cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successfully leaving work at work: The self-regulatory underpinnings of psychological detachment

Detaching from work – defined as mentally and physically disengaging from work during off-hours – is an important prerequisite to effective daily recovery and psychological well-being. However, the extant literature has yet to articulate exactly why some employees fail to detach from work and, furthermore, offers few concrete recommendations on how to increase detachment on a daily basis. I illustrate how both of these limitations may be resolved by extending the definition of psychological detachment to more clearly specify from what employees are failing to detach. Drawing from self-regulation research, the theoretical framework developed in this study proposes that employees' minds continue to linger over goal-related content after the workday is finished. This proposition was supported in a longitudinal sample of 103 employees pursuing 1,127 goals. Consistent with a self-regulatory perspective, employees had more difficulty detaching from incomplete (vs. completed) work goals later in the day, especially when these goals possessed high valence. Furthermore, an experimental manipulation demonstrated that creating plans to resolve incomplete goals increased psychological detachment among employees with traits that chronically inhibit detachment. I discuss how this refined conceptualization of psychological detachment catalyses future theoretical development and provides groundwork for evidence-based interventions. Practitioner points Creating plans at the end of the day that describe where, when, and how unfulfilled work goals will be completed is an effective, low-cost intervention that enhances psychological detachment among employees, which will ultimately improve occupational health and performance. The planning intervention was primarily effective among employees who typically have difficulty detaching from work during leisure time, indicating that intervention efforts should be targeted at specific types of employees. When setting daily work goals, employees should be encouraged to focus on smaller, concrete goals at the end of the day in order to reduce unfulfilled work goals and facilitate psychological detachment.
DCOPF-Based LMP simulation: algorithm, comparison with ACOPF, and sensitivity

The locational marginal pricing (LMP) methodology has become the dominant approach in power markets. Moreover, the DC optimal power flow (DCOPF) model has been applied in the power industry to calculate locational marginal prices (LMPs), especially in market simulation and planning owing to its robustness and speed. In this paper, first, an iterative DCOPF-based algorithm is presented with the fictitious nodal demand (FND) model to calculate LMP. The algorithm has three features: the iterative approach is employed to address the nonlinear marginal loss; FND is proposed to eliminate the large mismatch at the reference bus if FND is not applied; and a deduction of system loss in the energy balance equation is proved to be necessary because the net injection multiplied by marginal delivery factors creates doubled system loss. Second, the algorithm is compared with ACOPF algorithm for accuracy of LMP results at various load levels using the PJM 5-bus system. It is clearly shown that the FND algorithm is a good estimate of the LMP calculated from the ACOPF algorithm and outperforms the lossless DCOPF algorithm. Third, the DCOPF-based algorithm is employed to analyze the sensitivity of LMP with respect to the system load. The infinite sensitivity or step change in LMP is also discussed.
Evaluation of Switching Performance of SiC Devices in PWM Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drives

Double pulse test (DPT) is a widely accepted method to evaluate the switching characteristics of semiconductor switches, including SiC devices. However, the observed switching performance of SiC devices in a PWM inverter for induction motor drives is almost always worse than the DPT characterization, with slower switching speed, more switching losses, and more serious parasitic ringing. This paper systematically investigates the factors that limit the SiC switching performance from both the motor side and inverter side, including the load characteristics of induction motor and power cable, two more phase legs for the three-phase PWM inverter in comparison with the DPT, and the parasitic capacitive coupling effect between power devices and heat sink. Based on a three-phase PWM inverter with 1200 V SiC MOSFETs, test results show that the induction motor, especially with a relatively long power cable, will significantly impact the switching performance, leading to a switching time increase by a factor of 2, switching loss increase up to 30% in comparison with that yielded from DPT, and serious parasitic ringing with 1.5 μs duration, which is more than 50 times of the corresponding switching time. In addition, the interactions among the three phase legs cannot be ignored unless the decoupling capacitors are mounted close to each phase leg to support the dc bus voltage during switching transients. Also, the coupling capacitance due to the heat sink equivalently increases the junction capacitance of power devices; however, its influence on the switching behavior in the motor drives is small considering the relatively large capacitance of the motor load.
Gravitational Collapse and Cosmic Censorship

It has long been known that under a wide variety of circumstances, solutions to Einstein’s equation with physically reasonable matter must develop singularities [1]. In particular, if a sufficiently large amount of mass is contained in a sufficiently small region, trapped surfaces must form [2] or future light cone reconvergence should occur [3], in which case gravitational collapse to a singularity must result. One of the key outstanding issues in classical general relativity is the determination of the nature of the singularities that result from gravitational collapse.
House Prices, Collateral and Self-Employment

This paper explores the role of the collateral lending channel to facilitate small business starts and self-employment in the period before the financial crisis of 2008. We document that between 2002 and 2007 areas with a bigger run up in house prices experienced a strong increase in employment in small businesses compared to employment in large firms in the same industries. This increase in small business employment was particularly pronounced in industries that need little startup capital and can thus more easily be financed out of increases in housing as collateral. Our results highlight the importance of the collateral lending channel during the period of the house price boom in the creation of small establishments. We show that this effect is separate from the aggregate demand channel that relies on home equity based borrowing leading to increased demand and employment creation.
Nuclear Archaeology for Gaseous Diffusion Enrichment Plants

Gaseous diffusion was historically the most widely used technology for military production of highly enriched uranium. Since June 2013, all gaseous diffusion enrichment plants worldwide are permanently shut down. The experience with decommissioning some of these plants has shown that they contain large amounts of uranium particles deposited in the cascade equipment. This article evaluates the potential of using uranium particle deposition to understand and reconstruct the operating histories of gaseous diffusion enrichment plants. First, a squared-off cascade enrichment model is derived to estimate the enrichment capacity of a reference plant. Then, using a cross-flow filtration model, the mass of solid uranium particles deposited over time in the tubular separation membranes of the stage diffusers is calculated. Finally, potential techniques to characterize these uranium deposits and help reconstruct the operating history of the plant are assessed.
Computational algebra and algebraic curves

The development of computational techniques in the last decade has made possible to attack some classical problems of algebraic geometry. In this survey, we briefly describe some open problems related to algebraic curves which can be approached from a computational viewpoint.
Bringing the Courts Back In: Interbranch Perspectives on the Role of Courts in American Politics and Policy Making

▪ Abstract Understanding the role of law and courts in American politics and policy making is inherently complex. The dominant response to this problem has been to specialize narrowly in Supreme Court decision making. The problem is that American politics and policy making are inherently interactive and thus cannot be easily parsed into component parts. Consistent with this observation, a growing literature assumes that courts must be studied from an interbranch perspective, which holds that American politics and policy making emanate from interaction among overlapping and diversely representative forums. The result is studies that analyze how law and courts fit into broader political and policy-making processes and reveal the political significance of seemingly technical legal matters. By redescribing courts and judicial decision making in political terms, interbranch analysis not only enriches the study of judicial behavior but also promises to bring law and courts back into the mainstream of the study ...
Structural and functional studies of the 252 kDa nucleoporin ELYS reveal distinct roles for its three tethered domains

In metazoa, the nuclear envelope (NE), together with the embedded nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), breaks down and reassembles during cell division. It is suggested that ELYS, a nucleoporin, binds to chromatin in an initial step of postmitotic NPC assembly and subsequently recruits the essential Y-subcomplex, the major scaffolding unit of the NPC. Here, we show that ELYS contains three domains: an N-terminal β-propeller domain, a central α-helical domain, and a C-terminal disordered region. While the disordered region is responsible for the interactions with chromatin, the two preceding domains synergistically mediate tethering to the NPC. We present the crystal structure of the seven-bladed β-propeller domain at 1.9 A resolution. Analysis of the β-propeller surface reveals the regions that are required for NPC anchorage. We discuss the possible roles of ELYS in the context of the NPC scaffold architecture.
Sequence to Sequence -- Video to Text

Real-world videos often have complex dynamics, methods for generating open-domain video descriptions should be senstive to temporal structure and allow both input (sequence of frames) and output (sequence of words) of variable length. To approach this problem we propose a novel end-to-end sequence-to-sequence model to generate captions for videos. For this we exploit recurrent neural networks, specifically LSTMs, which have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in image caption generation. Our LSTM model is trained on video-sentence pairs and learns to associate a sequence of video frames to a sequence of words in order to generate a description of the event in the video clip. Our model naturally is able to learn the temporal structure of the sequence of frames as well as the sequence model of the generated sentences, i.e. a language model. We evaluate several variants of our model that exploit different visual features on a standard set of YouTube videos and two movie description datasets (M-VAD and MPII-MD).
A POTENTIAL SUPER-VENUS IN THE KEPLER-69 SYSTEM

Transiting planets have greatly expanded and diversified the exoplanet field. These planets provide greater access to characterization of exoplanet atmospheres and structure. The Kepler mission has been particularly successful in expanding the exoplanet inventory, even to planets smaller than the Earth. The orbital period sensitivity of the Kepler data is now extending into the habitable zones of their host stars, and several planets larger than the Earth have been found to lie therein. Here we examine one such proposed planet, Kepler-69c. We provide new orbital parameters for this planet and an in-depth analysis of the habitable zone. We find that, even under optimistic conditions, this 1.7 R_⊕ planet is unlikely to be within the habitable zone of Kepler-69. Furthermore, the planet receives an incident flux of 1.91 times the solar constant, which is similar to that received by Venus. We thus suggest that this planet is likely a super-Venus rather than a super-Earth in terms of atmospheric properties and habitability, and we propose follow-up observations to disentangle the ambiguity.
The business and politics of search engines: A comparative study of Baidu and Google’s search results of Internet events in China

Despite growing interest in search engines in China, relatively few empirical studies have examined their sociopolitical implications. This study fills several research gaps by comparing query results (N = 6320) from China’s two leading search engines, Baidu and Google, focusing on accessibility, overlap, ranking, and bias patterns. Analysis of query results of 316 popular Chinese Internet events reveals the following: (1) after Google moved its servers from Mainland China to Hong Kong, its results are equally if not more likely to be inaccessible than Baidu’s, and Baidu’s filtering is much subtler than the Great Firewall’s wholesale blocking of Google’s results; (2) there is low overlap (6.8%) and little ranking similarity between Baidu’s and Google’s results, implying different search engines, different results and different social realities; and (3) Baidu rarely links to its competitors Hudong Baike or Chinese Wikipedia, while their presence in Google’s results is much more prominent, raising search bi...
Remote storage with byzantine servers

We consider the problem of providing byzantine-tolerant storage in distributed systems where client-server links are much thinner and slower than server-server links. We provide storage algorithms that are unique in two ways. First, our algorithms take into consideration the asymmetry in network connectivity by minimizing client-server communication. To provide this property, we rely on a small amount of partial (eventual) synchrony. Second, our algorithms provide a new property called limited effect, which is important for storage systems. To provide the latter property, we use synchronized clocks, which are increasingly common due to GPS devices and NTP, even in otherwise "asynchronous systems" like the Internet. We present two algorithms called QUAD and LINEAR, which provide a trade-off between failure resiliency and efficiency. Our algorithms implement an abortable register [3], which is an abstraction used in some real storage systems, but abortable registers are weaker than atomic registers. Thus, one might wonder if we could have implemented atomic registers instead. We answer this question in the negative: we prove that there are no implementations of atomic registers that provide the limited effect property in systems with failures, even with synchronized clocks.
Multifunctional thiols from the highly selective reaction of mercaptoalcohols with chlorosilanes

Multifunctional thiols were synthesized by the selective reaction of chlorosilanes with mercaptoalcohols. Reaction of the mercaptoalcohols through the thiol group was not observed. Utilizing this method, thiols of varying structural diversity were prepared.
Short‐term Changes in Ambient Particulate Matter and Risk of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis

Background Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability in the United States. There is a well-documented association between ambient particulate matter air pollution (PM) and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Given the pathophysiologic mechanisms of these effects, short-term elevations in PM may also increase the risk of ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke morbidity and mortality, but the evidence has not been systematically reviewed. Methods and Results We provide a comprehensive review of all observational human studies (January 1966 to January 2014) on the association between short-term changes in ambient PM levels and cerebrovascular events. We also performed meta-analyses to evaluate the evidence for an association between each PM size fraction (PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5-10) and each outcome (total cerebrovascular disease, ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack, hemorrhagic stroke) separately for mortality and hospital admission. We used a random-effects model to estimate the summary percent change in relative risk of the outcome per 10-μg/m3 increase in PM. Conclusions We found that PM2.5 and PM10 are associated with a 1.4% (95% CI 0.9% to 1.9%) and 0.5% (95% CI 0.3% to 0.7%) higher total cerebrovascular disease mortality, respectively, with evidence of inconsistent, nonsignificant associations for hospital admission for total cerebrovascular disease or ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Current limited evidence does not suggest an association between PM2.5-10 and cerebrovascular mortality or morbidity. We discuss the potential sources of variability in results across studies, highlight some observations, and identify gaps in literature and make recommendations for future studies.
The Way You Make Me Feel Evidence for Individual Differences in Affective Presence

How much do individuals consistently influence the way other people feel? Data from 48 work groups suggest there are consistent individual differences both in the emotions that people tend to experience (trait affect) and in the emotions that people tend to elicit in others (trait affective presence). A social relations model analysis revealed that after controlling for emotional contagion, the variance in emotions that people feel is explained by both trait affect (31% of positive affect and 19% of negative affect) and trait affective presence (10% of positive affect and 23% of negative affect). These analyses suggest that affective presence exerts as much influence over interaction partners’ negative feelings as does these interaction partners’ own trait affect. Positive affective presence correlated with greater network centrality, and negative affective presence correlated with lower agreeableness and greater extraversion.
Safety and Efficacy of a Testosterone Patch for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Surgically Menopausal Women: a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background Oophorectomy reduces serum testosterone levels. We studied the efficacy and safety of transdermal testosterone in treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder in surgically menopausal women. Methods A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trial was conducted in women (aged 24-70 years) who developed distressful low sexual desire after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy and who were receiving oral estrogen therapy. Women were randomized to receive placebo (n = 119) or testosterone patches in dosages of 150 μg/d (n = 107), 300 μg/d (n = 110), or 450 μg/d (n = 111) twice weekly for 24 weeks. Sexual desire and frequency of satisfying sexual activity were primary efficacy outcome measures. Results Of the 447 women randomized, 318 (71%) completed the trial. Compared with placebo, women receiving the 300-μg/d testosterone patch had significantly greater increases from baseline in sexual desire (67% vs 48%; P = .05) and in frequency of satisfying sexual activity (79% vs 43%; P = .049). The 150-μg/d group showed no evidence of a treatment effect. The 450-μg/d group also was not statistically different from the 300-μg/d or placebo groups. Marginally significant linear dose-response trends were observed for total satisfying sexual activity and sexual desire at 24 weeks ( P = .06 and .06, respectively). Adverse events occurred with similar frequency in both groups; no serious safety concerns were observed. Conclusions The 300-μg/d testosterone patch increased sexual desire and frequency of satisfying sexual activity and was well tolerated in women who developed hypoactive sexual desire disorder after surgical menopause.
Optimal communication complexity of generic multicast key distribution

We prove a tight lower bound on the communication complexity of secure multicast key distribution protocols in which rekey messages are built using symmetric-key encryption, pseudorandom generators, and secret sharing schemes. Our lower bound shows that the amortized cost of updating the group key for each group membership change (as a function of the current group size) is at least log2(n) - o(1) basic rekey messages. This lower bound matches, up to a subconstant additive term, the upper bound due to Canetti et al. [Proc. INFOCOM 1999], who showed that log2(n) basic rekey messages (each time a user joins and/or leaves the group) are sufficient. Our lower bound is, thus, optimal up to a small subconstant additive term. The result of this paper considerably strengthens previous lower bounds by Canetti et al. [Proc. Eurocrypt 1999] and Snoeyink et al. [Computer Networks, 47(3):2005] , which allowed for neither the use of pseudorandom generators and secret sharing schemes nor the iterated (nested) application of the encryption function. Our model (which allows for arbitrarily nested combinations of encryption, pseudorandom generators and secret sharing schemes) is much more general and, in particular, encompasses essentially all known multicast key distribution protocols of practical interest.
Measuring and Mending Monetary Policy Effectiveness under Capital Account Restrictions: Lessons from Mauritania

I propose a new approach to identifying exogenous monetary policy shocks in low-income countries with capital account restrictions. In the case of Mauritania, a domestic repatriation requirement is the institutional characteristic that allows me to establish exogeneity. Unlike in advanced countries, I find no evidence for a statistically significant impact of exogenous monetary policy shocks on bank lending. Using a unique bank-level data set on monthly balance sheets of six Mauritanian banks over the period 2006–11, I estimate structural vector autoregressions and two-stage least square panel models to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of monetary policy. Finally, I discuss how a reduction in banks' loan concentration ratios and improvements in the liquidity management framework could make monetary stimuli more effective.
Persuasion in Fundraising Letters: An Interdisciplinary Study:

In this article, we report experimental evidence on the effectiveness of several techniques of persuasion commonly utilized in direct-mail solicitation. The study is built on theory-based, descriptive models of fundraising discourse and on comparisons of recommended and actual practices related to three dimensions of persuasion: rhetorical, visual, and linguistic. The specific rhetorical variable included is persuasive appeal (rational, credibility, or affective). The visual variable selected for the study is the presence or absence of bulleted lists, and the linguistic variable included is readability or the complexity of exposition. Participants were presented with pairs of fictive direct-mail appeals from imaginary universities that differ in these dimensions and asked to allocate a hypothetical US$100 across each pair. Results suggest that letters utilizing credibility appeals and letters written at a high level of readability produce the highest donations.
FORECASTING DISCONNECTED EXCHANGE RATES

Catalyzed by the work of Meese and Rogoff (1983), a large literature has documented the inability of empirical models to accurately forecast exchange rates out-of-sample. This paper extends the literature by introducing an empirical strategy that endogenously builds forecast models from a broad set of conventional exchange rate signals. The method is extremely flexible, allowing for potentially nonlinear models for each currency and forecast horizon that evolve over time. Analysis of the models selected by the procedure sheds light on the erratic behavior of exchange rates and their apparent disconnect from macroeconomic fundamentals. In terms of forecast ability, the Meese-Rogoff result remains intact. At short horizons, the method cannot outperform a random walk, although at longer horizons the method does outperform the random walk null. These findings are found consistently across currencies and forecast evaluation methods.
Who will retweet this?: Automatically Identifying and Engaging Strangers on Twitter to Spread Information

There has been much effort on studying how social media sites, such as Twitter, help propagate information in different situations, including spreading alerts and SOS messages in an emergency. However, existing work has not addressed how to actively identify and engage the right strangers at the right time on social media to help effectively propagate intended information within a desired time frame. To ad-dress this problem, we have developed two models: (i) a feature-based model that leverages peoplesfi exhibited social behavior, including the content of their tweets and social interactions, to characterize their willingness and readiness to propagate information on Twitter via the act of retweeting; and (ii) a wait-time model based on a user's previous retweeting wait times to predict her next retweeting time when asked. Based on these two models, we build a recommender system that predicts the likelihood of a stranger to retweet information when asked, within a specific time window, and recommends the top-N qualified strangers to engage with. Our experiments, including live studies in the real world, demonstrate the effectiveness of our work.
Chiral enamide. Part 1: Epoxidations of chiral enamides. A viable approach to chiral nitrogen stabilized oxyallyl cations in [4+3] cycloadditions

Abstract The first study of stereoselective epoxidations of chiral enamides is described here. Its potential in the synthesis of chiral α-keto aminals as a viable approach to nitrogen stabilized oxyallyl cations in stereoselective [4+3] cycloadditions is also illustrated.
Skirting the Issues Experimental Evidence of Gender Bias in IPO Prospectus Evaluations

Given the increasing number of women executives in the top management teams of initial public offering (IPO) firms, the lack of female-led IPO firms is a curious fact, especially since women-owned private businesses represent almost half of the new businesses formed in the United States, with patterns of founding similar to those of male-owned businesses. This lack of female-led IPOs suggests a potentially larger problem—a gender-based capital gap for new ventures. Given the empirical evidence suggesting a positive association between the presence of female executives and firm performance, the authors test whether investor perceptions are aligned with these empirical patterns. Using a sample of MBA students, the authors construct a simulated IPO, manipulating the gender demographics of the top management team. Their results suggest that female CEOs may be disproportionately disadvantaged in their ability to attract growth capital, when all other factors are controlled. Despite identical personal qualifica...
Phosphothreonine as a Catalytic Residue in Peptide-Mediated Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenations of 8-Aminoquinolines

Phosphothreonine (pThr) was found to constitute a new class of chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalyst upon insertion into peptides. To demonstrate the potential of these phosphopeptides as asymmetric catalysts, enantioselective transfer hydrogenations of a previously underexplored substrate class for CPA-catalyzed reductions were carried out. pThr-containing peptides lead to the observation of enantioselectivities of up to 94:6 e.r. with 2-substituted quinolines containing C8-amino functionality. NMR studies indicate that hydrogen-bonding interactions promote strong complexation between substrates and a rigid β-turn catalyst.
Finite factorization equations and sum rules for BPS correlators in /N=4 SYM theory

Abstract A class of exact non-renormalized extremal correlators of half-BPS operators in N =4 SYM, with U ( N ) gauge group, is shown to satisfy finite factorization equations reminiscent of topological gauge theories. The finite factorization equations can be generalized, beyond the extremal case, to a class of correlators involving observables with a simple pattern of SO (6) charges. The simple group theoretic form of the correlators allows equalities between ratios of correlators in N =4 SYM and Wilson loops in Chern–Simons theories at k =∞, correlators of appropriate observables in topological G / G models and Wilson loops in two-dimensional Yang–Mills theories. The correlators also obey sum rules which can be generalized to off-extremal correlators. The simplest sum rules can be viewed as large k limits of the Verlinde formula using the Chern–Simons correspondence. For special classes of correlators, the saturation of the factorization equations by a small subset of the operators in the large N theory is related to the emergence of semiclassical objects like KK modes and giant gravitons in the dual AdS × S background. We comment on an intriguing symmetry between KK modes and giant gravitons.
Non-LTE line blanketed atmospheres for hot stars.

The modeling of hot star atmospheres falls into two broad classes: those where the plane parallel approximation can be used, and those where the effects of spherical extension and stellar winds are important. In both cases non-LTE modeling is a necessity for reliable spectroscopic analyses.
IONOSPHERE EFFECTS AT THE NANOSECOND LEVEL OBSERVED IN COMMON-VIEW TIME TRANSFER

The single-channel “common-view” GPS time-transfer technique is frequently used to minimize the inaccuracy caused by satellite clock errors, including Selective Availability (SA). Even when carefully conducted, these measurements are subject to receiver noise, satellite ephemeris errors, multipath effects, and variable propagation delays. Many of these errors can be reduced if continuous measurements are made on all of the satellites that are in common view. This paper reports results of using this method with multichannel, modular, L1 C/A-code time receivers over a 4,000 km east-west baseline. These results show measurement noise at a level of about 1 ns for averaging times of between 100 s and 2 days without postprocessing. In addition, significant diurnal effects at the level of up to 15 ns peak-to-peak are often observed. These effects appear to be due to differences between the actual ionospheric delays and the predictions of the GPS built-in model. Techniques for mitigating these errors are discussed.
Language Development and Learning to Read: The Scientific Study of How Language Development Affects Reading Skill

Research on reading has tried, and failed, to account for wide disparities in reading skill even among children taught by the same method. Why do some children learn to read easily and quickly while others, in the same classroom and taught by the same teacher, don't learn to read at all? In Language Development and Learning to Read, Diane McGuinness examines scientific research that might explain these disparities. She focuses on reading predictors, analyzing the effect individual differences in specific perceptual, linguistic, and cognitive skills may have on a child's ability to read. Because of the serious methodological problems she finds in the existing research on reading, many of the studies McGuinness cites come from other fields -- developmental psychology, psycholinguistics, and the speech and hearing sciences -- and provide a new perspective on which language functions matter most for reading and academic success. McGuinness first examines the phonological development theory -- the theory that phonological awareness follows a developmental path from words to syllables to phonemes -- which has dominated reading research for thirty years, and finds that research evidence from other disciplines does not support the theory. McGuinness then looks at longitudinal studies on the development of general language function, and finds a "tantalizing connection" between core language functions and reading success. Finally, she analyzes mainstream reading research, which links reading ability to specific language skills, and the often flawed methodology used in these studies. McGuinness's analysis shows the urgent need for a shift in our thinking about how to achieve reading success.
Channel Coherence in the Low-SNR Regime

Channel capacity in the limit of vanishing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per degree of freedom is known to be linear in SNR for fading and nonfading channels, regardless of channel state information at the receiver (CSIR). It has recently been shown that the significant engineering difference between the coherent and the noncoherent fading channels, including the requirement of peaky signaling and the resulting spectral efficiency, is determined by how the capacity limit is approached as SNR tends to zero, or in other words, the sublinear term in the capacity expression. In this paper, we show that this sublinear term is determined by the channel coherence level, which we define to quantify the relation between the SNR and the channel coherence time. This allows us to trace a continuum between the case with perfect CSIR and the case with no CSIR at all. Using this approach, we also evaluate the performance of suboptimal training schemes
JCMT HARP CO 3–2 observations of molecular outflows in W5

New JCMT HARP CO 3-2 observations of the W5 star forming complex are presented, totaling an area of 12000 arcmin 2 with sensitivity better than 0.1 K per 0.4 km s 1 channel. We discovered 55 CO outow candidates, of which 40 are associated with W5 and 15 are more distant than the Perseus arm. Most of the outows are located on the periphery of the W5 HII region. However, two outow clusters are > 5 pc from the ionization fronts, indicating that their driving protostars formed without directly being triggered by the O-stars in W5. We compare the derived outow properties to those in Perseus and nd that the total W5 outow mass is surprisingly low given the cloud masses. The outow mass deciency in the more massive W5 cloud (M(H2) 5 10 4 M ) can be explained if ionizing radiation dissociates molecules as they break out of their host cloud cores. Although CO J=3-2 is a good outow tracer,
The synthesis of circumanthracene

Abstract The synthesis of circumanthracene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with an anthracene unit completely benzannelated around its periphery, is described.
A highly enantioselective synthesis of (R)-(-)-2-acetyl-5,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphthol. A key intermediate in the synthesis of anthracyclinones

Abstract AB-Synthon (R)-(−)- 5 , a key intermediate in the asymmetric synthesis of anthracyclinones 3 and 4 is prepared in 35% overall yield and > 95% ee. The key step involves hydroxylation of the potassium enolate of 7 using N-sulfonyloxaziridine (−)- 6c .
Galaxy alignments in very X‐ray luminous clusters at z > 0.5

We present the results of a search for galaxy alignments in 12 galaxy clusters at z > 0.5, a statistically complete subset of the very X-ray luminous clusters from the MAssive Cluster Survey (MACS). Using high-quality images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) that render measurement errors negligible, we find no radial galaxy alignments within 500 kpc of the cluster centres for a sample of 545 spectroscopically confirmed cluster members. A mild but statistically insignificant trend favouring radial alignments is observed within a radius of 200 kpc and traced to galaxies on the cluster red sequence. Our results for massive clusters at z > 0.5 are in stark contrast to the findings of previous studies which find highly significant radial alignments of galaxies in nearby clusters at z∼ 0.1 out to at least half the virial radius using imaging data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The discrepancy becomes even more startling if radial alignment becomes more prevalent at decreasing cluster-centric distance, as suggested by both ours and previous work. We investigate and discuss potential causes for the disparity between our findings based on HST images of clusters at z > 0.5 and those obtained using ground-based images of systems at z∼ 0.1. We conclude that the most likely explanation is either dramatic evolution with redshift (in the sense that radial alignments are less pronounced in dynamically younger systems) or the presence of systematic biases in the analysis of SDSS imaging data that cause at least partly spurious alignment signals.
Compact Hyperplane Hashing with Bilinear Functions

Hyperplane hashing aims at rapidly searching nearest points to a hyperplane, and has shown practical impact in scaling up active learning with SVMs. Unfortunately, the existing randomized methods need long hash codes to achieve reasonable search accuracy and thus suffer from reduced search speed and large memory overhead. To this end, this paper proposes a novel hyperplane hashing technique which yields compact hash codes. The key idea is the bilinear form of the proposed hash functions, which leads to higher collision probability than the existing hyperplane hash functions when using random projections. To further increase the performance, we propose a learning based framework in which the bilinear functions are directly learned from the data. This results in short yet discriminative codes, and also boosts the search performance over the random projection based solutions. Large-scale active learning experiments carried out on two datasets with up to one million samples demonstrate the overall superiority of the proposed approach.
Complementarity and Aggregate Implications of Assortative Matching: A Nonparametric Analysis

This paper presents methods for evaluating the eects of reallocating an indivisible input across production units. When production technology is nonseparable such reallocations, although leaving the marginal distribution of the reallocated input unchanged by construction, may nonetheless alter average output. Examples include reallocations of teachers across classrooms composed of students of varying mean ability and altering assignment mechanisms for college roommates in the presence of social interactions. We focus on the eects of reallocating one input while holding the assignment of another, potentially complementary input, fixed. We present a class of such reallocations ‐ correlated matching rules ‐ that includes the status quo allocation, a random allocation, and both the perfect positive and negative assortative matching allocations as special cases. Our econometric approach involves first nonparametrically estimating the production function and then averaging this function over the distribution of inputs induced by the new assignment rule. Formally our methods build upon the partial mean literature (e.g., Newey 1994, Linton and Nielsen 1995). We derive the large sample properties of our proposed estimators and assess their small sample properties via a limited set of Monte Carlo experiments. An application, assessing the eects of spousal sorting on child education (e.g., Kremer 1996), concretely illustrates our methods.
Small Telescopes Detectability and the Evaluation of Replication Results

This article introduces a new approach for evaluating replication results. It combines effect-size estimation with hypothesis testing, assessing the extent to which the replication results are consistent with an effect size big enough to have been detectable in the original study. The approach is demonstrated by examining replications of three well-known findings. Its benefits include the following: (a) differentiating “unsuccessful” replication attempts (i.e., studies yielding p > .05) that are too noisy from those that actively indicate the effect is undetectably different from zero, (b) “protecting” true findings from underpowered replications, and (c) arriving at intuitively compelling inferences in general and for the revisited replications in particular.
The rolling tachyon as a matrix model

We express all correlation functions in timelike boundary Liouville theory as unitary matrix integrals and develop e-cient techniques to evaluate these integrals. We compute large classes of correlation functions explicitly, including an inflnite number of terms in the boundary state of the rolling tachyon. The matrix integrals arising here also determine the correlation functions of gauge invariant operators in two dimensional Yang-Mills theory, suggesting an equivalence between the rolling tachyon and QCD2.
Thermal near-field radiative transfer between two spheres

Radiative energy transfer between closely spaced bodies is known to be significantly larger than that predicted by classical radiative transfer because of tunneling due to evanescent waves. Theoretical analysis of near-field radiative transfer is mainly restricted to radiative transfer between two half-spaces or spheres treated in the dipole approximation (very small sphere) or proximity force approximation (radius of sphere much greater than the gap). Sphere-sphere or sphere-plane configurations beyond the dipole approximation or proximity force approximation have not been attempted. In this work, the radiative energy transfer between two adjacent non-overlapping spheres of arbitrary diameters and gaps is analyzed numerically. For spheres of small diameter (compared to the wavelength), the results coincide with the dipole approximation. We see that the proximity force approximation is not valid for spheres with diameters much larger than the gap, even though this approximation is well established for calculating forces. From the numerical results, a regime map is constructed based on two nondimensional length scales for the validity of different approximations.
Depressive Symptoms and the Cost of Health Services in HMO Patients Aged 65 Years and Older: A 4-Year Prospective Study

Objective. —To examine whether depressive symptoms in older adults contribute to increased cost of general medical services. Design. —A 4-year prospective cohort study. Setting. —Four primary care clinics of a large staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) in Seattle, Wash. Patients. —A total of 5012 Medicare enrollees older than 65 years were invited to participate in the study; 2558 subjects (51%) were successfully enrolled. Nonparticipants were somewhat older and had a higher level of chronic medical illness. Main Outcome Measures. —Depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale, which was administered as part of a mail survey at baseline, at 2 years, and at 4 years; and total cost of medical services from the perspective of the HMO. Data were obtained from the cost accounting system of the HMO. Results. —In this cohort of older adults, depressive symptoms were common, persistent, and associated with a significant increase in the cost of general medical services. This increase was seen for every component of health care costs and was not accounted for by an increase in specialty mental health care. The increase in health care costs remained significant after adjusting for differences in age, sex, and chronic medical illness. Conclusions. —Depressive symptoms in older adults are associated with a significant increase in the cost of medical services, even after adjusting for the severity of chronic medical illness.
Measuring producer welfare under output price uncertainty and risk non‐neutrality

Procedures to measure the producer welfare effects of changes in an output price distribution under uncertainty are reviewed. Theory and numerical integration methods are combined to show how for any form of Marshallian risk-responsive supply, compensating variation of a change in higher moments of an output price distribution can be derived numerically. The numerical procedure enables measurement of producer welfare effects in the many circumstances in which risk and uncertainty are important elements. The practical ease and potential usefulness of the procedure is illustrated by measuring the producer welfare effects of USA rice policy.
Withdrawal Location with Progressive Tax Rates

Optimal withdrawal strategies are developed for retirees with multiple types of tax-advantaged savings accounts. In an environment of progressive tax rates, the ability to convert pretax funds in traditional IRAs at low tax rates substantially increases investors’ residual accumulations and withdrawal sustainability. Specifically, informed withdrawal-location strategies, in which traditional IRA distributions can be applied against exemptions, deductions, and lightly taxed tax brackets, can increase residual accumulations by more than $1 million. In these strategies, the optimal tax bracket through which an investor should take distributions is directly related to the investor’s wealth level.
Turing Degrees of Isomorphism Types of Geometric Objects

We initiate the computability-theoretic study of ringed spaces and schemes. In particular, we show that any Turing degree may occur as the least degree of an isomorphic copy of a structure of these kinds. We also show that these structures may fail to have a least degree.
Economic impacts of Pink Hibiscus Mealybug in Florida and the United States

This paper estimates the expected annual impacts of the Pink Hibiscus Mealybug infestation on the economies of Florida and the rest of the United States. The approach involves a Markov chain analysis wherein both short run and long run expected damages from infestation are calculated. Use is made of the CLIMEX model that predicts the potential pest-establishment regions in the US. While predictions based upon the CLIMEX model extend the scope of damages beyond Florida, the damages are significantly dependent upon the rate of arrival and detection of species in those regions. Damages are significantly higher when a longer time horizon is considered. When nursery owners bear the full cost of quarantines in the form of loss of sales and treatment costs of infected plants, the cost-effectiveness of quarantines as a regulatory tool is diminished. The long run propensity of the system, in terms of the fraction of time spent in the possible ‘states’ of infestation and control, determines the extent of damages, and not the annual value of crops that could be potential hosts to the pest.
Heavy Fermions: Electrons at the Edge of Magnetism

An introduction to the physics of heavy-fermion compounds is presented, highlighting the conceptual developments and emphasizing the mysteries and open questions that persist in this active field of research. Keywords: heavy fermion; superconductivity; local moments Kondo effect; quantum criticality
Copper-Mediated Amidation of Heterocyclic and Aromatic C−H Bonds

A copper-mediated aerobic coupling reaction enables direct amidation of heterocycles or aromatics having weakly acidic C−H bonds with a variety of nitrogen nucleophiles. These reactions provide efficient access to many biologically important skeletons, including ones with the potential to serve as inhibitors of HMTs.
Fracture assessment of weld material from A full-thickness clad RPV shell segment

Fracture analysis was applied to full-thickness clad beam specimens containing shallow cracks in material for which metallurgical conditions are prototypic of those found in reactor pressure vessels (RPV) at beginning of life. The beam specimens were fabricated from a section of an RPV wall (removed from a canceled nuclear plant) that includes weld, plate, and clad material. Metallurgical factors potentially influencing fracture toughness for shallow cracks in the beam specimens include gradients of material properties and residual stresses due to welding and cladding applications. Fracture toughness estimates were obtained from load vs load-line displacement and load vs crack-mouth-opening displacement data using finite-element methods and estimation schemes based on the {eta}-factor method. One of the beams experienced a significant amount of precleavage stable ductile tearing. Effects of precleavage tearing on estimates of fracture toughness were investigated using continuum damage models. Fracture toughness results from the clad beam specimens were compared with other deep- and shallow-crack single-edge notch bend (SENB) data generated previously from A533 Grade B plate material. Range of scatter for the clad beam data is consistent with that from the laboratory-scale SENB specimens tested at the same temperature.