cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specialized Lesions: “Cerveau Isolé” and “Encephale Isolé”

Publisher Summary This chapter describes specialized lesions, that is, Cerveau Isole (CI) and Encephale Isole (EI). The procedure of transecting the neuraxis at the brain stem level has been widely used. Bremer's original cat preparations are one with a transection in the lower mesencephalon and the other with a section at the medulla-spinal junction are classically known as the CI or isolate forebrain and the EI or isolated encephalon, respectively. The chapter also highlights a schematic parasagittal section of the brain stem of the cat showing the main levels of transection that are used at present. From a temporal standpoint, two stages, the acute and the chronic, is considered after performing the lesion. An arbitrary boundary of up to 48 hours and of more than 10 days after the operation to call a brain stem transected animal acute or chronic, respectively have been proposed. There are important variations in the procedures depending on whether the animal is to be used only for an acute experiment or is intended to become chronic. Sterile surgical technique should be constantly employed if the animal is expected to become chronic; any systemic infection will affect the animal's homeostatic mechanisms and will hamper and delay its recovery. Local infections can alter the lesion and add an uncontrollable parameter to the experiment.
Linking Family-of-Origin Experiences and Perpetration of Sexual Coercion: College Males’ Sense of Entitlement

Sexual coercion on college campuses has become of major concern in recent decades. In recent years, researchers and policy makers have called for greater attention to this topic in order to reduce the sexual violence on college campuses. Recent research has examined the impact of family-of-origin experiences on the perpetration of sexual coercion. The current study examines the association between family-of-origin experiences, such as warmth and hostility between parents, inconsistent parenting, and overparenting during childhood, and the perpetration of sexual coercion among emerging adult males while examining feelings of entitlement as a possible mediator. Data from 326 male undergraduate students were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results show that warmth and hostility between parents has a significant association with parenting behaviors (i.e., overparenting and inconsistent parenting) and that hostility between parents is associated with the perpetration of sexual coercion by the offspring in young adulthood for males. Also, findings suggest that while overparenting and inconsistent parenting during childhood are not directly associated with the perpetration of sexual coercion during emerging adulthood, they are strongly related to feelings of entitlement, which in turn was found to be associated with the perpetration of sexual coercion for males. These results have important implications for family life education, including relationship and parenting education, and for future research.
Spectroscopic Studies of a Bacterial Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channel

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are members of the Kv channel superfamily and play a crucial role in the phototransduction and olfactory transduction pathways, where they generate the initial electrical signal following sensory transduction. CNG channels are directly regulated by cyclic nucleotides, which bind to a C-terminal cyclic nucleotide-binding domain (CNBD) connected to the pore by an intervening C-linker domain. Mutagenesis and crosslinking experiments indicate that the C-terminal region (C-linker/CNBD) undergoes a conformation change to transduce cyclic nucleotide binding into channel activation, though the exact nature of this change remains unclear. To address this question, we first sought a stable and well-behaved bacterial CNG channel suitable for spectroscopic studies. We used fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography to screen a library of bacterial orthologs, which identified several candidates that could be expressed and purified at high levels. Flux studies of liposome-reconstituted channels demonstrated that these orthologs are fully functional and are activated by cyclic nucleotides. We then mutated the endogenous Cys residues in these channels before introducing Cys residues throughout the C-terminal region for spin label and fluorophore attachment. Inter-subunit double electron-electron resonance (DEER) measurements will be used to detect large-scale structural changes in these channels induced by cyclic nucleotide binding, while transition metal FRET (tmFRET) will be used to characterize subtle, localized changes to channel structure following activation. Our ultimate goal is to use these two spectroscopic techniques to characterize small- and large-scale rearrangements induced by cyclic nucleotide binding, allowing us to generate a complete structural model for CNG channel activation.
Responsibility and moral bricolage

In the long-running dispute about the sort of freedom required for responsibility, participants have tended to assume that they were concerned about a shared concept of moral responsibility. This assumption has come into question recently. A noticeable divide between “Lumpers” and “Splitters” has emerged. Lumpers defend the traditional assumption that there is one unified concept of responsibility, whereas Splitters maintain that there are two or more concepts of moral responsibility. Here, I offer an argument on behalf of the Splitters that connects a type of value pluralism in normative ethical theorizing with the Splitter’s contention that there are multiple forms of moral responsibility. My thesis is conditional. Insofar as one finds plausible a fragmented picture of the landscape in normative theorizing — what I will refer to as “moral bricolage” — then one has reason to join the Splitters in thinking that the concept of moral responsibility is likewise fragmented.
Delving into the Food Supply Chain: The Case of Fresh Tomatoes

This story opens in Immokalee, Florida, the fresh tomato capital of the USA. It is about one aspect of social practices in food production: the movement to increase the pay of farmworkers in the supply chain of the American tomato. In a new model of worker organizing, the Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) realized growers were themselves squeezed by large fast food companies and supermarkets. So the Coalition went directly to food giants through their “penny a pound” movement, demanding that companies sign a Fair Food Agreement with a human rights code of conduct and independent monitoring. Today, coast to coast, at many fast food restaurants in the USA, you are eating a fair food tomato. And tomato pickers are earning more per week.
Celebrating the rich resources represented by African multilingualism and multiculturalism in education: discussant paper

This paper discusses the contributions to this special issue in the context of the African Renaissance and the subsequent need to re-define educational development from a multilingual, multicultural and pan-African perspective. Each contribution offers a different angle to the discussion: a critique of Arabization in Morocco, with questions about whether a new medium of instruction policy will prioritize people’s own languages or French; an analysis of urban attitudes in Angola toward a new education policy providing for six mother tongues to be used in lower primary; a description of the challenges for stakeholders in the Seychelles to recognize that Seselwa, a creole, can be an acceptable medium of instruction; and an assessment of the opportunities and limitations in South Africa of classroom trans-languaging between African languages and English. A stronger voice needs to emerge on behalf of African languages and ways of knowing.
A vacuum ultraviolet photoionization study on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

Abstract Pyrolysis products of ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) at 483 K were monitored on line and in situ via single photon photoionization reflectron time-of-flight spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS) in the photon energy range of 9.00–17.50 eV. The photoionization efficiency curves (PIE) of the subliming product molecules were collected and allowed for detection of three class of products containing chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen including atoms and free radicals. These results suggest a new insight into possible low-temperature decomposition pathways of NH4ClO4.
Vulnerability to failure of cable-stayed bridges for beyond-design basis wind events

Abstract This paper develops a vulnerability assessment framework for cable-stayed bridges based on critical elements identified through a failure analysis. The framework refers to a simple and effective model developed to assess the vulnerability of a bridge failure due to beyond design-basis wind loads. The proposed framework differs from the probability-based approach in that it uses a cable-stayed bridge in operation, not a prototype bridge for fragility assessment, to identify critical elements vulnerable for a bridge failure. Furthermore, this study provides a detailed procedure to calculate the wind loads that account for varying wind speeds. The vulnerability index is defined as the demand-to-capacity ratio determined at threshold wind speeds. By assessing a cable-stayed bridge located in southeastern Georgia in the U.S., it is demonstrated how the proposed framework and analysis model can be successfully used to verify the results, identify critical elements associated with bridge failures for beyond design basis wind speeds, and assess the vulnerability. It is also concluded that a sensitivity analysis of significant variables such as aerodynamic pressure coefficients and dynamic load factor identified through this study is noteworthy, in order to accurately define analytical sensitivity and establish a practical limit on wind speeds for determining if a bridge closure is necessary thorough a vulnerability assessment study.
Lagrangian and Eulerian Measurements of Ocean Transport Processes

Methods for quantifying transport processes in the ocean are reviewed. Complexity requires separating ocean fields into a deterministic component that is treated in detail and an eddy field to be described statistically. These separations lead to quantitative measures of advection and eddy transport defined in terms of Eulerian or Lagrangian statistics. Relations between quantities measured in these different reference frames and between measurable quantities and model parameters are discussed. The theoretical basis for ocean measurements of lateral advection, lateral eddy transport and diapycnal eddy transport are reviewed and the adequacy of the customary assumptions and approximations used to interpret observations are examined.
Relationships among Intestinal Motility, Transit and Absorption

That relationships exist among motor events, transit of chyme and absorption in the intestine has an intuitive appeal. However, although the subject has been addressed experimentally, the development of adequate methodological approaches has not been easy. These difficulties are due, in part, to the interconnected or even parallel controls of absorptive and motor functions. Common modulating factors which need to be considered include integration of motility, transit and absorption by the central and enteric nervous systems, by local or systemic regulatory peptides, as well as by local physical conditions within the gut. Thus, neural stimuli, local chemo-regulators and pharmacologically active agents may evoke simultaneously a response from intestinal smooth muscle, from mucosal tissues and from the abdominal vasculature1. At another level of control, there appear to exist chronobiological rhythms which influence motor function, secretion and absorption together. It has even been proposed that these apparently diverse functions of the gut constitute a single effector system—a concept first expounded by Boldyreff early in the century2,3. Moreover, impaired absorption is able to influence per se the motor properties of the bowel. Malabsorption can lead to the accumulation of chemical stimuli within the lumen (e.g. fat, bile acids) which affect both absorption and motility4,5, and distention of the bowel by unabsorbed fluid can alter motor patterns. These difficulties are compounded by our still rudimentary understanding of those motor events which facilitate the other fundamental functions of the bowel. Any or all of the motor events which promote intraluminal mixing, modify propulsion along the bowel, control the movement of villi, or which aid lymphatic or venous drainage could constitute key events in absorption. At this time, the subject can only be approached piece-meal, from clinical observations of pathophysiological states and from fragmentary experimental observations. However, the general argument can be made that, when integrated transit of ch3mie is disturbed, absorptive mechanisms are often impaired. This review will then examine a number of phenomena, but no conclusions are possible currently. More specific experimental approaches must be applied if we wish to elucidate better these associations.
Web design: interface to the liberal arts

An introductory web design course affords an opportunity to treat many topics of importance in computer science: human-computer interaction, social and ethical issues, concepts of programming, and the use of color and typography. By designing web sites for non-profit agencies students also gain experience in software development, prototyping and testing with users. The course can additionally be structured to emphasize skills such as collaborative teamwork, writing and public speaking.
Immunocytochemical identification of Müller's glia as a component of human epiretinal membranes.

Sections of seven human epiretinal membranes of diverse pathologic origin were labeled with antibodies to cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP) and two intermediate filament proteins: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. All of the membranes studied contained heterogeneous cell populations that exhibited diverse morphologic characteristics. Double labeling with both anti-GFAP and anti-CRALBP positively identified one of the cellular components in these membranes as Muller's glia. In addition, other epiretinal cells exhibited immunolabeling patterns consistent with those found in fibrous astrocytes and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells normally. The results demonstrate that a double-labeling method using CRALBP antibodies, in combination with antibodies to other appropriate antigens, can be used to distinguish between the different epiretinal cell types.
DESCONSTRUINDO O CONCEITO DE BÁRBARO COM A AJUDA DE KAVÁFIS

A primeira parte deste artigo discute o conceito de "barbaro" na antiga sociedade grega e em sua literatura. Como usado a partir de meados do seculo V a.C., o termo serve como um marcador linguistico e cultural, denotando ou implicando a barreira conceitual entre "nos" (gregos) e "eles" (o resto do mundo), portanto entre gregos e 'outros'. No entanto, em alguns casos, essa divisao pode entrar em colapso com o uso nao generoso dos gregos. A segunda parte do artigo examina o poema classico de Kavafy "A espera dos barbaros" (1904) a luz do antigo conceito de "barbaro". Lancando mao de uma troca dialogica de perguntas e respostas entre dois cidadaos do final do Imperio Romano, o poema dramatiza o dialogo mental e a relacao conceitual que surge quando, como os antigos, distinguimos entre nos e o "outro barbaro". Por que os barbaros de Kavafy sao uma "solucao" e "libertacao" (ambos sugeridos por λύσις)? Por que seus nao-barbaros sao paradoxalmente atraidos por eles? Como ja foi proposto por outros, os barbaros de Kavafis podem pertencer ao clima de decadencia literaria do final do seculo XIX ou a atmosfera de incerteza politica e declinio no Egito colonial ou, como sugiro, no Reino da Helade, ainda em luta contra o imperio Otomano. Mais amplamente definido, seus "barbaros" podem representar o alter ego decadente de sua sociedade.
Amphetamines and Other Stimulant Use

Stimulant abuse, particularly methamphetamine, increased dramatically among women of childbearing age between 1994 and 2006; however, the rate of abuse has plateaued since and use during pregnancy is difficult to estimate. Maternal physiologic effects are similar to that of cocaine, with sympathetic system activation during periods of acute intoxication and significant psychosis with long-term use. Poorer obstetric and neonatal outcomes to include preterm delivery, placental abruption, and small for gestational age deliveries occur; however, long-term child outcomes appear similar to that of non-stimulant-abusing women. Intra- and postpartum obstetric management are similar to that of the cocaine-abusing mother. Neuraxial blockade may be complicated by more frequent and more difficult to treat hypotension due to catecholamine depletion in the chronic non-intoxicated abuser.
Benefits and Costs of Ride-Sharing in Shared Automated Vehicles across Austin, Texas: Opportunities for Congestion Pricing:

A self-driving, fully automated, or “autonomous” vehicle (AV) revolution is imminent, with the potential to eliminate driver costs and driver error, while ushering in an era of shared mobility. Dyn...
Gamma-Ray Point-Source Localization and Sparse Image Reconstruction Using Poisson Likelihood

Gamma-ray imaging attempts to reconstruct the spatial and intensity distribution of gamma-emitting radionuclides from a set of measurements. Generally, this problem is solved by discretizing the spatial dimensions and employing the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (ML-EM) algorithm, with or without some form of regularization. While the generality of this formulation enables use in a wide variety of scenarios, it is susceptible to overfitting, limited by the discretization of spatial coordinates, and can be computationally expensive. We present a novel approach to 3D gamma-ray image reconstruction for scenarios where sparsity may be assumed, for example, radiological source search. In this paper, we first formulate a point-source localization (PSL) approach as an optimization problem, where both position and source intensity are continuous variables. We then extend and generalize this formulation to an iterative algorithm, called additive PSL (APSL), for sparse parametric image reconstruction. A set of simulated source search scenarios using a single non-directional detector are considered, finding improved image accuracy and computational efficiency with APSL over traditional grid-based approaches.
Managing resident intern rotation schedules using an on-line, user-controlled system

Accredited medical clinics that provide resident programs are faced with the problem of scheduling interns for service rotation. These schedules must meet a complex set of criteria to assure that all services are covered and each resident receives appropriate training. This paper describes the design and implementation of a windows-based resident scheduling system that meets these goals. Following that, the paper discusses the advantages and problems of working in a visual programming environment and outlines future enhancements to the system. INTRODUCTION All medical doctors must complete a rigorous multi-year internship before they can become board certified to practice medicine. This internship is similar to a standard college curriculum in that experience of a specific type and duration must be acquired in a predetermined sequence in order to complete the program. Those clinics that provide this experience must be accredited by the ACGME (Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education) certification board. If a resident intern does not receive the correct experience during the internship, she will not be al­ lowed to take the board certification examination.' This would drastically reduce her employ­ ment opportunities and could cause the clinic to lose accreditation. One of the major difficult'3S that residency programs face is how best to schedule the interns so that all residency requirements are met and all the basic clinic services are continuously ' The feminine pronoun "she" is used throughout this paper in order to avoid the grammatically incorrect use of "they" and the confusion caused by alternating pronoun gender. The reader should also be aware that the words intern and resident are used interchangeably throughout this paper even though this is not strictly correct. An intern is in the first year of the resident program while a resident is in the second and third years.
Exploring stakeholder communication within a caribou hunting system of Arctic Alaska

The Central Arctic Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Herd (CACH) of Arctic Alaska rapidly declined (approximately 70%) between 2010–2016, which has generated hunter concerns and more conservative hunting...
Mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy with room-temperature bi-functional interband cascade lasers and detectors

Interband cascade (IC) laser structures offer attractive potential for operation at room temperature as both broadband coherent sources of mid-infrared light and fast photodetectors. This makes the realization of extremely compact spectrometers on a monolithic platform possible, and even dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) configurations. IC comb devices are perfect candidates for this configuration, since they develop near-THz-wide optical frequency comb spectra from a millimeter-sized cavity, using a multi-stage structure that can also function as a very fast photodetector. In this work, we leverage IC photodetectors with a gigahertz bandwidth to demonstrate a self-contained, free-running, room-temperature DCS system in the mid-infrared. The DCS system used detection by the same bi-functional IC device structure to measure 1,1-difluoroethane over ∼600 GHz of optical coverage around 3.6 µm. These results show that the IC platform is suitable for full integration as a broadband, high-resolution on-chip spectrometer in a future chemical sensing system.
Mariana on Tyranny

Mariana on tyranny in De Rege et Regis Institutione (1599). Tyrants are evil; they enervate their people by sedentary occupations. They raise taxes and listen to flatterers. The tyrant fears his subjects, and his subjects fear him. Not just a right, but almost a duty, to kill the tyrant created possibilities for defending Henry III’s assassin, Jacques Clement. A king may be deposed by a theology faculty.
Diagnosis and prognostic significance of extramural venous invasion in neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine.

Extramural venous invasion (EMVI) is an established independent prognostic factor in colorectal carcinoma where it is linked to hematogenous spread (i.e., liver metastases), influencing the decision for adjuvant chemotherapy. However, its prognostic significance in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has not been studied, nor is it routinely assessed or reported. We reviewed primary small bowel NETs (14 jejunum, 82 ileum, 8 not specified) from 104 patients (52 women; median age 60.5, range: 24–84). EMVI was identified in 58 cases (55.8%), including in 13 of 21 equivocal cases using an elastin stain. In univariate analysis, EMVI was associated with lymphovascular and perineural invasion, tumor stage, and lymph node and distant metastases, whereas in multivariate analysis, only distant metastases remained significant (p < 0.001). Liver metastases were present in 55 cases (52.9%) and were significantly associated in univariate analysis with lymphovascular and perineural invasion, tumor stage, lymph node metastases, and EMVI, whereas in multivariate analysis, only EMVI remained significant (p < 0.001; odds ratio (OR) = 59.42). Eight patients developed metachronous liver metastases during follow-up (mean 22.9 ± 22.0 months, range: 4.7–73.2) and all (100%) were positive for EMVI. In contrast, of 49 patients who never developed liver metastases over significantly longer follow-up (mean 71.0 ± 32.4 months, range: 6.6–150.4; p < 0.001), only 7 (14.3%) had EMVI (p < 0.001). In Kaplan–Meier analysis, 8 of 15 patients with EMVI (53.3%) developed metachronous liver metastases, compared with 0 of 42 patients without EMVI (p < 0.001). In contrast, nonhepatic distant metastases, seen in 26 (25.0%) patients, were not associated with EMVI in multivariate or Kaplan–Meier analyses. Our data demonstrate that EMVI is common in small bowel NETs and strongly correlates with development of liver metastases. Therefore, its evaluation is critical and should be assessed in combination with adjuvant techniques such as elastin staining, if necessary. Moreover, inclusion of EMVI in pathology reporting guidelines should be considered.
Commentary: Social Immune Processes as Pathways to Psychopathology: a commentary on Robles (2020)

In this Annual Research Review, Robles (2020) discusses and synthesizes a growing literature on immune correlates of social relationships during childhood and adolescence. As he notes, the capacity for our social experiences to shape innate immune processes holds tremendous medical and psychiatric import. Childhood social experiences are associated with peripheral inflammation later in life, with related and possibly intermediate markers (like stimulated cytokine production or the expression of NF-κβ genes), and with circulating inflammatory markers in childhood (at least in high-risk groups), supporting the interpretation that youth social experiences are important contributors to health trajectories across the life span. Somewhat less explored, however, are what such associations mean for psychopathology.
Remote control of CRISPR nanoplasmonic carriers

CRISPR-Cas9 is an efficient and reliable tool to cleave targeted portions of DNA. Once the DNA been cut by the tool, genes are ready to be cut, inserted or modified as desired. Conventionally, CRISPR is carried by a virus into cells. However, potential safety issues exists, as the cell can physiologically respond to viral invasion, or its genome can be inserted with unwanted virus genes. Here, we show that gold nanoparticles serves as preferable successful vectors of CRISPR-Cas9, with extra benefit to allow stable imaging. This toxicity-free alternative method avoids the aforementioned issues and introduces the CRISPR-Cas9 complex safely
Transient Multilevel Scheme with One-Group CMFD Acceleration

The Transient Multilevel (TML) scheme in the MPACT code has reduced the computational burden for three-dimensional, full-core, time-dependent reactor simulations with pin-resolved detail. However, ...
Clinical Characteristics of Older Adults Seeking Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Objectives Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder with numerous clinical correlates. Although effective treatments abound, patient acceptance and adherence is low. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) is a surgical treatment alternative for the treatment of OSA; however, the demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals seeking HNS are not well categorized. This study sought to determine the clinical characteristics of older adults seeking HNS for the treatment of OSA. Methods Self-report questionnaires were administered to all patients older than 50 years seeking a HNS consultation at a large university medical center. Questionnaires included validated National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (NIH PROMIS) measures of physical functioning, sleep-related impairment, cognitive abilities, depression, anxiety, and anger along with the Information extracted from electronic medical records included age, sex, race, and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Results Patients included 113 adults (mean age 63.30 years, 57% male, 79% white) with severe OSA (AHI = 33.91, standard deviation = 20.63). Overall, 88% of patients reported elevated insomnia symptoms, 30% reported mild difficulty with physical functioning, and 36% indicated that they had experienced moderate-severe daytime impairments attributed to poor sleep. Additionally, we found 28% of sampled individuals reported moderate-severe depressive symptomology, over 19% reported moderate-severe anxiety, and over 17% reported moderate to severe anger issues. Approximately, 38% of the sample reported moderate to severe cognitive difficulties. Conclusions The aim of the study was to better understand the clinical characteristics of older patients with OSA seeking HNS treatment. Utilizing NIH PROMIS questionnaires, we identified unique clinical and psychosocial correlates in this sample, which included higher rates of insomnia symptoms, physical dysfunction, cognitive deficits, and depressive symptoms than the general population. Future studies will be needed to investigate these relationships more thoroughly and throughout the course of the treatment.
The Ebola virus soluble glycoprotein contributes to viral pathogenesis by activating the MAP kinase signaling pathway

Ebola virus (EBOV) expresses three different glycoproteins (GPs) from its GP gene. The primary product, soluble GP (sGP), is secreted in abundance during infection. EBOV sGP has been discussed as a potential pathogenicity factor, however, little is known regarding its functional role. Here, we analyzed the role of sGP in vitro and in vivo. We show that EBOV sGP has two different functions that contribute to infectivity in tissue culture. EBOV sGP increases the uptake of virus particles into late endosomes in HEK293 cells, and it activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway leading to increased viral replication in Huh7 cells. Furthermore, we analyzed the role of EBOV sGP on pathogenicity using a well-established mouse model. We found an sGP-dependent significant titer increase of EBOV in the liver of infected animals. These results provide new mechanistic insights into EBOV pathogenicity and highlight EBOV sGP as a possible therapeutic target.
Porosity comparative analysis of porous copper and OOF modelling

An understanding of the overall porous copper behavior is developed through the combination of real data from microstructures and the fundamental material characteristics of the constitutive phases. Captured morphological images, using the Nano-CT are utilized to generate the geometric information. Object-oriented finite element (OOF) analysis is quite a novel numerical approach to incorporate morphological images, acquired from scanning electron microscopy into 2-D finite element modeling. This paper seeks to investigate the porosities using two methods (Archimedes principle and Nano-CT) and then to introduce an image-based extended OOF modeling technique based on mapping the real microstructures of porous copper and gage its ability to predict the elastic moduli and evaluate the deformation mechanism resulting from the porous copper. Dissolution sintering technique was used by mixing Cu powders with NaCl in the volume ratio of 1:1 and 1:3 adding polyvinyl alcohol solution as a binder with NaCl as the space holder. The green form was pressed at 375 MPa using a four-column hydraulic lab press. The NaCl was leached out in hot water at 70 °C and then sintered to a temperature of 850 °C. Porosity values were determined from density measurements to give the porosity values of 42.2 and 45.71 % for volume ratio of 1:1 and 1:3, respectively. The material properties were obtained from the tests and compared to previous literature. Very good agreement has been shown, establishing the viability of this kind of morphology-based numerical approach.
Norms, Repeated Games, and the Role of Law

In drawing on the theory of repeated games, norms scholars have devoted much attention to the so-called third-party enforcement problem: the seemingly inevitable reluctance of members of a community to carry out their implicit threat to punish deviators. We argue that the third-party enforcement problem - as currently represented in the literature - is illusory. To be sure, third party enforcement is always a problem for tit-for-tat, the norms literature's canonical example of a cooperation-sustaining strategy. The problem is not, however, endemic to strategies that support cooperation. Thus, we propose re-focusing on an alternative strategy, which we call def-for-dev (defect-for-deviate). Under def-for-dev third parties find it in their interest to punish deviators lest they themselves be labeled as deviators in future rounds. Although the third-party enforcement problem as conceived of in the literature is illusory, there is still reason for skepticism about the application of mainstream repeated game theory to law and norms. We highlight the counterfactual problem: the fact that the theory of games requires that players continue to believe that other players have adopted a particular equilibrium strategy even off the equilibrium path, when it is evident that this belief is false. The counterfactual problem opens up avenues for law that the literature has not yet identified. We contend, for example, that law does not enter simply to help players arrive at the cooperative equilibrium, but is required to sustain that equilibrium. This observation has the virtue of consistency with actual patterns of law enforcement.
The kinetics of the alkaline Bohr effect of human hemoglobin.

Abstract Liganded hemoglobin is a stronger acid than ligand-free hemoglobin. The kinetics of the transformation between these states was studied in the pH range 6.9 to 9.0 in 0.3 m NaCl with a pH indicator (phenol red or m-cresol purple) to follow the pH changes accompanying flash photolysis of human carbon monoxide hemoglobin. At least three distinct processes involving protons were detected kinetically: a rapid uptake of H+ presumably reflecting the shift from the ligand-bound to ligand-free comformation, followed by a slower biphasic release of protons accompanying the dark reaction of CO and hemoglobin. The fast proton uptake occurred with a rate constant k = 8000 sec-1 (20°, pH 7.8), whereas the rate of the transition was greater both at pH 6.9 and 9.0 (k g 10,000 sec-1). The transition state parameters were also obtained: ΔH* = 11.2 ± 0.4 kcal per mole and ΔS* = -3.2 ± 1.5 e.u. The biphasic CO-binding and H+ release reactions following the flash were analyzed by treating the results as the sum of two simple exponential expressions; this procedure revealed that 27% of the reaction involving protons occurred at the higher rate. The rapidly reacting hemoglobin observed (50%) under these conditions (21 µm Hb, pH 7.6, 0.3 m NaCl, 60 µm CO, 25°) is attributed, on the basis of its dependence on carbon monoxide hemoglobin concentration, to the α1β1 dimer. The kinetic properties of both ligand binding and proton release were identical also at pH 6.95, 0.3 m NaCl, when carbon monoxide hemoglobin was subjected to flash photolysis in the presence of O2 (rate constant = 1850 sec-1). At pH 7.9, however, there was a distinct lag in release of hydrogen ions. The results are consistent with the recent structural interpretation of the Bohr effect (Perutz, M. F., Muirhead, H., Mazzarella, L., Crother, R. A., Greer, J., and Kilmartin, J. V., Nature, 222, 1240 (1969)), as well as the hypothesis that the α1β1 dimer is devoid of cooperative behavior.
Epstein-Barr virus latency: LMP2, a regulator or means for Epstein-Barr virus persistence?

Like other herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persists in its host through an ability to establish a latent infection that periodically reactivates, producing infectious virus that infects naive hosts. Disease syndromes in humans caused by EBV reflect the cell types that EBV infects, being primarily of lymphoid or epithelial origin. The most notable lymphoid disease, infectious mononucleosis, is a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disease that occurs in normal adolescents on primary infection. Children are normally able to resolve primary EBV infection with few or no symptoms. By the age of 25 most individuals are EBV seropositive. EBV is associated with a variety of hematopoietic cancers such as African Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's, and adult T-cell leukemia. EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease occurs in individuals with congenital or acquired cellular immune deficiencies. The two notable epithelial diseases associated with EBV infection are nasopharyngeal cancer, a malignancy endemic to southern China, and oral hairy leukoplakia, an epithelial hyperplasia of the lingual squamous epithelium in AIDS patients. Latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) is expressed both in normal EBV latency and EBV-associated pathologies. LMP2 may regulate reactivation from latency by interfering with normal B-cell signal transduction processes and in doing so may also provide a survival signal that could be important for viral persistence. Current knowledge about the function of LMP2 is described, defining a new class of regulators of herpesvirus latency.
Broadening the definition of environmental equity: A framework for states and local governments

We propose a framework for evaluating environmental inequity that includes desirable and undesirable characteristics. We also propose that state governments conduct the evaluations and that the local government scale (boroughs, cities, and townships) be the first scale analyzed. This framework recognizes the critical role of the state and local governments in the American federalist system. The 567 local governments of the State of New Jersey are used to illustrate the framework. Results of these analyses should be used to make initial decisions about local governments that warrant investigation at the neighborhood scale and preliminary, though not necessarily, final decisions about local governments and neighborhoods that deserve relief. We identify three important issues that each state will need to confront: selecting and weighting characteristics for analysis; choosing the most appropriate geographical units to use as a basis for decisions; and developing a process that will not be misused by groups seeking to avoid responsibility for their actions.
What Postdocs Want--and How

POSTDOC ACTIVISMIn October 1998, postdocs from nine universities, research institutes, and national laboratories met in Palm Springs, California, at the annual conference of the Group on Graduate Research, Education, and Training, a subgroup of the Association of American Medical Colleges that includes faculty and deans from major North American medical schools. The meeting, informally dubbed the "postdoc summit," produced a list of recommendations that postdocs are pushing for nationwide.
Experiments in Schema-Driven Interpretation of a Natural Scene

The system under development, VISIONS, is an investigation into general issues in the construction of computer vision systems. The goal is to provide an analysis of color images of outdoor scenes, from segmentation (or partitioning) of an image through the final stages of symbolic interpretation of that image. The output of the system is intended to be a symbolic representation of the three-dimensional world depicted in the two-dimensional image, including the naming of objects, their placement in three-dimensional space, and the ability to predict from this representation the rough appearance of the scene from other points of view. Research in segmentation and interpretation has been separated into the development of two major subsystems with quite different methodologies and considerations.
One-pot and ultrafast synthesis of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots possessing bright dual wavelength fluorescence emission

Very brief microwave heating of aniline, ethylene diamine, and phosphoric acid in water at ambient pressure generated nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots (N,P-CDs) that exhibit bright dual blue (centred at 450 nm; 51% quantum yield) and green (centred at 510 nm, 38% quantum yield) fluorescence emission bands. The N,P-CDs were characterized using TEM, XRD, XPS, IR, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy, demonstrating their partially crystalline carbon, partially amorphous structures, and the incorporation of O, N, and P into the carbogenic scaffold. The N,P-CDs demonstrated excitation-dependent and nearly pH-independent emission properties. The unique dual emission properties lay the foundation for the use of N,P-CDs in ratiometric sensing applications.
The Tethered Moon

Abstract We address the thermal history of the Earth after the Moon-forming impact, taking tidal heating and thermal blanketing by the atmosphere into account. The atmosphere sets an upper bound of ∼100 W/m2 on how quickly the Earth can cool. The liquid magma ocean cools over 2–10 Myr, with longer times corresponding to high angular-momentum events. Tidal heating is focused mostly in mantle materials that are just beginning to freeze. The atmosphere's control over cooling sets up a negative feedback between viscosity-dependent tidal heating and temperature-dependent viscosity of the magma ocean. While the feedback holds, evolution of the Moon's orbit is limited by the modest radiative cooling rate of Earth's atmosphere. Orbital evolution is orders of magnitude slower than in conventional constant Q models, which promotes capture by resonances. The evection resonance is encountered early, when the Earth is molten. Capture by the evection resonance appears certain but unlikely to generate much eccentricity because it is encountered early when the Earth is molten and Q ⊕ ≫ Q ☾ . Tidal dissipation in the Earth becomes more efficient ( Q ⊕ ≪ Q ☾ ) later when the Moon is between ∼ 20 R ⊕ and ∼ 40 R ⊕ . If lunar eccentricity grew great, this was when it did so, perhaps setting the table for some other process to leave its mark on the inclination of the Moon.
HIGH-FIELD FLUCTUATION SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN A BULK EXTREME-TYPE-II SUPERCONDUCTOR.

Abstract Isothermal measurements of the electrical resistivity ϱ vs. applied magnetic field H for the bulk extreme-type-II superconductivity alloy Ti84 Mo16 yield evidence for the magnetic field quenching of fluctuation superconductivity. For t ≡ T T c = 0.97 and 7 H H c2 ) , the data suggest Δσf∞ (H − Hc2)-1 where Δσf is the extra conductivity due to superconductive fluctuations and Hc2 is the upper critical field.
Identifying Fourth Graders' Understanding of Rational Number Representations: A Mixed Methods Approach.

This study examined average-, high- and top-performing US fourth graders' rational number problem solving and their understanding of rational number representations. In phase one, all students completed a written test designed to tap their skills for multiplication, division and rational number word-problem solving. In phase two, a subset of students sorted cards that showed part-whole, ratio, quotient, measure, and operator perspectives of rational number representations. Each perspective was shown in numerical notational, word-problem, and visual formats. The results indicated that top-performing students scored significantly higher in problem solving and showed more effectively linked rational number representations than the other groups. The results imply that successful rational number problem solving is intertwined with representational knowledge for a wide range of rational numbers and that the bulk of US students do not possess effective skills for working with rational number representations.
Strategies for Automated Sample Preparation, Nucleic Acid Purification, and Concentration of Low-Target-Number Nucleic Acids in Environmental and Food Processing Samples

The purpose of this work is to develop a rapid, automated system for nucleic acid purification and concentration from environmental and food processing samples. Our current approach involves off-line filtration and cell lysis (ballistic disintegration) functions in appropriate buffers followed by automated nucleic acid capture and purification on renewable affinity matrix microcolumns. Physical cell lysis and renewable affinity microcolumns eliminate the need for toxic organic solvents, enzyme digestions or other time- consuming sample manipulations. Within the renewable affinity microcolumn, we have examined nucleic acid capture and purification efficiency with various microbead matrices (glass, polymer, paramagnetic), surface derivitization (sequence-specific capture oligonucleotides or peptide nucleic acids), and DNA target size and concentration under variable solution conditions and temperatures. Results will be presented comparing automated system performance relative to benchtop procedures for both clean (pure DNA from a laboratory culture) and environmental (soil extract) samples, including results which demonstrate 8 minute purification and elution of low-copy nucleic acid targets from a crude soil extract in a form suitable for PCR or microarray-based detectors. Future research will involve the development of improved affinity reagents and complete system integration, including upstream cell concentration and cell lysis functions and downstream, gene-based detectors. Results of this research will ultimately lead to improved processes and instrumentation for on-line, automated monitors for pathogenic micro-organisms in food, water, air, and soil samples.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sensing and Identification of Nonlinear Dynamics of Slider with Clearance in Sub-5 Nanometer Regime

This paper provides an overview of the problems pertaining to the sensing and identification of nonlinear dynamics of slider with clearance in sub-5 nanometer regime. This problem is complex in nature because the nonlinear dynamics of slider in sub-5 nanometer clearance regime involves different sources of nonlinear, nonstationary, and uncertainty characteristics. For example, the involved forces such as air-bearing force, intermolecular force, and contact forces are all nonlinear. The complex interface interaction with mobile lubricant makes the slider response be nonstationary. Furthermore, the interfacial parameters are available only by assumptions in the sense of statistics. Most of the reported studies either focused on physics-based simulations by using assumed interfacial parameters or focused on experimental characterization. The issues of the sensing and identification of the nonlinear dynamic properties of slider in nanometer clearance regime will be discussed with an aim at illustrating the promising approaches for improving the correlation between test data and physics-based simulations.
Estimating the number of true null hypotheses from a histogram of p values

In an earlier article, an intuitively appealing method for estimating the number of true null hypotheses in a multiple test situation was proposed. That article presented an iterative algorithm that relies on a histogram of observed p values to obtain the estimator. We characterize the limit of that iterative algorithm and show that the estimator can be computed directly without iteration. We compare the performance of the histogram-based estimator with other procedures for estimating the number of true null hypotheses from a collection of observed p values and find that the histogram-based estimator performs well in settings similar to those encountered in microarray data analysis. We demonstrate the approach using p values from a large microarray experiment aimed at uncovering molecular mechanisms of barley resistance to a fungal pathogen.
Some philosophical influences on the thought of Brij Mohan

This article discusses some key philosophical influences on the thought of Brij Mohan: critical theory; postmodernism; existentialism; and other influences. All have contributed to the holistic, immense scope of his thought.