cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning while transforming: solution-oriented learning for urban sustainability in Phoenix, Arizona

Conventional educational settings struggle with enabling students to acquire competence in collectively solving sustainability problems. Such competence is best conveyed in real-world learning settings. Solution-oriented sustainability learning (SOSL) programs create and utilize such settings. Here, students directly contribute to sustainability-oriented transformations of cities, businesses, or government organizations, while building their proficiency in sustainability problem-solving. SOSL programs, however, often face obstacles such as lack of faculty capacity and insufficient resources. This article reports on experiences from SOSL courses in Phoenix, as part of the SOSL program in the School of Sustainability at Arizona State University. Addressing accomplishments and challenges, we offer constructive lessons to other universities on how to start or enhance SOSL courses and programs.
Evaluation of Cleaning Strategies for Removal of Biofilms from Reverse-Osmosis Membranes

An evaluation was made of the efficiency of five classes of chemical cleaning agents for removing biofilm from spirally wound cellulose acetate reverse-osmosis membranes receiving influent with high or low levels of combined chlorine. Each cleaning regimen utilized one or more of the following types of chemical: (i) surfactants and detergents, (ii) chaotropic agents, (iii) bactericidal agents, (iv) enzymes, and (v) antiprecipitants. Cleaning efficiency was tested in the laboratory on membrane material removed from operations at various intervals (2 to 74 days). Cleaning effectiveness was evaluated against nontreated control membranes and was scored by scanning electron microscopy and enumeration of surviving bacteria after treatment of the membranes. The combinations of classes which were most effective in biofilm removal were the anionic and chaotropic agent combination and combinations involving enzyme-containing preparations. Membranes receiving influent with high levels of combined chlorine were easier to clean but more susceptible to structural damage from prolonged exposure to combined chlorine. No treatment or combination of treatments was completely effective or effective at all stages of biofilm development.
On the duality of twist/wrench distributions in serial and parallel chain robot manipulators

Duality and reciprocity between twist and wrench systems is the essence of screw theory. The power of these concepts lies in the idea that once a result is obtained for one type of system it can immediately be applied to the dual system provided the appropriate physical interpretation is also translated. The interrelation between serial and parallel mechanisms is a consequence of this twist/wrench duality. The purpose of this investigation is to focus on some fundamental configurations of serial and parallel robot manipulators in an attempt to further elucidate the various correspondences that exist between their geometries and their kinematic equations. The focus is on zero-pitch screw systems, namely revolute joints for serial manipulators and force producing sub-chains in parallel manipulators. Solutions for twist/wrench distributions will be discussed for both proper and redundant systems.
Recognition and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles.

Abstract Osteochondritis dissecans (OD) of the femoral condyles is a vague and often confusing diagnostic entity encountered by many clinicians. Unfortunately, there are several factors that add to this confusion. Chief among these is the proper recognition and understanding of the disease process, which is not well-documented. In addition, OD is often generically grouped together with other femoral condylar lesions that require differing diagnostic and treatment methods for proper care. OD is commonly divided into two categories, juvenile and adult forms. Each requires different methods of correction and rehabilitation. This paper describes the disease process of OD, explains the differences between the juvenile and adult forms (including common symptoms and diagnostic techniques), describes several of the pathologies that OD is mistakenly grouped with, and gives a brief review of the common arthroscopic and surgical techniques used to treat this pathology. In addition, rehabilitation guidelines and suggestions are offered to aid the athlete's return to functional activities.
Comparison of latino and non-Latino patients with Ewing sarcoma

Background Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a malignancy of bone and soft tissue in children and adults. Previous registry-based studies indicate that Latino patients with ES have inferior outcomes compared to non-Latino patients, though an etiology for this difference could not be identified. To explore possible differences that might underlie this disparity, we conducted a retrospective study to compare clinical characteristics, tumor features, healthcare access, and treatment outcomes between Latino and non-Latino patients with ES. Methods Primary data for 218 ES patients treated at two academic medical centers between 1980 and 2010 were collected. Categorical data were compared using Fisher exact tests; Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used for continuous variables. Survival was estimated using Kaplan–Meier analysis and compared using log-rank testing. Results Latino patients were diagnosed at a younger age (P = 0.014). All other clinical and histological data were similar between groups, including radiologic and histologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Latino patients had lower socioeconomic status (P = 0.001), were less likely to have insurance (P = 0.001), and were more likely to present to the emergency room at onset of symptoms (P = 0.031) rather than to primary care physicians. Five-year event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were similar between Latino and non-Latino patients (EFS: 60.5% vs. 50.9% P = 0.37; OS: 77.6% vs. 68.6% P = 0.54). Conclusion Latino patients with ES present at a younger age, and have evidence of impaired access to healthcare. Response to initial therapy appears similar between Latino and non-Latino patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:233–237. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long-term Mental Health Effects of a Pediatric Home Care Program

The increased survival of youngsters with chronic physical disorders has led to concern about their long-term psychological adjustment. Few data are available on how to reduce the psychological morbidity that occurs in the presence of chronic childhood illness. An earlier report of a randomized controlled trial of a pediatric home care program demonstrated that this program, combining comprehensive biomedical and psychosocial care, reduced the short-term psychological morbidity of those receiving home care. However, data have not previously been available on whether the short-term improvement in adjustment is associated with any long term benefits. This report presents long-term follow-up data collected 4½ to 5 years after enrollment on 68% of the original sample. After this interval there were even larger differences between the experimental and control groups than those previously observed at 6 months and 1 year. This finding provides strong evidence that a comprehensive family-oriented outreach program for youngsters with chronic physical disorders can have long term mental health benefits. It should encourage clinicians to develop similar programs and investigators to look for long-term effects of other interventions.
Substance use and receipt of treatment by persons with long-term spinal cord injuries

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of self-reported substance use, consequent problems, perceived need for treatment, and receipt of treatment by persons with long-term spinal cord injury (SCI). Information was obtained from 86 persons with traumatic SCI who were between 13 and 58 years of age at injury, cognitively intact, injured more than two years earlier, English speaking, and recruited from two SCI organizations. The mean age of the sample was 39.5 years at recruitment: 69% were men. Participants reported substance use information across four periods covering six months before injury to an average of 13 years after injury. All participants reported use of substances with abuse potential at some time in their lives; the time of greatest use was injury to six months before first interview. The duration of this period ranged from 18 months to 43 years. Problems resulting from substance use were reported by 70%; more than half (52%) the sample reported problems during this postinjury period. Sixteen percent of the sample believed they needed treatment at some time; the time of greatest perceived need was in the period after injury. Treatment for substance abuse was received by 7%. Problems attributable to abuse of both prescription and nonprescription medication were reported, suggesting the importance of close monitoring of substance-use patterns in persons with SCI who are prescribed sedating or narcotic medications. Timely assessment of problems related to substance use and provision of treatment services to persons with traumatic injury are indicated to prevent a potential dual disability.
Ternary quadratic forms and Shimura's correspondence

In his paper [11] Shimura defined a correspondence between modular forms of half integral weight and modular forms of integral weight. To each pair (t, f(z)), consisting of a square-free integer t ≥ 1 and a cusp form of weight k/2 (k odd, ≥ 3), level N (divisible by 4) and character ϰ, he associated a certain function f(t)(z) (Ft(z) in Shimura’s notation).
Molecular and morphological characterization of myxozoan actinospore types from a commercial catfish pond in the Mississippi delta.

Abstract: The actinospore diversity of infected Dero digitata was surveyed (May 2011) from a channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) production pond in the Mississippi Delta region for the elucidation of unknown myxozoan life cycles. At present, only 2 myxozoan life cycles have been molecularly confirmed in channel catfish, linking the actinospore stage from an aquatic oligochaete (D. digitata) and the myxospore stage from the catfish. In this study D. digitata (n = 2,592) were isolated from oligochaetes collected from the bottom sediment of a channel catfish production pond. After 1 wk of daily observation, a total of 6 genetically different actinospore types were observed. The collective groups were classified as 2 aurantiactinomyxons, 2 helioactinomyxons, 1 raabeia, and 1 triactinomyxon. Overall prevalence of myxozoan infections in the isolated oligochaetes was 4.4%. Actinospores were photographed and measured for morphological characterization. Four previously undescribed actinospore types were identif...
Probing the buried metal-semiconductor interface by optical second harmonic generation: Au on Si(1 1 1) and Si(1 0 0)

Abstract We show that optical second harmonic generation offers a unique method of probing the structure of the buried metal-semiconductor interface. Comparison of Si(1 1 1)-Au and Si(1 0 0)-Au, together with LEED studies, unambiguously identifies the interface as the source of the second harmonic signal, which persists through at least 30 A of gold.
Teaching Calculator Skills to Elementary Students Who Have Learning Problems.

The most recent amendments to the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; 2004) and the regulations of the No Child Left Behind Act (2002) emphasize teaching general education curriculum to students with disabilities whenever possible. As a result, the majority of students with mild disabilities are educated in the general classroom, and elementary teachers are responsible for helping them succeed in the grade-level curriculum. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics standards stress the use of technology for mathematics instruction at all grade levels, and middle and high school mathematics teachers use graphing calculators extensively. In this article, the author discusses why it is important for elementary education teachers to introduce early calculators with modifications for students with mild disabilities.
DETECTION OF DECEPTION IN THE EMPLOYMENT CONTEXT: A REVIEW AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Empirical research on the validity of the polygraph, voice stress analysis, and paper and pencil instruments as mechanisms for the detection of deception is reviewed. It is noted that while these devices have their greatest use in the employment context, virtually all research has been done in an actual or simulated criminal investigation context. Three separate uses of devices for the detection of deception in the employment context are identified, namely, pre-employment screening, periodic screening of current employees, and investigation into a specific theft. Differences between each of these uses and the criminal investigation context are identified, and issues limiting the generalizability of research findings from one context to another are raised. Among the issues are the effects of a low base rate of guilt on accuracy, the effects of making multiple judgments on overall accuracy, and the potential for racial or ethnic bias in judgments of guilt or innocence.
The Challenge of Political Self-Responsibility in the Nuclear Age

The attribution to another country of responsibility for the failures and perils of one's own society is a tradition, if not an accepted norm, in the conduct of international relations. There is, as yet, nothing analogous in the international political realm to the assumption of personal responsibility that is expected in working therapeutically with individuals, families, and other groups. Yet the destructive properties of thermonuclear weapons, and other world-uniting nuclear-age technologies, have made obsolete and dangerous habitually ignoring the contributions of one's own nation to international political tensions. The necessity of creating a transnational paradigm that includes the assumption of political self-responsibility by a nation and its leaders is argued here. The obstacles that stand in the way of political responsibility are examined, and possible steps for bringing this new paradigm into being are considered. One important project, the American-Soviet Film Initiative (ASFI), in which an ...
Reliability of Family Proxy Data for Studies of Malignant Mesothelioma: Results from the ATSDR Pilot Surveillance

Objective. To evaluate the validity of proxy interviews in obtaining information on persons with rapidly fatal diseases such as malignant mesothelioma (MM). Methods. Persons with MM diagnosed in 2002 through 2005 in New York and New Jersey and 1997–2004 in Wisconsin were eligible for inclusion in the project. Persons with MM and their family member proxy were interviewed using the same questionnaire designed by ATSDR to collect information on potential direct or indirect occupational and environmental exposure to asbestos, genetic, and health related malignancy predisposition, and exposure to tobacco products. Descriptive statistics and the McNemar/Durkalski test were used to analyze 33 matched pairs. Results. The overall study confirmed a generally high ability of proxies to give interviews of comparable quality and completeness when asked dichotomous questions. The reliability of information collected from proxies varied by topic and family relationship. Conclusions. Family proxy interviews, using dichotomous responses, can serve as an acceptable source of information about health and exposure-related risk factors for MM.
Rounding errors in the recursion method: Inner products

Abstract Rounding error in the evaluation of inner products is equivalent, in the recursion method, to alteration of the inner product. In terms of the new inner product, the Hamiltonian can be transformed into the sum of a Jacobi matrix and a matrix which has a single non-zero column. Elements of the resolvent can be expressed as a sum of the resolvent of the Jacobi matrix and a simple correction term. For small errors, the correction can be calculated perturbatively, but above a critical size this is not possible. It is argued that in the recursion method, the effect of rounded inner products grows slowly if at all, and that this allows the method to be applied to slightly non-Hermitian matrices as well.
Young children’s part-whole acquisition and transfer of knowledge of a fact matrix on cats

A color photograph of an exemplar of each of six breeds of domestic cat was shown to young children. Correct verbalizations of values of the exemplars’ coat color (CCs), coat length (CLs), and eye colors (ECs) were fist assessed and then, with breed names, strengthened through four study-test trials under part (P), cumulative part (CP), or whole (W) presentation, and through four more study-test trials under common W presentation. By the last studytest trial, breed names and verbalization of CC, CI, and EC had increased. When the photographs were replaced by spoken breed names, correct verbalizations of CC, EC, and CL decreased precipitously to lower percentages of occurrence. Initial P, CP, or W presentation made essentially no difference in acquisition of breed names, in strengthening verbalizations of values of attributes of CC, CL, and EC, or in transfer of verbalizations of values from photographs to breed names.
EFFIS: An End-to-end Framework for Fusion Integrated Simulation

The purpose of the Fusion Simulation Project is to develop a predictive capability for integrated modeling of magnetically confined burning plasmas. In support of this mission, the Center for Plasma Edge Simulation has developed an End-to-end Framework for Fusion Integrated Simulation (EFFIS) that combines critical computer science technologies in an effective manner to support leadership class computing and the coupling of complex plasma physics models. We describe here the main components of EFFIS and how they are being utilized to address our goal of integrated predictive plasma edge simulation.
The Diffusion of International Norms: Why Identity Matters

As the literature on international norms grows beyond documenting that norms matter, scholars have increasingly responded to the challenge that they must account for why and when they matter by looking at variation in the impact of those norms across time and place. This article looks at issues surrounding state identity as one understudied factor in determining why norms matter more in some places than others. We know that domestic and international actors often use norms to back-up and make arguments for which they often have few or weak domestic resources. But the context for the use of those norms is important. Mobilization and invocation of international norms domestically occurs within the context of a state's identity and the degree to which those norms are helpful to the actors who use them depends, among other things, on the identity of the target state. This article joins the discussion about norm diffusion by examining two cases involving the incorporation of non-citizens: Germany and Japan. A comparison of these cases suggests that identity and identity crises matter in understanding the differential diffusion of international norms.
Effects of Flupenthixol and Quadazocine on Self-Administration of Speedball Combinations of Cocaine and Heroin by Rhesus Monkeys

The simultaneous i.v. administration of heroin and cocaine, called “speedball,” is often reported clinically, and identification of effective pharmacotherapies for polydrug abuse is a continuing challenge. This study compared the effects of treatment using combinations of dopamine and opioid antagonists with each antagonist alone on speedball self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Speedballs (0.01 mg/kg/inj cocaine and 0.0032 mg/kg/inj heroin) and food (1 g banana pellets) were available in four daily sessions on a second-order schedule of reinforcement [FR4 (VR16:S)]. Monkeys were treated for 10 days with saline or ascending 1:10 dose combinations of the dopamine antagonist flupenthixol and the opioid antagonist quadazocine. The combination of flupenthixol (0.018 mg/kg/day) + quadazocine (0.18 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced speedball self-administration in comparison to the saline treatment baseline (p < .05), whereas, the same doses of each antagonist alone had no significant effect on speedball-maintained responding. Treatment with 0.018 mg/kg/day flupenthixol + 0.18 mg/kg/day quadazocine produced a 3-fold rightward shift in the speedball (3:1 cocaine-heroin combination) dose-effect curve. Food-maintained responding was similar during treatment with saline and with flupenthixol + quadazocine combinations. These findings suggest that medication mixtures designed to target both the stimulant and opioid component of the speedball combination, may be an effective approach to polydrug abuse treatment.
Reactions of dicobalt octacarbonyl and related compounds with gem-dihalides

Abstract Dicobalt octacarbonyl and some of its derivatives (NaCo(CO)4, Co4(CO)12, Hg[Co(CO)4]2, [Co(CO)3PPh3]2, NaCo(CO)3PPh3) react with activated gem-dihalides, R2CX2, such as dichlorodiphenylmethane, 9,9-dihalofluorenes and dimethyl dibromomalonate, to give the ‘dimer’ olefin, R2CCR2. The course of this conversion involves formation of the coupling product, R2XCCXR2, followed by dehalogenation of the latter. These separate steps have been confirmed for activated monohalides (bromodiphenylmethane, 9-bromofluorene, dimethyl bromomalonate) which were readily coupled by cobalt carbonyls, and for activated vicinal dihalides (D,L and meso-dibromostilbene, 9,9′-dichlorobisfluorenyl) which cobalt carbonyls readily dehalogenated. A radical mechanism is favored for these processes, and indirect evidence in its favor is presented.
Altering Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Nutritional Status Modulates Mitochondrial, Lipid, and Energy Metabolism in Rats

We have reported that pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) improves reproduction, neonatal development, and mitochondrial function in animals by mechanisms that involve mitochondrial related cell signaling pathways. To extend these observations, the influence of PQQ on energy and lipid relationships and apparent protection against ischemia reperfusion injury are described herein. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a nutritionally complete diet with PQQ added at either 0 (PQQ−) or 2 mg PQQ/Kg diet (PQQ+). Measurements included: 1) serum glucose and insulin, 2) total energy expenditure per metabolic body size (Wt3/4), 3) respiratory quotients (in the fed and fasted states), 4) changes in plasma lipids, 5) the relative mitochondrial amount in liver and heart, and 6) indices related to cardiac ischemia. For the latter, rats (PQQ− or PQQ+) were subjected to left anterior descending occlusions followed by 2 h of reperfusion to determine PQQ's influence on infarct size and myocardial tissue levels of malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Although no striking differences in serum glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid levels were observed, energy expenditure was lower in PQQ− vs. PQQ+ rats and energy expenditure (fed state) was correlated with the hepatic mitochondrial content. Elevations in plasma di- and triacylglyceride and β-hydroxybutryic acid concentrations were also observed in PQQ− rats vs. PQQ+ rats. Moreover, PQQ administration (i.p. at 4.5 mg/kg BW for 3 days) resulted in a greater than 2-fold decrease in plasma triglycerides during a 6-hour fast than saline administration in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Cardiac injury resulting from ischemia/reperfusion was more pronounced in PQQ− rats than in PQQ+ rats. Collectively, these data demonstrate that PQQ deficiency impacts a number of parameters related to normal mitochondrial function.
Extending energy-saving voltage scaling in ultra low voltage integrated circuit designs

In this paper, we propose several design approaches to extend useful voltage scaling (i.e. voltage scaling with net energy savings) beyond the conventional limit, which is imposed by the rapid increase of leakage energy overhead in ultra low voltage regimes. We are able to achieve such extra voltage scaling and thus energy savings without compromising performance and variability through minimizing the ratio of leakage to dynamic energy in a circuit. Novel design approaches in pipeline, clocking and architecture optimization are investigated; and applied during the design of a 16b 1024pt complex FFT core. The measurement results from the prototyped FFT core in a 65nm CMOS show the energy consumption of 15.8nF/FFF with the clock frequency of 30MHz and the throughput of 240Msamples/s at the supply voltage of 270mV, which exhibits 2.4× higher energy efficiency and >10× higher throughput than the previous low power FFT designs. Measurement of 60 dies shows modest frequency and energy σ/μ spreads of 7% and 2%, respectively.
Neuropeptide Y blocks GABAB-induced phase-shifts of the suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro

The mammalian circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generates 24-h rhythms of neuronal activity in vitro. We have previously shown that the GABAB agonist baclofen resets the SCN pacemaker in vitro in a phase-dependent manner: advances are induced at zeitgeber time (ZT) 6 and delays are induced at ZT 22. We have also previously shown that neuropeptide Y (NPY) phase-shifts the SCN clock when applied at ZT 10 but not at other times. Here, we show that NPY blocks the baclofen-induced phase-shifts at ZT 6 and ZT 22. The inhibition by NPY appears dose-dependent, and a higher concentration of NPY is required for complete inhibition of the baclofen-induced phase-advances than the phase-delays. Conversely, NPY-induced phase-shifts at ZT 10 are unaffected by co-application of baclofen. These results are consistent with previous findings showing that NPY blocks in vitro phase-shifts induced by a variety of neuromodulators during both the daytime and nighttime.
Transborder use of medical services among Mexican American students in a U.S. border university

The geographic and cultural proximity of sister cities along the U.S.-Mexico border suggests that U.S. residents may circumvent financial, social, and legal barriers to healthcare by seeking care in Mexico. While most reports suggest that cross-border use of healthcare is a common practice among low-income Spanish-speaking U.S. residents, little is known about groups with other socioeconomic profiles. We use data from a survey among students enrolled in a U.S. border university to examine their cross-border utilization of healthcare. We find that use of cross-border healthcare diminishes significantly with English language acquisition. The presence of kin on the Mexican side of the border and use of services in Mexico by co-residents, however, increase the likelihood of students' use of healthcare across the border.
Cytotoxicity from sulfide exposure in a sulfide-tolerant marine invertebrate

Abstract It is unknown whether sulfide-tolerant marine invertebrates suffer cytotoxicity from sulfide exposure in vivo at environmentally-relevant concentrations. We tested this with the mudflat polychaete Glycera dibranchiata. Exposure of live animals to sulfide up to 2.4 mmol l− 1 for 24 h did not affect animal survival, and animal condition (gross appearance and activity) was unaffected at sulfide concentrations up to 0.25 mmol l− 1. However, animal condition was decreased at higher sulfide concentrations (P
Characterization of eight VNTR loci by agarose gel electrophoresis.

Abstract Allelic frequencies and their confidence intervals were obtained for eight independent VNTR loci from a sample of more than 75 Utah Caucasians. Using high-resolution agarose gel electrophoresis, we were able to resolve alleles at the D17S5 locus that differed by only one repeating unit; it was therefore possible to name the alleles according to the number of repeating units each contained. Two a priori probabilities were calculated for each VNTR locus separately and for all eight loci jointly: (i) the “power of exclusion” for an alleged father/mother/child trio and for an alleged parent/child duo, and (ii) the “probability of matching” when two unrelated individuals or two siblings are genotyped.
Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis

Applying the sweat-test as the first choice of test when a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis is suspected is still common practice and advisable. Since the cloning of the CFTR gene more than 400 different cystic fibrosis (CF) mutations have already been identified. The use of CF mutation analysis for diagnostic purposes in CF has therefore remained elusive so far. It is advised to perform sweat-tests as previously described by Gibson and Cooke. In this study we have re-evaluated the results of sweat-tests of 1905 subjects performed in our hospital over a period of 9 years (1983-1992). In 1825 subjects where the CF diagnosis was not made, the mean sodium value obtained was 15.5 +/- 9.2 mmol/l. The upper limit of the normal range (2 SD above the mean) is 34 mmol/l. Re-examination of all 239 sweat sodium values (80.9 +/- 19.5 mmol/l) in 80 newly diagnosed CF patients (all: Na+ > 70 mmol/l) revealed that 5% of the values were below 50 mmol/l, the lowest sweat value obtained being 27 mmol/l. Based on these results, we recommend in case of clinical suspicion of CF and sweat values above 30 mmol/l to repeat the sweat-test and to determine both sodium and chloride for optimal discrimination.
Sex-role attitudes of working-class women in Bogota, Colombia 1977

This study examines the sex-role attitudes of 204 working-class women in Bogota, Colombia, and compares their attitudes to recent findings for women in the United States. Historical evidence from Europe and the United States, as well as contemporary evidence from Latin America, provides insight into the ways in which women's work and family commitments can be fully integrated. On the basis of these examples, it is hypothesized that working-class Colombian women will have seemingly inconsistent sex-role attitudes, more inconsistent than those of North American women. The Colombian women studied had highly egalitarian attitudes with regard to women's labor market rights and less egalitarian attitudes with regard to women's family roles. It is further hypothesized that education and wage level will be important factors influencing the sex-role attitudes of working-class Colombian women. A multiple regression analysis confirmed that these factors are successful predictors of sex-role attitudes involving women's family roles. It is proposed that education and wage level reflect an emphasis on individualistic values rather than traditional family values, and thus support more egalitarian attitudes about family roles.
Testing for Nonlinearity of the Contraction Segments in Uterine Electromyography

In this report, we test for possible nonlinearity of the contraction segments interspersed in a uterine electromyography (EMG), recorded externally with abdominal electrodes. There have been several reports in which the uterine contractility had been assumed to be an auto-regressive process and others have hypothesized it as a nonlinear process and possibly chaotic. The surrogate data testing was used successfully to detect nonlinear behavior of physiological systems. However, there have been case studies, which discuss spurious identification of nonrandom structures. The proper choice of the null hypothesis and discriminant statistics plays a crucial role in the surrogate data testing. We have chosen the approximate entropy as the discriminant statistic for our tests. The null hypothesis addressed here is that the uterine contraction is a linearly correlated noise transformed by a nonlinear function. We applied the Amplitude Adjusted Fourier Transform (AAFT) and the Iterated Amplitude Adjusted Fourier Transform (IAAFT) tests to the uterine contraction data. The Kolmogorov Smirnov (D) statistics identified the discriminant values of the surrogates to be from a Gaussian distribution. Parametric testing showed a very low significance value, (~2σ), which indicated the absence of nonrandom structure in the contraction segment.
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation are the most important causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD), particularly in those with structural heart disease and reduced left ventricular function. It is important to distinguish ventricular tachycardia from supraventricular tachycardia. A wide spectrum of ventricular arrhythmias exists, from those where the heart is structurally normal to those with structural heart disease. Each entity has a distinctive pathophysiology, treatment plan and prognostic outcome. Treatment modalities include simple beta-blockade to implantation of implantable cardiac defibrillator and ablative approaches. In general, those ventricular arrhythmias associated with a structurally normal heart are more benign than those associated with structural heart disease.
Sound propagation in saturated gas-vapor-droplet suspensions with droplet evaporation and nonlinear relaxation.

The Sound attenuation and dispersion in saturated gas-vapor-droplet mixture in the presence of evaporation has been investigated theoretically. The theory is based on an extension of the work of Davidson [J. Atmos. Sci. 32(11), 2201–2205 (1975)] to accommodate the effects of nonlinear particle relaxation processes of mass, momentum and energy transfer on sound attenuation and dispersion. The results indicate the existence of a spectral broadening effect in the attenuation coefficient (scaled with respect to the peak value) with a decrease in droplet mass concentration. It is further shown that for large values of the droplet concentration the scaled attenuation coefficient is characterized by a universal spectrum independent of droplet mass concentration.
Adipose Tissue Cellularity and Growth Characteristics of Unselected and Selected Broilers: Implications for the Development of Body Fat

Abstract Chicks from large and small eggs were used to increase body weight range within samples of unselected Athens-Canadian (AC) and commercial Cobb (C) broilers. At 54 days of age, representatives of each sex and broiler stock obtained from the large and small eggs were killed. Indices of whole body, muscle, fat, and bone growth were taken. Samples of abdominal fat were fixed with osmium tetroxide for electronic quantification of adipocyte number and size distribution. Broiler stock, egg size, and sex affected all indices of muscle and bone growth on an absolute basis, but only broiler stock significantly affected abdominal fat pad development. Muscle and fat weight, expressed as a proportion of body weight, were larger in C broilers. Abdominal adipocyte number was greater in C than AC (126.0 ± 10.0 vs. 90.9 ± 7.7 million, P
A modification of the token economy for nonresponsive youth in family-style residential care.

Out-of-home treatment for youth with conduct problems is increasing rapidly in this country. Most programs for these youth deliver treatment in a group format and commonly employ some version of a token economy. Despite widespread evidence of effectiveness, a substantial minority of treated youth fail to respond. Participants for this study were 3 youth who were nonresponsive to treatment provided in a family-style residential care program with a comprehensive token economy. Our approach to the “nonresponse” of these youth involved modifications of the frequency and immediacy of their access to the backup rewards earned with tokens. We evaluated the effects of the modifications with a treatment-withdrawal experimental design. Dependent measures included two indices of youth response to treatment: intense behavioral episodes and backup rewards earned. Results showed substantial improvement among these indices during treatment conditions.
Phosphorus-fluorine chemistry—I Fluorides of phosphonic and phosphinic acids

Abstract Reaction of methyldichlorophosphine with potassium fluorosulphinate led to the formation of the phosphonic acid fluorides, CH3POF2 and CH3PSF2, by addition of the elements of sulfur dioxide to the trivalent phosphorus, no fluorophosphine, CH3PF2, being observed. Dimethylmonochlorophosphine, in the same fashion, was converted into the phosphinic fluorides, (CH3)2POF and (CH3)2PSF. Chloromethyldichlorophosphine, under similar conditions, gave a small amount of the spontaneously inflammable fluorophosphine, ClCH2PF2, while the principal product corresponded to ClCH2PCl2·ClCH2POF2. The synthesis of a number of phosphonic and phosphinic fluorides of the composition RPOF2, RPSF2, R2POF and R2PSF (R = aliphatic or aromatic) by metathetical reactions is described. Certain phosphonic and phosphinic fluorides were isolated as by-products of the facile partial hydrolysis of the corresponding fluorophosphoranes, RPF4 and R2PF3, respectively. 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of substituted aromatic fluorophosphoranes and phosphonic fluorides, whose synthesis is based on dichlorophosphines, revealed that aromatic dichlorophosphination under FRIEDEL-CRAFTS conditions invariably leads to mixtures of isomers (p and m). The preparative separation of the tolylphosphonic fluoride isomer mixture by vapour phase chromatography is described. Some infra-red data on phoshonic and phosphinic fluorides are presented.
Brain inositol monophosphatase identified as a galactose 1-phosphatase.

Abstract During the course of our analysis of myo-inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), a key enzyme of brain inositol signaling, we found it also hydrolyzes galactose 1-phosphate (Gal 1-P), an intermediate of galactose metabolism. Electrophoretically homogeneous IMPase was prepared from three different sources: (i) bovine brain, (ii) rat brain, and (iii) human brain (recombinant), which demonstrated similar ability to hydrolyze inositol monophosphates and galactose 1-phosphate. The ability of IMPase to use both inositol 1-phosphates and galactose 1-phosphate equally as substrates is of considerable importance in determining lithium's mechanism of action. Our current results suggest that during lithium therapy, both galactose and inositol metabolic pathways can be simultaneously modulated through lithium inhibition of IMPase. Enzyme studies with Mg 2+ ions as activators and with Li + , Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ba 2+ ions as inhibitors demonstrate that IMPase is a single enzyme possessing the ability to hydrolyze both inositol monophosphates and Gal-1-P with equal efficiency. In addition, gel-filtration chromatographic analysis demonstrated that IMPase and galactose 1-phosphatase activities co-purify in our eletrophoretically homogeneous enzyme preparations. Our results indicate that lithium inhibition of IMPases at clinically relevant concentrations, may modulate both inositol and galactose metabolism, and identifies yet another carbohydrate pathway utilizing IMPase.
Labyrinthine fenestration in the guinea pig.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the auditory effects of single, double, and triple semicircular canal fenestration procedures, with and without sealing the labyrinthine defect. Background: Violation of the inner ear remains a feared complication in otologic surgery because it commonly leads to profound sensorineural hearing loss. It has been assumed that the natural history of labyrinthine injury in the guinea pig is similar to that in human beings; however, this assumption has not been rigorously studied. Design: Prospective, randomized, and controlled animal study. Subjects: Sixty pigmented guinea pigs. Outcome: Click-evoked electrocochleographic response, with same-ear prefenestration control. Results: All of the fenestration groups had elevated auditory thresholds at 1 hour when compared with controls (P 0.40). Conclusions: The guinea pig model of labyrinthine fenestration may not be representative of the human condition. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:394-9.)
Public Opinion and Policy Change in the American States

This article explores the relationship between public opinion and nonincremental policy change by extending the analysis of Wright et al. (1985, 1987). We develop a two-step model in which we first relate the level of a relevant outcome measure of a policy to the degree of opinion liberalism, the strategy of Wright and his colleagues. Then we posit that policy shocks will move the policy system into greater policy-opinion congruence. The model is tested for two policy areas that have undergone nonincremental change over the late 1970s and early 1980s: tax policy and education policy.
A New Look At FDTD Excitation Sources

In FDTD simulations, the excitation sources can be divided into two categories: (i) the displacement-current source, which is generated by a time-varying electric field; (ii) the induced-current source, which exists in the lossy material. Currently, the latter source is the popular choice in most FDTD simulations. However, there are two problems with the use of this source: the time signal shape at the observation points is different from that of the input pulse, and an artificial DC component is introduced into the solution that prevents the solution from converging to zero. The objective of this paper is to investigate these excitation sources and to clarify some concepts in FDTD simulations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 203–207, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20770
The invisibility hypothesis and promotion efficiency

Abstract This paper considers the ‘invisibility hypothesis’ in which an individual not promoted is of unknown ability to other employers. Previous research finds that only some of those efficiently promoted are promoted. However, this paper shows that, with no prohibition on wage cuts and no specific human capital, all are promoted owing to a reverse lemons effect.
“The holy crossfire”: A job diagnosis of a pastor's position

Much of the research on job characteristics is focused on industrial positions involving relatively clear tasks. The present study briefly distinguishes between task-based jobs such as those found in lower heirarchical levels of industrial settings and role-based jobs such as those found in general management positions. A methodology for diagnosing the role-based job of a pastor is outlined. How this methodology was used in diagnosing one pastor's position is then presented. The results of the diagnostic process centered on the crossfire of expectations along four dimensions: 1) symbol vs. human; 2) stabilizing vs. changing; 3) performing vs. enabling; and 4) pastor-directed vs. selfdirected spiritual advancement. These dimensions are discussed and their implications examined.
Gout, stone composition and urinary stone risk: a matched case comparative study.

Purpose: We established the most common stone composition, and serum and urinary biochemical features in patients with gout and urolithiasis.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively searched for the records of patients diagnosed with gout among all those in our stone registry. A matched case cohort of stone formers was generated from our registry who had the same age, gender and body mass index. Primary end points were baseline 24-hour urinary metabolic panels and stone composition. Medications were considered. Groups were compared using the Student t and chi-square/Fisher exact tests with significance considered at p <0.05.Results: For stone panel evaluation 181 patients met our inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in 24-hour uric acid between the nongout and gout cohorts but hyperoxaluria was more common in patients with gout (74% vs 61%, p = 0.009). For stone composition analysis 393 patients were included. The gout cohort had lower calcium oxalate monohydrate (39.4% vs 54.7%), calc...
Health Benefits of Animal-Assisted Interventions:

The use of animals in the promotion or improvement of health is long-standing, yet this complementary healing modality is not widely integrated into mainstream health care. This article describes t...
Quantum mechanics of history: The decoherence functional in quantum mechanics

We study a formulation of quantum mechanics in which the central notion is that of a quantum-mechanical history---a sequence of events at a succession of times. The primary aim is to identify sets of ``decoherent'' (or ``consistent'') histories for the system. These are quantum-mechanical histories suffering negligible interference with each other, and, therefore, to which probabilities may be assigned. These histories may be found for a given system using the so-called decoherence functional. When the decoherence functional is exactly diagonal, probabilities may be assigned to the histories, and all probability sum rules are satisfied exactly. We propose a condition for approximate decoherence, and argue that it implies that most probability sum rules will be satisfied to approximately the same degree. We also derive an inequality bounding the size of the off-diagonal terms of the decoherence functional. We calculate the decoherence functional for some simple one-dimensional systems, with a variety of initial states. For these systems, we explore the extent to which decoherence is produced using two different types of coarse graining. The first type of coarse graining involves imprecise specification of the particle's position. The second involves coupling the particle to a thermal bath of harmonic oscillators and ignoring the details of the bath (the Caldeira-Leggett model). We argue that both types of coarse graining are necessary in general. We explicitly exhibit the degree of decoherence as a function of the temperature of the bath, and of the width to within which the particle's position is specified. We study the diagonal elements of the decoherence functional, representing the probabilities for the possible histories of the system. To the extent that the histories decohere, we show that the probability distributions are peaked about the classical histories of the system, with the distribution of their initial positions and momenta given by a smeared version of the Wigner function. We discuss this result in connection with earlier uses of the Wigner function in this context. We find that there is a certain amount of tension between the demands of decoherence and peaking about classical paths.
Search for Antimatter in Primary Cosmic Rays

Data from two flights of a new superconducting magnetic spectrometer are reported. This instrument was capable of a direct matter-antimatter separation in the cosmic rays. Antimatter events would appear in the spectrometer as trajectories which curve in the opposite direction to common matter, because of their negative charge. A brief description of the equipment and of the characteristics of the instrument is presented, along with the data processing techniques used. A new upper limit on the amount of antimatter in primary cosmic rays has been established. The limits are considerably lower than those for any previous experiment.
Induction of tumors in rats by subcutaneous implants of surgical sponges

Polyvinylalkoholschwamme, in Tiergewebe eingepflanzt, sind weniger inaktiv als allgemein angenommen wird. Fibrosarkome entstanden in 75% der Ratten, welche die subkutane Schwammeinpflanzung mindestens 18 Monate uberlebten.
The Crystal Structure of an Unusual Processivity Factor, Herpes Simplex Virus UL42, Bound to the C Terminus of Its Cognate Polymerase

Herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase is a heterodimer composed of a catalytic subunit, Pol, and an unusual processivity subunit, UL42, which, unlike processivity factors such as PCNA, directly binds DNA. The crystal structure of a complex of the C-terminal 36 residues of Pol bound to residues 1-319 of UL42 reveals remarkable similarities between UL42 and PCNA despite contrasting biochemical properties and lack of sequence homology. Moreover, the Pol-UL42 interaction resembles the interaction between the cell cycle regulator p21 and PCNA. The structure and previous data suggest that the UL42 monomer interacts with DNA quite differently than does multimeric toroidal PCNA. The details of the structure lead to a model for the mechanism of UL42, provide the basis for drug design, and allow modeling of other proteins that lack sequence homology with UL42 or PCNA.