cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Form of spinning liquids in diverse geometries

A series of experiments for steady state rotation of water in vessels of various geometries is presented. The experiments focus on the geometrical characteristics of the rotating liquids and the change in their surface topology, from that akin to a sphere to that of a torus (i.e., from genus 0 to 1), for sufficiently large angular speeds. Cylindrical, planar rectangular, cubic, spherical, and conical containers are considered. The cone is an exception as some liquid always remains in its apex, no matter how fast the spin. It is shown also that for any amount of liquid within, there exists a critical angular speed above which the liquid can no longer be confined and is therefore expelled from the cone spontaneously breaking the symmetry. This instability is investigated experimentally.
Impact of Hospital Volume on Outcome After Surgical Treatment for Hydrocephalus: A U.S. Population Study From the National Inpatient Sample.

Introduction Hydrocephalus remains a common condition with significant patient morbidity; however, accurate accounting of the incidence of this disease as well as of the impact of hospital volume on outcome remains limited. Methods The National Inpatient Sample was used to evaluate patients who underwent surgical treatment of hydrocephalus from 2009-2013. Patient demographics (e.g., length of stay, disposition, charges), and the impact of hospital volume on outcomes were evaluated. Results A total of 156,205 patients were identified. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting the most common type of device (35.8%) followed by shunt replacement (23.9%). Treatment charges for hydrocephalus were $332 million in 2009 and $418 million in 2013 nationally. High-volume hospitals had more routine discharges compared with lower-volume hospitals (65.7% vs. 50.9%, p<0.0001), which was a trend that improved over time. Multivariate analysis confirmed that hospital volume was independently associated with routine disposition after adjusting for other factors such as patient age, length of stay, and shunt type. However, hospital volume showed a small association with length of stay (β = -0.05, p = 0.0001) and did not impact hospital charges on multivariate analysis. Conclusion This analysis provides a recent update of hydrocephalus epidemiology, trends, and outcomes nationally. Estimates from this study suggest that hydrocephalus is a common and costly problem. Hospital volume was for the first time to be associated with important differences in patient outcomes.
Connecting and scaling semiconductor quantum systems

At the core of most quantum technologies, including quantum networks, quantum computers and quantum simulators, is the development of homogeneous, long lived qubits with excellent optical interfaces, and the development of high efficiency and robust optical interconnects for such qubits. To achieve this goal, we have been studying color centers in diamond (SiV, SnV) and silicon carbide (VSi in 4H SiC), in combination with novel fabrication techniques, and relying on the powerful and fast photonics inverse design approach that we have developed. We illustrate this with a number of demonstrated devices, including efficient photon interfaces for color centers in diamond and in SiC, and spectrally reconfigurable quantum emitters.
Impact of RxPONDER on breast cancer treatment in an academic-community hospital.

e12524Background: The introduction of Oncotype Dx set the stage for targeting chemotherapy treatment to only patients who would derive a benefit. RxPONDER trial then demonstrated that postmenopausa...
Comorbidity indices in orthopaedic surgery: a narrative review focused on hip and knee arthroplasty.

Comorbidity indices currently used to estimate negative postoperative outcomes in orthopaedic surgery were originally developed among non-orthopaedic patient populations. While current indices were...
Trajectories of Pelvic Floor Symptoms and Support After Vaginal Delivery in Primiparous Women Between Third Trimester and 1 Year Postpartum.

Objectives The objectives of this study were to describe trajectories of pelvic floor symptoms and support from the third trimester to 1 year postpartum in primiparous women after vaginal delivery and to explore factors associated with their resolution between 8 weeks postpartum and 1 year postpartum. Methods Five hundred ninety-seven nulliparous women 18 years or older who gave birth vaginally at term completed the Epidemiology of Prolapse and Incontinence Questionnaire and the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification examination at the third trimester, 8 weeks postpartum, and 1 year postpartum. Results At 1 year postpartum, 41%, 32%, and 23% of participants reported stress urinary incontinence, nocturia, and flatus incontinence, respectively, and 9% demonstrated maximal vaginal descent (MVD) ≥ 0 cm. For more common symptoms, incidence rates between the third trimester and 8 weeks postpartum ranged from 6% for urinary frequency to 22% for difficult bowel movements, and resolution rates between 8 weeks postpartum and 1 year postpartum ranged from 23% for stress urinary incontinence to 73% for pain. Between the third trimester and 8 weeks postpartum, 13% demonstrated de novo MVD ≥ 0 cm. For most symptoms, the presence of the same symptom before delivery decreased the probability of resolution between 8 weeks postpartum and 1 year. However, the sensitivities of predelivery vaginal bulge and MVD of 0 cm or greater for those outcomes at 1 year postpartum was overall low (10-12%). Conclusions One year postpartum, urinary and bowel symptoms are common in primiparous women who gave birth vaginally. A substantial portion of this burden is represented by symptoms present before delivery, while most of the prevalence of worse anatomic support is accounted for by de novo changes after delivery.
Oral Prescription Opioids as a High-Risk Indicator for Hepatitis C Infection: Another Step Toward HCV Elimination.

BackgroundThe opioid epidemic across the U.S. poses an array of public health concerns, especially HCV transmission. HCV is now widely curable, yet incident rates are increasing due to the opioid e...
The impact of school vouchers in developing countries: A systematic review

Abstract We report on a systematic review of evaluations of education voucher programs in developing countries. Extensive searching identified two studies that met inclusion criteria—one examining the Colombia PACES program and the other evaluating the Quetta, Pakistan Urban Fellowship program. Both programs increased private school enrollment among the countries’ poorest income groups, thus probably improving equity. The Pakistan program resulted in girls being educated for less than it would have cost for the government to create public school spaces, while the Colombia program cost more, but will most likely prove cost-effective in terms of long-term economic gains. More rigorous research in developing country contexts is necessary to determine whether the gains from these two programs can be replicated and enhanced.
Chapter 5 Experimental Procedures and Cultural Methods for Euplotes eurystomus and Amoeba proteus

Publisher Summary This chapter describes reliable techniques for growing A. proteus and Euplotes eurystomus with emphasis on special experimental techniques. Euplotes eurystomus has a short and reproducible generation time and grows to a heavy concentration of organisms in lettuce infusion medium containing Aerobacter aerogenes and Tetrahymena as food organisms. In young cultures grown at 24°–25°C the generation time is 10–12 hours, but this increases when the density of euplotes becomes high. The cell cycle of Euplotes is interesting because of the wavelike manner in which DNA synthesis proceeds through the macronucleus. The waves of DNA synthesis are reflected in the cytologically distinct replication bands, and these markers can be used for studying aspects of the initiation and control of DNA synthesis. The principal source of nutrient for the ameba is tetrahymenae. The amebae were formerly cultured on a nonnutrient agar surface, but growth is just as rapid on a glass surface and the agar has, therefore, been eliminated. The generation time varies from one culture to another. In the best cultures, the cell cycle lasts about 24 hours at 24°C. This generation time can also be obtained with single cells if medium from a healthy, growing culture is used to set up the single cell culture. The DNA synthesis begins almost immediately after the end of cytokinesis and is completed before 14 hours.
The Venerable Bede and Gregory the Great: exegetical connections, spiritual departures

This article revisits the familiar comparison between the thought and writings of Bede and Gregory the Great. Bede was keen to foreground his debt to Gregory and past assessments have illuminated aspects of it, but this investigation offers a more searching analysis of the interface between biblical exegesis and spiritual teaching, a subject that highlights Bede's frequent reliance on Gregory as well as his calculated departures from him. Accordingly, the article first examines the different ways Bede in his commentaries could deploy Gregory's writings as a source, then discusses the more pragmatic, less mystical thrust of Bede's thought that sets him apart from Gregory.
Ramsey-type results for unions of comparability graphs and convex sets inrestricted position.

Given a graph on n vertices which is the union of two comparability graphs on the same vertex set, it always contains a clique or independent set of size n 1 3 . On the other hand, there exist such graphs for which the largest clique and independent set are of size at most n. Similar results are obtained for graphs which are a union of a fixed number k of comparability graphs. We also show that the same bounds hold for unions of perfect graphs. A geometric application is included.
Platelet‐Derived CD154: Ultrastructural Localization and Clinical Correlation in Organ Transplantation

CD154 is an immunostimulatory ligand for CD40 that markedly influences alloimmunity. Its presence in platelets suggests that its release and subsequent immune effects are driven by trauma and thus could be relevant following organ transplantation. However, the release of platelet derived CD154 and its consequences have not been investigated in a clinical transplant setting. To better characterize the relationship between platelet activation and CD154 release, we investigated CD154 release by platelets obtained from normal individuals, and patients with two genetic defects that influence platelet granule development. Using these unique patient populations and immune-electron microscopy, we confirmed that CD154 was an alpha granule and not a cell surface protein, and thereafter optimized the methods for its in vivo measurement in humans. We then investigated plasma CD154 levels in kidney and liver transplant recipients and found no evidence that CD154 levels fluctuated systemically as a result of kidney or liver transplant procedures. Paradoxically, we found that kidney transplant patients had significantly lower systemic CD154 levels during episodes of rejection. These data suggest that the immune effects of CD154 are likely mediated through local and not systemic mechanisms, and discourage the use of CD154 as a peripheral biomarker in organ transplantation.
Occlusion removal in video microscopy

Video microscopy offers researchers a method to observe small-scale dynamic processes. It is often useful to remove unchanging portions of image sequences to improve the perception and analysis of moving features. We propose two processing methods (a local method and a global method) for detecting and removing partial stationary occlusions from video microscopy data using the bright-field microscope image model. In both techniques, we compute the relative light transmission across the image plane due to fixed, partially-transparent objects. The resulting transmission map enables reconstruction of a video in which the occlusions have been removed. We present experimental results that compare the effectiveness and applicability of our two approaches.
Tsnnls: A solver for large sparse least squares problems with non-negative variables

The solution of large, sparse constrained least-squares problems is a staple in scientific and engineering applications. However, currently available codes for such problems are proprietary or based on MATLAB. We announce a freely available C implementation of the fast block pivoting algorithm of Portugal, Judice, and Vicente. Our version is several times faster than Matstoms' MATLAB implementation of the same algorithm. Further, our code matches the accuracy of MATLAB's built-in lsqnonneg function.
A Modest Proposal: Accounting for the Virtuousness of Modesty

Recent attempts to explain why modesty should be considered a virtue have failed. A more adequate account is that modesty involves understanding how far one's accomplishments ought to be taken as definitive of one's value. Modest people communicate this self-understanding through behaviour motivated by the desire to ensure that their accomplishments do not cause pain to others. This virtuous mode of self-awareness involves recognizing that one is both defined by social standards of success and irreducible to these assessments. Modest agents do not think themselves ‘better’ than others, but recognize that they rank higher on the particular social standard in question. They thus both avoid causing pain and serve as exemplars of virtuous self-responsibility.
Effects of Rock Damage on Seismic Waves Generated by Explosions

In studying the physical processes involved in the generation of seismic waves by explosions, it is important to understand what happens in the region of high stresses immediately surrounding the explosion. This paper examines one of the processes that takes place in this region, the growth of pre-existing cracks, which is described quantitatively as an increase in rock damage. An equivalent elastic method is used to approximate the stress field surrounding the explosion and a micro-mechanical model of damage is used to calculate the increase in damage. Simulations for a 1 kt explosion reveal that the region of increased damage can be quite large, up to ten times the cavity radius. The damage is initiated on a damage front that propagates outward behind the explosive stress wave with a velocity intermediate between that of P and S waves. Calculations suggest that the amount of increased damage is controlled primarily by the initial damage and the extent of the region of increased damage is controlled primarily by the initial crack radius. The motions that occur on individual cracks when damage increases are converted to seismic moment tensors which are then used to calculate secondary elastic waves which radiate into the far field. It is found that, while the contribution from an individual crack is small, the combined effect of many cracks in a large region of increased damage can generate secondary waves that are comparable in amplitude to the primary waves generated by the explosion. Provided that there is asymmetry in the damage pattern, this process is quite effective in generating S waves, thus providing a quantitative explanation of how S waves can be generated by an explosion. Two types of asymmetry are investigated, a shear pre-stress and a preferred orientation of cracks, and it is found that both produce similar effects.
'It's the sugar, the honey that you have': learning to be natural through rumba in Cuba.

This article uses the technique of learning to be natural to consider how dance, rhythm and the body become forces of social differentiation. In Cuba, many Afro-Cuban cultural practices, such as rumba, have been subject to social and spatial exclusion. In this context, sites such as the home, the street and the family emerge as highly significant for the learning and performance of Afro-Cuban music and dance. Learning primarily from family members and through spaces such as the home, street and neighborhood contributes to ambiguous understandings of rhythmic responsiveness as both instinctive and learned, inside and outside the body, cultural and natural. Many rumba performers also deploy flexible understandings of rhythmic natures to assert the social and material significance of racial differentiation in a context where the implications of ‘race’ are often denied. Even at their most fixed, however, these understandings of bodily and rhythmic natures remain contingent on important people and places for t...
Mechanisms and Epitaxial Relationships between Close-Packed and BCC Lattices in Block Copolymer Solutions

The epitaxial relationships between two close-packed lattices (face-centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonally close packed (hcp)) and the body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice of spherical micelles were investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in two in situ shear cells. Two symmetric poly(styrene-b-isoprene) diblock copolymers with block molecular weights of 8.0 × 103 and 7.0 × 103 g/mol, and 1.5 × 104 and 1.5 × 104 g/mol, respectively, were employed. Thermoreversible fcc → bcc order−order transitions were identified in three styrene-selective solvents, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate, and in two isoprene-selective solvents, tetradecane and squalane. Upon shearing an fcc solution, a mixture of highly oriented fcc and hcp crystals was produced, due to the random stacking of the {111} planes along the shear gradient. A bcc phase was grown epitaxially from each hcp/fcc mixture by heating to a temperature within the bcc window without shear. By employing two shear cells, access ...
An embedded on-body planar antenna using a low profile EBG structure

This paper presents an embedded on-body planar monopole antenna using a low profile electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structure. The EBG structure consists of the series capacitance between an inter-digital slot and the shunt inductance through a via. Using the band-gap characteristic of the EBG array, a planar monopole antenna which has an isotropic radiation pattern could be mounted on the human body with low interference. The planar monopole has an advantage of miniaturization compared to the patch antenna which is usually used in on-body communication. By using the low profile EBG structure, the thin antenna is applicable to on-body communication systems.
Mass transfer accompanied by parallel reversible chemical reactions

Theoretical effects of parallel reversible chemical reactions on the rate of mass transfer are investigated in this paper. On the basis of the film theory, an analytical equation has been derived for gas absorption accompanied by first-order parallel rversible reactions. Analytical approximate equations have been developed and finite difference techniques applied to study the enhancement of mass transfer by second-order complex reactions. Results of this study indicate that when the diffusion is accompanied by second-order parallel reactions, the mass transfer rate increases with the concentration of the liquid reactant in the bulk, and approaches that of diffusion and first-order parallel reactions if the product of the diffusivity and bulk concentration of the liquid reactant is much larger than that of the gas reactant. On a etudie, dans le present travail, les effets theoriques des reactions chimiques reversibles et en parallele sur le taux de transfert ne masse. En se basant sur la theorie des pellicules, on a mis au point une equation analytique relativement a l'absorption des gaz accompagnee de reactions chimiques de premier ordre, reversibles et en parallele. On a mis au point des equations analytiques d'approximation et applique des formules aux differences finies pour etudier l'augmentation de transfert de masse due a des reactions complexes de second ordre. Les resultats de la presente etude indiquent que, lorsque la diffusion est accompagnee de reactions de second ordre en parallele, le taux de transfert de masse s'accroit avec la concentration globale du reactif liquide; ils demontrent aussi que ledit taux s'approche de celui de la diffusion et des reactions de premier ordre en parallele si le produit de la diffusivite et de la concentration globale du reactif gazeux.
Illicit drug use among Mexicans and Mexican Americans in California: the effects of gender and acculturation

Aims. To examine the effects of gender and acculturation on illicit drug use among the Mexican-origin population in California. Design. The 3012 subjects between 18 and 59 years of age were selected under a stratified, multi-stage cluster sampling method. Setting. Fresno County in California is primarily agricultural, with only one metropolitan area. Over 30% of the total population of 764 800, are Hispanics, of Mexican origin. Measurements. A modified version of the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Instrument (WHO-CIDI) was used to ascertain drug use. Respondents were considered drug users if they had ever used marijuana, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin or inhalants. Acculturation was measured with a Likert scale, assessing English vs. Spanish language preference. Other covariates of interest were nativity and place of residence. Findings. Men had higher rates of use than women for every drug (men = 46.3%, women = 23.2%). Urban rates were higher than rural rates, for both women (urban = 32.8% vs. rural = 16.6%) and men (urban = 57.0% vs. rural = 36.8%). In logistic regression models, men were more likely than women to have ever used illicit drugs or inhalants (adjusted OR = 4.8), cocaine (adjusted OR = 5.3) or marijuana (OR = 4.3). However, the combined effect of United States nativity and acculturation, on drug use, was greater among women (adjusted OR = 29.3) than among men (adjusted OR = 7.4). The effect of acculturation was stronger among urban, than among town or rural residents. Conclusions. Acculturation and United States nativity are risk factors for illicit drug use among Mexican origin men and women. However, women have increased vulnerability compared with men. Findings reinforce the need for culturally based public health interventions.
Re: percutaneous nephrostomy for malignant ureteric obstruction: Have we got the balance right?

The authors describe their experience with decompressing the renal collecting system using percutaneous nephrostomy with antegrade stenting to follow in most of their patients. The data are sobering. Nearly half of their patients had complications with one death secondary to PCN insertion. The average survival after PCN insertion was 78 days. While the experience in the USA may be more favorable following the simple insertion of PCN for MUO, the authors experience help to demonstrate the risks inherent in this procedure in this vulnerable group of patients. Further, it is important to remember that PCN insertion alone does not prolong the life of patient with advanced metastatic disease like the typical group presented in this analysis (55 % of their patients had metastases at presentation). The main message and remaining question in this study is the decades long dilemma of whether and when to drain the kidney in terminally ill patients secondary to malignancy especially in those with limited life expectancy who will not benefit and in fact may be harmed by the morbidity and the need for longer hospitalization that consumes significant proportion of their remaining life. Those with prostate cancer and MUO may have slightly longer survival. Needless to say that in each case, the patient and/or the family should be empowered to make a truly wellinformed decision. In the particular situation of upward stent migration with failure to retrieve it using the ureteroscope, a new PCN usually allows its retrieval in an antegrade manner. It is not clear why an open surgery was required to retrieve the migrated stent in a terminally ill cancer patient. Bottom line is that the decision for decompressing the collecting system in a terminally ill cancer patient to relieve MUO should be approached very diligently in view of the patient’s short life expectancy considering the morbidity and the potential to worsen patient’s quality of life.
Properties and behavior of purified human plasma cholinesterase. III. Competitive inhibition by prostigmine and other alkaloids with special reference to differences in kinetic behavior.

Summary o 1. A great many alkaloids inhibit human plasma cholinesterase and compete with acetylcholine for the enzyme surface. Urethans related to prostigmine and physostigmine also inhibit competitively but combine with and dissociate from the enzyme extraordinarily slowly, so that competitive displacement by substrate is also very slow. 2. The relationship of this kinetic behavior to the velocity constants of combination and dissociation is discussed. 3. The differences in kinetic behavior are interpreted as showing that alkaloids in general combine with only one locus of an enzyme-active center containing two loci, but that the urethans, like substrates, interact with both loci.
Percentage Points of the Asymptotic Distributions of One and Two Sample K-S Statistics for Truncated or Censored Data

In this article we provide tables of percentage points of the asymptotic distribution of the one sample truncated Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic. We discuss use of the tables in goodness of fit problems involving tnmcated or censored data and indicate that the tables provide accurate critical values for sample sizes greater than 30. We also discuss use of the tables in situations involving censored data and in two sample testing problems.
Specific and Generic Subject Headings: Increasing Subject Access to Library Materials

ABSTRACT The principle of specificity for subject headings provides a clear advantage to many researchers for the precision it brings to subject searching. However, for some researchers very specific subject headings hinder an efficient and comprehensive search. An appropriate broader heading, especially when made narrower in scope by the addition of subheadings, can benefit researchers by providing generic access to their topic. Assigning both specific and generic subject headings to a work would enhance the subject accessibility for the diverse approaches and research needs of different catalog users. However, it can be difficult for catalogers to assign broader terms consistently to different works and without consistency the gathering function of those terms may not be realized.
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells from blood cells of healthy donors and patients with acquired blood disorders

Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from somatic cells hold promise to develop novel patient-specific cell therapies and research models for inherited and acquired diseases. We and others previously reprogrammed human adherent cells, such as postnatal fibroblasts to iPS cells, which resemble adherent embryonic stem cells. Here we report derivation of iPS cells from postnatal human blood cells and the potential of these pluripotent cells for disease modeling. Multiple human iPS cell lines were generated from previously frozen cord blood or adult CD34+ cells of healthy donors, and could be redirected to hematopoietic differentiation. Multiple iPS cell lines were also generated from peripheral blood CD34+ cells of 2 patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) who acquired the JAK2-V617F somatic mutation in their blood cells. The MPD-derived iPS cells containing the mutation appeared normal in phenotypes, karyotype, and pluripotency. After directed hematopoietic differentiation, the MPD-iPS cell-derived hematopoietic progenitor (CD34+CD45+) cells showed the increased erythropoiesis and gene expression of specific genes, recapitulating features of the primary CD34+ cells of the corresponding patient from whom the iPS cells were derived. These iPS cells provide a renewable cell source and a prospective hematopoiesis model for investigating MPD pathogenesis.
Maternal Rule-Setting for Children's Internet Use

Semistructured interviews were conducted with a sample of 109 third through sixth graders and their mothers regarding family rules for children's Internet use. Cluster analysis was used to identify groups that differed regarding the patterning of maternal Internet rules. Four clusters emerged: traditional (i.e., rules closely resembling common strategies for other media), passive (i.e., rules requiring little direct parental supervision), technology specific (i.e., strategies unique to the Internet), and few rules. Correlates of cluster membership were examined across the following domains: other rules, enforcement strategies, consequences, and child adjustment. Membership in the few rules cluster was modestly associated with poorer child adjustment.
I-Adamantanamine Hydrochloride Prophylaxis for Experimentally Induced A/Equine 2 Influenza Virus Infection

I-Adamantanamine Hydrochloride Prophylaxis for Experimentally Induced A/Equine 2 Influenza Virus Infection
Concordance and Discordance of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in an Ethnically Diverse Sample

ABSTRACT Postpartum depression is a treatable but crippling mood disorder that can adversely affect new mothers and their children. This secondary analysis compared the ability of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess depressive symptoms in 80 low-income ethnically diverse mothers. The PDSS specifically measures postpartum depressive symptoms, while the PHQ-9 assesses general depressive symptoms. The data from both instruments had high internal consistency reliability (.97 for the PDSS and .88 for the PHQ-9); overall concordance was 58%. Most of the discordance occurred when the PHQ-9 scores were in the normal or mild depression range, whereas the PDSS scores ranged from minor depression to positive screen for postpartum depression. The need for future research is discussed highlighting the use of a gold standard of a diagnostic interview for major depression so that sensitivity and specificity of the scales can be determined.
Transport in nanoscale silicon clusters

Abstract Resonant tunneling in a double barrier, three-dimensional quantum well system is observed. As the applied potential brings the discrete energy levels to the Fermi level of the contact, electrons are transmitted across the diode. Due to the presence of a deep depletion in a Si substrate, the transmitted electron is further accelerated mainly ballistically toward the contact resulting in a gain in energy manifested in an increase in current. The separations between successive peaks are larger than what can be understood from a theory based on charging of a spherical nanocrystal. The trapped charges appear to be located at the oxide-Si interfaces. The small size together with large barrier height of a- SiO 2 Si system result in electron transport in solids at energies an order of magnitude higher than conventional hot electron devices.
In-plant evaluation of the muscle strength of workers

The static muscular strength of the back extensors, arm flexors and hand grip were measured on industrial workers (463 men and 139 women) involved in physically demanding jobs. No significant differences in strength were found among workers on different jobs. However, strength differences were evident with respect to age and sex; women were about 60 percent as strong as men, and men below 31 years of age were stronger than men above this age.
Apparently new syndrome of short stature, lumbar malsegmentation, and minor facial anomalies in two brothers.

We describe a previously unrecognized syndrome in two brothers with short stature, webbed neck, unusual face, moderate malsegmentation of the lumbar spine, and unilateral Legg-Perthes-Calve type “disease” of the hip. Autosomal recessive inheritance is proposed, although we cannot exclude the possibility of an X-linked recessive or an autosomal dominant condition with germinal mosaicism. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In Lieu of Rationality: Psychological Perspectives on Foreign Policy Decision Making

For a generation, the social science literature on decision making has been divided into two camps: work premised on rational models of choice and work designed to discredit such models. The sustained attack on the possibility of fully rational decision making has a distinguished history (for example, Barnard, 1938; Simon, 1946, 1959; Lindblom, 1959, 1965; Cyert and March, 1963; Allison, 1971; Slovic, 1972; Tversky and Kahneman, 1974) and a consistent refrain: in practice, consequential decision making hardly ever fulfills the dictates of perfect rationality. The vocabulary of decision making now includes such concepts as "satisficing," "bounded rationality," "muddling through," "bureaucratic politics," "heuristics," and so forth.
Effect of deck on failure temperature of steel beams

It is generally believed that the heat sink characteristics of decks have a significant effect on the temperature at which structural failure of steel beams occurs in fire. However, the results of a series of fire tests fail to support this contention.
USING REFLEXIVE BEHAVIORS OF THE MEDICINAL LEECH TO STUDY INFORMATION PROCESSING

The interneuronal network that produces local bending in the leech is distributed, in the sense that most of the interneurons involved are activated in all forms of local bending, even those in which their outputs would produce inappropriate movements. Such networks have been found to control a number of different behaviors in a variety of animals. This article reviews three issues: the physiological and modeling observations that led to the conclusion that local bending in leeches is controlled by a distributed system; what distributed processing means for this and other behaviors; and why the leech interneuronal network may have evolved to be distributed in the first place. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A computer-controlled scraper for standard thin-layer plates.

Abstract A system which sequentially scrapes selected spots from any area on standard 20 × 20 cm thin-layer plates and collects the adsorbent in a solvent in individual vials under direct control of a time shared PDP-8L is presented. The main parts of the system are: scraper unit, adsorbent capture unit with slurry trap, and sample collector. The scraper unit functions as an x–y plotter with a milling head equipped with a suction maniford replacing the pen. Scraped adsorbent is transported by suction to the adsorbent capture unit where mixing with solvent takes place in a swirl chamber. Aspirated air escapes through a top tube via a suction buffer to a filter pump while the slurry accumulates at the bottom in the slurry trap. After completion of scraping of one spot the slurry is pumped into a sample collection vial. Solvent wash of swirl chamber and slurry trap is optional. Items of importance for proper sequencing and statistics on comparison between automatic and manual scraping and carry-over figures are presented.
Let Us First Do No Harm.

This article offers the hypothesis that an increasing effort to help families and marriages may inadvertently contribute to their dysfunction. By examining the institutions of family and marriage in the broader societal perspective as well as the theories we use to assign the labels “functional” or “dysfunctional” to families and marriages, we may render a more useful service to the health of these systems. In our enthusiasm to do good, let us first do no harm.
Implications of the interface shape on steady-state dendritic crystal growth

Experimental results obtained as part of a series of experiments on dendritic growth in microgravity, the isothermal dendritic growth experiment (IDGE), indicate that Ivantsov's transport solution to the dendrite problem is valid to first order. The data reveal a Peclet (Pe) number vs. supercooling relationship that is both systematically lower than expected, and exhibits larger scatter than is accounted for by the uncertainties of the individual data points. A range of explanations have been offered, including residual convection, far-field chamber effects, and dendrite self-interaction. Although some of these explain certain features of the experimental data, quantitative evidence remains lacking concerning the cause of the two issues mentioned above. This investigation examines the dendritic growth data in the context of how the actual shape of the dendrite tip and its trailing side-branch structure may affect the transport process. The method of moving heat sources is used to describe the diffusive thermal transport processes around a crystalline body of revolution growing into its quiescent melt at a constant rate. Results indicate that when Ivantsov's assumed paraboloidal tip shape is modified to better reflect the actual observed tip shape, enhanced agreement can be obtained between the model and the experimental data. Additionally, these results support earlier work by Schaefer (J. Crystal Growth 43 (1978) 17) in predicting that under the conditions of the IDGE experiment, the side-branch region of a dendrite can contribute significantly to the thermal field at the tip. This suggests that the scatter in the IDGE data can be explained by stochastic variations in this influential side-branch structure. With these observations in hand, it is reasonable to claim that the basic transport solution describing dendritic growth is correct, provided adequate account has been taken of details such as container wall effects and dendrite self-interaction. Until now, these conclusions have not been completely supported by quantitative evidence.
ACCELERATED COMPUTATION OF VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS WITH HEAT TRANSFER

A new method for enhancing the convergence rates of iterative schemes for the numerical integration of systems of partial differential equations has been developed. It is termed the distributed minimal residual (DMR) method. The DMR method has been applied to incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with heat transfer. Alt numerical lest cases were obtained using explicit four-stage Runge-Kutla or Euler implicit lime integration. The DMR method was found to reduce compulation lime by 207ndash;60%, depending on the test case. The formulation for the DMR method is general in nature and can be applied to explicit and implicit iterative algorithms for arbitrary systems of partial differential equations.
Hemodynamic changes in recurrent intracranial terminal aneurysm after endovascular treatment

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Multiple cases of recurrence of aneurysms after endovascular treatment have been reported. The purpose of the current hemodynamic study was to identify changes in shear stress and pressure associated with the recurrence of terminal Intracranial aneurysms after endovascular occlusion. Methods Using a finite element method, a pulsed flow with a non-Newtonian viscosity of blood was simulated within the aneurysm cavity. A recurrent terminal Intracranial aneurysm of a patient originally treated with balloon occlusion was then studied. This was based on a physiologic pulsatile flow, which was observed in the middle cerebral artery. Before and after the balloon occlusion, local maximum wall shear stress and pressure drop at the neck of the aneurysm were calculated and compared with the normal shear stress. Results Although the maximum shear stress at the right neck of the aneurysm was significantly reduced after balloon insertion, it was still 2.5 times greater than the normal maximum shear stress. This was attributable to the presence of a portion of the aneuryymml neck (residual neck), which was not obliterated by the balloon. The balloon also helped to reduce the maximum pressure inside the aneurysm by approximately 15%. Hemodynamic changes in the residual aneurysm neck, where the shear stress and the pressure are high, and other factors may be responsible for the recurrence of aneurysms after balloon or coil occlusion. Conclusion Residual necks after balloon occlusion, coil occlusion, or both are attributable to the geometric orientation of the aneurysm with respect to parent and daughter vessels and the variety of configurations of the balloon and coils used to occlude the aneurysms. Inadequate reduction in local shear stress found in these residual necks is an important factor in the recurrence and rupture of the aneurysm after endovascular occlusion.
Antimyocardial antibodies in patients with coronary heart disease

Abstract Clinical and monitored data were collected from 173 patients admitted to a Medical Intensive Care Unit for suspected acute myocardial infarction. Infarction was proven in 117, and 56 had coronary insufficiency. Sera obtained on the first, fifth, and fourteenth days of hospitalization were tested for antimyocardial antibodies by the indirect fluorescent antibody and antiglobulin consumption methods. Fifty of the 117 patients with infarcts and 28 of 56 with coronary insufficiency had antibodies. None was found in 11 of 13 patients with non-coronary heart disease and in 15 normal controls. Antimyocardial antibodies were identified in patients with coronary disease whether they had acute myocardial infarction or not. This finding indicates that myocardial damage often accompanies non-infarctive myocardial ischemia. The detection of antimyocardial antibodies in patients without overt evidence of infarction may, therefore, aid in the diagnosis of coronary insufficiency. While antibodies to components of heart muscle are not specific for coronary disease, other conditions in which they occur are relatively rare and can usually be excluded on clinical grounds. Finally, our studies show that many patients with coronary disease already have antimyocardial antibodies in their serum when they arrive at the hospital. Subclinical myocardial damage may thus precede the onset of symptoms. Periodic tests for antimyocardial antibodies could reveal these prodromal events and indicate the need for therapeutic intervention.
Infrared absorption in MgO microcrystals

The infrared-absorption spectrum of a rectangular MgO microcrystal can be calculated by lattice dynamics if the crystal contains a small number of atoms, or by a macroscopic method that uses the bulk frequency-dependent dielectric function $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})$. For a crystal containing 900 atoms, the results of these two methods are in qualitative agreement. It is concluded that the shape of the crystal has an important influence on the absorption spectrum, and that a cubic crystal containing relatively few atoms has a spectrum characteristic of a macroscopic cube.
Cherubs or Putti? Gravemarkers Demonstrating Conspicuous Consumption and the Rococo Fashion in the Eighteenth Century

Since the 1960s, James Deetz and other archaeologists have attributed the appearance of the cherub icon on colonial-period gravemarkers to religious movements such as the Great Awakening or diminished Puritan influence during the eighteenth century. The cherub has been interpreted by many scholars as a symbol of a heavenly being that reflects freer perceptions on life and the afterlife. This article challenges the long-held religious connotations of the cherub icon. Instead, this article demonstrates that the icon relates to the wider Rococo artistic trend that was the prime influence on the forms and decorations of contemporary material culture. In this artistic fashion, the cherub is a putto, a Classical allegorical element that remained common in architectural and mortuary sculpture. The use of the putto comes with a number of additional contemporary elements and shows that consumer choice connected to the latest fashion instead of changing religious attitudes being the driver behind iconographic and decoration change on colonial gravemarkers.
CORONAL HEATING AT SEPARATORS AND SEPARATRICES

Several ways have been proposed for heating the solar corona by magnetic reconnection in current sheets, depending on the nature of both the coronal magnetic field and the photospheric driving. Two ways that have recently been considered involve the formation of such current sheets either along separatrices (surfaces that separate topologically distinct regions) or along separators (intersections of separatrices linking one null point to another). The effect of slow photospheric motions on complex coronal magnetic configurations will in general be to generate three forms of electric current, namely, nonsingular distributed currents, singular currents on separatrices and singular currents on separators. These currents are not mutually exclusive but will in general coexist in the same configuration. The aim of this paper is to compare energy storage and heating that occurs at separatrices and separators. We use reduced MHD to model coronal loops that are much longer than they are wide, and we construct a series of examples for the formation of current sheets along separatrices and separators. We deduce that coronal heating is of comparable importance at separatrices and separators. Separatrices are twice as effective for observed small footpoint motions, while separators are twice as effective in the initial build-up of a new flux domain.
Assessment of trabecular bone structure comparing magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla with high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography ex vivo and in vivo

Summary In vivo high-resolution peripheral quantitative micro-CT (HR-pQCT) is a new modality for imaging peripheral sites like the distal tibia and the distal radius, providing structural bone parameters. Comparing HR-pQCT with MRI, we found that both modalities are capable of offering meaningful information on trabecular structure.
Gradient Richardson number profiles and changes within an intense mid-tropospheric baroclinic zone

The three-dimensional pattern of Richardson numbers in isentropic co-ordinates is investigated for a case study of a mid-tropospheric baroclinic zone for which special three-hourly radiosonde data are available. Results show that the lowest Richardson number values are found within the baroclinic zone with most values between 0.25 and 1.0. An equation developed by Roach (1970) was used to relate observed versus computed changes of d/dt (In Ri) in isentropic co-ordinates throughout the baroclinic zone. In general stretching deformation contributed to an increase of In Ri in downstream regions of the baroclinic zone whereas the converse was true for shearing deformation in mid- and upstream regions of the baroclinic zone. Overall agreement between computed and observed changes ranged from poor outside the baroclinic zone to fair to good within the zone. Air parcels entering the upstream region of the baroclinic zone underwent both frontogenesis and decrease in In Ri. The reverse was noted in the downstream region of the baroclinic zone.
Evaluation of substituted amides utilizing an electronic activity‐recording device

Abstract A new electronic activity recording device is described for the evaluation of sedatives or analeptics. The sedative properties of five substituted amide compounds at sub-hypnotic doses has been established and compared to reference standards. Butylchloral ethyl butyramide and chloral isovaleramide possess sedative properties comparable with pentobarbital and warrant further investigation as a nonbarbiturate sedative.
Phase shifting mask as a precision instrument for characterizing image-forming optical systems

A series of phase shifting test mask patterns are described to monitor various effects in image-forming optical systems. Five novel classes of test mask patterns have been developed for in-situ characterization of illumination, aberrations, and mask performance in optical lithography. The monitors combine knowledge of optical effects with the topography enabled by state-of-the-art phase shift masks to create patterns that are sensitive to one aspect of projection printing. Each design is believed to be theoretically the most sensitive pattern to the desired effect. A variety of experimental and simulation studies at 193nm wavelength have validated their scientific principles and have helped allow understanding of limitations due to realistic imaging conditions, most notably the electromagnetic interaction with mask topography. All measurements are conducted in the image plane and are advantageous when access to the remainder of the optical system is limited. Although these monitors have been developed for optical lithography, possible applications in other fields of optics are discussed.