cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase and glial fibrillary acidic protein in normal and quaking mice.

Abstract The developmental patterns of membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase (MBCA) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFA) were analyzed in high speed pellets from subcortical regions of quaking and control mice at ages ranging from 10 to 42 days. In control, MBCA was found to increase from approximately 1.5 units/mg protein at 10 days to about 11 units/mg protein at 42 days. The percent increase was greatest between days 11 and 18 where the activity increased 2.5-fold while the largest absolute weekly increment was in the fourth postnatal week. By contrast, the activity in quaking mice was 1.0 units/mg protein at day 10 and increased to only 5 units/mg protein by 42 days. The activity, although reduced at 10 days, appeared to increase in parallel with the controls between day 11 and 18; however, the large increment in activity observed in the controls during the fourth week was greatly reduced in the mutant. The above findings were also observed when immune reactive material was determined by immuno-blotting using antisera raised against MBCA isolated from brain. GFA was also estimated using an immuno-blotting procedure. In contrast to previous studies on soluble GFA, we found GFA to increase about 5-fold in the third postnatal week and level off thereafter. The Q/C ratio was 1.5 at 10 days, but, although GFA increased over 5-fold between 11 and 42 days, the absolute difference between quaking and control increased very little. These data on GFA and MBCA suggest that a defect in the expression of oligodendroglial plasma membrane proteins may be expressed early in development which may correlate with a small but significant gliosis and/or an increase in GFA synthesis.
Evaluation and implementation of TeraScan reflected light die-to-database inspection mode for 65nm design node process

The standard inspection flow typically consists of transmitted light pattern inspection (die-to-die or die-to-database) and STARlightTM (Simultaneous Transmitted And Reflective Light) contamination inspection. The initial introduction of TeraScan (DUV) inspection system was limited to transmitted pattern inspection modes. Hence, complete inspections of critical mask layers required utilizing TeraScan for maximized pattern defect sensitivity and the previous generation TeraStar (UV) for STARlightTM contamination inspection. Recently, the reflective light die-to-database (dbR) inspection mode was introduced on the DUV tool to compliment transmitted light die-to-database (dbT) inspection. The dbR inspection mode provides not only pattern inspection but also contamination inspection capabilities. The intent of this evaluation is to characterize the dbR inspection capability on pattern defects and contaminations. A series of standard programmed defect test plates will be used to evaluate pattern inspection capability and a PSL test plate will be used to determine the contamination performance. Inspection results will be compared to the current inspection process of record (dbT + STARlightTM). Lastly, the learning will be used to develop and implement an optimal dbR inspection flow for selected critical layers of the 65-nm node to meet the inspection criteria and minimize the cycle time.
Power gating topologies in TSV based 3D integrated circuits

Two topologies are proposed at the physical level to achieve reliable power gating in through silicon via (TSV) based three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits (ICs). The proposed lumped and distributed power gating topologies address the unique differences among distinct TSV fabrication methods such as via-first, via-middle, and via-last, while achieving, on average, 85% reduction in the leakage power. Related tradeoffs among power supply noise, power gating noise, physical area, and turn-on time are also investigated.
Hans Kaufmann, ed.: Tendenzen und Beispiele. Zur DDR-Literatur in den siebziger Jahren

The f i n a l s e c t i o n c o v e r s l e i s u r e p u r s u i t s more g e n e r a l l y , and a l s o t r a d i t i o n a l customs (some m o d i f i e d from r e l i g i o u s f e s t i v a l s ) , but i n a d d i t i o n everyday l i f e i n the w o r k p l a c e and home. The n e c e s s a r y r o l e of the u n i o n s f o r c o r r e c t i n g an absence of " s o c i a l i s t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y " i s s t r e s s e d a g a i n . But such p o l i t i c a l c o n t r o l does not extend i n t o the home, and t h i s v o l ume, l i k e the o t h e r , c o n p l a i n s about u n c o o p e r a t i v e husbands who r e f u s e t o h e l p t h e i r wives w i t h the shopping and housework i n acknowledgement of the e q u a l s t a t u s of women. One sees i n the end how d i f f i c u l t i t i s t o change i n g r a i n e d a t t i t u d e s i n the p r i v a t e sphere even i n the f u l l y s o c i a l i s t s t a t e . G e o f f r e y J . G i l e s U n i v e r s i t y of F l o r i d a ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ 1 Doswald: Hans Kaufmann, ed.: Tendenzen und Beispiele. Zur DDR-Literatur in Published by New Prairie Press, 1982
Hidden Grief Reactions on a Psychiatric Consultation Service

Assessment of the family and social relationships of 123 medical and surgical patients consecutively referred to the psychiatric consultation-liaison service revealed that acute or unresolved grief was present in 15% of patients. Patients with unresolved grief often presented with depression and/or conflict with the medical or nursing staff. The referring physician in most cases recognized the presence of acute grief; however, all cases of unresolved grief presented as "hidden" grief reactions. Patients with acute grief rarely had associated psychiatric illness, whereas all patients with unresolved grief had concurrent psychiatric disorders. The management of acute and unresolved grief in hospitalized medical or surgical patients is discussed, and illustrative cases are presented.
A LCOS microdisplay driver with frame buffer pixels

An 8-bit liquid crystal on silicon microdisplay driver for projection display has been designed and fabricated using AMI 0.5 µm double-poly, triple-level metal CMOS process. The driver includes frame buffering at the pixel level, which presents optimized optical characteristics for field sequential color operation, and a mixed mode gray scale method which implements distinct 256 gray levels per color with a simpler driver architecture.
Immune Response and Disease Resistance in Chickens I. Selection for High and Low Titer to Salmonella pullorum Antigen

Abstract A selection experiment for high and low anti-Salmonella pullorum antibody titer was carried out over four generations within the B1 B1 blood group genotype in chickens. The study was aimed primarily at identifying different response patterns controlled by immune response genes linked to the B system, the major histocompatibility complex of the chicken. Maximal divergence was obtained in the third generation of selection when agglutination titers of 1/320 and 1/80 in B1 B1 high and low responders, respectively, were reached. Immune response of S. pullorum was deduced to be controlled by polygenes. The B1 B1 population, selected for high immune response to S. pullorum antigen, consistently had greater total mortality as well as greater susceptibility to challenge with Marek's disease virus compared with B1 B1 population selected for low response. This, however, is believed to be a consequence of random drift of genes for disease resistance in the relatively small populations and not a direct consequence of selection for high or low S. pullorum titer.
Cutaneous manifestations of Churg-Strauss syndrome: A clinicopathologic correlation

Abstract Background: Allergic granulomatosis of Churg-Strauss (Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a distinct clinical disease of multisystem vasculitis. Objective: We characterize the clinical and histologic features of cutaneous findings in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Methods: All patients with Churg-Strauss syndrome seen between 1976 and 1995 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Ninety patients with the diagnosis of Churg-Strauss syndrome were identified; 36 (40%) had cutaneous findings. Five patients (6%) had skin lesions as the initial manifestation. The most frequent cutaneous findings were purpura and petechiae on the lower extremities and cutaneous nodules and papules on the elbows. In 37 biopsy specimens from 29 patients, the most common findings were extravascular necrotizing granuloma (15 specimens) and leukocytoclastic vasculitis (16 specimens). Conclusion: Cutaneous lesions in Churg-Strauss syndrome are common. Their characteristic clinical and histologic pattern may help establish the diagnosis. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:199-203.)
Foreign body-type multinucleated giant cell formation requires protein kinase C β, δ, and ζ

Abstract Multinucleated giant cells are a classic cellular feature of chronic inflammation, although the mechanism of macrophage fusion leading to their formation is not well understood. Here, we investigate the participation of protein kinase C (PKC) in the interleukin (IL)-4-induced fusion of human monocyte-derived macrophages and foreign body giant cell (FBGC) formation in vitro . The PKC inhibitors H-7 and calphostin C attenuated macrophage fusion, whereas H-8, which is more selective for PKA and PKG, did not. Macrophage fusion was also prevented by the phospholipase C inhibitor, Et-18-OCH 3 , the PKC isoform inhibitors GO6983 or rottlerin and by peptide inhibitors for PKC (20–28), PKCβ, or PKCζ but not by HBDDE or peptide inhibitors for PKCɛ or PKA. In cultures of fusing macrophages/FBGC, we detected only PKCα, β, δ, and ζ by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, and we also observed strong expression of these isoforms by immunocytochemistry. Our collective results suggest that the γ, ɛ, η, μ, θ, or ι PKC isoforms are not required in the mechanism of IL-4-induced macrophage fusion; whether PKCα is required is unclear. However, new evidence is provided that FBGC formation is supported by PKCβ, PKCδ, and PKCζ in combined diacylglycerol-dependent (PKCβ and PKCδ) and -independent (PKCζ) signaling pathways.
Theoretical study of multiple equilibria in simple axisymmetric tropical circulations

Possible existence of multiple equilibria in axisymmetric circulation is examined using simple models. A simple two-layer axisymmetric model is constructed using balance equations on an equatorial beta-plane. The model has no mountains and the thermal forcing is represented by a Newtonian cooling law. A radiative equilibrium temperature distribution is prescribed that has a maximum around 25° latitude, intended to simulate the summer conditions in the northern hemisphere. The effect of heating due to condensation is included only through the change in the static stability parameter. A host of steady state solutions are obtained analytically from a severely truncated version of this model. An analysis of stability of these steady states with respect to first and second y-mode perturbations reveal that only one steady state is stable against both types of perturbation. Two other steady states are found to be quasi-stable (e-folding time greater than three weeks) with respect to these perturbations. We then examined two different simple numerical models for possible existence of multiple equilibria in symmetric circulations. First, the time dependent spectral equations for the above two-layer model, with many more degrees of freedom, were numerically integrated with various initial conditions given by the steady state solutions for the severely truncated model. These integrations show that the model gives only one steady state corresponding to the stable state given by the truncated model. Secondly, a multi-level grid point model developed by Kalnay-Rivas (1973) was examined. This model uses primitive equations under Boussinesq approximations. Parameterizations for thermal forcing and dissipation used in this model were similar to those used in the spectral model. It is found by integrating this model for various initial conditions that this model also gives only one steady state similar to the steady state obtained by the spectral model. The inability of these simple models to exhibit multiple equilibria in axisymmetric circulations is discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1983.tb00190.x
OBSERVATIONS OF FIVE-MINUTE SOLAR OSCILLATIONS IN THE CORONA USING THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETER (ESP) ON BOARD THE SOLAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET VARIABILITY EXPERIMENT (SDO/EVE)

We report on the detection of oscillations in the corona in the frequency range corresponding to five-minute acoustic modes of the Sun. The oscillations have been observed using soft X-ray measurements from the Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ESP) of the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The ESP zeroth-order channel observes the Sun as a star without spatial resolution in the wavelength range of 0.1-7.0 nm (the energy range is 0.18-12.4 keV). The amplitude spectrum of the oscillations calculated from six-day time series shows a significant increase in the frequency range of 2-4 mHz. We interpret this increase as a response of the corona to solar acoustic (p) modes and attempt to identify p-mode frequencies among the strongest peaks. Due to strong variability of the amplitudes and frequencies of the five-minute oscillations in the corona, we study how the spectrum from two adjacent six-day time series combined together affects the number of peaks associated with the p-mode frequencies and their amplitudes. This study shows that five-minute oscillations of the Sun can be observed in the corona in variations of the soft X-ray emission. Further investigations of these oscillations may improve our understanding of the interaction of the oscillation modes with the solar atmosphere, and the interior-corona coupling, in general.
Turning away from terrorism Lessons from psychology, sociology, and criminology

Although research on violent extremism traditionally focuses on why individuals become involved in terrorism, recent efforts have started to tackle the question of why individuals leave terrorist groups. Research on terrorist disengagement, however, remains conceptually and theoretically underdeveloped. In an effort to enhance our understanding of disengagement from terrorism and pave the way for future empirical work, this article provides a multidisciplinary review of related research from psychology, sociology, and criminology. Significant promise for moving beyond the existing push/pull framework is found in Rusbult and colleagues’ investment model from psychology and Ebaugh’s research on voluntary role exit from sociology. Rusbult’s investment model offers insight into when and why individuals disengage from terrorism, while accounting for individual, group, and macro-level differences in the satisfaction one derives from involvement, the investments incurred, and the alternatives available. Ebaugh’s...
Rapid measurement of an index of testosterone binding to serum binding globulin using ion exchange columns.

DEAE cellulose “mini” columns at pH 7.4 retain testosterone (T) bound to testosterone binding globulin (TeBG), which can be eluted at pH 2. Small 1:2 diluted serum or plasma samples are incubated with a tracer dose of tritiated T in pH 7.4 Tris buffer at 37 C then chilled and placed on columns at 4 C. Free and albumin bound T are columns at 4 C. Free and albumin bound T are washed off columns with pH 7.4 Tris buffer and columns are eluted with pH 2 Tris into vials for scintillation counting. After a simple mathematical correction for the small residual fraction of albumin bound T eluted at pH 2, we obtain a measure of TeBG binding of T which is highly correlated (r = .945) with that determined by dialysis. The method is quick, reproducible and applicable to serum or plasma volumes of 50 to 200 μl. A single operator can process 100 samples in approximately 4 h.
Heteroepitaxial growth of CZTS

A summary of preparation methods of various substrates suitable for the epitaxial growth of copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is presented. Substrates evaluated include silicon (various orientations), ZnS(110), Al 2 O 3 (0001), and gallium phosphide (GaP) (100). An overview of the techniques used to prepare a high-quality, epi-ready surface for each substrate is covered, with special attention given to the limitations presented by CZTS MBE, namely the stability of surfaces with respect to sulfur vapor. The quality of the substrates prior to growth has been assessed by in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and photoemission techniques. ZnS epitaxial growth was attempted on all substrates because ZnS is viewed as a simplified model system for CZTS. ZnS epitaxial quality was assessed using RHEED during growth and via electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) post-growth.
Properties and Effects of Laser-Induced Plasma During Evaporative Deposition of Thin Films

The properties of plasmas generated by the interaction of a pulsed CO2 laser with several solid evaporation targets were studied and the films deposited from such plasmas were characterized. A large flux (˜ 1014/cm2/s) of ions at high velocities (2 − 10 × 106 cm/s) was measured in these plasmas. ZrO2 thin films deposited by laser-assisted evaporation on room temperature substrates had crystalline-oriented structures. Low optical absorption and high refractive index values (2.15 at 632.8 nm) indicated the stoichiometric and dense nature of these films.
The Syringyl Content of Softwood Lignin

Abstract Representations of softwood lignins typically include small amounts, 2 to 5%, of syringylpropane units. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and pyrolysisgas chromatography of loblolly pine milled wood lignin indicated a much lower value. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of whole softwoods also gave lower than expected yields of syringyl products. One chemical method, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, was also used to determine syringyl content. Results obtained using these methods indicate that the syringyl content of lignin in typical softwoods appears to be less than 0.1% of the total phenylpropane units. Ginkgo was also examined, and its lignin was found to contain only a very small amount of syringylpropane units. Cambial extracts of three softwoods were analyzed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the data indicated the possibility of the presence of a slight amount of syringin. These results suggest that lignin in typical softwoods is formed almost exclusive...
Methyl ethers of prostaglandins F2 alpha and I2.

Regiospecific monomethyl prostaglandin F2α ethers (at 0–9, 0–11, and 0–15) have been prepared by total synthesis. The 9,15-bis-ether was also prepared. The 11- and 15-monoethers have been converted to the corresponding prostacyclins. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectral comparisons indicate conformational changes associated with ether formation; nonetheless, the PGF2α monoethers all retain significant biological activity: 3–420% of natural PGF2α. The 9- and 15-methyl ethers show increased selectivity for luteolytic activity as measured in the hamster antifertility (HAF) assay. In contrast the prostacyclin ethers are essentially devoid of agonist activity on both the platelet and vasculature. Prostacyclin diastereomers [5a] also lack activity and it appears that any modification at or of the C-11 or C-15 functions reduces receptor binding by at least a factor of 100.
Infestation of the Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis saevissima v. richteri, at Fort Benning, Georgia

In the fall of 1956 an infestation of the imported fire ant began at Fort Benning, Georgia, and became a serious problem the next year. Approximately 300 cases, five of which were considered to have been serious, were treated for fire ant stings at the United States Army Hospital. By the end of the summer of 1957 injuries had dropped to very few cases owing to a successful control program and full cooperation of the post personnel. While chemical control measures were being applied, an educational program was initiated in order to acquaint the personnel of the post with measures to prevent injuries, and first aid procedures to follow in case of injury. The pattern of invasion and dispersion indicated that the family automobile played an important role in the infestation and spread of the imported fire ant.
The 8-year clinical performance of 15 low-gold casting alloys.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the clinical performance of low-gold alloys over time, with special attention to tarnish resistance, and (2) determine the influence of compositional factors on performance. A total of 264 restorations were inserted in 50 patients using Modulay (control), Forticast, Midas, Maxigold, Midigold, Minigold, Mowrey 120, Mowrey 46, and 8 experimental alloys (UNC 1–8); 161 (61%) of the original restorations were recalled after an average of 8 years and rated for tarnish, plaque, type of material at contacts, retention of polish, surface porosity, and secondary caries. The incidence of tarnish at ranked locations was relatively low and ranged from 0.004-0.2 on a 0–2 tarnish scale. Low-gold alloys as a group were not significantly more tarnished than the control but there were differences between alloys. Palladium content appears especially important to improved tarnish resistance in alloys with very low gold content. Incidence of plaque accumulation and tarnish was highest in the proximal and cervical one thirds. There was no secondary caries and no surface porosity.
Hydrodynamic effects on cells in agitated tissue culture reactors

Tissue cells are known to be sensitive to mechanical stresses imposed on them by agitation in bioreactors. The amount of agitation provided in a microcarrier or suspension bioreactor should be only enough to provide an effective homogeneity. Three distinct flow regions can be identified in the reactor: bulk turbulent flow, bulk laminar flow, and boundary-layer flows. Possible mechanisms of cell damage are examined by analyzing the motion of microcarriers or free cells relative to the surrounding fluid, to each other, and to moving or stationary solid surfaces. The primary mechanisms of cell damage appear to result from (a) direct interaction between microcarriers and turbulent eddies, (b) collisions between microcarriers in turbulent flow, and (c) collisions against the impeller or other stationary surfaces. If the smallest eddies of turbulent flow are of the same size as the microcarrier beads, they may cause high shear stresses on the cells. Eddies the size of the average interbead spacing may cause bead-bead collisions which damage cells. The severity of the collisions increases when the eddies are also of the same size as the beads. Bead size and the interbead distance are virtually equal in typical microcarrier suspensions. Impeller collisions occur when the beads cannot avoid the impeller leading edge as it advances through the liquid. The implications of the results of this analysis on the design and operation of tissue culture bioreactors are also discussed.
Pump-probe measurements of the thermal conductivity tensor for materials lacking in-plane symmetry.

We previously demonstrated an extension of time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) which utilizes offset pump and probe laser locations to measure in-plane thermal transport properties of multilayers. However, the technique was limited to systems of transversely isotropic materials studied using axisymmetric laser intensities. Here, we extend the mathematics so that data reduction can be performed on non-transversely isotropic systems. An analytic solution of the diffusion equation for an N-layer system is given, where each layer has a homogenous but otherwise arbitrary thermal conductivity tensor and the illuminating spots have arbitrary intensity profiles. As a demonstration, we use both TDTR and time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements to obtain thermal conductivity tensor elements of α-SiO2. We show that the out-of-phase beam offset sweep has full-width half-maxima that contains nearly independent sensitivity to the in-plane thermal conductivity corresponding to the scanning direction. Also, we demonstrate a Nb-V alloy as a low thermal conductivity TDTR transducer layer that helps improve the accuracy of in-plane measurements.
SERIAL ASSESSMENT OF BONE MARROW (BM) COLONY FORMING CAPACITY (CFC) IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

In vitro semisolid agar culture has been used to characterize and predict relapse in myelold leukemias. We evaluated 5 children with ALL on the same drug regimen with sequential BM and CFC on day 0, 14, 28, and 83 or 138 to characterize the CFC in ALL and compare cytologic methods to CFC to predict chemotherapeutic effect and relapse. Feeder underlayers were prepared from 1×106 normal human WBC in 0.3% agar and McCoys media as a source of CSF; 2×106 nucleated marrow cells were overlayered. Colonies were counted at day 14 and compared to the peripheral blood absolute neutrophll count (ANC) and Giemsa stained BM. BM cellularity was ranked from 0–4 (3=normocellular). There was poor correlation between CFU-C and ANC. However, an increase in CFU-C was noted with impending remission induction as the BM was reconstituted with myelold precursors. This was most consistently noted when serial determinations were performed on an individual. In one patient no increase in CFU-C was noted despite cytologic evidence of remission; this patient subsequently relapsed. Serial assessment of CFU-C may be helpful in predicting relapse before morphological evidence on routine BM preparations, but does not help in predicting chemotherapeutically induced neutropenia.
In Vitro and Clinical Studies of Cefatrizine, a New Semisynthetic Cephalosporin

Abstract Cefatrizine, a new oral semisynthetic cephalosporin, was evaluated in vitro and in the treatment of 18 patients with acute urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and soft tissue infection. In vitro, it was more active than cephalexin for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It was also more active than cephalothin, cefazolin, and cephapirin against most of the gram-negative bacteria but less active against the gram-positive bacteria. Of the patients treated with cefatrizine, only one failed to respond. This patient had pneumococcal conjunctivitis and hypogammaglobulinemia and neutropenia. The mean peak serum level after multiple 6-hourly doses of 500 mg was 6.2 μg/ml. The serum levels of cefatrizine necessary for inhibition of most susceptible organisms were well within the achievable range. The drug was well tolerated, and no renal, hepatic, or hematological toxicity was detected.
Invited Commentary: Heterogeneity of Particulate Matter Health Risks

Ambient particulate matter varies in composition and toxicity; therefore, some heterogeneity in risk per unit mass can be anticipated. In this issue of the Journal (Am J Epidemiol 2007;166:880-888), Dominici et al. explore temporal and spatial effect modification of particulate matter potency with the goal of gaining insights about how differences in the mixture may affect toxicity of the particulate matter, and they propose that it may be a useful tool in assessing the net impact of regulatory activity. Their approach is fresh and creative and yields provocative results. Such assessments will, of course, be constrained by limited power to detect the expected small degree of effect modification, as well as an abundance of possible explanations for observed differences in risk per unit mass. The utility for accountability assessment is further limited because regulatory actions impacting particulate matter levels do not necessarily target the most toxic species within the mixture and may confer benefits by reducing population exposure to particles and components of lesser toxicity. Used cautiously, however, this new methodology may provide a complementary approach to more direct assessments in shedding light on the characteristics of ambient particulate matter predictive of health effects.
Absence of seasonal variation in antipyrine metabolism.

The induced activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), measured by the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene to fluorescent products in cultured human lymphocytes, shows a strong seasonal variation. The in vivo metabolism of antipyrine, which is also catalyzed by microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases, has been reported to be correlated with AHH inducibility in human lymphocytes. To determine whether antipyrine metabolism also showed seasonal changes, we measured antipyrine half-life (t½) in 10 nonsmokers and eight smokers at the two times of the year that correspond to the high and low peaks of inducible AHH activity as measured in lymphocytes. The mean antipyrine t½ determined in all 18 subjects in summer was almost identical to that found in winter (x ± SEM = 10.90 ± 0.65 and 10.96 ± 0.78 hr). AHH activity in cultured human lymphocytes from the nonsmoking subjects was determined in control and 3-methylcholanthrene–induced cells to obtain inducibility ratios of 4.2 ± 0.56 (SEM) in the summer and 1.4 ± 0.14 (SEM) in the winter. These results indicate that the seasonal variation in AHH inducibility in human lymphocytes is not reflected by a corresponding seasonal variation in antipyrine metabolism in vivo. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 31, 144–150; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.23
Future cardioprotective considerations.

Remarkable strides have been made in perioperative myocardial protection for heart operations. Recent advances in understanding the physiology of myocardial ischemia and its protective responses suggest that there is a possibility for further improvement. Some of these strategies are discussed in this article, which updates current thinking in regard to operative developments contributing to myocardial protection, preconditioning, inhibition of adenosine triphosphate catabolism, the critical role of adenosine, management of myocardial edema, antioxidant therapy, endothelial cell injury, and the interaction between activated leukocytes and the endothelium. Some potential new directions for cardioprotection are identified. (J Card Surg 1993; 8:492–502)
Measurement of thermal emittance for a copper photocathode

Measurements of the thermal emittance of an electron beam produced by photoemission from the copper cathode of a high power RF cavity are presented. The RMS normalized emittance has been measured as a function of laser spot size, applied surface field, and polarization of the laser beam at normal incidence. Local field enhancement due to surface effects is found to increase the emittance substantially beyond that expected for a perfect planar surface.
The IEP Meeting: Perceptions of Parents of Students Who Receive Special Education Services

The author investigated parental perceptions of the individualized education program (IEP) meeting among 51 parents of students who were receiving special education services from 1 family support service agency. Survey questions pertained to the following areas: (a) IEP meeting experiences, (b) knowledge level of special education law, (c) relations with educators, (d) IEP meeting outcomes, and (e) recommended areas for improvement. The majority of parents responded favorably that their overall IEP meeting experiences had been positive. Most respondents had positive perceptions of the IEP meeting because of educators' valuing parents' input while treating parents with respect and as equal decision makers. Also, most parents agreed that they had a clear understanding of the IEP process and special education law.
Treating the Whole Person With Autism: The Proceedings of the Autism Speaks National Autism Conference

The identification of autism spectrum disorders has increased dramatically over the past decade, with the latest estimates indicating prevalence as high as 1 in 54 boys. There is greater awareness of medical conditions that co-occur with autism and expansion of treatment options. Closer scrutiny has led to refinement of the diagnostic criteria, and there have been advances in genetics examining potential causal factors. Transition to adulthood is an area of growing concern, and professionals and families require guidance on this issue. This article summarizes the proceedings of the Autism Speaks conference on Treating the Whole Person with Autism: Care across the Lifespan. The conference was organized with the intent of providing a forum for both families and professionals to learn about the most current research in the field. Dr. Sue Swedo provides important background information regarding the changes in the diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorders. She particularly deals with the concerns of individuals and families that their autism diagnosis may change. Recommendations for genetic testing and its interpretation are provided by Dr. David Miller. His discussion helps make sense of the utility of genetic testing for ASD, along with demonstration of the complexity of determining which genetic factors are doing what and through which pathways. Dr. Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele provides useful background information on how medicines are initially identified and for what purpose and goes on to describe the present and future treatments in pharmacology. Medical issues are addressed by Dr. Paul Carbone, especially the coordination of comprehensive services through the medical home model of care. Dr. Julie Lounds Taylor concludes with guidance on preparation for adulthood, a topic of great importance to families as their child matures and for the professionals who will help guide this transition.
Multi‐method Psycho‐educational Intervention for Preschool Children with Disruptive Behavior: Preliminary Results at Post‐treatment

Annual screenings of preschool children at kindergarten registration identified 158 children having high levels of aggressive, hyperactive, impulsive, and inattentive behavior. These "disruptive" children were randomly assigned to four treatment conditions lasting the kindergarten school year: no treatment, parent training only, full-day treatment classroom only, and the combination of parent training with the classroom treatment. Results showed that parent training produced no significant treatment effects, probably owing largely to poor attendance. The classroom treatment produced improvement in multiple domains: parent ratings of adaptive behavior, teacher ratings of attention, aggression, self-control, and social skills, as well as direct observations of externalizing behavior in the classroom. Neither treatment improved academic achievement skills or parent ratings of home behavior problems, nor were effects evident on any lab measures of attention, impulse control, or mother-child interactions. It is concluded that when parent training is offered at school registration to parents of disruptive children identified through a brief school registration screening, it may not be a useful approach to treating the home and community behavioral problems of such children. The kindergarten classroom intervention was far more effective in reducing the perceived behavioral problems and impaired social skills of these children. Even so, most treatment effects were specific to the school environment and did not affect achievement skills. These findings must be viewed as tentative until follow-up evaluations can be done to determine the long-term outcomes of these interventions.
The solution structure of the viral binding domain of Tva, the cellular receptor for subgroup A avian leukosis and sarcoma virus1

The cellular receptor for subgroup A avian leukosis and sarcoma virus (ALSV-A) is Tva, which contains a motif related to repeats in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) ligand binding repeat (LBr) and which is necessary for viral entry. As observed with LBr repeats of LDLR, the 47 residue LBr domain of Tva (sTva47) requires calcium during oxidative folding to form the correct disulfide bonds, and calcium enhances the structure of correctly oxidized sTva47, as well as its ability to bind the viral envelope protein (Env). However, solution nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicate that, even in the presence of excess calcium, sTva47 exists in an ensemble of conformations. Nonetheless, as reported here, the structure of the predominant sTva47 solution conformer closely resembles that of other LBr repeats, with identical S–S binding topology and octahedral calcium coordination. The location of W48 and other critical residues on the surface suggests a region of the molecule necessary for Env binding and to mediate post-binding events important for ALSV-A cell entry.
Dynamics of error backpropagation learning with pruning in the weight space

Structural learning as proposed by Ishikawa [1994] has had success in reducing unimportant weights in an initially oversized multilayer feedforward neural network during training. This technique employs a forgetting constant /spl epsiv/ which determines the rate of weight decay during learning, A formalization of this method is obtained by considering the weights as the states of a dynamic system. Analysis of the system eigenvalues and simulation indicate that /spl epsiv/ controls removal of fixed points corresponding to the weights of oversized networks. Thus considering error backpropagation as a dynamic system has enabled analysis of structural learning.
Effects of Social Network and Destination on Earnings and Economic Integration of Female Mexican Migrants

As immigrant contributions to the U.S. economy and society are debated, female migrants continue to increase their number in the U.S. work force. Little is known about the economic experiences of undocumented female Mexican migrants in the United States. Do women in traditional migrant destinations fare better than those in new destination cities, as has been shown for males? Does a strong social network positively impact earnings and participation in economic life? This study explores these questions with data collected at Mexican consulates in seven U.S. cities during 2004 and 2005 by Pew Hispanic Center field researchers. Controlling for education level and English fluency, social network and destination are examined for their effects on earnings and economic integration. The effects of social network on economic outcomes are also examined separately in new and traditional destinations. Evidence of the effect of education, English, social network, and destination on earnings and economic integration is consistent with previous findings for males, but nuances are found for this sample of female migrants that contributes to the literature. Experiences differ by destination with women in traditional migrant destination cities experiencing greater economic integration. Findings provide a rare glimpse into the economic experiences of undocumented female migrants in the U.S. Further research examining these factors after the recession and after increaseddeportations and anti-immigrant state and local ordinances is recommended. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/encuentro.v0i96.1267
Exposure to dim light at night during early development increases adult anxiety-like responses

Early experiences produce effects that may persist throughout life. Therefore, to understand adult phenotype, it is important to investigate the role of early environmental stimuli in adult behavior and health. Artificial light at night (LAN) is an increasingly common phenomenon throughout the world. However, animals, including humans, evolved under dark night conditions. Many studies have revealed affective, immune, and metabolic alterations provoked by aberrant light exposure and subsequent circadian disruption. Pups are receptive to entraining cues from the mother and then light early during development, raising the possibility that the early life light environment may influence subsequent behavior. Thus, to investigate potential influences of early life exposure to LAN on adult phenotype, we exposed mice to dim (~5 lux; full spectrum white light) or dark (~0 lux) nights pre- and/or postnatally. After weaning at 3 weeks of age, all mice were maintained in dark nights until adulthood (9 weeks of age) when behavior was assessed. Mice exposed to dim light in early life increased anxiety-like behavior and fearful responses on the elevated plus maze and passive avoidance tests. These mice also displayed reduced growth rates, which ultimately normalized during adolescence. mRNA expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin previously linked to early life environment and adult phenotype, was not altered in the prefrontal cortex or hippocampus by early life LAN exposure. Serum corticosterone concentrations were similar between groups at weaning, suggesting that early life LAN does not elicit a long-term physiologic stress response. Dim light exposure did not influence behavior on the open field, novel object, sucrose anhedonia, or forced swim tests. Our data highlight the potential deleterious consequences of low levels of light during early life to development and subsequent behavior. Whether these changes are due to altered maternal behavior or persistent circadian abnormalities incurred by LAN remains to be determined.
Degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy with short-pulse lasers: theoretical analysis

The use of picosecond lasers for degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) diagnostics of atmospheric pressure flames has been suggested as a means of overcoming the complicated collision-rate dependence of the DFWM signal in the nanosecond-laser pulse-length regime. In this paper DFWM spectroscopy in the regime in which the laser pulse length (τL) is less than the characteristic collisional time (τC) is investigated theoretically. DFWM signal levels for the phase-conjugate geometry (counterpropagating pump beams) are calculated by integration of the time-dependent density-matrix equations at numerous grid points along the phase-matching axis and by summing of the polarization contribution from each of these grid points. Both purely homogeneously broadened resonances and resonances that are both collision broadened and Doppler broadened are considered. DFWM signal generation for these two types of resonances in the fully transient regime (τL≪τC) is strikingly different. For a homogeneously broadened resonance, the DFWM signal persists long after the laser beam has passed through the medium. The decay rate of the DFWM signal is determined by the collision rate in the medium, and the integrated DFWM signal is still dependent on the collision rate even in this fully transient regime. However, when the Doppler broadening of the resonance is much greater than the collisional broadening, the DFWM signal decays with a fall time close to that of the laser pulse. For τL≪τC, we find that it is the laser spectral width, rather than the collisional width, that dictates the range of velocity groups with which the pulses effectively interact. The signal decays with a fall time close to that of the laser pulse because the excited velocity groups radiate out of phase with one another. In a medium in which the Doppler width is much greater than the collisional width, the DFWM reflectivity is independent of collision rate for τL≪τC, but the signal level is dependent on the Doppler width. Finally, we investigate the effect of different laser pulse lengths on reflectivity saturation curves for resonances with different levels of Doppler broadening.
Mechanisms of Systemic Adaptation to Univentricular Fontan Conversion

Objective After univentricular Fontan conversion, systemic venous pressure serves as the sole driving force for transpulmonary blood flow. Consequently, systemic venous return is markedly altered and ventricular filling is subnormal. The mechanisms and time course of systemic adaptation to Fontan conversion are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that acute elevation in systemic venous pressure induces an adaptive response similar to conversion to a univentricular Fontan circulation. Methods Adjustable vessel occluders were placed around the superior and inferior vena cavae in juvenile sheep. After 1-week recovery, occluders were tightened to acutely increase and maintain systemic venous pressure at 15 mm Hg (n = 6), simulating 1-stage Fontan conversion. Control animals (n = 4) received identical surgery, but venous pressure was not manipulated. Results Cardiac index decreased significantly (3.9 ± 1.0 mL/min/m 2 to 2.7 ± 0.7 mL/min/m 2 , P P = .034) as a persistent response. Cardiac reserve improved and was not different from control by week 3. Resting heart rate decreased in both groups. Oxygen extraction (arteriovenous oxygen difference) and neurohormonal mediators increased transiently and then normalized by week 2. Conclusions Adaptation to global elevation in systemic venous pressure to Fontan levels is complete within 2 weeks. Increased blood volume and reduced heart rate are persistent responses. Increased oxygen extraction and neurohormonal up-regulation are temporary responses that normalize with recovery of cardiac output. With improved physiologic understanding of systemic adaptation to Fontan conversion, approaches to single-ventricle palliation can be more objectively assessed and optimized.
Demonstration of CW Raman gain with zero electrical power dissipation in p-i-n silicon waveguides

Electrical power dissipation has been an unfortunate penalty paid for achieving net CW gain in silicon Raman amplifiers and lasers. We report the first observation of net CW gain with zero electrical power dissipation.
Nonlinearity of p-i-n photodetectors

At higher operating frequencies, the field dependence of the carrier velocity in p-i-n photodetectors generates harmonics and intermodulation products that can degrade the dynamic range of RF fiber-optic links. The authors present both a perturbational theory and measured harmonic data for a p-i-n photodiode operated at very high power densities which show that this and other detector nonlinear effects need not seriously compromise link performance. In particular, neither transit-time nor static nonlinearities in p-i-n photodiodes need limit the dynamic range of fiber-optic links operating below 5 GHz. The fact that the theoretical bandwidth of the photodiode, with all parasitic capacitance and inductance ideally removed, is 17 GHz, suggests that comparable spur-free performance should be achievable at X and Ku-band frequencies, once packaging parasitics are reduced. >
Effects of Slash on Herbaceous Communities in Pinyon–Juniper Woodlands of Northern Arizona

Scattering slash (downed woody materials) after tree removal is increasingly prescribed by land managers as a treatment to promote the establishment and growth of understory vegetation in pinyon–juniper woodlands. However, the effects of scattering slash on soil resources and plant communities are poorly understood and often confounded with the release from tree competition. In order to examine how slash affects plant establishment, soil stability, soil nutrients, and soil microbiota, we initiated a 2 × 2 full factorial experiment with two levels of seeding and two levels of slash additions within 30 intercanopy spaces, repeated at two intact pinyon–juniper woodland sites with different soil characteristics in northwestern Arizona. Pretreatment data were collected in 2003 and posttreatment responses were measured in 2004 and 2005. Total plant cover increased within all treatments; however, grasses increased significantly only in the seed-and-slash treatment at both sites. In addition, a greater proportion of seed-and-slash plots contained more reproductively active grasses compared to seed-only plots. Slash treatments also resulted in significantly less sediment movement compared to nonslash treatments. Changes in soil nutrients were not observed, except available NO3-N decreased significantly in slash treatments. Arbuscular mycorrhizal potential and microbial biomass carbon increased as a result of the slash treatment. Addition of woody materials appeared to have general effectiveness at improving the ecological function of soils and promoting understory establishment and thus may be considered a desirable treatment for improving degraded conditions.