cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dorsal versus ventral hippocampal contributions to trace and contextual conditioning: differential effects of regionally selective NMDA receptor antagonism on acquisition and expression

The dorsal and ventral subregions of the hippocampus likely play dissociable roles in some forms of learning. For example, we have previously demonstrated that temporary inactivation of ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampus dramatically impaired the acquisition of trace fear conditioning, while temporary inactivation of dorsal, but not ventral, hippocampus impaired spatially guided reinforced alternation (Czerniawski et al. (2009) Hippocampus 19:20-32). Importantly, emerging data suggest that lesions, temporary inactivation, and NMDA receptor antagonism within these subregions can produce quite different patterns of behavioral effects when administered into the same region. Specifically, while neither lesions nor temporary inactivation of dorsal hippocampus impair the acquisition of trace fear conditioning, learning in this paradigm is severely impaired by pre-training administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist dl-2-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) in dorsal hippocampus; the effect of NMDA receptor antagonism within ventral hippocampus on the acquisition and expression of trace conditioning, or on learning in general, has not yet been systematically explored. The present study extends our previous work examining the differential effect of lesions or inactivation of the dorsal and ventral hippocampal subregions by systematically examining the effect of regionally selective pre-training or pre-testing administration of APV on the acquisition and expression of trace and contextual fear conditioning. The results of these studies demonstrate that while pre-training NMDA receptor antagonism within either the dorsal or ventral subregion of the hippocampus impaired the acquisition of both trace and contextual conditioning, pre-testing NMDA receptor antagonism within ventral, but not dorsal, hippocampus impaired the expression of previously-acquired trace and contextual fear conditioning. These data suggest that selectively manipulating the integrity of individual subregions may result in compensatory mechanisms that can support learning, and that NMDA-dependent plasticity within both dorsal and ventral hippocampus is normally required for the acquisition and maintenance of memory in trace and contextual fear conditioning.
Quantification of ricinine in rat and human urine : A biomarker for ricin exposure

Ricin is a toxalbumin derived from the castor bean plant, Ricinus communis. Ricinine is an alkaloid (3-cyano-4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-pyridone) that shares a common plant source with ricin, and its presence in urine infers ricin exposure. A new quantification method for ricinine was developed that uses solid-phase extraction to prepare 1-mL urine samples (81% recovery) for a 5-min, isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography method, followed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Protonated molecular ions were selected in the multiple reaction monitoring mode and quantified by isotope dilution with (13)C(6)-labelled ricinine as the internal reference. Urine pools enriched with ricinine at two concentrations were characterized as quality control materials and then used to validate the method. The method limit of quantification was 0.083 ng/mL, even with a confirmation ion of low relative abundance. Ricinine was stable in human urine when heated at 90 degrees C for 1 h, and during storage at 25 degrees C and 5 degrees C for 3 weeks. The method was applied to an animal exposure study, a crude ricin preparation scheme, and a forensic analysis. These studies show that ricinine can be measured in rat urine at least 48 h after exposure. Ricinine is present in crude preparations of ricin, and it can be found in human urine after a lethal exposure to ricin.
Flexible flow shop scheduling: optimum, heuristics and artificial intelligence solutions

: For the past three decades or so the flexible flow shop (FFS) scheduling problem has attracted many researchers. Numerous research articles have been published on this topic. This study reviews research on the FFS scheduling problem from the past and the present. The solution approaches reviewed range from the optimum to heuristics and to artificial intelligence search techniques. I not only discuss the details from the selected methods and compare them, but also provide insights and suggestions for future research.
Nomogram for Predicting the Risk of Local Recurrence After Breast-Conserving Surgery for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Purpose While the mortality associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is minimal, the risk of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is relatively high. Radiation therapy (RT) and antiestrogen agents reduce the risk of IBTR and are considered standard treatment options after BCS. However, they have never been proven to improve survival, and in themselves carry rare but serious risks. Individualized estimation of IBTR risk would assist in decision making regarding the various treatment options for women with DCIS. Patients and Methods From 1991 to 2006, 1,868 consecutive patients treated with BCS for DCIS were identified. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was constructed using the 1,681 in whom data were complete. Ten clinical, pathologic, and treatment variables were built into a nomogram estimating probability of IBTR at 5 and 10 years after BCS. The model was validated for discrimination and calibration using bootstrap resampling. Results The D...
Health-Related Quality of Life Among People Aged ≥65 Years with Self-reported Visual Impairment: Findings from the 2006–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

AbstractPurpose: To examine the association between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and visual impairment among people aged ≥65 years.Methods: We used cross-sectional data from the 2006–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine six HRQoL measures: self-reported health, physically unhealthy days, mentally unhealthy days, activity limitation days, life satisfaction, and disability. Visual impairment was categorized as no, a little, and moderate/severe. We examined the association between self-reported visual impairment and HRQoL using logistic regression accounting for the survey’s complex design.Results: People with self-reported moderate/severe visual impairment had more frequent (≥14) physically unhealthy days, mentally unhealthy days, and activity limitation days in the last 30 days compared to those reporting a little or no visual impairment. After controlling for all covariates (age, sex, marital status, race/ethnicity, education, income, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, heart ...
Emulsion formulations of testosterone for nasal administration

AbstractThe nasal route has received a great deal of attention due to the many advantages of nasal delivery over parenteral administration. The male sex hormone testosterone is ineffective when administered orally due to its gut wall and first-pass metabolism. Therefore, an alternative method for delivery would he the intranasal route, if the lack of aqueous solubility can be overcome. In this study a new approach to emulsion formulations of the drug has been proposed based on the hypothesis that increased absorption is possible upon solubilization of the drug and/or prolongation of the formulation residence time in the nose. Three differently charged testosterone submicron size emulsion formulations with various zeta potentials (+24.8,-23.0 and 0.06mV) were prepared as nasal spray formulations. A dose of approximately 3.8 mg testosterone per rabbit was administered to four rabbits and the bioavailability of the emulsion formulations was assessed and compared with an i.v. formulation via solid-phase extra...
Q-RT-PCR: data analysis software for measurement of gene expression by competitive RT-PCR

Motivation: We have developed software to assist in the computation of gene expression from data obtained in competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This report describes the mathematical basis of competitive RT-PCR and discusses the criteria which must be met to permit accurate estimations of gene expression to be obtained using this technique. Results: The software that has been developed assists in both the assessment of assay performance (specifically in establishing the equality of amplification efficiency of the native and competitor templates) and in the routine analysis of data obtained in quantitation of gene expression by competitive RT-PCR. The software is a 100 kb module which functions as a Microsoft Excel add-in. It is compatible with both Windows and Mac versions of Excel 5 and Excel 7 on the Windows 95 platform, and employs the spreadsheet, statistical and graphing capabilities incorporated into Excel. Availability: The software can be downloaded from http://www.grad.ttuhsc.edu/archive/. A brief summary in both HTML and Microsoft Word 6 format of the installation and use of the software is also located at this website. Contact: E-mail: pdoris@imm2.imm.uth.tmc.edu
InP-based photonic integrated circuits

The monolithic integration of a number of photonic components on a single InP chip for increased functionality and reliability as well as decreased power dissipation and cost is becoming an accepted goal for most component vendors. This tutorial will review current integration approaches and results, emphasizing our UCSB work.
The role of hypoventilation in a sheep model of epileptic sudden death

Unexpected sudden death is a common event in otherwise healthy epileptics, though its etiology has remained unclear. Many authors have suggested cardiac arrhythmias as the cause, and limited data in humans and animal studies have supported this. However, autopsy series in humans have shown pulmonary edema, a phenomenon not compatible with a sudden arrhythmic death, as a possible cause. We developed a model of status epilepticus in unanesthetized, chronically instrumented sheep in which sudden death and pulmonary edema occur. Catecholamine levels and seizure type and duration did not differ between animals dying suddenly and those surviving. Benign arrhythmias were generated in all animals; in no case did an arrhythmia account for the death of an animal. Striking hypoventilation was demonstrated in the sudden death group but not in the surviving animals. Differences in peak left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures, and in extravascular lung water were also demonstrated; pulmonary edema did not account for the demise of the sudden death animals. Thus, our model of epileptic sudden death supports a role of central hypoventilation in the etiology of sudden unexpected death and confirms the association with pulmonary edema. The importance of arrhythmia in its pathogenesis is not confirmed.
Poly(1,2‐dimethyl‐5‐vinylpyridinium methyl sulfate). Part I. Polymerization studies

1,2-Dimethyl-5-vinylpyridinium methyl sulfate is readily polymerizable in aqueous solution under mild free radical conditions to a high molecular weight, cationic polyelectrolyte. A three-halves order dependence of the rate of polymerization on monomer concentration is indicated for about 75% of the polymerization of 1,2-dimethyl-5-vinylpyridinium methyl sulfate in aqueous solution with potassium persulfate as initiator. A normal dependence of the polymerization rate on the square root of the initiator concentration is also indicated by these data. The overall activation energy is estimated to be about 17 kcal./mole. Preliminary experiments related to the effect of changing the ionic strength of the reaction medium by addition of sodium chloride led to a change in the kinetics with a dramatic slowing-down of the polymerization. Copolymerization studies indicate that the reactivity of this cationic monomer is higher than that of acrylamide, methacrylamide, and methyl methacrylate, but close to that of methacrylic acid.
Teaching radiology in medical school: an association for medical student educators in radiology survey.

T he presence of radiology and radiologists in medical school curricula is important for many reasons. Future physicians must learn how to use medical imaging effectively and efficiently for better patient care. Additionally, if medical students are not specifically trained in or exposed to radiology during their coursework, they may not have adequate opportunity to consider radiology as a career option. Finally, teaching radiology to medical students provides an excellent opportunity for radiologists to develop a positive reputation and to form strong collaborative relationships between radiology and other medical specialties. As a first step in attempting to enhance the profile of radiology in the curricula of US medical schools, it is important to define its current status. Toward this end, we conducted a survey of the membership of the Association for Medical Student Educators in Radiology. The survey consisted of a 22-question instrument, with both multiple-choice and open-ended items. Requests to complete the survey were sent out in January and April 2012, and a total of 83 responses were received. Many respondents did not state which institution they were affiliated with, and duplicate responses were received from at least 3 institutions. This brief report summarizes the results. Responding to the question, ‘‘Does your medical school have a required radiology course?’’ 43% of the respondents indicated that their institution has at least one required course in radiology, whereas 57% do not. Because this surveywas sent only to Association for Medical Student Educators in Radiology members, it is highly likely that the actual percentage of all schools requiring a radiology course is lower. Also, responses to this question may underestimate the role radiology is playing in medical school curricula, because medical students can receive high-quality radiology education outside of required radiology courses.
Sleep, Dietary, and Exercise Behavioral Clusters Among Truck Drivers With Obesity: Implications for Interventions.

Objective:The objectives of the study were to describe a sample of truck drivers, identify clusters of drivers with similar patterns in behaviors affecting energy balance (sleep, diet, and exercise), and test for cluster differences in health, safety, and psychosocial factors.Methods:Participants’ (
Diurnal and tidal patterns of carbon uptake and calcification in geniculate inter-tidal coralline algae

Research on coralline algal responses to ocean acidification and other environmental stressors has increased in recent years as coralline algae is thought to stand a higher chance of being affected by acidification stress than other macroalgae. To provide context and enhance the existing eco-physiological framework for climate change studies, it is important to understand the effects of non-extreme stressors experienced regularly by inter-tidal coralline algae. In this study, we tested the potentially interacting effects of diurnal and tidal treatments on calcification in the geniculate coralline algae Corallina frondescens and Corallina vancouveriensis using 13C-labeled bicarbonate. Both species deposited more calcium carbonate during the day than at night, and also when submerged (high tide) compared with when emerged (low tide) in their apical and mature segments (intergenicula). These results indicate that inter-tidal coralline algae do in fact pay a cost for living inter-tidally at the edge of an adaptive zone.
CONCRETE REINFORCING NET: OPTIMUM SLIP-FREE LIMIT DESIGN

The proposed slip-free design assures desired safety against large frictional shear slip of crack surfaces, which assures a reduced extent of cracking and damage to concrete. Orthogonal nets in shell or plate walls under in-plane forces are considered. A reinforcement that is up to about 34% heavier is obtained when large shear forces in the bar directions are present. The case when one principal force is compressive is also analyzed, and here the differences become still larger (up to about 67%). The optimum classical (frictionless) limit design is found to be equivalent to the optimum service stress design (except for a common scaling factor), which is an objectionable feature, and the difference between them is due solely to safety factors. In the slip-free design, which is almost as simple as the frictionless design, the critical crack direction leading to the lightest possible reinforcement is not at a 45° angle with the bars, as in the frictionless design, but deviates from it substantially. The safe domain in the plane whose coordinates are the reinforcement ratios is still a hyperbola, but with inclined asymptotes.
GT-FAST: A Point Design Tool for Rapid Fractionated Spacecraft Sizing and Synthesis

In July 2007, DARPA issued a Broad Agency Announcement for the development of System F6, a flight demonstration of an architecture in which the functionality of a traditional monolithic satellite is fulfilled with a fractionated cluster of free-flying, wirelessly interconnected modules. Given the large number of possible architectural options, two challenges facing systems analysis of F6 are (1) the ability to enumerate the many potential candidate fractionated architectures and (2) the ability to analyze and quantify the cost and benefits of each architecture. One element necessary in enabling a probabilistic, valuecentric analysis of such fractionated architectures is a systematic method for sizing and costing the many candidate architectures that arise. The Georgia Tech F6 Architecture Synthesis Tool (GT-FAST) is a point design tool designed to fulfill this need by allowing rapid, automated sizing and synthesis of candidate F6 architectures. This paper presents the internal mechanics and some illustrative applications of GT-FAST. Discussed are the manner in which GT-FAST fractionated designs are specified, including discrete and continuous-variable inputs, as well as the methods, models, and assumptions used in estimating elements of mass, power, and cost. Finally, the paper concludes with sample outputs from GT-FAST for a notional fractionated architecture, an example of GT-FAST’s trade study capability, and a partial validation of GT-FAST against the Jason-2 and TIMED satellites. The ease with which GT-FAST can be adapted to new fractionated spacecraft applications is highlighted, and avenues for potential future expansion of GT-FAST are discussed.
The influence of endocrine disruptors on growth and development of children.

Purpose of reviewThis review describes the most recent data about the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) on infant and early childhood growth and reproductive tract development as well as controversies in the field.Recent findingsEDCs are present in pregnant women, young children and a
Cheyne-Stokes breathing after denervation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors and sino-aortic pressoreceptors.

SummaryTypical Cheyne-Stokes breathing has been observed in 2 dogs having the vagi sectioned bilaterally at the upper cervical level (denervating aortic bodies and aortic pressoreceptors) and having the carotid bodies and sinuses isolated or excised bilaterally. Therefore, neither oxygen-lack drive from chemoreceptors nor reflex effects on breathing from rhythmic fluctuations in pressure in the sino-aortic zones are concerned invariably in the production of Cheyne-Stokes breathing.
Integrating Whispering Gallery Mode Refractive Index Sensing with Capillary Electrophoresis Separations Using Phase Sensitive Detection.

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are small, radially symmetric dielectrics that recirculate light through continuous total internal reflection. High-Q resonances are observed that shift in response to changes in surrounding refractive index, leading to many applications in label-free sensing. Surface binding measurements with WGM resonators have demonstrated competitive analytical detection metrics compared to other sensing schemes. Similar figures of merit for detecting bulk refractive index changes, however, have proven more challenging. This has limited their use in applications such as capillary electrophoresis (CE), where their compact footprint and refractive index sensitivity offers advantages in nondestructive, universal detection. Here we couple WGM detection with CE by introducing a modulation scheme to improve detection limits. Phase sensitive WGM (PS-WGM) detection is developed to monitor real-time shifts in the WGM spectrum due to changes in surrounding refractive index. We directly c...
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the pediatric population, present in 3–12 % of children from industrialized nations. In children, NAFLD is more common in boys than girls. The prevalence of NAFLD increases with age and with obesity. The pathogenesis is influenced by maternal factors such as preconception weight and gestational diabetes. Guidelines exist that recommend screening obese children for NAFLD; however, there is controversy in the implementation of these guidelines. In children, the available evidence does not support the use of ultrasound for diagnosis or grading of fatty liver. MRI is promising, but at this time does not have sufficient accuracy to be considered diagnostic for an individual child. Diagnosis of NAFLD in children ultimately requires liver biopsy. The histology of NAFLD in children differs from that of adults and is characterized by more severe steatosis, greater portal inflammation and fibrosis, and less hepatocyte ballooning and perisinusoidal fibrosis. Advanced fibrosis has been reported in 5–15 % of children with NAFLD. Cardiovascular outcomes are also important as children with NAFLD have high rates of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and left ventricular structural and functional abnormalities. Adolescence is a vulnerable developmental period, and anxiety, depression, and impaired quality of life are all common in pediatric NAFLD. Clinical management is focused on the assessment of and improvement in global health with an emphasis on lifestyle optimization. Because of the prevalence and severity of NAFLD in children, targeted therapies are a pressing need.
An evaluation of modern pressure recording systems.

An evaluation of the stability and accuracy of modern physiologic pressure measuring systems is reported with a brief review of some of the problems of catheter pressure recording. Evaluation of stability consisted of measuring the drift of the baseline and of the calibration factors of the gage and amplifier combination with time and temperature change. Evaluation of the accuracy of these pressure measuring systems consisted of determining their static accuracy, their dynamic accuracy, and the pressure errors introduced by catheter accelerations and bending.
Hepatic bromobenzene epoxidation and binding: prevention by ascorbyl palmitate

Bromobenzene undergoes metabolic activation via 2,3- and 3,4-epoxidation catalyzed by the hepatic cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidase system. Its reactive metabolites, especially bromobenzene 3,4-oxide, presumably lead to severe centrolobular necrosis. A study of relative rate of binding of 14C-bromobenzene metabolites to hepatic microsomal protein indicated a significant difference in the rate of binding of the bromobenzene 3,4-oxide compared to its positional isomer, bromobenzene 2,3-oxide. However, the rate of bromobenzene metabolism indicated no significant difference in the formation of products o-bromophenol and p-bromophenol. A search for protective agents revealed that 6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterine and ascorbyl palmitate were very effective in protecting against macromolecular adduct formation at a concentration of 1 mM-in fact, at least a twofold increase in protection compared to the known protective agents such as glutathione or cysteine. Furthermore, 6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterine and ascorbyl palmitate inhibited the metabolism of bromobenzene over 90% at a concentration of 2.5 mM.
In Vitro Evaluation of the Size, Knot Holding Capacity, and Knot Security of the Forwarder Knot Compared to Square and Surgeon's Knots Using Large Gauge Suture

Objective To investigate the strength, size, and holding capacity of the self-locking forwarder knot compared to surgeon's and square knots using large gauge suture. Study design In vitro mechanical study. Study Population Knotted suture. Methods Forwarder, surgeon's, and square knots were tested on a universal testing machine under linear tension using 2 and 3 USP polyglactin 910 and 2 USP polydioxanone. Knot holding capacity (KHC) and mode of failure were recorded and relative knot security (RKS) was calculated as a percentage of KHC. Knot volume and weight were assessed by digital micrometer and balance, respectively. ANOVA and post hoc testing were used tocompare strength between number of throws, suture, suture size, and knot type. P<.05 was considered significant. Results Forwarder knots had a higher KHC and RKS than surgeon's or square knots for all suture types and number of throws. No forwarder knots unraveled, but a proportion of square and surgeon's knots with <6 throws did unravel. Forwarder knots had a smaller volume and weight than surgeon's and square knots with equal number of throws. The forwarder knot of 4 throws using 3 USP polyglactin 910 had the highest KHC, RKS, and the smallest size and weight. Conclusion Forwarder knots may be an alternative for commencing continuous patterns in large gauge suture, without sacrificing knot integrity, but further in vivo and ex vivo testing is required to assess the effects of this sliding knot on tissue perfusion before clinical application.
Automatic Parallelization of Multirate Block Diagrams of Control Systems on Multicore Platforms

This article addresses the problem of parallelizing model block diagrams for real-time embedded applications on multicore architectures. We describe a Mixed Integer Linear Programming formulation for finding a feasible mapping of the blocks to different CPU cores. For single-rate models, we use an objective function that minimizes the overall worst-case execution time. We introduce a set of heuristics to solve the problem for large models in a reasonable time. For multirate models, we solve the feasibility problem for finding a valid mapping. We study the scalability and efficiency of our approach with synthetic benchmarks and an engine controller from Toyota.
A metamaterial-based single pixel imaging system(Conference Presentation)

Electromagnetic metamaterials have demonstrated unprecedented control over light matter interactions and have realized exotic responses difficult to achieve with natural materials. The ability to achieve real-time control of novel responses exhibited by electromagnetic metamaterials has led to the realization of metadevices and metasystems. Here we experimentally demonstrate two realizations of single pixel imaging systems that rely entirely on all-electronic metamaterial spatial light modulators. The metasystem enables images to be digitally encoded with various measurement matrix coefficients, thus permitting high speed and fidelity imaging.
«De sangre noble y hábiles costumbres»: etnicidad indígena y gobierno en México Tenochtitlan

Este ensayo discutira el inusual ascenso al poder de don Bartolome Cortes y Mendoza Axaycatzin, que fue designado por el virrey Cadereita para servir como gobernador de Mexico Tenochtitlan en 1636 sin el mandato de la comunidad. El habia servido previamente como gobernador en Puebla de los Angeles —la ciudad mas espanola en Mexico del siglo XVII que no contaba con comunidades nativas originales anteriores a la llegada de los europeos—. En el articulo se explorara el problema de la jurisdiccion indigena en momentos en que las colectas tributarias decayeron. Tambien se explorara como los nombres pueden significar autoridad politica. Axayacatzin, Cortes, Bartolome y Mendoza indicaban una condicion politica para los europeos, y quizas se asumio que connotaban autoridad y estatus para los tenochcas y otros pueblos nativos de Mexico Tenochtitlan en una epoca en la cual poblacion indigena de la ciudad se diversificaba cada vez mas
Friction Stir Welding in Wrought and Cast Aluminum Alloys: Weld Quality Evaluation and Effects of Processing Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state process widely used for joining similar and dissimilar materials for critical applications in the transportation sector. Understanding the effects of the process on microstructure and mechanical properties is critical in design for structural integrity. In this study, four aluminum alloy systems (wrought 6061-T651 and cast A356, 319, and A390) were processed in both as-fabricated and pre-weld heat-treated (T6) conditions using various processing parameters. The effects of processing and heat treatment on the resulting microstructures, macro-/micro-hardness, and tensile properties were systematically investigated and mechanistically correlated to changes in grain size, characteristic phases, and strengthening precipitates. Tensile tests were performed at room temperature both along and across the welding zones. A new method able to evaluate weld quality (using a weld quality index) was developed based on the stress concentration calculated under tensile loading. Optimum processing parameter domains that provide both defect-free welds and good mechanical properties were determined for each alloy and associated with the thermal history of the process. These results were further related to characteristic microstructural features, which can be used for component design and materials/process optimization.
Subjective Workload and Individual Differences in Information Processing Abilities

This paper describes several experiments examining the source of individual differences in the experience of mental workload. Three sources of such differences were examined: information processing abilities, timesharing abilities, and personality traits/behavior patterns. On the whole, there was little evidence that individual differences in information processing abilities or timesharing abilities are related to perceived differences in mental workload. However, individuals with strong Type A coronary prone behavior patterns differed in both single- and multiple-task performance from individuals who showed little evidence of such a pattern. Additionally, individuals with a strong Type A pattern showed some dissociation between objective performance and the experience of mental workload.
Investigation of alternate mask absorbers in EUV lithography

In order to succeed with such low-k1 lithography at EUV wavelength, we need to be able to print a grating at high contrast similar to ArF immersion tools, where a contrast exceeding 0.95 is achieved routinely. All 2d printing is composed of interference of x and y-directed diffraction orders and high contrast in 2d thus depends on such 1d grating contrast. Any low-k1 imaging will use either dipole or some other sort of extreme off-axis illumination such as cross-quad (cQuad). The two relevant magnitudes for any high contrast are the intrinsic contrast due to a monopole, and the spatial shift of the two images that are generated by the two monopoles making up the dipole exposure. In EUV with current absorbers, high contrast can currently only be achieved using monopole illumination, a technique that does not lend itself to process integration due to removal of wafer side telecentricity and resulting overlay problems at all but preferred pitch. For dipole illumination at low-k1 pitches, we collect only 0th order light and only one 1st diffracted order for each pole. This means that for a dipole at the resolution limit, the final image for horizontal l/s patterns consists of only four incident waves, one TE and one TM wave for each of the poles. In this paper, we screen absorber by n and k values. In the process, we introduce phasor notation in order to gain insight into the behavior of the absorber and try to understand the metrics. We investigate intrinsic contrast and image blur due to monopole image shift.
Impact of a student-led community education program to promote Pap test screening among Asian-American women

Introduction Among ethnic groups, Asian-American women have the highest incidence of cervical cancer, low cervical cancer screening rates, and are more likely to state they have "never thought about" and/or "do not need" Pap testing. Through a Patient Advocacy grant awarded by the American Society of Cytopathology Foundation, we developed a culturally sensitive educational outreach program to encourage Pap screening among Asian-Americans in our community. Materials and methods Educational materials, translated into three languages, were shared at nine community events by undergraduate and medical student volunteers. Pre- and post-education surveys on awareness, knowledge, and attitudes towards screening were administered. Results were tallied and reported as raw percentages. Results A total of 328 surveys were completed; 80% were Asian respondents. Twenty percent of respondents were not up to date (NUTD) with Pap screening. Knowledge of Pap tests reported as "excellent"/"good" rose from 46% before to 85% after education. Those reporting "very likely"/"likely" to schedule a Pap test increased from 72% to 92% in the NUTD group and from 84% to 97% in the 21-29 age group. Those reporting "very likely"/"likely" to recommend a Pap test to others increased from 68% to 98% in the NUTD group and 77% to 97% in those aged 21-29. Conclusions A student-led community-based culturally sensitive outreach approach improved Pap test knowledge and awareness among Asian-Americans. The largest increase in likelihood to obtain a Pap test and recommend the test to others was the NUTD and 21-29 age groups, suggesting influence on those in need of screening.
Association of cumulative social risk with mortality and adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes.

Quantifying the cumulative effect of social risk factors on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk can help to better understand the sources of disparities in health outcomes. Data from the Heart Strategies Concentrating on Risk Evaluation (HeartSCORE) study were used to create an index of cumulative social risk (CSR) and quantify its association with incident CVD and all-cause mortality. CSR was defined by assigning a score of 1 for the presence of each of 4 social factors: i) racial minority status (Black race), ii) single living status, iii) low income, and iv) low educational level. Hazard ratios (HRs) were computed using Cox-regression models, adjusted for CVD risk factors. Over a median follow-up period of 8.3 years, 127 incident events were observed. The incidence of the primary outcome for subgroups of participants with 0, 1, and ≥2 CSR scores was 5.31 (95% CI, 3.40–7.22), 10.32 (7.16–13.49) and 17.80 (12.94–22.67) per 1000 person-years, respectively. Individuals with CSR score of 1 had an adjusted HR of 1.85 (1.15–2.97) for incident primary outcomes, compared to those with score of 0. The corresponding HR for individuals with CSR score of 2 or more was 2.58 (1.60–4.17). An accumulation of social risk factors independently increased the likelihood of CVD events and deaths in a cohort of White and Black individuals.
Morphological and Chemical Tuning of High-Energy-Density Metal Oxides for Lithium Ion Battery Electrode Applications

Metal oxides represent a set of promising materials for use as electrodes within lithium ion batteries, but unfortunately, these tend to suffer from limitations associated with poor ionic and electron conductivity as well as low cycling performance. Hence, to achieve the goal of creating economical, relatively less toxic, thermally stable, and simultaneously high-energy-density electrode materials, we have put forth a number of targeted strategies, aimed at rationally improving upon electrochemical performance. Specifically, in this Perspective, we discuss the precise roles and effects of controllably varying not only (i) morphology but also (ii) chemistry as a means of advancing, ameliorating, and fundamentally tuning the development and evolution of Fe3O4, Li4Ti5O12, TiO2, and LiV3O8 as viable and ubiquitous energy storage materials.
Overview of the spectrum of rehabilitation services

This article provides an overview of physiatric practice and the specialty of physical medicine and rehabilitation and its current and future trends. Regardless of the current and proposed changes, the essence of physical medicine and rehabilitation remains the same—preservation and restoration of function. The spectrum of rehabilitation services therefore is vast and has no boundaries with respect to location, age, gender, or medical disorder.
The Effect of Social Dominance Orientation and Entrepreneur’s Race on Funding Decisions

The present research examines the effect of social dominance orientation (SDO – the degree to which individuals support group- based hierarchies; Sidanius & Pratto, 1999) on outcomes in entrepreneu...
Expert surgical consensus for prenatal counseling using the Delphi method.

Abstract Background Pediatric surgeons frequently offer prenatal consultation for congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH); however, there is no evidence-based consensus to guide prenatal decision making and counseling for these conditions. Eliciting feedback from experts is integral to defining best practice regarding prenatal counseling and intervention. Methods A Delphi consensus process was undertaken using a panel of pediatric surgeons identified as experts in fetal therapy to address current limitations. Areas of discrepancy in the literature on CPAM and CDH were identified and used to generate a list of content and intervention questions. Experts were invited to participate in an online Delphi survey. Items that did not reach first-round consensus were broken down into additional questions, and consensus was achieved in the second round. Results Fifty-four surgeons (69%) responded to at least one of the two survey rounds. During round one, consensus was reached on 54 of 89 survey questions (61%), and 45 new questions were developed. During round two, consensus was reached on 53 of 60 survey questions (88%). Conclusions We determined expert consensus to establish guidelines regarding perinatal management of CPAM and CDH. Our results can help educate pediatric surgeons participating in perinatal care of these patients. Level of Evidence V.
Work-in-progress: towards the application of flask security architecture to SoC design

In this work, we explore a security reference monitor (RM) design which borrows from the Flask security architecture. Our RM design goal is to achieve complete mediation by checking and verifying the authority and the authenticity of every access to every system object in systems-on-chip (SoCs). Access decisions are administered by a security logic “server" implemented as an extension of the peripheral bus. Initial results show a minimal increase in resource overhead and no significant impact on the performance.
Clinical Prediction Performance of Glaucoma Progression Using a 2-Dimensional Continuous-Time Hidden Markov Model with Structural and Functional Measurements.

Purpose Previously, we introduced a state-based 2-dimensional continuous-time hidden Markov model (2D CT HMM) to model the pattern of detected glaucoma changes using structural and functional information simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detected glaucoma change prediction performance of the model in a real clinical setting using a retrospective longitudinal dataset. Design Longitudinal, retrospective study. Participants One hundred thirty-four eyes from 134 participants diagnosed with glaucoma or as glaucoma suspects (average follow-up, 4.4±1.2 years; average number of visits, 7.1±1.8). Methods A 2D CT HMM model was trained using OCT (Cirrus HD-OCT; Zeiss, Dublin, CA) average circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL) thickness and visual field index (VFI) or mean deviation (MD; Humphrey Field Analyzer; Zeiss). The model was trained using a subset of the data (107 of 134 eyes [80%]) including all visits except for the last visit, which was used to test the prediction performance (training set). Additionally, the remaining 27 eyes were used for secondary performance testing as an independent group (validation set). The 2D CT HMM predicts 1 of 4 possible detected state changes based on 1 input state. Main Outcome Measures Prediction accuracy was assessed as the percentage of correct prediction against the patient's actual recorded state. In addition, deviations of the predicted long-term detected change paths from the actual detected change paths were measured. Results Baseline mean ± standard deviation age was 61.9±11.4 years, VFI was 90.7±17.4, MD was −3.50±6.04 dB, and cRNFL thickness was 74.9±12.2 μm. The accuracy of detected glaucoma change prediction using the training set was comparable with the validation set (57.0% and 68.0%, respectively). Prediction deviation from the actual detected change path showed stability throughout patient follow-up. Conclusions The 2D CT HMM demonstrated promising prediction performance in detecting glaucoma change performance in a simulated clinical setting using an independent cohort. The 2D CT HMM allows information from just 1 visit to predict at least 5 subsequent visits with similar performance.
VERA: Popularizing Science Through AI

Citizen scientists have the potential to expand scientific research. The virtual research assistant called VERA empowers citizen scientists to engage in environmental science in two ways. First, it automatically generates simulations based on the conceptual models of ecological phenomena for repeated testing and feedback. Second, it leverages the Encyclopedia of Life biodiversity knowledgebase to support the process of model construction and revision.
Countries as Agents in a Global-Scale Computational Model

Our agent-based model examines the ramifications of formal defense agreements between countries. Our model builds on previous work and creates an empirically based version of a tribute model in which actors within existing real-world networks demand tribute from one another. If the threatened actor does not pay the tribute, the aggressing actor will engage in a decision to start a war. Tribute and war payments are based on a measure of the country's wealth. We utilize the Correlates of War dataset to provide us with worldwide historical defense alliance information. Using these networks as our initial conditions, we run the model forward from four prominent historical years and simulate the interactions that take place as well as the changes in overall wealth. Agents in the model employ a cost benefit analysis in their decision of whether or not to go to war. This model provides results that are in qualitative agreement with historical emergent macro outcomes seen over time.
Special Considerations for Conducting Psychopharmacologic Treatment over Videoteleconferencing

Telepsychiatry is one of the most requested services to be provided through videoteleconferencing (VTC). Use of telepsychiatry is practical for two main reasons: there is a great need for psychiatry services in communities that do not have a practicing psychiatrist, since psychiatry is one of the most underserved medical specialties and psychiatry relies on the patient’s history and the psychiatrist’s observations, such that it is readily adaptable to implementation through VTC. This chapter reviews the evidence supporting the use of telepsychiatry to provide evidence-based pharmacotherapy to individuals who cannot readily access such care in their communities. This chapter also discusses some of the collaborative arrangements that are making telepsychiatry increasingly feasible financially for both distant communities and practicing psychiatrists. In the face of health-care reform and possible mandates for universal coverage, telepsychiatry is expected to help build models of care that meet the needs of remote and diverse communities. The evidence reviewed supports telepsychiatry as a necessary and effective model of care. The next step is for training programs and major medical centers to help more psychiatrists to participate in this method of treatment delivery.
The Problem of Beginnings (PA I.1)

As is often the case in the opening books of Aristotelian treatises, PA I is difficult to interpret because of the way in which all of the elements of the whole argument are anticipated. After some general thoughts on the division of knowledge into different kinds, Aristotle touches upon many of the most seemingly intractable problems to be explored in the analysis of the parts of animals. The issue of whether to examine the common attributes of animals or the more peculiar ones is examined (639a15 ff.), but not answered until the end of Book I. Aristotle contemplates whether one should begin an inquiry into nature by taking up the substantial beings (ousiai) themselves, such as human beings or lions. The issue of the inquiry into animal life turns to a more general reflection on the relation between phenomena that undergo generation and corruption versus things that do not, phenomena that are eternal; this distinction seems to distinguish zoology, or the study of the animate world more generally, from the study of mathematical physics.
Examining gender-specific and gender-neutral risk factors in women who sexually offend

Research on justice-involved women has provided evidence for the importance of using gender-specific information in the assessment, treatment, and understanding of criminal pathways and risk of rec...
The Two Bosonizations of the CKP Hierarchy: Bicharacter Construction and Vacuum Expectation Values

We discuss the twisted vertex algebras involved in the two bosonizations of the CKP hierarchy. We show that they can be realized through the bicharacter construction of twisted vertex algebras, by endowing their Fock spaces with additional Hopf module-algebra structure and selecting appropriate bicharacters. We use the bicharacter descriptions to derive certain vacuum expectation values and identities.