cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planar strip array (PSA) for MRI.

Parallel, spatial-encoded MRI requires a large number of independent detectors that simultaneously acquire signals. The loop structure and mutual coupling in conventional phased arrays limit the number of coils and therefore the potential reduction in minimum scan time achievable by parallel MRI tchniques. A new near-field MRI detector array, the planar strip array (PSA), is presented that eliminates the coupling problems and can be extended to a very large number of detectors and high MRI frequencies. Its basic structure is an array of parallel microstrips with a high permittivity substrate and overlay. The electromagnetic (EM) wavelength can be adjusted with the permittivity, and the strip lengths tuned to a preselected fraction of the wavelength of the MRI frequency. EM wave analysis and measurements on a prototype four-element PSA reveal that the coupling between the strips vanishes when the strip length is either an integer times a quarter wavelength for a standing-wave PSA, or a half wavelength for a travelling-wave PSA, independent of the spacing between the strips. The analysis, as well as phantom and human MRI experiments performed by conventional and parallel-encoded MRI with the PSA at 1.5 T, show that the decoupled strips produce a relatively high-quality factor and signal-to-noise ratio, provided that the strips are properly terminated, tuned, and matched or coupled to the preamplifiers.
Synthesis and properties of phenyl-substituted arylene vinylene polymers and copolymers

Abstract Poly(phenyl-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (PhPPV) and a series of arylene vinylene copolymers containing phenyl-monosubstituted arylene units and either unsubstituted or 2,5-dialkoxy 1,4-phenylene vinylene units was prepared from water-soluble, sulfonium salt precursor polymers. The conversions of the respective precursor polymers to the conjugated polymers were studied by thermogravimetric analysis, and the arylene vinylene polymers so formed were characterized by elemental analysis and by FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The substituted polymers could be drawn above their softening points even though some degree of crosslinking occurred during the thermal elimination step. Doping of the polymer films with either iodine or antimony pentafluoride vapor led to conductivities in the 10−4 S.cm−1 range. The low level of conductivity observed may be a result of morphological perturbations that inhibit the interchain hopping of the charge carriers.
Management of antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing invasive procedures.

When patients receiving anticoagulation therapy undergo invasive procedures, management requires an individualized assessment of the risk of bleeding versus the risk of thrombosis. This review explains management, including bridging anticoagulation for patients receiving warfarin.
Finite-horizon quickest search in correlated high-dimensional data

The problem of searching over a large number of data streams for identifying one that holds certain features of interest is considered. The data streams are assumed to be generated by one of two possible statistical distributions with cumulative distribution functions F 0 and F 1 and the objective is to identify one sequence generated by F 1 as quickly as possible, and prior to a pre-specified deadline. Furthermore, it is assumed that the generation of the data streams follows a known dependency kernel such that the likelihood of a sequence being generated by F 1 depends on the underlying distributions of the other data streams. The optimal sequential sampling strategy is characterized, and numerical evaluations are provided to illustrate the gains of incorporating the information about the dependency structure into the design of the sampling process.
A parametric study of supersonic laminar flow for swept wings using linear stability analysis

A parametric study to predict the extent of laminar flow on the upper surface of a generic swept-back wing (NACA 64A010 airfoil section) at supersonic speeds was conducted. The results were obtained by using surface pressure predictions from an Euler/Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics code coupled with a boundary layer code, which predicts detailed boundary layer profiles, and finally with a linear stability code to determine the extent of laminar flow. The parameters addressed are Reynolds number, angle of attack, and leading-edge wing sweep. The results of this study show that an increase in angle of attack, for specific Reynolds numbers, can actually delay transition. Therefore, higher lift capability, caused by the increased angle of attack, as well as a reduction in viscous drag due to the delay in transition is possible for certain flight conditions.
Cluster molecular orbital description of the electronic structures of mixed-valence iron oxides and silicates

Abstract A molecular orbital description, based on spin-unrestricted X α-scattered wave calculations, is given for the electronic structures of mixed valence iron oxides and silicates. The cluster calculations show that electron hopping and optical intervalence charge-transger result from weak FeFe bonding across shared edges of FeO 6 coordination polyhedra. In agreement with Zener's double exchange model, FeFe bonding is found to stabilize ferromagnetic coupling between Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ cations.
Characterization of a calmodulin kinase II inhibitor protein in brain.

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-KII) regulates numerous physiological functions, including neuronal synaptic plasticity through the phosphorylation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptors. To identify proteins that may interact with and modulate CaM-KII function, a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed by using a rat brain cDNA library. This screen identified a unique clone of 1.4 kb, which encoded a 79-aa brain-specific protein that bound the catalytic domain of CaM-KII α and β and potently inhibited kinase activity with an IC50 of 50 nM. The inhibitory protein (CaM-KIIN), and a 28-residue peptide derived from it (CaM-KIINtide), was highly selective for inhibition of CaM-KII with little effect on CaM-KI, CaM-KIV, CaM-KK, protein kinase A, or protein kinase C. CaM-KIIN interacted only with activated CaM-KII (i.e., in the presence of Ca2+/CaM or after autophosphorylation) by using glutathione S-transferase/CaM-KIIN precipitations as well as coimmunoprecipitations from rat brain extracts or from HEK293 cells cotransfected with both constructs. Colocalization of CaM-KIIN with activated CaM-KII was demonstrated in COS-7 cells transfected with green fluorescent protein fused to CaM-KIIN. In COS-7 cells phosphorylation of transfected α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptors by CaM-KII, but not by protein kinase C, was blocked upon cotransfection with CaM-KIIN. These results characterize a potent and specific cellular inhibitor of CaM-KII that may have an important role in the physiological regulation of this key protein kinase.
Connections between the T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Electron micrographs of rat gastrocnemius muscle fibers show membrane-like dense structures traversing the space between the transverse system (T) and the terminal segments of sarcoplasmic reticulum (R). The periodicity of the structures, viewed in longitudinal sections of triads, varies from 150–250 A. The distance between apposed membranes of T and R is 80–100 A at the level of the dense structures between T and R. The distance is slightly greater than 100 A at the level of less dense areas which alternate with the dense structures. The scalloped appearance of the R membrane, associated with differences in distance between T and R when the levels of dense structures and less dense areas are compared, leads to the suggestion that a holding force might be exerted by the dense structures. Such a holding force would support the view that the membrane-like dense structures are indeed connections between T and R. If membrane-like connections between T and R completely surround the less dense areas it is possible that a “physiological tight junction” conductive to electrotonic spread of current might exist between apposed membranes of T and R.
Multiphoton excitation fluorescence imaging microscopy in the biomedical sciences

Modern research in molecular, cellular, and developmental biology requires the precise measurement of cellular or subcellular activity in two- or three-dimensions. Many available fluorescence microscope techniques are yielding limited detail about the organization and dynamics of complex cellular structures. But the multi-photon (two- or more photon) excitation fluorescence imaging microscopy (MEFIM) system proposed here will provide a unique, state-of-the-art opportunity to integrate advances in optical microscopy, low- light video detection, and two- or three-dimensional image analysis in measuring the fluorescent signals from living cells. The MEFIM system uses longer excitation wavelength, which increases the penetration of the excitation of the sample, yet essentially reduces photobleaching and autofluorescence. But, more importantly, the infrared light excitation in the MEFIM techniques allows maintaining cell viability for longer periods of time and thus acquisition of more images. In our current work, we integrated the MEFIM system with one-photon laser scanning confocal microscope coupled to a verdi pumped tunable femtosecond pulsed ti- sapphire laser. Appropriate wavelength was tuned to excite the fluorescently labeled specimens and MEFIM images were acquired from living biological specimens at different optical sections. The importance of the MEFIM image acquisition and processing for biomedical sciences are discussed.
On thermal explosion in porous media

We consider a model of thermal explosion in porous media which is a natural generalization of the well-known problem of self-ignition introduced by (Gelfand 1963 Am. Math. Soc. Trans. 29 295–381). We rigorously prove that, similar to the Gelfand–Barenblatt problem, the thermal explosion (finite time blow-up of all solutions for the problem with non-negative initial data) occurs exclusively due to the absence of a weak solution of the corresponding stationary problem.
Rare mutation in the SLC26A3 transporter causes life-long diarrhoea with metabolic alkalosis

SLC26A3, a chloride/bicarbonate transporter mainly expressed in the intestines, plays a pivotal role in chloride absorption. We present a 23-year-old woman with a history of congenital chloride diarrhoea (CCD) and renal transplant who was admitted for rehydration and treatment of acute kidney injury after she presented with an acute diarrhoeal episode. Laboratory investigations confirmed metabolic alkalosis and severe hypochloraemia, consistent with her underlying CCD. This contrasts with most other forms of diarrhoea, which are normally associated with metabolic acidosis. Genetic testing was offered and revealed a homozygous non-sense mutation in SLC26A3 (Gly-187-Stop). This loss-of-function mutation results in bicarbonate retention in the blood and chloride loss into the intestinal lumen. Symptomatic management with daily NaCl and KCl oral syrups was supplemented with omeprazole therapy. The loss of her own kidneys is most likely due to crystal-induced nephropathy secondary to chronic volume contraction and chloride depletion. This case summarises the pathophysiology and management of CCD.
A ballistic nanoelectronic device simulator

A multi-purpose simulator for ballistic nanoelectronic devices, based on classical mechanics of electrons at the Fermi level, has been successfully implemented. Current-voltage characteristics and magnetoresistance phenomena consistent with published experimental data have been observed. Based on simulator results, device design guidelines for a new type of transistor which operates on ballistic transport principles are presented.
Computer modeling of polymeric materials : single chains and multiple-chain systems

Applications of molecular modeling techniques to the prediction of the properties of polymers are presented. First, a brief overview of the various polymer modeling techniques is presented with a focus on which technique is suitable for which properties. Recent results from current research are shown. The first set of results is from work on the statistical correlation of two physical properties (end-to-end distance and dipole moment) of single polymer chains with independent rotational potentials. It is shown that the correlation depends on the orientation of the dipole moment vector. The second set of results reviews work on computer simulation of the irradiation cure of polyethylene. Structural information regarding the crosslinks formed is presented.
Photoreactivity of platinum(II) in cisplatin-modified DNA affords specific cross-links to HMG domain proteins.

Cisplatin-modified DNA forms specific complexes with proteins that contain the DNA binding motif known as the high-mobility group (HMG) domain. As a tool for investigating the role of these proteins in mediating the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin, a set of cisplatin analogs was prepared in which one of the ammine ligands was replaced with a photoreactive tethered aryl azide ligand. The ability of DNA modified by these platinum complexes to photo-cross-link to HMG1 was investigated. During this study, it was discovered that DNA modified with cisplatin itself can undergo photoinduced cross-linking to HMG1 when irradiated with 300 nm light. The covalent complexes resulting from this latter cross-linking reaction are completely reversed by the addition of sodium cyanide and can be degraded by proteinase K. These results confirm the presence of a protein−DNA cross-link and demonstrate that the platinum atom itself forms the point of attachment. By contrast, DNA modified with trans-diamminedichloroplatinum(II),...
Comparison of probe sheaths for endovaginal sonography.

The authors of this paper sought to compare the effectiveness of commercially available probe covers with less expensive condoms. During a 10-month period sonographers performed endovaginal ultrasound examinations on patients by randomly testing either commercially available probe covers or condoms on the vaginal probe. After use the sheaths were tested for damage by filling them with water to observe for leakage and thereby determine the breakage rate. Perforations were noted in 15 of 180 probe covers and 3 of 180 condoms (8.3% vs. 1.7%; p < 0.05; relative risk [RR] 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-18.5). Potential contamination of the endovaginal probe occurred during 9 of 174 examinations and 1 of 178 examinations in which probe covers and condoms respectively were used (p < 0.05; RR 9.7; 95% CI 1.2-67.7). The authors conclude that condoms are less expensive and superior to commercially available probe covers for covering the ultrasound probe during endovaginal examinations. (authors)
Application of γ-cyclodextrin for the stabilization and/or dispersion of vegetable oils containing triglycerides of

To improve the storage stability of instable vegetable oils with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acid triglycerides, these essential compounds can be complexed with native cyclodextrins. Only with γ-CD a nearly complete complexation of the oils was achieved as shown by complexation kinetics measurements. Storage trials of the insoluble CD-complexes followed by the determination of the peroxide value of the oils indicated that the best stabilization against autoxidation is obtained with γ-CD. An additional benefit of the complexation of triglycerides of polyunsaturated fatty acids with γ-cyclodextrin is the formation of stable dispersions of these oils in aqueous media.
Reducible and irreducible os odontoideum in childhood treated with posterior wiring, instrumentation and fusion. Past or present?

Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of instrumented rod and wire fusion in children with craniovertebral junction (CVJ) instability and os odontoideum.
Association between Psychiatric Symptoms and Craving in Methamphetamine Users

This study examined the differences in psychiatric symptoms between adult methamphetamine users (n = 46) and control subjects (n = 31), the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and the intensity of methamphetamine craving, and whether psychiatric symptoms were correlated to methamphetamine drug-usage variables (ie, length of abstinence, frequency, duration, and lifetime grams). We found that depressive symptoms on the Center for Epidemiology Studies-Depression (CES-D) and many other psychiatric symptoms on the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) significantly correlated with craving methamphetamine on the visual analog scale (VAS) for craving. Methamphetamine users had significantly more depressive symptoms (on CES-D) and psychotic symptoms (on SCL-90) compared to controls. There were no significant correlations between psychiatric symptoms and methamphetamine-usage variables. This study provides the first evidence to suggest that depressive symptoms (on CES-D) and psychiatric symptoms (on SCL-90) are strongly associated with the intensity of craving (on VAS) for the drug in methamphetamine users. However, the methamphetamine usage variables had no relationship with psychiatric symptoms. Therefore, methamphetamine users, regardless of their usage patterns, may benefit from treatment of their psychiatric symptoms in order to minimize craving and subsequent relapse to drug use.
Optimal sequences and sum capacity of synchronous CDMA systems

The sum capacity of a multiuser synchronous CDMA system is completely characterized in the general case of asymmetric user power constraints-this solves the open problem posed by Rupf and Massey (see ibid., vol.40, p.1261-6, 1994) which had solved the equal power constraint case. We identify the signature sequences with real components that achieve sum capacity and indicate a simple recursive algorithm to construct them.
Increased expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) in feline lumbar spinal cord after complete thoracic spinal cord transection

To determine changes in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the spinal cord in response to a complete transection, we examined the cellular and tissue changes of the two forms of GABA synthetic enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67). In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analyses show that spinal cord transection between thoracic segments 12 and 13 results in an increase of GAD67, but not GAD65, protein and mRNA in the lumbar spinal cord. This increase occurs mainly in the dorsal horn and persists for at least 12 months. In addition, there was relatively high GAD67-immunoreactivity around the central canal, with dorsolateral GAD67-immunoreactive fibers extending toward the ependyma and into the central canal in the transected animals. We suggest that an increase in GAD67 leads to increased GABA production in spinal neurons below the injury site, resulting in altered inhibition and trophic support during posttrauma recovery and adaptation. Increased GABA synthesis around the central canal, in the vicinity of ependymal cells, may represent part of a regenerative process in the mammalian spinal cord, reminiscent of that observed in lower vertebrates. J. Neurosci. Res. 60:219–230, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parameter identification of circuit models for lead-acid batteries under non-zero initial conditions

This paper presents an algebraic method for parameter identification of Thevenin's equivalent circuit models for batteries under non-zero initial conditions. In traditional methods, it was assumed that all capacitor voltages have zero initial conditions at the beginning of each test. This would require a long rest time between two successive discharging or charging tests, leading to very long test time for a charging cycle. In this paper, we propose an algebraic method which can extract the circuit parameters together with initial conditions. This would theoretically reduce the rest time to 0 and substantially accelerate the testing cycles.
VOICES LESS SILENCED: WHAT DO VETERAN TEACHERS VALUE IN SCHOOL–UNIVERSITY PARTNERSHIPS AND INITIAL TEACHER PREPARATION?

The purpose of this article is to describe how veteran teachers understand and experience the development of a Professional Development School (PDS) partnership and how they participate in initial teacher preparation program reform. The author presents a case, which examines the voices and participation of veteran teachers in developing a PDS in depth, along with offering descriptive evidence of what veteran teachers value in initial teacher preparation, what they focus on in school–university partnerships, and how they negotiate tensions within collaboration. Three key themes involve the “giving” character of mentor teachers, based in professionalism; an emphasis on structure and the practical nature of teacher preparation; and the development of multiple collaborative relationships toward professional growth.
THE ENCULTURATION OF NEW FACULTY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A Comparative Investigation of Three Academic Departments

While studies on organizational entry have, for several decades, examined how individuals choose organizations and how organizations choose individuals (Lawler, 1973; Vroom, 1964; Wanous 1977), most have focused on the employee recruitment and selection processes primarily from the organization's standpoint. Although the academic profession may provide general identity for faculty, an individual's general value structure and the reciprocal nature of the socialization process have been largely ignored (Van Maanen, 1976). Because there is little disagreement that the academic profession provides general identity for all faculty, the concept of one academic profession has obscured the cultural differences of higher education institutions, the subcultural variations within and among disciplines, and the internalized normative pressures to meet organizational interests that arise as faculty enter new settings. Only recently has socialization been conceived as “cultural learning” in which the values, knowledge, attitudes, skills, and expectations of a particular culture are acquired by initiates (Corcoran and Clark, 1984). At the same time, culture is seen to evolve as it is shaped by the interaction of newcomers and culture bearers (Kuh and Whitt, 1988). While newcomers will integrate, to some extent, their own needs and values with what they perceive to be the institution's norms and values (Bess, 1978), the reciprocal nature of this “cultural learning” process is only now being recognized (Boice and Thomas, 1989; Tierney, 1988).
Phonon spectrum and density of states for the sqrt 3-bar x sqrt 3-barR30 degrees phase of D2 and H2 on graphite.

A self-consistent phonon calculation was used to calculate the phonon spectrum and density of states of ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ adsorbed on graphite. The adsorbed molecules are assumed to be in a free-rotor state and the molecular solid is taken to be the $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ commensurate phase. The theoretical results are compared to recent neutron-scattering results for the phonon modes of ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ and with older data for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. The effect of the use of coordinates both parallel to and perpendicular to the surface in the functional form for the wave function was found to be significant. Thus these are not purely two-dimensional systems.
Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic

Ashli White (2010), ix +267, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, $55.00/£28.50, paperback $25.00/£13.00 Since the publication of Michel Rolph Trouillot's influential Silencing the...
Drug-Triggered and Cross-Linked Self-Assembling Nanofibrous Hydrogels

Self-assembly of multidomain peptides (MDP) can be tailored to carry payloads that modulate the extracellular environment. Controlled release of growth factors, cytokines, and small-molecule drugs allows for unique control of in vitro and in vivo responses. In this study, we demonstrate this process of ionic cross-linking of peptides using multivalent drugs to create hydrogels for sustained long-term delivery of drugs. Using phosphate, heparin, clodronate, trypan, and suramin, we demonstrate the utility of this strategy. Although all multivalent anions result in good hydrogel formation, demonstrating the generality of this approach, suramin led to the formation of the best hydrogels per unit concentration and was studied in greater detail. Suramin ionically cross-linked MDP into a fibrous meshwork as determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We measured material storage and loss modulus using rheometry and showed a distinct increase in G′ and G″ as a function of suramin concentration. R...
Experimental trials with Gd(DO3A)—a nonionic magnetic resonance contrast agent

Abstract Gd(DO3A), a member of a new family of nonionic MRI contrast agents, was evaluated in vivo in a rat model. In 10 animals, enhancement of an intracerebral glioma was studied following Gd(DO3A) injection. Correlation with tissue pathology was obtained in all cases. Comparative studies of renal enhancement were performed in 15 animals, utilizing disodium-Gd(DTPA) 2− , sodium-Gd(DOTA) − , and Gd(DO3A). With the glioma model, Gd(DO3A) administration provided enhancement of tissue with an altered blood-brain barrier, thus permitting identification of the bulk of the neoplastic lesion. Comparative studies revealed that enhancement of normal renal medulla was equal or superior with Gd(DO3A).
The theory of ionospheric focused heating

Ionospheric modification by high power radio waves and by chemical releases are combined in a theoretical study of ionospheric focused heating. The release of materials which promote electron-ion recombination creates a hole in the bottomside ionosphere. The ionospheric hole focuses high power radio waves from a ground-based transmitter to give a 20 dB or greater enhancement in power density. The intense radio beam excites atomic oxygen by collisions with accelerated electrons. Airglow from the excited oxygen provides a visible trace of the focused beam. The large increase in the intensity of the radio beam stimulates new wave-plasma interactions. Numerical simulations show that the threshold for the two-plasmon decay instability is exceeded. The interaction of the pump electromagnetic wave with the backward plasmon produces a scattered electromagnetic wave at 3/2 the pump frequency. The scattered wave provides a unique signature of the two-plasmon decay process for ground-based detection.
A fully three-dimensional simulation of a ground-penetrating radar: FDTD theory compared with experiment

A fully three-dimensional, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model of a ground-penetrating radar is described. The FDTD simulation completely models the transmitting and receiving antennas, the antenna feeds, the dispersive Earth, and the buried object. Results of scattering from three different buried cylindrical pipes are compared to previously measured results for a one-third size scale model of an actual radar and are shown to be in good agreement.
Determinants of Newspaper Circulation: A Pooled Cross-Sectional Time-Series Study in the United States, 1850-1970

This study offers a new approach to the problem of time-series studies and attempts to set up a model to account for the growth in demand for daily newspapers Using U S data on a state-by-state basis for 1850 to 1970, we have used a marketing approach What conditions were necessary for the survival of a daily newspaper? What conditions were conducive to consolidation? What conditions were a barrier to the adoption of social and technological innovation? The data were grouped into geographic and social regions for analysis, using a special case of generalized least squares Independent variables included price as a proportion of per-capita income, percentage of the work force in nonagricultural labor, education, voting, and urbanization. Price proved the most powerful predictor Corrected R2s range from 22636 (m regions where newspaper growth took place very early or late in the period) to 67543 in the Midwest and Southwest The model will be applied to data from the industrialized countries of Western Europe...
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR COOKIE SHAPED OBJECTS IN A HOT AIR JET IMPINGEMENT OVEN

Correlations for average heat transfer coefficient for cookie shaped objects in a hot air jet impingement oven were obtained using aluminum cookie models. The study was carried out in a pilot plant scale hot air jet impingement oven. The effects of individual cookie position, presence of surrounding cookies, air velocity, air temperature and rotation of the oven plate on average surface heat transfer coefficient were investigated. The value of the heat transfer coefficient ranged between 100-225 W/m 2 K and was found to be a strong function of jet air velocity. The impact of surrounding cookies on the heat transfer coefficient was more for smaller cookies, which had larger cookie-to-cookie spacing.
Gender and age differences in food cognition.

Abstract Results from three studies relevant to a model of food cognition based on the evaluative dimensions pleasure, health, and convenience are reported. In the first study, discriminant analyses of the evaluative ratings (n=248) of 35 meals and snacks yielded significant gender and age differences on the pleasure and health dimensions. Separate factor analyses of the pleasure and health ratings revealed that males and females grouped foods differently on these criteria. The factor analysis of convenience ratings suggested that males and females perceive the meaning of convenience differently. In the second study, 336 college students rated 27 meals on the three evaluative dimensions and also indicated their preferences for each meal. Multiple regression analyses showed that preferences could be significantly predicted, and other results showed that as compared to males, females give higher health, pleasure and convenience ratings to healthy meals. The third study employed a modified free association technique to investigate gender and age differences in the meanings of nine familiar foods. Data from 96 males and females aged 18 to 86 revealed a substantial variety of significant age and gender differences for specific foods. It is suggested that taken together, these results indicate important cognitive and affective sources for gender and age-related food attitudes.
Recruitment modeling: An analysis and an application to the study of male–female differences in intelligence

Studies of group differences in intelligence often invite conclusions about groups in general from studies of group differences in selected populations. The same design is used in the study of group differences in other traits as well. Investigators observe samples from two groups (e.g. men and women) in some accessible population, but seek to conclude something about a wider, general population. The most frequent case is probably a study contrasting undergraduate men and women. The investigator will know the method by which people are recruited from the accessible population. However the methods by which the members of each group enter the accessible population from the general population is not under the control of the investigator. Call this the recruitment process. The recruitment process may introduce differences between groups in the accessible population that do not occur in the general population. Continuing the example, the recruitment processes that draw men and women from the college-age population into the population of students may not be the same. Therefore, in order to draw an inference about group differences in the general population from group differences in samples from the accessible population it is necessary to have a model of the recruitment process. We develop such a model, and present data showing that it appears to be valid for the case of recruitment into the population of youth who consider post-secondary education. We illustrate use of the model by analyzing findings from a widely publicized study of differences in intelligence between men and women, and show that the conclusions from that study are modified by consideration of the recruitment process.
Body temperature is elevated during the rebound of slow‐wave sleep following 40–h of sleep deprivation on a constant routine

EEG, EMG, EOG and core body temperature were recorded during baseline sleep and during recovery sleep from a 40-h constant routine in 9 male subjects. Slow-wave sleep and slow-wave activity (SWA, EEG power density 0.75-4.5 Hz) were enhanced in the first two nonREM sleep episodes of recovery sleep. Core body temperature was not significantly different in the last 30 minutes before lights out but was significantly higher during recovery sleep in the interval between lights out and sleep onset and during the first nonREM sleep episode. The data demonstrate that an enhancement of SWA/SWS is not necessarily accompanied by lower values of core body temperature, and therefore challenge the notion that SWS is the primary factor responsible for the steep decline of body temperature that occurs at the onset of the nightly sleep episode.
Institutional trades and intraday stock price behavior

Abstract This paper examines the price effect of institutional stock trading, using a unique data set that reports the transactions (large and small) of 37 large institutional money management firms. The direction of each trade and the identity of the management firm behind each trade are known. Although institutional trades are associated with some price pressure, we find that the average effect is small. There is also a marked asymmetry between the price impact of buys versus sells. We relate our findings to various hypotheses on the elasticity of demand for stocks, the cost of executing transactions, and the determinants of market impact. Although market capitalization and relative trade size influence the market impact of a trade, the dominant influence is the identity of the money manager behind the trade.
Improvement of optical coherence tomography using active handheld micromanipulator in vitreoretinal surgery

An active handheld micromanipulator has been developed to cancel hand tremor during microsurgery. The micromanipulator is also applicable in optical coherence tomography to improve the quality of scanning and minimize surgical risks during the scans. The manipulator can maneuver the tool tip with six degrees of freedom within a cylindrical workspace 4 mm in diameter and 4 mm high. The imaging system is equipped with a 25-gauge Fourier-domain common-path OCT probe. This paper introduces the handheld OCT imaging system and techniques involved and presents stabilized OCT images of A-mode and M-mode scans in air and live rabbit eyes. We show the first demonstration of OCT imaging using the active handheld micromanipulator in vivo.
Investigations of Photochromic Polypeptides

Abstract Bacteriorhodopsin provides researchers with a vision of the possibilities for an engineered optical material. Photochromic polypeptides are synthetic materials that have similar potential applications as bacteriorhodopsin. The light-induced coil-to-helix conformation change can be used to develop materials having light-induced changes in birefringence. Recent investigations of light-sensitive polypeptides in solution and as thin films give increased knowledge of structure-property relationships. The behavior of bacteriorhodopsin-based optical materials provides a list of materials requirements needed to explore the feasibility of photochromic polypeptide thin film development. Major challenges include decreasing photofatigue, designing films with thermal back reaction half-life in seconds and large light-induced changes in refractive index.
WE‐D‐AUD‐08: Analysis of 1200 Delivery QA Measurements and Patient Plan Parameters in Helical Tomotherapy

Purpose: We have treated over 1200 patients on different anatomic sites using available beams widths. Every patient plan was verified with a delivery QA plan on a cylindrical water‐equivalent phantom. This study analyzes the variations of the delivery QA results and attempts to find some correlations with the patient plan parameters. Method and Materials: Following approval of an IMRT plan, a dose verification plan was generated for delivery on a Cheese phantom. An EDR2 film was placed in the central coronal plane of the phantom. An A1SL ion chamber was placed 5 mm below the film for simultaneous point dose measurement. After appropriate setup and irradiation of the phantom with the delivery QA plan, the recorded charge was converted to dose and the film processed for dose distribution analysis. The films were scanned with a Vidar scanner and transferred to the Tomotherapy planning station for comparison of the delivered and planned dose distribution. Altogether 903 patient plans have been analyzed of which 11 are on 1 cm beam, 196 are on 2.5 cm beam and 696 are on 5 cm beam. Results: The difference between measured and calculated doses for all beam widths correlates (R2 = 0.87) with a normal distribution (μ = 0.6, σ = 3.152). The 2.5 cm and 5.0 cm beams independently are (μ,σ,R2) 2.15, 2.93, 0.85 and 0.338, 2.92, 0.87, respectively. The 1.0 cm beam measurements had μ = −0.9, σ = 3.8. No treatment planning parameters (pitch, treatment time, modulation factor) were found to correlate with the percent difference. Conclusions: The results are randomly distributed and planning parameters do not appear to affect the delivery QA results. The random nature indicates variation in machine output, phantom positioning, and position within the treatment field.
Lymph Node Disease and Advanced Head and Neck Imaging: A Review of the 2013 Literature

Detection and differentiation of lymph node disease in the head and neck can be very difficult but is of importance for staging and treating head and neck (H&N) tumors. This topic is therefore a source of much ongoing study. With constantly evolving imaging technology, there is an ongoing need for evaluation of both new and improved techniques, and potential new uses of current modalities. CT, MRI, and PET are examined in this article, with a focus on H&N disease processes and the technical aspects of imaging. The goal of this review article is to bring the reader up to date on pertinent articles in advanced imaging of H&N lymph node disease from the year 2013.
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) has been recognized as a common and treatable neurologic disorder in adults for some time, but the occurrence of RLS in children and adolescents has seen relatively delayed acceptance. A large, population-based study has recently reported a 1.9% and 2% prevalence of RLS in children and adolescents, respectively. RLS in children is closely associated with periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), and symptoms of both may range from mild to severe. An early, accurate diagnosis of RLS or PLMD provides substantial benefits to an individual's quality of life, especially in cases of poor-sleep related intellectual or emotional dysfunction. Treatment plans should use emerging knowledge of how RLS and PLMD affect children and adolescents to correctly identify these disorders and aim to reduce or eliminate symptoms. Best-fitting therapy will consider severity of symptoms, comorbid conditions, and phenotypic variables. Promising progress has been made in understanding the genetic components of RLS as well as the role of iron deficiency in exacerbating symptoms. A review of current research on RLS and PLMD in children and adolescents is presented.
Recent performance results of Nikon immersion lithography tools

Nikon's production immersion scanners, including the NSR-S609B and the NSR-S610C, have now been in the field for over 2 years. With these tools, 55 nm NAND Flash processes became the first immersion production chips in the world, and 45 nm NAND Flash process development and early production has begun. Several logic processes have also been developed on these tools. This paper discusses the technical features of Nikon's immersion tools, and their results in production.
Comparison between Covalent Attachment and Physisorption of 2-(p-Toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-Sulfonate (TNS) to Proteins

Previously, we studied the physisorption of 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) to the hydrophobic sites or cavities of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and determined the effects of acrylamide (quencher) and urea (denaturant) on the complex using steady-state and dynamic fluorescence spectroscopy. In this paper, we extend this work to bovine β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), and compare the complexes to the covalently attached TNS. These results show that the hydrophobic sites of different proteins can be probed by TNS with the use of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The TNS binding site in B-Lg is the most hydrophobic in comparison to BSA and IgG. The excited-state decay kinetics for the TNS/protein complexes is best described by a distribution (Gaussian) plus a discrete decay model. TNS/protein adducts (covalent attachment of TNS), whereby the TNS sulfonate is converted to a sulfonamido group, strongly affects the probe photophysics. For example, a red shift is observed in the emission and excitation spectra due to covalent attachment. Acrylamide quenches the fluorescence of TNS/protein complexes, but does not quench 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-(N-propyl)-sulfonamide(TNS-PA) or the covalent TNS/protein adducts. Furthermore, the fluorescence decay kinetics of the covalent TNS/protein adducts is always best described by a double discrete decay model. In all cases studied, added urea does not affect the recovered lifetime values but does decrease the pre-exponential factor for the longer lifetime component. This result suggests a single-step urea denaturation mechanism involving two protein states—folded (native) and unfolded (denatured).
No more backups: Toward efficient embedding of survivable virtual networks

Although network virtualization can improve security by isolating traffic from different networks, routers and links are still vulnerable to attacks on the underlying network. High capacity physical links, in particular, constitute good targets since they may be important for a large number of virtual networks. Previous work protects virtual networks by setting aside backup resources. Although effective, this solution increases the cost to infrastructure providers. In this paper, we present a virtual network embedding approach which enables resilience to attacks and efficiency in resource utilization. Our approach is two-folded: while a preventive strategy embeds virtual links into multiple substrate paths, a reactive strategy attempts to reallocate any capacity affected by an underlying DoS attack. Since the embedding problem is NP-Hard, we devise a Simulated Annealing meta-heuristic to solve it efficiently. Results show our solution can provide resilience to attacks at a lower cost.
Reflectance calibrations of AXAF witness mirrors using synchrotron radiation: 2 to 12 keV

For the past six years, a high-accuracy reflectance calibration system has been under development at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The system utilizes Los Alamos National Laboratory's Beamlines X8A and X8C. Its purpose is to calibrate the reflection efficiencies of witness coupons associated with the coating of the eight mirror elements composing the High Resolution Mirror Assembly for NASA's Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF). During the past year, measurements of reflectances of numerous iridium- coated witness flat mirrors have been obtained to a relative statistical precision of 0.4 percent, and an overall repeatability within 0.8 percent in the overlapping energy regions. The coating processes are strikingly repeatable, with reflectances in the 5-10 keV range for off-end witness flats nearly always being within 1 percent of one another, excluding interference fringes. The comparison reflectances between flats obtained from qualification coating runs and production runs of the Wolter Type I mirror elements are in turn nearly equal, indicating that the qualification run witness flats provide a good representation of the flight optics. Results will produce a calibration of AXAF with extremely good energy detail over the 2-12 keV range, which includes details of the M-absorption edge region for Ir. Development of the program to cover 0.05-2 keV continues.
Five-Parameter Exterior Solution of the Einstein-Maxwell Field Equations

A five-parameter solution of the combined Einstein-Maxwell equations is given which describes a source containing mass, electric charge, magnetic dipole, higher multipole moments of all three kinds, and angular momentum. The solution is obtained by using Kinnersley's method of generating stationary Einstein- Maxwell fields from known solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations. We start with a two-parameter solution of a system having mass and a magnetic dipole moment discovered by Misra, Pandey, Srivastava, and Tripathi. All solutions discussed in this paper are asymptotically flat, and all have infinite red-shift surfaces that are singular. Possible relevance of these solutions to black-hole physics is remarkable upon. (auth)
In Situ Point Defect Generation and Agglomeration during Electron-Beam Irradiation of Nitrogen-Doped Czochralski Silicon

Samples of Czochralski silicon were observed after irradiation by a convergent electron beam in a transmission electron microscope. In a nitrogen-doped sample, the 200 keV electrons induced a vacancy-rich region containing point-defect clusters, surrounded by a ring rich in self-interstitials. No comparable effect existed in nitrogen-free reference samples. It is proposed that Frenkel pairs, created by electron collisions, are separated and stabilized by nitrogen or related complexes. Some interstitials become free to diffuse while the nitrogen, vacancies and oxygen agglomerate. This study demonstrates that the initial formation of voids and precipitate nuclei from point defects can be observed at low temperatures. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Mystical Experience as a Bridge for Cross-Cultural Philosophy of Religion: A Critique

he belief that mystical experience is both ineffable and essentially the same in all religious traditions has become fairly common in the twentieth century. The use made, by different authors, of these two alleged facts about mystical experience varies but, in general, putative ineffability has been used to discount all language and all differences in language about mystical experience as merely accidental and to characterize mystical experience as either transor subconceptual. Putative unanimity in the descriptions mystics have given of their experiences follows easily from the ineffability of the experiences. Since ineffability supposedly makes it impossible to make any distinctions between one ineffable experience and another, and since theological interpretations have nothing to do with mystical experience, all mystical experiences are therefore essentially the same./1/ In the more extended forms of the claim that mystical experience is ineffable, the experience becomes so different from other kinds of experience that ineffability becomes unique to mystical experience and even a part of its definition. A barrier is made to appear between mystical experience and its interpretation, so that nronmystics cannot really know anything about mystical experience. Mystical experience is sometimes characterized as subconceptual-as primarily emotive, aesthetic, or consisting in a certain sort of attitude or special awareness./2/ Other authors understand mystical intuition to be transconceptual-a special kind of truth or wisdom that far transcends ordinary conceptual knowledge. It is only a small additional step to argue that mystical