cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trailing-Edge Noise Predictions Using Compressible Large-Eddy Simulation and Acoustic Analogy

The present investigation of airfoil trailing-edge noise generation and propagation concerns the broadband noise that arises from the interaction of turbulent boundary layers with the airfoil trailing edge and the tonal noise that arises from vortex shedding generated by laminar boundary layers. Large-eddy simulations are conducted for a NACA0012 airfoil with rounded trailing edge for two flow configurations with different freestream Mach numbers (M1 � 0:115 and 0.4) for an angle of incidence of 5 deg. The Reynolds number based on the airfoil chord is fixed at Rec � 408;000. The acoustic predictions are performed by the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy formulation and incorporate convective effects. Surface and volume integrations of dipole and quadrupole source termsappearingintheFfowcsWilliamsandHawkingsequationareperformedusingathree-dimensionalwideband multileveladaptivefastmultipolemethodtoacceleratethecalculationsofaeroacousticintegrals.TheeffectsofMach numberandnonlinearquadrupolesources areassessed.Nonlinear quadrupolenoise sourcesplay animportant role infar-fieldsoundradiationforthehigherMachnumber flowconfiguration,M1 � 0:4.Ascalingstudyisperformed and, although surface pressure spectra scale with hydrodynamic scaling, far-field acoustics has a more complex behavior. The broad vortex-shedding tone generated by the laminar boundary layer vortex shedding noise causes a departure from the classical fifth power-law scaling, a behavior also seen in previous experiments.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patient

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma of the central nervous system and eye. It is over 1000 times greater in HIV positive than in non-HIV populations. The decline in its incidence since the introduction of the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) suggests an association of this tumor with severe and prolonged immunosuppression. Clinical presentation results from neurological deficits related to the site of the tumor. Systemic B symptoms are also common. The detection of EBV DNA from the CSF, by nested PCR, is a highly sensitive and specific for HIV- related PCNSL. We present the case of a 31-year-old African American man with medical history significant for AIDS who presented with one-month history of lack of energy and somnolence. CSF appearance was normal. MRI suggested primary CNS lymphomas or toxoplasmosis. CSF EBV DNA by PCR was found to be positive. The clinical presentation of PCNSL is similar to that of toxoplasmosis encephalitis in patients diagnosed with HIV. The initial differentiation between the two pathologies on presentation is important since treatment differs and early treatment has been shown to reduce mortality. Key words: CNS lymphoma; AIDS; HIV; Primary CNS lymphoma
Evaluation of Population Structure within Diploid Agrostis Germplasm Based on Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements

The bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.) are valuable species to the turfgrass industry. The bentgrasses have complex genomes resulting from interspecifi c hybridization and polyploidization events. The New England Velvet Bentgrass collection along with diploid germplasm present in the National Plant Germplasm System represent the largest collections of publicly available diploid Agrostis germplasm within the United States. In the present study, 1225 miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE)-display genetic markers were used to assess the amount of genetic diversity within a collection of 181 diploid Agrostis selections. Structure v. 2.3.3 was used to determine population structure and suggests that fi ve subpopulations best explain the genetic variation present within this germplasm. An analysis of molecular variance and principal coordinate analysis also supports the subgroupings defi ned by the Structure analysis. Nine selections were found to be genetically similar to Agrostis stolonifera L. and may be related to one of its diploid progenitors. Our improved understanding of the genetic diversity among these diploid selections, resulting from this study, will help Agrostis breeders transfer important traits from these unimproved selections for cultivar improvement.
Work-Life Balance and Organizational Commitment of Women in the U.S. Construction Industry

AbstractThis research focuses on job satisfaction, work-life balance, and organizational commitment among women employed in the U.S. construction industry. Its aim is to identify the variables that affect women’s satisfaction with their job and employer, as well as their overall intention to remain with their employer. The results indicated that there were differences in the respondents’ commitment over different time intervals, as well as in their satisfaction with employer benefits based on whether or not they had children under 21 living at home. Factors that led to the most job satisfaction were good working relationships with coworkers and peers; respect and fair treatment from superiors; challenges on the job; feeling of accomplishment, and feeling valued as an employee. Factors that ranked the highest in affecting organizational commitment were job-fit to their individual skills, flexibility and balance between work and personal time, feeling valued as an asset to their company/employer, and availa...
Psychology: The Empirical Study of Epistemology and Phenomenology

Though psychology is now fractured, it was not always so. Psychology formed as a distinct discipline when researchers tried to use empirical evidence to answer epistemological and phenomenological ...
Analysis of function applications in deep arrays

Function arrays are easy to understand in APL when the leaves are primitive scalar functions. Herein other kinds of functions, called generically subscalars, are studied as items in functions arrays. Some example primitive shave an internal analog of structure. They are explicated using an experimental DEPTH operator and some defined subprimitive functions. Subscalar leaves of function arrays interrupt the promulgation of scalar conformance in a resumable fashion reminiscent of the data types of Kajiya [6].
Dynamic voltage (IR) drop analysis and design closure: Issues and challenges

Dynamic voltage (IR) drop, unlike the static voltage drop depends on the switching activity of the design, and hence it is vector dependent. In this paper we have highlighted the pitfalls in the common design closure methodology that addresses static IR drop well, but often fails to bound the impact of dynamic voltage drops robustly. Factors that can affect the accuracy of dynamic IR analysis and the related metrics for design closure are discussed. A structured approach to planning the power distribution and grid for power managed designs is then presented, with an emphasis to cover realistic application scenarios, and how it can be done early in the design cycle. Care-about and solutions to avoid and fix the Dynamic voltage drop issues are also presented. Results are from industrial designs in 45nm process are presented related to the said topics.
Unprotected Anal Intercourse Among Immigrant Latino MSM: The Role of Characteristics of the Person and the Sexual Encounter

Theoretical models of sexual risk-taking have traditionally focused on personal characteristics, but conceptual approaches emphasizing the social and situational context have also been proposed. This study examined the impact of characteristics of the person and of the sexual encounter on unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among 482 immigrant Latino MSM. Analyses included logistic regression and hierarchical linear modeling. The personal characteristic of self-efficacy for safer sex was negatively associated with UAI over the previous three months, at the most recent encounter, and over multiple encounters reported by each participant. In addition, a cross-level interaction of self-efficacy at the person-level and sexual desire at the encounter-level showed that increased sexual desire was associated with greater likelihood of UAI for those with low self-efficacy, but not those with high self-efficacy. Likelihood of UAI was also linked to the situational characteristics of closeness to the partner, seroconcordance, and concern about STIs in the encounter.
Findings from the Pasadena Workshop on HPC software technology

The Pasadena Workshop on System Software and Tools for High Performance Computing (HPC) Environments was held at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in April 1992. Over a hundred experts in related fields from industry, academia, and government were invited to participate in this three-day forum to assess the current status of software technology in support of HPC systems. The goal was to provide a basis from which new directions in research and development for software technology could be established to enable and accelerate the effective application of MPPs to Grand Challenge problems. Attention was given both to immediate practical considerations concerning current tools and to longer-term issues related to future teraFLOPS computing. The author summarizes the findings and their implications for future directions in HPC software technology developments. >
Mechanical forces imposed on echinoid eggs during spawning: mitigation of forces by fibrous networks within egg extracellular layers.

Many echinoderms spawn large numbers of eggs in rapid spawning bouts directly into the water column. During spawning, the eggs pass from the gonad along a narrow oviduct and through a rigid gonopore before reaching the water. As the eggs traverse this pathway, they are exposed to shear stress induced by the development of a velocity gradient within the fluid formed by the eggs. In some species, the diameter of the eggs is larger than the diameter of the gonopore. In these cases, the eggs also experience strain resulting from compression of the egg as it passes through the relatively small gonopore. The magnitude of shear stress experienced by eggs differs among species depending upon the viscosity of the eggs. The degree of strain experienced by eggs differs among species depending upon the relative sizes of the egg and gonopore and also changes within species as they grow. Recent evidence suggests that these forces have the propensity to damage eggs, thereby reducing their fertilizability, or to destroy them. Experimental evidence shows that the jelly coat around the eggs can protect them from shear stresses and reduce the strain imposed on them under a compressive force. Echinoderm eggs are surrounded by a jelly coat that has a composite structure of irregularly arranged fibrous networks embedded in a jelly matrix. These fibrous networks have characteristics that are similar to those of engineered and biological materials that are known to reduce the transmission of mechanical forces to other structures. Given this similarity to other materials, three possible mechanisms for the action of the jelly coat may be identified. First, the apparent viscosity of the eggs of echinoids declines as the rate at which they are sheared during spawning increases. This reduction in viscosity with increasing shear rate (shearthinning) may, in part, be due to the structure of the jelly coat and its resultant non-Newtonian nature. Second, experimental evidence indicates that the jelly coat preferentially deforms under a compressive load, reducing the transmission of that load to the egg. Third, the jelly (but not the fibers in the coating) may deform in a nearly viscous manner. In this case, the fibers may serve to provide an elastic ‘backbone’ to the layer and remain in place to stiffen the outer layer of the egg. The composite structure of the jelly coat and the morphology of the fibrous network are likely to be critical to all these mechanisms. Summary
Lower vertebrates from an Arikareean (earliest Miocene) fauna near the Toledo Bend Dam, Newton County, Texas

ABsTRAcr-A recently discovered vertebrate fossil-bearing locality in the Fleming Formation of easternmost Texas has revealed a highly diverse fauna that contains a minimum of 44 early Miocene vertebrate taxa. At least 17 different species of lower vertebrates were recovered including five fish, two amphibians, one lizard, two snakes, at least five chelonians, and two crocodilians. A tiny boid that compares favorably with Anilioides nebraskensis is the first record in the Gulf Coastal Plain, and remains of a large aquatic turtle referred to the genus Dermatemys possibly represent its first fossil occurrence. Other rare genera represented include the largemouth bass Micropterus, possibly the snook Centropomus, and the crocodilian Gavialosuchus. In addition, temporal and spatial range extensions are recorded for Micropterus and Alligator olseni. These taxa, along with the mammalian component to be discussed elsewhere, document the rare preservation of a forested subtropical to tropical coastal lowland paleoenvironment and provide evidence to imply that separation into mid-continent and coastal plain paleobiogeographic provinces had not yet occurred.
Utilization of PSoC-5 for sensor data acquisition in a semi-autonomous robotic platform

This paper introduces a semi-autonomous robotic platform for future planetary exploration. The Microcontroller Unit (MCU) of this platform is reconfigurable to support varied demands of scientific applications using Programmable System on Chip (PSoC) technology. The PSoC acquires and processes sensor data, then relays the data to a remote control station. The platform supports three modes of operations: (1) anytime user remote-control mode, (2) limited time autonomous control mode, and (3) mixed-control mode, which assigns certain tasks to run in automated execution mode, while reserving critical or complex tasks for user-controlled execution. The real-time task scheduling for precise control is supported by the Micrium μC/Ο8-ΙΠ realtime operating system (RTOS). The use of such an RTOS also allows interleaving of data acquisition for enhancing effective bandwidth.
A Novel Double Lesion in X-Irradiated DNA Consists of a Strand Break and a Base Modification

Abstract Box, H. C., Budzinski, E. E., Dawidzik, J., Patrzyc, H. B. and Freund, H. G. A Novel Double Lesion in X-Irradiated DNA Consists of a Strand Break and a Base Modification. Radiat. Res. 156, 215–219 (2001). A single free radical-initiating event can produce a pair of base lesions in DNA oligomers exposed to ionizing radiation. Whereas double base lesions have been observed previously, the present study shows that double lesions may sometimes consist of a base lesion and an associated strand break. The mechanism for the formation of double lesions is discussed. A redox process is postulated in which guanine is the source of the electron. It is suggested that double lesions may be formed in DNA either on adjacent nucleotides or, alternatively, on nucleotides separated by one, two or possibly more intervening nucleotides. It is hypothesized that intramolecular electron transfer facilitates the formation of double lesions on nonadjacent nucleotides.
The Rise of 'Political Action': Labor Unions and the Democratic Party

This paper examines the emergence of the first “Political Action Committee” (P.A.C.) as a crucial development underpinning the labor-Democratic alliance, and prompting a broad shift in interest group politics more generally. Created by the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1943, the P.A.C. was both a major organizational innovation and the bearer of a new strategic vision in which interest group electioneering took center stage. While claiming to be “non-partisan,” the P.A.C. directed its electoral efforts toward the Democratic Party, which it sought to reshape as a more cohesively liberal body, in accordance with labor’s major policy goals. This marked a significant shift in interest group behavior, from an emphasis on bipartisan lobbying as the means of achieving preferred policies after elections, to partisan electioneering or “political action” as a means of ensuring their attainment from the start. In both its organizational and strategic respects, the P.A.C. would serve as an important model for other interest and issue-based groups, forging the electoral basis upon which contemporary “party networks” now rest.
Association between sleeping difficulty and type 2 diabetes in women.

Aims/hypothesis Sleeping difficulty has been associated with type 2 diabetes in some prior studies. Whether the observed associations are independent of health behaviours, other cardiovascular risk factors or other sleep disorders is unclear.
A Modeling Study Evaluating the Thermal-Hydrological Conditions in and near Waste Emplacement Drifts at Yucca Mountain

In heated drifts such as those designated for emplacement of radioactive waste at the proposed geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, temperature gradients cause natural-convection processes that may significantly influence the moisture conditions in the drifts and in the surrounding fractured rock. Large-scale convection cells in the heated drifts would provide an effective mechanism for turbulent mixing and axial transport of vapor generated from evaporation of pore water in the nearby formation. As a result, vapor would be transported from the elevated-temperature sections of the drifts into cool end sections (where no waste is emplaced), would condense there, and subsequently would drain into underlying rock units. To study these processes, we have developed a new simulation method that couples existing tools for simulating thermal-hydrological conditions in the fractured formation with a module that approximates turbulent natural convection in heated emplacement drifts. The new method simultaneously handles (a) the flow and energy transport processes in the fractured rock, (b) the flow and energy transport processes in the cavity, and (c) the heat and mass exchange at the rock-cavity interface. An application is presented studying the future thermal-hydrological conditions within and near a representative waste emplacement drift at Yucca Mountain. Particular focus is on the potential for condensation along the emplacement section, a possible result of heat output differences between individual waste packages.
Prophylactic anticoagulation in fractures.

1. Thromboembolism occurred in three (3.56 per cent) patients given warfarin as opposed to twenty-one(28.7 per cent) of those who did not receive anticoagulant therapy. In two of the three patients treated, anticoagulation was instituted late and in the third patient a treatment free interval of nine days occurred. 2. Hemorrhagic complications encountered in both groups of patients did not differ significantly. One major bleeding complication that occurred in the group of patients treated with warfarin could have been avoided if a history of peptic ulcer had been available. In all instances, bleeding complications occurred when the prothrombin activity was below 20 per cent of normal. 3. The results in the present survey are comparable with previous reports and further reaffirm the value and practicality of this form of prophylaxis.
Final State Distributions of the Radical Photoproducts from the UV Photooxidation of 2-Butanone on TiO2(110)

The UV photooxidation of 2-butanone on TiO2(110) was studied using pump–probe laser methods and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry to identify the gas-phase photoproducts and probe the dynamics...
Talk and die revisited: bifrontal contusions and late deterioration.

Background Severe bifrontal contusions in an awake traumatic brain injury (TBI) patient is a challenging clinical picture, as they are prone to late deterioration. We evaluated our series of patients with severe bifrontal contusions, characterizing their clinical course and suggestions for management. Methods We examined a prospectively collected database of TBIs for patients with severe bifrontal contusions, defined as >30 cm. Only patients with Glasgow Coma Scale score of 10 or greater were included. Patients were divided into two groups: deterioration and nondeterioration. Clinical variables were compared between the two groups. Results Thirteen patients met the above criteria. The mean Glasgow Coma Scale score was 13, and all were low mechanism injuries. All patients were managed with intensive care unit observation and hyperosmolar therapy to maintain serum osmolarity >300. Overall, 7 of 13 (54%) suffered an acute clinical deterioration a mean of 4.5 days postinjury. Of those managed with immediate surgical decompression, all had good outcomes and returned to work. There was no difference in contusion or edema volumes between the two groups. Conclusions Awake patients with bifrontal contusions represent a unique cohort of TBI patients who are prone to rapid deterioration late in their clinical course. They have extensive frontal edema and mass effect, yet we were unable to find a correlation between edema volumes and incidence of deterioration. Based on this series and our experience in other TBI patients, we no longer utilize prophylactic infusions of hypertonic saline in the setting of TBI. We recommend managing these patients with intensive care unit admission and early intracranial pressure monitoring. If they do deteriorate despite these measures, rapid bifrontal decompression can lead to good functional outcomes.
The Autophagosome Marker LC3 Undergoes Regulated Targeting to the Nucleus and Nucleolus

Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that is important for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Although the formation of autophagosomes occurs in the cytoplasm, it is increasingly evident that several key proteins in the autophagy pathway shuttle in and out of the nucleus. We previously reported that LC3, a protein that participates in autophagosome formation and cargo selection, is enriched in the nucleus in a slowly diffusing form. However, the mechanisms that retain LC3 in the nucleus and control its nuclear dynamics remain poorly understood. To address this, we used a combination of fluorescence microscopy and FRAP to study Venus-LC3 in HeLa cells. We find that mutating residues involved in binding of LC3 to other proteins and RNA moderately decreases its nucleocytoplasmic ratio, but disrupting LC3 lipid modification does not change its nucleocytoplasmic ratio. This suggests that the majority of LC3 in the nucleus is soluble, and it is retained in the nucleus by interactions with either proteins or RNA. Consistent with this, soluble nuclear LC3 diffuses more slowly than predicted for a monomer. Perturbing the autophagy pathway with rapamycin or chloroquine has little effect on LC3's nuclear localization, but does change the apparent size of LC3-associated complexes. This implies that soluble nuclear LC3 associates with complexes with functions possibly related to autophagy. Unexpectedly, we also find that nuclear LC3 is enriched within the nucleolus. We show that the triple arginine motif of LC3, a region previously shown to bind to both proteins and RNA, shares similarities with a consensus nucleolar detention sequence. Furthermore, perturbation of LC3's triple arginine motif completely abolishes its localization to the nucleolus. Together, these findings reveal a potential role for both protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions in targeting LC3 to the nucleus and nucleolus.
Correctly Selection Methods of Building up a Model Function of Known Categories in SPSS 16.0

In SPSS,as long as data is input and a process is selected,there must be a corresponding result in the output window.But neither does it mean the statistical methods are correctly selected nor the result is correct.We can illustrate that there are some demands in SPSS data analysis through an actual process of building up a model function of known categories based on the data of six performance indicators measured for 53javelin thrower(level one and athlete),that is how to ensure the general steps of the selection of statistics model and options.It is emphasized that selection of appropriate statistics models is the key for data analysis in SPSS,rather than the computation output of the operation of SPSS.There are potentialities of misusage of statistics model due to the variety of methods in the same block of SPSS.This is common for all statistics software applications.
Steady-state productivity model for fractured gas well andvarying factor single point method for computing open-flow capacity

A new two-term deliverability equation is proposed to theoretically compute open-flow capacity of gas well after fracturing. This equation considers non-Darcy percolation near wellbore, as well as contamination on fracture face and the impact of limited entrance on percolation. It is a deliverability equation for gas well for both steady-state and pseudo steady-state. This paper also presents a simple and effective method for computing open-flow capacity, which is called varying factor single point method.
Electrochemical detectors: functional group analysis.

In addition to chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric compounds, electrochemical detection may be used to delineate structure. This information can be obtained via voltammetric measurement at various electrode materials. This paper focuses on isolated electrode arrays as used for the resolution of redox-active compounds in liquid chromatography. For polar aliphatic compounds, electrocatalytic detection at noble metals using pulsed voltammetric detection can be used to identify certain functional groups (e.g., aldehydes, alcohols, amines, and thiols). Electrochemical systems are also versatile, rugged, and highly amenable to miniaturization, which are all important factors for consideration for inclusion in extraterrestrial exploration vehicles.
Influence of level and source of dietary fat on its comparative feeding value in finishing diets for feedlot steers: metabolism.

Six crossbred steers (315 kg) with cannulas in the rumen, proximal duodenum and distal ileum were used to study the influence of level and source of dietary fat on characteristics of digestion. Dietary treatments consisted of a steam-rolled barley-based finishing diet containing 1) no supplemental fat; 2) 4% yellow grease (YG); 3) 4% blended animal-vegetable fat (BVF); 4)8% YG; 5) 8% BVF or 6) 6% BVF and 2% crude lecithin. Increasing level of fat supplementation resulted in linear decreases (P less than .01) in ruminal and total tract digestion of OM and ADF and intestinal digestion of fat (P less than .05). At the 4 and 8% levels of supplementation, intestinal true digestibility of fat averaged 80.1 and 69.3%, respectively. Ruminal molar proportions of acetate decreased, and propionate molar proportion, as well as DE and ME values of the diet, increased linearly (P less than .01) with level of fat supplementation. The DE and ME values for fat were 8.17 and 9.76 at the 4% level and 7.35 and 8.72 Mcal/kg at the 8% level of supplementation, respectively. Yellow grease supplementation resulted in greater (P less than .05) ruminal fiber digestion and greater ruminal molar proportions of propionate than BVF. Intestinal fat digestion was similar (P greater than .10) for YG and BVF. Adding 25% lecithin to BVF resulted in greater ruminal fiber digestion and greater ruminal molar proportions of acetate; however, lecithin tended (P less than .10) to have a lower ME value than BVF.
Matrix Representation of Linear Algebraic Equations

This chapter introduces a basic method that can be used in MATLAB to solve systems of linear algebraic equations using a matrix representation of the equations. First, matrix and vector operations and matrix definitions are described. Then, matrix solutions using the Gauss-Jordan and Gauss-Jordan elimination methods are explained. This section includes the mathematical techniques and also the MATLAB functions that implement them.
Antineuronal Nuclear Autoantibody Type 1/Anti-Hu-Associated Opsoclonus Myoclonus and Epilepsia Partialis Continua: Case Report and Literature Review.

Abstract Background Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome is a rare clinical condition that has been associated with neuroblastoma. There are few reported examples of ANNA-1/anti-Hu antibodies in children with neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus, all in children aged less than three years of age. Methods We describe the new onset of focal seizures without alteration of consciousness and opsoclonus-myoclonus in an 11-year-old girl with ANNA-1/anti-Hu positivity and a paraspinal ganglioneuroblastoma. A systematic review of the literature of children with ANNA-1/anti-Hu positivity and malignancy was also performed. Results Fourteen patients were identified, eight of whom had opsoclonus-myoclonus. Although epilepsia partialis continua has been described in association with several neuronal autoantibodies, association with ANNA-1/anti-Hu has not been reported. Conclusions We describe epilepsia partialis continua in a child with ANNA-1/anti-Hu antibodies and neuroblastoma. Testing for antineuronal antibodies should be considered in children presenting with either opsoclonus-myoclonus or epilepsia partialis continua.
Scattering by a Metal Strip Located Inside a Corner Reflector

A metal strip is located inside a dihedral corner reflector, and is oriented perpendicularly to and in contact with both metallic surfaces of the reflector. The scattered field due to an arbitrary incident and arbitrary polarized plane wave is determined exactly, in the phasor domain.
Occipital Epileptiform Discharges and Epilepsy

The frequency of different causes of occipital epileptiform discharges (OEDs) and EEG features predictive of epilepsy type and outcome were analyzed in 90 children with OEDs examined at the Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
Premature Construction Start Interruptions: How Awareness Could Prevent Disputes and Litigations

AbstractProjects in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry often have at least one stakeholder who perceives a benefit from an early start to construction. As a result, proj...
Edge effects enhance carbon uptake and its vulnerability to climate change in temperate broadleaf forests.

Forest fragmentation is a ubiquitous, ongoing global phenomenon with profound impacts on the growing conditions of the world’s remaining forest. The temperate broadleaf forest makes a large contribution to the global terrestrial carbon sink but is also the most heavily fragmented forest biome in the world. We use field measurements and geospatial analyses to characterize carbon dynamics in temperate broadleaf forest fragments. We show that forest growth and biomass increase by 89 ± 17% and 64 ± 12%, respectively, from the forest interior to edge, but ecosystem edge enhancements are not currently captured by models or approaches to quantifying regional C balance. To the extent that the findings from our research represent the forest of southern New England in the United States, we provide a preliminary estimate that edge growth enhancement could increase estimates of the region’s carbon uptake and storage by 13 ± 3% and 10 ± 1%, respectively. However, we also find that forest growth near the edge declines three times faster than that in the interior in response to heat stress during the growing season. Using climate projections, we show that future heat stress could reduce the forest edge growth enhancement by one-third by the end of the century. These findings contrast studies of edge effects in the world’s other major forest biomes and indicate that the strength of the temperate broadleaf forest carbon sink and its capacity to mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions may be stronger, but also more sensitive to climate change than previous estimates suggest.
Toward human-assisted lexical unit discovery without text resources

This work addresses lexical unit discovery for languages without (usable) written resources. Previous work has addressed this problem using entirely unsupervised methodologies. Our approach in contrast investigates the use of linguistic and speaker knowledge which are often available even if text resources are not. We create a framework that benefits from such resources, not assuming orthographic representations and avoiding generation of word-level transcriptions. We adapt a universal phone recognizer to the target language and use it to convert audio into a searchable phone string for lexical unit discovery via fuzzy sub-string matching. Linguistic knowledge is used to constrain phone recognition output and to constrain lexical unit discovery on the phone recognizer output.
Sofosbuvir in the treatment of early HCV infection in HIV-infected men.

Background: There is an international epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-infected men who have sex with men. We previously showed that adding telaprevir to pegylated interferon...
GPR75 Identified as the First 20-HETE Receptor: A Chemokine Receptor Adopted by a New Family.

The discovery by Garcia et al1 that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) activates GPR75 and signals via Gαq/11/phospholipase C/protein kinase C (PKC) and Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase (c-Src)/epidermal growth factor receptor pathways to elicit vascular effects represents a transformative milestone in the field of cytochrome P450 (CYP) eicosanoids. It is the first demonstration that a member of this class of eicosanoids acts via a G-protein–coupled receptor (GPR). The GPR75 was previously deorphanized, and the chemokine, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted)/CCL5 (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5), was identified as its endogenous ligand. Activation of this receptor was reported to protect hippocampus from β-amyloid toxicity and to stimulate insulin secretion in pancreatic islet cells.2,3 Article, see p 1776 Studies over the past 35 years have revealed that 20-HETE is a major metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by enzymes of CYP 4A and 4F families in the blood vessels, kidney, heart, lung, and other tissues. It plays a critical role in the regulation of vascular reactivity, sodium transport, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, vascular hypertrophy, inflammation, angiogenesis, and the control of blood pressure.4,5 Increased levels of 20-HETE are associated with hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, vasospasm, and vascular restenosis.4,5 The existence of 20-HETE receptors was first foreseen by the finding that inactive analogues of 20-HETE are competitive antagonists of its vasoconstrictor actions.6 Subsequent studies that indicate the vasoconstrictor and natriuretic actions of 20-HETE are phospholipase C/PKC dependent, and its effects on cell migration and proliferation, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation are associated with the activation of the c-Src and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways, further suggest that 20-HETE acts via GPRs.4,5,7,8 However, the identification of this elusive receptor using binding studies has been …
Federal and State Policy Efforts to Address Maternal Opioid Misuse: Gaps and Challenges

Abstract Background Opioid misuse during pregnancy is increasingly common and is associated with preterm birth and neonatal abstinence syndrome. As such, there is increased policy attention on reducing opioid misuse and increasing detection and treatment of opioid use disorder around the time of childbirth. Methods We conducted a review of peer-reviewed and grey literature to identify policy strategies to address opioid misuse among pregnant women; to describe current federal and state laws that impact women before pregnancy, during pregnancy, at birth, and postpartum; and to identify gaps and challenges related to these efforts. Results We identify two gaps in current efforts: 1) limited attention to prevention of opioid misuse among reproductive-age women, and 2) lack of policies addressing opioid misuse among postpartum women. We also discuss barriers to accessing care for women who misuse opioids, including provider shortages (e.g., too few addiction medicine specialists accept pregnant women or Medicaid beneficiaries as patients), logistical barriers (e.g., lack of transportation, child care), stigma, and fear of legal consequences. Conclusions As policymakers pursue strategies to address the opioid epidemic, the unique needs of pregnant and postpartum women and barriers to treatment should be addressed.
Swept-Source OCT Angiography of Serpiginous Choroiditis

Purpose To examine and quantify choriocapillaris lesions in active and quiescent serpiginous choroiditis (SC) using swept-source (SS) OCT angiography (OCTA) and en face image analysis. Design Prospective, observational case series. Participants Patients with a clinical diagnosis of SC. Methods A SS-OCTA prototype was used to image active and quiescent serpiginous lesions longitudinally before and after anti-inflammatory treatment. En face slabs of choriocapillaris flow or outer nuclear layer structure were generated from OCTA and OCT data, respectively. Main Outcome Measures Qualitative and quantitative analyses on lesion boundary and area using a semiautomated MATLAB algorithm. Lesions also were compared with traditional multimodal imaging. Results Six eyes of 3 patients were imaged. Choroidal lesions were identified and analyzed in 4 of 6 eyes. Lesions with well-defined boundaries were identified in the choriocapillaris slab in areas of both active and inactive choroiditis. The choriocapillaris slab lesion size and shape showed good correlation with lesions identified on indocyanine green angiography. The choriocapillaris slab lesion area increased with disease activity and decreased with corticosteroid treatment. During active disease, the choriocapillaris slab lesion area was larger than both the outer nuclear layer (ONL) slab and fundus autofluorescence lesion areas. Active choriocapillaris slab lesions not associated with corresponding abnormal autofluorescence resolved without clinical scarring after treatment. In inactive scars, the areas of retinal and choriocapillaris lesions were similar and did not change over time. Conclusions En face analysis of SS-OCTA choriocapillaris flow voids provide a noninvasive method for the detection of lesions in patients with SC. The presence of lesions in the choriocapillaris in the absence of retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal abnormalities supports the hypothesis that choriocapillaris is the primary site of pathologic features in SC and may be a sensitive early sign of disease activity. We propose a simple grading system of SC lesions based on SS-OCTA and fundus autofluorescence findings. Swept-source OCTA is a promising noninvasive method for monitoring patients with SC.
Race, Space, and Surveillance: Understanding the Relationship between Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Involvement:

Ethnographies of young men of color offer competing theories regarding how individuals react to criminal justice contact. System avoidance theory suggests that black and Latino men in segregated ne...
Ligand-Selective Receptor Desensitization and Endocytosis

Following activation by its endogenous agonist ligand(s), nearly every G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) studied to date undergoes regulation by a cascade of events that includes receptor desensitization, receptor endocytosis, receptor recycling, and/or receptor degradation. However, not all GPCR agonists promote receptor desensitization and endocytosis. Indeed, the ability of an agonist to promote endocytosis does not always vary in a linear fashion with agonist activity, and even GPCR antagonists, in some cases, can promote endocytosis, indicating that receptor desensitization and endocytosis are independent functional properties that can display ligand-selective effects, or functional selectivity. Therefore, for any GPCR-ligand pair there are at least two trafficking properties that must be assessed to fully understand signal transduction: (1) whether or not the ligand promotes endocytosis of the receptor and (2) where that receptor goes following its endocytosis. For the vast majority of drugs that target GPCRs neither of these things are known. In this chapter, we outline several cases in which ligands show functional selectivity for receptor trafficking with an emphasis on receptors in which altered ligand-induced trafficking has been shown to be relevant to human disease.
Assessment of lumbopelvic–hip complex instability and segmental sequencing amongst softball athletes

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of lumbopelvic–hip complex (LPHC) instability on segmental sequencing and the maximum velocities during the overhead throw. Fifty softball athle...
Gender Differences in Managers' Conceptions and Perceptions of Commitment to the Organization

This study explored the effect of gender on managers' conceptions and perceptions of those behaviors seen as demonstrating commitment to the organization. Three major findings are reported: (1) female managers and male managers with families evaluated “traditional” commitment behaviors as less indicative of commitment than their single male counterparts; (2) managers' conceptions of behaviors indicative of commitment conformed to the views of the majority gender within their work-group; and (3) managers' perceptions of commitment were not affected by gender-based in-group biases.
The Challenge of Nonadherence in Schizophrenia

An estimated 75–90% of persons with schizophrenia become nonadherent to medications within two years of hospital discharge. Adherence challenges divide into five factors: social and economic factors (unmarried and male persons have less adherence), health-care team- and system-related factors (lower adherence rates correlate with less trust in physicians and lower expectations that physicians will be helpful), condition-related factors (less insight is associated with less adherence), therapy-related factors (complicated regimens reduce adherence), and patient-related factors (less education and less positive attitudes toward medication are associated with less adherence). Interventions exist to address each of these factors. Social and economic interventions address obstacles of poverty and access to health care. Health-care team and health system interventions (court-ordered treatment, assertive community treatment, and digital health technologies) enhance opportunities for engaging with treaters. Condition-related interventions (treating symptoms and comorbidities) aim to prevent symptoms from interfering with the treatment. Therapy-related interventions (medication selection) aim to optimize and individualize the treatment regimen. Patient-related interventions (psychotherapy, financial incentives) help to shape the patient’s beliefs and motivations. Helping patients to engage in therapy is not straightforward and requires a multifaceted approach. In the end the goal is not only to improve adherence but to improve outcomes.
Gaining Perspective of an Industry’s Readiness for Regulatory Change: A Case Study From the Aviation Industry

A change in regulatory policy regularly affects more than one organization and may involve an entire industry comprised of thousands of diverse organizations. These types of regulatory changes often encounter significant resistance from industry stakeholders as they often view new regulation with a certain level of skepticism, contributing to policy gridlock. A significant factor in whether any change initiative fails or succeeds is the organization’s readiness for change. However, a preponderance of the organizational change research to date has focused on individuals, targeted small groups, or single organizations – little has focused on regulatory policy changes that may affect a very large and diverse industry group. By better understanding an industry’s readiness for change, regulators may more effectively identify and understand the potential opposing forces, develop strategies to overcome these forces, and therefore may create a change vector. Recently, the Federal Aviation Administration proposed a major regulatory change affecting the United States’ aviation repair station industry. This heavily debated regulation would require industry organizations to develop a formal Safety Management Systems. Thus far the regulation has met stiff industry resistance. This research attempted to gain perspective of the industry’s readiness for change and found their overall readiness level was low. Although this research was limited in scope and intended as an initial exploration of change readiness concepts across a large industry faced with a proposed major public policy shift, the results suggest readiness for change assessments may assist public agencies with managing major regulatory change.
More to offer than books: stakeholder perceptions of a public library-based meal programme

Objective To examine the perspectives of librarians and staff about Lunch at the Library, a library-based summer meal programme for children. The study examines: (i) motivating factors behind implementing the meal programme; (ii) issues of feasibility; and (iii) perceived programme outcomes. Design One-on-one semi-structured interviews with library stakeholders (librarians and staff) from a purposeful sample of California libraries. Setting Twenty-two library jurisdictions across California that implemented the Lunch at the Library summer meal programme in 2015 in areas of high financial need. Participants Twenty-five library stakeholders representing twenty-two of the thirty-three Californian library jurisdictions that implemented Lunch at the Library at their sites. Results Library stakeholders recognised the need for a child meal programme during summer. Despite lack of sufficient resources and personnel, they were motivated to implement the programme not only to fill a community need but also to ensure children at their libraries were primed for learning over the summer. Library stakeholders also perceived the public library's changing role in society as shifting from reference provision to social service provision either directly or by referral. Conclusions The public library is an ideal place to provide social services because of its accessibility to all. Librarians and library staff are motivated to address the social needs of their communities. This study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing new social programmes at public libraries. Funding to support these programmes would increase the library's capacity to address other community needs.
Developing a Newborn Resuscitation Telemedicine Program: A Follow-Up Study Comparing Two Technologies

Background: Early work has demonstrated the feasibility of newborn resuscitation telemedicine programs (NRTPs) as a resource to improve the quality of high-risk newborn resuscitations performed by general providers in the community setting. As telemedicine technology rapidly advances, additional research is needed to evaluate the technology requirements necessary to provide this type of emergency care. Objective: To compare the quality and reliability of two telemedicine technologies, InTouch Health Lite V2 versus a wired telemedicine cart, for providing NRTP consults. We hypothesized the InTouch Health Lite V2 would provide a higher-quality …
Practical US Guided Vascular Access

Ultrasound (US) technology has made significant contributions to the safety, efficiency, and quality of vascular access in both pre-procedure screening and real-time procedural guidance. The use of US imaging before or during vascular cannulation greatly improves first-pass success rate and reduces complications. In addition, US imaging is helpful to diagnose catheter malposition and procedure related complications, such as thrombosis, hemothorax, and pneumothorax. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive, yet practical approach for US guided vascular access.