cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Channel Eigenvalues and Effective Degrees of Freedom of Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces

As a promising candidate technology for the next-generation wireless communications, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has gained tremendous research interest in both the academia and industry in recent years. Only limited knowledge, however, has been obtained about the channel eigenvlaue characteristics and degrees of freedom (DoF) of systems containing RISs. In this paper, we focus on a wireless communication system where both the transmitter and receiver are respectively equipped with an RIS. Features of eigenvalues, such as their summation and individual behavior, are investigated for both the correlation matrix of an RIS and the composite channel matrix encompassing the two RISs and the wireless channel. Furthermore, the concept of effective degrees of freedom (EDoF), i.e., the number of subchannels actively contributing to conveying information, is revisited for RIS-enabled systems. Analytical and numerical results demonstrate that the EDoF depends upon various factors including the operating SNR, physical parameters of RISs, and propagation environment.
New Evidence on the Resource Costs of Irredeemable Paper Money

This paper compares estimates of the resource costs of monetary gold accumulation under the classical (1880-1914) gold standard with estimates of the resource costs associated with gold “investment” in the post-Bretton Woods era (1972-present) for the United States. While the costs associated with monetary or “investment” uses of precious metals — primarily gold coins and bullion — fell to historically low levels during the “great moderation” era (1982-2007), they rose sharply during both the “great inflation” era of the 1970s and the “great recession” era (2008-present), approaching levels consistent with the average for the classical gold standard in terms of real gold “investment” per capita. These results indicate that a transition to fiat money does not eliminate the resource costs of investment or “monetary” uses of gold. Indeed, fiat money volatility, whether realized as high and variable inflation rates, or the large monetary expansion undertaken since the 2008 financial crisis, can generate gold investment on par with the levels of monetary gold production of the classical gold standard.
Resolution of racemic amino acids by gas chromatography. V. Tryptophan, tyrosine and related compounds.

The resolution of tryptophan, tyrosine and related compounds as their trimethyl-silylated N-trifluoroacetyl-L-prolyl amino acid n-butyl esters was studied by gas chromatography. It was found that tyrosine and 3, 4 dihydroxyphenylalanine were resolved, while α-methyl-3, 4 dihydroxyphenylalanine could not be resolved. The peaks of epinephrine, norepinephrine, metanephrine and normetanephrine, except for dopamine, were not observed. Tryptophan was not resolved completely.
The Perils of Unpublished Non-precedential Federal Appellate Opinions: A Case Study of the Substantive Due Process State-Created Danger Doctrine in One Circuit

About 80% of federal appellate decisions are non-precedential. This Article examines the practical consequences for district courts and litigants confronting inconsistent appellate opinions issued by the same federal circuit. Specifically, this is a case study comparing the divergent binding and non-precedential opinions applying one frequently invoked constitutional theory within the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, the "state-created danger" theory of substantive due process. The comparison demonstrates that the risks of non-precedential opinions are real. During the six-year interval between binding state-created danger decisions, the Third Circuit created inconsistent non-precedential opinions on the identical legal theory. Doctrinal divergence between the Third Circuit's binding and non-precedential opinions has undermined the predictive value of precedential state-created danger decisions, creating an obstacle to settlement at both the trial and appellate levels. In turn, district courts' unpredictable application of the non-precedential opinions has undermined the critical appellate functions of ensuring that like cases are treated alike, that judicial decisions are not arbitrary, and that legal issues resolved at the appellate level need not be relitigated before the district courts. The practice of issuing non-precedential opinions is justified on efficiency grounds, as a mechanism for overburdened appellate courts to manage their dockets. But doctrinal inconsistency between the Third Circuit's precedential and non-precedential opinions undercuts the efficiency rationale because doctrinal divergences may have led plaintiffs and defendants to value cases differently - potentially leading to more litigation, fewer settlements, and additional need for judicial decision-making. This Article proposes several reforms to reduce doctrinal inconsistency between precedential and non-precedential opinions. Because an appellate court should weigh the same considerations in making each of its publication decisions, the Third Circuit should replace its amorphous publication guideline with specific criteria. The Article concludes by suggesting that, consistent with the common law tradition of empowering the applying court to assess the persuasive value of a judicial decision, the Third Circuit should no longer refuse to cite its own non-precedential opinions, and should follow several circuits in expressly according persuasive value to its non-precedential opinions.
Simulation for hybrid systems and nonlinear control

The authors discuss implementation issues for software tools to experimentally validate nonlinear and hybrid control by fully exploring qualitative behavior. They discuss the effort of Guckenheimer and Back at Cornell under the DARPA DSSA program to extend the functionality of the dynamical system simulator DSTOOL for this purpose by implementing atlases of manifolds and event-driven moves from chart to chart. >
Lack of an effect of collecting duct-derived adenylyl cyclase 3 or 4 knockout on renal sodium and water excretion and arterial pressure (860.2)

Adenylyl cyclase (AC)-stimulated cAMP is a key mediator of collecting duct (CD) Na and water transport. AC isoforms 3, 4 and 6 are expressed in the CD; while AC6 is involved in modulating CD Na and...
Does trust influence information similarity

In collaborative filtering recommender systems, users cannot get involved in the choice of their peer group. It leaves users defenseless against various spamming or "shilling" attacks. Other social Web-based systems, however, allow users to self-select trustworthy peers and build a network of trust. We argue that users self-defined networks of trust could be valuable to increase the quality of recommendation in CF systems. To prove the feasibility of this idea we examined how similar are interests of users connected by a self-defined relationship in a social Web system, CiteuLike. Interest similarity was measured by similarity of items and meta-data they share. Our study shows that users connected by a network of trust exhibit significantly higher similarity on items and meta-data than non-connected users. This similarity is highest for directly connected users and decreases with the increase of distance between users.
Some Properties of Thiosulfate-Oxidizing Enzyme from Marine Heterotroph 16B

Thiosulfate-oxidizing enzyme has been demonstrated in cell-free extracts of the marine, thiosulfate-oxidizing pseudomonad strain 16B. The enzyme, partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography and calcium phosphate gel treatment, catalyzed the oxidation of thiosulfate to tetrathionate with the concomitant reduction of ferricyanide. Native but not mammalian cytochrome c was also reduced by the enzyme in the presence of thiosulfate. The enzyme was located exclusively in the supernatant of ultracentrifuged cell extracts. The most purified enzyme preparation, like intact cells, exhibited a temperature optimum of 30 to 31 degrees C. However, it exhibited no definite pH optimum. At pH 6.1 to 6.3 and 30 degrees C, the K(m) for thiosulfate was 1.57 mM. At lower temperatures, the apparent K(m) for thiosulfate increased, but the apparent maximum velocity remained virtually unchanged. Thiosulfate oxidation in intact cells exhibited an increase in the pH optimum at lower temperatures. The thiosulfate-oxidizing enzyme of marine heterotroph 16B is compared with thiosulfate-oxidizing enzymes from other bacteria, and the effect of temperature on the relationship between pH and thiosulfate oxidation is discussed with reference to the natural habitat of the bacterium.
EFFECT OF SPARTEINE SULFATE UPON UTERINE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN PREGNANCY.

Abstract Sparteine sulfate administered intramuscularly in doses of 150 mg. has a mildly oxytocic effect on uterine contractility. The effect is enhanced by repeated intramuscular administration or by the intravenous administration of the drug at 2.5 mg. per minute over a sufficiently long period of time. It does not tend to improve the coordination of a uterine contractility pattern where the uterine contractility pattern is incoordinate prior to its administration. Under certain conditions it may produce an increasingly uncoordinated pattern of uterine activity. In its duration of action, and in its effect upon uterine contractility, sparteine sulfate resembles the ergot preparations more than it resembles oxytocin preparations.
Analysis of an algae-based CELSS. Part 1: model development

A steady state chemical model and computer program have been developed for a life support system and applied to trade-off studies. The model is based on human demand for food and oxygen determined from crew metabolic needs. The model includes modules for water recycle, waste treatment, CO2 removal and treatment, and food production. The computer program calculates rates of use and material balance for food. O2, the recycle of human waste and trash, H2O, N2, and food production supply. A simple non-iterative solution for the model has been developed using the steady state rate equations for the chemical reactions. The model and program have been used in system sizing and subsystem trade-off studies of a partially closed life support system.
Equilibrium in incomplete markets: I: A basic model of generic existence

Abstract This paper demonstrates the generic existence of general equilibria in incomplete markets. Our economy is a model of two periods, with uncertainty over the state of nature to be revealed in the second period. Securities are claims to commodity bundles in the second period that are contingent on the state of nature, and are insufficient in number to span all state contingent claims to value, regardless of the announced spot commodity prices. Under smooth preference assumptions, equilibria exist except for an exceptional set of endowments and securities, a closed set of measure zero. The paper includes partial results for fixed securities, showing the existence of equilibria except for an exceptional set of endowments.
Do LGBT aging trainings effectuate positive change in mainstream elder service providers

This study aims to provide empirical evidence regarding whether attitudes, beliefs, and intentions of elder-service providers can be positively affected as a result of attending cultural competency...
Natural and Induced Magnetization in the Bobolink, Dolichonyx Oryzivorus (Aves: Icteridae)

The magnetic characteristics of the heads from 28 bobolinks [Icteridae: Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.)] were analysed using remanence magnetometers. The natural remanent magnetization of 12 freshly preserved heads averaged 3.20xl0 −7 electromagnetic units (e.m.u.) (l e.m.u. = 10 3 Am −1 ) and was oriented horizontally from side to side. An electromagnet was used to induce magnetization with external field strengths of up to O.7 Tesla (T). The average saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (sIRM) for 23 bobolink heads was 2.49×10 −5 e.m.u. Because the IRM was attained partially below 0.1 T and totally below 0.3 T, we believe that the magnetic material in the bobolink is at least partially single domain magnetite. The relationship between the IRM acquisition and alternating field (a.f.) demagnetization curves indicates that the single or pseudo-single domain grains of magnetite interact. Similar results were obtained on one savannah sparrow (Emberizidae: Passerculus sandwichensis ) head and one indigo bunting (Emberizidae: Passerine cyanea ) head. When some bobolink heads were subdivided, most or all of the magnetization was concentrated in the area from the nasal cavity to the orbit. Light microscopy and histochemical tests confirm the localization of inorganic iron in this region.
A computational geometric approach to shape analysis in images

We present a geometric approach to statistical shape analysis of closed curves in images. The basic idea is to specify a space of closed curves satisfying given constraints, and exploit the differential geometry of this space to solve optimization and inference problems. We demonstrate this approach by: (i) defining and computing statistics of observed shapes, (ii) defining and learning a parametric probability model on shape space, and (iii) designing a binary hypothesis test on this space.
Age-Dependent Metabolic Differences in Peripheral Hyphae of Rhizoctonia solani

Abstract Peripheral hyphae were separated from the remaining thallus of Rhizoctonia solani in exponential and stationary phases of growth. The QO2 in whole cells of peripheral hyphae from young fungal colonies was on the average 2.6 times and the protein content 1.6 times greater than in peripheral hyphae from old fungal colonies. The overall rate of amino acid uptake was less in old than in young fungal colonies. In a polyuridylic acid-polyphenylalanine incorporating system, the two kinds of peripheral hyphae required ribosomes, supernatant fraction, polyuridylic acid, soluble ribonucleic acid, adenosine triphosphate, and pyruvate kinase. The rate of polyphenylalanine synthesis in old fungal colonies was slower than in the young fungal colonies. The ribosomes and supernatant fraction of the young and old fungal colonies were interchangeable and active. The factor responsible for deficient protein synthesis in old fungal colonies appears to be in the soluble fraction of the mycelium.
Generalizability Theory and Classical Test Theory

Broadly conceived, reliability involves quantifying the consistencies and inconsistencies in observed scores. Generalizability theory, or G theory, is particularly well suited to addressing such matters in that it enables an investigator to quantify and distinguish the sources of inconsistencies in observed scores that arise, or could arise, over replications of a measurement procedure. Classical test theory is an historical predecessor to G theory and, as such, it is sometimes called a parent of G theory. Important characteristics of both theories are considered in this article, but primary emphasis is placed on G theory. In addition, the two theories are briefly compared with item response theory.
Molecular characterization and tissue-specific expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the Beluga, Delphinapterus leucas

Abstract The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the toxic and biochemical effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) and related planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH). Differences in AHR expression or function may contribute to species-specific and tissue-specific differences in susceptibility to PHAH. Odontocetes (toothed whales) bioaccumulate some of the highest PHAH tissue concentrations reported. To ascertain the potential for PHAH effect at the biochemical level, we cloned, sequenced, and expressed an AHR from beluga liver. The 3.2 kb cDNA encodes an 845 amino acid protein with a predicted size of 95.5 kDa. The beluga AHR expressed by in vitro transcription and translation exhibits specific, high-affinity binding of [ 3 H]-TCDD. We used several techniques to measure tissue-specific expression of the beluga AHR. Western blotting revealed a band of expected size in cytosols prepared from beluga liver, lung, thymus, and spleen, but not heart, kidney, or testis. Semi-quantitative analysis using RT-PCR detected expression of AHR transcripts in all tissues tested. Analysis of [ 3 H]-TCDD binding by velocity sedimentation on sucrose gradients detected specific binding in liver and lung cytosols, and a lesser amount in heart. cDNA cloning of susceptibility genes coupled with in vitro expression and functional analysis of the encoded proteins may serve as a valuable approach to characterize the susceptibility of protected species to PHAH-induced toxicity. (NIEHS Grant ES06272 and Sea Grant NA46RG0470 (R/B-137)).
Oxidation of succinate by homogenates of Phagocata gracilis

1. 1. Succinate oxidation by extracts prepared from Phagocata gracilis was inhibited by cyanide, malonate and antimycin, suggesting that the oxidation proceeds by way of a respiratory chain of the sort found in mammalian tissue. 2. 2. It is likely that the oxidation is coupled to ATP synthesis in a fashion similar to that of mammalian tissue, since oxidation was stimulated by ADP and inhibited by oligomycin which is known to inhibit respiration associated with ATP synthesis.
Still more on the reaction of the intercalation compound C8K with water

Abstract The reaction of C 8 K made from polycrystalline Ultracarbon with D 2 O leads to a solid phase product containing both potassium and water. The absence of quadrupole splitting in the 2 D NMR of the product argues against the presence of crystalline water of hydration, as in potassium hydroxide monohydrate. X-ray diffraction and electron spin resonance show the carbon skeleton to be inequivalent to the initial graphite. Hydrogen evolution in the reductive protonation of the dianion of perylene is shown to arise from an unstable intermediate hydroaromatic species.
THE CRITICAL CONSTANTS OF THE ELEMENTS

Critical temperatures and pressures for thirty-six elements included in the periodic table from lithium to uranium were predicted from normal boiling points and from previously published vapor-pressure data, respectively. These critical constants were used to calculate both van der Waals' constants. These constants, when plotted against their atomic numbers, produce correlations that may permit the further prediction of van der Waals' constants for other elements. A simple relationship between the critical volume and the volume van der Waals' constant was found to exist and is presented as a basis for predicting the critical volume of elements. (auth)
Remanence studies of interparticle interactions in Ba-ferrite

Abstract Interparticle interactions in barium ferrite dispersions have been studied as a function of orienting field strenght, milling time and angle with respect to the orientation direction through the use of isothermal and dc remanence measurements. The measurements have been analyzed through the use of Henkel plots, σ M plots and σ H plots.
Microplate methods for determination of serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and apolipoproteins

Microtiter plate methods were developed for the enzymatic determination of serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG), and for the turbidometric determination of apolipoproteins. The micromethods resulted in accurate, precise values that were in good agreement with the conventional spectrophotometric assays. The coefficient of variation for TC determinations was 4.5% or less and bias was 5% or less. The lipid micromethod assays are sensitive to 10 mg/dL or less, and the apolipoprotein assay to 1 mg/dL. Less than 100 μL of serum suffices for TC, TG and apoprotein assays; HDL-C requires an additional 100 μL of serum. Advantages of the micromethods include reductions in assay time and in the amount of reagents required.
Microarchitecture and Deposition of Gastropod Nacre

The microarchitecture of gastropod nacre reveals deposition of aragonite in the form of crystal stacks and differs markedly from the characteristic microstructure of pelecypod nacre. The structure permits direct observation of both organic and mineral phases of deposition on a growth surface topography that is ideal for the study of processes of mollusk shell calcification. The stack mode of deposition is functionally useful to the animal because it increases the number of crystals which can form and develop on the growth surface at one time.
Monotonic surplus sharing: characterization results

We consider surplus-sharing problems where both the disagreement utility vector and the feasible utility frontier depend monotonically on an exogenous parameter. We investigate the existence of a monotonic solution to these problems. The two-person case is completely solved. Applications to the cases where the feasible utility set varies in a submodular or supermodular fashion are detailed. With three agents or more a general characterization result is proven in the transferable utility case only.
A Test of Diversity–Productivity Models in Natural, Degraded, and Restored Wet Prairies

Conceptual restoration models depict strong correlations between structure and function, with both decreasing as an ecosystem is degraded and increasing during restoration. We evaluated the “linear” and “asymptotic” models by measuring diversity and annual net primary productivity (NPP) within four states of a southern Wisconsin floodplain: a remnant (unplowed) wet prairie, two degraded sites (soybean field and invaded prairie), and a restored prairie. Neither model fit our data for aboveground (ANPP), belowground (BNPP), or total (TNPP) productivity. ANPP declined as species richness increased (r = 0.998, df = 2), with highest values for soybeans (1,024 g/m2; two species in 30 0.25-m2 plots) and invaded prairie (937 g/m2; nine species, 99% cover of Phalaris arundinacea), intermediate for restored prairie (712 g/m2; 28 species), and lowest for diverse remnant prairie (571 g/m2; 36 species). In contrast, BNPP was lowest for soybeans (225 g/m2) and highest for remnant prairie (571 g/m2). TNPP in restored prairie (990 g/m2) matched that of the remnant (1,147 g/m2) within 7 years, but root:shoot NPP ratios were quite different (0.39 and 0.99, respectively). Overall, results suggest that the relationship between species diversity and productivity can differ with the component measured (ANPP, BNPP, or TNPP) and that diversity does not ensure high productivity. Because measuring ANPP does not fully test ecosystem-function theory, we recommend assessing BNPP and additional ecosystem processes in future attempts to determine whether adding species will restore more function to degraded ecosystems.
Integrated Multifunctional Environmental Sensors

We present the design, microfabrication, and characterization of ten sensors on one silicon die. We demonstrate simultaneous monitoring of multiple environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity, light intensity, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, magnetic field, and acceleration in three axes. Through an integrated design and fabrication process, these ten functions require only six photolithography mask steps. Temperature is measured redundantly using aluminum and doped silicon resistance thermal detectors and a bandgap temperature sensor. Humidity is transduced by the dielectric change of a polymer due to water absorption. Light intensity is measured with a p-n junction photodiode and doped silicon photoresistor. Pressure is transduced using piezoresistor strain gauges on a sealed membrane. Wind speed and direction are measured with two perpendicular hot wire anemometers. Magnetic field strength is measured with a doped Hall effect sensor. Acceleration in three axes is measured using electrostatic comb finger accelerometers, and an additional z-axis accelerometer uses piezoresistor strain gauges. We measured the cross-sensitivity of each function to all other environmental parameters and can use the chip's multifunctional capabilities to compensate for these effects. Sensor integration can enable significant cost, size, and power savings over ten individual devices and facilitate deployment in novel applications.
Judgments of assertiveness: Specific component variables

In an investigation of the nature of judgments of assertiveness, 21 university undergraduates, 2 clinical psychology graduate students, and 2 Ph.D. clinical psychologists rated a series of assertive scenarios on videotape, audiotape, and transcripts. Five variables were rated by the judges: facial expression, loudness of speech, compliance, requests for new behavior, and overall assertiveness. Two additional variables, duration of reply and eye contact, were timed by research assistants. The ratings of overall assertiveness were designated criterion measures, and the ratings of the remainder of the variables were designated predictor variables in a multiple regression analysis. This permitted the generation of individual models for each judge reflecting the variables which correlated with each judge's observation of assertiveness. No two judges' models incorporated the same component variables in the same way. However, two- and three-variable models for most judges accounted for much of the variance in overall assertiveness. Cluster analysis of models similar in ratings of overall assertiveness indicated that even those judges who rated overall assertiveness most similarly evidenced dissimilar models or strategies. Comparisons were made of clinicians' vs. naive judges' models.
Repeated threat (without harm) in a living environment potentiates defensive behavior

Abstract Children exposed to neighborhood violence have higher rates of aggression, but it is unclear whether aggression is associated with threat, harm or the combination of factors. All animals, including humans, experience threat as they leave the safety of home and risk harm to gather resources (foraging). To better understand how selective environmental variables drive behavioral tendencies, we developed a semi-naturalistic living environment that includes the need to navigate across space to obtain resources. Rats were housed for three weeks in two tub cages, one with food and the other with water, both consistently available, but separated by a 91 cm long tunnel. After habituating for three days, half the rats (threat stress condition) received unpredictable threats (simultaneous puff of air with ferret dander, abrupt flash of light, and an abrupt sound) when crossing the central position of the tunnel (random order with p = 0.25) for 21 days. During the manipulation, the threat stress rats crossed the tunnel less and exhibited risk assessment behaviors. After cessation of the treatment conditions, the threat stress group spent more time burying a rag with ferret dander odor and was more likely to bury, and spent more time burying a highly novel stimulus. There were no group differences in symptoms of depression, avoidance, or exploration. The results suggest that repeated threats without harm increase pre-emptive defense behaviors, a form of active coping, without affecting passive forms of coping.
A sample preparation for quantitative determination of magnesium in individual lymphocytes by electron probe X-ray microanalysis

SUMMARY We present a sample preparation method for measuring magnesium in individual whole lymphocytes by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. We use Burkitt's lymphoma cells in culture as the test sample and compare X-ray microanalysis of individual cells with atomic absorption analysis of pooled cell populations. We determine the magnesium peak-to-local continuum X-ray intensity ratio by electron probe X-ray microanalysis and calculate a mean cell magnesium concentration of 39± 19 mmol/kg dry weight from analysis of 100 cells. We determine a mean cell magnesium concentration of 34 ±4 mmol/kg dry weight by atomic absorption analysis of pooled cells in three cell cultures. The mean cell magnesium concentrations determined by the two methods are not significantly different. We find a 10% coefficient of variation for both methods of analysis and a 30% coefficient of variation in magnesium concentration among individual cells by electron probe X-ray microanalysis. We wash cells in ammonium nitrate for microanalysis or in buffered saline glucose for atomic absorption analysis. We find cells washed in either solution have the same cell viability (85%), recovery (75%), cell volume (555 μm3) and cytology. We air dry cells on thin film supports and show by magnesium X-ray mapping that magnesium is within the cells. We conclude that: (a) our microanalysis cell preparation method preserves whole intact lymphocytes; (b) there is no systematic difference in results from the two methods of analysis; (c) electron probe X-ray microanalysis can determine the variation in magnesium concentration among individual cells.
Markov Random Field-Structured Direct Sum Residual Vector Quantization for Classification

Multistage RVQs with optimal direct sum decoder codebooks have been successfully designed and implemented for data compression. The same design concept has yielded good results in the application of image-content classification and has also provided an effective platform to perform image driven data mining (IDDM). To make it computationally feasible, the current design methods entail encoder codebook designed in a sequential but suboptimal manner. Based on the sub-optimal codebook design approach, the sequential search path is greedy based on a stage wise nearest-neighborhood strategy instead of a direct sum nearest-neighborhood requirement. Markov random field (MRF) provides a suitable framework to exploit the structure of multistage residual vector quantizers with optimal direct-sum direct sum decoder codebooks combined with sequential-search encoders to achieve optimized classification in the maximum aposteriori sense (MAP).
A preliminary look at the dust in Comet Halley

Highlights of infrared observations of the dust are discussed and compared with first results from the space probes. An emission feature was detected at 3.4 microns; the 10 and 20 micron silicate features were well-observed; and far-infrared data out to 160 micron were obtained. Organic material seems to be abundant in grains and may explain the 3.4 micron emission. Calculations are presented for one example of organic material. A component of the grains may volatize at temperatures around 300 K.
Identifying sea scallops from benthic camera images

The article presents an algorithmic framework for the automated analysis of benthic imagery data. The data are collected by an autonomous underwater vehicle for the purpose of population assessment of epibenthic organisms, such as scallops. The architecture consists of three layers of processing: visual attention, graph-cut segmentation methods, and template matching. The visual attention layer filters the imagery input, focusing subsequent processing only on regions in the images that are likely to contain target objects. The segmentation layer prepares for subsequent template matching. Finally, template matching classifies filtered objects into targets and distractors. The significance of the proposed approach is in its modular nature and its ability to process imagery datasets of low resolution, brightness, and contrast.
Experimental proctitis due to rectal infection with chlamydia trachomatis in nonhuman primates

To serially examine the immunopathogenesis and histopathology of rectal infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, we inoculated five cynomolgus monkeys with C. trachomatis serovar E (non-LGV) and five with serovar L2 (LGV). After inoculation, C. trachomatis was isolated from rectal cultures in three of five non-LGV-infected monkeys and in all five LGV-infected monkeys for a period of 10 weeks. LGV-infected monkeys developed a severe hemorrhagic ulcerative proctitis, in contrast to a mild proctitis in the non-LGV-infected monkeys. Hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and a mucosal polymorphonuclear leukocyte and mononuclear cell infiltrate were evident in all infected monkeys. Crypt abscesses with giant cells and a rare granuloma formation were present in two of five LGV-infected monkeys. C. trachomatis inclusions were initially present in epithelial cells and later in tissue histiocytes. Experimental primate infection with C. trachomatis appears to clinically and histopathologically mimic rectal infection in humans and provides a model for immunopathogenesis studies in chlamydial proctitis and granulomatous proctitis.
Higher twist in electroproduction: Flavor nonsinglet QCD evolution

We present results for the one-loop anomalous dimension matrix of flavor nonsinglet twist-4 operators of lowest spin that contribute to the leading moment of the ${F}_{2}$ structure function in deep inelastic electron-nucleon scattering. We analyze the flavor structure of the anomalous dimension matrix and decompose the leading moment of ${F}_{2}$ into separate flavor channels. In addition to building on previous work with higher-twist operators, these results can provide a benchmark for future work that generalizes to include the higher moments as well. We include non-perturbative input from the lattice and phenomenological estimates of the twist-4 matrix elements and estimate the twist-4 contributions to the leading moment of ${F}_{2}$. The results suggest that the overall twist-4 contribution may be suppressed due to either cancellations among the twist-4 terms or inherently small twist-4 matrix elements.
The virtual write queue: coordinating DRAM and last-level cache policies

In computer architecture, caches have primarily been viewed as a means to hide memory latency from the CPU. Cache policies have focused on anticipating the CPU's data needs, and are mostly oblivious to the main memory. In this paper, we demonstrate that the era of many-core architectures has created new main memory bottlenecks, and mandates a new approach: coordination of cache policy with main memory characteristics. Using the cache for memory optimization purposes, we propose a Virtual Write Queue which dramatically expands the memory controller's visibility of processor behavior, at low implementation overhead. Through memory-centric modification of existing policies, such as scheduled writebacks, this paper demonstrates that performance limiting effects of highly-threaded architectures can be overcome. We show that through awareness of the physical main memory layout and by focusing on writes, both read and write average latency can be shortened, memory power reduced, and overall system performance improved. Through full-system cycle-accurate simulations of SPEC cpu2006, we demonstrate that the proposed Virtual Write Queue achieves an average 10.9% system-level throughput improvement on memory-intensive workloads, along with an overall reduction of 8.7% in memory power across the whole suite.
A study of helium gas clean-up in an electric arc discharge

Gas discharge tubes with movable cylindrical probes have been used to determine the cleanup which results from the bombardment of a tantalum surface by positive helium ions. Data agree closely with earlier work using wire probes, and it has been possible to recover between 70 and 85 per cent of the trapped gas.
New test stand for dynamically testing coupon samples

A new dynamic test stand is being built to test coupon samples. An unconventional rotating head, fixed sample design is employed.
Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 Å resolution and low pH

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are voltage-independent, proton-activated receptors that belong to the epithelial sodium channel/degenerin family of ion channels and are implicated in perception of pain, ischaemic stroke, mechanosensation, learning and memory. Here we report the low-pH crystal structure of a chicken ASIC1 deletion mutant at 1.9 A resolution. Each subunit of the chalice-shaped homotrimer is composed of short amino and carboxy termini, two transmembrane helices, a bound chloride ion and a disulphide-rich, multidomain extracellular region enriched in acidic residues and carboxyl-carboxylate pairs within 3 A, suggesting that at least one carboxyl group bears a proton. Electrophysiological studies on aspartate-to-asparagine mutants confirm that these carboxyl-carboxylate pairs participate in proton sensing. Between the acidic residues and the transmembrane pore lies a disulphide-rich 'thumb' domain poised to couple the binding of protons to the opening of the ion channel, thus demonstrating that proton activation involves long-range conformational changes.
Ten-year biochemical disease control for patients with prostate cancer treated with cryosurgery as primary therapy.

OBJECTIVES Prostate cryosurgery has been increasingly used for the management of localized prostate cancer since its introduction in a minimally invasive form in the early 1990s. We performed a retrospective study of the largest and most mature patient group treated with cryosurgery reported thus far. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the data from 370 patients treated consecutively from 1991 to 1996 with a focus on the determination of biochemical disease-free survival for a group of patients with T1 to T3 prostate cancer who had undergone prostate cryosurgery as primary monotherapy. Only patients with no previous radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, or surgery were included. RESULTS The median follow-up was 12.55 years. Using a nadir plus 2 ng/dL definition, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a biochemical disease-free survival rate at 10 years of 80.56%, 74.16%, and 45.54% for low, moderate, and high-risk groups, respectively. The 10-year negative biopsy rate was 76.96%. CONCLUSIONS The results for this pilot group of patients who underwent percutaneous prostate cryosurgery monotherapy demonstrated biochemical disease-free survival rates that overlap with those of similar groups of patients treated under similar circumstances using other types of nonextirpative monotherapy.
Optical Linewidth Measurements On Silicon And Iron-Oxide Photomasks

Measurement of linewidths on silicon and iron-oxide photomasks is hampered by the dark banding which occurs along the edges. It is shown that this banding arises from the combination of low contrast and optical path difference introduced by the silicon or iron-oxide in conjunction with the partial coherence of the illumination. As previously shown in work with chromium-oxide photomasks, when the condenser numerical aperture is sufficiently less than that of the objective, an expression can be derived for the proper transmittance threshold for determining edge location. An expression is also derived for the linewidth error which would result from locating the edge at the center of the dark band. Theoretical and experimental results are compared.
Variation in Antisperm Antibody Results Using Different Assays

PROBLEM: The detection of various types of antisperm antibodies (ASA) in the serum varies among different assays. This variation may influence the diagnosis and management of infertile couples who are tested for such immunologic factors. This prospective study was conducted to determine the variation in the results of ASA as measured by the sperm immobilization (SI), sperm agglutination (SA), and the indirect immunobead (IB) assays. METHOD: The sera of 79 patients that tested positive for ASA by at least one of the assays listed above were concurrently tested with all three assays. RESULTS: Using an individual ASA assay, 66 (84%), 26 (33%) or 36 (46%) of sera tested positive by the SA, SI, or IB assays, respectively. However, using a combination of assays, 67 (85%), 78 (99%) or 40 (51%) of sera tested positive using either the SA+SI, SA+IB or SI+IB assays, respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the utilization of different assays to detect ASA may detect sera that are positive for ASA with more reliability than single assay testing
Thermochemistry and Electronic Structure of Small Boron Clusters (Bn, n = 5−13) and Their Anions

Thermochemical parameters of a set of small-sized neutral (Bn) and anionic (Bn−) boron clusters, with n = 5−13, were determined using coupled-cluster theory CCSD(T) calculations with the aug-cc-pVnZ (n = D, T, and Q) basis sets extrapolated to the complete basis set limit (CBS) plus addition corrections and/or G3B3 calculations. Enthalpies of formation, adiabatic electron affinities (EA), vertical (VDE), and adiabatic (ADE) detachment energies were evaluated. Our calculated EAs are in good agreement with recent experiments (values in eV): B5 (CBS, 2.29; G3B3, 2.48; exptl., 2.33 ± 0.02), B6 (CBS, 2.59; G3B3, 3.23; exptl., 3.01 ± 0.04), B7 (CBS, 2.62; G3B3, 2.67; exptl., 2.55 ± 0.05), B8 (CBS, 3.02; G3B3, 3.11; exptl., 3.02 ± 0.02), B9 (G3B3, 3.03; exptl., 3.39 ± 0.06), B10 (G3B3, 2.85; exptl., 2.88 ± 0.09), B11 (G3B4, 3.48;, exptl., 3.43 ± 0.01), B12 (G3B3, 2.33; exptl., 2.21 ± 0.04), and B13 (G3B3, 3.62; exptl., 3.78 ± 0.02). The difference between the calculated adiabatic electron affinity and the adiaba...
Neural Stem Cell Depletion and CNS Developmental Defects After Enteroviral Infection

Coxsackieviruses are significant human pathogens causing myocarditis, meningitis, and encephalitis. We previously demonstrated the ability of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) to persist within the neonatal central nervous system (CNS) and to target neural stem cells. Given that CVB3 is a cytolytic virus and may therefore damage target cells, we characterized the potential reduction in neurogenesis within the developing brain and the subsequent developmental defects that occurred after the loss of these essential neural stem cells. Neonatal mice were inoculated with a recombinant CVB3 expressing eGFP (eGFP-CVB3), and alterations in neurogenesis and brain development were evaluated over time. We observed a reduction in proliferating cells in CNS neurogenic regions simultaneously with the presence of nestin + cells undergoing apoptosis. The size of the brain appeared smaller by histology, and a permanent decrease in brain wet weight was observed after eGFP-CVB3 infection. We also observed an inverse relationship between the amount of virus material and brain wet weight up to day 30 postinfection. In addition, signs of astrogliosis and a compaction of the cortical layers were observed at 90 days postinfection. Intriguingly, partial brain wet weight recovery was observed in mice treated with the antiviral drug ribavirin during the persistent stage of infection. Hence, long-term neurological sequelae might be expected after neonatal enteroviral infections, yet antiviral treatment initiated long after the end of acute infection might limit virus-mediated neuropathology.
The development of the understanding of causality in infancy

Causal development was examined from a Piagetian perspective with respect to the infant's understanding of other persons as autonomous causal agents. It was predicted that the child's attempts to influence others to act would differ depending on the level of causal understanding. Fifty-four infants, ages 11, 17, and 23 months, participated in six experimental episodes in which various events were caused by the mother, by the examiner, and seemingly by neither of the persons. As predicted, infants at the fourth stage of causal development seldom turned to others to induce them to act and instead attempted to solve the problems through their own activity. By the end of the sensorimotor period infants were capable of mentally representing the cause and effect sequence and turned largely to others on the basis of their agency in causing an event to occur. The results substantiated Piaget's theory of causality during infancy and provided support for the posited relationship between the development of causality in relation to inanimate objects and the understanding of the concept of agency.
Whiteness of a name: is “white” the baseline?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the hypothesis that Whiteness is used as a normative standard when comparing a variety of first names. Design/methodology/approach – Respondents (full- and part-time business students) evaluated names that sounded common, African-American, Russian, and unusual. Findings – Results from two studies suggest that “common” or “neutral” names are perceived to be white, and to be more American than African-American, Russian or unusual-sounding names. Results also demonstrate that the common names have more positive attributes, including socio-economic class. Research limitations/implications – The study found that the basic comparison of American respondents will be to a white person. Second, the authors applied Critical Race Theory (CRT) to the research on names. Finally, the authors demonstrate that unless they are totally anonymous, virtual teams will still have the type of social categorization and stereotyping of team members found in ordinary teams. Practic...
Radioautography of Newly Synthesized RNA and Protein in Preovulatory Follicles

Luetinizing hormone initiates an increased uptake of tritiated uridine (3Huridine) and tritiated valine (3H-Val) by ovaries of mated estrous stage rabbits. Either 3Huridine or 3H-Val was infused into the abdominal aorta of mated rabbits for 2 hr. A washout of unincorporated labeled material was allowed for 1 hr. Radioautographs of the ovaries were prepared after standard histologic treatment. The radioactivity in the interstitial tissue, thecaexterna, theca interna and membrana granulosa was determined by counting the silver grains overlying these areas. Increased synthetic activity was easily detectable 2–4 hr after coitus. The increased rate of RNA synthesis persisted at 8 hr, while the increased rate of protein synthesis was still apparent at 10 hr. The sites for synthesis of RNA and protein appear to be the theca interna and the membrana granulosa. (Endocrinology 84: 711, 1969)
The efficacy and mechanism of action of anabolic agents as growth promoters in farm animals.

Abstract Anabolic agents are substances with physiological functions similar to those of the sex steroids which increase nitrogen retention and protein deposition in farm animals. When used correctly they significantly increased the daily live-weight gain and food conversion efficiency (FCE) in cattle and sheep but were less effective in pigs and poultry. A hypothesis to explain the role of sex steroids in the growth rate of cattle suggested that both androgens and oestrogens were necessary to realise the maximum growth rate. Thus in practice the best responses in growth rate and also FCE were observed when androgens were used in females and androgens combined with oestrogens were administered to steers. The mechanism of action of anabolic agents is not fully understood. The actions of androgens and oestrogens may be different. There is the possibility that androgens may have a direct action on the muscle cell. Oestrogens, but not androgens, may act indirectly through the regulation of the concentration of growth hormone and insulin in the plasma. Evidence is also presented to show that both androgens and oestrogens depress the concentrations of thyroid hormones in the plasma of cattle and sheep and this effect may be associated with their mechanism of action.
Isolation of individual capsaicinoids from a mixture and their characterization by 13C NMR spectrometry

Individual compounds were isolated from a laboratory mixture of capsaicinoids by a multi-stage approach. First, the capsaicinoids were fractionated into capsaicins and non-capsaicins by argentation solid phase extraction (SPE) on a silver-charged propyl sulfonate resin. Second, compounds in each fraction were isolated by semi-preparative liquid chromatography on a C(30) phase in aqueous methanol. Third, the individual components of the original mixture were concentrated by reversed phased (C(18)) SPE. The structure of each purified compound was confirmed by (13)C NMR spectrometry and spectral comparison to known standards, purchased or synthesized locally. The chemical shifts of 15 capsaicinoid standards were measured on a 600MHz instrument, and their assignments to particular carbons were made by reference to Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT) NMR experiments and NMR spectral prediction software.