cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community Context and Relations Conditioning United States Youth’s Citizen Agency

The chapter explores the role of community context and youth’s relations with their communities in shaping their construction of citizen agency. This qualitative study of urban and suburban upper high school students in the northeast. United States reveals young people’s notions of belonging to their communities and acting as citizens within them. Youth’s belonging to a community is shaped by the available opportunities and resources within their communities (schools and neighborhoods); likewise, the social structures and practices manifested through schooling condition their engagement with the communities. The chapter examines the relationship between youth’s awareness of citizen agency constructed within the context of their schools and communities, and the courage to engage in these spaces. Finally, the chapter addresses the relevance of a sense of belonging in the larger discussion about youth citizen agency, and problematizes the implications of that sense of belonging, or not-belonging, for the individual youth to act as a citizen, as well as the implications of that action, or the lack of it, for the communities.
Desperately seeking support: Negative reinforcement schedules in the formation of adult attachment associations.

Much is unknown about adult attachment style formation. We investigate whether negative reinforcement schedules promote hallmark features of secure and anxious attachment styles in a shock threat support-seeking paradigm. Participants ostensibly asked for help from another participant seated in another room. Each time a shock threat signal appeared they were to press a button to indicate their need for help. The supporter could then stop the imminent shock. The reliability of the supporters was varied such that some supporters were consistent (continuous reinforcement) whereas others were inconsistent (variable ratio reinforcement). Results indicated that inconsistently responsive others, reinforcing on a variable ratio schedule, led to heightened approach-related attentional biases toward the supporter, measured by event-related potentials, increased positive attachment associations with the supporter, implicitly measured via a lexical decision task, and more negative explicit evaluations of the supporter.
A 55fJ/conv-step hybrid SAR-VCO ΔΣ capacitance-to-digital converter in 40nm CMOS

A highly digital, two-stage capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) is presented in this work. The CDC works by sampling a reference voltage on the sensing capacitor and then quantizing the charge stored in it by a 9-bit SAR ADC. The residue is fed to a ring VCO and quantized in time domain. The outputs from the two stages are combined to produce a quantized output with first-order noise shaping. A digital background calibration technique is used to track the VCO's gain across PVT. A prototype CDC in 40nm CMOS process achieves 64.2 dB SNR and an FoM of 55fJ/conversion-step while operating from a 1V supply and using a sampling frequency of 3MHz.
Health Care Utilization by Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) Survivors: A Report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study.

HCT is increasingly being used to successfully treat a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders with an attendant growing population of survivors. We determined the type of outpatient medical care reported by adult survivors of HCT and examined factors associated with limited medical care. Eligible subjects were individuals who had undergone HCT at either City of Hope Cancer Center or the University of Minnesota between 1974 and 1998, were age 21 years or older at time of transplant, and had survived two or more years after HCT. We analyzed data from 755 adult HCT survivors enrolled in this retrospective cohort study who had completed a 255-item health questionnaire (Allogeneic HCT: n=424; autologous HCT: n=331), representing over 70 percent participation among those successfully contacted. Because of the widely divergent health-related issues among the autologous and allogeneic HCT recipients, the results of the analysis for the two groups are presented separately. Median age at HCT for the allogeneic and autologous HCT survivors was 35.4 and 39.5 years respectively, and the median length of follow-up 7.3 and 6.2 years respectively. Four self-reported outcome measures were used to determine outpatient medical care in the most recent 2-year period: general contact with health care system, general physical examination, HCT-related medical visit, and medical visit at a cancer center, with the percentage of patients reporting such visits shown in the Table below. Among allogeneic HCT recipients, the risk of not reporting a general physical examination, HCT-related visit, or a cancer center visit was decreased among male survivors (OR=0.46, 95% CI, 0.29–0.73) when compared with females, and among patients who received cyclosporine as part of their GVH prophylaxis (OR=0.42, 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.74), when compared with those who had not. Among autologous HCT recipients, the risk of not reporting a medical visit was increased among patients who reported a lack of concern for future health (OR=6.3, 95% CI, 1.4–27.8) and decreased among older survivors (>45 yr. at HCT, OR=0.47, 95% CI, 0.3–0.8). The likelihood of reporting a general physical examination increased as the interval from HCT to questionnaire completion increased (p Health care Utilization by HCT Survivors
Skull Base Foramina: Normal Variations and Developmental Defects

This chapter is devoted to the normal variations in foramina at the skull base. Because these foramina can simulate fractures, lytic lesions, and cephaloceles based on their location, one can recognize the importance of being familiar with these variants. Although these foramina can be particularly prominent and problematic in younger children, their persistence in adults can cause confusion. Therefore the intent and methodology utilized here are to follow the normal anatomy and staying power of these variants from the pediatric to adult ages. A number of other skull base foramina are not covered in this text; those that are not mentioned either are not typically confused with other abnormalities or do not have significant asymmetry (e.g., optical canal, superior orbital fissure, carotid canal).
Optimal Bounds on the Average of a Rounded off Observation in the Presence of a Single Moment Condition

The moment problem of finding the maximum and minimum expected values of the averages of nonnegative random variables over various sets of observations subject to one simple moment condition is encountered. The solution is given by means of geometric moment theory (see [3]).
Human Antiviral Protein IFIX Suppresses Viral Gene Expression during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Infection and Is Counteracted by Virus-induced Proteasomal Degradation

The interferon-inducible protein X (IFIX), a member of the PYHIN family, was recently recognized as an antiviral factor against infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). IFIX binds viral DNA upon infection and promotes expression of antiviral cytokines. How IFIX exerts its host defense functions and whether it is inhibited by the virus remain unknown. Here, we integrated live cell microscopy, proteomics, IFIX domain characterization, and molecular virology to investigate IFIX regulation and antiviral functions during HSV-1 infection. We find that IFIX has a dynamic localization during infection that changes from diffuse nuclear and nucleoli distribution in uninfected cells to discrete nuclear puncta early in infection. This is rapidly followed by a reduction in IFIX protein levels. Indeed, using immunoaffinity purification and mass spectrometry, we define IFIX interactions during HSV-1 infection, finding an association with a proteasome subunit and proteins involved in ubiquitin-proteasome processes. Using synchronized HSV-1 infection, microscopy, and proteasome-inhibition experiments, we demonstrate that IFIX co-localizes with nuclear proteasome puncta shortly after 3 h of infection and that its pyrin domain is rapidly degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to several other host defense factors, IFIX degradation is not dependent on the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the viral protein ICP0. However, we show IFIX degradation requires immediate-early viral gene expression, suggesting a viral host suppression mechanism. The IFIX interactome also demonstrated its association with transcriptional regulatory proteins, including the 5FMC complex. We validate this interaction using microscopy and reciprocal isolations and determine it is mediated by the IFIX HIN domain. Finally, we show IFIX suppresses immediate-early and early viral gene expression during infection. Altogether, our study demonstrates that IFIX antiviral functions work in part via viral transcriptional suppression and that HSV-1 has acquired mechanisms to block its functions via proteasome-dependent degradation.
An error correction framework for sequences resulting from known state-transition models in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), the set of techniques used for disaggregating total electricity consumption in a building into its constituent electrical loads, has recently received renewed interest in the research community, partly due to the roll-out of smart metering technology worldwide. Event-based NILM approaches (i.e., those that are based on first segmenting the power time-series and associating each segment with the operation of electrical appliances) are a commonly implemented solution but are prone to the propagation of errors through the data processing pipeline. Thus, during energy estimation (the final step in the process), many corrections need to be made to account for errors incurred during segmentation, feature extraction and classification (the other steps typically present in event-based approaches). A robust framework for energy estimation should use the labels from classification to (1) model the different state transitions that can occur in an appliance; (2) account for any misclassifications by correcting event labels that violate the extracted model; and (3) accurately estimate the energy consumed by that appliance over a period of time. In this paper, we address the second problem by proposing an error-correcting algorithm which looks at sequences generated by Finite State Machines (FSMs) and corrects for errors in the sequence; errors are defined as state transitions that violate the said FSM. We evaluate our framework on simulated data and find that it improves energy estimation errors. We further test it on data from 43 appliances collected from 19 houses and find that the framework significantly improves errors in energy estimates when compared to the case with no correction in 19 appliances, leaves 17 appliances unchanged, and has a slightly negative impact on 6 appliances.
Structured Regression on Multiscale Networks

Structure-based regression algorithms generally suffer substantive speed losses and have exacting memory requirements compared to their structureless counterparts. Gaussian conditional random field (GCRF) models are one of the most time- and memory-efficient approaches to structured regression. The authors' previous speedups for the GCRF method allow for exact solutions on networks of up to 100,000 nodes and 10 million links. Using multiscale networks, the exact solution for networks of millions of nodes and trillions of links can be solved in a similar amount of time. They walk through the intuitiveness of using multiple scales of networks on a real-life health informatics application. The time and memory demands from using this approach are logarithmic compared to naive implementations.
Relating wood chemistry and strength: Part II. Fundamental relationships between changes in wood chemistry and strength of wood.

ABSTRACTIn Part I of this series, the relationship between physical properties and chemistry andanatomy of wood were reviewed (Winandy 2016). This Part II article explores a fundamental relationship between the mechanical properties and the chemical composition of wood and how degradation of its individual chemical components affects strength loss. It then presents a proposal for a universal theory as to the fundamental mechanism between wood strength loss and changing wood chemistry. That theory purports that the desequencing of the complex lignocellulosic structure of woody materials involves the same systematic series of processes during either biological, chemical, or thermal deterioration. The goal of this article is to create a better understanding of how changes in wood chemistry fundamentallyinfluence wood strength.
The Effect of Parkinson Disease Tremor Phenotype on Cepstral Peak Prominence and Transglottal Airflow in Vowels and Speech.

Summary Objectives The physiological manifestations of Parkinson disease are heterogeneous, as evidenced by disease subtypes. Dysphonia has been well documented as an early and progressively significant impairment associated with the disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate how acoustic and aerodynamic measures of vocal function were affected by Parkinson tremor subtype (phenotype) in an effort to better understand the heterogeneity of voice impairment severity in Parkinson disease. Study Design This is a prospective case-control study. Methods Thirty-two speakers with Parkinson disease assigned to tremor and nontremor phenotypes and 10 healthy controls were recruited. Sustained vowels and connected speech were recorded from each speaker. Acoustic measures of cepstral peak prominence (CPP) and aerodynamic measures of transglottal airflow (TAF) were calculated from the recorded acoustic and aerodynamic waveforms. Results Speakers with a nontremor dominant phenotype exhibited significantly (P Conclusions When producing vowels, participants with nontremor dominant phenotype exhibited reduced phonation periodicity and elevated TAF compared with tremor dominant and control participants. This finding is consistent with differential limb-motor and cognitive impairments between tremor and nontremor phenotypes reported in the extant literature. Results suggest that sustained vowel production may be sensitive to phonatory control as a function of Parkinson tremor phenotype in mild to moderate stages of the disease.
Periprocedural Management in Transthoracic Needle Biopsy: Review of the Current Evidence

Transthoracic needle biopsy (TTNB) is a common diagnostic tool with expanding clinical indications. While most literature on this topic has focused on complications and techniques, this review will examine the evidence for periprocedural care specific to lung biopsy. Review of the literature reveals great heterogeneity in clinical practice regarding periprocedural management of TTNB, for example, in terms of post-procedural monitoring as well as strategies for dealing with potential complications of TTNB. This is on the basis of a relative paucity of systematic clinical studies to guide management specific to the procedure. Further studies focused on periprocedural management in TTNB are needed to establish evidence-based guidelines that address the unique clinical aspects and complications of this procedure.
Space-time ICI conjugate cancellation techniques for OFDMA downlink in mobile fading channels

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) expects the subcarriers to be orthogonal. However, the factors such as residual carrier frequency offset, time variations due to Doppler shift or phase noise lead to a loss in the orthogonality between subcarriers and results in inter-carrier interference (ICI). Further developing the conjugate cancellation (CC) scheme to mitigate the ICI of OFDM systems, we expand this OFDM symbol-based CC scheme into a 2×1 space-time (ST) coded system. This simple 2×1 space-time conjugate cancellation (STCC) scheme is a technique that combines the useful properties of ST and CC schemes together for OFDM access (OFDMA) downlink from base station (BS) to mobile unit (MU) terminals with higher ICI cancellation among OFDM subcarriers. To improve the diversity within a OFDM block, precoder Computer simulations indicate that OFDM systems using the STCC scheme outperform the regular CC and ST systems in slow and fast frequency selective mobile fading channels, specifically at a high signal-noise-ratio (SNR). Furthermore, the error floor of the STCC-OFDM system is significantly lower than that of the regular CC and ST systems without increasing computational load. Moreover, the flexibility of the system architecture is discussed. Sequential implementation with 1×1 STCC is provided. Although this simplified transmitter and receiver design pays 50% in transmission rate, it does significantly reduce the system complexity with lower cost.
Use of a negative selectable marker for rapid selection of recombinant vaccinia virus

Vaccinia virus has been a powerful tool in molecular biology and vaccine development. The relative ease of inserting and expressing foreign genes combined with its broad host range has made it an attractive antigen delivery system against many heterologous diseases. Many different approaches have been developed to isolate recombinant vaccinia virus generated from homologous recombination; however, most are time-consuming, often requiring a series of passages or specific cell lines. Herein we introduce a rapid method for isolating recombinants using the antibiotic coumermycin and the interferon-associated PKR pathway to select for vaccinia virus recombinants. This method uses a negative selection marker in the form of a fusion protein, GyrB-PKR, consisting of the coumermycin dimerization domain of Escherichia coli gyrase subunit B fused to the catalytic domain of human PKR. Coumermycin-dependent dimerization of this protein results in activation of PKR and the phosphorylation of translation initiation factor, eIF2α. Phosphorylation of this factor leads to an inhibition of protein synthesis, and an inhibition of virus replication. In the presence of coumermycin, recombinants are isolated due to the loss of this coumermycin-sensitive gene by homologous recombination. We demonstrate that this method of selection is highly efficient and requires limited rounds of enrichment to isolate recombinant virus.
The JPL/DSN J2000 Radio Reference Frame

Development of a radio reference frame of very high accuracy has become necessary in order to obtain the required accuracy in spacecraft navigation for current and future planetary missions. The antennas of the NASA Deep Space Network are being utilized on a regular basis to obtain the positions of over 100 compact extragalactic radio sources distributed over the sky down to a declination of −45 degrees with uncertainties of less than 0.005 arcseconds.
Understanding Activity and Durability of Core/ Shell Nanocatalysts for Fuel Cells

We review recent analyses of the various aspects related to the performance of core/shell nanocatalyst particles used as electrodes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. These nanoparticles usually consist of a thin layer of pure Pt in the shell and a core alloy made of a combination of metal elements that are targeted to meet two main objectives: reducing the catalyst price and enhancing the activity of the surface layer with respect to an equivalent particle made of pure Pt. Even though both objectives have been shown to be met, a huge challenge remains that is related to the long-term durability of the particle. This is because the less noble components are prone to relatively easy dissolution in the harsh acid conditions in which low-temperature fuel cells operate. The catalytic behavior of the nanoparticle towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the evolution of the catalytic particle under this complex environment require a combination of experimental modern surface science and electrochemical techniques but also the formulation of models that allow a better understanding and a rational catalyst design. In this chapter, we review the state-of-the-art modeling of core/shell catalysts for the ORR. This involves various aspects that are intrinsic to the core/shell structure: surface segregation, metal dissolution, and catalytic activity. A number of methods ranging from ab initio density functional theory to classical molecular dynamics and Kinetic Monte Carlo are included in our discussion.
Production Planning and Industrial Scheduling: Examples, Case Studies and Applications, Second Edition

In today's extremely competitive manufacturing market, effective production planning and scheduling processes are critical to streamlining production and increasing profits. Success in these areas means increased efficiency, capacity utilization, and reduced time required to complete jobs. From the initial stages of plant location and capacity dete
Open Economy Dynamics in a Floating Exchange Rate Developing Country Context

ABSTRACTThis article develops a wavelet-based control model to simulate fiscal, monetary, and real exchange rate scenarios in an open economy developing country with an inflation-targeting regime. ...
A Planning Support System for Terror-Resistant Urban Communities

The shocking terrorist attacks that took place in New York (2001) and London (2005) have raised serious concerns about the safety of cities and the need for identifying potential threats and preparing preventive measures. There is a gap in the literature, where on the one hand, planning for terror is discussed at the federal level (large scope), and on the other hand, at a site-specific level (small scope). The fact is that there is very little planning research at the urban community level (medium scope). The research presented here aims to start to fill this gap by developing a Community Evacuation Planning Support System (CE-PSS) to aid urban communities identify likely community terror targets and shelters.The CE-PSS was developed using ArcGIS® 9.2 and two extensions – ESRI’s® Network Analyst and Placeways’™ CommunityViz®. By comparing the capacity and location of potential targets with that of potential shelters, shortcomings in a community’s readiness for terror attacks can be detected. With such knowledge, planners, citizens, and community leaders can address these issues in revising their comprehensive plans. As planners are charged with paying special attention to the long-term and interrelated implications of their decisions, preparing for possible terror attack is an essential consideration in today’s planning paradigm.
Analog Performance Locking through Neural Network-Based Biasing

We introduce a method for protecting analog Integrated Circuits (ICs) against unauthorized use by obfuscating their operating point using an analog neural network. With the model of the trained analog neural network acting as a lock and its inputs as the key, only the correct key combination will unlock the analog IC, by providing it with the required bias conditions to operate within its specification limits. By defining the key combinations in the continuous analog space and by using floating gate transistors to realize the neural network, the proposed method defends itself against efforts to guess the correct key through model approximation attacks. Moreover, by inhibiting retraining of the analog neural network, the proposed solution enables customization of the lock and key combination to each IC. The proposed solution has been implemented in silicon through a proof-of-concept experimental setup comprising a Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) and a programmable analog neural network. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in preventing unauthorized use of an analog IC.
Current status of intracoronary stents

Although a decade of experience has resulted in improved initial success of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) even in the presence of more difficult anatomic problems (1, 2), the technique fails to yield lasting results in a significant percentage of patients. Early failures occur due to abrupt coronary artery closure in approximately 5%–7% of all patients (3, 4), and it is in these patients that most of the procedure related morbidity is encountered (3, 5). Restenosis appears in approximately a quarter of all patients within six months and in over one half of the patients undergoing vein graft PTCA (7, 8). Although a number of clinical, angiographic and procedural factors have been identified which appear to be associated with an increased risk of acute occlusion (3, 4, 9, 10, 11) and restenosis (6, 7, 8), the occurrence of these events in individual patients remains unpredictable. If one assumes that the results obtained in 14 experienced American centers participating in the 1985–86 NHLBI registry are similar to those in current practice, performance of 250 000 procedures annually world-wide would be expected to result in 19 000 acute closures (a 7.7% incidence) and 2 750 in-hospital deaths (a 1.1% incidence). Restenosis would be expected in at least 75 000 patients (assuming a 30% incidence). The enormous cost and morbidity related to these major limitations of PTCA have fostered innovative new invasive approaches aimed at maintenance of coronary luminal integrity. Placement of intracoronary stenting devices, a concept introduced by Dotter two decades ago (12), has been performed in several animal models and a number of different stent designs are currently undergoing clinical trials. Although still in an embryonic stage with respect to design features, determination of clinical utility and indications, and optimal adjunctive therapy, these new techniques have stimulated intense interest and may provide a method for treatment of patients who are now failures of PTCA or they may even become a routine component of angioplasty in some specific patient subgroups. The place of intravascular stenting in our therapeutic armamentarium will be determined by critical analysis of ongoing laboratory and clinical evaluations and technological improvements.
Current Trends in the Surgical Management of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases

Cancers of colorectal origin are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA, and with the improvements in chemotherapy and other therapeutic modalities, there are more options for the management of metastatic disease. The liver is the most common site of colorectal metastasis, and treating the disease to the liver may lead to prolonged survival and possible cure. Our understanding of tumor biology and the refinement of surgical techniques have resulted in significantly improved outcomes. The treatment of colorectal liver metastasis is complex and thus requires a multidisciplinary approach. There is increasing body of literature that points towards more aggressively selective and personalized surgical treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases. New techniques like hepatic artery infusion, liver chemoperfusion, operative and transcutaneous liver ablation with microwave, radiofrequency or irreversible electroporation have resulted in significantly improved outcomes. There is significant progress in the surgical management of liver metastasis of colorectal origin, with improved outcomes in patients that otherwise would be candidates only for palliative chemotherapy. More and exciting research is underway in order to appreciate the impact of newer techniques.
Thyroid hormone activates Xenopus MBD3 gene via an intronic TRE in vivo .

Thyroid hormone (T3) is important for adult organ function and vertebrate development. Amphibian metamorphosis is totally dependent on T3 and can be easily manipulated, thus offering a unique opportunity for studying how T3 controls vertebrate development. T3 controls frog metamorphosis through T3 receptor (TR)-mediated regulation of T3 response genes. To identify direct T3 response genes, we previously carried out a ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation)-on-chip analysis with a polyclonal anti-TR antibody on the tadpole intestine and identified many putative TR target genes. Among them is the methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3 (MBD3) gene, which has been implicated to play a role in epigenetic regulation of cellular processes as a subunit of the Mi-2/NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase) complex. We show here that MBD3 is upregulated in the intestine and tail by T3 and its expression peaks at stage 62, the climax of metamorphosis. We further show that a putative TRE within the first intron of the MBD3 gene binds to TR/RXR in vitro and in vivo, and mediates T3 regulation of the MBD3 promoter in vivo.
Phoenixmap: An Abstract Approach to Visualize 2D Spatial Distributions

The multidimensional nature of spatial data poses a challenge for visualization. In this paper, we introduce Phoenixmap , a simple abstract visualization method to address the issue of visualizing multiple spatial distributions at once. The Phoenixmap approach starts by identifying the enclosed outline of the point collection, then assigns different widths to outline segments according to the segments’ corresponding inside regions. Thus, one 2D distribution is represented as an outline with varied thicknesses. Phoenixmap is capable of overlaying multiple outlines and comparing them across categories of objects in a 2D space. We chose heatmap as a benchmark spatial visualization method and conducted user studies to compare performances among Phoenixmap , heatmap , and dot distribution map . Based on the analysis and participant feedback, we demonstrate that Phoenixmap 1) allows users to perceive and compare spatial distribution data efficiently; 2) frees up graphics space with a concise form that can provide visualization design possibilities like overlapping; and 3) provides a good quantitative perceptual estimating capability given the proper legends. Finally, we discuss several possible applications of Phoenixmap and present one visualization of multiple species of birds’ active regions in a nature preserve.
Development of tones from vowel height

Abstract: The development of contrastive tones on vowels due to the loss of a voicing distinction on obstruents in prevocalic position is widely attested and rather well understood. On the other hand intrinsic fundamental frequency variations caused by vowel height rarely, if at all, give rise to the development of phonological tones. Ten subjects were asked to compare the pitch of synthesized vowels different in quality but equal in fundamental frequency. The data indicate that the vowel [a] has a tendency to be judged higher in pitch than the high vowel [i] or [u]. Two possible origins of this effect are discussed. These results are taken as a partial explanation for the lack of tonal development from vowel height.
Validity evidence and use of the IPEC Competency Self-Assessment, Version 3

To guide interprofessional education (IPE), a variety of frameworks have been suggested for defining competency in interprofessional practice, but competency-based assessment remains challenging. O...
An energy justice based approach for electrification planning - An agent-based model

According to the International Energy Agency, approximately 1.1 billion people lacked access to electricity in 2017. Ninety-five percent of those living without access were located in sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia, which reveals the spatial link between access and poverty. In order to address this issue, global efforts to increase energy access, especially electrification for those who are energy-poor, have increased across regions. However, current electrification planning is overly reliant on techno-economic models and fails to ask the ethical questions of “for whom?” and “who bears the costs?” These limitations in the planning phase result in ill-planned energy infrastructure that creates access inequalities wherein the socio-environmental costs are borne largely by the poor, while the benefits of access accrue largely in urban areas or are exported. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to introduce a justice-based electrification planning framework that re-conceptualizes the electrification planning process from the energy-poor perspective by applying the concept of energy justice. The study accomplishes this by expanding the least-cost of electricity (LCOE) decision criteria utilized in current methods by formulating and incorporating the guiding ethical principles of energy justice.
Toward a More Comprehensive Theory of Exceptional Abilities.

In our response to Professor Francoys Gagne, we suggest a more comprehensive theory of elite performance. This theory is composed of three components: general intelligence, domain-specific skills, ...
Medical Student Research in Surgery: From Abstract Presentation to Publication.

Objective Early career mentorship in surgical research often begins in medical school, and scholarly activity in the forms of abstract presentations and publications is seen as a critical criterion in residency applications. The goal of this study was to examine how often medical student abstract presentations at the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Clinical Congress are eventually published as peer-reviewed publications. Design Medical student abstract presentations from ACS Clinical Congress 2014 to 2018 were reviewed. Abstract information was cross-referenced for companion peer-reviewed publication in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Results In total, 219 students presented abstracts at the ACS Clinical Congress between 2014 and 2018. Of these, 101 (46%) led to publications in 61 different journals. The percentage of presentations that were published was 63% from 2014, 51% from 2015, 56% from 2016, 39% from 2017, and 25% from 2018. Medical students were named as first authors on 54%, second authors on 19%, and third authors on 13% of publications. The basic science presentation category had the greatest conversion to publications (54%), followed by clinical research (48%) and outcomes (45%). Conclusions Forty-six percent of medical student abstract presentations at the ACS Clinical Congress were converted to peer-reviewed publications. While it is encouraging that the ACS Clinical Congress is a productive forum to showcase medical student scholarly activity, more can be done to encourage full translation of research activity to peer-reviewed work. Further studies should be performed to look at influential factors amongst medical students, faculty mentors, and medical schools.
The Drosophila melanogaster Metabolic Response against Parasitic Nematode Infection Is Mediated by TGF-β Signaling

The nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, its mutualistic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster establish a unique system to study the basis of infection in relation to host metabolism. Our previous results indicate that the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway participates in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against nematode parasitism. However, our understanding of whether the presence of Photorhabdus bacteria in Heterorhabditis nematodes affects the metabolic state of D. melanogaster during infection is limited. Here, we investigated the involvement of TGF-β signaling branches, Activin and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), in the D. melanogaster metabolic response against axenic (lacking bacteria) or symbiotic (containing bacteria) H. bacteriophora infection. We show that BMP signaling mediates lipid metabolism against axenic or symbiotic H. bacteriophora and alters the size of fat body lipid droplets against symbiotic nematode infection. Also, following symbiotic H. bacteriophora infection, Activin signaling modulates sugar metabolism. Our results indicate that Activin and BMP signaling interact with the D. melanogaster metabolic response to H. bacteriophora infection regardless of the presence or absence of Photorhabdus. These findings provide evidence for the role of TGF-β signaling in host metabolism, which could lead to the development of novel treatments for parasitic diseases.
Trauma patients with tibia/fibula fractures are associated with an increased risk of torso, severe head, and severe spine injuries compared to patients with femur fractures

Abstract Background Although previous studies have demonstrated an association between lower extremity fractures and concomitant torso (thorax and abdomen) injuries in trauma patients, they do not compare different types of fractures. Therefore, we investigated the risk of associated torso injuries between femur and tibia/fibula fractures, hypothesizing that trauma patients with femur fractures are at higher risk of torso injuries compared to patients with tibia/fibula fractures. Methods The Trauma Quality Improvement Program database (2010-2016) was queried for patients presenting with either femur or tibia/fibula fractures. Patients with ground-level falls and penetrating injuries were excluded. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results From 162,354 patients, 104,075 (64.1%) patients had femur fractures and 58,279 (35.9%) had tibia/fibula fractures. Compared to those with femur fractures, patients with tibia/fibula fractures had a higher incidence of torso injuries (32.2% vs. 17.7%, p 3) head (OR 2.38, CI 2.30-2.46, p Conclusions Contrary to previous studies, we demonstrate patients with tibia/fibula fractures have a higher associated risk of torso, severe head and severe spine injuries than patients with femur fractures. Therefore, trauma surgeons should manage tibia/fibula fracture patients with similar clinical vigilance as femur fracture patients.
Delayed Surgical Intervention in Acute Subdural Hematoma.

Background Current guidelines recommend an acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) with a thickness greater than or equal to 10 mm or a midline shift greater than or equal to 5 mm be evacuated regardless of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). A large craniotomy versus craniectomy is the preferred surgical treatment for ASDH. A subset of patients who are typically older if not elderly meet the above criteria but have a monitorable neurologic exam. These patients can be followed and taken in a delayed manner allowing the ASDH to become chronic. The delay in treatment allows for a smaller surgery in regards to size of incision, size of craniotomy, and duration of anesthesia. Methods Between February 2013 and July 2019, we retrospectively identified 19 patients who underwent delayed evacuation of an ASDH, with the primary outcome being Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at discharge and three-month follow-up. Results Eight patients (42%) were female and 11 patients (58%) were male. The median age was 77 years, with a range from 49 to 93 years. Sixteen patients (84%) were 60 years of age or older. Mechanism of injury was a fall for 10 patients (53%). Median number of days from initial evaluation and surgical evacuation was 11 days with a range from 6 to 31 days. Thirteen patients (68%) had a GOS of 4-5 at three-month follow-up. Six patients (32%) had a GOS 1-3 at three-month follow-up. Two mortalities (11%) recorded in the postoperative period. Conclusion Surgically evacuated ASDH in the elderly population is known to carry a significant mortality and morbidity. With close neuromonitoring, delayed intervention in older patients with an ASDH, initially meeting surgical criteria with a good neurologic exam, is a safe practice. Delayed treatment allows for smaller surgery, decreased operative time, and decreased surgical risk which affects older patients even more than younger patients.
Opinion Construction in the Roberts Court

The Supreme Court's main output is the decision on the merits. Little is known, however, about how such decisions are constructed. This article is one of the first to look at the way Supreme Court opinions are constructed by examining the impact of the core linguistic resources at the Court's disposal. It does so in a novel manner by measuring the Court's reliance on wording from parties' merits filings, amicus briefs, and lower court opinions between the 2005 and 2014 terms. To accomplish this goal, the article compares language in over 13,000 documents in the Court's docket during this period with their respective majority opinions. The article then looks at the relative impact of parties' briefs and filings, amicus curiae briefs, and lower court opinions on the Court's majority opinion language. This article provides both macro and microlevel analyses by locating the relative effects of these linguistic resources on the Court's overall opinion language as well as by breaking these findings down by individual justice. In the aggregate, this article finds that of the three resources analyzed, the Court tends to use language from parties' merits briefs most frequently, then wording from lower court opinions, and the least from amicus briefs, but that differences in case level factors shift the relative utility of each of these three resources. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Greasing the Wheels in Kazakhstan - FCPA Violations and Implementation of a Corporate Ethics and Anti-Corruption Compliance Program

This case discusses the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) violations of Texas-based Baker Hughes, in connection with its oil service operations in Kazakhstan. You will assume the position of a newly assigned audit committee member who is trying to understand Baker Hughes’ FCPA violations related to its Kazakhstan operations. Your investigation will involve the examination of the SEC court complaint, press releases, government and company publications and 10-K annual reports. Baker Hughes’ FCPA experiences illustrate the corruption risks and difficulties that multinational corporations encounter in conducting international business. The subsequent creation of a new Baker Hughes Code of Conduct, FCPA Compliance Guide, and Anti-Corruption Compliance Program provide you with a view of the corporate governance policies that companies can implement to help avoid costly penalties and investigations. Case questions address FCPA bribery, accounting and internal control provisions, 10-K filings, red flags indicating bribery (warning signs), and auditor’s responsibilities in uncovering illegal acts.
Community-level factors and incidence of gun violence in the United States, 2014-2017.

Abstract Rationale and objective In the United States, gun violence claims thousands of lives each year and is a pressing public health issue. To gain a better understanding of this phenomenon, this study spatially analyzed county- and state-level predictors of yearly gun violence rates and gun-related casualty rates. Methods This study modeled hypothesized predictors of gun violence incidence and casualties across four years. Data sources included the Gun Violence Archive (gun violence data in the United States for 2014–2017), the U.S. Census Bureau (socioeconomic, demographic, geologic features), ICPSR (crime reports), the U.S. Geologic Survey (elevation data), and U.S. gun laws and ownership. Random forest analyses identified relevant additional interaction terms to include. Results The extent to which counties are urban was the most robust predictor of both gun violence incident and casualty rates. Similarly, places characterized by greater income disparity were also more likely to experience higher gun violence rates, especially when high income was paired with high poverty. Conclusions Community- and state-level features are markedly associated with gun violence. Gun violence is higher in counties with both high median incomes and higher levels of poverty; poverty did not seem related to gun violence rates in counties with relatively low median incomes. Some of these findings may well be due to racial segregation and concentrated disadvantage, due to institutional racism, police-community relations, and related factors.
Biplane Imaging Versus Standard Transverse Single-Plane Imaging for Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous Access: A Prospective Controlled Crossover Trial.

Obtaining peripheral IV access in critically ill patients is often challenging especially for novice providers. The availability of biplane imaging for ultrasound guided peripheral access has the potential to improve successful venous cannulation compared with standard plane imaging. DESIGN Single-center quasi-randomized (alternate allocation) crossover trial. SETTING Surgical ICU at the Massachusetts General Hospital. SUBJECTS Twenty surgical ICU nurses with no prior experience using ultrasound for peripheral IV were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS All participants viewed instructional videos on single-plane and biplane imaging for peripheral IV insertion. The participants were then quasi-randomly assigned to use either single-plane or biplane imaging for peripheral IV insertion using a phantom model. The time to catheter completion, successful lumen cannulation, and attempts in which the needle was observed to go through the back wall of the vessel were recorded for each of the three attempts. The following day the participants repeated the peripheral IV insertion with the alternate imaging modality. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Biplane imaging compared with single-plane imaging was associated with a significantly greater overall success rate (78.3% ± 22.4% vs 41.7% ± 26%; p < 0.001), higher first-pass success rate (80% ± 41% vs 45% ± 51%; p = 0.015), faster cannulation times (27.8 ± 14.8 vs 36.6 ± 15.8 s; p = 0.003), and reduced frequency of backwall perforations (0.4 ± 0.7 vs 1.5 ± 0.8; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that the biplane ultrasound imaging approach for vessel cannulation resulted in an overall faster, more successful, and safer peripheral IV access than the standard single-plane transverse approach when performed by novice ultrasound users.
Contrastive stress production by children with cochlear implants: Accuracy and acoustic characteristics

The aim of this study was to examine the abilities of eight early-implanted children with cochlear implants (mean age 7.1 years) to produce contrastive stress and to compare their use of amplitude, duration, and fundamental frequency, to an age-matched group of children with typical hearing (mean age 6.11 years). A set of 16 utterances were elicited in which the child was required to stress either an adjective or noun in a short phrase. Although both groups of children produced similar proportions of utterances with stress patterns perceived by hearing listeners as accurate, they employed different strategies for achieving contrastive stress.
Motor control: Elephant trunks ignore the many and choose a few

The elephant trunk is a muscular hydrostat with essentially infinite freedom of movement. Utilizing all this range would be extremely complex. A new analysis shows that elephants simplify such 'overchoice' by using twelve motor primitives that can generate most observed trunk movements.
The Origin of the Genus Homo

The earliest members of our own genus evolved from an austral- pithecine species in Africa. The spread of hominids out of Africa probably occurred about 1.5 million years ago, but by then our ancestors had already attained many features considered to be uniquely human. Several species of australopithecine are well known from African deposits about 4-1 million years old. They had marked sexual dimorphism in body size (like that of gorillas), were upright bipeds, had small canine teeth, and relatively small brains. There are indications that they retained some arboreal behaviors despite being erect bipeds. The first good evidence of early Homo shows us that the first members of the species H. erectus were very like our own species in many respects. They were large people with sexual dimorphism in body size to match that of modern human populations, relatively large brains, and had modern limb proportions that show physiological adaptations according to Allen’s rule. They show a few primitive characteristics as well as hint at mosaic evolution in our species. The intermediate species between Australopithecus and Homo, H. habilis is poorly-known and emphasis should be placed on recovering more fossils from the critical 2.5–2.0 Ma period.