cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An efficient tip jet drive

A reexamination is conducted of the ideal propulsive efficiency of helicopter main rotor tipjet drives, in view of reduced tip-speed and lower jet exhaust velocity possibilities afforded by more advanced rotor designs than those contemplated in the 1950s. Relative to a hot jet-drive design, the most efficient system presently formulated inproves ideal propulsive efficiency by 62 percent, actual propulsive efficiency by 45 percent, and overall fuel efficiency by 19 percent. This vehicle, with reduced rotor speed and ibcreased rotor solidity, will result in a lighter, quieter vehicle than a turboshaft rotor-drive system, up to a gross vehicle weight of 36,400 lbs.
Elastic interface waves along a fracture

Non-welded interfaces can be treated as a displacement discontinuity characterized by elastic stiffnesses. Applying this boundary condition to a generalized Rayleigh wave, it is shown that a fast and a slow dispersive wave can propagate along the fracture, even when the seismic properties of the rock on each side are identical.
Plasmonic device in silicon CMOS

The first plasmonic device integrated in Si CMOS, a C-shaped nanoaperture photodetector with a small feature size of 40 nm is presented. The photocurrent polarisation dependence of the C aperture detector is direct evidence of an antenna effect in the blue wavelength range. In contrast, there is no evident polarisation dependence for the square aperture detector with the same physical area. The photocurrent density of a CMOS detector is enhanced three times with the C-shaped nanoaperture.
Abstract 263: MYC enforces overexpression of EZH2 in early prostatic neoplasia via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL EZH2 is part of the PRC2 polycomb repressive complex that is overexpressed in multiple cancer types and has been implicated in prostate cancer initiation and progression. Here we identify EZH2 as a target of the MYC oncogene in prostate cancer and show that MYC coordinately regulates EZH2 through transcriptional and post-transcriptional means. Although prior studies in prostate cancer revealed a number of possible mechanisms of EZH2 upregulation, these changes cannot account for the overexpression of EZH2 in many primary prostate cancers, nor in most cases of high grade PIN. We report that upregulation of MYC in the mouse prostate results in overexpression of EZH2 mRNA and protein which coincides with reductions in miR-26a and miR-26b, known regulators of EZH2 in some non-prostate cell types, albeit not in others. Further, in human prostate cancer cells, MYC negatively regulates miR-26a and miR-26b via direct binding to their parental Pol II gene promoters, and forced overexpression of miR-26a and miR-26b in prostate cancer cells results in decreased EZH2 levels and suppressed proliferation. In human clinical samples, miR-26a and miR-26b are downregulated in most prostate cancers. In a novel mechanism of EZH2 mRNA upregulation, we find that MYC binds directly to and activates the transcription of the EZH2 promoter. These results link two major pathways in prostate cancer by providing two additional and complementary MYC-regulated mechanisms by which EZH2 upregulation occurs and is enforced during prostatic carcinogenesis. Further, the results implicate EZH2-driven mechanisms by which MYC may stimulate prostate tumor initiation and disease progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 263. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-263
Characterization of optical properties of bacterial micro-colonies via the comprehensive morphology analyzer

To experimentally analyze the morphological characteristics and to predict the resulting scattering patterns of different bacterial colonies, an optical morphology analyzer was constructed based on a laser confocal displacement meter to simultaneously obtain the optical properties of colonies. The profile data was accurately captured using the confocal laser triangulation technology and the transmitted light was collected by a photodiode circuit. The analog signals were read into a data acquisition board in parallel for off-line signal processing. This approach showed promising results for differentiation of micro-colonies in the range of 100~300 μm based on the morphological differences among different species using light scattering.
Scattering of TM excitation by inhomogeneous cylinders near a media interface. A hybrid integral equation approach

In this paper we present a hybrid surface/volume integral equation method solution of scattering from inhomogeneous lossy dielectric/ferrite cylinders near the planar interface separating two semi-infinite, homogeneous half-spaces. The inhomogeneous cylinders of general cross section are of infinite extent, their axes are parallel to the interface, and the excitation is transverse magnetic to their axes. Coupled hybrid integral equations are formulated by employing both surface equivalence principle and volume equivalence theorem. In the formulation, attention is focused on minimizing the computation of Sommerfeld integrals which is often encountered in dealing with buried objects, and on reducing the number of unknowns. A moment method numerical solution technique is developed for solving the formulated hybrid integral equations. From the calculated equivalent surface current, the far-zone scattered field is determined. Data showing the equivalent current distribution and the scattered field patterns are...
The Adoption of Alcohol Pharmacotherapies in the Clinical Trials Network: The Influence of Research Network Participation

Organizational participation in clinical research may lead to adoption of the intervention by treatment agencies, but it is not known whether research involvement enhances innovativeness beyond the specific interventions that are tested. The National Institute on Drug Abuse's Clinical Trials Network (CTN) is a platform for considering this research question. To date, the CTN has not conducted research on medications for alcohol use disorders (AUDs), so greater adoption of innovative AUD pharmacotherapies by CTN-affiliated programs would suggest an added value of research network participation. Using longitudinal data from a pooled sample of CTN and non-CTN publicly funded treatment programs, we investigate adoption of tablet naltrexone and acamprosate over a 2-year period. CTN-affiliated programs were more likely to have adopted tablet naltrexone and acamprosate at 24-month follow-up, net of the effects of a range of organizational characteristics. Research network participation may thus enhance organizational innovativeness to include interventions beyond the scope of the network.
Delayed recovery of thyrotropin responsiveness after radioactive iodine therapy for hyperthyroidism.

ABSTRACT Background: After radioactive iodine therapy for hyperthyroidism, an expected lag in the responsiveness of thyrotropin (TSH) is 60 to 90 days. In our experience, however, many patients seemed to have a more prolonged lag in TSH recovery. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed in 58 patients who underwent radioactive iodine therapy for hyperthyroidism (52 with Graves disease, 5 with toxic nodular goiters, and 1 with a toxic adenoma). Results: Forty-nine patients (84%) had appropriate responses of TSH for their level of serum thyroid hormone. Thirty-one became hypothyroid, 12 became euthyroid, and 6 remained hyperthyroid. Nine patients (16%) had a lag in their TSH responsiveness. The TSH remained low for 3 months in 5 patients, for 9 months in 3 patients, and 1 patient had low levels of serum TSH for at least 12 months. Conclusions: After radioactive iodine therapy for hyperthyroidism, decisions upon further therapy must be based upon the clinical status as well as the serum levels of TSH and thyroid hormones.
Role of Salt in Reconstituting Photocycle Behavior in Triton-Damaged Purple Membranes by Addition of Native Lipids

We demonstrated recently that damage to the normal bacteriorhodopsin (BR) photocycle caused by brief exposure to dilute Triton X-100, which removes lipids from the membrane, can be repaired by adding back an extract of purple membrane (PM) lipids (Dracheva; et al. FEBS Lett. 1996, 386, 209). It was shown that reconstitution with lipids required the presence of a high concentration of NaCl (∼0.5 M for half-maximal reconstitution). This paper shows that reconstitution can be achieved with divalent and trivalent cations at much lower concentrations than were required for NaCl (i.e. ∼7.5 mM for Ca2+ and ∼0.15 mM for La3+ for half-maximal reconstitution), indicating that negative surface charges must be neutralized to allow the added lipids to reach and be incorporated at the proper locus. We also report here that reconstitution in the absence of added salt can be accomplished by protons alone with an apparent pK near 5. The role of salt involves both charge-screening and specific binding. It was found that, c...
Uptake of S35 in the Feathers, Gizzard Lining, Liver and Muscle of Young Chickens After Injection with Radioactive Methionine or Sulfate

Abstract LIMITED use has been made of S35 labeled compounds in studies concerning avian biochemistry. Layton (1950 Layton (1951) and Layton and Frankel (1951) have studied the fixation and esterification of sulfate sulfur in the developing embryo and young chicken. Machlin et al (1952b) reported on the deposition of S35 in the egg after administration of sulfate to the hen, and demonstrated that there was some conversion of sulfate to cystine sulfur. Tarver (1951) has reported on the incorporation of methionine sulfur in the proteins of the egg white after administration of methionine. * The object of the present studies was to obtain information on the retention of S35 in certain tissues after administration of methionine * and to determine whether sulfate sulfur could be utilized for cystine synthesis by the growing chicken. EXPERIMENTAL New Hampshire chickens, fed a cornsoybean meal diet (Diet A, Machlin et al., 1952a) were injected intramuscularly with 21 microcuries …
Magellan radar special flight experiments

Introduction T he geologic nature of Venus is of interest to scientists because of its similarities to Earth. Observing Venus optically is not possible, because the surface is obstructed by a thick cloud cover (Fig. 1). Radar techniques have been used successfully to penetrate this cloud cover by ground-based observations from Arecibo, Puerto Rico, and Goldstone, California, and by space-borne observations from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and the Soviet Venera spacecraft.' The Magellan mission, commissioned by NASA at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), set out to use radar techniques to map Venus on a global scale. The Magellan spacecraft (Fig. 2) arrived at Venus in August 1990 and by January 1992 had mapped the planet for two complete revolutions of Venus or "cycles," each of which lasted 243 Earth days. Cycle 1, from September 1990 to May 1991, concentrated on mapping the surface lying between the north pole and the mid-latitudes. During this time, images were acquired looking from various angles, but always to the left of nadir as seen looking along the velocity vector. Cycle 2, from May 1991 to January 1992, concentrated on mapping from the mid-latitudes to the south pole while pointing to the right of the spacecraft. Targets were observed from the opposite side to better interpret the data taken in cycle 1. In addition to these two major data collection modes, four special flight experiments were performed to validate mapping concepts for future mission cycles. These experiments explored resolution enhancement, stereo imaging, and effects of radar polarization. This paper addresses the goals of these experiments, how they were executed, and their results.
Purification by HPLC of a large peptic fragment of myelin basic protein

A method is described for the separation of two large peptic peptides of myelin basic protein (residue numbers, 1–88 and 89–169) by high performance liquid chromatography. These peptides had previously been purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Although the peptides were judged to be pure by gel electrophoresis, it was found that peptide 1–88 stimulated proliferation and enhanced transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells sensitized to peptide 89–169. This result suggested that peptide 1–88 was contaminated with a fragment of peptide 89–169 that contained the encephalitogenic site, residues 113–122. Further purification of peptide 1–88 by high performance liquid chromatography was monitored by gel electrophoresis and an antibody-blotting technique, as well as by cellular proliferation and transfer. After purification by high performance liquid chromatography, the main fraction of peptide 1–88 no longer stimulated cellular proliferation or transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, nor did it react with antibody to peptide 89–169 on antibody blots.
ESR study of photoinduced defects in isotopically enriched quasi-one-dimensional chlorine-bridged platinum complexes

Photoinduced defects in the quasi-one-dimensional chlorine-bridged platinum complex, [Pt{sup II}(en){sub 2}][Pt{sup IV}(en){sub 2}Cl{sub 2}](ClO{sub 4}){sub 4}, where en=ethylenediamine, C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 8}, were investigated by light-induced electron-spin resonance (LESR). Using samples prepared with enriched nuclear isotopes including {sup 194}Pt (I=0), {sup 2}H (I=1), and {sup 37}Cl (I=3/2, magnetogyric ratio {approximately}83{percent} that of {sup 35}Cl), the hyperfine and superhyperfine (SHF) patterns in the LESR spectra were fully characterized. The SHF structure (16 G average spacing) is unequivocally assigned to the bridging chlorines by comparison of the LESR spectra from samples with natural abundance Cl with samples enriched with {sup 37}Cl. The LESR spectra were analyzed at g{sub {perpendicular}}, g{sub {parallel}}, and intermediate angles by simulation of both the polaron and soliton-spin distributions. The results at temperatures above 6 K were found to be in better agreement with the neutral soliton assignment advanced by Kuroda and co-workers. The spectra from 6 to 140 K do not indicate motional narrowing as has been previously suggested. Below 6 K, surprisingly, the LESR spectra of both the natural and isotopically enriched samples exhibit an unusual dependence on temperature, modulation frequency, or microwave power, which indicates the presence of a localized dynamic process. Two other typesmore » of defect which exhibit strong sample-to-sample variability were also discovered in the LESR spectra: one is likely a spin triplet, and the other appears only at temperatures above approximately 120 K and is quite intense and stable at room temperature. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Investigation of Dynamic Performance of Super-High Speed CBN Grinding Wheel

The dynamic performance of the grinding wheel system is one of the key factors to affect the super-high speed grinding process The excessive centrifugal stress acted on the wheel body can make the wheel rupture due to the super-high rotary speed of the wheel. And the alternating centrifugal force caused by the wheel imbalance can not only make the spindle and bearings vibration and failure, but also lower the machining precision and the wheel life, as well as make against the safety. In this paper, the centrifugal stress of the high speed grinding wheel and its effect on machining process were analyzed by means of finite element analysis and simulation. The alternating centrifugal force and its effect on the wheel spindle system were investigated. Furthermore, the balance precision of super high speed grinding wheel and system was discussed for achieving the high precision, safety and efficiency machining process.
An introduction to the Guide-2 telescope testbed for the SIM Planet Quest Light mission

The Space Interferometry Mission Light (SIM-Lite) is a new mission concept to perform a micro-arcsecond narrow-angle astrometry to search approximately 50 nearby stars for Earth-like planets, and to perform a global astrometry with an accuracy of six micro-arcsecond position and parallax measurements. The SIM-Lite consists of two Michelson interferometers and one telescope. The main six-meter baseline science interferometer observes a target star and a set of reference stars. The four-meter baseline interferometer (guide-1) monitors the attitude of the instrument in the direction of a target star. A Guide-2 telescope (G2T) tracks a bright star to monitor the attitude of the instrument in the other two orthogonal directions. To demonstrate the concept of the G2T, we have developed a testbed using brassboard optics built for the SIM project. The G2T testbed consists of a 35 cm siderostat, a beam compressor, and a fast steering mirror (FSM) in closed loop with a CCD based pointing sensor. A heterodyne laser angle metrology system is used to monitor angular positions of the FSM with required accuracy of 20 micro-arcsecond during SIM-Lite narrow-angle observation time. We present the concept of the testbed architecture and preliminary test results of the angular metrology (aMet) system.
Distribution of mono- through hexa-chlorobenzenes in floodplain soils and sediments of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw Rivers, Michigan

Chlorobenzenes are used as solvents or as feedstocks in the production of pesticide formulations, dyes, room deodorizers, moth-proofing agents, and de-inking solvents. Chlorobenzenes were produced by the Dow Chemical Company in Midland, Michigan, for several decades. In this study, concentrations of 12 chlorobenzene (CBz) congeners, from mono- to hexachlorobenzenes, were measured in more than 150 floodplain soil (FPS), surface sediment, and sediment core (SC) samples collected during 2002–2004 from the Pine River, Tittabawassee River, Shiawassee River, Saginaw River, and Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Five grams of wet sediment were homogenized with anhydrous sodium sulfate and extracted with 20% dichloromethane/hexane. The extracts were purified by silica gel column chromatography and analyzed by a gas chromatograph interfaced with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Mean concentrations of ΣCBz in FPS and surface sediment were seven to 30 times higher in the Tittabawassee River (80 and 60 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively) than in the Saginaw River (2.4 and 8.1 ng/g dw, respectively) and Saginaw Bay (5.5 and 8.0 ng/g dw, respectively). Concentrations of ΣCBz were low in surface sediment and FPS from locations upstream of Midland, Michigan, on the Tittabawassee River. Concentrations of ΣCBz were higher in FPS than in surface sediment of the Tittabawassee River; on the contrary, surface sediment contained higher concentrations of CBz than FPS from the other rivers studied. High concentrations of hexachlorobenzene were found in FPS of the Tittabawassee River. All CBz congeners, except for dichlorobenzenes (DCBz), showed a trend of spatial decrease with downstream of the Dow Chemical Company in Midland. The CBz congener composition of the samples showed multiple patterns that reflected differences in historical emissions and environmental partitioning, arising from variations in physico-chemical properties of CBz. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCBz) was found in all of the samples and accounted for a high proportion of total CBz. The relationship between concentrations of CBz and previously reported concentrations of PCDD/Fs for the same set of samples (Kannan et al. 2008) was significant, indicating similarities in sources and depositions of these two classes of compounds in the watershed.
The impact of collaborative technology in it and computer science education: harnessing the power of web 2.0

The paper proposes incorporating Web 2.0 technology, for which students show a natural proclivity, in fundamental and introductory computer science and information technology course curricula to aid students to find clear links between the courses they are studying and some practical applications. We look at what makes the technology so popular and translate those factors to the classroom environment so as to take advantage of those particular attributes.
Fontan Operation: A Comparison of Lateral Tunnel with Extracardiac Conduit

Background The purpose of this report is to compare the outcome of the extracardiac (EC) with the lateral tunnel (LT) Fontan. Methods From January 1990 to October 2004, the Fontan operation was performed in 162 patients, of which 49 were EC and 113 were LT. Cardiac morphology and ventricular dominance were similar, except EC patients were older and had a greater frequency of heterotaxy syndrome, and LT patients had a higher incidence of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Preoperative transpulmonary gradient, ventricular end-diastolic pressure, McGoon index, room air saturation, and cardiac rhythm were similar. EC patients underwent superior caval pulmonary connection, and LT patients underwent hemi-Fontan. Cardiopulmonary bypass time was similar, but fewer EC patients needed aortic cross-clamping. Fenestration was more frequent in LT patients (EC, 16% versus LT, 73%; p Results Overall operative mortality was 1.8% (EC, 1 versus LT, 2; p = NS). Postoperative transpulmonary gradient, readmission for chylous effusion, and change in ejection fraction relative to preoperative level did not differ between cohorts. Resource utilization was higher in the EC group. The loss of sinus rhythm and the frequency of all neurologic events did not differ. There were seven late deaths (EC 4 versus LT 3; p = NS). Actuarial survival at 5 years was not significantly different (EC, 90% versus LT, 95%; p = 0.08). Conclusions The EC and LT operation had comparable early and late mortality, readmission for chylous effusion, preservation of sinus rhythm, and frequency of all neurologic events. The more frequently fenestrated LT cohort used fewer resources.
Augmentation of cell-mediated immunotherapy against herpes simplex virus by interleukins: comparison of in vivo effects of IL-2 and IL-7 on adoptively transferred T cells.

We investigated the ability of human recombinant interleukin-7 (IL-7) to enhance cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity in vivo using mice infected with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). IL-7 or interleukin-2 (IL-2) was administered twice daily to immune naive mice subjected to adoptive transfer of immune T cells after infection with HSV-1. The immunotherapeutic effect was measured by detecting the virus recovered from pinna. Administration of HSV-1 immune T cells to naive mice significantly increased their ability to clear the virus. Twice-daily injections of IL-7 at 200 IU provided an additional 20-fold reduction in virus load, compared with T cell therapy alone (P<0.0005). Combining IL-2 and T cell therapy provided about a sevenfold reduction compared with T cell therapy alone (P<0.0009). IL-7 also enhanced the antiviral effects of T cell therapy against HSV-1 through the enhancement of CD8+ CTLs, as observed with IL-2. These results indicate that IL-7 may be used adjunct to adoptive T lymphocyte therapy in modulating human viral diseases and cancer through enhanced immune T cell activities.
Determining Glucose and Glycogen from a Single Sample of Meat

SUMMARY A method was developed determining glucose and glycogen as separate entities from a single sample of meat. This method is based on the quantitative separation of glycogen from glucose by precipitation of the former species with an inert organic solvent. During this separation care must be exercised not to allow the temperature of the meat extract to rise above 5°C. After separation the two carbohydrate species may be analyzed by existing methods. The accuracy of this method was tested by comparing its results with those of established methods for the determination of glucose and glycogen. The error caused by the formation of Maillard addition products was evaluated.
Coherent Laser Control of the Product Distribution Obtained in the Photoexcitation of HI

Active control of the distribution of products of a chemical reaction was demonstrated by using a method based on the principle of quantum mechanical interference. Hydrogen iodide (HI) molecules were simultaneously excited above their ionization threshold by two competing pathways. These paths were absorption of three ultraviolet photons of frequency ω 1 and one vacuum ultraviolet photon of frequency ω 3 = 3ω 1 . The HI + and I + signals were modulated as the phase between the lasers was varied, with the HI + signal lagging by 150° ± 15°. A mechanism consisting of autoionization and predissociation is proposed.
Listening and Language at 4 Years of Age: Effects of Early Otitis Media

The effect of early otitis media on preschoolers’ listening and language abilities was examined in a cohort of prospectively followed children. At 4 years of age, children considered otitis negative and otitis positive during the first year of life were examined using a speech-incompetition task and several standardized measures of language and cognitive function. An adaptive test procedure was used, with sentence materials from the Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test (PSI) (Jerger & Jerger, 1984). Results indicated that children with positive histories of otitis media during the first year required a more advantageous signal-to-competition ratio to perform at 50% sentence intelligibility than did their otitis-negative peers. There was no interaction between birth status (high-risk or full-term) and adaptive PSI listening task outcome. No differences between the groups were found In either receptive or expressive language abilities or in cognitive abilities. Further, there was no relationship between an...
Minimum energy fixed-priority scheduling for variable voltage processors

To fully exploit the benefit of variable voltage processors, voltage schedules must be designed in the context of work load requirement. In this paper, we present an approach to finding the least-energy voltage schedule for executing real-time jobs on such a processor according to a fixed priority, preemptive policy. The significance of our approach is that the theoretical limit in terms of energy saving for such systems is established, which can thus serve as the standard to evaluate the performance of various heuristic approaches. Two algorithms for deriving the optimal voltage schedule are provided. The first one explores fundamental properties of voltage schedules while the second one builds on the first one to further reduce the computational cost. Experimental results are shown to compare the results of this paper with previous ones.
Measuring the stochastic gravitational-radiation background with laser-interferometric antennas.

A study of the method of detecting a stochastic gravitation-wave background (SGWB) with laser-interferometric gravitational-wave antennas is presented. The SGWB can be measured by correlating the output of two or more detectors. The results in this paper can be applied to the planned new generation of kilometer length interferometers, such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in the United States, or similar systems in other countries. Advanced detectors will be able to limit the gravity-wave background energy density per logarithmic interval at 100 Hz to 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ times the closure density of the Universe. A survey of potential sources indicates that a pair of antennas will be able to confirm or deny the existence of cosmic strings, or may detect the background produced by extragalactic neutron star binaries. Elements of the optimal interferometer design and orientation for detecting the SGWB, or any gravity wave, are given. In particular, the criteria for orienting a pair of antennas, the trade-off between sensitivity and bandwidth, and the effect of antenna separation on the correlation are presented. A procedure for obtaining the correlated signal from two interferometers is given. The statistical basis of the correlation experiment is presented. The cause and effect of correlated noise is examined. Filtering and data analysis issues are also discussed.
Environmental Degradation and Genocide, 1958–2007

While several studies have examined the relationship between various aspects of environmental degradation and civil conflict, there has been surprisingly little attention paid to the relationship between environmental degradation and instances of genocide and politicide. Although mentioned in the popular press as a key cause for instances of state-sponsored mass killings in Rwanda and Darfur, there is little in the way of quantitative empirical work that investigates the linkage between environmental degradation and genocide. In this paper, the relationship between freshwater and land degradation and the incidence of a genocidal and/or politicidal acts is examined. More specifically, it is examined whether environmental factors helped ‘trigger’ genocidal and/or politicidal acts in 61 conflict-prone countries from 1958 to 2007. It was found that land pressures contribute to the likelihood of the incidence of genocides and politicides more so than declines in freshwater availability, but civil war incidence...
Global numerical prediction of bursting frequency in turbulent boundary layers

The frequencies of the bursting events associated with the streamwise coherent structures of spatially developing incompressible turbulent boundary layers were predicted. The structures were modeled as wavelike disturbances associated with the turbulent mean flow using a direct‐resonance theory. Global numerical solutions for the resonant eigenmodes of the Orr‐Sommerfeld and the vertical vorticity equations were developed. The global method involves the use of second and fourth order accurate finite difference formulae for the differential equations as well as the boundary conditions. The predicted resonance frequencies were found to agree very well with previous results using a local shooting technique and measured data.
Lower Atmosphere Composition and Temperature Experiment

Description of an optical design evolved as a result of such a unique set of experiment requirements as: high spatial and spectral resolution, the need to scan object space in both elevation and azimuth, and tight size and weight limitations dictated by typical spacecraft constraints. All of these requirements are shown to have been met in an optical system that has been built, tested, and flown under extremely tight schedule and cost constraints.
Compensation of emitter-base voltage variations with operational amplifiers

Abstract Low cost operational amplifiers can replace temperature compensating devices and trimmer potentiometers in direct-coupled pulse amplifiers and discriminators. Better temperature and long term stability without adjustments can be achieved with this technique than with conventional means.
Parametric studies of interaction strengths in polymer/CO2 systems: discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations.

Discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations are performed on homopolymer/solvent and surfactant/solvent systems. The homopolymer and surfactant molecules are modeled as freely jointed square-well ...
WiMAX diffusion in USA and Korea: a comparative study integrating scenario planning and Bass model

The primary goal of this paper is to develop a forecast for mobile WiMAX as an emerging technology using scenario planning and Bass model methodologies. To understand why these methods were applied in assessing a forecast for the adoption of WiMAX, the report will discuss the technology's progress, functionality and fair competition. Literature review on the methodology and applications of forecasting in the mobile communications industry will be considered to help provide examples of technology-forecasting estimations. The research shows that WiMAX will diffuse in Korea at a faster rate owing to positive response from imitators. With substantial market potential and a clear picture of subscriber needs, the next radical expansion is expected to occur in the field of personal broadband services. The WIMAX standard promises to deliver superior speed, cost-effective and high-quality services with long distance comprehensive coverage.
Factors Affecting Gynecologic and Sexual Assessment in Older Women: A Lesson for Primary Care Providers

Guidelines for screening of cervical cancer and pelvic exams for older women have recently changed. These changes may have unexpected sequelae in women over 65 years of age. This manuscript provides a review of gynecologic screening recommendations for older women in the U.S. and potential ramifications of these recent changes. Peer reviewed guidelines from the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, U.S. Preventative Task Force Services, the American Cancer Society, The Centers for Disease Control, and multiple original research articles and reviews were reviewed for this manuscript. Women over 65 are at greatest risk to develop late stage diagnoses of cancers, pelvic organ disease, incontinence, and infections. Clinicians will need to acutely consider this fact when communicating and screening this population. We conclude that practitioners should be aware of the new guidelines and should consider including gynecologic health history and symptom analysis as part of annual exams in women of all ages.
An Experimental Examination of Two Career Interventions for Battered Women

The authors tested the effectiveness of 2 group career interventions for 73 battered women who were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment conditions or a wait-list control group. Both interventions included the 5 most effective career intervention components identified by S. D. Brown and N. E. Krane (2000), and 1 of the interventions also was designed to enhance critical consciousness (i.e., empowerment for
Characteristics of Successful and Unsuccessful Organization Development

Abstract : Several characteristics of organizations, their environments, and development efforts are evaluated to determine their association with successful and unsuccessful change in 25 organizations. Four groups of characteristics differentiating between successful and unsuccessful change efforts indicate: (1) commitment to and use of survey feedback and interpersonal process consultation interventions are associated most closely with success in OD efforts while an emphasis on sensitivity training/T-groups is most closely associated with the unsuccessful organizations; (2) organizations that are more stable and staid are less likely to be successful in their OD efforts than are those which are expanding and more open to and involved in adjusting to change; (3) internal resource persons who are less carefully selected, receive change- agent training previous to the OD effort, and do not possess assessment- prescriptive skills are found in the unsuccessful organizations; and (4) more specific interests and greater commitment to the OD efforts are associated with successful change.
Recovery in the mobile wireless environment using mobile agents

Application recovery in mobile database systems (MDS) is more complex because of an unlimited geographical mobility of mobile units. The mobility of these units makes it tricky to an store application log and access it for recovery. This paper presents an application log management scheme, which uses a mobile-agent-based framework to facilitate seamless logging of application activities for recovery from transaction or system failure. We compare the performance of our scheme with lazy, pessimistic, and frequency-based schemes through simulation and show that compared to these schemes, our scheme reduces overall recovery time by efficiently managing resources and handoffs.
A Tale of Two Electorates: Generational Replacement and the Decline of Voting in Presidential Elections

This article revisits the question of voter turnout in American presidential elections from the perspective of political generations. We extend previous analyses by examining the entire period between 1952 and 1966 by further specifying the turnout model and, most important, by incorporating a generational component. We hypothesize that the direct effect of membership in the cohort born prior to 1932 is to increase voter turnout and the indirect effect of membership in this cohort is to increase the impact of party-related variables in accounting for turnout. Finally, we hypothesize that the indirect effect of membership in the cohort born after 1932 is to increase the impact of socio-economic, media-related, and candidate-related variables. Our findings strongly suggest that generational effects account for a significant component of the decrease in turnout among American citizens. The impact of generations is most pronounced in the first half of the voting life cycle.
Progress and plans for the U.S. HEP conductor development program

Although existing accelerators utilize NbTi superconductor, it is likely that any future upgrades or new accelerators will require the use of superconductors with higher critical fields, such as Nb/sub 3/Sn. The High Energy Physics (HEP) program in U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) has initiated a conductor development program aimed at developing a high current density, cost-effective conductor for these new applications. The program is industry-based, with a set of target specifications that were derived from the accelerator magnet requirements. Significant progress has been made to date toward the target specifications, and the results will be presented. Plans for further development, in particular the scale-up tasks required to reduce the conductor cost, will be reviewed.
Associations between self-reported sleep duration and sleeping disorder with concentrations of fasting and 2-h glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin among adults without diagnosed diabetes.

Background There is limited information from population-based investigations of the associations between sleep duration and sleep disorders and parameters of glucose homeostasis. The objective of the present study was to examine cross-sectional associations between sleep duration and sleep disordered breathing with concentrations of insulin, fasting and 2-h glucose, and HbA1c.
Explaining accesses to electronic medical records using diagnosis information.

Objective Ensuring the security and appropriate use of patient health information contained within electronic medical records systems is challenging. Observing these difficulties, we present an addition to the explanation-based auditing system (EBAS) that attempts to determine the clinical or operational reason why accesses occur to medical records based on patient diagnosis information. Accesses that can be explained with a reason are filtered so that the compliance officer has fewer suspicious accesses to review manually. Methods Our hypothesis is that specific hospital employees are responsible for treating a given diagnosis. For example, Dr Carl accessed Alice's medical record because Hem/Onc employees are responsible for chemotherapy patients. We present metrics to determine which employees are responsible for a diagnosis and quantify their confidence. The auditing system attempts to use this responsibility information to determine the reason why an access occurred. We evaluate the auditing system's classification quality using data from the University of Michigan Health System. Results The EBAS correctly determines which departments are responsible for a given diagnosis. Adding this responsibility information to the EBAS increases the number of first accesses explained by a factor of two over previous work and explains over 94% of all accesses with high precision. Conclusions The EBAS serves as a complementary security tool for personal health information. It filters a majority of accesses such that it is more feasible for a compliance officer to review the remaining suspicious accesses manually.
Publish/Subscribe systems on node and link error prone mobile environments

Publish/subscribe model is appropriate in many push based data dissemination applications such as data dissemination services, information sharing, service discovery, etc. Recently, theses types systems are rapidly adopted in mobile and ubiquitous environment. However, mobile and ubiquitous environments are error prone due to wireless link disconnection, power exhaustion on mobile devices, etc. We analyze performance and effectiveness of publish/subscribe systems on the failure of client and server nodes and disconnection of communication links, which is common in mobile environments. We also perform experiments on our test bed to verify correctness and usefulness of our analysis.
Combined Remote Perconditioning and Postconditioning Failed to Attenuate Infarct Size and Contractile Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Coronary Artery Occlusion

Objective:Although preconditioning remains one of the most powerful maneuvers to reduce myocardial infarct size, it is not feasible in the clinical setting to pretreat patients prior to acute myocardial infarction (MI). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of more clinically relevant therapies of remote perconditioning, postconditioning, and the combined effect of remote perconditioning and postconditioning on myocardial infarct size in an anesthetized rat model.Methods:Anesthetized rats were subjected to 45 minutes of proximal left coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Remote perconditioning was performed 5 minutes after left coronary occlusion with 4 cycles of 5 minutes of occlusion and reperfusion of both the femoral arteries. Postconditioning was applied immediately prior to 2 hours of full reperfusion with 6 cycles of 10 seconds occlusion–reperfusion of the coronary artery. The combined effect was produced by preceding the postconditioning regimen with remot...
Sources and Levels of Background Ozone and its Precursors and Impact at Ground Level

Abstract A number of significant sources of ozone exist in the planetary boundary layer, the free troposphere and the lower stratosphere. The contributions are estimated for each of these sources of ozone to ground level ozone concentrations. Both natural and anthropogenic sources are considered. Horizontal and vertical transport of ozone and its precursors also are important in determining the atmospheric distribution of ozone. The measurements of the concentration and composition of non-methane hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides have been evaluated at both rural/remote continental sites and at tropospheric background locations. The effects discussed of the reactions of precursors with hydroxyl radicals, ozone and nitrogen trioxide radicals are discussed along with the lifetimes of organics and on their atmospheric composition. Ratios of non-methane hydrocarbons to nitrogen oxides are important in determining the efficiences of ozone production. Experimental and modeling approaches to estimating these efficiencies are reviewed.
Acceleration of 2-D Finite Difference Time Domain Acoustic Wave Simulation Using GPUs

A Two-Dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (2D-FDTD) simulation is used to find the source location of an acoustic wave in an urban area using a time-reversal technique. This method potentially allows soldiers on the battlefield to locate the source of an acoustic wave produced by gunfire or other sources. The simulation has been demonstrated to accurately find the location of the acoustic waves, but required hours to compute the solution. For practical use in the future, the simulation must run quickly to allow soldiers to find the location of their attacker before the attacker can leave the area, requiring us to accelerate the code to produce a solution in a reasonable amount of time. The simulation code requires many independent computations for each element of a large 2D grid. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) perform best for highly-parallel and computationally-intense problems, making this an ideal simulation to compute using GPUs to significantly reduce the running time. GPUs also allow the solution to be obtained locally (with the soldiers) rather than at a centralized high performance computing center. This work develops a GPU version of the 2D-FDTD code and experiments with a variety of optimizations to produce an accurate solution as quickly as possible. GPU-only and CPU-GPU versions are developed, with the CPU-GPU version showing slightly better performance. Careful selection of thread block parameters is needed to load data from memory as quickly as possible. Over 11 times speedups are produced, providing progress towards a solution that can allow people on the battlefield to locate the source of gunfire and other projectiles in close to real-time.
Depressed cardiac myofilament function in human diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a distinct cardiomyopathy. Whether cardiac myofilament function is altered in human diabetes mellitus is unknown. Myocardial biopsies were obtained from seven d...
Towards an electronic variorum edition of Cervantes' Don Quixote: visualizations that support preparation

The Cervantes Project is creating an Electronic Variorum Edition (EVE) of Cervantes' well-known Don Quixote de la Mancha, published beginning in 1605. In this paper, we report on visualizations of features of a text collection that help us validate our text transcriptions and understand the relationships among the different printings of an edition.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of Tungsten Nitride for Copper Diffusion Barriers

A new process was developed for deposition of the tungsten nitride at moderate substrate temperatures (350-400 °C). The tungsten source bis (tert-butylamido)bis(tertbutylimido) tungsten, (tBuNH)2(tBuN)2W, reacts with ammonia in a low-pressure CVD reactor. Growth rates ranged from about 0.6 to 4.1 nm per minute. The stoichiometry of the films varied from WN1.2O1.7 to WN1.6o0.25, depending mainly on deposition temperature. The films are amorphous by X-ray diffraction, and smooth by scanning electron microscopy. Step coverage is nearly 100% in vias with an aspect ratio of 6:1 for films deposited at 400 °C or lower. Barriers 45 nm thick resist diffusion of copper up to temperatures of 600 °C. Adhesion is strong to all substrates tested, including silicon, silicon dioxide, soda-lime glass, glassy carbon, aluminum and stainless steel. This new halogen-free process avoids halogen contamination of films and corrosion of equipment. Uniformity of thickness and stoichiometry are readily achieved. This process is a promising method for forming copper diffusion barriers in future generations of microelectronics.
Erythropoietin and anemia.

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has revolutionized the treatment of anemia of chronic renal failure. RHuEPO has been shown to increase survival, decrease hospitalizations, improve brain and cognitive function, and improve quality of life for renal patients. Much has been learned about the normal and pathologic physiology of anemia because rHuEPO has become available to investigators, and this has been widely applied. Additional work is needed in better defining the sites of production of endogenous EPO as well as the nature and control of the oxygen sensor(s) in the kidney. Remaining clinical issues related to this remarkable compound include predicting and overcoming resistance; avoiding iron deficiency; determining the appropriate target hemoglobin; increasing the use strategies such as subcutaneous administration to increase efficiency; and devising a more rational payment scheme.