cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiometry Using Synchrotron Radiation

It is possible to use synchrotron radiation from electron synchrotrons and electron storage rings as an absolute source, especially in the VUV and soft X-ray regions where other standards are difficult to find. At the NBS, an electron storage ring (SURF-II) has been used to calibrate spectrometers and photometers utilized in solar and aeronomy research and in fusion plasma diagnostics. The radiation incident on these spectrometers can be calculated to uncertainties of 3%, and a technique to exactly determine the number of electrons orbiting in the ring is currently being developed to reduce this uncertainty. Detector calibrations between 5 and 55 nm are routinely performed at SURF-II and transfer standard detectors with 6-10% uncertainties over the range 5-254 nm are supplied.
A tumor-specific membrane phosphoprotein marker in human cell hybrids.

Abstract Fusion of normal human fibroblasts with HeLa results in hybrids with completely suppressed tumorigenic potential, which still behave as transformed cells in culture. From these stably suppressed hybrids, rare tumorigenic segregants have been isolated. We prepared antiserum against one tumorigenic segregant, ESH5T, by injecting live cells into rabbits, then absorbed this antiserum extensively against the corresponding nontumorigenic hybrid, ESH5, to remove any cross-reacting antigenic specificities. Immunoprecipitation of iodinated cell surface proteins with this absorbed antiserum revealed a 75 kilodalton (kd) protein on the cell surface of tumorigenic HeLa-fibroblast hybrids and HeLa, but not on normal fibroblasts or any nontumorigenic hybrids examined. Under nonreducing conditions in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the 75 kd protein migrated as a 150 kd dimer. Immunoprecipitation of cells metabolically labeled with 35 S-methionine confirmed that the 75 kd protein is synthesized in tumorigenic cells but not in nontumorigenic hybrids or normal fibroblasts. Metabolic labeling with 32 PO 4 revealed that the 75 kd protein is phosphorylated, and immunoprecipitation of galactose-oxidase/ 3 NaBH 4 -labeled cells with absorbed antiserum identified it as a glycoprotein. This protein does not appear to be a major cell surface iodinated component and represents only 0.03% of the total cellular protein. The exclusive correlation of the expression of this cell surface phosphoglycoprotein with tumorigenicity in HeLa-fibroblast hybrids suggests that it may be an important determinant for in vivo growth potential.
Nuclear Matrix-like Filaments and Fibrogranular Complexes Form through the Rearrangement of Specific Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins

The behavior of nuclear pre-mRNA-binding proteins after their nuclease and/or salt-induced release from RNA was investigated. After RNase digestion or salt extraction, two proteins that initially e...
The Relative Utility of Persistence and Medium-Range Dynamical Forecasts of Monthly Mean 700 mb Heights

The proposal of Harnack et al. (1986) that monthly 700-mb height anomalies can be predicted using simulated medium-range numerical forecasts is tested with actual numerical forecasts produced under strict operational conditions. These conditions included nonavailability of long model forecast histories from which to develop estimates of drift, frequent model changes over the period of the experiment, a requirement that each monthly forecast be made four days before the beginning of the month, and the use of only data which are available on the day of the forecast. The overall results and month-by-month results confirm the hypothesis of the Harnack group.
Acoustic Propagation Properties of Normal, Stunned, and Infarcted Myocardium Morphological and Biochemical Determinants

Background Identification of viable but stunned myocardium remains a major problem. Since stunned myocardium results in impairment of myocardial function without any structural damage and infarcted myocardium causes major structural disruption, we postulated that acoustic properties could distinguish between the two insults. Methods and Results Anesthetized open-chest dogs underwent a total occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 15 minutes (stunned, n=7) and 90 minutes (infarcted, n=8), followed by reperfusion for 3 hours. Circumflex coronary artery perfusion territory (n=15) served as normal control tissue. Regions of myocardium were quantitatively evaluated with a scanning laser acoustic microscope operating at 100 MHz and a research ultrasound system operating at 4 to 7 MHz. Four ultrasonic parameters were determined: attenuation coefficient (an index of loss per unit distance), speed of propagation, a spatial variation of propagation speed called the heterogeneity index (HI), and ultrasonic backscatter at 5 MHz (IBR5). Myocardial water, lipid, and protein contents of normal, stunned, and infarcted myocardium were also determined. The attenuation coefficient of normal myocardium (179±20 dB/cm) was significantly greater than that of stunned (136±7 dB/cm, P <.001) and infarcted (130±8 dB/cm, P <.001) myocardium. The propagation speed of normal myocardium (1597±6 m/s) was similar to that of stunned (1600±6 m/s) and significantly higher than that of infarcted (1575±7 m/s, P <.001) myocardium. The HI for specimen thicknesses of 75 to 100 μm showed an increase of 33% between normal (5.0±0.8 m/s) and stunned (7.5±2.3 m/s, P <.05) myocardium. However, for the infarcted myocardium (5.8±2.0 m/s), the HI was essentially the same as that of the normal myocardium (5.0±0.8 m/s). The IBR5 of normal (−47.1±1.0 dB) was not significantly different from that of stunned myocardium (−46.8±0.9 dB). The IBR5 of infarcted myocardium (−42.4±1.0 dB) was significantly greater than that of normal myocardium. Myocardial water and protein contents were similar in the normal and stunned myocardium. Water content in the infarcted myocardium (80.8±2%) was significantly greater ( P <.05) than in the normal (72.7±1.3%), and protein content of 18.5±0.7% was significantly lower ( P <.05) than the normal (21.4±0.8%). Lipid content was increased in the stunned (8.5±0.5%) and virtually absent in the infarcted myocardium (0.8±0.3%) compared with normal (5.5±0.6%). Conclusions We conclude that acoustic propagation properties can identify stunned and infarcted myocardium and may be related to biochemical/morphological differences.
Use of Vaginal Smears in Mating the Golden Hamster

SummaryIn the experiments herein reported vaginal smears have been utilized in determining the proper time for mating golden hamsters. A male hamster is placed in the cage with each female hamster which is found to be in either proestrus or estrus upon inspection of its vaginal smear. The male is caged with the female for 48 hours and is then removed. Injury due to unsocial behavior of the animals is minimized by this procedure. Forty-nine pregnancies were secured from a total of 98 matings in the present experiments. One pregnancy in 2 matings is considered to be a satisfactory conception rate for this animal under laboratory conditions.
Expression of different coding sequences in cell-free bacterial and eukaryotic systems indicates translational pausing on Escherichia coli ribosomes.

Five different coding sequences of bacterial or eukaryotic origin in plasmids under the T7 promoter were expressed in a cell-free system derived from Escherichia coli. Translation on E. coli ribosomes resulted in a full-length product only in four of the five coding sequences tested. A unique pattern of less than full-length polypeptides was generated in each case. Many of these polypeptides on E. coli ribosomes reacted with a puromycin derivative, cytidylic acid-puromycin, which was radioactively labeled. Thus these incomplete polypeptides can be defined as nascent peptides bound to the ribosomal P site. Certain nascent peptides could be shifted into full-length protein indicating that they resulted from translational pausing. In contrast to these results, expression of the same coding sequences in a wheat germ or reticulocyte cell-free system resulted in a 80–90% full-length product with no evidence for nascent polypeptides and translational pausing.
Growth and reproduction in captive tufted capuchins (Cebus apella)

We present data on weight and reproduction from a colony of tufted capuchins monkeys (Cebus apella) over a 12 year period. The data constitute a normative record for this species. Weight at birth averages 210 g, and infants gain weight rapidly. Females typically first conceived just after their fifth birthday, and males were fertile by 4 years, 5 months. Interbirth intervals average 576 days. Eighty-seven percent of live-born infants survived past 6 months. Three of eight live-born infants that died prior to 6 months succumbed from trauma inflicted by cage mates.
Strain differences in mouse mammary tissue sensitivity to prolactin and somatotrophin in organ culture.

THE lactogenic activities of ovine prolactin and bovine somatotrophin have been investigated in several strains of inbred mice, and a spectrum of responses was reported1,2. Prolactin was lactogenic in all strains, with some variations in sensitivity encountered. On the other hand, whereas somatotrophin showed considerable activity on tissues from some strains, other strains were much less reactive, and a single strain was completely unresponsive to the lactogenic effects of this hormone.
How Are the Form and Magnitude of DIF Effects in Multiple-Choice Items Determined by Distractor-Level Invariance Effects?.

This article explores how the magnitude and form of differential item functioning (DIF) effects in multiple-choice items are determined by the underlying differential distractor functioning (DDF) effects, as modeled under the nominal response model. The results of a numerical investigation indicated that (a) the presence of one or more nonzero DDF effects implies a nonzero DIF effect; (b) the magnitude of the DDF effects creates an upper bound to the magnitude of the resulting DIF effect; (c) the presence of a large DDF effect does not necessarily imply a large DIF effect; (d) under the condition of constant DDF effects the resulting DIF effect is independent of other item properties (i.e., location and discrimination parameters), but under the condition of varying DDF effects the resulting DIF effect magnitude is dependent on other item properties; and (e) although crossing DIF can only exist with divergent (varying in sign) DDF effects, divergent DDF effects do not always yield crossing DIF. Implication...
Fall Risk Assessments Based on Postural and Dynamic Stability Using Inertial Measurement Unit

OBJECTIVES: Slip and fall accidents in the workplace are one of the top causes of work related fatalities and injuries. Previous studies have indicated that fall risk was related to postural and dynamic stability. However, the usage of this theoretical relationship was limited by laboratory based measuring instruments. The current study proposed a new method for stability assessment by use of inertial measurement units (IMUs). METHODS: Accelerations at different body parts were recorded by the IMUs. Postural and local dynamic stability was assessed from these measures and compared with that computed from the traditional method. RESULTS: THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED: 1) significant differences between fall prone and healthy groups in IMU assessed dynamic stability; and 2) better power of discrimination with multi stability index assessed by IMUs. CONCLUSION: The findings can be utilized in the design of a portable screening or monitoring tool for fall risk assessment in various industrial settings. Language: en
Surgical resection of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation for treatment of superficial siderosis: case report

BACKGROUND To our knowledge, there are only two reported cases of cerebral arteriovenous malformation associated with superficial siderosis. In both cases, the patients were asymptomatic and were discovered on retrospective review of magnetic resonance imaging. CASE DESCRIPTION We describe a case of superficial siderosis in a 47-year-old male with a remote history of closed head injury that presented with progressive hearing loss, cerebellar ataxia, and urinary incontinence. Lumbar puncture was indicative of active subarachnoid bleeding. Cerebral angiography revealed a small vascular malformation that was resected. RESULTS Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of the arteriovenous malformation. Six months after surgery the patient is neurologically stable with no further progression of clinical signs or symptoms. CONCLUSIONS We report the first case of surgical resection of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation for the treatment of superficial siderosis. We emphasize the necessity of a detailed evaluation when superficial siderosis is suspected to localize and resect potential bleeding sources, because the disease is progressive and often irreversible.
(±) 4β-amino-2α,3α-dihydroxy-1β-cyclopentanemethanol hydrochloride. Carbocyclic ribofuranosylamine for the synthesis of carbocyclic nucleosides.

Abstract Carbocyclic ribofuranosylamine, a key intermediate for the synthesis of carbocyclic ribonucleosides, was synthesized by a facile route from the lactam, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept5-ene-3-one.
Promoting derived textual control within activity schedules may lead to independence for children with autism spectrum disorder

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Miguel, C. F., Yang, H. G., Finn, H. E., & Ahearn, W. H. (2009). Establishing derived textual control in activity schedules with children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 703–709. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: No source of funding reported, and no conflicts of interest reported by the original authors of this research report.
Chronic levodopa treatment alters expression and function of dopamine D3 receptor in the MPTP/p mouse model of Parkinson’s disease

Chronic treatment with levodopa or antipsychotics results in manifestation of side-effects such as dyskinesia which correlates with changes in expression and function of receptors and signaling proteins. Previous studies have suggested a role for the dopamine D3 receptor in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and tardive dyskinesia. Yet the expression and signaling function of D3 receptor in these disorders is not well understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that chronic levodopa treatment alters both expression and function of D3 receptors in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine plus probenecid (MPTP/p) mouse model of PD. drd3-EGFP reporter mice were injected biweekly with saline or MPTP and probenecid for a 5-week period. During the last two weeks of the 5-week period, the mice were administered saline or levodopa twice daily. Locomotor activity was measured during the treatment period. D3 receptor expression was determined by western blot analysis. D3 receptor signaling function was determined at tissue and single cell level by measuring the activation of D3 receptor-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The drd3-EGFP mice administered MPTP/p exhibited akinesia/bradykinesia. Expression of D3 receptor protein in the dorsal striatum specifically increased in the MPTP/p-treated mice administered levodopa. In the dorsal striatum of levodopa and MPTP/p-treated drd3-EGFP mice, administration of a D3 receptor-selective dose of agonist, PD128907, failed to activate D3 receptor-MAPK signaling. These results suggest that MPTP-induced lesion and chronic levodopa treatment alters D3 receptor expression and function in the dorsal striatum which could contribute to the development of dyskinesias and other motor side-effects.
Effectiveness of glucosamine for symptoms of knee osteoarthritis: Results from an internet-based randomized double-blind controlled trial

Purpose To present the safety and effectiveness results of a prototypical 12-week, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of glucosamine among subjects with knee osteoarthritis who were recruited and followed entirely over the Internet. Methods The study comprised 205 subjects aged 45 years or older with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis who were recruited over the Internet; eligibility was authenticated through medical record review. Participants were assigned randomly to 1.5 g/d of glucosamine (n = 101) or placebo (n = 104), of whom 108 completed the intervention (93 in each arm). The primary outcome measure was the pain subscale of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (Likert version). Additional outcome measures included the physical function and stiffness subscales and overall score of the questionnaire, and analgesic use. Results There was no difference between treatment and control groups in terms of change in pain score (2.0 ± 3.4 vs. 2.5 ± 3.8, P = 0.41), stiffness (0.7 ± 1.6 vs. 0.8 ± 1.5, P = 0.52), physical function (5.2 ± 9.5 vs. 4.6 ± 9.6, P = 0.49), overall score (7.8 ± 13.1 vs. 7.8 ± 13.5, P = 0.81), and analgesic use (133 ± 553 vs. –88 ± 755, P = 0.12). Stratification by osteoarthritis severity, glucosamine product, and use of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, as well as exclusion of opiate users, did not alter the results. The number and type of adverse events reported was similar between the groups. Conclusion Our results suggest that although glucosamine appears to be safe, it is no more effective than placebo in treating the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis.
A Twin Study of Depression and Migraine: Evidence for a Shared Genetic Vulnerability

Objective.— To determine if shared genetic or environmental vulnerabilities could underlie depression and migraine. Background.— Depression and migraine headaches frequently coexist and their comorbidity may be due to shared etiologies. Methods.— Female twins in the University of Washington Twin Registry responded to a mailed survey regarding their health history. Depression and migraine were determined by self-report of a physician's diagnosis. We used bivariate structural equation modeling to test for shared genetic, common environmental, and unique environmental components, and to estimate the magnitude of any shared component. Results.— Among 758 monozygotic and 306 dizygotic female pairs, 23% reported depression and 20% reported migraine headaches. Heritability was estimated to be 58% (95% confidence interval: 48-67%) for depression and 44% (95% confidence interval: 32-56%) for migraine. Bivariate structural equation modeling estimated that 20% of the variability in depression and migraine headaches was due to shared genes and 4% was due to shared unique environmental factors. Conclusions.— The comorbidity of depression and migraine headache may be due in part to shared genetic risk factors. Research should focus attention on shared pathways, thereby making progress on 2 disease fronts simultaneously and perhaps providing clinicians with unified treatment strategies.
MIB‐1 Proliferation Index in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: Relationship to the Expression of the Apoptosis‐Regulating Proteins bcl‐2 and p53

: Tumor growth is the net result of cell proliferation and cell death. To investigate the relationship between these phenomena in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), we studied proliferation index (PI) in DCIS in relation to the expression of two proteins involved in the regulation of cell death, bcl-2 and p53. Thirty-nine consecutive cases of DCIS were studied. PI was determined using immunolabeling with the monoclonal antibody MIB-1. The proportion of MIB-1-positive nuclei among 500 tumor cell nuclei was determined for each case and constituted the PI. All cases were also assessed immunohistochemically for bcl-2 and p53 protein expression. DCIS cases were graded using the criteria of Holland et al. PI ranged from 0 to 57% (mean 11.2%, median 4.6%). PI was significantly lower in well-differentiated and intermediately differentiated DCIS cases (mean 7.3% and 4.8%, respectively) than in poorly differentiated lesions (mean 24%, p = 0.01). PI was significantly lower in bcl-2-positive cases than in bcl-2-negative cases (mean PI for bcl-2-positive cases 6% and for bcl-2-negative cases 26%, p = 0.01). PI was higher in lesions expressing the p53 protein than in p53 negative cases (19% versus 8.3%), but this difference did not reach statistical significance. PI was also examined in relation to combinations of bcl-2 and p53 expression. Twenty-five of the DCIS lesions (64%) showed the bcl-2-positive/p53-negative phenotype which is similar to that seen in normal breast tissue and benign lesions and can be considered the “physiologic” combination. Among these cases the mean PI was 6.4%. In contrast, 14 cases showed “aberrant” combinations of bcl-2 and p53 expression suggesting dysregulated control of apoptosis. Among these cases the mean PI was 19.6% (p = 0.03). The highest mean PI was in cases with the bcl-2-negative/p53-positive phenotype (PI = 29.7%). DCIS lesions with the physiologic bcl-2-positive/p53-negative phenotype have low PI. In contrast, DCIS lesions with “aberrant” bcl-2/p53 phenotypes have high PI. This combination may favor tumor growth and progression in DCIS.
Marketing of ethnic food experiences: authentication analysis of Indian cuisine abroad

This study aims to examine how Indian restaurants outside of India negotiate and project authenticity onto toured markers (both tangible and intangible) in ‘restaurant/eatertainment’ experiences. Using predetermined authenticity criteria and an a priori list of authenticating markers, this study to scrutinizes the online promotional content of north Indian food in the USA. Based on the results, it is noted that the restaurant owners use preferred and theoplacity-negotiated versions to inculcate meanings of object authenticity.
Improvement of “irreversible” airway obstruction by thiazinamium (Multergan®)

Thiazinamium (Multergan®, 50 mg intramuscularly) improved lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1.0]; forced vital capacity [FVC]) within one hour after injection in 11 men (average age 66.4 years) with chronic cough, phlegm, and dyspnea, and with severe ventilatory function loss (average FEV1.0, 42.5% of predicted values; average FVC, 64.6%) due to prolonged exposure (≥28 years) to dust of soft hemp in industry. The increase of FEV1.0 and of FVC after thiazinamium was significantly greater than that observed after isoproterenol inhalation in the same subjects. The acute effect of thiazinamium, which lasted at least six hours, was maintained over a one-month period of daily injections. Oral administration of 200 mg thiazinamium had little effect on FEV1.0 and FVC. The results suggest that "irreversible" airway obstruction may be more amenable to drug treatment than is often thought.
HIGH SCHOOL EXPERIENCE AND THE RISK OF ADULT INCARCERATION

This study assesses the effects of high school educational experiences on the risk of incarceration for young men aged 19–36 using event history analysis and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data. High school education serves as a defining moment in an individual's life course. Young men who enroll in secondary occupational course work significantly reduce their likelihood of incarceration both overall and net of differences in the adult labor market. High school student/teacher ratios and student composition also significantly affect an individual's risk of incarceration.
Spontaneous Triploidy in the Black Fly Simulium Snowi Stone & Snoddy (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Polytene chromosomes in the silk glands of larval black flies are large and distinctly banded (Rothfels and Dunbar 1953), facilitating detection of polyploid individuals. Spontaneous triploids are observed in diploid black fly species ap prox imately once per >1500 chromosome preparations (Adler et al., 2004). Lateinstar larvae are generally used to make these preparations, and the actual rate of spontaneous triploidy possibly is higher because triploids that terminate earlier in development are not seen. Here, I report a triploid larva of Simulium snowi Stone & Snoddy. Larval black flies were sampled from Bluewater Creek, Lauderdale County, AL (34°54.077' N, 087°26.383' W), and fixed in Carnoy’s solution (3:1 etha nol:acetic acid) on 13 November 2010. Slide preparations were made of poly tene chromosomes from 10 larvae, following the Feulgen staining method (Rothfels & Dunbar 1953, Adler et al., 2004). One larva of S. snowi with male gonads was triploid (Fig. 1). This individual could possibly be a hybrid; I have found no fixed chromosomal banding differences between S. snowi and the sympatric S. fibrinflatum Twinn, and larvae of the two species are isomorphic (Adler et al., 2004). However, the close association of all three sets of chromosomes suggests that this larva is a spontaneous autotriploid, representing the first record of a triploid in the S. jenningsi species group. Spontaneous triploids have been reported from at least 6 species in the genus Simulium throughout the world, including Australia, Russia, and the United States (Pasternak 1964, Chubareva et al., 1974, Bedo 1977, Adler 1986, Adler et al., 2004). Spontaneous triploids are typically reproductive dead ends (Adler et al., 2010), but 8 triploid black fly species are known worldwide, with four par theno genetic triploid species in North America (Adler et al., 2004). Of these, Gym no pais dichopticoides Wood, Gymnopais holopticoides Wood, and Pro si mu li um ursinum (Edwards) are allotriploids (Adler et al., 2004), but Stegopterna mu tata (Malloch) is possibly an autotriploid (Currie and Hunter 2003). Spontaneous triploid specimens have contributed to an understanding of the biology of black flies. For example, it was discovered that the sex of a black fly depends on the presence or absence of a male-determining factor because XXY triploids are male, whereas XXX triploids are female (Rothfels 1980, Adler et al., 486 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Characterization of serum-stimulated lipoprotein lipase from bovine heart.

Abstract 1. 1. A triglyceride (TG) lipase is present in whole homogenate and tissue extracts of beef myocardium with chareteristics of lipoprotein lipase (LPL); i.e. activity is stimulated by serum, inhibited by NaCI and protamine sulfate, the protein binds to heparin-Sepharose, and the enzyme has an alkaline pH optimum. 2. 2. This TG lipase, eluted from heparin-Sepharose at 0.9–1.0 M NaCI, has an apparent mol. wt of 64 K daltons. Its primary mRNA is 3.7 kb. 3. 3. Expression of LPL mRNA and enzyme activities are in the ratio of approximately 20:8:1 for hearts of mouse, rat and beef, respectively and correlate with r = +0.99.
The O 2 -Overvoltage on an Ni Anode in a Neutral Oxidizing Electrolyte

In acid solutions, the anodic current passed at an Ni anode is consumed in corrosion processes until the potential is raised high enough for O2 to be evolved1. Eventually, all of the current goes into O2 evolution at sufficiently high anodic potentials on Ni. The Tafel slope has a value of about 0.14 in the O2 evolution region and a mechanism involving the discharge of H2O molecules to adsorbed OH radicals as a rate-determining process was found1 to be consistent with the observed Tafel slope.
Characterization of Two Chloro-Substituted m-Benzyne Isomers: Effect of Substitution on Reaction Efficiencies and Products

Two isomeric chloro-substituted N-phenylpyridinium-type m-benzyne analogues were generated and examined in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with the goal of comparing the reactivity and singlet−triplet gaps of the chlorinated and nonchlorinated benzynes. Theoretical calculations predict that the chloro isomers should have singlet−triplet gaps that differ by about 4 kcal/mol. Indeed, experiments confirm that the two singlet benzynes are separated in energy by 1.9 kcal/mol. Despite this difference, both isomers react at nearly identical rates that are as much as 2 orders of magnitude greater than the rates of the corresponding unchlorinated m-benzyne analogue. An interesting finding is that all of the N-phenylpyridinium m-benzyne ions react with tert-butyl isocyanide to form a strained, cyclic allene (although to different extents) that is almost 70 kcal/mol less stable than one of its hydrogen-shift isomers. The cyclic allene was characterized and quantified by collision-activa...
A vision for communities in the 21st century: back to the future

Abstract Globalization, in its capitalistic and popular cultural form, is impacting communities around the world. This paper uses two models to show how globalization actually arose several millennia ago and how the process has greatly accelerated in recent times. One model describes the ‘information technology system’ and the second is James Miller’s living systems model. Using these models as a foundation, this paper argues that globalization can severely weaken communities and is antithetical to future-oriented perspectives. If current globalization trends continue unabated, globalization may result in a future world characterized by satiated consumers whose every desire is met by a totally efficient but completely impersonal economic system. In this world, people do not depend directly upon face-to-face interaction for their economic well being. Because of this, community and even culture collapses. Contrasted to this soulless world, it is argued that a new future could evolve where concern about the future replaces individualistic and market-oriented concerns as the prime motivator of public policy. This future has a good probability of occurring since current populations are being socialized to understand the broad concept of globalization. Additionally, new technologies will allow the development of small, mostly self-sufficient communities which will facilitate the re-emergence of community life and obligations.
Efficacy and safety of pegaptanib sodium for macular edema secondary to Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)

Purpose: To assess the efficacy and safety of pegaptanib in the treatment of macular edema secondary to CRVO. Methods: This phase 2, multicenter, double-masked, sham-controlled study included subjects with nonischemic CRVO of <6 months duration, baseline center point retinal thickness ≥250 μm, and best-correct visual acuity (VA) of 65 to 20 ETDRS letters inclusive. Subjects were randomized (1:1:1) to intravitreous pegaptanib (0.3, 1 mg) or sham injections every 6 weeks for 24 weeks with follow-up through 52 weeks. Additional therapy was allowed after week 30 for losses ≥15 letters. Endpoints included mean changes from baseline in VA and retinal thickness. Results: Baseline characteristics were well balanced across study arms (0.3, 1 mg, n=33; sham, n=32). Mean change in VA from baseline at week 30 was +7.1, +9.9, and -3.2 letters in the pegaptanib 0.3 mg, 1 mg, and sham groups, respectively (P<.05 for 1 mg vs sham). At week 52, mean VA change was +7.5, +6.3, and -2.4 letters, respectively (P=ns). From baseline to week 52, fewer treated with 0.3 mg pegaptanib than sham lost ≥15 letters (9% vs 31%; P<.05) and more gained ≥0 (P=.01), 5 (P=.02) and 10 or 15 letters (P=ns). From baseline to week 52, mean change in center point thickness in the 0.3 mg, 1 mg, and sham groups was -295 μm, -216 μm, and -183 μm, respectively. Conclusions: This is the first randomized trial to show any treatment benefit for macular edema due to CRVO compared with sham. The anatomical and functional benefits provided by pegaptanib are consistent with the clinical benefit already presented with diabetic macular edema, and the ocular neovascularization of diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.
Posterior Shoulder Instability in the Contact Athlete

Posterior shoulder instability is a relatively uncommon injury when compared to anterior shoulder instability. The diagnosis of posterior shoulder instability must take into account a thorough history and physical examination. Imaging should be performed on every athlete presenting with shoulder pain and/or instability and should consist of a standard shoulder radiographic series with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or computed tomography to assess for soft tissue or bony defects that may contribute to these symptoms.
The Validity of the Learning Style Inventory 1985 as a Predictor of Cognitive Style and Occupational Preference

This study investigated the relationship between measures of cognitive style and occupational preference and learning modes as measured by Kolb's revised Learning Style Inventory 1985. The Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), the Learning Style Inventory 1985 (LSI), and the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) were administered to 111 introductory psychology students. There were no significant correlations between the LSI and the GEFT. Correlations between the LSI and the VPI revealed a relationship between Artistic interests and the Concrete Experience mode.
Intergenerational Consumer Influence in the US and Republic of China

Abstract As a consequence of the changing world demographics, and an increasingly global media in the form of TV programs, popular music and movies, marketers are seeking ways in which to exploit intergenerational and international relationships to improve the targeting of marketing related communications. It is well recognized that family members serve as influencers in consumption decisions both up and down the family structure. This paper examines the family relationships in the United States and the Republic of China (Taiwan or hereinafter ROC) as referent influences when targeting marketing messages. The members of family units in the two countries completed virtually identical surveys allowing the research to examine the consumer socialization of the family in a younger to elder structure, rather than the more common parent to child structure. Three hundred sets of surveys were distributed in each country through private high schools with student bodies of similar family income, education and occupa...
The validity and clinical utility of night eating syndrome.

Objective: To review the empirical literature for evidence in support of inclusion of Night Eating Syndrome (NES) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Method: Based on a literature search using PubMed, 47 empirical studies of NES were identified. Results: The literature reflects use of varying definitions; progress has been made toward reliable measurement of night eating symptoms; evidence regarding a differentiation of NES from “normalcy” or from other eating disorders is based largely on samples of convenience; only one controlled treatment study has been published. Discussion: There are limited data supporting the clinical utility and validity of NES; several options regarding the inclusion of NES in DSM-V are discussed. © 2009 American Psychiatric Association.
The genetic control and consequences of kin recognition by the larvae of a colonial marine invertebrate

The evolution of altruism, cooperation and sociality should be favoured by mechanisms promoting interactions among relatives1,2. In turn, the opportunity for such interactions should be enhanced where related individuals are spatially associated. The simplest explanation for association of kin invokes philopatric, or limited, dispersal3. Alternatively, kin recognition—which is known from a broad array of taxa4,5—can produce similar associations. Neither the prevalence of kin recognition, nor aggregations of kin, are by themselves sufficient to demonstrate that kin recognition plays an important role in the production of nonrandom associations of relatives. To have such a role, kin recognition must promote or inhibit associations of kin beyond the effects of other processes, notably dispersal, that modify spatial patterns. Here we report the results of field experiments showing that sibling planktonic larvae of the sessile colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri settle in aggregations that are much stronger than expected from dispersal distance effects alone. Laboratory experiments indicate that larvae distinguish kin on the basis of shared alleles at a highly polymorphic histocompatibility locus known to regulate fusion between adult colonies. This kin recognition mechanism, along with limited dispersal of larvae, promotes co-settlement of histocompatible individuals. Consequently, the probability of fusion between adult colonies is far greater than that expected if larvae settled randomly
Empirical models of discrete games

Abstract This paper develops econometric models for discrete games. Specifically, we model the payoffs of games where a researcher observes qualitative or censored information about agents' decisions and payoffs. These models extend single-person qualitative choice models introduced by McFadden (1974) and others to multiple-person choice problems. The equations describing players' equilibrium strategies depend on the game's structure and the equilibrium solution concept. We show that one can describe the equilibria of a simultaneous-move Nash game with a linear system of dummy endogenous variables. We also show that sequential-move and cooperative models have different, but related, econometric structures. A series of applied examples address identification and estimation issues. These examples include models of market entry, technology adoption, tax auditing, and cooperative family labor supply.
EDGE3: A web-based solution for management and analysis of Agilent two color microarray experiments

Background The ability to generate transcriptional data on the scale of entire genomes has been a boon both in the improvement of biological understanding and in the amount of data generated. The latter, the amount of data generated, has implications when it comes to effective storage, analysis and sharing of these data. A number of software tools have been developed to store, analyze, and share microarray data. However, a majority of these tools do not offer all of these features nor do they specifically target the commonly used two color Agilent DNA microarray platform. Thus, the motivating factor for the development of EDGE3 was to incorporate the storage, analysis and sharing of microarray data in a manner that would provide a means for research groups to collaborate on Agilent-based microarray experiments without a large investment in software-related expenditures or extensive training of end-users.
Regulation of transcription by the MLL2 complex and MLL complex–associated AKAP95

Although histone H3 Lys4 (H3K4) methylation is widely associated with gene activation, direct evidence for its causal role in transcription is lacking. New studies with the histone methyltransferase MLL2 in a cell-free transcription system now establish a direct causal role for MLL2-mediated H3K4 methylation in transcription and identify AKAP95 as a new modulator of H3K4 methylation.
Reducing the complexity of MPEG-4 global motion estimation using pixel subsampling

MPEG-4 uses a perspective model for global motion estimation. The region of support for global motion representation consists of the entire image frame. Estimating global motion parameters is very expensive computationally, since all the pixels in the frames are involved in the computation. Therefore, computationally efficient global motion estimation techniques are sought-after. It is shown that real-time global motion estimation in an MPEG-4 video codec can be achieved by using a pixel subsampling method based on regular subsampling patterns. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed method was capable of speeding up the conventional all-pixel GME approach by more than 11 times, with a subsampling ratio of 1/16, without significant loss in estimation accuracy and compression efficiency.
Aging degradation of cast stainless steel: status and program

A program has been initiated to investigate the significance of in-service embrittlement of cast duplex stainless steels under light-water reactor operating conditions. The existing data are reviewed to determine the critical parameters that control the aging behavior and to define the objectives and scope of the investigation. The test matrices for microstructural studies and mechanical property measurements are presented. The initial experimental effort is focussed on characterizing the microstructure of long-term, low-temperature aged material. Specimens from three heats of cast CF-8 and CF-8M stainless steel aged for up to 70,000 h at 300, 350, and 400/sup 0/C were obtained from George Fisher Ltd., of Switzerland. Initial analyses reveal the formation of three different types of precipitates which are not ..cap alpha..'. An FCC phase, similar to the M/sub 23/C/sub 6/ precipitates, was present in all the long-term aged material. 15 references, 10 figures, 2 tables.
Sedimentation and brownian diffusion coefficients of interacting hard spheres

Abstract Einstein (1905) derived an expression for the diffusion coefficient of an isolated spherical colloid. Since that work, there have been two general methods for analyzing Brownian diffusion in colloidal suspensions at finite concentrations. One follows Einstein's thermodynamic argument postulating a gradient in chemical potential as being the driving force behind diffusion together with a thermodynamic analysis of sedimentation-diffusion equilibrium (Batchelor, 1976). The other approaches diffusion in a statistical fashion, deriving the macroscopic diffusion coefficient from a microscopic analysis of Brownian motion (Felderhof, 1978). In principle, both methods are correct and should give identical results, but the distinctly different approaches have produced some controversy. To test the various theories, of Brownian diffusion, experiments were conducted measuring the sedimentation and Brownian diffusion coefficients of uncharged rigid spheres. Sterically stabilized silica spheres dispersed in cyclohexane were used as a model colloid. The osmotic compressibility of this system was found to be well described by the Carnahan- Starling equation for hard spheres. The sedimentation coefficient of the silica spheres was measured over a wide range of concentration in a closed bottom container. A light extinction method was used to monitor the fall speed of the interface that develops during gravity sedimentation. The diffusion measurements were made using Taylor's hydrodynamic stability method. A laser optical-fiber system capable of direct monitoring of the penetration depth and concentration profile of the diffusing species along the diffusion column was developed. The measurements were found to be in fair agreement with Batchelor's theoretical results for sedimentation and Brownian diffusion of hard spheres.
Wavelet-based image retrieval algorithm via mutual information

This paper present a wavelet-transform-based algorithm for fast and accurate retrieval of images from large image databases. We describe the architecture and the implementation of such a framework to perform a search for an image in a database. The retrieval algorithm entails a wavelet-based methodology that yields an elegant and computationally efficient implementation. This scheme matches the images directly in the wavelet domain, based on the information extracted from only a few of the wavelet coefficients. Experiments show that this novel algorithm provides highly accurate search results.
CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION and GROWTH KINETICS IN the PRODUCTION of YOGURT FROM SOYMILK PART I: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

. Growth and sugar utilization of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were measured in soymilk. Total cell counts in the inoculum were made using the Breed smear. Correlations were developed between direct microscopic count and biomass dry weight for Lactobacillus bulgaricus and for Streptococcus thermophilus. A 1 g to 1 g ratio of the pure cultures was found to be superior to a 1:1 cell number ratio for the mixed culture inoculum. Carbohydrate substrate concentrations (sucrose and stachyose) were followed by high performance liquid chromatography. the methodologies for making these measurements on set cup style soymilk yogurts were developed and checked for precision in this study.
The Mechanics of Film Cooling - Part 2

T h i n l iquid wall films flowing under the influence of high-velocity turbulent gas streams were studied for the purpose of obtaining an understanding of the mechanics of film cooling. Conditions which insure liquid-film a t t a c h m e n t to solid surfaces wi thout loss of unevaporated l iquid to the gas stream when s imple radial-hole injectors are used were found; the m a x i m u m allowable coolantflow rate for a stable coolant film was determined (a stable coolant film is obtained when no unevaporated coolant is entrained by the gas stream as the result of interfacial disturbances); and a m e t h o d for calculating the evaporat ion rate and the surface temperature for a stable inert coolant film was found.
Feeding Value of Alfalfa and Coastal Bermudagrass When Fed as Baled or Pelleted Hays to Dairy Heifers

Summary Feeding trials with dairy heifers were designed to compare alfalfa and Coastal Bermudagrass hays, both baled and pelleted, with controlled and ad lib feeding of hays and ad lib feeding of hays with two levels of concentrate supplementation. The groups of heifers fed baled alfalfa consumed more hay and gained more rapidly than did those fed baled Coastal Bermudagrass, whereas the feed cost per pound of gain was less for the baled Coastal ration groups in all trials. When the hays were pelleted, the heifers fed alfalfa gained faster and more economically than the Coastal Bermuda groups. Pelleting of Coastal Bermuda improved the value of this hay as measured by liveweight gains to equal or better than that of baled alfalfa when the hays were fed ad lib. When consumption was controlled, daily liveweight gains were lower for heifers on pelleted hays than for those on the same hays in baled form. When the hays were fed ad lib, more efficient conversion of TDN to liveweight was obtained with the pelleted feeds. Under the conditions of these trials, baled Coastal Bermudagrass hay, properly supplemented, yielded good daily liveweight gains at the lowest feed cost per pound of gain of the rations studied. Pelleting of either hay resulted in greater daily liveweight gains when fed ad lib, but the high cost of pelleting made this practice economically questionable.
Eolian-aquatic deposits and faunas of the middle Cambrian Potsdam Group

Abstract Exposures of the middle Cambrian Potsdam Group of northern New York, including the type section, represent a suite of interfingering eolian dune and aquatic deposits that record the activities of early land-going arthropods. Quartz arenites at these exposures are dominantly fine to medium grained, well sorted, and have hematite-coated well-rounded, high-sphericity quartz grains characterized by secondary optically continuous quartz cement overgrowths. Eolian beds are laminated and dominated by m- to dm-scale foresets characterized by large-scale, laterally extensive cross-beds that dip >∼15°–34° and contain reverse-graded lamination, en-echelon microfaulted slumps, adhesion structures, and very high ripple-index asymmetric ripples that lie on the foresets with crests that trend downdip. Lower parts of foresets are interpreted as toesets, and contain unusual Diplichnites and Protichnites trackways, which record the uphill, downhill, crest-parallel, and switchback-style movement of arthropods in dr...