cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Mutations Affecting the Respiratory Electron-Transport System of the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Alternative energy-converting systems permit the nonsulfur purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata to grow either with light or (dark) respiration as the source of energy. Respiratory mutants, unable to grow aerobically in darkness, can be readily isolated and the defective step(s) in their respiratory mechanisms can be identified by study of biochemical activities in membrane fragments derived from photosynthetically grown cells. Such analysis of appropriate mutants and revertants permits construction of a model for the respiratory electron-transport system of the wild type. The results obtained indicate differential channeling of electrons derived from succinate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and are interpreted in terms of a branched electron-transport scheme. The scheme provides a guide for further, more refined analysis of the respiratory mechanisms through biochemical genetic approaches, and several of the mutants isolated can be exploited for investigation of unsolved problems relating to interactions between respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport and the mechanism of inhibition of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis by molecular oxygen.
Electrical tuning in hair cells isolated from the chick cochlea

Tall (inner) hair cells were isolated from specific locations in the chick cochlea. The electrical membrane properties of these cells were recorded using the tight-seal whole-cell technique. Depolarizing current steps elicited damped voltage oscillations that ranged in frequency from 100 to 250 Hz among cells from the middle third of the cochlea (basal cells). The current-voltage relation obtained under voltage clamp was dominated by calcium-activated potassium current in the voltage range over which these oscillations occurred. Tall hair cells isolated from the apical tip of the cochlea (apical cells) exhibited action potentials and lower frequency voltage oscillations (5-14 Hz) during depolarizing current steps. Outward currents in these cells were 20-fold slower than those found in the basal cells. These results suggest that electrical tuning of hair cells may play a role in determining the frequency selectivity of the chick cochlea.
Amygdalar NMDA Receptors are Critical for New Fear Learning in Previously Fear-Conditioned Rats

NMDA receptors in the amygdala seem to be critical for fear conditioning in naive rats. Recent spatial-learning studies suggest that previous learning protected animals from the amnesic effect of NMDA antagonists on new learning (of a similar behavioral task). Therefore, the present study examined whether blocking of NMDA receptors in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) prevents new fear learning in previously fear-conditioned rats, as measured by freezing behavior. Intra-BLA infusions of the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) completely blocked fear conditioning to a tone stimulus in animals that had previously been fear-conditioned to a light stimulus. Similar results were obtained with intra-BLA infusions of APV before contextual fear conditioning in rats that had been fear-conditioned to a different context. Additional experiments showed that intra-BLA APV infusions substantially interfere with the expression and extinction of conditioned fear to tone, light, and context stimuli. Together, these results indicate that NMDA receptors in the BLA are crucial for the encoding of new fear memories (i.e., the formation of specific conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus association), the expression of conditioned fear responses, and the extinction of acquired fear.
A miniature reconfigurable circularly polarized antenna using liquid microswitches

A frequency and polarization reconfigurable antenna based on electrowetting liquid metal microswitches is presented. The microswitches consist of electrostatically actuated mercury droplets that selectively connect solid metal traces. This mechanism is designed into a single-feed patch antenna configurable between two communication bands and the GPS band with different circular polarizations. The antenna topology is based on a corner truncated square patch with switched sets of extensions to achieve resonant frequency and axial ratio control. Measurements of manually reconfigured prototypes demonstrate frequency and polarization configurability.
Cerebellar limb ataxia: abnormal control of self-generated and external forces.

: Our work has been focused on understanding the mechanism of movement abnormalities associated with cerebellar ataxia. The hypothesis tested is that the cerebellum acts to modulate muscle activity across multiple joints in anticipation of the mechanical interaction torques generated by one's own movement and by external forces. Individuals with cerebellar damage were studied in two sets of experiments. In the first experiment, we studied how cerebellar subjects' movement changed when interaction torques were present, and then reduced via mechanically constraining movement to a single joint. Consistent with the hypothesis, it was found that cerebellar endpoint errors were greatly improved when interaction torques were reduced. We also found that cerebellar deficits in the unconstrained condition were not explained by a general failure of torque timing or magnitude scaling. This supports the idea that the cerebellum plays a specific and important role in adjusting for the dynamics of one's own body movements. In the second experiment, we studied how well cerebellar subjects could adapt arm movements to external loads. Cerebellar subjects were tested as they adapted a catching movement to balls of different weight. It was found that they were slow or unable to adapt through practice and did not show evidence of storage of the adaptation. This suggests that the cerebellum is needed for rapid adaptations for loads in movement. Given these findings, we think that the cerebellum is important in anticipating and adjusting for the mechanical demands of movement though trial-and-error practice.
Beam-gas chemiluminescent reactions of Eu and Sm with O3, N2O, NO2 and F2

Abstract Studies are made of the visible chemiluminescence resulting from the reaction of an atomic beam of samarium or europium with O3, N2O, NO2 and F2 under single-collision conditions (∼10−4 torr). The spectra obtained for SmO, EuO, SmF, and EuF are considerably more extensive than previously observed. The variation of the chemiluminescent intensity with metal flux and with oxidant flux is investigated, and it's concluded that the reactions are bimolecular. From the short wavelength curoff of the chemiluminescent spectra, the following lower bounds to the ground state dissociation energies are obtained: D00(SmO) > 135.5 +- 0.7 kcal/mole, D00(EuO) > 131.4 ± 0.7 kcal/mole, D00(SmF) > 123.6 ± 2.1 kcal/mole, and D00(EuF) > 129.6 ± 2.1 kcal/mole. Using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the latent heats of sublimation are found to be ΔH1052 (Eu) = 42.3 ± 0.7 kcal/mole for europium and ΔH1084(Sm) = 47.9 ± 0.7 kcal/mole for samarium. Total phenomena- logical cross sections are determined for metal atom removal. Relative photon yields per product molecule are calculated from the integrated chemiluminescent spectra and it is found that Sm + F2 → SmF* + F is the brightest reaction. The comparison of the photon yields under single-collision conditions with those at several torr shows that energy transfer collisons play an important role in the mechanism for chemiluminescence at the higher pressures. A simple model is presented which explains the larger photon yields of the Sm reactions compared to the Eu reactions in terms of the greater number of electronic states correlating with the reactants in the case of samarium.
Divalent metal requirement for soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) activity.

Abstract Soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) is an immunosuppressive protein which requires activation to SIRSox by peroxide. This observation suggested that SIRS could be a metalloprotein. To investigate this possibility, purified hybridoma-derived SIRS was treated with chelating agents and dialyzed prior to activation with H2O2. EDTA, EGTA, or desferrioxamine prevented suppression of murine plaque-forming cell responses by SIRSox, whereas sodium citrate and penicillamine did not inhibit suppression. Suppressive activity was reconstituted by subsequent treatment of SIRS with FeSO4 (0.5 μM), NiSO4 (500 μM), or MgSO4 (500 μM), but not by FeCl3, MnSO4, CuSO4, ZnSO4, CaCl2, or CrCl3. Reconstitution of activity occurred only if FeSO4 was added at least 3 hr prior to treatment with H2O2. These data indicate that SIRS requires a divalent metal ion, probably ferrous iron, for activity, and suggest that SIRS is a metalloprotein.
Dual Interaction of the Malaria Circumsporozoite Protein with the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein (LRP) and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans

Speed and selectivity of hepatocyte invasion by malaria sporozoites have suggested a receptor-mediated mechanism and the specific interaction of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein with liver-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) has been implicated in the targeting to the liver. Here we show that the CS protein interacts not only with cell surface heparan sulfate, but also with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). Binding of 125I-CS protein to purified LRP occurs with a Kd of 4.9 nM and can be inhibited by the receptor-associated protein (RAP). Blockage of LRP by RAP or anti-LRP antibodies on heparan sulfate-deficient CHO cells results in more than 90% inhibition of binding and endocytosis of recombinant CS protein. Conversely, blockage or enzymatic removal of the cell surface heparan sulfate from LRP-deficient embryonic mouse fibroblasts yields the same degree of inhibition. Heparinase-pretreatment of LRP-deficient fibroblasts or blockage of LRP on heparan sulfate-deficient CHO cells by RAP, lactoferrin, or anti-LRP antibodies reduces Plasmodium berghei invasion by 60-70%. Parasite development in heparinase-pretreated HepG2 cells is inhibited by 65% when RAP is present during sporozoite invasion. These findings suggest that malaria sporozoites utilize the interaction of the CS protein with HSPGs and LRP as the major mechanism for host cell invasion.
Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation on bone mineral density, bone markers, and body composition in older adults: the DAWN trial

Summary We present results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to examine the effect of 50 mg daily oral DHEA supplementation for one year on bone mineral density (BMD), bone metabolism and body composition in 225 healthy adults aged 55 to 85 years.
Research: questions and answers from academic trauma surgeons.

Background The impact of recent social and professional influences on trauma research is unclear. This study characterizes current research practices, opinions on research quality, and barriers to academic productivity, expressed by academic trauma surgeons. Methods A survey tool was administered electronically to members of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Questions on demographics, current and past research experience, perceptions of research quality trends, and barriers to academic success were included. Results Response rate was 40% (322 of 815). The mean age of respondents was 45 with 73% reporting completion of a critical care fellowship and 63% practicing in a university setting. The majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that both basic science (75%) and clinical (82%) research have become more difficult to perform. Greater difficulty in obtaining funding from their institutions was reported by 69% and by 61% for industry or private sources. Approximately 70% agreed that Institutional review board (IRB) regulations, confidentiality and consent requirements have impeded their research efforts whereas 86% agreed that increasing clinical requirements have inhibited their research efforts. Factors seen as impeding multi-institutional research, in order, were funding, IRB issues, poor coordination, commitment of investigators, and logistics. Perceived barriers to a successful research career were insufficient protected time (42%), funding (25%), personal motivation (11%), and IRB issues (11%). Conclusion Research is viewed as being more difficult to conduct. The primary barriers to research productivity are perceived to be decreased protected time, decreased funding availability, and increased regulatory requirements.
Uptake of DDT from the yolk sac into the early chick embryo as measured by gas chromatography

Numerous studies can be found throughout the literature concerning the effects of pesticides on the developing avian embryo (MCLAUGHLIN et al. 1963; WALKER 1967, 1968; DUNACHIE & FLETCHER 1969). The results of these previous investigations have been obtained by examining embryos for abnormalities late in development following long-term exposure to the pesticide. Since more and more yolk is incorporated into the embryo with time, it stands to reason that when the pesticide is injected into the yolk sac more of the pesticide will become available to the embryo with time. However, many critical events in avian embryonic development occur within the first few days of embryonic life (development of the extraand intra-embryonic circulatory systems, development of the neural tube, migration of primoridal germ cells, etc.). Can an agent such as DDT, when administered into the yolk sac prior to incubation, become incorporated into the embryo within a few days and affect some of these early developmental processes or does such a method of chemical exposure require more time for the embryo to incorporate the agent, thus limiting its effect to later developmental phases of organogenesis?
Estimation of Soil Solution Electrical Conductivity from Bulk Soil Electrical Conductivity in Sandy Soils

Studies of solute transport through soil and attendant environmental impacts are hampered by the lack of methods for continuous monitoring of solute concentration. Measurement of bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC b ) using time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a promising technique, but it is indirect, and estimation of solute concentration from such measurements requires a model relating soil solution electrical conductivity (EC w ) to EC b . Several models of varying complexity exist, but further testing is required to determine their relative merits and applicability. This study was conducted to determine the efficiency of various models that use different methods of estimating the tortuosity factor, F g , in order to estimate EC w from EC b . All models assume that the ratio of EC b /EC w is proportional to soil water content, θ, with F g as the coefficient of proportionality. In this study, two types of models were compared, those in which Fg is obtained from soil hydraulic properties and those in which F g is estimated as it is in gas diffusion models, except with θ rather than porosity as the independent variable. Measurements were conducted in a sandy soil, across a range of EC w from 0.10 to 0.56 S m -1 . The models in which F g is obtained from soil hydraulic properties did not perform as expected. The results with the gas diffusion analog models were variable; the most successful of these was based on the 1959 model of Marshall, in which F g is a power function of θ, θ b . Optimal results were obtained with b = 0.58, not far from Marshall's suggested value of 0.5 for gas diffusion. We conclude that there is no benefit to the use of soil hydraulic properties in estimating EC w from EC b measurements, at least for sandy soils, where simpler relationships appear to provide superior results.
Lithography process monitor using light diffracted from a latent image

In this paper we discuss an optical metrology technique for the determination of optimum lithography parameters through an interrogation of the latent image. This technique, called the Lithography Process Monitor (LPM), involves illuminating a latent image grating with a laser beam. The intensity of the orders diffracted from the grating has been shown to be directly related to the photoactive compound (PAC) concentration profile, and consequently, to the profile of the developed resist. We have developed a method of modeling the intensity in the diffracted orders by using lithography simulation software in conjunction with rigorous coupled wave diffraction analysis. Experiments have been conducted with both positive and negative resist. In addition, we have been able to determine the 'absolute' location of the top of the photoresist with respect to the stepper focal reference and determine film thickness variations on the wafer.
Monte Carlo simulations of energy losses by space protons in the CRaTER detector

Abstract The cosmic ray telescope for the effects of radiation (CRaTER) detector is carried on the lunar reconnaissance orbiter (LRO) spacecraft, which was launched in June 2009. In lunar orbit, CRaTER will be used to help characterize the lunar radiation environment and its biological impacts on humans. The aim of this work is to estimate the energy loss and the linear energy transfer (LET) in CRaTER from energetic protons, such as those found in solar energetic particle events and galactic cosmic ray environments. Simulations of CRaTER component responses to protons with energies between 100 MeV and 2 GeV are made using the recently-modified HETC-HEDS Monte Carlo radiation transport code and presented for each component in the detector stack. As a check on the validity of these results obtained from HETC-HEDS, energy loss and LET spectra for protons at incident energies of 300, 600 and 1000 MeV are obtained using the Monte Carlo code system for multiparticle and high energy applications (MCNPX) and compared with the HETC-HEDS predictions. Agreement between the predictions from these two codes for a variety of proton energies between 300 and 2000 MeV is found to be within approximately 10%.
Characterization of surface roughness

Abstract This paper describes three new characteristics that are useful in giving numerical values to certain components of surface roughness. These characteristics are valuable in identifying the physical geometry of surfaces and in studying the correlation between this geometry and other surface properties, such as friction and light reflection. They will also be useful in specifying surface geometries for fabrication or quality control. An experimental verification is presented wherein a number of sample surfaces were characterized by the use of special-purpose equipment. There was significant correlation between the computed characteristics of these surfaces and their frictional properties.
Moderate traumatic brain injury promotes neural precursor proliferation without increasing neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) promotes neural stem/progenitor cell (NSC) proliferation in the adult hippocampus; however, it remains inconclusive whether proliferation of these cells results in newly generated mature neurons, leading to increased neurogenesis. When we traced the fates of proliferating cells labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine, BrdU) we found that the number of BrdU-positive cells increased in the hippocampus of TBI mice compared to the sham control. However, double immunostaining to distinguish their cell types showed that most of these cells were glia, and that only a small subpopulation is newborn granular neurons. There was no significant difference with respect to neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus between the injured and the control mice. These results indicate that TBI promotes cell proliferation including astrocyte activation and NSC proliferation. Nevertheless, the majority of the BrdU-positive cells are glia. The neurogenesis is not increased by TBI. These data suggest that TBI activates through promotion of NSC proliferation an innate repair and/or plasticity mechanism in the brain. However, additional intervention is required to increase neurogenesis for successfully repairing the damaged brain following TBI.
Disease producing capability of netB positive isolates of C. perfringens recovered from normal chickens and a cow, and netB positive and negative isolates from chickens with necrotic enteritis

Necrotic enteritis is a serious disease of chickens and turkeys caused by Clostridium perfringens. Recently, a pore forming toxin of C. perfringens, called NetB, was reported and suggested to be critical to the development of necrotic enteritis. To investigate further the importance of NetB in the development of necrotic enteritis, toxin production and disease producing ability of (1) netB positive isolates recovered from normal chickens, (2) a netB positive isolate recovered from a cow, (3) netB negative isolates recovered from chickens with necrotic enteritis and (4) netB positive isolates recovered from chickens with necrotic enteritis, were examined. None of the netB negative isolates recovered from chickens with necrotic enteritis produced disease in challenged chickens. All netB positive isolates produced necrotic enteritis in challenged chickens, although there were substantial differences in the incidence and severity of lesions. Thus, one netB isolate produced severe lesions in 80% of challenged chickens, while another produced lesions in only 20% of challenged chickens, and these were very mild. The netB positive isolate from a cow, produced lesions in 90% of challenged chickens with severe lesions in 50%. While these findings would generally support the concept that netB is very important to development of necrotic enteritis, the finding that there was a wide range of virulence among the netB positive isolates suggests that other critical factors are also involved. This study has also demonstrated for the first time that C. perfringens strains from a mammalian species and from normal chickens, can cause necrotic enteritis in chickens.
A Consideration of the Application of Koutecký‐Levich Plots in the Diagnoses of Charge‐Transfer Mechanisms at Rotated Disk Electrodes

It has become common practice to estimate the numbers of electrons (n, eq mol−1) transferred in faradaic reactions at rotated disk electrodes (RDEs) from the slope of plots of reciprocal current (1/I) vs. reciprocal square root of rotational velocity (1/ω1/2). This practice is based on the Koutecký-Levich equation derived for a one-step electron-transfer mechanism. Furthermore, the intercept of the Koutecký-Levich plot is assumed to be a reciprocal function of the heterogeneous rate constant (kh, cm s−1) for the electron-transfer process. In this review, we examine the validity of the practice of estimating values of n and kh for various multi-step mechanisms at RDEs.
Some basic aspects and uses of higher-order spectra

Abstract Some fundamental probabilistic and statistical aspects of higher-order spectra are described. Emphasis is placed on the use of these spectra with non-Gaussian processes in the identification of nonlinear systems. Simple examples based on point processes and bilinear systems are presented to illustrate the ideas. Historical references are provided throughout.
Orthotic treatment of sesamoid pain

The cause of pain and tenderness beneath the first metatarsal in an athlete is often very difficult to deter mine. When the symptoms originate from the sesamoid bone, exact diagnosis of the pathologic process may not be necessary in order to institute effective treat ment. In this retrospective study, 8 of 10 athletes with this problem were successfully treated with custom- fitted orthoses which relieve sesamoid pain. The major benefit of this method of treatment is that it enables an athlete to continue participation without loss of valuable practice and competition time.
Hand and wrist joint problems in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a heritable disorder of connective tissue that is clinically characterized by joint hypermobility and skin hyperextensibility and fragility. Four of our patients who fit the criteria for Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are presented. Abnormalities in the hand and wrist joint that are directly related to joint hypermobility are discussed.
Narrative and Propositional Reasoning in an Instructional Context

This study examined the influence of narrative and propositional reasoning in a classroom context. Students viewed 1 of 4 videotaped instructional simulations that varied the controversial issue presented by the teacher and ways of reasoning about it. After viewing a videotape, students rated the expertness, trustworthiness, and attractiveness of the teacher, and the effectiveness of instruction. They rated the teacher as more attractive and the presentation more effective when he used a narrative rather than a propositional approach.
“Spiritualizing the Political”: Christ and Christianity in Gandhi'sSatyagraha

Gandhi's intense study of Christ and Christianity, especially in South Africa, had a major impact on his satyagraha campaigns in both South Africa and India. Although satyagrahais often considered only in its political aspect, and although several studies of his religious beliefs have been done without reference to their political implications, Gandhi himself emphasized throughout his life that he sought to spiritualize the political, to establish a spiritual basis for all his social and political work. Gandhi was especially moved by the similar themes he found in the Sermon on the Mount and the Bhagavad Gita. Christ's ethic of Love, expressed especially in the admonitions to “resist not evil” and to “make this world the Kingdom of God,“ deepened Gandhi's inclusive Hindu faith and contributed to his theory of nonviolent direct action.
Melting and Staging in Graphite Intercalated with Cesium

The order-disorder transition in Cs-intercalated graphite has been studied using x-ray scattering. In ${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$Cs the Cs layer transforms into a liquidlike phase in which the average Cs-Cs separation is incommensurate with the carbon net. Fundamentally different behavior is observed in a Cs-deficient stage-1 sample where commensurate "lattice-gas" melting occurs. Evidence is presented which shows that in low-stage material, staging is closely related to the melting transition in support of the model of Daumas and H\'erold.
A nematic liquid crystalline polymer as highly active novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene

A nematic liquid crystalline polysiloxane has been found to be a novel nucleating agent (LCP-NA2) to induce the formation of β-crystals in isotactic polypropylene (iPP). Wide angle X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized optical microscopy were used to evaluate the nucleating activity of LCP-NA2. The effect of LCP-NA2 content, crystallization temperature, and time on the crystallization structure, morphology, and thermal behavior of the iPP was discussed. The results indicated that the nucleating activity mainly depended on LCP-NA2 content and thermal history of processing. The addition of LCP-NA2 could provide a large number of nuclei and lead to a more uniform morphology, along with a change in the nucleation and crystal growth mechanism. The relative content of β-crystal increased with increasing LCP-NA2 content or crystallization temperature, reached a maximum value of 70 % when LCP-NA2 content and crystallization temperature were 1.0 wt% and 125 °C, and then decreased with a further increase of LCP-NA2 content or crystallization temperature. In addition, a different polymorphic behavior had been observed between pure iPP and LCP-NA2/iPP blends under the same thermal treatment.
Deformation structures in solid-state extruded polyethylene

Deformation structures resembling kink bands have previously been reported in a number of oriented semicrystalline polymers which have undergone various modes of deformation. In the present work, such structures have been observed and studied in solid-state extruded polyethylene which has been processed to give a biaxial, “single crystal” texture. Deformation of this material by bending followed by unbending has been observed to lead to shear during the bending stage and to void formation during the unbending stage. The kink bands which form during this treatment exhibit a single morphology regardless of the axis of bending so long as the direction of compression during bending is parallel to the original extrusion direction. Besides intracrystalline slip, which is known to contribute at least in part to the process of kink band formation, mechanisms involving interlamellar slip and interfibrillar slip are also considered. These mechanisms are considered in terms of three distinct experimental observations: the relationship between the kink boundary and the x-ray long period, the process of void formation during unbending, and the single characteristic morphology of the kink bands.
Numerical Validation of Dispersion Relations Using a Cylindrical Wave for 2D FDTD Methods

The numerical dispersion of a proposed new FDTD scheme is often evaluated and compared with that of well-established FDTD methods. Because there may be a theoretical deficiency in the dispersion analysis, numerical experimentation is often used to validate the dispersion relation. This paper describes the “matching method” for validation using a cylindrical wave in the two-dimensional (2D) case. The matching method is demonstrated by evaluating the numerical dispersion of Yee's FDTD and ADI-FDTD. The result is compared with the analytical numerical dispersion relation, and excellent agreement is obtained. The difference between the theoretical value for the numerical dispersion and that from numerical experiments using the matching method is 10−5 for Yee's FDTD and 10−4–10−5 for ADI-FDTD. The numerical velocity obtained from the matching method satisfies the theoretical dispersion relation with residual errors to the order of 10−6. Such accuracy is sufficient to conclude that a numerical dispersion relation is correct. Although the matching method uses a cylindrical wave to test the numerical dispersion relation, the cylindrical wave is not a solution of the difference equations, thus it cannot be used to derive a theoretical dispersion relation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 138–142, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20400
Continuous dependence on the time and spatial geometry for the equations of thermoelasticity

In this paper we establish the stability of the solution of the standard initial-boundary value problem of linear anisotropic thermoelasticity under perturbations of the initial time geometry and of the spatial geometry. This is done by deriving appropriate explicit a priori inequalities which permit us to bound in particular the L2 integral of the perturbation in terms of some well defined measure of the perturbation in the geometry.
Within-season flowering interruptions are common in the water-limited Sky Islands

Within-season breaks in flowering have been reported in a wide range of highly variable ecosystems including deserts, tropical forests and high-elevation meadows. A tendency for interruptions in flowering has also been documented in southwestern US “Sky Island” plant communities, which encompass xeric to mesic conditions. Seasonal breaks in flowering have implications for plant reproductive success, population structure, and gene flow as well as resource availability for pollinators and dependent animals. Most reports of multiple within-season flowering events describe only two distinct flowering episodes. In this study, we set out to better quantify distinct within-season flowering events in highly variable Sky Islands plant communities. Across a >1,200 m elevation gradient, we documented a strong tendency for multiple within-season flowering events. In both distinct spring and summer seasons, we observed greater than two distinct within-season flowering in more than 10 % of instances. Patterns were clearly mediated by the different climate factors at work in the two seasons. The spring season, which is influenced by both temperature and precipitation, showed a mixed response, with the greatest tendency for multiple flowering events occurring at mid-elevations and functional types varying in their responses across the gradient. In the summer season, during which flowering across the gradient is limited by localized precipitation, annual plants exhibited the fewest within-season flowering events and herbaceous perennial plants showed the greatest. Additionally, more distinct events occurred at lower elevations. The patterns documented here provide a baseline for comparison of system responses to changing climate conditions.
Deuteron Acceleration and Neutron Production in Pinch Discharges

Deuteron trajectories have been calculated for the crossed electric and magnetic fields generated by a rapidly constricting current distribution in a $z$-pinch discharge. The results show that many ions are accelerated to high energies with a large value for their time-averaged axial velocity. A neutron-production model based upon nuclear collisions by these deuterons easily accounts for the observed characteristics of neutron emission.
THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH MANAGEMENT ON THE HOUSING MARKET: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Evidence

The no-growth or slow-growth policies that have spread rapidly in the past 15 years vary in form and include explicit population targets, rigid development controls, and refusal to provide expanded...
NEURAMINIC ACID INVESTIGATIONS OF HUMAN CELL STRAINS DERIVED FROM EXPLANTS OF SKIN IN CELL CULTURE.

THE biochemical derangements characteristic of the heredofamilial disorders galactossemia, acatalasaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency have been demonstrated in cell cultures derived from explants of skin obtained by biopsy1–3. Since biochemical alterations may be manifested in tissues remote from the site of primary expression of a disorder, it was reasonable to anticipate that the disturbed metabolism of the neurone in the cerebral sphingolipidoses might be evident in cell strains derived from skin explants in these disorders as well. In this communication we report the results of the examination of neuraminic acid content of different cell strains derived from affected and control subjects.
Bioremediation of selenium oxyanions in San Joaquin drainage water using Thauera selenatis in a biological reactor system

This report describes the use of a new selenate-respiring bacterium, Thauera selenatis, for the bioremediation of selenium (Se, as selenate) in drainage water from the Westlands Water District, San Joaquin Valley. The organism respires selenate anaerobically using acetate as the preferred electron donor. The reduction of selenate is not inhibited by nitrate; both electron acceptors are reduced concomitantly. T. selenatis was inoculated into, and was maintained in, a biological reactor system for anaerobic treatment of selenate-nitrate containing drainage water; a population of denitrifying bacteria was also present. When the pH of inflowing water was 6.9, and 2 mm acetate plus 0.56 mm ammonium chloride were fed into the reactor, selenate/selenite levels were reduced from 350–450 μg Se/l to 5.39±3.6 μg Se/l. The final product of selenate reduction was elemental Se. Analysis of reactor contents revealed that T. selenatis was the only selenate-respiring organism present in the system. Nitrate in the drainage water was also reduced in the reactor system by 98%. The lab-scale biological reactor system consisted of recycled sludge-blanket (1 l; 400 g sand) and fluidized-bed (1 l; 300 g sand) reactors. At a system flow rate of 6.5 ml/min, the retention time was 140 min.
Comparative kinetic studies of CO$z.sbnd;O2 and CO$z.sbnd;NO reactions over single crystal and supported rhodium catalysts

Abstract The kinetics of the COO2 and CONO reactions over single crystal Rh(111) and over alumina-supported Rh catalysts have been compared at realistic reactant pressures. For the COO2 reaction, there is excellent agreement between both the specific rates and activation energies measured for the two types of Rh catalysts. The CONO reaction, on the other hand, exhibits substantially different activation energies and specific reaction rates between the single crystal and supported catalysts. This indicates that the kinetics of the CONO reaction, unlike the COO2 reaction kinetics, are sensitive to changes in catalyst surface characteristics. The kinetic data for the COO2 and CONO reactions over Rh(111) and Rh Al 2 O 3 were analyzed using mathematical models which account for the individual elementary reaction steps established from surface chemistry studies of the interactions of CO, NO, and O2 with Rh surfaces. The model, when used with the parameter values similar to those reported in the surface chemistry literature, can quantitatively fit the CO oxidation rate data over both the single crystal and supported Rh catalysts. The kinetics of the CO NO reaction over Rh(111) can also be well described by a reaction model using parameter values taken from surface chemistry studies. However, the rate data for the CONO reaction over supported Rh can be rationalized by assuming that the dissociation of molecularly adsorbed NO occurs much more slowly on supported Rh than on Rh(111).
Job Vacancies in the United States: 1923 to 1994

Empirical investigations of the U.S. macroeconomy often examine only the post-World War II period because very few key data series exist for earlier years. However, this brief time period misses major economic shocks like the Great Depression and World War II. Using a previously unknown data set, this paper solves part of the problem by creating a long-run job vacancy series from 1923 to 1994 based on help-wanted advertising data. Analysis suggests that the series is consistent and has no significant biases.
Tip leakage losses in a linear turbine cascade

An investigation of tip leakage flow and its effects on loss production was performed on a large-scale linear turbine cascade. The flow exiting the tip gap was measured to determine the losses incurred within the tip gap and the secondary kinetic energy due to tip leakage
Distribution of organic matter in a shale clast

Abstract The mechanism of petroleum migration is not fully understood. One approach has been to study the distribution of organic matter near contacts between rocks with source character and those with reservoir character. Published studies have been restricted to profiles across the bedding, but the ease of movement of hydrocarbons along and across the bedding may be very different. Gradients for volatile bitumens and kerogen both along and across shale bedding have been established by analyzing a shale clast encased in a sand matrix. In this case, the distribution of volatile bitumens is not controlled by the distribution of kerogen but shows evidence of bitumen movement through the clast. The amount and composition of the volatile bitumens and their distribution suggest that in part they have been introduced into the clast from the surrounding medium, and that the movement of hydrocarbons occurs preferentially along the shale bedding. The composition of the material moving into the clast is not the same as the bulk composition of the external supply but shows a preferential enrichment in normal alkanes, particularly those of shorter chain length.
Variable-length extractors

We study the problem of extracting a prescribed number of random bits by reading the smallest possible number of symbols from non-ideal stochastic processes. The related interval algorithm proposed by Han and Hoshi has asymptotically optimal performance; however, it assumes that the distribution of the input stochastic process is known. The motivation for our work is the fact that, in practice, sources of randomness have inherent correlations and are affected by measurement's noise. Namely, it is hard to obtain an accurate estimation of the distribution. This challenge was addressed by the concepts of seeded and seedless extractors that can handle general random sources with unknown distributions. However, known seeded and seedless extractors provide extraction efficiencies that are substantially smaller than Shannon's entropy limit. Our main contribution is the design of extractors that have a variable input-length and a fixed output length, are efficient in the consumption of symbols from the source, are capable of generating random bits from general stochastic processes and approach the information theoretic upper bound on efficiency.
Dissolution behavior of biomimetic minerals on 3D PLGA scaffold

Abstract The bone-like carbonate apatite (BLCA) coatings have a great potential to apply in orthopaedic and dental implants due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. The BLCA layer can be coated biomimetically in the surfaces of polymers or inorganic materials using simulated body plasma. We have prepared 3D poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous scaffolds by solvent casting/particulate leaching method. The BLCA was coated on 3D PLGA scaffolds incubating them at 37 °C with modified simulated body fluid. We investigate the dissolution behavior of BLCA coated on PLGA scaffolds in two physiological medias such as Tris-buffered saline (pH = 7.4), 2-( N -morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) (pH = 5.5), and cell culture media containing αMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin–streptomycin. The BLCA dissolution and release ionic components were analyzed using FTIR, SEM and ICP. Approximately 70% of mineral was dissolved in Tris-buffered saline (8 ml) within 6 h relative to 48 h dissolution period. The investigation of mineral dissolution behavior is important when this BLCA use as a carrier for therapeutic agents in orthopaedic and dental implant applications.
Chronic food restriction: Enhancing effects on drug reward and striatal cell signaling

Chronic food restriction (FR) increases behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse in animal models and is associated with binge eating, which shares comorbidity with drug abuse, in clinical populations. Behavioral, biochemical and molecular studies conducted in this laboratory to elucidate the functional and mechanistic bases of these phenomena are briefly reviewed. Results obtained to date indicate that FR increases the reward magnitude and locomotor-activating effects of abused drugs, and direct dopamine (DA) receptor agonists, as a result of neuroadaptations rather than changes in drug disposition. Changes in striatal DA dynamics, and postsynaptic cell signaling and gene expression in response to D-1 DA receptor stimulation have been observed. Of particular interest is an upregulation of NMDA receptor-dependent MAP kinase and CaM Kinase II signaling, CREB phosphorylation, and immediate-early and neuropeptide gene expression in nucleus accumbens (NAc) which may facilitate reward-related learning, but also play a role in the genesis of maladaptive goal-directed behaviors. Covariation of altered drug reward sensitivity with body weight loss and recovery suggests a triggering role for one of the endocrine adiposity hormones. However, neither acute nor chronic central infusions of leptin or the melanocortin 3/4 receptor agonist, MTII, have attenuated d-amphetamine reward or locomotor activation in FR rats. Interestingly, chronic intracerebroventricular leptin infusion in ad libitum fed (AL) rats produced a sustained decrease in food intake and body weight that was accompanied by a reversible potentiation of rewarding and locomotor-activating effects of d-amphetamine. This raises the interesting possibility that rapid progressive weight loss is sufficient to increase behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse. Whether weight loss produced by leptin infusion produces the same neuroadaptations as experimenter-imposed FR, and whether any of the observed neuroadaptations are necessary for expression of increased behavioral responsiveness to acute drug challenge remain to be investigated.
Effect of acoustic levitation force on aerodynamic particle removal from a surface

Abstract The flow field generated by a downward-facing annular slot jet with a circumferential velocity component and a vacuum outlet port confined between two horizontal planes is referred to as a bounded vortex. A bounded vortex can be used to aerodynamically transport particles from a surface, allowing cleaning of a dust-covered surface without making physical contact with the surface. This paper reports on the influence of acoustic levitation on the efficiency of particle transport from the surface by a bounded vortex flow. The study is conducted by placing four identical speakers symmetrically around a vortex-generating nozzle and aiming the speakers toward the point on the plate directly under the nozzle center. The distance between each individual speaker and the target glass plate surface and the frequency of the acoustic wave are chosen to produce a standing acoustic pressure wave along the vertical direction and its acoustic pressure antinode plane located at the glass plate. The pressure standing wave creates a levitating force that is strong enough to overcome the van der Waals adhesive force between the dust particles and the glass plate and lift the particles from the glass plate. The effect of this acoustic forcing on different aspects of particle mitigation is examined. It is found that for certain flow and acoustic parameters, acoustic forcing can significantly increase the efficiency and usefulness of the bounded vortex particle mitigation method.
Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service to J. Sutherland Frame

(1994). Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service to J. Sutherland Frame. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 101, No. 2, pp. 107-108.
Orthomagnetic Bushing Current Transformer for Metering

BUSHING current transformers are ideal for many reasons. They are compact, convenient, economical, and, from the operator's standpoint, they eliminate a separate piece of equipment. But they have one inherent limitation, namely, an accuracy generally not satisfactory for metering. Many efforts therefore have been made in the past to overcome this inherent limitation of the conventional design, with considerable success jn the laboratory but limited success in practice.
Bias circuit instabilities and their effect on the d.c. current-voltage characteristics of double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes

Abstract Bias circuit stability has important implications for the study and application of double-barrier resonant tunneling structures. Stability criteria for resonant tunneling diodes are investigated for the common bias circuit topologies. A systematic study was made of the effect of different bias circuit elements on the measured d.c. I − V curves. A double-barrier diode was studied as an example, with experimental and theoretical results. The main results of the paper are (1) stable resonant tunneling diode operation is difficult to obtain, (2) the low-frequency oscillation introduces a characteristic signature in the measured d.c. I − V characteristic.