cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liberation theology at the crossroads : democracy or revolution?

Liberation theology originated in Catholic Latin America at the end of the 1960s in response to prevalent conditions of poverty and oppression. Its basic tenet was that it is the primary duty of the church to seek to promote social and economic justice. Since that time it has grown in influence, spreading to other areas of the Third World, along with bitter controversy about its ties to Marxist ideology and violent revolution. Drawing on both English and Spanish sources, this critical study examines the history, method, and doctrines of liberation theology. Sigmund considers the movement's origins in political circumstances in Latin America and provides case studies of its role in such events as the revolution and counter-revolution in Chile, and in the revolutionary movements in El Salvador and Nicaragua. Examining the thought of major liberation theologians, as well as the critical responses of the Vatican, Sigmund shows that liberation theology is a complex phenomenon, comprising a variety of kinds and degrees of radicalism. He discerns a general trend away from the Marxist rhetoric that has often characterized the movement in the past and towards the kind of grassroots populist reform typified by the Basic Christian Communities Movement.
Intermittent vortex structures in homogeneous isotropic turbulence

ALTHOUGH well developed turbulence exhibits complex, chaotic spatial and temporal behaviour, there is much experimental evidence to suggest that a remarkable degree of coherence is also present1. It is known2 that correlations in small-scale turbulent motions show significant deviations from the gaussian statistics usually expected for large, randomly interacting systems. This phenomenon, known as intermittency, has long resisted analytical description because of the lack of a simple, universal characterization of turbulence structures3. Here we report numerical simulations which show that there are remarkably simple spatial structures associated with intermittent regions of vorticity. In particular, in contrast to the classical description of turbulence as an array of 'pancake'- or 'lasagne'-like eddies4, we find that high-amplitude vortex structures are tube-like and that they generate local velocity fields that spiral around them.
Correlation Among Fibrillation, Defibrillation, and Cardiac Pacing

An electrical stimulus must create an electric field of approximately 1 V/cm in the extracellular space to stimulate myocardium during diastole. To initiate fibrillation by premature stimulation during the vulnerable period or to defibrillate, an extracellular electric field of approximately 6 V/cm is required, a value approximately six times greater than that necessary for diastolic pacing. Yet, the current strength of the pulse given to the stimulating electrode to initiate fibrillation or to defibrillate is much greater than six times the diastolic pacing threshold. The ventricular fibrillation threshold is typically 40 times greater than the diastolic pacing threshold expressed in terms of current. The defibrillation threshold in terms of current is typically thousands of times greater than the diastolic pacing threshold. The reason that these thresholds vary so much more in terms of stimulus current than in terms of extracellular potential gradient is that each of the three thresholds requires creation of the required potential gradient at different distances from the stimulating electrode. Pacing requires a potential gradient of approximately 1 V/cm only in a small liminal volume of tissue immediately adjacent to the electrode. Initiation of ventricular fibrillation by premature stimulation during the vulnerable period requires a potential gradient of approximately 6 V/cm about 1 cm away from the stimulating electrode to allow sufficient space for the central common pathway of a figure-eight reentrant circuit to form. Since the potential gradient falls off rapidly with distance from the stimulating electrode, a stimulating current about 40 times greater than the diastolic pacing threshold is required to generate an electric field of 6 V/cm approximately 1 cm away from the stimulating electrode. Defibrillation requires an electric field of approximately 6 V/cm throughout all or almost all of the ventricular myocardium. Since some portions of the ventricles can be more than 10 cm away from the defibrillation electrodes, a shock of several amps is required to create this field, a current thousands of times greater than the pacing threshold.
Development and psychometric properties of the 12-item diabetes fatalism scale.

This study describes the development and validation of the Diabetes Fatalism Scale (DFS) in adults with type 2 diabetes. Thirty-five items were derived from focus groups, literature review, and expert opinion. The items were pilot tested on 20 adults with diabetes and then administered to 216 primary care patients with type 2 diabetes to assess the validity and reliability of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis with Varimax rotation) yielded a 12-item scale with three subscales. Pearson’s correlation was used to test the DFS’s association with diabetes self-care, HbA1c and quality of life. Multiple linear regression was used to assess association between the DFS and HbA1c controlling for demographics, comorbidity and insulin use. Cronbach’s alpha for the 12-item DFS scale was 0.804 indicating internal consistency. The DFS is scored in such a way that higher scores represent greater diabetes fatalism. The DFS scores were not significantly correlated with age, years of education, or diabetes duration. Whites, men, those with government or no insurance, and those with 3+ comorbid conditions had significantly higher DFS scores. DFS was significantly correlated with self management understanding (r = -0.35, p < 0.001), control problems (r = 0.22, p = 0.002), self-care ability (r = -0.30, p < 0.001), and self-care adherence (r = -0.23, p < 0.001). The DFS was significantly correlated with HbA1c (r = 0.20, p = 0.004) and mental health component of SF-12 (r = -0.24, p = 0.001). In multivariate models, adjusting for demographics, comorbidity and insulin use, the DFS was independently associated with increased HbA1c (beta 0.21, p = 0.005). The DFS is a valid and reliable measure of diabetes fatalism. Diabetes fatalism is associated with self-care problems, poor glycemic control, and decreased quality of life.
Role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/B receptors in the acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on striatal single-unit activity and locomotion in freely moving rats

Like amphetamine, a locomotor-activating dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) predominantly excites striatal single-unit activity in freely moving rats. Although both D1- and D2-like dopamine (DA) receptors play important roles in this effect, MDMA, unlike amphetamine, strongly increases both DA and serotonin (5-HT) transmission. This study was conducted to investigate the 5-HT receptor mechanisms underlying the striatal effects of MDMA. We recorded the activity of >200 single units in the striatum of awake, unrestrained rats in response to acute MDMA administration (5 mg/kg) combined with the selective blockade of either 5-HT2A or 5-HT2C/B receptors. Prior administration of SR-46349B (a 5-HT2A antagonist 0.5 mg/kg) blocked nearly all MDMA-induced striatal excitations, which paralleled its significant attenuation of MDMA-induced locomotor activation. Conversely, prior administration of SB-206553 (a 5-HT2C/B antagonist 2.0 mg/kg) had no effect on the amount of MDMA-induced locomotor activation or the distribution of single-unit responses to MDMA. However, a coefficient-of-variation analysis indicated significantly less variability in the magnitude of both MDMA-induced neuronal excitations and inhibitions in rats that were pretreated with SB-206553 compared to vehicle. Analysis of concurrent single-unit activity and behavior confirmed that MDMA-induced striatal activation was not merely due to behavioral feedback, indicating a primary action of MDMA. These results support and extend our previous findings by showing that 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C/B receptors differentially regulate the expression of MDMA-induced behavioral and striatal neuronal responses, either directly or through the modulation of DA transmission.
Metastable and collision-induced fragmentation studies of all C4H12Si+ isomers; a systematic study of structure-reactivity relations

Metastable ion (MI) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra have been recorded and compared for all nine C4H12Si+. isomers. The (Me)4Si+., t-BuSiH3+., s-BuSiH3+, and (Me)2EtSiH+. isomers have unique MI and CID mass spectra. The MI mass spectra, including the kinetic energy release values, of (Me)(i-Pr)SiH2+. and (Me)(n-Pr)SiH2+. are identical, which implies isomerization. MI data also suggest that a fraction of the n-BuSiH3+. ions rearrange into branched (Me)2EtSiH+. ions and a fraction of the n-BuSiH3+. ions rearrange into branched s-BuSiH3+. ions. A comparison with the isomeric C5H12+. pentanes reveals a crucial difference: H2 loss occurs for n-BuSiH3+., i-BuSiH3+., s-BuSiH3+., (Me)(n-Pr)SiH2+., (Me)(i-Pr)SiH2+., and Et2SiH2+., but not for any of the C5Hi12+. isomers. Generation of four- or five-membered silicon containing rings is suggested for H2 loss from the C4H12Si+. silanes.
High current cavity design at BNL

Abstract In order to meet the requirements of high average current accelerators, such as the Superconducting Proton Linac (SPL) at CERN and the electron–ion collider, (MeRHIC) at BNL, a high current 5-cell Nb superconducting cavity, called BNL3 cavity, was optimized and designed. The optimization process aimed at maximizing the R / Q of the fundamental mode and the geometry factor G under an acceptable RF field level of B peak / E acc or E peak / E acc . In addition, a pivotal consideration for the high current accelerators is efficient damping of dangerous Higher-Order Modes (HOM) to avoid inducing emittance degradation, cryogenic loading or Beam-Break-Up (BBU). To transport the HOMs out of the cavity, the BNL3 cavity employs a larger beam pipe, allowing the propagation of HOMs but not the fundamental mode. Moreover, concerning the BBU effect, the BNL3 cavity is aimed at low ( R / Q ) Q ext for dangerous modes, including dipole modes and quadrupole modes. This paper presents the design of the BNL3 cavity, including the optimization for the fundamental mode, and the BBU limitation for dipole and quadrupole modes. The BBU simulation results show that the designed cavity is qualified for high-current, multi-pass machines such as MeRHIC and by-product light source.
Evaluation of the Biot-Savart Integral for Deformable Elliptical Gaussian Vortex Elements

This paper introduces two techniques for approximating the Biot-Savart integral for deforming elliptical Gaussian functions. The primary motivation is to develop a high spatial accuracy vortex method. The first technique is a regular perturbation of the streamfunction in the small parameter $\epsilon = \frac{a-1}{a+1}$, where $a^2$ is the aspect ratio of the basis function. This perturbative technique is suitable for direct interactions. In the far field, this paper studies the applicability of the fast multipole method for deforming elliptical Gaussians since the multipole series are divergent. The noncompact basis functions introduce a new computational length scale that limits the efficiency of the multipole algorithm; however, by imposing a lower bound on the finest mesh size, one can approximate the far-field streamfunction to any specified tolerance.
The press and public relations through the lens of the periodicals, 1890–1930

Abstract This paper explores and analyzes the intellectual debate and discussion about the slow reveal of public relations and both the perceived threat to journalism and the corruption of public opinion in American life as it appeared in the periodicals in the early twentieth century. Despite Edward L. Bernays complaint that a “conspiracy of silence” prevailed in the mass media about the growing field of public relations prior to 1930, this review found more than a hundred essays and articles about public relations. The topics ran the gamut from historical explanations and explorations of what were essentially the early beginnings of our contemporary information society to discussions, debates, and warnings about the ramifications of public relations in the commercial, governmental, political, and social areas of life.
Role of Antiplatelet Agents in Cerebrovascular Disease

It is now generally accepted by neurologists that most transient ischaemic attacks, particularly in the carotid artery territory, have a thromboembolic basis. These emboli are, for the most part, fibrin-platelet aggregates. Others which contain atheromatous debris are more likely to produce longer lasting neurological deficits. If one assumes this hypothesis then it is reasonable to employ drugs which interfere with platelet aggregation in order to prevent cerebrovascular symptoms and signs. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) prevents aggregation by inhibiting the 'release reaction' initiated by thromboxane A2. This inhibition lasts for the life of the affected platelets. Recent trials in the United States and Canada have demonstrated a positive clinical benefit from the employment of aspirin in patients suffering from transient cerebral ischaemic attacks and amaurosis fugax. There was a reduction or cessation of the attacks in both males and females and a 50% reduction of stroke morbidity and mortality in males.
Levofloxacin-induced delirium with psychotic features.

Abstract Objective To raise awareness of a rare but serious adverse effect of a commonly used medication. Method Report of a case. Results A previously healthy 42-year-old woman presented with acute-onset delirium with psychotic features as a consequence of levofloxacin therapy. Withdrawal of the medication was associated with return of the patient's normal mental status. Conclusion The new quinolone derivatives (levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, grepafloxacin, trovafloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin), also called gyrase inhibitors, are known for their potential to cause central nervous system-related adverse effects, including headache, dizziness and insomnia. Risk factors for neurotoxicity include renal insufficiency, underlying central nervous system (CNS) disease and increased CNS penetration of drug. Acute delirium resulting from levofloxacin therapy is an exceedingly rare complication that has been thought to occur more commonly in elderly patients. Here, we describe levofloxacin-induced delirium with psychotic features in a relatively young, otherwise healthy female.
What Were You Thinking

The Journal of Chemical Education is in the process of strategic planning, reflecting on the end of the five-year term of the current editor and moving forward. Issues concerning the future of the Journal and publication in a digital world should be of concern to the entire chemical education community, not just those who administer it on their behalf.
The sensation of angina can be evoked by stimulation of the human thalamus

We have performed single-neuron recording and microstimulation in the region of the thalamic principal sensory nucleus (ventrocaudal nucleus, Vc) prior to implantation of a deep brain-stimulating electrode in a patient with pain secondary to arachnoiditis and with a past history of unstable angina. Cells located in the 16 mm lateral plane had cutaneous receptive fields on the chest wall. At and posterior to the location of these cells stimulation coincided precisely with the sensation of angina (stimulation-associated angina). The description of stimulation-associated angina was measured using a questionnaire and was identical to the patient's usual angina except that it began and terminated suddenly. Stimulation-associated angina was coincident with a tingling sensation in the leg. Clinical, hemodynamic, electrophysiologic and biochemical measures of cardiac function showed no evidence of myocardial strain or injury related to stimulation-associated angina. Since cells in the region of the principle sensory nucleus of thalamus respond to cardiac injury in animals, the present results suggest that this region mediates the sensation of angina.
The energy flow equation

Abstract An equation which describes the flow of energy in energy conservative semi- and full discretizations of hyperbolic equations is derived. While the form of this equation for semi-discretizations verfies known principles of group velocity and wave propagation in periodic structures, its form and strict applicability to discrete-space—discrete-time systems such as those resulting from the full discretization of hyperbolic equations are new results.
The implications of cerebral ischemia and metabolic dysfunction for treatment strategies in neurointensive care.

Purpose of reviewThis review outlines recent observations made in a clinical setting that document the extent and degree of cerebral ischemia and metabolic dysfunction after acute brain injury. The intent is to guide clinicians in considering how best to monitor and treat brain metabolism in the int
Developments in Capsule Gas Fill Half-Life Determination

ICF experiments routinely make use of capsules filled with precise quantities of gaseous hydrogen and helium isotopes. These two gases in particular readily permeate out of capsules at rates dependent upon variables including shell wall thickness, composition and integrity. Therefore it is important that the fill half-life of these capsules be precisely known so that the exact fill pressure at shot time can be deduced, enabling valid experimental results. This presentation will describe some of our efforts to determine ICF capsule gas fill half-lives. We will compare fill half-life data obtained using weighing, interferometry and mass spectrometry techniques. 1,2,3 In addition, we will describe our use of glass shell standards to compare the aforementioned techniques.
Sequences of 3' end of genome and of 5' end of open reading frame 1a of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus and common junction motifs between 5' leader and bodies of seven subgenomic mRNAs.

The sequences of the 3′-terminal 3.7 kb of the genome and of a 1.7 kb 5′ end cDNA clone of one isolate of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) are reported. The 3′ end sequence encodes six major independent open reading frames (ORFs 2 to 7), which are overlapping by between one and 130 nucleotides. Each ORF is expressed at the 5′ end of one of six 3′-coterminal subgenomic mRNAs (mRNAs 2 to 7, respectively; 3.5 to 0.8 kb). The smallest mRNA, mRNA 7, encodes the nucleocapsid protein, VP1; mRNA 6 probably encodes the non-glycosylated envelope protein, VP2; and mRNAs 2 to 5 encode proteins of 26.0K, 21.5K, 19.2K and 22.4K, respectively, each possessing several potential N-glycosylation sites and membrane-spanning segments. About 72% of the LDV genome segment carrying ORFs 2 to 7 exhibits about 50% or higher nucleotide identity with the corresponding genome segment of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (Lelystad) virus (LV), whereas only limited similarity is observed in discontinuous regions of the same corresponding genome segments of LDV and equine arteritis virus (EAV). EAV and LV belong to the same new group of positive-strand RNA viruses as LDV. One additional subgenomic mRNA of about 4 kb is produced in LDV-but not in EAV- or LV-infected cells. The 5′ end of this mRNA (1-1) carries a continuous coding sequence. The N-terminal 80 amino acids of the predicted product exhibit about 50% identity with segments in the ORF 1b proteins of both EAV and LV. These segments are located 117 to 150 amino acids upstream of the C termini of the ORF 1b proteins of these viruses. The 5′ end cDNA clone contains part of a 5′ leader associated with all seven subgenomic mRNAs and the 5′ end of ORF 1a. The junctions between the 5′ leader and the bodies of all seven subgenomic mRNAs have been determined. Only a single junction sequence was detected for each mRNA. Linkage occurs between a 5′ UAUAACC 3′ sequence at the 3′ end of the leader and only partially identical segments specified down-stream in the genome preceding ORFs 2 to 7. The generated junctions differ for different subgenomic mRNAs but possess the consensus sequence 5′ UAU GAAA -CC 3′. In mRNA 7, the UA in positions 1 and 2 are derived from the leader, but a G in position 2 in mRNAs 1-1, 3 and 4 and an A in position 3 in mRNA 6 seem to be specified by the 3′ genomic sequences. Thus, the formation of these junctions is difficult to explain by a leader-primed mode of synthesis such as postulated for coronaviruses.
Differential cross-section measurements of the 2H(n, p)2n and 2H(n, d)n reactions and the n-n scattering length☆

Abstract A magnetic quadrupole triplet spectrometer has been constructed at Ohio University in order to study neutron-induced charged particle reactions. Using this spectrometer, the proton spectra at forward angles from the kinematically incomplete 2 H(n, p)2n break-up reaction have been measured at E n = 11 and 25 MeV with experimental energy resolutions of 175 and 300 keV, respectively. The angular distributions of the 2 H(n, d)n elastic scattering have also been measured at E n = 9 and 11 MeV. Theoretical calculations based on the Faddeev three-body formalism have been performed using rank-one separable S- and P-wave nucleon-nucleon interactions. Comparison of breakup calculations with the data is sensitive to the value of the neutron-neutron scattering length a nn , and supports the value a nn = −16.6 ± 0.4 obtained from kinematically complete experiments.
Matrices as Linear Transformations

We all learned at an early age that in spite of the similarities, there is a significant difference between a left shoe and a right shoe. How does a mathematician recognize and describe this difference? To a mathematician, the right shoe is the reflection of the left shoe, and vice versa. Look in the mirror at a left shoe’s reflection next to its companion right shoe to see why. It turns out that the difference between some objects and their reflections can be substantial, even more so than for shoes!
Cyclooxygenase-1 Participates in Selected Vasodilator Responses of the Cerebral Circulation

Abstract—Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a prostanoid-synthesizing enzyme present in 2 isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2. Although it has long been hypothesized that prostanoids participate in cerebrovascular regulation, the lack of adequate pharmacological tools has led to conflicting results and has not permitted investigators to define the relative contribution of COX-1 and COX-2. We used the COX-1 inhibitor SC-560 and COX-1–null (COX-1−/−) mice to investigate whether COX-1 plays a role in cerebrovascular regulation. Mice were anesthetized (urethane and chloralose) and equipped with a cranial window. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry or by the 14C-iodoantipyrine technique with quantitative autoradiography. In wild-type mice, SC-560 (25 μmol/L) reduced resting CBF by 21±4% and attenuated the CBF increase produced by topical application of bradykinin (−59%) or calcium ionophore A23187 (−49%) and by systemic hypercapnia (−58%) (P<0.05 to 0.01). However, SC-560 did not reduce responses to a...
Functional Characteristics of Nematocysts Found on the Scyphomedusa Cyanea Capillata

Although prey capture by cnidarians is mediated through nematocysts, their influence on prey selection by cnidarians remains poorly documented. The difficulty in visualizing nematocyst–prey interactions remains the chief obstacle to understanding how the wide variety of nematocyst types influences the mechanics of prey capture. One solution to this limitation has been to assign functional roles to nematocysts based on morphological characters of discharged cnidae. Here we report results of an alternative approach based upon dynamic traits of nematocyst discharge. We examined tubule lengths, tubule discharge velocities and net-togross displacement ratios of tubules of discharging nematocysts possessed by the cosmopolitan scyphomedusa, Cyanea capillata. This nematocyst assemblage consisted of euryteles, birhopaloids and three different isorhizas — a-isorhizas, A-isorhizas and Oisorhizas. Dynamic traits varied little within each nematocyst type but there were significant differences between the different types. Most importantly, dynamic traits varied significantly within a broad category of nematocyst – the isorhizas – indicating that conventional classification schemes that infer function based on broad nematocyst categories may not appropriately describe the functional roles of these nematocysts. The dynamic properties of discharging nematocysts were consistent with physical results described in studies using scanning electron microscopy images of nematocyst–prey interactions. These data suggest that nematocysts vary significantly in their roles during predation, but that inferences relating prey selection with broad nematocyst categories merit careful examination. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) pelvis and hind limb

Musculoskeletal models have become important tools for studying a range of muscle-driven movements. However, most work has been in modern humans, with few applications in other species. Chimpanzees are facultative bipeds and our closest living relatives, and have provided numerous important insights into our own evolution. A chimpanzee musculoskeletal model would allow integration across a wide range of laboratory-based experimental data, providing new insights into the determinants of their locomotor performance capabilities, as well as the origins and evolution of human bipedalism. Here, we described a detailed three-dimensional (3D) musculoskeletal model of the chimpanzee pelvis and hind limb. The model includes geometric representations of bones and joints, as well as 35 muscle-tendon units that were represented using 44 Hill-type muscle models. Muscle architecture data, such as muscle masses, fascicle lengths and pennation angles, were drawn from literature sources. The model permits calculation of 3D muscle moment arms, muscle-tendon lengths and isometric muscle forces over a wide range of joint positions. Muscle-tendon moment arms predicted by the model were generally in good agreement with tendon-excursion estimates from cadaveric specimens. Sensitivity analyses provided information on the parameters that model predictions are most and least sensitive to, which offers important context for interpreting future results obtained with the model. Comparisons with a similar human musculoskeletal model indicate that chimpanzees are better suited for force production over a larger range of joint positions than humans. This study represents an important step in understanding the integrated function of the neuromusculoskeletal systems in chimpanzee locomotion.
Cellular and mitochondrial glutathione redox imbalance in lymphoblastoid cells derived from children with autism

Research into the metabolic phenotype of autism has been relatively unexplored despite the fact that metabolic abnormalities have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several other neurobehav- ioral disorders. Plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress have been reported in autistic children; however, intra- cellular redox status has not yet been evaluated. Lym- phoblastoid cells (LCLs) derived from autistic children and unaffected controls were used to assess relative concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxi- dized disulfide glutathione (GSSG) in cell extracts and isolated mitochondria as a measure of intracellular redox capacity. The results indicated that the GSH/ GSSG redox ratio was decreased and percentage oxi- dized glutathione increased in both cytosol and mito- chondria in the autism LCLs. Exposure to oxidative stress via the sulfhydryl reagent thimerosal resulted in a greater decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio and increase in free radical generation in autism compared to con- trol cells. Acute exposure to physiological levels of nitric oxide decreased mitochondrial membrane poten- tial to a greater extent in the autism LCLs, although GSH/GSSG and ATP concentrations were similarly decreased in both cell lines. These results suggest that the autism LCLs exhibit a reduced glutathione reserve capacity in both cytosol and mitochondria that may compromise antioxidant defense and detoxification ca- pacity under prooxidant conditions.—James, S. J., Rose, S., Melnyk, S., Jernigan, S., Blossom, S., Pavliv, O., Gaylor, D.W. Cellular and mitochondrial glutathione re- dox imbalance in lymphoblastoid cells derived from chil- dren with autism. FASEB J. 23, 000-000 (2009)
Treatment of Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma*

The American Joint Committee on Cancer defines stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) as consisting of patients with a T1 or T2 primary tumor designation and no evidence of hilar or mediastinal nodal disease (N0) or metastatic spread (M0). Medically fit patients in this clinical stage category based on conventional staging techniques should be considered for aggressive local therapy, and curative treatment is possible. Surgical resection is the accepted treatment for patients with this stage grouping, and full lobar or greater (lobectomy, pneumonectomy) rather than sublobar (wedge resection, segmentectomy) resection is strongly suggested. There is insufficient data to suggest that one method of resection (open thoracotomy, minimally invasive techniques) is superior to another. The performance of a systematic sampling or full mediastinal lymph node dissection may improve pathologic staging but is unproven therapeutically. There are no data supporting the routine use of chemotherapy in an adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting; however, recent phase II data suggest that neoadjuvant chemotherapy is feasible and safe, and larger phase III trials are now evaluating this modality. Primary radiation therapy should be considered for inoperable patients. The use of neoadjuvant or adjuvant radiation therapy in patients with stage I NSCLC is of unproven benefit.
Cross-Layer Optimal Policies for Spatial Diversity Relaying in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In order to adapt to time-varying wireless channels, various channel-adaptive schemes have been proposed to exploit inherent spatial diversity in mobile/wireless ad hoc networks where there are usually alternate next-hop relays available at a given forwarding node. However, current schemes along this line are designed based on heuristics, implying room for performance enhancement. To seek a theoretical foundation for improving spatial diversity gain, we formulate the selection of the next-hop as a sequential decision problem and propose a general "optimal stopping relaying (OSR)" framework for designing such next-hop diversity schemes. As a particular example, assuming Rayleigh fading channels, we implement an OSR strategy to optimize information efficiency (IE) in a protocol stack consisting of greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR) and IEEE 802.11 MAC protocols. We present mathematical analysis of the proposed OSR together with other strategies in literature for a single forwarding node. In addition, we perform extensive simulations (using QualNet) to evaluate the end-to-end performance of these relaying strategies in a multi-hop network. Both the mathematical and simulation results demonstrate the superiority of OSR over other existing schemes.
Scalable Protocols Offer Efficient Design for Field Experiments

Experiments conducted in the field allay concerns over external validity but are subject to the pitfalls of fieldwork. This article proves that scalable protocols conserve statistical efficiency in the face of problems implementing the treatment regime. Three designs are considered: randomly ordering the application of the treatment; matching subjects into groups prior to assignment; and placebo-controlled experiments. Three examples taken from voter mobilization field experiments demonstrate the utility of the design principles discussed.
Effects of climate variability on the carbon dioxide, water, and sensible heat fluxes above a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada (CA)

Fluxes of CO2, water vapor, and sensible heat were measured by the eddy covariance method above a young ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (CA) over two growing seasons (1 June‐10 September 1997 and 1 May‐30 October 1998). The Mediterranean-type climate of California is characterized by a protracted summer drought, with precipitation occurring mainly from October through May. While drought stress increased continuously over both summer growing seasons, 1998 was wetter and cooler than average due to El Nino climate patterns and 1997 was hotter and drier than average. One extreme 3-day heat wave in 1997 (Days 218‐221) caused a step change in the relationship between H2O flux and vapor pressure deficit, resulting in a change in canopy conductance, possibly due to cavitation of the tree xylem. This step change was also correlated with decreased rates of C sequestration and evapotranspiration; we estimate that this extreme climatic event decreased gross ecosystem production (GEP) by roughly 20% (4mmol C m 2 s 1 ) for the rest of the growing season. In contrast, a cooler, wetter spring in 1998 delayed the onset of photosynthesis by about 3 weeks, resulting in roughly 20% lower GEP relative to the spring of 1997. We conclude that the net C balance of Mediterranean-climate pine ecosystems is sensitive to extreme events under low soil moisture conditions and could be altered by slight changes in the climate or hydrologic regime. ©2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Automatic sensing of changes in transformer dielectrics

The performance of transformers depends directly on the quality of the dielectric medium (fluid). However, this dielectric fluid degrades with use and, at some point, will change sufficiently that the transformer will no longer operate properly. In some cases, the degradation of the dielectric fluid can cause catastrophic failure of the transformer. Therefore, methods to automatically sense the condition of the transformer dielectric material are both useful and compelling. A new device has been developed that allows automatic sensing of the transformer dielectric. This device is small and simple, yet demonstrates a surprising capability to detect subtle changes in the material. The device also detects changes in other nonconductive fluids such as fuels (oils, gasoline, diesel, etc.), polymers, and even for sensing the water content in low conductivity fluids.
Youths' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): associations with health beliefs and social pressure.

Youths' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a significant public health problem in the United States. This study examined the associations between health beliefs, social pressure, and exposure to ETS among high school youth. Data were collected in 65 schools in 18 California counties during the 1996-1997 school year as part of the Independent Evaluation of the California Tobacco Control, Prevention, and Education Program. The total sample (N = 6902) represents 10th grade California youth attending public schools. The multiple group analysis approach of structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the associations of five constructs of the health belief model (HBM) and one construct of perceived social pressure with ETS exposure among nonsmokers and smokers. Results demonstrated that high perceived susceptibility to disease was significantly associated with lower levels of ETS exposure for both nonsmokers (beta = -0.11, P < .01) and smokers (beta = -0.20, P < .01). High social pressure to smoke was significantly associated with higher exposure to ETS for both nonsmokers (beta = 0.30, P < .01) and smokers (beta = 0.41, P < .01). Perceived barriers predicted lower exposure to ETS for nonsmokers (beta = -0.09, P < .01) but higher exposure for smokers (beta = 0.11, P < .01). Cues to action and self-efficacy were not significantly associated with ETS exposure among nonsmokers or smokers. These findings underscore the need to increase the awareness of harms associated with second hand smoke and alter social pressure, to minimize exposure to ETS.
Coevolution of RtcB and Archease created a multiple-turnover RNA ligase

RtcB is a noncanonical RNA ligase that joins either 2',3'-cyclic phosphate or 3'-phosphate termini to 5'-hydroxyl termini. The genes encoding RtcB and Archease constitute a tRNA splicing operon in many organisms. Archease is a cofactor of RtcB that accelerates RNA ligation and alters the NTP specificity of the ligase from Pyrococcus horikoshii. Yet, not all organisms that encode RtcB also encode Archease. Here we sought to understand the differences between Archease-dependent and Archease-independent RtcBs so as to illuminate the evolution of Archease and its function. We report on the Archease-dependent RtcB from Thermus thermophilus and the Archease-independent RtcB from Thermobifida fusca. We find that RtcB from T. thermophilus can catalyze multiple turnovers only in the presence of Archease. Remarkably, Archease from P. horikoshii can activate T. thermophilus RtcB, despite low sequence identity between the Archeases from these two organisms. In contrast, RtcB from T. fusca is a single-turnover enzyme that is unable to be converted into a multiple-turnover ligase by Archease from either P. horikoshii or T. thermophilus. Thus, our data indicate that Archease likely evolved to support multiple-turnover activity of RtcB and that coevolution of the two proteins is necessary for a functional interaction.
Platinum and hybrid polyaniline–platinum surfaces for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2

Catalyst development is needed to enable the use of renewable electricity to chemically convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into fuels and chemicals, a more sustainable, lower-carbon alternative to conventional processes that produce fuels and chemicals based on fossil resources. In this study, the catalytic activity and selectivity of polycrystalline platinum (Pt) is thoroughly characterized for the CO2 reduction reaction, based on an electrochemical cell design that offers high sensitivity for product detection. Thin polyaniline films are then electrodeposited onto polycrystalline Pt foils to form hybrid organic–inorganic surfaces. The addition of the polymer is observed to have an impact on the catalytic chemistry, yielding up to a fivefold enhancement in formate and CO production over pure Pt foils. This work elucidates new strategies to perturb interfacial chemistry in a manner that could help steer CO2 electro-reduction catalysis in desired directions.
Rectal prolapse. Surgical techniques.

The varied operations available for the treatment of rectal prolapse can be confusing. Most of the maneuvers are relatively esoteric and should be performed only by surgeons who have developed specialized skills. A rectopexy or suspension procedure without resection can be performed safely with good results. Anterior resection with or without sacral fixation also has an excellent cure rate. The Theirsch-type approach probably should be reserved for those patients who cannot tolerate laparotomy.
Lack of functional recovery from spinal cord trauma following dimethylsulphoxide and epsilon amino caproic acid therapy in dogs.

The spinal cords of 20 normal dogs were exposed via dorsal laminectomies at L1 and damaged with a direct impact force of 440 g cm. One hour later treatment with dimethyl-sulphoxidc (DMSO) was started on lOdogs and with epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA) on the other 10 dogs. Administration of the DMSO ceased at 41 h after trauma and EACA at 49 h. The results showed that neither drug had a significant beneficial effect on the functional recovery of the spinal cords, when compared to a control group of similarly traumalised dogs.
Self-Deception and Auto-Suggestion

The phenomenon of self-transcendence shows itself in various forms. It is involved when we think about thinking, when we love our loves and hate our hates, when we practice self-discipline, when we change ourselves or even think about ourselves. But at least as remarkable as any of these manifestations of self-transcendence is the act of self-deception, which we wish to consider now. In self-deception a man takes something that he knows to be true or very likely true, and systematically and habitually represses the thought of this truth from his conscious mind, until at last he genuinely believes that this truth is a falsehood. It is a veritable miracle that a man can know, with one part of his mind, that something is the case, and then cultivate the thought that it is not the case, to the very point where he convinces himself.
A Phenomenology of Transfer: Students’ Experiences at a Receiving Institution

This study advances a conceptual framework to examine how students who had transferred into a four-year institution described their transition experiences. We used phenomenology as a source of theoretical constructs to interpret their experiences and as a research method. Key themes included the importance of online resources in facilitating the transfer process, the importance of supportive institutional agents, the importance of academic and career goals, and the comparative lack of emphasis on having a more social “college experience.” We discuss implications of these findings for future research, policy, and practice. This study contributes to a better understanding of (a) transfer students’ experiences in an understudied institutional setting, (b) the factors distinguishing persisting and non-persisting transfer students, and (c) ways that receiving institutions can be more responsive to the needs of transfer students.
An Emergency Medicine–Focused Review of Seizure Mimics

Abstract Background Seizures result in a change in motor, sensory, and behavioral symptoms caused by abnormal neurologic electrical activity. The symptoms share similar presentations of several other conditions, leading to difficulties in diagnosis and frequent improper management. Objective This review evaluates adult patients with suspected seizure, signs and symptoms of seizure, mimics of seizure, and an approach to management of seizure mimics. Discussion A seizure is caused by abnormal neurologic electrical activity resulting in altered motor, sensory, and behavioral symptoms. Other conditions may present similarly, causing a challenge in diagnosis. These conditions include syncope, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, stroke or transient ischemic attack, sleep disorders, movement disorders, and migraines. Diagnosis of seizures in the emergency department (ED) is often clinical. Differentiation between seizures and other conditions can be difficult. Laboratories and imaging provide little benefit in definitive diagnosis in the emergency setting. For patients that have an apparent seizure, resuscitation and management is precedent while identifying any provoking factors and treatment of those factors. For adults recovering from suspected seizure, the combination of a focused history, physical examination, and additional studies can provide assistance in diagnosis. Conclusions Patients with an apparent seizure should be resuscitated with identification of provoking factors. Many conditions can mimic seizures. A focused history, physical examination, and additional studies will assist in differentiating seizures from mimics.
Development and Characterization of a High-Energy Neutron Time-of-Flight Imaging System

Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed a prototype of a high-energy neutron time-of-flight imaging system for the nondestructive evaluation of dense, massive, and/or high atomic number objects. High-energy neutrons provide the penetrating power, and thus the high dynamic range necessary to image internal features and defects of such objects. The addition of the time gating capability allows for scatter rejection when paired with a pulsed monoenergetic beam, or neutron energy selection when paired with a pulsed broad-spectrum neutron source. The Time Gating to Reject Scatter and Select Energy system was tested at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center’s weapons nuclear research facility, a spallation neutron source, to provide proof of concept measurements and to characterize the instrument response. This paper will show results of several objects imaged during this run cycle. In addition, results from system performance metrics, such as the modulation transfer function and the detective quantum efficiency measured as a function of neutron energy, characterize the current system performance and inform the next generation of neutron imaging instrument.
Macroscopic lymphovascular invasion visualized on mammogram and magnetic resonance imaging: Initially misidentified as ductal carcinoma in situ but properly diagnosed by immunohistochemistry.

Objectives:Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a pathologic, microscopic finding associated with invasive cancer, and is a poor prognostic indicator, but has no reported imaging findings. This report ...
Political activism and mental health among Black and Latinx college students.

Objectives The current study investigates the utility of political activism as a protective factor against experiences of racial/ethnic (R/E) discrimination that negatively affect stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among Black and Latinx college freshmen at predominately White institutions. Method Data come from the Minority College Cohort Study, a longitudinal investigation of Black and Latinx college students (N = 504; 44% Black). We conducted multiple regression analyses for each mental health indicator and tested for interaction effects. Results For Black and Latinx students, the relationship between R/E microaggressions and end of freshman year stress varied by political activism. For Black students, the relationship between R/E microaggressions and end of the year anxiety varied by political activism. There was a significant interaction effect for depressive symptoms among Latinx students. Conclusions Political activism serves as a protective factor to mitigate the negative effect of R/E discrimination on stress and depressive symptoms for Latinx students. For Black students, higher levels of political activism may exacerbate experiences of R/E microaggressions and relate to more stress and anxiety compared with Black students who are less politically involved. Findings point to the need for a deeper understanding of phenomenological variation in experiences of microaggressions among R/E minorities and how students leverage political activism as an adaptive coping strategy to mitigate race-related stress during college. (PsycINFO Database Record