cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ti4+ in silicate melts: Energetics from high-temperature calorimetric studies and implications for melt structure

Abstract The drop solution calorimetric method was used to determine the enthalpy of solution of rutile ( ΔH sol ) in silicate melts. High-temperature (1760 K) in situ calorimetric data show that ΔH sol is a strong function of melt composition. For potassium endmember melts, potassium disilicate, and trisilicate, ΔH sol increases (from 28–48 kJ/mol) as TiO 2 concentration increases. For calcium disilicate melts ΔH sol is constant (69 kJ/mol). For mixed potassium-calcium compositions, ΔH sol is more exothermic than for the calcium endmember but remains constant at 43.9 kJ/mol. The enthalpy of solution of rutile at 1760 K and the enthalpy of mixing at 978 K derived from lead borate solution calorimetry for Ti-bearing potassium aluminosilicate glasses have been used to model the homogeneous equilibria among Ti species in the potassium-bearing melts. The energetics of Ti speciation were used to predict quantitatively the excess heat capacity of titanium-bearing silicate melts previously observed by Lange and Navrotsky (1993), suggesting that heat capacities, mixing properties, and rutile solubility are all controlled by the temperature and composition dependence of the same set of homogenous equilibria among titanium species in the melts. Though knowing the exact microscopic nature of these species is not necessary for macroscopic thermodynamic modeling, the model is consistent with a gradual variation with composition and temperature in mid-range order involving five-coordinated titanyl groups and alkali atoms as proposed by Farges et al. (1996a,b,c).
A Comparison of Barley Malt Quality Measurements and Malt Sugar Concentrations

This study was conducted to test two hypotheses: 1) that malt osmolyte concentration (OC) values would be better correlated with malt sugar concentrations than malt extract (ME) values; and 2) that...
Structural disorder in a-Si:H superlattices

Abstract Depolarized Raman measurements are reported on a-Si:H/a-SiN x :H and a-Si:H/a-SiO x superlattices. Substantial changes are observed in Δ T 0 and I TA /I T0 due to increased disorder with decreasing hydride layer thickness. A phenomenological model which fits the experimental results for d = 8 – 90A very well indicates that the disorder is localized very close to the interface.
Supramolecular photochemistry. A paradigm for the 1990s

Abstract The emerging field of supramolecular chemistry, which involves “chemistry beyond the molecule” and which emphasizes non-covalent intermolecular bonding and structures, also provides an intellectual basis for a new vision of photochemistry, namely supramolecular photochemistry. Supramolecular photochemistry embraces not only the principles of supramolecular chemistry, but also the principles of supramolecular physics which deal with the influence of static and fluctuating electric and magnetic fields on photochemical reactions. Thus, the combination of intermolecular forces, sometimes quite weak individually but strong cooperatively, and electrical and magnetic forces “beyond the molecule” provide exciting opportunities to control the course of new photochemical reactions and to investigate important examplar reactions in novel ways.
Drosophila replication and repair proteins: proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a protein intimately involved in both replication and repair, has been identified in eukaryotes at all levels of evolution. Is primary sequence, Drosophila melanogaster PCNA is 73% identical to mammalian PCNA. Moreover, it is able to substitute for mammalian PCNA in at least one intricate cell-free replication assay. Mutations in the gene for Drosophila PCNA, including some that are temperature sensitive, have been reported. Procedures are described for the biochemical purification of wild-type PCNA from a population of 6- to 18-h-old Drosophila embryos. Procedures were also developed for purification of unmodified wild-type Drosophila PCNA after induction of expression in Escherichia coli. An NH(2)-terminally His-tagged but otherwise wild-type Drosophila PCNA, as well as mutant His-tagged PCNA, were also engineered and purified to apparent homogeneity. Finally, an in situ polyacrylamide gel technique allows DNA polymerase assays to be performed on portions of single adults as well as single Drosophila embryos. This assay should tremendously facilitate systematic genetic studies of metazoan replication and repair.
Observation of shallow residual donors in high purity epitaxial GaAs by means of photoluminescence spectroscopy

Abstract We report the first observation of three different residual donors in undoped high purity vapor phase epitaxial GaAs using the high resolution photoluminescence spectroscopy technique at temperatures ∼ 2 K. The binding energies of these shallow donors were determined from the excited state transitions of excitons bound to neutral donors and they are found to be in very good agreement with corresponding values obtained from high-resolution far infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, using the modulated photoconductivity technique.
Examining the relationships among collaborative learning, autonomy support, and student incivility in undergraduate classrooms

Abstract In response to the general perception among college faculty that student incivility is an increasing problem, we investigated ways in which collaborative learning and autonomy support are related to incivility. After collecting survey data from college faculty and their students, we conducted a path analysis to test the mediating effects of peer interaction for students' perception of autonomy support and incivility in different collaborative learning contexts. Results showed that student perceptions of autonomy support positively predicted instructor intolerance of incivility in classes that used formal and informal group work, with social learning acting as a significant mediator for formal groups only. Classroom community negatively predicted intolerance of incivility for informal groups. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Data-dependent transmitter fingerprints for radio authentication

In radio frequency fingerprinting, observations of the impact of unique imperfections in the transmitter circuitry on the transmitted waveform are used to identify the device from which the data was transmitted. While this technique can be used to authenticate radios accessing a secure network, the security of the authentication can be enhanced if the transmitter fingerprint changes based on the transmitted data. This paper uses simulations and measurements to examine the behavior of a data-dependent filter response designed for such an application. The results show that the circuit holds promise for providing a data-dependent fingerprint useful for device authentication.
Expression of mutant huntingtin in glial cells contributes to neuronal excitotoxicity

Huntington disease (HD) is characterized by the preferential loss of striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) in the brain. Because MSNs receive abundant glutamatergic input, their vulnerability to excitotoxicity may be largely influenced by the capacity of glial cells to remove extracellular glutamate. However, little is known about the role of glia in HD neuropathology. Here, we report that mutant huntingtin accumulates in glial nuclei in HD brains and decreases the expression of glutamate transporters. As a result, mutant huntingtin (htt) reduces glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes and HD mouse brains. In a neuron–glia coculture system, wild-type glial cells protected neurons against mutant htt-mediated neurotoxicity, whereas glial cells expressing mutant htt increased neuronal vulnerability. Mutant htt in cultured astrocytes decreased their protection of neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity. These findings suggest that decreased glutamate uptake caused by glial mutant htt may critically contribute to neuronal excitotoxicity in HD.
Substituting dietary monounsaturated fat for saturated fat is associated with increased daily physical activity and resting energy expenditure and with changes in mood

Background: The Western diet increases risk of metabolic disease. Objective: We determined whether lowering the ratio of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids in the Western diet would affect physical activity and energy expenditure. Design: With the use of a balanced design, 2 cohorts of 18 and 14 young adults were enrolled in separate randomized, double-masked, crossover trials that compared a 3-wk high–palmitic acid diet (HPA; similar to the Western diet fat composition) to a low–palmitic acid and high–oleic acid diet (HOA; similar to the Mediterranean diet fat composition). All foods were provided by the investigators, and the palmitic acid (PA):oleic acid (OA) ratio was manipulated by adding different oil blends to the same foods. In both cohorts, we assessed physical activity (monitored continuously by using accelerometry) and resting energy expenditure (REE). To gain insight into a possible mood disturbance that might explain changes in physical activity, the Profile of Mood States (POMS) was administered in cohort 2. Results: Physical activity was higher during the HOA than during the HPA in 15 of 17 subjects in cohort 1 (P = 0.008) (mean: 12% higher; P = 0.003) and in 12 of 12 subjects in the second, confirmatory cohort (P = 0.005) (mean: 15% higher; P = 0.003). When the HOA was compared with the HPA, REE measured during the fed state was 3% higher for cohort 1 (P < 0.01), and REE was 4.5% higher in the fasted state for cohort 2 (P = 0.04). POMS testing showed that the anger-hostility score was significantly higher during the HPA (P = 0.007). Conclusions: The replacement of dietary PA with OA was associated with increased physical activity and REE and less anger. Besides presumed effects on mitochondrial function (increased REE), the dietary PA:OA ratio appears to affect behavior. The second cohort was derived from a study that was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as R01DK082803.
Organic modifiers in the anion-exchange chromatographic separation of sialic acids

Abstract The combined effects of the organic modifiers and the ionic strength in the eluent on the separation of sialic acids were investigated on an anion-exchange Mono Q HR5/5 column. A log-log plot of capacity factors of sialic acids vs . eluent anion concentration demonstrates good linearity. The major retention mechanism is explained as anion exchange. Moreover, the plot of capacity factors of sialic acids vs . reciprocal of eluent anion concentration indicates that other retention mechanisms exist in addition to anion exchange. The organic modifiers (methanol and acetonitrile) in the mobile phase have significant influence on the retention time and resolution. The eluent anion concentration and the fraction of organic modifier produce a very flexible system that can be optimized for the separation of sialic acids. Five standard sialic acid derivatives have been separated by choosing a suitable eluent anion concentration and the fraction of organic modifier. The optimized conditions have been applied to separate sialic acids released from bovine submandibular mucin. 5,9-Diacetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac 2 ) can be separated from N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) but is overlapped with other peaks. Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc are completely separated.
Effects of form and function on swallowing and the developing dentition.

Abstract Our results, added to those found in the literature, prompt us to consider the possibility that structure and function act reciprocally upon one another. Many of our findings suggest that any crowding of the tongue, whether it be from a narrow maxillary arch, enlarged tonsils, or the presence of an intruding thumb, might well promote a tongue-thrust habit. Conversely, after reviewing research concerning the lingual pressures required to move teeth and comparing that information with measurements of tongue pressure during tongue thrust, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the tongue does have the strength and the persistence required to bring about malocclusion. That the bone encasing the teeth responds to pressures of relatively little magnitude seems to be the basis of orthodontic treatment. Much research has verified the presence of lingual pressures against the teeth during speech, at rest, and during swallowing. The aggregate of these pressures is significantly greater than the amounts which Weinstein41 reports are sufficient to move teeth. It would seem that more progress in research might be made if investigators paid less attention to perpetuating a dichotomy and structured their research to allow for the possible reciprocation between form and function. Clinical application. The only consistent identifying characteristic of tongue thrust appears to be the anterior positioning or movement of the tongue against or between the teeth. This phenomenon seems to be present, following a conservative definition, in approximately one half of all 4- and 5-year-old children. Ideally, a dentist could examine a child of this age, observe signs indicative of future malocclusion, and take steps to prevent its occurrence. Although the results of the present research do not provide that kind of information, certain diagnostic criteria do emerge as having prognostic importance pertaining to the retention of a thrusting pattern. The presence of any one of the following factors to a marked degree, or of any combination of them, is a potential predictor of a tongue-thrust pattern likely to persist throughout the mixed dentition: 1. 1. Mouth breathing. 2. 2. Digit-sucking. 3. 3. Enlarged tonsils. 4. 4. A high and/or narrow anterior palatal arch. 5. 5. Marked lip movement during swallowing. 6. 6. Any anterior malocclusion in the deciduous dentition. 7. 7. Dentalization of linguo-alveolar consonants (/s/, /z/, /d/, /t/, /l/, /n/).
Comprehensive Evidence-Based Social—Emotional Curricula for Young Children: An Analysis of Efficacious Adoption Potential

This article reviews eight comprehensive social—emotional curricula for children under 6 years of age and describes two promising curricula currently under investigation. These programs have been successful in the promotion of interpersonal skills and the reduction or prevention of challenging behavior for a wide range of children. Particular attention is paid to the level of evidence or scientific believability associated with criteria that reflect efficacious adoption of curricula. Areas for future research are discussed.
The Effect of Penicillin on Early Mortality and Growth in Poults

Abstract Poult mortality occurring during the first two week brooding period, in absence of specific infectious agents detectable in routine pathological examination, is commonly reported. Losses of this nature observed at the Oregon Station begin about the fourth day, reach a peak the eighth day and are generally over by the twelfth day. Sanitation precautions in hatchery and brooding management beyond those generally employed have not been found helpful in reducing this loss. With introduction of antibiotics to starting diets it was noted that mortality from the non-specific causes was reduced in many instances. Observations on poult brooding trials are reported showing the relation of penicillin to early losses at time of starting poults. Chilson and Patrick (1946) reported that withholding feed and water for 24, 48 and 72 hours after hatching resulted in 4.8, 11.5 and 29.3 percent mortality, respectively, up to 12 weeks of age. Previously Hammond (1944) ascribed . . .
Real Clinical Trials (RCT') -- Panels of Psychological Inquiry for Transforming Anecdotal Data into Clinical Facts and Validated Judgments: Introduction to a Pilot Test with the Case of "Anna"

This article reports another stage in the development of the Panel of Psychological Inquiry (the "Panel") model for evaluating case-study knowledge claims. Inspired by Bromleyâ€™s (1986) quasi-judicial model of clinical case studies, the methodology for evaluating clinical case-studies involves seven components: (1) standards of evidence for anecdotal data; (2) participants (judges, advocate, critic, witnesses); (3) pre-hearing review of the written case study and specific advocate claims and critic counterclaims; (4) collecting physical evidence and interviewing potential witnesses related to the case; (5) a sixteen step hearing procedure; (6) the judgesâ€™ opinion; and (7) appeal. This article begins with a rationale for and background on the Panel model, followed by an introduction to a specific pilot test of it. In the pilot text, a five-member Panel consisting of Â senior practitioners and academics conducted a five-hour hearing on the treatment of Â â€œAnna,â€ an 18-year-old, first year college student with a six year history of anxiety, panic, depression, and persistent self-cutting, who was seen in therapy by a clinical psychology graduate student. The judges evaluated five knowledge claims about the severity of psychopathology; relationship of the symptom to defenses; therapeutic orientation; outcome; and role of counter-transference in the case. This introduction orients readers to five other papers associated with the pilot test: (a) a systematic case study of Anna's treatment (Podetz, 2008, 2011a), which was part of the "physical evidence" of the case and which constituted the author's master's thesis; (2) and (3), the arguments that the advocate and critic (Altman, 2011 and DiGiorgianni, 2011, respectively), presented to the Panel of Inquiry, as well as some comments about their roles and experiences (not discussed at the Inquiry); (4) the experience of the therapist (Podetz, 2011b) in presenting to the Panel of Inquiry; and (5) the findings of the Panel of Inquiry (Miller et al., 2011). Â Â
Why Your Data Won’t Mix: New tools and techniques can help ease the pain of reconciling schemas.

When independent parties develop database schemas for the same domain, they will almost always be quite different from each other. These differences are referred to as semantic heterogeneity, which also appears in the presence of multiple XML documents, Web services, and ontologies—or more broadly, whenever there is more than one way to structure a body of data. The presence of semi-structured data exacerbates semantic heterogeneity, because semi-structured schemas are much more flexible to start with. For multiple data systems to cooperate with each other, they must understand each other’s schemas. Without such understanding, the multitude of data sources amounts to a digital version of the Tower of Babel.
An expert system for new product development projects

New product development (NPD) project studies have attempted to identify a common set of factors that will indicate whether a NPD project will succeed or fail. A recent study has shown that there is no universal set of factors; also some factors have contradictory effects on a project’s success. A framework that classifies NPD projects into different contextual groups explains these anomalies. The grouping helps in determining the appropriate weights for the different success/failure factors, and the type of management organization and approach suitable for the project. The many subjective elements make classifying NPD projects into their appropriate contextual grouping difficult. Describes a rule‐based expert system which classifies NPD projects into their appropriate contextual groupings, suggests the level of emphasis for different success/failure factors and the right approach for managing.
Electric Field Control in the Vicinity of EHV Transmission Lines

This paper describes a method useful for minimizing the ground-level electric field in rights-of-way containing multiple ac transmission lines. The method involves the use of delta circuits placed alongside EHV transmission lines. By properly positioning and rotating the phases of the lower voltage deltas in space, the electric field profile can be shaped and significantly reduced.
Deviance and the neutralization of moral commitment: An empirical analysis

Neutralization theory was proposed by Sykes and Matza (1957) as a theory of juvenile delinquency. Its major propositions are: (1) Delinquents maintain moral commitment to conventional norms, and (2) the ability to neutralize moral commitment facilitates juvenile delinquency. The present research attempts to evaluate neutralization theory for predicting variation in self‐reported expected illegal behavior in a random sample of 350 adults. Data analysis indicates that (1) neutralization is conceptually and empirically distinct from moral commitment, and (2) the interaction between moral commitment and neutralization significantly explains expected involvement in future deviance.
Non-Ising-like effects in the liquid-vapor transition: Singularity in the coexistence curve diameter

Abstract A model for a fluid including odd powers of the order parameter is studied. The singularity in the temperature dependence of the liquid-vapor coexistence curve diameter near the critical point, | (T − T c ) T c | β5 , is shown to result from quintic interactions among the density fluctuations. The corresponding exponent is β 5 =1+ 5 6 ϵ+ O (ϵ 2 ) for dimensionalities d=4−ϵ. The singularity | (T − T c ) T c | 1−α predicted by earlier phenomenological theories has not been found.
A neural network solution to the transverse patterning problem depends on repetition of the input code

Using computer simulations, this paper investigates how input codes affect a minimal computational model of the hippocampal region CA3. Because encoding context seems to be a function of the hippocampus, we have studied problems that require learning context for their solution. Here we study a hippocampally dependent, configural learning problem called transverse patterning. Previously, we showed that the network does not produce long local context codings when the sequential input patterns are orthogonal, and it fails to solve many context-dependent problems in such situations. Here we show that this need not be the case if we assume that the input changes more slowly than a processing interval. Stuttering, i.e., repeating inputs, allows the network to create long local context firings even for orthogonal inputs. With these long local context firings, the network is able to solve the transverse patterning problem. Without stuttering, transverse patterning is not learned. Because stuttering is so useful, we investigate the relationship between the stuttering repetition length and relative context length in a simple, idealized sequence prediction problem. The relative context length, defined as the average length of the local context codes divided by the stuttering length, interacts with activity levels and has an optimal stuttering repetition length. Moreover, the increase in average context length can reach this maximum without loss of relative capacity. Finally, we note that stuttering is an example of maintained or introduced redundancy that can improve neural computations.
Periodic solutions of the Lyness max equation

Abstract We investigate the periodic nature of solutions of a “max-type” difference equation sometimes referred to as the “Lyness max” equation. The equation we consider is xn+1=max{xn,A}/xn−1, n=0,1,… , where A is a positive real parameter and the initial conditions are arbitrary positive numbers. We also present related results for a similar equation sometimes referred to as the “period 7 max” equation.
Syntheses and biological evaluation of novel pseudomycin side-chain analogues. Part 2

A series of aliphatic side-chain analogues of pseudomycin was synthesized and evaluated during the course of our side-chain SAR effort. We found that several of the pseudomycin side-chain analogues (e.g., 10) exhibited good in vitro activity against all three major fungi responsible for systemic fungal infections.
The Measurement of Magnetic Fields of Medium Strength by Means of a Magnetron

Use of magnetron to measure magnetic fields of strength 0.1 to 500 gauss.\char22{} The Magnetron is a special symmetrical type of kenotron, with a straight axial filament and cylindrical anode. When this is placed in a magnetic field parallel to its axis, the radial paths of the electrons are curved into arcs of circles, and for fields stronger than the critical for the given voltage, do not reach the anode at all; or, for a given field, as the voltage is decreased, the current suddenly begins to decrease rapidly at a critical voltage. Two methods are described. (1) The magnetron is connected in series with a high resistance and a source of voltage, and in parallel with a standard voltmeter. Then for a field $H$ at the center of the magnetron, parallel to its axis, there is a definite reading $V$ of the voltmeter, given by the equation $H=\frac{6.72 {V}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{R}$, when $R$ is the radius of anode. This method may be used for 20 to 500 gauss. (2) For weak fields, $Hl20$ gauss, the magnetron is connected in series with a milliammeter, (which may be the voltmeter used in (1) with its resistance shortcircuited) and a source of voltage, and surrounded by a close-fitting solenoid. The solenoid is connected, through tungsten filament lamps, to the same source of voltage as the anodes, and the lamp resistance adjusted so that the magnetic field of the solenoid is the "critical" field of the magnetron. The combination of magnetron and solenoid is then calibrated, and the calibration is found to be practically independent of voltage fluctuations. The accuracy of the first method is \textonequarter{} per cent with calibration or for relative values over a small range without calibration, using commercial power supply and portable meters. The accuracy of the second method is about 1 per cent under good conditions.
BUDGETING THEORY THROUGH “RELATIONAL LEARNING”

In this paper we develop a framework to assess the implications of information exchange within the complex setting of governmental budgeting. The framework draws on principal-agent relations and organizational learning, a perspective we call relational learning. Matching the agency’s style of learning with predominant patterns of information exchange (i.e., principal-agent relations-organizational networks and relationships), we construct a matrix of definable "relational learning" budget behaviors or models. Each model is associated with a pattern of information exchange recognizable to most budgeters, namely the budget process and budget contract. The models are presented as reasonable theoretical benchmarks for assessing budgeting practice and reforms.
INJURY SEVERITY IN MULTIVEHICLE REAR-END CRASHES

Rear-end crashes constitute a substantial portion of the total crashes in the United States. They are also amenable to reduction through emerging intelligent transportation systems technologies such as crash warning systems. A specific objective was to analyze the effect of information and vehicle technology on injury severity in rear-end crashes, while controlling for the effects of driver, vehicle, and roadway factors. The study is based on real-life data from the Highway Safety Information System for North Carolina access-controlled roadways. The results show that in two-vehicle crashes the leading driver is more severely injured, whereas in three-vehicle crashes the driver in the middle is more severely injured. To analyze injury severity on the KABCO scale, three separate ordered probit models were estimated for Drivers 1 (leading), 2 (striking), and 3 (striking, in a three-vehicle crash). A vehicle age variable was used in the model specification to capture the effect of vehicle age and to serve as ...
Physical health as a motivator for substance abuse treatment among medically ill adults: Is it enough to keep them in treatment?

Substance-using adults often present at medical facilities for acute complications of their drug or alcohol use with transiently high motivation for addiction treatment. We studied a cohort of medically ill polysubstance-using adults admitted to a partial hospitalization/day-hospital program in an acute hospital, serially tracking their reasons for treatment motivation, pain and withdrawal scores, and readiness for change. Physical health concerns were the most frequently cited reason for wanting to enter substance abuse treatment at baseline (27.8%), yet individuals who cited this as their primary motivator were significantly less likely to complete the treatment program (14.8% vs. 40.7%, p = .03). However, 43% of respondents also recorded a shift in their motivation during treatment; 100% of those transitioning from an extrinsic motivator (e.g., physical health concerns) to an intrinsic motivator (e.g., wanting to do more with one's life) completed treatment, compared with only 38.4% of those whose extrinsic motivating factors were static. This suggests that medical illness represents a "treatable moment" to engage individuals in substance abuse treatment.
Efficient egg drop contests: how middle school girls think about algorithmic efficiency

In this basic interpretative qualitative study, middle school girls with no formal experience in algorithmic reasoning, abstraction, or algebra were interviewed individually in order to help understand and explain how they think about algorithmic efficiency. A contextually relevant problem (determining the maximum height an "egg-drop contraption" could be dropped without breaking) was described to the students who were then asked 1) to come up with the most efficient solution they could to the problem while describing their thinking for the interviewer; and 2) to determine, from a choice of three solutions proposed by the interviewer, which is the most efficient. Students were found to have varying degrees of success in solving the problem or picking the most efficient solution. The most successful recognized the salient features of the problem and used them to generate possible solutions. The least successful were unable to understand the abstractions inherent in the problem. Students recognized that the most efficient of three proposed solutions may depend on the instance of the problem (where the contraption actually failed). They also understood that there was a "best" solution in general, and chose the solution that had the best worst-case scenario. Compared to college students studied previously using similar algorithmic reasoning problems, middle school girls appeared to perform similarly. They were able to demonstrate sophisticated computational thinking skills while suffering from some of the same algorithmic thinking limitations as older students.
SU-E-J-82: Ground-Truth Tests of Deformable Image Registration Using Matched PET-CT Image Pairs

Purpose: To investigate the possibility of using tracer activity density measured in matched PET/CT scan pairs as a ground‐truth test of deformable image registration and dose accumulation software. Methods: Respiratory‐correlated (4D) PET/CT was used for this proof‐of‐concept study. Amplitude‐gated 4D‐CT scans of 2 lung cancer patients acquired as part of an IRB‐approved protocol were studied. List‐mode FDG‐PET data was acquired in the same sessions and gated into 4D images (i.e., activity distributions) matched in phase to the 4D‐CT. End‐inhale phase 4D‐CT images were deformably registered to the end‐exhale phase images using a free‐form intensity based algorithm provided by a commercial software package. The corresponding 4D‐PET activity distributions at the same inhale breathing phase were deformed using the deformation vector fields from the 4D‐CT registration. CT registration accuracy was then assessed by visually inspecting the deformed inhale‐phase PET activity distributions against the exhale‐phase activity distributions. Errors in registration were identified when the deformed inhale‐phase activity distribution failed to match the exhale phase distribution. Results: To test the utility of this methodology deformed PET activity distributions were used to identify CT‐CT registration failure in the region of the mediastinum. The registration failure could not be seen by inspection of the deformed CT itself, due to lack of contrast inside the mediastinum, but was clearly visible from the deformation of the activity distribution of a tracer‐avid lymph node. Control cases were used for validation, consisting of correct and incorrect registrations of lung tumors near the chest wall, where the performance of the registration was visible from CT deformation alone. Conclusion: PET‐measured tracer activity in combined PET/CT scans can be used as a ground truth to qualitatively assess the accuracy of deformable image registration of CT images and deformable dose accumulation. Further work is needed to understand the limits of quantitative assessment. This work is supported in part by NIH R01CA096679 and R01CA116712.
Direct Measurement of Plasma Space Potential on Elmo Bumpy Torus

A heavy-ion--beam probe has been used to measure the space-potential distribution on the Elmo bumpy torus. The results indicate that under optimum confinement conditions the ambipolar electric field is nearly axisymmetric, points radially inward, and is of sufficient magnitude to dominate the ion poloidal drifts.
ASIS&T annual meeting pre-conference activities: 10th annual social informatics research symposium: Connecting (epistemic) cultures and (intellectual) communities

EDITOR'S SUMMARY At the 2014 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, the Special Interest Group/Social Informatics (SIG/SI) celebrated 10 years spearheading research on the intersection of people, information and communications technology. The SIG's pre-conference symposium attracted an international group of scholars and students demonstrating ways their work applies to the Annual Meeting's theme of Connecting Collections, Cultures, and Communities. Presented papers examined the influence of IT consultants' work by organizational and technical contexts, social and cultural barriers impeding the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by resource-poor individuals, genre analysis of technologically mediated workplace practices and links between social networks and ICTs. A panel discussion explored ties between epistemic cultures and intellectual communities and ways to promote social informatics research on the topic. The SIG presented awards for Best Paper and Best Student Paper, both touching on collaboration to enhance content. The importance of the annual research symposium was reinforced by SIG/SI earning the 2014 SIG Publication-of-the-Year Award for a book that emerged from its 2012 symposium.
Effect of an exercise and weight control curriculum: views of obesity among exercise science students

Awareness of effective weight management strategies is necessary to prepare exercise science students for future work with obesity. Exercise science faculty members developed a course related to exercise as a therapeutic tool and options available for weight loss. The purpose of the present study was to investigate student views of weight management and obesity, which can be a difficult task using traditional methods such as Likert scale surveys. To investigate student views relative to the course content, Q methodology, which is a mixed-method research approach, was used at the beginning and end of the course. Students completed a Q sort, ranking 44 statements related to obesity in accordance to their own points of view. The pretest/posttest design enabled an opportunity to determine if course goals were accomplished and if student perceptions related to obesity were transformed. Factor analysis of precourse sorts revealed that students possessed a naive singular view of weight-related concepts. Analysis of sorts at course completion resulted in a two-factor solution revealing changes in perspective; some students took on a health professional type of view, whereas others demonstrated antifat views. In conclusion, the findings revealed key variables that should be addressed in curricula involving therapeutic obesity interventions. An improved curriculum based on these results should better encourage students to develop a broad comprehension of multifactorial causes and treatment for weight management and obesity. Implementing the use of Q methodology may serve as a valuable asset to measure and evaluate subjectivity of obesity discrimination. Antifat attitudes among exercise science students may influence future clients' potential achievements.
Merging the brain and the heart together in the world of virtual teams

The virtual team of the 21st century has discovered a new way of collaborating using technology specifically designed for this purpose. Computers can now do most of the functions that were previously reserved for the human brain; however, technology often fails to account for the 'feeling and sensing' side of humans. It is often said that people will follow their hearts when making decisions, yet computer technology mimics the brain, rather than the heart, which can create a problematic situation for virtual teamwork. In my discussion, I will talk about the human elements that must be present in order to ensure a smooth operation of collaborative software. Specifically, I will address the human needs of trust, relationship development, and ensuring a shared understanding among team members and how all these interact with technology to create a successful virtual collaboration.
Secure capabilities for a petabyte-scale object-based distributed file system

Recently, the Network-Attached Secure Disk (NASD) model has become a more widely used technique for constructing large-scale storage systems. However, the security system proposed for NASD assumes that each client will contact the server to get a capability to access one object on a server. While this approach works well in smaller-scale systems in which each file is composed of a few objects, it fails for large-scale systems in which thousands of clients make accesses to a single file composed of thousands of objects spread across thousands of disks. The file system we are building, Ceph, distributes files across many objects and disks to distribute load and improve reliability. In such a system, the metadata server cluster will sometimes see thousands of open requests for the same file within seconds. To address this bottleneck, we propose new authentication protocols for object-based storage systems in which a sequence of fixed-size objects comprise a file and flash crowds are likely. We qualitatively evaluated the security and risks of each protocol, and, using traces of a scientific application, compared the overhead of each protocol. We found that, surprisingly, a protocol using public key cryptography incurred little extra cost while providing greater security than a protocol using only symmetric key cryptography.
Bacterial Pathogen Manipulation of Host Membrane Trafficking

Pathogens use a vast number of strategies to alter host membrane dynamics. Targeting the host membrane machinery is important for the survival and pathogenesis of several extracellular, vacuolar, and cytosolic bacteria. Membrane manipulation promotes bacterial replication while suppressing host responses, allowing the bacterium to thrive in a hostile environment. This review provides a comprehensive summary of various strategies used by both extracellular and intracellular bacteria to hijack host membrane trafficking machinery. We start with mechanisms used by bacteria to alter the plasma membrane, delve into the hijacking of various vesicle trafficking pathways, and conclude by summarizing bacterial adaptation to host immune responses. Understanding bacterial manipulation of host membrane trafficking provides insights into bacterial pathogenesis and uncovers the molecular mechanisms behind various processes within a eukaryotic cell.
Research on the Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication: Emerging Integrations

The authors argue for an integrated approach in which verbal and nonverbal messages are studied as inseparable phenomena when they occur together. Addressed are assumptions of various forms of this type of research, potential relationships of quantitative and qualitative studies, current trends found in the investigations included in this special issue, and recommendations for further work.
Hybrid CMOS-TFET based register files for energy-efficient GPGPUs

State-of-the-art General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU) is facing severe power challenge due to the increasing number of cores placed on a chip with decreasing feature size. In order to hide the long latency operations, GPGPU employs the fine-grained multi-threading among numerous active threads, leading to the sizeable register files with massive power consumption. Exploring the optimal power savings in register files becomes the critical and first step towards the energy-efficient GPGPUs. The conventional method to reduce dynamic power consumption is the supply voltage scaling, and the inter-bank tunneling FETs (TFETs) are the promising candidates compared to CMOS for low voltage operations regarding to both leakage and performance. However, always executing at the low voltage (so that low frequency) will result in significant performance degradation. In this study, we propose the hybrid CMOS-TFET based register files. To optimize the register power consumption, we allocate TFET-based registers to threads whose execution progress can be delayed to some degree to avoid the memory contentions with other threads, and the CMOS-based registers are still used for threads requiring normal execution speed. Our experimental results show that the proposed technique achieves 30% energy (including both dynamic and leakage) reduction in register files with little performance degradation compared to the baseline case equipped with naive power optimization technique.
Relation between plasma norepinephrine and response to medical therapy in men with congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

This study examines the relation between the change in clinical status and the change in plasma norepinephrine concentration in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) receiving standard medical therapy. Hemodynamic measurements in 11 patients with CHF (ejection fraction 19 +/- 4%) were obtained before and immediately after the administration of digoxin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Patients were then followed for 1 year. Clinical status was determined using the Boston Clinical Heart Failure scoring system. Of the 11 patients, 6 demonstrated significant clinical improvement after therapy, based on the Boston score, over a 1-year period. Five patients did not respond to therapy: 4 died and the remaining patient had worsening CHF. There was no difference between responders and nonresponders in either baseline hemodynamics or acute response to the administration of digoxin and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. In the patients who improved, plasma norepinephrine decreased from 706 +/- 235 to 545 +/- 223 pg/ml (p = 0.08) after 1 year of medical therapy. In patients whose CHF worsened or who died, plasma norepinephrine increased from 715 +/- 275 at baseline to 1,237 +/- 671 pg/ml at their last measurement (p = 0.06). Although at baseline the plasma norepinephrine levels were similar in both groups of patients, a significant difference between responders and nonresponders was observed at final follow-up (p less than 0.002). Change in plasma norepinephrine correlated with change in CHF score (r = 0.79, p less than 0.004). Thus, in patients with CHF, serial measurements of plasma norepinephrine correlate with changes in clinical status.
National, State, And Local Disparities In Childhood Obesity

New data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health show that the percentage of children ages 10-17 who are overweight (body mass index in the eighty-fifth to ninety-fourth percentiles) remained stable, while the national prevalence of obesity (BMI in the ninety-fifth percentile and higher) grew significantly, from 14.8 percent in 2003 to 16.4 percent in 2007. This increase in obesity accounted for the entire increase in the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity between 2003 and 2007 (from 30.6 percent to 31.6 percent). An estimated 10.58 million children, or nearly one in three children ages 10-17, were overweight or obese in 2007. Our findings suggest that the obesity epidemic among children may not yet have reached its plateau for some groups of children. The data also reveal persistent and highly variable disparities in childhood overweight and obesity within and among states, associated with socioeconomic status, school outcomes, neighborhoods, type of health insurance, and quality of care. This requires policy makers' attention nationally and within states.
Estimating the mass flux of charcoal from sedimentary records: effects of particle size, morphology, and orientation

Reconstructing past fire requires ways to compare concentration estimates obtained by different charcoal analysis methods. These methods estimate concentrations from area measurements or particle counts on pollen slides, on sieves, and on thin sections, and they do so at different magnifications. Depending on particle properties, each method might give substantially different results. Image analysis of charred particles in thin sections of lake sediments is used to parameterize relationships among different concentration estimators. We determined distributions of particle size, shape, and orientation in undisturbed sediments and assessed how those distributions affect concentration estimates. Particle-diameter distributions were conservative across different magnifications. Particle shape was also conservative, with major:minor axis ratios near 2.5. Our derived relationships among estimators could be used to improve comparability for all but the smallest particle classes, which tended to be unpredictable ...
Leveraging informatics for genetic studies: use of the electronic medical record to enable a genome-wide association study of peripheral arterial disease

Background: There is significant interest in leveraging the electronic medical record (EMR) to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Methods: A biorepository of DNA and plasma was created by recruiting patients referred for non-invasive lower extremity arterial evaluation or stress ECG. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was defined as a resting/post-exercise ankle-brachial index (ABI) less than or equal to 0.9, a history of lower extremity revascularization, or having poorly compressible leg arteries. Controls were patients without evidence of PAD. Demographic data and laboratory values were extracted from the EMR. Medication use and smoking status were established by natural language processing of clinical notes. Other risk factors and comorbidities were ascertained based on ICD-9-CM codes, medication use and laboratory data. Results: Of 1802 patients with an abnormal ABI, 115 had non-atherosclerotic vascular disease such as vasculitis, Buerger's disease, trauma and embolism (phenocopies) based on ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes and were excluded. The PAD cases (66±11 years, 64% men) were older than controls (61±8 years, 60% men) but had similar geographical distribution and ethnic composition. Among PAD cases, 1444 (85.6%) had an abnormal ABI, 233 (13.8%) had poorly compressible arteries and 10 (0.6%) had a history of lower extremity revascularization. In a random sample of 95 cases and 100 controls, risk factors and comorbidities ascertained from EMR-based algorithms had good concordance compared with manual record review; the precision ranged from 67% to 100% and recall from 84% to 100%. Conclusion: This study demonstrates use of the EMR to ascertain phenocopies, phenotype heterogeneity and relevant covariates to enable a GWAS of PAD. Biorepositories linked to EMR may provide a relatively efficient means of conducting GWAS.