cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roughage Source and Level in Beef Cattle Finishing Diets1

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of roughage level and source in beef cattle finishing diets. In Exp. 1,228 crossbred beef heifers (initial BW = 346 kg) were fed diets containing 7.5 or 15% roughage (DM basis), with alfalfa hay, sudangrass hay, or cottonseed hulls as roughage sources. Daily gain was not affected (P > 0.10) by roughage level, but DMI was increased (P 0.10)among roughage sources, but heifers fed alfalfa were least efficient. In Exp. 2, 224 crossbred beef steers (initial BW = 308 kg) were fed 90% concentrate diets with either whole-shelled or steam-flaked com as grain sources and either alfalfa hay or sudangrass hay as roughage sources. Daily gain was not affected by grain source, but DMI and feed:gain were greater (P 0.10) between sudangrass and alfalfa, but steers fed sudangrass had greater (P 0.10) daily gain. Daily DMI was increased (P < 0.03) for diets with sudangrass vs alfalfa, and responded quadratically (P < 0.11) to sudangrass level, with maximum DMI at 7.5% sudangrass. Feed:gain did not differ between the roughage sources but increased linearly (P < 0.11) with increasing level of sudangrass. These results indicate that roughage level and source alter DMI and performance by finishing beef cattle. Sudangrass hay consistently increased DMI relative to alfalfa hay in high-concentrate beef cattle finishing diets, but responses in daily gain and feed efficiency were not consistent between these two roughages. Further research is needed to characterize the relationship between chemical and physical characteristics of roughages and finishing beef cattle performance.
Graduate Student Needs in Relation to Library Research Skills.

Traditionally, graduate study includes a research component, requiring library skills to locate relevant literature. Upon matriculation into graduate programs, many students are underprepared in library research skills, making library instruction a priority for the success of graduate students. This qualitative study, utilizing emergent design, was developed to help identify needs of graduate students in relation to library research skills. Based on findings of this study, the co-investigators offer recommendations for the support of graduate students with respect to library research skills.
Stable Isotope-Labeled Tracers for Metabolic Pathway Elucidation by GC-MS and FT-MS

Advances in analytical methodologies, principally nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS), over the last decade have made large-scale analysis of the human metabolome a reality. This is leading to the reawakening of the importance of metabolism in human diseases, particularly widespread metabolic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Emerging NMR and MS atom-tracking technologies and informatics are poised to revolutionize metabolomics-based research because they deliver the high information throughput (HIT) that is needed for deciphering systems biochemistry. In particular, stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) enables unambiguous tracking of individual atoms through compartmentalized metabolic networks in a wide range of experimental systems, including human subjects. MS offers a wide range of instrumental capabilities involving different levels of initial capital outlay and operating costs, ranging from gas-chromatography (GC) MS that is affordable by many individual laboratories to the HIT-supporting Fourier-transform (FT) class of MS that rivals NMR in cost and infrastructure support. This chapter focuses on sample preparation, instrument, and data processing procedures for these two extremes of MS instrumentation used in SIRM.
Cementless total hip replacement using second-generation components: A 12- TO 16-YEAR FOLLOW-UP

We reviewed 123 second-generation uncemented total hip replacements performed on 115 patients by a single surgeon between 1993 and 1994. The acetabular component used in all cases was a fully porous-coated threaded hemispheric titanium shell (T-Tap ST) with a calcium ion stearate-free, isostatically compression-moulded polyethylene liner. The titanium femoral component used was a Taperloc with a reduced distal stem. No patient was lost to follow-up. Complete clinical and radiological follow-up was obtained for all 123 hips at a mean of 14 years (12 to 16). One femoral component was revised after a fracture, and three acetabular components for aseptic loosening. No additional femoral or acetabular components were judged loose by radiological criteria. Mild proximal femoral osteolysis was identified in two hips and minor acetabular osteolysis was present in four. The mean rate of penetration of the femoral head was 0.036 mm/year (0.000 to 0.227). These findings suggest that refinements in component design may be associated with excellent long-term fixation in cementless primary total hip replacement.
A MICROTITER PLATE PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING FUNGAL FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY

A method (FungiLog) was developed that allows a quantitative approach to examining aspects of fungal functional diversity. The BIOLOG microti- ter plate method for measuring bacterial functional diversity was modified for use with fungal assemblag- es. Each BIOLOG plate contains 95 different carbon substrates. Eight different tetrazolium dyes were eval- uated and dimethylthiazolyl-diphenyltetrazolium bro- mide (MTT) was chosen as the most suitable indi- cator of fungal growth. Procedures for inoculum preparation from a variety of substrates and inocu- lation into modified BIOLOG SF-N microplates were devised. By also plating out inoculum used to inoc- ulate the FungiLog plates, taxonomic data can be ob- tained in conjunction with functional diversity. The FungiLog method was subsequently evaluated for de- tecting landscape patterns of fungal functional diver- sity using decaying lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla) leaves placed along an elevational gradient in Big Bend National Park, Texas, in 5 vegetation zones. Sites ranged from a high elevation (2098 m) zone dominated by live oak (Quercus emoryi) and pinyon pine (Pinus cembroides) to a low land Chihuahuan Desert scrub (973 m). Ten, preweighed, 10-cm pieces of lechuguilla leaves were collected from each vege- tation zone, 5 per transect, after 6 mo decomposi- tion. FungiLog data were used to calculate two mea- sures of fungal functional diversity, substrate richness and total activity. FungiLog patterns distinguished differences in total activity and substrate richness among the low elevational and the high elevational sites at this stage in the decomposition of lechuguilla leaves. Furthermore, litter decomposition was greater
Multi-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. 1. X-ray Absorption near-Edge Structure Analysis of a Biomimetic Model of FeFe-Hydrogenase

In this work, we demonstrate the potential of multi-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis in completely defining the ground state electronic structure of a prototypical biomimetic complex of the [2Fe]-subcluster of the catalytic H-cluster of FeFe-hydrogenase. The spectral features at the ionization thresholds for Fe, S, C, and O 1s (K-edge) and Fe 2p (L-edge) core electrons were considered simultaneously to obtain the atomic compositions of the unoccupied frontier molecular orbitals. A systematic error analysis was carried out at the most informative S K-edge for spectra collected by multiple detection methods, at various data collection temperatures, and different sample preparation protocols. As expected for the difference in bonding between bridging and terminal Fe-S(thiolate) coordination, the Fe-S bond is more covalent in the [2Fe]-biomimetic complex with formally iron(I) centers (36 ± 2% S character per Fe-S bond) than in the previously described [2Fe-2S] clusters (25 ± 3% S character per Fe-S bond) with formally iron(III) centers. An electron hole-based analysis of the pre-edge features at Fe K-, Fe L-, and S K-edges experimentally defines the composition of the first three frontier unoccupied molecular orbitals to contain 4% Fe 4p, 44% Fe 3d, and 24% S 3p contributions per electron hole, respectively. The complementary CO ligand contribution thus can be defined as 28% per electron hole. These experimental orbital covalency values are important in rationalizing redox properties, electrophilicity of the metals, or nucleophilicity of the ligands, and critically evaluating the absolute accuracy of electronic structure calculations.
Abstract B145: Association between physical activity, sleep duration, and cancer risk among women in Washington County, MD: A prospective cohort study

B145 Background Physical activity is known to be protective for multiple cancers including breast. Modulation of hormonal factors such as leptin, ghrelin, and hyperinsulinemia as well as energy balance and BMI are thought to play a protective role. Short duration of sleep appears to have an opposite effect on many of these factors. Methods In a population based prospective cohort (CLUE II), we assessed the association between physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), sleep duration, and incidence of first cancer (all-site) in women. 5968 adult females who answered questions on sleep and physical activity on a 1998 follow up questionnaire were included in the study population. Incident cases were identified through linkage of cohort participants with the Washington County Cancer Registry and Maryland State Cancer Registry. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models. All statistical tests were two sided. Results During 9.6 years of follow up, 604 1 st incident cancer cases including 186 breast cancers were diagnosed. Overall cancer risk (HR=0.80, 95% CI 0.68, 0.95) and breast cancer risk (HR=0.75, 95% CI 0.55, 1.01) were significantly reduced among women in the upper 50% of PAEE compared to the lower. Sleep duration was not significantly associated with overall or breast cancer risk in adjusted HR models, but with an increase in colon cancer risk (HR = 1.72, 95% CI 0.99, 2.78) though the sample size was small. Excluding elderly women (> 65 yrs in 1998) who may have different sleep patterns, sleep duration [≥ 7hrs/day vs. Conclusions Increased PAEE was protective for cancer risk irrespective of age. In addition insufficient sleep may modify the observed protective effect of increased PAEE on cancer incidence among young and middle aged women. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B145.
Acid-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticle as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis

We have synthesized sulfamic acid and sulfonic acid functionalized silica-coated crystalline Fe/Fe3O4 core/shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which exhibited excellent stability. We have studied their catalytic activities with respect to the esterification of oleic acid and the transesterification of glyceryl trioleate as model reactions for biodiesel production. Both acid-functionalized MNPs demonstrated excellent catalytic activities in the reaction of esterification of oleic acid. However, the sulfamic acid functionalized MNPs showed better reactivity in the reaction of transesterification of glyceryl trioleate. Both acid-functionalized MNPs can be recovered by magneto-precipitation. The sulfamic acid functionalized MNPs retained high reactivity (>95% conversion) throughout 5 continuous runs of reactions, indicating their potential for biodiesel production from low grade feedstock, such as waste cooking oil, containing a high level of free fatty acids.
Structural determination of beta -SiC(100)-c(2 x 2) from C-1s surface-core-exciton and Si-2p absorption.

The marked polarization dependences of two C-1s surface-core-exciton transitions---as revealed by near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure on single-domain $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}(100)\ensuremath{-}c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$---are used, together with $\mathrm{Si}\ensuremath{-}2p$ absorption and molecular orbital cluster calculations, to settle the long-standing controversy over the structure of this surface. The surface is terminated with staggered rows of unusual, nearly triply-bonded C dimers bridging underlayer Si dimers. Resonant valence-band photoemission accompanying $\mathrm{C}\ensuremath{-}1s$ exciton autoionization reveals directly the electronic structure of the C dimers.
Effects of Increasing Temperature on Acoustic Advertisement in the Tettigoniidae

Acoustic communication in insects is vital for reproduction. In the family Tettigoniidae, certain features of acoustic signals are impacted by ambient temperature. The current study investigates the correlation between increased ambient temperature and signaling behavior in four species of katydids in two subfamilies under conditions that may be encountered as environmental temperatures continue to rise due to climate change. This is the first systematic investigation into the potential effects of temperature on song parameters in these four species. Individuals were tested at five different temperatures, ranging from 20 °C to 40 °C at 5°C intervals, and measurements were taken on six acoustic parameters: buzz duration, interbuzz interval (IBI) duration, number of ticks in the IBI, tick rate in the IBI, pulse rate within a buzz, and percent time spent calling. Results indicated a statistically significant effect of temperature on pulse rate, buzz duration, and interbuzz interval duration for all species tested. The percent time calling and buzz duration increased at higher temperatures in the single species in the subfamily Tettigoniinae, in contrast with the three species in the subfamily Conocephalinae which showed decreased percent time calling and reduced buzz duration in increased temperature. These results highlight the potential differences in the behavioral responses among different species to increasing global temperatures. Further research is necessary to assess the potential impact of variable calling parameters on female choice in these and other katydid species.
Impact of Cyber-Attacks on Critical Infrastructure

In the contemporary perception, security has ceased to be a luxury in governments or businesses that are concerned with the safeguarding of their sensitive data and privacy. This is as a result of the unswerving emergence of the niggling security threats which are found in dynamic IT systems. The primary purpose of this project is to scrutinize the effect that cyber-attacks has on acute infrastructure. This research essentially relies on qualitative data principally from secondary sources to define the objectives. The study institutes those emergent threats on security including sky Wiper (Flame), the Moonlight maze Stuxnet, and logic bomb as being critical concerns that several governments still struggleto combat. Basing his facts on the above findings, the author does recommend that the owners of critical infrastructure must establish the basic measures to combat these worms. Additionally, appropriate strategies should be put in place so as to address the issue in case it occurs in their firms. Moreover, the author gives a recommendation to scholars to conduct much more in-depth studies in order to determine the extent of these problems.
Defining reference information for restoring ecologically rare tallgrass oak savannas in the Midwestern United States

Reference information is commonly used in ecological restorations to guide management decisions and assess progress toward achieving goals. However, for extremely rare or degraded ecosystems, obtaining reliable reference information may be a daunting task. This article explores the limitations and potentials for identifying reference information for ecologically rare tallgrass oak savanna ecosystems, using a case study from central Iowa. Preliminary results suggest that restoration goals related to certain ecosystem parameters, such as vegetation structure, may be achieved relatively quickly, whereas other parameters, such as species composition, require longer timescales. The importance of developing additional reference information through experimental and adaptive management approaches is emphasized.
From Dispositional Attributions to Behavior Motives The Folk-Conceptual Theory and Implications for Communication

This chapter introduces a new theoretical account of attribution—the folk-conceptual theory of behavior explanations (Malle, 1999)—to communication and discusses its implications for understanding communication phenomena. This new perspective has emerged from concerns about classic attribution theory, based on the person-situation distinction, and its ability to account for the cognitive complexity and social functions of attributions. The folk-conceptual theory distinguishes between explanations for intentional and unintentional behaviors, capturing different types of motives that can be inferred for intentional behaviors, and links explanations with their social and communicative functions. We lay out several directions for the theory to be usefully explored in communication to extend the field’s thinking about how attributions are affected by, affect, and are communicated in social interaction. At the same time, we discuss how communication perspectives can enrich the folk-conceptual theory by integrat...
Using Antigen–antibody Binding Kinetic Parameters to Understand Single-Molecule Array Immunoassay Performance

This paper provides insights into the performance of single-molecule array (Simoa) immunoassays by examining the effects of various capture and detector antibody–antigen binding kinetic parameters. Simoa is similar to other immunoassays in that the overall Simoa performance is heavily dependent on the choice of antibodies; however, little is known about how the different properties of the antibodies result in the wide variations in assay performance. Here, we focus on antibody–antigen binding kinetics and demonstrate how the association (kon) and dissociation (koff) rate constants of the capture and detection antibodies affect Simoa performance. We compared six different antibodies with over a four-log range of equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) and found that Simoa assay performance had an inverse relationship to the koff value of the detection antibody. The Simoa fluorescent signals were highest when the koff of the detection antibody was less than 10–5 s–1. The capture antibody koff did not have a...
Topological dynamics near exceptional points in an optomechanical system

Recently, it was predicted that the energy transfer between normal modes of open systems with a specific type of degeneracy known as an exceptional point (EP) could be achieved by topological operations, and that the outcome of these operations would be non-reciprocal.1 Here we demonstrate this topological transfer of energy between two vibrational modes of a cryogenic optomechanical device using a tunable laser. We also show the non-reciprocity of the energy transfer process. These results open up new directions in system control, as well as other dynamical processes of multimode systems that are robust against small perturbations.
Methods of Evaluating Population Studies of Vitamin D: Strengths and Weaknesses

Abstract Population-based epidemiologic studies contribute importantly to our knowledge of the health effects of vitamin D. They contribute to the overall synthesis of evidence for a specific association, which should also include the evaluation of studies that provide mechanistic insights, including in vitro investigations, animal studies, and human experimental studies, on intermediate factors for the end point of interest. Causality can only be definitively established in interventional studies, typically a double-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT), but such RCTs are not always available or feasible, and even when available, RCTs have their own limitations. Observational studies are critical when very large numbers are required, and the end point is affected by long-term vitamin D status, such as over decades, or of vitamin D status in the remote past. Prospective studies, for which vitamin D is assessed before the outcome of interest, are less prone to some biases that may occur in retrospective studies. Vitamin D status may be estimated in various ways, but a measure of circulating 25(OH)vitamin D (25(OH)D) is generally considered optimal. Yet, such a measure has some limitations, including that a single measure may not always adequately capture long-term vitamin D status, and a measure can be prone to certain kinds of confounding. For example, it is plausible that endogenous pathophysiologic process such as systemic inflammation could lower 25(OH)D concentrations. Recently, Mendelian randomization, which utilizes genetic variation of 25(OH)D concentrations, has contributed to our understanding of vitamin D and disease. This chapter provides an overview of the main considerations regarding biases and confounding that should be given to observational studies of various types of designs and measures or vitamin D status.
Employee Co-Determination at Board Level

German Labour Law provides for works council co-determination rights in accordance with the German Works Constitution Act (Betriebsverfassungsgesetz, BetrVG). This form of co-determination can be described as employee participation “from below” and has already been explained in detail above (see Part II, Chap. 4 on Employee Representation). This must be distinguished from co-determination at board level (unternehmerische Mitbestimmung), which can be described best as employee participation “from above,” meaning monitoring the business management.
Abdominal compartment syndrome is an early, lethal complication of acute pancreatitis.

Data defining the optimal management of abdominal compartment syndrome resulting from acute pancreatitis are lacking. We investigated the outcomes of patients with acute pancreatitis who underwent surgery for treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome at a tertiary referral center. An electronic database was searched to identify patients with acute pancreatitis who underwent laparotomy between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2009, for treatment of abdominal compartment syndrome. Twelve patients underwent decompressive laparotomy for abdominal compartment syndrome. The median interval between onset of pancreatitis and laparotomy was 4.5 days. Nine patients underwent a laparotomy within seven days of onset of pancreatitis. As a result of cardiopulmonary instability, four decompressive laparotomies were performed in the intensive care unit. In 11 patients, cardiopulmonary improvement was observed. Statistically significant improvements were seen across multiple physiologic parameters. Despite this initial improvement, six patients (50%) died from multisystem organ failure. Two patients survived without need for pancreatic debridement. Abdominal compartment syndrome is an uncommon but likely underrecognized and highly lethal complication of acute pancreatitis that should be considered in patients who become critically ill early in the course of their pancreatitis. Prompt recognition and decompressive laparotomy may rescue some of these patients and does not mandate future debridement.
Nonverbal Aspects of Attraction

Why do some people like other people? Vonnegut’s (1965, p. 74) Elliott Rosewater was liked because of his goodness and helpfulness. Other people are liked for different reasons, the major ones being that they (1) satisfy some need of the person who likes them, (2) they are similar to that person, (3) they are desirable or attractive, or (4) they are close at hand. Before we discuss the role of nonverbal behavior, we will first summarize major conclusions from attraction research, as collected into these four categories.
TCT-447 Severity Assessment of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Paravalvular Regurgitation Based on the Leakage Momentum Flux

The current semi-quantitative method of assessment paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) in transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) is the circumferential extent (CE) of PVR. This study points out to the shortcomings of such assessment method. In addition, a novel approach based on fluid mechanics is proposed
Gain-of-function screen of α-transducin identifies an essential phenylalanine residue necessary for full effector activation

Two regions on the α subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins), the Switch II/α2 helix (which changes conformation upon GDP-GTP exchange) and the α3 helix, have been shown to contain the binding sites for their effector proteins. However, how the binding of Gα subunits to their effector proteins is translated into the stimulation of effector activity is still poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of a reconstituted rhodopsin-coupled phototransduction system to address this question and identified a distinct surface and an essential residue on the α subunit of the G-protein transducin (αT) that is necessary to fully activate its effector enzyme, the cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE). We started with a chimeric G-protein α subunit (αT*) comprising residues mainly from αT and a short stretch of residues from the Gi1 α subunit (αi1), which only weakly stimulates PDE activity. We then reinstated the αT residues by systematically replacing the corresponding αi1 residues within αT* with the aim of fully restoring PDE stimulatory activity. These experiments revealed that the αG/α4 loop and a phenylalanine residue at position 283 are essential for conferring the αT* subunit with full PDE stimulatory capability. We further demonstrated that this same region and amino acid within the α subunit of the Gs protein (αs) are necessary for full adenylyl cyclase activation. These findings highlight the importance of the αG/α4 loop and of an essential phenylalanine residue within this region on Gα subunits αT and αs as being pivotal for their selective and optimal stimulation of effector activity.
A hybrid phase I‐II/III clinical trial design allowing dose re‐optimization in phase III

Conventionally, evaluation of a new drug, A, is done in three phases. Phase I is based on toxicity to determine a "maximum tolerable dose" (MTD) of A, phase II is conducted to decide whether A at the MTD is promising in terms of response probability, and if so a large randomized phase III trial is conducted to compare A to a control treatment, C , usually based on survival time or progression free survival time. It is widely recognized that this paradigm has many flaws. A recent approach combines the first two phases by conducting a phase I-II trial, which chooses an optimal dose based on both efficacy and toxicity, and evaluation of A at the selected optimal phase I-II dose then is done in a phase III trial. This paper proposes a new design paradigm, motivated by the possibility that the optimal phase I-II dose may not maximize mean survival time with A. We propose a hybridized design, which we call phase I-II/III, that combines phase I-II and phase III by allowing the chosen optimal phase I-II dose of A to be re-optimized based on survival time data from phase I-II patients and the first portion of phase III. The phase I-II/III design uses adaptive randomization in phase I-II, and relies on a mixture model for the survival time distribution as a function of efficacy, toxicity, and dose. A simulation study is presented to evaluate the phase I-II/III design and compare it to the usual approach that does not re-optimize the dose of A in phase III.
Prostaglandins and Renal Function after Chronic Ligation of the Common Bile Duct in Dogs

In severe liver disease there can be associated alterations in renal function. These abnormalities include decreased RBF and GFR, sodium retention, decreased capacity to concentrate the urine, and redistribution of renal blood flow away from the outer cortex.1–3 Severe cirrhosis and ascites can ultimately cause progressive renal failure, the so-called hepatorenal syndrome. The mechanisms responsible for the deterioration of renal function are not clearly understood.
Reflections on study abroad: a computational linguistics approach

Study abroad and the associated sociocultural experience has been a subject of substantial interest to social science scholars and university administrators. Shedding novel light on the phenomenon, we draw on a corpus of student-authored reflective essays and apply machine learning methods for analysis of text-as-data to examine the features and the determinants of salient themes emphasized by students in their study abroad reflections. Our analysis identifies 18 different topics spanning the domains of distinctly cultural cognition, interaction with people, physical environment, and personal change. Specifics of the experience such as duration and location, timing of reflections, and observable student characteristics including gender, major, academic performance, extracurricular involvement, and socioeconomic status are all important determinants of student’s reflections. Different factors, however, matter differently with respect to students’ emphases on particular topics, a finding indicative of the complex nature of the study abroad experience.
Integrated Simulation and Optimization Models for Treatment Plant Placement in Drinking Water Systems

AbstractDrinking water systems are critical to human health and economic development. System design considers treatment infrastructure to remove contaminants from water supplies and distribution sy...
A feeding-directional cutting force model for end surface grinding of CFRP composites using rotary ultrasonic machining with elliptical ultrasonic vibration

Abstract End surface grinding of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites using RUM with elliptical ultrasonic vibration has been proven to be effective in improving surface quality and simultaneously decreasing cutting forces. The cutting force is considered as one of the key output variables to evaluate the machining performance of the cutting process. Investigating cutting force and its modeling development provides great help to understand the effects of input variables and material removal mechanisms of RUM end surface grinding of CFRPs with elliptical ultrasonic vibration. However, there is no investigation on modeling cutting force for this process. This investigation will, for the first time, present a mechanistic feeding-directional cutting force model for such a process. This model is developed based on the material removal mode of brittle fracture. The approaches of the modeling development start from the analysis of one single abrasive grain, including the material removal volume, the effective cutting time, the average indentation depth, and the impact grain force in one ultrasonic vibration cycle. The designed pilot experiments are performed to verify this mechanistic model. The trends of predicted cutting forces are consistent well with those of experimental results. In addition, it can be also applied for predicting the effects of input variables (including depth of cut, feedrate, tool rotation speed, ultrasonic amplitude, abrasive size, and abrasive concentration) on feeding-directional cutting forces.
CHAPTER 10 – Phagocytosis

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of phagocytosis. Neutrophils, which play an important role as scavenger cells, are joined by several other cell types capable of phagocytosis: alveolar phagocytes of the lung, microglia of the brain, reticular cells of bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes, and the Von Kupffer cells of the liver. Phagocytosis involves larger molecules or particles such as bacteria. Phagocytosis is accepted as a major host defense mechanism in vertebrates and invertebrates. All animals, beginning with unicellular protozoans, are capable of engulfing foreign material. Phagocytosis occurs in the protozoans, all the advanced metazoans, and finally appears in the vertebrates, where it is accomplished by blood monocytes, granulocytes, and tissue macrophages. The vertebrate reticulo-endothelial system (RES), like any of the other organ systems, consists of organs composed of several types of interrelated cells, most of which possess the capacity for phagocytosis.
Signaling Inclusivity in Undergraduate Biology Courses through Deliberate Framing of Genetics Topics Relevant to Gender Identity, Disability, and Race

The study of genetics centers on how encoded information in DNA underlies similarities and differences between individuals and how traits are inherited. Genetics topics covered in a wide variety of undergraduate biology classrooms can relate to various identities held by students such as gender identity, disability, and race/ethnicity, among others. An instructor's sensitive approaches and deliberate language choices regarding these topics has the potential to make the critical difference between welcoming or alienating students and can set a tone that communicates to all students the importance of diversity. Separating the sperm/egg binary from gendered terms in coverage of inheritance patterns, along with inclusion of transgender people in pedigree charts, may make the classroom more welcoming for students of diverse gender identities. Choosing nonstigmatizing language and acknowledging disability identities in discussions of genetic conditions may help students with visible and invisible disabilities feel validated. Counteracting genetics-based pseudoscientific racism and the stereotype threat to which it contributes may be facilitated by more thorough integration of quantitative and population genetics topics. Instructors may thus potentially enhance retention of students of diverse backgrounds in biology through careful consideration and crafting of how human differences are described and connected with principles of genetics.
Remembering Andre ‘Angel’ Melendez: Rave Subculture’s Contested/Conflicted Memory of a Racially Motivated Murder

This chapter analyzes three documentary films to investigate the ways in which the New York City queer club kid scene of the 1990s is remembered. Focusing on the murder of the Colombian American club kid Andre ‘Angel’ Melendez by the ‘king of the club kids’ Michael Alig, the chapter asks what role race plays in the ways in which this dramatic incident is remembered. The chapter concludes that all three films portray Alig as the front man of a successful, queer-empowered, and lucrative club kid scene while forgetting the racial overtones of his legacy.
NFAT3, a substrate of JNKs, is a negative regulator of Ras-JNK-induced cell transformation

431 The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are activated in response to environmental stresses, extracellular stimuli and inflammatory cytokines and are critical for tumor promoter-induced cell transformation and apoptosis. Here, we demonstrated that NFAT3 is a substrate for JNKs and NFAT3 is phosphorylated by JNKs at serines 213 and 217, which are located in the conserved SP motif. The transactivation domain of NFAT3 is located between amino acids 113-260 and includes the phosphorylation target of JNKs. NFAT3 transactivation activity was suppressed in JNK1-/- or JNK2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) compared with wildtype MEFs. Moreover, a 3xNFAT-luc reporter gene assay indicated that NFAT3 transcriptional activity was increased in a dose dependent manner by JNKs. Mutation of both serines 213 and 217 suppressed NFAT3 transactivation activity and SP600125, a JNKs inhibitor, suppressed NFAT3-induced 3xNFAT-luciferase activity. Knockdown of JNK1 or JNK2 suppressed focus formation in NIH3T3 cells. Importantly, ectopic expression of NFAT3 suppressed AP-1 activity and suppressed focus formation. Furthermore, knockdown of NFAT3 enhanced Ras-JNKs-induced focus formation in NIH3T3 cells. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence for the anti-oncogenic potential of the NFAT3 transcription factor.
Impact of covid-19 on an academic pain fellowship program

Background While the COVID-19 pandemic still rages on in the United States, leaving in its wake hundreds of thousands of infected patients, families shattered by the untimely death of their loved ones, an economy in free fall that hit all-time highs barely a few months ago, and a fearful citizenry unsure of what the future holds, the effect it has had on residency and fellowship training programs across the country may appear inconsequential to the general populace. However, if you are a graduating trainee confronted with this unusual set of circumstances, fear of the virus is not the only thing that is foremost in your mind. Methods Literature review. Results We discuss the unique challenges our pain fellowship program continues to deal with during this pandemic and particularly its impact on our fellows. It is entirely likely these concerns are mirrored in academic programs all over the United States. Limitations A narrative review with paucity of literature.
Setting the Scene for the Bioregions

As noted in the previous chapters, Australia is recognised as a healthy environment for entrepreneurial activity, and it seems from the CAUSEE data that, at an aggregate level, women and men are starting businesses at similar rates in both urban and regional locations in Australia.
The equipment hypothesis and US economic growth

Abstract In several articles published in the 1990s, de Long and Summers argued that investment in producer durables had a high propensity to generate externalities in using industries, resulting in a systematic and substantial divergence between its social and private return. They maintained, moreover, that this was not the case for structures investment. Together, these claims constitute the equipment hypothesis. This paper explores the degree to which the history of US economic growth in the 20th century supports it.
Interlaboratory Comparison of Solar Cell Measurements Under Low Indoor Lighting Conditions

In recent years, industrial demand for energy harvesting from the indoor environment using photovoltaic (PV) solar cells has grown substantially. Much of this demand is focused on powering Internet of Things devices such as remote sensors and actuators because their power requirements can be easily met by indoor PV cells that convert, otherwise, wasted indoor light energy into low power electricity. However, accurate measurement of PV cells’ indoor performance is challenging because there are currently no broad consensus approaches or standards for doing such measurements. Here, we have taken the first steps toward establishing such a consensus by performing an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) of measurements of a PV solar cell under three distinct low illumination reporting conditions. In this bilateral comparison, each laboratory uses a different technique for reporting the performance parameters of the cell under a fixed set of agreed upon illumination conditions. Our results demonstrate good agreements under some reporting conditions and divergent results under another. Yet, first steps have been taken toward understanding the challenges of establishing a universally acceptable method of measurement.
Primary ovarian insufficiency: a glimpse into the racial and socioeconomic disparities found within third-party reproduction

Objective To describe a unique case of primary ovarian insufficiency and review the systemic barriers in place that hinder reproductive autonomy for Black women who require third-party reproduction. Design Case report and review of the literature. Setting Safety-net hospital in an urban community. Patient(s) A 36-year-old Black woman, gravida 0, with primary ovarian insufficiency who desires future fertility but is restricted by systemic barriers. Intervention(s) Chromosome analysis. Main Outcome Measure(s) Not applicable. Result(s) Balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1 and 13: 46,XX,t(1;13)(q25;q14.1). Conclusion(s) The field of assisted reproductive technology has evolved at an exponential rate, yet it unfortunately benefits some and not all. It is imperative that when we advocate for full spectrum infertility care, that this encompasses everyone. As we continue to further study and develop assisted reproductive technology, we must not forget to consider the factors leading to racial and socioeconomic disparities in reproductive care access, utilization, and outcomes.
Life form-specific gradients in compound-specific hydrogen isotope ratios of modern leaf waxes along a North American Monsoonal transect

The use of hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H) of sedimentary n-alkanes from leaf waxes has become an important tool for reconstructing paleoenvironmental and ancient hydrologic conditions. Studies of modern plant waxes can elucidate driving ecological mechanisms behind geologic deposits. Here, we used a transect across the North American Monsoon region of the western USA from Tucson, Arizona to Salt Lake City, Utah to study variations in leaf wax δ2H among co-occurring plants. Three co-occurring life forms were selected: perennial shrub (rabbit brush, Chrysothamnus nauseosus; sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata); tree (Gambel’s oak tree, Quercus gambelii); and annual (sunflower, Helianthus annuus). Our results showed that the distributions and abundances of n-alkanes in perennial plants were similar across all sites and generally did not vary with environmental conditions (e.g., precipitation and temperature). In contrast, variations in n-alkane δ2H were significantly correlated with the fraction of the annual precipitation coming during the summer monsoon period. We use a modified Craig–Gordon model to speculate on the possible drivers of the δ2H values of leaf wax n-alkanes of plants across the region. The model results suggest that the most likely explanation for variation in wax δ2H values was a combination of seasonal source water usage and subsequent environmental conditions.
Interstellar Extinction in the Ultraviolet from Celescope Observations

Celescope observations of 550 stars made in four broad ultraviolet passbands (1500 to 2600A) were used to derive intrinsic ultraviolet colors for main sequence stars (Haramundanis and Payne-Gaposchkin, 1973). Color excesses, E(Ui-V) = (Ui-V) — (Ui-V)O are qualitatively in agreement with those obtained by the Wisconsin Experiment (Bless and Savage, 1972) for stars common to the two experiments. Excluding emission stars, binaries and supergiants whose ultraviolet fluxes cannot be compared with our intrinsic colors, we have verified that extinction in the ultraviolet is wavelength dependent. Our results further indicate that the slope of the reddening line differs with galactic longitude in the U2 (λeff=2308A) and U3 (λeff=1621A) passbands. The ratios E (U3-V) /E (B-V) for 185 stars selected with E (B-V) ≥.14 and averaged within regions of ten square degrees along the galactic equator are shown in the following fig. Stars range in spectral class from 04 to AO, with 50% in the range from BO to B3, and in visual magnitude from 5.40 ≤ V ≤ 10.12.
Juvenile Offenders with Disabilities: Challenges and Promises

Juvenile delinquency in the USA presents a challenging and often controversial issue. In 2007, an estimated 2.18 million juveniles were arrested accounting for 16% of all violent crime arrests and 26% of all property crime arrests. Of these arrests, 19% were processed by law enforcement agencies and were released, 70% were referred to juvenile courts and 9% to criminal courts. A persistent concern has been the disproportionate number of minority youths involved in violent crimes (51% African American) and property crimes (32% African American). Indeed, African American juveniles were more than ten times as likely to be involved in robberies as white youth (Puzzanchera 2009).
Phase-dependent treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome with melatonin.

Study Objective: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) is a circadianrhythm sleep disorder characterized by abnormally late sleep and wake times. Melatonin, taken in the evening, advances sleep and circadian phase in patients with DSPS. However, little is known about the most effective dose or time of administration. In the present study, we tested the effectiveness of melatonin to advance the timing of sleep and circadian phase in individuals with DSPS. Design: Following baseline assessment of sleep and circadian phase, subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups. The administration of melatonin (0.3 or 3.0 mg) or placebo was double-blinded. Setting: All procedures were conducted on an outpatient basis. Participants: Thirteen subjects with DSPS, recruited via flyers, advertisements, and referrals from the Sleep Clinic, completed this study. Interventions: Melatonin (0.3 or 3.0 mg) or placebo was administered between 1.5 and 6.5 hours prior to dim light melatonin onset for a 4-week period. Measurements and Results: Both doses of melatonin advanced the circadian phase of endogenous melatonin. The magnitude of phase advance in dim-light melatonin onset correlated strongly with the time of melatonin administration, with earlier times being more effective (r 2 = 0.94, P <.0001). Similar, though weaker, relationships were obtained between the timing of melatonin administration and changes in sleep time. Conclusions: These results indicate that melatonin advances the circadian clock and sleep in patients with DSPS in a phase-dependent manner. This is the first study that reports a relationship between timing of melatonin administration and phase changes in patients with DSPS.
Functional Stoichiometry of Glutamate Receptor Desensitization

Potassium (K + ) channels and ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) fulfill divergent roles in vertebrate nervous systems. Despite this, however, recent work suggests that these ion channels are structurally homologous, sharing an ancestral protein, architectural design, and tetrameric subunit stoichiometry. Their gating mechanisms also are speculated to have overlapping features. Here we show that the mechanism of iGluR desensitization is unique. Unlike K + channels, AMPA- and kainate-type iGluR subunits desensitize in several ordered conformational steps. AMPA receptors operate as dimers, whereas the functional stoichiometry of kainate receptor desensitization is dependent on external ions. Contrary to conventional understanding, kinetic models suggest that partially desensitized AMPA and kainate receptors conduct ions and are likely participants in synaptic signaling. Although sharing many structural correlates with K + channels, iGluRs have evolved unique subunit–subunit interactions, tailoring their gating behavior to fulfill distinct roles in neuronal signaling.
What It Is to Pretend

Pretense is a topic of keen interest to philosophers and psychologists. But what is it, really, to pretend? What features qualify an act as pretense? Surprisingly little has been said on this foundational question. Here I defend an account of what it is to pretend, distinguishing pretense from a variety of related but distinct phenomena, such as (mere) copying and practicing. I show how we can distinguish pretense from sincerity by sole appeal to a person's beliefs, desires, and intentions – and without circular recourse to an ‘intention to pretend’ or to a sui generis mental state of ‘imagining.’
The Service Profit Chain

Prior to the establishment of the first formal courses in service management in the early 1970s, little research had been carried out to examine the properties of service activities that distinguished them from more-extensively examined activities of manufacturing organizations. While the traditional techniques of manufacturing management were invaluable to service managers, it was quickly discovered that service managers had to contend with a set of problems that the traditional tools could not solve.