cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The assumptions and rationales of a computer model of phytoplankton population dynamics1

Predictions of phytoplankton growth dynamics and nutrient assimilation by a computer simulation model are consistent with studies of field and laboratory populations. The model simulates population dynamics and gross physiology of phytoplankton species in the epilimnion of a lake where algal growth is subject to temperature, light, and nutrient constraints and includes luxury consumption, end-product inhibition of both carbon fixation and nutrient uptake, and species-specific differential efficiencies of nutrient assimilation. C : P, C : N, and N : P ratios of the algal cells respond to changes in external nutrient conditions, and nutrient storage by the cells permits biological effects of nutrient pulses to be evident long after assimilation of dissolved nutrients forces the pulses to decline. Species succession results when abundances of specific taxa decline due to such factors as sinking or grazing, which assume overriding importance when cell division rates arc slowed by chemical or physical limitations. The physiological tenets and limiting assumptions of the model have been used to formulate patterns of competition among
A Decision Support System for Real-Time Management of Water Quality in the San Joaquin River, California

The paper describes a real-time decision support system for monitoring and minimizing exceedences of water quality standards in the San Joachim River Basin, California, USA. The river system supports extensive irrigated agriculture, and there are many stakeowners in its boundaries with often competing interests. Results are presented of particularly interesting case events. Future improvements are suggested.
Effects of familiar contingencies on infants' vocal behavior in new communicative contexts.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying vocal learning in songbirds and human infants. Research has demonstrated how contingent social feedback from social partners to immature vocalizations can play a role during vocal learning in both brown-headed cowbirds and prelinguistic infants. Contingencies in social interactions, particularly familiar contingencies, are important in developing preferences for social partners and shaping social exchanges Bigelow and Birch [1999]. Infant Behavior & Development 22:367–382]; however, little is known about how familiar contingencies that individuals experience during communicative exchanges play a role in new contexts. The current study examined differences in caregiver response patterns to infant vocal behavior and assessed how familiar contingencies influenced infant vocal behavior in novel communicative exchanges with caregivers. Infants were systematically exposed to high and low social feedback schedules during a play session. Results revealed the frequency of caregiver responsiveness to which infants were accustomed to affected infant vocal production during novel communicative situations. Infants with high responding caregivers vocalized with more mature vocalizations and used their vocalizations differently than infants with low responding caregivers during the high, but not low, response period. Specifically, infants with high responding caregivers directed more of their vocalizations at their caregiver and looked more at their caregiver after vocalizing, an indication of anticipating contingent responding. These results suggest that infants with high responding caregivers learned the association between vocalizing and contingent responses during the novel communicative interaction. This study demonstrates the need to understand how infants who experience a variety of contingencies in everyday interactions with caregivers carry over to other interactive situations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1518–1527, 2014.
Evolution, the Five-Factor Model, and Levels of Personality

ABSTRACT This article interprets the five-factor model as subsuming variation in normative, species-typical systems with adaptive functions in the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness. It is argued that the evolutionary logic of personality systems is apparent in the patterning of mean sex differences in personality. Personality systems are conceptualized as evolved motivational systems with an affective core. The evolved motive dispositions at the core of personality anchor a hierarchy of levels of cognitive and behavioral functioning aimed at attaining or avoiding the affective states central to these personality systems. Personality systems are seen as often in dynamic conflict within individuals and as highly compartmentalized in their functioning between settings. While variation in personality consists of a range of viable strategies for humans, extremes on these systems tend to be maladaptive, although in at least some cases individuals who approach the maladaptive extremes of individual variation may be viewed as engaging in high-risk evolutionary strategies. Within this wide range of viable strategies, personality variation functions as a resource environment for individuals in the sense that personality variation is evaluated according to the interests of the evaluator.
How an Inhibitor of the HIV-I Protease Modulates Proteasome Activity

Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus, type I protease inhibitor Ritonavir has been used successfully in AIDS therapy for 4 years. Clinical observations suggested that Ritonavir may exert a direct effect on the immune system unrelated to inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus, type I protease. In fact, Ritonavir inhibited the major histocompatibility complex class I restricted presentation of several viral antigens at therapeutically relevant concentrations (5 μm). In search of a molecular target we found that Ritonavir inhibited the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome whereas the tryptic activity was enhanced. In this study we kinetically analyzed how Ritonavir modulates proteasome activity and what consequences this has on cellular functions of the proteasome. Ritonavir is a reversible effector of proteasome activity that protected the subunits MB-1 (X) and/or LMP7 from covalent active site modification with the vinyl sulfone inhibitor125I-NLVS, suggesting that they are the prime targets for competitive inhibition by Ritonavir. At low concentrations of Ritonavir (5 μm) cells were more sensitive to canavanine but proliferated normally whereas at higher concentrations (50 μm) protein degradation was affected, and the cell cycle was arrested in the G1/S phase. Ritonavir thus modulates antigen processing at concentrations at which vital cellular functions of the proteasome are not yet severely impeded. Proteasome modulators may hence qualify as therapeutics for the control of the cytotoxic immune response.
Anthropometric and craniofacial patterns in mentally retarded males with emphasis on the fragile X syndrome.

Butler MG, Pratesi R, Watson MS, Breg WR, Singh DN. Anthropometric and craniofacial patterns in mentally retarded males with emphasis on the fragile X syndrome. Clin Genet 1993: 44: 129–138. © Munksgaard, 1993 Anthropometric and craniofacial profile patterns indicating the percent difference from the overall mean were developed on 34 physical parameters with 31 white, mentally retarded males (23 adults and 8 children) with the fra(X) syndrome matched for age with 31 white, mentally retarded males without a known cause of their retardation. The fra(X) syndrome males consistently showed larger dimensions for all anthropometric variables, with significant differences for height, sitting height, arm span, hand length, middle finger length, hand breadth, foot length, foot breadth, and testicular volume. A craniofacial pattern did emerge between the two groups of mentally retarded males, but with overlap of several variables. Significant differences were noted for head circumference, head breadth, lower face height, bizygomatic diameter, inner canthal distance, ear length and ear width, with the fra(X) syndrome males having larger head dimensions (head circumference, head breadth, head length, face height and lower face height), but smaller measurements for minimal frontal diameter, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, and inner canthal distance. Several significant correlations were found with the variables for both mentally retarded males with and without the fra(X) syndrome. In a combined anthropometric and craniofacial profile of 19 variables comparing 26 white fra(X) syndrome males (13 with high expression (>30%) and 13 with low expression (<30%), but matched for age), a relatively flat profile was observed with no significant differences for any of the variables. Generally, fra(X) syndrome males with increased fragile X chromosome expression have larger amplifications of the CGG trinucleotide repeat of the FMR-1 gene. No physical differences were detectable in our study between fra(X) males with high expression and apparently larger amplifications of the CGG trinucleotide repeats compared with those patients with low expression. Our research illustrates the use of anthropometry in identifying differences between mentally retarded males with or without the fra(X) syndrome and offers a comprehensive approach for screening males for the fra(X) syndrome and selecting those individuals for cytogenetic and/or molecular genetic testing.
Feasibility of identifying families for genetic studies of birth defects using the National Health Interview Survey

Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether the National Health Interview Survey is a useful source to identify informative families for genetic studies of birth defects.
Computational Complexities of Optimization Problems Related to Model-Based Clustering of Networks

An extremely popular model-based graph partitioning approach that is used for both biological and social networks is the so-called modularity optimization approach originally proposed by Newman and its variations. In this chapter, we review several combinatorial and algebraic methods that have been used in the literature to study the computational complexities of these optimization problems.
Molecular Pathology of the Central Nervous System

In direct reflection of the vastly improved molecular interrogation techniques available today, we have recently witnessed an explosion of new emerging information concerning the molecular genetics of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, involving both neoplastic and neurodegenerative disorders. This has had immediate diagnostic, prognostic and predictive effects on various CNS diseases. The promise of targeted therapy against newly identified molecules acts only as an added motivation to furthering the study of these disease entities. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the most commonly encountered CNS tumors and neurodegenerative conditions with particular emphasis on the molecular alterations encountered in these entities, their potential applications and possible therapeutic targets.
Abstract 205: Improving Door to Needle Time for IV Thrombolysis in Stroke

Background: Door to Needle Time (DNT) for IV tPA administration in acute stroke, has become an important quality metric. The rationale for this is based on evidence that earlier administration of IV tPA, improves patient outcomes. Methods: In 2010 we undertook a review of our hospital’s performance and process for administration of IV tPA for acute stroke. At the time, we were already using 7 elements of the AHA’s Target Stroke 10 best practices. We created a pocket card for our Brain Attack team to record the time at which each task in the process was completed. We found that the greatest delay was in the time between the decision to treat and administration of tPA. The factors that contributed were insertion of a Foley catheter (part of our order set at the time), blood pressure control, and mixing tPA. We instituted the 3 remaining Target Stroke best practices: activation of the Brain Attack team upon EMS advance hospital notification, mixing tPA ahead of time (right after CT scan), and prompt data feedback (case by case and aggregate). We also eliminated the Foley catheter insertion requirement from the order set, instituted a streamlined blood pressure control guideline, created an incentive pin awarded for treatment under 60 minutes, started timely case by case review and feedback, and included DNT on our department’s safety dashboard. Results: From 2007 to 2010, there were 5/43 (11.6%) patients with a DNT less than 60 minutes (DNT<60), and the average yearly median DNT was 80 min. After implementation: In 2011, DNT<60 was 5/14 (35.7%) and median DNT was 67 min. In 2012, DNT<60 was 11/28 (39%), DNT<45: 1/28 (3.6%),and median DNT was 67 min. In 2013, DNT<60 was 16/39 (41%), DNT<45: 3/39 (7.7%), and median DNT was 68 min. In 2014, DNT<60 was 19/39 (49%), DNT<45: 7/39 (18%), and median DNT was 61 min. Adjusted (aDNT<60) results based on the Get With The Guidelines accepted medical reasons for exclusion of the metric (released in the Fall of 2012). In 2013, aDNT<60 was 8/13 (61.5%) and median DNT was 55 min. In 2014, aDNT<60 was 9/10 (90%) and median DNT was 56 min. Conclusions: Efforts to reduce DNT are effective and create incremental improvement over time. The organization required to lower door to needle time, results in an increase of the number of patients treated. This may be a result of the greater efficiency needed to achieve fast administration of IV tPA, which in turn, improves recognition of stroke patients and efficiency of decision making. Our experience demonstrates that these gains are sustainable.
AIDS classification and the military.

In 1985 the U.S. Department of Defense took action to establish regulations for the protection of national defense personnel against the AIDS epidemic. Since that time specific procedures have been carried out in each military unit to effectively handle soldiers infected with the AIDS virus. A unique six-stage classification system for monitoring disease progression of AIDS is currently used in military medical facilities around the world, and military medicine remains active in the fight against AIDS.
Analysis on Lightning Protection Effects and Operationof Line Arresters in Guangdong Power Grid

Installation scale of line arresters in Guangdong was introduced,and its clearly protection effects was indicated by operation instances such as action rate and protection validity,inrush wave protection of terminal arrester,reduction lightning trip-outs of middle arrester.Operation faults,type defects and protection invalidations were analyzed,the operation examinations states was introduced and the existent problems were pointed out.It is proposed to promote the application of line surge arrester lightning protection,and to strengthen the inspection,maintenance,standards and carry out sample tests of line arrester,to improve the level of line arrester applications.
Study on Intelligent Operation and Maintenance System of Distribution Network with Integrated Framework

With increase of distribution facilities and equipments and improvement of monitoring requirement for electric safety,it is urgent to improve monitoring dynamics for various equipments,comprehensive applying and analyzing abilities on monitoring data and cooperative working abilities of various business systems.Therefore,this paper analyzes business requirements for distribution network with integrated framework,completes mapping from business function to technology function and designs a kind of intelligent operation and maintenance system of the distribution network in order to realize full view supervision and analysis on distribution system and production run information of equipment,improve operation maintenance management level and promote working cooperation efficiency of business of producing.
SPECIFIC AMPLIFICATION OF ILEAL SYMBIONT INTRACELLULARIS FROM SEVERAL ANIMAL SPECIES WITH PROLIFERATIVE ENTERITIS

Proliferative enteritis (PE) is an enteric disease that occurs at weanling age in a variety of animals, including the pig, hamster and horse.4,6,18 There are a variety of clinical presentations, including subclinical disease, reduced weight gain, diarrhoea, and an acute hemorrhagic form. Lesions of PE also vary, but all cases present with hyperplasia of the ileal crypt epithelium and large numbers of small, curved intracellular bacteria within the apical cytoplasm of crypt enterocytes (Fig. 1 and 2). These bacteria can be demonstrated with silver staining18 Other lesions such as gross thickening of the mucosa, inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhage are variable and may represent complications with concurrent infections, variable chronicity, or host factors.18 The intracellular bacterium of PE has been referred to as a Campylobacter-like organism because of its morphology. However, 16S rDNA sequencing of the organism purified from pig and hamster intestines has shown it to share approximately 90% homology with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and it has been given the vernacular name Ileal Symbiont (IS) intracellularis.7,17 Transmission studies in hamsters and pigs have confirmed the role of IS intracellularis as the causative agent of PE13, 16, 19.
Mephedrone: An Overview of Its Neurotoxic Potential

Mephedrone is a synthetic psychoactive drug of abuse that has gained notoriety as one of the constituents of so-called “bath salts.” Mephedrone is very similar in chemical structure to methamphetamine, another psychotropic drug of abuse that is well-known to cause neurotoxicity in humans. Key facets of methamphetamine action that are thought to be critical for its ability to damage the brain include stimulation of nonvesicular release of dopamine and inhibition of its reuptake by the dopamine transporter, inhibition of dopamine metabolism, and significant increases in core body temperature. Early pharmacological studies established that mephedrone shares all of these actions with methamphetamine, leading to the prediction that it would cause damage to at least dopamine nerve endings. Research reviewed in this chapter shows that high-dose mephedrone, against expectations, does not lead to persistent neurotoxicity. Mephedrone (and other related “bath salts” components) may therefore offer insight into those unique structural features that render it nonneurotoxic compared with methamphetamine.
Complex inheritance of ABCA4 disease: four mutations in a family with multiple macular phenotypes

Over 800 mutations in the ABCA4 gene cause autosomal recessive Stargardt disease. Due to extensive genetic heterogeneity, observed variant-associated phenotypes can manifest tremendous variability of expression. Furthermore, the high carrier frequency of pathogenic ABCA4 alleles in the general population (~1:20) often results in pseudo-dominant inheritance patterns further complicating the diagnosis and characterization of affected individuals. This study describes a genotype/phenotype analysis of an unusual family with multiple macular disease phenotypes spanning across two generations and segregating four distinct ABCA4 mutant alleles. Complete sequencing of ABCA4 discovered two known missense mutations, p.C54Y and p.G1961E. Array comparative genomic hybridization revealed a large novel deletion combined with a small insertion, c.6148-698_c.6670del/insTGTGCACCTCCCTAG, and complete sequencing of the entire ABCA4 genomic locus uncovered a new deep intronic variant, c.302+68C>T. Patients with the p.G1961E mutation had the mildest, confined maculopathy phenotype with peripheral flecks while those with all other mutant allele combinations exhibited a more advanced stage of generalized retinal and choriocapillaris atrophy. This family epitomizes the clinical and genetic complexity of ABCA4-associated diseases. It contained variants from all classes of mutations, in the coding region, deep intronic, both single nucleotide variants and copy number variants that accounted for varying phenotypes segregating in an apparent dominant fashion. Unequivocally defining disease-associated alleles in the ABCA4 locus requires a multifaceted approach that includes advanced mutation detection methods and a thorough analysis of clinical phenotypes.
Microscopic structured light 3D profilometry: Binary defocusing technique vs. sinusoidal fringe projection

Abstract This paper compares the binary defocusing technique with conventional sinusoidal fringe projection under two different 3D microscopic profilometry systems: (1) both camera and projector use telecentric lenses and (2) only camera uses a telecentric lens. Our simulation and experiments found that the binary defocusing technique is superior to the traditional sinusoidal fringe projection method by improving the measurement resolution approximately 19%. Finally, by taking the speed advantage of the binary defocusing technique, we presented a high-speed (500 Hz) and high-resolution (1600×1200) 3D microscopic profilometry system that could reach kHz.
Tools for Interactive Visualization of Global Demographic Concepts in R

Data visualization is a core component of the demographer’s workflow, as visualizations are essential to communicate the findings of demographic research. Recent advances in interactive data visualization have made it easier to produce dynamic web-based graphics in a variety of computing environments, including R, a popular tool for demographers. This article illustrates how to produce interactive charts and maps of demographic data in R using Plotly and Shiny, two frameworks for web-based visualization. Data for the examples come from idbr, a new R package to download demographic indicators from the US Census Bureau’s International Data Base.
Corneal Ectasia: Management of Corneal Ectasia After LASIK with Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK) and Transepithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) with Mitomycin C

A prudent surgeon will not only understand how to screen for patients that are at a high risk for developing corneal ectasia but also understand how it is treated.
Utility of measuring direct bilirubin at first 72 h of age in neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.

Utility of measuring direct bilirubin at first 72 h of age in neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit
The Triumph of Fault in Public Law

Federal criminal law and constitutional remedies might seem distinct bodies of law. In the closing decades of the twentieth century, however, parallel transformations swept both domains. In each field, the Supreme Court demonstrated increasing unwillingness to impose individualized legal consequences simply because a defendant committed the discrete acts that comprised a crime or constitutional violation. Instead, it insisted on a showing of individualized “fault” to establish liability. This Article first documents this triumph of fault as a common regulatory principle across disparate domains of American public law. This doctrinal change, we demonstrate, has important implications for federal and state regulatory agendas. Intermittent use of a fault threshold for criminal or constitutional liability has shaped the relative cost profile of different regulatory tools. Fault, that is, makes some kinds of coercive regulation less costly even as it imposes an inhibiting tax on other species of state intervention. The triumph of fault in public law hence changes the occasions and populations that are subjected most routinely to state coercion. Rather than diagnosing fault’s ascendency as an endogenous product of legal reasoning, we situate it within a broader historical and intellectual context and argue that what the triumph of fault reflects, and potentially even reinforces, broader changes in the relationship between state and society.
Youth sports and physical activity: The relationship between perceptions of childhood sport experience and adult exercise behavior

Abstract Objective Participation in organized youth sports has been shown to positively correlate with increased levels of exercise in adulthood. However, there is limited research to suggest why youth sports participation is related to increased physical activity as an adult. One possible explanation is that positive youth sport experiences lead youth to be more positively inclined to engage in physical activity as adults. Research into the positive youth development aspect of organized sports provides the framework for the current investigation. Methods Adult participants (N = 234, Mage = 35.35) were asked to retrospectively assess their youth sports experiences using the “Four C's” (i.e., competence, confidence, connectedness, character) framework of positive youth development in sport. These assessments were then compared to current physical activity levels and related variables found in the Health Action Process Approach model (HAPA; Schwarzer, 2008). Results Bivariate correlations revealed statistically significant and moderate correlations among competence, confidence, and connectedness and all of the HAPA variables including physical activity levels. Further, a MANCOVA analysis revealed that when participants were sub-divided into “non-intenders,” “intenders,” and “actors” using a validated staging algorithm, a general linear trend emerged for competence, confidence, and connectedness such that “non-intenders” rated these constructs the lowest and “actors” rated them the highest. Conclusion These findings provide preliminary evidence that the relationship between participation in organized youth sports and adulthood levels of exercise could be contingent on how positively that experience is perceived.
A personal tribute to Terry Beveridge.

I met Terry Beveridge in the fall of 1994, when my Ph.D. advisor, Francois Morel, sent me to visit Terry’s lab at the University of Guelph, Ontario, for a week. Francois had met Terry at a meeting in France a few years prior, and they had hit it off discussing science over some good wine (or perhaps it was scotch?). Only a year into my Ph.D. studies, I was excited by the opportunity to visit Guelph, yet without the perspective to fully appreciate what an act of generosity this was on both their parts. Now, over two decades later, I realize just how special it was — my primary mentor was enabling me to pursue a research project that was tangential to his own research interests, and my soon-to-be microbiology mentor was opening his lab to a young stranger from another country.
Parametric models for signature prediction and feature extraction

This paper compares and contrasts numerical electromagnetic (EM) prediction methods and parametric scattering models for radar signature prediction and feature extraction.
Amending the Oversight: Legislative Drafting and the Cable Act

The Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 ("Cable Act") represented the first comprehensive federal law governing the no-longer new communications technology of cable television. After years of confronting a "patchwork" of federal, state, and local regulation, the cable industry, government regulators, and the public were told that the Cable Act would create a "national policy concerning cable communications," and firmly "establish guidelines for the exercise of Federal, State, and local authority." Unfortunately, the Cable Act failed to fulfill its numerous objectives. Advertised as a careful balance, the Cable Act was administratively and judicially converted to a lopsided grant of victory to the cable industry. Proclaimed a harbinger of clarity, the Cable Act led to frequent litigation over the meaning of its most basic terms.This Article examines what went wrong with the Cable Act and why it was unable to fulfill its original lofty promise.
Caliber estimation from cranial entrance defect measurements.

Caliber estimation from entrance defects has long been rejected by forensic scientists. This appears to be a consequence of soft tissue perspective of forensic pathologists. This study examined the relation between caliber and cranial entrance defects and maximum cranial thickness. The calibers considered in this inquiry were .22, .25, .32, and .38. The sample consisted of 73 specimens obtained at autopsy (thirty-seven of .22 caliber, five of .25, six of .32, and twenty-five of .38). To test the strength of the relation between caliber, minimum diameter, and maximum thickness Pearson correlation coefficients were conducted. The strongest relationship was observed between caliber and minimum diameter. A relationship between minimum diameter and maximum thickness was also observed. To test the null hypothesis that the mean minimum diameter is not significantly different between calibers an analysis of variance procedure was performed. The ANOVA yielded a strong relationship between dependent variable minimum diameter and caliber. Multiple regression analysis measuring the association between minimum diameter, caliber, and maximum thickness was also conducted. The Pr > F .0001 suggests that the overall model is significant. Discriminant functions and canonical variables were obtained. Classification was first performed by using two values small and large calibers. The large caliber group consisted of .38, while the small caliber group included .22, .25, and .32. The correct classification rate using crossvalidation for large caliber is 86.96%, and 93.33% for the group small caliber. A narrower classification was also performed by using three values, .23 caliber (.22 and .25 calibers grouped), .32, and .38 as the criterion variable groups also using minimum diameter and maximum thickness as predictors. The correct classification rate using crossvalidation is 82.02% for .23 caliber, 73.94% for .38 caliber, and 16.67% for .32 caliber defects. The discriminant functions can be used with appropriate caution to classify observations into groups defined by caliber using minimum diameter and maximum thickness as the predictors. Caution is suggested when attempting to estimate caliber from defects that are not produced from the perpendicular entrance of a bullet.
Lesbian and Gay Adoptive Parents and Their Children

Increasing numbers of lesbian and gay adults are becoming parents through adoption. The adoption of children by lesbian and gay adults does, however, remain a controversial topic across the USA and around the world. Several questions have been raised in these debates. For instance, to what extent do lesbian and gay adults make capable adoptive parents? Are children who have been adopted by lesbian and gay parents growing up in healthy ways? What factors contribute to positive family functioning in adoptive families with lesbian and gay parents? In this chapter, we present a growing body of social science research that has begun to address such questions. Findings from this research suggest that lesbian and gay adults are successful in adoptive parent roles and that their children are developing in positive directions. Research on these families has, however, been subject to criticism on methodological grounds, and we therefore consider the issues raised by such critiques. Further, in light of the existing literature, we point out directions for future research. Overall, the findings to date suggest that parental sexual orientation should not be a deciding factor in placing children with permanent adoptive families. We discuss various implications of this research for the legal system and for child welfare agencies.
Late Desert Archaic

Relative Time Period: Follows the Middle Desert Archaic tradition and precedes the historic period.
Endogenous pain modulation in chronic temporomandibular disorders: Derivation of pain modulation profiles and assessment of its relationship with clinical characteristics

Background Endogenous pain modulation (EPM) reflects the brain's ability to modulate incoming nociceptive inputs, and deficient EPM was implicated as a chronic pain mechanism. EPM status has been investigated in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients with conflicting results, and its relationship with clinical characteristics in this population is not well known. Objectives (a) Determine EPM responses in chronic TMD cases and pain-free controls; (b) Derive pain modulation profiles (PMP) based on individual EPM responses; and (c) Categorise clinical characteristics of TMD cases and pain-free controls based on their individual PMP. Methods Twenty-two chronic TMD cases and 17 age-matched pain-free controls, all females, were comprehensively characterised regarding clinical characteristics and underwent EPM testing using temporal summation of pain (TSP) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) protocols over the face and hand. Individuals were categorised into PMPs (I-IV) based on predetermined cut-off points for TSP and CPM responses. Results Between-group comparisons showed similar TSP and CPM responses (P > 0.23) in the face, while TMD cases showed significantly increased TSP (P = 0.04) but similar CPM responses (P > 0.17) in the hand relative to controls. Similar distribution across PMPs and clinical characteristics when categorised into PMPs was found for both groups. Body mass index was associated with increased TSP and reduced CPM in the face in TMD cases. Conclusion Endogenous pain modulation responses over the face were similar between groups. TMD cases showed increased hand TSP compared to controls while both groups showed no significant hand CPM. PMP classification showed similar results between groups, and further refinement of PMP determination is warranted.
Contractual Guidelines for Management of Infrastructure Transportation Projects

AbstractCongress recently approved a 5-year $287 billion bill to advance US surface transportation programs. As such, many infrastructure transportation projects are expected to start soon. The con...
The Limitations of Comparative Institutional Analysis

Atul Gawande's Checklist Manifesto became a sensation in 2009 because it promised that a simple technique could powerfully discipline decision-making. Gawande had saved lives using hospital checklists, and he argued that checklists could improve outcomes in other complicated endeavors. Checklists, he explained, “provide a kind of cognitive net. They catch mental flaws.” Neil Komesar's method of comparative institutional analysis is by necessity messier than the checklist and does not claim to produce faultless policy-making. But Komesar similarly seeks to improve cognitive processing by imposing a disciplining framework on decision-making. Sergio Puig and Gregory Shaffer's effort to introduce Komesar's technique to the debate about foreign investment law reform is welcome. Their emphasis on tradeoffs among institutional alternatives helps us to appreciate the different contexts facing different nation states, the value of regime competition, and consequently, the importance of implementing reforms in ways that preserve a variety of options for states. If they persuade commentators and policy-makers to take stock of the tradeoffs among institutional alternatives, Puig and Shaffer will have made a meaningful contribution. Still, their analysis illustrates some of the weaknesses of comparative institutional analysis. In this essay, I identify those weaknesses and suggest that they also weigh in pluralism's favor.
A clinician's guide to what kills adult sheep and goats, as diagnosed by necropsy

Techniques for efficient field necropsy of adult sheep and goat are described. Common conditions that kill adults, as well as older lambs and kids, are then presented, with emphasis on diagnosis by gross examination of the body. Additional laboratory tests that may be warranted and management considerations for the remainder of the herd are included to guide the practitioner in addressing the problems that have been identified. Conditions leading to the death of adult sheep include the following: anemia from haemonchosis, copper toxicosis, malnutrition, heavy strongyle burden, dental disease, paratuberculosis, liver flukes, caseous lymphadenitis, bacterial pneumonia, retroviral pneumonia, endocarditis, grain overload, enterotoxemia, intestinal accidents, toxic mastitis, dystocia with uterine rupture or retained fetuses, pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, urolithiasis, polioencephalomalcia, listeriosis, and other neurologic diseases.
Materials Specification Needs for Future Development of Ultra High Performance Concrete

Over the next several years, new mixtures for ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) products are expected to move from prepackaged mixtures toward the use of locally available materials to make UHPC economically viable for future projects. Because a wider variety of materials will be used in UHPC, it will be necessary to develop or modify material specifications to ensure high quality UHPC mixtures are produced that provide strength and durability properties consistent with designers’ expectations. New or modified specifications will be needed for chemical requirements on the cement and supplementary cementitious materials considered for use in UHPC as well as to guide producers in the selection of aggregates for use in UHPC. This paper discusses these material issues along with issues related to admixture and fiber selection that are important to the future development of UHPC. Suggestions for development or modification of specifications that will ensure selection of high quality materials and potential performance based specifications that may evolve in the future are also provided.
Neuroimaging in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder

Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD), like the adult counterpart of the disorder, has been characterized by structural and functional abnormalities in the brain regions responsible for emotional regulation, attentional control, and executive functioning. Studies of PBD subjects have revealed that adult and pediatric bipolar disorder may have shared neurological underpinnings. A few key differences between these populations have also been found, which may provide some insight into vulnerability markers for the disorder (Hajek, Carrey, & Alda, 2005), independent of effects of repeated mood episodes and long-term medication use.
Studies on the biogenesis of anthocyanins. VIII. Identification of the anthocyanin of Spirodela.

Abstract The anthocyanin of Spirodela oligorrhiza has been identified as petunidin-3-glucoside. It is accompanied by relatively large amounts of caffeic acid, probably esterified as chlorogenic acid.
Post Walrasian Macroeconomics and Heterodoxy : Thinking Outside the Heterodox Box

(2003). Post Walrasian Macroeconomics and Heterodoxy : Thinking Outside the Heterodox Box. International Journal of Political Economy: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 68-81.
/spl beta/-Helix: a lithography-based compliant off-chip interconnect

Microsystems packages continue to demand lower cost, higher reliability, better performance and smaller size. Compliant wafer-level interconnects show great potential for next-generation packaging. The proposed /spl beta/-Helix interconnect, an electroplated compliant wafer-level off-chip interconnect, can facilitate wafer-level probing as well as wafer-level packaging without the need for an underfill. The fabrication of the /spl beta/-Helix interconnect is similar to conventional integrated circuit (IC) fabrication processes and is based on electroplating and photolithography. /spl beta/-Helix interconnect has good mechanical compliance in the three orthogonal directions and can accommodate the differential displacement induced by the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the silicon die and the organic substrate. In this paper, we report the wafer-level fabrication of area-arrayed /spl beta/-Helix interconnects. The geometry effect on the mechanical compliance and the electrical parasitics of /spl beta/-Helix interconnect has been studied. Thinner and narrower arcuate beams with larger radius and taller post are found to have better mechanical compliance. However, it is also found that structures with excellent mechanical compliance cannot have good electrical performance. Therefore, a trade off is needed. Using response surface methodology (RSM), an optimization has been done, and the optimal compliant /spl beta/-Helix interconnect will have a total standoff height of 110 /spl mu/m, radius of 37 /spl mu/m and cross section area of 525 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. It is also found that the structure self-weight effect during the fabrication and the die and heat sink weights during the assembly have negligible effect on the /spl beta/-Helix interconnect, especially when the interconnect density is high.
Strong enhancement of flux pinning in YBa2Cu3O7−δ multilayers with columnar defects comprised of self-assembled BaZrO3 nanodots

Multilayer structures comprising YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) films with columns of self-assembled BaZrO3 (BZO) nanodots with interlayers of CeO2 or pure YBa2Cu3O7−δ were grown on rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrates (RABiTSs) using pulsed laser deposition. A significant enhancement of the critical current density (Jc) was observed for the multilayers compared with a single layer of YBCO + BZO. Jc varies as Jc~H−α with α of 0.27 for single layer of YBCO + BZO and 0.34 for both multilayered films. Enhancement of pinning in the multilayers is attributed to the presence of columnar defects comprised of self-assembled nanodots of BZO as well as planar CuO-type stacking defects arising as a result of interfacial reactions in the multilayers.
Isolation of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae Serovars from Oregon Coastal Environments.

Water, sediment, and shellfish from three Oregon estuaries were cultured for pathogenic Vibrio species. Non-O1 serovars of V. cholerae were the most common pathogenic Vibrio species recovered. Non-O1 V. cholerae were isolated from all three estuaries sampled, covering an area of about 170 miles along the Oregon coast. Non-O1 V. cholerae were isolated from water and sediment, but not shellfish, at temperatures ranging from 11 to 19°C and salinities of 2.3 to 26‰. Sixteen isolates representing 12 different non-O1 serovars were identified, while four non-O1 V. cholerae isolates failed to react with any of the 54 antisera tested. These results indicate that non-O1 V. cholerae serovars can be found over a large geographic area and under a variety of environmental conditions. These organisms are apparently an autochthonous component of these estuarine microbial communities.
Avian retroviral long terminal repeats bind CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein.

Abstract DNA-protein interactions involving enhancer and promoter sequences within the U3 regions of several avian retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs) were studied by DNase I footprinting. The rat CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, C/EBP, bound to all four viral LTRs examined. The Rous sarcoma virus binding site corresponded closely to the 5' limit of the LTR enhancer; nucleotides -225 to -188 were protected as a pair of adjacent binding domains. The Fujinami sarcoma virus LTR bound C/EBP at a single site at nucleotides -213 to -195. C/EBP also bound to the promoter region of the enhancerless Rous-associated virus-0 LTR at nucleotides -77 to -57. The avian myeloblastosis virus LTR bound C/EBP at three sites: nucleotides -262 to -246, -154 to -134, and -55 to -39. We have previously observed binding of C/EBP to an enhancer in the gag gene of avian retroviruses. A heat-treated nuclear extract from chicken liver bound to all of the same retroviral sequences as did C/EBP. Alignment of the avian retroviral binding sequences with the published binding sites for C/EBP in two CCAAT boxes and in the simian virus 40, polyoma, and murine sarcoma virus enhancers suggested TTGNNGCTAATG as a consensus sequence for binding of C/EBP. When two bases of this consensus sequence were altered by site-specific mutagenesis of the Rous sarcoma virus LTR, binding of the heat-stable chicken protein was eliminated.
Competitive exclusion of epiphytic bacteria by ice − Pseudomonas syringae mutants

The growth of ice nucleation-active and near-isogenic ice nucleation-deficient (Ice−) Pseudomonas syringae strains coexisting on leaf surfaces was examined to determine whether competition was sufficient to account for antagonism of phylloplane bacteria. The ice nucleation frequency spectra of 46 Ice−P. syringae mutants, obtained after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate, differed both quantitatively and qualitatively, but the mutants could be grouped into four distinct phenotypic classes. The numbers of ice nucleation-active bacteria and ice nuclei active at −5°C were reduced on plants colonized with Ice−P. syringae mutant strains before challenge inoculations with an Ice+P. syringae wild-type strain. Frost injury to plants pretreated with Ice−P. syringae strains was also reduced significantly compared with that to control plants and was correlated with the population size of the Ice+P. syringae strain and with the numbers of ice nuclei active at −5°C. An Ice−P. syringae strain colonized leaves, flowers, and young fruit of pears in field experiments and significantly reduced the colonization of these tissues by Ice+P. syringae strains and Erwinia amylovora as compared with untreated trees.
Lipopolysaccharide from Brucella abortus behaves as a T-cell-independent type 1 carrier in murine antigen-specific antibody responses

In order to determine the carrier nature of lipopolysaccharide from Brucella abortus (LPS-BA) in evoking humoral responses, normal and immunodeficient mice were immunized with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated LPS-BA (TNP-LPS-BA) and the responses were compared with those to known T-dependent and T-independent antigens. TNP-LPS-BA, like T-independent type 1 (TI-1) antigens such as TNP-BA and TNP-LPS from Escherichia coli (TNP-LPS-EC), generated anti-TNP responses in BALB/c, athymic BALB/c nu/nu, and CBA/N mice. In contrast, N-2,4-dinitrophenyl-beta-alanylglycylglycyl-substituted keyhole limpet hemocyanin, a typical T-dependent antigen, was not immunogenic in athymic mice, and TNP-Ficoll (T-independent type 2) was ineffective in eliciting humoral responses in CBA/N mice. These results indicate that LPS from B. abortus acts as a TI-1 carrier in generating antibody responses. In C3H/HeJ mice, TNP-LPS-BA generated higher-titer immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2a, and IgG2b anti-TNP antibodies than TNP-LPS-EC. Compared with those from BALB/c mice, pure resting B cells isolated from C3H/HeJ mice exhibited a 30-fold lower proliferative response to LPS-EC, whereas the LPS-BA response was reduced to a lesser extent (5-fold). This suggests that the disparity observed in antibody titers was due to different abilities of LPS from B. abortus and E. coli to stimulate C3H/HeJ B cells. The ability of LPS from B. abortus to act as a carrier in generating humoral immune responses indicates that LPS-BA can be substituted for whole B. abortus organisms in vaccine development.
Characterization of an 11K Protein Produced by Early Region 3 of Mouse Adenovirus Type 1

Early region 3 (E3) of mouse adenovirus type 1 produces three mRNAs that can encode three proteins with unique carboxy-terminal exons. A bacterial fusion protein encoding the unique terminus of one the three predicted proteins was used to generate antiserum in rabbits. This antiserum detected a 14K protein on a Western blot of infected cell lysates. Immunoprecipitation and endoglycosidase H digestion revealed that the 14K protein was a glycoprotein with a core molecular weight of 11K, and we are designating this protein E3 gp 11K. Through in vitro translation experiments we determined that the previously predicted signal sequence of gp11K was cleaved when the protein was expressed during an infection. Biochemical and immunofluorescence microscopy data indicated that E3 gp11K was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of infected cells. Biochemical experiments further indicated that gp11K is a peripheral membrane protein.
The effect of some amino acids on carbohydrate uptake by Trypanosoma lewisi.

Abstract 1. 1. The uptake of glucose and glucosamine is compared in trypanosomes from various phases during the infection. 2. 2. Amino acids showed an interaction, either inhibitory or stimulatory, with the carbohydrates. 3. 3. Differences were observed in the carbohydrate-amino acid interactions in trypanosomes from different phases of the infection. 4. 4. The data are discussed with respect to membrane site interaction, and changes in the membrane during development of the trypanosomes.