cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How the Object of Affect Guides its Impact

In this article, we examine how affect influences judgment and thought, but also how thought transforms affect. The general thesis is that the nature and impact of affective reactions depends largely on their objects. We view affect as a representation of value, and its consequences as dependent on its object or what it is about. Within a review of relevant literature and a discussion of the nature of emotion, we focus on the role of the object of affect in governing both the nature of emotional reactions and the impact of affect and emotion on cognition and action. Although emotion is always about the here and now, the capacity for abstract thought means that the human here and now includes imagination as well as perception. Indeed, the hopes and fears that dominate human lives often involve things only imagined.
Fetal sensitization to cow's milk protein and wheat: cow's milk protein and wheat-specific TNF-α production by umbilical cord blood cells and subsequent decline of TNF-α production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells following dietary intervention

We present a case of fetal sensitization to cow's milk protein (CMP) and wheat, resulting in non-IgE mediated food allergy (NFA). Fetal sensitization was indicated by onset of NFA symptoms shortly after birth and CMP/wheat-specific tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by cord blood mononuclear cells. Following dietary intervention, we observed a decline of TNF-alpha production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells with stimuli of these dietary proteins (DPs) but recurrence of reactivity was observed following viral gastroenteritis, while interleukin-10 production with these DPs persisted during his first 5 yr of life. This finding may indicate active suppressive mechanisms for maintaining oral tolerance.
Development of characterisation models for incremental permanent deformation model for asphalt concrete in confined compression

Permanent deformation modelling research at North Carolina State University has produced the so-called incremental model that fits the primary and secondary regions in permanent strain growth. Triaxial repeated load permanent deformation tests are conducted on Federal Highway Administration-Accelerated Loading Facility and NY9.5B mixtures to evaluate the effects of temperature, stress, and load time on permanent deformation and, therefore, to determine the form of the incremental model to account for these effects. The test results suggest that the slope in the log(ϵvp)−log(N) plot is constant regardless of these three major factors. This observation provides the basis for two modelling approaches: the functionalised model and the shift model. The functionalised model is formulated by expressing the coefficients of the incremental model in terms of the reduced load time and deviatoric stress. The shift model, based on the time-temperature–stress superposition principle, utilises the strain mastercurve and...
Mass transport in supported zinc halide solutions—II. Complexation and migration effects

Abstract The speciation of ZnCl 2 solutions, with or without conduction electrolyte (KCl), is analyzed. The complex ZnCl − 3 ion is the dominant zinc species in supported solutions. The complexation of zinc tends to cause a negative contribution to the limiting current in such solutions, since the migration flux of anionic species such as ZnCl − 3 (or ZnCl 2− 4 ) opposes the diffusional flux toward the cathode. Effective diffusivities of zinc, determined from limiting current measurements at a dropping mercury electrode, are corrected for this complex migration effect. The resultant corrected diffusivities are in good agreement with data reported in the literature for molecular diffusion of ZnCl 2 in the presence of excess KCl, eg from capillary diffusion and interferometric measurements.
Gaze tutor: A gaze-reactive intelligent tutoring system

We developed an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) that aims to promote engagement and learning by dynamically detecting and responding to students' boredom and disengagement. The tutor uses a commercial eye tracker to monitor a student's gaze patterns and identify when the student is bored, disengaged, or is zoning out. The tutor then attempts to reengage the student with dialog moves that direct the student to reorient his or her attentional patterns towards the animated pedagogical agent embodying the tutor. We evaluated the efficacy of the gaze-reactive tutor in promoting learning, motivation, and engagement in a controlled experiment where 48 students were tutored on four biology topics with both gaze-reactive and non-gaze-reactive (control condition) versions of the tutor. The results indicated that: (a) gaze-sensitive dialogs were successful in dynamically reorienting students' attentional patterns to the important areas of the interface, (b) gaze-reactivity was effective in promoting learning gains for questions that required deep reasoning, (c) gaze-reactivity had minimal impact on students' state motivation and on self-reported engagement, and (d) individual differences in scholastic aptitude moderated the impact of gaze-reactivity on overall learning gains. We discuss the implications of our findings, limitations, future work, and consider the possibility of using gaze-reactive ITSs in classrooms.
Neonatal Temperament in Full-Term Twin Pairs Discordant for Birth Weight

ABSTRACT.To examine the significance of relative birth weight of cotwins for neonatal temperament, 70 pairs of full-term twins who were at least 15% discordant for birth weight were assessed. The assessment focused on irritability, resistance to soothing, activity, reactivity, and reinforcement valu
Annohexocin, a novel mono-THF acetogenin with six hydroxyls, from Annona muricata (Annonaceae)

Abstract A novel bioactive acetogenin, annohexocin ( 1 ), was isolated from the leaves of the sour sop (or guanabana) tree, Annona muricata (Annonaceae). Compound 1 is a C-35 mono-tetrahydrofuran (THF) acetogenin having six OH groups, and its structure has been elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 is the first Annonaceous acetogenin to be reported in which six OH groups include a 1,3,5 triol. Compound 1 was isolated by following brine shrimp lethality, and it showed significant inhibitory effects among six human tumor cell lines.
The interaction of two polysaccharides containing β1,6-linked galactopyranosyl residues with two monoclonal antigalactan immunoglobulin Fab' fragments

Abstract The affinities of two anti-galactan immunoglobulin Fab' fragments (J539 and T601) were measured with two polysaccharides, one from Prototheca zopfii and one from mammalian lung. The former polysaccharide is essentially a linear β 1,6-linked d -galactopyranan and the latter is a heavily branched comb-like polysaccharide with a backbone of β1,3-linked d -galactopyranosyl moieties. The affinity data obtained show that the immunoglobulins can bind intercatenarily to a β1,6- d -galactopyranan and are incapable of binding to a β1, 3- d -galactan. Thus, these immunoglobulins appear to possess a groove-type combining area.
Transport properties of Nafion™ composite membranes for proton-exchange membranes fuel cells

Abstract The dielectric and electrical behaviors of a Nafion™ membrane, Nafion™/7SiO 2 –2P 2 O 5 –ZrO 2 (SPZ), Nafion™/SiO 2 +H 3 PO 4 (iHPO), Nafion™/SiO 2 +H 3 PW 12 O 40 (iHPW) and Nafion™/ZrP composites were investigated using water desorption measurements and ac impedance spectroscopy as a function of time, relative humidity and temperature. The composite membranes except Nafion™/ZrP exhibited only marginally higher conductivity than Nafion™ at high temperature. Unlike the other membranes, the Nafion™/ZrP membrane showed reduced proton mobility with a higher activation energy. The results suggest that improvements in fuel cell performance, previously observed in Nafion™/SPZ and Nafion™/ZrP composite membranes, are not due simply to increased hydrophilic properties, but that there is an interplay between structure and proton mobility.
Preoperative bariatric screening and treatment of Helicobacter pylori.

A preoperative screening and treatment program for pre-existing H. pylori infections was hypothesized to reduce postoperative bariatric complications and associated morbidity as the role of H. pylori in gastrointestinal symptomatology and peptic ulcer disease is well established. A single-institution, single-surgeon, IRB-approved, retrospective chart review was performed. It included 183 consecutive patients who underwent an initial laparoscopic gastric bypass over a 40-month period from December 2003 to April 2006. The patients were divided into a H. pylori untested group (125 patients) and a tested and treated if indicated group (58 patients). Patient demographics and incidence of hospital re-admissions, GI ulceration and bleeding, perforated viscus, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), and foregut symptoms were documented at routine follow-up and emergency room visits. Results were subjected to analysis with Fisher’s exact test. Seven patients (12%) in the tested group were positive for H. pylori and treated. The number of GI ulcers and bleeding, EGDs, ER visits, and hospital re-admissions were not statistically different between groups; however, in the untested group, six patients (5%) presented with viscus perforation compared with none in the tested and treated group (p = 0.09). Demographics for both groups were similar and both had a large number of nonspecific foregut symptoms. Preoperative H. pylori screening should continue, especially in geographically high-prevalence areas, as data suggest that the incidence of viscus perforation may be reduced with preoperative treatment if indicated.
Technically Accurate Intracavitary Insertions Improve Pelvic Control and Survival among Patients with Locally Advanced Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix

Abstract The purpose of this study was to document whether the technical qualities of a brachytherapy application impacts on the outcome of patients with locally advanced cervix cancer treated by definitive irradiation. A previous report from the patterns of care study demonstrated the importance of brachytherapy in the treatment of locally advanced cervix cancer. Locally advanced disease was defined as FIGO stages Ib (if tumor diameter was ⩽4 cm), IIb (if disease was bilateral or involved the lateral aspect of either parametrium), and III. Localization films from 128 patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were reviewed by a radiation physicist and a radiation oncologist with expertise in gynecologic radiotherapy. All patients received external beam irradiation followed by one brachytherapy application (median point A dose=8040 cGy; range, 4083-10,020 cGy). Brachytherapy parameters assessed were (a) the distance between the right colpostat source and the distal tandem source, (b) the distance between the left colpostat source and the distal tandem source, and (c) the symmetry of colpostat placement. Implants were scored as "ideal" ( n = 8) when all three parameters were deemed satisfactory, "unacceptable" ( n = 17) when none of the parameters was deemed satisfactory, and "adequate" ( n = 41) in all other cases. Significantly improved 5-year local control was seen when comparing ideal and adequate placements to unacceptable placements (68% vs 34%, P = 0.02). A strong trend toward improved 5-year survival was also noted among the group with ideal and adequate implants as opposed to unacceptable implants (60% vs 40%). Multivariate analysis showed that the technical adequacy of the brachytherapy implant was the most important prognostic discriminant of local control. In conclusion, these analyses demonstrate the direct influence of competent technical implant performance on tumor control and even survival. While only a small fraction of implants for cervical cancer are performed poorly in the United States, there is a need for continued emphasis of the principles for proper implant technique.
The Surgically Induced Stress Response

The stress response to surgery, critical illness, trauma, and burns encompasses derangements of metabolic and physiological processes that induce perturbations in the inflammatory, acute phase, hormonal, and genomic responses. Hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism result, leading to muscle wasting, impaired immune function and wound healing, organ failure, and death. The surgery-induced stress response is largely similar to that triggered by traumatic injuries; the duration of the stress response, however, varies according to the severity of injury (surgical or traumatic). This spectrum of injuries and insults ranges from small lacerations to severe insults such as large poly-traumatic and burn injuries. Burn injuries provide an extreme model of trauma induced stress responses that can be used to study the long-term effects of a prolonged stress response. Although the stress response to acute trauma evolved to confer improved chances of survival following injury, in modern surgical practice the stress respo...
Exposure therapy in the treatment of vaginal penetration phobia: A single-case evaluation

A 25-year-old woman with a specific phobia related to vaginal penetration fears was effectively treated with graduated exposure therapy involving self-conducted and partner-assisted homework exercises. Treatment produced a complete resolution of the problem within 12 sessions. This behavior therapy regimen followed the client having received several periods of psychodynamic therapy which did not yield symptomatic improvement.
Coding development for an optical associative memory

An optical associative memory provides rapid content addressing of freeform alphanumeric text stored on an optical disk. A highly parallel, space-integrating intensity correlator has been breadboarded using off-the-shelf components for proof of concept and identification of component characteristics. Performance is found to be sensitive to light source coherence, optics modulation transfer function, media bit placement and contrast uniformity. Simplified processing algorithms extendable to on-chip implementation are evaluated with simulated and experimental results. Conventional codes cannot be optimized to provide a unique coding for a given work, nor do they have a constant optical return from large-area illumination; these are essential to facilitate the correlation readout. A custom code has been developed for correlation readout optimization.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Sphingosine-1-phospate receptor 1 mediates S1P action during cardiac development.

Background Sphingosine-1-phosophate (S1P) is a biologically active sphingolipid metabolite that influences cellular events including differentiation, proliferation, and migration. S1P acts through five distinct cell surface receptors designated S1P1-5R, with S1P1R having the highest expression level in the developing heart. S1P1R is critical for vascular maturation, with its loss leading to embryonic death by E14.5; however, its function during early cardiac development is not well known. Our previous studies demonstrated that altered S1P levels adversely affects atrioventricular (AV) canal development in vitro, with reduced levels leading to cell death and elevated levels inhibiting cell migration and endothelial to mesenchymal cell transformation (EMT).
Coadsorption of water and selected aromatic molecules to model the adhesion of epoxy resins on hydrated surfaces of zinc oxide and iron oxide

Abstract The coadsorption of heavy water and some aromatic molecules was studied on zinc oxide and iron oxide surfaces by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) in order to elucidate the role of water at the polymer/oxide interface at a molecular level. Glycidyl 2-methylphenyl ether and 2-phenoxy ethanol were selected as the model compounds of epoxy resins and were used as adsorbates in addition to some simpler substituted benzenes. It was found that on zinc oxide, water was adsorbed coordinatively on zinc sites and the heat of adsorption was 89 kJ/mol while on iron oxide, water was adsorbed physically and the heat of adsorption was 55 kJ/mol. On zinc oxide, the adsorption of benzene, toluene and α,α,α-trifluorotoluene was interfered with water while the adsorption of phenol and the epoxy model compounds was not affected by water. On iron oxide, none of these organic molecules were replaced by water. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the adhesion mechanism of the epoxy resin proposed in the previous paper holds even when the oxide surfaces are covered with water. Namely, the adhesion is due to the chemical bond formed by CO bond dissociation to form surface phenoxy species.
Interventions to Improve Care Related to Colorectal Cancer Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities: A Systematic Review

Objective To systematically review the literature to identify interventions that improve minority health related to colorectal cancer care.
Endometrial cancer in Kentucky: the impact of age, smoking status, and rural residence.

Abstract Introduction. The study objectives were to assess the effect of age, to evaluate the impact of smoking, and to determine the effect of rural residence on tumor characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes for Kentucky's endometrial cancer patients. Methods. The Kentucky Cancer Registry identified Kentucky residents diagnosed with endometrial cancer from 1995 to 2002. Data abstracted included demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and recurrence/survival status. Results. Three thousand five hundred and sixty-two women were diagnosed with endometrial cancer. Mean age at diagnosis decreased significantly ( P =0.0388) over the 7-year period. Smokers had higher grade, stage, and worse outcomes. Rural women more often lacked commercial insurance, underwent less comprehensive surgical evaluation, and had less multimodality treatment. Increasing age ( P P =0.0003), black race ( P P P P P P P =0.008), no commercial insurance or Medicaid (RR 1.87; P =0.0007), rural residence (RR 0.77; P =0.011), advanced stage and grade (RR 7.96, 3.96; P P Conclusions. Our data support a trend toward a younger age for endometrial cancer diagnosis, confirm the adverse impact of smoking and socioeconomic factors, and demonstrate an association between incomplete surgical staging and decreased survival.
Homeschooling and the Question of Socialization Revisited

This article reviews recent research on homeschooled children's socialization. The research indicates that homeschooling parents expect their children to respect and get along with people of diverse backgrounds, provide their children with a variety of social opportunities outside the family, and believe their children's social skills are at least as good as those of other children. What homeschooled children think about their own social skills is less clear. Compared to children attending conventional schools, however, research suggest that they have higher quality friendships and better relationships with their parents and other adults. They are happy, optimistic, and satisfied with their lives. Their moral reasoning is at least as advanced as that of other children, and they may be more likely to act unselfishly. As adolescents, they have a strong sense of social responsibility and exhibit less emotional turmoil and problem behaviors than their peers. Those who go on to college are socially involved an...
Multiple target pattern creation and synchronization phenomena

Abstract It is shown how a random system of coupled nonlinear oscillators can synchronize due to multiple formation of target patterns. The time dependence of the averaged oscillation frequency in the system is estimated.
The Mechanism of Dephosphorylation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 2 by Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 3

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-3 (MKP3) is a dual specificity phosphatase that specifically inactivates one subfamily of MAP kinases, the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Inactivation of MAP kinases occurs by dephosphorylation of Thr(P) and Tyr(P) in the TXY kinase activation motif. To gain insight into the mechanism of ERK2 inactivation by MKP3, we have carried out an analysis of the MKP3-catalyzed dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated ERK2. We find that ERK2/pTpY dephosphorylation by MKP3 involves an ordered, distributive mechanism in which MKP3 binds the bisphosphorylated ERK2/pTpY, dephosphorylates Tyr(P) first, dissociates and releases the monophosphorylated ERK2/pT, which is then subjected to dephosphorylation by a second MKP3, yielding the fully dephosphorylated ERK2. The bisphosphorylated ERK2 is a highly specific substrate for MKP3 with a k(cat)/K(m) of 3.8 x 10(6) m(-1) s(-1), which is more than 6 orders of magnitude higher than that for small molecule aryl phosphates and an ERK2-derived phosphopeptide encompassing the pTEpY motif. This strikingly high substrate specificity displayed by MKP3 may result from a combination of high affinity binding interactions between the N-terminal domain of MKP3 and ERK2 and specific ERK2-induced allosteric activation of the MKP3 C-terminal phosphatase domain.
Soluble extracellular products of algae symbiotic with a ciliate, a sponge and a mutant hydra

Abstract 1. 1. Soluble extracellular products of symbiotic algae (zoochlorellae) from Paramecium bursaria, Spongilla sp. and a mutant Chlorohydra viridissima were identified after photosynthesis in the presence of NaHC 14 O 3 and compared to the products of ten strains of free-living algae. 2. 2. All of the symbiotic strains liberated soluble maltose principally or glucose to the extent of 5·4–86·7 per cent of their total photosynthate. All of the free-living strains liberated 0·4–7·6 per cent of their total photosynthate principally as glycolic acid. 3. 3. Liberation of soluble carbohydrate by symbiotic algae from fresh-water representatives of three animal phyla and by lichen algae is viewed as an adaptation to symbiosis.
Super-Resolution Imaging of Telomeres Reveals that Compaction of Telomeric DNA by Shelterin Protects Chromosome Terminii

Telomeres, which are tandem TTAGGG repeats at the ends of mammalian chromosomes, are susceptible to degradation by nucleases and misrecognition as breaks in DNA. Telomeres are protected against DNA damage response (DDR) pathways by the shelterin complex. It has been proposed that higher order remodeling of telomeric chromatin by shelterin plays a role in this protection, but telomeres cannot be studied by crosslinking and chromosome capture methods due to failure of sequence discrimination between repetitive TTAGGG tracts. Using photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) we imaged telomeres in human cells at ∼15 nm of resolution. We found that shelterin mediates formation of compact telomeric structures (∼150 nm in diameter). Knockdown of TRF1, TRF2 and TIN2 subunits of shelterin results in decompaction and up to 30-fold increase in volume of these telomeric structures. Mutations that abrogate TRF1 or TRF2 dimerization also lead to different levels of telomere decompaction, which positively correlates with DDR signal accumulation at telomeres in these cells. The changes in telomere structure are not due to DDR accumulation in TRF2 mutant cells, because similar levels of decompaction are observed after inactivating the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) pathway using RNAi. Our results demonstrate that shelterin remodels telomeric chromatin into compact structures by inter-repeat crosslinking of telomeric tracts.
Entropy Measurements for Three Adaptive Source Encoders

The entropy of the output of three adaptive source encoders, AΔM, APCM, and ADPCM, is measured for speech inputs at low sampling rates. It is attempted to correlate the source encoder output entropies, normalized to the channel bit rate, with the results of informal listening tests. It was hypothesized that the channel bit rate utilization factor would predict subjective ranking of the source encoders. The results of measurements do not support this hypothesis; an intuitive explanation is offered.
Spillover Effects of the Affordable Care Act? Exploring the Impact on Young Adult Dental Insurance Coverage.

Objectives To assess whether the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) dependent coverage health insurance mandate had a spillover impact on young adult dental insurance coverage and whether any observed effects varied by household income. Data Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys from 2006 through 2011. Study Design We employed a difference-in-difference regression approach comparing changes in insurance rates for young adults ages 19–25 years to changes in insurance rates for adults ages 27–30 years. Separate regressions were estimated by categories of household income as a percentage of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) to understand whether the mandate had heterogeneous spillover effects. Results Private dental insurance increased by 6.7 percentage points among young adults compared to a control group of 27–30-year olds. Increases were concentrated at middle-income levels (125–400 percent FPL). Conclusions The dependent coverage mandate provision of the Affordable Care Act has not only increased health insurance rates among young adults but also dental insurance coverage rates.
The molecular basis of lung cancer: molecular abnormalities and therapeutic implications

Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related death in the western world. Its incidence is highly correlated with cigarette smoking, and about 10% of long-term smokers will eventually be diagnosed with lung cancer, underscoring the need for strengthened anti-tobacco policies. Among the 10% of patients who develop lung cancer without a smoking history, the environmental or inherited causes of lung cancer are usually unclear. There is no validated screening method for lung cancer even in high-risk populations and the overall five-year survival has not changed significantly in the last 20 years. However, major progress has been made in the understanding of the disease and we are beginning to see this knowledge translated into the clinic. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the cascade of events associated with lung cancer development. From subclinical DNA damage to overt invasive disease, the mechanisms leading to clinically and molecularly heterogeneous tumors are being unraveled. These lesions allow cells to escape the normal regulation of cell division, apoptosis and invasion. While all subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer have historically been treated the same, stage-for-stage, recent technological advances have allowed a better understanding of the molecular classification of the disease and provide hypotheses for molecular early detection and targeted therapeutic strategies.
What do the recent American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Practice Guidelines tell us about the evolving management of coronary heart disease in older adults?

Biological aging predisposes older adults to increased cardiovascular disease (CHD) and greater disease complexity. Given the high age-related prevalence of CHD and age-related compounding factors, the recently updated American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation CHD-related guidelines increased their focus on older patients. These guidelines are predominately evidence-based (using data from quality randomized clinical trials) and are organized to delineate medications and procedures that best treat particular cardiovascular diseases. While such rationale and thought work well in young and middle aged adults, they become problematic in patients who are very old. Data pertaining to adults aged ≥ 80 are virtually absent from most randomized clinical trials, and even in the instances when very old patients were included, eligibility criteria typically excluded candidates with co-morbidities and complexities of customary CHD patients. While medications and interventions yielding benefit in clinical trials should theoretically produce the greatest benefits for patients with high intrinsic risk, age-related cardiovascular complexities also increase iatrogenic risks. Navigating between the potential for high benefit and high risk in “evidence-based” cardiovascular management remains a key Geriatric Cardiology challenge. In this review we consider the expanded Geriatric Cardiology content of current guidelines, acknowledging both the progress that has been made, as well as the work that still needs to be accomplished to truly address the patient-centered priorities of older CHD patients.
Modeling and analysis of several classes of self-oscillating inverters: II-Model extension, classification, and duality relationships

The piecewise-linear modeling techniques and state-plane representations for the Royer inverter presented in [14] have been extended to two well-known families of self-oscillating dc-to-square-wave transistor inverters. One inverter family employs a saturable magnetic core as the frequency determining element, the other employs a series LC tuned network as the frequency determining element. Each family is characterized by an equivalent nonlinear RLC network. Studies of these two inverter families have shown certain apparent dual properties, but there are other equally important affinities which are not immediately obvious. A classification scheme is presented which makes evident natural relationship between these two families of inverters, in particular, and four additional less familiar categories. In so doing, a framework is established which not only enables a methodical transfer of knowledge gain about one family of inverters to other families but also leads to invention of a roster of self-oscillating inverters. Some of these have been successfully implemented in the laboratory.
Myopia: was mother right about reading in the dark?

Perhaps one of the most universal experiences of childhood involves parental admonishments warning of dire outcomes as a result of unacceptable behaviour. Tree climbing leads to “broken skulls and necks,” television viewing leads to “mushy brains,” and sweet consumption to “rotten teeth.” Ocular admonishments are particularly prevalent with stick playing leading to “putting one's eye out,” voluntary eye crossing becoming “permanently stuck,” and reading in the dark “ruining your eyes.” The notion that how we use our eyes will determine eventual refractive outcome has long been held a popular truism but dismissed as a scientific fact by many eye care professionals. While most agree that refractive error is, for the most part, genetically determined, there is a growing body of evidence that how we use our eyes influences eventual refractive status.1 In this era of high index spectacles, modern contact lens materials, and refractive surgery one may ask the question, “why study myopia?” The answer lies in the understanding that myopia and pathological myopia are common causes of vision loss and blindness in both developed and emerging countries.2 In Taiwan, the prevalence of myopia approaches 75% and in many east Asian countries, pathological myopia is one of the leading causes of blindness.3 Myopic macular degeneration and myopic retinal detachment are not prevented through refractive surgery, a fact often not understood by many high myopes undergoing this form of surgery. The prevention of the development of high myopia has become a priority in many …
Continuum modeling of electromechanical dynamics in large-scale power systems

In this paper, we propose a continuum model for real power systems that tend to be highly irregular in terms of their geographical topology and the power injections, loads, and shunt elements at the bus locations. The continuum model presented here therefore relaxes the isotropy and homogeneity constraints assumed in our prior work. The network, with its transmission lines, generators, and loads, are treated as a continuum in spatial coordinates. We are consequently able to model the system as a pair of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The first PDE is the continuum equivalent of the load flow equations of the power system and is a boundary value problem. The second equation is the continuum equivalent of the swing equations of the power system. The parameters of these equations are functions of spatial coordinates and the network topology is embedded in them. The computational effort needed to solve the PDEs depends on the uniformity in the parameter distributions. A systematic approach of smoothening the parameter distributions is also proposed. While a continuum system with these smooth parameter distributions looses some of its ability to accurately model the detailed behavior of the power system, the global behavior of the system remains preserved. Furthermore, the electromechanical wave propagation behavior observed in actual power systems is readily recognized from the PDE model. A theoretical analysis of the continuum model as well as test simulations show that disturbances in the system's phase angles propagate through the continuum system with velocities much slower than the speed of light and exhibit dispersion phenomena.
FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE RENAL WEIGHT : XI. RENAL FUNCTION.

The amount of functioning renal tissue as measured by the weight of the kidneys in the albino rat is directly proportional to the renal function as measured by the ratio: See PDF for the structure under certain special conditions.
Identification of a novel HLA‐DQB1 allele, DQB1*060403, by sequence‐based typing

A novel HLA-DQB1 allele, DQB1*060403, has been discovered in a type 1 diabetic patient and family members.
Regulation of Glycemic Control by Physical Activity: A Role for Mitochondria?

Hippocrates is attributed with stating that “... eating alone will not keep a man well; he must also take exercise. For food and exercise, while possessing opposite qualities, yet work together to produce health” (1). Those words of wisdom highlight that the benefits of physical activity for maintenance of good health, in conjunction with appropriate diet, have long been recognized. As we try to manage the worldwide increase of diabetes, it is useful to remind ourselves of the value of exercise for preventing and treating insulin resistance. For adults with type 2 diabetes, both endurance and resistive exercise can lower glycated hemoglobin levels within 3–6 months (2) and moderate-intensity walking can reduce the amplitude of postprandial glucose excursions within 5–7 days (3). In the Diabetes Prevention Program, adults at risk for developing type 2 diabetes who were placed in a weight loss plus exercise program for ∼3 years had significantly lower incidence of diabetes for up to 10 years after enrollment compared with those who received either standard of care or metformin (4). In the lifestyle intervention group, weight loss was the major determinant of diabetes prevention during the first year, but physical activity predicted weight maintenance and diabetes prevention in subsequent years (5). Thus, although there have been steady improvements in pharmaceutical treatments to improve glycemic control in individuals who are obese and/or diabetic, physical activity remains an important first-line therapeutic approach. Exercise improves glucose control by increasing insulin sensitivity and non–insulin-dependent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle (6). There is also evidence that energy turnover (i.e., the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids) during muscle contraction is important for preventing the …
Breast Cancer Mortality Trends in the United States According to Estrogen Receptor Status and Age at Diagnosis

Purpose Since 1990, overall breast cancer mortality rates in the United States decreased 24%. This decline has been attributed to mammography screening and adjuvant systemic therapy. However, the efficacy of these modalities may depend on estrogen receptor (ER) expression and age. We therefore examined breast cancer mortality trends in the United States according to ER status and age. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program (1990-2003), we calculated trends in incidence-based mortality (IBM), annual hazard rates for breast cancer deaths after diagnosis, and relative hazard rates for women with ER-positive and ER-negative tumors. Relative hazard rates were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for stage and grade, and stratified by age at diagnosis. Results During the study period, IBM and annual hazard rates for breast cancer deaths decreased among women with ER-positive and ER-negative tumors, although declines were greater for those with ER-positive...
Rich Internet Applications The Next Stage of Application Development

Early Internet applications were written using a classic client/server model, with multiple content pages refreshed for each user action. As users continue to demand more sophisticated and increasingly interactive Internet programming, applications development is evolving to permit more efficient communication between clients and servers. Techniques such as Ajax are being used to promote this new style of Internet programming. Rich Internet Applications (RIA) offer greatly enhanced usability, and allow Internet programs to rival their desktop counterparts for functionality. This paper explores technologies deployed in creating RIA, and considers relative merits and limitations of this new style of application development.
Urban Government under the Raj: A Case Study of Municipal Administration in Nineteenth–Century South India

Until very recently, scholars of nineteenth-century India have tended to dismiss the role of urban government and politics as trivial or inconsequential. Most have reached their conclusions by studying the formation of policy in London or Delhi, using the private papers of high officials or reports prepared by the Government of India. A standard authority on British policy of this period states that local self-government ‘proved to be a tree which never took firm root. Local self-government never gained major significance in the political history of modern India.’ Local self-government failed, according to another scholar, because ‘… a rigid system of supervision was created, which ran from the smallest municipality up to the Secretary of State for India.’ In his opinion, this control and shortage of funds can be held responsible for the lack of development in ‘… the scope of public services, which were confined to the bare essentials.’ A dreary picture of petty quarreling in municipal government and stagnation in urban services prevails, alleviated only by the appearance of Lord Curzon as Viceroy in 1899 and his efforts to instill some ‘dynamic influence’ into local government. Although the policy of local self-government satisfied neither official aims nor nationalist aspirations, its importance for local politics and administration is now undergoing a major reassessment.
An Overview of the Symposium and Some Next Steps

This article identifies some overarching issues raised at the Albany Symposium on Developmental Criminology, with particular focus on important issues in conflict. In developing theory in this very complex area, there is tension between a parsimonious theory with a limited number of constructs and richer description that tries to capture more critical features. It seems that one concept is too limiting. The debate over the benefits of identifying subgroups in a population will depend on the analytical context; those groups can be identified empirically (say, by trajectory analysis) or a priori theoretical conceptualization. There is a need for greater interaction across the variety of rich data sets and scholars' perspectives that could be facilitated with greater data sharing, particularly by bringing in new methodological skills. Also, there is a need for a developmental criminology forum to address some common agreed-upon questions with several of the rich data sets represented at the symposium.
Supervertices and Non-renormalization Conditions in Maximal Supergravity Theories

We construct higher derivative supervertices in an effective theory of maximal supergravity in various dimensions, in the super spinor helicity formalism, and derive non-renormalization conditions on up to 14-derivative order couplings from supersymmetry. These non-renormalization conditions include Laplace type equations on the coefficients of $R^4$, $D^4R^4$, and $D^6R^4$ couplings. We also find additional constraining equations, which are consistent with previously known results in the effective action of toroidally compactified type II string theory, and elucidate many features thereof.
Personality and counterproductive work behaviour: Using conservation of resources theory to narrow the profile of deviant employees

We leverage conservation of resources (COR) theory to explain how conscientiousness and emotional stability (ES) are associated with resource management strategies that may reflect instrumentally driven counterproductive work behaviour (CWB). Specifically, we investigated how the relationship between conscientiousness and CWB varies as a function of the level of available personal (i.e., ES) and organizationally provided (i.e., experienced job constraints) resources. Results from two surveys administered 4 weeks apart to US employees indicate that the negative relationship between conscientiousness and CWB is positive among employees who are low in ES.
FORUM: Challenges and future directions in urban afforestation

Summary 1. Mature urban trees improve air quality, reduce storm water run-off and sequester carbon. Municipal agencies establish forests of native juvenile trees to enhance these and other ecosystem services to cities. Little data exist, however, regarding whether these trees will form mature, native forests. 2. We review urban forestry research that deals specifically with the growth, survival and recruitment of new native urban forests and use these data to identify knowledge gaps and propose research needed to create and maintain native urban forests. 3. Experimental urban forestry studies are few and most are of durations ≤5 years, shorter than the 10–25 year time frame required to understand forest stand dynamics. Studies capturing initial dynamics of urban afforestation (≤5 years) identify invasive species as the primary threat to native tree establishment. Data exploring longer-term dynamics are needed to evaluate whether early-stage afforestation dynamics can be used to infer the composition and function of mature urban forests. 4. Synthesis and applications. Urban afforestation approaches–from natural colonization to large-scale plantings–represent a trade-off in cost vs. efficacy for establishing native forests. A major cost-saving strategy would be to determine whether exotics and natives can co-exist and provide the intended ecosystem services.
Review of Partnerships for Service-Learning: Impacts on Communities and Students

Educators eagerly implement service-learning initiatives with the best of intentions and high hopes for success of their service-learning projects. However, as the old saying goes, good intentions do not the way to success pave. Instead, much deliberate, careful and multifaceted planning must be done. Service-learning, by its very nature, involves the coming together of diverse individuals and groups, bringing differing needs, resources and expectations to the shared purpose of learning. Success relies upon the strength of the partnerships that are developed between all involved. Educators embarking on the journey of developing and implementing service-learning partnerships will be aided and supported by the rich, informative cases shared in Partnerships for Service Learning. In this text, the authors and associates weave detailed examples of successful partnerships into a guidebook for practitioners both new to and experienced in service-learning.
THE HARMONIC CONSISTENCY INDEX FOR THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

A new consistency measure, the harmonic consistency index, is obtained for any positive reciprocal matrix in the analytic hierarchy process. We show how this index varies with changes in any matrix element. A tight upper bound is provided for this new consistency measure when the entries of matrix are at most 9, as is often recommended. Using simulation, the harmonic consistency index is shown to give numerical values similar to the standard consistency index but it is easier to compute and interpret. In addition, new properties of the column sums of reciprocal matrices are obtained.
Income divergence between mexican states in the 1990s: the role of skill premium

During the period 1940–1985 the variance of average incomes across Mexican states fell by 60 percent. Beginning in 1985, however, and coinciding with the adoption of trade liberalization policies and other market-oriented reforms, state incomes began to diverge. Using microdata from the 1990 and 2000 Mexican Population Censuses, this study decomposes the recent divergence into components due to economy-wide changes in skill prices and components due to state-specific changes in the composition of workers. The study finds that the rise in the education premium hindered the progress of poor states and raised the variance of average state wages and labor earnings. However, educational attainment mostly compensated for this income-widening effect. State-level regressions reveal that the initial level of education, size of the agricultural sector, and distance from the U.S. border were important factors, while public infrastructure was not. While the border states clearly benefited from increased trade and opening of the economy, I find no evidence that skill demand or the immigration of highly educated workers particularly favored these states.
Pollen Feeding and Fitness in Praying Mantids: The Vegetarian Side of a Tritrophic Predator

Although the importance of omnivory in food webs has been established, the community niche of generalist arthropod predators such as praying mantids is usually assumed to be at most bitrophic, feeding on herbivores and other carnivores. As with most predators, mantids often are food limited in nature. Flowering plants in their environment offer mantids an opportunity to obtain high-protein pollen, a potential vegetarian alternative to their normal arthropod prey. Although some arthropod predators have been shown to feed occasionally on pollen, the extent to which they gain fitness from this behavior is unclear, and often assumed to be minor. In replicated laboratory tests, Chinese mantids, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis (Saussure), actively fed on pollen just after hatching, and on pollen-laden insects as adults. Pollen feeding enhanced fitness of these mantids by: 1) preventing starvation of nymphs at egg hatch in the absence of normal insect prey; 2) increasing body mass of nymphs fed pollen in addition to normal prey; and 3) allowing adults that were fed both pollen and insects to maintain the same fecundity on fewer insect prey than those fed insects alone. These predators are therefore tritrophic because the extent of their omnivory includes a fitness-enhancing plant product in addition to herbivore and carnivore prey. Pollen feeding may explain higher fecundity of females located on flowers, and also may enable these and other generalist predators to maintain high population densities when animal prey are scarce, which has potential consequences for the rest of the community.
Legal Malpractice and the Multistate Law Firm: Supervision of Multistate Offices; Firms as Limited Liability Partnerships, and Predispute Agreements to Arbitrate Client Malpractice Claims

The legal profession has changed dramatically in the last twenty-five years. As economic changes have taken place in the manner in which goods and services are delivered to the American public, law firms have expanded in an effort to serve their national and multinational corporate clients. The large firms have opened offices in different jurisdictions either to follow their clients or to provide representation in different markets. Individuals and legal institutions have also participated in this nationalization of the practice of law.