cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Effects of Operational Execution on Repeat Purchasing for Heterogeneous Customer Segments

Many retailers are increasingly turning to home delivery as a new arena of operational competition. This study controlled for industry by investigating the online home delivery grocery business, and an analysis of 1,919 customers of home delivery grocers identified four groups of online customers based on reasons for selecting this service. These four groups were next linked to operational execution in terms of service, product, and Internet quality, and found to vary in predicable ways. Subsequent to the initial data collection, five month's of post hoc longitudinal purchasing history was collected on the four groups of online customers to determine the relative profitability. Finally, as a follow-on analysis, the study used regression to predict future consumer purchases based upon operational execution. Time savings and service quality emerged as the two most important independent variables in terms of future buying from such online home delivery services.
Nitrogen dioxide-induced expression of a 78 kDa protein in pulmonary artery endothelial cells

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) activates signal transduction in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC). We examined whether NO2-induced activation of signal transduction results in increased expression of proteins in PAEC. Exposure to 5 ppm NO2 for 4, 12, and 24 h had no significant effect on total protein synthesis. However, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of [35s]-methionine-labeled PAEC exposed to NO2 for 24 h, but not 4 and 12 h, demonstrated increased synthesis of several proteins including a two- to five-fold increase of some proteins with molecular masses of 47, 64, 78, and 105 kDa compared to controls. N-terminal amino acid sequencing and immunodetection analysis identified the 78 kDa protein as 78 kDa glucose- regulated protein (GRP-78). Induction of GRP-78 by NO2 exposure was regulated at the transcriptional level, and the induction required de novo protein synthesis. Exposure to NO2 for 24 h also significantly (p < .05) decreased glycosylation of proteins in PAEC. Exposure of cell monolayers to tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein glycosylation, mimicked the effect of NO2 exposure on expression of GRP-78. Increased expression of GRP-78 was also detected when cell monolayers were exposed to the calcium ionophore A 23187, to 2-deoxyglucose, or to glucose-free medium, which are also known to cause perturbations in protein glycosylation. These results demonstrate that exposure to NO2 increases expression of a number of proteins including GRP-78 in PAEC. Increased expression of GRP-78 in NO2-exposed cells appears to be associated with inhibition of glycosylation or through coordinated alterations in metabolic events that lead to inhibition of protein glycosylation.
Temperature-sensitive yellow mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

We have isolated and genetically characterized 10 mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii carrying single, mendelian, temperature-sensitive yellow mutations. The mutants have a yellow phenotype at the restrictive temperature (33°C), but have a wildtype phenotype at the permissive temperature (25°C). Based on complementation and recombination tests, the ten mutations include alleles of two previously described yellow loci (y-1 and y-6) and three new yellow loci (y-8, y-9, and y-10). At the restrictive temperature, y-8, y-9, and y-10 are physiologically similar to other yellow mutants. They accumulate small amounts of protochlorophyllide when grown under dim light, but synthesize normal amounts of chlorophyll when grown in the light. Linkage tests indicate that the three new mutations are not linked to each other. y-8 is linked to y-7 on linkage group III, and y-10 is linked to y-5 and y-6 on linkage group I. y-9 is located on linkage group II. We conclude that the control of light-independent protochlorophyllide reduction is complex, involving several genetic loci which are scattered in the genome and which code for gene products able to complement in trans. Temperature-sensitive alleles at several of the yellow loci suggest that the gene products made by these loci are proteins.
The Effect of Risk Perceptions on Intentions to Travel in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001

Abstract This study examined the relationship between perceived risk and travel intentions among residents in the New York City area. The timing of the survey (November 2001) provided opportunity to examine the effect of perceived risk on travel intentions during the period of aftershock following September 11, 2001. The study found that intentions to take a pleasure trip in the next 12 months (at the time of the survey) was related to safety concerns, perceived social risk, travel experience and income. Results from the study hold potential for better understanding risk perceptions and their impact on travel behavior and in the marketing of travel services during periods of uncertainty like that following September 11, 2001
Putative nociceptive neurotransmitters in the mesencephalic reticular formation.

Abstract The neurotransmitter(s) involved in the transmission of nociceptive information in the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) of the rat have not been identified. Acetylcholine (ACh), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) have all been implicated as putative neurotransmitters involved in nociception. All of these compounds were microiontophoretically administered in the MRF of rats to determine which, if any, mimicked the effects produced by a nociceptive stimulus (foot pinch). This is only one of several criteria that a substance should meet to be considered a nociceptive neurotransmitter in the MRF. ACh and NE mimicked the effects of the nociceptive stimulus in 61% and 67% respectively of the cells tested; NT, DA and SP mimicked the effects of the nociceptive stimulus less frequently (33%, 30%, 23% respectively). Therefore, the nociceptive neurotransmitters in the MRF appear to be ACh and NE; NT, DA and SP may be neurotransmitters with a less important role in nociception in the MRF.
Practical Methylation Procedure for (1H)‐1,2,4‐Triazole

Abstract Conversion of (1H)‐1,2,4‐triazole to its sodium salt with methanolic sodium methoxide is followed by reaction with iodomethane. A scalable approach that overcomes problems associated with water‐soluble starting material and water‐soluble product combined continuous extraction (chloroform/water) with a final short‐path distillation under a controlled vacuum to obtain spectroscopically pure 1‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazole in 63% yield. Adaptation to microwave synthesis conditions, while providing a faster reaction time, offers no product yield or purification advantages over the conventional approach described. Conversions of this product to related derivatives such as 1,4‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐triazolium iodide and 1‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazolium hydrochloride are readily achieved.
Eating Dysfunctions in an Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Population

Frequencies of eating dysfunctions (pica, rumination, aerophagia, hyperphagia, and anorexia) were determined in a survey of 991 institutionalized mentally retarded individuals. Of the group, ranging in age from 11 to 88 years with a mean age of 32 years, 41·6% had some form of eating dysfunction. Eating dysfunctions were distributed in the total population as 25·8% pica, 13·7% hyperphagia, 7·2% anorexia, 5·5% rumination and 2·7% aerophagia. With increasing age there was a marked decrease in incidence of eating dysfunctions. Since these dysfunctions are most frequent in the profoundly retarded population, the age-related change is accounted for by a reduction in number of profoundly retarded individuals in the older population. Eating dysfunctions were observed among all population subgroups identified. These dysfunctions were most significantly correlated with level of mental deficit, constipation, seizures, and certain medications (anticonvulsants, psychotropics, food supplements, antacids, and iron), with certain physical characteristics (ambulation, sleep disturbance, abnormal weight, and place of eating), and with behavioral problems and food-related behaviors including food cravings and refusals. Eating dysfunctions tended to be coincident (e.g. individuals with pica frequently also had rumination and/or hyperphagia). Since a significantly high percentage of the population had some form of eating dysfunction, the nutritional consequences of these dysfunctions merit further investigation.
A brief, but nuanced, review of emotional granularity and emotion differentiation research

Emotional granularity (EG) and emotion differentiation (ED) both refer to the specificity of representations/experiences of emotion, or, in other words, the ability to make fine-grained, nuanced distinctions between similar emotions. Research on EG and ED is in its infancy; however, as reviewed in this paper, accumulating evidence suggests that EG and ED are associated with psychosocial adjustment. Studies have demonstrated that schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, major depression, autism, and alcohol problems are associated with lower levels of EG/ED. This evidence strongly suggests that EG/ED may represent emotion regulation resources that buffer against the deleterious consequences of negative emotions. Research more clearly establishing the nature and construct validity of EG/ED and more clearly specifying their role in the development of psychosocial adjustment problems is needed.
Multiple molecular forms of serum alpha1-antitrypsin.

The pattern of multiple electrophoretic types associated with the M genetic variant of α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) was examined for changes associated with development and pregnancy. Serum specimens from nonpregnant and pregnant adults and newborn infants, amniotic fluid, and serum treated with neuraminidase were subjected to electrophoresis in acid starch gel and antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis. Quantitative measurements on each of six electrophoretic forms of this variant show that in serum from infants and in serum treated with neuraminidase a greater proportion of the total α1-AT antigen is found in the more cathodally migrating forms. This supports the hypothesis that the phenomenon of multiple molecular forms of this protein is associated in some manner with the degree of complexing with sialic acid. It also suggests that the enzyme systems concerned with constructing this glycoprotein complex are relatively immature in the liver of the infant. These observations potentially provide a basis for differentiating between some of the genetic variants of α1-AT.
Characterization of chemical heterogeneity in polymer systems using hydrolysis and tapping-mode atomic force microscopy†

Characterization of polymer coatings microstructure is critical to the fundamental understanding of the corrosion of coated metals. An approach for mapping the chemical heterogeneity of a polymer system using chemical modification and tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) is demonstrated. This approach is based on the selective degradation of one of the phases in a multiphase polymer blend system and the ability of TMAFM to provide nanoscale lateral information about the different phases in the polymer system. Films made of a 70:30 polyethyl acrylate/polystyrene (PEA/PS) blend were exposed to a hydrolytic acidic environment and analyzed using TMAFM. Pits were observed to form in the PEA/PS blend films, and this degradation behavior was similar to that of the PEA material. Using these results, the domains in the 70:30 blend were identified as the PS-rich regions and the matrix as the PEA-rich region. This conclusion was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection analyses that revealed the hydrolysis of the PEA material. TMAFM phase imaging was also used to follow pit growth of the blend as a function of exposure time. The usefulness of the chemical modification/AFM imaging approach in understanding the degradation process of a coating film is discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1460–1470, 2001
Exploring the interaction between efficiency wages and labor market frictions

Abstract This paper explores the combined effects of efficiency wages and labor market matching frictions. A combined efficiency wage-frictional model is developed in which separate efficiency wage, frictional, and undistorted models are nested. It is found that the inclusion of efficiency wages puts upward pressure on wages and raises unemployment, while the friction puts downward pressure on wages and raises unemployment. Thus, it appears that unemployment generated by the frictional model cannot completely fulfill the role of unemployment as a discipline device, and vice versa. Other results show that the combined model has significantly different characteristics than its components.
FPGAs for trusted cloud computing

FPGA manufacturers have offered devices with bitstream protection for a number of years. This feature is currently primarily used to prevent IP piracy through cloning. However, in this paper we describe how protected bitstreams can also be used to create a root of trust for the clients of cloud computing services. Unlike related software-based solutions, this hardware-based approach solves a fundamental problem that currently impedes the greater adoption of cloud computing: how to secure client data and computation from both potential external attackers and an untrusted system administrator. We examine how this approach can be applied to the specific application of handling sensitive health data. This system maintains the advantages of the cloud with minimal additional hardware. We also describe how this system can be extended to provide a more generic secure cloud architecture.
On the Distribution Law in Locally Rapidly Fluctuating Fields Which Are Steady When Averaged over a Sufficient Time Interval.

Thomas(1) and later Fermi(2) have attempted to determine the time average electrical potential around the nucleus of a heavy atom. They treat the electrons as if they formed an ideal degenerate Fermi gas which becomes statistically distributed in the steady field due to the nucleus plus the locally rapidly fluctuating field due to the electrons themselves. This method is apparently fully justified and it is hard to see, at first, why the numerical solutions given by the above writers turn out to be so roughly approximate, especially for heavy atoms with many electrons. The following investigation purports to show that the roughness of the method is due to the unjustified, except for approximation purposes, use of the statistical distribution law of an ideal gas in a steady field in the case where the field is steady only when averaged over a sufficiently long time interval and is locally fluctuating.
Improved prognosis of intracranial non-germinoma germ cell tumors with multimodality therapy

The 5 year survival for patients with malignant intracranial non-germinoma germ cell tumors (NGGCT) which include endodermalsinus tumors, embryonal carcinomas, choriocarcinomas and immatureteratomas is less than 25% following a small resection and radiotherapy. In an effort to improve the survival of these patients, an approach using an attempt at radical resection wherefeasible, followed by multi-modality ’sandwich‘ therapy (chemotherapy-radiation-chemotherapy) was used to treat 18 newly diagnosed patients between 1986 and 1994 in a multi-institution study. Fourteen patients had histologically proven NGGCT andfour were presumed NGGCT because of markedly elevated concentrations of serum and/or CSF alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and/or beta human chorionic gonadatrophin (b-HCG). The primary tumor was confined to thepineal region in 12 patients, the suprasellar region in five, and acerebral hemisphere in one. None of the patients had central nervoussystem metastases at diagnosis by MRI imaging of the spine and CSF cytology. Radical surgical resection was performedinitially in 11 patients (gross total — 6, subtotal — 5);four had a biopsy and three had no surgery. All patients then received3 or 4 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin (100 mg/m2/cycle) and VP-16 (500 mg/m2/cycle)/cycle). Of the 12 patients with evaluabledisease there were 9 responses to the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (5 CR,4 PR); 2 patients had stable disease and 1 progressed duringchemotherapy. Six patients with no evaluable disease after a grosstotal resection had a continuous complete response. Seventeen patientsreceived radiation therapy (involved field — 11, involved field + craniospinal — 4, involved field+ whole brain — 2). Twelve patients received 4 cycles post-radiation chemotherapy with vinblastine (6.5 mg/m2/cycle), bleomycin (15 U/m2/cycle),VP-16 (300 mg/m2/cycle, carboplatin (450 mg/m2/cycle). A total of four patients have died (3 — progressive/recurrent disease, 1 — metabolic). Four year actuarialevent-free and total survival rates are 67% and 74%. This multi-modality adjuvant therapy approach appears to dramatically improve the outcome of malignant intracranialNGGCT.
Functionally antagonistic sequences are required for normal autoregulation of Drosophila tra-2 pre-mRNA splicing

Expression of functional TRA-2 protein in the male germline of Drosophila is regulated through a negative feedback mechanism in which a specific TRA-2 isoform represses splicing of the M1 intron in the TRA-2 pre-mRNA. We have previously shown that the mechanism of M1 splicing repression is conserved between distantly related Drosophila species. Using transgenic fly strains, we have examined the effects on regulation of mutations in two conserved features of the M1 intron. Our results show that TRA-2-dependent repression of M1 splicing depends on the presence of a suboptimal non-consensus 3' splice site. Substitution of this 3' splice site with a strong splice site resulted in TRA-2 independent splicing, while substitution with an unrelated weak 3' splice site was compatible with repression, implying that reduced basal splicing efficiency is important for regulation. A second conserved element internal to the intron was found to be essential for efficient M1 splicing in the soma where the intron is not normally retained. We show that the role of this element is to enhance splicing and overcome the reduction in efficiency caused by the intron's suboptimal 3' splice site. Our results indicate that antagonistic elements in the M1 intron act together to establish a context that is permissive for repression of splicing by TRA-2 while allowing efficient splicing in the absence of a repressor.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K3 Utilizes the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Routing Class I Major Histocompatibility Complexes to Late Endocytic Compartments

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) downregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I complexes from the plasma membrane via two of its genes, K3 and K5. The N termini of K3 and K5 contain a plant homeodomain (PHD) predicted to be structurally similar to RING domains found in E3 ubiquitin ligases. In view of the importance of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in sorting within the endocytic pathway, we analyzed its role in downregulation of MHC class I complexes in cells expressing K3. Proteasome inhibitors as well as cysteine and aspartyl protease inhibitors stabilize MHC class I complexes in cells expressing K3. However, proteasome inhibitors differentially affect sorting of MHC class I complexes within the endocytic pathway and prevent their delivery to a dense endosomal compartment. In this compartment, the cytoplasmic tail of MHC class I complexes is cleaved by cysteine proteases. The complex is then cleaved within the plane of the membrane by an aspartyl protease, resulting in a soluble MHC class I fragment composed of the lumenal domain of the heavy chain, beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m), and peptide. We conclude that K3 not only directs internalization, but also targets MHC class I complexes to a dense endocytic compartment on the way to lysosomes in a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent manner.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Evaporatively Driven Entrainment in Cloud-Topped Mixed Layers

Cloud-top entrainment instability (CTEI) is a hypothesized positive feedback between cloud-top entrainment and enhanced turbulence associated with buoyancy reversal. A sufficiently strong positive feedback is hypothesized to lead to the destruction of the cloud. Numerous studies have investigated the possible role of CTEI in cloud breakup, with ambiguous results. In this study, CTEI has been extensively investigated using many large-eddy simulations. An idealized experimental design has been used so as not to have any source of turbulence kinetic energy production except for entrainment due to evaporative cooling. A new method has been used to estimate the entrainment rate and to identify the inversion base and top. The results of the experiments do show the hypothesized positive feedback when the Randall–Deardorff CTEI criterion is met. When CTEI takes place in the numerical experiments, entrainment develops spontaneously through buoyancy reversal and, as a result, leads to cloud dissipation. Cloud dissipation within several hours is simulated in the cases with strong instability. A hypothesized dependence of the strength of the evaporatively driven turbulence on the cloud-top liquid water mixing ratio is confirmed. As expected, with a typical stratocumulus liquid water mixing ratio, the evaporatively driven turbulence is weak. Additional simulations with longwave radiation, surface latent heat flux, or both suggest that sufficiently strong radiative cooling can prevent cloud destruction by CTEI. For this reason, CTEI usually does not result in cloud dissipation in realistic cases.
The surface free energy of dental gold-based materials.

Abstract Objective : A gold composite material (Captek™) has been developed which is claimed to resist plaque deposition. This study's aim was to compare the surface free energy (SFE) of this composite material with that of a type III casting gold. Methods : Contact angle measurements, using the Wilhelmy technique, were made on four bar-shaped samples of each material, using five test liquids (diiodomethane, ethylene glycol, formamide, glycerol and water) and four measurements per sample per liquid. For each material, the dispersive, Lewis acid and Lewis base components of SFE ( γ S D , γ S + , γ S − , respectively) were estimated by least squares analysis and also by a Bayesian method. Results : The gold composite material and the type III casting gold did not differ significantly in their γ S D values (95% confidence interval for gold composite minus type III gold, −5.0 to +2.7). Both materials had low γ S + values in common with most solids. The gold composite had a significantly lower Lewis base component of SFE than the type III gold-8.4 mN/m for the former material compared to 19.1 mN/m for the latter (95% confidence interval for gold composite minus type III gold, −16.4 to −4.9). The difference between materials could be related to the lack of non-precious metals and the structure of the gold composite material. Conclusions : It is hypothesized that difference in γ S − components of SFE may be an important parameter in predicting bacterial adhesion and plaque resistance. Methods that only determine SFE as a single parameter may be unable to differentiate adequately between dental restorative materials.
Einstein's contributions to atomic physics

Many of the epoch-breaking papers that have been published by Einstein are remembered today as treatises dealing with various isolated phenomena rather than as direct consequences of a new unified world view. This paper traces the various ways in which ten papers published by Einstein during the period 1905‐1925 influenced the development of the modern atomic paradigm, and illustrates how these discoveries can be made intuitive and pedagogically useful.
Interleukin-1α protects against the toxicity associated with combined radiation and drug therapy

Abstract A dose of total body irradiation sufficient to cause 70% mortality within 30 days (9.5 Gy) and maximally tolerated doses of either adriamycin (10 mg/kg) or cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (8 mg/kg) were administered to C57B1/6 mice and animal survival used as an index of toxicity. Whereas the nature of the toxicity resulting from the radiation alone was hematopoietic, the addition of either drug to the total body irradiation resulted in a pattern of animal death more consistent with that of gastrointestinal toxicity (100% dead within 7 days). However, if the radiation was delivered as a regional abdominal exposure, rather than total body, the gastrointestinal death observed following the combination of total body irradiation + drug was not observed. The administration of 2.5 × 10 5 U IL-1 24 hr prior to total body irradiation demonstrated significant protection against this dose of radiation (90% survival vs 30% survival). Similar protection was also observed when the IL-1 was administered 24 hr prior to the combination of total body irradiation with either drug. While these observations suggested that the IL-1 was protecting against gastrointestinal toxicity, subsequent studies demonstrated that IL-1, in addition to accelerating hematopoietic recovery following radiation insult, was equally effective in advancing the repopulation of the stem cell (CFU-GEMM) and progenitor cell (CFU-M and CFU-GM) compartments following drug treatment. Collectively, the data from these studies demonstrate that the lethal effects resulting from combined total body irradiation + drug treatment contain both a gastrointestinal and a hematopoietic component.
Resilience to failures and reconfigurations in the supervision based on place invariants

The supervision based on place invariants (SBPI) is a very efficient technique for the enforcement of linear marking constraints on Petri nets. We first outline the SBPI and the extension of the SBPI for liveness enforcement. Then we discuss the qualities and limitations of these methods from a fault tolerance/reconfigurations perspective.
The effects of anoxia and hydrogen sulphide on survival, activity and metabolic rate in the coot clam, Mulinia lateralis (SAY)

Abstract The mactrid clam Mulinia lateralis (Say) shows ephemeral success in colonizing a variety of marine substrata, most commonly “soupy”, reducing muds. Depending on temperature and body size, LT50 values during exposure to anoxia and hydrogen sulphide range from 2 to 11 days, at the lower end of the range reported for infaunal bivalve molluscs. Unlike most bivalves, M. lateralis maintains high levels of feeding, shell valve, and locomotory activities under anoxia, which may be an adaptation to escape periodic burial in unstable, oxygen-deficient sediment. The rate of metabolic heat dissipation under anoxia is the same as under normoxic conditions, which implies a greatly elevated rate of anaerobic glycolysis (Pasteur effect) during anoxic exposure. This may explain the rather short anoxic survival times in this species, and emphasizes its adaptation to short-term as opposed to chronic oxygen deficiency, which may occur in dense deposit-feeding communities from which M. lateralis is excluded.
Adventures in policy modeling! Operations research in the community and beyond

Abstract The literature describing operations research in the community is somewhat of a puzzle. On the one hand, several authors have denigrated the use of traditional operations approaches in addressing community problems, yet several studies document successful applications. Arguing that the operations research mindset is itself a great strength, we will review several examples where operations research methods have been employed creatively to the benefit of the community and beyond.
Nationalizing Trademarks: A New International Trademark Jurisprudence?

A new international trademark jurisprudence is currently in formation that has negative impact on international trade. Indeed, this new trademark jurisprudence includes the recent phenomenon of states monopolizing the use of generic names through the elevation of such names to trademarks of national stature and the rise of global recognition and registration of geographic indication status for generic names. Professor Nguyen identifies and analyzes the new trademark jurisprudence, and critiques its impact on international trade relations and language propertization. Professor Nguyen proposes a certification mark regime to end the expansion of generic name protection and to promote fair competition.
Beam splitters for p-polarized light using a high-index quarter-wave layer embedded in a low-index cube prism.

A high-index quarter-wave layer (QWL) embedded in a low-index cube prism is designed to achieve 50%-50% beam splitting for incident p-polarized light at a 45° angle of incidence. This is accomplished when the ratio of the refractive index of the QWL to that of the prism is n=3.336666. Such a refractive index ratio is realized, e.g., with a Ge QWL embedded in a LiF cube at 8.357 μm wavelength. Spectral, angular, and film-thickness sensitivities of this mid-IR beam splitter (BS) are presented. Free-standing QWL pellicles of GaP and GaAs can also function as 50%-50% BSs for incident p-polarized light at 45° at visible and IR wavelengths of 0.610 μm and 2.929 μm, respectively. An application in interferometry is briefly discussed.
Numerical Study on Effectiveness of Installing Guide Device into Exhaust Passage of a 600 MW Steam Turbine

To analyze the causes leading to high exhaust pressure and low economic efficiency of a 600 MW steam turbine due to non-uniform flow field distribution existing at exit of the exhaust passage,numerical simulation was conducted to the exhaust passage with double back-pressure condensers,and subsequently a reasonable scheme to improve the flow field distribution was proposed by installing guide devices into the exhaust passage.Simulation results show that the problem caused by specific structure of the exhaust hood,steam exhaust from boiler feed pump turbine and the existence of low-pressure heater can be solved by reasonably installing guide devices into the exhaust passage,after which the total pressure loss coefficient will be increased by only 0.5%-2.5%,but the static pressure recovery coefficient will be increased by6.4%-8.8%,while the uniformity coefficient will be raised by 10.4%-13.4%.
Neonatal electroencephalography: Results of a pilot study

Abstract 1. 1. The technique of electroencephalography in the neonate is reviewed. 2. 2. Normal and abnormal electrical patterns are displayed. 3. 3. Some antepartum and intrapartum factors associated with abnormal electroencephalograms are presented.
1980-1990: what a difference ten years have made in the future of pediatric dental practice

A review is provided of developments in pediatric dentistry during the 1980s. In the early part of this decade, a number of factors produced a verified oversupply of pedodontists together with a declining population younger than eighteen years of age. Decreases in dental caries became widespread. Now, a decade later the increase in total number of dentists is slowing and the ratio of dentists-to-population has begun to decline.
AN UNUSUAL MIDFOOT DISLOCATION : A CASE REPORT

An unusual case of dislocation of the midfoot through the calcaneocuboid and naviculocuneiform joints is presented. The prognosis is excellent for most midfoot dislocations, as long as they are recognized and treated early.
Understanding Resilience: From Negative Life Events to Everyday Stressors

Abstract Resilience is typically conceptualized as successful adaptation to serious negative life events. Even relatively mundane stressors, however, require coping. Therefore, we argue that resilience should reflect managing well with stressors in general. To support the argument that resilience is relevant for social psychology and that social psychology can inform our understanding of resilience, we first discuss a program of research that links prior life adversity exposure to resilience to everyday stressors. We next review a psychophysiological approach—the biopsychosocial model of challenge/threat—to assessing resilience as it occurs and tie this approach to research on coping resources. Finally, we highlight two central research areas within social psychology—romantic relationships and stigma and prejudice—for which resilience is highly relevant. This demonstrates the merits of applying the concept of resilience to a range of stressors and the potential for experimental social psychology to inform understudied aspects of resilience.
Frequency of and Factors Associated with Receipt of Liver-Related Specialty Care Among Patients with Hepatitis C in the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study.

Linking persons with hepatitis C virus (HCV) to care and treatment is critical to reduction in disease burden; typically, this entailed referral to a specialist. However, data regarding the frequency and factors associated with referral among patients in healthcare organizations (HCOs) are lacking. Among persons in four US HCOs with newly diagnosed HCV during 2006–2011, we determined the frequency of liver-related specialist care after diagnosis. We also identified sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with such care by multivariate analysis, adjusted for all variables. Among 3592 patients with newly diagnosed HCV, 57 % (range among sites 45–90 %) received specialist care; of these, 57 % received care within 90 days of diagnosis. Patient characteristics associated with receipt of specialist care included: affiliation with one of the study sites [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.8 vs. the referent site); having Medicare plus private insurance (aOR 1.6 vs. Medicaid); and having elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (aOR 1.6 vs. normal ALT) or lower platelet values (aOR 1.4 vs. normal platelet level). Specialist care within 90 days of diagnosis was associated with private insurance (aOR 1.5 vs. Medicaid), elevated ALT levels (aOR 1.3–2.3 vs. normal), and having ≥2 comorbid conditions (aOR 1.4 vs. no comorbid conditions). Compared to patients not referred, those referred were more likely to be treated (aOR 3.5). Receipt of specialist care among persons with newly diagnosed HCV varied among HCOs. Clinical evidence of liver disease and having private insurance were associated with prompt receipt of specialist care and HCV treatment.
Human Cytomegalovirus: Molecular Biology

Human cytomegalovirus has the largest genome among known human viruses and is an important, if complex, clinical entity. From a literature that is large and rapidly expanding, this article gives an overview of the molecular biology of the virus and highlights several key aspects. These include the features of transcription, translation, and DNA replication, the characteristics of major protein players in the infectious cycle, and the composition of the virus particle.
Metformin, Lifestyle Intervention, and Cognition in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study

OBJECTIVE We examined the association of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) intervention arms (lifestyle intervention, metformin, and placebo) with cognition in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS). We also examined metformin use, incident type 2 diabetes, and glycemia as exposures. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The DPP lasted 2.8 years, followed by a 13-month bridge to DPPOS. Cognition was assessed in DPPOS years 8 and 10 (12 and 14 years after randomization) with the Spanish English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT), letter fluency and animal fluency tests, Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and a composite cognitive score. RESULTS A total of 2,280 participants (749 lifestyle, 776 metformin, and 755 placebo) aged 63.1 ± 10.7 years underwent cognitive assessments; 67.7% women, 54.6% non-Hispanic white, 20.7% non-Hispanic black, 14.6% Hispanic, 5.5% American Indian, and 4.6% Asian; 26.6% were homozygous or heterozygous for APOE-e4. At the time of cognitive assessment, type 2 diabetes was higher in the placebo group (57.9%; P CONCLUSIONS Exposure to intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin was not related to cognition among DPPOS participants. Higher glycemia was related to worse cognitive performance. Metformin seemed cognitively safe among DPPOS participants.
Comparison of the Extent of Degeneration among the Normal Disc, Immobilized Disc, and Immobilized Disc with an Endplate Fracture

BACKGROUND This study attempts to prove a cause and effect relationship between spine immobilization following posterior fixation for unstable burst fractures and degeneration observed following hardware removal. METHODS We enrolled 57 patients (259 intervertebral discs [IVDs]) who underwent only posterior instrumentation without fusion for thoracolumbar and lumbar unstable burst fractures. We arbitrarily named the IVD that has an endplate fracture after immobilization using pedicle screws as the fractured endplate and immobilized disc (FEID), the IVD that has no endplate fracture after immobilization using pedicle screws as the nonfractured endplate and immobilized disc (NFEID), and the IVD that has no endplate fracture and no immobilization instrumentation as the normal disc (ND). At 2 years after implant removal, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed again for comparison. The extent of disc degeneration was classified using the Pfirrmann classification system. RESULTS FEIDs were present in 67 levels, NFEIDs in 78 levels, and NDs in 114 levels. According to the Pfirrmann classification, 7.9% of the NDs, 32.1% of the NFEIDs, and 43.3% of the FEIDs were more degenerated at 2 years after implant removal. The FEIDs and NFEIDs were more degenerated than the NDs and the FEIDs were more degenerated than the NFEIDs at statistically significant levels (p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS Spine immobilization with transpedicular screws has a significant influence on disc degeneration, and an endplate fracture accelerates the degeneration process.
Altemeier Procedure (Perineal Rectosigmoidectomy)

The Altemeier procedure is a surgical option for rectal prolapse, particularly in high-risk surgical candidates. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Regularization method for large eddy simulations of shock-turbulence interactions

The rapid change in scales over a shock has the potential to introduce unique difficulties in Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of compressible shock-turbulence flows if the governing model does not sufficiently capture the spectral distribution of energy in the upstream turbulence. A method for the regularization of LES of shock-turbulence interactions is presented which is constructed to enforce that the energy content in the highest resolved wavenumbers decays as k^(−5/3), and is computed locally in physical-space at low computational cost. The application of the regularization to an existing subgrid scale model is shown to remove high wavenumber errors while maintaining agreement with Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of forced and decaying isotropic turbulence. Linear interaction analysis is implemented to model the interaction of a shock with isotropic turbulence from LES. Comparisons to analytical models suggest that the regularization significantly improves the ability of the LES to predict amplifications in subgrid terms over the modeled shockwave. LES and DNS of decaying, modeled post shock turbulence are also considered, and inclusion of the regularization in shock-turbulence LES is shown to improve agreement with lower Reynolds number DNS.
Nerve Pulse Interactions

Traditionally the neuron has been viewed as a linear threshold unit which generates an output when some weighted sum of the inputs exceeds a certain value. Over the past two decades, however, several suggestions have been made for mechanisms by which the neuron might perform more sophisticated forms of information processing, such as: Boolean logic at dendritic branches [1–8], Time code to space code translations on the axonal tree [9–14], and Dendrodendritic interactions [15]. Such suggestions have led Waxman to propse the concept of a “multiplex neuron” [16] which bears about the same relationship to a linear threshold unit as does a “chip” to a “gate” in modern integrated circuit technology.
Privatization and inter-municipal cooperation in local stormwater planning and management

Decentralized approaches to environmental policy benefit from local input and knowledge, yet also place greater responsibility on local governments. Under the US Clean Water Act, thousands of munic...
The Functional Behavior of the Peripheral Oculomotor Apparatus: A Review

Der Augapfel stellt zusammen mit seinen Muskeln und deren Nerven den peripheren okulomotorischen Apparat dar. In der Terminologie der Regeltechniker sprechen wir von „the oculomotor plant”. Der periphere okulomotorische Apparat stellt dasjenige neuromuskulare System dar, welches bisher am besten untersucht worden ist. Uber die Neurophysiologie und die Mechanik des peripheren okulomotorischen Apparates wissen wir bereits so viel, das wir die Art der okulomotorischen Storungen voraussagen konnen, welche aus Lasionen der Nerven, Muskeln und des Orbitalen Bindegewebsapparates resultieren mussen. Ware es moglich, einen kunstlichen Augenmuskel zu implantieren, so konnten wir sogar die an diesen Muskel zu stellenden Anforderungen quantitativ angeben. Trotzdem bleiben noch Probleme. In dieser Ubersicht soll dargestellt werden, was wir bereits wissen und wo noch ungeloste Fragen liegen.
CometChip: Single-Cell Microarray for High-Throughput Detection of DNA Damage

Abstract DNA damage promotes cancer, and ironically, at high doses DNA damaging agents are also often used to treat cancer. Despite its importance, most assays for DNA damage are very low throughput, as little has been done to introduce engineering principles. Here, we present a novel platform for high throughput analysis of DNA damage in human cells. Based upon the well-established single cell gel electrophoresis assay (a.k.a. the comet assay), the CometChip enables robust, high throughput and objective DNA damage quantification. Single cells are captured by gravity into an agarose microwell array. Arrayed cells can then be directly assayed, or challenged with exposure to DNA damaging agents prior to analysis. The microarray maximizes real estate and normalizes distribution, enabling analysis of 96 samples of widely varying cell concentrations to be processed in parallel. The platform is compatible with both the alkaline conditions (detecting single strand breaks, abasic sites and alkali sensitive sites) and neutral conditions (detecting double strand breaks). Analysis of 96 samples in parallel greatly reduces sample-to-sample variation and can be completed in one day. Through integration of biological and engineering principles, the CometChip provides the necessary throughput and sensitivity for a wide variety of applications in epidemiological studies, in the clinic and in drug development.
Predictive exploration for autonomous science

Often remote investigations use autonomous agents to observe an environment on behalf of absent scientists. Predictive exploration improves these systems' efficiency with onboard data analysis. Agents can learn the structure of the environment and predict future observations, reducing the remote exploration problem to one of experimental design. In our formulation information gain over a map guides exploration decisions, while a similar criterion suggests the most informative data products for downlink. Ongoing work will develop appropriate models for surface exploration by planetary robots. Experiments will demonstrate these algorithms on kilometer-scale autonomous geology tasks.
Effects of Magnetic Field on Tensile Behavior at 4 K of Alloys 304 and 310

Superconducting magnet structures require alloys that have high strength at 4 K in magnetic fields. Since magnetic fields are known to influence martensitic transformation in steels, it is prudent to examine the effect of magnetic field on their strength.
Female Physician Leadership During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Is Associated With Improved Patient Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES A recently published simulation study suggested that women are inferior leaders of cardiopulmonary resuscitation efforts. The aim of this study was to compare female and male code leaders in regard to cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcomes in a real-world clinical setting. DESIGN Retrospective cohort review. SETTING Two academic, urban hospitals in San Diego, California. SUBJECTS One-thousand eighty-two adult inpatients who suffered cardiac arrest and underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We analyzed whether physician code leader gender was independently associated with sustained return of spontaneous circulation and survival to discharge and with markers of quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Of all arrests, 327 (30.1%) were run by female physician code leaders with 251 (76.8%) obtaining return of spontaneous circulation, and 122 (37.3%) surviving to discharge. Male physicians ran 757 codes obtaining return of spontaneous circulation in 543 (71.7%) with 226 (29.9%) surviving to discharge. When adjusting for variables, female physician code leader gender was independently associated with a higher likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation (odds ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01-1.85; p = 0.049) and survival to discharge (odds ratio, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.15-2.02; p < 0.01). Additionally, the odds ratio for survival to discharge was 1.62 (95% CI, 1.13-2.34; p < 0.01) for female physicians with a female code nurse when compared with male physician code leaders paired with a female code nurse. Gender of code leader was not associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to data derived from a simulated setting with medical students, real life female physician leadership of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is not associated with inferior outcomes. Appropriately, trained physicians can lead high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation irrespective of gender.
Urban biodiversity arks

Urban biodiversity is an unplanned species assemblage. Although promoting native biodiversity should be the primary goal, the built environment often contains optimal habitat for non-natives. With planning and research, we could use cities as semi-natural assurance colonies for endangered species.
Cervical Laminectomy and Fusion

Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a result of a combination of compressive, dynamic, and biomolecular factors on the spinal cord. Compression arises from narrowing of the ventral/dorsal cervical canal, disc degeneration, spondylosis, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) and ligamentum flavum leading to direct pressure on the spinal cord. Dynamic forces arise from abnormal cervical spinal alignment or motion as in cases with degenerative spondylolisthesis, subluxation, or kyphotic deformity. Physiological narrowing of canal diameter with neck extension as well as strain/stretch forces placed on the spinal cord with physiological neck movements also contributes to dynamic pathophysiological stresses. Finally, ischemic injury from chronic compression, subsequent release of inflammatory factors, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, and eventually neuronal apoptosis contribute to CSM on a molecular and cellular level. The goal of surgery, in turn, is first to decompress the neural structures and reduce the effect of static and biomolecular factors and, second, to stabilize the dynamic factors if such need exists.
Upper Cervical Spine-Posterior Cage Reconstruction C1–C2

Posterior cage reconstruction techniques of the atlas and axis must be tailored for the specific pathology. In this chapter, we describe the specific technique for a case of C1 reconstruction for an aneurysmal bone cyst and C2 reconstruction for metastatic breast cancer. To reconstruct the right C1, we used a Pyramesh cage filled with iliac crest graft. For the C2 lesion, we filled methyl methacrylate over Steinman pins. Both cage reconstructions were part of larger occiput to cervical lateral mass screw constructs. For these procedures, preoperative vertebral artery imaging is essential, as well as intraoperative neuromonitoring and fluoroscopy.