cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary haemodynamics in the exercising horse and their relationship to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage

Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a common occurrence in race horses. Although blood in cases of EIPH has been suspected to originate from the bronchial circulation, which receives approximately 1% of the left ventricular output, physiological evidence has recently emerged to indicate that the pulmonary circulation, which receives the entire output of the right ventricle, is a more likely source. High transmural pulmonary capillary pressures have been shown to cause breaks in the capillary endothelium, basement membrane as well as in the alveolar epithelium. Blood constituents escape into the interstitium and alveoli through such breaks in the blood-gas barrier--a phenomenon referred to as stress failure of pulmonary capillaries. Concomitant measurement of pulmonary arterial and venous pressures in strenuously exercising horses have revealed that both of these variables increased dramatically such that the intravascular pulmonary capillary pressure during exertion at 14 m/s (heart rate of 214 beats/min) approached 105 cm H2O (79 mmHg). Alveolar pressure during peak inhalation is likely to be negative; therefore, it is probable that transmural (intravascular minus perivascular) pulmonary capillary pressure of maximally exercising horses may be greater than 105 cm of water. Thus, the pulmonary blood-gas barrier, which has to be thin to provide for adequate diffusion of O2, is exposed to very high transmural forces associated with high cardiac output during exercise. Recent evidence suggests that the alveolar-capillary membrane may not be able to withstand the high transmural forces during maximal exertion, and that stress failure of pulmonary capillaries occurs, leading to EIPH. Intravenous furosemide premedication 4 h before exercise attenuates the exercise-induced rise in pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous pressures and, therefore, may be efficacious in reducing or limiting the extent of EIPH in race horses.
Characterization of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis.

Abstract Insulin has been isolated from an extract of the pancreas of an Agnathan, the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. The primary structure of the peptide (A-chain: GIVEQ CCHRK CSIYD MENYC N; B-chain: SALTG AGGTH LCGSH LVEAL YVVCG DRGFF YTPSK T) is the same as that in insulin from the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus . In contrast, Lamperta glucagon (HAQGS FTSDY SKYLD SKQAK DFVIW LMNT), isolated from an extract of intestine, is structurally more similar to human glucagon (five amino acid substitutions) than to Petromyzon glucagon (six substitutions). Similarly, the primary structure of somatostatin (AAAAP GAAGG AQLPL GNRER KAGCK NFFWK TFSSC), isolated from Lampetra pancreas, contains eight amino acid substitutions and an additional residue compared with Petromyzon somatostatin. Somatostatin, isolated from Lampetra brain, has an identical structure to mammalian somatostatin-14 (AGCKN FFWKT FTSC). indicative of the same tissue specific expression of different somatostatin genes that was previously observed in Petromyzon . In contrast to the reduced binding affinity of other fish insulins, lamprey insulin was equipotent with porcine insulin in inhibiting the binding of [3-[125I]iodotyrosine-A14] human insulin to the human insulin receptor.
Optimedin induces expression of N-cadherin and stimulates aggregation of NGF-stimulated PC12 cells

Optimedin, also known as olfactomedin 3, belongs to a family of olfactomedin domain-containing proteins. It is expressed in neural tissues and Pax6 is involved in the regulation of its promoter. To study possible effects of optimedin on the differentiation of neural cells, we produced stably transfected PC12 cell lines expressing optimedin under a tetracycline-inducible promoter. Cells expressing high levels of optimedin showed higher growth rates and stronger adhesion to the collagen extracellular matrix as compared with control PC12 cells. After stimulation with nerve growth factor (NGF), optimedin-expressing cells demonstrated elevated levels of N-cadherin, beta-catenin, alpha-catenin and occludin as compared with stimulated, control PC12 cells. Expression of optimedin induced Ca(2+)-dependent aggregation of NGF-stimulated PC12 cells and this aggregation was blocked by the expression of N-cadherin siRNA. Expression of optimedin also changed the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and inhibited neurite outgrowth in NGF-stimulated PC12 cells. We suggest that expression of optimedin stimulates the formation of adherent and tight junctions on the cell surface and this may play an important role in the differentiation of the brain and retina through the modulation of cytoskeleton organization, cell-cell adhesion and migration.
A nurse owned and managed home health agency

The downsizing epidemic that has swept across the country's acute care facilities has forced many nurses to reassess their goals and explore different career options. Home care has become an important alternative to hospital nursing for many nurses. During a management reorganization of a major medical center in Oakland, California, in early 1993, several middle managers in the nursing department were laid off. What started as informal, support group meetings to help one another face the transition and explore new career alternatives led to the formation of Professional Health Care at Home (PHCH). PHCH is a nurse owned and operated home care agency serving homebound patients in the San Francisco Bay Area. In these initial meetings, many nurses expressed an interest in home care and discovered the talent in their group that enabled them to start their own company.
Population-based estimates of surfactant protein B deficiency.

Objective. Surfactant protein B deficiency is a lethal cause of respiratory distress in infancy that results most commonly from a homozygous frameshift mutation (121ins2). Using independent clinical ascertainment and molecular methods in different populations, we sought to determine allele frequency. Study Design. Using clinical characteristics of the phenotype of affected infants, we screened the Missouri linked birth–death database (n = 1 052 544) to ascertain potentially affected infants. We used molecular amplification and restriction enzyme digestion of DNA samples from a metropolitan New York birth cohort (n = 6599) to estimate allele frequency. Results. The point estimate and 95% confidence interval of the 121ins2 allele frequency in the Missouri cohort are 1/1000 individuals (.03–5.6/1000) and in the New York cohort are .15/1000 (.08–.25/1000). These estimates are not statistically different. Conclusions. The close approximation of these independent estimates suggests accurate gene frequency (approximately one 121ins2 mutation per 1000–3000 individuals) despite its rare occurrence and that this mutation does not account for the majority of full-term infants with lethal respiratory distress.
Social stimuli as incentives for delayed response performance by infant pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

Six pigtailed macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina), ranging in age from 4.5 to 13.5 months, were studied longitudinally on a delayed response procedure in a spatial choice apparatus. In each trial the subjects were exposed to two stimulus animals, an unfamiliar adult female and a familiar age-mate. Prior work showed that such nursery-reared infants overwhelmingly prefer a familiar peer over an unfamiliar adult female. Therefore, the peer was considered to be a positive incentive and choosing the peer was defined as the “correct” response. After the infants were given visual exposure to the stimulus animals, an opaque door was lowered to block them from the subject's view. Then a single delay period of 0, 5, 15, 60, 120, 240, or 480 sec was introduced during 20-trial sessions. The delays were increased over sessions, with about two weeks between sessions. The subjects reliably chose the familiar peer after delays of up to 60 sec, with one subject maintaining correct choices even after 8-min delays. These results revealed that the delayed response performance of young macaques with social incentives was as good as, or better than, maximum performance levels reported for macaques with food incentives. Cues such as odors, sounds, and visual-postural orientation sets could not explain the performance levels at long delays found in this study.
Aversive smoking using printed instructions and audiotape adjuncts.

Abstract Two promising comprehensive smoking cessation programs emphasizing aversive smoking and self-management were tested using a modified format with reduced supervision. The aversive smoking procedures-rapid smoking (RS) or regular-paced aversive smoking RPAS)—were presented via audiotaped instructions practiced entirely in clients' homes as were the instructions for deep muscular relaxation. Meetings with the consultant were designed for discussion of problems and progress with the home-practice guided by audiotape and a printed workbook. Results of the 6-week program showed significant benefits at termination by both programs (RS=56.3% abstinence and RPAS=71.4% abstinence) with some recovery of baseline at the 8-month follow-up (RS=37.5% abstinence and RPAS=28.6% abstinence). A no-treatment comparison group was found to be smoking significantly more cigarettes at a time corresponding to termination (0% abstinent) but unexplained quitting in this group resulted in a nonsignificant difference at the follow-up (11.8%). Implications for community-based public health programs were explored.
The quadratic Gaussian CEO problem with byzantine agents

The quadratic Gaussian CEO problem is studied when the agents are under Byzantine attack. That is, an unknown subset of agents is controlled by an adversary that attempts to damage the quality of the estimate at the Central Estimation Officer, or CEO. Inner and outer bounds are presented for the achievable rate region as a function of the fraction of adversarial agents. The inner bound is derived from a generalization of the Berger-Tung quantize-and-bin strategy, which has been shown to be tight in the non-Byzantine case. The outer bound has similarities to the Singleton bound in that the traitorous agents must be prevented from allowing two sources to result in the same transmitted codewords if their values are too far apart for the distortion constraint to be satisfied with a single estimate. The inner and outer bounds on the rate regions are used to find bounds on the asymptotic proportionality constant in the limit of a large number of agents and high sum-rate. These bounds on the proportionality constant differ at most by a factor of 4.
Characterizing smiles in the context of video phone data compression

We propose an approach to characterizing human smiles based on the principal component analysis of the facial motion parameters. Motion vectors of a set of feature points are derived from neutral and smiling face images and a feature space is built based on those motion vectors. The principal component analysis technique is used for dimension reduction and some preliminary results of smile characterization are obtained.
Small crocodyliform from the Lower Cretaceous (late Aptian) of central Texas and its systematic relationship to the evolution of Eusuchia

Abstract A new Early Cretaceous neosuchian crocodyliform is recognized on the basis of two skulls and postcranial material collected from the late Aptian Twin Mountains Formation at Proctor Lake, central Texas. The new species, Wannchampsus kirpachi, is distinguished by a unique combination of characters including an enlarged third maxillary tooth, internal choanae bordered anteriorly by the palatines and by the pterygoids posteriorly and laterally, anterior margin of the choanae situated at the posterior edge of the suborbital fenestrae, a median crest along the midline of the parietal and frontal, and procoelous vertebrae. A phylogenetic analysis recovered the new taxon as the sister to the ‘Glen Rose form,' an undescribed taxon of neosuchian. Together, with Shamosuchus, Batrachomimus, and Rugosuchus, they form a monophyletic group, Paralligatoridae, that is the sister clade to Eusuchia within Neosuchia. The Proctor Lake taxon and the undescribed yet widely discussed ‘Glen Rose form' are referable to th...
Low silica MCM-41 composites and mesoporous solids

Aluminosilicate MCM-41 mesophase solids have been prepared under alkaline conditions with high degrees of mesoscopic order and silicon-to-aluminum molar ratios approaching unity. One- and two-dimensional solid-state NMR techniques, in conjunction with elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), establish that high concentrations of aluminum have been incorporated into the aluminosilicate MCM-41 frameworks, with retention of mesoscopic order. Hexagonal low silica MCM-41 has been prepared with a bulk molar Si/Al ratio as low as 1.3, while retaining a minimum of three indexable p6mm reflections in the XRD pattern prior to calcination. Following calcination to remove the structure-directing surfactant molecules, the hexagonal MCM-41 structures are preserved. The decreased thermal stabilities and dealumination of the materials with higher aluminum contents have been studied using 2D 27Al{1H} heteronuclear correlation NMR and 27Al MAS intensity calibration techniques to examin...
Ab initio calculation on thermochemistry of CH3SOxH (x=1–3) and H2SOy (y=2,3)

Abstract Enthalpies of formation of CH 3 S(O) x OH ( x =0–2) and HOS(O) y OH ( y =0,1) in gas phase are calculated by Gaussian-3 (G3) method with B3LYP/6-31G(d) and MP2/cc-pVTZ geometries (denoted as G3B3 and G3//MP2 here, respectively). The atomization procedure using both G3B3 and G3//MP2 predicts the enthalpies of formation larger than the experimental values with G3//MP2 being closer. With the isodesmic reaction procedure using G3//MP2, Δ f H 298 ° of CH 3 S(O) 2 OH, CH 3 S(O)OH, CH 3 SOH, H 2 SO 3 , and HOSOH are calculated to be −563, −331, −147, −528, and −290 kJ/mol, respectively. These results are generally consistent with the available experimental and theoretical values.
The Novel Highly Lipophilic Topoisomerase I Inhibitor DB67 Is Effective in the Treatment of Liver Metastases of Murine CT-26 Colon Carcinoma

Colorectal carcinoma occurs in 1 of 20 individuals in most developed countries. The relapse after resection with metastatic liver disease is a major cause of death. 7-t-Butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (DB67) has been incorporated into liposomes allowing for intravenous (i.v.) administration. A preclinical efficacy study of liposomal DB67 was performed using the colon carcinoma CT-26 cell line. The therapeutic dose for DB67 and liposomal DB67 was found to be 7 mg/kg per day using the qdx5/1 schedule. The results are compared with those obtained with irinotecan. The treatment with liposomal DB67 administered intravenously was more effective in reducing the weight and volume of primary spleen tumors and the weight and extent of liver metastases than free DB67 or liposomal DB67 administered intraperitoneally, but less effective than irinotecan. When the primary tumor was resected, treatment with liposomal DB67 administered intravenously was more effective in reducing the weight and extent of liver metastases than DB67 or liposomal DB67 administered intraperitoneally, and irinotecan. DB67 showed a higher accumulation in spleen and liver after its i.v. administration in liposomal form compared with its free or liposomal form administered intraperitoneally. DB67 and liposomal DB67 are more effective than irinotecan in the treatment of liver metastases after resection of the primary tumor.
Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Exciton Quantum Mechanics, Single Nanocrsytal Luminescence, and Metastable High Pressure Phases

We review three areas where significant progress has recently occurred in our understanding of semiconductor nanocrystals. The first two involve luminescence properties of single and ensembles of Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) nanocrystallites (Quantum Dots) between 10 and 50 A in radius. The size, magnetic field, and temporal dependence of emission from ensembles of nanocrystallites at cryogenic temperatures uncovers the fundamental mechanism of radiative recombination in these nanocrystals. Effective mass models that take into account the electron-hole exchange interaction can quantitatively account for observed luminescence Stokes shifts. Furthermore, the magnetic field dependence of luminescence lifetimes and longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon ratios demonstrate that the exciton ground state in these nanocrystals is optically passive (“dark exciton”) with spin projection ±2. Picosecond time resolved measurements probe exciton relaxation into this level. Recent results on the spectroscopy of single CdSe nanocrystals at room temperature are also presented. Remarkably, emission from a single CdSe nanocrystal under C.W illumination is observed to turn on and off discretely (fluorescence intermittency) on a ~0.5s timescale. The excitation intensity dependence, and the influence of a passivating high band gap shell of Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) encapsulating the CdSe nanocrystal on the on/off times, suggest that this phenomenon is caused by photoionization. Finally, the third area originates in diamond anvil studies of the solid-solid phase transitions of nanocrystals under pressure. These studies show that a single nucleation event occurs per nanocrystal, and that as a consequence the nanocrystals change shape. The kinetic activation barrier increases with increasing size. Under suitable conditions nanocrystals in dense, six-coordinate high pressure phases may be metastable at STP.
Smart distribution system design: Automatic reconfiguration for improved reliability

this paper explores distribution system automation, automatic reconfiguration after a disturbance and the impact on reliability in a ‘smart’ power distribution system. The use of network incidence or connectivity matrices is shown and an example indicates the potential operational capabilities of a ‘smart distribution system’. A discussion of the potential advantages of electronic switching in distribution engineering is also given. The connection with the Smart Grid initiative is made in the paper.
Salesperson roles: are online retailers meeting customer expectations?

Purpose – This paper aims to explore online customer service dimensions and to examine how attitude toward online customer service influences online purchase intent.Design/methodology/approach – The human factors approach was employed to identify online customer service dimensions by analyzing service provided by salespeople at retail stores. Regression analyses supported the predictive validity of these measures, revealing that customer service dimensions of ease in searching, availability of frequently asked questions (FAQs), availability of in‐stock status information, and ease of comparison shopping were important predictors of online purchase intent.Findings – Results from this study suggest that online retailers need to provide more information (e.g. FAQs) and make browsing easier to help customers have satisfactory shopping experience.Originality/value – Provides useful information that online retailers can utilize in the development and operation of successful shopping sites.
Understanding the Impact of Return-Current Losses on the X-Ray Emission from Solar Flares

I obtain and examine the implications of one-dimensional analytic solutions for return-current losses on an initially power-law distribution of energetic electrons with a sharp low-energy cutoff in flare plasma with classical (collisional) resistivity. These solutions show, for example, that return-current losses are not sensitive to plasma density, but are sensitive to plasma temperature and the low energy cutoff of the injected nonthermal electron distribution. A characteristic distance from the electron injection site, x(sub rc), is derived. At distances less than x(sub rc) the electron flux density is not reduced by return-current losses, but plasma heating can be substantial in this region, in the upper, coronal part of the flare loop. Before the electrons reach the collisional thick-target region of the flare loop, an injected power-law electron distribution with a low-energy cutoff maintains that structure, but with a flat energy distribution below the cutoff energy, which is now determined by the total potential drop experienced by the electrons. Modifications due to the presence of collisional losses are discussed. I compare these results with earlier analytical results and with more recent numerical simulations. Emslie's 1980 conjecture that there is a maximum integrated X-ray source brightness on the order of 10(exp -15) photons per square centimeter per second per square centimeter is examined. I find that this is not actually a maximum brightness and its value is parameter dependent, but it is nevertheless a valuable benchmark for identifying return-current losses in hard X-ray spectra. I discuss an observational approach to identifying return-current losses in flare data, including identification of a return-current "bump" in X-ray light curves at low photon energies.
Immunobiology of human mucin 1 in a preclinical ovarian tumor model

Epithelial ovarian cancer is an aggressive malignancy, with a low 5-year median survival. Continued improvement on the development of more effective therapies depends in part on the availability of adequate preclinical models for in vivo testing of treatment efficacy. Mucin 1 (MUC1) glycoprotein is a tumor-associated antigen overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells, making it a potential target for immune therapy. To create a preclinical mouse model for MUC1-positive ovarian tumors, we generated triple transgenic (Tg) mice that heterozygously express human MUC1+/− as a transgene, and carry the conditional K-rasG12D oncoallele (loxP-Stop-loxP-K-rasG12D/+) and the floxed Pten gene (Pten/loxP/loxP). Injection of Cre recombinase-encoding adenovirus (AdCre) in the ovarian bursa of triple (MUC1KrasPten) Tg mice triggers ovarian tumors that, in analogy to human ovarian cancer, express strongly elevated MUC1 levels. The tumors metastasize loco-regionally and are accompanied by high serum MUC1, closely mimicking the human disease. Compared with the KrasPten mice with tumors, the MUC1KrasPten mice show increased loco-regional metastasis and augmented accumulation of CD4+Foxp3+ immune-suppressive regulatory T cells. Vaccination of MUC1KrasPten mice with type 1 polarized dendritic cells (DC1) loaded with a MUC1 peptide (DC1–MUC1) can circumvent tumor-mediated immune suppression in the host, activate multiple immune effector genes and effectively prolong survival. Our studies report the first human MUC1-expressing, orthotopic ovarian tumor model, reveal novel MUC1 functions in ovarian cancer biology and demonstrate its suitability as a target for immune-based therapies.
Duodenal bicarbonate secretion: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and duodenal structure and function in humans

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori expedites duodenal ulcer healing and prevents recurrences. Most patients with duodenal ulcers have impaired proximal duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion (DMBS). In patients with inactive, healed duodenal ulcers and normal subjects, the effect of H. pylori infection on DMBS and proximal duodenal secretory function and structure were examined. METHODS: DMBS was quantitated before and after eradication of H. pylori. Mucosal structure (duodenal bulb histopathology) and function (DMBS at rest and stimulated, effect of active vs. healed ulcer and of age) were determined in patients with duodenal ulcers and normal subjects. RESULTS: In patients with duodenal ulcers, H. pylori eradication normalized proximal DMBS. Histological examination of duodenal biopsy samples was comparable in patients with duodenal ulcers and normal subjects without apparent relationship between inflammation and DMBS. Significantly impaired DMBS occurred in response to all agonists tested (luminal acid, prostaglandin E2, and cephalic-vagal stimulation) in patients with duodenal ulcers, suggesting a generalized secretory defect. Neither the presence of active (vs.inactive) ulcer nor age significantly affected bicarbonate secretion. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with duodenal ulcers, eradication of H. pylori normalized proximal DMBS and may thereby reduce ulcer recurrences. Altered DMBS in patients with duodenal ulcers was unrelated to histopathologic abnormalities. Impaired bicarbonate secretion in patients with duodenal ulcers could be caused by a cellular and/or physiological regulatory transport defect possibly related to H. pylori. (Gastroenterology 1996 Mar;110(3):705-16)
Kerogen Chemistry 9. Removal of Kerogen Radicals and Their Role in Kerogen Anhydride Decomposition

By treatment with CrCl2, the radical populations of Kimmeridge and Bakken kerogens were significantly decreased. When both kerogens are mildly heated, anhydride formation at low temperatures can be detected by infrared spectroscopy only when radicals have been removed by CrCl2 treatment. The “native” kerogen radicals react with thermally formed carboxylic acid anhydrides to form esters and CO. Some of the observable kerogen radicals are persistent and reactive. The Acholla and Orr method for pyrite removal also reduces the radical population of these kerogens.
Speech silicon: an FPGA architecture for real-time hidden Markov-model-based speech recognition

This paper examines the design of an FPGA-based system-on-a-chip capable of performing continuous speech recognition on medium-sized vocabularies in real time. Through the creation of three dedicated pipelines, one for each of the major operations in the system, we were able to maximize the throughput of the system while simultaneously minimizing the number of pipeline stalls in the system. Further, by implementing a token-passing scheme between the later stages of the system, the complexity of the control was greatly reduced and the amount of active data present in the system at any time was minimized. Additionally, through in-depth analysis of the SPHINX 3 large vocabulary continuous speech recognition engine, we were able to design models that could be efficiently benchmarked against a known software platform. These results, combined with the ability to reprogram the system for different recognition tasks, serve to create a system capable of performing real-time speech recognition in a vast array of environments.
Heterojunction bandgap engineered photodetector based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice for single color and bicolor infrared detection

Abstract We report a heterostructure bandgap engineered strained layer superlattice photodetector design for performance improvement for longwave infrared (LWIR) detection. At 77 K, the dark current density of the reported device was at least two orders of magnitude lower than that of the conventional PIN superlattice photodiode. We have obtained a shot-noise limited detectivity of 8.7 × 10 10 cm Hz 1/2 W −1 ( λ c = 10.8 μm), responsivity of 1.8 A/W, 23% QE at 250 mV of applied reverse bias. A three contact heterojunction bandgap engineered dual color detector was demonstrated with simultaneous detection of midwave and longwave infrared radiation. The design showed midwave responsivity of 0.93 A/W and detectivity of 1.0 × 10 11 cm Hz 1/2 W −1 (at 4 μm) at 77 K for V b = −70 mV. Longwave responsivity and detectivity of 1.5 A/W and 2.42 × 10 10 cm Hz 1/2 W −1 (at 10 μm) were observed at −100 mV of applied bias at 77 K.
Melting and flowing in multiphase environment

Abstract This paper presents a method to simulate the melting and flowing phenomena with different materials in multiple phases. In such a multiphase environment, solid objects are melted because of heating and the melted liquid flows while interacting with the ambient air flow. Our simulation is based on a modified lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), where the fluid dynamics of the air flow and the melted liquid is modeled within a common lattice framework. Therefore, no particular front tracking methods are required for the liquid–air interface. The liquid–solid and air–solid interfaces are implemented as curved boundaries in the LBM, which can accommodate arbitrarily shaped solid objects. Heat transfer is incorporated with a finite difference discretization of a standard diffusion–advection equation simulating the temperature evolution. The temperature and body forces (gravity and surface tension) are easily applied by adopting a new version of the LBM: multiple-relaxation-time LBM (MRTLBM). The melting and flowing behavior is controlled by the heat source, the viscosity and the body forces. All the numerical computations in our method are local and parallelizable, therefore, interactive speed is achieved by hardware acceleration on the contemporary graphics hardware (GPU).
Limiting behavior for strongly damped nonlinear wave equations

In this paper we investigate both the existence and the limiting behavior for the equation utt + Aut + Au = ƒ(t, u, ut), where A is a sectorial operator, ƒ is periodic in t, and ƒ satisfies certain regularity and growth assumptions. In most results on limiting behavior we will assume A has compact resolvent. We consider the equation as an abstract ODE defined on a paired space Xβ × Xα, 0 ⩽ σ ⩽ β < 1. With regard to the limiting behavior, one of our principal results will be to show that if there is a bounded set in one of the spaces considered, for which all points or trajectories enter into and remain, then there is a set J consisting of very “smooth” functions defined on all of the spaces considered, which is the maximum compact invariant set, uniformly asymptotically stable, connected, and having very strong attractivity properties in all these spaces. We will often show it attracts all points in a bounded set uniformly. We will give a few sharper results for the case where A = −Δ. The work is motivated by recent papers of Webb and Fitzgibbon, and applies techniques found in recent papers by the author.
5-HT1A receptor-mediated regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rat brain.

Abstract Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), a family of signal transduction mediators important in a host of cellular activities, include the extracellular signal-regulated kinases Erk1 and Erk2. We determined whether 5-HT 1A receptors activate Erk1/2 in rat brain in vivo, as they do in recombinant cell lines. In contrast to the effect in cells, the 5-HT 1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy- N , N -diproylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) dose- and time-dependently decreased basal levels of phosphorylated Erk1/2 (phospho-Erk1/2) in rat hippocampus (ED 50 ∼0.1 mg/kg, maximum ∼90%) without altering total Erk1/2. The effects were kinase-specific, as 8-OH-DPAT did not modify phosphorylated or total levels of the MAPKs c-Jun-N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38 MAPK. Moreover, 8-OH-DPAT did not modify phospho-Erk1/2 in striatum or frontal cortex. The effect of 8-OH-DPAT was blocked by pretreatment with the selective 5-HT 1A receptor antagonists N -[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]- N -2-pyridinylcyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY 100,635), 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-[2-phthalimido]butyl)piperazine (NAN-190) and 4-fluoro- N -(2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)1-piperazinyl]ethyl)- N -(2-pyridinyl)benzamide dihydrochloride (p-MPPF), but not by the weak partial agonist/antagonist 8-(2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl)-8-azaspiro(4.5)decane-7,9-dione dihydrochloride (BMY 7378). Other 5-HT 1A receptor agonists (buspirone, gepirone and ipsapirone) also reduced phospho-Erk1/2 levels in hippocampus. 8-OH-DPAT also reduced the levels of the upstream activator of Erk1/2, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (phospho-MEK1/2), and at least one potential downstream target, the nuclear transcription factor phospho-Elk-1. The region- and kinase-specific effects suggest that the Erk1/2 signal transduction cascade is likely an important differential mediator of 5-HT 1A receptor-regulated events in the central nervous system.
A crystalline avian pancreatic protein.

Abstract A protein was found to crystallize during dialysis of the 0.4–0.8 ammonium sulfate fraction of a dilute sulfuric acid extract of chicken pancreas. The yield of crystals was approximately 0.6–0.8 mg protein per gram of whole pancreas. The weight average molecular weight is 41,000 as determined by light scattering. Amino acid analysis indicates a molecular weight of about 6900 if the molecule has one methionine. A subunit structure is indicated by the change in sedimentation characteristics in the analytical ultracentrifuge before and after incubation of the protein in cold acidic salt solutions. The protein did not show enzymic, inhibitory, or hormonal activities known to be associated with exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas.
Comparison of the Sulfur Poisoning of PBI and Nafion PEMFC Cathodes

The poisoning effect of H 2 S and SO 2 in air is compared for phosphoric-acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane and perfluorosulfonic acid (Nafion) proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The cathodes of PBI PEMFCs are about 70 times more resistant to 1 ppm of H 2 S or S0 2 than the Nafion PEMFCs. The PBI PEMFCs only lose <2% in cell performance when exposed to 1 ppm of H 2 S or S0 2 and have 5.2 and 7.1% losses with 5 and 10 ppm H 2 S over 24 h, respectively. Purging the poisoned PBI cells with neat air leads to complete performance recovery.
Numerical Studies of High Current Beam Compression in Heavy Ion Fusion

The process of longitudinal compression of a drifting heavy ion pulse to be used as an ICF driver is examined with the aid of particle simulation. Space charge forces play a vital role in halting compression before the final focus lens system is reached. This must take place with minimal growth of transverse emittance and momentum spread. Of particular concern are the distortion of longitudinal phase space by the rounded transverse profile of the longitudinal self-electric field. For application as an ICF reactor driver, a heavy-ion beam pulse must be longitudinally compressed by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude to achieve the peak power required to ignite a target. This process, among others, will be tested in a facility known as the ''High-Temperature Experiment'' in heavy-ion fusion. Beam compression is a critical element of an accelerator for heavy-ion fusion; it occurs primarily after the main phase of acceleration and before final focus onto target. Here we examine the compression of a drifting heavy-ion pulse with the aid of particle simulations. We describe initial theoretical results for an in-principle solution to this problem. Further refinements including integration into a complete driver system are necessary before the least costly solution can bemore » chosen.« less
Estimation of regression contour clusters---an application of the excess mass approach to regression

The paper shows that the technique known as excess mass can be translated to non-parametric regression with random design in d-dimensional Euclidean space, where the regression function m is given by m(x)=E(Y|X=x),[email protected]?R^d. The approach is applied to estimating regression contour clusters, which are sets where m exceeds a certain threshold value. This is accomplished without prior estimation of the regression function. Consistency of the resulting estimators is studied, and a functional central limit theorem for the excess mass is derived in the regression context.
Carotenoid patterns in fruits

Fruits show great diversity in the amounts and kinds of carotenoid pigments present in their tissues. In this, they differ markedly from leaves where the carotenoids are remarkably alike. It is suggested that this diversity in fruits can be explained on the basis of a very few genetic mutations which control the formation of the various pigment types.
The potential utility of sensor-driven pacing in DDD pacemakers

Sensor-driven pacemakers have clinically improved symptomatology over ventricular pacemakers. Adding rate responsiveness to DDD pacing would theoretically benefit patients with an inability to increase their atrial rate. We evaluated 20 patients who had long-term implanted DDD pacemakers as to the utility of an added effect of rate responsiveness. The pacemakers had been implanted for an average of 34 months. This patient group included 15 patients with atrioventricular (AV) block and five patients with sick sinus syndrome. All patients were exercised on the treadmill until they were fatigued and were monitored to determine their intrinsic heart rate response. A sensor-driven pacemaker was strapped to the patients and was connected to an ECG to measure its rate response. It was set to activity threshold of medium, with a rate response of 7. The 20 patients exercised for an average of 5.9 minutes, with a range of 1.7 to 10 minutes. The maximum intrinsic atrial response averaged 110 beats/min, ranging from 60 to 150 beats/min. The maximum achieved activity rate averaged 99 beats/min, ranging from 60 to 118 beats/min. In 7 of the 20 of patients (35%), the activity pacemaker reached a higher rate than the patient's intrinsic rate. Six had AV block and one had sick sinus syndrome. In these seven patients the peak activity rate response averaged 102 beats/min and their intrinsic activity averaged to 78 beats/min. There was an increase in rate by the addition of rate responsiveness in 35% of our DDD patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rotenone prevents impact-induced chondrocyte death

Mechanical insult to articular cartilage kills chondrocytes, an event that may increase the risk of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Recent reports indicate that antioxidants decrease impact-induced chondrocyte death, but the source(s) of oxidants, the time course of oxidant release, and the identity of the oxidative species generated in response to injury are unknown. A better understanding of these processes could lead to new treatments of acute joint injuries. To that end, we studied the kinetics and distribution of oxidant production in osteochondral explants subjected to a single, blunt-impact injury. We followed superoxide production by measuring the time-dependent accumulation of chondrocyte nuclei stained with the superoxide-sensitive probe dihydroethidium. The percentage of chondrocytes that were dihydroethidium-positive was 35% above baseline 10 min after impact, and 65% above baseline 60 min after impact. Most positive cells were found within and near areas contacted directly by the impact platen. Rotenone, an electron transport chain inhibitor, was used to test the hypothesis that mitochondria contribute to superoxide release. Rotenone treatment significantly reduced dihydroethidium staining, which remained steady at 15% above baseline for up to 60 min postimpact. Moreover, rotenone reduced chondrocyte death in impact sites by more than 40%, even when administered 2 h after injury (p < 0.001). These data show that much of the acute chondrocyte mortality caused by in vitro impact injuries results from superoxide release from mitochondria, and suggest that brief exposure to free radical scavengers could significantly improve chondrocyte viability following joint injury.
Just What Is It That Makes Capsule Homes So Different, So Appealing? Domesticity and the Technological Sublime, 1945 to 1975:

Of the various technical, domestic, and urban developments in 1960s architecture, none seems as bizarre or ill-conceived as the fascination with capsules and gantries as models for domestic living....
The Influence of Class Position on the Formal and Informal Sanctioning of White-Collar Offenders

Although researchers have investigated formal legal reactions to white-collar crime, few data exist on informal reactions to white-collar lawbreakers and how these reactions influence sentencing de...
Biomechanical Evaluation of Knee Joint Laxities and Graft Forces After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction by Anteromedial Portal, Outside-In, and Transtibial Techniques

Background: Recently, anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is emphasized to improve joint laxity and to potentially avert initiation of cartilage degeneration. There is a paucity of information on the efficacy of ACL reconstructions by currently practiced tunnel creation techniques in restoring normal joint laxity.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Hypothesis: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by the anteromedial (AM) portal technique, outside-in (OI) technique, and modified transtibial (TT) technique can equally restore the normal knee joint laxity and ACL forces.Methods: Eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric knee specimens were tested using a robotic testing system under an anterior tibial load (134 N) at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion and combined torques (10-N·m valgus and 5-N·m internal tibial torques) at 0° and 30° of flexion. Knee joint kinematics, ACL, and ACL graft forces were measured in each knee specimen under 5 different conditions (ACL-intact knee, ACL-defic...
The Role of ErbB3 and its Binding Partners in Breast Cancer Progression and Resistance to Hormone and Tyrosine Kinase Directed Therapies

An increasingly important role for the ErbB3 receptor in the genesis and progression of breast cancer is emerging. ErbB3 is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and coexpression of ErbB2/3 is a poor prognostic indicator. ErbB3 has also been implicated in the development of resistance to antiestrogens such as tamoxifen and ErbB tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib. Persistent activation of the AKT pathway has been postulated to contribute to ErbB3-mediated resistance to these therapies. This activation may be due in part to the inappropriate production of the ErbB3 ligand heregulin. ErbB3 binding proteins, which negatively regulate ErbB3 protein levels and the ability of ErbB3 to transmit proliferative signals, also contribute to breast cancer progression and treatment resistance. These proteins include the intracellular RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase Nrdp1 and the leucine-rich protein LRIG-1 that mediate receptor degradation. Ebp1, another ErbB3 binding protein, suppresses HRG driven breast cancer cell growth and contributes to tamoxifen sensitivity. These studies point to the importance of the evaluation of protein levels and functional activity of ErbB3 and its binding proteins in breast cancer prognosis and prediction of clinical response to treatment.
Cutaneous Active Vasodilation in Humans Is Mediated by Cholinergic Nerve Cotransmission

Abstract During heat stress, increases in blood flow in nonglabrous skin in humans are mediated through active vasodilation by an unknown neurotransmitter mechanism. To investigate this mechanism, a three-part study was performed to determine the following: (1) Is muscarinic receptor activation necessary for active cutaneous vasodilation? We iontophoretically applied atropine to a small area of forearm skin. At that site and an untreated control site, we measured the vasomotor (laser-Doppler blood flow [LDF]) and sudomotor (relative humidity) responses to whole-body heat stress. Blood pressure was monitored. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated (LDF÷mean arterial pressure). Sweating was blocked at treated sites only. CVC rose at both sites ( P P P >.05). Active vasodilator and sudomotor responses to heat stress were abolished by botulinum toxin. We conclude that cholinergic nerve activation mediates cutaneous active vasodilation through release of an unknown cotransmitter, not through ACh.
The End-of-Life Namaste Care Program for People with Dementia, by Joyce Simard

In The End-Of-Life Namaste Care Program For People With Dementia, Simard employs a conversational style to present a model program designed to care for people with advanced dementia in institutiona...
Bcr-Abl Regulates Protein Kinase Cι (PKCι) Transcription via an Elk1 Site in the PKCι Promoter

The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases plays an important role in numerous cancer signaling pathways, including those downstream of the bcr-abl oncogene. We demonstrated previously that atypical PKCiota is required for Bcr-Abl-mediated resistance of human K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells to Taxol-induced apoptosis. Here, we report that the pattern of PKC isozyme expression characteristic of CML cells is regulated by Bcr-Abl. When Bcr-Abl was expressed in Bcr-Abl-negative HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, expression of the PKCbetaI, PKCbetaII, and PKCiota genes was induced, whereas expression of the PKCdelta gene was reduced to levels similar to those found in CML cells. Given the importance of PKCiota in Bcr-Abl-mediated transformation, we characterized the mechanism by which Bcr-Abl regulates PKCiota expression. A 1200-bp PKCiota promoter construct isolated from genomic DNA was highly active in Bcr-Abl-positive K562 cells and was activated when Bcr-Abl-negative cells were transfected with Bcr-Abl. Bcr-Abl-mediated induction of the PKCiota promoter was dependent upon MEK1/2 activity, but not phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or p38 MAPK activity. Mutational analysis of the PKCiota promoter revealed a region between 97 and 114 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site that is responsible for Bcr-Abl-mediated regulation. Mutation of a consensus Elk1-binding site within this region abolished Bcr-Abl-mediated regulation. We conclude that Bcr-Abl regulates PKCiota expression through the MEK-dependent activation of an Elk1 element within the proximal PKCiota promoter. Our results indicate that Bcr-Abl-mediated transformation involves transcriptional activation of the PKCiota gene, which in turn is required for Bcr-Abl-mediated chemoresistance.
Pediatric glioma stem cells: biologic strategies for oncolytic HSV virotherapy.

While glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common adult malignant brain tumor, GBMs in childhood represent less than 10% of pediatric malignant brain tumors and are phenotypically and molecularly distinct from adult GBMs. Similar to adult patients, outcomes for children with high-grade gliomas (HGGs) remain poor. Furthermore, the significant morbidity and mortality yielded by pediatric GBM is compounded by neurotoxicity for the developing brain caused by current therapies. Poor outcomes have been attributed to a subpopulation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistant cells, termed ‘glioma stem cells’ (GSCs), ‘glioma progenitor cells’, or ‘glioma-initiating cells', which have the ability to initiate and maintain the tumor and to repopulate the recurring tumor after conventional therapy. Future innovative therapies for pediatric HGGs must be able to eradicate these therapy-resistant GSCs. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses, genetically engineered to be safe for normal cells and to express diverse foreign anti-tumor therapeutic genes, have been demonstrated in preclinical studies to infect and kill GSCs and tumor cells equally while sparing normal brain cells. In this review, we discuss the unique aspects of pediatric GSCs, including markers to identify them, the microenvironment they reside in, signaling pathways that regulate them, mechanisms of cellular resistance, and approaches to target GSCs, with a focus on the promising therapeutic, genetically engineered oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV).