cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trigeminal Nerve Repair: Is the Trigeminocardiac Reflex a Concern?

Purpose Our hypothesis is that direct manipulation of the third and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve during microneurosurgery does not affect the incidence of trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR). The purpose of this paper was to analyze the incidence of TCR events during microneurosurgery involving the second and third divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 94 patients who underwent nerve repair of the second and third divisions of the trigeminal nerve, between July 2014 and February 2021 by a single surgeon (J. Z.). The independent variables were the trigeminal nerve branch injured, the laterality of the trigeminal nerve injury, the Sunderland classification, the ASA classification, the intraoperative narcotic(s) used, and the depth of anesthesia. The dependent variables included the occurrence of intraoperative hypercapnia, hypoxia, and TCR event. Since the data was retrospective and categorical in nature, χ2 analysis was performed initially. Results None of the patients in this retrospective cohort demonstrated intraoperative hypercapnia, hypoxia or TCR events. Initial χ2 calculation was performed for the dependent variables with the trigeminal nerve groups (IAN, LN, and ION). The χ2 calculation [χ2 (1, n = 101)] was 0.2235. The P-value was .6364. Since there was no statistical significance found, there was no further analysis of surgical and anesthesia independent variables in the data collection. Conclusions The zero incidence of TCR in a large number of patients provides strong evidence supporting the rejection of the hypothesis that TCR can occur during the surgical repair of peripheral trigeminal nerves.
Molecular water provides a channel for communication between Brønsted acid sites in solid catalysts

Solvent molecules play important mechanistic roles in catalytic reactions, such as the formation of molecular channels and networks to enable communication between spatially isolated active sites. In this issue of Chem Catalysis, Resasco and colleagues discuss how molecular water delocalizes proton sites from acidic functional groups grafted on a mesoporous silica support, thus facilitating dual-site elementary steps that lead to increased turnover rates of cyclopentanone condensation.
Do differences in methods for constructing SF-36 physical and mental health summary measures change their associations with chronic medical conditions and utilization?

Background and objective: Various approaches have been employed to derive physical health and mental health summary scores for the SF-36 and the RAND-36, but head-to-head comparisons of alternative scoring algorithms are rare. We determined whether the associations of the physical and mental health summary scores with chronic medical conditions and utilization would differ depending on the scoring algorithm used. Methods: We examined 5701 patients receiving medical care from an independent association of 48 physician groups located primarily in the western United States and compared SF-36 and RAND-36 scoring of physical health and mental health summary scores. Associations with the presence of diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease, as well as with utilization of medical care and mental health care were compared using bivariate and multivariate analysis. To examine the relationship between SF-36 and RAND-36 scores, we regressed the SF-36 physical and mental health composite scores on the RAND-36 physical and mental health summary measures and vice versa. Results: We found that the SF-36 and RAND-36 summary scores generally yielded results similar to one another across measures of heart disease, diabetes, and kidney disease, as well as measures of utilization. However, for each chronic medical condition, the RAND-36 showed a slightly larger decrement in mental health than did the SF-36. Conclusions: Differences between the two sets of summary scores were consistent with their respective conceptual and analytic approaches. Where comparisons of results between the SF-36 and RAND-36 summary scores are desirable in future studies, they can be estimated using the regression equations derived in this study.
THE PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS AND THE REAL INTEREST RATE Some Evidence From Panel Data

Abstract A test of the permanent income hypothesis in panel data is formulated taking into account both the time-series and cross-section variation in the rate of return. The over-identifying restrictions of the theory rejected.
Inferring aquifer storage parameters using satellite and in situ measurements: Estimation under uncertainty

[1] We present a robust optimization method for estimating aquifer storage parameters (specific yield or storativity) using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, in situ well level observations, and other ancillary information. Uncertainty inherent in the remotely sensed and in situ time series can adversely affect the parameter estimation process and, in the worse case, make the solution completely meaningless. Our estimation problem is formulated to directly minimize the negative impact of data uncertainty by incorporating bounds on data variations. We demonstrate our method for the interconnected Edwards-Trinity Plateau and Pecos Valley aquifers in central Texas. The study area is divided into multiple zones based on the geology and monitor well coverage. Our estimated aquifer storage parameters are consistent with previous results obtained from pumping tests and model calibration, demonstrating the potential of using GRACE data for validating regional groundwater model parameters.
Folsom Technology and Toolstone Use at the Martin Site, North Central New Mexico

AbstractThe Martin site is a Folsom camp in the Estancia Basin, Santa Fe County, New Mexico, investigated in 1955 and only briefly described in a 1967 dissertation. Reanalysis of the implement collection was conducted during 2002, and the debitage was described in detail in 2005. The principal goal of the research was to integrate this important assemblage into current models of Folsom lithic technological organization through study of artifact assemblage composition and identification of the raw materials used in the production of stone tools. The assemblage is dominated by large numbers of preforms and channel flakes that are predominantly (95 percent) Edwards chert from west central Texas sources. Despite the location of the Martin site far from known Edwards chert sources, only Folsom points were manufactured, thereby raising questions concerning the relationship between Folsom and Midland and the hypothesis that Midland point manufacture is a raw material conservation strategy employed by Folsom grou...
Micropropagation of Mexican redbud, Cercis canadensis var. mexicana

Mexican redbud (Cercis canadensis var. mexicana) shoot cultures were initiated from explants taken from both mature and juvenile stock plants. Culture conditions affecting shoot growth and proliferation and rooting of three clones were investigated. Shoot growth was best on media supplemented with 0.25% activated charcoal and solidified with 0.2% Gelrite. Four commercially available salt formulations (Anderson's rhododendron medium, WPM, MS, DKW) were tested for growth of shoot cultures, and Anderson's rhododendron basal salt mixture was superior. Axillary shoots grew from explants cultured media supplemented with a wide range of concentrations of benzyladenine and thidiazuron. Benzyladenine at 5.6–22.2 μM supported the best combination of shoot quality and number. Rooting of microshoots in vitro was best on half-strength WPM containing 6.71 μM naphthaleneacetic acid and 0.1% activated charcoal.
Salinity Gradient Power Experiment Using Reverse Electrodialysis

A relatively new form of alternative energy known as reverse electrodialysis (RED) appears to be one of the promising energy sources of the future. This technology harvests the energy stored in the salinity gradient between two different liquids, and converts it directly into electric power. This power is generated by pumping water through an array of alternating pairs of cation and anion exchange membranes called cells.An experimental system was designed and assembled with cells 61 cm × 16.5 cm. Along with having much larger dimensions than the prototype systems reported in the literature, the design has an adjustable number of cells in the stack, allowing users to obtain test results at a variety of settings. Comparing the output of systems with few cells to systems with a higher number of cells will help us to optimize the stack size in terms of hydrodynamic losses.Tests results have shown a voltage output of 1.98V, 83% of the predicted output. The current and power produced by the system did not meet theoretical output levels, but our group believes a redesign of the electrode rinse system will bring these values up to expectations. Future works will benefit from the learning experience.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Breastfeeding Patterns of Low-Birth-Weight Infants After Hospital Discharge

Abstract Objective: To examine the feeding patterns of low-birth-weight infants (1,500-2,500 g) on the day of hospital discharge and 4 weeks after birth. Design: Prospective, descriptive survey. Setting: Eight hospitals in the Midwest. Participants: One hundred ten mothers who intended to breastfeed their low-birth-weight infants. Main Outcome Measures: Two different tools were used to address infant breastfeeding patterns and effectiveness of infant feeding at the breast as reported and rated by the mothers. Results: At hospital discharge, 38% of the infants were exclusively fed at the breast. Only 52% of the full-term, low-birth-weight infants and 52% of the preterm low-birth-weight infants had effective vigorous feedings at the breast at hospital discharge as rated by the mothers. At 4 weeks, 40% of the infants were fed exclusively at the breast and 19% were weaned to formula. Conclusions: The several feeding patterns and modes of feeding identified with low-birth-weight infants suggest that appropriate tools be designed and tested with mothers of low-birth-weight infants. In addition, the definition of breastfeeding must be explored. JOGNN, 26, 189-197; 1997.
Golden Hour or Golden Opportunity: Early Management of Pediatric Trauma

The concept of a “golden hour” is a fixture in trauma care. There is a dearth of scientific proof for this concept but an abundance of controversy around how this concept should be interpreted, especially for pediatric trauma patients. Health care providers should instead focus on the “golden opportunity,” different for each patient, to provide the best care in the most appropriate environment for all injured children.
Structure and palaeogeography of the External Betic Cordillera, southern Spain

Abstract A structural interpretation of the External Betic Cordillera in the Granada-Jaen area of southern Spain is proposed based on the interpretation of seismic reflection profiles, subsurface well control and a balanced cross-section. Restoration of this balanced cross-section results in a new palaeogeographical interpretation for the area and a total estimated shortening of approximately 200 km. Traditionally, the Betic fold-thrust belt has been described as a series of north-vergent, imbricate thrust sheets, each having relatively little displacement (10–15 km). Restoration of this structural model to an undeformed state results in a Mesozoic palaeogeographical scenario of three carbonate platforms separated by two deep basins. An alternative interpretation is presented in this paper — that the structural style of the Granada-Jaen area is characterized by large displacement thrust faults. Restoration of the proposed cross-section leads to the palaeogeographical interpretation of a single Mesozoic basin. Along the transect of the cross-section this palaeo-basin is bounded to the north and south by platformal margins. The major implication of this study is that the palaeogeographical interpretation of a fold-thrust belt can be highly dependent on the structural interpretation.
Universal one-way hash functions and their cryptographic applications

We define a Universal One-Way Hash Function family, a new primitive which enables the compression of elements in the function domain. The main property of this primitive is that given an element x. We prove constructively that universal one-way hash functions exist if any 1-1 one-way functions exist.Among the various applications of the primitive is a One-Way based Secure Digital Signature Scheme, a system which is based on the existence of any 1-1 One-Way Functions and is secure against the most general attack known. Previously, all provably secure signature schemes were based on the stronger mathematical assumption that trapdoor one-way functions exist.
NDN-RTC: Real-Time Videoconferencing over Named Data Networking

NDN-RTC is a videoconferencing library that employs Named Data Networking (NDN), a proposed future Internet architecture. It was designed to provide a platform for experimental research in low-latency, real-time multimedia communication over NDN. It aims to provide an end-user experience similar to Skype or Google Hangouts, while implementing a receiver-driven approach that takes advantage of NDN's name-based forwarding, data signatures, caching, and request aggregation. As implemented, NDN-RTC employs widely used open source components, including the WebRTC library, VP9 codec, and OpenFEC for forward error correction. This paper presents the design, implementation in C++, and testing of NDN-RTC on the NDN testbed using a demonstration GUI conferencing application, ndncon, which provides HD videoconferencing over NDN to end-users.
The determination of vector magnetic fields in prominences from the observations of the Stokes profiles in the D3 line of helium

A method is presented to measure the magnetic field vector in prominences by means of the polarimetric observations in the D3 line of He obtained with the High Altitude Observatory Stokes polarimeter. The characteristics of the observed Stokes profiles are discussed. The theory of the Hanle effect is reformulated in the representation of the irreducible tensors of the density matrix, and is generalized to derive the circular polarization profiles across the spectral line in terms of the intensity and direction of the prominence magnetic field. The circular polarization profile so deduced can be employed to obtain useful information which adds to that carried by the linear polarization observations. A non-linear least-squares algorithm is proposed to derive the measurement of the magnetic field from the observations, and a consistency check is suggested to test the adequacy of the theoretical model to describe the physics of the He I atomic excitation in prominences.
Crystal Structure of cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Reveals Novel Site of Interchain Communication.

Summary The cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) serves as an integral component of second messenger signaling in a number of biological contexts including cell differentiation, memory, and vasodilation. PKG is homodimeric and large conformational changes accompany cGMP binding. However, the structure of PKG and the molecular mechanisms associated with protomer communication following cGMP-induced activation remain unknown. Here, we report the 2.5 A crystal structure of a regulatory domain construct (aa 78–355) containing both cGMP binding sites of PKG Iα. A distinct and segregated architecture with an extended central helix separates the two cGMP binding domains. Additionally, a previously uncharacterized helical domain (switch helix) promotes the formation of a hydrophobic interface between protomers. Mutational disruption of this interaction in full-length PKG implicates the switch helix as a critical site of dimer communication in PKG biology. These results offer new structural insight into the mechanism of allosteric PKG activation.
Thoracic Aortic Dissection and Thoracoabdominal Acute Type B Aortic Dissections Have Superior Survival When Treated With Thoracic Endovascular Aneurysm Repair and Open Surgery Compared to Medical Therapy: Outcomes from the National Medicare Database

Objective(s): This study evaluated short-term and long-term outcomes for the management of type B thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) and thoracoabdominal aortic dissection (TAAD) based on initial treatment modality as well as interval therapy in the Medicare national database. Methods: The Medicare Beneficiary Database (2005-2008) was used to identify patients who underwent treatment of type B TAD or TAAD. Comorbidities, 30-day and long-term mortality, therapy conversion, and complications were recorded. Statistical analysis for categoric variables were compared with 2 and continuous variables with t test. Propensity score evaluation was performed for comparison of treatment groups with similar comordities. Results: Treatment in 10,041 patients was medical in 8413 (84%), open surgical in 1222 (12%), or thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) in 406 (4%). Patients who received medical therapy were older than open or TEVAR patients (76 vs 72 vs 71 years) and had higher rates of cardiac, renal failure, and hypertension. The 30-day mortality was 23.5% for medical, 21.2% for open, and 11.9% for TEVAR. During the index hospitalization, the open group had significantly greater rates of cardiac, renal, bleeding, and pulmonary complications. Initial medical therapywas converted toTEVARin2.5%andtoopenrepair in2.3%.Open repair was converted to TEVAR in 0.5% and redo open in 1.0%. TEVAR required redo TEVAR in 2.7% and open in 1.6%. Long-term survival was improved for TEVAR and open repair compared with medical therapy (Fig). Propensity score evaluation revealed significant survival advantage at 1000 days for TEVAR (P .0006) and open repair (P .0059) compared with medical therapy. Conclusions: Patients undergoing TEVAR have a significantly improved short-term survival, and open surgical and TEVAR repair have a significantly improved long-term survival compared with the medical management of type B TAD and TAAD. When patient groups with similar comordities are compared using a propensity score, there is even a greater advantage for TEVAR and open repair compared with medical management. Further evaluation will be required to validate this observation.
Extensive variation in intracellular symbiont community composition among members of a single population of the wood-boring bivalve Lyrodus pedicellatus (Bivalvia: Teredinidae).

Shipworms (wood-boring bivalves of the family Teredinidae) harbor in their gills intracellular bacterial symbionts thought to produce enzymes that enable the host to consume cellulose as its primary carbon source. Recently, it was demonstrated that multiple genetically distinct symbiont populations coexist within one shipworm species, Lyrodus pedicellatus. Here we explore the extent to which symbiont communities vary among individuals of this species by quantitatively examining the diversity, abundance, and pattern of occurrence of symbiont ribotypes (unique 16S rRNA sequence types) among specimens drawn from a single laboratory-reared population. A total of 18 ribotypes were identified in two clone libraries generated from gill tissue of (i) a single specimen and (ii) four pooled specimens. Phylogenetic analysis assigned all of the ribotypes to a unique clade within the γ subgroup of proteobacteria which contained at least five well-supported internal clades (phylotypes). By competitive quantitative PCR and constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis, we estimated the number and abundance of symbiont phylotypes in gill samples of 13 individual shipworm specimens. Phylotype composition varied greatly; however, in all specimens the numerically dominant symbiont belonged to one of two nearly mutually exclusive phylotypes, each of which was detected with similar frequencies among specimens. A third phylotype, containing the culturable symbiont Teredinibacter turnerae, was identified in nearly all specimens, and two additional phylotypes were observed more sporadically. Such extensive variation in ribotype and phylotype composition among host specimens adds to a growing body of evidence that microbial endosymbiont populations may be both complex and dynamic and suggests that such genetic variation should be evaluated with regard to physiological and ecological differentiation.
Regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in rat basophilic leukemia cells. I. Multiple conformational states of the receptor in a microsomal preparation.

Abstract A detailed characterization of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells, a neoplastic mast cell line, has been possible through the growth of solid RBL cell tumors which provide a rich source of IP3 receptor. Equilibrium binding studies show a 1.6 ± 0.1 pmol/mg of protein maximal binding capacity for [3H]IP3 at optimal Ca2+ (10 μM). The specificity of the RBL cell IP3 receptor towards phosphoinositides, ATP and heparin parallels those previously described with excitable and nonexcitable tissues. [3H]IP3 binding is slightly enhanced from 10 μM Ca2+. Kinetic and equilibrium studies provide evidence for at least two classes or conformational states of binding sites with pico- and nanomolar affinities. At nM concentrations of IP3, neither binding to the IP3 receptor nor IP3-induced Ca2+ efflux from permeabilized cells demonstrates cooperativity. In contrast, at pM concentrations, IP3 binding kinetics deviate from simple mass action suggesting a complex interaction among binding sites for IP3 on the receptor-channel oligomer. The mechanism that regulate [3H]IP3 binding in RBL cells are unique when compared to what has been reported in other cells.
Wire and Litter Management Systems for Broiler Breeders

Abstract Three wire pens, each with 250 female broiler breeders and 25 Cornish type males housed a 1 sq. ft. per bird, were compared with three litter floor pens each having 150 females and 15 males at 3 sq. ft. per bird. Egg production and mortality were significantly higher in wire houses than in litter floor houses. Hatchability of fertile eggs were similar in both management systems during the 28 week test. Fertility was significantly different as it averaged 9.2% lower in wire floor houses. The fertility difference gradually increased from the second through the seventh four week periods and was believed to be related to an increasing problem of sore feet of the cockerels on the wire floor. Counts of air bacteria, air fungi and bacteria on the egg were all significantly higher in the litter floor houses than in the wire floor houses. The mean bacteria count per cubic foot of air was 2.2 times greater in the litter houses while there was 10 times more bacteria found on the shells of eggs from the litter floor houses. The relationship of these differences in microbe counts to chick contamination rates was not established.
First results from the coherent-scatter atmospheric passive radar imager (CAPRI) for passive radio sensing of equatorial plasma instabilities near the Peruvian andes

At equatorial latitudes, near the geomagnetic equator, the detection of coherent scatter echoes from E and F region B-field aligned irregularities (FAI), where the radar k vector is oriented perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field (B), is relatively easy. Although, the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (PRO) is extremely useful to study the coherent equatorial low-latitude atmosphere and the systems to which they are coupled, alternatively, the detection of field aligned irregularity (FAI) scattering from “transmitters of opportunity” can be utilized using a passive radar receiver system. This approach to monitoring the ionosphere can operate continuously and be used to provide wide spatial coverage of the unstable ionosphere. Also, utilization of the third party transmitters reduce the cost of the instrument and provides diversity in frequency and scattering geometry.
Replacement of cellular water in bacteria.

Abstract Growth of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis has been observed in media with glycerol concentrations up to 35%. At high glycerol concentrations, the concentration in the aqueous portion of the cell is approximately that of the suspending medium.
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF CLASSIFIER NETWORKS TRAINED BY BACKPROPAGATION

Backpropagation is one of the most widely used methods for training multilayer neural networks, yet questions still exist regarding how the networks organize internally during (raining to represent the external training environment. This paper presents empirical measurements showing that feedforward networks, when trained on many separable and non-separable problems, learn a characteristic internal representation, herein called the Network Linear Transform (NLT), that is independent of: (a) the initial weights and cell biases, and (b) the number of hidden units. The internal decomposition (defined as the values of cell weights and biases) of the trained nets, however, is greatly dependent upon these quantities. For the case of orthogonal input patterns, the NLT captures a literal image of the training environment, while for linearly-independent and separable linearly-dependent training sets, the NLT: (a) captures characteristic features of the correct input patterns, (b) captures inverted versions of characteristic features of incorrect patterns, and (c) rejects features common to all pattern classes. For non-separable problems, the NLT captures statistical ensemble information about patterns in each training class. The hidden units act as difference detectors and thus convey information that distinguishes input patterns from one another. They separate the patterns into groups that are easily discriminated by the output cells. A linearized mathematical network model is developed that accurately reproduces weight matrices and cell responses for certain separable learning situations, and which supports the experimental findings given above.
With a Little Help from a Friend: Habeas Corpus and the Magna Carta after Runnymede

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Charles McIlwain observed that the new histories of the Magna Carta were portraying the charter as a “document of reaction” that could only fulfill its purported greatness “when men [were] no longer able to understand its real meaning” (McIlwain 1914, 46). Characteristic of these early-twentieth-century writers was Edward Jenks, who, in his 1904 article “The Myth of Magna Carta,” came to the conclusion that the real beneficiaries of the document—the liber homo of Article 39—were not “the people” we traditionally imagine, but rather an “aristocratic class … who can no more be ranked amongst the people, than the country gentleman of to-day” (Jenks 1904, 269). Although Jenks's position is often criticized as extreme, it is nevertheless the case that virtually all of the Magna Carta's modern commentators recognize vast historical inaccuracies in the Whiggish accounts of the charter's development up until the late nineteenth century (Radin 1946; Reid 1993; Halliday 2010, 15–16). What these new revisionist histories suggested was that the Magna Carta's great provisions—due process and trial by jury—only became great when, forgetting or ignoring the charter's seemingly lackluster beginnings, generations subsequent to 1215 gave them new meaning.
Pushing the envelope on what is known about professional development: the virtual school experience

The purpose of this study was to understand the ways virtual school teachers experienced professional development framed as a year-long collaborative action research endeavour. These virtual school teachers taught completely online courses for a large virtual school and did not reside within the same geographical location. Thus, the professional development was supported by the use of various synchronous and asynchronous technology tools. This study provides insights into what constitutes powerful online professional learning opportunities not only for virtual school teachers, but for their traditional face-to-face school counterparts, as well as the ways synchronous and asynchronous technology tools can be utilized to scaffold professional learning.
Damage detection with spatial wavelets

This paper discusses a structural damage detection technique based on wavelet analysis of spatially distributed structural response measurements. The premise of the technique is that damage (e.g. cracks) in a structure will cause structural response perturbations at damage sites. Such local perturbations, although they may not be apparent from the measured total response data, are often discernible from component wavelets. The viability of this new technique is demonstrated with two examples: one based on numerically simulated deflection responses of a uniform beam containing a short transverse crack under both static and dynamic loading conditions, and the other based on smooth analytical crack-tip displacement fields. In each of these examples, the deflection or displacement response is analyzed with the wavelet transform, and the presence of the crack is detected by a sudden change in the spatial variation of the transformed response. This damage detection technique may serve the purpose of structural health monitoring in situations where spatially distributed measurements of structural response in regions of critical concern can be made with, for example, networks of distributed sensors, optical fibers, computer vision and area scanning techniques. It appears that this new technique does not require any analysis of the complete structure in question, nor any knowledge of the material properties and prior stress states of the structure.
On the Limiting Distribution of a Graph Scan Statistic

Let p ∈ (0, 1) and let n ∈ ℕ. Moreover, let s ∈ (p, 1], let m = m(n) be a positive, integer-valued function of n with for some positive integer k. We define ER(n, p) to be the random graph model on n vertices where each edge is independently included in the graph with probability p. We also define κ(n, p, m, s) to be the random graph model on n vertices where edges are included independently; however, there is a fixed subset of m vertices for which each of the edges are included with probability s (and the remaining edges are each included with probability p). Let G = (V, E) denote a graph on n vertices. For any vertex v ∈ V, let N[v] denote the set of neighbors of v along with v itself, and let Ω[v] denote the induced subgraph on this neighborhood of vertices. The aim of this article is to determine the limiting distribution (n → ∞) of the graph scan statistic We prove that is asymptotically Gumbel in both the ER(n, p) and κ(n, p, m, s) random graph models.
Cell Death Induced by Subnanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields at Elevated Temperatures

The rate of trypan blue uptake of liver cancer cells, indicating cell death, when exposed to subnanosecond high electric field pulses, increased strongly when the temperature was raised above 37 °C. The exposure of Hepa 1-6 cells to 2000 pulses of 200 picosecond duration and electric field amplitudes exceeding 80 kV/cm induced cell death in almost 30% of the cells when the temperature was increased to 47 °C for the time of the pulsing. For temperatures at 37 °C and below, the same exposure to pulsed electric fields did not show any measurable effect. Even for the maximum elevated temperature of 47 °C, thermal effects were not found to cause fatalities for the time of exposure, which was, for 2000 pulses at a repetition rate of 7-9 pulses per second, on the order of 5 min. The effect of temperature on the electrical properties of the cell was measured by means of dielectric spectroscopy. The membrane voltages derived from these values were found to be too low to cause electroporation at room temperature. However, the reduced viscosity of the membrane with temperature is likely to reduce the threshold for poration, and together with the effect of multiple pulses, is considered to be the cause for the observed high death rate of the cells. This argument is supported by molecular dynamics simulations which show an increased probability for pore formation with temperature.
Organ and tumor motion: an overview

Abstract An overview is presented of some of the issues that arise when considering how to manage motion of the patient (including setup errors), the tumor within the patient, and normal tissues that are sufficiently close to the tumor as to be likely to be at least partially irradiated. Problems arise in 3 areas: (1) at the tumor periphery where the question of just where the tumor surface is must be decided, (2) within the tumor proper where interplay effects between tumor motion and the radiation application (eg, in intensity-modulated radiation therapy) may result in dose inhomogeneity within the tumor, and (3) just outside the target volume where the extent to which organs at risk are to be irradiated (which needs to be based on an estimate of the consequences to them) must be decided. In the context of these problems, one must decide how to deal with potential motion. This involves 3 issues: (1) how to limit motion—the available techniques ranging from simple and unobtrusive to complicated, quasi-invasive, and quite costly; (2) how to handle the residual motion; and (3) how to calculate and present the consequences of the residual motion. These issues are discussed, and the importance of an explicit estimation of uncertainty is emphasized.
Intraparticle diffusion coefficients in packed columns: Measurement by arrested-flow gas chromatography

Arrested-flow chromatography was used to determine intraparticle diffusivities of large-pore particles packed in columns. Particle and column tortuosity factors were determined for helium tracer in nitrogen carrier gas at 40°C and atmospheric pressure. Semiempirical modifications of Maxwell's, Burger's, Jeffrey's, and Rayleigh's relations for the composite diffusivity of spherical particles in a stationary medium are proposed for the effective composite diffusion coefficient for a packed bed of porous particles. The equations, modified to represent accurately the extraparticle void diffusion based on measurements for beds of nonporous particles, are used to evaluate intraparticle diffusivities from experimental data obtained by arrested-flow chromatography.
Genetic heterogeneity in autosomal dominant essential tremor.

Purpose: To perform linkage analysis of candidate loci in a large Midwestern family with autosomal dominant essential tremor. Methods: Thirty-eight members of a six-generation family were evaluated for essential tremor using consensus criteria. Linkage analysis was performed with microsatellite markers reported for three genetic loci associated with familial essential tremor. Results: Patients exhibited a combination of postural and kinetic tremor involving primarily the arms and hands, with a mean age of onset of 31 years. Genetic studies excluded linkage to ETM1 and ETM2 loci, as well as a candidate locus for parkinsonism and postural tremor on chromosome 4p. Conclusion: Familial essential tremor is a common hereditary movement disorder demonstrating phenotypic variability and genetic heterogeneity.
Prediction of curved channel flow with an extended k-epsilon model of turbulence

A l'aide d'une approximation algebrique pour les equations de contraintes de Reynolds on calcule une expression plus generale pour le coefficient Cμ (de l'equation de viscosite turbulente) qui rend compte simultanement des effets de courbure de ligne de courant et de la deformation due a la pression dans l'ecoulement (le dernier incluant les effets d'amortissement a la paroi)
The affective dimension of pervasive themes in the information technology curriculum

The pervasive themes cited by the IT2005 Information Technology Model Curriculum are system integration, use of abstraction, user advocacy, information assurance, adaptability, professionalism and outstanding interpersonal skills. These are aspects of what we teach that pervade and tie together the IT discipline, aspects whose understanding identifies the IT professional. Pervasive themes can be characterized (Meyer,Land[14]) as transformative (change how students think), irreversible (once understood, are never forgotten), integrative (provide a framework for understanding previous concepts), boundin(serve as discipline boundaries in that understanding them identifies someone as a member of the discipline), troublesome (are difficult to teach and learn). This paper illustrates each of these characteristics using the IT pervasive themes and then proposes that an essential aspect of a pervasive theme is that it has an affective component. That is, in addition to cognitive elements (knowledge and intellectual skills), a pervasive theme includes educational objectives that treat values and attitudes. Just as cognitive objectives have a well-known hierarchy of cognitive difficulty, so also affective objectives have a (less well-known) hierarchy of increasing value commitment in which affective objectives can be placed and classified. This paper discusses the affective component in the IT2005 pervasive themes, how they are specified and classified, and how they are achieved using inculcation, role models, role playing, values clarification and analysis, and educational tasks that include natural affective consequences such as project development for real clients.
THE BODYBUILDER WHO COULDN’T LIFT: ANTISYNTHETASE SYNDROME-ASSOCIATED MYOCARDITIS

Antisynthetase (AS) syndrome is characterized by idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, interstitial lung disease, cutaneous involvement, arthritis, fever, and antibody specificity. Cardiac involvement is extremely rare, with few case reports to date describing only right ventricular compromise and
Aprotinin improves pulmonary function during reperfusion in an isolated lung model.

Abstract Background . We hypothesized that the use of aprotinin would ameliorate the reperfusion injury observed after lung transplantation because of a reduction in the inflammatory response. Methods . We used an isolated, whole blood-perfused, ventilated rabbit lung model to study the effects of aprotinin during reperfusion. The control animals (group A, n=8) underwent lung harvest after pulmonary arterial prostaglandin E 1 injection and Euro-Collins preservation flush before saline storage for 18 hours at 4°C. The experimental groups received either a low dose (3,000 KIU/mL; group B, n=8) or a high dose (10,000 KIU/mL; group C, n=8) of aprotinin added to the pulmonary flush before storage. Each lung was reperfused at 37°C at a rate of 60 mL/min. Results . The arterial partial pressure of oxygen values of group B (low-dose aprotinin) were significantly higher than those of group A (control) after 10 minutes of reperfusion (69.19 ± 5.69 mm Hg versus 264.30 ± 48.59 mm Hg, respectively, p = 0.001). Similar results were recorded at 20 and at 30 minutes of reperfusion. Similarly, after 10 minutes of reperfusion, the differences between groups A and C were 69.19 ± 5.69 mm Hg versus 235.91 ± 28.63 mm Hg, respectively ( p = 0.001). Conclusions . The addition of aprotinin to the Euro-Collins pulmonary flush significantly improves arterial oxygenation in the early reperfusion period. The enhanced oxygenation suggests that aprotinin may offer protection against early reperfusion injury.
Retinotopic organization of central optic projections in Rana pipiens.

The retinotopic organization of the anuran visual system has been investigated with the method of selective anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) following retinal lesions. The course of optic axons to specific structures was also confirmed by retrograde transport in the optic tract following HRP injections in the tectum and pretectum. As the optic nerve reaches the optic chiasm, the fibers from each of the four retinal quadrants appear as bands with the nasal (n) quadrant entering the chiasmal anterior pole, followed by ventral (v), temporal (t), and dorsal (d) quadrants. The preoptic nucleus is the first structure to be innervated, followed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus; both are innervated directly from fibers in the dorsal part of the optic nerve, which contains fibers from all the retinal quadrants. Each quadrant expands across the dorsoventral extent of the chiasm at the point where it enters. At this level the quadrants are arrayed along the rostrocaudal axis (as they are later in the marginal optic tract) in the sequence n-v-t-d. Optic fibers then spread across the chiasm, the nasal quadrant splits, taking up positions in the rostral and caudal margins of the optic radiation. Following the split in the nasal representation, the optic tract is transformed into topographically arranged sheets in the marginal optic tract. In the other retinorecipient nuclei, the sheet of optic axons is transformed back into the shape of the retinal hemisphere. Topographic maps of this kind display one of two possible orientations: (1) in the tectum and the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (nLM), the temporal retina is represented in the anterior portion of the nucleus, whereas the nasal quadrant is found in the posterior portion; (2) in the thalamus, the retinotopic map is organized as a mirror-image reversal of that seen in the tectum and nLM (i.e., the nasal pole is anterior, whereas the temporal pole is in the posterior portion of the nucleus). Structures with this type of retinal map include the rostral visual nucleus, the corpus geniculatum, the nucleus of Bellonci, and the posterior thalamic nucleus. A third type of innervation occurs in the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR), which is the only mesencephalic visual nucleus not innervated by the marginal optic tract. The basal optic root is formed by the fibers exiting most caudally from the optic chiasm. All the retinal quadrants contribute to the basal optic root, but no evidence of retinotopy was found in nBOR. Following HRP injections in the pretectum, the majority of retrogradely labelled fibers were found in the medial portions of the marginal optic tract and chiasm. Tectal injections labelled fibers primarily in the lateral portions of the marginal optic tract and chiasm. It is proposed that this difference is related to the sequential, ontogenetic development of the retina and its central target nuclei.
Effect of lithium on content and uptake of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in mouse brain synaptosomes and mitochondria.

Abstract The effect of lithium on uptake and content of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in mouse brain synaptosomes and mitochondria was studied. Lithium administration decreased both the norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine content in synaptosomes, but not in mitochondria or whole brain homogenate. Lithium administration slightly increased the synaptosomal uptake of norepinephrine in the presence of monoamine oxidase inhibitor, but not in that of mitochondria. The 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by both synaptosomes and brain mitochondria was not affected by lithium administration.
Network cost minimization using threshold-based discounting

Abstract A network design problem in which every pair of nodes can communicate directly is discussed. However, there is an incentive to combine flow from different sources, namely, if the total flow through a link exceeds the prescribed threshold, then the cost of this flow is discounted by a factor α. Alternative mixed integer linear formulations for this problem are presented. Computational results comparing the models on a set of benchmark problems are also presented. The results show the effectiveness of the formulations: for discounts of 5–10%, the gaps between linear and integer solutions are within few percent. Such a model offers economic incentives in building and utilizing communication networks.
Optimization of fanout intensity distribution for bidirectional photopolymer-hologram-based optical backplane bus

Optimized design for a bi-directional optical backplane bus, containing 72 (9 X 8) interconnects and employing arrays of multiplexed polymer-based waveguide holograms on a waveguiding plate, is presented in this paper. After an objective function for the system is established, the fan-out intensity fluctuations among all the different channels are minimized by solving a set of non-linear equations numerically. Particularly, the fan-out distribution for the case in which nine boards on one side of the optical bus are optimized. A global optimized diffraction efficiency distribution exits and the minimum fan-out intensity after optimization is 1.5% of the incident power.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The State of Media Curricula at Accredited Seminaries in the United States

The curriculums of all 197 accredited seminaries in the United States were reviewed to identify classes involving instruction in media. Statistical analysis was engaged to determine the average number of classes offered and look for differences in course offerings by faith tradition. Evangelical seminaries favored practical classes in media production, whereas mainline seminaries favored theoretical courses in media studies. Protestant seminaries were significantly more likely than Catholic to offer all types of media coursework. A positive correlation was found between the number of homiletics courses offered by a seminary and the number of media courses. The discussion considers reasons underlying the findings and reflects on the state of media curricula at U.S. seminaries.
The CH dissociation energy of C2H6

The C-H bond energy in C2H6 is computed to be 99.76 +/- 0.35 kcal/mol, which is in excellent agreement with the most recent experimental values. The calculation of the C-H bond energy by direct dissociation and by an isodesmic reaction is discussed.
Phase I/II study of clofarabine, etoposide, and mitoxantrone in patients with refractory or relapsed acute leukemia.

Abstract Background Clofarabine, a second-generation nucleoside analogue, was studied in combination with etoposide and mitoxantrone in acute leukemia. Patients and Methods In the phase I portion of this study clofarabine was given 20 or 25 mg/m2 daily for 5 days (Days 2-6) with etoposide 100 mg/m2 from day 1 to 5 and mitoxantrone 8 mg/m2 from day 1 to 3. The dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, and dose level 1, with clofarabine 20 mg/m2 daily for 5 days was identified as the phase 2 dose. In total, 22 patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (n = 18) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (n = 4) were treated. Results Five of 22 patients (23%) achieved complete response (CR), and 3 (13%) achieved CR with incomplete platelet recovery; an overall response rate of 36%. Median overall survival was 167 days (range, 22-1327 days). For 2 patients this regimen represented an effective bridge to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Conclusion Clofarabine in combination with etoposide and mitoxantrone is tolerable and shows significant activity in relapsed and refractory acute leukemia in adults.