cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing corridor systems with modular autonomous vehicles enabling station-wise docking: Discrete modeling method

Abstract Jointly designing vehicle dispatch headway and capacity is a relatively new solution to the demand–supply asymmetry in urban mass transportation studies. This paper studies a new problem of this kind where a transportation corridor operates with modular autonomous vehicles (MAV) enabling station-wise docking; i.e., vehicles can change their formations (or capacity) at any station along the corridor. We formulate the problem into a compact mixed integer linear programming model where the passenger boarding order is explicitly modeled. Due to the multiple station system structure and the station-wise docking operation, the solution space of the model increases rapidly with the instance size, making it very challenging to solve the model with existing commercial solvers. To improve the solution efficiency, we design a customized branch and bound (B&B) algorithm with theoretical properties of the investigated problem. These properties offer upper and lower bounds to the optimal vehicle formation, reveal the relationship between the passenger queue and vehicle dispatch headway, and identify a dominance rule between any two feasible solutions to the investigated problem. They greatly reduce the number of nodes in the B&B tree that would grow dramatically without these properties. Further, the lower and upper bounds to the objective value at each node of the B&B tree are computed analytically, allowing us to search through the solution space very quickly. Consequently, the computation speed of the B&B algorithm is greatly improved. With numerical experiments, we show that the customized B&B algorithm outperforms a state-of-the-art commercial solver, Gurobi, and solves relatively large instances in real-world applications efficiently. The station-wise docking operation is shown to reduce system costs compared with existing fixed capacity operation. Further, its performance is affected by system parameters related to the vehicle operational cost and passenger waiting cost. Overall, this study contributes to the literature by extending the urban mass transportation design methodology from traditional fixed capacity design to the MAV-based station-wise docking design under various operational factors (e.g., minimum dispatch headway). The algorithm proposed can be used as a benchmark to verify the solution accuracy and computation performance for research efforts that aim to develop other solution algorithms for the investigated problem.
Predicting High-Flow Nasal Cannula Failure in an ICU Using a Recurrent Neural Network with Transfer Learning and Input Data Perseveration: A Retrospective Analysis

High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) provides non-invasive respiratory support for critically ill children who may tolerate it more readily than other Non-Invasive (NIV) techniques. Timely prediction of HFNC failure can provide an indication for increasing respiratory support. This work developed and compared machine learning models to predict HFNC failure. A retrospective study was conducted using EMR of patients admitted to a tertiary pediatric ICU from January 2010 to February 2020. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model was trained to generate a continuous prediction of HFNC failure. Performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) at various times following HFNC initiation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) of predictions at two hours after HFNC initiation were also evaluated. These metrics were also computed in a cohort with primarily respiratory diagnoses. 834 HFNC trials [455 training, 173 validation, 206 test] met the inclusion criteria, of which 175 [103, 30, 42] (21.0%) escalated to NIV or intubation. The LSTM models trained with transfer learning generally performed better than the LR models, with the best LSTM model achieving an AUROC of 0.78, vs 0.66 for the LR, two hours after initiation. Machine learning models trained using EMR data were able to identify children at risk for failing HFNC within 24 hours of initiation. LSTM models that incorporated transfer learning, input data perseveration and ensembling showed improved performance than the LR and standard LSTM models.
CAN MENTAL RETARDATION BE REVERSED

(1978). CAN MENTAL RETARDATION BE REVERSED? The British Journal of Mental Subnormality: Vol. 24, No. 47, pp. 67-73.
Mathematics in Historical Context

What would Newton see if he looked out his bedroom window? Mathematics in Historical Context describes the world around the important mathematicians of the past, and explores the complex interaction between mathematics, mathematicians, and society. It takes the reader on a grand tour of history from the ancient Egyptians to the twentieth century to show how mathematicians and mathematics were affected by the outside world, and at the same time how the outside world was affected by mathematics and mathematicians. Part biography, part mathematics, and part history, this book provides the interested layperson the background to understand mathematics and the history of mathematics, and is suitable for supplemental reading in any history of mathematics course.
Efficiency, Welfare and Ownership of Private Information

Unrestricted flows of information usually improve efficiency. The recent growth of the Internet as a medium of communication and commerce, combined with the development of sophisticated software tools have paved the road for the collection and analysis of a vast amount of data about consumers. Firms who possess such information can target individual consumers (or certain groups of consumers) more effectively. We investigate whether consumers can claim some of the value of their own private information, while at the same time efficient flows of information are guaranteed. We address this question in a principal-agent adverse selection model. Prior to the contracting stage, the agent (consumer) chooses how much (precision) of his private information to sell to the principal. This gives rise to a signaling game that precedes the adverse selection stage. We show that there exists a pooling efficient equilibrium, where both agent types sell all their information to the principal.
NG2-proteoglycan-dependent contributions of oligodendrocyte progenitors and myeloid cells to myelin damage and repair

The NG2 proteoglycan is expressed by several cell types in demyelinated lesions and has important effects on the biology of these cells. Here we determine the cell-type-specific roles of NG2 in the oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and myeloid cell contributions to demyelination and remyelination. We have used Cre-Lox technology to dissect the cell-type-specific contributions of NG2 to myelin damage and repair. Demyelination is induced by microinjection of 1 % lysolecithin into the spinal cord white matter of control, OPC-specific NG2-null (OPC-NG2ko), and myeloid-specific NG2-null (My-NG2ko) mice. The status of OPCs, myeloid cells, axons, and myelin is assessed by light, immunofluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy. In OPC-NG2ko mice 1 week after lysolecithin injection, the OPC mitotic index is reduced by 40 %, resulting in 25 % fewer OPCs at 1 week and a 28 % decrease in mature oligodendrocytes at 6 weeks post-injury. The initial demyelinated lesion size is not affected in OPC-NG2ko mice, but lesion repair is delayed by reduced production of oligodendrocytes. In contrast, both the initial extent of demyelination and the kinetics of lesion repair are decreased in My-NG2ko mice. Surprisingly, the OPC mitotic index at 1 week post-injury is also reduced (by 48 %) in My-NG2ko mice, leading to a 35 % decrease in OPCs at 1 week and a subsequent 34 % reduction in mature oligodendrocytes at 6 weeks post-injury. Clearance of myelin debris is also reduced by 40 % in My-NG2ko mice. Deficits in myelination detected by immunostaining for myelin basic protein are confirmed by toluidine blue staining and by electron microscopy. In addition to reduced myelin repair, fewer axons are found in 6-week lesions in both OPC-NG2ko and My-NG2ko mice, emphasizing the importance of myelination for neuron survival. Reduced generation of OPCs and oligodendrocytes in OPC-NG2ko mice correlates with reduced myelin repair. Diminished demyelination in My-NG2ko mice may stem from a reduction (approximately 70 %) in myeloid cell recruitment to lesions. Reduced macrophage/microglia numbers may then result in decreased myelin repair via diminished clearance of myelin debris and reduced stimulatory effects on OPCs.
It's all the same to me: revisiting rank-based probabilities and tournaments

One of the defining operations of genetic algorithms is selection: choosing chromesomes from the population to generate offspring via crossover or mutation. Researchers have described many selection algorithms, including schemes that apply probabilities based on chromosomes' ranks in the population and that simulate tournaments among chromosomes. The paper investigates two rank based assignments of probabilities: linear normalization and exponential normalization, and two tournament selection schemes: 2-tournament selection without replacement and k-tournament selection with replacement. It makes explicit the probabilities that each associates with the population's chromosomes; demonstrates, following other researchers but using elementary arguments based on these probabilities, the equivalence of linear normalization with 2-tournament selection and of exponential normalization with k-tournament selection; and argues for the use of tournament selection rather than the explicit assignment of rank based probabilities whenever possible.
Accountability and Affect in Auditor Judgment

This paper examines whether auditors' affect toward client management impacts an auditor's objective evaluation of evidence in fraud likelihood judgments. In addition to an overall judgment, this research also explores whether affect impacts all evidence evaluation equally or impacts only certain evidence evaluation in auditors' judgment processes. This research proposes client likeability will impact inexperienced auditors' evidence evaluation through errant attribution to specific evidence statements rather than uniformly through the evaluation process. Accountability and experience are included as potential moderators to the errant attribution. Results indicate that likeability, experience, and accountability interact impacting the overall fraud likelihood judgment. Specifically, inexperienced and non-accountable auditors erroneously include affect in their overall fraud likelihood judgments. For individual evidence assessments, client likeability impacts inexperienced auditors' assessments of specific statements, but not all client provided statements. However, client likeability does not impact experienced auditors individual statement assessments. The implication of these findings suggest that through experience and training, audit professionals gain the ability to identify and exclude irrelevant factors in professional judgment tasks.
Wind stress and near‐surface shear in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean

The upper ocean response to wind stress is examined using 8 months of unique near-surface moored velocity, temperature, and salinity data at 0°N, 23°W in the equatorial Atlantic. The effects of wind stress and shear on the time-varying eddy viscosity are inferred using the surface shear-stress boundary condition. Parameterizations of eddy viscosity as a function of wind stress and shear versus wind stress alone are then examined. In principle, eddy viscosity should be proportional to the inverse shear, but how it is represented implicitly or explicitly can affect estimates of the near-surface flow field. This result may explain some discrepancies that have arisen from using parameterizations based only on wind stress to characterize the effects of turbulent momentum mixing.
Precision Subtypes of T Cell-Mediated Rejection Identified by Molecular Profiles

Among kidney transplant recipients, the treatment of choice for acute T cell mediated rejection (TCMR) with pulse steroids or antibody protocols has variable outcomes. Some rejection episodes are resistant to an initial steroid pulse, but respond to subsequent antibody protocols. The biological mechanisms causing the different therapeutic responses are not currently understood. Histological examination of the renal allograft is considered the gold standard in the diagnosis of acute rejection. The Banff Classification System was established to standardize the histopathological diagnosis and to direct therapy. Although widely used, it shows variability among pathologists and lacks criteria to guide precision individualized therapy. The analysis of the transcriptome in allograft biopsies, which we analyzed in this study, provides a strategy to develop molecular diagnoses that would have increased diagnostic precision and assist the development of individualized treatment. Our hypothesis is that the histological classification of TCMR contains multiple subtypes of rejection. Using R language algorithms to determine statistical significance, multidimensional scaling and hierarchical we analyzed differential gene expression based on microarray data from biopsies classified as TCMR. Next, we identified KEGG functions, protein-protein interaction networks, gene regulatory networks and predicted therapeutic targets using the integrated database ConsesnsusPathDB. Based on our analysis 2 distinct clusters of biopsies termed TCMR01 and TCMR02 were identified. Despite having the same Banff classification, we identified 1933 differentially expressed genes between the 2 clusters. These genes were further divided into three major groups: a core group contained within both the TCMR01 and TCMR02 subtypes, as well as genes unique to TCMR01 or TCMR02. The subtypes of TCMR utilized different biological pathways, different regulatory networks and were predicted to respond to different therapeutic agents. Our results suggest approaches to identify more precise molecular diagnoses of TCMR which could form the basis for personalized treatments.
Superconducting Plates as Magnetic Shields

The effectiveness of magnetic shielding between superconducting niobium tin plates has been studied. Shielding factors, field profiles and gradients have been established for transverse magnetic fields up to 19.5 kG. In addition, it has been found that starting with a "frozen-in" field of -19.5 kG between the plates, it is possible to return the magnetic field to +19.5 kG suitable for particle acceleration, leaving -13.3 kG between the plates to establish reverse orbit curvature. It is the purpose of this writing to set forth the details of these endeavors for possible application to future accelerator extraction systems.
Greek Membership: The Relationship with First-Year Academic Performance

Much has been written about the need for student involvement to build a sense of belonging on college campuses. However, when it comes to membership in Greek social organizations, such involvement ...
Mitigation of environmental extremes as a possible indicator of extended habitat sustainability for lakes on early Mars

The impact of individual extremes on life, such as UV radiation (UVR), temperatures, and salinity is well documented. However, their combined effect in nature is not well-understood while it is a fundamental issue controlling the evolution of habitat sustainability within individual bodies of water. Environmental variables combine in the Bolivian Altiplano to produce some of the highest, least explored and most poorly understood lakes on Earth. Their physical environment of thin atmosphere, high ultraviolet radiation, high daily temperature amplitude, ice, sulfur-rich volcanism, and hydrothermal springs, combined with the changing climate in the Andes and the rapid loss of aqueous habitat provide parallels to ancient Martian lakes at the Noachian/Hesperian transition 3.7-3.5 Ga ago. Documenting this analogy is one of the focuses of the High-Lakes Project (HLP). The geophysical data we collected on three of them located up to 5,916 m elevation suggests that a combination of extreme factors does not necessarily translate into a harsher environment for life. Large and diverse ecosystems adapt to UVR reaching 200%-216% that of sea level in bodies of water sometimes no deeper than 50 cm, massive seasonal freeze-over, and unpredictable daily evolution of UVR and temperature. The HLP project has undertaken the first complete geophysical and biological characterization of these lakes and documents how habitability is sustained and prolonged in declining lakes despite a highly dynamical environment. The same process may have helped life transition through climate crises over time on both Earth and Mars.
JURY DECISION MAKING MODELS AND THE SUPREME COURT: THE JURY CASES FROM WILLIAMS v. FLORIDA TO BALLEW v. GEORGIA*

This article analyzes recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions in cases relating to the size and unanimity of juries as an example of the use (and abuse) of social science by the Court in the realm of policy analysis. The four cases reviewed “cast an unflattering light on the U.S. Supreme Court's ability to integrate social science findings into public law.”
A finite element/control volume approach to mold filling in anisotropic porous media

Mold filling in anisotropic porous media is the governing phenomena in a number of composite manufacturing processes, such as resin transfer molding (RTM) and structural reaction injection molding (SRIM). In this paper we present a numerical simulation to predict the flow of a viscous fluid through a fiber network. The simulation is based on the finite element/control volume method. It can predict the movement of a free surface flow front in a thin shell mold geometry of arbitrary shape and with varying thickness. The flow through the fiber network is modeled using Darcy's law. Different permeabilities may be specified in the principal directions of the preform. The simulation permits the permeabilities to vary in magnitude and direction throughout the medium. Experiments were carried out to measure the characteristic permeabilities of fiber preforms. The results of the simulation are compared with experiments performed in a flat rectangular mold using a Newtonian fluid. A variety of preforms and processing conditions were used to verify the numerical model.
Developing a statistical support system for environmental hazard evaluation

Estimating the hazard or risk to both human health and the environment has been based almost exclusively on single species toxicity tests low in environmental realism and without validation of their accuracy in more complex systems. While this may be quite appropriate for humans in a large variety of circumstances, there is no substantive body of direct experimental evidence indicating that precise predictions of harm from hazardous materials can be extrapolated from single species laboratory tests (or even multispecies laboratory tests) to the more complex highly variable natural systems. Now added to the hazardous chemical assessment problem is the accidental or deliberate release of genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment that have the additional capability of multiplying and expanding their numbers and also transferring genetic information to other organisms. This paper focuses entirely on hazard evaluation for organisms other than humans, namely predicting the potential risk or probability of harm to natural systems based on laboratory toxicity testing using single species. Not only will the basic risk assessment strategy itself be examined but also the question of determining the statistical reliability of various extrapolations from one level of biological organization to another.
Medlineplus goes local in NC: the development and implementation of NC Health Info

ABSTRACT NC Health Info is a collection of online North Carolina-based health services Web sites that links seamlessly with health information on MedlinePlus, the National Library of Medicine's consumer health information Web site. NC Health Info is the result of a pilot study to define the components involved in creating such a system, and serves as a model to be used by other states wishing to connect their own collections of health services with MedlinePlus. This paper addresses the seven major challenges faced during development and the tactics used to overcome those challenges.
Fill's Algorithm for Absolutely Continuous Stochastically Monotone Kernels

Fill, Machida, Murdoch, and Rosenthal (2000) presented their algorithm and its variants to extend the perfect sampling algorithm of Fill (1998) to chains on continuous state spaces. We consider their algorithm for absolutely continuous stochastically monotone kernels, and show the correctness of the algorithm under a set of certain regularity conditions. These conditions succeed in relaxing the previously known hypotheses sufficient for their algorithm to apply.
Changes in DNA during meiosis in a repair-deficient mutant (rad 52) of yeast

The kinetic patterns of DNA synthesis in wild-type (RAD+) and rad 52 mutants of yeast, which exhibit high levels of synchrony during meiosis, are comparable. However, RAD 52 mutants accumulate single-strand breaks in parental DNA during the DNA synthesis period. Thus, the product of the RAD 52 gene has a role in meiotic DNA metabolism, as well as in the repair of DNA damage during mitotic growth. The observed breaks may be unresolved recombination intermediates.
Serum IgM concentrations in normal, fit horses and horses with lymphoma or other medical conditions.

The purposes of this study were to (1) prospectively establish serum IgM and IgG concentrations in normal, fit, adult horses over time and (2) determine the accuracy of serum IgM concentrations for diagnosing lymphoma. Serial IgM and IgG concentrations were measured with a radial immunodiffusion assay in 25 regularly exercised horses at 6-week intervals. Horses had serum IgM concentrations ranging from 50 to 242 mg/dL over 5 months, with 20% of horses having IgM ≤ 60 mg/dL. The normal range for IgM in fit horses should be considered 103 ′ 40 mg/dL and a cut-point for an IgM deficiency, ≤23 mg/dL, IgG concentrations ranged from 1,372 to 3,032 mg/dL. Retrospectively, medical records of adult horses (n = 103) admitted to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals for which serum IgM was measured were examined. Horses were categorized as "lymphoma negative" (n = 34) or "lymphoma positive" (n = 18). The sensitivity and specificity of a serum IgM concentration (≤60 mg/dL) for detecting equine lymphoma was 50 and 35%, respectively. At the new cut-point (≤23 mg/dL), the sensitivity was low at 28% and the specificity improved to 88%. The negative predictive values at various population prevalences indicate that a horse with a high serum IgM (>23 mg/dL) is unlikely to have lymphoma, whereas the positive predictive value (70%) does not allow for reliable determination of lymphoma in a horse with serum IgM ≤ 23 mg/dL. Therefore, serum IgM concentrations should not be used as a screening test for equine lymphoma.
Analysis of the magnetic field dependence of the nuclear magnetic relaxation times in solid He3

Abstract We have analyzed the field dependence of the magnetic relaxation time T 1 in solid He 3 and find that the experimental data are in good agreement with the theory of Blume and Hubbard for the time dependence of the spin correlation function.
Inhibition of muscle glutamine formation in hypercatabolic patients

Glutamine is synthesized primarily in skeletal muscle, and enables transfer of nitrogen to the liver, as well as serving other functions. There is increasing evidence for beneficial clinical effects of glutamine supplementation in critically ill patients. However, the response of endogenous glutamine formation to severe stress is poorly understood. The rates of net protein balance, leucine oxidative decarboxylation, and alanine and glutamine synthesis de novo were determined in leg skeletal muscle of 20 severely burned patients and 19 normal controls in the post-absorptive state. Patients were studied at 14±5 days post-burn, and their mean burn size was 66±18% of total body surface area. Methods were based on the leg arteriovenous balance technique in combination with biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle. In the post-absorptive state, patients with severe burns, as compared with healthy control subjects, exhibited accelerated muscle loss (+150%) (i.e. proteolysis minus synthesis) and leucine oxidative decarboxylation (+117%), and depletion of the intramuscular free glutamine pool (-63%). The average rate of glutamine synthesis de novo was decreased by 48%, whereas net alanine synthesis de novo was increased by 174%, in skeletal muscle of burned patients. In conclusion, in severely hypercatabolic burned patients, muscle glutamine formation was suppressed, whereas alanine was the major vehicle for inter-organ nitrogen transport. These changes account for a decreased glutamine availability during prolonged severe stress.
Avian retinal cells express enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in culture.

Abstract A population of retinal cells derived from the embryonic chick acquire Leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity as they develop in cell culture.
Substituted polyacetylenes through the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of substituted cyclooctatetraenes: A route into soluble polyacetylene

Abstract Ring-Opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of substituted cyclooctatetraenes (COT) produces polyacetylenes that are substituted, on the average, every eight carbon atoms. In several cases these polymers are soluble and highly conjugated. The effect of the side group on the optical, electrical and materials properties of the polymer will be discussed.
Puberty is not a disorder.

We vigorously object to the normalization of childhood gender identity disorder (GID) promoted by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in the article “Psychological and Medical Care of Gender Nonconforming Youth,”1 published in the December issue of Pediatrics . The recommendations of the authors to reinforce the delusions of gender identity–confused children, and to prescribe puberty-blocking hormones as though puberty were a disorder, are outrageous. This approach violates the oath physicians take … E-mail: admin{at}acpeds.org
Genetic information: A metaphor in search of a theory

John Maynard Smith has defended against philosophical criticism the view that developmental biology is the study of the expression of information encoded in the genes by natural selection. However, like other naturalistic concepts of information, this 'teleosemantic' information applies to many non-genetic factors in development. Maynard Smith also fails to show that developmental biology is concerned with teleosemantic information. Some other ways to support Maynard Smith's conclusion are considered. It is argued that on any definition of information the view that development is the expression of genetic information is misleading. Some reasons for the popularity of that view are suggested.
Acute Ascending Muscle Weakness Secondary to Medication-Induced Hyperkalemia

Secondary hyperkalemic paralysis is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening consequence of drug-induced disease. We report a case of a 53-year-old female with history of chronic kidney disease presenting to the emergency department with a one-day history of upper and lower extremity weakness and paresthesias. Serum potassium concentration on admission was greater than 8 mEq/L, and serum creatinine was elevated above baseline. Electrocardiogram showed first-degree atrioventricular block with peaked T waves. The patient reported compliance with daily lisinopril 10 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, and 40 mEq twice daily of potassium chloride. Symptoms and electrocardiogram returned to baseline within 24 hours of presentation and serum potassium returned to 4.2 mEq/L at approximately 36 hours without the need for dialysis. This case emphasizes the importance of including such a condition in the differential diagnosis of patients with ascending paralysis and the importance of close monitoring of patients placed on potassium-elevating agents.
The absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of Cs2NaTmCl6

Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy have been used to study the cubic crystal Cs2NaTmCl6. Transitions between the Oh crystal field levels in 3 H 6 and 3 H 4, 3 F 3, 3 F 2, 1 G 4 and 1 D 2 have been observed and assigned. Rich vibrational structure was observed in all transitions and the vibrations were assigned within the factor group approximation. The vibrational dispersion over the Brillouin zone is small and all triply degenerate vibrations are split into their longitudinal and transverse components. Transition intensities for magnetic dipole and selected electric dipole (vibronic) transitions were calculated using the ligand polarization model. There was good agreement between the calculated and experimental intensities in a number of transitions. The model failed to predict absolute and relative vibronic intensities within any one crystal field transition. This is probably due to the restricted vibrational model used.
Ethics and Critical Thinking in Leadership Education

If you want to teach students to be ethical and socially responsible, you have to develop their moral imaginations, critical thinking skills and evoke their emotions or passion to act on what is morally right. Moral learning must reach the body, the head, and the heart. Punishment and rewards act on the body to behaviorally reinforce lessons about right and wrong. Teachers educate the head by giving students information about the world that is necessary for ethical decision making. Educating the heart is perhaps the most difficult and ignored part of teaching ethics, because it is about cultivating the emotions and feelings necessary for morality, and the will or desire to be moral. In this paper I focus on educating the head and the heart. I argue that critical thinking skills are crucial to ethics education and that the point of ethics courses should be to develop moral sentiment, will and imagination. My comments will specifically address the relevancy of these areas to leadership studies, but what I h...
In-vivo studies on the cis-acting replication initiator protein of IncFII plasmid NR1.

Abstract Using segment-directed mutagenesis, a temperature-sensitive mutant of the gene that encodes the cis -acting RepA1 initiation protein of the IncFII plasmid NR1 was isolated. The mutant protein was unable to promote initiation of plasmid replication in vivo at 42 °C. Both the wild-type and the mutant repA 1 genes were cloned separately into the high-expression vector plasmid pAS1. In these pAS1- repA1 derivatives, the transcription of the repA 1 gene was under the control of the λP L promoter, which was regulated by the temperature-sensitive λcI857 repressor protein. The translation initiation of the repA 1 mRNA from these derivatives was mediated by the λcII Shine-Dalgarno sequence and initiation codon. The yield of 33,000 M r RepA1 protein detected on SDS/polyacrylamide gels from Escherichia coli cells containing the pAS1- repA1 derivatives was dependent upon whether the newly synthesized RepA1 was capable of interacting in cis with the downstream NR1 replication origin on the cloned DNA fragment. Mutations in the repA 1 gene or deletions of the cis origin region dramatically increased the detectable yield of RepA1 protein. Deletion of the NR1 origin region from the pAS1 derivative containing the wild-type repA 1 gene enabled the cis -acting RepA1 protein to complement partially the temperature-sensitive repA 1 mutant in trans , to increase the copy number in trans of plasmids that contained the NR1 replicon, and to help NR1 derivatives overcome plasmid incompatibility. The trans effects of RepA1 provided by the pAS1- repA1 derivatives that retained the origin in cis were much less significant. RepA1 provided in trans also stimulated the replication of plasmids carrying cloned copies of the NR1 replication origin region regardless of whether the origin was transcribed from an upstream promoter.
Elaboration of the carbon skeleton of quassinoids synthesis of (1β,9β-1-hydroxypicras-12-en-16-one

Abstract The synthesis of (1β,9β)-1-hydroxypicras-12-en-16-one (2) which possesses the tetracyclic carbon framework of quassinoids (e.g., quassin) has been achieved via a remarkable Diels-Alder reaction.
Editors, Manuscripts, and Equal Treatment.

The question of equity in the manuscript evaluation process is receiving greater attention—perhaps becuase of the increasing difficulty of publishing and an expanding interest in due process and equal treatment. Attention is usually focused on the relationship between contributors' characteristics (e.g., age, institutional affiliation) and the acceptance or rejection of a paper. Much less attention is given to question of equity in the process and procedures that lead to an editorial decision. This survey of journal editors reports data on several neglected procedural areas that may affect objective editorial judgments: “sponsored submissions,” “inside track submissions,” and back region communication. The findings suggest that editors are confronted by or involved in these procedural issues with some regularity. While additional empirical work is needed in these areas, the descriptive data we present help us to raise several critical issues and to begin a long overdue discussion of their ethical dimensions.
Efficient Broadband Current-Mode Adder- Quantizer Design for Continuous-Time Sigma–Delta Modulators

A 3-bit current-mode flash quantizer with current summing stage in a commercial 90-nm CMOS technology is presented. The topology is intended for low-power feed-forward continuous-time sigma–delta modulators. Current summation is realized using a common-gate structure. Replicas of the input signal current are compared with the reference currents through high-impedance nodes that ease the signal quantization. The comparison stage employs reset switches to enable fast comparisons. The proposed approach involves zero crossing comparators, and it employs current references instead of voltage references that demand a power-hungry resistive ladder. Results show that the proposed current-mode approach is faster than the conventional voltage-mode flash approach, and it requires a smaller input capacitance while consuming 53% less power. A 3-bit prototype design has a measured effective number of bits over 2.6 bits up to 2-GHz clock frequency with 10-MHz full-scale input signal. At 1.48-GHz clock frequency, the static differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL) errors are within −0.206 least significant bit (LSB) and 0.206 LSB, respectively. The proposed current-mode flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) core dissipates 3.34-mW analog power from a 1.2 V supply while operating at 1.48 GHz. The core area of the ADC including the biasing circuitry is 0.0276 $\mathrm{mm}^{\mathrm {\mathbf {2}}}$ .
Small vertical movement of a K+ channel voltage sensor measured with luminescence energy transfer

Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in response to voltage changes across electrically excitable cell membranes. Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are homotetramers with each subunit constructed from six transmembrane segments, S1-S6 (ref. 2). The voltage-sensing domain (segments S1-S4) contains charged arginine residues on S4 that move across the membrane electric field, modulating channel open probability. Understanding the physical movements of this voltage sensor is of fundamental importance and is the subject of controversy. Recently, the crystal structure of the KvAP channel motivated an unconventional 'paddle model' of S4 charge movement, indicating that the segments S3b and S4 might move as a unit through the lipid bilayer with a large (15-20-A) transmembrane displacement. Here we show that the voltage-sensor segments do not undergo significant transmembrane translation. We tested the movement of these segments in functional Shaker K+ channels by using luminescence resonance energy transfer to measure distances between the voltage sensors and a pore-bound scorpion toxin. Our results are consistent with a 2-A vertical displacement of S4, not the large excursion predicted by the paddle model. This small movement supports an alternative model in which the protein shapes the electric field profile, focusing it across a narrow region of S4 (ref. 6).
Spectroscopic detection, fundamental limits and system considerations

Spectroscopic detection is the problem associated with detecting a small change in a large signal. This limit is most commonly associated with active measurements where absorption or loss is measured against frequency as in an absorption spectrometer. It results in rather different system considerations for active sensors that have been ignored or inaccurately treated in many claims of sensitivity in the submillimeter and THz regimes.
Impacts of deregulation on performance and management of the largest American transportation companies

Abstract The effects of the past quarter century of deregulation on the transportation industry in the United States are many and varied. Impacts have been felt at the level of the industry as a whole, at the level of mode-based industry sub-groups, and at the level of individual firms. Analyses and depictions of these impacts have appeared in numerous books and journal articles. In this paper a new, empirically based, methodological approach to industry analysis will be employed to evaluate and illustrate the impacts of deregulation on the relevant levels of this industry in terms of its largest firms. The results of this analysis will be seen to be largely complementary to previous analyses, but will go beyond them in being able to identify in quantitative terms differential impacts of regulatory and other events on individual firms, groups of firms, and the industry from a unified methodological point of view.
Hadza meat sharing.

Abstract In most human foraging societies, the meat of large animals is widely shared. Many assume that people follow this practice because it helps to reduce the risk inherent in big game hunting. In principle, a hunter can offset the chance of many hungry days by exchanging some of the meat earned from a successful strike for shares in future kills made by other hunters. If hunting and its associated risks of failure have great antiquity, then meat sharing might have been the evolutionary foundation for many other distinctively human patterns of social exchange. Here we use previously unpublished data from the Tanzanian Hadza to test hypotheses drawn from a simple version of this argument. Results indicate that Hadza meat sharing does not fit the expectations of risk-reduction reciprocity. We comment on some variations of the "sharing as exchange" argument; then elaborate an alternative based partly on the observation that a successful hunter does not control the distribution of his kill. Instead of family provisioning, his goal may be to enhance his status as a desirable neighbor. If correct, this alternative argument has implications for the evolution of men's work.
Influence of UV-exposure on the crystallization and optical properties of photo-thermo-refractive glass

Abstract Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass is a photosensitive multi-component silicate glass. Photoinduced crystalline phase precipitation results in refractive index variations in UV exposed areas of PTR glass. The precipitation of silver containing particles which occurs during photo-thermo-refractive process increases the optical absorption of the samples in the range 350 nm to NIR wavelengths and the growth of sodium fluoride crystals and their aggregation increases light scattering in visible and NIR regions. We show that one effect of the UV-exposure is a decrease in the crystallization temperature by ∼50 °C compared to the unexposed areas as measured by differential scanning calorimetry, which we attribute to an increase in nucleation rate. Using spectro-photometric measurements, a linear function is fitted to the changes in the amplitude of the absorption band of the silver containing particles versus the UV-dosage. The root mean square scatter of the data from the linear function is better than 0.99 and the slope of the function is 0.32 ± 0.01 cm/J. The IR absorption of PTR sample, measured by laser calorimetry shows that the increase of the absorption in infrared region at 1.1 μm, is due to the tail of the absorption band of silver containing particles having maximum at 465 nm. We finally show that after hyper-development, one effect of UV-exposure at 325 nm on the crystallization kinetics of PTR glasses is a decrease in particle sizes from micron size to nanometers size. But additional investigations demonstrate that smaller dosage UV-exposures (a few tens of milliwatts) increase the optical scattering by one order of magnitude. Optical micrographs taken after UV-exposure and hyper-development reveal the use of smaller dosages enhances nucleation rate without preventing the growth of large crystals and therefore induces higher scattering.
Hematoma of the maxillary sinus presenting as a mass--a case report and review of literature.

We report a case of an organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus presenting with proptosis, facial numbness and a maxillary sinus mass. A review of the literature highlights potential etiologic factors. A diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this uncommon lesion is also discussed.
Numerical simulation of blow-up of a 2D generalized Ginzburg-Landau equation

Abstract We study the Cauchy problem for the following generalized Ginzburg-Landau equation u t = ( ν + iα ) Δu − ( κ + iβ )| u | 2 q u + γu in two spatial dimensions for q > 1 (here α, β, γ are real parameters and ν , κ > 0). A blow-up of solutions is found via numerical simulation in several cases for q > 1.
The use of [3H]aniline to identify the essential carboxyl group in the bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase that reacts with 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline.

Abstract The inactivation of the bovine heart mitochondrial F 1 -ATPase with 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) in the presence of [ 3 H]aniline at pH 7.0 led to the covalent incorporation of 3 H into the enzyme. When the ATPase was inactivated by 94% with 0.9 m m EEDQ in the presence of 3.6 m m [ 3 H]aniline in a large-scale experiment in which the protein concentration was 21 mg/ml, 4.2 mol [ 3 H]anilide were formed per mol enzyme, of which 0.35 mol was incorporated per mol of the α subunit and 1.0 mol was incorporated per mol of the β subunit. Examination of a tryptic digest of the isolated α subunit revealed that the majority of the 3 H was contained in a single tryptic peptide, which, when purified, was shown to contain the [ 3 H]anilide of a glutamic acid residue which corresponds to α-Glu-402 of the Escherichia coli F 1 -ATPase. This residue was labeled to the extent of about 1.0 mol/mol enzyme. Analysis of tryptic peptides purified from the isolated β subunit showed that 0.8 and 1.5 mol, respectively, of the [ 3 H]anilides of β-Glu-341 and β-Glu-199 were formed per mol MF 1 during the inactivation of the enzyme at 21 mg/ml. When the ATPase was inactivated by 90% at a protein concentration of 1.7 mg/ml by 0.9 m m EEDQ in the presence of 1.7 m m [ 3 H]aniline, 3.1 mol [ 3 H]anilide were formed per mol enzyme. From the analysis of the radioactive peptides purified from a tryptic digest of the labeled ATPase from this experiment it was estimated that 0.7 mol of the [ 3 H]anilide of α-Glu-402, 0.3 mol of the [ 3 H]anilide of β-Glu-341, and 1.5 mol of the [ 3 H]anilide of β-Glu-199 were formed per mol F 1 -ATPase. Since β-Glu-199 is labeled to the same extent in the two experiments while α-Glu-402 and β-Glu-341 were not, suggests that the modification of β-Glu-199 is responsible for inactivation of the enzyme by EEDQ.
Sleep and immunity: A growing field with clinical impact.

For millennia individuals have known that sleep is altered during sickness, and indeed many follow the advice to get sleep as an aid for recuperation from disease states. Hippocrates, more than 2400 years ago, made reference to the role sleep played in pathology. Yet systematic studies of sleep – immune interactions began just 30 years ago. During these past three decades, much progress has been made in our understanding of sleep – immune interactions during health and pathology.
Dosimetry and treatment planning of complex electron arc therapy.

Abstract Electron are therapy has been primarily utilized for treatment of the post-mastectomy chest wall. Its clinical usefulness and benefits have been proven. Casting procedures and blocking techniques have been discussed. We have successfully applied electron are therapy to the treatment of the nasal cavity and associated nodal regions. When compared to the chest wall, the smaller radii and pronounced irregularity of the surface anatomy of the facial region presents multiple new dosimetric and treatment planning challenges. We will discuss these challenges, along with those encountered in the casting procedures and reproduction of patient characteristics required for the execution of this treatment. Many aspects of dosimetry were utilized in unique ways to produce the treatment plans, cast and bolus needed. Due to the insertion of bolus into the nostrils, a unique hollow bite block was constructed to allow patient respiration during treatment. Film dosimetry was used to verify computer predictions and to compare this electron arc treatment technique with alternative fixed electron beam techniques. The potential benefits and difficulties of this technique will be discussed.
Ocean Drilling Program Leg 112, Peru continental margin: Part 1, Tectonic history

Studies of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 112 cores and geophysical data define early Eocene-Quaternary normally faulted, continental sediment sequences across the Peru margin to the middle slope, and a 15-km-wide late Miocene-Quaternary accretionary complex beneath the lower slope. The Eocene shelf and upper-slope sea floor were eroded during the Oligocene, and in middle Miocene the seaward part had subsided to lower slope depths. This subsidence and the missing Paleogene continental slope indicate tectonic erosion during normal plate convergence. Subduction of the Nazca Ridge locally accelerated tectonic erosion, leaving a scarp but no associated compressional structure nearby. Late Miocene sediment accreted against the erosional scarp. Local tectonic mechanisms of forearc basin subsidence are suggested by the rapid subsidence of a late Miocene forearc basin and stability of the adjacent one despite similar histories of plate convergence.
A successful microbound diet for the larval culture of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

A high moisture (63–71%), semi-purified microbound diet containing alginate was compared to newly hatched live Artemia nauplii as an exclusive diet for the culture of larval freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii from 5th stage (weighted mean) through metamorphosis to postlarva. Two separate trials, representing larvae from different hatches, were conducted. Larvae were stocked at 50/l into cone-shaped vessels that contained 2 l of 12‰ seawater and were part of a temperature-controlled (28 °C) recirculating culture system. Larvae were manually fed either the live Artemia diet or the microbound diet exclusively, several times daily. After 14 days (23 days post-hatch (dph)), growth of larvae fed the microbound diet was 90% of that achieved for larvae fed newly hatched nauplii of Artemia. Survival of larvae fed the microbound diet was 77.3% and 73.3%, and was not significantly different from that of Artemia-fed larvae. Composed of readily available ingredients, the diet contains 46.2% crude protein and 37.4% lipid, is easy to prepare, and has good water stability. The diet is an economically practical alternative to the fluctuating cost, nutrient uncertainty, and labor associated with the use of Artemia nauplii hatched from cysts. The characteristics of the diet suggest good potential for successful use in the larviculture of other fish and crustacean species, in either the existing or a modified state.