cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intentions in Communication

Intentions in Communication brings together major theorists from artificial intelligence and computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and psychology whose work develops the foundations for an account of the role of intentions in a comprehensive theory of communication. It demonstrates, for the first time, the emerging cooperation among disciplines concerned with the fundamental role of intention in communication.The fourteen contributions in this book address central questions about the nature of intention as it is understood in theories of communication, the crucial role of intention recognition in understanding utterances, the use of principles of rational interaction in interpreting speech acts, the contribution of intonation contours to intention recognition, and the need for more general models of intention that support a view of dialogue as a collaborative activity.The contributors are Michael E. Bratman, Philip R. Cohen, Hector J. Levesque, Martha E. Pollack, Henry Kautz, Andrew J. I. Jones, C. Raymond Perrault, Daniel Vanderveken, Janet Pierrehumbert, Julia Hirschberg, Richmond H. Thomason, Diane J Litman, James F. Allen, John R. Searle, Barbara J. Grosz, Candace L. Sidner, Herbert H. Clark and Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs. The book also includes commentaries by James F. Allen, W. A Woods, Jerry Morgan, Jerrold M. Sadock Jerry R. Hobbs, and Kent Bach.Philip R. Cohen is a Senior Computer Scientist at the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International and is a Senior Researcher with the Center for the Study of Language and Information; Jerry Morgan is Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois; Martha E. Pollack is a Computer Scientist at the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International and is a Senior Researcher with the Center for the Study of Language and Information. Intentions in Communication is included in the System Development Foundation Benchmark Series.
Redox-Dependent Magnetic Alignment of Clostridium pasteurianum Rubredoxin: Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy and Prediction of Pseudocontact Shift Contributions

An analysis of the magnetic field dependence of one-bond couplings has yielded the magnetic susceptibility anisotropies for Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin (Rdx) in its oxidized Fe(III) and reduced Fe(II) states. Experimental one-bond 1HN−15N and 1Hα−13Cα couplings were measured at two field strengths (corresponding to 400 and 750 MHz 1H frequencies) and decomposed into their field-independent scalar (1J) and field-dependent dipolar (1D) components. The total numbers of measured dipolar couplings (1HN−15N plus 1Hα−13Cα) were 50 for oxidized Rdx and 49 for reduced Rdx. The atom pairs giving rise to these signals are located >11 A from the iron; those closer to the iron are too broad to be resolved in two-dimensional NMR spectra and may exhibit large Fermi contact shifts. A five-dimensional grid search and Powell minimization of the difference between each set of measured dipolar couplings and those calculated from an X-ray crystal structure of Fe(III) Rdx yielded the magnitude and orientation of the ma...
Effect of Sweeteners on Major Volatile Compounds and Flavor of Yogurt

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of sweeteners on the acceptability of low fat plain and Swissstyle yogurt. The Swiss-Style yogurt was manufactured by addition of commercial blueberry or strawberry fruit flavorings to sweetended yogurt. Sweeteners were sucrose and 42, 55, and 90% high fructose corn syrups. Sweeteners were used at the rate of 4% by weight as a sucrose: corn sweetener (1:1) combination and as a single source of sweetener. Product evaluations were conducted during incubation and after storage at 4 and 10°C for 0, 12, and 24 d. Analyses included acid development during incubation, microbiological changes, viscosity, volatile flavor components (gas chromatography with headspace sampling), and expert sensory evaluation. Sucrose (100% of sweetener) significantly (P P P P
A semi-symmetric two-locus model

The two-locus symmetric viability model characterized by its invariance with respect to the exchange of alleles at each locus, is a well-studied model of classical two-locus theory. The symmetric model introduced by Lewontin and Kojima is among the few multi-locus models with epistatic interactions between loci for which a polymorphism with linkage equilibrium can be stable and this happens when recombination is sufficiently large. We show that an analogous property holds true for a different model, in which symmetry need exist at only one locus. The properties of this new semi-symmetric model are compared with those of the classical symmetric model. For tight linkage, two classes of polymorphisms are possible, depending on the magnitude of additive epistasis. The recombination rate above which linkage equilibrium becomes stable is derived analytically. As in the symmetric model, intervals of recombination in which no polymorphism is stable are possible, and stable polymorphisms can coexist with stable fixations.
Morphological and Physiological Phenology of Pinus longaeva in the White Mountains of California

ABSTRACT Natural variations and responses to climate change can be identified within climatically sensitive ecosystems by monitoring growing season events. In 1962–1964, Fritts conducted a phenologic study on Pinus longaeva in the White Mountains of California. He monitored growing season events, environmental data, and dendrometer readings. In this study morphological and physiological phenophases, dendrometer traces, and environmental data were collected throughout the summers of 2007 and 2008 in the White Mountains of California to better understand variability in Pinus longaeva phenology and identify any shifts in the growing season since the 1962–1964 study (Fritts 1969). As a result of a late-season snow storm, observable phenophases in 2008 were 12 days later than in 2007. Pollination onset was slightly earlier than in the 1962–1964, which may indicate that accumulated heat or a combination of environmental factors influence these phenophases. Duration and timing of cambial activity in the present ...
Towards a Strand Semantics for Authentication Logic

Abstract The logic BAN was developed in the late eighties to reason about authenticated key establishment protocols. It uncovered many flaws and properties of protocols, thus generating lots of attention in protocol analysis. BAN itself was also subject of much attention, and work was done examining its properties and limitations, developing extensions and alternatives, and giving it a semantics. More recently, the strand space approach was developed. This approach gave a graph theoretic characterization of the causally possible interactions between local histories (strands) along with a term algebra to express sent and received messages. This model was designed and has been used by its authors for direct application to authentication protocol analysis. However, it has also quickly attracted the attention of many other researchers in the field as useful in connection to related work, such as model checking approaches. Here we discuss the idea of using strand spaces as the model of computation underlying a semantics for BAN-style expressions. This will help to integrate some of the approaches to security protocol analysis and to hopefully provide BAN logics with a clearer, more useful underlying model than they have had to date.
Derivation of generalized transition/boundary conditions for planar multiple‐layer structures

Infinite-order generalized impedance boundary conditions (GIBCs) and generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) for planar multilayer configurations are developed via the Taylor series expansion method. The conditions are derived in a matrix product form where each matrix corresponds to a specific layer. An overall composite boundary/transition condition is obtained by making finite-order approximations to the elements of each matrix for the cases of 'low-contrast' and 'high-contrast' material layers. The accuracy of the truncated boundary conditions is examined by comparing their implied reflection and transmission coefficients with the corresponding exact coefficients. Design curves are also given which relate the maximum order of the conditions required to simulate a coating or layer of specific thickness and contrast. Expressions are then derived for the reflection and transmission coefficients of the GIBC/GSTC sheets, and these are compared to exact coefficients to demonstrate the validity of the derived GIBCs/GSTCs.
High Density Storage of Antimatter for Space Propulsion Applications

The specific energy of antimatter is 180 MJ/jig, making it the largest specific energy density material known to humankind. Three challenges remain to be solved for space propulsion applications: first, sufficient amounts must be made to permit missions into deep space; second, efficient methods must be found to turn the antimatter into thrust and 1 ; and third, the antimatter must be stored for long periods of time. This paper addresses the third issue. We discuss conventional (electromagnetic) methods of confining antimatter, as well as unconventional concepts, including the use of quantum effects in materials and antimatter chemistry.
Outcomes of a Minimally Invasive Approach Compared With Median Sternotomy for the Excision of Benign Cardiac Masses

Background We hypothesize that for the excision of benign cardiac masses, a minimally invasive approach through a right minithoracotomy is safe and feasible, and has lower resource utilization when compared with a standard median sternotomy. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 39 consecutive patients who underwent benign cardiac mass excision at our institution between December 1999 and April 2010. The in-hospital outcomes of patients who had a right minithoracotomy were compared with those of patients who underwent a standard median sternotomy. Results Of the 39 patients, 22 had cardiac masses removed through a minimally invasive approach, and 17 had a median sternotomy. The type of masses resected included 26 myxomas (66.7%), 9 papillary fibroelastomas (23.1%), and 4 thrombi (10.2%). The aortic cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were 43 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] 30 to 64) versus 31 minutes (IQR 23 to 47; p = 0.20) and 78 minutes (IQR 55 to 88) versus 57 minutes (IQR 33 to 70; p = 0.02) for the minimally invasive group and the median sternotomy group, respectively. There were no significant differences in postoperative complications including mortality. The mean intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay were 27 hours (IQR 24 to 47) versus 60 hours (IQR 48 to 79; p = 0.001) and 5 days (IQR 4 to 6) versus 7 days (IQR 6 to 8; p = 0.03) for the minimally invasive and the median sternotomy group, respectively. Conclusions A minimally invasive approach through a right minithoracotomy for the resection of benign cardiac masses can be performed safely with lower resource utilization, and should be considered for these patients.
Pulmonary veins and the initiation of atrial fibrillation: are we getting closer to understanding their role?

p p b w u w w l i P t s n e The theories of the mechanisms behind atrial fibrillation AF) that have been bantered around include those of muliple wavelets, focal sources, and reentrant mechanisms of a mother rotor” and spiral waves. Depending on the atrial ubstrate, and in the presence of either paroxysmal or ermanent AF, the mechanism can differ. In the last deade, studies have demonstrated that the mechanism of aroxysmal AF can have a focal source and the pulmonary eins (PVs) play a major role in the origin of that focal ource. Haissaguerre et al published studies performed in atients with paroxysmal AF and mapping the single points f origin. This group also showed that 94% of single point rigins were identified as originating from the pulmonary eins, with the earliest activation occurring 2–4 cm within he pulmonary vein. Jais et al also did a patient study howing that 5 of 9 patients had focal origins at the ostium f the pulmonary vein. In both studies, AF was eliminated ith RF ablation of the foci, and the majority of the focal rigins appeared at one of the pulmonary veins. This series f results spawned numerous studies analyzing the electrical nd structural properties of the pulmonary veins. Verheule t al did an in depth analysis of the structure and connexin xpression in the pulmonary veins as compared to the rest of he left atrium. It was shown that the myocytes in the leeves of the pulmonary veins were similar to normal atrial yocytes. Structurally, the endocardial pulmonary vein yocytes were oriented in a circumferential pattern while he epicardial myocytes were oriented parallel with the vein. his study also showed that Cx40 and Cx43 were present in he sleeve of the pulmonary vein, but the Cx40 levels were ower than that found in the rest of the atrium while Cx43 evels remained the same. For electrophysiological properies, Arora et al showed that significant conduction slowng was seen at the pulmonary vein ostium with repolarizaion heterogeneity within the vein. Reentry was then seen ithin the vein with a single extrastimulus, and the reentry ould be sustained in the presence of isoproterenol. Hamabe
INTER‐ AND INTRAFRACTION MOTION FOR STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY IN DOGS AND CATS USING A MODIFIED BRAINLAB FRAMELESS STEREOTACTIC MASK SYSTEM

Precise and accurate patient positioning is necessary when doing stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to ensure adequate dosing to the tumor and sparing of normal tissues. This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to assess feasibility of a commercially available modified frameless SRS positioning system for use in veterinary radiotherapy patients with brain tumors. Fifty-one dogs and 12 cats were enrolled. Baseline and verification CT images were acquired. The verification CT images from 32 dogs and five cats had sufficient images for fusion to baseline CT images. A rigid box-based fusion was performed to determine interfraction motion. Forty-eight dogs and 11 cats were assessed for intrafraction motion by cine CT. Seventy percent of dogs and 60% of cats had interfraction 3D vector translational shifts >1 mm, with mean values of 1.9 mm in dogs, and 1.8 mm in cats. In dogs muscle wasting was weakly correlated with translational shifts. The maximum angular interfraction motion observed was 6.3° (roll), 3.5° (pitch), and 3.3° (yaw). There was no correlation between angular interfraction motion and weight, brachycephaly, or muscle wasting. Fifty-seven percent of dogs and 50% of cats had respiration-related intrafraction motion. Of these, 4.5% of dogs and 10% of cats had intrafraction motion >1 mm. This study demonstrates the modified Brainlab system is feasible for SRS in dogs and cats. The smaller cranial size and difference in anatomy increases setup uncertainty in some animals beyond limits usually accepted in SRS. Image-guided positioning is recommended to achieve clinically acceptable setup accuracy (<1 mm) for SRS.
The Weaves runtime framework

Summary form only given. We present a language independent runtime framework - called Weaves - for object based composition of unmodified code modules that enables arbitrary (selective) sharing of state between multiple control flows through a process. Furthermore, the framework allows dynamic instantiation of code modules and control flows through them. In effect, Weaves create intra-process modules (similar to objects in OOP) from code written in any language. Applications can be built by instantiating Weaves to form Tapestries of dynamically interacting code. The Weaves paradigm allows objects to be arbitrarily shared - it is a true superset of both processes as well as threads, with code sharing and fast context switching time similar to threads. Weaves do not require any special support from either the language or application code - practically any code can be weaved. Weaves also include support for fast automatic checkpointing and recovery with no application support. We present the elements of the Weaves framework and results from our implementation that works by analyzing source-code independent ELF object files.
A parallel sequencing algorithm for minimizing total cost

The problem of sequencing jobs on parallel processors when jobs have different available times, due dates, penalty costs and waiting costs is considered. The processors are identical and are available when the earliest job becomes available and continuously thereafter. There is a processor cost during the period when the processor is available for processing jobs. The proposed algorithm finds the sequence (or sequences) with minimum total cost (sum of waiting, penalty and processor costs.). A proof of the algorithm and numerical results are given.
The Chinese Herbal Medicine Sophora flavescens Activates Pregnane X Receptor

Sophora flavescens (SF) is an herbal medicine widely used for the treatment of viral hepatitis, cancer, viral myocarditis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and skin diseases. It was recently reported that SF up-regulates CYP3A expression. The mechanism of SF-induced CYP3A expression is unknown. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that SF-induced CYP3A expression is mediated by the activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR). We used two cell lines, DPX2 and HepaRG, to investigate the role of PXR in SF-induced CYP3A expression. The DPX2 cell line is derived from HepG2 cells with the stable transfection of human PXR and a luciferase reporter gene linked with a human PXR response element identified in the CYP3A4 gene promoter. In DPX2 cells, SF activated PXR in a concentration-dependent manner. We used a metabolomic approach to identify the chemical constituents in SF, which were further analyzed for their effect on PXR activation and CYP3A regulation. One chemical in SF, N-methylcytisine, was identified as an individual chemical that activated PXR. HepaRG is a highly differentiated hepatoma cell line that mimics human hepatocytes. In HepaRG cells, N-methylcytisine significantly induced CYP3A4 expression, and this induction was suppressed by the PXR antagonist sulforaphane. These results suggest that SF induces CYP3A expression via the activation of PXR.
Signals in Root Nodule Organogenesis and Endocytosis of Rhizobium.

The rhizobia comprise a diverse group of organisms that elicit hypertrophic growth on the roots of legume plants to form a new organ, the root nodule, which they inhabit to fix nitrogen. This endosymbiotic association makes legume plants auto- trophic for external nitrogen, an essential nutrient for plant growth. Because the interaction with rhizobia is highly benefi- cial, legume plants have evolved a set of genes encoding nodulekpecific proteins (nodulins; Legocki and Verma,
work parties, wages, and accumulation in a Voltaic village

This paper attempts to determine the full significance of labor flows between independent farming units in West Africa in order to evaluate the possibilities of accumulation in traditional African farming and the implications of such accumulation for local-level stratification. Three forms of agricultural labor–house-hold, wage, and cooperative-are compared with respect to their cost to the farmer: (1) Household labor and wage labor may lead to the growth of the farming unit; (2) Cooperative labor, while it allows for a transfer of value in the initial stages of growth, becomes very expensive as the operation of the farmer expands; (3) Farmers from outside the village, operating with more capital, take greater advantage of wage labor and household labor and increase their capacity for wealth accumulation. The mechanism of differential access to the cheaper sources of labor probably existed in the past as well, but the customary landholding system, which ensures a farm to all household heads, has limited the stratifying effects of differential access by preventing the formation of a rural proletariat. [economic anthropology, cooperative labor, agriculture, West Africa, stratification]
Thin Film Interdiffusion of Chromium and Copper

Motivated by the need to understand the behavior of the Cr-Cu system in applications requiring high temperature annealing, we have examined the interdiffusion of thin overlaid Cr and Cu films at temperatures up to 750°C.
Control of Membrane Fusion Mechanism by Lipid Composition: Predictions from Ensemble Molecular Dynamics

Membrane fusion is critical to biological processes such as viral infection, endocrine hormone secretion, and neurotransmission, yet the precise mechanistic details of the fusion process remain unknown. Current experimental and computational model systems approximate the complex physiological membrane environment for fusion using one or a few protein and lipid species. Here, we report results of a computational model system for fusion in which the ratio of lipid components was systematically varied, using thousands of simulations of up to a microsecond in length to predict the effects of lipid composition on both fusion kinetics and mechanism. In our simulations, increased phosphatidylcholine content in vesicles causes increased activation energies for formation of the initial stalk-like intermediate for fusion and of hemifusion intermediates, in accordance with previous continuum-mechanics theoretical treatments. We also use our large simulation dataset to quantitatively compare the mechanism by which vesicles fuse at different lipid compositions, showing a significant difference in fusion kinetics and mechanism at different compositions simulated. As physiological membranes have different compositions in the inner and outer leaflets, we examine the effect of such asymmetry, as well as the effect of membrane curvature on fusion. These predicted effects of lipid composition on fusion mechanism both underscore the way in which experimental model system construction may affect the observed mechanism of fusion and illustrate a potential mechanism for cellular regulation of the fusion process by altering membrane composition.
Non-abelian free group actions: Markov processes, the Abramov–Rohlin formula and Yuzvinskii’s formula

This paper introduces Markov chains and processes over non-abelian free groups and semigroups. We prove a formula for the f-invariant of a Markov chain over a free group in terms of transition matrices that parallels the classical formula for the entropy a Markov chain. Applications include free group analogues of the Abramov–Rohlin formula for skew-product actions and Yuzvinskii’s addition formula for algebraic actions.
Defects and the Photodarkening Process in the Chalcogenide Glasses

In the chalcogenide glasses the primary defects are thought to involve under- and over-coordinated chalcogen atoms which are diamagnetic under quasiequilibrium conditions because of the presence of a strong electron-lattice interaction. These defects can be optically, or in some cases thermally, excited into metastable paramagnetic configurations which are well described as chalcogen “dangling bonds.” Alloying the chalcogenide elements with group V or group IV atoms produces additional diamagnetic defects which in their excited paramagnetic configurations also appear to be well described as dangling bonds. Some of these defects may play a role in the photodarkening (PD) process which is a metastable shift of the absorption edge to lower energies after irradiation with light of energy greater than or equal to that of the band gap. The PD process requires the presence of a non-bonding p-like valence band. The microscopic description of the PD process may involve the creation of defects or the tunneling of chalcogen atoms.
Fast exact filtered-X LMS and LMS algorithms for multichannel active noise control

In some situations where active noise control could be used, the well-known multichannel version of the filtered-X LMS adaptive filter is too computationally-complex to implement. In this paper, we develop a fast, exact implementation of this multichannel system whose complexity is approximately O(2L) per filter channel, where L is the FIR filter length. In addition, we provide a computationally-efficient method for effectively removing the delays of the secondary paths within the coefficient updates, thus yielding a fast implementation of the LMS adaptive algorithm for multichannel active noise control. Examples illustrate both the equivalence of the algorithms to their original counterparts and the computational gains provided by the new algorithms.
Krüpple-like factor 5 is required for proper maintenance of adult intestinal crypt cellular proliferation.

Background Krupple-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the proliferative compartment of the intestinal crypt. There, it is thought to regulate epithelial turnover and homeostasis.
Characterizing Variability of the Urban Physical Environment for a Suite of Cities in Rondônia, Brazil

Urban environments are characterized by high spectral and spatial heterogeneity and, as a consequence, most urban pixels in moderate- resolution imagery contain multiple land-cover materials. Despite these com- plexities, virtually all urban land cover can be generalized as a combination of vegetation, impervious surfaces, and soil (V-I-S components), in addition to water. Previous work has demonstrated the potential of multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) to model the subpixel abundance of V-I-S components. Here, the authors test whether the technique is sufficiently robust to map V-I-S components for a diverse set of cities, selecting 10 urban centers in the state of Rondonia, Brazil, to represent a range of populations, develop- ment histories, and economic activities. For each urban sample, a 20 km × 20 km region centered over the built-up area was subset from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery. MESMA was applied to all subscenes using the same spectral library, model constraints, and selection rules. Accu-
Lightning Discharge Heating of Aircraft Skins

A comprehensive study lias been conducted, for the first time, to determine the maximum temperature expected at the back surface of a metal skin when lightning strikes to an airfoil. The ignition temperature of jet fuel vapor (^1320° C) can be exceeded at the interior surface with thicknesses of titanium which might be structurally proper. The minimum thickness of titanium sheet which may be safely used as a skin which is the wall of a fuel tank was tentatively established. That, with aluminum, safety from this lightning hazard is obtained with sheets of 0.080-in. thickness has been established by practical experience, but the margin of safety has been unknown. It now has been evaluated approximately. The study required consideration of the maximum time a lightning terminal spot will remain at one location, the maximum anticipated current which will flow throughout the period of discharge terminal fixation, the energy transfer from the arc discharge to the metal and the ohmic heating in the metal, and finally of the transient heat flow problem with the combined heat sources. In obtaining practical results, approximate analysis was combined with simplified laboratory tests.
Advanced Airfoil Design for General Aviation Propellers

Computational aerodynamic methods have had a dramatic effect on aircraft design Computer flow simulations have, to a large extent, replaced the wind tunnel as the aerodynamicist's primary design tool This paper describes the aerodynamic design of a family of advanced airfoil shapes suitable for the blade of a new technology general aviation propeller The computational design directly resulted in a successful flight test, eliminating the costly process of tunnel testing The requirements and constraints imposed on the new airfoils are outlined, along with the characteristics of the original propeller airfoils The design approach and procedures are discussed
Size matters, but so does shape: quantifying complex shape changes in a sexually selected trait in stalk‐eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae)

The elaborate morphologies of sexually selected ornaments are ubiquitous across the animal kingdom. In studies investigating these traits, ornament size is frequently the focus, and empirical evidence supports its positive correlation with fitness. Yet shape plays an important role and, surprisingly, is often overlooked. Shape frequently changes with size, influenced by biomechanical, developmental, or performance constraints. Therefore, shape can provide additional insights into the morphological differences between individuals and the potential limits on sexual trait exaggeration. Here, we used landmark-based geometric morphometric methods on a sexually dimorphic species of stalk-eyed fly (Teleopsis dalmanni) to examine patterns of sexual shape dimorphism. Our analyses reveal a significant difference in head shape between the sexes, with males exhibiting smaller eye bulbs, thinner stalks, and smaller heads than females. Additionally, as eyestalk length increases within each sex, a similar pattern of shape change was observed as that observed between sexes. This pattern of shape change may be the result of constraints acting against further ornament exaggeration, and we suggest that this may significantly impact the whole-organism performance in stalk-eyed flies. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 104–113.
Digestion of glycogen by a glucosidase released by Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, a widespread sexually transmitted disease. In vitro culture of T. vaginalis typically employs a medium supplemented with either maltose or glucose and carbohydrates are considered essential for growth. Although the nature of the carbohydrates utilized by T. vaginalis in vivo is undefined, the vaginal epithelium is rich in glycogen, which appears to provide a source of carbon for the vaginal microbiota. Here, we show that T. vaginalis grows equally well in growth media supplemented with simple sugars or with glycogen. Analysis of conditioned growth medium by thin layer chromatography indicates that growth on glycogen is accompanied by glycogen breakdown to a mixture of products including maltose, glucose, and oligosaccharides. Enzymatic assays with conditioned growth medium show that glycogen breakdown is accomplished via the release of a glucosidase activity having the properties of an α-amylase into the growth medium. Furthermore, we find that released glucosidase activity increases upon removal of carbohydrate from the growth medium, indicating regulation of synthesis and/or secretion in response to environmental cues. Lastly, we show that addition of T. vaginalis glucosidase activity to a growth medium containing glycogen generates sufficient simple sugar to support the growth of lactobacilli which, themselves, are unable to degrade glycogen. Thus, not only does the glucosidase activity likely play an important role in allowing T. vaginalis to secure simple sugars for its own use, it has the potential to impact the growth of other members of the vaginal microbiome.
Pope Francis, Environmental Anthropologist

In June 2015, after much anticipation and a few leaks, Pope Francis released his encyclical entitled “Laudato Si’: On Care for Our Common Home.” “Laudato si’” means “praise be to you,” a phrase that appears repeatedly in Saint Francis’ Canticle of the Sun poem. The encyclical itself has been widely praised and widely reported, far more than one would expect from an explicitly religious document. The encyclical is breathtakingly ambitious. Much of it is addressed to “every person living on this planet,” while specific parts speak to Catholics and others to religious believers generally. It surveys a sweeping range of environmental and social problems. Along the way, it relies on anthropology, theology, science, economic, politics, law, and numerous other disciplines. Especially anthropology. The popular response often described Laudato Si’ as a “climate change” encyclical. It’s not: only five of the 180 pages specifically address climate change, about the same as the discussion of the noise and ugliness, crime, housing, and transportation that affect the “ecology of daily life.” It is not really even an environmental encyclical, for the natural environment does not play the starring role. Rather, it is an encyclical about us. Francis contends that the natural environment suffers because we misunderstand humanity.This Article examines the encyclical from the perspective of Christian environmental thought more generally. It begins by outlining the development of such thought, and then it turns to the contributions of the encyclical with respect to environmental anthropology, environmental connectedness, environmental morality, and environmental governance. As the article explains, Pope Francis is a powerful advocate for a Christian environmental morality but a less convincing advocate for specific regulatory reforms. His greatest contribution is to encourage more people, religious believers and non-believers alike, to engage in a respectful dialogue about how we can better fulfill our responsibilities to each other and the natural world that we share.
Central-peripheral neural interactions in cardiac control

T. Hirai, Y. Iguchi, M. Uchiyama, Y. Kuroiwa, I. Nakamura, S. Yokota, K. Nishioka Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine Japan Medical Research Foundation, Yokohama City University Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Japan
The role of partners' educational attainment in the association between HIV and education amongst women in seven sub-Saharan African countries

Introduction: Individuals' educational attainment has long been considered as a risk factor for HIV. However, little attention has been paid to the association between partner educational attainment and HIV infection. Methods: We conducted cross-sectional analysis of young women (aged 1534) in 14 Demographic and Health Surveys from seven sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries with generalized HIV epidemics. We measured the degree of similarity in educational attainment (partner homophily) in 75,373 partnerships and evaluated the correlation between homophily and female HIV prevalence at the survey cluster level. We then used logistic regression to assess whether own and partner educational attainment was associated with HIV serostatus amongst 38,791 women. Results: Educational attainment was positively correlated within partnerships in both urban and rural areas of every survey (Newman assortativity coefficients between 0.09 and 0.44), but this correlation was not ecologically associated with HIV prevalence. At the individual level, larger absolute differences between own and partner educational attainment were associated with significantly higher HIV prevalence amongst women. This association was heterogeneous across countries, but not between survey waves. In contrast to other women, for those aged 2534 who had secondary or higher education, a more- educated partner was associated with lower HIV prevalence. Conclusions: HIV prevalence amongst women in SSA is associated not only with one's own education but also with that of one's partner.These findings highlight the importance of understanding how partners place individuals at risk of infection and suggest that HIV prevention efforts may benefit from considering partner characteristics.
Selection of Building Roosts by Mexican Free-Tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) in an Urban Area

The Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) is one of the most widely distributed bat species in the Western Hemisphere. Despite their prevalence in urban environments, limited research has been conducted to determine the features of buildings or of the surroundings that might affect the likelihood of a building being selected by Mexican free-tailed bats as a roost. Our study objectives were to improve the current understanding of Mexican free-tailed bat's urban roosting preferences with regard to both microhabitat and macrohabitat. Between August 2010 and August 2012, we conducted acoustic surveys and emergence observations and examined 218 buildings in Waco, TX, USA. A total of 54 day-roosts for Mexican free-tailed bats was identified. At the microhabitat scale, modeling of building characteristics and opening characteristics showed that bats preferred to roost in tall and abandoned buildings. Roost exits were more likely the results of structural damage to buildings and less likely to have vege...
Counter Tree: A Scalable Counter Architecture for Per-Flow Traffic Measurement

Per-flow traffic measurement, which is to count the number of packets for each active flow during a certain measurement period, has many applications in usage accounting, traffic engineering, service provision and anomaly detection. In order to maintain the high throughput of routers or switchers, the per-flow traffic measurement module should use high-bandwidth SRAM that allows fast memory accesses. Due to the limited SRAM space, exact counting, which requires to keep a counter for each flow, does not scale to large networks consisting of numerous flows. Some recent work takes a different path to accurately estimate the flow sizes using counter architectures that can fit into tight SRAM. However, existing counter architectures have some limitations, either still requiring considerable SRAM space, or having a very small estimation range. In this paper, we design a scalable counter architecture Counter Tree which leverages a two-dimensional counter sharing scheme to achieve far better memory efficiency and significantly extend estimation range. The extensive experiments with real network trace demonstrate that our counter architecture can produce accurate estimates for flows of all sizes even under a very tight memory space, e.g., 2 bits per flow.
ARE POPULATIONS ISLANDS? ANALYSIS OF CHLOROPLAST DNA VARIATION IN AQUILEGIA.

The degree to which conspecific populations are interconnected via ongoing gene flow remains an important focus of evolutionary biology. One major difficulty in distinguishing ongoing gene flow from historical subdivision is that either process can generate similar estimates of apparent gene flow. Thus, gene flow estimates themselves are insufficient to distinguish between these alternatives. However, genetic data coupled with additional information about demography and distribution do allow a distinction to be made. Here we address the specific question, does gene flow link populations of Aquilegia? In a survey of a 525 B.P. chloroplast DNA fragment sampled from 251 individual plants from 18 populations of three taxa, five haplotypes were identified. No significant relationship between geographic distance and apparent gene flow between population pairs existed. Further, the estimated level of gene flow was entirely compatible with a historical subdivision of Aquilegia populations during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Therefore, these patterns of variation are due not to ongoing gene flow, but rather to historical association among populations. Thus Aquilegia populations may be considered as distiict evolutionary entities with regard to seed- mediated processes. As a result, comparative analysis of ecological traits undergoing potentially rapid evolution (e.g., life histories, mating systems, inbreeding depression) should be possible in these taxa.
Iron(II) Complexes Supported by Sulfonamido Tripodal Ligands: Endogenous versus Exogenous Substrate Oxidation

High-valent iron species are known to act as powerful oxidants in both natural and synthetic systems. While biological enzymes have evolved to prevent self-oxidation by these highly reactive species, development of organic ligand frameworks that are capable of supporting a high-valent iron center remains a challenge in synthetic chemistry. We describe here the reactivity of an Fe(II) complex that is supported by a tripodal sulfonamide ligand with both dioxygen and an oxygen-atom transfer reagent, 4-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO). An Fe(III)-hydroxide complex is obtained from reaction with dioxygen, while NMO gives an Fe(III)-alkoxide product resulting from activation of a C-H bond of the ligand. Inclusion of Ca(2+) ions in the reaction with NMO prevented this ligand activation and resulted in isolation of an Fe(III)-hydroxide complex in which the Ca(2+) ion is coordinated to the tripodal sulfonamide ligand and the hydroxo ligand. Modification of the ligand allowed the Fe(III)-hydroxide complex to be isolated from NMO in the absence of Ca(2+) ions, and a C-H bond of an external substrate could be activated during the reaction. This study highlights the importance of robust ligand design in the development of synthetic catalysts that utilize a high-valent iron center.
Physical Education as a Phase of the College Program of General Education

(1956). Physical Education as a Phase of the College Program of General Education. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 366-367.
Poisson regression with misclassified counts: application to cervical cancer.

Errors in disease classification can give misleading inferences for covariate effects when the probability of error is itself related to the covariates. More accurate inferences are possible using supplemental data on both true and fallible disease counts at various covariate levels. We present a method for incorporating such supplemental data into disease rate regression and use it to show that although observed intercountry differences in European cervical cancer mortality rates are exaggerated by errors in death certification they are not completely explained by such errors. The data concern Belgium England and Wales France and Italy. (EXCERPT)
Precipitation and Toughness in Alumina-Rich Spinel Single Crystals

Results are presented for the effects of heat treatment of Al2O3-rich MgAl2O4 crystals 850, 1000, and 1150C. Results are given as a function of aging time for hardness, fracture toughness and flexural strength. In contrast to Bansal and Hener’s previous study [5], the present work shows no evidence of toughening by precipitation in the alumina-rich spinel single crystals heat treated at 850°C. Some effects noted are attributed to preferential precipitation at surfaces and cracks.
Familial Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Clinical, genetic, and MR characteristics of 68 patients with familial mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) were analysed at the University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Brazil.
Toward a collaborative model of surface water management: Lessons from the Boone River watershed nutrient management initiative

vii CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: TOWARD A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH TO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE BOONE RIVER WATERSHED, IOWA 5 Introduction .... 5 Background 6 The Boone River Watershed Program 9 Evaluation Findings and Recommendations 12 Conclusion .. 18 Literature Cited 20 Figures 24 CHAPTER 3 WORKING BEYOND SCALE CHALLENGES: PRIVATE-PUBLIC PARTNERSHIPS AS A STRATEGY FOR RESILIENT WATERSHED PROGRAMMING 26 Abstract ....... 26 Introduction 27 Methods 31 Results ....... 37 Discussion 52 Conclusion 57 Literature Cited 58 Tables and figures 63 CHAPTER 4 GENERAL CONCLUSION 80
Measuring the Influence of Legally Recognized Partnerships on the Health and Well-Being of Same-Sex Couples: Utility of the California Health Interview Survey.

Abstract Purpose: This study explored the utility of the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) to compare health-related outcomes among gay men, lesbians, and heterosexuals who reported being in a legally recognized partnership. Methods: We regressed sexual identity and marriage/legally recognized partnership status on seven different outcomes related to health insurance coverage, medical services access and use, and general health and well-being using CHIS data collected between 2009 and 2013. Results: There were 1432 respondents who identified as gay, lesbian, or homosexual, and 67,746 who identified as heterosexual. The percentage of participants who reported being married/legally partnered was 54.06% for heterosexual women, 52.93% for heterosexual men, 38.83% for lesbians, and 23.56% for gay men. Legally partnered/married gay and lesbian respondents were more likely to have health insurance and use healthcare than their counterparts not in such partnerships; few trends were statistically significa...
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide–Based Sterilization of Decellularized Heart Valves

Sterilization of grafts is essential. Supercritical carbon dioxide, electrolyzed water, gamma radiation, ethanol-peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide techniques were compared for impact on sterility and mechanical integrity of porcine decellularized aortic valves. Ethanol-peracetic acid– and supercritical carbon dioxide–treated valves were found to be sterile using histology, microbe culture, and electron microscopy assays. The cusp tensile properties of supercritical carbon dioxide–treated valves were higher compared with valves treated with other techniques. Superior sterility and integrity was found in the decellularized valves treated with supercritical carbon dioxide sterilization. This sterilization technique may hold promise for other decellularized soft tissues.
Soil Stabilization with Cement and Sodium Additives

Investigation of improvement of effectiveness of portland cement as stabilizer by use of chemical additives at M.I.T. Soil Stabilization Laboratory; tests showed that, with all types of soils studied, from nonplastic sands to heavy clays, cement stabilization can be substantially improved by incorporation of relatively small quantity of alkali sodium compounds; strength improvements varying from 15 to 250% were obtained.
Mitral Valve Diseases

The predominant cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic heart disease. The most frequent ECG abnormality with mitral stenosis is atrial fibrillation. The occurrence of atrial fibrillation (or atrial flutter) in the patient with atrial fibrillation requires anticoagulation initially by heparin followed by coumadin and often of treatment aiming at control of rapid ventricular response using digoxin, beta-blockade, and calcium-channel blockade. Guidance by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is useful to rule out atrial thrombus before cardioversion. Prolapse of the mitral valve is a fall below its normal position, and billowing (bulge beyond its normal place) of the mitral valve is an abnormal movement of the mitral valve during systole beyond its normal position and into the left atrium. Often mitral valve prolapse is a progressive disease with flail leaflets and chordal rupture being found in older patients. Mitral insufficiency is an organic mechanism if there is intrinsic mitral valve disease or a functional mechanism if the valve is structurally normal but regurgitates due to an extravalvular abnormality. Surgical correction of mitral regurgitation (MR) is indicated in patients with severe MR and symptoms or with reduced LV systolic function. Prevention of infective endocarditis using the appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis is necessary in patients with MR. The most frequent cause of mortality after surgical correction of MR is left ventricle dysfunction due to chronic irreversible myocardial damage.