cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Head and Neck Involvement in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are the most common hematological malignancies of the head and neck, comprising 5% of head and neck cancers (Evans 1981). NHL often differs considerably from HD in presentation, behavior, treatment, and response. HD is characterized by contiguous disease sites with predictable responses to therapy, while NHL is a heterogeneous group of less predictable malignancies. The classification of NHL has evolved continually over the last 30 to 40 years. New techniques such as immunophenotyping, flow cytometry, and molecular genetic studies have revolutionized our understanding of NHL. Unique subclassifi cations have been identified that help predict the wide variations of behavior and response within what was previously classified as a single entity.
Acoustic correlate of vocal effort in spasmodic dysphonia.

Objectives:This study characterized the relationship between relative fundamental frequency (RFF) and listeners' perceptions of vocal effort and overall spasmodic dysphonia severity in the voices o...
Integrating Service and Experience

AbstractIn the past five years the Rubin Museum of Art has had significant shifts in the organizational structure and interrelation of visitor services and education due to various financial and administrative changes. Though varying levels of integration have existed in the institution's history, due to budget constraints in early 2009, the two separate visitor functions have been combined into a united department with the focus of holistic visitor education, redefining roles of educators, administrators, and service providers. This article will explore the ways in which the Rubin Museum of Art transformed the Education Department to incorporate a larger administrative role within the museum, the visitor research that led to the new integrated model and the theoretical, financial, and personal outcomes that manifested through the transition.
A Robust and Fast Seizure Detector for IoT Edge

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder which has negative impact on human life quality. Epilepsy affects almost 1% of the world population necessitating a unified system for fast seizure detection as well as remote health monitoring to enhance the daily lives of the epilepsy patients. We envision a smart seizure detection framework in the edge of the Internet of Things (IoT) which is capable of detecting seizures as well as monitoring the patient's healthcare activity remotely. Detection of seizure is performed using the discrete wavelet transform, statistical feature extraction, and a naive Bayes (NB) classifier. The proposed system was implemented and validated using Simulink, ThingSpeak, and off-the-shelf microcontrollers. Experimental results show that the proposed system reduces latency by 44% compared to a cloud-IoT based system and reports a classification accuracy of 98.65%.
Deadly Force and Deadly Outcome: Examining the Officer, Suspect, and Situational Characteristics of Officer-Involved Shootings

Police use-of-force in general, and police use of deadly force in particular, has been at the forefront of national media attention in recent years. Despite this visibility, scholarly attention to ...
Development of a new cracking index for asphalt mixtures using indirect tensile creep and strength test

Abstract This paper aimed at developing a new cracking index (CI) for asphalt mixtures using the indirect tensile creep and strength test (IDT-CST). Firstly, the effectiveness of existing cracking parameter of IDT-CST (i.e., energy ratio) was evaluated by comparing the laboratory energy ratio results to the field cracking performance. It was found that the energy ratio parameter could not properly demonstrate the aging effect on cracking resistance. Besides, the energy ratio results had a poor correlation with the field cracking performance. Secondly, this study collected 87 IDT-CST datasets and evaluated the interrelations among the test parameters, such as fracture energy, limited dissipated creep strain energy, failure strain, resilient modulus (MR) and secant modulus (MS). The test results indicated that the fracture energy was well correlated with the limited dissipated creep strain energy and failure strain. This suggested that the limited dissipated creep strain energy be simply replaced by the fracture energy to characterize the cracking potential of asphalt mixture. In addition, there was a good relationship between MS and MR. Thirdly, two new CIs were developed to quantify the cracking potential of asphalt mixtures, which were dependent on the fracture energy and secant modulus (or resilient modulus). The field cracking performance data from the four existing projects were collected to determine the CI coefficients. Compared to the energy ratio parameter, both new CIs showed more reasonable indication of aging effect on cracking potential, and manifested better correlations with field cracking performance. Finally, the effectiveness of new CIs were validated by using an independent group of laboratory and field cracking data. Both the MS-based CI and the MR-based CI had satisfied correlations to the field cracking performance with the R2 values equal to 0.72 and 0.90, respectively. Considering the test efficiency and equipment cost, the MS-based CI was superior to the MR-based CI in the evaluation of cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures.
The MASCIS Spinal Cord Contusion Model

The Multicenter Animal Spinal Injury Study (MASCIS) Model is a validated animal model for inducing contusion using the MASCIS Impactor. The model defines procedures for anesthesia, surgery, injury timing, induction, antibiotics, resuscitation methods, fluid replacement, postoperative care, and chronic animal care. This model uses Long-Evans hooded rats obtained at least 2 weeks before surgery. Presurgery preparation, laminectomy, and spinal cord contusion are done under sterile conditions. Rats are suspended with clamps holding T9 and T11 vertebrae, with the chest resting on a clean foam block. The impactor is positioned and is digitally set, and the impact is delivered 60 min after starting anesthesia. After injury, the rat is positioned on the operating table and the skin is closed over the impact site. Impact parameters recorded include impact velocity, compression depth, compression time, and compression rate. Outcome measures include lesion volume, BBB locomotor score, and spared white-matter area.
Scenario Based Stochastic MPC for More Electric Aircraft Coordinated Engine and Power Management

This paper presents a mission-centric strategy for control of the engine and electrical microgrid of a More Electric Aircraft (MEA). A Markov chain is used to represent the MEA mission profile with each state covering a stage in the mission and the probabilistic transitions between states representing the mission progression. Reference scenario trees are generated from potential pathways through the Markov chain and passed to a Stochastic Model Predictive Controller (S-MPC). The S-MPC uses a scenario based formulation to optimize over a probability weighted average of the cost function with constraints enforced over all scenarios. Tight couplings in the dynamics of the subsystems require their careful coordination for safe and acceptable performance from the MEA. Simulations on a nonlinear model of the MEA demonstrate the ability of the S-MPC to closely match the performance of an MPC with perfect preview of the future reference profiles and outperforms an MPC given no preview.
Patients with borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: a descriptive and comparative study.

Background Bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are each significant public health problems. It has been frequently noted that distinguishing BPD from bipolar disorder is challenging. Consequently, reviews and commentaries have focused on differential diagnosis and identifying clinical features to distinguish the two disorders. While there is a burgeoning literature comparing patients with BPD and bipolar disorder, much less research has characterized patients with both disorders. In the current report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we compare psychiatric outpatients with both BPD and bipolar disorder to patients with BPD without bipolar disorder and patients with bipolar disorder without BPD. Methods Psychiatric outpatients presenting for treatment were evaluated with semi-structured interviews. The focus of the current study is the 517 patients with both BPD and bipolar disorder (n = 59), BPD without bipolar disorder (n = 330), and bipolar disorder without BPD (n = 128). Results Compared to patients with bipolar disorder, the patients with bipolar disorder and BPD had more comorbid disorders, psychopathology in their first-degree relatives, childhood trauma, suicidality, hospitalizations, time unemployed, and likelihood of receiving disability payments. The added presence of bipolar disorder in patients with BPD was associated with more posttraumatic stress disorder in the patients as well as their family, more bipolar disorder and substance use disorders in their relatives, more childhood trauma, unemployment, disability, suicide attempts, and hospitalizations. Conclusions Patients with both bipolar disorder and BPD have more severe psychosocial morbidity than patients with only one of these disorders.
Developing Interpersonal and Counseling Skills Through Mixed-Reality Simulation in Communication Sciences and Disorders

Purpose Simulation is increasingly becoming a valuable tool for training and educating students in communication sciences and disorders (CSD). The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ...
Parallel Pandemics: The American Problem of Anti-enforcement-ism, Rational Distrust, and COVID-19

We should all be unflinchingly clear about what happens disproportionately to non-white bodies in general and specifically to Black bodies because it is part of our national tradition. When the law moves in the direction of progression towards what many have termed towards a more perfect Union, the forces of regression (forces that history has proven exist on all sides of this social experiment) and retrenchment to traditional ways deploy their plans—plans that range from incrementalism, the least effective paths to harm reduction, pseudo science, to outright sabotage. Whether or not we all acknowledge our known world, there are decisions that must be made that implicate our mutual survival in a time of parallel pandemics. The impact of the parallel pandemics means not only Black deaths but also maladies of commerce and capital, and that is one of the major reasons why people who once said there were no problems in America that hard work and bootstrapping could not fix, are now saying that America must at least do some things differently. America cannot Tuskegee-experiment its way out of the pandemic; although we have no proof, given its history, patterns, and practices, that if it could, it would not do so. Our nation beckons, with Fauci hat in hand to the most vulnerable who have always been the most vulnerable by design, to save it from itself, seemingly begging that community to be vaccinated without the proper plans and governance in place. Sensing the communal side eye, campaigns and press conferences continue to be deployed through images of Black doctors and patients developing, administering, and taking the vaccines on screens around the world to reassure that past is not present. And yet, the skepticism and distrust remains. “Why? What does it mean,” asked no Black person ever in 2020, and now 2021. It means that for all of the images and well meaning gestures, rational distrust in what is seen and heard matters, and that not enough has been done to address the very real and abiding fact in the present, which, again, is a symptom of our shared history and present belief system. America cannot fix its mouth to tell Black people to just “get over” this one, and it knows it.
Creating and Sustaining an Agile Organization: The Impact of the Digital Economy

The Digital economy is here to stay. Digitization innovations are disruptive to current business models, creating new business opportunities and challenging long-standing business beliefs. An MIT Center for Information Systems Research study revealed that 32% of Board Members surveyed believe that their firm’s revenue is at risk from digitalization within the next five years. The study also revealed that “challenging the status quo” is the second most important Board activity. Digitization is already pushing the status quo. However, some organizations are not entirely ready for the impending disruption partly because technological innovations require knowledge that is not present or not mature. The knowledge gap impacts many types of organizations. This article discusses the case for an agile organization, the intersection of IT and business communities enterprise-wide and, leadership requirements to achieve enterprise agility for the next generation of growth in the digital era.
Emporia and the Exclusion Identity: Conservative Populist Alienation in the USA and Its Anti-immigrationism

Analyses of the anti-immigration focus of right-wing populism are regularly inhibited by the conventional terminology employed. The ‘economic argument’ emphasizes competition for economic resources/opportunities/subsidies. The ‘cultural preservation argument’ emphasizes the need to protect a way of life from the threat overwhelmingly posed by ‘others’. And what further hinders comprehension is the motivating dynamic of ‘alienation’, being an unwieldy term referring to an affliction with multiple causes and multiple manifestations. This paper shows that a complex synthesis of marginalizing economic and cultural factors generate a profound state of social disconnectedness that, for contemporary political analysis, merits recognition. By refining the concept of ‘alienation’, this paper shows that the disaffection disproportionately experienced by the core of North American right wing populism is a consequence of the contemporary inability to affirm a traditional conception of ‘us’ in a consumer culture: a condition to be called ‘emporia’. The immigrant ‘other’ as threat is not the elemental cause nor the source of right-wing populist resentment; the immigrant ‘other’ is the means to momentarily confirm an ephemeral and cathartic sense of ‘us’. So as to convey its functioning with respect to identity formation, this conception of a newly reified ‘us’ can be called an ‘exclusion identity’. With a refined conception of alienation, overt contradictions of right-wing populism that are inadequately explained when using the threat-driven ‘economic/cultural preservation’ duality become more intelligible.
Systematic sensitivity analysis of Ag release from TRISO particle during AGR-1 irradiation test and high temperature annealing safety test

Abstract This paper describes the results of a systematic sensitivity analysis for silver diffusional release from Tristructural Isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles in the AGR-1 base irradiation test and high temperature safety test database. The BISON code was used to model the diffusional release of silver through the coated particle for a wide range of the irradiation and the high temperature conditions conducted in the AGR-1 tests. The current BISON results agree well with other computations and measurements. We then conducted the systematic sensitivity analysis to identify the impact of Ag diffusion coefficient in the TRISO layer materials on the prediction of Ag release. Sobol indices were computed to indicate the contribution of each input, and the scatter plots were analyzed to investigate the correlations between diffusivity parameters and predicted Ag release. Informed by the Sobol sensitivity analysis, a calibrated set of diffusion coefficients were obtained which gave better predictions. The result of this best-estimate calibration indicates a Ag diffusion pre-factor in the SiC from 3.85 × 10−10 to 3.19 × 10−9 m2/s and Ag activation energy in SiC between 178 and 185 kJ/mole. The outputs are expected to provide the systematic approach for better understanding of Ag transport inside TRISO particle.
A method for rapid flow-cytometric isolation of endothelial nuclei and RNA from archived frozen brain tissue.

Endothelial cells are important contributors to brain development, physiology, and disease. Although RNA sequencing has contributed to the understanding of brain endothelial cell diversity, bulk analysis and single-cell approaches have relied on fresh tissue digestion protocols for the isolation of single endothelial cells and flow cytometry-based sorting on surface markers or transgene expression. These approaches are limited in the analysis of the endothelium in human brain tissues, where fresh samples are difficult to obtain. Here, we developed an approach to examine endothelial RNA expression by using an endothelial-specific marker to isolate nuclei from abundant archived frozen brain tissues. We show that this approach rapidly and reliably extracts endothelial nuclei from frozen mouse brain samples, and importantly, from archived frozen human brain tissues. Furthermore, isolated RNA transcript levels are closely correlated with expression in whole cells from tissue digestion protocols and are enriched in endothelial markers and depleted of markers of other brain cell types. As high-quality RNA transcripts could be obtained from as few as 100 nuclei in archived frozen human brain tissues, we predict that this approach should be useful for both bulk analysis of endothelial RNA transcripts in human brain tissues as well as single-cell analysis of endothelial sub-populations. Understanding of endothelial functions would be accelerated by methods for the specific isolation of these cells from archived human specimens. Here, the authors use the endothelial transcription factor Erg to isolate nuclei from mouse and human tissues, paving the way for high-throughput characterization of the function of endothelium in homeostasis and disease.
Representation and distribution of geospatial knowledge

Our project is concerned mainly with knowledge representation and the markup of information for web-related uses, and potential applications of such markup. In particular, we are developing taxonomies of certain subsets of maritime information, using these taxonomies to develop markup vocabularies for these subsets, and developing sample applications (e.g., for information retrieval) using this markup. We focused in the first instance on XML markup representation and applications, while allowing for a future transition to semantic web technologies. The project idea pre-dated OWL (Web Ontology Language) and even DAML (DARPA Agent Markup Language) - at the time the project commenced, RDF was the most recent Web technology related to knowledge representation. Our primary government partner was the U.S. Coast Guard; we have also discussed project products with other federal agencies.
A Comparison of Bullying in Four Rural Middle and High Schools

Bullying in rural school settings is clearly a problem and some of our students are suffering as a result.. Bullying is defined in this study of 819 rural middle and high school students as when a student is exposed repeatedly to negative actions by one or more other students. Students responded to a questionnaire about how often and where bullying occurred and who students told. Analysis of the data reported frequencies, and the Pearson chi-square was used to test for significance (p <.05) for gender and school level. Results indicated that while there are many similarities, there are some differences in bullying at these two levels that should be considered when reducing bullying. First, students should be encouraged to develop positive strategies to react to name calling and teasing particularly at the middle school level. Second, administrators and teachers must communicate better with students that they care about reducing bullying, especially at the high school level.
Trends in Women's Participation at the Meetings of the Association for Behavior Analysis: 1975-2005

We examined women's participation, relative to men's, at the annual meetings of the Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA) between 1975 and 2005. Among our findings are upward trends in female presenters across formats (e.g., posters), types of authorship (e.g., first authors), and specialty areas (e.g., autism). Where women have attained parity, however, they are still often underrepresented, given their percentage of membership. Women also participate less than men as sole and invited authors and discussants and in the domains of basic research and conceptual analysis, but participate more than men in the applied domain. Data from the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis show parallel but delayed trends toward parity in basic and applied research, whereas data from The Behavior Analyst show only modest gains in the conceptual domain. We discuss the gender disparities in ABA's more prestigious categories of participation (e.g., invited addresses) and across its content domains, as well as in science in general, and the role of social and cultural factors in producing the disparities and how behavior analysts might aid in correcting them.
Simplified analytical model and balanced design approach for light-weight wood-based structural panel in bending

Abstract This paper presents a simplified analytical model and balanced design approach for modeling light-weight wood-based structural panels in bending. Because many design parameters are required to input for the model of finite element analysis (FEA) during the preliminary design process and optimization, the equivalent method was developed to analyze the mechanical performance of panels based on experimental results. The bending deflection, normal strain and shear strain of the panels with various configurations were investigated using four point bending test. The results from the analytical model matched well with the experimental data, especially, the prediction for maximum deflection of the panels under failure load. The normal strain and shear strain calculated by the model also agreed with the experimental data. The failure criterion was determined by the failure modes using a 3-dimensional diagram with apparent normal and shear strain. For demonstration, panels 1 and 2 with a fixed core were modeled using the balanced design approach for optimal face thickness. The results showed that both the 3-dimensional diagram and analytical model provided similar thickness results, which were verified by the FEA for wood-based structural panels.
Prevalence of mycobacterium in wild and captive delta smelt

Department of Animal ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, California 95616e-mail: rphedrick@ucdavis.eduInfections associated with Mycobacterium were examined in wildand captive delta smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus. Mycobacterium wasnot detected from any of the fish examined immediately after collectionfrom the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary or during captivity ofbroodstock groups at water temperatures of 9-12°C. However,Mycobacterium was isolated from, and mycobacteriosis occurred in,broodstock held at 16°C during spawning season and in experimentalgroups maintained at 17°C. Mycobacterium and mycobacteriosis weremore prevalent among groups frequently handled for physiologicalexperiments. Broodstock groups that were less stressed exhibited alower prevalence of the bacterium and the disease. These findingssuggest that Mycobacterium may be present in a latent state in the wildpopulation of delta smelt and infections may progress fromasymptomatic to clinical under intensive culture conditions. Two speciesof non-pigmented and rapidly growing Mycobacterium (Runyon GroupIV) were isolated from the liver, spleen, and kidney tissues. The mostabundant isolates were identified as Mycobacterium chelonae and a lessdominant group was designated as Mycobacterium sp., based onbiochemical and growth properties and chromatography of lipids fromrepresentative strains. A disease control strategy that combined rearingof small isolated groups at lowered water temperatures, minimalhandling, and periodic prophylactic treatments after handling minimizedthe impact of Mycobacterium in delta smelt broodstock reared incaptivity.INTRODUCTIONThe abundance of delta smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus, an osmerid fish endemicto the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California, has declined (Sweetnam 1999).Habitat destruction or degradation associated with inadequate freshwater inflow,availability of food supply, invasion of exotic species, and other environmental factorshave contributed to this decline (Moyle et al. 1992). These factors are similar tothose that have affected striped bass in the estuary - water export, decreased freshwater
The RhoA Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, LARG, Mediates ICAM-1–Dependent Mechanotransduction in Endothelial Cells To Stimulate Transendothelial Migration

RhoA-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements in endothelial cells (ECs) play an active role in leukocyte transendothelial cell migration (TEM), a normal physiological process in which leukocytes cross the endothelium to enter the underlying tissue. Although much has been learned about RhoA signaling pathways downstream from ICAM-1 in ECs, little is known about the consequences of the tractional forces that leukocytes generate on ECs as they migrate over the surface before TEM. We have found that after applying mechanical forces to ICAM-1 clusters, there is an increase in cellular stiffening and enhanced RhoA signaling compared with ICAM-1 clustering alone. We have identified that leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (LARG), also known as Rho GEF 12 (ARHGEF12) acts downstream of clustered ICAM-1 to increase RhoA activity, and that this pathway is further enhanced by mechanical force on ICAM-1. Depletion of LARG decreases leukocyte crawling and inhibits TEM. To our knowledge, this is the first report of endothelial LARG regulating leukocyte behavior and EC stiffening in response to tractional forces generated by leukocytes.
Sequence determinants for the positional specificity of lipoxygenases.

Lipoxygenases (LOXs) constitute a heterogeneous family of lipid peroxidizing enzymes, which catalyze the dioxygenation of free and/or esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids. In mammals the various LOX isoforms are categorized with respect to their positional specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation into 5-, 8-, 12- and 15-LOXs (Brash, 1999; Kuhn and Thiele, 1999). 5-LOX are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which are important mediators of inflammatory and anaphylactic diseases (Drazen et al., 1999). Mammalian 15-LOXs have been implicated in PPARy-mediated cell signaling (Huang et al., 1999), in cell development and maturation (Rapoport et al., 1990; van Leyen et al., 1998) as well as in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (Cyrus et al., 1999).
Effective Collision Cross Sections of the Alkali Atoms in Various Gases

The mean free paths and effective collision cross sections of neutral atoms of Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs were measured in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, He, Ne and A by the method of molecular beams. The beams were sufficiently narrow and the scattering gas was confined to a region sufficiently small that a resolution of one minute of arc was attained. The results show a larger collision cross section in ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ than in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ for all the alkalis with the exception of Li. This effect is interpreted as a consequence of the smaller spacing of the ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ rotational levels. The results in general are in qualitative agreement with the quantum theory of collisions.
Anesthesia and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in children

Anesthesia for pediatric patients undergoing surgery where intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is performed is based on an understanding of the anesthetic influence on the neural pathways involved and the physiology that supplies nutrients to the neural systems. Anesthesia in pediatric patients may be different than in adults due to the specific anesthesia considerations in children, notably the propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) and the need to monitor immature neural pathways. This review was done to determine if the anesthesia protocols used were different than those used in adults. After reviewing the implications of anesthetic action, a survey of pediatric anesthesia practitioners in 40 North American centers was conducted to determine the anesthesia protocols used in pediatric surgery with IONM and if these were specifically modified over concerns about PRIS. Twenty-five centers responded with 35 different protocols used by practitioners. These protocols are similar to protocols used in adult patients. Although no centers specifically avoided propofol in all patients, several strategies were used to reduce the dosage, avoid its use in selected patients, or monitor for the onset of the syndrome. Anesthesia for pediatric patients undergoing surgery where IONM is being performed is consistent with the practice and principles of anesthesia for adults. Although PRIS has not caused major alterations in most patients, concern has modified the practice of some anesthesiologists.
Differential expression of genes in uninfected and Rickettsia-infected Dermacentor variabilis ticks as assessed by differential-display PCR

Ticks serve as both the vector and the reservoir for members of the spotted fever group rickettsiae. The molecular interaction(s) that results from this close relationship is largely unknown. To identify genetic factors associated with the tick response to rickettsial infection, we utilized differential-display PCR. The majority of upregulation appeared in the infected tissue. We cloned and sequenced 54 differentially expressed transcripts and compared the sequences to those in the GenBank database. Nine of the 54 clones were assigned putative identities and included a clathrin-coated vesicle ATPase, peroxisomal farnesylated protein, Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein-like protein, α-catenin, tubulin α-chain, copper-transporting ATPase, salivary gland protein SGS-3 precursor, glycine-rich protein, and Dreg-2 protein. Confirmation of the rickettsial influence on the differential expression in the ovaries for a number of these clones was demonstrated by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Northern blot analyses, resulting in confirmation of six out of nine and three out of four assessed clones, respectively. Further characterization of the clones identified tissue-dependent expression in the midguts and salivary glands. The potential roles of these molecules in the maintenance and transmission of rickettsiae are discussed.
EARLY APPEARANCE OF CATOCALAS

Several of your correspondents have given you articles on.the early appearance of Lepidoptera this season, and as the Catocalas are my favorites, I will give my experience with them. According to good authority and report, C. epione had the honor of being the first to appear-but I find in this locality a very strong argument against that theory. By referring to my diary I see that C. ilia has the precedence.
Proportionality between SO2 emissions and wet SO42− concentrations: The effect of area of averaging

Abstract An earlier analysis of empirical associations between SO 2 emissions and wet SO 4 2− concentrations in central North America (Hilst and Chapman, 1990, Atmospheric Environment 24A, 1889–1901) showed that local wet SO 4 2− concentrations were not proportional to SO 2 emissions averaged over areas up to ∼10 6 km 2 . Because it is axiomatic that at a global level of averaging a proportionality between total S emissions and S deposition should exist, we have extended these analyses in an attempt to determine whether there is proportionality between S emissions and wet SO 4 2− deposition. We have found that for the eastern half of central North America (an area of about 4.3 × 10 6 km 2 ), the annual average wet SO 4 2− concentration exhibits a linear-proportional dependence on anthropogenic SO 2 emissions. However, the internal structure of this association for subareas of the eastern half of central North America suggests the “global” proportionality is achieved by a combination of imported SO 2 from major source areas and an oxidant-limited conversion of SO 2 to SO 4 2− within the major source areas. If this inference is even approximately correct, a rollback SO 2 control strategy for the eastern United States and southeast Canada should result in an immediate proportional decrease in wet SO 4 2− concentrations in minor SO 2 source areas, but no appreciable reduction of wet SO 4 2− concentrations in major SO 2 source areas until the oxidant limitation has been overcome.
Albumin correction of the clearing factor defect in ageing, arteriosclerotic subjects

Summary The subjects for this study were ageing human males who had recovered from a myocardial infarction and who were not on anticoagulant therapy. Previous reports from this laboratory have indicated the presence in these subjects of a deficiency in a cofactor of the heparin-activated enzyme system of plasma which employs triglyceride or low-density lipoprotein as a substrate. Plasma albumin, an essential receptor of free fatty acid produced by the clearing system, has been shown to be significantly deficient in the ageing, arteriosclerotic subject. The data included in this current report demonstrate that complete correction of the cofactor defect in the clearing system may be obtained when an adequate level of electrophoretically pure human albumin is introduced to the enzymic system in vitro . Degree of saturation of the triglyceride fatty acid and the degree of lipid-protein binding represented by the conversion of a triglyceride emulsion to chylomicra do not play a role in the defect. On the basis of these observations, it is concluded that the cofactor defect of the clearing factor system of ageing arteriosclerotic subjects may be attributed to an albumin deficiency, absolute or relative with respect to plasma free fatty acid.
TWO OCCURRENCES OF NATURAL PAPER FORMED BY ALGAE

RECENTLY MORELAND (1937) described an instance of the formation of natural paper by the matting and drying of algal filaments, mostly Tribonema, in fields inundated by the overflowing of the Atchafalaya and Ouchita Rivers in Louisiana. This spring two similar cases of the formation of natural paper from algal remains were discovered in temporary marshes, and in both instances the paper was made up predominantly of the alga Tribonema.2 On May 7, at the intersection of Crystal Street and Harrison Avenue in Harrison, New York, I came upon a swamp in which Tribonemna was grow-
Environmental income, rural livelihoods, and income inequality in western Uganda

The contribution of forest and wild products to the rural economy is typically undervalued in standard socioeconomic surveys. In this paper, we analyze the contribution of forests and other wild areas to the subsistence and cash incomes of rural households for a large sample of households in western Uganda (N = 521) and explore the role of these typically underestimated income sources in interhousehold measures of income inequality. We find that households in rural Uganda derive 26% of total household income from forests and other wild areas including fallows, agricultural lands, wetlands, grasslands, and shrub land. In general, households in the lower income quartiles are more dependent on forest and wild products for subsistence income, whereas wealthier households are more engaged in the sale of higher value forest products for cash income. Forests, fallows, and agricultural lands are the most important sources of environmental income for households in western Uganda. Income from forest and wild produc...
Performance of a TiN-coated monolithic silicon pin-diode array under mechanical stress

Abstract The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN) will detect tritium β -decay electrons that pass through its electromagnetic spectrometer with a highly segmented monolithic silicon pin -diode focal-plane detector (FPD). This pin -diode array will be on a single piece of 500 - μ m - thick silicon, with contact between titanium nitride (TiN)-coated detector pixels and front-end electronics made by spring-loaded pogo pins. The pogo pins will exert a total force of up to 50 N on the detector, deforming it and resulting in mechanical stress up to 50 MPa in the silicon bulk. We have evaluated a prototype pin -diode array with a pogo-pin connection scheme similar to the KATRIN FPD. We find that pogo pins make good electrical contact to TiN and observe no effects on detector resolution or reverse-bias leakage current which can be attributed to mechanical stress.
The iterative solution of the matrix equation XA + BX + C = 0

Abstract An iterative procedure is presented for the solution of the matrix equation XA + BX + C = 0 for complex matrices A , B , and C . Known iterative solution techniques, converging when A and B are stable, follow as special cases of this general formulation.
Ethical choices in the design and administration of executive compensation programs

Abstract Within the past few years, executives have come under increased scrutiny and criticism for the levels of compensation they receive. At the same time, corporate practices surrounding the design and review of executive compensation programs have received increased attention. While some recent executive misconduct has involved violations of the law, many academics and other corporate critics view the issues involving executive compensation more from an ethical than a legal perspective. Several dimensions of the executive compensation decision process offer significant opportunities for ethical choices. This article identifies the major components of executive compensation and highlights decision points in the design and administration of each component where ethical issues may arise. Proposals to reduce the potential for ethical misconduct are also offered.
Interleukin 24 (MDA-7/MOB-5) Signals through Two Heterodimeric Receptors, IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2

Interleukin 24 (IL-24) encodes a secreted protein that exhibits significant homology to the interleukin 10 (IL-10) family of cytokines. Here we show that the human IL-24 is secreted by activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and is the ligand for two heterodimeric receptors, IL-22R1/IL-20R2 and IL-20R1/IL-20R2. The latter is also the receptor for IL-20. COS cells transfected with either IL-24 receptor heterodimers bind the ligand with similar saturation kinetics. IL-24 binding to either its endogenous receptors on human keratinocytes or to ectopically expressed receptors on baby hamster kidney cells leads to activation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription. Taken together, these results provide compelling evidence for IL-24 being the fourth member of IL-10 family of cytokines to which their specific receptors have been identified.
Initial application of digital tomosynthesis to improve brachytherapy treatment planning

We present preliminary investigations that examine the feasibility of incorporating volumetric images generated using digital tomosynthesis into brachytherapy treatment planning. The Integrated Brachytherapy Unit (IBU) at our facility consists of an L-arm, C-arm isocentric motion system with an x-ray tube and fluoroscopic imager attached. Clinically, this unit is used to generate oblique, anterior-posterior, and lateral images for simple treatment planning and dose prescriptions. Oncologists would strongly prefer to have volumetric data to better determine three dimensional dose distributions (dose-volume histograms) to the target area and organs at risk. Moving the patient back and forth to CT causes undo stress on the patient, allows extensive motion of organs and treatment applicators, and adds additional time to patient treatment. We propose to use the IBU imaging system with digital tomosynthesis to generate volumetric patient data, which can be used for improving treatment planning and overall reducing treatment time. Initial image data sets will be acquired over a limited arc of a human-like phantom composed of real bones and tissue equivalent material. A brachytherapy applicator will be incorporated into one of the phantoms for visualization purposes. Digital tomosynthesis will be used to generate a volumetric image of this phantom setup. This volumetric image set will be visually inspected to determine the feasibility of future incorporation of these types of images into brachytherapy treatment planning. We conclude that initial images using the tomosynthesis reconstruction technique show much promise and bode well for future work.
Attributional processes of leaders in leader–member interactions.

Abstract Attribution theory is presented as a vehicle for describing and understanding the causes of leader behavior in leader—member interactions. Relevant research literature on the topic is reviewed. Basic attributional processes, moderators of that process, and boundary conditions are discussed and incorporated into a proposed model. Empirical propositions are presented and implications of the attributional model for leadership research are discussed.
A graph cut based active contour without edges with relaxed homogeneity constraint

The paper presents a graph cut based active contour without edges segmentation model to track pedestrian in thermal images. The deformable model is based on the Mumford- Shah piecewise constant energy formulation. However, the model presented here relaxes the global homogeneity assumption of the Mumford- Shah functional. A discrete energy formulation is presented and the optimization is performed using graph cuts. The major advantages of our approach are; 1) The optimization using graph cuts makes the segmentation process much faster than solving it using level sets. 2) Relaxing the global homogeneity assumption makes the model more practical.
Detection Limits in Radiation and Optical Pyrometry

Temperature discrimination in optical and radiation pyrometers using photoelectric detectors is discussed and analyzed for the two cases where the discrimination is limited by noise in the detector and by the fundamental fluctuations in the radiation stream reaching the detector, respectively. The design of amplifiers consistent with these limits and the limits imposed by reference source instability is also discussed briefly. Graphical data are given for the calculation of detection limits for each of the two cases for both broad-spectral-bandwidth pyrometers with various long-wavelength cutoffs and for narrow-bandwidth pyrometers at various wavelengths.The data are especially relevant to pyrometer design when the measurement of transients, small sources, or low temperatures is involved, and also in the design of narrow-spectral-bandwidth pyrometers for realizing temperature scales. For this last case an analysis is given for estimating the optimum spectral bandwidth required to obtain the maximum scale accuracy. It is shown that it should be possible to realize the International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) with an accuracy of about 0.01°C near 1063°C and 0.1°C near 1769°C by using a special trialkali photosurface photomultiplier or a silicon photodiode at a 1.0-μ wavelength. The accuracy of realization of a radiation scale of temperature below 1063°C is also discussed.
Gram-scale synthesis of aqueous gold colloids stabilized by various ligands.

Abstract We have developed a method for the large-scale synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in an aqueous medium stabilized by various water-soluble ligands. Significantly, the narrow size-distribution of the particles is achieved without employing size-selective procedures. The versatility of the procedure is demonstrated for the preparation of three colloidal systems stabilized by different ligands. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ζ -potential measurements and UV–vis spectroscopy are used to characterize the three colloidal systems.
Reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls by anaerobic microorganisms from sediments

Microorganisms from Hudson River sediments reductively dechlorinated most polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Aroclor 1242 under anaerobic conditions, thus demonstrating PCB dechlorination by anaerobic bacteria in the laboratory. The most rapid dechlorination was observed at the highest PCB concentration used; at 700 parts per million Aroclor, 53 percent of the total chlorine was removed in 16 weeks, and the proportion of mono- and dichlorobiphenyls increased from 9 to 88 percent. Dechlorination occurred primarily from the meta and para positions; congeners that were substituted only in the ortho position (or positions) accumulated. These dechlorination products are both less toxic and more readily degraded by aerobic bacteria. These results indicate that reductive dechlorination may be an important environmental fate of PCBs, and suggest that a sequential anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment system for PCBs may be feasible.
Power-efficient multi-layer networking: design and evaluation

With the exponential growth in the amount of Internet traffic, power consumption in the networking field has become a paramount issue. This paper focuses on the design of power-efficient multi-layer networks that comprise both the optical layer and the Internet Protocol (IP) layer, and analyzes several approaches such as power-efficient routing of lightpaths and power-efficient configuration of network devices. Based on practical network equipment and network architecture, this paper proposes a set of complete mathematical formulations to model comparatively complicated multi-layer networks, and utilizes Integer Linear Programming (ILP) to investigate the power-conservation effect through optimization. Simulation results indicate that significant power can be conserved with the power-efficient network design.
Utopic visions, the technopoor, and public access: Writing technologies in a community literacy program

This article is about access to writing technologies in nonschool settings and sees access as perhaps the most fundamental and complex issue related to writing with computers. The discussion is framed in terms of writing with computers outside the composition classroom, using an Adult Basic Education program as an example. This article considers issues related to community literacy programs, workplaces, work, and class in an explicit attempt to expand the scope of work outside the composition classroom. This article argues that public access to computer writing technologies is a significant public policy and educational issue, and that computers and writing specialists have the expertise and experiences to contribute usefully to policy making, research, and teaching in nonschool contexts, thereby, hopefully, expanding public access to writing technologies.
Progress in diesel engine emissions control

A considerable amount of work was carried out in the mid-1980s to develop heavy-duty diesel engines that could meet limits on particulate emissions. These limits, although high by today's standards, were considered very restrictive. Some manufacturers struggled to achieve the 0.6 g/bhp-h particulate matter limit with enough margin for production variabilities and to account for the deterioration factor. Significant progress was achieved in diesel emissions control through engine and fuel system design changes. This eventually made it possible to meet a particulate level of 0.25 g/bhp-h for 1991. The next target level for particulate emissions is 0.1 g/bhp-h for the 1994 heavy-duty engine. To meet the challenge, engine developers are not only considering engine and injection system design changes but also fuel improvements and exhaust aftertreatment. This paper includes a review of past and current strategies used to control emissions in the modern diesel engine.