cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching National Identity to “Guest Worker Children” (1962–1971)

Highlighting diversity between groups of migrant workers and their families, Chap. 4 turns to individuals with Greek citizenship in the mid-1960s. In contrast with the Italian government, the Greek government expected its citizens’ eventual return to Greece, which led Greece to downplay integration into West Germany in favor of ethnonational identification. As schools served as a primary site for learning ethnonational identification, Greek children need a Greek education to be Greek. That very emphasis, however, pushed the West German states to stress integration and education as a human right as the Lander considered what it meant to teach foreign citizenship and associated ideologies in West Germany.
Identification of children with anaphylaxis at low risk of receiving acute inpatient therapies

Objective Opportunity exists to reduce unnecessary hospitalizations for children with anaphylaxis given wide variation in admission rates across U.S. emergency departments (EDs). We sought to identify children hospitalized with anaphylaxis at low risk of receiving epinephrine and other acute inpatient therapies, as these patients may be candidates for ED discharge rather than inpatient hospitalization. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of children 1–21 years of age hospitalized with anaphylaxis from 2009 to 2016. Acute inpatient therapies included intramuscular (IM) or racemic epinephrine, bronchodilators, fluid boluses, vasopressors, non-invasive ventilation, or intubation. We derived age-specific (pre-verbal [<36 months] vs. verbal [≥ 36 months]) prediction rules using recursive partitioning to identify children at low risk of receiving acute inpatient therapies. Results During the study period 665 children were hospitalized for anaphylaxis, of whom 108 (16.2%) received acute inpatient therapies. The prediction rule for patients < 36 months (no wheezing, no cardiac involvement [hypotension or wide pulse pressure]) had a sensitivity of 90.5% (CI 69.6–98.8%) and a negative predictive value of 98.3% (CI 94.1–99.8%) for identifying children at low risk of receipt of acute inpatient therapies during hospitalization. For children ≥ 36 months, the prediction rule (no wheezing, no cardiac involvement, presence of gastrointestinal symptoms) had a sensitivity of 90.8% (CI 82.7–96.0%) and a negative predictive value of 92.4% (CI 85.6–96.7%). Conclusions We derived age specific prediction rules for children hospitalized with anaphylaxis at low risk of receiving epinephrine and other acute inpatient therapies. These children may be candidates for ED discharge rather than inpatient hospitalization.
The ethical impact of economic sanctions in Iranian cancer health care.

e17514 Background: The Islamic Republic of Iran has been subject to international sanctions by various entities since 1979. However, in 2012, the Iranian economy collapsed under the economic strain...
Coronary Arteries and Heart

Abstract The coronary vasculature and heart structures undergo dramatic and frequent deformations. Since the coronary arteries are embedded in the myocardium, the complex three-dimensional structure and dynamics of the coronary tree and myocardium are intimately linked. The coronary arteries experience significant axial shortening, bending, twisting, and bifurcation angle deformation from diastole to systole, while the myocardium of the left ventricle experiences longitudinal shortening, radial thickening, and circumferential shortening. The presence of disease and implants can significantly impact the geometry and compliance of the native tissues, warranting disease- and device-specific investigations. Advances in medical imaging and quantification techniques have made deformation and strain measurements possible, which are critical for understanding the complex dynamic environment of the coronary arteries and heart structures.
Habituation of P300 from auditory stimuli

In a series of three experiments, the habituation effects on the P300 or P3 event-related brain potential (ERP) elicited with a simple auditory stimulus discrimination task were evaluated. In Experiment 1, possible changes in the P3 for the first 15 individual target stimulus trials were investigated. Neither the component amplitude or latency changed across trials when the target probability was 10%, 30%, or 50%. In Experiment 2, a target probability of 20% was employed, with 10 blocks of 20 target trials that were collected continuously. P3 amplitude declined significantly between the 1st and 10th trial blocks, with no decrements in target-detection performance observed. P3 latency tended to increase with repeated presentations. Experiment 3 was similar to Experiment 2, but the pitch of the target stimulus was changed after the 9th trial block. P3 amplitude again declined between the 1st and 9th trial blocks, but it increased significantly on the 10th block when the target stimulus changed, thereby demonstrating dishabituation. A second decrease in amplitude occurred by the 15th trial block. P3 latency tended to increase with repeated presentations but decreased with the stimulus change. The P3 component elicited with an active discrimination task and auditory stimuli does habituate after a sufficient number of trials have been presented. The implications of these results for the theoretical interpretation of the P3 are discussed.
Design of the First Sub-Milligram Flapping Wing Aerial Vehicle

Here we report the first sub-milligram flapping wing vehicle which is able to mimic insect wing kinematics. Wing stroke amplitude of 90° and wing pitch amplitude of 80° is demonstrated. This is also the smallest wingspan (single wing length of 3.5mm) device reported yet and is at the same mass-scale as a fruit fly. Assembly has been made simple and requires gluing together 5 components in contrast to higher part count and intensive assembly of other milligram-scale microrobots. This increases the fabrication speed and success-rate of the fully fabricated device. Low operational voltages (70mV) makes testing further easy and will enable eventual deployment of autonomous sub-milligram aerial vehicles.
Gender Differences in Phytoestrogens and the Relationship with Speed of Processing in Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES, 1999-2002.

Sex hormone changes in adults are known to play a part in aging, including cognitive aging. Dietary intake of phytoestrogens can mimic estrogenic effects on brain function. Since sex hormones differ between genders, it is important to examine gender differences in the phytoestrogen–cognition association. Therefore, the goal of this study is to examine the relationship between urinary phytoestrogens and speed of processing (SOP) and the variation of the association between genders in older adults. Participants were drawn from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and included 354 individuals aged 65–85 years old. General linear models (GLMs) were used to test for significant gender differences in the relationship between phytoestrogens and SOP. Results from the GLMs showed significant gender differences in the relationship between genistein and SOP. Higher levels of genistein were associated with better SOP in women. This relationship was reversed in men: higher genistein levels were associated with worse performance. Results indicate that there are distinct gender differences in the relationship between genistein and SOP. These results emphasize the importance of considering gender differences when devising dietary and pharmacologic interventions that target phytoestrogens to improve brain health.
D-Optimal Design for Network A/B Testing

A/B testing refers to the statistical procedure of experimental design and analysis to compare two treatments, A and B, applied to different testing subjects. It is widely used by technology companies such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Netflix, to compare different algorithms, web-designs, and other online products and services. The subjects participating in these online A/B testing experiments are users who are connected in different scales of social networks. Two connected subjects are similar in terms of their social behaviors, education and financial background, and other demographic aspects. Hence, it is only natural to assume that their reactions to online products and services are related to their network adjacency. In this paper, we propose to use the conditional auto-regressive model to present the network structure and include the network effects in the estimation and inference of the treatment effect. A D-optimal design criterion is developed based on the proposed model. Mixed integer programming formulations are developed to obtain the D-optimal designs. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown through numerical results with synthetic networks and real social networks.
Hospitalization following eating disorder diagnosis: The buffering effect of marriage and childbearing events.

Abstract Eating Disorders (ED) are defined as abnormal eating behaviors, stemming from an obsession with food, body weight, or body shape. EDs affect 10 million men and 20 million women in the US, with an estimated 15% lifetime prevalence among women. An ED diagnosis is often accompanied with a host of adverse physical and mental health outcomes, including a heightened risk for suicidality. Given the complex comorbidities associated with EDs, treatment occurs in inpatient and outpatient settings. This study used linked administrative and health records from the Utah Population Database to create a cohort of women n = 4183 and men n = 423 who had a known diagnosis of ED between 1995 and 2015. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to model ED-related hospitalization trajectories, including subsequent risk for suicidality/self-injurious behavior-related hospitalization. To better estimate the risk profiles associated with different health care utilization patterns, models explored how family-related life course events (childbirth, marriage transitions) and sociodemographic characteristics (race, sex, and median income at census-block) modify hospitalization trajectories following initial diagnosis. Results suggested that increased outpatient treatment was associated with reduced risk of initial ED-related hospitalization, but higher risk for subsequent ED-related hospital readmission. In addition, transition to marriage (i.e., getting married) was associated with reduced risk of ED-related and suicidality/self-injurious behavior-related hospitalizations (initial hospitalization and subsequent readmission). Increased number of children was only associated with reduced risk of initial ED-hospitalization, but not readmission. When assessing individuals' risk for ED-related hospitalizations, social and health services researchers should contextualize treatment trajectories within the individual's life experiences, particularly marital transitions, while simultaneously considering sociodemographic characteristics and utilization of outpatient care. Future research should further examine whether marriage represents an important turning point in the health trajectories of individuals with EDs.
Seeking Nonhuman Advice: Ancient and Modern

As we integrate artificial intelligence-enabled software [AI software] into society, we are uncertain how to ensure its capability and use will be ethical. This article advocates for the idea that the best way to keep AI software ethical is to build, use and maintain it in full view of a debating public. Such debate necessitates the establishment of a freely available foundation from which both open debate and stable implementations are derived. We suggest the creation of Public Domain AI Software [PDAIS] to standardize and vet AI implementations intended for use on the general public. Ancient and modern historical examples are used to elucidate the premise that only free and open AI software can be ethical.
Effect of surfactant on quality and performance attributes of topical semisolids.

Abstract Surfactants are the most common inactive ingredients used in topical drug products. Surfactants in topical products play many functional roles such as emulsifiers, permeation enhancers, and solubilizers. This study was aimed to evaluate the influence of incremental change in the concentration of a surfactant (tween 80) on the quality attributes and performance of semisolid topical products. Four creams were prepared using metronidazole as a model drug using the same manufacturing protocol and similar composition except for the concentration of tween 80, which was increased by 5% w/w across SF1 to SF4. The quality attributes like globule size, pH, drying rate, and in-vitro permeation profile were characterized. The critical quality attributes did not differ significantly across the products. However, there was a significant difference in the permeation profile of the products. The permeation flux (Jmax) varied from SF1 to SF4 (51.25 ± 35.29 to 307.98 ± 138.89 ng/cm2/h, respectively). The reason for the difference in the performance of products despite having consistent quality attributes was investigated. One of the major reasons was found to be the difference in the time course of degree of saturation of drug during the evaporative metamorphosis. This study confirms that the time course of degree of saturation is one of the important quality attributes of the topical product that could influence bioavailability and performance of topical products.
Integrating Social Cognition into Therapeutic Practice: Beneath and Beyond the Process of Therapy

This book presents a new model for conceptualizing and applying a social and cognitive perspective on therapeutic practice. Building on the micro-skills framework for training, the author adds cognitive modifiability theories to create a social cognition approach to training and practice. The material has been field tested in a graduate academic context and in consultation in mental health settings, and chapters contain didactic explications, illustrative examples, practice exercises, and graphic schemas to help readers integrate specific practices into a broader comprehensive theoretical framework. Mental health professionals and students in advanced counseling courses will find that this book broadens their perspectives beyond basic micro-skills approaches and provides an expansive and systematic framework for conceptualizing the therapeutic process.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of forbs and C3 grasses respond differently to cultivation and elevated nutrients

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent important players in the structure and function of many ecosystems. Yet, we learn about their roles mostly from greenhouse-based experiments, with results subjected to cultivation bias. This study explores multiple aspects of this bias and separates the effect of increased nutrient availability from other cultivation specifics. For 15 grassland plant species from two functional groups (C3 grasses vs dicotyledonous forbs), we compared AMF communities of adults collected from non-manipulated vegetation with those in plants grown in a greenhouse. Nutrient availability was comparable to field conditions or experimentally elevated. We evaluated changes in AMF community composition, diversity, root colonisation, and the averages of functional traits characterising hyphal soil exploration. Additionally, we use the data from the greenhouse experiment to propose a new plant functional trait—the change of AMF colonisation in response to nutrient surplus. The AMF community differed profoundly between field-collected and greenhouse-grown plants, with a larger change of its composition in grass species, and AMF community composition in grasses also responded more to fertilisation than in forbs. Taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity declined more in forbs under cultivation (particularly with elevated nutrients), because in their roots, the AMF taxa from families other than Glomeraceae largely disappeared. A decline in AMF colonisation was not caused by greenhouse cultivation itself but selectively by the elevation of nutrient availability, particularly in grass host species. We demonstrate that the extent of decrease in AMF colonisation with elevated nutrients is a useful plant functional trait explaining an observed response of the plant community to manipulation.
Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Hereditary optic neuropathies are a cluster of disorders that can present with sudden, subacute, or slowly progressive visual decline, typically affecting the central vision and color vision. While they can be inherited in autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or maternal patterns, they share a common mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction. There are no proven treatments, but there are some accepted supportive measures, as well as the option for preimplantation genetic testing in combination with in vitro fertilization.
The Chlamydial Cell Envelope

Chlamydial development is punctuated by changes in protein-protein interactions on elementary body (EB) and reticulate body (RB) surfaces. Reduction of disulfide cross-links in the chlamydial outer membrane complex (COMC) concomitant with attachment and entry of the EB is rapidly followed by transition to the fragile RB, which is specialized for acquisition of nutrients during chlamydial growth and differentiation. This chapter reviews knowledge about the progression starting with the structure of the EB envelope in the extracellular environment and the way in which this surface interacts with, and is altered during, the process of chlamydial attachment, entry, development, and exit from host cells. The presence of gram-negative double membranes was confirmed by early transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of RBs and EBs, but challenges in purification and fractionation of RB membranes shifted emphasis toward EB membranes in subsequent studies. Regularly spaced hexagonal lattices were observed in negatively stained EB envelope preparations. Hexagonal lattices, located between the outer and cytoplasmic EB membranes, and similar structures were present in multiple Chlamydia species. Varying degrees of evidence suggest that additional EB OMPs may exist. The envelopes of the extracellular EB and intracellular RB differ markedly and reflect requirements for survival of chlamydiae in two unique environments. Outside the cell, the oxidized COMC provides osmotic protection, restricts loss of metabolites across the OM, and may mask immunogenic determinants that could alert host cells to the presence of these pathogens.
Polyribosomes associated with dendritic spines in the denervated dentate gyrus: evidence for local regulation of protein synthesis during reinnervation.

Publisher Summary Evidence has been steadily accumulating in recent years that neurons of the mature mammalian central nervous system can dramatically remodel their synaptic connections either in response to denervating lesions or in response to patterns of activity. Many of these observations of neuronal “plasticity” have involved the dendritic spine, where neurons of the mammalian brain, particularly cortical neurons, receive the majority of their excitatory synaptic inputs. Numerous studies have demonstrated alterations in spine size or number in response to denervation and reinnervation, and in response to alterations in afferent activity. The malleability of spines is somewhat difficult to reconcile with classical notions of neuronal cell biology. A major tenet of cellular neurobiology is that the major synthetic activity of the neuron occurs in the cell body. Accordingly, the construction and maintenance of the detailed morphological specializations of the neuron (including the spine and associated postsynaptic membrane specialization) are thought to depend on the specific transport of already synthesized material from the cell body. This chapter summarizes the observations on the changes in the incidence of polyribosomes associated with dendritic spines during post-lesion reinnervation of the dentate granule cells.
Beryllium Intermetallic Compounds—Their Preparation and Fabrication

Various means of preparing and fabricating beryllium intermetallic compounds, primarily ZrBe13 and CbBe12 were investigated in an attempt to provide material for use in determining the effects of impurities and fabrication on their properties. Vacuum distillation and arc-melting techniques were employed to supplement powder processing and provide control material.
Academic Freedom, Democracy and the Public Policy Process

This article is framed by the 900-plus year old debate on the importance of academic freedom for democracy and human progress outlined by Karran. In particular, it discusses some contemporary threats to academic freedom in relation to the role of researchers and research institutes in the public policy process. Using a series of recent case studies of attempts to interfere with the publication of research findings in key sensitive policy areas of genetically modified foodstuffs, climate change, and agriculture, it is argued that while academic freedom plays a crucial role in relation to the development of public policies, it is currently under threat. This matter is discussed within a framework that allows the understanding of the relationship between researchers and the intervening State, the corporate and non-government sectors with economic or social interests in any particular intervention, the media, and citizens. We apply the framework to recent cases in several controversial areas of policy that illustrate problems that have arisen. Moreover, we hypothesise that the problems have become more acute since the start of the era of privatisation and new public management with research agendas and targets often being increasingly set by policymakers. Finally, we draw some conclusions about the role of researchers and institutes in relation to agricultural and rural matters in modern democracies, arguing that freedom of speech and expression is an essential element in the policy role of researchers. At the root of this is the intensifying debate between representative and participatory democracy.
Program for procurement of drugs for indigent patients.

A program for procuring free medications for indigent patients from pharmaceutical manufacturers is described. A medical center that provides $36 million in free care annually to indigent patients sought a way to offset drug costs for these patients while maintaining the same level of care. The pharmaceuticals with the greatest impact on the pharmacy budget were identified; manufacturers of these pharmaceuticals were surveyed to determine if they offered free drugs to qualified patients. The net potential cost avoidance resulting from procuring these free drugs was estimated at $150,000 for the first year. A full-time pharmacist was hired to identify patients likely to qualify for such assistance, help patients apply for assistance, and coordinate the receipt and distribution of the resulting medication supplies. The program served 200 patients the first year (fiscal year 1992) and more than 300 patients the next year. Medications obtained for these patients included i.v. immune globulin, cancer chemotherapy agents, growth factors, antimicrobials, antiemetics, and interferons. The acquisition cost of the medications received was $448,851 in 1992 and $504,211 in 1993. A pharmacy-based program to procure free medications for indigent patients has helped to defray a medical center's expense of providing care.
Allospecific CD154+ T-cells associate with rejection risk after pediatric liver transplantation

Antigen-specific T-cells, which express CD154 rapidly, but remain untested in alloimmunity, were measured with flow cytometry in 16-hour MLR of 58 identically-immunosuppressed children with liver transplantation (LTx), to identify Rejectors (who had experienced biopsyproven rejection within 60 days post-transplantation). Thirty one children were sampled once, cross-sectionally. Twenty seven children were sampled longitudinally, pre-LTx, and at 1–60 and 61–200 days after LTx. Results were correlated with proliferative alloresponses measured by CFSE-dye dilution (n=23), and CTLA4, a negative T-cell costimulator, which antagonizes CD154-mediated effects (n=31). In cross-sectional observations, logistic regression and leave-oneout cross-validation identified donor-specific, CD154+T-cytotoxic (Tc)-memory cells as best associated with rejection outcomes. In the longitudinal cohort, 1) the association between CD154+Tc-memory cells and rejection outcomes was replicated with sensitivity/specificity 92.3%/84.6% for observations at 1–60 days, and 2) elevated pre-LTx CD154+Tc-memory cell responses were associated with significantly increased incidence (p=0.02) and hazard (HR=7.355) of rejection in survival/proportional hazard analysis. CD154 expression correlated with proliferative alloresponses (r=0.835, p=7.1e-07), and inversely with CTLA4 expression of allospecific CD154+Tc-memory cells (r=−0.706, p=3.0e-05). Allospecific CD154+T-helpermemory cells, not CD154+Tc-memory, were inhibited by increasing Tacrolimus concentrations (p=0.026). Collectively, allospecific CD154+T-cells provide an estimate of rejection risk in children with LTx.
La teoría epidémica en la literatura sobre la Ley de Lotka

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY IS TO ANALYSE THE EPIDEMIC MODEL AS A DETERMINISTIC PROCESS REPRESENTED BY A SYSTEM OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND APPLY IT TO AUTHORS PRODUCING LITERATURE ON LOTKAS LAW FROM 1922 TO 2005. AN EPIDEMIC PROCESS STARTING IN 1965 AND SHOWING A HIGH RATE OR TRANSIENT AUTHORS IS OBSERVED. THOSE AUTHORS PUBLISHING IN LANGUAGES DIFFERENT FROM ENGLISH FOUND THE AREA ALREADY INFECTED.
Cognitive skills associated with the onset of multiword utterances.

The relationship between early language and cognition was studied in 20 children between one and two years of age. Linguistically, the subjects were classifed as No Word Users, Single Word Users, N...
High determinant density may explain the phenomenon of alloreactivity

When two members of the same species differfrom each other in their MHC-encoded antigens, mixing their lymphocytes leads to a vigorous T-cell response. This is the phenomenon of alloreactivity, exempl here as a mixed lymphocyte response. In this article Michael Bevan presents a hypothesis to account for alloreactivity, based on the notion that the alloreactive target determinant is a sequence or conformational determinant contributed entirely by the foreign MHC molecule in isolation, which is expressed at high density on the antigen-presenting cell.
Biology ofTrichogramma ostriniae (Hym.: trichogrammatidae) reared onOstrinia nubilalis (Lep.: pyralidae) and survey for additional hosts

Trichogramma ostriniae has been identified as a candidate for biological control ofOstrinia nubilalis. As little was known about the biology of this parasitoid when reared onO. nubilalis, we undertook experiments to quantify biological parameters important to mass-rearing and ase ofT. ostriniae. When reared continuously onO. nubilalis, femaleT. ostriniae on average lived 2.7 days and produced 24 progeny. Continuous access to honey resulted in a four-fold increase in longevity and fecundity and a significant increase in the percentage of females parasitizing eggs. Rates of fecundity and parasitism decreased with age of female. Likewise, emergence rates and percentage of female progeny decreased with age of parental female.T. ostriniae successfully parasitizedO. nubilalis eggs until the blackhead stage. Most parasitism of eggs and eclosion of adults occurred during the first half of photophase. Eggs of 13 Lepidopterans were parasitized byT. ostriniae. Eggs of the Noctuidae, Pyralidae, and Plutellidae experienced higher levels of parasitism than others tested.T. ostriniae appears to be similar to other species ofTrichogramma in several respects and does not possess any characteristics that limit its potential for mass rearing and use for augmentative biological control ofO. nubilalis.
Deterministic uncertainty in landscapes

Deterministic complexity (chaos) may be common in geomorphic systems, but traditional definitions may have limited practical utility for empirical geomorphology. These definitions are based on sensitivity to initial conditions, which in geomorphology are both unknown and unknowable. Further, chaos analysis depends on distinguishing deterministic complexity from stochastic complexity. This is problematic in geomorphology because some stochastic complexity is virtually always present in addition to any chaos that may be present. While it is important to recognize that some complex, apparently random patterns may derive from inherent non-linear system dynamics, this is of limited use in explaining process–response relationships or mechanics of landscape evolution. A more general term, which subsumes chaos, is deterministic uncertainty, i.e. uncertainty associated with an identifiable but unknown or uncertain source. An analysis of landscape entropy shows that such underlying constraints produce spatial patterns which are apparently chaotic. For the case of geologic controls, the apparent contribution of deterministic chaos to the landscape entropy is a direct non-linear function of the extent of geologic constraints. However, the underlying constraints and their contribution to observed spatial patterns can also be interpreted in non-chaotic terms. Examples are given, involving geologic constraints on stream channel networks and parent material control of surface soil textures. Because both randomness and chaos may be more apparent than real, the concept of deterministic uncertainty is more useful in process geomorphology than that of chaos.
Performance of Human Operators in a Three-State Relay Control System With Velocity-Augmented Displays

A one-dimensional three-state relay control task in which human operators served as the active switching and equalization element was employed to compare performance in three display conditions and to derive measures of performance that might prove useful for further development of models of human tracking behavior. Two displays which provided explicit velocity information in the form of a unidimensional error-velocity vector superimposed on a compensatory error display and two-dimensional phase-plane display of error velocity vs. displacement were shown to enhance learning over that produced by the usual compensatory display of error, but only with the highest value of system gain, 30 cm/second 2 . An analysis of subjects' initial transient response represented as mean switching points in the phase-plane revealed remarkably little variability and switching performance close to that of an optimal minimum-time controller. Finally, in this and two subsidiary experiments, a measure of time to process visual feedback about the ongoing response process was derived that may provide a first step toward linking discrete reaction-time results to continuous manual-control performance.
Global mapping of topography on the 660-km discontinuity

Long-period precursors to the SS seismic phase are used to produce global maps of topography for the discontinuity at 660 km depth in the upper mantle. These maps indicate discontinuity depth variations of up to 30 km and suggest a correlation between regional depressions in the 660-km discontinuity and subduction zones—a result more consistent with models in which the subducting slabs are deflected horizontally at the discontinuity than with models of unhindered slab penetration into the lower mantle.
Effects of inanition, protein depletion and repletion on serum lactic acid dehydrogenase levels in rats.

SummaryThe effects of inanition, protein depletion and repletion upon serum lactic acid dehydrogenase (SLD), total serum protein and hematocrit values have been determined in adult, male Sprague-Da...
High School Precalculus Students' Understanding of Slope as Measure

Twenty-two high school precalculus students were interviewed to examine their understanding of slope as measure. The students examined and discussed real-world situations involving slope: physical situations involving slope as a measure of steepness and functional situations involving slope as a measure of rate of change. For the various physical situations, students measured steepness with angles instead of ratios. Overall, they demonstrated a better understanding of slope in functional situations, but many students had trouble interpreting slope as a measure of rate of change. Instruction should focus on helping students form connections and providing opportunities for students to communicate their understanding.
The conformation of (-) 8 α and (-) 8 β-hydroxy-δ9-tetrahydrocannabinols and their interactions with model membranes

Abstract 8α- and 8β-Hydroxy-δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinols (THC's), two metabolites of the naturally occurring δ 9 -THC have been shown to possess differences in pharmacological activity. We have studied the conformations of these two compounds, as well as their interactions with model membrane systems and compared them with δ 9 -THC. The conformational study, carried out in solution and using high resolution NMR indicated that differences in the ring conformations of these two compounds were negligible butthat the 8-hydroxy group of the 8β-OH compound extended approximately 1.4A higher above the plane of the aromatic ring than in the 8α-OH isomer. This difference could prove significant in the interaction of these molecules with lipid bilayers. We found that both 8α- and 8β-OH analogs affected the melting behavior of hydrated DPPC bilayers including a lowering of the main transition temperature (T c ), a broadening of that transition and the abolishment of the pretransition of DPPC. The effects of the more active compound, 8β-OH-δ 9 -THC on the model membrane approximated closely those of δ 9 -THC, while the less active 8α-OH epimer produced different thermotropic changes.
Effects of Bolus Consistency on Timing and Safety of Swallow in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Aspiration pneumonia is the leading cause of death in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. In clinical practice, the videofluoroscopic examination (VFE) is the most common method for evaluation of swallowing disorders. One of the variables manipulated during the VFE is consistency of the bolus. The results of this examination greatly influence the recommendations made by speech-language pathologists regarding swallow therapy and/or intervention. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bolus consistency on penetration-aspiration (P-A) score and timing of swallow of persons with PD. The videoradiographic images of ten participants with PD swallowing six thin and six pudding-thick boluses were analyzed. Swallow timing and P-A were measured. (i.e., oral transit time, pharyngeal transit time, number of tongue pumps, and P-A score). The results demonstrated various significant differences and relationships among the dependent variables. Implications for further research and clinical practice are discussed.
Vitamin D and sepsis: An emerging relationship.

Vitamin D insufficiency and sepsis are both highly prevalent worldwide problems and this article reviews the emerging science that is defining the intersections of these conditions. The importance of vitamin D’s role in skeletal health has long been understood but recent evidence is beginning to highlight its role in the functioning of other physiologic systems of the body. Basic science data reveal its integral role in local immune responses to pathogens and the systemic inflammatory pathways of sepsis. Furthermore, clinical scientists have found associations with respiratory infections, critical illness and sepsis but the causal relationship and its clinical impact have yet to be clearly defined. The article ends with speculations on the connections between racial disparities and seasonal differences in sepsis and vitamin D insufficiency.
New Views on the Dangers of Media Concentration

Baker, C. E. (2007). Media concentration and democracy: Why ownership matters. NY: Cambridge University Press. 256 pp., $22.99 (Pbk). In Media Concentration and Democracy, theorist C. Edwin Baker, ...
Optical implementations of mathematical resolution

Mathematical resolution is an algorithmic technique for reasoning from facts expressed in clause form to a conclusion. The technique is normally implemented on electronic computers with list-processing languages. This paper presents data representation and processing techniques for a parallel implementation using array-based optical logic. Implementations up through the quantified propositional calculus are presented, and the operations of resolvent formation, unification, and search are discussed. It is shown that a largely parallel formulation of resolution is possible, and optical technologies are suggested to implement this formulation.
Alkali elements (Na, K, Rb) and alkaline earth elements (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) in the anoxic brine of Orca Basin, northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract A profile of filtered seawater and brine samples was collected in the summer of 2003 from a depth of 1500 m down to the bottom of the anoxic, hypersaline Orca Basin (northern Gulf of Mexico). Using ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), these samples were analyzed for alkali cations (Na + , K + , Rb + ), alkaline earth cations (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ ), and the major anions chloride (Cl − ) and sulfate (SO 4 2− ). Major ion concentrations in the brine are consistent with previous studies, confirming that Na plus Cl make up more than 95% of its composition, hence governing its density and hydrodynamic stability. Binary mixing plots across the interface between deep Gulf of Mexico seawater and the anoxic brine are generally linear, but display substantial deviations from conservative behavior at the steepest part of the pycnocline for all analytes except Na, Cl, and Ca. Negative deviations signify localized cation removal by an adsorption or ion-exchange process, probably associated with the dense layers of particles that are trapped there. Especially strong Mg removal may be indicative of dolomitization, whereby the concomitant release of Ca counters its adsorption, resulting in zero net Ca removal. A positive deviation for sulfate is attributed to bacterial sulfide oxidation. Concentrations of Rb, Sr, and Ba in the homogeneous brine, reported here for the first time, are enriched by factors of 1.5, 1.4, and ∼ 9, respectively, with respect to the overlying seawater. Unlike Ca and Sr, Ba concentrations in the brine are clearly controlled by the solubility of its sulfate salt (barite), causing a maximum of 670 nmol/kg at the interface. Several independent lines of evidence suggest that the brine is formed outside the basin, most likely by the interaction of seawater with regionally extensive evaporite deposits. A simple mass balance shows that the dissolution of about 280 g of halite per kg of seawater can account for the extreme concentrations of Na and Cl in the Orca Basin brine. The same mass balance was applied to a number of minor constituents (K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, SO 4 , Br, total iodine) in order to calculate what abundances in the halite are required to reproduce their concentrations in the brine as measured in the present work and by others. The results are entirely compatible with the composition of the Jurassic Louann Salt, specifically with the median of compositions published for a transect spanning early to late stage halites. Elevated abundances of K and Rb point to contributions from bittern facies modified by prior diagenetic contact with seawater.
Role of type I interferons in the activation of autoreactive B cells

Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines involved in the defense against viral infections that play a key role in the activation of both the innate and adaptive immune system. IFNs both directly and indirectly enhance the capacity of B lymphocytes to respond to viral challenge and produce cytotoxic and neutralizing antibodies. However, prolonged type I IFN exposure is not always beneficial to the host. If not regulated properly IFN can drive autoantibody production as well as other parameters of systemic autoimmune disease. Type I IFNs impact B-cell function through a variety of mechanisms, including effects on receptor engagement, Toll-like receptor expression, cell migration, antigen presentation, cytokine responsiveness, cytokine production, survival, differentiation and class-switch recombination. Type I IFNs are also cytotoxic for a variety of cell types and thereby contribute to the accumulation of cell debris that serves as a potential source for autoantigens. Type I IFN engagement of a variety of accessory cells further promotes B-cell survival and activation, as exemplified by the capacity of type I IFNs to increase the level of B-cell survival factors, such as B lymphocyte stimulator, produced by dendritic cells. Therefore, it is not surprising that the loss of expression of the type I IFN receptor can have dramatic effects on the production of autoantibodies and on the clinical features of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Finite scale theory: The role of the observer in classical fluid flow

Abstract In this paper I review a coarse-grained fluid theory named the finite scale theory and describe the development of its numerical analog, implicit large eddy simulation (ILES). The derivation, interpretation and properties of the finite scale equations are discussed and connections to other physical theory and numerical methods are elucidated.
Ultrastructure of a crystalline inclusion in the cytoplasmic droplet of bovine spermatozoa

An elongate crystalloid inclusion has been noted in the cytoplasmic droplet of cauda epididymal bovine spermatozoa. The crystalloid appears to be composed of an aggregate of parallel 10 nm diameter filamentous elements that are associated laterally with one another. It has a regular cross-banding pattern that repeats at 13–15-nm intervals. A purified fraction of detached droplets was prepared by centrifugation of sperm suspensions onto Percoll gradients. The detached droplets also exhibited the crystalline inclusion. The origin and possible functions of this structure are discussed.
Designing Wireless Sensor Networks as a Shared Resource for Sustainable Development

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a relatively new and rapidly developing technology; they have a wide range of applications including environmental monitoring, agriculture, and public health. Shared technology is a common usage model for technology adoption in developing countries. WSNs have great potential to be utilized as a shared resource due to their on-board processing and ad-hoc networking capabilities, however their deployment as a shared resource requires that the technical community first address several challenges. The main challenges include enabling sensor portability: (1) the frequent movement of sensors within and between deployments, and rapidly deployable systems; (2) systems that are quick and simple to deploy. We first discuss the feasibility of using sensor networks as a shared resource, and then describe our research in addressing the various technical challenges that arise in enabling such sensor portability and rapid deployment. We also outline our experiences in developing and deploying water quality monitoring wireless sensor networks in Bangladesh and California
Reversible subclinical hypothyroidism in the presence of adrenal insufficiency.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe 3 different scenarios of reversible hypothyroidism in young patients with adrenal insufficiency. Methods We present 3 case reports of patients with adrenal insufficiency—one with delayed puberty, the second with type 1 diabetes and poor weight gain, and the third with hypoglycemia-related seizures and glucocorticoid deficiency—who had biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism. Results Our first patient (case 1) initially had a mildly elevated thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH) level and a normal free thyroxine (FT4) level that, on follow-up assessment, had progressed to persistent mild elevation of TSH and low FT4 concentration. The other 2 patients (cases 2 and 3) had low FT4 and mildly elevated TSH values at the time of diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. In all 3 patients, the results of thyroid function tests normalized with use of physiologic doses of adrenal hormone replacement therapy, without thyroid hormone replacement. All 3 patients remained euthyroid after 4, 3, and 1 year of follow-up, respectively. Conclusion These observations add insights into the complexities of the thyroadrenal interactions. These examples are important because thyroid hormone replacement in the setting of adrenal insufficiency could be unwarranted. (Endocr Pract. 2006;12:572-575)
Abstract P4-05-12: MultiOmyx™ screening for prognostic indicators of breast cancer

Over the last three decades, the incidence of early-stage breast cancer has doubled while the incidence of late stage breast cancer has slightly decreased; however, the standard treatment for both has not changed significantly in the last 10 years. Of those diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer, 30% will develop recurrent disease, though there is currently no diagnostic available to identify these cases. Conversely, identifying late stage patients with a low- risk for recurrence could spare them from post-surgical chemotherapy. We have developed a technology that allows in situ staining and analysis of up to 60 proteins on a single tissue slide. In this exploratory study we evaluated 25 known biomarkers on a cohort of more than 800 breast cancer cases assembled onto three tissue arrays. The cohort spans clinical grades and breast cancer subtypes, and is thus useful in novel associations of biomarker expression across a variety of clinical features. Twenty-five markers were chosen based on literature reports for marker association with disease recurrence and represent a range of biological features including signaling pathways and cell phenotypes. The slides were sequentially stained with antibodies that were directly conjugated to Cy3 and Cy5 dyes, imaged, evaluated for quality and subject inclusion, and subsequently analyzed for statistical correlations of expression values to clinical features. The images were then processed using a single cell analysis algorithm which allows for quantification of individual tumor cells and signal intensities for the markers to be extracted from sub-cellular domains (nucleus, cytoplasm, and membrane of each cell) allowing unique patterns of protein expression to be determined. Univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis was first applied to determine those features with strongest association with ‘death due to disease’. Of the 25 markers analyzed, several markers (e.g. API3, AMPH2, beta-catenin, CD44, CEACAM5, CK15, CK19, cMET, Her2, Ki67, TRIM29) were found to have strong association with poor outcome (FDR TM methodology enabled us to verify a subset of biomarkers that are clinically relevant to breast cancer outcome. Using this technology could lead to identification of novel biosignatures that stratify patients and enable precision medicine that results in better treatment decisions and prognosis for patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P4-05-12.
Angioendotheliomatosis of the nose with fatal systemic dissemination

Angioendotheliomatosis is a rare intravascular neoplastic process which has been presumed to be of endothelial origin. A 62-year-old woman had manifestations of this disorder which were initially localized to the nasal region, followed by fatal systemic dissemination. Electron microscopic examination of the neoplastic cells disclosed structures interpreted as Weibel-Palade bodies, lending some support to a theory of endothelial histogenesis. Forty cases of angioendotheliomatosis have been previously reported, providing data that help define this disease process as a distinct clinicopathologic entity.