cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of HIV-infected adults in the Deep South and their utilization of mental health services: A rural vs. urban comparison.

Abstract Insufficient utilization of mental health services has been described among HIV-infected individuals in urban areas; however, little is known about utilization of mental health services among rural-living HIV-infected individuals. This article examines use of mental health services by HIV-infected adults in the Southern U.S., where approximately two-thirds of rural HIV cases reside, and compares mental health services use between those in rural and urban areas. Data were obtained from surveys of HIV-infected individuals receiving care at tertiary Infectious Diseases clinics in the Southern U.S. (n = 474). Study findings indicated that participants living in areas with a higher proportion of rural-living individuals were less likely to report seeing a mental health provider (p<.001) in the last year even though there were no differences in level of psychological distress by degree of rurality. Participants living in more rural areas also reported significantly fewer mental health visits in the pre...
Influence of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Content on Air Void Distribution, Permeability, and Modulus of Base Layer

The use of recycled materials for construction is beneficial to both the environment and the economy. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is one of the most commonly used recycled materials. State departments of transportation allow its use in unbound base materials at different percentages. The modulus and the permeability are recognized as important parameters for base course materials because of their effect on pavement service life. Determining the effects of the percentage of RAP on the modulus and permeability of base materials that contain RAP is important for proper pavement design. This study evaluates the effects of RAP percentage on the resilient modulus and the permeability of unbound base materials. Increasing the RAP percentage increased the resilient modulus. Constant-head permeability test results indicated that increasing the RAP percentage decreased the coefficient of permeability. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography was used to study the internal structure of the test specimens. RAP ...
Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model systems to study and visualize human tumor cell metastasis.

Since their introduction almost a century ago, chick embryo model systems involving the technique of chorioallantoic grafting have proved invaluable in the in vivo studies of tumor development and angiogenesis and tumor cell dissemination. The ability of the chick embryo’s chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) to efficiently support the growth of inoculated xenogenic tumor cells greatly facilitates analysis of human tumor cell metastasis. During spontaneous metastasis, the highly vascularized CAM sustains rapid tumor formation within several days following cell grafting. The dense capillary network of the CAM also serves as a repository of aggressive tumor cells that escaped from the primary tumor and intravasated into the host vasculature. This spontaneous metastasis setting provides a unique experimental model to study in vivo the intravasation step of the metastatic cascade. During experimental metastasis when tumor cells are inoculated intravenously, the CAM capillary system serves as a place for initial arrest and then, for tumor cell extravasation and colonization. The tissue composition and accessibility of the CAM for experimental interventions makes chick embryo CAM systems attractive models to follow the fate and visualize microscopically the behavior of grafted tumor cells in both spontaneous and experimental metastasis settings.
Is there an injury epidemic in girls’ sports?

Injuries to prominent sportswomen have raised questions about whether there is an injury epidemic for female athletes. Our aim was to synthesise the data on overall injury incidence among female athletes and present the evidence for specific injuries for which female athletes appear to be at greater risk than male athletes. We also reviewed the severity of female injuries, the hypothesised risk factors and injury prevention studies. In general, women have a lower rate of injury than men. Women are at greater risk for specific injuries such as non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries, but these injuries are relatively rare. Further, women tend to have higher rates of surgery for the same injuries than men. Nevertheless, injury rates likely can be reduced by research efforts to identify modifiable risk factors using rigorous epidemiological methods and the investigation of effective prevention programmes.
Cytokinin Regulation of Flower and Pod Set in Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Exogenous application of cytokinin to raceme tissues of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) has been shown to stimulate flower production and to prevent flower abortion. The effects of these hormone applications have been ascertained for treated tissues, but the effects of cytokinins on total seed yields in treated plants have not been evaluated. Our objectives were to examine the effects of systemic cytokinin applications on soybean yields using an experimental line of soybeans, SD-87001, that has been shown to be highly sensitive to exogenous cytokinin application. Soybeans were grown hydroponically or in pots in the greenhouse, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) was introduced into the xylem stream through a cotton wick for 2 weeks during anthesis. After the plants had matured, the number of pods, seeds per pod, and the total seed weight per plant were measured. In the greenhouse, application of 3.4 × 10−7 moles of BA resulted in a 79% increase in seed yield compared with controls. Results of field trials showed much greater variability within treatments, with consistent, but non-significant increases in seed number and total yields of about 3%. Data suggest that cytokinin levels play a significant role in determining total yield in soybeans, and that increasing cytokinin concentrations in certain environments may result in increased total seed production.
The Cus efflux system removes toxic ions via a methionine shuttle

Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, frequently utilize tripartite efflux complexes in the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) family to expel diverse toxic compounds from the cell. These efflux systems span the entire cell envelope to mediate the phenomenon of bacterial multidrug resistance. The three parts of the efflux complexes are: (1) a membrane fusion protein (MFP) connecting (2) a substrate-binding inner membrane transporter to (3) an outer membrane-anchored channel in the periplasmic space. One such efflux system CusCBA is responsible for extruding biocidal Cu(I) and Ag(I) ions. We recently determined the crystal structures of both the inner membrane transporter CusA and MFP CusB of the CusCBA tripartite efflux system from E. coli. These are the first structures of the heavy-metal efflux (HME) subfamily of the RND efflux pumps. Here, we summarize the structural information of these two efflux proteins and present the accumulated evidence that this efflux system utilizes methionine residues to bind and export Cu(I)/Ag(I). Genetic and structural analyses suggest that the CusA pump is capable of picking up the metal ions from both the periplasm and cytoplasm. We propose a stepwise shuttle mechanism for this pump to extrude metal ions from the cell.
Unawareness of Hyposmia in Elderly People With and Without Parkinson's Disease.

Background Hyposmia is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is also observed with normal aging. It can be ascertained through objective testing, but it is unclear whether patients are aware of deficits and whether this has implications for cognitive status. Methods Subjects in the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders were studied with annual motor and cognitive testing with objective smell testing (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; UPSIT) done every third year beginning in 2002. Those with a baseline UPSIT <25th percentile (hyposmia) were studied for presence of unawareness of hyposmia and cognitive status. Results There were 75 subjects with PD and 143 nonparkinsonian controls with hyposmia. Lack of awareness of hyposmia was present in 16% of PD subjects and 47% of those without PD. In PD, there was no increase in unawareness in PD with dementia. In non-PD controls, unawareness was correlated with presence of dementia. Unawareness of hyposmia correlated most strongly with the neuropsychiatric tests of learning and memory. In controls without dementia or PD, 48% were unaware. Conclusions Querying patients about anosmia might be useful in parkinsonian disorders without objective testing. However, in elderly controls, it should be followed by objective testing and lack of awareness has implications for worsened cognitive status.
Energetic Ion Composition in the Earth's Magnetosphere: A Volume in the Advances in Earth and Planetary Sciences Series

This book originated from 10 invited papers presented at the Symposium on the Role of Ion Composition in Understanding Magnetospheric Processes, which was held in August 1981 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Now, 15 independent papers comprise the volume, of which five are theoretically oriented and 10 are observational in nature, being principally summaries of earlier work. The opening sentence of this volume begins, “In more innocent times it was believed…”—a wonderfully appealing introduction to many an exciting tale of adventure and enchantment. While the remaining prose does not match the spirit of this introductory phrase, the story told collectively by the 15 papers is, in proper perspective, exciting and adventurous. The implied loss of innocence is a reality and was, to my mind, necessary. It was necessary in order to establish a truer observational framework for magnetospheric physics and to get on with the effort of trying to understand this cosmic plasma environment in which we reside. However, the spirit of that early innocence must be kept alive if we are to see the excitement and beauty in the present and future phases of our research.
Surveys of Medical Liaison Practices across the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Review

The beginning of medical liaison programs can be traced back to a small group of technically oriented sales representatives at the Upjohn Company in 1967. Today, medical liaison programs exist in many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. These medical liaisons are involved in helping to improve outcomes for patients in a variety of therapeutic areas. Previously, limited benchmarking data on medical liaison groups across the pharmaceutical industry existed in the published literature. To fill this information gap. an initial survey was conducted by this group in 2005 with the intent of identifying the overall approaches used by pharmaceutical companies in defining and managing the medical liaison role. This survey was followed by subsequent annual surveys to gain additional insights into medical liaison practices across the pharmaceutical industry. The surveys have collected information on a wide variety of topics related to the medical liaison role including team characteristics, specific roles and responsibilities, performance review, training, value demonstration, competitive intelligence, health outcomes, regulatory compliance, nontraditional staffing options, virtual offices, clinical trial activities, and career Strategies. This article serves as a review of the first four surveys completed 2005 through 2008.
On Engineering Urban Densification

City planning in America began as a Progressive Era exercise, intended to pre-serve property values and implicitly incorporate the social norms of officials and planners. Over time, rigid zoning was replaced by flexibility, accompanied by opaque bargaining between localities and developers. Still, even in vibrant large cities, homeowner preferences for low density largely prevailed over attempts to enhance agglomeration through increasing density. The effect is to reduce economic opportunity for individuals, and cities less prosperous. One method of increasing agglomeration is the imposition of densification, utilizing the assembly of transient coalitions that could impose grand bargains between alderman and strong mayors. Expert planners would devise detailed quotas for desirable and undesirable uses in different parts of the city, and recipients of favorable zoning would receive regulatory property that is locked in place by procedural and constitutional requirements. Roderick Hills and David Schleicher advocate this approach in City Replanning. This Article reviews the history of idealistic, and later pragmatic, comprehensive planning and zoning. It then analyzes the case for agglomeration, and how it might be obtained through density mandates. The Article subsequently reviews undesirable consequences of such mandates. It asserts that grand bargains attenuate democratic decisionmaking, significantly reinforce the perceived evils of the current system, and are apt to be ineffective.
Financial Crisis: Impetus for Restoring Corporate Democracy

This paper analyzes current corporate governance standards and examines whether the current financial crisis can provide an avenue for change.
Particle migration and sorting in microbubble streaming flows

Ultrasonic driving of semicylindrical microbubbles generates strong streaming flows that are robust over a wide range of driving frequencies. We show that in microchannels, these streaming flow patterns can be combined with Poiseuille flows to achieve two distinctive, highly tunable methods for size-sensitive sorting and trapping of particles much smaller than the bubble itself. This method allows higher throughput than typical passive sorting techniques, since it does not require the inclusion of device features on the order of the particle size. We propose a simple mechanism, based on channel and flow geometry, which reliably describes and predicts the sorting behavior observed in experiment. It is also shown that an asymptotic theory that incorporates the device geometry and superimposed channel flow accurately models key flow features such as peak speeds and particle trajectories, provided it is appropriately modified to account for 3D effects caused by the axial confinement of the bubble.
Traumatic orbital encephalocele: Presentation and imaging.

ABSTRACTObjective: Traumatic orbital encephalocele is a rare but severe complication of orbital roof fractures. We describe 3 cases of orbital encephalocele due to trauma in children.Methods: Retrospective case series from the University of Wisconsin – Madison and Medical College of Wisconsin.Results: Three cases of traumatic orbital encephalocele in pediatric patients were found. The mechanism of injury was motor vehicle accident in 2 patients and accidental self-inflicted gunshot wound in 1 patient. All 3 patients sustained orbital roof fractures (4 mm to 19 mm in width) and frontal lobe contusions with high intracranial pressure. A key finding in all 3 cases was progression of proptosis and globe displacement 4 to 11 days after initial injury. On initial CT, all were diagnosed with extraconal hemorrhage adjacent to the roof fractures, with subsequent enlargement of the mass and eventual diagnosis of encephalocele.Conclusion: Orbital encephalocele is a severe and sight-threatening complication of orbita...
Dying for survival Why militant organizations continue to conduct suicide attacks

Suicide attacks continue to plague a multitude of conflict zones. However, the scholarly literature on the phenomenon has yet to produce a theory that explains why militant organizations at differe...
Preliminary Investigation of Novel Direct Contact Ultrasonic Fabric Drying

Thermal evaporation of moisture from clothes is the main technique used in clothes dryers today. Most of the energy supplied is spent to provide the latent heat of evaporation of water (2.5MJ/kg). This paper presents a novel direct contact ultrasonic system to mechanically remove water from wet fabric. The vibrations from the transducers are transferred by direct contact to the water inside the narrow pores of the clothes. Breaking the capillary adhesion of moisture at the interface between air and water allows water to exit the clothes as cold mist. The cold mist also carries with it most impurities such as minerals or detergents. This cannot be achieved in thermal dryers where water evaporates and leaves the impurities behind. Mechanical extraction of water is expected to be more efficient since thermal processing is not required. The majority of the supplied energy is used to mechanically separate water from the fabric. Initial testing has revealed that it is possible to dry a 1 cm2 piece of fabric from full saturation to a mere 0.4 % moisture content in just 14 seconds.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Computational evidence for heavy-atom tunneling in the bergman cyclization of a 10-membered-ring enediyne.

DFT and CASSCF calculations for the cyclization of (3Z)-cyclodec-3-en-1,5-diyne were carried out to investigate heavy-atom tunneling. At 37 °C, tunneling was computed to enhance the rate by 38–40% over the transition-state theory rate. Intramolecular 12C/13C kinetic isotope effects were predicted to be substantial, with a steep temperature dependence. These results are discussed in relation to recent experimental findings that show heavy-atom tunneling at moderate temperatures. The calculations point to the possibility of a simple computational test for the likelihood of heavy-atom tunneling using standard quantum-chemical information.
Phylogenetic Hypotheses: Neither Testable Nor Falsifiable

Crother and Murray (Cladistics 31: 573–574, 2015) criticize the statement by Assis (Cladistics 30: 240–242, 2014) that phylogenetic hypotheses are amenable to testing but not falsification. The claims by both sets of authors are based on long-standing misconceptions about testing developed within systematics. Testing phylogenetic hypotheses confuses the inferences of those hypotheses by way of abductive reasoning with their being tested via induction. Cladograms lack the causal details of the different hypotheses implied by those diagrams to make testing feasible, and falsification has been shown to be problematic for historical sciences.
Site Specificity and Developmental Morphology of Oligacanthorhynchus microcephalus (Rudolphi, 1819) Schmidt, 1972 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in Its Definitive Host, the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)

ABSTRACT: The site specificity and developmental morphology of Oligacanthorhynchus microcephalus was studied in its definitive host the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Opossums were infected with cystacanths removed from the hemocoels of the millipede Narceus americanus, the intermediate host of O. microcephalus. At 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk postinfection (PI), an opossum was killed and the small intestine was removed and divided into 20 equal sections. The locations of all worms were recorded and worms present used to describe morphology at each time interval PI. Collectively, worms occurred in intestinal segments 2–15. No worm occurred in the first intestinal segment or in the last five segments of the intestine. Worms demonstrated a moderate degree of site specificity, with the majority of worms aggregating between intestinal segments 9 and 13, accounting for 69% of the total worm burden. Commencing at 2 wk PI, growth rates of females were almost twice those of males. Although the growth rate of both...
Anesthetic management during cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery of the low birth weight neonates and premature infants

Objective:To summarize the anesthetic management experience during cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery of the low birth weight neonates with congenital heart disease.Method:Seventeen cases were included in this study and the history was studied retrospectively.The mean birth weight,gestational age,age at operation and weight at operation were (2109.1±399.29)g (1 225~2 500 g),(36.5±2.81)weeks(30.3~42.2 weeks),(28.4±18.39)d (8~79 d),(2369.7±413.50)g (1 628~3 205 g) respectively.There were 10 premature infants among these cases.All 17 cases underwent cardiac operations during general anesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Result: No intra-operative death occurred in this study.The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was (90.6±42.80) min (30~160 min),the mean aortic clamp time was (53.5±28.55)min (14~125 min).All cases were given mechanical ventilation and administrated inotropic support.The delayed sternal closure was performed in 11 cases.There were 4 hospital deaths and the mortality was 23.5%.Conclusion: The early surgical intervention for the low birth weight neonates with congenital heart disease should be performed under intensive anesthetic management.
Voltage stability research for different load models on Chongqing power system

Load characteristics is the most important factor in voltage stability research.The effect of load characteristic and composition proportion on voltage recovery was studied by comparing voltage recovery characteristics after typical fault.The effect of load characteristics and composition proportion on system stability was also studied by calculating critical clearing time after typical fault.The calculation results show that asynchronous motor load models are more conducive to system voltage stability than static load models for Chongqing Power Grid.
Theories of Agglomeration: Critical Analysis from a Policy Perspective

Science fiction and fantasy writer Vera Nazarian famously observed that “luck is not as random as you think. Before that lottery ticket won the jackpot someone had to buy it.” Many economic theorists have neglected that wisdom and mistakenly reduced the existence of clusters (defined as geographical concentrations of interconnected companies with close supply links, specialist suppliers, service providers, and related industries and institutions) to an almost banal phenomenon that randomly occurs whenever private firms gather by accident in someplace, start trading together, and eventually realize that it is more profitable even for competitors to stick together in a specific location. Clusters have thus been viewed merely as byproducts of economic development.
The present and future of home care for patients with gastrointestinal malignant diseases

Home care for patients with gastrointestinal malignancies includes nutritional support, chemotherapy and hospice care. Every step should be started alter acquiring sufficient information on the disease. Home infusion therapy (HIT) is most important for nutritional care because the patient usually cannot eat or eats very little. It should be started fast within another symptoms controllable. With some problems in access procedure, total calories, formula, catheter infection, it is important to treat individually not to over dose. As for home chemotherapy, new molecular target-based therapies that prolong tumor dormancy are expected to be developed. Regarding home hospice, the control of pain, nausea, general fatigue, and other symptoms is the key to continuous home hospice care. The medical linkage between hospital and clinic, clinic and clinic and skillful visiting nurses is indispensable and the establishment and quality of medical systems, networks play an important role in the home care of patients of gastrointestinal malignancies.
Advances in Automotive Catalysts Supports

The catalytic converter has been part of the automotive scene in America for nearly 11 years. Its use, as a result of government regulation, has spread to a number of other countries. Within the next decade, as the result of public concern over air quality, the majority of the free world automobiles will be so equipped. Its design is still evolving as engine technology and vehicle design changes. The catlyst support continues to demand research and development effort in the areas of (1) precious metal conversion through process consistency, (2) resistance to melting through advanced compositions, (3) cost reduction through process and improvements, (4) expanded applications into trucks, motorcycles and adaptation to varying emission certification cycles.
Complex Activity Recognition Via Attribute Dynamics

The problem of modeling the dynamic structure of human activities is considered. Video is mapped to a semantic feature space, which encodes activity attribute probabilities over time. The binary dynamic system (BDS) model is proposed to jointly learn the distribution and dynamics of activities in this space. This is a non-linear dynamic system that combines binary observation variables and a hidden Gauss---Markov state process, extending both binary principal component analysis and the classical linear dynamic systems. A BDS learning algorithm, inspired by the popular dynamic texture, and a dissimilarity measure between BDSs, which generalizes the Binet---Cauchy kernel, are introduced. To enable the recognition of highly non-stationary activities, the BDS is embedded in a bag of words. An algorithm is introduced for learning a BDS codebook, enabling the use of the BDS as a visual word for attribute dynamics (WAD). Short-term video segments are then quantized with a WAD codebook, allowing the representation of video as a bag-of-words for attribute dynamics. Video sequences are finally encoded as vectors of locally aggregated descriptors, which summarize the first moments of video snippets on the BDS manifold. Experiments show that this representation achieves state-of-the-art performance on the tasks of complex activity recognition and event identification.
Two-dimensional single-shot diffusion-weighted stimulated EPI with reduced FOV for ultrahigh-b radial diffusion-weighted imaging of spinal cord.

Purpose High-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the spinal cord (SC) is problematic because of the small cross-section of the SC and the large field inhomogeneity. Obtaining the ultrahigh-b DWI poses a further challenge. The purpose of the study was to design and validate two-dimensional (2D) single-shot diffusion-weighted stimulated echo planar imaging with reduced field of view (2D ss-DWSTEPI-rFOV) for ultrahigh-b radial DWI (UHB-rDWI) of the SC. Methods A novel time-efficient 2D ss-DWSTEPI-rFOV sequence was developed based on the stimulated echo sequence. Reduced-phase field of view was obtained by using two slice-selective 90 ° radiofrequency pulses in the presence of the orthogonal slice selection gradients. The sequence was validated on a cylindrical phantom and demonstrated on SC imaging. Results Ultrahigh-b radial diffusion-weighted ( bmax = 7300 s/mm2) images of the SC with greatly reduced distortion were obtained. The exponential plus constant fitting of the diffusion-decay curve estimated the constant fraction (restricted water fraction) as 0.36 ± 0.05 in the SC white matter. Conclusion A novel 2D ss-DWSTEPI-rFOV sequence has been designed and demonstrated for high-resolution UHB-rDWI of localized anatomic structures with significantly reduced distortion induced by nonlinear static field inhomogeneity. Magn Reson Med 77:2167-2173, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Identification and Characterization of a Candidate Wolbachia pipientis Type IV Effector That Interacts with the Actin Cytoskeleton

ABSTRACT Many bacteria live as intracellular symbionts, causing persistent infections within insects. One extraordinarily common infection is that of Wolbachia pipientis, which infects 40% of insect species and induces reproductive effects. The bacteria are passed from generation to generation both vertically (through the oocyte) and horizontally (by environmental transmission). Maintenance of the infection within Drosophila melanogaster is sensitive to the regulation of actin, as Wolbachia inefficiently colonizes strains hemizygous for the profilin or villin genes. Therefore, we hypothesized that Wolbachia must depend on the host actin cytoskeleton. In this study, we identify and characterize a Wolbachia protein (WD0830) that is predicted to be secreted by the bacterial parasite. Expression of WD0830 in a model eukaryote (the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) induces a growth defect associated with the appearance of aberrant, filamentous structures which colocalize with rhodamine-phalloidin-stained actin. Purified WD0830 bundles actin in vitro and cosediments with actin filaments, suggesting a direct interaction of the two proteins. We characterized the expression of WD0830 throughout Drosophila development and found it to be upregulated in third-instar larvae, peaking in early pupation, during the critical formation of adult tissues, including the reproductive system. In transgenic flies, heterologously expressed WD0830 localizes to the developing oocyte. Additionally, overexpression of WD0830 results in increased Wolbachia titers in whole flies, in stage 9 and 10 oocytes, and in embryos, compared to controls, suggesting that the protein may facilitate Wolbachia ’s replication or transmission. Therefore, this candidate secreted effector may play a role in Wolbachia ’s infection of and persistence within host niches. IMPORTANCE The obligate intracellular Wolbachia pipientis is a ubiquitous alphaproteobacterial symbiont of arthropods and nematodes and is related to the rickettsial pathogens Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Studies of Wolbachia cell biology suggest that this bacterium relies on host actin for efficient proliferation and transmission between generations. Here, we identified and characterized a Wolbachia protein that localizes to and manipulates the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton, is expressed by Wolbachia during host development, and alters Wolbachia titers and localization in transgenic fruit flies. We hypothesize that WD0830 may be utilized by the bacterium to facilitate replication in or invasion of different niches during host development.
Preserving the Prophet's Honor: Sharīfism, Sufism, and Mālikism in Tlemcen, 843/1439

God loves not the public utterance of evil speech. (Q. 4:148) Truly the noblest among you in God's eyes is he who is most Godfearing. (Q. 49:13) O people, I have left among you that which, if you hold fast to it, you will not go astray: the Book of God and my descendants, the people of my house. (prophetic ḥadīth ) [be] securers of justice, witnesses for God, even though it be against yourselves or your parents and kinsmen”. (Q. 4:134) Based upon his observations of the court of Sefrou in the 1960s and 1970s, Rosen has argued that the primary function of the qāḍī was to place litigants back in a position in which they could negotiate the terms of their relationship. Rosen's observation is an important one, albeit overstated. The interest of Muslim jurists in restoring social harmony cannot be viewed in isolation from their mandate to apply the law. The relationship between law and social harmony manifests itself dramatically in the case to be examined in the present chapter: a father and son living in Tlemcen in the middle of the ninth/fifteenth Century were accused of slandering several distinguished sharīfs and defaming the Prophet Muhammad. In his artful and carefully crafted opinion, the Jurist who was called upon to resolve the dispute defused a potentially explosive Situation by seeking a middle position between the “extremists of the hour.” Lacing his opinion with citations from the Qur'ān and ḥadīth that make repeated references to love, forgiveness, repentance, and humility, the muftī transformed a case that might easily have yielded the death penalty into a Statement about how sharīfs and non- sharīfs should relate to one another
Theatre, History, Politics

Shakespeare’s history plays have been attracting more and more of their fair share of scholarly attention in recent years, but less often than comedies and tragedies are the histories discussed critically from a theatrical perspective. Enlightening studies of their dramaturgical strengths and weaknesses do, of course, exist, but consideration of their technical achievement is far outweighed by examinations of their topical politics, theological issues, world pictures, and ideas of kingship — all most carefully placed against the historical background of Elizabethan England in the 1590s. We can know them as embodiments of Renaissance ideas of political morality, as mirrors of Elizabethan policy, as essays upon the relationship of family and state, as meditations upon the king’s two bodies, as rituals of the ethic of order, as warnings against rebellion, as dramatic treatises about the Tudor myth, as inquiries into the concept of divine providence, as formal developments of the chronicle and morality play, as explorations of the historian’s art. We can know their sources and analyze the playwright’s manipulation of events and personages, memorize genealogical charts, and map out the battles. And we can do much more to know the history plays as plays.
Towards an Experimental LegoLand: Slice Modification and Recovery in ExoGENI Testbed

This paper describes advanced capabilities that were deployed recently in the ExoGENI testbed to offer increased flexibility in provisioning, modifying, and recovering the topologies and the configuration settings of the virtual systems, or slices, in which experiments are run. Using the analogy of building complex structures with LEGO blocks, we envision an environment in which users arbitrarily scale out, scale in, scale up, and scale down their topologies using various modular constructs of compute, storage, and network resources. Portions of topologies can be shut down and brought back up to support resiliency, repeatability, migration, and other needs of the control software or application. Distributed applications running inside of slices can require programmatic control over the evolution of the topology as the execution progresses. The introduced capabilities, slice modification and slice recovery, are used either with the user GUI or through the programmable APIs. These new features expand the range and ease of options available to cloud-control software and to application developers as they test their designs at scale.
Smoking environment cues reduce ability to resist smoking as measured by a delay to smoking task.

Abstract Introduction: Environments associated with smoking may promote lapse and relapse in smokers attempting to quit. Here we examined the effects of exposure to visual smoking environment cues on smoking urge and the ability to resist smoking, as measured with a delay-to-smoking task in which monetary contingencies are provided for resisting smoking. Methods: Adult daily smokers (n = 22) completed two experimental sessions, each following 6 h smoking abstinence. Sessions differed only in the type of cue participants were exposed to (smoking environments vs. nonsmoking environments). Participants completed subjective ratings of smoking urge, withdrawal and other reactions (i.e. craving, affect). Behavioral outcomes on the delay-to-smoking task included latency to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked and average number of puffs per cigarette. Results: Across cue exposure sessions, 64% of participants initiated smoking (no effect of condition was observed). However, exposure to smoking environments as compared to the nonsmoking environments resulted in greater craving, faster initiation of smoking, and more smoked cigarettes. Greater craving was associated with a shorter time to initiate smoking, but this effect did not differ across sessions. In contrast, withdrawal was more strongly associated with number of cigarettes smoked during smoking environment sessions. Conclusion: Together, these results suggest smoking environments increase smoking urge and promote smoking behavior. Further research is necessary to examine the specific and interactive effects of smoking-related environments on real-world smoking lapse and relapse.
Universal screening for Lynch syndrome among patients with colorectal cancer: patient perspectives on screening and sharing results with at-risk relatives

Universal screening for Lynch syndrome (LS) among all cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) could increase the diagnosis of LS and reduce morbidity and mortality of LS-associated cancers. Given universal screening includes all patients, irrespective of high risk factors such early age at onset or family history of CRC, it is important to understand perspectives of all patients and not just those at high risk. As part of a study to assess the feasibility and implementation of universal screening, 189 patients newly diagnosed with CRC were surveyed about their interest in screening for LS and communication of results with at-risk family members. Overall, participants responded positively regarding screening for LS, with most wanting to know their genetic risks in general (86%) and risk of hereditary CRC (93%). Prior to receiving screening results, most participants stated they intended to share their screening results with parents (89%), siblings (96%), and children (96%). Of the 28 participants who received a positive LS screening result, 26 (93%) reported sharing their result with at least one first-degree family member. Interest in screening for LS and communication of screening results with family members was not associated with high risk factors. This study indicates that patients are interested in being screened for LS and that sharing information on the risk of LS with at-risk family members is not a significant barrier. These findings provide novel insight into patient perspectives about screening for LS and can guide successful implementation of universal screening programs.
Optimal Penetration in Debye-Model Dielectrics Using the Brillouin Precursor Pulse

With proper initial conditions, interrelated phase and attenuation dispersion effects modify an ultrawideband pulse into precursor fields. Because of its minimal decay in a given Debye-model dielectric, a Brillouin precursor pulse possesses near optimal penetration that is bounded above by the spectral maximum frequency-chirped Lambert–Beer’s law limit and below by the effective frequency-chirped Lambert–Beer’s law limit, making it ideally suited for ground and foliage penetrating radar as well as through wall and medical imaging.
Powerful Risk Stratification in Patients with AL Using Serum Cardiac Biomarkers.

Abstract Introduction: We previously reported that serum cardiac biomarkers are among the most powerful predictors of overall survival. This observation was based on outcomes of more than 300 patients with primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) receiving either low dose chemotherapy or high dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT). Not all institutions use the N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) assay, but rather the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) assay. We therefore determined the relative utility of BNP in patients with AL undergoing PBSCT and up-dated our results using our NTproBNP-troponin T staging system. Methods: Between 4/10/96 and 2/24/05, 164 patients with AL undergoing PBSCT had measurements of serum cardiac biomarkers. All BNP measurements were done on fresh serum (Biosite Inc., San Diego). The NTproBNP (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) and troponin T (TnT) (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) measurements were done on either stored serum or on fresh samples as previously reported. Follow-up for patients was through March 2005. Results: Between 5/1/03 and 2/15/05, 72 patients had BNP measurements pre-transplant. The median value was 167 pg/ml (range 5 to 7739). Forty-two of these patients also had an NTproBNP measured. There was good agreement between the two tests in the 42 patients that had both measurements (rho 0.823, p Conclusions: Serum levels of cardiac biomarkers are invaluable prognostic markers in patients with AL. Preliminary data would suggest that a BNP-TnT system is as useful as the NTproBNP-TnT system. Download : Download high-res image (155KB) Download : Download full-size image
Studies in pancreatic function. V. The use of the secretin test in the diagnosis of pancreatitis and in the demonstration of pancreatic insufficiencies in gastrointestinal disorders.

In 1948, Dreiling and Hollander, in a preliminary report on the use of the secretin test, presented the secretin test data of 145 patients among whom 18 had pancreatitis1• Since then, there have been published in Gastroenterology, the secretin test findings of a large series of normal individuals (without pancreatic disease)2, of patients with pancreatic carcinomaS, with biliary tract disease\ and with the post-cholecystectomy syndrome 5 • The present communication, which completes a study of over 900 secretin tests, is the report of the findings in 119 patients with proved pancreatic inflammatory disease and also the presentation of the secretin test data in patients with duodenal ulcer, regional ileitis, ulcerative colitis, sprue, and diarrheas of known and unknown etiology. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the use and limitations of the secretin test in the diagnosis of pancreatitis and to illustrate the value of the test in disclosing unsuspected deficient pancreatic secretion in various digestive disorders.
Can Mode of Action Studies Guide Chemical Synthesis

Chemical industry has been exploring alternative means of finding new insecticides to supplement traditional screening of chemicals. The need to reexamine the means of finding active compounds was brought about partly by a decreased success rate coming from straightforward bioassay screens (Menn 1983) and partly by the realization that much activity could well have been missed in the past. This is particularly true of behavior-modifying chemicals when screens are designed only to detect toxicity.
Convection-Radiation Heat Transfer to Steam in Rod Bundle Geometry

An engineering heat transfer model was developed to predict the total heat transfer coefficients above the froth region in a nuclear reactor core undergoing a slow core uncovering. The model consists of a new heat transfer correlation for convection to steam and a one-dimensional thermal radiation equation. Above the froth region, large wall-to-bulk temperature ratios can take place; therefore, variable property effects on flow and heat transfer were examined because they can affect the heat transfer conditions to a considerable extent. The convective heat transfer coefficients and rod surface temperatures were calculated by using various correlations. The comparison of the results showed that the new correlation accurately predicts the convective heat transfer coefficients and, when combined with the radiation equation, the wall temperatures. The use of this model should be of value in modeling small-break loss-of-coolant accidents and preliminary design work.
CHEMISTRY OF THE CONDENSED TANNIN B-RING

The chemistry of the condensed tannin B-ring is closely related to that of the parent phenols — phenol, catechol, and pyrogallol. Many of the same reactions observed for the simple phenols can be reproduced on the tannin B-ring. These include esterification, etherification, and elec­trophilic addition for all the types, and metal chelation, oxidation, free-radical scavenging and ketal formation for the catechol and/or pyro­gallol related B-rings. The latter four characteristics are particularly important, contributing to the biological activity and potential utiliza­tion of the more common types of condensed tannins. The B-ring also has an important effect on the C-2 in the pyran ring. The reactivity of this position is discussed. There is a considerable amount of litera­ture available on the reactions of monomeric flavonoids. Inferences are drawn from this information about comparable reactions being possible for the condensed tannins.
The theory of generalized purchasing power parity: multivariate cointegration and dynamic analysis of cointegrating systems

Unit root tests, augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests, indicate that the bilateral real exchange rates of six small Asian countries (India, Indonesia, Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) and three larger countries (Germany, the U.K., and the U.S.) are not stationary, and each has a unit root over the period January 1973 to December 1989 (i.e., a period of flexible exchange rates). This result does not support purchasing power parity (PPP);The theory of Generalized Purchasing Power Parity (Generalized-PPP) is developed due to the failure of PPP. Generalized-PPP states that the bilateral real exchange rates are, in general, non-stationary since the real fundamental variables are generally non-stationary. If the real fundamental variables of some countries share common trends, these countries' real exchange rates will share the same common trends. By sharing the common trends, these countries' real exchange rates are cointegrated, and there exists at least one stationary linear combination of the real exchange rates. Indeed, PPP is just a special case of Generalized-PPP;Tests for the performance of Generalized-PPP by Johansen's multivariate cointegration methodology are presented. There is evidence in support of Generalized-PPP for the Asian countries as long as the Singapore real exchange rate is included. It is likely that the Singapore real exchange rate is the main linkage for the existence of Generalized-PPP in Asia. On the other hand, Generalized-PPP does hold for each of the small Asian countries (except India) with the three large countries (Germany, the U.K., and the U.S.);The existence of Generalized-PPP implies that there is an error correction model. Using this model, it is possible to use the resulting impulse response functions to trace out the time paths of the various small Asian countries' real exchange rates for shocks in the real exchange rates of larger countries. Both the results of variance decomposition and the impulse response functions indicate that the real exchange rate movements in the small Asian countries are influenced by the shocks in large countries' real exchange rates, especially the largest country, the U.S.
Aesthetic Reconstructive Rhinoplasty

During the past decade, a new sophisticated level of nasal surgery has emerged – aesthetic reconstructive rhinoplasty. It has its origins from two sources. The first is the incredible aesthetic results achieved in nasal reconstruction by Burget (1994) and Menick (1999). These advances are to nasal reconstruction what Tessier’s contribution was to facial reconstruction. The second is the dramatic improvement in the results of secondary rhinoplasty beginning with the balanced approach of Sheen and then followed by the correction of the nasal foundation using the open approach. The critical factors are the insertion of structure and the goal of achieving true aesthetic natural results rather than mere “improvement.” However, these advances have not come without an equally dramatic increase in requisite surgical skills including the use of rib grafts. One only has to think of the three Cs — clefts, cocaine, and catastrophes to realize the difficulty of both the problems and the corrections. In many cases, the solution will be the new concept of “composite reconstruction” in which a deep structural foundation layer is inserted first and then overlaid with an aesthetic contour layer (Daniel 2007). The advantage of this technique is that one can maximize the reward while minimizing the risk. For the experienced surgeon seeking the greatest challenges in rhinoplasty surgery, these cases represent an extension of techniques perfected in secondary rhinoplasty rather than a completely new operation with a prolonged learning curve. Yet a word of caution is necessary. These are neither hopeless cases nor can a beginning surgeon justify doing them because the expected improvement is minimal. These patients have suffered a great deal in their lives and deserve the best possible result.