cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Faceted Grain Boundary Grooves

The dynamics of dislocation-free crystal facets is examined in the context of grain boundary grooves at the junction between two crystallites of a solid and the liquid phase. The geometry and thermal conditions of grain boundary grooves allow a detailed analysis of facet morphology during solidification in terms of the nucleation and spreading rates of elementary crystal planes. Observations on the freezing of water in a two-dimensional cell reveal several dynamical features which are treated by the theory. Additional observations provide indications for the stiffness and premelting of grain boundaries.
A focus on simulation in medical informatics.

This special issue of JAMIA addresses simulation, a methodology that holds great promise for the advancement of information technology in health care. Simulation has been termed a third domain, complementing both natural language and mathematical/statistical approaches. The process of constructing a simulation model introduces a new way of thinking about medical informatics. It also provides tools to build understanding and generate insights into complex systems and processes. Simulation has many potential applications in medical informatics including research, evaluation, education, training and policy making. A number of developments, including the Next-Generation Internet, high-bandwidth communication, object-oriented software design, distributed and parallel processing, and scientific visualization techniques, have greatly enhanced the power and expressiveness of simulation. The Internet permits world-wide access to resources not widely available for medical education. Simulation technology that utilizes high performance computers and graphics permit realistic real-time displays of virtual body structures that can be used to teach anatomy and surgery among others. Three papers in this issue report on the development of simulation-based learning environments. Temkin et al.1 describe a virtual-reality-based anatomical training system for teaching human anatomy over the Internet. The system's interface allows the user to navigate through the Visible Human and to touch geometric structures with a haptic device. A second paper by Dev et al.2 describes simulated medical environments that can be used to support the teaching of anatomy and basic …
MBA Program Trends and Best Practices in Teaching Sustainability: Live Project Courses.

This study offers a model for incorporating live sustainability consulting projects in an MBA curriculum to nurture cross-functional faculty collaboration while offering students proving ground for solving contemporary challenges related to ethical management of all forms of capital. We attempt to first lay a foundation for the recent evolution of sustainability within business schools, and then provide evidence that an opportunity exists for decision science scholars to play a key role as facilitators of this wave of pedagogy. Our research is based on publicly available data that rank business schools relative to their integration of sustainability within MBA programs, our experiences with 39 project clients over a 3-year period, an analysis of client and student feedback, and anecdotal evidence of success in the development of live project-based consulting courses. The case study highlights the potential and scalability of this proposed pedagogy to deliver live projects as either a stand-alone course or an integrated part of the curriculum.
Semantic Matching: Formal Ontological Distinctions for Information Organization, Extraction, and Integration

The task of information extraction can be seen as a problem of semantic matching between a user-defined template and a piece of information written in natural language. To this purpose, the ontological assumptions of the template need to be suitably specified, and compared with the ontological implications of the text. So-called “ontologies”, consisting of theories of various kinds expressing the meaning of shared vocabularies, begin to be used for this task. This paper addresses the theoretical issues related to the design and use of such ontologies for purposes of information retrieval and extraction. After a discussion on the nature of semantic matching within a model-theoretical framework, we introduce the subject of Formal Ontology, showing how the notions of parthood, integrity, identity, and dependence can be of help in understanding, organizing and formalizing fundamental ontological distinctions. We present then some basic principles for ontology design, and we illustrate a preliminary proposal for a top-level ontology developed according to such principles. As a concrete example of ontology-based information retrieval, we finally report an ongoing experience of use of a large linguistic ontology for the retrieval of object-oriented software components.
Lewis acid zeolites for tandem Diels–Alder cycloaddition and dehydration of biomass-derived dimethylfuran and ethylene to renewable p-xylene

Lewis acid zeolites including Zr-, Sn-, and Ti-BEA were examined for tandem [4 + 2] Diels–Alder cycloaddition of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) and ethylene to oxanorbornene with subsequent dehydration to produce biorenewable p-xylene. Zr-BEA (Si/Zr = 168) exhibited superior performance with improved recalcitrance to deactivation, which was attributed to its low activity for the hydrolysis of DMF to 2,5-hexanedione and subsequent condensation. Zr-BEA also achieved the highest selectivity to p-xylene of 90% at 99% conversion of DMF. For low catalyst loading within a three-phase reactor, the reaction rate to form p-xylene was linearly proportional to the number of Lewis acid sites, while high catalyst loading exhibited zero order dependence on Lewis acid sites. A maximum achievable reaction rate was shown to be consistent with a transition in rate-limiting reactions from dehydration of oxanorbornene, the Diels–Alder product, to the Diels–Alder cycloaddition of DMF and ethylene.
The effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

Abstract In order to determine whether 13-cis-retinoic acid, an analog of vitamin A, has antitumor activity in an oral cancer model system, the following study was undertaken. Fifty-three adult hamsters were divided into four groups. Group 1 was treated with a 0.5 percent solution of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) in heavy mineral oil, which was painted on the right buccal pouch three times per week for 12 weeks. Group 2 received DMBA plus 13-cis-retinoic acid (RA) incorporated into gelatinized beadlets and mixed with a powdered commercial diet (dosage, 300 mg per kilogram of diet). Group 3 received only RA; Group 4 received a placebo. The animals were killed at 6, 12, and 18 weeks and tissues were studied clinically and histologically in a routine manner. Results show that all groups receiving DMBA developed epidermoid carcinomas. However, there were several other changes. In the RA-treated animals, particularly those treated with DMBA, there was an ingrowth of surface epithelium with development of ductal structures in the buccal pouch. There were changes in surface epithelium, and there were dense aggregates of lymphoid tissue with development of exophytic nodules suggestive of lymphoma. Animals fed RA showed a relative weight loss. The findings suggest that there was a hypervitaminosis A state yielding prominent epithelial metaplastic changes but not affecting the progression or production of carcinoma.
Pseudoinflammatory Metastatic Breast Carcinoma of the Orbit and Lids

A 60-year-old woman presented five years after a radical mastectomy for breast carcinoma, with vague, non-specific complaints referable to the left eye, consisting of ptosis, extraocular motility problems, and irritation, all believed initially to be due to an inflammatory causation. The indurated quality of the involved tissues, coupled with the results of computed tomographic studies, led to the suspicion of the correct diagnosis, namely, metastatic scirrhous carcinoma of the ocular adnexa. Biopsy and electron microscopic studies confirmed this diagnosis. Clinical and pathologic pitfalls in failing to distinguish scirrhous carcinoma from an inflammatory lesion are discussed.
Hydrogeochemical Interaction Between a Municipal Waste Stabilization Lagoon and a Shallow Aquifer

Unlined municipal waste stabilization lagoons are potential sources of ground-water contamination. Fourteen monitoring wells were installed around the McVille, North Dakota lagoon, a site at which the impoundment is excavated into permeable sediments of an unconfined glacio-fluvial aquifer with a shallow water table. One cell at the site, Cell I, retains waste water continuously, while another, Cell II, is used for periodic overflow discharges from Cell I. Seepage through the bottom of Cell I passes through a strongly reducing organic sludge layer. Sulfate in the waste water is reduced to sulfide and possibly precipitated as sulfide minerals in or below this sludge layer. In the unsaturated or shallow saturated zone beneath the pond, the infiltrating waste water reduces ferric iron in iron oxide minerals to more soluble ferrous iron. Proximal down-gradient well analyses indicate high iron concentrations and very low sulfate levels. Downgradient wells near the lagoon have very high ammonium concentrations. The source of the ammonium is either rapid infiltration from Cell II or denitrification of the nitrate present in ground water upgradient from the lagoon. About 300 feet downgradient from Cell I, ammonium concentrations decline to near zero. The most likely mechanism for this decrease is cation
Studies of the mechanism of regression of human neuroblastoma

Abstract 1. 1. The malignant tumor neuroblastoma is known to have a high incidence of regression in the infant. 2. 2. The possible role of the nerve growth factor (NGF) of Levi-Montalcini in this regression has been investigated thoroughly. With present methods and materials, we were unable to find a clinical correlation between levels of this material and the behavior of the tumor. 3. 3. Histologic examination of neuroblastoma has shown infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells, suggesting an immune reaction. 4. 4. Epidemiologic studies have shown no significant year-to-year variations in incidence over a large geographic area, but significant variations have been recorded within more localized areas. 5. 5. Tests of the blood lymphocytes of neuroblastoma patients have demonstrated a lethal immune reaction to the tumor cells in tissue culture. These lymphocytes showed similar activity toward samples of all neuroblastoma tumors studied. A similar, but less constant, activity by the patients' plasma was also present. 6. 6. The lymphocytes and plasma of some mothers of neuroblastoma patients have shown similar lethal reactivity to neuroblastoma cells. 7. 7. Our present program for treatment includes: (a) surgical removal of as much tumor as possible, (b) local irradiation of residual tumor, and (c) the use of chemotherapy in short infrequent courses which may preserve the immune response. 8. 8. Methods to augment safely the immune response in the patients against the tumor are being investigated.
Hemodynamic response to exercise in dogs treated with 6-hydroxy-dopamine.

Abstract Sympathectomy was produced in 8 dogs by the intravenous administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The animals were studied at rest and during exercise, prior to and after administration of the drug. The hemodynamic patterns observed during this experiment are similar to the previously reported patterns obtained after extensive surgical denervation or cardiac transplantation.
Treatment of BRAF-Mutant Melanoma: The Role of Vemurafenib and Other Therapies

The discovery of activating BRAF mutations in melanomas has led to the investigation of small molecular inhibitors targeting BRAF mutation and MEK, a downstream protein within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This article reviews the role of mutant BRAF in melanoma and summarizes the results of clinical trials evaluating inhibitors of BRAF and MEK in BRAF-mutant melanoma. We further describe recent findings on the mechanisms of resistance to BRAF inhibitors and discuss ongoing efforts to combine BRAF inhibitors with other targeted agents. Finally, we review the results of immunotherapy in BRAF-mutant melanoma and address the current status of efforts to either combine or determine the optimal sequence of these two distinct treatment approaches. Although the recent advances in melanoma therapy have been dramatic, greater understanding of melanoma biology coupled with the successful development of several new treatments and combination regimens will further improve patient outcomes in the future.
Influence of food safety training on grocery store employees’ performance of food handling practices

Abstract Food safety training is a method utilized by retail food stores to provide their managers with needed knowledge on how to prevent food borne illnesses, applying Hazard Control Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles, and help in understanding the requirements of the FDA Food Code as well as state and local food safety policies. For food safety training to be effective, employee behavior must be assessed following training in order to reduce the risks of foodborne illness. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of manager training and how this training impacted the grocery stores’ performance related to hot/cold self-serve bars. Three grocery store chains were recruited and each chain selected 15 stores to be observed pre- and post-training during set-up, lunch, and tear-down of the bars. After the pre-training observation, managers from eight stores per chain attended a food safety training course (training group), while managers from the remaining seven stores received no additional training (control group). Following the training, all stores were observed to collect post-training data. The information from the observations indicated that the training did not cause a significant change in store performance for a majority of the observed categories. Many state policies only call for training and certification of managers in retail food service establishments. This study showed that it may be time for these policies to be changed to include employee training and certification as well.
Fuzzy-trace theory and memory development

Abstract We review recent applications of fuzzy-trace theory to memory development, organizing the presentation around two themes: the theory’s explanatory principles and experimental findings about memory development that follow as predictions from those principles. The featured explanatory principles are: parallel storage of verbatim and gist traces, dissociated retrieval of verbatim and gist traces, differential survival rates for verbatim and gist traces, retrieval phenomenology, and developmental trends in verbatim and gist memory. The experimental findings come from four different areas of research: the development of retrieval phenomenologies, “reversed” developmental trends in false memory, the development of mere testing effects, and the development of false persistence in memory.
National Commitment Among Local Elites in Western Zambia

As part of a broader study concerned with tribal-national relations in modern Zambia, the research reported here deals with a complex, indigenous state, the Barotse Kingdom, in which adjustments to post-colonial arrangements have been fraught with difficulties.' Here I deal with the results obtained by analysis of interview schedules collected during I966-7 among a sample of local elites in one of the Districts of the then Barotse Province (now called Western Province). Employing a conceptual framework which emphasises the distribution of information what Theodore Schwartz calls a distributive model of
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility as a tool for recognizing core deformation: Reevaluation of the paleomagnetic record of Pleistocene sediments from drill hole OL-92, Owens Lake, California

Abstract At Owens Lake, California, paleomagnetic data document the Matuyama/Brunhes polarity boundary near the bottom of a 323-m core (OL-92) and display numerous directional fluctuations throughout the Brunhes chron. Many of the intervals of high directional dispersion were previously interpreted to record magnetic excursions. For the upper ∼120 m, these interpretations were tested using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), which typically defines a subhorizontal planar fabric for sediments deposited in quiet water. AMS data from intervals of deformed core, determined from detailed analysis of sedimentary structures, were compared to a reference AMS fabric derived from undisturbed sediment. This comparison shows that changes in the AMS fabric provide a means of screening core samples for deformation and the associated paleomagnetic record for the adverse effects of distortion. For that portion of core OL-92 studied here (about the upper 120 m), the combined analyses of sedimentary structures and AMS data demonstrate that most of the paleomagnetic features, previously interpreted as geomagnetic excursions, are likely the result of core deformation.
Cuprous tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy complexes and their thermolytic conversion to copper-silica and copper oxide-silica nanocomposites

The (tert-butoxy)siloxy complex [CuOSi(OtBu)3]4 (1) was prepared by silanolysis of [CuOtBu]4 with (tBuO)3SiOH and examined as a single-source precursor to Cu/SiO2 and CunO/SiO2 (n = 1, 2) materials...
Pale biological implications of some Upper Ordovician juvenile asteroids (Echinodermata)

Blake, D. B. 1990 10 15: Pale biological implications of some Upper Ordovician juvenile asteroids (Echinodermata). Lethaia, Vol. 23, pp. 347–357. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. Two patterns have been recognized in the early dorsal skeletal development of modern asteroids. The skeleton of well-preserved juveniles of the Late Ordovician species Promopalaeaster finei is similar in fundamental ossiclar arrangement to one of these patterns, suggesting continuity of developmental sequence. Similarities include presence of large terminal ossicles and double rows of marginal ossicles. Ancient and modern juveniles differ in that in P. finei, podial pores leading to the interior of the arms are lacking, thus providing an ontogenetic argument that such pores are phylogenetically derived within the class. An unpaired interbrachial marginal, or axillary, is present distal to the oral frame; positioning supports earlier suggestions that the axillary is the homologue of the odontophore ossicle of modern asteroids. Comparisons between P. finei and another Ordovician species, Macroporaster matutinus, suggest the need for greater mouth frame flexibility contributed to the evolution of the modern odontophore. Axillary development is linked to the common absence of actinal ossicles from Paleozoic species. ▭Asteroidea, Echinodermata, functional morphology, ontogeny, phylogeny, Ordovician, Paleozoic.
Model testing, model fitting, and social decision schemes☆

Schonemann (1979) suggests that Davis' (1973) social decision scheme (SDS) model in general and Davis et al.'s (1977) application of that model in particular suffer from a model identifiability problem. It is argued here that both the general model and its application in Davis et al. (1977) deal adequately with this problem. The basic flaw in Schonemann's reasoning is traced to a failure to recognize the different ways in which the SDS model has been used. We distinguish two common uses of the model: one which can adequately deal with the identifiability problem and the other for which the identifiability problem is not relevant. After discussing these different ways of applying the SDS models, we argue that Schonemann's conclusions are, for the most part, unjustified.
Glucocorticoid effects on thymidine incorporation into the DNA of S49 lymphoma cells.

Abstract The effects of glucocorticoids on lymphoid cell growth and thymidine incorporation into DNA were studied using the S49 mouse lymphoma cell line. Glucocorticoid-mediated lymphocytolysis in these cells is preceded by an arrest in the g 1 phase of the cell cycle [1]. However, this arrest is only partial, and is reversible by washing out the hormone. Thus, although the overall impression is that these cells are arrested in G 1 and then begin to die, they apparently can escape the arrest and proceed through the cell cycle, albeit at a relatively low level. The mode of DNA synthesis in these glucocorticoid-treated cells is replicative and not repair. The importance of the inhibition of thymidine incorporation to the cell death process in S49 cells is evident from experiments in which cells are treated with both the hormone and various DNA synthesis inhibitors; a synergistic killing of the cells is obtained. Thus, the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation is a rapid, and perhaps primary, effect of glucocorticoids on the complex process of hormone-mediated lymphocytolysis in this mouse cell line.
Fast Fourier Transform simulation techniques for Coulomb gases

An improved approach to updating the electric field in simulations of Coulomb gases using the local lattice technique introduced by Maggs and Rossetto [A.C. Maggs, V. Rossetto, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 196402] is described and tested. Using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) an independent configuration of electric fields subject to Gauss' law constraint can be generated in a single update step. This FFT based method is shown to outperform previous approaches to updating the electric field in the simulation of a basic test problem in electrostatics of strongly correlated systems.
The relation of blood pressure levels to the assimilation of immigrants and intolerance of ambiguity.

Summary The process of becoming assimilated into a new culture can be a very stressful experience. One of the manifest symptoms of stress is elevated blood pressure. Scores obtained by 50 immigrants on a composite index of assimilation were compared with their blood pressure levels to determine if those experiencing the greatest difficulty in adjusting to the new culture also had the highest blood pressure levels. The blood pressure/assimilation relationship was found to be curvilinear; the low assimilated had the highest blood pressure levels. This relation was not affected by age and general cardiovascular health. It was further assumed that those high on intolerance of ambiguity would experience the greatest difficulty in the assimilation process. This hypothesis was not validated; in fact it appears as though intolerance of ambiguity operated somewhat positively in the assimilation of immigrants.
The Treatment of Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to discuss the current treatment options available to the patient with prostate cancer in all stages of the disease. Overview: With the exception of skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United States. Most patients in the current era will present with organ-confined disease, amenable to curative treatment. Treatment for organ-confined disease includes watchful waiting, radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and cryosurgery in selective cases. Hormone therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer. There is no curative treatment for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clinical implications: The availability of several therapeutic options for localized prostate cancer warrants careful consideration when planning treatment with curative intent. Patients need to be active participants in decision making, and they must be aware of the benefits and possible complications of the different types of treatment. Patients with advanced prostate cancer need to be aware that hormone treatment will provide temporization and palliation in the majority of cases. Hormone-resistant prostate cancer is refractory to most forms of conventional and experimental therapy.
Epigenetics and hypertension.

Epigenetics refers to mechanisms for environment–gene interactions (mainly by methylation of DNA and modification of histones) that do not alter the underlying base sequence of the gene. This article reviews evidence for epigenetic contributions to hypertension. For example, DNA methylation at CpG islands and histone acetylation pathways are known to limit nephron development, thereby unmasking hypertension associated with exposure to a high-salt diet. Maternal water deprivation and protein deficiency are shown to increase expression of renin-angiotensin system genes in the offspring. The methylation pattern of a serine protease inhibitor gene in human placentas is shown to be a marker for preeclampsia-associated hypertension. Mental stress induces phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase, which may act as a DNA methylase and mimic the gene-silencing effects of methyl CpG binding protein-2 on the norepinephrine transporter gene, which, in turn, may exaggerate autonomic responsiveness. A disrupter of telomeric silencing (Dot1) is known to modulate the expression of a connective-tissue growth-factor gene associated with blood vessel remodeling, which could alter vascular compliance and elastance. Dot1a also interacts with the Af9 gene to produce high sodium channel permeability and silences the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-11β2 gene, thereby preventing metabolism of cortisol to cortisone and overstimulating aldosterone receptors. These findings indicate targets for environment–gene interactions in various hypertensive states and in essential hypertension.
A Fast Readout and Geometrical Reconstruction System for Proportional Wire Chambers

This system handles data from each Proportional Wire Chamber in parallel, forms computer words containing wire addresses. This data is transmitted bit serially at 10MHz to a CAMAC Module containing 16 words of storage. Double event resolution is less than 10?sec. Arithmetic logic can be performed for geometrical reconstruction of particle tracks.
Active query sensing: Suggesting the best query view for mobile visual search

While much exciting progress is being made in mobile visual search, one important question has been left unexplored in all current systems. When searching objects or scenes in the 3D world, which viewing angle is more likely to be successfulq More particularly, if the first query fails to find the right target, how should the user control the mobile camera to form the second queryq In this article, we propose a novel Active Query Sensing system for mobile location search, which actively suggests the best subsequent query view to recognize the physical location in the mobile environment. The proposed system includes two unique components: (1) an offline process for analyzing the saliencies of different views associated with each geographical location, which predicts the location search precisions of individual views by modeling their self-retrieval score distributions. (2) an online process for estimating the view of an unseen query, and suggesting the best subsequent view change. Specifically, the optimal viewing angle change for the next query can be formulated as an online information theoretic approach. Using a scalable visual search system implemented over a NYC street view dataset (0.3 million images), we show a performance gain by reducing the failure rate of mobile location search to only 12p after the second query. We have also implemented an end-to-end functional system, including user interfaces on iPhones, client-server communication, and a remote search server. This work may open up an exciting new direction for developing interactive mobile media applications through the innovative exploitation of active sensing and query formulation.
Humans and biodiversity: population and demographic trends in the hotspots

An analysis of human population trends from 2000 to 2010 shows that of the roughly one billion additional people on the planet today, a disproportionate number live in the biodiversity hotspots and tropical wilderness areas (TWAs). Although the annual population growth rate in the hotspots declined from 1.6 to 1.3 %, the total population increased by 187 million people. While less densely populated, the TWAs grew at roughly twice the rate of the hotspots. Overall, slower growth rates are indicative of longer-term global trends in decreasing fertility, aging populations, and increased urbanization. The hotspots, however, are largely inhabited by people who have yet to enter their reproductive years or are in the early stages therein. The young age structure means that populations in these priority conservation areas will grow even as fertility rates fall further, and biodiversity will be forced to share dwindling natural habitat with ever more people.
THYROID INHIBITION IN THE RAT: COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE TREATMENT, HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND ANTI-TSH ANTIBODY.

The thyroid gland inhibition which follows administration of excess thyroid hormone (TH) is a classic illustration of feedback control of pituitary thyrotropic hormone (TSH) secretion. Recent experiments demonstrating that thyroxine inhibits thyroidal iodide trapping and release rate more completely than does hypophysectomy suggest that there may be pituitary factors other than TSH which influence thyroid gland activity. This problem has been studied in rats by comparing the effects of thyroxine treatment with the effects of TSH deficiency induced in 2 different ways: by hypophysectomy, which gives, in addition, deficiency of other tropic hormones; and by treatment with anti-TSH antibody, which produces selective interference only with thyrotropic stimulation. In normal rats, the thyroidal 13lI release rate was reduced to the same degree by TH, by hypophysectomy and by anti-TSH. As measured by the distribution of iodinated amino acids in thyroid homogenates 24 hr after 131I injection, hormonogenesis was s...
Prolog: A programming language for fifth-generation computing

A description is given of Prolog, a contraction of PROgramming in LOGic, which uses the formalism of mathematical logic as its primary design principle. The structure of Prolog is examined, and a database program is described to illustrate its application. An application to an artificial intelligence problem, the Towers of Hanoi, is also given.
Reduced angiotensin receptors and pressor responses in hypotensive hemodialysis patients.

Reduced angiotensin receptors and pressor responses in hypotensive hemodialysis patients. A sub-set of patients on chronic hemodialysis develop sustained hypotension (systolic pressure 125 I-AII specifically bound; P d = 3.2 ± 1.1 for hypotensives vs. 3.8 ± 0.7 × 10 -10 M for normotensives). The two groups had similar levels of plasma catecholamines, similar slowing of heart rate during AII infusion and no postural hypotension, indicating intact sympathetic nervous system pathways. Thus, hypotensive dialysis patients display both a reduced pressor response to infused AII and reduced AII receptors on their platelets. This defective AII responsiveness may contribute to the hypotension in these patients.
The educational impact of unresolved conceptual issues in interest capitalization

Abstract In SFAS 34, the FASB adopted “avoidable interest” as the measurement objective for interest capitalization. This article discusses the compromise which resulted in the avoidable interest concept, the circumstances under which the compromise took place, and the effect it has had on textbook presentations of interest capitalization.
Relativistic distorted-wave collision strengths and oscillator strengths for the 85 Li-like ions with 8 <- Z <- 92

Relativistic distorted wave collision strengths are given for the 3 transitions among the 2s{sub 1/2}, 2p{sub 1/2}, and 2p{sub 3/2} levels and for the 63 transitions from these levels to the excited levels nlj with n = 3, 4, and 5 in the 85 Li-like ions with nuclear charge number Z in the range 8 {le} Z {le} 92. The calculations were made for the six final, or scattered, electron energies E{prime} = 0.008, 0.04, 0.10, 0.21, 0.41, and 0.75, where E{prime} is in units of Z{sup 2}{sub eff} rydbergs with Z{sub eff} = Z - 1.66. In addition, the transition energies and electric dipole oscillator strengths are given. To their knowledge the present work is the first comprehensive publication of the results of fully relativistic calculations of the collision strengths for excitation of Li-like ions.
Tephrochronology of the Siple Dome ice core, West Antarctica: correlations and sources

Abstract A total of 24 tephra-bearing volcanic layers have been recognized between 550 and 987 m depth in the Siple Dome A (SDM-A) ice core, in addition to a number already recognized tephra in the upper 550 m ( Dunbar et al., 2003 , Kurbatov et al., 2006 ). The uniform composition and distinctive morphological of the particles composing these tephra layers suggest deposition as a result of explosive volcanic eruptions and that the layers therefore represent time-stratigraphic markers in the ice core. Despite the very fine grain size of these tephra (mostly less than 20 microns), robust geochemical compositions were determined by electron microprobe analysis. The source volcanoes for these tephra layers are largely found within the Antarctic plate. Statistical geochemical correlations tie nine of the tephra layers to known eruptions from Mt. Berlin, a West Antarctic volcano that has been very active for the past 100,000 years. Previous correlations were made to an eruption of Mt. Takahe, another West Antarctic volcano, and one to Mt. Hudson, located in South America ( Kurbatov et al., 2006 ). The lowest tephra layer in the ice core, located at 986.21 m depth, is correlated to a source eruption with an age of 118.1 ± 1.3 ka, suggesting a chronological pinning point for the lower ice. An episode of anomalously high volcanic activity in the ice in the SDM-A core between 18 and 35 ka ( Gow and Meese, 2007 ) appears to be related to eruptive activity of Mt. Berlin volcano. At least some of the tephra layers found in the SDM-A core appear to be the result of very explosive eruptions that spread ash across large parts of West Antarctica, off the West Antarctic coast, as well as also being recognized in East Antarctica ( Basile et al., 2001 , Narcisi et al., 2005 , Narcisi et al., 2006 ). Some of these layers would be expected to should be found in other deep Antarctic ice cores, particularly ones drilled in West Antarctica, providing correlative markers between different cores. The analysis of the tephra layers in the Siple Dome core, along with other Antarctic cores, provides a timing framework for the relatively proximal Antarctic and South American volcanic eruptive events, allowing these to be distinguished from the tropical eruptions that may play a greater role in climate forcing.
Acid dissolution of mineral matrix in Green River oil shale

Abstract The mineral matrix in Green River oil shale was partially removed by treatment with dilute HCl. The major ionic species in the solution from acid treatment (AT) were identified as Na+, Al3+, Fe2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. The ion yields expected from reaction stochiometry, gravimetric analyses and comparison of calculated CO2 yields with measured levels were consistent with the fact that Na+ and Al3+ originated primarily from analcite: Fe2+ and Mg2+ from dolomitic ankerite and Ca2+ from both dolomitic ankerite and calcite. Temperature and shale particle size were important parameters in the efficacy of AT. An increase in temperature and a decrease in particle size increased the rate of mineral dissolution. Fe2+ showed an anomalous trend in that the rate initially declined with increasing temperature after which it showed the usual increase with temperature. The kinetics of ion build-up in the solution from AT were analysed in detail for the case of Al3+. The Arrhenius expression was found to be valid only for finer particle sizes (e.g., −35, +45 US mesh shale). A simple model is finally presented to account for the combined effect of temperature and shale particle size on mineral dissolution rates.
Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude.

A prevalent model of attitude structure specifies three components: affect, behavior, and cognition. The validity of this tripartite model was evaluated. Five conditions needed for properly testing the three-component distinction were identified. Two new studies were then designed to validate the tripartite model. A consideration of the tripartite model's theoretical basis indicated that the most important validating conditions are (a) the use of nonverbal, in addition to verbal, measures of affect and behavior, and (b) the physical presence of the attitude object. Study 1, in which subjects' attitudes toward snakes were examined, indicated very strong support for this tripartite model: The model was statistically acceptable, its relative fit was very good, and the intercomponent correlations were moderate (.38 less than r less than .71). Study 2 was a verbal report analogue of Study 1. Results from Study 2 indicated that higher intercomponent correlations occurred when attitude measures derived solely from verbal reports and when the attitude object was not physically present.
Sounds of hate: White power rock and roll and the neo‐nazi skinhead subculture

This article deals with the most violent sub‐group of a variety of contemporary right‐wing extremist organizations ‐ neo‐Nazi skinheads. Specifically, I argue that in order to understand the growth and violent nature of this subculture it is necessary to address the important role played by its main propaganda tool called white power rock and roll. After reviewing the close relationship between this music and the historical development of the present day international neo‐Nazi skinhead network, I examine the main themes found within white power rock and roll by placing them within the context of contemporary right‐wing extremist ideology and noting differences where appropriate. In general, this propaganda seeks to incite violent activity by accentuating perceived threats from a conspiracy of enemies and by constructing a ‘warrior’ subculture that glorifies aggression and sacrifice. Contrary to some predictions, skinheads will continue to present a significant problem in terms of hate crime due to the ste...
"Proof" of cause and effect in epidemiologic studies: criteria for judgment.

A review of epidemiologic criteria for judging cause and effect emphasizes their empirical basis and points to their limitations for establishing "scientific proof." The criteria are applied to a controversy concerning a putative detrimental effect of spermicides on spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations. The criteria indicate a lack of firm evidence for the contention that spermicides have an adverse effect on pregnancy outcome.
Methane Partial Oxidation Catalyzed by Platinum and Rhodium in a High-Temperature Stagnation Flow Reactor

A series of measurements investigating the partial oxidation chemistry of methane and oxygen over platinum and rhodium foils was performed in a stagnation flow reactor at a pressure of 30 Torr. Pro...
Measurement of renal blood flow by cine computed tomography.

Renal blood flow can be a major determinant of solute and water excretion. Several methods have been developed during the last 20 to 30 years to measure renal blood flow in experimental animals and in man [1–4]. The distribution of renal blood flow to the cortex and medulla may also influence sodium excretion [5]. Regional flow rates have therefore also been measured [1, 5–7]. However, doubts have been expressed as to the accuracy of these measurements, partly due to theoretical problems and partly because of disagreement in results between techniques [1, 6]. The recent availability of cine–computed tomography (CT) [8, 9] offers a promising new approach to measuring renal blood flow in man and experimental animals. With short scanning time and a high repetition rate, this technique can record indicator dilution curves in major vessels as well as in different layers of tissue using contrast material as a soluble indicator. CT images give a cross sectional view of the anatomy, eliminating the superimposition problem commonly encountered with other techniques. In addition, selective cannulation of renal vessels can be avoided due to the superb contrast resolution of CT scanners, which allows for opacifying vessels and tissues with only small amounts of contrast medium. The goal of the present study was to explore the capability of high speed CT scanning for measuring regional, renal blood flow in the dog.
Risk factors for alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents in foster care

This study examined the influences of individual and social risk factors on alcohol and marijuana use among a sample of foster care adolescents. Data were collected through baseline structured interviews with 320 adolescents (aged 15-18 years) who resided in foster care placements and participated in a larger evaluation study of an independent living program. Approximately 40% of the adolescents reported alcohol use, 36% reported marijuana use, and 25% reported both alcohol and marijuana use during the 6 months prior to the interview. Final logistic regression models indicated that having friends who used marijuana and other substances and having skipped school remained most predictive of using alcohol, marijuana, or both alcohol and marijuana. Recommendations for substance abuse prevention and treatment for these vulnerable adolescents are proposed.
Unprecedented concentration dependent chemical shift variation in1H-NMR studies: A caveat in the investigations of molecular recognition and structure elucidation

Abstract Our studies show that changes in concentration can lead to significant changes in the1H chemical shifts of non-exchangeable hydrogens, and thus, in the NMR spectra. An important observation, as described for quinoline and other aromatic compounds, is that different protons shift to different extents in the same solvent as the concentration of the solute is varied, leading to overlap/coalescence or cross over of proton signals. Chemical shift variations can be so pronounced that they lead to misleading 1D and 2D spectral signatures. Such concentration dependent spectral pattern changes have far reaching implications in the use of1H-NMR spectroscopy for structure elucidation, spectral characterization, determination of purity and the study of molecular recognition. Changes in concentration shift different protons to different extents, leading to coalescence or crossover of1H-NMR signals. Such spectral changes have far reaching implications for the use of1H-NMR spectroscopy for structure elucidation and study of molecular recognition. Download : Download full-size image
The use of sodium 11C-benzoate in renal visualization

Abstract Carbon-11 is a positron emitting radionuclide with a half-life of 20·4 min. The rapid decay permits the administration of relatively large quantities of 11C-labeled compounds with small radiation dose to the patient. The emission of positrons by carbon-11 provides for great discrimination in determining its localization in the body, because of the high resolution provided by positron cameras in visualization of the source of annihilation radiations. To utilize these advantages, methods are being developed for the rapid syntheses of medically-useful 11C-labeled compounds. In the present communication, the use of sodium 11C-benzoate in renal visualization is reported. Deuteron bombardment of a B2O3 target results in the 10 B (d, n) 11 C reaction which yields 11CO and 11CO2 that are liberated from the target by recoil. The 11CO is oxidized to 11CO2 in the gas phase which is then reacted with phenylmagnesium bromide. After acid hydrolysis and extraction with NaHCO3, sodium 11C-benzoate is produced. The yield is 60–80 per cent of the carbon-11 trapped in the ethereal solution of the Grignard reagent. The time required is 10–20 min. When the 11C-benzoate is injected intravenously in dogs, the carbon-11 appears rapidly in the kidneys. Positron camera pictures of the kidneys demonstrate a sufficiently long parenchymal filling phase, during the first 10 min after injection, to allow for tomographic visualization of the renal parenchyma. This procedure has advantages over 203Hg-chlormerodrin for the detection of a lesion in the kidney. Positron camera tomograms taken during the filling phase of the renal pelvis also show greater detail than is the case when 131I-iodohippurate is used with the gamma-ray scintillation camera.
The portal monitor: a privacy-enhanced event-driven system for elder care

We describe an innovative monitoring system designed for elder care. This system is an example of privacy-aware design that addresses specific risks based on gerontology literature and confirmed by focus groups with representations of the target group. The design emphasizes data transparency, minimizes data collection and storage, and balances elder control with elder risks. By being event-driven, this monitor enables a caregiver to react more efficiently than with passive monitoring technologies such as traditional security cameras. By reducing cognitive load, the system empowers caregivers, and allows them to provide a higher quality of care -- thus allowing the elder to remain in their home as long as possible. We make innovative use of arguably the most pervasive communications infrastructure -- the cellular network -- to enhance elder autonomy without sacrificing their privacy.
Teaching hospital status and operative mortality in the United States: tipping point in the volume-outcome relationship following colon resections?

Objective To compare risk- and volume-adjusted outcomes of colon resections performed at teaching hospitals (THs) vs non-THs to assess whether benign disease may influence the volume-outcome effect. Design Retrospective data analysis examining colon resections determined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification classification performed in the United States from 2001 through 2005 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the Area Resource File (2004). Patient covariates used in adjustment included age, sex, race, Charlson Index comorbidity score, and insurance status. Hospital covariates included TH status, presence of a colorectal surgery fellowship approved by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, geographical region, institutional volume, and urban vs rural location. County-specific surgeon characteristics used in adjustment included average age of surgeons and proportion of colorectal board-certified surgeons within each county. Environmental or county covariates included median income and percentage of county residents living below the federal poverty level. Setting A total of 1045 hospitals located in 38 states in the United States that were included in the NIS. Patients All patients older than 18 years who had colon resection and were discharged from a hospital included in the NIS. Main Outcome Measures Operative mortality, length of stay (LOS), and total charges. Results A total of 115 250 patients were identified, of whom 4371 died (3.8%). The mean LOS was 10 days. Fewer patients underwent surgical resection in THs than in non-THs (46 656 vs 68 589). Teaching hospitals were associated with increased odds of death (odds ratio, 1.14) ( P = .03), increased LOS ( P = .003), and a nonsignificant trend toward an increase in total charges ( P = .36). Conclusions With the inclusion of benign disease, colon surgery displays a volume-outcome relationship in favor of non-THs. Inclusion of benign disease may represent a tipping point.