cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conductivity - Chemistry Relationship in Simulated Nuclear Waste Glass Melts

Electrical conductivity of three simulated nuclear waste glass melts was measured over a wide range of temperatures, using a high-accuracy, calibration-free, coaxial-cylinders technique. Glass chemistries representing both low-activity and high-level wastes at Hanford and Savannah River sites were used. The temperature dependence of the conductivity of these glasses was presented. The conductivity values measured at 1150°C were compared to the conductivity values predicted from first-order mixture model.
A discussion of the “into, out of, overall” syndrome in nursing

Resume L'article traite du role clinique professionnel en matiere de nursing. Il suggere que des avantages pratiques accordes a une formation academique (Faculte de nursing) constitueraient une facon d'ameliorer, par amelioration de l'enseignement, la qualite des soins dispenses dans la pratique.
Information Systems Implementation Success: A Causal Analysis Using the Linear Structural Relations Model

The author argues that IS implementation success is a complex subject only assailable through a series of success measures working together. The study identifies and uses four distinct success measures e.g., top management involvement, user involvement, organizational strategic plan, and information systems plan generally believed to influence IS implementation success. Based on these success measures, the present research proposes and empirically tests an IS implementation success causal model. The IS implementation success and different success variables are measured using multi-item scales. The data for the study consists of responses from a sample of 154 IS professionals. A LISREL Linear Structural Relations analysis of the model indicated that top management involvement leads to organizational strategic and information systems plans, which in turn positively impact user involvement and ultimately lead to implementation success. The paper concludes by identifying areas that need further attention for successful IS implementation and by providing suggestions for future research.
Laryngeal penetration and aspiration during swallowing after the treatment of advanced oropharyngeal cancer.

Objective: To determine whether laryngeal penetrationandaspirationinoropharyngealcancersurvivorsdiffer by treatment group. Design: Cross-sectional study of patients with stage III or IV oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma who were at least 12 months removed from combined modality therapy and clinically free of disease. Subjects:Potential subjects were stratified by tumor site and tumor T stage to achieve a similar comparison between chemoradiotherapy (n=10) and surgery/radiotherapy (n=11) groups. Validated instruments used to evaluate swallowing included the Penetration-Aspiration Scale and the M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory.
TGF-α antisense gene therapy inhibits head and neck squamous cell carcinoma growth in vivo

Unlike normal mucosal squamous epithelial cells, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) overexpress TGF-alpha mRNA and protein which is required to sustain the proliferation of HNSCC cells in vitro. To determine whether TGF-alpha expression contributes to tumor growth in vivo, cationic liposome-mediated gene transfer was used to deliver an antisense expression construct targeting the human TGF-alpha gene into human head and neck tumor cells, grown as subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice. The TGF-alpha antisense gene was immediately detected in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, translocated to the nucleus by 12 h and remained localized to the nucleus for up to 3 days. Direct inoculation of the TGF-alpha antisense (but not the corresponding sense) construct into established HNSCC tumors resulted in inhibition of tumor growth. Sustained antitumor effects were observed for up to 1 year after the treatments were discontinued. Down-modulation of TGF-alpha was accompanied by increased apoptosis in vivo. These experiments indicate that interference with the TGF-alpha/EGFR autocrine signaling pathway may be an effective therapeutic strategy for cancers which overexpress this ligand/receptor pair.
Influence of Vesico-ureteral Reflux on the Response to Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections in Female Children

3 groups of female children, comprising a total of 169 patients, were followed through successive episodes of urinary tract infection with respect to recurrence of infection. Group A consisted of 66 patients with no evidence of vesico-ureteral reflux. Group B comprised 42 patients with demonstrated vesico-ureteral reflux. The infections in these patients were treated with medical therapy alone and the reflux was not corrected. Group C consisted of 61 children who had surgical correction of vesico-ureteral reflux. While Groups B and C were not strictly comparable, the data indicate that there was no demonstrable difference in the rate of urinary tract infection among the 3 groups. Following short-term specific antibacterial therapy of a new infection, about 20% of children in each group were "cured", i.e., had no further infections during the 12 months or more that they were subsequently followed by the authors. Patients with less severe grades of reflux treated by medication alone (Group B) experienced no greater rate of reinfection than those children presenting with infections in the absence of vesico-ureteral reflux. In those children whose infections could not be adequately controlled by antimicrobial therapy, and those patients with severe (Grade III) reflux, surgery was performed to eliminate the vesico-ureteral reflux. The data also reinforced the concept that correction of reflux does not eliminate the need for constant vigilance and proper treatment of recurrent infections even after successful surgery has been carried out.
Methylamine metabolism and its role in nitrogenase "switch off" in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.

In the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, NH4+switch-off of nitrogenase activity can be mimicked by its analog, methylamine. Like NH4+, methylamine appeared to require processing by glutamine synthetase (GS) before it was effective; γ-glutamylmethylamide was shown to be the product of this reaction. Evidence that this glutamine analog functioned directly to initiate nitrogenase inactivation was suggested first by the fact that it was a poor substrate for glutamate synthase (i.e., it was not further metabolized by this pathway) and secondly, azaserine which blocks the transfer of the glutamine amide group had no effect on CH3NH3+(or NH4+) switch-off. These observations are taken as preliminary evidence to suggest that when NH4+inhibits nitrogenase activity, inactivation is initiated by glutamine itself, and not a molecule derived from it. Finally, evidence was presented that R. capsulata would use CH3NH3+as a nitrogen substrate, but lag periods and generation times increased with subsequent passages.
Leibniz and the Ground of Possibility

I am very grateful to Robert Merrihew Adams, Colin Chamberlain, Andrew Chignell, Tom Flint, Michael Griffin, Anja Jauernig, Larry Jorgensen, Marcy Lascano, Sukjae Lee, Michael Rea, and Jeff Speaks for extended discussions of this material. I would also like to thank audience members at theSeventhAnnual NYU Conference on Issues in the History of Modern Philosophy, the 2010 Leibniz Society of North America conference, the 2010 Logos workshop at Rutgers University, the 2010 SCP Eastern Division Meeting at Wake Forest University, and participants in a discussion group and graduate seminar at Notre Dame for many helpful questions, objections, and suggestions on earlier versions of this essay.
GT-MSOCC: A Domain for Research on Human - Computer Interaction and Decision Aiding in Supervisory Control Systems

Modeling and aiding operators in supervisory control environments are necessary prerequisites to the effective use of automation in complex dynamic systems. A research program is described that explores these issues within the context of the Georgia Tech-Multisatellite Operations Control Center (GT-MSOCC). GT-MSOCC is a real-time interactive simulation of the operator interface to a NASA ground control system for unmanned Earth-orbiting satellites. GT-MSOCC is a high fidelity domain in which a range of modeling, decision aiding, and workstation design issues addressing human-computer interaction may be explored. GT-MSOCC is described in detail. The use of high-fidelity domains as research tools is also discussed, and the validity and generalizability of such results to other domains are examined. In addition to a description of GT-MSOCC, several other related parts are included. A GT-MSOCC operator function model (OFM) is presented. The GT-MSOCC model illustrates an enhancement to the general operator function modeling methodology that extends the model's utility for design applications. The proposed methodology represents operator actions as the lowest level discrete control network nodes. Actions may be cognitive or manual; operator action nodes are linked to information needs or system reconfiguration commands. Thus augmented, the operator function model provides a formal representation of operator interaction with the controlled system and serves as the foundation for subsequent theoretical and empirical research. A brief overview of experimental and methodological studies using GT-MSOCC is also given.
Diphenylhydantoin induced coagulation abnormalities

Bleeding within the first 24 hours of life has been reported in some infants whose mothers received anticonvulsants. This study was designed to eveluate the relationship between Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and coagulation defects. Eight cats were given DPH intraperitoneally daily (two cats received 2.5mg./kilo, two cats 5mg./kilo, four 10mg./kilo). These animals were followed weekly for coagulation abnormalities, neurologic toxicity and DPH blood levels. Cats receiving 10mg./kilo, for 5 to 15 days showed a decrease in Factors I, II, V, VII and X plus ataxia. Cats receiving 2.5 and 5.0mg./kilo showed a decrease in the same factors to a lesser degree. After one week of treatment with DPH, Factors I, II, V, VII and X were decreased 50% in all animals. Vitamin D dependent Factors II, VII and X returned to normal in cats on low doses of DPH. These Factors continued to fall in cats receiving 10mg./kilo. Animals on low dosage of DPH appeared to adapt and no longer showed a coagulation abnormality. Factor V fell initially and then rose above base line values in all cats after one week suggesting transient liver dys-function. Factor VIII remained normal in all the animals. To prove that the coagulation defect was dependent on Vit. K Three cats were treated with 10mg./kilo DPH and 1mg. Vit. K daily. This combination prevented the clotting abnormalities without preventing neurologic signs of DPH toxicity. Cord blood levels of DPH have been found increased over mother's DPH blood levels suggesting a mechanism for infant toxicity. Since this study in the cats shows the effect of DPH on the clotting factors reversible with Vit. K., prenatal treatment of mothers on DPH with Vit. K may be indicated.
High Technology Coming to a Nursing Home Near You

The care of the older person has classically been a high-touch person-centered endeavor, but times are a-changin’.1 New technologies are developing rapidly, and although uptake has been slow, they are starting to be incorporated into nursing homes. Nurses and doctors have been slow to embrace these technologies, citing difficulties in using them and lack of relevance to residents as major reasons for lack of enthusiasm.2 Original uptake of technology in nursing homes was for billing purposes and recording the minimum data set (MDS). Table 1 provides a list of the technological advances that will likely invade the nursing home over the next few years. The simplest is the use of the electronic medical record for physicians to record the resident history, examination, plan, and to directly order medications.3 In an ideal world this will be integrated with the nursing home record where nurses are already recording vital signs and behaviors and charting wounds on a body shape. Integrationwith the MDS 3.0 to allow the physician to include scores for delirium, cognitive dysfunction, depression, and so forth, will further increase the value of the electronic record.4e6 Improved prescribing will occur as there is integration of pharmacy records with recognition of potentially dangerous anticholinergic burden and the use of tools such as the Geriatric Risk Assessment Med Guide to reduce medicationinduced delirium and falls.7e14 The computerized medical record should greatly improve communication between nursing homes and hospitals at the time of transitions of care.13,15e22 Telemedicinehas certainlyarrived in remoteareasand forhomecare, but clearly it can be used in assisted living and nursing homes, particularly for night calls.23,24 The availability of telemonitoring, including rhythm strips, makes this an excellent approach for patients with heart failure.25 Advanced-practice nurses working with dermatologists have used this to allow the dermatologist to see the skin rash.26,27 A major need in nursing home care is to improve quality of life by reducing the intrusiveness of nursing presence.28e31 The development of “smart homes” will play an important role in providing technology that will allow more seniors to “age in place” or provide enhanced privacy in institutions.32 A classical example of this technology is “Tiger Place,” associated with the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. At Tiger Place, technology has been developed to do remote monitoring in senior housing to detect potential problems.33 For frail elders,34e43 a series of monitoring technologies has been developed, such as functional ambulation and declining activity
Latex micro-molding and latex-plaster molding mixture.

Two refinements (latex micro-molding and latex-plaster molding mixture) of the basic technique for molding objects in liquid rubber--a method for making minutely detailed replicas of small and intricate surfaces and a method for quickly filling undercuts and building up mold thickness--have proved exceedingly useful in research.
Determinants of Urban Migrant Indian Wages

A variety of factors in the background experience of 259 male Navajo Indian migrants to Denver, Colorado are explored in relation to their starting wages in the city. Major determinants are years of education beyond ten, highest wage earned prior to migration, whether the migrant had received skilled vocational training, whether he was married, and whether his father had spent a majority of his time as a wage-laborer. No economic indices of the state of the job market at the time of the migrant's arrival in Denver bore any relationship to his starting wages, although it is speculated that differential employer attitudes toward Indians as well as the varying skills of BIA job placement officers are probably important external variables. The analysis serves to illustrate the flexibility possible in the use of multiple regression as an analytic technique. Although based in a linear, additive model, multiple regression can handle nonlinear relationships and interaction effects through the creation of new vari...
BONDING IN CARBIDES, SILICIDES, AND BORIDES

The hypothesis that many of the properties of the transition metal, their alloys, and their compounds can be understood in terms of a relationship between the co-ordination of the metal atoms and the number of bonding electrons per atom, is applied to the carbides, silicides, and borides of the transition metals of Groups IVA, VA, and VIA. The crystal structure and stability of the carbides can be satisfactorily explained on the basis of electron concentration, but a complete understanding of the bonding in the silicides and borides is more difficult. In the silicides the metal–silicon bonding, which is metallic in character, becomes of increasing importance as the silicon content is increased, and in the disilicides no direct metal–metal bonding remains. The ability of boron to form strong boron–boron bonds is important in the borides, and the metal–metal co-ordination would appear to be of only secondary importance. The practical significance of the principles put forward is discussed.
Electron-stimulated reactions at the interfaces of amorphous solid water films driven by long-range energy transfer from the bulk.

The electron-stimulated production of ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ from amorphous solid ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ deposited on Pt(111) is investigated as a function of film thickness. The ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ yield has two components that have distinct reaction kinetics. Using isotopically layered films of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ demonstrates that the ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ is produced in reactions that occur at both the Pt/amorphous solid water (ASW) interface and the ASW/vacuum interface, but not in the bulk. The energy for the reactions, however, is absorbed in the bulk of the films and electronic excitations diffuse to the interfaces where they drive the reactions.
Reciprocal regulation of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in mammalian skeletal muscle.

Abstract Developmental regulation, from the fetal period to 11 months of age, and the influence of denervation on the appearance and disappearance of the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuchE) in rat skeletal muscle were examined. The enzyme forms were extracted from anterior tibialis in 0.01 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 1 N NaCl, 0.01 M EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, and a cocktail of antiproteases, and analyzed by velocity sedimentation on 5–20% linear sucrose gradients. Three principal forms, denoted by sedimentation coefficients of 4, 10.8, and 16 S, were observed in muscle from all age groups. The amounts of each of the molecular forms of AchE and BuchE in skeletal muscle exhibited distinct and reciprocal patterns of appearance and disappearance during pre- and postnatal development. In tissue derived from animals less than 2 weeks of age, BuchE represented the predominant component of activity in the 4 S form, was present equally with AchE in the 10.8 S form, and was subordinate to AchE in the 16 S form. Between 1 and 2 weeks of age a progressive increase in AchE activities coincident with a reduction in BuchE activities resulted in inversion in the amounts of the two enzymes present in adult muscle. Denervation of muscle caused a dramatic reduction in the presence of AchE molecular forms with no discernable influence on the presence of BuchE molecular forms. These results indicate that biosynthesis of BuchE is strictly regulated in a reciprocal manner with that of AchE, and that BuchE metabolism is independent of the state of muscle innervation. Increased synthesis of AchE and either reduced synthesis or increased degradation of BuchE can account for the reciprocal regulation of these enzymes. These characteristics of mammalian muscle contrast sharply with characteristics deduced for avian tissue (Silman et al. (1979) Nature (London 280, 160–162) . The innervation-independent metabolism of BuchE and the diverse modes of its regulation in different tissue from different species signify that BuchE function may be unrelated to cholinergic neurotransmission.
From Dreams to Dollars: Joining the Theory of Planning with the Practicality of Budget to Maximize Both

The integrated online planning and budget development system at Baton Rouge Community College is an innovative approach to systematically link college strategic priorities and unit plan objectives with financial resources. Using two industry standards (Microsoft Access and Sungard Banner), a user-friendly program was developed that has facilitated input and feedback from all levels. This has successfully closed the gap often found between the two critical institutional functions of planning and budgeting.
The Relationship Between Measures of Physical Growth and Gross Motor Performance of Primary-Grade School Children

(1951). The Relationship Between Measures of Physical Growth and Gross Motor Performance of Primary-Grade School Children. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 244-260.
THE THOUGHT AND TALK OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM: REFLECTIONS ON IAN HACKING

Abstract: Ian Hacking proposes that ways of talking about autistic experience can shape, or even transform, what it is like to be autistic. I explore the grounds for two nonexclusive interpretations of this thesis. The informative interpretation holds that, because nonautistics cannot read mental states into autistic behaviour as they normally do with one another, autistic self-narratives give nonautistics unique insights into what it is like to be autistic. This in turn affects how nonautistics interact with autistic individuals, enriching their social environment in various ways. The more radical, transformative interpretation holds that autistic experience is itself moulded under the influence of developing a language-game for talking about autistic experience. I endorse both theses, albeit with some cautionary remarks.
A preliminary investigation of the long-term outcome of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to conduct a preliminary examination of long-term outcomes on a broad range of affective disorder symptoms treated with a newly developed intervention: The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP). Method Maintenance of treatment gains at long-term follow-up (LTFU) were explored in patients (N = 15, mean age = 32.27; 60% female) who completed a clinical trial of the UP. Results Treatment gains observed at 6-month follow-up (6MFU) on measures of clinical severity, general symptoms of depression and anxiety, and a measure of symptom interference in daily functioning were largely maintained 12 months later (at an average of 18 months posttreatment), and any significant changes from 6MFU to LTFU reflected small increases in symptoms that remained, on average, in the subclinical range. Conclusions These findings provide the first initial support for the durability of broad treatment gains following transdiagnostic treatment.
Age changes and correlates of internal-external locus of control scale

A key variable in Rotter's (1954) social learning theory is generalized expectancy for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Internal control refers to the belief that reinforcement follows, or is a result of, each person's own actions. External control refers to the expectation that reinforcement occurs as a result of luck, chance, or through control of others. A developmental hypothesis emerges; viz., associated with increasing mastery. there should be concomitant increment in a child's feelinm that evens are under . . his control and a decrease in the generalized view that events are a product of chance. This hypothesis was investigated by means of the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Bialer, 1961), a questionnaire purporting to measure generalized expectanq for success and failure. The scale was administered to five groups of children, 7- to ll-yr.old, distributed in a 5 X 2 x 2 factorial design (Ages x Sex X Examiners). Ss were of average intelligence; main effects and interactions were not significant. Children came from middle-income families (judged by fathers' occupations) and attended parochial schools. Task administration followed standardized instructions, Es reading each of 23 statements aloud and recording Ss' yes-no choices. The scale was sixth in a battery of nine experimental tasks, including inkblots, word associates, object-sortings, and category-width ~references. Results were evaluated by analysis of variance, vend analysis, and intercorrelations. Findings were consonant with the developmental hypothesis. Means increased with age; only linear trend component attained significance (F = 6.80, df = 1/76, p < .05). Neither Examiner nor Subject Sex differences were found. Significant intercorrelations were computed for chronological age (r = -27, df = 1/99, p < .O1) and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test mental ages (7 = .26, df = 1/99, p < .01). Significant intercorrelations were found among object-sorting measures; positive correlations with McGaughran's (1954) Open-public sortings (r = .24, df = 1/99, p < .02) and Rapaport's (1945) Functional sortings (r = .21, df = 1/99, p < .05) and negative correlations with Concrete sorting~ (r = -.21, df = 1/99, p < .O5). Among word associates, negative correlations were found for reaction time (r = -.22, df = 1/99, p < .05) and positive correlations with Moran's (1966) Object-referent word associates (T = .28, df = 1/99, p < .01). This pattern of correlations indicated a significant relationship between levels of verbal abstracrion and internal-external control, specifically that children employing verbally mature abstractions tended also to be higher in generalized expectancy that reinforcement occurs as a result of one's own actions.
Tsunami Generated by the Late Bronze Age Eruption of Thera (Santorini), Greece

—Tsunami were generated during the Late Bronze Age (LBA) eruption of the island of Thera, in the southern Aegean Sea, by both caldera collapse, and by the entry of pyroclastic surges/flows and lahars/debris flows into the sea. Tsunami generated by caldera collapse propagated to the west producing deep-sea sedimentary deposits in the eastern Mediterranean Sea known as homogenites; open-ocean wave heights of about 1.9–17 m are estimated. Tsunami generated by the entry of pyroclastic flows/surges and lahars/debris flows into the sea propagated in all directions around the island; wave heights along coastal areas were about 7–12 m as estimated from newly identified tsunami deposits on eastern Thera as well as from pumice deposits found at archaeological sites on northern and eastern Crete.
Electronic state and optical response of a semiconductor quantum dot lattice embedded in an organic host

Abstract We investigate a new hybrid exciton state which arises when a regular array of semiconductor quantum dots is placed in a molecular organic medium. The multipolar interaction of excitons in different dots form a type of Wannier–Mott exciton transfering among the dot array. Then a new eigenstate arises owing to strong dipole–dipole coupling of these Wannier excitons of the dots and the Frenkel excitons of the organic molecules. The new state has a large oscillator strength (Frenkel-like) and a large exciton Bohr radius (Wannier-like). Strong enhancement of linear and nonlinear optical responses occurs. Numerical estimates are made for ZnSe dots in a typical organic host.
GROWTH OF PRETERM (PT) INFANTS FED SIMILAC NEOCARE® OR SIMILAC® WITH IRON (SWI) AFTER HOSPITAL DISCHARGE † 1362

GROWTH OF PRETERM (PT) INFANTS FED SIMILAC NEOCARE® OR SIMILAC® WITH IRON (SWI) AFTER HOSPITAL DISCHARGE † 1362
Ground state properties of the dilute gas model of an interacting dilute mixture of fermions in a bose gas

Abstract In the dilute gas model the ground state energy of a dilute mixture of Fermions in a Bose gas is calculated to first order in the gas parameter and second order in the Fermion concentration. Fermi liquid parameters and forward scattering amplitudes are obtained, and the criterion for stability against a phase separation is discussed.
The roles of the RAG1 and RAG2 “non-core” regions in V(D)J recombination and lymphocyte development

The enormous repertoire of the vertebrate specific immune system relies on the rearrangement of discrete gene segments into intact antigen receptor genes during the early stages of B-and T-cell development. This V(D)J recombination is initiated by a lymphoid-specific recombinase comprising the RAG1 and RAG2 proteins, which introduces double-strand breaks in the DNA adjacent to the coding segments. Much of the biochemical research into V(D)J recombination has focused on truncated or “core” fragments of RAG1 and RAG2, which lack approximately one third of the amino acids from each. However, genetic analyses of SCID and Omenn syndrome patients indicate that residues outside the cores are essential to normal immune development. This is in agreement with the striking degree of conservation across all vertebrate classes in certain non-core domains. Work from multiple laboratories has shed light on activities resident within these domains, including ubiquitin ligase activity and KPNA1 binding by the RING finger domain of RAG1 and the recognition of specific chromatin modifications as well as phosphoinositide binding by the PHD module of RAG2. In addition, elements outside of the cores are necessary for regulated protein expression and turnover. Here the current state of knowledge is reviewed regarding the non-core regions of RAG1 and RAG2 and how these findings contribute to our broader understanding of recombination.
Mechanisms of Primary Operative Failure and Results of Remedial Operation in Patients with Chronic Pancreatitis

Resection and drainage operations achieve long-term pain relief in approximately 85% of patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). In patients who develop recurrent pain, a few data exist on the long-term results of remedial operations. Over an 18-year period (1988–2006), 316 patients with CP had primary resection or drainage operations at our institution. Thirty-nine developed recurrent pain and were treated by a remedial resection or drainage operation. Patient demographics, time to symptom recurrence, radiographic anatomic abnormalities, type of remedial operation, postoperative morbidity, and long-term outcomes were analyzed. Thirty-nine patients, 56% female with a mean age of 41 years (range 16–61 years) had either remedial resection: total pancreatectomy (TP; N = 8), pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD; N = 6), distal pancreatectomy (DP; N = 5), or drainage operation: duodenal preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR; N = 8), revision of pancreaticojejunostomy (N = 12). TP achieved pain relief in 88% with postoperative complications greater than or equal to grade III in 38% and diabetes in 100%. Drainage operations achieved pain relief in 67% of patients with postoperative complications greater than or equal to grade III in only 8%. Partial parenchymal resections (DPPHR, PD, DP) as a remedial procedure achieved pain relief <50% of the time. Drainage procedures, when anatomically feasible, are the preferred reoperation to treat patients with recurrent pain after failed primary operation for chronic pancreatitis.
A Late Miocene acceleration of exhumation in the Himalayan crystalline core

Unraveling the relative roles of erosion and tectonics in shaping the modern topography of active orogens requires datasets documenting spatial and temporal patterns of exhumation, surface uplift and climatic forcing throughout orogenic growth. Here we report the results of biotite 40 Ar/ 39 Ar incremental heating and single-grain laser-fusion experiments from a nearly vertical, ∼1000 m age-elevation transect in the central Nepalese Himalaya. Age-elevation relationships constructed from these data suggest very slow cooling in this part of the Himalayan crystalline core during the Early Miocene, accelerating to only moderate rates at ∼10 Ma. If we assume purely vertical exhumation and a steady-state thermal structure, the exhumation rates implied by these data are ≪0.1 mm/yr prior to 10 Ma and ∼0.5 mm/yr from ∼10–7 Ma. The acceleration in cooling rate at 10 Ma requires a change in kinematics that may be linked to large-scale changes in climate, or to more local tectonic perturbations. Although we do not presently have enough data to assess the relative roles of regional vs. local drivers, these data provide a new constraint on exhumation through the Miocene that must be honored by any model of Himalayan evolution. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Zinc analysis in human skin by laser induced-breakdown spectroscopy.

Abstract The feasibility of using laser induced-breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a quick and simple method to analyze trace elemental concentrations in the stratum corneum of human skin was investigated. A 60 mJ pulse−1 Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm was used to form the laser induced plasma. Zinc was chosen for this study. By using poly-(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) solution to coat the slides, zinc standard solutions were dispersed on the slides with the help of a centrifuge. The percent of R.S.D. of the dispersed area size obtained from 17 measurements was 6%. The precision from intra-measurements (precision on one slide) and inter-measurements (precision between slides) was 4–8% and less than 1%, respectively. A calibration curve with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.998 and a detection limit of 0.3 ng cm−2 were obtained. An aqueous zinc solution or zinc ointment was deposited on the biceps area of the forearms of several volunteers for a time period of 30 min and 2.75 h. Six skin layers of 2–3 μm each in thickness were then removed using cyanoacrylate glue without causing any pain for the volunteers. The results indicated that Zn was absorbed through the skin and the concentration decreased exponentially with depth into the skin. The results indicate that LIBS is a useful tool for trace elemental analysis in human skin.
Characterization of thermorheological behavior of Alaska pollock and Pacific whiting surimi

: Thermorheological behavior of Alaska pollock (AP) and Pacific whiting (PW) surimi was evaluated during gelation at different moisture contents (80% to 95%). The temperature sweep data (storage modulus, G′, compared with temperature) for both surimi clearly indicated G’ minima. Unlike for the PW surimi, the minimum values of the AP surimi was moisture-content dependent and there was a linear relationship between logarithm of concentration and reciprocal absolute temperature at gelation. The activation energy (Ea) for aggregation after gelation temperature at each moisture content was calculated by a nonisothermal kinetic model for both AP and PW Surimi. The Ea values increased with moisture content of the system and ranged from 172.8 to 232.9 kJ/mol. Based on the assumption that melting temperature for a thermo-reversible gel may be considered equivalent to gelation temperature for thermo-irreversible gels, an Arrhenius-type model was used to estimate the enthalpy of cross-links formation for AP surimi to be 300.3 kJ/mol.
Models for the solution state structure of the (6-4) photoproduct of thymidylyl-(3'----5')-thymidine derived via a distance- and angle-constrained conformation search procedure.

The further spectroscopic analysis and molecular modeling of the recently reported (6–4) photoproduct of thymidylyl-(3′ 5′)-thymidine is described. Three-hundred megahertz equilibrium difference nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectra were obtained for the four proton singlets of the molecule, two of which have uncovered previously unreported NOEs between the TpH3′ proton and the TpH6 and pT methyl protons. Torsion angle and interproton distance information was derived from coupling constants, difference NOE data, and molecular mechanics calculations. This information, along with softened van der Waals calculations and ring-closure constraints, was used to constrain conformation searches utilizing the SYBYL molecular modeling program subroutine SEARCH. Sets of angles derived from the ring-search procedure were then used to construct three structures whose geometries were optimized by the energy minimization subroutines MAXIMIN and SIMPLEX. One-, two-, and three-state models composed of these three structures are proposed for the solution state structure of the (6–4) product. These models are energetically sound and are consistent with the nmr data. The three derived structures are also compared to B-form TpT.
Diagonal neglect on cancellation

Abstract Patients with right hemisphere injury frequently neglect to cancel targets primarily in the left part of the page nearest the body. Since this region is diagonally opposite the area from where such patients usually begin cancelling, near left (‘diagonal’) neglect may be consequent to stimulus order effects (‘fatigue’). We evaluated the persistence of near left neglect in nine stroke patients when they had to cancel either the near or the far half of the page before proceeding to the other half. Our results showed that near left neglect on the page was largely unaffected by cancellation order. Furthermore, a near left gradient of omissions was established within both radial (near and far) halves of the page, as well as for the entire page. Our findings suggest that diagonal cancellation neglect is unrelated to fatigue and reflects a consistent, two-dimensional disorder of spatial attention. Such neglect may be related to the extent of the visible stimulus array, as well as to the array's location in egocentric space.
Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: A Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism

The link between Islam and terrorism became a central media concern following September 11, resulting in new rounds of "culture talk. This talk has turned religious experience into a political category, differentiating 'good Muslims" from "bad Muslims, rather than terrorists from civilians. The implication is undisguised: Whether in Afghanistan, Palestine, or Pakistan, Islam must be quarantined and the devil must be exorcized from it by a civil war between good Muslims and bad Muslims. This article suggests that we lift the quarantine and turn the cultural theory of politics on its head. Beyond the simple but radical suggestion that if there are good Muslims and bad Muslims, there must also be good Westerners and bad Westerners, I question the very tendency to read Islamist politics as an effect of Islamic civilization—whether good or bad—and Western power as an effect of Western civilization. Both those politics and that power are born of an encounter, and neither can be understood outside of the history of that encounter. Cultural explanations of political outcomes tend to avoid history and issues. Thinking of individuals from "traditional" cultures in authentic and original terms, culture talk dehistoricizes the construction of political identities. This article places the terror of September 11 in a historical and political context. Rather than a residue of a premodern culture in modern politics, terrorism is best understood as a modern construction. Even when it harnesses one or another aspect of tradition and culture, the result is a modern ensemble at the service of a modern project. [Keywords: Muslims, culture talk, Islamist politics, political identities, terrorism]
The effect of magnesium sulfate on the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in fetal cord plasma and human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Objective Clinical evidence suggests that magnesium sulfate may reduce the risk of fetal neurologic injury in preterm delivery. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels are elevated in preterm labor patients. There is evidence that MMP-9 may break down the blood-brain barrier in humans, causing cytokine mediated cell injury. Our objective was to determine whether the addition of magnesium sulfate attenuates activity of MMP-9, a complex zinc-dependent enzyme, in fetal cord plasma. Study Design We collected cord plasma in 6 term, unlabored patients. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we measured the activity of MMP-9 with varying concentrations of magnesium sulfate added in vitro. Results were verified using a human umbilical cord vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) line. Results Addition of physiologic doses of magnesium sulfate (0.07 mg/mL) resulted in a 25% decrease in active MMP-9 (P = .03). In a HUVEC line, magnesium sulfate resulted in a 32% decrease in MMP-9 activity (P = .00012). Conclusion The addition of magnesium sulfate attenuated MMP-9 activity in cord plasma and in a HUVEC line.
Young smokers’ views of genetic susceptibility testing for lung cancer risk: minding unintended consequences

Assessment of smokers’ responses to individualized feedback of genetic susceptibility has shown little or no influence on smoking cessation outcomes. One explanation is that smokers may be having unintended responses that undermine the feedback’s motivational impact (e.g., fatalism or downplaying risk). In preparation for a large randomized trial with college smokers, we conducted a qualitative pilot study to explore smokers’ motives for genetic testing and how these motives might influence interpretation of genetic risk feedback. Prior to reviewing informational materials describing a test for the glutathione S-transferase M1 gene, 33 college smokers (18 to 21 years) participated in a 30-min, semistructured, open-ended interview regarding their attitudes on health risks, genetic testing in general, genetic testing for lung cancer risk, and informational needs regarding genetics and genetic testing for lung cancer risk. Two central themes emerged from an analysis of the interviews: general impressions of genetic testing and perceived value of genetic testing. Prominent in the second theme was the finding that genetic risk feedback may be unsuccessful in motivating quitting (a) due to skepticism about genetic tests, (b) participants dismissing genetic feedback as personally irrelevant, and (c) participants receiving low-risk results justifying continued smoking in light of public health messages that “it’s never too late to quit.” These findings require careful consideration among health professionals looking to genetic risk feedback as a vehicle to motivate disease prevention or behavior change.
Extremal continua: A class of non-separating subcontinua

Abstract The notion of a terminal continuum, as defined by D.E. Bennett and J.B. Fugate, is used to introduce extremal continua, a class of non-separating subcontinua of a continuum. An extremal continuum can be characterized as a proper subcontinuum Y of a metric continuum X with the property that Y contains a point of irreducibility of each irreducible subcontinuum of X that meets Y . If Y is an extremal subcontinuum of X , then Y does not separate any subcontinuum of X containing Y ; moreover, if Y is a proper subcontinuum of X and Y does not cut any subcontinuum of X containing Y , then Y is extremal in X .
Microvascularity in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The vascular density of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has not been characterized. Previously we reported vessel density (vv/mm2) in prostatic carcinoma was twice that of normal prostate [Bigler et al.: Hum Pathol 24:220–226 1993]. To further characterize vessel density in benign prostate tissue we examined 15 cases of BPH obtained by open prostatectomy. Vessels were stained with antibodies to Factor VII-related antigen, and vessel density was measured using computer-assisted image analysis. Vessel density was analyzed between various histologic tissue types. Mean vessel density in all transition zone tissue was 70.2 vv/mm2. Vessel density in epithelial hyperplastic nodules (mean 99.3, SD 40.7) exhibited density levels similar to those found in prostatic carcinoma (mean 101.4, SD 35.6). Vessel density in epithelial nodules was significantly higher than in non-nodular epithelial tissue (mean 76.7, SD 23.1; P < 0.001, ratio = 1.3). Higher vessel densities were found in hypercellular stromal nodules (mean 64.7, SD 19.1) than in adjacent stromal areas (mean 36.5, SD 15.3; P < 0.001, ratio = 1.8). Overall, vessel density in BPH was higher than previously found in benign tissue measured in radical prostatectomy specimens, especially in areas of nodular morphology.
InsPecT: identification of posttranslationally modified peptides from tandem mass spectra.

Reliable identification of posttranslational modifications is key to understanding various cellular regulatory processes. We describe a tool, InsPecT, to identify posttranslational modifications using tandem mass spectrometry data. InsPecT constructs database filters that proved to be very successful in genomics searches. Given an MS/MS spectrum S and a database D, a database filter selects a small fraction of database D that is guaranteed (with high probability) to contain a peptide that produced S. InsPecT uses peptide sequence tags as efficient filters that reduce the size of the database by a few orders of magnitude while retaining the correct peptide with very high probability. In addition to filtering, InsPecT also uses novel algorithms for scoring and validating in the presence of modifications, without explicit enumeration of all variants. InsPecT identifies modified peptides with better or equivalent accuracy than other database search tools while being 2 orders of magnitude faster than SEQUEST, ...
Effect of nonviral factors on hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation.

Four million Americans are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), a prevalence double that of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B (HBV) combined.1 Of patients with chronic infection, 20% will progress to cirrhosis over 10 to 20 years, making HCV the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States, the major cause of hepatocellular cancer, and the leading indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).2–4 Risk factors for disease progression include age, obesity, alcohol intake, and coinfection with HBV and/or HIV.5 HCV virologic factors, including recognition of 6 genotypes with over 100 subtypes, do not appear to contribute to progression but do affect response to therapy.6 Unfortunately, recurrence of HCV infection in the allograft is immediate and universal after OLT.7 However, the natural history of recurrent HCV disease after OLT is variable, with approximately 20% of recipients progressing to graft cirrhosis within 5 years of transplant.8 Overall, HCV disease is more aggressive in OLT recipients than in patients whose immunity is intact.9 Enhanced disease progression is multifactorial and probably depends upon interactions among host, donor, viral, and external factors, although these relationships remain controversial and poorly defined. Recent reports suggesting that grafts from living related donors fare worse than those from unrelated cadaver donors in HCV recipients have implied an immunologic role as well.10 The diagnosis of recurrent HCV disease, as opposed to reinfection, is based on biochemical graft dysfunction and histologic findings on liver biopsy. Recent data suggest that the frequency and severity of HCV disease recurrence after OLT are accelerating.11–13 This is an ominous finding, given that retransplantation for recurrent HCV has significantly worse outcome than primary OLT in most recipients.9 Identifying recipients at risk for rapid recurrence would be especially helpful when considering treatment with the currently available antiviral agents either as prophylaxis or therapy. Most studies examining HCV recurrence have focused on viral characteristics, while little is published on the impact of host, donor, or perioperative factors. Interestingly, in the much larger immunocompetent population with HCV infection, the most powerful predictors of disease severity are those related to the host, while viral factors such as genotype and HCV RNA level have been shown to play a lesser role in determining outcome. We have previously examined nonviral factors that contribute to overall patient and graft survival in OLT for HCV.14 The present study was undertaken to determine whether these factors might contribute specifically to rapid HCV recurrence following OLT.