cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostatic Balloon Dilation

A brief reflection on the terminology of dilation or dilatation gives no clear idea how to use and distinguish between these words. In the Oxford English Dictionary, dilatation is defined as (1) the action or process of dilating, condition of being dilated, enlargement; (2) extension, expansion; (3) amplification, diffuse treatment. Historically both words have been used interchangeably, but today the term dilation seems to be more frequently used than dilatation. This at least seems to be so in the English-written literature. Attempts to distinguish between these two words based on different meanings, i.e. a performance versus a condition, cannot be supported historically either (Bloom et al. 1992).
Elder Law Issues and Recent Developments 2018

These CLE materials provide an overview of the recent developments in Elder Law that occurred between 2017-2018. Topics include legislative and jurisprudential developments in consumer protection, crimes against the elderly, mandate and interdiction, and medical law changes. Attention is also given to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
Flipping with the First Principles of Instruction: An Examination of Preservice Teachers' Technology Integration Development.

AbstractProposed as an effective method for preservice teachers’ technology integration development, the flipped approach may afford opportunities to model face-to-face and online instruction with ...
Towards Self-Driving Radios: Physical-Layer Control using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Modern radios, such as 5G New Radio, feature a large set of physical-layer control knobs in order to support an increasing number of communication scenarios spanning multiple use cases, device categories and wireless environments. The challenge however is that each scenario requires a different control algorithm to optimally determine how these knobs are adapted to the varying operating conditions. The traditional approach of manually designing different algorithms for different scenarios is increasingly becoming not just difficult to repeat but also suboptimal for new scenarios that previous-generation radios were not designed for. In this paper, we ask: can we make a radio automatically learn the optimal physical-layer control algorithm for any scenario given only high-level design specifications for the scenario, i.e., can we design a self-driving radio? We describe how recent advances in deep reinforcement learning can be applied to train a self-driving radio for several illustrative scenarios, and show that such a learning-based approach not only is easily repeatable but also performs closer to optimal than the current state of the art.
Modeling tunnel currents in organic permeable-base transistors

Abstract Research in organic permeable base transistors (OPBTs) has led to a significant increase in their performance. However, despite this progress, understanding of the working mechanism of OPBTs is still limited. Although first numerical models of OPBTs are able to describe the switching mechanism of OPBTs correctly, they neglect currents injected at the base electrode, which leads to unrealistically low off-currents and high ON/OFF ratios. Here, a tunneling model is developed that is capable of describing injection of charges through a thin oxide layer formed around the base electrode of OPBTs. With the help of this injection model, the performance of the base–collector diode of OPBTs is discussed. In particular, the model is used to explain the reduction in backward currents due to an exposure to ambient air by an increase in the thickness of the oxide layer. Furthermore, the tunnel model is used to show that the reduction in backward currents of the base–collector diode leads to a decrease in off-currents of complete OPBTs, which in turn leads to an increase in their ON/OFF ratio.
The Glutamatergic System in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain: Dysfunction Associated with Amyloid β-Peptide and Oxidative Stress

Excitotoxic mechanisms of neuronal death can occur in the presence of excess glutamate. Hence, means to remove or convert extra-neuronal glutamate exist in brain. However, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain, the glutamate transporter and glutamine synthestase function with considerably reduced activity. Consistent with the observed oxidative stress in AD brain and the oxidative stress induced by amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), both the glutamate transporter (EAAT2) and glutamine synthetase are oxidatively modified in AD brain. Moreover, Aβ causes EAAT2 and glutamine synthetase to be oxidized, consistent with the notion that excess Aβ in AD brain contributes to the oxidative stress observed. This chapter reviews studies that support the notion that the dysfunctional glutamatergic system in AD brain results from oxidative modifications of key components of this system, and that Aβ plays a role in this oxidative modification. Consequent excitotoxicity could be one means to account for neuronal and synapse loss in AD brain.
A Quantitatively Accurate Theory To Predict Adsorbed Configurations of Linear Surfactants on Polar Surfaces.

Surfactant molecules are known to adsorb onto polar surfaces in different morphologies. The ability to predict the adsorption morphologies is important for tuning interfacial properties via surfact...
Analysis and fringe field scaling of a legacy set of electrostatic deflector aberration formulas

Abstract We performed an analysis of the derivation of first and second order analytic aberration formulas by Wollnik (1965) for the case of electrostatic deflectors in the horizontal plane. We found that these aberration formulas are valid for the main field of the deflector; however, they do not account for any fringe field effects. To address this issue, we modified the aberration formulas from Wollnik (1965) for a hard edge fringe field by scaling the particle inclinations at the entrance and exit edges of the deflector. These modified aberration formulas fully agree with electrostatic aberration formulas derived by Valetov and Berz (2020) , as well as with differential-algebraic (DA) calculations of electrostatic deflector aberrations using the code COSY INFINITY.
High-intensity endurance training is associated with left atrial fibrosis.

Introduction Endurance athletes are at higher risk for developing atrial fibrillation as compared to the general population. The exact mechanism to explain this observation is incompletely understood. Our study aimed to determine whether degree of left atrial fibrosis detected by late gadolinium-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) differed between Masters athletes and non-athlete controls. Methods We recruited 20 endurance healthy Masters athletes and 20 healthy control subjects who underwent cardiac MRI. Healthy controls were recruited during screening colonoscopies and Masters athletes were recruited through word of mouth and at competitions. The two groups were age and gender matched. None of the participants were known to have an arrhythmia. Fibrosis, as measured by late gadolinium-enhancement, was measured in each participant by blinded readers. The degree of left atrial fibrosis was compared between the two groups. All participants were recruited from the Salt Lake City region and scanned at the University of Utah healthcare complex. Results Left ventricular function was normal in all study participants. Left atrial volumes were significantly larger in the athletes (74.2 ml ± 14.4) as compared to the healthy control subjects (60.8 mL ± 21.4) (P = .02). Mean left atrial fibrosis score, reported as a percentage of the LA, was 15.5% ± 5.9 in the athlete cohort compared to 9.6% ± 4.9 in the controls (P = .002). Conclusions To our knowledge this is the first study that describes, characterizes and specifically quantifies fibrotic changes within the left atrium of highly trained endurance athletes. Increased atrial fibrosis seen in this population may be an early indicator for endurance athletes at risk of developing atrial arrhythmias.
“How Do We Raise Chinese Kids Here?”: A Qualitative Study on the Cultural Translation of Immigrant Chinese Parents in the Midwestern US Context

Cultural translation refers to the adaptation process that immigrant parents face when raising their youth in a new cultural environment. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the context and process of cultural translation for six Chinese immigrant parents raising their US-born youth. This study draws from data that is part of a larger investigation conducted with three Chinese families in the Midwest. Informed by the ecological framework, we sought to answer the question: “How does cultural translation contextualize the experiences of six Chinese immigrant parents in a Midwestern region of the United States?” Three key themes emerged to reflect the participants' process of negotiating cultural translation, which were: (1) adapting Chinese parenting in a Western context; (2) contrasting the experiences of being "here" from being "back home"; and (3) broadening the meaning of being Chinese to include other worldviews. Our findings depict "how" and "what" it is like Chinese immigrant parents to simultaneously have to navigate their cultural identities while parenting in a novel environment. Additionally, the findings highlight the unique intersections that can emerge between social, cultural, and religious influences for Chinese immigrant parents living in contexts with few Chinese peers. Implications for research and clinical practice are provided.
Deconstructing the parasite multiplication rate of Plasmodium falciparum

Epidemiological indicators describing population-level malaria transmission dynamics are widely used to guide policy recommendations. However, the determinants of malaria outcomes within individuals are still poorly understood. This conceptual gap partly reflects the fact that there are few indicators that robustly predict the trajectory of individual infections or clinical outcomes. The parasite multiplication rate (PMR) is a widely used indicator for the Plasmodium intraerythrocytic development cycle (IDC), for example, but its relationship to clinical outcomes is complex. Here, we review its calculation and use in P. falciparum malaria research, as well as the parasite and host factors that impact it. We also provide examples of metrics that can help to link within-host dynamics to malaria clinical outcomes when used alongside the PMR.
Cognition, Practice, and Learning in the Discourse of the Human Sciences

This chapter attempts a genealogical recovery first to draw attention to a rupture, a differentiation, and its extended influence, and then to find a different, classical trajectory for cognition as a primary concern in social theory. The argument is that cognitive presence comes in two forms: pure and empirical. Judging by the weight of influence in social theory, one is major and the other is minor. Pure cognition appeals to the Kantian imagery of an island of understanding, with its own rules and laws, remote from the empirical world, and reflected in prevailing conceptions of meaning, symbolic systems, worldview, logic, and culture. By recovering empirical cognition from a classical trajectory, this chapter argues that the well-applied conventions and forms of pure cognition in social theory are, not far removed from Kant’s original philosophical assertion of the precedence of pure over empirical cognition and has the same attendant problems, namely the paradox of simultaneous expansion and marginalization of cognition as an explanatory concern. These are not the concerns shared by a more classical sociological provenance for cognition, however, which focuses more on cognition with empirical rather than pure presence. Retrieving these points from a close reading of Weber, Durkheim, and Marx, this chapter argues for switching from structure, sign, and play as major keywords in human science that give cognition a pure presence to a more minor language of cognition, practice, and learning that capture it empirically.
Reflections of a new professional

Published in The Vermont Connection: The Student Affairs Journal of the University of Vermont, 23, 107 - 110. (2002)
INCIPIENCE, GROWTH, AND DETACHMENT OF BOIlING BUBBLES IN SATURATED WATER FROM ARTIFICIAL NUCLEATION SITES OF KNOWN GEOMETRY AND SIZE

Boiling bubble formation analysis in saturated water at artificial nucleation sites drilled in polished metal surface
The Governance Role of Institutional Investors and Outsider Directors on the Properties of Management Earnings Forecasts

This paper investigates the relation between institutional ownership and board of directors' composition and the properties of management earnings forecasts. A firm's optimal disclosure policy is determined by a trade-off between costs and benefits of disclosure. Managers acting in their self-interest may have incentives to distort disclosure policy. Governance mechanisms, to the extent they are effective in protecting the interests of the providers of capital, should mitigate these distortions. We find evidence that institutional ownership and outsider directors are favorably associated with the properties of earnings forecasts. Firms with greater institutional ownership and outside directorship are more likely to issue a forecast and do so consistently. Further, these forecasts tend to be more specific and accurate. The governance measures also mitigate managers' tendency to issue optimistic forecasts.
Source Credibility, Political Advertising, and Voter Turnout

Does political advertising influence voter turnout in America? In the past communication researchers answered this question by focusing solely on the impact of candidate advertising, with their research yielding contradictory results. This paper breaks the current impasse by broadening the research agenda to include third party sponsors who run attack ads. Through a controlled experiment on a nationwide sample of 505 subjects in the 2008 presidential election, we show that a character attack ad sponsored by a third party advertiser demobilizes turnout, while the exact same ad from a more credible source, a presidential candidate, has no effect. These results suggest that the messenger is more important than the message in influencing participation, and source credibility is most likely the determining factor of such impact. Further, the research design is noteable as it is one of the first in the social sciences to use inexpensive technologies such as Facebook and online polling to conduct an experiment.
Locating the central sulcus: comparison of MR anatomic and magnetoencephalographic functional methods

PURPOSE To compare MR anatomic and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) functional methods in locating the central sulcus. METHODS Eleven healthy subjects and five patients with focal cerebral lesions were studied. The central sulcus was located anatomically with MR by two independent observers using axial vertex and sagittal (midline and lateral) images. Locations via the MEG functional method were based on detecting the somatosensory-evoked magnetic fields elicited by painless tactile stimuli. RESULTS The axial method yielded the most consistent interrater results, with complete agreement in 76% of sections in both control subjects and patients. The intermethod discordance of the sagittal midline and lateral methods was 32% in control subjects and 33% in patients. The concordance of MR and MEG methods ranged from 55% to 84% in control subjects and 65% to 67% in patients. CONCLUSION MR anatomic techniques can usually identify the central sulcus, but in the presence of anatomic distortion, the MEG functional method adds significant information.
Transparency oscillations in avalanche upconversion

Electromagnetically-induced transparency is shown to exhibit transient pulsations in active upconversion solids. Density matrix solutions predict that an avalanche upconversion laser assisted by EIT can be self-starting under certain conditions. We examine prospects for high power operation in Tm:LiYF/sub 4/.
Variable contribution of wood to the hydraulic resistance of headwater tropical streams

[1] We investigated the relative contribution of wood to total flow resistance in a tropical setting by measuring wood load and hydraulic resistance in six forested headwater sites at a range of subformative discharges. We evaluated the effectiveness of wood in increasing resistance by comparing measured velocity with predicted velocity from nondimensional hydraulic geometry equations that include slope, unit discharge, and either bed grain size (D84) or bed elevation variation (σt). The predictive equation that uses D84 as the characteristic roughness length successfully predicts velocity in the steep, coarse-bed study reaches, but greatly overpredicts velocity in the low-energy, sand-bed study reaches. The degree of overprediction correlates with a dimensionless wood load metric (α*), which incorporates projected area of wood per unit volume of flow in the reach (α) and average wood diameter (dave). We use this correlation to suggest a wood load adjustment factor for the D84-based predictive equation. The equation that uses σt as the roughness length successfully predicted velocity in the sand-bed reaches, where large wood pieces incorporated into the bed and oriented perpendicular to flow cause most bed elevation variation. In our study sites, frequent and flashy floods appear to reorganize the wood in high-energy reaches, leaving wood that is concentrated in low-velocity zones along the channel margins and streamlined to flow, thus reducing wood resistance compared to similar streams in snowmelt-dominated or spring-fed hydrologic settings. However, in our low-energy, sand-bed study reaches, wood contributes strongly to flow resistance by increasing channel bed and margin complexity.
Base Rates, Multiple Indicators, and Comprehensive Forensic Evaluations: Why Sexualized Behavior Still Counts in Assessments of Child Sexual Abuse Allegations.

Developmentally inappropriate sexual behavior has long been viewed as a possible indicator of child sexual abuse. In recent years, however, the utility of sexualized behavior in forensic assessments of alleged child sexual abuse has been seriously challenged. This article addresses a number of the concerns that have been raised about the diagnostic value of sexualized behavior, including the claim that when population base rates for abuse are properly taken into account, the diagnostic value of sexualized behavior is insignificant. This article also identifies a best practice comprehensive evaluation model with a methodology that is effective in mitigating such concerns.
Women and music technology: pioneers, precedents and issues in the United States

The origins of women's pioneering contributions to the repertoire and history of electroacoustic music can often be linked to the growth of academic and commercial electronic and computer music studios in North America. A signific ant number of early female composers in the medium received their initial training and experience in the United States and their accomplishments begin in the earliest decades of the twentieth century. Women's achievements in the educational and entertainment sectors have laid the foundation for subsequent generations who have influenced the aesthetic and technical path of electroacoustic music.Excerpted from several chapters of the author's historical series on women composers and music technology, the article outlines the contributions of several of the earliest women in the United States to the utilisation of music technology in creative work. Also discussed are research precedents in this area and issues regarding women and music technology in the United States today. With the creation of her book series outlining the achievements of women working with music technology, the author hopes to offer a valuable contribution to research on the history of electroacoustic music in general and women's representation in the genre in particular.
High resolution crystal structures of human Rab5a and five mutants with substitutions in the catalytically important phosphate-binding loop.

Abstract GTPase domain crystal structures of Rab5a wild type and five variants with mutations in the phosphate-binding loop are reported here at resolutions up to 1.5 A. Of particular interest, the A30P mutant was crystallized in complexes with GDP, GDP+AlF3, and authentic GTP, respectively. The other variant crystals were obtained in complexes with a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog, GppNHp. All structures were solved in the same crystal form, providing an unusual opportunity to compare structures of small GTPases with different catalytic rates. The A30P mutant exhibits dramatically reduced GTPase activity and forms a GTP-bound complex stable enough for crystallographic analysis. Importantly, the A30P structure with bound GDP plus AlF3has been solved in the absence of a GTPase-activating protein, and it may resemble that of a transition state intermediate. Conformational changes are observed between the GTP-bound form and the transition state intermediate, mainly in the switch II region containing the catalytic Gln79 residue and independent of A30P mutation-induced local alterations in the P-loop. The structures suggest an important catalytic role for a P-loop backbone amide group, which is eliminated in the A30P mutant, and support the notion that the transition state of GTPase-mediated GTP hydrolysis is of considerable dissociative character.
Hypnosis can not be fully nor reliably excluded from the courtroom.

Abstract Because hypnosis has the potential to irrevocably alter cognition, perception, and recall, and to increase an eyewitness' subjective certitude, many jurisdictions have excluded all posthypnotic testimony from the courtroom. Because “hypnotic” elements pervade the phenomena and transactions of everyday living, this process can only exclude procedures deliberately labeled as “hypnosis.” This pseudosolution side-steps a greater issue, yet unresolved: how the courts should deal with altered volition, cognition, perception, and recall that occur outside the hypnotist's consulting room. These spontaneous hypnotic-like states are amplified by the experience of psychological trauma, common in the aftermath of violent crime and terror. Rather than per se exclusion, courts are advised to scrutinize all testimony for its “hypnotic” influences, and judge accordingly. Suggested criteria for exclusion in a particular case include: (1) hypnosis must be a separable state, (2) hypnosis must be the dominant source...
Transurethral treatment of bladder diverticula: alternative to open diverticulectomy

Since October, 1980, we have used transurethral fulguration of the diverticular mucosa and incision of the diverticular neck in combination with electrohydraulic lithotripsy of bladder stones and transurethral prostatic resection to treat all aspects of diverticula in 11 patients. In comparing the results with those of open diverticulectomy, we found the transurethral procedure to be equally effective while being safer, faster, and less expensive.
Left Hypoglossal Dominance in the Control of Canary and White-crowned Sparrow Song

The syrinx of songbirds includes two separate sound sources, the internal tympaniform membranes (ITM), which form the medial wall of each bronchus. The performance of each ITM is controlled by the muscles of that syringeal half. In the canarySerinus canarius, hypoglossal fibers reaching the syrinx via the tracheosyringealis branch of the hypoglossus are responsible for sound modulation. The muscles controlling the performance of the left syringeal half are innervated solely by the left tracheosyringealis; those controlling the right syringeal half are innervated only by the right tracheosyringealis. In the canary and white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) a great majority of song elements disappears after section of the left tracheosyringealis, yet remains intact after section of the right one. This phenomenon, earlier described in the chaffinch (Nottebohm, 1970, 1971, 1972) and confirmed in the white-throated sparrow (Lemon, 1973), has been called left hypoglossal dominance. Left hypoglossal dominance occurs in canaries with small or large song repertoires. It occurs in chronically deafened canaries that never had access to their own auditory feedback; it also occurs in birds that had the right or left cochlea removed at an early age. To this extent, left hypoglossal dominance seems to emerge in the individual as a motor phenomenon.
Probing the geometric and electronic structures of the low-temperature azide adduct and the product-inhibited form of oxidized manganese superoxide dismutase.

The geometric and electronic structures of the six-coordinate azide adduct of oxidized manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn3+SOD) that is formed at low temperatures, LT N3−Mn3+SOD, has been examined in detail through a combined spectroscopic/computational approach. Electronic absorption, circular dichroism (CD), magnetic CD (MCD) and variable-temperature, variable-field (VTVH) MCD spectroscopies were used to determine electronic transition energies and to obtain an estimate of zero-field splitting parameters for LT N3−Mn3+SOD. These experimental data were utilized in conjunction with semiempirical intermediate neglect of differential overlap/spectroscopic parametrization−configuration interaction (INDO/S−CI) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) computations to evaluate hypothetical active-site models of LT N3−Mn3+SOD generated by constrained DFT geometry optimizations. Collectively, our spectroscopic/computational results indicate that N3- binding to Mn3+SOD at low temperatures promotes nei...
Some studies of erythroid differentiationin vitro

When rat marrow cells are pre-incubated for periods of up to 20 days they retain the capacity to respond to exogenous erythropoietin. This is true whether the response is measured in terms of increased rates of RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, iron-uptake, or hemoglobin synthesis. The patterns of response to erythropoietin by pre-incubated cells are complex and involve secondary waves of increased rates of synthesis that are not yet understood.
Cervicomedullary Junction Spinal Cord Stimulation for Head and Facial Pain

Objective.— To review our experience with cervicomedullary junction spinal cord stimulation (SCS), to alleviate head and facial pain. Background.— There is a dearth of literature regarding the use of spinal cord stimulation for treating head and facial pain. Design.— We performed a Boolean search of the electronic medical record (1990-2009) and identified 35 patients (9 men, 26 women) for whom the senior author (J.J.M) trialed paddle lead cervicomedullary junction stimulation (CMJ-S) for intractable head or facial pain. Twenty-five patients (71.4%) had a successful trial with subsequent implantation of SCS hardware and 10 patients (28.6%) experienced a failed trial. Pain syndromes were categorized into diagnostic groups: trigeminal deafferentation pain (TDP), trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP), occipital pain/neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), and post-stroke facial pain. Follow-up via structured telephone interview was obtained in 25 patients (71.4%). Results.— Among the 25 patients available for follow-up, 16 patients (64%) underwent implantation and 9 patients (36%) had a failed trial of CMJ-S. The mean patient age and length of follow-up was 47.3 years old (20-78 years old) and 53.4 months (2-120 months), respectively. On a 0-10 pain intensity scale (0 being no pain and 10 being the worst degree of pain), a mean pretrial pain level of 9.6 (range 7-10) had been reduced to a mean of 4.8 (0-10) at follow-up. Successful trial and subsequent implantation occurred in 7 patients with TDP (70%), 4 patients with TNP (80%), both patients with PHN (100%), and in the single patient with post-stroke facial pain (100%) but in only 2 patients (28.6%) with occipital neuralgia/pain. At the time of telephone interview, 4 of the implanted patents (25%) had their hardware removed because of loss of effectiveness (3) and infection (1). The other 12 implanted patients (75%) continue to use CMJ-S on a daily basis and insist that it has improved their quality of life. Six current users (50%) of CMJ-S have been able to decrease their use of oral pain medications. Complications in the implanted group included infection (1), uncomfortable paresthesias from breakdown of connecting wire insulation (1), and gradual loss of effectiveness (3). Conclusions.— Our preliminary experience suggests that patients suffering from TDP, TNP, and PHN may respond favorably to CMJ-S whereas patients with occipital neuralgia/pain are rarely palliated by this neuromodulatory approach.
Post‐colonial Women's Colonised States: Mothering and m‐othering in Bessie Head's A Question of Power and Kamala Das’ My Story

Abstract Post‐colonial women's colonized states—political, social, psychological—arise out of personal experiences of patriarchal domination, and out of political impositions of colonial and imperialist exploitations. Women writers from areas of the world like India, Nigeria, Jamaica share a British colonial past and resultant neo‐ and post‐colonial realities that impinge on nearly every aspect of life, for instance, standard English, an imposed language that now carries enormous power among peoples with various indigenous languages; and for women particularly, the impact of colonisation on cultural traditions and sexual politics. A study of mothering and m‐othering is contextualised within a historicised analysis of women's colonised states, how women's bodies and minds are colonised, their resistances to this, before and after the historical events of colonisation. Further, a cross‐cultural study that reveals the similarities and differences within this shared colonial history for women, enables writers...
Cloning of full-length methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from a cDNA library using the polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract The polymerase chain reaction was used to clone a full-length human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase cDNA from a human liver library by priming with sequences from the 5′ end of a partial cDNA and sequences in the phage vector. The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA corresponds to the authentic amino acid sequences of peptide fragment from purified methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. The open reading frame of the cDNA encodes 742 amino acids (82,283 Da) comprising a 32 amino acid mitochondrial leader sequence and a mature protein of 710 amino acids (78,489 Da). The use of the polymerase chain reaction to “screen” the cDNA library represents a novel application of this technique. The full length will enable analysis of mutations underlying inherited methylmalonic acidemias caused by deficiency of the methylmalony-CoA mutase apoenzyme.
Shared-Environmental Contributions to High Cognitive Ability

Using a combined sample of adolescent twins, biological siblings, and adoptive siblings, we estimated and compared the differential shared-environmentality for high cognitive ability and the shared-environmental variance for the full range of ability during adolescence. Estimates obtained via multiple methods were in the neighborhood of 0.20, and suggest a modest effect of the shared environment on both high and full-range ability. We then examined the association of ability with three measures of the family environment in a subsample of adoptive siblings: parental occupational status, parental education, and disruptive life events. Only parental education showed significant (albeit modest) association with ability in both the biological and adoptive samples. We discuss these results in terms of the need for cognitive-development research to combine genetically sensitive designs and modern statistical methods with broad, thorough environmental measurement.
On the Observed Trends and Changes in Global Sea Surface Temperature and Air-Sea Heat Fluxes (1984-2006)

AbstractGlobal satellite observations show the sea surface temperature (SST) increasing since the 1970s in all ocean basins, while the net air–sea heat flux Q decreases. Over the period 1984–2006 the global changes are 0.28°C in SST and −9.1 W m−2 in Q, giving an effective air–sea coupling coefficient of −32 W m−2 °C−1. The global response in Q expected from SST alone is determined to be −12.9 W m−2, and the global distribution of the associated coupling coefficient is shown. Typically, about one-half (6.8 W m−2) of this SST effect on heat flux is compensated by changes in the overlying near-surface atmosphere. Slab Ocean Models (SOMs) assume that ocean heating processes do not change from year to year so that a constant annual heat flux would maintain a linear trend in annual SST. However, the necessary 6.1 W m−2 increase is not found in the downwelling longwave and shortwave fluxes, which combined show a −3 W m−2 decrease. The SOM assumptions are revisited to determine the most likely source of the inco...
The use of liposomes as acceptors for the assay of lipid glycosyltransferases from rat brain.

Abstract Preparation and characterization of sonicated vesicles of various lipid composition containing hydroxy and normal fatty acid ceramides are reported. Such vesicles have been successfully used for the first tune as acceptors for the assays of lipid glycosyltransferases, UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase and UDPglucose:ceramide glucosyltransferase. Stability of the vesicles and the optimal enzyme activities were the criteria used to select the final composition of the vesicles. The activities of the glycosyltransferases were dependent not only on the appropriate assay conditions but also on the type and source of the phospholipids used to form the liposomes. Ceramides containing normal fatty acids were incorporated into phosphatidylcholine vesicles in a molar ratio of 1: 3.4 and used as the acceptor for the assay of UDPglucose:ceramide glucosyltransferase. For the assay of UDPgalactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase, vesicles were prepared by sonication of bovine brain ethanolamine phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and ceramide containing α-hydroxy fatty acids, in a molar ratio of 6: 0.57: 1. The size of the vesicles as determined by electron microscopic measurement ranged mostly between 200–500 A. The results obtained by selective labelling of the outer surface amino groups with the membrane-impermeable reagent, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesul fonic acid, indicated that the ethanolamine phospholipid-containing liposomes consisted of closed vesicles. After incubation with the appropriate cofactors and labelled sugar nucleotides, the radioactive reaction products were shown to cochromatograph with the authentic standards by thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography.
Simulations of crystallization in syndiotactic polypropylene

Crystallization in syndiotactic polypropylene was investigated using Monte Carlo methods to generate polymer chains having sequences with representative stereochemistries. The chains were then slid by one another in parallel arrangements to look for matches that could lead to crystallite formation. The results were used to estimate degrees of crystallinity, melting points and some other related physical properties as a function of stereochemical structure. The alternating (racemic) stereochemical configurations in this form of polypropylene appeared to be more favourable for such matches than the replicating (meso) ones in the isotactic modification. This suggests increased degrees of crystallinity in the syndiotactic polypropylene at the same level of stereoregularity as the isotactic polymer, as was also predicted by Natta. The simulations are consistent with syndiotactic polypropylene having a lower enthalpy of fusion and with the negative surface free energies predicted for samples with lower degrees of syndiotacticity. The predicted melting points are such that for syndiotactic polypropylene to exhibit room temperature crystallinity it would have to have higher degrees of crystallinity than would be acceptable for a thermoplastic elastomer. The simulations also indicate that syndiotactic crystallization would not coexist with isotactic crystallization in the same sample of polypropylene unless there was an extremely wide range of replication probabilities.
Somatic chromosomes of the lamprey, Ichthyomyzon gagei (Agnatha: Petromyzonidae).

L'etude des chromosomes somatiques d'une lamproie de l'Amerique du Nord,Ichthyomyzon gagei Hubbs and Trautman montre que l'equipement chromosomique diploide est compose de 164 chromosomes, qui sont acrocentriques ou telocentriques et tres petits (moins de 3,5µm). Il n'y a pas de differences entre le karyotype deI. gagei et celui deLampetra aepyptera (Abbott). Les rapports deI. gagei avec les autres lamproies et l'evolution du caryotype sont examines.
Transit-time design of earthen barriers

Abstract Transit-time analyses are used to evaluate the design thickness of earth-lined waste containment barriers. Solute transit times are determined from dimensionless charts based on an existing analytical solution for transient solute transport in saturated porous media. Both solute concentration and solute flux are considered in the transit-time analyses. With respect to solute flux, a dimensionless parameter termed the “flux number” is introduced. The results of an example design problem using measured parameters indicate that the effects of diffusion and retardation on solute transit times can be significant in low-permeability (i.e.,≤ 1.0 · 10−9m/s), fine-grained barrier materials. The method is relatively simple and can be used for preliminary design of earthen waste containment barriers, evaluation of remedial measures, and/or verification of more sophisticated numerical models.
INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM RESPONSE OF ACL AND MCL LIGAMENT FIBROBLASTS TO FLUID-INDUCED SHEAR STRESS

Abstract This study examines the real-time intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca 2+ ] i , response of canine medial collateral ligament (MCL) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fibroblasts subjected to a fluid-induced shear stress of 25 dynes/cm 2 . In experiments using a modified Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) perfusate, both cell types demonstrated a significant increase in peak [Ca 2+ ] i compared to respective no-flow controls, the response of MCL fibroblasts being nearly 2-fold greater than that of ACL fibroblasts. In studies where the cells were bathed in a medium of HBSS supplemented with 2% newborn bovine serum (NBS) and then introduced to flow with the same medium, ACL fibroblasts responded nearly 3-fold greater than MCL fibroblasts. Neomycin (10 mM), thapsigarigin (1 μM) and Ca 2+ -free media supplemented with EGTA (1 mM) were able to inhibit significantly the [Ca 2+ ] i response to flow with HBSS in both fibroblasts. Thapsigargin also blocked the NBS flow response in both cell types, while neomycin and Ca 2+ -free media significantly inhibited the ACL response. Our findings demonstrate that ACL and MCL cells are not the same. These differences may be related to the disparate healing capacity of the ACL and MCL observed clinically.
Phylogenetic relationships of Zieria (Rutaceae) inferred from chloroplast, nuclear, and morphological data

Zieria Sm. (Rutaceae, Boronieae) is predominantly native to eastern Australia except for one species, which is endemic to New Caledonia. For this study, sequence data of two non-coding chloroplast regions (trnL-trnF, and rpl32-trnL), one nuclear region (ITS region) and various morphological characters, based on Armstrong’s (2002) taxonomic revision of Zieria, from 32 of the 42 described species of Zieria were selected to study the phylogenetic relationships within this genus. Zieria was supported as a monophyletic group in both independent and combined analyses herein (vs. Armstrong). On the basis of Armstrong’s (2002) non-molecular phylogenetic study, six major taxon groups were defined for Zieria. The Maximum-parsimony and the Bayesian analyses of the combined morphological and molecular datasets indicate a lack of support for any of these six major taxon groups. On the basis of the combined Bayesian analysis consisting of molecular and morphological characters, eight major taxon groups are described for Zieria: 1. Zieria cytisoides group, 2. Zieria granulata group, 3. Zieria laevigata group, 4. Zieria smithii group, 5. Zieria aspalathoides group, 6. Zieria furfuracea group, 7. Zieria montana group, and 8. Zieria robusta group. These informal groups, except for of the groups Zieria robusta and Zieria cytisoides, correspond to the clades with posterior probability values of 100.
VOLATILE ORGANIC SULFIDES FROM FRESHWATER ALGAE1

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was found to be the principle biogenic sulfur compound in a freshwater environment. Endemic and non-endemic algae were cultured under axenic and nonaxenic conditions in defined media. Sulfur gas analysis of culture fluids indicated that members of the Cyanophyta were probable sources of DMS whereas representatives of the divisions Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta and Bacillariophyta apparently did not produce this compound. Comparison of gaseous contents of young and old nonaxenic cultures of filamentous algae in the divisions Chlorophyta and Xanthophyta showed DMS occurred only in aged cultures and was probably produced by bacteria utilizing substances from senescent algal cells. Data suggest that the composition of the algal community determines whether DMS is algal and/or bacterial in origin.
A cholesteryl ester hydrolase inhibitor blocks cholesterol translocation into the mitochondria of MA-10 Leydig tumor cells.

The present studies describe an unexpected action of a cholesteryl ester hydrolase inhibitor on MA-10 Leydig tumor cells. These studies were initially intended to use the inhibitor, diethylumbelliferyl phosphate, to block cholesteryl ester hydrolysis and, thus, determine the contributions of this form of cholesterol to steroidogenesis and reveal any direct hormone effects on cholesterol esterification. Although this compound acted as an effective inhibitor of the cholesteryl ester hydrolase in intact MA-10 cells, it inhibited steroidogenesis at lower concentrations and to a greater extent than could be explained by simple inhibition of the ester hydrolase enzyme. This compound proved not to be generally toxic, but blocked some process occurring between cAMP formation and cholesterol side-chain cleavage. The diethylumbelliferyl phosphate block of steroidogenesis was readily bypassed by 22-hydroxycholesterol. These data indicated that the compound inhibited cholesterol transport. The lesion in cholesterol t...
Diet composition, alcohol utilization, and dependence

Experiments were carried out in which a nutritionally balanced liquid diet previously used in this laboratory was modified as to total calorie content and high or low carbohydrate and fat concentration. Ethanol was added at 4.5% and 6.2% of diet weight and provided either 27% or 34-37% of total calories depending upon the changes in nutrient content. Measurements included 8-day food/calorie and ethanol consumption, plasma ethanol level, liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, and rate of audiogenic-induced withdrawal seizures. The original liquid diet with 4.5% ethanol was consumed in significantly lesser amounts than the alcohol-free diet, and essentially no body weight gain occurred, regardless if the major nonalcohol, nonprotein calorie source was fat or carbohydrate. When the calorie content of the diet was boosted through the addition of extra carbohydrate or fat (at the expense of water), appreciable weight gain was noted; in the case of the higher calorie diet boosted with more carbohydrate (maltodextrin) calories, growth was similar to that observed on the alcohol-free control diet. On this latter diet ethanol calories appeared to be utilized close to their theoretical value of 7 kcal/g. Blood alcohol levels were significantly higher on the lower calorie diets and were lowest on the high-calorie, high-carbohydrate, 4.5% ethanol diet. This diet also allowed for the lowest rate of withdrawal seizures despite an ethanol intake that was as high as on the lower calorie diets. Essentially, no differences were noted among ADH activities for the dietary treatments studied and thus, did not explain the differences observed among blood ethanol levels. When the alcohol concentration in the high-carbohydrate, high-calorie diet was raised to 6.2% from 4.5% to provide 34% of total calories, the rats responded by decreasing their food (and alcohol) intake to the same level as did the animals receiving a much lower calorie diet, but with 37% of caloric alcohol content. This suggests that at a diet alcohol concentration of 34-37%, one or more nutrient metabolites become limiting in the utilization of ethanol, resulting in food intake adjustments that maintain similar amounts of alcohol consumption.
Multivalent recognition: The place of Hegel in the Fraser|[ndash]|Honneth debate

In their 2003 exchange Redistribution or Recognition? Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth present competing visions of the place of recognition in social justice. Whereas Fraser argues that justice entails a universal right to pursue recognition on a level playing field without appealing to any particular conception of the good, Honneth contends that questions of just recognition can only be settled by appealing to the needs and histories of the particular groups struggling for recognition. This essay argues that each position can be understood as a moment in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit and that Hegel shows why each fails to conceive the full role of recognition in human life. Nevertheless, Fraser and Honneth both make important insights that Hegelian thought ought to preserve and defend a broadly Hegelian position against those who seek to downplay the importance of recognition in political life.
A precaution in the application of the coincidence method for determining 125I decay rates

The X-ray/X-ray coincidence method is an accurate and simple technique for calculating absolute disintegration rates for any125I source. The calculation of dpm (disintegrations per minute) compensates for some of the variations in125I counting efficiency caused by changes in sample volume, sample composition, container material and geometry. In the practical application of this technique there are some potential sources of error. These errors result in low dpm values and become more significant with increasing volume, increasing solute molarities, and increasing absorptivity of solutes.
Is Workplace Harassment Hazardous to Your Health

We examined cross-sectional and lagged effects of sexual harassment (SH) and generalized workplace harassment (GWH) on incidence of self-reported illness, injury, or assault in a sample of over 1,500 university employees. SH and GWH, but not other job stressors, were related to increased odds of illness, injury, or assault. This was true when SH, GWH, and illness, injury, or assault were measured at the same time point, as well as when SH and GWH were measured in year prior to illness, injury, or assault.
Neurological surgery planning system

The computer-assisted neurological surgery planning system (NSPS), developed by the Neurological Surgery Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, is designed to offer neurosurgeons a safe and accurate method to approach intracranial lesions. Software consisting of the most advanced technologies in computer vision, computer graphics, and stereotactic numeric analysis forms the kernel of the system. Our paper discusses the functionalities and background theories used in NSPS.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.