cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BORDERCROSSINGS: LEVINAS, HEIDEGGER, AND THE ETHICS OF THE OTHER

Ethan Kleinberg, Generation Existential: Heidegger's Philosophy in France, 1927–1961 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005)Samuel Moyn, Origins of the Other: Emmanuel Levinas between Revelation and Ethics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005)
Pathophysiological distortions in time perception and timed performance

Distortions in time perception and timed performance are presented by a number of different neurological and psychiatric conditions (e.g. Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism). As a consequence, the primary focus of this review is on factors that define or produce systematic changes in the attention, clock, memory and decision stages of temporal processing as originally defined by Scalar Expectancy Theory. These findings are used to evaluate the Striatal Beat Frequency Theory, which is a neurobiological model of interval timing based upon the coincidence detection of oscillatory processes in corticostriatal circuits that can be mapped onto the stages of information processing proposed by Scalar Timing Theory.
Substance use among women with eating disorders

Objective: The results of past research suggest that bulimics are more likely than anorexics to engage in substance use, and that binge eating and/or purging may be an indicator of increased likelihood of substance use. We further investigated substance use among women with eating disorders. Method: We compared women with anorexia nervosa (n = 134) to women with bulimia nervosa (n = 320) with regard to history of substance use and investigated potential relationships between eating disorder symptom presentation and substance use. Results: Even after controlling for age and eating disorder symptom severity, women with bulimia nervosa were more likely than those with anorexia nervosa to have used alcohol, amphetamines, barbituates, marijuana, tranquilizers, and cocaine. Independent of diagnostic category, severity of caloric restriction was predictive of amphetamine use, severity of binge eating was predictive of tranquilizer use, and severity of purging was predictive of alcohol, cocaine, and cigarette use. Discussion: Results are discussed in relation to the results of past research and with an emphasis on the importance of considering eating disorder symptom presentation in addition to formal eating disorder diagnosis. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Several studies have highlighted the comorbidity of substance use and eating disorders. Holderness, Brooks-Gunn, and Warren (1994) reviewed the relevant research and arrived at several conclusions. In general, individuals with bulimia nervosa appear to be more likely to use alcohol and other drugs when compared with individuals with anorexia nervosa. Also, binge eating/purging anorexics appear to be more likely than restricting anorexics to indulge in substance use. Impulsive eating and purgation behaviors may be indicators of likelihood to use substances. Past research on the relationship between eating disorders and substance use has not been definitive, however, as Holderness et al. (1994) noted a number of problematic issues that have characterized past research on the topic. For example, past researchers have
Value Enhancement of Turkey Dark Meat Through Restructuring Techniques

Abstract Turkey dark meat (thigh) was flaked and randomly assigned to formulations: 1) 100% turkey, 2) 90% turkey plus 10% dry-cured ham and 3) 90% turkey plus 10% fresh ham. Products 1 and 3 received .5% NaCl, .5% sucrose, .25% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), 60 ppm NaNO2,550 ppm sodium erythorbate, and .38% monosodium glutamate (MSG); Product 2 received only 90% of these ingredients because its dry-cured ham already contained salt and nitrite. Three replications of each formulation were mixed, preformed, freeze-tempered, pressed into the shape of boneless porkchops, thermally processed, and sliced into 10 mm-thick chops that were freezer wrapped, stored at −23.3 C, and evaluated at 0, 21, and 84 days. These partially cooked products contained moisture levels similar to previously reported raw products. Product 1 was rated more desirable on content and distribution of fat and on color than Products 2 and 3. Product 2 received higher panel ratings for juiciness and firmness than Products 1 and 3. Instron values indicated that fresh pork tended to improve tenderness. All products had acceptable storage characteristics. These data suggest that, with appropriate handling, manufacturing, and use of selected adjuncts, turkey dark meat can be the primary raw material for low fat, low salt restructured convenience foods.
Design and optimization of power gating for DVFS applications

Combined with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS), power gating can be used effectively to improve the overall power efficiency of a chip design. Since the DVFS is applied to multiple supply voltage levels, the design tradeoffs between supply noise and power saving can vary significantly across different operating points. Hence, the tradeoffs have to be considered carefully by designers. In this paper, a systematic design tradeoff analysis for power gating geared towards DVFS applications is presented. We propose a multi-driver based scheme to drive sleep transistors. Re-routable decoupling capacitance based design strategies are used to balance supply noises and power saving at different supply levels. Finally, we demonstrate a simulation-based automatic design flow to improve the performance of power delivery network.
Dosage form for Potassium Penicillin G Intravenous Infusion Solutions

AbstractThe chemical stability of potassium penicillin G intravenous infusion solutions is related to the initial pH of the solutions and to the ability of the buffer to maintain a constant pH during aging. It was determined that the 4-5% citrate buffer present in Potassium Penicillin G for Injection, U.S.P. is adequate to maintain the pH at the optimum value of 6.5 when reconstituted for injection. However, the buffer capacity is not adequate to maintain a pH of 6.5 when diluted with a large volume infusion solution. A new dosage form for intravenous infusion is recommended which contains 20% citrate buffer. The recommended dosage form when reconstituted and diluted with either Sodium Chloride Injection, U.S.P. or 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, U.S.P. maintains a constant pH and greatly improves the chemical stability of the penicillin. The increased buffer is shown to have little effect on the osmolality of the Infusion solution and is expected to reduce the incidence of phlebitis due t...
Mitochondrial protection impairs BET bromodomain inhibitor-mediated cell death and provides rationale for combination therapeutic strategies

Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extraterminal domain family (BETI) have recently entered phase I clinical trials. In patients with advanced leukemia's, potent antileukemia activity was displayed with minimum dose-limiting toxicity. In preclinical models of hematological malignancies, including aggressive B-cell lymphomas, BETI induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, the underlying cell death mechanisms are still not well understood. Dissecting the mechanisms required by BETI to mediate cell death would provide strong direction on how to best utilize BETI to treat patients with aggressive hematological malignancies. Herein, we provide understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BETI-mediated cell death using I-BET762. Induction of cell death occurred in primary murine and human B-cell lymphomas through apoptosis. Genetic dissection using Eμ-myc B-cell lymphoma compound mutants demonstrated that I-BET762-induced apoptosis does not require the p53 pathway. Furthermore, deletion of Apaf1, and thus the absence of a functional apoptosome, is associated with a delayed drug response but do not provide long-term resistance. Prolonged treatment of this model in fact fails to suppress the therapeutic efficacy of the drug and is associated with biochemical features of autophagy. However, lack of mitochondrial permeability completely inhibited I-BET762-mediated tumor cell death, indicating mitochondrial damage as key events for its activity. Combination of I-BET762 with BH3-only mimetics ABT-263 or obatoclax, restored sensitivity to I-BET762 lymphoma killing; however, success was determined by expression of Bcl-2 family antiapoptotic proteins. Our study provides critical insight for clinical decisions regarding the appropriate strategy for using BETI as a single agent or in combination to treat patients with aggressive B-cell lymphomas.
The Impact of Judaism on Social Reform

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. Judaism marked the beginning of a revolutionary idea that laid the groundwork for social reform: humans have the ability and therefore the responsibility to stop injustices in the world. The Jews were the first to decide that it was their responsibility as the Chosen People to fight against inequality in the world. This mentality revolutionized social reform and brought it into existence as a way for human beings to positively shape their world. The ideas laid by the Jews continued to impact people for centuries and are especially relevant in the modern world. This essay on religion is available in Verbum: http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol13/iss1/11
Thoughts Without Masters: Incomplete Understanding and the Content of Mind

When we explain Bruno’s taking the train by attributing to him the belief that safety is more important than price, we attribute to him a thought involving the concept of safety, as opposed to (say) the concept of comfort. Most leading theories of mental content presuppose what I call the achievement view – that for a thought to involve a given concept is, roughly speaking, for the thinker to have a disposition to satisfy a condition associated with the concept, such as a disposition to make certain inferences. I show that it follows from the achievement view that a thinker must fully grasp (in a sense I make precise) a concept in order to have attitudes involving it (though most theorists would allow an exception for cases in which the thinker defers to others). I claim, to the contrary, that thinkers can have attitudes involving concepts no one fully grasps. Further, I argue that this phenomenon, which I call incomplete understanding, is the key to otherwise intractable problems in the philosophy of mind.My attack on currently standard theories of content has two prongs. I first argue that such theories are unsatisfactory on their own terms – i.e., apart from the issue of incomplete understanding – and that their problems can be traced back to the achievement view. I then turn to my argument that the theories cannot account for incomplete understanding. I marshal a range of examples in which thinkers plausibly have attitudes – not through deference to others – involving concepts they do not fully grasp. I argue that potential reinterpreting responses fail to provide a persuasive overall account.In contrast to the achievement view, I propose the responsibility view: for a belief to involve a particular concept is for the thinker to be responsible to, or subject to, a standard associated with the concept. I argue that the responsibility view has the potential not only to avoid the difficulties encountered by the achievement view, but also to account for our having thoughts with incompletely understood contents. Since a thinker can be responsible to a standard she lacks the ability to satisfy, the responsibility view has better prospects than the achievement view for explaining how a thinker can have thoughts involving a concept that she does not fully grasp.
Reliability seeking virtual organizations: challenges for high reliability organizations and resilience engineering

Abstract High reliability organizing is an important approach to crisis prevention and mitigation. Resilience is a term that has been used to describe an organization’s ability to respond or ‘bounce back’ from untoward, surprising or disruptive events. A growing number of organizations have increased mandates for maintaining safety, reliability and resilience; some of these are also virtual or semi virtual organizations—geographically distributed organizations whose members are bound by a long-term common interest or goal, and who largely communicate and coordinate their work through information technology. The objective of this paper is to explicate the challenges that reliability-seeking virtual organizations (RSVOs) pose for high reliability and resilient organizations, based on what is known about high reliability organizations (HROs) and resilient organizations, and what can be surmised about RSVOs. We begin by exploring a test case for RSVOs, distributed offshore oil and gas systems, using the example of the challenges presented during the Deepwater Horizon event. Since a common characteristic of resilient and reliable organizations is fluidity in organizational structures, we examine requirements for fluidity in and across RSVO organizational structures and the forms that fluidity can assume, leaning on our understanding of the role of fluidity in HROs and resilient organizations, and suggesting challenges posed by these different forms of interconnectedness. We then follow with a discussion of when a virtual organization is not highly reliable or resilient. We describe future RSVO challenges in remote settings with little infrastructure, such as Arctic energy exploration and development and IT-enabled healthcare systems in third world countries, and conclude with an agenda for future research.
Qualitative Analysis of Wasp Watchers

This qualitative analysis provides a landscape perspective of the overall effectiveness and challenges of using volunteers to conduct wasp watcher biosurveillance activities. It gives a brief background about biosurveillance and details the methods used to complete the research. The study also identifies some of the types of people currently serving as volunteer wasp watchers, determines their common motivations and rewards for doing this kind of volunteer work and recommends types of people to seek out as volunteers for conducting the activity. The report also lists recommendations to help recruit wasp watcher candidates, coordinate their efforts and provide incentives for their continued service.
Possible Himalayan Color Pattern in the Masked Shrew

Albinism has been reported a number of times in the short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda , and several cases of complete albinism and white spotting are known in American members of the genus Sorex . G. M. Allen (Jour. Mamm., 16: 223, 1935) reported an albino S. cinereus from Seba Beach, Alberta. Pearce (Jour. Mamm., 15: 67,1934) reported S. cinereus from Marcellus, New York, with a white band encircling the forequarters, and Jackson (N. Amer. Fauna, 51: 20, 1928) mentioned a pure white Sorex , …
The Cult of the Goddess Pattini

Pattini goddess, virgin, wife, and mother; folk deity of Sinhala Buddhists and Jains; and assimilated goddess of the Hindu pantheon has been worshiped in Sri Lanka and South India for fifteen hundred years or more, as she still is today. This long-awaited book is the culmination of Gananath Obeyesekere's comprehensive study of the Pattini cult and its historical, sociological, and psychoanalytical role in the culture of South Asia. A well-known anthropologist and a native of Sri Lanka, Obeyesekere displays his impeccable scholarship and a stunning range of theoretical perspectives in this work, the most detailed analysis of a single religious complex in South Asian ethnography (and possibly in all of anthropology)."
Recursive Attitude and Rate Determination of Spinning Spacecraft

[Abstract] This paper presents a simple Kalman filter for continuously estimating the full attitude of a spinning spacecraft. This algorithm is comprised of two low-order decoupled Kalman filters; one estimates the spin axis orientation, and the other estimates the spin rate and the spin (phase) angle. The filters are ambiguity free and do not rely on the spacecraft dynamics. They were successfully tested using data obtained from one of the Space Technology (ST)-5 satellites.
Women in the HIV epidemic.

In the United States, the majority of women with HIV/AIDS are women whose lives have been touched by injection drug use—their own or that of their sexual partners. The pattern of opportunistic infections in women is more similar to that of injection drug users than that of homosexual men. Specific complications associated with a womans reproductive tract include persistent Candida vaginitis, human papillomavirus infections, cervical dysplasias, and, possibly, pelvic inflammatory disease. Childbearing decisions for women with HIV infection are complex and culturally mediated. Meeting the challenge of providing high quality services to women with HIV infection requires major changes in the service delivery system.
Role of Exopolysaccharides in Nodule Invasion by Rhizobium meliloti

Bacterial Polysaccharides are crucial for the establishment of nitrogen fixing symbiosis between the soil bacterium Rhizobium meliloti and its host plant Medicago sativa (alfalfa). The early steps in symbiosis involve the exchange of signals between the bacteria and the plant. The roots of the plant secrete flavonoids, which serve as chemoattractants to the bacteria and which trigger the expression of nod genes in R. meliloti (Fisher, Long, 1992). The products of the nod genes synthesize lipochitooligosaccharides, which are released from the bacteria and which trigger root hair curling and the formation of root nodules on the plant (Denarie et al., 1996). Bacteria which become trapped in the curled root hairs then travel along the infection threads into nodules. R. meliloti mutants defective in production of Polysaccharides are blocked at this step, root nodule invasion, and thus are defective in establishment of symbiosis (Glazebrook, Walker, 1989; Leigh et al., 1985; Reuhs et al., 1993).
Longitudinal β-Amyloid Deposition and Hippocampal Volume in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease and Suspected Non-Alzheimer Disease Pathophysiology.

Importance Preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD) can be staged using a 2-factor model denoting the presence or absence of β-amyloid (Aβ+/−) and neurodegeneration (ND+/−). The association of these stages with longitudinal biomarker outcomes is unknown. Objective To examine whether longitudinal Aβ accumulation and hippocampal atrophy differ based on initial preclinical staging. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal population-based cohort study used data collected at the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, from December 1, 2006, to June 31, 2015. Cognitively normal older adults (n = 174) were recruited from the longitudinal Adult Children Study and Healthy Aging and Senile Dementia Study at the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center. At baseline, all participants had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, positron emission tomography (PET) scans with carbon 11–labeled Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB), and cerebrospinal fluid assays of tau and phosphorylated tau (ptau) acquired within 12 months. Using the baseline biomarkers, individuals were classified into preclinical stage 0 (Aβ−/ND−), 1 (Aβ+/ND−), or 2+ (Aβ+/ND+) or suspected non-AD pathophysiology (SNAP; Aβ−/ND+). Main Outcomes and Measures Subsequent longitudinal accumulation of Aβ assessed with PiB PET and loss of hippocampal volume assessed with MRI in each group. Results Among the 174 participants (81 men [46.6%]; 93 women [53.4%]; mean [SD] age, 65.7 [8.9] years), a proportion (14%-17%) of individuals with neurodegeneration alone (SNAP) later demonstrated Aβ+. The rates of Aβ accumulation and loss of hippocampal volume in individuals with SNAP were indistinguishable from those without any pathologic features at baseline (for Aβ accumulation: when hippocampal volume was used to define ND, t = 0.00 [ P > .99]; when tau and ptau were used to define ND, t = −0.02 [ P = .98]; for loss of hippocampal volume: when hippocampal volume was used to define ND, t = –1.34 [ P = .18]; when tau and ptau were used to define ND, t = 0.84 [ P = .40]). Later preclinical stages (stages 1 and 2+) had elevated Aβ accumulation. Using hippocampal volume to define ND, individuals with stage 1 had accelerated Aβ accumulation relative to stage 0 ( t = 11.06; P t = 2.10; P = .04), and SNAP ( t = 9.32; P t = 4.38; P t = 4.08; P t = 4.96) and SNAP ( t = 4.06), and those with stage 1 had accelerated Aβ accumulation relative to stage 0 ( t = 8.44) and SNAP ( t = 6.61) ( P t = –3.41; P t = –2.48; P = .03), and SNAP ( t = –2.26; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance More advanced preclinical stages of AD have greater longitudinal Aβ accumulation. SNAP appears most likely to capture inherent individual variability in brain structure or to represent comorbid pathologic features rather than early emerging AD. Low hippocampal volumes or elevated levels of tau or ptau in isolation may not accurately represent ongoing neurodegenerative processes.
Motor-Cognitive Dual-Task Training in Persons With Neurologic Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Number Grant 8TL1TR000091-05 from the National Center For Advancing Translational Sciences
The Emerging Age of Ecological Restoration Law

This article challenges the dominant future orientation of environmental law by drawing attention to the need to consider past environmental losses and the role of restoration law. The article highlights some precedents in international and domestic law. So far, most examples of restoration governance in our legal systems should be described as ‘environmental’ restoration, addressing discrete contexts such as a pollution spill site or a former mine. The larger agenda of ecological restoration is in its infancy, but there are a handful of interesting legal innovations. Successful ecological restoration governance is a complex task that requires addressing four criteria: biological feasibility, social acceptability, financial viability and institutional tractability.
The Utility of Teaching Bedside Ultrasound to Internal Medicine Residents

Bedside ultrasound is underutilized by internal medicine practitioners. Our institution teaches ultrasound to all internal medicine residents. We present the use of bedside ultrasound for the assessment of deep venous thrombosis as an example of the benefit of incorporating ultrasound into the internal medicine curriculum. Bedside ultrasound was performed by a second year medicine resident on 49 cases suspected to have a deep venous thrombosis. Bedside exams were 100% sensitive and 89% specific, and accomplished on average in less than 5 min, suggesting strong performance in a short time frame.
A novel SH2 recognition mechanism recruits Spt6 to the doubly phosphorylated RNA polymerase II linker at sites of transcription

We determined that the tandem SH2 domain of S. cerevisiae Spt6 binds the linker region of the RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb1 rather than the expected sites in its heptad repeat domain. The 4 nM binding affinity requires phosphorylation at Rpb1 S1493 and either T1471 or Y1473. Crystal structures showed that pT1471 binds the canonical SH2 pY site while pS1493 binds an unanticipated pocket 70 A distant. Remarkably, the pT1471 phosphate occupies the phosphate-binding site of a canonical pY complex, while Y1473 occupies the position of a canonical pY side chain, with the combination of pT and Y mimicking a pY moiety. Biochemical data and modeling indicate that pY1473 can form an equivalent interaction, and we find that pT1471/pS1493 and pY1473/pS1493 combinations occur in vivo. ChIP-seq and genetic analyses demonstrate the importance of these interactions for recruitment of Spt6 to sites of transcription and for the maintenance of repressive chromatin.
Fighting blindness with a Guerrilla: The Guerrilla Eye Service of Pittsburgh

the academia, research, and clinical practice could be combined to help the underserved communities. This interview is describing a 10-years-old medical students volunteer experience and its evolution from free service to a more organized and structured organization, the Guerrilla Eye Service.
Trusting an Abusive System: Systemic Racism and Black Political Engagement

Africana people in America have relied upon the utilization of political participation in order to address the economic and societal ills that plague its community. Africana people have made strides at all levels of the American government. Africana people were a vital voting block that helped to elect the first American President of African descent. However, studies have shown that the conditions of Africana people in America have not substantially changed since the Voting Rights Act of 1 965 was enacted. Africana political participation has not equated to socioeconomic equality on a large scale for the Africana community. Utilizing Feagin9s Systemic Racism Theory, this project looks to examine why solely relying upon the American political system is symptomatic of disagency for Africana people and argues that this dis-agency does not empower our people to seek solutions. It places the power to liberate in the oppressor9s hands, thus maintaining the inequality that continues to exist in America. This article also argues for Africana people to look to themselves as the avenue for addressing the societal ills that it faces. It also argues that Africana people must be their own mechanism for liberation. In addition, the terms Africana and Black will be used interchangeably in the project because those terms are most readily identifiable to people of African descent living in America.
How technology is reshaping cognitive assessment: Lessons from the Framingham Heart Study.

Objective This article elucidates how the Boston process approach (BPA) can amplify the role of neuropsychology in the study of preclinical and clinical dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), and how advancements in technology expand BPA capacity objectively and exponentially. Method The BPA is based on a conceptualization of cognition as being comprised of multiple processes, the nature of which could not possibly be captured by a single score on a test or battery of tests. Identification of these processes is only possible with careful observation of an individual during the entire testing process to determine how, when, and why a person fails, which helps to reveal the integrity of the cognitive processes underlying the behavior. Results BPA use within the Framingham Heart Study is described, including how digital technology has been incorporated to enhance the sensitivity of BPA to detect insidious onset changes even earlier than had been previously possible. The digital technology movement will dramatically alter the means by which cognitive function is assessed going forward. Conclusions Technological advances will catalyze groundbreaking discoveries for effective treatments of neurodegenerative cognitive disorders, such as AD, and inform novel strategies for dementia prevention and sustained lifelong cognitive health. (PsycINFO Database Record
Pediatric Digital Necrosis Secondary to Dressing Application: A Case Series.

Background: Pediatric digital necrosis resulting in revision amputation is a devastating outcome following digital dressing application. Methods: We report a series of 4 pediatric patients (age: 21...
Framing-Based Optimization

G.fast uses time division duplexing (TDD) rather than frequency division duplexing, as it was used in previous DSL systems, to allow a more energy efficient analog and mixed-signal design. Besides the TDD scheme, G.fast introduces a method called “Discontinuous Operation” (DO) to further reduce the transmit and receive time within a frame, depending on the current data traffic. The main reason to introduce DO is power consumption, but it can also be used to increase data rates.
Deconstructing the Gratton effect: Targeting dissociable trial sequence effects in children, pre-adolescents, and adults

The Gratton effect refers to the observation that performance on congruency tasks is often enhanced when the congruency of the current trial matches that of the previous trial. This effect has been at the center of recent debates in the literature on cognitive control as researchers have sought to identify the cognitive and neural underpinnings of the effect. Here, we use a technique known as reach tracking to demonstrate that the Gratton effect originally observed in the flanker task is not a singular effect but the result of two separate trial sequence effects that impact dissociable processes underlying cognitive control. Further, our results indicate that these dissociable processes follow divergent developmental trajectories across childhood, pre-adolescence, and adulthood. Taken together, these findings suggest that manual dynamics can be used to disentangle how key processes underlying cognitive control contribute to the response time effects observed across a wide range of cognitive tasks and age groups.
Plodia interpunctella and Trogoderma variabile larval penetration and invasion of untreated and methoprene-treated foil packaging

Abstract Packaged food products inside retail stores and food warehouses are susceptible to infestation by stored-product insects. The insect growth regulator methoprene can be impregnated onto packaging materials to help limit stored-product insect population development and prevent infestations. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of methoprene-treated foil packaging on egg hatchability and the penetration and invasion ability of the warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile Ballion, and the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hubner). Twenty-five eggs of each species were added to Petri dishes containing untreated packaging or packaging containing 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% of the active ingredient methoprene. Petri dishes were held for 7 d in an environmental chamber at 27 °C and 60% r.h. to determine percent hatchability of eggs. Additionally, 6 cm by 8 cm food packages were created from untreated and methoprene-treated packaging and placed into 0.18-L vials. First or third instars of each species were introduced into vials containing diet or no diet, to determine penetration ability after 21 and 42 d. In a separate experiment, packages were pierced with pinholes, and first instar T. variable or P. interpunctella were introduced and observed after 21 and 42 d for package invasion. The foil packaging had no significant effect on egg hatchability of either species. T. variabile were unable to penetrate or invade any foil packages. P. interpunctella invaded all packages containing pinholes. The methoprene-treated packaging reduced adult emergence of P. interpunctella and caused pupal and adult deformations in T. variabile. Methoprene-treated packaging presents a valuable option for food manufacturers to prevent insect infestations and maintain integrity of packaged food products.
Psychological concepts and audio-visual instruction

This short article attempts to bring to bear some selected psychological concepts on problems of audio-visual materials and methods. It is recognized that the complexities, both of learning concepts and of audio-visual materials, set severe limits to this discussion. The article is not an attempt to give the reader documented experimental and conventional results.
Choroidal neovascularization prevention trial

Severe visual loss in age related macular degeneration (ARMD) may be due to choroidal neovascularization (90%) or to geographic atrophy (10%). Drusen are the common precursor for the development of either of these forms of ARMD. Eyes with large drusen (also called soft drusen) have thickening of the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium which predisposes to the development of choroidal neovascularization. Patients with small drusen (also called hard drusen) are at relatively low risk for the development of choroidal neovascularization. Patients aged over 65 with bilateral large (soft) drusen have an approximately 6% risk to either eye of developing choroidal neovascularization each year. Overall, patients with large drusen in one eye and choroidal neovascularization in the other eye are at a 30% risk of developing neovascularization in the second eye within 5 years. When large drusen are combined with pigmentation and choroidal neovascularization in the first eye, risk to the fellow eye approaches 60% over 5 years. Laser photocoagulation in eyes with drusen may result in the resolution or disappearance of drusen. The natural hope would be that the disappearance of drusen would be paralleled by a decrease in the risk of developing choroidal neovascularization. The purpose of this study was to determine whether laser photocoagulation of the periphery of the macula can reduce the risk of visual loss from choroidal neovascularization in eyes with high-risk drusen.
Improved Track Continuity in Multi Target Tracking by Fusing Multiple Input Sources

Reliable track continuity is an important characteristic of multiple target tracking (MTT) algorithms. In the specific case of tracking multiple ground targets from an aerial platform, challenges arise due to realistic operating environments such as imperfections in the measurement source. Some popular visual detection techniques include Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT)-based motion detection, difference imaging, and object feature matching. Each of these algorithmic detectors has fundamental limitations in regard to providing consistent measurements. In this paper we present a scalable detection framework that leverages multiple measurement sources. We also present the recursive random sample consensus (R-RANSAC) algorithm in a data fusion architecture that can simultaneously accommodate multiple measurement sources. We demonstrate robust track continuity using post-processed flight data and show real-time computational performance.
OR44 HLA expression following lymphocyte enrichment: Tissue source still matters for deceased donor crossmatching

Aim We previously reported differences in HLA expression on lymphocytes isolated from different tissues and the impact tissue source can have on reactivity. In the current study, we re-examined HLA expression and the impact of lymphocyte enrichment using multiple class I and II specific monoclonal antibodies and different fluorochromes. Methods Deceased donor lymphocytes were isolated from spleen, nodes, and peripheral blood. Following ficoll hypaque (FH) isolation, the EasySep™ Total Lymphocyte Enrichment Kit was used to increase purity of lymphocytes by negative selection. Cells were stained with four sets of monoclonal antibody-fluorochrome combinations. Data were acquired on either the BD FACSCanto™ II or the BD FACSAria™ using FACSDiva™ software. Results Lymphocytes isolated from deceased donors were assessed for variability of HLA expression among different tissues and mean values are presented in Table 1. Lymphocytes isolated from spleen had twofold greater class I expression as PBLs and twofold greater class II expression as nodes. Results using different combinations of monoclonal antibodies for class I and II show similar findings. HLA expression measurements were higher for lymphocytes isolated with bead-enrichment compared to FH isolation alone (not shown). Paired analysis using class I specific FITC labeled antibodies revealed lower than expected class I expression on B cells indicative of a possible autoquenching artifact due to similar excitation and emission spectra (not shown). Conclusions Similar to our previously published results, the spleen derived lymphocytes consistently yielded the highest HLA expression across T and B cells. We observed similar results across antibody clones but identified a possible FITC autoquenching artifact. Given increased transplant rates for highly sensitized candidates and the role of crossmatch tests to confirm compatibility, these HLA expression data should be corroborated in a larger dataset and used to guide deceased donor procurement protocols. Download : Download high-res image (151KB) Download : Download full-size image A.M. Jackson: 3. Speaker’s Bureau; Company/Organization; ThermoFisher.
Enhanced microbial nitrogen transformations in association with macrobiota from the rocky intertidal

Abstract. Microbial nitrogen processing in direct association with marine animals and seaweeds is poorly understood. Microbes can both attach to the surfaces of macrobiota and make use of their excreted nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We tested the role of an intertidal mussel (Mytilus californianus) and red alga (Prionitis sternbergii), as well as inert substrates for microbial activity using enclosed chambers with seawater labeled with 15N -enriched ammonium and nitrate. Chambers with only seawater from the same environment served as a control. We found that 3.21 nmol of ammonium per gram of dry mass of mussel, on average, was oxidized per hour, while 1.60 nmol of nitrate was reduced per hour. Prionitis was associated with the oxidation of 1.50 nmol of ammonium per gram of wet mass per hour, while 1.56 nmol of nitrate was reduced per hour. Inert substrates produced relatively little change compared to seawater alone. Extrapolating to a square meter of shoreline, microbial activity associated with mussels could oxidize 2.5 mmol of ammonium and reduce per 1.2 mmol of nitrate per day. A square meter of seaweed could oxidize 0.13 mmol ammonium per day and reduce the same amount of nitrate. Seawater collected proximal to the shore versus 2–5 km offshore showed no difference in ammonium oxidation or nitrate reduction. Microbial nitrogen metabolism associated with mussels was not influenced by the time of day. When we experimentally added DOC (glucose) as a carbon source to chambers with the red alga and inert substrates, no change in nitrification rates was observed. Added DOC did increase dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus uptake, indicating that DOC addition stimulated heterotrophic microbial activity, and suggests potential competition for DIN between heterotrophic and chemolithotrophic microbes and their seaweed hosts. Our results demonstrate that microbes in direct association with coastal animals and seaweeds greatly enhance nitrogen processing and likely provide a template for a diversity of ecological interactions.
Organizations, Competition, and Ethics

In her innovative article “Ethics in the Economy”, Viviana Zelizer explores a topic that few economic sociologists have explored: ethical/unethical conduct. She explains the lack of scholarly attention to questions of morality in the economy by the prevailing assumption that the economy operates as a pure, rational, efficient mechanism, a view that has precluded attention to failures, mistakes, and wrongful activities. Her insight is correct.
Pitfalls on the Road to Portability

This paper considers some problems which may arise in the quest for software portability, especially those relating to the system interface, and evaluates the CTRON specification to determine if these problems may be avoided.
RECEPTOR BLOCKADE BY TOLEROGEN: ONE EXPLANATION OF TOLERANCE

Publisher Summary According to the clonal selection theory, natural tolerance to self antigens is because of the elimination of clones of lymphoid cells that recognize self. This idea was challenged by the demonstration in normal adults of lymphoid cells capable of recognizing auto antigens. Furthermore, studies on the number of antigen-binding cells (ABC) in tolerant animals brought conflicting results; ABC were found to be increased, unchanged or, in most instances, decreased. A decrease in the number of ABC is consistent with Burnet’ s hypothesis that tolerance involves their elimination. However, there are alternative explanations. This chapter presents the evidence that ABC are not eliminated in tolerant animals. Instead, they bind the tolerogen thereby blocking their receptors for antigen. These cells are referred tolerant cells and blockade of their receptors accounts not only for many phenomena observed in acquired tolerance but also may be the mechanism of natural tolerance.
Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of oxaliplatin in advanced hepatocellular cancer (HCC): A phase I study

14010 Background: We performed this phase I study is to evaluate the feasibility and determine the Maximally Tolerated Dose of HAI-oxaliplatin given every 3 weeks in advanced HCC. Methods: Patients...
Stochastic delays suppress noise in a genetic circuit with negative feedback

Abstract We consider a mechanistic stochastic model of an autoregulatory genetic circuit with time delays. More specifically, a protein is expressed in random bursts from its corresponding gene. The synthesized protein is initially inactive and becomes active after a time delay. Rather than considering a deterministic delay, a key aspect of this work is to incorporate stochastic time delays, where delay is an independent and identically distributed random variable. The active protein inhibits its own production creating a negative feedback loop. Our analysis reveals that for an exponentially-distributed time delay, the noise in the protein levels decreases to the Poisson limit with increasing mean time delay. Interesting, for a gamma-distributed time delay contrasting noise behaviors emerge based on the negative feedback strength. At low feedback strengths the protein noise levels monotonically decreases to the Poisson limit with increasing average delay. At intermediate feedback strengths, the noise levels first increase to reach a maximum, and then decease back to the Poisson limit with increasing average delay. Finally, for strong feedbacks the protein noise levels monotonically increase with the average delay. For each of these scenarios we provide approximate analytical formulas for the protein mean and noises levels, and validate these results by performing exact Monte Carlo simulations. In conclusion, our results uncover a counter intuitive feature where inclusion of stochastic delays in a negative feedback circuit can play a beneficial role in buffering deleterious fluctuations in the level of a protein.
Addressing Racism and Ableism in Schools: A DisCrit Leadership Framework for Principals

A long history of racism and ableism exists within the U.S. and shapes policies, practices, and assumptions within the public education system. Racism and ableism are built into educator and princi...
Microscale mechanical modeling of deformable geomaterials with dynamic contacts based on the numerical manifold method

Micromechanical modeling of geomaterials is challenging because of the complex geometry of discontinuities and potentially large number of deformable material bodies that contact each other dynamically. In this study, we have developed a numerical approach for micromechanical analysis of deformable geomaterials with dynamic contacts. In our approach, we detect contacts among multiple blocks with arbitrary shapes, enforce different contact constraints for three different contact states of separated, bonded, and sliding, and iterate within each time step to ensure convergence of contact states. With these features, we are able to simulate the dynamic contact evolution at the microscale for realistic geomaterials having arbitrary shapes of grains and interfaces. We demonstrate the capability with several examples, including a rough fracture with different geometric surface asperity characteristics, settling of clay aggregates, compaction of a loosely packed sand, and failure of an intact marble sample. With our model, we are able to accurately analyze (1) large displacements and/or deformation, (2) the process of high stress accumulated at contact areas, (3) the failure of a mineral cemented rock samples under high stress, and (4) post-failure fragmentation. The analysis highlights the importance of accurately capturing (1) the sequential evolution of geomaterials responding to stress as motion, deformation, and high stress; (2) large geometric features outside the norms (such as large asperities and sharp corners) as such features can dominate the micromechanical behavior; and (3) different mechanical behavior between loosely packed and tightly packed granular systems.
High-Resolution 3D Spin-Echo MRSI Using Interleaved Water Navigators, Sparse Sampling and Subspace-Based Processing

This work presents a new method to achieve accelerated, high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) with spin-echo excitations. A new data acquisition strategy is proposed that integrates adiabatic refocusing, elimination of lipid suppression, rapid spatiospectral encoding with sparse (k,t)-space sampling, and interleaved water navigators. This integration leads to a significantly improved combination of volume coverage, spatial resolution (approximately 3 × 3.4 × 4 mm3) and speed (< 10 minutes), while eliminating additional scans for field mapping and coil sensitivity estimation. A data processing strategy that integrates parallel imaging reconstruction and subspace-based processing is devised to produce high-SNR spatiospectral reconstruction from the sparsely sampled, noisy and highresolution MRSI data. Promising in vivo results have been obtained to demonstrate the potential of the proposed method.Clinical relevance— The proposed method enabled volumetric MRSI with a nominal resolution of 3 × 3.4 × 4 mm3 in less than 10 minutes. With further developments and optimizations, the proposed method is expected to be useful for providing molecular-level information of brain functions and diseases, and has the potential to provide new biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
The New World Order and International Health

The key point covered in this article is that international cooperation for world health faces unprecedented challenges. The health situation in nations is increasingly influenced by global determinants such as environmental threats, the expanded movement of people and goods that facilitates the spread of pathogens across national borders, and the trade in legal and illegal hazardous substances. After nearly 50 years of activity, the major agencies involved in international health cooperation have not responded adequately to the new picture of change and complexity. Just as national health systems across the globe are engaged in reform efforts, so it is time to reform the world health system. The first step in reform is to achieve a consensus about the essential core functions of international health organisations and about a coordinated division of labour among them