cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D Sterol/Vitamin D Receptor Conformational Dynamics and Nongenomic Actions

Abstract The production of the hormone 1α,25(OH) 2 vitamin D 3 (1,25D 3 ) begins in the body by the processing of 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D 3 (VD3), where the B-ring of the molecule opens. This increases the molecular space the D3 A-ring can sample. The addition of the 25-OH and 1-OH groups, D3, adds H-bonding character to the molecule. It is these features of the 1,25D 3 molecule, in addition to the innate flexible of the side-chain atoms, which determine what proteins 1,25D 3 will bind to and perhaps more importantly the strength and dynamics of the interaction(s). The nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) is an intracellular protein that binds with very strong affinity to 1,25D 3 . In binding to the VDR, 1,25D 3 can directly regulate gene transcription and lipid signaling and the activity and/or localization of enzymes and ion channels. This chapter reviews how the dynamic interactions between 1,25D 3 and the VDR can regulate the pluripotent cellular functions that have been associated with the two molecules.
Medical Malpractice Litigation Following Arthroscopic Surgery

Purpose Our study aims to analyze a variety of factors involving malpractice lawsuits following arthroscopy, focusing on reasons for lawsuit and establishing predictors for the outcome of the lawsuit. Methods Two legal databases, VerdictSearch and Westlaw, were queried for arthroscopic cases in adult patients. For all included cases, clinical and demographic data were recorded. The effects of plaintiff demographics, joint involved, lawsuit allegation, case ruling, and size of indemnity payments were assessed. Results Of the 240 included cases, 62 (26%) resulted in plaintiff verdict, 160 (67%) resulted in defense verdict, and 18 (8%) were settled without trial. Plaintiff demographics (age and sex) had no effect on the case ruling. There was no statistical difference between indemnity awards for plaintiff verdicts ($1,013,494) and settled cases ($848,331; P = .13). Patient death was noted in 20 cases (8.3%); a significantly higher proportion of these cases were settled versus went to trial ( P = .0022), including 19 patients (95%) who had knee arthroscopy and 16 deaths (80%) resulting from a pulmonary embolus. Plaintiff verdict or settlement were seen significantly more frequently for vascular complications and wrong-sided surgery. Alternatively, defense verdicts followed lawsuits alleging surgeon technical error. Wrong-sided surgery, retained instruments, deep venous thrombosis, and postoperative infections were seen at a significantly higher proportion after knee arthroscopy than after arthroscopy of other joints. Similarly, neurological injury was significantly associated with elbow and hip arthroscopy, while allegations of technical error by the surgeon and block-related complications were associated with shoulder arthroscopy. Conclusions Plaintiff verdict or settlement were seen for vascular complications and wrong-sided surgery, while defense verdicts followed lawsuits alleging surgeon technical error and block-related complications. We also identified types of allegations that were associated with arthroscopy of different joints. All but one case of patient death (20 cases) were noted to involve knee arthroscopy, and an overwhelming majority resulted due to a pulmonary embolism. This information helps the arthroscopic surgeon better counsel patients and employ strategies to mitigate preventable complications. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series.
Quantifying the Effect of On-Street Parking Information on Congestion Mitigation using a Driving Simulator:

This study investigates travelers’ reactions to different types of information, in deciding their parking choice behavior and its effect on circulation time, through a driving simulator and a state...
Body weight and Internet access: evidence from the rollout of broadband providers

Obesity has become an increasingly important public health issue in the USA and many other countries. Hypothesized causes for this increase include declining relative cost of food and a decreasing share of the population working in labor-intensive occupations. In this paper, we suggest another factor: the Internet. Increasing Internet access could affect body weight through several channels. First, more time spent using the Internet, a sedentary activity, could lead to increases in body weight. Second, the prior literature has shown that economic activity (and income) increase with Internet access: given a positive health-income gradient, obesity rates could likewise increase, although the empirical evidence on the income-obesity gradient is mixed. Third, the Internet increases information and creates the possibility for online peer networks. Theoretically, increases in information should lead to more optimal consumer choices. At the same time, greater networking opportunities may result in peers having greater influence over positive or negative health behaviors. While we are unable to fully test these mechanisms, we are able to use the rollout of broadband Internet providers as a plausibly exogenous source of variation in Internet access to identify the reduced form effect of Internet use on body weight. We show that greater broadband coverage increases the body weight of white women and has both positive and negative effects on modifiable adult health behaviors including exercise, smoking, and drinking.
A Theory of Sets

We define set theory as an extension of predicate calculus. A set is simply a collection of distinct (different) elements. Examples of sets are the set of integers, the set of brown cows, and the set of computer science departments. A cornerstone of mathematics, the set is also an essential ingredient of computer science and finds application in areas such as artificial intelligence, databases, and programming languages. The study of sets leads to questions about the existence of many kinds of infinities. Thus, while appearing simple, set theory is a rich intellectual playground.
Racial/ethnic variation in prevalence estimates for United States prediabetes under alternative 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria: 1988-2008.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the racial/ethnic variation in United States prediabetes prevalence estimates for alternative prediabetes definitions currently approved by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) across 20 years and in detailed multivariate comparisons. DESIGN: Using nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1988-2008, we compared trends in the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glycated hemoglobin (IGH) for non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, and Mexican American/other Hispanic adults. Using NHANES 2005-2008, we compared prevalence by race/ethnicity in more detail for the three current ADA prediabetes definitions--IFG, IGH, and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)--controlling for associated factors (education, income, weight, age, sex). RESULTS: Prediabetes prevalence during the last 20 years was consistently significantly lower among non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic Whites when measured by IFG, but was significantly higher among non-Hispanic Blacks when measured by IGH. In adjusted models, non-Hispanic Blacks were significantly more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to have IGH (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.33-3.70) and less likely to have IFG (OR: 0.46; 0.30-0.73) or IGT (OR: 0.35; 0.24-0.50), but Mexican American/other Hispanic rates did not differ significantly from non-Hispanic White rates. However, rates of prediabetes, when defined by any of three individual diagnostic criteria, were not statistically significantly different across groups (36.8% for non-Hispanic Whites, 36.0% AA, 37.3% Mexican American/other Hispanics). CONCLUSIONS: National prediabetes prevalence estimates vary dramatically across racial/ethnic groups according to diagnostic method, though over 35% in all three racial/ethnic groups met at least one ADA diagnostic criteria for prediabetes. Ethn Dis. 2012;22[4]:451–458
Magnetic properties of lithium-containing rare earth garnets Li3RE3Te2O12 (RE = Y, Pr, Nd, Sm-Lu)

The synthesis, structural description, temperature dependent magnetic susceptibilities and field dependent magnetizations of a series of rare earth garnets of the form Li3RE3Te2O12 (RE = Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm-Lu) are reported. The structure of Li3Dy3Te2O12 is refined from powder x-ray diffraction data. The field dependent magnetizations saturate for some of the members by 9 Tesla at 2 K. Of particular interest for further study in this family is the behavior of the Pr, Tb, Dy and Yb garnets.
Orthotopic Heart Transplant Volume Can Be Aggressively Increased While Maintaining Outcomes

Purpose While volume-outcome relationships in transplantation have been well-defined, the effects of large swings in center volume are less well understood. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of changes in center volume on outcomes after heart transplantation. We hypothesize that rapid growth may be achieved without having a deleterious effect on outcomes. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed of adult patients undergoing heart transplant between 2000-2017 identified in the UNOS database. Exclusions included annual volume Results Of the 29,851 transplants during the study period, 64% were at centers with stable volume (±25% annual change), 10% were performed at decreasing (-25% change or more) and 26% were performed at growing (+25% change or more) centers. Average volume was lower with decreasing compared to stable or growing programs (21 vs. 36, p Conclusion Rapid growth of center volume can occur without decrement in programmatic outcomes. Careful patient selection among centers with changing volume may improve outcomes. Large decreases in transplant center volume are independently associated with increased short and long-term mortality after heart transplantation.
A Couple-Three Bonzos: "Introduction," Slow Learner and 1984

In 1984, teachers, critics and other Pynchon enthusiasts, myself included, greeted Little, Brown's publication of Slow Learner with unbridled joy. No longer would we have to scrounge for these hard-to-find stories in back issues of Cornell Writer and New World Writing, and then burn up copy machines making enough bootleg copies for students and ourselves. Further, Slow Learner included a wonderful introduction in which the enigmatic Mr. Pynchon finally came forth to comment on his own life and work, as we had all hoped he would someday. The first reading of the introduction provided a sense of comfort and gemutlichkeit rarely experienced by critics or professors. Pynchon had surfaced, and we were there. With the publication of Slow Learner, we had the stories (excluding, as many have noted, "Mortality and Mercy in Vienna"); moreover, the introduction provided answers to many vexing questions about them: To what extent did Pynchon's stint in the navy influence his writing? How much of "Under the Rose" (or V., for that matter) was derived from Baedeker? And, perhaps most important of all, how much did Pynchon really know about entropy?
Immunologic Response to PCSK9 Inhibitors in Orthotopic Heart Transplant Recipients: A Case Series

Introduction Coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is implicated in a large subset of orthotopic heart transplant recipients with primary graft failure. Until recently, pharmacologic therapy for CAV prevention has been based around HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Given their drug-drug interactions with immunosuppressive therapy, often leading to elevations in creatine kinase and intolerable myalgias, tolerance to therapy has been poor. Although proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitors have been shown to be a viable alternative in patients refractory to traditional lipid lowering therapy, these medications have not been studied in the heart transplant population. Being monoclonal antibodies, a concern that has been cited is the potential for these agents to induce an immunologic response that may ultimately compromise the graft. Methods Here we present a case series of three patients who are status-post orthotopic heart transplant with dyslipidemia and have been previously intolerant to multiple statins due to subjective symptoms. Alirocumab (1 patient; 75mcg subcutaneously every 2 weeks) and evolocumab (2 patients; 140mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks) were initiated. Results There was an average LDL reduction of 101 mg/dL. Donor specific antibodies were checked at least 1 month after initiation of therapy, all demonstrating no change from baseline. Furthermore, therapy was well tolerated with no patients reporting injection site reactions or other appreciable side effects. Conclusion In this case series of three post-orthotopic heart transplant recipients we were able to demonstrate the safe and effective use of PCSK9 inhibitors, without invoking a clinically significant immunologic response. Based on these results, we would advocate for larger scale trials aiming to assess CAV prevention and the potential immunologic impact of these agents.
Exploring Conflicts Between Work and Care: Vulnerable Populations and Paid Family Leave:

This exploratory study aims to increase understanding of conflict related to integrating work and care among racial and ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged populations. Employing communi...
A Digital Dashboard for Supporting Online Student Teamwork

Teamwork skills are crucial to college students, both at university and afterwards. However, few tools exist to monitor student teamwork and to help students develop teamwork skills. We present a tool which collects the interactions of students who are using online platforms to complete a sustained task as a team; conducts a range of analyses of these data; and then presents information about team and team member behaviors in real time on a digital dashboard. This dashboard provides instructors with a user-friendly picture of team and team-member dynamics, which can also be made available, as appropriate, to both teams and team members. While some behaviors have been shown to be (or are self-evidently) beneficial or harmful to team performance, these data and analyses also make possible exploration of whether less obvious behaviors affect team outcomes and performance.
The Black male teacher: a 10-year content analysis of empirical research

The purpose of this study was to characterize the last decade of Black male teacher empirical research. The present study aimed to elucidate the most salient themes, commonalities, and departures i...
The Prevalence of Youth Homelessness in the United States

Youth homelessness is widely recognized as a major social problem in the United States. However, despite decades of research on homeless youth, no one really knows the number of young people who experience homelessness or how that number has changed over time. This chapter begins with an examination of the variation in prior estimates of America’s homeless youth population. Next, it explores the reasons for this variation and the challenges associated with obtaining accurate information about the prevalence of homelessness among youth. This is followed by a review of recent efforts to overcome those challenges including the first national 12-month prevalence estimate. It concludes with a discussion of why credible data on the number of youth experiencing homelessness are so important and how those data could be produced.
Condom Use at First Vaginal Intercourse Among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States, 2002–2017

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe trends in vaginal intercourse (VI) and condom use during first VI from 2002 to 2017 among never-married 15- to 24-year-olds in the United States. Methods Data come from the National Survey of Family Growth. We used logistic regression and Stata's margins package to estimate the percentage reporting VI and condom use at first VI and to conduct statistical comparisons across time. Results VI was stable for 20- to 24-year-old men, but their condom use increased after 2002. For 15- to 19-year-old men, VI declined after 2011-2015 but condom use increased (83%). Among women, the overall percentage reporting VI and partner's condom use was stable, despite a significant increase in condom use among 15- to 19-year-olds between 2006–2010 and 2011–2015 (69%–75%). Conclusions Condom use at first intercourse increased among young men, but a similar pattern was not observed for young women. Understanding why is crucial to the formulation of strategies to increase condom uptake.
Intellectual and developmental disability and COVID-19 case-fatality trends: TriNetX analysis.

Abstract Background Despite possibly higher risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19 among people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), there has been limited reporting of COVID-19 trends for this population. Objective To compare COVID-19 trends among people with and without IDD, overall and stratified by age. Methods Data from the TriNetX COVID-19 Research Network platform was used to identify COVID-19 patients. Analysis focused on trends in comorbidities, number of cases, number of deaths, and case-fatality rate among patients with and without IDD who had a positive diagnosis for COVID-19 through May 14, 2020. Results People with IDD had higher prevalence of specific comorbidities associated with poorer COVID-19 outcomes. Distinct age-related differences in COVID-19 trends were present among those with IDD, with a higher concentration of COVID-19 cases at younger ages. In addition, while the overall case-fatality rate was similar for those with IDD (5.1%) and without IDD (5.4%), these rates differed by age: ages ≤17 – IDD 1.6%, without IDD Conclusions Though of concern for all individuals, COVID-19 appears to present a greater risk to people with IDD, especially at younger ages. Future research should seek to document COVID-19 trends among people with IDD, with particular attention to age related trends.
Know Your Cognitive Environment! Mental Models as Crucial Determinant of Offloading Preferences:

ObjectiveHuman problem solvers possess the ability to outsource parts of their mental processing onto cognitive “helpers” (cognitive offloading). However, suboptimal decisions regarding which helpe...
Impact of systematic cavity shave margins in breast‐conserving surgery at a large community hospital with a low baseline re‐excision rate

Systematic cavity shave margins (CSM) can decrease rate of positive margins and re-excision beyond that of selective CSM. The objective of this study was to determine whether systematic CSM decreased re-excision rate in a population with a low baseline re-excision rate. We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS) from November 2013 to November 2017. Primary end points were re-excision rate and margin status. Secondary end points were total volume of tissue excised, operative time, and concordance of core needle biopsy (CNB) pathology with final surgical pathology. The re-excision rates were 14.29% in the no shave margin group; 15.38% in the selective CSM; and 14.59% in the systematic CSM (P = .985). Odds of re-excision with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was 5.04 times greater than with invasive cancer (INV) and 1.94 times higher than with INV and DCIS. There was no significant difference in positive margins between groups (P = .362). Mean specimen volume was lowest in the systematic CSM group (64.6 cm3 ), compared to no CSM and selective CSM (94.6 cm3 and 91.8 cm3 , respectively). With inclusion of shave margin volumes, total volume removed was not significantly different between no shave margin group (94.6 cm3 ) and systematic CSM (89.7 cm3 ) (P = .949). For patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) alone on their initial biopsy pathology, 69% were discovered to also have DCIS upon final pathology. Re-excision rate and specimen volume between all groups were not statistically different. There was a higher re-excision rate when DCIS was present, especially when not identified on CNB. As systematic CSM is most impactful when DCIS is involved, it is important to establish its presence for proper surgical planning.
Answer First or Google First? Using the Internet in ways that Enhance, not Impair, One’s Subsequent Retention of Needed Information:

Technological advances have given us tools—Google, in particular—that can both augment and free up our cognitive resources. Research has demonstrated, however, that some cognitive costs may arise f...
Concurrent Dual-Band Microstrip Line Hilbert Transformer for Spectrum Aggregation Real-Time Analog Signal Processing

In this paper, a microstrip line Hilbert transformer is proposed to operate concurrently at the dual-frequency for spectrum aggregation real-time analog signal processing applications. The proposed dual-band Hilbert transformer consists of a dual-band 180° coupler and dual-band delay line. The theoretical analysis is carried out to find the relation of coupler and delay line forming closed loop resonance. To verify the proposed design concept, a prototype of Hilbert transformer working at 0.9 GHz and 1.98 GHz is designed and tested, and the simulated and measured results correlate well with each other.
Experimental Evidence of Robust Acoustic Valley Hall Edge States in a Nonresonant Topological Elastic Waveguide

Inspired by recent discoveries of topological phases of matter in quantum physics, there has been a rapidly growing research effort to create their analogues in classical wave systems, especially to realize nonscattering waveguides in the presence of disorder. This study presents a robust elastic waveguide based on the acoustic analogue of the quantum valley Hall effect in a nonresonant phononic elastic structure. Elastic waves travel around sharp corners in the waveguide without reflection, and can also be unidirectionally excited. These features break the limits of conventional waveguides and have great potential in acoustic signal processing and vibration control.
Endogeneity in Discrete Bayesian Games: U.S. Cellphone Service Deployment

In some Bayesian games, payoff-relevant states are influenced by unobserved player- or game-level heterogeneity that also also effects strategic decisions directly. Ignoring such endogeneity in empirical analysis leads to erroneous inference of structural parameters and policy implications. We introduce a control-function approach for estimating discrete Bayesian games with such endogeneity. We apply the method to analyze an entry game of deploying 4G-LTE technology by major U.S. cellphone service providers, taking existing network deployment in the focal market and current deployment in neighboring markets as endogenous. Using lagged demographics of neighboring markets as instruments, we find that a hypothetical T-Mobile and Sprint merger would reduce 4G-LTE deployment across local markets. Moreover, the entry of a fourth national provider, enabled by a partial divestiture of the merger’s assets, would not completely offset its negative impact on market entries and the population served. We also find that ignoring endogeneity in network deployment skews the policy implications by underpredicting the merger’s negative impacts on market entry.
Delayed Referral for Adult Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries.

Purpose The treatment of traumatic brachial plexus injury (BPI) is time-sensitive, and early nerve reconstruction is associated with superior nerve recovery . The objective of this study was to determine the rate of delayed referral to our centers for traumatic BPI, identifiable causes of delayed referral, and factors associated with delayed referral to a brachial plexus surgeon. Methods We identified 84 patients with traumatic BPI referred to and evaluated by brachial plexus surgeons at 2 tertiary care referral centers from 2015 to 2019. Delayed referral was defined as more than 3 months from the date of injury to the date of initial evaluation by a brachial plexus surgeon. Causes of delayed referral were identified by review of the medical record. Bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with delayed referral. Results Mean age of the 84 patients in the study was 45 years; 69% were male. The most common pattern of BPI was global palsy (39%), followed by upper-trunk palsy (23%) and infraclavicular palsy (15%). Median time from injury to surgical evaluation was 2 months (interquartile range, 2–4 months). Thirty-seven patients had a delayed referral (44%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the hospital to which the patient was referred, Medicare insurance, and motorcycle accident as the mechanism of injury were associated with a delayed referral. Conclusions Nearly half of traumatic BPI patients evaluated at 2 tertiary referral centers in a large metropolitan area in the United States presented in a delayed time frame. Both modifiable and nonmodifiable associations with delayed referral were identified. Patients with Medicare insurance had increased odds of delayed referral. Clinical relevance Establishment of multidisciplinary BPI specialty centers, outreach to local and regional hospitals, and development of referral algorithms and pathways may improve timeliness of referrals.
School Climate Moderates the Association Between Sexual Harassment and Student Well-Being

Sexual harassment is a prevalent yet understudied challenge adolescents face in high school. Because sexual harassment is associated with negative well-being indicators like depression, substance use, and suicidality, school stakeholders must understand its potential consequences for student well-being, and how school climate might impact prevention efforts. The present study investigated whether school climate measures of disciplinary structure, student support, and engagement moderate the relationship between sexual harassment and student well-being. A statewide survey of 85,750 students (grades 9–12) in 322 high schools reported how many times in the past school year they had experienced sexual harassment. Participants also reported school climate perceptions and measures of well-being, including indicators of depression symptoms, substance use, and suicide attempts. Findings indicated that positive perceptions of school climate moderated the relations between sexual harassment experiences and student well-being. The findings from this study will provide valuable information for school stakeholders as they seek to mitigate the impact of sexual harassment in schools.
Pekin duck productivity, physiological stress, immune response and behavior under 20L:4D and 16L:8D photoperiods

Abstract As duck production becomes more prevalent on a global scale, modern duck housing systems must utilize artificial lighting photoperiods to maximize production and welfare; however, limited research has examined the manipulation of photoperiods on Pekin ducks. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the effects of two photoperiods – 20 h of light (L): 4 h of darkness (D) and 16 L:8D - on the growth, stress, and fear responses of 384 Pekin ducks during the grow-out period. The 20L:4D ducks had a more efficient feed conversion ratio (P
The Prevalence and Predictors of Penile Pain in Men with Peyronie's Disease.

INTRODUCTION Penile pain is one of the most stressful symptoms in men with Peyronie's disease (PD). AIM To evaluate the prevalence, clinical presentation and risk factors associated with penile pain in men with PD as well as to assess the psychosocial impact. METHODS We revised our institution's database of men diagnosed with PD. The information collected included penile pain assessments, and the scores of the PD Questionnaire (PDQ), Self-Esteem and Relationship Questionnaire (SEAR) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Questionnaire (CES-D). Descriptive and comparative statistics were used. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate predictive factors associated with penile pain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Penile pain descriptive assessment and factors associated with penile pain in men with PD. Comparison of SEAR, CES-D and PDQ domain scores of men with and without penile pain. RESULTS 431 men with PD were included for this analysis with a mean age of 55.9 years. Penile pain was reported by 36.7%; 65.2% of those had painful erection, 7% pain with flaccid state only, and 20% in both stages. The median pain severity was 3 with erection and 1 with flaccid stage. After adjusted logistic regression analyses, advanced age was associated with less pain (OR 0.94, P ≤ 0.001). Men with penile pain had no significant difference in CES-D and SEAR mean scores compared to men without penile pain. The PDQ scores for the physical/psychological symptoms domain and the bother domain were significantly higher in men with penile pain (12 vs 8.7; P < 0.01 and 9 vs 7.1; P < 0.01 respectively). Men with penile pain had a higher rate of clinically significant bother scores than men without penile pain (52% vs 35%, P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION Penile pain is common in men with PD. It was more common in young men and was associated with physical and psychological bothers in this population. Flores JM, Salter CA, Nascimento B, et al. The Prevalence and Predictors of Penile Pain in Men with Peyronie's Disease. Sex Med 2021;9:100398.
Can I belong in school and sports?: The intersectional value of athletic identity in high school and across the college transition.

OBJECTIVE This study investigates whether being identified with both school and sports affords benefits for Black male and female students in high school and across the transition to college. Given gendered concerns about being academically identified and cultural associations of athletics with Black masculinity, being both academically and athletically identified is expected to play a larger role in the sociocultural and academic experiences of Black male students. METHOD Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen (NLSF), Study 1 (N = 1,011) employs a cross-sectional analysis of Wave 1 and Study 2 (N = 822) employs a longitudinal analysis of Waves 1-3 to test these hypotheses. RESULTS Identifying with athletics in high school is found to afford sociocultural benefits for academically identified Black male, but not Black female, students in the short-term and longitudinally across the college transition. In high school, Black male students identified with both academics and athletics reported greater identification with other young Black men compared to those identified with academics only (Study 1). Longitudinally, identification with athletics in high school was positively associated with sociocultural adjustment in the first year of college (e.g., interdependent studying behaviors), explained through this increased identification with young Black men (Study 2). CONCLUSIONS Athletics is found to serve as a culturally valued identity with important benefits for Black male students' experiences in secondary and postsecondary contexts. Although centered on athletics, these findings more broadly point to the importance of academically engaged Black students, across gender identities, being able to feel secure in their intersectional identities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Reduced Fusiform Gyrus Activation During Face Processing in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors.

Objective The neural mechanisms contributing to the social problems of pediatric brain tumor survivors (PBTS) are unknown. Face processing is important to social communication, social behavior, and peer acceptance. Research with other populations with social difficulties, namely autism spectrum disorder, suggests atypical brain activation in areas important for face processing. This case-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study compared brain activation during face processing in PBTS and typically developing (TD) youth. Methods Participants included 36 age-, gender-, and IQ-matched youth (N = 18 per group). PBTS were at least 5 years from diagnosis and 2 years from the completion of tumor therapy. fMRI data were acquired during a face identity task and a control condition. Groups were compared on activation magnitude within the fusiform gyrus for the faces condition compared to the control condition. Correlational analyses evaluated associations between neuroimaging metrics and indices of social behavior for PBTS participants. Results Both groups demonstrated face-specific activation within the social brain for the faces condition compared to the control condition. PBTS showed significantly decreased activation for faces in the medial portions of the fusiform gyrus bilaterally compared to TD youth, ps ≤ .004. Higher peak activity in the left fusiform gyrus was associated with better socialization (r = .53, p Conclusions This study offers initial evidence of atypical activation in a key face processing area in PBTS. Such atypical activation may underlie some of the social difficulties of PBTS. Social cognitive neuroscience methodologies may elucidate the neurobiological bases for PBTS social behavior.
Indoles mitigate the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by induction of reciprocal differentiation of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells.

Background and Purpose Dietary indole derivatives, indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and diindolylmethane (DIM), possess anti-cancer properties and exhibit the characteristics of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. Because AhR activation has recently been shown to regulate T cell differentiation, we tested the hypothesis that I3C and DIM may mediate anti-inflammatory properties by promoting regulatory T cell (T-regs) differentiation while inhibiting Th17 cells. Experimental Approach We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of I3C and DIM against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS). The efficacy was evaluated based on clinical scores of paralysis, histopathology, serum cytokines and infiltration of T cells in the CNS. We next studied the mechanism of induction of T cells against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35–55) peptide, both in vivo and in vitro, specifically investigating the differentiation of T-regs and Th17 cells, and determined if indoles were acting through AhR. Key Results Pretreatment of EAE mice with I3C or DIM completely prevented the clinical symptoms and cellular infiltration into the CNS. Also, post-treatment of EAE with I3C or DIM proved highly effective in curtailing the overall severity of the disease. In addition, I3C or DIM promoted the generation of T-regs, while down-regulating the induction of MOG-specific Th17 cells. The regulation of FoxP3 induction and suppression of Th17 cells by indoles in vivo and in vitro were found to be AhR-dependent. Conclusions and Implications Together, our studies demonstrate for the first time that I3C and DIM may serve as novel therapeutics to suppress neuroinflammation seen during MS through activation of AhR.
Trade options for the Palestinian economy : some orders of magnitude

This report quantitatively assesses different options for the future Palestinian trade regime. While acknowledging that restrictions on movements of goods and people have had a negative impact on Palestinian trade performance, the analysis suggests that the current Customs Union has been costly as well. Moving toward a more autonomous trade regime may present advantages if used to reduce import taxes, thereby lowering the domestic price of imports. Creating a Free trade Area with Israel, necessitating a potentially costly implementation of rules of origin, is weighted against implementing a non-discriminatory regime in which the West Bank and Gaza renounces its preferential access to the Israeli market. The analysis is based on simulations of a Computable General Equilibrium model of the Palestinian economy using the Social Accounting Matrix for 1998 as a base.
Therapeutic advances in muscular dystrophy

The muscular dystrophies comprise a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that produce progressive skeletal muscle weakness and wasting. There has been rapid growth and change in our understanding of these disorders in recent years, and advances in basic science are being translated into increasing numbers of clinical trials. This review will discuss therapeutic developments in 3 of the most common forms of muscular dystrophy: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy. Each of these disorders represents a different class of genetic disease (monogenic, epigenetic, and repeat expansion disorders), and the approach to therapy addresses the diverse and complex molecular mechanisms involved in these diseases. The large number of novel pharmacologic agents in development with good biologic rationale and strong proof of concept suggests there will be an improved quality of life for individuals with muscular dystrophy.
Magic Bullets To Conquer Malaria: from Quinine to Qinghaosu

After more than four decades of working on the frontlines in the war against malaria, author Irwin W. Sherman is uniquely qualified to present this chronicle of the search for medicines to conquer malaria. The book not only reviews the history of antimalarial medicines, it also explains the hurdles that lie ahead in the discovery and development of effective treatments and control strategies. Moreover, it provides new perspectives on the creative process of drug discovery as well as the challenges of overcoming drug resistance. Magic Bullets To Conquer Malaria provides a historical overview of the medicines that have been used to treat malaria. It recounts how these drugs were discovered, how they have been used, and why they have failed to eradicate this disease. In addition, readers will learn about the use of larvicides, bednets, and DDT as well as recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibodies to block malaria transmission from mosquitoes to humans. Each year, there are some 350 million to 500 million cases of malaria, killing between one million and three million people, the majority of whom are children in sub-Saharan Africa. This book will help microbiologists, parasitologists, pharmacologists, medicinal chemists, biochemists, physicians, and drug researchers better understand what has been done and what still needs to be done in the battle against malaria. Even readers with a limited background in chemistry and biology will find that the book’s clear, conversational style enables them to make sense of 300 years of malarial drug research, from quinine to today’s drugs and beyond. Paperback, 298 pages, illustrations, index.
Photochemistry of compounds adsorbed into cellulose—II. Methyl viologen redox reactions

Abstract Photoinduced reactions of methyl viologen MV2+ in cellophane, have been studied by steady state and pulsed laser techniques. The reduced form MV+ is produced on irradiation, due to e- abstraction from cellophane. The reduced form is quite stable for hours in aerated cellophane, unlike similar studies in water or alcohols. Small amounts of H2O reduce the reactivity of MV2+ and cellophane, and promote the formation of MV+/MV2+ complex. These data are discussed, and their relevance to the bio-activity of MV2+ indicated.
Portrait of a Leader

When Jane Bonbright enters a room, the physical and intellectual space immediately is transformed by an enlivened and interactive energy. One first is captivated by an effervescent smile that anima...
Privilege Objections to Grand Jury Subpoenas for Documents

Two common privilege claims in limiting grand juries' evidence requests are attorney-client and self-incrimination. This article examines In re Grand Jury Subpoena (Mr. S.), 662 F.3d 65 (1st Cir. 2011) to illustrate the issue of both privileges in a case.
I NEW MODELS FOR CHRISTIAN EDUCATION

A paper read to the Professors and Research Section, Division of Christian Education, National Council of Churches, Louisville, Kentucky, Feb. 15, 1966.
Diagnostic errors in pediatric echocardiography: development of taxonomy and identification of risk factors.

Background— Despite increased interest in complications within pediatric cardiology, the domain of imaging-related diagnostic errors has received little attention. We developed a new taxonomy for diagnostic errors within pediatric echocardiography that categorizes errors by severity, preventability, and primary contributor. Our objectives were to examine its findings when applied to diagnostic error cases and to identify risk factors for preventable or possibly preventable diagnostic errors. Methods and Results— Diagnostic errors were identified at a high-volume academic pediatric cardiac center from December 2004 to August 2007. Demographic, clinical, and situational variables were collected from these cases and controls. During the study period, ≈50 660 echocardiograms were performed. Among the 87 diagnostic error cases identified, 70% affected clinical management or the patient was at risk of or experienced an adverse event. One third of the errors were preventable and 46% were possibly preventable; 69...
Consistency of the CFAE phenomena using custom software for automated detection of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) in the left atrium during atrial fibrillation.

Introduction: Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) have been described as a potential target for ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study is to assess the consistency of the CFAE phenomena using custom software for automated detection of CFAEs in the left atrium during AF. Methods and Results: This prospective study included 10 patients referred for catheter ablation of symptomatic drug-refractory AF. Ten consecutive points at a single location (cluster) were acquired as electroanatomical points every 3 seconds. Atrial signals were automatically classified as CFAEs by the software algorithm. The number of intervals between 50 ms and 110 ms and in the voltage range 0.05–0.15 mV during the 2.5-second recordings was determined and referred to as the interval confidence level (ICL). A total of 2,226 points were acquired during mapping of AF. A dominant group of ICL using one of two different configurations of ICL fractionation was identified. A dominant group was defined as the ICL categorization occurring with greatest frequency in a given cluster of points. The results show the consistency ranged from 73%± 21 for the three-group configuration (ICL ≤ 4; 4 7) to 84%± 16 for the two-group configuration (ICL ≤ 5; ICL > 5). Conclusion: This novel software offers an objective method for CFAE analysis during atrial fibrillation. CFAE consistency ranged from 73% to 84% with wide standard deviation. Automated detection of CFAEs may remove the pitfalls associated with subjective visual detection, thus removing one variable in comparative studies of using CFAEs as AF ablation targets.
Do common ravens yell because they want to attract others

The formation of groups at food bonanzas results from a variety of mechanism, which include recruitment by signalling and information parasitism. Recruitment is distinguished from information parasitism on functional grounds: attraction of a crowd is termed recruitment if the signaler's fitness is enhanced by the attraction of others but termed parasitism if the signaler's fitness is reduced by the attraction of others. We here show, however, that in Common Ravens, Corvus corax, the proximate reasons for giving recruitment signals are probably other than for attracting a crowd. In the forests of the northeastern United States, non-breeding, vagrant ravens commonly aggregate in large numbers at carcasses where they neutralize the defense of territorial adults. We attempted to mimic this situation with a captive flock of juveniles and a pair of resident adults in order to determine the proximate factors triggering “yells”, vocalizations which attract nearby ravens to large animal carcasses. Our experiments indicate that yells are given primarily by hungry birds. However, yelling is strongly modified by status. Within the vagrant crowd, status is labile. When successive dominants were removed, replacements immediately took their place. Furthermore, when the dominants were re-introduced to the flock they always suffered significant losses of status and ceased yelling. The territorial male has, and constantly maintains, the highest status within (but not necessarily outside) his territory, and here he rarely yells. In sharp contrast, within the vagrant crowd of unmated birds it is the highest-status birds that are the most likely to yell when approaching food. Furthermore, the dominant vagrants (as well as adults) suppress yelling in subordinates. We conclude that ravens yell proximately to advertise their status at food, and that recruitment is only one of several ultimate advantages of the behavior.
Migrated fetal astrocytes modulate nerve growth factor expression in host nucleus gracilis of the medulla after grafting in third cervical hindlimb dorsal columns of the spinal cord

Nerve growth factor (NGF) immunoreactivity in the nucleus gracilis of the medulla was quantitated for 90 days after aspiration of the C3 spinal hindlimb dorsal columns of 36 adult rats. Half the lesioned animals were a lesion-only group. The remaining lesioned animals received an immediate graft of two 1.0-mm pieces of 14 day gestation fetal rat cervical spinal cord (prelabeled with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin) into the aspiration pocket (graft group). There were 3 normal controls. Groups of animals were analyzed at 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, and 90 days. At 90 days, NGF immunoreactivity was significantly elevated in the nucleus gracilis of lesion-only animals. This increase in NGF immunoreactivity was augmented in glial end-feet surrounding neurons and was also observed in the cytoplasm of astrocytes and some neurons. Previous experiments have shown that the cluster neurons of the nucleus gracilis undergo atrophy at this time with a concomitant decrease in hindlimb placement. NGF immunoreactivity (90 days) in grafted animals, however, was significantly less than in lesion-only animals (P < 0.05) but remained significantly elevated above control animals (P < 0.05). Unlike in lesion-only animals, there were no NGF positive neurons in the nucleus gracilis of grafted animals. Previous experiments have shown that astrocytes from fetal spinal cord grafts migrate to the nucleus gracilis, maintain cluster neuron cell size, and improve hindlimb placement at 90 days. The present data indicate that modulation of detrimental increases in NGF appeared to be a mechanism by which migrated fetal astrocytes can be used as a system for cell therapy. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Microtubules in thyroidectomy cells of the rat anterior pituitary gland.

SummaryMicrotubules were successfully illustrated in thyrotrophs and thyroidectomy cells of rat pituitary glands. In contrast, microfilaments were mostly seen in the nonglandular follicular cells. Numerous microtubules were observed in the early stages of development of the thyroidectomy cell. In thyroidectomy cells microtubules were located in close proximity to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, secretory granules, and membranes of Golgi complexes. Consequently, it is suggested that microtubules may play a role in degranulation or other processes associated with the hypersecretory state.Fig. 1. An example of a thyroidectomy cell thought to represent an early stage in the cellular modification which follows thyroidectomy. Arrows indicate microtubules (X37,000).Fig. 2. Microtubules (arrows) located among swollen endoplasmic reticula and secretory granules of a thyroidectomy cell. In the lower right portion of the figure is a cytoplasmic process of a follicular cell. This cell process contains numerous mi...