cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creativity, the Creative Process, and Cognitive Style and State

PSYCHIATRY we often come to conclusions about adaptive or nonpathological behavior and mental processes through the study of their maladaptive or pathological counterparts. Perhaps this understandable focus of our attentions has led to areas of darkness in our understanding of human behavior. I believe one such area is that of creativity. The creative process is one in which man goes beyond his accustomed ways of understanding and develops a new and original way of “seeing.” This ability, while present to some extent in everyone, appears in its fullest flower in only a few. The purpose of this paper is to present a formulation of the nature of the creative process and of necessary cognitive requisites to facilitate the process, and to suggest an experimental method for the study of certain aspects of creativity. Much of the early psychoanalytic thinking on creativity dealt with the formulation of psychological constructs that explained the process and emphasized its pathological aspects. Freud stated that creativity stemmed from conflicts originating from biological drives. The urge to create was seen as an attempt to solve these conflicts.’ Freud’s focus was on the motivation for, not the essence of, the creative process. The psychoanalytic literature also focuses on the mental processes involved in creativity. Kris2 stressed the importance of the primary process in mechanisms of creativity. His theory of “regression in the service of the ego” was an attempt to explain the use of primary process phenomena of displacement, condensation, and substitution in the creative process. Arieti3 views this not as a regression but as an “emerging accessibility or availability” of information normally unavailable. Arieti, in The Intrapsychic Self,.’ postulates a tertiary process in which elements of primary and secondary process mechanisms combine in such a way that a creative process (the tertiary process) emerges. There is also disagreement over just where in the mental “structure” creativity occurs, the unconscious, the preconscious, or the conscious. Kris2 and Kubie’ support the thesis that creativity is mainly a product of the preconscious. Jung, however, proposes that the “visionary mode” of creativity occurs in unconscious animation of primordial experiences while his “psychological mode” emphasizes the conscious and purposeful aspects of creativity.3A
The Smuggler's Fallacy

: David Hume has warned us not to endeavor to derive an “ought” from an “is” (1990, 469–70), reprimanding those who attempt to draw value judgments from empirical facts. But Judith Jarvis Thomson refuses to accept that values and facts are logically disjoint in this manner, primarily because of her worry that such a partition of our moral values from the “facts” will place a grave limitation on any ethical system, namely, that its claims apparently cannot be proven. Consequently, Thomson is on the lookout for some provably true facts that can be used, contra Hume, to draw conclusions about moral values. Thomson begins by rejecting all generalist conceptions of the good (specifically, the utilitarian's identification of the good with pleasure) and proceeds to fracture the good into various kinds of “goodness in a way,” hoping to produce by this disintegration some moral facts that can be used to set ethics on an objective foundation. But I will argue that Thomson's so-called objective facts are actually nothing but disguised moral claims, and that in attempting to sidestep the classic fallacy identified by Hume, she has blundered into another pitfall—the Smuggler's Fallacy, the offense of concealing her moral conclusions inside the premises of her argument.
Ultraviolet light modification of the prostaglandin receptor

Abstract Prostaglandin E1 elicits minimal inhibition of ultraviolet lightinduced platelet aggregation. Exposure to ultraviolet light progressively inhibits prostaglandin-induced responses in both the ADP-aggregating platelet and in uterine smooth muscle. This effect, which is cumulative and lasting, may be prevented or fully reversed by a sulfhydryl-oxidizing agent. Ultraviolet light may, therefore, initiate reduction of critical disulfide groups in the vicinity of the prostaglandin receptor. The technique of ultraviolet irradiation may serve as a useful tool in the specific determination of prostaglandins in biological systems.
Experiment as Intervention

There are two fundamental respects in which modern science, the science which has developed since the time of Galileo, differs from its classical antecedents. One is its use of mathematics to articulate its theories; the other is its use of experiment to establish its claims. The attention of those who study science as a phenomenon-philosophers, historians, sociologists-has shifted back and forth between these two fundamental characteristics. Or perhaps what has shifted is the visibility or audibility of those who are drawn toward the one characteristic or the other. In any case it has become fashionable again in such circles to talk about experimentation after a period in which those, who are prone to identify modern science with the use of 'experimental method', were hard to hear above the voices of those who believe that science is 'theory driven.
Importance of Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Patients With Liver-Limited mCRC When the Intent Is Resection and/or Ablation

This review article provides an overview of treatment options for patients with liver metastases, with a focus on the importance of response rates on resectability. The inclusion of surgery provides the only potential for cure in this setting. There are several important surgical considerations for performing resections, and close communication between oncologists and surgeons is important for achieving the intended outcome. In patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases, an association between tumor response rate and resection rates has been demonstrated, implying that greater response rates could increase resection rates. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy establishes expected response rates with the use of biologic agents, such as cetuximab or bevacizumab, further improving the response rate and potentially increasing the rate of resection and potential to cure the disease.
Analysis of the scribing technique for determining the corrosive wear of an Fe-21wt.%Cr-19wt.%Ni alloy

Abstract To investigate the mechanical-chemical interactions, a triboelectrochemical system has been developed to measure experimental parameters during corrosive/abrasive wear. The experimental technique measured the transient current response of a rotating cylindrical electrode after a Vickers diamond stylus impacted the surface with a force ranging from 0–40 N. The surface of the electrode was slightly activated with increasing scribing loads. The impact of the stylus on the rotating electrode produced a scribing action, which caused an indenting process followed by plowing on the surface. The surface topography of the scars showed a plastically deformed region surrounding the diamond shaped scar created by the Vickers diamond. The scribing on the rotating cylindrical electrode was explained by considering the behavior of microindentation and by calculating the impulse of deformation. The impulse calculated for each scratch followed a linear relationship with respect to force with an adequate correlation. In contrast, the scratch current density ( i s ) which quantifies the metal dissolution during scribing correlated poorly with the impact force, even though a corrected area was used to determine i s . For light impact forces ( F N ) the plastic zone was calculated for each scratch according to Hill's equation developed for explaining microindentation. The plastic zone contributes an area of activation, which can significantly decrease the ohmic potential drop and the scratch current density during the electrochemical measurements.
Ingredients of intuitive regression

Abstract Conflicting evidence, mainly from multiple-cue probability learning tasks, leans toward the proposition that people predict uncertain events better than they can express the process that generates them. Since data on that question from single-cue probability learning tasks are almost completely lacking, the experiment attempts to supply it. It used scaled variables in four task validities with positive and negative sign and high and moderate cue-event correlations. Cue weightings inferred from subjects' predictions were more accurate than weightings which they made explicit. Brehmer's findings were confirmed that rate of learning is affected by factors different from those affecting final level of achievement. Overtracking was found, but not as an inverse function of cue-validity; previous reports of that finding are challenged. Subjects were more effective in arriving at a predictive scheme which would have worked well if consistently followed than they were in adhering to it. The hypothesis was strengthened that people's effectiveness in predicting uncertain events exceeds their ability to express insight into their prediction process.
Thermal remote sensing of surface soil water content with partial vegetation cover for incorporation into climate models

This study outlines a method for the estimation of regional patterns of surface moisture availability (M(sub 0)) and fractional vegetation (Fr) in the presence of spatially variable vegetation cover. The method requires relating variations in satellite-derived (NOAA, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)) surface radiant temperature to a vegetation index (computed from satellite visible and near-infrared data) while coupling this association to an inverse modeling scheme. More than merely furnishing surface soil moisture values, the method constitues a new conceptual and practical approach for combining thermal infrared and vegetation index measurements for incorporating the derived values of M(sub 0) into hydrologic and atmospheric prediction models. Application of the technique is demonstrated for a region in and around the city of Newcastle upon Tyne situated in the northeast of England. A regional estimate of M(sub 0) is derived and is probabbly good for fractional vegetation cover up to 80% before errors in the estimated soil water content become unacceptably large. Moreover, a normalization scheme is suggested from which a nomogram, `universal triangle,' is constructed and is seen to fit the observed data well. The universal triangle also simplifies the inclusion of remotely derived M(sub 0) in hydrology and meteorological models and is perhaps a practicable step toward integrating derived data from satellite measurements in weather forecasting.
Incorporating diffuse-interface nuclei in phase-field simulations

We propose a computational framework for incorporating diffuse-interface critical nuclei in phase-field simulations. Using a structural transformation as an example, we first generate a table of diffuse-interface critical nuclei. We then incorporate them in phase-field simulations through the explicit nucleation algorithm. The temporal growth kinetics of the introduced nuclei is obtained by numerically solving the Allen–Cahn equation. The results are analyzed by comparing to the phase transformation kinetics using the classical nucleation and normal growth theory and the Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation.
Data partnership synergy: The Cropland Data Layer

The US Department of Agriculture (USDA)/National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) has generated the Cropland Data Layer (CDL) product for more than twelve years, providing annual geospatial updates of the agricultural landscape across the US Heartland. The CDL program delivers acreage estimates based on regression modeling for decision support and provides a crop-specific geospatial dataset for the public domain. This model produces acreage estimates for statisticians and key decision makers in NASS Field Offices and the Agricultural Statistics Board, the official statistical reporting unit of USDA. The CDL program has grown incrementally as collaborative partnerships and technological efficiencies have increased via reengineering both the classification and estimation process. The CDL is now operational in 19 states for 2008 covering the major corn, soybeans, cotton, and wheat areas. Additionally, the CDL is generated multiple times during the growing season. This allows the program to take advantage of updated satellite imagery and updated farmer reported ground data, in consideration for the crop reports that NASS releases in June, August, September, and October. Satellite data have been used successfully for years by the CDL program to accurately identify crop types and produce acreage estimates at the state, district, and county levels. Continued expansion of the CDL program would be impossible without leveraging both satellite and ground truth data partnerships. The USDA/Foreign Agricultural Service/Satellite Image Archive (SIA) provides year round coverage of all major growing areas, while the USDA/Farm Services Agency (FSA) provides farmer reported agricultural specific ground truth. These data sharing partnerships are synergized by the CDL to provide a crop specific land cover classification utilizing regression tree software derived from two major inputs; 1) 56 meter multispectral imagery from Resourcesat-1 AWiFS and 2) ground truth training data from the FSA, Common Land Unit Program. Additionally, 3) ancillary datasets are incorporated into the classification method to improve non-agricultural land cover, including; The National Elevation Dataset; the 2001 National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD), the NLCD Imperviousness and Forest Canopy products. The current CDL product is a comprehensive land cover inventory produced operationally in-season annually.
A Rough Antigen Frequently Associated with Vi in Some Enterobacteriaceae

Conclusions1. In some Enterobacteriaceae, particularly S. typhosa, a rough antigen (Er) has been found associated with Vi. 2. As with Vi, heat and/or alcohol dissociates the Er component from the cell and the free antigen can be used to produce Er antibodies in rabbits or to inhibit agglutination of cultures possessing this antigen by Er antiserum. 3. Like Vi the presence of the Er antigen is associated with the opaque colonial form while its absence is associated with the translucent form.
B cell infiltration of the thymic medulla in new zealand black, new zealand white, and (new zealand black × new zealand white)f1 mice

Thymuses from female (New Zealand black x New Zealand white)F1 [( NZB x NZW]F1), New Zealand black, and New Zealand white mice of different ages were examined by immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analysis. Two-and-a-half-month-old (NZB x NZW)F1 mice showed infiltration of the thymus with B cells, and by 6-8 months of age, showed a disruption of the entire medullary area. More than 80% of the thymic B cells had the phenotypic characteristics of conventional B cells (IgM+, IgD+, Ly-1-). Total lymphoid irradiation induced a marked depletion of medullary B cells and a restoration of the thymic architecture.
Structure of the Variant Glycoproteins and Surface Coat of Trypanosoma Brucei

The pathogenic African trypanosomes have a unique mechanism for antigenic variation. Each cell is covered by a surface coat consisting of about seven million essentially identical glycoprotein molecules drawn from a large repertoire of variants, each encoded by an individual gene. Amino acid sequence variation extends throughout the molecule but reduces from the amino terminus to the carboxy terminus, where certain features, especially the grouping of cysteine residues, are quite conserved. The range of diversity within the thousand or so variant glycoprotein genes that exist in each cell is large. New variants may arise instantaneously by segmental gene conversion. Variant surface glycoproteins are synthesized with amino terminal signal sequences and hydrophobic carboxy terminal tails. The tails are extraordinarily conserved. After synthesis, they are replaced by a complex glycolipid structure in which myristic (dodecanoic) acid serves to anchor the polypeptide to the surface membrane. Enzymic cleavage of myristic acid releases variant glycoproteins from the surface coat.
(E)‐1‐Benzyl‐3‐(2‐nitro­vinyl)‐1H‐indole

In the title mol­ecule, C17H14N2O2, the indole ring system is essentially planar and makes a dihedral angle of 87.93 (3)° with the plane of the benzene ring. The nitro­vinyl double bond adopts the E geometry.
Numerical Investigation of Actively Cooled Structures in Hypersonic Flow

This paper presents a numerical evaluation of active-cooling thermal-protection systems in hypersonic flows. The aerothermodynamic model used herein consists of 1) an aerodynamic model based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, 2) a thermal-diffusion finite-element model, and 3) a solution methodology that couples the thermal-diffusion and aerothermal components. Hypersonic validation cases are performed on blunt-body and flat-plate geometries. A double-wedge airfoil with a rounded leading edge is simulated at speeds from Mach 3 to Mach 8 at altitudes ranging from sea level to 45 km. Coupled aerodynamic–thermal analysis is performed at a speed of Mach 5 at an altitude of 45 km and at a speed of Mach 8 at an altitude of 25 km with several chordwise-position-dependent cooling distributions on the interior of the airfoil. Active cooling using a piecewise continuous cooling distribution results in sufficient temperature reduction but also results in significant chordwise temperature gradients.
III-V nitride semiconductors for solar hydrogen production

Photoelectrochemical cells are devices that can convert solar radiation to hydrogen gas through a water decomposition process. In this process, energy is converted from incident photons to the bonds of the generated H2 molecules. The solar radiation absorption, electron-hole pair splitting, and photoelectrolysis half reactions all occur in the vicinity of the electrode-electrolyte interface. As a result, engineering the electrode material and its interaction with the electrolyte is important in investigating and improving the energy conversion process in these devices. III-V nitride materials are promising candidates for photoelectrochemical energy applications. We demonstrate solar-to-hydrogen conversion in these cells using p-type GaN and n-type InGaN as a photocathode and photoanode material, respectively. Additionally, we demonstrate heteroepitaxial MOCVD growth of GaP on Si, enabling future work in developing GaPN as a photocathode material.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of a multivariate response resulting from observations taken over time on experimental units in a randomized complete block design

In assessing the effect of any treatment to control pests, the effect of the treatment over time is of as much interest as the effect immediately following treatment. Experiments designed to compare the effect of several treatments use time and experimental material more efficiently by making several observations over time on each experimental unit. In studies conducted in this manner, correlations between observations taken on the same experimental unit may complicate the analysis and may make consideration of time as a factor of interest in the analysis more difficult. In this article, advantages and disadvantages of several approaches for analyzing multivariate response data resulting from observations taken over time on experimental units in a randomized complete block design are discussed. Profile analysis is a multivariate technique that is restricted by fewer assumptions than many other techniques. Profile analysis of such multivariate response data is described in detail. This technique can be used, in the context of analyzing pest management data, to compare trends in response over time with various treatments. An example is presented to illustrate the method.
Signatures of Alfvén‐cyclotron wave‐ion scattering: Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) solar wind observations

[1] Theory and simulations predict that Alfven-cyclotron fluctuations of sufficiently short wavelengths and at propagation approximately parallel or antiparallel to the background magnetic field B o in collisionless plasmas scatter ions so as to increase their energies in the directions perpendicular to B o . Linear Vlasov theory for a homogeneous, isotropic plasma of electrons, protons, and alpha particles predicts that alpha particle cyclotron resonance properties and ion cyclotron damping of such fluctuations are sensitive functions of the alpha/proton relative velocity. If a strong ion resonance corresponds to strong ion pitch-angle scattering, linear theory implies observable signatures in the anisotropies of solar wind alphas and protons. Statistical analyses of proton and alpha particle anisotropies measured in the solar wind near 1 AU by the plasma and magnetic field instruments on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft are reported which are largely consistent with such signatures.
Maximum performance at minimum cost in network synchronization

We consider two optimization problems on synchronization of oscillator networks: maximization of synchronizability and minimization of synchronization cost. We first develop an extension of the well-known master stability framework to the case of non-diagonalizable Laplacian matrices. We then show that the solution sets of the two optimization problems coincide and are simultaneously characterized by a simple condition on the Laplacian eigenvalues. Among the optimal networks, we identify a subclass of hierarchical networks, characterized by the absence of feedback loops and the normalization of inputs. We show that most optimal networks are directed and non-diagonalizable, necessitating the extension of the framework. We also show how oriented spanning trees can be used to explicitly and systematically construct optimal networks under network topological constraints. Our results may provide insights into the evolutionary origin of structures in complex networks for which synchronization plays a significant role.
Twisted three-generation compactification

Abstract We show that the three-generation compactification paradigm is capable of a combination of phenomenologically interesting twists. One stems from the existence of an alternative way to pass form nine to three generations, the second from some recent results on the E6 singlet sector, the third one from a twofold (2, 0)-deformation and the fourth one amounts to generating fine detail in the Yukawa couplings and fermion masses. Most of these effects are related to the existence of an R-symmetry, which is also used to prove an interesting selection rule.
4-week inhalation toxicity study with a mixture of dichloroethylene and perfluorobutylethylene in rats.

Inhalation studies were conducted to determine the potential subchronic toxicity of a mixture of trans -1,2-dichloroethylene (70%), cis -1,2-dichloroethylene (5%), and perfluorobutylethylene (25%). Groups of rats were exposed to 0, 400, 2000, or 8000 ppm concentrations of the mixture vapor 6 h/day, 5 days/wk, for a total of 20 exposures. Subgroups of rats were further observed during a 1-mo recovery period. Functional observational battery (FOB) and motor activity (MA) behavioral tests were conducted prior to initiation of the exposures, during exposure wk 4, and after a 1-mo postexposure recovery period. Clinical pathology evaluations were conducted at the end of the exposure period and after a 1-mo recovery period. At the end of the 4-wk exposure period, tissues from rats were collected, histologically processed, and evaluated by light microscopy. Test substance-related, biologically significant decreased body weights and body weight gains occurred in male and female rats exposed to 8000 ppm. In additio...
Remarks from Incoming Editor-in-Chief

It is a pleasure and an honor to serve as the new Editor-in-Chief for Current Psychology. I take over from the very capable Jeff Schaler, who served in that role for the past 8 years. He nominated me for this position and I am grateful for his consideration, thoughtfulness and respect over the years. Jeff helped me in the transition period from summer 2013 to the present and still contacts me from time to time about issues of high importance. I also want to thank Welmoed Spahr, Morgan Ryan and Antoniette Abano, all from Springer. They have all been more than helpful in my transition to Editor-in-Chief. Their support, insight and good spirits have made my job much easier and I am lucky to have them in my corner. Current Psychology is the 3 professional psychology journal that I have edited (I was co-Executive Editor/Editor-in-Chief for Journal of Psychology and Journal of General Psychology, both from 2000 to 2005) but the job of editing is still something I love to do and look forward to each and every day. It is a challenge that I readily accept and enjoy. Current Psychology brings some new challenges to the role of Editor-in-Chief, including the use of Editorial Manager. Editorial Manager is an internet-based review system. This will speed up the time from submission to decision and since it went live in October of 2013, the system has worked great! Authors want to know about their papers in a timely manner and this system (used by many professional journals) will attend to that. The rapid rise of the internet in professional journal publishing also requires fast action on submitted and revised manuscripts. Editorial Manager allows for that requirement. I have also assembled a crack editorial board, comprised of some professionals that Jeff had appointed and some that I have appointed. They have been working quite hard, as many papers are now being submitted to Current Psychology. I also have made requests for ad-hoc reviewers and this has also gone quite well with many professionals eager to assist Current Psychology. To say that I have happy about how things are going would be an understatement. As mentioned, it is an absolute honor to serve as Editor-in-Chief of Current Psychology and I am grateful to be part of the long tradition Current Psychology has had in psychology. I ask readers to consider Current Psychology Curr Psychol (2014) 33:1–2 DOI 10.1007/s12144-014-9209-6
CEO succession planning: Finally at the center stage of the boardroom

Few would question the importance of CEO succes-sion in a company’s success, but many companiesdo not have a plan to manage CEO succession. Forinstance, a 2009 survey by the National Associationof Corporate Directors revealed that 43% ofU.S. public companies had no formal CEO succes-sion plan and 61% had no emergency CEO replace-ment plan (Miles & Bennett, 2009). Even amongﬁrms that do have succession plans, most of themare dissatisﬁed with their plans. For example, theCorporate Leadership Council, a human-resourceresearch ﬁrm, found that only 20% of the 276large ﬁrms they surveyed in 2004 were satisﬁedwith their top-management succession processes(Charan, 2005). The absence of a CEO successionplan can put a ﬁrm at enormous risk. One recentexample of a succession-induced crisis is Bank ofAmerica. When the former CEO Ken Lewis an-nounced on October 1, 2009 his intention to leaveby the end of 2009, Bank of America did not have asuccession plan in place. Between September 30,2009 and December 15, 2009, the period duringwhich the ﬁrm searched for a successor to Lewis,its stock fell 10% while the Dow Jones IndustrialAveragerose7.6%(Kassenaar, 2010).The Securities and Exchange Commission’s Divi-sion of Corporate Finance Legal Bulletin 14E, re-leased on October 27, 2009, holds boards moredirectly responsible for succession planning. Thebulletin is also likely to empower shareholderswho want boards to be more transparent in relationto CEO succession planning. The bulletin explicatesthat:One of the board’s key functions is to providefor succession planning so that the company isnot adversely affected due to a vacancy inleadership. Recent events have underscoredthe importance of this board function to thegovernance of the corporation. We now recog-nize that CEO succession planning raises a sig-niﬁcant policy issue regarding the governanceof the corporation that transcends the day-to-day business matters of managing the work-force. (Miles & Bennett, 2009)A likely direct outcome of this change in the SEC’spositionisthatwemayseeanincreasingproportionof inside promotions to the CEO position. Thisrepresents a reversal of the trend in the past twodecades whereby companies have increasinglyfavored outside hires for the CEO position. In thisarticle, we will identify the reasons underlyingcompanies’ common quest for outside CEOs, com-pare the relative advantages and disadvantages ofinside versus outside CEO successions, and offer
Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma: Prognostic Factors and Oncologic Outcome Analysis

Background Most patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) present with late-stage, unresectable disease that responds poorly to systemic chemotherapy while, at the same time, effective targeted therapies are lacking. We assessed the efficacy of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (HIPEC) in MPM.
Mathematical simulation of the kinetics of high-temperature silicon oxidation and the structure of the boundary layer in the Si-SiO2 system

Structural complexes formed in the Si-SiO2 boundary layer under high-temperature thermal oxidation of silicon are considered. A mathematical model of the kinetics of silicon-oxygen cluster polymerization was suggested using the boundary-layer concept. The influence of the diffusion flow of these clusters on the percentage of SiO4 tetrahedral chains of various lengths in the SiO2 bulk was noted.
Photoelectrochemical Characterization and Durability Analysis of GaInPN Epilayers

Epilayer samples of GaInPN with a stoichiometry of Ga .962 In .038 P .976 N .024 and Ga .5 In .05 P .975 N .025 were grown by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition and were photoelectrochemically characterized to determine their potential to photoelectrolyze water. The materials had direct transition bandgap energies of ∼2.0 eV, as determined by photocurrent spectroscopy; however, the measured flatband potentials were several hundred millivolts too negative for unbiased water splitting. Stability was assessed by operating the electrodes as photocathodes for 24 h and qualitatively evaluated by probing the amount of surface etching with a stylus profilometer. Quantitative evaluation was done by measuring the concentration of gallium in the corrosion test electrolyte using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results were compared to similarly treated GaP and GaInP 2 samples for context.
Constraints on a model with pure right-handed third generation couplings

We examine constraints on a model with pure right-handed third generation charged couplings. The parameters of the right-handed mixing matrix and the right-handed coupling strength are constrained from semileptonic B decays, the mass difference of neutral mesons, the $\mathrm{CP}$ violating observables $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}/\ensuremath{\epsilon},$ and the electric dipole moment of the neutron. We find the model to be tightly constrained by these parameters with several fine-tuning conditions on the phases in the right-handed mixing matrix. There is also a necessarily non-zero value of the ${W}_{L}{\ensuremath{-}W}_{R}$ mixing parameter, ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{g}.$ $\mathrm{CP}$ asymmetry phases in neutral B decays are discussed.
Induction of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase mRNA by silica and lipopolysaccharide in PMA‐primed THP‐1 cells

Nitric oxide (NO), a nitrogen-free radical, plays an important role in mediating inflammatory reaction and cytotoxicity of tissue. To determine whether NO was involved in silica-induced pulmonary tissue damage, we studied the effects of silica on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression by THP-1 cells, a monocyte-like cell line with properties of the pulmonary alveolar macrophage. Experimental results showed that silica elicited a marked stimulation of nitric oxide production in a time-dependent manner by THP-1 cells in vitro following the priming of these cells with the phorbol ester PMA. Both nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA) and xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol can partially suppress silica-induced NO production in PMA-primed THP-1 cells. Northern blot analysis indicated that, after 2 h of silica exposure, PMA-primed THP-1 cells began to express iNOS mRNA, which reached peak expression at 8 h. Endotoxin treatment of these cells produced a similar effect. These results indicated that silica is a potent inducer of NO production in macrophages and its ability to induce tissue damage may partially be attributed to its ability to initiate excessive production of nitric oxide from macrophages.
Effect of Fibrous By-Products on Production and Ruminal Fermentation in Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Lactating dairy cows were used in experiments to determine the effects of feeding a combination of fibrous by-products to replace a portion of alfalfa hay or grain. Cows were fed a control diet, consisting of alfalfa hay, corn, soybean meal, and corn silage or one of four treatment diets. In these diets, a combination of soy hulls, corn gluten feed, and wheat midds replaced approximately 30 or 60% of alfalfa hay or 25 or 50% of corn and soybean meal. A 56-d production study used 50 mid-lactation dairy cows in a randomized complete block design. No differences in milk production or composition among treatments were measured, except for the diet in which 60% of the alfalfa hay was replaced with fibrous by-products. Cows fed this diet had a significantly lower percentage of milk fat compared with other treatments. A fermentation study used five fistulated, multiparous lactating dairy cows in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Cows were fed one of the five experimental diets used in the production study during five consecutive 14-d periods. Rumen acetate to propionate ratio was highest for the control and 50% concentrate replacement diets (3.27) and lowest for the 60% hay replacement diet (2.78). This shift in ruminal volatile fatty acid profile corresponded to the change in milk fat percentage, measured during the production study. A mixture of fibrous by-products fed as an alternative to hay or grain ingredients could potentially decrease feed costs without a resultant decrease in milk production by mid-lactation dairy cows.
On the probability of deadlock in computer systems

As the number of processes and resources increases within a computer system, does the probability of that system's being in deadlock increase or decrease? This paper introduces Probabilistic Automata as a model of computer systems. This allows investigation of the above question for various scheduling algorithms. A theorem is proven which indicates that, within the types of systems considered, the probability of deadlock increases.
Contextual A.R.T. Factors in the Evaluation of Visual Art Educators

School reform and teacher evaluations have become primary concerns for education policymakers in recent years. However, a standard one-size-fits-all method of evaluation, such as value-added evaluation, may not give an accurate assessment of all teachers. This article proposes an alternative to the general evaluation of visual arts educators by considering the effect that certain contextual factors have on these teachers. The author suggests that when evaluating art teachers, the contextual factors of advocacy, repetitive revision, and taking in the big picture can contribute to a more accurate assessment of what these teachers accomplish beyond student achievement on standardized exams.
Controlled thin graphitic petal growth on oxidized silicon

Abstract Factors influencing the formation and structure of graphitic petals grown by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on oxidized silicon substrates are investigated through process variation and materials analysis. Unlike the spatially homogeneous growth mechanisms reported previously, some graphitic petals are found to grow at an accelerated rate, often growing ~ 20 times faster than other petals located only a fraction of a micrometer away. Using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, the rapid growth rate of these fast-growing petals is attributed to the formation of nanoscale cones in the plasma etched SiO 2 layer. Electron energy loss spectroscopy reveals that the formation of these nanoscale cones is associated with a localized roughening of the oxidized silicon substrate—a process that depends on plasma power. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy are used to confirm the graphitic nature of the as-grown petals. Insights gained into the growth mechanism of these graphitic petals suggest a simple scribing method can be used to control both the location and formation of petals on flat Si substrates. Experiments performed to test this hypothesis show that controlled petal growth can be achieved, a development that enables an exploitation of the graphitic petal properties in many practical applications.
Spatial frequency dependence of target signature for infrared performance modeling

The standard model used to describe the performance of infrared imagers is the U.S. Army imaging system target acquisition model, based on the targeting task performance metric. The model is characterized by the resolution and sensitivity of the sensor as well as the contrast and task difficulty of the target set. The contrast of the target is defined as a spatial average contrast. The model treats the contrast of the target set as spatially white, or constant, over the bandlimit of the sensor. Previous experiments have shown that this assumption is valid under normal conditions and typical target sets. However, outside of these conditions, the treatment of target signature can become the limiting factor affecting model performance accuracy. This paper examines target signature more carefully. The spatial frequency dependence of the standard U.S. Army RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision 12 and 8 tracked vehicle target sets is described. The results of human perception experiments are modeled and evaluated using both frequency dependent and independent target signature definitions. Finally the function of task difficulty and its relationship to a target set is discussed.
Peripheral F2‐isoprostanes and F4‐neuroprostanes are not increased in Alzheimer's disease

Quantitative biomarkers of oxidative damage, such as the F 2 -isoprostanes (IsoPs) and F 4 -neuroprostanes (F 4 -NeuroPs), may be useful in assessing progression and response to therapeutics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. F 2 -IsoPs and F 4 -NeuroPs are reproducibly increased in brain and cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients; however, results in blood and urine have been conflicting. We tested the hypothesis that F 2 -IsoPs and F 4 -NeuroPs in plasma or urine quantitatively reflect oxidative damage to the central nervous system. Our results showed that urine levels of F 2 -IsoPs or their major metabolite were not significantly different between 56 Alzheimer's disease patients and 34 controls. In addition, urine and cerebrospinal fluid F 2 -IsoP levels in 32 Alzheimer's disease patients did not correlate. Supporting these conclusions, elevated rat cerebral F 2 -IsoPs and F 4 -NeuroPs after systemic exposure to kainic acid were not associated with a significant change in their plasma or urine levels. These results show that plasma and urine F 2 -IsoPs and F 4 -NeuroPs do not accurately reflect central nervous system levels of these biomarkers and are not reproducibly elevated in body fluids outside of central nervous system in Alzheimer's disease patients. These results should guide the organization of clinical trials now being planned for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Mini-open versus extended open release for severe carpal tunnel syndrome

Background This study aims to compare surgical outcomes of severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) treated with mini-incision versus extensile release.
Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence and "2+1" multiphoton ionization of silicon atoms

Abstract Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence and “2+1” multiphoton ionization detection of silicon ( 3 P j″ , 1 D 2 ) atoms was accomplished using the 4 3 P J' ←3 3 P j″ , 4 3 S 1 → 3 3 P J′ , and the 4 1 D 2 → 3 1 D 2 resonant two-photon transitions. Silicon atoms were produced in their ground 3 P J″ ( J″ = 0,1,2) and first singlet 1 D 2 states by the multiphoton dissociation of Si(CH 3 ) 4 in the wavelength region 400–460 nm. Line strength intensities for the two-photon transitions originating from the 3 3 P J″ ( J″ = 0,1,2) states were calculated and compared to experimental values determining that the silicon ( 3 P J ″ ) atoms were produced in a statistical population distribution.
A temporary threshold shift for self-motion detection following sustained, oscillating linear acceleration.

Thresholds for detecting linear motion (self-motion) increased following exposure of human observers to sustained linear oscillation (fatiguing stimulus) at 0.26 Hz and approximately 0.5 G peak-to-peak for durations up to 30 min. Recovery to preexposure levels took place over a period of 10 to 15 rain following the sustained oscillation termination. Differences in threshold shift magnitudes following sustained oscillation in various orientations support the interpretation that the observed threshold shifts resulted from fatigue of the utricular otolith receptors. Threshold shifts were not obtained following exposure of the human observers to sustained, unidirectional linear acceleration (2 G) for durations up to 10 rain with a centrifuge. The results of this study suggest a previously unobserved response property of the otolith organs, namely, that these organs can be fatigued in a manner analogous to other receptor systems.
Cardiac Tamponade with Nonhemorrhagic Pericardial Fluid Complicating Dressler's Syndrome

A 39-year-old man developed cardiac tamponade with Dressler's syndrome four weeks after an inferior myocardial infarction. Treatment of the tamponade by pericardiocentesis on two occasions produced serous fluid. The pericardial effusion cleared with short-term therapy with corticosteroids and the prolonged use of indomethacin.
Young children in urban areas: Links among neighborhood characteristics, weight status, outdoor play, and television watching.

Although research consistently demonstrates a link between residential context and physical activity for adults and adolescents, less is known about young children's physical activity. Using data from the U.S. Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=1822, 51% male), we explored whether outdoor play and television watching were associated with children's body mass indexes (BMIs) at age five using OLS regression models, controlling for a wide array of potential confounders, including maternal BMI. We also tested whether subjective and objective neighborhood measures - socioeconomic status (from U.S. Census tract data), type of dwelling, perceived collective efficacy, and interviewer-assessed physical disorder of the immediate environment outside the home - were associated with children's activities, using negative binomial regression models. Overall, 19% of the sample were overweight (between the 85th and 95th percentiles), and 16% were obese (≥ 95th percentile). Hours of outdoor play were negatively associated with BMI, and hours of television were positively associated with BMI. Moreover, a ratio of outdoor play to television time was a significant predictor of BMI. Higher maternal perceptions of neighborhood collective efficacy were associated with more hours of outdoor play, fewer hours of television viewing, and more trips to a park or playground. In addition, we found that neighborhood physical disorder was associated with both more outdoor play and more television watching. Finally, contrary to expectations, we found that children living in public housing had significantly more hours of outdoor play and watched more television, than other children. We hypothesize that poorer children may have more unstructured time, which they fill with television time but also with outdoor play time; and that children in public housing may be likely to have access to play areas on the grounds of their housing facilities.
Abstract P5-07-10: APOBEC3B drives mutagenesis in breast cancer

A typical breast cancer accumulates hundreds to thousands of somatic mutations. Breast cancer mutation spectra are often dominated by C-to-T transition mutations, which occur in a mostly dispersed manner but can also occur in localized clusters called kataegis. Several lines of evidence indicate that the innate immune DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B is the primary cause of these mutations. First, APOBEC3B mRNA is up-regulated in the majority of primary breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines. Second, endogenous APOBEC3B protein is predominantly nuclear and the only detectable source of DNA C-to-U editing activity in breast cancer cell line extracts. Third, APOBEC3B knockdown causes a corresponding decrease in genomic uracil concentrations, mutation frequencies, and C-to-T mutation levels in breast cancer cell lines. Fourth, the biochemical signature of APOBEC3B is over-represented in breast cancer mutation spectra. Fifth, breast carcinomas that express high levels of APOBEC3B have twice as many mutations as those expressing low levels. Finally, high levels of APOBEC3B associate with more aggressive disease including shorter durations of survival. All of these data are consistent with a model in which APOBEC3B-catalyzed DNA cytosine deamination provides a chronic source of DNA damage and mutagenesis in breast carcinomas that may help to explain how some tumors evolve rapidly and manifest gross heterogeneity. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-07-10.
Modulation of trigeminovascular activity by leptin: a novel antinociceptive mechanism?

Fasting is a recognized trigger of headache in susceptible individuals. Leptin is a peptide hormone encoded by the mouse obese gene (ob)[1] and is mainly secreted by white adipocytes. Plasma levels of leptin are regulated to reflect body energy stores: levels of leptin fall in response to fasting and are increased in several models of murine obesity[2]. Leptin signaling decreases feeding and increases energy expenditure by activating the longform of its receptor (LepRb) in areas of the brain[3] including the brainstem, midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus and cortex[4].
Semiconductor Detector Optimization for Trace Mercury Analysis in Environmental Samples

The counting of low energy gamma-rays from mercury in activated environmental and biological samples is often hindered by dominant activity of higher energy gamma-rays from elements such as sodium. An investigation of gamma-ray interaction theory for silicon and germanium at these energies shows that germanium is the preferred material, and that a detector thickness of about 5 mm in the direction of the incident gamma-ray is optimum for mercury counting. Measurements and Figure-of-Merit calculations for true coaxial, closed-end coaxial, and thin high resolution planar Ge(Li) detectors resulted in FOM values for this application of 2.5 to 4.6 for the large volume coaxial detectors, and 8.0 to 17.3 for the thin planar detectors. Coincidence counting of the gamma- and x-rays can yield large FOM values and separation of the gamma- and x-rays in the recorded spectrum. Certain phenomena related to coincident emission, to background efficiency, and to energy resolution are not included in the FOM, and should be considered separately in defining optimum detectors.