cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature field estimation using electrical impedance profiling methods. I: Reconstruction algorithm and simulated results

Algorithmic methods for estimating complete temperature fields during hyperthermia treatments based on surface and internal electrical measurements are presented. The techniques utilized draw upon impedance imaging concepts, but rather than limit the measurements to positions on the body surface, internal impedance recording sites are allowed. Theoretical simulations show that this strategy improves the reconstructed image in the target region when either internal measurement locations are added to a given number of external recording sites or some external measurement locations are replaced by internal recording positions. The algorithms developed are tested on a set of problems with increasing levels of complexity. The culmination of these investigations is a complete simulation of a hyperthermia treatment and reconstruction of a thermal image for a body cross-section of an actual cancer patient. The results of this work suggest that the surface plus internal measurement approach holds some promise as a...
Accurate prediction of inducible transcription factor binding intensities in vivo

DNA sequence and local chromatin landscape act jointly to determine transcription factor (TF) binding intensity profiles. To disentangle these influences, we developed an experimental approach, called protein/DNA binding followed by high-throughput sequencing (PB-seq), that allows the binding energy landscape to be characterized genome-wide in the absence of chromatin. We applied our methods to the Drosophila Heat Shock Factor (HSF), which inducibly binds a target DNA sequence element (HSE) following heat shock stress. PB-seq involves incubating sheared naked genomic DNA with recombinant HSF, partitioning the HSF-bound and HSF-free DNA, and then detecting HSF-bound DNA by high-throughput sequencing. We compared PB-seq binding profiles with ones observed in vivo by ChIP-seq and developed statistical models to predict the observed departures from idealized binding patterns based on covariates describing the local chromatin environment. We found that DNase I hypersensitivity and tetra-acetylation of H4 were the most influential covariates in predicting changes in HSF binding affinity. We also investigated the extent to which DNA accessibility, as measured by digital DNase I footprinting data, could be predicted from MNase-seq data and the ChIP-chip profiles for many histone modifications and TFs, and found GAGA element associated factor (GAF), tetra-acetylation of H4, and H4K16 acetylation to be the most predictive covariates. Lastly, we generated an unbiased model of HSF binding sequences, which revealed distinct biophysical properties of the HSF/HSE interaction and a previously unrecognized substructure within the HSE. These findings provide new insights into the interplay between the genomic sequence and the chromatin landscape in determining transcription factor binding intensity.
Cyclic stress—strain response of polycrystalline copper under fatigue conditions producing enhanced strain localization

Abstract It is now established that the cyclic stress—strain curve of polycrystalline wavy slip metal, e.g. copper, does not contain a plateau if the tests are carried out in conventional strain control. Since fracture research indicates that such tests homogenize the strain, and tests initiated by ramp loading appear to give higher degrees of strain localization, an investigation of cyclic response has been made in polycrystalline copper using the ramp-start method. After specimens were ramped to a desired stress level, they were then tested in strain control. The results showed a plateau to occur at 98 MPa, which corresponds to the plateau shear stress for monocrystals corrected by the Taylor factor. Observations of persistent slip band behavior on the gage surfaces, and of the dislocation structures by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) support the existence of the plateau and demonstrate that it is associated with higher degrees of strain localization induced by starting the tests by ramp loading.
Use of Body Surface Area (BSA)‐Based Dosages to Calculate Chemotherapeutic Drug Dose in Dogs: I. Potential Problems with Current BSA Formulae

The dose of most cancer chemotherapeutic drugs administered to dogs is calculated on the basis of estimated body surface area (BSA); however results of some chemotherapy trials have revealed that this dosing method increases toxicosis in small dogs. The current formula used to estimate BSA in dogs may be inaccurate or the assumption that BSA correlates with chemotherapeutic drug exposure may be unfounded. Results presented in this review suggest that canine BSA estimates may be inaccurate because the values for the constant (K) and exponent (a) in the formulae (BSA = K.Wa) are incorrect or because a linear parameter such as body length is lacking from the formulae. Results that suggest the relationship between BSA and the physiologic/pharmacologic factors that influence drug exposure may not be closely correlated are also presented. Studies are warranted to determine whether there are dosing methods that normalize chemotherapeutic drug toxicity in dogs.
Curb Cutting and Other Epistemological Challenges

All things social are socially constructed and thus are the sites of political and ideological struggle, and sometimes deconstruction. Pri vate property is what it is in America because it is socially constructed, just as col lective ownership is in parts of Cambodia. Certainly private property in America is hot ly contested, or Capitalism, A Love Story wouldn't have been such a box office smash, and Western capitalists are schmoozing with Cambodian politicians and peasant-farmers hoping to deconstruct the Cambodian econ omy. The proof of social construction and deconstruction lies in the fact that social structures and social institutions change over time. Even those two preeminent his torical materialists, Karl Marx and Frederich Engels, famously wrote, "All that is solid melts into air."1 Charles Lemert makes a good case for social constructionism, and reveals some of the cracks in our seemingly sturdy, day-to-day social constructions.
Early childhood diagnosis of acoustic neuromas in presymptomatic individuals at risk for neurofibromatosis 2

We report on a family in which individuals at risk for NF 2 were investigated with the use of gadolinium-enhanced MRI. This technique has allowed the diagnosis of small ( < 8 mm) acoustic neuromas in two asymptomatic children (age 7 and 11), one of whom had normal audiometric and brainstem-evoked response testing. To our knowledge these are the youngest asymptomatic patients in whom the diagnosis of NF 2 has been demonstrated. It is possible that acoustic neuromas develop at an early age more commonly than recognized previously. The early diagnosis of acoustic neuromas with the use of gadolinium-enhanced MRI may lead to better outcome following surgery. This technique will provide the opportunity to better determine the natural course of this disease.
Temporal characteristics and radiative properties of uniform Mo and combined with Al triple planar wire arrays

Abstract Results of the research with triple planar wire arrays (TPWAs) made of uniform Mo or from combined Mo and Al planes obtained on the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) Zebra generator are presented. The combined loads consisted of either two Mo planes on the outside with Al in the center or two Al planes on the outside with Mo in the center. Different wire diameters of Mo and Al were used to keep the planes approximately the same mass Also, the change of inter-planar gap was investigated: decreasing the inter-planar gap from 3.0 mm to 1.5 mm led to a higher yield of 25 kJ (up from 16 kJ), close to the highest yield from Mo double planar wire arrays. The question of how Mo and Al plasmas mix is raised and is examined and as a result it is demonstrated that L-shell Mo (∼1000 eV) and K-shell Al (∼400 eV) plasmas have very different electron temperatures. Additionally, time-gated K-shell Al and Mg plasma parameters were modeled, giving important information on the time-evolution of such plasmas. The future work on radiation from mixed higher and lower atomic number wire arrays is discussed.
Corporal Punishment in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Directions for a Research Agenda:

This article discusses major issues in corporal punishment research and identifies directions for improvement of current knowledge about this disciplinary practice. Conceptual and methodological problems in existing corporal punishment research are discussed. The authors also highlight research challenges that lie ahead. These include the need for (a) an explicit and consistently used definition of physical punishment, (b) the development of an assessment procedure that includes the full range of variables important in understanding corporal punishment and its effects, (c) the evaluation of children’s own perception of punishment, (d) the assessment of third variables, and (e) the evaluation of nonlinear relations between corporal punishment and child outcomes. The authors present parental acceptance-rejection theory’s (PARTheory’s) research agenda that attempts to address all these issues.
Delayed thermalization of X-rays absorbed in tin films far below the superconducting transition temperature

Abstract As part of a program for developing high resolution X-ray detectors, we have deposited 4 μm thick Sn films on silicon calorimeters to serve as X ray absorbers. Thermistors in the silicon measured the temperature increase resulting from the thermalization of an X-ray photon. Silver-filled epoxy was placed on the Sn to establish a complete thermalization reference. The devices were operated near 0.1 K and below. Signal pulses resulting from the absorption of 6 keV photons in the Ag epoxy rose faster, peaked higher, and decayed to baseline more quickly than those resulting from absorption in the Sn. Taking the Ag pulse shape to be the impulse response of the detector, we deconvolved it from the average Sn pulse shape to obtain the thermalization function in the Sn. The result contained a slow component with a thermalization rate on the scale of several milliseconds. We consider this an indication of the quasiparticle recombination time in the Sn during the non-equilibrium condition following X-ray absorption. We were able to manipulate the thermalization by heating the device above the Sn transition temperature and varying the amount of magnetic field present upon cooling.
Stimulation of cholesterol ester exchange by lipo-protein-free rabbit plasma

Abstract A fraction in normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbit plasma of density greater than 1.25 stimulates the exchange of cholesterol esters between very low density and low density lipoproteins from hypercholesterolemic rabbit plasma. The exchange does not result from lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity. The active factor appears to be a high molecular weight globulin with an isolelectric point of 5.2.
Methylphenidate and Desipramine in Hospitalized Children: I. Separate and Combined Effects on Cognitive Function

Abstract Objective The separate and combined effects of methylphenidate and desipramine on cognitive function were investigated in 16 psychiatrically hospitalized children with primary, secondary, and mixed features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and mood disorder. Method A double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover design was used to investigate drug effects on vigilance, short-term memory, visual problem solving, and higher-order learning. Results Methylphenidate alone improved vigilance, both drugs positively affected short-term memory and visual problem solving, and combined drugs affected learning of higher-order relationships. Conclusions Separate and combined drug effects are related to the specific cognitive domain assessed and have implications for neurotransmitter models of action.
Heterometal Cubane-Type MFe3S4 Clusters (M = Mo, V) Trigonally Symmetrized with Hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate(1−) and Tris(pyrazolyl)methanesulfonate(1−) Capping Ligands

A series of heterometal cubane-type clusters containing [VFe3S4]2+ and [MoFe3S4]3+,2+ cores has been prepared. Ligand substitution of [(DMF)3VFe3S4Cl3]- affords [(Tpms)VFe3S4L3]2- (L = Cl- (8), EtS- (9), p-MeC6H4S-, p-MeC6H4O-). A new procedure for the preparation of molybdenum single cubanes is introduced by the reaction of recently reported [(Tp)MoS(S4)]- with FeCl2/NaSEt to afford [(Tp)MoFe3S4Cl3]- (1, 75% yield). This procedure is more efficient that the existing multistep synthesis of single cubanes, which generally affords clusters of mirror symmetry. Also prepared were [(Tp)MoFe3S4L3]- (L = EtS- (2), p-MeC6H4S-). Reduction of 1 with borohydride gives [(Tp)MoFe3S4Cl3]2- (5, 67%). Owing to the nature of the heterometal ligand, all clusters have idealized trigonal symmetry, reflected in their 1H NMR spectra. Trigonal structures are demonstrated by crystallography of (Bu4N)[1,2], (Bu4N)2[5]·MeCN, and (Me4N)2[8,9]. The availability of 1 and 5 allows the first comparison of structures and 57Fe isomer shi...
Thermal Dissociation of Gaseous Bradykinin Ions

Singly, doubly, and triply charged bradykinin ions have been dissociated thermally in a quadrupole ion trap operated with a bath gas comprised principally of helium at 1 mTorr. Dissociation rates as a function of bath gas temperature were measured along with product ion spectra. Studies were conducted to show that dissociation rates were independent of ion storage conditions and bath gas pressure. These studies indicate that good approximations to true Arrhenius parameters could be determined from Arrhenius plots using the bath gas temperature as a measure of the internal energy distribution of the parent ion population. Arrhenius parameters derived in this work agree with those reported recently using blackbody-induced radiative dissociation for the singly and doubly charged ions within experimental error. The spectrum of dissociation products were also very similar, reflecting the equivalency of the two methods for deriving Arrhenius parameters. Arrhenius parameters for the triply charged ion (Ea= 0.79 ...
Tool Wear in Friction Drilling

This study investigates the tool wear in friction drilling, a nontraditional hole-making process. In friction drilling, a rotating conical tool uses the heat generated by friction to soften and penetrate a thin workpiece and create a bushing without generating chips. The wear of a conical tungsten carbide tool used for friction drilling a low carbon steel workpiece is studied. Tool wear characteristics are quantified by measuring its weight change, detecting changes in its shape with a coordinate measuring machine, and making observations of wear damage using scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive spectrometry is applied to analyze the change in chemical composition of the tool surface due to drilling. In addition, the thrust force and torque during drilling and the hole size are measured periodically to monitor the effects of tool wear. Results indicate that the carbide tool is durable, showing minimal tool wear after drilling 11,000 holes, but observations also indicate the progressively severe abrasive grooving on the tool tip.
Studies on the U-C constitutional diagram between UC and UC2

Abstract The U-C system from UC 1.0 to UC 2.4 (4.8 to 10.8 wt % carbon), with major emphasis on the region between 1820 and 1275 °C, was studied by identifying the phases present in arc-cast and heat-treated specimens that had been cooled to room temperature. Uranium sesquicarbide was found to have a line composition very close to UC 1,50 and an upper stability limit of about 1800 °C. Below 1800 °C, the uranium mono-carbide lattice accommodated a maximum of about 1.02 carbon atoms per uranium atom. The dicarbide phase existed over a much wider composition range, from about UC 1.7 to UC 1.9 at 1765 °C; this range narrowed as the temperature decreased. The maximum carbon content of the cubic dicarbide phase decreased with temperature from 1.89 carbon atoms per uranium atom at the melting point to a minimum of 1.85 at about the cubic-to-tetragonal transformation temperature. Combined-carbon/uranium atom ratios above 1.85 could be obtained at room temperature only by quenching specimens containing less than 0.2 wt % free carbon because the free carbon acted as precipitation centers in the metastable solutions. When cooled from the cubic to the tetragonal region, the dicarbide disproportionated into monocarbide and a tetragonal dicarbide that had an estimated composition of UC 1.89 at room temperature. No thermal decomposition of the tetragonal uranium dicarbide was observed after heat-treatment at 1260 to 1600 °C.
Delta hepatitis: another concern for dentistry

Discussed is the delta hepatitis virus, its transmission, and its interaction with other hepatitis viruses. Also discussed are why and how the dental professional must take precautions against the infection. Delta hepatitis is a defective virus dependent on hepatitis B virus for replication and transmission. Delta hepatitis infection is becoming more prevalent in the United States, especially in parenteral drug abusers; several outbreaks have occurred. Infection control procedures and the hepatitis B vaccine can protect the dental staff from infection and transmission.
Identifying lactone hydrolysis in pharmaceuticals. A tool for metabolite structural characterization.

Methods to characterize metabolic transformations in a rapid and reliable fashion are required for facilitating the development of all new pharmaceuticals. One metabolic transformation, which is the focus of this study, is lactone hydrolysis. For pharmaceuticals containing lactones, hydrolysis occurs readily due to both enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes. Hydrolysis affects both the bioavailability and the efficacy of lactone-containing drugs and pro-drugs. To facilitate the characterization of lactones and their corresponding hydrolysis products, we have developed a mass spectrometric method that can readily discriminate between a lactone and its corresponding carboxylic acid, even when these changes are accompanied by other modifications that occur during metabolism. This method uses characteristic product ions in MS/MS experiments, and the trends described herein can be applied broadly to several types of lactones. To demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, two different lactones that had undergon...
Embedded-cluster study of the lithium trapped-hole center in magnesium oxide.

The lithium trapped-hole center in magnesium oxide is studied by using the simulation program package icecap (ionic crystal with electronic clusters, automatic program). The defective crystal is simulated as a molecular cluster embedded in a shell-model lattice. The molecular cluster, which contains the trapped-hole center, is treated quantum mechanically by using the unrestricted Hartree-Fock approximation. Correlation correction is also included in the calculations. Different types and sizes of defect cluster are used to determine the equilibrium configurations of the defective lattice. The role of the correlation correction is found to be significant. The results show very consistently that the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ion and the ${\mathrm{O}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ion (the ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ion with the trapped hole) move toward each other and the axial ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ion moves away from the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ion.
Fluorescent properties of Tb-doped borosilicate glass films prepared by a sol-gel method

Rare earth elements have been used as optical dopants in glasses for many years. Boro-silicate glass films doped with rare-earths were deposited on glass substrates by using a simple sol-gel method. To avoid the undesirable precipitation due to the different hydrolysis rates between silicon and boron alkoxides, two solutions were used for dip-coating separately. One solution consisted of silicon tetraethoxide, ethanol, water and terbium nitrate as the Tb dopant. Another consisted of triethyl borate. Layer-by-layer deposition was applied by dipping into solutions containing metal alkoxides in sequence. The fluorescence properties of Tb 3+ were investigated for the boro-silicate samples in relation to the firing effect. As-deposited silicate and boro-silicate samples showed similar fluorescence spectra under UV excitation. After firings at about 800 degrees C, a remarkable increase of the Tb 3+ -ion fluorescence was observed for the boro-silicate samples, while the silicate sample showed a little increase in fluorescence intensity. These experimental results suggested the formation of boro- silicate network and the incorporation of Tb 3+ into the boro-silicate matrix. The multilayer process was found useful to fabricate multi-component sol-gel films.
Components of serum and egg yolk lipoproteins: galactose, mannose, glucosamine and sialic acid.

Abstract S f 20 and higher lipoprotein classes were isolated from chicken egg yolk and from the serum of stilbestrol-treated cockerels. These lipoproteins contained bound galactose, mannose, glucosamine, and sialic acid as the only carbohydrate constituents. It is therefore suggested that a more descriptive name for these lipoprotein fractions is lipoglycoproteins. The carbohydrates bound to the lipoproteins obtained from both sources were present in identical ratios (hexose-glucosamine-sialic acid 1.0:0.5:0.3). These results are consistent with the view that the source of chicken egg yolk lipoprotein is serum lipoprotein.
Influence of an alternative reinforcer on human cocaine self-administration.

Abstract Identifying factors that modulate cocaine self-administration is fundamental to the development of effective strategies to treat and prevent cocaine abuse. In the presert study, the influence of an alternative reinforcer on the probability of cocaine use was examined in four adult humans under controlled laboratory conditions. During eleven test sessions, subjects chose between cocaine hydrochloride vs. placebo or between cocaine vs. varying amounts of money (0-$2.00/choice). Subjects made a maximum of 10 exclusive choices per session. Cocaine and placebo were administered intranasally in 10 mg unit doses under double-blind conditions. Subjects exclusively chose cocaine over placebo demonstrating that the drug functioned as a reinforcer. During sessions comparing cocaine vs. money, choice of cocaine decreased as the amount of money available in the monetary option increased, with all subjects exclusively choosing the monetary option in the $2.00 per choice condition. These results systematically replicate and extend to humans prior findings in laboratory animals demonstrating that the availability of alternative, nondrug reinforcers can significantly decrease cocaine use.
Double-injection experiments in semi-insulating silicon diodes

Abstract The pre-breakdown V-I characteristics of double-injection p - i - n silicon diodes doped with indium have been obtained over the temperature range 64 to 100°K. This has resulted in experimental determination of the capture cross-section for electrons and holes, by neutral and singly negatively charged indium atoms respectively, as a function of temperature. The electron capture cross-section of 2·4 × 10 −14 T −1·3 cm 2 compares extremely well with 1·1 × 10 −14 T −1 cm 2 previously determined by a different method. The magnitude of the hole capture cross-section is very close to the 1·5 × 10 −9 T −2 cm 2 previously reported, but the temperature dependency is considerably greater. High field effects are present over a considerable portion of the pre-breakdown region in the longer devices. The theoretical model has therefore been extended to include the field-dependency of mobility in the pre-breakdown region, and the observed characteristics explained. The analysis, in conjunction with the experimental results, allows determination of the field-dependencies of electron and hole capture cross-sections, and these are found to be E −2·4 and E −2·8 respectively and in good agreement with reported theory and experiments.
Refrigerators For Cooling Spaceborne Sensors

This paper discusses the present status of development of rotary reciprocating refrigerators, which are closed cycle, cryogenic refrigerators specifically designed for cooling space-borne sensors on extended missions. Three machines will be described: a two temperature level Brayton cycle refrigerator which has been built and tested, a three temperature level Brayton cycle refrigerator which is in the early stages of development, and a two temperature level Stirling cycle refrigerator which is in the conceptual design stage.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Career oriented graduate program in management systems

The Master of Science in Management Systems within the School of Business at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville is an advanced degree designed to combine the professional qualifications and interests of students with study in the field of managerial information systems design and administration. The existing baccalaureate program entailed a specialization in information systems from the Management Science Department and numerous related positions were found in area businesses, but no advanced program was being offered in systems.
Toxicity to Para-aminosalicylic Acid and Isoniazid

This 62 year-old white woman who was admitted for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis November 1, 1957, had Mycobacterlum tuberculosis In her sputum and x-ray film showing extensive infiltration in the whole left lung field. A complete blood count done shortly before admission showed normal red blood count and hemoglobin, also normal white count and differential count. On admission, slight anemia was present with 11 grams of hemoglobin, white count and differential was within normal limits. Before admission, she was treated daily with streptomycin Injections for a period of one month. She was started on para-aminosalicylic acid 15 grams daily and isonicotinic acid hydrazld 200 mlligrams daily on November 5, 1957. Her fever soon subsided and in January, 1958 her temperature became normal. Her blood study in December, 1957 showed slight anemia and granulocytopenia of 30 per cent and lymphocytosis of 66 per cent of a total count of 6,800 white cells. In December, she complained of gastrointestinal upsets and on January 31 she developed an erythematous rash all over her body. Pruritus was also present. The rash subsided, but reappeared on February 13. PAS was then discontinued for a week and she was discharged to home treatment on a regimen of PAS and INH in the usual dosage to be continued indefinitely.
Weaning failure: my heart is not up to it.

Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation has been compared to a cardiac stress test. Weaning failure (WF) from a cardiac origin can be common in patients with limited cardiac reserve. Diuretic and vasodilator therapies are indicated for WF due to excessive preload, afterload, or myocardial ischemia. Alteration in intrathoracic pressure and lung volumes may also impact weaning process in a patient with poor cardiac function. Noninvasive ventilation decreases cardiac stress load and should be utilized in weaning patients with poor cardiac reserves. In fact, positive pressure therapy is now the standard of care for treating a patient with acute pulmonary edema and to decrease afterload (Frazier et al. Biol Res Nurs 2000; 1(4): 253–264; Pinsky MR. Chest 2005; 128(5 Suppl 2): 592S–597S.). Recently, biomarkers and echocardiography have been utilized to assess weaning success during spontaneous breathing trials. In this article, we describe the physiological alterations in cardiac and pulmonary systems durin...
Neuroscience: Attention is more than meets the eye.

Our brains focus on important events and filter out distracting ones. An investigation in monkeys reveals a surprising dissociation between the neuronal and behavioural manifestations of attention. See Letter p.434 When we pay attention to certain locations, the responses of neurons in visual areas that represent those locations are enhanced. Here, Alexandre Zenon and Richard Krauzlis show that in adult rhesus monkeys, inactivation of the superior colliculus — part of the midbrain associated with eye movements — affects the perceptual effects of attention, but does not seem to affect the attentional modulation of upstream visual areas. Most work on attention is based on the idea that perceptual enhancement is driven by modulation of the visual response. This work suggests that visual attention involves other aspects of neuronal activity in the visual cortical areas — or perhaps other brain areas not directly associated with vision.
Having Sex and Condom Use: Potential Risks and Benefits Reported by Young, Sexually Inexperienced Adolescents

Abstract Purpose This study determines what young adolescents themselves identify as the potential positive and negative outcomes of having sex, using a condom and not using a condom. Methods Using written surveys, 418 ethnically diverse ninth graders, 86% of whom had never had sex, responded to a scenario describing two adolescents who had sex. One randomly selected group read a scenario in which a condom was used; the other group read a scenario in which no condom was used. All participants were asked to list the risks and benefits of having sex. Depending on the scenario read, participants were asked to list the risks and benefits of either using or not using a condom. Responses were coded thematically. Percentages of responses were compared with chi-square analysis in total and by gender. Results Participants spontaneously identified a broad range of health and psychosocial risks and benefits of having sex, using a condom and not using a condom. A strong aversion to pregnancy was evident, and the risks of sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus (STD/HIV) and condom malfunction were commonly mentioned. Benefits of using a condom included pregnancy and STD prevention. Benefits of both having sex and of not using a condom included improving the relationship, fun, and pleasure. Gender differences emerged across questions. Conclusions Communication with adolescents regarding safe sexual activity could benefit from widening the communication from a focus on health risks to include discussion of the psychosocial risks and benefits that adolescents themselves think about with respect to sex and condom use.
Environmental Influences on Semen Output

Semen output characteristics of 7,858 ejaculates of 57 commercial Holstein sires in artificial insemination were analyzed to estimate effects of environment over 3-yr. Large differences existed between bulls, first and second ejaculates, and intervals between collections for all measures of semen output. Effects of age of bulls were greatest for sperm concentration per milliliter and total sperm output, peaking at 4 yr of age. Original semen volume was influenced less by age. December was the best month for total sperm production even though June and July were the months for most volume of seminal fluid production. Total sperm output was highest on Fridays and lowest on Wednesdays. Effects of temperature and humidity and changes in temperature and humidity on semen output were small and inconsistent. These results do not support the assumption that semen output could be increased in controlled environment conditions.
The trainer‐trainee interaction: An attributional model of training

Training research is often criticized for being atheoretical. Further, the research has typically ignored the role of the trainer. We present a model that applies attribution theory to the training process with a focus on the attributions that trainers make for trainee behavior and their implications for training effectiveness. The impact of trainees own attributions is also discussed. The model indicates how characteristics of both trainers and trainees can influence the attributional processes. Researchable propositions are presented in conjunction with the major points.
Box math and KSM: Extending Sherman-Morrison to functions of interval matrices

Certain advantages of midpoint/radius notation for boxes are well known. Box notation, a concise midpoint/radius scheme employing a `box operator', π, significantly simplifies box calculations. The box math approach to interval analysis, emphasizing `image-centered' representations and assessment of quality of approximation, demonstrates the power of mid-point/ radius methods. A prime example is the KSM method, extending complex analysis type expansions to functions of matrix boxes. This works particularly well for the inverse of a matrix box, leading to simple formulas for the hull of the solution of a linear box equation (interval matrix equation). An outline of key ideas of box math and proofs of some basic KSM theorems is presented below.
Graphic matroids, shellability and the Poincare Conjecture

In this paper we introduce a theory of edge shelling of graphs. Whereas the standard notion of shelling a simplicial complex involves a sequential removal of maximal simplexes, edge shelling involves a sequential removal of the edges of a graph. A necessary and sufficient condition for edge shellability is given in the case of 3-colored graphs, and it is conjectured that the result holds in general. Questions about shelling, and the dual notion of closure, are motivated by topological problems. The connection between graph theory and topology is by way of a complex ΔG associated with a graph G. In particular, every closed 2- or 3-manifold can be realized in this way. If ΔG is shellable, then G is edge shellable, but not conversely. Nevertheless, the condition that G is edge shellable is strong enough to imply that a manifold ΔG must be a sphere. This leads to completely graph-theoretic generalizations of the classical Poincare Conjecture.
Spectroscopy with multiple field configurations

The effect of field configuration copying on both fermion and fermion-antifermion pair correlation functions is studied in detail in a simple quantum-mechanical model. It is found that, with very few exceptions, the copying procedure results in a large correction to the corresponding effective masses. In particular, this correction leads to an oscillatory behavior of the effective masses, similar to that observed for mesons in recent lattice QCD calculations. It is argued that the copying technique is unlikely to be useful as a spectroscopic tool.
"Tower vertebra": a new observation in sickle cell disease.

Background. Skeletal abnormalities are common in sickle cell anemia. Ischemia, infarction, and growth disturbance of the thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies are among the most common abnormalities, and can suggest the diagnosis radiographically. Design and patients. We recently encountered two adult patients in whom vertebrae had grown abnormally in height adjacent to infarcted short vertebrae. We then reviewed the thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs of 54 more adult patients with sickle cell anemia. Results and conclusion. A total of eight patients (14%) displayed infarcted vertebrae with compensatory vertical growth of at least one adjacent vertebrae. These resemble the elongated vertebral bodies associated with other conditions. We can find no prior report of this finding in association with sickle cell anemia.
Superoxide dismutase: a cellular protective enzyme in bowel ischemia.

Abstract Recent data suggest that the free-radical anion superoxide (O2−), an unstable, cytotoxic form of oxygen, is implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic bowel injury. This study evaluates the role of superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme specific for enzymatic conversion of O2− in protecting the bowel from an ischemic insult. At laparotomy, the superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 1 min in 90-g weanling rats (n = 144). Animals were divided into four groups: I, untreated controls (n = 41); II, received aminophylline (AMN) 40 mg/kg ip, a substrate for (O2−) generation (n = 21); III, received superoxide dismutase (SOD) 2.5 mg/kg iv (n = 20); IV, received both AMN and SOD (n = 22). Rats were evaluated for bowel infarction, perforation, and mortality over a 7-day observation period. In 40 additional rats 10 per group bowel ultrastructure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (EM) during occlusive ischemia and at various time intervals following reperfusion. Mortality was 63.4% in controls ( 26 41 ) with necrosis noted in 19 and perforation in 7. AMN resulted in a 90% mortality ( 19 21 ) (χ2, P 5 20 ) with necrosis in 4 and perforation in I (χ2, P 10 22 ) (χ2, P
Back and thigh pain of unusual etiology complicates rehabilitation after bilateral total knee arthroplasty.

Schuchmann JA: Back and thigh pain of unusual etiology complicates rehabilitation after bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2008;87: 585-589. Total knee arthroplasty is frequently performed and usually associated with favorable results. A case is presented where persistent back and thigh pain limited rehabilitation progress following bilateral total knee arthroplasty procedures. The pain was found to be related to the presence of a symptomatic 5.24-cm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm with the pain resolving after endovascular repair of the aneurysm.
Optimal concentration for sugar transport in plants

Vascular plants transport energy in the form of sugars from the leaves where they are produced to sites of active growth. The mass flow of sugars through the phloem vascular system is determined by the sap flow rate and the sugar concentration. If the concentration is low, little energy is transferred from source to sink. If it is too high, sap viscosity impedes flow. An interesting question is therefore at which concentration is the sugar flow optimal. Optimization of sugar flow and transport efficiency predicts optimal concentrations of 23.5 per cent (if the pressure differential driving the flow is independent of concentration) and 34.5 per cent (if the pressure is proportional to concentration). Data from more than 50 experiments (41 species) collected from the literature show an average concentration in the range from 18.2 per cent (all species) to 21.1 per cent (active loaders), suggesting that the phloem vasculature is optimized for efficient transport at constant pressure and that active phloem loading may have developed to increase transport efficiency.
The phylogenetic placement and circumscription of the genus Synotaxus (Araneae:Synotaxidae), a new species from Guyana, and notes on theridioid phylogeny

The genus Synotaxus Simon, 1895 is reviewed. Modern systematic work has challenged the classical placement of Synotaxus as an argyrodine theridiid. Its placement is evaluated in a phylogenetic analysis containing a wide selection of theridiids, including all major argyrodine genera. For the analysis, two published matrices are fused to produce a dataset containing 83 orbicularian taxa and 302 morphological characters. Although the two matrices share only 10 taxa and 33 characters, a single most parsimonious tree is obtained. The results are congruent with results from each independent matrix, and unambiguously corroborate the placement of Synotaxus outside Theridiidae. Some superficial similarities, such as the elongate abdomen extending far beyond the spinnerets, are clearly convergent in the two taxa. Synotaxus, furthermore, lacks the suite of synapomorphies defining Theridiidae. Thus, its transfer out of Theridiidae is corroborated, and a sister relationship with Chileotaxus Platnick, 1990 is proposed, based on similarities in web and somatic morphology. A synapomorphy-based circumscription of the genus is given. Synotaxus waiwai, sp. nov. is described, Synotaxus monoceros (Caporiacco, 1947), previously only known from males, is redescribed and synonymised with S. pupularum, Exline & Levi, 1965, syn. nov., previously only known from females. A description of the webs of both species is given, as well as that of Chileotaxus sans Platnick, 1990. Many further Synotaxus species remain to be described.
Skin Conductance Reactivity and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Among Maltreated and Comparison Youth: Relations with Aggressive Behavior

Objective The goal of this study was to examine respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an indicator of parasympathetic nervous system-linked cardiac activity, and skin conductance level (SCL), a sympathetic indicator, as moderators of the link between child maltreatment and adolescent aggression. Method Participants were 234 maltreated (48.3% male) and 128 (57.8% male) comparison youth aged 9–16 years participating in wave 2 of a longitudinal study. Results Regression analyses suggest that among boys, high RSA may be protective against the effects of maltreatment on aggressive behavior. Among girls, the moderating effect of RSA was further moderated by SCL reactivity such that low levels of both baseline RSA and SCL reactivity, or conversely high levels of both baseline RSA and SCL reactivity, exacerbated the link between maltreatment and aggression. Conclusions High RSA may protect against the effects of maltreatment on aggressive behavior, though this effect may be moderated by SCL reactivity among girls.
Civilian Gunshot Injury to the Spine

Although recently, the crime rate has steadily declined in the USA, most violent incidents continue to involve firearms. Nonfatal firearm-related crime had plummeted since 1993, before increasing in 2005 (Fig. 35.1). Moreover, the prevalent gun availability among civilians raised the incidence of assault (57%), self-inflicted (20%), and unintentional (13%) firearm injuries and they culminated in an extremely high prevalence of gunshot injuries in the United States civilian population [10, 27, 66].
Re-visioning princely states in South Asian historiography: A review

This article reviews several key works within the scholarship on princely states produced in the past decade, in order to highlight their engagement with larger conversations in South Asian historiography. It argues that princely state scholarship no longer operates on the margins; rather, it has the potential to, and does, contribute to issues such as the idea of the feudal formation, the nature of modernity and the modern state, the articulation of religious and ethnic identities, women's status in Islam, and indigenous agency and resistance in colonial knowledge production, to name a few, that animate South Asian history while also transcending its narrow confines. Rather than analysing princely states in opposition to British India, these works approach them as distinct entities where particular social, economic and political conditions, combined with an interaction with external ideas and movements, produced certain outcomes in the realms of state, society and collective identity. Moreover, by combin...
Urokinase Treatment of Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis With Venous Hemorrhagic Infarction

Background: Selective catheterization of the dural venous sinuses with local infusion of urokinase may be beneficial in patients with venous sinus thrombosis, and has been reported to be safe in patients with venous infarction. However, information regarding safety in the presence of hemorrhage is sparse. Methods: Three patients presented with severe, progressive focal neurological symptoms (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scales: 14, 22, and 12) resulting from superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, with evidence of hemorrhage on computed tomographic scans (two intraparenchymal, one subarachnoid). Selective venous catheterization was performed and low-dose urokinase was delivered directly into the thrombus by continuous infusion at 60,000 U/h. Intravenous heparin was administered concurrently. Results: Angiographic patency was restored in all patients. The total duration of urokinase infusion ranged from 36 to 84 hours. There was no major morbidity or mortality related to the procedure. All patients had dramatic clinical improvement during and after the course of therapy, and none had worsening of pre-existing hemorrhage. All patients were independent at 3 months, with minimal or no deficit (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scales: 2, 0, and 2). Conclusion: In selected patients with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis associated with venous hemorrhagic infarction, urokinase appears to be safe and may reverse progressive neurological deterioration. Future prospective study is warranted to further investigate this treatment option, and patients with severe deficits or pre-existing hemorrhages should not be excluded.
Emergence and persistence of CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 in a population of men from the multicenter AIDS cohort study.

To infect cells, HIV-1 must bind to both the CD4 protein and another transmembrane “coreceptor.” Early in the course of disease, HIV-1 variants usually bind to the chemokine coreceptor CCR5; such variants are termed “R5 viruses.” Viruses using another chemokine coreceptor, CXCR4, termed “X4 viruses,” emerge later in disease progression in ~50% of individuals infected with clade B virus [1], although a higher percentage has been suggested on the basis of studies that used sensitive detection techniques [2]. The presence of X4 viruses has been associated with accelerated disease progression and a decrease in CD4+ T cells [3, 4], but despite descriptions of in vitro cytopathicity of X4 viruses [5-7], no causal in vivo relationship or mechanism for this association has been proven [8, 9]. In 3 studies of coreceptor evolution during untreated HIV-1 infection [3, 4, 10], X4 viruses tended to emerge just before the beginning of the decrease in the total (CD3+) T cell count (i.e., the CD3+ inflection point) that presages the onset of an AIDS-defining illness [11]. The ability of HIV-1 to bind to CXCR4 may facilitate destruction of naive T cells, which preferentially express CXCR4 as opposed to CCR5 [8], and thus may contribute to more rapid depletion of T cells. The uncertainty surrounding mechanisms of selection and evolution of X4-using HIV-1 and the inability to predict the emergence of these strains have taken on greater importance since the development of CCR5 antagonists as inhibitors of HIV-1 replication [12,13]. For example, in a recent study of monotherapy with a CCR5 antagonist, X4 viruses present in low amounts replaced the R5 population shortly after commencement of therapy [14]. This has led to concern that use of CCR5 antagonists may predispose to selection of CXCR4-tropic viruses and, thus, to faster progression of HIV-1 disease than would occur without blockade of CCR5. To further characterize the emergence of X4 strains during HIV-1 infection, we undertook a systematic analysis of HIV-1 coreceptor tropism in men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS; study Web site available at: http://www.statepi.jhsph.edu/macs/macs.html) who were selected for this study in order to reflect the full spectrum of rates of HIV-1 disease progression. Our specific goals were to evaluate (1) the timing of X4 virus emergence with respect to CD3+ T cell decline and development of an AIDS-defining event, (2) the degree to which emergence of X4 viruses correlates with an increased risk of rapid disease progression, and (3) whether determination of the CD4+ T cell count can be an accurate screen for detectable levels of CXCR4-tropic viruses.