cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instabilities in the two-dimensional cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

The two-dimensional cubic nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (NLS) can be used as a model of phenomena in physical systems ranging from waves on deep water to pulses in optical fibers. In this paper, we establish that every one-dimensional traveling wave solution of NLS with linear phase is unstable with respect to some infinitesimal perturbation with two-dimensional structure. If the coefficients of the linear dispersion terms have the same sign (elliptic case), then the only unstable perturbations have transverse wavelength longer than a well-defined cutoff. If the coefficients of the linear dispersion terms have opposite signs (hyperbolic case), then there is no such cutoff and as the wavelength decreases, the maximum growth rate approaches a well-defined limit.
Chemically Activated Luciferase Gene Expression (CALUX) Cell Bioassay Analysis for the Estimation of Dioxin-Like Activity: Critical Parameters of the CALUX Procedure that Impact Assay Results

The chemically activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) in vitro cell bioassay is a bioanalytical tool that is increasingly being used by research and commercial laboratories for the screening and relative quantification of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in sample extracts. Since CALUX analyses provide a biological response to all aryl hydrocarbon receptor active compounds present in a given sample extract containing a complex mixture of chemicals, interpretation of results is significantly more complexthan of chemical analyses. Operators in the laboratory can adjust many parameters when performing CALUX analyses, and the applied procedure strongly affects the result and, hence, the interpretation of the results. This paper examines critical methodological parameters and aspects of the CALUX bioassay that can affect the quality and accuracy of the analyses. Moreover, the study aims to identify the ways that alteration of these parameters influences CALUX measurements. A greater understanding of these characteristics will lead to increased accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of the widely used CALUX bioassay within and between research laboratories.
Rare-class adjectives in the tough-construction

I examine the behavior of rare and other frequency adjectives in the tough -construction (TC). Due to the effects of a heretofore overlooked semantic selectional restriction, such adjectives have not generally been recognized as grammatical in the TC. I show here that they do occur grammatically in this construction when the relevant selectional restriction is satisfied. Specifically, as it does in non-TC sentences, rare in the TC requires that its subject be kind-denoting, a requirement not imposed on the embedded-clause gap position whose reference the TC matrix subject controls. In this, TCs with rare exemplify a previously unattested selectional and thematic asymmetry in the construction. On their face, the facts appear to argue strongly in favor of treating the rare -TC matrix subject as a thematic argument of the TC matrix predicate, an intriguing and challenging prospect given the fact that such an analysis has been roundly (though not universally) rejected for canonical TCs. Instead, I take the prima facie counterintuitive position that the rare -TC matrix subject is not a thematic argument of the TC matrix predicate; I argue that rare -TCs are thematically and syntactically identical to canonical TCs in this respect. I propose that the kind-denotation requirement for rare -TC matrix subjects is imposed indirectly, through the interaction of a selectional restriction on the infinitival argument of rare and the Agree calculus (Chomsky 2000, 2001) that identifies the TC matrix subject with the embedded gap position whose reference it controls (Rezac 2004, 2006). Beyond its contribution to our theoretical understanding of the perennially thorny TC, the present study constitutes, to the best of my knowledge, the first detailed empirical investigation of the behavior of adjectives like rare in the TC.
Oxidative DNA base modifications in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients treated with high-dose infusional doxorubicin.

In prior studies, it was demonstrated that the redox metabolism of doxorubicin leads to the formation of promutagenic oxidized DNA bases in human chromatin, suggesting a potential mechanism for doxorubicin-related second malignancies. To determine whether a similar type of DNA damage is produced in the clinic, peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA from 15 women treated with infusional doxorubicin (165 mg/m2) as a single agent was examined for 14 modified bases by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Prior to the 96-hour doxorubicin infusion, 13 different oxidized bases were present in all DNA samples examined. Chemotherapy, producing a steady-state level of 0.1 μM doxorubicin, increased DNA base oxidation up to 4-fold compared to baseline values for 9 of the 13 bases studied. Maximal base oxidation was observed 72 to 96 hours after doxorubicin treatment was begun; the greatest significant increases were found for Thy Gly (4.2-fold), 5-OH-Hyd (2.5-fold), FapyAde (2.4-fold), and 5-OH-MeUra (2.4-fold). The level of the promutagenic base FapyGua increased 1.6-fold ( P < .02), whereas no change in 8-OH-Gua levels was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA during the doxorubicin infusion. These results suggest that DNA base damage similar to that produced by ionizing radiation occurs under clinical conditions in hematopoietic cells after doxorubicin exposure. If doxorubicin-induced DNA base oxidation occurs in primitive hematopoietic precursors, these lesions could contribute to the mutagenic or toxic effects of the anthracyclines on the bone marrow.
Abnormal structural connectivity in the brain networks of children with hydrocephalus

Increased intracranial pressure and ventriculomegaly in children with hydrocephalus are known to have adverse effects on white matter structure. This study seeks to investigate the impact of hydrocephalus on topological features of brain networks in children. The goal was to investigate structural network connectivity, at both global and regional levels, in the brains in children with hydrocephalus using graph theory analysis and diffusion tensor tractography. Three groups of children were included in the study (29 normally developing controls, 9 preoperative hydrocephalus patients, and 17 postoperative hydrocephalus patients). Graph theory analysis was applied to calculate the global network measures including small-worldness, normalized clustering coefficients, normalized characteristic path length, global efficiency, and modularity. Abnormalities in regional network parameters, including nodal degree, local efficiency, clustering coefficient, and betweenness centrality, were also compared between the two patients groups (separately) and the controls using two tailed t-test at significance level of p < 0.05 (corrected for multiple comparison). Children with hydrocephalus in both the preoperative and postoperative groups were found to have significantly lower small-worldness and lower normalized clustering coefficient than controls. Children with hydrocephalus in the postoperative group were also found to have significantly lower normalized characteristic path length and lower modularity. At regional level, significant group differences (or differences at trend level) in regional network measures were found between hydrocephalus patients and the controls in a series of brain regions including the medial occipital gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, thalamus, cingulate gyrus, lingual gyrus, rectal gyrus, caudate, cuneus, and insular. Our data showed that structural connectivity analysis using graph theory and diffusion tensor tractography is sensitive to detect abnormalities of brain network connectivity associated with hydrocephalus at both global and regional levels, thus providing a new avenue for potential diagnosis and prognosis tool for children with hydrocephalus.
Testing for Differential Item Functioning with Measures of Partial Association.

Differential item functioning (DIF) occurs when an item on a test or questionnaire has different measurement properties for one group of people versus another, irrespective of mean differences on the construct. There are many methods available for DIF assessment. The present article is focused on indices of partial association. A family of average conditional ordinal association measures described by Quade is described and empirically compared to the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) test, the partial Pearson correlation pr, and the Spearman rank correlation prs. Because coefficients of linear association are not meaningful for the binary and ordinal variables usually used in DIF applications, practitioners are urged to seek alternatives to pr and prs. Some of the Quade-family measures are viable alternatives and performed as well as, or better than, the established MH test. Computer code for calculating the average conditional ordinal measures using the free R program is given.
Distinction between fixation of C1 and the activation of complement by natural IgM anti-hapten antibody: effect of cell surface hapten density.

Abstract Naturally occurring human IgM anti-methotrexate and anti-folinic acid antibodies were used to study the mechanism of complement (C)-mediated lysis of sheep red cells (E) labelled with methotrexate (MTX) or folinic acid (FA). We found that IgM bound to these cells in three forms: one binds C1 and activates the lytic sequence, the second binds C1 with no subsequent lysis, and the third neither binds C1 nor activates C. The ratio of the three forms depended on the density of hapten on the cell surface. It was concluded that the binding of one antigen-reactive site in the IgM to a cell surface hapten is not sufficient to activate the lytic sequence but may be sufficient to bind C1.
HIGH-ENERGY ELASTIC SCATTERING AT LARGE ANGLES AND THE STATISTICAL MODEL

High-energy elastic $p\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering data have shown, in addition to the forward peak, a large-angle component which is not inconsistent with isotropy in angular distribution but which decreases very rapidly with energy. It has been proposed by several authors that both the precipitous drop with energy and the angular dependence support a statistical model for large-angle scatterings. While it is known that the statistical model actually does not predict isotropy in angular distribution, we argue under plausible assumptions that the precipitous drop with energy is also not a feature of the statistical model; and hence the present data should not be interpreted as strong indications of the presence of a statistical component in high-energy collisions.
The nutrient density approach to healthy eating: challenges and opportunities

The term 'nutrient density' for foods/beverages has been used loosely to promote the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans defined 'all vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, beans and peas (legumes), and nuts and seeds that are prepared without added solid fats, added sugars, and sodium' as nutrient dense. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans further states that nutrient-dense foods and beverages provide vitamins, minerals and other substances that may have positive health effects with relatively few (kilo)calories or kilojoules. Finally, the definition states nutrients and other beneficial substances have not been 'diluted' by the addition of energy from added solid fats, added sugars or by the solid fats naturally present in the food. However, the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee and other scientists have failed to clearly define 'nutrient density' or to provide criteria or indices that specify cut-offs for foods that are nutrient dense. Today, 'nutrient density' is a ubiquitous term used in the scientific literature, policy documents, marketing strategies and consumer messaging. However, the term remains ambiguous without a definitive or universal definition. Classifying or ranking foods according to their nutritional content is known as nutrient profiling. The goal of the present commentary is to address the research gaps that still exist before there can be a consensus on how best to define nutrient density, highlight the situation in the USA and relate this to wider, international efforts in nutrient profiling.
Strategic Culture and National Security Policy

Once considered academically unfashionable, studies of the importance of culture and ideas have gained greater attention in the post–Cold War era. Particularly surprising has been the emerging consensus in national security policy studies that culture may significantly affect grand strategy and state behavior. I chart the development of these ideas through several generations of scholarship, both inside and outside the discipline, and explore contemporary arguments about strategic culture and state behavior like theories of the cultural determinants of German and Japanese security policy behavior, constructivist models of the ideational foundations of state behavior, and related work on the “clash of civilizations.” Key questions include: Do cultural theories, newly inspired by constructivism, provide strong explanations of national security policy in the post–Cold War era? Is strategic culture really “semipermanent,” as most of its supporters suggest, or does it evolve over time? I conclude that while there are some compelling arguments about the ideational foundations of national security policy behavior, constructivism poses interesting questions about how much leaders may become strategic users of culture to achieve their policy goals. Finally, I identify several avenues for a progressive research agenda on the link between culture and national security policy in the twenty–first century.
Serial evolutionary networks of within-patient HIV-1 sequences reveal patterns of evolution of X4 strains

The HIV virus is known for its ability to exploit numerous genetic and evolutionary mechanisms to ensure its proliferation, among them, high replication, mutation and recombination rates. Sliding MinPD, a recently introduced computational method [1], was used to investigate the patterns of evolution of serially-sampled HIV-1 sequence data from eight patients with a special focus on the emergence of X4 strains. Unlike other phylogenetic methods, Sliding MinPD combines distance-based inference with a nonparametric bootstrap procedure and automated recombination detection to reconstruct the evolutionary history of longitudinal sequence data. We present serial evolutionary networks as a longitudinal representation of the mutational pathways of a viral population in a within-host environment. The longitudinal representation of the evolutionary networks was complemented with charts of clinical markers to facilitate correlation analysis between pertinent clinical information and the evolutionary relationships. Analysis based on the predicted networks suggests the following:: significantly stronger recombination signals (p = 0.003) for the inferred ancestors of the X4 strains, recombination events between different lineages and recombination events between putative reservoir virus and those from a later population, an early star-like topology observed for four of the patients who died of AIDS. A significantly higher number of recombinants were predicted at sampling points that corresponded to peaks in the viral load levels (p = 0.0042). Our results indicate that serial evolutionary networks of HIV sequences enable systematic statistical analysis of the implicit relations embedded in the topology of the structure and can greatly facilitate identification of patterns of evolution that can lead to specific hypotheses and new insights. The conclusions of applying our method to empirical HIV data support the conventional wisdom of the new generation HIV treatments, that in order to keep the virus in check, viral loads need to be suppressed to almost undetectable levels.
Representing Urban Decline Postwar Cities as Narrative Objects

Throughout the postwar period, urban theorists and popular commentators in the United States developed a perspective on older industrial cities that emphasized their decline. Almost any student of U.S. urbanization now can easily recount the historical events that explain why these cities became less and less desirable to households and businesses. Such explanations, though, frequently lack a consideration of the instability of the language of urban decline and the narratives through which interpretations of decline are conveyed. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the disorderly nature of the concept of urban decline through a presentation and analysis of various narrative frameworks in which it is commonly presented.
Role of particle size and filler–matrix adhesion on dynamic fracture of glass-filled epoxy. II. Linkage between macro- and micro-measurements

Abstract Spherical particles of mean diameter 7–200 μm are used to reinforce epoxy matrix at a constant volume fraction (10%) and two different filler–matrix strengths, weak and strong. Role of particle size and filler–matrix adhesion strength on steady-state dynamic fracture toughness is investigated by linking optical measurements reported in [1] with surface roughness parameters. Crack tilting and twisting appears to dominate when filler is strongly bonded to the matrix while crack front twisting and blunting occur with weakly bonded filler. The weaker filler–matrix interfaces also act as distributed attractors of a propagating crack resulting in greater surface roughness. A linear relationship between fracture toughness and surface roughness is seen when particle size effects and filler–matrix adhesion effects are factored out. The overall surface roughness (Ra) does not correlate with macro-measurements and only a component of Ra, defined as “fracture induced roughness”, Ra f does. A model for calculating Ra f based on volume fraction, particle size, inter-particle spacing and overall surface roughness is introduced. A linear relationship between steady state fracture toughness and the quantity Ra f / D ( D being the average particle diameter) has been found to exist.
Le rôle de l'orthodontiste dans l'apnée obstructive du sommeil

L'interet que les odontologistes, les orthodontistes en particulier, manifestent pour le Syndrome d'Apnee Obstructive du Sommeil (SAOS) va croissant. Cela resulte du role grandissant du chirurgien-dentiste dans l'identification des patients presentant des troubles respiratoires au cours du sommeil ; cela ressort egalement de l'utilisation cephalometrique de la radiographie pour l'etude des caracteristiques des tissus durs et des tissus mous des voies aeriennes superieures ; cela releve enfin du traitement eventuel du ronflement et de l'obstruction a l'aide de protheses intra-orales. Cet expose recapitule les efforts de recherche conduits dans notre laboratoire pour developper un Index Cranio-Facial, base sur les donnees cephalometriques et anthropometriques ainsi que sur celles de la litterature. Il se rapporte a l'utilisation eventuelle d'appareils dentaires dans le traitement des formes moderees du SAOS et du ronflement lorsqu'il est prejudiciable sur le plan de la vie sociale.
Geometrically deformed tubes as efficient vessels for post-column derivatization in high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The technology of optimal geometrically deformed tubes (“knitted tubes”) for post-column derivatization in high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The three-dimensional wave shape induces a controlled Dean's flow that results in a volumetric dispersion that is very small and practically independent of the flow rate for the practical range of solvents and analytes. The three-dimensional wave consists of upward and downward turns that are offset from each other by 90° to 120°. Such a shape is commonly created by “knitting” or “weaving” Teflon ® tubing. The strongly reduced dispersion compared to straight tubes or simple coils has made this type of device most popular in post-column derivatization. The hydrodynamics of these devices have only been studied from the standpoint of the result. It is hoped that this publication will encourage further studies that achieve a deeper understanding of the underlying fluid flow.
The healing of a primary duodenal ulcer with the later development of a gastric ulcer.

In a study of 500 cases of peptic ulcer, a combined gastric and duodenal ulcer was found in 21 cases or 4.2 percent. Among the 21 cases of combined peptic ulcers, there were 6 instances or 1.2 percent of the entire series or 28.5 percent of the combined ulcers, in which it was clinically and roentgenologically demonstrated that one of the ulcers had been healed completely and the other had remained active. The site of the original ulceration was in the duodenum, and the second ulcer occurred in the stomach. Attention is drawn to the fact that one must not always assume that when there is a recurrence of symptoms it is due to a recurrence of the same ulcer at the original site. It is further emphasized that when a patient is found to have a peptic ulcer which has shown roentgen and clincial evidence of complete healing and the patient has been asymptomatic for an indeterminate period of time, the recurrence of digestive symptoms may indicate the formation of a new ulcer at a different site. A clinical example of the latter type of case is described.
Mosquito‐mediated attraction of female mosquitoes to a host

. Female mosquitoes seeking blood respond primarily to kairomones emitted by potential hosts. We now confirm, in the laboratory, field evidence showing that the presence of other female mosquitoes at the host significantly enhances the host-seeking response. Olfactometry strongly suggests that a chemical of mosquito origin is responsible. The adaptive value of this behaviour is discussed.
Locations of radiation-produced DNA double strand breaks along chromosomes: a stochastic cluster process formalism.

Abstract Ionizing radiation produces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in chromosomes. For densely ionizing radiation, the DSBs are not spaced randomly along a chromosome: recent data for size distributions of DNA fragments indicate break clustering on kbp–Mbp scales. Different DSB clusters on a chromosome are typically made by different, statistically independent, stochastically structured radiation tracks, and the average number of tracks involved can be small. We therefore model DSB positions along a chromosome as a stationary Poisson cluster process, i.e. a stochastic process consisting of secondary point processes whose locations are determined by a primary point process that is Poisson. Each secondary process represents a break cluster, typically consisting of 1–10 DSBs in a comparatively localized stochastic pattern determined by chromatin geometry and radiation track structure. Using this Poisson cluster process model, which we call the randomly located clusters (RLC) formalism, theorems are derived for how the DNA fragment-size distribution depends on radiation dose. The RLC dose-response relations become non-linear when the dose becomes so high that DSB clusters from different tracks overlap or adjoin closely. The RLC formalism generalizes previous models, fits current data adequately and facilitates mechanistically based extrapolations from high-dose experiments to the much lower doses of interest for most applications.
Optimization of phosphor-based detector design for oblique x-ray incidence in digital breast tomosynthesis.

Purpose: In digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), a volumetric reconstruction of the breast is generated from a limited range of x-ray projections. One trade-off of DBT is resolution loss in the projections due to non-normal (i.e., oblique) x-ray incidence. Although degradation in image quality due to oblique incidence has been studied using empirical data and Monte Carlo simulations, a theoretical treatment has been lacking. The purpose of this work is to extend Swank’s calculations of the transfer functions of turbid granular phosphors to oblique incidence. The model is ultimately used as a tool for optimizing the design of DBT detectors. Methods: A quantum-limited system and 20 keV x-rays are considered. Under these assumptions, the modulation transfer function (MTF) and noise power spectra (NPS) are derived using the diffusion approximation to the Boltzmann equation to model optical scatter within the phosphor. This approach is applicable to a nonstructured scintillator such as gadolinium oxysulfide doped with terbium (Gd2O2S:Tb), which is commonly used in breast imaging and which can reasonably approximate other detector materials. The detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is then determined from the Nishikawa formulation, where it is written as the product of the x-ray quantum detection efficiency, the Swank factor, and the Lubberts fraction. Transfer functions are calculated for both front- and back-screen configurations, which differ by positioning the photocathode at the exit or entrance point of the x-ray beam, respectively. Results: In the front-screen configuration, MTF and DQE are found to have considerable angular dependence, while NPS is shown to vary minimally with projection angle. As expected, the high frequency MTF and DQE are degraded substantially at large angles. By contrast, all transfer functions for the back-screen configuration have the advantage of significantly less angular dependence. Using these models, we investigated the possibility for optimizing the design of DBT detectors. As an example optimization strategy, the phosphor thickness which maximizes the DQE at a fixed frequency is analyzed. This work demonstrates that the optimal phosphor thickness for the front-screen is angularly dependent, shifting to lower thickness at higher angles. Conversely, the back-screen is not optimized by a single thickness but instead attains reasonably high DQE values over a large range of thicknesses. Although the back-screen configuration is not suited for current detectors using a glass substrate, it may prove to be preferred in future detectors using newly proposed plastic thin-film transistor (TFT) substrates. Conclusions: Using the diffusion approximation to the Boltzmann equation to model the spread of light in a scintillator, this paper develops an analytical model of MTF, NPS, and DQE for a phosphor irradiated obliquely. The model is set apart from other studies on oblique incidence in being derived from first principles. This work has applications in the optimization of DBT detector design.
Platelet responses to compound interactions with throm-bin

Catalytic and noncatalytic interactions of thrombin with platelets are investigated with use of thrombin variants with altered specificities and with ligands of thrombin receptors on platelets. Both alpha-thrombin and weakly coagulant meizothrombin-des-fragment-1 (mu-thrombin) hydrolyze proteolytically activated receptor 1 for thrombin (rPAR1(T), recombinant) with catalytic efficiencies of >10(7) M(-)(1) s(-)(1), whereas rPAR1(T) is not a substrate for weakly coagulant beta-thrombin. In contrast, both mu-thrombin and beta-thrombin are weak agonists of platelet dense body (ATP) secretion. Antibodies that block rPAR1(T) cleavage strongly inhibit the secretory reaction to alpha- and mu-thrombins but not to beta-thrombin or to thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP). However, catalytically inactive FPR-thrombin, which binds glycoprotein Ib but does not inhibit rPAR1(T) cleavage, inhibits responses to TRAP as well as those to alpha- and mu-thrombins, which indicates that binding of the inactive enzyme to platelets influences the function of PAR1(T). An antibody that inhibits binding of thrombin to platelet glycoprotein Ib inhibits secretory responses to thrombin but not to TRAP, so occupancy of glycoprotein Ib per se accounts for only part of the attenuation. All three thrombins stimulate a rise in cytosolic Ca(II), and the dose response to beta-thrombin is congruent with that for ATP secretion. However, the response of cytosolic Ca(II) is 10-100 times more sensitive to mu-thrombin and alpha-thrombin than ATP secretion is, and is inhibited by neither anti-PAR1(T) Ig nor FPR-thrombin. Thus, alpha-thrombin appears to have an activity not shared by either mu- or beta-thrombins. This activity is owed to more than coupling of independent signals from cleavage of two proteolytically activated receptors, as there is no synergism when mu-thrombin and beta-thrombin costimulate secretion. It is concluded either that alpha-thrombin has a third interaction site on platelets with which neither mu-thrombin nor beta-thrombin interacts or that dual receptors are coordinately cleaved. In either case, the strong secretory response to thrombin appears to be moderated, independently of cytosolic Ca(II), by occupancy of a noncatalytic interaction site such as glycoprotein Ib.
Toward the Integration of Education and Mental Health in Schools

Education and mental health integration will be advanced when the goal of mental health includes effective schooling and the goal of effective schools includes the healthy functioning of students. To build a solid foundation for this reciprocal agenda, especially within the zeitgeist of recent educational reforms, a change in the fundamental framework within which school mental health is conceptualized is needed. This change involves acknowledging a new set of priorities, which include: the use of naturalistic resources within schools to implement and sustain effective supports for students’ learning and emotional/behavioral health; inclusion of integrated models to enhance learning and promote health; attention to improving outcomes for all students, including those with serious emotional/behavioral needs; and strengthening the active involvement of parents. A strong research agenda to support these new priorities is essential.
Yield and Textural Properties of Tofu as Affected by the Changes of Phytate Content During Soybean Storage

ABSTRACT: Soybeans stored under 4 conditions were analyzed for the degradation of phytate and its effects on tofu qualities. Phytate in soybeans was hydrolyzed significantly under the adverse conditions for 9 mo, but decreased slightly under 3 mild conditions for 18 mo. Phytate degradation contributed to an increase in titratable acidity. When the phytate contents of soymilk were selectively reduced by 11.3% and 17.5% by phytase, while other components remained unchanged, tofu yield increased significantly but texture became softer. Tofu yield decreased and hardness increased in beans stored in the adverse conditions. Phytate degradation during adverse storage played a minor, indirect role in the deterioration of soybeans for tofu making.
Controversies surrounding Laud Humphreys’ tearoom trade: an unsettling example of politics and power in methodological critiques

Argues that Humphrey’s tearoom trade study, misinforms readers as much as it informs, regarding moral and ethical foundations for research with human subjects. States that Humphrey’s tearoom study made significant positive contributions to the population he studied. Concludes that few studies in sociology have accomplished as much in a single work.
Interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate with watermelon chromoplasts and examination of the organization of lycopene within the chromoplasts.

The properties of plant-derived precipitates of watermelon lycopene were examined in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as part of an ongoing effort to develop simpler, more economical ways to quantify carotenoids in melon fruit. Levels of SDS >0.2% were found to increase the water solubility of lycopene in the state in which it was isolated from watermelon. Electron microscopy and chemical analyses suggested that the watermelon lycopene as isolated is packaged inside a membrane to form a chromoplast. Spectral peaks in the visible region of the watermelon chromoplasts in SDS exhibited a bathochromic shift from those in organic solvent. Watermelon chromoplasts in SDS exhibited pronounced circular dichroic activity in the visible region. Binding measurements indicated that about 120 molecules of SDS were bound per molecule of lycopene inside the chromoplast; likely, the detergent molecules are bound to the chromoplast membrane. Around 80% of the chromoplast−SDS complexes were retained on a 0.45 μm membran...
Remotely sensed features in the US JGOFS Arabian Sea Process Study

Abstract TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data and wind data are used to calculate the geostrophic transport and Ekman transport in the northern Arabian Sea within the upper 500 m. In the summer, the upper 500-m layer in the northern Arabian Sea is horizontally divergent, with a transport going out of the northern Arabian Sea across 15.75°N reaching a maximum of 10×106 m3 s−1 in late June. In the winter, it is horizontally convergent, with a transport within the upper 500 m layer across 15.75°N reaching about 5×106 m3 s−1 into the northern Arabian Sea. The mean net transport for 1993–1995 out of the northern Arabian Sea across 15.75°N within the upper 500 m is estimated to be 0.74×106 m3 s−1. Most of the deep water upwelling across the 500 m depth, which compensates for the loss of waters in the upper 500-m layer, occurs in the eastern part of the northern Arabian Sea. The North Equatorial Current is found to deflect into the Arabian Sea during the NE Monsoon and the Spring Intermonsoon periods. In addition, estimates are made of the net transport into and out of the region encompassed by the US Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Arabian Sea Process Study. The total transport out of the US JGOFS region is approximately 3.5–4.0×106 m3 s−1 in July of 1995 in the upper 500 m. Analysis of the mean sea surface height for the Arabian Sea shows a periodic change with the seasonal monsoon, with a typical depression of the ocean surface during the summer indicative of Arabian Sea cooling. The yearly change of the averaged sea surface height at 15.75°N is of the order of 15 cm. Rossby wave propagation also was observed at 15.75°N in the sea surface height fields.
Rule-Governed Performance and Sensitivity to Contingencies: What's New?

Abstract Human operant performance was treated as an instance of instrumental problem-solving behavior. All subjects completed the same series of six water jug problems, the first three requiring an elaborate formula, and the last three allowing simpler solutions. Experimental subjects were informed that all problems could be solved using the same (elaborate) formula. Experimental subjects solved quickly but failed to use more efficient solutions. Instructions led to more reported compliance with perceived “demand characteristics,” continued use of the more elaborate solution for the sake of speed and convenience, and the expectation that fewer problems allowed alternative solutions. It was suggested that sensitivity to contingencies and the Einstellung Effect (as explicated by Luchins 50 years ago) appear to be homologous phenomena and may be expected to share common behavioral processes.
Craniofacial morphology and feeding behavior in Canis dirus, the extinct Pleistocene dire wolf

The craniofacial morphology of the extinct late Pleistocene dire wolf Canis dirus was compared with that of the living gray wolf Canis lupus, the spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta and the extinct late Miocene bone-cracking canid Borophagus secundus. Fifteen indices that have previously been shown to reflect functional significance in the skull, jaws and related musculature of carnivorans were computed from a series of measurements made on the skulls of the four species and subjected to an analysis of variance and a principal components analysis. The results indicated that the extinct dire wolf was similar to the living gray wolf in 11 of the 15 indices. The dire wolf did not differ significantly from the gray wolf in the relative length of resistance arms to various tooth positions in the lower jaw or in the relative size, mechanical advantage and moment arm of the masseter muscle. The dire wolf was characterized by a relatively larger temporalis muscle that was capable of generating more force than that in the gray wolf. The extinct late Miocene borophagine dog B. secundus was intermediate between the two wolves and the spotted hyaena in most of the cranial and jaw indices, but displayed more similarity to the latter in several key features that can be attributed to their specialization for bone cracking. Borophagus secundus and the spotted hyaena tended to have short resistance arms and large jaw muscles with increased mechanical advantage for bites at various teeth. It is inferred that the dire wolf exhibited feeding behavior that approached that of the living gray wolf, but may have differed in killing technique, where it held longer to its struggling prey.
CAVERNsoft G2: a toolkit for high performance tele-immersive collaboration

This paper describes the design and implementation of CAVERNsoft G2, a toolkit for building collaborative virtual reality applications. G2's special emphasis is on providing the tools to support high-performance computing and data intensive systems that are coupled to collaborative, immersive environments.This paper describes G2's broad range of services, and demonstrates how they are currently being used in a collaborative volume visualization application.
Molecular Cloning and Functional Expression of the K-Cl Cotransporter from Rabbit, Rat, and Human A NEW MEMBER OF THE CATION-CHLORIDE COTRANSPORTER FAMILY

Abstract We report the cloning, sequence analysis, tissue distribution, and functional expression of the K-Cl cotransport protein, KCC1. KCC1 was identified by searching the human expressed sequence tag data base, based on the expectation that it would be distantly related to the Na-K-Cl cotransporter. Rabbit KCC1 (rbKCC1) and rat KCC1 (rtKCC1) were cloned by screening rabbit kidney and rat brain cDNA libraries using homologous cDNA probes. Human KCC1 (hKCC1) was obtained from I.M.A.G.E. clones and in part by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; it exhibits 97% identity with rbKCC1. KCC1 encodes a 1085-residue polypeptide with substantial sequence homology (24–25% identity) to the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC or BSC) and the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC or TSC). Hydropathy analysis of KCC1 indicates structural homology to NKCC, including 12 transmembrane domains, a large extracellular loop with potential N-linked glycosylation sites, and cytoplasmic N- and C-terminal regions. Northern blot analysis revealed a ubiquitously expressed 3.8-kilobase transcript. Much of the genomic sequence of hKCC1 is in the data base, and the gene has been previously localized to 16q22.1 (Larsen, F., Solhein, J., Kristensen, T., Kolsto, A. B., and Prydz, H. (1993) Hum. Mol. Genet. 2, 1589-1595). Epitope-tagged rbKCC1 was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells, resulting in production of a ∼150-kDa glycoprotein. The initial rate of 86Rb efflux from cells expressing rbKCC1 was more than 7 times greater than efflux from control cells and was inhibited by 2 mM furosemide; 86Rb efflux was stimulated by cell swelling. Uptake of 86Rb into rbKCC1 cells after a 15-min pretreatment with 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide was dependent on external chloride but not on external sodium, and was inhibited by furosemide with a Ki of ∼40 μM and by bumetanide with a Ki of ∼60 μM. These data demonstrate that the KCC1 cDNAs encode a widely expressed K-Cl cotransporter with the characteristics of the K-Cl transporter that has been characterized in red cells.
Spirometry is related to perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with asthma

Objective The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that maternal asthma symptoms and pulmonary function are related to adverse perinatal outcomes. Study design Asthmatic patients were recruited from the 16 centers of the Maternal Fetal Medicine Units. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second was obtained at enrollment and at monthly study visits, and the frequency of asthma symptoms was assessed from enrollment to delivery. Perinatal data were obtained at postpartum chart reviews. Results The final cohort included 2123 participants with asthma. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, smoking, acute asthmatic episodes, and oral corticosteroid use, significant relationships were demonstrated between gestational hypertension and preterm birth and lower maternal gestational forced expiratory volume in 1 second. The data did not show any significant independent relationship between asthma symptom frequency and perinatal outcomes. Conclusion Lower pulmonary function during pregnancy is associated with increased gestational hypertension and prematurity in the pregnancies of women with asthma, which may be due to inadequate asthma control or factors that are associated with increased asthma severity.
An unreasonable man in a quasi-equivalent world.

The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man.
Non-invasive, interactive, stylized rendering

In this paper, we show how many interactive 3D applications’ visual styles can be changed to new, different, and interesting visual styles non-invasively. Our method lets a single stylized renderer be used with many applications. We implement this by intercepting the OpenGL graphics library and changing the drawing calls. Even though OpenGL only receives low-level information from an application, computation on this data and assumptions about the application can give us enough information to develop stylized renderers.
Effects of buprenorphine, a new narcotic agonist-antagonist analgesic on the EEG, power spectrum and behavior of the rat

Abstract The acute effects of buprenorphine, a new narcotic agonist-antagonist. on the central nervous system have been investigated in unanesthetized. freely-moving rats utilizing EEG and behavioral parameters. The rats were prepared with chronic cortical and temporalis muscle electrodes for continuous recording of EEG and EMG and gross behavior for 3 days before and 3–4 days after acute intravenous administration of physiological saline, morphine or buprenorphine at several doses. Generally, narcotic agonists, like morphine, produce a biphasic pattern of initial behavioral stupor with high-voltage EEG slow-bursting activity, followed by behavioral arousal with low-voltage desynchronous EEG. Sleep and REM sleep appear at about 3 hr after a 10 mg/kg dose of morphine. In the present study, buprenorphine, being a partial agonist of the morphine type produced a similar biphasic effect at low doses. But on quantitation of duration of stupor and arousal, an inverted U-shaped function resulted. Increasing doses up to 1 mg/kg increased the duration of stupor to a maximum and further increase to 10 or 30 mg/kg decreased the duration of stupor. Also, increasing doses up to 10 mg/kg increased the duration of arousal to a maximum. However, further increase to 30 mg/kg actually decreased the duration of arousal. Computer-derived EEG spectral power between 0–10 Hz also showed an inverted U-shaped relation to doses from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg. with a maximal power at 1 mg/kg associated with maximal EEG synchrony. These findings demonstrate a dose-dependent agonist-antagonist action of buprenorphine. At low to intermediate doses, it has narcotic agonist action. But at higher doses, it manifests antagonistic action by blocking its own agonist effects.
MACRO‐BASED, MICRO‐BASED, AND COMBINED STRATEGIES IN TEXT PROCESSING

Abstract Recent developments in cognitive strategy research suggest the benefits of training learners in processing strategies that operate on the text macrostructure and microstructure of written texts. Even more recent are suggestions to consider the role of multiple strategy training programs. Our investigation examined the impact of macro‐based (i.e., author‐generated schematic map of the text content), micro‐based (i.e., connectives and anaphoric relations), and combined macro and micro‐based strategies on new text learning. A control group was included for comparison.
Ethanol Exposure Results in a Transient Decrease in Human Platelet cAMP Levels: Evidence for a Protein Kinase C Mediated Process

At concentrations between 2 and 32 mM, ethanol is shown to depress human platelet cAMP levels. The effect is biphasic, maximal at 30 sec, with platelet concentrations of cAMP returning to baseline values at higher ethanol concentrations and at longer incubation times. The cAMP lowering effect of ethanol can be blocked by a phosphodiesterase (PPDE) inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX), at a concentration of 2 mM, suggesting that an increase in PPDE activity may be responsible for this effect. Exposure of platelets to 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyi)-2-methylpiperazine (H7), a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, blocks the ethanol-induced decrease in platelet cAMP, suggesting ethanol may be acting through activation of PKC.
Identification of the 5450 Å emission from discharges through BF3 vapor

The red-degraded “diffuse” bands of the BF3 discharge are identified as the strongest sequence of the green bands of the BO2 molecule.
Age and task complexity variables in motor performance of stuttering and nonstuttering children

Abstract This paper is the first in a series of studies that explores the performance of young stutterers and nonstutterers on vocal and manual tasks of three levels of complexity in a simple reaction-time paradigm. Special attention was given to the selection of 40 subjects. Severity ratings were cited for stuttering subjects; they were matched with control subjects for gender, age, race, and school placement. An examiner screening sought to eliminate subjects with other known speech or language disorders. Stutterers had significantly slower reaction times (RTs) than nonstutterers. Changes in vocal and manual RTs followed a parallel course of improvement with age for both groups. Differences between performances of stutterers and nonstutterers increased with task complexity. Variability of performance of stutterers on manual tasks was not affected by task complexity; in contrast, variability of performance was significantly greater for stutterers under six on the most complex vocal tasks.
Hadron spectroscopy in a flux-tube quark model

Color-magnetic interactions (one-gluon exchange) are incorporated into a semirelativistic quark model and the spectra of ground states and orbital and radial excitations of light mesons, light baryons, charmonium, and $b$-quarkonium are calculated by treating the magnetic splitting exactly by variational methods. The $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\rho}$ splitting is fit and the $N\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ splitting is predicted in excellent agreement with experiment. In general, spin-spin and tensor splittings among light mesons and light baryons are calculated in good agreement with experiment. The splittings in heavy-meson spectroscopy are also predicted accurately, including the $P$-wave states of charmonium and $b$-quarkonium. Some problems and limitations of the quark-model description of the light mesons and baryons are emphasized. Spin-orbit splittings in the light mesons and $P$-wave baryon multiplets are calculated, but a unified understanding of the systematics is not obtained. Radial excitations in the meson and baryon systems are generally in error by 100-150 MeV, and the systematics are not understood.