cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal alignment of hydrogen levels in semiconductors and insulators

Hydrogen strongly affects the properties of electronic materials. It is always electrically active, and usually counteracts the prevailing conductivity of the semiconductor. In some materials, however, hydrogen acts as a source of doping. We have developed a model that enables us to predict the electrical activity of hydrogen in any material, based on its band alignment on an absolute energy scale. We discuss the underlying physics, as well as consequences for specific materials, including ZnO and InN.
Reconsideration of the longiceps species group of the feather louse genus Columbicola (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) with descriptions of two new species.

We reconsidered the composition of the longiceps species group within Columbicola. Based primarily on head shape, the group is divided into the longiceps and the cavifrons groups, with 7 species in the former and 5 in the latter. Two new species are described: Columbicola claytoni (type host: Ducula rufigaster [Quoy and Gaimard]) and Columbicola malenkeae (type host: D. pacifica [J. F. Gmelin]). Columbicola wolffhuegeli (Eichler) is removed from synonymy with Columbicola longiceps (Rudow) and is recognized as a valid species. The true host for Columbicola paradoxus Tendeiro has been determined as Lopholaimus antarcticus (Shaw).
Potential of Machine-Vision Light Microscopy in Toxicologic Pathology:

Major developments in machine-vision light microscopy and in reagent chemistry have led to a renaissance and revolution in the use of the light microscope in biology, biotechnology, and medicine. The potential use of this technology in the field of toxicologic pathology is discussed. It is suggested that a combination of investigating living cells and tissues and fixed samples using the new technologies will lead to understanding mechanisms of toxicity. Examples of the use of the methods in basic cell biology and medicine are presented.
Exploring the Color of Glass: Letters of Recommendation for Female and Male Medical Faculty:

This study examines over 300 letters of recommendation for medical faculty at a large American medical school in the mid-1990s, using methods from corpus and discourse analysis, with the theoretica...
The Illinois Women'S Health Registry: Advancing Women'S Health Research and Education in Illinois, USA:

To achieve the goal of personalized medicine, we must first improve our understanding of the differences in health and illness between men and women. The purpose of the Illinois Women’s Health Registry (USA) is to provide a research and education tool that advances scientific knowledge of sex- and gender-based differences in health and disease. Specifically, the Registry is a confidential 30-min health and lifestyle survey for female residents of Illinois over the age of 18 years. The survey includes questions regarding health, environment, health-related behaviors, symptoms and illnesses or conditions that a participant may have now or has had in the past. By enrolling in the Registry, women throughout the state are provided with information and access to clinical research studies that they may be eligible for, based on their self-reported health information. The Registry not only serves as a platform for recruitment into pivotal research studies, but also represents the beginning of a state-wide databas...
Impact of Biologic Agents With and Without Concomitant Methotrexate and at Reduced Doses in Older Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Objective To examine whether concomitant methotrexate (MTX) use is associated with better biologic persistence and whether self-administered anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapies are used at reduced doses in real-world clinical care settings, not just clinical trials. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using Medicare claims data from 2006 to 2012. Subjects were new initiators of etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, abatacept, and tocilizumab with at least 12 months of continuous medical and pharmacy coverage after treatment initiation. We examined the association between concomitant MTX use and persistence on biologic agents using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for demographics and baseline comorbidities. We further identified a subgroup of patients who initiated and were adherent on etanercept or adalimumab for at least 12 months and examined the proportion of patients who subsequently used these therapies at reduced doses continuously for an additional 12, 18, and 24 months. Results Of 26,510 eligible RA patients, 10,511 initiated biologic monotherapy. Overall, patients who initiated biologic monotherapy were 1.4 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.3–1.5) times more likely to discontinue at 1 year compared to those who initiated combination therapy, and 1.8 (95% CI 1.7–2.0) times more likely if starting infliximab monotherapy. Approximately 10–20% of patients who initiated and adhered to etanercept and adalimumab for ≥12 months subsequently received reduced-dose therapy for an 12 additional months and beyond. Conclusion In real-world practice, concomitant MTX was associated with improved persistence on biologic therapy, especially for infliximab users; reduced-dose injectable anti-TNF therapy was used by a substantial proportion of RA patients.
Fertility Preservation and Reproductive Health in Pediatric Bone Tumor Patients

The majority of children, adolescents, and young adults with pediatric bone tumors will become long-term survivors. However, many treatment modalities utilized in the modern era of chemotherapy put their future fertility in significant jeopardy. Chemotherapy that includes alkylating agents, radiation to the pelvis or CNS, and aggressive surgeries are commonly used in an attempt to cure childhood bone tumors. Survivors of cancer place a high priority on fertility and report high levels of psychological distress associated with fertility loss. Options are available to preserve fertility prior to chemotherapy when possible, but multiple barriers exist which reduce the likelihood of fertility preservation utilization.
Experimental demonstration of entanglement-enhanced rotation angle estimation using trapped ions.

We experimentally investigate three methods, utilizing different atomic observables and entangled states, to increase the sensitivity of rotation angle measurements beyond the ``standard quantum limit'' for nonentangled states. All methods use a form of quantum mechanical ``squeezing.'' In a system of two entangled trapped ${}^{9}{\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ ions we observe a reduction in uncertainty of rotation angle below the standard quantum limit for all three methods including all sources of noise. As an application, we demonstrate an increase in precision of frequency measurement in a Ramsey spectroscopy experiment.
Kleeblattschadel anomaly and partial trisomy for chromosome 13 (47,XY,+der(13),t(3,13)(q24;

This paper reports a case of partial trisomy involving the proximal segment of the long arm of chromosome 13. Kleeblattschadel anomaly was one of the many anomalies found in conjunction with this syndrome. The cytogenetic classification of the extra partial chrommome was based on trypsin-giemsa banding patterns and a paternal translocation involving chromosomes 3 and 13.
Geometric and Dosimetric Verification of Four-dimensional Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy

difference in event-free survival due to increased mortality in the high dose arm. This was thought to be a consequence of toxicity from the high dose per fraction. Total marrow irradiation (TMI) with helical tomotherapy (HT) may be a solution to the problem of dose escalation in TBI. This treatment planning study investigated the feasibility of TBI with simultaneous total red marrow (rTMI) boost using HT. Materials/Methods: For treatment planning, a partial whole body CTimage was obtained from a previously HT-TBI treated patient. Organs at risk (OAR) were outlined. The CTV-TBI represented the whole body less the kidneys, lungs and red marrow distribution.Theredmarrow CTV(CTV-rTMI)wasthe axialskeleton(skull,spine,sternum,flat bones)andtheproximalendsof the humeri and femurs. The prescription (15.75 Gy, 2.25 Gy/fraction, 7 fractions) was set to cover 80% of CTV-rTMI. Simultaneously, a second prescription (12.25 Gy, 1.75 Gy/fraction, 7 fractions) was set to cover 80% of CTV-TBI. The prescription to the CTV-TBI is biologically equivalent to 12 Gy in 6 fractions assuming an alpha-beta of 10 Gy 1 . Based on our clinical HT-TBI experience, a pitch of 0.287, a jaw width of 5 cm, a normal dose calculation grid and a modulation factor of 2.0 were selected. Constraints to OAR were set such that the lungs and kidneys received # 9 Gy and # 10 Gy, respectively. A dose homogeneity index or DHI (defined as the dose ratio received by 90% of the volume to the minimum dose to 10% of the volume) $ 0.85 was considered clinically acceptable based on our HT-TBI experience. Constraints were adjusted accordingly during the optimization process. Initial beamlet dose calculation time was 7 hours. Time between iterations was approximately 40 seconds. About 20 iterations were required to view the impact of constraints’ changes. Optimization timewas approximately 120 minutes. Results: Eighty percent of the CTV-TBI and CTV-rTMI received 13.3 Gy and 15.4 Gy, respectively. Ninety-five percent of the CTV-TBIand CTV-rTMI received 12.6Gy and12.7 Gy, respectively. Average doses (Gy) to the CTV-TBI,CTV-rTMI,lungs,left kidney andrightkidneywere 13.9,15.7, 8.7, 10.0and10.0, respectively. DHIwas 0.87 and0.86for the CTV-rTMI andCTV-TBI, respectively. Beam on time was 1190 seconds. Conclusions: Treatment planning for TBI with simultaneous rTMI boost is feasible. Prescription and DHI goals were met with areductionofdosetoOARsofupto45%.WeproposeaclinicaltrialtotestthepotentialbenefitsofrTMIboostusingthisapproach. Author Disclosure: J.A. Penagaricano: None. E.G. Moros: None. P.M. Corry: None. V. Ratanatharathorn: None.
Captive breeding and the genetic fitness of natural populations

Many populations of endangered species are subject to recurrent introductions of individuals from an alternative setting where selection is either relaxed or in a direction opposite to that in the natural habitat. Such population structures, which are common to captive breeding and hatchery programs, can lead to a scenario in which alleles that are deleterious (and ordinarily keptat low levels) in the wild can rise to high frequencies and, in some cases, go to fixation. We outline how these genetic responses to supplementation candevelop to a large enough extent to impose a substantial risk of extinction for natural populations on time scales of relevance to conservation biology.The genetic supplementation load can be especially severe when a captive population that is largely closed to import makes a large contribution to the breeding pool of individuals in the wild, as these conditions insure thatthe productivity of the two-population system is dominated by captive breeders. However, a substantial supplementation load can even develop when the captive breeders are always derived from the wild, and in general, a severe restriction of gene flow into the natural population is required to reduce this load to an insignificant level. Domestication selection (adaptation to the captive environment) poses a particularly serious problem because it promotes fixations of alleles that are deleterious in nature, thereby resulting in a permanent load that cannot be purged once the supplementation program is truncated. Thus, our results suggest that the apparent short-term demographic advantages of a supplementation program can be quite deceiving. Unless the selective pressures of the captive environmentare closely managed to resemble those in the wild, long-term supplementation programs are expected to result in genetic transformations that can eventually lead to natural populations that are no longer capable of sustaining themselves.
Oxygen pressure dependence of laser deposited barium ferrite films on LLC(111)

Hexagonal Barium Ferrite thin films with perpendicular anisotropy were successfully fabricated on the (111) surface of large lattice constant (LLC) garnet substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Oxygen pressure plays a crucial role in determining film growth characteristics. The film grown at 50 mTorr oxygen pressure has a clear hexagonal structure but is very weakly crystallized due to the lack of oxygen. Increasing the oxygen pressure enhances both crystallization and the in-plane c-axis oriented crystal growth, hence it reduces the perpendicular anisotropy. The optimum pressure is about 180 mTorr which gives a crystallized film with predominantly perpendicular c-axis orientation. The sensitive dependence of film structure on processing gas pressure shown in this work is important in controlling film properties such as anisotropy and grain size for different applications.
Move Over, Bacteria! Viruses Make Their Mark as Mutualistic Microbial Symbionts

Viruses are being redefined as more than just pathogens. They are also critical symbiotic partners in the health of their hosts. In some cases, viruses have fused with their hosts in symbiogenetic relationships. Mutualistic interactions are found in plant, insect, and mammalian viruses, as well as with eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes, and some interactions involve multiple players of the holobiont. With increased virus discovery, more mutualistic interactions are being described and more will undoubtedly be discovered.
Impact of pre-operative chemoradiotherapy on post-esophagectomy morbidity and mortality

4025 Background: While multimodality therapy prior to surgical resection for locally advanced esophageal cancer is increasingly utilized, there remains the perception in the literature that its use...
Basic dynamical stability results for

We study stability questions for dynamics on using holomorphic families, which we require to be locally simply parameterized. Given such a holomorphic family , we define the notion of a ‘Fatou section’, which is intuitively a choice of one point in for each map in the family such that: (1) the chosen point depends holomorphically on M , and (2) the points chosen for two different maps behave dynamically ‘comparably’ under iteration of those respective maps. We prove a weak version of the λ -lemma for dynamical systems on by showing that the set of all Fatou sections is a compact space. We introduce the notion of a postcritically bounded holomorphic family and show that if a (locally simply parameterized) holomorphic family is postcritically bounded by some open subset of then: (1) repelling periodic points in the Julia set for one member of the family cannot bifurcate, nor can they leave the Julia set in other members of the family, (2) there is a Fatou section which never leaves the Julia set through each point of the Julia set of any member of the family, and (3) any intersection between the Julia set and the critical set is persistent, in the sense that there is a Fatou section through the point of intersection which never leaves either the critical set or the Julia set. Here, for conciseness, we are using the term ‘Julia set’ to mean the support of the unique measure of maximal entropy, although we recognize that how this term should be used in higher dimensions is still undecided. We also provide a brief summary of the development of the field in our introduction.
Die Applikation des Fibroblast Growth Factors 2 imitiert das Knochenheilungspotential des Os frontale in parietalen Schädeldefekten

Bone defects remain a substantial biomedical burden. The skull is an interesting model to study these defects, since it contains bones of different embryonic origins. The parietal bone is mesodermderived, whereas the frontal bone’s origin is the neural crest. In the latter one, we have previously demonstrated, that higher expression levels of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) ligands and receptors exist. In our current work, we demonstrate a higher osteogenic healing potential of the frontal bone compared to the parietal bone in vivo and in vitro. In order to further investigate this interesting observation, we tried to mimic the healing potential of the frontal bone by adding exogenous FGF-2 in parietal defects.
Promoting Peer Interactions in Inclusive Classrooms for Students Who Use Speech-Generating Devices

Even when enrolled in general education classes, students with complex communication challenges may remain socially isolated from their classmates when receiving one-to-one paraprofessional support...
Rubbingfault studyon unsteadyoil-film forces for rotor-stator bearingsystem

By established a rubbing fault mechanical model on unsteady oil-film forces for rotor-statorbearing system via the Lagrange equation,the axis track and bifurcation diagram of rotor system are first obtained using numerical analysis with the excitation frequency as the only control parameter.Then,the nonlinear behavior and faulting mechanism of system response are analyzed.Finally,a reference to fault diagnosis and system operational safety is provided for rotor system.Therefore,it is indicated from results that,once the excitation frequency is used as the only control parameter,such nonlinearity as the periodic,quasiperiodic and chaos movements exists.
Privacy preserving localization for smart automotive systems

This paper presents the first provably secure localization method for smart automotive systems. Using this method, a lost car can compute its location with assistance from three nearby cars while the locations of all the participating cars including the lost car remain private. This localization application is one of the very first location-based services that does not sacrifice accuracy to maintain privacy. The secure location is computed using a protocol utilizing Yao's Garbled Circuit (GC) that allows two parties to jointly compute a function on their private inputs. We design and optimize GC netlists of the functions required for computation of location by leveraging conventional logic synthesis tools. Proof-of-concept implementation of the protocol shows that the complete operation can be performed within only 550 ms. The fast computing time enables practical localization of moving cars.
Treatment of H. pylori infection: the reality.

Abstract Despite the wide dissemination of information on Helicobacter pylori, there is still a great deal of variation in how general practitioners treat the infection and in which circumstances they prescribe eradication therapy for H. pylori. Specialty societies have developed consensus guidelines that recommend a strategy to test and treat dyspeptic patients for H. pylori infection although the data to support these recommendations are weak at the present time. As a result, there is still confusion about the indications for treatment and the treatment regimens that are likely to be effective in routine clinical practice.
Structure of Human G Protein Gγ5GeneGNG5

Abstract Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of α, β and γ subunits that together function in numerous signal transduction pathways. G γ subunits form dimers with G β -subunits which together can significantly contribute to signal transduction. So far 11 G γ subunit isoforms have been found. G γ5 appears to be the most prominently occurring G γ -subunit and we now report the genomic structure of human GNG5. The gene spans 6 kb and consists of four exons that range from 92 bp to 290 bp and three introns that range from 134 bp to 3.3 kb. Intron-exon boundaries conform to GT-AG consensus splice junctions. Alternative transcriptional start sites that result from two separate, closely linked promoters in the 5′-flanking region of the gene were confirmed by luciferase reporter-gene assay.
The Effect of Cyclosporine on Technetium-99m Red Blood Cell Labeling Using the Ultratag® RBC In Vitro Kit

Objective: The purpose of this investigation is to determine if cyclosporine (CsA) interferes with Technetium-99m red blood cell (99mTc-RBC) labeling when using the Ultratag® in vitro RBC kit. Methods: The investigators set up a dilution study using increasing cyclosporine concentrations with whole blood samples. Whole blood samples from four heart transplant patients on maintenance CsA medication were also radiolabeled to investigate labeling efficiencies. Results: Cyclosporine did not interfere with 99mTc-RBC radiolabeling as labeling efficiencies were found to be ≥95% in both the dilution and patient studies. Conclusions: Although CsA does not inhibit 99mTc-RBC radiolabeling of whole blood when using the Ultratag kit, the investigators hypothesize that CsA may interfere with the label if kit levels of stannous ion were to be decreased.
Theory of H c 1 and ρ → s for U 1 − x Th x Be 13

In certain regions of the x-T plane, ${\mathrm{U}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Th}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Be}}_{13}$ may have a superconducting order parameter that is a sum of basis functions from two different irreducible representations. We discuss the theory of the superfluid-density tensor for such an order parameter, and then use our results for \ensuremath{\rho}${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathit{s}}$ to analyze the expected behavior of ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}1}$, both as a function of the temperature and the direction of the applied magnetic field.
High-performance powder diffraction pattern simulation for large-scale atomistic models via full-precision pair distribution function computation

A new full-precision algorithm to solve the Debye scattering equation has been developed for high-performance computing of powder diffraction line profiles from large-scale atomistic models of nanomaterials. The Debye function was evaluated using a pair distribution function computed with high accuracy, exploiting the series expansion of the error between calculated and equispace-sampled pair distances of atoms. The intensity uncertainty (standard deviation) of the computed diffraction profile was estimated as a function of the algorithm-intrinsic approximations and coordinate precision of the atomic positions, confirming the high accuracy of the simulated pattern. Based on the propagation of uncertainty, the new algorithm provides a more accurate powder diffraction profile than a brute-force calculation. Indeed, the precision of floating-point numbers employed in brute-force computations is worse than the estimated accuracy provided by the new algorithm. A software application, ROSE-X, has been implemented for parallel computing on CPU/GPU multi-core processors and distributed clusters. The computing performance is directly proportional to the total processor speed of the devices. An average speed of ∼30 × 109 computed pair distances per second was measured, allowing simulation of the powder diffraction pattern of an ∼23 million atom microstructure in a couple of hours. Moreover, the pair distribution function was recorded and reused to evaluate powder diffraction profiles of the same system with different properties (i.e. Q rather than 2θ range, step and wavelength), avoiding additional pair distance computations. This approach was used to investigate a large collection of monoatomic and polyatomic microstructures, isolating the contribution from atoms belonging to different moieties (e.g. different species or crystalline domains).
Laser-induced reconstruction of Ag clusters in helium droplets

Silver clusters were assembled in helium droplets of different sizes ranging from 105 to 1010 atoms. The absorption of the clusters was studied upon laser irradiation at 355 nm and 532 nm, which is close to the plasmon resonance maximum in spherical Ag clusters and in the range of the absorption of the complex, branched Ag clusters, respectively. The absorption of the pulsed (7 ns) radiation at 532 nm shows some pronounced saturation effects, absent upon the continuous irradiation. This phenomenon has been discussed in terms of the melting of the complex Ag clusters at high laser fluence, resulting in a loss of the 532 nm absorption. Estimates of the heat transfer also indicate that a bubble may be formed around the hot cluster at high fluences, which may result in ejection of the cluster from the droplet, or disintegration of the droplet entirely.
Leaching of trace elements from Pittsburgh coal mill rejects compared with coal combustion products from a coal-fired power plant in Ohio, USA

Abstract We investigated the leachability of elements from mill rejects from the high-sulfur, bituminous Upper Pennsylvanian Pittsburgh coal, using the synthetic groundwater leaching procedure (SGLP), long-term leaching (LTL), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and compared their leaching behavior with that of three coal combustion products (CCPs)—bottom ash, economizer fly ash, and fly ash—from the same coal. None of the environmentally hazardous Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) metals analyzed in the leachates from the mill rejects or the CCPs exceeded U.S. EPA toxicity characteristics (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se). Most trace elements leached the least from mill rejects and bottom ash and leached the most from fly ash. The elements Ca, Co, Mg, Mn, and Sr, however, were more concentrated in mill reject leachates than CCP leachates. Most trace elements increased in concentration with increasing SGLP and LTL leaching duration, but As and V decreased in concentration with time in mill reject leachates, suggesting sorption or precipitation of these elements was occurring.
A systematic review of methods for evaluating rating quality in language assessment

The use of assessments that require rater judgment (i.e., rater-mediated assessments) has become increasingly popular in high-stakes language assessments worldwide. Using a systematic literature review, the purpose of this study is to identify and explore the dominant methods for evaluating rating quality within the context of research on large-scale rater-mediated language assessments. Results from the review of 259 methodological and applied studies reveal an emphasis on inter-rater reliability as evidence of rating quality that persists across methodological and applied studies, studies primarily focused on rating quality and studies not primarily focused on rating quality, and across multiple language constructs. Additional findings suggest discrepancies in rating designs used in empirical research and practical concerns in performance assessment systems. Taken together, the findings from this study highlight the reliance upon aggregate-level information that is not specific to individual raters or sp...
Techniques for Achieving Hemostasis from Choanoid Cranial Foramina

Objective This report describes 2 techniques for controlling otherwise difficult-to-control hemorrhage from choanoid bony foramina. Methods Medical records of 3 patients in whom vigorous and difficult-to-control bleeding from choanoid cranial foramina was successfully halted are reviewed. Results In 2 patients, vigorous arterial bleeding from the foramen spinosum was controlled with a wooden peg. In 1 patient, vigorous venous bleeding from a foramen in the convexity of the occipital bone was controlled with a wedge of bone. Conclusions Vigorous bleeding, whether arterial or venous, from choanoid foramina can be quickly and reliably controlled by the techniques described.
Evidence for a relationship between trait gratitude and prosocial behaviour.

Prosocial behaviour towards unrelated others is communally beneficial but can be individually costly. The emotion of gratitude mitigates this cost by encouraging direct as well as “upstream” recipr...
Rediscovery of the holotype of the Tongue Sole, Cynoglossus dollfusi (Chabanaud, 1931): Its impact on Red Sea records for C. sealarki Regan, 1908, C. lingua Hamilton, 1822, and C. zanzibarensis Norman, 1939, and on the taxonomic status of C. cleopatridis Chabanaud, 1949 (Pisces: Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae)

Abstract Considerable confusion has surrounded the identity of the nominal species, Paraplagusia dollfusi Chabanaud, 1931, known only from two specimens: the holotype, collected in Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, and a second, non-type specimen (reported with the trinomial Cynoglossus (Trulla) dollfusi) captured in the Suez Canal, Red Sea. No catalogue number, illustration or photograph of the type specimen accompanied the original description, which also lacked critical information to confidently assign this species to a genus or to diagnose it from previously described tongue soles possessing similar attributes. Both the type and non-type specimen have been reported as lost for over 40 yr, further confounding attempts to resolve questions regarding the identity and status of this nominal species. During its history, C. dollfusi has been considered as a junior subjective synonym of C. sealarki Regan, 1908, a senior subjective synonym of C. cleopatridis Chabanaud, 1949, and has been misidentified as C. zanzibarens...
Effect of MPTP on primate chromaffin cells in vitro: relevance for adrenal medullary cell transplantation

Primate adrenal medullary cells were exposed to l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in vitro to examine the effect of this neurotoxic agent on chromaffin cells. Chromaffin cells from monkey and humans were cultured in the presence of 100 ng/ml nerve growth factor for 1 week and then exposed to 150 μM MPTP or its active metabolite methylpyridinium ion (MPP+) for an additional week. Cells which had extended neurites in the presence of NGF showed no morphological effect in response to MPTP or MPP+ at the light microscopic level. However, there was a significant loss in catecholamines as seen by histofluorescence and high performance liquid chromotography (HPLC). Electron microscopy revealed a depletion in dense-core vesicles in chromaffin cells after chronic exposure to MPTP while the mitochondria appeared similar to those observed in control cells. Replacement of MPTP medium with standard medium stimulated restoration of catecholamine histofluorescence after 7 days. An acute 15 min pretreatment of chromaffin cells with MPTP or MPP+ induced secretion of catecholamines over a 1 h pulse, with MPP+ producing the maximum and more rapid secretion as determined by HPLC. These data indicate that MPTP induces a dramatic loss in catecholamines in primate chromaffin cells in vitro after both acute and chronic exposures; however, removal of the toxic agent permits restoration of catecholamines without permanent effect on the integrity of these cells.
Molecular Lamarckism: On the Evolution of Human Intelligence

In modern times, Lamarck's view of evolution, based on inheritance of acquired traits has been superseded by neo-Darwinism, based on random DNA mutations. This article begins with a series of observations suggesting that Lamarckian inheritance is in fact operative throughout Nature. I then launch into a discussion of human intelligence that is the most important feature of human evolution that cannot be easily explained by mutational selection. Thus, we are smarter than demanded by our evolutionary experience as hunter-gatherers. The difficulty lies in the inability of neo-Darwinism to satisfactorily answer the following question: How can a large energy-costly set of genes, each member of which has little apparent benefit when first created individually, all gather into a permanent existence within a short time period in each and every member of a small population (that was dispersed and geographically isolated over a huge planet) who had a low reproductive output, a low rate of beneficial mutations, and ...
The Objectivity of Truth, Morality, and Beauty

Whether truth, morality, and beauty have an objective basis has been a perennial question for philosophy, ethics, and aesthetics, while for a great many relativists and skeptics it poses a problem without a solution. In this essay, the author proposes an innovative approach that shows how cognitive intelligence, moral intelligence, and aesthetic intelligence provide the basis needed for objective judgments about truth, morality, and beauty.
Improved plant regeneration from barley callus cultures by increased copper levels

Incorporation of cupric sulfate into callus induction, maintenance, and regeneration media significantly enhanced plant regeneration from callus cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) immature embryos. Embryos from the cultivars ‘Hector’ and ‘Excel’ were cultured on MS medium containing 0, 0.1 (MS level), 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 50.0, or 100.0 μM cupric sulfate. Plants were regenerated beginning at 8 weeks and continuing through 36 weeks. For Hector, medium containing 50 μM copper regenerated significantly more plants than any other medium, with an average of 17 plants per embryo. In comparison, medium with MS copper levels (0.1 μM) regenerated only 5 plants per embryo. For Excel, medium containing 5.0 μM copper was the best, regenerating 1.4 plants per embryo. No Excel regenerants were obtained on medium with MS copper levels. Increased copper levels also increased the percentage of embryos that regenerated at least one plant, in both cultivars. The results indicate that MS copper levels are not optimized for barley callus cultures, and that improved plant regeneration can be obtained at higher copper concentrations.
Cosmopolitanism in Rushdie's The Enchantress of Florence

(2014). Cosmopolitanism in Rushdie's The Enchantress of Florence. South Asian Review: Vol. 35, Salman Rushdie, pp. 111-124.
Discussion of “Flight to Quality in International Markets: Investors’ Demand for Financial Reporting Quality during Political Uncertainty Events”

In this paper, I provide a summary and discussion of Chen, Hope, Li, and Wang (2018). In my discussion, I summarize their main findings and focus on key conceptual aspects of their research design. I also comment more broadly on financial reporting quality. Throughout my discussion, I offer a number of specific opportunities to extend this line of research. L'auteur presente un resume et une analyse critique de l’etude de Chen, Hope, Li et Wang. Il fait la synthese de leurs principales conclusions et se concentre sur les aspects conceptuels cles de leur plan de recherche. Il traite egalement dans une perspective plus large de la qualite de l'information financiere, en proposant plusieurs pistes de recherche particulieres dans le prolongement de cet axe.
Further Insight into Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes of the Tip-of-the-Tongue State with an Amnesic Drug as Cognitive Tool

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state may be viewed as temporary and reversible micro-amnesia. Amnesic drugs, such as benzodiazepines, may be used as tools to reveal functional principles of normal cognitive processes. We investigated the effects of lorazepam on TOT state. With general information questions, Lorazepam participants provided more commission errors and more TOT states following commissions than placebo participants, whereas the resolution of the TOTs was unimpaired. The higher amount of incorrect recalls provided by lorazepam participants may partially result from the fact that they are more frequently in a state of transitory inaccessibility of a known item, identifiable as a commission TOT (participants provide a persistent alternate and experience the phenomenological TOT only after having been informed of the error). This way of resolving the TOT conflict is discussed in light of the anxiolytic effect of the drug. Lorazepam led the participants to generate more persistent alternates when in a TOT while preserving the cognitive process of TOT, that is, the temporary failure to retrieve a known word.
FECUNDITY AND LONGEVITY OF F1 FEMALES OF HABROBRACON FROM SPERM X-RAYED WITH 3000r

Our purpose was to compare with respect to fecundity and longevity two groups of F1 diploid virgins of Habrobracon the fathers of which had been X-rayed with 3000r. Sorting of wasps into two groups was based on low or high hatchability of their F2 haploid eggs. Wasps with low hatchability (below 60%) are heterozygous for induced embryonic lethals such as recessives and translocations; wasps with high hatchability (100–60%) are free of lethals or possibly heterozygous for mild detrimentals. The F1s showing high hatchability laid significantly more eggs on the average; the average difference in lifespan was almost statistically significant (7% level). A more sensitive analysis by regression indicated a highly significant linear regression of survival of all F1s on hatchability of their eggs: F1s whose eggs showed 100% hatchability lived 1.84 days longer on the average than those whose eggs showed no hatchability. Furthermore, the former laid 4.99 more eggs on the average than the latter. The data also showed a very highly significant positive correlation coefficient between eggs laid and survival of mothers (0.122***) and a very highly significant positive partial correlation coefficient (0.105***) with hatchability held constant. The latter indicates that the F1s which laid more eggs also live longer, regardless of the hatchability of their eggs and hence of the heterozygosity of the mothers for lethals and other detrimentals.
Postnatal hematologic development in phosphofructokinase-deficient dogs

Adult dogs with phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency have compensated hemolytic anemia, due to an absolute or functional deficiency of the muscle-type (M-type) subunit that normally accounts for a majority of total erythrocyte PFK activity in dogs. Potential effects of PFK deficiency on hematologic development were evaluated in dogs. Routine hematologic parameters were similar in normal and affected dogs when 1 day old, because all newborn dogs had erythrocyte PFK activities about three times that of normal adult dogs. Based on chromatographic separation of PFK isozymes and enzyme immunoprecipitation studies, the high PFK activity at birth was attributed to the predominance of the liver-type (L-type) subunit of PFK, which is negligible or absent in normal adult dog erythrocytes. Both total PFK activities and the amounts of L-type subunit present decreased dramatically during the first 6 to 8 weeks of life. The muscle-type subunit was negligible or absent at birth, but appeared and increased as the L-type decreased in normal dogs. These changes may result from the replacement of erythrocytes formed in the fetus with those formed after birth. A postnatal physiologic anemia developed to a similar degree in both affected and normal dogs because of decreases in both mean corpuscular volume and erythrocyte numbers. Reticulocyte counts were high in all dogs at birth and remained high in affected dogs, but decreased from 2 months of age onward in normal dogs. Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) values were very low in all newborn pups and increased to values expected for adults in the respective groups by 2 to 4 weeks of age. A low 2,3-DPG concentration occurs in affected dogs because PFK deficiency inhibits glycolysis above the side shunt that forms 2,3-DPG.
Preventing and Detecting Intraoperative Spinal Cord Injury

The safety of surgical procedures on the spine or spinal cord has been improved by the use of spinal cord monitoring techniques. Thus, the somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP, Bunch et al., 1983; Grundy, 1983; Jones et al., 1983), and more recently, motor-evoked potentials (MEP, Machida et al., 1985, 1988; Levy et al., 1986), have supplanted the wake-up test for the detection of an i atrogeni c trauma to the spi na 1 cord. Whil e these techniques represent a significant improvement for patient safety, their abil ity to detect a subtle or progressive trauma to the cord has not been firmly established. Moreover, the abil ity to detect trauma does not always indicate an abil ity to prevent trauma. Except for cases where instrumentation can be removed after an early detection of injury, the appropriate response to a warning of impending injury is not usually known. Work in this laboratory has focused on ways to not only improve the abil ity to detect spinal cord injury, but to prevent its progression to neural damage once it has occurred.
Pseudofunctions — The Key to Practical Use of Reservoir Description

Any transport property that does not have a molecular analogue must be averaged (pseudoized) or scale-adjusted so that it can be used in making reservoir performance predictions. In modelling flow through permeable media, typical properties so treated are absolute permeability, relative permeability, capillary pressure, dispersion coefficients, fingering factors, and equilibrium constants. These properties are rendered scale-dependent by the average. We review and justify the philosophy behind pseudofunction generation based on the notion of vertical equilibrium, a necessary condition for time-independent pseudofunctions. After discussing the traditional approaches to scale adjustment, we give some interesting special cases and illustrate areas of current research. The central theme, however, is that pseudofunctions represent the only practical method of combining fluid and transport properties with spatially varying reservoir properties.
Metformin Targets Mitochondrial Electron Transport to Reduce Air Pollution-Induced Thrombosis

Urban particulate matter air pollution induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) from alveolar macrophages, resulting in an increase in thrombosis. Here, we report that metformin provides protection in this murine model. Treatment of mice with metformin or exposure of murine or human alveolar macrophages to metformin prevented the particulate matter-induced generation of complex III mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which were necessary for the opening of calcium release-activated channels (CRAC) and release of IL-6. Targeted genetic deletion of electron transport or CRAC channels in alveolar macrophages in mice prevented particulate matter-induced acceleration of arterial thrombosis. These findings suggest metformin as a potential therapy to prevent some of the premature deaths attributable to air pollution exposure worldwide.
Fundamentals of Condensed Matter Physics

Based on an established course and covering the fundamentals, central areas and contemporary topics of this diverse field, Fundamentals of Condensed Matter Physics is a much-needed textbook for graduate students. The book begins with an introduction to the modern conceptual models of a solid from the points of view of interacting atoms and elementary excitations. It then provides students with a thorough grounding in electronic structure and many-body interactions as a starting point to understand many properties of condensed matter systems - electronic, structural, vibrational, thermal, optical, transport, magnetic and superconducting - and methods to calculate them. Taking readers through the concepts and techniques, the text gives both theoretically and experimentally inclined students the knowledge needed for research and teaching careers in this field. It features 246 illustrations, 9 tables and 100 homework problems, as well as numerous worked examples, for students to test their understanding. Solutions to the problems for instructors are available at www.cambridge.org/cohenlouie.
Human frontoparietal cortex represents behaviorally relevant target status based on abstract object features.

Real-world target detection tasks, such as searching for a car in a crowded parking lot, require both flexibility and abstraction. We investigated the neural basis of these abilities using a task t...
B7-H3-targeted Radioimmunotherapy of Human Cancer

Background Targeted Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is an attractive approach to selectively localize therapeutic radionuclides to malignant cells within primary and metastatic tumors while sparing normal tissues from the effects of radiation. Many human malignancies express B7-H3 on the tumor cell surface, while expression on the majority of normal tissues is limited, presenting B7-H3 as a candidate target for RIT. This review provides an overview of the general principles of targeted RIT and discusses publications that have used radiolabeled B7-H3-targeted antibodies for RIT of cancer in preclinical or clinical studies. Methods Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for publications through June 2018 using a combination of terms including "B7-H3", "radioimmunotherapy", "targeted", "radiotherapy", and "cancer". After screening search results for relevancy, ten publications were included for discussion. Results B7-H3-targeted RIT studies to date range from antibody development and assessment of novel Radioimmunoconjugates (RICs) in animal models of human cancer to phase II/III trials in humans. The majority of clinical studies have used B7-H3-targeted RICs for intra- compartment RIT of central nervous system malignancies. The results of these studies have indicated high tolerability and favorable efficacy outcomes, supporting further assessment of B7-H3-targeted RIT in larger trials. Preclinical B7-H3-targeted RIT studies have also shown encouraging therapeutic outcomes in a variety of solid malignancies. Conclusion B7-H3-targeted RIT studies over the last 15 years have demonstrated feasibility for clinical development and support future assessment in a broader array of human malignancies. Future directions worthy of exploration include strategies that combine B7-H3- targeted RIT with chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
Toxic Dilatation of the Colon in Granulomatous Colitis Report of 2 Cases

Toxic dilatation of the colon usually occurs in ulcerative colitis, but may also occur in amebic and granulomatous colitis. Two cases of toxic dilatation of the colon in granulomatous colitis are compared to 2 previously reported cases. Toxic dilatation may occur after 7 months or 7 years from the onset of symptoms and may occur on more than one occasion. Granulomatous colitis is more common complication than is generally appreciated.
NEW CHROMATOGRAPHIC APPROACHES TO THE SEPARATION OF HUMAN ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ISOZYMES

ABSTRACT. Several new approaches to the chromatographic separation of alkaline phosphatase isozymes are proposed. Thus, salt-mediated hydrophobic chromatography is an alternative to salting-out in solution; detergent-mediated ion exchange chromatography takes advantage of alterations in DEAE-Sephadex elution profiles in the presence of detergent; and agarose gel filtration can be used to isolate membrane-bound alkaline phosphatases from neoplastic ascites fluid and tissue homogenates. The system in which these approaches have been applied is in the isolation of human placental alkaline phosphatase, but application to purification of other alkaline phosphatases is indicated by an observed alteration in the chromatographic profile of liver alkaline phosphatase on DEAE-Sephadex mediated by detergent and by the separation of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatases from cell homogenates of a variety of tissues on agarose gels. The particular application of the agarose chromatography in the search for new cancer-specific antigens and isozymes is discussed.
Does School Safety and Classroom Disciplinary Climate Hinder Learning ? Evidence from the MENA Region

School safety and classroom disciplinary climate have a direct impact on teachers' ability to teach and students' ability to learn. School safety and classroom disciplinary climates have been declining in the Middle East and North Africa region, as is demonstrated in this paper using data from the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study. The paper then moves on to untangle how disruptive learning environments can have negative impacts on student learning outcomes. Thus, the objective of the paper is to analyze the determinants associated with disrupted learning environments, at the school and classroom levels, in the Middle East and North Africa region and to uncover the impacts these environments have on student learning outcomes. This information will provide policy makers with evidence on disrupted learning environments while offering some recommendations on how these conditions can be improved.