cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Damaging Geo-Hydrological Events and Population Development in Calabria, Southern Italy

Damaging geo-Hydrogeological Events (DHEs) are defined as the occurrence of destructive phenomena (such as landslides and floods) that can cause damage to people and goods during periods of bad weather. These phenomena should be analyzed together as they actually occur because their interactions can both amplify the damage and obstruct emergency management. The occurrence of DHEs depends on the interactions between climatic and geomorphological features: except for long-term climatic changes, these interactions can be considered constant, and for this reason, some areas are systematically affected. However, damage scenarios can change; events that occurred in the past could presently cause different effects depending on the modifications that occurred in the geographical distribution of vulnerable elements. We analyzed a catastrophic DHE that in 1951 affected an area 3700 km2 wide, located in Calabria (southern Italy), with four-day cumulative rainfall exceeding 300 mm and return periods of daily rain exceeding 500 Y. It resulted in 101 victims and 4500 homeless individuals. The probability that a similar event will happen again in the future is assessed using the return period of the triggering rainfall, whereas the different anthropogenic factors are taken into account by means of the population densities at the time of the event and currently. The result is a classification of regional municipalities according to the probability that events such as the one analyzed will occur again in the future and the possible effects of this event on the current situation.
Choice experiments, site similarity and benefits transfer

Choice experiments are designed to account for variations in environmental resources and site characteristics, as well as potential implications of these variations for willingness to pay. As a result, choice experiment results may be well suited for benefits transfer. It is unclear, however, whether the flexibility of choice experiments renders the similarity of study and transfer sites less critical for transfer validity. Drawing from identical choice experiments conducted in different Rhode Island communities, this model assesses the extent to which error in function-based benefits transfer is related to the similarity of communities across a variety of observable dimensions. Results suggest that site similarity, at least across some dimensions, influences the validity of choice experiment benefits transfers. However, the use of some measures of similarity as indicators of transfer error may provide misleading results.
Carcinoma in situ of the cervix in the postmenopausal female.

Abstract Eleven cases of postmenopausal carcinoma in situ of the cervix (CIS) are reviewed. They comprised 7% of the 178 cases of CIS evaluated and treated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between January 1, 1977 and June 30, 1980. The extensive involvement of the endocervical canal in the postmenopausal patient requires conization in addition to colposcopy and endocervical curettage in order to fully evaluate the cervical disease.
Skepticism and faith in Shestov’s early critique of rationalism

Shestov’s work can be summed up under six headings. Three are sharp contrasts, three are paradoxes. (1) First there is the contrast between Shestov the person, who was moderate, competent, and calm, and Shestov the thinker, who was extreme, incandescent, and impassioned. (2) Then there is the contrast between his critique of reason, his acceptance of irrationalism, and the means by which he attacks the former and defends the latter: namely, careful rational argument. Sometimes he argues like a lawyer (after all, he had a law degree from Moscow University). (3) Shestov speaks repeatedly of the “horrors and atrocities of human existence.” But his examples are always drawn from history or literature, never from his own life, although we know that he experienced much horror. (4) Nietzsche is the thinker whom he invokes most frequently, and most warmly. Yet, paradoxically, Shestov completely ignores most of Nietzsche’s central themes. (5) Shestov’s skeptical doubts are mostly directed at rationalism; he is not skeptical about the existence or benevolence of God. Yet he is explicitly skeptical about divine omniscience and implicitly skeptical about divine omnipotence in a metaphysical sense, though not in its ethical application. (6) Shestov has a deep faith that God can undo all the horrors of life, putting an end to all suffering. At the same time he knows that this will not, and cannot, happen, since the very idea of undoing the past, erasing its horrors, is conceptually incoherent.
Applications of clustering to information system design

Abstract Given the difficulty of designing and creating information systems of many components and interconnections, it is commonplace to find these tasks accomplished by means of a partition into subsystems. Later the distinct subsystems are made to interface with one another and an overall system is achieved. The purpose of the present paper is to point out the availability of methods for effecting the partition in optimal or approximately optimal ways. Clustering algorithms for the specific case of information systems are obtained and exemplified.
Special Education Terminology Every Physical Education Teacher Should Know

An initial step to demonstrate commitment and professional behaviors is to be knowledgeable in the terminology used by special education colleagues, and to share with them common terminology used in physical education settings. Adapted physical education (APE) and general physical education (GPE) teachers need to know terminology used by multidisciplinary individualized education program (IEP) teams so they can be active contributing team members, and thus better assist the student with a disability in their class. The purpose of this article is to review commonly used special education terminology that APE and GPE teachers may hear during their interactions with team members. In addition, this article includes suggestions for participating in the IEP meeting and collaborating with parents and other special education professionals. IEP meetings are the perfect setting to learn and share common terminology.
Avian flu (H5N1): its epidemiology, prevention, and implications for anesthesiology

Avian flu, influenza A subtype H5N1, is an emergent and virulent disease that poses a threat to the health and safety of the world community. Avian flu is 1 of more than 25 influenza A viruses that reside primarily in birds but also infect humans and other mammals. Avian flu is responsible for the current outbreak in Asia; H5N1 has now displayed probable human-to-human transmission; it could be a harbinger of a global epidemic. Anesthesiologists are exposed to a risk for infection when they are involved in airway instrumentation of infected patients. Given the evidence of emerging resistance to common antiviral agents used to treat H5N1 influenza virus and limited supply of H5N1 vaccine, prevention is our best protection. The following article will detail the virology and preventive public health practices for H5N1. This knowledge can also be used to define and prevent other yet unidentified infectious threats.
Effect of β-adrenergic receptor blockade on the physiologic response to dobutamine stress echocardiography

Abstract Dobutamine is an effective pharmacologic stress agent because of its β-adrenergic receptor agonist properties. Theoretically, concurrent β-adrenergic receptor blockade might alter this effectiveness, but clinical experience has been variable. Before assessing the relative effectiveness and implications of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) to detect myocardial ischemia in the presence of β-blockade the physiologic and hemodynamic effects of dobutamine with simultaneous β-blockade must be understood in a controlled setting. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine if β-blocking agents alter the timing and magnitude of the physiologic response to graded doses of dobutamine during a standard DSE. Paired DSEs were performed in seven instrumented open-chest dogs with and without β-blockade (esmolol 500 μ/kg initial bolus and 100 μ/kg/min infusion). Heart rate, systolic pressure, proximal left anterior descending coronary artery flow, myocardial thickening, and percentage left ventricular area change (%AC) were monitored. The data for each parameter were fit to linear or exponential functions. With graded doses of dobutamine, the rate of increase in coronary flow was greater than that in %AC, which in turn was greater than that in heart rate ( p p p p p = 0.03). Regardless of β-blockade, mean systolic blood pressure remained relatively unchanged from predobutamine levels. β-Blocking agents alter the magnitude and timing of the physiologic response during DSE in this canine model. By lowering the peak cardiac workload and inotropic response during DSE, β-blockade has the potential to influence the sensitivity of this test.
Cardiovascular Reactivity in Patients with Essential or Renal Hypertension under Standardized Mental Stress

Introduction. Patients with essential hypertension react more strongly to mental stress than normotensives. This may be related to the type of stress coping or to increased reactivity associated with the disease. The aim of our study was to examine whether patients with essential or secondary hypertension differ in their reaction to mental stress. Methods. Seventeen patients with essential hypertension (EH), 9 patients with renal hypertension (RH), and 22 normotensive controls (N) with no circulatory disorders were subjected to a psychophysiological examination under mental stress. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and electrodermal activity (EDA) were measured. Results. The two hypertensive groups differed in their BP reaction to mental stress from the control group but not from each other. The product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure during the matrix test was significantly higher in essential than renal hypertensives (EH median: 13344; RH median: 12154.5; p = 0.04). This also holds true for the number of spontaneous fluctuations of EDA in the resting phase after the experiment (EH. median: 3.2; RH. median: 1.3; p = 0.01). Conclusion. The results suggest that not only a high blood pressure level but also the sympathetic nervous tone are responsible for the blood pressure response to mental stress. Due to very different (perhaps psychosocially triggered) conditions, essential hypertension leads to a stronger cardiovascular reaction under mental stress than renal hypertension.
Changes in intracellular pH associated with glutamate excitotoxicity.

Excitotoxic neuronal injury is known to be associated with increases in cytosolic calcium ion concentrations. However, it is not known if perturbations in other intracellular ions are also associated with glutamate (GLU)-induced neuronal death. Accordingly, intracellular hydrogen ion concentrations were measured in cultured hippocampal neurons with the fluorescent dye BCECF during and after toxic exposures. Five minute GLU applications produced an initial cytosolic acidification. During the hour after GLU removal, intracellular pH (pHi) recovered steadily, resulting in a rebound cytosolic alkalinization. Lowering extracellular calcium depressed the initial GLU-induced acidification, suggesting that the rapid acidification may result partly as a consequence of calcium entry. An acidification- induced rebound alkalinization appeared to be activated by GLU exposure. Inhibitors of intracellular pH regulation, harmaline, 4,4′- disothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (DIDS), and replacement of external Na+ with N-methyl-glucamine+ (NMG+), retarded the rate of recovery from GLU-induced acidification. The rapid acidification and rebound alkalinization could be mimicked by challenging neurons with elevated external K+ or replacement of external Na+ with NMG+. Two or more hours following toxic GLU exposure, hydrogen ion concentration did not stabilize at initial levels but progressively increased. High K+ or Na+ removal did not produce this long-term acidification and were not toxic. The cumulative increase in intracellular hydrogen ion may reflect the declining health of injured neurons and could contribute directly to neuronal death. Therefore, cytosolic acidification may act synergistically with increases in calcium concentration in mediating excitotoxicity.
Estimation of petroleum reservoir properties

We present an algorithm for estimating the absolute and relative permeabilities in petroleum reservoir models based on regularization and spline approximation. A computational example is included.
Continuous simulation of a complex queuing system

This paper deals with the continuous simulation of complex queuing systems on a digital computer. Con tinuous-system mathematical models of multicompart ment queuing systems based on a birth-death process consist of large sets of differential equations. A dynamic allocation algorithm can substantially de crease the required computer time and storage by con tinuously adjusting the size of the system of differ ential equations. The applicability of the continuous approach to simulation of complex queuing systems is demonstrated for a four-compartment outpatient clinic.
Identification of a polymorphism in the RING finger of human Bmi-1 that causes its degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system

Bmi-1 is a polycomb protein that plays an important role in tumor cell development and maintaining stem cell populations of many cell lineages. Here we identify a polymorphism in human Bmi-1 that changes a cysteine within its RING domain to tyrosine. This C18Y polymorphism is associated with a significant decrease in Bmi-1 level and its elevated ubiquitination, suggesting that it is being destroyed by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Consistent with this, treating cells with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 significantly increases C18Y Bmi-1 levels. This is the first example of a polymorphism in Bmi-1 that reduces levels of this important protein.
Pressure Derivatives of the Sound Velocities of Polycrystalline Alumina

The sound velocities and the pressure derivatives of the sound velocities were measured on a small specimen of polycrystalline alumina by the method of “pulse superposition”. The pressure derivatives found from experiments up to 4 kbars at 25°C are: These values lead to the variation of Poisson's ratio with pressure of dσ/dP = 1.02 × 10−4/ kbar and to the variation of (isothermal) bulk modulus with pressure of dBT/dP= 3.99. Using the above values the compression is computed up to 400 kbars and compares well with shock wave measurements. Consequently, the measured pressure derivatives may hold up to several hundred kilobars.
Operative Treatment of Chondral Defects in the Glenohumeral Joint

Purpose The objectives of this study were to conduct a systematic review of clinical outcomes after cartilage restorative and reparative procedures in the glenohumeral joint, to identify prognostic factors that predict clinical outcomes, to provide treatment recommendations based on the best available evidence, and to highlight literature gaps that require future research. Methods We searched Medline (1948 to week 1 of February 2012) and Embase (1980 to week 5 of 2012) for studies evaluating the results of arthroscopic debridement, microfracture, osteochondral autograft or allograft transplants, and autologous chondrocyte implantation for glenohumeral chondral lesions. Other inclusion criteria included minimum 8 months' follow-up. The Oxford Level of Evidence Guidelines and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) recommendations were used to rate the quality of evidence and to make treatment recommendations. Results Twelve articles met our inclusion criteria, which resulted in a total of 315 patients. Six articles pertained to arthroscopic debridement (n = 249), 3 to microfracture (n = 47), 2 to osteochondral autograft transplantation (n = 15), and 1 to autologous chondrocyte implantation (n = 5). Whereas most studies reported favorable results, sample heterogeneity and differences in the use of functional and radiographic outcomes precluded a meta-analysis. Several positive and negative prognostic factors were identified. All of the eligible studies were observational, retrospective case series without control groups; the quality of evidence available for the use of the aforementioned procedures is considered "very low" and "any estimate of effect is very uncertain." Conclusions More research is necessary to determine which treatment for chondral pathology in the shoulder provides the best long-term outcomes. We encourage centers to establish the necessary alliances to conduct blinded, randomized clinical trials and prospective, comparative cohort studies necessary to rigorously determine which treatments result in the most optimal outcomes. At this time, high-quality evidence is lacking to make strong recommendations, and decision making in this patient population is performed on a case-by-case basis. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level IV studies.
High-Level Secretion of Glycosylated Invertase in the Methylotrophic Yeast, Pichia Pastoris

High-Level Secretion of Glycosylated Invertase in the Methylotrophic Yeast, Pichia Pastoris
Using a Science/Technology/Society Approach To Prepare Reform-Oriented Science Teachers: The Case of a Secondary Science Methods Course

Recent science education reform efforts have focused on science instruction that enhances student understanding of the nature of science, enables them to critically analyze scientific information as well as to apply it in real-life situations, and sets them on a path of life-long learning in science. These aspects of science instruction are evident, for instance, in the goals that underlie the National Science Education Standards (NSES) and in the NSES identification of science and technology, science in personal and social perspective, and history and nature of science as science content standards (National Research Council, 1996, p. 13). In order to prepare teachers who can provide the kind of science instruction envisioned in NSES standards, professional preparation of science teachers must be substantially reformed. Reformed preparation of science teachers is indeed vital for the vision of science teaching reform to be accomplished (Raizen & Michelsohn, 1994). Typically, a critical component of a preservice science teacher preparation program is the science teaching methods course. The usual intent of this course is to help preservice science students develop an understanding of various aspects of science instruction such as pedagogical approaches, management strategies, and assessment techniques. For the most part, these aspects are taught as separate instructional units or
Coexpression of Cloned α1B, β2a, and α2/δ Subunits Produces Non-Inactivating Calcium Currents Similar to Those Found in Bovine Chromaffin Cells

Chromaffin cells express N-type calcium channels identified on the basis of their high sensitivity to block by ω-conotoxin GVIA (ω-CgTx GVIA). In contrast to neuronal N-type calcium currents that inactivate during long depolarizations and that require negative holding potentials to remove inactivation, many chromaffin cells exhibit N-type calcium channel currents that show little inactivation during maintained depolarizations and that exhibit no decrease in channel availability at depolarized holding potentials. N-type calcium channels are thought to be produced by combination of the pore-forming α1B subunit and accessory β and α2/δ subunits. To examine the molecular composition of the non-inactivating N-type calcium channel, we cloned the α1B and accessory β (β1b, β1c, β2a, β2b, and β3a) subunits found in bovine chromaffin cells. Expression of the subunits in either Xenopus oocytes or human embryonic kidney 293 cells produced high-threshold calcium currents that were blocked by ω-CgTx GVIA. Coexpression of bovine α1B with β1b, β1c, β2b, or β3aproduced currents that were holding potential dependent. In contrast, coexpression of bovine α1B with β2aproduced holding potential-independent calcium currents that closely mimicked native non-inactivating currents, suggesting that non-inactivating N-type channels consist of bovine α1B, α2/δ, and β2a.
Making the world a better place

The papers in this book detail Dexters research contributions, which are profound. I would like to highlight another contribution Dexter has made that affects us all in the department every day
Crop Insurance, Moral Hazard, and Agricultural Chemical Use

This study examines the relationship between chemical input use and crop insurance purchase decisions for a sample of Kansas dryland wheat farmers. Recent research by Horowitz and Lichtenberg indicated that, contrary to conventional wisdom, farmers that purchased insurance tended to use relatively more chemical inputs than farmers who did not insure. In contrast, our results confirm the conventional view that moral hazard incentives lead insured farmers to use fewer chemical inputs. Implications for the joint determination of insurance and input use decisions and appropriate estimation techniques are discussed. Copyright 1996, Oxford University Press.
Testing DSP cores based on self-test programs

This paper presents a new method for the testing of the datapath of DSP cores based on self-test program. During the test, random patterns are loaded into the core, exercise different components of the core, and then are loaded out of the core for observation under the control of the self-test programs. We propose a systematic approach to generate the self-test program based on two metrics. One is the structural coverage and the other is the testability metric. Experimental results show the self-test program obtained by this approach can reach very high fault coverage in programmable core testing. A Systematic Analysis of Reuse Strategies for Design of Electronic Circuits83590292abs.htm Manfred Koegst, Dieter Garte Fraunhofer-Institut fur Integrierte Schaltungen, EAS DresdenPeter Conradi, , Michael WahlUniversitat-GH SiegenIn this paper a number of reuse approaches for circuit design are analysed. Based on this analysis an algebraic core model for discussion of a general reuse strategy is proposed. Using this model, the aim is to classify different reuse approaches for circuit design, to compare the applied terms and definitions, and to formulate classes of typical reuse tasks. In a practical application with focus on retrieval and parameterisation techniques, this model is on the way to being applied to DSP design issues. Reconfigurable Logic for Systems on a Chip83590340abs.htm W. Shields NeelyNational SemiconductorThe electronic systems of the future will be implemented in terms of multi-million gate "systems on a chip". These systems will require an enormous investment in design and manufacturing; yet the pace of technological change (e.g., new algorithm development, new processor and memory designs) and ever changing requirements puts them in danger of obsolescence soon after they are created - applications always want to take advantage of new technical advances and must meet changed requirements. What is needed are single chip systems that are designed to be adaptable to a family of applications. The emerging technology of configurable logic offers the promise of large-scale silicon systems that are adaptive after manufacture, with little or no sacrifice in execution efficiency compared to hard-wired systems.
The International Whaling Commission and the Future of Cetaceans in a Changing World

The annual meetings of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) are the most notorious and least decorous battlegrounds in international environmental law. Indeed, as The Economist recently asserted, they have the status of predictable events where the gap between the killers and the savers of whales never narrows. 1 Neither the Fifty-Third Meeting (IWC53), which took place in London from 23–27 July 2001, nor the Fifty-Fourth Meeting (IWC54), which took place in Shimonoseki, Japan from 20–24 May 2002, did anything to dispel this notion. Both meetings were redolent with the vituperation that has characterized the meetings of the parties to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) 2 over the past 15 years. As one non-government organization observer noted at IWC53, ‘this is the heart of darkness’. 3
Partitioning into maize grain N fractions of N absorbed through the roots before and after pollination

The abundance of N in various fractions in maize (Zea mays L.) grain was compared in two genotypes, a normal hybrid (Pioneer 3369A) and its opnque-2 (0-2) counterpart (L3369). Plants were grown in the greenhouse in sand cultures irrigated daily with nutrient solutions containing 3.75 mM N as NO, ion. At anthesis the plant cultures were divided into sets, one set continuing to be irrigated with the same solution, but with 15N added, and the other set irrigated with a solution of the same composition except that the N was omitted. The plants were sampled at 12, 24 and 36 days after pollination. Post-anthesis N nutrition affected the composition of the vegetative growth but had no effect during the sampling period on yields or amounts of N in the grain. At 12 days post-pollination there were no differences between the two genotypes in N partitioning, with about 50% of the N present as nonprotein N (NPN). At 24 and 36 days over 75% more N was present as zein in the normal genotype as in the 0-2, while the latter contained a much higher proportion of N as NPN. The albumin-globulin and glutelin fractions were slightly greater in the 0-2. The N absorbed after pollination was partitioned among the grain protein fractions similarly to N absorbed prior to pollination. The nature of the NPN fraction needs to be considered in evaluating effects on crop quality of an elevated N supply.
Comparing categorization models.

Four experiments are presented that competitively test rule- and exemplar-based models of human categorization behavior. Participants classified stimuli that varied on a unidimensional axis into 2 categories. The stimuli did not consistently belong to a category; instead, they were probabilistically assigned. By manipulating these assignment probabilities, it was possible to produce stimuli for which exemplar- and rule-based explanations made qualitatively different predictions. F. G. Ashby and J. T. Townsend’s (1986) rule-based general recognition theory provided a better account of the data than R. M. Nosofsky’s (1986) exemplar-based generalized context model in conditions in which the to-be-classified stimuli were relatively confusable. However, generalized context model provided a better account when the stimuli were relatively few and distinct. These findings are consistent with multiple process accounts of categorization and demonstrate that stimulus confusion is a determining factor as to which process mediates categorization. In this article we present an empirical paradigm to test different theories of categorization behavior. One theory we test is the exemplar-based theory in which categories are represented by sets of stored exemplars. Category membership of a stimulus is determined by similarity of the stimulus to these exemplars (e.g., Medin
Dental practice network of U.S. dental schools.

As dental schools incorporate training in evidence-based dentistry (EBD) into their curricula, students must learn how to critically evaluate systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It is important that dental education in the United States support the American Dental Association’s position statement on EBD, which defines “best evidence” as data obtained from all study designs. Given that much evidence is missing when EBD is derived from Cochrane Systematic Reviews’ randomized clinical trials, we propose the creation of a dental practice network of U.S. dental schools. We developed an electronic clinical dentistry research database for EBD using Epi-Info (available at www.cdc.gov/epiinfo/downloads.htm). As a free, public use software, Epi-Info provides the foundation for the development of clinical research databases that can increase the research capacity through multisite studies designed to generate outcomes data on the effectiveness of dental treatment. The creation of a dental practice network of dental schools with their large number of patients would expand the research capacity for EBD practice and advance the EBD science regarding the effectiveness of dental treatment. The next step is to link clinical dental researchers/educators at multiple dental schools through a collaborative clinical research network, so that the findings can be applied to the EBD component of problem-based learning curricula of dental education.
The Missing Links and Future Research Directions

This chapter discusses the missing links between tourism and quality-of-life research. The chapter posits that the link between the two should be made from a fully functioning tourism systems point of view with two nested models of tourism, one model examining the effect of tourism on the Quality-of-Life (QOL) of individual tourists and the second model examining the effect of tourism on the QOL of residents. Using these perspectives, the chapter integrates the preceding 36 chapters into the two integrated models reflective of current and future research on the effects of tourism both on the QOL of individual tourists and residents. Further, it identifies research gaps, challenges our current practice of impact studies, and encourages us to examine and understand how impact studies may change the QOL for tourists, residents, and different stakeholders. The chapter ends with further research issues related to the measurement of QOL indicators, overlapping life cycle stages, and involvement of various stakeholders groups and their various goals and agendas. In doing so, we may be in a better position to contribute more significantly to the QOL of destination residents and its stakeholders.
A qualitative study of mobile home resident perspectives on tornadoes and tornado protective actions in South Carolina, USA

Occupants of mobile or manufactured homes in the United States of America (USA) are highly exposed and susceptible to injury or death from tornado hazards. This problem is most pronounced in the southern and eastern USA, where tornadoes are frequent and mobile homes comprise upwards of 15 % of the housing stock. Recognizing this vulnerability, emergency management entities and the USA National Weather Service often recommend that mobile home residents evacuate to a nearby sturdy building or a specially-built tornado shelter when tornadoes threaten their communities. Previous research suggests, however, that only 30 % of residents follow this recommendation. In this research I aim to provide insight as to why many mobile home residents seldom undertake the suggested course of action for tornadoes. Using excerpts from twenty semi-structured interviews conducted during 2013 in South Carolina, I show that some individuals understand physical characteristics of tornadoes very differently than experts do. In addition, mobile home residents may also hold views that differ from experts about the ability of their homes to withstand tornadic winds and debris. Even if mobile home occupants pay close attention to thunderstorm hazards and might be willing to evacuate, they may prioritize protective actions for lightning or flash flooding over those recommended for tornadoes. Finally, the interviews reveal that there is much confusion over where to go, when to leave, and which route to take to arrive safely at a sheltering place for tornado hazards. I discuss some of the potential ramifications of the findings for theory and practice and suggest how future research might build on this work.
Complement-mediated leucoembolization: A mechanism of tissue damage during extracorporeal perfusions, myocardial infarction and in shock. A review

The complement (C) system evolved as a beneficial antimicrobial system. However, when activated during extracorporeal perfusion as with haemodialysis or cardiopulmonary bypass modest pulmonary dysfunction associated with granulocyte aggregation and embolization can occur. When C activation is massive and prolonged, as with severe sepsis, trauma, or acute pancreatitis, severe pulmonary damage which is recognized as shock lung, or adult respiratory distress syndrome, may occur. Since ulcerating atherosclerotic plaques can also activate C, a mechanism by which myocardial infarcts may extend during the first few hours after infarction is also implied. Therapeutic ramifications of these conclusions are evident. Thus, high doses of corticosteroids or of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as ibuprofen share the ability to prevent aggregation and embolization of stimulated granulocytes to patent vessels downstream and also inhibit their production of toxic oxygen radicals. These properties suggest the use of these agents in myocardial infarction and shock states, particularly shock lung, and appropriate clinical trials are awaited with interest.
Media Branding 3.0: From Media Brands to Branded Entertainment and Information

This piece examines recent changes and emerging trends in the media industry, their implications for branding, and specific research ideas that address these changes in the context of media branding. An overview of the characteristics and challenges facing today’s media brands is introduced, followed by an analysis of recent changes and how they might re-shape the parameters of media branding strategies. Next, a list of factors that are expected to affect media branding practices into the future and potential research topics addressing the new media branding 3.0 environment are presented.
Modular Approach for Metal–Semiconductor Heterostructures with Very Large Interface Lattice Misfit: A First-Principles Perspective

Realizing high-quality heteroepitaxy of a wide variety of films of very large lattice misfit, f ≥ 10%, with the substrate is a great challenge, but also a potential advancement, because the films may be made threading-dislocation-free as all the dislocations will be confined at the interface. In spite of the numerous experimental findings in the literature, first-principles theory for such systems is virtually nonexistent due to their intrinsic heterogeneity; namely, away from the interface, the film is strain free, but at the interface, not only strain but also misfit dislocation develop. Here, a modular approach is proposed to study such heterogeneous films by a combined first-principles and elasticity theory method to predict, for example, their epitaxial relationship. Four representative metal–semiconductor interfaces, Al(111)/Si(111), Cu(111)/Si(111), Cu(001)/Si(001), and CaF2(111)/Ni(001), are considered. By taking into account the chemical bonding information at the interface by first-principles th...
HAZARDS OF TWIN PREGNANCIES.

Prematurity is the most important factor contributing to the high perinatal mortality among twins. There is evidence that a week of rest at the thirty-second week lessens the risk of prematurity. Special attention should be given to delivery and management of the second twin, who fares worse than the first. The ideal time for delivery of the second twin seems to be 5 to 15 minutes after delivery of the first.
Current Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Portopulmonary Hypertension

Portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) is a form of pulmonary arterial hypertension occurring in the setting of portal hypertension with or without hepatic cirrhosis. The presence of both portal and pulmonary vascular disease contributes to complicated hemodynamics and therapeutic challenges, though the severities do not appear to correlate directly. Diagnosis of POPH, and distinction from the commonly observed hyperdynamic state of end-stage liver disease, is typically accomplished with an initial screening transthoracic echocardiogram, followed by right heart catheterization for confirmation of hemodynamic parameters. Though few studies have directly evaluated use in POPH, pulmonary artery-directed therapy is the cornerstone of management, along with consideration of liver transplantation. Perioperative and long-term outcomes are variable, but uniformly worse in the setting of uncontrolled pulmonary pressures. Risk stratification and optimal patient selection for these interventions are areas of ongoing investigation.
The number and percentage viability of commensal microorganisms recovered from the teat canal of the cow.

SUMMARY The numbers and percentage viabilities of commensal microorganisms recovered from the teat canals of healthy cows were determined within 0 · 5 h of slaughter for 8 teats and 24 h after slaughter for 9 teats. The average number of commensal microorganisms recovered within 0 · 5 h of slaughter was 15 × 10 6 with a mean percentage viability of 0.15 per cent. The average number recovered 24 h after slaughter was significantly higher, 45 × 10 6 ( P P
Preparing Students for Middle School Through After-School STEM Activities

The middle school years are a crucial time for cultivating students’ interest in and preparedness for future STEM careers. However, not all middle school children are provided opportunities to engage, learn and achieve in STEM subject areas. Engineering, in particular, is neglected in these grades because it usually is not part of science or mathematics curricula. This study investigates the effectiveness of an engineering-integrated STEM curriculum designed for use in an after-school environment. The inquiry-based activities comprising the unit, Think Like an Astronaut, were intended to introduce students to STEM careers—specifically engineering and aerospace engineering—and enhance their skills and knowledge applicable related to typical middle school science objectives. Results of a field test with a diverse population of 5th grade students in nine schools revealed that Think Like an Astronaut lessons are appropriate for an after-school environment, and may potentially help increase students’ STEM-related content knowledge and skills.
Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer ≤2 cm in size: less may not be more

As the timely detection of earlier stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) improves with the heightened adoption of lung cancer screening, it becomes imperative to establish clear surgical treatment guidelines for smaller, early stage tumors, with a goal of obtaining superior oncologic outcomes and improved patient survival. Much controversy has existed in the past regarding the optimal surgical approach to stage 1 NSCLCs (1).
Pediatric Femur Fractures

Pediatric femur fracture (Fig. 42.1) workup includes evaluation of open vs. closed, neurovascular compromise, degree of shortening, associated injuries, displaced/non-displaced, and physeal involvement.
The Impact of a Recess-Based Leadership Program on Urban Elementary School Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a peer-leadership training program on youth from a low-income urban school district. The methodological approach was grounded in community-based participatory research, in which a multicomponent school-based recess and physical activity program was examined. Data included 15 focus groups conducted with 77 fourth- and fifth-grade participants and semistructured interviews with 13 adult leaders. Results of a thematic content analysis suggest that decisions to join the program, role expectations, and training received impacted leadership development, personal development, and transfer of skills to other domains.
Hall viscosity and the acoustic Faraday effect

For more than 20 years, observation of the nondissipative Hall viscosity in the quantum Hall effect has been impeded by the difficulty to probe directly the momentum of the two-dimensional electron gas. However, in three-dimensional systems such as superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{B}$, the momentum density is readily probed through transverse acoustic waves. We show that in a three-dimensional elastic medium supporting transverse waves, a nonvanishing Hall viscosity induces circular birefringence. Such an effect has been observed in $^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{B}$ in the presence of a weak magnetic field, and is known as the acoustic Faraday effect. The acoustic Faraday effect has been understood in terms of the Zeeman splitting of the excited order parameter modes, which support the transverse wave propagation in the superfluid. We show that the Zeeman effect can generically lead to a nonzero Hall viscosity coefficient, and confirm this prediction using a simple phenomenological model for the $^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{B}$ collective modes. Therefore, we claim that the observation of the acoustic Faraday effect can be leveraged to make a direct observation of the Hall viscosity in superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{B}$ in a magnetic field and other systems such as the crystalline ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ material.
Right Ventricular Longitudinal Strain In Left Ventricular Assist Device Surgery-A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objectives Right ventricular (RV) failure is common after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) surgery and is associated with higher mortality. Measurement of longitudinal RV strain using speckle-tracking technology is a novel approach to quantify RV function. The authors hypothesized that depressed peak longitudinal RV strain measured by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examinations would be associated with adverse outcomes after LVAD surgery. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary academic medical center. Participants Following Institutional Review Board approval, the authors retrospectively identified adult patients who underwent implantation of non-pulsatile LVAD. Exclusion criteria included inadequate TEE images and device explantation within 6 months for heart transplantation. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results The postoperative adverse event outcome was defined as a composite of one or more of death within 6 months, ≥14 days of inotropes, mechanical RV support, or device thrombosis. Intraoperative TEE images were analyzed for peak RV free wall longitudinal strain by two blinded investigators. Simple logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between adverse outcome and the mean of the strain measurements of the two raters. Agreement between the raters was assessed by intra-class correlation (0.62) and Pearson correlation coefficient (0.63). Of the 57 subjects, 21 (37%) had an adverse outcome. The logistic regression indicated no significant association between RV peak longitudinal strain and adverse events. Conclusions In this retrospective study of patients undergoing non-pulsatile LVAD implantation, peak longitudinal strain of the RV free wall was not associated with adverse outcomes within 6 months after surgery. Additional quantitative echocardiographic measures for intraoperative RV assessment should be explored.
Abstract #4727: Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors reversed by selective JAK inhibition

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib have demonstrated remarkable benefit, yet relapse due to drug resistance has limited their success. Secondary kinase mutations are one mechanism of resistance, still additional sources exist. The cytokine and growth factor rich milieu of cancer has led to the hypothesis that cancer cells may evade the effects of therapy using alternative survival pathways. Many of these factors signal through JAK kinases thereby activating downstream survival pathways, such as the STAT family of transcription factors. We hypothesized that JAK activation would convey resistance to TKIs and that JAK inhibition would restore responsiveness to therapy. BaF/3 cells were transformed via oncogenic tyrosine kinase expression (EGFR, TPR-MET, or BCR-ABL). Selective TKIs were used to determine their effects on proliferation and cell signaling in the presence or absence of IL-3, a JAK-activating cytokine. In each case, JAK activation rendered cells resistant to the cytoreductive effects of TKIs (2-fold to \#8805; 100-fold), but not to their effects on cell signaling. Similar trends were seen using other JAK-activating factors such as GM-CSF or Epo in BCR-ABL expressing TF-1 or K562 cells, respectively. Importantly, treatment of cytokine-stimulated cell lines with a selective JAK inhibitor - JAK Inhibitor I (Calbiochem) or INCB16562 - shifted the IC 50 for the respective TKI to near control levels. JAK inhibition by itself had limited effects; moreover, the consequences of JAK activation or inhibition were drastically muted when EGFR or BCR-ABL were mutated at their respective \#8216;gate-keeper\#8217; residues rendering them resistant to TKI binding. This suggests the resistance and resensitization described above is specifically due to JAK activation and inhibition, respectively. Indeed, expression of constitutively active JAK1 V658F , but not the unphosphorylated STAT3C dimers conveyed resistance to imatinib in BCR-ABL expressing cells. These data indicate that JAK activation is sufficient to provide resistance to TKIs and that dimerization of STAT3 is not, implying STAT phosphorylation by JAKs is required. In vivo , we utilized a model of BCR-ABL + ALL developed by Williams, et al. who demonstrated a protective role for IL-7 that was mitigated by JAK inhibition in vitro . Inoculation of these transformed B-cell results in mortality at ~3 weeks. Treatment with the ABL TKI dasatinib modestly improved survival (~30%, p in vivo . However, the addition of a JAK inhibitor increased the median survival time by > 120% (p 0.05). These data demonstrate that JAK activation conveys resistance to a broad range of clinically relevant TKIs and that pharmacological inhibition of JAKs can mitigate these effects resulting in a favorable therapeutic response thus warranting clinical evaluation. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 4727.
Stability of Pt/Al 2 O 3 -based electrode langasite SAW sensors with Al 2 O 3 capping layer and yttria-stabilized zirconia sensing layer

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices have been shown recently to be an appropriate technology for harsh-environment sensor applications, such as those in the automotive, aerospace, power plant, and metallurgic industries. Usages include temperature, pressure, torque, strain, gas, liquid, biochemical, and mass sensors in structural health monitoring, industrial process monitoring, environment checking and control, and condition based maintenance. For harsh-environment high-temperature applications, battery-free wireless operation associated with sensor robustness, small profile, and mass fabrication capability make SAW sensors a very attractive solution. For high-temperature ( 2 O 3 -based electrode, with atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al 2 O 3 protective layer and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) gas sensing layer. The effect of 50nm thick Al 2 O 3 or YSZ layers on SAWR sensor resonant frequency and temperature sensitivity responses were investigated. Temperature sensitivities of SAWR sensors with and without ALD Al 2 O 3 protective layer have been compared with numerical predictions for a bare substrate. Measured temperature sensitivities of SAWR sensors with and without the YSZ sensing layers have been compared against each other. In addition, the stability of the SAWR sensor frequency responses have been monitored during multiple 110-hour temperature cycling (over 620 hours in total) from 300°C to 750°C. The measured frequency deviation at 750°C over six of these 110-hour cycling tests was 0.05%. The results obtained confirm that the presence of the ALD Al 2 O 3 protective layer or the YSZ sensing layer do not compromise the stability of high-temperature harsh-environment SAWR sensors, validating their use for the aforementioned applications.
Relationship Between Pitching a Complete Game and Spending Time on the Disabled List for Major League Baseball Pitchers.

Background:Injury rates among Major League Baseball pitchers have been increasing over the past several years. It is currently unknown whether pitching a complete game (CG) is a risk factor for spe...