cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Holacratic Engineering Management and Innovation

Innovation in its many forms, disruptive, revolutionary, or evolutionary, is essential for companies to remain competitive in new markets and value networks. While companies apply a variety of trad...
Density functional versus spin-density functional and the choice of correlated subspace in multivariable effective action theories of electronic structure

Modern extensions of density functional theory such as the density functional theory plus U and the density functional theory plus dynamical mean field theory require choices, including selection of variable (charge vs spin density) for the density functional and specification of the correlated subspace. This paper examines these issues in the context of the ``plus U'' extensions of density functional theory, in which additional correlations on specified correlated orbitals are treated using a Hartree-Fock approximation. Differences between using charge-only or spin-density-dependent exchange-correlation functionals and between Wannier and projector-based definitions of the correlated orbitals are considered on the formal level and in the context of the structural energetics of the rare-earth nickelates. It is demonstrated that theories based on spin-dependent exchange-correlation functionals can lead to large and in some cases unphysical effective on-site exchange couplings. Wannier and projector-based definitions of the correlated orbitals lead to similar behavior near ambient pressure, but substantial differences are observed at large pressures. Implications for other beyond density functional methods such as the combination of density functional and dynamical mean field theory are discussed.
Clique immersion in graph products

Let $G,H$ be graphs and $G*H$ represent a particular graph product of $G$ and $H$. We define $im(G)$ to be the largest $t$ such that $G$ has a $K_t$-immersion and ask: given $im(G)=t$ and $im(H)=r$, how large is $im(G*H)$? Best possible lower bounds are provided when $*$ is the Cartesian or lexicographic product, and a conjecture is offered for each of the direct and strong products, along with some partial results.
Laparoscopic Technique in the Management of High Anorectal Malformations: A Propensity Score-Matched Outcome Study Using a Large Inpatient Database.

Background: Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) has been the standard for management of children with high anorectal malformations (ARMs). Recently, there has been an increase in the use of l...
Community Detection in Online Social Networks: A Differentially Private and Parsimonious Approach

Community detection is an effective approach to unveil relationships among individuals in online social networks. In the literature, quite a few algorithms have been proposed to conduct community detection by exploiting the topology of social networks and the attributes of social actors. In practice, community detection is usually conducted by third parties, such as advertisement companies and hospitals, with access to social networks for different purposes, which can easily lead to a privacy breach. In this paper, we investigate community detection in social networks aiming to protect the privacy of both the network topology and the users’ attributes. We show that with additional prior knowledge, community detection can be performed by querying the information of only a fraction of instead of the entire population. In particular, we first propose a new scheme called differentially private community detection (DPCD). DPCD detects communities in social networks via a probabilistic generative model, which can be decomposed into subproblems solved by individual users. The private social relationships and attributes of each user are protected by objective perturbation with differential privacy guarantees. Then, we propose a parsimonious node affiliation recovery (NAR) algorithm, which is also differentially private, to unveil the community affiliation information of the whole population based on that of the limited number of queried individuals by solving a sparse optimization problem. Through both theoretical analysis and experimental validation using synthetic and real-world social networks, we demonstrate that the proposed DPCD scheme detects social communities under the modest privacy budget. In addition, we show the effectiveness of NAR to perform community detection by querying a limited number of individuals in social networks.
Beyond tit-for-tat in cyberspace: Political warfare and lateral sources of escalation online

At present, most scholarship on the potential for escalation in cyberspace couches analysis in terms of the technological dynamics of the domain for relative power maneuvering. The result has been a conceptualisation of the logic of operation in cyberspace as one of ‘tit-for-tat’ exchanges motivated by attribution problems and limited opportunity for strategic gain. This article argues that this dominant perspective overlooks alternative notions of how cyber tools are used to influence. This, in turn, has largely led scholars to ignore second-order effects – meaning follow-on effects triggered by a more direct outcome of an initial cyber action – on domestic conditions, institutions, and individual stakeholders. This article uses the case of cyber-enabled political warfare targeting the United States in 2016 to show how escalation can occur as a second-order effect of cyber operations. Specifically, the episode led to a re-evaluation of foreign cyber strategy on the part of American defence thinkers that motivated an offensive shift in doctrine by 2018. The episode also directly affected both the political positions taken by important domestic actors and the attitude of parts of the electorate towards interference, both of which have reinforced the commitment of military planners towards assertive cyber actions.
Evaluating the effect of retail marijuana legalization on parent marijuana use frequency and norms in U.S. States with retail marijuana legalization

Abstract Objectives To examine post-retail marijuana legalization (RML) change in marijuana use frequency and pro-marijuana norms among parents. Methods The Intergenerational Study, a longitudinal panel of parents (N = 668) and children, followed participants from 2002 to 2018, when parents were 27 and 43 years old, respectively. Three quarters of participants (74%) lived in an RML state and 142 (21%) had used marijuana in the 8 years prior to RML. Piecewise growth modelling compared pre- and post-RML slopes of use frequency and pro-marijuana norms. Results Frequency of use and pro-marijuana norms increased following legalization in both RML and non-RML states, though norms rose significantly faster in RML states. Growth in use was primarily driven by new users of marijuana. There were no differences in frequency of marijuana use or pro-marijuana norms by race/ethnicity, gender, or education. Conclusions An increase in marijuana use frequency associated with RML among parents poses risk to both parents' well-being and the health of their children. A faster pace of increase in pro-marijuana norms in RML states may signal continued increases in use in the future.
An overview & synthesis of disaster resilience indices from a complexity perspective

Abstract Identifying Disaster resilience indices (DRI) for cities and communities remains a common approach for assessing their structural ability and inherent capacity to cope with, recover from, and adapt to disasters. Particularly popular are composite DRI methodologies that are quantitative, top-down, and geographically mappable. DRI have become more comprehensive as the complexity of urban systems is increasingly acknowledged. However, DRI remain criticized as static, reductive, and inadequate when viewed under a complexity paradigm, which views urban systems as Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS), where observed properties (like resilience) emerge from many interactions among heterogenous agents in a network. Literature reviews have covered the state and trends for DRI development. Our objective is to synthesize literature at the nexus of these reviews, CAS, and Socio-ecological Systems (SES) to determine the extent to which commonly adopted indicators relate to widely accepted tenets of CAS. Findings show that DRI indicators usually relate more closely to temporal snapshots of vulnerability, and alternative framings of current indicators along with interdisciplinary approaches could better capture CAS aspects of urban resilience. Research and development should strive to develop DRI based on underlying principles of CAS and SES, and consider adapting top-down quantitative approaches with thick data, network models, and mixed-method triangulations. Explicitly associating complexity theory with DRI can (i) help researchers in socio-technical and socio-ecological domains develop improved resilience indicators and assessment methods that are clearly differentiated from vulnerability metrics, and (ii) guide policy and decision-makers, amid future uncertainty, to better identify, implement and track capacity-enhancing measures.
Application to Boundary Problems for Elliptic Equations

It is now common practice to study boundary value problems for an elliptic equation (say, in a domain of Euclidean space or, more generally, on a manifold with boundary) by transferring them to the boundary. For this purpose one makes use of the Poisson kernel for the Dirichlet problem, relative to the equation under study, and of the regularity results and estimates, now well established, in the latter problem. If appropriate results have been established for the problem on the boundary, it is then possible to reach the desired conclusions about the original problem, most often the regularity up to the boundary of its solutions, the finite dimensionality of its kernel and cokernel, etc. Of course, in an expository text, the author is still left with the task of establishing the classical properties of the Dirichlet problem.
Controlled Translocation of DNA Segments through Nanoelectrode Gaps from Molecular Dynamics

Molecular dynamics simulations show that electrophoresis of DNA segments through a nanoscale electrode gap can be controlled by applying appropriate biased voltages in the transmembrane direction. The translocation velocities are dependent on both the DNA molecular weight and nucleotide structure. Application of alternating driving fields results in oscillatory motion of DNA inside the gap. Interruption of the driving field can effectively pause the translocation of DNA segments. Results from this work are useful for designing novel sequencing devices.
Hecke algebras and involutions in Weyl groups

For any two involutions y,w in a Weyl group (y\le w), let P_{y,w} be the polynomial defined in [KL]. In this paper we define a new polynomial P^\sigma_{y,w} whose i-th coefficient is a_i-b_i where the i-th coefficient of P_{y,w} is a_i+b_i (a_i,b_i are natural numbers). These new polynomials are of interest for the theory of unitary representations of complex reductive groups. We present an algorithm for computing these polynomials.
Quinones and glutathione metabolism.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews relevant methods used for the measurement of quinone redox cycling, glutathione (GSH) content, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) mRNAcontent, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), a second GSH-metabolizing enzyme that is also induced by H2O2. The metabolism of quinones and of GSH is remarkably intertwined. The chapter also describes how to measure several of the relevant parameters of those interactions by using recent studies. Nonetheless, the assays described in the chapter and the precautions in method and interpretation are generally applicable, regardless of these differences. Most quinones can be conjugated to GSH as their major route to elimination. When quinones are redox cycled, H2O2 is produced, the elimination of which depends on the use of GSH by glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx). Quinones are excellent inducers of the enzyme GCL, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in GSH synthesis. Quinone reductases are identified in the plasma membrane, although their precise identities remain unresolved. Two-electron reduction of a quinone yields the corresponding hydroquinone, QH2. Several two-electron quinone reductases, including NQO2, are identified later in the chapter. Among them, NQO1 (NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1; DT-diaphorase), the prime cytosolic quinone reductase, is well-characterized.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) System in the Bovine Mammary Gland and Milk

Primary bovine mammary cells express the two IGF receptors (IGF-IR, IGF-IIR), insulin receptor, and four IGFBPs (IGFBP-2, -3, -4, and -5). Examination of the IGF-IR during the mammary gland lactation cycle shows that IGF-IR number declines at parturition, a change that coincides with decreases in the blood level of its ligand, IGF-I. IGF-II and IGF-IIR are largely unchanged. IGFBP-3 is the predominant mammary IGFBP and its concentration also declines in blood and milk during lactation compared to prepartum and involution periods. Time of lactation and pregnancy were the main determinants of milk but not blood IGFBP-3 levels. IGFBP-3 binds to membrane proteins of bovine mammary tissue; an IGFBP-3 binding protein has been identified as bovine lactoferrin. Lactoferrin has the capacity to compete with IGF binding to IGFBP-3. Appearance of both IGFBP-3 and lactoferrin in conditioned media of primary cultures of bovine mammary cells was stimulated by all trans retinoic acid (atRA). Furthermore, atRA was necessary for the entry of exogenously added lactoferrin into the mammary cell nucleus, while IGFBP-3 entry into the nuclei of atRA treated cells required the presence of lactoferrin. These findings reveal a novel role for lactoferrin, suggesting that lactoferrin is critically involved in the regulation of the IGF system during the involution period.
Supersonic Laminar Flow Past a Small Rear-Facing Step

(3) (4) with dp'/dy ~ 0 and H' ~ Cp T' + u'U0. The solution of Eq. (2) yields the viscous displacement effect and, hence, the effective inner boundary location y = y* seen by the outer inviscid disturbance flow, which also introduces the effects of upstream influence. The skin-friction and heat-transfer disturbances are then found from the solution of Eqs. (3) and (4). The appropriate wall boundary conditions are no slip uw' = 0 (allowing for a drop in wall location by an amount h at the origin, plus a possible delta function normal perturbation velocity due to suction or blowing) and the thermal boundary conditions for the energy equation that the surface is either at a fixed tem- perature (Twf = 0) or is insulated ((dT'/dy)w = 0). This boundary value problem is solved by Fourier transforma- tion with respect to x so as to reduce the equations to two sets of ordinary differential equations that can be solved both analytically and numerically by well-known methods. Complete details of this analysis are documented in the reference paper. On physical grounds, it is of interest to cite the results for the large scale and small scale wall pressure solutions since these describe, respectively, the behavior far upstream from, and in the immediate vicinity of, the step and analytical solutions can be obtained in both cases. The asymptotic large scale solution is found to be zero for x > 0, while upstream of the corner is given by (M2(y*}-MBwM0(y*}} ,lu (M2-\Y12 (5) where lu is the upstream influence distance and MBw is the blowing Mach number. This aspect of the solution is thus discon- tinuous across the step. In the leading approximation for the opposite small scale behavior limit, we get instead that
OCTONIONS: INVARIANT REPRESENTATION OF THE LEECH LATTICE

The Leech lattice, �24, is represented on the space of octonionic 3vectors. It is built from two octonionic representations of E8, and is reached via �16. It is invariant under the octonion index cycling and doubling maps.
Queer Chicano Families: The Importance of Converging Literature on Queer Families, Chicano Families, and Chicano Queers

Despite growing literature on Latino families and Latino queer identities, there has been relatively little empirical research on Latino same-sex families. Likewise, emerging empirical research on gay and lesbian couples tends to focus on the experiences of middle-class, well-educated, White couples. I argue that combining theoretical and empirical works on sexuality, Chicano studies, and queer studies can assuage this lack of diversity in each body of literature. This work first examines current literature on Latino families, with a focus on Latino familism. This is followed by a brief examination of current literature on queer Chicanos. Lastly, it will discuss queer families and the lack of current literature on Latino same-sex couples, in order to present a course of action for further research on the intersectional social location of queer Chicano families.
Evaluation of a Washing Procedure in the Examination of Almonds for Escherichia coli

Almond samples were examined for Escherichia coli by the EC method employing two sample preparation procedures: direct inoculation and washing. The washing procedure was conducted under specified conditions with an eluent containing surfactant; results averaged only 60% of the incidence shown by the direct inoculation procedure.
Impact of tamoxifen on adipocyte lineage tracing: Inducer of adipogenesis and prolonged nuclear translocation of Cre recombinase.

Background The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen, in combination with the Cre-ERT2 fusion protein, has been one of the mainstream methods to induce genetic recombination and has found widespread application in lineage tracing studies.
Dipole selection rules for the hexagonal-close-packed lattice

Complete tables of optical dipole selection rules for Bloch states in the hexagonal-close-packed lattice are given for symmetry lines and symmetry points in the Brillouin zone. Included are both single and double group representations.
Comparative Treatment of α-Amanitin Poisoning With N-Acetylcysteine, Benzylpenicillin, Cimetidine, Thioctic Acid, and Silybin in a Murine Model

Study objective The foraging of wild mushrooms can be complicated by toxicity from several mushroom types. Amatoxin, a peptide contained in several mushroom species, accounts for the majority of severe mushroom poisonings by binding to RNA polymerase II irreversibly, leading to severe hepatonecrosis. There is no effective antidote for severe amatoxin poisoning. We compare the effectiveness of 5 potential antidotal therapies in limiting the degree of hepatonecrosis in a randomized, controlled, murine model of amatoxin-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods One hundred eighty male Institute of Cancer Research mice were randomized into 6 equal groups. Within each group, 21 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.6 mg/kg of α-amanitin (amatoxin); the remaining 9 were injected with 0.9% normal saline solution. Four hours postinjection, each group of 30 mice was randomized to 1 of 5 intraperitoneal treatments ( N -acetylcysteine, benzylpenicillin, cimetidine, thioctic acid, or silybin) or normal saline solution. Repeated dosing was administered intraperitoneally every 4 to 6 hours for 48 hours. After 48 hours of treatment, each subject was killed, cardiac blood was aspirated for hepatic aminotransferase measurements (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase), and liver specimens were harvested to evaluate the extent of hepatonecrosis. The degree of hepatonecrosis was determined by a pathologist blinded to the treatment group and divided into 5 categories according to percentage of hepatonecrosis. Results Amanitin significantly increased aspartate transaminase in treated mice compared with normal saline solution–treated controls (mean [SD] 2,441 [2,818] IU/L versus 310 [252]; P =.03). None of the antidotal therapies were found to significantly decrease the increase in aminotransferases compared with controls. Further, none of the antidotal therapies demonstrated an important decrease in hepatonecrosis compared with controls when a histologic grading scale was used. Conclusion In this murine model, N -acetylcysteine, benzylpenicillin, cimetidine, thioctic acid, and silybin were not effective in limiting hepatic injury after α-amanitin poisoning. Increases of aminotransferases and degrees of histologic hepatonecrosis were not attenuated by these antidotal therapies.
Conversion of bituminous coal in COH2O systems: 3. Soluble metal catalysis

The oxyanions of the highest oxidation states of several transition metals, including W, Mo, Cr and Mn, were found to catalyse the liquefaction of Illinois No. 6 coal in COH2O systems at 400°C. Unlike the high pH (s> 12) required in the base-catalysed system, the effective range for these metal-mediated conversions extend down to pH < 5.0. The benzene-soluble product was found to have a higher HC ratio than the starting coal, and the metals were reduced to water-insoluble, lower oxidation states during conversion. A chain scheme is suggested as an explanation for the data.
Transparency for governance: The mechanisms and effectiveness of disclosure-based and education-based transparency policies

When transparency is used as a tool for global environmental governance – i.e., to induce targeted actors to reduce environmentally-harmful behaviors, it can operate via disclosure or education. Disclosure-based policies improve the information the public has about targeted actors' behaviors while education-based policies improve the information targeted actors have about their own behaviors, whether that is information about consequences, alternatives, or social norms. Various social and political forces shape whether and what type of transparency policies are adopted. Disclosure-based and education-based transparency policies are effective under different conditions and operate through different mechanisms. Both often operate through mechanisms that reflect an instrumental logic of consequences but also can and do operate through mechanisms that reflect a normative logic of appropriateness, by increasing the legitimacy accorded to global environmental norms and the social accountability targeted actors feel regarding their behaviors. Understanding the differences in the mechanisms by which disclosure-based and education-based transparency policies operate suggests that both scholars and practitioners should use caution in understanding why, and predicting when, such policies will work.
CO-MOVEMENTS OF THE PRIME RATE, CD RATE, AND THE S&P FINANCIAL STOCK INDEX

We examine the relation among the prime lending rate, certificate of deposit rate, and the S&P Financial Stock Index using cointegration and error correction modeling techniques. We find that these three financial time series share a long-run cointegrating relation. Subsequent vector autoregressive error correction results imply that the movement of these stock prices toward eliminating disequilibrium is about 1 percent within the first month. Impulse response functions indicate that changes in the deposit rate have a larger effect on changes in the price index of financial service sector stocks than do changes in the lending rate.
Relational quality in service encounters

Abstract The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine how the organizational context in which service encounters take place affects employee interactions with customers, and resulting guest satisfaction. Guest contact employees of a chain of hotels were surveyed on their perceptions of a number of organizational and individual characteristics. Their responses were correlated with guest satisfaction ratings for the hotels in which they worked. Stress related factors including bureaucratic climate, and to a lesser extent, overload, were negatively correlated to guest satisfaction ratings. Employee evaluations of service quality strongly correlated with guest satisfaction ratings.
MDCT of acute conditions affecting the mesenteric vasculature

Acute conditions affecting the mesenteric vessels can cause abdominal pain and result in significant morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated quickly. As bowel viability depends on patency of the mesenteric vessels, prompt diagnosis is essential. Helical multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) provides a rapid, widely available, non-invasive method to promptly evaluate the mesenteric arteries, veins, and abdominopelvic viscera. Given the value of MDCT in diagnosing vascular disease, it is important the radiologist understand technical and imaging findings of mesenteric vascular injury. Therefore, successful diagnosis hinges on familiarity with MDCT angiography and the extended capabilities of volume rendering and multiplanar reformation. In this review, we illustrate and describe key MDCT findings of congenital, inflammatory, traumatic, infectious, and thromboembolic conditions affecting the mesenteric vasculature in adult patients.
A convenient one-pot synthesis of ethylene blue

Abstract We have developed an efficient one-pot, two-step preparation of ethylene blue by eliminating aqueous work-ups and cumbersome purification techniques. Our procedure generates ethylene blue in good overall yields of 45–56% with approximately 95% purity, which is uncommon for the synthesis of a phenothiazinium salt. Due to its unique properties, ethylene blue has great potential for a broad range of biological applications and, as a result, an efficient procedure for the synthesis of ethylene blue is critical.
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: Discovery of Rapamycin Reveals a Signaling Pathway Important for Normal and Cancer Cell Growth

Since the discovery of rapamycin, considerable progress has been made in unraveling the details of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling network, including the upstream mechanisms that modulate mTOR signaling functions, and the roles of mTOR in the regulation of mRNA translation and other cell growth-related responses. mTOR is found in two different complexes within the cell, mTORC1 and mTORC2, but only mTORC1 is sensitive to inhibition by rapamycin. mTORC1 is a master controller of protein synthesis, integrating signals from growth factors within the context of the energy and nutritional conditions of the cell. Activated mTORC1 regulates protein synthesis by directly phosphorylating 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and p70S6K (S6K), translation initiation factors that are important to cap-dependent mRNA translation, which increases the level of many proteins that are needed for cell cycle progression, proliferation, angiogenesis, and survival pathways. In normal physiology, the roles of mTOR in both glucose and lipid catabolism underscore the importance of the mTOR pathway in the production of metabolic energy in quantities sufficient to fuel cell growth and mitotic cell division. Several oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes that activate mTORC1, often through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, are frequently dysregulated in cancer. Novel analogs of rapamycin (temsirolimus, everolimus, and deforolimus), which have improved pharmaceutical properties, were designed for oncology indications. Clinical trials of these analogs have already validated the importance of mTOR inhibition as a novel treatment strategy for several malignancies. Inhibition of mTOR now represents an attractive anti-tumor target, either alone or in combination with strategies to target other pathways that may overcome resistance. The far-reaching downstream consequences of mTOR inhibition make defining the critical molecular effector mechanisms that mediate the anti-tumor response and associated biomarkers that predict responsiveness to mTOR inhibitors a challenge and priority for the field.
A new approach to vision-aided inertial navigation

We combine a visual odometry system with an aided inertial navigation filter to produce a precise and robust navigation system that does not rely on external infrastructure. Incremental structure from motion with sparse bundle adjustment using a stereo camera provides real-time highly accurate pose estimates of the sensor which are combined with six degree-of-freedom inertial measurements in an Extended Kalman Filter. The filter is structured to neatly handle the incremental and local nature of the visual odometry measurements and to handle uncertainties in the system in a principled manner. We present accurate results from data acquired in rural and urban scenes on a tractor and a passenger car travelling distances of several kilometers.
Photoionization of trapped carriers in avalanche photodiodes to reduce afterpulsing during Geiger-mode photon counting

We reduced the afterpulsing probability by a factor of five in a Geiger-mode photon-counting InGaAs avalanche photodiode by using sub-band-gap (/spl lambda/=1.95 /spl mu/m) laser diode illumination, which we believe photoionizes the trapped carriers.
Acidosis Regulates the Stability, Hydrophobicity, and Activity of the BH3-Only Protein Bnip3

Bnip3 is a prodeath member of the so-called BH3-only subfamily of Bcl-2 proteins. A major function of this class of proteins is to regulate the permeability state of the outer mitochondrial membrane by forming homoand hetero-oligomers inside the membrane. We reported previously that Bnip3 accumulates in cardiac myocytes during exposure to hypoxia, but coincident acidosis is required to activate the death program. Acidosis increased the rate of intracellular accumulation of Bnip3 and promoted a tighter association with mitochondria. Here we report that acidic pH mediates increased half-lives of Bnip3 dimers and monomers (>3−) as well as that of a faster-migrating fragment (>10−) and confers protection against degradation by protease. Hydrophobic partitioning experiments revealed that Bnip3 monomers and oligomers from hypoxia-acidic cell fractions associated significantly with the detergent layer, whereas protein from hypoxia-neutral myocytes did not. Acidosis promoted homodimerization of Bcl-xL but did not...
An equation-free, multiscale approach to uncertainty quantification

The authors' equation- and Galerkin-free computational approach to uncertainty quantification for dynamical systems conducts UQ computations using short bursts of appropriately initialized ensembles of simulations. Their basic procedure estimates the quantities arising in stochastic Galerkin computations.
Carotid endarterectomy. To shunt or not to shunt

Carotid endarterectomy is now the third most common operation performed in the United States. 1 Concerns have been raised about the lack of proper indications for surgery in many patients, the risks of angiography, the surgical morbidity and mortality across the United States, and the overuse of intraoperative monitoring and shunting. 1-3 The most generally accepted indication for carotid endarterectomy is the development of a transient ischemic attack in a patient who is subsequently found to have significant unilateral stenosis at or near the origin of the internal carotid artery (residual lumen diameter less than 2.0 mm, causing a hemodynamic change) or a deep ulceration. When the patient's medical condition is stable and the operation is done by an experienced team with the patient under general anesthesia, the risk of mortality is approximately 1% and the risk of stroke morbidity is less than 3% 3-7 When there is significant
The orthodontic appliance: esthetic considerations

The importance of attractive dental and facial appearance is at an all-time high for the American consumer. Because of this emphasis on appearance, the esthetic impact of the orthodontic appliance is a matter of great concern to prospective patients. This article presents an overview of the esthetic features of currently available orthodontic appliances.
Entrapment of permanent pacemaker lead as the cause of tricuspid regurgitation.

Transthoracic 2-dimensional (D) echocardiography (echo) is often used to assess tricuspid regurgitation (TR) after implantation of permanent pacemakers. However, its ability to define the precise anatomical relationship between the tricuspid valve and the pacemaker lead is quite limited. This report presents a 58-year-old male with aggravation of TR after pacemaker implantation for heart block. Three-D echo precisely depicted the entrapment of the lead shaft in the fused and fibrotic septal and posterior tricuspid leaflets. The patient underwent tricuspid valve annuloplasty and the symptoms of right heart failure improved soon after the operation. (Circ J 2007; 71: 1169 - 1171)
Computation Intelligence in Online Reliability Monitoring

The lifecycle of a product is generally associated with two key players viz., a producer and an end-user. Although producers and end-users depend on each other, they have their own priorities. For a producer, the characteristics of a population of units are more important than the individual units, whereas for an end-user the opposite is true. The government makes laws for the population of a country, but a parent may be more concerned about its impact on the future of their individual children. A car manufacturer targets consistency in fuel efficiency for a population of cars, whereas a car owner has concerns about the fuel efficiency of his/her car. Similar differences in concerns also apply to tennis racquet manufacturer versus a tennis player or a cutting tool manufacturer versus cutting tool user.
Microhardness and Elastic Moduli of Si‐Y‐A1‐O‐N Glasses

Glasses containing up to 15 at.% N were prepared and tested. The glasses were translucent to transparent, very hard, and had elastic moduli as high as 186 GPa.
923-5 Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Decreases Myocardial Reperfusion Injury in Dogs

Local administration of recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor (rTFPI), the physiologic inhibitor of the tissue factor-factor Vila complex that also inhibits factor Xa, attenuates necrosis after reperfusion of ischemic ears in rab bits. To determine whether rTFPl limits myocardial reperfusion injury, either rTFPI(100 μg/kg/min, n = 7), heparin (bolus: 150 U/kg; infusion: 50 U/kg/hr, n = 4) or arginine-phosphate vehicle (n = 7) were administered intravenously to conscious dogs beginning 15 min before and for 60 min after release from a 2 hr balloon occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. Reperfusion was maintained as verified with a proximal Doppler probe. Animals given rTFPI exhibited increases in PT (21 ± 7 (SD) sec, n = 7, P l 0.01 compared with baseline) but no increase in aPTI, whereas those given heparin exhibited marked increases in aPTI (72 ± 9 sec, n = 3, P l 0.01). Two days after reperfusion, the coronary artery was reoccluded, the heart was perfused with Lissamine green to delineate the area at risk, and infarcted areas were demarcated by incubation of LV sections in 2,3,5triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TIC). Risk and infarcted areas were quantified by computerized planimetry. Risk area was similar among groups (28 ± 7% of LV in rTFPl, 31 ± 5% in heparin, 30 ± 3% in vehicle), but infarct area expressed as a percentage of the area at risk decreased significantly in dogs which received rTFPI (17 ± 16%) compared with either heparin (39 ± 23%, p = 0.09), or vehicle (39 ± 21%, P = 0.04). Thus, rTFPI appears to limit myocardial reperfusion injury and may do so either by more efficient anticoagulation or by a mechanism other than inhibition of prothrombin activation.
A Technique to Achieve Correct Production of

Children who substitute /s/for /∫/can quickly achieve correct production of /∫/through the use of chewing gum placed behind the upper incisors. The gum forces the tongue to a more posterior articul...
Development and Score Validation of a Chemistry Laboratory Anxiety Instrument (Clai) for College Chemistry Students

The present study reports the development and score validation of an instrument for measuring anxieties students experience in college chemistry laboratories. Factor analytic evidence from an initi...
Possible effects of lepton non-locality in the decays K → πe+e− and K → πνν

Abstract Decays of the form K → πl l may occur even if there are no primitive weak neutral lepton currents; in this case the effective lepton coupling is nonlocal. A general discussion of the consequences of this non-locality is given and applied to the following models for these decays: (i) second order in the usual weak interaction theory, (ii) Kummer-Segre-Christ model, (iii) Okubo model of CP violation, and (iv) models involving heavy leptons.
Optical-radar-DEM remote sensing data integration for geological mapping in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia

Abstract The advantages of integrating optical (Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)) and radar (Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR) – C, X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and RADARSAT-1) remote sensing data, and digital elevation models (DEMs) (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)) for geological mapping in arid regions such as the Afar Depression in Ethiopia are demonstrated. The Afar Depression in NE Africa is a natural laboratory for studying processes of sea-floor spreading and the transition from rifting to true sea-floor spreading. It is ideal for geological remote sensing because of its vastness, remoteness and inaccessibility together with almost continuous exposure, and lack of vegetation and soil cover. Optical-radar-DEM remote sensing data integration is used for: (1) Distinguishing spatial and temporal distribution of individual lava flows in the Quaternary Erta ‘Ale Volcanic Range in the northern part of the Afar Depression, by integrating band-ratios of ASTER thermal infrared (TIR) data with Landsat ETM+ visible and near infrared (VNIR) and SIR-C/X-SAR L-band ( λ = 24 cm) data with horizontally transmitted and horizontally received (HH) polarization. (2) Visualizing and interpreting extensional imbrication fans that constitute part of the Dobe Graben in the central part of the Afar Depression by integrating Landsat ETM+ VNIR data with RADARSAT C-band ( λ = 6 cm) data with HH polarization and SRTM DEMs. These imbrication fans were developed as layer-parallel gravitational slip of the border fault hanging-wall towards the graben center. (3) Mapping morphologically defined structures in rhyolite flows exposed on the flanks of the Tendaho Rift by merging ASTER VNIR and short wave infrared (SWIR) with RADARSAT C-band data with HH polarization. The Tendaho Rift constitutes part of the Tendaho-Gobaad Discontinuity that separates the southern and the central eastern parts of the Afar Depression. Optical-radar-DEM data integration proved to be an effective approach for aiding geological mapping and structural analysis in arid regions such as the Afar Depression.
Charge-mosaic membranes: Dialytic separation of electrolytes from nonelectrolytes and amino acids

Charge-mosaic membranes were used for dialytic separations of potassium chloride from low-molecular-weight nonelectrolytes and neutral amino acids. The permeability ratio (potassium chloride to uncharged species) ranged from about 6 in the case of methanol to about 86 in that of mannitol. A theoretical model predicts that optimum rates of dialysis should be achieved by dialyzing against salt concentrations other than zero; this prediction was confirmed by experiment. These observations suggest potential applications of mosaics in laboratory separations, industrial processing, and hemodialysis.
Non-Conformal Contact Mechanics of Knee Prosthetic Implant: Contact Damping and Natural Frequency

The contact mechanics of Knee prosthetic implant is considered in which the surface roughness of the implant is included. The study involves a contact mechanics model of the rough surfaces. Free and forced vibration of the prosthetic components are considered when subject to a constant compressive force. The finding shows that both contact damping and contact natural frequency relate to the nominal geometrical properties as well as micron scale surface roughness of the prosthetic component. The micron scale surface roughness parameters are defined based on three statistical parameters of the surface which include standard deviation of asperity height distribution, average asperity summit curvature and area density of asperities.© 2014 ASME
On the representation of electron multiple elastic-scattering distributions for Monte Carlo calculations

Abstract A new representation of elastic electron–nucleus (Coulomb) multiple-scattering distributions is developed. Using the screened Rutherford cross section with the Moliere screening parameter as an example, a simple analytic angular transformation of the Goudsmit–Saunderson multiple-scattering distribution accounts for most of the structure of the angular distribution leaving a residual 3-parameter (path-length, transformed angle and screening parameter) function that is reasonably slowly varying and suitable for rapid, accurate interpolation in a computer-intensive algorithm. The residual function is calculated numerically for a wide range of Moliere screening parameters and path-lengths suitable for use in a general-purpose condensed-history Monte Carlo code. Additionally, techniques are developed that allow the distributions to be scaled to account for energy loss. This new representation allows “on-the-fly” sampling of Goudsmit–Saunderson angular distributions in a screened Rutherford approximation suitable for Class II condensed-history Monte Carlo codes.
Image-Guidance Enables New Methods for Customizing Cochlear Implant Stimulation Strategies

Over the last 20 years, cochlear implants (CIs) have become what is arguably the most successful neural prosthesis to date. Despite this success, a significant number of CI recipients experience marginal hearing restoration, and, even among the best performers, restoration to normal fidelity is rare. In this paper, we present image processing techniques that can be used to detect, for the first time, the positions of implanted CI electrodes and the nerves they stimulate for individual CI users. These techniques permit development of new, customized CI stimulation strategies. We present one such strategy and show that it leads to significant hearing improvement in an experiment conducted with 11 CI recipients. These results indicate that image-guidance can be used to improve hearing outcomes for many existing CI recipients without requiring additional surgical procedures.
Post traumatic Reconstruction of the foot and ankle – Principles of correction

Summary The disability associated with foot and ankle trauma is reinforced by outcome measures that universally weight foot trauma heavily. In order to optimise outcome, clear objectives must be established. This article attempts to summarise the management principles used to address some of the major issues in the traumatised foot.
Emulating the dynamics for a class of laterally inhibited neural networks

Abstract This paper provides an input output description for a special class of laterally inhibited neural networks. The description allows us to predict which neurons will become active by using a simple algorithm that does not require numerical integration of the network's differential equations. This algorithm can be efficiently emulated on a VLSI bit array processor for moderately sized applications. As such devices are commercially available, we can realize moderately sized laterally inhibited neural networks with existing digital computing technologies.
Bleeding in Cardiac Surgery: Its Prevention and Treatment—an Evidence-Based Review

Expected and unexpected bleeding occur frequently in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Bleeding after cardiac surgery can be broadly divided into two groups: surgical (unrecognized bleeding vessel, anastomosis, or other suture line) or nonsurgical bleeding (caused by coagulopathy). Factors influencing both surgical and nonsurgical bleeding can be further broken down into those occurring preoperatively and those that occur intraoperatively and postoperatively. A thorough understanding of these factors is necessary to reduce bleeding. This is a desirable clinical goal, because excessive bleeding is associated with adverse outcomes.
Intramultiplet conversion in crossed molecular beams: Hg (63P2) + M → Hg(63P1) + M

Abstract Observation of fluorescence from crossed molecular beams has been used to measure the relative cross sections for the quenching process Hg(63P2) + M → Hg(63P1 + M with Co, N2, H2, D2, Ch4 and CD4.
Laparoscopic Management of Fallopian Tube Torsion at 35 Weeks of Gestation: Case Report

Isolated fallopian tube torsion requiring surgical intervention in pregnancy is rare. Herein is reported a case of fallopian tube torsion that was managed laparoscopically at 35 weeks of gestation.
Odd-parity levels excited in 32S and 36Ar via “alpha-particle” transfer

Abstract At excitation energies above 4 MeV, several negative parity levels in 32 S and 36 Ar are found to be excited strongly in the ( 6 Li, d) “ α -particle” transfer reaction. These transitions have cross sections comparable in magnitude to those in which all four nucleons are transferred into a single major shell.
Encouraging interactional processes with couples in therapy

The complexities of clinical social work with couples involve interactional and intrapsychic processes of all three participants: the partnersand the therapist. Highlighted in this paper are the social interactional processes of the three-person therapeutic system when the couple are seen conjointly. Examined are the general effort of the therapist, the treatment stages or procession, and delicate processes and balances monitored and facilitated by the clinical social worker.
Oxygen supplementation by U-Tube to the Tombigbee River

Abstract Disolved oxygen (D.O.) in the Tombigbee River in Alabama, USA occasionally decreases below 4 mg/L and forces two paper mills to reduce their effluent discharge loads to the river. These mills have limited capacity to store their treated effluents on-site. Therefore if the duration of critical D.O. conditions in the river exceeds the length of time that storage capacity is exhausted, paper production capacity must be curtailed. Since the combined capital costs of these two paper mills exceeds $2,000,000,000, the amortization exceeds $1,000,000 per day and it is prohibitively expensive to shut down paper production. Permission was granted to these mills by the river regulatory agency to supplement the D.O. resource of the river during critical periods to offset the effluent BOD loading to the river (4.7 kg O 2 /kg BOD 5 ). This, in turn, negates the need to cut back on paper production. Two oxygen supplementation installations were made. Both use commercial oxygen, -instead of air - that is dissolved into the water by a U-Tube process. Each U-Tube forces the water down 175 feet (53.4 m) under a baffle and back to a river diffuser located 35 feet (10.7 m) below the river surface. Oxygen gas is injected at the U-Tube entrance and the bubbles are swept by the water down and back up through the U-Tube. This greatly increased hydrostatic pressure provides high oxygen absorption efficiency of the commercial oxygen while producing a D.O. concentration of 50 mg/l in the 28 oC discharge. The diffuser in the river facilitates very rapid mixing/dilution of the high D.O. discharge with the low D.O. river water. The D.O. several hundred feet downstream of the diffuser never exceeds 8.0 mg/l. One U-Tube installation adds 12,000 lb/day (5450 kg/day) of D.O. directly to the 35 MGD (1.53 m/sec) treated effluent from one mill. The second U-Tube installation 35 miles (58 km) downstream pumps 120 MGD (5.25 m 3 /sec) directly from the river though the U-Tube and adds 40,000 lb/day (18,180 kg/day) of D.O. before discharging through another diffuser located on the bottom of the river.