cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoindentation and the indentation size effect: Kinetics of deformation and strain gradient plasticity

Abstract A study of the indentation size effect (ISE) in aluminum and alpha brass is presented. The study employs rate effects to examine the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the ISE. These rate effects are characterized in terms of the rate sensitivity of the hardness, ∂ H/ ∂ ln e eff , where H is the hardness and e eff is an effective strain rate in the plastic volume beneath the indenter. ∂ H/ ∂ ln e eff can be measured using indentation creep, load relaxation, or rate change experiments. The activation volume V ∗ , calculated based on ∂ H/ ∂ ln e eff which can traditionally be used to compare rate sensitivity data from a hardness test to conventional uniaxial testing, is calculated. Using materials with different stacking fault energy and specimens with different levels of work hardening, we demonstrate how increasing the dislocation density affects V ∗ ; these effects may be taken as a kinetic signature of dislocation strengthening mechanisms. We noticed both H and ∂ H/ ∂ ln e eff (V ∗ ) exhibit an ISE. The course of V ∗ vs. H as a result of the ISE is consistent with the course of testing specimens with different level of work hardening. This result was observed in both materials. This suggests that a dislocation mechanism is responsible for the ISE. When the results are fitted to a strain gradient plasticity model, the data at deep indents (microhardness and large nanoindentation) exhibit a straight-line behavior closely identical to literature data. However, for shallow indents (nanoindentation data), the slope of the line severely changes, decreasing by a factor of 10, resulting in a “bilinear behavior”.
Categorization studies of 9- to 15-month-old infants: Evidence for superordinate categorization?

Four experiments examined the ability of infants 9 to 15 months of age to form a category superordinate to a related basic-level category. Procedures, stimulus conditions, and dependent measures were the same as in previous studies reporting basic-level categorization (bird) in 9-month-olds. In Experiments 1 through 3, infants were habituated to three different kinds of animals but did not categorize even by 15 months of age. The basic-to-superodinate order of emergence reported for young children and its explanation in terms of category differentiation might be extended into infancy. In Experiment 4, 15-month-olds habituated to six different animals provided evidence suggesting successful categorization. Increasing the number of exposure exemplars appears to facilitate categorization. Maternal interviews revealed that 15-month-olds appear to comprehend basic-level terms for some of the animal stimuli used. This suggests an assimilation of conceptually independent basic-level categories into a higher order superordinate grouping (Nelson, 1985). Finally, a reliable linear increase in recovery to test stimuli of decreasing prototypicality suggests that graded internal structure may characterize the superordinate category formed.
Cell Wall Composition of Hyphomicrobium Species

Abstract Chemical analysis of cell walls obtained from Hyphomicrobium B-522 and from a morphologically and nutritionally distinct organism, Hyphomicrobium neptunium (ATCC 15444), showed that the organisms have a similar cell wall composition, which is typical of gram-negative bacteria. The walls of both strains contained many amino acids, including the characteristic mucopeptide components diaminopimelic acid and muramic acid. Isolation of the mucopeptide by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate was successful only with cell walls of H. neptunium, thus revealing a difference between the walls of the two strains. The mucopeptide preparation contained glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, diaminopimelic acid, and glycine in molar ratios of 1.05:1.21:1.84:1.0:1.04:0.31, respectively. The concentration of glycine was sufficiently high to suggest that it is a mucopeptide component rather than an impurity.
Cell cycle: Cyclin guides the way

The main enzymes that drive cell division can work on numerous substrates, but how is their specificity ensured? Regulatory subunits show the way, using various tricks to guide enzymes to their targets.
Evaluation of commercial traps of various designs for capturing the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract The attractiveness of six different traps, one hand-made and five commercially available, on olive fruit fly adults, was compared in the field. Experiments were undertaken at three different localities of Messinia Co., SW Greece, with varying conditions of fruit load and pest population density. The Glass-Plastic Elkofon Trap attracted more adult flies than any other type of trap. Satisfactory catches were also given by the Glass McPhail trap, the Plastic McPhail trap and the Plastic Elkofon trap, whereas low attractiveness was demonstrated by the Bottle trap and the Pouch trap. It is clear from the findings of this study that trap captures of the olive fruit fly are significantly influenced by trap design (e.g. shape, materials, special features), especially during the period of the high population peak (mid-September – early November) as well as in olive orchards with a high pest population density. In olive orchards with a low pest population density no significant differences were recorded am...
Direct observation of magnetospheric electron precipitation stimulated by lightning

Abstract Plasmaspheric electron precipitation bursts stimulated by observed lightning flashes have been studied using in situ rocket techniques under night-time conditions at Wallops Island, Virginia, on 23 August 1984. In one case, the rocket-observed ligntning flash was located by a ground-based network to be off the coast of Virginia at 74.8°W, 35.9°N, which was approximately 200km southeast of the rocket. Electron precipitation (> 40 keV) caused by simultaneous 21.4 kHz coded transmissions from a VLF radio transmitter at Annapolis, Maryland, was found to be negligible compared with the observed fluxes and energies of precipitating electrons stimulated by lightning. The results confirm that lightning (which can occur up to 100 times per second globally) can activate ionizing radiation sources within the magnetosphere, and that these may affect local middle atmospheric electrical structure in a measurable way.
Phenomenological concepts of nuclear collective motion and their possible microscopic foundations

Though these lectures will be devoted largely to new and unfinished developments, the first lecture will be concerned with old but not necessarily familiar ideas, and in particular, with some observations concerning the Bohr-Mottelson (BMM) model. You may well ask how one can have the audacity to address such a well-worn subjec~ when the definitive account, the classic book of Bohr and Mottelson-) has been disseminated universally. We suggest the following reasons for renewing the discussion: (i) Judging from some recent literature (which~e shall not quote) there are nuclear physicists who still think that the BN~I has something to do with a classical liquid drop (at one extreme) or with a five-dimensional harmonic oscillator (at the other extreme). These early notions have, of course, long since been superceded. (ii) Such rudimentary conceptions are certainly absent from the main body of the Bohr-Mottelson classic, though some (justified) account of these intellectual relics are present as addenda. But there is a different charge against these authors which is not dismissed so easily. Though they describe a set of theoretical tools which provide for the most sophisticated p~ssible analysis of data within their framework, we believe that much of their audience would be hard put to provide a justification for their formulas, to explain, for instance, why certain operators go with certain wave-functions. Admittedly, if one reads carefully, one can piece together a kind of derivation, but it is the writers' view that there are valuable formulations of the foundations which Bohr and Mottelson have submerged into their ow~ language (or else ignored). This includes a foundation for the ~ormulas they use. Except for reference to an early paper of Mikhailov ), the literature which we shall describe is completely absent from the bibliography.
New technique for producing 30-fs tunable-wavelength visible pulses with an optical parametric amplifier

A three stage optical parametric amplifier is pumped by a 250-kHz (mu) J level Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier system. Broad-bandwidth pulses are produced by tuning each stage of the OPA system to amplify adjacent frequency components of a white-light continuum source. These broad-band pulses may be compressed with a standard prism compressor to pulse- widths of less than 30 fs.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TRAVEL TIME AND VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS IN SCHEDULED, FIXED-ROUTE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

Abstract Managerial decisions and inter-patron congestion delays result in user costs for travel on fixed-route public transportation which vary with patronage volume. This paper analyses the types of variations which can be observed in riding and waiting times for a given public transportation fare, frequency and service structure, and develops the resulting performance functions. Typical managerial decisions with respect to fare and frequency of service are then considered, and the variation in user cost resulting from such supply changes is discussed. Various managerial strategies are explored such as maintaining service standards or constant load factors and maximizing service, profit, or net social benefits. An example of a peak-hour, radial transit route is used extensively to illustrate the impact of such decisions.
Changes in the connective tissue proteins, glycosaminoglycans and calcium in the arteries of the cynomolgus monkey during atherosclerotic induction and regression☆

The chemical composition of the aorta, carotid, coronary and cerebral arteries of the cynomolgus monkey was determined during the induction and 'regression' of atherosclerosis. The feeding of a 2% cholesterol and 10% butter diet for 6 months resulted in extensive and severe atherosclerosis involving the aorta, carotid and coronary arteries. The involvement of these vessels was reflected by increases in arterial weight and chemical content of cholesterol, collagen, elastin, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and calcium. The cerebral arteries, which showed no atherosclerotic involvement, likewise showed no significant changes in weight and composition. During the 12-month regression period marked changes in the chemical composition of the involved arteries occurred and these included further increases in the collagen, GAG and calcium content of the vessels and decreases in the free and esterified cholesterol content. These changes were consistent with the gross and microscopic findings which revealed that during regression the pre-established lesions had not decreased in size but had become more fibrotic and calcified while the number of foam cells and amount of lipid contained in the lesion had decreased. During induction and regression, much of the cholesterol contained in the involved vessels appeared to be present in a crystalline form as indicated by the appearance of cholesterol clefts in the lesions. Aortic collagen was not altered with respect to amino acid composition and behavior in acrylamide gels throughout the study. However, elastin prepared by hot alkali treatment from diseased vessels, showed minor changes in amino acids during induction and marked changes during regression presumably due to the binding of glycoproteins to the elastin. The GAG composition of the involved arteries did not change during induction, whereas during regression the percent dermatan sulfate increased while the percent of heparan sulfate decreased. The over-all findings are consistent with the concept that the interaction of the connective tissue proteins with the GAGs, lipoproteins and calcium of the artery plays an important role in the development and regression of advanced atherosclerotic disease.
Controlled release of the herbicides 2,4‐D and dichlobenil from alginate gels

The herbicides 2,4-D[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) were individually incorporated into 1.6–2.8-mm alginate gel beads by using calcium chloride and barium chloride as gellants. The release rate of each herbicide from the beads into water was greatly influenced by drying and the choice of gellant cation. Slowest release was obtained with dried samples that were gelled with barium chloride. At the slowest rates, release of 2,4-D was complete in 14 days, while only 59% of the less-soluble dichlobenil was released in 150 days.
Binding of T-2 toxin to eukaryotic cell ribosomes.

The binding of radiolabeled T-2 to eukaryotic ribosomes was studied. The toxin bound to ribosomes in a time-, temperature- and concentration-dependent manner. The binding was saturable (0.3 nM), reversible at 37° (half-time ~ 2.5 hr) and specific. The stoichiometry was one toxin molecule bound per ribosome. Binding of T-2 appeared to stablize the toxin recognition site to thermal degradation. A synthetically derived epimer of T-2 bound to the same ribosomal site as authentic T-2, but apparently with lower affinity. Two other trichothecene toxins tested blocked the binding of T-2 to ribosomes in a manner reflecting their protein synthesis inhibitory potencies. Anisomycin blocked the binding of T-2 to both isolated ribosomes and cells, whereas emetine blocked binding only to cells. Our data, together with that in the accompanying paper (Middlebrook JL and Leatherman DL, Biochem Pharmacol 38: 3093–3102, 1989), suggest that T-2 interaction with CHO cells is best viewed as a free, bidirectional movement of toxin across the plasma membrane and specific high-affinity binding to ribosomes.
Continuum Modeling Of rf Glow Discharges

The electrodynamics of rf glow discharges has been described by a continuum model that simulates the creation, loss, energy gain and loss, and transport of charged particles within the discharge. Detailed comparisons between the model predictions and experimental measurements have been made to test the model; e.g., the spatially and temporally resolved emission of SF6 and Ar discharges. The model which uses no adjustable parameters, has been shown to be in good agreement with all measures to date. In previous continuum models', an initial guess is made for the concentration and energy of the charged species and then the set of differential equations are integrated until the oscillatory steady state is reached. We have developed a mathematical algorithm which solves directly for the oscillatory steady-state, avoiding the time integration and typically reducing the computation time by several orders of magnitude.
Ultrasound Prediction of Fetal Pulmonary Hypoplasia in Pregnancies Complicated by Oligohydramnios and in Cases of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Review

The objective of this review is to discuss the current knowledge of fetal pulmonary hypoplasia and to summarize the clinical significance of the many ultrasound methods for predicting pulmonary hypoplasia in pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios due to spontaneous rupture of the fetal membranes and in cases complicated by fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. We concluded that the presence or absence of polyhydramnios, fetal breathing movements, mediastinal shift, thoracic position of the stomach, fetal breathing-related nasal and oropharyngeal fluid flow, ductal flow velocity modulation, and gestational age at onset and severity of ventricular disproportion as useful markers for predicting fetal pulmonary hypoplasia is a productive area for continued research. All studies show that there is a clear association between most of these markers and pulmonary hypoplasia. However, these markers have not been studied together in a large number of cases, and comparisons between each of the markers is unknown.
117 Technique of HeartMate II Percutaneous Lead Externalization Is Associated with Incidence of Infection

surgical operations without significantly increased risk of late mediastinitis or sternal wound infection. There are no data examining the late effects of this therapy after implantation of ventricular assist devices (VAD). Methods and Materials: Between October 1996 and October 2010, 364 patients underwent VAD implant. DSC was utilized in 184 (51%) pt for coagulopathy (155; 84%), hemodynamic instability (103; 56%), isolated RV dysfunction (15; 8%), or unspecified (17; 9%). Median duration of DSC was 1 day (range 1-7). Patients with DSC were older (54.5 vs. 50.3 yrs, p 0.002), had more prior sternotomies (42% vs. 28%, p 0.005), peop IABP (50% vs. 30%, p 0.001), preop mechanical circulatory support (23% vs. 10%, p 0.001), lower preop platelet count (171k vs. 209k, p 0.001) and lower hematocrit (32% vs. 36%, p 0.001). Results: DSC was not associated with a significant increase in operative (11% vs. 9%, p 0.65) or late (2 yr; 66 7% vs 66 7%; p 0.720) mortality, composite incidence of mediastinits, major driveline infection, pocket infection, device endocarditis (16% vs. 15%, p 0.79), re-exploration for bleeding (18% vs. 18%; p 0.99), urgent transplantation for infection (4% vs. 3%; p 0.99), or need for device exchange (9% vs. 10%; p 0.16). Patients with DSC had significantly longer ICU stay (10 vs. 5 days; p 0.001). Independent predictors of DSC included prior sternotomy (1.815 [1.097, 3.004]), preop IABP (2.009 [1.232, 3.275]), hematocrit (1.087 [1.031, 1.128]), platelet count (1.005 [1.002, 1.008]), concomitant tricuspid valve repair (6.153 [2.950, 12.831]), and RVAD (4.911 [2.242, 10.756]). Conclusions: DSC was performed after VAD implant most often for coagulopathy and hemodynamic instability. Patients with DSC are older with greater severity of illness manifest by greater degree of RV failure and greater history of prior sternotomy. DSC was associated with longer ICU stay, but not with a significantly increased risk of death or infection.
In Vivo Spectroscopic Characterization of Porcine Biliary Tract Tissues: First Step in the Development of New Biliary Tract Imaging Devices

Background Approximately 400,000 cholecystectomies are performed annually in the United States. The most important complication of the operation is bile duct injury (BDI). Injury prevention relies mostly on an individual surgeon’s skill. As of yet no technology has been introduced that will enable surgeons to visualize the bile ducts while operating. Theoretically, such a device could eliminate BDI. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy capitalizes on near infrared light’s ability to penetrate deeply into tissues and spectroscopic capability to discern tissue’s chemical properties. The purpose of this work is to characterize the NIR optical properties of bile containing structures that are needed for later development of a clinically useful probe. Methods NIR Spectroscopy combined with visible light spectroscopy was used to determine the spectroscopic properties of the biliary tree and its adjacent structures. Eight anesthetized pigs were used to obtain reflectance measurements using a fiber probe. Radial Basis functions (RBFs) were used to characterize the reflected light spectra. Parameters describing the RBFs were then used to classify tissues based on their observed spectra using machine automation. Results Biliary tissues, arteries and veins all had unique reflectance spectra. These spectra were characterized by their unique set of RBFs. Conclusion We have developed an optical probe capable of imaging and identifying biliary tract tissues in a porcine model. In this study, we characterized the reflectance properties for bile and blood vessels such that when the probe is applied to the porta hepatis it will enable surgeons to localize important biliary structures prior to any portal dissection, potentially eliminating the risk for inadvertent BDI.
Gravity anomalies of sedimentary basins and their mechanical implications: Application to the Ross Sea basins, West Antarctica

Abstract In general, sedimentary basins are characterized by negative free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies. However, the extensional basins of the Ross Sea are paradoxical in that positive gravity anomalies overlay the Victoria Land Basin, Northern Basin, Central Trough and Northern Central Trough while basement highs are associated with negative gravity anomalies. Measured basement densities from DSDP basement cores give values between 2600–2800 kg/m 3 while bulk sediment densities range from 1210–2200 kg/m 3 , indicating a normal density relationship between basement and sediment infill. In contrast, the relatively young and narrow Terror Rift is associated with negative free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies, but has a different geological history as compared to the larger Ross Sea basins. Process-oriented gravity modeling indicates that magmatic underplating and crustal intrusions are inconsistent with the observed gravity and basement geometry of the Ross Sea basins. The magma volume necessary to account for the distribution and amplitude of the positive gravity anomaly of the Central Basin and be isostatically balanced would need to be comparable to the tholeiitic flood basalt volume of the Columbia River province—it is thus unlikely that the volume of Neogene volcanics of the Ross Sea region is sufficient to explain the observed gravity relationship by modifying the bulk density of the crust. We demonstrate that positive free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies over extensional basins are the consequence of a relatively low flexural strength of the lithosphere during rifting being contrasted by higher flexural strengths later during sedimentation. As the difference between the rigidity of the lithosphere during sedimentation increases relative to the rigidity of the rifted lithosphere, the gravity over the basin becomes progressively more positive but only for a limited range of wavelengths. The narrow width of the Terror Rift precludes it from having a positive gravity anomaly while the opposite is true for the large Ross Sea basins. For the Ross Sea region, such a loading scenario requires a significant delay between extension and the timing of sediment infilling of the basins, consistent with the late Cretaceous extension of the Ross Sea region and the sedimentary succession being dominated by large-scale late Eocene–Neogene glaciogenic progradational sequences. Sediment source was presumably from the denudation of the Transantarctic Mountains, which commenced in the late Paleogene. The time delay between the late Cretaceous formation of the Transantarctic Mountains, late Paleogene exhumation, and the generation of significant Paleogene paleobathymetry requires either the Ross Sea region to be sub-aerial and sediment starved for most of the Paleogene and/or the Paleogene climate was ineffective in producing clastics until the onset of glaciation in the late Eocene–early Oligocene.
Determinants of gastric inhibitory polypeptide and insulin secretion

The plasma concentrations of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (IR-GIP), insulin, and glucose were measured in 5 dogs after administration of various constituents of food. IR-GIP responses produced by galactose and fructose were minimal compared to those of glucose. Corn starch caused a significant early increase in insulin and glucose concentrations, although the rise in IR-GIP was delayed. The responses after starch were delayed, possibly due to the necessity for hydrolytic cleavage. Neither individual fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, and linoleic), monoolein, nor glycerol produced increases in IR-GIP comparable to those observed with lesser amounts (on a molar basis) of corn oil alone. None of four amino acids tested orally (arginine, leucine, alanine, and phenylalanine) caused increases in IR-GIP concentrations, but they increased insulin concentrations. Although glucose-induced IR-GIP responses were not inhibited by the amino acids (1 g/kg) tested, increasing concentrations (up to 1 g/kg) of either alanine or arginine caused progressive inhibition of corn-oil-stimulated IR-GIP responses, in spite of the expected amino-acid-induced rises in insulin concentrations. These results confirm the specificity of the IR-GIP secretory response for glucose and triglyceride, and suggest that certain food constituents (such as amino acids) may modify the GIP secretory response to a meal.
The judicial and non‐judicial punishment systems of the Soviet armed forces

(1991). The judicial and non‐judicial punishment systems of the Soviet armed forces. The Journal of Soviet Military Studies: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 87-123.
Weathering and the field efficacy of pelletized rodenticide baits in orchards.

Abstract Commercially available US rodenticide bait formulations were tested in the field and laboratory to examine their weather resistance and the influence of moisture on efficacy and acceptability to voles (Microtus spp.). Baits containing one of several anticoagulant compounds or zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) were mechanically broadcast in orchard plots. Precipitation (7·62 mm) fell within 48 hours after application. There was not a marked difference in control between the multiple-feeding anticoagulants and the single-feeding anticoagulants or zinc phosphide. Laboratory tests showed that moist pellets of three rodenticide formulations were as effective and acceptable to pine voles (M. pinetorum) as dry pellets. No direct relationship was found to show that wet weather or moisture resistance of the given rodenticide formulations tested affected field control or laboratory mortality. Toxicity and concentration of the active ingredient in formulations used were important to efficacy.
Real-time video surveillance for large scenes

Video surveillance provides security monitoring of target scenes. As the public safety is confronted of more and more neoteric challenges, numerous video surveillance cameras are deployed around the world for public safety and security, intelligent traffic management and homeland security. With the advances in both hardware and software, video surveillance systems have been innovated with many useful features, such as facial recognition, and integrated with networking technologies. However, constrained by optical technologies and costs, most cameras used in practice are designed to provide only limited angles of view, namely partially cover a scene, especially when it is large. Moreover, most of the cameras installed in current video surveillance are analog closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras that do not support IP capability for remote control, easy scaling in deployment and further mining of video information. This paper introduces a scalable multi-tier economic video surveillance solution with a unique feature-realtime video stitching. This system takes advantage of advance in networking technologies, cloud computing and computer vision. Preliminary studies have shown the merits of this solution.
Atomistic simulation of ideal shear strength, point defects, and screw dislocations in bcc transition metals: Mo as a prototype.

Using multi-ion interatomic potentials derived from first-principles generalized pseudopotential theory, we have studied ideal shear strength, point defects, and screw dislocations in the prototype bcc transition metal molybdenum (Mo). Many-body angular forces, which are important to the structural and mechanical properties of such central transition metals with partially filled d bands, are accounted for in the present theory through explicit three- and four-ion potentials. For the ideal shear strength of Mo, our computed results agree well with those predicted by full electronic-structure calculations. For point defects in Mo, our calculated vacancy-formation and activation energies are in excellent agreement with experimental results. The energetics of six self-interstitial configurations have also been investigated. The 〈110〉 split dumbbell interstitial is found to have the lowest formation energy, in agreement with the configuration found by x-ray diffuse scattering measurements. In ascending order, the sequence of energetically stable interstitials is predicted to be 〈110〉 split dumbbell, crowdion, 〈111〉 split dumbbell, tetrahedral site, 〈001〉 split dumbbell, and octahedral site. In addition, the migration paths for the 〈110〉 dumbbell self-interstitial have been studied. The migration energies are found to be 3--15 times higher than previous theoretical estimates obtained using simple radial-force Finnis-Sinclair potentials. Finally, the atomic structure and energetics of 〈111〉 screw dislocations in Mo have been investigated. We have found that the so-called ``easy'' core configuration has a lower formation energy than the ``hard'' one, consistent with previous theoretical studies. The former has a distinctive threefold symmetry with a spread out of the dislocation core along the 〈112〉 directions, an effect which is driven by the strong angular forces present in these metals. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Enhancing Student Attitudes via a Brief, Universal-Level Bullying Prevention Curriculum

Bullying is a salient challenge for children and schools around the world, appearing to be especially prevalent at the middle-school level. Contemporary research reveals an exigent need for systematic programing that aims to reduce and prevent bullying via promoting awareness, attitudes, and skills that facilitate the development of positive peer relationships and positive school climates. Considering this need, the present quasi-experimental study examined the effects of a relatively new, brief, universal-level bullying prevention curriculum on middle-school students’ general attitudes toward bullying and perceptions of their school bullying supports. Results indicated statistically significant enhancement of prosocial attitudes for intervention-group students compared to control-group students, with small effect sizes. Feasibility and social validity outcomes indicated that the intervention was implemented with adequate fidelity and that its goals, procedures, and outcomes were perceived as appropriate. The interpretation, limitations, and implications of these results for practice are discussed herein.
Comparison Between American Permanent Residents of Israel. II. Israeli Background

(1969). Comparison Between American Permanent Residents of Israel: Part I, American Background. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 133-142.
From Community Organization to Direct Services: The Street Trans Action Revolutionaries to Sylvia Rivera Law Project

ABSTRACT The literature on transgender social services is limited. Taking a case study approach, this article examines the needs of chronically underserved lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) populations, particularly homeless transgender street youth, and efforts of community-based organizations to address them. To consider their needs, this article considers the legacy of transgender activist Sylvia Rivera along with four organizations that grew out of her work: the Street Trans Action Revolutionaries, Sylvia's Place, Sylvia Rivera Law Project, and New Alternatives for LGBT Youth. These organizations show the promise for using multiple methods, from direct action to direct services, while connecting the lessons of social movements with social services. Future recommendations for improving research and services are highlighted.
Photooxidation of Platinum(II) Diimine Dithiolates

The violet color of Pt(bpy)(bdt) (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine; bdt = 1,2-benzenedithiolate) is due to a Pt/S → diimine charge-transfer transition; the emission originates from the corresponding triplet state (τ = 460 ns). Photochemical oxidation of Pt(bpy)(bdt) occurs in the presence of oxygen in N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, or dimethyl sulfoxide solution; the reaction has been investigated by 1H NMR and UV−visible absorption spectroscopy. Singlet oxygen produced by energy transfer from the excited complex is implicated as the active oxygen species, in sequential formation of sulfinate, Pt(bpy)(bdtO2), and disulfinate, Pt(bpy)(bdtO4), products. Both products have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The rate of photooxygenation is strongly dependent on water concentration, and transient absorption spectra are consistent with the formation of at least one intermediate. As a whole, our data suggest that the photooxidation chemistry of platinum(II) diimine dithiolates is similar to that of organic ...
Block copolymers for biomimetic composites

Mineralized biological tissues can be regarded as composites where a fine reinforcement is laid down in a very controlled fashion within a tough polymeric matrix. Such materials include bone, antler, tooth enamel, mollusc shell, and crustacean shell. We have been exploring ways of forming similar structures by synthetic routes involving precipitation of reinforcing particles directly into a polymeric matrix. Part of this biomimetic approach requires polymer matrices which can exert a high degree of control over the mineralization process. Polymer gels have been formed from cross-linked methacrylates with various types of functionality within the gel. By incorporating calcium binding groups we have been producing gels which lead to preferential mineralization of the gel when it is incubated in a supersaturated solution of calcium oxalate or calcium carbonate. Similarly we have been incorporating silane groups within the gel in order to promote the deposition of silica in a gel body when it is immersed in a metastable solution of partly hydrolysed silicon alkoxides.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The whispering gallery mode biosensor: label-free detection from virus to single protein

The whispering gallery mode (WGM) biosensor is a micro-optical platform capable of sensitive label-free detection of biological particles. Described by the reactive sensing principle (RSP), this analytic formulation quantifies the response of the system to the adsorption of bioparticles. Guided by the RSP, the WGM biosensor enabling from detection of virus (e.g., Human Papillomavirus, HPV) to the ultimate goal of single protein detection. The latter was derived from insights into the RSP, which resulted in the development of a hybrid plasmonic WGM biosensor, which has recently demonstrated detection of individual protein cancer markers. Enhancements from bound gold nanoparticles provide the sensitivity to detect single protein molecules (66 kDa) with good signal-to-noise (S/N > 10), and project that detection of proteins as small as 5 kDa.
Mitochondrial genome sequences illuminate maternal lineages of conservation concern in a rare carnivore.

Background: Science-based wildlife management relies on genetic information to infer population connectivity and identify conservation units. The most commonly used genetic marker for characterizing animal biodiversity and identifying maternal lineages is the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial genotyping figures prominently in conservation and management plans, with much of the attention focused on the non-coding displacement ("D”) loop. We used massively parallel multiplexed sequencing to sequence complete mitochondrial genomes from 40 fishers, a threatened carnivore that possesses low mitogenomic diversity. This allowed us to test a key assumption of conservation genetics, specifically, that the D-loop accurately reflects genealogical relationships and variation of the larger mitochondrial genome. Results: Overall mitogenomic divergence in fishers is exceedingly low, with 66 segregating sites and an average pairwise distance between genomes of 0.00088 across their aligned length (16,290 bp). Estimates of variation and genealogical relationships from the displacement (D) loop region (299 bp) are contradicted by the complete mitochondrial genome, as well as the protein coding fraction of the mitochondrial genome. The sources of this contradiction trace primarily to the near-absence of mutations marking the D-loop region of one of the most divergent lineages, and secondarily to independent (recurrent) mutations at two nucleotide position in the D-loop amplicon. Conclusions: Our study has two important implications. First, inferred genealogical reconstructions based on the fisher D-loop region contradict inferences based on the entire mitogenome to the point that the populations of greatest conservation concern cannot be accurately resolved. Whole-genome analysis identifies Californian haplotypes from the northern-most populations as highly distinctive, with a significant excess of amino acid changes that may be indicative of molecular adaptation; D-loop sequences fail to identify this unique mitochondrial lineage. Second, the impact of recurrent mutation appears most acute in closely related haplotypes, due to the low level of evolutionary signal (unique mutations that mark lineages) relative to evolutionary noise (recurrent, shared mutation in unrelated haplotypes). For wildlife managers, this means that the populations of greatest conservation concern may be at the highest risk of being misidentified by D-loop haplotyping. This message is timely because it highlights the new opportunities for basing conservation decisions on more accurate genetic information.
Spectral Properties of Transport Equations for Slab Geometry in L1WITH Reentry Boundary Conditions

The time dependent neutron transport equation in a nonhomogeneous slab with generalized boundary conditions in the setting of L 1is studied. For the transport operator Aand the C0semigroup T(t) generated by A, it is shown under fairly general assumptions that the accumulation points of Pas(A) : σ(A) ∩ {λ : Reλ > −λ*}, if they exist, can only appear on the line Reλ = −λ*, where λ*is the essential infimum of the total collision frequency. Further, the spectrum of T(t) outside the disk {λ : |λ| ≤ exp(−λ* t)} consists of isolated eigenvalues of T(t) with finite algebraic multiplicity, and the accumulation points of σ(T(t)) ∩ {λ : |λ| > exp(−λ* t)}, if they exist, can only appear on the circle {λ : |λ| = exp(−λ* t)}.
Bisexual and Homosexual Behavior and HIV Risk Among Chinese-, Filipino-, and Korean-American Men

Seventy bisexually or homosexually active men primarily of Chinese‐, Filipino‐, and Korean‐American backgrounds participated in extensive interviews focusing on acculturation and sexuality. Impressionistic data showed higher involvement in gay culture than Asian culture, a shift away from the complexity of bisexual lifestyles, and two patterns of exogenous selection of male partners. The findings suggest that Asian‐American men who had sex with men were more likely than comparison groups to comply with safer sex; acculturation to Asian society enhanced this compliance, but identification with Western Protestantism, or traditional Latin homosexual roles, was related to higher risk behavior. The reported behavior of the men who had sex with both men and women did not substantiate fears that bisexuals were a conduit for transmitting the virus from the gay to the heterosexual community. Impressionistic data suggested that a combination of inaccurate information about HIV transmission, unfounded trust of partn...
Abstract 2666: Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase type kappa is a prognostic marker, essential for regulating malignant behavior of glioma cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Malignant gliomas have a poor survival resulting from rapid growth of the tumor and extensive dispersion throughout the brain parenchyma. Discovery of tumor-specific biomarkers hold great promise in improving survival and thus call for better understanding of regulatory signals driving glioma cell migration and dispersal. Using genome-wide exploration, we have identified frequent genetic alterations at the Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase type kappa (PTPRK) locus. These PTPRK alterations were among the top significant and very relevant to glioma biology since PTPRK is a dephosphorylation regulator of tyrosine phosphorylation (TP) signaling, a frequently altered signaling cascade in glioma as reported previously. Understanding PTPRK function will provide relevant novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma cell growth and migration. PTPRK expression was analyzed by quantitative-RT-PCR and western blot. Mutations of PTPRK were identified by sequencing full length PTPRK transcripts from a subset of patients’ samples showing PTPRK loss of heterozygosity. Two major PTPRK variants were cloned and expressed in cells harboring altered PTPRK (U87MG cell line) to study their effect on PTPRK phosphatase activity and functionality. PTPRK locus undergoes allelic loss in glioma and contributes to cancer phenotype. It is an independent prognostic marker in glioma. Patients with altered PTPRK (23%) have shorter survival compared to those with normal PTPRK molecular status (p=0.001, Log-rank test, 14 vs. 30 months). PTPRK mRNA as well as protein levels were lower in tumor biopsies compared to non-tumor specimens. Mutational analysis revealed missense mutations in the phosphatase domain, resulting in altered PTPRK phosphatase activity, possibly due to changes in active site conformation. Further, PTPRK alterations changed expression profiles of the PTPRK protein as a result of altered post-translational processing. Reconstitution of PTPRK expression in glioma cells (U87MG cell line) harboring PTPRK deletions suppressed cell growth and migration which was alleviated by the PTPRK variants to differing extent. PTPRK knockdown via shRNA down-regulated its onco-suppressive function compared to PTPRK expressing cells. Our findings provide the first evidence of the key role of PTPRK expression in glioma and shed light on the biological consequences of mutations in the PTPRK gene which significantly alter PTPRK functionality. Biological relevance of PTPRK variants will be determined and validated on a large scale. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2666. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2666
The International Halley Watch

In early 1985, Comet Halley will cross the orbit of Jupiter, and later that year the accelerating comet will pass the asteroid belt, the orbit of Mars, and arrive again for its once-in-a-human-lifetime visit to Earth (Figure 1). Obviously, this celestial event will be of enormous public interest: Ever since the ancient Chinese astronomers recorded their observations of Halley in 240 B.C., it has been a source of curiosity, awe, and fear. Swinging past the sun only once every 76 years, the comet has made the best of its brief moments in that vicinity by throwing out enormous amounts of gases and dust before returning to space. Unlike its last appearance, in 1910, when the comet was easily seen, the 1985–1986 viewing will be unimpressive to the casual observer. The comet will be brightest during the first 3 weeks of February 1986, when it is nearest the sun (closest approach occurs February 9). Unfortunately, the comet will not be visible from the ground then because the earth will be on the other side of the sun. However, to observers, with binoculars, who find a location away from city lighting, Halley will be a rewarding sight in November and December 1985, and it will be at its best in March and early April 1986. Those equipped with a telescope will witness an even more impressive display.
Bifunctional Synthetic Enzyme Candidates via Alternating Copolymerization. II. Copolymers Containing Alternating Imidazole and Phenolic Hydroxyl Functions

Abstract Alternating copolymerization offers an ideal method for introducing certain pairs of functional groups into copolymer chains in a controlled manner. In a previous paper from this laboratory, a novel copolymer containing alternating imidazole and hydroxamic acid functional groups was reported, and its evaluation as a synthetic enzyme was described. In an extension of this work, the present paper reports the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of those novel copolymers containing alternating imidazole and phenolic hydroxyl functional groups. The results of this study indicate that “cooperativity” between this pair of functional groups is somewhat restricted, probably for reasons related to the conformation of the copolymer chains or the proximity of the functional groups to the copolymer backbone.
THE PRAGMATIC FALLACIES OF THE NEW THEORY OF REFERENCE

As is well known, according to the "new" theory of reference, the reference relation can be carried out by means of rigid designators whose relationship with the object they designate cannot be analyzed away. Moreover, the new theorists claim, the category of proper names in a natural language marks almost invariably rigid designators. In this paper, both claims are rejected. Using distinctions between the referential system (which determines which entities the primitive symbols of language refer to in each possible world) and the identification system (which determines which member of one world is identical with which member of another), and between two types of object identification (public and perspectival), it is argued that the use of a noun phrase as a rigid designator is predicated on the assumption that a language user knows who (or what) the noun phrase refers to in the actual world. The conclusion is that rigid designation is not a conceptually irreducible reference relation, nor are proper names always used as rigid designators.
Medievalism: The Middle Ages in Modern England – By Michael Alexander

In this book, the author offers up a history of the Medieval Revival, focusing on the period from 1760 to 1971, and engaging the social, political, artistic, religious, and, perhaps most interestin...
Care of the patient requiring invasive mechanical ventilation

Patients who require prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation pose a unique set of circumstances to the pulmonary and critical care practitioner. This requires a delineation of the primary cause for respiratory failure, and, in most cases, a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of not only the primary disturbance causing respiratory failure, but the consequences that immobility, illness, and prolonged ventilation have on swallowing and ambulatory function, psychosocial interaction, and the ability to wean from mechanical ventilation. The development of multidisciplinary rehabilitative units for patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation have showed not only a reduction in hospital costs and lengths of stay, but also an improvement in patient survival, functional status, reduction in ventilator days or need for mechanical ventilation at discharge, and, overall, the achievement of a satisfactory quality of life.
Copper (II) complex-catalyzed oxidation of NADH by hydrogen peroxide

Among various metal ions of physiological interest, Cu2+ is uniquely capable of catalyzing the oxidation of NADH by H2O2. This oxidation is stimulated about fivefold in the presence of imidazole. A similar activating effect is found for some imidazole derivatives (1-methyl imidazole, 2-methyl imidazole, andN-acetyl-L-histidine). Some other imidazole-containing compounds (L-histidine,L-histidine methyl ester, andL-carnosine), however, inhibit the Cu2+-catalyzed peroxidation of NADH. Other chelating agents such as EDTA andL-alanine are also inhibitory. Stoichiometry for NADH oxidation per mole of H2O2 utilized is 1, which excludes the possibility of a two-step oxidation mechanism with a nucleotide free-radical intermediate. About 92% of the NADH oxidation product can be identified as enzymatically active NAD+. D2O, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]-octane have no significant effect on the oxidation, thus excluding1O2 as a mediator. Similarly, OH· is also not a likely intermediate, since the system is not affected by various scavengers of this radical. The results suggest that a copper-hydrogen peroxide intermediate, when complexed with suitable ligands, can generate still another oxygen species much more reactive than its parent compound, H2O2.