cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A modified space vector PWM for Z-source inverter-modeling and design

In this paper, an AC small-signal equivalent circuit model of continuous conduction mode (CCM) ZSI based on state space averaging is presented. The AC small-signal model includes the dynamics of ZSI introduced by the inductors and capacitors contained in the ZSI circuit, providing guidelines to the system control design. In addition, a novel modified space vector PWM is presented to distribute the shoot-through states into the zero vectors without compromise to the active space vector. Simulation results based on the design are presented, using the proposed SVPWM control strategy
A study of the kinetics of the oxidation of cytochrome c by cytochrome c oxidase.

Abstract 1. 1. The kinetics of the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by cytochrome c oxidase were studied spectrophotometrically by observing the rate of decrease in optical density at the α, β, or γ band of ferrocytochrome c as the reduced cytochrome c is oxidized. 2. 2. It was observed that the reaction remains first order with respect to the concentration of ferrocytochrome c, even with concentrations of ferrocytochrome c as high as 130 μ M . However, the first-order velocity constant was found to vary with the concentration of total cytochrome c (oxidized plus reduced) in the reaction mixture. Further purification of the cytochrome c did not alter the results. 3. 3. The results can best be explained by assuming an inhibitory effect of cytochrome c (either oxidized or reduced) on the reaction. 4. 4. This inhibitory effect of cytochrome c can explain a number of discrepancies previously apparent in studies of the kinetics of cytochrome c oxidase activity.
Immigrants, Sustainability and Emerging Roles for Universities

Linda Silka discusses how models of interdisciplinary environmental work with refugee and immigrant groups are under way at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, and bridging cultural traditions, environmental outreach and economic development. Three multi-level partnership projects that the university is involved in – the Southeast Asian Environmental Justice Partnership, the Urban Aquaculture Initiative, and the Immigrant Communities Clean Production Initiative – are analysed to understand the promise and challenges that lie ahead in terms of developing community-university partnerships.
An analytical treatment of root-to-shoot ratio and plant competition for soil nutrient and light.

By restricting biomass allocation to two compartments only-roots and leaves-we are able to treat plant resource competition analytically. We derive A*i, the optimum allocation strategy for invasion into a bare habitat, and A*f, the allocation strategy of the dominant species in an equilibrium habitat. Furthermore, we prove that in a given habitat succession proceeds from species A*i to species A*f, as long as enough intermediate species are present. Analysis of the relationship between A*i and A*f and the soil nutrient supply and disturbance rates of a habitat predicts that a dichotomy exists in succession. Low soil nutrient supply and disturbance rates favor successions from rooty to leafy species, and high soil nutrient supply and disturbance rates favor the converse. Experimental research is needed to determine whether this pattern exists in nature. Light "consumption" by plants is fundamentally different from soil nutrient consumption in our model. This difference in light and nutrient consumption mak...
Unusual Endodontic Complication: Report of Case

A patient was referred for endodontic treatment. She had a soft tissue defect of the face that communicated with the left nasal cavity. Paresthesia was present in the maxillary left quadrant. The patient had been treated previously for pain and tenderness in the maxillary left central incisor. This patient developed an unusual complication after the first therapy and obtained treatment by other specialists.
The VCO2/VO2 relationship during heavy, constant work rate exercise reflects the rate of lactic acid accumulation

Oxygen uptake (\(\dot VO_2 \)) kinetics have been reported to be modified when lactic acid accumulates; however little attention has been given to the simultaneous carbon dioxide production (\(\dot VCO_2 \)>) kinetics. To demonstrate how\(\dot VCO_2 \) changes as a function of\(\dot VO_2 \) when lactic acid is buffered by bicarbonate, eight healthy subjects performed 6-min constant work rate cycle ergometer exercise tests at moderate, heavy and very heavy exercise intensities.\(\dot VCO_2 \) and\(\dot VO_2 \) were measured breath-by-breath, and arterial blood samples were obtained every 7.5 s during the first 3 min of exercise, and were analyzed for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard bicarbonate, and lactate.\(\dot VCO_2 \) abruptly increased relative to\(\dot VO_2 \) between 40 and 50 s after the start of exercise for the high exercise intensities. These gas exchange events were observed to correlate well with the time and\(\dot VO_2 \) at which lactic acid increased and plasma bicarbonate decreased (r = 0.90,r = 0.95, respectively). We conclude that bicarbonate buffering of lactic acid can be determined from the acceleration of\(\dot VCO_2 \) relative to\(\dot VO_2 \) kinetics in response to constant work rate exercise and the increase is quantitatively related to the magnitude of the lactic acid increase. This is easily visualized from a plot of\(\dot VCO_2 \) as a function of\(\dot VO_2 \).
Design and synthesis of a mitochondria-targeting carrier for small molecule drugs

A novel mitochondria-targeting carrier QCy7HA was developed. QCy7HA transported the covalently attached doxorubicin (DOX) to mitochondria specifically. The conjugate limited the effects of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux pumps of multidrug-resistant cells on DOX, indicating that diverting drugs to mitochondria is a potential promising method for treatment of drug-resistant cancers.
Correlations of extraversion, impulsivity and sociability with sensation seeking and MBTI-introversion

Abstract Three samples of undergraduates completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator-Introversion scale (MBTI-I), and, in one sample, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). As predicted, the correlation of EPI-Soc with MBTI-I was significantly and consistently larger than that for EPI-Imp; however, the tendency for EPI-Imp to have a larger correlation than EPI-Soc with SSS was not significant. Impulsivity and Sociability exhibited similar correlations with EPI-E, but Sociability had a significantly higher correlation with EPQ-E than did Impulsivity. Results demonstrate both the differential utility of Impulsivity and Sociability and the evolving nature of the EPI and EPQ measures of Extraversion.
Serum gonadotropins and progesterone in proestrous hamsters compared to hamsters infused with LH-RH.

Abstract Female hamsters were decapitated at 30-minute intervals from 1400–1700 h of proestrus (PE) (lights on 0600–2000 h), and serum concentrations of LH, FSH and progesterone were obtained by RIA. This sampling frequency enabled a precise description of the time of onset as well as the rate of development of hormone surges that occur on PE. The onset of LH secretion occurred within a narrow period of time (1430–1500 h), and peak LH secretion occurred between 1600–1700 h. Significant increases in progesterone and FSH occurred after initial increases in LH. Infusions of 100 ng LHRH/hr (1200–1500 h) stimulated the secretion of normal preovulatory amounts of LH and progesterone in proestrous hamsters whose spontaneous hormone surges were blocked by phenobarbital. This infusion rate also resulted in FSH release similar to that observed during the earliest part of the endogenous surge, but later peak levels during the endogenous surge were not attained. Infusions of 25 ng LHRH/hr caused less LH and resultant progesterone secretion than the 100 ng LHRH/hr infusion rate, suggesting a correlation between the magnitude of LH release and the magnitude of resultant progesterone secretion. A 400 ng LHRH/hr infusion rate maintained peak LH secretion for only the first and second hour of the 3-hour infusion period, and this suggests that exhaustion of the releasable pool after sustained exposure to LHRH may be one of several possible mechanisms contributing to the termination of the LH surge on PE. The 400 ng LHRH/hr infusion rate was ineffective in stimulating FSH secretion to the peak levels that are attained during the endogenous FSH surge on PE. Infusion of 100 ng LHRH on diestrus 2 (DE2) evoked much less LH and FSH secretion than did similar infusion on PE. A 25 ng LHRH/hr infusion also evoked much less LH secretion when given on DE2 than when administered on PE, and this infusion rate failed to elicit any increases in FSH on either DE2 or PE. These results have led us to speculate that increased LHRH secretion accompanied by increasing pituitary responses to LHRH, are responsible for the LH surge on PE. However, it appears that increased secretion of LHRH are only partially responsible for the FSH surge on PE.
Breastfeeding after strenuous aerobic exercise: a case report.

There are no documented adverse effects of breastfeeding after long distance running. This case describes an exclusively breastfed baby who cried after being breastfed about 1--2 hours following his mother's 5-mile run. When artificial baby milk was substituted for the postrun feeding only, the inconsolable crying did not occur. Testing the mother's breast milk before and after running showed a similar level of lactic acid; no other component was tested. Further research is needed in this area.
A Unique Method for Laboratory Quantification of Gaseous Nitrous Acid (HONO) Using the Reaction HONO + HCl → ClNO + H2O

Although the formation and reactions of gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere are of great interest, it is difficult to accurately measure HONO both in the atmosphere and in laboratory systems. We report a new technique for quantifying gaseous HONO in laboratory systems. The method utilizes the reaction of gas phase HONO with an excess of HCl gas to produce nitrosyl chloride (ClNO), which is readily quantified using FTIR. HONO was formed by flowing N2 over the surface of an aqueous HCl solution and through a bed of NaNO2, then directly into a 561 L chamber. An excess of gaseous HCl was added to the chamber to initiate the reaction in N2 at room temperature and 1 atm total pressure. The loss of HONO was followed by DOAS and FTIR and the formation of ClNO was measured by FTIR. While direct measurement of HONO by FTIR is limited by uncertainties in the available infrared absorption cross sections, calibration for ClNO is readily carried out since ClNO can be synthesized with high purity. The stoichio...
Impairment of Attentional Networks after 1 Night of Sleep Deprivation

Here, we assessed the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on brain activation and performance to a parametric visual attention task. Fourteen healthy subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging of ball-tracking tasks with graded levels of difficulty during rested wakefulness (RW) and after 1 night of SD. Self-reports of sleepiness were significantly higher and cognitive performance significantly lower for all levels of difficulty for SD than for RW. For both the RW and the SD sessions, task difficulty was associated with activation in parietal cortex and with deactivation in visual and insular cortices and cingulate gyrus but this pattern of activation/deactivation was significantly lower for SD than for RW. In addition, thalamic activation was higher for SD than for RW, and task difficulty was associated with increases in thalamic activation for the RW but not the SD condition. This suggests that thalamic resources, which under RW conditions are used to process increasingly complex tasks, are being used to maintain alertness with increasing levels of fatigue during SD. Thalamic activation was also inversely correlated with parietal and prefrontal activation. Thus, the thalamic hyperactivation during SD could underlie the reduced activation in parietal and blunted deactivation in cingulate cortices, impairing the attentional networks that are essential for accurate visuospatial attention performance.
Comparison of bevel and tulip triggered pultruded tubes for energy absorption

Abstract The crushing behavior of E-glass/polyester and E-glass/vinyl ester pultruded tubes has been found to be significantly different for tulip triggered specimens as compared with bevel triggered specimens. Up to 100% more energy per unit weight was absorbed by tulip triggered tubes. In addition, the crushing was more controlled and predictable with the tulip trigger. The morphology of the material in the crushing zone differed in the amount and the pattern of fracture. The fracture pattern and crushing behavior initiated by both triggers were found not to change during crushing. The difference in crushing appeared to arise from the different abilities of the tubes to support load because of the different geometry of individual load-carrying structures that resulted from triggering.
Substituent effects on the acidity of weak acids. 2. Calculated gas-phase acidities of substituted benzoic acids

To investigate the origin of substituent effects on the acidity of benzoic acids, the structures of a series of substituted benzoic acids and benzoates have been calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+G* and MP2/6-311+G* theoretical levels. The vibrational frequencies were calculated using B3LYP/6-311+G* and allowed corrections for the change in zero-point energies on ionization, and the change in energy on going from 0 K (corresponding to the calculations) to 298 K. A more satisfactory agreement with the experimental values was obtained by energy calculations at the MP2/ 6-311++G* level using the above structures. The resulting Delta H(acid) values agree very well with the experimental gas-phase acidities. The energies of compounds with pi-electron-accepting or -releasing substituents, rotated to give the transition state geometries, provided rotational barriers that could be compared with those found for the corresponding substituted benzenes. Isodesmic reactions allowed the separate examination of the substituent effects on the energies of the acids and on the anions. Electron-withdrawing groups stabilize the benzoate anions more than they destabilize the benzoic acids. Electron-donating groups stabilize the acids and destabilize the anions by approximately equal amounts. The gas-phase acidities of meta- and para-substituted benzoic acids are linearly related. This is also found for the acidities of substituted phenylacetic acids and benzoic acids. Since direct pi-electron interactions are not possible with the phenylacetic acids, this indicates that the acidities are mainly controlled by a field effect interaction between the charge distribution in the substituted benzene ring and the negative charge of the carboxylate group. The Hammett sigma(M) and sigma(P) values are also linearly related for many small substituents from NO(2) through the halogens and to OH and NH(2). Most of the other substituents fall on a line with a different slope
Physically Informed Sonic Modeling (PhISM): Synthesis of percussive sounds

Percussion instruments represent a broader spectrum of physical configurations than any other instrument family. Orchestration books, acoustics books, and taxonomies of instruments often lump some instruments into the percussion family not because of what they are, but just because they don't fit into the other instrument families. One loose characterization might state that percussion instruments exhibit exponentially decaying modes that are excited by striking. This results in the piano's being categorized as a percussion instrument, but this definition does nothing to address the many percussion instruments that can be shaken or rubbed continuously, nor those that don't exhibit any clear modal behaviors. The physical components of percussion instruments include bars, plates, membranes, cavity and tube resonators, and nonlinearities of countless types, all coupled to each other in varieties of ways. Because of this variety, there exist no common model features that allow the percussion family to be captured with simple changes in model topology, or with variations of the parameters of a meta-model. By grouping the percussion family into subfamilies, some similarities can be exploited, but there are still large varieties of configurations and excitation means. Another important aspect of percussion instruments is their relationship to everyday (nonmusical) sounds. Walking, preparing food, working with metal and wood tools, riding a bicycle, etc., all create sounds that are closely related to members of the percussion family. The expressive nature of percussion lies in the ability to excite objects, with various objects, and in numerous ways. Sampling synthesis of percussion instruments based on digital recordings lacks the means for manipulating parameters in musical a d physically meaningful ways. There has been ome work on more-efficient physical modeling of embranes (Van Duyne and Smith 1993), and modeling of nonlinearities in percussion instruments (Van Duyne, Pierce, and Smith 1994). However, direct real-time synthesis of many percussion instruments by physical modeling is likely to remain beyond practical computing means for some time to come. Even if computing power were sufficient to make exhaustive physical modeling of percussion instruments economical, the physical mechanisms of many such systems are still not completely understood.
Serum Calcium Is Not Predictive of Aggressive Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy

Objectives To investigate the effect of preoperative total serum calcium on disease progression after radical prostatectomy (RP). Elevated total serum calcium has been linked to death from prostate cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and II. However, these findings have not been studied in a large cohort of patients with prostate cancer. Methods We identified 10 532 consecutive patients who had undergone RP from 1990 to 2004 for prostate cancer. Total serum calcium levels were available for 7648 (72.6%) of these patients within 90 days before RP. Postoperative survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyze the ability of serum calcium to predict biochemical recurrence, systemic progression, and cancer-specific survival. Results The median patient age at surgery was 64 years. The median total serum calcium level was 9.4 mg/dL (range 6.8-11.2). On univariate analysis, the total serum calcium level was not significantly associated with any clinical or pathologic variables, including tumor stage, preoperative prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score, tumor volume, surgical margins, or lymph node status. Furthermore, the serum calcium level was not significantly associated with biochemical failure, systemic progression, or prostate cancer death on univariate or multivariate analysis. Conclusions The total serum calcium level was not predictive of cancer outcomes in patients who had undergone RP. Additional investigations of the preoperative disease predictors after RP for patients with nonmetastatic disease might be better directed toward other markers.
Quantifying Disorder using Simulated Ensembles for Different Classes of Polypeptides

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) fail to fold autonomously into singular structures. Molecular simulations, especially when converged, can provide a detailed description of the ensemble of conformations accessible to IDPs. These simulations have shown that IDPs partition into distinct classes such as globules and coils based on their net charge per residue and the classification is obtained using polymeric properties such as average size, shape, and density fluctuations.Here we complement conventional polymeric descriptors of IDPs with a new measure to quantify the degree of conformational heterogeneity that helps distinguish different IDP classes. This measure is based on the distribution of pairwise similarity between all unique pairs of conformations in the simulated ensemble. Each conformation is converted into an N-dimensional vector of distances, where N equals the number of unique intramolecular pairwise distances. Similarity between pairs of conformations is quantified in terms of the projection between the corresponding pair of vectors. The resultant distribution of conformational (dis)similarities for a given sequence simulated at a specific temperature is calibrated using the canonical Flory random coil. The posterior distribution of conformational (dis)similarities affords a direct measure of (dis)order. The first moment of the posterior (dis)similarity distribution can be used to the follow the temperature dependence of conformational properties. This reveals a spectrum of transitions including order-to-disorder transitions and disorder-to-disorder transitions. The latter occurs for two archetypes of IDPs namely, sequences such as polar tracts and highly charged sequences. We also show that variance of the (dis)similarity measure is positively correlated with heat capacities. The new measure of dis(order) is relevant for studying the details of disorder-to-order transitions in coupled folding and binding reactions involving IDPs. It is also relevant for understanding how disorder is maintained in the formation of so-called fuzzy complexes.
Differential regulation of transforming growth factor-beta receptors type I and II by platelet-derived growth factor in human dermal fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND Elevated expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta have been observed in a number of fibrotic diseases, including systemic sclerosis (SSc). This suggests a possible interaction between these factors in establishing a profibrotic programme in dermal fibroblasts. OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of PDGF isoforms on the expression of TGF-beta receptors in human dermal fibroblasts. METHODS Steady-state mRNA levels of TGF-beta receptor I and II (TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II) were analysed by northern blot. TbetaR-I protein levels were analysed by immunoprecipitation of 35S metabolically labelled cells. TbetaR-II protein levels were analysed by western blot. RESULTS Steady-state mRNA levels of TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II were induced in response to PDGF isoforms. PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB stimulated both receptors with similar potency, whereas PDGF-BB was less potent. The MEK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] or extracellular signal regulated kinase) inhibitor, PD98059, abrogated the stimulatory effect of PDGF-AB. In contrast to mRNA levels, only TbetaR-II protein levels were elevated in response to PDGF. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PDGF receptor alpha and MAPK mediate stimulation of TGF-beta receptors by PDGF. Furthermore, TGF-beta receptor protein levels are discordantly regulated by PDGF.
High-dose naloxone affects task performance in normal subjects

Abstract Increasing intravenous doses of naloxone (0.3 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg) were administered to normal subjects. Naloxone at 2 mg/kg, but not at lower doses, impaired aspects of memory as measured by a verbal learning task which assessed the direct free recall and recognition of presented versus nonpresented words of a single category (effortful processing) and the monitoring of the frequency of such presentations (automatic processing). At the same time "working" memory was left unaffected. The results suggest a role for the opioid system in some memory processes in man.
Approximate counting:a martingale approach

Approximate counting is a probabilistic algorithm for keeping track of large numbers of events by means of a counter of limited range. In this paper we present an analysis of this algorithm using the elementary theory of martingales. The methods are also applicable to the analysis of the counter which occurs in the exponential back off protocol
Phylogenetic relationships ofPolemoniaceae inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences

Cladistic analyses of chloroplast DNA disagree with current classifications by placingPolemoniaceae near sympetalous families with two staminal whorls, includingFouquieriaceae andDiapensiaceae, rather than near sympetalous families with a single staminal whorl, such asHydrophyllaceae andConvolvulaceae. To explore further the affinities ofPolemoniaceae, we sequenced 18S ribosomal DNA for eight genera ofPolemoniaceae and 31 families representing a broadly definedAsteridae. The distribution of variation in these sequences suggest some sites are hypervariable and multiple hits at these sites have obscured much of the hierarchical structure present in the data. Nevertheless, parsimony, least-squares minimum evolution, and maximum likelihood methods all support a monophyleticPolemoniaceae that is placed nearFouquieriaceae, Diapensiaceae and related “ericalean” families.
Antihypertensive Treatment and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Events Among Persons Without Hypertension: A Meta-analysis

Context Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk increases beginning at systolic blood pressure levels of 115 mm Hg. Use of antihypertensive medications among patients with a history of CVD or diabetes and without hypertension has been debated. Objective To evaluate the effect of antihypertensive treatment on secondary prevention of CVD events and all-cause mortality among persons without clinically defined hypertension. Data Sources Meta-analysis with systematic search of MEDLINE (1950 to week 3 of January 2011), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials and manual examination of references in selected articles and studies. Study Selection From 874 potentially relevant publications, 25 trials that fulfilled the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. Data Extraction Information on participant characteristics, trial design and duration, treatment drug, dose, control, and clinical events were extracted using a standardized protocol. Outcomes included stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF), composite CVD outcomes, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality. Results Compared with controls, participants receiving antihypertensive medications had a pooled relative risk of 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61 to 0.98) for stroke, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.93) for MI, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.77) for CHF, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.90) for composite CVD events, 0.83 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.99) for CVD mortality, and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.95) for all-cause mortality from random-effects models. The corresponding absolute risk reductions per 1000 persons were −7.7 (95% CI, −15.2 to −0.3) for stroke, −13.3 (95% CI, −28.4 to 1.7) for MI, −43.6 (95% CI, −65.2 to −22.0) for CHF events, −27.1 (95% CI, −40.3 to −13.9) for composite CVD events, −15.4 (95% CI, −32.5 to 1.7) for CVD mortality, and −13.7 (95% CI, −24.6 to −2.8) for all-cause mortality. Results did not differ according to trial characteristics or subgroups defined by clinical history. Conclusions Among patients with clinical history of CVD but without hypertension, antihypertensive treatment was associated with decreased risk of stroke, CHF, composite CVD events, and all-cause mortality. Additional randomized trial data are necessary to assess these outcomes in patients without CVD clinical recommendations.
The Influence of Chronic Renal Failure on Drug Metabolism and Transport

Chronic renal failure (CRF) has been shown, in animal models and clinical studies, to significantly reduce nonrenal clearance and to alter the bioavailability of predominantly metabolized drugs. Phase II reactions and drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) are also affected. High levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), cytokines, and uremic toxins are implicated in some of these effects, which have a clinically significant impact on drug disposition and increase the risk of adverse drug reaction.
Spectroscopy and electrochemistry of selected lanthanides in molten dimethyl sulfone

Abstract Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of some lanthanide salts in molten dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) at 400 K were carried out. Differences in the DMSO2 absorption spectra of trivalent europium, ytterbium, samarium and holmium and divalent europium in DMSO2 compared with those in aqueous solution were observed.
Effect of anomalous compressibility on Fe diffusion in ferropericlase throughout the spin crossover in the lower mantle

Abstract The transport of iron in the deep earth is important for understanding chemical equilibration between deep earth phases and between the core and mantle. However, iron transport modeling is complicated by its changes in spin state with pressure and temperature. Recent studies ( Saha et al., 2011; Ammann et al., 2011 ) calculated the diffusivity of iron in ferropericlase as a function of iron's spin state but did not include the coupling of iron migration energetics to the observed anomalous bulk modulus softening associated with the spin transition ( Wentzcovitch et al., 2009; Crowhurst et al., 2008 ). Here we calculate the diffusivity of iron in ferropericlase throughout the lower mantle using a model for both iron's spin and the anomalous bulk modulus softening to provide a complete model of iron diffusion in ferropericlase. Including the bulk modulus softening increases iron diffusivities by a factor of thirty relative to values without this effect at some depths on the geotherm.
Continuous population estimates forDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) occurring in infestations

Infestations ofDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. are often observed to enlarge continuously by the colonization of new hosts in a pattern similar to a forest fire. This pattern of infestation growth presents unique problems in quantitatively estimating populations ofD. frontalis. Beetle populations on each infested tree in an infestation go through five processes: attack, oviposition, reemergence, survivorship, and emergence. These processes, which have been described mathematically in the literature, each take several days for completion. In order to follow the distribution and abundance ofD. frontalis throughout the course of development of a spot, we need a daily estimate of the number of beetles involved in each process on every tree. Since it is not practical to sample each tree daily, we developed a procedure whereby quantitative estimation procedures for within-tree populations were used in combination with the mathematical models for the life processes to produce a daily record of the number of adults successfully attacking trees, the number of eggs oviposited, the number of beetles reemerging, number of beetles surviving within the trees, and the number of beetles emerging. These daily estimates were then summarized for all trees in the spot for the duration of the infestation. The daily record of populations ofD. frontalis, used with information on infestation geometry, were suggested to be of value in describing and elucidating several important facets of population dynamics including dispersal patterns within infestations, between tree beetle loss (mortality), and time lags among the various population processes. The information reported can be used to develop simulation models of population dynamics or to validate existing models.
Chemical reactions of carbon atoms and molecules from laser-induced vaporization of graphite, TaC and WC

The vapor composition above graphite, tantalum carbide and tungsten carbide together with the chemical reactions of C1, C2 and C3 have been studied by the techniques of cw laser vaporization, matrix isolation, and FTIR spectroscopy. The carbon species were scavengered by cocondensing reactive gases (N2, H2 and CO) with the vapors of graphitic samples in Ar or N2 matrices and then identified in the infrared. From these experiments, N2 is shown to be an ideal scavenger molecule for detecting C1, by the formation of CNN, while H2 is shown to scavenge only the C2 molecule, by forming acetylene. However, CO is shown to be potentially the most useful scavenger molecule since it reacts with both C1 and C2 to form C2O and C3O, respectively. The formation of CNN and C2H2 in N2 matrices is explained by excited state carbon reactions, whereas the formation of all products in reactant gas/Ar matrices is explained by ground state carbon reactions. By using neat N2 matrices, we have measured the CNN:C3 ratio for graphite, TaC and WC samples. From these results, the activity of carbon in WC was determined to be 0.4 while the activity of carbon in TaC was 0.2. The results of this study provide a foundation for understanding the elementary reactions of carbon atoms and molecules and for determining the vapor composition over graphites and carbides at very high temperatures.
A Longitudinal Study of Depression From 1 to 5 Years After Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Hoffman JM, Bombardier CH, Graves DE, Kalpakjian CZ, Krause JS. A longitudinal study of depression from 1 to 5 years after spinal cord injury. Objective To describe rates of probable major depression and the development and improvement of depression and to test predictors of depression in a cohort of participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) assessed at 1 and 5 years after injury. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Setting SCI Model System. Participants Participants (N=1035) who completed 1- and 5-year postinjury follow-up interviews from 2000 to 2009. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Probable major depression, defined as Physician Health Questionnaire-9 score of 10 or higher. Results Probable major depression was found in 21% of participants at year 1 and 18% at year 5. Similar numbers of participants had improvement (25%) or worsening (20%) of symptoms over time, with 8.7% depressed at both 1 and 5 years. Increased pain (odds ratio [OR], 1.10), worsening health status (OR, 1.39), and decreasing unsafe use of alcohol (vs no unsafe use of alcohol; OR, 2.95) are risk factors for the development of depression at 5 years. No predictors of improvement in depression were found. Conclusion In this sample, probable major depression was found in 18% to 21% of participants 1 to 5 years after injury. To address this high prevalence, clinicians should use these risk factors and ongoing systematic screening to identify those at risk for depression. Worsening health problems and lack of effective depression treatment in participants with SCI may contribute to high rates of chronic or recurrent depression in this population.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by repeated episodes of obstructed (apnea) or reduced (hypopnea) airflow in the upper airway during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea results in variable arterial oxygen desaturations and arousals leading to sleep fragmentation. Most patients with OSA first come to the attention of a clinician when they complain of daytime sleepiness or when their bed partner reports loud snoring and witnessed episodes. Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with impaired quality of life, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and motor vehicle accidents, yet the disorder remains undiagnosed in a significant portion of the population. Overnight polysomnography, whether facility-based or portable, is required for appropriate patient diagnosis. Portable monitoring can be used in patients with a high pre-test probability for moderate-to-severe OSA, who are without significant comorbidities. Management of OSA requires a long-term multidisciplinary approach. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. Oral appliances may be indicated in patients with mild-to-moderate OSA who do not wish to use CPAP. Surgical therapy is generally reserved for selected patients in whom CPAP or oral appliance are not an option.
Rotenone induced blood respiratory changes in the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus

Abstract 1. Experimental animals were treated with rotenone at two dose levels; 0.25 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l, and arterial and venous blood samples were taken when toxicity advanced to the loss of righting reflex stage. 2. The oxygen content, pH, hematocrit and oxygen capacity of the blood samples were compared to naive controls (Table 1). 3. The results indicated that primary rotenone toxicity developed because of reduced oxygen withdrawal from the blood by the tissue capillary beds.
The benefits of secondary interventions in patients with failing or failed pedal bypass grafts.

Abstract Background: Autogenous bypass grafts to pedal arteries have successfully salvaged limbs and restored function in patients with critical ischemia. The benefits of secondary interventions to save failing or already failed grafts remains uncertain. Methods: A retrospective analysis was made of consecutive pedal bypasses performed between 1987 and 1998. Patency and limb salvage by life-table analysis and variables affecting outcome were compared with the log-rank test. Results: Two hundred thirteen patients, 144 males, 69 females (mean age 68 years, range 30 to 91) underwent pedal bypass grafting in 228 limbs using autogenous vein grafts (nonreversed saphenous vein, n=190; reversed, n=15; composite, n=23). One-hundred fifty-seven patients were diabetic, 34 had renal insufficiency (serum creatinine >2.0), and 14 were on dialysis. Gangrene or ulceration were present in 224 patients, rest pain in 24. Cumulative primary and secondary patency rates were 57% and 67% at 5 years. Limb salvage was 78% at 5 years. Secondary interventions in 46 patients included patch angioplasty/surgical revision (n = 28), thrombectomy (n = 15), thrombolysis (n = 11), and balloon angioplasty (n = 6). Patency in 19 of 26 (73%) failed grafts and in 19 of 20 (95%) failing grafts could be restored initially. Cumulative 2-year patency and limb salvage rates following reinterventions were 36% and 58%, respectively. Patency rates and limb salvage for failed grafts (7%, 44%) were significantly worse than those for failing grafts (81%, 77%; P P P Conclusion: Autogenous pedal bypass grafts are durable operations with excellent long-term patency and limb salvage rates. Revision of failing grafts has been effective using both endovascular and surgical techniques. Failed grafts have poor long-term patency and moderate limb salvage rates, and our data do not justify secondary procedures to attempt to save failed grafts in patients with renal insufficiency.
The medial and lateral cell groups of the sexually dimorphic area of the gerbil hypothalamus are essential for male sex behavior and act via separate pathways

Male reptiles, birds and mammals do not copulate if the medial preoptic area (MPOA) is destroyed but the MPOA cell groups necessary for male sexual behavior were not known. Here, two cell groups essential for copulation are identified in the sexually dimorphic area (SDA) of the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) MPOA. Bilateral cell-body lesions of either the medial or lateral SDA eliminated mating in sexually experienced male gerbils given testosterone. Nearby MPOA lesions did not. The medial and lateral SDA affect sex behavior via separate pathways since lesioning the medial SDA on one side of the brain and the lateral SDA on the other did not stop sexual behavior.
Visual multiples. VI. BET 1269, a system containing abnormal stars.

The primary star is reported by Mechler (1974) to be a metal-poor light-variable while the secondary is reported to be normal. Recent measures at the U.S. Naval Observatory tend to confirm the evidence for a common proper motion. Both stars have constant radial velocities but with means that differ by 5.0 km/s; it is not clear whether this difference provides evidence against common space motions. The spectral type of the primary is F0 IV with A3 V metallic lines, while that of the secondary is F1 Vp(G-band strong). Thus both stars are abnormal for reasons not known.
The systems revolution

Abstract In this paper the author brings together a number of ideas which are presented more fully in his forthcoming book—Redesigning the Future (John Wiley and Sons, New York): This synthesis amounts to a digest of Part 1 of that book. The article is organized into 5 parts: The Systems Revolution; The Self-Control Problem; The Humanization Problem; The Environmentalization Problem and Science in the Systems Age.
A large human domain antibody library combining heavy and light chain CDR3 diversity.

Abstract Domain antibodies (dAbs) are promising candidate therapeutics and diagnostics. Efficient selection of novel potent dAbs with potential for clinical utility is critically dependent on the library diversity and size, and the scaffold stability. We have previously constructed a large (size ∼2.5 × 10 10 ) dAb library by grafting human antibody heavy chain complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 2 and 3 (H2s, H3s) into their cognate positions in a human heavy chain variable domain (VH) scaffold and mutagenizing the CDR1 (H1). High-affinity binders against some antigens were selected from this library but panning against others was not very successful likely due to limited diversity. We have hypothesized that by grafting highly variable, both in length and composition, human CDRs into non-cognate positions, the dAb library diversity could be significantly increased and the library would allow for more efficient selection of high-affinity antibodies against some targets. To test this hypothesis we designed a novel type of dAb library containing CDRs in non-cognate positions. It is based on our previous library where H1 was replaced by a library of human light chain CDR3s (L3s) thus combining three most diversified fragments (L3, H3 and H2) in one VH scaffold. This large (size ∼10 10 ) phage-displayed library was highly diversified as determined by analyzing the sequences of 126 randomly selected clones. Novel high-affinity dAbs against components of the human insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system were selected from the new library that could not be selected from the previously constructed one. Most of the newly identified dAbs were highly soluble, expressible, monomeric and may have potential as candidate cancer therapeutics. The new library could be used not only for the selection of such dAbs thus complementing existing libraries but also as a research tool for the exploration of the mechanisms determining folding and stability of human antibody domains.
Response of Semiconductor Nanocrystals to Extremely Energetic Excitation

Using a combination of transient photoluminescence and transient cathodoluminescence (trCL) we, for the first time, identify and quantify the distribution of electronic excitations in colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) under high-energy excitation. Specifically, we compare the temporally and spectrally resolved radiative recombination produced following excitation with 3.1 eV, subpicosecond photon pulses, or with ionizing radiation in the form of 20 keV picosecond electron pulses. Using this approach, we derive excitation branching ratios produced in the scenario of energetic excitation of NCs typical of X-ray, neutron, or gamma-ray detectors. Resultant trCL spectra and dynamics for CdSe NCs indicate that all observable emission can be attributed to recombination between states within the quantum-confined nanostructure with particularly significant yields of trions and multiexcitons produced by carrier multiplication. Our observations offer direct insight into the transduction of atomic excitation...
A strategy for designing "multi-prong" enzyme inhibitors by incorporating selective ligands to the liposomal surface.

We offer a novel strategy for designing “multi-prong” inhibitors of enzymes by incorporating selective ligands on the liposomal surface.
Characteristics of the dropping mercury electrode below the limiting current

Abstract A model has been developed to describe the combined effect of electrochemical kinetics, obmic potential drop and mass transfer for a metal-deposition reaction at a dropping mercury electrode. Current, potential and surface concentration are expressed in terms of two parameters which characterize the results. For certain parameters, even in the presence of an excess of supporting electrolyte, the current density from a metal-deposition reaction can exceed the mass-transfer limit calculated by Ilkovic.
Characterization of Poly(1-chloro-1-fluoroethylene) Fluoropolymer Using 1H/13C/19F Triple Resonance 3D-NMR

Ordinarily, it is possible to distinguish between mm/rr and mr/rm triad stereosequences using standard NMR experiments; however, distinction between the resonances of mm and rr triads can only be made if a spectrum from a stereoregular polymer of known relative configuration is available. This paper reports the use of a 3D 1H/13C/19F triple resonance NMR experiment to unambiguously determine the resonance assignments for mm, mr/rm, and rr triad stereosequences in poly(1-chloro-1-fluoroethylene) without resorting to the preparation of stereoregular polymer having known relative configuration. Additionally, this technique provides significantly better dispersion than 1D- and 2D-NMR methods. Consequently, it was possible to completely resolve and assign 1H, 13C, and 19F resonances from methylenes centered in tetrad structures and fluorine atoms centered in pentad structures.
Partial Splenic Embolization as a Bridge to Total Knee Replacement for a Patient with Severe Thrombocytopenia due to Cirrhosis and Splenic Sequestration

Medical splenectomy by embolization was originally used to attenuate bleeding from varices in a man with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Despite the procedure being described over 40 years ago with remarkable improvement in its safety profile and clinical outcomes since, it is still used with variable frequency because of concerns that the risk is high and the results are transient. We present the case of an elderly woman with cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and splenic sequestration who completed partial splenic embolization (PSE) with a durable hematologic response that served as a bridge which allowed her to have orthopedic surgery. A discussion with literature review follows.
Rank determines semi-stable conductor

Abstract Suppose that E1 and E2 are elliptic curves over the rational field, Q , such that ord s=1 L(E 1 /K,s)≡ ord s=1 L(E 2 /K,s) ( mod 2) for all quadratic fields K/ Q . We prove that their conductors N(E1), and N(E2) are equal up to squares. If rank Z (E 1 (K))≡ rank Z (E 2 (K)) ( mod 2) for all quadratic fields K/ Q , then the same conclusion holds, provided the 2-parts of their Tate–Shafarevich groups are finite.
Promoting Social Interactions between Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Their Peers in Inclusive School Settings.

This study evaluated the impact of a peer training intervention on social interactions among three students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their typical peers. Two second graders and one fourth grader with ASD participated. For each student with ASD, two to four typical peers participated in training sessions that targeted increased social interactions. Data collected during lunchtime and recess showed that the peer training intervention generally resulted in increased initiations by trained peers as well as increased initiations and responses by students with ASD. Unexpectedly, untrained peers also showed increased initiations. Future research directions are discussed, including characteristics of the peers selected for training (e.g., gender, popularity) and measurement of qualitative changes in social relationships and opportunities.
Reinforcement locus and free-operant extinction

Six groups of rats received either 18 or 96 reinforcements delivered either at the bar, 2 in. from the bar, or 4 in. from the bar. Ss rewarded at the bar extinguished significantly faster after 96 than 18 reinforcements. The converse was true for the other two bar locations. Results were discussed in terms of frustration theory.