cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Game of Fair Division

The " divide-and-choose " method has played an important role in the literature on fair division.' This technique for allocating bundles of goods seems impartial, requires little cooperation from agents, and is nearly free of administrative costs. It is therefore somewhat puzzling that it has found so few applications in the real world, where sometimes even prolonged and costly negotiations produce only imperfect agreements. Either the method has drawbacks not yet well understood, or it is underutilized. This paper examines the game that arises when two agents agree to use the divide-and-choose method. The analysis leads to a resolution of the puzzle mentioned above and identifies a class of situations where replacing conventional arbitration procedures with the divide-and-choose method can be strongly recommended. In the sequel, an agent who would prefer another agent's bundle of goods to his own will be said to envy the other agent. An allocation at which no agent envies another will be called a fair allocation.2 A well-known property of the two-person version of the divideand-choose game3 is that each player can insure that he does not envy the other. The divider (D) can accomplish this by dividing so that lie is indifferent to his opponent's choice; the chooser (C) need only choose his most preferred bundle after D divides. It is interesting that the players can insure that the outcome of the game is fair, but more information about the allocations actually generated by the game is needed to judge its usefulness as a fair division device. Conceivably, with players motivated by self-interest, the game could generate an unfair allocation in spite of the above result. To learn more about the divide-and-choose method, I assume that players seek to obtain the most desirable bundle possible. They are also assumed to behave noncooperatively, since negotiating a mutually acceptable settlement would be relatively easy if they were willing to cooperate, and the method would then be superfluous. In Section 2 of this paper D's problem is formulated and his optimal non-cooperative strategy is characterized. As is suggested by Kolm [6, p. 61], Luce and Raiffa [8, p. 365] and Singer [12], the common belief that D should divide the bundle so that D is indifferent about C's choice is false. If D knows C's preferences with certainty, under very general conditionsroughly, that players' behaviour can be described by the maximization of continuous and strongly monotonic utility functions and that goods are homogeneous and perfectly divisible-his optimal strategy involves dividing the bundle so that it is C, rather than D, who is indifferent about his choice. Once D's optimal strategy has been characterized, several interesting conclusions follow. As Kolm [6, p. 31] points out, Luce and Raiffa's belief [8, pp. 364-365] that the
Replication in Cultured C2C12 Muscle Cells Correlates with the Neuroinvasiveness of California Serogroup Bunyaviruses

The neuroinvasiveness of California serogroup bunyaviruses is determined by the ability of the virus to replicate in striated muscle after peripheral inoculation of mice. Neuroinvasiveness was mapped to the medium (M) RNA segment of the virus, which encodes the viral glycoproteins, when reassortants were made between La Crosse/original virus, a neuroinvasive isolate, and Tahyna-181/57 virus, a nonneuroinvasive clone. We have tested the murine muscle cell line C2C12 as a surrogate for myotropism and have found that there is a slight, but reproducible difference in the replication of virus clones bearing the M RNA segment of La Crosse/original virus compared to clones bearing the M RNA segment of Tahyna-181/57 virus, as determined by viral titer, antigen expression, and plaque formation.
Ceramide Recruits and Activates Protein Kinase C ζ (PKCζ) within Structured Membrane Microdomains

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that hexanoyl-d-erythro-sphingosine (C6-ceramide), an anti-mitogenic cell-permeable lipid metabolite, limited vascular smooth muscle growth by abrogating trauma-induced Akt activity in a stretch injury model of neointimal hyperplasia. Furthermore, ceramide selectively and directly activated protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) to suppress Akt-dependent mitogenesis. To further analyze the interaction between ceramide and PKCζ, the ability of ceramide to localize within highly structured lipid microdomains (rafts) and activate PKCζ was investigated. Using rat aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (A7r5), we now demonstrate that C6-ceramide treatment results in an increased localization and phosphorylation of PKCζ within caveolin-enriched lipid microdomians to inactivate Akt. In addition, ceramide specifically reduced the association of PKCζ with 14-3-3, a scaffold protein localized to less structured regions within membranes. Pharmacological disruption of highly structured lipid microdomains resulted in abrogation of ceramide-activated, PKCζ-dependent Akt inactivation, whereas molecular strategies suggest that ceramide-dependent PKCζ phosphorylation of Akt3 at Ser34 was necessary for ceramide-induced vascular smooth muscle cell growth arrest. Taken together, these data demonstrate that structured membrane microdomains are necessary for ceramide-induced activation of PKCζ and resultant diminished Akt activity, leading to vascular smooth muscle cell growth arrest.
Interstrand Cross-Links Generated by Abasic Sites in Duplex DNA

Abasic sites which are generated by hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds connecting the heterocyclic nucleobases to the deoxyribose backbone represent the most common form of damage suffered by genomic DNA. Interestingly, an early report suggested that abasic sites can generate interstrand cross-links in duplex DNA, but the structure of these lesions has remained uncertain. The widespread occurrence of abasic sites in cellular DNA, along with the potent biological activities associated with cross-links, make it important to characterize interstrand cross-links derived from abasic sites in duplex DNA. Here, the results of gel electrophoretic and nanospray mass spectroscopic analyses of various DNA duplexes containing a single abasic site provide evidence that the aldehyde group of the DNA abasic site generates an interstrand cross-link via imine formation with the exocyclic N2-amino group of a guanine residue on the opposing strand in 5‘-d(CAp) sequences (where Ap is an abasic site).
An enzymatic method for glycine.

A method is described for measuring glycine in amounts from 5 × 10−14 to 5 × 10−8 moles. Glycine is converted in two steps to glycolate with d-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3), glyoxylate reductase (EC 1.1.1.26), and NADH. With larger amounts of the amino acid, the decrease in NADH absorption or fluorescence is determined. With smaller amounts the sensitivity is amplified by enzymatic cycling of the NAD+ generated.
Stability and oscillations of thermal accretion discs around black holes

We perform perturbation calculations on accretion discs by using the formula proposed by Liang & Wandel which bridges the optically thin and optically thick cases. Using the a model, the steady-structure solutions fall into two groups, one for hot optically thin solutions and the other for cool optically thick solutions. We note that there are oscillatory modes with relatively short wavelengths only in the cool solutions, with typical frequencies below tens of Hz. The oscillation only exists within a certain range of accretion rate, and its frequency changes with the accretion rate. This result may be used to explain certain quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) observed in X-ray sources, where the frequency is several Hz in most cases for keV photons, as well as the very low QPO frequencies of about 100 keV recently found for GRO J 0422 + 32 and Cygnus X-1
The Smart Joint: Model and Optimization of a Shape Memory Alloy/Shape Memory Polymer Composite Actuator

The Smart Joint, developed at Cornell University, is a composite device which functions as both a structural element and shape changing mechanism. Through resistive heating, the device will provide a tip deflection on the order of 5–20% of its undeflected length, with a high specific work capability. The joint possesses sufficient stiffness to function as a load-carrying element on a structure, inspired by the need to consume minimal energy through passive rigidity. An overview of Smart Joint operation is provided, followed by an improved model encompassing embedded actuators, applicable to many strain actuation systems. Previous work has developed a model that describes the shape change capability of the joint as a function of composition and layering structure, and the revised model is an extension of that work, agreeing well with finite element analysis. Benchmarking is conducted through a heuristic optimization study, providing a framework for selecting joint structure to match desired application by joint composition family. Implementation on a bat-like morphing wing is proposed that uses the Smart Joints as self-actuated hinge structures along the skeleton, capable of providing increased wing camber and tip deflections while in flight.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Keratin 8 Phosphorylation by p38 Kinase Regulates Cellular Keratin Filament Reorganization MODULATION BY A KERATIN 1-LIKE DISEASE-CAUSING MUTATION

Keratin 8 (K8) serine 73 occurs within a relatively conserved type II keratin motif (68NQSLLSPL) and becomes phosphorylated in cultured cells and organs during mitosis, cell stress, and apoptosis. Here we show that Ser-73 is exclusively phosphorylated in vitro by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In cells, Ser-73 phosphorylation occurs in association with p38 kinase activation and is inhibited by SB203580 but not by PD98059. Transfection of K8 Ser-73 → Ala or K8 Ser-73 → Asp with K18 generates normal-appearing filaments. In contrast, exposure to okadaic acid results in keratin filament destabilization in cells expressing wild-type or Ser-73 → Asp K8, whereas Ser-73 → Ala K8-expressing cells maintain relatively stable filaments. p38 kinase associates with K8/18 immunoprecipitates and binds selectively with K8 using an in vitro overlay assay. Given that K1 Leu-160 → Pro (157NQSLLQPL →157NQSPLQPL) leads to epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, we tested and showed that the analogous K8 Leu-71 → Pro leads to K8 hyperphosphorylation by p38 kinase in vitro and in transfected cells, likely due to Ser-70 neo-phosphorylation, in association with significant keratin filament collapse upon cell exposure to okadaic acid. Hence, K8 Ser-73 is a physiologic phosphorylation site for p38 kinase, and its phosphorylation plays an important role in keratin filament reorganization. The Ser-73 → Ala-associated filament reorganization defect is rescued by a Ser-73 → Asp mutation. Also, disease-causing keratin mutations can modulate keratin phosphorylation and organization, which may affect disease pathogenesis.
Assemble single stranded DNA and gold nanoparticle complexes onto the surface of RBC

This work aims to assemble single stranded DNA(ssDNA) and gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) into microstructures. The building units of the microstructure first consist of two AuNPs each with one of two sequences of ssDNA attached to their surfaces each with a fluorophore at the free end. A larger piece of hairpin loop ssDNA will then be added with each of its ends complimentary to one of the two ssDNA strands already on the AuNPs. A red blood cell is used as a template for DNA and gold nanoparticles to assemble around. ssDNA-AuNPs binding was confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscope which shows fluorescence in samples after binding.
A minimum concave‐cost dynamic network flow problem with an application to lot‐sizing

: . .. ..., We consider a minimum-cost dynamic network-flow problem on a very special network. This network flow problem models an infinite-horizon, lot-sizing problem with deterministic demand and periodic data. We permit two different objectives: minimize long-run average-cost per period and minimize the discounted cost. In both cases we give polynomial algorithms when certain arc costs are fixed charge functions, and others are linear.
Description of two genera and species of late Eocene Anthropoidea from Egypt

Abstract In 1987 and 1988 fossils of two previously unknown genera and species of Egyptian early Tertiary Anthropoidea were discovered in the Fayum Depression of Egypt. These are much older than all other Fayum, Oligocene primates and are believed to be Eocene in age. These genera, here named Catopithecus and Proteopithecus, come from a new Fayum site, L-41, and resemble Oligopithecus from the Jebel Qatrani Formation (lower sequence) at quarry E. They are here placed with the latter in a subfamily, Oligopithecinae, that is ranked in the Propliopithecidae. The level of L-41 is separated from quarry E by at least one major unconformity and 47 m of section. Only a maxilla of Proteopithecus is known. Its molars and premolars resemble those of later Fayum Propliopithecus and Aegyptopithecus and do not resemble those of Apidium and Parapithecus, all of which come from the Jebel Qatrani Formation, upper sequence. The type specimen of Catopithecus confirms a lower dental formula of 2-1-2-3, as in Catarrhini. These species appear to be the oldest primates undoubtedly related to humans. Their dental anatomy points to a derivation of Anthropoidea from Eocene adapids.
Thermal Conductivity of an Electron Gas in a Gaseous Plasma

The thermal conductivity of an electron gas in a gaseous plasma is determined by experimental techniques which have been improved over those reported in a previous article by Goldstein and Sekiguchi. A pulsed microwave is utilized to probe the plasma parameters as well as to selectively heat up the electron gas in a small volume of the elongated plasma. The photomultiplier tube detects the change in electron temperature by taking advantage of the phenomenon of "afterglow quenching." The experimental values for the thermal conductivity, which are determined by two different methods, are in good agreement. In the plasmas investigated, neon and helium, the degree of ionization is very low (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$-${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$). However, the measured values of the thermal conductivity are still consistent with those obtained from the theoretical expression given by Landshoff, or Spitzer and H\"arm for a fully ionized gas.
Central nervous system pericytes in health and disease

Pericytes are uniquely positioned within the neurovascular unit to serve as vital integrators, coordinators and effectors of many neurovascular functions, including angiogenesis, blood-brain barrier (BBB) formation and maintenance, vascular stability and angioarchitecture, regulation of capillary blood flow and clearance of toxic cellular byproducts necessary for proper CNS homeostasis and neuronal function. New studies have revealed that pericyte deficiency in the CNS leads to BBB breakdown and brain hypoperfusion resulting in secondary neurodegenerative changes. Here we review recent progress in understanding the biology of CNS pericytes and their role in health and disease.
Early elementary students' development of astronomy concepts in the planetarium

The National Science Education Standards [National Research Council (1996) National science education standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press] recommend that students understand the apparent patterns of motion of the sun, moon and stars by the end of early elementary school. However, little information exists on students' ability to learn these concepts. This study examines the change in students' understanding of apparent celestial motion after attending a planetarium program using kinesthetic learning techniques. Pre- and post-interviews were conducted with participants from seven classes of first and second grade students (N = 63). Students showed significant improvement in knowledge of all areas of apparent celestial motion covered by the planetarium program. This suggests that students in early elementary school are capable of learning the accurate description of apparent celestial motion. The results also demonstrate the value of both kinesthetic learning techniques and the rich visual environment of the planetarium for improved understanding of celestial motion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 192–209, 2009
PEP car☐ykinase containing species in the Brachiaria group of the subfamily panicoideae

Abstract In the Gramineae, a survey of species among the Brachiaria group of the subfamily Panicoideae, tribe Paniceae revealed that they are PEP car☐ykinase containing species. This group includes the genera Brachiaria, Eriochloa and Urochloa . With the exception of the genus Panicum , these are the only genera within the Panicoideae found to contain PEP car☐ykinase species. It is suggested that the PEP car☐ykinase species of the genus Panicum, P. fasciculatum, P. maximum, P. molle and P. texanum , might be best placed in the Brachiaria group.
Viscoelastic spectra of Cd0.67Mg0.33 in torsion and bending

In both torsion and bending, the alloy exhibited a viscoelastic relaxation that could be modeled as a Debye peak superimposed on a power-law low-frequency background. In torsion, the relaxed and unrelaxed shear moduli were 9 and 12.2 GPa, respectively, maximum loss tangent was 0.12. In bending, relaxed and unrelaxed Young’s moduli were 15 and 35 GPa, respectively; maximum loss tangent was 0.11. Behavior was linear to at least 125 microstrain. These results are significant in that they represent a unique combination of stiffness and loss in a monolithic material.
R&D Alliances and the Effect of Experience on Innovation A Focus on the Semiconductor Industry

Past success and failure shapes the future decisions of an organization. Recent research shows that experience with previous strategic alliances is an important determinant for new alliances. Howev...
Composite narrative, authoritarian discourse, and the Soviet response to the destruction of Iran Air flight 655

The response of the Soviet Union to the American destruction of Iran Air 655 in 1988 represents a break in the mutual cycle of superpower condemnation that occurred throughout the Cold War and most of the Reagan presidency. This essay concerns the Soviet response: first, we examine the manner in which Soviet print media disputed U.S. media comparisons with the 1983 downing of Korean airlines flight 007; second, we analyze Soviet news editorials as a composite narrative. Essentially, scattered editorial accounts are collected, compiled, and read as a single Soviet narrative of the event. Read as a composite narrative, the Soviet response represents an important break in the cycle of superpower bickering common throughout post‐Truman presidencies.
Inner-City Disease and the Public Health of the Suburbs: The Sociogeographic Dispersion of Point-Source Infection

The political abandonment of impoverished inner-city minority populations has caused the virtual physical implosion of many US urban neighborhoods, ranging from the New York City's South Bronx to L...
The treatment of hereditary multiple exostosis of the upper extremity

Thirty of 50 patients with hereditary multiple exostosis developed significant deformities of the arm in one extremity. The degree of deformity is dependent on the location of the osteochondroma. If the osteochondroma is on the radius, deformity will usually be only minimal. If the osteochondroma is at the distal end of the ulna, the epiphysis usually stops growing. We believe that the ulnar collateral ligament then acts as a tether, very similar to that seen in the ulnar clubhand. The radius then has to either bow or dislocate at the elbow, and the wrist displaces ulnarly. We performed operations on 10 patients that consisted of cutting the ulnar collateral ligament, lengthening the ulna, osteotomizing the radius, and removing any osteochondromas. In the young, growing child, staples are placed across the lateral side of the distal radial epiphysis. The cosmetic results of the surgery were very gratifying. Nine patients also had osteochondromas removed from the hands and the forearms.
Preventing transmission of blood-borne pathogens: A compelling argument for effective device-selection strategies

Disease transmission from percutaneous injury occurs in 2% to 40% of health care workers (HCWs) after exposure to the hepatitis B virus (HBV), in 3% to 10% after exposure to the hepatitis C (HCV) virus, and in 0.2% to 0.5% after exposure to the HIV virus. According to a recently published case-control study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the following factors increase the risk of HIV seroconversion in HCWs after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood: deep injury, visible blood on the device, procedures involving needle placement directly into a vein or artery, and terminal AIDS in the source patient. Postexposure use of zidovudine by HCWs appears to reduce the risk of HIV transmission by 79%. Institutions seeking to reduce the risk of HCW seroconversion should conduct analyses of specific tasks associated with these high-risk factors, and safety interventions should be installed when tasks and devices increase the risk of seroconversion. Although this type of outcome-based strategy may not significantly reduce the total number of needlestick injuries, reducing high-risk exposures minimizes disease transmission and maximizes the cost-effectiveness of the intervention.
Terahertz compressive imaging with metamaterial spatial light modulators

Active metamaterials have been used to realize terahertz imaging with a single-pixel detector. Compressive techniques permit high-fidelity images to be acquired at high frame rates. The technique involves no moving parts and yields improved signal-to-noise ratios over standard raster scanning techniques.
Conformations of the alditols

The hypothesis that parallel C-nO (or C-nC) and C-(n+2)O [or C-(n+2)C] bonds in the alditols give rise to conformational instability accounts for the conformations observed in nine crystal-structure determinations. It relates conformation to configuration in the solid state, and enables predictions to be made concerning the most stable rotamers of the isolated molecules.
Are children of moderately low birth weight at increased risk for poor health? A new look at an old question.

Objective The goal was to examine whether moderately low birth weight children were at greater risk for health problems than normal birth weight children in a nationally representative sample of US children. Methods Data were analyzed for 7817 children, 0 to 12 years of age, from the sample child file of the 2002 National Health Interview Survey. Logistic regressions were estimated to examine whether morbidity rates were higher among moderately low birth weight children than among normal birth weight children and to control for covariates. Health was measured as having a special health care need, having a chronic condition, being hospitalized in the past year, having a learning disability, attention-deficit disorder/attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or other behavioral disorders, having minor health conditions, and having acute illnesses. Results With control for other confounders, moderately low birth weight children were significantly more likely than normal birth weight children to be identified as having a special health care need, having a chronic condition, having a learning disability, and having attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. They were not more likely to have a hospitalization in the past year, other behavioral disorders, or minor health conditions or acute illnesses. Conclusions This population-based study of rates of current morbidity shows that moderately low birth weight children born since 1990 are vulnerable to a wide range of health, learning, and behavioral problems, compared with normal birth weight children. This suggests the need for continued focus on ways to reduce morbidity rates for moderately low birth weight children.
Spinwave resonance in MBE grown iron films

Abstract Spinwave resonance (SWR) has been observed at 9.5 and 35 GHz on a number of single crystal iron films prepared by the molecular beam epitaxy technique. The external magnetic field is applied both normal to and in the plane of the films. The deduced exchange stiffness constant A is (1.91±0.10)×10 -6 erg/cm. The SWR data is interpreted in terms of a non-uniform distribution of the magnetization near the film surface.
Effect of weld composition and microstructure on hydrogen assisted fracture of austenitic stainless steels

The effect of severe hydrogen environments on the tensile fracture behavior of a variety of austenitic stainless steel welds was investigated. In all cases, second phases or particulates common only to the weld microstructure were the origin of fracture initiation in hydrogen. These second phases formed as a result of microsegregation during solidification and/or solid state transformations during cooling or aging. In addition to second phases the weld microstructure matrix phase also influences fracture behavior. The fracture behavior is discussed in terms of localized chemical variations and the presence of second phases, and th interaction of dislocations with internal boundaries.
Characterizing Structural and Dynamical Impacts of Agonist- and Antsgonist-Stabilized Mutants of the Estrogen Receptor

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily and is involved in numerous physiological and disease states, most notably breast cancer. Extensive mutational studies have identified several point mutations within the binding domain that stabilize agonist and antagonist functional states and allow for structural characterization of the ER in these states. Characterizing differential dynamics of these mutants and wildtype ER, therefore, can be used as a way to understand the nature of conformational changes induced by binding of each class of ligands and to characterize the impact of specific residues on the overall functional state of the receptor.Equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the agonist-stabilized Y537S structure have revealed the formation of a new hydrogen bond (S537-D351), but challenged the role of solvent exposure for hydrophobic residues in the enhanced stability of the mutant structures, as has been suggested based on x-ray structures. Furthermore, we have observed the formation of transient hydrogen bond networks surrounding the base of critical helix 12 (H12) that were not observable from static structures. Steered MD (SMD) simulations have also shown different unbinding modes of H12 upon applying a force perpendicular to the length of the helix.Analysis of the antagonist-stabilized L536S structure indicated that the mutation resulted in a 157-degree rotation of the mutated residue, repositioning the preceding flexible loop into an ordered conformation against the protein surface. Attempts to replicate this effect in silico by mutating the WT structure of ER-bound hydroxytamoxifen and simulating for 20 ns resulted in only a partial rotation of the loop. Applying a harmonic force to slowly complete the rotation of the S536 psi angle revealed a significant energy barrier to obtain the final mutant conformation.
Kainate Receptor Post-translational Modifications Differentially Regulate Association with 4.1N to Control Activity-dependent Receptor Endocytosis *

Kainate receptors exhibit a highly compartmentalized distribution within the brain; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that coordinate their expression at neuronal sites of action are poorly characterized. Here we report that the GluK1 and GluK2 kainate receptor subunits interact with the spectrin-actin binding scaffolding protein 4.1N through a membrane-proximal domain in the C-terminal tail. We found that this interaction is important for the forward trafficking of GluK2a receptors, their distribution in the neuronal plasma membrane, and regulation of receptor endocytosis. The association between GluK2a receptors and 4.1N was regulated by both palmitoylation and protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation of the receptor subunit. Palmitoylation of the GluK2a subunit promoted 4.1N association, and palmitoylation-deficient receptors exhibited reduced neuronal surface expression and compromised endocytosis. Conversely, PKC activation decreased 4.1N interaction with GluK2/3-containing kainate receptors in acute brain slices, an effect that was reversed after inhibition of PKC. Our data and previous studies therefore demonstrate that these two post-translational modifications have opposing effects on 4.1N association with GluK2 kainate and GluA1 AMPA receptors. The convergence of the signaling pathways regulating 4.1N protein association could thus result in the selective removal of AMPA receptors from the plasma membrane while simultaneously promoting the insertion and stabilization of kainate receptors, which may be important for tuning neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity.
Ex situ and in situ measurements of the shear strength of interfaces in metallic multilayers

Interfaces are generally weaker in terms of shearing and debonding in comparison to perfect grains since atoms within interfaces usually have low coordination bonds. In this letter, we report the experimental measurements of the shear strength of Cu–Nb interfaces by using quantitative ex situ and in situ indentations. The interface shear strength is estimated from experiments in the range of 0.3–0.55 GPa, which is consistent with atomistic simulations and evidence of the weak interface strengthening mechanisms in metallic multilayers.
Interactions of serine proteinases with pNiXa, a serpin of Xenopus oocytes and embryos.

Abstract In a previous study, kinetic assays showed that pNiXa, an Ni(II)-binding serpin of Xenopus oocytes and embryos, strongly inhibits bovine chymotrypsin, weakly inhibits porcine elastase, and does not inhibit bovine trypsin. In this study, analyses by SDS-PAGE and gelatin zymography showed that an SDS-resistant complex is formed upon the interaction of pNiXa with bovine chymotrypsin. No such pNiXa–enzyme complex was detected after pNiXa interactions with porcine elastase, bovine trypsin, or human cathepsin G. The major products of pNiXa cleavage by the four proteinases were partially sequenced by Edman degradation. The cleavage products were also tested by immunoblotting with an antibody to the His-cluster of pNiXa, and by radio-blotting with 63 Ni (II). These assays showed that chymotrypsin and elastase cleave pNiXa at the P1–P1′ (Thr–Lys) peptide bond near the C-terminus, while trypsin and cathepsin G cleave pNiXa at specific peptide bonds near the N-terminus, within an interesting 26-residue segment, rich in Lys and Gln, that separates the His-cluster of pNiXa from the rest of the molecule. The segment lacks homology to other serpins, but resembles a domain of Xenopus POU3 transcription factor. This study identifies the specific sites for interactions of four serine proteinases with pNiXa, indicates that pNiXa inhibition of chymotrypsin involves a serpin-like mechanism, and shows that 63 Ni (II)-binds to the His-cluster of pNiXa.
Effect of Variance of Interaction Effects of Sire and Herd on Selection for Milk and Fat Yield

The animal model for genetic evaluations of dairy cattle by the USDA currently includes a term for interaction effects of sire and herd. The relative magnitude of the variance of that effect was established in the 1960s as 14% of the total variance, but recent research has shown that the proportion is 2% or less. This report compared EBV using either the 14% or the actual estimate from 20 samples of records from herds in California, New York, and Pennsylvania. From 6 to 22% of bulls or cows selected for milk and fat yields based on evaluation with 14% of the total variance would not be selected using the sample estimates, depending on selection intensity, region, and whether only first or up to three lactations were used in the evaluations. Nevertheless, the average EBV of the bulls and cows selected based on 14% of the total variance were only slightly less than for those selected on 2%. This pilot research suggests that further study of the national data be done to establish the appropriate proportion of variance from interaction effects of sire and herd to use with national evaluations. Kinds of evaluations of bulls and ages of cows and bulls should be considered.
The effects of interaction with the device described by procedural text on recall, true/false, and task performance

In two experiments, subjects interacted to different extents with relevant devices while reading two complex multistep procedural texts and were then tested with task performance time, true/false, and recall measures. While reading, subjects performed the task (read and do), saw the experimenter perform the task (read and see experimenter do), imagined doing the task (read and imagine), looked at the device while reading (read and see), or only read (read only). Van Dijk and Kintsch’s (1983) text representation theory led to the prediction that exposure to the task device (in the read-and-do, read-and-see, and read-and-see-experimenter-do conditions) would lead to the development of a stronger situation model and therefore faster task performance, whereas the read-only and read-andsee conditions would lead to a better textbase, and therefore better performance on the true/false and recall tasks. Paivio’s (1991) dual coding theory led to the opposite prediction for recall. The results supported the text representation theory with task performance and recall. The read-and-see condition produced consistently good performance on the true/false measure. Amount of text study time contributed to recall performance. These findings support the notion that information available while reading leads to differential development of representations in memory, which, in turn, causes differences in performance on various measures.
MET and HGF predict outcome in colorectal cancer

Abstract Introduction: MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase, and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), are critical in cellular proliferation, motility, and invasion. We hypothesize that elevated MET and HGF gene expression predicts metastatic spread and poor survival in colorectal (CR) cancer patients. Methods: In 60 primary CR adenocarcinomas, MET and HGF mRNA was quantified with Real-Time RT-PCR. Using random primed cDNA and gene-specific PCR, specimen threshold cycle was measured and standard curves generated. Tumor mRNA levels were extrapolated, normalized to 18S RNA and compared to pooled matched normal mucosa. Median follow-up for survival analysis was 6 years. Results: When compared with normal tissue, a > 2 fold elevation in MET mRNA was seen in 69% of tumors with 48% having > 10 fold increases. Elevated HGF mRNA was noted in 47% of tumors with 19% having a > 10 fold increase. MET and HGF mRNA levels were correlated (p = 0.01). 33 patients had low expression of both genes (LOW MET/HGF) while 27 patients had high expression of both (HIGH MET/HGF). HIGH MET/HGF was associated with nodal and distant metastases (Table). Further, HIGH MET/HGF gene expression predicted poor survival (RR = 2.3, p Factor High MET/HGF n (%) Low MET/HGF n (%) p Value Relative Risk All patients 27 (100) 33 (100) — — Grade 1 1 (4) 1 (3) 0.57 — 2 23 (85) 24 (72) 3 3 (11) 8 (24) T stage 1 1 (4) 1 (3) 0.96 — 2 5 (19) 8 (24) 3 18 (67) 21 (64) 4 3 (11) 3 (9) N stage 0 9 (33) 21 (64) 0.02 1.9 1/2 18 (67) 12 (36) M stage 0 15 (56) 26 (79) 0.05 2.1 1 12 (44) 7 (21) AJCC stage 1/2 5 (19) 18 (55) 0.004 1.8 3/4 22 (81) 15 (45) Conclusions: Over-expression of MET and HGF identifies a metastatic phenotype. These molecular markers may be exploited for identifying tumors with aggressive biology and are potential therapeutic targets.
Stimulation of Somatostatin Release from Median Eminence Tissue Incubated in Vitro by Taurine and Related Amino Acids

To determine if the putative amino acid transmitter taurine could affect the release of somatostatin (SRIF) from median eminence fragments, median eminences were incubated in vitro in the presence of various concentrations of taurine and its precursors, hypotaurine, cysteamine, cysteic acid, and l-cysteine sulfinic acid. Taurine was effective in releasing SRIF at doses of 50 μm and higher. Surprisingly, cysteic acid was the most potent stimulant of SRIF release, with a minimal effective dose of 0.1 μM. Cysteamine was effective at a dose of 50 μM, hypotaurine was effective only at 200 μM, and cysteine sulfinic acid was ineffective in stimulating SRIF release at any of the doses tested. To determine if the effect of taurine was mediated by the dopaminergic system, the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide (1 μM) was added to the medium containing either taurine or cysteic acid. Pimozide did not prevent the stimulatory effect of the amino acids. In conclusion, these investigations suggest that taurine and relat...
Effect of Copper Content on Chromate Conversion Coating Protection of 7xxx-T6 Aluminum Alloys

Abstract Chromate conversion coating (CCC) protection of untreated and acid-pretreated 7xxx Al alloys with various Cu content in aerated chloride solution as well as the polarization behavior of as-polished alloys in deaerated chloride solution were investigated using polarization techniques in conjunction with metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Only one breakdown potential was found in all alloys, and the value was slightly higher than the second breakdown potential for bare alloys. Breakdown of CCCs occurred on the matrix region. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were used to show that alloyed Cu improved the CCC protection of polished AA7xxx-T6 samples, but Cu enrichment on the surface degraded the CCC protection of AA7xxx-T6 samples. The relevance of polarization and EIS results to salt spray testing is also addressed.
Equivalent linearization for systems subjected to non-stationary random excitation

Abstract The method of eauivalent linearization is applied to the general problem of the response of non-linear discrete systems to non-stationary random excitation. Conditions for minimum equation difference are determined which do not depend explicitly on lime but only on the instantaneous statistics of the response process. Using the equivalent linear parameters, a deterministic non-linear ordinary differential equation for the covariance matrix is derived. An example is given of a damped Duffing oscillator subjected to modulated white noise.
Kinetics of Secretion of Extracellular Polysaccharide by Cultured Sycamore Cells

Summary The kinetics of secretion of extracellular polysaccharides (SEPS) from cultured sycamore cells was studied using [ 3 H] fucose as a marker for the polysaccharides. The pathway of secretion was followed from the cytoplasm through the cell wall matrix to the external medium. Movement of labelled SEPS through the cell wall takes approximately 10 minutes suggesting that the cell wall acts as a barrier delaying SEPS secretion to the medium.
TWENTY YEARS OF RESEARCH ON ADVANCE ORGANIZERS: ASSIMILATION THEORY IS STILL THE BEST PREDICTOR OF RESULTS

Forty-four published research studies involving advance organizers were reviewed. Twenty-seven studies included an advance organizer vs. a control group (standard advance organizer study) and 17 studies included an advance organizer vs. a post organizer group (modified advance organizer study). Results of the studies were compared to the predictions of several theories. In addition, four specific predictions of assimilation theory were evaluated: that advance organizers should have a stronger effect for poorly organized text than for well organized text, that advance organizers should have a stronger positive effect for learners lacking prerequisite knowledge, that advance organizers should have a stronger effect for learners lacking prerequisite abilities, and that advance organizers should have an especially strong effect on measures of transfer rather than retention.
Ex Vivo Resection of Hepatic Neoplasia and Autotransplantation: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Ex situ liver resection is an uncommon procedure but offers an opportunity for R0 surgical resection of liver tumors that are otherwise unresectable. Liver insufficiency following extensive resections is a risk in this patient population; consequently, all measures should be taken to prevent this highly morbid complication. We report a case of a patient with an extensive cholangiocarcinoma involving all three hepatic veins that required ex vivo resection and liver autotransplantation to achieve an R0 resection. Postoperatively, the patient demonstrated signs of worsening liver function that, in addition to standard medical therapy, underwent a brief treatment with molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) therapy. Although the role of MARS remains unclear, the patient tolerated it well and her liver graft dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy slowly resolved. The patient was discharged to a rehabilitation facility. She is currently alive and well with no evidence of recurrence 3 years later. We present a review of the literature on ex situ resection and liver autotransplantation. In addition to numerous case reports, there are a few moderate series of ex situ resection and autotransplantation. We suggest that the use of artificial liver devices, if indicated, in the postoperative ex situ resection liver autotransplant patient may assist in the support of the patient while the transplanted liver remnant recovers.
Effects of multijoint spastic reflexes of the legs during assisted bilateral hip oscillations in human spinal cord injury.

Abstract Onushko T, Hyngstrom A, Schmit BD. Effects of multijoint spastic reflexes of the legs during assisted bilateral hip oscillations in human spinal cord injury. Objective To investigate the timing and magnitude of muscle activation during an active-assist bilateral hip motor task in human spinal cord injury (SCI). Design A single test session using a novel robotic system to alternately flex and extend the hips from 40° of hip flexion to 10° of hip extension at 1 of 3 frequencies (.25, .50, .75Hz). Subjects were asked either to actively assist the movements or to remain relaxed during the imposed oscillations. Setting All data were collected in a research laboratory. Participants Ten subjects with motor incomplete (American Spinal Injury Association grade C or D) SCI and 10 individuals without neurologic injury participated in this study. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Electromyograms and joint torques were recorded from the lower extremities of SCI subjects and compared with electromyograms and joint torque patterns recorded from 10 neurologically healthy individuals completing the same tasks. Results In trials involving active assistance of the imposed hip oscillations, SCI subjects produced muscle activation patterns that were phased differently from muscle activity of neurologically intact subjects. SCI subjects generated peak torque at the end ranges of movement (ie, 40° hip flexion, 10° extension), whereas control subjects generated the greatest torque midway through the movements. Moreover, the phasing of active-assist hip torque in SCI subjects was similar to the phasing of reflexive hip torques produced during the unassisted condition (ie, SCI subjects instructed to relax), while control subjects produced no reflexive torques during unassisted trials. Conclusions The differences in the timing of muscle activity during the active-assist task in controls and SCI subjects highlights problems in generating appropriately timed muscle activity during ongoing movements. The similarity in muscle activity patterns for the active-assist and unassisted trials in SCI subjects further suggests that reflex feedback from hip afferents contributes substantially to muscle activation during active-assist movements. These findings demonstrate the disruptions in reflex regulation of movement in people with incomplete SCI and suggest that spastic reflexes might disrupt motor control.
Food-deprivation increases cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor activity in rats.

Food-deprivation increases the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine and other drugs within self-administration experiments. In this study, the effects of food-deprivation on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference were investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of two feeding conditions: satiated (with ad libitum food) or deprived (maintained at 80% of free-feeding body weights). During conditioning trials, on alternate days, rats received IP injections of cocaine (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg; n=12 per dose group) and were confined for 30 min in one of two distinct environments. On intervening days, the same rats were injected with saline and confined for 30 min in the opposite environment. After four cocaine and four saline trials, a 15-min choice test (with no injections) was given. During this time, the rats were able to move freely through a passageway between both environments. Relative to the food-satiated rats, the food-deprived rats showed a greater conditioned preference for the cocaine-paired environment during the choice test, greater cocaine-induced locomotor activity during conditioning trials, and a greater degree of sensitization to the activating effects of cocaine across conditioning trials. This study extends the general findings of food deprivation-induced increases in the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine to include the conditioned place preference paradigm.
Self-test of spin fluctuation pairing

The critical self-test of the spin fluctuation pairing model of high-temperature superconductivity, associated with the relative suppression of Tc by Ni and Zn impurities on Cu sites, has not been satisfied for any material for which the test has been performed, including YBa2Cu3O7. In all high-temperature superconductors that have been measured, except BCS-like Nd2 − zCezCuO4, Ni and Zn suppress Tc virtually the same, which is inconsistent with cuprate plane superconductivity that results from either i) BCS-like (phonon-like) polarization pairing or ii) spin fluctuation pairing. The observed Tc-suppression in all such superconductors, including Nd2 − zCezCuO4, is consistent with BCS-like charge-reservoir superconductivity.
Characterization of pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma: is histology the gold standard?

Pseudoprogression (psPD) refers to an increase in size or appearance of new areas of MRI contrast enhancement soon after completing chemoradiation, timely diagnosis of which has been a challenge. Given that tissue sampling of the MRI changes would be expected to accurately distinguish psPD from true progression when MRI changes are first seen, we examined the utility of surgery in diagnosing psPD and influencing patient outcome. We retrospectively reviewed data from adults with GBM who had MRI changes suggestive of progression within 3 months of chemoRT; of these, 34 underwent surgical resection. Three subsets–tumor, psPD or mixed-were identified based on histology and immunohistochemistry in the surgical group and by imaging characteristics in the nonsurgical group. A cohort of patients with stable disease post-chemoRT served as control. PFS and OS were determined using the Kaplan–Meier method and log rank analysis. Concordance for psPD between radiological interpretation and subsequent histological diagnosis was seen in only 32 % of cases (11/34) 95 %CI 19–49 %. A large proportion of patients had a histologically “mixed” pattern with tumor and treatment effect. No significant differences in PFS or OS were seen among the three subtypes. Surgical sampling and histologic review of MRI changes after chemoRT may not serve as a gold standard to distinguish psPD from true progression in GBM patients. Refinement of the histological criteria, careful intraoperative selection of regions of interest and advanced imaging modalities are needed for early differentiation of PsPD from progression to guide clinical management.