cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The induction of ketosis in the lactating dairy cow

Injections of l-thyroxine into normal dairy cows at the beginning of lactation resulted in animals fed on a high protein diet becoming ketotic. Some of the symptoms observed in the induced ketotic cows showed many similarities when compared with those associated with the spontaneous condition.In most cases the levels of the constituents estimated in the blood of the induced ketotic cows were similar to those measured in blood from spontaneous cases. A histological examination of the liver from an induced ketotic cow showed a considerable increase in the fat content, particularly in the centrilobular regions. The fat content of this tissue amounted to 26% with a concomitant depression of liver glycogen to only 10% of the normal level.Diet was found to play an important role in the susceptibility of cattle to the induced ketosis, since animals fed on rations containing a lower level of protein were more resistant. Attempts to induce ketosis in cows 6—8 months after calving were completely unsuccessful.The part played by the thyroxine and the diet in the induction of ketosis is discussed.
The independent and combined effects of exercise training and reducing sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic risk factors

This pilot study examined if the combination of exercise training and reducing sedentary time (ST) results in greater changes to health markers than either intervention alone. Fifty-seven overweight/obese participants (19 males/39 females) (mean ± SD; age, 43.6 ± 9.9 years; body mass index (BMI), 35.1 ± 4.6 kg·m(-2)) completed the 12-week study and were randomly assigned to (i) EX: exercise 5 days·week(-1) for 40 min·session(-1) at moderate intensity; (ii) rST: reduce ST and increase nonexercise physical activity; (iii) EX-rST: combination of EX and rST; and (iv) CON: maintain behavior. Fasting lipids, blood pressure (BP), peak oxygen uptake, BMI, and 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests were completed pre- and post-intervention. EX and EX-rST increased peak oxygen uptake by ∼10% and decreased systolic BP (both p < 0.001). BMI decreased by -3.3% (95% confidence interval: -4.6% to -1.9%) for EX-rST and -2.2% (-3.5% to 0.0%) for EX. EX-rST significantly increased composite insulin-sensitivity index by 17.8% (2.8% to 32.8%) and decreased insulin area under the curve by 19.4% (-31.4% to -7.3%). No other groups improved in insulin action variables. rST group decreased ST by 7% (∼50 min·day(-1)); however, BP was the only health-related outcome that improved. EX and EX-rST improved peak oxygen uptake and BMI, providing further evidence that moderate-intensity exercise is beneficial. The within-group analysis provides preliminary evidence that exercising and reducing ST may result in improvements in metabolic biomarkers that are not seen with exercise alone, though between-group differences did not reach statistical significance. Future studies, with larger samples, should examine health-related outcomes resulting from greater reductions in ST over longer intervention periods.
An anatomical study of the furless condition in rabbits

A histological study of Hammond's simple recessive ‘furless’ rabbits was made from many series of sections taken from the skin of both the normal and furless rabbits of several pertinent ages. It was found that the external absence of under-hair or fur exists because of a failure of the hairs of these follicles to erupt. This failure is due to a premature keratinization which first affects the sebaceous glands and then the inner epithelial sheath. The resulting abnormal channel allows an erratic escape, especially of the regenerating hair above the incomplete inner sheath into the surrounding connective tissue, where the escaped part of the hair atrophies. The final condition shows an inflammatory reaction in the areolar tissue here. There is no check on the growth from the bulb of the root. Other elements of the skin verify this excessive keratinization. The cause of the abnormal metabolic changes conceivably lies in an inadequate tissue supply of oxygen or nutrition. The regulator may be the sympathetic system directly or indirectly (by hormone action), or it may be an inhibitor resident in the integument itself.
Anthropometric indices as predictors of hypertension among men and women aged 40-69 years in the Korean population: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

Obesity is one of the most significant risk factors for hypertension. However, there is controversy regarding which measure is the best predictor of hypertension risk. We compared body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in subjects as predictive indicators for development of hypertension. The data were obtained from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES), a large population-based prospective cohort study. A total of 4,454 subjects (2,128 men and 2,326 women) aged 40–69 years who did not have hypertension at baseline were included in this study. Incident hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or anti-hypertensive medication use during the 4-year follow up. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to compare discrimination abilities for anthropometric indices for hypertension. Hazard ratios were calculated by Cox proportional hazard model with adjustment for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes and family history of hypertension by sexes. In men, the area under the ROC curve (AROC) was 0.62 for WC, WHR, and WHtR and 0.58 for BMI. In women, the AROCs for BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR were 0.57, 0.66, 0.68, and 0.68, respectively. After adjustment for risk factors, a 1 standard deviation increase in BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR were significantly related to incident hypertension, respectively (hazard ratio: 1.39, 1.50, 1.40 and 1.49 in men, 1.31, 1.44, 1.35 and 1.48 in women). The central obesity indices WC, WHR, and WHtR were better than BMI for the prediction of hypertension in middle-aged Korean people. WHtR facilitates prediction of incident hypertension because of the single standard regardless of sex, ethnicity, and age group. Therefore, WHtR is recommended as a screening tool for the prediction of hypertension.
Factors associated with injury in REM sleep behavior disorder

Abstract Objective As factors associated with injury in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) remain largely unknown, we aimed to identify such factors. Methods We surveyed consecutive idiopathic (iRBD) or symptomatic RBD patients seen between 2008 and 2010 regarding RBD-related injuries. Associations between injuries and clinical variables were determined with odds ratios (OR) and multiple logistic regression analyses. The primary outcome variables were injury and injury severity. Results Fifty-three patients (40%) responded. Median age was 69 years, and 35 (73.5%) were men. Twenty-eight (55%) had iRBD. Twenty-nine (55%) reported injury, with 37.8% to self and 16.7% to the bed partner. 11.3% had marked injuries requiring medical intervention or hospitalization, including two (4%) subdural hematomas. iRBD diagnosis (OR = 6.8, p = 0.016) and dream recall (OR = 7.5, p = 0.03) were associated with injury; and iRBD diagnosis was independently associated with injury and injury severity adjusting for age, gender, DEB frequency, and duration. Falls ( p = 0.03) were also associated with injury severity. DEB frequency was not associated with injury, injury severity, or falls. Conclusions Injuries appear to be a frequent complication of RBD, although the relatively low response rate in our survey could have biased results. iRBD patients are more likely to suffer injury – and more severe injuries – than symptomatic RBD patients. In addition, recall of dreams was also associated with injury, and dream enactment behavior (DEB)-related falls were associated with more severe injuries. One in nine patients suffered injury requiring medical intervention. The frequency of DEB did not predict RBD-related injuries, highlighting the importance of timely initiation of treatment for RBD in patients having even rare DEB episodes. Future prospective studies will be necessary to define predictors of injury in RBD.
Impact of the constitutive equation and singularity on the calculation of stick-slip flow: The modified upper-convected maxwell model (MUCM)

Abstract Calculations of viscoelastic flows using the upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) model in geometries which include sharp corners or moving and free liquid/fluid contact lines are known to be non-convergent with mesh refinement. A modified upper-convected Maxwell (MUCM) model is proposed which partially alleviates this difficulty. The MUCM model is derivable from network theory and allows the fluid relaxation time to decrease at increasing values of the trace of the stress tensor. The MUCM model yields stress fields that reduce to the a symptotic expressions for a Newtonian fluid near singularities at non-deformable boundaries. Calculations using a Galerkin finite element method are presented for the planar stick-slip problem of the flow between two no-slip surfaces joined to two shear-free surfaces. Results for fine meshes show the correct asymptotic behavior near the singularity for the MUCM model and converge to much higher values of the Deborah number than for the UCM model. However, the results for the MUCM model are still constrained by numerical instabilities related to approximating the stress behavior near the singularity.
HIGHLY CONDUCTING, IODINE-DOPED ARYLENE VINYLENE COPOLYMERS WITH DIALKOXYPHENYLENE UNITS

Abstract A series of arylene vinylene copolymers containing both unsubstituted and 2,5-dialkoxy-substituted 1,4-phenylene vinylene units were prepared from water-soluble, sulphonium salt precursor polymers. The conversion of the precursor to the conjugated copolymers was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, and the arylene vinylene copolymers so formed were characterized by elemental analysis and by Fourier-transform infra-red and ultra-violet/visible spectroscopy. The results were compared to those obtained for the poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene vinylene) homopolymers, which were prepared under equivalent conditions. Doping of drawn and undrawn films of the copolymers with iodine vapour led to conductivities as high as 1500 S cm−1 with good air stability.
d0 Ferromagnetism in undoped ZnO thin films: Effect of thickness, interface and oxygen annealing

We present a systematic study of the thickness dependency of the structural, electrical and magnetic properties of undoped ZnO thin films. The highest saturation moment (∼36.75 emu cm−3) was observed for the thinnest films. Both the undoped and 5% Co doped ZnO films of different thickness (0.066–1.1 μm) showed a diamagnetic behavior upon annealing in oxygen. Activation energy of quenching of ferromagnetism revealed oxygen vacancies as the key mediating defect in ferromagnetic ZnO thin films.
Internet's potential as a global information infrastructure: a case study and assessment

Few would argue that the Internet is a global information resource for academicians and researchers. This article asks whether Internet has the potential to become a global information infrastructure for broad-based user communities. This question is answered using the case study method. The authors searched for the same information using two Internet directories (the List of Libraries and the List of Lists), four Internet interface services (Archie, Gopher, Wide Area Information Service, and World Wide Web), and two commercial services (Dialog and ABI/Inform). The case study evidence indicates that the Internet information resource is not likely to become an information infrastructure based on the criteria of being shareable among all classes of users, having a common interface, being enabling of development, scalable and economically sustainable. The authors recommend radical changes to the current Internet organization and propose six major agenda items.
Kerosene: A Review of Household Uses and their Hazards in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Kerosene has been an important household fuel since the mid-19th century. In developed countries its use has greatly declined because of electrification. However, in developing countries, kerosene use for cooking and lighting remains widespread. This review focuses on household kerosene uses, mainly in developing countries, their associated emissions, and their hazards. Kerosene is often advocated as a cleaner alternative to solid fuels, biomass and coal, for cooking, and kerosene lamps are frequently used when electricity is unavailable. Globally, an estimated 500 million households still use fuels, particularly kerosene, for lighting. However, there are few studies, study designs and quality are varied, and results are inconsistent. Well-documented kerosene hazards are poisonings, fires, and explosions. Less investigated are exposures to and risks from kerosene's combustion products. Some kerosene-using devices emit substantial amounts of fine particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxides (NO(x)), and sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). Studies of kerosene used for cooking or lighting provide some evidence that emissions may impair lung function and increase infectious illness (including tuberculosis), asthma, and cancer risks. However, there are few study designs, quality is varied, and results are inconsistent. Considering the widespread use in the developing world of kerosene, the scarcity of adequate epidemiologic investigations, the potential for harm, and the implications for national energy policies, researchers are strongly encouraged to consider collecting data on household kerosene uses in studies of health in developing countries. Given the potential risks of kerosene, policymakers may consider alternatives to kerosene subsidies, such as shifting support to cleaner technologies for lighting and cooking.
Genome-wide association studies for atherosclerotic vascular disease and its risk factors.

Received August 26, 2008; accepted December 10, 2008. Atherosclerotic vascular disease is a major health care burden, being the leading cause of morbidity and death worldwide.1 A better understanding of the genetic basis of atherosclerotic vascular disease is urgently needed to provide new insights into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and facilitate development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. The advent of genome-wide association (GWA) studies (see supplementary Table 1 for glossary) is an important step in this direction, having led to the identification of susceptibility alleles for many of the common “complex” diseases. This is in contrast to genetic linkage studies, which had limited success in identifying genes for complex diseases or quantitative trait loci and candidate gene-based association studies, the results of which have been mostly irreproducible. Editorial see p 1 GWA studies became possible with the completion of the Human Genome Project,2 the discovery of millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome, and the International HapMap Project3 that characterized the patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the human genome, as well as the availability of high-throughput genotyping platforms and decreased costs of genotyping. In contrast to candidate gene studies in which genes are selected on the basis of known or suspected disease mechanisms, GWA studies permit a relatively comprehensive scan of the genome in an agnostic fashion, and thus have the potential to identify novel disease susceptibility or quantitative trait loci. Although there are at least 7 million common SNPs (minor allele frequency >5%) in the human genome,4 neighboring SNPs are often strongly correlated with each other (ie, in LD). LD is measured by the r 2 statistic, which indicates the correlation of alleles at 2 sites, and ranges from 0 (no correlation) to 1 (perfect correlation). GWA studies take advantage of …
Management of rectal injuries

Abstract We have reviewed the management of twentynine casualties with rectal injuries terated in Vietnam. A high incidence of virulent complications and a 22.2 per cent mortality occurred in eighteen casualties treated by conventional means with a divided sigmoid colostomy, rectal repair when feasible, and presacral drainage. The complications and deaths were invariably related to pelvic sepsis. Distal washout to prevent continued contamination from fecal material remaining in the defunctionalized rectosigmoid was employed in ten casualties in addition to the conventional measures. This resulted in a striking reduction in complications and no mortality. We also stress the importance of prompt diagnosis, direct control of hemorrhage, proper management of associated injuries, and adequate debridement.
Computer simulation of 0.5-micrometer lithography for a 16-megabit DRAM

This paper describes the computer simulation results of 0.5 micrometers lithography for a 16 Mb DRAM. The model demonstrates, via aerial profiles, the increased focus latitude for deep- ultraviolet (DUV) lithography as compared to i-line lithography. The result translates into a larger process window for manufacturing DRAMs using DUV lithography. The model also isolated an imaging problem at one of the critical levels. Two probable solutions were simulated and then lithographically confirmed.
Small-Molecule Compounds that Modulate Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue: Targeting Strategies and Molecular Classes

Lipolysis is an important pathway in maintaining energy homeostasis through the degradation of triglycerides in adipose tissue and the release of fatty acids into the circulation as an energy source. However, an elevated level of circulating fatty acids leads to unfavorable metabolic effects such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Cell surface receptors and intracellular components of the lipolytic pathway have been targeted to develop antilipolytic agents, among which are G-protein-coupled receptor agonists and lipase inhibitors. In addition, molecules that stimulate lipolysis have been tested in clinical trials as a treatment for obesity. Together, these molecules represent a diverse group of regulators for this pathway. This review will discuss strategies to target lipolysis and the major issues with representative small-molecule modulators of this pathway.
COULOMB EXCITATION OF $sup 209$Bi AND THE WEAK-COUPLING MODEL.

Some relative and absolute $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transition probabilities have been measured for the low-lying levels in $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$ by observing the Coulomb excitation and subsequent decay of the states. Thick bismuth targets were bombarded with 19-MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray yields at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} were observed with a 25-${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ LiGe detector. Determinations have been made of the transition strengths to the ${f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ (0.897-MeV), the ${i}_{\frac{13}{2}}$ (1.608-MeV), and the ${f}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ (2.822-MeV), and the septuplet of levels near 2.6 MeV, formed by coupling an ${h}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ particle to the ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ octupole state in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$, excited by $E2$, $E3$, $E2$, and $E3$ Coulomb excitation, respectively, Approximate $E1$ transition strengths for ground-state decays of the 2.563-, 2.581-, and 2.598-MeV levels have been determined from the Doppler broadening of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ peaks. Branches are observed corresponding to decays from the 2.741- and 2.600-MeV states to the 1.608 (${\frac{13}{2}}^{+}$) level, and from the 2.822-, 2.615-, and 2.581-MeV levels to the 0.897 (${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$) state. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray strengths and relative transition rates are compared with the predictions of a particle-vibration coupling model.
Late Mesolithic–Early Neolithic human adaptation to environmental changes at an ancient lake shore: The multi-layer Zamostje 2 site, Dubna River floodplain, Central Russia

Abstract The multilayer waterlogged site Zamostje 2 in Central Russia represents a unique opportunity to study the interplay of human cultural history and its environmental context over the late Mesolithic – Middle Neolithic, ca. 7900–5500 BP (7000–4300 BC). Compared to previous paleogeographical reconstructions made more than 15 years ago and pollen diagrams for a number of profiles from Zamostje 2, along with materials from other sites from the region, in this paper we present new data about the use of wood by ancient inhabitants of lake settlements, and the discovery of fishery constructions. These data are used to reconstruct local changes in paleo-landscape and its exploitation by ancient hunters–fishermen during a period of two thousand years. It was possible to correlate the types of fishing constructions with the water-depth of the ancient lake. The fishery economic zone of the paleo-lake always been a structural part of the settlement. New data allowed us to revise or update previous schemes of local paleo-landscape changes at the site, and the regional scheme of the Holocene vegetation development in the Volga-Oka region.
Pseudarthrosis of the cervical spine after anterior arthrodesis : treatment by posterior nerve-root decompression, stabilization, and arthrodesis

Nineteen consecutive patients who had a symptomatic pseudarthrosis after a failed anterior cervical arthrodesis were treated by a posterior nerve-root decompression and arthrodesis. The indications for the operation were radiculopathy in the absence of myelopathy and evidence of a pseudarthrosis on lateral flexion and extension radiographs. The average duration of follow-up was forty-four months (range, twenty-four to fifty-four months). A solid fusion was achieved in all patients, and the radiculopathy was relieved in all but one. The motor weakness that had been present in four patients preoperatively resolved completely.
Model Selection in Phylogenetics

▪ Abstract Investigation into model selection has a long history in the statistical literature. As model-based approaches begin dominating systematic biology, increased attention has focused on how models should be selected for distance-based, likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetics. Here, we review issues that render model-based approaches necessary, briefly review nucleotide-based models that attempt to capture relevant features of evolutionary processes, and review methods that have been applied to model selection in phylogenetics: likelihood-ratio tests, AIC, BIC, and performance-based approaches.
Fractures of the phalanges and metacarpals: An analysis of 555 fractures

A retrospective analysis of 555 finger ray fractures in 525 patients treated at the University of Virginia Medical Center showed that most fractures were "successfully" (prompt union and good-to-excellent function) treated by closed reduction and splinting. The most common injuries were the Boxer's fracture and tuft fractures of the long and ring fingers. Both of these injuries can be treated simply with immobilization after adequate care of the soft tissue wounds. Fractures in which early referral to a hand surgeon is indicated include: 1) Impacted fractures of the proximal portion of the proximal phalanges with volar angulation. 2) Intaarticular fractures involving more than 25% of the joint surface. 3) Fracture dislocation of the PIP joint. 4) All "chip" fractures around joints associated with ligamentous instability. 5) Bennett's fracture — dislocation of the proximal thumb joint. 6) Compound fractures of phalanges and metacarpals (exclusive of tuft fractures). 7) Simple fractures in which closed reduction is attempted but unsuccessful. 8) Fractures which dislocate after initial treatment despite attempted immobilization.
Temporal patterns of nasal, oral, and retronasal perception of citral and vanillin and interaction of these odourants with selected tastants

Summary Perceived intensities of aqueous solutions of 0.01% citral (C) and of 0.14% vanillin were estimated over time when presented nasally (sniffing), retronasally (sipping) and orally (sipping with nose pinched). the onset and decay of nasal perception was very rapid, with maximum intensity reached between 4-8s and extinction between 9-15s. the oral response was extremely low, while retronasal intensity reached maximum 11-19 s after stimulation with a duration ranging from 40 to 120s. Orally, 10 of 19 subjects rated solutions containing C and citric acid (CA) significantly higher than those containing CA alone. Retronasally, citral intensity was enhanced by CA > CA + sucrose (SUC) > SUC > NaCl. Addition of xanthan gum had little effect on perception of citral. Retronasal intensity of vanillin solutions was increased by addition of sucrose (SUC) and depressed by CA and by NaCl. the results demonstrated large differences in perceived intensity and duration via the three procedures, significant alteration of oral intensity by added tastants, and marked bimodality of response upon the addition of acid to citral.
Optimal Capacity in the Anhydrous Ammonia Industry

This study analyzed the status of manufacturing capacity in the U.S. anhydrous ammonia industry (1971–91). Pindyck's (1988) real option model was extended to account for mean-reverting tendencies in the marketing margin to determine optimal capacity for each year. The key result of the study is that the 30% expansion in 1973–74 would not have been recommended by the real option model, while traditional discounted cash flow approaches available in the 1970s could have easily rationalized the choices made by the industry. The results underscore the potential gains in predictive power from using the real option model in analyzing large, irreversible investments.
Acoustic emission evaluation of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings

Revue des experiences realisees par la technique des emissions acoustiques sur le comportement et les defauts des couches de protection thermiques a projection de plasma, en particulier les protections thermiques composites (metal de liaison et ceramique)
Structural and metabolic distinction between Morris hepatoma 5123 A and normal rat liver.

Evidence is presented to show that Morris Hepatoma 5123 A differs strikingly from homologous normal tissue in its metabolic and structural aspects. The succinoxidase activity of Hepatoma 5123 A is only 40% that of liver, while anaerobic glycolysis, although relatively low, is nevertheless some 100% higher than in normal liver. The mitochondrial content of Hepatoma 5123 A is about 40% that of the normal liver cell. The amount of material in the microsomal fraction is reduced in the hepatoma and there is a pronounced shift in the distribution of RNA in favor of the RNA in the nuclear and supernatant fractions. Hepatoma 5123 A shares all of these characteristics with other known tumors. In distinction to rapidly growing tumor and proliferating tissue, Hepatoma 5123 A has about the same or higher dCMP-ase activity as normal liver, while dCMP-deaminase is about 20 times as high as in normal rat liver. In addition to the quantitative depletion of mitochondria, Hepatoma 5123 A shows also a depletion in the flavin and cytochrome c content of the mitochondrial soluble matrix. In contrast to normal mitochondria, in which the administration of 3,3',5-tri-iodothyronine led to a an increase several times the normal value, in the activity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, the level of this enzyme in tumor mitochondria remained unchanged following the administration of triiodothyronine. In contrast to normal liver, Hepatoma 5123 A has shown in all subcellular fractions the presence of polarographically active, non-protein SH-compounds. In normal rat liver these compounds appear only in the mitochondrial fraction and their level is much lower than in Hepatoma 5123 A. It is suggested that the Warburg type of metabolism in Hepatoma 5123 A may be a manifestation of structural and functional insufficiency of preformed cytoplasmic elements.
Cyanomet human hemoglobin crystallized under physiological conditions exhibits the Y quaternary structure

Cyanomet human hemoglobin has been crystallized at a chloride ion concentration and pH similar to physiological conditions. Molecular replacement calculations definitively show that the hemoglobin subunits are arranged in the Y quaternary form recently discovered in carbon monoxy hemoglobin Ypsilanti (99 Asp–Tyr), and subsequently observed in carbon monoxy normal human hemoglobin crystallized at low ionic strength and low pH. The structure has been refined at 2.09 A resolution to an R-value of 0.232, and further refinement is currently underway. Although the refinement is not yet complete, our results are the first indication that the Y structure may represent an important quaternary form of liganded hemoglobin under physiological buffer conditions. These results suggest the need for a reexamination of structure–function correlations in the hemoglobin system. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Religious practices, beliefs, and mental health: variations across ethnicity.

Objectives. We examined whether Black Americans and Hispanic Americans experienced greater mental health benefits from religious involvement than White Americans, and whether these benefits would be mediated through three psychosocial factors – social support, meaning, and forgiveness. Methods. Utilizing data from a probability sample of Chicago-based adults (n=3103), ethnicity-stratified multivariate regression models estimated the association of religiosity with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and major depressive disorder (MDD). Models controlled for potential confounders and psychosocial mediators. Results. Contrary to our hypotheses, religiously involved Black Americans and Hispanic Americans did not experience greater mental health benefits than their White counterparts. For White Americans alone, service attendance was inversely related to depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and MDD. Religious saliency was consistently associated with worse mental health for Hispanic Americans only. Howev...
Feminist Financial Therapy

This chapter consists of three major sections: (a) a brief history on feminist theory and an introduction to the assumptions, concepts, and propositions within this theory; (b) an application of feminist theory to financial therapy and the formation of feminist financial therapy, and (c) two applications of feminist financial therapy. The first application pertains to gender roles and the division of household labor, and the second application relates to financial dependence and what it means for women. This chapter concludes with a general discussion on the benefits and limitations of feminist financial therapy.
Effects of Planting Pattern of Collards on Resistance to Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and on Parasitoid Abundance

Fourteen collard entries, Brassica oleraceae L., Acephala group, were evaluated for resistance to natural populations of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring in replicated field plots in Charleston, SC. Glossy-leaf phenotypes (‘SC Glaze’, ‘SC Landrace’, ‘Green Glaze’) were the most resistant collard entries and had fewer whiteflies than the nonglossy, open-pollinated cultivars. Also, two F1 hybrid cultivars with normal, nonglossy leaves (‘Blue Max’ and ‘Top Bunch’) were resistant. In laboratory experiments, there were no differences in the intrinsic rate of growth (rs) of B. argentifolii populations on either glossy or nonglossy collard phenotypes. Over a 2-yr period, there were no differences in the abundance of whiteflies on the glossy phenotype of Green Glaze when it was planted in solid 20-plant plots or when it was alternated (every other plant) with the nonglossy phenotype of Green Glaze. In a similarly designed experiment, there was no difference in the resistance of Blue Max in either solid or mixed planting scheme compared with the susceptible ‘Morris Heading’. Higher numbers of whiteflies and parasitoids (primarily Eretmocerus spp.) were collected on yellow sticky cards in the solid plantings of the nonglossy phenotype of Green Glaze than were collected in the solid plantings of the glossy Green Glaze phenotype. Counts on sticky cards in the mixed plots were intermediate. These data show that planting pattern of collard entries is relatively unimportant in the deployment of these sources of host plant resistance. The data also suggest that nonpreference is the primary mode of resistance to whiteflies for certain collard entries.
Microfluidic fabrication of multiaxial microvessels via hydrodynamic shaping

A microfluidic fiber fabrication device was developed to prepare multiaxial microvessels with defined architecture and material constituency. Hydrodynamic focusing using passive wall structures directed biologically relevant macromer solutions into coaxial flow patterns, which were subsequently solidified via photopolymerization. Solid, coaxial, and triaxial microfibers as well as microtubes were generated from the multiaxial flows composed of both synthetic macromers and biomacromolecules.
Heritabilities of and genetic correlations among six health problems in Holstein cows.

Information from 7712 lactations of Holstein dairy cows was collected from 33 commercial herds around Ithaca, NY in the 3 yr from 1981 to 1983. The data were divided into subsets corresponding to lactation 1, lactation 2, and lactation 3 or greater. To estimate heritabilities of dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, ovarian cysts, milk fever, and mastitis, a mixed linear model (herd-year fixed and sire random effects) with 0 or 1 as the observed response was used. Variance components were estimated using Henderson's Method 3. The results show moderate heritabilities (.15 to .40) for dystocia, metritis, milk fever, and mastitis and low heritability (less than .12) for retained placenta and cystic ovaries. Genetic correlations between dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, and mastitis were moderate in size and positive, whereas cystic ovaries were correlated negatively with dystocia and retained placenta. A general reproductive health trait (dystocia, retained placenta, metritis, cystic ovaries, and milk fever combined in one trait) also was analyzed. The estimated heritability of this trait was .21, .11, and .00 for first calf heifers, second lactation cows, and older cows, respectively.
Microsoft Open Government Data Initiative (OGDI), Eye on Earth Case Study

European Open Government Data Initiative is introduced as a free, open-source, cloud-based collection of software assets that government organizations can take advantage of. They can upload and store public data into the Microsoft Cloud, while leveraging the Windows Azure Platform and environment. Important case study of Windows Azure Platform are presented.
Emotion and Affective Style: Hemispheric Substrates

Research on cerebral asymmetry and the experience and expression of emotion is reviewed. The studies described use electrophysiological procedures to make inferences about patterns of regional cortical activation. Such procedures have sufficient temporal resolution to be used in the study of brief emotional experiences denoted by spontaneous facial expressions. In adults and infants, the experimental arousal of positive, approach-related emotions is associated with selective activation of the left frontal region, while arousal of negative, withdrawal-related emotions is associated with selective activation of the right frontal region. Individual differences in baseline measures of frontal asymmetry are associated with dispositional mood, affective reactivity, temperament, and immune function. These studies suggest that neural systems mediating approach- and withdrawal-related emotion and action are, in part, represented in the left and right frontal regions, respectively, and that individual differences i...
Assessment of the accuracy of matrix representation with parsimony analysis supertree construction.

Despite the growing popularity of supertree construction for combining phylogenetic in- formation to produce more inclusive phylogenies, large-scale performance testing of this method has not been done. Through simulation, we tested the accuracy of the most widely used supertree method, matrix representation with parsimony analysis (MRP), with respect to a (maximum parsi- mony) total evidence solution and a known model tree. When source trees overlap completely, MRP provided a reasonable approximation of the total evidence tree; agreement was usually >85%. Per- formance improved slightly when using smaller, more numerous, or more congruent source trees, and especially when elements were weighted in proportion to the bootstrap frequencies of the nodes they represented on each source tree ("weighted MRP"). Although total evidence always estimated the model tree slightly better than nonweighted MRP methods, weighted MRP in turn usually out- performed total evidence slightly. When source studies were even moderately nonoverlapping (i.e., sharing only three-quarters of the taxa), the high proportion of missing data caused a loss in resolu- tion that severely degraded the performance for all methods, including total evidence. In such cases, even combining more trees, which had positive effects elsewhere, did not improve accuracy. Instead, "seeding" the supertree or total evidence analyses with a single largely complete study improved performance substantially. This ending could be an important strategy for any studies that seek to combine phylogeneticinformation. Overall, our results suggest that MRP supertree construction pro- vides a reasonable approximation of a total evidence solution and that weighted MRP should be used whenever possible. (Accuracy; matrix representation; missing data; MRP; phylogenetic supertrees; resolution; taxonomic congruence; total evidence.)
Fast dispersive laser scanner by using digital micro mirror arrays

We demonstrate fast dispersive laser scanning system by using MEMS digital micro-mirror arrays. Experimentally, we scanned ∼20mm in 200μs with ∼175μm lateral and ∼216μm vertical resolution that can be controlled by using 1024×768 mirror arrays.
As lições dos estudos sobre direito e desenvolvimento

A partir da leitura de duas coletâneas de textos sobre direito e desenvolvimento, que reunem artigos publicados desde a decada de 1960, este texto, publicado em 1995, avalia os resultados da pesquisa na area e discute seu direcionamento futuro. Os dois principais paradigmas deste campo, a " teoria da modernizacao" e a " teoria da dependencia" , sao examinados e criticados em face do contexto socio-politico e intelectual; e da crise que dominou os estudos sobre direito e desenvolvimento, a partir do texto de David M. Trubek e Marc Galanter, " Academicos auto-alienados..." de 1974. Sao discutidos tambem textos de direito internacional que tratam do " direito ao desenvolvimento" e a producao da epoca no campo do direito e desenvolvimento. A parte final do artigo mostra os resultados e as deficiencias desta tradicao teorica e mostra que a criacao da area e a manifestacao de uma crise mais geral, resultante de uma perda na crenca nas ciencias sociais resultante do pos-modernismo.
molBLOCKS: decomposing small molecule sets and uncovering enriched fragments

Summary: The chemical structures of biomolecules, whether naturally occurring or synthetic, are composed of functionally important building blocks. Given a set of small molecules—for example, those known to bind a particular protein—computationally decomposing them into chemically meaningful fragments can help elucidate their functional properties, and may be useful for designing novel compounds with similar properties. Here we introduce molBLOCKS, a suite of programs for breaking down sets of small molecules into fragments according to a predefined set of chemical rules, clustering the resulting fragments, and uncovering statistically enriched fragments. Among other applications, our software should be a great aid in large-scale chemical ana
Polyisobutylene-containing block polymers by sequential monomer addition. IV. New triblock thermoplastic elastomers comprising high Tg styrenic glassy segments: Synthesis, characterization and physical properties

New linear triblock thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) comprising a rubbery polyisobutylene (PIB) midblock flanked by two glassy endblocks of various styrenic polymers have been synthesized by living carbocationic polymerization by sequential monomer addition. First isobutylene (IB) was polymerized by a bifunctional tert-ether (dicumyl methyl ether) initiator in conjunction with TiCl4 coinitiator in CH3Cl/methylcyclohexane (MeCHx) (40/60 v/v) solvent mixtures at −80°C. After the living narrow molecular weight distribution PIB midblock ( = 1.1–1.2) has reached the desired molecular weight, the styrenic monomers together with an electron pair donor (ED) and a proton trap (di-tert-butylpyridine, DtBP) were added to start the blocking of the glassy segments from the living ⊕PIB⊕ chain ends. While p-methylstyrene (pMeSt), p-t-butylstyrene (ptBuSt) and indene (In) gave essentially 100% blocking to the corresponding glassy endblocks, the blocking of 2,4,6-trimethylstyrene (TMeSt) and α-methylstyrene (αMeSt) were ineffective. Uncontrolled initiation by protic impurities was prevented by the use of DtBP. In the simultaneous presence of DtBP and the strong ED N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), TPEs with good mechanical properties (10–20 MPa tensile strength, 300–600% elongation) were prepared. The products exhibit a low and a high temperature Tg characteristic of phase separated rubbery and glassy domains. The service temperature of these new TPEs exceeds that of PSt–PIB–PSt triblock copolymers due to the higher Tgs (PpMeSt = 108, PptBuSt = 142 and PIn = 220–240°C) of the outer blocks. The Tg of the glassy blocks can be regulated by copolymerizing two styrene derivatives; a triblock copolymer with outer blocks of poly(pt-butylstyrene-co-indene) showed a single glassy transition Tg = +165°C, i.e., in between that of PptBuSt and PIn. Virgin TPEs have been repeatedly compression molded without deterioration of physical properties. The high melt flow index obtained with a TPE containing PptBuSt endblocks suggests superior processability relative to those with PSt end-blocks. The tensile strength retention at 60°C of the former TPE is far superior to that of a PSt–PIB–PSt triblock of similar composition.
Physiological hyperinsulinemia stimulates p70(S6k) phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle.

Using tracer methods, insulin stimulates muscle protein synthesis in vitro, an effect not seen in vivo with physiological insulin concentrations in adult animals or humans. To examine the action of physiological hyperinsulinemia on protein synthesis using a tracer-independent method in vivo and identify possible explanations for this discrepancy, we measured the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70(S6k)) and eIF4E-binding protein (eIF4E-BP1), two key proteins that regulate messenger ribonucleic acid translation and protein synthesis. Postabsorptive healthy adults received either a 2-h insulin infusion (1 mU/min.kg; euglycemic insulin clamp; n = 6) or a 2-h saline infusion (n = 5). Vastus lateralis muscle was biopsied at baseline and at the end of the infusion period. Phosphorylation of P70(S6k) and eIF4E-BP1 was quantified on Western blots after SDS-PAGE. Physiological increments in plasma insulin (42 +/- 13 to 366 +/- 36 pmol/L; P: = 0.0002) significantly increased p70(S6k) (P: < 0.01), but did not affect eIF4E-BP1 phosphorylation in muscle. Plasma insulin declined slightly during saline infusion (P: = 0.04), and there was no change in the phosphorylation of either p70(S6k) or eIF4E-BP1. These findings indicate an important role of physiological hyperinsulinemia in the regulation of p70(S6k) in human muscle. This finding is consistent with a potential role for insulin in regulating the synthesis of that subset of proteins involved in ribosomal function. The failure to enhance the phosphorylation of eIF4E-BP1 may in part explain the lack of a stimulatory effect of physiological hyperinsulinemia on bulk protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in vivo.
The role of progress notes in the professional socialization of medical residents

Abstract This paper examines the role of physicians’ progress notes in the professional socialization of medical residents. As a component of their specialty training, residents are principally responsible for making the physician entries in the medical charts of the patients who are under the joint care of the residents and the hospital’s medical staff. This includes the initial physician chart entry, the comprehensive ‘admit note’ which records the initial assessment of the patient upon presentation for medical care. Admit notes, which complement the oral case presentations that they reproduce, constitute a key training tool by means of which residents experience and internalize the cognitive processes which constitute medical reasoning and analysis. However, although a number of researchers have examined residents’ oral case presentations, their written communications have seldom been studied. This paper examines the generic conventions that structure residents’ admit notes, including abbreviations, telegraphic syntax, the ‘SOAP’ format, and reliance on background knowledge. Through the analysis of an admit note written by a first-year obstetrical resident, this paper demonstrates how the ability to operate these conventions evidences both the resident’s professional socialization and the growth of his or her clinical judgment.
Linear fuzzy gene network models obtained from microarray data by exhaustive search

Recent technological advances in high-throughput data collection allow for experimental study of increasingly complex systems on the scale of the whole cellular genome and proteome. Gene network models are needed to interpret the resulting large and complex data sets. Rationally designed perturbations (e.g., gene knock-outs) can be used to iteratively refine hypothetical models, suggesting an approach for high-throughput biological system analysis. We introduce an approach to gene network modeling based on a scalable linear variant of fuzzy logic: a framework with greater resolution than Boolean logic models, but which, while still semi-quantitative, does not require the precise parameter measurement needed for chemical kinetics-based modeling. We demonstrated our approach with exhaustive search for fuzzy gene interaction models that best fit transcription measurements by microarray of twelve selected genes regulating the yeast cell cycle. Applying an efficient, universally applicable data normalization and fuzzification scheme, the search converged to a small number of models that individually predict experimental data within an error tolerance. Because only gene transcription levels are used to develop the models, they include both direct and indirect regulation of genes. Biological relationships in the best-fitting fuzzy gene network models successfully recover direct and indirect interactions predicted from previous knowledge to result in transcriptional correlation. Fuzzy models fit on one yeast cell cycle data set robustly predict another experimental data set for the same system. Linear fuzzy gene networks and exhaustive rule search are the first steps towards a framework for an integrated modeling and experiment approach to high-throughput "reverse engineering" of complex biological systems.
Performance Evaluation of Scanning IR Optical Systems

Abstract Optical image evaluation procedures as specifically applied to the analysis of scanning infrared (IR) optical systems having discrete detectors and viewing isolated point sources in a low-intensity structured background are discussed. Details about the system design requirements determination, the optical performance evaluation, the interaction of the detector focal plane design and evaluation procedure are included. The optical system analysis is performed using the computer program POLYANA, a program developed by The Aerospace Corporation. A complete example utilizing an F/2.5 all reflective Schmidt system is described in detail to illustrate the analysis procedure.