cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of strain on the thermodynamic melting temperature of polymers

X-ray diffraction, sonic velocity, and birefringence measurements were used to study the variation of the apparent melting point of strained natural rubber and polychloroprene vulcanizates with elongation ratio and crystallization temperature. The procedure of Hoffman and Weeks was employed to obtain the thermodynamic melting point, tm, for each elongation ratio α. The parameter β relating to the distribution of fold lengths is unusually large for low elongation ratios and decreases into the usual range only at higher elongations. The observed variations of tm with α for these two polymers are compared with the theoretical predictions of Flory and Roe and Krigbaum. Although the predictions of the Flory theory depend somewhat upon the value assigned for the number of repeating units per statistical link, and this parameter is not well known for polychloroprene, we nevertheless conclude that his treatment offers a better representation of the melting point elevation for high elongations. Due to the approximations introduced, the treatment of Flory is not valid for lower elongations. Any attempt to improve this treatment must begin by specifying the free energy of the semicrystalline system, which implies a knowledge of the distribution of crystallite orientations and how this distribution varies with strain and with the crystallization conditions.
Stable carbon isotopes and human evolution

Paleoanthropologists have long relied on skull and tooth morphology to infer fossil hominin diets, but from the early 1980s, they have also looked to microscopic wear traces in dental enamel, and since the early 1990s, they have looked increasingly to the stable isotope composition of skeletal tissues. The most commonly used stable isotopes are varieties of the light elements nitrogen and carbon. Nitrogen isotope ratios can provide information about the degree of carnivory vs. herbivory (1), but nitrogen can be extracted only from fossil bones that retain protein, which means specimens mostly younger than 100,000 y in temperate latitudes and usually much younger than 25,000 y closer to the Equator. In contrast, antemortem carbon isotope ratios persist indefinitely in dental enamel (2), and the main limitation is that they reflect ancient diets mostly in tropical or subtropical settings where the plants divide subequally between ones that follow a C4 photosynthetic pathway and others that follow a C3 pathway. This is not a problem for paleoanthropology, because early hominins (humans broadly understood) evolved in tropical and subtropical Africa, and their teeth are preserved in numerous African sites. Four articles in PNAS show how stable carbon isotopes have illuminated the diets of hominins that lived in Africa between roughly 4.1 and 1.3 Ma.
The role of small RNAs in vegetative shoot development

Shoot development consists of the production of lateral organs in predictable spatial and temporal patterns at the shoot apex. To properly integrate such programs of growth across different cell and tissue types, plants require highly complex and robust genetic networks. Over the last twenty years, the roles of small, non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) in these networks have become increasingly apparent, not least in vegetative shoot growth. In this review, we describe recent progress in understanding the contribution of sRNAs to the regulation of vegetative shoot growth, and outline persisting experimental limitations in the field.
The Tobit Kalman Filter: An Estimator for Censored Measurements

Tobit model censored data arise in multiple engineering applications through saturating sensors, limit-of-detection effects, and image frame effects. In this brief, we introduce a novel formulation of the Kalman filter for Tobit Type 1 censored measurements. Our proposed formulation, called the Tobit Kalman filter, is identical to the standard Kalman filter in the no-censoring case. At or near the censored region, the Tobit Kalman filter utilizes a local approximation of the probability of censoring in order to provide a fully recursive estimate of the state and state error covariance. The additional computational burden of the method compared with the standard Kalman filter is limited to the calculation of $m$ normal probability density functions and $m$ normal cumulative density functions per update, where $m$ is the number of measurements.
AC Losses in High-T c Materials

Most anticipated applications of the high-temperature superconductors require that the material be subjected to time-varying or alternating applied currents and magnetic fields. To be economically competitive, the superconductor generally must have ac losses well below those in conventional materials such as copper. In this paper, I present a brief overview of the sources of ac losses in high-Tc materials at frequencies ranging from ~102 Hz to 10 GHz, and I sketch how these losses are interpreted theoretically.
Parsing mobilities in Central Eurasia: border management and New Silk Roads

Taking form in hydrocarbon conduits, migration streams, drug trafficking routes, trade linkages, and military supply lines, the myriad mobilities emerging in Central Eurasia are commonly characterized as reifications of the fabled Silk Road. This historic reference, however, obscures the contemporary geopolitical complexities of propagating licit mobility in the region. Rather than mirroring the historic networks of city-states surrounded by nomadic frontiers or the shared political space of the Tsarist and Soviet Empires, Central Eurasia is currently composed of sovereign states enacting varied economic and political strategies. Positing the social construction of political space to be an essential factor in the facilitation, orientation, and/or obstruction of mobilities, this paper analyzes the complex negotiation of state ideologies, national territoriality, great power interests, and border discourses in contemporary Central Eurasia. Analysis of various actors’ perspectives on mobility and immobility ...
HPV vaccine uptake among overweight and obese US adolescents: An analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake in the US is suboptimal; identifying risk factors associated with low vaccine uptake is critical to increase vaccination coverage. Some evidence suggests body mass index (BMI) is associated with low HPV vaccine uptake and increased risk of HPV infection in adults. BMI may therefore be an important factor in targeting HPV vaccine to US adolescents.
Fourier Analysis and Synthesis Tomography: Dynamic Measurement of 2D and 3D Structure

We present a full-field imaging technique that measures an object’s fluorescent or coherent spatial spectrum using projected dynamic interference patterns and a fast single-pixel detector, and reconstructs its 2D or 3D structure using tomographic algorithms.
Simulated Syngas Ash Deposits on a Flat Plate Using Teflon and PVC Particles

Solid and molten ash particles from coal derived syngas in the hot gas path can deposit on and erode turbine blade surfaces causing issues with performance that potentially could result in failure. Conducting experiments at the firing temperatures of actual turbine engines (∼ 1500 K) is difficult, so an experimental method of substituting the ash particles for particles with a lower melting temperature is presented. This allows particle deposition tests to be run at more reasonable laboratory conditions. To fully simulate ash deposition, dynamic similitude was used to design a lower-temperature experiment with using PVC and Teflon particles with an average size of 24 and 6 microns respectively. The carrier flow, air, varies over a temperature range of 350–475 K, and the deposition surface varies over a temperature range of 400–475 K. The data and geometry from other experiments were also scaled and compared directly to the results of the current study. The deposition surface was a polished flat plate angled 45° normal to the flow. Initial observations indicate trends with PVC and Teflon particles in the scaled experiment agree with that of coal ash. Observed trends were an increase in capture efficiency with fluid temperature and decrease in capture efficiency as the deposition surface temperature is lowered. Capture efficiencies are all in the range of 0.5–10%. Further tests will be conducted using this scaling method with PVC particles on leading edge geometry with film cooling.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
New frontiers in bioscience

In 1975, when relatively powerful microprocessors first became available, many young entrepreneurs—including myself—were inspired to create companies, platforms, and programming tools that helped make computing available to everyone. This in turn helped spark the information revolution. Today, thanks to the increasing sophistication, speed, and power of computer modeling and other new tools such as optogenetics and multiple forms of microscopy, we are on the brink of another revolution—this time in bioscience.
Implementing Value-Based Payment Reform: A Conceptual Framework and Case Examples:

This article develops a conceptual framework for implementation of value-based payment (VBP) reform and then draws on that framework to systematically examine six distinct multi-stakeholder coalition VBP initiatives in three different regions of the United States. The VBP initiatives deploy the following payment models: reference pricing, "shadow" primary care capitation, bundled payment, pay for performance, shared savings within accountable care organizations, and global payment. The conceptual framework synthesizes prior models of VBP implementation. It describes how context, project objectives, payment and care delivery strategies, and the barriers and facilitators to translating strategy into implementation affect VBP implementation and value for patients. We next apply the framework to six case examples of implementation, and conclude by discussing the implications of the case examples and the conceptual framework for future practice and research.
Epidemiology of periprosthetic femoral fractures in 5417 revision total hip arthroplasties: a 40-year experience

Aims The goals of this study were to define the risk factors, characteristics, and chronology of fractures in 5417 revision total hip arthroplasties (THAs). Patients and Methods From our hospital’s prospectively collected database we identified all patients who had undergone a revision THA between 1969 and 2011 which involved the femoral stem. The patients’ medical records and radiographs were examined and the relevant data extracted. Post-operative periprosthetic fractures were classified using the Vancouver system. A total of 5417 revision THAs were identified. Results There were 668 intra-operative fractures, giving an incidence of 12%. Fractures were three times more common with uncemented stems (19%) than with cemented stems (6%) (p < 0.001). The incidence of intra-operative femoral fracture varied by uncemented stem type: fully-coated (20%); proximally-coated (19%); modular fluted tapered (16%) (p < 0.05). Most fractures occurred during the insertion of the femoral component (35%). One-third involved the diaphysis and 26% were of the calcar: 69% were undisplaced. There were 281 post-operative fractures of the femur (20-year probability = 11%). There was no difference in risk for cemented and uncemented stems. Post-operative fractures were more common in men < 70 years (p = 0.02). Periprosthetic fractures occurred earlier after uncemented revision of the femoral component, but later after a cemented revision. The most common fracture type was a Vancouver B1 (31%). Of all post-operative fractures, 24% underwent open reduction and internal fixation and 15% revision arthroplasty. Conclusion In revision THA, intra-operative fractures occurred three times more often with an uncemented stem. Many were undisplaced diaphyseal fractures treated with cerclage fixation. While the risk of post-operative fracture is similar between uncemented and cemented components, they occur at notably different times depending on the type of stem fixation. Take home message: In revision THA, intra-operative periprosthetic femoral fractures occur three times more often with uncemented stems. Many are non-displaced diaphyseal fractures treated with cerclage fixation. While postoperative fracture risks are equivalent between uncemented and cemented components, they occur at notably different time periods based on stem fixation type. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:468–74.
Working environment under TNT(trinitroluene) and related health analysis in a factory.

[Purpose]To understand the situation of occupational damages by TNT in a certain chemical factory. [Method]To adopt labor hygiene investigation method . [Result]TNT density in the air is at about Img/m3 in the workshop. The level of hepatomegalia of the tested 93 workers is 23. 7% and splenomegalia 10. 8% , both of the two figures are higher than those of contrastive group. According to the crystalline lens examination, the crystalline lens are damaged by 83 .9% .No significant difference is found in cytometry compared with the contrastive group. Those tested workers whose HBsAg. 1:16 are of 21.5% which is higher than those of contrastive group. As related with working time, but not with the sorts of work. [Conclusion]It is vital to propagate hygienic knowledge to the workers in order to reduce the chance of dermal infection. Emphasis should be put on the study on hepatitis sensitive specificity index caused by TNT poison and on methods to protect workers eyes.
The Decline of Urological Education in United States Medical Schools

AbstractIn 1956, 99% of all medical schools required a clinical rotation through urology during year 3 or 4. By 1978 this percentage had decreased to 48% and currently it is only 38%. In addition, an estimated 10 to 15% of medical school graduates have never been exposed to urology (no lectures and no clinical rotation). Urological diseases continue to comprise a significant percentage of problems encountered by primary care physicians. The Education Council of the American Urological Association has adopted urological education objectives that should be incorporated into the curriculum of every medical school.
Primary Care, Prevention, and Coordination of Care

In this chapter, we describe how primary care providers (PCPs) play a crucial role in delivering high quality, cost-effective, patient-centered care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients. We discuss the importance of PCPs recognizing patient autonomy in self-identification as the basis for an open and trusting patient–provider relationship. We emphasize how that relationship promotes whole-person care and describe how PCPs can utilize effective verbal and written communication that reflect sensitivity to LGBT patients. We describe evidence-based health promotion and preventive health recommendations for LGBT patients, including physical, mental, and emotional health considerations, immunizations, and screening tests. We explain the need for PCPs to critically evaluate and apply current and emerging medical information to optimize care for LGBT patients. We emphasize that PCPs must be aware of the emotional and mental health impacts of societal stigma, recognize that many LGBT patients define family broadly, and advocate for quality care. We provide several advocacy strategies such as identifying consultants who are knowledgeable about and sensitive to LGBT patient care needs, as well as coordinating patient care within the health system by collaborating with LGBT community resources.
Modeling tools for environmental engineers and scientists

Part I: Fundamentals Introduction to Modeling: o What is Modeling...? o Mathematical Modeling o Environmental Modeling o Objectives of the Book Fundamentals of Mathematical Modeling: o Definitions and Terminology in Mathematical Modeling o Steps in Developing Mathematical Models o Application of the Steps in Mathematical Modeling - An Example Primer on Mathematics: o Mathematical Formulations o Mathematical Analysis o Selected Examples of Analytical and Numerical Analysis Fundamentals of Environmental Processes: o Introduction o Material Content o Phase Equilibrium o Environmental Transport Processes o Interphase Mass Transport o Environmental Non-Reactive Processes o Environmental Reactive Processes o Material Balance Fundamentals of Engineered Systems: o Introduction o Classification of Reactors o Modeling of Homogeneous Reactors o Modeling of Heterogeneous Reactors Fundamentals of Natural Systems: o Introduction o Fundamentals of Modeling Soil Systems o Fundamentals of Modeling Aquatic Systems Software for Developing Mathematical Models: o Introduction o Spreadsheet-based Software o Equation Solver-Based Software o Dynamic Simulation-Based Software o Common Example Problem: Water Quality Modeling in Lakes o Closure Part II: Applications Modeling examples are listed after chapter titles. Modeling Engineered Environmental Systems: o Transients in Sequencing Batch Reactors o CMFRs in Series for Toxicity Management o Municipal Wastewater Treatment o Chemical Oxidation o Analysis of Catalytic Bed Reactor o Waste Management o Activated Carbon Treatment o Bioregeneration of Activated Carbon o Pipe Flow Analysis o Oxygen/Nitrogen Transfer in Packed Columns o Groundwater Flow Management o Diffusion Through Porous Media Modeling Natural Environmental Systems: o Lakes in Series o Radio-Nuclides in Lake Sediments o Phosphorous in Lakes o Contaminant Transport Visualization o Methane Emissions from Rice Fields o Chemical Equilibrium o Toxicological Exposure Evaluation o Visualization of Groundwater Flow o Air Pollution-Puff Model o Air Pollution-Plume Model o Fugacity-Based Modeling o Well Placement and Water Quality
Visuomotor Entrainment and the Frequency-Dependent Response of Walking Balance to Perturbations

Visuomotor entrainment, or the synchronization of motor responses to visual stimuli, is a naturally emergent phenomenon in human standing. Our purpose was to investigate the prevalence and resolution of visuomotor entrainment in walking and the frequency-dependent response of walking balance to perturbations. We used a virtual reality environment to manipulate optical flow in ten healthy young adults during treadmill walking. A motion capture system recorded trunk, sacrum, and heel marker trajectories during a series of 3-min conditions in which we perturbed a virtual hallway mediolaterally with systematic changes in the driving frequencies of perceived motion. We quantified visuomotor entrainment using spectral analyses and changes in balance control using trunk sway, gait variability, and detrended fluctuation analyses (DFA). ML kinematics were highly sensitive to visual perturbations, and instinctively synchronized (i.e., entrained) to a broad range of driving frequencies of perceived ML motion. However, the influence of visual perturbations on metrics of walking balance was frequency-dependent and governed by their proximity to stride frequency. Specifically, we found that a driving frequency nearest to subjects’ average stride frequency uniquely compromised trunk sway, gait variability, and step-to-step correlations. We conclude that visuomotor entrainment is a robust and naturally emerging phenomenon during human walking, involving coordinated and frequency-dependent adjustments in trunk sway and foot placement to maintain balance at the whole-body level. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how the visuomotor control of walking balance is disrupted by visual perturbations and important reference values for the emergence of balance deficits due to age, injury, or disease.
A readout system for high-speed CCD cameras based on Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture

This paper describes the performance of a scalable readout system for high-speed CCD sensors based on the Advanced Telecommunication Computing Architecture specification. The paper reports the readout system performance tested with a IMPixel Frame Store CCD sensor for soft X-ray applications at synchrotron light sources. This camera is capable of producing image data at over 400 MB/s which must be processed in real-time and stored to disk. The high-level hardware architecture, signal processing data flow, and network protocol optimization are also be presented.
Noninvasive Assessment of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 in Tumors Using Positron Emission Tomography

1195 Objectives The altered lipid metabolism in multiple origins has been increasingly recognized as a hallmark of tumor proliferation. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1), a key regulator of exogenous and endogenous (de novo) fatty acid metabolism, is the rate-limiting enzyme for converting saturated fatty acids (SFAs) into monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and has been found to be overexpressed in tumors. With its great importance in tumor proliferation, SCD-1 has become a target for cancer therapy and thus an ideal target for molecular imaging. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of 2 positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers for noninvasive assessment of SCD-1 in tumors, with continuing studies being performed to correlate tumor volume and radiotracer uptake. Methods Starting with a published SCD-1 inhibitor, two radiotracers N-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)-piperazin-1-yl)pyridazine-3-carboxamide (18F-FPPPT) and (N-(4-[18F]fluoro-aniline)-6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)-piperazin-1-yl)pyridazine-3-carboxamide (18F-FAPPT)) were developed. The SCD-1 mediated retention of 18F-FAPPT and 18F-FPPPT was determined in cancer cells of high (C4-2) and low (MDA-MB-231) SCD-1 expression. Stability was assessed in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and lipophilicity (LogP) measured in the biphasic mixture of 1:1 n-octanol-to-water. The ability of PET with 18F-FPPPT to differentiate the SCD-1 expressing levels was tested in mouse models bearing subcutaneous xenografts of prostate cancer. Results 18F-FPPPT and 18F-FAPPT were synthesized at radiochemical yields of 21% and 3%, respectively. Both radiotracers were found to be 99% intact after 3 h of incubating in FBS and the logP values of 18F-FPPPT and 18F-FAPPT were 1.23 and 2.08, respectively. Displacement of the radiotracers in C4-2 cells by co-incubation of an SCD-1 inhibitor showed the desired SCD-1 binding specificity. Similarly, uptake ratios (C4-2 vs. MDA-MB-231) were 2.2-fold and 1.5-fold higher for 18F-FPPPT and 18F-FAPPT, respectively. Given its higher SCD-1 specific uptake, 18F-FPPPT was selected to test the feasibility of imaging SCD-1 in vivo in mouse models bearing tumor xenografts with PC-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. After 1.0 h post-injection, uptake in the PC-3 tumor (high SCD-1) was 1.8-fold higher than that in the MDA-MB-231 tumor. Correlation between the quantitative imaging readouts and SCD-1 expressing levels is under evaluation. Conclusions We designed and synthesized two SCD-1 targeting radiotracers, 18F-FPPPT and 18F-FAPPT, and showed the ability of PET with 18F-FPPPT to quantify the SCD-1 expression level in tumors. Research Support: This study was partially supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (R01DK092163) and the Dr. Jack Krohmer Professorship Funds.
Trabalho: Uma abordagem Social, Ontológica e Educacional

O presente artigo faz uma analise sobre o trabalho na nossa sociedade capitalista em sua concepcao historica, social, ontologica, politico e economico. Sera analisado o conceito de trabalho como uma forma de desenvolvimento humano, ressaltando a sua importância para a existencia da sociedade. Faz-se necessario discursar sobre o trabalho na sociedade capitalista, as relacoes da educacao com o trabalho e formacao profissional, principalmente sobre como pensar em educacao como um caminho para a libertacao alienatoria do trabalho, instigando a populacao a pensar em educacao como algo essencial para autonomia e desenvolvimento psicossocial e cultural, e nao como uma solucao direta para todos os problemas humanos, principalmente economicos. Por fim, o discurso produzido neste artigo faz com que se compreenda o trabalho nao apenas como algo mecânico, mas como um conjunto de esforcos que se realiza para a construcao de uma sociedade melhor e como um meio de realizacao pessoal, uma necessidade que deve ser mantida em toda e qualquer forma de sociedade.
TRPM8 Mediates the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Eucalyptol in a Mouse Model of LPS-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation

Eucalyptol (1,8-cineol), the major ingredient in the essential oil of the eucalyptus leaves and other medicinal plants, has long been known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Eucalyptol interact...
The Image is the Message: Instagram Marketing and the 2016 Presidential Primary Season

The 2016 presidential primary candidates expanded their social media marketing campaigns to include the image- and video-centered social network platform Instagram. To explore the role that images ...
17O(n, alpha )14C cross section from 25 meV to approximately 1 MeV.

We have measured the $^{17}\mathrm{O}$(n,\ensuremath{\alpha}${)}^{14}$C cross section from thermal energy to approximately 1 MeV. A bump in the data near 3 keV could be fitted by a state whose properties are consistent with a known subthreshold ${\mathit{J}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$=${1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ level at ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{x}}$=8.039 MeV. The cause of the 1/v cross section near thermal energy could not be determined although the known ${2}^{+}$ state at 8.213 MeV was found to be too narrow to contribute much to the thermal cross section. Our data are compared to measurements made via the inverse reaction. There are many differences between the two sets of data. The astrophysical reaction rate was calculated from the measured cross section. This reaction plays a role in the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements in nonstandard big-bang models. At big-bang temperatures, the experimental rate was found to be in fair agreement with the rate estimated from the previously known properties of states of $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ in this region. Furthermore, using the available information from experiments, it was estimated that the $^{17}\mathrm{O}$(n,\ensuremath{\alpha}${)}^{14}$C rate is approximately a factor of ${10}^{3}$--${10}^{4}$ times larger than the $^{17}\mathrm{O}$(n,\ensuremath{\gamma}${)}^{18}$O rate at big-bang temperatures. As a result, there may be significant cycling between $^{14}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ resulting in a reduction of heavy-element nucleosynthesis.
Synthesis of a pentadentate, polypyrazine ligand and its application in cobalt-catalyzed hydrogen production

A molecular cobalt complex bearing a pentadentate, polypyrazine ligand, 2,6-bis(1,1-di(pyrazin-2-yl)ethyl)pyrazine (PZ5Me2), has been developed for electrocatalytic H2O reduction. Efficient H2 evolution is observed in pH 7 aqueous media. PZ5Me2 is a C2v symmetric, redox-active framework that affords significant metal-to-ligand backbonding for a more electron-deficient metal center.
Evaluation of the analgesic and pharmacokinetic properties of transdermally administered fentanyl in goats.

Objective Evaluate the analgesic properties and pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl patches (TFPs) in goats. Design Prospective, randomized study. Setting Preclinical Testing Facility at a University Teaching Hospital. Animals Thirty-four adult female Boer-cross goats. Interventions Goats underwent surgery as part of a concurrent orthopedic research study. Twelve hours prior to surgery, each goat received a TFP (target dosage of 2.5 μg/kg/h), or a placebo patch with analgesia provided by buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg, IM, q 6 h). Patches were removed after 72 hours. Blood was sampled at specified intervals, up to 84 hours following TFP placement. Plasma concentrations of fentanyl (FEN) were determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Postoperative pain assessments were performed by two independent blinded observers. Measurements and Main Results TFPs were applied at a mean (± standard deviation, SD) dose of 2.54 ± 0.36 μg/kg/h. No adverse events occurred. Pain scores between TFP and BUP groups were not significantly different at any time point. Mean plasma FEN concentration (± SD) 2 hours following patch application was 1.06 ± 0.85 ng/mL, and remained above 0.5 ng/mL for 40 hours. Maximum mean plasma FEN concentration (Cmax) was 1.84 (ranging from 0.81 to 3.35) ng/mL with average time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of 12 hours after patch application. Conclusions TFP resulted in consistent FEN absorption and plasma concentrations within the human and ovine therapeutic ranges. Pain scores for goats administered TFP were not different than those administered buprenorphine. Ease of administration, duration of analgesia, and decreased dosing frequency make TFPs an attractive option for pain management in goats.
Short communication: Short-term intravenous amino acid infusions as a method to detect limiting amino acids in dairy cattle diets

ABSTRACT We hypothesized that the addition of limiting AA increases dry matter intake (DMI) by reducing anaplerosis and hepatic oxidation. Accordingly, the objective of this work was to examine the effects of short-term intravenous infusions of Met, Lys, and His (which are considered the most limiting AA) on DMI as a method to detect whether specific AA are limiting in dairy cow diets. We conducted 4 experiments using Holstein cows in the immediate postpartum period to address this objective. The first experiment used 4 cows 6 to 10 d postpartum (PP) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 1-d periods including 12 h for infusions and 12 h for recovery. Treatments were continuous infusions of 5 (low), 10 (medium), or 15% (high) of the calculated requirement of metabolizable Met, Lys, and His or 0.9% saline (control, CONT). In the second and third experiments, 8 cows (4–12 d PP) were divided into 2 groups of 4 cows, and each group received a different diet formulated to either be low in Lys (experiment 2) or Met (experiment 3). Each experiment was a crossover design with two 1-d periods with 12-h infusions (continuous) and 12 h for recovery. Treatments were 15% of the calculated requirement of metabolizable Met, Lys, and His (high), or 0.9% saline (CONT). In the fourth experiment, 5 cows (4–14 d PP) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Periods were 2 d in which treatments were continuously infused for the first 46 h. Treatments were 0.9% saline (CONT), all (Lys, Met, and His), LM (Lys and Met), LH (Lys and His), and MH (Met and His); dosages were equal to the estimated shortage in each specific AA. In each experiment, feed intake was recorded by a computerized data acquisition system, milk yield was recorded, and milk composition was analyzed for fat, protein, lactose, and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations. Treatments did not affect DMI or yield of milk or milk components in the first experiment. In the second experiment, AA treatment increased protein percentage and reduced lactose percentage but had no effect on protein and lactose yields or DMI. In the third experiment, the AA treatment tended to increase yields of milk, lactose, and protein as well as MUN concentration but did not affect DMI. In the fourth experiment, no effects were detected for DMI and milk yield, whereas the all, LH, and LM treatments reduced milk lactose concentration compared with CONT, and MH increased MUN concentration compared with CONT and other treatments. These results failed to provide support for our hypothesis that short-term addition of these potentially limiting AA will increase DMI. This may be due to our hypothesis being inaccurate or to other factors; other limiting AA could have prevented the effects of Lys, Met, and His infusions or the infusion periods could have been too short to induce a response in DMI. Accordingly, short-term infusion of AA is probably not a sensitive method to detect limiting AA in dairy cow diets.
Risk pricing of wholesale funds and the behavior of retail deposit rates

Abstract We explore the relationship between bank risk and retail deposits. Predicted risk premiums on wholesale funds explain retail rate heterogeneity through two channels. First, increased bank risk premiums encourage the bank to substitute from wholesale funds to small certificates of deposits (CD) by increasing small CD rates. Second, increased rival risk premiums in a local market require the bank to increase small CD rates even more. Our results are consistent with risk encouraging the use of small CDs as a marginal source of funds and promoting local market competition for small CDs. As risk premiums rise, banks also reduce rates on other retail deposits. Our approach has implications for regulatory and monetary policies and financial stability.
Convergence and Disadvantage in Poverty Trends (1980–2010): What is Driving the Relative Socioeconomic Position of Hispanics and Whites?

The gap between white and Hispanic poverty has remained stable for decades despite dramatic changes in the size and composition of the two groups. The gap, however, conceals crucial differences within the Hispanic population whereby some leverage education and smaller families to stave off poverty while others facing barriers to citizenship and English language acquisition face particularly high rates. In this paper, we use Decennial Census and American Community Survey data to examine poverty rates between Hispanic and non-Hispanic, white heads of household. We find the usual suspects stratify poverty risks: gender, age, employment, education, marital status, family size, and metro area status. In addition, Hispanic ethnicity has become a weaker indicator of poverty. We then decompose trends in poverty gaps between racial and ethnic groups. Between 1980 and 2010, poverty gaps persisted between whites and Hispanics. We find support for a convergence of advantages hypothesis and only partial support (among Hispanic noncitizens and Hispanics with limited English language proficiency) for a rising disadvantages hypothesis. Poverty-reducing gains in educational attainment alongside smaller families kept white–Hispanic poverty gaps from rising. If educational attainment continues to rise and family size drops further, poverty rates could fall, particularly for Hispanics who still have lower education and larger families, on average. Gains toward citizenship and greater English language proficiency would also serve to reduce the Hispanic–white poverty gap.
The influence of language background and exposure on phonetic accommodation

This study examines whether language background, short-term exposure to monolingual and bilingual speech, and long-term exposure to monolingual and bilingual speech influences speech accommodation. To address this question, I examine whether English monolinguals and Spanish-English bilinguals, either from a predominately monolingual community or a predominately bilingual community, vary their speech when interacting with a monolingual English speaker versus a Spanish-English bilingual speaker. Additionally, I examine whether speakers are more likely to converge after being primed with monolingual English or Spanish-English bilingual speech. To test this, participants complete an interactive communication task, where they are presented with a 6x6 board on a computer screen and asked questions about the words on the board, which contain variables that differ in English and Spanish. Results show that both language background and long-term exposure to monolingual or bilingual speech in a speaker’s speech community influence accommodation.
Vitamin K2, a menaquinone present in dairy products targets castration-resistant prostate cancer cell-line by activating apoptosis signaling.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of vitamin K2 (VK2) on castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and its anti-cancer mechanisms in a pre-clinical study using a VCaP cell line (ATCC® CRL-2876™) which was established from a vertebral bone metastasis from a patient with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Our data showed that VK2 significantly inhibited CRPC VCaP cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner at 48 h treatment in vitro. In addition, VK2 reduced the migration potential of VCaP cells and inhibited anchorage-independent growth of these cells. Our results also showed that VK2 induces apoptosis in VCaP cells. Furthermore, VK2 enforced growth arrest in VCaP cells by activating cellular senescence. Notably, VK2 treatment elevated the levels of reactive oxygen species in VCaP cells. Western blot analysis revealed that VK2 downregulated the expression of androgen receptor, BiP, survivin, while activating caspase-3 and -7, PARP-1 cleavage, p21 and DNA damage response marker, phospho-H2AX in VCaP cells. In conclusion, our study suggests that VK2 might be a potential anti-cancer agent for CRPC by specifically targeting key anti-apoptotic, cell cycle progression and metastasis-promoting signaling molecules.
Does Narrative Feedback Enhance Children's Motor Learning in a Virtual Environment?

Augmented feedback has motivational and informational functions in motor learning, and is a key feature of practice in a virtual environment (VE). This study evaluated the impact of narrative (stor...
EFFECT OF ACUTE MURINE HEPATITIS (MHV-A-59) ON ETHANOL OXIDATION IN VIVO

Studies were performed to examine the effect of mild, moderate, and severe hepatitis infection induced by murine A-59 virus on ethanol metabolism in vivo. Female inbred mice were injected intraperitoneally with 8, 12, and 16 complement fixation units of virus, which produced liver damage ranging from mild (three to four foci of necrosis and inflammation per hepatic lobule) to severe hepatitis (destruction of 70 to 90% of hepatocytes). Ethanol oxidation was measured 48 hr after infection when maximal cell damage was present as determined by light microscopy and SGOT values. Ethanol (2.4 g per kg) was injected intraperitoneally and the rate of ethanol oxidation was measured by (1) cumulative production of I4CO2 from [14C]ethanol, (2) sequential serum ethanol levels, and (3) ethanol clearance using a subcutaneous air bubble technique. Using these methods there was no difference in ethanol oxidation between infected and control animals (P
Tools for Molecular Graphics Depictions of Lipid Structures

We have developed several tools for the molecular graphics depiction of lipids and their microstructures. These include: 1) NanoVision, a molecular visualization program for Macintosh personal computers; 2) NRLipid, a HyperCard database of lipid structural information; 3) BILAYER BUILDER, a program for constructing models of lipid bilayers from crystallographic data; and 4) Ribbon Representation, an adaptation for the depiction of subtle acyl chain structure of a display tool commonly used for proteins.
Rapid detection and quantification of aminoglycoside phosphorylation products using direct-infusion high-resolution and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Rationale Worldwide efforts are underway to determine the extent of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) founded the Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System (GLASS) focusing on surveillance and dissemination of data. In addition, the WHO advocates method development focused on rapid determination and close to real-time monitoring of antibiotic usage and its effectiveness. Rapid determination of aminoglycoside modification by O-phosphorylation, the most prevalent mechanism of clinical resistance, was performed using direct flow and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Methods A strain of Escherichia coli carrying a plasmid encoding an aminoglycoside modification enzyme (O-phosphotransferase) was incubated with kanamycin, an aminoglycoside. The antibiotic and its modified form were observed using direct flow and LC/MS. Direct flow high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) using a Thermo Fisher Q-Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer was employed for quantitative analysis and structural elucidation. Liquid chromatography coupled with the AB Sciex QTRAP 6500+ was also used for quantitative analysis. Results Detection of phosphorylated kanamycin was achieved in less than 4 h of incubation. Calibration curves for modified kanamycin from 2.5-250 and 10-200 μg mL-1 μg mL-1 were obtained for LC/MS and direct injection high-resolution experiments, respectively. The high-resolution measurements were employed for conformation and structural elucidation of the novel precursor and product ion biomarkers with high mass accuracy (≤7 ppm). These results confirm previous in vitro O-phosphotransferase metabolite measurements. Conclusions A new analytical method capable of determination and quantification of the most common form of aminoglycoside resistance (via phosphorylation) was developed requiring short incubation times for a positive confirmation 100-fold lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). High-resolution data simultaneously revealed quantitative abilities and provided numerous novel product ions confirming placement of the phosphate group on kanamycin.
Economic Impact of Chronic Headaches

Chronic daily headache has been reported to affect 3–4% of the world population and can cause a significant degree of disability in many patients, as chronic headaches often affect young and middle-aged patients at the time of their prime productivity. Two major studies, the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study (AMPP) and the International Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS), quantified the economic burden of chronic migraine in the USA and throughout the world. These studies showed that patients with chronic migraine incur higher direct and indirect costs annually compared to those with episodic migraines, further suggesting that chronic headache continues to be a major public health problem.
The impact of strengths-based group counseling on LGBTQ + young adults in the coming out process

Our investigation explored the impact of an eight-hour strengths-based group counseling intervention on LGBTQ + young adults’ (ages 18–24) levels of coping, appraisal of social support, and coming ...
Teachers' Translanguaging Practices and "Safe Spaces" for Adolescent Newcomers: Toward Alternative Visions.

This study investigated structural features of a newcomer program housed within a comprehensive high school and language practices among newcomer students and their teachers. Findings indicate effo...
Overemphasis of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) Evaluation Subverts a Clinician's Ability to Provide Access to Autism Services.

A concerning trend has emerged in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that has a negative impact on care. Quite often, a clinician's diagnosis of ASD using DSM-5 criteria is no longer sufficient for individuals with ASD to access services. Insurance companies, school districts, and developmental disability agencies commonly require an Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) to be eligible for services.
Presence and distribution of insect-associated and entomopathogenic fungi in a temperate pine forest soil: An integrated approach

For decades entomopathogenic fungi have garnered interest as possible alternatives to chemical pesticides. However, their ecology outside of agroecosystems demands further study. We assessed the diversity and abundance of entomopathogenic and insect-associated fungi at a loblolly pine forest in North Carolina, USA using culture-dependent and next-generation sequencing libraries. Fungi were isolated using Galleriamellonella larvae, as well as from soil dilutions plated on a selective medium. Isolates were identified using Sanger sequencing of the ITS and LSU rRNA gene regions, and represented 36 OTUs including Metarhizium, Lecanicillium, and Paecilomyces. Additionally, we assessed the chitinolytic potential of isolates and found widespread, variable ability to degrade chitin within and between genera. Phylogenetic analyses resolved several isolates to genus, with some forming clades with other insect-associated taxa, as well as with fungi associated with plant tissues. Saprophytes were widely distributed in soil, while entomopathogens were less abundant and present primarily in the top two cm of the soil. The similarity between culture-dependent and next-generation sequencing results demonstrates that both methods can be used concurrently in this system to study the ecology of entomopathogenic fungi.
Theme-Based Book Review: Public-Sector Corruption

Dr. Adrian Blau recently wrote, “public-office corruption can be extremely damaging. It can be particularly harmful to poor people and women. It can kill. Understanding, explaining, and reducing it...
Personal mobile device policies and the military: does anyone know the rules?: poster session

Smartphone technologies have revolutionized almost every facet of life. The ability to use these devices as multi-faceted technological platforms makes them both beneficial tools for individuals as well as dangerous weapons to compromise information security systems. Through the use of mobile applications (both installed by the device owner and those downloaded unwittingly) smartphones are capable of streaming and recording video and audio, scanning for and recording the existence of other devices and electronically stored information, and providing global positioning coordinates. The ability of smartphone technologies to penetrate and disclose sensitive information warrants the creation and implementation of employee smartphone use policies for any organization but especially for the military. Such policies must account not only for smartphones issued and maintained by military branches, but also personal smartphones owned by employees. These policies must govern not only the issue of where smartphones are allowed, but also what applications should be allowed on the device. This is imperative even in instances where personal smartphones are not used for work purposes, but are carried and used by employees while onsite. Research indicates that the creation and maintenance of personal smart device policies are the responsibility of each military installation. Unfortunately, research indicates that, if personal smartphone policies exist at all, their dissemination, and thus employee education, is lacking. A sampling of policies shows that most policies are not only outdated, but fail to cover personal devices. The purpose of this research is to collect and analyze a sampling of smartphone policies for every branch of the military as well as to evaluate the extent to which these policies are publicized to military personnel. The research is intended to help identify the strengths and weakness of not only the policies, but also the education of military personnel regarding the policies.
The Meaning of the Audion

As a transmitter for reliable long distance communications, the spark gap was a technology dead end, although no one would realize it for at least another decade. Sure, Marconi had founded a successful company using spark and was competing with the transatlantic cable for communications between London and New York. De Forest himself had success with his similar spark wireless system and had gained and lost several companies because of it. But de Forest was restless. He is tired of the spark message business, and by 1906 he is turning his attention to a wireless replacement for the wired telephone. Reginald Fessenden and other inventors also wanted primacy in this invention, but it was only de Forest who saw both a wireless telephone for two way voice messages and a way to send music into the home. Radio and Broadcasting would grow out of it. Before that could be fully realized, he would have to invent something totally different from the spark gap and its less sophisticated detectors. What de Forest will invent will make the radio and the talkies possible.