cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Changes in Women's Career Aspirations: Developmental or Historical?.

Abstract This study compares the effects of developmental and historical influences on the career aspirations of college women utilizing both longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Data were available from approximately three hundred 1968 college freshmen women (Group 1) queried in 1968 and 1981 and from approximately two hundred fifty 1983 college freshmen women (Group 2) queried in 1983. Both groups of women were drawn from the same midwestern urban university. The groups were similar as freshmen in their educational aspirations, the socioeconomic status of both their career aspirations and the occupational alternatives they considered, as well as the traditionality and Holland type of the occupational alternatives they considered. Group 2 freshmen were similar to Group 1 as adults in life plans (both planned to work more of their lives than Group 1 as freshmen) and in the fact that they aspired to fewer social service and medical service occupations and more occupations in business administration than Group 1 as freshmen. Group 2 was less traditional in career aspirations than Group 1 at either time, aspiring to more occupations in science and math and medical service than Group 1 at either time. In terms of Holland code, the career aspirations of Group 2 are more Realistic and less Artistic than Group 1 at either time. These findings provide evidence of both developmental and historical influences in women's career development.
Variations in patients' adherence to medical recommendations: A quantitative review of 50 years of research

BackgroundThe literature on patient adherence to treatment includes hundreds of empirical studies. A comprehensive examination of the findings requires the organization and quantification that is possible with meta-analysis.ObjectivesThe goals of this research are retrieval, compilation, and averagi
Territorializing national identity in post-socialist Mongolia: purity, authenticity, and Chinggis Khaan

This article examines the geographies of new identification and belonging in post-Soviet Mongolia and identifies an increasingly nationalist trend over the past two decades. It explains how Mongolian society has constructed, contested, and renegotiated its national identity with the disappearance of the overarching communist ideology that had dictated the political landscape of the country for nearly seven decades. Conceptually, “national identity” is treated as a social construct, produced and mediated to reflect shifting power arrangements and ideological commitment of the state. Mongolia’s case is no exception. Mongolia’s post-socialist identity has been narrated and enacted by various social and political actors, each expressing an “ideal” representation of the nation. It is a continuous process of boundary-making and of narrating identification and differences within those discursive frontiers. Theoretically, the article juxtaposes a traditional approach in understanding nationalism with a critical t...
Economics-Driven Data Management: An Application to the Design of Tabular Data Sets

Organizational data repositories are recognized as critical resources for supporting a large variety of decision tasks and for enhancing business capabilities. As investments in data resources increase, there is also a growing concern about the economic aspects of data resources. While the technical aspects of data management are well examined, the contribution of data management to economic performance is not. Current design and implementation methodologies for data management are driven primarily by technical and functional requirements, without considering the relevant economic factors sufficiently. To address this gap, this study proposes a framework for optimizing data management design and maintenance decisions. The framework assumes that certain design characteristics of data repositories and data manufacturing processes significantly affect the utility of the data resources and the costs associated with implementing them. Modeling these effects helps identify design alternatives that maximize net-benefit, defined as the difference between utility and cost. The framework for the economic assessment of design alternatives is demonstrated for the optimal design of a large data set
Relationships of cytokine (GM-CSF) serum concentration to blood cell count and the inflammatory parameters in children with malignant diseases.

This study examined both the endogenous and exogenous (therapy-related) pharmacokinetics of the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in neutropenic children with solid and systemic malignancies. The daily endogenous GM-CSF serum concentration before application was 29 pg/mL. During the 10 days of examination, the concentration rose to an average value of 1351 pg/mL 8 h after application. A significant stimulation of the neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils in peripheral blood was documented. No significant correlation between the GM-CSF concentration and peripheral blood cell counts could be documented. Paraclinically, there was no evidence for functional disturbance of either the liver or the kidneys, i.e., under the cytokine therapy. The therapy was well tolerated by all the children involved in the study.
Adaptive image segmentation based on color and texture

We propose an image segmentation algorithm that is based on spatially adaptive color and texture features. The features are first developed independently, and then combined to obtain an overall segmentation. Texture feature estimation requires a finite neighborhood which limits the spatial resolution of texture segmentation, while color segmentation provides accurate and precise edge localization. We combine a previously proposed adaptive clustering algorithm for color segmentation with a simple but effective texture segmentation approach to obtain an overall image segmentation. Our focus is in the domain of photographic images with an essentially unlimited range of topics. The images are assumed to be of relatively low resolution and may be degraded or compressed.
Situation awareness: review of Mica Endsley's 1995 articles on situation awareness theory and measurement.

Objective: This article summarizes two articles by Endsley on situation awareness (SA) and presents the influence of the concept on subsequent practice and theory of human factors. Background: In her articles, Endsley integrated and consolidated existing research done in the prior decade. Method: I carefully examined and integrated subsequent articles on the SA topic written by Endsley and by others. Results: This integration revealed that SA has been applied to areas of training, error analysis, design, selection, teamwork, and automation. Some key issues related to automation and SA are reviewed in detail. Conclusion: Situation awareness is a viable and important construct that still possesses some controversy over measurement issues. Application: Ways in which human factors practitioners have used the SA construct and numerous citations are provided to assist designers.
Modeling time-variant multipath characteristics for MIMO channels

This paper has demonstrated the implementation of a time-variant multipath channel model for MIMO applications. The model formulation uses measured channel data to determine the statistical representation of the time-variant multipath cluster characteristics followed by an AR model generation of stochastic realizations of the MIMO channel matrix as a function of time. Comparisons of the information theoretic MIMO performance as a function of time obtained using modeled and measured data show that the model is highly accurate for displacements up to about 10 cm, with the error then growing for larger displacements beyond this 10 cm threshold.
Magnetic Field Properties of the ISABELLE Project Superconducting Dipole Magnets

A series of prototype superconducting dipole magnets have been constructed and tested as part of the ISABELLE Project research and development program. Results of magnetic field measurements are presented with emphasis placed on the DC and AC components of the main field. Magnetization and the effects of the magnetic fields at the ends of the magnet are displayed.
In-domain Relation Discovery with Meta-constraints via Posterior Regularization

We present a novel approach to discovering relations and their instantiations from a collection of documents in a single domain. Our approach learns relation types by exploiting meta-constraints that characterize the general qualities of a good relation in any domain. These constraints state that instances of a single relation should exhibit regularities at multiple levels of linguistic structure, including lexicography, syntax, and document-level context. We capture these regularities via the structure of our probabilistic model as well as a set of declaratively-specified constraints enforced during posterior inference. Across two domains our approach successfully recovers hidden relation structure, comparable to or outperforming previous state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, we find that a small set of constraints is applicable across the domains, and that using domain-specific constraints can further improve performance.
Renal disease in rats with type 2 diabetes is associated with decreased renal nitric oxide production.

Aims/hypothesis In several other models of chronic renal disease, decreases in renal nitric oxide activity and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) protein abundance have been demonstrated. Here, we studied diabetic obese Zucker (ZDF Gmi fa/fa) rats that develop severe hyperglycaemia and renal disease, together with their lean control animals, to determine if renal nitric oxide deficiency also occurs in this model.
Two-source, two-frequency spherical wave structure functions in atmospheric turbulence

Structure functions are derived for two spherical wave sources, separated by a distance sd, which operate at different frequencies k1 and k2. The observation is at two different points in the receiver plane which are separated by a distance pd. The two-frequency structure functions are presented in terms of one-frequency structure functions that have known solutions.
Is there diversity in the New Urbanism? Analyzing the demographic characteristics of New Urbanist neighborhoods in the United States

The New Urbanism (NU) planning movement aspires to create socially diverse neighborhoods. It is unclear, however, whether this movement lives up to its aspirations in practice. In an effort to systematically examine this aspect of the movement, this paper analyzes age, family type, income, and race data of 70 NU neighborhoods in the United States. The paper uses a diversity index to compare the NU neighborhoods with control sites. Findings show that NU neighborhoods have lower racial diversity, but may have higher income diversity. Consideration of variations within the way NU is implemented reveals that the low racial diversity is associated with a single approach, but higher income diversity is associated with all variants. This paper argues that NU generates places that are more socially diverse than what is described in the literature and uses two case studies to explore the ways in which diversity is produced and its relation to gentrification.
Physical Interactions and Functional Coordination between the Core Subunits of Set1/Mll Complexes and the Reprogramming Factors

Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to the pluripotent state by overexpression of defined factors, and this process is profoundly influenced by epigenetic mechanisms including dynamic histone modifications. Changes in H3K4 methylation have been shown to be the predominant activating response in the early stage of cellular reprogramming. Mechanisms underlying such epigenetic priming, however, are not well understood. Here we show that the expression of the reprogramming factors (Yamanaka factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc), especially Myc, directly promotes the expression of certain core subunits of the Set1/Mll family of H3K4 methyltransferase complexes. A dynamic recruitment of the Set1/Mll complexes largely, though not sufficiently in its own, explains the dynamics of the H3K4 methylation during cellular reprogramming. We then demonstrate that the core subunits of the Set1/Mll complexes physically interact with mainly Sox2 and Myc among the Yamanaka factors. We further show that Sox2 directly binds the Ash2l subunit in the Set1/Mll complexes and this binding is mediated by the HMG domain of Sox2. Functionally, we show that the Set1/Mll complex core subunits are required for efficient cellular reprogramming. We also show that Dpy30, one of the core subunits in the complexes, is required for the efficient target binding of the reprogramming factors. Interestingly, such requirement is not necessarily dependent on locus-specific H3K4 methylation. Our work provides a better understanding of how the reprogramming factors physically interact and functionally coordinate with a key group of epigenetic modulators to mediate transitions of the chromatin state involved in cellular reprogramming.
Processing of MoSi2-based intermetallics

Abstract The influence of processing on the microstructure and properties of MoSi 2 and the adjacent hexagonal ternary compounds Mo(Si,Al) 2 and Mo 5 Si 3 C has been investigated. Since powder processing is clearly the preferred processing method for these compounds, it is important to realize that the oxides present on the starting powder surfaces (i.e. silica on the silicon and silicide powders) will be incorporated into the compacted samples unless special care is taken to remove them prior to and/or during consolidation. For binary MoSi 2 , the reduction of silica has been accomplished using carbon additions, to produce SiC and gaseous CO/CO 2 mixtures, or aluminum additions to produce alumina particles. For the Mo 5 Si 3 C studies, it is clear that the relatively large ternary phase field on previously published phase diagrams is in error and that this phase is closer to a line compound, making the production of single phase material difficult. In the case of the aluminum-modified MoSi 2 , aluminum additions beyond the solubility limit leads to the formation of the hexagonal C40 structure, which undergoes an unusual environmental degradation at near-ambient temperatures. In attempting to determine the mechanism of this degradation, it was noted that there are also significant inconsistencies in the published ternary Mo–Si–Al diagram. Finally, the relative importance of such variables as crystal structure, silica content, nature, size and volume fraction of second phase and matrix grain size on the high temperature properties of these silicides is described and compared with previous studies of MoSi 2 in order to clarify some of the confusion that has existed in the literature dealing with the mechanical behavior of MoSi 2 and its composites.
The ν 3fundamental in NO 3has been seen near 1060 cm -1, albeit some time ago

A high-quality vibronic Hamiltonian, recently constructed for the X2A′2 and B2E′ interacting electronic states in the NO3 radical, has been used to simulate the negative ion photodetachment spect...
Industry Relationships With Pediatricians: Findings From the Open Payments Sunshine Act

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ties between physicians and pharmaceutical/medical device manufactures have received considerable attention. The Open Payments program, part of the Affordable Care Act, requires public reporting of payments to physicians from industry. We sought to describe payments from industry to physicians caring for children by (1) comparing payments to pediatricians to other medical specialties, (2) determining variation in payments among pediatric subspecialties, and (3) identifying the types of payment and the products associated with payments to pediatricians. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional analysis of Open Payments data from January 1 to December 31, 2014. The primary outcomes included percent of physicians receiving payments, median total pay per physician, the types of payments received, and the drugs and devices associated with payments. RESULTS: There were 9 638 825 payments to physicians, totaling $1 186 217 157. There were 244 915 payments to general pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists, totaling >$32 million. The median individual payment to general pediatricians was $14.63 (interquartile range 12–20), and median total pay per general pediatrician was $89 (interquartile range 32–186). General pediatricians accounted for 1.7% of total payments, and 0.9% of the sum of payments. Developmental pediatricians had the highest percentage of pediatric physicians receiving payment, and pediatric endocrinologists received the highest median payment. Top marketed medications were for attention-deficient/hyperactivity disorder and vaccinations. CONCLUSIONS: More than 40% of pediatricians received payments from industry in 2014, a lower percentage than family physicians or internists. There was considerable variation in physician-industry ties among the pediatric subspecialties. Most payments were associated with medications that treat attention-deficient/hyperactivity disorder and vaccinations.
Separation Characteristics Study on Hydrocyclone-Filters

The influence of capillary materials on separation characteristics was studied for the separation monomer of PE-X series capillary materials, and the change curve of the oil content of the filtered water varying with filtration velocity was given under the condition of various pipe models. The experiment shows that the hydrocyclone can obtain an optimal separation efficiency with a split ratio of 15%, and the separation efficiency of the monomer of PE-8 type capillary material may be beyond 99.5%.
Development of a stretch-induced neurotrauma model for medium-throughput screening in vitro: identification of rifampicin as a neuroprotectant.

Background and purpose We hypothesized that an in vitro, stretch-based model of neural injury may be useful to identify compounds that decrease the cellular damage in neurotrauma. Experimental approach We screened three neural cell lines (B35, RN33B, SH-SY5Y) subjected to two differentiation methods and selected all-trans-retinoic acid-differentiated B35 rat neuroblastoma cells subjected to rapid stretch injury, coupled with a subthreshold concentration of H2O2, for the screen. The model induced marked alterations in gene expression and proteomic signature of the cells and culminated in delayed cell death (LDH release) and mitochondrial dysfunction (reduced MTT conversion). Follow-up studies utilized human stem cell-derived neurons subjected to rapid stretch injury. Key results From screening of a composite library of 3,500 drugs, five drugs (when applied in a post-treatment regimen relative to stretch injury) improved both LDH and MTT responses. The effects of rifampicin were investigated in further detail. Rifampicin reduced cell necrosis and apoptosis and improved cellular bioenergetics. In a second model (stretch injury in human stem cell-derived neurons); rifampicin pretreatment attenuated LDH release, protected against the loss of neurite length and maintained neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin immunoreactivity. Conclusions and Implications We conclude that the current model is suitable for medium-throughput screening to identify compounds with neuroprotective potential. Rifampicin, when applied either in pre- or post-treatment, improves the viability of neurons subjected to stretch injury and protects against neurite loss. Rifampicin may be a candidate for repurposing for the therapy of TBI. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Industrial scale formal verification using concurrent GSTE

We give a detailed description of the formal specification and verification of a complex Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 resource scheduler with over one thousand state elements using concurrent GSTE (CGSTE) l. CGSTE is a powerful extension of GSTE (generalized symbolic trajectory evaluation) for succinctly specifying and efficiently verifying the concurrent behavior of a complex circuit. We show how an operational high level specification (HLS) for the hardware was developed and cleanly captured in an algebraic-style specification language in CGSTE. The correctness of the hardware implementation was automatically verified against the HLS using the CGSTE model checker in the matter of two minutes
Trust, Control, and Comprehensive School Reform: Investigating Growth in Teacher-Teacher Relational Trust in Success for All Schools

The importance of trust as a critical resource for school improvement is well known. However, less is known about how schools—particularly chronically under-performing schools plagued by low levels of trust—ought to collectively work on building trust in order to improve teaching and learning. Utilizing data from a sample of Success for All (SFA) schools from the Study of Instructional Improvement (SII) at the University of Michigan from 1999–2004, this chapter investigated the extent to which growth in relational trust among teachers occurs in concert with the SFA model’s design and implementation strategy, which, it is argued, relies heavily on formal control mechanisms, and explores the factors related to its instructional improvement processes which are most related to change in trust among teachers. A 3-level HLM growth model of teacher-teacher relational trust on a sample of 1170 teachers in 29 schools implementing the SFA program found that the formal control mechanisms unique to the SFA program such as instructional guidance and monitoring were not significantly related to change in teacher relational trust. However, the shared instructional experience which is created as a result of the SFA instructional process was significantly related to change in teacher relational trust, as were several established constructs including collective responsibility and critical dialogue among teachers. Further evidence suggests that the ability of school leaders to control teacher turnover and hire key staff for the improvement effort might also increase teacher-teacher trust over the course of program implementation.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen A: Chemistry and Biology

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a high-molecular-weight, cell-surface glycoprotein usually associated with tumors of the human colon. It was first described by Gold and Freedman (1965b) as a component of human colon carcinoma and fetal colon tissue. Although early studies suggested that elevated serum levels of CEA may be diagnostic of colonic cancer, subsequent studies showed that CEA may be elevated in other types of cancer and in various inflammatory diseases. The diagnostic significance of various CEA immunoassays has led to intensive research into the biology and chemistry of CEA. As a result of these studies, CEA is one of the most highly characterized human tumor markers.
Introduction to “Advancing Dental Education in the 21st Century” Project

In 1926, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching published a report prepared by William J. Gies, PhD, a professor of biochemistry and founder of the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine. The Gies report examined the current status of dental education in the United States and Canada and made recommendations for a new direction. This report led to major improvements in dental education and research and was a critical factor in making dentistry a learned profession. Dental and allied dental education are now challenged by a new set of issues related to financing education, improved oral health, more effective treatment technologies, and a rapidly changing delivery system. In an effort to meet these challenges, this strategic planning project first examined the current status and future trends that are likely to impact the dental profession over the next 25 years. The project was organized into six sections, and 50 authors were invited to prepare 38 articles to address these issues. The executive summaries for each section are being published in the August and September 2017 issues of the Journal of Dental Education, and the background articles are being published in online supplements to those issues. In the next phase of the project, information from the articles will be used to make strategic recommendations to assist dental schools and allied dental education programs in preparing graduates for practice in 2040 and to meet their institutions' missions for scholarship and service. This introduction presents the project rationale, provides a list of the published articles, and acknowledges the organizations that supported this effort.
"How my hair look?": Linguistic authenticity and racialized gender and sexuality on The Wire

This article builds on research in queer linguistics and linguistic scholarship on race in the media to examine the semiotic representation of race, gender, and sexuality in The Wire , often considered one of the most “authentic” media representations of Blackness. Based on an analysis of the entire series, the article argues that this authenticity effect is partly due to the show’s complex African American characters, who reflect a range of gendered and sexual subjectivities. The analysis focuses on three queer Black characters on The Wire who are represented as both “authentically queer” in their social worlds and “authentically Black” in their language. However, the semiotic authenticity of the series is linked to its reification of familiar stereotypes of Blackness, especially hyperviolence and hypermasculinity. Thus, these characters both contest and complicate traditional representations of queerness and gender while reinforcing problematic representations of Blackness for its largely white, affluent target audience.
PEEP titration: the effect of prone position and abdominal pressure in an ARDS model.

Prone position and PEEP can both improve oxygenation and other parameters, but their interaction has not been fully described. Limited data directly compare selection of mechanically “optimal” or “best” PEEP in both supine and prone positions, either with or without changes in chest wall compliance. To compare best PEEP in these varied conditions, we used an experimental ARDS model to compare the mechanical, gas exchange, and hemodynamic response to PEEP titration in supine and prone position with varied abdominal pressure. Twelve adult swine underwent pulmonary saline lavage and injurious ventilation to simulate ARDS. We used a reversible model of intra-abdominal hypertension to alter chest wall compliance. Response to PEEP levels of 20,17,14,11, 8, and 5 cmH2O was evaluated under four conditions: supine, high abdominal pressure; prone, high abdominal pressure; supine, low abdominal pressure; and prone, low abdominal pressure. Using lung compliance determined with esophageal pressure, we recorded the “best PEEP” and its corresponding target value. Data were evaluated for relationships among abdominal pressure, PEEP, and position using three-way analysis of variance and a linear mixed model with Tukey adjustment. Prone position and PEEP independently improved lung compliance (P < .0001). There was no interaction. As expected, intra-abdominal hypertension increased the PEEP needed for the best lung compliance (P < .0001 supine, P = .007 prone). However, best PEEP was not significantly different between prone (12.8 ± 2.4 cmH2O) and supine (11.0 ± 4.2 cmH2O) positions when targeting lung compliance Despite complementary mechanisms, prone position and appropriate PEEP exert their positive effects on lung mechanics independently of each other.
Developing StoryCarnival: exploring computer-mediated activities for 3 to 4 year-old children

Many children begin Kindergarten without important skills such as the ability to pay attention, to follow instructions, and to wait for their turn. There is evidence that some of these deficits are associated to poor self-regulation, which relates to the ability of controlling attention and emotion in order to complete an action. Based on the activities promoted by the Tools of the Mind curriculum, we have been iteratively developing StoryCarnival, a web app designed to support make-believe play for three to four year-old children with the goal of improving self-regulation. This short paper briefly discusses our approach and some related work, the design sessions that informed the development of our prototypes, and some lessons learned while collaborating with young children.
Award for Distinguished Service to Dr. Thornton Carl Fry

(1982). Award for Distinguished Service to Dr. Thornton Carl Fry. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 81-83.
Evaluation of a Train-the-Trainer Program to Build Capacity for Training Tobacco Treatment Specialists.

Introduction Tobacco-treatment specialists (TTSs) and high-quality TTS training programs are needed to improve access to evidence-based tobacco-dependence treatment. To meet this demand, the University of Massachusetts (UMass) Medical School developed the Train-the-Trainer in Tobacco Treatment (T4) program to build a cadre of trainers to deliver the accredited UMass TTS training programs. This paper reports on the feasibility and quality of TTS trainings led by Certified UMass TTS Trainers (Trainer-led) compared with trainings led by UMass staff (On-site). Methods Data were collected between September 2014 and June 2017. Feasibility included the number of Trainers, Trainer-led programs, and participants. Quality compared participant exam results and evaluations of the two training program types. Results Fifty-three Trainers were certified during 2014-2017, and conducted 26 TTS trainings with 351 participants. There were no significant differences in participant mean exam scores [On-site = 86.33 (SD = 7.83); Trainer-led = 86.15 (SD = 8.47)], and a similar percentage of participants obtained a passing score on the exam (On-site 94.4%, Trainer-led 94.0%). There were no significant differences in increased self-efficacy in delivering effective tobacco-treatment services [On-site = 2.92, Trainer-led = 2.93; p = .52 (3-point Likert scale, 1 = not at all, 3 = a great deal)] or in overall satisfaction with the training [On-site = 3.84; Trainer-led = 3.81; p = .072 (4-point Likert scale, 1 = very dissatisfied, 4 = very satisfied)]. Conclusions The Trainer-led model expanded the number of UMass-trained TTSs with equivalent participant knowledge and perceived improvement in ability to deliver effective tobacco-dependence treatment compared with the gold-standard training model. It offers a potentially more accessible option for training TTSs compared with the On-site model. Implications Train-the-Trainer in Tobacco Treatment (T4) has increased the capacity to deliver high-quality training to healthcare providers who might not otherwise have access to an accredited TTS training program. Certified Trainers effectively identified potential participants and delivered training that was equivalent in quality to the standard UMass TTS Core Training program. There were no significant differences between the training models in two critical measures: (1) participant exam scores and (2) participants' rating of improvement in their ability to deliver effective tobacco-dependence treatment. Organizations can now choose from two equally effective models for delivering TTS training based on their unique needs and training populations.
Fuel injection systems for high-speed direct injection diesel engines

Abstract: This chapter reviews development of HSDI diesel engine fuel injection equipment, from pump-line-nozzle systems of the 1980s, to the latest high pressure common rail systems in production today. The Bosch VE distributor pump was widely used until the 1990s. The next development was addition of electro-mechanical actuators and electronic controls, with the Lucas EPIC (Electronically Programmed injection control) fuel injection system in1992 and Bosch VP44 pump introduced in 1996. The first generation of common rail was introduced by Bosch in 1997. This was followed by similar systems from Denso and Lucas (now Delphi). Allthese first generation systems used solenoid actuators and operated at peak pressures between 1300 and 1400 bar. Further generations with solenoid and piezo actuators and increasing pressure up to 2000 bar are reviewed for each manufacturer. Common rail operating principles are explained, as well as electronic control systems, covering ECU hardware, sensors, actuators and software. Finally future trends are discussed.
Drug Court Handbooks Suitability for Programme Participants with Low Literacy.

Objective:The objective of this study was to describe the suitability of adult drug court handbooks for participants with low literacy.Methods:A convenience sample of seven drug court participant h...
A new triple threat to CLL.

In this issue of Blood, Rogers et al demonstrate that 3 novel agents approved for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), ibrutinib, venetoclax, and obinutuzumab, can be safely combined at standard doses to create an active, chemotherapy-free triplet regimen for relapsed or refractory disease.1
Calculating Auditor Industry Specialist Tenure: Code from Gaver and Utke (2019)

Gaver and Utke (2019) show that auditor industry specialist measures can be improved by accounting for the length of time an auditor has been a specialist (specialist tenure) in addition to auditor market share. In this note, I provide the code for calculating Gaver and Utke’s (2019) specialist tenure variables to enable subsequent researchers to use these variables. While this code focuses on industry specialist tenure, accounting for tenure may also be important as archival audit researchers begin measuring audit expertise in areas other than industry expertise, such as auditing goodwill, multinational firms, or tax accounts.
Thermally enhanced α-decay and thes-process

In this paper temperature enhanced α-decay at high stellar temperatures is investigated in conjunction withs-process nucleosynthesis. The temperature dependence of α-decay is the result of more energetic, hence faster, decay from thermally excited nuclear states. A formula for the effective halflife is derived as a function of the atomic number and weight, temperature, and the α-decayQ-value of the isotope. The effect of such enhanced α-decay upons-process abundances is discussed, and information abouts-process neutron flux intensities is deduced based on the calculated α-decay halflives of the isotopes Nd 144 and Sm 150. The neutron flux-temperature relationships are compared to specific constant temperature carbon-burning models of massive stars which are considered to be possible sources of solar systems-process abundances. Finally, information regarding the time betweens-process termination and final interstellar injection ofs-process material is derived using the decay calculations.
The economic role of institutional investors in auction IPOs

Abstract We examine the economic role of institutional investors in auction initial public offerings (IPOs) with and without a discretionary tranche of IPO shares pledged to institutional investors prior to public filing. We find that underpricing in auction IPOs with a discretionary tranche is lower (higher) than underpricing in auction IPOs without a discretionary tranche when institutional demand for IPO shares is high (low). The findings, which hold after controlling for potential endogeneity, reveal a cost-benefit tradeoff in auction IPOs that is sensitive to institutional demand, and explain why auction, albeit commonly used for debt instruments, is rarely used for IPOs.
Postglacial vegetation dynamics at high elevation from Fairy Lake in the northern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Montana, USA

The postglacial vegetation and fire history of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is known from low and middle elevations, but little is known about high elevations. Paleoecologic data from Fairy Lake in the Bridger Range, southwestern Montana, provide a new high-elevation record that spans the last 15,000 yr. The records suggest a period of tundra-steppe vegetation prior to ca. 13,700 cal yr BP was followed by open Picea forest at ca. 11,200 cal yr BP. Pinus-Pseudotsuga parkland was present after ca. 9200 cal yr BP, when conditions were warmer/drier than present. It was replaced by mixed-conifer parkland at ca. 5000 cal yr BP. Present-day subalpine forest established at ca. 2800 cal yr BP. Increased avalanche or mass-wasting activity during the early late-glacial period, the Younger Dryas chronozone, and Neoglaciation suggest cool, wet periods. Sites at different elevations in the region show (1) synchronous vegetation responses to late-glacial warming; (2) widespread xerothermic forests and frequent fires in the early-to-middle Holocene; and (3) a trend to forest closure during late-Holocene cooling. Conditions in the Bridger Range were, however, wetter than other areas during the early Holocene. Across the Northern Rockies, postglacial warming progressed from west to east, reflecting range-specific responses to insolation-driven changes in climate.
Reductive C−C Coupling from α,β-Unsaturated Nitriles by Intercepting Keteniminates

We present an atom-economic strategy to catalytically generate and intercept nitrile anion equivalents using hydrogen transfer catalysis. Addition of α,β-unsaturated nitriles to a pincer-based Ru-H complex affords structurally characterized κ-N-coordinated keteniminates by selective 1,4-hydride transfer. When generated in situ under catalytic hydrogenation conditions, electrophilic addition to the keteniminate was achieved using anhydrides to provide α-cyanoacetates in high yields. This work represents a new application of hydrogen transfer catalysis using α,β-unsaturated nitriles for reductive C-C coupling reactions.
A Compact, Low Loss Integrated Continuous-Time Electro Optic-PLL with Maximum Range of > 3.3m

Continuous time (CT) Electro Optic Phase Locked Loops (EOPLLs) can significantly reduce the differential delay required in a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) which is used to detect the chirp slope, thereby reducing the MZI area and associated loss. However, CT-EOPLLs produce inter-modulation tone at (f ref + f beat ) which creates spurs at offsets of ±(f ref + f beat ), ±2(f ref + f beat ), ±3(f ref + f beat ). from the expected beat tone at the ranging output. In this work, we present a CT-EO-PLL which not only breaks the fundamental trade-off between chirp bandwidth and MZI delay, but also completely eliminates spurs from the PLL and laser output by using IQ single-sideband (SSB) and harmonic reject (HR) mixing. This EO-PLL, integrated in CMOS technology, suppresses the spurs at beat note by > 25dB, enabling us to detect an object at a maximum range of > 3.3m, with a precision of 558μ $m$ at 2m distance. © 2019 The Author(s)
Boundary maintenance and the origins of trolling

This article presents a new social framework for understanding the origins of trolling and its expansion from an obscure practice, limited to a handful of boards on Usenet, to a pervasive component...
Mapping the Law of WTO Accession

The member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) joined either as original members or through the Article XII accession process. To date, over 20 members have joined through accession including most notably China in 2001. Recently, Vietnam completed its accession negotiations and Russia made do so sometime in 2007. Governments joining the WTO through accession have to abide by WTO rules, as all members do, but applicant governments are also often asked to accept individualized rules tailored for them through negotiations. These special rules have not received extensive examination in previous scholarship. The purpose of this article is to put forward a framework for understanding these market-oriented rules negotiated between applicant governments and the WTO. The first part of the article defines and illustrates the categories of applicant WTO-plus, applicant WTO-minus, incumbent WTO-plus, incumbent WTO-minus, and some residual categories. The second part of the article considers the potential enforceability of these special provisions under the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding by examining options for a theory of the case as to why enforceability is justified. The article includes that accession commitments are enforceable as secondary WTO law under Article XII, rather than as a treaty between an international organization and a state.
Multi-omic Dissection of Oncogenically Active Epiproteomes Identifies Drivers of Proliferative and Invasive Breast Tumors

Summary Proliferative and invasive breast tumors evolve heterogeneously in individual patients, posing significant challenges in identifying new druggable targets for precision, effective therapy. Here we present a functional multi-omics method, i nteraction- C orrelated M ulti-omic A berration P atterning (iC-MAP), which dissects intra-tumor heterogeneity and identifies in situ the oncogenic consequences of multi-omics aberrations that drive proliferative and invasive tumors. First, we perform chromatin activity-based chemoproteomics (ChaC) experiments on breast cancer (BC) patient tissues to identify genetic/transcriptomic alterations that manifest as oncogenically active proteins. ChaC employs a biotinylated small molecule probe that specifically binds to the oncogenically active histone methyltransferase G9a, enabling sorting/enrichment of a G9a-interacting protein complex that represents the predominant BC subtype in a tissue. Second, using patient transcriptomic/genomic data, we retrospectively identified some G9a interactor-encoding genes that showed individualized iC-MAP. Our iC-MAP findings represent both new diagnostic/prognostic markers to identify patient subsets with incurable metastatic disease and targets to create individualized therapeutic strategies.
Altered expression of aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in the cornea after primary blast exposure.

Purpose Our study aimed to determine whether the altered expression of biomarkers linked to corneal injuries, such as the edema-regulating proteins aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-5 (AQP1 and AQP5), occurred following primary blast exposure. Methods Adult male Dutch Belted rabbits were anesthetized and exposed to blast waves with peak overpressures of 142.5-164.1 kPa (20.4-23.4 psi). These exposure groups experienced peak blast overpressure-specific impulses (impulse per unit surface area) of 199.6-228.5 kPa-ms. Unexposed rabbits were included as controls. The animals were euthanized at 48 h post-exposure. Corneas obtained from the euthanized blast-exposed and control rabbits were processed for quantitative PCR and western blot to quantify mRNA and the protein expression of AQP1 and AQP5. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to determine the cellular localization of AQP1 and AQP5. Results Corneal thickness increased up to 18% with the peak blast overpressure-specific impulses of 199.6-228.5 kPa-ms at 48 h after blast exposure. mRNA levels of AQP1 and AQP5 increased in the whole cornea lysates of blast-exposed rabbits relative to those of the controls. Western blot analyses of whole cornea lysates revealed that the expression levels of AQP1 and AQP5 were approximately 2- and 1.5-fold higher, respectively, in blast-exposed rabbits compared to controls. The extent of AQP1 immunostaining (AQP1-IS) increased in the epithelial cell layer after blast exposure. The AQP5-IS pattern changed from a mixed membrane and cytoplasmic expression in the controls to predominantly cytoplasmic expression in the basally located cornea epithelial cells of blast-exposed rabbits. Conclusions Primary blast exposure resulted in edema-related changes in the cornea manifested by the altered expression of the edema-regulating proteins AQP1 and AQP5 with blast overpressure-specific impulses. These findings support potential acute corneal injury mechanisms in which the altered regulation of water permeability is caused by primary blast exposure.
Safety of inhaled hydrogen gas in healthy mice

The purpose of this work was to determine the safety of inhaled hydrogen gas in healthy animals. Female mice were exposed to medical air with or without hydrogen gas (concentration 2.4%) for 72 hours (n = 25 mice/group). Mice underwent a standardized and validated neurobehavioral examination, SmithKline Beecham, Harwell, Imperial College, Royal London Hospital, Phenotype Assessment (SHIRPA) protocol, prior to and following the exposure period. Blood was withdrawn for serologic evaluation and all major organ tissues were evaluated histologically. The average hydrogen concentration within the chamber was 2.27%. Following exposure, there was no significant change in body weight in either group. Similarly, there was no significant change in the total SHIRPA score, although hydrogen-treated mice exhibited significantly lower spontaneous locomotor activity (P 0.05 for all). Hydrogen gas did not appear to cause significant adverse effects when administered to healthy mice for 72 hours, with the possible exception of decreased spontaneous locomotor activity. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Boston Children's Hospital, USA (approved number 18-01-3536) on January 25, 2018.
Rapamycin for longevity: opinion article

From the dawn of civilization, humanity has dreamed of immortality. So why didn't the discovery of the anti-aging properties of mTOR inhibitors change the world forever? I will discuss several reasons, including fear of the actual and fictional side effects of rapamycin, everolimus and other clinically-approved drugs, arguing that no real side effects preclude their use as anti-aging drugs today. Furthermore, the alternative to the reversible (and avoidable) side effects of rapamycin/everolimus are the irreversible (and inevitable) effects of aging: cancer, stroke, infarction, blindness and premature death. I will also discuss why it is more dangerous not to use anti-aging drugs than to use them and how rapamycin-based drug combinations have already been implemented for potential life extension in humans. If you read this article from the very beginning to its end, you may realize that the time is now.
Radionuclide-induced defect sites in iron-bearing minerals may have accelerated the emergence of life

The emergence of life on Earth (and elsewhere) must have occurred in a milieu that is far from equilibrium, such as at alkaline hydrothermal vents that would have harboured built-in gradients in te...
Therapeutic Contact Lenses in the Management of Corneal and Ocular Surface Disease

Contact lenses serve an important function in the management and treatment of corneal and ocular surface disease. Corneal specialists should have an appreciation of the history and role of contact lenses in the management of corneal disease. Therapeutic contact lenses can improve quality of life for those with corneal disease, eliminate the need for cornea transplantation or tarsorrhaphy, and contribute to the success of the Boston KPro in the treatment of corneal blindness.