cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weed Communities in Strip-Tillage Corn/No-Tillage Soybean Rotation and Chisel-Plow Corn Systems after 10 Years of Variable Management

Previous research has shown that strip-tillage (ST) systems conserve soil, reduce production costs, and save time for growers compared with intensive-tillage systems. In contrast to these well-documented benefits, we have limited information on weed community dynamics and management risks in ST corn (Zea mays L.) production systems in the northern Corn Belt. Therefore, we conducted research in 2015 and 2016 to characterize weed community composition, emergence patterns, and aboveground productivity in an ST corn/no-tillage (NT) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation that was established in 2007 compared with a long-term intensive-tillage chisel-plow (CP) continuous-corn system. Fifteen or more weed species were identified in nontreated quadrats in each cropping system in each year. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) was the most abundant weed species across systems and years. Chenopodium album densities were similar between CP and ST corn phases and were approximately 2-fold greater compared with the NT soybean phase. Other abundant weed species occurred at much lower densities than C. album. In each year, cumulative emergence of nontreated weed communities was described best by a logistic function in each cropping system. Maximum weed community emergence was greater in CP corn than ST corn phases in 2015, but did not differ in 2016. In the ST corn phase, most (about 75%) weed community emergence occurred in the in-row (tilled) zone compared with the between-row (nondisturbed) zone. Total late-season weed shoot biomass did not differ between nontreated CP and ST corn phases in either year, with C. album accounting for >85% of total weed biomass in these phases. These results suggest that weed community composition, total emergence, and productivity were similar between CP and ST corn phases after 10 yr. Our findings, coupled with previous research that showed favorable agronomic performance and greater soil conservation associated with the long-term ST corn/NT soybean system, suggest that production risks are no greater than a CP corn system, while processes that underpin ecosystem services are enhanced. These results provide strong evidence to support grower adoption of ST practices as an alternative to intensive tillage.
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are increased in the alveolar spaces of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to invading pathogens. Although NETs play an important role in host defense against microbial pathogens, they have also been shown to play a contributing mechanistic role in pathologic inflammation in the absence of infection. Although a role for NETs in bacterial pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is emerging, a comprehensive evaluation of NETs in the alveolar space of critically ill patients has yet to be reported. In this study, we evaluated whether markers of NET formation in mechanically ventilated patients are associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). We collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 100 critically ill patients undergoing bronchoscopy for clinically suspected VAP. Subjects were categorized by the absence or presence of VAP and further stratified by ARDS status. NETs (myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complexes) and the NET-associated markers peroxidase activity and cell-free DNA were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colorimetric assays, respectively. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA was used to determine the origin of the extruded DNA. Interleukin (IL)-8 and calprotectin were assayed as measures of alveolar inflammation and neutrophil activation. Correlations between NETs and markers of neutrophil activation were determined using Spearman’s correlation. We tested for associations with VAP and bacterial burden by logistic and linear regression, respectively, using log10-transformed NETs. MPO-DNA concentrations were highly correlated with other measures of NET formation in the alveolar space, including cell-free DNA and peroxidase activity (r = 0.95 and r = 0.87, p < 0.0001, respectively). Alveolar concentrations of MPO-DNA were higher in subjects with VAP and ARDS compared with those with ARDS alone (p < 0.0001), and higher MPO-DNA was associated with increased odds of VAP (odds ratio 3.03, p < 0.0001). In addition, NET concentrations were associated with bacterial burden (p < 0.0001) and local alveolar inflammation as measured by IL-8 (r = 0.89, p < 0.0001). Alveolar NETs measured by MPO-DNA complex are associated with VAP, and markers of NETosis are associated with local inflammation and bacterial burden in the lung. These results suggest that NETs contribute to inflammatory responses involved in the pathogenesis of VAP.
Molecular Diagnostics in Coagulation

Coagulation testing has evolved from the use of the manual tilt-tube clotting time in the early 1900’s to the use of molecular diagnostics today. Over the years, the measurement of a clot endpoint has been the basis of testing. Automated instruments have replaced the manual visual methods and allowed for precise measurements of the clot endpoint. In addition, immuno-logic and chromogenic methodology has also been adapted into the coagulation laboratory, therefore providing an additional antigenic and enzymatic perspective. Today, most modern automated coagulation instruments offer a single test platform that incorporates optic, immunologic, and chromogenic methods. The arrival of molecular diagnostics now adds another dimension for the evaluation of hemostatic defects.
Improving PHQ9 Utilization Rates in a Primary Care–Mental Health Integration Setting:

INTRODUCTION: Measurement-based care (MBC) uses standardized measurement to systematically monitor treatment response over time. Although MBC is underutilized in mental health settings, primary care-mental health integration (PC-MHI) settings are expected to provide MBC. This article describes a quality improvement (QI) process to increase Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9) utilization within a PC-MHI setting. AIMS: Pre-intervention, rates of baseline and follow-up PHQ9 administration for veterans with a depressive disorder were 76% and 35%, respectively. This article describes a QI process to increase PHQ9 utilization rates within a PC-MHI setting, with the goal to improve provider PHQ9 utilization rates at baseline and within 4-week follow-up to 90%. METHOD: An educational intervention and weekly motivational enhancement sessions were implemented in 2017. Chart review data compared PHQ9 utilization rates from fall 2016 and 2017. RESULTS: Following intervention, provider PHQ9 utilization rates increased to 98% and 88% at baseline and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that a brief education-based intervention can increase clinician use of MBC within a PC-MHI setting. Meaningful use of MBC to inform treatment was not evaluated in this QI project and is an area for future investigation.
Communications, cybersecurity, and the internet of things for microgrids

Abstract The chapter provides the definition of distributed energy resources (DER) and microgrid (MG) controller functions that forms the foundation for integration of DER such as solar photovoltaics, energy storage, and other rotating machinery type DER in an MG. These functions enable the definition of messages or information models in communication protocols that are used to communicate with DER and MG controllers. The second section of this chapter has protocol briefs for communication protocols that are common between an MG controller and DER. Each protocol brief contains a concise but informative overview of the protocol and the associated messages for different DER to help researchers understand the protocol, its current state in MG applications, and where it should be used. The last section of this chapter covers communication protocols that enable utility integration of MGs. These are business-to-business protocols that act as the interface between utility operations and the MG controller, enabling several MG functions like islanding, re-synchronization, voltage support, load relief, etc. Major protocols in this space are the popular internet-based protocols such as IEEE 2030.5, OpenADR, and IEC 61968-5.
Location-Dependent B-cell Function in Glioblastoma.

Immunotherapy has shown remarkable successes in several tumor types and is now the first-line treatment for several conditions, including recurring disease. Nonetheless, a large fraction of patients does not respond, which is particularly true in glioblastoma. The results of Lee-Chang and colleagues point to intratumoral B cells as a potential target for immunotherapy. See article by Lee-Chang et al., p. 1928
A gravo-aeroelastically scaled wind turbine rotor at field-prototype scale with strict structural requirements

Abstract A new sub-scale field-prototype design solution is developed to realize the dynamics, structural response, and distributed loads (gravitational, aerodynamic, centrifugal) that are characteristic of a full-scale large, modern wind turbine rotor. Prior work in sub-scale wind turbine testing has focused on matching aerodynamic/aero-elastic characteristics of full-scale rotors at wind tunnel scale. However, large-scale rotor designs must expand beyond this limited set of scaling parameters for cost-effective prototyping and meet strict requirements for structural safety for field testing. The challenge lies in producing a structural design meeting two competing objectives: novel scaling objectives that prescribe the sub-scale blade to have low mass and stiffness; and traditional structural safety objectives that drive the design to have higher stiffness and mass. A 20% gravo-aeroelastically scaled wind turbine blade is developed successfully that satisfies these competing objectives. First, it achieved close agreement for non-dimensional tip deflection and flap-wise blade frequency (both within 2.1%) with a blade mass distribution constrained to produce target gravitational and centrifugal loads. Second, the entire blade structure was optimized to ensure a safe, manufacturable solution meeting strict strength requirements for a testing site that can experience up to 45 m / s wind gusts. The prototype-scale blade was fabricated and successfully proof-load tested.
A case of juxtaglomerular cell tumor with an unusual clinical presentation

Abstract Juxtaglomerular cell tumor (JGCT) is a rare tumor. It is a renin-secreting neoplasm that can cause secondary hypertension. It generally affects adolescents and young adults. Patients typically present with chief complaint of headache leading to a diagnosis of severe hypertension. Herein we report a case of JGCT in a 19-year-old Asian female who initially presented with neurological deficits, and was subsequently found to be hypertensive. She had elevated levels of renin and aldosterone with hypokalemia, and responded to renin inhibitors and an aldosterone antagonist. CT scan demonstrated a 2.2 cm left renal tumor. A partial nephrectomy was performed. Histology showed a well-circumscribed tumor consisting of sheets of polygonal to ovoid cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and indistinct cell borders. The neoplastic cells are positive for CD34 and synaptophysin. CD117 and tryptase highlight the scattered mast cells within the tumor. After surgical removal of the tumor, the patient’s blood pressure is normal. We also reviewed the literature and discussed the differential diagnoses.
Performance Maintenance Over Time of Random Forest-based Malware Detection Models

It has been recognized that machine learning-based malware detection models, trained on features statically extractable from binary executable files, offer a number of promising benefits, such as the ability to detect malware that has not been previously encountered and an ability to re-train and adapt over time as threats evolve. Nevertheless, many academic studies of machine learning-based malware detection consider and evaluate performance on datasets that do not evolve with time, although it is recognized in practice that malware detection models will necessarily deteriorate in performance over time due to the emergence of novel malware threats. In this study, we make use of a large dataset comprised of the features extracted from malware/goodware executable samples in the very common Portable Executable (PE) format, that are orderable by time of first appearance, to analyze the deterioration of machine learning-based malware detection models over time from training. Of the large number of models we trained and then evaluated on later occurring subsets of the dataset, we note the relative strength of Random Forest to maintain predictive performance into the future. We then consider in greater depth, Random Forest-based models for malware detection, considering Random Forest hyperparameter choices to achieve better maintenance of performance and discuss the significance of the findings for PE malware detection approaches.
Women Neurosurgeons in Academic and Other Leadership Positions in the United States

Objective To provide the status of women neurosurgeons (WNS) in academic faculty and/or leadership positions in neurosurgery in the United States. Methods Neurosurgery academic programs were defined as having an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) neurosurgery residency program (NSRP). Using a Google search, gender, academic rank, postgraduate degrees, academic and clinical titles, and subspecialty were recorded for each neurosurgery faculty. Officer gender was recorded for the top 7 neurosurgery U.S. organizations, 7 subspecialty sections, and 50 state neurosurgical societies. Results WNS were faculty at 77% (89/115) of ACGME NSRPs and constituted 10% of the workforce (186/1773). WNS residents were in 92% of ACGME NSRPs and constituted 19% of the workforce (293/1515). Two NSRPs (8%) had neither WNS faculty nor WNS residents. Of NSRPs without WNS faculty, 52% (13/25) had a faculty size >10. WNS accounted for 3% of NSRP chair positions. Academic rank of WNS faculty was lower than academic rank of men neurosurgeons faculty (P Conclusions In 2020, the gender gap for U.S. WNS faculty and residents still exists. By providing informed benchmarks, our study might help neurosurgery organizations, medical school leadership, hiring committees, editors, and conference speakers to plan their next steps.
A Data-Driven Framework for Consistent Financial Valuation and Risk Measurement

In this paper, we propose a general data-driven framework that unifies the valuation and risk measurement of financial derivatives, which is especially useful in markets with thinly-traded derivatives. We first extract the empirical characteristic function from market-observable time series for the underlying asset prices, and then utilize Fourier techniques to obtain the physical non-parametric density and cumulative distribution function for the log-returns process, based on which we compute risk measures. Then we risk-neutralize the non-parametric density and distribution functions to model-independently valuate a variety of financial derivatives, including path-independent European options and path-dependent exotic contracts. By estimating the state-price density explicitly, and utilizing a convenient basis representation, we are able to greatly simplify the pricing of exotic options all within a consistent model-free framework. Numerical examples, and an empirical example using real market data (Brent crude oil prices) illustrate the accuracy and versatility of the proposed method in handling pricing and risk management of multiple financial contracts based solely on observable time series data.
Nitrocellulose Membrane Art

Several budding scientists and others have often attempted writing secret messages on paper, either for fun or sending secret messages to friends. These science nerds used lemon juice, milk, or other solutions that could be used with a dip pen, brush, or a fountain pen to write invisible messages on a blank white paper. Words appear as one exposes the paper to heat in one form or the other, as though by magic. One study used nitrocellulose membranes for secret messaging using alkaline phosphatase as the invisible ink, followed by magical visualization of the message using nitro blue tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate and chemiluminescence detection systems. This chapter details the method described by Jasmin Kurien and Bianca Kurien to use nitrocellulose membrane as the new canvas for art. Their work showed that nitrocellulose membrane could serve as a canvas for art using alkaline phosphatase as the invisible ink and then detecting the art magically with the NBT/BCIP detection system.
Improving compliance with NCCN guidelines for anemia evaluation among gynecologic oncology patients

Objectives: Our objective was to determine the prevalence of anemia and to improve compliance with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommendations to evaluate and treat anemia among gynecologic oncology patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective healthcare improvement initiative to align our practice with NCCN recommendations. Our intervention included prospective monitoring of lab results of both new patients and patients undergoing chemotherapy. Providers were notified if their patient had hemoglobin ≤11 g/dL and a clinical pharmacist pended iron studies, B12, and folate labs for the provider to review and accept if appropriate. Baseline data from the pre-intervention cohort was collected from 1/1/19-12/31/19; posti-ntervention data was collected from 2/2/2020-7/31/20. The primary outcome was prevalence of anemia and the secondary outcome was compliance with anemia evaluation, including iron, b12, and folate studies. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) were obtained from logistic regression analysis. Results: We identified a total of 422 patients, 270 in the baseline cohort (69 new and 201 chemotherapy patients), and 152 in the post-implementation cohort (55 new and 97 chemotherapy patients). Prevalence of anemia in the entire study population was N=33/124 (27%) among new patients and N=202/298 (68%) among chemotherapy patients. Among new patients presenting with anemia, compliance with recommendations for evaluation of anemia increased from 37% to 93%, OR 22.3 (95% CI 3.4-451.2; P=0.007). Among anemic patients undergoing chemotherapy, compliance with recommendations for evaluation of anemia increased from 46% to 91%, OR 12.2 (95% CI 5.29-33.2; P Download : Download high-res image (183KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: Anemia is common among gynecologic cancer patients. Implementation of a healthcare improvement program was associated with significant increases in compliance with NCCN guidelines for evaluation of anemia among gynecologic oncology patients.
Longitudinal associations between early child weight gain, parent feeding, child self-regulation, and later child body mass index.

Background Few longitudinal studies have examined associations of child weight trajectories, maternal demandingness and responsiveness during feeding, and child self-regulation. Objective We examined if child weight-for-length trajectories from 6 weeks to 2 years of age were associated with maternal demandingness and responsiveness at child age 3 years old, and if maternal feeding dimensions predicted child BMI trajectories from 4.5 to 7.5 years among Mexican American children from low-income families. Child self-regulation was evaluated as a potential mechanism linking maternal feeding with child BMI. Method Child (N = 322) weight and length/height were assessed at 10 timepoints from 6 weeks through 7.5 years. Mothers completed the Caregiver Feeding Style Questionnaire when the child was 3 years of age. Results A steeper slope of weight-for-length z scores from 6 weeks to 2 years (indicating more rapid weight gain) was associated with less maternal demands during feeding at 3 years. More maternal demandingness at child age 3 years predicted lower child BMI at 4.5 years, but not trajectories from 4.5 to 7 years. Child self-regulation was not associated with child BMI from 4.5 to 7.5 years. Conclusion The findings highlight how the relationship between mothers and children during feeding can be bidirectional and potentially influenced by the developmental stage.
First-Generation College Students: How Co-Curricular Involvement Can Assist with Success

Students who are the first in their family to attend postsecondary education are known as first-generation college students. When compared to continuing-generation students, first-generation students face greater challenges in college as a result of being the first in their family to attend postsecondary education. Access, attainment, and persistence are some of the challenges first-generation students encounter. Alexander Astin’s (1984) research indicated there is a positive correlation between students’ co-curricular involvement and their college success. Because of the high number of first-generation students now enrolled in institutions of higher education, more research needs to be conducted specifically on first-generation students and how their involvement can lead them to success.
Effect of Actinomycin D on the Transfer of Ribonucleic Acid from Nucleus to Cytoplasm in Lactobacillus acidophilus

After starvation for deoxyribosides, the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Lactobacillus acidophilus is restricted to a localized region of the cell. (3)H-uracil is first incorporated into such a restricted region but subsequently is found throughout the cell. This spread occurs despite the absence of protein synthesis and a major reduction in the rate of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. However, blocking RNA synthesis with actinomycin D restricts incorporation to a localized region of the cell. It is concluded that uracil is first incorporated into RNA in the bacterial nucleus from which it subsequently spreads through the cell. Actinomycin D could prevent this spread by preventing the completion of RNA molecules, which therefore do not dissociate from the DNA template.
Counseling parents of children with behavior problems: the use of extinction and time-out techniques.

The pediatrician is the professional most frequently sought out for advice concerning disciplinary problems with children in the home. Behavioral psychologists have advocated the use of contingent ignoring and time-out procedures to help reduce problem behaviors; however, practicing pediatricians have found that these two procedures are often not successful. In fact, sometimes the two procedures seem to exacerbate inappropriate behavior. This paper documents the difficulties found in using the ignoring and/or time-out procedures in the home setting. Potential pitfalls in the use of ignoring, including not specifying the target behavior, not taking a baseline, inadvertently, intermittently reinforcing the inappropriate behavior, response bursts, spontaneous recovery, and not reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior, are described. In addition, several pitfalls in the use of the time-out procedure, including selection of isolation area, inappropriate selection of time intervals, interference from others in the family, and escape attempts on the part of the child are discussed. For each potential problem a remedy is suggested.
The static driver verifier research platform

The Sdv Research Platform (Sdvrp) is a new academic release of Static Driver Verifier (Sdv) and the Slam software model checker that contains: (1) a parameterized version of Sdv that allows one to write custom API rules for APIs independent of device drivers; (2) thousands of Boolean programs generated by Sdv in the course of verifying Windows device drivers, including the functional and performance results (of the Bebop model checker) and test scripts to allow comparison against other Boolean program model checkers; (3) a new version of the Slam analysis engine, called Slam2, that is much more robust and performant.
Intelligent robotic systems for space exploration

List of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1. Testbed for Cooperative Robotic Manipulators. 2. Automated Assembly. 3. A Truss Joint for Robotic Assembly. 4. Hierarchial Planning for Space-Truss Assembly. 5. Three-Dimensional Vision. 6. CIRSSE Gripper and Controller System. 7. Simulation of Space Manipulators. 8. JPL Telerobot Testbed. Index.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy-related immune recovery in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Abstract Objective To characterize cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients who demonstrate immune recovery while receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Design Consecutive, noncomparative case series. Participants Twenty-two HIV-positive patients, from two institutions, with a history of CMV retinitis, and with elevated CD4 cell counts after HAART. Main outcome measures Duration of healed CMV retinitis without anti-CMV therapy, CD4 cell count, and HIV viral load. Intervention Discontinuation of anti-CMV therapy after persistent elevation of CD4 cell count over 50 cell/mm 3 (median, 161/mm 3 ; range, 85–408/mm 3 ). Results The median period of healed CMV retinitis without anti-CMV therapy was 72 weeks (range, 33–116 weeks). Nineteen of 22 patients were still healed without anti-CMV therapy at study end. The three patients with CMV retinitis progression simultaneously had HAART, fail with CD4 cell counts of 37, 35, and 47/mm 3 . Conclusions HIV-positive patients with CMV retinitis, who demonstrate a sustained HAART-induced elevation of CD4 cell count on two consecutive counts 3 months apart and whose retinitis remains healed on anti-CMV therapy for greater than 4 months, are likely to remain healed if the anti-CMV therapy is withdrawn. It is important to monitor these patients with indirect ophthalmoscopy because HAART failure may occur and allow CMV retinitis reactivation.
A preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for naphthalene and naphthalene oxide in mice and rats.

Naphthalene is a toxicant with unusual species and tissue specificity that has been the subject ofin vitro studies. We describe a preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for naphthalene constructed solely fromin vitro data for comparison to animal data without the use of adjustable parameters. The prototypical PBPK model containing five lumped tissue compartments was developed to describe the uptake and metabolism of naphthalene by mice and rats dosed intraperitoneally (ip) and orally (po). The model incorporates circulation and biotransformation of the semistable reactive intermediate, naphthalene oxide, as well as the parent compound naphthalene. Circulation is included because the toxic action of naphthalene has been proposed to be caused by the formation of a reactive metabolite in one organ (liver) and its circulation to another organ (lung) being adversely affected by the metabolite. The model allows conversion of naphthalene oxide into dihydrodiol, glutathione (GSH) conjugates, 1-naphthol (nonenzymatically) and covalently bound adducts with proteins. Model simulations are compared with previously reportedin vivo measurements of glutathione depletion, mercapturic acid formation, and covalently bound protein formation. The mouse model predicts accurately the amount of mercapturates excreted, the effect of various pretreatments, and the extent of covalent binding in the lung and liver resulting from ip administration, including the sharp increase in binding between 200 and 400 mg/kg.
Transcutaneous immunization by merely prolonging the duration of antigen presence on the skin of mice induces a potent antigen-specific antibody response even in the absence of an adjuvant

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a promising needle-free technique for vaccination. In this method, strong adjuvants, such as the cholera toxin, are generally crucial to elicit a robust immune response. Here, we showed that prolonged antigen presence on the skin of mice during TCI could effectively enhance the immune response. Substantial antigen-specific antibodies were produced in the sera of mice even after non-adjuvanted TCI when the antigen presence was for longer than 16 h. This non-adjuvanted TCI method was applied using the tetanus toxoid, and potent tetanus toxoid-specific antibodies were successfully induced in the sera of mice; they survived a lethal tetanus toxin challenge with no clinical signs. Thus, non-adjuvanted approach might be a possible option for TCI, and this method might improve the safety and practicality of transcutaneous vaccination.
Effects of concanavalin A on the migration of radioactively labeled lymphoid cells.

Abstract The effects of the jackbean globulin Concanaalin A (Con A) on the distribution of radioactive 51 Cr-labeled lymph node cells was studied in CBA mice. Lymph node cells treated in vitro with Con A in subagglutinating noncytotoxic doses were unable to “home” to the lymph nodes of syngeneic recipients after intraenous injection. The effect was almost immediate and seemed unrelated to mitogenesis. The inhibitory effect of Con A on lymphocyte migration could be partially reersed by alpha-methyl mannoside; the degree of migratory impairment was related to the amount of Con A bound to the lymphocyte surface at the time of transfer. The membrane site at which Con A binds to the lymphocytes is similar to that which is bound by heterologous antilymphocyte serum but is probably distinct from the theta antigenic site. These data lend support to the hypothesis that surface lymphocyte carbohydrate determinants are involved in the specific lymphocyte “homing” receptor.
The ethics of "Top Doctor" awards: a tangled web.

Dr Edmund runs a successful dermatology practice but covets the business of cosmetic patients in his competitive community. These patients are extremely discerning and tend to select doctors based on reputation and peer recognition awards. Dr Edmund attended a well-known medical school and residency program, but feels that this is not enough to distinguish him from the competition. He was flattered to have recently received a letter stating that he was selected to receive a ‘‘Top Doctor’’ award. The letter included a glossy brochure offering him the opportunity to purchase magazine advertising, listings in the company’s published directories, and commemorative plaques and trophies. Dr Edmund is aware that many of the successful dermatologists in his area have received similar awards.
Children and Youth with Intellectual Disabilities: Targets for Sexual Abuse

Abstract A disproportionate number of children and youth with an intellectual disability are victims of sexual abuse. This paper examines the characteristics and behaviours which may exacerbate the vulnerability of persons with an intellectual disability toward abusive relationships. Recognition is given to the important roles educators can play in die identification, referral, intervention, and prevention of sexual abuse.
Progressive aphasia in a patient with pick’s disease: A neuropsychological, radiologic, and anatomic study

Although Pick's disease is generally considered as a dementia characterized by signs of frontal lobe dysfunction, it can present with selective language defects rather than with cognitive decline. In this study, we report prospective and serial clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroradiologic observations in a 59-year-old man whose prominent disturbance was in the retrieval and learning of names denoting concrete entities and actions. Postmortem study confirmed the diagnosis of Pick's disease and revealed that neuronal loss and gliosis were most prominent in left anterior temporal cortices. The findings are in keeping with evidence that the left anterior temporal cortices and interconnected hippocampal system are critically involved in the learning and retrieval of verbal lexical items. The evidence from this patient, along with similar evidence from the literature we reviewed, suggests that when patients present with a progressive aphasia characterized by anomia, Pick's disease should be considered as the probable diagnosis.
Risk Assessment of Nongenotoxic Carcinogens Based upon Cell Proliferation/Death Rates in Rodents

Increased cell proliferation increases the opportunity for transformations of normal cells to malignant cells via intermediate cells. Nongenotoxic cytotoxic carcinogens that increase cell proliferation rates to replace necrotic cells are likely to have a threshold dose for cytotoxicity below which necrosis and hence, carcinogenesis do not occur. Thus, low dose cancer risk estimates based upon nonthreshold, linear extrapolation are inappropriate for this situation. However, a threshold dose is questionable if a nongenotoxic carcinogen acts via a cell receptor. Also, a nongenotoxic carcinogen that increases the cell proliferation rate, via the cell division rate and/or cell removal rate by apoptosis, by augmenting an existing endogenous mechanism is not likely to have a threshold dose. Whether or not a threshold dose exists for nongenotoxic carcinogens, it is of interest to study the relationship between lifetime tumor incidence and the cell proliferation rate. The Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson biologically based stochastic two-stage clonal expansion model is used to describe a carcinogenic process. Because the variability in cell proliferation rates among animals often makes it impossible to detect changes of less than 20% in the rate, it is shown that small changes in the cell proliferation rate, that may be obscured by the background noise in rates, can produce large changes in the lifetime tumor incidence as calculated from the Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson model. That is, dose response curves for cell proliferation and tumor incidence do not necessarily mimic each other. This makes the use of no observed effect levels (NOELs) for cell proliferation rates often inadmissible for establishing acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of nongenotoxic carcinogens. In those cases where low dose linearity is not likely, a potential alternative to a NOEL is a benchmark dose corresponding to a small increase in the cell proliferation rate, e.g., 1%, to which appropriate safety (uncertainty) factors can be applied to arrive at an ADI.
Pole-zero modeling of flexible space structures

Generic models of flexible space structures are investigated from the infinite discrete-spectrum viewpoint of distributed parameter systems. The models are simple enough to treat analytically, yet complicated enough to demonstrate the practical usefulness of the transcendental-transfer-function modeling for the purposes of preliminary control synthesis. Transfer functions of the various generic models are derived analytically, and their pole-zero patterns are investigated. The alternating pole-zero pattern of a transfer function from an actuator to the colocated sensor is well-known. It is, however, newly found that in certain colocated cases, each mode has an associated zero of higher frequency than the pole; in fact, the rigid-body mode has an associated zero very close to the origin. This direct transmission property must be taken into consideration when designing large space structures such as the dual-keel Space Station, which has a pole-zero pattern very similar to that of the generic models. The practical significance of such pole-zero patterns on colocated control is discussed.
A Patient with Fatal Necrotizing Fasciitis following the Use of Intra-Articular Sodium Hyaluronate Injections: A Case Report.

Introduction. Osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease, is a key cause of disability around the world and an ever-growing public health concern. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid viscosupplementation is used as a conservative option for osteoarthritis knee pain relief (McArthur et al., 2012; Hootman and Helmick, 2006; Huang el al., 2011). In general, the literature has shown an excellent safety profile for this treatment modality (McArthur et al., 2012; Clegg et al., 2013; Hammesfahr et al., 2003; Neustadt et al., 2005; Cohen et al., 2008; Neustadt, 2003; Juni et al., 2007; Peterson and Hodler, 2011). Case Presentation. In this report, we describe a case of a woman who had received multiple sodium hyaluronate injections and developed severe necrotizing fasciitis near the injection site. Conclusion. We recommend that clear guidelines for clean technique be put in place for use with sodium hyaluronate injections and consideration of full sterile technique in immunosuppressed patients.
Brain-barrier systems in sharks

Abstract 1. 1. The comparatively high value for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [K+] in dogfish (3·7 m-equiv/kg H2O) may be related to the high [Na+] of shark CSF. 2. 2. Blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers to inulin and protein are demonstrated in nurse shark and dogfish. 3. 3. Characteristics of brain-barrier systems in sharks, as revealed by the present study, are compared with those of several higher vertebrates. Both similarities and differences are indicated.
The Ecology of Health Policymaking and Reform in the U.S.A.

This article demonstrates how constitutional, political, legal, economic, technological, social and cultural, physical, demographic, and global factors affect health policymaking in the U.S.A. The ecological factors that influence health policy in the U.S. are uniquely different from those of other countries. Therefore, even though a number of problems may be common to health systems worldwide, these problems may require different solutions in the different countries, or in different sections of the same country. The article concludes that the above ecological factors, individually or collectively, cause U.S. health policies to be inconsistent. For example, policies were adopted in the past to promote the concentrated interests of health providers. Recently, the rise of opposing concentrated interests, a lingering economic recession, a weakened resistance to change, and policy learning from the practices of other industrialized countries and from scholarly publications give us hope that reform, although still difficult to achieve, may finally be in sight.
Clustered trilobite assemblages in the Middle Devonian Hamilton Group

Clusters of well-preserved trilobites occur throughout lower and middle Paleozoic strata. This phenomenon, however, remains poorly understood. Several thin, regionally persistent beds in the Middle Devonian (Givetian) Hamilton Group of New York State display taphonomic and sedimentary features which indicate rapid burial by storm-generated clouds of fine-grained sediment. Furthermore, components in these units display little or no post-mortem disturbance and, therefore, reflect in faunal associations. These beds contain two types of clustered assemblages of the trilobites Phacops (Green), Greenops boothi (Green) and Dechenella rowi (Green). Body clusters comprise dense assemblages of three or more complete trilobite corpses. Moult clusters, in contrast, are composed of three more moult ensembles; i.e., articulated thoracopygidia in close proximity to corresponding cephala. Clusters are species-segregated and contain only a small portion of the total size range exhibited by trilobite species. Moreover, body clusters and moult clusters are morphometrically undifferentiated indicating that these two cluster modes represent related phenomena. Analogy with modern marine arthropods suggests that trilobites assembled into monospecific, age-segregated clusters and moulted prior to en masse copulation.
Development of a bioassay system for monitoring susceptibility in Thrips tabaci.

A system is described for collecting adult and larva of Thrips tabaci from onion foliage into insecticide-treated vials to evaluate susceptibility to insecticides. The thrips insecticide bioassay system (TIBS) allows one to treat vials and store them for 3weeks before thrips are collected. Depending on the population density in the field, collection of the insects for the test required from 3-6h for one person. Assays are read after 24h. This system was used in 1997 and 1998 in commercial onion fields in Honduras and Nicaragua, and TIBS was sensitive enough to detect differences to the insecticides tested, to thrips life stages and to different generations within an onion-growing season. Data collected suggest that there were not serious problems with thrips insecticide resistance, with the possible exception of cypermethrin in Nicaragua which had a resistance ratio (RR) valu eo f 26.9 for adult thrips. The largest RR values were observed at the end of the growing season, and this may be caused by the season-long selection by insecticide sprays. The mortality of adults and larvae followed the same general pattern, but the ratio between larvae and adults differed for each chemical group.  2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Radio frequency studies in the NASA Lewis Bumay Torus

The fluctuations in potential of the plasma in the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus were observed using capacitive probes over frequencies from 1 kHz to 25 MHz and a wide range of operating conditions. The spectra were found to differ greatly above and below a background gas pressure of 3.0.000034 torr deuterium. Above this pressure the spectrum was dominated by the ion spoke frequency and a spectral index was defined. Below this pressure the spectrum below 200 kHz was lower in lower in amplitude by a factor of ten and no spectral index could be defined. At these lower pressures, fluctuations that appeared to be ion spokes were observed, but had a dependence of frequency on operating conditions which was previously unreported.
Energy spectrum of extremal invariant states

For an extremal invariant state ω of a weakly asymptotically abelian dynamical system we prove that the corresponding energy spectrum is either one-sided or the whole reals, or a periodic subgroup. The latter case implies abelianness of the algebra in the representation generated by ω.
Public attitudes toward an auto-free zone in a metropolitan area - boston

The role of the automobile in urban areas is a constant topic fordiscussion. Many proposals for creating an auto-free zone in metropolitan areas are advanced. This paper reports on a public opinion survey of the Boston SMSA concerning a plan to ban all automobiles from downtown Boston. The results indicate wide acceptance of the idea provided that any necessary funding would not come from new taxes. If the plan were to be put into effect, the number of trips to downtown Boston would increase. Those persons who presently travel by private cars would continue to drive as close to the downtown area as possible. other findings are presented. Wide spread interest among people was found for an auto-free zone.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory and the Induced-Compliance Paradigm: Concerns for Teaching Religious Studies.

Abstract. Cognitive Dissonance Theory and the Induced-Compliance Paradigm pose some interesting questions for those teaching religious studies in publicly funded colleges and universities. Given that religious beliefs can be challenged by the historical-critical study of scriptures, for example, and that the cognitive dissonance generated when this occurs can result in unconscious alteration of beliefs and attitudes, it is vital to make explicit the potential for manipulation of student beliefs. The author asks what, if any, responsibilities are implied for the instructor.
Nylon-3 Polymers with Selective Antifungal Activity

Host-defense peptides inhibit bacterial growth but show little toxicity toward mammalian cells. A variety of synthetic polymers have been reported to mimic this antibacterial selectivity; however, achieving comparable selectivity for fungi is more difficult because these pathogens are eukaryotes. Here we report nylon-3 polymers based on a novel subunit that display potent antifungal activity (MIC = 3.1 μg/mL for Candida albicans) and favorable selectivity (IC10 > 400 μg/mL for 3T3 fibroblast toxicity; HC10 > 400 μg/mL for hemolysis).
Differential Expression of MicroRNA and Predicted Targets in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

Background Recent studies show that various inflammatory diseases are regulated at the level of RNA translation by small non-coding RNAs, termed microRNAs (miRNAs). We sought to determine whether sarcoidosis tissues harbor a distinct pattern of miRNA expression and then considered their potential molecular targets.
Positive derivations on partially ordered strongly regular rings

The author presents a proof that a partially ordered strongly regular ring S which has the additional property that the square of each member of S is greater than or equal to zero cannot have nontrivial positive derivations.
Oxytocin induces PGE2 release from bovine cervical mucosa in vivo.

Oxytocin receptor (OTR) concentrations in bovine cervical mucosa rise steeply a few days before estrus to high concentrations and fall rapidly after estrus. To study the physiological role of these OTR, the effect of OT on the release of PGE, from the cervical mucosa of periestrous cows in vivo was determined by inserting bags made of dialysis tubing containing isooncotic saline solution in the endocervix for two 2-h periods, a fresh bag for each period. During the first period no treatment was given, during the second period OT (100 IU) or saline was injected i.m. PGE2 content in the second bag was significantly greater in OT-treated cows than in saline-treated cows. In a second experiment cervical resistance to stretch, achieved by distention of a balloon inside the cervical canal, was measured in periestrous cows before and 10 h after i.m. injection of OT, or endocervical application of 2.5mg PGE1 in a jelly, or the inactive jelly. A significant reduction in the resistance was achieved with both OT and PGE1; in the doses given the effect of PGE1 was longer lasting than that of OT.
Sticks and stones may break my bones: Protective factors for the effects of perceived discrimination on social competence in adolescence

Adolescents are developing in an increasingly diverse society requiring sophisticated and flexible social skills for effective negotiation of social environments. Developing these social skills effectively has important implications for adolescents, especially those of diverse ethnic backgrounds. This study investigated social competence in minority and nonminority adolescents from the perspective of an integrated and context-specific model of development (C. Garcia Coll et al., 1996). The relationships among perceived discrimination, attachment, ethnic identity, and social competence were explored in 320 middle school students using questionnaire methodology. Perceived discrimination was found to be negatively related to social competence in all participants and attachment was found to be a buffering factor, but only in minority adolescents. The findings support a unique developmental context of minority and nonminority youth and highlight the need for continuing research on constructs such as attachment and ethnic identity that may be influential in outcomes such as social competence.
Effects of Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin E, and Fatty Acids on Lipid Composition in Cockerels

Serum, aorta, heart, and liver tissues of cockerels reflected numerous changes in cholesterol and triglyceride composition when 5 or 10% oleic or palmitic acid, ascorbic acid, and vitamin E were added to their diets. Heart cholesterol concentration and liver cholesteryl ester content increased with the 10% oleic acid diet. Heart and liver cholesterol increased when ascorbic acid was added to 5% fatty acid diets, and heart cholesterol increased when ascorbic acid was added to the 10% palmitic acid diet. Vitamin E exerted a cholesterol- or cholesteryl ester-lowering effect on both 10% palmitic and 10% oleic acid diets. Heart and liver triglycerides were lower with the 5% oleic acid diet than with the 5% palmitic acid diet. The opposite effect was observed with the 10% fatty acid diet. Dietary ascorbic acid appeared to have some triglyceride-lowering effect. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected in cockerel aorta, heart, liver, and serum fatty acid distribution, with oleic acid having the greater influence.