cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data for [Pt(C2H8N2)(C7H8N40)2](PF6)2, cis-[bis(7,9 - dimethylhypoxanthine) (ethylene diamine) platinum (II)] dihexafluorophosphate

Observed and calculated X-ray powder diffraction data are given for cis-[bis (7,9 dimethylhypoxanthine) (ethylene diamine) platinum (II)] dihexafluorophosphate. The paper details how the powder data were obtained with CrKα 1 radiation and how the quality rating of the pattern was assessed with respect to unique indexing and with regard to the agreement between calculated and observed relative intensities.
New players in the nuclear game

The Reagan administration winked at the spread of atomic weapons to powers in troubled areas, and it encouraged civilian use of plutonium. Nonproliferation was not a high priority.
Continuous-Flow Preparation and Use of β-Chloro Enals Using the Vilsmeier Reagent

The Vilsmeier reagent is used in the preparation of a wide variety of heterocycles, such as pyrazoles, via formation of β-chloroacrolein intermediates. However, use of this extremely reactive reagent on large scale requires special precautions to avoid potentially dangerous exotherms. This article describes the safe preparation at room temperature of the Vilsmeier reagent under flow conditions for the formation of β-chloroacroleins and 3-formylchromones, as well as the use of these in multistep, continuous flow processes for the syntheses of β-acrylonitriles and polysubstituted pyrazoles.
Abstract 388: Regular Aerobic Exercise Enhances Endothelium tPA Release in Adults With HIV-1

HIV-1 infection is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We have previously demonstrated that the capacity of the endothelium to release tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), the primary activator of endogenous fibrinolysis, is markedly impaired in HIV-1-seropositive compared with seronegative adults, regardless of antiretroviral therapy. Endothelial fibrinolytic dysfunction underlies thrombogenesis and is thought to contribute to the increased risk of atherothrombotic events in HIV-1-infected adults. Regular aerobic exercise can beneficially affect vascular health and reduce cardiovascular risk. However, whether aerobic exercise training can alleviate HIV-1-related endothelial fibrinolytic dysfunction is unknown. In an ongoing study, we are testing the hypothesis that regular aerobic exercise improves endothelial t-PA release in HIV-1 seropositive adults. Net endothelial release of t-PA was determined, in vivo, in response to intrabrachial infu...
Lung Macrophage Diversity and Asthma

Macrophages (MPs) are one of the most prominent leukocyte populations in the lung and, in many ways, a forgotten player in asthma pathogenesis. Diverse functions in asthma initiation and maintenance in chronic disease have been demonstrated, which has led to confusion as to if pulmonary MPs are agents of good or evil in asthma. Much of this is due to the wide diversity of MP populations in the lung, many of which are inaccessible experimentally in most clinical studies. This review frames lung MP biology in the context of location, phenotype, function, and response phase in asthma pathogenesis. It also assesses new findings regarding MP diversity that have challenged old dogmas and generates new ways to understand how MPs function.
Two Equilibria of (N-Methyl-3-pyridinium)chlorocarbene, a Cationic Carbene.

Equilibrium constants and the associated thermodynamic parameters are reported for the equilibria established between the cationic carbene (N-methyl-3-pyridinium)chlorocarbene tetrafluoroborate (MePyr+CCl BF4–, 3) and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB) to form a carbene–TMB complex, as well as between carbene 3 and chloride ion to form the zwitterion, N-methyl-3-pyridinium dichloromethide (10). These equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters are contrasted with analogous data for several related carbenes, and the influence of the pyridinium unit in carbene 3 is thereby highlighted. Computational studies augment and elucidate the experimental results.
Investigation and analysis of sanitary conditions of centralized cleaning and disinfection of tableware in Guangzhou

Objective In this research,we tried to find out the sanitary conditions of centralized cleaning and disinfection of tableware in Guangzhou,and analyze the acceptability as a general practice.Methods The random inspection method was carried out for tableware from investigated enterprises,and the questionnaire on the spot was also used simultaneously for investigating the process and management of sanitary condition.Results The total percentage of pass of 219 cases from random inspection on disinfection of tableware was 90.41%,the percentage of pass for chopsticks was 65.38%,which was the lowest one.It was concluded that the difference between passing rate of packaging and non-packaging tableware was not statistically significant(P=0.413).The percentage of pass of centralized cleaning and disinfection of tableware was higher than that of self cleaning and disinfection in the medium and small enterprises'(P=0.000),but lower than large-scale enterprises'(P=0.009).Conclusion It is very useful for medium and small enterprises to adopt the centralized cleaning and disinfection of tableware.It is necessary for the government to strengthen supervision and management of this industry.
Ethnicity, Sex Work, and Incident HIV/STI Among Transgender Women in New York City: A Three Year Prospective Study

In conjunction with a 3-year prospective study of 199 transgender women from the New York City Area, we attempted to better understand why non-Whites are much more likely than Whites to become HIV infected. We first assessed associations of ethnicity with sex work, sexual risk behavior for HIV, and biologically-determined HIV/STI, and then assessed the extent to which these ethnic differences are explained by socioeconomic factors, immigration status, and sexual orientation. Statistical techniques included generalized estimating equations and Cox proportional hazards. As expected, compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics were more involved in the sex trade, more likely to report unprotected receptive anal intercourse, and as a result, more likely to become HIV/STI infected. All of these associations were mediated by androphilia, and to a lesser extent androphilia/gynephilia. Sexual orientation is a significant but little recognized factors associated with new cases of HIV/STI among transgender women of color.
Factors Associated with Medication Non-adherence in Patients with End-Stage Liver Disease

Low medication adherence is known to contribute to worse health outcomes in the general population. We aimed to evaluate the medication regimen and determine the adherence levels among patients with end-stage liver disease. We measured adherence in patients awaiting liver transplantation at a single center using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), with a score <8 classified as low adherence. Medication regimen complexity was assessed using the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI) tool. Factors associated with low adherence were identified by logistic regression. Of 181 patients, 33% were female, median age was 62, and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was 13. The median (IQR) number of medications was 10 (7–13), and the MRCI was 19 (13–27). In total, 54 (30%) were high adherers, and 127 (70%) were low adherers. In total, 42% reported sometimes forgetting to take their medication and 22% reported intermittent adherence within the past 2 weeks. The most common reasons for low adherence were: forgetfulness (27%) and side effects (14%). Compared to high adherence, low adherence was associated with higher number of medications, medication complexity, and diabetes, but lower rates of hepatocellular carcinoma and self-perceived health. In univariable logistic regression, total medication number (OR 1.08), MRCI (OR 1.04), diabetes (OR 2.38), HCC (OR 0.38), and lower self-perceived health (OR 1.37), were statistically significant factors associated with non-adherence. In multivariate analysis, only medication number without supplements (OR 1.14) remained significantly associated with medication non-adherence. A majority of patients awaiting liver transplantation demonstrated low medication adherence. Total number of medications and regimen complexity were strong correlates of low adherence. Our data underscores the need for chronic liver disease management programs to improve medication adherence in this vulnerable population.
Theoretical Results on the Optimal Detection Statistics for Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

One of the most commonly used detection statistics in autonomous integrity monitoring is the solution separation statistic. In this paper, we show that the solution separation statistic is closely linked to the optimal detection statistics. More precisely, we show that in the case of one threat, even multi-dimensional, the optimal detection statistic is the solution separation, and that in the case of many one-dimensional threats, the optimal statistics can be expressed as a function of the solution separations corresponding to each threat. This is achieved by casting the search of the optimal detection region as a mini-max problem and by using the Neyman–Pearson lemma to limit the search of the detection regions to a class of regions parameterized by a bias. These results allow us to establish a lower bound on the minimum achievable integrity risk. Copyright © 2017 Institute of Navigation
Scoring First and Home Advantage in the NHL

Home advantage in the NBA has recently been reported to be “frontloaded,” that is, it is largest in the 1st quarter, smallest in the 4th quarter, and in-between in the 2nd and 3rd quarters. Home ad...
Expectancy Confirmation and Affectivity: A Role Playing Variation

This study measured the affective reactions of persons to the confirmation and disconfirmation of their expectancies varying in strength and value. Subjects role played in 8 situations created by the orthogonal arrangement of dichotomized variables of Expectancy Outcome, Strength, and Value. The results were in accord with earlier findings obtained by laboratory experimental manipulations involving deception. Thus transmethodological generality is given to the conclusion that the affect generated by confirmation (disconfirmation) is directly (inversely) related to the strength and/or value of the held expectancy.
Telepsychiatry in Integrated Care Settings

The objective of this article is to inform psychiatrists and other mental health professionals and primary care providers about the role of telepsychiatry in facilitating integrated care models, particularly in remote primary care practices. A narrative literature review was conducted to highlight the evidence and challenges of using telepsychiatry for integrated care. Telepsychiatry uses communication technologies to facilitate audiovisual interaction between patients and care teams to deliver services and expertise across distances and practice settings. It is particularly suited for integrated care settings, if business model innovations such as collaborative care models are implemented alongside to improve the access and delivery of care to patients. Telepsychiatry has been shown to be equivalent to face-to-face evaluations and, in certain instances, may lead to better outcomes in integrated care settings. Several challenges of adopting telepsychiatry in real practice are highlighted, including reimbu...
Real analysis students’ understanding of pointwise convergence of function sequences in a DGS assisted learning environment

Abstract The purpose of this research study is to understand how math majors conceptualize and make sense of pointwise convergence of sequence of functions in a series of in-depth qualitative interviews. Framed in APOS ( Dubinsky & McDonald, 2002 ) and VA (visual-analytic) strategy coordination ( Zazkis, Dubinsky & Dautermann, 1996 ) theoretical perspectives, the analysis showed that students demonstrated a diversity of mathematical behaviors associated mostly with the process level of understanding in APOS model. Yet a complete understanding of pointwise convergence at object level did not take place, students still also exhibited significant achievements in progression from process to object. The VA coordination also proved a beneficial mechanism in students’ making sense of pointwise convergence in a dynamic geometry environment.
Stability of complement and substitute relationships in time usage among discretionary activities

This research evaluates the stability of time usage relationships among discretionary activities. Traditional economists view products or services as substitutes if both can satisfy the same need of the consumer; they are complements if they are consumed jointly in order to satisfy some particular need. Complementary activities are grouped together in activity sets defined on an a priori basis. Several research questions are developed to investigate the following issues: (a) the stability over time of overall relationships between activities, in terms of visual representation using multidimensional scaling maps, and (b) the validity and stability of a priori classification of activities in activity sets. The results from multidimensional scaling maps are validated using structural equation modeling. The results suggest that time usage relationships are temporally stable. The broad needs of respondents, as represented by interrelationships between activities in sets, were found to be stable. We present reasons for believing that the conclusions of stability are comprehensive and can be used in the real-world.
Successful Use of Interventions in Combination to Improve Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage Rates Among Adolescents—Chicago, 2013 to 2015

In 2013, National Immunization Survey-Teen data indicated that >40% of female adolescents had not initiated the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series and >60% had not completed the series, documenting vaccination rates much lower than those for other vaccines recommended for adolescents. The Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) was 1 of 22 jurisdictions nationwide to receive a Prevention and Public Health Fund award through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to improve HPV vaccination rates among adolescents. The CDPH implemented 5 interventions targeting the public, clinicians and their staff, and diverse immunization and cancer prevention stakeholders. Compared with 2013 jurisdiction-specific HPV vaccination rates among all adolescents, Chicago's HPV vaccination rates were increased significantly in 2014 and 2015. This article details the methods and results of Chicago's successful interventions, the particular strengths as well as barriers encountered, and future steps necessary for sustaining improvement.
Streamlining risk stratification in infants and young children with spinal dysraphism: Vesicoureteral reflux and/or bladder trabeculations outperforms other urodynamic findings for predicting adverse outcomes.

Summary Background Baseline and interval dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scans and urodynamic (UD) studies are often obtained in infants and young children with spinal dysraphism (SD). Objective To identify practical UD parameters which accurately stratify urologic risk young children with SD. Study design 130 expectantly managed infants/young children with SD and initial DMSA and UD before age 2 were reviewed. End fill pressure (EFP), bladder trabeculations, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), initial volume (IV) drained at UD catheter placement, and detrusor pressure at initial volume (DPIV) were evaluated for association with subsequent febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), DMSA abnormalities, and early clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). A combination of factors to accurately stratify risk was sought. Groups were compared by log-rank test. The association of CIC and febrile UTI incidence was evaluated. Results 31/130 patients developed DMSA abnormalities, 52/130 started early CIC, and 61/130 developed a febrile UTI with median follow-up of 3.8 years. Trabeculations, VUR, EFP ≥40 cm H2O, IV ≥50% estimated bladder capacity (EBC), and DPIV >10 cm H2O were associated with subsequent abnormal DMSA scan (p Figure ). Among patients who maintained a non-trabeculated bladder without VUR during follow-up, 0/51 developed DMSA abnormalities compared with 31/79 who developed one or both (p Conclusions VUR, bladder trabeculations, EFP ≥40 cm H20, IV ≥50% of EBC, and DPIV >10 cm H2O were associated with subsequent DMSA abnormalities in young children with SD managed expectantly. Many of these parameters were associated with febrile UTI and early CIC. The combination of trabeculations and/or VUR outperformed other UD parameters in identifying those high and low-risk for adverse urologic outcomes. Routine DMSA scan may have limited utility in patients with a non-trabeculated bladder without VUR, as none developed an abnormal DMSA. Most (71%) abnormal DMSAs were in patients with trabeculations and/or VUR following a febrile UTI. Given these findings and that incidence of febrile UTI may be lower in those with trabeculations while on CIC, patients with trabeculations and/or VUR should be managed aggressively to protect kidneys. Download : Download high-res image (101KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure . Cumulative incidence of DMSA abnormalities for patients with trabeculations and/or VUR compared with those with neither finding.
Stability Analysis and Control of Linear Periodic Delayed Systems Using Chebyshev and Temporal Finite Element Methods

In this chapter, a brief literature review is provided together with detailed descriptions of the authors’ work on the stability and control of systems represented by linear time-periodic delay-differential equations using the Chebyshev and temporal finite element analysis (TFEA) techniques. Here, the analysis and examples assume that there is a single fixed discrete delay, which is equal to the principal period. Two Chebyshev-based methods, Chebyshev polynomial expansion and collocation, are developed. After the computational techniques are explained in detail with illustrative examples, the TFEA and Chebyshev collocation techniques are both applied for comparison purposes to determine the stability boundaries of a single degree-of-freedom model of chatter vibrations in the milling process. Subsequently, it is shown how the Chebyshev polynomial expansion method is utilized for both optimal and delayed state feedback control of periodic delayed systems.
'Civilizing' South Carolina: The Management of Labor as an Exemplary Case of State Formation

My paper examines the management of the labor force in colonial South Carolina from 1666 to 1734 as an exemplary case of settler colonial state formation. I pay particular attention to institutions designed to regulate unfree labor in the colony, examining statutes governing slaves and indentured servants. This exemplary case of colonial state formation brings to the fore questions of identity and exclusion insofar as the processes of labor regulation depended on the production and reproduction of identity categories both between inhabitants of the colony and peoples living beyond the colonial boundaries and among colonial inhabitants. I argue that the institution of slavery in South Carolina had its foundations in the same ideological claims to 'civilization' that characterized the broader project of European settler colonialism, rather than on extant racial categories. However, my analysis also draws attention to the ways in which the management of colonial labor worked through and helped to generate categories of racial and epidermal difference.
Distal Fibular Osteochondroma Resulting in Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: Case Report and Literature Review.

Background: Osteochondromas are benign osseous tumors encountered most routinely by physicians responsible for diagnosing musculoskeletal disorders. Often, these osseous lesions are identified foll...
When Average Is Not Enough: A Case Study Examining the Variation in the Influences on Undergraduate Debt Burden.

In an era of increased accountability for colleges and concerns about an affordable education, it is useful to understand whether students can adequately manage the debt burden they hold after leav...
An In Vitro Assay of Disinfectants on the Viability of Heterakis gallinarum Eggs

Nematodes are widespread and common in poultry. Disinfectants are used to reduce infection rates in poultry houses, but there is little documentation of their effectiveness. An in vitro assay was developed to test the efficacy of products to damage Heterakis gallinarum eggs, and nine disinfectants and chemicals commonly used in the poultry industry were tested. Embryonated eggs of H. gallinarum were pipetted into wells of plastic cell culture plates (250-300 eggs/well in water). Measured amounts of test articles were added to the suspensions for 2, 4, 6, or 24 hr. After exposure, eggs were washed with water and treated with trypan blue (1 ml of 0.4% solution, added to each well) at room temperature for 2 min. Eggshell integrity was determined microscopically by counting the number of eggs that were clear (intact) or that contained blue dye (compromised). As a test of embryo viability, five eggs per well from treatments containing compromised eggs were transferred to a Petri dish and hatched manually, using forceps to open the eggshell. Released larvae were then observed for signs of controlled movement. In a test of Clorox bleach (NaOCl), Green Klean, Decon7, Kem San, PLT, Virkon S, NaCl, dry limestone (CaCO3), and diesel fuel, only NaOCl (bleach) and Green Klean damaged the eggshell, and only 20,625 ppm of NaOCl rendered the larvae nonviable.
Neurostimulation for tear production.

Purpose of reviewDry eye disease (DED) is a chronic multifactorial disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite ongoing research, treatment for DED remains a challenge. Neurostimulation for tear production is a rapidly evolving field that culminated in the development of the intranasal
Student Stratification among a Combination of School Choice Policies in Detroit.

A large body of research on school choice has examined whether choice-based policies reproduce and exacerbate existing racial and socioeconomic inequalities. While many states have enacted multiple...
Effect of baseline medications on response to immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.

484Background: Immunotherapy (IO) response rates in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are less than 20%. The microbiome has been shown to mediate IO response in experimental models, and clini...
Agroview: Cloud-based application to process, analyze and visualize UAV-collected data for precision agriculture applications utilizing artificial intelligence

Abstract Traditional sensing technologies in specialty crops production, for pest and disease detection and field phenotyping, rely on manual sampling and are time consuming and labor intensive. Since availability of personnel trained for field scouting is a major problem, small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with various sensors can simplify the surveying procedure, decrease data collection time, and reduce cost. To accurate and rapidly process, analyze and visualize data collected from UAVs and other platforms (e.g. small airplanes, satellites, ground platforms), a cloud and artificial intelligence (AI) based application (named Agroview) was developed. This interactive and user-friendly application can: (i) detect, count and geo-locate plants and plant gaps (locations with dead or no plants); (ii) measure plant height and canopy size (plant inventory); (iii) develop plant health (or stress) maps. In this study, the use of this Agroview application to evaluate phenotypic characteristics of citrus trees (as a case study) is presented. It was found, that this emerging technology detected citrus trees with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.3% in a commercial citrus orchard with 175,977 trees (1,871 acres; 39 normal and high-density spacing blocks). Furthermore, it accurately estimated tree height with 4.5% and 12.93% MAPE for normal and high-density spacing respectively, and canopy size with MAPE of 12.9% and 34.6% for normal and high-density spacing respectively. It provides a consistent, more direct, cost-effective and rapid method for field survey and plant phenotyping.
Cross-Border movements, Smallpox Epidemics, and Public Health

Dube examines smallpox epidemics and control measures in this chapter. He shows how the border continued to be an obstacle to the implementation of effective regional public health policy. Dube shows how colonial governments deprived members of African Independent Churches of their right to congregate for religious purposes.
Expanding the Traditional History and Physical Examination to Address Chronic Diseases and Social Needs: A Multisite Randomized Control Trial of 4 Medical Schools.

PURPOSE This study gathers validity evidence of an expanded History and Physical examination (H&P 360) to address chronic diseases through incorporation of biopsychosocial elements that are lacking in traditional H&P assessments via a multisite randomized controlled trial among medical students. METHOD Third- and fourth-year medical students (n = 159) at 4 schools participated in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination designed with 2 cases for chronic disease. Students were randomized into the treatment group, which involved brief written instructions on how to use the H&P 360 followed by a standardized patient (SP) interaction, or the control group, which used the traditional H&P in an SP interaction without additional instructions. Validity evidence was gathered for content (alignment with an empirically derived expanded history list), response process (feedback from raters and learners on the process), internal structure (reliability and item-level psychometrics), relations to other variables (comparison between treatment and control groups), and consequences (survey results from learners on experience). RESULTS H&P 360 items were blueprinted by faculty experts. SP observation checklist grading was consistent, and postassessment debrief confirmed favorable educational experience among learners. The reliability of the H&P 360 was .76. Overall mean scores on the H&P 360 content (mean = 15.96, standard deviation [SD] = 3.66) were significantly higher compared with the traditional H&P (mean = 10.99, SD = 2.69, Cohen's d = 1.17, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Medical students using the H&P 360 collected significantly more biopsychosocial information compared with students using the traditional H&P, providing empirical support for teaching and assessing biopsychosocial information. The assessment demonstrated strong validity evidence supporting the use of the H&P 360 assessment in medical schools.
Vicuña dung gardens at the edge of the cryosphere.

The decline and subsequent recovery of the vicuna (Vicugna vicugna, Quechua: wik'una), one of the few large, native herbivores in the Andes (Figure 1), is one of the world's greatest conservation success stories. Over-exploited nearly to extinction by the 1960's, the current population of these wild camelids is estimated at close to 500,000 animals, with nearly half of the global population in Peru (Acebes et al. 2018). Vicunas are prized, noted for the high economic value of live-shorn wool from wild populations and their cultural significance among high-Andean indigenous pastoralist communities.
Stretchable distributed fiber-optic sensors

Silica-based distributed fiber-optic sensor (DFOS) systems have been a powerful tool for sensing strain, pressure, vibration, acceleration, temperature, and humidity in inextensible structures. DFOS systems, however, are incompatible with the large strains associated with soft robotics and stretchable electronics. We develop a sensor composed of parallel assemblies of elastomeric lightguides that incorporate continuum or discrete chromatic patterns. By exploiting a combination of frustrated total internal reflection and absorption, stretchable DFOSs can distinguish and measure the locations, magnitudes, and modes (stretch, bend, or press) of mechanical deformation. We further demonstrate multilocation decoupling and multimodal deformation decoupling through a stretchable DFOS-integrated wireless glove that can reconfigure all types of finger joint movements and external presses simultaneously, with only a single sensor in real time.
Ab initio Quantum Monte Carlo Calculations of Spin Superexchange in Cuprates: The Benchmarking Case of Ca 2 CuO 3

In view of the continuous theoretical efforts aimed at an accurate microscopic description of the strongly correlated transition metal oxides and related materials, we show that with continuum quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) calculations it is possible to obtain the value of the spin superexchange coupling constant of a copper oxide in a quantitatively excellent agreement with experiment. The variational nature of the QMC total energy allows us to identify the best trial wave function out of the available pool of wave functions, which makes the approach essentially free from adjustable parameters and thus truly ab initio. The present results on magnetic interactions suggest that QMC is capable of accurately describing ground state properties of strongly correlated materials.
Dump the “dimorphism”: Comprehensive synthesis of human brain studies reveals few male-female differences beyond size

With the explosion of neuroimaging, differences between male and female brains have been exhaustively analyzed. Here we synthesize three decades of human MRI and postmortem data, emphasizing meta-analyses and other large studies, which collectively reveal few reliable sex/gender differences and a history of unreplicated claims. Males' brains are larger than females' from birth, stabilizing around 11 % in adults. This size difference accounts for other reproducible findings: higher white/gray matter ratio, intra- versus interhemispheric connectivity, and regional cortical and subcortical volumes in males. But when structural and lateralization differences are present independent of size, sex/gender explains only about 1% of total variance. Connectome differences and multivariate sex/gender prediction are largely based on brain size, and perform poorly across diverse populations. Task-based fMRI has especially failed to find reproducible activation differences between men and women in verbal, spatial or emotion processing due to high rates of false discovery. Overall, male/female brain differences appear trivial and population-specific. The human brain is not "sexually dimorphic."
The Switch: A Study of Promoting Introductory Managerial Accounting As the First Accounting Course for Business and Non-Business Majors

Low student performance in introductory accounting courses prompted the authors to switch the order of the courses and offer managerial before financial accounting. This decision to introduce students to the use of accounting information in business decision-making (the focus of managerial accounting) before teaching students to generate accounting information in the financial course is supported by the Pathways Commissionâ€™s 2012 report, Charting a National Strategy for the Next Generation of Accountants. This paper presents our analysis of student performance as measured by the grades students earned in managerial and financial accounting for a three-year period both before and after the switch. We looked at both success and non-success measures for all students, as well as for business and non-business majors separately. We found, inter alia, that our decision to offer managerial accounting before financial accounting resulted in improved student performance in the introductory course sequence.
Validating E-Cigarette Dependence Scales Based on Dynamic Patterns of Vaping Behaviors.

Introduction Existing e-cigarette dependence scales are mainly validated based on retrospective overall consumption or perception. Further, given that the majority of adult e-cigarette users also use combustible cigarettes, it is important to determine whether e-cigarette dependence scales capture the product-specific dependence. This study fills in the current knowledge gaps by validating e-cigarette dependence scales using novel indices of dynamic patterns of e-cigarette use behaviors and examining the association between dynamic patterns of smoking and e-cigarette dependence among dual users. Methods Secondary analysis was conducted on the 2-week ecological momentary assessment data from 116 dual users. The Smoothly Clipped Absolute Deviation penalty (SCAD) was adopted to select important indices for dynamic patterns of consumption or craving and estimate their associations with e-cigarette dependence scales. Results The fitted linear regression models support the hypothesis that higher e-cigarette dependence is associated with higher levels of e-cigarette consumption and craving as well as lower instability of e-cigarette consumption. Controlling for dynamic patterns of vaping, dual users with lower e-cigarette dependence tend to report higher day-to-day dramatic changes in combustible cigarette consumption but not higher average levels of smoking. Conclusions We found that more stable use patterns are related to higher levels of dependence, which has been demonstrated in combustible cigarettes and we have now illustrated in e-cigarettes. Furthermore, the e-cigarette dependence scales may capture the product-specific average consumption but not product-specific instability of consumption. Implications This study provides empirical support for three e-cigarette dependence measures: PS-ECDI, e-FTCD, and e-WISDM, based on dynamic patterns of e-cigarette consumption and craving revealed by EMA data that have great ecological validity. This is the first study that introduces novel indices of dynamic patterns and demonstrates their potential applications in vaping research.
Liposomal delivery system

Abstract Liposomes are one of the most promising vectors for efficient drug and gene delivery. Liposomes could efficiently encapsulate a wide range of molecules for medical applications. Many liposomal formulations are under clinical investigations or have been approved for clinical use. This review article will discuss the design and fabrication of a variety of liposomal delivery systems including stimuli-responsive liposomes and active targeting liposomes, as well as their in vivo delivery hurdles and the strategies to overcome the in vivo barriers to achieve efficient drug and gene delivery, such as overcoming polyethylene glycol dilemma and the surveillance of reticuloendothelial system as well as promoting endosomal escape.
Current turnover intention among nurse managers, directors, and executives.

Abstract Background Nursing leadership turnover can adversely affect nurse retention and thus quality of care. Little research has examined the way nurses at differing levels of leadership experience their workplace and voluntarily decide to leave. Purpose Our study sought to explore and compare intent to leave and turnover experiences of acute care nurse managers, directors, and executives. Methods Data were collected via an online survey. Participants included nurse managers, directors, and executives from 47 states (n = 1880) working in acute care settings. Findings Over 50% of respondents intend to leave their current positions within the next 5 years with reasons for leaving differing by type of nurse leader. Retirement was a factor for slightly over 30% of those nurse leaders overall and almost 50% of nurse executives. Discussion Nurse managers, directors, and executives experience turnover and intent to leave differently. Most frequently, voluntary factors for leaving a position include job dissatisfaction and a desire for promotion and advancement.
Estimated prevalence and number of persons with isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen and associated occult hepatitis B, United States, 2001-2018.

Persons with isolated antibody to HBV core antigen (IAHBc) may have occult HBV infection (OBI), which is associated with reactivation and potential risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and HBV transmission. We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data to estimate US IAHBc prevalence and published studies of IAHBc-associated OBI prevalence to estimate OBI burden. During 2001-2018, IAHBc prevalence was 0.8% (approximately 2.1 million persons); OBI burden range was 35,500-83,600 persons. These data support the need for more robust estimates of IAHBc-associated OBI prevalence in the general US population.
Review of molluscan larval cryopreservation and application to germplasm cryobanking and commercial seed production

Abstract This review is focused on the status and summary of larval cryopreservation in aquaculture mollusks. A total of 26 publications were identified addressing 14 molluscan bivalve species. Most studies were conducted on trochophores and D-larvae, a few studies were on umbo larvae, and no study was found on pediveligers. Based on the post-thaw viability, there is no general conclusion about the best larval stage for cryopreservation. The research topics of most publications focused on developing or improving cryopreservation protocols through exploring one or more vital factors of the cryopreservation procedure. The most dominant cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) used for molluscan larval cryopreservation were dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol (PG), and ethylene glycol (EG) at final concentrations of 5–15%. Non-permeable CPAs, such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, trehalose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), were dominantly used as additives. Most cooling processes started from 0 °C, 4 °C, or larval culture temperature to −10 °C or − 12 °C at −1 °C/ min and holding at this temperature for 5–15 min with or without “seeding”, and then continued to cool to around −35 °C at −0.3 to −2.5 °C/ min (mostly at −0.5 and − 1 °C/ min) followed by a 5–10 min holding period. All frozen samples were then transferred into liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) for long-term storage. Evaluation of post-thaw viability was reported over a wide range of parameters with no standard criteria, for example, motile post-thaw larvae were considered alive but no definition of swimming velocity. A sharp decrease of survival was often reported after a period of culture although immediate post-thaw survivals were reported high in several studies. Overall, no general optimal protocol could be concluded. Post-thaw larvae were reported to survive beyond metamorphosis in Pacific oysters and even to the adult stage and reproduced successfully after 3 years of culture, indicating the promising future of this technology. Till now, no study has been reported on germplasm cryobanking by use of molluscan larval cryopreservation. Pathways and aspects for promoting molluscan larval cryopreservation technology for germplasm repository establishment and commercial seed production were discussed.
Education of values: Marketizing the aging population in urban China

In this article, I examine some of the marketing and sales strategies at Gardenview, a newly established eldercare company that ran a few residential eldercare facilities in Nanjing, China. There, like elsewhere in urban China, the projected aging demography was mobilized to push for an industrialization ( chanyehua )—marketization and professionalization—of eldercare, transforming ideas and experience of eldercare by putting forward a new set of knowledge of aging. To this end, I first ground the rising eldercare industry in the transitioning paradigm of conceptualizing China’s population from population control to demographic aging. Then I explore ethnographically how Gardenview participated in the eldercare industry in a rapidly aging China. In particular, I look at the floorplans and the marketing stories as devices of the education of values—as prices, the good and desirable, and differentiators—to understand the social, economic, and ethical dynamics instigated by a transitioning demography. These values, as I show, are crucial in linking everyday life and choices with the paradigmatic shift of China’s population. Finally, I discuss how understanding the very processes of marketing and sales as an education of values could shed further light on what anthropologist Michael Fischer calls “literacies of the future” as a socially and economically elaborated and contested world of an aging China.
Embracing Culturally Relevant Pedagogy to Engage Students in Chemistry: Celebrating Black Women in the Whiskey and Spirits Industry

Uncle Nearest Premium Whiskey was created in the legacy of the first African American master distiller, Nathan “Nearest” Green. His namesake spirit is currently the most-awarded American whiskey or...
Institutions and Social Conflict: THE PRIMARY IMPORTANCE OF DISTRIBUTIONAL CONFLICT

In giving an explanation of a social institution, either of its maintenance and stability or of its development, we focus initially on the impact of that institution on a particular aspect of social life: the difference that the existence of the institution makes for social interactions. This “impact” may be called an effect, a benefit, a satisfaction of a need, or whatever, depending on the type of explanation offered. The persuasiveness of the explanation, however, depends on more than a description of an “impact”; it depends on the elaboration of a mechanism that connects the impact to some cause, intention, functional adaptation, or whatever: how the particular institution developed and why it took the form that it did. Here we connect the what with the how and why. Because my interest is in the development of theories that combine rational action with institutional structures, my attention here is on mechanisms that connect the benefits of social institutions with the intentions of social actors. The basic argument of this chapter is that although social institutions may have a number of discernible benefits, some do better than others in providing the how and why. In the first section I briefly discuss the benefits provided by a variety of social institutions. These examples are offered to highlight the relationship between the collective and distributive benefits of these institutions.
Drosophila Imaginal Discs as a Model System for the Study of Metamorphosis

The essence of metamorphosis in insects comprises those developmental programs that dispose of or modify larval tissues and produce the form and function of adult tissues. In Drosophila these metamorphic programs are executed during two developmental periods, the so-called prepupal period, immediately following puparium formation, and the pupal period. During the prepupal period, the imaginal discs, the embryonic precursors of many adult cuticular structures, undergo morphogenesis to create the external form of the adult, including the head, legs, and wings. During the pupal period, internal adult structures develop—viscera, muscles, nerves—and the detailed external differentiation occurs to produce bristles, hairs, sensillae, and other components. Fortunately, the metamorphosis of imaginal discs occurs in vitro under defined culture conditions (Fristrom et al, 1977; Mandaron et al., 1977; Milner, 1977) to produce not only basic adult structures, e.g., legs and wings, but under optimal conditions even musculature and neural tissue and the fine sculpturing of bristles and hairs in their characteristic arrays (Mandaron et al, 1977; Milner, 1977)
Medical Malpractice and Contract Disclosure: An Equilibrium Model of the Effects of Legal Rules on Behavior in Health Care Markets

This paper develops a theoretical model of how specific legal rules affect the types of contracts managed care organizations ("MCOs") use to compensate physicians. In addition, the analysis provides insights into how physician treatment decisions and the rate of medical malpractice lawsuits react to different legal rules. In particular, the model predicts that outcomes in jurisdictions forcing MCOs to disclose physician contract terms to patients differ from those that do not. Contracts vary depending on the disclosure rule and how treatment costs relate to expected damages and litigation costs. Moreover, the model predicts that jurisdictions forcing contract disclosure observe higher rates of treatment and lower rates of lawsuits. The model's results also provide insights into how expected damages affect treatment and litigation decisions. Using these insights, an efficient damage rule is constructed and then compared to two commonly used damage rules to illuminate the rules' inefficiencies. Finally, it is shown that, regardless of the disclosure rule, treatment and litigation decisions do not depend on whether the patient can sue only the physician, only the MCO or both for medical malpractice. MCO contract choices however, do vary with the composition of the group of potential defendants.
Large amplitude wavelength modulation spectroscopy for sensitive measurements of broad absorbers

We demonstrate wavelength modulation spectroscopy of CO 2 at >30 atm using a fast-scanning MEMS laser. The technique shows promise for sensitive measurements of species with broadband absorption features, such as high-pressure gases and large molecules.
Genetic analysis, structural modeling, and direct coupling analysis suggest a mechanism for phosphate signaling in Escherichia coli

Proper phosphate signaling is essential for robust growth of Escherichia coli and many other bacteria. The phosphate signal is mediated by a classic two component signal system composed of PhoR and PhoB. The PhoR histidine kinase is responsible for phosphorylating/dephosphorylating the response regulator, PhoB, which controls the expression of genes that aid growth in low phosphate conditions. The mechanism by which PhoR receives a signal of environmental phosphate levels has remained elusive. A transporter complex composed of the PstS, PstC, PstA, and PstB proteins as well as a negative regulator, PhoU, have been implicated in signaling environmental phosphate to PhoR. This work confirms that PhoU and the PstSCAB complex are necessary for proper signaling of high environmental phosphate. Also, we identify residues important in PhoU/PhoR interaction with genetic analysis. Using protein modeling and docking methods, we show an interaction model that points to a potential mechanism for PhoU mediated signaling to PhoR to modify its activity. This model is tested with direct coupling analysis. These bioinformatics tools, in combination with genetic and biochemical analysis, help to identify and test a model for phosphate signaling and may be applicable to several other systems.
Second Messengers in Cellular Signaling

Second messengers are a class of highly ubiquitous signaling molecules, which play important roles in nearly all cellular processes, which range from fertilization and development to cell death. These signaling molecules include the cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP, calcium, and lipid-derived second messengers, such as diacylglycerol, IP3, and PIP3. Although biochemically different in structure and activity, these signaling molecules share key features that are required for second-messenger action and necessary for efficient and specific signaling. The use of fluorescent sensors to monitor second messengers in real time as well as small molecules to manipulate and perturb signaling has greatly advanced our understanding of these dynamic signaling molecules. These tools and methods should continue to provide insights into the nuances of cell signaling and their related diseases as well as aid the development of new therapeutics. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms that govern second-messenger action and the current approaches to studying them.
Interplanetary deep space optical communications systems and techniques

This paper discusses multi-Gbps communication systems for deep-space links. Specific choices from the described options are considered for a Mars to Earth lasercom demonstration.