cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic line matching across multiple views based on geometric and radiometric properties

Point-based matching has been the interest of many researchers for several decades. However, human operators need complex image understanding skills to identify and match such features. In contrast, linear features have greater potential not only in extraction but also in representation and modeling. Yet, matching linear features continues to be a problem in both the photogrammetric and computer vision communities. Changes in the illumination conditions, camera positions, and surrounding features challenge the automation of linear feature matching, particularly in a multi-image environment. Therefore, the majority of studies perform multi-photo matching in a pairwise mode. This ignores the benefits of the multi-image geometry and illumination. In this research, we focus on matching straight lines simultaneously using any number of photos. First, several edge detection and line extraction processes are integrated to extract linear features in the images. Next, all possible corresponding line sets are generated and a matching cost is computed for each set, and the set with the minimum matching cost is selected. Both geometric and radiometric characteristics are involved in computing the matching cost for each set. Subsequently, a constrained least squares estimation model is executed to estimate the parameters of the generated 3D lines. These imposed constraints force the relative geometric relationships between the 3D lines. Finally, the average distances between the extracted lines and their manually digitized correspondents are computed. An average difference of 10.5 cm for 18 buildings using a set of high overlapping aerial photographs acquired with a scale of 1:4,000 and scanned at 30 μm was observed.
Diaper performance: maintenance of healthy skin.

: Skin wetness is proportional to diaper wetness, and with increased skin wetness, the potential for diaper dermatitis is increased. This study evaluated a wide range of infant diaper products. Eighty healthy volunteers wore 2-inch wetted diaper patches on their volar forearm for two hours. An evaporimeter was used to measure excess skin wetness attributed to the patches. The amount of moisture retained in the patch was also calculated. We found that superabsorbent (SA) disposable diapers kept the skin drier and retained more synthetic urine than cloth reusable and conventional disposable brands, and thus have the greatest potential for helping prevent diaper dermatitis. The SA brands evaluated did an equally adequate job in keeping the skin dry and in retaining moisture. Conventional disposable diapers were less able to keep the skin dry than SA diapers and were not superior to cloth products in most instances. Cloth diapers” performance depended on their composition. Those with several layers of the same fabric were less successful in keeping the skin dry than ones that contained middle layers of different nonwoven components.
Cross-arc geochemical variations in volcanic fields in Honduras C.A.: progressive changes in source with distance from the volcanic front

A geochemical traverse across Honduras reveals the heterogeneity of the mantle underneath Central America. Alkali basalts from Lake Yojoa (170 km behind the front) have low 87Sr/86Sr but high La/Yb, and elevated incompatible trace element abundances, consistent with derivation from a normal mid-ocean ridge basalt source mantle via low degrees of melting. These lavas lack evidence for an enriched source thought to be intermingled with normal mid-ocean ridge basalt source mantle beneath most of Central America. The amplitude of the subducted slab signature decreases smoothly with distance from the volcanic front. Lavas from Zacate Grande, the area nearest to the volcanic front (17 km behind the arc), display large ion lithophile element enrichment and high field strength element depletion indicating the involvement of subducted material in magma genesis. Components of subducted material are not evident in lavas from Lake Yojoa, the area furthest from the arc. Basalts and basaltic andesites from Tegucigalpa, 102 km behind the volcanic front, are geochemically intermediate between those of Lake Yojoa and Zacate Grande. The lavas from Tegucigalpa show a decreased influence of the subduction component, and are affected by assimilation-fractional crystallization processes at shallow depths. The gradual decrease in the subducted component from the volcanic front to Zacate Grande, Tegucigalpa and finally Lake Yojoa contrasts with the abrupt decrease documented for southeast Guatemala, the only other area in Central America where a cross-arc transect has been studied.
On-line coloring of perfect graphs

Lovasz, Saks, and Trotter showed that there exists an on-line algorithm which will color any on-linek-colorable graph onn vertices withO(nlog(2k−3) n/log(2k−4) n) colors. Vishwanathan showed that at least Ω(log k−1 n/k k ) colors are needed. While these remain the best known bounds, they give a distressingly weak approximation of the number of colors required. In this article we study the case of perfect graphs. We prove that there exists an on-line algorithm which will color any on-linek-colorable perfect graph onn vertices withn 10k/loglogn colors and that Vishwanathan's techniques can be slightly modified to show that his lower bound also holds for perfect graphs. This suggests that Vishwanathan's lower bound is far from tight in the general case.
Proximal influences in two-on-two globins: effect of the Ala69Ser replacement on Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 hemoglobin.

The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (S6803) expresses a two-on-two globin in which His46 (distal side) and His70 (proximal) function as heme iron axial ligands. His46 can be displaced by O 2 , CO, and CN - , among others, whereas His70 is not labile under native conditions. The residue preceding the proximal histidine has been implicated in controlling globin axial ligand reactivity; the details of the mechanism, however, are not well understood, and little information exists for bis-histidyl hexacoordinate proteins. In many vertebrate hemoglobins and in the Synechocystis protein, the position is occupied by an alanine, whereas, in myoglobins, it is a serine involved in an intricate hydrogen-bond network. We examined the role of Ala69 in S6803 hemoglobin through the effects of an Ala → Ser replacement. The substitution resulted in minor structural perturbations, but the response of the holoprotein to temperature-, urea-, and acid-induced denaturation was measurably affected. Enhanced three-state behavior was manifested in the decoupling of heme binding and secondary-structure formation. Urea-gradient gel experiments revealed that the stability of the apoprotein was unchanged by the replacement and that a slight alteration of the folding kinetics occurred in the holoproteins. Cyanide-binding experiments were performed to assess trans effects. The apparent rate constant for association decreased 2-fold upon Ala69Ser replacement. This deceleration was attributed to a change in the lifetime of a state containing a decoordinated His46. The results demonstrated that, as in vertebrate globins and leghemoglobin, proximal influences operate to determine fundamental dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the protein.
Homogeneous freezing of evaporating cloud droplets

Freezing of evaporating cloud droplets by homogeneous nucleation is an important mechanism for ice formation in the atmosphere, but it has been studied very little. Extension of the standard theory of homogeneous freezing to evaporating conditions results in an analytical expression for the freezing probability. A dimensionless freezing number Fh characterizes the process and is found to be proportional to the fifth power of the initial drop radius. For any finite value of Fh, the derived expression predicts that only a fraction of any uniform drop population will freeze, regardless of the time available. New laboratory measurements of individual droplets levitated electrodynamicaly confirm the essential features of the expression and yield nucleation rates that are consistent with those determined by others.
Focal fatty change of the liver: Cytologic findings in a radiographic mimic of metastases

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is being increasingly utilized for the workup of patients with suspected metastatic disease. In the course of these biopsies, cytologists are being confronted by a variety of nonneoplastic lesions which radiographically simulate metastatic deposits. Some of these lesions will predominately reveal hepatocytes. One of these cytologically poorly characterized lesions is focal fatty change. Aspirates show a population of benign hepatocytes with single or multiple clear cytoplasmic vacuoles. Recognition of the entity along with accurate needle placement in the nodule can establish the diagnosis of focal fatty infiltration and negate the need for further biopsies.
Primary gastric lymphoma. An analysis with emphasis on prognostic factors and radiation therapy.

Primary gastric lymphoma, lymphoma originating in the stomach, without involvement of peripheral or mediastinal lymph nodes, viscera, or the bloodstream, is sufficiently uncommon that the indications for radiation therapy, the dose of irradiation necessary for control of lymphoma, optimum field size, and patterns of failure have never been established. The authors identified 26 patients, and reviewed their charts and pathologic material. Their overall 5-year survival was 57%. Factors significantly influencing 5-year survival were serosal penetration (32% versus 91%), regional lymph node involvement (33% versus 81%), and location on the lesser curvature (20% versus 89%). Histologic characteristics, extent of surgery, and, provided the patient was irradiated, involvement of surgical margins did not influence survival. Overall, survival was not affected by irradiation, but in patients with poor prognostic factors there appeared to be a beneficial effect. Analysis of local control in this and other series suggests that patients should receive at least 40 Gy, and that whole abdominal irradiation is not necessary. The majority of failures were distant, indicating a need for effective systemic therapy. Cancer 52:2044-2048, 1983.
Comprehensive low-dose imaging of carotid and coronary arteries with a single-injection dual-source CT angiography protocol

Aim To assess the feasibility of a fast single-bolus combined carotid and coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) protocol in asymptomatic patients. Materials and methods Thirty-three consecutive patients (18 women and 15 men) with a median age of 61 ± 14 years old (range 37–87 years) with known or suspected atherosclerotic disease were enrolled in this prospective study. A single breath-hold, single biphasic injection protocol (50 ml at 3 ml/s, 50 ml at 5 ml/s, 50 ml saline flush at 5 ml/s) was used for combined CTA imaging of the supra-aortic (SAA) and coronary arteries (CA) on a 64-slice dual-source CT (DSCT) machine. Helical CTA acquisition of the SAA was followed by prospective electrocardiography (ECG)-triggered coronary CTA. Subjective (four-point scale) image quality and objective signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) measurements were performed. Vascular disease was graded on a four-point scale (grade 1: absent; grade 2: mild, grade 3: moderate; grade 4: severe). The radiation dose was recorded for each patient. Results The average enhancement and subjective quality score of SAA and CA segments were 396 HU/358 HU and 1.2 ± 0.3/1.72 ± 0.4, respectively. The SNR was 27.1 ± 1.7 in the SAA and 21.6 ± 1.6 in the CA (p Conclusion A fast, low-dose combined DSCT angiography protocol appears technically feasible for imaging carotid and coronary atherosclerotic disease.
PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING

Summary The accelerating growth and differentiation of knowledge in the sciences basic to medicine raise interesting and important issues for the future of medical education. The corpus of potentially relevant information is too large for any individual to master during the medical school years. Rather, the goal must be for each student to develop the commitment, skills and a framework of knowledge that will sustain a lifetime of learning in medicine. For example, today's students will bear witness to the complete mapping and sequencing of the human genome, bringing with it a much more sophisticated awareness of the susceptibility of each individual to environmental risks, and thus a more effective preventive medicine, and the realistic prospect of gene therapy. The power of molecular medicine brings into practical focus social, economic, legal and ethical concerns that were not long ago largely theoretical for practising doctors. These interrelated dimensions of modern medicine suggest that a specialty- and discipline-dominated approach to medical education is no longer sufficient to meet the needs of future doctors. Rather, the traditional didactic pattern should be tempered by exercises that will allow students to encounter simultaneously the physical, chemical, biological, social, ethical, legal and economic aspects of actual clinical problems. Such experiences allow students the opportunity to develop the attitudes and skills necessary to solve the problems that they confront in clinical practice. This paper describes some of the problems used in the program of New Pathways of General Medical Education now in progress at Harvard University. I am grateful to the organizers of this World Summit on Medical Education for the opportunity to learn with you during the past three days. Particular thanks are due to Henry Walton, whose vision animates our deliberations.
The organ microenvironment and cancer metastasis

Primary neoplasms are biologically heterogeneous and the process of metastasis consists of a series of sequential, selective steps that few cells can complete. The outcome of cancer metastasis depends on multiple interactions between metastatic cells and homeostatic mechanisms that are unique to one or another organ microenvironment. The specific organ microenvironment determines the extent of cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and survival. Therapy of metastasis should therefore be targeted not only against tumor cells, but also against the host factors that contribute to and support the progressive growth and survival of metastatic cancer cells.
ON THE CONDITIONS FOR UNIQUENESS AND EXISTENCE OF THE SOLUTION TO AN ACOUSTIC INVERSE PROBLEM I: THEORY

This paper which is Part I of a sequence deals with the problem of determining a radially dependent coefficient n (r) in the equation ∆ u − n2 (r) u = 0, in the unit disk Ω from the Dirichlet–Neumann data pair . We prove that the sufficiency condition for uniqueness established in Ref. 2 is, in some instances, also a necessity for uniqueness. We also discuss the solvability of this inverse problem. In Part II numerical experiments will be presented which illustrate the theory developed here.
Changing Nursing Students' Attitudes About Aging: An Argument For The Successful Aging Paradigm

Ageism retards recruitment of healthcare professionals to work with older adults. Negative attitudes toward older adults were found in surveying four colleges of nursing (N = 117). Curriculum enhancements at one of the colleges used successful aging as an organizing framework, developed faculty as aging specialists, and required coursework and clinical experiences with healthy and frail older adults. Factors relevant to successful aging of older adults were compared with results of a second survey two years later. Seniors' views reflected the successful aging paradigm and were generally congruent with older adults' views expressed in the literature.
The place of timolol in the practice of ophthalmology.

Abstract Timolol has become so popular with ophthalmologists that it is prescribed 44% of the time when an anti-glaucoma drop is needed. This popularity is due to its newness and the publicity it has received, its effectiveness in most types of glaucoma, and the apparent scarcity of side effects. This paper looks at the first 489 patients treated with timolol at Wills Eye Hospital and the side effects encountered. These include blurring of vision, burning and pain, bradycardia and heart failure, hallucinations, dilated pupils, headaches, dizziness, hypotony, allergy, asthma, impotence, drowsiness, anxiety, emotional lability, and nausea.
Response of two turf insects, Endria inimica and Oscinella frit to mowing.

A field study on the effects of repeated mowing on turf-inhabiting populations of Endria inimica Say Oscinella frit L. was conducted. The insects were provided with a temporal choice of recently mowed turf versus turf not recently mowed. Endria snowed no indication of lawn switching as a function of mowing, nor evidence of mowing-induced mortality. Oscinella displayed a strong mowing-related response. The frit files apparently move off of not recently mowed turf onto newly mowed turf, peak movement being detected at 1 h after mowing, but within 24 h no differences between the numbers of flies on recently mowed turf versus not recently mowed turf could be detected. The study suggests that, for the two turf-adapted species studied, mowing is not a negative factor, and that, for Oscinella frit , it may even be beneficial.
Pathway Illuminated: Visualizing Protein Kinase C Signaling

Protein kinase C has been at the center of cell signaling since the discovery 25 years ago that it transduces signals that promote phospholipid hydrolysis. In recent years, the use of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters has enabled studies of the regulation of protein kinase C signaling in living cells. Advances in imaging techniques have unveiled unprecedented detail of the signal processing mechanics of protein kinase C, from the second messengers calcium and diacylglycerol that regulate protein kinase C activity, to the locations and kinetics of different protein kinase C isozymes, to the spatial and temporal dynamics of substrate phosphorylation by this key enzyme. This review discusses how fluorescence imaging studies have illuminated the fidelity with which protein kinase C transduces rapidly changing extracellular information into intracellular phosphorylation signals.
Unit responses in the inferior colliculus of rat to temporal auditory patterns of tone sweeps and noise bursts.

Abstract Units at the inferior colliculus in rat were examined for selectivities to simple temporal auditory patterns of noise bursts alternated with frequency-modulated tones. Three auditory patterns were used, two with tone segments alternated with noise bursts and one with only noise bursts. The patterns containing the tone segments differed in the direction of frequency modulation imposed on the tone components, one pattern having an upward swept tone and the other a downward swept tone over the 6–9 kHz range. The majority of the 50 units recorded gave more spikes to one of the two patterns containing the tone component. In addition, unit responses to the noise bursts differentiated between these two patterns indicating a temporally extended effect of the tone component. Relative to the control pattern containing no tone component, unit spike counts were both increased and decreased in response to the patterns having the tone components, perhaps in relation to their characteristic frequency's proximity to the tone-sweep range. These findings support the existence of a subcortical neuronal population in naive rats that signals the occurrence of specific temporal auditory patterns containing frequency-modulation and noise-burst components.
Comparison of gray-scale and B-color ultrasound images in evaluating left ventricular systolic function in coronary artery disease

To confirm whether or not echocardiographic B-color images (temperature, magenta, rainbow) are superior to ordinary gray-scale images, 62 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (42 men and 20 women) underwent gray-scale and B-color echocardiography and cineangiography within 24 hours. Left ventricular (LV) volume was derived from angiography using the single-plane area-length method and was derived from echocardiography using single-plane modified Simpson's formula. In predicting angiographic volume, the correlations between B-color images and angiography were similar to that between the gray-scale image and angiography. In evaluating LV ejection fraction, the correlation coefficients between B-color images and angiography (temperature r = 0.93, magenta r = 0.93, rainbow r = 0.92) were slightly higher than that between the gray-scale image and angiography (r = 0.85) (p less than 0.05). We conclude that B-color images yield estimates of LV volumes that are of similar accuracy to gray-scale images in patients with CAD.
Using Neural Networks for Credit Scoring

Neural networks offer an alternative to numerical scoring schemes for credit granting and extension decisions. A standard back‐ propagation neural network running on a DOS personal computer is used with 125 credit applicants whose loan outcomes are known. Applicant characteristics are described as input neurons receiving values representing the individuals' demographic and credit information. Three categories of payment history, delinquent, charged‐off, and paid‐off, are used as the networks output neurons to depict the loan outcomes. After training on part of the data, correct classifications were made on 76–80% of the holdout sample.
Excretion of coproporphyrin in rats developing acute massive hepatic necrosis.

Summary1. The urinary and fecal excretion of coproporphyrin was studied at varying intervals in 21 young rats maintained on a diet containing 18% yeast as a source of protein.2. Fourteen of the rats died suddenly between the 30th and the 125th day of acute massive hepatic necrosis. The gross and microscopic findings were identical with those described by Himsworth as characteristic of this lesion.3. No significant increase in the excretion of coproporphyrin was observed during the course of these experiments. This is believed to minimize the likelihood of chemical or metal toxicity as the cause of the necrosis.
Effective Control of Computationally Simulated Wing Rock in Subsonic Flow

The unsteady compressible, full Navier-Stokes (NS) equations and the Euler equations of rigid-body dynamics are sequentially solved to simulate the delta wing rock phenomenon. The NS equations are solved time accurately, using the implicit, upwind, Roe flux-difference splitting, finite-volume scheme. The rigid-body dynamics equations are solved using a four-stage Runge-Kutta scheme. Once the wing reaches the limit-cycle response, an active control model using a mass injection system is applied from the wing surface to suppress the limit-cycle oscillation. The active control model is based on state feedback and the control law is established using pole placement techniques. The control law is based on the feedback of two states: the roll-angle and roll velocity. The primary model of the computational applications consists of a 80 deg swept, sharp edged, delta wing at 30 deg angle of attack in a freestream of Mach number 0.1 and Reynolds number of 0.4 x 10(exp 6). With a limit-cycle roll amplitude of 41.1 deg, the control model is applied, and the results show that within one and one half cycles of oscillation, the wing roll amplitude and velocity are brought to zero.
Influence of social status on individual foraging and community structure in a bird guild

We investigated the influence of social interactions on individual foraging behavior and community structure of frugivorous birds in southern Costa Rica. Detailed observations of large, heterospecific feeding assemblages at fruiting trees revealed the existence of an interspecific dominance hierarchy, largely consistent with body and bill size. Social status influenced access to food in several ways. First, subordinate species were interrupted more and tended to have shorter foraging bouts than dominant species (n > 1.000 abouts). Second, analysis of over 7,000 videotaped head movements showed that subordinate species spent a smaller fraction of their foraging bouts actually feeding (as opposed to looking about) than did dominants. Third, when many birds were in a tree simultaneously, the foraging bouts of subordinate species were shortened; this effect was less pronounced or absent for species higher in the dominance hierarchy. Fourth, subordinate species foraged less frequently in mixed-species assemblages than did dominant species. Finally, subordinate species fed disproportionately more in the late afternoon at fruiting trees. The influence of social status appeared to manifest itself at the community level. The species composition of foraging assemblages was compared at isolated fruiting trees situated in an agricultural landscape near to ( 6 km) a large tract of primary forest. Whereas the full complement of avian frugivores foraged at the near trees, visitors to the far trees were predominantly of high social status. We discuss reasons why high social status and associated traits might confer an advantage in exploiting human-dominated habitat.
Pharmacokinetics, metabolic activation, and lung toxicity of cyclophosphamide in C57B16 and ICR mice

A single intraperitoneal dose (200 mg/kg) of cyclophosphamide (CP) resulted in significantly less injury to the C57/B16 strain than to the ICR strain of mice. Maximal thymidine incorporation into total lung DNA, an indirect index of lung injury, and pulmonary hydroxyproline content, a marker of fibrosis, were 56 +/- 10% and 69 +/- 9 of ICR mice, respectively. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [side chain-3H]CP and [ring-14C]CP were assessed in vivo. In addition, covalent binding and the generation of polar metabolites were determined in hepatic and pulmonary microsomes from both strains. Peak levels and half-lives of radioactivity derived from CP in blood were similar in both strains treated with a 200 mg/kg dose. However, area under curve for total radioactivity over 12 hr was significantly lower (60 and 78% of ICR for 3H and 14C, respectively), and systemic clearance significantly higher (168 and 119% of ICR for 3H and 14C, respectively) in the C57 strain. Total radioactivity derived from CP in lung and liver was similar between strains at all time points examined up to 12 hr, but overall covalent binding of radioactivity, assessed as area under the binding curve, was markedly lower to C57 lungs in vivo (58 and 49% of ICR for 3H and 14C, respectively). In contrast, hepatic binding was not significantly different between strains with either label. No significant differences were evident between strains in hepatic or pulmonary microsomal binding in vitro. Polar CP metabolites in ICR lung were significantly higher than C57 at 2 hr in vivo, but no strain differences were evident at other times nor in the microsomal generation of polar metabolites. These results demonstrate significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of CP between C57 and ICR murine strains. NADPH-mediated activation of CP in vitro was similar between strains suggesting that the increased covalent binding of CP to ICR lung tissue in vivo was due to greater exposure to CP or its reactive metabolites. The relative resistance of C57 mice to CP-induced lung fibrosis may also be influenced by intrinsic differences in response of the lung to reactive CP species, or by differences in activation by other metabolic pathways.
“Phoswich Wall”: A charged-particle detector array for inverse-kinematic reactions with the Gretina/GRETA γ-ray arrays

Abstract A high-efficiency, forward-hemisphere detector system for light charged particles and low- Z heavy ions, as obtained in an accelerator experiment, is described. It consists of four 8×8 pixel multianode photomultiplier tubes with 2.2-mm thick CsI(Tl) and 12 - μ m thick fast-plastic scintillation detectors. Its phoswich structure allows individual Z resolution for 1 H, 4 He, 7 Li, 4 He+ 4 He, 9 Be, 11 B, 12 C, and 14 N ions, which are target-like fragments detected in strongly inverse kinematics. The device design has been optimized for use with a 4 π γ-ray array, and the main applications are transfer reactions and Coulomb excitation. A high-angular resolution for the detection of the target-like fragments is achieved which permits angular distributions to be measured in the rest frame of the projectile-like fragment with a resolution of ~ 2 ° .
A fatigue model for contacts under mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication condition

A fatigue methodology for pitting crack nucleation is proposed for non-conformal point contacts under mixed lubrication condition where asperity contacts are prominent. The modeling methodology includes: (i) a mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication model to determine the instantaneous surface contact pressure and shear traction distributions, (ii) a potential theory based stress formulation to compute the three-dimensional, transient, elastic stress fields into the contacting body induced by the surface stresses within the contact zone, and (iii) a multi-axial fatigue criterion to predict the crack nucleation life corresponding to the stress time histories. Given the random nature of the surface roughness profiles of the mating surfaces, a new Lagrangian–Eulerian approach is proposed to quantify the surface roughness effect on the crack nucleation position and life statistically from the deterministic predictions. Additionally, an experimental rolling contact fatigue study is performed and the results are compared to the model predictions to assess the accuracy of the proposed contact fatigue methodology.
Microtubules Are required for motility and positioning of vesicles and mitochondria in hyphal tip cells of Allomyces macrogynus.

We have used video-enhanced light microscopy and digital image processing to characterize the intracellular motility and positioning of vesicles ( approximately 1-microm diameter) and mitochondria in growing hyphal tip cells of Allomyces macrogynus. These observations were coupled with cytoskeletal inhibitory experiments to define the roles of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons in organelle translocation and positioning. Vesicles and mitochondria were abundant in apical and subapical hypha regions. Vesicles traveled along paths that were parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell. Anterograde (i.e., toward the hyphal apex) and retrograde (i.e., away from the hyphal apex) movements of vesicles occurred at average rates of 4.0 and 2.2 microm/s, respectively. Bidirectional travel of vesicles along common paths was noted in the cortical cytoplasm. Mitochondria were aligned mostly parallel to the long axis of the hypha, except those extending into the hyphal apex, which were oriented toward the Spitzenkorper. In regions of the subapical hypha mitochondria were often restricted to the cortical cytoplasm and nuclei occupied the central cytoplasmic region. Mitochondria displayed rapid anterograde movements reaching speeds of 3.0 microm/s, but primarily maintained a constant position relative to either the advancing cytoplasm or the lateral cell wall. Cytoskeletal disruption experiments showed that the positioning of mitochondria and motility of vesicles and mitochondria were microtubule-based and suggested that the actin cytoskeleton played uncertain roles.
Judicial Review and the Supreme Court of Washington, 1890–1986

The literature on judicial review by state supreme courts suggests that from the beginnings of the republic until today, state judicial review has shifted generally from what can be called a restraintist departmentalism to an activist "new federalism. " Since statehood in 1889, the Supreme Court of Washington has reacted to constitutional challenges in much the same manner as the high courts of other states. Recently, however, Washington 's jurists have forged an independent course by applying the more restrictive aspects of the state constitution to private and governmental intrusions into personal lives rather than relying on the guidelines provided by the federal Constitution and the U.S. Supreme Court. The nature of this second "Golden Age" of state judicial review, because of its effect on federalism rather than the separation of powers, requires appraisal from a new perspective.
Local liquid velocity measurements in air-water bubbly flow

Local measurements of axial liquid velocity were performed for vertical upward air-water bubbly flow in a 101.6-mm inner-diameter round pipe by using a laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) and a hot-film anemometer (HFA). The data reduction approaches for both the LDA and HFA are discussed in detail. A threshold scheme with the information of local void fraction and velocity distribution in single-phase flow was applied to the LDA to approximately discriminate liquid velocity signals from those of the bubble interface velocity. Furthermore, a formulation was given to account for the effect of the bubble relative velocity on the liquid in the front and wake regions of the bubbles. For the HFA, an amplitude threshold scheme and a slope criterion were used to extract liquid velocity information. To reduce the measurement uncertainty, the experiments were performed in flow conditions where the area-averaged void fraction was less than 20%. The experimental results showed satisfactory agreement between the liquid volumetric flow rates calculated by area integration of the local liquid velocity and void fraction measurements, and the measured value by a magnetic flow meter. Also, the area-averaged relative velocity between the gas and liquid phases obtained from the current measurements agreed well with previous research.
Target tracking with packet delays and losses - QoI amid latencies and missing data

In this paper, we investigate how packet delays and losses affect the quality of target tracking. Specifically, we use Bayesian information of the posterior distribution of target locations to quantify the quality of target tracking and investigate how network quality and measurement quality affect the value of Bayesian information. We show that improving measurement quality provides diminishing gain on tracking quality, while the gain from improving network quality does not diminish. We obtain the condition under which a user obtains information gain on the target location from a tracking process. We further use Bayesian information as the metric for the gateway to select the sensor for taking measurements and determine the measurement time to control the tracking quality.
SU‐GG‐I‐133: Low Dose Dual Energy Breast Imaging with An Energy Resolving Photon Counting Detector

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of low dose dual energy imaging with an energy resolving photon countingdetector using a single exposure / single kVp technique for the measurement of breast density (the percentage of glandular breast tissue) in mammography.Method and Materials: An analytical simulation model was developed to determine the mean glandular dose required to quantify breast density with a novel energy resolving photon countingdetector to within an accuracy of 1%. The detector was modeled as a 3 mm thick layer of CdZnTe. All detectedphotons above 15 keV were counted and separated into either a low or high energy bin as determined by a user defined threshold. Only stochastic x‐ray noise sources were considered. The breast was modeled as a semicircle 10 cm in radius with homogenous equal thicknesses of adipose and glandular tissues, corresponding to a density of 50%. Polyenergetic spectra from a tungsten target anode x‐ray tube were simulated from 20 – 150 kVp. Tube filtration was 1.0 mm Be and 0.5 mm Al. At each kVp, the threshold energy was varied to determine the optimal dual energy SNR in the breast density image.Results: For a 4.2 cm breast, the optimal beam energy determined from simulation was determined to be 95 kVp with a threshold separating low and high energy beam spectra at 30 keV. The predicted required minimal mean glandular dose for the dual energy image was low ( < 1 μGy), and the corresponding incident photon fluence was approximately 10,000 photons per square millimeter. Conclusion: The results suggest that breast density, a quantity strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer, can be accurately measured at low dose, with an energy counting photon countingdetector.
Transitions: Homo erectus and the Acheulian: the Ethiopian sites of Gadeb and the Middle Awash☆

Abstract Significant differences in activity-site patterning and artifact composition at Middle Pleistocene localities in Ethiopia's high plains and Afar Rift are indications of both single-episode, small-site residues from small groups and multi-purpose, multiple occupation sites from which larger, temporary groupings might be inferred. Reconstructions of palaeo-environments and geography show that large assemblages relate to relatively stable topography, such as stream channels or lake margins, while small assemblages are more common in deltaic situations of rapid sedimentation and burial in the Rift that preclude possibility of reoccupation. A model for Acheulian socio-economic behaviour within the drier African savanna, based (in part) on chimpanzee behaviour in open savanna habitats, is proposed. This takes the form of organization into relatively extensive territories, each with several more closed-vegetation core areas, of limited extent close to permanent water, surrounded by more extensive areas of drier, open savanna, regularly exploited and patrolled by small groups. Movement from one core area to another was rapid and made together as a group, to minimize danger from large predators and competition from other hominid groups.
Electrophysiological Ion Channel Screening using Lipid Bilayers

Recently, the work of Tsofina et al. (Tsofina et al., Nature 212, 681 (1966)), in which lipid bilayers were formed from the mechanical union of lipid monolayers self-assembled on oil/water interfaces, has been extended in microfluidic devices (Funakoshi et al., Anal. Chem. 78, 8169 (2006) and droplet platforms (Holden et al., JACS. 129, 8650 (2007)), which have enabled simultaneous optical and electrical ion channel studies at the single channel level (Heron et al., JACS 131, 1652 (2009)). Our group has also shown that this method of bilayer assembly is also quite amenable to parallelism (Poulos et al., Biosens. Bioelectron. 24, 1806 (2009) and automation (Thapliyal et al., Biosens. Bioelectron. 26, 2651 (2010); Poulos et al., J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22, 454105 (2010)).In 2011 Leptihn et al. published single channel measurements of physiologically relevant ion channels in such bilayers (Leptihn et al., JACS 133, 9370 (2011)). I will present our work in which we have obtained ensemble measurements of the human cardiac potassium channel hERG (Kv11.1), rat TRPM8, and other physiologically relevant ion channels. I will also present our measurements of the conductance modulation of ion channel ensembles by known pharmaceutically active compounds at a range of concentrations, obtaining IC50 values that match the literature. I will report on our progress developing a parallel and automated platform to perform these measurements with increased throughput. Such a platform may find use in electrophysiological research to increase productivity of conventional lipid bilayer studies and enable screening of “hard to patch” ion channels.
Saliva biomonitoring of atrazine exposure among herbicide applicators

A field study was conducted in which saliva samples were collected from a cohort of herbicide applicators during the pre-emergent spray season in Ohio in 1996. Atrazine concentrations were detected in human saliva samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Trend due to atrazine exposure and subsequent elimination in the body were evidenced by the temporal pattern of decreasing atrazine concentrations in saliva over time. Median salivary concentrations of atrazine on non-spray days were significantly lower than on spray days for each sampling time (Mann-Whitney U–Wilcoxon rank sum test, P < 0.01). Within spray days, median salivary atrazine concentrations were significantly higher on days atrazine was sprayed than on days herbicides other than atrazine were sprayed for each sampling time (Mann-Whitney U–Wilcoxon rank sum test, P=0.02 for 4–6 p.m. samples, P=0.04 for bedtime samples, P=0.03 for next-morning samples). Median salivary atrazine concentrations on days atrazine was sprayed were higher than the median concentration for the corresponding sampling time on non-spray days and on days when other herbicides were sprayed. Salivary concentration of atrazine is a plausible indicator of those days in which atrazine spraying was likely to have occurred. Salivary concentrations of atrazine not only reflect exposures resulting from spraying atrazine, but also exposures from other field activities where applicators may come in contact with atrazine. The results of this study confirmed data from animal experiments that atrazine is able to cross the cell membranes of salivary glands, and can be measured in human saliva with high sensitivity. The sampling method itself is convenient and easy to use in the field, with a high compliance rate, and analytical procedures are rapid and inexpensive. It is, therefore, concluded that saliva sampling of atrazine exposure among herbicide applicators is a feasible biomonitoring method.
Generation of Whistler Waves by Helical Electron Beams

SEVERAL investigations1 published within the past few years deal with the interaction of a stationary plasma in the outer regions of the ionosphere (exosphere) with an assembly of charged particles trapped in the Earth's magnetic field. Such an interaction results in electromagnetic radiation within the audible range which is detected at the Earth's surface in the form of continuous white noise or whistlers. The trapped particles spiral around the lines of the magnetic field B0 and form a ‘helical beam’, characterized by velocity components β⊥c and β∥C which are, respectively, perpendicular and parallel to B0 (c is the velocity of light). A whistler wave thus produced and aligned in the direction of B0 is usually described by the equalities: in which ω is the frequency, k is the wave number, β2 = β∥2 + β⊥2, Ωe is the electron gyrofrequency, and n = ωe2/ω(ω − Ωe) is the refractive index for the whistler mode (ωe is the plasma frequency).
Qualitative and quantitative separation of a series of phorbol-ester tumor promoters by high-pressure liquid chromatography

A high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using a micro-particulate silica column and gradient elution was developed that separated 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) from 20-oxo-TPA; 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol (TP); 13-O-acetylphorbol (PA), and from the diterpene alcohol, phorbol (P). A series of other phorbol-ester tumor promoters were also separated via HPLC. Spectrophotometric determination at 232 nm allowed detection sensitivities of 0.05 microgram of TPA. When tritiated TPA was applied to mouse skin, the majority of the tritiated product recovered was TPA, indicating only minimal metabolism of TPA and no need for metabolic activation for tumor promotion.
Abuse and deprivation in failing adoptions.

Twelve children seen in psychiatric consultation by the authors over a 3-year period were failing in their adoptive placements. All twelve had been adopted as older children (average age at adoption 5 1/2 years). Ten out of the 12 were males. A retrospective case review demonstrated that all the children shared several common characteristics: (1) a history of both neglect and abusive treatment during at least the first two years of life, (2) a behavioral pattern that was intermittently provocative and punishment seeking, and (3) an ability to elicit a sense of bewilderment and betrayal in the adoptive parents. Twenty-one months was the average duration of the adoption before the families sought the consultation. These adoptive families were all considered competent by the agencies involved. All had raised other natural and adoptive children successfully. Treatment offered by the authors seemed to be helpful in salvaging 4 of the 12 adoptive placements. The authors present these cases as a way of drawing attention to much needed research, both in better understanding the early attachment process in "older child" adoptions, and in better understanding the relative impact of abuse in influencing the child's subsequent attachment capacities. Language: en
Monotheism and the spirituality of reason

In this paper I propose a cognitive interpretation of the emergence of monotheism. I first distinguish between two fundamentally different conceptions of representation: one intuitive, which favors an analog model of rational cognition, and one discursive, which favors a digital model. While both Hellenism and Judaism may have been instrumental in setting civilization on the path to reason and law, it is the discursive or digital conception of God as a single universal Judge, I argue, that provides the foundational axiom of the moral logic of the Hebrew Scriptures. That is, in monotheism, God came to be represented differently.
The utility of ultrasound surveillance of fluid and growth in obese women.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of ultrasound surveillance in obese women. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort of all obese women who underwent sonography at a single center from 2005-2013. Inclusion criteria were body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 , singleton, ≥1 ultrasound scan performed at Results Two thousand two sonograms were performed in 1164 obese women at ≥24 weeks of gestation. Small for gestational age was diagnosed in 59 pregnancies (5.1%); 7 pregnancies (0.6%) were diagnosed at 36 weeks of gestation, 1 case of macrosomia was identified. Amniotic fluid abnormalities were diagnosed in 44 pregnancies (3.8%; oligohydramnios, 19; polyhydramnios, 25); 34.1% abnormalities were diagnosed at Conclusion In obese women without comorbidities, few sonographic diagnoses of amniotic fluid or fetal growth abnormalities are made at
Applications of marine geodesy

This paper is a summary of a 1980 research study initiated by the Marine Technology Society and several U.S. government agencies to identify requirements for marine geodetic applications in support of national objectives in ocean science, engineering, and operations over the next two decades. The study established a broad definition of marine geodesy to form a base for marine geodesy's several maritime applications. The study investigated the following areas: bathymetry, hydrography, marine gravity and geophysics, positioning and navigation, plate tectonics/seafloor spreading, ocean surface topography, mean sea level, and tsunamis.