cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computed tomographic scan correlates of auditory comprehension deficits in aphasia: A prospective recovery study

Lesion localization and volume as assessed on computed tomography were analyzed to determine their relationships to auditory comprehension deficits following left hemisphere ischemic stroke in 39 patients. Auditory comprehension was initially tested approximately four weeks after onset, and then monthly for five months, using the Token Test, a series of commands of increasing complexity. Computed tomographic scans obtained five months after onset were used for lesion localization and volume determination. Lesions in the posterior superior temporal and infrasylvian supramarginal regions were strongly associated with poor outcome. Patients with initially preserved auditory comprehension tended to have lesions that spared these regions, whereas patients with persistent deficits had lesions that included these regions. Six of 8 patients who initially had severe deficits in auditory comprehension but recovered completely lacked lesions in these regions. Lesion volume except when very large or very small was not closely associated with outcome.
Spontaneous Bladder and Kidney Lesions in Young Rats

Spontaneous hyperplastic and inflammatory lesions were found in the bladders and kidneys of female rats and their offspring being observed as part of a reproduction study.Bladder lesions consisted of hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium, mucosal erosion and ulceration, and infiltration of the bladder mucosa with polymorpho-nuclear neutrophils.Kidney lesions included dilation of the renal pelvis, hyperplasia of the pelvic epithelium and inflammation of the renal pelvis (pyelitis).The incidence of these lesions is presented. Spontaneous lesions of this type may affect the interpretation of chemically-induced changes in these organs.
First Wafer Delay and setup: How to measure, define and improve First Wafer Delays and setup times in semiconductor fabs

First Wafer Delay (FWD) has been identified as a barrier to reduced fab cycle time and increased equipment productivity. As such, initiatives to reduce first wafer delay have been proposed as a focal point for next generation semiconductor fabs, including both 450mm fabs as well as “300mm Prime” factories. FWD and Setup Time are major detractors for cycle time reduction, in particular for small lot manufacturing. The definition of FWD, causes, as well as methods for improving FWD are discussed, in addition to recommendations for future equipment and factory design.
Enhanced analytical sensitivity of a quantitative PCR for CMV using a modified nucleic-acid extraction procedure.

Accurate and rapid diagnosis of CMV disease in immunocompromised individuals remains a challenge. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) methods for detection of CMV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have improved the positive and negative predictive value of PCR for diagnosis of CMV disease. However, detection of CMV in plasma has demonstrated a lower negative predictive value for plasma as compared with PBMC. To enhance the sensitivity of the QPCR assay for plasma specimens, plasma samples were centrifuged before nucleic-acid extraction and the extracted DNA resolubilized in reduced volume. Optimization of the nucleic-acid extraction focused on decreasing or eliminating the presence of inhibitors in the pelleted plasma. Quantitation was achieved by co-amplifying an internal quantitative standard (IS) with the same primer sequences as CMV. PCR products were detected by hybridization in a 96-well microtiter plate coated with a CMV or IS specific probe. The precision of the QPCR assay for samples prepared from untreated and from pelleted plasma was then assessed. The coefficient of variation for both types of samples was almost identical and the magnitude of the coefficient of variations was reduced by a factor of ten if the data were log transformed. Linearity of the QPCR assay extended over a 3.3-log range for both types of samples but the range of linearity for pelleted plasma was 20 to 40,000 viral copies/ml (vc/ml) in contrast to 300 to 400,000 vc/ml for plasma. Thus, centrifugation of plasma before nucleic-acid extraction and resuspension of extracted CMV DNA in reduced volume enhanced the analytical sensitivity approximately tenfold over the dynamic range of the assay.
A turbulent melt-lubrication model of surface wear in railgun armatures

This report describes a melt-lubrication model of the liquid film interface in solid-armature railguns that includes the effects of turbulence. The liquid film is modeled as a high-speed Couette flow with viscous heating. The model focuses strictly on mechanical wear and does not include magnetohydrodynamic body forces or Joule heating. The effects of turbulence are incorporated by using Prandtl's mixing-length theory and semiempirical methods. Turbulent viscosity is added to the laminar viscosity for the solution of the momentum equations. Thermal resistance is accounted for at the thermal contact between the melt film and rail. Expressions are obtained for the quantities of film thickness and melt wear rate. Results from the model are compared with experimental data that measured high-speed mechanical wear of 7075 aluminum sliding against ETP copper for face pressures ranging from 45 to 150 MPa in railguns. Although the model reproduces general trends in the data, it predicts melt speeds that are significantly greater than measured; in this regard, a previously published laminar model provides a better fit. However, given the shortcomings of both models, it is quite possible that a purely thermal hydraulic formulation is inadequate to the task of modeling high-speed, high-pressure mechanical wear, and that viscoplastic processes in the slider should be considered next.
Never Waste a Good Crisis: Deepwater Horizon and a Call for Congressional Action

This paper compares the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion to the 1979 nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, characterizing both as preventable catastrophes that were the result of regulatory failure due to intra-agency conflicts of interest and industry ineptitude. Focusing primarily on the Deepwater Horizon spill, the paper discusses the federal government's response to the disaster, in particular the lack of a Congressional response, and explores the reasons for Congressional inaction: industry capture. It also discusses how a legislative response would not only improve the agency's ability to fulfill its regulatory and development objectives, but also be in Congress's best interests.
Improved Performance of OLEDs on Cellulose/Epoxy Substrate Using Adenine as a Hole Injection Layer

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) fabricated from all “natural” materials will lead to renewable, sustainable, and potentially inexpensive organic optoelectronics. Achieving this goal will require reimagining all the various aspects of the OLED with natural-based renewable materials. Here, we replace the common substrate, electrode, and hole injection layer in the OLED structure with cellulose, gold, and the DNA nucleobase adenine. Gold films are used as semitransparent electrodes on plant-based cellulose substrates, providing flexible anodes that are highly conductive without annealing. A lift-off fabrication method (template stripping) employed UV curable epoxy to transfer patterned gold from silicon to cellulose. The gold has excellent adhesion to the epoxy (is not damaged when wiped), and the two serve as a smoothing layer for the cellulose substrate, resulting in very uniform OLED emission. DNA and DNA nucleobases are demonstrating to be versatile materials in natural electronics due to their wide...
Elderly in-hospital cardiac arrest patients who are resuscitated with neurological recovery experience favourable long-term survival similar to non-arrest heart failure patients

Commentary on: Chan PS, Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM, et al. American Heart Association Get with the Guidelines-Resuscitation Investigators. Long-term outcomes in elderly survivors of in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1019–26.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] In-hospital cardiac arrest is relatively common, with an estimated 370 000–750 000 cardiac arrests with resuscitation performed yearly.1 ,2 Aggregate survival is often poor with only 30% ultimately dismissed with satisfactory neurological recovery.1–⇓3 Furthermore, in adults with non-shockable rhythms, total survival to discharge is approximately 10%.3 As delays in resuscitation can be common, these survival outcomes can be improved with training of medical emergency teams that respond to unstable situations before the arrest develops. Lacking in the literature is a comprehensive understanding of what happens to these patients after hospital discharge. Such data, if favourable, … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DN%2BEngl%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.volume%253D368%26rft.spage%253D1019%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1200657%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23484828%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1200657&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23484828&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F6%2F227.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000315982100008&link_type=ISI
Machine Learning for Data Science: Mathematical or Computational

Machine learning usually requires getting a training and testing set of samples. The training set is used to obtain the model, and then, the testing set is used to verify the model. In general, a machine learning method requires an iterated process for reaching a goal. Machine learning is one of the research areas in artificial intelligence. Machine learning is mainly used to solve problems in classification and clustering. The distinction is that machine learning uses automated algorithms to learn from sample data for finding rules or making classifications. Therefore, the earliest machine learning method should be the regression method in statistics. Modern machine learning does not rely on a mathematical model such as linear equations used in regression. Online data mining and networking based applications nowadays request that machine learning be able to make decisions based on partial data sets. When more data samples are available, the algorithm must be able to adjust accordingly. Therefore, in cloud computing, and BigData related methods in data science, machine learning becomes the primary technology. We have introduced the PCA, k-NN and k-means, and other methods in artificial intelligence in Chap. 2 In this chapter, we will do an overview of other important machine learning methods such as decision trees, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. We will also introduce variational learning, support vector machine, and computational learning theory with some problems related to mathematical data processing.
Computer-Based Patient Interviewing: Second of Two Parts

Before the computer can become truly useful in clinical research, diagnosis and therapy, new ways to collect data must be developed. The computer itself can be adapted to take medical histories directly from patients. These data, in computer- processable form, are then available for physician use in patient care and clinical research. Results obtained with computer-based histories are reviewed and the technic is compared with traditional methods. Also discussed is the potential role of computer-based interviewing in modern medical practice.
APPLICATION OF SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY TO PETROLEUM EXPLORATION:AN EXAMPLE FROM THE CRETACEOUS IN CHAGANNUOER SAG,THE HAILAER BASIN

Wide application of sequence stratigraphy has made great contribution to petroleum exploration of the large oil and gas fields in China.Based on the theories and methods of sequence stratigraphy and through integration of core,log and seismic data,the Early Cretaceous in Chagannuoer sag of the Hailaer basin is recognized as a supersequence.It was formed during fault subsidence and can be divided,from bottom to top,into 5 third-order sequences.The factors influencing hydrocarbon pooling are studied in detail within the framework of sequence stratigraphy,eight reservoir types are predicted,and three favorable plays for exploration are identified.The alluvial fans and fan deltas deposited in fault step zones and slope zones,and the sublacustrine fans deposited in the transgressive system tract of the supersequence are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation,thus are targets of exploration.
Multi-Server-Datenbankfernzugriff

Dieses Kapitel behandelt die Erweiterungen der Funktionalitat des RDA-Kommunikationselementes, die dann notig werden, wenn ein Client auf mehrere Server innerhalb einer Transaktion zugreift. Die Funktionalitat, die die Verbindungsverwaltung, den Transfer von Datenbankoperationen und die Unterstutzung der Datenreprasentation betrifft, unterscheidet sich nicht von der in Kapitel 4 diskutierten Funktionalitat des Einzel-Server-Falls. Daher wird nachfolgend ausschlieslich die Transaktionsverwaltung im Multi-Server-RDA untersucht. Dabei werden verschiedene Protokolle eingefuhrt, die sich in dem Grad der Toleranz gegenuber bestimmten Fehlerklassen unterscheiden. Dies ist insbesondere im Hinblick auf den Einsatz der Transaktionsprotokolle in offenen Netzen interessant, da in offenen Netzen keine Annahmen uber die Zuverlassigkeit der beteiligten Systeme gemacht werden konnen.
Thermal Structure of Planetary Ionospheres

Electrons released in the photoionization process due to the absorption of solar XUV radiation in planetary atmospheres may have initially kinetic energies of one to 100 eV. The energy E of photoelectrons resulting from photons of energy h v interacting with an atmospheric constituent whose ionization potential is IP is given by $$E = hv - IP$$ These photoelectrons loose their excess energy by both inelastic and elastic collisions [77]. As long as the energy of the primary photoelectron exceeds IP, secondary ionization may occur, while below IP energy loss will occur by excitation of atmospheric constituents. The rate of energy loss per unit pathlength due to an inelastic collision with a neutral constituent whose density is n j , can be expressed by $$\frac{1}{{{{n}_{j}}}}\frac{{dE}}{{dx}} = E\prime {{\sigma }_{j}}$$ (3-1) where E′ is the excitation energy and σ j is the appropriate cross section.
Superconductors go large

Since it was discovered in 1986, high-temperature superconductivity has continued to surprise and fascinate condensed-matter physicists. Today, most researchers agree that there are several key features of these 'cuprate' compounds – all of which contain layers of copper and oxygen atoms – that remain unexplained. These include the pairing mechanism that produces the exotic 'd-wave' superconducting state, and the fact that the resistivity of the cuprates increases linearly with temperature above Tc, the temperature at which the material loses its electrical resistance.
Conclusion: Goody, Gordon, and Shilpa Shetty “Poppadom”: The Politics of Study Abroad from the New Liberalism to New Labour

When Jade Goody, the working-class “reality” TV star of Britain’s Big Brother(BB) and Celebrity Big Brother (CBB), attempted to rehabilitate her career in 2008, she made two trips to India that her publicists spun as educational tours. At the invitation of the Indian government, she visited Delhi, where she marveled at its beautiful temples and gardens, and, after spending a heartrending day at a rescue center for orphaned street children, donated £100,000 of her own fortune to the institution. Six months later at the invitation of Big Boss, the Indian version of Celebrity Big Brother in Mumbai, she joined the “house” as a contestant. This would be the third and last time that she would enter the Endemol matrix. Endemol, the broadcasting corporation that had launched her to celebrity stardom in 2001, would also be her undoing.1
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Mediates Increased Sympathoexcitation via Glutamatergic N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Rats With Chronic Heart Failure.

Background— Increased sympathetic outflow is a major contributor to the progression of chronic heart failure (CHF). Potentiation of glutamatergic tone has been causally related to the sympathoexcitation in CHF. Specifically, an increase in the N-methyl-d-aspartate-type 1 receptor (NMDA-NR 1 ) expression within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is critically linked to the increased sympathoexcitation during CHF. However, the molecular mechanism(s) for the upregulation of NMDA-NR 1 remains unexplored. We hypothesized that hypoxia via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) might contribute to the augmentation of the NMDA-NR 1 –mediated sympathoexcitatory responses from the PVN in CHF. Methods and Results— Immunohistochemistry staining, mRNA, and protein for hypoxia-inducible factor 1α were upregulated within the PVN of left coronary artery–ligated CHF rats. In neuronal cell line (NG108-15) in vitro, hypoxia caused a significant increase in mRNA and protein for HIF-1α (2-fold) with the concomitant increase in NMDA-NR 1 mRNA, protein levels, and glutamate-induced Ca + influx. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay identified HIF-1α binding to NMDA-NR 1 promoter during hypoxia. Silencing of HIF-1α in NG108 cells leads to a significant decrease in expression of NMDA-NR 1 , suggesting that expression of HIF-1α is necessary for the upregulation of NMDA-NR 1 . Consistent with these observations, HIF-1α silencing within the PVN abrogated the increased basal sympathetic tone and sympathoexcitatory responses to microinjection of NMDA in the PVN of rats with CHF. Conclusions— These results uncover a critical role for HIF-1 in the upregulation of NMDA-NR 1 to mediate sympathoexcitation in CHF. We conclude that subtle hypoxia within the PVN may act as a metabolic cue to modulate sympathoexcitation during CHF.
Energy and the Physical World

We have defined energy as that which is responsible for any motion. Since the world we live in is mostly dynamic, not static, this means that energy is in and being used by essentially everything around us: the wind blowing clouds and trees, your pets or friends or family around you, all of the appliances and micro appliances that surround even the modestly well off. People are attracted by powerful motion: by windstorms, cars, athletes, dance and sports on TV, the grace and power of wild animals.
Abstract 3043: Discovery of a novel mitochondrial protein complex containing pro-apoptotic Noxa in leukemia

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Apoptosis evasion and altered nutrient metabolism are recognized as major contributors to cancer development. However, the degree to which apoptosis and metabolism are integrated in malignant cells remains poorly understood. Previously our group observed alterations in mitochondrial function mediated by expression of the pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family Noxa. Here, we report the presence of a large 650 kilodalton multi-protein complex specific to the mitochondria of Jurkat leukemia cells that contains Noxa. We also detect a similar mitochondrial protein complex in cells expressing Noxa with a mutated BH3 domain, suggestive of an apoptosis-independent metabolic function for this Bcl-2 family member. Lastly, we present here the successful isolation of this complex aimed at identifying other complex components via mass spectrometry. This unique strategy included purifying the complex by gel-filtration chromatography, and then resolving the complex into an acrylamide gel by either size or charge, followed by separating the individual complex components by size. Future studies are geared towards identifying the other components of the complex, looking for presence of this complex in other cancers, and understanding how this complex may function in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in cancer. In summary, the data presented here strongly suggests a non-canonical function for Noxa in regulating mitochondrial function independent of apoptosis in leukemia, and possibly other malignancies. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Jeffrey S. Gaynes, Eric A. Hanse, Ameeta Kelekar. Discovery of a novel mitochondrial protein complex containing pro-apoptotic Noxa in leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3043. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3043
The Influence of Personality Traits and Cognitive Load on the Use of Adaptive User Interfaces

One of the problems adaptive interfaces must solve is the issue of stability---users must be able to complete a familiar task reliably. Split Adaptive Interfaces, where a limited part of the screen contains copies of the interface elements predicted to be of immediate use, are one technique for resolving this difficulty. While prior work demonstrated that Split Adaptive Interfaces improve performance on average, the results of our study demonstrate systematic individual differences in the utilization of the adaptive features, which correlate with the stable user traits of Need for Cognition and Extraversion. Specifically, higher Need for Cognition (a willingness to undertake difficult mental activities) is correlated with increased utilization rates, while higher Extraversion (a general orientation towards seeking gratification from the external world) is negatively correlated with utilization rates. Our results also demonstrate a significant negative correlation between cognitive load induced by a secondary task and the utilization of the adaptive features. This effect, however, is very small (less than two percentage points). Together, these results provide additional evidence of the usefulness of the split adaptive interface approach and a negligible effect of additional cognitive load, but also demonstrate that the approach does not benefit all users equally.
Seven days of nectar: contemporary oral performance of the Bhāgavatapurāṇa, by McComas Taylor, New York, Oxford University Press, 2016, xx + 228 pp., US$99.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-19-061191-0

In the opening chapter of Seven Days of Nectar, McComas Taylor quotes Milton Singer while explaining the underlying drive of his own research methodology: ‘The literary scholar who is willing and a...
Immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer and the abscopal effect.

e18104Background: Advanced research and better understanding of the human immune system has led to the development of targeted immunotherapy such as PD-1 inhibitors. We studied patients with both s...
Synaptic Plasticity: Cleaved Kinases and the Specificity of Erasing Traumatic Memories.

Summary New possibilities for treating posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders involving abnormal memories are emerging from analysis of persistent protein kinase activation and mechanisms of synapse-specific modification, known as synaptic tagging.
Chapter 4 Lipid metabolism in plants

Publisher Summary This chapter describes similarities between biochemistry of lipid metabolism in plants and other organisms, emphasizes on various aspects unique to plants, and summarizes the major differences between lipid metabolism in plants and other organisms. Fatty acid synthesis in plants occurs not in the cytosol as in animals and fungi but in the chloroplast and other plastids. Hundreds of genes required for plant lipid biosynthesis, utilization, and turnover have now been cloned, which provide valuable information on enzyme structure and function and are being exploited to design new, more valuable plant oils. The production of lipid hormones and signal molecules is another growing area of interest, and several lipids, including phosphatidylinositol phosphates, diacylglycerol, and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine are implicated in signal transduction in plants. Microarrays that permit simultaneous monitoring of expression of many genes provide a more global overview of how genes work together to control seed metabolism. Together with the ability to rapidly over- and under-express genes in transgenic plants and the strengths of classical biochemistry, such recent advances in analytical techniques should help to enter a new stage of lipid research emphasizing the interplay between metabolic compartments and the control of lipid synthesis during the plant life cycle.
A Modeling Conundrum: Murine Models for Cutaneous Wound Healing.

The complexity of the cutaneous wound healing process and its impairment in disease states, combined with the urgent clinical need for new therapies demand well-defined preclinical models that facilitate translation of research findings to clinical use. Many murine wound models are well suited for studying mechanisms of various aspects of wound healing, but they have shown limited utility for translating research findings to human conditions, thereby impeding therapeutic developments. Ansell et al. underscore the need for standardization of preclinical murine models by showing the impact of duration of diabetes, animal sex, and assessment methods on healing outcomes in the streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rat model. Recognizing and understanding the limitations and advantages of preclinical murine wound models will facilitate more effective translation of experimental results to improved treatment of human chronic wounds.
Magnetoelastic excitation of single nanomagnets for optical measurement of intrinsic Gilbert damping

We report an alternative all-optical technique to drive and probe the spin dynamics of single nanomagnets. Optically generated surface acoustic waves (SAWs) drive the magnetization precession in nanomagnets via magnetoelastic (MEL) coupling. We investigate the field-swept dynamics of isolated Ni nanomagnets at various SAW frequencies and show that this method can be used to accurately determine the intrinsic Gilbert damping of nanostructured magnetic materials. This technique opens a new avenue for studying the spin dynamics of nanoscale devices using nonthermal (``cold'') excitation, enabling direct observation of the MEL driven dynamics.
Immortal Time Bias in Observational Studies of Time-to-Event Outcomes: Assessing Effects of Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy Using the National Cancer Database

The objectives of this study are to illustrate the effects of immortal time bias (ITB) using an oncology outcomes database and quantify through simulations the magnitude and direction of ITB when d...
Gendered Packaging of a STEM Toy Influences Children's Play, Mechanical Learning, and Mothers’ Play Guidance

To study effects of the gender-packaging of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) toys, mother-child dyads (31 daughters; 30 sons; M = 5.2 years) were randomly assigned to play with a mechanical toy packaged for girls (GoldieBlox) or boys (BobbyBlox). When familiarizing themselves with the toy to prepare for play, mothers given BobbyBlox built more with toy pieces than did mothers given GoldieBlox. During dyadic play, mothers with sons built more; mothers with daughters read the toy's narrative instructions more. Children's independent play likewise varied with game packaging. Girls learned the mechanical belt-drive principle better from playing with BobbyBlox; boys learned the principle better from playing with GoldieBlox. Implications for gender-schema theories, STEM interventions, and toy marketing are discussed.
Analysis of the Role of Sec3 in SNARE Assembly and Membrane Fusion

Intracellular membrane fusion is mediated by the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins that are highly conserved and tightly regulated by a variety of factors. The exocyst complex is one of the multi-subunit tethering complexes and functions in the tethering of the secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane. We have found that the yeast Sec3, a subunit of the exocyst, binds to the t-SNARE protein Sso2 and promotes its interaction with another t-SNARE protein, Sec9. Here, we describe the structural analysis and in vitro membrane fusion assays, by which we found that Sec3 binding leads to a conformational change within Sso2, and facilitates SNARE assembly and the membrane fusion.
From Yahweh to Yahoo! The Religious Roots of the Secular Press by Doug Underwood. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002. 346 pp

(2003). From Yahweh to Yahoo! The Religious Roots of the Secular Press by Doug Underwood. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002. 346 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 102-103.
The attentional cost of movement in multiple sclerosis.

Individuals living with multiple sclerosis frequently have impairments in mobility. These impairments are more pronounced when they engage in a cognitively demanding mobility tasks (i.e., walking and talking, obstacle clearance, etc). Based in part on the attentional capacity model of movement, these impairments are suggested to result from greater attentional demands. Yet, this model has not been directly tested in neurological populations. The objective of the study was to determine whether individuals with multiple sclerosis have greater attentional cost of movement across a range of tasks. This study tested probe reaction times of 20 individuals with multiple sclerosis and 26 healthy controls in five different movement tasks. The tasks were specifically chosen to challenge the perceptual–motor system based on variations in static and dynamic balance requirements. Participants were asked to verbally respond as quickly as possible to randomly presented audio probes during motor performance. Task order was randomized, and average probe reaction time was calculated for each task. The results showed tasks requiring dynamic stability had greater probe reaction times in both healthy controls and individuals with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, individuals with multiple sclerosis had longer probe reaction times across all tasks compared to healthy controls. Yet, there was no relationship between probe reaction times and performance during a complex walking scenario. The results indicate the attentional capacity model may be inadequate to explain cognitive–motor interaction in people with multiple sclerosis. Future studies should address the theoretical framework of cognitive–motor interaction, which may influence the design of interventions aimed at improving performance in individuals with MS.
Brace Considerations in Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Instability and the Multiple-Ligament Injured Knee

Bracing can play a prominent role in the management of PCL and multiligamentous knee injuries, both for operative and nonoperative management strategies. Understanding the nuances of bracing for knee ligament injuries is critical for proper management and for providing the best chance for a stable, functional, and pain-free knee in the long term. Braces used for knee ligament injuries come in a variety of designs, each with advantages and disadvantages that should be appropriately matched to the individual patient. Outcome studies of bracing PCL and multiligamentous knee injuries are rare, and the variety of protocols applied in these studies makes it difficult to form a consensus on how to achieve the best functional results. Regardless of the bracing protocol used, patient compliance is crucial and dependent on ongoing communication between the patient and the treating physician.
Nucleotide Variations in microRNA-Binding Sites: TheNeed of Novel Tools for the Nucleic Acid Alignment

During the last fifteen years, the attention of biologists and medical scientists has been attracted to microRNAs, the small regulatory molecules of about 22 nucleotides long.
Utilization and Cost of Mammography Screening Among Commercially Insured Women 50 to 64 Years of Age in the United States, 2012–2016

Background: In recent years, most insurance plans eliminated cost-sharing for breast cancer screening and recommended screening intervals changed, and newer modalities-digital mammography and breast tomosynthesis-became more widely available. The objectives of this study are to examine how these changes affected utilization, frequency, and costs of breast cancer screening among commercially insured women, and to understand factors associated with utilization and frequency of screening. Materials and Methods: This study used commercial insurance claims data for women 50 to 64 years of age, continuously enrolled in commercial insurance plans during 2012-2016. Results: Of the 685,737 eligible women, 20% were not screened, 40% received annual screening, 24% received biennial screening, and 16% were screened less frequently than recommended during the time period examined. Sociodemographic factors such as age <60 years, rurality, and fee-for-service insurance were associated with low screening utilization. Patients who received annual screening incurred ∼1.78 times higher costs compared to those who received biennial screening during the study period. Digital mammography was the most costly and commonly used modality along with computer-aided detection. Conclusions: Evidence-based interventions to promote screening among women who are screened less frequently are needed along with interventions to move toward biennial screening rather than annual screening. Increasing provider awareness regarding breast cancer screening rates and frequency among various sociodemographic groups is essential to guide provider recommendations and shared decision making. The results of this study can guide targeted public health interventions to reduce barriers to screening, and can also serve as inputs for economic analyses of screening interventions and programs.
Micromechanics modeling and validation of thermal-mechanical damage in DER353 epoxy/borosilicate glass composite subject to high strain rate deformation

Abstract With advances in the design and manufacturing of composite materials, the number of their defense and civil applications has grown significantly. This calls for detailed experiments and modeling of composite materials for their characterization and performance analysis. Experiments show that adiabatic heating becomes more noticeable at high-strain-rate deformation, causing the stress-strain slopes to become negative. However, most rate-dependent micromechanics models, e.g. in a previous work by the authors [1], lack an interpretation of the relation between energy dissipation and adiabatic temperature rise. In this study, a continuum damage model (CDM) with adiabatic heating is established to enhance the accuracy of the micromechanics model under high-strain-rate impacts. The model predicts the behavior of a heterogeneous material and punch shear strength tests are used for validation. The model is calibrated using results from experiments conducted in a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). A constitutive law for the DER353 epoxy in the finite rotation framework is presented first, focusing on the connection between the energy dissipation and local temperature rise. Next, the model is implemented in a finite element framework and calibrated using a SHPB experiment. Lastly, the DER353 epoxy model is applied to a unidirectional fiber composite micromechanics model as a predictive tool. Results show that damage initiates at the material interface and diffuses into individual phases. In addition, the punch shear experiment results are compared with results from the single-fiber RVE model. The comparison shows that the micromechanical model can be used as a multiscale analysis tool. The findings in this work can be used to explore the performance of more complicated microstructures, e.g. woven composites.
PDMS polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) with closed-cell, aqueous-filled microcavities

Emulsion templates can produce a wide range of unique microstructures via solidification of the continuous phase. Some of these structures result in unique, fluid-filled composites reminiscent of biological tissue when the templating droplets develop into closed-cell structures. However, the state-of-the-art falls short in replicating the mechanical and functional response of biological structures due to stiff, fragile, and bio-incompatible materials while lacking systematic processing parameters. This article describes the synthesis of high internal phase, closed-cell, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomeric foams which simultaneously achieve biocompatibility, mechanical robustness, flexibility, and selective permeability. Water-in-oil high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by silica nano-particles (SNPs) provide the microstructural template, resulting in a >74% by volume aqueous phase (up to 82%). To overcome the prohibitive barrier to HIPE formation when using a mechanically-superior, but highly viscous commercial PDMS kit, we produce HIPE templates via centrifugation of low internal phase emulsions (LIPEs, <30% by volume dispersed phase). This oil phase crosslinks into an aqueous-filled (water + glycerol + NaCl) elastomeric composite. The composite's microstructural dependence on viscosity ratio, mixing speed, emulsifier concentration, and centrifugal force are systematically characterized. The resulting microstructured, fluid-filled elastomer composites exhibit mechanically robust and highly flexible behavior due to the excellent properties of the PDMS continuous phase.
New Tools for Self-consistent Modeling of the AGN Torus and Corona

The continuum emission typically observed in the X-ray spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is thought to arise from inverse-Compton scattering of blackbody photons from the accretion disk by mildly relativistic thermal electrons in a rarefied and relatively hotter corona. By fitting theoretical spectral models (e.g., Poutanen & Svensson 1996; Coppi 1999) to the observed shape of an AGN coronal continuum it is possible to constrain some of its physical parameters, such as the electron temperature and optical depth (e.g., Fabian et al. 2015; Middei et al. 2019).
Do Mandatory ‘Auctions’ Increase the Gains of Target Shareholders in Mergers and Acquisitions? Evidence from the Effect of Time Warner

Several years ago, in Revlon v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, the Delaware Supreme Court held that when a “sale” or “break-up” of a company becomes “inevitable,” the duty of the directors is not to maintain the independence of the company or otherwise give priority to long-term considerations, but rather to obtain the highest price possible for the shareholders in the transaction (that is, to maximize short-term value). To satisfy this duty, the directors are generally supposed to conduct an auction for the shares of the company or, as clarified in subsequent decisions, “check” in the market that the shareholders are receiving the best price available. Even before Revlon, the literature was divided on whether takeover transactions should involve this kind of “auctioneering” duty. One strand of the literature generally supports auctions because they increase competition among bidders and thus lead to better prices for the target shareholders. For another strand, auctioneering duties do not necessarily increase prices because the directors of the target company will anyway seek to obtain the best deal available in the market in order to satisfy their ordinary duty of care to the shareholders. From that perspective, mandatory auctions are actually a friction in the takeover market that can have the unintended effect of deterring potential bidders. The effects of Revlon duties, however, have remained empirically untested. The purpose of this work is therefore to make a first step to fill that gap, particularly by examining the impact of Paramount Communications, Inc. v. Time, Inc. on target returns and deal incidence. The analysis focuses on this decision because prior literature has considered that it created an exemption from Revlon for a particular type of transactional form, and, as a result, target returns in those deals should experience a statistically significant decrease after the date of the decision if Revlon actually exerts an upward pressure on prices. Also, if Revlon duties deter prospective bidders, the incidence of the exempted transactions should increase after Time Warner relative to deals that generally trigger mandatory auctions. As further discussed in the text, Time Warner does not seem to have had any significant effect on target returns or deal incidence. These results, in turn, provide support for the trend toward greater flexibility in more recent case law.
Long-Term Follow-Up Results of Lenalidomide, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone Induction Therapy and Risk-Adapted Maintenance Approach in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma

PURPOSEThe combination of lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVD) is a highly effective and convenient induction regimen for both transplantation-eligible and -ineligible patients with my...
Emulsion-based directed evolution of enzymes and proteins in yeast

Emulsion-based selections are a unique type of directed evolution method that overcome common bottlenecks associated with purely in vivo selections. For example, emulsions including cell-free translation machinery can be useful for expression of toxic genes. However, not all cell types can efficiently produce protein in vitro, for example, the eukaryotic microbe Saccharomyces cerevisiae. compartmentalized self replication (CSR) and compartmentalized partnered replication (CPR) are two emulsion-based selection schemes that leverage the advantages of both in vivo and in vitro selections by compartmentalizing cells in water-in-oil droplets. Previous implementations of these methods utilized bacterial hosts, which has limited the technology to the directed evolution of proteins that can be heterologously expressed in prokaryotic systems. To expand the repertoire of targets that can be evolved, we have adapted emulsion-based PCR selections to be compatible with a eukaryotic host.
CBF regulation in hypertension and Alzheimer's disease.

To review the recent developments on the effect of chronic high mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and supporting the notion that CBF autoregulation impa...
TRACE-Seq Reveals Clonal Reconstitution Dynamics of Gene Targeted Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Targeted DNA correction of disease-causing mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may usher in a new class of medicines to treat genetic diseases of the blood and immune system. With state-of-the-art methodologies, it is now possible to correct disease-causing mutations at high frequencies in HSPCs by combining ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery of Cas9 and chemically modified sgRNAs with homologous DNA donors via recombinant adeno-associated viral vector serotype six (AAV6). However, because of the precise nucleotide-resolution nature of gene correction, these current approaches do not allow for clonal tracking of gene targeted HSPCs. Here, we describe Tracking Recombination Alleles in Clonal Engraftment using sequencing (TRACE-Seq), a novel methodology that utilizes barcoded AAV6 donor template libraries, carrying either in-frame silent mutations or semi-randomized nucleotide sequences outside the coding region, to track the in vivo lineage contribution of gene targeted HSPC clones. By targeting the HBB gene with an AAV6 donor template library consisting of ~20,000 possible unique exon 1 in-frame silent mutations, we track the hematopoietic reconstitution of HBB targeted myeloid-skewed, lymphoid-skewed, and balanced multi-lineage repopulating human HSPC clones in immunodeficient mice. We anticipate that this methodology has the potential to be used for HSPC clonal tracking of Cas9 RNP and AAV6-mediated gene targeting outcomes in translational and basic research settings.
Trust: The Foundation of Radiologic Excellence

OBJECTIVE. Although trust is a topic infrequently discussed at professional meetings and in professional journals, it constitutes the foundation of radiologic excellence. Trust is an attribute of p...
The Potential for Coproducing Food Security in Public Housing Communities

The coproduction literature has long acknowledged that citizens are active consumers and producers of public goods. Coproduction tends to be successful when citizens are already engaging in activities that can be enhanced through collaboration with activities of public managers, programs, and agencies. In this article, we investigate the strategies and activities public housing residents engage in to produce consistent access to sufficient nutritious food needed to support a healthy life. That is, we investigate residents’ food security. Focus group responses from adults and adolescents in six public housing communities in the Phoenix metropolitan area reveal barriers and opportunities for leveraging communities to attenuate place-based disadvantages associated with low food security. These responses also demonstrate a potential missed opportunity to engage in place-based solutions that use principles of coproduction to produce and maintain residents’ food security.
96. Assessing the predictive ability of metabolic syndrome-ATP III for survival and complications in patients with metastatic spinal cord compression

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global epidemic disorder, especially in the Western capitalistic economic development model. PURPOSE To elucidate the predictive ability of the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP)-III for survival and complications in patients who underwent decompressive surgery (DS) for metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC). STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Patients with MSCC presented at an academic tertiary care hospital from 2011 to 2018 were identified through retrospective chart review. PATIENT SAMPLE Statistical analysis included 119 patients (median age: 67 years; 63% males), with a median survival of 14 months (95%CI: 1-28.2 months, p=0.01). OUTCOME MEASURES Survival and complications following surgery for MSCC. METHODS Patients were categorized into MetS-ATP III (42.9%, n=51) if they met 3 or more of the following criterion: waist circumference (men >102 cm and women >88 cm), triglycerides (≥150 mg/dl), high density cholesterol (men RESULTS All-cause mortality and complications were 62.2% (n=74) and 22.7% (n=27) in our cohort respectively. Patients with MetS-ATP III had a 1.74-fold higher risk of mortality at last follow-up evaluation (HR: 1.74, 95%CI: 1.07-2.81, p=0.02), after adjusting for age, sex, tumor histology and spine instability neoplastic score (SINS). Overall complication rates were significantly higher among patients with MetS (HR: 4.06, 95% CI: 1.68-9.82, p=0.002). Furthermore, the patients with MetS had a higher probability of impaired wound healing (HR: 3.85, 95% CI: 1.57-9.40, p=0.003) and thrombotic disorders (HR: 5.56, 95%CI: 1.63-19.0, p=0.006), adjusted for age, sex, tumor histology and SINS. CONCLUSIONS MetS-ATP III analysis in patients with MSCC who underwent DS was effective in identifying patients at higher risk for shorter survival and more complications. However, further prospective studies are needed to validate our results. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.