cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Final-state interactions and time-reversal tests in nuclear β-decay

Time-reversal-invariance tests in β-decay require an accurate determination of the final-state effects which imitate the T-violating signal. We present expressions for the coefficient of the transverse electron polarization R, including the corrections due to second forbidden and radiative terms. Numerical calculations for finite nuclear size and electron screening effects are also included. These corrections may be determined to within a few percent. We demonstrate that a measurement of both R and the electron asymmetry coefficient A allows a model-independent test of T-violation.
Studies with mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumors. IV. Presence of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in certain mouse pituitary tumors after the injection of labeled L-thyroxine.

Labeled 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3*) has been found in large amounts in transplanted dependent and autonomous thyrotropic mouse pituitary tumors, at various time intervals after the intraperitoneal injection of labeled L-thyroxine (T4*). No T3* was identified in serum, in an adrenotropic mouse pituitary tumor, in a fibrosarcoma arising spontaneously in the same strain of mice, in a breast carcinoma in Swiss mice, or in kidney or muscle tissues. The evidence suggests that the presence of T3* probably is due to the deiodination of T4* in the tumor cells. The data raise the possibility that specific thyrotropin-secreting cells may exist in the pituitary and that these cells may metabolize T4* to uniquely large amounts of T3*. It is further suggested that T3* formation may be related to the control of thyrotropin secretion. However, the finding does not appear to relate to the question of autonomy or dependency since, in all the thyrotropic tumor strains, T3* was present in similarly large amounts.
Effect of Oil of Peppermint, Dehydrocholic Acid and Disodium Phosphate on Gastric Emptying in Dogs.

ConclusionsThe gastric emptying time of dogs has not been found to be significantly changed on the whole by the administration of oil of peppermint, dehydrocholic acid or disodium phosphate at the dosage levels used.
A Note on Soviet Per Capita Meat Consumption

An examination of per capita meat consumption in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former USSR in 1990 reveals a relatively high consumption of meat compared to market economies with similar per capita incomes. Thus, cutbacks in the livestock sector in Russia may be warranted. Downsizing the livestock sector is part of a larger restructuring of Russian agriculture where production adjusts to domestic costs and demand.
Effects of Potential Partners' Costume and Physical Attractiveness on Sexuality and Partner Selection

ABSTRACT Male and female college students in the United States (N = 224) viewed models who had been prerated for physical attractiveness and who were dressed in costumes representing one of three levels of socioeconomic status (SES). Subjects reported their willingness to engage with these stimulus persons in six relationships involving various levels of marital potential and sexual involvement. Models' costume status had greater effects on female subjects' willingness than on male subjects' willingness to enter all six relationships. This difference was larger when the physical attractiveness of models was low than when it was high. Costume status also affected female subjects' ratings of male models' attractiveness but did not affect male subjects' ratings of female models' attractiveness. Results supported eight hypotheses derived from evolutionary theory: In choosing partners, men and women weighed potential partners' SES and physical attractiveness differently, and these factors may have different be...
Life cycle and characteristics of services in the world of cloud computing

The emerging style of cloud computing provides applications, data, and information technology resources as services of a network. The cloud services approach focuses on a positive user experience while shielding the user from the complexity of the underlying technology. Each cloud service progresses through a well-defined life cycle: The cloud service provider defines the cloud services to be offered and exposes them via a service catalog; service requesters instantiate the services, which are managed against a set of servicelevel agreements; and finally the cloud service is destroyed when it is no longer needed. This paper describes this life cycle and explains the relationship of managing the life cycle of cloud services to traditional ITILt (Information Technology Infrastructure Library) processes as they are present in many data centers today. Furthermore, this paper elaborates on ensembles that provide the hardware infrastructure required to optimally support such flexible and massively scalable cloud services. An ensemble is an autonomically managed pool of like resources that exposes only virtualized resources while hiding the physical infrastructure. This approach allows growing the physical infrastructure with very little or no incremental administration costs.
Multiple forms of male-specific simple repetitive sequences in the genus Mus.

Previous reports indicate that in laboratory strains of mice, males are distinct from females in possession of repetitive DNA, notably devoid of Eco RI and Hae III sites and rich in the simple tetranucleotides GATA/GACA. We report here that such sequences originated in an ancestor common to laboratory mice,Mus hortulanus, M. spretus, and possibly alsoM. cookii. Interestingly, other male-specific satellite sequences were detected inM. caroli, M. cookii, M. saxicola, andM. minutoides. This novel satellite is also likely to be composed of simple repetitious sequences, but does not contain GATA and GACA. Thus, the Y chromosome appears to contain a disproportionately large amount of simple repetitious DNA. An attractive explanation for these results is that long tandem arrays of simple repeated sequences are generated at high frequency throughout the genome and that they are retained for a longer time on the Y chromosome due to the absence of homologous pairing at meiosis.
Numerical simulations of tidal and wind-driven circulation in the Cretaceous Interior Seaway of North America

Twenty-two numerical experiments using a multi-layer, numerical model of turbulent flow in shallow seas better define fluid circulation and sediment transport paths in the Cretaceous Interior Seaway of North America. Each experiment consists of a different combination of paleogeography, paleobathymetry, Coriolis acceleration, boundary tidal amplitudes, wind stresses, and bed friction. The paleogeographies and paleobathymetries represent three seaway configurations: a seaway of intermediate size and depth (200 m) during a transgressive peak (T5) in late Albian time; a seaway of maximum size and depth (400 m) during peak transgression (T6) in early Turonian time; and a seaway of minimum size and depth (100 m) during a peak regression (R8) in the Campanian. Values for the other key model parameters are: M 2 co-oscillating boundary tides of 0.1 to 0.2 m range at the Arctic Ocean boundary and 0.5 to 1 m range at the proto-Gulf of Mexico boundary; Coriolis accelerations corresponding to 30°N, 45°N, and 60°N latitude; Chezy friction factors ranging from 31 to 70 m ½ s -1 ; and average winter winds and two winter storms computed by the community climate model at the National Center for Atmospheric Research for paleogeographic conditions during the late Albian. Results of the numerical experiments, and comparison of these results with geologic observations, allow the following conclusions. (1) Circulation in the seaway was generally storm-dominated. (2) Typical winter storms crossing the seaway from west to east generated 0.3 m s -1 shore-parallel, geostrophic currents on the shelves north of Arizona, at first flowing weakly to the north, but later during the storm, flowing strongly to the south. (3) Extreme storms could have produced 0.8 m s -1 currents over the shelves, and 0.3 m s -1 currents in 200 m of water.(4) Co-oscillating tides propagated into the seaway as progressive Kelvin waves, and therefore tidal ranges in the seaway were mesotidal to macrofdal along the southeastern margin but microtidal everywhere else. (5) Significant deep-water wave heights and periods of the fully developed wave field are predicted to have been 5 to 6 m high and 10 s, respectively. The northwestern shore of the seaway would have experienced these storm waves approaching from the north, and thus net sediment drift should have been to the south. Limited available field data support these conclusions.
Prognostic factors in head and neck melanoma. Effect of lesion location

Cutaneous malignant melanomas of the head and neck are prognostically engimatic. In addition to known prognostic determinants of stage and lesion microstage, lesion location also appears to have prognostic importance. The authors have reviewed a series of 83 microstaged head and neck melanoma patients in order to analyze the relative importance of these factors. There were 36 males and 47 females with a median age of 56 years. Eighty-one percent had pathologic Stage I disease, 7% were Stage II, and 12% were Stage III. The primary location was face in 32 patients, neck in 18, ear in 12, and scalp in 21 patients. The actuarial 5-year survival according to lesion thickness was 86% for melanoma less than 1.0 mm, 56% for 1 to 2 mm thick lesions, 47% for 2.1 to 4 mm thick lesions, and 25% for melanomas greater than 4.0 mm. The 5-year survival according to lesion location was 78% for facial and 58% for neck melanomas; for ear and scalp, the respective survivals were 33% and 37%. Median thickness was 2.0 mm for facial and 1.85 mm for neck lesions. It was 2.7 mm for ear and 2.0 mm for scalp lesions (differences not significant). There were no microstage factors that correlated with the adverse prognosis seen with scalp and ear melanomas. Multivariate analysis in the entire series (all clinical stages) showed the following to be significant: stage, thickness, and location of the primary melanoma (all less than 0.0002). In clinical Stage I melanoma, the significant prognostic factors were location (P = 0.035), thickness (P = 0.008), level (P = 0.024), and ulceration (P = 0.035). The prognosis of head and neck melanoma is uniquely influenced by location of the primary lesions in addition to stage, thickness, level, and ulceration, as observed with other cutaneous melanomas at other sites. Ear and scalp melanomas are high-risk lesions whose poor prognosis is not readily explained by any of the microstage factors reviewed.
Acceleration of performance evaluations for adaptive coding protocols in frequency-hop communications

Effective adaptation of error-control coding in a packet radio network requires certain statistics to be developed in the demodulator and decoder of the receiving radio during the reception of each packet. The statistics from one packet are employed to select the code for the next packet. The design and evaluation of cross-layer protocols that use such statistics typically require numerous simulations of the network, and each simulation of the network has numerous embedded simulations of the demodulators and decoders that are in the radios. The embedded simulations of the decoder are especially computationally intensive if the radios employ iterative decoding. We present a method for the direct generation of receiver statistics that avoids the time-consuming embedded simulations of the demodulator and decoder, thereby accelerating the process of designing, developing, and evaluating adaptive cross-layer protocols. The required statistics are modeled as random variables that can be generated quickly, yet their distributions approximate the distributions of the actual receiver statistics. The method is illustrated for an adaptive coding protocol in a network of frequency-hop (FH) radios that employ turbo product codes with soft-decision iterative decoding. Results are given on the quality of the approximations and the reductions in simulation time that they provide. Our method for the direct generation of receiver statistics provides even greater benefits in the design and evaluation of higher-layer protocols that employ receiver statistics.
Phytochemicals from Cruciferous Vegetables, Epigenetics, and Prostate Cancer Prevention

Epidemiological evidence has demonstrated a reduced risk of prostate cancer associated with cruciferous vegetable intake. Follow-up studies have attributed this protective activity to the metabolic products of glucosinolates, a class of secondary metabolites produced by crucifers. The metabolic products of glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin, sulforaphane, and indole-3-carbinol respectively, have been the subject of intense investigation by cancer researchers. Sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol inhibit prostate cancer by both blocking initiation and suppressing prostate cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. Research has largely focused on the anti-initiation and cytoprotective effects of sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol through induction of phases I and II detoxification pathways. With regards to suppressive activity, research has focused on the ability of sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol to antagonize cell signaling pathways known to be dysregulated in prostate cancer. Recent investigations have characterized the ability of sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol derivatives to modulate the activity of enzymes controlling the epigenetic status of prostate cancer cells. In this review, we will summarize the well-established, “classic” non-epigenetic targets of sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol, and highlight more recent evidence supporting these phytochemicals as epigenetic modulators for prostate cancer chemoprevention.
MPI on IBM SP1/SP2: current status and future directions

A complete prototype implementation of MPI on the IBM Scalable Power PARALLEL 1 and 2 (SP1, SP2) is discussed. This implementation achieves essentially the same performance as the native EUI library, although MPI is much larger. The paper describes the implementation of EUI on SP1/SP2, and the modifications required to to implement MPI, initial performance measurements, and directions for future work. >
Virtual Reality on the Internet: Collaborative Virtual Reality

Collaborative virtual reality holds the promise of creating an environment for collaboration that is “better than being there.” Rather than try to replicate the conditions of a face-to-face meeting, collaborative virtual reality gives us the opportunity to go beyond what is possible in the real world and to share space not only with our collaborators scattered around the world, but also with the topic of collaboration—a new car design, a simulation of a thunderstorm, the structure of the inner ear. Each collaborator brings his or her past experience to the collaboration, and the virtual environment can tailor itself to give users a representation appropriate for their background. Because the shared virtual world is maintained by a computer, the computer can “remember” all the interactions in that world, providing opportunities for asynchronous as well as synchronous collaboration. Keywords: asynchronous collaboration; audio and video; avatars; CAVE; heterogeneous views; user datagram protocol
Progesterone and Luteinizing Hormone Secretion during Luteal Inhibition by Exogenous Oxytocint

The concentrations of LH and of progesterone were determined in blood plasma coliected on days 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 of the estrous cycie in four nontreated and four oxytocin-treated heifers. LH was quantitated by radioimmunoassay and progesterone was determined by competitive protein-binding assay. Exogenous oxytocin did not significantly affect the concentration of LH during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle but it did cause a precocious return to estrus during which high levels of LH were found. The concentration of progesterone was not affected by oxytocin treatment until Day 5 of the estrous cycle at which time a significant (p < .01) decrease was noted, Most correlation ccefficients between LH and progesterone concentrations were not significant; two exceptions were the significant (� < .05) correlations between piasma LH on Day 3 and plasma progesterone on Days 3 and 4.
The cost-effectiveness of a child nutrition education programme in Peru

This article reports impact and cost results from a health facility-based nutrition education programme targeting children less than 2 years of age in Trujillo, Peru. Key elements of the programme included participative complementary feeding demonstrations, growth monitoring sessions and an accreditation process. Data were collected from six intervention and six control health facilities to measure utilization and costs associated with the intervention. To calculate the unit costs of services, these costs are allocated using activity-based costing. To measure the effects of the intervention, 338 children were followed through household surveys at regular intervals from birth until the age of 18 months. The intervention had a clear positive impact both on the use of nutrition-related services and on children's growth outcomes. Children in the intervention areas made 17.6 visits to health facilities in the first 18 months of life, compared with 14.1 visits for children in the control areas (P < 0.001). This pattern holds true for all socioeconomic groups. The intervention prevented 11.1 cases of stunting per 100 children. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, children in the intervention were 0.33 times as likely to be stunted as the controls (P = 0.002). The marginal cost of the intervention - including external costs, training, health education materials and extra travel and equipment - is 6.12 US dollars per child reached and 55.16 US dollars per case of stunting prevented. The estimated marginal cost of the intervention per death averted is 1952 US dollars.
Disconnects between news framing and parental discourse concerning the state-mandated HPV vaccine: implications for dialogic health communication and health literacy.

In 2007, Virginia became the first state to mandate the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, requiring that parents of girls entering 6th grade in 2009 decide to either vaccinate their daughters or sign the ‘opt-out’ waiver. This investigation is the first to explore how both the news media and parents framed and responded to the newly-mandated HPV vaccine. This research reveals disjoints between newspaper reports and information needed by families, leaving parents feeling skeptical about, frustrated with, and intolerant of the state directive. This study discusses the implications of these gaps for parental healthcare decision-making and provides suggestions for constructing a more dialogic, community-based approach that can increase health literacy regarding the HPV vaccine.
Transient releases of acetaldehyde from tree leaves: products of a pyruvate overflow mechanism?

Emissions of acetaldehyde from tree leaves were investigated by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), a technique that allows simultaneous monitoring of different leaf volatiles, and confirmed by derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Bursts of acetaldehyde were released by sycamore, aspen, cottonwood and maple leaves following light–dark transitions; isoprene emission served as a measure of chloroplastic processes. Acetaldehyde bursts were not accompanied by ethanol, but exposure of leaves to inhibitors of pyruvate transport or respiration, or anoxia, led to much larger releases of acetaldehyde, accompanied by ethanol under anoxic conditions. These same leaves have an oxidative pathway for ethanol present in the transpiration stream, resulting in acetaldehyde emissions that are inhibited in vivo by 4-methylpyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) inhibitor. Labelling of leaf volatiles with 13CO2 suggested that the pools of cytosolic pyruvate, the proposed precursor of acetaldehyde bursts, were derived from both recent photosynthesis and cytosolic carbon sources. We hypothesize that releases of acetaldehyde during light–dark transitions result from a pyruvate overflow mechanism controlled by cytosolic pyruvate levels and pyruvate decarboxylase activity. These results suggest that leaves of woody plants contribute reactive acetaldehyde to the atmosphere under different conditions: (1) metabolic states that promote the accumulation of cytosolic pyruvate, triggering the pyruvate decarboxylase reaction; and (2) leaf ethanol oxidation resulting from ethanol transported from anoxic tissues.
The Power of Negative Thinking: Which Cells Limit Tumor Immunity?

Why human tumors grow infiltrated by specific antitumor T cells has been a mystery attributed to negative factors released directly by the tumor or indirectly through immune intermediaries. The frequency and phenotype of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients and healthy donors are surprisingly similar. Clin Cancer Res; 18(19); 5157–9. ©2012 AACR .
Cardiac Arrest: Resuscitation and Reperfusion

The modern treatment of cardiac arrest is an increasingly complex medical procedure with a rapidly changing array of therapeutic approaches designed to restore life to victims of sudden death. The 2 primary goals of providing artificial circulation and defibrillation to halt ventricular fibrillation remain of paramount importance for saving lives. They have undergone significant improvements in technology and dissemination into the community subsequent to their establishment 60 years ago. The evolution of artificial circulation includes efforts to optimize manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation, external mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices designed to augment circulation, and may soon advance further into the rapid deployment of specially designed internal emergency cardiopulmonary bypass devices. The development of defibrillation technologies has progressed from bulky internal defibrillators paddles applied directly to the heart, to manually controlled external defibrillators, to automatic external defibrillators that can now be obtained over-the-counter for widespread use in the community or home. But the modern treatment of cardiac arrest now involves more than merely providing circulation and defibrillation. As suggested by a 3-phase model of treatment, newer approaches targeting patients who have had a more prolonged cardiac arrest include treatment of the metabolic phase of cardiac arrest with therapeutic hypothermia, agents to treat or prevent reperfusion injury, new strategies specifically focused on pulseless electric activity, which is the presenting rhythm in at least one third of cardiac arrests, and aggressive post resuscitation care. There are discoveries at the cellular and molecular level about ischemia and reperfusion pathobiology that may be translated into future new therapies. On the near horizon is the combination of advanced cardiopulmonary bypass plus a cocktail of multiple agents targeted at restoration of normal metabolism and prevention of reperfusion injury, as this holds the promise of restoring life to many patients for whom our current therapies fail.
Coherent Continuous Systems and the Generalized Functional Equation of Associativity

A theory of coherent continuous systems is outlined. Systems are to be decomposed hierarchically into modules. For this purpose, some results on the structure of continuous functions are adapted to generalize the classic 3-Modules Theorem of binary systems. Consideration of the modular structure of coherent continuous systems leads naturally to the generalized functional equation of associativity Ggu, v, w = Hu, hv, w involving four unknown 2-place continuous functions. The functional equation is solved under some regularity conditions motivated by the properties of coherent continuous systems. The solutions obtained give rise to generalized notions of parallel and series system structures.
A comparison of methods to spatially represent pelagic longline fishing effort in catch and bycatch studies

Bycatch in fisheries has been recognized as a threat to many endangered populations of sea turtles, sea birds and marine mammals. Interactions between pelagic longline fisheries and critically endangered populations of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) have led to temporary closures of the Hawaiian pelagic longline swordfish fishery and severe bycatch quotas. The negative impact of these events on both the populations of certain endangered species and the economic livelihood of the fishermen has resulted in a strong push from all sides to better understand bycatch events. Typically, analyses of longline catch and bycatch have examined fishing effort summarized over large areas (≥1°). Although aggregation of effort to this level may be necessary to account for uncertainty, confidentiality concerns, or to make comparisons across regions, it specifically limits the researcher's ability to characterize the local oceanographic factors that may drive individual bycatch events. Higher resolution analyses must be undertaken to identify such features. However, for these higher resolution analyses, the methods currently used to spatially represent pelagic longline fishing effort may significantly affect researcher's results. Here, we look at different methods to represent this fishing effort (i.e., points, centroids, polylines and polygons) at various resolutions (2 km to 5°) to better understand which method and spatial resolution are most appropriate. Our results validate the use of point features to represent fishing effort in previous low resolution studies of the Hawaiian pelagic longline fishery by showing that the set point method is suitable for studies with resolutions lower than 15 km. However, at higher resolutions (≤15 km) and in areas with more sparsely distributed fishing, aggregated effort values differed significantly between spatial representation methods. We demonstrate that the use of polygons to describe pelagic longline fishing effort is more representative and necessary for such high resolution analyses.
Hot-Carrier Degradation Effects for DRAM Circuits

The continued drive to shrink feature sizes for higher density memory chips is leading to an increase in the internal electric fields of MOS transistors. This increase in the fields near the drain junctions eventually leads to trapped charges during hot-carrier generation, which cause degraded MOSFET characteristics, and consequently results in circuit performance degradation. While for technologies of even 2 μm gate lengths, the effects of hot carriers begin to take place, these become more significant below 1.5 μm channel lengths [1]. Consequently, newer technologies involving Lightly Doped Drain (LDD) or Graded Drain transistors have been developed to combat the high electric fields and help reduce the hot carrier reliability threat. These later developments in the source/drain junction of a transistor are now a part of the 1 μm CMOS technology for the present high-density memory chips. However, 256 kb DRAMs built with less than 1.5 μm NMOS technology and the 1 megabit and 4 megabit DRAMs built with 1 μm CMOS technology are all susceptible to hot carrier stress degradation. Therefore, a clear understanding of not only the transistor degradation, but also its influence on circuit performance, is needed.
Transthoracic needle biopsy of the lung

Background: Image guided transthoracic needle aspiration (TTNA) is a valuable tool used for the diagnosis of countless thoracic diseases. Computed tomography (CT) is the most common imaging modality used for guidance followed by ultrasound (US) for lesions abutting the pleural surface. Novel approaches using virtual CT guidance have recently been introduced. The objective of this review is to examine the current literature for TTNA biopsy of the lung focusing on diagnostic accuracy and safety. Methods: MEDLINE was searched from inception to October 2015 for all case series examining image guided TTNA. Articles focusing on fluoroscopic guidance as well as influence of rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) on yield were excluded. The diagnostic accuracy, defined as the number of true positives divided by the number of biopsies done, as well as the complication rate [pneumothorax (PTX), bleeding] was examined for CT guided TTNA, US guided TTNA as well as CT guided electromagnetic navigational-TTNA (E-TTNA). Of the 490 articles recovered 75 were included in our analysis. Results: The overall pooled diagnostic accuracy for CT guided TTNA using 48 articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria was 92.1% (9,567/10,383). A similar yield was obtained examining ten articles using US guided TTNA of 88.7% (446/503). E-TTNA, being a new modality, only had one pilot study citing a diagnostic accuracy of 83% (19/23). Pooled PTX and hemorrhage rates were 20.5% and 2.8% respectively for CT guided TTNA. The PTX rate was lower in US guided TTNA at a pooled rate of 4.4%. E-TTNA showed a similar rate of PTX at 20% with no incidence of bleeding in a single pilot study available. Conclusions: Image guided TTNA is a safe and accurate modality for the biopsy of lung pathology. This study found similar yield and safety profiles with the three imaging modalities examined.
Pregnancy in adolescents

The United States must improve its efforts to reduce teen pregnancy. We occupy an alarming position in the developed world from the standpoint of the magnitude of the pregnancy issue. While our society promotes sexuality to sell all sorts of consumer goods, it still refuses for the most part to make contraceptives familiar and available to sexually active teens. The youngest adolescents, 10 to 14 years, are having sex and babies at an increasing rate. Their children will have limited futures. Only by stepping up our efforts to prevent early pregnancy will we make possible a life of opportunity and choice for the young people of our country. Consequences will be costly and tragic if we do not.
Exploring a Toll Auction Mechanism Enabled by Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Technology

High-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes—an increasingly popular solution for congested roadway networks—give drivers the option to access express lanes. The cost of entry often varies with demand, although no standard method of optimizing these price points exists. Using the principles of a Vickrey auction that incentivizes true-value bids, this paper proposes a tolling system that uses vehicle-to-infrastructure technology to optimize toll operator revenue with HOT lane usage. In the scenario, a roadway network consists of a HOT lane and a general-purpose lane, each with identical physical properties. Drivers can access the HOT lane at the start of the facility or at one interim point along the roadway. With the use of a triangular distribution to approximate the distribution of travelers’ value of time (VOT), the model explores the impact of varying the distribution’s mode on revenue earned by the toll operator. Results from the model indicate that when the toll operator maximizes the model’s revenue, the percen...
The Disease Portals, disease–gene annotation and the RGD disease ontology at the Rat Genome Database

The Rat Genome Database (RGD;http://rgd.mcw.edu/) provides critical datasets and software tools to a diverse community of rat and non-rat researchers worldwide. To meet the needs of the many users whose research is disease oriented, RGD has created a series of Disease Portals and has prioritized its curation efforts on the datasets important to understanding the mechanisms of various diseases. Gene-disease relationships for three species, rat, human and mouse, are annotated to capture biomarkers, genetic associations, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. To generate gene-disease annotations more effectively and in greater detail, RGD initially adopted the MEDIC disease vocabulary from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and adapted it for use by expanding this framework with the addition of over 1000 terms to create the RGD Disease Ontology (RDO). The RDO provides the foundation for, at present, 10 comprehensive disease area-related dataset and analysis platforms at RGD, the Disease Portals. Two major disease areas are the focus of data acquisition and curation efforts each year, leading to the release of the related Disease Portals. Collaborative efforts to realize a more robust disease ontology are underway. Database URL:http://rgd.mcw.edu.
“The Forgotten People of New Orleans”: Community, Vulnerability, and the Lower Ninth Ward

Before Hurricane Katrina roared across New Orleans on August 29, 2005, few Ameri cans had heard of the Lower Ninth Ward. After the hurricane caused major levee breach es through which waves of water rushed and tossed "homes and cars around like toys" in the area, the Lower Ninth Ward came to represent the convergence of destructive forces on a society: the hurricane; the geographical vulnerability of New Orleans; government neglect; and urban poverty and racial polarization.1 In the half century before the storm, the Lower Ninth Ward had changed from a fairly integrated section of working-class neighborhoods to a predominantly African American community where family potlucks and poverty coexisted; yet the area's reputation as remote and irrelevant persisted from its founding through the opening years of the twenty-first century. Residents rebuffed these stereotypes, insisting that portrayals of the Ninth Ward as isolated and dangerous failed to capture what it meant to the people who lived there: family, friends, and neighbor hood. Indeed, soon after Hurricane Katrina forced them out, many residents were lobby ing to return home. "It's a great community," one resident declared. "We want it back."2 The narrative of two Ninth Wards emerging from rebuilding debates also distinguishes the area's history. Over time, the seemingly disparate characterizations of vibrant com munity and isolated backwater actually reinforced each other as the struggle to define the Ninth Ward, particularly the Lower Ninth Ward, shaped how the area grew, flourished, and suffered. Amid municipal neglect and increasing impoverishment, Lower Ninth Ward residents developed cross-generational neighborhood bonds that encouraged activist pur suit of better public services and nourished cultural traditions singular to New Orleans. In the postindustrial Crescent City, the spread of crime and poverty particularly afflicted the Lower Ninth Ward, but while homicide rates were among the highest in the city, so were home ownership rates.3 The Lower Ninth Ward story presents a complex challenge to residents and government officials alike: The area's unsteady terrain and social margin
Abstract ED02-02: Second cancers among cancer survivors: High-risk populations to target for prevention

There are now over 12 million cancer survivors in the United States. Given advances in early detection, supportive care, and therapy, the 5-year overall survival rate for all invasive cancer types exceeds 67%. For many common cancers, such as breast, prostate, testicular, thyroid, bladder, and endometrial cancer, melanoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma, the overall 5-year survival rate exceeds 80%. As the number of long-term survivors has increased, there has been a growing awareness that many will develop health conditions as a direct or an indirect consequence of their cancer therapy or lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors associated with the primary cancer. One of the most serious outcomes experienced by cancer survivors is the diagnosis of a second cancer. The number of patients with multiple primary cancers is growing, with independent malignancies comprising about 16%. Second cancers are a major contributing factor to late mortality following the primary cancer for several high risk groups, including survivors of pediatric or young adult Hodgkin lymphoma. This presentation will describe the current estimates for second cancers, identify high risk populations, and discuss long-term screening strategies and risk-reducing interventions. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):ED02-02.
Nonparametric Description of Peak Acceleration Above a Subduction Thrust

INTRODUCTION This paper summarizes the nonparametric model for peak acceleration as a function of magnitude, distance, and site in Guerrero, Mexico that was prepared by Anderson and Lei (1994), hereafter referred to as AL94. The shallow part of this subduction zone dips at about 15 degrees, and in this way is similar to the Alaska and the Pacific Northwest (Cascadia) subduction zones in the United States. The largest earthquakes on the Mexican subduction thrust have had magnitudes of between 8.0 and 8.2. The data used in this study were obtained from the Guerrero accelerograph network (Anderson et al. , 1994). The network was designed to record accelerograms from strong earthquakes on part of the Mexican subduction thrust. It is located in a mature seismic gap, and within the next few years it is likely to record one or more earthquakes with magnitude near 8. The sites in the Guerrero network were...
Experimental Investigation of Thermal Transport Mechanisms Through a Nanoscale Point Contact

Using a silicon nitride cantilever with an integral Si tip and a micro-fabricated Pt-C resistance thermometer placed close to the tip, we have measured the thermal contact resistance of a nanoscale Si point contact in an ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope at near room temperature. The temperature of the cantilever tip was observed to remain constant during approach to, while in contact with, and during retraction from the Si substrate, while a large temperature drop was observed at the points of contact and separation, suggesting negligible near-field radiation transport in the experiment reported here. Detailed contact mechanics calculations of the contact diameter and modeling of the nanocontact show that solid-solid conduction with phonon transmission coefficient of at least 0.12 is the dominant mode of heat transfer through the nanoscale contact.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Corrections of order (1M)2 to μ-capture

Abstract A Foldy-Wouthuysen reduction is made of the μ-capture Hamiltonian, keeping terms of order ( 1 M ) 2 . The corrections of order ( 1 M ) 2 to the transition probability are then calculated for two cases, 16 O (0 + → 16 N (0 − ) and 12 C(0 + )→ 12 B (1 + ) , which are of interest because the former provides a means of determining the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant while the latter can be used to determine the size of the axial vector and weak magnetism coupling constants.
Back to the Future: Traditional Medicinals Revisited: The Use of Plants in Medicine

Throughout history, plants have been used for medical purposes. In recent years, pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal and toxic products from natural sources) has reemerged. Many ancient plants have retained their importance as medicinal agents in modern western medicine. Examples of these agents include morphine and codeine, which are derived from the opium poppy; the cardiotonics digoxin and digitoxin from foxglove; and the hypotensive alkaloid reserpine from Indian snakeroot. Plants are able to synthesize the enormous array of complex organic compounds using the intricate metabolic pathways that provide basic nutritional requirements. This is the second article in a four-part series on botany. Other articles focus on the use of plants to clean up the environment, modern plant medicines, and poisonous plants.
Reduced growth hormone content in anterior pituitaries of rats on protein-free diets.

SummaryAnterior pituitaries of protein-depleted and of control female rats were bio-assayed for growth-stimulating activity. Absence of dietary protein for 5 weeks reduced growth hormone content of hypophysis to 1/4 that found in normal glands or 1/2 normal amount/mg tissue. There was a parallel decrease in number and size of pituitary acidophils. Growth-promoting potency could be detected in plasma of protein-depleted animals but appeared to be reduced below normal levels.
Combined Adsorption Isotherms for Measuring the Adsorption Capacity of Fly Ash in Concrete

Fly ash, a solid waste generated from coal burning, can replace up to 70% of the cement in concrete and reduce environmental impact, cost of construction, and power generation. However, the lack of fly ash adsorption capacity measurement tools limits this type of fly ash beneficial utilization. This article presents the combined adsorption isotherms as a tool for the accurate measurement of the adsorption capacity of fly ash in concrete. The combined adsorption isotherms are simpler yet more accurate than the separate adsorption isotherms for quantifying the adsorption of air entraining admixtures (AEAs) by fly ash in concrete. Instead of performing two separate isotherms, one for cement and another for fly ash, enough mass of cement is added to all fly ash isotherm points to achieve full chemisorption. Blank isotherm points, consisting of the AEA and cement, determine the initial concentrations of AEA available for adsorption. Any AEA concentration reduction caused by the various masses of fly ash in the...
Can melatonin prevent or treat jet lag

Daily doses of 0.5 to 5 mg of melatonin, taken at the target bedtime at the destination for two to five days after arrival, lessen the effects of jet lag.
Constraints on Cosmology and Galaxy Formation from the NHDF

Deep optical and near infrared images of the NHDF with HST provide information and place constraints on models of galaxy formation and evolution. Successful theories should match these observations. The constraints go from model and cosmology independent observations such as the apparent magnitude function to heavily cosmology and model dependent constraints such as the star formation history. All of the constraints are limited by large scale structure due to the small size of the NHDF.
Intellectual Aspects of Life under the Umayyads

The invaders from the desert brought with them no tradition of learning, no heritage of culture, to the lands they conquered. In Syria, in Egypt, in al-‘Irāq, in Persia, they sat as pupils at the feet of the peoples they subdued. And what acquisitive pupils they proved to be!
Clinical Decision Support for a Multicenter Trial of Pediatric Head Trauma: Development, Implementation, and Lessons Learned.

Introduction: For children who present to emergency departments (EDs) due to blunt head trauma, ED clinicians must decide who requires computed tomography (CT) scanning to evaluate for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) derived and validated two age-based prediction rules to identify children at very low risk of clinically-important traumatic brain injuries (ciTBIs) who do not typically require CT scans. In this case report, we describe the strategy used to implement the PECARN TBI prediction rules via electronic health record (EHR) clinical decision support (CDS) as the intervention in a multicenter clinical trial. Methods: Thirteen EDs participated in this trial. The 10 sites receiving the CDS intervention used the Epic® EHR. All sites implementing EHR-based CDS built the rules by using the vendor’s CDS engine. Based on a sociotechnical analysis, we designed the CDS so that recommendations could be displayed immediately after any provider entered prediction rule data. One central site developed and tested the intervention package to be exported to other sites. The intervention package included a clinical trial alert, an electronic data collection form, the CDS rules and the format for recommendations. Results: The original PECARN head trauma prediction rules were derived from physician documentation while this pragmatic trial led each site to customize their workflows and allow multiple different providers to complete the head trauma assessments. These differences in workflows led to varying completion rates across sites as well as differences in the types of providers completing the electronic data form. Site variation in internal change management processes made it challenging to maintain the same rigor across all sites. This led to downstream effects when data reports were developed. Conclusions: The process of a centralized build and export of a CDS system in one commercial EHR system successfully supported a multicenter clinical trial.
Appendix: Suggested code structure and experiments for a simple shallow-fluid model

Many NWP courses involve the coding by students of one- or two-dimensional shallow-fluid models, and the use of these models in experiments to evaluate the influence of different numerical methods on model solutions (described in Chapter 3). This allows students to become familiar with the structural components of models, to gain experience in debugging model code, and to conduct experiments to confirm concepts discussed in the text. This appendix suggests an overall framework for coding the shallow-fluid equations that are described in Section 2.3.3, as well as some experiments that can be part of a laboratory component of an NWP course. Because the specific programming language used will determine the details of the model code, only a high-level outline will be provided here. The best approach is to start with the development of a one-dimensional model. Figure A.1 shows a schematic of the procedure for solving such a system, using an advection equation as a simple example. The abscissa is the space dimension and the ordinate is time. A predictive equation would of course be required for u , unless a constant mean speed is employed.
Guns, Bird Feathers, and Overcriminalization: Why Courts Should Take the Second Amendment Seriously

Who should the state punish? Why? Should punishment be proportional? This article surveys, in the context of these fundamental criminal-law questions, the Second Amendment’s constitutional history and jurisprudence. A vast body of evidence shows that the framers of both the Second and Fourteenth Amendments intended to protect the individual’s right to keep and carry arms for protection against both governmental and private aggression. Yet courts, unwilling to allow disfavored groups the means of self-defense, or fearing being blamed for criminal firearm activity, have failed to enforce the right to bear arms to any meaningful extent. After the Civil War, the U.S. Supreme Court read portions of the Fourteenth Amendment out of the Constitution. In the twentieth century, despite the Court’s rejection of both the proposition that the Second Amendment right belonged only to states and the proposition that government had plenary power to limit arms possession, lower courts refused to enforce any limit on governmental power over the right to keep and bear arms. After District of Columbia v. Heller declared with no lack of clarity that the Second Amendment protected an individual arms right, lower courts nonetheless continue flagrantly to defy the Supreme Court’s mandate. This judicial abdication has allowed the continued legislative overcriminalization of entirely peaceable citizens that the state has no reason to have on its radar. The vast majority of gun laws are malum prohibitum possessory offenses that often provide greater penalties than heinous malum in se offenses. This legislative overreach and judicial underenforcement has been enabled by the systematic demonization of both firearm owners and certain types of firearms. This suggests that modern gun control, rather than a genuine attempt to reduce crime, is all too often an effort to create moral panic.
A phase II study of erlotinib followed by chemotherapy on progression in an unselected population of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.

7568 Background: Erlotinib is now accepted as first line therapy for advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR mutated tumors. However, some patients with EGFR wild-type tumors may benefit as well, and the...
Prognostic role of at-diagnosis positron emission tomography (PET) scan in follicular lymphoma grade 3 (FL3).

e19507 Background: FL3 is a heterogeneous disease with mixed behavior and outcome. Pathologic differentiation into FL3A, FL3B and follicular large cleaved cell type (FLC) is challenging and highlig...