cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basil: A Fast and Byzantine-Resilient Approach for Decentralized Training.

Detection and mitigation of Byzantine behaviors in a decentralized learning setting is a daunting task, especially when the data distribution at the users is heterogeneous. As our main contribution, we propose Basil, a fast and computationally efficient Byzantine robust algorithm for decentralized training systems, which leverages a novel sequential, memory assisted and performance-based criteria for training over a logical ring while filtering the Byzantine users. In the IID dataset distribution setting, we provide the theoretical convergence guarantees of Basil, demonstrating its linear convergence rate. Furthermore, for the IID setting, we experimentally demonstrate that Basil is robust to various Byzantine attacks, including the strong Hidden attack, while providing up to ${\sim}16 \%$ higher test accuracy over the state-of-the-art Byzantine-resilient decentralized learning approach. Additionally, we generalize Basil to the non-IID dataset distribution setting by proposing Anonymous Cyclic Data Sharing (ACDS), a technique that allows each node to anonymously share a random fraction of its local non-sensitive dataset (e.g., landmarks images) with all other nodes. We demonstrate that Basil alongside ACDS with only $5\%$ data sharing provides effective toleration of Byzantine nodes, unlike the state-of-the-art Byzantine robust algorithm that completely fails in the heterogeneous data setting. Finally, to reduce the overall latency of Basil resulting from its sequential implementation over the logical ring, we propose Basil+. In particular, Basil+ provides scalability by enabling Byzantine-robust parallel training across groups of logical rings, and at the same time, it retains the performance gains of Basil due to sequential training within each group. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate the scalability gains of Basil+ through different sets of experiments.
Graded Coronary Risk Stratification for Emergency Department Patients With Chest Pain: A Controlled Cohort Study.

Background Resource utilization among emergency department (ED) patients with possible coronary chest pain is highly variable. Methods and Results Controlled cohort study amongst 21 EDs of an integ...
An Emirical Analysis of Service Orientation and its Impact on Employee Job Performance in Upscale Hotels

(1996). An Emirical Analysis of Service Orientation and its Impact on Employee Job Performance in Upscale Hotels. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 76-76.
Protecting the State from Itself? Regulatory Interventions in Corporate Governance and the Financing of China’s 'State Capitalism'

From the start of China’s "corporatization without privatization" process in the late 1980s, a Chinese corporate governance regime apparently shareholder-empowering and determined by enabling legal norms has been altered by mandatory governance mechanisms imposed by a state administrative agency, most often to protect minority shareholders against exploitation by the party state controlling shareholders which are the accepted powers of "state capitalism." This chapter reviews the path of that benign intervention and the structural reasons for it, and then speculates on why this novel identity of the Chinese party state’s "fragmented authoritarianism" continues to be tolerated by the same party state, and indeed how it is necessary for the continued financing of China’s "state capitalism."
Digging Deeper Into Article-Based Publishing

In March 2013, science librarian Michelle Price began tracking online first articles for faculty in her liaison areas of pharmacy, biology, chemistry, physics, and nursing. This was a result of the e-mails she was receiving from faculty inquiring about full-text access to articles they knew had been published due to alerts directly from the publisher’s website. It was these initial e-mails that led Ms. Price to begin digging into the difference between “epub ahead of print” and Article-Based Publishing (ABP). Her interest and involvement would soon spread to the access services and electronic serials librarians at St. John Fisher College and lead to an ArticleBased Publishing Think Tank Day, which included representatives from a local community college, a public university, a medical library, and a science library.
Near-Infrared Surface Photometry of Barred Spiral Galaxies

Photometric properties of barred galaxies in BIJHK bands are compared in early and late Hubble types. Early-type bars have a flat light distribution and are large relative to the optical disk, whereas late-type bars have an exponential light distribution and are shorter. Isophotal twists in the central regions are observed only in early-type galaxies, which may be related to the presence of an inner Lindblad resonance. Bar-interbar contrasts increase steadily in all galaxies. Arm-interarm contrasts increase out to mid-disk (near corotation) and then level off, near bar‘s end for flat bars but beyond the bar for exponential bars.
TCR transgenic and patient-derived CTL killing of CTL-resistant melanoma: modulation of TRAIL apoptotic pathway and immune sensitization by epigenetic modifier SAHA (TUM2P.901)

Resistance to apoptotic signals delivered by cytotoxic T cells is likely to become an important limiting factor with increasingly effective immune therapies. We report that TCR transgenic CTLs primarily use the TRAIL apoptotic pathway, via DR5 receptor, in killing sensitive melanomas. CTL-resistant melanomas had both DR5 down-regulation and aberrant expression of apoptotic molecules. Clinically achievable concentration of FDA approved chromatin remodeling drug SAHA increased surface DR5 expression, favorably inverted the expression of apoptotic genes, and restored the sensitivity of R melanomas to MART CTL. TCR transgenic MART CTLs were used as a reliable and reproducible source of highly potent melanoma-reactive CTLs. Acquisition of CTL-resistance and its reversal by SAHA was also confirmed using naturally occurring T cells expressing endogenous MART-1 TCR derived from melanoma patients. Further, using rhTRAIL and Drozitumab explicitly verified the contribution of DR5/TRAIL pathway. Apoptosis negative (c-IAP-2 and Bcl-xL) and positive (DR5) regulators were potential candidates partly regulating CTL sensitivity. Combination of SAHA and rhTRAIL or Drozitumab destabilized mitochondria and facilitated cytosolic release of apoptotic molecules. These preclinical findings suggest that exposure to chromatin remodeling drug of immune-resistant melanomas can skew towards an intracellular pro-apoptotic milieu, increase death receptor expression, and overcome acquired immune-resistance.
Optimization of Active and Passive Suspensions Based on a Full Car Model

This paper introduces an optimal control design method. This method is applied to the optimum design of active and passive suspension systems. A basic three-dimensional 7-DOF car riding model is considered. The method allows the arbitrary choice of sensors for various state variables to be used for feedback control of each suspension unit. Fully-active, limited-active, passive, and two versions of semi-active systems are studied and compared. The results indicate that the dominant feedback gains that have the most impact on the suspension performance measures are those which are proportional to locally measured signals. In cases when no tire deflection measurements are available there may be a complete coincidence between the behaviour of active systems that use different sets of measured variables. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 875861.
The chromodielectric model: Confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and the pion

Abstract The chromodielectric model is a chirally symmetric effective model of quantum chromodynamics, where the long-range parts of the (nonabelian) gluon self-interactions are assumed to give rise to a color-dielectric function. We study dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in this model using a local approximation, where the Goldstone pion is assumed to be essentially point-like. The usual running coupling constant of QCD is included to describe the high-momentum region. We show how confinement and the Goldstone pion arise naturally and simultaneously in this approach and also that familiar, successful chiral bag models are obtained as a limiting case.
Cephalic expression and molecular characterization of Xenopus En-2

We have isolated and characterized cDNAs corresponding to the Xenopus En-2 gene. Comparison of amino acid sequences between the entire Xenopus En-2 and the Drosophila engrailed proteins confirms conservation of sequences inside as well as proximal to the homeobox and reveals a region of similarity towards the N terminus. Two transcripts encode the Xenopus En-2 protein. Both transcripts are regulated temporally in an identical fashion and are likely to be transcribed from two copies of the En-2 gene. We have also analyzed the distribution of the protein in the head tissue and in the dissected brain of tailbud stage embryos. In addition to the main band of expression at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, we show that the protein is expressed in three novel areas: the mandibular arch, the optic tectum and the region of anterior pituitary.
RFID tag bearing estimation for mobile robot localization

Passive RFID provides an inexpensive and effective support to basic mobile robot navigation tasks. Nonetheless, problems related to interference and reflections of the signal, and missing tag range and bearing information are open. In this paper, we present a novel method to estimate the bearing of a passive tag relative to a mobile robot equipped with RFID reader and antennas. The algorithm relies on fuzzy reasoning to both model the RFID device and estimate the tag bearing. As an application of the approach, we describe a landmark-based method to solve the so-called kidnapped robot problem, using tag bearing information and a single visual landmark. Experimental results are presented, proving the effectiveness of the proposed technique. It is shown that the combination of RFID and vision provides accurate robot pose information comparable to that of laser-based Monte Carlo localization, with the additional advantage of relying on low-cost sensors.
Adaptive, optimal-recovery image interpolation

We consider the problem of image interpolation using adaptive optimal recovery. We adaptively estimate the local quadratic signal class of our image pixels. We then use optimal recovery to estimate the missing local samples based on this quadratic signal class. This approach tends to preserve edges, interpolating along edges and not across them.
Propagation and Localization of Longitudinal Thermoelastic Waves in Layered Structures

Based on the generalized dynamical theory of thermoelasticity, a transfer matrix formulation including the second sound effect is developed for longitudinal wave component propagation in a thermoelastic layer. The second sound effect is included to eliminate the thermal wave travelling with infinite velocity as predicted by the diffusion heat transfer model. Using this formulation and the periodic systems framework, the attenuation and propagation properties of one-dimensional thermoelastic waves in both continuum and layered structures are studied. Strong localization of thermal waves predicted by the analysis in the transformed domain is demonstrated in the time-spacial domain by an FFT-based transient analysis. Also, a perturbation analysis for identifying leading terms in thermal attenuation is performed, and the role of the thermal elastic coupling term in attenuation is determined. The attenuation factor, defined as the real part of the propagation constant, is obtained in thermoelastic solids. The reflection and transmission coefficients between half-spaces are also calculated to evaluate the potential practical use of the approach in thermal-based nondestructive testing.
War, Moderation, and Revenge in Thucydides

Abstract Thucydidean politicians recognize the difficulty posed by the uncertainties of the future in times of war, yet they differ sharply in their conclusions about how best to respond. Thucydides’ analysis of the rhetoric of wartime decision-making focuses upon the deterioration of political culture under a major national crisis, as well as the role of effective leadership in countering this tendency. The dilemma of Thucydidean politics is how to ensure a deliberative process that will not be taken captive by the pressures and emotions of war, and the demagogic leaders who seek to exploit such pressures and emotions for their own ends. By studying the failures and successes of the past (as documented and analyzed in his History), decision-makers in the future can better understand the political dynamics of wartime decision-making and the corrosive forces that crises too often produce. Thucydides’ narrative analyzes the political, social, and moral psychological dynamics that produce aggression, violenc...
Ecology of Kokanee Salmon and Rainbow Trout in Crater Lake, Oregon

ABSTRACT Originally barren of fish, Crater Lake was stocked with approximately 1.8 million salmonids from 1888 to 1941. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and kokanee salmon (O. nerka) now inhabit the lake. This study was conducted from 1986 to 1991 to document and compare kokanee salmon and rainbow trout ecology in the lake to better evaluate the ecological implications of the presence of these non-native fish. Kokanee salmon exhibited cyclic patterns in population age structure, condition, abundance, and biomass from 1986 to 1991. One dominant year class of relatively low abundance and high condition was present from 1986 to 1987. Multiple year classes with increasing abundance and decreasing condition were present from 1989 through 1991. Rainbow trout maintained a diverse population structure throughout the study with a trend toward a relative increase of older age classes and larger fish. Vertical and horizontal migrations of kokanee salmon occurred within and between the nearshore and offshore zones...
Unmasking of xenogeneic neo-antigens on mouse lymphoid cell surfaces by Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase.

SummaryC3H/HeJ mouse lymphoid cells treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) are more easily lysed by normal rabbit, normal guinea pig, and normal human sera than are untreated cells or cells exposed to heat-inactivated VCN.Absorption studies suggest that VCN does not unmask a greater number of previously available xenogeneic specificities on the cell surface. Instead, VCN appears to unmask new antigens for which preformed antibodies also exist in xenogeneic sera.
Damage to Wheat Seed Quality and Yield by the Rice Stink Bug and Southern Green Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Field experiments were conducted in 1981 and 1982 to determine the effects of southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), and rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.), on ‘Coker 68-15’ wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.), kernel yield and quality. Effects of feeding were measured for four stink bug infestation levels (0, 1, 3, and 6 sexed pairs of adults per 20 caged spikes) and two stages of grain maturity (milk and soft dough). At each infestation stage, germination, kernel weight,, and baking quality decreased as the number of sty let sheaths produced by both insects increased. N. viridula produced fewer sheaths than did O. pugnax , but caused similar levels of damage to kernel weight and quality. Both N. viridula and O. pugnax fed considerably less on kernels infested at soft dough. Significant ( P 2 adults per 20 spikes are rare. Thus, control measures are warranted only for milk stage stink bug infestations.
A user study of policy creation in a flexible access-control system

Significant effort has been invested in developing expressive and flexible access-control languages and systems. However, little has been done to evaluate these systems in practical situations with real users, and few attempts have been made to discover and analyze the access-control policies that users actually want to implement. We report on a user study in which we derive the ideal access policies desired by a group of users for physical security in an office environment. We compare these ideal policies to the policies the users actually implemented with keys and with a smartphone-based distributed access-control system. We develop a methodology that allows us to show quantitatively that the smartphone system allowed our users to implement their ideal policies more accurately and securely than they could with keys, and we describe where each system fell short.
Electrical conduction in rare-earth monoselenides and monotellurides and their alloys

Abstract The refractory (melting points, 1700–2100°C) rare-earth monoselenides and monotellurides are observed to fall into two general classes: the type II of normally dipositive elements such as samarium and ytterbium, and the type III of normally tripositive elements such as neodymium and gadolinium. The former exhibit high resistivities and negative temperature coefficients of resistance while the latter appear to be degenerate semiconductors with positive temperature coefficients of resistance. Alloys containing both types of rare-earth elements (e.g. SmSe-NdSe) exhibit intermediate properties. As SmSe is replaced progressively by NdSe, resistivity decreases from 103 to about 10−5 Ω-cm with a precipitous drop of 104 at 11–13 per cent NdSe. Crystallographic models were employed to examine the distribution of neodymium atoms for various alloy compositions. Possible implications with respect to the observed electrical properties of the alloys are discussed.
Versatile instrument for direct or differential a.c. resistance or conductance measurements on solutions.

Abstract A simple but versatile instrument with an electronic (non-servo) measuring circuit is described which is capable of making direct or differential measurements of the resistance or conductance of solutions over an absolute resistance range from 0-1 Ω to l MΩ, in six linear ranges. Linearity is better than 2% on all ranges, and reproducibility is better than 1 %. Drift is less than 1 % over 12 hr. Less than 0–01 % change in resistance can be measured in the differential modes, permitting more sensitive measurements than can be made in direct conductance measurements. Applications of the instrument for monitoring ion-exchange separations and conductometric titrations are illustrated.
Comparison of personalized cueing and provided cueing on the facilitation of verbal labeling by aphasic subjects.

This study investigated the effects of two associative learning tasks on aphasic subjects’ labeling of novel symbols. It was designed to determine if aphasie subjects need to develop their own asso...
Catecholamines in Homologous Heart Grafts.

SummaryComplete denervation of puppy hearts was accomplished by homologous transplantation. Cardiac content and intracellular distribution of catecholamines remained unaffected the first 24 hours following transplantation. Within this time period accelerated rejection did not influence the catecholamine content of the heart graft. After 72 hours no catecholamines could be detected in transplanted heart.
The Zeeman Effect of N II

The Zeeman effect of N II has been studied at field strengths of about 36,000 gauss. By using helium as residual gas with a small nitrogen impurity, the spectrum has been strongly excited, especially in the visible region. Edl\'en's corrections to Freeman's classification have been verified. Except in a few important cases, $g$ values are $\mathrm{LS}$ within experimental error. The exceptions are considered in detail.
A sunfleck theory for general foliage location distributions

A sunfleck size distribution for a general foliage location distribution is derived. For simplicity, optical properties of leaves and penumbra effect are not considered. The usual procedure of seeking asymptotic results is shown to be inappropriate for sunfleck studies except in the case of a uniform distribution of foliage over a large area. Instead, an averaging approach is utilized based on the assumption that the number of leaves covering a transect is a stochastic variable. Procedures for determining the model parameters are also discussed.
History in Public

The summer of 2005 began with a look backward, to the home-grown terrorism of lynching and to deep ties between slavery and corporate gain. We also looked ahead, if haltingly, with apologies issued on the floor of the U.S. Senate and in a legally mandated disclosure by the Chicago-based Wachovia Corporation. The Senate’s apology to the families of victims of lynching followed Senator Mary Landrieu’s viewing of a pictorial history of lynching edited by Hilton Als, Jon Lewis, Leon Litwack, and James Allen, entitled Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America (Twin Palms, 2000). This book, which included reproductions of postcards depicting lynching and inscribed with senders’ messages, documented the unspeakable horror of this crime: the horror of its occurrence and the horror of its reproduction, as mass-mediated public spectacle. Wachovia’s disclosure of the profits earned through the exploitation of African American slaves came in response to a municipal ordinance requiring corporations doing business with the city to disclose their financial ties with slavery. A firm specializing in historical research, the History Factory, conducted the research in this case, though similar laws in other cities have generated comparable disclosures, as well as challenges to such requirements. Other institutions, notably Brown University, have voluntarily initiated such investigations. Clearly, history is serving in vital, if controversial, ways in the unfolding politics of race and class as we enter the new century. This issue of The Public Historian features articles that, though disparate in subject matter, share a common concern with the ways that history has been employed in the service of civic life and public policy. Each author offers a
Multimodality mapping approach for evolving functional brain connectivity patterns: A fNIRS-EEG study

We introduce experimental and data analysis techniques for studying the hemoglobin concentration changes in response to neural activity and for mapping time-dependent cortical functional connectivity patterns by using fNIRS-EEG.
The reversibility of the octahedral → tetrahedral transition in bis(pyridine)-cobalt(III) chloride Co(py)2Cl2

The octahedral-tetrahedral structural transition of Co(py)2Cl2 was studied by high temperature reflectance spectroscopy and dynamic reflectance spectroscopy. The reversibility of the transition by standing at room temperature for 24 hrs was established.
Public service, rural development and careers in public management: A case study of expatriate advising and African land reform

Abstract A case study of one of Africa's best known land reforms, Botswana's Tribal Grazing Land Policy, and the career of one of its key architects, James Leach, is used to make three generalizable arguments: (a) Evaluating rural development policies that evolve under high uncertainty and take seriously the “process approach” must focus more than is done currently on issues of public service and management. (b) The effectiveness of public servants hinges less on their personal motivations than on their fit with the political environment: An expatriate advisor who fails in one setting can be successful in another, depending on the confidence of political leaders in that advisor. (c) Advisors highly influential in writing a policy may have little influence on its implementation. Indeed, what looks to outsiders like expatriates making policy looks often to the advisors inside to be much more contingent and unpredictable.
Power Models and Error Terms

An example is presented to illustrate potential problems of working with logarithmic transformations to linearize an intrinsically nonlinear power model. Recommendations to avoid the pitfalls identified herein are offered.
Contaminant concentrations in whole-body fish and shellfish from US estuaries.

Persistent bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) pollutants are chemical contaminants that pose risks to ecosystems and human health. For these reasons, available tissue contaminant data from the US EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program’s National Coastal Assessment were examined to estimate to what areal extent PBTs are found in US estuarine resources. The data document composite, whole-body tissue chemical concentrations for 736 sampling sites across Northeast, Southeast, Gulf of Mexico, and West Coast estuaries. Tissue chemical concentrations were compared to US EPA non-cancer risk guidelines for recreational fishers, because of a lack of ecological guidelines for these chemical concentrations. Samples were analyzed for 23 PAH compounds, 21 PCB congeners, 6 DDT derivatives and metabolites, 14 chlorinated pesticides (other than DDT) and 13 metals, including mercury. Total PCBs were found to exceed recreational fisher guidelines most frequently (31% of samples evaluated), followed by mercury (29%), total PAHs (21%), and DDT and its metabolites, DDD and DDE (11%). Toxaphene, cadmium and dieldrin were found but in fewer than 1% of the samples.
Respiration of an interstitial ciliate and benthic energy relationships.

Respiration of the interstitial ciliate Tracheloraphis sp. was measured with the Cartesian diver. Ciliate respiration ranged from 2353-7088 μl O2/hr/g wet weight, averaging 4477 μl O2/hr/g wet weight. These metabolic data on Tracheloraphis expand the known size range-metabolic rate differential of the omnipresent meiofauna.The metabolic-size relationship of meiofauna has been calculated based on data from the literature and this study. Results indicate that these smaller organisms maintain the same proportionality of metabolism to body weight (b=0.74) as do larger animals.When the ciliate data, and published meio- and macrofauna data, are used to estimate the portion each component plays in total benthic metabolism it is apparent that the metabolic role of each can vary significantly. Only when the ratio of macrofauna to ciliate biomass is 90 or more, or when meiofauna/ciliate biomass is 3 or more do the other components play a more important energetic role than do the ciliates.
Compartmental neural simulations with spatial adaptivity

Since their inception, computational models have become increasingly complex and useful counterparts to laboratory experiments within the field of neuroscience. Today several software programs exist to solve the underlying mathematical system of equations, but such programs typically solve these equations in all parts of a cell (or network of cells) simultaneously, regardless of whether or not all of the cell is active. This approach can be inefficient if only part of the cell is active and many simulations must be performed. We have previously developed a numerical method that provides a framework for spatial adaptivity by making the computations local to individual branches rather than entire cells (Rempe and Chopp, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 28: 2139-2161, 2006). Once the computation is reduced to the level of branches instead of cells, spatial adaptivity is straightforward: the active regions of the cell are detected and computational effort is focused there, while saving computations in other regions of the cell that are at or near rest. Here we apply the adaptive method to four realistic neuronal simulation scenarios and demonstrate its improved efficiency over non-adaptive methods. We find that the computational cost of the method scales with the amount of activity present in the simulation, rather than the physical size of the system being simulated. For certain problems spatial adaptivity reduces the computation time by up to 80%.
Abstract 1036: ARC synergizes with ABT-737 to induce apoptosis in human cancer cells

Previously, we reported that the nucleoside analog/transcriptional inhibitor ARC was able to induce p53-independent apoptosis in multiple cancer cell lines of different origin. This occurred at least in part by the suppression of Mcl-1 expression, which a short-lived, pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family. Interestingly, pan-caspase inibitor Z-VAD-FMK protected leukemia cells from ARC-induced mitochondrial damage and apoptosis, and Mcl-1 mRNA and protein from down-regulation by ARC. At the same time treatment of human cancer cells with the pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737 alone led to up-regulation of Mcl-1 protein expression. Combination of sub-apoptotic concentrations of ABT-737 and ARC suppressed Mcl-1 expression, induced mitochondrial injury and potent apoptosis in wide variety of human cancer cell lines. In prostate cancer cells co-treatment with ARC and ABT-737 resulted in synergistic induction of cell death with combination index 0.7-0.8. These data suggest that ABT-737/ARC combination that simultaneously targets Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 may be efficient against human cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1036.
Pulmonary adenomatosis in ageing mice.

Abstract Data were collected at the time of autopsy from 101 cases of pulmonary adenomatosis in female CD-1 mice. Three groups were studied: controls, animals inoculated with live Ehrlich ascites tumour cells subcutaneously or intraperitoneally and those explanted with fragments from various spontaneous murine tumours. The average age at death was essentially the same in all three groups. Similarly, there was no significant difference in tumour incidence between controls and EAT-treated mice. By contrast, the incidence of adenomatosis in mice explanted with fragments of tumour was significantly greater than that in the controls or in the EAT-treated animals. Microscopical studies from the tumourous lungs indicate that these neoplasms are typically dual in nature. There are darkly staining areas of tubular carcinomatous tissue, often transformed into cords by complex papillations; these are derived from anaplastically transformed bronchiolar lining. Else-where in the same tumours there are lightly staining cell clusters derived from alveolar lining elements. Desquamation from the anaplastic alveolar linings is common. The free cells of an alveolar macrophage type are carried through the pulmonary air passages and can appear in non-tumourous regions of the lung. It is suggested that this mechanism may be a means of establishing secondary tumour foci. Metastasis in organs other than the lung itself were found in 7 mice.
Analysis of Macrocystis pyrifera and Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginic acids by the reductive-cleavage method☆

Permethylated alginic acids comprised of 4-linked D-mannopyranosyluronic acid and 4-linked L-gulopyranosyluronic acid residues undergo reductive cleavage to yield, after acetylation, methyl 3-O-acetyl-2,6-anhydro-4,5-di-O-methyl-D-mannonate (2b) and methyl 3-O-acetyl-2,6-anhydro-4,5-di-O-methyl-D-gluconate (3b) as major products. Small amounts (ca. 13%) of ring-contracted products, namely methyl 2-O-acetyl-3,6-anhydro-4,5-di-O-methyl-D-mannonate (9) and methyl 2-O-acetyl-3,6-anhydro-4,5-di-O-methyl-D-gluconate (10), were also observed in these experiments. These results are in marked contrast to previous results on the reductive cleavage of 4-linked D-glucopyranosyluronic acid residues, wherein the ring-contracted product was formed exclusively. Formation of the ring-contracted products could be completely eliminated by reduction (LiAlH4) of ester groups in the permethylated alginic acid prior to reductive cleavage. In the latter experiments, 4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2,3-di-O-methyl-D-mannitol (5b) and 4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2,3-di-O-methyl-L-gulitol (6b) were the sole products of reductive cleavage of the 4-linked ManA and 4-linked GulA residues, respectively. However, in the previous experiments it was noted that low yields of permethylated alginic acids were obtained and that extensive depolymerization occurred under methylation conditions. Depolymerization could be avoided and higher yields of permethylated polysaccharides could be obtained, by reduction of the carboxyl groups of the alginic acids prior to methylation. Reductive cleavage of the latter polysaccharides yielded the products expected from 4-linked D-mannopyranosyl and 4-linked L-gulopyranosyl residues, namely 4-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannitol (13b) and 4-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-L-gulitol (14b), respectively. Using the latter analytical strategy, it was established that the Macrocystis pyrifera alginate was comprised of 60% 4-linked ManA and 40% 4-linked GulA residues, whereas the Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate was comprised of 80% 4-linked ManA and 20% 4-linked GulA residues.
Which ABET Competencies Do Engineering Graduates Find Most Important in their Work

Background ABET-accredited engineering programs must help students develop specific outcomes (i.e., competencies). Faculty must determine the relative emphasis among the competencies. Yet, information is sparse about the relative importance of each competency for professional practice. Purpose (Hypothesis) This study synthesizes opinions of engineering graduates about which competencies are important for professional practice. Design/Method A survey asked undergraduate alumni of a large public university in the Midwest to rate the importance of the ABET competencies in their professional experience. Responses included descriptions of education, post-graduate work environment, and demographics. Protected, post-hoc, all-pairwise multiple comparisons determined patterns in the importance ratings, for the aggregate, and for descriptive subgroups. Results The lowest-rated competency's mean rating was 3.3 out of 5. Graduates of 11 engineering majors rated a top cluster of competencies (teamwork, communication, data analysis, and problem solving) significantly higher than a bottom cluster (contemporary issues, design of experiments, and understanding the impact of one's work). Importance ratings of five other competencies fell in an intermediate cluster in which importance was statistically tied to either the top or bottom cluster, depending on work environment or academic discipline-not demographics. The clusters were stable over time, that is, over seven survey administrations (1999–2005), years since graduation (0, 2, 6 & 10), and graduation year (1989–2003). Conclusions Graduates across engineering disciplines share a pattern of importance for professional practice among the ABET competencies that is statistically significant, consistent across demographic variables, and stable over time. This pattern can inform faculty decisions about curriculum emphasis within and across engineering disciplines.
As-Built Modeling of Objects for Performance Assessment

The goal of "as-built" computational modeling is to incorporate the most representative geometry and material information for an (fabricated or legacy) object into simulations. While most engineering finite element simulations are based on an object's idealized "as-designed" configuration with information obtained from technical drawings or computer-aided design models, as-built modeling uses nondestructive characterization and metrology techniques to provide the feature information. By incorporating more representative geometry and material features as initial conditions, the uncertainty in the simulation results can be reduced, providing a more realistic understanding of the event and object being modeled. In this paper, key steps and technology areas in the as-built modeling framework are: (1) inspection using nondestructive characterization and metrology techniques; (2) data reduction (signal and image processing including artifact removal, data sensor fusion, and geometric feature extraction); and (3) engineering and physics analysis using finite element codes. We illustrate the process with a cylindrical phantom and include a discussion of the key concepts and areas that need improvement. Our results show that reasonable as-built initial conditions based on a volume overlap criteria can be achieved and that notable differences between simulations of the as-built and as-designed configurations can be observed for a given load case. Specifically, a volume averaged difference of accumulated plastic strain of 3% and local spatially varying differences up to 10%. The example presented provides motivation and justification to engineering teams for the additional effort required in the as-built modeling of high value parts. Further validation of the approach has been proposed as future work.
Maintenance of subacute digoxin toxicosis in normal beagles.

Abstract Subacute, nonfatal digoxin toxicosis was maintained in 10 beagles for a period of 17–20 days employing an iv loading dose of 0.125–0.150 mg/kg and daily iv maintenance doses of 0.015 mg/kg. Six of the dogs were also given, concurrent with the digoxin administration, the osmotic agent isosorbide (4, 8, or 12 mg/kg daily), po, for 2 consecutive 6-day periods separated by 1 day to test its effects on digoxin toxicosis. Two water, 4 digoxin-water, and 2 isosorbide control dogs were included in the test series. Electrocardiographic changes, reduction in food intake and weight loss were accepted as signs of digoxin toxicosis. Electrocardiographic signs of digoxin action persisted in 9 of the 10 animals. Nine of 10 animals receiving digoxin lost weight, and food intake was reduced in all digoxin-treated groups. The iv loading dose of 0.150 mg/kg appeared to be maximal for 100% survival. The simultaneous administration of isosorbide at all dose levels did not alter the signs of digoxin toxicosis.
Assessing the effect of baseline status of serum bone turnover markers and vitamin D levels on efficacy of teriparatide 20 μg/day administered subcutaneously in Japanese patients with osteoporosis

In this previously reported multicenter study, teriparatide 20 μg/day was administered to elderly Japanese subjects (93 % female; median age 70 years) with osteoporosis and at high risk of fracture during a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled period, which was followed by a 12 month treatment period in which all subjects received open-label teriparatide. Subjects were randomized 2:1 to teriparatide versus placebo (teriparatide n = 137, placebo-teriparatide n = 70). This was an exploratory analysis to determine whether the baseline status of serum bone turnover markers (BTMs) and vitamin D levels affect the efficacy of teriparatide at 20 μg/day. The BTMs included were type I procollagen N-terminal pro-peptide (P1NP) and type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX). Changes in BMD were analyzed by subgroups: (1) tertile subgroups of BTM; (2) BTM determined by the upper limit of normal; and (3) level of vitamin D. Teriparatide increased lumbar spine BMD in all subgroups by 10 % or more through 24 months. Subgroups with higher baseline BTM levels had greater mean percent changes of lumbar spine BMD through 24 months. The baseline status of vitamin D sufficiency did not impact the mean percent change of lumbar spine BMD through 24 months. Results of this study suggest that clinically significant increases in BMD can be achieved in patients receiving teriparatide regardless of baseline BTM or vitamin D levels. Additionally, when vitamin D is coadministered, vitamin D insufficiency would not be expected to affect the overall efficacy of teriparatide.
Siliconizing carbon fabrics at 1600°C

Siliconizing of carbon fabrics has been achieved by pack cementation at 1600°C. A uniform layer of SiC was developed on each individual carbon fiber, from the center to the surface of carbon fabrics. The cross-section shape of the carbon fibers being siliconized significantly affected the growth of the SiC layers. The NaF activator used in some pack cementation experiments resulted in an Al-doped SiC product layer with much faster growth kinetics compared to pack cementation without the NaF activator. A model for the conversion/growth of SiC from carbon fabrics is proposed, and the theoretical interpretation for the growth kinetics is in good agreement with the experimental observations.
Aspirin and Indomethacin Prolong Parturition in Rats: Evidence that Prostaglandins Contribute to Expulsion of Foetus

Aspirin and Indomethacin Prolong Parturition in Rats: Evidence that Prostaglandins Contribute to Expulsion of Foetus
Blood pressure and body composition changes in women.

To determine which of two measures of adiposity change (total weight or percentage fat determined by volume displacement) is more strongly associated with change in blood pressure, a longitudinal study was made of 68 women aged 15–59. The initial physical characteristics of the subjects were the following: mean age, 41.2 years; average weight, 127.1 lb; average percentage body fat, 24.4%; mean systolic blood pressure, 119.8 mm Hg; and mean diastolic blood pressure, 77.8 mm Hg. Changes over an average period of 25 months consisted of a mean weight loss of 2.0 lb, percentage body fat decrease of 1.3%, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure lowering of 1.5 and 1.4 mm Hg. For all women, the correlation coefficient for change in systolic blood pressure with change in percentage body fat by volume displacement was r = 0.28 (P < 0.05). This value, although slightly higher than that obtained using body weight in this study, is not significantly different from it. Results for diastolic blood pressure were similar. Partial correlation, adjusting for age, initial weight, and percentage body fat did not change the values. These findings suggest that the use of change in percentage body fat did not provide any improvement in the relationship between changes in blood pressure and in weight.
Reading unspaced text is not easy: Comments on the implications of Epelboim et al.'s (1994) study for models of eye movement control in reading

Abstract Epelboim, Booth, and Steinman [1994 Vision Research , 34, 1735–1766] recently published an article in this journal in which they argued that “unspaced text is relatively easy to read” (p. 1760). From this they concluded that the spaces between words “are relatively unimportant for guiding reading eye movements” (p. 1760). We have serious reservations concerning these conclusions. In this letter we argue that (1) reading unspaced text is not easy for most readers and (2) there are more diagnostic ways to examine the role of spacing. We also comment on the implications for models of eye movements in reading.
Analyzing data from designed experiments: A regression tree approach

It is observed that regression trees are useful supplements to the standard analysis tools for designed experiments. A regression tree is an algorithmic procedure for partitioning the space of a set of independent or predictor variables. The objective..
Characterization of the DT Ice Layer in a Fusion Capsule Using a Two-Dimensional X-Ray Shearing Interferometer

This article presents the design and simulated performance of a two-dimensional x-ray shearing interferometer wavefront sensor. In particular, this phase sensitive x-ray wavefront sensor is evaluated for its ability to perform metrology on the DT ice layer in an inertial confinement fusion capsule. The interferometer uses crossed phase gratings in a single plane and is capable of operation over a wide range of x-ray energies by varying the grating material and thickness. The wave-front sensor is insensitive to vibrations and, unlike X-RayTalbot interferometers, recovers the full two-dimensional phase profile of the x-ray beam rather than the gradient in only one dimension.
Phase change memory parameters: Effects of atomic transformations

We discuss key PCM device parameters and their variations. In particular, we show how effects of atomic transformations result in unique device behaviors such as delay time, temporal changes of parameters, under-threshold and others. Concepts of nucleation switching, atomic double well potential and disordered glass structure are introduced to explain experimental data collected.
Electromagnetism and quantum theory

Devices dependent upon such results of quantization as plasmas, semiconduction, or individual energy-level transitions now occupy a diverse and important position within the broad scope of electrical engineering. Their further development requires a thorough understanding of quantum theory on the part of device research and development engineers. To meet this need, many departments of electrical engineering may soon find it necessary to offer their own courses in quantum theory, just as they did in electromagnetic field theory after World War II.
The structure and composition of A Σ ≅ 9 interface in a Mo(Re) alloy via transmission electron and atom-probe field-ion microscopies

Etude de la segregation de Re au joint de grain de reseau de site de coincidence Σ=9 dans l'alliage Mo-5,4% at Re soumis a un recuit
Effects of processing speed on intelligence may be underestimated: Comment on Demetriou et al. (2013)

Abstract This commentary suggests ways to extend research by Demetriou et al. (2013) , who may have underestimated the effects of processing speed on the development of intelligence. It argues that future research should consider variability in processing speed, complexity in speed tasks, and reaction times excluded from speed estimates.
Influence of Artificial Lights During Rearing on the Egg Production of October Hatched New Hampshires

Abstract HATCHING egg producers using supplemental hatches of fall pullets to provide a year around uniform supply of hatching eggs have found that small egg size (under 22 ounces per dozen) is a problem with out-of-season hatched birds. Pullets hatched during October, November and December tend to lay small eggs over a longer period of time than pullets hatched in the spring of the year, and therefore produce a lower ratio of saleable hatching eggs during their year of production. These field observations have been confirmed by research reports pertaining to this problem. Jeffrey and Platt (1941) found that on a yearly basis their April hatched White Leghorn pullets produced 55 percent large eggs; January hatched, 47 percent; November hatched, 43 percent; June hatched, 42 percent; and September hatched, 38 percent. Callenbach et al. (1944) studied the relative effects of normal day length, and continuous 24-hour per day illumination as supplied …
A relationship between REM sleep measures and the duration of posttraumatic stress disorder in a young adult urban minority population.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine relationships of polysomnographic (PSG) measures with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a young adult, urban African American population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, clinical and laboratory evaluation. SETTING: Community recruitment, evaluation in the clinical research unit of an urban University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Participants (n = 145) were Black, 59.3% female, with a mean age of 23.1 y (SD = 4.8). One hundred twenty-one participants (83.4%) met criteria for trauma exposure, the most common being nonsexual violence. Thirty-nine participants (26.9%) met full (n = 19) or subthreshold criteria (n = 20) for current PTSD, 41 (28.3%) had met lifetime PTSD criteria and were recovered, and 65 (45%) were negative for PTSD. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Evaluations included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and 2 consecutive nights of overnight PSG. Analysis of variance did not reveal differences in measures of sleep duration and maintenance, percentage of sleep stages, and the latency to and duration of uninterrupted segments of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep by study group. There were significant relationships between the duration of PTSD and REM sleep percentage (r = 0.53, P = 0.001), REM segment length (r = 0.43, P = 0.006), and REM sleep latency (r = -0.34, P CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with observations in the literature of fragmented and reduced REM sleep with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relatively proximate to trauma exposure and nondisrupted or increased REM sleep with chronic PTSD. CITATION: Mellman TA, Kobayashi I, Lavela J, Wilson B, Hall Brown TS. A relationship between REM sleep measures and the duration of posttraumatic stress disorder in a young adult urban minority population. SLEEP 2014;37(8):1321-1326. Language: en