cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bedside External Ventricular Drain Placement: Can Multiple Passes Be Predicted on the Computed Tomography Scan Before the Procedure?

Objective Bedside external ventricular drain (EVD) placement is less than perfect and often requires multiple passes to achieve cerebrospinal fluid flow. We conducted this prospective study to understand why multiple passes are necessary and whether this affects the incidence of hemorrhage. Methods We compared the number of passes in 47 EVD placement procedures to the incidence of hemorrhage after the procedure. We also analyzed computed tomography scans before the procedure to identify variables that correlate with multiple passes. Results Of the procedures analyzed, 72% (34/47) were single pass whereas 28% (13/47) required multiple passes. Average number of passes was 1.85 (± 1.8), but average number of passes when multiple passes were made was 4.1 (± 2.29; range, 2–9). Incidence of tract hemorrhage was 10.6% (5/47). Of those, 11.8% (4/34) were in the single-pass group and 7.7% (1/13) from the multiple-pass group. There was no statistical relationship between the number of passes and hemorrhage ( P > 0.99). Subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and midline shift were not found to be statistically significant in relation to the number of passes. The presence of midline rostral hematoma significantly correlated with multiple passes. One of 34 patients (2.9%) needed a single pass and 5/13 (38.5%) needed multiple passes in the presence of midline rostral hematoma ( P = 0.0011). The average targeted frontal horn volume was larger in patients who needed single pass EVD (12.4 ± 6.3 cm 2 vs. 8.0 ± 4.7 cm 2 ; P = 0.035). Conclusions Multiple passes are inherent to the bedside EVD procedure, but did not increase the rate of intracranial hemorrhage.
Using Personal Growth Groups in Multicultural Counseling Courses to Foster Students' Ethnic Identity Development

This study was designed to examine the relationship between personal growth group (PGG) experiences in multicultural counseling courses and counseling students' ethnic identity development. Differences in ethnic identity development were compared between counseling students who participated in a PGG experience as part of a multicultural counseling course and those who did not. Group session impacts were also examined. Results indicated that counseling students who participated in PGGs as part of a multicultural counseling course experienced significantly greater ethnic identity development than did counseling students not participating in such groups. Recommendations for further research are provided.
Substitutional photochemistry of sandwich and half-sandwich complexes of ruthenium(II)

Abstract Ruthenium(II) sandwich complexes of the type Ru( η 6 -arene) 2 2+ (arene is benzene or 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) undergo photosubstitution of one arene ring by solvent (S) to yield Ru( η 6 -arene)(S) 3 2+ . Reaction occurs from the lowest ligand field triplet state of the complex with a quantum efficiency that decreases with increasing methylation of the arene. Half-sandwich complexes of general formula Ru( η 6 -arene)(L) 3 2+ (L is CH 3 CN or NH 3 ) undergo competitive photosubstitution of arene and L by solvent. The relative importance of these pathways depends upon a number of factors, including excitation wavelength, solvent, and the nature of L. Mechanisms for these photoreactions are discussed and comparisons to earlier studies are presented.
Steady-state thermal stresses in circular cylinders due to abrupt axial variations in internal heat-generation

Abstract The Thermal-stress field in a traction free heat generating circular cylinder cooled by a temperature independent boundary conductance is studied within the framework of classical elasticity to determine the effects of abrupt axial changes in the heat generation profile. A detailed qualitative picture of the stress state for a range of Biot numbers is given, the local nature of the region where a non-plane state of strain exists is shown by the short range over which the shear stress component has appreciable magnitude, and, if the length of the region of uniform heat generation is large relative to the cylinder radius, it is demonstrated that the plane-strain solution will overestimate the radial and circumferential stresses and underestimate the axial stress.
Tumor resection utilizing a minimally invasive spinal retractor with a novel cranial adaptor.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes a method of performing an intracerebral tumor resection utilizing a novel dilator attachment with a system designed for minimally invasive spinal surgery. METHODS: A novel dilator was designed and utilized in conjunction with a retractor system originally designed for minimally invasive spine surgery. Tumor resection was then performed utilizing a method less invasive than a typical cortisectomy but allowing more freedom than could be accomplished with an endoscope. RESULTS: Two patients underwent a standard craniotomy followed by tumor resection using the novel dilator with the Pipeline Minimally Invasive Retractor System ® (DePuy Spine, Raynham, MA). The dilator was introduced into the tumor cavity followed by sequential insertion of the working ports until a working port of 20 mm had been inserted. Both patients had adequate resection of their tumors with minimal neurological deficit. CONCLUSION: Tumor resection can safely be accomplished using a minimally invasive spine retractor system with a novel dilator adapted for the system. This reduces the size of the cortisectomy and therefore reduces the risk of post-operative neurological damage while still allowing ample room for adequate tumor resection.
Complete regression of MX-1 human breast carcinoma xenografts after targeted chemotherapy with a cytotoxic analog of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, AN-207.

BACKGROUND Receptors for luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LH-RH) are found in about 50% of human breast carcinomas. A highly potent cytotoxic agent, 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201), was linked to the agonist [D-Lys6]LH-RH to form a cytotoxic LH-RH analog, AN-207, that can be targeted to LH-RH receptors on breast carcinomas. METHODS Nude mice bearing MX-1 hormone-independent, doxorubicin-resistant human breast carcinomas were injected intravenously with vehicle (control), 250 nmol/kg doses of AN-201, AN-207, or an unconjugated mixture of AN-201 and [D-Lys6]LH-RH. Tumor growth and changes in hematologic parameters were evaluated. Receptors for LH-RH were investigated by radioreceptor assays, and the expression of their mRNA was determined by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS AN-207 caused complete regression of MX-1 tumors in all 10 animals, and they were still tumor free 60 days after treatment. In contrast, after therapy with AN-201 or the mixture of AN-201 and [D-Lys6]LH-RH, the regression of most MX-1 tumors was only transitory. AN-201 caused the death of 1 of the 10 animals and significantly greater leukopenia than AN-207, which produced no toxic deaths. Radioreceptor assays revealed high affinity binding sites for LH-RH on tumor cell membranes. The expression of mRNA for LH-RH receptors also was found in tumors. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that powerful, targeted cytotoxic LH-RH analogs such as AN-207 could be considered for the treatment of human breast carcinomas that possesses receptors for LH-RH. Cancer 1999;85:2608–15. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Discipline and deterrence: Rethinking Foucault on the question of power in contemporary society

Abstract This article considers how Michel Foucault's analysis of disciplinary power might be reformulated and extended to account for significant transformations in the mechanisms of social control in contemporary, postmodern societies. Despite several interesting efforts to apply Foucault's conception of discipline to social control issues in the sociological and criminological literature, such efforts have for the most part misinterpreted his position. This article suggests a more adequate reading of Foucault's conception of discipline as a multipricity of minor coercive techniques which taken together constitute one of multiple schemes for exercising power under given historical social conditions. With regard to the multiple dimensions of power, I shall argue, noting recent criticisms of Foucault's work by Jean Baudrillard, that the exercise of power in contemporary or postmodern societies involves not only mechanisms of discipline, but of deterrence as well.
Production of Ne Auger electrons by Ne/+/ bombardment of Mg and Al surfaces

A description is given of experiments which provide evidence for the production of an inner shell vacancy in the Ne by the asymmetric Ne-Mg and Ne-Al collision. In addition, autoionization states of neutral Ne have been observed. These states are to be distinguished from the more usual case in Auger electron spectroscopy of de-excitation of an ion with a core vacancy. The experiments involved the bombardment of Mg and Al surfaces with Ne(+) ions. A LEED-Auger system equipped with an ion gun and a four-grid retarding potential analyzer operated in the usual dN(E)/dE mode was used.
Discovery of transcription factors and other candidate regulators of neural crest development

Neural crest cells migrate long distances and form divergent derivatives in vertebrate embryos. Despite previous efforts to identify genes up-regulated in neural crest populations, transcription factors have proved to be elusive due to relatively low expression levels and often transient expression. We screened newly induced neural crest cells for early target genes with the aim of identifying transcriptional regulators and other developmentally important genes. This yielded numerous candidate regulators, including 14 transcription factors, many of which were not previously associated with neural crest development. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed up-regulation of several transcription factors in newly induced neural crest populations in vitro. In a secondary screen by in situ hybridization, we verified the expression of >100 genes in the neural crest. We note that several of the transcription factors and other genes from the screen are expressed in other migratory cell populations and have been implicated in diverse forms of cancer.
Stability of calcite based on aqueous solubility measurements

Abstract A review and revaluation of calcite solubility measurements in pure water indicates that the activity product of calcite at 25°C and 1 atm pressure is 10−8.40±0.02.ΔGf0 for Ca2+(aq) has been revaluated as −132,350 ± 250 cal gfw−1. Based on the above data and ΔGf0 = −126,170 ± 70 cal gfw−1 for CO32−(aq), ΔGf0 for calcite is −269,980 ± 260 cal gfw−1. The study includes a detailed appraisal of the various errors relating to the solubility measurements and their interpretation.
A NASA study of the impact of technology on future multimission aircraft

A conceptual aircraft design study was recently completed which compared three supersonic multimission tactical aircraft. The aircraft were evaluated in two technology timeframes and were sized with consistent methods and technology assumptions so that the aircraft could be compared in operational utility or cost analysis trends. The three aircraft are a carrier-based Fighter/Attack aircraft, a land-based Multirole Fighter, and a Short Takeoff/Vertical Landing (STOVL) aircraft. This paper describes the design study ground rules used and the aircraft designed. The aircraft descriptions include weights, dimensions and layout, design mission and maneuver performance, and fallout mission performance. The effect of changing technology and mission requirements on the STOVL aircraft and the impact of aircraft navalization are discussed. Also discussed are the effects on the STOVL aircraft of both Thrust/Weight required in hover and design mission radius.
Video data hiding for video-in-video and other applications

We introduce a scheme for hiding supplementary data into digital video by directly modifying the pixels in the video frames. The techniques requires no separate channel or bit interleaving to transmit the extra information. The data is invisibly embedded using a perception-based projection and quantization algorithm. The data hiding algorithm supports user-defined levels of accessibility and security. We provide several examples of video data hiding including real-time video-in-video and audio-in-video. We also demonstrate the robustness of the data hiding procedure to video degradation and distortions, e.g., those that result from additive noise and compression.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sympathectomy decreases and adrenergic stimulation increases the release of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) from blood vessels: functional evidence for a neurologic regulation of plasmin production within vessel walls and other tissue matrices.

Our recent morphologic studies indicated that peripheral nervous system (PNS) adrenergic neurons synthesize, transport, and store the serene protease, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in axon terminals, many of which innervate vessel walls. Sympathoadrenal stimulation induces a surge of t-PA from vessel walls into the blood. The vascular endothelium, which constitutively secretes t-PA into blood also has long been widely assumed to be the principal source of this stress-induced release, but has not been verified as such. A neurologically regulated release from adrenergic stores could thus augment the known constitutive endothelial release. To functionally test this possibility, we quantitated the effects of guanethidine-induced systemic sympathectomy on the basal and stimulated release of t-PA from isolated vessel explants in superfused organ cultures. Moment-to-moment changes in the release rate were plotted from serial assays of the t-PA free activity. The effects of endothelial and adventitial nerve plexus ablations were also tested. Sympathectomy induced 30–50% reductions in t-PA release from both arterial and microvascular explants. An acute release induced by alpha-1 adrenergic receptor stimulations was also strongly suppressed, as were basal levels of the circulating enzyme in vivo. Adventitial and endothelial ablations from normal large vessel explants produced greater reductions than small vessel endothelial ablations. Ganglion electrical stimulation also induced an acute microvascular release in vivo. These and past morphologic findings indicate a physiological infusion of t-PA into the vessel walls, blood, and other innervated matricesby sympathetic neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 57:680–692, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Purification and stability studies of the 11 S component of soybean proteins.

Abstract The fraction of soybean proteins precipitating upon cooling an aqueous extract of soybean meal (cold-insoluble fraction) consists mainly of a component having a sedimentation constant of about 11 S plus small amounts of 2, 7, and 15 S components. Ammonium sulfate precipitation of the cold-insoluble fraction yields an 11 S protein 91–93% pure by ultracentrifugation. Attempts to remove the remaining 15 S contaminant by chroma tography on calcium phosphate or diethylaminoethylcellulose were unsuccessful. Stability studies on the purified protein show that a distinct component of the soybean globulin fraction is isolated. The 11 S protein is sensitive to freezing, freeze-drying, or storage as a moist curd precipitated by ammonium sulfate. The question of identical subunits in soybean globulins is discussed.
A fission fragment detector for correlated fission output studies

Abstract A digital data acquisition system has been combined with a double Frisch gridded ionization chamber for use at both moderated and unmoderated neutron sources at the Los Alamos Neutron Science (LANSCE) facility. The high efficiency of the instrument combined with intense LANSCE beams and new acquisition system permits fission output measurements across 11 orders of magnitude incident neutron energy. The acquisition and analysis system is presented along with the first in-beam performance tests of the setup.
Colonization of intestinal bacteria in the normal neonate: comparison between mouth and rectal swabs and small and large bowel specimens.

Seventy-four New Zealand white rabbit pups were divided into four groups: group I, 2 days of age (n = 9); group II, 3 to 5 days of age (n = 24); group III, 6 to 8 days of age (n = 27); and group IV, 10 to 13 days of age (n = 14). Mouth swabs (MS), rectal swabs (RS), small bowel specimens (SB), and large bowel specimens (LB) were obtained from each rabbit, incubated for 24 hours in thioglycolate broth, and plated on blood agar in aerobic and anaerobic environments. After 24 hours, growth on blood agar plates were observed. All MS specimens and all but one RS specimen showed positive growth. Growth of both LB and SB specimens increased significantly with age (P < .04). In addition, SB growth was significantly less than RS or MS growth in groups I, II, and III (P < .05). LB growth was significantly less than RS or MS growth in group I (P < .01) and tended to be less in groups II and III (62.5% v 100% and 93% v 100%, respectively). These data show that nearly half of normal rabbits under 6 days of age have sterile small and large intestines despite almost 100% growth from rectal and mouth swabs. These findings partially explain the absence of spontaneous bacterial translocation in young rabbit pups (under 4 days of age) and have important implications for the prophylaxis and treatment of neonatal sepsis.
Differential effects of dihydrotestosterone and estrogen on the development of motoneuron morphology in a sexually dimorphic rat spinal nucleus.

The rat lumbar spinal cord contains a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus, the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), whose motoneurons innnervate perineal muscles involved in copulatory reflexes. Dendritic development of SNB motoneurons is biphasic and androgen dependent. During the first 4 postnatal weeks, SNB dendrites grow exuberantly, and subsequently retract to mature lengths by 7 weeks of age. After early postnatal castration, SNB dendrites fail to grow, and testosterone replacement restores this growth. In other systems, testosterone and its metabolites, dihydrotestosterone and estrogen, are important for somatic and neural sexual differentiation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of castration and dihydrotestosterone or estrogen replacement on the growth of SNB motoneuron somata and dendritic arbors. Male rat pups were castrated on postnatal (P) day 7 and treated daily with either dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP; 2 mg) or estradiol benzoate (EB; 100 μg) until P28 or P49. By using cholera toxin horseradish peroxidase (BHRP) histochemistry, the soma size, dendritic length, dendritic extent, and arbor area of BHRP-labeled SNB motoneurons were measured and analyzed. Both DHTP and EB treatment supported the initial exuberant growth of SNB dendrites through P28, but EB treatment was ineffective in maintaining mature, adult lengths at P49. The possible sites of hormone action and functional implications of these hormonal treatments are discussed. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alcohol Inhibits Morphological and Biochemical Differentiation of C6 Glial Cells in Culture

Cultures of glial cell lines (C6) were exposed to 10-μgm/ml Dexamethasone which is known to cause morphological differentiation and induction of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP) in these cells. Ethanol in a concentration of 1.5% abolished these responses, and at 1% diminished them.
EGFR somatic doublets in lung cancer are frequent and generally arise from a pair of driver mutations uncommonly seen as singlet mutations : one-third of doublets occur at five pairs of amino acids

Doublet mutations in cancer are not well studied. We find that allelic somatic doublet mutations are present at high frequency in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK) domain in lung cancers. When doublets from the literature are added, a total of 96 doublets are available for analysis. The frequency of doublets overall is 6%, which is sevenfold greater than that observed in normal tissue in mouse. All characterized doublets are allelic, and silent mutations occur rarely. About half of all doublets contain one or two of 12 distinct missense mutations at five amino acids: E709, G719, S768, T790 and L861. The mutations at these five amino acids are seldom reported as singlets. Moreover, when the common L858 target is included, more than one-third of EGFR doublets are one of five specific missense pairs: G719/E709, G719/S768, G719/L861, L858/E709 and L858/T790. Structure suggests function: The data imply that most EGFR doublets are NOT consistent with a 'driver and passenger' mutation mechanism. EGFR doublets are highly skewed relative to singlets, consistent with functional selection of two individually suboptimal mutations that, in combination, have enhanced oncogenic potential.
Comprehensive resequence analysis of a 123-kb region of chromosome 11q13 associated with prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies of prostate cancer have identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in a region of chromosome 11q13.3 in men of European decent. A fine-mapping analysis with tag SNPs in the cancer genetic markers of susceptibility study identified three independent loci, marked by rs10896438, rs12793759, and rs10896449. This study further annotates common and uncommon variation across this region. METHODS A next generation resequence analysis of a 122.9-kb region of 11q13.3 (68,642,755-68,765,690) was conducted in 78 unrelated individuals of European background, 1 CEPH trio, and 1 YRI trio. RESULTS In total, 644 polymorphic loci were identified by our sequence analysis. Of these, 166 variants—118 SNPs and 48 insertion-deletion polymorphisms (indels)—were novel, namely not present in the 1000 Genomes or International HapMap Projects. We identified 22, 25, 6, and 4 variants strongly correlated (r2 ≥ 0.8) with rs10896438, rs10896449, rs12793759, and rs11228565, respectively. HapMap SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium (r2 ≥ 0.8) with 48%, 69%, 14%, and 60% of SNPs marking bins by rs10896438, rs10896449, rs12793759, and rs11228565, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our next generation resequence analysis compliments publicly available datasets of European descent (HapMap, build 28 and 1000 Genome, Pilot 1, October 2010), underscoring the value of targeted resequence analysis prior to initiating functional studies based on public databases alone. Increasing the number of common variants enables investigators to better prioritize variants for functional studies designed to uncover the biological basis of the direct association(s) in the region. Prostate 72:476–486, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low-Pressure Plasma Process for Nanoparticle Coating

Summary form only given. Nanoparticles of various materials are building blocks and important constituents of ceramics and metal composites, pharmaceutical and food products, energy related products such as solid fuels and batteries, and electronics related products. The ability to manipulate the surface properties of these particles through deposition of one or more materials can greatly enhance their applicability. In this work, we discuss a low-pressure, nonequilibrium plasma process for deposition on the surface of nanoparticles. Low-pressure plasmas offer several advantages as compared to more traditional approaches. The particles are negatively charged, which prevents their agglomeration. Further, operating at room temperatures opens the possibility of coating a larger variety of materials. An overview of the experimental study is presented; however, the main thrust of the work is on theoretical modeling and numerical simulation. The modeling approach takes into account various phenomena including plasma particle distribution, nanoparticle dynamics, species transport and chemical reactions leading to the surface deposition. The plasma modeling is conducted via both particle-in-cell (PIC) method and 'fluid' transport equations for ions and electrons. Whereas the PIC approach is mainly limited to a single nanoparticle, due to excessive computational cost, it is able to provide a detailed fundamental understanding of the charging and shielding process. For practical purposes, the method of choice is via the solution of the 'fluid' transport equations augmented by an ionization model. The nanoparticle dynamics is modeled by considering a variety of forces acting on the particle. These include gravitational, electric, ion drag, and neutral drag forces. The effect of an external magnetic field on the trapping of nanoparticles in the plasma sheath is also discussed. It is shown that, for the same reactor pressure, larger particles can be trapped in the sheath by application of an external magnetic field. This information could play a critical role in the design of low-pressure reactors which operate based on particle trapping. Finally, the chemical reaction modeling is discussed by considering a CH4/H2 plasma. The reaction model considers neutral species (CH4 and H2) introduced in the reactor, along with positive ions, radicals (which are the species that contribute to the growth of the nanoparticle surface) and other neutral molecules produced by reaction of the above. The 20 species in the reaction pool, plus electrons, constitute a reaction network, consisting of 31 reactions that accounts for ionization and dissociation reactions.
An automated microfluidic platform for calcium imaging of chemosensory neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

Functional fluorescence imaging methods are widely used to study cellular physiology. When applied to small organisms, these methods suffer from low-throughput due to the laborious immobilization/stimulus delivery procedure that is typically involved during imaging. Here, we describe the development of an automated microfluidic-based platform for performing automated neuronal functional (calcium) imaging in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. The platform, capable of processing tens to hundreds of worms per hour, immobilizes individual worms, delivers a chemical odor to their nose and collects calcium imaging data from single neurons without any manual intervention. We used the developed platform to obtain a large number of calcium responses from worms of different ages (212 worms were imaged in total). The calcium imaging data revealed significant difference in the responses from young and old worms, indicating that neural functionality is age-dependent. We believe that such a technology will be an essential tool for obtaining repeatable and accurate functional imaging data from a large population of worms, in order to minimize stochastic biological noise and identify statistically significant trends.
A determinate model of thrust-augmenting ejectors

A theoretical analysis of the compressible flow through a constant-area jet-engine ejector in which a primary jet mixes with ambient fluid from a uniform free stream is pursued. The problem is reduced to a determinate mathematical one by prescribing the ratios of stagnation properties between the primary and secondary flows. For some selections of properties and parameters more than one solution is possible and the meaning of these solutions is discussed by means of asymptotic expansions. Our results further show that while under stationary conditions the thrust-augmentation ratio assumes a value of 2 in the large area-ratio limit, for a free-stream Mach number greater than 0.6 very little thrust augmentation is left. Due to the assumptions made, the analysis provides idealized values for the thrust-augmentation ratio and the mass flux entrainment factor.
A Chiton Uses Aragonite Lenses to Form Images

Summary Hundreds of ocelli are embedded in the dorsal shell plates of certain chitons [1]. These ocelli each contain a pigment layer, retina, and lens [2], but it is unknown whether they provide chitons with spatial vision [3]. It is also unclear whether chiton lenses are made from proteins, like nearly all biological lenses, or from some other material [4]. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction revealed that the chiton Acanthopleura granulata has the first aragonite lenses ever discovered. We found that these lenses allow A. granulata 's ocelli to function as small camera eyes with an angular resolution of about 9°–12°. Animals responded to the sudden appearance of black, overhead circles with an angular size of 9°, but not to equivalent, uniform decreases in the downwelling irradiance. Our behavioral estimates of angular resolution were consistent with estimates derived from focal length and receptor spacing within the A. granulata eye. Behavioral trials further indicated that A. granulata 's eyes provide the same angular resolution in both air and water. We propose that one of the two refractive indices of the birefringent chiton lens places a focused image on the retina in air, whereas the other does so in water.
Understanding Shifts in Reading and Its Instruction

Outside of education, people view the shifts and swings of instruction with bemusement, if they do not have school-age children, or with alarm, if they do. In reading, we have swung from a whole word methodology to phonics to direct instruction to whole language, with various stops along the way, over the course of my lifetime. These swings have had resultant swings of achievement (Chall, 1996a). Slavin (1989) suggested that the "pendulum swings" in education come from an idea being adopted before the research results are in. When the results of the program turn out to be disappointing, we quickly reject that program and move on to the next fad. This may have been the case with whole language, as the approach was widely adopted before adequate research was available. The research that was available suggested that whole language was as, or possibly less, effective than current instruction (Stahl & Miller, 1989). Yet whole language spread like "wildfire" (Pearson, 1989). The 1992 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP; Mullis, Campbell, & Farstrup, 1993) surveyed fourth-grade teachers nationwide and found that 42% reported a heavy emphasis on whole language and an additional 41% reported a moderate emphasis-that is, 83% of the total. For a movement that began in the late 1970s, this was explosive.
Immunophenotype and gene expression profile of mesenchymal stem cells derived from canine adipose tissue and bone marrow

Veterinary adult stem cell therapy is an emerging area of basic and clinical research. Like their human counterparts, veterinary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer many potential therapeutic benefits. The characterization of canine-derived MSCs, however, is poorly defined compared to human MSCs. Furthermore, little consensus exists regarding the expression of canine MSC cell surface markers. To address this issue, this study investigated characteristics of cultured canine MSCs derived from both adipose tissue and bone marrow. The canine MSCs were obtained from donors of various breeds and ages. A panel of cell surface markers for canine MSCs was selected based on current human and canine literature and the availability of canine-reactive antibodies. Using flow cytometry, canine MSCs were defined to be CD90+CD44+MHC I+CD14−CD29−CD34−MHC II−. Canine MSCs were further characterized using real-time RT-PCR as CD105+CD73+CD14+CD29+MHC II+CD45− at the mRNA level. Among these markers, canine MSCs differed from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by the absence of CD45 expression at the mRNA level. A novel high-throughput canine-specific PCR array was developed and used to identify changes in the gene expression profiles of canine MSCs. Genes including PTPRC, TNF, β2M, TGFβ1, and PDGFRβ, were identified as unique to canine MSCs as compared to canine PBMCs. Our findings will facilitate characterization of canine MSCs for use in research and clinical trials. Moreover, the high-throughput PCR array is a novel tool for characterizing canine MSCs isolated from different tissues and potentially from different laboratories.
Prognostic significance of plasma scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor levels in patients with metastatic hormone- refractory prostate cancer: results from cancer and leukemia group B 150005/9480.

Abstract Background Scatter factor, also known as hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), is a polypeptide growth factor thought to be important in the growth and spread of prostatic carcinoma. Patients and Methods Scatter factor/HGF levels in pretreatment plasma samples from 171 men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer enrolled in CALGB 9480 were quantified by solid-phase, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the prognostic importance of SF/HGF with adjustment for established prognostic factors. Median SF/HGF was 991 pg/mL (range, 212-2733 pg/mL). In a univariate analysis, although plasma SF/HGF levels above versus below the median value did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.0862), the cutoff point of > 935 pg/mL was associated with a significant reduction in overall survival (P = 0.0334). Patients with SF/HGF levels > 935 pg/mL experienced a median survival of 15 months compared with 19 months for men with SF/HGF levels ≤ 935 pg/mL. In a multivariate analysis, adjusting for SF/HGF, prostatespecific antigen, lactate dehydrogenase, and performance status, only plasma alkaline phosphatase was significantly associated with overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.5; P = 0.0017). Conclusion Higher plasma levels of SF/HGF in men with hormonerefractory prostate cancer are associated with a decreased patient survival. Currently, SF/HGF levels do not appear to be of value as a contributor to multivariate models for prediction of outcome, but the association with decreased survival suggests that SF/HGF might be a potential target for therapy.
Targeting of products of genes to tumor sites using adoptively transferred A-NK and T-LAK cells

Despite successes in animals, cytokine gene expression selectively in human tumors is difficult to achieve owing to lack of efficient delivery methods. Since interleukin (IL)-2-activated natural killer (A-NK) and phytohemagglutinin and IL-2 activated killer T (T-LAK) cells, as previously demonstrated, localize and accumulate in murine lung tumor metastases following adoptive transfer, we transduced them to test their ability to deliver products of genes selectively to tumors. Assessments of transduction efficiency in vitro demonstrated that adenoviral transduction consistently resulted in high (>60%) transduction rates and substantial expression of transgenes such as GFP, Red2, luciferase, β-galactosidase and mIL-12 for at least 4 days. In vivo experiments illustrated that Ad-GFP transduced A-NK and Ad-Red2 (RFP) transduced T-LAK or mIL-12 transduced A-NK cells localized 10–50-fold more or survived significantly better than mock transduced cells, respectively, within lung metastases than in the surrounding normal lung tissue. Most importantly, mIL-12 transduced A-NK cells provided a significantly greater antitumor response than non-transduced A-NK cells. Thus, adoptive transfer of A-NK and T-LAK cells represents an efficient method for targeting products of genes to tumor sites.
Structure and particle properties of Saturn's E Ring

The present systematic reanalysis of a substantial portion of extant photometric data on the Saturn E Ring has calibrated every observation on the basis of a common 3D model. A simple power-law model is found to describe the ring's normal optical depth profile with orbital radius; this trend is departed from, however, near the density peak, where there emerges a 30-percent localized decrease in thickness. No power-law size distribution is found to be compatible with available photometry. The peculiar size distribution points to a ring origin in a process that was not collisional or disruptive.
Low levels of linkage disequilibrium in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) despite high rates of self-fertilization

High levels of inbreeding cause populations to become composed of homozygous, inbred lines. High levels of homozygosity limit the effectiveness of recombination, and therefore, retard the rate of decay of linkage (gametic phase) disequilibrium (LD) among mutations. Inbreeding and recombination interact to shape the expected pattern of LD. The actual extent of nucleotide sequence level LD within inbreeding species has only been studied in Arabidopsis, a weedy species whose global range has recently expanded. In the present study, we examine the levels of LD within and between 18 nuclear genes in 25 accessions from across the geographic range of wild barley, a species with a selfing rate of ≈98%. In addition to examination of intralocus LD, we employ a resampling method to determine whether interlocus LD exceeds expectations. We demonstrate that, for the majority of wild barley loci, intralocus LD decays rapidly, i.e., at a rate similar to that observed in the outcrossing species, Zea mays (maize). Excess interlocus LD is observed at 15% of two-locus combinations; almost all interlocus LD involves loci with significant geographic structuring of mutational variation.
Developmental trajectories of skin conductance level in middle childhood: Sex, race, and externalizing behavior problems as predictors of growth

Abstract We examined trajectories of skin conductance level (SCL) during baselines and two tasks across middle and late childhood through growth modeling. We also assessed the role of individual differences including child sex, race, and externalizing behavior problems (delinquency, anger, and aggression) in defining these trajectories. At T1, 128 girls and 123 boys (Mean age 8.23 yrs; SD = 0.73) participated; 64% were European–American and 36% were African–American. Families participated in 2nd and 3rd study waves with a one-year lag between each wave. Mothers and children reported on child externalizing problems. Addressing notable gaps in knowledge, findings demonstrate varying trajectories of SCL over time based on the child's behavior problems, race, and sex, and are of importance for a better understanding of developmental psychopathology processes.
Towards an analysis of Notker Labeo's Old High German

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a project whose principal objective was to provide a basis for a detailed analysis of late Old High German (OHG). Such an analysis had been impeded by the lack of an extensive and readily accessible tabulation of the word material based on the manuscripts. With computer techniques, it was possible to undertake a survey of this large body of material, to construct a model of OHG in the early 11th century, and to begin to establish a precise hypothesis of its relation to Middle High German, which rose in the late 11th century. No analysis of OHG had previously been carried out on this scale and in this manner. It was anticipated that the project would help resolve in exact detail the long-debated question of what happened in late OHG to permit scholars to posit two historically distinct stages of language development in that pivotal century. Notker Labeo of St. Gall, who died in 1022, is not only the most important writer in late OHG but is also the most widely preserved writer of the entire OHG period.
Transhemispheric depolarizations persist in the intracerebral hemorrhage swine brain following corpus callosal transection.

Spontaneous episodes of spreading depression (SD) originating in multiple sources adjacent to a focal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) propagate into brain regions away from the lesion site soon after injury onset. Although these transient depolarizations have not been established in the opposite hemisphere of the swine ICH model, we have reported a diminishing of sensory responsiveness in this homotopic brain region following induction of a unilateral hemorrhage lesion. This study examined whether transient depolarizations exist in this distant brain region contralateral to the ICH site. Electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings of brain activity were collected bilaterally from the primary somatosensory (SI) cortices of the swine brain prior to and immediately after an intracerebral injection of collagenase or saline or the insertion of the infusion pipette into the SI cortex of the right hemisphere. Transient depolarizations were present in both hemispheres of all the experimental groups. The earliest negative DC potential shifts were observed in the injured SI cortex within the first hour after collagenase injection, as compared to T = 3 h in the saline-injected group and T = 4 h in the infusion pipette only group. In contrast, transient depolarizations were first detected in the left SI cortex contralateral to the lesioned hemisphere within 2 h after collagenase infusion, by T = 4h after saline infusion and by T = 3 h in the pipette only group. Propagating waves of negative DC potential shifts continued in both brain hemispheres, particularly in the ICH group, throughout the 11-h recording period. This novel finding of recurrent depolarizing waves in the hemisphere contralateral to the injury site prompted us to examine whether corpus callosal connections may play a role in this transhemispheric phenomenon. In a separate group of animals, the corpus callosum was transected prior to acquiring DC potential recordings and collagenase injection. The onset pattern of negative DC shifts in the callosotomized + collagenase-injected group was similar to the collagenase group with an intact corpus callosum. Initial generation of SD in the callosotomized + collagenase-injected group occurred by T = 1 h in the ICH injured right hemisphere and T = 2 h in the contralateral hemisphere. These transient depolarizations also persisted throughout 11-h recording period indicating that the corpus callosal transection did not hinder these remote propagating waves of depolarization. The presence of SD in the SI cortices of both hemispheres in all experimental groups of this study suggests that a focal mechanical or hemorrhagic injury increases the susceptibility of distant ipsilateral and contralateral brain regions to depolarizing perturbations. The mechanism for these transient depolarizations in the contralateral hemisphere apparently does not involve transhemispheric propagation along corpus callosal fibers.
KrF-laser ablation of polyurethane

Polyurethane can be effectively and cleanly ablated with 248 nm excimer-laser radiation. For fluences above 200 mJ/cm2, very little post-ablation debris is observed — a fact indicative of a polymer that decomposes readily into volatile, small molecular-weight compounds. Ablation-rate data have been obtained both by stylus profilometry and the quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) technique, and the results of both methods are in good agreement. The more sensitive QCM technique first detects material removal near 20 mJ/cm2, which is likely due to outgassing, surface chemistry, or low quantum-yield processes. At 37 mJ/cm2, an ablation “threshold” with a sharp increase of the ablation rate is observed and marks the onset of efficient, explosive ablation. The densely sampled rate curve provided by the QCM permits the conclusion that an Arrhenius-like exponential does not give a satisfactory fit to the data. This demonstrates that the ablation process is not solely governed by thermal processes. Applying a Beer's-law analysis of rate versus the natural logarithm of the fluence yields excellent agreement with the data up to 300 mJ/cm2. The absorption coefficent derived from this analysis agrees well (within 4%) with the value obtained from the low-intensity absorption spectrum.
New ordered perovskites

Abstract Compounds of the type ALaBB'O 6 (where A = Sr, Ba, B = Li, Na, K, B′ = Mo, W) have been prepared. All are ordered perovskites crystallizing in space group Fm3m. BaLaLiWO 6 melts congruently and single crystals could be grown by the Czochralski technique. The molybdenum analog BaLaLiMoO 6 could only be obtained at 65 kbars pressure.
Numerical simulation of heterogeneous propellant combustion by a level set method

In recent years we have completed a number of studies for the modelling and numerical simulation of heterogeneous propellant combustion. A variety of tools have emerged from these studies. The most important are the modelling of propellant morphology, homogenization, and a phase-coupled unsteady three-dimensional combustion model. These tools have been applied to relevant configurations for the study of heterogeneous propellants, including the periodic sandwich, a periodic array of alternating ammonium perchlorate and binder slices, and discs or spheres that are randomly packed. All our previous studies employed a body-fitted grid along the moving interface by means of a mapping technique, since the surface is assumed to be single valued. The computational difficulties are significantly increased when the burning surface undergoes a complex or multi-valued shape. Such complex surfaces can arise, for example, when aluminium particles are embedded in the propellant, or when cracks develop along the propella...
Purification of 2,4 Dichlorobenzoic Acid

A practical and efficient method to purify 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid is described. The formation of an α-methylbenzylamine salt reduces the levels of positional isomer impurities to <0.05%. Although this purification method is not universal for all substituted benzoic acids, it was shown to be applicable to several other benzoic acids.
Value of SOX10 immunostaining in tumor diagnosis

SOX10 is a transcription factor that is essential for the generation of neural crest cells, their survival, and maintenance of pluripotency. Recent studies have shown that, among tumors, SOX10 is commonly expressed in melanomas, including desmoplastic melanomas, tumors with Schwann cell differentiation, and some salivary gland neoplasms, particularly those with myoepithelial differentiation. Because of its restricted expression, SOX10 has proved to be a useful immunohistochemical marker with a wide range of diagnostic applications in surgical pathology, some of which are briefly reviewed.
Stability of opioid craving over time as measured by visual analog scales

Sixteen methadone maintenance patients reported their 24-h peak opioid craving on a visual analog scale and the time of day at which the peak craving occurred on weekdays over a 4-week period. Both intersubject and intrasubject craving scores were highly variable. Craving scores did not correlate highly with time since the previous dose, mean methadone dose, requests for changes in maintenance dose, or occurrence of positive urine-drug screens. These data suggest that 24-h craving recall (as measured by visual analog scales) varies over time and is not closely correlated with changes in methadone blood levels.
Dendritic Molecular Switch: Chiral Folding and Helicity Inversion

Appropriately designed chemical architectures can fold to adopt well-defined secondary structures without the need for structural motifs of biological origin. We have designed tris(N-salicylideneaniline)-based hyperbranched molecules that spontaneously collapse to compact three-blade propeller geometry of either (P)- or (M)-handedness. For a homologous series of compounds, a direct correlation was established between the absolute screw sense, either (P)- or (M)-, of this helical folding and the absolute configuration, either (R)- or (S)-, of the chiral alcohol groups introducing local asymmetric bias to the conformationally restricted molecular backbone. 1H NMR and CD spectroscopic studies provided significant insights into structural folding and unfolding of these chiral molecules in solution, which proceed via reversible assembly and disassembly of the C3-symmetric hydrogen-bonding network. Notably, solvents profoundly influenced this dynamic process. A strong correlation between the solvent donor numbe...