cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protection is a software issue

Modern operating systems are strongly dependent on software mechanisms to protect system resources from users. This is true despite the fact that the promoters of these systems imply that their reliability and integrity derive solely from the use of a core set of protected hardware mechanisms, such as address spaces and protected supervisor mode. While typical microprocessors provide cheap and effective hardware mechanisms to protect the load word/store word interface, operating systems are forced to abstract and virtualize this interface to export a far richer set, of resources such as files, sockets, threads, and consoles. The access semantics for these resources are almost always protected by software checks and not hardware. Processor architectures simply do not provide enough fine-grained control over access to shared system resources to ensure that a program only accesses the resources to which it is allowed. Our position is that software protection mechanisms are not only necessary, but have inherent advantages over hardware for enforcing the protection requirements of an operating system. Software is flexible, explicit, precise, and in many cases, open to incredible optimizations. By contrast, hardware mechanisms are rigid, implicit, imprecise, and unoptimizable.
HEPATITIS B VIRUS GENETIC DIVERSITY AND ITS IMPACT ON DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) circulates in blood as closely related, but genetically diverse molecules called quasispecies. During replication, HBV production may approach 10(11) molecules/day, although during peak activity this rate may increase 100-1000 times. Generally, DNA polymerases have excellent fidelity in reading DNA templates because they are associated with an exonuclease which removes incorrectly added nucleotides. However, the HBV-DNA polymerase lacks fidelity and proofreading function partly because exonuclease activity is either absent or deficient. Thus, the HBV genome and especially the envelope gene, is mutated with unusually high frequency. These mutations can affect more than one open reading frame because of overlapping genes. The S gene contains an exposed major hydrophilic region (residues 110-155), which encompasses the 'a' determinant that is important for inducing immunity. Nucleotide substitutions in this region are common and result in reduced binding or failure to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in diagnostic assays. Adaptive immunity also depends on the recognition of HBsAg by specific antibody and variants pose a threat if they interfere with binding to antibody. Finally, genomic hypervariability allows HBV to escape selection pressures imposed by antiviral therapies, vaccines and the host immune system, and is responsible for creating genotypes, subgenotypes and subtypes.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in Apple Cider and Orange Juice Treated with Combinations of Ozone, Dimethyl Dicarbonate, and Hydrogen Peroxide

: Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in apple cider and orange juice treated with ozone in combination with antimicrobials was evaluated. E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella was suspended in cider and orange juice, and ozone was pumped into juices (4°C) containing dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC; 250 or 500 ppm) or hydrogen peroxide (300 or 600 ppm) for up to 90 min (study 1) or 60 min followed by 24-h storage at 4°C (study 2). Study 1: No combination of treatments resulted in a 5-log colony-forming units (CFU) /mL reduction of either pathogen. Study 2: All combinations of antimicrobials plus ozone treatments, followed by refrigerated storage, caused greater than a 5-log CFU/mL reduction, except ozone/DMDC (250 ppm) treatment in orange juice. Ozone treatment in combination with DMDC or hydrogen peroxide followed by refrigerated storage may provide an alternative to thermal pasteurization to meet the 5-log reduction standard in cider and orange juice.
Pentoxifylline reduces acute lung injury in chronic endotoxemia.

Abstract Background. Pentoxifylline (PTX) attenuates end-organ injury in models of sepsis and hemorrhage. PTX is thought to act by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, thus increasing cAMP and decreasing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) synthesis. The effects of PTX on neutrophil and endothelial cell adhesion molecules and, ultimately, organ injury in a chronic endotoxemia model have not been studied. We hypothesized that continuous infusion of PTX reduces acute lung injury (ALI) caused by chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Materials and methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given continuous infusion of LPS, PTX + LPS combined, or saline (sham) by implantable pumps. Neutrophil CD11b expression, lung histopathology, lung intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression assessed by immune staining, serum TNF-α, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) IL-8 were evaluated at different time points. Lung injury was graded in a blinded fashion from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe) for interstitial inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, congestion, and edema. Total lung injury score (TLIS) was calculated by adding listed categories. White cell count in the peripheral blood and in the BAL was also performed. Results. Animals treated with PTX + LPS showed a significant reduction in lung injury score, a marked decrease in ICAM-1 expression, and a significant decrease in IL-8 levels in the BAL and serum IL-6 levels when compared with LPS-treated animals. Conclusions. Continuous infusion of PTX reduces ALI caused by chronic endotoxemia. The effect seems to be a result of decreased expression of endothelial and epithelial ICAM-1 and modulation of proinflammatory cytokine synthesis.
Genetic and environmental influences on the positive traits of the values in action classification, and biometric covariance with normal personality

Virtually all human individual diVerences have been shown to be moderately heritable. Much of this research, however, focuses on measures of dysfunctional behavior and relatively fewer studies have focused on positive traits. The values in action (VIA) project is a comprehensive and ambitious classiWcation of 24 positive traits, also known as character strengths (Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classiWcation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), the majority of which have received no behavior genetic attention. Using a sample of 336 middle-aged twins drawn from the Minnesota Twin Registry who completed the VIA inventory of strengths, we detected signiWcant genetic and non-shared environmental eVects for 21 of 24 character strengths with little evidence of shared environmental contributions. Associations with a previously administered measure of normal personality found moderate phenotypic overlap and that genetic inXuences on personality traits could account for most, but not all, of the heritable variance in character strengths.
The Role of Entertainment Television and Its Interactions with Individual Values in Explaining Political Participation

This article highlights the potential for considering the interaction between media use and human values in discussions about traditional political participation. A model is presented that suggests entertainment television exposure is associated with decreased participation for most value types but that this impact is greatest on those who rate highest the progressive values of “self-transcendence” and “openness to change.” These relationships provide a context for the argument that entertainment television use is driving down political participation in Western countries. Data for ten European Union countries in the European Social Survey were used in the analyses.
Pinocchio shows how to end the tobacco epidemic

When Tobacco Control published its first issue in 1992, the idea of ending the tobacco epidemic was not even on the horizon. Indeed, the goal was merely to get control of the problem. Now, 20 years later, serious people are discussing ending tobacco as a public health problem. Finland and New Zealand have officially established the goal of doing so by 2040 and 2025, respectively. While specific efforts are just beginning to take shape, even establishing such a goal would have seemed silly even a few years ago. One important reason that it now makes sense is that we have proven technologies to cut tobacco use that have been successfully enacted and implemented by policy makers.1 Smoke-free environments, strong anti-tobacco media (especially when it confronts the tobacco industry directly) and substantial tax increases all undermine the social acceptability of tobacco use and reinforce the tobacco-free norm in rich countries and in countries with emerging economies.2 There is a new broad appreciation that smoking in the movies is a major key media channel promoting tobacco use worldwide for …
Closed circuit color video system on the TFTR machine

This paper describes the closed circuit color video system used on the TFTR machine and several of its systems. The system was installed for DT operations to enhance surveillance, and to diagnose problems such as frost, leaks, blowoffs, arcing and many other day to day operational problems. The system consists of 23 digital color cameras with pan, tilt, and zoom capability. Three portable camera carts with optical transceivers are also provided for special cases when it is necessary to have close machine views with electrical safety breaks. Primary controlling and monitoring is provided at the Shift Supervisor Station, which plays an essential role in each day's operations. Secondary control and monitor stations are located in the Laboratory Auditorium, for large screen projection, and the Visitor Gallery; in addition these two stations can operate a camera in the TFTR Control Room. The system has two types of switchers, a passive type for switching between control stations and a sequential type for switching between cameras. Modifications were also incorporated in the control drive circuits to double the acceptable neutron fluence. Degradation in camera and control performance due to neutron fluence from DD/DT operations, activation levels of the Test Cell cameras, and the cool down profile are discussed in this paper. The system maintenance, repair, camera replacement frequency, and the possibility of improving camera longevity by selection of parts, shielding and CCD cooling are also discussed.
Molecular characterization of the human gene encoding an abundant 61 kDa protein specific to the retinal pigment epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye expresses an abundant 61 kDa protein (RPE65), that is developmentally regulated and tissue-specific. In our efforts toward understanding the specialized functions and development of the RPE, and the origins of inherited retinal degenerations, we have characterized the human gene encoding the 61 kDa protein. This is the first structural characterization of a gene transcribed specifically in the RPE. The gene maps to human chromosome 1p31. The sequence encoding the transcript spans over 20 kb, and is interrupted by 13 introns. A putative transcription start site lies 54 bp upstream of the initiation codon. A single transcript of approximately 2.9 kb is present in human RPE, and is not detected in other tissues. The deduced 533 amino acid sequence of the human protein is 98.7% identical to the bovine, but shows no significant similarity to any other entry in the databases. Expression of the 61 kDa protein appears to depend on the presence of environmental cues, since the corresponding transcripts are rapidly lost from RPE cells established in culture. Down regulation may occur post-transcriptionally, since AU-rich elements proposed to target RNA for rapid degradation are present throughout the 3'-untranslated region. The tissue-specific expression, high abundance, evolutionary conservation, developmental regulation, and sequence of the 3'-untranslated region suggest that the 61 kDa protein is the product of a functionally important gene whose expression is tightly regulated.
High-resolution ultrafast 3D imaging

A novel high-speed 3D imaging system, base don projecting a speckle pattern onto an object and imaging the resulting pattern from multiple angles, is proposed that uses a unique single lens camera system with a rotating off-axis aperture. The rotating aperture allows adjustable non-equilateral spacing between defocused images to achieve greater depth of field and higher sub-pixel displacement accuracy. High resolution ultra fast processing is achieved by recursively correlating image pairs down to diffraction limited image size of the optics. Correlation errors are eliminated during processing by a novel technique based on the multiplication of correlation table elements from one or more adjacent regions. The Gaussian nature of the projected speckle pattern is used to reveal image disparity to sub-pixel accuracy. Processing is accomplished by compressing the images into sparse array format before they are correlated. This system is ideally suited for hardware implementation and circumvents many of the inherent limitations of multi- camera system using FFT spectral based correlation.
Consumer Valuation Of Higher Education And Adjusted Rates Of Return

This paper regards higher education as a bundle of services. This approach yields a rate of return which is between 0.5% and 4.1% higher than previously calculated. This paper makes use of data which shows how much students actually paid to attend college, a value which is often very different than the stated tuition. When students purchase the college bundle they are buying labor market skills, intellectual stimulation, a peer-group, socializing opportunities and a network of contacts. I identify which elements of the education bundle consumers wish to purchase. If a consumer purchases a good which enhances his income that purchase can be regarded as an investment. Otherwise it is regarded as a consumption good. Using a standard wage equation, which includes the elements of the education bundle consumers are willing to purchase, I confirm there are both consumption and investment aspects to the purchase of higher education. This implies previous rate of return calculations underestimated the investment return on a college education.
Killing of target cells by lymphocytes: a mechanistic view.

Article de synthese sur les populations de lymphocytes impliquees dans l'elimination de cellules cibles et sur les diferents mecanismes et mediateurs mis en jeu dans cette cytotoxicite
Preservice and Experienced Biology Teachers' Global and Specific Subject Matter Structures: Implications for Conceptions of Pedagogical Content Knowledge.

This study aimed to describe preservice and experienced secondary biology teachers' global and specific subject matter structures (SMSs) and elucidate the relationship between these structures and teaching experience. Teachers' global and specific SMSs respectively designate their conceptions and/or organization of their disciplines and of specific topics within those disciplines. Two preservice and two experienced secondary biology teachers were chosen to participate in the study. Participants were administered two open-ended questionnaires and were individually interviewed to assess their conceptions of biology and photosynthesis. The data were qualitatively analyzed through several rounds of category generation, confirmation, and modification. Teachers' global SMSs fell on a continuum from poorly articulated to well integrated and thematically organized. Contrary to global SMSs, specific SMSs separated the participants into their preservice and experienced groups. Unlike their preservice counterparts, the experienced teachers did not emphasize the details of photosynthesis and viewed the process as part of larger biological processes and systems. Analyses indicated that teaching experience and attention to student needs explained these latter differences. The present results indicate that the role of teaching experience in developing teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) should be emphasized and incorporated into theorizing the construct of PCK.
LATERAL BUCKLING OF RAILROAD TRACKS DUE TO CONSTRAINED THERMAL EXPANSIONS — A CRITICAL SURVEY

SUMMARY The paper contains a critical survey of published results of track buckling tests as well as of analyses of track buckling in the lateral plane. It was found that the majority of the published analyses are not suitable for the determination of buckling temperatures. Shortcomings are pointed out and the effect of a number of simplifying assumptions on the analytical results are discussed. The aim of this study is to contribute toward a better understanding of the track buckling problem and to pave the way toward obtaining suitable analytical solutions.
Novel MVA tools to track CO2 seepage, tested at the ZERT controlled release site in Bozeman, MT

Over the past 4 years, controlled field experiments have taken place in Bozeman, MT, USA where pure CO2 has been released at known rates and depths to quantify the detection limits of various monitoring tools and techniques for the use of CO2 seepage detection. As part of this study, new tools engineered at Los Alamos National Laboratory were deployed to determine the sensitivity of these technologies to detect and measure CO2 seepage. These technologies were engineered for above-ground CO2 detection and include laser-based closed path δ13CO2 measurement systems, an O2/CO2 concentration ratio measurement system, and a chamber-based radon detection system. The sensitivity of these technologies to detect CO2 were measured through spatial transects taken perpendicular to the CO2 source and through temporal changes measured diurnally over the course of a 30 day experiment. Results show that the radon system is most sensitive to CO2 detection at the start of the experiment in locations adjacent to the CO2 source. The closed path or in situ δ13CO2 system detected CO2 seepage as far as 2 m away from the source during non-windy periods. The O2/CO2 system detected the CO2 seepage as far as 2 m above-ground and 1 m away from the source. Descriptions of these technologies and an overview of these results are presented.
Genetic Studies in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

As the long-term event-free survival rate in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia approaches 80%, emphasis is being placed on risk-directed therapy to prevent over- or undertreatment. It has become apparent that risk assignment based on primary genetic abnormalities is inadequate by itself, and that measurement of early responses to therapy and the extent of minimal residual disease is needed to improve the accuracy of risk classification. Studies to identify genetic polymorphisms with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic significance promise to enhance the discovery of new drugs and to optimize chemotherapy. Recent successes in directing therapy to specific genetic abnormalities demonstrate the feasibility of molecular medicine for the childhood leukemias, and predict the development of highly effective drug regimens with minimal toxicity against normal hematopoietic cells.
Convolution surfaces

Smoothly blended articulated models are often difficult to construct using current techniques. Our solution in this paper is to extend the surfaces introduced by Blinn [Blinn 1982] by using three-dimensional convolution with skeletons composed of polygons or curves. The resulting convolution surfaces permit fluid topology changes, seamless part joins, and efficient implementation.
Methanol-inhibitor or promoter of the formation of gas hydrates from deuterated ice?

Kinetic studies are reported of the effect of methanol on the rate of formation of CO 2 - and CH 4 -hydrates by means of in situ time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction. The experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 200 to 250 K and pressures up to 7 MPa. The samples were prepared from mixtures of ground, deuterated ice and deuterated methanol (up to 20 vol%), which were transformed in situ into CO 2 - or CH 4 -hydrates by pressurizing the systems with the corresponding gas. The observed rates of formation of hydrates are orders of magnitude higher than the rate of formation from pure deuterated ice under the same pressure and temperature conditions. Glycols and alcohols, methanol in particular, are long known as thermodynamic inhibitors of hydrate formation. Our study indicates that methanol can also act as a kinetic promoter for the formation of gas hydrates. Preliminary data suggest that the kinetics also depend strongly on concentration and the isotopic composition.
Normal response to erythropoietin or hypoxia in rats made anemic with turpentine abscess.

Summary and ConclusionsRats with a turpentine abscess developed characteristic mild anemia. Such rats showed an erythropoietic response comparable to that of normal controls following treatment with human urinary erythropoietin or exposure to hypoxia. Therefore, the rat having a turpentine abscess is capable of producing erythropoietin and the marrow is capable of responding when stimulated, suggesting that the mild anemia which accompanies a turpentine abscess does not serve as an adequate stimulus for increased red cell production.
A new experimental model to study force depression: the Drosophila jump muscle.

Force depression (FD) is a decrease in isometric force following active muscle shortening. Despite being well characterized experimentally, its underlying mechanism remains unknown. To develop a ne...
Multiple transition layers in a singularly perturbed differential-delay equation

The singularly perturbed differential-delay equation is studied for a class of step-function nonlinearities f . We show that in general the discrete system does not mirror the dynamics of (*), even for small e, but that rather a different system does. Here F is related to, but different from, f , and describes the evolution of transition layers. In this context, we also study the effects of smoothing out the discontinuities of f .
When Does a Sum of Positive Integers Equal Their Product

(2002). When Does a Sum of Positive Integers Equal Their Product? Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 41-47.
Spine ultrasounds should not be routinely performed for patients with simple sacral dimples.

UNLABELLED Primary care providers commonly obtain spine ultrasounds for neonates with simple sacral dimples due to perceived concerns about underlying spinal dysraphism, despite a lack of scientific evidence. Nine papers addressing routine spine ultrasounds for children with sacral dimples showed that 3.4% of the 5166 patients had abnormal spine ultrasounds, compared with the 4.8% reported by another study for children without sacral dimples. Most of the abnormal findings in patients with sacral dimples were of no clinical significance. CONCLUSION Sacral dimples do not predict underlying spinal cord malformations, and spine ultrasounds should not be performed for neonates with simple sacral dimples.
Field Studies on Rate of Hatch of Western Corn Rootworm Eggs in Missouri During 1965-68

To facilitate an explanation of the erratic performance of soil insecticide in controlling the larvae of Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, a field study was conducted on hatching rate of western corn rootworm eggs. Biweekly soil samples were taken during June and July from 1965 to 1968. These samples were processed by washing, and the residuum was examined microscopically for immature forms. These data were compiled, and statistical analysis was based on rate of egg hatch. For 3 of the 4 years (1965, 1966, 1968), it was shown that western corn rootworm egg hatch began about June 1 in Missouri and proceeded at the average rate of 2.91% per day, until hatch was completed. For 1967, the data showed an average rate of 1.77% per day, and eclosure began about June 4. Although initial date of hatch was similar for the 4 years of this study, a significant difference in rate of egg hatch was observed.
A new pathogenic species of Aspergillus in the Aspergillus fumigatus series.

A new pathogenic species, Aspergillus phialiseptus, based on three isolates from clinical specimens is described. The species belongs to the Aspergillus fumigatus series and is characterized by con...
Analysis and Strategy Improving Efficiency in Water System Shenyang Oilfield

Water system in Shenyi district of Shenyang oilfield is a large,complex,branched ground heating system. At present,it's high consumption and large heat loss. After depth analysising operating state of the system,the key factor impacting is finded on system efficiency and energy and proposed optimal operation program. This program was proved to be precision. It has much meaning for making optimization program in the similarity water system.
Urinary tract undiversion in a patient with an areflexic neurogenic bladder: management with intermittent catheterization.

Abstract Neurogenic bladder disease generally is thought to be a contraindication to urinary undiversion. We describe a teenage boy who received an ileal conduit for an areflexic neurogenic bladder. He had a poor emotional reaction to the diversion and requested reconstruction. After extensive studies undiversion was done. The neurogenic bladder has been managed with intermittent catheterization. Thus far, the result has been quite satisfactory.
Stability of dronabinol capsules when stored frozen, refrigerated, or at room temperature.

Purpose Results of a study to determine the 90-day stability of dronabinol capsules stored under various temperature conditions are reported. Methods High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was used to assess the stability of dronabinol capsules (synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [Δ9-THC] mixed with high-grade sesame oil and other inactive ingredients and encapsulated as soft gelatin capsules) that were frozen, refrigerated, or kept at room temperature for three months. The dronabinol capsules remained in the original foil-sealed blister packs until preparation for HPLC–UV assessment. The primary endpoint was the percentage of the initial Δ9-THC concentration remaining at multiple designated time points. The secondary aim was to perform forced-degradation studies under acidic conditions to demonstrate that the HPLC–UV method used was stability indicating. Results The appearance of the dronabinol capsules remained unaltered during frozen, cold, or room-temperature storage. Regardless of storage condition, the percentage of the initial Δ9-THC content remaining was greater than 97% for all evaluated samples at all time points over the three-month study. These experimental data indicate that the product packaging and the sesame oil used to formulate dronabinol capsules efficiently protect Δ9-THC from oxidative degradation to cannabinol; this suggests that pharmacies can store dronabinol capsules in nonrefrigerated automated dispensing systems, with a capsule expiration date of 90 days after removal from the refrigerator. Conclusion Dronabinol capsules may be stored at room temperature in their original packaging for up to three months without compromising capsule appearance and with minimal reduction in Δ9-THC concentration.
IEC 61850: Technology standards and cyber-threats

Substations constitute a fundamental part in providing reliable electricity to consumers. For a substation to maintain electricity reliability and its own real-time operability, communication between its components is inevitable. Before the emergence of IEC 61850, inter-substation communication was established via expensive copper wires with limited capabilities. IEC 61850 is the standard set by the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee Number 57 Working Group 10 and IEEE for Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)-based communication in electrical substations. Like many power grid systems standards, IEC 61850 was set without extensive consideration for critical security measures. This paper discusses IEC 61850 technology standards and applications thoroughly and points out major security vulnerabilities it introduces in the context of current cyber-physical smart grid systems.
Event-Driven Cooperative Receding Horizon Control for Multi-Agent Systems in Uncertain Environments

We propose an event-driven Cooperative Receding Horizon (CRH) controller to solve maximum reward collection problems (MRCP) where multiple agents cooperate to maximize the total reward collected from a set of targets in a given mission space. In previous work, a CRH controller was developed and in this paper, we overcome several limitations of this controller, including potential instabilities in the agent trajectories and poor performance due to inaccurate estimation of a reward-to-go function. Rewards are non-increasing functions of time and the environment is uncertain with new targets detected by agents at random time instants. The controller sequentially solves optimization problems over a planning horizon and executes the control for a shorter action horizon, where both are defined by certain events associated with new information becoming available. In contrast to the earlier CRH controller, we reduce the originally infinite-dimensional feasible control set to a finite set at each control update event. We prove some properties of this new controller and include simulation results showing its improved performance.
Stem cells: The cost of perpetual youth

The ability to become nearly any cell type is restricted to eggs, sperm and primitive stem cells in very early embryos. Two studies reveal that maintaining this pluripotent state in vitro comes at a cost. See Letters & MEK1/2 and GSK3β inhibitors enhance the derivation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ES cells) in a ground state of pluripotency that closely resembles the inner cell mass of the pre-implantation embryo. However, the effect of long-term culture under these conditions on the developmental potential of ES cells is unclear. Konrad Hochedlinger and colleagues show that these culture conditions lead to detrimental changes in epigenetic features, genomic stability and in vivo developmental potential. The authors find that MEK inhibitors trigger changes in DNA methyltransferase expression that are linked to the observed abnormalities and show that using a Src inhibitor instead prevents the development of these abnormalities, preserving the genomic integrity and developmental potential of the ES cells. Elsewhere in this issue, Yashuiro Yamada and colleagues show that derivation of female ES cells under these culture conditions induces a loss of DNA methylation and erasure of genomic imprints, which are not recovered following differentiation. The team also develops a culture medium that preserves genomic features of a female ES cell. MEK1/2 and GSK3β inhibitors enhance derivation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ES cells) in a ground state of pluripotency that closely resembles the inner cell mass of the pre-implantation embryo. However, the effect of long-term culture under these conditions on the developmental potential of ES cells is unclear. Yashuiro Yamada and colleagues show that derivation of female ES cells under these conditions induces a loss of DNA methylation and erasure of genomic imprints, which are not recovered following differentiation. In parallel, the authors show that 2i-ES cells have impaired embryonic and placental development. The group also develops a culture medium that preserves the genomic features of female 2i-ES cells. Elsewhere in this issue, Konrad Hochedlinger and colleagues also show how these culture conditions lead to detrimental changes in epigenetic features, genomic stability and in vivo developmental potential and suggest an alternative inhibitor that preserves the genomic integrity of the ES cells.
CHRONIC GRANULOCYTOPENIA IN CHILDHOOD.

Observations in five cases of chronic benign granulocytopenia are reported. The disorder appears to be a true entity occurring in early life. Despite severe depression of the circulating granulocyte count, the course is benign because a reserve of immature granulocytes is available in the bone marrow. Depletion of the leukocyte storage pool by increased peripheral destruction, possibly enhanced by sequestration, rather than a maturation arrest at the penultimate stage is the probable mechanism. This process appears to be of moderate intensity, permitting the maintenance of a "steady state" of low efficiency, resulting in increased susceptibility but not total lack of resistance to infection. The disorder represents a natural model of a special disturbance in leukokinetics. Its ultimate cause remains unknown but is probably related to age-determined factors.
Unfractionated Heparin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin

Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) are highly utilized throughout inpatient and ambulatory care settings for many indications, including the treatment of venous thromboembolism, thromboprophylaxis, and acute coronary syndromes. In this chapter, we review the evidence-based recommendations and pharmacology of both UFH and LMWH with a detailed description of their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. We highlight approved indications and dosing as well as common unapproved uses of these agents. We review important monitoring considerations for each agent in addition to considerations that should be evaluated when treating certain patient populations. Finally, we discuss various reversal strategies and complications that can arise from their use.
Exiled Pilgrims: Memoirs of Pre-Cultural Revolution Zhiqing by Peng Deng (review)

Deng, Peng, ed. Exiled Pilgrims: Memoirs of Pre-Cultural Revolution Zhiqing . Boston, MA: Brill, 2015.
A redescription and phylogenetic analysis based on new material of the fossil newts Taricha oligocenica Van Frank, 1955 and Taricha lindoei Naylor, 1979 (Amphibia, Salamandridae) from the Oligocene of Oregon

Complete body fossils of salamanders are relatively rare, but provide critical information on the evolutionary roots of extant urodele clades. We describe new specimens of the fossil salamandrids Taricha oligocenica Van Frank, 1955, and Taricha lindoei Naylor, 1979, from the Oligocene Mehama and John Day formations of Oregon that illustrate aspects of skeletal morphology previously unseen in these taxa, and contribute to our understanding of population-level variation. Morphological analysis of these specimens supports the classification of T. oligocenica and T. lindoei as two different species, distinct from extant Taricha. Parsimony-based, heuristic analysis of phylogeny using 108 morphological characters for 40 taxa yields different results from a phylogenetic analysis that excludes four taxa known only via vertebrae. Our smaller analysis generally agrees with molecular phylogenies of the family Salamandridae, but with poorer resolution for molgin newts, especially between Taricha and Notophthalmus. The analysis including all taxa produced polytomies mostly related to complications from several fossil taxa. The presence or absence of dorsally expanded, sculptured neural spine tables on trunk vertebrae, an important character in past descriptions of fossil salamandrids, appears to be either homoplastic within the Salamandridae, or requires an expansion of characters or character states. Taricha oligocenica and T. lindoei are separate species of an at least 33 million-year-old clade, but their relationships with each other and extant North American salamandrids remain unclear with current levels of morphological data. Salamandrid research requires additional morphological data, particularly for the vertebrae and ribs, to better resolve salamandrid evolutionary history through morphological characters.
Germ Cell Tumours: Past, Present and Future

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developments in management of germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors are recognized as one of the most curable of all tumors. Approximately 90% of newly diagnosed patients can be cured. The identification and application of new chemotherapy programs have impacted the management of patients with all stages and histologies by providing the possibility of cure to those with metastatic disease and options for less aggressive intervention, including observation, for those with lower stage disease. Clinical trials for poor-risk disease have been less rewarding. Cisplatin doses of 200 mg/m2 per cycle are not superior to standard doses of 100–120 mg/m2 per cycle in conjunction with other agents. A wide range of treatment response projections and survival outcomes was reported over many poor-risk trials. The differences in allocation criteria for poor-risk status proved to be critical in these clinical trials. Identification of active drugs in the salvage setting and the efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell support led to clinical trials attempting to incorporate them into primary treatment. The chapter presents the results of three clinical trials of more intensive therapy as first therapy in poor-risk patients.
Gödel’s Argument, Formally

The last Chapter ended with an informal presentation of Godel’s argument. This one is devoted to a formalized version. I’ll also consider some objections and modifications. There are two kinds of objections. One amounts to saying that Godel committed the same fallacy Descartes did: assuming something equivalent to God’s existence. Nonetheless, again as in the Descartes case, much of the argument is of interest even if it falls short of establishing the desired conclusion. The second kind of objection is that Godel’s axioms are too strong, and lead to a collapse of the modal system involved. Various extensions and modifications of Godel’s axioms have been proposed, to avoid this modal collapse. I’ll discuss these, and propose a modification of my own. Now down to details, with the proof of God’s possible existence coming first. I will not try to match the numbering of the informal axioms in the last chapter, but I will refer to them when appropriate.
VTOS in the Patient Requiring Chronic Hemodialysis Access

Central venous obstruction (CVO) is the most common cause of failure of Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) and grafts (AVG) placed for dialysis access. In essentially all reports, including international consensus statements for management of such patients, all CVOs are lumped together, implicitly assuming that all should be treated first with endovascular means. We point out that while stenosis in veins surrounded by soft tissue are appropriate for endoluminal intervention, those that occur at the costoclavicular junction are identical in pathophysiology to and should be treated in a fashion similar to those in patients with “conventional” venous thoracic outlet syndrome. By aggressive use of thoracic outlet decompression in patients with dialysis access dysfunction caused by costoclavicular stenosis we have achieved fistula salvage in approximately two-thirds of patients who would otherwise have required ligation. This lesion should be considered “dialysis-dependent venous TOS” and treated aggressively.
Managing Design Constraints in Synthesis Reasoning

Constraints in the context of design synthesis represent various bounds on acceptable technical systems. In early design stages, constraints must be carefully managed in order to keep synthesis on the right track. This paper presents a new constraints management model which is developed based on a domain-independent synthesis reasoning framework. Within the proposed model, design constraints are classified into four types: internal input constraint, external input constraint, internal system constraint, and external system constraint. For each type of design constraints, the model prescribes a respective management strategy.
Unscheduled Landings for Medical Reasons: A Five-Year Survey of the Experience at American Airlines

This report deals with the incidence and causes of unscheduled landings for medical reasons made by American Airlines planes during the 5-year period, 1964–1968. An unscheduled landing in this sense is a landing made optionally at the discretion of the crew in order to deplane a passenger who, because of some illness, infirmity or accident, should not continue on to the scheduled destination of the flight. This type of landing must not be confused with an emergency landing which is made when something occurs that threatens the airworthiness of the plane. The unscheduled landings are sometimes made on the initiative of the passenger. The passenger may ask for a landing and if he supports his request with sufficiently cogent reasons he may persuade the crew. At other times, the landing is made at the initiative of the crew. In such a case, one or more of the crew members who are attending to and observing an ill, infirm or stricken passenger decide that they can no longer cope with the situation or no longer take the responsibility for the welfare or life of the passenger.
Late bedtimes prevent circadian phase advances to morning bright light in adolescents.

We examined phase shifts to bright morning light when sleep was restricted by delaying bedtimes. Adolescents (n = 6) had 10-h sleep/dark opportunities for 6 days. For the next 2 days, half were put...
Sonography Simulators: Use and Opportunities in CAAHEP-Accredited Programs:

Concern for patient safety and increased demands on health professionals have resulted in challenges for the clinical training of sonography students. The purpose of this study was to examine simul...
Strategies to Promote Safe Water Drinking Identified by and for Women of Reproductive Age.

Purpose:The Flint, Michigan, water crisis (2014 to present) increased awareness of the dangers of lead-contaminated water. Consumption of lead-contaminated water is associated with adverse pregnanc...
The Story Behind the Story: Microfoundations of Hybrid Communication by Microenterprises

We draw on the microfoundations of institutional theory to study a common manifestation of hybridity that has been neglected in the literature: the communication of both social and financial themes...
Enzymatically-targeted 131I therapy for herpesvirus-associated malignancies

3010 Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) are associated with tumors including AIDS-related lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal ...
D-Admissibility Criteria of Singular Fractional Order Systems

This paper considers D−admissibility of singular fractional order systems (SFOS) with the fractional order $\alpha : 0 \lt \alpha \lt 1$ case. The issue on D−admissibility of a matrix pair (E, A) in specific region is considered. By borrowing the D−admissibility region, the strict LMI criteria of admissibility and stabilization for SFOS are investigated and the criteria of admissibility and stabilization for singular fractional order systems for SFOS are presented. The conditions are expressed in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMIs) which can be easily calculated with standard feasible solution problem in MATLAB LMI toolbox. When α = 1, the results reduce to the condition of admissibility of integer order singular systems. Numerical examples are given to verify the effectiveness of the criteria.
Global Matching of Random Restriction Maps

Sequence alignment has been studied for some time and there is a developed theory of alignment statistics. DNA restriction maps are aligned by comparing locations of cut sites or restriction fragment lengths. The statistical theory of their alignments is less well developed than that of sequence alignment. In this paper we estimate the probability that two random restriction maps match under certain matching model.
CRT-500.11 Misclassification of Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Reliance on Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure or Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure Instead of Direct Mean Left Atrial Pressure

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is typically distinguished from pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) by documenting a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) < 15 mm Hg. However, PCWP has uncertain utility in establishing PAH. Other suggests using left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (
Current Status and Future Directions of PET in Clinical Practice

This chapter title notwithstanding, the current status of PET in the US clinical practice, with relatively few exceptions, is oncologic PET/CT imaging utilizing 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Indeed, many clinicians do not appreciate that PET/CT is an imaging modality that can be performed with radiopharmaceuticals other than FDG. However, there are exceptions to this paradigm, and these exceptions are rapidly evolving and expanding. Furthermore, improvements in instrumentation have steadily improved system sensitivity resulting in excellent image quality with relatively short scan times across a wide range of patient sizes. This has expanded the range of useful radiopharmaceuticals and clinical indications which are summarized here. Selected emerging and likely future directions are also reviewed.
Subscribing to Transparency: Trust-Building Within Virtual Newsrooms on Slack

Online Collaborative Software (OCS), most notably the platform Slack, have become embedded in the infrastructure of modern newsrooms affording a flexible and innovative way for newsrooms to coordin...
Roles of D1-Glu189 and D1-Glu329 in O2 Formation by the Water-Splitting Mn4Ca Cluster in Photosystem II.

During the catalytic step that precedes O-O bond formation in Photosystem II, a water molecule deprotonates and moves next to the water-splitting Mn4CaO5 cluster’s O5 oxo bridge. The relocated oxyg...
Endovascular management of traumatic pseudoaneurysms.

Pseudoaneurysms (PAs) caused by traumatic injury to the arterial vasculature have a high risk of rupture, leading to life-threatening hemorrhage and mortality, requiring urgent treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the technical and clinical outcomes of endovascular treatment of visceral and extremity traumatic pseudoaneurysms. Clinical data were retrospectively collected from all patients presenting for endovascular treatment of PAs between September 2012 and September 2018 at a single academic level one trauma center. Technical success was defined as successful treatment of the PA with no residual filling on post-embolization angiogram. Clinical success was defined as technical successful treatment with no rebleeding throughout the follow-up period and no reintervention for the PA. Thirty-five patients (10F/25M), average age (± stdev) 41.7 ± 20.1 years, presented with PAs secondary to blunt (n = 31) or penetrating (n = 4) trauma. Time from trauma to intervention ranged from 2 h - 75 days (median: 4.4 h, IQR: 3.5–17.1 h) with 27 (77%) of PAs identified and treated within 24 h of trauma. Average hospitalization was 13.78 ± 13.4 days. Ten patients underwent surgery prior to intervention. PA number per patient ranged from 1 to 5 (multiple diffuse). PAs were located on the splenic (n = 12, 34.3%), pelvic (n = 11, 31.4%), hepatic (n = 9, 25.7%), upper extremity/axilla (n = 2, 5.7%), and renal arteries (n = 1, 2.9%). Technical success was 85.7%. Clinical success was 71.4%, for technical failure (n = 5), repeat embolization (n = 1) or post-IR surgical intervention (n = 4). There was no PA rebleeding or reintervention for any patient after discharge over the reported follow-up periods. Three patients died during the trauma hospitalization for reasons unrelated to the PAs. Endovascular treatment of traumatic visceral and extremity PAs is efficacious with minimal complication rates and low reintervention requirements.