cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transitions in Distinct Histone H3 Methylation Patterns at the Heterochromatin Domain Boundaries

Eukaryotic genomes are organized into discrete structural and functional chromatin domains. Here, we show that distinct site-specific histone H3 methylation patterns define euchromatic and heterochromatic chromosomal domains within a 47-kilobase region of the mating-type locus in fission yeast. H3 methylated at lysine 9 (H3 Lys9), and its interacting Swi6 protein, are strictly localized to a 20-kilobase silent heterochromatic interval. In contrast, H3 methylated at lysine 4 (H3 Lys4) is specific to the surrounding euchromatic regions. Two inverted repeats flanking the silent interval serve as boundary elements to mark the borders between heterochromatin and euchromatin. Deletions of these boundary elements lead to spreading of H3 Lys9 methylation and Swi6 into neighboring sequences. Furthermore, the H3 Lys9 methylation and corresponding heterochromatin-associated complexes prevent H3 Lys4 methylation in the silent domain.
Numerical and binomial sequential sampling plans for the hop aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on hop leaves.

The number of hop aphids, Phorodon humuli (Schrank), per main stem leaf at a height of 2 m was representative of aphid density per leaf over the whole hop plant ( Humulus lupulus L.). Therefore, sampling was based on main stem leaves at the 2 m elevation. Taylor’s power law was used to develop a numerical sequential sampling plan for a critical density (control threshold) of aphids. A binomial (presence-absence) sequential sampling plan was developed based on Taylor’s power law. On the average, the binomial method required fewer samples than the numerical method, and the level of error was about as expected. Significantly more aphids were found on border rows of hop yards than in yard interiors. Sampling aphids in hop cones was too time consuming to be practical. Although the number of aphids on leaves was significantly related to the number in cones, determining numbers in cones from leaf samples was too inaccurate for management purposes.
Human hepatic stellate cells express CCR5 and RANTES to induce proliferation and migration.

Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main producers of extracellular matrix in the fibrotic liver and are involved in the regulation of hepatic inflammation. The aim of this study was to...
Use of the fast Fourier transform in the frequency analysis of the second heart sound in normal man.

The second heart sounds of 26 normal, young males, recorded at the aortic and pulmonary areas, were analysed for their frequency content by means of the fast Fourier transform. For both locations of measurement, peaks were observed in the frequency spectra in the lowfrequency range (10–80 Hz), the medium-frequency range (80–220 Hz), and the high-frequency range (220–400 Hz). In both the aortic and pulmonary areas, 25 of the 26 subjects had at least two peaks in the 80–400 Hz range, and a majority had one peak in the low-frequency range. A correlation coefficient of 0·75 was obtained between the medium frequency peaks in the aortic and pulmonary areas. The average frequency spectrum obtained for the entire study at each area indicates that the attenuation characteristics are nonlinear in the region of 10–160 Hz. For 160–400 Hz the attenuation in the pulmonary area is about 18 dB per octave and in the aortic area about 23 dB per octave. The observed peaks are probably related to the fluid-dynamic events causing the second heart sound. Thus important diagnostic information can probably be obtained from frequency analysis studies of cardiovascular sounds, and these studies will help in understanding the basic mechanisms which produce the sounds.
Development of a Knee-Loading Joint Supporter for Potential Use in Preventing Bone Loss during Spaceflight/Aging

As a countermeasure for bone loss experienced by astronauts during the microgravity of spaceflight, and by aging patients (e.g., osteoporosis), the designs of devices for the application of lateral loads to the knee joint are described. These "knee-loading joint supporters (KJS)" are intended to clamp onto the human knee and provide variable, intermittent pulses of mechanical load. Based on previous experimentation with mouse models, it is expected that these KJS devices will facilitate human bone strengthening.
Effects of light‐deprivation on development of photopositive behavior in Xenopus laevis tadpoles

The development of amphibian sensory systems and behavior is generally considered to proceed normally without reference to sensory experience during embryonic or larval stages. Most of the supporting research, however, has concentrated on the retinotectal (visual) systems of anurans and has ignored behaviors directed by other sensory systems. We demonstrate that early exposure to light is necessary for the development of photopositive behavior in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, a behavior probably directed by the pineal complex. Light-deprivation during the tadpoles' first 10 days of development results in a long-lasting reduction in the tadpoles' light preference. The development of a strong light preference is not influenced by light-deprivation before the tadpoles are 2 days old or after the tadpoles are 10 days old, but light-deprived tadpoles recover a weak light preference after subsequent days of rearing in the light. Lengthening the tadpoles' exposure to light during the first 10 days of development produces increasingly strong light preferences. Considering the important role of the pineal complex in guiding phototactic behaviors in anurans, we suggest that light-deprivation alters photopositive behavior in Xenopus tadpoles by altering the development of the pineal complex.
Endoscopy and role of endoscopic resection in gastric cancer.

Patient selection for endoscopic resection is based on meticulous endoscopic examination and histological assessment so as to avoid performing this procedure on patients with a high risk of lymph node involvement or metastatic disease. Currently, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is used for tumors 2 cm. The advantage of ESD is that it achieves en-bloc resection of larger tumors, potentially reducing the risk of disease recurrence. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:243–249. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An evaluation of a GARP model as an approach to predicting the spatial distribution of non-vagile invertebrate species

One of the primary goals of any systematic, taxonomic or biodiversity study is the characterization of species distributions. While museum collection data are important for ascertaining distributional ranges, they are often biased or incomplete. The Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP) is an ecological niche modelling method based on a genetic algorithm that has been argued to provide an accurate assessment of the spatial distribution of organisms that have dispersal capabilities. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of a GARP model to predict the spatial distribution of a non-invasive, non-vagile invertebrate whose full distributional range was unknown. A GARP predictive model based on seven environmental parameters and 42 locations known from historical museum records for species of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila was produced and subsequently used as a guide for ground truthing the model. The GARP model was neither a significant nor an accurate predictor of spider localities and was outperformed by more simplistic BIOCLIM and GLM models. The isolated nature of Promyrmekiaphila populations mandates that environmental layers and their respective resolutions are carefully chosen for model production. Our results strongly indicate that, for modelling the spatial distribution of low vagility organisms, one should employ a modelling method whose results are more conducive to interpretation than models produced by a ‘black box’ algorithm such as GARP.
Electromigration current limit of high speed SiGe bipolar transistors influenced by device self-heating

In this paper, an overview of the metal electromigration current limit of bipolar transistors is presented in which the device self-heating is taken into account, followed by related design considerations. In this evaluation, we use HBTs processed using IBM's 0.18 mum SiGe BiCMOS technology. This technology was selected to demonstrate the necessity of these studies to high-speed communication circuit designs.
Regulation of Nuclear Translocation of HDAC3 by IκBα Is Required for Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibition of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Function

Inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) function by TNF-α contributes to glucose and fatty acid metabolic disorders in inflammation and cancer, although the molecular mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that nuclear translocation of HDAC3 is regulated by TNF-α, and this event is required for inhibition of transcriptional activity of PPARγ by TNF-α. HDAC3 is associated with IκBα in the cytoplasm. After IκBα degradation in response to TNF-α, HDAC3 is subject to nuclear translocation, leading to an increase in HDAC3 activity in the nucleus. This event leads to subcellular redistribution of HDAC3. Knock-out of IκBα, but not p65 or p50, leads to disappearance of HDAC3 in the cytoplasm, which is associated with HDAC3 enrichment in the nucleus. These data suggest that inhibition of PPARγ by TNF-α is not associated with a reduction in the DNA binding activity of PPARγ. Rather, these results suggest that IκBα-dependent nuclear translocation of HDAC3 is responsible for PPARγ inhibition by TNF-α.
Carbon accumulation in peatlands, southwestern Northwest Territories, Canada

Northern peatlands have stored significant quantities of carbon (C) since the early Holocene at rates that vary among peatland types. Pollen concentration dating was used to provide estimates o f true C accumulation and sequestration efficiency in different peatland systems in the discontinuous permafrost zone near Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada. The catotelm portions of bog, permafrost-affected peat plateau, and Sphagnum-dominated cores were interpreted to conform to Clymo’s (1984) model of C accumulation, while peat deposited under conditions with high water tables (rich fen and collapse fen) did not. The model assumes a consistent surface production, yet production in fens is thought to be highly sensitive to water table changes and may have contributed to poor model fits. Decay rates measured over the past 1200 yr range from 0.0015 to 0.0004 yr-1. True C accumulation rates (range 7.0 in peat plateau to 18.6 g C m-2 yr-1 in bog) and sequestration efficiencies (range 0.24 in peat plateau to...
Why Do Neighbors Fight? Proximity, Interaction, or Territoriality:

Most interstate wars are fought or begin between neighbors. This relationship between contiguity and war has long been known, but ignored within peace research. The major reason for this is that it has been seen as essentially a trivial relationship, reflecting the opportunity for war rather than the real underlying cause of war. Recent work on territory and the issues over which wars are fought has begun to question that interpretation. This article maintains that the clustering of war among neighbors may be theoretically significant. It presents a territorial explanation of the relationship and juxtaposes it with the proximity and interaction explanations. Each of the three explanations is appraised in terms of explicit criteria to see which is the most adequate. Ultimately, however, each explanation must specify a set of tests that would falsify it, and this article does so for the territorial explanation. The article concludes with some implications for peace in the post-Cold War era if the theoretical explanation is correct.
Implementation of ML based positioning algorithms for scintillation cameras

Positioning algorithms for scintillation cameras are investigated. Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation techniques and centroid-based methods (e.g., weighted and local centroid) are evaluated. Three implementation methods to reach the two-dimensional ML solution are proposed. First, the authors investigate a 1D based recursive ML positioning algorithm. The technique overcomes the dimensional separable violation for hexagonally packed photomultiplier tube (PMT) arrays. Second, they examine a 2D based ML method that uses local PMT clusters to reduce the computational demands of full 2D ML implementation. Third, they develop a correlation method that maps event characterization vectors to the associated position. The methods are tested with data sets generated using Monte Carlo simulation and verified with experimental study. Simulation (experimental) results show that the full 2D ML algorithm is superior to the others. It has a 7(10)%, 67(47)% and 69(30)% improvement over the weighted centroid with 3% bias subtraction method in terms of spatial resolution, linearity and MSE, respectively.
Coronary artery stents: advances in technology

The introduction of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the late 1970s revolutionized the management of stable and unstable coronary artery disease, providing an effective, quick, safe, and increasingly widely available method for coronary revascularization for many patients. Rapid development in this field led to the introduction of a number of new technologies, including intracoronary stents that have resulted in improved efficacy and long-term safety. In this manuscript we review the experience with the 2 major available classes of stents (bare metal [BMS], drug-eluting [DES]) and describe the delivery systems for these stents. An evidence review of the large trial data comparing balloon angioplasty, BMS, and DES demonstrates the incremental advances over time, with the latest generation of DES achieving the lowest rates of restenosis, stent thrombosis, and recurrent myocardial infarction. In addition, we provide an overview of the latest developments in stent technology, including the introduction of bioresorbable stents and new stent delivery systems. These latest advances are hoped to further improve outcomes while reducing costs due to a reduction in the need for future procedures and hospitalizations due to recurrent coronary disease.
History and the Equity Risk Premium 1

We summarize some of our own past findings and place them in the context of the historical development of the idea of the equity risk premium and its empirical measurement by financial economists. In particular, we focus on how the theory of compensation for investment risk developed in the 20 th century in tandem with the empirical analysis of historical investment performance. Finally, we update our study of the historical performance of the New York Stock Exchange over the period 1792 to the present, and include a measure of the U.S. equity risk premium over more than two centuries. This last section is based upon indices constructed from individual stock and dividend data collected over a decade of research at the Yale School of Management, and contributions of other scholars.
Effect of Lasofoxifene on the Pharmacokinetics of Digoxin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

Lasofoxifene is in late-stage development for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Digoxin is commonly prescribed for arrhythmias and congestive heart failure, has a narrow therapeutic index, and may be coadministered with lasofoxifene. This study was conducted to determine the effect of lasofoxifene (4-mg loading dose on day 11 followed by 0.5 mg/d on days 12-20) on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of digoxin (0.25 mg/d on days 1-20) in 12 healthy postmenopausal women. On days 10 and 20, blood and urine samples were collected for 24 hours to determine digoxin concentrations. The 90% confidence interval (CI) of least squares mean ratio for maximum concentration (C(max)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was calculated. Lasofoxifene had no effect on digoxin plasma pharmacokinetics with a ratio (90% CI) of 95.4% (84.6%-107%) and 103% (97.7%-108%) for C(max) and AUC(0-24), respectively. The ratio of the percentage of dose eliminated unchanged in urine in 24 hours was 127% (116% to 142%). Coadministration of lasofoxifene had no effect on the steady state pharmacokinetics of digoxin.
Calcium Absorption in Infants and Small Children: Methods of Determination and Recent Findings

Determining calcium bioavailability is important in establishing dietary calcium requirements. In infants and small children, previously conducted mass balance studies have largely been replaced by stable isotope-based studies. The ability to assess calcium absorption using a relatively short 24-hour urine collection without the need for multiple blood samples or fecal collections is a major advantage to this technique. The results of these studies have demonstrated relatively small differences in calcium absorption efficiency between human milk and currently available cow milk-based infant formulas. In older children with a calcium intake typical of Western diets, calcium absorption is adequate to meet bone mineral accretion requirements.
A Call for Replication

Purpose: To promote the use of replication as a means for strengthening knowledge for nursing practice. Methods: Examination of two clinical examples of how replication could strengthen nursing practice. Findings: The first example had no research evidence to support the practice and the other was based on the findings of a single medical study. Both led to nursing practices that were not effective or efficient, although not harmful. Replication can be used to overcome design limitations, increase validity of findings, and bring about correction of error. In addition, potential barriers and solutions to increase replication were identified. Conclusions: Replication is a critical step in validating research to build evidence and to promote use of findings in practice.
HETEROGENEITY OF MYOGLOBIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE LOCOMOTORY MUSCLES OF FIVE CETACEAN SPECIES

Myoglobin is an important storage site for oxygen in the swimming muscles of diving marine mammals. However, little is known about its distribution within muscles since previous studies have relied on single samples. The goal of this study was to determine the distribution of myoglobin within the swimming muscles of five species of cetacean: dusky dolphin, false killer whale, striped dolphin, humpbacked dolphin and bottlenose dolphin. The entire dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) swimming muscles were removed from each animal and weighed. Transverse sections were taken from the cranial, middle and caudal regions of each muscle and sampled along a circular grid with a minimum of 30 sites per section. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to measure the myoglobin concentration of each sample. Contour maps of myoglobin concentration were made for each transverse section. Myoglobin concentration was found to be non-uniformly distributed within the muscle. The interior of the muscle lying closest to the vertebrae showed a significantly higher (11 %) mean myoglobin concentration than the exterior of the muscle for all five species. In the epaxial muscles, the mean myoglobin concentration was significantly higher in the caudal region closest to the flukes. The two deep-water species (false killer whale and striped dolphin) had significantly higher myoglobin concentrations than the three species (dusky, humpbacked and bottlenose dolphins) that occur in shallow, coastal waters. These results show that myoglobin is not homogeneously distributed in the locomotory muscle of cetaceans and that levels may be highest in those areas that produce greater force and consume more oxygen during aerobic swimming. Enhancing oxygen stores in those areas of the muscle that work the hardest would theoretically lengthen the aerobic dive limit of the animal during submerged swimming.
Project Management Practices and Information Technology Research

Corporations of varying sizes and operations within the construction industry acclaim the contribution of project management applications that assist in business and operational practices. An integrated intelligent construction management application that enables process modeling and algorithmic analysis of construction process planning, interacts with a mainframe-based automated relational database system, and drives the project sequencing, scheduling, decision making and change management processes can introduce dramatic speed, simplicity, accuracy, and collaboration into existing project planning practices. Several research organizations and academic fraternities in concert with industry participation are focusing on the development of such futuristic tools as described above. However, evidence of such computing applications being used by the industry is minimal and a number of reasons have been cited by researchers for this. This study, through a review of the genesis, evolution, and future of computing applications in construction followed by an industry-wide survey, aims to study whether or not concurrent research agendas in construction information technology are truly sustainable from the industry's perspective. DOI: 10.1061/ASCE0733-93642008134:7501 CE Database subject headings: Construction management; Research; Computer software; Information technology IT.
Adaptive State Space Abstraction Using Neuroevolution

In this paper, we present a new machine learning algorithm, RL-SANE, which uses a combination of neuroevolution (NE) and traditional reinforcement learning (RL) techniques to improve learning performance. RL-SANE is an innovative combination of the neuroevolutionary algorithm NEAT[9] and the RL algorithm Sarsa(λ)[12]. It uses the special ability of NEAT to generate and train customized neural networks that provide a means for reducing the size of the state space through state aggregation. Reducing the size of the state space through aggregation enables Sarsa(λ) to be applied to much more difficult problems than standard tabular based approaches. Previous similar work in this area, such as in Whiteson and Stone [15] and Stanley and Miikkulainen [10], have shown positive results. This paper gives a brief overview of neuroevolutionary methods, introduces the RL-SANE algorithm, presents a comparative analysis of RL-SANE to other neuroevolutionary algorithms, and concludes with a discussion of enhancements that need to be made to RL-SANE.
Dysfunctional Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor II Accelerates Prostate Tumorigenesis in the TRAMP Mouse Model

The contribution of a dysfunctional transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor (TGF beta RII) to prostate cancer initiation and progression was investigated in an in vivo mouse model. Transgenic mice harboring the dominant-negative mutant TGF-beta type II receptor (DNTGF beta RII) in mouse epithelial cell were crossed with the TRAMP prostate cancer transgenic mouse to characterize the in vivo consequences of inactivated TGF-beta signaling on prostate tumor initiation and progression. Histopathologic diagnosis of prostate specimens from the TRAMP+/DNTGF beta RII double transgenic mice revealed the appearance of early malignant changes and subsequently highly aggressive prostate tumors at a younger age, compared with littermates TRAMP+/Wt TGF beta RII mice. Immunohistochemical and Western blotting analysis revealed significantly increased proliferative and apoptotic activities, as well as vascularity and macrophage infiltration that correlated with an elevated vascular endothelial growth factor and MCP-1 protein levels in prostates from TRAMP+/DNTGF beta RII+ mice. An epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) effect was also detected in prostates of TRAMP+/DNTGF beta RII mice, as documented by the loss of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and beta-catenin) and up-regulation of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin) and EMT-transcription factor Snail. A significant increase in the androgen receptor mRNA and protein levels was associated with the early onset of prostate tumorigenesis in TRAMP+/DNTGF beta RII mice. Our results indicate that in vivo disruption of TGF-beta signaling accelerates the pathologic malignant changes in the prostate by altering the kinetics of prostate growth and inducing EMT. The study also suggests that a dysfunctional TGF beta RII augments androgen receptor expression and promotes inflammation in early stage tumor growth, thus conferring a significant contribution by TGF-beta to prostate cancer progression.
Impaired NF-kappaB activation in T cells permits tolerance to primary heart allografts and to secondary donor skin grafts.

T-cell activation is essential for acute allograft rejection. However, the biochemical signaling pathways used by T cells mediating rejection have not been extensively investigated. In vitro, T-cell activation is associated with nuclear translocation of specific transcription factors that regulate expression of genes critical for T-cell function. Given the central role of NF-κB in T-cell activation In vitro, we examined its role in the acute rejection of skin and cardiac allografts using mice with defective NF-κB translocation in T cells due to the presence of a super repressor IκBα transgene. T-cell-intrinsic NF-κB activation was required for cardiac but not skin allograft rejection, suggesting differential T-cell priming by the two tissues. Strikingly, priming with heart allografts induced complete acceptance of subsequently transplanted donor skin grafts, indicating that impaired NF-κB activation in T cells facilitates the induction of donor-specific tolerance to highly immunogenic tissues. These data suggest the biochemical pathways necessary for allograft rejection vary, based on the antigen and the context in which it is presented, and that inhibition of T-cell-intrinsic NF-κB activation during allogeneic priming may represent a novel strategy whereby tolerance to transplanted organs can be achieved.
Lorentz force MEMS magnetometer with frequency modulated output

This work presents a frequency output micromachined silicon magnetometer comprised of a low stiffness thermal-piezoresistive electromechanical resonator coupled to a Lorentz force generator. The Lorentz force generator utilizes a leverage mechanism amplifying the force by ∼55X. Upon application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the device, the leveraged Lorentz force deflects the resonator central beam changing its resonance frequency. Frequency modulated output, compared to amplitude modulated output, offers significantly improved noise and interference robustness and can be directly fed to a digital counter without the need for extensive signal conditioning and analog to digital conversion. Sensitivity of 7200 ppm/T/mA has been measured for the presented design showing frequency shifts as high as 0.123ppm/μT for a bias current of 17mA.
Inversion of TMI Data for the Magnetization Vector Using Gramian Constraints

Conventional 3D magnetic inversion methods are based on the assumption that there is no remanent magnetization, and the inversion is run for magnetic susceptibility only. However, this approach ignores the situation where the direction of magnetization of the rocks is different from the direction of the induced magnetic field. This situation happens in a case of remanent magnetization, typical for geological structures such as kimberlites, dykes, iron-rich ultramafic pegmatitoids (IRUP), platinum group element (PGE) reefs, and banded iron formations (BIF). This paper presents a novel method of inversion of magnetic data for the scalar components of the magnetization vector. The method is based on a new magnetic forward modeling algorithm, which uses triangular prisms of arbitrary shape in order to achieve a more accurate approximation of the topography and complex geological structures. The inversion also includes Gramian constraints in order to obtain a robust solution of otherwise ill-posed magnetic inverse problems. The method was successfully tested on a number of synthetic models of the magnetized bodies. The results of inversion of airborne TMI data demonstrate how inversion for the magnetization vector with Gramian constraints can improve the subsurface imaging of kimberlites.
Radiosensitization of Human Colorectal Tumor Cells by 4-Nitro-5-Sulfonatoimidazoles

Misonidazole, a clinically-effective 2-nitroimidazole hypoxic cell radiation sensitizer, and 12 4-nitro-5-sulfonatoimidazoles were tested in cultured human SW1116 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells for radiosensitizing efficiency. Octanol-water partition coefficients and HPLC capacity factors were determined for all agents as measurements of lipophilicity, and an excellent correlation was found between the two measurements. Cytotoxicity, in vitro glutathione reactivity, and one-electron reduction potential were also determined for each compound to evaluate potential utility as macromolecularly transported radiosensitizers. Ten members of the set were found to be 40 to 300 times more radiotoxic than misonidazole, but no correlation was found between their radiosensitizing efficiencies and the chemical and physical parameters.
From Cooperation to Complicity: Precious Metals for the Reich

Although the German Gold and Silver Separation Institute had outgrown its name long before 1933, the smelting and processing of precious metals remained vital contributors to the firm's prosperity during the Nazi period. Having yielded, on average, one-fifth of annual gross profits in the decade leading up to Hitler's accession, Degussa's metals section and its associated operations (ceramic colors and the dental instruments produced by the Weber & Hempel subsidiary in Berlin) performed at virtually the same relative level over the ensuing eleven years. Keeping up in this fashion entailed more than doubling the division's profits between 1933 and 1944 (see Appendix D), a remarkable and improbable feat in view of the simultaneous decline of Degussa's gold production by 87 percent and its silver output by 51 percent (see Appendix J). Achievements of this sort generally came at a high moral cost in the Third Reich, however, and Degussa's precious metals operations proved no exception. Their history provides an almost textbook illustration of how Nazi goals dictated the parameters of commercial activity, challenged bureaucrats and executives to improvise means of doing their perceived jobs within these, and thus increasingly channeled corporate ambitions into the service of the regime's exploitative purposes. What earmarked Degussa's precious metals division for politicization during the 1930s was its leading, indeed linchpin position in an essential but heavily import-dependent industry – that is, in a productive sector predestined for prompt “coordination” with the new regime's economic priorities.
“Mademoiselle Arria Ly Wants Blood!” The New Woman and the Debate over Female Honor

Braving an intense heat wave, a large crowd crammed into the auditorium of the former Faculte des Lettres in Toulouse on the evening of September 2, 1911. The audience, estimated by the local press to number anywhere from 1,000 to 1,500, had gathered to hear a resident speaker refute the theories of a young feminist named Arria Ly.1 A successful journalist and lecturer in the Midi region, Ly was well-known to the citizens of Toulouse for her passionate and combative rhetorical style and her uncompromising positions on feminism and sexuality. She elaborated these opinions in a variety of provincial newspapers and public lectures in the prewar decades. Most recently, she had run a memorable campaign as a Toulousain candidate (illegal) for the 1910 legislative elections.2
The Maestro Flight Experiment: A 49-core radiation hardened processor in space

The Maestro Flight Experiment (MFE) demonstrates the operation of a modern, many-core radiation hardened processor (the Maestro ITC) in space. The MFE executes diagnostics, performs image processing activities, addresses strategies for dealing with thermal and power constraints in orbit, and assesses the sensitivity of the processor to radiation exposure in low earth orbit. The MFE demonstrates a substantial advance in radiation hardened on-orbit computational performance, which is needed to handle the ever-increasing data load of modern imaging sensors and other orbital sensor systems.
Inferences about Supernova Physics from Gravitational-Wave Measurements: GW151226 Spin Misalignment as an Indicator of Strong Black-Hole Natal Kicks.

The inferred parameters of the binary black hole GW151226 are consistent with nonzero spin for the most massive black hole, misaligned from the binary’s orbital angular momentum. If the black holes formed through isolated binary evolution from an initially aligned binary star, this misalignment would then arise from a natal kick imparted to the first-born black hole at its birth during stellar collapse. We use simple kinematic arguments to constrain the characteristic magnitude of this kick, and find that a natal kick v_k≳50 km/s must be imparted to the black hole at birth to produce misalignments consistent with GW151226. Such large natal kicks exceed those adopted by default in most of the current supernova and binary evolution models.
Protein-polyphenol particles for delivering structural and health functionality

Abstract Dietary proteins and polyphenols contribute both nutritive and extra-nutritional (disease-preventing and metabolism-enhancing) benefits, and can participate in food structure formation and stabilization. There is a desire to increase consumption of proteins and polyphenols based on health considerations, and one approach is to form protein-polyphenol particles that combine both health and structural functionality in food products. The roles of proteins and polyphenols individually, or when bound together, are discussed in terms of health benefits (nutrition, disease prevention, satiety, allergy alleviation) and impact on food structure. The overall goal should be a rational design of protein-polyphenol particles to ensure a positive contribution to food quality, protein nutrition, and delivery of a health-relevant dose of polyphenols to the gastrointestinal tract.
Radon transport into a detached one-story house with a basement

Discussion sur le modele de prevision de la concentration de radon dans une maison individuelle
Polyacrylamide in hydraulic fracturing fluid causes severe membrane fouling during flowback water treatment

Abstract Sustainable wastewater management strategies are required to further minimize impacts of high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) as current practices such as reuse or direct disposal have long term limitations. Membranes can provide superior effluent quality in HVHF wastewater treatment, but the application of these systems is severely limited by membrane fouling. However, the key fouling components in HVHF wastewater have not yet been clearly identified and characterized. Here we demonstrate that fouling of microfiltration membranes by synthetic flowback water is mostly due to polyacrylamide (PAM), a major additive in slickwater fracturing fluids. A synthetic fracturing fluid was incubated with Marcellus Shale under HVHF conditions (80 ℃ , 83 bar, 24 h) to generate synthetic flowback water. Different HVHF conditions and fracturing fluid compositions generated a fouling index for flowback water ranging from 0.1 to 2000 m−1, with these values well correlated with the peak molecular weight (MW) (ranging from 10 to 1.5 × 104 kDa) and the concentration of high MW components in the water. The lowest fouling index was observed when PAM was further degraded by ammonium persulfate under HVHF conditions, although this is infrequently used with PAM in current fracturing operations. These results highlight the importance of PAM and its degradation products in fouling of subsequent membrane systems, providing insights that can help in the development of effective treatment processes for HVHF wastewater.
Investigation of additive manufacturing methodology with mixed silver powder and SU-8 conductive ink for 3-D RF structures

In this paper, we propose a novel additive manufacturing methodology to realize arbitrary 3-D RF structures. It could be briefly summarized as in-plane printing, 3-D printing and electroplating. Firstly, commercial silver powder is mixed with negative-tone photoresist SU-8 to function as a novel conductive ink for three dimensional (3-D) printing. The basic characteristics of printed traces including minimum trace width and thickness are determined by surface profile measurement results using Dektak Stylus Profiler. Subsequently, the horizontal movement of nozzle is optimized to ensure a flat surface with desired thickness. Since SU-8 is added into the conductive ink, UV irradiation and hard bake could help solidify the 3-D structures for rapid prototyping. To further improve RF performance, a layer of copper thin film is electroplated to cover surface of conductive ink. A preliminary study for validation purpose is conducted based on the configuration of non-grounded co-planar waveguide (CPW). Its measured S-parameters confirm the efficacy of proposed manufacturing methodology, which provides a promising solution and paves the way for designing 3-D RF structures.
Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia: consequences for locomotor muscle fatigue.

Reductions in arterial O2 saturation (−5 to −10 % SaO2 < rest) occur over time during sustained heavy intensity exercise in a normoxic environment, due primarily to the effects of acid pH and increased temperature on the position of the HbO2 dissociation curve. We prevented the desaturation via increased F1O2 (.23 to .29) and showed that exercise time to exhaustion was increased. We used supramaximal magnetic stimulation (1 – 100 Hz) of the femoral nerve to test for quadriceps fatigue. We used mildly hyperoxic inspirates (F1O2 .23 to .29) to prevent O2 desaturation. We then compared the amount of quadriceps fatigue incurred following cycling exercise at SaO2 98% vs. 91% with each trial carried out at equal exercise intensities (90% Max) and for equal durations. Preventing the normal exercise-induced O2 desaturation prevented about one-half the amount of exercise-induced quadriceps fatigue; plasma lactate and effort perception were also reduced. We conclude that the normal exercise-induced O2 desaturation during heavy intensity endurance exercise contributes significantly to exercise performance limitation in part because of its effect on locomotor muscle fatigue. These effects of EIAH were confirmed in mild environmental hypoxia (FIO2 .17, SaO2 88%) which significantly augmented the magnitude of exercise-induced quadriceps fatigue observed in normoxia.
Functional-unit-based life cycle optimization of sustainable biomass-to-electricity supply chain with economic and environmental tradeoffs

Abstract We propose a novel multi-objective optimization model for the sustainable design and operation of bio-electricity supply chain networks, which simultaneously optimizes the economic and environmental impacts. The proposed model covers the cradle-to-gate life cycle of bio-electricity including biomass cultivation and harvesting, feedstock pretreatment, energy conversion, biopower generation, as well as transportation and storage. We formulate the problem as a multi-objective mixed-integer linear fractional program (MILFP) following the functional-unit based life cycle optimization approach. The geographical dispersion and seasonality of biomass supply are captured and handled by the spatially explicit and multi-period features of the model. The multi- objective optimization is accomplished via e -constraint method to obtain the approximate Pareto frontiers, which reveal the tradeoff between economic performance and concerns about environmental impacts. Tailored solution methods are proposed for the effective global optimization of the resulting MILFP problem. A county-level case study on potential bio-electricity supply chain in Illinois is provided to demonstrate the application of both modelling framework and solution methods.
Radiation exposure to a family member in the injection room during dose administration

2106 Objectives Family members often join the patient in the injection room where they are being exposed to radiation. The goal of this study was to determine if the family member would receive significant radiation exposure while being present during the dose administration. Methods Exposure rates were measured with an electronic pocket Geiger Muller dosimeter. The dosimeter was placed one and half meters away from the injection area. Readings from the dosimeter were recorded daily for fifteen days. The procedure, isotope, dose administered, and time in the room were recorded. Background was subtracted out of the daily readings. Results Out of the fifteen days, only two days went above background level. A one-sided t test statistical analysis was performed to compare measured radiation with the expected background level. On these two days that went above background level I-131 thyroid therapy doses were given. Conclusions Radiation exposure readings to family members did not exceed background levels unless I-131 therapy was administered. Research Support I would like to acknowledge Dawn Burkhardt, Mike Miller, Mack Richards, and the staff at the Department of Nuclear Medicine at University Hospital for their assistance in the process of this research
Observation of the quasiparticle Hall effect in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7- delta.

Coherent time-domain spectroscopy was used to measure the complex transmission tensor of several $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ thin films in magnetic fields up to 6 T at temperatures from 10 to 200 K. The complex conductivity tensor was determined from transmission measurements in the frequency range 150-800 GHz without the need for Kramers-Kronig analysis. Both the real and imaginary parts of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{xy}}$ were found to peak near 40 K, exceeding their normal state values by more than a factor of 10. This behavior is ascribed to the Hall effect of quasiparticles in the superconducting state.
Automated model repair for Alloy

Automated program repair is an active research area. However, existing research focuses mostly on imperative code, e.g. in Java. In this paper, we study the problem of repairing declarative models in Alloy -- a first order relational logic with transitive closure. We introduce ARepair, the first technique for repairing Alloy models. ARepair follows the spirit of traditional automated program repair techniques. Specifically, ARepair takes as input a faulty Alloy model and a test suite that contains some failing test, and outputs a repaired model that is correct with respect to the given tests. ARepair integrates ideas from mutation testing and program synthesis to provide an effective solution for repairing Alloy models. The experimental results show that ARepair can fix 28 out of 38 real-world faulty models we collected.
Metal, magnet or transplant: options in primary sclerosing cholangitis with stricture

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the biliary tree of unknown etiology leading to stricturing and dilation. There is currently no effective medical therapy for PSC and liver transplantation (LT) remains the ultimate treatment for severe disease defined as repeated episodes of cholangitis, decompensated biliary cirrhosis or in exceptional cases, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Patients often present with a "dominant" stricture and the therapeutic endoscopist plays an important role in management to improve biliary patency using a variety of techniques that involve sampling, balloon dilation and temporary stenting. Newer modalities such as self-expanding metal stents or magnetic compression anastomosis that have been used in other diseases may have a role to play in PSC but should remain investigational. Liver transplantation for PSC is curative in most cases but the optimal timing remains unclear. The lifetime risk of CCA is 10-15% in PSC patients and LT is often not possible at the time of diagnosis. Multiple studies have tried to identify risk factors and to diagnose CCA at an early stage when surgical resection may be possible or LT can be performed. However, deceased donor organs for LT remain in short supply throughout the world so even identifying PSC patients with CCA at an early stage may not be beneficial unless a live donor organ is available.
Miniature electroparticle-cuff for wireless peripheral neuromodulation.

OBJECTIVE Recent developments in peripheral nerve electrodes allow the efficient and selective neuromodulation of somatic and autonomic nerves, which has proven beneficial in specific bioelectronic medical applications. However, current most clinical devices are wired and powered by implantable batteries which suffer from several limitations. We recently developed a sub-millimeter inductively powered neural stimulator (electroparticle; EP), and in this study, we report the integration of the EP onto commercial cuff electrodes (EP-C) allowing the wireless activation of peripheral nerves. APPROACH The current output of this device was defined at different magnetic field strenghts, and with respect to external antenna distance and activation angles. In acute in vivo testing, stimulation of the rat sciatic nerve (ScN) with the EP-C was able to evoke motor responses quantified by 3D tracking of the hind limb movement. Motor recruitment curves were obtained in response to variations in magnetic field strength (0-92.91 A m-1), stimulation frequencies (2-7 Hz), and pulse widths (50-200 µs). MAIN RESULTS The results show constant output voltage throughout 50 400 stimulating cycles on a benchtop setting, and successful ScN motor activation with a 4 cm distance between external antenna and receiver. We achieved optimal motor recruitment indicated by maximizing range of hindlimb movement (6.01 ± 2.92 mm) with a magnetic field of 40.02 ± 2.85 A m-1 and 150 µs pulse width. Stimulating pulse width or frequency did not significantly influence motor recruitment. SIGNIFICANCE We confirmed that continuous stimulation for 14 min using monophasic pulses did not deleteriously affect the evoked motor responses when compared to wired charge-balanced biphasic electrical stimulation. We observed, however, a 36%-44% decrease in the evoked limb movement in both groups over time due to muscle fatigue. This study shows that the EP-C device can be used effectively for peripheral nerve neuromodulation.
Investigations into CYGNSS-Based Soil Moisture Retrieval Algorithms

NASA’s Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) receives the forward scattered L-band GNSS signals between ±37° latitudes. The received signals over land are previously shown to be highly sensitive to surface soil moisture (SM). Assuming coherent reflections over land, the CYGNSS bistatic radars can provide a spatial resolution of around 7 × 0.5 km and a revisit time of 1-2 days. SM retrieval at such a high spatio-temporal resolution could help advance hydrometeorology and agriculture applications. This study examines case scenarios for determining the relations of CYGNSS-deliverables and available SM data as well as specifying the requirements for CYGNSS-derived SM retrieval. Preliminary results demonstrate moderate correlation between CYGNSS measurements and SMAP SM. However, the results also show that accurate derivation of high spatio-temporal SM products from CYGNSS measurements is a challenging problem due to the heterogeneous land covers, varying topography, and surface roughness.