cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence and Narrative

At the seventieth annual conference of the Society of Architectural Historians, held in Glasgow, we cochaired a session titled “Evidence and Narrative in Architectural History.”1 The purpose of this session was to discover some of the practices widely used in the discipline, especially those employed to manage two interrelated problems of particular interest: choosing evidence with which to make arguments and developing structures for telling stories. From the SAH session, as well as in future conferences and workshops on these topics, we hope to seed a conversation on writing history that will help the field become more self-conscious about its use of evidence and narrative. Ultimately, reconsideration of evidence and narrative will produce new and different histories of architecture as well as reimagined agencies for ourselves as writers, readers, teachers, and students. Issues of evidence and narrative have always been part of architectural history discursively, despite architectural historians’ general indifference. Yet there may be an institutional timeliness to the intertwined themes. For architectural historians in art history departments, focusing on narrative might foster alliances with scholars in similarly concerned fields, like history, literature, and philosophy, strengthening architectural history's identity and legitimacy within the humanities and the academy. For architectural historians in architecture schools, focusing on evidence can create links with the sciences and law, underscoring the field's validity for professional practices that rely on the legitimating capacity of objective knowledge. Insofar as architectural history sits between these two sources of institutional power, by considering the reciprocal dependencies of evidence and narrative in our writing, we can give our work the capacity to make this dynamic explicit. Architectural historians find evidence everywhere. We mine built and unbuilt projects alike, textual and visual documents of all kinds, and findings of other fields. Quantitative data, too, have recently entered the field—plural and …
Exploring the affordances of digital storytelling in a media-arts restorative justice program:

Both restorative justice and arts-based programs within the juvenile justice system provide offenders with promising alternatives to the punitive sanctions utilized by many courts. The present arti...
UV-POSIT: Web-Based Tools for Rapid and Facile Structural Interpretation of Ultraviolet Photodissociation (UVPD) Mass Spectra.

UV-POSIT (Ultraviolet Photodissociation Online Structure Interrogation Tools) is a suite of web-based tools designed to facilitate the rapid interpretation of data from native mass spectrometry experiments making use of 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD). The suite includes four separate utilities which assist in the calculation of fragment ion abundances as a function of backbone cleavage sites and sequence position; the localization of charge sites in intact proteins; the calculation of hydrogen elimination propensity for a-type fragment ions; and mass-offset searching of UVPD spectra to identify unknown modifications and assess false positive fragment identifications. UV-POSIT is implemented as a Python/Flask web application hosted at http://uv-posit.cm.utexas.edu . UV-POSIT is available under the MIT license, and the source code is available at https://github.com/jarosenb/UV_POSIT .
Infant cry signal detection, pattern extraction and recognition

The cry signals generated by infants serves as the primary communication for infants. Cry signals can provide insight into their wellbeing. This paper proposes to use the speech signal identification technique to recognize infant cry signals. Advanced signal processing methods are used to analyze the infant cry by using audio features in the time and frequency domains in an attempt to classify each cry to a specific need. The features extracted from audio feature space include linear predictive coding (LPC), linear predictive cepstral coefficients (LPCC), Bark frequency cepstral coefficients (BFCC) and Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC). The primary classification technique used were: nearest neighbor approach, neural networks method. The cry recognition of specific infants yielded promising results.
Protein synthesis in human leukocytes and lymphocytes: 1. Effect of steroids and sterols.

The in vitro effects of sterols, cholesterol and 3-methyl cholanthrene and steroids, cortisol, prednisolone and testosterone on protein synthesis in separate popultions of human lymphocytes and leukocytes has been investigated. It has been shown that all agents used result in the inhibition of protein synthesis under these conditions. It has also been shown that the inhibitory mechanism of the steroid hormones requires the presence of plasma, presumably as a protein binding factor in order to achieve its effect. The sterol, cholesterol and 3-methyl cholanthrene, in the absence of plasma, still inhibit amino acid incorporation. However, in the case of cholesterol, the magnitude of inhibition is lower than that observed in the presence of plasma, perhaps indicating a partial plasma dependence. The results presented therefore support the hypothesis that the inhibition of lymphocyte protein synthesis by steroid hormones occurs only when the steroid is bound to a plasma protein. The physiologic role of the plasma protein-cortisol complex and its relation to the condition of lymphopenia in man is discussed.
Cutaneous Epithelial Stem Cells

The field of epithelial stem cells is progressing rapidly largely because of technical advances in molecular and cellular biology. Many astute observations over the last century led to predictions about epithelial stem cells that only recently have been definitively addressed through new technology. Historically, rare interfollicular stem cells within the basal layer were considered the primary source of homeostatic skin renewal. This dogma has recently been challenged by a new model suggesting that all basal layer cells have the same regenerative power. A new work proposes to reconcile these very different concepts suggesting that both may, in part, be correct. Follicular stem cells, originally thought to arise from a single population in the bulge region, may now share the burden with other recently described putative stem cells. Each resides in a different location within the follicle and each appears to have distinct contributions to hair follicle cycling and interfollicular repair. Here, we review the evolution of current thinking on cutaneous epithelial stem cells, and delineate future challenges for applying our knowledge to reap clinical benefits.
Drug-age alerting for outpatient geriatric prescriptions: a joint study using interoperable drug standards.

For more than a decade, the Beers criteria1 have identified specific medications that should generally be avoided in the geriatric population. Studies that have shown high prevalence rates of these potentially inappropriate medications have used disparate methodologies to identify these medications and hence are difficult to replicate and generalize. In an effort to improve prescribing behavior, we are building a drug-age alerting system utilizing standard drug coding systems for use in our Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems.
ZEOLITE SYNTHESIS IN AMMONIA AND AQUEOUS AMMONIA SOLVENTS: REACTIVITY OF GROUP IA CATIONS WITH PRE-MADE SILICA-ALUMINA GELS

ABSTRACT The synthesis of zeolites using group IA cations in ammonia and aqueous ammonia solvents has been studied. Pressure effects dominate the products of these reactions, yielding dense zeolites or feldspathoids. Differences between aqueous and aqueous ammonia systems are minor except in the sodium system. The sodalite and ECR-5 canchnite products are unusual in having Si/AI ratios greater than unity and no salt entrainment. In the cancrinites this produces new compositions with sorption properties commensurate with the 12-ring structure and not previously observed in conventionally synthesized materials containing entrained salts.
Multidimensional mechanics: Performance mapping of natural biological systems using permutated radar charts.

Comparing the functional performance of biological systems often requires comparing multiple mechanical properties. Such analyses, however, are commonly presented using orthogonal plots that compare N ≤ 3 properties. Here, we develop a multidimensional visualization strategy using permutated radar charts (radial, multi-axis plots) to compare the relative performance distributions of mechanical systems on a single graphic across N ≥ 3 properties. Leveraging the fact that radar charts plot data in the form of closed polygonal profiles, we use shape descriptors for quantitative comparisons. We identify mechanical property-function correlations distinctive to rigid, flexible, and damage-tolerant biological materials in the form of structural ties, beams, shells, and foams. We also show that the microstructures of dentin, bone, tendon, skin, and cartilage dictate their tensile performance, exhibiting a trade-off between stiffness and extensibility. Lastly, we compare the feeding versus singing performance of Darwin’s finches to demonstrate the potential of radar charts for multidimensional comparisons beyond mechanics of materials.
What English Language Teachers Need to Know, Volume II: Facilitating Learning

Designed for pre-service and novice teachers in ELT, What English Language Teachers Need to Know Volumes I, II, and III are companion textbooks organized around the key question: What do teachers need to know and be able to do in order to help their students to learn English? In the Second Edition of Volume II, Murray and Christison return to this essential question and cover the three main facets of teaching: planning, instructing, and assessing L2 English instruction. Addressing new skills and strategies that ESL and EFL teachers require to meet the needs of their shifting student populations who are impacted by changing demographics, different learning contexts, and digital environments, this book offers a strong emphasis on practical applications for classroom teaching that is grounded in current research. This updated and expanded Second Edition features: a new section on teacher learning, including a chapter on exploring digital technologies in ELT new and updated classroom examples throughout discussions of how teachers can prepare for contemporary challenges, such as population mobility and globalization. The comprehensive texts work for teachers across different contexts—where English is the dominant language, an official language, or a foreign language; for different levels—elementary/primary, secondary, university, or adult education; and for different learning purposes—general English, workplace English, English for academic purposes, or English for specific purposes.
Interpersonal Violence, Maternal Perception of Infant Emotion, and Child-Parent Psychotherapy

Caregivers’ ability to identify infant cues plays a crucial role in child development, enabling attuned and responsive caregiving that serves as the basis for secure attachment. At the same time, exposure to interpersonal violence (IPV) could alter mothers’ interpretations of social stimuli and interfere with normative parent-child interactional processes. The current study examined four interrelated hypotheses. The first two hypotheses test whether IPV-exposed mothers show bias toward fear or anger in interpreting infants’ facial expressions, and whether this bias is related to child symptoms. Our second set of hypotheses examines whether bias can be changed by Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP) and whether this change mediates treatment gains. 113 IPV-exposed mothers of 2 to 6 year old children completed the I FEEL picture task at baseline and again twelve months later. In the interim, 33 mothers were randomized into a treatment comparison group and the remainder received CPP. Analyses revealed that IPV-exposed mothers exhibit a perceptual bias toward fear, but not anger. Bias toward fear was linked to greater child internalizing symptoms while bias toward anger was linked to greater child externalizing symptoms. Participation in CPP resulted in decreased bias toward fearful faces. The treatment-related changes in mothers’ perceptions of children’s facial expression did not emerge as the mechanism by which CPP reduces children’s symptoms. These results suggest that exposure to IPV alters mothers’ ability to interpret infant facial expressions and that CPP is effective in reducing such biases.
Numerical modeling and experimental validation of two-phase microfluidic cooling in silicon devices for vertical integration of microelectronics

Abstract The vertical integration of microelectronics is an appealing approach that offers significant performance advantages over conventional planar devices. However, one of the main challenges for implementing such technology is the limited volume for heat dissipation. Microfluidic interlayer cooling is a feasible solution for the thermal management of such devices, but several challenges remain to achieve a comprehensive solution that is compatible with electrical and structural parameters. In the present study, a Thermal Demonstration Vehicle (TDV) is numerically and experimentally investigated in an effort to provide a practical cooling solution for vertically integrated devices with heterogeneous heating. The flow boiling of the dielectric refrigerant HFE-7200 is investigated to provide insights regarding the two-phase flow regimes, heat transfer, and pressure drop characteristics in this type of microgaps. The physics of the flow boiling mechanisms are also explored through a mechanistic phase change model, which can be used with commercial computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer (CFD-HT) codes. The numerical modeling approach is validated with experimental results in representative layouts with variable density of pin fins and non-uniform power inputs, making this technique an attractive alternative for the design of practical two-phase micro-cooling layers operating in realistic conditions with hotspots.
Vacuum instability in low-energy supersymmetry breaking

Abstract We show that for the simplest models of gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking, including all existing models, the true vacuum will not preserve QCD if it communicates supersymmetry breaking to the visible sector. We show that the desired supersymmetry breaking color preserving vacuum can nonetheless be stable cosmologically, but only if certain couplings are sufficiently small. We also present simple modifications to the sector which communicates supersymmetry breaking in which the true vacuum is acceptable, suggesting desirable properties to be sought in dynamical models of supersymmetry breaking.
Variation in Prey-resource Utilization and Oral Jaw Gape Between two Populations of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus Salmoides

Ontogenetic changes in diet and jaw gape were compared between two indigenous populations of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, to test the hypothesis that ecomorphology varies among broadly distributed fish populations. Two hundred seventy-two temperate (southwestern Michigan) M. salmoides and 265 subtropical (east-central Florida) conspecifics were analyzed for food habits and oral jaw gape height and width. Percent volumetric contributions of four functional prey categories (plankton, insect, crustacean, and fish) were compared among fish-size classes to determine if interval-specific differences in prey consumption existed between populations. Subtropical M. salmoides shifted from feeding on plankton and macroinvertebrates to fish by 20 mm standard length (SL); and stopped consuming plankton by 29 mm SL. Temperate largemouth bass did not become piscivorous until 37 mm SL and continued utilizing plankton up to 69 mm SL. Following the onset of piscivory, 100–260 mm SL subtropical largemouth bass began utilizing more crustaceans than fish. In contrast, temperate M. salmoides consistently fed on fish following the onset of piscivory. Variations in food habits were associated with differences in gape size between temperate and subtropical populations. Temperate largemouth bass had significantly larger gape height (ANCOVA: F = 103.4; df = 1,536; p < 0.001) and width (ANCOVA: F = 47.0; df = 1,536; p < 0.001) than subtropical bass. Although piscivory is a well-known feature of M. salmoides, the ontogeny of piscivory may vary between populations. We hypothesize that interpopulation differences in jaw gape may be related to variations in prey-resource utilization.
Career Decision Making in Women as a Function of Sex Composition of Career-Planning Groups.

The hypothesis that women in a female career-planning group would be more able to make career decisions than women in a sexually mixed group was tested, with 32 high school students as the sample. ...
Entering Imagined Worlds Through Enchanted Rationalization

This chapter presents the history of Dungeons & Dragons through the lens of Max Weber’s concept of disenchantment, drawing on elaborations of the concept by Michael Saler and George Ritzer. Mizer argues that Dungeons & Dragons takes aspects of modernity typically associated with disenchantment and repurposes them by placing them in a productive tension with the enchanted imagination. With this foundation, the chapter follows the development of Dungeons & Dragons in terms of shifting emphasis on rationalization and enchantment, highlighting the “McDonaldized” form of role-playing represented by the fourth edition of Dungeons & Dragons.
Axler–Zheng Type Theorem on a Class of Domains in {\mathbb{C}^n}

We prove a version of Axler–Zheng’s Theorem on smooth bounded pseudoconvex domains in \({\mathbb{C}^n}\) on which the \({\overline{\partial}}\) -Neumann operator is compact.
Special Educators’ Working Conditions, Self-Efficacy, and Practices Use With Students With Emotional/Behavioral Disorders:

Students with emotional/behavioral disorders (EBD) in self-contained settings depend on special educators to deliver high-quality instruction and behavior management, and special educators depend o...
Theory of conduction in polysilicon: Drift-diffusion approach in crystalline-amorphous-crystalline semiconductor system&#8212;Part II: General I-V theory

A general model for conduction in polysilicon is presented for arbitrary applied voltage. The model incorporates the effect of mobile carrier redistribution under bias and accounts for the high field switching in amorphous grain boundary. Microscopic mobilities used for describing the carrier transport provides a physical basis for introducing the grain voltage across the unit cell of polysilicon. The voltage, in turn, distributes itself to preserve a constant current density therein. This new criterion yields a new voltage partitioning scheme, and a general expression for the corresponding current is derived in terms of pertinent system parameters.
Operation of an x-band dielectric Cherenkov maser amplifier

Results are reported on the experimental and theoretical performance of a dielectrjc Cherenkov maser amplifier. The amplifier is designed to work in the TM01 mode of a cylindrical dielectric lined waveguide. In a low voltage low current (200 kV 100A ) experiment results indicate that the device has operated as an amplifier at a frequency of 9. 8 GHz. The rf input of the amplifier was provided by a tunable (9-10 GHz) 10 kW magnetron. An average power gain of approximately 0. 6 db/cm over a 21 cm interaction length was measured using electron beam parameters of 190 kV 90 amperes and a beam pulse length of 1 . Ls. Preliminary results of the scale up of the experiment to a system driven by a 700 kV to 1 MV 3 kA 100 ns electron beam with rf input provided by a tunable (8. 4-9. 6 GHz) 200 kW magnetron indicate a power output of 280 MW at 8. 6 GHz. However due to the large amount of feedback in the system the device might more appropriately be described as a frequency locked oscillator. 1.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Trust and Communication with a Caregiver Reduces Behavior Problems and Protects against Stress among Urban Adolescents.

Youth, particularly urban minority youth, are exposed to high levels of stressful and potentially traumatic life events that have been linked to a wide array of negative outcomes including internal...
ULK1 forms distinct oligomeric states and nanoscopic morphologies during autophagy initiation

Abstract Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process for the degradation and recycling of intracellular components. Although autophagy has been extensively studied, it still remains unclear how autophagosome formation occurs in response to starvation. Here we combined CRISPR-cas9-assisted genome-editing with quantitative Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (qPALM) to analyze the nanoscopic spatial distribution and oligomeric states of endogenous ULK1, the central autophagy induction regulator with single molecule sensitivity. Amino acid starvation induced a small fraction of ULK1 molecules to localize to arc-shaped and spherical structures with radii up to 300 nm and with more than 30 ULK1 molecules. These starvation-induced structures with high ULK1 content occurred only when ULK1 was colocalized with Atg13 and within 100 nm distance to the endoplasmic reticulum. This analysis revealed that a threshold number of ULK1 molecules around 30 is necessary to drive the formation of early autophagic ULK1 structures under starvation, providing an unprecedented quantitative insight into a hierarchical transition of ULK1 states during autophagy initiation.
COVID-19 Pandemic: Face Mask Mandates, Hospitalization, and Infection Rates in the United States

Face masks have been identified as one of the preventive methods for the control of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Although the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend the universal use of face masks, there are controversies in the implementation of a national face mask mandate in the US. This commentary discusses the relationship between facemask mandates and key COVID-19 indicators such as infection rates and hospitalization rates in the US. It also summarizes some of the political issues surrounding the implementation of the national face mask mandate. We conducted an ecological study on the relationship between face mask mandates and key COVID-19 indicators. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar and reviewed 150 English articles related to face mask challenges in the US published from 2005 to 2021. We identified seven challenges associated with face mask wearing - conflicting messaging, individualism, denial, health consequences, lack of a national masking standard, concerns of African American males, and environmental issues. We found that North Dakota, a state without a face mask mandate had the highest COVID-19 prevalence of 13.3%. The mean prevalence for the highest top 10 ranked states without and with a face mask mandate was 11.1% and 10.5%, respectively. We also found that Florida, Arizona and Georgia, states without a face mask mandates, had the highest cumulative hospitalizations of 83,381, 58,670, and 57,911 hospitalizations, respectively. Alabama, Indiana, and Minnesota, which have face mask mandates, had the lowest hospitalization rates of 47,090, 47,787, and 26,651, respectively. Copyright © 2021 Armstrong-Mensah, et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.
Obesity-Induced Lymphedema

Extreme obesity can cause secondary lymphedema; the mechanism is unknown. If a patient’s body mass index (BMI) exceeds 50, lower extremity lymphatic dysfunction can occur. Individuals with obesity-induced lymphedema, or at risk for the disease, are referred to a bariatric surgical center. Weight loss may improve lymphatic dysfunction, but might not reverse the condition.
Fee-Shifting and Octane: An Empirical Approach Toward Understanding 'Exceptional'

This note examines the legal landscape for fee-shifting in exceptional cases following the Supreme Court's ruling in Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc. This note considers emerging trends post-Octane Fitness based on an empirical analysis of attorneys' fees granted under § 285 post-Octane Fitness and discusses district determinations of "exceptional."
The need for spatially and functionally integrated models of ozone deposition to Sierra Nevada forests

Abstract Ozone deposition models are needed for the Sierra Nevada to address growing ozone pollution and forest health problems in the region. Models can be used to estimate the stomatal fraction of total ozone deposition. Modeling stomatal ozone deposition, or plant ozone uptake, is critical for estimating the damaging component of plant ozone exposure. Models are an important tool for scaling from direct measurements to the landscape, for capturing the complex dynamics of ozone deposition across heterogeneous and mountainous landscapes, and for estimating temporal dynamics in ozone deposition. In this chapter, we first review the biotic and abiotic controls on ozone deposition in the Sierra Nevada. We review approaches to modeling ozone deposition from the leaf to the regional scale. We discuss in detail algorithms for estimating stomatal conductance, since ozone uptake is controlled by stomatal conductance and conductance drops progressively over the prolonged summer drought, typical of the Sierra Nevada, in response to progressively decreasing soil moisture and atmospheric humidity. We highlight examples of ozone deposition and stomatal conductance modeling efforts that provide potential approaches to modeling in the Sierra Nevada. We end with a discussion of the needs for future modeling in the Sierra Nevada and the key questions about ozone deposition facing the Sierra Nevada that can currently best be answered with models.
Internet abuse and possible addiction among undergraduates: A developing concern for library and university administrators

Purpose – Within the context of general systems theory (GST), this paper aims to review the literature on the potential for internet abuse and addiction among undergraduate university students in the university and library environment.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on a review and synthesis of the relevant literature derived from the computer, education, medical and psychological sciences.Findings – Anecdotal evidence has been accumulating for over a decade, suggesting that inappropriate use of the internet by college students may lead to adverse educational outcomes; however, very little empirical evidence is available to substantiate the phenomenon.Research limitations/implications – A lack of empirical evidence limits the conclusions one may draw on the nature and extent of the internet‐related difficulties that students may be experiencing. However, the accumulating anecdotal evidence and commentary suggests that near‐term and long‐term problems for both the individual and society a...
Electromagnetic loads on ion cyclotron and lower hybrid launchers for TPX

The ion cyclotron (IC) and lower hybrid (LH) launchers for the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) will be subjected to significant forces resulting from eddy currents induced in the launchers from the rapid decay of the plasma current during plasma disruption events. The launchers are being designed to withstand the forces resulting from a peak plasma current decay rate of 1.2 MA/ms and an average current decay rate of 0.5 MA/ms from an initial plasma current of 2 MA. The desire for highly reliable and low cost fabrication techniques prompted the comparison of pure copper and dispersion-hardened copper for the LH launcher. Its low nuclear activation rate, high electrical resistance, and high strength motivated the evaluation of Titanium as an IC antenna material.
Pharmacy Benefit Management: Are Reporting Requirements Pro- or Anticompetitive?

The market-based US healthcare system relies on pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) to control pharmaceutical costs, in contrast to most other countries that regulate drug prices and access. Optimal structuring and regulation of PBM contracts pose significant agency challenges for private and public payers. However, recent reporting requirements for PBMs may be counterproductive and reflect the interests of competitors rather than customers.
Where Technologies Collide: A Technology Integration Model

Technology is transforming teaching in ways that break down classroom walls while improving course quality and capitalizing on educators’ creativity. Rather than using technology in an ad hoc way, technology needs to fit the content and pedagogical style of the teacher.Our chapter builds on the extant literature on the necessary knowledge to integrate content, pedagogy, and technology (TPACK) in the classroom. We propose a comprehensive model that outlines the factors that lead to the development of TPACK, the relationship between TPACK and the use of technology, and outcomes gleaned from technology-enhanced learning.Our proposed model is an important first step to considering the precursors and outcomes of TPACK, which will need to be validated empirically. We extend the TPACK framework by identifying the predictors of TPACK such as teacher self-efficacy, experience with technology, and student factors. We argue that the extent to which educators develop their TPACK and use technology is bound by contextual factors such as organizational culture, resources, and student characteristics. Without considering the extensions that are identified in the Technology Integration Model, the linkages between TPACK and desirable outcomes (e.g., student engagement) are unclear. As a result, our proposed model has implications for educators and institutions alike.
Legal Regulation of Pregnancy and Childbirth

This piece, a short entry in The Child: An Encyclopedic Companion, examines the legal regulation of pregnant women. In particular, the article discusses whether and under what circumstances the state can force pregnant women to undergo unwanted medical treatments or physically restrain or punish pregnant women for engaging in otherwise legal conduct when the state believes that these interventions are necessary to protect the fetus from potential harms.
Dreaming Poetry in American

Poems are meeting on the corner of somewhere and somewhere, where mom sounds like an address you'd write to and words have girlfriends or notes attached, clever like string, they fly close to the sun on Icarus wings warm and dangerous? there are no bad trapeze artists if you believe in Darwin, so it is with poetry it's just the packaging, sentiment can be convenient it's not a crime, it's a way to keep children and blush and stumble then let them go, it's first things and last things which may be metaphors but mostly it's just first things and last things, a way to lengthen the dark, or the way finding a piece of popcorn down the back of your couch can inspire 80 kilograms of popcorn to form a mountain in a gallery I wouldn't say piece, but kernel, yet how far removed is corn from the pop of it.
The Role of Shareholders in Publicly Traded Corporations in the United States

The United States chapter discusses the ownership of publicly traded corporations and shareholder rights and protections. The importance of shareholder voting and the use of proxy fights are a significant focus of the chapter. In addition the chapter covers shareholders’ rights to information under federal and state law, role of independent directors, fiduciary duties, private and public enforcement to protect shareholders and the market for corporate control. The chapter reflects recent developments resulting from Dodd-Franks legislation and SEC rulemaking.
Solar radiation transport in the cloudy atmosphere: a 3D perspective on observations and climate impacts

The interplay of sunlight with clouds is a ubiquitous and often pleasant visual experience, but it conjures up major challenges for weather, climate, environmental science and beyond. Those engaged in the characterization of clouds (and the clear air nearby) by remote sensing methods are even more confronted. The problem comes, on the one hand, from the spatial complexity of real clouds and, on the other hand, from the dominance of multiple scattering in the radiation transport. The former ingredient contrasts sharply with the still popular representation of clouds as homogeneous plane-parallel slabs for the purposes of radiative transfer computations. In typical cloud scenes the opposite asymptotic transport regimes of diffusion and ballistic propagation coexist. We survey the three-dimensional (3D) atmospheric radiative transfer literature over the past 50 years and identify three concurrent and intertwining thrusts: first, how to assess the damage (bias) caused by 3D effects in the operational 1D radiative transfer models? Second, how to mitigate this damage? Finally, can we exploit 3D radiative transfer phenomena to innovate observation methods and technologies? We quickly realize that the smallest scale resolved computationally or observationally may be artificial but is nonetheless a key quantity that separates the 3D radiative transfer solutions into two broad and complementary classes: stochastic and deterministic. Both approaches draw on classic and contemporary statistical, mathematical and computational physics.
Highways for CAMAC Systems - A Brief Introduction

The interconnection between CAMAC crates and between the crates and a computer is called the CAMAC highway. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief summary of CAMAC highway configurations to put in perspective the highway papers that follow and to serve as a starting point for the panel discussion on CAMAC highways.
A comparison of the correcting behaviour exhibited by two milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus and Lygaeus kalmii

. Adults and nymphs of two species of milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus and Lygaeus kalmii, were studied with respect to their optomotor responses, as exhibited by the laboratory phenomenon of correcting behaviour on mazes. It was found that the O.fasciatus nymphs failed to correct while the other three groups all exhibited correcting behaviour. The differences in correcting behaviour were attributed to differences in such ecological variables as degree of socialness, nature of food source, and foraging strategies.
Possible effects of normetabolites on the subjective and reinforcing characteristics of opioids in animals and man

When an opioid capable of forming active metabolites is administered, the total pharmacology is the result of interactions of the opioid and such metabolites, especially normetabolites. Normetabolites may affect the morphine-like characteristics of certain opioids and thus influence their reinforcement in animals and man. Most opioids, when administered in single doses, are positively reinforcing in addicts. Oral administration, as compared with parenteral, facilitates the formation of normetabolites. When chronically administered, many opioids, including acetylmethadol, meperidine, morphine, codeine, propoxyphene, and levorphanol, show evidence of a longer half-life for their normetabolites. Normetabolites may have aversive characteristics and thus impair positive reinforcement of the parent drug in animals and man. For example, addicts do not like chronic oral morphine or chronic oral codeine. Conversely, methadone, the normetabolites of which are inactive, is well accepted during chronic oral administration. Drugs which inhibit N-demethylation will increase the agonist potency of opioids having inactive normetabolites (e.g., methadone) but will decrease the agonist potency of opioids having more potent normetabolites than the parent (e.g., acetylmethadol). The divergent responses of addicts to single doses of opiates as compared with chronic doses indicate that chronic addiction tests in man are needed befored relative abuse liability can be predicted.
Heat Transfer Modeling of the Friction Extrusion Process

Abstract The present work is focused on understanding the heat transfer phenomenon and the temperature field in the friction extrusion process. A friction extrusion experiment using aluminum alloy 6061 was designed and carried out, in which the mechanical power input during the experiment was recorded and the temperature variations with time at several key points surrounding the process chamber were measured using inserted thermal couples. A numerical thermal model for the experimental system has been developed. The model includes a rotating extrusion die, a material being processed inside an extrusion chamber, a chamber wall, and a back plate at the bottom of the chamber wall. The experimentally measured mechanical power is used as input to the model to predict the temperature field in the experiment. It is found that the predicted temperature variations at the locations of the thermal couple tips agree well with those measured experimentally, suggesting that the thermal model can serve as a reasonable predictive model for the temperature field distribution in the friction extrusion process.
The Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Goal Structures on Students' Attitudes and Achievement

Summary The effects of interpersonal cooperation, competition, and individualistic efforts were compared on students' achievement and perceptions of teacher and peer academic and personal support. Sixty-nine fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students were included in the study. Males and females were randomly assigned to conditions so that within each condition there were 23 Ss and an approximately equal number of males and females. The results indicate that cooperation promoted stronger perceptions of teacher academic and personal support than did individualistic learning experiences, stronger perceptions of peer academic and personal support than did either competitive or individualistic learning experiences, and higher achievement than did the other two conditions. Competition resulted in higher achievement and stronger perceptions of teacher academic support than did individualistic learning experiences.
Molecular dynamics simulations of densification processes in nanocrystalline materials

Abstract Molecular dynamics computer simulations were employed to investigate the dynamic processes of diffusion, grain growth, sintering, and consolidation in nanocrystalline copper (n-Cu). At room temperature, fully dense n-Cu was found to be stable. At 1100 K, a large fraction of atoms in the n-Cu became amorphous which provides a new mechanism of grain growth and recrystallization. Atomic mobility in dense n-Cu decreased with time as the grain boundaries relaxed. The initial configurations of the grains were shown to have a strong influence on pressureless sintering. Both hydrostatic pressure and uniaxial stress loading accelerated the process of densification on porous n-Cu. The latter, however, was found more efficient due to grain boundary sliding.
Electron-transport systems in Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Abstract Respiratory pigments and electron-transport pathways in a number of strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been investigated. Fast-growing strains show difference spectra with peaks corresponding to cytochromes a + a3, b and c. Respiration in these strains is inhibited by CO and by cyanide and is independent of oxygen tension down to low pO2 values. A slow-growing mutant strain isolated from cultures of a normal strain treated with acridine orange, was shown to lack a factor mediating the reduction of cytochrome c522 by b564. The much studied, high-toxin-producing strain (PW8(Pd)) shows only one major cytochrome component in difference spectra with peaks at 558, 525 and 428 mμ. Cytochrome b558 is the terminal oxidase involved in succinate oxidation by PW8(Pd) and its autooxidation is unaffected by either cyanide or CO. Oxygen uptake with substrates other than succinate is proportional to oxygen tension, suggesting that flavoprotein is acting as terminal oxidase. In extracts of PW8(Pd), DPNH-oxidase activity is found in the soluble fraction and can be separated from cytochromes by high-speed centrifugation. Schemes have been proposed to account for electron transport in the various strains of C. diphtheriae studied.
Differences in the sterol composition of Heliothis zea fed Zea mays versus Medicago sativa

Abstract Larvae of Heliothis zea were fed Zea mays or Medicago sativa in order to determine how these plants affected the development and sterol composition of the insect. The larvae fed corn kernels grew more rapidly than those fed alfalfa leaves. The corn kernels contained Δ 5 -24-alkylsterols whereas the leaves as well as the sprouts and flowers of alfalfa contained Δ 7 -24-alkylsterols. The corn-fed larvae dealkylated the dietary Δ 5 -sterols and utilized primarily cholesterol in their tissues. In contrast, although the larvae fed alfalfa dealkylated the Δ 7 -sterols present in the leaves, they were unable to metabolize the B-ring of these sterols and so both the prepupae and adults utilized large quantities of lathosterol in their tissues. Interestingly, H. zea , a generalized feeder, shared its inability to metabolize Δ 7 -sterols to Δ 5 -sterols with Hypera postica , a specialized feeder on alfalfa. This coleopteran also dealkylated the Δ 7 -24-alkylsterols and contained lathosterol, but not cholesterol, in its tissues. Therefore, the ability of H. zea to utilize either Δ 5 - or Δ 7 -sterols in its tissues may help to explain its ability to complete its development on a variety of different plants, although it may prefer a host, such as corn, that produces Δ 5 -sterols and supports a more-rapid rate of growth.
A novel function of caspase‐8 in the regulation of androgen‐receptor‐driven gene expression

Transcriptional regulation by the androgen receptor (AR) is critical for male sexual development and prostate cancer. In this study, we used an expression cloning strategy to identify molecules that regulate AR-driven transcription. Screening of a human cDNA library resulted in isolation of caspase-8 (Casp8), an initiator caspase that mediates death-receptor-induced apoptosis. Casp8 repressed AR-dependent gene expression independently of its apoptotic protease activity by disrupting AR amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal (N/C) interaction and inhibiting androgen-induced AR nuclear localization. Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed that three motifs in Casp8 specifically interacted with the motifs that are known to be involved in AR N/C interaction. Substitutions of the amino-acid residues critical for AR–Casp8 interactions abolished the Casp8-mediated inhibition of AR transactivation. In addition, knockdown of Casp8 by RNA interference specifically affected the androgen-dependent expression of AR-targeting genes in LNCaP cells. These results indicate that Casp8 has a novel function beyond its known role in the mediation of apoptosis.
Solution of the NLO BFKL Equation and γ*γ* Cross-Section at NLO

The analytic NLO cross section of the γ*γ* scattering process at high-energy is calculated. The result is obtained factorizing the scattering amplitude in rapidity space using the high-energy Operator Product Expansion in terms of composite Wilson line operators. The next-to-leading logarithmic resummation is included employing the solution of the NLO BFKL equation which obtained from the linearization of the evolution in rapidity space of the composite Wilson line operators.
Spectral characterization of 15N spin labels

Abstract Nitrocide spin labels containing 15N have hyperfine lines at magnetic field positions different from those for 14N spin labels. This allows the use of an 14N and an 15N spin label for specific experiments where two events can be monitored at the same time. Before this technique can be used to full advantage, the spectral characteristics of 15N spin labels under various conditions must be known. This report describes, in a comparative way, the effects of restricted rotational motion and nitroxide—nitroxide interactions on 15N-Tempone and the corresponding 14N spin label. An interesting feature is that 15N extends the useful range of motion of spin labels to slower tumbling rates than those conveniently handled with 14N. A general description of line shape changes due to spin label concentration effects is made without resorting to formalism.
Measuring mindfulness? An Item Response Theory analysis of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale.

Abstract The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) is one of the most popular measures of mindfulness, exhibiting promising psychometric properties and theoretically consistent relationships to brain activity, mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) outcomes, and mediation of MBI effects. The present study investigated the response patterns and scale properties in a large sample of undergraduate students (N = 414) using Item Response Theory analyses. The findings suggest that general statements of “automatic inattentiveness” or “automatic pilot” confer greater statistical information about the underlying latent trait. Evidence of limited abilities to report on mindlessness and of response bias to “mindfulness-absent” items suggests challenges to the construct validity of the MAAS. The current findings, along with pre-existing data, suggest that reverse-scoring the scale may be inadequate to represent intentional attention or awareness. Further research is needed to determine which variations, components, and correlates of the numerous operationalizations of mindfulness are theoretically consistent and most salient to positive outcomes, especially in psychopathology.
Peptide quantitation using primary amine selective metal chelation labels for mass spectrometry

Primary amine selective lanthanide metal chelating labels are demonstrated for enhancing the number of simultaneous relative peptide quantitation measurements that can be performed in mass spectrometry analyses.
An analysis of stock market transactions data

Abstract Many studies have argued against the strict form of the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) by concluding that a lagged relationship exists between volume and the absolute value of a price change. These studies have denied a priori the possibility of a contemporaneous relationship. If a simultaneous relationship exists then least squares with only lagged variables suffers from omitted variable bias, and least squares with contemporaneous variables may suffer from simultaneous equations bias. Investigating these possibilities, this study demonstrates that simultaneity exists and that previous findings of a lagged relationship between the variables are therefore due to specification error. System estimation techniques suggest that the price-volume relationship is recursive, with the absolute value of a price change causing volume contemporaneously, but not conversely.
Design, Validation, and Implementation of a Rapid-Injection NMR System

A Rapid Injection NMR (RINMR) apparatus has been designed and constructed to allow the observation of fast chemical reactions in real time by NMR spectroscopy. The instrument was designed to allow the rapid (<2 s) injection and mixing of a metered volume of a reagent into a spinning NMR tube followed by rapid acquisition of the data resulting from the evolution of the chemical process. The various design criteria for this universal system included the ability to deliver any chemical reagent at any temperature and allow for the observation of any nucleus. The various challenges associated with the construction and implementation of this instrument are documented along with the validation of the accuracy of the apparatus with respect to volume and temperature. Finally, the ultimate validation and reproducibility of the technique is presented in the form of three case studies that used the instrument to elucidate various aspects of organic reaction mechanisms. The authors urge interested parties to not embark on the construction of their own instrument and invite those whose research problems might be amenable to this kind of analysis to contact the corresponding author for access to the apparatus described herein.