cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The inelastic behavior of metals subject to loading reversal

Abstract One of the consequences of memory effects in the plastic deformation of metals is the Bauschinger effect (Civilingenieur 27 (1881) 289–348), which manifests itself as a difference in the values of the yield stress in tension and compression for a material that has undergone plastic deformation. The Bauschinger effect has been modeled with the kinematic hardening rules e.g., Ziegler (Quart. Appl. Math. 17 (1959) 55) and Chaboche (Int. J. Plasticity 2 (1986) 149). These models, though, are not able to reproduce the stress-strain response accurately at points of loading reversal: it has been observed (Acta Metall. 34 (1986) 1553; Mater. Sci. Engineering A113 (1989) 441) that, for some materials, the stress has a plateau after the loading is reversed. This is not reflected by the kinematic hardening rule nor by its modifications. In this paper we will develop a general three dimensional model that is able to reproduce the stress–strain response at loading reversals and can be applied also to more general changes of loading direction. The central idea of our model is to link the hardening behavior of the material to thermodynamical quantities such as the stored energy due to cold work and the rate of dissipation. The predictions of the theory show good agreement with the stress–strain curve and also with the manner in which the stored energy varies with the inelastic strain, as obtained from experiments (Progress in Materials Science (1973) Vol. 17. Pergamon, Oxford; Trans. Met. Soc. AIME 224 (1962) 719).
Albinism and auditory function in the laboratory mouse. I. Effects of single-gene substitutions on auditory physiology, audiogenic seizures, and developmental processes.

The effects of single-gene albino (c/c) mutations on auditory behavior and physiology were examined in congenic C57BL/6J mice. At 16 days of age, thec gene was additively associated with both reduced auditory functioning and lower body weight; 16-day-oldc/c mice had higher auditory evoked potential (AEP) thresholds than +/c mice, which, in turn, had higher thresholds than +/+ mice; +/c mice were also intermediate with regard to body weight. Since these differences had nearly disappeared by 21 days of age, it was concluded that thec genes worked in an additive fashion to delay development during the period previously (Henry, 1967) found critical for inducing susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. At 16 days of age, albino mice (c/c) displayed susceptibility to audiogenic seizures, but nonalbino genotypes (+/c and +/+) were immune to the convulsive effects of sound. This behavior appeared to be a recessive trait at this age. But 5 days later, the behavioral phenotype exhibited incomplete dominance, with the +/c genotype displaying audiogenic seizures intermediate to those seen in the susceptiblec/c and the nonsusceptible +/+ genotypes. These behaviors were compared to the thresholds and peak-to-peak amplitudes of the AEP, as seen in the input-output functions. It is suggested that differential development of the auditory systems in these genotypes is causally related to susceptibility to audiogenic seizures.
Temperature and magnetic field-dependent tunneling study of Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy in the pseudogap state

Abstract The existence of Cooper pairs above Tc is a popular theory of pseudogap in cuprates. The influence of magnetic field on such Cooper pairs should be drastic, although magnitude of the field required can be quite large. We have performed tunneling measurements in the ab-plane direction on underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy (Bi2212) single crystals with Tc=65 K for SIS junction formed with a low-temperature STM. The gap value Δ was found to be 35 meV from low-temperature tunneling spectra. The gap stays at this value up to Tc and it becomes more smeared near Tc, but exists at least up to 150 K. The spectra near 100 K were studied as a function of the magnetic field and no change in the gap features was observed up to 1.1 T.
Lloyd's Mirror As An Optical Processor

This paper describes the use of Lloyd's mirror in two optical processing applications. First it is shown that if the narrow slit in the usual Lloyd's mirror set up is illuminated by polychromatic light, the interference pattern is the Fourier Cosine transform of the spectral intensity distribution of the light. Lloyd's mirror may thus be used as the transforming element in a Fourier transform spectrometer of exceedingly simple and rugged design. An experimental realization of this process is displayed. Second it is shown that if the narrow slit in the Lloyd's mirror set up is replaced by a wide slit or, more generally, by a one dimensional object illuminated by non-coherent monochromatic light, the interference pattern obtained is the Fourier transform of the intensity distribution of the object. Lloyd's mirror may thus be used to produce Fourier holograms in non-coherent light of one dimensional objects. An experimental realization of this process is displayed. If the object is two dimensional the interference pattern is the Fourier transform of the intensity distribution of the object along one direction. If the transform of the object is obtained in several orientations of the object, the object may be recovered by the same process used in CAT SCAN.
Improved Nonmechanical Method for Estimating Dispersibility of Nonfat Dry Milk

Abstract A nonmechanical method of determining dispersibility of nonfat dry milk is described which is not tied to a specific commercial apparatus. Dispersibility is determined by moving a teaspoon rapidly twenty-five times across the diameter of a beaker. The mixture is poured through sieves and amount of dry milk dispersed is determined by a hydrometric method. A table is supplied so that the per cent dispersed can be read from the temperature and hydrometer reading of the filtrate. Instant nonfat dry milk should be 80% or more dispersed by this method.
The amino acid sequence of the rabbit lutropin beta subunit

The amino acid sequence of the beta subunit of rabbit lutropin (lLH) has been determined. The amino terminus of about 97% of the beta subunit has a two amino acid extension (pyro-Glu-Pro) compared to other lutropin beta sequences. Overlapping peptides from trypsin and chymotrypsin digestions of the performic acid-oxidized beta subunit and trypsin digestion of the S-aminoethylated cysteine beta subunit were isolated by chromatography on TSK Fractogel 40F and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sequencing was by a combination of the dansyl-Edman method and the direct Edman method. Amide placements were established by HPLC analysis of the PTH amino acid derivatives. The proposed sequence of lLHβ subunit is: This sequence is highly homologous to the other known lutropin beta subunits, especially rat and pig lutropin beta (91%). Partial cleavage of the peptide bond between Asp-79 and Pro-80 was observed during cyanogen bromide treatment. Rabbit thyrotropin and thyrotropin beta subunit copurified with lLH and lLHβ except at a final chromatography on Sephadex G-100.
Training Psychologists for Changing Schools

Consideration of how psychologists can be trained to meet the needs of today's schools must include at least brief reference to how and why schools are changing. Changing schools reflect a changing society. This paper presents, selectively, societal changes that seem to be impinging upon Education; then, how these changes affect psychologists' practice in an Educational setting. Next, implicatons of these changes upon the training of professionals are discussed. Last, a training program that is attempting to act upon these implica tions is described.
Intracellular localization of inorganic polyphosphate in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract 1. 1. The intracellular localization of inorganic polyphosphate in Neurospora crassa has been studied by differential centrifugation. Homogenates of the mycelium, prepared by mechanical disruption at pH 7.0 were fractionated into cell walls, miscellaneous particles and final supernatant fluid. The insoluble polyphosphate was found to be bound to particulate elements of the cell, primarily to the cell wall which contained up to two thirds of the insoluble polyphosphate. The soluble polyphosphate was generally lost by hydrolysis but could be preserved under special conditions. It was then recovered in the final supernatant. 2. 2. Adsorption of synthetic polyphosphate to isolated cell walls was demonstrated. The interaction was a function of both pH and chain length, and resulted in the formation of acid-insoluble polyphosphate. 3. 3. It was shown that the pattern of distribution of insoluble polyphosphate among the particulate components of the homogenate could be completely accounted for by adsorption of free polyphosphate during the fractionation process. Evidence was obtained in support of the view that adsorption did indeed take place during fractionation of a homogenate. 4. 4. It is concluded that, in vivo , both soluble and insoluble polyphosphate may exist in the free state. Upon disruption of the cell, polyphosphate molecules of sufficient chain length are bound to suitable acceptors. The bearing of these results on the differential extraction of polyphosphate by acid, and on the structure of volutin granules, is discussed.
EXAMINING THE USE OF PHOTO ESSAYS ON STUDENTS’ WRITING ABILITY

This study examined the use of a visual approach as an organizing framework for the planning and execution for the writing of various discourse styles. Low literacy achievement students in 6th and 7th grade showed increased competence in different writing styles when they planned, photographed, and “story‐boarded” photo essays as compared to situations when they merely wrote on assigned topics. Analysis for the 69 students in this study was done by repeated measures design. Three raters evaluated students’ compositions using the Diederich Rating Scale. There were consistent findings of nonsignificant main effects, while there were significant interactions of writing scores with time of treatment for the areas of content, mechanics, and total composition score
Inhibition of human antigen-specific memory B cell response in vitro by a diphtheria toxin-related interleukin 2 fusion protein

Abstract Recombinant diphtheria toxin-related interleukin-2 fusion protein (DAB 486 IL-2) is specifically cytotoxic for cells bearing the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (p55/75). We evaluated the effects of DAB 486 IL-2 on the generation of tetanus toxoid(TT)-specific IgG antibody-forming cells in 6-day cocultures of human splenocytes and TT-coupled Sepharose beads. The results indicate that a significant portion (30–75%) of the anti-tetanus toxoid IgG response in vitro was susceptible to inhibition by 10 −10 M DAB 486 IL-2. The inhibition required both the IL-2 portion of the fusion protein and an active toxin moiety and was greater when the IL-2 toxin was added on Day 3 as compared with Day 0 of culture. The induction of the p55 (Tac) subunit of the IL-2R was demonstrable by two-color flow cytometry on a small percentage (5%) of B cells and on a higher percentage (10%) of non-B cells 3 days after exposure to TT-coupled Sepharose. Short-term (2 hr) treatment of T and B cell subpopulations separated on Day 3 of culture followed by remixing indicated that while activated T helper cells were most strongly inhibited by DAB 486 IL-2, up to 50% of the TT-specific IgG response was inhibited by treatment of B cells alone with DAB 486 IL-2. Our results suggest that a strategy of eliminating human memory B cells by a combination of antigen activation and properly timed administration of a recombinant lymphokine-toxin fusion protein is feasible.
Immobilizing live Escherichia coli for AFM studies of surface dynamics

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a probe-based technique that permits high resolution imaging of live bacterial cells. However, stably immobilizing cells to withstand the probe-based lateral forces remains an obstacle in AFM mediated studies, especially those of live, rod shaped bacteria in nutrient media. Consequently, AFM has been under-utilized in the research of bacterial surface dynamics. The aim of the current study was to immobilize a less adherent Escherichia coli strain in a method that both facilitates AFM imaging in nutrient broth and preserves overall cell viability. Immobilization reagents and buffers were systematically evaluated and the cell membrane integrity was monitored in all sample preparations. As expected, the biocompatible gelatin coated surfaces facilitated stable cell attachment in lower ionic strength buffers, yet poorly immobilized cells in higher ionic strength buffers. In comparison, poly-l-lysine surfaces bound cells in both low and high ionic strength buffers. The benefit of the poly-l-lysine binding capacity was offset by the compromised membrane integrity exhibited by cells on poly-l-lysine surfaces. However, the addition of divalent cations and glucose to the immobilization buffer was found to mitigate this unfavorable effect. Ultimately, immobilization of E. coli cells on poly-l-lysine surfaces in a lower ionic strength buffer supplemented with Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) was determined to provide optimal cell attachment without compromising the overall cell viability. Cells immobilized in this method were stably imaged in media through multiple division cycles. Furthermore, permeability assays indicated that E. coli cells recover from the hypoosmotic stress caused by immobilization in low ionic strength buffers. Taken together, this data suggests that stable immobilization of viable cells on poly-l-lysine surfaces can be accomplished in lower ionic strength buffers that are supplemented with divalent cations for membrane stabilization while minimizing binding interference. The data also indicates that monitoring cell viability as a function of sample preparation is important and should be an integral part of the work flow for determining immobilization parameters. A method for immobilizing a less adherent E. coli mutant for AFM imaging in nutrient broth is presented here in addition to a proposed work flow for developing and optimizing immobilization strategies.
Evolution of H2O and CO2 during the copper‐catalyzed oxidation of isotactic polypropylene

The kinetics and mechanism of H2O and CO2 evolution during uncatalyzed and copper(oxide)-catalyzed (Cu, CuO, CuO0.67) oxidation of isotactic polypropylene have been investigated in detail for various catalysts over a range of temperatures (90–150°C). These volatiles were determined chromatographically; H2O and CO2 represent the main volatiles of the oxidation, comprising about 80 mol % of all volatiles. Uncatalyzed oxidation evolves ca. 1 mol of H2O and 1 mol of CO2 for each unit mole of polymer oxidized, while catalyzed oxidation produces 2 mol of H2O and ca. 1.2 mol of CO2 for each unit mole of polymer. These results indicate that secondary as well as tertiary H atoms on the polymer chains are involved in hydroperoxide formation and decay. The oxidation mechanism has been formulated and evaluated on this basis. It consists essentially of two parallel oxidation reactions involving tertiary and secondary groups (H atoms and hydroperoxides), respectively. The mechanism can be represented by first- and pseudo-first-order reactions in series: (1) oxygen absorption showing induction periods; (2) hydroperoxide formation and decay (plateaus are reached); (3) H2O evolution from the decay of hydroperoxides; and (4) subsequent CO2 production involving chain scission. Arrhenius parameters for all oxidation reactions (uncatalyzed and catalyzed) are also presented. It appears that CuO0.67 is the most efficient catalyst of those investigated.
Aggression‐consistent, ‐inconsistent, and ‐irrelevant priming effects on selective exposure to media violence

Priming with aggressive concepts increases males' attraction to media violence. It was hypothesized that priming with schema-irrelevant concepts would decrease interest relative to the effects of schema-relevant concepts, whether or not the schema-relevant concepts were also schema-consistent. Thirty male undergraduates used lists including aggressive (schema-consistent and schema-relevant), positive or prosocial (schema-inconsistent yet relevant), or entirely neutral (schema-irrelevant) words to write short stories (priming task), then received an opportunity to select videotaped film clips for viewing. Subjects primed by aggressive word lists included more aggression, anger, fear, and violence in their stories than did those in the aggression-inconsistent and aggression-irrelevant conditions, whereas aggression-inconsistent priming yielded more fun, helping, and joy than did other conditions. Aggressively primed subjects expressed more interest in films containing violence and hostility than did neutrally primed subjects, whereas aggression-inconsistent priming did not differ significantly from either aggressive (schema-consistent) or neutral (schema-irrelevant) priming. Findings indicate that the aggressive priming activates aggressive conceptS that Make violence and hostility more salient to individuals. Because male undergraduates typically express interest in violence, enhanced salience leads to increased interest.
Quantum parallelism and the exact simulation of physical systems

Classical mechanics and physics limit our ability to compute faster and cheaper and suggests that we need to consider a revolutionary rather than an evolutionary approach to computing and communication. Quantum properties such as uncertainty, interference, and entanglement form the foundation of a new brand of theory where computational and communication processes rest upon fundamental physics.In early 1980s Richard Feynman argued that in traditional numerical simulations such as weather forecasting or aerodynamic calculations, computers model physical reality only approximately. He advanced the idea that physics was computational and that a computer could do an exact simulation of a physical system, even of a quantum system. Starting from basic principles of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics, Feynman suggested that problems for which polynomial time algorithms do not exist could be solved; computations for which polynomial algorithms exist could be speeded up considerably and even made reversible.In quantum systems the amount of parallelism increases exponentially with the size of the system; in other words, an exponential increase in parallelism requires only a linear increase in the amount of space needed. The major difficulty lies in the fact that access to the results of a quantum computation is restricted, access to the results disturbs the quantum state.In this presentation we discuss basic concepts in quantum computing and quantum information theory and present some of our work on computational structural biology.
In-vitro synergism between mezlocillin and isoxazolyl pencillians against β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative organsims

Forty beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative organisms were tested with mezlocillin plus an isoxazolyl penicillin for synergy. With standard chequerboard techniques, the combination showed enhanced activity, when compared to either drug alone, against 30 strains. Eighteen of these 30 strains showed synergism at concentrations of mezlocillin and isoxazolyl penicillins which were attainable in the serum (7 strains of Morganella morganii, 8 strains of Eschericia coli and 3 strains of Serratia marcescens).
Photodetachment using atom and ion detection

Abstract Electron correlation plays a major role in determining the structure and dynamics of negative ions. Photodetachment is a high-resolution technique that is commonly used to experimentally investigate the properties of negative ions. Binding energies can be determined by studying threshold behavior. Transient, multiply excited states reveal themselves as resonances in photodetachment cross sections. Correlation-sensitive measurements in the threshold and resonance regions provide sensitive tests of the ability of theory to go beyond the independent electron model.
Efficient seeding of a Raman amplifier with a visible laser diode

Recent developments in tunable laser diodes now make it possible to do injection seeding of a quantum-limited Raman amplifier. We present data from an experiment in which a tunable laser diode in the visible was injected into a Raman amplifier with a coupling efficiency of 65% +/- 45%. This efficiency approaches the theoretical limit of 100% and is much larger than the 0.1-0.2% coupling efficiency reported in the literature for a comparable experiment when an infrared laser diode is used.
Transitive parabolic unitals in semifield planes

Every semifield plane with spread in PG(3,K), where K is a field admitting a quadratic extension K+, is shown to admit a transitive parabolic unital.
Interaction of methotrexate poly(l-lysine) with transformed hepatic cells in culture☆

Abstract The interaction of methotrexate covalently linked to poly( l -lysine) or poly( d -lysine) was examined with wild-type and transport-resistant H35 hepatoma cells in monolayer cultures. Methotrexate poly( l -lysine) ( M r ~ 35,000) is equally toxic to both cell types, with maximal inhibition of cell growth at 200 n m , while with poly( l -lysine) at a comparable concentration little inhibition of cell growth is observed ( J. M. Whiteley Z. Nimec, and J. Galivan, 1981, Mol. Pharmacol 19 , 505–508). In the present study the role of poly( l -lysine) as a carrier was demonstrated, since methotrexate uptake was inhibited by folinic acid, which had no effect on the cells' uptake or hydrolysis of [ 3 H]methotrexate poly( l -lysine). Once inside the cells the complex is hydrolyzed by a leupeptin-sensitive mechanism to liberate methotrexate. The methotrexate is either bound directly to the target enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3), or metabolized to its γ-glutamate derivatives (with one to four additional glutamate residues), which also bind to the reductase. The transport-resistant mutants take up much less methotrexate from the medium, but they accumulate, hydrolyze, and γ-glutamylate methotrexate from the poly( l -lysine) complex to the same extent as the wild-type cells. Methotrexate poly( d -lysine) associated with the cells to approximately the same extent as the l conjugate but methotrexate was not released. As a result methotrexate poly( d -lysine) is no more toxic than poly( d -lysine).
Determining the maximum allowable heatsink voltage to ensure compliance with a given radiated emissions specification

A model to estimate the minimum voltage between a heatsink and a PCB that is required to generate a given radiated electromagnetic field strength from a PCB with attached cables is introduced. The model is based on a previously introduced technique for calculating the maximum possible radiated field due to a known voltage driving a heatsink against a circuit board with attached cables. A closed-form expression is derived that can be used to determine if a measured voltage on a heatsink is capable of generating a field strong enough to exceed an FCC or CISPR radiated emissions limit.
Separation by velocity sedimentation of human haemopoietic precursors forming colonies in vivo and in vitro cultures.

Cells which give rise to granulocyte-macrophage colonies under the influence of peripheral blood white cells (CFU-c (WBC)) and Mo T cell conditioned medium (CFU-c (Mo)) sedimented at a faster rate than the cells which form mixed erythroid-granulocytic colonies in methylcellulose in vitro (CFU-mix) and granulocytic (CFU-dg) and megakaryocytic (CFU-dm) colonies in diffusion chambers in mice. Despite identical peak sedimentation rate for the two CFU-c populations, sedimentation profiles suggest that they are heterogeneous with respect to size. A proportion of CFU-c (Mo) may be identical with CFU-dg and CFU-mix. Sedimentation profiles for cells which give rise to mixed colonies in vitro (CFU-mix) and to granulocytic colonies in diffusion chambers in cyclophosphamide pretreated mice (CFU-dg (CY)) and in Mo conditioned medium treated mice (CFU-dg (Mo)) were similar. On the average CFU-dm sedimented somewhat slower than CFU-dg. These and other observations suggesting a close relationship between CFU-dg and multipotential haemopoietic precursors are discussed.
The effects of O-antigen character and enterobacterial common antigen content on the in vivo persistence of aromatic-dependent Salmonella sp. live-vaccine strains.

Aromatic-dependent (aro) derivatives of Salmonella choleraesuis like aro S. typhimurium are non-virulent but, unlike them, are ineffective as live vaccines in mice, given i.p. An aro derivative of S. choleraesuis did not persist in the liver and spleen (RES) of mice after i.p. inoculation whereas a similar derivative of S. typhimurium persisted. S. choleraesuis (O group C1; O-6,7) and S. typhimurium [O group B; O-(1),4(5),12] differ in O antigen of LPS, determined by chromosomal locus, rfb. Three pairs of nearly-isogenic aro derivatives, one member O-6,7 and the other O-(1),4,(5),12, were constructed in two lines of S. typhimurium by replacement of their B-rfb genes with the C1-rfb genes of S. choleraesuis. In tests for persistence after mixed or separate i.p. inoculation of equal doses into BALB/c mice the O-(1),4,(5),12 member of each pair was recovered as CFU in the RES at ca. 100-fold greater number than the O-6,7 member at 24 hours post-inoculation and subsequently. O-6,7 derivatives of S. typhimurium constructed as described above by a simple replacement of group B with group C-rfb locus synthesise only trace (tr) amounts of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). An ECA+ (able to make normal levels of ECA) derivative of one aro, O-6,7 S. typhimurium strain was constructed by replacement of its B-rfe locus with the C-rfe locus of S. choleraesuis. Tested by mixed inoculation i.p. this strain persisted in the RES in numbers 10-fold greater than its O-6,7 ECAtr but 5-10-fold lesser than its O-(1),4,(5),12 cousins. Thus both O-specificity and ECA contribute to the survival of salmonella species in mice as determined by in vivo persistence of non-multiplying aro derivatives.
microRNA Dysregulation in Prostate Cancer: Network Analysis Reveals Preferential Regulation of Highly Connected Nodes

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs shown to contribute to a number of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. MiRNAs regulate gene expression of their targets post-transcriptionally by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), causing translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. Dysregulation of miRNA expression can promote cancer formation and progression. Research has largely focused on the function and expression of single miRNAs. However, complex physiological processes require the interaction, regulation and coordination of many molecules including miRNAs and proteins. Highly connected molecules often serve important roles in the cell. A protein-protein interaction network of established miRNA targets confirmed these proteins to be highly connected and essential to the cell, affecting tumorigenesis, cell growth/proliferation, cellular death, cell assembly, and maintenance pathways. This analysis showed that miRNAs contribute to the overall health of the prostate, and their aberrant expression destabilized homeostatic balance. This integrative network approach can reveal important miRNAs and proteins in prostate cancer that will be useful to identify specific disease biomarkers, which may be used as targets for therapeutics or drugs in themselves.
Design, construction, and validation of a modular library of sequence diversity standards for polymerase chain reaction

Methods to measure the sequence diversity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA lack standards for use as assay calibrators and controls. Here we present a general and economical method for developing customizable DNA standards of known sequence diversity. Standards ranging from 1 to 25,000 sequences were generated by directional ligation of oligonucleotide “words” of standard length and GC content and then amplified by PCR. The sequence accuracy and diversity of the library were validated using AmpliCot analysis (DNA hybridization kinetics) and Illumina sequencing. The library has the following features: (i) pools containing tens of thousands of sequences can be generated from the ligation of relatively few commercially synthesized short oligonucleotides; (ii) each sequence differs from all others in the library at a minimum of three nucleotide positions, permitting discrimination between different sequences by either sequencing or hybridization; (iii) all sequences have identical length, GC content, and melting temperature; (iv) the identity of each standard can be verified by restriction digestion; and (v) once made, the ends of the library may be cleaved and replaced with sequences to match any PCR primer pair. These standards should greatly improve the accuracy and reproducibility of sequence diversity measurements.
Encoding of tensile stress and strain during stretch by muscle mechano‐nociceptors

Groups III and IV muscle mechano-nociceptors (MNs) can be stimulated during noxious stretch, as may occur during hyperextension of a joint. However, the mechanical state (characterized by stress and strain) encoded by MNs during stretch has not previously been determined. The current study used an ex vivo gracilis muscle-nerve preparation in a rat model to apply either a uniform uniaxial or pseudo-shear-loading paradigm. Single mechanically sensitive group III or IV MNs were mechanically stimulated while plane stress and strain were measured at the location of the MN's receptive field. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationships between neural response and mechanical stress and strain. The mean neural response (threshold, 47.2 kPa; sensitivity, 0.05 Hz/kPa) was highly correlated to tensile stress, tensile strain, and in-plane compressive strain but was significantly and substantially less correlated with shear strain. Although the overall stress and strain relationship was nonlinear, it was reasonably linear (r2 = 0.92) for levels suprathreshold for MNs. Hence, at tensile loads sufficient to stimulate MNs, the muscle was acting as a pseudo-elastic tissue. Thus, muscle MNs encode noxious stretch differently than compression and exhibit different encoding of stretch than cutaneous MNs.
Human diploid fibroblasts are refractory to oncogene-mediated transformation.

How tumor cells manage to survive and proliferate in ever-changing and often harmful microenvironments is a daunting challenge in tumor biology, and a major cause of treatment failure in the oncology clinic. Recent data have now demonstrated a direct link between the molecular chaperone Hsp90 and survivin, a dual regulator of cell proliferation and cell death over-expressed in virtually every human tumor. While the survivin-Hsp90 association may help tumor cells elevate their anti-apoptotic threshold and promote their proliferation, it may also provide new opportunities for rational cancer therapy.
Performance characteristics of stochastic integrated production−distribution systems

Abstract A conflict often arises between production and marketing or distribution in many firms. Production management would like batch sizes to be large and production smoothed so that additional set-up costs and work force change costs are minimized. Distribution management, on the other hand, would like batch sizes to be small, with frequent changeovers, so that production responds quickly to the changing picture of market demand. It is our purpose in this paper to analyze the management of materials in an integrated supply chain operation. We present a model of a simple integrated production-distribution system and examine its performance characteristics. We present an algorithm for obtaining near-optimal solutions. We limit our examination to a basic single-product, three-location network which consists of a single-station model of a factory, a finished goods stockpile, and a single retailer. This basic network serves to illustrate the key tradeoffs of interest.
Torsion and Flexure of Composite Viscoelastic Cylinders

The problems of torsion and flexure of linear viscoelastic cylinders are considered by using Laplace transforms and extending the method proposed by Muskhelisvili [1]. Solution is obtained when the materials in the cross-section have two confocal ellipses for their boundaries. Das Problem der Torsion und Biegung eines geraden Zylinders, der aus zwei viskoelastischen Materialien besteht, wird durch Anwendung der Laplace-Transformation und Verallgemeinerung eines von Muskelischwili angegebenen Verfahrens behandelt. Eine Losung wird fur den Fall angegeben, das die Materialgrenzen im Querschnitt zwei konfokale Ellipsen sind.
Surfactants and soil water evaporation and migration

1. Water evaporation from soil and sand columns is smaller when the surfactant is placed on the surface, and larger when it is located at the bottom. Water evaporation from soil and sand mixed with the surfactant is as high as without the surfactant. 2. The fact that water evaporation from soil and sand depends on the location of the surfactant in the column is accounted for by the dominant role of migration but not by the suppressive action of the surfactant film on water evaporation. 3. Water migration from sites with surfactant towards sites without surfactant is caused by two pressures: the capillary and the additional pressure arising from the spreading of the surfactant. 4. The importance of the additional pressure on water migration is shown by experiments which rule out the existence of a capillary pressure difference. Einflus oberflachenaktiver Stoffe auf Evaporation und Transport von Wasser im Boden 1. Die Wasserverdunstung aus Boden- und Sandsaulen ist geringer, wenn sich die oberflachenaktiven Stoffe an der Oberflache der Saule befinden und groser, wenn sie sich am Grunde der Saule befinden. 2. Das Ergebnis, das die Wasserverdunstung aus den Boden- und Sandsaulen davon abhangt, wo die oberflachenaktiven Substanzen den Saulen zugesetzt wurden, wird durch die dominierende Rolle der durch die Ausbreitung der oberflachenaktiven Stoffe verursachten Wasserbewegung erklart und nicht durch eine direkte Unterdruckung der Evaporation durch den Oberflachenfilm. 3. Die Wasserbewegung von Orten mit oberflachenaktiven Stoffen nach Orten ohne solche Stoffe beruht auf zwei Druckunterschieden, namlich dem des Kapillardruckes und dem des durch die Ausbreitung der oberflachenaktiven Substanzen hervorgerufenen zusatzlichen Druckes. 4. Die Bedeutung des zusatzlichen Druckes fur die Wasserbewegung wird durch Versuche aufgezeigt, in denen keine Kapillardruck-Differenz besteht.
The Observation and Research for Morphology and Microstructure of Pyrite Whiskers Synthesized by Hydrothermal Process

Morphology and micro-structure of the pyrite whiskers synthesized by hydrothermal process were systematically observed by using transmission electron microscope. The results indicated that whiskers revealed various morphologies, including smooth, rough and branched. Combined with the hydrothermal reaction conditions, the causes of whiskers morphology diversity is: straight smooth whiskers grow in the condition of stable concentration, temperature, and interface state; whiskers with rough surface and complex morphology grow in the condition of unstable concentration, temperature, and interface state; the same level branching structure rotation was the result of hydrothermal disturbance; nano-crystalline grains formed after the main growth of the whiskers.
An increase in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI) rate temporally associated with change in intravenous (IV) port

ISSUE: In April 2004, the PICU switched from one mechanical valve (MV) IV port to a positive-displacement mechanical valve (PDMV) IV port. Associated with the switch, the NNIS defined CR-BSI rate increased fourfold. PROJECT: In February 2004, as part of a hospital-wide patient safety effort, the PICU instituted several measures to decrease the number of CR-BSIs: including implementation of a line cart to store supplies, preparation of skin with chlorhexidine, use of maximal barrier precautions, appropriate site selection, and use of an insertion checklist. In spite of these measures, the CR-BSI rate continued to climb. Several meetings were held with the children's center leaders to discuss possible reasons for the increased BSI rate and to develop a plan to reduce it. RESULTS: The CR-BSI rate increased from 4.1/1000 catheter days in the 1st quarter to 17.31/1000 catheter days in the 3rd quarter. Infections occurred from day 5 through day 157 post admission and involved both medical and surgical patients. No change in the case mix and acuity of patients admitted to the PICU was noted on investigation. Infections were caused by gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and Candida. Observations of central line insertions were made, and no infection control violations were noted. However, the PICU nurses reported that some of the PDMV leaked and were cracked. Because of the temporal association between introducing the PDMV and the increase in the CR-BSI rate, all PDMV were replaced with the MV that was previously used after re-education on the use of the antecedent valve. Since removing the PDMV in the 4th quarter, no further CR-BSIs have occurred. LESSONS LEARNED: Further studies need to be performed to define whether the PDMV is associated with an increase in CR-BSIs and to determine how the PDMV could contribute to an increase in CR-BSIs. Although “new and improved” products continue to flood the healthcare market, it is essential that appropriate trials be performed to demonstrate both efficacy and safety.
Optical beam steering based on electromagnetically induced transparency

We propose a scheme that provides all-optically-controlled steering of light beam. The system is based on steep dispersion of a coherently driven medium. Using the eikonal equation, we study the steering angle, the spread of the optical beam, and the limits set by residual absorption of the medium under conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency. Implementation of another scheme for ultrashort pulses is also discussed.
School Organizations: Perspectives in Juxtaposition

A structure-context perspective on schools is presented and used as a vehicle for the comparative and critical examination of work on loose coupling, schools as institutional organizations, and administrator activity.
Surface hot-shortness of 1045 forging steel with residual copper

Abstract Hot-shortness is brittleness in metals during high temperature deformation. In this study, surface hot-shortness of 1045 steels with residual copper was investigated. Eight 1045 steels with differing copper contents, from 0.09 to 0.39% (by weight), were tested. High strain rate compression tests of pre-bulged samples were used to simulate forging deformation conditions. It was found that oxidation time and temperature are critical parameters for the control of hot-shortness. The testing was divided into two stages: stage one, in which the steels were oxidized at different temperatures from 1100 to 1200 °C for 10 and 30 min and subsequently deformed to determine the critical temperature where the surface cracking becomes severe; and stage two, in which the steels were oxidized for 1, 3, 5, and 7 min at their critical temperature, and then deformed. In the stage one testing, all steels oxidized for 10 min and subsequently deformed exhibited a critical temperature. The critical temperature decreased with decreasing copper content, from 1160 °C for the steel with the highest copper content to 1110 °C for the steel with the lowest copper content. A simple model based on copper enrichment and depletion along surface grain boundaries is presented to explain these observations. Steels oxidized for 30 min and subsequently deformed did not exhibit severe cracking at any temperature, but the steel with the highest copper content that was deformed at 1140 °C exhibited cracking. In stage two testing, the results were less consistent. The steels with high copper content (0.39–0.32%) exhibited maximum cracking at shorter times, while for the steels with medium copper content (0.30–0.21%) the maximum cracking occurred at longer times. No steel exhibited cracking when oxidized at 1200 °C and subsequently deformed. The study shows that steels have a critical temperature at which cracking is severe. Steels oxidized and deformed above the critical temperature did not exhibit hot-shortness surface cracking. Hence, a forging practice that both maintains and deforms the steel above the critical temperature could reduce or eliminate surface hot-shortness due to residual copper.
Electrocardiographic predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy in pediatric hypertension.

Objective To determine the efficacy of electrocardiography (ECG) in detecting left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in pediatric hypertension (HT). Study design Concomitant echocardiograms and electrocardiograms in 108 children with HT were reviewed. Left ventricular mass (LVM), assessed by echocardiography, was used as a basis for a diagnosis of LVH (echo LVH) using accepted pediatric criteria. Using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test, 14 ECG variables were compared between subjects with and without echo LVH. Spearman correlations were used to examine the linear association between echo LVH and these ECG variables. The sensitivity and specificity of ECG in diagnosing LVH were computed. Results Of the 108 subjects studied, 35 (32%) met the pediatric criteria for LVH; of these, 8 (7.4%) also met the adult criteria (>51 g/m 2.7 ) for LVH. Mean values for only 5 ECG criteria differed significantly among the groups: RI, SaVR, RaVL, RI+SIII, and SVI+RV6 ( P 90%) but low sensitivity ( 10 mm was identified as demonstrating a modestly improved positive likelihood ratio of ∼3. Conclusions ECG is not an adequate predictor of LVH for clinical use in HT.
Primary malignant lymphoma of the intestine

Primary intestinal lymphoma is uncommon but not rare. Its pathology and potential therapy are complex. Its epidemiology has changed radically over the past century, reflecting a sharp surge in the incidence of intestinal lymphoma, particularly that associated with immunosuppression. Recent advances in diagnosis, a new approach to pathologic classification by immunotyping, and a new staging system have influenced therapy. New multimodal therapeutic protocols have improved the prognosis of this once deadly disease.
Rhesus Monkey Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2 Coding Region Haplotypes Affect mRNA Stability

Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) synthesizes neuronal 5-HT and its genetic variance is associated with numerous behavioral traits and psychiatric disorders. This study characterized the functional significance of two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (C74A and G223A) in rhesus monkey TPH2 (mTPH2). Four haplotypes of mTPH2 were cloned into pcDNA3.1 and stably transfected into PC12 cells. The levels of mTPH2 mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively, while the intracellular 5-HT was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The variant A-A haplotype showed significantly higher levels of mTPH2 mRNA and protein, as well as significantly higher 5-HT production than the wild-type C-G haplotype, while the other two variant haplotypes (C-A and A-G) also tended to produce more 5-HT than C-G haplotype when stably expressed in PC12 cells. Both C74A and G223A were predicted to change mRNA secondary structure, and analysis of the mRNA stability showed that the wild-type C-G haplotype mRNA degrades more quickly than mRNAs of the mutant mTPH2 haplotypes in both stable PC12 and transient HEK-293 cells. This study demonstrates that nonsynonymous SNPs in mTPH2 can affect mRNA stability. Our findings provide an additional mechanism by which nonsynonymous SNPs affect TPH2 function, and further our understanding of TPH2 gene expression regulation.
Grounds for cautious optimism: a response to lipset’s remarks

In the 1990s, ethnicity has ceased to be a unifying force for American Jewry. Low rates of ritual observance and little active involvement in the Jewish community together with high rates of intermarriage all attest to a high degree of assimilation. Nonetheless, trends in formal and informal Jewish education suggest that Jewish youth are receiving a more intensive Jewish education than their parents and may, as a result, become more strongly attached to the Jewish community as adults.
Thomas double scattering in electron capture from oriented molecular hydrogen.

Electron capture from hydrogen molecules by protons is treated using the second-order Born approximation. Differential cross sections in an adiabatic-nuclei approximation for specific molecular orientations and for an equally weighted averaging over all orientations are presented for incident energies of 2.5 and 10 MeV. A Hartree-Fock molecular wave function and linearized-propagator approximation are employed to evaluate the amplitude. An approximate factoring of the amplitude into double scattering and diffraction (arising from the two target nuclei) components is shown to give a poor description of high-velocity molecular capture.
Cultural, interpersonal and psychodynamic factors in caregiving: towards a greater understanding of treatment noncompliance

The proportion of Hispanic elderly is steadily increasing in the USA. Concomitant to this increase are the problems associated with aging in Hispanic elders including their experience of caregiving. The needs of Hispanic caregivers have, typically, been overlooked and are especially problematic given the high levels of distress and depression within this group. The following case study examines the treatment of a depressed, Mexican–American woman's noncompliance with a cognitive–behavioral program for caregivers. Case data is analyzed within the framework of acculturation versus alternation models of adaptation. In addition, interpersonal and psychodynamic factors are examined to illuminate reasons for treatment failure. Concrete suggestions for improving the process and outcome of her treatment are offered. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin relaxation of two-dimensional electrons in GaAs quantum wells.

An extremely fast spin relaxation of two-dimensional electrons has been observed in undoped GaAs quantum wells. We present experimental evidence which shows that the fast intrinsic electron spin relaxation in GaAs quantum wells, at low temperatures and in the limit of weak scattering, is dominated by the conduction-band spin splitting in III-V compounds. We also show that in the limit of strong scattering, at high excitation intensity or in quantum wells with considerable imperfections, the electron spin relaxation is dominated by an exchange process. The spin exchange energy of the heavy-hole exciton of a 15-nm GaAs quantum well is estimated to be 35 (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15) \ensuremath{\mu}eV.
Current practice for determining pulmonary capillary wedge pressure predisposes to serious errors in the classification of patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Background Accurate measurement of left ventricular filling pressure is important to distinguish between category 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and category 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) from left heart diseases (PH-HFpEF). We hypothesized that the common practice of relying on the digitized mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP-digital) results in erroneous recordings, whereas end-expiratory PCWP measurements (PCWP–end Exp) provide a reliable surrogate measurement for end-expiratory left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP–end Exp–end Exp). Methods We prospectively performed left and right cardiac catheterization on 61 patients referred for evaluation of PH and compared the LVEDP–end Exp to end-expiration to the ( a ) PCWP–end Exp and ( b ) PCWP-digital. Results The PCWP–end Exp was a more reliable reflection of LVEDP–end Exp (mean 13.2 mm Hg vs 12.4 mm Hg; P , nonsignificant) than PCWP-digital (mean 8.0 mm Hg vs 12.4 mm Hg, P P = .01). Conclusions The common practice of using PCWP-digital instead of PCWP–end Exp results in a significant underestimation of LVEDP–end Exp. In our study, this translated to nearly 30% of patients being misclassified as having PAH rather than PH from HFpEF.