cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ku-band additive manufactured multilayer dielectric rod waveguide

A multilayer dielectric rod waveguide (DRW) is designed for operation at an extended Ku-band from 10 to 18 GHz. The proposed design is fully developed and fabricated by using additive manufacturing technologies, particularly fused deposition modeling (FDM). The multilayer DRW is formed by a medium-Λ dielectric core printed with a custom-made ceramic composite and a low permittivity ABS cladding. Both materials are compatible with FDM. Device performance is measured with and without the presence of the low permittivity cladding. The insertion loss of the multi-layer DRW is less than 0.012 dB/mm and the attenuation due to each waveguide feed transition falls within 0.29 to 0.98 dB in the entire frequency range. Additionally, the presence of the cladding extends the 1 dB cut-off frequency by 2 GHz, thus improving the 1dB operational bandwidth by 50 %.
Special Issue: Designing Learning Environments for Equitable Disciplinary Identification

This special issue is focused on investigating the role of learners’ self-identification with disciplinary endeavors (e.g., science-related investigations, interpretations of historical events) in ...
SYNTHESIS OF III-V SEMICONDUCTOR PARTICLES FROM ORGANOMETALLIC PRECURSORS

Reaction of the organometallic precursor molecules {[(CH3)3SiCH2]2In-P[Si(CH3)3]2}2 and {[(CH3)3SiCH2]2In-As[Si(CH3)3]2}2 with methanol yielded substantially pure precipitates of the III-V semiconductors InP and InAs. Addition of phenylphosphine or phenylarsine to the reaction mixtures effected “capping” of the growing semiconductor clusters, producing stable and soluble nanoclusters with organic surface groups, e.g. [(CH3)3SiCH2In] x[InP]y[PPh]z. Blue shifted absorption onsets in the optical spectra led to estimated cluster diameters of 55 A (InP) and 64 A (InAs). The nanoclusters as prepared were amorphous; however, they crystallized upon heating. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction have been used to characterize the crystallization process. Typical crystallization temperatures were close to 300°C and the associated activation energies ranged from 170 to 240 kJ/mol.
Tenwen: The Reengineering of a Computing Environment

In the summer of 1992, the computing environment at the College of Computer Science of Northeastern University was completely dysfunctional. Among other things, the network was down over 25 percent of the time, the computers and software were badly misconfigured, the users were confused, and it was nearly impossible to administer. It was on the verge of collapse. Now, two years later, the situation is entirely reversed. The network is up well over 99 percent of the time, the computers and software are easily managed, and the users are (for the most part) satisfied. Many people have stated that it is the nicest and most functional computing environment they've ever used. This paper is an overview of the key changes that we made and the methodology that we used in bringing about this transformation. I examine the lessons we learned as well as the mistakes we made, and offer advice to others starting with a similar predicament.
Versatile and on-demand biologics co-production in yeast

Current limitations to on-demand drug manufacturing can be addressed by technologies that streamline manufacturing processes. Combining the production of two or more drugs into a single batch could not only be useful for research, clinical studies, and urgent therapies but also effective when combination therapies are needed or where resources are scarce. Here we propose strategies to concurrently produce multiple biologics from yeast in single batches by multiplexing strain development, cell culture, separation, and purification. We demonstrate proof-of-concept for three biologics co-production strategies: (i) inducible expression of multiple biologics and control over the ratio between biologic drugs produced together; (ii) consolidated bioprocessing; and (iii) co-expression and co-purification of a mixture of two monoclonal antibodies. We then use these basic strategies to produce drug mixtures as well as to separate drugs. These strategies offer a diverse array of options for on-demand, flexible, low-cost, and decentralized biomanufacturing applications without the need for specialized equipment.
A diverse mammal-dominated, footprint assemblage from wetland deposits in the Lower Cretaceous of Maryland.

A newly discovered assemblage of predominantly small tracks from the Cretaceous Patuxent Formation at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, reveals one of the highest track densities and diversities ever reported (~70 tracks, representing at least eight morphotypes from an area of only ~2 m2). The assemblage is dominated by small mammal tracks including the new ichnotxon Sederipes goddardensis, indicating sitting postures. Small crow-sized theropod trackways, the first from this unit, indicate social trackmakers and suggest slow-paced foraging behavior. Tracks of pterosaurs, and other small vertebrates suggest activity on an organic-rich substrate. Large well-preserved sauropod and nodosaurs tracks indicate the presence of large dinosaurs. The Patuxent Formation together with the recently reported Angolan assemblage comprise the world’s two largest Mesozoic mammal footprint assemblages. The high density of footprint registration at the NASA site indicates special preservational and taphonomic conditions. These include early, penecontemporaneous deposition of siderite in organic rich, reducing wetland settings where even the flesh of body fossils can be mummified. Thus, the track-rich ironstone substrates of the Patuxent Formation, appear to preserve a unique vertebrate ichnofacies, with associated, exceptionally-preserved body fossil remains for which there are currently no other similar examples preserved in the fossil record.
Comparison of the oral microbiome in mouthwash and whole saliva samples

Population-based epidemiologic studies can provide important insight regarding the role of the microbiome in human health and disease. Buccal cells samples using commercial mouthwash have been obtained in large prospective cohorts for the purpose of studying human genomic DNA. We aimed to better understand if these mouthwash samples are also a valid resource for the study of the oral microbiome. We collected one saliva sample and one Scope mouthwash sample from 10 healthy subjects. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes from both types of samples were amplified, sequenced, and assigned to bacterial taxa. We comprehensively compared these paired samples for bacterial community composition and individual taxonomic abundance. We found that mouthwash samples yielded similar amount of bacterial DNA as saliva samples (p from Student's t-test for paired samples = 0.92). Additionally, the paired samples had similar within sample diversity (p from = 0.33 for richness, and p = 0.51 for Shannon index), and clustered as pairs for diversity when analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis. No significant difference was found in the paired samples with respect to the taxonomic abundance of major bacterial phyla, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria (FDR adjusted q values from Wilcoxin signed-rank test = 0.15, 0.15, 0.87, 1.00 and 0.15, respectively), and all identified genera, including genus Streptococcus (q = 0.21), Prevotella (q = 0.25), Neisseria (q = 0.37), Veillonella (q = 0.73), Fusobacterium (q = 0.19), and Porphyromonas (q = 0.60). These results show that mouthwash samples perform similarly to saliva samples for analysis of the oral microbiome. Mouthwash samples collected originally for analysis of human DNA are also a resource suitable for human microbiome research.
Why CEOs File Bankruptcy in Delaware

During the 1990s Delaware received more large bankruptcy filings than the six next most active bankruptcy courts combined. Interestingly, firms reorganized in Delaware perform more poorly than firms reorganized elsewhere raising the important question of why so many managers choose to file in a venue where the firm is likely to be sub-optimally reorganized and perform more poorly upon emergence. One reason for the increased filings is that CEOs who file in Delaware significantly improve their career prospects relative to CEOs who file elsewhere.
Situ: Identifying and Explaining Suspicious Behavior in Networks

Despite the best efforts of cyber security analysts, networked computing assets are routinely compromised, resulting in the loss of intellectual property, the disclosure of state secrets, and major financial damages. Anomaly detection methods are beneficial for detecting new types of attacks and abnormal network activity, but such algorithms can be difficult to understand and trust. Network operators and cyber analysts need fast and scalable tools to help identify suspicious behavior that bypasses automated security systems, but operators do not want another automated tool with algorithms they do not trust. Experts need tools to augment their own domain expertise and to provide a contextual understanding of suspicious behavior to help them make decisions. In this paper we present Situ, a visual analytics system for discovering suspicious behavior in streaming network data. Situ provides a scalable solution that combines anomaly detection with information visualization. The system's visualizations enable operators to identify and investigate the most anomalous events and IP addresses, and the tool provides context to help operators understand why they are anomalous. Finally, operators need tools that can be integrated into their workflow and with their existing tools. This paper describes the Situ platform and its deployment in an operational network setting. We discuss how operators are currently using the tool in a large organization's security operations center and present the results of expert reviews with professionals.
Symptomatic high-risk congenital coronary anomaly

Anomalous coronary arteries are rare entities with certain categories being potentially malignant with the risk of sudden cardiac death. We present two cases of the highest risk variant consisting of an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva traversing between the aorta and pulmonary artery leading to recurrent syncope and chest pain in middle-aged patients.
On the internal flow of a ventilated supercavity

This study presents an experimental investigation on the internal flow of a ventilated supercavity using fog flow visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The ventilated supercavity is generated on a backward-facing cavitator and studied in the high-speed water tunnel at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory. Fog particles are introduced into the supercavity through the ventilation line, and then illuminated by a laser sheet for flow visualizations and PIV measurements. The experiments are performed on the supercavities with two closure types, i.e. the re-entrant jet (RJ) and the twin vortex (TV), under the same water tunnel flow condition but different ventilation rates. The flow visualization revealed three distinct regions within the supercavity, including the ventilation influence region near the cavitator, the extended internal boundary layer along the liquid–gas interface and the reverse flow region occupying a large centre portion of the supercavity. The streamwise and vertical extent of the ventilation influence region, the streamwise growth of the internal boundary layer and the reverse flow within the supercavity are then quantified through PIV flow measurements. Compared to the RJ case, the results indicate that the TV supercavity yields a longer vertical extent of the ventilation influence region, a thinner internal boundary layer and a stronger reverse flow. The internal flow results suggest that at the upstream of the location of the maximum cavity diameter, the gas enters the forward flow (including the internal boundary layer and the forward moving portion of the ventilation influence region) from the reverse flow, while at the downstream of that location, the gas is stripped from the internal boundary layer and enters the reverse flow due to the increasing adverse pressure gradient in the streamwise direction. The above results are combined with visualization results of the supercavity geometry and closure patterns to further explain the influence of gas leakage mechanisms on cavity growth and closure transition. Specifically, visualization of the cavity geometry change during the RJ to TV supercavity transition indicates external flow separation associated with a critical incline angle of the bottom liquid–gas interface at the closure contributes to the onset of RJ closure. The closure visualization shows the coexistence of the toroidal vortex and twin-vortex tubes for the RJ supercavity leads to two gas leakage mechanisms: one associated with the shedding of toroidal vortices ( associated with the widening of the twin-vortex tubes, and therefore, no appreciable elongation of cavity length is observed.
Epigenetics of Ciliates

Genetic studies of ciliated protozoa delivered some of the earliest evidence that epigenetic mechanisms play profound roles in determining phenotype. The nuclear dimorphism of these unconventional unicellular organisms has provided a rich context within which to uncover epigenetic mechanisms that regulate genome activities. Comparisons of the chromatin of the transcriptionally active somatic genome and the silent germline have revealed that histone modifications and specialized variants are important regulatory mechanisms, allowing homologous sequences to exist in different states. However, these genomes do not just differ in epigenetic characteristics; they have major structural differences, the result of developmentally programmed DNA rearrangements that occur during nuclear differentiation. These rearrangements eliminate between 15% and 95% of a ciliate's germline-derived DNA to create a streamlined genome that is devoid of most repetitive elements. More recent investigations have revealed that homologous noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and RNA interference mechanisms play essential roles in guiding these DNA rearrangements by mediating a comparison of the genome content of the current somatic genome to that in the germline. Continuing research into the process of DNA elimination in ciliates shows promise to provide new insights into the potential of ncRNAs to remodel genomes during development. Keywords: Nuclear dimorphism; Micronucleus (Mic); Macronucleus (Mac); Conjugation; Autogamy; Internal eliminated sequences (IESs); DNA elimination; Transposons; RNA interference; Heterochromatin
Articulating the Model

The transformation of healthcare envisioned by the Institute of Medicine in their “Quality Chasm” report has led to a great many changes in primary care, but the change required to make patients full partners in their care has yet to be achieved in most settings. There is a population of patients with complex health needs and trauma histories for whom this partnership is a requirement if they are to be able to develop the self-efficacy required to be effective at self-management of their health challenges. Using methods that are becoming more widely implemented such as OpenNotes, Solution-Focused Interviewing, Patient Activation language, and Patient-Centered Care Plans, a coherent model for addressing the needs of these patients can be described. It is Transparent, Empowering, Activation and Mutual: the T.E.A.M. Way.
Fear in Development

In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the development of fear across infancy and early childhood. First, we describe various theoretical accounts of emotion and their implications for studying fear across development. Next, we describe the perception of threat, including how infants and young children first come to recognize and differentiate a fearful face from other emotional expressions and when they begin to detect signals of threat in the environment. We then describe the developmental trajectory of fearful behavior starting with infancy. We discuss the most commonly experienced fears from infancy to adulthood and how these fears might be acquired. Finally, we describe the neurological underpinnings of fear learning throughout development and close with a few thoughts on future directions for studying fear over the life span.
Structure: The HOPE Framework

In this chapter, I provide an overview of the Enlightened Needs and Pursuit (ENP) paradigm derived from The Bubble Theory, and use it to organize core elements of cultures into four structural components. The ENP is an individual level paradigm that can be extended to aggregate levels of cultures. The diagram below is a modified version of the original diagram.
Determinants of a Consumer’s Intention to Consume Antioxidant-infused Sugar-free Chewing Gum: Measuring Taste, Attitude, and Health Consciousness

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to identify predictors of consumers’ intention to purchase antioxidant-infused sugar-free chewing gum for vascular health by utilizing the Value Attitude Behav...
Accuracy of Broiler Activity Index as Affected by Sampling Time Interval

Different time intervals between consecutive images have been used to determine broiler activity index (AI). However, the accuracy of broiler AI as affected by sampling time interval remains to be explored. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the sampling time interval (0.04, 0.2, 1, 10, 60, and 300 s) on the accuracy of broiler AI at different bird ages (1–7 weeks), locations (feeder, drinker, and open areas) and times of day (06:00–07:00 h, 12:00–13:00 h, and 18:00–19:00 h). A ceiling-mounted camera was used to capture top-view videos for broiler AI calculations. The results show that the sampling time interval of 0.04 s yielded the highest broiler AI because more bird motion details were captured at this short time interval. The broiler AIs at longer time intervals were 1–99% of that determined at the 0.04-s interval. The broiler AI at 0.2-s interval showed an acceptable accuracy with 80% less computational resources. Broiler AI decreased as birds aged but increased after week 4 at the drinker area. Broiler AI was the highest at the open area for weeks 1–4 and at the feeder and drinker areas for weeks 5–7. It is concluded that the accuracy of broiler AI was significantly affected by sampling time intervals. Broiler AI in commercial housing showed both temporal and spatial variations.
Cost and Treatment Characteristics of Sport-Related Knee Injuries Managed by Athletic Trainers: A Report From the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network.

CONTEXT Knee injuries are common during sport participation. However, little is known about the overall management and estimated direct costs of care associated with these injuries when under the care of athletic trainers. OBJECTIVE To describe the treatment characteristics and direct costs of care for athletic training services provided for patients with knee injuries. DESIGN Descriptive study. SETTING Ninety-five athletic training facilities across 24 states. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 117 athletic trainers (females = 56.4%, age = 29.4 ± 8.7 years, years certified = 4.7 ± 6.0, years employed at site = 1.6 ± 4.1). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Complete patient cases were identified using International Classification of Disease-10 diagnostic codes between 2009 and 2020. Summary statistics were calculated for patient demographics, treatment characteristics, and direct costs of care. Treatment characteristics included the type of athletic training service, duration, amount (eg, number of visits), and direct costs of care. RESULTS A total of 441 patient cases were included. The most common injuries reported were cruciate ligament sprain (18.1%, n = 80), medial collateral ligament sprain (15.4%, n = 68), and knee pain (14.1%, n = 62). Injuries occurred most frequently during football (35.4%, n = 156), basketball (14.7%, n = 65), and soccer (12.7%, n = 56). A total of 8484 athletic training services were recorded over 4254 visits, with therapeutic exercise (29.8%, n = 2530), hot or cold pack (25.8%, n = 2189), and therapeutic activities (11.2%, n = 954) being the most frequently reported services. The median duration of care was 23 days and number of visits was 8. The median total cost of care was $564 per injury and $73 per visit. CONCLUSIONS Patients with knee injuries demonstrated greater time loss than those with other lower extremity injuries. Thus, it is unsurprising that knee injuries were associated with a longer duration and higher cost of care than other lower extremity injuries such as ankle sprains. Future researchers should examine the effectiveness of common treatment strategies and aim to identify treatments that can reduce costs and improve patient outcomes.
Statistical data set for first-principles calculations of stacking fault energies in an AlNbTaTiV high entropy alloy.

Abstract High-entropy alloys (HEA), a new class of engineering alloy, are characterized by high concentrations of multiple main elements. These alloys have revealed a vast and largely unexplored compositional space that gives substantial promise for the discovery of new and interesting alloys and properties. In this data article, calculated data and applied inferential statistics are given for six structures related to the calculation of stacking fault energy in a refractory AlNbTaTiV BCC high-entropy alloy (HEA). Global populations of 120 atomic permutations of a special quasirandom structure are calculated for four of the six structures, and a complete statistical inference analysis is performed. Partial sample distributions are created for two of the six structures, and the trends and statistical parameters of the unknown global populations are predicted. The dataset refers to the research article “Stacking fault energies on the {112} planes of an AlNbTaTiV BCC high-entropy alloy from first-principles calculations, analyzed with inferential statistics” by Strother and Hargather [1].
Russian Industry: Production Capacity Assessment

The Russian industry has enough production capacity, according to data for 2018– 2019. More than 90% of producers have enough – or, in some cases, even more than enough – production capacity to meet the demand they expect. Not more than 10% of industrial enterprises are now faced with a production capacity deficit.
Direct Mercury Detection in Landfill Leachate Using a Novel AuNP-Biopolymer Carbon Screen-Printed Electrode Sensor

A novel Au nanoparticle (AuNP)-biopolymer coated carbon screen-printed electrode (SPE) sensor was developed through the co-electrodeposition of Au and chitosan for mercury (Hg) ion detection. This new sensor showed successful Hg2+ detection in landfill leachate using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) with an optimized condition: a deposition potential of −0.6 V, deposition time of 200 s, amplitude of 25 mV, frequency of 60 Hz, and square wave step voltage of 4 mV. A noticeable peak was observed at +0.58 V associated with the stripping current of the Hg ion. The sensor exhibited a good sensitivity of ~0.09 μA/μg (~0.02 μA/nM) and a linear response over the concentration range of 10 to 100 ppb (50–500 nM). The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.69 ppb, which is significantly lower than the safety limit defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The sensor had an excellent selective response to Hg2+ in landfill leachate against other interfering cations (e.g., Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+). Fifteen successive measurements with a stable peak current and a lower relative standard deviation (RSD = 5.1%) were recorded continuously using the AuNP-biopolymer-coated carbon SPE sensor, which showed excellent stability, sensitivity and reproducibility and consistent performance in detecting the Hg2+ ion. It also exhibited a good reliability and performance in measuring heavy metals in landfill leachate.
Machine Learning Meets Big Spatial Data (Revised)

The proliferation in amounts of generated data has propelled the rise of scalable machine learning solutions to efficiently analyze and extract useful insights from such data. Meanwhile, spatial data has become ubiquitous, e.g., GPS data, with increasingly sheer sizes in recent years. The applications of big spatial data span a wide spectrum of interests including tracking infectious disease, climate change simulation, drug addiction, among others. Consequently, major research efforts are exerted to support efficient analysis and intelligence inside these applications by either providing spatial extensions to existing machine learning solutions or building new solutions from scratch. In this 90-minutes seminar, we comprehensively review the state-of-the-art work in the intersection of machine learning and big spatial data. We cover existing research efforts and challenges in three major areas of machine learning, namely, data analysis, deep learning and statistical inference. We also discuss the existing end-to-end systems, and highlight open problems and challenges for future research in this area.
Design of nano-groove photonic crystal cavities in lithium niobate.

We propose a novel design of photonic-crystal nanobeam cavities in lithium niobate (LN) for both TE and TM modes, addressing problems associated with tilted sidewalls, which commonly result from dry etching. Using optimized periodical nano-groove structures, the proposed devices could achieve quality factors as high as 3.9×106 with a modal volume of 5.0 (λ/n)3. We also show that such a design is promising for applications in nonlinear optics by theoretically predicting the efficiencies for electro-optic modulation and second-harmonic generation. The proposed nano-groove structures and design rules could also be applied for other material platforms that possess tilted sidewalls.
AN APPROACH TO IMPROVED ELECTROPLATED PARTS QUALITY

The long term visual appearance of exterior chrome-plated parts is highly dependent on part designs and supplier performance. The use of numerous complex designs coupled with the pressures of competition has caused a statistically high percentage of parts to be manufactured which do not fully meet customer expectations. A coordinated approach to improve supplier performance and simplification of part designs was required. A task force was established to address these issues in 1980 and desirable results were achieved. The purpose of this paper is to describe an approach used by Ford Motor Company to improve quality of its chrome-plated exterior trim components.
Estimation of Hurricane Surge Hydrographs

Numerically integrated hydrodynamic equations of motion and continuity are used for computing the one-dimensional, nonlinear storm surge along the Texas Coast. This method employs the onshore and the alongshore wind stress components with a moving wind field over the continental shelf. Hurricanes Carla (1961), Audrey (1957), and the 1949 storm were used for calibration. Other storms were used to verify the method. Surge hydrographs are presented for several locations along the coast to show the effects of varying the standard project hurricane parameters.
Distributed learning algorithms for spectrum sharing in spatial random access networks

We consider distributed optimization over orthogonal collision channels in spatial multi-channel ALOHA networks. Users are spatially distributed and each user is in the interference range of a few other users. Each user is allowed to transmit over a subset of the shared channels with a certain attempt probability. We study both the non-cooperative and cooperative settings. In the former, the goal of each user is to maximize its own rate irrespective of the utilities of other users. In the latter, the goal is to achieve proportionally fair rates among users. We develop simple distributed learning algorithms to solve these problems. The efficiencies of the proposed algorithms are demonstrated via both theoretical analysis and simulation results.
Trace elements in nails as biomarkers in clinical research

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 41 (1): 98–102 Abstract Background The importance of trace elements in relation to human health has been increasingly recognized. Accurate and adequate quantification of trace elements are crucial in clinical research. Design This review was to discuss the rationale of using nail trace elements as biomarkers in clinical studies. Results For most trace elements, dietary instruments cannot appropriately capture the intakes because of the minimal amounts and wide variations in the same foods grown in different area as well as the nondietary exposures. Therefore, biomarkers may be essential in studying trace elements. Although there are notable differences among trace elements in the availability of biomarkers, increasing evidence supports that nails, particularly toenail concentrations of most trace elements, are useful biomarkers of exposure in which a single sample is assumed to represent long-term exposure. Conclusions Compared with other potential biomarkers of trace elements, nail measurement has certain advantages in clinical research.
O estudo da administração pública na Índia, Filipinas, Canadá e Austrália: a luta universal contra a colonização epistêmica, e para a assimilação crítica

14.00 The study of public administration has been characterized as a strong international focus, as both governments and scholars have sought to learn from the experience of other societies. While in a perfect world, one would expect a sort of pragmatic universalism, instead, many scholars tend to bring lessons from one country, or from a single cultural reality. This modest contribution lies in showing a series of national experiences rarely brought to the discourse about public administration in Brazil: Canada, Australia, India and the Philippines. Special emphasis will be given to the following: the origins and the development of public administration; the influence of ideology; and the complex tension between global theory and local practices. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
Immersion treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity: the first review of a promising intervention

Obese children have attended weight loss camps and residential programmes for more than 40 years. This paper provides the first systematic review of the effects of those programmes. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria (targeted and assessed change in weight status, minimal stay of 10 days and nights). Similar components across programmes included controlled diet, activities, nutrition education, and therapy and/or education regarding behaviour change. Participants lost substantial amounts of weight in all 22 studies, as measured by reductions in per cent-overweight during intervention. Eleven programmes included long-term follow-up evaluations. Compared with results highlighted in a recent meta-analysis of out-patient treatments, these immersion programmes produced an average of 191% greater reductions in per cent-overweight at post-treatment and 130% greater reduction at follow-up. Furthermore, mean attrition rates were much lower when compared with standard out-patient treatment. Inclusion of a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) component seemed especially promising; follow-up evaluations showed decreased per cent-overweight at follow-up by an average of 30% for CBT immersion programmes vs. 9% for programmes without CBT. Explanations for the potentially greater impact of immersion relative to out-patient treatments are presented, including possibly differential effects on self-efficacy for both children and their parents.
Transmission Electron Microscope Studies of LiNi1 / 3Mn1 / 3Co1 / 3O2 before and after Long-Term Aging at 70 ° C

LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 is a potential cathode material for high-power applications in lithium-ion batteries. While cation ordering on a sqrt(3)×sqrt(3) R30° in-plane superlattice was proposed for the layered structure, the experimental data do not fully support this model. Here, we present a systematic electron diffraction study of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 in the pristine state and after aging. Our results show that a mixture of different phases in the starting material transforms to the O3-type phase and the cubic spinel phase after aging, accompanied by an increase in the percentage of polycrystals.
MELANOCYTIC AND NEVOCYTIC MALIGNANT MELANOMAS. CELLULAR AND SUBCELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION.

Two biologically and clinically different malignant melanomas are found in man. As compared to the malignant melanoma developed from junction nevus, the melanoma developed from Dubreuilh's precancerous melanosis has a slower rate of growth, metastasis and invasiveness. Furthermore, in contrast to melanoma of junction nevus origin, melanoma from Dubreuilh's melanosis is radiosensitive and does not assume the amelanotic form. Not only the malignant melanomas but also the premalignant stages exhibit differences. Dubreuilh's precancerous melanosis, in contrast to junction nevus, is a condition which occurs during later life in exposed areas, is radiosensitive and has a high incidence of malignant transformation. Cellular and subcellular differential characteristics expressing enzymic and ontogenic differences of these two melanomas are described. The author proposes that in the future we consider human malignant melanoma to be not one but two diseases—melanocytic malignant melanoma and nevocytic malignant melanoma. These may be called malignant melanocytoma and malignant nevocytoma, respectively.
Evidence for the solidarity of the expressive and receptive language systems: a retrospective study.

A strong tendency toward left hemisphere (LH) language dominance has been well established, as evidenced by the high prevalence of language impairment following sudden onset lesions in the LH. In the presence of progressive LH pathology, such as epilepsy, substantial deviations in language organization can occur. However, the question regarding whether reorganization involves both expressive and receptive language functions or only the one directly affected by the primary location of pathology has not been settled. Using Wada testing scores from 296 epilepsy patients and estimated rates of typical dominance in the normal population, we assessed the frequency with which left frontal and temporal pathology resulted in reorganization of only the expressive or receptive language function or both. The comparisons revealed: (1) a significantly higher prevalence of atypical organization (i.e., deviations from LH dominance) among the LH patients compared to normal population estimates and right hemisphere patients, and (2) that regardless of pathology location within the LH, the rates of atypical reorganization for both expressive and receptive language were essentially equal. These results constitute evidence that the two language functions are intimately yoked and that when disruption to the system results in reorganization, it usually yields functional changes throughout the system. ( JINS , 2010, 17 , 000–000)
Comparison of glancing angle EXAFS extracted from reflectivity and fluorescence modes

Abstract EXAFS extracted from glancing angle fluorescence and reflectivity data are compared after correcting for the anomalous dispersion distortions. Preliminary results show good agreement in the information obtained from the two techniques.
Bifurcation Analysis of Multistory Building Frames

By assuming incompressible beams and columns in a multistory building frame, the frame may assume either a primary state equal to its underformed shape or a buckling mode when it is subjected to a set of primary axial forces that constitute the bifurcation loading. This article describes the theory and algorithm for a computer program by which the buckling load factor for a set of proportionate primary axial forces and the shape of the buckling mode may be obtained. It is shown that the buckling load factor thus obtained can be used to produce and effective length ratio for every column so that the Euler load of a pin-ended column with this effective length is identical to the actual buckling load of that column in the multistory building frame.
Federalism, guns, and jurisdictional gun policies

Abstract The paper studies the effects of federalism on gun ownership and efficiency of jurisdictional gun policies. Jurisdictions in a federal system choose gun policies to suit their preferences, and gun policies differ across jurisdictions. The cost of owning a gun depends on the extent of gun regulations, and the differences in gun policies between jurisdictions in a federal system entail cross-jurisdiction gun buying. By contrast, in a unitary system, gun regulations are uniform across jurisdictions, and cross-jurisdiction gun buying is absent. As cross-jurisdiction gun buying enables residents of a jurisdiction to buy guns from other jurisdictions with less stringent regulations, federalism tends to increase gun ownership relative to a unitary system. In addition, more stringent regulations of a jurisdiction decrease the number of illegal guns that criminals of other jurisdictions can purchase, reducing crimes in other jurisdictions and benefiting other jurisdictions. However, the jurisdiction does not consider the external benefits on other jurisdictions when setting its gun policies, and gun policies tend be too lax relative to the efficient level. The paper also provides an empirical analysis of the effect of federalism on gun ownership, and available evidence suggests that gun ownership depends on federalism.
How Far Cells Can Feel: Effects of ECM Fibers

A rapidly growing body of literature suggests that the passive mechanical environment (i.e., the local mechanical setting and material properties) impacts the formation of multi-cellular structures and cell function, proliferation, migration, and differentiation [1]. Computational modeling and experimental studies suggest that cells grown on top of polyacrylamide (PA) gels are responsive to their pericellular mechanical environment but not to features more than several tens of microns away from the cell [2]. In contrast to cells on PA gel, cells grown on biological polymer gels (e.g. fibrin, collagen, etc.) appear to respond to their mechanical environment and can sense several hundreds of microns in distance [3].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The dynamic behavior of MEMS arch resonators actuated electrically

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the dynamic behavior of clamped–clamped micromachined arches when actuated by a small DC electrostatic load superimposed to an AC harmonic load. A Galerkin-based reduced-order model is derived and utilized to simulate the static behavior and the eigenvalue problem under the DC load actuation. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the arch are calculated for various values of DC voltages and initial rises. In addition, the dynamic behavior of the arch under the actuation of a DC load superimposed to an AC harmonic load is investigated. A perturbation method, the method of multiple scales, is used to obtain analytically the forced vibration response of the arch due to DC and small AC loads. Results of the perturbation method are compared with those obtained by numerically integrating the reduced-order model equations. The non-linear resonance frequency and the effective non-linearity of the arch are calculated as a function of the initial rise and the DC and AC loads. The results show locally softening-type behavior for the resonance frequency for all DC and AC loads as well as the initial rise of the arch.
Electron Dynamics near a Metallic Island Array

The motion of a point charge near a two-dimensional periodic array of metallic islands has been studied. The appearance of image charges' in the neighborhood of the test charge not only affects its local electrostatic energy, but also its dynamical properties. We are interested in the effective dynamical behavior of the quasi-particle created this way, as it can dominate magneto-transport properties. The point charge is assumed to move on a plane parallel and very close to the two dimensional plane of the metallic islands. Through classical electromagnetic theory the response of the metallic islands due to the external charge is calculated for two different limits: First, square and spatially extended metallic islands with finite conductance are used. Second, and more appropriate to the far-field' description of the problem, islands are assumed to be well represented as classical dipoles which respond infinitely fast to the electrical field from the test point charge. We study the dynamically-averaged characteristics of the particle trajectories, such as energy and associated fields and potentials, in order to provide a classical evaluation of the effective mass of the test charge.
Complexity of microRNA function and the role of isomiRs in lipid homeostasis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key posttranscriptional regulators of biological pathways that govern lipid metabolic phenotypes. Recent advances in high-throughput small RNA sequencing technology have revealed the complex and dynamic repertoire of miRNAs. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that a single genomic locus can give rise to multiple, functionally distinct miRNA isoforms (isomiR). There are several mechanisms by which isomiRs can be generated, including processing heterogeneity and posttranscriptional modifications, such as RNA editing, exonuclease-mediated nucleotide trimming, and/or nontemplated nucleotide addition (NTA). NTAs are dominant at the 3′-end of a miRNA, are most commonly uridylation or adenlyation events, and are catalyzed by one or more of several nucleotidyl transferase enzymes. 3′ NTAs can affect miRNA stability and/or activity and are physiologically regulated, whereas modifications to the 5′-ends of miRNAs likely alter miRNA targeting activity. Recent evidence also suggests that the biogenesis of specific miRNAs, or small RNAs that act as miRNAs, can occur through unconventional mechanisms that circumvent key canonical miRNA processing steps. The unveiling of miRNA diversity has significantly added to our view of the complexity of miRNA function. In this review we present the current understanding of the biological relevance of isomiRs and their potential role in regulating lipid metabolism.
Risks of prophylactic anti-D immunoglobulin after second-trimester amniocentesis☆

Amniocentesis performed for intrauterine diagnosis of genetic disease is a relatively safe and accurate procedure. However, this procedure carries some risk of sensitization of Rh-negative patients.‘, * This potential hazard could be decreased by the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin to Rh-negative women. There is no consensus concerning the administration of anti-D immunoglobulin after second-trimester amniocentesis. Miles and Kaback3 reported possible adverse effects of anti-D immunoglobulin including a higher rate of fetal loss when anti-D immunoglobulin was administered prior to 20 weeks’ gestation to Rhnegative unsensitized women. To cast further light on the subject, a retrospective study was undertaken with the aims of: (1) determining the risk of maternal sensitization after anti-D immunoglobulin administration and (2) determining the risk and safety of anti-D immunoglobulin to the fetus when administered prior to 20 weeks’ gestation. A retrospective chart review was performed for 300 Rh-negative patients who had undergone 321 secondtrimester genetic amniocenteses in the prenatal diagnosis program of the University of California (Los Angeles) Medical Center between 1977 and 1981. All of these Rh-negative patients had Rh-positive partners. A control group of 321 Rh-positive patients was stud-
Novel mechanism for non-genomic action of 17β-oestradiol on kainate-induced currents in isolated rat CA1 hippocampal neurones

1. Using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of dissociated hippocampal CA1 neurones, we demonstrated that 17 beta-oestradiol rapidly potentiates kainate-induced currents when applied either to the outside or the inside of the neurone. However, when the steroid was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (E2-BSA), application to either the extracellular plasma membrane (E2-BSAout) or the cytosolic side of the cell (E2-BSAin) had no observable effect on kainate-induced currents. However, when applied stimultaneously to both sides of the plasma membrane, E2-BSA potentiated kainate-induced currents. 2. Application of E2-BSAout and GTP gamma S(in) potentiated kainate-induced currents. The potentiation of kainate-induced currents by 17 beta-oestradiol was occluded by cholera toxin pretreatment and appeared to be pertussis toxin insensitive. 3. E2-BSAin prolonged the effect of 8-bromoadenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cAMP) on kainate-induced currents. The recovery from the 8-bromo-cAMP response was found to be a function of the concentration of E2-BSAin. The application of ATP gamma S(in) occluded the effect of 17 beta-oestradiol. 4. These results suggest that the non-genomic action of 17 beta-oestradiol in the potentiation of kainate-induced currents is mediated via an action on Gs protein-coupled receptors. This operates in concert with an internal action of 17 beta-oestradiol on a cAMP-dependent phosphorylation.
Posttreatment exposure to camptothecin enhances the lethal effects of x-rays on radioresistant human malignant melanoma cells

Little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for the survival recovery process(es) (known as potentially lethal damage repair), which occurs in mammalian cells following ionizing radiation. Previously, we presented data indicating a role for the DNA unwinding enzyme, topoisomerase I, in DNA repair. We now demonstrate that camptothecin, a specific inhibitor of topoisomerase I, causes dramatic radiosensitization of an extremely resistant human melanoma (U1-Mel) cell line. Camptothecin radiosensitized U1-Mel cells when it was administered either during or immediately following x-irradiation. U1-Mel cells were optimally radiosensitized with 4 microM camptothecin for a period of 4-6 hrs after x-irradiation. Enhanced cell killing by camptothecin was proportional to the initial extent of damage created by x-irradiation; the higher the dose of ionizing radiation, the greater the radiosensitization. The apparent synergy observed with camptothecin and x-rays was irreversible; camptothecin-treated U1-Mel cells were not able to carry out PLDR in a 48 hr period after the drug was removed. We hypothesize that the administration of camptothecin causes lesion modification through a topoisomerase I-mediated mechanism. These data support a role for topoisomerase I in DNA repair and indicate that camptothecin, or more effective derivatives, may have clinical use.
Mixed chloride/phosphine complexes of the dirhenium core 4. Reaction of [Re2Cl8]2− with PMe3: one more stop on the road to Re2Cl4(PMe3)4

Abstract The paramagnetic dirhenium(II,III) complex [1,3,6,8-Re2Cl4(PMe3)4]Cl (1) was found to be a kinetic product in the reaction of [Re2Cl8]2− with an excess of PMe3 in refluxing propanol. The one-electron reduction of 1 is the last, rate-determining step in the overall reaction to give the final, thermodynamic dirhenium (II,III) product, 1,3,6,8-Re2Cl4(PMe3)4.