cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Three Phases of the Supreme Court's Arbitration Jurisprudence: Empowered the Already-Empowered

Arbitration agreements coupled with class-action waivers and other onerous provisions have become common in employment, consumer, and other transactions. The Supreme Court’s decisions enforcing such agreements have encouraged their use. Scholars have largely critiqued the Court’s decisions. This article finds that the Court’s arbitration jurisprudence has not been so monolithic. Rather it has evolved through three phases. In Phase I, the Court overruled older case law and held that pre-dispute agreements to arbitrate statutory claims were enforceable pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”). The Court’s rationale was that as long as the claimant could effectively vindicate the claims in the arbitral forum, the arbitration agreement did not amount to a waiver of the statutory rights at issue. This rationale led many to envision arbitration, with procedures effectively policed by the courts, developing into an informal, cost-effective forum that would be more accessible than the courts, particularly for low-dollar-value claims. Phase II substantially undermined the effective vindication doctrine, but state contract law doctrines used to police overreaching adhesive contracts continued to support the vision of arbitration as an accessible forum. In Phase III, however, the Court has held that the FAA mandates enforcement of class-action waivers, premising its holding on an FAA policy of enforcing arbitration agreements according to their terms. This article demonstrates how the latest phase of the Court’s arbitration jurisprudence is obliterating state contract-law doctrines that policed overreaching by dominant parties, elevating the interests of the parties imposing the terms, and enshrining the imposing party’s interests in the FAA and the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution.
Detoxification of Reactive Aldehydes by Alda-1 Treatment Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice

Reactive aldehydes are generated as a toxic end-product of lipid peroxidation under inflammatory oxidative stress condition which is a well-established phenomenon in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Alda-1, a selective agonist of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), is known to detoxify the reactive aldehydes. In this study, we investigated the effect of Alda-1 on CNS myelin pathology associated with reactive aldehydes and mitochondrial/peroxisomal dysfunctions in a mouse model of EAE. Daily treatment of EAE mice with Alda-1, starting at the peak of disease, ameliorated the clinical manifestation of disease along with the improvement of motor functions. Accordingly, Alda-1 treatment improved demyelination and neuroaxonal degeneration in EAE mice. EAE mice had increased levels of reactive aldehyde species, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and acrolein (ACL) in the spinal cords and these levels were significantly reduced in Alda-1-treated EAE mice. Furthermore, Alda-1 treatment improved the loss of mitochondrial (OXPHOS) and peroxisomal (PMP70 and catalase) proteins as well as mitochondrial/peroxisomal proliferation factors (PGC-1α and PPARs) in the spinal cords of EAE mice. Taken together, this study demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of ALDH2-agonist Alda-1 in the abatement of EAE disease through the detoxification of reactive aldehydes, thus suggesting Alda-1 as a potential therapeutic intervention for MS.
The Meaning, History, and Importance of the Elections Clause

Historically, the Supreme Court has offered scant attention to or analysis of the Elections Clause, resulting in similarly limited scholarship on the Clause’s original meaning and public understanding over time. The Clause directs states to make regulations for the time, place, and manner of congressional elections, and grants Congress superseding authority to make or alter those rules. But the 2020 elections forced the Elections Clause into the spotlight, with Republican litigants relying on the Clause to ask the Supreme Court to limit which state actors can regulate federal elections. This new focus comes on the heels of the Clause serving as the primary constitutional basis for democracy reform legislation that passed the U.S. House of Representatives in 2019 and was reintroduced in 2021. Increased interest heightens the need for a deeper understanding of the intent and meaning of the Elections Clause. This Article fills a gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the purpose, meaning, and interpretation of the Elections Clause by the Framers, early Congresses, and federal courts.
Guiding DART to Impact — the FPGA SoC Design of the DRACO Image Processing Pipeline

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is NASA’s first planetary defense mission, scheduled to launch in late 2021 / early 2022. The spacecraft carries a single instrument, the Didymos Reconnaissance and Asteroid Camera for OpNav (DRACO). During the mission, DRACO imagery is used to guide the spacecraft to its target - the smaller asteroid, Dimorphos, of the Didymos binary asteroid system. The impact with Dimorphos will be observed from Earth and will validate key parameters of kinetic deflection mission design. Unlike a traditional instrument, DRACO performs most of the image processing onboard the spacecraft, in the spacecraft avionics. It is implemented within the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) residing on the Single Board Computer (SBC) in the DART Processor Module (PM). As the DART SBC FPGA is a complex System on a Chip (SoC), implementing both the traditional spacecraft data systems functionality as well as the DRACO image processing functionality, the design was partitioned in sub-components for development by multiple teams. This paper focuses on development of the DRACO Image Processing Pipeline (DRIP) component of the FPGA. In particular, it explores the subtleties of interfacing to the instrument data stream, the image processing functionality, data handling, storage, data movement, and the embedded LEON3 processor. Novel aspects of the DRIP implementation include a one-pass Connected Component Analysis (CCA) engine, low-latency packet streaming capability, software-managed Command & Data Handling (C&DH), and a unique triple-buffering architecture for off-chip buffering and image data calibration. Also discussed are testing and verification efforts, which presented unique challenges due to the volume of data and the real-time aspects of the image processing pipeline.
Inflammation Suppresses Patients' Ability to Metabolize Cytochrome P450 Substrate Drugs

Objective:To assess the impact of inflammation on cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug metabolism in human subjects.Data Sources:A PubMed search was done from 1980 to July 2021 limited to human subjects and ...
Sequential Filtering Theory

Given the following model for the d-dimensional system and observations: $$ {x_{n + 1}} = {\Phi _{n + 1}}{x_n} + {G_{n + 1}}{u_n} $$ $$[{z_n} = {H_n}{x_n} + {v_n}$$ where x1 ∈ N(0,Γ) and $$[E{u_n}{u'_m} = {\delta _{n,m}}{Q_n}$$ $$ E{{v}_{n}}{{v'}_{m}} = {{\delta }_{{n,m}}}{{R}_{n}} $$ and Q n 2265 0. We discovered last time that the sequential filter is described by the equations $${\hat x_{n + 1|n}} = {\Phi _{n + 1}}{\hat x_{n|n - 1}} + {K_n}\left( {{I_n}} \right),$$ (4.1) $${I_n} = {z_n} - {\hat x_{n|n - 1}},$$ (4.2) Kn = Φn+1PnH’n(HnPnH’n + Rn)-1, (4.3) Pn+1=Φn+1(Pn-PnH’n(HnPnH’n+Rn)-1HnPn)Φ’n+1+Gn+1QnG’n+1(4.4) where \({\hat x_{1|0}} = 0\) and Pn is the error covariance matrix, defined by $${P_n} = E{\tilde x_{n|n - 1}}{\tilde x'_{n|n - 1}}$$ $${\tilde x_{n|n - 1}} = {x_n} - {\hat x_{n|n - 1}}$$ so that \({P_0} = \Gamma .{\tilde x_{n|n - 1}}\) is called the filter error. Equation (4.4) is the matrix Riccati equation for the filter.
Accurate Multivariable Numerical Derivatives for Inference in Nonlinear Regression

In nonlinear regression inference first- and second-order derivatives of the model function are required. Numerical derivatives obviate the tedium of deriving complicated exact derivatives of functions. The optimal finite difference interval is shown to be proportional to sixth-order partial derivatives of the model function. In well scaled problems a single fixed finite difference interval will suffice for both first- and second-order derivatives. In badly scaled problems separate but fixed finite difference intervals for all variables in first- and second-order derivatives should be used. Accurate approximations to the gradient and Hessian were derived and the curvatures calculated in an example.
Planning for Educational Communication Networks

After a relatively disappointing start during the decade of the 1960s, computers have finally begun to play an important role in education in many disciplines. Networks have been important in encouraging the use of computers. Single-host configurations, such as the Dartmouth and PLATO systems, have served local and sometimes even remote users. Groups of colleges and universities have combined resources in several local or regional networks, such as the New England Computer Network, the Triangle University Computer Center (North Carolina), and the California State Universities and Colleges. In medical education, the National Library of Medicine had almost too much success in sponsoring such a network on a national scale to link medical institutions with the computers at the University of Illinois Medical College, Ohio State University, and Massachusetts General Hospital. As a result, and due to the keen interest generated by this experiment, the Health Education Network was formed; it is described in Chapters 7 and 11 of this book.
Doxorubicin chemomyectomy is enhanced when performed two days following bupivacaine injections : The effect coincides with the peak of muscle satellite cell division

PURPOSE. Doxorubicin is effective in permanently removing muscle after direct injection into the eyelid for treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. However, patients often require two or more injection series before full abatement of their spasms is achieved. Local anesthetics cause muscle necrosis, followed by regeneration, a process that requires activation and division of muscle satellite cells. This study examined whether the muscle toxicity of doxorubicin could be amplified by injection of doxorubicin into the eyelid of rabbits 2 days after a local anesthetic injury, perhaps exploiting the toxic effects of doxorubicin on satellite cells at the peak time of their division after injury. METHODS. Rabbit eyelids received two series of injections of bupivacaine and hyaluronidase spaced 18 hours apart. Two days later, the eyelids were injected with either 0.5 or 1 mg doxorubicin. Animals were monitored daily for onset and duration of skin injury. After 1 month, the eyelids were assessed for muscle loss using histologic and morphometric techniques. RESULTS. Injection of doxorubicin during the peak of satellite cell activation and division 2 days after injury significantly increased muscle loss over doxorubicin alone. This treatment did not result in increased skin injury compared with doxorubicin alone. CONCLUSIONS. Permanent muscle loss was increased when doxorubicin was injected at the peak of satellite cell division 2 days after injury of the muscle with bupivacaine in rabbit eyelid, taking advantage of the antimitotic effects of doxorubicin on satellite cell division during the period of active regeneration. When local anesthetic injection immediately preceded the doxorubicin injection, increased myotoxicity was not seen. The injection of doxorubicin into muscle 2 days after a previous injury maximizes muscle loss. The increased muscle loss provided by this double treatment may decrease the number of injection visits required by blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm patients during their course of treatment, thus reducing the number of patients with side effects, which increases with repeated exposures of the eyelid to doxorubicin.
The Child with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in School and Peer Settings

Many children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are salient stimuli on the social landscape. They engage in high rates of behaviors that are unexpected, inappropriate, immature, and generally devalued by others. Their intentions may be sound, but their implementations often clash with the setting, the social script, or other people’s activities. Even though interpersonal dysfunction is rarely listed as a core symptom or defining characteristic of ADHD, there is no question that most of these youngsters experience serious problems negotiating their social worlds (Gaub & Carlson, 1997a; Whalen & Henker, 1992). It is almost as though they have failed to master a critical developmental task, one that involves synchronizing one’s own actions and manner with the ongoing flow of social commerce. There is increasing recognition of the critical role of social dysfunction in children with ADHD and speculation that deficits in this domain may persist into adulthood, contributing in diverse ways to the continued interpersonal and occupational difficulties experienced by many individuals with ADHD (see Chapter 12, this volume).
54 – Multiple Sclerosis

Autoimmune diseases in general and multiple sclerosis (MS) in particular affect more females than males. There are several candidate genes for MS, including human leukocyte antigen, T-cell receptor, myelin basic protein, immunoglobulin, complement, tumor necrosis factor, and mitochondrial genes. In terms of genetic heritage, MS is very rare in Japan, China, and Africa blacks. It has never been reported in ethnically pure Eskimos, Inuits, North and South Amerindians, Australian aborigines, New Zealand Maoris, Pacific Islanders, or Lapps. Worldwide, the most common thread for the development of MS is in women of Scandinavian and northern European ancestry. In one study, the highest risks for developing MS were found in daughters of either female or male patients with MS. For a female patient, a daughter had an age-adjusted lifetime risk of 4.96% of developing MS. The combined cumulative incidence for first, second, and third-degree relatives of MS index cases in this cohort, as well as in another study, approached 20%. These risks must be understood in the context of the incidence of MS in the general population, which is estimated at 3.2/100,000 people.
Tidal Torques and Magnetic Stellar Winds in RS CVn Binaries

The theory of tidal dissipation by convective turbulence is applied to a sample of 39 RS Canum Venaticorum-type binaries showing small departures from pseudosynchronism. In an equilibrium model, tidal torques replenish the spin angular momentum lost by the active stars in these binaries through a magnetically-coupled stellar wind. However, contrary to expectation, in most systems tides appear to be extracting angular momentum from the active components, rather than imparting it to them. The presence among these binaries of previously undetected small orbital eccentricities (e ≲ 0.05) would suffice to resolve this discrepancy, since the pseudosynchronous rotation frequency then slightly exceeds the orbital frequency.
Dysfunction in the Family of Origin of MSW and Other Graduate Students

This article reports the findings of a study that explored the perceptions of 147 graduate social work students about their families of origin compared with the perceptions of guidance and counseling, business, and education graduate students. The authors surveyed respondents by means of a self-administered questionnaire to determine if the students had experienced any of the various forms of family dysfunction. Social work students were significantly more likely to come from families in which substance abuse was a problem and to have had a family member who was a victim of a violent act. In addition, social work students were significantly more likely to have been sexually abused. The authors discuss implications of these findings for social work education.
Subharmonic Functions and the Dirichlet Problem

In this chapter, we introduce, and study, subharmonic functions and use them to solve the Dirichlet problem for harmonic functions (on reasonable domains). We shall indicate some other applications of these functions at the end of the chapter.
In vivo dynamic imaging of intestinal motions using diet-related autofluorescence.

Background Tissue background autofluorescence induced by standard murine diets containing chlorophyll is a significant problem for fluorescence whole-body imaging. However, as red chlorophyll autofluorescence delineates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in the abdomen of the mouse, it should be possible to dynamically and non-invasively image intestinal motions. Herein, we non-invasively imaged for the first time intestinal motions, such as peristaltic and segmental motions, without an exogenous imaging agent, using red chlorophyll fluorescence. Methods Mice were illuminated with 660-nm light from a laser diode and autofluorescence at 710 nm was acquired dynamically for 5 min with 200-ms exposure time. Fluorescent imaging data were analyzed to generate a three-dimensional spatiotemporal map to quantitate intestinal motions. Key Results Peristaltic and segmental motions were observed in vivo in mice. Our quantification showed that the frequency and propagation velocity of peristaltic contractile waves in the small intestine were measured to be 28.6 cycles per min and 1.82 ± 0.56 cm s−1, respectively. Conclusions & Inferences This simple, but unexplored imaging technique can provide a means to monitor intestinal motility disorders and response to therapeutic agents.
Technologies for dynamic gain and power equalization

The next generation long haul and/or higher-bit-rate systems will require dynamic compensation of amplifier gain profiles and channel powers. This talk will review and compare the available technologies for implementing these functions.
Influences of chorion type on saccadic eye movements in twins

PURPOSE. The influence of genetic and prenatal environmental factors on characteristics of saccadic performance were evaluated in young monozygotic (MZ) twins (8-19 years old) of known chorion type. METHODS. Saccadic eye movements were recorded using an infrared system. Saccadic latency, accuracy, and parameters of amplitude-peak velocity exponential equation (main sequence) were quantified. RESULTS. Intraclass correlations of saccadic parameters differed significantly from zero for monochorionic and dichorionic MZ twins. The within-pair mean squares were significantly less, and intraclass correlations were significantly higher in monochorionic than in dichorionic twins for latency and were similar for other saccadic parameters (accuracy, slope of main sequence, and peak velocity for 15° saccades). CONCLUSIONS. These findings confirmed previous reports that saccadic parameters of MZ twins are significantly correlated and indicated that similarity of these parameters seen in MZ twins may be driven both by genetic and by prenatal environmental factors. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:2186-2190)
Molecular model of the A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A: interaction with other subunits and tumor antigens.

Abstract Protein phosphatase 2A consists of three subunits, the catalytic subunit (C) and two regulatory subunits (A and B). The A subunit has a rod-like shape and consists of 15 nonidentical repeats. It binds the catalytic subunit through repeats 11 to 15 at the C terminus and the tumor antigens encoded by small DNA tumor viruses through overlapping but distinct regions at N-terminal repeats 2 to 8. A model of the A subunit was developed on the basis of the fact that uncharged or hydrophobic amino acids are conserved at eight defined positions within each repeat. Helical wheel projections suggested that each repeat can be arranged as two interacting amphipathic helixes connected by a short loop. Mutational analysis of the A subunit revealed that the proposed loops are important for binding of tumor antigens, the B subunit, and the C subunit. Native gel analysis of mutant A subunits synthesized in vitro demonstrated that the binding region for the B subunit, previously thought to include repeats 2 to 8, covers repeats 1 to 10 and that the B and C subunits cooperate in binding to the A subunit.
Reactive wetting: H2O/Rh(111).

First-principles calculations imply that neither ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ bilayers nor half-dissociated, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}+\mathrm{H}$ monolayers are thermodynamically stable on clean Rh(111). Thus, the experimental observation that Rh(111) supports a periodic 2D water adlayer needs an explanation. Chemistry involving common surface impurities, notably C atoms, may be the answer. Calculations show they provide favorable binding sites for H atoms detached from ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$. The resulting OH fragments can anchor a 2D water layer to the surface.
The national science digital library : An update on systems, services and collection development

In this paper, we briefly describe the mission, history, and current status of the National Science Digital Library (NSDL), and then focus on the current and near future work of the NSDL Core Integration (CI) service, including the NSDL Collection Development activity, phase two of the architecture and data model, and two new services-On Ramp and Expert Voices-that leverage acquisition and management of user-contributed contextual information about educational resources, and the ability to express complex relationships between them-made possible by the new architecture. An introduction to the NSDL is provided by the About NSDL page at http://nsdl.org/.
Fractal analysis of mammographic lesions: A prospective, blinded trial

Mammography has become the mainstay of breast cancer screening. However, widespread mammography has led to an increase of the number of breast biopsies done for benign disease. Therefore, a method to better discriminate benign from malignant lesions is needed. Fractal analysis is a mathematical method which can quantify complex shapes. It has been previously shown retrospectively that the composite fractal dimensions, D, of malignant mammographic masses is higher than for benign lesions. A prospective study of 75 patients who were recommended to undergo needle localized breast biopsy by independent radiologists had the composite D calculated. Fractal analysis was done without knowledge of the biopsy results. The mean composite D of malignant lesions was higher than benign lesions, 2.545+/-0.067 vs. 1.936+/-0.144 (p=0.00004). Calculation of a receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that a cutoff value of 2.067 had a 100% sensitivity and 63 % specificity (i.e., false positive rate of 37%). Mean D for fibroadenomas was 2.087+/-0.054, fibrocystic disease was 1.877+/-0.167, DCIS was 2.261+/-0.069, and invasive cancer was 2.634+/-0.039 (1-way ANOVA, p=0.00007). These data imply that fractal analysis may be beneficial in discriminating between benign and malignant lesions. However, further study in a larger number of patients with a variety of lesions is needed.
Measuring Paint Droplet Size, Velocity, and Charge-to-Mass Ratio Distribution for Electrostatic Rotary Bell Spray Simulation

High-speed electrostatic rotary bells are widely used in the automotive industry as they provide high quality paint films with better transfer efficiency compared to air-atomizing guns. However, due to its highly turbulent spray pattern, transfer efficiency is still not ideal, i.e. some portion of paint will not reach intended target surfaces and becomes overspray. Numerical simulation of the electrostatic spraying process provides a tool to model this process as well as a way to optimize transfer efficiency. Currently, the state-of-the-art simulation model can simulate the flying trajectories of paint droplets from the edge of the rotating bell cup to the target surfaces. It requires some input information to start the simulation. The input information includes paint droplet size, velocity, and charge-to-mass ratio. Due to its large number of droplets, distributions based on droplet diameters are used to represent the entire droplet population. This paper describes experimental and mathematical methods to measure and calculate paint droplet size, velocity, and charge-to-mass ratio distributions. The resulting information can then be organized and used as the input data files for Electrostatic spray painting simulation.Copyright © 2011 by General Motors
Structural requirements for in vivo and in vitro immunogenicity in hapten-specific delayed hypersensitivity

Abstract Structural changes in the α-amino acid portion of the azobenzenearsonate conjugate of tyrosine produced marked and parallel changes in immunogenicity measured in vivo by ability to immunize guinea pigs and in vitro by ability to stimulate sensitized lymphocytes. Progressive loss in immunogenicity was produced by removal of the carboxyl group, the amino group, or both. Studies with carrageenan indicate that reaction of sensitized lymphocytes with these small conjugates is macrophage-dependent and suggest that immunogenicity requires the presence of an amino or carboxyl function to serve as the handle for some essential processing event occurring on the macrophage.
Maximal Lyapunov Exponent and Rotation Number for Stochastically Perturbed Co-dimension Two Bifurcations

Abstract Almost-sure asymptotic stability of three- and four-dimensional co-dimension two dynamical systems under small intensity stochastic excitations is investigated. The method of stochastic averaging is used to derive a set of approximate Ito equations. These equations, along with their sample properties, are then examined to obtain the almost-sure stability conditions. The sample properties of the process are based on the boundary behavior of the associated scalar diffusion process of the amplitude Ito equations. The maximal Lyapunov exponent is calculated using the ergodic scalar diffusive process, which in turn yields the almost-sure stability conditions. This method is then applied to a linear, gyroscopic problem of a rotating shaft with a random loading.
DPRESS: Localizing estimates of predictive uncertainty

The need to have a quantitative estimate of the uncertainty of prediction for QSAR models is steadily increasing, in part because such predictions are being widely distributed as tabulated values disconnected from the models used to generate them. Classical statistical theory assumes that the error in the population being modeled is independent and identically distributed (IID), but this is often not actually the case. Such inhomogeneous error (heteroskedasticity) can be addressed by providing an individualized estimate of predictive uncertainty for each particular new object u: the standard error of prediction su can be estimated as the non-cross-validated error st* for the closest object t* in the training set adjusted for its separation d from u in the descriptor space relative to the size of the training set. The predictive uncertainty factor γt* is obtained by distributing the internal predictive error sum of squares across objects in the training set based on the distances between them, hence the acronym: Distributed PRedictive Error Sum of Squares (DPRESS). Note that st* and γt*are characteristic of each training set compound contributing to the model of interest. The method was applied to partial least-squares models built using 2D (molecular hologram) or 3D (molecular field) descriptors applied to mid-sized training sets (N = 75) drawn from a large (N = 304), well-characterized pool of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. The observed variation in predictive error for the external 229 compound test sets was compared with the uncertainty estimates from DPRESS. Good qualitative and quantitative agreement was seen between the distributions of predictive error observed and those predicted using DPRESS. Inclusion of the distance-dependent term was essential to getting good agreement between the estimated uncertainties and the observed distributions of predictive error. The uncertainty estimates derived by DPRESS were conservative even when the training set was biased, but not excessively so. DPRESS is a straightforward and powerful way to reliably estimate individual predictive uncertainties for compounds outside the training set based on their distance to the training set and the internal predictive uncertainty associated with its nearest neighbor in that set. It represents a sample-based, a posteriori approach to defining applicability domains in terms of localized uncertainty.
Positron tunneling microscopy

Abstract A new technique for analyzing thin film growth processes, called positron tunneling microscopy (PTM), is proposed as an extension of the recently developed positron reemission microscope. The unique feature of a PTM is that image contrast is provided by the exponential reemission probability for positrons tunneling through thin-film overlayers that present an energy barrier to reemission. Results of positron tunneling experiments show that PTM should have monolayer thickness resolution to processes that locally affect either the tunneling barrier's width, such as islanding and subsurface roughness, or the barrier's energy, such as lattice strain in pseudomorphic growth and compositional mixing in interdiffusion alloying. In the case of these latter effects where there may be no topological contrasts at all, experimental results are discussed in greater detail. Comparisons of PTM with existing electron microscopies are presented where appropriate.
Pharmacology and fine structure of peripheral muscle innervation in the cockroach Periplaneta americana

Drugs affecting a cholinergic system (i.e. acetylcholine, nicotine, paraoxon, eserine, atropine, succinylcholine) and drugs having no cholinergic effects (i.e. norepinephrine, harmine, gamma-aminobutyric acid) were perfused into the metathoracic leg of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, and the physiological results were observed. Nicotine produced a reversible tetanic response, and succinylcholine decreased the amplitude of the contraction. All the other drugs had no effect. Electron micrographs of the peripheral neuromuscular system revealed a typical insect junction: no junctional folds, synaptic vesicles, and a synaptic cleft of 200 A. The sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cockroach muscle is extensive and consists of a series of tubules and cisternae often seen as a three-dimensional collar around the myofibrils. Sarcolemmal invaginations formed dyads with the sarcoplasmic reticulum supposedly providing the pathway for rapid transmission of excitation to the interior of the muscle fibre. The morphological evidence indicates that the junction is chemically mediated, but the physiological data demonstrate that the mediator is not acetylcholine.
SERS nanosensors that report pH of endocytic compartments during FcεRI transit

Recently, the development of an IgE receptor (FceRI)-targeted, pH-sensitive, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) nanosensor has been demonstrated by Nowak-Lovato and Rector (Appl Spectrosc 63:387–395, 2009). The targeted nanosensor enables spatial and temporal pH measurements as internalized receptors progress through endosomal compartments in live cells. Trafficking of receptor-bound nanosensors was compared at physiological temperature (37 °C) versus room temperature (25 °C). As expected, we observed markedly slower progression of receptors through low-pH endocytic compartments at the lower temperature. We also demonstrate the utility of the nanosensors to measure directly changes in the pH of intracellular compartments after treatment with bafilomycin or amiloride. We report an increase in endosome compartment pH after treatment with bafilomycin, an H+ ATPase pump inhibitor. Decreased endosomal luminal pH was measured in cells treated with amiloride, an inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchange. The decrease in amiloride-treated cells was transient, followed by a recovery period of approximately 15–20 min to restore endosomal pH. These experiments demonstrate the novel application of Raman spectroscopy to monitor local pH environment in live cells with the use of targeted SERS nanosensors.
Cell-surface molecules in the regulation of immune responsiveness.

This paper reviews current knowledge—genetics, structure and function—on three categories of cell-surface molecules that affect immune responsiveness. It is focused on human molecules, but some references to murine analogues are made. First, the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules are discussed from the point of view of the associative recognition of antigenic peptides. The multiplicity, polymorphism and heterozygosity of MHC genes is correlated with the fine structure and the function of the molecules encoded by these genes. Second, selected CD molecules that are involved in cell-cell interaction and transduction of signals are discussed and correlated with discrete subsets of T cells finally, some cell-surface receptors, antigen-specific and interleukine-specific, are analyzes, the effect of various molecules on immune responsiveness is illustrated by the actual experimental data. A minimal or parsimonious of triggering an immune response in which the discussed molecules are involved is des...
Core-free rolled actuators for Braille displays using P(VDF-TrFE-CFE).

Refreshable Braille displays require many small diameter actuators to move the pins. The electrostrictive P(VDF–TrFE–CFE) terpolymer can provide the high strain and actuation force under modest electric fields that are required for this application. In this paper, we develop core-free tubular actuators and integrate them into a 3 × 2 Braille cell. The terpolymer films are solution cast, stretched to 6 μm thick, electroded, laminated into a bilayer, rolled into a 2 mm diameter tube, bonded, and provided with top and bottom contacts. Experimental testing of 17 actuators demonstrates significant strains (up to 4%) and blocking forces (1 N) at moderate electric fields (100 MV m−1). A novel Braille cell is designed and fabricated using six of these actuators.
AC conductivity of (AlGa)AsGaAs heterostructures and silicon MOSFETS in the quantum Hall regime

Abstract We have measured the two-terminal AC conductance of (AlGa)AsGaAs heterostructures and a silicon MOSFET up to 50 MHz. While the ungated heterostructure samples show no frequency dependence in the integer and no additional structure in the fractional quantum Hall regimes, the gated silicon MOSFET shows strong frequency dependence of the two-terminal AC conductance due to coupling of the signal from the 2DEG to the gate. We have also measured the capacitance of the silicon MOSFET under the same circumstances, and thereby confirm the role of the gate in coupling the high frequency signal.
On the link between bulk structure and surface activity of double perovskite based SOFC cathodes

Abstract The surface oxygen exchange rates for NdBaCo 2 O 5 + d (NBCO), PrBaCo 2 O 5 + d (PBCO), and GdBaCo 2 O 5 + d (GBCO) were measured between 573 K and 973 K using an isotopic pulse exchange technique. Impedance spectroscopy was utilized to compare these surface rates with electrode performance. Both experiments showed NBCO to be the most active material, with both PBCO and GBCO approximately equal but with lower surface exchange rates and higher electrode area specific resistance. A discontinuity in both data sets was linked to a crystal phase transition in GBCO. It is proposed that the electrode performance is limited by the oxygen exchange rate.
Radiolysis of resist polymers. VI. Copolymers of trihalophenylmethacrylate and methyl methacrylate

Copolymers of several compositions of methyl methacrylate (MMA), trichlorophenyl methacrylate (TCPMA), and tribromophenyl methacrylate (TBPMA) have been synthesized and characterized. Gamma radiolysis yields are very sensitive to the presence of the halogenated monomers. With less than 10% of the halogenated monomer in the copolymers. Gs values were found to be much greater than that of PMMA. However, the halogenated monomer introduces a tendency toward crosslinking. The results are consistent with the enhancement of chain scission by dissociative electron capture and the tendency of phenyl radical intermediates to cause crosslinking. These structure-property relationships were found to be valid for all the homopolymers and copolymers investigated in this series.
Gamma Correction in Constant Luminance Color Television Systems

A theoretical study is made of the effects of pre-correcting the red, green, and blue image co-ordinates to provide unity over-all gamma. The effect of gamma precorrection is presented with regard to (a) tone rendition on the compatible monochrome receiver, (b) maximum demand of subcarrier and composite signal, and (c) noise interference sensitivity.
A substrate-versatile catalyst for the selective oxidation of light alkanes: II. Catalyst characterization

Abstract A highly active and selective catalyst for light alkane oxidation that is composed of a pyridine salt of niobium-exchanged molybdo(vanado)phosphoric acid (NbPMo 11 (V)pyr) is characterized using TGA–DSC, 31 P MAS NMR, and in situ powder XRD, XAS, and XPS. The presence of both niobium and pyridinium species strongly influences structural and redox properties of the polyoxometalate. Activation of the catalyst by heating to 420 °C in an inert atmosphere removes all of the organic species present in the solid, and structural rearrangement of the starting heteropolyanion occurs at 420 °C as evidenced by 31 P NMR and EXAFS. XRD shows that activated NbPMo 11 Vpyr consisted of a mostly amorphous molybdenum oxide phase, the formation of which is strongly related to the composition of the catalyst. The presence of niobium as an exchange cation (NbO) 3+ or a framework atom PMo 11 NbO 40 4− in the Keggin unit is verified by EXAFS for NbPMo 11 Vpyr and (VO)PMo 11 Nbpyr, respectively. During activation of either catalyst, niobyl species migrate and most likely coordinate to molybdenum oxide octahedra. Comparison of near-edge electronic spectra (XANES) for as-made NbPMo 11 Vpyr and after activation that removes the pyridinium ions suggests reduction of Mo 6+ to Mo 5+ and Nb 5+ to Nb 4+ . Under hydrocarbon-rich reaction mixtures molybdenum and niobium remain in their reduced state.
UDP xylose synthase 1 is required for morphogenesis and histogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton

UDP-xylose synthase (Uxs1) is strongly conserved from bacteria to humans, but because no mutation has been studied in any animal, we do not understand its roles in development. Furthermore, no crystal structure has been published. Uxs1 synthesizes UDP-xylose, which initiates glycosaminoglycan attachment to a protein core during proteoglycan formation. Crystal structure and biochemical analyses revealed that an R233H substitution mutation in zebrafish uxs1 alters an arginine buried in the dimer interface, thereby destabilizing and, as enzyme assays show, inactivating the enzyme. Homozygous uxs1 mutants lack Alcian blue-positive, proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix in cartilages of the neurocranium, pharyngeal arches, and pectoral girdle. Transcripts for uxs1 localize to skeletal domains at hatching. GFP-labeled neural crest cells revealed defective organization and morphogenesis of chondrocytes, perichondrium, and bone in uxs1 mutants. Proteoglycans were dramatically reduced and defectively localized in uxs1 mutants. Although col2a1a transcripts over-accumulated in uxs1 mutants, diminished quantities of Col2a1 protein suggested a role for proteoglycans in collagen secretion or localization. Expression of col10a1, indian hedgehog, and patched was disrupted in mutants, reflecting improper chondrocyte/perichondrium signaling. Up-regulation of sox9a, sox9b, and runx2b in mutants suggested a molecular mechanism consistent with a role for proteoglycans in regulating skeletal cell fate. Together, our data reveal time-dependent changes to gene expression in uxs1 mutants that support a signaling role for proteoglycans during at least two distinct phases of skeletal development. These investigations are the first to examine the effect of mutation on the structure and function of Uxs1 protein in any vertebrate embryos, and reveal that Uxs1 activity is essential for the production and organization of skeletal extracellular matrix, with consequent effects on cartilage, perichondral, and bone morphogenesis.
The effects of LY293558, an AMPA receptor antagonist, on acute and chronic morphine dependence

In rodents, noncompetitive and competitive NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to attenuate and, in some cases, reverse tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine. However, the ability of these same excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptor antagonists to modulate morphine dependence is controversial, and very little is known about the role of AMPA receptors in morphine dependence. LY293558, a novel, systemically active, competitive AMPA receptor antagonist and the NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801 and/or LY235959, were evaluated in tolerant or dependent CD-1 mice. In mice rendered tolerant by morphine injection or pellet implantation, continuous s.c. infusion of LY293558 (60 mg/kg per 24 h) or MK-801 (1 mg/kg per 24 h) attenuated the development of tolerance. Neither LY293558 nor MK-801 produced analgesia or altered the ED50 value of morphine. Continuous s.c. infusion of LY293558 (60 mg/kg per 24 h), MK-801 (1 mg/kg per 24 h) or LY235959 (12 mg/kg per 24 h) attenuated the development of acute (3 h) morphine dependence (i.e., decreased naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping). In contrast, continuous s.c. infusion of LY293558 (60 mg/kg per 24 h) or LY235959 (12 mg/kg per 24 h) did not significantly attenuate the development of chronic dependence produced by morphine pellet implantation. These data indicate that the development of morphine tolerance is more sensitive to modulation by EAA receptor antagonists than is the development of morphine dependence as assessed by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping.
High-fidelity microwave photonic filtering using optical frequency combs

Optical frequency combs generated by electro-optic modulation form a coherent multi-carrier light source for flexible microwave photonic filtering. Various filter experiments demonstrating high sidelobe suppression, deep submicrosecond tuning, and pulse compression capability are described.
Coherent Soft-Photon States and Infrared Divergences. IV. The Scattering Operator

In Paper III of this series, the asymptotic states of quantum electrodynamics were defined in terms of the mass-shell singularity structure of the Green's functions. In this paper the reduction formulas obtained are used to derive simple expressions for the matrix elements of the scattering operator. This operator is defined on the space of asymptotic states, which is the direct product of the Fock space of the particles (massive particles and hard photons) with the nonseparable Hilbert space, defined in Paper I, which is spanned by the soft-photon coherent states. It is shown that the scattering operator so defined is gauge-invariant, Lorentz-invariant, unitary, crossing-symmetric, and independent of the choice of the small parameter that defines the separation between hard and soft photons. For a given initial state, the only nonvanishing scattering matrix elements are those to final states in a specific equivalence class, and conditions for states to be equivalent in this sense are obtained. The relationship between these matrix elements and physically measurable cross sections is discussed. In this way, results obtained by conventional methods are reproduced, but in addition questions inaccessible to such methods, such as the effect of an infinite number of soft photons in the initial state, may be investigated.
Initial evaluation of the athletewith anterior knee pain

Abstract Anterior knee pain is a common complaint among athletes and active, young individuals. Its causes are broad, butthe correct diagnosis can usually be made after a thorough history and physical examination. The history should include a complete investigation of the nature and onset of the athlete's symptoms, past medical history, and the nature of any previous treatment he or she may have received for the problem. The physical examination includes a general lower extremity musculoskeletal examination with determinations of flexibility and limb alignment. The spine and hips are also evaluated to rule out radicular or referred pain to the knee. The knee examination must include assessment of the peripatellar tissues as well as the patellofemoral joint. Although patients often perceive their pain as being poorly localized, the pain source can usually be precisely localized on examination. The information presented here should enable the clinician to make an accurate diagnosis on which to base initial treatment.
Colonoscopy: diagnostic yield of flexible sigmoidoscopy and CTC.

A recent study demonstrates that concurrent flexible sigmoidoscopy in conjunction with CT colonography (CTC) does not improve the diagnostic yield for left-sided colorectal neoplasia compared with CTC alone. This study provides further evidence that CTC is not only more sensitive than the double contrast barium enema, but could be superior to endoscopy for initial evaluation.
Turning the titanic: changing a PIN to a password

AccessPlus was unveiled on the Iowa State University (ISU) campus in 1996 as a web-based resource for accessing important and confidential university information for students, faculty, and staff. Currently, many services are available to students on AccessPlus such as class registration, grade reports, and financial aid. Faculty and staff are able to view payroll, vacation/sick leave benefits, and university business and administrative applications. At its inception, an ID and a 4-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN) were needed to login to AccessPlus. This was the login model until recently when an initiative was begun to change the AccessPlus four-digit PIN to a six to eight character password. The need for a stronger password was to improve AccessPlus security and safe-guard critical data as well as to respond to new and increased legislation concerning privacy and security requirements. The transition period began February 18, 2004 and affects over 45,000 students, faculty, and staff. How do you inform over 45,000 people that their AccessPlus PIN needs to be changed to a password and not compromise security or productivity? This paper will discuss the process and tools used at Iowa State University to make this transition as smooth and seamless as possible.
Winter Circulation in Lake Ontario

Abstract Data from a high resolution array of self-recording current meters in a north-south cross section of Lake Ontario are presented. The measurements cover a 140-day period from 4 November 1982 to 23 March 1983. Nearshore current fluctuations are large and generally coherent with wind variations while currents in deep water tend to flow in the opposite direction and are quite uniform in the vertical. Time-averaged currents show a pronounced maximum of eastward flow along the south shore balanced by westward flow in the central part of the cross section, while the net transport near the northern shore tends to vanish. The total transport in the belt of eastward flow is ten times larger than the hydraulic transport associated with the Niagara-St. Lawrence flow, thus suggesting a recirculation of 90% of the river inflow. Corroboration of the south shore current measurements is provided by satellite-tracked drogues.
Baccalaureate Courses for Nurses Online and on Campus: A Comparison of Learning Outcomes

A comparison of student learning outcomes between distance education and campus-based nursing students in a mental health course working toward registered nurse (RN) licensure in a baccalaureate (BS) degree program is presented. Learning outcomes were evaluated using results from a commercially developed content mastery test taken by students who completed a sophomore-level mental health course. Results utilizing independent t test analysis of archival data indicated no statistically significant differences between the distance education students and the campus-based students in either initial knowledge prior to the mental health course or in the educational effectiveness of the distance education and classroom-based delivery.