cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revolutionary narratives of self-compassion among older women in post-Mao Beijing

Drawing upon interviews and participant observation conducted with hundreds of middle-aged and elderly Chinese women in rural and urban neighborhoods in Beijing Municipality between 1993 and 2012, this paper explores the emergence of revolutionary new narratives of self-compassion among older women in reform-era Beijing. Taught before 1949 that they should first and foremost serve their families and after 1949 that they should put their own individual needs aside and serve the party and the masses, many older Chinese women in Beijing - after the seeds of market reform were sown in the late 1970s - slowly began to focus more attention than before on themselves, their past and present experiences, sources of and solutions to past and present distress, and their own personal enjoyment of everyday life. The analysis shows how western theories of both gero-transcendence and individualization as modernization are insufficient to account for the complex cultural formations of self-care that have developed among older women in the first decades of post-Mao China.
Anticrossing semiconducting band gap in nominally semimetallic InAs/GaSb superlattices

While $(\mathrm{InAs}{)}_{n}/(\mathrm{GaSb}{)}_{n}$ (001) superlattices are semiconducting for $nl{n}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}28\mathrm{ML},$ for $ng{n}_{c}$ the InAs electron level ${e}_{\mathrm{InAs}}$ is below the GaSb hole level ${h}_{\mathrm{GaSb}},$ so the system is converted to a nominal semimetal. At nonzero in-plane wave vectors $({\mathbf{k}}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}\ensuremath{\ne}0),$ however, the wave functions ${e}_{\mathrm{InAs}}$ and ${h}_{\mathrm{GaSb}}$ have the same symmetry, so they anticross. This opens up a ``hybridization gap'' at some ${\mathbf{k}}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}={\mathbf{k}}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}^{*}.$ Using a pseudopotential plane-wave approach as well as a (pseudopotential fit) eight-band $\mathbf{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{p}$ approach, we predict the hybridization gap and its properties such as wave-function localization and out-of-plane dispersion. We find that recent model calculations underestimate this gap severely.
Teacher education: Then and now

The year is 1963 and early in the infancy of Theory Into Practice an issue is devoted to a problem that is at the very core of teacher education: addressing the complexity of teaching. Jackson (1963), a pioneer in the study of teachers in classrooms, sets the stage for the reader by acknowledging that recent advances in scholarship have altered ways of thinking not only about the qualities of successful teachers but more importantly about effective methods of teaching. He observes that much of the thinking about what contributes to successful teaching to that point in time has been rather "simpleminded." This summary and critique of articles on teacher education over 25 years is placed in appropriate perspective by Jackson's conclusion: "Finally, it is inevitable that many of the ideas presented in this issue of TIP will themselves soon be outdated and
Angiopoietin-1 Inhibits Endothelial Cell Apoptosis via the Akt/Survivin Pathway

A productive angiogenic response must couple to the survival machinery of endothelial cells to preserve the integrity of newly formed vessels. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is an endothelium-specific ligand essential for embryonic vascular stabilization, branching morphogenesis, and post-natal angiogenesis, but its contribution to endothelial cell survival has not been completely elucidated. Here we show that Ang-1 acting via the Tie 2 receptor induces phosphorylation of the survival serine-threonine kinase, Akt (or protein kinase B). This is associated with up-regulation of the apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in endothelial cells and protection of endothelium from death-inducing stimuli. Moreover, dominant negative survivin negates the ability of Ang-1 to protect cells from undergoing apoptosis. The activation of anti-apoptotic pathways mediated by Akt and survivin in endothelial cells may contribute to Ang-1 stabilization of vascular structures during angiogenesis, in vivo.
Socioeconomic and Racial Disparities in Environmental Health: Is Risk Assessment Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution?

ABSTRACT The term “environmental justice” is a relatively recent addition to the lexicon of public health and risk-based decision making. Although it is currently a prominent public policy issue, there is no consensus-derived definition, nor is there general agreement about viable mechanisms for putting worthwhile social goals (e.g., fairness, equity, and justice) into operation. Nevertheless, the concept of environmental justice has focused attention on important questions of whether economically and politically disadvantaged communities bear a disproportionate burden of environmental pollution, and whether past environmental policies, programs and practices have been fair and equitable. Among individuals and organizations involved with issues of environmental justice there is a spectrum of strong and often contradictory convictions about the nature and role of risk assessment. Critics are convinced it is part of the problem and are inclined to see it as an ethically suspect, resource-intensive, elitist,...
Fertility preserving options in patients with gynecologic malignancies

A proportion of reproductive age women are affected by gynecologic malignancies. This patient population is faced with difficult decisions, related to their cancer care and treatment, as well as future childbearing potential. Therefore, it is important for gynecologists to be familiar with fertility sparing management options in patients with cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer. In addition to understanding the surgical approaches available, providers should be able to counsel patients regarding their eligibility for and the indications and limitations of fertility sparing therapy for gynecologic cancer, allowing for appropriate referrals. A comprehensive PUBMED literature search was conducted using the key words "fertility preservation," "cervical cancer," "endometrial cancer," "ovarian cancer," "borderline tumor of the ovary," "germ cell tumor," "obstetrical outcomes," "chemotherapy," and "radiation." The following review summarizes fertility sparing options for patients with cervical, ovarian and endometrial cancer, with an emphasis on appropriate patient selection, oncologic, and obstetric outcomes.
Application method: impacts on atrazine and alachlor movement, weed control, and corn yield in three tillage systems

Banding herbicides reduces the agrochemical input compared to broadcast applications, and thereby reduces negative environmental impacts of herbicides. This study evaluated the impact of three tillage systems (ridge tillage, chisel plow, and moldboard plow) and two preemergence herbicide application methods (band and broadcast) on atrazine and alachlor movement, weed control, and corn (Zea mays L.) yield on two soils, one with a loam and the other with a silty clay loam texture in the surface layer. A 25 cm or 38 cm herbicide band applied over a 76 cm corn row compared to broadcast application reduced herbicide input by 67‐50%, respectively. Shallow cultivation was used for weed control between rows in all tillage systems. Tillage system did not impact herbicide movement, weed control, or corn yield. Although less than 1% of the applied herbicide was detected in soil below 45 cm, atrazine and alachlor were found in water samples collected from pan lysimeters buried 90 cm below the surface. Banding reduced atrazine and alachlor collected in lysimeters by 50% and 80%, respectively, compared to a broadcast application for continuous corn in finer textured soil. However, even in the banded application, atrazine levels in some years increased from <0.1 (background) to a maximum of 0.8 m gl ˇ1 in a shallow aquifer 5.5 m below the surface of the silty clay loam soil when managed as a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] ‐ corn rotation using the ridge tillage system. Yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.) was the most abundant weed in the loam soil where corn yield was similar in band and broadcast treatments because cultivation could be and was timely after rainfall. In the silty clay loam soil, corn yields were less in banded than broadcast treatments in one out of the three years. Yield reductions in the banded treatment on this silty clay loam soil were attributed to poor control of Russian thistle (Salsola iberica Sennen and Pau), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), ladysthumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), and yellow foxtail because cultivation could not be done timely after rainfall. # 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Language and connectedness in the medical and psychiatric interview

Abstract Objective To present and develop “connectedness” as a linguistically based concept for research and teaching of the medical and psychiatric interview; and to illustrate how this concept may be operationalized for systematic study and use. Methods We describe the concept and its theoretical background, illustrate it with examples, and describe a basic rating scale for connectedness that can be used for research and teaching purposes. Results Connectedness is grounded in established concepts from the linguistic field of discourse analysis and is applicable to the study and teaching of medical and psychiatric interviews. Conclusions Connectedness is worthy of further study to enhance our understanding and our teaching of the interview. Practice implications Connectedness is a concept directly applicable to teaching and practice.
A fluorescence study of thermally induced conformational changes in yeast hexokinase.

Flourescence studies have been performed on yeast hexokinase (ATP:d-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) as a function of temperature. Observations of both the intrinsic protein fluorescence and the fluorescence of the noncovalently bound apolar probe 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid under conditions where hexokinase is monomeric, indicate that significant thermal structural transitions occur in the protein over the physiological range of temperature (0°–40°C) and that there are different temperature-dependent forms of the enzyme. Thermal transitions between these forms are affected by the binding of the substrates d-glucose and ATP-Mg. It therefore appears that catalysis connects conformers that differ in stability and the present results are consistent with models in which hexokinase function is linked to changes in the interactions between the domains into which this protein is folded.
Endovascular repair of thoracic aortoenteric fistulas.

Aortoesophageal fistula is a rare manifestation of thoracic aortic surgery or esophageal disease. We describe a patient who underwent emergent endovascular repair of an aortoesophageal fistula due to a ruptured penetrating ulcer of the descending thoracic aorta and review the literature on this subject. (J Card Surg 2012;27:78–80)
Singular Pseudodifferential Operators, Symmetrizers, and Oscillatory Multidimensional Shocks☆

Abstract We introduce a calculus of singular pseudodifferential operators (SPOs) depending on wavelength e and use them to solve three different types of singular quasilinear hyperbolic systems. Such systems arise in nonlinear geometric optics and also, for example, in the study of incompressible limits and of nonlinear wave equations with small nonlinear terms or small data. The SPOs act in both slow and fast variables and are singular not only because their symbols have finite regularity and depend on 1 e , but also because their derivatives fail to decay in the usual way in the dual variables. There is a necessarily crude calculus with large parameter (e.g., residual operators are just bounded on L2), but the calculus admits the proof of Garding inequalities and enables us to symmetrize and sometimes even diagonalize the singular systems being considered by microlocalizing simultaneously in both slow and fast variables. The paper culminates in a proof of the existence of oscillatory multidimensional shocks on a fixed time interval independent of the wavelength e as e→0. The use of SPOs allows us to eliminate the small divisor assumptions made in earlier work and also to construct more general oscillatory solutions in which elliptic boundary layers are present on one or both sides of the shock.
Evaluation of Patient-Reported Quality-of-Life Outcomes After Renal Surgery

Objective To assess the feasibility of 2 patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments, Convalescence and Recovery Evaluation (CARE), and SF-12, as tools for evaluating HRQOL outcome consequences after renal surgery, and to determine which domains of these HRQOL instruments are most sensitive to HRQOL outcome effects of renal surgery. Methods Patients completed CARE and SF-12 preoperatively (baseline) and at 2, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery. Clinical data, patient response rate, HRQOL changes over time, and likelihood of patient return to baseline HRQOL were evaluated. Results Seventy-one patients were enrolled. Sixty patients completed the baseline and at least 1 follow-up set of questionnaires. The CARE pain, gastrointestinal (GI), and activity domain scores and the SF-12 physical composite score (PCS) were sensitive to changes in HRQOL (all P P Conclusion Evaluation of patient-reported HRQOL outcomes after renal surgery is feasible; our findings suggest that the activity, pain, and GI domains of CARE and PCS subscores of the SF-12 are sensitive measures of HRQOL outcome consequences of renal surgery and represent appropriate measures of either care quality or comparative effectiveness analyses of robotic, laparoscopic, and open renal surgery.
The effect of therapy on mature height in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

The effects of therapy on the final height of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were evaluated. Forty-six children with the 21-hydroxylase defect, 30 of whom had defects in electrolyte metabolism, were followed to maturity. In group A, there were 19 children (11 females and 8 males) who were diagnosed and adequately treated at less than 3 yr of age. In group B, there were 9 children (8 females and 1 male) who were adequately treated, but treatment was begun after 3 yr of age. In group C, there were 15 children (10 females and 5 males) whose treatment was inadequate. In group D, there were 3 female pseudohermaphrodites reared as males. The mean ages at diagnosis were: group A, 0.60 yr (±0.79 sd); group B, 6.43 yr (±2.96 sd); and group C, 4.96 yr (±5.19 sd). The group A males (final height, 171.9 cm ± 2.8 se) and females (final height, 162.5 cm ± 1.6 se) were significantly taller than the corresponding group C children (males, 160.14 cm ± 2.4 se, P < 0.01; females, 145.64 cm ± 2.89 se, P < ...
Improved synthesis of 2‐substituted‐2‐azabicyclo[2.2.2] octanones

Die Herstellung von Ketonen wie (I), (II) und (IV) kann aus den entsprechen: den sekundaren Alkoholen durch die Verwendung von tert.-Butylat bei der Oppenauer-Oxidation in hohen Ausbeuten erreicht werden.
Aiming at WM with both barrels blocked

Proteasome inhibition has proven to be a successful therapeutic strategy in B-cell malignancies including WM. In this issue of Blood , Roccaro and colleagues report preclinical studies, providing the rationale for clinical investigation of a novel orally available proteasome inhibitor in this
Spatially distributed target detection in non-Gaussian clutter

Two detection schemes for the detection of a spatially distributed, Doppler-shifted target in non-Gaussian clutter are developed. The non-Gaussian clutter is modeled as a spherically invariant random vector (SIRV) distribution. For the first detector, called the non-scatterer density dependent generalized likelihood ratio test (NSDD-GLRT), the detector takes the form of a sum of logarithms of identical functions of data from each individual range cell. It is shown under the clutter only hypothesis, that the detection statistic has the chi-square distribution so that the detector threshold is easily calculated for a given probability of false alarm P/sub F/. The detection probability P/sub D/ is shown to be only a function of the signal-to-clutter power ratio (S/C)/sub opt/ of the matched filter, the number of pulses N, the number of target range resolution cells J, the spikiness of the clutter determined by a parameter of an assumed underlying mixing distribution, and P/sub F/. For representative examples, it is shown that as N, J, or the clutter spikiness increases, detection performance improves. A second detector is developed which incorporates a priori knowledge of the spatial scatterer density. This detector is called the scatterer density dependent GLRT (SDD-GLRT) and is shown for a representative case to improve significantly the detection performance of a sparsely distributed target relative to the performance of the NSDD-GLRT and to be robust for a moderate mismatch of the expected number of scatterers. For both the NSDD-GLRT and SDD-GLRT, the detectors have the constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) property that P/sub F/ is independent of the underlying mixing distribution of the clutter, the clutter covariance matrix, and the steering vector of the desired signal.
Inverse method for identifying the underlying crack distribution in plates with random strengths

In the current investigation we seek to identify the underlying crack number and crack length distributions in brittle plates with a known strength distribution. The inverse problem in probabilistic fracture mechanics is defined, and the numerical procedure to solve the inverse problem is constructed. The simulation process of generating simulated plates containing simulated random cracks is elaborated. The maximum strain energy release rate criterion (Gmax) is applied to each simulated random crack to find the crack strength. The strength of the simulated plate is equated to the strength of the weakest simulated crack in the plate based on the weakest link notion. The underlying crack number and crack length distributions are obtained by minimizing the difference between the simulated plate strengths and the known plate strengths. The gamma, lognormal and two-parameter Weibull distributions are employed for the underlying crack length distribution, and are compared in order to identify the best choice. Numerical examples demonstrate that the three PDFs are all acceptable for reasons to be explained. In the appendix, the direct problem in probabilistic fracture mechanics is presented as part of the demonstration of a method for using the crack distribution identified in the inverse problem to predict the strength and the probability of fracture in a practical application.
High-resolution magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium code for unity beta plasmas

There is great interest in the properties of extremely high-s magnetohydrodynamic equilibria in axisymmetric toroidal geometry and the stability of such equilibria. However, few equilibrium codes maintain solid numerical behavior as beta approaches unity. The free-boundary algorithm presented herein utilizes a numerically stabilized multigrid method, current density input, position control, magnetic axis search, and dynamically adjusted simulated annealing. This approach yields numerically robust behavior in the spectrum of cases ranging from low to very high-s configurations. As the convergence time depends linearly on the total number of grid points, the production of extremely fine, low-error equilibria becomes possible. Such a code facilitates a variety of intriguing applications which include the exploration of the stability of extreme Shafranov shift equilibria.
Heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization for Batching and Scheduling Flowshop with Sequence-Independent Setup Time

This paper considers Integration of batching and scheduling with features on batch scheduling such as multi-product facilities, multi-stage, set-up time depending on sequence, limited storage. For this complicated problem, we present a Conjunctive model and Heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization. We proposed Local Search (LS) Strategy to improve the HPSO. Computations show that both methods are efficient. In addition, HPSO are better than CM.
Spinal mu and delta, but not kappa, opioid-receptor agonists attenuate responses to noxious colorectal distension in the rat

Abstract The antinociceptive efficacy of different opioid-receptor agonists following their intrathecal (i.t.) administration was examined in awake, unanesthetized rats in a model of visceral pain. Cumulative i.t. doses of the mu-preferring opioid-receptor agonist morphine produced dose-dependent attenuation of the change (increase) in mean arterial pressure (ΔMAP) and elevation of the visceromotor threshold to colorectal distension (CRD). Similar dose-dependent antinociceptive effects were produced after i.t. administration of the mu opioid-receptor-selective agonist DAMPGO. Morphine and DAMPGO were equipotent against the ΔMAP to phasic CRD (80 mm Hg, 20 sec), but DAMPGO was more than 6 times more potent than morphine in elevating the visceromotor threshold to an incrementing CRD. Intrathecal administration of the delta opioid-receptor-selective agonist DPDPE produced, like morphine and DAMPGO, a dose-dependent attenuation of the ΔMAP to CRD; DPDPE was one-tenth as potent as morphine or DAMPGO. DPDPE also dose-dependently elevated the visceromotor threshold to CRD, but its efficacy was only half that of morphine or DAMPGO. The kappa opioid-receptor-selective agonist U 50488H was without antinociceptive efficacy after i.t. administration, but did attenuate responses to CRD after systemic administration. The antinociceptive effects produced by morphine and DAMPGO were antagonized by i.t. pretreatment with naloxone and the effects produced by DPDPE were antagonized by i.t. pretreatment with the delta opioid-receptor-selective antagonist naltrindole. These data indicate that local mu and delta, but not kappa, opioid receptors can modulate visceral nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord.
Simultaneous binding of adenosine and guanosine by polyuridylic acid: a further analysis.

The dialysis data of Pitha, Huang, and Ts'o for the simultaneous binding of adenosine and guanosine to polyuridylic acid are analyzed here using a grand-partition function method described previously. The conclusion that the predominant mode of guanosine-binding cannot be a competition with adenosine for the primary hydrogen-bonding sites on the 2-polyuridylic acid complex emerges from this analysis. By setting a reasonable upper limit to the amount of competitive binding that might occur, it is found that the difference in standard free energies for the binding of guanosine and adenosine must be at leastFG − FA = 2400 cal/mole, provided the stacking energies for A − A, A − G, G − G interactions are all equal. This difference in binding free energies implies a specificity of at least 80: 1 in favor of A on the primary sites at 5°C. Since this is a lower limit, the actual binding specificity may well be much greater. The desirability of achieving specificity through repulsion of incorrect bases, rather than via attraction of correct bases, is discussed.
SPICE-compatible stamps for semi-discrete approximations of Maxwell's equations

This article presents the formulation of equivalent circuit stamps derived from the semi-discrete form of Maxwell's equations. In particular, when a rectangular Yee's lattice is used for the spatial discretization of Faraday's and Ampere's laws, the stamps assume simple forms in terms of lumped circuit elements and dependent sources. It is shown that there is a very close relationship between the semi-discrete Maxwell's system and the mesh analysis formalism of Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws. Boundary conditions, including a first-order absorbing boundary condition, are extended to equivalent circuit descriptions. The utilization of the SPICE-compatible equivalent circuit stamp formalism for the numerical solution of Maxwell's equations using SPICE is illustrated for the case of the calculation of the resonant frequencies of a perfectly conducting, rectangular cavity resonator. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non-linear version of the amir-lindenstrauss method

A non-linear version of the Amir-Lindenstrauss method of projections for weakly compactly generated Banach spaces is proved, that implies immediately the Benyamini-Rudin-Wage result on continuous images of Eberlein compact spaces.
NO binding to Mn-substituted homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase: relationship to O2 reactivity

Iron(II)-containing homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase (FeHPCD) activates O2 to catalyze the aromatic ring opening of homoprotocatechuate (HPCA). The enzyme requires FeII for catalysis, but MnII can be substituted (MnHPCD) with essentially no change in the steady-state kinetic parameters. Near simultaneous O2 and HPCA activation has been proposed to occur through transfer of an electron or electrons from HPCA to O2 through the divalent metal. In O2 reactions with MnHPCD–HPCA and the 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) complex of the His200Asn (H200N) variant of FeHPCD, this transfer has resulted in the detection of a transient MIII–O2 ·− species that is not observed during turnover of the wild-type FeHPCD. The factors governing formation of the MIII–O2 ·− species are explored here by EPR spectroscopy using MnHPCD and nitric oxide (NO) as an O2 surrogate. Both the HPCA and the dihydroxymandelic substrate complexes of MnHPCD bind NO, thus representing the first reported stable MnNO complexes of a nonheme enzyme. In contrast, the free enzyme, the MnHPCD–4NC complex, and the MnH200N and MnH200Q variants with or without HPCA bound do not bind NO. The MnHPCD–ligand complexes that bind NO are also active in normal O2-linked turnover, whereas the others are inactive. Past studies have shown that FeHPCD and the analogous variants and catecholic ligand complexes all bind NO, and are active in normal turnover. This contrasting behavior may stem from the ability of the enzyme to maintain the approximately 0.8-V difference in the solution redox potentials of FeII and MnII. Owing to the higher potential of Mn, the formation of the NO adduct or the O2 adduct requires both strong charge donation from the bound catecholic ligand and additional stabilization by interaction with the active-site His200. The same nonoptimal electronic and structural forces that prevent NO and O2 binding in MnHPCD variants may lead to inefficient electron transfer from the catecholic substrate to the metal center in variants of FeHPCD during O2-linked turnover. Accordingly, past studies have shown that intermediate FeIII species are observed for these mutant enzymes.
Microbially Deposited Manganese and Iron Oxides on Passive Metals—Their Chemistry and Consequences for Material Performance

Abstract The open-circuit potential (OCP) values of Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V (UNS R56400) corrosion coupons, exposed to fresh river water, were ennobled to as high as 365 mV vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and 400 mVSCE, respectively. With microchemical imaging capabilities and high-detection sensitivity, a surface analysis technique based on time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) was developed to identify the oxidation states and distribution of biominerals on the ennobled metal surfaces. ToF-SIMS spectra of the microbial deposits compared to spectra of different manganese and iron mineral standards indicated that the biominerals on the metal surfaces are a mixture of ferric oxide (Fe2O3), manganese oxide (Mn3O4), and manganese oxyhydroxide (MnOOH) on fully ennobled coupons, and a mixture of iron oxide (Fe3O4), Fe2O3, Mn3O4, and manganese(III) oxide (Mn2O3) on partially ennobled coupons. Biomineralized manganese and iron oxides on the Type 316L stainles...
An integrated model-based neurosurgical guidance system

Maximal tumor resection without damaging healthy tissue in open cranial surgeries is critical to the prognosis for patients with brain cancers. Preoperative images (e.g., preoperative magnetic resonance images (pMR)) are typically used for surgical planning as well as for intraoperative image-guidance. However, brain shift even at the start of surgery significantly compromises the accuracy of neuronavigation, if the deformation is not compensated for. Compensating for brain shift during surgical operation is, therefore, critical for improving the accuracy of image-guidance and ultimately, the accuracy of surgery. To this end, we have developed an integrated neurosurgical guidance system that incorporates intraoperative three-dimensional (3D) tracking, acquisition of volumetric true 3D ultrasound (iUS), stereovision (iSV) and computational modeling to efficiently generate model-updated MR image volumes for neurosurgical guidance. The system is implemented with real-time Labview to provide high efficiency in data acquisition as well as with Matlab to offer computational convenience in data processing and development of graphical user interfaces related to computational modeling. In a typical patient case, the patient in the operating room (OR) is first registered to pMR image volume. Sparse displacement data extracted from coregistered intraoperative US and/or stereovision images are employed to guide a computational model that is based on consolidation theory. Computed whole-brain deformation is then used to generate a model-updated MR image volume for subsequent surgical guidance. In this paper, we present the key modular components of our integrated, model-based neurosurgical guidance system.
Synthesizing visual digital library research to formulate a user-centered evaluation framework

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to synthesize prior user-centered research to develop and present a generalized framework for evaluating visual, i.e. both image and video digital libraries. The primary objectives include comprehensively examining the current state of visual digital library research to: develop a generalized framework applicable for designing user-centered evaluations of visual digital libraries; identify influential experimental factors warranting assessment evaluation as part of specific contexts; and provide examples of applied methods that have been used in research, demonstrating notable findings. Design/methodology/approach – The framework presented in the present study depicts a set of user-centered methodological considerations and examples, synthesized from a review of prior research that provides significant understanding of users and uses of visual information. Findings – Primary components for digital library evaluation, pertaining to user, interaction, system and domain...
Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization Enhances Blood Flow within Bypass Grafts.

Objective:Early benefits from transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) may be related to acute sympathetic denervation. This study hypothesized that TMR as an adjunct to off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) would improve myocardial runoff in the TMR-treated regions and increase graft flow.Me
Electrode Failure: Tissue, Electrical, and Material Responses

The development of invasive, rehabilitative neuroprosthetics for humans requires reliable neural probes that are capable of recording large ensembles of neurons for a long period of time. Recent advances in the development of neuroprosthetics in animals and humans have shown that communication and control can be directly derived from the central nervous system (CNS) for restoring lost motor ability [1]. This proof of concept has opened the possibility of new therapies for the millions of individuals suffering from neurological disorders of the nervous system. The success of these therapies hinges on the ability to reliably access the relevant signals from the brain with high quality for the lifetime of the patient. As a result, research has focused on the cascade of events that follow chronic implantation of microelectrodes and temporal degradation in the signal and electrode quality: signal-to-noise ratio, noise floor, peak amplitude, and neuronal yield. Implanted microelectrodes have been reported to suffer from time-dependent degradation in signal quality due to unknown issues related to tissue interfaces.
Lunar nitrogen: indigenous signature and cosmic-ray production rate

Abstract Indigenous lunar nitrogen composition and abundances have been determined in old ferroan anorthosite 60025 and in anorthositic breccia 67915 from North Ray Crater, as well as in 55 cm deep volcanic glasses of 74001 double-drive core from Shorty Crater. Also included in the set is the well-documented lunar basalt 75075, collected near the Camelot Crater. Indigenous lunar N abundances are low (at ppm level), but there is some variation between glass-rich cores, mare basalts and anorthosites. The uniform indigenous N isotopic signature of δ 15 N=+13.0±1.2‰, is consistent with data reported previously for Shorty Crater samples. The indigenous δ 15 N cannot account for the light nitrogen component, observed in the lunar regolith samples. We have determined cosmic-ray production rates P ( 15 N) for the above rocks and the drill core samples. The average production rate estimate (for low shielding) of P ( 15 N)=5.8±0.6 pg 15 N/g/Ma is ∼60% higher than published lunar 15 N production rates, but consistent with the meteoritic production rate derived from silicates in the Enon meteorite, when normalized to 2π-irradiation geometry. From the observed cosmogenic 15 N excesses and the reported cosmogenic 21 Ne abundances in core 74001 we derive a ( 15 N C / 21 Ne C ) production rate ratio of 4.0±0.3 for silicates.
Current-driven magnetization reversal and spin-wave excitations in Co /Cu /Co pillars

Using thin film pillars $\ensuremath{\sim}100\mathrm{nm}$ in diameter, containing two Co layers of different thicknesses separated by a Cu spacer, we examine the process by which the scattering from the ferromagnetic layers of spin-polarized currents flowing perpendicular to the layers causes controlled reversal of the moment direction in the thin Co layer. The well-defined geometry permits a quantitative analysis of this spin-transfer effect, allowing tests of competing theories for the mechanism and also new insight concerning magnetic damping. When large magnetic fields are applied, the spin-polarized current no longer fully reverses the magnetic moment, but instead stimulates spin-wave excitations.
Auditory Detection of Spondaic Words in Wide-Band Noise by Adults with Normal Hearing and by Children with Profound Hearing Losses.

Auditory detection of spondaic words in wide-band noise was measured both for normal-hearing adults and for profoundly deaf children. For the normals, a close relation was found between the speech-...
Growth of human malaria parasites in biotinylated erythrocytes.

Abstract The adaptation of the biotin-avidin system for the analysis of membrane pathobiology in Plasmodium falciparum malaria is described. Biotin was linked covalently via the succinimide ester derivative (biotinyl- N -hydroxysuccinimide ester, BNHS) to intact human erythrocytes, prior to inoculation and in vitro cultivation of falciparum parasites. Growth experiments indicated that incubation concentrations of ⪕ 1.0 mg BNHS/1.0 ml erythrocyte packed cell volume could yield biotinylated erythrocytes capable of sustaining parasite growth at levels comparable to control cultures. Using a synthesized [ 14 C]BNHS compound at optimal incubation concentration, it was determined that 1.32 × 10 −4 mmol [ 14 C]BNHS were bound per 1.0 mg of erythrocyte stromal protein. In addition, analysis of [ 14 C]biotinylated red blood cell ghost preparations by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that band 3 (a heterogeneous glycoprotein) was the principal site of membrane labeling. Approximately 77% of total membrane-associated [ 14 C]BNHS was localized to this polypeptide. The unique properties of the specific, ligand-protein interaction of the biotin-avidin complex suggest that the biotinylation procedure described in this report will provide a useful analytical tool in host cell-plasmodial parasite, membrane studies.
The Inner Representation of the Dead Child and the World Views of Bereaved Parents

The trauma of a child's death challenges the parents' worldview, that is, their basic assumptions about how the universe functions and the place or power they have in the universe. The experience of the death is either assimilated into the worldview, or the worldview must accommodate it. This article demonstrates how the task of affirming or remolding the worldview is consistently intertwined with the parents' continued interaction with the inner representation of their dead child. Phenomena which indicate interaction with the inner representation of the deceased are a sense of presence, hallucinations in any of the senses, memory, use of linking objects, or a conscious incorporation of the characteristics or virtues of the dead into the self. Data is from a ten-year ethnographic study of a self-help group of bereaved parents.
Imaging the early material response associated with exit surface damage in fused silica

The processes involved at the onset of damage initiation on the surface of fused silica have been a topic of extensive discussion and thought for more than four decades. Limited experimental results have helped develop models covering specific aspects of the process. In this work we present the results of an experimental study aiming at imaging the material response from the onset of the observation of material modification during exposure to the laser pulse through the time point at which material ejection begins. The system involves damage initiation using a 355 nm pulse, 7.8 ns FWHM in duration and imaging of the affected material volume with spatial resolution on the order of 1 μm using as strobe light a 150 ps laser pulse that is appropriately timed with respect to the pump pulse. The observations reveal that the onset of material modification is associated with regions of increased absorption, i.e., formation of an electronic excitation, leading to a reduction in the probe transmission to only a few percent within a time interval of about 1 ns. This area is subsequently rapidly expanding with a speed of about 1.2 μm/ns and is accompanied by the formation and propagation of radial cracks. These cracks appear to initiate about 2 ns after the start of the expansion of the modified region. The damage sites continue to grow for about 25 ns but the mechanism of expansion after the termination of the laser pulse is via formation and propagation of lateral cracks. During this time, the affected area of the surface appears to expand forming a bulge of about 40 μm in height. The first clear observation of material cluster ejection is noted at about 50 ns delay.
The equine immune response to endometrial cups

Out of all the areas of comparative immunological study in the horse, the field of reproductive immunology has proven to be one of the most fertile and exciting. Maternal immunological interactions with the fetus involve a set of events which prevent maternal rejection of trophoblastic tissue invading the uterus, and at the same time control this invasion to regulate growth and prevent damage to maternal tissues. Unique features of equine placentation make it exceptionally well-suited to studying these immunological interactions.
Chloride permeability and air-void characteristics of concrete containing high range water reducing admixture

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of chloride permeability and air-void characteristics of concrete containing high range water reducing admixture. Two typical mixture proportions with cement contents of 611 and 799 lb/yd3 (363 and 474 kg/m3) were tested. The respective water reducing admixture contents by weight of cement were 1% and 1.2%. Chloride permeability tests were conducted using 6 × 12 in. (150 × 300 mm) cylinders and 8% sodium chloride solution. The chloride contents were determined at depths of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 in. (12.7, 25.4, 38.1, 50.8 mm) for time periods of 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Air-void characteristics were studied using 0.75 in. (19 mm) thick slices cut from 4 × 4 × 14 in. (100 × 100 × 350 mm) prisms Air-void parameters namely: chord-intercept, average chord-intercept, spacing factor, specific surface, number of voids per inch and air-void content were determined using Linear Traverse (Rosiwal) Method described in ASTM C 457. Air-void characteristics results obtained from three other laboratories are compared with the results of this investigation. The results show that chloride permeability of concretes made with and without high range water reducing admixture is about the same. The air-void characteristics of concretes tested in this investigation using high range water reducing admixtures are satisfactory. Spacing factors, chord-intercepts and the frequency distributions of chord-intercepts in terms of their lengths are within the normally recommended range.
Integrated microsphere arrays: Light focusing and propagation effects

Integration of microspheres inside micro-capillaries or hollow waveguides may allow development of compact focusing tools for a variety of biomedical and photonics applications. However, problems associated with developing focusing microprobes involve the multimodal structure of noncollimated beams delivered by fibers and waveguides. By using numerical ray tracing, it is shown that serial spherical microlenses filter out spatially periodic modes which can be used for obtaining tightly focused beams. Experimental studies are performed for spheres with sizes from 10 to 300 µm with different indices of refraction ranging from 1.47 to 1.9. The chains were assembled inside plastic tubing with bore sizes matching the size of the spheres. By using high index spheres, it is demonstrated that these structures are capable of focusing light in contact with tissue. The beam attenuation properties of such chains are found to be in good agreement with numerical modeling results. Potential applications of integrated microsphere arrays include ultra-precise intraocular and neurosurgical laser procedures, photoporation of cells, and coupling of light into photonic microstructures.
High efficiency p/+/-n-n/+/ silicon concentrator solar cells

Abstract Efficiencies equalling 20% were measured for solar concentrations from 20 to 100 suns on planar p+-n-n+ silicon concentrator cells. These cells were fabricated on 0.3 Ω cm n-type (100) float zone silicon wafers which were 300 μm thick. To attain a high efficiency in these cells, phosphorus gettering was employed to maintain long minority carrier lifetime in the base, and a thermal oxide was grown on the front surface to reduce the surface recombination velocity. Minority carrier lifetimes of 50 – 100 μs were measured on these cells with a new measurement technique involving pulsing the cell with an IR source and measuring the decay of both the short-circuit current and the open-circuit voltage. Spectral quantum efficiency data also indicate long base lifetimes and effective front-surface passivation.
Germline deletion of pantothenate kinases 1 and 2 reveals the key roles for CoA in postnatal metabolism.

Pantothenate kinase (PanK) phosphorylates pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and controls the overall rate of coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis. Pank1 gene deletion in mice results in a metabolic phenotype where fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis are impaired in the fasted state, leading to mild hypoglycemia. Inactivating mutations in the human PANK2 gene lead to childhood neurodegeneration, but Pank2 gene inactivation in mice does not elicit a phenotype indicative of the neuromuscular symptoms or brain iron accumulation that accompany the human disease. Pank1/Pank2 double knockout (dKO) mice were derived to determine if the mild phenotypes of the single knockout mice are due to the ability of the two isoforms to compensate for each other in CoA biosynthesis. Postnatal development was severely affected in the dKO mice. The dKO pups developed progressively severe hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia by postnatal day 10 leading to death by day 17. Hyperketonemia arose from impaired whole-body ketone utilization illustrating the requirement for CoA in energy generation from ketones. dKO pups had reduced CoA and decreased fatty acid oxidation coupled with triglyceride accumulation in liver. dKO hepatocytes could not maintain the NADH levels compared to wild-type hepatocytes. These results revealed an important link between CoA and NADH levels, which was reflected by deficiencies in hepatic oleate synthesis and gluconeogenesis. The data indicate that PanK1 and PanK2 can compensate for each other to supply tissue CoA, but PanK1 is more important to CoA levels in liver whereas PanK2 contributes more to CoA synthesis in the brain.
A magnetization-driven gradient echo pulse sequence for the study of myocardial perfusion

A T1-weighted imaging pulse sequence for contrast-based studies of myocardial perfusion is presented and evaluated in phantoms and in vivo. The sequence is similar to spoiled gradient-recalled echo equences except that nonselective preparatory RF pulses drive magnetization to steady state prior to image acquisition. Steady state is thus obtained in both tissue and blood resulting in a stable, homogeneous, and dark pre-contrast baseline. Tip angles and timings are chosen so that pixel intensity approximates a linear relation to 1/T1. The dynamic range of signal response to contrast agent concentration is greater than that of an inversion-recovery fast low angle shot sequence. The sequence proposed should be useful for myocardial perfusion studies.
Three-dimensional images generated by quadrature interferometry

Quadrature detection techniques have been applied to images obtained from a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with differently polarized beams to yield the real and the imaginary parts of the diffracted fields simultaneously. This approach eliminates the need for phase retrieval by providing complete information on the complex amplitude of the diffracted signal. We present results in which we demonstrate our ability to reconstruct two- and three-dimensional microscopic objects from their complex diffraction patterns.
Separation and Instabilities in the Viscious Flow over Airfoil Leading edges

Abstract The two-dimensional, unsteady, leading-edge flow over stationary, pitching and oscillating airfoils is studied using the Navier–Stokes equations for flow past a parabola. Grid-converged solutions have been obtained for the initial stages of unsteady separation for impulsively-started unsteady flow and for pitch-up at constant rate. The results compare favorably with corresponding full-airfoil computations. It is shown that small perturbations in the flow can generate eddies in the boundary layer before flow reversal occurs in the base flow. Oscillations appear in the skin friction which grow in amplitude and convect downstream with time. Above a certain amplitude, the skin friction becomes negative locally, giving rise to small recirculating eddies. This type of eddy creation prior to reversal in the base flow is in general agreement with the theory of Rayleigh instabilities. The wavelength of these instabilities scales as Re −0.43 which is in reasonable agreement with the theoretical value of Re −1/2 for the Rayleigh instability.