cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
We got the message: creating an instant messenger service point

Figuring out the best way to communicate with and serve students is one of the paramount challenges facing library and technology organizations today, including Bucknell University's merged Information Services and Resources organization (ISR). In an effort to resolve this issue, we went straight to our students, asking, "How should we communicate with students in order to better meet their service needs?"The response was unanimous: students prefer to communicate via instant messenger (IM). They suggested that we establish a screen name to handle technology and library questions.ISR formed a committee to plan a pilot IM service, and less than a year later introduced "ISRBuddy". This central triage screen name is another entryway to our broad organization that helps students navigate our services. The service expectation was that ISRBuddy would answer simple questions (often using our online knowledgebase) and direct complex questions to specific service desks. Logistical considerations such as software, scheduling, staffing, and assessment were planned well in advance of the pilot launch, which occurred in Spring 2006.Our pilot semester of ISRBuddy taught us many things about our students, including what type of information they need, their work patterns, and the level of service they expect from an online help point. After the successful pilot, we made several modifications to the service for Fall 2006.
International Immersion In The Classroom: A New Paradigm

Business, language and cultural eccentricities are the cornerstones of nation-state sovereignty. Cultural diversity presents a myriad of challenges for academia and business. Cross-cultural frameworks serve to transcend barriers and promote classroom learning to an immersion category. In this paper, notable cross-cultural frameworks are explored, including the Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck, Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner, Hofstede and Lewis. The first three of these theoretical models will be familiar to most. The Lewis model transcends the first three, and is fully explained in Lewis’ newest book, “The Cultural Imperative”. Grounded in this theory, Richard Lewis developed a cultural assessment exercise, Cultureactive, which identifies individual cultural profiles. Richard Lewis’ Cultureactive may be linked to an enriched experience for students of International Business, or any class that has an international component. The transition from Cultureactive to InterCultural Edge [ICE] has been a remarkable journey. ICE is a collaborative initiative between the Fuqua School of Business, Duke CIBER, Richard Lewis Communications, and Cultureactive.com. ICE is web-based product that teaches cross-cultural awareness in business settings by focusing on individual assessments. This allows the executive/student to compare personal results with team results and national cultural profiles. Both research and teaching consortia have been assembled to establish the research validation for ICE as well as develop a certified teaching network. The potential of the Richard Lewis model may be realized by fostering the development of promising cross-cultural research and enabling students to experience Culturactive today and ICE tomorrow.
Prediction of biological targets for compounds using multiple-category Bayesian models trained on chemogenomics databases.

Target identification is a critical step following the discovery of small molecules that elicit a biological phenotype. The present work seeks to provide an in silico correlate of experimental target fishing technologies in order to rapidly fish out potential targets for compounds on the basis of chemical structure alone. A multiple-category Laplacian-modified naive Bayesian model was trained on extended-connectivity fingerprints of compounds from 964 target classes in the WOMBAT (World Of Molecular BioAcTivity) chemogenomics database. The model was employed to predict the top three most likely protein targets for all MDDR (MDL Drug Database Report) database compounds. On average, the correct target was found 77% of the time for compounds from 10 MDDR activity classes with known targets. For MDDR compounds annotated with only therapeutic or generic activities such as “antineoplastic”, “kinase inhibitor”, or “anti-inflammatory”, the model was able to systematically deconvolute the generic activities to spe...
Itraconazole therapy in a pancreatic adenocarcinoma patient: A case report.

ObjectiveTo report the case of a patient receiving itraconazole for the treatment of histoplasmosis and his subsequent reduction in pancreatic tumor size.Case summaryA 64-year-old male was diagnosed with Stage III locally advanced unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The patient was administered radiation plus chemotherapy, which included cisplatin and capecitabine. Upon restaging, the patient’s tumor was again determined to be unresectable; therefore, palliative chemotherapy treatments were initiated, which included gemcitabine and erlotinib. After two gemcitabine cycles, he was admitted to the hospital because of loss of motor function due to spinal cord hemisection. After the surgery, the patient became neutropenic because of previous chemotherapy cycle and developed disseminated histoplasmosis. After he received his nine-month course of itraconazole, the pancreatic cancer was readdressed and he was then deemed to be resectable and had a Whipple procedure. Over the next several years, he showed no e...
The process of empowerment: A model for use in research and practice.

In this article, we propose a model of the process of empowerment. The notion of empowerment is compelling and much employed across many subfields inside and outside of psychology, but the lack of consistency in the ways prior literature has defined it is an obstacle to meaningful synthesis of findings and consistent application in practice. Our empowerment process model builds on prior work in taking the following steps: articulating empowerment as an iterative process, identifying core elements of that process, and defining the process in a way that is practically useful to both researchers and practitioners with terms that are easily communicated and applied. The components of the model are personally meaningful and power-oriented goals, self-efficacy, knowledge, competence, action, and impact. Individuals move through the process with respect to particular goals, doubling back repeatedly as experience promotes reflection. We make specific recommendations for research and practice and discuss applications to social justice.
Protect, Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights

rights regime to provide more effective protection to individuals and communities against corporaterelated human rights harm. This report to the Human Rights Council presents a principles-based conceptual and policy framework intended to help achieve this aim. Business is the major source of investment and job creation, and markets can be highly efficient means for allocating scarce resources. They constitute powerful forces capable of generating economic growth, reducing poverty, and increasing demand for the rule of law, thereby contributing to the realization of a broad spectrum of human rights. But markets work optimally only if they are embedded within rules, customs, and institutions. Markets themselves require these to survive and thrive, while society needs them to manage the adverse effects of market dynamics and produce the public goods that markets undersupply. Indeed, history teaches us that markets pose the greatest risks—to society and business itself— when their scope and power far exceed the reach of the institutional underpinnings that allow them to function smoothly and ensure their political sustainability. This is such a time, and escalating charges of corporate-related human rights abuses are the canary in the coal mine, signalling that all is not well. The root cause of the business and human rights predicament today lies in the governance gaps created by globalization—between the scope and impact of economic forces and actors, and the capacity of societies to manage their adverse consequences. These governance gaps provide the permissive environment for wrongful acts by companies of all kinds without adequate sanctioning or reparation. How to narrow and ultimately bridge the gaps in relation to human rights is our fundamental challenge.
Modifying children's eating habits through television ads: Effects of humorous appeals in a field setting

Children were more likely to choose fruits over sweets for dessert if they had seen a serious rather than humorous nutritional advertisement—unless the ad was followed by a commercial promoting sweets.
Increasing processor performance by implementing deeper pipelines

One architectural method for increasing processor performance involves increasing the frequency by implementing deeper pipelines. This paper will explore the relationship between performance and pipeline depth using a Pentium® 4 processor like architecture as a baseline and will show that deeper pipelines can continue to increase performance.This paper will show that the branch misprediction latency is the single largest contributor to performance degradation as pipelines are stretched, and therefore branch prediction and fast branch recovery will continue to increase in importance. We will also show that higher performance cores, implemented with longer pipelines for example, will put more pressure on the memory system, and therefore require larger on-chip caches. Finally, we will show that in the same process technology, designing deeper pipelines can increase the processor frequency by 100%, which, when combined with larger on-chip caches can yield performance improvements of 35% to 90% over a Pentium® 4 like processor.
Stoichiometric Composition of Whitlockite

The mineral whitlockite has been described as having CalP ratios of 3:2 and 10:7. This study used the pyrolytic formation of pyrophosphate and whitlockite from calcium orthophosphates and their mixtures with CaCO3 to determine this Ca/ P ratio. Its mean value of 1.506 ± 0.015 indicated a formula of Ca3(PO 4)2.
A Tiered System for Serving Differentiated Content

Contemporary Web sites typically consist of front–end Web servers, application servers, and back-end information systems such as database servers. There has been limited research on how to provide overload control and service differentiation for the back-end systems. In this paper we propose an architecture called tiered service (TS) for these purposes. In TS, there are several heterogeneous back-end systems to serve the Web applications. The Web applications communicate with a routing intermediary to intelligently route the queries to the appropriate back-end servers based on various policies such as client profiles and server load. In our system the back ends may store different qualities of data; lower quality data typically requires less overhead to serve. The main contributions of this paper include (i) a tiered content replication scheme that replicates tiered qualities of data on heterogeneous back ends with different capacity to satisfy clients with diverse requirements for latency and quality of data, and (ii) an application-transparent query routing architecture that automatically routes the queries to the appropriate back ends. The architecture was implemented in our test bed, and its performance was benchmarked. The experimental results demonstrate that TS offers significant performance improvement.
The possibility of unmeasured confounding variables in observational studies: a forgotten fact?

> “For a forgotten fact is news when it comes again”–Samuel Clemens Despite oft-repeated caveats about the proper interpretation of data from observational studies, the implications of such studies are subject to being misunderstood. In recent years, a rich body of observational data has illuminated an association between poor adherence to medication and adverse outcomes. A simple explanation for this relationship is that patients who do not take their medication fail to obtain the beneficial effects of the drugs. However, the confounding of such associations by unmeasured variables is another possibility. In their paper published in Heart , LaFleur et al report on the association between adherence to anti-hypertensive treatment and cardiovascular outcomes and argue that because the benefit found in their observational study did not disappear after controlling for longitudinal blood pressure measurements, unmeasured confounders must be the explanation for the difference found ( in press ).1 This work reminds us of the need for careful interpretation of findings from observational studies, and, indeed, from studies of all designs. At the time of publication of these data, it is appropriate to reflect upon the implications of this publication, as well as the authors' assumptions and conclusions. The main strength of the approach taken by Lafleur et al is their rigorous approach in assessing the association between adherence to anti-hypertensive medication and adverse outcomes. The authors used previously validated approaches to measure adherence and examined its association with cardiovascular outcomes after controlling for follow-up blood pressure measurements. In …
Acute respiratory failure due to refeeding syndrome and hypophosphatemia induced by hypocaloric enteral nutrition.

We report a case of acute respiratory failure due to refeeding syndrome caused by hypocaloric enteral tube feeds. A 60-y-old obese man, with a diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma with local metastases, underwent feeding jejunostomy tube insertion. Enteral tube feeding was initiated at small volumes providing 4.4 kcal x kg(-1) x d(-1) and gradually increased over 48 h to 29 kcal x kg(-1) x d(-1) (based on adjusted body weight). The patient then developed acute respiratory distress requiring intubation and ventilatory support. Serum phosphorus (P) level was extremely low at 4 d to adequately correct the electrolyte derangements. Successful liberation from mechanical ventilation was then possible. In chronically malnourished patients undergoing nutritional support, even hypocaloric feeding should be considered a risk factor for developing refeeding syndrome leading to severe and acute electrolyte fluid-balance and metabolic abnormalities.
Exploitation of disk cache for VOD services in network-attached storage systems

Modern storage systems become network-accessible. One of the leading network-attached storage systems is the Fiber Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL). In order to further exploit the performance of the FC-AL-based video systems, we have built the end-to-end emulation by putting all system components together. The results showed that the system improved performance compared to conventional SCSI-based systems, but disk cache utilization among disks is similar but quite low. In this paper, in order to exploit the unused disk cache blocks, we employ prefetching. We describe how to determine FC-AL acquisition order and time among disks in advance. Then we propose a cache replacement policy to take full advantage of the sequential access pattern of video files and show how to estimate the maximum number of prefetched blocks. By analysis and simulations based on one-disk configuration, we show that the prefetching not only increases the total number of concurrent streams, but it also further utilizes the FC-AL.
Energy/throughput tradeoffs of TCP error control strategies

Today's universal communications increasing involve mobile and battery-powered devices (e.g. hand-held, laptop, IP-phone) connected over wired and wireless networks. Energy efficiency, as well as throughput are becoming service characteristics of dominant importance in communication protocols. The wide applicability of IP-networks/devices, and the wide range of TCP-based applications, have rendered TCP the de facto reliable transport protocol standard not only for wired, but also for wireless and mixed (wired/wireless) communications. TCP's congestion control algorithms have been refined to achieve higher throughput. Even with these modifications, however, TCP versions do not incorporate a flexible error recovery strategy that is responsive to distinct environmental characteristics and device constraints. We have compared the energy- and throughput-efficiency of TCP error control strategies based on results gathered from our implementation of TCP Tahoe, Reno, and New Reno. We show that, depending on the frequency and duration of the error, each demonstrates appropriate behavior under specific circumstances, with Tahoe more-or-less the most energy conserving of the three. None of them, however, possesses a clear-cut overall advantage that would render it the version of choice for wired/wireless heterogeneous networks.
Biosocial pathways to functional outcome in schizophrenia

Abstract Biosocial models are preeminent in the study of schizophrenia, yet there has been little empirical testing of these models. Objective This study provided the first test of a biosocial causal model of functional outcome in schizophrenia, using neurocognition, social cognition, social competence and social support as predictors of both global and specific domains of functional outcome. Method The design used baseline variables to predict both concurrent functional status and prospective 12-month functional outcome. Subjects were recruited upon admission to outpatient community-based psychosocial rehabilitation programs shown in previous studies to be effective in improving functional outcomes. 139 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in the study; 100 participants completed the 12-month assessments. Face-to-face interviews assessed neurocognitive functioning (with five neuropsychological measures), social cognition (as perception of emotion), social competence, social support, and functional outcome which consisted of items covering the domains of social, independent living, and work functioning. Results Path analysis modeling showed that the proposed biosocial models had strong fit with the data, for both concurrent and 12-month global functional outcomes, with fit indices ranging from .95 to .98. The model explained 21% of the variance in concurrent global functional outcome, and 14% of the variance in 12-month prospective outcome. Conclusions The support for this model was strong, and it has implications for understanding the causal factors related to functional outcome, as well as for intervention strategies for improving functional outcomes in schizophrenia.
Evaluation of the Intervertebral Disk Angle for the Assessment of Anterior Cervical Diskoligamentous Injury

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The anterior diskoligamentous complex is important for cervical spinal stability. Subjective widening of the disk space after trauma has been used to gauge disruption of the anterior diskoligamentous complex on CT scanning, but no quantitative CT measurements exist to evaluate injury. The purpose of our study was to evaluate if an increased intervertebral disk angle could serve as a more sensitive, reproducible indicator of disruption of the anterior diskoligamentous complex compared with subjective assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The intervertebral disk angle was retrospectively measured on CT scanning for 122 disk levels with disruption of the anterior diskoligamentous complex by MR imaging and 1095 disk levels with an intact anterior diskoligamentous complex by MR imaging. The intervertebral disk angle was measured between the anterior superior endplate and anterior inferior endplate, with angle apex at the midposterior disk. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for subjective disk widening and specific angle values were obtained. Intervertebral disk angle reproducibility was also evaluated. RESULTS: Intervertebral disk angle measurements were “substantially reproducible.” No disk with an intact anterior diskoligamentous complex had an intervertebral disk angle greater than 18° or 2 standard deviations from the average intervertebral disk angle of the remaining disks. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for a criterion of subjective disk widening was 0.58. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for objective criteria, an intervertebral disk angle greater than 13 or above 1 standard deviation from normal values, was 0.85. The maximal area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was achieved if an intervertebral disk angle greater than 2 SD from the average angle of the other disks was used (0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Subjective disk widening does not accurately detect disruption of the anterior diskoligamentous complex on CT scanning; an elevated intervertebral disk angle provides a more sensitive and objective measurement to help direct further imaging in trauma patients.
Is Ventilatory Classification Preferable to Peak Oxygen Consumption for Risk Stratification in Heart Failure

Since the 1980s, cardiopulmonary exercise testing has been applied to patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) to objectively assess exercise capacity, to risk stratify patients, and to assess the response to therapeutic interventions.1 Subsequently, peak oxygen consumption (Vo2) was reported to be a reliable prognostic index and to be particularly useful for the timing of cardiac transplantation in patients with advanced CHF caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction.2 As peak Vo2 is derived from the Fick equation and as most patients achieve comparable arterial-venous oxygen differences when they give maximal effort, peak Vo2 has provided a noninvasive marker for peak cardiac output response and thus cardiac reserve. However, peak Vo2 is affected not only by the cardiac output response to exercise as observed in healthy subjects but also by limited skeletal muscle mass and perfusion in patients with advanced CHF. Thus the usefulness of peak Vo2 to predict prognosis in patients with CHF also results from an objective quantification of the derangements that the failing heart causes in the periphery. Not unexpectedly, CHF patients with severe skeletal muscle wasting and low peak Vo2 have a worse prognosis than patients with little or no muscle wasting and moderately reduced peak Vo2. Numerous studies before and after the advent of β-blocker therapy have repeatedly demonstrated the effectiveness of peak Vo2 to predict outcome in patients with heart failure.3–5 The prognostic power of ancillary data collected during cardiopulmonary testing, such as Vo2 at anaerobic threshold, percentage predicted …
Status Consistency in Comparative Perspective: An Examination of Educational, Occupational, and Income Data in Nine Societies

In this paper sample survey data are used to compare the degree of status consistency for males in nine societies. Relationships among education, occupation, and income are examined as well as the relationship between industrialization and the degree of status consistency. The data show that there are substantial dissociations between the major hierarchies of inequality in these nine societies. Furthermore, the results suggest that level of industrialization may be a key determinant of the degree of status consistency; more specifically there appears to be a positive relationship between per capita energy consumption and the degree of status consistency.
A unifying maximum-likelihood view of cumulant and polyspectral measures for non-Gaussian signal classification and estimation

Classification and estimation of non-Gaussian signals observed in additive Gaussian noise of unknown covariance are addressed using cumulants or polyspectra. By integrating ideas from pattern recognition and model identification, asymptotically optimum maximum-likelihood classifiers and ARMA (autoregressive moving average) parameter estimators are derived without knowledge of the data distribution. Identifiability of noncausal and nonminimum phase ARMA models is established using a finite number of cumulant or polyspectral lags of any order greater than two. A unifying view of cumulant and polyspectral discriminant measures utilizes these lags and provides a common framework for development and performance analysis of novel and existing estimation and classification algorithms. Tentative order determination and model validation tests for non-Gaussian ARMA processes are described briefly. Illustrative simulations are also presented. >
Design of a Near Field Protective Dielectric Radome “Window” for a Curved Phased Array Antenna-Circumferential Polarization Case

A systematic design method of near field dielectric windows for two-dimensional conformal fed arrays has been previously developed. The developed design yielded simultaneously well-behaved element patterns in each polarization. This method utilized dimensioning of the window thickness to maximize the radial decay rate of the radome induced surface waves and inclusion of a sufficiently large gap to decouple the surface waves from the array face. In the present paper, these ideas are extended further to arrays scanning in both planes for which the coupling between the two cross polarizations due to the dielectric layer is taken into consideration
HPSm, a high performance restricted data flow architecture having minimal functionality

Our recent work in microarchitecture has identified a new model of execution, restricted data flow, in which data flow techniques are used to coordinate out-of-order execution of sequential instruction streams. We believe that the restricted data flow model has great potential for implementing very high performance computing engines. This paper defines a minimal functionality variant of our model, which we are calling HPSm. The instruction set, data path, timing and control of HPSm are all described. A simulator for HPSm has been written, and some of the Berkeley RISC benchmarks have been executed on the simulator. We report the measurements obtained from these benchmarks, along with the measurements obtained for the Berkeley RISC II. The results are encouraging.
Off-label use of mirtazapine for anxiety

Abstract Introduction: Currently, mirtazapine is only approved for use in patients with major depressive disorder, yet the unique dual mechanism of action for this agent has led many to inquire about potential alternative uses. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence available and evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine for use in patients presenting with various forms of anxiety. Methods: A search of the medical literature using Ovid Medline and the search terms “mirtazapine” and “anxiety disorders” resulted in the identification of 12 trials and 1 meta-analysis investigating off-label mirtazapine use in various subsets of anxiety. Results: Upon review of the literature, mirtazapine was found to perform significantly better than placebo at controlling symptoms of anxiety with comorbid depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder; and with comparable efficacy, in some cases with significantly better respon...
Subgrid models for mass and thermal diffusion in turbulent mixing

We are concerned with the chaotic flow fields of turbulent mixing. Chaotic flow is found in an extreme form in multiply shocked Richtmyer-Meshkov unstable flows. The goal of a converged simulation for this problem is twofold: to obtain converged solutions for macro solution features, such as the trajectories of the principal shock waves, mixing zone edges, and mean densities and velocities within each phase, and also for such micro solution features as the joint probability distributions of the temperature and species concentration. We introduce parameterized subgrid models of mass and thermal diffusion, to define large eddy simulations (LES) that replicate the micro features observed in the direct numerical simulation (DNS). The Schmidt numbers and Prandtl numbers are chosen to represent typical liquid, gas and plasma parameter values. Our main result is to explore the variation of the Schmidt, Prandtl and Reynolds numbers by three orders of magnitude, and the mesh by a factor of 8 per linear dimension (up to 3200 cells per dimension), to allow exploration of both DNS and LES regimes and verification of the simulations for both macro and micro observables. We find mesh convergence for key properties describing the molecular level of mixing, including chemical reactionmore » rates between the distinct fluid species. We find results nearly independent of Reynolds number for Re 300, 6000, 600K . Methodologically, the results are also new. In common with the shock capturing community, we allow and maintain sharp solution gradients, and we enhance these gradients through use of front tracking. In common with the turbulence modeling community, we include subgrid scale models with no adjustable parameters for LES. To the authors' knowledge, these two methodologies have not been previously combined. In contrast to both of these methodologies, our use of Front Tracking, with DNS or LES resolution of the momentum equation at or near the Kolmogorov scale, but without resolving the Batchelor scale, allows a feasible approach to the modeling of high Schmidt number flows.« less
Creation of a Successful Transposed Antecubital Radiocephalic Arteriovenous Fistula in Patient with Known Ipsilateral Modified Radical Mastectomy, Postoperative Radiation, and Proximal Central Venous Occlusion

Native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement in patients with ipsilateral mastectomy and radiation has been avoided because of concerns regarding central venous outflow obstruction. To our knowledge, only 3 such cases have been reported. We present a patient with bilateral mastectomies and right-sided radiation therapy presenting for vascular access in the setting of multiple failed AVF in her left upper extremity and infected-groin catheter, central catheters, and axillary loop graft. We created and superficialized a radiocephalic AVF in her right upper extremity in the setting of central vein occlusion and robust collaterals which remains patent and has been cannulated successfully.
The Safe Conduct Theory of the Alien Tort Statute

In this Article, Professor Lee introduces a novel explanation of the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) - a founding-era enactment that has achieved modern prominence as a vehicle for international human rights litigation. He demonstrates how the statute was intended to address violations of something called a "safe conduct" - a sovereign promise of safety to aliens from injury to their persons and property. The safe-conduct theory advances a new modern role for the ATS to redress torts committed by private actors - including aliens - with a U.S. sovereign nexus, and not for international law violations committed by anyone anywhere. In developing this contextual account, Professor Lee resolves uncertainty over the constitutional basis for the ATS and shows how, even with sparse conventional sources, the original meaning of an iconic founding-era statute might be recovered.
Poetry and the Romantic Musical Aesthetic: The Persistence of Sound

Two hundred years have passed since the premiere of Beethoven's Fifth and Sixth Symphonies, the publication of Hegel's Phenomenology , the end of Wordsworth's Golden Decade, and the beginning of Holderlin's madness, yet their influence is everywhere. Beethoven's works are performed, recorded, and downloaded more often than any composer except for perhaps Mozart. Hegel's works are selling well, if not briskly, in any bookstore of reasonable size; his influence among intellectuals in many fields rivals that of Aristotle and Machiavelli. Wordsworth is an industry, with new editions of his poetry, along with biographies and critical works, coming out at a steady rate. Even Holderlin, who languished in obscurity for nearly a century, has many editions and translations going into multiple printings; his major critics, Heidegger, Szondi, Adorno, Henrich, and de Man, have themselves become objects of study. These four figures –, Holderlin, Hegel, Wordsworth, and Beethoven – occupy a greater place in the cultural imagination than ever, for reasons that have nothing to do with profit motives, official approval, or nostalgia. They remain important simply because their works address issues of identity, freedom, and beauty that still matter. Still, I feel obligated to make a brief case for their continued relevance that goes beyond the mere observation that so many people still find them important – too many intelligent writers have argued that their popularity is not necessarily the direct result of genuine value and that their works are merely artifacts of a more naive era.
The Role of Animal Models in Reward Deficit Disorders: Views from Academia

Publisher Summary Reward and motivation deficits form key elements of a number of psychiatric disorders, ranging from depression to drug addiction to schizophrenia. Robust animal models exist for reward and motivation deficits associated with psychiatric disorders and include brain stimulation reward thresholds, preference for a sweet solution, and progressive-ratio responding for food, among others. The chapter explores the use of these three models in the context of depression and drug addiction and presents evidence for face and construction validity of these models. It describes the animal models that have face validity and some degree of reliability and construct validity for reward deficits associated with depression and addiction. The two independent variables explored in the chapter are chronic mild stress as an animal model of depression and chronic administration of drugs sufficient to produce dependence. The chapter explores three dependent variables that have been hypothesized to measure reward motivational deficits and they include sucrose consumption and/or preference, brain stimulation reward, and progressive-ratio responding for a natural reward.
Structural and Electronic Properties of Old and New A2[M(pinF)2] Complexes

Seven new homoleptic complexes of the form A2[M(pinF)2] have been synthesized with the dodecafluoropinacolate (pinF)2– ligand, namely (Me4N)2[Fe(pinF)2], 1; (Me4N)2[Co(pinF)2], 2; (nBu4N)2[Co(pinF)2], 3; {K(DME)2}2[Ni(pinF)2], 4; (Me4N)2[Ni(pinF)2], 5; {K(DME)2}2[Cu(pinF)2], 7; and (Me4N)2[Cu(pinF)2], 8. In addition, the previously reported complexes K2[Cu(pinF)2], 6, and K2[Zn(pinF)2], 9, are characterized in much greater detail in this work. These nine compounds have been characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, elemental analysis, and for paramagnetic compounds, Evans method magnetic susceptibility. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic data were obtained for all complexes except 5. The crystallographic data show a square-planar geometry about the metal center in all Fe (1), Ni (4), and Cu (6, 7, 8) complexes independent of countercation. The Co species exhibit square-planar (3) or distorted square-planar geometries (2), and the Zn species (9) is tetrahedral. No evidence for solvent bi...
PHYLOGENETIC ASPECTS OF RESPIRATORY FUNCTION

A. Environmental Mledium (Krogh, 1941) a) Aquatic (sea of water-ocean, lake, etc.) b) Atmospheric (sea of nitrogentroposphere, stratosphere) B. EnATironmental Exchange (Krogh, 1941) a) Diffusion (molecular migration microcosmic forces) b) Ventilation (breathing macrocosmic forces) C. Flow Pattern a) Circulatory (fluixional-contilu-ous breathing exchange) b) Reciprocatory (tidal reversal of breathing exchange) D. Rhythm Frequency Pattern a) Periodic (intermittent ventilation cycles-closed system) b) Eupneic (intermittent complementary cycles-open system)
A Biological Phenomenon Affecting the Establishment of Aphelinidae as Parasites

Among the outstanding successes in biological control are the introduction of Coccophagus gurneyi from Australia to California; the introduction of Eretmocerus serius from Malaya to tropical America; and the introduction of Aphelinus mali from the United States into New Zealand and Australia. These species belong to an important family of hymenopterous parasites, the Aphelinidae. Attempts to use certain other species of this family for biological control have been unsuccessful because reproduction did not occur either in the insectaries or after liberation in the field.
Thoughts on ocular dominance-is it actually a preference?

BACKGROUND Ocular dominance has been studied for many years, and there have been many attempts to correlate eye dominance with athletic performance. Although many reports have failed to show a correlation, some reports have shown a relationship between sports performance and eye dominance. METHODS This report reviews some of those studies and the tests of eye dominance used in the reports. Additionally, we review the physical basis of eye dominance and the role of the binocular visual system in its determination. Lastly, a review of common facts and fallacies relating to ocular dominance is provided. RESULTS/CONCLUSION It is suggested that the visual system is designed as a binocular system, and only tests that allow for maintenance of binocular vision during the determination of ocular preference should be used if an accurate evaluation is to be made.
A functional reliability and safety approach for analyzing complex, aerospace systems

The approach described in this paper replaces the Reliability Block Diagrams (RBD) with a mission event functional architecture that is used to identify and mitigate mission or safety critical functions. The functional architecture is linked to functional test points that are used to demonstrate a reliable and safe product. A product is reliable and safe when the likelihood of mission and safety critical functions are within acceptable levels. This paper describes an approach that promotes both systems thinking and supports data driven decisions based on system performance, in the form of test data assessed against functional limits. The approach is a functional based assessment which is intended to meet the definition of Reliability, which is ‘The probability that an item can perform its intended function, for a specified interval, under stated conditions, without failure’. The approach decomposes a system into a set of functions and expected behaviors under specified interval and stated conditions. The approach links functions and expected behaviors to requirements in order to use requirement verification results to demonstrate a safe a reliable product. The approach does not rely on physical architecture decomposition, which enables the approach to be applied early in the design development process. The approach can be started as early as concept development to support trade studies or system functional reviews. When verification results become available, the approach uses bootstrapping techniques to determine the probability of performing the assessed function without failure, which is referred to as functional reliability herein. The resulting functional reliability from this approach is used to monitor and isolate adverse statistical behavior to maintain a safe and reliable product.
Assessing public health job portals over the internet.

Aims:The objective of our study was to search existing public health job websites over the internet and describe the challenges related to finding these job websites.Method:An internet search was conducted using different search engines, including Google, Yahoo and Bing, with several keywords including: Public Health Jobs, Epidemiology Jobs, Biostatistics Jobs, Health Policy and Management Jobs, Community Health Jobs, Health Administration Jobs, Nutrition Jobs, Environmental and Occupational Health Science Jobs, GIS Jobs, and Public Health Informatics Jobs. We recorded the first 20 websites that appeared in the results of each keyword search, thus generating 600 URLs. Duplicate sites and non-functional sites were excluded from this search, allowing analysis of unique sites only.Results:The initial search resulted in 600 websites of which there were 470 duplicates. More than half of the website categories were “.com” (54%; n = 323) followed by “.gov” (19%; n = 111) and “.edu” 15% (n = 90). Results of our f...
The Classification of Parts of Speech for the Characterization of Aphasia

Evidence from recent research suggests that aphasia patients may be distinguished, one from another, by assessing the extent to which their speech departs from normal in terms of frequencies of usage of words from various grammatical classes. A system is proposed for classifying words into distinct grammatical classes. The system is designed to provide ease of classification, for speech either from aphasic patients or normal speakers, and to entail consistent application of grammatical criteria. It lends itself to inclusion in a computer programme for processing English language texts. Some potential uses of the classification system are briefly noted.
Post-Extinction Biofacies of the First Carbonate Ramp of the Early Jurassic (sinemurian) in NE Panthalassa (new York Canyon, Nevada, Usa)

The end-Triassic mass extinction was global, severe, and accompanied by worldwide disturbance to carbonate ramp and platform sedimentation. We examine the earliest known Jurassic carbonate ramp produced in the back-arc basin along NE Panthalassa following the extinction event to determine the biotic constituents and timing of local ecological recovery. Field observations, fossil surveys, and microfacies analysis focused on the Ferguson Hill Member (Hettangian and Sinemurian) of the Sunrise Formation in the New York Canyon area of west central Nevada, USA. In the Hettangian, post-extinction biosiliceous sedimentation extended to the inner ramp, where an ooid and grapestone shoal marked the outermost extent of a narrow belt of carbonate sedimentation. An early recovery phase in the late Hettangian is characterized by widespread, laterally homogeneous, demosponge-dominated level-bottom sedimentation across the mid- to inner-ramp, in addition to limited trophic tiering (sessile epifaunal suspension feeding and mobile infaunal deposit feeding), substantial ramp aggradation, and poor settling conditions for competitive benthic colonizers (e.g., corals, crinoids, infaunal bivalves). Within 1.6–2 Myr after the extinction (in the early Sinemurian), a late recovery phase is recognized by the appearance of epifaunal grazers (gastropods, echinoids) and suspension feeders (crinoids, solitary scleractinian corals), phototrophic microbialites (oncoids, and possibly photosymbionts within corals), and infaunal deposit or suspension feeders (bivalves). Although the late recovery faunas included more trophic levels than pre-extinction carbonate ramp habitats, development and progradation of the first Jurassic carbonate ramp still relied heavily on sponge, microbialite, and abiotic mineralization.
Cheerful Reading and Hatching Study Society

Though research on happiness and study, this paper holds the view that utilitarian study and cheerful study can promote the overall level of social culture, create cheerful study atmosphere, which is beneficial to the hatchery of study society.
Compression Heating of Selected Polymers During High-Pressure Processing

Pressure-assisted thermal processing is an innovative technology, which has been discussed for sterilization of low-acid foods for over a decade. This approach can result in improved product quality from rapid temperature increase during pressurization and temperature decrease during depressurization. Five plastics (high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polyamide, polypropylene and polystyrene) were evaluated for their compression heating characteristics from initial temperatures of 25, 50 and 75°C. Samples were pressurized to 600 MPa with a laboratory-scale high pressure kinetic testing unit. Temperature and pressure were recorded as a function of time. Samples showed temperature increases as a function of pressure and initial temperature. For initial temperatures of 25, 50 and 75°C, low-density polyethylene showed transient temperature increases of 5.65 ± 0.03°C, 6.44 ± 0.07°C and 7.41 ± 0.07°C per 100 MPa pressure increase, respectively. Polystyrene had the least transient temperature increase of 4.31 ± 0.02°C, 4.39 ± 0.02°C and 4.53 ± 0.02°C per 100 MPa pressure increase, respectively. All polymers tested generally have greater heat of compression than water, protein and carbohydrates, but lower than those of fatty food substances. Practical Applications Thermal gradients in pressure vessels can cause nonuniformity in the microbial and enzyme inactivation, as well as nutrient and organoleptic quality retention, achieved in foods during pressure assisted thermal processing. Packaging materials, insulation and carrier baskets may be made of plastic polymers. Only limited studies documented heat of compression values of different polymers as a function of pressure and heat. Knowledge gained from this study will help to improve temperature uniformity within a pressure vessel. Improved understanding compression heating behavior of plastic polymers will aid in pressure vessel design and implementing and validating pressure processes.
UFT/leucovorin plus bolus epirubicin and cyclophosphamide in advanced/metastatic breast cancer.

Irinotecan (Camptosar) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor with demonstrated antitumor activity against a wide variety of malignancies. Phase II studies have shown that this agent has significant single-agent activity against both chemotherapy-naive and fluorouracil (5-FU)-refractory colorectal cancer. Phase III studies now indicate that irinotecan/5-FU/leucovorin combinations have antitumor activity superior to standard 5-FU/leucovorin regimens alone. These irinotecan-based combinations are now entering clinical trials for the adjuvant treatment of resected stage III colon cancer. It is hypothesized that the superior antitumor activity of these irinotecan-based combinations seen in the metastatic setting will translate into improved survival and increased cure rates in these earlier-stage patients.
On the Law of Mortality

We omit Makeham’s opening comments on life table functions, some of the mortality tables he examined, and his appendix, in which he develops some of his formulas. Makeham’s Fx is the force of mortality.
Individual differences in bait shyness: Effects of drug dose and measurement technique.

The conclusion that bait shyness in rats is characterized by a paucity of individual differences was reexamined through manipulation of toxic-dose magnitudes and measurement techniques. Individual differences in acquisition of a cyclophosophamide-induced aversion to saccharin flavored water were recorded even with relatively insensitive single-bottle measurement procedures. However, single-bottle extinction was quite rapid and dose independent. In contrast, sensitive 2-bottle measurement procedures revealed dose-dependent individual differences in both aversion acquisition and resistance to extinction. Results are discussed in relationship to aversion therapy treatment of alcholism.
Acceleration of Flat Plates by Multiple Staging

Pressures attainable in conventional shock wave equation of state experiments are limited by the velocities to which flat plates can be accelerated without severely altering their geometry or thermodynamic state. At present two-stage gas guns provide the highest useful velocities. These can achieve approximately 8 km/s with a projectile diameter of 1.5 cm; impact of tantalum on tantalum. at this velocity yields a pressure of about 5 Mbar. These conditions thus represent the current upper limit for shock wave equation of state work in the U.S. (except in underground nuclear explosions). Russian experimenters have reported measurements with impact velocities of 14 km/s, but the technique has never been described in the open literature [1].
Religion as Fact-asserting

In the last chapter I claimed that religion is concerned with reality and that its central affirmations are, ultimately, true or false factual assertions. In this chapter I want to criticise the opposite view, both in the crude assumption that the important question is not whether religious affirmations are true but whether they are useful; and in the highly sophisticated form of the current neo-Wittgensteinian treatment of religious discourse as an autonomous language-game.