cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Areal electron beam lithography using a magnetic reticle

We propose an electron beam lithography system that would allow for pattern transfer from a magnetic reticle to a wafer. The reticle consists of a patterned magnetic media where magnetization of a nanomagnet stores a value of a pixel. Information stored on this media is transferred as a pattern onto the electron-resist via spin-polarized electrons photo-generated from the reticle and spin-filtered along the way to the wafer to generate contrast. It is speculated that such a system offers significantly higher throughput than a multielectron-beam lithography system and may outpace in flexibility, cost and throughput extreme ultra-violet-lithography systems that are currently being developed, while at least matching the resolution of both lithography systems.
Highway Tollbooth Worker

Ten o’clock hits, and I am nestled. Thermos, newspaper, radio, Pictures of my wife, my kids Dog-eared and taped to the glass. Midnight; traffic becomes lighter. A few gulps of coffee help Wash my heart pills down. Doc said “Take ‘em at bedtime” But when you work a double, You sometimes forget. Two o’clock comes; the night whispers. I turn up the radio Against the chill of the winter air And the stillness of this highway. Funny beats in my chest—it’s just the coffee. Four o’clock glides; the night is long. My legs are heavy, cramped; The sweet surrender of sleep Beckons like the soft hoot Of a barn owl, or the horn of a barge On some cold, black water nearby. Six o’clock settles; the dawn quietly peeks. Notes of sweetness arrive On the crisp morning breeze And my heart, now steady, Lifts and soars; my soul warms With thoughts of home.
Two experiments using learning rate to evaluate an experimenter developed tool for splay trees

We conducted two experiments evaluating Sketchmate, a tool used to teach the splay tree data structure and its algorithms. Learning and learning rates were compared across two groups, one using Sketchmate and the other using paper-and-pencil on practice problems. Results from Experiment I showed that when students used Sketchmate with minimal feedback, there were no significant differences across learning, time spent learning, or learning rate. Experiment II used a version of Sketchmate that provided richer feedback. Results showed similar learning but Sketchmate took significantly less time. Thus when feedback was added, learning rates were significantly greater relative to the paper-and-pencil condition. Discussion focuses on measuring learning rates when evaluating instructional tools.
Crack‐Propagation Rates in β″‐Alurnina

Specimens of sodium and silver β″-alumina were electrolyLed for 3ariom times and subsequently broken in bending. Using the Griffith equation, the lengths of the cracks after electrolysis were estimated as a function of electroljsis time. It way obsened that the crack length vs time plots were bimodal. During the early Ytages of crack propagation, the crack velocity war found to he independent of crack length. The rate of crack propagation in Na-β″-alumina was about three times batter than that in Ag-β″-alumina. Furthermore, in Na-β″-alumina, the rate of crack propagation was found to increase with increasing temperature. The dependence of crack velocity on temperature, the difference in crack-growth rates in Na-β-alumina and Ag-β″-alumina, and the fact that crack velocity is independent of crack length were rationalized in terms of a model that takes into account the transient nature of ionic flux to the growing crack.
Intra‐abdominal fibrosis after systemic and intraperitoneal therapy containing fluoropyrimidines

BACKGROUND Intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal fibrosis has been described as secondary to intraperitoneal (IP) administration of several chemotherapeutic agents, including carboplatin, mitoxantrone, and the combination of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. The IP administration of floxuridine (FUDR) is an effective and minimally toxic treatment for patients with metastases to the peritoneum. An increasing number of patients with colorectal, gastric, or ovarian carcinoma are treated with IP chemotherapy. METHODS The authors report two patients with metastatic colon carcinoma who experienced severe intra-abdominal fibrosis presenting as an intra-abdominal mass mimicking recurrence in one patient and diffuse encasement of the bowel in the other, after the administration of IP FUDR and leucovorin. RESULTS Two patients with Stage III colon adenocarcinoma received postoperative adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and levamisole. They subsequently presented with a rise in carcinoembryonic antigen level and isolated liver metastasis. They underwent hepatic lobectomy with postoperative intra-arterial hepatic FUDR and systemic 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin. They each had an intra-abdominal recurrence, which was resected and treated with postoperative IP FUDR and leucovorin. They then presented with a diffuse pattern of IP fibrosis with no tumor identified. CONCLUSIONS IP FUDR and leucovorin therapy can be associated with diffuse IP fibrosis, which in this study caused an intra-abdominal mass that was indistinguishable from recurrent malignancy in one patient and encasement of the bowel in the other. Cancer 2000;88:2447–51. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Future pharmacological treatment of cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by over 850 different mutations in the CF gene. It is useful to group these mutations according to the defect that results in the
Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) and Sulfotransferases Contribute Significantly to the Disposition of Genistein in Mouse Intestine

The low bioavailability of genistein has impeded its development into a therapeutic agent. Our earlier studies indicate that glucuronidation is one of the major barriers to genistein oral bioavailability. This study will determine how sulfotransferases and efflux transporters affect its intestinal disposition. A rodent intestinal perfusion model and S9 fractions were used. Sulfate excretion rates were comparable to glucuronide excretion in mouse small intestine but significantly higher than glucuronide excretion in mouse colon, which is different from rat intestinal disposition but similar to disposition in Caco-2 cells. To define efflux transporter(s) involved in sulfate excretion, two organic anion inhibitors (estrone sulfate and dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate) or a multidrug resistance protein inhibitor (MK-571) were used but neither was able to decrease the excretion of genistein sulfates. In contrast, the excretion of genistein sulfate decreased substantially (>90%) in small intestine of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) knockout mice and became undetectable in colon of the knockout mice. The excretion rates of genistein glucuronide in the small intestine of BCRP knockout mice were also significant decreased (78%). This study shows clearly that BCRP facilitates the cellular genistein sulfate excretion by removing sulfates to prevent their backward hydrolysis and to limit substrate inhibition, indicating that BCRP plays a dominant role in genistein sulfate excretion and a significant role in genistein glucuronide excretion in the mouse intestine.
Cost differential and welfare effects of interventionist trade policies in oligopolistic international trade

Abstract We consider the situation where a foreign firm penetrates a domestic market and a domestic government implements interventionist trade policies to protect domestic producers. This article investigates the impact of such policies on world welfare, which is defined to be the sum of domestic welfare and foreign welfare. As regards interventionist trade policies, we consider not only an output ceiling or capacity constraint but also taxes on the foreign firm and subsidies on the domestic firms. We examine under what conditions the interventionist trade policies achieve the two objectives of protecting the domestic producers and of improving world welfare. It is shown that the cost differential between the foreign firm and the domestic firms plays a crucial role in achieving these two objectives. In particular, an output ceiling and taxes on the foreign firm achieve them only when the foreign firm's marginal cost is considerably higher than the domestic firms' marginal costs, while subsidies achieve them not only when the foreign firm's marginal cost is higher than the domestic firms' marginal costs, but also when the foreign firm's marginal cost is lower than the domestic firms' marginal costs but when the cost differential is relatively small. We also discuss how these results are affected when the domestic market structure changes.
The Zygote Argument is invalid: Now what?

Alfred Mele’s original Zygote Argument is invalid. At most, its premises entail the negative thesis that free action is incompossible with deterministic laws, but its conclusion asserts the positive thesis that deterministic laws preclude (make impossible, undermine) free action. The original, explanatory conclusion of the Zygote Argument can be defended only by supplementing it with a best-explanation argument that identifies deterministic laws as menacing. (By the same reasoning, it follows that every manipulation argument pinpointing a specific threat to free will requires a best-explanation argument). Arguably, though, the best explanation for the manipulation victim’s lack of freedom and responsibility is his constitutive luck, which is a problem irrespective of the natural laws that obtain. This proposed explanation leads to a new “diagnostic” version of the Zygote Argument which concludes that free action is impossible even though deterministic laws pose no threat whatsoever to free will.
Change in the Making: Makerspaces and the Ever-Changing Landscape of Libraries

Makerspaces and accompanying technologies are exciting new services being offered in libraries. However, these come with their own challenges and successes. Training for maker learning locations continues to be difficult to obtain. Inservice librarians rely on peers in the field and online resources for their training. Most preservice librarians are graduating each semester not knowing the skills needed to maintain and serve in makerspaces. As library services continue to change what skill sets are needed to sustain the ever-changing library environment? In this study, 12 interviews were conducted one-on-one with librarians possessing makerspace facilities in their library settings. The interviews were used to gain feedback regarding the makerspace locations in each library. Interviews were digitally audiotaped and transcribed. Results were organized into thematic codes using NVivo 10 qualitative data analysis software. Some emergent themes include librarian and patron training, makerspace implementation, staffing models, and overall reactions.
Defensive programming: using an annotation toolkit to build DoS-resistant software

This paper describes a toolkit to help improve the robustness of code against DoS attacks. We observe that when developing software, programmers primarily focus on functionality. Protecting code from attacks is often considered the responsibility of the OS, firewalls and intrusion detection systems. As a result, many DoS vulnerabilities are not discovered until the system is attacked and the damage is done. Instead of reacting to attacks after the fact, this paper argues that a better solution is to make software defensive by systematically injecting protection mechanisms into the code itself. Our toolkit provides an API that programmers use to annotate their code. At runtime, these annotations serve as both sensors and actuators: watching for resource abuse and taking the appropriate action should abuse be detected. This paper presents the design and implementation of the toolkit, as well as evaluation of its effectiveness with three widely-deployed network services.
Molecular characterization of highly gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates lacking high-level streptomycin resistance

Antimicrobial susceptibilities and DNA contents were analyzed for six clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis that had high-level resistance to gentamicin (MIC > 2,000 micrograms/ml) but not streptomycin and were obtained from patients in diverse geographic areas. Contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis of genomic DNA showed all isolates to be different strains. Gentamicin resistance was transferred from four isolates to plasmid-free enterococcal recipients in filter matings. Restriction enzyme analysis of transconjugants showed distinct gentamicin resistance plasmids. A probe specific for the gentamicin resistance determinant hybridized to the plasmids of four isolates and to the chromosomes of two isolates. These findings suggest that clonal dissemination is not responsible for the spread of these resistant strains, that resistance determinants occur on different plasmids as well as on the chromosome of E. faecalis, and that the genetic determinants of resistance are related.
Teaching NeuroImages: Radiation-associated symptomatic carotid artery disease with ipsilateral radiodermatitis

A 68-year-old man with a history of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue treated with external beam radiation therapy in 2007 presented in 2013 with acute onset expressive aphasia and right lower facial weakness. MRI confirmed an acute infarct in the left frontal cortex. CT angiography revealed occlusion vs critical stenosis of the left internal carotid artery, new from 2007. Examination of the patient's neck revealed ipsilateral radiodermatitis (figure). Therapeutic neck irradiation has been associated with accelerated atheromatous disease, carotid artery stenosis, and increased risk of stroke.1,2 Ipsilateral radiodermatitis may be a sign of underlying carotid artery stenosis.
Swelling of thin films. I. Acrylamide–N‐isopropylacrylamide copolymers in water

The swelling curves of 6μ films of low conversion homopolymers and copolymers of acrylamide (AM) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) were obtained in water by an optical microscope technique. Poly(AM) swelled appreciably faster than poly(NIPAM) but there was no apparent correlation between overall swelling rate and copolymer composition. A 57/43 (mole %) AM–NIPAM copolymer swelled fastest. Sequence distribution calculations indicated that its backbone structure tended toward comonomer alternation, which might reduce the extent of hydrogen bonding in the film. The amount of water sorbed during swelling, as approximated from increasing film thickness, was proportional to the square root of time and agreed well with previous work in the literature. Homopolymer films from runs of ca. 50% conversion consistently swelled slower than their low conversion counterparts, probably due to branching and increased entanglements. Heating also promoted slower film swelling due to a tightening of the film structure and/or a low degree of imidization. Monomer reactivity ratios and Alfrey-Price Q and e values for NIPAM were calculated. Cloud points of 5% aqueous solutions of the copolymers were measured and found to decrease with increasing NIPAM content.
Hydrothermal syntheses and structures of bimetallic organoarsonate compounds of the M(II)–imine/MoxOy/RAsO32− family (M = Ni, Cu, Zn)

Abstract Hydrothermal reactions of MoO3, an appropriate metal salt, an imine ligand, an organoarsonic acid, and an acid mineralizer yielded a series of compounds of the M(II)–imine/MoxOy/RAsO32− family. Under the low temperature conditions of this study, molecular species predominated as illustrated by the isolated hexamolybdoarsonate clusters of (H2bpy′)2[Mo6O18(O3AsC6H5)2]·4H2O (1·4H2O) and [Co(phen)3][Mo6O17(OH)(H2O) (O3AsC6H5)2]·4H2O (2·4H2O) and the secondary metal decorated clusters [{M(bpy)2}Mo6O18(O3AsC6H4NH2)2] (M = Co(3), Ni(4), Zn(5) and [{Cu(dpyra)(H2O)}2Mo6O18(O3AsC6H5)2] (6) and the dodecamolybdoarsonate cluster (Hdpyra)2[{Cu(dpyra)(H2O)2}Mo12O34(O3AsC6H5)4]·6H2O (7·6H2O). The only extended structure is provided by the two-dimensional phase [{Cu(bpy)(H2O)}2Mo6O18(O3AsC6H4NH2)2]·3H2O (8·3H2O) (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, phen = o-phenanthroline, dpyra = dipyridylamine, bpy′ = 4,4′-bipyridine).
Observations on the oxidation and reduction of platinum(II) nitro complexes

Abstract In the course of some experiments on the polarographic reduction of the nitro group in [Pt(NH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2)(NO2)]Br, two interesting observations have been made. o 1. (1) The original material, when allowed to stand in dilute aqueous perchloric acid, yielded crystals of the polymeric substance [{Pt(dien)NO2}Br2]n; this was apparently formed by oxidation of the starting material by nitrite ion, which was formed by aquation. 2. (2) The reduction product, [Pt(dien)(NH3)]2+, when treated with either PtCl42− or PtCl62−, yielded crystals of the composition [Pt(dien)(NH3)][PtCl4]. Evidently, the PtCl62− is reduced to PtCl42+ by the complex platinum(II) ammine cation.
MOTHERS' INTERACTIONS WITH TEMPERAMENTALLY FRUSTRATED INFANTS

A sample of 162six-month-old infants was selected from a larger sample of 346 infants on the basis of mothers' report of their infants' temperament and a laboratory assessment of temperament. Infants were classified as easily frustrated or less frustrated and observed in several types of interactions with their mothers in the laboratory. Mothers completed several measures that indicated their level of parenting stress, psychological functioning, and marital adjustment. Maternal behavior with infants was coded along the dimensions of sensitivity, intrusiveness, and physical stimulation. Results indicated that maternal intrusiveness was related to infant temperament and that maternal physical stimulation was predicted by an interaction of infant temperament and mothers' perceived parenting stress. Implications of these findings for mother- infant interaction and subsequent child adjustment are discussed. RESUMEN: Un grupo muestra de 162infantes de seis meses de nacidos fue seleccionado de una muestra aun mayor de 346 infantes, sobre la base de lo que las madres reportaron acerca del temperamento de sus infantes y una evaluacion de laboratorio del temperamento. A los infantes se les dividioentre los que se frustraban facilmente y los menos frustrados, y se les observoen varios tipos de interacciones con sus madres en el laboratorio. Las madres completaron varias encuestas que indicaron su nivel de tension en cuanto al proceso de crianza, el funcionamiento sicologico, asicomo la adaptacion marital. La conducta materna con los infantes fue codificada a lo largo de las dimensiones de susceptibilidad, entremetimiento, y estimulacion fisica. Los resultados indicaron que el entremetimiento materno estaba relacionado con el temperamento del infante; ademas, que una interaccion entre el temperamento del infante y la tension acerca de la crianza, tal como era percibida por la madre, predecian el nivel de estimulacion fisica de la madre. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados en cuanto a la interaccion entre madre e infante y las subsecuentes adaptaciones del nino.
A Review of Bayesian Item Response Modeling: Theory and Applications

The primary reason Bayesian methods have become increasingly soughtafter in educational statistics is their flexibility in evaluating complex models.Bayesian estimation of item response models has been argued to be more advan-tageous than marginalized maximum likelihood or maximum likelihood becauseof their ability to estimate parameters for complex data structures, such as hier-archical data or data that violate the basic assumptions of item response theory(IRT), success with smaller samples, no parameter drift, and parameter estimationin extreme response patterns (Albert, 1992; Fox, 2010; Lord, 1986; SwaminathanGAlbert, 1992; Patz & Junker, 1999) and the availability of open-access softwareprogramssuchasRand BUGS that facilitateMCMCestimation.Asaresult,thereisprolificgrowthinthenumberofpublishedarticlesthatuseBayesianestimation.This in turn has created a real need for a comprehensive source of information onBayesian approaches to IRT.Some other, relatively isolated, works on the topic exist. The classicbook, Item response theory: Parameter estimation techniques by Baker andKim (2004) addressed Bayesian estimation in only one chapter. The recentlypublishedExplanatoryitemresponsemodels:Ageneralizedlinearandnonlinearapproach edited by De Boeck and Wilson (2004) provided some examples ofBayesianestimationofitemresponsemodels.However,thistext emphasizedtheformulation of IRT models as generalized linear and nonlinear models and notBayesian estimation procedures. A psychometrician or an advanced student ofpsychometrics did not have a comprehensive guide that focused on the Baye-sian estimation of all aspects of IRT in detail along with some practical
HIF1α-Induced by Lysophosphatidic Acid Is Stabilized via Interaction with MIF and CSN5

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine that has broad effects on immune system and inflammatory response. A growing body of evidence implicates the role of MIF in tumor growth and metastasis. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid mediator, regulates colon cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and survival through LPA2 receptor. Loss of LPA2 results in decreased expression of MIF in a rodent model of colon cancer, but the mechanism of MIF regulation by LPA is yet to be determined. In this study, we show that LPA transcriptionally regulates MIF expression in colon cancer cells. MIF knockdown decreased LPA-mediated proliferation of HCT116 human adenocarcinoma cells without altering the basal proliferation rates. Conversely, extracellular recombinant MIF stimulated cell proliferation, suggesting that the effect of MIF may in part be mediated through activation of surface receptor. We have shown recently that LPA increases hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) expression. We found that MIF regulation by LPA was ablated by knockdown of HIF1α, indicating that MIF is a transcriptional target of HIF1α. Conversely, knockdown of MIF ablated an increase in HIF1α expression in LPA-treated cells, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between HIF1α and MIF. LPA stimulated co-immunoprecipitation of HIF1α and MIF, indicating that their association is necessary for stabilization of HIF1α. It has been shown previously that CSN9 signalosome subunit 5 (CSN5) interacts with HIF1α to stabilize HIF1α under aerobic conditions. We found that LPA did not alter expression of CSN5, but stimulated its interaction with HIF1α and MIF. Depletion of CSN5 mitigated the association between HIF1α and MIF, indicating that CSN5 acts as a physical link. We suggest that HIF1α, MIF, and CSN5 form a ternary complex whose formation is necessary to prevent degradation of HIF1α under aerobic conditions.
Two Processes of Change in Mandan‐Hidatsa Kinship Terminology

W E ALREADY have some understanding of the progressive stages in the breakdown of a Crow type kinship system under conditions of social change (Spoehr 1947; Eggan 1950), but we lack sufficient information on the actual processes and interactions involved in the shift from one basic kinship type to another. This paper deals with processes of kinship change in one village of Mandan-Hidatsa Indians living on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota.
Anthrax edema toxin induces maturation of dendritic cells and enhances chemotaxis towards macrophage inflammatory protein 3β.

Bacillus anthracis secretes two bipartite toxins, edema toxin (ET) and lethal toxin (LT), which impair immune responses and contribute directly to the pathology associated with the disease anthrax. Edema factor, the catalytic subunit of ET, is an adenylate cyclase that impairs host defenses by raising cellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Synthetic cAMP analogues and compounds that raise intracellular cAMP levels lead to phenotypic and functional changes in dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we demonstrate that ET induces a maturation state in human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) similar to that induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ET treatment results in downregulation of DC-SIGN, a marker of immature DCs, and upregulation of DC maturation markers CD83 and CD86. Maturation of DCs by ET is accompanied by an increased ability to migrate toward the lymph node-homing chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 3β, like LPS-matured DCs. Interestingly, cotreating with LT differentially affects the ET-induced maturation of MDDCs while not inhibiting ET-induced migration. These findings reveal a mechanism by which ET impairs normal innate immune function and may explain the reported adjuvant effect of ET.
Multiple Functions of the Southern Pine Beetle Pheromone Verbenone

Laboratory arrestment tests with Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman confirmed that a high concentration of the pheromone verbenone inhibits male response to the known attractants of this beetle. However, a very low concentration of verbenone combined with these attractants elicited significantly more male arrestment than did the attractants alone. Male stridulation also differed according to the concentration of verbenone present in the pheromone mixture. A low concentration evoked the “attractant” chirp characteristic of male response to the female attractant, but a medium concentration of verbenone evoked the male “rivalry” chirp characteristic of male fighting. Since it is known that females produce a small quantity and males a large quantity of verbenone, these different effects are suggested as multiple functions of the pheromone.
Submicrosecond all-optical switching in neodymium-doped fiber

Sub-microsecond all—optical switching in neodymium-doped fiberR. W. Sadowski, M. J. F. Digonnet, R. H. Pantell and H. J. ShawEdward L. Ginzton LaboratoryStanford UniversityStanford, CA 94305ABSTRACTWe report on optically induced, sub-microsecond optical switching in an elliptical core neodymiumdoped, two-mode fiber. The improved response time of this switch, which is three orders of magnitude
Shale gas production: potential versus actual greenhouse gas emissions

Estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shale gas production and use are controversial. Here we assess the level of GHG emissions from shale gas well hydraulic fracturing operations in the United States during 2010. Data from each of the approximately 4000 horizontal shale gas wells brought online that year are used to show that about 900 Gg CH4 of potential fugitive emissions were generated by these operations, or 228 Mg CH4 per well—a figure inappropriately used in analyses of the GHG impact of shale gas. In fact, along with simply venting gas produced during the completion of shale gas wells, two additional techniques are widely used to handle these potential emissions: gas flaring and reduced emission ‘green’ completions. The use of flaring and reduced emission completions reduce the levels of actual fugitive emissions from shale well completion operations to about 216 Gg CH4, or 50 Mg CH4 per well, a release substantially lower than several widely quoted estimates. Although fugitive emissions from the overall natural gas sector are a proper concern, it is incorrect to suggest that shale gas-related hydraulic fracturing has substantially altered the overall GHG intensity of natural gas production.
Transform-Based Computation of the Distribution of a Linear Combination of Random Variables Over Arbitrary Finite Fields

Several authors have developed a Hadamard (variously called FFT) transform technique for fast belief propagation over GF(q), where in all prior work q=2m for some m. The belief propagation step which employs the transform generalizes Gallager's lemma for computing the distribution of a sum of variables over a finite field. In this paper, the limitation to fields of characteristic 2 is eliminated, so that computations can take place over finite fields of arbitrary prime characteristic. This opens the door, for example, for BP decoding algorithms over the same fields that are used for algebraic geometry codes.
Comparison of muscle cell fiber types and oxidative capacity in gracilis, rectus femoris, and triceps brachii muscles in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)

Muscle cell fiber types in gracilis, rectus femoris, and long head of triceps brachii muscles of ferrets and dogs were identified on serial sections stained for myosin ATPase after preincubation at pH values of 9.8, 4.6, and 4.3 and for NADH-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) activity. Although fiber types I and II were identified, the ATPase stain did not demonstrate classic type IIA/IIB fiber differences in either species. However, two type II fiber subtypes could be distinguished in the ferret because they differed slightly in staining intensity with ATPase at pH 4.3 and markedly with NADH-TR. One ferret type II fiber (designated II dark or IID) was smaller, slightly darker on ATPase, more oxidative on NADH-TR, and comprised more muscle volume than the other type II fiber (designated II light IIL). The IID fibers of ferret may represent the IID/X fibers of other authors. Both ferret type II fiber subtypes stained darker at pH 4.3 than canine II fibers. The NADH-TR staining indicated high oxidative activity in canine and ferret type I fibers. In contrast, type II fibers in the dog and IIL fibers in the ferret were moderately oxidative. Canine type IIC fibers were intermediate between type I and type II, whereas in the ferret, type IIC fibers were highly oxidative, as were type IID fibers. Ferret muscles are more oxidative than canine muscles according to NADH-TR staining. Also, ferret muscles possess 40-100% higher citrate synthase activity as compared to canine muscles.
A Numerical Thermophoretic Model for Nanoparticle Deposition in an Aerosol Sampling Probe

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate convection, diffusion and thermophoretic transport of aerosol particles inside a particulate probe used for intrusive sampling of jet engine exhaust gases. Particulate losses occurring inside the probe due to diffusion and thermophoresis were quantified. The model was tested against results from previous theoretical and experimental investigations and was found to be reasonably accurate.
A multiple-input OTA circuit for neural networks

An operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) circuit suitable for modeling neurons in VLSI implementations of artificial neural networks (NN) is described. It generates an output voltage which is a sigmoidal-like function of the linear sum of a number of weighted inputs. The weight of each input is individually controlled by a bias voltage which can be varied continuously and dynamically. Large numbers of these cells can be fashioned in regular arrays. It appears to be efficient because each weighted connection is implemented with only two MOSFET transistors. >
Yeast polypeptide exit tunnel ribosomal proteins L17, L35 and L37 are necessary to recruit late-assembling factors required for 27SB pre-rRNA processing

Ribosome synthesis involves the coordinated folding and processing of pre-rRNAs with assembly of ribosomal proteins. In eukaryotes, these events are facilitated by trans-acting factors that propel ribosome maturation from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm. However, there is a gap in understanding how ribosomal proteins configure pre-ribosomes in vivo to enable processing to occur. Here, we have examined the role of adjacent yeast r-proteins L17, L35 and L37 in folding and processing of pre-rRNAs, and binding of other proteins within assembling ribosomes. These three essential ribosomal proteins, which surround the polypeptide exit tunnel, are required for 60S subunit formation as a consequence of their role in removal of the ITS2 spacer from 27SB pre-rRNA. L17-, L35- and L37-depleted cells exhibit turnover of aberrant pre-60S assembly intermediates. Although the structure of ITS2 does not appear to be grossly affected in their absence, these three ribosomal proteins are necessary for efficient recruitment of factors required for 27SB pre-rRNA processing, namely, Nsa2 and Nog2, which associate with pre-60S ribosomal particles containing 27SB pre-rRNAs. Altogether, these data support that L17, L35 and L37 are specifically required for a recruiting step immediately preceding removal of ITS2.
Leflunomide suppresses growth in human medullary thyroid cancer cells

Background Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Leflunomide (LFN) is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and its active metabolite teriflunomide has been identified as a potential anticancer drug. In this study we investigated the ability of LFN to similarly act as an anticancer drug by examining the effects of LFN treatment on MTC cells.
Computational Bundling for Auctions

Revenue maximization in combinatorial auctions (and other multidimensional selling settings) is one of the most important and elusive problems in mechanism design. The optimal design is unknown, and is known to include features that are not acceptable in many applications, such as favoring some bidders over others and randomization. In this paper, we instead study a common revenue-enhancement approach - bundling - in the context of the most commonly studied combinatorial auction mechanism, the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism. A second challenge in mechanism design for combinatorial auctions is that the prior distribution on each bidder's valuation can be doubly exponential. Such priors do not exist in most applications. Rather, in many applications (such as premium display advertising markets), there is essentially a point prior, which may not be accurate. We adopt the point prior model, and prove robustness to inaccuracy in the prior. Then, we present a branch-and-bound framework for finding the optimal bundling. We introduce several techniques for branching, upper bounding, lower bounding, and lazy bounding. Experiments on CATS distributions validate the approach and show that our techniques dramatically improve scalability over a leading general-purpose MIP solver.
Notes from the Field: Inequality and Fear in a Brazilian destination for “Academic Tourism”

“And how have you heard about our project?” Pause. “Ok, but have you read about the work already done...we already have something on microfinance, done by students from Oxford University.” Pause. “I see, I see, we also have something about that. There was a research done by some students from France on this topic.” Pause. “Look on the website, there is a list of all research projects already done here.” Long pause. “Ok, but when are you planning to come here? Now we have a student from Romania, in March we will have one from France, and a team of three from University of Columbia, and we will have some more planned by the end of the year.” Conversation ends. “Another one....one more study about our community bank.” I overheard this phone conversation when first visiting my field site. And, no, his tone was not one of joy or of pride.
The workfare state: public assistance politics from the New Deal to the New Democrats

Public assistance conditioned on employment is now a defining feature of the American welfare state. In The Workfare State: Public Assistance Politics from the New Deal to the New Democrats, Eva Be...
Assessment of contraceptive needs in women undergoing bariatric surgery.

Abstract Objective To evaluate documentation of contraception and counseling in women planning to undergo bariatric surgery. Study design Chart review of 1012 women ages 18–45years presenting for bariatric surgery evaluation. Data on socio-demographic variables, documented contraceptive method, preconception counseling, gynecology referrals and postoperative pregnancies were collected. Results The charts of only 272 women (26.9%) contained documentation of a contraceptive method; the most common was oral contraceptives ( n =132, 48.5%). Sixteen pregnancies were identified in the first 18months postoperatively. Conclusions Currently, the documentation of contraceptive counseling is lacking in clinical practice. Measures to enhance provider and patient awareness of these issues will improve patient care. Implications Pregnancy planning and documentation of perioperative contraceptive use in women undergoing bariatric surgery are suboptimal, placing these women at risk of unintended pregnancies. Future research should delineate the best practices in contraceptive provision in this high-risk population of women.
Food Habits of Red Drum and Spotted Seatrout in a Restored Mangrove Impoundment

Benthic resource utilization by red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) was studied in a restored, mangrove-rimmed impoundment (Cabbagehead Bayou) of Upper Tampa Bay, Florida, and in a nearby, natural site of unaltered tidal regime (Double Branch Bay). Diets of fish captured from August 1990 to May 1992 were determined from stomach content analysis. Simultaneously, food availability was evaluated by sampling benthic macroinvertebrates, mobile decapods, and small fish. Red drum and spotted seatrout utilized the restored habitat 1 yr after it was opened to tidal influence. Both species also were collected in the natural mangrove. Although there were noted differences in benthic assemblages between the two sites, red drum and spotted seatrout exhibited flexibility in diet, feeding on abundant and accessible prey. The high abundance of microcrustacea, such as amphipods, on detritus accumulated in the restored habitat constituted a main food resource for both fish species. Major food items in the diet of small (<200 mm) red drum were amphipods, mysids, and nereid and arenicolid polychaetes. Large (200-590 mm) red drum fed on polychaetes, xanthid crabs, palaemonid shrimp, and small fishes. Spotted seatrout preyed primarily upon mysids, shrimp, and small fishes, and to a lesser extent, upon a nereid polychaete. Our findings on fish feeding in a restored mangrove impoundment indicated that the detrital-associated benthic community is utilized by reinvading fish within a short time period, suggesting that not only habitat but food resources were augmented by the reopening of this wetland.
General effect of Sam68 on Rev/Rex regulated expression of complex retroviruses.

We have previously demonstrated that overexpression of Sam68 functionally substitutes for, as well as synergizes with, HIV-1 Rev in RRE-mediated gene expression and virus replication. In addition, C-terminal deletion mutants of Sam68 exhibit a transdominant negative phenotype in HIV replication. We now report that Sam68 also enhances the activities of Rev-like proteins of other complex retroviruses (e.g. HTLV-1 and EIAV) on their respective RNA targets. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Sam68 can function alone as well as synergize with Rev-MS2 and/or Rex-MS2 chimeric proteins on expression mediated by the corresponding RRE-MS2 fusion RNA element. Additionally, dominant negative mutants of Sam68 also repressed the synergistic activation of Sam68 with Rex, E-Rev, and/or Rev-MS2/Rex-MS2 on their corresponding RNA targets. Thus, Sam68 may play an important role in the post-transcriptional regulation of all complex retroviruses. Oncogene (2000) 19, 4071 - 4074
Nephrotic syndrome in children.

Mortality of children with the nephrotic syndrome has been lowered by aggressive treatment regimens designed to maintain remission from proteinuria.Use of a large dosage of corticotropin or adrenal corticosteroids for an extended period has been successful in modifying the altered permeability of the glomerular basement membrane to plasma proteins.In addition to employing intensive steroid therapy, symptomatic treatment and general principles of supportive care, it is most important that the physician establish an empathic relation with the family of the child with the nephrotic syndrome.
Treatment of Calcium Urolithiasis with Diphosphonate: Efficacy and Hazards

AbstractThe effect of treatment of renal stone formation with 5 to 20mg./kg. per day oral disodium ethane-l-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate for up to 30 months was examined in 12 patients with active renal (calcium) stone disease. The over-all incidence of stone passage decreased from 17.8 stones per year per patient before treatment to 7.7 stones per year per patient during therapy. Of the 12 patients 7 passed fewer stones or no stones during treatment. However, the incidence of stone passage was not changed substantially by disodium ethane-l-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate in 5 patients. Symptoms of muscle weakness and pain in the back, hips and shoulders occurred in 3 patients during treatment, 2 patients had an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase and 1 patient had a decrease in bone density. Although disodium ethane-l-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate may be clinically useful to manage calcium urolithiasis in certain patients its over-all use is limited because of its ineffectiveness in some patients and owing to i...
Measurement of Blood Volume in Adult Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Most biomedical facilities that use rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) limit the amount of blood that may be collected for experimental purposes. These limits typically are expressed as a percentage of blood volume (BV), estimated by using a fixed ratio of blood (mL) per body weight (kg). BV estimation ratios vary widely among facilities and typically do not factor in variables known to influence BV in humans: sex, age, and body condition. We used indicator dilution methodology to determine the BV of 20 adult rhesus macaques (10 male, 10 female) that varied widely in body condition. We measured body composition by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, weight, crown-to-rump length, and body condition score. Two indicators, FITC-labeled hydroxyethyl starch (FITC-HES) and radioiodinated rhesus serum albumin ((125)I-RhSA), were injected simultaneously, followed by serial blood collection. Plasma volume at time 0 was determined by linear regression. BV was calculated from the plasma volume and Hct. We found that BV calculated by using FITC-HES was consistently lower than BV calculated by using (125)I-RhSA. Sex and age did not significantly affect BV. Percentage body fat was significantly associated with BV. Subjects categorized as having 'optimal' body condition score had 18% body fat and 62.1 mL/kg BV (by FITC-HES; 74.5 mL/kg by (125)I-RhSA). Each 1% increase in body fat corresponded to approximately 1 mL/kg decrease in BV. Body condition score correlated with the body fat percentage (R(2) = 0.7469). We provide an equation for calculating BV from weight and body condition score.
Growth, Inflation and Employment: An Introduction

If we date an era of economic expansion as the period after the Second World War and extending up to the present time, we may note that this era did get off to a fine start in terms of macroeconomic indicators of growth, inflation and employment. As is shown in Table 18.1, the 1950s and 1960s were basically decades of good growth (in excess of 4 per cent for the world as a whole) with low or moderate inflation of about 3 to 4 per cent. Unemployment was not high. In the industrial world (OECD countries) unemployment also averaged no more than about 3 to 4 per cent.
Environmental Biochemodynamic Processes

Publisher Summary According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy and matter are neither created nor destroyed in any system. This law applies to any system in its entirety: a closed system, an ecosystem, or a human body. This chapter provides an explanation of environmental biochemodynamics processes. The ultimate closed system is the universe, containing cascades of closed systems down to subcellular systems. Environmental thermodynamics are discussed, which involve open systems. For a defined time period, reactors are closed systems to some extent, although well-insulated reactors frequently exchange heat with their surroundings. Chemical engineers are more likely to encounter quasi-closed systems than most environmental engineers who help to design incinerators or other reaction chambers, including bioreactors used in biotechnologies. Bioengineers who practice out in the field are working with an open system. Cellular thermodynamics, thermodynamics in abiotic and biotic systems, and biochemodynamics transport are also discussed.
Simulating the Effects of Trade Liberalisation

While estimates of ad valorem equivalents for nontariff barriers have important independent uses, such as the provision of a standard for assessing concessions in multilateral trade negotiations, they also constitute a key input into empirical analyses that quantify their trade and other economic effects. In other words, once nominal equivalents of NTBs have been derived using the procedures discussed in Chapter 2 this information can be utilised in general or partial equilibrium trade models to empirically assess the likely effects of their modification on policy variables such as employment, welfare, balance of payment and exchange rates, imports and exports, or prices and incomes. Since many of the studies surveyed in Chapter 5 deal with the influence of NTBs on these policy variables, it is important to understand how these effects have been estimated.
Fluorophore and protein conjugated Diels-Alder functionalized CVD graphene layers

Chemical modification of the graphene is emerging as a promising approach in producing graphene devices for electronics and nano/biotechnology applications. The electronic and chemical properties of graphene can be modified by Diels-Alder chemistry via formation of sp3 centers on the graphene lattice. Here we develop an approach of creating –COOH functional groups on CVD graphene using Diels-Alder reaction with hydrolysis. Conventionally, –COOH functional groups on graphene was often created using graphene oxide. In our approach, we functionalized a CVD graphene sheet and –COOH groups can be conjugated to fluorophores and proteins. This allows visualization of a graphene layer and estimation of functional group density using XPS with efficiency and convenience.
Midnight in Mexico: A Reporter’s Journey through a Country’s Descent into Darkness, by by Alfredo Corchado: New York, The Penguin Press, 2013, 284 pp., $10.99 (ebook), ISBN: 978-1-101-61783-0

In the past decade, Mexico has faced grave tensions between the drug cartels. Even though Mexican President Felipe Calderon first introduced a “war on drugs” in 2006, about 70,000 people in Mexico ...
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Outcomes in HIV-Infected and Non–HIV Patients at a Tertiary Care Center:

Purpose:To describe cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis outcomes in HIV-infected and non–HIV patients at a tertiary care center.Participants:Twenty-six eyes from 20 patients with active CMV retinitis were included in this study. Patients were immunocompromised due to HIV or secondary to immunosuppressive therapy for malignancy and organ transplantation.Methods:This is a retrospective, observational study of patients with newly diagnosed active CMV retinitis. The main outcomes included the incidence of visual acuity loss, the loss of visual acuity to 20/200 or worse, and the loss of 3 lines of vision or more. Secondary outcomes included the identification of risk factors for these visual results and the development of various complications such as retinal detachment (RD) and cataract formation.Results:In all, 51.9% (n = 14) of eyes lost vision from baseline at most recent follow-up and 34.6% (n = 9) lost 3 lines or more of vision, 34.6% (n = 9) of the eyes lost significant vision at most recent follow-up and h...