cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community-based culinary and nutrition education intervention promotes fruit and vegetable consumption.

OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Market to MyPlate (M2MP) program on fruit and vegetable consumption and cooking behaviours. Secondary objectives were to examine factors that affected participant retention and program completion, and analyse program feedback provided by participants. DESIGN This study conducted a mixed methods evaluation embedded within a cluster randomised controlled trial of the M2MP intervention. Adult participants completed a pre- and post-program survey reporting on their fruit and vegetable consumption and cooking behaviours. A subsample participated in structured interviews, providing feedback about M2MP and the impact of the program. SETTING Seven weekly classes took place in community centres and extension offices in central Illinois. PARTICIPANTS 120 adults and their families participated. Class cohorts were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) nutrition education and cooking classes with produce allocations (PAE, n 39); (2) nutrition education and cooking classes only (EO, n 36) or (3) control group (n 45). RESULTS Compared to control, PAE participants reported larger increases from pre- to post-intervention in fruit (P = 0·001) and vegetable consumption (P = 0·002), with no differences in cooking frequency. Interview analyses identified key themes in behaviour changes due to M2MP, including reported increases in dietary variety, cooking self-efficacy and children's participation in cooking. CONCLUSIONS PAE participants who received an intervention that directly increased their access to fresh produce (via produce allocations) increased their reported fruit and vegetable consumption. Though participants' cooking frequency did not change, interviewees reported increased variety, cooking confidence and family participation in cooking.
Physics of Cardiovascular OCT

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) measures the delay of light scattered from different depths within biological tissue using low coherence interferometry in order to reconstruct the axial reflectivity profile of the sample. With miniature side-looking fiber optic probes, deployed through a narrow, flexible catheter, intravascular OCT investigates the wall of the coronary arteries. The optical probe rotates within a transparent sheath and with a combined pullback motion performs a helical scanning pattern on the luminal surface of the vessel. During acquisition, blood – which is translucent and obscures optical image formation – is temporarily displaced by the infusion of saline or contrast agent through the guide catheter. With current state-of-the-art OCT systems, however, imaging speed is sufficient so that full coronary scans can be registered in just a few seconds. The physics of OCT and of light propagation in biological tissues underpins both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of images as well as subtleties of interpretation of image features and artifacts. The objective of this chapter is to provide a thorough introduction to the physics necessary for the correct and accurate application of intravascular OCT.
Theoretical and Computational Study of Rotating Isotropic Turbulence

Direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence in a rotating frame are conducted and comparisons are made with the predictions of generalized Eddy Damped Quasi Normal Markovian (EDQNM) approximations. It is found that for increasing rotation rates the non-linear triad interactions are reduced causing a reduction in the energy cascade and the turbulence decay rate. For turbulence Rossby numbers Ro < 0.01, the transfer is essentially shut-off causing a linear viscous decay of the turbulence with a substantially reduced dissipation rate. While the rotation does not produce any significant anisotropy in the Reynolds stress tensor or the dissipation rate tensor, it does alter the isotropy of the integral length scales at intermediate Rossby numbers. The rapid rotation rate case where Ro « 1 is in excellent agreement with Rapid Distortion Theory (RDT) — for large elapsed times — and, hence, does not approach a two-dimensional turbulence as might be expected by the Taylor-Proudman theorem. The RDT solution violates a necessary condition for the Taylor-Proudman theorem to be valid.
Mobile service clouds: a self-managing infrastructure for autonomic mobile computing services

We recently introduced Service Clouds, a distributed infrastructure designed to facilitate rapid prototyping and deployment of autonomic communication services. In this paper, we propose a model that extends Service Clouds to the wireless edge of the Internet. This model, called Mobile Service Clouds, enables dynamic instantiation, composition, configuration, and reconfiguration of services on an overlay network to support mobile computing. We have implemented a prototype of this model and applied it to the problem of dynamically instantiating and migrating proxy services for mobile hosts. We conducted a case study involving data streaming across a combination of PlanetLab nodes, local proxies, and wireless hosts. Results are presented demonstrating the effectiveness of the prototype in establishing new proxies and migrating their functionality in response to node failures.
REMOVAL OF HEPATITIS-B-VIRUS INFECTIVITY FROM FACTOR-IX COMPLEX BY HEPATITIS-B IMMUNE-GLOBULIN: Experiments in Chimpanzees

Abstract Hepatitis-B-virus infectivity can be removed from a heat-labile clotting factor concentrate by the addition of hepatitis-B immune-globulin. Three chimpanzees were each inoculated with samples of factor-IX complex (factor IX) which had been deliberately contaminated with 10 3.5 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis-B virus from a known infectious inoculum. Two of these factor IX samples had been incubated with hepatitis-B immune-globulin after the addition of hepatitis-B virus. 10 weeks after inoculation hepatitis-B infection developed in the chimpanzee inoculated with untreated factor IX. Hepatitis B did not develop in the two which received treated factor IX; no serological evidence of hepatitis B could be detected during 52 weeks of evaluation.
Chemotactic response ofBacillus megateriumstrain B153-2-2 to soybean root and seed exudates

Abstract Bacillus megateriumstrain B153-2-2, a root colonizer and potential biocontrol agent for rhizoctonia root rot of soybeans, showed a significant (P=0.05) positive chemotactic response to soybean root and seed exudates at 0.03mgml-1with a maximum response at 4mgml-1in a capillary assay. B153-2-2 cells at the exponential growth stage in tryptone broth had a significantly higher chemotactic response than those at the stationary growth stage. Chemotactic responses occurred from 5 to 40°C and from pH5.5 to 9.0, with a maximum response at 27±1°C and pH7. Eighteen amino acids were detected in the exudates using HPLC analysis. B153-2-2 cells showed a chemotactic response to alanine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, and threonine at concentrations equal to that in the exudates. B153-2-2 cells had a chemotactic response to three of seven organic acids; malate at concentrations higher than 10-5 m , malonate at 10-3 m , and pyruvate and succinate at 10-2 m . None of seven sugars induced a chemotactic response at the concentrations tested. B153-2-2 cells showed a significantly greater chemotactic response to seed than to root exudates at the optimum concentrations under the same conditions. The chemotactic response of B153-2-2 cells to a mixture of the five chemoattractant amino acids was significantly lower than that to the mixture plus 10-3 m malate, which in turn, was lower than that to seed but not root exudates. These results suggested that alanine, asparagine, glutamine, malate, serine, and threonine in soybean root and seed exudates may serve as chemoattractants to B153-2-2 cells. The highly sensitive chemotactic response of B153-2-2 to soybean root and seed exudates over a range of temperatures and pH may be a trait which contributes to its successful colonization of soybean roots and seeds.
Surveyors of empire : Samuel Holland, J.W.F. Des Barres, and the making of the Atlantic Neptune

British imperial power was greatly bolstered by new techniques in surveying and map-making during the eighteenth century. Well before James Cook sailed for the Pacific in 1768, British army engineers working on the coastline from Quebec to Rhode Island had set new scientific standards for cartography that would assist the British in mapping future conquests. Surveyors of Empire explores the groundbreaking work of these engineers, which formed the basis of The Atlantic Neptune, a four-volume hydrographic atlas that stands as a monument of European Enlightenment science. Using research from both sides of the Atlantic, Stephen Hornsby examines the development of British military cartography in North America during and after the Seven Years War, as well as advancements in military and scientific equipment used in surveying. At the same time, he follows the land speculation of two leading surveyors, Samuel Holland and J.F.W. Des Barres, and the publication history of The Atlantic Neptune. Richly illustrated with images from The Atlantic Neptune and earlier maps, Surveyors of Empire is an insightful account of the relationship between science and imperialism, and the British shaping of the Atlantic world.
Taking the Student Out of Student Athlete: College Sports and the Unrelated Business Income Tax

A recent decision by a National Labor Relations Board regional director, concluding that football players at Northwestern University are employees for purposes of the National Labor Relations Act, could have spillover effects in tax law. This article considers whether severing the connection between participation in athletics and the educational function of a university — i.e., ending the pretense that athletes are student athletes — could lead to imposition of the unrelated business income tax (UBIT) on the net revenue of some intercollegiate teams at big-time athletic colleges.
Prolonged survival and trophic function of neurons in homologous transplants of sensory ganglion in vivo

Abstract Neurons in gustatory ganglia which survive autologous transplanatation in vivo retain their trophic effectiveness and can cause taste bud regeneration. In the present study homologous ganglion transplanatation in vivo was performed to see if these neurons would also survive and induce bud regeneration. The vagus nodose ganglion was transplanted in adult male rats and, 30 weeks later, studied for the presence of neurons, the nerves for nerve fiber growth, and the tongue's vallate papilla for taste buds. A small number of neurons was found in all nine transplanted ganglia; these neurons appeared morphologically and histochemically normal. Furthermore, some of these surviving neurons gave rise to nerve fibers which caused taste bud regeneration; after removal of the ganglion these buds degenerated. A mild cellular reaction consisting of large-nucleated cells, neutrophilic leucocytes, and small lymphocytes was present around but not within the transplanted ganglia and its nerve fibers; a cellular reaction was not seen in the papilla. The results demonstrate that neurons can survive homologous transplantation in vivo and still perform a trophic function, and it therefore seems that neurons may not evoke, or be adversly affected, by an immune reaction.
Umbelliferone Analogues and Their Potential to Inhibit Benzo(a)pyrene- and Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Mutations

Following the natural product lead, farneciferol-D (kopetdaghin, 8), some ether analogues of umbelliferone were synthesized and assayed for their potential to be antimutagenic/anticarcinogenic against mutations induced by benzo(a)pyrene, a potent mutagen/carcinogen, and hydrogen peroxide, and for their ability to function as free radical scavengers. The "true" antimutagenic effect of these compounds was determined at half the nontoxic concentration in Salmonella typhimurium strains utilizing a modified Ames test protocol, and their free radical-scavenging ability was assayed utilizing a nonenzymatic phenazine methosulfate (PMS)-NADH system. Umbelliferone analogues 4 and 5 demonstrated good potential in preventing mutations induced by benzo(a)pyrene and hydrogen peroxide and also exhibited good superoxide scavenging ability in the PMS-NADH assay, suggesting that the antimutagenic activity of these analogues may be linked to their antioxidative properties.
A critical period for long-term potentiation in the developing rat visual cortex

Abstract The in vitro rodent visual cortical slice preparation demonstrates a critical period for long-term potentiation (LTP). Current source density (CSD) analysis reveals peak potentiation of both supra-(layers II–III) and infragranular (layer V) layers of visual cortex during the second postnatal week following stimulation of the subadjacent white matter. By day 30 both the supra- and infragranular CSD sinks show only minimal potentiation. In adults there is no change in supragranular response but infragranular layers reveal 177% potentiation. Therefore, we conclude that rodent visual cortex displays a critical period for maximum plasticity of both supra and infragranular layers. Supragranular visual cortex plasticity ends by day 30 whereas infragranular layers retain plastic qualities into adulthood.
Some effects of selenium status on inorganic mercury metabolism in the rat.

Abstract Half the animals in groups of selenium-deficient and control rats were given mercury in the drinking water for 6 weeks. The other half of the animals in both groups received tap water ad libitum. Selenium-deficient rats gained significantly less weight when given mercury, but weight gain of controls was unaffected by mercury administration. In another experiment with rats given mercury for 8 weeks, serum creatinine and renal histology were normal in selenium-deficient and control rats. Selenium-deficient rats injected with 203HgCl2 12 days after mercury was added to their drinking water excreted up to 10% of the 203Hg in the urine in the first 24 hr whereas control animals excreted less than 2%. This trend continued for several days and was shown to be due primarily to a loss of 203Hg from the kidney in the selenium-deficient rats. The control kidneys contained 4 times as much mercury as the kidneys in selenium-deficient rats at the end of the experiment, and the mercury content appeared to be increasing further. Selenium-deficient kidneys, however, had achieved maximum mercury accumulation by 13 days. Despite the large differences in mercury accumulation due to selenium status, in both groups about 80% of kidney 203Hg was found in the soluble fraction. Also, regardless of selenium status, about 90% of the soluble fraction 203Hg was found in a symmetrical peak on gel filtration which probably represents metallothionein. Thus a major effect of selenium status on the metabolism of inorganic mercury seems to be in facilitating the accumulation of mercury by the kidney. Since most of the kidney mercury is bound to metallothionein, selenium may mediate the binding of mercury to this protein or be a permissive factor in the induction of metallothionein by mercury.
Insights on the SO2 poisoning of Pt3Co/VC and Pt/VC fuel cell catalysts

Abstract SO2 poisoning of carbon-supported Pt3Co (Pt3Co/VC) catalyst is performed at the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in order to link previously reported results at the electrode/solution interface to the FC environment. First, the surface area of Pt3Co/VC catalyst is rigorously characterized by hydrogen adsorption, CO stripping voltammetry and underpotential deposition (upd) of copper adatoms. Then the performance of PEMFC cathodes employing 30 wt.% Pt3Co/VC and 50 wt.% Pt/VC catalysts is compared after exposure to 1 ppm SO2 in air for 3 h at constant cell voltage of 0.6 V. In agreement with results reported for the electrode/solution interface, the Pt3Co/VC is more susceptive to SO2 poisoning than Pt/VC at a given platinum loading. Both catalysts can be recovered from adsorbed sulfur species by running successive polarization curves in air or cyclic voltammetry (CV) in inert atmosphere. However, the activity of Pt3Co/VC having ∼3 times higher sulfur coverage is recovered more easily than Pt/VC. To understand the difference between the two catalysts in terms of activity recovery, platinum–sulfur interaction is probed by thermal programmed desorption at the catalyst/inert gas interface and CV at the electrode/solution interface and in the FC environment.
Discriminative stimulus properties of triadimefon: Comparison with methylphenidate

Abstract Two groups of rats (N=4 each) were trained to discriminate either triadimefon (40 mg/kg) or methylphenidate (4 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever, milk-reinforced drug discrimination paradigm. Dose-response functions were determined during 5-min extinction sessions. Both agents produced a dose-related increase in the percentage of responses that occurred on the drug lever. In the substitution phase of the study, rats trained to discriminate triadimefon were tested with methylphenidate and rats trained to discriminate methylphenidate were tested with triadimefon. Triadimefon substituted completely for methylphenidate and methylphenidate substituted completely for triadimefon. These results indicate that triadimefon can function as a discriminative stimulus and that it shares discriminative stimulus properties with methylphenidate.
Strong rigidity of II1 factors arising from malleable actions of w-rigid groups, II

We consider crossed product II1 factors $M = N\rtimes_{\sigma}G$ , with G discrete ICC groups that contain infinite normal subgroups with the relative property (T) and σ trace preserving actions of G on finite von Neumann algebras N that are “malleable” and mixing. Examples are the actions of G by Bernoulli shifts (classical and non-classical) and by Bogoliubov shifts. We prove a rigidity result for isomorphisms of such factors, showing the uniqueness, up to unitary conjugacy, of the position of the group von Neumann algebra L(G) inside M. We use this result to calculate the fundamental group of M, $\mathcal{F}(M)$ , in terms of the weights of the shift σ, for $G=\mathbb{Z}^2\rtimes SL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ and other special arithmetic groups. We deduce that for any subgroup S⊂ℝ+ * there exist II1 factors M (separable if S is countable or S=ℝ+ *) with $\mathcal{F}(M)=S$ . This brings new light to a long standing open problem of Murray and von Neumann.
The role of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in byssinosis.

The lungs of female guinea pigs, either untreated or previously sensitized with aqueous extracts of cotton dust (AECD) were perfused via the pulmonary artery with 0, 10−6, 10−5 or 10−4 g/mL of lyophilized AECD in Tyrodes solution. Pressure changes in the pulmonary artery were monitored during this period. After perfusion, the pulmonary parenchyma was excised, frozen, and later analyzed for c-AMP, c-GMP, histamine, and total protein. Levels of c-AMP and histamine decreased while levels of c-GMP and pulmonary arterial pressure increased with increasing doses of AECD. Correlation coefficients, between the parameters measured, indicate that the ratio of c-AMP to c-GMP (c-AMP/c-GMP) was a better indicator of histamine depletion or change in pulmonary arterial pressure than was the level of either c-AMP or c-GMP alone. Comparisons of the relative changes in c-AMP, c-GMP, c-AMP/c-GMP, histamine, and pulmonary arterial pressure between sensitized and nonsensitized guinea pigs support the hypothesis that the acute...
Language informed bandwidth expansion

High-level knowledge of language helps the human auditory system understand speech with missing information such as missing frequency bands. The automatic speech recognition community has shown that the use of this knowledge in the form of language models is crucial to obtaining high quality recognition results. In this paper, we apply this idea to the bandwidth expansion problem to automatically estimate missing frequency bands of speech. Specifically, we use language models to constrain the recently proposed non-negative hidden Markov model for this application. We compare the proposed method to a bandwidth expansion algorithm based on non-negative spectrogram factorization and show improved results on two standard signal quality metrics.
A connectionist model for commonsense reasoning incorporating rules and similarities

Abstract For the purpose of modelling commonsense reasoning, we investigate connectionist models of rule-based reasoning, and show that while such models can usually carry out reasoning in exactly the same way as symbolic systems, they have more to offer in terms of commonsense reasoning. A connectionist architecture, CONSYDERR, is proposed for capturing certain commonsense reasoning competence, which partially remedies the brittleness problem in traditional rule-based systems. The architecture employs a two-level, dual representational scheme, which utilizes both localist and distributed representations and explores the synergy resulting from the interaction between the two. CONSYDERR is therefore capable of accounting for many difficult patterns in commonsense reasoning with this simple combination of the two levels. This work shows that connectionist models of reasoning are not just “implementations” of their symbolic counterparts, but better computational models of commonsense reasoning.
Mining big data for detecting, extracting and recommending architectural design concepts

An architecture recommender system can help programmers make better design choices to address their architectural quality attribute concerns while doing their daily programming tasks. We mine big data to detect and extract a large set of architectural design concepts, such as design patterns, design tactics, architecture styles, etc., to be used in our architecture recommender system called ARS. However, mining big data poses many practical challenges for system implementation. The volume, velocity and variety of our data set, like all other big data systems, requires careful planning. This first challenge is to select appropriate technologies from the large number of available products for our system implementation. Building on these technologies our greatest challenge is to custom-fit our algorithms to the parallel processing platform we have selected for ARS, to meet our performance goals.
Top Prospects for Run II at CDF

Selected CDF top quark physics results in Run I and expectations for the upcoming Tevatron run beginning 2001 (Run II) are summarized. Running at and higher luminosity, the number of top quarks produced will be greatly increased in Run II. The upgraded CDF detector will significantly increase the acceptance for top events. These factors will substantially increase top yield that will not only improve the precision of current top production and decay measurements, but will provide exciting opportunities for new top physics studies.
Induction of Fos-like immunoreactivity in musk shrews after mating

In many mammalian species the neuroendocrine regulation of male and female reproductive behavior is sexually dimorphic. By contrast, many features of female sexual behavior in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus) more closely resemble those of males than of females of other species. Female musk shrews require testosterone (T), which is neurally aromatized to estrogen, to induce sexual behavior. Aromatization occurs in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), and this region is critical for the expression of female receptivity. To compare neural responses to sexual behavior in females and males, we compared the number of Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-ir) neurons after mating in musk shrews. In both males and females the number of Fos-ir neurons was increased by mating activity in the granule layer of the accessory olfactory bulb (gr-AOB), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), MPOA, the medial amygdala (MeA), and the region corresponding to the midbrain central tegmental field (CTF). Although Fos was induced by mating in several regions, this response was only dimorphic in the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN), where mating significantly increased Fos-ir in females, but not in males. In both sexes, only the gr-AOB displayed an increase in Fos-ir after exposure to chemosensory cues alone. Thus, the pattern of Fos expression in the brain after mating is only sexually dimorphic in one region, the VMN. Further, in spite of past behavioral studies done in this species, which show a role for pheromones in induction of receptivity, these data show that exposure to pheromones does not induce Fos in structures caudal to the olfactory bulbs.
A search for cold dust in clusters of galaxies with cooling flows.

We report a submillimetre-wavelength search for thermal emission from cold dust in the centres of rich clusters of galaxies with cooling flows. No convincing example of emission by dust is found in the 11 clusters surveyed. The upper limits to the dust mass are of order 10 8 M ○. . The corresponding limits to the mass of cold gas are of order 10 10 M ○. , assuming the Galactic ratio of gas to dust mass
A study on bicomponent two-layer slot cast coextrusion

Extensional flow of a bicomponent two-layer slot cast coextrusion process has been studied. A Newtonian and an upper-convected Maxwell fluid were considered to be the two layers, respectively, and the two-layer flow was assumed to be steady and isothermal. This choice was made as a simple model for a system which consists of two distinctly different fluids in terms of their extensional behaviors. Present study considered only the draw-down region where the film thickness changes slowly with the distance from the die exit. For this region, asymptotic solutions could be obtained for two limiting cases in which the elasticity effect of the Maxwell fluid layer is small and the applied tension at the take-off is large, respectively. When the elasticity effect is small, the melt thickness and the velocity profiles are exponential as in the case of a Newtonian single-layer flow. When the applied tension is large, on the other hand, the velocity profile is shown to be near linear. Furthermore, the viscoelasticity effect of the Maxwell fluid layer becomes so dominant that it dictates the mechanics of the coextrusion flow even when its flow rate and shear viscosity may be much smaller than those of the Newtonian layer.
Portable fast-neutron radiography with the nuclear materials identification system for fissile material transfers

Abstract The nuclear materials identification system (NMIS) has historically been used with a 252 Cf source for bulk interrogation of highly enriched uranium and plutonium. Recently, a portable associated-particle sealed-tube neutron generator (APSTNG) has been added as an interrogation source. This paper reports results from using the NMIS with the neutron generator to perform transmission radiography. In particular, the use of associated-particle techniques allows low-dose imaging to be performed simultaneously with traditional measurements, without physical collimation, and in high background environments.
Plasma apolipoprotein concentrations in familial apolipoprotein A-I and A-II deficiency (Tangier disease)

Abstract Familial apolipoprotein A-I and A-II deficiency (Tangier disease) is characterized by cholesterol ester deposition in histiocytes, decreased plasma cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-LDL), and a striking deficiency of high density lipoproteins (HDL). We measured plasma lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol, and plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, A-II, B, C-I, C-II, C-III, D, and E concentrations in 7 Tangier homozygotes, 2 obligate heterozygotes, and 50 normal subjects. Heterozygotes had modest reductions in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-HDL), plasma apoA-I, and apoA-II levels. Mean concentrations (±SD) of plasma C-HDL and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, B, C-I, C-II, C-III, D, and E in mg% in normals were: 50 ± 14, 134 ± 24, 68 ± 18, 98 ± 20, 7 ± 2, 3.7 ± 2, 13 ± 5, 10 ± 4, and 10 ± 4, respectively; and in homozygotes were: 1 ± 1, 1.3 ± 0.7, 4.8 ± 2.5, 82.6 ± 18, 4.1 ± 1.7, 2.3 ± 0.9, 6.5 ± 3.8, 2.2 ± 0.5, and 5.4 ± 3.1, respectively. Homozygotes had C-HDL, apoA-I and apoA-II levels which were 2%, 1%, and 7% (p pp
Effects, uptake, and fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene aged in soil in plants and worms.

The present study was aimed at providing data to be used at predicting exposure-based effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) aged in soil on endpoint organisms representing two trophic levels. These data can be used to define criteria or reference values for environmental management and conducting specific risk assessment. Long-term exposure tests were conducted to evaluate sublethal toxicity and uptake of aged soil-based explosives, with TNT as the main contaminant. In these tests, plants were exposed for 55 d, and biomass and explosives residues were determined. Worms were exposed for 28 and 42 d, and biomass, number, and tissue residues were determined. Biomass of Lolium perenne significantly decreased with soil–TNT concentration, and an effective concentration causing a 20% decrease in biomass (EC20) for TNT metabolites of 3.75 mg/kg was calculated. The concentrations of TNT metabolites in shoots and roots were significantly related to concentrations in soil, as were concentrations of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5 triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7- tetrazocine (HMX). The mean bioconcentration factors, indicating the potential of a chemical to accumulate in an organism, were 0.9 for TNT metabolites, 71.8 for RDX, and 12.2 for HMX in L. perenne shoots. Biomass of Eisenia fetida adults significantly decreased with soil–TNT concentration, and an EC20 for TNT of 3.70 mg/kg was calculated. The TNT, RDX, and HMX levels in E. fetida were below detection.
The psychological and behavioral considerations of orthognathic surgery on identical (monozygotic) twins.

Abstract The psychologic and behavioral changes that may occur with the impact of orthognathic surgery on the physical appearance of an identical twin set have been addressed. This unique situation has not been discussed in the literature with respect to reconstructive or cosmetic facial surgery. A report on elective orthognathic surgery performed on identical twins and the subsequent impact on the twin relationship due to alterations of “self-image phenomenon” is given. Such an impact was a consideration in this case. Further collective study in this area is needed but is difficult to obtain because of the rarity of occurrence of this type of case.
Basic matrix elements for level shifts and widths of hydrogenic levels in ion-surface interactions

We present extensive studies of basic one-electron matrix elements involved in ion-metal surface scattering theory. Our method allows for the convenient generation of matrix elements for high principal quantum numbers of hydrogenic projectile states and thus provides basic building blocks for the ab initio description of the interaction of highly charged ions with surfaces. The matrix elements related to the energy shifts can be evaluated for an arbitrary one-dimensional potential therefore allowing for flexibility in the choice of model-perturbation potentials. The transfer matrix elements between hydrogenic levels and conduction-band states have been formerly evaluated for the special case of eigenfunctions to the step-function potential. We extend these calculations to wave functions generated from an arbitrary one-dimensional surface potential and show applications to various surface potentials and hydrogenic levels. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Modeling combustion efficiency in a circulating fluid bed liquid incinerator

Abstract Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) incinerators are capable of destroying a variety of organic wastes. However, a fundamental understanding of CFB incinerators when designed specifically for the destruction of organic liquids is still lacking. Detailed here is a model that combines first principles with proven fluidization correlations to describe the combustion efficiency of CFB organic liquid incinerators. The model specifically seeks to explain the interdependence of operating parameters such as residence time, air staging, total excess air, and temperature on incinerator combustion efficiency. The model is validated with data collected from an experimental CFB incinerator facility. Also presented are a series of case studies using the validated model to investigate process sensitivities as a function of the operating parameters. Finally, the model is used to investigate the effect of modest design changes on incinerator performance.
Representation sharpening can explain perceptual priming

Perceiving and identifying an object is improved by prior exposure to the object. This perceptual priming phenomenon is accompanied by reduced neural activity. But whether suppression of neuronal activity with priming is responsible for the improvement in perception is unclear. To address this problem, we developed a rate-based network model of visual processing. In the model, decreased neural activity following priming was due to stimulus-specific sharpening of representations taking place in the early visual areas. Representation sharpening led to decreased interference of representations in higher visual areas that facilitated selection of one of the competing representations, thereby improving recognition. The model explained a wide range of psychophysical and physiological data observed in priming experiments, including antipriming phenomena, and predicted two functionally distinct stages of visual processing.
Restoration of Native Warm Season Grassland Species in a Tall Fescue Pasture Using Prescribed Fire and Herbicides

Pastures dominated by tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub) cover much of the eastern United States, and there are increasing efforts to restore native grassland plant species to some of these areas. Prescribed fire and herbicide are frequently used to limit the growth of tall fescue and other non-natives, while encouraging native grasses and forbs. A fungal endophyte, commonly present in tall fescue, can confer competitive advantages to the host plant, and may play a role in determining the ability of tall fescue plants to persist in pastures following restoration practices. We compared vegetation composition among four actively restored subunits of a tall fescue pasture (each receiving different combinations of prescribed fire and/or herbicide) and a control. We also measured the rate of endophyte infection in tall fescue present within each restoration treatment and control to determine if restoration resulted in lower tall fescue cover but higher endophyte infection rates (i.e. selected for endophyte-infected individuals). Tall fescue cover was low in all restoration treatments and the control (1.1–17.9%). The control (unmanaged) had higher species richness than restoration treatments and plant community composition was indicative of succession to forest. Restoration practices resulted in higher cover of native warm season grasses, but in some cases also promoted a different undesirable species. We found no evidence of higher fungal endophyte presence in tall fescue following restoration, as all subunits had low endophyte infection rates (2.2–9.3%). Restoration of tall fescue systems using prescribed fire and herbicide may be used to promote native grassland species.
On energy coefficients and ratios

Abstract This paper examines the methodological issues of the debates surrounding the problem of measuring energy consumption and the use of the concept of energy coefficients. It also investigates the Brookes' hypothesis of a development effect on energy consumption. The results suggest that when energy consumption is appropriately measured, the energy coefficients are very consistent and fall steadily from high values, tending asymptotically to one.
Repeated measures study of weekly and daily cytomegalovirus shedding patterns in saliva and urine of healthy cytomegalovirus-seropositive children.

To better understand potential transmission risks from contact with the body fluids of children, we monitored the presence and amount of CMV shedding over time in healthy CMV-seropositive children. Through screening we identified 36 children from the Atlanta, Georgia area who were CMV-seropositive, including 23 who were shedding CMV at the time of screening. Each child received 12 weekly in-home visits at which field workers collected saliva and urine. During the final two weeks, parents also collected saliva and urine daily. Prevalence of shedding was highly correlated with initial shedding status: children shedding at the screening visit had CMV DNA in 84% of follow-up saliva specimens (455/543) and 28% of follow-up urine specimens (151/539); those not shedding at the screening visit had CMV DNA in 16% of follow-up saliva specimens (47/303) and 5% of follow-up urine specimens (16/305). Among positive specimens we found median viral loads of 82,900 copies/mL in saliva and 34,730 copies/mL in urine (P = 0.01), while the viral load for the 75th percentile was nearly 1.5 million copies/mL for saliva compared to 86,800 copies/mL for urine. Younger age was significantly associated with higher viral loads, especially for saliva (P < 0.001). Shedding prevalence and viral loads were relatively stable over time. All children who were shedding at the screening visit were still shedding at least some days during weeks 11 and 12, and median and mean viral loads did not change substantially over time. Healthy CMV-seropositive children can shed CMV for months at high, relatively stable levels. These data suggest that behavioral prevention messages need to address transmission via both saliva and urine, but also need to be informed by the potentially higher risks posed by saliva and by exposures to younger children.
A Novel Method For Studying Heterogeneous Reactions During Simulated Engine Shutdown Conditions

Propellant low temperature preignition reactions during simulated engine shutdown conditions, discussing IR spectroscopic observation method
Sunlight-induced Pyrimidine Dimers in Human Cells in Vitro

PYRIMIDINE dimers have been implicated in much ultraviolet light induced damage in bacteria1, and it has been shown that they can be induced in mammalian cells with short wavelength ultraviolet light2–7. In placental mammals, pyrimidine dimers are not repaired by direct monomerization by photoreactivating light2,8,9, although a dark repair mechanism, somewhat similar to that found in bacterial cells, has been demonstrated10.
Industrial segmentation, the ethnic economy, and job mobility: the case of Cuban exiles in Florida

We examine mobility between core, periphery, and the ethnic economy in a sample of Cuban exiles. We analyze, first, hypotheses involving the relative magnitude of exit rates from given origins, and, second, hypotheses positing effects of independent variables on exit rates. Regarding the first type of hypotheses, we argue that the presence of an ethnic economy requires modification of predictions in the segmented economy perspective. Data support our argument. Concerning the second type of predictions, regression analysis shows that movement into the periphery is negatively associated with number of relatives in the U.S., movement into ethnic economy employment is positively related to number of relatives living in same city as respondent, and movement into self-employment is positively related to education, intention to return to Cuba if communism were overthrown, and taking a university-level course, and negatively associated with living in a Cuban neighborhood. As a whole, regression results indicate that, with the exception of movement into the periphery, individuals with more resources are more prone to mobility.
Potential Cognitive Radio Denial-of-Service Vulnerailities and Protection Countermeasures: A Multi-dimensional Analysis and Assessment

Cognitive radios sense spectrum activity and apply spectrum policies in order to make decisions on when and in what bands they may communicate. These activities go beyond what is done when traditional radios communicate. This paper examines the denial of service vulnerabilities that are opened by these additional activities and explores potential protection remedies that can be applied. An analysis of how vulnerable are victim cognitive radios to potential denial of service attacks is presented along different axis, namely the network architecture employed, the spectrum access technique used and the spectrum awareness model. The goal is to assist cognitive radio designers to incorporate effective security measures now in the early stages of cognitive radio development.
A new miniaturized surface micromachined tunneling accelerometer

The authors have fabricated a new class of miniaturized surface micromachined tunneling accelerometers. The accelerometer structures are fabricated on the surface of a single silicon wafer and consist of a single cantilevered beam with electrostatic deflection electrodes and tunneling tip underneath. The noise level resolutions in air of 100-/spl mu/m and 250-/spl mu/m-long cantilever devices are 8.3/spl times/10/sup -4/ g/Hz/sup 1/2/ and 8.5/spl times/10/sup -5/ g/Hz/sup 1/2/ at 500 respectively. The devices are operated in a force rebalance feedback mode using a low noise automatic servocontrol circuit, providing a dynamic range of over 10/sup 4/ g. This new accelerometer technology provides devices with extremely high sensitivity, high bandwidth and wide dynamic range, in an ultracompact, low-cost package that is easily integrated with silicon control electronics.
A study on fatigue crack growth behavior subjected to a single tensile overload: Part II. Transfer of stress concentration and its role in overload-induced transient crack growth

Abstract The combined effects of overload-induced enlarged compressive residual stresses and crack tip blunting with secondary cracks are suggested to be responsible for the observed changes in the crack opening load and resultant post-overload transient crack growth behavior [Lee SY, Liaw PK, Choo H, Rogge RB, Acta Mater 2010;59:485–94]. In this article, in situ neutron diffraction experiments were performed to quantify the influence of the combined effects by investigating the internal-stress evolution at various locations away from the crack tip. In the overload-retardation period, stress concentration occurs in the crack blunting region (an overload point) until a maximum crack arrest load is reached. The stress concentration is then transferred from the blunting region to the propagating crack tip (following the overload), requiring a higher applied load, as the closed crack is gradually opened. The transfer phenomena of the stress concentration associated with a crack opening process account for the nonlinearity of strain response in the vicinity of the crack tip. The delaying action of stress concentration at the crack tip is understood in conjunction with the concept of a critical stress (i.e. the stress required to open the closed crack behind the crack tip). A linear relationship between Δeeff and ΔKeff provides experimental support for the hypothesis that ΔKeff can be considered as the fatigue crack tip driving force.
Hydrogen atom attack on perchloroethylene

Hydrogen atoms from hexamethylethane decomposition have been reacted with perchlo-roethylene in the presence of mesitylene under the high temperature conditions of a single pulse shock tube. Products characteristic of displacement and abstraction reactions have been observed. With the rate expression for methyl displacement from mesitylene by hydrogen atom as an internal standard, k(H+(CH3)3C6H3)→CH3+C6H4(CH3)2)=6.7×1010 exp(−3255/T) 1-mol−1 s−1; over the temperature range 950–1100 K and at pressures near 2.5 atm. k(H+C2Cl4→HCl+C2Cl3)=1.2×1012 exp(−7484/T) 1-mol−1 s−1 and k(H+C2Cl4→Cl+C2HCl3)=1.9×1011 exp(−4589/T) 1-mol−1 s−1 where the uncertainties are estimated to be factors of 1.4 and 1.1 on an absolute and relative basis, respectively. Comparisons are made with results from other olefinic, aromatic and related systems and the effects on hydrogen reactivity with olefins upon chlorine substitution are deduced.
Courtship behavior of the mosquito Sabethes cyaneus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Unlike any other mosquito reported, Sabethes cyaneus(Fabricius) displays an elaborate courtship before and during copulation. A male approaches a female suspended from a horizontal stick, suspends himself in front of her as he grasps her folded wings, and proceeds with a series of discrete stereotyped behaviors that involve proboscis vibration and movement of iridescent blue paddles on his midlegs. The sequence of these behaviors is as follows: freeleg waving, swinging, copulation attempt, superficial coupling, waving, genital shift, waggling, and release. Insemination occurs after genital shift. The only overt reciprocation by the female is abdomen lowering during the male's swinging. Courtship is often unsuccessful, and males are usually rejected during freeleg waving. The relation between male performance and mating success remains obscure.
Effects of GH on immune and endocrine responses of channel catfish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri.

The effects of GH on immune and endocrine responses to channel catfish challenged with the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri were examined. Catfish (11.7 ± 1.0 g) treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) and challenged with E. ictaluri experienced similar mortality as control-exposed fish. Plasma activity of lysozyme was higher (P 0.10) between treatments. Abundance of GH receptor (GHR) mRNA tended to decrease (P = 0.055) in liver of challenged fish while toll like receptor 5 (TLR5) mRNA increased (P < 0.05) in liver compared to d 0 controls. An increase in lysozyme may suggest GH enhances a nonspecific immune response. A decrease in GHR mRNA and plasma IGF-I suggests a downregulation of the somatotropic axis in response to disease. The increase in TLR5 mRNA suggests that TLR5 may play a role in host response to bacterial challenge. While exogenous rbGH may play a stimulatory role to increase lysozyme levels, there was no apparent effect of rbGH on mortality to E. ictaluri.
Gender Differences in Agency Head Salaries: The Case of Public Education

This study demonstrates a quantitative approach to assessing gender discrimination in public salaries at the individual level. Using data from more than 1,000 school districts in Texas over a period of four years, the results show that gender differences in superintendents' salaries are subtle rather than systematic. Female superintendents who replace male superintendents receive lower compensation. Local district wealth also interacts with gender to affect salaries.