with ASD were matched with and compared to 130 families waiting on the registry (i.e., control group). Results indicate that participants in the waiver group reported more improvement in independent living skills and family quality of life over the last year compared to those on the registry. More frequent intensive individual support services and therapeutic integration were statistically predictive of improvement in a variety of domains. The results suggest that the waiver program may be promising for improving child and family functioning.
Functions of the MDM2 oncoprotein

The p53 protein is activated in response to physiological stress resulting in either a G1 arrest of cells or apoptosis. As such, p53 must be tightly regulated, and the MDM2 oncoprotein plays a central role in that regulatory process. The transcription of the Mdm2 oncogene is induced by the p53 protein after DNA damage, and the MDM2 protein then binds to p53 and blocks its activities as a tumour suppressor and promotes its degradation. These two proteins thus form an autoregulatory feedback loop in which p53 positively regulates MDM2 levels and MDM2 negatively regulates p53 levels and activity. Immediately after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation MDM2 messenger RNA and protein levels fall in a p53-independent fashion, resulting in increased p53 levels. The p53 protein is then activated as a transcription factor by posttranslational modification permitting p53 to initiate its cell-cycle arrest or apoptotic (programmed cell death) functions. At later times, after the repair of DNA, MDM2 levels increase in a p53-dependent fashion. This induction of MDM2 results in the inhibition of p53 transcriptional activity and the degradation of p53 protein. MDM2-p53 complexes in the nucleus are transported to the cytoplasm via signals present in the MDM2 protein, where p53 is degraded in the proteasome. Thus MDM2 acts as a nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttle for the p53 protein. There are many levels at which this process is regulated, and as such there are many places for chemotherapeutic interventions. The amino-terminal domain of the MDM2 protein is all that is required to bind the p53 protein. The MDM2 protein has additional domains and therefore may have additional functions. Any of these MDM2 domains may contribute to MDM2's activities as an oncogene independent of its inhibition of the tumour suppressor functions of p53. Thus MDM2 itself could be a target for cancer therapeutic intervention.
Nanobiotechnology: looking inside cell walls.

Carbon nanotubes have been used to probe the properties of bilayer systems resembling living cell membranes. Such experiments could offer new insights into the working of cells.
Governing equations for anisotropic thin shells with thermal loading

Abstract Governing equations are presented utilizing both tangent-normal and cartesian displacement components for shallow shells with the inclusion of thermal loads for the following types of material properties: anisotropic, orthotropic, generally orthotropic and isotropic. Displacement differential equations of equilibrium as well as the appropriate strain energy expressions are presented.
Docking of yeast vacuoles is catalyzed by the Ras-like GTPase Ypt7p after symmetric priming by Sec18p (NSF).

Vacuole inheritance in yeast involves the formation of tubular and vesicular “segregation structures” which migrate into the bud and fuse there to establish the daughter cell vacuole. Vacuole fusion has been reconstituted in vitro and may be used as a model for an NSF-dependent reaction of priming, docking, and fusion. We have developed biochemical and microscopic assays for the docking step of in vitro vacuole fusion and characterized its requirements. The vacuoles must be primed for docking by the action of Sec17p (α-SNAP) and Sec18p (NSF). Priming is necessary for both fusion partners. It produces a labile state which requires rapid docking in order to lead productively to fusion. In addition to Sec17p/Sec18p, docking requires the activity of the Ras-like GTPase Ypt7p. Unlike Sec17p/Sec18p, which must act before docking, Ypt7p is directly involved in the docking process itself.
Dynamic range improvement in photonic Time-Stretch Analog-to-digital converter

Dynamic range improvement using analog differential combining in the photonic Time-Stretch Analog-to-Digital Converter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. This technique reduces hardware and signal processing requirements for continuous operation and also improves the signal-to-noise ratio.
One Approach to Facial Swelling: Tooth or Fiction

Facial swelling is a common problem in the pediatric population with a variety of causes, ranging from congenital to acquired diseases. A fundamental understanding of typical clinical presentation helps in narrowing this broad differential. A 35-month-old, previously healthy, African American boy presented with 2 weeks of intermittent nightly leg pain and 1 week of unilateral, progressive nontender facial swelling. He had severe, achy right leg pain relieved by ibuprofen, which was diagnosed as a sprain at an outside emergency center 2 days before admission. The patient had developed mild, nontender right facial swelling 1 week before admission and had started amoxicillin for a suspected tooth abscess (Fig 1). He developed a fever of 38.7°C 2 days before admission. Because the patient failed to improve with outpatient management, he was admitted for further evaluation. FIGURE 1 Patient at initial presentation with predominantly right facial swelling. On admission, the patient appeared well nourished with mild fever of 38.1°C, pulse rate of 108 beats per minute, and blood pressure of 107/64 mm Hg. His physical examination showed enlarged tonsils with no exudates and 1-cm, firm, nonerythematous soft tissue swelling overlying the right maxilla with no evidence of dental caries or decay. No cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph nodes were palpated. There were no other signs of constitutional symptoms such as weight loss, night sweats, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. What should be included in an initial differential diagnosis of a patient who presents with facial swelling, and when is imaging indicated? Cases of facial swelling can be divided into 4 groups: acute swelling with inflammation, nonprogressive swelling, slowly progressive swelling, and rapidly progressive swelling.1 The most common form of facial swelling is acute swelling with inflammation, which typically is caused by lymphadenitis, sinusitis, or a tooth infection. Children who have severe systemic symptoms, concern for …
A Neural-Network Solution to the Concentrator Assignment Problem

Networks of simple analog processors having neuron-like properties have been employed to compute good solutions to a variety of optimization problems. This paper presents a neural-net solution to a resource allocation problem that arises in providing local access to the backbone of a wide-area communication network. The problem is described in terms of an energy function that can be mapped onto an analog computational network. Simulation results characterizing the performance of the neural computation are also presented.
Src Autophosphorylation is an Early Event in Pressure-Mediated Signaling Pathways in Isolated Resistance Arteries

Abstract— Elevated blood pressure is associated with varying degrees of arterial growth and remodeling. The mechanisms by which mechanical stress is converted into cellular alteration have yet to be fully elucidated. Our laboratory has demonstrated that Src tyrosine kinases and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase subtype of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family mediate pressure-induced c-fos expression in rat mesenteric arteries. Others have reported involvement of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling pathways. Our goal was to determine the role of Src, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor signaling in the upstream initiation of these events. Pairs of rat mesenteric arteries were pressurized to 90 mm Hg (control), and then one was raised to 140 mm Hg for 1, 3, or 5 minutes. Western blotting revealed that Src-pY 418 was elevated 2.4-fold over control values at 1 minute and 2.8-fold at 3 minutes and returned to control at 5 minutes. Significant FAK-Y 397 phosphorylation was observed only after 3 and 5 minutes of pressure stimulus and was blocked entirely by Src inhibition. Src-pY 215 activity (associated with PDGF receptor activation) does not seem to be involved at any of the time points tested. These data demonstrate that Src-Y 418 autophosphorylation is an early event in pressure mechanotransduction and leads to activation of FAK-Y 397 . This finding suggests that Src may be the messenger that initiates and propagates the cellular growth response to pressure stimulus, and FAK is one of its downstream targets. Src phosphorylation due to PDGF receptor activation does not seem to be involved in the initial response.