cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulated MIKE spectra from a conventional double focusing mass spectrometer

Abstract By scanning the accelerating voltage ( V ) and the electric sector voltage ( E ) in a conventional Mattauch-Herzog geometry mass spectrometer such that E 2 / V is constant a simulated mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectrum is obtained. The spectrum obtained by the linked scan technique is similar to a MIKE spectrum except that individual peaks are narrow and do not provide information about the kinetic energy release. The sensitivity of this method of scanning compares well with the MIKE spectrum but artifacts due to the transmission of ions of adjacent masses are observed and these place some limitations on the linked scan method. Nevertheless, as an inexpensive alternative to construction of an instrument with reversed geometry, use of the present method in molecular structural analysis is foreseen.
Titanium preconditioning of Al 2 O 3 for liquid-state processing of Al-Al 2 O 3 composite materials

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of titanium onto the surface of alumina substrates was used to improve the wetting by molten aluminum prior to infiltration. The CVD titanium coatings on alumina substrates were characterized by X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) as dual-phase, elemental titanium and titanium aluminide, Ti3Al. The kinetics of the coating process were quantified and analyzed using established reaction kinetics models. An overall activation energy of 219 kJ/mole was calculated for the formation of the titanium coatings on planar alumina substrates, for the temperature range of 610 °C to 870 °C. The CVD-coated planar and porous alumina substrates were immersed in molten aluminum, and wetting of planar substrates and infiltration of porous bodies were documented. Formation of both aluminum-rich and titanium-rich reaction products was observed through EDS cross-sectional analysis.
Effects of cyclic nucleotides on tetanus toxin paralyzed rabbit sphincter pupillae muscles

Abstract The effects of isotonic saline, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and their dibutyryl derivatives on normal and tetanus toxin-paralyzed sphincter pupillae muscles were studied. Isoproterenol was used to test the functional integrity of dilator muscles. All drugs, diluted either in isotonic saline or phosphate buffered saline, were injected into the anterior chambers of the eyes of New Zealand albino rabbit 72 hr after isotonic saline or 1000 minimum lethal doses (mouse MLD) of purified tetanus toxin. The results indicated a functional adrenergic receptor system in both saline and toxin-treated eyes. Cyclic nucleotides had no marked effect on the pupillary muscles in saline-treated, non-paralyzed rabbit eyes. Injections of cyclic AMP diluted in either isotonic saline or phosphate buffered saline had little or no effect on normal or paralyzed pupillary muscles. However, cyclic GMP injections temporarily reversed the paralysis of sphincter pupillae muscles. These observations provide further evidence that cyclic nucleotides are implicated in the mode of action of tetanus toxin.
Experiencing cultural differences: reflections on cultural diversity.

Achieving cultural diversity is one of the priorities in many nursing schools. Although being culturally aware takes a lot of effort, this awareness does not necessarily translate into behavior until one experiences day-to-day life with someone from another culture. My experience as a nurse coming from another country and working in the United States illustrates this difficulty.
Altered kinetics of contraction in skeletal muscle fibers containing a mutant myosin regulatory light chain with reduced divalent cation binding

We examined the kinetic properties of rabbit skinned skeletal muscle fibers in which the endogenous myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) was partially replaced with a mutant RLC (D47A) containing a point mutation within the Ca2+/Mg2+ binding site that severely reduced its affinity for divalent cations. We found that when approximately 50% of the endogenous RLC was replaced by the mutant, maximum tension declined to approximately 60% of control and the rate constant of active tension redevelopment (ktr) after mechanical disruption of cross-bridges was reduced to approximately 70% of control. This reduction in ktr was not an indirect effect on kinetics due to a reduced number of strongly bound myosin heads, because when the strongly binding cross-bridge analog N-ethylmaleimide-modified myosin subfragment1 (NEM-S1) was added to the fibers, there was no effect upon maximum ktr. Fiber stiffness declined after D47A exchange in a manner indicative of a decrease in the number of strongly bound cross-bridges, suggesting that the force per cross-bridge was not significantly affected by the presence of D47A RLC. In contrast to the effects on ktr, the rate of tension relaxation in steadily activated fibers after flash photolysis of the Ca2+ chelator diazo-2 increased by nearly twofold after D47A exchange. We conclude that the incorporation of the nondivalent cation-binding mutant of myosin RLC decreases the proportion of cycling cross-bridges in a force-generating state by decreasing the rate of formation of force-generating bridges and increasing the rate of detachment. These results suggest that divalent cation binding to myosin RLC plays an important role in modulating the kinetics of cross-bridge attachment and detachment.
Correction: AC conductivity parameters of graphene derived from THz etalon transmittance

Correction for ‘AC conductivity parameters of graphene derived from THz etalon transmittance’ by Weidong Zhang et al., Nanoscale, 2014, DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03222e.
FTIR Investigation of 2-Chlorophenol Chemisorption on a Silica Surface from 200 to 500 °C

The time-dependent chemisorption of 2-chlorophenol on a fumed silica surface was studied in situ from 200 to 500 °C using a temperature-controlled dosing cell and FTIR absorption spectroscopy. 2-Chlorophenol was found to chemisorb at isolated and geminal surface hydroxyl sites. 2-Chlorophenol chemisorption and subsequent surface oxidation resulted in a mixture of chlorophenolate and partial oxidation products, such as formates and acetates. The rates of chemisorption were measured, and the activation energy of adsorption was found to be 15 ± 4 kJ mol-1 for a fast, initial reaction and 22 ± 2 kJ mol-1 for a slower reaction at higher surface coverage. This work was motivated by the observation that combustion-generated fly ash mediates the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) at temperatures between 250 and 450 °C. Although transition metals such as copper are known to catalyze or mediate this reaction, silica is the major component of fly ash and chemisorption at higher...
Beyond the Myth of the Myth: A Kantian Theory of Non-Conceptual Content

Abstract In this essay I argue that a broadly Kantian strategy for demonstrating and explaining the existence, semantic structure, and psychological function of essentially non-conceptual content can also provide an intelligible and defensible bottom-up theory of the foundations of rationality in minded animals. Otherwise put, if I am correct, then essentially non-conceptual content constitutes the semantic and psychological substructure, or matrix, out of which the categorically normative a priori superstructure of epistemic rationality and practical rationality – Sellars’s “logical space of reasons” – grows.
Translocation of Fas by LPA prevents ovarian cancer cells from anti-Fas-induced apoptosis

Objectives. Alterations in the expression of Fas have been demonstrated in various cancers as a mechanism for tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance. In this study, we observed the effect of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) on Fas expression and function in ovarian cancer cells. Methods. Ovarian cancer cell lines were incubated with or without LPA and Fas cell surface presentations were detected by flow cytometry. Anti-Fas IgM was added for induction and analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry. Cell lysis and subcellular fractions were probed for protein expression by Western blot. Cells were also stained with human anti-Fas Ab, followed with Rhodamine red-X-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG, and immunofluorescence images were acquired on a Nikon digital camera. Results. Following treatment with LPA, ovarian cancer cells showed significant rapid reduction of Fas presentation on the cell surface. LPA protected ovarian cancer cells from anti-Fas-induced apoptosis. Cell lysis and subcellular fractionations proved that LPA treatment induced a translocation of Fas receptors, along with phosphorylated ezrin, from the membrane anchored to the actin cytoskeleton, to the cytosol. Translocation of the Fas receptor reduced Fas concentration in the membrane and may inhibit its clustering and internalization during early apoptosis induced by anti-Fas. DISC staining proved that LPA inhibited Fas receptor aggregation and caspase-8 activation at the membrane, which further inhibited caspase-3 and 7 activation in the cytosol. Conclusions. Our studies suggest that LPA induces translocation of Fas from the cell membrane to the cytosol, which may provide a mechanism by which ovarian cancer cells evade FasL-bearing immune cells.
Computational studies on metathetical and redox processes of HOCl in gas phase. III. Its self-reaction and interactions with HNOx (x = 1-3).

The gas-phase redox reactions of HOCl with its self and HNOx (x = 1−3) have been studied theoretically by ab initio quantum chemical and statistical mechanical theories. The structures of reactants, intermediate complexes, products, and transition states were optimized at the MPW1PW91/6-311+G(3df,2p) level of theory. The potential energy surface of each reaction was refined at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) level of theory. The most favorable products are predicted to be ClClO + H2O and ClOCl + H2O for the HOCl self-reaction (A), H2O + Cl + NO for the HOCl + HNO reaction (B), H2O + ClNO2 for the HOCl + HONO-t reaction (C), H2O + cis-ClONO for the HOCl + HONO-c reaction (D). For the HOCl + HONO2 reaction (E), only one dehydration reaction channel was considered to produce H2O + ClONO2. The rate constants of all above five reactions have been predicted at 300−3000 K by the VTST/RRKM theory. The calculation shows that the theoretical rate constants are within the upper limits of experimental results. In additio...
Breaks are Better: A Tier II Social Behavior Intervention

Multi-tiered systems of social behavioral support in schools provide varying levels of intervention matched to student need. Tier I (primary or universal) systems are for all students and are designed to promote pro-social behavior. Tier III (tertiary or intensive) supports are for students who engage in serious challenging behavior that has not responded to other efforts. In between Tier I and Tier III are Tier II (secondary or targeted interventions), for students at risk for developing more serious problematic behavior. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Breaks are Better, a Tier II intervention designed for students who engage in problem behavior maintained by avoidance of instructional activities. Breaks are Better builds on an evidence-based Tier II intervention, Check-in/Check-out, but includes key components to enhance its effectiveness for students who avoid instruction. Working with three typically developing elementary school students, we documented changes in problem behavior during academic instruction following the implementation of Breaks are Better. Further, students and teachers rated the intervention as both feasible and valuable.
Femtosecond time-resolved zero kinetic energy photoelectron and photoionization spectroscopy studies of I2 wavepacket dynamics

Abstract We report the application of femtosecond zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy and photoionization to the study of bound wavepacket motion in the electronic B state of iodine by a [1 + 2] multiphoton process. The experimental approach is described in detail. Comparisons of ZEKE photoelectron detection with ion detection are made. The pump wavelength was fixed at 580 nm whereas the probe wavelength was tuned from 350 to 300 nm. Wavepacket motion in the B state with the fundamental vibrational period of 340 fs was observed, as well as wavepacket dephasing and rephasing. Differences in the modulation depths and Fourier transform power spectra were observed. The phase shifts (time offset from Δt = 0) and modulation patterns varied as the location of the Condon point for the probe step changed upon tuning the probe wavelength. Higher-order wavepacket fractional revivals were observed in time-windowed Fourier transform power spectra.
The redshift-space galaxy two-point correlation function and baryon acoustic oscillations

Future galaxy surveys will measure baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) with high significance, and a complete understanding of the anisotropies of BAOs in redshift space will be important to exploit the cosmological information in BAOs. Here we describe the anisotropies that arise in the redshift-space galaxy two-point correlation function (2PCF) and elucidate the origin of features that arise in the dependence of the BAOs on the angle between the orientation of the galaxy pair and the line of sight. We do so with a derivation of the configuration-space 2PCF using streaming model. We find that, contrary to common belief, the locations of BAO peaks in the redshift-space 2PCF are anisotropic even in the linear theory. Anisotropies in BAO depend strongly on the method of extracting the peak, showing maximum 3 % angular variation. We also find that extracting the BAO peak of $r^2\xi(r,\mu)$ significantly reduces the anisotropy to sub-percent level angular variation. When subtracting the tilt due to the broadband behavior of the 2PCF, the BAO bump is enhanced along the line of sight because of local infall velocities toward the BAO bump. Precise measurement of the angular dependence of the redshift-space 2PCF will allow new geometrical tests of dark energy beyond the BAO.
An elt-3/elt-5/elt-6 GATA Transcription Circuit Guides Aging in C. elegans

To define the C. elegans aging process at the molecular level, we used DNA microarray experiments to identify a set of 1294 age-regulated genes and found that the GATA transcription factors ELT-3, ELT-5, and ELT-6 are responsible for age regulation of a large fraction of these genes. Expression of elt-5 and elt-6 increases during normal aging, and both of these GATA factors repress expression of elt-3, which shows a corresponding decrease in expression in old worms. elt-3 regulates a large number of downstream genes that change expression in old age, including ugt-9, col-144, and sod-3. elt-5(RNAi) and elt-6(RNAi) worms have extended longevity, indicating that elt-3, elt-5, and elt-6 play an important functional role in the aging process. These results identify a transcriptional circuit that guides the rapid aging process in C. elegans and indicate that this circuit is driven by drift of developmental pathways rather than accumulation of damage.
Asyndesis and meiotic non-reduction in microsporogenesis of apomictic Paspalum secans.

The materials of P. secans that have been studied represent several different pseudogamous, obligately apomictic clones of the species. The microspore meioses are characterized by a uniformly high degree of asyndesis and the usual occurrence of restitution nuclei. An upset in timing relations of the processes involved in division is suggested by wide variation in the time of initiation of meiosis among the microsporocytes in an anther, complex chromosome movements in many cells, and irregular cleavage of some cells at various stages of chromosome behavior. Restitution nuclei may be formed at any stage after diakinesis, with the stage at which they occur apparently having a general relationship to the time at which division was initiated in that cell relative to other microsporocytes in the anther. The initial movement of the univalents is toward the poles of the spindle, and is sometimes completed with the formation of telophase nuclei that remain distinct. In most microsporocytes, however, the movement toward the poles is followed by a movement of the chromosomes toward the equator. At a later stage which is found in some cells the univalents at the equator can be seen in process of division. This division may result in the splitting of many univalents, but soon afterward breaks down with the formation of a restitution nucleus. Although some irregularities were observed, the post-restitution division is usually regular and results in the formation of dyads of unreduced microspores.
What does weight stigma smell like? Cross-modal influence of visual weight cues on olfaction

In a variety of personal and professional domains, heavy individuals face stigma associated with their body size. Here we investigate a new method for subtle detection of the negative perceptions consistent with that stigma. In two studies, participants were asked to view images of heavy and thin individuals while smelling substances that, unbeknownst to them, were odorless. Across both studies, the results showed that the substances were perceived to smell worse when they were paired with images of heavy individuals than when they were paired with images of thin individuals. These findings suggest that perceptions of stigmatized individuals can be assessed indirectly through olfactory responses. More generally, they suggest that the effects of weight stigma are broader than previously recognized.
Enhancing Stochastic Search Performance by Value-Biased Randomization of Heuristics

This paper investigates the utility of introducing randomization as a means of boosting the performance of search heuristics. We introduce a particular approach to randomization, called Value-biased stochastic sampling (VBSS), which emphasizes the use of heuristic value in determining stochastic bias. We offer an empirical study of the performance of value-biased and rank-biased approaches to randomizing search heuristics. We also consider the use of these stochastic sampling techniques in conjunction with local hill-climbing. Finally, we contrast the performance of stochastic sampling search with more systematic search procedures as a means of amplifying the performance of search heuristics.
8-Channel RF head coil of MRI with automatic tuning and matching

The Radio Frequency (RF) coil is an essential part of hardware in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems and microstrip transmission line (TEM) RF coils have been widely used for high-field applications to excite and receive the nuclear magnetic resonance signals. These coils are typically terminated by capacitors. On one end two variable capacitors, the matching capacitor (Cm) and tuning capacitor (Ct), and on the other end a fixed value capacitor (Cf) form a capacitively tuned, matched, and foreshortened half-wave resonator. These resonant coil elements have narrow bandwidth due to their high quality factors (Qs). High transmit power efficiency and receive Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) depend on a well-tuned and matched coil element. Conversely, the variable body loading of these coil elements can adversely impact both tuning and matching, and therefore power efficiency and SNR of transmit/receive signals. Loading effects are problematic and a manual tuning is a time-consuming adjustment. It, however, is the only method to avoid loading problems at present. This study demonstrates the automatic frequency tuning and impedance matching technique for the optimal coil efficiency. An 8-channel RF head coil has been successfully built and tested with a fully automatic tuning and matching function at 7tesla (T). It offers real-time fast operation (less than 550ms per channel) and accurate frequency tuning and impedance matching (less than -20dB in the reflected coefficient, S11, at the Larmor frequency) resulting in the high power efficiency (4% ~ 21% improvement for each channel).
Crystallization Kinetics and Properties of Nonstoichiometric Cordierite-Based Thick-Film Dielectrics

Dielectric thick films based on a nonstoichiometric cordierite (2.4MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2, containing 3 wt% B2O3, 3 wt% P2O5, and 3 wt% PbO) were investigated, in regard to their microstructure, crystallization kinetics, and properties. A stable glass-ceramic thick-film microstructure that was formed on a 96% alumina substrate was observed after firing at a temperature of 915°C for 30 min in a nitrogen atmosphere. No µ-cordierite was observed in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the thick film. The crystallization kinetics were studied via quantitative XRD analysis using the Avrami equation, and the rate constant increased as the temperature increased. The decreasing tendency of the Avrami parameter, relative to temperature, suggested a change in growth directionality during crystallization. The activation energy for crystallization of the thick film was determined to be ~83 kcal/mol (~350 kJ/mol). The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the dielectric constant of the glass phase were evaluated using the bulk-sample data. For the case of a 3-wt%-PbO sample fired at 950°C for 30 min in a nitrogen atmosphere, the remaining glass was estimated, using the parallel mixing rule, to have a dielectric constant of 15.3 at 1 MHz. The dielectric constant of the remaining glass was dependent on the PbO content and the heat-treatment temperature. The estimated CTE of the remaining glass for the 3-wt%-PbO sample was 19 × 10-6/°C.
PI(4,5)P2 regulates the activation and desensitization of TRPM8 channels through the TRP domain.

PI(4,5)P 2 regulates the activation and desensitization of TRPM8 channels through the TRP domain
Aligning game activity with educational goals: following a constrained design approach to instructional computer games

We discuss the design, creation and implementation of an instructional game for use in a high school poetry class following a commitment to an educational game design principle of alignment. We studied groups of instructional designers and an interactive fiction computer game they built. The game was implemented in a 9th grade English classroom to see if the designed alignments were realized in the classroom. Results from observations and collected design artifacts suggest the alignment theory created extra challenges and rewards for the game designers. They encountered tensions between creating an exciting game-like atmosphere with inventive programming techniques while remaining loyal to the narrative structure and instructional goals. Game-play transcripts and interviews with middle school participants offered additional insights into the successes and failures of intentional efforts to bring about educational game alignment.
Planning 3-D Path Networks in Unstructured Environments

In this paper, we explore the problem of three-dimensional motion planning in highly cluttered and unstructured outdoor environments. Because accurate sensing and modeling of obstacles is notoriously difficult in such environments, we aim to build computational tools that can handle large point data sets (e.g. LADAR data). Using a priori aerial data scans of forested environments, we compute a network of free space bubbles forming safe paths within environments cluttered with tree trunks, branches and dense foliage. The network (roadmap) of paths is used for efficiently planning paths that consider obstacle clearance information. We present experimental results on large point data sets typical of those faced by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, but also applicable to ground-based robots navigating through forested environments.
Time alignment of natural speech to synthetic speech

A capacity to carry out reliable automatic time alignment of synthetic speech to naturally produced speech offers potential benfits in speech recognition and speaker recognition as well as in synthesis itself. Phrase alignment experiments are described that indicate that alignment to synthetic speech is more difficult than alignment of speech from two natural speakers. An artificial speech recognition experiment is introduced as a convenient means of assessing alignment accuracy. By this measure, alignment accuracy is found to be improved considerably by applying certain speaker adaptation transformations to the synthetic speech, by modifying the spectrum similarity metric, and by generating the synthetic spectra directly from the control parameters using simplified excitation spectra. The improvements seem to limit, however, at a level below that found between natural speakers. It is conjectured that further improvement requires modifications to the synthesis rules themselves.
Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase as an Immunohistochemical Marker for Inflammatory Macrophages

Human serum contains 2 isoforms of type-5 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP): 5a and 5b. TRACP-5b is osteoclastic. Our goal was to determine if serum TRACP-5a could originate from inflammatory macrophages (MPhi). We stained 246 paraffin-embedded tissue samples for TRACP using monoclonal antibody 9C5 (mab9C5) to isoforms 5a and 5b and a novel mab220 specific to isoform 5a. CD68 and lysozyme were also stained. MPhi of chronic and granulomatous inflammation and in tissues that undergo strong antigenic stimulation were strongly positive for TRACP, more so with mab220 than with mab9C5. Noninflammatory MPhi in lymph node sinuses or germinal centers and red pulp MPhi of spleen were weak or negative for TRACP. Marginal zone lymphocytes and sebaceous glands of skin were weakly positive for TRACP. Tissue mast cells displayed strong TRACP staining. Neuroendocrine cells of gastrointestinal tissues were strongly immunoreactive with mab9C5 but negative with mab220. Restricted expression of TRACP primarily in inflammatory MPhi supports our hypothesis that circulating TRACP-5a could be a biomarker of chronic inflammatory disease activity.
The twilight of science—Last of the ‘gods’

Abstract That technology is the world's dominant religion and science its theology, is a theme which I have developed over two decades. Once linguistic hurdles are cleared, this thesis appears self-evident, even trite. The newer proposition in this paper is that just as with all other religions, the public which will no doubt continue to want the fruits (and pay the price) of the techno-religion is not at all sure about the value of the science-theology. We are definitely witnessing the beginning of the end for the first universal theology and its god, science.
Emotion, Reason, and Information and Communication Technologies in Education: Some Issues in a Post-Emotional Society

In this article, the authors work across issues of information and communication technologies (ICT) in education to explore the meaning of emotional experience in the context of online learning. In light of Mestrovic's (1997) notion of a 'post-emotional' society and the increasing role of ICT in education, it is argued that educators need to rethink, modify, or extend some of the assumptions made about the relationship between emotion and reason (e.g. as these assumptions are expressed in the traditional binaries between body and mind, and emotion and reason). The argument put forward is that opportunities and consequent decisions and actions about particular pedagogical practices and philosophies must engage with an analysis of the meaning and implications of these assumptions for learning and learners.
Bacterial cell association and antimicrobial activity of a C60 water suspension

Prior to the implementation of any new technology, possible environmental and health repercussions first must be researched. Fullerenes are to be produced soon on an industrial scale, with applications quickly following. To investigate the possible environmental impact of fullerenes, a C60-water suspension (nano-C60) was synthesized and then evaluated for cell-association and toxicity, using the bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis as indicator species. In a defined low-salts medium, nano-C60 associated with both the Gram-negative E. coli and the Gram-positive B. subtilis, albeit more strongly with the former. Nano-C60 also displayed antimicrobial properties against both E. coli and B. subtilis, with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.5 to 1 mg/ L and 1.5 to 3.0 mg/L, respectively. Media with higher salt contents result in the nano-C60 particles aggregating and falling out of suspension; thus, higher salt solutions reduced or eliminated the antimicrobial properties of nano-C60.
Ranging patterns in white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum simum: implications for mating strategies

How animals use space has important consequences for feeding ecology, social organization, mating strategies and conservation management. In white rhinoceros, female home ranges are much larger than male territories, suggesting that movement patterns are influenced by factors other than resource distribution. In this study we placed radiotransmitters on 15 female white rhinoceros, recording 1758 locations and collecting behavioural data during 1671 observation sessions, making this the largest data set of its kind in this species. We investigated how habitat variables and male territories influenced female movement and reproductive behaviour. Female home ranges were approximately 20 km 2 and core areas were 5k m 2 , with male territories roughly the same size as female core areas. Female range size did not vary with season, but the pattern of space use did vary. Females used grassland habitat preferentially, utilizing these areas significantly more than expected based on availability. Findings relevant to the mating strategy include: (1) the amount of grassland in a male’s territory predicted female use of the territory; (2) the time that a female spent in a male’s territory was a significant predictor of reproductive activity with the male, indicating that females probably mate with the most familiar male; and (3) the temporal pattern of female space use suggests that females did not increase mate sampling behaviour nor did they become more choosy about which males they visited when reproductively active. These findings suggest that males may maximize reproductive success by defending areas containing more grassland habitat.
Assessment of Childhood Behavioral Disorders

This chapter seeks to provide an overview of some common assessment measures for emotional/behavioral problems in Asian-American youth. Measures for which psychometric data are available only for Asian populations are also noted. Rating scales in the current youth behavioral assessment literature discussed include: (1) Global impairment scales, (2) Domain-specific scales, and (3) Symptom-specific scales. We conclude the chapter with recommendations of how to utilize these measures and provide suggestions for future research to improve the utility of behavioral assessments for Asian-American youth.
Withdrawal from free-choice ethanol consumption results in increased packing density of glutamine synthetase-immunoreactive astrocytes in the prelimbic cortex of alcohol-preferring rats.

Excess activation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the cerebral cortex following ethanol withdrawal is considered to contribute to significant behavioural disturbances, and to alcohol craving. Astrocytes may play a role in these manifestations because astrocytes are essential in the regulation of released glutamate and its conversion to glutamine through the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS). However, it is unclear if withdrawal from free-choice ethanol drinking causes changes in the numbers of astrocytes expressing GS or the cytoskeletal protein of astrocytes glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Alcohol-preferring (P) rats exposed to free-choice ethanol drinking were either maintained without forced interruption of ethanol drinking, subjected to a 3-day withdrawal period at the end of 2 months, or subjected to three 3-day withdrawal periods along 6 months. At 2 months, P rats were also compared with alcohol-naive alcohol non-preferring rats (NP) rats. Packing density of GS and GFAP-immunoreactive (IR) astrocytes was measured in sections from the prelimbic cortex (PLC) using the optical disector probe. An alcohol deprivation effect was observed in P rats with withdrawals during a 6-month ethanol drinking period. Ethanol withdrawal significantly increased the packing density of GS- and GFAP-IR astrocytes in the PLC of P rats as compared with P rats with continuous access to ethanol. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the pre-withdrawal ethanol consumption and the packing density of GS-IR astrocytes. The present results suggest the involvement of astrocytes in the regulation of the glutamatergic activation associated with withdrawal from free-choice ethanol consumption and point to differential adaptations of GS and GFAP to prolonged alcohol drinking in the PLC of P rats.
Hippocampal theta sequences reflect current goals

Hippocampal information processing is discretized by oscillations, and the ensemble activity of place cells is organized into temporal sequences bounded by theta cycles. Theta sequences represent time-compressed trajectories through space. Their forward-directed nature makes them an intuitive candidate mechanism for planning future trajectories, but their connection to goal-directed behavior remains unclear. As rats performed a value-guided decision-making task, the extent to which theta sequences projected ahead of the animal's current location varied on a moment-by-moment basis depending on the rat's goals. Look-ahead extended farther on journeys to distant goals than on journeys to more proximal goals and was predictive of the animal's destination. On arrival at goals, however, look-ahead was similar regardless of where the animal began its journey from. Together, these results provide evidence that hippocampal theta sequences contain information related to goals or intentions, pointing toward a potential spatial basis for planning.
MUD LAKE, FLORIDA; ITS ALGAE AND ALKALINE BROWN WATER1

Mud Lake (Marion County, Florida), in the Ocala National Forest, is elliptical, has an area of ca. 180 ha, and a mean depth of less than 50 cm. The water contains about 200 ppm dissolved solids, ranges from brown to nearly colorless ( 15 to 100 Pt units ), and is always alkaline (pH 7.7 to 10.2). Dissolved Fe, Ca, POC, tannin-lignin, and the specific conductance, color, and temperature of the water were measured monthly for 1 yr, and temperature and PII were measured many other times during the 3-yr study ( 1966-1968). The lake is surrounded by a zone of mixed hardwood swamp flora and a floating mat of vegetation and has no submerged higher plants and only 1 or 2 ma of emergent plants. The lake sediment consists exclusively of minute fecal pellets produced mainly by chironomid larvae and composed solely of blue-green algae. Myxophyceae arc represented by at least 10 genera and 12 species, which live exclusively on, or in, the fecal pellets; less than half show a seasonal distribution. The Chlorophyceae consist dominantly of Spirogyra triplicata with minor amounts of Sirogonium sp. and generally occur in enormous winter blooms, correlated with changing amounts of dissolved PO4 and apparently inversely with both temperature and incident light. Bacillariophyceae are represented by 18 species and varieties, but the total population is small. Nanno-, zooand phytoplankton are extremely rare, probably because of the prevailing high intensity illumination and the extremely shallow water. Only the fish population is large, and this is dominated by minnows, gars, and sunfish. The midge population is remarkably small, A bacterial inhibitor probably accounts for the small population of bacteria both in the water and in the top layer of
Match Box: fine-grained parallelism at the match level

Introduces Match Box, an incremental matching algorithm for determining the tuple instantiations of forward-chaining production rules. Match Box is rooted in the mathematical interconnections between tuple and binding spaces, a framework also applicable to other pattern matching algorithms. The idea is to precompare a rule's binding space and then have each binding independently monitor working memory for the incremental formation of tuple instantiations. A key feature of Match Box is that, on a massively parallel architecture, it can perform a rule's computationally intensive incremental join testing in constant time. It also finds application on conventional serial processors. >
Unitary Groups over Division Rings

Let R be a division ring. Let (R, Λ), with underlying J and ∈, be a form ring over R and let V = (V, q, h) be an n-dimensional, non-degenerate quadratic module over (R,Λ). The unitary group U(V) of V will now be denoted U n (V). While R is restricted to be a division ring, V will be general in this chapter. This contrasts sharply to the previous chapter which restricted itself for the most part to hyperbolic modules. An outline of the chapter follows.
Combinatorial drug screening and molecular profiling reveal diverse mechanisms of intrinsic and adaptive resistance to BRAF inhibition in V600E BRAF mutant melanomas

// Devin G. Roller 1 , Brian Capaldo 2 , Stefan Bekiranov 2 , Aaron J. Mackey 3 , Mark R. Conaway 3 , Emanuel F. Petricoin 4 , Daniel Gioeli 1 , Michael J. Weber 1 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA 3 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908 USA 4 Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA Correspondence to: Michael J. Weber, e-mail: mjw@virginia.edu Keywords: melanoma, therapeutic resistance, cell signaling, BRAF, MAP Kinase Received: August 20, 2015 Accepted: November 21, 2015 Published: December 10, 2015 ABSTRACT Over half of BRAFV600E melanomas display intrinsic resistance to BRAF inhibitors, in part due to adaptive signaling responses. In this communication we ask whether BRAFV600E melanomas share common adaptive responses to BRAF inhibition that can provide clinically relevant targets for drug combinations. We screened a panel of 12 treatment-naive BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines with MAP Kinase pathway inhibitors in pairwise combination with 58 signaling inhibitors, assaying for synergistic cytotoxicity. We found enormous diversity in the drug combinations that showed synergy, with no two cell lines having an identical profile. Although the 6 lines most resistant to BRAF inhibition showed synergistic benefit from combination with lapatinib, the signaling mechanisms by which this combination generated synergistic cytotoxicity differed between the cell lines. We conclude that adaptive responses to inhibition of the primary oncogenic driver (BRAFV600E) are determined not only by the primary oncogenic driver but also by diverse secondary genetic and epigenetic changes (“back-seat drivers”) and hence optimal drug combinations will be variable. Because upregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases is a major source of drug resistance arising from diverse adaptive responses, we propose that inhibitors of these receptors may have substantial clinical utility in combination with inhibitors of the MAP Kinase pathway.
A fully coupled model for diffusion-induced deformation in polymers

Polymers that mechanically respond to the presence of a diffusing fluid/solvent have found various applications in drug delivery, tissue scaffolding, sensors and actuators. These applications involve understanding of both the diffusion process and the evolution of the deformation of the polymers during the diffusion process. For example, in a polymeric actuator one might be interested in the extent of deformation one can achieve given a solvent environment and the time in which it can be achieved. There are two key aspects in modeling such behavior. First, the displacement gradients involved are usually large, especially in problems such as “self-assembly.” Second, since the diffusion occurs in a deforming polymeric medium, an appropriate diffusion model that includes the effect of the deformed state of the body as well as the interaction between the polymeric medium and the diffusing fluid has to be considered. In effect, this results in the diffusion and equilibrium equation being fully coupled and nonlinear. In this work, we model diffusion-induced deformation in an elastic material including large deformations based on thermodynamics framework. For the chemical potential, we use the Flory–Huggins potential adapted to include the effect of stress in the polymers. Using the model, we simulate folding and bending of a rectangular polymeric strip by simultaneous solution of the diffusion equation as well as the equilibrium equation using the finite element method. Parametric studies are also conducted in order to examine the effect of material parameters on the diffusion and deformation behaviors. Finally, using the coupled diffusion–deformation model we simulate deformations of composite domains comprising of polymeric constituents with different diffusion–deformation behaviors in order to achieve various interesting “self-assembly” shapes.
Erosive-thermal transition in high-flux focused ion beam nanomachining of surfaces

Focused ion beams (FIB) are increasingly used for surface modification and fabrication with nanometer scale precision. In FIB, an energetic beam of ions strikes a surface and removes material, a process that is understood to depend upon the properties of the beam (e.g. beam flux, ion energy) and is thought to be due to ion induced sputter erosion. We show that the material removal rate is also strongly affected by the thermal properties of the material, sample temperature, and geometry. Furthermore, we deduce a dimensionless parameter, a ratio of incident power to thermally dissipated power (QFIB), which parameterizes a switch of the underlying mechanism of material removal. It predicts with remarkable accuracy a previously overlooked transition from slow erosive material removal to significantly accelerated thermal vaporization material removal. Its critical value explains an observed transition in data covering a range of beam fluxes, ion energies, spot sizes, film thicknesses, materials, ion species, and temperatures. Large-scale parallel molecular dynamics simulations support this transition.
Improving online panel data usage in sales research

The exponential expansion of the Internet has fundamentally altered the nature of personal selling and sales management. The Internet has also created significant change for sales researchers and proffered a bevy of new means of conducting research. Online panel data collection is one such means that has recently proliferated. Online panel data collection imbues a host of advantages sales researchers may reap. However, there are a proportionate number of disadvantages and concerns with collecting and using this type of data. This article delineates said benefits and drawbacks and also provides a review of recent sales-related examples employing this method of data collection. Furthermore, key considerations in utilizing online panel data are advanced. Importantly, several ways to maximize the benefits and minimize the drawbacks inherent to online panel data are provided. This article aims to provide a resource for sales scholars in optimizing their usage of online panel data.
Dysthymia and Chronic Depression

The DSM-III included dysthymia as a new diagnostic class within the group of affective disorders. The DSM-III criteria for dysthymia includes chronic duration, at least two years of significant mood disturbances, guilt, low self-esteem, and other symptoms of the depressive syndrome. For the patient to meet the criteria for dysthymia, depressive symptoms must be present for a significant proportion of a two year period but not of sufficient intensity to meet the criteria for major depressive disorder.
Effect of Oxygen Annealing on the Magnon-Pair Raman Scattering in La2CuO4-y

Polarized Raman scattering spectra at 300K and 20K are reported for a single crystal of La 2 CuO 4-y before and after annealing in oxygen at 1000°C for 24 hours. Oxygenation strongly quenches the temperature sensitive line at ∼1430 cm -1 (for T ∼ 300K) in the “as grown” crystal, previously identified with magnon-pair excitation associated with two-dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering. In addition, the phonon spectrum is greatly modified by the addition of oxygen, indicating a more uniform local crystalline environment after oxygenation. Raman scattering is thus a sensitive probe of the effect of oxygenation on the near surface magnetic and phonon properties of La 2 CuO 4-y .
NOTE ON ESTIMATION OF SHORT INTER-FLASH INTERVALS.

When physical time between flashes is 500 msec., perceived time between them decreases as their retinal displacement is increased. A previous study on apparent rate of flicker showed perceived time, contrariwise, to increase with stimulus eccentricity. It was inferred that time judgments in the two situations are founded upon operation of different time referent scales within the visual system.
Application of Desiccant and Insecticidal Soap Treatments To Control Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphs and Adults in a Hyperendemic Woodland Site

The desiccant Drione (1% pyrethrin) and Safer s insecticidal soap (0.2% pyrethrin) formulated with and without isopropyl alcohol (ROH) were field tested against nymphal and adult populations of Ixodes scapularis Say in a hyperendemic woodlot in Westchester County, New York. Drione, insecticidal soap, and insecticidal soap with ROH provided equivalent levels of control for nymphs and adults. Compared with untreated plots, nymphal populations were significantly reduced 1 (93.3–100%) and 2 (66.4–85.7%) wk following treatment, and adult populations were significantly reduced 1 wk (53.5–62.9%) following treatment. Factors possibly contributing to the moderate and shorter period of adult control are discussed. Drione and insecticidal soap are effective alternatives to residual insecticides and could be an important component of an integrated tick management program on residential properties in areas where Lyme disease is endemic. Both products lack residual activity and would require repeated applications to maintain sufficient levels of control throughout the tick season.