cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prompting Depression Treatment Seeking among Smokers: A Comparison of Participants from Six Countries in an Internet Stop Smoking RCT

Websites containing information and advice about health are increasingly common and popular. It is important to understand whether the material these sites contain can positively influence individual behavior, and whether populations differ in their response to that material. Participants in an international web-based stop smoking randomized controlled trial (RCT) were screened for major depression; participants whose history and/or depression symptoms were deemed of concern were offered one of two prompts (Strong and Mild) to seek treatment, depending on depression history. Participants from 3 predominantly English-speaking and 3 predominantly Spanish-speaking countries were analyzed. Individuals given a Strong prompt were more likely to seek treatment for depression than those given a weak prompt (16.6% vs. 10.2% of previously untreated individuals reported seeking treatment), controlling for symptom level and other variables. Country-specific differences were observed, with participants from South Africa and Spain departing from the common pattern of Strong prompt leading to higher likelihood of treatment seeking. Older age and female gender, but not symptom level predicted higher likelihood of seeking treatment following a prompt. The results suggest that information provided by the health websites can promote help seeking in affected individuals.
Bilirubin promotes de novo generation of T regulatory cells

We have previously demonstrated that bilirubin administration to the recipient induces tolerance towards islet cell transplants across a complete MHC mismatch in a mouse model. Here we assess the mechanisms of such protection. Bilirubin treatment of recipients improved function of islet allografts by suppressing expressions of proinflammatory and proapoptotic genes in those islets and by increasing Foxp3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells at the site of transplanted islets at various days after transplantation. No prolongation of graft survival was observed in recipients treated with bilirubin when CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells were predepleted from those recipients, indicating that Treg cells are necessary for the protective effect of bilirubin. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells from tolerant mice into Rag1(-/-) recipients resulted in long-term acceptance of skin allografts in an alloantigen-specific manner, suggesting that Treg cells are sufficient to induce tolerance. In addition, bilirubin treatment promoted de novo generation of Treg cells in Rag1(-/-) recipients. Thus, bilirubin treatment to the recipients prolongs islet allograft survival via a Treg-dependent manner in which CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells are both necessary and sufficient for tolerance induction and graft acceptance. Bilirubin treatment promotes de novo generation of Treg cells that might account for the protective effects of bilirubin given to recipients.
Domain-wall formation in late-time phase transitions

We examine domain wall formulation in late time phase transitions. We find that in the invisible axion domain wall phenomenon, thermal effects alone are insufficient to drive different parts of the disconnected vacuum manifold. This suggests that domain walls do not form unless either there is some supplemental (but perhaps not unreasonable) dynamics to localize the scalar field responsible for the phase transition to the low temperature maximum (to an extraordinary precision) before the onset of the phase transition, or there is some non-thermal mechanism to produce large fluctuations in the scalar field. The fact that domain wall production is not a robust prediction of late time transitions may suggest future directions in model building.
Theoretical Formulation of Nonadiabatic Electrochemical Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer at Metal−Solution Interfaces

Expressions are derived for the nonadiabatic transition probabilities, the heterogeneous rate constants, and the current densities of electrochemical proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions. In these reactions, an electron is transferred between a solute complex and a metal electrode concurrently with proton transfer within the hydrogen-bonded solute complex. The reaction is described in terms of nonadiabatic transitions between reactant and product electron−proton vibronic states. The current densities are obtained by explicit integration over the distance between the solute complex and the electrode, thereby accounting for the effects of extended electron transfer. These systematic derivations are based on a series of well-defined approximations, leading to a series of analytical expressions for the heterogeneous rate constants and current densities that are valid in specified regimes. The resulting expressions are compared with the analogous expressions for electrochemical electron transfer (...
Distribution of label from metabolism of radioactive leucine, norleucine and norvaline in tissues, excreta and respiratory carbon dioxide.

Abstract A comparative study has been made of the pathways for the metabolism of the carbon chain of d -, l -, and dl -leucine-2-C 14 by enzymatically resolving the dl -isomer. dl -Norleucine-3-C 14 and dl -norvaline 3-C 14 were also studied for comparative purposes. l -Leucine was oxidized most rapidly and the d -leucine the least rapidly. The initial rate of oxidation of dl -leucine was greater than that of norleucine and norvaline, but the total amount of radioactivity in the expired air after 8 hr. was greater in the case of the last two amino acids. The partition of the radioactive carbon of each of the amino acids was determined in the expired CO 2 , proteins of the body, and in the urine. The metabolically active proteins were isolated, hydrolyzed, and the amino acids separated chromatographically on an ion-exchange resin column. The highest specific activity with leucine was found in this amino acid. No norvaline was found to be incorporated in body protein, and both norvaline and norleucine can continue to be regarded as unnatural amino acids. Of the derived amino acids, the ones of highest specific activity were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine. Some activity was also found in glycine, serine, and arginine.
Variability in response to antihypertensive drugs

Heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) is a measure of the variations in individual treatment response to the same agent across a population. Hypertension affords an appropriate model for investigators of HTE. Use of blood pressure measurement guidelines and consistent techniques help to reduce the potential variability associated with clinician measurements. Patient characteristics such as age and race/ethnicity can affect blood pressure, including patient response and adverse events observed with antihypertensive medication. Through pharmacogenetic advances, potential underlying causes for such variation are emerging. The growing number of clinical examples of mutations that affect antihypertensive response includes multiple polymorphisms within the components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The most prominent examples of these polymorphisms exist in the genes coding for angiotensinogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. An understanding of the components of blood pressure variability and sources of HTE in antihypertensive therapy is important for analyzing published reports on this topic. It is also helpful when designing treatment protocols for individual patients with hypertension and in assessing their response to therapy.
Systematic effects of total cocktail mass (volume) and H2O fraction on 4πβ liquid scintillation spectrometry of 3H

Abstract Detection efficiencies ϵ of 3 H by 4πβ liquid scintillation (LS) spectrometry systematically vary as a function of both total cocktail mass m and cocktail composition (such as the H 2 O mass fraction f ). Quench indicating parameter (QIP) determinations, such as for the Horrocks number H , are also dependent on m and f . These systematic effects were investigated with a matrix of 33 LS cocktails covering a broad array of m and f values: 3.0 g ⪯ m ⪯ 21.4 g and 0.002 ⪯ f ≤ 0.52. The effects of m and f on the LS background counting rates of matched blanks are also treated in detail. The uncertainties associated with these m - and f -dependent effects on ϵ and on H are particularly given close scrutiny. The systematics clearly demonstrate that efficiency changes cannot be adequately monitored by quench indicating parameters when the quench changes are induced by multiple causal factors (e.g. simultaneously varying cocktail sizes and compositions). The experimental results presented here have significant implications on the critical importance of understanding the systematics of these variable effects for a given LS system (combination of cocktails and spectrometer), and of very closely matching LS cocktail volumes and compositions in order to achieve reproducible and accurate LS counting results.
Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering and Interparticle Interference in Rayons

THE scattering of X-rays at small angles by fibres furnishes important information about their microcrystalline structure. In a systematic study of this type of X-ray scattering by fibres1, it was found that in the swollen condition these materials exhibit a more intense scattering over a much wider angle than in the dry state; this has been confirmed by others2,3. The effect was explained by the denser packing of the scattering particles (microcrystallites) in the dry state, and the greater extent of interference of the scattered radiation from neighbouring particles to be expected in this condition, as compared to the swollen condition where the particles scatter more independently.
Extension to the Rude-CSMA Analysis

This paper extends the rude-CSMA analysis by removing the restriction that each node have the same average arrival rate and average service time. Additionally, some minor errors are corrected.
Group size, survival, reproduction, and routes to breeding in dwarf mongooses

Abstract Survival and reproduction in a marked population of dwarf mongooses, Helogale parvula , were studied for a period of 13 years in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Dwarf mongooses live in packs with a mean size of 8·9 containing a dominant breeding pair, usually, the oldest individuals. Survivorship of both juveniles and adults is positively related to pack size. Packs containing eight (the median) or more members raised twice as many offspring to yearling status as did smaller packs. Most males and many females became breeders following emigration from their natal packs. Of emigrants that attained breeding status, most (both males and females) did so by founding new packs. Males sometimes became breeders by emigrating with other males and ousting male breeders in another group. Many females and some males waited to succeed alphas of the same sex in their natal packs. The median age class when alpha status was attained (3 years old) and when breeding tenure ended (5 years old) was the same in both sexes, but females that became breeders following emigration attained alpha status earlier than those that attained status in their natal packs.
Heart Rate as a Determinant of Cardiac Output in Dogs with Arteriovenous Fistula

Abstract The importance of heart rate in the control of cardiac output under conditions of a high level of venous return was studied in a series of 17 anesthetized open chest dogs with the atrioventricular bundle cut. The results show that high heart rates do not increase cardiac output under conditions of normal venous return. On the other hand, when venous return is markedly increased above normal by opening large arteriovenous fistulas, maximal cardiac output is achieved only at very high heart rates. As venous return increases, the heart rates at which maximal values of cardiac output are obtained are progressively increased. Norepinephrine or sympathetic stimulation further elevates the heart rate required for maximal cardiac output. These observations help to explain why tachycardia and the other cardiostimulant actions of the sympathetic nervous system play an important role in the regulation of cardiac output.
Does Barrett's Esophagus Regress after Surgery (or Proton Pump Inhibitors)

Barrett's esophagus, the condition in which metaplastic columnar epithelium that predisposes to cancer development replaces the squamous epithelium that normally lines the distal esophagus, is a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Metaplasia is a potentially reversible condition, and partial regression of Barrett's metaplasia has been documented with effective medical or surgical therapy for GERD. The important issue for patient management is not whether antireflux treatment causes Barrett's esophagus to regress, but rather whether antireflux therapy prevents cancer in Barrett's esophagus. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) would be expected to prevent this cancer because they heal reflux esophagitis, reduce exposure to a potential carcinogen (acid), and might prevent acid-induced proliferation and cancer-promoting cytokine secretion by esophageal epithelial cells. Furthermore, observational studies have shown that PPI use is associated with a decreased incidence of neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus. In theory, successful antireflux surgery, which eliminates the reflux of both acid and bile, should be better for cancer prevention than medical therapy, which only decreases the reflux of acid. However, high-quality studies show no significant difference in cancer incidence between medically and surgically treated patients with GERD and Barrett's esophagus. Furthermore, for individual patients with nondysplastic Barrett's metaplasia, the cancer risk is so small and the number needed to treat for cancer prevention with surgery so large, that it does not matter whether or not surgery provides a tiny margin of extra protection against cancer beyond that provided by medical therapy. The cost and risks of the operation overwhelm any small, additional cancer protective benefit. Antireflux surgery is very effective at controlling the endoscopic signs and symptoms of GERD, but the operation should not be recommended to patients solely with the rationale that it protects against cancer better than medical therapy.
‘Believe me, this pimp game is very religious’: Toward a religious history of hip hop

In this essay I argue that by paying attention to the shifting religious references of various rap artists one can map a preliminary history of the religious dimensions of hip hop as it has evolved from the 1980s to the present. Specifically, in KRS-ONE's biography one is able to discern the same developments that have defined hip hop's religious history, more generally. While he has consistently attempted to critically situate himself in opposition to mainstream rap music, KRS-ONE's own religious biography pairs well with the shifting religious sensibilities articulated by several hip hop artists who have been most popular during the span of these same years. In mapping this history, I suggest, first, that religious diversity has more often than not been the rule of rap music, and second, that what appeared to bind these artists together was not a particular religious orthodoxy, be it Christian, Islamic or otherwise. Rather than specific confessional claims, it is the cultural repertoires of the African ...
A generalized stochastic model for systems of first-order reactions—probability generating function approach

A generalized stochastic model has been developed for systems of n-component first-order reactions by means of the probability generating function approach. A comparison of the stochastic model with the deterministic model is given.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Regulate APP Processing in Hippocampal Neurons and Cortical Astrocytes Derived from Fetal Ratsa

It has previously been shown that stimulation of muscarinic m1 or m3 receptors can, by generating diacylglycerol (DAG) and activating protein kinase C (PKC), accelerate the breakdown of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form soluble, non-amyloidogenic peptides (APPs). This relationship has been demonstrated in human glioma and neuroblastoma cells as well as in transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and PC12 cells.1,2 We now provide evidence that stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which also are coupled to DAG and PKC, similarly accelerates processing of APP into non-amyloidogenic APPs in hippocampal neurons and cortical astrocytes derived from normal fetal rats. The mGluR antagonist, L(+)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (L-AP3), and GF 109203X, an inhibitor of PKC, both blocked the release of APPs from hippocampal neurons and astrocytes evoked by glutamate receptor stimulation. Inasmuch as glutamatergic neurons in cortex and hippocampus are known to be damaged in Alzheimer's disease, our findings suggest that amyloid formation may be enhanced by the resulting glutamate deficiency and that selective mGluR agonists may be useful in facilitating synaptic efficacy and treating the disease.
Comunicación e integración en la era digital: un balance de la transición hacía la televisión digital en Brasil y Argentina

The basis, on which the transition process toward the digital TV in Brazil and Argentina is developing, is analyzed in this article, and there is a discussion about the possibilities that the transition presents to reestablish the market structure and the regulation model of the open TV on the Mercosur countries. The main hypothesis says that the digital TV opens a unique opportunity to reform the broadcasting model operating today, which is based on a reduced concessions number of permissions given to operators of the generalist type. At increasing the transmission capacity and facilitating the development of interactive services, both those of entertainment and educative ones, the transition toward digital TV is offered as a public policy instrument to meet key targets related to communication, as pluralism, market opening, and slenderness of the so called digital gap.
Abstract 1642: Rare missense variants inMAP3K14andARHGAP27in men with hereditary prostate cancer

Background: Linkage studies have consistently identified the 17q21-22 chromosomal region to be important in hereditary prostate cancer, although no known causal variant has yet been identified. Three genes in this region are potential candidates based on known function as well as location in our region of interest. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 (MAP3k14) encodes a serine-threonine protein kinase that stimulates NF-κβ activity. The ARHGAP27 gene codes for a Rho-like small GTPase-activating protein and RND2 is part of the Rho GTPase family implicated in endosomal trafficking. Methods: All exons within the 17q21-22 chromosomal region were interrogated in 94 probands from hereditary prostate cancer families and linkage to the 17q21-22 region. Participants were from the University of Michigan Prostate Cancer Genetics Project and Johns Hopkins University. Enrichment was performed using the RainDance Technology following an emulsion PCR protocol. Sequencing was performed on the ABI SOLiD platform. Confirmation of mutation status among family members (both affected and unaffected) was performed using Sanger sequencing. Results: No deleterious truncating mutations were detected in the three candidate genes. Although missense variants were not observed in RND2, five missense variants were identified in the MAP3k14 and ARHGAP27 genes. Four of the five variants are novel (not described in dbSNP) and four out of the five variants are predicted to be damaging on protein function by SIFT and/or PolyPhen. Several of these variants demonstrated evidence of cosegregation within families based on sequencing of family members. Conclusions: We have identified five missense variants in MAP3k14 and ARHGAP27 in men with hereditary prostate cancer. Further research is ongoing in the laboratory to determine the frequency of these variants in a large prostate cancer case-control study. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1642. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1642
An ethics committee to aid in implementing a randomized clinical trial

Individuals who care for children are sometimes reluctant to participate in experimental research because of concern about withholding a potentially helpful intervention from some of their patients and their impressions about the effects of the treatment being studied. These concerns may conflict with investigators' interests in obtaining subjects for protocols. This report describes the use of an external review committee to assess the appropriateness of enrolling patients in a randomized clinical trial. The committee served as a mechanism for assessing the validity of physicians' concerns about randomization of a given patient and for reconciling clinicians' differences about enrollment. It appears to have helped implement randomization by affording a procedure to ensure patients' rights and quality of care. It is offered as a technique for resolving the practical dilemmas of those conducting clinical research while at the same time respecting the rights of patients.
Health literacy in the pharmacy setting: defining pharmacotherapy literacy

Objective: All currently available definitions of health literacy may be considered quite general. Given the complex nature of the patient-pharmacy encounter and the varying tasks required to properly and successfully consume or administer medication or to adhere to a pharmaceutical care regimen, these available definitions may describe inadequately a patient’s health literacy for the purpose of pharmacotherapy and pharmacist intervention. Therefore, the objective of this research was to conceptualize the Pharmacotherapy Literacy construct.Methods: Licensed pharmacists (n=2,368) were mailed a questionnaire providing them with the Healthy People 2010 definition of health literacy and asked, “Given this definition, how would you define Pharmacotherapy Literacy?” A total of 420 usable surveys were returned of which 176 (42%) included responses to the open-ended question concerning pharmacotherapy literacy. Responses were reviewed independently and collectively by the authors. Common themes were identified, compared and discussed until consensus was reached. An initial definition was formulated and distributed to six doctoral-trained academicians and practicing pharmacists who were asked to offer their opinions of the definition as well as suggestions for its improvement. The definition was modified and subjected to further review from 15 additional doctoral-trained academicians and practicing pharmacists who provided feedback concerning its improvement.Results: Based on the recommendations received from the academicians and pharmacists, the following, final definition was formulated by the authors: Pharmacotherapy Literacy – An individual’s capacity to obtain, evaluate, calculate, and comprehend basic information about pharmacotherapy and pharmacy related services necessary to make appropriate medication-related decisions, regardless of the mode of content delivery (e.g. written, oral, visual images and symbols).Conclusions: As the ever-changing pharmacy environment continues to advance and become more complex in nature, a definition of health literacy specific to the pharmacy setting—thereby providing a name and a focus—may improve medication consumption, medication safety, and the patient-pharmacist relationship. Keywords: Health Literacy. Drug Therapy. Medication Errors. Consensus.
Brief announcement: adaptive balancing networks

We present an adaptive construction of the bitonic balancing network. Our network tunes its width (the degree of parallelism) to the system size in a distributed and local way, and does this with the help of an efficient peer-to-peer lookup service. In contrast, all previously known constructions were static, and had the same width irrespective of the system size.Our technique is quite general: though we describe here the construction of the bitonic balancing network, this could be used in the adaptive construction of any distributed data structure which can be decomposed in a recursive manner.
Culture of Remembrance in Late Chosŏn Korea: Bringing an Unknown War Hero Back into History

Numerous scholarly works have been produced on "memory projects" as the culture and politics of nation-states in the modern world. Yet remaking of the past is not the monopoly of modernity. This paper investigates the problem of engineering memory in Chosŏn Korea (1392-1910) through the case of Kim Kyŏngsŏ, a commanding general during the Ming-Chosŏn joint war against the rising Jurchen in 1619. I examine competing memories constructed by various social political groups and the historical and cultural contexts in which such construction took place. In particular, I analyze the processes of inventing, commemorating, and enshrining "public memory" as a way for a disadvantaged social group of local elites from Chosŏn's northwestern region to overcome social and political discrimination against them.
Coded-Aperture Compressive Spectral Image Classification

A classification method of compressed hyperspectral images acquired by using a Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imaging (CASSI) system is proposed. The CASSI system captures spectral imaging information of a 3-dimensional cube with just a single 2-dimensional measurement containing the coded and spectrally dispersed source field. The proposed method is based on the concept that each pixel in the hyperspectral image lies in a low-dimensional subspace, and thus it can be represented as a sparse linear combination of vectors in a dictionary which is obtained from training samples. The method incorporates interpixel correlation within the image by assuming a sparse multidimensional representation of the scene. The recovered sparse vector is then used directly to determine the class label of the test pixel. The proposed algorithm is used to classify real hyperspectral data cubes directly from their CASSI measurements.a
Defect signatures in dispersion spectra

Abstract The change in refractive index produced by defects in insulating crystals is studied using dispersion theory. Although typically 10 −3 smaller than the host-crystal index, this change can be observed in non-polar insulators and semiconductors for which the index obeys the Cauchy dispersion equation. Index measurements on high-purity silicon are analyzed as an example.
Administered Puromycin and Mitochondrial Swelling

Puromycin administered in amounts reported by others to lower the metabolic rate of thyrotoxic rats increases the swelling of isolated liver mitochondria. This effect has been observed in 9 experiments and is not associated with changes in P/O or respiratory control ratio. Since the puromycin- injected animals appeared ill, further study of toxic substances upon the metabolic rate should be made before effects of puromycin can be attributed to inhibition of protein synthesis. (Endocrinology 77: 223, 1965)
Highly fluorinated epoxy resin. II. Behavior in blend applications

The behavior of a highly fluorinated epoxy resin blended with Epon 828 was studied. The two resins are immiscible, resulting in 10–20-μm spherical domains and a surface layer of fluorinated resin. A B stage for the blend providing for good ply lamination is indicated. The mechanical properties of the blend were commensurate with the Epon phase.
The Practice of Prophetic Imagination: A Response to Walter Brueggemann

In The Practice of the Prophetic Imagination, Walter Brueggemann presents the case and guidelines for proclaiming the message of the Hebrew prophets in contemporary situations. He critiques defective epistemologies that shout down the voice of God such as those subscribing to an ‘irrelevant transcendence or a cozy immanence’. For Brueggemann, the prophets address two major realms: royal presumption and Canaanite religion and culture. He addresses contemporary issues that call for critique in contemporary preaching.
Human avoidance responding with added point loss: Effects of tobacco and abstinence

Abstract Male smokers responded on a free-operant avoidance schedule with a response — point loss interval of 20 seconds and a point loss — point loss interval of 5 seconds. Unavoidable point losses were presented at variable times during the sessions. In Experiment 1 subjects were exposed to three tobacco abstinence conditions and an ad lib smoking condition. The conditions were nicotine gum, placebo gum, and no gum or cigarettes. In Experiment 2 subjects were administered tobacco smoke which delivered varying doses of nicotine. The smoke was administered by the spirometric method. Responding in each experiment was assessed during the session and also for 10 seconds following each of the unavoidable point losses. Results for Experiment 1 showed that the effect of smoke/nicotine abstinence on overall responding and for the interval following point losses differed across subjects. Results for Experiment 2 showed very little effect of acute nicotine dosing on the overall responding and varying effects on the responding during the interval following unavoidable point losses. These results are contrasted with previous research which has investigated tobacco smoke/nicotine abstinence and acute tobacco smoke dosing in experimental situations which were established as social via instructions.
Assignment of the hyperfine-shifted 1H-NMR signals of the heme in the oxygen sensor FixL from Rhizobium meliloti

Abstract Background: The Rhizobial oxygen sensor FixL is a hemoprotein with kinase activity. On binding of strong-field ligands, a change of the ferrous or ferric heme iron from high to low spin reversibly inactivates the kinase. This spin-state change and other information on the heme pocket have been inferred from enzymatic assays, absorption spectra and mutagenesis studies. We set out to investigate the spin-state of the FixL heme and to identify the hyperfine-shifted heme-proton signals by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Using one-dimensional N MR we directly observed the high- and low-spin nature of the met- and cyanomet-FixL heme domain, respectively. We determined the hyperfine-shifted 1 H-NMR signals of the heme and the proximal histidine by one- and two-dimensional spectroscopy and note the absence of distal histidine signals. Conclusions: These findings support the spin-state mechanism of FixL regulation. They establish that the site of heme coordination is a histidine residue and strongly suggest that a distal histidine is absent. With a majority of the heme resonances identified, one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques can be extended to provide structural and mechanistic information about the residues that line the heme pocket.
Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders

Over 40 years of development of cognitive behavioral approaches to treating anxiety and related emotional disorders have left us with highly efficacious treatments that are increasingly widely accepted. Nevertheless, these manualized protocols have become numerous and somewhat complex, restricting effective training and dissemination. Deepening understanding of the nature of emotional disorders reveals that commonalities in etiology and latent structure among these disorders supercedes differences. This suggests the possibility of distilling a set of psychological procedures that would comprise a unified intervention for emotional disorders. Based on theory and data emerging from the fields of learning, emotional development and regulation, and cognitive science, we identify three fundamental therapeutic components relevant to the treatment of emotional disorders generally. These three components include (a) altering antecedent cognitive reappraisals; (b) preventing emotional avoidance; and (c) facilitating action tendencies not associated with the emotion that is dysregulated. This treatment takes place in the context of provoking emotional expression (emotional exposure) through situational, internal, and somatic (interoceptive cues), as well as through standard mood-induction exercises, and differs from patient to patient only in the situational cues and exercises utilized. Theory and rationale supporting this new approach are described along with some preliminary experience with the protocol. This unified treatment may represent a more efficient and possibly a more effective strategy in treating emotional disorders, pending further evaluation.
USE OF COGNITIVE CAPACITY IN READING: A PERFORMANCE OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC

The cognitive capacity used in cognitive tasks can be measured with a secondary task technique (also called the dual task technique). Interpretation of results obtained with this technique depends on the assumption that the primary and secondary tasks require the same limited-capacity cognitive processing system. The present experiment tested this assumption by constructing a performance operating characteristic, in which the allocation of processing resources for the primary and secondary tasks was varied by instructions, and performance on the two tasks was observed. As the quality of performance on one task increased, performance on the other task decreased. It was concluded that the primary and secondary tasks shared processing resources. This means that performance on one task can be used as an indicator of processing resources allocated to the other. Implications of performance operating characteristics for secondary task methodology were discussed.
Hepatitis B and hepatitis B vaccine requirements in schools of nursing in the United States: a national survey.

To ascertain use of the hepatitis B vaccine and occurrence of hepatitis B infection in nursing students, 1152 U.S. nursing schools were surveyed; 54.3% responded. The vaccine was required by 4.2% and recommended by 7.7%. Baccalaureate programs tended to require the vaccine more than the associate degree or diploma programs (p = 0.062). The occurrence of exposure of nursing students to blood and body fluids in the past 5 years was reported by 89.7%. Students in the diploma program had significantly more exposures (98.6%) than those in the associate degree (92.8%) and baccalaureate programs (82.7%; p < 0.0005). At least one case of hepatitis B in the past 5 years was reported by 6.8%. Development of positive serologic markers in students after exposure to blood was reported by 7.1%. Seropositivity tended to occur in the Southeast and West (p = 0.035) and in cities with a relatively higher incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (p = 0.075). Diploma programs were significantly more likely to institute appropriate follow-up for students after exposure to blood of patients who were known or unknown carriers of hepatitis B virus (p < 0.0001). For students exposed to blood of patients whose hepatitis B status was unknown and patients who were known hepatitis B carriers, 19.2% and 8.9%, respectively, reported they performed no follow-up whatsoever. U.S. nursing students are inadequately protected against hepatitis B. Nursing school administrators and faculty should be educated on the risks of hepatitis B infection and the indications and use of the hepatitis B vaccine.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION OF HO. WITH BENZENE AND PENTAHALOGENATED PHENOLATE ANIONS IN SUBCRITICAL AND SUPERCRITICAL WATER

The effect of temperature, from ambient to supercritical, on the products of the reaction in water of HO• with benzene and the anions of pentabromophenol, pentachlorophenol, and pentafluorophenol i...
Contextualizing Images in Dreams: More Intense After Abuse and Trauma

A contextualizing image (CI) is a powerful central image in a dream which can be seen as picturing, or providing a picture-context for, the dominant emotion of the dreamer. Thus the paradigmatic dream, “I was overwhelmed by a tidal wave,” contextualizes the dominant emotion of fear/terror or helplessness. This study examined the question of whether CIs, scored on a blind basis, are especially frequent and intense in persons who have suffered abuse, and in persons who have suffered a recent acute trauma.
Amino Acid Measurements from a High Conductivity Matrix by Gradient Elution Isotachophoresis

Gradient elution isotachophoresis has demonstrated efficient enrichment and separation of many analytes, from small molecules to proteins. Prior work has shown analyte enrichment is most efficient with low conductivity samples and high conductivity leading electrolytes. This work investigates the applicability to small biomolecule measurements in highly saline matrices, such as found in biological fluids. The method was applied to the enrichment and separation of physiologically relevant concentrations of chromophore-derivatized aspartate and glutamate in artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Carboxyfluorescein-labeled species yielded the best sensitivity and resolution, with glutamate and aspartate LODs of 120 and 180 nM, respectively.
Fault-tolerance design of the IBM Enterprise System/9000 Type 9021 processors

The 9021-type processors offer the highest performance of the IBM Enterprise System/9000™ (ES/9000™) series. They also have the highest levels of concurrent error detection, fault isolation, recovery, and availability of any IBM general-purpose processor. High availability is achieved by minimizing component failure rates through improvements of the base technology, and design techniques that permit hard and soft failure detection, recovery and isolation, and component replacement concurrent with system operation. In this paper, we discuss fault-tolerant design techniques for array, logic, and storage subsystems. We also present diagnostic strategy, fault isolation, and recovery techniques. New features such as the redundant power system and Processor Availability Facility are described. The overall recovery design is described, as well as specific implementation schemes. The design process to verify the error detection, fault isolation, and recovery is also described.
Hyponatremia and Comparison of NT-pro-BNP Concentrations in Blood Samples from Jugular Bulb and Arterial Sites after Traumatic Brain Injury in Adults: A Pilot Study

Background Hyponatremia after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may influence neurological function and treatment. A causal relationship between elevated serum concentrations of Type B natriuretic peptide (BNP) and hyponatremia has been implied after subarachnoid hemorrhage and other neurosurgical disorders, although the source of BNP has not been identified. We evaluated if hyponatremia and increased BNP occur after TBI and if BNP is produced/released by the brain within 24 h after injury.
A single gene encoding vitellogenin in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: sequence at the 5′ end

Abstract The synthesis of vitellogenin (yolk protein precursor) in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is unique in that both males and females produce a high level of the protein. In this paper we show that this organism also is unique in possessing only a single vitellogenin gene. Like the genes that encode analogous proteins in vertebrates, the sea urchin gene is large, about 19 kb in length. The sequence surrounding the 5' end of the gene revealed several other similarities to vertebrate vitellogenin genes: the signal sequence is exceptionally short and has a sequence similar to those from frog and chick; there is a canonical TATA box at -32; and there is a sequence closely resembling the estrogen-responsive element at -207.
Akt, a Pleckstrin Homology Domain Containing Kinase, Is Activated Primarily by Phosphorylation

Akt is a serine/threonine kinase that is stimulated by receptor tyrosine kinases and contains a pleckstrin homology domain. One model proposed to explain this activation suggests that receptor tyrosine kinases stimulate a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase whose lipid products directly activate Akt kinase by interacting with its pleckstrin homology domain. In the present study, we show, in three cell types, that Akt does not require its pleckstrin homology domain to respond to either insulin or platelet-derived growth factor. Moreover, attachment of the src myristoylation signal to target Akt, without its pleckstrin homology domain, to the membrane constitutively activates Akt by causing an increase in its basal level of phosphorylation. This constitutively active form of Akt can also activate p70S6K, indicating that the pleckstrin homology domain is not necessary for downstream interactions. Fusion of the inter src homology 2 domain from the p85 regulatory subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to Akt also constitutively activated Akt and induced an association with the lipid kinase. Phosphorylation of this fusion protein still critically contributes toward its increased activity. The sum of these results indicates that the primary mechanism of Akt activation is via protein phosphorylation.
miR-107 Regulates Granulin/Progranulin with Implications for Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Disease

Granulin (GRN, or progranulin) is a protein involved in wound repair, inflammation, and neoplasia. GRN has also been directly implicated in frontotemporal dementia and may contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. However, GRN regulation expression is poorly understood. A high-throughput experimental microRNA assay showed that GRN is the strongest target for miR-107 in human H4 neuroglioma cells. miR-107 has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, and sequence elements in the open reading frame-rather than the 3' untranslated region-of GRN mRNA are recognized by miR-107 and are highly conserved among vertebrate species. To better understand the mechanism of this interaction, FLAG-tagged Argonaute constructs were used following miR-107 transfection. GRN mRNA interacts preferentially with Argonaute 2. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that regulation of GRN by miR-107 may be functionally important. Glucose supplementation in cultured cells that leads to increased miR-107 levels also results in decreased GRN expression, including changes in cell compartmentation and decreased secretion of GRN protein. This effect was eliminated following miR-107 transfection. We also tested a mouse model where miR-107 has been shown to be down-regulated. In brain tissue subjacent to 1.0 mm depth controlled cortical impact, surviving hippocampal neurons show decreased miR-107 with augmentation of neuronal GRN expression. These findings indicate that miR-107 contributes to GRN expression regulation with implications for brain disorders.
Effects of recalled childhood gender nonconformity on adult genitoerotic role and AIDS exposure

The connections between childhood gender nonconformity (assessed by the Freund Feminine Gender Identity Scale, or FGI) and adult genitoerotic role (assessed by a sex history) were examined. The core sample was a group of 106 men who had sex with other men before 1980 and who are currently enrolled in two longitudinal studies of AIDS. Although other workers have cautioned against assuming a priori that childhood gender role is inherently related to adult preferences for particular sexual acts, our data suggest that there is at least a statistical association between these two concepts. In particular, the FGI (and many of its factors and items) are significantly associated with preferences for receptive anal intercourse and, less clearly, with oral-anal contact — but not with oral-genital intercourse or insertive anal intercourse. Suggestions for AIDS prevention and safe-sex awareness are made on the basis of these findings. The data also suggest that in sex research involving homosexual men, the correct genitoerotic role distinction is not insertive vs. receptive behaviors, or even insertive vs. receptive anal intercourse, but receptive anal intercourse vs. all other behaviors.
Mechanisms of Organic Oxidation and Reduction by Metal Complexes

The mechanism of many organic oxidation and reduction reactions can be described in terms of the formation and reaction of free radicals with metal complexes. Redox (trace-metal) catalysis also involves the oxidation and reduction of radical intermediates with a metal species which oscillates between several oxidation states (4). The oxidation and reduction of free radicals with metal complexes follow two general mechanisms, electron transfer and ligand transfer. Direct analogy exists with wholly inorganic descriptions of outer-sphere and innersphere processes. In an electron transfer or outersphere mechanism the redox process is derived largely by transfer of an electron from reductant to oxidant, with only indirect contributions from the solvent and ligand. Carbonium ion intermediates and transition states are important considerations, and the scission of the beta-hydrogen bond is minor during oxidation of alkyl radicals to alkenes. In contrast, ligand transfer or inner-sphere mechanism demands maximum involvement of the ligand in the transition state. Free-radical character prevails; cationic contributions from the organic moiety are minimal. Oxidation and reduction are conjugate processes. In an electron transfer mechanism the oxidation of alkyl radicals to carbonium ions is conceptually represented by a microscopic reverse reaction in which a carbonium ion is reduced to an alkyl radical. A similar duality exists in the interconversion of carbanions and free radicals by metal complexes. The reversibility of the ligand transfer process is easier to observe. For example, the chlorine-transfer oxidation of alkyl radicals is represented by a microscopic reverse reduction of alkyl chlorides to alkyl radicals by cuprous chlorides. A ligand transfer counterpart of the reduction of radicals R*+Cu(II)Cl(n) R-Cl+Cu(I)Cl(n-1) can also be described. Hopefully, these simple redox mechanisms will be utilized in rationalizing complex reactions and formulating new syntheses. The limited number of examples cited in this short review represent only an introduction to the vast area of chemical research to be tapped in the study of the mechanisms and the synthetic utility of oxidation-reduction reactions and catalysis.
Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet

A new retransmission-based error control technique is presented that does not incur any additional latency in frame playout times, and hence are suitable for interactive applications. It takes advantage of the motion prediction loop employed in most motion compensation-based codecs. By correcting errors in a reference frame caused by earlier packet loss, it prevents error propagation. The technique rearranges the temporal dependency of frames so that a displayed frame is referenced for the decoding of its succeeding dependent frames much later than its display time. Thus, the delay in repairing lost packets can be effectively masked out. The developed technique is combined with layered video coding to maintain consistently good video quality even under heavy packet loss. Through the results of extensive Internet experiments, the paper shows that layered coding can be very effective when combined with the retransmission-based error control technique for low-bit rate transmission over best effort networks where no network-level mechanism exists for protecting high priority data from packet loss.
Simulation of Electron Hop Funnels Using Version 9.2 of Lorentz-2E

Electron hop funnels have been simulated using the new version of the particle trajectory simulation software, Lorentz-2E. Simulations were conducted to determine the validity of the version 9.2 results and the consistency of the results with a previous version of the software, version 8. In addition, a new method of injecting a uniform current with all rays of equal charge is discussed, and the results of the method are presented. Version 9.2 of the software was successfully implemented and a new emission model was tested. The transition of the software version will allow for faster simulation times of the electron hop funnel simulations to increase the understanding of the device.