cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The adsorption of hydrogen sulfide on clean and sulfided Au(110)

Abstract The adsorption of H 2 S on clean and partially sulfided Au(110) surface has been investigated via temperature-programmed desorption. H 2 S adsorbs with unit sticking probability on the clean surface at 105 K up to completion of the monolayer. Adsorption is almost entirely molecular: when a monolayer of H 2 S is adsorbed onto a clean Au(110) surface in the absence of incident electrons only about 2% of a monolayer of sulfur remains after desorption of H 2 S. H 2 S desorbs from molecular adsorption states at 130 K, 155 K, 180–200 K and 220 K. Adsorbed H 2 S is extremely sensitive to electron irradiation and decomposes to adsorbed SH groups and adsorbed hydrogen. Recombinative desorption of H 2 occurs at about 215 K, while the adsorbed SH groups disproportionate above about 270 K to form gaseous H 2 S and adsorbed sulfur. On partially sulfided surfaces H 2 S still adsorbs with unit sticking probability. Adsorbed H 2 S reacts with adsorbed sulfur to form adsorbed SH groups which again disproportionate above 270 K.
Eualuation of Medical Technologies A Generalized ROC Analysis

The author describes a new methodology to solve medical decision problems involving a choice between alternatives under conditions of risk and uncertainty when imperfect empirical information from diagnostic technologies is available. The main new concept is the gener alized ROC (GROC) curve, which extends considerably the scope of analysis of the traditional ROC curve as well as the threshold approach to medical decision making. Both techniques become special cases of the new general approach. The author shows how to apply the technique and derive comprehensive clinical guidelines to solve the medical decision problem involving one patient in the most general situation. The larger problem of evaluating the performances of diagnostic technologies for a population of patients with varying prior prob abilities of disease is then addressed. A new measure of performance is proposed that goes beyond the well-accepted area under the ROC curve index. This measure is used to compare different technologies for a p...
A partitioned-modeling approach with moving jump conditions for localization

Abstract Although many investigations have been performed on localization problems, there still exist some pressing issues. Specifically, it is difficult to show in general well-posed governing equations. Based on the essential features of localization phenomena, a partitioned-modeling approach is proposed here via moving jump conditions for localization problems. By taking the initial point of localization as that point where the type of the governing differential equation changes, i.e. a hyperbolic to an elliptic type for dynamic problems and an elliptic to another elliptic type for static problems, a moving boundary between localized and non-localized deformation zones is defined through jump forms of conservation laws across the boundary. As a result, localization problems might be considered in the same category as shocks in fluids and solidification in heat transfer. To illustrate the proposed procedure, one-dimensional analytical solutions are given with an emphasis on the definition of boundary conditions and the experimental means to determine model parameters associated with localization. Future research is then discussed on an extension to general cases.
Characteristics of phenol oxidases in Mormoniella vitripennis (Walker)

Abstract The activation of phenol oxidase activity in Mormoniella vitripennis (Walker) homogenates is shown to be similar to that in Drosophila and Musca . Activation has an initial lag period and then increases autocatalytically. The initial rate of activation increases with increasing temperature, but the maximum activity reached by incubated homogenates decreases with increasing temperature. Activity reaches a maximum during the third larval instar just prior to prepupation, decreases to 0 during the first 40 hr following prepupation, and increases to one-sixth of the prepupal activity during pigmentation. Specific maximum activity differs from maximum activity only in prepupae and adults.
Efficient group communications in location aware mobile ad-hoc networks

The highly dynamic and uncertain character of mobile ad-hoc networks poses significant challenges for group management. Node mobility often changes the multicast tree, and therefore, frequent updates from group members are required to refresh the multicast tree at the source node. This paper presents Courier, a group communications algorithm that uses the location and velocity of roaming nodes to provide bandwidth efficient multicast between a source and its destinations (i.e., group members) in location aware mobile environments. Toward that end, Courier offers (1) a bandwidth efficient method for location updates from group members, (2) a mobility prediction model for predicting the movement of mobile group members, and (3) an overlay multicast data distribution tree (OMDDT) construction algorithm that is guided by the mobility prediction model. Comparisons of Courier to related multicast algorithms indicate an increase in data transmission success and a decrease in overall bandwidth consumption.
A comprehensive approach to the analysis and interpretation of the resonances of spins 3/2 from living systems

An extensive protocol for the study of tissue resonances of spin 3/2 nuclei is described. The roles of the most relevant multiple pulse experiments are indicated. Their theory is organized in terms of irreducible tensor operators and the pulse and quadrupolar relaxation transfer functions which relate them for a type c spectrum. A systematic approach to the interpretation of the temperature and/or magnetic field dependences of all six of the relaxation rate constants of the resonance of a single population of isolated spins in fast exchange, and giving rise to a type c spectrum, is presented. An experimental calibration and an application of this protocol are presented in an accompanying paper. The comprehensive method we describe has a number of practical benefits in the interpretation of the physiological spectra obtained from conventional one pulse experiments. A consideration of the appropriate transverse relaxation transfer function leads to an analytical expression for the heretofore empirical NMR visibility factor. This includes factors which account for relaxation during the receiver ‘dead’ time and relaxation during the pulse itself. Also, consideration of realistic transverse relaxation times likely to be observed in tissue leads to a reasonable strategy for the quantitative resolution and integration of in vivo spectra obtained in the presence of hyperfine shift reagents.
Expression of engrailed proteins in arthropods, annelids, and chordates

Abstract engrailed is a homeobox gene that has an important role in Drosophila segmentation. Genes homologous to engrailed have been identified in several other organisms. Here we describe a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conserved epitope in the homeodomain of engrailed proteins of a number of different arthropods, annelids, and chordates; we use this antibody to isolate the grasshopper engrailed gene. In Drosophila embryos, the antibody reveals engrailed protein in the posterior portion of each segment during segmentation, and in a segmentally reiterated sub-set of neuronal cells during neurogenesis. Other arthropods, including grasshopper and two crustaceans, have similar patterns of engrailed expression. However, these patterns of expression are not shared by the annelids or chordates we examined. Our results provide the most comprehensive view that has been obtained of how expression patterns of a regulatory gene vary during evolution. On the basis of these patterns, we suggest that engrailed is a gene whose ancestral function was in neurogenesis and whose function was co-opted during the evolution of segmentation in the arthropods, but not in the annelids and chordates.
Field study of the effect of low-cost weatherstripping devices on energy use in single-family (San Diego) residences

Abstract We present results obtained in field studies of control and test houses provided with low-cost, retrofit infiltration controls. There are significant estimates of average energy savings during both the heating and cooling seasons; however, the 95% confidence intervals for the heating season span the origin and the probability that savings were actually observed is less than 85% for the heating season. The probability that actual savings were measured during the cooling season is greater than 95%. For installations made by homeowners, estimated average payback periods are well below two years and are therefore justified in terms of economic returns resulting from energy savings.
Spores in Dockage and Mill Fractions of Wheat Treated with Bacillus thuringiensis

Dockage fractions of wheat treated with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner contained more spores than whole wheat, but 75–85% of the spores remained on the wheat after cleaning. Tempering of the wheat prior to milling reduced viable spore counts by half. More spores were present on the outside layers of the wheat kernels than on the flour. Flour contained 1–5% of the initial number of spores, and bread baked from it contained few or no viable spores. The B. thuringiensis content of the flour was too low to cause appreciable mortality among 3rd or later instars of the lndianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), or the almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker), except when flour was produced from unblended treated wheat. Flour absorptions, bake mixing times, mixogram mixing times, other physical properties of the dough, and bread loaf volumes of flour from treated wheat were essentially the same as those for the controls. Thus, the B. thuringiensis treatments had no effect on the baking qualities of flour from treated wheat.
Structure-activity-relationships of certain hallucinogenic substances based on brain levels

Abstract A structure-activity-relationship of a variety of behaviorally active and inactive compounds which are naturally occuring or closely related structurally to putative neurotransmitters has been assembled. For the first time comparisons of activity are based on actual brain levels instead of doses administered. A different and new SAR is obtained if minimal effective brain levels (MEBL), instead of administered doses, are used. Differences are due to the fate of the substance in the body and its availability to the CNS. Predictions of brain levels based on in vitro data, blood levels and/or lipid solubility can be misleading. It is suggested that the “minimal effective brain level (MEBL)” or that concentration of a substance in the brain in moles/g at which time the first significant behavioral effect in a particular test situation can be detected, be used as the basis of comparison in SAR studies of behaviorally active substances. This is, of course, not the ultimate parameter which might be the number of molecules of a substance at a particular receptor, but it would eliminate a great number of “artifacts” which can be controlled with the present state of the art. The use of MEBLs will allow more valid correlations between behavioral activity and certain physico-chemical parameters of the compounds, and an attempt to use MEBLs was recently made by Houk and co-workers (53). Also, MEBLs in animals can serve as a better base for the interpretation of human studies and can make these behavioral studies in man more meaningful; for instance, the lack of behavioral activity in bufotenin in man observed recently (54) could perhaps be due to the fact that at the doses tested the compound did not reach the CNS in sufficient concentrations because of its extreme difficulty in crossing the BBB. Similarly, 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine has been found to be inactive in man after oral administration (55); based on our studies (27) the compound would actually not be expected to be active by this route since it is too quickly metabolized and cannot reach the MEBL, thus, the behavioral activity of this compound in man remains unknown. Based on the criteria applied in this review, LSD and 5-methoxytryptamine are the most potent psychoactive substances followed by tryptamine (after MAO-inhibition) and pentamethoxyphenylethylamine. It is of interest to note that tryptamine and 5-methoxytryptamine are known to occur naturally in the mammalian brain. It remains to be determined what role, if any, these substances may play in the pathogenesis of abnormal behavior in man.
Comparison of BMP‐2 and ‐4 for rat mandibular bone regeneration at various doses1

Structured Abstract Authors – Arosarena O, Collins W Objective – To compare mandibular bone regeneration with bone morphogenetic proteins-2 and -4 (BMP-2 and -4) at varying doses. Study Design – Defects were created in the left hemi-mandibles of 82 Sprague–Dawley rats. The defects were filled with a hyaluronic acid polymer loaded with 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 μg of BMP-2 or -4. Control groups consisted of animals with unfilled defects, or with defects filled with the hyaluronic acid sponges loaded with growth factor dilution buffer. Animals were killed after 8 weeks, and the hemi-mandibles were analyzed histologically using stereologic techniques. Results – Mandibles implanted with carriers containing 10 μg of BMP-2 or -4 differed significantly from controls in terms of new bone area (p = 0.01 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Marrow space development occurred in a dose-dependent fashion (p < 0.0001 for both growth factors), and this effect was more pronounced for BMP-2 at larger doses (p < 0.0001 at 1 and 10 μg doses). New bone areas and volumes did not differ significantly between the growth factors. While defects implanted with BMP-4 tended to have thicker cortical bone and more trabecular bone, at least partial defect bridging was achieved in a greater number of defects implanted with BMP-2 (47%) than with BMP-4 (35%). Conclusion – Although similar areas and volumes of new bone were induced with BMP-2 and -4, differences were noted in the quality of bone generated with each growth factor. The results indicate a threshold dose for acute administration between 1 and 10 μg BMP-2 for bony union in this model, and ≥10 μg for BMP-4. Significance – These findings suggest that differences in bone growth factor osteogenic potential deserve further study and may have an impact on the translation of osteoinductive protein therapy into clinical practice.
Protein splicing: estimation of the rate of O‐N and S‐N acyl rearrangements, the last step of the splicing process

The last step in the sequence of reactions that lead to protein splicing is the intramolecular O-N or S-N acyl rearrangement of the ester or thioester linkage, respectively, between the two exteins and hydrolysis of the aminosuccinimide residue at the C-terminus of intein. This paper presents data on the rates of O-N and S-N acyl rearrangements of two model depsipeptides as a function of pH and temperature. The rates of rearrangement of both the oxygen ester and the thioester depsipeptide increased strikingly with pH, with the thioester being about 10(3) times more reactive at pH 5.5, and had a relatively low dependence on temperature, indicative of a low activating energy. The rates of O-N and S-N acyl rearrangement of these two model depsipeptides greatly exceed the rate of protein splicing, explaining why the last step of protein splicing can occur without catalysis by the intein.
A cloud-powered driver-less printing system for smartphones

Smart devices such as smartphones and tablets are becoming more powerful and versatile enough to replace conventional personal computers. Despite the rapid evolution in their capabilities, controlling peripherals such as network printers directly from smart devices is still in the primitive stage due to the lack of dedicated drivers. We propose and prototype a cloud-powered, driver-less printing system called CloudBridge for ubiquitous printing support from off the shelf smart devices. The CloudBridge service, which runs on a smart device, operates as a communication bridge connecting a network printer and a cloud server. By using cloud's ability to translate the operation commands into a language that the printer can understand, it is possible for a smart device to control the printer without having dedicated drivers. CloudBridge achieves the true meaning of ubiquitous mobile printing: it does not require any prerequisite settings. Compared to most widely used mobile printing solutions, the operation time is reasonable, compensating for the time and effort required for setting up the solution. CloudBridge is further optimized to improve the quality of experience, such as response time and energy consumption of the smart device, by adopting an adaptive compression method.
Explaining human movements and actions: Children's understanding of the limits of psychological explanation

Human actions and movements can be caused by psychological states (e.g. beliefs and desires), physical forces (e.g. gravity) and biological processes (e.g. reflexes). In three studies we explored young children's understanding of the causes of human movements in order to examine their ability to differentiate and coordinate psychological, physical and biological reasoning to account for the activities of one single entity--a human being. In Study 1, 4-year-olds explained characters' voluntary actions, mistakes, physically-caused and biologically-caused behaviors and movements. Children gave psychological explanations for the intended actions and mistakes, but biological and physical explanations for the biologically-caused and physically-caused movements. Studies 2 and 3 extended the investigation to younger children (3-year-olds), encompassed a greater variety of items, and used several converging methods in order to examine children's judgments and explanations. Consistently, 3- and 4-year-olds gave appropriately different responses and explanations to the different item types. These findings show that far from viewing people in strictly psychological terms, young children evidence multiple causal-explanatory construals of human behavior. We discuss the implications of these findings for children's everyday psychological, physical, and biological theories. One implication of the findings is that young children do not assume a match between entities and theories (persons-psychology, objects-physics). If they do not, this raises the question of what information they use to decide which explanatory system fits which events.
New Insights into the Behavior of the Metastable Region of an Operating Capillary Tube

This study examines the mass flow rate of R-22 in an adiabatic capillary tube, with an emphasis on the nature of the metastable region. The metastable region of an operating capillary tube was found to be much more predictable than previously reported in the literature. A new data acquisition technique, which takes the history of the system into account, revealed a hysteresis effect in the mass flow rate as the level of inlet subcooling is increased and decreased. This result is attributed to the fact that, as the inlet level of subcooling is decreasing, it is possible to create and lengthen a metastable region in which liquid flow exists where it might otherwise be two phase. It is predicted that this finding will have an impact on the future of capillary tube data acquisition, modeling efforts, and the fundamental understanding of capillary tube flow.
The effectiveness of surgery on the treatment of acute spinal cord injury and its relation to pharmacological treatment.

Using data from the Second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study (NASCIS II), the authors sought to characterize the role of surgery in the management of traumatic spinal cord injury and to examine the interaction between pharmacological treatment and surgery. Patients who did not undergo surgery had more severe spinal cord injuries initially than those who had surgery. However, no differences in neurological improvement at 1-year follow-up were found between those who underwent surgery and those who did not. The results suggest that either early surgery ( 200 hours) may be associated with increased neurological recovery, particularly motor function, but these results are equivocal. Surgery was not shown to interact with pharmacological treatments, indicating that the effect of drug treatment in NASCIS II, reported elsewhere, is not influenced by surgery. Other independent variables that best predicted improvement in motor score were age of 25 years or younger, incomplete injury, and lower baseline emergency department neurological scores. This study does not provide clinically relevant evidence concerning the efficacy of timing or the value of surgery in treating patients with spinal cord injuries. A randomized study on the timing and efficacy of spinal cord surgery is needed to obtain valid comparisons of the efficacy of surgical treatments.
Characterization of neurochemically specific projections from the locus coeruleus with respect to somatosensory-related barrels.

Tactile information from the rodent mystacial vibrissae is relayed through the ascending trigeminal somatosensory system. At each level of this pathway, the whiskers are represented by a unique pattern of dense cell aggregates, which in layer IV of cortex are known as “barrels.” Afferent inputs from the dorsal thalamus have been demonstrated repeatedly to correspond rather precisely with this modular organization. However, axonal innervation patterns from other brain regions such as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus are less clear. A previous report has suggested that norepinephrine-containing fibers are concentrated in the center/hollow of the barrel, while other studies have emphasized a more random distribution of monoaminergic projections. To address this issue more directly, individual tissue sections were histochemically processed for cytochrome oxidase in combination with dopamine-β-hydroxylase, the synthesizing enzyme for norepinephrine, or the neuropeptide galanin. These two neuroactive agents were of particular interest because they colocalize in a majority of locus coeruleus neurons and terminals. Our data indicate that discrete concentrations or local arrays of dopamine-β-hydroxylase- or galanin-immunoreactive fibers are not apparent within the cores of individual barrels. As such, the data suggest that cortical inputs from the locus coeruleus are not patterned according to cytoarchitectural landmarks or the neurochemical identity of coeruleocortical efferents. While transmitter-specific actions of norepinephrine and/or galanin may not be derived from the laminar/spatial connections of locus coeruleus axons, the possibility remains that the release of these substances may mediate distinctive events through the localization of different receptor subclasses, or the contact of their terminals onto cells with certain morphological characteristics or ultrastructural components.
The effect of individual learning on competitive decision-making and firm performance

Abstract This study examines the effect of individual differences in learning ability and other personal characteristics on group competitive thinking and dynamic marketing decision-making. The learning ability of the “best” member of management teams was found to be most closely related to firm performance. Moreover, this effect was strongest for the “best” member as identified by peer ratings (by other team members) rather than self-ratings. These findings suggest that, over time, the best individual mental models often become visible to group members and influence group performance. The results have important implications for marketing management decision-making and suggest several potentially fruitful streams of research.
The Caltech Wide Area Sky Survey

The first phase of the Caltech Wide Area Sky Survey occurred from late November 2001 through mid-April 2003. We present preliminary results from this survey which has detected 28 bright Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) and 4 Centaurs, 19 of which were discovered in our survey including Quaoar, the largest KBO, as well as 6 of the 10 intrinsically brightest KBOs. We have surveyed 5108 square degrees of the sky nearest the invariable plane to a limiting red magnitude of 20.7. Correcting for the overabundance of objects near the invariable plane, this represents 27% completeness in terms of KBO numbers. Thus, approximately 100 KBOs and Centaurs brighter than m R = 20.7 exist, about 3/4 of which remain undiscovered. The bright KBOs are consistent with the canonical q = 4 size distribution, suggesting that about ten 1000 km diameter KBOs and about one 2000 km diameter KBO exist. Additionally, we observe only 3 KBOs with low inclination (i 3σ level. This suggests that the bright KBOs have a fundamentally different maximum size than the fainter KBOs. A better characterization of the survey limiting magnitude and a more thorough modeling of observational bias effects of different classes of KBOs will be made in a future work.
Algebraic study of multigrid methods for symmetric, definite problems

Abstract We present a convergence theory based on a simple algebraic assumption, which permits us to analyze multilevel iterative methods for symmetric, positive definite linear systems. Coarse grid problems are derived variationally. We prove fast convergence of V - and W -cycles with any positive number of smoothing steps under a discrete analogue of the H 2 and H 1+\Ga regularity assumption, respectively, and for a wide class of smoothings including arbitrarily ordered Gauss-Seidel and steepest descent.
Salinity tolerances and ecological aspects of some fungi collected from fresh-water, estuarine and marine habitats

Twenty species of Fungi imperfecti, including strains from freshwater, estuarine and marine habitats in the environs of the middle and lower Neretve River, Yugoslavia, were collected, purified and identified. Strains of nine species from fresh, brackish, and sea water were grown on various NaCl concentrations. These fungi exhibited a wide amplitude of salt tolerance. In general, the strains from fresh water grew best at or were able to tolerate the lower NaCl concentrations. The sea-water strains grew best at and could tolerate the higher NaCl concentrations. Brackish-water strains were found to be more like strains isolated from fresh water than from sea water. Brackish-water strains were able to grow well in zero or low concentrations of NaCl, but they could not do as well at the higher NaCl concentrations. The results of the laboratory experiments with NaCl concentrations support the findings in nature.
Trending of equipment inoperability for commercial aircraft

Abstract The Safety Performance Analysis System (SPAS) is a Web-based analytical tool, or rather a database system, that is being fielded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It is intended to provide the FAA’s Aviation Safety Inspectors (ASIs) with the means to evaluate and control appropriate surveillance levels for aircraft operators. The SPAS enables qualitative trend analysis to be performed at the national, regional, and district levels. This will permit the system to be more sensitive to particular areas of concern for a given region. For example, inspectors particularly desire a tool to help them recognize problems which are occurring in the fleet. Especially desirable is a tool that could do so automatically by searching for trends and alerting the relevant inspectors. The Service Difficulty Reporting (SDR) system, one of the SPAS databases, provides FAA inspectors with information related to aircraft equipment inoperability, such as in-service difficulties, malfunctions, and defects. The SDR data provide information for planning, directing, controlling, and evaluating certain assigned safety and maintenance programs. This paper presents previous SDR trending results for DC-9 operators with heterogeneous fleets, but now uses data from two specific operators with homogenous fleets consisting entirely of 737 aircraft. This new research is an extension of the previous SDR forecasting research, but now provides more meaningful information, as the DC-9 aircraft data were composed of numerous operators with mixed fleets and differing operating and maintenance policies. Multiple regression and neural network models are the principal two forecasting methods examined. A population modeling concept, or data grouping strategy, appears to be an effective technique for trending SDRs for operators of either heterogeneous and homogeneous fleets. The forecasting methods presented in this paper offer technical enhancements for SDR trending compared to the current qualitative method of visual observation of graphical plots.
Evolution in the treatment of choledochus cyst

Purpose: The aim of this study was to reevaluate the results of the short jejunal interposition (Chicago-Beijing procedure) in the treatment of choledochus cyst and search for the way of further improvement. Methods: A retrograde study of some 500 surgical cases was made. The immediate postoperative and 10-year follow-up results of the 3 main procedures used in 3 different time periods were compared. Twenty-five redo cases of the above-mentioned series and another 6 referred from other hospitals were analyzed specially for the main cause of complications. Results: Ten-year uneventful follow-up occurred in more than 90% of cases after the Chicago-Beijing procedure, which was evidently superior to other 2 kinds of methods. Having solved the problems of the abnormal pancreatico-biliary communication and entero-biliary reflux, it remains the challenge of the anastomosis stricture. Malignancy degeneration disappeared dramatically after total excision of the cyst. Conclusions: Chicago-Beijing procedure proved to be the most reliable operation for choledochus cyst in comparison with the other 2 conventional methods in BCH. The prevention of anastomosis stricture should be emphasized for the further improvement of the surgical result. J Pediatr Surg 35:1344-1347. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
All-fiber all-optic tunable filter based on the combination of long-period grating and photorefractive cladding layer

In this paper, a broadband tunable long period grating (LPG) with an ultra-thin cladding layer using liquid crystal is presented. By chemical etching the long period grating to a very thin diameter (approximately 30micrometers ), the long period grating becomes extremely sensitive to the surrounding refractive index change so that a wide range tunable filter is realized. By using liquid crystal material (18523) that has a no less than the refractive index of cladding, a resonant band of the LPG is tuned by controlling the temperature of the liquid crystal. We obtained a tuning range of 87nm with a temperature change of only approximately 22 degrees. It is believed that this filter has the largest temperature-dependent tuning effect ever reported. Further experiment will be focused on photo- induced reorientation of the liquid crystal molecules, so that another type of tunable filter via photochemical effect can be realized.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The new frontier of American fisheries governance

Abstract Throughout its history, America has viewed its oceans as vast fishery frontiers. These frontiers are suffering depletion as large amounts of fishing power combined with significant oceanographic changes are straining the limits of sustainability. The new ocean frontier is not the promise of undeveloped resources, but rather the challenge of undeveloped sustainable governance systems. This paper discusses the institutional transformation necessary to achieve sustainable governance. The first part provides an historical overview of the American use of resources as frontiers. The second part characterizes the frontier as an extreme form of resource use, contrasting it to its opposite ideal, the commons. The third part outlines behavioral differences between the users of frontiers and commons, the pioneers and shareholders. Building on the attributes of resource management under the two ideals, the fourth part of the discussion focuses on the necessary conditions and major challenges to developing the institutional capital required for sustainable US fishery management. The institutional capital needed for sustainable fisheries governance is comprised of several pieces: (1) A perception of the fishery as an integrated ecosystem; (2) an identification of shareholders; (3) an allocation of decision making power and responsibility which vests all interests and internalizes the source of control; (4) incentive structures to promote long-term management; (5) management skills among fishery interests; (6) management processes that promote adaptability to change. The final section provides conclusions and an assessment of the progress US fishery management has made in institutional capital development. Pressures of scarcity are forcing US fisheries management to evolve away from the frontier ideal, but the development of the institutional capital necessary for sustainable fishery governance is incomplete.
Diocotron instability for relativistic non-neutral electron flow in planar magnetron geometry

Diocotron stability properties of relativistic non‐neutral electron flow in a planar magnetron are investigated within the framework of the cold‐fluid‐Maxwell equations. The eigenvalue equation for the extraordinary‐mode waves in a relativistic velocity‐sheared electron layer is obtained, and is solved in the massless, guiding‐center approximation. Approximating the electromagnetic field in the anode resonator by the lowest‐order mode, the dispersion relation for the diocotron instability is obtained. Although the tenuous beam approximation is assumed, the eigenvalue equation and corresponding dispersion relation are both fully electromagnetic, and valid for relativistic electron flow. The dispersion relation is numerically investigated for a broad range of system parameters. From numerical calculations of the dispersion relation, it is shown that the typical growth rate of the diocotron instability indicates a strong instability. The early evolution of the diocotron instability as an important precursor to the evolution of the full magnetron oscillation is discussed.
Phase transformation kinetics and self-patterning in misfitting thin films

We outline a computational approach for the study of phase transformations in misfitting thin films and then investigate the kinetics of a transformation to assess the role of heterogeneous nucleation sites, formed in the vicinity of misfit dislocations, in the self-patterning of these systems. Both computer simulation and analytical methods are employed to analyze spatio-temporal correlations in the transforming phase as embodied, in particular, in the transformed volume fraction. To accomplish this, we first obtain an expression for the driving force for nucleation in terms of the strain energy stored in the film under site saturation conditions. This driving force forms the basis for simulations of nucleation and growth in films in which simulation parameters, such as film thickness and temperature, are systematically varied. We find that, in a fully coherent film, there is a retardation of the transformation at certain times that is associated with the constrained film geometry and that, in the presence of misfit dislocations, a range of kinetic behavior can be correlated with the relative magnitude of the driving forces and temperature. The implications of our results for pattern formation in these systems are then discussed.
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of a complex formed by reaction of 1,2-bis(2′-pyridylethynyl)benzene and mercury(II) chloride

The X-ray crystal structure of the complex formed between 1,2-bis(2′-pyridylethynyl) benzene and mercuric(II) chloride is described. The complex (C40H24Cl6Hg3N4) crystallized in the triclinic space group P-1 with a=9.0414(6), b=9.4631(7), c=12.1134(9) A, α=97.4680(10), β=94.8130(10), γ=105.4700(10)°. The structure reveals that the ligand is distorted from planarity to accommodate the mercury cation and a third mercuric chloride moiety is held between two ligand-mercury coordination complexes. The central mercury cation has octahedral coordination geometry surrounded by six chlorides while the other two mercury cations have distorted tetrahedral geometry each coordinated by two pyridyl nitrogen atoms and two chlorides.
What Caused the Glacial to Interglacial CO2 Change

Scenarios put forward to explain the 80 µatm glacial to interglacial change in atmospheric CO2 content are evaluated. The conclusion is that no single mechanism is adequate. Rather, contributions from temperature, sea ice, biologic pumping, nutrient deepening, and CаCOз cycling must be called upon. The observation that the 13C/12C ratio for Antarctic foraminifera was 0.9±0.1‰ lower during glacial than during interglacial time constitutes a huge fly in the ointment for all scenarios proposed to date.
An investigation of the consistency of financial advice offered by web-based sources

Abstract Individuals increasingly rely on web-based sources for financial advice. But does the advice you get depend on the site you visit? Relying on standardized input data from three different family scenarios, we observe that the variation in advice across web-sites increases with client input complexity. Web advice dispersion also differs in magnitude across financial planning domains such as insurance, investments, retirement, income tax, and estate tax. ‘Live advisor’ financial solutions, however, are not always more consistent than those available on the web. Human advice varies less with client complexity, but in certain planning domains web advice has lower dispersion. The results suggest that client characteristics and planning domains matter in the development of efficient distribution mechanisms for financial advice.
Effects of glutathione reductase inhibition on cellular thiol redox state and related systems

Abstract Although inhibition of glutathione reductase (GR) has been demonstrated to cause a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and increase in glutathione disulfide (GSSG), a systematic study of the effects of GR inhibition on thiol redox state and related systems has not been noted. By employing a monkey kidney cell line as the cell model and 2-acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxy-ethylsulfanylthio carbonylamino)phenylthiocarbamoylsulfanyl]propionic acid (2-AAPA) as a GR inhibitor, an investigation of the effects of GR inhibition on cellular thiol redox state and related systems was conducted. Our study demonstrated that, in addition to a decrease in GSH and increase in GSSG, 2-AAPA increased the ratios of NADH/NAD + and NADPH/NADP + . Significant protein glutathionylation was observed. However, the inhibition did not affect the formation of reactive oxygen species or expression of antioxidant defense enzyme systems [GR, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase] and enzymes involved in GSH biosynthesis [γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase].
Commonality Analysis: A Method for Decomposing Explained Variance in Multiple Regression Analyses.

Commonality analysis is a procedure for decomposing R2 in multiple regression analyses into the percent of variance in the dependent variable associated with each independent variable uniquely, and the proportion of explained variance associated with the common effects of predictors. Commonality analysis thus sheds additional light on the magnitude of an obtained multivariate relationship by identifying the relative importance of all independent variables, findings which can be of theoretical and practical significance. In this paper we offer a brief explication of commonality analysis; a step-by-step discussion of how communication researchers may perform commonality analyses using output from computer-assisted statistical analysis programs like SPSS; and we provide an extended example illustrating a commonality analysis.
The tobacco buyout and the FDA.

An unlikely alliance between tobacco growers and tobacco-control advocates will be tested this fall. Dr. Steven A. Schroeder gives an update on the tobacco wars, "the best public health show in town."
Partially Stabilized Zirconia Piston Bowl Reliability

The Weibull based ''Simplified Structural Ceramic Design Technique'' was used to calculate the reliability of a partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) piston bowl design. The details of the method and a set of sample calculations are presented. Test results of the piston bowl showed cracks in regions which had a high calculated probability of failure. In addition cracks developed in a region of high compressive/shear stress. Since Weibull reliability analysis only uses tensile stresses this area did not have a high calculated probability of failure. Several hypotheses are presented for the mode of failure in this region. The simplified technique was used to predict what the necessary material properties would have to be for successful PSZ insert of the design shown.
Spectra and structure of small ring compounds. XXXVI. 1-methylcyclopentene and 1,2-dimethylcyclopentene

Abstract The i.r. spectra of solid and gaseous 1-methylcyclopentene and 1,2-dimethylcyclopentene were recorded from 4000 to 33 cm −1 . The corresponding Raman spectra of the gases and liquids were measured. The fundamental vibrations of each compound have been assigned on the basis of group frequency correlations, band intensities, band contours and Raman depolarization values. The barrier hindering internal rotation of the methyl group has been calculated to be 1.93 kcal/mol for 1-methylcyclopentene. In 1,2-dimethylcyclopentene the methyl barrier is 1.77 kcal/mol for the B 2 vibrational mode.
Thermal stability of naphthodiazoquinone sensitizers

1,2-Napthoquinone diazides function as both photoactive dissolution inhibitors (PAC) for i-line positive resists and as photoacid generators (PAG) for chemically amplified resists. Traditionally, the 5-sulfonyl esters of 1,2- napthodiazoquinones (DQ) are used as PACS and recently the 4- sulfonyl (DQ) esters function as both PACS or PAGS. Knowledge of the thermal stability of the DQ is important for defining process conditions that stabilize the films prior to exposure or in post-treatments involving specific thermally induced reactions of PAC and resin. The thermal decomposition and photochemical decomposition of 1,2-napthodiazoquinones (DQ) follows similar pathways with the expulsion of nitrogen followed by formation of a reactive ketene. In absence of water (to form the indene carboxylic acid) many participatory bimolecular pathways involving reactant, products and resins are possible. Studies of the rate of decomposition of esters indicate that of 1-naptho-2-diazoquinone-4-sulfonyl derivatives are more thermally stable than the 5-sulfonyl counterparts and afford longer solution shelf life and higher thermal decomposition temperatures of 130 - 150 C. In addition, the 4-sulfonyl substituted DQ can form sulfonic acids upon thermolysis and hydrolysis. In solution, the napthodiazoquinones decompose at faster rates with lower activation energy (20 - 30 Kcal/mole) than in the solid state with higher activation energies of 40 - 50 Kcal/mole. When the DQ dissolution inhibitors are dispersed in resins, the interaction of the resin and DQ can influence the stability of the PAC. DQ mixed with novolak are more thermally stable than when blended with polyhydroxystyrene. The higher thermal stability of the 4-sulfonyl DQ esters is attributed to the electron resonance deactivation of diazo group by the sulfone subsituent.
Deciphering Gene Expression Patterns

Large-scale studies in various model systems including Drosophila , fish, and the mouse have documented the exquisite temporal and spatial expression patterns of thousands of genes during development—making sense of it all is a major challenge in the field. The study by Yakoby and colleagues illustrates how very different expression patterns can be generated from a small number of initial patterns. By examining expression patterns for a large number of genes in the Drosophila follicle cell epithelium, the authors proposed that the various expression patterns could be explained by a simple combinatorial code based on six spatial building blocks and the operations of union, difference, intersection, and addition. Importantly, the six spatial building blocks can be linked to the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor and bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathways that control gene expression along the dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes. A challenge for the future will be to see whether such a powerful approach can be applied to explain the diversity of patterns generated in more complex systems such as embryos. This PaperPick refers to "A Combinatorial Code for Pattern Formation in Drosophila Oogenesis" by N. Yakoby, C.A. Bristow, D. Gong, X. Schafer, J. Lembong, J.J. Zartman, M.S. Halfon, T. Schupbach, and S.Y. Shvartsman, published in November 2008. Video Abstract Nir Yakoby and Stas Shvartsman discuss the gene expression profiling project that led them to develop this framework for cataloguing and interpreting gene expression patterns and how they are using that framework in current studies of evolutionary diversification.
Microresonator-enhanced four-wave mixing

ABSTRACT Four-wave mixing (FWM) is an important mechanism for frequency conversion and fast optical switching in all-optical communication networks. In this paper, we demonstrate that microring resonator filters can generate significant conversion efficiency with sub-millimeter physi cal size. Microresonator based filters not only have high finesse, which can enhance nonlinear effi ciency, but also have periodic passbands, which satisfy the phase matching condition of FWM automatically. Non-degenerate FWM in direct-coupled ring resonator (DCRR) filters and ring-based MachZehnder interferometers (RMZI) is studied in this paper. Both structures provide greater than 10% conversion efficiency (defined by the converted intensity divided by the initial signal intensity) with low values of n 2 *I p , where n 2 is the nonlinear refractive index and I p is the initial pump intensity; the DCRR allows greater frequency conversion bandwidth within the filter passband. We also compare the efficiency of the ring-based filters and a straight waveguide with the same effective length. We thus demonstrate that ring-based filters are effective devices for on-chip wavelength conversion for WDM network. Keywords : Four-wave mixing, ring-resonator, phase-matching
A sensitive gas chromatographic method for the determination of pentachlorophenol in human blood.

Abstract A method for the determination of pentachlorophenol residues in human blood has been designed which involves the simultaneous application of acid pH, mild heat, and agitation of the sample with benzene extractant for the isolation of the pesticide from blood. It is applicable to quantities of one milliliter or less of blood and the detectability limits of the pesticide are in the low parts per billion range.