cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Culturally Sensitive Care to Dental Students: A Multidisciplinary Approach

Dental schools must prepare future dentists to deliver culturally sensitive care to diverse patient populations, but there is little agreement on how best to teach these skills to students. This article examines this question by exploring the historical and theoretical foundations of this area of education in dentistry, analyzes what is needed for students to learn to provide culturally sensitive care in a dental setting, and identifies the discipline-specific skills students must master to develop this competence. The problems associated with single-discipline, lecture-based approaches to teaching culturally sensitive care are outlined, and the advantages of an interdisciplinary, patient-centered, skills-based approach to teaching culturally sensitive care are described. The authors advocate for an approach to teaching culturally sensitive care that builds upon learning in the behavioral sciences, ethics, and public health. Component skills and perspectives offered by each of these curriculum areas are identified, and their contributions to the teaching of culturally sensitive care are described. Finally, the need to consider the timing of this instruction in the dental curriculum is examined, along with instructional advantages associated with an approach that is shared by faculty across the curriculum.
Triplet sensitization in an anionic poly(phenyleneethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolyte by cationic iridium complexes.

We describe a systematic study of triplet sensitization in a poly(phenyleneethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) in methanol solution by using a series of three cationic iridium complexes with varying triplet energy. The cationic iridium complexes bind to the anionic CPE by ion-pairing, leading to singlet state quenching of the polymer, and allowing for efficient back-transfer of triplet excitation energy to the polymer. Efficient (amplified quenching) of the polymer’s fluorescence is observed for each iridium complex, with Stern–Volmer quenching constants in excess of 105 M–1. Triplet sensitization is confirmed for two of the iridium complexes by monitoring the relative yield of the CPE triplet state by transient absorption spectroscopy. One of the iridium complexes does not sensitize the CPE triplet, and consideration of the energies of the three complexes allows us to bracket the triplet energy of the CPE within the range 1.95–2.26 eV.
A 60-year-old man with abdominal bruising.

A man with liver cancer developed abdominal ecchymoses resembling the Cullen sign and flank ecchymoses resembling the Grey Turner sign.
Cost utility analysis of urethral bulking agents versus midurethral sling in stress urinary incontinence.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the cost utility of urethral bulking agents (BA) compared with midurethral slings (MUS) in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in patients without urethral hypermobility. Methods A decision tree was constructed to compare the cost utility of urethral BA versus MUS in the setting of SUI without urethral hypermobility. Probability estimates for success, failure, and complications were obtained from the published literature. Immediate-term, short-term, and longer-term complications were accounted for over a 1-year time horizon in the model. One-way and 2-way sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess the robustness of our results. Results Our model demonstrated that MUS cost $436,465 more than BA for every 100 women treated in 1 year. Using MUS compared with BA leads to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $70,400 per utility gained. Assuming a willingness to pay of $50,000, this makes MUS not cost-effective as a first-line treatment in many situations. When MUS costs less than $5132, it becomes a cost-effective first-line treatment, and when it costs less than $2035, it is cost saving. Conclusions Bulking agents are more cost-effective than MUS over a 1-year time horizon in the treatment of SUI in patients without urethral hypermobility. In women who lack urethral hypermobility, BA remain a cost-effective option in this patient population.
Analysis of Host Discrimination in the Parasite Orgilus lepidus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Host discrimination by Orgilus lepidus Muesebeck, a solitary endoparasite of the potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), was found to be based upon the perception of a pheromone left in the locale of the host by earlier females and upon the detection of an oviposition deterrent within parasitized hosts. The pheromone was extractable from O. lepidus females, but not males, and was localized within the abdomen of the females. Contact with hosts parasitized 1 hour earlier and transferred to sites free from the pheromone resulted in withdrawal of the ovipositor moments after insertion. Rinsing parasitized hosts in distilled water failed to reinstate their acceptability. A ligation experiment indicated that the oviposition deterrent was a humoral factor. The possible sources of the pheromone and of the internal deterrent are considered.
Exploring the For-Profit Experience An Ethnography of a For-Profit College

The for-profit college sector is arguably the most controversial and least understood sector of higher education today. The past decade has ushered in a wealth of public concern and scrutiny as to whether for-profit colleges and universities are providing a quality education to underserved student populations. While their politicization has captured immense attention, there is far less empirical research on student experiences at for-profit institutions to better inform conceptual, institutional, and practical understanding of this sector of postsecondary education. Using ethnographic data from one midsize for-profit college in a suburban city, the author spent seven months exploring educational culture from the perspective of enrolled students. The findings illuminate four themes: (a) student desire for institutional transparency, (b) the perception of high-quality in-person instruction, (c) varied experiences based on student schedule and learning needs, and (d) the role of age in shaping peer interactions.
Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD) are among the most common mental disorders in the United States, and they can negatively impact a patient's quality of life and disrupt important activities of daily living. Evidence suggests that the rates of missed diagnoses and misdiagnosis of GAD and PD are high, with symptoms often ascribed to physical causes. Diagnosing GAD and PD requires a broad differential and caution to identify confounding variables and comorbid conditions. Screening and monitoring tools can be used to help make the diagnosis and monitor response to therapy. The GAD-7 and the Severity Measure for Panic Disorder are free diagnostic tools. Successful outcomes may require a combination of treatment modalities tailored to the individual patient. Treatment often includes medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and/or psychotherapy, both of which are highly effective. Among psychotherapeutic treatments, cognitive behavior therapy has been studied widely and has an extensive evidence base. Benzodiazepines are effective in reducing anxiety symptoms, but their use is limited by risk of abuse and adverse effect profiles. Physical activity can reduce symptoms of GAD and PD. A number of complementary and alternative treatments are often used; however, evidence is limited for most. Several common botanicals and supplements can potentiate serotonin syndrome when used in combination with antidepressants. Medication should be continued for 12 months before tapering to prevent relapse.
Crystal structure of 2,4-di­nitro­phenyl 4-methyl­benzene­sulfonate: a new polymorph

The title compound, C13H10N2O7S, was synthesized via a nucleophilic substitution reaction between 2,4-di­nitro­phenol and p-toluene­sulfonyl chloride. This crystal structure is a polymorph of CSD entry WUVYUH [Vembu et al. (2003). Acta Cryst, E59, o378–380]. The aromatic substituents on the sulfonate group are oriented gauche to one another with a C—O—S—C torsion angle of −62.0 (3)°. The supra­molecular features that contribute to the crystal stability are offset π–π [centroid–centroid distance = 3.729 (2) A] and multiple C—H⋯O inter­actions.
Long-Term Survival in an Infant with Urethral Atresia

AbstractComplete urethral atresia is an anomaly that previously was incompatible with life. We report on a surviving infant with this anomaly. As a fetus urinary decompression was accomplished with a vesicoamniotic shunt. Peritoneal dialysis was initiated shortly after birth and at 9 months supra- membranous scrotal inlay urethroplasty was performed to provide for egress of urine from the bladder. A maternal renal allograft was performed when he was 12 months old. When the patient was 3V2 years old he had normal renal function and emptied the bladder to completion through the reconstructed urethra. Although mildly delayed, he continues to progress with all developmental milestones. (J. Urol., 143: 336–337, 1990).
Anemia in cancer patients: significance, epidemiology, and current therapy.

Anemia in cancer patients is associated with a decline in energy levels, activity levels, and quality of life, and these variables improve when hemoglobin levels rise. Importantly, the impact of improved hemoglobin levels on response to chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and survival time is under study. This line of research follows favorable preliminary data in clinical studies suggesting improved treatment outcomes with reversal of anemia. It is estimated that there are 10 million people in the United States with cancer. Of the 1.3 million cancer patients who are anemic with hemoglobin levels less than 12 g/dL, about 800,000 are receiving chemotherapy and 500,000 are not. The predominant treatable cause of anemia in these patients is a relative lack of erythropoietin; overall, only 20% of anemic cancer patients receive a trial of erythropoietic therapy. About one-fourth (26%) of patients whose hemoglobin is less than 12 g/dL and who are receiving chemotherapy for cancer are currently receiving erythropoietic therapy. A review of the patients in our oncology practice revealed that 37% were anemic (hemoglobin or = 10 g/dL at all times. Barriers to the use of erythropoietic agents include cost and reimbursement issues, inconvenience of frequent injections, limitations in efficacy, and indication restrictions. An understanding of the importance of anemia and newer agents requiring less frequent dosing, such as darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp), may help physicians and patients overcome some of these barriers.
The New Religious Orders

Monks, nuns, and friars faced growing criticism in the late Middle Ages and encountered even greater strictures from the Reformers. Yet religious orders were to remain a distinctive feature of the Catholic Church. Indeed, early modern Catholicism experienced not only a revival but a creative adaptation of religious life to the new demands of the sixteenth century. This renewal consisted chiefly in two developments: first, an intensified commitment of religious, that is, members of religious orders or congregations, women as well as men, to new types of pastoral activity as well as to traditional ministries; secondly, in the creation of styles and forms of religious life that facilitated this commitment allowing religious more activity beyond convent walls. There was an effort to find a new synthesis of the contemplative and the active life in the world. As John W. O’Malley has written, ‘Although surely not without its debit side, ministry in the Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries was perhaps the most innovative and exciting in history.’ There took place not ‘simply a “reform of morals”, but a reform of pastoral practice and an immense expansion of its scope’. New religious orders and congregations played the major part in this development, which was little related directly to Trent and Tridentine reforms.
Increasing fetal ovine number per gestation alters fetal plasma clinical chemistry values

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is interconnected with developmental programming of lifelong pathophysiology. IUGR is seen in human multifetal pregnancies, with stepwise rises in fetal numbers interfering with placental nutrient delivery. It remains unknown whether fetal blood analyses would reflect fetal nutrition, liver, and excretory function in the last trimester of human or ovine IUGR. In an ovine model, we hypothesized that fetal plasma biochemical values would reflect progressive placental, fetal liver, and fetal kidney dysfunction as the number of fetuses per gestation rose. To determine fetal plasma biochemical values in singleton, twin, triplet, and quadruplet/quintuplet ovine gestation, we investigated morphometric measures and comprehensive metabolic panels with nutritional measures, liver enzymes, and placental and fetal kidney excretory measures at gestational day (GD) 130 (90% gestation). As anticipated, placental dysfunction was supported by a stepwise fall in fetal weight, fetal plasma glucose, and triglyceride levels as fetal number per ewe rose. Fetal glucose and triglycerides were directly related to fetal weight. Plasma creatinine, reflecting fetal renal excretory function, and plasma cholesterol, reflecting placental excretory function, were inversely correlated with fetal weight. Progressive biochemical disturbances and growth restriction accompanied the rise in fetal number. Understanding the compensatory and adaptive responses of growth‐restricted fetuses at the biochemical level may help explain how metabolic pathways in growth restriction can be predetermined at birth. This physiological understanding is important for clinical care and generating interventional strategies to prevent altered developmental programming in multifetal gestation.
Companion Animals and Nuisance Species: Adventures in the Exotic, the Wild, the Illegal, and Cross-Cultural Comfort Zones

What makes an animal a companion animal and close friend rather than a nuisance or a danger? Human preferences, and national and regional laws regarding companion animals, are based on many principles, ranging from perceived trainability to cuteness, and this chapter presents evidence for a deeply arbitrary and changing cultural foundation for such categories. Perceptions of companion animals as helpers and friends, and “nuisance” animals as dangerous enemies, are seldom based on scientific fact. This chapter surveys characteristics of different animals and explores background reasons used by a motley crew of different cultures, including Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand, the UK, and the USA, in an attempt to explain why different peoples focus on specific, and surprising, features to qualify creatures as “exotic,” “friendly,” “dangerous,” or “illegal.”
Radiographic Fetal Diagnosis

Using X rays in pregnancy is a little like treating mange in mules with arsenic (Ershov, 1956); the job often gets done, but there is always the fear of an excess. Furthermore, newer methods [in mangy mules, nicotine sulfate (Siegmund, 1973) in fetal diagnosis, ultrasound] have progressively limited the uses of the older approaches. Nevertheless, even in this sophisticated era, the only route to the desired fetal diagnostic information is sometimes via properly planned roentgenograms.
ESTIMATION OF THE MONOD MODEL COEFFICIENTS FOR DYNAMIC SYSTEMS USING ACTUAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT DATA

ABSTRACT A method for estimating the Monod model parameters (maximum growth rate ‖μm, yield Y, half velocity constant Ks, and decay rate kd) in a dynamic plant environment is presented. The data utilized for the calculation of the parameters is routinely collected in most activated sludge plants. Both linear and non-linear regression techniques are applied for the estimation. Possible autoregression in the data is taken into account. Statistically significant values for μm and Y were found for successive one month periods. The values of Ks and Kd were not significant at the 95% confidence level. Thus the model which describes the data is effectively first order. The results from a municipal treatment plant show the correlation of μm with temperature, with a 6 value equal to 1.080. The results show that important process information can be obtained from routinely collected data.
Cyborg Bodies in Illness and Disability Narratives

This chapter addresses the fear that technology will invade, and eventually overwhelm, the human body. The posthuman alteration and merging of biological bodies with machines is a frequent theme in dystopian fiction, but here I consider the complex intersection of humans with machines via a selection of recent illness and disability narratives by authors including John Green, Cammie McGovern, and Wendelin Van Draanen. Such texts are designed to complicate oversimplistic assumptions about the posthuman body and raise awareness about how shifting notions of human subjectivity impact constructions of illness and disability.
eIF5A Functions Globally in Translation Elongation and Termination

Summary The eukaryotic translation factor eIF5A, originally identified as an initiation factor, was later shown to promote translation elongation of iterated proline sequences. Using a combination of ribosome profiling and in vitro biochemistry, we report a much broader role for eIF5A in elongation and uncover a critical function for eIF5A in termination. Ribosome profiling of an eIF5A-depleted strain reveals a global elongation defect, with abundant ribosomes stalling at many sequences, not limited to proline stretches. Our data also show ribosome accumulation at stop codons and in the 3′ UTR, suggesting a global defect in termination in the absence of eIF5A. Using an in vitro reconstituted translation system, we find that eIF5A strongly promotes the translation of the stalling sequences identified by profiling and increases the rate of peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis more than 17-fold. We conclude that eIF5A functions broadly in elongation and termination, rationalizing its high cellular abundance and essential nature.
Revenge against Robots

When a robot hurts a human, how should the legal system respond? Our first instinct might be to ask who should pay for the harm caused, perhaps deciding to rest legal liability with the robot’s hardware manufacturer or its programmers. But besides considering tort or criminal actions against corporate and human persons, legal actors might also target the most immediate source of the harm — the robot itself. By considering the role of revenge and psychological satisfaction in human disputes, this essay explores the benefits to human persons that could accrue through the corporeal punishment of robots. Along the way, the paper discusses dueling, deodands, free will, rogue gardeners, shooting down drones, and destroying printers with baseball bats.
Estimating The Effects Of Health Insurance And Other Social Programs On Poverty Under The Affordable Care Act.

The effects of health insurance on poverty have been difficult to ascertain because US poverty measures have not taken into account the need for health care and the value of health benefits. We developed the first US poverty measure to include the need for health insurance and to count health insurance benefits as resources available to meet that need—in other words, a health-inclusive poverty measure. We estimated the direct effects of health insurance benefits on health-inclusive poverty for people younger than age sixty-five, comparing the impacts of different health insurance programs and of nonhealth means-tested cash and in-kind benefits, refundable tax credits, and nonhealth social insurance programs. Private health insurance benefits reduced poverty by 3.7 percentage points. Public health insurance benefits (from Medicare, Medicaid, and Affordable Care Act premium subsidies) accounted for nearly one-third of the overall poverty reduction from public benefits. Poor adults with neither children nor ...
Demo abstract: PopperCI: Automated reproducibility validation

In this demo we illustrate the usage of PopperCI [1], a continous integration (CI) service for experiments hosted at UC Santa Cruz that allows researchers to automate the end-to-end execution and validation of experiments. PopperCI assumes that experiments follow Popper [2], a convention for implementing experiments and writing articles following a DevOps approach that has been proposed recently.
Surgical lung biopsy in children after hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Abstract Background/Purpose Pulmonary complications are some of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised pediatric patients. We sought to assess the value of surgical lung biopsy (SLB) in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) pediatric patients. Methods A retrospective review of patients who underwent SLB within one year of HCT between 1999 and 2015 was performed. Results Twenty-nine patients (15 females, 14 males) with a median age of 10years (range, 0.6–23) were identified. Median interval between HCT and SLB was 114.8days (range, 16–302). At surgery, 11 (38%) patients were intubated, and 7 (24%) were receiving supplemental oxygen. The most common histological finding was cryptogenic organizing pneumonia in 8 cases (27%), followed by infection in 7 (24%). Perioperative complications (17%) included bronchopleural fistula (n=2), splenic laceration from a trocar injury (n=2), and hemothorax (n=1). Changes in therapy occurred in 25 patients (86%). Twenty-four (83%) patients survived more than 30days post SLB, and the overall survival rate was 41% with a median follow-up of 8.5years (range, 1–13). Conclusion SLB appears to be safe and informative in pediatric patients after HCT and led to changes in therapy in most patients. However, long-term survival after this procedure was Type of Study Retrospective analysis. Level of Evidence Level IV.
Treatment of Anxiety in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review.

Background Anxiety is common in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and is associated with an increased risk for adverse outcomes. There has been a relative paucity of studies concerning treatment of anxiety in patients with CHD. Objective We conducted a systematic review to organize and assess research into the treatment of anxiety in patients with CHD. Methods We searched CCTR/CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL for randomized clinical trials conducted before October 2016 that measured anxiety before and after an intervention for patients with CHD. Results A total of 475 articles were subjected to full text review, yielding 112 publications that met inclusion criteria plus an additional 7 studies from reference lists and published reviews, yielding 119 studies. Sample size, country of origin, study quality, and demographics varied widely among studies. Most studies were conducted with nonanxious patients. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were the most frequently used instruments to assess anxiety. Interventions included pharmacological, counseling, relaxation-based, educational, or “alternative” therapies. Forty (33% of total) studies reported that the interventions reduced anxiety; treatment efficacy varied by study and type of intervention. Elevated anxiety was an inclusion criterion in only 4 studies, with inconsistent results. Conclusion Although there have been a number of randomized clinical trials of patients with CHD that assessed anxiety, in most cases anxiety was a secondary outcome, and only one-third found that symptoms of anxiety were reduced with treatment. Future studies need to target anxious patients and evaluate the effects of treatment on anxiety and relevant clinical endpoints.
The punitive consequences of organizational structures in England, France and the United States

We develop a framework for understanding how legal structures relate to imprisonment. We hypothesize that relatively more hierarchy within criminal justice institutions, compared to commercial law, fosters higher rates of incarceration. Our framework predicts that incarceration reflects asymmetric opportunities for rent seeking across differently organized legal institutions. Instead of comparing criminal justice institutions across nations in absolute terms, we investigate the relative degrees of institutional centralization across legal spheres. To provide support, we document the separate historical experiences that shaped divergent organizations across England and France. Within each country, criminal legal institutions developed inverse organizational traits from commercial legal processes. As a result, the contrasting organizations created asymmetric opportunities for rent seeking. Divergent contemporary outcomes can be understood by recognizing these initial organizational choices, the relative opportunities they created, and their subsequent path dependencies. We document contemporary England, France, and the United States’ incarceration trends and penal outcomes to provide empirical support.
Hoffmann's Sign

Hoffmann's sign (also referred to as Hoffmann's reflex) (C7, C8, and T1; median nerve) is a variation on the technique of eliciting finger flexor reflex. If the reflexes are hyperactive, the snapping of the middle finger may be followed by flexion and adduction of the thumb and flexion of the index finger, indicating that Hoffmann's sign is present. The sign is more suggestive of corticospinal tract involvement when it is unilateral, complete, markedly active, and accompanied by other abnormal reflexes. An important caveat to the interpretation of the reflex is that healthy individuals with hyperactive reflexes may have bilateral Hoffmann's signs.
Direct Enantio- and Diastereoselective Vinylogous Addition of Butenolides to Chromones Catalyzed by Zn-ProPhenol

We report the first enantio- and diastereoselective 1,4-addition of butenolides to chromones. Both α,β- and β,γ-butenolide nucleophiles are compatible with the Zn-ProPhenol catalyst, and preactivation as the siloxyfurans is not required. The scope of electrophiles includes a variety of substituted chromones, as well as a thiochromone and a quinolone, and the resulting vinylogous addition products are generated in good yield (31 to 98%), diastereo- (3:1 to >30:1), and enantioselectivity (90:10 to 99:1 er). These Michael adducts allow rapid access to several natural product analogs, and can be easily transformed into a variety of other interesting scaffolds as well.
Enhancing behavioral change among lung cancer survivors participating in a lifestyle risk reduction intervention: a qualitative study

Early detection and improved treatment have increased lung cancer survival. Lung cancer survivors have more symptom distress and lower function compared with other cancer survivors; however, few interventions are available to improve health-related quality of life (HR-QOL). Lifestyle risk reduction interventions have improved HR-QOL in other cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to explore lung cancer survivor perspectives on making behavioral changes in the context of a lifestyle risk reduction intervention. Twenty-two lung cancer survivors participated in interviews after completing the Healthy Directions (HD) intervention. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using inductive content analysis. Demographic and clinical characteristics were gathered through a survey and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Five main themes were identified: (1) the diagnosis was a motivator for behavior change, (2) participants had to deal with disease consequences, (3) the coach provided guidance, (4) strategies for change were initiated, and (5) social support sustained behavioral changes. Other important subthemes were the coach helped interpret symptoms, which supported self-efficacy and goal setting, and survivors employed self-monitoring behaviors. Several participants found the recommended goals for physical activity were difficult and were discouraged if unable to attain the goal. Findings underscore the need for individualized prescriptions of physical activity, especially for sedentary survivors. Lung cancer survivors described the benefits of coaching to enhance their engagement in behavioral change. Additional research is needed to validate the benefit of the HD intervention to improve HR-QOL among this vulnerable and understudied group of cancer survivors.
Estimation of soil properties by coupled inversion of electrical resistance, temperature, and moisture content data

Abstract. Studies indicate greenhouse gas emissions following permafrost thaw will amplify current rates of atmospheric warming, a process referred to as the permafrost carbon feedback (PCF). However, large uncertainties exist regarding the timing and magnitude of the PCF, in part due to uncertainties associated with subsurface permafrost parameterization and structure. Development of robust parameter estimation methods for permafrost-rich soils is becoming urgent under accelerated warming of the Arctic. Improved parameterization of the subsurface properties in land system models would lead to improved predictions and reduction of modeling uncertainty. In this work we set the groundwork for future parameter estimation (PE) studies by developing and evaluating a joint PE framework that estimates soil properties from time-series of soil temperature, moisture, and electrical resistance measurements. The framework utilizes the PEST (Model Independent Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Analysis) toolbox and coupled hydro-thermal-geophysical modeling. We test the framework against synthetic data, providing a proof-of-concept for the approach. We use specified subsurface parameters and coupled models to setup a synthetic state, perturb the parameters, then verify that our PE framework is able to recover the parameters and synthetic state. To evaluate the accuracy and robustness of the approach we perform multiple tests for a perturbed set of initial starting parameter combinations. In addition, we evaluate the relative worth of including various types and amount of data needed to improve predictions. The results of the PE tests suggest that using data from multiple observational datasets improves the accuracy of the estimated parameters.
Optics based biomedical imaging: Principles and applications

Biomedical optical imaging is an important subdivision of optical imaging with the aim of understanding the anatomy and function of life. In principle, biomedical optical imaging systems form an image by manipulating the excitation light and detecting the signals originating from light and tissue interactions. Ever since the invention of the first optical microscope over 1000 years ago, biomedical optical imaging technologies have been steadily evolving to enable faster, deeper, and higher resolution imaging. These technologies have led to a more comprehensive understanding of life at the macro-, micro-, and nanoscales and have improved clinical diagnosis and treatment. This tutorial provides an overview of biomedical optical imaging techniques and their applications. Based on the imaging depth, this tutorial classifies the current optical imaging systems into two regimes: diffraction and diffusion. Within each regime, a few commonly used imaging techniques and their biological imaging applications are discussed. Finally, we provide an outlook of future biomedical optical imaging.
Effects of Hydrocortisone on the Yield and Bactericidal Function of Granulocytes Collected by Continuous-flow Centrifugation

The usefulness of granulocyte transfusions is in part dependent upon the number of granulocytes transfused. The invention of the continuous-flow cell separator has made it possible to obtain granulocytes from normal donors. Efforts to improve the yield are under study. This controlled study was undertaken to determine the effect of a single dose of hydrocortisone on granulocyte yield from volunteer donors and on granulocyte bactericidal function. Twenty-two normal volunteers were randomized between no therapy or a single intravenous injection of 120 mg/sq m of hydrocortisone 2 hr prior to initiation of a 4-hr leukapheresis using the Aminco cell separator operated at 750 rpm and a flow rate of 41 ml/min. Significant increases in granulocyte yield and reductions in lymphocyte and monocyte yields were obtained in the hydrocortisone-treated group. Granulocytes from each group were equally effective in the phagocytosis of yeast particles and in vitro bactericidal activity.
Low-Temperature Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde on a Model Single-Atom Catalyst: Pd Atoms on Fe3O4(001)

Single-atom catalysis has been a topic of increasing interest due to the potential for improved selectivity, reactivity, and catalyst cost. However, single-atom catalysts are still difficult to cha...
Dual–class ownership structure and audit fees

A dual‐class share structure creates a separation between cash flow rights and voting rights. Dual‐class firms impact audit fees through their effect on supply/demand for auditing. This article examines the association between audit fees and dual‐class share structure for U.S. public firms. We find that a dual‐class share structure is associated with lower audit fees compared to single‐class firms. Further, within dual‐class firms, we find that the divergence between cash flow rights and voting rights is negatively associated with audit fees. The results are consistent with the managerial incentive‐alignment effect and/or the insulation effect of a dual‐class share structure on the supply/demand for audit services. This study highlights that the ownership structure of a firm constitutes an important role in audit pricing.
Using Fluoroscopy for Definitive Post-Reduction Imaging of Wrist and Forearm Fractures Saves Time and Is Safe

Purpose Recent studies have indicated that formal post-reduction films may be unnecessary after manipulation for closed, isolated pediatric wrist and forearm fractures when mini C-arm fluoroscopy is used for reduction. Our institution changed the Emergency Department (ED) management protocol in 2017 to reflect this. We hypothesized that using fluoroscopy as definitive post-reduction imaging would decrease total encounter time and cost, without an increase in the rate of re-reduction or surgery. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients with isolated, closed wrist or forearm fractures that required …
Influences on and Characteristics of the Professional Identity Formation of Clinician Educators: A Qualitative Analysis.

Purpose Professional identity formation is the process of internalizing the ideals, values, and beliefs of a profession. In recent years, research on clinician educator (CE) identity formation has expanded, yet gaps exist in understanding initial influences on an educator identity, sustainment throughout a career, and development of successful pathways for early CEs. This study explored the initial influences on and characteristics of the professional identity formation of CEs in an age-diverse, multispecialty population in the United States. Method This was a cross-sectional qualitative study of a purposive sample of medical educators at 6 institutions across the United States between 2018-2019. Focus groups were conducted to obtain participants' perspectives on their career choice and subsequent formation of their professional identity as CEs. The authors used a thematic analysis of focus group data to identify themes and domains through an iterative process. Results Twelve focus groups were conducted with a total of 93 participants. Responses were categorized into 5 domains: community supportive of medical education, culture of institution and training, personal characteristics, facilitators, and professionalization of medical education. Themes highlighted the importance of role models and mentors, an affinity and aptitude for teaching and education, specific facilitators for entry into a career in medical education, the evolution from a layperson, importance of formalized training programs, and a supportive academic community. Conclusions Clinicians experienced a variety of factors that influenced their initial career choice in medical education and subsequent professional identity formation as a clinician educator. This study confirms and expands the current understanding of this process in an age-diverse, multispecialty population of CEs. Educators and administrators designing career development programs across the continuum of medical education should consider these aspects as they mentor and support their learners and faculty.
“I’ll Be Right Behind You”: Native American Families, Land Debt, and College Affordability:

Family connections are critical for Native student persistence, yet families’ voices are absent in research. Using an Indigenous-specific version of educational debt, land debt, we center familial ...
Is that for here or to go?" Drive Through Pediatric Vaccine Clinic as a Novel Approach during a global pandemic."

Objective Routine childhood vaccination and well-child visits are essential for pediatric patients' preventative and public healthcare services. The COVID-19 pandemic had an immediate and significant decline in well-child visits and vaccine administration. A one-of-a-kind' Drive Through Vaccine Clinic' was established to improve the vaccination rate and alleviate parental anxiety about being exposed to COVID-19 infection. Methods Our initial focus was on children between 18 months - 4 years of age at the start of the pandemic, and then slowly extended this to the back-to-school vaccines and the Influenza vaccines. Results The Drive-Through Immunization Station provided 745 vaccines to 415 patients between April and September 2020. The median wait time involved from patient arrival to completion of vaccine administration was five minutes at the Drive-Through location. Patient and parent feedback was positive. The addition of Drive Through Clinic helped significantly increase the total number of vaccines administered compared to the previous year. Conclusion In a global pandemic, innovative ideas to increase access to preventive healthcare should be a priority. In the future, this method of nontraditional vaccine administration will allow for improved outreach efforts to underserved populations in our communities and better disaster preparedness.
The toxicity of jet fuels to fish—II: The toxicity of JP-8 to flagfish (Jordanella floridae) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and golden shiners (Notemigonus chysoleucas)

Abstract JP-8 is a widely-used commercial and military jet fuel which may reach the aquatic environment by several avenues. The toxicity of JP-8 to cold and warm water fish was investigated to help define the impact on fresh water species. Fish were exposed to the water soluble fraction (WSF) of JP-8 in static acute bioassays and continuous-flow bioassays of approx. 4 months duration. The goal was to determine the 96-h LC 50 and the long-term no effect level on the life cycle. The acute toxicity to a warm water fish was found to be unaffected by pH in the range of 7.3–9.1. The no effect level with respect to growth was lower in rainbow trout than in flagfish. Fuel accumulation and depuration from fish tissues are compared for the two species, as are the effects on egg hatching. The relative toxicity of JP-8 and JP-9 (previously reported) is discussed.
Clinical analysis of drug-induced sleep endoscopy for the OSA patient.

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine if the use of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) and transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with improved outcomes and acceptable complication rates when compared to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) with or without tonsillectomy (± T). Methods A retrospective cohort review was performed comparing 40 patients who had previously undergone UPPP ± T with 64 patients who had DISE, UPPP ± T, and possible TORS base-of-tongue resection and/or partial epiglottectomy. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), body mass index, sex, hospital length of stay, hospital charges, hospital readmissions, emergency department visits, and major complications were compared for both groups. Results The 40 patients who underwent UPPP ± T without DISE showed a significant reduction in AHI of −20.1 (P = 0.001) and a complication rate of 3% (P = 0.001). There was no significant change in ESS (−2.2; P = 0.734). The 64 patients who underwent DISE and subsequent procedures showed a significant reduction in AHI of −21.4 (P = 0.001) and a complication rate of 34.7% (P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the ESS (+0.1; P = 0.734) or AHI (P = 0.092) between the two groups. Conclusion Patients who underwent UPPP ± T without DISE did not show a statistically significant difference in outcomes compared to the patients who underwent DISE with other procedures, including TORS. The TORS patients had increased total costs and length of stay that were statistically significant and had increased complications that were not statistically significant. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 126:249–253, 2016
Nutrient fluxes from upwelling and enhanced turbulence at the top of the pycnocline in Mono Lake, California

Time series measurements of temperature at 15 depths and profiles of temperature-gradient microstructure were obtained during a period with strong wind forcing and subsequent calm in Mono Lake, California. The wind forcing increased the amplitude of basin-scale internal waves and energy at all wave frequencies relative to the calm period. Rates of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, e, were high (e > 10−6 m2 s−3) at the top of the pycnocline at both an inshore and an offshore site on a day when winds reached 10 m s−1 and on the following two days at an inshore site (e > 10−7 m2 s−3). The enhanced turbulence occurred at the depth of a subsurface temperature maximum (z TM) and coincidentally with elevated concentrations of NH4, reduced concentrations of chlorophyll a and particulate carbon, and increased abundance of the macrozooplankter Artemia monica. The NH4 at z TM was more dispersed and of lower concentration inshore than offshore and indicated greater turbulent transport inshore. Over the course of 4 days, chlorophyll a concentrations increased in the upper mixed layer, and C:N and C:Chl ratios decreased. Offshore, the change in C:N ratio indicated a relaxation of moderate nutrient deficiency. We hypothesize that excretion by A. monica and turbulent transport of the NH4 from the subsurface temperature maximum led to improved physiological status of phytoplankton in the upper mixed layer.
Political Refugees and the Politics of Guyana

Novelist-Actor Julian Mayfield was the W.E.B. DuBois Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Cornell University in 1970-71. He has also lectured in literature and politics at New York University. Founding editor of The African Review, he worked as an aide to President Nkrumah in Ghana from 1962 to 1966. Recently he completed the motion picture script for "CHRISTOPHE", in which actor William Marshall will star. He has lived and worked in Guyana since 1971.
The Human Service Managerial Dilemma

Abstract The purpose of the study was to explore 115 human services manager's responses to current challenges, and determine whether or not managers engaged in the kind of administrative practice that has been advocated for in the human service management literature. Interview data revealed that the primary concerns among managers appeared to be related to resource development and organizational climate, and the solutions included staff development, resource development through fundraising and grant writing, staff recruitment, and some strategic planning. Binary logistic regression was used to predict the occurrence of identified challenges and solutions based on agency type, size, and location. Overall, the findings reflect a disparity between current management practices and expectations for more visionary and innovative responses. Often, solutions did not match with the identified challenges. The findings indicate that human service managers have to move beyond solving systematic problems with symptoma...
Improved Y-123 Materials by Chemical Substitutions

By using the knowledge accumulated during last decade about the relationship between the structural features and the superconducting properties we have attempted to design an improved Y123 material that would display an increased superconducting transition temperature, Tc, and enhanced critical current, Jc, and irreversibility fields, Birr. Chemical substitutions on various crystallographic sites were made to reduce the buckling of the CuO2-planes. Substitutions of Sr for Ba and transition elements for copper were made to shorten the distance between the double-CuO2-planes while preserving the “metallicity” of the blocking layer. The synthesis and annealing conditions were optimized to obtain the highest Tc. Improved critical currents and irreversibility fields were found for (Nd1−xLax)123 and YBaSrCu3−yMOyO7+d compounds. The existence of these materials indicates that it is possible to further enhance superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7 materials by clever design of the crystal chemistry.
Benzodiazepine Pharmacology and Central Nervous System–Mediated Effects

Background Owing to the low therapeutic index of barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs) became popular in this country and worldwide many decades ago for a wide range of conditions. Because of an increased understanding of pharmacology and physiology, the mechanisms of action of many BZDs are now largely understood, and BZDs of varying potency and duration of action have been developed and marketed. Although BZDs have many therapeutic roles and BZD-mediated effects are typically well tolerated in the general population, side effects and toxicity can result in morbidity and mortality for some patients. The elderly; certain subpopulations of patients with lung, liver, or kidney dysfunction; and patients on other classes of medication are especially prone to toxicity. Methods This review details the present knowledge about BZD mechanisms of action, drug profiles, clinical actions, and potential side effects. In addition, this review describes numerous types of BZD-mediated central nervous system effects. Conclusion For any patient taking a BZD, the prescribing physician must carefully evaluate the risks and benefits, and higher-risk patients require careful considerations. Clinically appropriate use of BZDs requires prudence and the understanding of pharmacology.
A LOWER BOUND FOR MONOTONE PERCEPTRONS

It is proved that there is a monotone function in AC40 which requires exponential-size monotone perceptrons of depth 3. This solves the monotone version of a problem which, in the general case, would imply an oracle separation of PPPH.
Synthesis of an advanced quinocarcin intermediate from 1-glutamic acid

Abstract A key intramolecular N-acyliminium ion/silylenol ether cyclization of 17, derived from L-glutamic acid, has been used to construct the bridged bicyclic quinocarcin intermediate 3.