cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Thrombin-Stimulated Cell Proliferation by Ceramide Is Not through Inhibition of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase

Abstract Activation of the thrombin receptor provides a strong mitogenic signal in CCL39 cells. Ceramide was found to inhibit thrombin-mediated mitogenesis in these cells while dihydroceramide had no effect. Many growth inhibitors exert their effect by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. However, neither ceramide nor dihyroceramide blocked the thrombin-induced activation of ERK. In contrast, both agents potentiated ERK activity. The expression of c-fos, c-jun and cyclin D1, which are downstream of ERK in the mitogenic pathway were stimulated by thrombin but this stimulation was not affected by ceramide or dihydroceramide. Therefore, the ceramide inhibition of thrombin-stimulated cell growth in CCL39 cells does not appear to be mediated by an effect on the activation of ERK. Furthermore, the data also suggest that the separate effects of ceramide on thrombin-stimulated cell growth and ERK activity are mediated by different mechanisms.
The effects of the everyday environment on epileptic activity in three mentally retarded individuals.

Abstract Three mentally retarded epileptic subjects with frequent epileptiform EEG paroxysms were monitored with simultaneous radio-telemetered EEG and video recording while they were exposed to their everyday environmental conditions. These conditions included prompts and reinforcement for performing vocational training tasks, speech therapy, eating and drinking, and cues for resting, waiting, playing, excercising, and relaxing. Epileptiform EEG activity and the occurrence of clinical seizures varied as a function of the particular environmental conditions. Epileptiform EEG discharges were longer in duration, and clinical seizures were more frequent in all 3 subjects during conditions which produced inactive behavior than during conditions which produced active behavior. The modulation of epileptiform activity by everyday environmental conditions carries implications for (1) the optimum structuring of the environment for mentally retarded patients with frequent, subtle seizures, and (2) the analysis of the effects of epileptiform discharges on behavior.
Physical Symptoms and Physician-Experienced Difficulty in the Physician–Patient Relationship

The association between physical symptoms and physician-experienced difficulty in the clinical encounter is due in part to the association between patients' physical symptoms and mental disorders, ...
Smoothing hazard rates with cubic splines

Cubic spline smoothing of hazard rate functions is evaluated through a simulation study. The smoothing algorithm requires unsmoothed time-point estimates of a hazard rate, variances of the estimators, and a smoothing parameter. Two unsmoothed estimators were compared (Kaplan-Meier and Nelson based) as well as variations in the number of time-point estimates input to the algorithm. A cross-validated likelihood approach automated the selection of the smoothing parameter and the number of time-point estimates. The results indicated that, for a simple hazard shape, a wide range of smoothing parameter values and number of time-points will yield mean squared errors not much larger than parametric maximum likelihood estimators. However, for peaked hazards, it seems advisable to use the cross-validated likelihood approach in order to avoid oversmoothing.
Schwinger and statistical physics: A spin-off success story and some challenging sequels☆

Abstract Some of the influences Julian Schwinger has had on condensed matter physics are discussed. The first part rapidly summarizes the language and methods he introduced to describe physical systems exactly and to approximate their properties systematically. The significance of these methods and the ways in which they have been extended are noted. The second part describes how these concepts have been applied to the condensed Bose fluid (i.e., helium 4), a system with rich and varied properties. Some fundamental features of this system are summarized. The third part examines recent advances in our understanding of helium at its critical point in three dimensions and below the critical point in two. A final section describes briefly certain features of chaotic behavior and what is needed to explain them. The problems encountered in the study of turbulence and other chaotic phenomena are compared and contrasted with those arising in other areas of statistical physics. Throughout, the direct and indirect contributions Schwinger has made to condensed matter physics and the contributions condensed matter physics and field theory have made to one another are emphasized.
Validating Models of Clinical Word Recognition Tests for Spanish/English Bilinguals

Purpose Shi and Sanchez (2010) developed models to predict the optimal test language for evaluating Spanish/English (S/E) bilinguals' word recognition. The current study intended to validate their conclusions in a separate bilingual listener sample. Method Seventy normal-hearing S/E bilinguals varying in language profile were included. Participants were presented with English monosyllabic and Spanish bisyllabic words in quiet and in speech-spectrum noise (+6 and 0 dB SNR). Relative success on the 2 tests was indicated by the difference in z score for each test. Results The current group of participants was comparable to participants in Shi and Sanchez (2010) in regard to their language background and test performance. Previously developed models fit current data well. Age of English acquisition (AOAE) yielded more consistent models across test conditions than language dominance (LD). New models incorporating average proficiency rating (across domains) and relative proficiency rating (across languages) yie...
Medical Complications After Spinal Cord Injury: Spasticity, Pain, and Endrocrine/Metabolic Changes

Recognition and proper management of medical complications after spinal cord injury (SCI) will improve both quality of life and health. Spasticity often interferes with comfort, function, and quality of life after SCI. Spasticity can be effectively reduced by various therapies that may be applied by the pyramid approach, starting with nonpharmacologic and noninvasive methods before proceeding to treatments with systemic medications, intrathecal administration of drugs, or nerve blocks by injection of chemicals. Pain is also a common complaint after SCI but has multiple causes, and consequently diverse treatment approaches are needed. Accurate classification of pain in persons with SCI is essential to select the appropriate management and to evaluate results of treatment. In recent years, two classification systems have emerged that address nociceptive and neuropathic pain and, to various extent, categorize pain according to its location. Based on the specific pain type, different treatment strategies are ...
Reankylosis of the hip joint in ankylosing spondylitis after total hip replacement.

A case of osseous reankylosis occurred after total replacement of one hip in a patient having ankylosing spondylitis. Not only did the ankylotic disease involve the vertebral column, but the severity of this process had been manifest through osseous ankylosis of bilateral cup arthroplasties. We believe this to be the first report of reankylosis involving total hip replacement.
PRICING OF THE AMERICAN PUT UNDER LÉVY PROCESSES

We consider the American put with finite time horizon T, assuming that, under an EMM chosen by the market, the stock returns follow a regular Levy process of exponential type. We formulate the free boundary value problem for the price of the American put, and develop the non-Gaussian analog of the method of lines and Carr's randomization method used in the Gaussian option pricing theory. The result is the (discretized) early exercise boundary and prices of the American put for all strikes and maturities from 0 to T. In the case of exponential jump-diffusion processes, a simple efficient pricing scheme is constructed. We show that for many classes of Levy processes, the early exercise boundary is separated from the strike price by a non-vanishing margin on the interval [0, T), and that as the riskless rate vanishes, the optimal exercise price goes to zero uniformly over the interval [0, T), which is in the stark contrast with the Gaussian case.
An observed characteristic of concurrent magnetic field and electron precipitation pulsations

Abstract In each case for a collection of seven large-amplitude events, spectral peaks in the 1 to 10 mHz range for electron precipitation pulsations were observed to correspond to spectral peaks for concurrent magnetic field pulsations. The converse is not true, i.e. a magnetic field pulsation spectral peak need not correspond to a precipitation spectral peak, and in fact there may not even be a concurrent precipitation pulsation event. The data are consistent with occurrences of interactions between a portion of the hydromagnetic wave spectrum and trapped electrons in the equatorial region of the field line of the site.
The incoherent mechanism of negative magnetoresistance for variable-range-hopping transport in two-dimensional electron systems

Abstract The experimental data on hopping magnetotransport in dilutely doped δ layers for both perpendicular and parallel orientations of magnetic field B are discussed. The temperature dependence of the resistance, InRαT −1/3, indicates that the variable-range-hopping mechanism applies. At strong enough fields (B > 2·5 T) the resistance for both orientations rises rapidly with increasing B because of the orbital shrinkage of the impurity wavefunctions. In the range of intermediate fields (1 T < B < 2T) the resistance in the perpendicular orientation appears to be several times less than in the parallel orientation. Such an ‘inverted’ relation cannot be accounted for by the mechanism proposed by Nguyen, Spivak and Shklovskii which is based on the interference of alternative tunnelling paths. To explain the experimental results the effect of magnetic field on the energy positions of the impurity levels is taken into account. By reducing the overlap between the neighbouring sites, a magnetic field pushes th...
On Nagarjuna's So-called Fallacies: a Comparative Approach

En reponse a l'article de R. Hayes paru dans la revue «Journal of Indian Philosophy» (22, 1994, 299-378), l'A. refute l'objection d'equivoque concernant l'utilisation du terme svabhāva dans le «Mulamadhyamakakārikā» (I, XV) de Nāgārjuna, designant a la fois la nature, l'essence ou l'etre-propre dans ses arguments. Soulevant le probleme du principe de la co-existence des contreparties, l'A. montre que celui-ci n'est pas une erreur. Considerant l'interpretation de la philosophie de Nāgārjuna dans son ensemble, l'A. developpe une approche comparative des traditions asiatiques et occidentales
Long-circulating iron oxides for MR imaging

Abstract A variety of iron oxide preparations with long blood half-lives have been synthesized for MR imaging. Potential applications of these agents include MR angiography, RES imaging, target specific imaging and neuronal transport imaging. This chapter reviews types of iron oxide and mechanisms that are responsible for a prolonged plasma half-life.
Effect of deposition variables on the properties of molybdenum sulfide films prepared by the activated reactive evaporation technique

Summary Non-crystalline molybdenum sulfides (MoS x , 2 ≤ x ≤ 3) are excellent cathode materials for the secondary lithium batteries. Molybdenum sulfide films were therefore synthesized by the activated reactive evaporation (ARE) technique which involved evaporating molybdenum using an electron beam source in an H 2 S plasma. The composition of the films showed wide variation depending on the deposition variables such as deposition rate, anode current, working pressure and gas flow rate. Deposition rate was the most dominant factor controlling the composition of the films where desorption of sulfur from the films was a limiting step. Sulfur adsorption was enhanced due to reaction of condensing molybdenum and sulfur atoms to form molybdenum sulfide. However, after reaching saturation ( i.e. no more sulfur atoms are available to form MoS x ) molybdenum atoms were embedded as excess atoms, leading films to be called sulfur deficient films in a chemical composition sense. The second dominant factor controlling the film composition was ARE anode current. Sulfur content in the film increased at low anode currents where thermodynamically reactive HS was produced (as opposed to sulfur and hydrogen at high anode current) hence enhancing the formation of molybdenum sulfide.
Flow-induced crystallization of linear polyethylene above its normal melting point

The phenomenon of flow-induced crystallization was investigated using a linear polyethylene above its normal melting point flowing continuously in a Biconical Rheometer. It was found that the resin crystallized in the superheated state at rates which increased with increasing shear rate and decreasing temperature. A method of analysis of the temperature dependence of the various stages of flow induced crystallization is proposed. It deals with and attempts to explain the experimental fact that a higher viscosity enhances the rate of flow-induced crystallization in contrast to the effect of viscosity on the rate of quiescent crystallization. Some of the flow-induced crystallization samples were transparent and exhibited a high DSC thermogram “tail”.
The Effect of Areal Characteristics of Targets Upon Shape-Slant Invariance

(1961). The Effect of Areal Characteristics of Targets Upon Shape-Slant Invariance. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 479-490.
ELECTRON NANO-DIFFRACTION STUDY OF CARBON SINGLE-WALLED NANOTUBE ROPES

Abstract Electron diffraction patterns from regions about 0.7 nm in diameter have been obtained, in conjunction with dark-field imaging, in a scanning transmission electron microscope to study the average helicity and the local variations of helicity of the individual carbon nanotubes within the ropes of single-walled carbon nanotubes recently produced by double laser irradiation. It has been found that the predominant helicity is that predicted theoretically, namely that giving the metallic, C5V symmetry, (10,10) tube.
Image charge-induced ion cyclotron orbital frequency shift for orthorhombic and cylindrical FT-ICR ion traps

A coherently orbiting ion packet induces a distribution of image charge on the ion trap electrodes; the resultant electric field from the image charge shifts the ICR orbital frequency of the ions in the ion packet. The effect of image charges upon the cyclotron motion of a trapped ion has previously been modeled for infinite parallel plate and spherical cavity geometries. In other prior work, an analytical method to solve for the charge induced on any of the electrodes of a Fourier transforms ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) ion trap has been presented. In this work, we report approximate analytical solutions for the frequency shift due to the induced image charges for both finite-size cylindrical and tetragonal traps as a function of ion axial and radial position. For a cubic trap, the mass-independent frequency shift at an ICR orbital radius equal to half the trap radius is ≈ 10−5 Hz for one ion. Thus, image charge-induced frequency shifts in the ppm range can be expected for typical ICR experiments involving 103-105 ions at low mass-to-charge ratio (60 ⩽ m/z ⩽ 600), whereas the shift can increase to ≈ 1 u for 100 000 singly-charged 3000 u ions at 3.0 T. The image charge-induced shift for a cylindrical trap is higher than for a cubic trap of comparable size. Implications for mass calibration are discussed.
To Translocate or Not: That Is the Problem

The botulinum toxins (BoNTs) enter the cytosol of host cells by translocation across the limiting membrane of acidic endosomes. In this issue, Sun et al. (2011) show that BoNT binding to one of its cell surface receptors renders it susceptible to pH-dependent conformational changes required for translocation and cellular toxicity.
DETERMINATION OF SILVER BY LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE IN FLAMES

Abstract Analytical figures of merit for silver detection in different flames and in a variety of matrices have been compared and concentrations of silver in standard copper samples have been determined by laser-induced fluorescence.
Local stress factors of a pipe-nozzle under internal pressure

Abstract A comprehensive study of local pressure stresses at the juncture of a pipe-nozzle is presented. Currently, neither experimental nor analytical data exists that is sufficient for pressure vessel designers to analyze the local pressure stresses at the juncture of a pipe-nozzle. In order to provide a comprehensive database to calculate these pressure stresses, this paper, through a finite element technique, provides a series of local pressure stress factor plots as a function of pipe-nozzle geometrical parameter β (nozzle mean radius/pipe mean radius) with a range from 0.1 to 1.0 and γ (pipe mean radius/pipe thickness) with a range from 10 to 300. These local pressure stress components supplement the stress calculations presented by the Welding Research Council Bulletin 107 for other external loadings.
Cost-Effectiveness of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in the 3- to 4.5-Hour Time Window for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose—The aim of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment in the 3- to 4.5-hour time window after ischemic stroke. Methods—Decision-analytic and Markov state-transition models were created to determine the cost-effectiveness of treatment of ischemic stroke patients with intravenous tPA administered in the 3- to 4.5-hour time window compared with medical therapy without tPA. Health benefits were measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The economic outcome measure of the model was the difference in estimated healthcare costs between the 2 treatment alternatives. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated by dividing the cost difference by the difference in QALYs. One-way sensitivity and probabilistic analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model. Results—The administration of tPA compared with standard medical therapy resulted in a lifetime gain of 0.28 QALYs for an additional cost of $6050, y...
Caloric Value of Cardiac Response to Hot Environments

Abstract Single Comb White Leghorn hens were placed in a controlled temperature chamber, initially at 26 C and subsequently raised to 35 C. Recordings of the surface and rectal temperatures, respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen consumption were made at the 26 C basal temperature and compared with those made at the 35 C ambient temperature. Sequential doses of saline and atropine were injected following the thermoregulatory response of birds to 35 C. The thermal challenge resulted in an average increase of 53 breaths per minute in the respiratory rate during the pre-injection period at 35 C and rose steadily to the end of the thermal challenge. The saline elicited no effects on any parameter measured; however, the atropine resulted in a mean increase of 62 beats per minute in the heart rate. There was no difference in the pre-atropine heart rate at 35 C and the basal heart rate at 26 C. Following the atropine induced increase in heart rate there was a 13% increase in energy expenditure. Thermal-bradycardia in hot environments may represent a first line of defense against hyperthermia by reducing the added heat load.
4S RNA is present in regenerating optic axons of goldfish

Regenerating optic axons of goldfish were loaded with [3H]RNA by injecting [3H]uridine into the eye and allowing time for the radioactivity to be delivered to the optic tectum. The axons were subsequently removed from the tecta by cutting the optic nerve and allowing the optic axons in the tectum to degenerate. Analysis of tectal [3H]RNA by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a selective loss of tritiated 4S RNA and not ribosomal RNA from the denervated tecta. These results support the hypothesis that regenerating optic axons of goldfish grow back into the tectum carrying 4C but not ribosomal RNA.
Cyst of the fetal choroid plexus: A normal variant?

Cysts of the choroid plexus have been identified ultrasonographically in second-trimester fetuses and usually have regressed by 24 weeks' gestation. Choroid plexus cysts have been linked with trisomy 18, and this possible association has prompted a review of our experience. Choroid plexus cysts were seen ultrasonographically in 38 consecutive fetuses between 15 and 28 weeks' gestation. Of these, 30 underwent repeat ultrasonograms after 24 weeks' gestation and showed complete resolution of the cysts. In 10 of the 38 fetuses, amniocentesis yielded normal karyotypes. A total of 36 patients were delivered of normal neonates at term. One patient was delivered of a normal neonate prematurely, at 34 weeks' gestation with a good outcome. Another fetus was delivered at 36 weeks' gestation because of late onset of nonimmune hydrops, which resolved without sequelae. No association between trisomy 18 and choroid plexus cysts was identified in this series.
Rickettsialpox. II. Recovery of Rickettsia akari from mites Allodermanyssus sanguineus, from West Hartford, Conn.

SummaryThe recovery of a strain of Rickettsia akari from mouse mites, Allodermanyssus sanguineus (Hirst), collected in West Hartford, Connecticut, is described. The evidence for its identification as R. akari is presented, and certain implications of these findings are discussed.
A note on the asymptotic distribution of a statistic for testing stability of a correlation coefficient

Abstract The asymptotic null distribution of a test statistic for stability over time of a correlation coefficient in a bivariate sequence is derived. The statistic is an adaptation of the classical Fisher's z.
Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns

Maurice Duverger in 1980 advanced the concept of a ‘semi-presidential’ regime: a mix of a popularly elected and powerful presidency with a prime minister heading a cabinet subject to assembly confidence. We can understand the performance of these regimes through a neo-Madisonian perspective that stresses agency relations between institutional actors. Executive and legislature as separate agents of the electorate — as in presidentialism — necessitates transactional interbranch relations. Fusion of powers — as in parliamentarism — means an executive that is hierarchically subordinated to the legislature. The dual executive of a semi-presidential system mixes a transactional executive-legislative relationship with a hierarchical one. The advantages of this perspective include allowing delineation of semi-presidentialism from other hybrids, highlighting subtypes (premier-presidential and president-parliamentary) according to variations in the locus of transactional and hierarchical institutional relationships, and predicting which observed relationships between actors derive from relatively immutable constitutional features and which from more transitory features such as partisan alignments.
Integration of a RIS with an IMACS

The interface of radiology information systems (RIS) to image management and communications systems (IMACS), also known as picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), is necessary if they are to become clinically accepted. At Georgetown, we have started development of an interface between our MIIS based RIS and our AT&T CommView system. This interface is based on a one-way flow of information, with data transferring from the RIS to the PACS only. The interface is invisible to the user and requires no special action by the user to facilitate data transfer.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Scope and diastereoselectivity of intramolecular [4+2] Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions of (η6-arene)Ru(DMPP)Cl2 complexes with dieneophilic ligands

Abstract The complexes (η 6 -arene)Ru(DMPP)Cl 2 (DMPP=3,4-dimethyl-1-phenylphosphole; arene=C 6 H 6 , MeC 6 H 5 , p -MeC 6 H 4 CHMe 2 , and C 6 Me 6 ) react with NaPF 6 and the dieneophilic ligands: Ph 2 PCHCH 2 (DPVP), Me 2 NC(O)CHCH 2 (DMAA), MeC(O)CHCH 2 (MVK), PhSCHCH 2 (PVS), PhS(O)CHCH 2 (PVSO), and 2-vinylpyridine (2VP) to produce [(η 6 -arene)Ru( syn-exo -2- R -5,6-dimethyl-7-phenyl-7-phosphabicyclo [2.2.1] hept-5-ene)Cl]PF 6 complexes (R=PPh 2 , C(O)NMe 2 , C(O)Me, PhS, PhS(O), and 2C 5 H 4 N, respectively) with high diastereo-selectivities. Similar reactions of (η 6 -arene)Ru(DMPP)Cl 2 with NaPF 6 and allyldiphenyl-phosphine (ADPP) produced the mixed ligand complexes [(η 6 -arene)Ru(DMPP) (ADPP)Cl 2 ]PF 6 which did not undergo subsequent [4+2] Diels–Alder cycloadditions even at elevated temperatures. New complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, physical properties, cyclic voltammetry, infrared spectroscopy, 1 H-, 1 H{ 31 P}-, 13 C{ 1 H}-, and 31 P{ 1 H}-NMR spectroscopy and in most cases by X-ray crystallography.
Localizing epileptic seizure onsets with Granger causality.

Accurate localization of the epileptic seizure onset zones (SOZs) is crucial for successful surgery, which usually depends on the information obtained from intracranial electroencephalography (IEEG) recordings. The visual criteria and univariate methods of analyzing IEEG recordings have not always produced clarity on the SOZs for resection and ultimate seizure freedom for patients. Here, to contribute to improving the localization of the SOZs and to understanding the mechanism of seizure propagation over the brain, we applied spectral interdependency methods to IEEG time series recorded from patients during seizures. We found that the high-frequency ($g$80 Hz) Granger causality (GC) occurs before the onset of any visible ictal activity and causal relationships involve the recording electrodes where clinically identifiable seizures later develop. These results suggest that high-frequency oscillatory network activities precede and underlie epileptic seizures, and that GC spectral measures derived from IEEG can assist in precise delineation of seizure onset times and SOZs.
Sexually dimorphic responses to fat loss after caloric restriction or surgical lipectomy

White adipose tissue is the principal site for lipid accumulation. Males and females maintain distinctive white adipose tissue distribution patterns. Specifically, males tend to accumulate relatively more visceral fat, whereas females accumulate relatively more subcutaneous fat. The phenomenon of maintaining typical sex-specific fat distributions suggests sex-specific mechanisms that regulate energy balance and adiposity. We used two distinct approaches to reduce fat mass, caloric restriction (CR), and surgical fat removal (termed lipectomy) and assessed parameters involved in the regulation of energy balance. We found that male and female mice responded differentially to CR- and to lipectomy-induced fat loss. Females decreased energy expenditure during CR or after lipectomy. In contrast, males responded by eating more food during food return after CR or after lipectomy. Female CR mice conserved subcutaneous fat, whereas male CR mice lost adiposity equally in the subcutaneous and visceral depots. In addition, female mice had a reduced capability to restore visceral fat after fat loss. After CR, plasma leptin levels decreased in male but not in female mice. The failure to increase food intake after returning to ad libitum intake in females could be due to the relatively stable levels of leptin. In summary, we have found sexual dimorphisms in the response to fat loss that point to important underlying differences in the strategies by which male and female mice regulate body weight.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy

Hyperglycemia in pregnancy is an opportunity for women at risk for complications during pregnancy and beyond to change their life course to improve outcomes for themselves and their offspring. Providers of diabetes care during pregnancy complicated by hyperglycemia in pregnancy have the unique opportunity to make a significant difference.
Assessmentaslearning: Enhancing discourse, understanding, and achievement in innovative science curricula

An assessment-oriented design-based research model was applied to existing inquiry-oriented multimedia programs in astronomy, biology, and ecology. Building on emerging situative theories of assessment, the model extends prevailing views of formative assessment for learning by embedding “discursive” formative assessment more directly into the curriculum. Three twenty-hour curricula were designed and aligned to content standards, and three levels of assessments were developed and used to assess and enhance learning for each curriculum. These assessments included three or four informal “activity-oriented” quizzes and discursive formative feedback rubrics supporting collective discourse, a “curriculum-oriented” examination of individual conceptual understanding, and a “standards-oriented” test measuring aggregated achievement of targeted standards. After two design-research cycles, worthwhile scientific argumentation and statistically significant gains were attained for two of the three packages on the exam and test. Achievement gains were comparable to or larger than those of students in comparison classrooms. Many existing innovations could be enhanced and evaluated in this fashion; designing these strategies directly into innovations could have an even greater impact on discourse, understanding, and achievement. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 1240–1270, 2012
Between strong and superstrong

Definition. A cardinal κ is strong iff for every x there is an elementary embedding j:V → M with critical point κ such that x ∈ M.κ is superstrong iff ∃j:V → M with critical point κ such that Vj(κ) ∈ M.These definitions are natural weakenings of supercompactness and hugeness respectively and display some of the same relations. For example, if κ is superstrong then Vκ ⊨ “∃ proper class of strong cardinals”, but the smallest superstrong cardinal is less than the smallest strong cardinal (if both types exist). (See [SRK] and [Mo] for the arguments involving supercompact and huge, which translate routinely to strong and superstrong.)Given any two types of large cardinals, a typical vague question which is often asked is “How large is the gap in consistency strength?” In one sense the gap might be considered relatively small, since the “higher degree” strong cardinals described below (a standard trick that is nearly always available) and the Shelah and Woodin hierarchies of cardinals (see [St] for a definition of these) seem to be (at least at this point in time) the only “natural” large cardinal properties lying between strong cardinals and superstrong cardinals in consistency strength.
The Code of Harry: Performing normativity in Dexter

This article explores technologies of person production used by human actors to manage interactive exchanges in ways that are understood to be accountable to and morally compatible with the social order. I specifically explore how the eponymous character of the US television series Dexter integrates conventional face-work and stigma management with 'reverse marking’ in order to present an unmarked person. Reverse marking, following Brekhus’s (1996) usage, involves perceptually attending to those aspects of identity typically regarded as mundane. I argue the role reverse marking plays in Dexter’s performance of identity draws attention to the mundane as the result of 'doing,’ grounding a critical reevaluation of the privileged cultural location of unmarkedness or normativity.
Oligotyping: Differentiating between closely related microbial taxa using 16S rRNA gene data.

Summary 1. Bacteria comprise the most diverse domain of life on Earth, where they occupy nearly every possible ecological niche and play key roles in biological and chemical processes. Studying the composition and ecology of bacterial ecosystems and understanding their function are of prime importance. High-throughput sequencing technologies enable nearly comprehensive descriptions of bacterial diversity through 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. Analyses of these communities generally rely upon taxonomic assignments through reference data bases or clustering approaches using de facto sequence similarity thresholds to identify operational taxonomic units. However, these methods often fail to resolve ecologically meaningful differences between closely related organisms in complex microbial data sets. 2. In this paper, we describe oligotyping, a novel supervised computational method that allows researchers to investigate the diversity of closely related but distinct bacterial organisms in final operational taxonomic units identified in environmental data sets through 16S ribosomal RNA gene data by the canonical approaches. 3. Our analysis of two data sets from two different environments demonstrates the capacity of oligotyping at discriminating distinct microbial populations of ecological importance. 4. Oligotyping can resolve the distribution of closely related organisms across environments and unveil previously overlooked ecological patterns for microbial communities. The URL http://oligotyping.org offers an open-source software pipeline for oligotyping.
LSD, Spirituality, and the Creative Process

LSD, Spirituality, and the Creative Process By Marlene Dobkin de Rios and Oscar Janiger. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press, 2003. 246 pp. $16.95 (paper).
Optical spectroscopy and energy transfer in amorphous AlN-doped erbium and ytterbium ions for applications in laser cavities

Sputter-deposited thin-film amorphous AlN:Er (1at.%) emits at 554 and 561nm as a result of H11/22→I15/24 and S3/24→I15/24 transitions. AlN:Yb (1at.%) gives a weak emission peak at 966nm as a result of F5/22→F7/22. The codoping of Er and Yb in AlN results in energy transfer from Er+3 to Yb+3 and enhances the Yb+3 emissions by an order of magnitude. Transfer of electrons occurs from the S3/24 state of Er+3 to the F5/22 state of Yb+3. The weak emission from Yb+3, when excited by a 532nm laser in the absence of Er+3, confirms that the luminescence enhancement in ytterbium is due to energy transfer and not to direct green light excitation by the erbium emission. A possibility of population inversion and a four-level laser cavity formation exists in the Er+3–Yb+3 system.
Competitive Spectrum Trading in Dynamic Spectrum Access Markets: A Price War

The concept of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) enables the licensed spectrum to be traded in an open market where the unlicensed users can freely buy and use the available licensed spectrum bands. However, like in the other traditional commodity markets, spectrum trading is inevitably accompanied by various competitions and challenges. In this paper, we study an important business competition activity - price war in the DSA market. A non-cooperative pricing game is formulated to model the contention among multiple wireless spectrum providers for higher market share and revenues. We calculate the Pareto optimal pricing strategies for all providers and analyze the motivations behind the price war. The potential responses to the price war are in-depth discussed. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of the Pareto optimal strategy for the game and the impact of the price war to all participants.
Neurodevelopment in Pediatric HIV Infection The Use of CAT/CLAMS

Pediatric neuro-AIDS may be the first clinical manifestation of HIV infection in children born to HIV-infected mothers. As part of the neurodevelopmental examination of children, the Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CAT/CLAMS) was investigated as a tool for pediatricians to use to monitor the development of children at risk for HIV infection. The CAT/CLAMS was found to detect neurodevelopmental differences between HIV-infected and uninfected children at 12 and 18 months of age. Good correlations were found between the CAT/CLAMS and concurrently administered Bayley Scales of Infant Development. These findings suggest that the CAT/CLAMS should be considered as a part of the neurodevelopmental examination of children at risk for pediatric neuro-AIDS.
Environmental and Organizational Context and Executive Team Structure

This research investigated the configurational relationship between executive team context and executive team structure as measured by team demographics. We hypothesized and found that multiple org...
Writing good software engineering research papers

Software engineering researchers solve problems of several different kinds. To do so, they produce several different kinds of results, and they should develop appropriate evidence to validate these results. They often report their research in conference papers. I analyzed the abstracts of research papers submitted to XSE 2002 in order to identify the types of research reported in the submitted and accepted papers, and I observed the program committee discussions about which papers to accept. This report presents the research paradigms of the papers, common concerns of the program committee, and statistics on success rates. This information should help researchers design better research projects and write papers that present their results to best advantage.
Influence of linker histone H1 on chromatin remodeling

Chromatin-remodeling complexes have been a central area of focus for research dealing with accessing cellular DNA sequestered in chromatin. Although the linker histone H1 plays a major role in promoting and maintaining higher-order chromatin structure, it has been noticeably absent from assays utilizing chromatin-remodeling enzymes. This review focuses on two ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes, Drosophila ISWI and mammalian SWI/SNF, that have been assayed using chromatin templates containing histone H1.Key words: SWI/SNF, ISWI, chromatin remodeling, histone H1.
Learning Video Preferences Using Visual Features and Closed Captions

An approach to identifying a viewer's video preferences uses hidden Markov models by combining visual features and closed captions.
Employment, parenting, and well-being among mothers of children with disabilities.

The influence of employment on parenting stress among mothers of 5-year-old children with developmental disabilities and the influence of parenting demands (i.e., caregiving difficulty and behavior problems) and family support on their work quality and absenteeism from work was examined. No significant associations were found between employment status and parenting demands, family support, or stress for the sample as a whole. Among employed mothers, those who rated their jobs as interesting reported significantly less parenting stress when they experienced low or mean levels of parenting demands. Mothers' interest in work did not moderate the negative influence of high levels of parenting demands on stress. Finally, parenting demands increased absenteeism but had no effect on work quality. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Young adult veteran perceptions of peers’ drinking behavior and attitudes.

Social norms-based interventions have shown promise in reducing drinking behavior and the resulting consequences in young adults. Although most research has focused on young civilians (i.e., college students), some studies have investigated social norms-based interventions with active-duty military and veteran samples. Yet, research has not yet determined how to maximize the effectiveness of social norms-based interventions in this heavy-drinking population. As an initial step toward this goal, the current study utilized a community sample of 1,023 young adult veterans to examine (a) whether veteran perceptions of the drinking behavior of their veteran peers differ from their perceptions of civilian drinking behavior, (b) whether perceptions of specific veteran groups differ from the actual drinking behavior of veterans within those groups, (c) what levels of specificity in reference groups (same-gender civilians, same-branch veterans, same-gender veterans, or same-branch-and-gender veterans) are most strongly associated with veterans' own drinking, and (d) whether perceptions about others' attitudes toward drinking also contribute independently of perceived behavioral norms to veteran drinking. Findings indicated that participants perceived that other veterans drank more than civilians and that veteran groups drank more than veterans in the sample actually drank. Veteran-specific perceived behavioral norms were similar in their associations with drinking outcomes, whereas same-gender civilian perceived behavioral norms exhibited little or no associations with drinking. Veteran-specific perceived attitudinal norms exhibited little or no association with drinking behavior after controlling for perceived behavioral norms. These findings can be used to inform the development of social norms interventions for young adult veterans.
Aloperine and Its Derivatives as a New Class of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors

A quinolizidine-type alkaloid aloperine was found to inhibit HIV-1 infection by blocking HIV-1 entry. Aloperine inhibited HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell–cell fusion at low micromolar concentrations. To further improve the antiviral potency, more than 30 aloperine derivatives with a variety of N12-substitutions were synthesized. Among them, 12d with an N-(1-butyl)-4-trifluoromethoxy-benzamide side chain showed the most potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 at 0.69 μM. Aloperine derivatives inhibited both X4 and R5 HIV-1 Env-mediated cell–cell fusions. In addition, both BMS-806, a compound representing a class of HIV-1 gp120-targeting small molecules in clinical trials, and resistant and sensitive HIV-1 Env-mediated cell–cell fusions were equally sensitive to aloperine derivatives. These results suggest that aloperine and its derivatives are a new class of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
Complications and Failures of Office-Based Endoscopic Angiolytic Laser Surgery Treatment

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis Although office-based laser surgery applications for benign and premalignant lesions of the larynx are appealing, there are scant data on their complications and failures. We review office-based angiolytic laser surgery in patients with benign laryngeal pathology for rates of complication and failure. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Two hundred fifty-five patients who underwent in-office angiolytic laser surgery treatment over 4 years were reviewed. The criteria for complications and failures were based on postprocedure stroboscopy and clinical findings. Results The majority of patients had unilateral disease, which included polyps (46%), leukoplakia (14%), papilloma (13%), scar (12%), and varix (11%). There were 382 laser treatments, of which 56% were by pulsed potassium titanyl phosphate laser. Average energy delivery was lesion specific, with papilloma receiving the most (mean 351 J) and varices receiving the least (mean 53 J) energy. Most in-office treatments were tolerated well. Four percent of patients had complications including stiffness, atrophy, and transient but prolonged hyperemia. Twenty-seven percent of patients required multiple laser treatments. Multiple treatments were more likely in papilloma and leukoplakia. Conclusions While in-office laser therapy for benign vocal fold lesions is appealing, repeated treatment due to incomplete resolution may be needed. Risks of transient and long-term complications are low but real. Patient selection and standardized laser energy parameters may help in decreasing complications and need for repeat procedures.
Punishment and the Costs of Knowledge

A too-bookish law professor doesn't know if literature has helped refine her position on the death penalty, or just turned her into an insufferable snob: An essay on elitism, bibliomania, confusion, and capital punishment.
Non-QCD contributions to heavy quark masses and sensitivity to the Higgs boson mass

We find that if the Higgs boson mass is close to its present experimental lower limit $(\ensuremath{\simeq}100 \mathrm{GeV})$ Yukawa interactions in the quark-Higgs sector can make a substantial contribution to heavy quark $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ masses.
THz-Induced, High-Energy Electron Emission from Tungsten Nanotips

Single-cycle THz pulses have been used to induce high energy (several keV) electron emission from nano-tipped tungsten wires. Comparison of the maximum electron energy as a function of tip radius and cone angle provides insight into the emission mechanism and local electron-field interaction.
Fluid Motion Induced by Spark Plasma: Development of Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements

There has been increased interest in the use of plasma actuators for flow control in aerodynamics and combustion to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. Spark plasma actuators have capabilities of inducing heat and momentum to the flow field. The flow field generated by this plasma induces complex pressure and temperature gradients that lead to the development of complex flow structures. The experiment described in this research is particularly difficult due to its small scale, and the dynamic range of velocities that are induced by the flow field. This flow field is yet to be quantified by previous research. The purpose of this experiment is to develop a method of capturing and processing the flow field generated to present accurate results of the flow induced by the spark. A 2-D PIV system is used to capture the images and the appropriate pulse separation and a 48 x 48 pixel interrogation window size are chosen to analyze the flow field induced by 3 different electrode configurations. The repeatability of the flow field is assessed and the turbulent nature of the flow field is revealed. Voltage measurements show that there is varying deviation in the voltage during the spark. Analysis of the flow field shows 70-90% deviations in magnitude of velocity. The effects of using ensemble averaging, ensemble correlation and correlation of ensemble images on maximizing signal to noise ratio (SNR) is assessed. Preliminary results show flow concentrated in the center of the electrode gap at initial times, followed by an outward flow toward the surrounding gas.
Trade-Offs in Body Weights, Egg Loads, and Fat Reserves of Field-Collected Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), was collected in 8 field sites in Indiana during the summers of 1987-1989. The insects were collected using both pheromone traps and sweep nets. Insect weights were recorded for all 3 yrs, and egg loads and lipid content in the fat body were recorded for 1988 and 1989. Analysis of the weights revealed that females were heavier than males. Female body weight, egg load, and lipid content were compared against corresponding measurements of predators subjected to different prey regimens in the laboratory. These comparisons indicate that field populations often had measurements similar to predators provided 1 prey item every 3-9 d. Predators collected during the summer of 1988 revealed higher mean lipid content, smaller egg loads, and lower weights than those collected in 1989. These traits, together with the relative scarcity of predators found in 1988, suggest that the predators were responding to greater food stress by conserving energy reserves in the fat body and diverting them away from reproduction. We discuss possible implications of these observations.
Fast random walk graph kernel

Random walk graph kernel has been used as an important tool for various data mining tasks including classification and similarity computation. Despite its usefulness, however, it suffers from the expensive computational cost which is at least O(n) or O(m) for graphs with n nodes and m edges. In this paper, we propose Ark, a set of fast algorithms for random walk graph kernel computation. Ark is based on the observation that real graphs have much lower intrinsic ranks, compared with the orders of the graphs. Ark exploits the low rank structure to quickly compute random walk graph kernels in O(n) or O(m) time. Experimental results show that our method is up to 97,865× faster than the existing algorithms, while providing more than 91.3% of the accuracies.