cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inability of measles virus temperature-sensitive mutants to induce interferon.

Abstract The interferon (IF)-inducing ability of temperature-sensitive mutants of measles virus, and a revertant selected from one of these, was tested in BSC-1 and green monkey kidney cells. Under conditions shown to yield significant levels of interferon with the parental virus, no detectable levels of IF were induced with the mutants or the revertant under conditions permissive or nonpermissive for virus replication. Input multiplicity affected the level of induction with the parental virus, but there was no correlation between virus yields and the amount of IF produced. Lack of induction could not be explained by low virus yields for the mutants or revertant, as these were comparable to those of the parental virus achieved in the permissive system. Complementation between the various groups of mutants and the revertant failed to induce IF under either permissive or nonpermissive conditions. The possibility of positive control over induction was examined by coinfecting with the inducing parental virus and the noninducers; no such control was demonstrated, for levels produced were similar to that obtained with the parental virus alone. These results suggest that a function which is required for interferon induction is either lost during mutagenesis or is absent in otherwise functional measles virions.
Bovine non-pigmented and pigmented ciliary epithelial cells in culture: comparison of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities.

Non-pigmented epithelial (NPE) cells and pigmented epithelial (PE) cells were dissociated from bovine ciliary processes by brief digestion with pronase and grown in a culture medium containing high fetal bovine serum for at least 25 generations. Both types of cells grown to confluence showed the presence of intermediate junctions with associated tonofilaments. PE cells were distinguished from NPE cells by pigmentation during the early passages. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was associated almost exclusively with NPE cells and proved to be a useful enzymatic marker to distinguish NPE from PE. A comparison was made between NPE and PE cells as to the levels of enzymes involved in the detoxification of active oxygen species. Catalase, Sedependent glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly higher in NPE than in PE cells. The results suggest that NPE cells play the major role in detoxification of active oxygen species during aqueous humor formation.
Intraoperative Fractures During Total Hip Arthroplasty: See It Before It Sees You

Intraoperative fractures during primary total hip arthroplasty remain common complications that necessitate appropriate recognition and management to prevent potentially disastrous consequences. Femoral fractures typically occur with implantation of uncemented stems. Cerclage fixation can reliably stabilize these fractures and lead to predictable fracture healing and stem ingrowth. More unstable fractures may require conversion to a diaphyseal engaging stem and additional cerclage. Fractures of the acetabulum are much less common and can occur because of excessive under-reaming or with certain acetabular component design philosophies, specifically elliptic monoblock designs. Component stability in the face of fracture will guide treatment. Supplemental screws may be necessary, or, occasionally, conversion to a multihole component with multiple screws. Rarely, the acetabulum will require internal fixation with plates before cup insertion. Outcomes of intraoperative fractures have generally been acceptable with good component survivorship. The keys to successful treatment include anticipation, recognition, and effective treatment strategies that restore component stability.
Materials and device structures for high performance poly OLEDs on flexible plastic substrates

Organic polymer light-emitting devices (Poly OLEDs) with the bi-layer thin film structures have been fabricated on both glass and flexible plastic substrates. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of each organic polymer layer have been optimized for the Poly OLED optimum electrical performances. The spin coating technique was used to fabricate our devices. An alternating co-polymer of poly (9, 9'-dihexyl fluorene-2, 7-diyl) and poly (benzothiadiazole 2, 5-diyl) (PHF-BTD), and poly (9-hexyl carbazole-3, 6-diyl) (PC6) have been used as light emitting and hole transporting polymer, respectively. The combination of the optical and cyclic voltammetry (CV) and analysis has been used to develop the band diagram for our Poly OLEDs. For our polymers, the oxidation/reduction processes are well defined and clearly observed in the CV spectra. This allows a direct comparison of the polymers band gaps determined by both the optical and electrical methods. The photoluminescence and electroluminescence emission peaks are both located around 570 nm, and maximum brightness up to 2000 cd/m2 was obtained. Turn-on voltages of approximately 16 and approximately 20 V, acceptable emission efficiencies of approximately 5.5 and approximately 4.2 cd/A, good power efficiencies of approximately 0.9 and 0.6 lm/W, and acceptable external quantum efficiencies of 1.8 and 1.6% have been obtained for OLEDs fabricated on both glass and plastic substrates, respectively.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Brief flooding treatment for a debilitating revulsion

Abstract Anger, hostility and revulsion are strong negative emotions which are in many ways like fear and anxiety in that both can have debilitating effects on patients. These debilitating effects usually take two forms: behavioral inhibitions and subjective discomfort. In recent years, behavior therapists have developed several ways of dealing with the latter two emotions, especially as they are present in phobias and other neuroses. Chief among the techniques which have been shown effective are systematic desensitization (Wolpe, 1958) and flooding (Marks, 1972). By extrapolation, one might expect the latter two techniques to be useful in treating other negative emotions. In an analogue study. O'Donnel (1971) found ‘standard’ systematic desensitization based on deep relaxation more effective than control conditions, including variants of systematic desensitization in which relaxation training was omitted, in reducing anger and disgust felt by white students toward racial stimuli. In a second analogue study, however, Harding (1970) found on all of his dependent measures of anger and hostility towards academic situations no differences between subjects treated by systematic desensitization and other control conditions including a no-treatment control group. Finally, Rimm et al. (1971) in another analogue study showed systematic desensitization to be more effective than two control conditions in reducing anger felt in driving situations. Turning to actual clinical cases, one finds very few examples: Herrell (1971) reported the treatment of inappropriate anger responses by a soldier. The patient showed uncontrollable anger and overt acts of aggression at commands. Although no systematic data were collected, it was reported that after 18 sessions of systematic desensitization the patient no longer experienced the negative emotions and the therapeutic gain had transferred to his natural environment. Hogan (1969) mentions using implosive therapy for aggressive feelings of patients and relates some anecdotal data but presents no specific case of data on the topic. The present report concerns the treatment of a debilitating revulsion or anger through a brief course of flooding and as such is novel in two respects: (1) very few other clinical cases of the treatment of anger and revulsion have been reported in the behavior therapy literature and none with detailed dependent measures, (2) the analogue studies have used systematic desensitization rather than flooding.
Voicing judgements by chinchillas trained with a reward paradigm.

Abstract Experiments were performed to replicate and extend previous findings of similar categorization of voiced/voiceless consonant–vowel (CV) syllables by humans and chinchillas. A reward paradigm was applied to the question of how stimulus range affects the voice-onset-time (VOT) corresponding to the voiced/voiceless category boundary. Each of four adult chinchillas and four human subjects identified synthetic CV syllables as voiced (/ba/, /da/, /ga/) or voiceless (/pa/, /ta/, /ka/) using voiceless standards of either 80 or 120 ms. In both humans and animals, extending the VOT range from 80 to 120 ms shifted category boundaries to longer VOTs, but to a different extent across listeners. Control experiments suggested that listeners were attending to different phonetic cues in a manner that depended on the listener, rather than on species. The results are interpreted in terms of similar contextual effects and use of multiple phonetic cues to voicing in humans and animals.
Moving beyond flat earth: dense 3D scene reconstruction from a single FL-LWIR camera

In previous work an automatic detection system for locating buried explosive hazards in forward-looking longwave infrared (FL-LWIR) and forward-looking ground penetrating radar (FL-GPR) data was presented. This system consists of an ensemble of trainable size-contrast filters prescreener coupled with a secondary classification step which extracts cell-structured image space features, such as local binary patterns (LBP), histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), and edge histogram descriptors (EHD), from multiple looks and classifies the resulting feature vectors using a support vector machine. Previously, this system performed image space to UTM coordinate mapping under a flat earth assumption. This limited its applicability to flat terrain and short standoff distances. This paper demonstrates a technique for dense 3D scene reconstruction from a single vehicle mounted FL-LWIR camera. This technique utilizes multiple views and standard stereo vision algorithms such as polar rectification and optimal correction. Results for the detection algorithm using this 3D scene reconstruction approach on data from recent collections at an arid US Army test site are presented. These results are compared to those obtained under the flat earth assumption, with special focus on rougher terrain and longer standoff distance than in previous experiments. The most recent collection also allowed comparison between uncooled and cooled FL-LWIR cameras for buried explosive hazard detection.
Are there health risks in using risking systems? The case of perinatal risk assessment.

Abstract Health risk management is receiving widespread public and professional attention. Relationships between risks and health effects are often assumed to be real and taken for granted. While health risk assessments are increasingly conducted, they are sometimes not well grounded and frequently poorly studied. Knowledge of the sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of risk factors in clearly identified target populations is required if appropriate interventions are to be designed. 'Risking systems' are often comprised of risk factors which have little predictive usefulness. In the field of perinatal medicine, the identification of risk factors has a long history. The changing risk status of pregnant women during the prenatal period, in labor, and at the time of delivery poses problems for the researcher and clinician who rely on risking systems to characterize the likelihood of adverse events. Currently used risking systems, antepartum and intrapartum, are not sufficiently robust for this task. The assignment of a high risk status often results in overcalling a problem and a cascade of technological interventions may follow. In the current climate of ‘managing’ pregnancies, a thoughtful review of the quality of risking systems is required. Are we being over-risked and over-served?
Rock breakage by crushing, blasting, and drilling

Abstract The fundamental principles of rock fragmentation by crushing, blasting, and drilling are not well understood; however, empirical observations have provided means for predicting the energy requirements for these processes. Experimental procedures and methods of analysis used in comminution studies are described in this review. Particular emphasis is given to discussions of the role that mechanical properties of rocks play in the rock breakage processes. Estimates of the energy required to reduce rock particle size indicate that only a small portion of the total energy is utilized as surface energy and much of the energy is dissipated as thermal energy. A better understanding of brittle fracture is needed to provide a more valid theoretical basis for comminution studies.
Skeletal dysplasias: evaluation with impulse oscillometry and thoracoabdominal motion analysis.

Background Children with skeletal dysplasia (SD) often have pulmonary disease, which can be life threatening. In clinical practice, chest wall and formal respiratory function tests are difficult to perform owing to the small size and cooperation. The objective of this study was to demonstrate distinct thoracopulmonary function patterns in children with SD. Methods We conducted a retrospective study reviewing pulmonary function tests from 17 patients with the diagnosis of SD. Three subgroups were studied: Morquio syndrome (MS), metatropic–spondylocostal dysplasia (MSD), and unspecified skeletal dysplasias (SDU). Rib cage contribution to tidal volume excursions (%RC), phase angle (Phθ), phase relation during total breath (PhRTB), respiratory resistance (Rrs5–35 Hz), respiratory reactance (Xrs5–35 Hz), resonant frequency, and their frequency–dependency were analyzed. Values were age-matched and height-matched to reference values of healthy subjects. Results There was a decrease in %RC and an increase in PhRTB (P < 0.05) in the SD group. %RC differed between subgroups [MS: 46.4 ± 1.8% SE, MSD: 18.4 ± 2.6% SE, SDU: 27.5 ± 5.2% SE (P < 0.05)]; Phθ was within reference values only in MS, which exhibited a decrease in Xrs at 5 Hz (P < 0.05) and an increase in Rrs independent of the frequency. SDU showed a decrease in Xrs at 35 Hz (P < 0.05), no differences were found in Rrs. In MS, a correlation was found between RC and Rrs at all frequencies (r = −0.98, P < 0.01) and between Xrs5–10 and Phθ (r = −0.93, P < 0.05). Conclusions Thoracoabdominal dysfunction was associated with altered chest wall reactance at high frequencies in a subgroup of SD patients with abnormal lung reactance and central airway involvement in MS. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:679–686. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Underdominance, multiscale interactions, and self-organizing barriers to gene flow

Understanding mechanisms for the evolution of barriers to gene flow within interbreeding populations continues to be a topic of great interest among evolutionary theorists. In this work, simulated evolving diploid populations illustrate how mild underdominance (heterozygote disadvantage) can be easily introduced at multiple loci in interbreeding populations through simultaneous or sequential mutational events at individual loci, by means of directional selection and simple forms of epistasis (non-linear gene-gene interactions). It is then shown how multiscale interactions (within-locus, between-locus, and between-individual) can cause interbreeding populations with multiple underdominant loci to self-organize into clusters of compatible genotypes, in some circumstances resulting in the emergence of reproductively isolated species. If external barriers to gene flow are also present, these can have a stabilizing effect on cluster boundaries and help to maintain underdominant polymorphisms, even when homozygotes have differential fitness. It is concluded that multiscale interactions can potentially help to maintain underdominant polymorphisms and may contribute to speciation events.
AFLPs do not support deep phylogenetic relationships among darters (Teleostei: Percidae: Etheostomatinae).

AFLPs do not support deep phylogenetic relationships among darters (Teleostei: Percidae: Etheostomatinae)
Patterns of plasmid DNA in crystalliferous and acrystalliferous strains of Bacillus thuringiensis

Abstract Five strains of Bacillus thuringiensis which produce crystalline δ-endotoxin, and two acrystalliferous strains, have been examined for the presence of circular duplex DNA. Extrachromosomal DNA from each strain, obtained by a cleared lysate technique, was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and, in one case, by electron microscopy. Each strain, whether crystal producing or acrystalliferous, contained a different complex array of plasmids. Plasmid sizes ranged from approximately 2 to 80 megadaltons, and the complexity of the size distribution ranged from as few as 3 in one strain to as many as 11 distinct plasmids in another. These results show that lack of crystalline toxin production is not necessarily accompanied by absence of all plasmids.
Christianizing Malachi: Fifth-Century Insights From Cyril of Alexandria

Le commentaire de Cyrille d'Alexandrie sur Malachie est avant tout chretien. Il decrit la venue future du Christ, la saintete et la fonction des pretres du Christ ainsi que la vertu du peuple du Christ. Dans Malachie, Cyrille discerne non seulement les commandements divins enjoignant le peuple a ordonner sa vie en fonction de la vertu, mais egalement des vertus associees au mode de vie chretien. La conception de la vertu chretienne de Cyrille semble s'enraciner dans la notion grecque classique de liberte
Microtopography in tidal marshes: Ecosystem engineering by vegetation?

Hummock-hollow microtopography is characteristic of many freshwater wetland systems. It is comprised of elevated, vegetated hummocks and lower elevation hollows; the latter are usually unvegetated, with reducing conditions in sediments unfavorable for plant growth. This microtopography is also often found in interior regions of brackish marshes, where flood duration is high and salinity fluctuations are prominent. Previous investigation showed this spatial patterning to be relatively stable over time and suggested that these microenvironments are produced by the plants themselves. This study investigates the possible mechanisms and controlling factors of this microtopography and considers the effect of different salinity regimes. We examined microtopographic variability of vegetation and sediment biogeochemistry in two interior tidal marshes, a freshwater-oligohaline marsh and a mesohaline marsh, both of which exhibited fine-scale spatial variability. Within a 2-yr period, the freshwater-oligohaline site demonstrated a labile response of both vegetation and sediment chemistry to interannual variability in salinity and sulfide concentrations, whereas the microscale spatial variability of the mesohaline system persisted. Geochronological assessment of the mesohaline marsh, where microtopographic variability was relatively stable, supported the hypothesis that the formation of the hummock-hollow topography is driven by the plants, rather than developing as a result of underlying physical variability. We propose that brackish marsh vegetation alters the sedimentary environment in such a way as to maximize growth under high-stress, variable conditions. The adaptive advantage of this strategy was illustrated in the accretion rates measured at the higher salinity marsh, which were indistinguishable between the interior hummock sediments and those of an adjacent homogeneous bank marsh.
Novel high-speed dual-wavelength InAlAs/InGaAs graded superlattice Schottky barrier photodiode for 0.8- and 1.3-μm detection

A new planar high-speed dual wavelength InAlAs/InGaAs Schottky barrier photodiode with graded superlattice structure is reported. In the detector structure, the top wide band gap n-In(0.52)Al(0.48)As epilayer absorbs photons in the visible to near infrared spectrum with the peak response occurring around 0.8 micron, and the bottom n-In(0.53)Ga(0.47)As epilayer absorbs photons in the 1.0 to 1.6 micron wavelength regime with the peak response occurring at 1.3 micron. The detector is capable of detecting and demultiplexing at both short and long wavelengths simultaneously without the complication of additional components. The response speed measured by the impulse response method is estimated to be about 3GHz.
The impact of geography on energy infrastructure costs

Infrastructure planning for networked infrastructure such as grid electrification (or piped supply of water) has historically been a process of outward network expansion, either by utilities in response to immediate economic opportunity, or in response to a government mandate or subsidy intended to catalyze economic growth. While significant progress has been made in access to grid electricity in Asia, where population densities are greater and rural areas tend to have nucleated settlements, access to grid electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa remains low; a problem generally ascribed to differences in settlement patterns. The discussion, however, has remained qualitative, and hence it has been difficult for planners to understand the differing costs of carrying out grid expansion in one region as opposed to another. This paper describes a methodology to estimate the cost of local-level distribution systems for a least-cost network, and to compute additional information of interest to policymakers, such as the marginal cost of connecting additional households to a grid as a function of the penetration rate. We present several large datasets of household locations developed from satellite imagery, and examine them with our methodology, providing insight into the relationship between settlement pattern and the cost of rural electrification.
Impact of Technology Management on Organization-Wide Integration

This study examines the impacts of technology management on organization-wide technology integration in an education setting. The study uses survey questionnaire responses from principals in the southwest region of the United States to evaluate the relationship between technology management and technology integration. Results show technology management significantly and positively influences organization-wide technology integration, infrastructure, and training in an education setting. Consistent with findings from prior research in other areas, technology-related training and infrastructure in education were found to significantly and positively influence technology integration. In our post hoc analysis, we found that training and infrastructure partially mediate the relationship between technology management and organization technology integration in education settings. These findings provide insight into technology integration for education policy makers, education agencies, and school administrators to properly develop and implement organization-wide technology integrations.
AFM study of templated growth of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles using pure and mixed arachidate films

Abstract Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) multilayers of arachidic acid (AA) and octadecylamine (ODA) were used as templates in order to produce cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticle arrays. Both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the film. In the absence of ODA, the cadmium arachidate trilayers were highly crystalline with a lattice constant of 0.42 nm. Upon reaction with hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an ordered array of CdS nanoparticles with a particle separation of 4.2 nm was imaged. The existence of CdS was also confirmed by XPS. No CdS nanoparticles were formed when ODA was used as the sole component. In the presence of ODA, the crystalline structure of the AA film was disturbed, resulted in randomly distributed particles. The average particle height was reduced from 4 to 1 nm when the amount of ODA was increased. It is concluded that there is a direct correlation between the ordering of the organic template and that of the nanoparticle array. There is also a correlation between the particle size and the ratio of AA and ODA. Mixed LB films are promising in synthesizing semiconducting nanoparticle arrays of limited particle sizes.
Complaint-making as political participation in contemporary Russia

Abstract Prior to December 2011, instances of widespread collective mobilization were relatively rare in contemporary Russia. Russian citizens are more likely to engage in a different means of airing grievances: making an official complaint to the authorities. This article considers how complaint-making, as a variety of political participation, may contribute either to authoritarian resilience or to political liberalization. The political significance of complaints made to the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Russian Federation is examined. Since it is the broader political context that shapes the significance of complaints, in the absence of meaningful elections individualized appeals to the state are unlikely to promote democratic change, although they may allow for redress of individual rights violations.
Stochastic finite element analysis of non-linear plane trusses

Abstract —This study considers the responses of geometrically and materially non-linear plane trusses under random excitations. The stress-strain law in the inelastic range is based on an explicit differential equation model. After a total Lagrangian finite element discretization, the nodal displacements satisfy a system of stochastic non-linear ordinary differential equations with right-hand-sides given by random functions of time. The exact solution of the above stochastic differential equation is generally difficult to obtain. To seek an approximate solution with good accuracy and reasonable computational effort, the stochastic linearization method is used to find the first and second statistical moments (i.e. the mean vector and the one-time covariance matrix) of the nodal displacements. Results of simple structures under Gaussian white-noise excitation indicate that the proposed method has good accuracy (generally underestimates the r.m.s. stationary response by 5–14%) and requires only a small fraction of the computation time of the time-history Monte-Carlo method.
Interbreed matings in dairy cattle. II. Herd health and viability.

Abstract Two- and three-breed crosses among Ayrshires, Brown Swiss, and Holsteins were compared to contemporary purebreds for the effect of crossbreeding on the incidence and severity of diseases. Twenty-two measures of health were used for calves (birth to first calving) and 21 for cows in first lactation. Illnesses per 100 calves were 64, 78, and 140 for Ayrshires, Holsteins, and Brown Swiss, respectively. The two- and three-breed crosses had similar frequenties of calfhood health problems, but both had less than parental means. During first lactation, the two- and three-breed crosses had more health problems than the parental means, thus some heterosis for resistanee to calfhood health problems but not for those occurring in first lactation. Losses of females born alive prior to first calving were 3% less in crosses than in purebreds, but first lactation losses were similar. Seasonal effects were important in both calfhood and cow health problems. Viability from 150 days of pregnancy of dam through first lactation of offspring for 142 two-breed crosses averaged 1% more than the parental mean, whereas the 128 three-breed crosses were less viable (−4%) than the mean of 155 purebreds.
A practical method to determine the amount of tissue to analyze using laser scanning cytometry.

Background: Laser scanning cytometry (LSC) is a new technology similar to flow cytometry but generates data from analysis of successive microscopic fields. Unlike its use in other applications, LSC-generated data are not random when used for tissue sections, but are dependent on the microanatomy of the tissue and the distribution and expression of the protein under investigation. For valid LSC analysis, the data generated requires the evaluation of a sufficient tissue area to ensure an accurate representation of expression within the tissue of interest. Methods: In this report, we describe a simple and common sense method for determining the area of tissue required for sound LSC analysis by tracking the variation in the measure of target expression with increasing number of fields until it approaches zero. Results: This approach was used to evaluate the expression of immunohistochemical markers with differing tissue distributions in liver (PMP70, CYP1A2, and Ki67 positive macrophages) and a colorectal adenocarcinoma (activated caspase-3 positive cells), which exhibited diffuse, regional (centrilobular), random, and irregular distribution patterns respectively. Conclusions: Analyses of these markers demonstrated that the amount of tissue area required to reach a steady measure of a parameter increased with increasing variability of the tissue distribution. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Parallel algorithm for integral transformations and GUGA MCSCF

An algorithm for the parallelization of the atomic to molecular integral transformation and the subsequent steps in a GUGA based MCSCF calculation is presented. Timing data shows that the transformation and diagonalization steps are well parallelized and that several of the other portions of the MCSCF code are moderately parallel. Remaining sequential bottlenecks are identified.
The development of collagen-GAG scaffold-membrane composites for tendon tissue engineering

Current tissue engineering approaches for tendon defects require improved biomaterials to balance microstructural and mechanical design criteria. Collagen-glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffolds have shown considerable success as in vivo regenerative templates and in vitro constructs to study cell behavior. While these scaffolds possess many advantageous qualities, their mechanical properties are typically orders of magnitude lower than orthopedic tissues such as tendon. Taking inspiration from mechanically efficient core-shell composites in nature such as plant stems and porcupine quills, we have created core-shell CG composites that display high bioactivity and improved mechanical integrity. These composites feature integration of a low density, anisotropic CG scaffold core with a high density, CG membrane shell. CG membranes were fabricated via an evaporative process that allowed separate tuning of membrane thickness and elastic moduli and were found to be isotropic in-plane. The membranes were then integrated with an anisotropic CG scaffold core via freeze-drying and subsequent crosslinking. Increasing the relative thickness of the CG membrane shell was shown to increase composite tensile elastic modulus by as much as a factor of 36 in a manner consistent with predictions from layered composites theory. CG scaffold-membrane composites were found to support tendon cell viability, proliferation, and metabolic activity in vitro, suggesting they maintain sufficient permeability while demonstrating improved mechanical strength. This work suggests an effective, biomimetic approach for balancing strength and bioactivity requirements of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Measuring biogeochemical responses to pulses of water

Hydrologic pulses, temporary increases in water inputs such as bouts of precipitation, can affect biogeochemical processes in ecosystems by providing water and nutrient resources. However, ecosystem responses to the water vary. Harms and Grimm conducted experiments to determine how hydrologic pulses and existing moisture conditions interact to affect the biogeochemistry of desert floodplains. During dry and monsoon seasons at their study site in the floodplains of the San Pedro River in Arizona, the researchers experimentally added pulses of water and then measured emissions of several trace gases that are indicators of biological processes. They found that the size of the added hydrologic pulse strongly interacted with existing soil moisture conditions in determining emissions of some trace gases. For instance, following dry conditions, pulses of water stimulated carbon dioxide, methane, and nitric oxide emissions, with larger water pulses stimulating more emissions. However, when soil was already wet, the addition of water pulses had less effect on the emission of these gases. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, doi:10.1029/2011JG001775, 2012)
Physically-based modifications to the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting model. Part A: Modeling the effects of frozen ground on the runoff generation process

Summary This paper presents the first of two physically-based modifications to a widely-used and well-validated hydrologic precipitation–runoff model. Here, we modify the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model to include a physically-based representation of the effects of freezing and thawing soil on the runoff generation process. This model is called the SAC-SMA Heat Transfer model (SAC-HT). The frozen ground physics are taken from the Noah land surface model which serves as the land surface component of several National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) numerical weather prediction models. SAC-HT requires a boundary condition of the soil temperature at the bottom of the soil column (a climatic annual air temperature is typically used, and parameters derived from readily available soil texture data). A noteworthy feature of SAC-HT is that the frozen ground component needs no parameter calibration. SAC-HT was tested at 11 sites in the U.S. for soil temperature, one site in Russia for soil temperature and soil moisture, eight basins in the upper Midwest for the effects of frozen-ground on streamflow, and one location for frost depth. High correlation coefficients for simulated soil temperature at three depths at 11 stations were achieved. Multi-year simulations of soil moisture and soil temperature agreed very well at the Valdai, Russia test location. In eight basins affected by seasonally frozen soil in the upper Midwest, SAC-HT provided improved streamflow simulations compared to SAC-SMA when both models used a priori parameters. Further improvement was gained through calibration of the non-frozen ground a priori parameters. Frost depth computed by SAC-HT compared well with observed values in the Root River basin in Minnesota.
Cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and cancer

The endocannabinoid system consists of an array of endogenously produced bioactive lipids that activate cannabinoid receptors. Although the primary focus of endocannabinoid biology has been on neurological and psychiatric effects, recent work has revealed several important interactions between the endocannabinoid system and cancer. Several different types of cancer have abnormal regulation of the endocannabinoid system that contributes to cancer progression and correlates to clinical outcomes. Modulation of the endocannabinoid system by pharmacological agents in various cancer types reveals that it can mediate antiproliferative and apoptotic effects by both cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent pathways. Selective agonists and antagonists of the cannabinoid receptors, inhibitors of endocannabinoid hydrolysis, and cannabinoid analogs have been utilized to probe the pathways involved in the effects of the endocannabinoid system on cancer cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and invasion. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects produced by some of these pharmacological probes reveal that the endocannabinoid system is a promising new target for the development of novel chemotherapeutics to treat cancer.
Data management facilities of an operating system kernel

The paper describes the part of a general operating system Kernel supporting data management functions The operating system Kernel can be imbedded into microcode and viewed as an extended hardware interfaceFour Kernel instructions are defined to support data management They provide a powerful basis for the implementation of different kinds of access methods and file systems, including data base systems Advanced transaction processing concepts such as concurrency control, support of backout, commit and a variety of share options are included.
THE EFFECTS OF JOB STEREOTYPE, APPLICANT GENDER, AND COMMUNICATION STYLE ON RATINGS IN SCREENING INTERVIEWS

This paper investigated the interactions between gender stereotypes for jobs, applicant gender, and the communication styles used by male and female applicants during an interview. This study was conducted as a laboratory experiment, utilizing a 2x2x2 mixed design. Subjects read one job description and heard three audiotapes of all male or all female job applicants exhibiting a dominant, submissive, or neutral communication style. The subjects then rated the applicant on five dimensions. These dimensions are likeability, competence, sociability, overall impression, and hireability. Results showed significant interactions of applicant gender and communication style on four of the five dimensions rated in this study. An inspection of the dimension means revealed different effects for gender‐appropriate and gender‐inappropriate behavior for males and females. Males were penalized on ratings of overall impression and hireability for communicating in stereotypically gender‐inappropriate manners. Females were penalized on ratings of sociability and likeability for communicating in a stereotypically gender‐inappropriate fashion. The implications of these findings for using interviews are then discussed in terms of aversive genderism.
Modeling of narrow track thin film write head fields

A thin film inductive write head suitable for 10 Gbit/in/sup 2/ recording density is simulated using boundary element modeling. The material was assumed to have the non-linear B-H properties of FeAlN-SiO/sub 2/ multilayers-an initial permeability of 3400 and saturation flux density of 1.9 Tesla. The simulations show that with a trackpitch of 1 /spl mu/m and a gap of 0.18 /spl mu/m, it is necessary to use trimmed poles and a trackwidth of 0.6 /spl mu/m to achieve a written trackwidth of 0.8 /spl mu/m and allow for an erased-band of 0.05 /spl mu/m at each track edge. This allows 0.1 /spl mu/m for track misregistration, which is within tolerance achieved by current optical servos. If focused ion beam etching is used to trim the poles from the air bearing surface (ABS), to prevent fields from the etched shoulders from disturbing data in adjacent tracks, the shoulders should be etched 0.5 to 1.0 /spl mu/m from the ABS. >
Atmospheric compensation for imaging spectrometer systems with changing imaging geometry

Spectral radiance measurements in the solar reflective regime, which are obtained from downward looking space-based or airborne imaging spectrometer systems must be compensated for the influence of the atmosphere in order to retrieve earth surface reflectance spectra. The Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) atmospheric correction code was updated with a new option to handle measurements from a new pushbroom sensor system having a continuously varying viewing geometry over an image scene. However, the new technique employed in FLAASH to handle this atmospheric compensation scenario does not explicitly account for the different viewing geometry values for each line in an image scene, which causes some error in the FLAASH retrievals. Simulated radiance cubes are used to gain a quantitative understanding of FLAASH retrieval errors due to viewing geometry errors.
Cloning and Characterization of the 5’UTR of the Rat Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-w Gene

The anti-apoptotic Bcl-w regulator, which is expressed in the developing and mature brain, not only promotes neuronal survival, but also neuronal differentiation. However, its transcriptional regulation remains to be elucidated due to a lack of knowledge of the Bcl-w promoter. Here, we report the mapping and characterization of the rat Bcl-w promoter, which is highly conserved between the human, mouse, and rat species. Using a series of 5' and 3' deletions, we mapped the TATA-less minimal Bcl-w promoter and showed that it is under a combinatorial regulation with the neurogenic bHLH transcription factor NeuroD6 mediating its activation, validating our previous finding of increased expression of the Bcl-w protein in stably transfected PC12-NeuroD6 cells. Upon stress, NeuroD6 promotes colocalization of Bcl-w with mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, we provide the first evidence of Bcl-w localization in the growth cones of differentiating neuronal cells, suggestive of a potential synaptic neuroprotective role.
Seasonal Hydrologic Forecasting: Do Multimodel Ensemble Averages Always Yield Improvements in Forecast Skill?

Abstract Multimodel techniques have proven useful in improving forecast skill in many applications, including hydrology. Seasonal hydrologic forecasting in large basins represents a special case of hydrologic modeling, in which postprocessing techniques such as temporal aggregation and time-varying bias correction are often employed to improve forecast skill. To investigate the effects that these techniques have on the performance of multimodel averaging, the performance of three hydrological models [Variable Infiltration Capacity, Sacramento/Snow-17, and the Noah land surface model] and two multimodel averages [simple model average (SMA) and multiple linear regression (MLR) with monthly varying model weights] are examined in three snowmelt-dominated basins in the western United States. These evaluations were performed for both simulating and forecasting [using the Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) method] monthly discharge, with and without monthly bias corrections. The single best bias-corrected mode...
FDIMLP: A new neuro-fuzzy model

We present a neuro-fuzzy model called fuzzy discretized interpretable multi-layer perceptron (FDIMLP). Fuzzy rules are extracted in polynomial time with respect to the size of the problem and the size of the network. We applied our model to three classification problems of the public domain. It turned out that FDIMLP networks compared favorably with respect to EFuNN and ANFIS neuro-fuzzy systems.
Integrating Co-occurrence Statistics with Information Extraction for Robust Retrieval of Protein Interactions from Medline

The task of mining relations from collections of documents is usually approached in two different ways. One type of systems do relation extraction from individual sentences, followed by an aggregation of the results over the entire collection. Other systems follow an entirely different approach, in which co-occurrence counts are used to determine whether the mentioning together of two entities is due to more than simple chance. We show that increased extraction performance can be obtained by combining the two approaches into an integrated relation extraction model.
Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 8ANC195 Recognizes Closed and Open States of HIV-1 Env

The HIV-1 envelope (Env) spike contains limited epitopes for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs); thus, most neutralizing antibodies are strain specific. The 8ANC195 epitope, defined by crystal and electron microscopy (EM) structures of bNAb 8ANC195 complexed with monomeric gp120 and trimeric Env, respectively, spans the gp120 and gp41 Env subunits. To investigate 8ANC195's gp41 epitope at higher resolution, we solved a 3.58 A crystal structure of 8ANC195 complexed with fully glycosylated Env trimer, revealing 8ANC195 insertion into a glycan shield gap to contact gp120 and gp41 glycans and protein residues. To determine whether 8ANC195 recognizes the CD4-bound open Env conformation that leads to co-receptor binding and fusion, one of several known conformations of virion-associated Env, we solved EM structures of an Env/CD4/CD4-induced antibody/8ANC195 complex. 8ANC195 binding partially closed the CD4-bound trimer, confirming structural plasticity of Env by revealing a previously unseen conformation. 8ANC195's ability to bind different Env conformations suggests advantages for potential therapeutic applications.
Parallelized Direct Search of a Binary Objective

Many scientific and engineering problems are solved by utilizing simulations of computationally intensive mathematical models within massive design spaces. As a result, parametric studies of these models are cost prohibitive in terms of computational time. The focus of this work is a particular kind of parameter sweep problem where the simulation of the model, given real parameters, results in a binary value. The goal of this work is to design, develop, and implement a parallel algorithm for bounding a binary objective when the simulation is a computationally intensive mathematical model. A fully functioning implementation is provided for a two-dimensional example using client-server architecture. Results show that a straight bisection search is approximately 50% faster than a full parametric sweep for most continuous functions. With parallelization and load balancing, the simulation is remarkably faster, exhibiting near-linear speedup up to 16 processors for most functions. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3510589]
Heat Transfer in a Long, Thin Tube Section of an Air Compressor: An Empirical Correlation from CFD and a Thermodynamic Modeling

Heat transfer during compression of air in a long, thin tube is studied by CFD. The tube represents one of the many in a honeycomb geometry inserted in a liquid piston air compressor to minimize temperature rise. A dimensionless number for the heat flow rate that includes the changing heat transfer area between the tube wall and air during compression is used. From the CFD results, alinear relation between the inverse of this dimensionless heat flow rate and the Stanton number is found. Using thisrelation, the transient volume-averaged temperature, and heat flow rate from the air can be well predicted by thermodynamic modeling.With the heat transfer model, a non-linear ODE is solved numerically todetermine the average temperature and pressure. The application of this study can be found in liquid piston air compressors for compressed air energy storage systems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME