cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Achieving the Optimum Picture Quality via Computer Aided Design Methods

Achieving good picture quality in the design of a television receiver is more of a design art than it is a strict technical science. The skills required of an engineer designing a television picture IF amplifier or a video amplifier not only include a thorough knowledge of electronic circuit design principles but also require a feel for the relationships between picture detail (as seen on the tube), electronic systems, and individual circuit components. That 'feel' for the proper amount of pre-shoot in the system's pulse response will dictate whether the picture is crisp or flat. In like manner, excessive over-shoot in the pulse response in either the picture IF or video amplifiers will lead to an ' unnatural' picture. The 'feel' for the proper pulse response as viewed on the picture tube illustrates the use of artistic qualities in television circuit design. This paper does not attempt to define the artistic aspects of television design but rather addresses itself to the problem relating the pulse response of the IF and video amplifiers to the individual circuit components.
Statistics vs. UG in Language Acquisition: Does a Bigram Analysis Predict Auxiliary Inversion?

Reali & Christiansen (2003, 2004) have challenged Chomsky's most famous "poverty of stimulus" claim (Chomsky, 1980) by showing that a statistical learner which tracks transitional probabilities between adjacent words (bigrams) can correctly differentiate grammatical and ungrammatical auxiliary inversion in questions like (1) and (2): (1) Is the little boy who is crying hurt? (2) *Is the little boy who crying is hurt?
Long-term sensitization of primary afferents in adult rats exposed to neonatal colon pain

We have previously shown that colon irritation (CI) in neonates results in chronic visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats, associated with central neuronal sensitization in the absence of identifiable peripheral pathology. The purpose of this study is to assess the relative contribution of peripheral mechanisms to chronic visceral hypersensitivity by examining the changes in responses of primary afferents at thoracolumbar (TL) and lumbosacral (LS) spinal segments to graded colorectal distension (CRD). Afferent discharges were recorded at the cut distal ends of spinal dorsal roots (DRs) in adult control and CI rats. We found that: (1) the average threshold of activation of LS afferents decreased significantly in CI rats; (2) the responses of TL and LS afferents to CRD in CI rats were significantly greater than those in control; (3) the spontaneous activity of LS afferents in CI rats was significantly stronger than that in control; (4) in CI rats, the average responses to graded CRD of LS DRs were significantly higher than those of TL DRs; and (5) the number of both LS DRs and TL DRs activated by CRD in CI rats was significantly larger than control. In summary, the results show that chronic visceral hypersensitivity is associated with peripheral sensitization, as well as central sensitization. TL visceral afferents projecting seem to be more involved in the processing of sensitized nociceptive input from the colon than acute nociceptive input. However, LS afferents seem to be equally important in both sensitized and acute pain states.
Reproductive Defects and Abnormal Progeny of Rats Treated with Triparanol: Prevention of Abnormalities by ACTH

Injection of triparanol (MER /29) into male and female Sprague-Dawley breeder rats resulted in impaired conception, prolonged gestation time, multiple cases of fetal absorption and stillbirths. Cessation of treatment of breeder rats with triparanol was followed by eventual recovery of normal reproductive capacity. The antigestational effects of triparanol were counteracted by ACTH. Offspring born to triparanol-treated rats showed virtually complete arrest of growth in males, a high frequency of xerophthalmia in males and females, and complete impairment of fertility. Offspring born to rats treated with ACTH simultaneously with triparanol appeared to be completely normal. These offspring bore litters at a precocious age and the males were particularly robust. Several generations of these rats have been observed with completely normal reproductive capacity. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for the impairment of normal reproductive function may be mediated through the anticholesterol effect of ...
Effects of potential predator and competitor cues and sibship on wood frog (Rana sylvatica) embryos

Chemical cues emitted from predators or competitors are often important for animals living in aquatic ecosystems as they allow potential prey to assess predation risk and make appropriate risk-sensitive responses. In our experiment, we examined if wood frog (Rana sylvatica) embryos exposed to potential predator and competitor cues would alter their time to hatching, size at hatching, or survivorship. Eggs from four different sibships were subjected to a variety of cues including dragonfly larvae (potential tadpole predator), mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis; a non-native potential egg and tadpole predator), and overwintered tadpoles of Rana sp. (potential competitors). We found no significant effects of any of the cues. However, we did find significant variation in mean time to hatching and mean hatchling size among sibships. Our results suggest that wood frog embryos may have limited ability to respond to some cues at the embryonic stage, at least for the concentrations and conditions used in this experiment. Our results do indicate genetic or parental effects can affect embryonic wood frog development rate and hatchling size.
Relative Contributions of Synoptic and Low-Frequency Eddies to Time-Mean Atmospheric Moisture Transport, Including the Role of Atmospheric Rivers

AbstractThe relative contributions to mean global atmospheric moisture transport by both the time-mean circulation and by synoptic and low-frequency (periods greater than 10 days) anomalies are evaluated from the vertically integrated atmospheric moisture budget based on 40 yr of “chi corrected” NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. In the extratropics, while the time-mean circulation primarily moves moisture zonally within ocean basins, low-frequency and synoptic anomalies drive much of the mean moisture transport both from ocean to land and toward the poles. In particular, during the cool-season low-frequency variability is the largest contributor to mean moisture transport into southwestern North America, Europe, and Australia. While some low-frequency transport originates in low latitudes, much is of extratropical origin due to large-scale atmospheric anomalies that extract moisture from the northeast Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Low-frequency variability is also integral to the Arctic (latitudes > 70°N) mean mo...
Caldera-related gold mineralization of the El Limón mining district, western Nicaragua

Abstract The town of El Limon, the center of a small gold mining district, lies 36 km northeast of Leon, Nicaragua. This paper reports on the sequence of volcanic rocks in the district, the structures in these volcanics and the relationship of the gold veins to them.
Transport equations for highly doped devices and heterostructures

Abstract An overview of the transport equations describing electron and hole motion and density in solids with nonuniform band structure is presented. This includes materials with graded composition, like heterojunctions, and devices with highly doped regions, like the emitter region of modern bipolar transistors and solar cells. Effects due to carrier degeneracy, changes in the energy band edges, and changes in the density of states produce terms in the carrier- and current-density equations in addition to those found in the conventional Shockley model. These new terms are derived and discussed. The general energy-band diagram relating the electrostatic potential, electron affinity and bandgap is given. The current densities are written in terms of gradients of quasi-Fermi level and the carrier densities in terms of normalization integrals. The concepts of generalized drift and diffusion are discussed. Connections to the work by Van Overstraeten et al. and to Lundstrom et al. are given. The transport equations in the nondegenerate limit are presented. The special case of minority-carrier flow in quasi-neutral material is given. Key approximations used in device analysis are discussed.
Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypotheses

Though its existence has been known for well over 30 years, only recently has the supplementary motor area (SMA) and its role in the cortical organization of movement come to be examined in detail by neuroscientists. Evidence from a wide variety of investigational perspectives is reviewed in an attempt to synthesize a conceptual framework for understanding SMA function. It is suggested that the SMA has an important role to play in the intentional process whereby internal context influences the elaboration of action. It may be viewed as phylogenetically older motor cortex, derived from anterior cingulate periarchicortical limbic cortex, which, as a key part of a medial premotor system, is crucial in the “programming” and fluent execution of extended action sequences which are “projectional” in that they rely on model-based prediction. This medial system can be distinguished from a lateral premotor system postulated to have evolved over phylogeny from a different neural source. An anatomico-physiologic model of the medial premotor system is proposed which embodies the principles of cyclicity and reentrance in the process of selecting those neural components to become active in conjunction with the performance of a particular action. The postulated dynamic action of this model in the microgenesis of a discrete action is outlined. It is concluded that although there is a great deal to be learned about the SMA, a convergence of current evidence can be identified. Such evidence suggests that the SMA plays an important role in the development of the intention-to-act and the specification and elaboration of action through its mediation between medial limbic cortex and primary motor cortex.
PREDICTING DURATION OF DEPENDENCE ON PARENTERAL NUTRITION (PN) IN NEONATAL SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME (SBS). † 745

PREDICTING DURATION OF DEPENDENCE ON PARENTERAL NUTRITION (PN) IN NEONATAL SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME (SBS). † 745
Getting along with less in mississippi: allocating the cuts

In 1986, Mississippi Budget decision makers encountered dropping revenues and public opinion demanding that the state keep its commitments to educational reform. This article examines and assesses the Mississippi Legislature's effort to avoid across the board cuts by replacing its standard budget decision-making practice of bottom driven marginal adjustments with prioritized cuts. The Mississippi House developed “hit lists” of targeted items, But few listed items were adopted. However, appropriations were reduced for functional areas with hit list programs and the agencies were forced to reduce services. The legislature was removed from the direct line of fire and could say “the agencies did it”. The Mississippi experience suggests that top budgeters facing reduced revenue will not just substitute across the board cuts for incremental increases. Their ideas about program effectiveness and the perceived political consequences from cutting in certain areas can lead to variable cuts.
The Dramatic True Story of the Frame Default

This is an expository article about the solution to the frame problem proposed in 1980 by Raymond Reiter. For years, his “frame default” remained untested and suspect. But developments in some seemingly unrelated areas of computer science—logic programming and satisfiability solvers—eventually exonerated the frame default and turned it into a basis for important applications.
Phagosome Number and Distribution in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells of Vitiligo Mutant Mice

The vitiligo mutant mouse has a disorder affecting the interaction of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor cells of the neural retina. Among the phenotypic features are patches of hyper- and hypopigmentation in the embryonic RPE, increased RPE cell production neonatally, and a later onset of progressive photoreceptor cell degeneration that continues for more than one year until all photoreceptor cells are gone. Failure of RPE microvilli to intertwine with rod outer segments (ROS) at any age, the accumulation of ROS membranous fragments in the subretinal space, and a relatively early retinal separation from the RPE suggested analysis of whether RPE phagocytosis might be impaired. Post-natal day 23 (P23) and P36 mutant and congenic control wild-type mice were kept in darkness overnight and eyes were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy 0.5 hr before, 1.5 hr after and 10.5 hr after lights turned on at 0700 hr. At these ages ROS have not yet degenerated, though they are shorter than normal and somewhat misoriented. The number of phagosomes per RPE cell was markedly reduced in mutants compared to controls at both ages and all time points. Nonetheless, the highest counts were obtained 1.5 hr after the lights turned on in mutant and control specimens. In the mutant eyes, the proportion of phagosomes in the microvillous zone of the RPE cells was consistently lower than in any other cellular compartment. Phagosome distribution in the apical and basal zones of the RPE cell cytoplasm was within normal limits. Macrophage-like cells become numerous in the subretinal space at older ages, but were already present at P23 and P36, and contained phagosomes in their cytoplasm. The hypothesis is proposed that binding of ROS to RPE cells might be defective in vitiligo mice, in contrast to the rdy rat, where the work of others indicates that binding is normal and the subsequent ingestion of phagosomes is impaired.
Mapping and genetic organization of pTiChry5, a novel Ti plasmid from a highly virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain

Agrobacterium tumefaciens Chry5, a wild-type strain originally isolated from chrysanthemum, is unusually tumorigenic, particularly on soybean. We have mapped the Chry5 Ti plasmid by genomic walking and restriction endonuclease analysis, and have located its virulence, T-DNA, plasmid incompatibility, and l,l-succinamopine utilization loci. Southern analysis has revealed that about 85% of the Chry5 Ti plasmid is highly homologous to another Ti plasmid, pTiBo542. Although all the functions that we have located on pTiChry5 are encoded by pTiBo542-homologous regions, the two Ti plasmids differ in their genetic organization. The overall patterns of restriction sites in the plasmids also differ, with the exception of an approximately 12 kb segment of the virulence region, where the BamHI sites appear to be conserved. Complementation analysis has shown that deletion of a DNA segment which flanks the oncogenic T-DNA results in severe attenuation of virulence. This region also contains a sequence that is repeated in the Chry5 genome outside the Ti plasmid, and that is widely distributed in the Rhizobiaceae.
Renormalization group based algebraic turbulence model for three-dimensional turbomachinery flows

An algebraic eddy-viscosity turbulence model based on the renormalization group formalism is presented with modifications to the baseline renormalization group model for wakes and separated flows. The renormalization group model is functionally the same as a miring length model but requires neither length-based near- and far-wall damping terms nor empirical boundary-layer transition models. The damping characteristics of the renormalization group model and its behavior in laminar-to-turbulent transition regions are briefly studied using results from a two-dimensional channel flow calculation
In-situ determination of major and trace elements in calcite and apatite, and U-Pb ages of apatite from the Oka carbonatite complex: Insights into a complex crystallization history

Abstract This study reports in-situ determination of major and trace element compositions of calcite and apatite, and U–Pb ages of apatite for carbonatites and associated okaites and ijolites from the Oka carbonatite complex (Canada). Both apatite and calcite are rare earth element (REE)-enriched (total REEs > 4 wt.%), with REE and SiO2 contents that correlate positively in apatite. This result supports the previously proposed substitution scheme of REE3+ + Si4+ = Ca2+ + P5+. With the exception of Ba, Sr, and Mn, the other trace elements investigated preferentially partition into apatite relative to calcite. Trace element abundances for apatite and calcite both within and between different samples exhibit large variations, which cannot be reconciled with equilibrium or fractional crystallization from a single parental melt using available partition coefficient data. In-situ U–Pb ages determined by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) on individual apatite grains (total of 215 analyses) from carbonatites (n = 7), okaites (n = 4), and ijolites (n = 2) define a relatively large range, from ~ 111 and ~ 129 Ma. Evidence for protracted magmatic history is also present within individual samples. Apatite from one ijolite defines two distinct ages; an older age of 127 ± 3.6 Ma is recorded in apatite inclusions within early-formed melanite, whereas apatite within matrix calcite is characterized by a younger age of 115 ± 5.1 Ma. U–Pb ages obtained for all apatite from carbonatites, okaites and ijolites yield bimodal distributions with peaks at ~ 113 to ~ 117 and ~ 125 to ~ 127 Ma. Our multi-faceted investigation of individual minerals has documented, for the first time, a bimodal age distribution and simultaneous emplacement of the carbonatites and associated okaites and ijolites at the Oka carbonatite complex. The combined large variations in major and trace element compositions recorded by both apatite and calcite, and petrographic textural evidences are consistent with a complex crystallization history involving mixing of discrete partial melts.
The visual system of the cat

So much of our current knowledge about the neurophysiology of vision has come from studying the visual system of the cat. Using microelectrode techniques, neurophysiologists have examined in great detail the spatial properties of receptive fields of neurons at various levels of the feline nervous system, and headway is now being made in discovering the patterns of neural connections which give rise to the remarkable degree of stimulus selectivity characteristic of these neurons. This paper reviews the major findings concerning the visual system of the normal adult cat, from optics to visual cortex, and summarizes the physiological consequences of early visual deprivation on the visual nervous system of the cat. The review concludes with remarks about the validity of generalizing from cat neurophysiology to human vision.
Free atomic consistency in storage class memory with software based write-aside persistence

This paper describes a lightweight software library to solve the challenges [5, 3, 1, 4, 2] of programming storage class memory (SCM). It provides primitives to demarcate failure-atomic code regions. SCM loads and stores within each de-marcated code region (called a "wrap") are routed through the library, which buffers updates and transmits them to SCM locations asynchronously while allowing their speedy propagation from writers to readers through CPU caches.
Concurrent Determination of Optical Constants and the Kramers-Kronig Integration Constant (Anchor Point) Using Variable-Angle ATR/FT-IR Spectroscopy

Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FT-IR) spectroscopy has been used to determine optical constants in the infrared region of the spectrum for a variety of materials. Usually, the Kramers-Kronig transform is used to obtain optical constants from spectra, given that the baseline refractive index (anchor point) is known or can be determined. This determination often involves performing a separate experiment in which the refractive index of the sample is measured in a nonabsorbing region of the visible part of the spectrum, and the result extrapolated to the infrared. However, this is not feasible for opaque samples or for ones that contain domains large enough to scatter visible light. In this paper, we present a method for concurrently determining the anchor point and the optical constants using only variable-angle ATR/FT-IR spectroscopy and the subtractive form of the Kramers-Kronig transform. The method for determining the anchor point involves ratioing pATR (the negative log of the intensity of the ATR spectrum) values from weak absorption bands from spectra recorded at different angles of incidence. The anchor point can then be determined by computer. The only requirements are that the ATR system use unpolarized radiation and that the sample be thicker than the sampling depth of the IR radiation.
The influence of tank size and impeller geometry on turbulent flocculation : I. Experimental

ABSTRACT The effects of tank size and impeller geometry on the particle size distribution after 30 min of flocculation at constant characteristic average velocity gradient, Gm, were studied. Flocculation was performed in three square tanks 5-, 28-, and 560-L volume with Rushton turbines and A310 fluid foil impellers. The floc size was recorded in situ using a photographic technique, and the resulting photographs were analyzed with an image analysis system. The results show that the cumulative particle size distribution shifts to a smaller particle size range with increasing tank size, regardless of impeller type. A similar shift in the cumulative particle size distribution was observed when the impeller type was switched from the A310 fluid foil to the Rushton turbine, regardless of tank size. The volume mean floc size, floc standard deviation, and maximum stable floc size were found to be controlled by the turbulence intensity in the impeller discharge zone and not by Gm. Key words: Tank size; impeller g...
Intercalation of permeases during membrane growth

Abstract Cells were grown so that carbohydrate permeases of different specificity are incorporated into the growing membrane. The present results, together with a retraction of a previous result, imply that as the membrane of Escherichia coli grows new permeases are intercalated at all regions of the membrane previously possessing transport capability.
Trypanosoma lewisi: pyruvate and transketolase activity in normal and thiamine deficient rats.

Abstract 1. 1. Transketolase and pyruvate changes were studied in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi and fed complete, thiamine-deficient and pair-fed control diets. 2. 2. Regardless of the dietary group, marked increases in pyruvate levels were observed in the infected animals. 3. 3. There were no significant differences in erythrocyte transketolase activity of rats given a full complement diet. Significant decreases, however, were observed in the transketolase activity of pair-fed and thiamine deficient rats. The greater decreases occurred in the infected animals.
Hypocaloric feeding of obese patients in the intensive care unit.

Purpose of reviewGiven the increased awareness of the detrimental complications of overfeeding, particularly hyperglycemia, the safety and efficacy of specialized nutritional support for the critically ill obese patient is of major concern. The intent of this review is to provide the scientific foun
The effect of diphenylamine on carotenoid, sterol and fatty acid synthesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus.

Abstract In shake flask cultures of Phycomyces blakesleeanus , β-carotene increased proportionally with the dry weight of mycelium after a short lag. The relation among phytoene, β-carotene, and sterol remained constant during the early growth phase. In diphenylamine-treated cultures, phytoene increased greatly, β-carotene fell, ergosterol remained the same or increased slightly, and fatty acids remained constant. The incorporation of acetate-1-C 14 into these fractions was proportional to the amount of each substance present. Hence diphenylamine does not divert sterol intermediates into polyene synthesis, but causes a net increase in the formation of isoprenoid compounds. Exogenous β-carotene-C 14 was taken up by normal cultures but not by diphenylamine-treated mold. The distribution of lipids was unaffected by exogenous β-carotene in both normal and diphenylamine-treated cultures. The relation of these results to the mechanism of diphenylamine action is discussed.
Prognostic Factors After Extraneural Metastasis of Medulloblastoma

Purpose To review the existing literature regarding the characteristics, prognostic factors, treatment, and survival of patients with medulloblastoma, who develop extraneural metastasis (ENM). Methods and Materials A PubMed search of English language articles from 1961 to 2007 was performed, yielding 47 articles reporting on 119 patients. Factors analyzed included age, time interval to development of ENM, ENM location, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, treatment, and outcome. Results Sites of ENM included bone in 84% of patients, bone marrow in 27% of patients, lymph nodes in 15% of patients, lung in 6% of patients, and liver in 6% of patients. Median survival was 8 months after diagnosis of ENM. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates after diagnosis of ENM were 41.9%, 31.0%, and 26.0%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates after diagnosis of ENM were 34.5%, 23.2%, and 13.4%, respectively. For patients without CNS involvement at the time of ENM diagnosis, the 1-, 2-, and 5-year OS rates for those treated with and without radiotherapy (RT) were 82.4%, 64.8%, and 64.8% vs. 51.0%, 36.6%, and 30.5%, respectively ( p = 0.03, log-rank test). RT did not significantly improve OS or PFS rates for those with CNS involvement. Concurrent CNS involvement, ENM in the lung or liver, a time interval of Conclusions Several prognostic factors were identified for patients with ENM from medulloblastoma. Patients without concurrent CNS involvement, who received RT after ENM diagnosis had an OS and PFS benefit compared to those who did not receive RT.
Inoculation Theory of Resistance to Influence at Maturity: Recent Progress In Theory Development and Application and Suggestions for Future Research

Inoculation theory boasts a dynamic history since McGuire first introduced it in the early 1960s. The last decade, in particular, has been a period of explosive growth for inoculation. Research has offered a more nuanced understanding of how inoculation confers resistance, exploring precise workings of inoculation’s core concepts of threat and coun-terarguing in conjunction with concepts drawn from other theoretical domains, including issue involvement, attitude accessibility, self-efficacy, and affect. Research is also extending practical applications of inoculation, examining new uses in marketing, public relations, politics, and adolescent health campaigns. The purpose of this chapter is to review the classic work on inoculation theory, examine recent developments that inform the workings of inoculation and its applications, and suggest directions for future research. The chapter also suggests extending the application of inoculation into the areas of childhood obesity, body image, gang activity, consu...
Multiple copies of functional, Tet(M)-encoding Tn916-like elements in a clinical Enterococcus faecium isolate.

Abstract Tn916 and similar elements are very common in clinical enterococcal isolates, and are responsible for transmission of a variety of resistance determinants. It is commonly assumed that clinical strains carrying Tn916 have a single copy, although the actual number of copies in clinical isolates has never been systematically studied. We report a clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecium in which three distinct and excision-proficient copies of Tn916-like elements are present in the genome. All of the elements contain tet(M) genes, at least one of which confers resistance to tetracycline and minocycline. Two elements (Tn6085a, Tn6085b) are indistinguishable, containing an inserted 2758 bp Group II intron at the start of open reading frame Tn916ORF_06. The third (Tn6084) also contains the intron, but also has an ISEfa11 integrated upstream of tet(M). All three copies are able to excise from plasmid vectors when cloned in E. coli, and at least two of the elements can transfer to an E. faecium recipient strain. These data indicate that nearly identical Tn916-like elements encoding Tet(M)-mediated tetracycline/minocycline resistance can coexist in clinical E. faecium isolates.
Made in China, sold in the United States, and vice versa — transnational ‘Chinese’ cinema between media capitals

AbstractThis article considers the reconfiguration of ‘Chinese’ cinema in the international media capitals. By analysing the US marketing of Wong Kar Wai's Chungking Express and Zhang Yimou's Hero, both mediated by Quentin Tarantino, I emphasize Tarantino's role in facilitating a border-crossing feeding loop of production, exhibition and reception. This is crystallized in the success of Dream Work's Kung Fu Panda. The three films demonstrate a switch from made in China, sold in the United States to the reverse direction. The completion of the feeding loop requires that we re-recognize ‘Chinese’ cinema as cinema made with ‘Chinese elements’ that are dissociated from a geographical location or national identity, and are consequently extracted, appropriated and produced by international media capitals.
Variability of color mixture data - I. Interobserver variability in the unit coordinates.

Abstract Theoretical sources of interobserver variation in the 2° color mixture data were considered. A set of three basic spectra, S, M and L with characteristics of visual photopigment absorption spectra were defined. The spectra were manipulated by (a) variation of the effective optical density, (b) shifts in their position on the wavenumber axis, and (c) a spectral filter, SF, of density characteristics identical to macular pigment, differentially screening M or L, The spectra were recombined to form unit coordinates in a WDW system. The results showed that no single variable is sufficient to explain the interobserver variability. To account for interobserver variability, it is necessary to postulate occurrence of population variation in optical density and/or shifts on the wavenumber axis acting concurrently with variation of the selective spectral filter.
Abutment of adjacent intraoperative radiotherapy electron fields to treat large tumor volumes.

Abstract Abutment of unmodified Intraoperative Radiotherapy (IORT) electron fields to irradiate large volumes can lead to dose inhomogeneities at the junction site of the matched fields. Although precise field matching is difficult to achieve in the IORT setting, we have fabricated special cones and dosimetrically evaluated their use. Based on these results, we have established guidelines for the routine use of multiple IORT fields that require field matching. This study examines the abutment of adjacent IORT electron fields for various cone sizes and beam energy combinations, using film dosimetry and a scanning densitometer. Results indicate that for abutting two adjacent 9 × 9 cm square cones, an optimum field separation at the depth of the 90% isodose line (d 90 ) can be obtained as follows: For 6, 9, and 12-MeV electron beams, abut the inner wall of the second IORT cone to the inner wall of the first IORT cone. For 16- and 20-MeV electron beams, abut the inner wall of the second IORT cone to outer wall of the first IORT cone.
High voltage electron microscopy of rapid golgi preparations. Neurons and their processes in the cerebellar cortex of monkey and rat.

The rapid Golgi reaction produces initially a red and secondarily a black precipitate in certain neurons, neuroglia, and endothelial cells of nerve tissue. High voltage electron microscopy shows that the red impregnation is a dense, intracellular, fibrillar meshwork of rodlets with a filamentous substructure. The black impregnation is due to the superimposition of very dense globular and polyhedral crystals that stud the surface of the underlying red fibrillar network. When present in quantity, these globules conglomerate to form a crust over the impregnated structure. This can cause distortion in the shape of the structure and considerable overestimation of its size in light microscope studies of black Golgi material.
A review of fission product sorption in carbon structures

Abstract This paper presents a review of results in the area of fission product sorption in carbon structures. Emphasis is placed on identifying those parameters of carbon-based materials that likely play a dominant role in fission product sorption and the extent to which these parameters have been studied. In particular, we discuss published studies of the effects of atomic structure, sp 2 to sp 3 bonding ratio, coke content, defect structures, irradiation level, and percent of amorphous structures and porosity. Furthermore, the evolution of theories and models for carbon sorption are summarized. A review of the literature available to the authors reveals that the mechanics governing fission product sorptivity remain to be fully understood.
A dialogue on dialectics

The following comments are intended as a constructive critique of the questions posed by Lima, Osterman and Rezende. The issues raised by the authors advocate for a return in research and teaching to the impetus of dialectical materialist approaches in the originators of the sociocultural school, including Vygotsky. The focus of this response is directed toward the need to historicize dialectics itself, as a tradition, method and approach. The relation between dialectics and materialist critique requires a critical scrutiny that also provides pedagogical spaces and temporalities for an entwining of dialectical practices with dialogic interchange. The intent of the following comments is to engage with the authors in shaping a materialist critique of some of the ways through which the sociocultural school and ‘Vygotskyian inspired practices have been domesticated within the neoliberal university.
Much Ado About Nothing—Or at Best, Very Little

Latent variable structural equation modeling has become the analytic method of choice in many domains of research in psychology and allied social sciences. One important aspect of a latent variable...
Alpine debris flows triggered by a 28 July 1999 thunderstorm in the central Front Range, Colorado

On 28 July 1999, about 480 alpine debris flows were triggered by an afternoon thunderstorm along the Continental Divide in Clear Creek and Summit counties in the central Front Range of Colorado. The thunderstorm produced about 43 mm of rain in 4 h, 35 mm of which fell in the first 2 h. Several debris flows triggered by the storm impacted Interstate Highway 70, U.S. Highway 6, and the Arapahoe Basin ski area. We mapped the debris flows from color aerial photography and inspected many of them in the field. Three processes initiated debris flows. The first process initiated 11% of the debris flows and involved the mobilization of shallow landslides in thick, often well vegetated, colluvium. The second process, which was responsible for 79% of the flows, was the transport of material eroded from steep unvegetated hillslopes via a system of coalescing rills. The third, which has been termed the “firehose effect,” initiated 10% of the debris flows and occurred where overland flow became concentrated in steep bedrock channels and scoured debris from talus deposits and the heads of debris fans. These three processes initiated high on steep hillsides (> 30°) in catchments with small contributing areas (< 8000 m2), however, shallow landslides occurred on slopes that were significantly less steep than either overland flow process. Based on field observations and examination of soils mapping of the northern part of the study area, we identified a relation between the degree of soil development and the process type that generated debris flows. In general, areas with greater soil development were less likely to generate runoff and therefore less likely to generate debris flows by the firehose effect or by rilling. The character of the surficial cover and the spatially variable hydrologic response to intense rainfall, rather than a threshold of contributing area and topographic slope, appears to control the initiation process in the high alpine of the Front Range. Because debris flows initiated by rilling and the firehose effect tend to increase in volume as they travel downslope, these debris flows are potentially more hazardous than those initiated by shallow landslides, which tend to deposit material along their paths.
Overstretching B-DNA: The Elastic Response of Individual Double-Stranded and Single-Stranded DNA Molecules

Single molecules of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) were stretched with force-measuring laser tweezers. Under a longitudinal stress of approximately 65 piconewtons (pN), dsDNA molecules in aqueous buffer undergo a highly cooperative transition into a stable form with 5.8 angstroms rise per base pair, that is, 70% longer than B form dsDNA. When the stress was relaxed below 65 pN, the molecules rapidly and reversibly contracted to their normal contour lengths. This transition was affected by changes in the ionic strength of the medium and the water activity or by cross-linking of the two strands of dsDNA. Individual molecules of single-stranded DNA were also stretched giving a persistence length of 7.5 angstroms and a stretch modulus of 800 pN. The overstretched form may play a significant role in the energetics of DNA recombination.
Geographic variability in human papillomavirus vaccination among U.S. young women.

Background Little information is available on geographic disparity of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among women aged 18–26 years in the U.S. Genital HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S. Persistent HPV infection with oncogenic types can cause cervical cancer. Purpose This study utilized data collected from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). It identified geographic variability and other factors contributing to the disparities in HPV vaccine series initiation in a nationally representative sample of women aged 18–26 years. Methods The study utilized data collected from 1867 women who participated in the Cancer Control Module Supplement of the 2012 NHIS. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess characteristics associated with initiation of the HPV series. Analyses were performed in 2012. Results After adjusting for other characteristics, women living in the West and North Central/Midwest had 54% and 20% greater odds of initiating the HPV series, respectively, compared with those living in the Northeast. Other factors associated with HPV series initiation were younger age, Hispanic background, being single/never married, childlessness, a history of HPV, and current alcohol use. Factors correlated with failure to initiate the HPV series were: not having insurance, living below the 200% poverty level, not being a high school graduate, not currently using hormone-based birth control, most recent Pap >1 year ago, no regular provider, last clinic visit ≥12 months ago, and never having received the hepatitis B vaccine. Conclusions Results demonstrate disparity in HPV vaccine uptake by region of residence in the U.S. among young women. Further research is needed to understand the factors contributing to this geographic disparity. Evaluation of vaccination policies and practices associated with higher coverage regions might help characterize effective methods to improve HPV vaccination among women aged 18–26 years.
Achieving management success

Marash, Stanley A. (with Paul Berman and Michael Flynn). 2003, Fusion Management: Harnessing the Power of Six Sigma, Lean, ISO 9001:2000, Malcolm Baldrige, TQM and Other Quality Breakthroughs of the Past Century (Fairfax, VA: QSU Publishing). Thull, Jeff. 2003, Mastering the Complex Sale: How to Compete and Win When the Stakes Are High! (New York: John Wiley & Sons).
Chemically patterned microspheres for controlled nanoparticle assembly in the construction of SERS hot spots

An important challenge in developing ultra-sensitive surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platforms lies in the creation of nanoscale hot spots, locations where the electromagnetic field is greatly concentrated. Even when this is successful, finding these hot spots is a difficult task. We describe a novel chemical microsphere patterning technique utilizing contact masking during silanization for bonding silver nanoparticles preferentially to geometrically restricted sites. Small bifunctional linkers (i.e., <2 nm) are used to bind silver particles on different microspheres drawing the two together, thereby forming small nanoparticle aggregates containing one or more hot spots with the dimensions of the linker at the junction. The microspheres limit the extent of nanoparticle aggregation and are large enough to be visible by optical microscopy leading in most cases directly to the location of the hot spots and hence the most intense SERS signals.
Exact learning of unordered tree patterns from queries

We consider learning tree patterns from queries extending our preceding work [Amoth, Cull, & Tadepalli, 1998]. The instances in this paper are unordered trees with nodes labeled by constant identifiers. The concepts are tree patterns and unions of tree patterns (unordered forests) with leaves labeled with constants or variables. A tree pattern matches any tree with its variables replaced with constant subtrees. A negative result for learning with equivalence and membership/subset queries is shown for unordered trees where a successful match requires the number of children in the pattern and instance to be the same. Unordered trees and forests are shown to be learnable with an alternative matching semantics that allows an instance to have extra children at each node.
EXPERIMENTAL ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS IN RABBITS : I. CHARACTERIZATION OF A PAIR OF ALLELIC BLOOD GROUP FACTORS AND THEIR SPECIFIC IMMUNE ISOANTIBODIES

A pair of blood group factors, designated G and g, was identified in rabbits by serological means. These factors were found to be alleles, and one or the other or both of them were regularly present in the red cells of every one of a large number of mongrel and inbred rabbits. The factors were not demonstrable in other tissue cells or in the body fluids. They were capable of stimulating the formation of specific immune isoantibodies when repeatedly injected into appropriate rabbits. In most instance both agglutinating and coating antibodies to the G or g factors were present in a given antiserum. The coating antibodies-which did not act as true blocking antibodies-were detected by means of an antiglobulin test (Coombs test), or by means of specific cells modified by the action of trypsin. The antibodies were heat-stable and were active over a wide temperature range; and under suitable conditions, they proved to be potent hemolysins and also capable of fixing complement. The characteristics of the antigens and antibodies of the rabbit G-g system bear a striking resemblance to those of the Rh-Hr system of man.
The Post-Communist Diaspora Laws Beyond the “Good Civic versus Bad Ethnic” Nationalism Dichotomy

In the 1990s, a number of post-Communist states adopted diaspora laws that defined the target group ethno-culturally, thus seemingly confirming the continued relevance of Hans Kohn’s distinction be...
A mild biosynthesis of lactones via enantioselective hydrolysis of hydroxynitriles

Abstract We have developed a biocatalytic method to produce lactones and related compounds via the enzymatic hydrolysis of γ- and β-hydroxynitriles. The synthesis is a mild, general, and environmentally friendly way to enantioselectively hydrolyze nitriles with commercially available nitrilase enzymes. The synthesis of four pheromones is demonstrated via a one-step method.
Comment on ``Turbulent Cascade at 1 AU in High Cross-Helicity Flows''

A Comment on the Letter by Charles W. Smith et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 201101 (2009). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Repressor fusions as a tool to study protein–protein interactions

Genetic reporter systems are necessarily limited in the kinds of information they can provide. The most obvious limitation is that the insides of cells are complex. The phenotype of a gene fusion protein will be determined not only by the property we wish to assay, but also by other effects of the intracellular environment on the chimeric gene product, including the following: protein folding in the cells used (usually E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae), sensitivity to intracellular proteolysis, appropriate localization within the cell, and interactions with other cellular components. The strength of interactions needed to confer repressor activity is clearly dependent on the level of expression of the fusion protein. For repressor fusion proteins, our ability to detect assembled or weakly bound oligomers is limited by the fact that the N-terminal domain by itself will confer repressor activity at high expression levels. At the other extreme, for very tight dimers or tetramers only the most drastic mutations might lose enough activity to give a detectable change of phenotype.The significance of activity in the λ repressor system, or in similar genetic oligomerization reporters based on LexA repressor [4xConstruction, purification, and characterization of a hybrid protein comprising the DNA binding domain of the LexA repressor and the Jun leucine zipper: a circular dichroism and mutagenesis study. Schmidt-Dorr, T., Oertel, B.P., Pernelle, C., Bracco, L., Schnarr, M., and Granger, S.M. Biochemistry. 1991; 30: 9657–9664Crossref | PubMedSee all References][4], 434 repressor [15xDimerization of leucine zippers analyzed by random selection. Pu, W.T. and Struhl, K. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21: 4348–4355Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (20)See all References][15], AraC protein [5xFunctional domains of the AraC protein. Bustos, S. and Schleif, R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993; 90: 5638–5642Crossref | PubMedSee all References][5] and LuxR protein (DM Sitnikov, JC Hu and TO Baldwin, unpublished data) is necessarily limited. Genetic methods are not meant to be a substitute for rigorous biochemistry in determining oligomerization states and binding constants. That said, the ‘awesome power’ of genetics lies in the speed with which one can test the properties of astronomically large numbers of amino acid sequences. The need to test such numbers of sequences arises in searching for specific genes in large genomes, and our results suggest that dominant negative selections can be used to find novel partners for known dimers. Moreover, the ability to test large numbers of sequences has interesting implications for protein design. Fusion methods such as the ones described here will allow us to test populations of sequences that represent a family of guesses as to what is needed to form a desired structure. Imitating the evolution of naturally occurring proteins, we cannot only allow selection to identify the best candidates from such populations, but also allow additional rounds of mutagenesis and selection to refine their design.