cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-power batteries for use in hybrid vehicles

Abstract The idea of hybrid vehicles is not a recent development; as early as the 1960s, several have companies attempted to develop bipolar lead/acid batteries for hybrid-electric vehicles [J.L. Arias, J.J. Rowlett, E.D. Drake, Journal of Power Sources, 40 (1993) 63–73.]. Hybrid vehicles have the potential to increase fuel economy by using a primary engine operating at a constant power to supply average power requirements and a surge power unit for peak power demands and to recover braking energy. To date, no detailed system optimization analysis has been performed for hybrid vehicles. This study combines a simplified version of the lithium-ion battery model developed by Doyle [C.M. Doyle, Design and simulation of lithium rechargeable batteries, Dissertation, Fall, 1995.] with a vehicle model that determines battery-power requirements for a given driving cycle. Batteries are designed for either the highest vehicle mileage or minimal acceptable battery dimensions. Hybrid vehicles have the potential to more than double mileage as compared to conventional vehicles, and have a limited electric vehicle range. The battery goals of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) are investigated and often found to be differing with actual requirements. Specifically, PNGV overstates power and especially energy requirements for load-leveling devices and calls for unnecessary demands on the development of alternate technologies. The role of the driving cycle was investigated and found to be relatively unimportant as long as it contains several essential features. The important parameters in the driving cycle are the time of discharge and the maximum current (or power) level. This study suggests that a combination of both a vehicle model and a battery model is required to determine the complex interaction between hybrid-vehicle weight and battery power.
Multivariate Right-Censored Multivariate Data

Consider a time-dependent process X(t) = (X1 (t), X2(t)), where X k (t) includes as a component R k (t) = I(Tk ≤ t), k= 1, 2. Let the full data be \(X = ({{\bar{X}}_{1}}({{T}_{1}}),{{\bar{X}}_{2}}({{T}_{2}})) \sim {{F}_{X}} \in {{\mathcal{M}}^{F}}\), where \({{\bar{X}}_{k}}(t) = \{ {{X}_{k}}(s):s \in [0,t]\}\). Let T = max(T1, T2) so that we can also represent the full data structure by \(\bar{X}(T)\) .
CFD Simulation of Proposed Validation Data for a Flow Problem Reconfigured to Eliminate an Undesirable Flow Instability

The U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) is supporting the development of a next generation nuclear plant (NGNP), which will be based on a very high temperature reactor (VHTR) design. The VHTR is a single-phase helium-cooled reactor wherein the helium will be heated initially to 750 °C and later to temperatures approaching 1000 °C. The high temperatures are desired to increase reactor efficiency and to provide a heat source for the manufacture of hydrogen and other applications. While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has not been used in the past to design or license nuclear reactors in the U. S., it is expected that CFD will be used in the design and safety analysis of forthcoming designs. This is partly because of the maturity of CFD and partly because detailed information is desired of the flow and heat transfer inside the reactor to avoid hot spots and other conditions that might compromise reactor safety. Numerical computations of turbulent flow should be validated against experimental data for flow conditions that contain some or all of the physics expected in the thermal fluid machinery of interest. To this end, a scaled model of a narrow slice of the lower plenum of the prismatic VHTR was constructed and installed in the Idaho National Laboratory’s (INL) matched index of refraction (MIR) test facility and data were taken. The data were then studied and compared to CFD calculations to help determine their suitability for validation data. One of the main findings was that the inlet data, which were measured and controlled by calibrated mass flow rotameters and were also measured using detailed stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) showed considerable discrepancies in mass flow rate between the two methods. The other finding was that a randomly unstable recirculation zone occurs in the flow. This instability has a very significant effect on the flow field in the vicinity of the inlet jets. Because its time scale is long and because it is apparently a random instability, it was deemed undesirable for a validation data set. It was predicted using CFD that by eliminating the first of the four jets, the recirculation zone could be stabilized. The present paper reports detailed results for the three-jet case with comparisons to the four-jet data inasmuch as three-jet data are still unavailable. Hence, the present simulations are true or blind predictions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Auction fever: The effect of opponents and quasi-endowment on product valuations

The wide adoption of dynamic second-price auctions as the format of choice for Internet-based (online) transactions has created an interest in understanding how individuals behave in such environments. The current work concentrates on two dynamic effects, which we call quasi-endowment and opponent effect, and finds that these effects may result in over-bidding. The results of two experimental auctions—one involving hypothetical bids and the other real-money bids—demonstrate that bids reflect valuations that include the nonnormative influences of the two factors. Quasi-endowment and opponent effects could lead to the behaviors of repeated bidding and sniping commonly observed in second-price online auctions such as eBay.
Upper-atmosphere instrumentation research conducted from NASA/GODDARD Space Flight Center-Wallops Island, Virginia USA

The Upper Air Instrumentation Research Project (UAIRP) group at Wallops Flight Facility of the GSFC has been involved with upper atmosphere instrumentation studies for a number of years. The facility is 5-10 km east of major airlanes. This location makes it ideal to engage in upper air balloon and rocket-borne instrumentation research. The availability of high precision tracking radars and excellent telemetry receiving systems along with data reduction facilities and skilled personnel enable upper air meteorological instrument studies to be carried out without too many interruptions. A variety of balloons including small rubber to large plastic balloons, capable of reaching 43 km altitude, are available in order to tailor design tests to reach specific altitudes. Rocket- and balloon-borne meteorological instruments are used for many purposes, such as the validation of remote sensing techniques, the development of new sensor techniques, comparisons of different instrument types, those used locally and internationally. Accurate altitudes and wind information are obtainable from precision radar tracking. Other parameters, such as temperature, relative humidity, and ozone are gathered for other atmospheric studies. Special instrumentation is developed or specified, as needed, in order to enhance the research ability of the UAIRP group. New techniques developed by various manufacturers are periodically tested and unique software developed, as necessary. A brief description of the typical instrumentation studies carried out is given.
A simple model of multiple climate regimes

[1] Among the most intriguing enigmas of the climate system is that on the one hand, the Earth's climate appears to be exquisitely sensitive to relatively minor variations in the distribution of insolation owing to orbital variations, but on the other hand, it is in a grosser sense stable, in that it has varied only moderately in response to a roughly 30% increase in solar insolation over the life of the planet. To this enigma may be added the evidence that climate may undergo extraordinarily abrupt transitions. An attractive idea to help explain these characteristics is the notion that the Earth possesses a limited number of stable climate regimes that may overlap to produce multiple equilibrium states for the same solar forcing. Here we present a simple model that produces such overlapping stable equilibria, based on a few key feedback processes. These include control of atmospheric clouds and water vapor by the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere, control of the depth and intensity of the ocean's thermohaline circulation by tropical cyclones, and the dependence of atmospheric CO2 content on ocean temperature and the strength of the thermohaline circulation. We will show that these key feedback processes produce a climate with two or three stable, overlapping climate regimes. Subjecting this system to variations in climate forcing can account for several observed features of the climate system, including abrupt transitions, sensitivity to orbital variations, arctic warmth and high bottom water temperature during the Eocene and late Cretaceous, tempestites, and possible episodes of deep ocean anoxia during the Cretaceous.
GWIDD: a comprehensive resource for genome-wide structural modeling of protein-protein interactions

Protein-protein interactions are a key component of life processes. The knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of these interactions is important for understanding protein function. Genome-Wide Docking Database (http://gwidd.bioinformatics.ku.edu) offers an extensive source of data for structural studies of protein-protein complexes on genome scale. The current release of the database combines the available experimental data on the structure and characteristics of protein interactions with structural modeling of protein complexes for 771 organisms spanned over the entire universe of life from viruses to humans. The interactions are stored in a relational database with user-friendly interface that includes various search options. The search results can be interactively previewed; the structures, downloaded, along with the interaction characteristics.
Fake Babies, Real Lives: Deception and Recognition in Urban Kenya

This paper explores the relationship between deception and claims to particular modes of recognition among youth in urban Kenya. Deception can provide a path for circumventing structural circumstances that stymie the materialization and recognition of what some Kenyan youth understand as what they ought to be. I start with a case in which a young man, Hasan, tells his mistress that he has a child with his long-term girlfriend, however this is a lie. I suggest that analyzing this interaction as a simple matter of duplicity distracts us from understanding the attempts at social reorganization taking place within the interaction. When Hasan tells his mistress that he is a father, he is making a claim to be recognized in a particular way: as a father, and a father who would not desert his childs mother. Whats more, as Hasan makes a claim to be recognized as such, he reconfigures the relationship between the mistress and himself as secondary vis-a-vis his long-term girlfriend and their child. While I make no claims that there is an ethics to this type of lying, I do suggest that Hasans deception is a means of reconfiguring his social relationships and how he is recognized to conform not simply to his desires or aspirations, but with the way he understands they ought to be.
Courts and Temperance “Ladies”

In 1873 and 1874, parts of southern Ohio were gripped by a remarkable string of marches, religious gatherings, and sit-ins by conservative, Christian, white women intent on shutting down the distribution of alcohol in their communities. A fascinating series of issues relating to the use of legal institutions to control these demonstrative women arose during these "temperance crusades." Many women in Hillsboro opposed using available legal avenues to suppress the liquor trade, preferring strategies based on moral suasion. But, as with other major controversies in our history, aspects of the temperance crusade ended up in court despite the desires of many to avoid such forums. When liquor trade supporters sought injunctions against the sit-ins and marches, murmurs of discontent among the women could be heard on the town's streets. But once the court hearings began, crusaders worked together to protect their interests. They regularly occupied large segments of courtroom public seating areas and participated in some aspects of the legal proceedings. Their entrance into the traditionally male judicial domain had a profound influence on the progress of the movement and the camaraderie of the women. It convinced them that public actions could alter social patterns and reconstruct cultural norms. A major part of that influence was first felt in the small-town courts of southern Ohio. This article tells the story of the crusades-the women who participated in the marches, their roles in judicial proceedings brought by liquor distributors, the impact of their willingness to participate in political movements, and the long-term social movements they helped generate. IN TROD U CTION 340 I. BACKGROUND OF THE NUISANCE LEGISLATION 341 II. W OMEN IN M EN'S DOMAINS 348 A . Setting the T one 348 * Professor of Law, New York Law School. My thanks go to New York Law School for supporting my research for this paper with a summer writer grant in 2008 and to my research assistant Bryan J. Rush, New York Law School, Class of 2009. 1 also extend my thanks to members of the faculties of Georgetown University Law Center and New York Law School for their comments when portions of this paper were presented at workshops. A heavily abridged version of this article will appear as a chapter in an anthology entitled Feminist Legal History to be published by New York University Press later this year. Copyright D 2010 by the Yale Journal of Law and Feminism Yale Journal of Law and Feminism B. Events Giving Rise to Litigation in Hillsboro 352 C. Judge W illiam H . Safford 355 D. The Permanent Injunction Hearing 358 III. CONCLUSION: GENDER AND SPACE 366
A simple and robust method for determining the number of basic sites in peptides and proteins using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

A solution additive has been discovered that can be used to measure the number of basic sites in a peptide or protein using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Addition of millimolar amounts of perchloric acid (HClO4) to aqueous solutions that contain peptides or proteins results in the noncovalent adduction of HClO4 molecules to the multiply charged ions formed by ESI. For 18 oligopeptides and proteins, ranging in molecular weight from 0.5 to 18.3 kDa, the sum of the number of protons plus maximum number of HClO4 molecules adducted to the lower charge state ions is equal to the number of basic sites in the molecule. This method provides a rapid means of obtaining information about the composition of a peptide or protein and does not require high-resolution measurements, or any instrumental or experimental modifications.
Prevention of Environmental Dermatitis

Environmental dermatitis usually is the result of a contact allergen, photosensitization or atopy. Recognition that dermatitis is due to either of the first two causes, with subsequent specific therapy, often results in rapid relief of long-standing disease. Atopic dermatitis, although not environmental in origin, is often exacerbated by environmental factors and therefore can be alleviated by environmental manipulation.
Systemic evaluation of various haemostatic agents following local application prior to direct pulp capping

Limited physiological information is available regarding the role of hemostatic agents to control the success of direct pulp capping treatment in order to help save vital pulps from pulpotomy, pulpectomy or extraction. The aim of this study was to test whether placement of various hemostatic agents would alter short-term pulp healing following direct pulp capping. Class V cavity preparations with pulp exposures were prepared in 31-nonhuman primate teeth, pulp hemorrhage was controlled by placement of epinephrine, Consepsis®, sodium hypochlorite or combinations of these agents. Each exposure was then direct capped with composite resin and then observed immediately or after 13, and 28-days. Histological examination of pulp healing was conducted according to ISO standards for pulp inflammation, soft tissue organization, reactionary and reparative dentin bridge formation. Physiological measurement of heart rate and blood pressure were continuously recorded during the three operative procedures. Local pulp treatment with the various hemostatic agents did not alter systemic blood pressure or heart rate during local pulp application. All hemostatic treatments provided acceptable biocompatibility. Minor differences in pulp healing were observed, but there were no statistically significant differences between treatments (Pe”0.05). We conclude that hemostatic treatment had little effect on systemic pulp physiology or healing.
The economic impact of obesity. Building bridges with managed care.

According to the third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, at least one third of adults older than age 20 are overweight, and the prevalence of obesity has increased to more than 20% in American adults. Currently, obesity is a risk factor in 4 of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States and is also a risk factor for a number of chronic conditions, including gallbladder disease, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Aggregate costs related to obesity--the associated health risks and effects on productivity--have grown to more than $99 billion per year, representing 5.7% of US healthcare expenditures. Loss of as little as 5% to 10% of body weight can be expected to change the onset of several comorbid conditions associated with obesity (e.g., coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, stroke, and osteoarthritis), resulting in significant health and economic benefits. The increasing effectiveness of obesity management and the latest evidence that weight loss reduces the direct and indirect costs of obesity can favorably influence reimbursement decisions.
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in the Development of Lupus Nephritis

Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease with damage to multiple organs. Leukocyte recruitment into the inflamed kidney is a critical step to promote LN progression, and the chemokine/chemokine receptor system is necessary for leukocyte recruitment. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in the development of LN and discuss the potential and hurdles of developing novel, chemokine-based drugs to treat LN.
Towards Real-time Metabolic Profiling of Cancer with Hyperpolarized Succinate.

Purpose: The energy-yielding mitochondrial Krebs cycle has been shown in many cancers and other diseases to be inhibited or mutated. In most cells, the Krebs cycle with oxidative phosphorylation generates approximately 90% of the adenosine triphosphate in the cell. We designed and hyperpolarized carbon-13 labeled Succinate (SUC) and its Derivative Diethyl Succinate (DES) to interrogate the Krebs cycle in real-time in cancer animal models. Procedures: Using Parahydrogen Induced Polarization (PHIP), we generated hyperpolarized SUC and DES by hydrogenating their respective fumarate precursors. DES and SUC metabolism was studied in five cancer allograft animal models: breast (4T1), Renal Cell Carcinoma (RENCA), colon (CT26), lymphoma NSO, and lymphoma A20. Results: The extent of hyperpolarization was 8 ± 2% for SUC and 2.1 ± 0.6% for DES. The metabolism of DES and SUC in the Krebs cycle could be followed in animals 5 s after tail vein injection. The biodistribution of the compounds was observed using 13C FISP imaging. We observed significant differences in uptake and conversion of both compounds in different cell types both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: With hyperpolarized DES and SUC, we are able to meet many of the requirements for a useable in vivo metabolic imaging compound – high polarization, relatively long T1 values, low toxicity and high water solubility. However, succinate and its derivative DES are metabolized robustly by RENCA but not by the other cancer models. Our results underscore the heterogeneity of cancer cells and the role cellular uptake plays in hyperpolarized metabolic spectroscopy.
Reverse Translational Implications of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Addiction Genetics

Abstract In recent years genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have transformed thinking about the genetics of addiction. Prior to the advent of these sorts of studies there were two primary problems in addiction genetics, which was based in large part on candidate gene studies: failure to replicate findings, and a priori expectation as the primary basis of hypotheses. GWAS overcame many of these problems, and has changed our view of the genetics of addiction. As discussed in this review, a substantial degree of replication began to emerge as these studies progressed, particularly as sample sizes increased, marker density increased, and we became more sensitive to issues of marker and genomic heterogeneity between different human populations. GWAS for addiction, like GWAS for most other common disorders, found that the genetic causes of such conditions were best explained by the contribution of a large number of allelic variants of small effect. Moreover, the genes identified by GWAS were quite different from those considered to be important for drug dependence based on candidate gene studies or studies of genetically modified mice, including a very large proportion of cell adhesion molecule genes. The current challenge for studies in genetically modified mice is to examine these genes, e.g., the reverse translational implications of the results of GWAS, thought to contribute to liability for drug dependence in humans.
Whole blood and urine bioactive Hepcidin-25 determination using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.

Abstract Hepcidin is a small cysteine-rich signaling peptide that regulates blood serum iron concentrations [1–4]. Patients with chronic inflammation are known to have elevated levels of hepcidin in their blood and urine and often suffer from anemia as a result [5–10]. Measuring and quantifying the amount of active hepcidin in blood and urine can help to determine the cause and severity of the anemia thereby helping physicians determine the correct course of treatment [11–16]. We have developed a simple technique to isolate, chemically modify, and concentrate hepcidin from blood and urine coupled to high-pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometry that can accurately and reproducibly measure and quantify the active hormone.
A randomized phase II study comparing bipolar androgen therapy vs. enzalutamide in asymptomatic men with castration resistant metastatic prostate cancer: The TRANSFORMER trial.

TPS5079 Background: Prostate cancer can progress despite androgen deprivation therapy through overexpression of the androgen receptor (AR) and expression of AR splice variants. Almost paradoxically...
Studies of student engagement in gamified online discussions

This article presents two trial studies using the gamification approach in online discussions to increase student engagement. A gamified online discussion tool, gEchoLu, was designed and implemented. The first trial focused on examining student engagement in online discussions. The results indicated that gEchoLu had positive influences on student behavioral engagement, emotional engagement, and cognitive engagement. The second trial aimed to investigate the effect of specific game elements implemented in gEchoLu on student motivation and engagement in online discussions. Findings from the second trial suggested that badges, thumps-ups, progress bars, and avatars in gEchoLu promoted student engagement in online discussions. The limitations and implications are discussed.
Why the sequel is always worse than the original

Severe pneumonia predisposes to recurrent infection by functionally impairing antigen presenting cells.
Numerical modeling of multiphase steam flow in wellbore

Abstract Steam injection is applied as a technique to extract heavy oil due to the fact that thermal energy carried by steam can heat reservoir and hence significantly lowering oil viscosity. One important thing in steam injection is to ensure more heat injected can reach perforation interval but not lost to surrounding formation when steam flows through wellbore tubing. In other words, steam quality is demanded to be as high as possible when steam reaches reservoir. In addition, more studies are required on unsteady state (transient) flowing process, since the rapid temperature and pressure change in unsteady state flowing process may make pipe components work under a severe condition and increasing the risk of mechanical damage. In this work, a fully-implicit numerical model is developed to predict steam quality, temperature and pressure profiles along a vertical steam injection well. The model includes wellbore section and surrounding formation and employing a heat transfer coefficient to calculate heat loss from wellbore to formation. In wellbore section, detailed mass balance equation, momentum balance equation and energy balance equation are utilized as governing equations and a drift-flux model is integrated to simulate the multiphase steam flow. Heat transmission inside formation section is expressed by a two-dimensional Fourier heat conduction equation. The whole system of differential equations are discretized by refined grids and solved implicitly by Newton-Rapson method. Formulation of complete governing equations (e.g. accumulation terms are not neglected) enables this mode can correctly simulates steam flowing in both unsteady state and steady state process. Simulation results are then compared with field data, which concludes that this numerical model is able to predict steam quality and pressure change along a vertical well and temperature variation inside tubing and within formation with high accuracy. This model is also applied under varying operational conditions to extend its feasibility to handle different problems. A multiple injection steam qualities case and a multiple injection rates case are studied and results indicate that this model can work under complex and variable operational constraints. This model is specifically designed to simulate steam injection cases with varying conditions, such as Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS). By using this model, better understanding can be obtained in how pressure/temperature and steam quality profiles change and it will assist engineers in well design and optimizing production operations.
Ilioinguinal, Iliohypogastric, and Genitofemoral Nerve Pain Syndromes

The ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves can be injured in a variety of ways, most commonly following abdominal surgery. Conservative measures should be first-line treatment (ice, NSAIDs, physical therapy, TCAs). Given the close proximity of the nerves, patients with refractory symptoms after conservative treatment should undergo local nerve blocks for diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes.
Switching Languages in Online Searching: A Qualitative Study of Web Users' Code-Switching Search Behaviors

The availability of information in many languages on the Web allows multilingual searchers to search in multiple languages at the same time. Few studies have examined how multilingual web users seek information in two or more languages online, specifically how they switch languages in order to get satisfying search results. This research investigates native Chinese web users» code-switching (Chinese-English) search behaviors in their information seeking process through diary studies interviews. Results indicate that they usually switch languages when they need translation, search for domain knowledge, news and entertainment information, and academic resources, go online shopping, seek personal health information, and need social networking. Findings highlight when the participants need prompt information, they search in Chinese in order to get an immediate understanding. They seek information in English for better resources, which can offer them appropriate information and help them search effectively. We also find that these multilingual users use situational code-switching when the search tasks require them to switch languages in order to get effective and sufficient search results. The role of each language is different in the situational code-switching. When web users switch languages due to emotional or attitude changes associated with complex social or cultural context, they use metaphorical code-switching in order to get satisfying search results. The study aims to provide implications for website design concerning multilingual web users' code-switching search strategies, habits, and needs.
A microengineered human corneal epithelium-on-a-chip for eye drops mass transport evaluation

Animals are commonly used for pharmacokinetic studies which are the most frequent events tested during ocular drug development and preclinical evaluation. Inaccuracy, cost, and ethical criticism in these tests have created a need to construct an in vitro model for studying corneal constraints. In this work, a porous membrane embedded microfluidic platform is fabricated that separates a chip into an apical and basal side. After functionalizing the membrane surface with fibronectin, the membrane's mechanical and surface properties are measured to ensure correct modeling of in vivo characteristics. Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells are cultured on the membrane to create a microengineered corneal epithelium-on-a-chip (cornea chip) that is validated with experiments designed to test the barrier properties of the human corneal epithelium construct using model drugs. A pulsatile flow model is used that closely mimics the ocular precorneal constraints and is reasonable for permeability analysis that models in vivo conditions. This model can be used for preclinical evaluations of potential therapeutic drugs and to mimic the environment of the human cornea.
Lateral GaN HEMT Structures

This chapter describes the basic GaN-based HEMT device, including the polarization effects and surface states responsible for the formation of the 2DEG in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. GaN HEMT device structure innovations for increasing the channel mobility, reducing the current collapse phenomena, achieving high voltage breakdown, and enabling normally off operation are presented.
A Critique of the Decision Analysis for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

AbstractThe question of when to choose surgery over watchful waiting for treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer is difficult. Recently, the Prostate Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) published a decision analysis that promoted watchful waiting as a reasonable alternative to invasive treatment for many men with localized prostatic carcinoma. Criticisms were leveled at the analysis itself, its structure, and especially the probabilities and utilities used in the model.We reexamine the PORT decision analysis. Structural sensitivity of the model was conducted, as were multi-way analyses incorporating data more recent than those used in the PORT analysis. The model structure is concluded to be sound and reasonable given the available literature on prostate cancer progression. However, recent data suggest that some probabilities used in the PORT analysis may be understated, causing life expectancy for surgical treatment to be understated. Using these recent data, the decision to operate on all gr...
Sooting and Carbonization

One primary advantage of ceramic vessels, in comparison to other containers, is that they can be placed directly over or in a fire to process its contents. There are, however, multiple ways that this can be done and many different processing strategies. For example, a pot can be placed in a fire, on supports, or suspended over a fire to boil, simmer, or roast its contents. If an archaeologist is interested in inferring cooking-related activities, then patterns of external or internal carbonization can provide important clues.
Decontamination of Foods by Cold Plasma

Abstract Cold plasma is a novel nonthermal food processing technology for meats, poultry, fruits, and vegetables. This flexible sanitizing method uses electricity and a carrier gas, such as air, oxygen, nitrogen, or helium to inactivate microbes without the use of conventional antimicrobial chemical agents. Various cold plasma systems are under development, operating at atmospheric pressure or in low-pressure treatment chambers. Pathogens can be reduced by greater than 5 logs; effective treatment times for Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus can range from 120 s to as little at 3 s. The antimicrobial modes of action vary depending on the type of cold plasma generated but rely on ultra violet (UV) and reactive chemical species. This chapter will define cold plasma and the technologies used to generate it, as well as delineate the efficacy of the process as a food processing technology.
Identifying reactive peptides from phage-displayed libraries.

Abstract Phage display enables the synthesis, selection, and screening of large, polypeptide libraries (>1 × 10(10) different members). Selections from such libraries can identify binding partners to essentially any desired target (Sarikaya et al., Annu Rev Mater Res 34:373-408, 2004; Deutscher, Chem Rev 110:3196-3211, 2010). Peptides with affinity or reactivity to small molecule probes are attractive for numerous uses including the targeted, site-specific labeling of proteins. Here, we describe selection and screening protocols for the identification of short peptides that can selectively bind to and/or react with small molecules.
Callous and uncaring traits are associated with reductions in amygdala volume among youths with varying levels of conduct problems

BackgroundThe emergence of callous unemotional (CU) traits, and associated externalizing behaviors, is believed to reflect underlying dysfunction in the amygdala. Studies of adults with CU traits or psychopathy have linked characteristic patterns of amygdala dysfunction to reduced amygdala volume, but studies in youths have not thus far found evidence of similar amygdala volume reductions. The current study examined the association between CU traits and amygdala volume by modeling CU traits and externalizing behavior as independent continuous variables, and explored the relative contributions of callous, uncaring, and unemotional traits.MethodsCU traits and externalizing behavior problems were assessed in 148 youths using the Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits (ICU) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). For a subset of participants (n = 93), high-resolution T1-weighted images were collected and volume estimates for the amygdala were extracted.ResultsAnalyses revealed that CU traits were associated with increased externalizing behaviors and decreased bilateral amygdala volume. These results were driven by the callous and uncaring sub-factors of CU traits, with unemotional traits unrelated to either externalizing behaviors or amygdala volume. Results persisted after accounting for covariation between CU traits and externalizing behaviors. Bootstrap mediation analyses indicated that CU traits mediated the relationship between reduced amygdala volume and externalizing severity.ConclusionsThese findings provide evidence that callous-uncaring traits account for reduced amygdala volume among youths with conduct problems. These findings provide a framework for further investigation of abnormal amygdala development as a key causal pathway for the development of callous-uncaring traits and conduct problems.
The Nurse-Engineer: A New Role to Improve Nurse Technology Interface and Patient Care Device Innovations

Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe two innovative biomedical engineering and nursing collaborations designed to educate a new cadre of professionals and develop new knowledge and innovations (robots, patient care devices, and computer simulation). Organizing construct Complex health problems demand a highly skilled response that uses teams of professionals from various disciplines. When the biomedical engineering lens is expanded to include the practical perspective of nursing, opportunities emerge for greater technology-nurse interface and subsequent innovation. A joint nursing-engineering degree program provides the ideal preparation for a well-informed nurse-engineer who can explore new and innovative solutions that will improve care and patient outcomes. Approach A review of the literature provides the background on innovation and engineering in nursing and a rationale for the development of two innovative joint degrees, as well as a description of those programs. Findings These innovative programs will advance healthcare-related technology and maximize the potential contribution of the nursing profession in the design and implementation of creative solutions. They also have the potential to increase the skills and knowledge for students enrolled in biomedical engineering or Bachelor of Science in nursing programs individually, providing them with interdisciplinary training and exposure. Clinical relevance Important patient care improvement opportunities are missed when nurses are not actively engaged in patient care device innovation and creation. Innovative nurse and engineer collaborations are needed in various forms to leverage nurse ingenuity and create patient care innovations.
Risk tolerance measured by probability discounting among individuals with primary mood and psychotic disorders.

Objective Change in risk tolerance is a feature of multiple psychiatric disorders and may contribute to adverse outcomes. We used a probability discounting (PD) task to measure risk-taking behavior among individuals with bipolar disorder (BPAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), schizoaffective disorder (SCAD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). Method A PD task was administered to 117 patients and 88 healthy controls (HCs), along with a cognitive battery using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, and relevant symptomatology scales. We examined differences in PD rates between diagnostic groups, and compared with HCs, while controlling for potential confounding factors including measures of cognitive functioning. Results Individuals with a diagnosis of BPAD or SCAD/SCZ prefer smaller, more guaranteed rewards rather than larger, less likely rewards as compared with healthy controls (p = .002 and p = .034, respectively). There was no effect of performance on cognitive tasks, antipsychotic treatment, or symptomatology on the rate of probability discounting. Conclusion This study supports the transdiagnostic measurement of risk-taking behaviors, even when such behaviors are not the primary area of psychopathology. Quantifying risk-taking may enable targeted therapeutic strategies across disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Studies on the structure and function of interstitial cell-stimulating hormone.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents studies on the structure and function of interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH). It also describes the studies on the structure of human ICSH that have led to the elucidation of the amino acid sequence of the human ICSH-α subunit. Human ICSH and ovine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are known to contain sialic acid. When these hormones are treated with neuraminidase to release the sialic acid, no effect is observed with regard to their lipolytic activity. The chapter also discusses in vitro stimulation of lactic acid in prepubertal rat ovaries by gonadotropins and their subunits. A number of reports have appeared in the literature that demonstrate that gonadotropins are active in stimulating lactic acid production in prepubertal rat ovaries both in vivo and in vitro.
Abstract 4264: Lysosome inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer to replication stress by aspartate depletion

Objective: Functional lysosomes are required for autophagy and macropinocytosis, the intra- and extracellular scavenging pathways cancer cells engage for nutrient acquisition. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors exhibit high basal lysosomal activity, and genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of lysosome function suppresses PDAC cell proliferation and tumor growth. However, the codependencies induced by lysosomal inhibition in PDAC have not been systematically explored. We hypothesized that identification and targeting the lysosomal inhibition-induced codependencies in PDAC cells would be an effective therapeutic strategy. Methods: A comprehensive pharmacological inhibition screen of the protein kinome was performed to identified lysosomal inhibition-induced codependency. LC-MS/MS-MRM and LC-MS methods were used to examine nucleotide biosynthesis and amino acid levels, respectively, to understand the mechanism of the identified codependency. A broad panel of PDAC cell lines, primary PDAC culture models, two- and three-dimentional culture models, a PDAC cell/stroma spheroid coculture model, and xenograft and syngeneic PDAC animal models were used to evaluate the treatment efficacy. Results: We found that replication stress response (RSR) inhibitors were synthetically lethal with chloroquine (CQ) and other lysosomal inhibitors in PDAC cells. CQ treatment reduced de novo nucleotide biosynthesis and induced replication stress. We found that CQ treatment caused mitochondrial dysfunction and depletion of aspartate, an essential precursor for de novo nucleotide synthesis, as an underlying mechanism. Supplementation with aspartate in PDAC cell culture and overexpression of the aspartate transporter SLC1A3 in xenograft PDAC tumors partially rescued the phenotypes induced by CQ. The synergy of CQ and the RSR inhibitor VE-822 was comprehensively validated in a broad panel of PDAC cell lines and primary PDAC cultures, in two- and three-dimentional PDAC cultures, in heterotypic spheroid culture with cancer-associated fibroblasts, and in in vivo xenograft and syngeneic PDAC mouse models. Conclusion: We discovered a codependency on functional lysosomes and an intact RSR pathway in PDAC, and developed the combination of CQ and RSR inhibitors as a translational therapeutic approach for PDAC. Citation Format: Shili Xu, Irmina A. Elliott, Amanda M. Dann, Stephanie S. Kim, Evan R. Abe, Woosuk Kim, Soumya Poddar, Alexandra Moore, Lei Zhou, Jennifer L. Williams, Joseph R. Capri, Razmik Ghukasyan, Cynthia Matsumura, D. Andrew Tucker, Wesley R. Armstrong, Anthony E. Cabebe, Nanping Wu, Luyi Li, Thuc M. Le, Caius G. Radu, Timothy R. Donahue. Lysosome inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer to replication stress by aspartate depletion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4264.
Signaling Quality via Long Lines and Uninformative Prices

Problem definition: We study the following puzzle: why do firms sometimes nurture long wait lines, rather than raising prices (to eliminate these lines)? Academic/practical relevance: In economic t...
Sleep, Shift Work, and Men's Health

Abstract A large portion of US men suffer from sleep disorders. As many also engage in shift work, there is increased interest in determining how sleep disorders and shift work affect men's health. Links between sleep disorders and chronic illnesses including hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and obesity have been identified. Several relationships between sleep disorders and urological diseases have also been identified, including a link between disordered sleep and erectile dysfunction (ED), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and prostate cancer. As such, sleep disorders may have a more profound impact on the epidemiology and manifestation of these conditions and potentially others than has previously been acknowledged.
Restructuring Argentina’s Sovereign Debts – Navigating the Legal Labyrinth

On Feb. 19, 2020, the IMF declared that Argentina’s debts were no longer sustainable and called upon bondholders to help resolve the crisis. A schedule for the restructuring of Argentina’s external debt has been announced by the Argentina Ministry of Finance on Jan. 29, 2020. According to the Ministry, Argentina plans to launch a debt restructuring offer in the second week of March and execute the offer by the end of March. This short essay provides an overview of the intricate challenges that Argentina would be facing in a potential restructuring of its sovereign debt obligations, with a focus on the legal aspects. After mapping the respective debt instruments, which include domestic debt, international sovereign bonds, as well as loans from international financial institutions, I turn to the key legal obstacles when it comes to the (unilateral) restructuring. The paper posits that the most significant legal risks are likely to occur with respect to international bonds and disruptive legal actions taken by their holders. Uncooperative creditors may engage in holdout tactics with the goal of obtaining a better settlement than their peers by refusing to settle and ultimately launching litigation proceedings in foreign courts. The latest type of Argentine bonds ("Macri bonds") include modern, fully-aggregated, single-limb Collective Action Clauses (CACs), which are powerful in ameliorating such holdout inefficiencies. However, several older bonds ("Kirchner bonds") feature an outdated model of CACs, and generally afford stronger enforcement rights to bondholders. Unsurprisingly, creditor holding Kirchner bonds have already formed committees to leverage their negotiation position. Another related difficulty that this paper reviews arises from the requirement in Argentina's newer ("Macri") bonds that a restructuring offer must be "uniformly applicable" for all affected series of bonds. Given the two different sets of bond contracts involved, this requirement may lead to complex transactional and design questions. Finally, with respect to the interpretation of the pari passu clause included in Argentina's bond prospectuses, the essay argues that a recent decision by the Southern District Court of New York significantly reduced the risks of specialized holdouts attacking a majority-approved debt workout. To be sure, modern sovereign bond restructurings rest on the basic premise of bondholder democracy. In other words, as long as a sufficient majority of creditors accepts a restructuring offer, most legal obstacles can be overcome. However, the entrance of specialized distressed-debt managers the market suggests that some investors will gamble for a better deal, or try to leverage their contractual rights against the country in a classic holdout manner. While Argentina certainly finds itself in a legally superior position compared to its last debt crisis, the country will soon have to sail into choppy legal seas where all sorts of hazards lurk - some of which the country is all too familiar with.
Control of Pseudomonas amygdali pv. loropetali on Metal, Wood, and Loropetalum chinense Stem Surfaces

Clorox Germicidal Bleach, Cuproxat, Green-Shield II, KleenGrow, Virkon S, and ZeroTol 2.0 were evaluated for their ability to inactivate Pseudomonas amygdali pv. loropetali on stainless steel (SS),...
Disparity Indices and Overweight: Frame of Reference.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare state rankings of body mass index (BMI) among three different indices of income disparities (i.e., low-, middle-, and high-income thresholds) and B...