cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of correlated and uncorrelated measurement error on linear regression and correlation in medical method comparison studies

It is well known that when uncorrelated measurement error affects both variables in linear regression, there is attenuation of the correlation coefficient and regression slope. The effect of correlated measurement error, however, has received little attention. In medical method comparison studies, such error correlation results from the presence of other, unknown explanatory variables that affect the results of the new test method and the reference test method to which it is being compared. The contribution of correlated measurement error to the observed correlation coefficient can be accounted for by the expression rho t1t2 = rho1 rho2 + rho E1E2 (1-rho2(1))1/2(1-rho 2(2))1/2 where rho t1t2 is the observed correlation between tests 1 and 2, rho 1 and rho 2 are the correlation with true values for tests 1 and 2, respectively, and rho E1E2 is the correlation between the test errors. The first term describes the attenuation due to uncorrelated error, the second term describes the effect of correlated error. A positive correlation between the measurement errors reduces the attenuation of observed correlation and slope, but, when the reference method is excellent, the effect is very small. For poorer reference tests whose correlations with true values are less than 0.9, however, error correlation may result in a slope and correlation coefficient that differ importantly from the values obtained with either uncorrelated error or with no reference test error. Negatively correlated measurement errors magnify the attenuation of slope and correlation. One might suspect the presence of correlated error when the observed regression slope is close to or exceeds 1 and the reference test is known to have suboptimal reliability. This paper provides several clinical examples of potentially correlated diagnostic methods.
Photoinduced charge transfer across an organic/contact interface: polaronic state spectroscopy

Photo-induced charge transfer from an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) contact into [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) is measured. Charge transfer peaks are observed for a series of excitation energies below the PCBM absorption edge. If charge transfer is blocked using a tunnel barrier or an applied electric field, the peaks disappear. The observed transitions are similar to those predicted by theoretical calculations of the absorption spectra for negatively charged C60 and C70 chains. This observation suggests that charge transfer occurs preferentially at the polaronic transition energies in the PCBM, providing a means for polaronic state spectroscopy.
Commentary on ‘Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birthweight babies’

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: McCall EM, Alderice FA, Halliday HL, Jenkins JG, Vohra S. Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birthweight babies. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004210. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub2. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermochemical decomposition of explosives. I. TNT kinetic parameters determined from ESR investigations

Abstract Electron spin resonance techniques have been applied to the thermochemical decomposition kinetics of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in the pure liquid state. Direct observation of intermediate and product species in the reaction mixture allowed determination of activation energies which agreed well with previously-determined values utilizing other methods. The autocatalytic nature and complexity of the reaction were demonstrated.
Thyroxine-binding globulin synthesis by hepatocarcinoma cells in continuous culture: Effect of physiological concentrations of thyroxine

Abstract Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) synthesis and secretion were demonstrated in a continuous cell culture line, NCLP-6-E, of Rhesus monkey hepatocarcinoma cells. The cells were shown to survive and grow normally for up to 5 days in the absence of serum, thus permitting study of TBG production in chemically defined media. TBG was identified by its ability to bind thyroxine (T 4 ) and by immunoelectrophoresis, and quantitated by radioimmunoassay. TBG accumulation in the media was linear for up to 48 hours. Physiological concentrations of T 4 induced a biphasic response in TBG secretion. There was a progressive increase in TBG accumulation from 10 −14 M to 10 −10 M T 4 . TBG accumulation decreased from the maximum at T 4 greater than 10 −10 M, and was depressed below control at T 4 greater than 10 −8 M. These results indicate that T 4 regulates the synthesis and secretion of TBG in hepatocarcinoma cells in culture.
Teaching initial management of shock in children

Common errors in managing shock in children are failure to recognize shock, failure to recognize continuing blood loss, and inadequate replacement due to lack of familiarity with the normal blood volume of children. For practical purposes, the normal blood volume of every child is considered to be 40 ml/lb (88 ml/kg). In hypovolemic shock the blood volume is reduced by at least one fourth. For initial management, an intravenous line is established, blood is drawn for cross matching, and 10 ml/lb (22 ml/kg) of Ringer's lactate solution is administered as rapidly as possible. If this bolus, which represents one fourth of the normal blood volume, brings the blood pressure to normal, only maintenance fluid is then administered. If the child remains hypotensive, a second bolus of 10 ml/lb (22 ml/kg) is administered rapidly. Children who require a second bolus of Ringer's lactate solution nearly always need blood transfusion also. Many have occult bleeding, usually in the abdomen. If intra-abdominal bleeding is thought to be possible but not definitely present, paracentesis using an angiocath is performed. If no blood returns, 10 ml/lb (22 ml/kg) of saline is instilled and the return considered significant if more than slightly pink.
PREPARATION OF 3'-PHOSPHONATE ANALOGS OF 2',3'-DIDEOXYNUCLEOSIDES

Abstract γ-Hydroxyl vinylphosphonate ( 6 ) has been efficiently prepared by the base-catalyzed opening of the readily available epoxide ( 5 ) and converted to the corresponding nucleosides for antiviral studies.
A new method for site suitability analysis: The analytic hierarchy process

A critical shortcoming of methods that are reliant upon the judgment of experts to determine site suitability is noted. The article introduces a new method, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with which error in judging the relative importance of factors in site suitability analysis can be both detected and corrected. The proposed approach is illustrated with an example to show how the AHP frames the site evaluation problem and can aid in decision making involving multiple criteria, factor diversity, and conditions of uncertainty. The article concludes by suggesting the potential application of the AHP in public choice decisions involving complex, controversial, and conflictual site selection processes.
Three-Dimensional Spiraling of Interacting Spatial Solitons

We report the observation of three-dimensional spiraling collision of interacting two-dimensional spatial solitons. The solitons are photorefractive screening solitons and are phase incoherent to each other at all times. The collision provides the solitons with angular momentum which is manifested in a centrifugal repulsion force. When it is balanced by attraction, the solitons spiral about each other in a DNA-like structure.
Rapid elevation of juvenile hormone titer during behavioral assessment of the breeding resource by the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis

Female burying beetles (Nicrophorus orbicollis) rapidly complete ovarian maturation upon discovering a suitable carrion resource for breeding. In this study, we examined changes in hemolymph titers of juvenile hormone (JH) over the first 30 days of adult female life, and in response to the discovery of a mouse carcass. Levels of JH were found to increase gradually over the first 20 days, and then increased abruptly within 24 h of discovery of a carcass. Changes in JH titer were correlated with increases in ovarian mass and length of terminal oocytes. To more precisely determine the timing of the endocrine response to a carcass, hemolymph titers of JH were measured 2, 10, 20 and 60 min after carcass discovery. Titers of JH were significantly elevated (112% over controls) in just 10 min. To confirm this resource discovery-related increase in JH, hemolymph samples were taken from the same individuals both 2 days before, and 10 min after, discovery of a carcass. Again, JH titers rose significantly (170%) in beetles 10 min after carcass discovery. Prominent behaviors observed during the 10-min period following discovery included palpating, lifting, walking around the carcass and making forays into the surrounding soil. Feeding did not occur. These results suggest that the rapid JH surge in female burying beetles is triggered by information obtained during behavioral assessment of a breeding resource, and not by mating or feeding cues. The association between ovarian development and JH titer further suggests a role for JH in co-ordinating reproduction in a temporally and spatially unpredictable environment.
Development, survivorship, and reproduction of Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on eight host plants

The development, survivorship, longevity, and reproduction of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), were studied on 8 commonly grown plants in the laboratory. Immature survival at 25 ± 1°C on rough lemon, Citrus jambhiri Lush.; sour orange, C. aurantium L.; grapefruit, C. paradisi Macfadyen; key lime, C. aurantifolia Swing.; box orange, Severinia buxifolia (Poir). Tenore; calamondin, X Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands; lime berry, Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson, and orange jassamine, Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack were 82.0, 93.5, 93.3, 88.3, 53.1, 86.5, 41.6, and 62.8%, respectively. Developmental times for the immature stages among populations on rough lemon, sour orange, grapefruit, and key lime were similar (5.9–6.2 d). Longer development periods (6.5–7.2 d) occurred on box orange, calamondin, lime berry, and orange jassamine. The average number of nymphs reproduced per female were 58.8, 43.0, 34.1, 42.5, 32.7, 17.7, 20.8, and 23.0 on sour orange, grapefruit, key lime, rough lemon, calamondin, box orange, lime berry, and orange jassamine, respectively. Female adults lived an average of 22.1, 19.5, 17.5, 18.0, 22.8, 16.3, 22.6, and 14.6 d on these same hosts. The intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r m) for brown citrus aphid on grapefruit was highest. Jackknife estimates of r m varied from 0.381 on grapefruit to 0.183 on lime berry. The mean population generation time on these hosts ranged from 9.7 to 12.2 d. These hosts could support brown citrus aphid populations when the new flushes are not available in commercial citrus groves.
Adenosine production and release by adult rat cardiocytes.

We have examined adenosine (ADO) production and transport in a preparation of isolated adult cardiocytes which attach to and form a monolayer on culture dishes. This preparation contains 85% viable cells which are >50% rod shaped and maintain an ATP/ADP ratio of nine. Incubation under control conditions for 15 mins results in a net release of 240±47 pmol ADO/mg protein (final adenosine concentration in the medium =47±9 n m ). Both 0.1 m m dinitrophenol (DNP) and 10 m m iodoacetate (IAA) cause a significant increase in ADO (DNP=1763±147 and IAA=612±90 pmol/mg). Both 20 μ m nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), an inhibitor of the purine nucleoside carrier, and 0.1 m m α,β-methylene adenosine diphosphate (AOPCP), an inhibitor of 5′-nucleotidase activity, attenuate DNP-stimulated ADO release (NBMPR by 62% and ADOCP by 76%). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that under the conditions of our experiments, adenosine is formed by a 5′-nucleotidase in association with transport across the cell membrane, perhaps by an enzyme-carrier complex. In addition, we have examined the effect of 0.1 m m dipyridamole on the extracellular appearance of adenosine in this preparation and found that it causes a significant increase in the amount of adenosine released. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that dipyridamole inhibits adenosine's uptake more than its release in cardiac myocytes.
Reply to Taylor

As a starter, let me clarify the intended relation between natural signs and intentional signs, for it may have been misunderstood. These are the two basic connections. First, when the production of a (descriptive) intentional sign occurs by way of completely normal mechanisms of production, then it turns out as a side effect that the intentional sign is, on my definition, also a "locally recurrent natural sign." (The support for this claim is not simple (Chapter 6). How the full powers of a concept-using animal, that has learned to re-identify various objects, properties and so forth in numerous widely diverse ways, can result in a normal output of "locally recurrent natural signs" carrying a certain sort of natural information is far from immediately obvious.) Second, in order to produce true intentional signs in a normal way, all organisms must use, must rely in the first instance, on natural information, which arrives at their sensory surfaces in the form of natural signs. (It is hard to see how this latter could be denied.) The most basic of these are locally recurrent natural signs. I do claim that "if there were no natural reference classes, there would be no explanation of 'why a person might be able to use the recurrent sign as an indicator of its signified with some success.'" But Taylor's worry that this "may seem to suggest that it's sign-consuming creatures themselves that somehow enforce locality upon signs" is unnecessary. If there were no ambient light, there would be no explanation of how animal vision works, but surely it isn't so that the sightedness of seeing creatures somehow "enforces" ambience "upon" light. Taylor may have misunderstood the following passage from my Chapter 3:
Incremental Risk Associated with Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy and the Effect on Adjuvant Therapy

Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) is expected to add surgical morbidity but this incremental risk has not yet been defined. We sought to quantify the additional risks associated with CPM and determine how these risks influence the time to adjuvant therapy. We identified women undergoing mastectomy for unilateral breast cancer and stratified them according to the use of CPM and the presence and laterality of surgical complications. We measured time to adjuvant therapy. Of 352 patients, 205 (58 %) underwent unilateral mastectomy (UM) and 147 (42 %) underwent bilateral mastectomy (BM) [BM = UM + CPM]. Overall, 94/352 (27 %) women suffered 112 complications (BM: 46/147 [31 %] vs. UM: 48/205 [23 %]; p = 0.11), of which hematoma, skin necrosis, cellulitis, or seroma accounted for 94/112 (84 %) complications. Reoperation was required in 37/352 (10 %) women. Among those undergoing BM, morbidity occurred only in the prophylactic breast in 19/147 (13 %) women and risk did not differ with immediate reconstruction (13/108 [12 %]) or without (6/39 [15 %]). Of these 19 patients, 10 (53 %) required reoperation. Women with any complication had a longer interval to adjuvant therapy when compared with those without (49 days vs. 40 days; p < 0.001). When stratified according to side, complications in the prophylactic breast were not associated with a delay in treatment (UM: 58 days vs. BM: prophylactic side; 41 days vs. BM: cancer side: 50 days; p = 0.73). CPM confers additional morbidity in one in eight women, of whom half require reoperation. Despite this, in our series CPM did not delay adjuvant therapy. Given the rising incidence of patients seeking CPM, they should be informed of this risk.
The Development of the Solution Building Inventory.

Throughout the past 70 years, a great deal of research conducted on defining and testing problem-solving skills has led toward solution-focused practices and philosophies. As a result, some literature exists illustrating the efficacy of solution-focused practices. However, no published research exists on the factors that contribute to solution building. This study tested for components of solution building while creating a solution building inventory. Results from a factor analysis failed to find specific factors within solution building; thus solution building appears to be a unidimensional concept. Implications for using the solution building inventory are discussed.
Early Signs of Language in Child and Chimpanzee

In a sequel to Project Washoe, chimpanzees are being taught American Sign Language from birth by humans who are fluent in the language, including persons who are themselves deaf or whose parents were deaf. The first two subjects began to use signs when they were 3 months old, and these early results indicate that the new conditions are significantly superior to the conditions of Project Washoe. More valid comparisons can now be made between the acquisition of language by children and by chimpanzees.
LEARNER CONTRIBUTIONS TO LANGUAGE LEARNING: NEW DIRECTIONS IN RESEARCH. Michael P. Breen (Ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education, 2001. Pp. xxii + 218. £19.99 paper.

In some ways the preface to this volume, by Chris Candlin, preempts this review. He makes some insightful points that a dutiful reviewer would otherwise have made. This volume of original chapters reflects Breen's concern for the learner as a cognitive, human, and social being. As Candlin rightly points out, the volume provides a positive and creative accommodation of research paradigms that come from both cognitive and social traditions such that the volume constitutes a so-called sociocognitive position: “the interplay between communication as both a socially and a cognitively strategic act” (p. xix).
Calcium-activated neutral proteinase in rat brain myelin and subcellular fractions.

The activity of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (mMCANP) was determined in subcellular fractions of rat brain. The CANP activity in whole homogenate and its membrane fractions including myelin was increased tenfold following treatment with Triton X-100. The majority of the activity (60%) was in the primary particulate fractions P1 (nuclear), P2 (mitochondrial), and P3 (microsomal). Following subfractionation of each particulate fraction, most of the activity (50%) was found in the myelin-enriched fractions (P1A, P2A, and P3A) and separated at the interface of 0.32–0.85 M sucrose. Only 20–30% of the total homogenate activity was in cytosol. The enrichment in the myelin fractions resembled that for 2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNPase) activity. Immunoblotting revealed that the CANP was mainly in myelin and cytosol. In addition to the presence of 72–76 Kd and 80 Kd bands, there were faint highmolecular-weight CANP bands ranging from 110–150 Kd and lower-molecular-weight forms in the region of 30–50 Kd in both purified myelin and cytosol. These studies suggested that CANP is present in myelin and cytosol and that it exists in the brain in membranebound and soluble forms.
Operative Treatment of Cervical Spine Injuries: An Update

Cervical instrumentation systems have evolved significantly over the past decade, granting the spine surgeon better implants with which to stabilize unstable cervical injuries. This article will discuss surgical indications in cervical spine injuries and applications of the current technology in cervical implants for fixation and arthrodesis.
Substance P and substance K receptor binding sites in the human gastrointestinal tract: localization by autoradiography

Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to localize and quantify the distribution of binding sites for 125I-radiolabeled substance P (SP), substance K (SK) and neuromedin K (NK) in the human GI tract using histologically normal tissue obtained from uninvolved margins of resections for carcinoma. The distribution of SP and SK binding sites is different for each gastrointestinal (GI) segment examined. Specific SP binding sites are expressed by arterioles and venules, myenteric plexus, external circular muscle, external longitudinal muscle, muscularis mucosa, epithelial cells of the mucosa, and the germinal centers of lymph nodules. SK binding sites are distributed in a pattern distinct from SP binding sites and are localized to the external circular muscle, external longitudinal muscle, and the muscularis mucosa. Binding sites for NK were not detected in any part of the human GI tract. These results demonstrate that: 1) surgical specimens from the human GI tract can be effectively processed for quantitative receptor autoradiography; 2) of the three mammalian tachykinins tested, SP and SK, but not NK binding sites are expressed in detectable levels in the human GI tract; 3) whereas SK receptor binding sites are expressed almost exclusively by smooth muscle, SP binding sites are expressed by smooth muscle cells, arterioles, venules, epithelial cells of the mucosa and cells associated with lymph nodules; and 4) both SP and SK binding sites expressed by smooth muscle are more stable than SP binding sites expressed by blood vessels, lymph nodules, and mucosal cells.
Normal Collagen and Bone Production by Gene-targeted Human Osteogenesis Imperfecta iPSCs

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is caused by dominant mutations in the type I collagen genes. In principle, the skeletal abnormalities of OI could be treated by transplantation of patient-specific, bone-forming cells that no longer express the mutant gene. Here, we develop this approach by isolating mesenchymal cells from OI patients, inactivating their mutant collagen genes by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene targeting, and deriving induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that were expanded and differentiated into mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs). Gene-targeted iMSCs produced normal collagen and formed bone in vivo, but were less senescent and proliferated more than bone-derived MSCs. To generate iPSCs that would be more appropriate for clinical use, the reprogramming and selectable marker transgenes were removed by Cre recombinase. These results demonstrate that the combination of gene targeting and iPSC derivation can be used to produce potentially therapeutic cells from patients with genetic disease.
Improvements in off-center focusing in an x-ray streak camera

Due to the planar construction of present x-ray streak tubes significant off-center defocusing is observed in both static and dynamic images taken with one-dimensional resolution slits. Based on the streak tube geometry curved photocathodes with radii of curvature ranging from 3.5 to 18 inches have been fabricated. We report initial off-center focusing performance data on the evaluation of these "improved" photocathodes in an X-ray streak camera and an update on the theoretical simulations to predict the optimum cathode curvature.
STRUCTURING LOAN SYNDICATES: A CASE STUDY OF THE HONG KONG DISNEYLAND PROJECT LOAN

The volume of global syndicated loans has increased from $413 billion in 1990 to $2.195 trillion in 2000, making it not only the largest source of corporate funds in the world but also one of the fastest growing. Yet despite the size of this market and its importance as a source of corporate funds, there has been relatively little research on syndicated lending and little understanding of the structuring intricacies underlying these deals. In this article, the author analyzes the process by which Hongkong International Theme Parks Limited (HKTP), an entity jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Hong Kong Government, raised HK $3.3 billion (approximately US $425 million) in the syndicated loan market to finance part of the construction and operation of its Hong Kong Disneyland theme park and resort complex. Using this case study of the HKTP financing, the article moves beyond the overly simplistic (albeit theoretically tractable) models of debt choice favored by academics and begins to explore the dynamics and consequences of various real-world debt structures. Rather than focusing on the credit analysis or documentation issues, the author focuses on the structuring and distribution issues because they are both less well understood and provide interesting insights into debt management.
Review: Molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance

The phenomenon of endotoxin tolerance has been widely investigated, but to date, the molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance remain to be resolved clearly. The discovery of the Toll-like recept...
Wear of Unsound Pebbles in River Headwaters

Pebbles that are initially weathered, inhomogeneous, angular, or fractured ("unsound") become sound with transport. The Sternberg law describes well the wear of sound pebbles found in large rivers, but describes poorly that of unsound pebbles in river headwaters. For unsound pebbles the Sternberg coefficient (which is assumed to be a constant) decreases appreciably downstream. An alternative to the Sternberg law is derived in which the coefficient is proportional to the reciprocal of the downstream distance traveled. The laws are compared by using data from the Clutha basin in New Zealand.
Approach to the Synthesis of Cladiell-11-ene-3,6,7-triol

The synthesis of an advanced intermediate in the synthesis of the title compound has been achieved. Key steps include an Ireland−Claisen rearrangement to install the C7 tertiary alcohol stereocenter, an SN2‘ reaction of an alkoxymethyl Cu reagent, and a diastereoselective Re-catalyzed allylic alcohol transposition.
General Dostum and the Mazar i Sharif Campaign: new light on the role of Northern Alliance warlords in Operation Enduring Freedom

This report sheds new light on the CIA and US Special Forces' covert campaign alongside Afghan Northern Alliance leader General Dostum's horse-mounted Uzbeks during 2001's Operation Enduring Freedom. In 2003 and 2005 the author traveled over the Hindu Kush Mountains to the plains of Northern Afghanistan and lived with the legendary Northern Alliance opposition leader General Dostum. His aim was to recreate Dostum's campaign alongside the CIA and Special Forces to seize the holy city of Mazar i Sharif from the Taliban in November 2001. Based on interviews with Dostum and his Uzbek commanders, this article recreates this proxy offensive that saw the Northern Alliance opposition break out of the mountains, seize this shrine town and bring the Taliban house of cards falling down in a matter of weeks. Up until now the indigenous Afghan Uzbeks, who played a crucial role as a ‘boots on the ground’ fighting force for Centcom, have been cast as a mere backdrop for American heroics. Now their side of the story and ...
Correlates of use and expected use of smokeless tobacco among kindergarten children

Kindergarten children (n = 112) were interviewed concerning recognition, use, and expected use of smokeless tobacco. Analysis of the data indicated significant relationships between personal use of smokeless tobacco and (1) knowing someone who used smokeless tobacco, (2) sex of the student, (3) expected use, and (4) having seen the product used at home. Significant relationships also existed between expected use and knowing someone who used the product, sex of the student, and having seen the product used at home.
Habitat-specific life-history variation in the Caribbean termite Nasutitermes acajutlae (Isoptera: Termitidae)

1. Population and individual colony characteristics of Nasutitermes acajutlae on St John, U.S. Virgin Islands were studied over a 5-year period. 2. Four habitat types (dry forests, moist forests, sparse vegetation, and woodlands) were sampled for N. acajutlae, using quadrat-based methods. Lying dead wood was also quantified in the same sites. 3. Habitats differed significantly in the volume of lying dead wood, and total termite nest volume within quadrats was positively related to wood volume. It was hypothesised that the volume of dead wood affected growth, reproduction, and yearly survival of individual colonies. 4. In a sample of > 100 colonies assessed in 1998, 2000, 2001, and 2002, no significant differences in the growth rate of colonies (= increase in nest volume) could be found between habitat types; however, colonies in sparse vegetation were smaller, less likely to survive, and reproduced at a smaller size compared with those in the other three habitats. 5. Overall nest volume in sparse vegetation was high, compared with dry and moist forest, but colonies showed, on average, poorer survival (interpreted as lower fitness), and produced alates at an early stage of development. Optimum habitat characteristics for N. acajutlae may include not only favourable microclimate but also the reliable acquisition of new dead wood after storms.
Little-Parks and Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in fractional Hall regime: Manifestation of Chern-Simons gauge flux.

We show that the recently developed Chern-Simons gauge theory for fractional quantum Hall effect leads naturally to a striking prediction that an applied gate voltage coupled to an isolated region in a two-dimensional electron gas can induce Little-Parks oscillations of the longitudinal conductance in the quantum Hall devices at odd denominator filling fractions. For even denominator filling fractions, the Chern-Simons fermions are in a Fermi liquid state, and the conductance fluctuations are similar to the Aharonov-Bohm conductance oscillations of a mesoscopic metal.
Recruitment behavior, orientation, and the organization of foraging in the carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus degeer (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

1. The recruitment process of Camponotus pennsylvanicus initiates and regulates foraging activities. Scout ants recruit nestmates to new food sources with alerting motor displays. Workers subsequently leave the nest and follow a recruitment trail that appears to be composed of hindgut material and poison gland secretion (formic acid) to the food. Hindgut material functions as a long-lasting olfactory orientation cue between the food source and the nest, whereas poison gland secretion makes the recruitment trail highly attractive to stimulated ants. Hindgut trails may also have a recruitment effect. 2. Although hindgut material is an important orientation cue during foraging, because ants make repeated foraging runs they may also make use of visual cues. 3. Mass foraging is organized by the behavioral activities of recruiting ants. Starvation intensifies the recruitment displays of scouts, which releases a strong recruitment response in the colony. The behavior of individual recruiters during the organization of foraging facilitates at first a quick mobilization of nestmates to the food; subsequently recruiter behavior changes. These changes the facilitate food transport to the colony. The amount of food brought into the colony along with the decrease in recruitment behaviors may account for the waning and eventual termination of foraging activity. Only ants of a particular age bracket respond to recruitment signals and participate in foraging, and of this group only a small proportion of workers are consistently active in foraging. 4. When compared to other formicine species, the recruitment behavior of Camponotus pennsylvanicus appears to illustrate some features of chemical mass communication while still retaining characteristics of the group recruitment technique.
The risky shift.

Currently, there seems to be a great hurry to develop guidelines for the clinical management of everything. Many evolving guidelines are proffered to be consensus decisions, which means, in most cases, that the guidelines were agreed on by multidisciplinary groups or committees. There is an unfortunate tendency to assume that consensus decisions are, a priori, correct and constitute the best and only way to address different problems.
How Does a Domestic Tax Reform Effect Protection Against Imports? The Case of the Republic of Madagascar

In 2008, Madagascar reformed its domestic tax system. Because the excise duties and VAT regimes were reformed, the taxation of imports has changed. This paper quantifies how the reform changes the protection against imports and the fiscal revenues from taxation of imports. It shows that, even if the reform has only a limited impact on the average rate of protection, it substantially alters the structure of protection across goods. Moreover, because the reform further increases the already high rate of taxation of imports, it will also boost revenue from taxes on imports and reduce the fiscal losses from the SADC FTA.
Two decades of policy-based storage management for the IBM mainframe computer

Today, storage management vendors see the need and business opportunity for an enterprise-wide policy-based storage management solution for their customers. In the middle 1980s, IBM introduced the Data Facility Storage Management Subsystem (DFSMS) as a policy-based storage management solution for large mainframe computer systems. As an integral part of the operating systems OS/390Â® and z/OSâ¢, DFSMS continues to be enhanced. This paper provides an overview of DFSMS and describes a few of its recent enhancements.
Dislocation behavior in fatigue II. Friction stress and back stress as inferred from an analysis of hysteresis loops

Abstract Fatigue hysteresis loops obtained by three different authors are evaluated to obtain data for the friction stress and back stress acting on the dislocations. Part of the friction stress is equal in magnitude to the back stress and like it rises roughly in proportion to the root of the cumulative plastic strain. The theoretical discussion of this contribution to friction stress will be given in conjunction with the discussion of the back stress in parts III and IV of this series. The smaller part of the friction stress depends more or less linearly on the number of cycles. It is identified primarily with the stress required for dragging the jogs on the screw dislocations which shuttle to and fro in the matrix channels in accordance with the deductions of part I of this series. Additionally, there may be a yet smaller contribution to the friction stress due to dispersed point defects. This, if it exists, comes to saturation after about 12 cycles. The fact that no contribution to the stress can be identified with the back stress due to the glide dislocations which are spun out and taken up again at the channel-loop patch interfaces indicates that their line tension is quite low. This is understandable on account of their arrangement into tilt wall configurations as well as the local screening of their stresses by reorienting loops in their vicinity. Following up on the corresponding hypothesis in part I, it is suggested that the channel widths in the matrix structure adjust such that, on the average, one jog resides on each screw dislocation segment. If so, the channel width should initially decrease inversely with the number of cycles, and then become constant.
Vibrations of marine riser systems

A discrete multi-degree-of-freedom model is used to study the dynamic response of marine riser systems to loads generated by sea waves and currents. A linearization scheme is used to determine an approximate solution for the system response. A variety of studies regarding the effects of system and environmental parameters on the maximum bending stress and the maximum bottom angle are presented.
Abstract 4871: Genomic amplifications in ovarian carcinoma are associated with specific histone modifications

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Genomic amplification is a frequent molecular genetic alteration in many cancer types that results in upregulation and thus activation of oncogenes located in the amplified regions. However, the mechanism by which amplified genes are upregulated is poorly understood. We hypothesized that epigenetic regulation of gene expression was important for activation in addition to the increased DNA copy number for genes within amplified genomic loci. To test this hypothesis, we used ovarian cancer as an example because it is a highly lethal disease and, more importantly, ovarian cancer cells are characterized by a high level of genomic instability as reflected by widespread DNA copy number changes. We analyzed the data from chromatin immunoprecipitation array (Chip-chip) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to determine the correlation between specific histone modifications and genome-wide DNA copy number alterations in OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells and ovarian surface epithelial cell culture. Among 8 histone marks examined, representing both heterochromatic and euchromatic chromatin, we identified the strongest correlation between increased DNA copy number and the active histone marks, histone H4 acetylation at lysine 5 (p-value 7.8×10^-6; FDR 5.2×10^-5) and lysine 12 (p-value 7.6×10^-5; FDR 2.6×10^-4). In contrast, there was no significant correlation between DNA amplification and repressive histone marks including histone H3 methylation at lysines 9 and 27. These correlations were validated by quantitative real-time PCR of ChIP samples at confirmed amplified regions on chromosomes 11 and 19, which harbor the RSF1 and AKT2 oncogenes. Furthermore, all genes within the amplicons were overexpressed in the OVCAR3 cell line harboring the amplicons as compared to a normal ovarian surface epithelial cell line. By using ovarian cancer as a disease model, our results indicate that an amplicon-associated specific histone modification pattern facilitates gene expression and suggest that both genetic (DNA copy number gain) and epigenetic (active histone marks) events contribute to upregulation of amplified genes which may ultimately contribute to the development of human cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4871.
HYPERACCUMULATION OF FAD-LINKED PRESENILIN 1 VARIANTS IN VIVO

Mutations in the presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) genes can cause Alzheimer's disease in affected members of the majority of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) pedigrees. PS1 encodes an ubiquitously expressed, eight transmembrane protein. PS1 is endoproteolytically processed to an amino-terminal derivative (approximately 27-28 kDa) and a carboxy-terminal derivative (approximately 17-18 kDa). These polypeptides accumulate to saturable levels in the brains of transgenic mice, independent of the expression of PS1 holoprotein. We now document that, in the brains of transgenic mice, the absolute amounts of accumulated N- and C-terminal derivatives generated from the FAD-linked PS1 variants in which Glu replaces Ala at codon 246 (A246E) or Leu replaces Met at codon 146 (M146L) accumulate to a significantly higher degree (approximately 40-50%) than the fragments derived from wild-type PS1. Moreover, the FAD-linked deltaE9 PS1 variant, a polypeptide that is not subject to endoproteolytic cleavage in vivo, also accumulates in greater amounts than the fragments generated from wild-type human PS1. Thus, the metabolism of PS1 variants linked to FAD is fundamentally different from that of wild-type PS1 in vivo.
Assisted dying and nursing practice.

Purpose: Nurses' views are often solicited about physician-assisted dying, a concept that incorporates both assisted suicide and active euthanasia. Yet nurses are rarely asked about their own clinical experience of assisted dying. The literature indicates that many nurses experience difficulty distinguishing professionally sanctioned end-of-life interventions from those that are not. In this article the investigator explores the social, legal, and political roots of assistance in dying, and critically examines the profession's position on nurse participation in assisted dying and the research regarding nurse-assisted dying. Scope: The bioethics and nursing literature was reviewed from 1990 to 1999. The databases used were the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Medline. Conclusions: The complex nature of caring for highly symptomatic dying patients, and the difficulty some nurses experience in distinguishing a moral difference between hastening and assisting death, strongly indicate a need for additional nursing research that does not use a forced answer.
The Scintillation Response of a Single Lithium Fluoride Crystal

Lithium fluoride (activated) crystals were prepared by the Bridgeman-Stockbarger and Czochralski methods. Measurements have been made on the scintillation response of a LiF crystal to photon energies between 8 and 1333 keV. The tissue dose in rads was calculated and compared to the response of the LiF crystal over the same energy range. The response of a single titanium-activated LiF crystal was compared to the response of a NE 109 air-equivalent scintillator at 60Co energies. The absorption and emission spectra of the LiF crystal were obtained.
Dynamic bandwidth reservation in cellular networks using road topology based mobility predictions

In cellular networks, an important call-level quality-of-service (QoS) issue is how to limit the probability of forced termination during handoffs. One solution is to predict the trajectory of mobile terminals so as to perform bandwidth reservation in advance. With the vision that future mobile devices are likely equipped with reasonably accurate positioning capability, we propose a novel mobility prediction technique that incorporates both mobile positioning information and road topology knowledge. We then develop an adaptive bandwidth reservation scheme that dynamically adjusts the reservation at each base station according to both incoming and outgoing hand-off predictions generated using our mobility prediction technique. We evaluate the performance of the scheme via simulations, along with six other schemes for comparison purposes. Results agree with intuition that schemes which incorporate more knowledge are able to achieve better reservation efficiency. Our scheme is shown to achieve the best efficiency among all realizable schemes simulated.
Synthesis of luminescing (In,Ga)N nanoparticles from an inorganic ammonium fluoride precursor

A mixture of cubic and hexagonal indium gallium nitride nanoparticles was prepared by ammonolysis of the precursor ammonium hexafluoroindate-gallate [(NH4)3In1−xGaxF6]. The particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The ratio of the two obtained phases, as well as their composition, was determined using X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. All methods gave consistent results of ∼10% hexagonal material and ∼90% cubic material. The mixture of cubic and hexagonal indium gallium nitride exhibited photoluminescence in the visible region around 735 nm when excited by a 325 nm HeCd laser at room temperature.
Coming into View: Eukaryotic Iron Chaperones and Intracellular Iron Delivery

Eukaryotic cells contain hundreds of metalloproteins, and ensuring that each protein receives the correct metal ion is a critical task for cells. Recent work in budding yeast and mammalian cells has uncovered a system of iron delivery operating in the cytosolic compartment that involves monothiol glutaredoxins, which bind iron in the form of iron-sulfur clusters, and poly(rC)-binding proteins, which bind Fe(II) directly. In yeast cells, cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins are required for the formation of heme and iron-sulfur clusters and the metallation of some non-heme iron enzymes. Poly(rC)-binding proteins can act as iron chaperones, delivering iron to target non-heme enzymes through direct protein-protein interactions. Although the molecular details have yet to be explored, these proteins, acting independently or together, may represent the basic cellular machinery for intracellular iron delivery.
Modern Global Climate Change

Modern climate change is dominated by human influences, which are now large enough to exceed the bounds of natural variability. The main source of global climate change is human-induced changes in atmospheric composition. These perturbations primarily result from emissions associated with energy use, but on local and regional scales, urbanization and land use changes are also important. Although there has been progress in monitoring and understanding climate change, there remain many scientific, technical, and institutional impediments to precisely planning for, adapting to, and mitigating the effects of climate change. There is still considerable uncertainty about the rates of change that can be expected, but it is clear that these changes will be increasingly manifested in important and tangible ways, such as changes in extremes of temperature and precipitation, decreases in seasonal and perennial snow and ice extent, and sea level rise. Anthropogenic climate change is now likely to continue for many centuries. We are venturing into the unknown with climate, and its associated impacts could be quite disruptive.
Implications of climate-driven variability and trends for the hydrologic assessment of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Idaho

Summary The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to assess the implications of long-term climate trends for the hydroclimatology of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW) in the Owyhee Mountains, Idaho of the Intermountain West over a 40-year period (1967–2006). Calibration and validation of the macroscale hydrology model in this highly monitored watershed is key to address the watershed processes that are vulnerable to both natural climate variability and climate change. The model was calibrated using the streamflow data collected between 1997 and 2006 from the three nested weirs, the Reynolds Mountain East (RME), Tollgate and Outlet. For assessing the performance of the calibrated model, this study used 30 years of streamflow data for the period between 1966 and 1996. This investigation suggested that the model predicted streamflow was best at RME, and inadequate at Outlet. Simulated soil moisture was also verified using the data available from five soil moisture measurement sites. The model was able to capture the seasonal patterns of changes in soil water storage considering the differences in the spatial extent of the observed and predicted soil water storage (point measurements against the spatially averaged values for the HRU) and uncertainty associated with the soil moisture measurements due to instrument effects. Water budget partitioning during a wet (1984) water year and a dry (1987) water year were also analyzed to characterize the differences in hydrologic cycles during the extreme hydrologic conditions. Our analysis showed that in the dry water year, vegetation at the higher elevation were under water stress by the end of the water year. Contrastingly, in the wet water year only the vegetation at low and mid-elevations were under water stress whereas vegetation at the higher elevations derived substantial soil moisture for ET processes even towards the end of the growing season. To understand the effect of climate change on the hydrologic cycle, the observed and simulated streamflow were analyzed for trends in Center of Timing (CT). Earlier CT timings for the simulated and observed streamflow at RME weir was obvious thus manifesting global warming signals at the watershed scale level in the Intermountain west region. Observed streamflow at the Tollgate and Outlet weirs, where streamflow is partially affected by the agricultural diversions, showed later CT timings and these results appeared to suggest that climate impact assessment studies need to carefully distinguish the system behavior that is altered by both natural and human-induced changes.