cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic contact angle measurements of viscoelastic fluids

Abstract In this study, the dynamic contact angles of a series of viscoelastic fluids were measured through a modified Wilhelmy plate technique. The advancing and receding contact angles were measured by immersing and withdrawing a PTFE (Teflon) Wilhelmy plate from a reservoir containing a series of different Newtonian and viscoelastic test fluids. The viscoelastic fluids that were tested consisted of either solutions of polyethylene oxide or polyacrylamide in water where the concentration of the polymer was varied to produce solutions with different amounts of fluid elasticity with and without shear thinning. The advancing contact angles of all the viscoelastic fluids tested were found to increase with increasing plate velocity. Conversely, the receding contact angles in each case were found to decrease with increasing contact line velocity. A number of previous measurements have been performed for shear thinning fluids. The measurements presented here are the first to probe the response of the dynamic contact angle at large Weissenberg numbers where the elasticity of the liquid becomes important. For fluids with increased fluid elasticity, the onset of the variation of receding contact angles was found to be delayed to higher contact line velocities and capillary numbers. It was also found that, unlike the case of Newtonian fluids, the cube of advancing and the cube of the receding contact angles were both found to be proportional to the square of the capillary number for highly elastic fluids. Finally, a simple model was proposed to account for the role of elasticity and shear thinning of the viscosity on the dynamic contact angle.
The endocrine secretion of mammalian digestive enzymes by exocrine glands

The exocrine pancreas and certain salivary glands of mammals secrete a variety of enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract, where they digest food. The same glands also release these enzymes into the bloodstream. This latter process has commonly been assumed to occur solely as the result of a pathological condition or as an inadvertent by-product of exocrine secretion due to the leakage of trace quantities of the enzymes into blood. However, a variety of evidence suggests that the endocrine secretion of digestive enzymes is a normal occurrence that can be of substantial magnitude in healthy individuals, is responsive to various physiological stimuli, and is distinct from exocrine secretion. Recent research has focused attention on this process as a promising means for the delivery of engineered proteins into the systemic circulation for pharmaceutical purposes. In this review, we survey research in this area and consider the evidence for the existence of an endocrine secretion of digestive enzymes, the cause of enzyme release into the bloodstream, its source within the tissue, and, finally, the physiological purposes that this secretion process might serve.
Rubidium chromate: standard molar enthalpies of solution and formation and the standard molar entropy at 298.15 K, enthalpy increments relative to 298.15 K, the high-temperature heat capacity, and temperatures, enthalpies, and entropies of transition and melting thermodynamic properties of Rb2CrO4 from 298.15 to 1500 K☆

Abstract Calorimetric measurements are reported on a well-characterized specimen of rubidium chromate Rb 2 CrO 4 . The standard molar enthalpies of solution and formation at 298.15 K are (25.99±0.06) and −(1410.76±1.90) kJ·mol −1 , respectively. The high-temperature enthalpy increments relative to 298.15 K have been determined to 1400 K and the high-temperature heat capacities have been derived from those results. The temperature and enthalpy of the α-to-β transition are 998 K and (5.48±0.50) kJ·mol −1 , and the temperature and enthalpy of melting are 1261 K and (31.46±0.80) kJ·mol −1 . Based on the solubility, the standard enthalpy of solution, and the estimated activity coefficient, the standard molar entropy S m o (Rb 2 CrO 4 , 298.15 K) has been estimated as (216±4) J·K −1 ·mol −1 . The thermodynamic properties of Rb 2 CrO 4 have been tabulated from 298.15 to 1500 K.
Cataloging with CAT ME Plus in MS Windows

Describes the advantages and disadvantages of a program information file (PIF) for the DOS CAT ME Plus (Cataloguing Micro Enhancer) in an MS Windows microcomputer. Examines the literature in this area and goes on to describe the experiences at The University of California, Riverside. Discusses the limitations of the system but concludes that the PIF system is well worth installing.
The nutrition transition and its health implications in lower-income countries.

Objective: This article reviews information on the rapid changes in diet, activity and body composition that lower- and middle-income countries are undergoing and then examines some of the potential health implications of this transition. Design and Setting: Data came from numerous countries and also from national food balance (FAOSTAT) and World Bank sources. Nationally representative and nationwide surveys are used. The nationally representative Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Surveys from 1992–96 and the nationwide China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989–93 are examined in detail. Results: Rapid changes in the structure of diet, in particular associated with urbanization, are documented. In addition, large changes in occupation types are documented. These are linked with rapid increases in adult obesity in Latin America and Asia. Some of the potential implications for adult health are noted. Conclusions: The rapid changes in diet, activity and obesity that are facing billions of residents of lower- and middle-income countries are cause for great concern. Linked with these changes will be a rapid increase in chronic diseases. Little to date has been done at the national level to address these problems.
Organ donation and transplantation: A gender perspective and awareness survey in Qatar

Organ transplantation in the Middle East and North Africa has evolved to serve two major needs. The first is to sustain life where severe disease or disorders would mean death without organ replacement as in congenital heart disease. The second need is to provide cost-effective treatment and a quality of life without constant tertiary care and maintenance treatment. Renal transplantation caused by chronic kidney disease and failure is one such example. Qatar in the Middle East and North Africa is one of six countries comprising the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in the Arabian Gulf Region, which has developed an active transplant program. It has one main challenge as other global nations, namely a disparity between organ availability and need, or supply and demand. A survey of university students’ and employees’ awareness of organ transplantation and donation was completed in 2013 at Education City, Doha, Qatar. Three hundred out of four hundred surveys were returned, or 75% of the total distributed. A literature review was carried out and comparisons made to the subsequent findings. Participants comprised 89% students and 11% employees. Of the participants, 90.6% were aware that donated organs were potentially life saving, and 72.7% knew about brain death. While most figures seemed comparable to other regional results, two significantly new findings emerged. More females (62.3%) than males (47.1%) believed that Islam supported organ donation, and 72.4% believed that there was no conflict between their faith and organ donation. Awareness campaigns and use of social media were thought to be the most effective way of disseminating organ donation knowledge.
Exploiting the wikipedia structure in local and global classification of taxonomic relations

Determining whether two terms have an ancestor relation (e.g. Toyota Camry and car) or a sibling relation (e.g. Toyota and Honda) is an essential component of textual inference in Natural Language Processing applications such as Question Answering, Summarization, and Textual Entailment. Significant work has been done on developing knowledge sources that could support these tasks, but these resources usually suffer from low coverage, noise, and are inflexible when dealing with ambiguous and general terms that may not appear in any stationary resource, making their use as general purpose background knowledge resources difficult. In this paper, rather than building a hierarchical structure of concepts and relations, we describe an algorithmic approach that, given two terms, determines the taxonomic relation between them using a machine learning-based approach that makes use of existing resources. Moreover, we develop a global constraint-based inference process that leverages an existing knowledge base to enforce relational constraints among terms and thus improves the classifier predictions. Our experimental evaluation shows that our approach significantly outperforms other systems built upon the existing well-known knowledge sources.
Conformational properties of trans Ac‐Asn‐Pro‐Tyr‐NHMe and trans Ac‐Tyr‐Pro‐Asn‐NHMe in dimethylsulfoxide and in water determined by multinuclear n.m.r. spectroscopy

Vicinal coupling constants between various nuclei provide backbone and side-chain conformational information for a series of asparagine- and tyrosine-containing peptides in DMSO and in H2O. By enriching Tyr of Ac-Asn-Pro-Tyr-NHMe with 15N, it has been possible to distinguish between the resonances of the two side-chain beta protons of Tyr. Analysis of the coupling constants in terms of the distributions of side-chain conformations in these peptides indicates that the addition of Asn to the Pro-Tyr sequence leads to a less random conformational distribution. When compared to the side-chain rotamer distribution of Ac-Asn-NHMe and Ac-Tyr-NHMe, particular Asn and Tyr side-chain conformations of Ac-Asn-Pro-Tyr-NHMe are stabilized in dimethylsulfoxide solution. The interaction(s) which stabilize a unique Tyr side-chain conformation of Ac-Asn-Pro-Tyr-NHMe in dimethylsulfoxide are not present in Ac-Ala-Pro-Tyr-NHMe and are unaffected by the addition of Val-Pro to the C-terminus of Asn-Pro-Tyr. In water, a preferential stabilization of one Asn side-chain conformation of Ac-Asn-Pro-Tyr-NHMe is also observed, while the Tyr side-chain rotamer distribution is similar to that of Ac-Tyr-NHMe. An interaction between the Asn side chain and the Pro-Tyr-NHMe backbone was previously shown to stabilize a beta-bend conformation at Pro-Tyr in water. Data are also presented for Ac-Tyr-Pro-Asn-NHMe, for which local interactions do not stabilize particular backbone conformations in dimethylsulfoxide or in water. The conformations of the peptides studied here are relatively insensitive to temperatures between 27 degrees and 62 degrees, both in dimethylsulfoxide and in water. The sequences Asn-Pro-Tyr and Tyr-Pro-Asn occur in ribonuclease A, and these tripeptides serve as models for the interactions involved in the folding of this protein.
Hyperglycemia in the absence of cilia accelerates cystogenesis and induces renal damage

In polycystic kidney disease (PKD), the rate of cyst formation and disease progression is highly variable. The lack of predictability in disease progression may be due to additional environmental f...
Epidemiology of jellyfish stings reported to poison centers in Texas

This study examined the relationship between selected factors and all human exposures involving jellyfish stings reported to Texas poison centers. Cases were obtained retrospectively from calls to poison centers in Texas and included all reported human exposures during 1998-2004 involving jellyfish stings. The distribution of cases was determined for a variety of demographic and clinical parameters. There were 423 total cases. Among the cases with a known patient age, 19.8% were 19 years of age. Males accounted for 52% of the cases. Of the 118 cases with a known clinical outcome, 0.8% had no effect, 80.5% had minor effects, and 18.6% had moderate effects. Counties along the Gulf Coast accounted for 72.3% of the calls. This information can be used to identify those portions of the population most at need of education regarding the prevention and treatment of jellyfish stings.
“Eating for outsiders”: cancer causation discourse among the Inupiat of Arctic Alaska

Objectives. Cancer is the leading cause of death among Alaska Natives. Although cancer mortality rates are widely studied, as well as high-risk behaviours in relation to site-specific tumors, little is known about Alaska Native understandings of cancer. This study explores how Inupiat living in northwest Alaska conceptualize the etiology, transmission and prevention of cancer. Study Design. Long-term ethnographic research. Methods. Qualitative research was conducted in northwest Alaska over the course of 30 months, including 8 months accompanying an Inupiaq family on their seasonal rounds to hunting and fishing camps. In addition, open-ended interviews were conducted with 50 Inupiaq men and women, and the life histories of 3 Inupiaq healers were recorded. Results. Inupiat spoke of cancer as a germ-induced condition that emerged from the “outside.” Routes of infection include the ingestion of contaminated food and water, as well as inhalation or injection of outside agents. “Bad-blood” was considered a precursor to, and product of, cancer. Inupiaq discourse about cancer prevention focused on consuming foods that strengthened the blood, including meat harvested from the country. Educational efforts that focused on lowering risk by eating diets low in meat and fat and high in fruit and vegetables were rejected as an assault from outsiders on their hunting way of life. Conclusions. The development of meaningful cancer prevention and early detection programs must be sensitive not only to cultural conceptions of disease but also to relations of power in which recommendations and policies are constituted and asserted. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2008; 67(4):374-383) Keywords: Inupiat, Alaska Native, cancer, health, public health policy
Student-on-Student Sexual Orientation Harassment: Legal Protections for Sexual Minority Youth

Like all teens, sexual minority youths (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) face many challenges, including student-on-student sexual orientation harassment. The authors examine recent research into the relative frequency, the potential impact, and school district responsibility to protect sexual minority youths from ongoing student-on-student harassment perpetrated on the basis of real or perceived sexual orientation. Federal courts are holding school districts liable under certain conditions for failing to protect sexual minority youths from harassment. The authors discuss the controversy school leaders may face when developing policies and practices to support sexual minority youths in their schools. The authors also provide several recommendations for school leaders to provide support for sexual minority youths and protect the district from liability.
Phase-locking of auditory-nerve discharges to sinusoidal electric stimulation of the cochlea.

Abstract The activity of auditory-nerve fibers was recorded in anesthetized cats in response to sinusoidal electric stimuli applied through a bipolar electrode pair inserted about 5 mm into the cochlea through the round window. The synchronization index was calculated from period histograms for frequencies ranging from 0.2 to over 10 kHz. The stimulus artifact was largely eliminated through the use of differential micropipettes and an adaptive digital filter. Measured synchronization indices were many times larger than the indices that could be attributed to the residual stimulus artifact. Synchronization indices at each stimulus frequency varied considerably from fiber to fiber, even in the same animal. The dependence of synchrony on stimulus frequency was also variable, decreasing monotonically in some fibers and nonmonotonically in others. The average electric synchronization index for all fibers did not fall as steeply with frequency as does the average synchrony for acoustic stimuli. The finding of significant phase locking to electric stimuli well above 1 kHz suggests that the poor frequency discrimination of cochlear-implant recipients for single-channel stimulation above this frequency may be due to the inability of the central procesor to make effective use of the available phase-locking information for monaural stimulation.
Effective lonization coefficients in a non-LTE cesium plasma

Abstract The effect of large electric fields on the ionization and recombination rate in a cesium plasma has been investigated. The calculation involved a simultaneous solution of the rate equations and the Boltzmann equation. The collision terms in the Boltzmann equation include the elastic, inelastic and the electron-electron Coulomb collisions. The effects of departures from the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions on the rate of ionization are discussed.
X-ray characterization of germanium nanoclusters in silica thin films

Abstract Ge nanoclusters in silica films were prepared either by electron beam evaporation of germanium and silica (PVD) or by evaporation and simultaneous ion bombardment (IBAD), both followed by post-deposition annealing. The two preparation methods are compared regarding the resulting cluster size and size distribution. The cluster size was calculated from the FWHM of different diffraction peaks. These results were compared for some selected films with high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Clusters from 20 to 300 A were observed. A correlation between cluster size and the Ge concentration is seen. The concentration of Ge in the IBAD films depends on sputtering that is arrival rate (Ge/SiO 2 ) dependent. The IBAD films showed smaller Ge cluster sizes and narrower size distributions than the PVD films.
Biotinated Probe Containing a Long-Terminal Repeat Hybridized to a Mouse Colon Tumor and Normal Tissue

The cloned complementary DNA pMCT-1, which contains an intracisternal A particle long-terminal repeat, is more highly expressed in a mouse colon tumor than in the normal mouse colon. In situ hybridization of biotin-substituted pMCT-1 to fixed frozen sections shows that expression of pMCT-1 is seen throughout the tumor and is highly heterogeneous on a cellular basis, while expression is undetectable in any cell in the normal colonic mucosa.
A Comparison of Negative-Pressure Dressings Versus Bolster and Splinting of the Radial Forearm Donor Site

Objective Negative-pressure dressings (NPDs) have been reported to improve split-thickness skin graft survival in some settings; we assessed whether NPDs could improve skin graft results in radial forearm donor sites. Methods Between October 2003 and November 2004, 45 radial forearm donor sites underwent split-thickness skin graft immobilization either with conventional bolster dressing and splint or with an NPD. Split-thickness skin graft take was recorded at 1 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Results Overall split-thickness skin graft healing was improved in the NPD group (92%) compared with the case of conventional splinting (81%) at 4 weeks ( P = .10). The rate of major graft loss was less in NPDs (10%) compared with the case of conventional management (28%) after 4 weeks ( P = .06). Conclusions Split-thickness skin graft survival was significantly improved by the use of NPDs. Because the use of NPDs is expensive, we consider their use only in patients with potential wound-healing problems, when there is a need to monitor the hand, or when immediate postoperative hand immobilization might impede the patient’s recovery.
Elevation of intrarenal adenosine by maleic acid decreases GFR and renin release

Elevation of intrarenal adenosine by maleic acid decreases GFR and renin release. Maleic acid administration produces a defect in tubular reabsorption resembling that seen in the Fanconi syndrome and also causes a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The mechanism by which maleic acid alters renal function is uncertain, though the tubular defect is known to be associated with decreased ATP levels. Because of this alteration in nucleotide metabolism the present study was undertaken to determine the role of elevated endogenous adenosine in mediating the maleic acid–induced changes in renal function. Since the renal effects of exogenous adenosine are enhanced by sodium–depletion and attenuated by sodium–loading, the present study compared the time course of the effects of maleic acid on renal function in 10 dogs maintained on a low sodium diet, and 10 dogs maintained on a high sodium diet. In additon, we examined the effect of maleic acid on adenosine levels in renal venous plasma, on the urinary excretion of adenosine, and the effect of the adenosine antagonist, theophylline, on the maleic acid–induced changes in renal function. After 100min of maleic acid, GFR was decreased significantly by 55 ± 4% of control in the sodium–depleted dogs, and by 39 ± 4% of control in the sodium–loaded dogs. In the sodium–depleted dogs, renin release was also significantly depressed (12 ± 8% of control) during the infusion of maleic acid. The fractional excretion of sodium was significantly increased in both groups. The renal venous concentration of adenosine and the urinary excretion of adenosine were both significantly increased during maleic acid. In addition, the infusion of theophylline returned GFR to 78 ± 8% of control in the sodium–depleted dogs and 97 ± 2% of control in the sodium–loaded dogs and returned renin release to 61 ± 10% of control, but did not attenuate the maleic acid–induced increase in fractional sodium excretion. These data suggest that endogenous adenosine may be involved in the decrease in GFR, but not the decrease in tubular transport, seen with maleic acid infusion.
Evaluation of a unique bovine collagen matrix for soft tissue repair and reinforcement.

Veritas® Collagen Matrix, a product of Synovis Surgical Innovations, is derived from bovine pericardium. It can be used for a number of applications including body wall repair and replacement. In this study, we evaluated its efficacy as an adhesion barrier in a rabbit model of uterine horn surgery. When Veritas® was placed on the uterine horn stump it reduced the incidence of adhesions by 50% (n.s.) compared with untreated controls. Histologic analysis of recovered material showed that the surface was covered with a monolayer of mesothelial-like cells. In addition, there was an infiltration of host cells into the matrix of the product, which suggests a replacement of the material with host tissue.
Grazers and vitamins shape chain formation in a bloom-forming dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides.

Predators influence the phenotype of prey through both natural selection and induction. We investigated the effects of grazers and nutrients on chain formation in a dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, which forms dense blooms and has deleterious effects on marine ecosystems around the world. Field populations of C. polykrikoides formed longer chains than laboratory cultures without grazers. In the field, chain length of C. polykrikoides was positively correlated with the abundance of the copepod Acartia tonsa. Chain length of C. polykrikoides increased when exposed to live females of A. tonsa or its fresh (<24 h post-isolation) exudates for 48 h. These results suggest that dissolved chemical cues released by A. tonsa induce chain formation in C. polykrikoides. Ingestion rate of A. tonsa on four-cell chains of C. polykrikoides was lower than on single cells, suggesting that chain formation may be an effective anti-grazing defense. Finally, nutrient amendment experiments demonstrated that vitamins (B1, B7, and B12) increased the chain length of C. polykrikoides both singly and collectively, while trace metals and inorganic nutrients did not, showing that vitamins may also influence chain formation in this species.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF SURFACE-WIND OSCILLATIONS IN A HEATED BASIN

Abstract Hodographs of resultant surface winds are presented for each hour of the day for July and August at stations in the Columbia Basin of eastern Washington and Oregon. Marked diurnal wind variations occur at all stations, and most are related to local topography. The end point of the resultant wind vector usually turns clockwise, although at some stations it shows a tendency to turn counterclockwise during part of the day. Departures of resultant winds at individual hours from the average of all 24 resultant winds at the station show flow out of the basin during the day and inflow at night. A phase difference occurs between the western and eastern slopes of the basin. This difference appears related to inland progression from western Washington of a large-scale sea-breeze circulation.
Cd/Ca in late Miocene benthic foraminifera and changes in the global organic carbon budget

The late Miocene carbon shift (∼6.2 Myr)—a 0.5–1.0‰, δ13C decrease in benthic and planktonic foraminifera—has been ascribed to changes in global inventory, deep-ocean circulation, and/or productivity1–16. Cadmium, δ13C, and nutrients in the ocean are linked; comparison of δ13C and Cd/Ca yields circulation and chemical inventory information not available from either alone17,18. We determined Cd/Ca ratios in late Miocene benthic foraminifera from DSDP Site 289. Results include: (1) late Miocene Pacific Cd/Ca values fall between those of late Quaternary Atlantic and Pacific benthic foraminifera; (2) there are no systematic Cd/Ca offsets between Cibicidoides kullenbergi, Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Uvigerina spp.; and (3) there is a very slight Cd/Ca change coincident with δ13C. Cd/Ca, slightly higher in younger, isotopically lighter samples, exhibits a smaller increase than predicted if circulation were the primary cause of the carbon shift. The carbon shift may have been due to a long-term shift in the steady-state carbon isotope input or to a change in the sedimentation of organic carbon relative to calcium carbonate.
Thermodynamics of the fully frustrated quantum Josephson-junction array: A hybrid Monte Carlo study.

We use a hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate the thermodynamic properties of a two-dimensional periodic array of fully frustrated quantum Josephson junctions. We find a variety of metastable configurations that correspond to spatial domain boundaries that are also present in classical arrays. In previous work, due to long temporal correlations between configurations in diffusive Monte Carlo algorithms, such metastable states were interpreted as evidence for a quantum-induced low-temperature first-order transition.
Treviño and Weaver's Reply to Jones and Wicks

The article presents a rebuttal to “Convergent Stakeholder Theory,” by T. M. Jones and A. C. Wicks. The authors explain their reasoning behind suggesting their own phrase to represent the more commonly used “stakeholder theory.” This alternative phrase was suggested because the word “theory” seems over-used to the authors and they feel that an alternative term will offer clarification to nonstakeholder researchers. The authors also explain that there are tensions within the stakeholder aspect of management that make integration efforts challenging.
An Experimental Study on Robustness and Process Capability of the Warm Hydroforming Process

The warm sheet hydroforming process was investigated to determine the optimal process conditions of temperature, pressure, and pressurization rate for maximum formability of AA5754-O using an experimental stretch forming die shape. The optimal process conditions were evaluated to determine the robustness and process capability based on physical measurement of formed parts including thickness strain, cavity fill ratio, and radius of curvature. For the simple die shape investigated, a temperature of 268°C, a pressure of 25 MPa, and a pressurization rate of 0.22 MPa/s provided the most balanced combination of uniform thickness strain with the greatest cavity fill ratio and sharpest radius. Temperature had a greater effect on measured properties than either pressure or pressurization rate, although the effect of pressure increased as temperature decreased. The procedures demonstrated in this experimental study could be used to optimize process parameters for robust operation of production applications for more complex automotive body panels fabricated by the warm hydroforming process.
Prosthodontics for pediatric patients with congenital/developmental orofacial anomalies: A long-term follow-up

Patients afflicted with congenital/developmental anomalies of the oral/head and neck regions present the prosthodontist with unique esthetic and functional restorative challenges. This article reviews the various pediatric patient categories that would benefit from placement of "vital" overdentures. A long-term follow-up of patients seen over 25 years of practice is presented with a focus on complications such as temporomandibular joint stability, caries, soft tissue and bony support changes, and denture adaptation. Longitudinal follow-up of these patients indicates that, although problems occur with overdenture therapy, the benefits of this treatment far outweigh the complications.
Fully distributed bad data processing for wide area state estimation

This paper exploits the possibility of fully distributed bad data processing for wide area state estimation in large interconnected power systems. Built upon our recent work on fully distributed state estimation, in which no central coordinator is needed for provable convergence of state estimation with the centralized results, this paper presents a new method to detect and identify bad measurement data in such a distributed setting. Based on the concept of error residual spread decomposition, each administrative control area performs its own Chi-squares test and largest normalized residual test. Only the largest normalized residual for each control area is exchanged with a predetermined set of control areas, all of which belong to the same error residual spread area. The communication burden for the control areas is moderate, therefore, the proposed method is applicable as part of real-time wide area monitoring tools. Numerical examples using the IEEE 14-bus system show that the proposed distributed bad data processing algorithm leads to the same results as centralized methods.
Bivariate Nonparametric Tests for the One-Sample Location Problem

Abstract Many nonparametric competitors to Hotelling's T2 test lack T 2's property of invariance under linear transformations. Such tests have power and efficiency that depend on the direction of shift and the covariance matrix of the alternative distribution. This article modifies a previously proposed bivariate sign test and signed rank test to overcome this difficulty. Asymptotic results and a Monte Carlo study indicate that the efficiency and small-sample power of the new procedures compare favorably to those of the original tests. An example illustrates the application of the new procedures.
Seeking help in large college classes: A person-centered approach

Abstract This study assessed students’ (N=883) levels of help-seeking threat, their intentions to seek help, help-seeking goals, preferred helping resources, class-related motivation, and use of learning strategies. Hierarchical cluster analysis suggested four homogeneous groups, with 17% of the students that could be described as strategic/adaptive, formal help seekers and 23% as help-seeking avoidant, expedient help seekers. Strategic/adaptive students were more motivated, had higher mastery approach achievement goal levels, use of rehearsal (the strategy highly related to performance) and course grades. Help-seeking avoidant students were more anxious, performed more poorly and relied less on rehearsal and more on organization strategies. Help-seeking avoidant students also had higher mastery avoid, performance approach, and performance avoid achievement goal orientations.
A Continuous Suture Technique for Mitral Valve Replacement

Abstract The use of continuous suturing in mitral valve replacement is discussed. Because of its advantages, the technique merits more widespread use.
Cancers of the salivary gland: Workplace risks among women and men

Abstract PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of salivary gland cancers associated with diverse occupations and industries. METHODS: A population-based case referent study utilized data obtained from a SEER program cancer registry for cases and by telephone interview for cases and referents to evaluate workplace risks of salivary gland cancer for black and white women and men. RESULTS: Significantly elevated odds ratios were observed among women employed as hairdressers and those working in beauty shops. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of salivary gland cancer is elevated among women employed as hairdressers. Further research should assess dyes, sprays, and other inhaled chemicals that may be acting as carcinogens.
HIV/AIDS in Botswana: President Festus G. Mogae's narrative of secular conversion.

Over the last decade, Botswana has been identified as a model for countries fighting against annihilation from HIV/AIDS. The country had the highest rate of HIV infections in the world in 2000, but by the end of Festus G. Mogae's presidential term in 2008 Botswana's situation had improved significantly, as residents were increasingly likely to get tested, obtain treatment, and discontinue practices of discrimination against the infected. This study seeks to contribute to a growing body of literature focusing on the communicative elements that played a role in Botswana's successes. More specifically, the purpose of this study is to explore Mogae's national speeches about HIV/AIDS to consider how his rhetoric may have encouraged Botswana's residents to alter their health-related beliefs and behaviors. We find that Mogae used a narrative of secular conversion (i.e., discourse with a pseudoreligious structure that positions problems as rooted in existing values and offers a new guiding principle as an antidot...
Thermally Stable Hole‐Transporting Materials Based upon a Fluorene Core

We report a new class of diamine hole-transporting materials (HTMs) based upon a fluorene core. Using a fluorene core, rather than a biphenyl group, leads to enhanced thermal stability, as evidenced by glass-transition (Tg) temperatures as high as 161 °C for N,N′-iminostilbenyl-4,4′-fluorene (ISF). The fluorene-based HTMs have lower ionization potentials (Ip) than their biphenyl analogs, which leads to more efficient injection of holes from the indium tin oxide (ITO) anode, and higher quantum efficiencies. Devices prepared with fluorene-based HTMs were operated under thermal stress. The failure of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) under thermal stress has a direct correlation with the thermal stability of the HTM that is in contact with the ITO anode. OLEDs based on ISF are stable to over 140 °C.
Expression of crossreactive idiotypes by human antibodies specific for the capsular polysaccharide of Hemophilus influenzae B.

Human antibodies specific, for polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate (PRP), the capsular polysaccharide of Hemophilus influenzae b, were studied using idiotypic analysis. Antisera were prepared against purified F(ab')2 anti-PRP from two unrelated adults, H.H. and P.T. After repeated absorption with IgG myeloma proteins and with PRP-absorbed normal human Ig and donor Ig, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) sera were obtained that specifically reacted with anti-PRP antibodies. Anti-IdHH and anti-IdPT reciprocally crossreacted with H.H. and P.T. anti-PRP antibodies and F(ab')2 fragments, and also reacted with the serum anti-PRP antibodies from three additional adults unrelated to P.T. and H.H. Both anti-Id sera partially inhibited anti-PRP paratopes but not anti-tetanus toxoid paratopes. PRP did not inhibit anti-Id recognition of shared or crossreactive idiotypic (CRI) determinants. Naturally occurring and PRP immunization-induced anti-PRP antibodies expressed CRI. While CRI titer increased after immunization, the increase was usually less than the rise in total anti-PRP antibody. Quantitative differences in CRI expression were also apparent between natural and immunization-induced H.H. and P.T. anti-PRP antibodies as shown by their differential inhibitability by anti-Id. Our data demonstrate that anti-PRP antibodies from five unrelated adults express CRI determinants that are probably distant from the PRP combining site. Naturally occurring and immunization-induced anti-PRP antibodies share CRI and therefore appear to be clonally related, although immunization apparently induces the expression CRI-negative antibodies as well. These results, taken with previous studies showing restricted and identical anti-PRP isoelectric focusing spectrotypes in unrelated adults, suggest that some PRP-specific V domains are structurally conserved and probably germ-line encoded.
An evidence-based review of the literature on the consequences of conservative versus aggressive discectomy for the treatment of primary disc herniation with radiculopathy.

Abstract Background context It remains unknown whether aggressive disc removal with curettage versus conservative removal of a disc fragment with little disc invasion provides a better outcome for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Purpose Determine the level of evidence within the clinical literature that supports the performance of a conservative versus aggressive technique for discectomy. Study design/setting Systematic evidence-based review of clinical literature. Patient sample Patients with primary lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Outcome measures Operative time, return to work status, recurrent disc herniation, self-reported, and functional measures assessed less than 2 years (short term) and greater than 2 years (long term) after surgery. Methods Systematic Medline search was performed to identify all published studies relating to outcome after aggressive or conservative discectomy. Levels of evidence (I–V) were assessed for each study and grades of recommendation were generated (Good, Fair, Poor, Insufficient evidence) based on the NASS Clinical Guidelines' Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendation. Results There is fair evidence that conservative discectomy will result in shorter operative times and a quicker return to work despite similar lengths of hospital stay, similar pain levels at discharge, similar 6-month functional status, and a similar 2-year incidence of persistent/recurrent back and leg pain. There is poor quality evidence that conservative discectomy will result in a lower incidence of recurrent back pain beyond 2 years postoperatively. There is fair quality evidence that conservative discectomy will result in a higher incidence of recurrent disc herniation. Conclusions There are no Level I studies to support conservative versus aggressive discectomy for the treatment of primary disc herniation. However, systematic review of the literature suggests that conservative discectomy may result in shorter operative time, quicker return to work, and a decreased incidence of long-term recurrent low back pain but with an increased incidence of recurrent disc herniation. Prospective randomized trails are needed to firmly assess this possible benefit.
Three-dimensional multigrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver for unstructured meshes

Turbulence is simulated using a single field-equation model. Computational overheads are minimized through the use of a single edge-based data structure, an efficient multigrid solution technique, and the use of multitasking on shared memory multiprocessors. The accuracy and efficiency of the code are evaluated by computing two-dimensional flows in three dimensions and comparing with results from a previously validated two-dimensional code that employs the same solution algorithm. The feasibility of computing three-dimensional turbulent flows on grids or several million points in less than 2 h of wall clock time is demonstrated
The Greening of Heart and Mind: A Love Story

Some environmentalists have argued that an effective ecological conscience may be rooted in a perspective that is either anthropocentric or sentiocentric. But, neither seems to have had any substantial effect on the ways in which our species treats nature. In looking to successfully awaken the ecological conscience, the focus should be on extending moral consideration to the land (wherein doing so includes all of the soils, waters, plants, animals, and the collectiv ity of which these things comprise) by means of coming to love the land. Coming to love the land involves coming to view the land’s interests as our own—and, conferring upon the land a kind of moral patient-hood. In order to perceive the land’s “subjectivity,” and so, to come to love the land, we must relearn the way to look at the land by viewing its personality through the lens of he or she who can already do so, i.e., the nature writer.
Marine biota, nearshore sediments, and the global carbon balance☆

Abstract Nearshore waters to a depth of 200 m constitute only 0.2% of the volume of the world's oceans, but they receive and process 25% of the oceans' input of organic carbon, between 6 and 7 × 10 15 g C per year. Man's activities during the past century have significantly increased both the supply of nutrients from land to coastal waters and the total sediment load carried by rivers and deposited in nearshore waters. The combination of increased primary productivity, due to increased supply of nutrients, and increased burial of organic matter, due to increased sedimentation, could sequester a significant fraction of the carbon released into the atmosphere by man as organic carbon in recent shallow-water sediments.
Dynamic pattern processing with adaptive excitable media

Abstract We use an excitable medium for dynamic pattern processing. For this purpose the autowave structures arising from the light-sensitive Belouzov-Zhabotinsky reaction could serve as attractors. The dynamics is simulated as a non-linear network with local interaction in terms of cellular automata. With the help of a set of threshold electrodes the actual state is projected into a space of bytes. At the end of the adaptation procedure for the parameters we achieved the ability of this system for pattern recognition. Dynamic and statis pattern processing are compared with respect to information capacity and adaption time.
Tobacco mosaic virus in dividing mesophyll cells of Nicotiana.

Abstract Cells in differentiating mesophyll of Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus divide in the presence of large accumulations of the virus. After the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis, scattered virus particles and small aggregates of particles occur among the chromosomes and continue to be associated with them until the late stages of mitosis. When the new daughter nuclei become enclosed in envelopes during late anaphase and telophase, virus particles are usually left outside the nuclear envelope.
Penetration of topical clindamycin into comedones

Comedones were removed from patients on topical clindamycin and assayed for that antibiotic by one of two methods. Prominent levels were found in eight of ten patients by one bioassay method. Once whole comedones from a patient were found to be positive, other comedones were microdissected to separate the external and internal portions. Prominent levels of clindamycin were found in the inner portion as early as 2 weeks. Further, the antibiotic could always be found in the internal portion when it was present in the external layers. Using the more sensitive of two bioassay methods, the whole comedonal level of clindamycin ranged from 0 to 5 μg/mg of comedonal material, with an average level of 0.824μg/mg. The significance of this is discussed.
Worsening Psychosis Induced by Varenicline in a Hospitalized Psychiatric Patient

Varenicline is a novel treatment for smoking cessation; however, the agent has not been well studied in a population with severe mental illness. Varenicline can reportedly cause neuropsychiatric adverse effects, some resulting in hospitalizations and/or suicides. We describe a case of clinician-observed, worsening psychotic symptoms in a patient with chronic mental illness who was receiving varenicline. A 45-year-old woman with bipolar disorder, mixed type with psychotic features, was admitted to a psychiatric hospital due to acute decompensation after she discontinued her drug therapy. Because of the facility's smoke-free policy, the patient was not permitted to smoke cigarettes during her hospitalization. Over the next several weeks, her condition was stabilized with psychotropic drugs. Her symptoms improved, and plans were made for her discharge. Varenicline was prescribed to manage her nicotine cravings. After 2 days of treatment, staff members noted worsening of the patient's psychotic symptoms and agitation. Varenicline was discontinued, the patient's mental status returned to baseline, and she was subsequently discharged. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship (score of 7) between the patient's worsening psychosis and her varenicline therapy. This case report provides valuable support of previously published cases that demonstrate the risk of exacerbation of psychotic symptoms with varenicline use in patients with severe mental illness. With proper assessment and management of varenicline-induced neuropsychiatric effects, health care professionals can provide an important role in helping to prevent and manage worsening psychiatric symptoms.
Analysis of Reusability of Secure Sketches and Fuzzy Extractors

Secure sketches and fuzzy extractors enable the use of biometric data in cryptographic applications by correcting errors in noisy biometric readings and producing cryptographic materials suitable for authentication, encryption, and other purposes. Such constructions work by producing a public sketch, which is later used to reproduce the original biometric and all derived information exactly from a noisy biometric reading. It has been previously shown that release of multiple sketches associated with a single biometric presents security problems for certain constructions. We continue the analysis to demonstrate that all other constructions are also prone to similar problems and cannot be safely reused even in the presence of very weak adversaries.
Differential effects of trypsin on the epidermis of Rana catesbeiana. Observations on differentiating junctions and cytoskeletons.

The filamentous cytoskeletons of epidermal cells of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were investigated by electron microscopy. Following treatment with trypsin, sheets of epithelium were removed from swatches of abdominal skin. Trypsinization produces differential effects on the ultrastructure of the various cell layers. The desmosomes of all layers, except those of the stratum corneum, are split by trypsinization and the resulting desmosomal plaques fastened to tonofilaments are retracted into cells to form deep “inpouchings” of the plasma membranes, while tonofilament bundles become diffuse. Epidermal sheets were gently homogenized to form a suspension of cell remnants with damaged plasma membranes as indicated by vital dye exclusion tests and electron microscopy. Cytoskeletons retain their shapes, yet the lateral distances between individual tonofilaments within bundles appear to increase, thus forming diffuse lacelike structures. These observations support the suggestion that tonofilament bundles, when fastened to desmosomes, have elastic properties. The possible role of the cytoskeletons in the maintenance of cell size and shape in an ion-transporting epithelium is discussed.