cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive random sampling for load change detection

Timely detection of changes in traffic load is critical for initiating appropriate traffic engineering mechanisms. Accurate measurement of traffic is essential since the efficacy of change detection depends on the accuracy of traffic estimation. However, precise traffic measurement involves inspecting every packet traversing a link, resulting in significant overhead, particularly on high speed links. Sampling techniques for traffic load estimation are proposed as a way to limit the measurement overhead. In this paper, we address the problem of bounding sampling error within a pre-specified tolerance level and propose an adaptive random sampling technique that determines the minimum sampling probability adaptively according to traffic dynamics. Using real network traffic traces, we show that the proposed adaptive random sampling technique indeed produces the desired accuracy, while also yielding significant reduction in the amount of traffic samples. We also investigate the impact of sampling errors on the performance of load change detection.
Mesomorphic Behavior of Enamine-Ketone Compounds

Abstract Several compounds containing the six-membered hydrogen bonded enamine-ketone ring have been investigated by differential calorimetry. The results show that the enamine-ketone moiety can be used in the synthesis of new liquid crystalline compounds.
“In Space” or “As Space”?: Spatial Autocorrelation Properties of the Earth’s Interior

In this analysis, natural systems are posed to subsystemize in a manner facilitating both structured information/energy sharing and an entropy maximization process projecting a three-dimensional, spatial outcome. Numerical simulations were first carried out to determine whether n × n input-output matrices could, once entropy-maximized, project a three-dimensional Euclidean metric. Only 4 × 4 matrices could; a small proportion passed the test. Larger proportions passed when grouped random patterns on and within two- and three-dimensional forms were tested. The pattern of structural zonation within the earth was then tested in analogous fashion using spatial autocorrelation measures, and for three time periods: current, 95 million years b.p. and 200 million years b.p. All expected results were obtained; not only do the geometries of zonation project a three-dimensional structure as anticipated, but also do secondary statistical measures reveal levels of equilibrium among the zones in all three cases that are nearly total, distinguishing them from simulations that do not incorporate a varying-surface zone-width element.
Right Ventricular Performance and Contractile Reserve in Patients With Severe Heart Failure Assessment by Pressure-Area Relations and Association With Outcome

Background Right ventricular (RV) performance appears to be important in patients with severe heart failure. Although clinical assessments of RV function previously have been limited to load-dependent ejection phase indices, a new method has been developed using the relatively load-insensitive concepts of pressure-volume relations with automated echocardiographic measures of RV cross-sectional area as a surrogate for volume. Methods and Results Sixteen patients with New York Heart Association functional class IV heart failure and group mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 20±5% were studied. RV pressure-area loops were recorded on-line from echocardiographic measures of RV area and high-fidelity pressure during transient inferior vena caval balloon occlusions. RV contractile reserve was assessed as its functional response to an increase in dobutamine from 5.7±4.1 to 13.1±4.7 μg/kg per minute. Complete data sets were available in 13 patients. Group mean RV end-systolic elastance (E'es) and maximal el...
Early development of amacrine cells in the mouse retina: an electron microscopic, serial section analysis.

The development of retinal amacrine cells in mice at the fifteenth day of gestation (E-15) has been analyzed by reconstructing large numbers of cells from serial thin sections. This information has been supplemented by reconstructing cells from E13 and E17 retinas as well as autoradiographic studies of time of origin of cells arising in the period before E15. The presence of bipolar amacrine cells in the outer ventricular layer, first suggested by Cajal, has been confirmed by reconstructing cells from the E17 retina when a clearly defined inner plexiform layer (IPL) is first found. The less mature bipolar amacrine cells present at E17 resemble similar cells found in the E15 retina; they are distinguished from the pre-axonic, migratory stage of ganglion cells by their flattened rather than cylindrical processes, the darker cytoplasm of these processes, and the position of their centrioles closer to the nucleus. Examination of large numbers of reconstructed cells throughout the thickness of the E15 retina has revealed no forms directly transitional from ventricualr cells to bipolar amacrine cells; insted, bipolar amacrine cells appear to be derived by retrograde (sclerally directed) migration of cells in the ganglion cell layer that resemble normal ganglion cells but lack axons. The origin of these anaxonic cells of the ganglion cell layer is not certain but several findings, including evidence of degenerating axons in the optic nerve, sugest that they are derived by loss of the primitive axons of ganglion cells. Thus amacrine cells may be formed by a relatively late differentiating event that occurs after migration of cells to the ganglion cell layer. Such a developmental origin would offer a plausible explanation for the displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer and IPL described in the adult, as well as perhaps the close similarity of the dendritic trees of certain subtypes of normal, nondisplaced, ganglion and amacrine cells.
Acute hypoglycemia decreases central retinal function in the human eye

The goal of this pilot study was to assess the effects of acute hypoglycemia on retinal function and contrast sensitivity in individuals with and without diabetes. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic and euglycemic clamp procedures were performed in subjects without diabetes (n=7) and with controlled type 1 diabetes (n=5). Mean age was 28 years, and none had retinal disease. During euglycemia (glucose 95-110 mg/dl) and acute hypoglycemia (glucose 50-55 mg/dl), contrast sensitivity was measured and spatial retinal responses were recorded with multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG), a rapid technique for mapping sensitivity from the foveal, macular and peripheral areas of the retina. During hypoglycemia, retinal responses (mfERG P1 wave) were decreased in both type 1 diabetes subjects and subjects without diabetes. The dominant effect was in the amplitude of the responses in the central macular retina, not in their temporal properties. Responses from the central region, central 10(0), were on average 1.8-fold lower than those from the periphery for both groups. All diabetes subjects and 3/7 without diabetes reported central scotoma. Decreases in mfERG amplitude were accompanied by decreases in contrast sensitivity. These changes were immediately reversed with the restoration of euglycemia. Overall, this study demonstrates that the acute effects of hypoglycemia in the human eye predominantly involve central vision, and these visual effects originate, at least in part, in the retina. The association between low blood glucose levels and impaired central vision underscores the importance of avoiding when possible and promptly treating hypoglycemia, particularly in individuals with diabetes.
Regulation of the HAP1 Gene Involves Positive Actions of Histone Deacetylases

The yeast transcriptional regulator Hap1 promotes both transcriptional activation and repression. Previous studies have shown that Hap1 binds to the promoter of its own gene and represses its transcription. In this report, we identified the DNA site that allows Hap1-binding with high affinity. This Hap1-binding site contains only one CGG triplet and is distinct from the typical Hap1-binding upstream activation sequences (UASs) mediating transcriptional activation. Furthermore, at the HAP1 promoter, Ssa is bound to DNA with Hap1, whereas Hsp90 is not bound. Intriguingly, we found that histone deacetylases, including Rpd3, Hda1, Sin3 and Hos1, are not required for the repression of the HAP1 gene by Hap1. Rather, they are required for transcriptional activation of the HAP1 promoter, and this requirement is dependent on the HAP1 basal promoter. These results reveal a complex mechanism of transcriptional regulation at the HAP1 promoter, involving multiple DNA elements and regulatory proteins.
Behavioral weight control for overweight adolescents initiated in primary care.

Objective: This study evaluates the post-treatment and short-term follow-up efficacy of, as well as participant satisfaction for, a 4-month behavioral weight control program for overweight adolescents initiated in a primary care setting and extended through telephone and mail contact. Research Methods and Procedures: 44 overweight adolescents were randomly assigned to either a multiple component behavioral weight control intervention (Healthy Habits [HH]; n = 23) or a single session of physician weight counseling (typical care [TC]; n = 21). Weight, height, dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and problematic weight-related and eating behaviors and beliefs were assessed before treatment, after the 4-month treatment, and at 3-month follow-up. Participant satisfaction and behavioral skills use were measured. Results: HH adolescents evidenced better change in body mass index z scores to post-treatment than TC adolescents. Body mass index z scores changed similarly in the conditions from post-treatment through follow-up. Behavioral skills use was higher among HH than TC adolescents, and higher behavioral skills use was related to better weight outcome. Energy intake, percentage of calories from fat, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and problematic weight-related or eating behaviors/beliefs did not differ by condition or significantly change over time independent of condition. The behavioral intervention evidenced good feasibility and participant satisfaction. Discussion: A telephone- and mail-based behavioral intervention initiated in primary care resulted in better weight control efficacy relative to care typically provided to overweight adolescents. Innovative and efficacious weight control intervention delivery approaches could decrease provider and participant burden and improve dissemination to the increasing population of overweight youth.
Food chain transfer and potential renal toxicity of mercury to small mammals at a contaminated terrestrial field site.

Mercury concentrations were determined in surface soil and biota at a contaminated terrestrial field site and were used to calculate transfer coefficients of mercury through various compartments of the ecosystem based on trophic relationships. Mercury concentrations in all compartments (soil, vegetation, invertebrates, and small mammals) were higher than mercury concentrations in corresponding samples at local reference sites. Nonetheless, mercury concentrations in biota did not exceed concentrations in the contaminated surface soil, which averaged 269 μg g-1. Plant tissue concentrations of mercury were low (0.01 to 2.0 μg g-1) and yielded soil to plant transfer coefficients ranging from 3.7×10-5 for seeds to 7.0×10-3 for grass blades. Mercury concentrations in invertebrates ranged from 0.79 for harvestmen (Phalangida) to 15.5 μg g-1 for undepurated earthworms (Oligochaeta). Mean food chain transfer coefficients for invertebrates were 0.88 for herbivores/omnivores and 2.35 for carnivores. Mean mercury concentrations in target tissue (kidney) were 1.16±1.16 μg g-1 for the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), a granivore, and 38.8±24.6 μg g-1 for the shorttail shrew (Blarina brevicauda), an insectivore. Transfer coefficients for diet to kidney were 0.75 and 4.40 for P. leucopus and B. brevicauda, respectively. A comparison of kidney mercury residues measured in this study with values from controlled laboratory feeding studies from the literature indicate that B. brevicauda but not P. leucopus may be ingesting mercury at levels that are nephrotoxic.
Concurrent validation of the Actigraph gt3x+, Polar Active accelerometer, Omron HJ-720 and Yamax Digiwalker SW-701 pedometer step counts in lab-based and free-living settings

AbstractActivity monitors are frequently used to assess activity in many settings. But as technology advances, so do the mechanisms used to estimate activity causing a continuous need to validate newly developed monitors. The purpose of this study was to examine the step count validity of the Yamax Digiwalker SW-701 pedometer (YX), Omron HJ-720 T pedometer (OP), Polar Active accelerometer (PAC) and Actigraph gt3x+ accelerometer (AG) under controlled and free-living conditions. Participants completed five stages of treadmill walking (n = 43) and a subset of these completed a 3-day free-living wear period (n = 37). Manually counted (MC) steps provided a criterion measure for treadmill walking, whereas the comparative measure during free-living was the YX. During treadmill walking, the OP was the most accurate monitor across all speeds (±1.1% of MC steps), while the PAC underestimated steps by 6.7–16.0% per stage. During free-living, the OP and AG counted 97.5% and 98.5% of YX steps, respectively. The PAC ov...
Effect of surface pre-crack morphology on the fracture of thermal barrier coatings under thermal shock

The interface fracture of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) can occur during the cooling following a thermal shock load. Previous studies indicated that multiple surface pre-cracks with a large density and short lengths reduce crack driving force at the interface crack. However, recent results from laser thermal shock tests showed that the coatings with very short pre-cracks were most vulnerable to the further surface cracking which in turn induced the interface crack. An analytical model was developed to predict the surface crack growth and the resulting interface crack driving force as a function of the pre-crack morphology. The results agreed with the laser tests and indicated that optimum pre-crack morphology can minimize the crack driving force at the interface.
Comorbid factitious and conversion disorders.

Received March 17, 2003; revision received Aug. 21, 2003; accepted Sept. 16, 2003. From Baystate Medical Center and Tufts-University School of Medicine. Address reprint requests to Dr. Cohen, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199; lewis.cohen@bsh.org (e-mail). Copyright 2004 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. Oh what a tangled web we weave, When first we practice to deceive! —Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), Marmion, canto VI, stanza 17
Chromesthetic Responses to Music: Replication and Extension

Chromesthesia or “colored-hearing” is a phenomenon in which color images are evoked by auditory stimuli. Subjects reported the color of their mental images as they listened to a series of 12 preludes chosen from J. S. Bach's Well-tempered Clavier. The preludes varied systematically in tonality, tempo, and meter. “Red” responses tended to be elicited by preludes of moderate tempo in quadruple meter. “Yellow” responses tended to be elicited by preludes in a major key with fast tempo and triple meter, and “Blue” responses tended to be elicited by slow tempo preludes. The precise mechanism by which these responses occurred is uncertain, but previous research has indicated that the links between chromesthetic responses and music are mediated by attributes common to both visual and auditory experience.
APPLYING THE FIRST-ORDER ERROR ANALYSIS IN DETERMINING THE MARGIN OF SAFETY FOR TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD COMPUTATIONS

There are significant uncertainties associated with certain aspects of the total maximum daily load (TMDL) estimation. Selection of the “margin of safety (MOS)” term is typically made by subjectively assigning to it a small percentage (5–10%) of the TMDL load. To introduce some objectivity into the MOS estimation, the first-order error analysis (FOEA) was utilized to quantify the MOS term in the TMDL formulation. A case study, which was based on a previous study entitled “Nitrate TMDL Development for Muddy Creek/Dry River, Virginia,” is presented in this paper. Besides computational efficiency, one of the major advantages of FOEA is its capability of determining the relative importance of the various parameters that contribute to the overall variance of the model output. Precipitation was found by far to be the most dominant source of uncertainty. Furthermore, a relationship was established to link the pollutant loads with the FOEA output concentrations. The results from testing different TMDL allocation ...
Standard reference materials for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples — current activities

Recent activities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) related to the development of standard reference materials (SRMs) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are described. These activities include: (1) the development of four new calibration solution SRMs, a marine sediment SRM, and a frozen mussel tissue SRM; (2) noncertified measurements of PAHs for two additional sediment SRMs; and (3) the establishment of reference Ames bioassay mutagenicity values on three existing SRMs. Activities in progress include the recertification of the existing air particulate and diesel particulate SRMs and the preparation of a new diesel particulate extract SRM.
Electric field effects on monolayers at the air–water interface

Application of an electric field to insoluble monolayers at an air–water interface is shown to induce changes in surface pressure and monolayer density which correlate with surface potentials in accordance with a recently published thermodynamic analysis using Gibbsian methods. For twocomponent monolayers, the interdependence of local fields and composition has been demonstrated qualitatively. The results provide experimental proof that the thermodynamic treatments of the Volta effect due to Kelvin, Lorentz and Bridgman are incorrect. These treatments essentially ignore the dependence of the interfacial structure of oriented dipoles on the applied field. Correspondingly, the experimental results open up novel approaches for relating these interfacial structures to interfacial potentials.
Thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor-predominant Parkinson's disease

Objectives. Determine the long-term efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treatment of tremor among individuals with tremor-predominant Parkinson’s disease (PD). Design. Longitudinal, unblinded assessment of tremor and activities of daily living (ADL) at baseline (pre-surgical), and post-operative intervals of 1, 3, and 12 months, and annually thereafter up to 3 years. Methods. A clinical series of 19 individuals undergoing placement of a DBS system for treatment of PD-related tremor. A battery of subjective and objective measures of tremor was completed at planned pre- and post-operative intervals. Results. Stimulation was associated with significant improvement on subjective and objective measures of ADL performance, midline tremor, and contralateral upper and lower extremity tremor, including parkinsonian resting and action tremors, over the follow-up period. Ipsilateral tremor showed little or no effect of stimulation after the first 3 months. Antiparkinsonian medication use and stimulation parameters showed little or no change over the course of follow-up. About half (53%) of all individuals reported at least one side effect, generally mild, during the follow-up period, with paresthesias and dysarthria being the most common. A total of two leads required replacement due to (1) infection, and (2) adverse side effects (i.e. burning and tingling with stimulation). Conclusion. DBS is associated with stable tremor control in PD. Side-effects are typically easily managed with stimulation adjustments, although in some cases lead replacement may be required. q 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A systems engineering perspective on homeostasis and disease

Engineered systems are coupled networks of interacting sub-systems, whose dynamics are constrained to requirements of robustness and flexibility. They have evolved by design to optimize function in a changing environment and maintain responses within ranges. Analysis, synthesis, and design of complex supply chains aim to identify and explore the laws governing optimally integrated systems. Optimality expresses balance between conflicting objectives while resiliency results from dynamic interactions among elements. Our increasing understanding of life’s multi-scale architecture suggests that living systems share similar characteristics with much to be learned about biological complexity from engineered systems. If health reflects a dynamically stable integration of molecules, cell, tissues, and organs; disease indicates displacement compensated for and corrected by activation and combination of feedback mechanisms through interconnected networks. In this article, we draw analogies between concepts in systems engineering and conceptual models of health and disease; establish connections between these concepts and physiologic modeling; and describe how these mirror onto the physiological counterparts of engineered systems.
Leptonic decays of vector mesons and a unitary-singlet contribution to the hadronic electromagnetic current

Following some original ideas of Salam, Mathur, and Okubo, further theoretical consideration is given to a possible singlet contribution to the electromagnetic current of hadrons using spectral sum rules connecting the leptonic decays of vector mesons. Unfortunately, experimental uncertainty prevents meaningful analysis and conclusion.
Managing pregnancy disclosures: Understanding and overcoming the challenges of expectant motherhood at work

Abstract A common, complex, and underexamined aspect of women's experience at work emerges when work and motherhood intersect for the first time; pregnant workers are challenged by the need to manage their impressions and identities. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to propose a model and corresponding propositions for understanding the determinants and outcomes of pregnancy disclosure. We extend stigma theory to the case of pregnant workers and explore the antecedents and consequences associated with timing of expectant status disclosure from the perspectives of pregnant women and their colleagues. We describe negative intra- and interpersonal experiences that may be encountered by pregnant women that may account for their departure from the workforce, thereby providing insight into the issues that may exacerbate (or ameliorate) turnover among working mothers.
Feedback control of many differential-drive robots with uniform control inputs

In this paper, we derive a globally asymptotically stabilizing feedback control policy for a collection of differential-drive robots under the constraint that every robot receives exactly the same control inputs. We begin by assuming that each robot has a slightly different wheel size, which scales its forward speed and turning rate by a constant that can be found by offline or online calibration. The resulting feedback policy is easy to implement, is robust to standard models of noise, and scales to an arbitrary number (even a continuous ensemble) of robots. We validate this policy with hardware experiments, which additionally reveal that our feedback policy still works when the wheel sizes are unknown and even when the wheel sizes are all approximately identical. These results have possible future application to control of micro- and nano-scale robotic systems, which are often subject to similar constraints.
Role of vagal afferents in the mediation of chlorpyrifos-induced fever in the rat ☆

Abstract Subdiaphragmatic, bilateral vagotomy (VG) attenuates fever, suggesting that vagal afferents may activate febrile processes in the CNS. Rats exposed to the organophosphate (OP)-based insecticide chlorpyrifos (CHP) undergo a prolonged fever. To test the hypothesis that CHP-induced fever involves vagal pathways, the febrile effects of CHP were assessed in male VG and sham VG (SH) rats. Core temperature ( T c ) and motor activity (MA) were monitored telemetrically. The corn oil vehicle (CO) or 20 mg/kg CHP was given at 1400 h by gavage. CHP resulted in hypothermia in SH and VG rats that lasted ∼12 h. This was followed by a ∼0.5°C rise in T c of the SH group throughout the day. However, T c of VG rats exposed to CHP was only marginally elevated. Baseline T c of VG rats was reduced during the dark phase compared to SH rats whereas MA was similar in both groups. It appears that peripheral activation of the CNS via vagal afferents has a key role in the mediation of CHP-induced fever.
Review of an FDTD TF/SF Formulation Based on Auxiliary 1-D grids

Several new techniques have been recently proposed to reduce the error in total/scattered field (TF/SF) formulations for simulating plane waves with the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. In this paper, we re-examine a conceptually simple method based on multiple auxiliary one-dimensional (1-D) grids, which was previously used to model propagation in layered media. We show that the method can lead to less than -120 dB leakage errors in the scattered field region, which are comparable to results from other recently proposed methods. A simple explanation for this very good performance is provided, relating it to the numerical dispersion matching technique. Extension of the method to three dimensional (3-D) geometries is also discussed.
Determination of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Barbiturate Combinations in Dosage Forms

A nonaqueous differentiating titrimetric procedure is presented for determining dosage forms containing acetylsalicylic acid and barbiturate combinations. Preliminary extraction of the active components is avoided. The titrant is sodium methoxide in benzene-methanol and the titration solvent is methyl isobutyl ketone. Titrations are effected potentiometrically. An additive procedure is suggested when the ratio of acetylsalicylic acid to barbiturate is greater than 10 to 1. The effect of additives and other active constituents is considered.
Changes in Conduit Pulmonary Arterial Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties During Severe Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex disorder that manifests as abnormally high blood pressure in the vasculature of the lungs. The chronic structural and mechanical changes in the proximal pulmonary artery (PA) associated with PH include smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and proliferation, accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein and increased stiffness1–4. Recent evidence has shown that conduit PA stiffness is a strong predictor of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension5,6. This suggests a potential association between large PA biomechanics and right ventricle failure.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Measurement of Boundary Layers on a Compressor Blade in Cascade: Part 1—A Unique Experimental Facility

A unique cascade facility is described which makes it possible to use LDV for measuring blade boundary layer profiles. Because of the need for a laser access window, the facility cannot rely on continuous blade pack suction to achieve stable flow. Instead, a combination of tailboards and strong suction upstream of the blade pack is used to create a two-dimensional periodic flow field at a chord Reynolds number of 500,000. The distribution of the upstream suction is controlled through a complex baffling system. Details of the inlet and outlet flow are documented using five-hole pressure probes, blade static-pressure measurements, and sublimation flow visualization. Experimental data are presented on the flow field on the suction surface of the blade, the pressure surface, and near-wake flow fields.
A classification of magnetic field configurations associated with solar flares.

On the assumption that solar flares are due to instabilities which occur in current sheets in the sun's atmosphere, one may classify magnetic-field configurations associated with flares into two types. One is characterized by 'closed' current sheets, magnetic-field lines adjacent to these sheets beginning and ending at the sun's surface. The other is characterized by 'open' current sheets, magnetic-field lines adjacent to these sheets beginning at the sun's surface but extending out into interplanetary space. Flares associated with open current sheets can produce Type III radio bursts and high-energy-particle events, but flares associated with closed current sheets cannot. The flare of July 6, 1966 apparently consisted of one flare of each type.
Women in Religious Congregations and Politics

MUCH ATTENTION has focused in recent years on members of Roman Catholic women's religious communities who have sought and have held public office. Several of these women were asked by the Vatican to resign from office (or to withdraw from the electoral process) because of a perceived conflict between their holding of political office and their membership in a religious community. To many observers the Vatican directives appeared consistent with earlier moves against priests in political office; moreover, they seemed to be in accord with the opinions of John Paul II, who from the earliest days of his pontificate had strongly urged priests (and at times members of religious communities) to abstain from partisan political activity. To a group of priests at Rome, to priests at Puebla, and then in a separate address to women in religious congregations, at Puebla, John Paul had stated:
Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Past a Wedge with a Perpendicular Magnetic Field

The magmetohydrodynamic two-dimensional steady supersonic flow past a wedge with attached straight shock waves is investigated. The fluid is assumed to be nonviscous and perfectly conducting. The wedge is monconducting, nonmagnetic, and symmetric with respect to the flow. The magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the uniform flow. The general procedure to obtain the solution with two kinds of attached straight shock waves is studied for an arbitrary Mach number (>1) and an arbitrary strength of the magnetic field. The approximate solutions for the case of weak magnetic field and for the case of the small-angle shock waves are treated. The analysis shows that the hydrodynamic shock wave does not change its position and strength in the first order of the foregoing approximation. However, when the weak magnetic field is applied, the new magnetohydrodynamic shock wave appears near the surface of the wedge, and it leaves the surface as the magnetic field increases; for a further increase of the magnetic field, it meets the hydrodynamic shock wave, and then the solution with attached shock wave disappears. For a still stronger magnetic field, the magnetohydrodynamic shock wave appears in front of the hydrodynamic shock wave. (auth)
Redsign of a supercritical wing in the presence of an engine nacelle

If an obstacle, such as an engine nacelle, is placed in the flow near a virtually shockless wing, shocks of substantial magnitude may appear on the wing. A source distribution method is presently employed in the modeling of an engine nacelle in compressible flow, through incorporation into a free-boundary supercritical wing design code. Code calculation results are presented which show the transonic shock to appear, on average, 10 percent forward of its position on the clean wing. Attention is also given to an associated method for the calculation of wave drag.
Hormone-mediated enzyme activity in source leaves

The initial step in carbon allocation occurs in leaves and is the chemical partitioning of carbon between sucrose and starch. Sucorse phosphate synthase is one of the enzymes belived to regulate rate of sucrose synthesis. In this study, the effects of indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid, and abscisic acid on the activity of this enzyme were investigated in source leaves of mature sugar beets. Preliminary evidence is presented that, concurrent with a modification of sucrose uptake rates, i.e., phloem loading, these plant growth substances modify the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase resulting in altered partitioning of carbon between sucrose and starch.
Src kinase participates in LPS-induced activation of NADPH oxidase

The production of superoxide from NADPH oxidase by macrophages in response to endotoxin (LPS) is an important innate immune response, yet it is not clear how LPS signals the activation of NADPH oxidase. The hypothesis is that LPS-induced src kinase and PI3 kinase (PI3K) facilitates the activation of p47(phox), the regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidase. In mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells, inhibition of src tyrosine family kinases inhibited LPS-induced activation of NADPH oxidase, phosphorylation of p47(phox), activation of PI3K and phosphorylation of the TLR4. Moreover, inhibition of LPS-induced increases in intracellular calcium blunted src kinase activation, PI3K association with TLR4, as well as PI3 kinase activation. These data suggest that both src kinase and PI3 kinase are involved in LPS-induced NADPH oxidase activation. Importantly, these data suggest that LPS-induced src kinase activation is critical for PI3 kinase activation as well as TLR4 phosphorylation and is dependent upon LPS-induced increase in intracellular calcium. These signaling events fill critical gaps in our understanding of LPS-induced free radical production as well as may potentially responsible for the mechanism of innate immune tolerance or desensitization caused by steroids or ethanol.
Use of metzler's NONLIN program for fitting discontinuous absorption profiles.

□ An alternative to the use of integral hybrid flow/compartmental model (HFCM) equations in fitting cases I and II discontinuous absorption profiles is presented. It is proposed that HFCM-integral equations be replaced by a system of differential equations in which sequential sets of equations describe the absorption profile from time zero to infinity. The required sets of differential equations for these two cases are presented as they apply to a two-compartment drug, potentially undergoing multiple absorption steps. It was shown that the use of the NONLIN program in the differential equation mode provides good fits for some unusually shaped absorption profiles of buformin, sulfisoxazole, and griseofulvin. The values of the parameter estimates and the sum of squared deviations, ƩSD, obtained with NONLIN were almost identical to those obtained with the FITSI2 program utilizing HFCM equations. While HFCM-integral equations required less computer time, they introduced the potential for negative absorption times. This problem is avoided by use of the differential equations method.
Dimension and Matchings in Comparability and Incomparability Graphs

We develop some new inequalities for the dimension of a finite poset. These inequalities are then used to bound dimension in terms of the maximum size of matchings. We prove that if the dimension of P is d and d=3, then there is a matching of size d in the comparability graph of P. There is no analogue of this result for cover graphs, as we show that there is a poset P of dimension d for which the maximum matching in the cover graph of P has size \(O(\log d)\). On the other hand, there is a dual result in which the role of chains and antichains is reversed, as we show that there is also a matching of size d in the incomparability graph of P. The proof of the result for comparability graphs has elements in common with Perles’ proof of Dilworth’s theorem. Either result has the following theorem of Hiraguchi as an immediate corollary: \(\dim (P)\le |P|/2\) when |P|=4.
Proteomics of Seminal Fluid

Seminal fluid or semen is a complex mixture consisting of spermatozoa suspended within the secretions of male accessory sex glands. Although most studies of seminal fluid have emphasized the importance of spermatozoa morphology, concentration, and motility, and of biochemical constituents such as fructose and zinc, the significance of the protein composition of this biological fluid is receiving increasing attention. As detailed in this chapter, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the protein composition of spermatozoa, seminal plasma (i.e., the acellular component of seminal fluid), and prostasomes (i.e., membrane-bound vesicles of prostatic origin present in seminal fluid). Most of these investigations were based on 2D gel electrophoresis, but most of the resolved proteins were not identified. Several proteins in seminal fluid have, however, already found potential use as markers for the assessment of reproductive function (e.g., neutral α-glucosidase and semenogelin 1) and as forensic tools for semen detection (e.g., semenogelin 1 and prostate-specific antigen [PSA]). Studies of spermatozoa are providing insights into immune infertility and identifying potential targets for contraceptive vaccines. In addition, because 20 to 30% of the volume of seminal fluid is derived from secretions of the prostate gland, this proximate biological fluid serves as a rich resource for biomarkers of prostatic disease, including cancer. Recent advances in technology for comparative proteomic studies will facilitate future biomarker discovery studies of this important biological fluid.
Hemopoietic Cytokine Regulation of Trophoblast Interferon, Ovine Trophoblast Protein-1

In early pregnancy, local signals derived from the uterine epithelium regulate extensive differentiation and reorganization of stroma cells. However, molecular mechanisms associated with rapid cellular reorganization of the uterus, particularly biochemical events associated with uterine receptivity, are poorly understood. Only a number of potential mediators that are involved in embryo-maternal, and in inter-uterine cellular communication have been identified, but their physiological significance in vivo remains to be determined. Recently, it has become apparent that lympho-hemopoietic growth factors derived from maternal endometrial cells are required for proper placental cell growth and differentiation.
“A Fine Romance”: The Courtship Correspondence between Louisa Catherine Johnson and John Quincy Adams

Before they married in July 1797, Louisa Catherine Johnson and John Quincy Adams conducted a stormy correspondence that previewed their fifty-year marriage. The exceptional strengths they shared—wit, ambition, courage in adversity—would sustain them through devastating family tragedies but could not ease their path through a painful courtship.
A grasp metric invariant under rigid motions

Consider the problem of quantifying the quality of a multifinger grasp. The "traditional" grasp quality measures, which are based on inscribing a sphere in the set of wrenches which a grasp can resist, suffer from being dependent on the coordinate system of the object being grasped. In fact, we show that by changing the coordinate system, one can make these measures arbitrarily small. In this paper we generalize these measures in a natural way, and propose a new measure which is invariant under rigid motions of the object coordinate system. It is based on a certain class of ellipsoids which captures the changes in wrench space that occur.
System-level design automation tools for digital microfluidic biochips

Biochips based on digital microfluidics offer a powerful platform for massively parallel biochemical analysis such as clinical diagnosis and DNA sequencing. Current full-custom design techniques for digital microfluidic biochips do not scale well for increasing levels of system integration. Analogous to classical VLSI synthesis, a top-down system-level design automation approach can shorten the biochip design cycle and reduce human effort. We present here an overview of a system-level design methodology that includes architectural synthesis and physical design. The proposed design automation approach is expected to relieve biochip users from the burden of manual optimization of bioassays, time-consuming hardware design, and costly testing and maintenance procedures.
Anti-CD25 immunotherapy: regulating the regulators.

Abstract Complex combinatorial mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity and antigen presentation collaborate to effect monoclonal antibody therapy in multiple sclerosis (Perry et al ., this issue).
Lagrangian coordination for enhancing the convergence of analytical target cascading

DOI: 10.2514/1.15326 Analytical target cascading is a hierarchical multilevel multidisciplinary design methodology. In analytical target cascading, top-level design targets (i.e., specifications) are propagated to lower-level design problems in a consistent and efficient manner. In this paper, a modified Lagrangian dual formulation and coordination for analytical target cascadingaredevelopedtoenhanceaformulation andcoordinationproposedearlierintheliterature.Theproposed approach guarantees all the properties established earlier and additionally offers new significant advantages. As established previously for the convex case, the proposed analytical target cascading coordination converges to a global optimal solution with corresponding optimal Lagrange multipliers in the dual space. The Lagrange multipliers can be viewed as the weights for deviations in analytical target cascading formulations. Thus the proposed coordination algorithm finds the optimal solution and the optimal weights for the deviation terms simultaneously.Theenhancementallowsfortargetcascadingbetweenlevels,fortheuseofaugmentedLagrangianto improveconvergenceofthecoordinationalgorithm,andforpreventionofunboundedness.Aguidelinetosetthestep size for subgradient optimization when solving the Lagrangian dual problem is also proposed.
Maximally representative allocations for guaranteed delivery advertising campaigns

There are around 400 advertising networks that match opportunities for “display” advertising, which include banner ads, video ads and indeed all ads other than text-based ads, on web pages and candidate advertisements. This is about a \({\$}25\) billion business annually. The present study derives a method of pricing such advertisements based on their relative scarcity while ensuring that all campaigns obtain a reasonably representative sample of the relevant opportunities. The mechanism is well-behaved under supply uncertainty. A method based on the mechanism described in this paper was implemented by Yahoo! Inc.
AN ARCHITECTURE AND MODEL FOR COGNITIVE ENGINEERING SIMULATION ANALYSIS: APPLICATION TO ADVANCED AVIATION AUTOMATION

The process of designing crew stations for large-scale, complex automated systems is made difficult because of the flexibility of roles that the crew can assume, and by the rapid rate at which system designs become fixed. Modern cockpit automation frequently involves multiple layers of control and display technology in which human operators must exercise equipment in augmented, supervisory, and fully automated control modes. In this context, we maintain that effective human-centered design is dependent on adequate models of human/system performance in which representations of the equipment, the human operator(s), and the mission tasks are available to designers for manipulation and modification. The joint Army-NASA Aircrew/Aircraft Integration (A3I) Program, with its attendant Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis System (MIDAS), was initiated to meet this challenge. MIDAS provides designers with a test bed for analyzing human-system integration in an environment in which both cognitive human function and 'intelligent' machine function are described in similar terms. This distributed object-oriented simulation system, its architecture and assumptions, and our experiences from its application in advanced aviation crew stations are described.
Incorporation of sulphate-sulphur into organic matter extracts of litter and soil: Involvement of ATP sulphurylase

Abstract Organic matter extracts from the 01, 02 and Al horizons of a hardwood forest rapidly incorporated [35S]sulphate into organic sulphur components larger than 12,000 dallons in molecular weight. In the 02 layer extract, the 35S-label was incorporated into amino acid-S, sulphonate-S and ester sulphate linkages. This process was stimulated by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), cellulose, cellobiose, glucose, succinate and pyruvate. The involvement of ATP sulphurylase, elaborated by bacteria present in this extract, is suggested by observations that incorporation was also stimulated by Mg2+ and inhibited by erythromycin, tetracycline, sodium azide, selenate, molybdate and chlorate. 35S-labelled adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APS) or 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS) also served as S donors for organic-S formation but the rate of organic-S formation was much lower than that observed when [35S]sulphate was the S donor.
Bounds on heavy-to-heavy baryonic form factors

Upper and lower bounds are established on the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$ semileptonic decay form factors by utilizing inclusive heavy-quark-effective-theory sum rules. These bounds are calculated to leading order in ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{QCD}}{/m}_{Q}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}.$ The $O({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{2}{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0})$ corrections to the bounds at zero recoil are also presented. Several form factor models used in the literature are compared with our bounds.
Studying Sea Turtle Conservation and Learning about the World: Insights from Social Science

This special issue of Conservation & Society focuses on sea turtles and their conservation, from various social science perspectives. While there are other collections of papers devoted to sea turtle conservation from non-biological perspectives, and some of the individual contributions are by social scientists 1 , the present issue is timely, distinct, and valuable, for two reasons. First, social science has come of age in the sea turtle research and conservation community. The annual International Sea Turtle Symposium has progressed from the days when a single social science research presentation was noteworthy (e.g., Tambiah 1995) to those when a dedicated social science session is the default (and minimum) presence. This expansion is accounted for mostly by graduate students tackling important questions about human relationships with sea turtles, the design and implementation of conservation interventions, and their impacts on human communities and social-economic structures. Having long argued that sea turtle conservation needs more social science (Campbell 2003), I am happy to report that there has been progress on this front, and this special issue captures only a small fraction of the work being done. Second, an issue featuring social science research on sea turtles and their conservation is about much more than sea turtles. Sea turtle conservation provides a platform from which researchers can ask questions of interest to a broad audience concerned with the human aspects of wildlife conservation. But that platform is arguably unique because sea turtles are, quite simply, special. Charismatic species of international conservation concern, they inspire hundreds of organisations and hundreds of thousands of individuals, attract resources and attention, and are subject to conservation instruments devoted solely to them. Things ‘happen’ on the ground because of sea turtles, and these actions have the potential to alter human-environment relations both in water and on land. The ‘happenings’ related to sea turtles are many and diverse; so are the questions of critical interest to social scientists. For example, when the importance of sea turtles to the diets of Caribbean Nicaraguans changes, partly as a result of interventions by conservationists, what other changes