cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation between plan quality improvements and reduced acute dysphagia and xerostomia in the definitive treatment of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Background To evaluate plan quality using volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy (SS-IMRT) techniques and for patients treated for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods Treatment plans for patients treated definitively for stages I-IVb, OPSCC between December 2009 and August 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Dosimetric endpoints of involved organs-at-risk (OARs) were retrieved from clinical plans. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events scores of acute toxicities were compared. Results Two-hundred twenty-two patients were identified with 134 and 88 receiving SS-IMRT and VMAT with median follow-up time of 23.0 and 7.9 months, respectively. The dosimetric endpoints of the OARs were significantly improved in VMAT cohort, which translated into significantly lower rates of grade 2 or higher acute dysphagia and xerostomia. Conclusion Improvements in stages I-IVb, oropharyngeal cancer plan quality are associated with reduced grade ≥ 2 acute dysphagia and xerostomia.
New estimates of weight-at-size, maturity-at-size, fecundity, and biomass of snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, in the Arctic Ocean off Alaska

Abstract Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) were identified as a potential future target fishery species in federal waters of the Arctic Ocean off Alaska by the Arctic Fishery Management Plan (Arctic FMP) in 2009, but this plan currently prohibits commercial harvest until sufficient information is available to assess a sustainable commercial fishery. One drawback of the current Arctic FMP is that critical population and biomass estimates were based on limited data. Collaborative research efforts in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas over the past decade have yielded a much richer database on snow crab in the Arctic. Using these data, we generated new estimates of weight-at-size, maturity-at-size, fecundity, and biomass to recalculate sustainable yield of snow crab in the U.S. Arctic. Weight-at-size was generally similar for male and female snow crab between the Chukchi and Beaufort seas, with males reaching overall larger sizes than females in both seas and largest male crabs occurring in the Beaufort Sea. Compared with snow crab in other geographic regions, 50% morphometric maturity was reached at a slightly smaller size in the Chukchi Sea; low sample sizes in the Beaufort Sea prevented maturity-at-size analysis. Fecundity-at-size in the Chukchi Sea was similar to known values estimated for snow crab in other regions. Estimated total reproductive output, using fecundity estimates obtained here, suggest that local reproduction may be sufficient to account for a large portion of observed small juvenile benthic snow crab abundances; further investigation is warranted to determine whether Chukchi and Beaufort populations are self-sustaining at this time. Although snow crab had high abundances in the Chukchi Sea, harvestable biomass of male snow crab only occurred in the Beaufort Sea because crab larger than the minimum marketable size (≥ 100 mm carapace width, based on Bering Sea metric) were absent in the Chukchi Sea over the study period. Our biomass estimates in the Chukchi Sea were substantially higher than previous estimates, owing at least in part to high abundances of small crab that were greatly under-sampled with the large-mesh gear such as was used in surveys referenced in the Arctic FMP. Estimates of biomass and sustainable yield for the Beaufort Sea were over twice as high as previous estimates in the Arctic FMP, but harvestable biomass was largely limited to the slope (> 200 m depth) and is unlikely to support commercial harvest. Our results expand overall understanding of arctic snow crab dynamics in light of potential future fisheries or other, non-fishing activities and inform the management of the Alaskan Arctic stock.
The Ethics of Law’s Authority: On Tommie Shelby's, Dark Ghettos: Injustice, Dissent, and Reform

Tommie Shelby argues that social injustice undermines the moral standing states would have, were they just, to condemn criminal wrongdoers. He makes a good argument, but he does not go far enough to reject the blaming function of punishment. Shelby’s argument from “impure dissent,” in particular, helps to demonstrate the limits of blame in criminal justice.
Interaction between PCO2 and plasma [HCO-3] in regulation of CSF [HCO-3] in respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis.

Mechanisms of regulation of CSF [HCO 3 - ] in different acid-base disorders have been controversial1. Furthermore, Fencl, in summarizing the literature, has suggested that CSF pH regulation is more efficient and pH compensation more complete in “metabolic” acid-base disorders than those of “inspiratory” origin2.
CHA2DS2-VASc Stroke Risk Index and Executive Functioning in Older Adults.

Objective CHA2DS2-VASc is a stroke risk classification system developed to improve the precision of stroke risk classification. The current study examined the validity of CHA2DS2-VASc in a sample of healthy older adults using executive function measures of processing speed, working memory, and cognitive flexibility that are sensitive to cerebrovascular risk factors. Methods Participants included 51 community-dwelling, healthy older adults (ages 53-86) recruited from both the community and cardiology clinics. CHA2DS2-VASc was utilized as a measure of stroke risk. Measures of executive functioning and processing speed included the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) Number-Letter Switching, and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Coding. Results CHA2DS2-VASc scores significantly predicted scores on the PASAT, DKEFS Number-Letter Switching, and RBANS Coding, such that greater stroke risk was associated with poorer performances on tests of executive functioning and processing speed. These relationships were observed over and above the potential influence of educational attainment and symptoms of depression. Conclusion Significant relations between stroke risk classification and performance on several measures of executive functioning provide support for a wider and more generalized use of CHA2DS2-VASc with healthy older adults. These findings further highlight the importance of early identification and treatment of stroke risk factors associated with cognitive decline. Findings suggest that CHA2DS2-VASc is a practical and useful tool for patients and their providers in the early detection of stroke risk and development of individualized treatment plans.
Indian migration and empire: a colonial genealogy of the modern state

Migration governance features prominently in today’s discussions within and between countries. This includes the United Nations Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration that the globa...
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate at Transplant Listing and Other Predictors of Post-Heart Transplant Mortality and the Development of ESRD.

BACKGROUND Elevated serum creatinine at the time of heart transplant is an independent predictor of posttransplant end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and mortality. Patients who are at risk of ESRD should be identified before transplantation. We looked at the severity of CKD at the time of waitlisting on posttransplant ESRD and mortality. METHODS We analyzed the United Network of Organ Sharing transplant database from 2000 to 2017. Adults receiving their first heart transplant, and not on dialysis, were included in study. We divided our cohort into 4 groups based on their listing estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) as well as based on their eGFR at the time of transplant. Primary outcome was all cause mortality and secondary outcome was ESRD. RESULTS Compared with the patients on waitlist eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m, the adjusted subdistribution hazard for ESRD was 1.41 (confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.5), 2.15 (CI, 1.9-2.4), and 2.91 (CI, 2.4-3.5) in the patient groups with eGFR of 45-59, 30-44, and <30 mL/min/1.73 m, respectively. Despite the highest risk of ESRD with the lowest baseline eGFR group, there was a substantial increase in eGFR seen during follow-up with a mean gain of 11 mL/min by year 15 compared with a mean loss of 10 mL/min in the highest eGFR group. Compared with the patients on waitlist eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73m, the adjusted hazard ratio for mortality was 1.04 (0.98-1.11), 1.07 (1.00-1.15), and 1.04 (0.91-1.19) in the patient groups with eGFR of 45-59, 30-44, and <30 mL/min/1.73m, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that risk of ESRD post-heart transplant increases with worsening eGFR at waitlisting even after adjusting for multiple confounders.
Recovering Structure of Noisy Data through Hypothesis Testing

This paper considers a noisy data structure recovery problem. Specifically, the goal is to investigate the following question: Given a noisy observation of the data, according to which permutation was the original data sorted? The main focus is on scenarios where data is generated according to an isotropic Gaussian distribution, and the perturbation consists of adding Gaussian noise with diagonal scalar covariance matrix. This problem is posed within a hypothesis testing framework. First, the optimal decision criterion is characterized and shown to be identical to the hypothesis of the observation. Then, by leveraging the structure of the optimal decision criterion, the probability of error is characterized. Finally, the logarithmic behavior (i.e., the exponent) of the probability of error is derived in the regime where the dimension of the data goes to infinity.
From sector-specific regulation to antitrust law for US telecommunications: the prospects for transition

Abstract In the United States, a vigorous debate has developed around the questions of whether, and if so to what extent, telecommunications regulation should move from the sector-specific jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission to the more general regime of antitrust law. The debate so far has focused mostly on whether the FCC should continue to have a role in reviewing telecommunications mergers. But the question of whether the Commission should retreat entirely from regulation of telecommunications carriers has also emerged as a serious question for long-run policy. The impetus for these public discussions comes principally from the wave of consolidation in the US telecommunications industry, and from the failure of competition in local exchange service to develop as quickly as some had expected, in the years following passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This paper examines the debate over eliminating sector-specific regulation for telecommunications mergers and then addresses the prospects for a more general retreat from industry-specific regulation of telecommunications. This paper concludes, first, that while there has been a significant shift away from sector-specific regulation of telecommunications mergers, the FCC will continue for the foreseeable future to retain at least a formal role in the merger review process. The important substantive role has mostly shifted, however, to the general antitrust authorities at the Justice Department and at the Federal Trade Commission. Second, this paper concludes that, although the development of competition since the 1996 Act may appear slow, changes in the legal and economic environment of US telecommunications are in fact creating the conditions necessary for significantly reducing regulation of telecommunications carriers and that the transition to regulation via general competition policy is likely to continue, albeit slowly, in the foreseeable future.
Retinoic acid exerts sexually dimorphic effects over muscle energy metabolism and function

Abstract The retinol dehydrogenase Rdh10 catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction that converts retinol into retinoic acid (RA), an autacoid that regulates energy balance and suppresses adiposity. Relative to WT, Rdh10+/− males experienced reduced fatty-acid oxidation, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Running endurance decreased 40%. Rdh10+/− females increased reliance on fatty acid oxidation and did not experience glucose intolerance nor insulin resistance. Running endurance improved 2.2-fold. Estrogen increased, revealed by a 40% increase in uterine weight. Because skeletal muscle energy use restricts adiposity and insulin resistance, we assessed the mixed fiber type gastrocnemius muscle (GM) to determine the effects of endogenous RA on muscle metabolism in vivo. RA in Rdh10+/− male GM decreased 38% relative to WT. TAG content increased 1.7-fold. Glut1 mRNA and glucose decreased >30%. Rdh10+/− male GM had impaired electron transport chain activity, and a 60% reduction in fasting ATP. The share of oxidative fibers increased, as did expression of the myogenic transcription factors Myog and Myf5. Centralized nuclei increased 5-fold in fibers—indicating muscle malady or repair. In Rdh10+/− female GM, RA decreased only 17%, due to a 1.8-fold increase in the estrogen-induced retinol dehydrogenase, Dhrs9. Rdh10+/− female GM did not amass TAG, increase oxidative fibers, decrease Glut1 mRNA or glucose, nor increase centralized nuclei. Expression of Myog and Myf5 decreased. Electron transport chain activity increased, elevating fasting ATP >3-fold. Thus, small decreases in skeletal muscle RA affect whole body energy use, insulin resistance and adiposity, in part through estrogen-related sexual dimorphic effects on mitochondria function.
Calculation Method of Available Transfer Capacity Based on Graph Convolutional Network

Studying and evaluating the available transfer capacity (ATC) of transmission lines is of great significance when determining the reasonable operation mode of a power grid and optimizing the allocation of power grid resources. With the rapid development of deep learning technology, it is possible to quickly find the most ATC by mining historical data and prior knowledge without relying on physical model. Therefore, an ATC calculation method based on graph convolutional network (GCN) is proposed. The topology information between the nodes of a power grid is represented by adjacency matrix. The proposed algorithm can effectively mine the correlation between the nodal injection power, and map the complex non-linear relationship between ATC and power data with deep graph convolutional architecture. The simulation results show that the calculation accuracy of ATC based on GCN can meet the needs of practical application of power grid.
Advance Care Planning Documentation and Intensity of Care at the End of Life for Adults With Congestive Heart Failure, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Both Illnesses.

Abstract Context Heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in combination, yet little is known about the impact of these conditions together on end-of-life care. Objectives Compare end-of-life care and advance care planning (ACP) documentation among patients with both HF and CKD to those with either condition. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of deceased patients (2010-2017) with HF and CKD (n = 1673), HF without CKD (n = 2671), and CKD without HF (n = 1706), excluding patients with cancer or dementia. We compared hospitalizations and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions in the last 30 days of life, hospital deaths, and ACP documentation >30 days before death. Results 39% of patients with HF and CKD were hospitalized and 33% were admitted to the ICU in the last 30 days vs. 30% and 28%, respectively, for HF, and 26% and 23% for CKD. Compared to patients with both conditions, those with only 1 were less likely to be admitted to the hospital [HF: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.72, 95%CI 0.63-0.83; CKD: aOR 0.63, 95%CI 0.53-0.75] and ICU (HF: aOR 0.83, 95%CI 0.71-0.94; CKD: aOR 0.68, 95%CI 0.56-0.80) and less likely to have ACP documentation (aOR 0.53, 95%CI 0.47-0.61 and aOR 0.70, 95%CI 0.60-0.81). Conclusions Decedents with both HF and CKD had more ACP documentation and received more intensive end-of-life care than those with only 1 condition. These findings suggest that patients with co-existing HF and CKD may benefit from interventions to ensure care received aligns with their goals.
Women’s Role Stereotypes in Magazine ADS: A 25 Year Perspective - from Suburbia through the Feminine Mystique to Liberation

This paper contains a summary and analysis of the findings of a number of scholars concerning the trends in female role stereotype portrayal in magazine advertising over the period from 1958 through 1983. The findings were mixed but tend toward positive change in women’s portrayal.
The theory of teams: A selective annotated bibliography

This is an annotated bibliography of the literature on the theory of teams, starting with the pioneering work of Marschak and Radner in the early 1950's. In drawing papers from the vast literature in this area we have been rather selective, concentrating on stochastic models rather than deterministic, and highlighting those papers which have made (or, for more recent publications, have the potential to make) major impact on research in this area.
Using a Linear Diagnostic Function and Non-rigid Registration to Search for Morphological Differences Between Populations: An Example Involving the Male and Female Corpus Callosum

Supplied with image data from two distinct populations we apply a non-rigid registration technique to place each image into correspondence with an atlas. Having found the appropriate transformations we then use the use determinant of the Jacobian of the corresponding transformations and find the linear discriminant function which can best distinguish between the populations on the basis of this data. We apply the method to a collection of mid-sagittal slices of the corpus callosum for a group of 34 males and 52 females. We find that there appear to be no statistically significant differences between the relative sizes of regions in the corpus callosum between males and females.
Interprocedural Analysis and the Information derived by it

Well structured programs are usually expressed as a system of functionally oriented procedures. By analyzing and transforming an entire system of procedures, linkages can be modified or eliminated and interprocedural data dependencies documented to the user. This paper presents some of the methods being developed to effect such interprocedural analysis and transformations.
Whom Is the Problem of the Essential Indexical a Problem for

Philosophers used to model belief as a relation between agents and propositions, which bear truth values depending on, and only on, the way the world is, until John Perry and David Lewis came up with cases of essentially indexical belief; that is, belief whose expression involves some indexical word, whose reference varies with the context. I shall argue that the problem of the essential indexical at best shows that belief should be tied somehow to what is subsequently acted upon, and must make room for other relations than those properly predicated. But it does not show that belief cannot be modeled as a binary relation between an agent and some suitable object (pace Perry), nor that this object cannot be a proposition (pace Lewis).
Combining FIR filters and artificial neural networks to model stochastic processes

Three FIRNN structures (neutral networks involving FIR filters) are proposed to predict time series. Based on the structure of a feed-forward neutral network with one hidden layer, the structures use algorithms similar to the back-propagation algorithm. Performance comparisons are performed with some other methods of prediction, such as the autocorrelation method, the covariance method, the Durbin algorithm and the MYWE and LSMYWE methods. Some tests of the quality of prediction are performed. From these comparisons, it was concluded that these new structures give a small error whatever the type of data at the expense of increased computation time.
Electric Field Studies in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

The application of intense electric fields induces a partial orientation of gaseous polar compounds. This orientation effect causes certain changes in the absorption band profile, changes which have been used to determine a number of excited-state parameters for several series of compounds [1–5]. These parameters include properties such as the change in dipole moment, change in polarizability and polarization of the transition moment. In gen eral, the emphasis of these studies has been on characterizing ab sorption bands which occur in the lower-energy portion (200 to 170 nm) of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectral region. Many electronic transitions which occur in this spectral region have conflicting assignments as both intravalence and Rydberg. Excited-state properties obtained with the aid of electric field effects, however, can be used in the characterization of these absorptions and the clarification of their assignments.
Cardiovascular effects of butorphanol in sevoflurane‐anesthetized calves

The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of mask induction using sevoflurane and the cardiovascular effects of butorphanol (B) in five healthy Holstein calves 7–9 weeks of age weighing 64 ± 10.7 kg and anesthetized with sevoflurane (SEVO). Anesthesia was induced by face mask administration of 8% SEVO in O2 using an O2 flow rate of 5 L minute−1. Following induction of anesthesia, the animals were intubated and maintained on 3.7 ± 0.04% SEVO for 30 minutes to facilitate instrumentation. Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocapnia (PaCO2 = 35–45 mm Hg, 4.7–6 kPa). After instrumentation was completed, baseline values (BASE) were recorded and B (0.2 mg kg−1 IV) was administered. The following parameters were recorded at BASE and at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes following administration of B: direct systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean (MAP) arterial blood pressures, cardiac output (CO), mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate (HR), and pulmonary arterial temperature. Cardiac index, systemic (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance were calculated using standard formulas. In addition, samples for blood gas analysis were collected at baseline, 15 minutes, and 45 minutes. Differences from baseline values were determined using one-way anova for repeated measures with post hoc differences between means identified using Bonferroni's method (p < 0.05). Induction of anesthesia using SEVO was rapid and smooth; the mean time from beginning SEVO to intubation was 229 ± 22 seconds. Administration of B was associated with statistically significant decreases in HR (88 beats minute−1 to 74 beats minute−1), SAP (97 mm Hg to 82 mm Hg), MAP (76 mm Hg to 65 mm Hg), and DAP (70 mm Hg to 49 mm Hg), while CO did not change. Although SVR decreased following injection of B, the difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that: (1) SEVO is acceptable for mask induction of calves, and (2) administration of BUT (0.2 mg kg−1 IV) to calves anesthetized with 3.7% SEVO is associated with decreases in HR and arterial blood pressure.
Digital integrated circuit technology trends: microprocessors [for avionic application]

The technology treadmill is evolving the microprocessor at a phenomenal rate. Today's microprocessors have millions of transistors, operate at frequencies greater than 100 MHz, use process technologies with feature sizes less than 0.5 microns, and utilize sophisticated architecture techniques to maximize performance. This paper surveys the current technology trends in microprocessors. Topics include advanced architecture techniques such as superscalar, branch prediction, on-chip cache memory and also process technology improvements. Within advanced architecture and process technology there are several possible improvement techniques. Superscalar and branch prediction work in concert to reduce the time that the processor is waiting. Separating data and instruction cache, along with a larger bus size, can reduce the number of required accesses to slower system memory. Functional redundancy check reduces error rates in multiprocessor systems through redundancy. Finally, the steady improvement in process technology reduces chip size, operating voltage and power while simultaneously increasing the computation rate.
High-Power VCSEL Arrays

We review recent developments on high-power , high-efficiency two-dimensional vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays emitting around 808 and 980 nm. Selectively oxidized, bottom-emitting single VCSEL emitters with 50% power conversion efficiency were developed as the basic building block of these arrays . More than 230 W of continuous-wave (CW) power is demonstrated from a \(5\,\hbox{mm} \,{\times}\, 5\,\hbox{mm} \) array chip. In quasi-CW mode, smaller array chips exhibit 100 W output power, corresponding to more than \(3.5\,\hbox{kW}/\hbox{cm}^{2}\) of power-density. High-brightness VCSEL pumps have been developed, delivering a fiber output power of 40 W, corresponding to a brightness close to \(50\,\hbox{kW}/(\hbox{cm}^{2}\, \hbox{sr}).\) High-energy VCSEL arrays in the milli-Joule range have also been developed. Many of the advantages of low-power single VCSEL devices such as reliability , wavelength stability, low-divergence circular beam, and low-cost manufacturing are preserved for these high-power arrays . VCSELs thus offer an attractive alternative to the dominant edge-emitter technology for many applications requiring compact high-power laser sources.
Calcium Requirements of Growing Rats Based on Bone Mass, Structure, or Biomechanical Strength Are Similar

Although calcium (Ca) supplementation increases bone density, the increase is small and the effect on bone strength and fracture risk is uncertain. To investigate if bone mass, morphology, and biomechanical properties are affected by deficient to copious dietary Ca concentrations, the long bones (tibia and femur) of growing female Sprague-Dawley rats (8/group) were assessed after 13 wk of consuming 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 g Ca/kg of a modified AIN-93G diet. Dietary phosphorous (P) and vitamin D remained constant at recommended concentrations. The assessment included mineralization, density, biomechanical properties of breaking by a 3-point flexure test, and morphological properties by microcomputed topography scanning of trabecular bone of the proximal tibia metaphysis. Dietary treatment did not affect food intake, weight gain, renal and muscle Ca concentrations, and bone hydroxyproline. All bone parameters measured were significantly impaired by Ca deficiency in rats fed the diet containing 1 g Ca/kg. Modest impairments occurred with some parameters (bone density, biomechanical bending moment, modulus of elasticity, and stress) in rats fed 2 g Ca/kg, but all parameters stabilized between 2 and 3 g/kg diet, with no differences between 3 and 7 g/kg. The results suggest that a threshold response in bone Ca retention or bone mass at approximately 2.5 g Ca/kg diet is associated with similar threshold responses in bone breaking strength and related biomechanics as well as trabecular structural properties. There was no evidence of a relative P deficiency or of improved or impaired bone strength and structure as Ca intakes increased beyond those needed to maximize bone density.
Evaporative heat transfer from thin liquid film on a heated cylinder

Simulating a porous surface that is partially saturated with a liquid, a two-dimensional meniscus attaching two adjacent cylinders with the same diameter is studied under heating and convective conditions. A thin liquid film model is presented to predict thin film thickness and evaporative heat transfer coefficient. Experiments are carried out to characterize the temperature and geometry of a liquid meniscus. The evaporating thin film length is determined from measured surface temperature and meniscus shape. The surface temperature data is correlated and used to derive the evaporative heat transfer coefficient with the aid of conjugate heat transfer using a finite element code. The results are compared reasonably with the thin film model. The effects of Bond number, spacing between cylinders and heating power on thin film geometry and heat transfer characteristics are discussed. Correlations to predict the evaporative heat transfer coefficient and ratio of evaporative heat transfer rate to total heat rate are presented.
Integrating Service-Learning Pedagogy for Preservice Elementary Teachers’ Science Identity Development

The purpose of this article is to explore how preservice elementary teachers (PSETs) interpreted their service-learning experiences within a pre-methods environmentally focused course and how their interpretations shaped their science teaching identities. Along a continuum of service-learning experiences were events that emphasized science learning, that focused on science teaching, and that were transitional, with elements of both science learning and science teaching. These various service-learning experiences were designed to be “boundary experiences” for professional identity development (Geijsel & Meijers in Educational Studies, 3(4), 419–430, 2005), providing opportunities for PSETs to reflect on meanings in cultural contexts and how they are related to their own personal meanings. We analyzed written reflections and end-of-course oral reflection interviews from 42 PSETs on their various service-learning experiences. PSETs discussed themes related to the meanings they made of the service-learning experiences: (a) experiencing science in relation to their lives as humans and future teachers, (b) interacting with elementary students and other PSETs, and (c) making an impact in the physical environment and in the community. The connections that PSETs were making between the discursive spaces (service-learning contexts) and their own meaning-making of these experiences (as connected to their own interests in relation to their future professions and daily lives) shows evidence of the potential that various types of science service-learning experiences have for PSETs in developing inbound science teaching identity trajectories (Wenger in Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). The findings of this study point to positive outcomes for PSETs when they participate in structured service-learning experiences along a learning to teaching continuum (246).
A potential role for p15Ink4b and p57Kip2 in liver development

Hepatocytes undergo marked changes in proliferation during normal liver development. In order to elucidate the mechanism for these changes, we examined the ontogeny of expression for the known cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs), p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, p18Ink4c, p19Ink4d, p21Cip1, p27Kip1 and p57Kip2. All except p16Ink4a were expressed at some time between late gestation and adulthood. The mRNA and protein expression patterns for p15Ink4b and p57Kip2 were consistent with a role for these CKIs in the regulation of hepatocyte proliferation. Specifically, p57Kip2 may contribute to hepatocyte growth arrest that occurs in term fetuses, while p15Ink4b may contribute to the maintenance of adult hepatocytes in a quiescent state. These results assign a possible role to two CKIs not previously identified as involved in hepatocyte cell cycle control.
Magnetically agitated photocatalytic reactor for photocatalytic oxidation of aqueous phase organic pollutants.

A magnetically agitated photocatalytic reactor (MAPR) has been developed and assessed for oxidation of phenol. The MAPR uses a titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst with a ferromagnetic barium ferrite core. The catalyst motion was controlled with a dual-component magnetic field. First, a permanent magnet above the reactor provided a static magnetic field to counteract the force of gravity, hence increasing catalyst exposure to UV. Second, an alternating magnetic field generated by a solenoid was used to agitate the catalyst, thus increasing mass transfer between pollutants and byproducts to the catalyst. Optimal performance of the MAPR was achieved with the permanent magnet present and 1 A of alternating current to the solenoid between 20 and 80 Hz. Operating with a 60-Hz signal at 1 A with the permanent magnet present and 100 mg of catalyst, the system reduced an 11 mg/L phenol concentration by 97% and decreased nonpurgeable dissolved organic carbon by 93% in 7 h using three 8-W 365-nm peak UV lamps.
Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: established oral anticoagulants versus novel anticoagulants—translating clinical trial data into practice

Anticoagulation for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) is effective. Pivotal trials RE-LY, ROCKET AF, ARISTOTLE, and ENGAGE-AF TIMI 48 tested novel agents against warfarin (W). In RE-LY, an open-label trial, dabigatran 150 mg BID (D150) was superior (35 %) and 110 mg BID (D110) was noninferior to W. D150 reduced ischemic strokes by 25 % and intracerebral bleeds by 74 %, but increased major GI bleeds by 0.5 % per year. In ROCKET AF, a double-blind study, rivaroxaban 20 mg daily, downtitrated to 15 mg daily (if CrCl was 80; weight, 1.5 mg) was superior for safety (31 %), efficacy (21 %), and all-cause mortality (11 %). In ENGAGE-AF TIMI 48, edoxaban 60 mg once daily (30 mg once daily if CrCl 30–50 ml/min, weight <60 kg, or concomitant verapamil or quinidine) was noninferior to W for efficacy, but reduced major bleeding (20 %). To translate clinical trials to practice, understanding the disease and each anticoagulant is essential. For all novel agents, rapid anticoagulation, absence of monitoring, and a short half-life differentiate them from W. Bleed rates were either noninferior or lower than for W, without an antidote. Patient compliance is critical. Knowledge of renal function is essential and maintaining patients on therapy is key.
Bargaining power and the structure of salaries in major league Baseball

The relationship between bargaining power and the structure of salaries in major league baseball has been a subject of much empirical study. The evidence provided in this paper suggests that eligibility for final-offer arbitration does not result in a ‘fixed’ reduction in monopsonistic exploitation. Rather, the level of exploitation diminishes markedly in the first season of eligibility and continues to decrease in subsequent seasons. By the time the player reaches free agency eligibility, he can expect to earn the same single-season salary that he would as a free agent.
Perioperative Outcomes of Robotic-assisted Partial Nephrectomy in Elderly Patients: A Matched-cohort Study

Objective To compare elderly patients undergoing robotic assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) with a match cohort of younger patients. Investigating the benefits of minimally invasive RAPN including faster convalescence and decreased postoperative narcotic use make this an attractive option in patients with advanced age and numerous comorbidities. Methods A retrospective review of 250 consecutive patients who underwent robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for a solitary renal tumor from June 2006 to May 2010 at our institution was performed. Thirty-seven patients ≥70 years (G70) who underwent 38 robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) procedures were identified. This group was matched with 38 patients Results Overall, the median tumor size was 2.65 cm. Tumor characteristics, renal function, nephrometry score, and incidence of renal cancer in lesions were similar between the L70 and G70 groups. The two groups showed no differences in American Society of Anesthesiologists scores of 1-4 or Charlson comorbidity index score. Perioperative and postoperative outcomes showed no variation between L70 and G70 patients. Postoperative complications rate of 21% and 31.6% in the L70 and G70 groups, respectively, showed no difference ( P Conclusion RAPN for small renal masses offers a safe alternative for patients >70 years of age, with no increase in perioperative and postoperative morbidity and mortality. Age may not be predictive of perioperative complications.
Evaluation of models for predicting insolation on slopes within the Colorado alpine tundra

Abstract This empirical study evaluates insolation predictions for the Colorado tundra from models based upon isotropic and anisotropic distribution approximations for diffuse sky and reflected solar radiation. The data set of hourly insolation values was obtained from 40 locations on an alpine ridge by simultaneous measurement of direct beam irradiance and total insolation to the horizontal ridge crest and two nearby sloping surfaces. Six models are used to predict insolation, two based on the isotropic distribution of diffuse solar radiation and four on anisotropic diffuse distribution fields. Three models (one isotropic and two anisotropic) employ measurements of normal direct beam irradiance while the other 3 models incorporate the correlation between the “clearness index” and the ratio of diffuse sky to total insolation. The precision of insolation estimates from models using the correlation method is only slightly less than from other models. Accounting for the increase of diffuse radiation in the circumsolar sky improves insolation predictions. However, inclusion of additional regions of diffuse radiation anisotropy decreases model accuracy. Errors of insolation estimates for the alpine tundra from all models vary in a systematic manner as a function of relative azimuth and ground slope angles.
OSCILLATORIA (TRICHODESMIUM) THIEBAUTII (CYANOPHYTA) IN THE CENTRAL NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN12

Physiological rate measurements were made with Oscillatoria thiebautii (Gom.) Geitler in the subtropical north Atlantic Ocean between Spain and Bermuda during May and June of 1975. The near surface C:N fixation ratios averaged 6.5, and the cellular composition ratio was 6.2, suggesting that N2 fixation is the major path of nitrogenous nutrition for this alga. Compared to other oceanic phytoplankters, it has a low affinity for orthophosphate at oceanic concentrations (ks= 9.0); however, it has a high potential for utilizing phosphomonoesters (170–300 ng atoms P ·μg chl a−1· h−1). Maximal photosynthesis occurred at 450–700 μ Einstein · m−2· s−1, and was inhibited by full sunlight. Calculated cell division rates (ca. 180 days) suggest that relative to other phytoplankters in this oceanic region, O. thiebautii must be subjected to negligible grazing pressure. No major differences in C, N, chl a or ATP were observed between the tuft (fusiform) and puff (spherical) colonies. ATP concentrations relative to other cellular constituents varied greatly between colonies, suggesting a general inter-colony physiological variability in the open Atlantic. With increasing depth in the euphotic zone, there was no evidence for chromatic adaption. The observations that O. thiebautii represents only a small fraction of total phytoplankton biomass and that its growth rate is 10–100 times slower than that of the other indigenous phytoplankton, strongly suggest that N2 fixation by this alga is a virtually insignificant component of the nitrogenous nutrition for the phytoplankton of the North Atlantic central gyre in late Spring.
Paleogeographic and tectonic implications of the geology of the Tiefort Mountains, northern Mojave Desert, California

Geologic mapping, petrologic and structural analyses, and U-Pb dating in the Tiefort Mountains, northern Mojave Desert, California, provide data on Paleozoic paleogeography and Mesozoic intra-arc tectonics. Metasedimentary rocks consist primarily of quartzose schists and gneisses that are provisionally correlated with late Precambrian Cordilleran passive-margin facies. Recognition of Precambrian augen gneiss and metasedimentary rocks with craton- margin protoliths suggests that the craton- miogeocline boundary is in or near the Tiefort Mountains; the presence of eugeoclinal rocks in ranges to the west implies truncation or telescoping of the miogeocline in this area. The metasedimentary units are intruded by Middle Jurassic granite and diorite orthogneisses dated by U-Pb as ca. 164 and ca. 160 Ma. Deformed rocks record amphibolite facies metamorphism and mylonitization during Middle to Late Jurassic southeast-vergent ductile shear. Pervasively annealed microstructures indicate that recrystallization outlasted deformation. At South Tiefort Mountain, the mylonitic fabric is deformed by northwest-trending folds and crosscut by a swarm of mafic and felsic dikes dated as 148 ± 14 Ma. At Tiefort Mountain synkinematic biotite granite gneiss is dated as ca. 105 Ma, and mylonitic fabrics are folded about north-trending axes. The presence of the Cretaceous orthogneiss suggests that two deformational events, Jurassic and Cretaceous in age, may have affected part of the study area. Dikes dated as ca. 82 Ma that crosscut all fabrics are interpreted to be part of a regional intrusive event. The timing and vergence of shear zones at South Tiefort Mountain are similar to contractional shear zones in adjacent areas, forming a belt of contractional deformation from the central Mojave Desert to the East Sierran thrust system. This deformation may be related to a period of late Middle to Late Jurassic sinistral-oblique subduction.
Biochemical evidence for position-effect suppression of ribosomal RNA synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in vivo labeling of Drosophila embryos were used to investigate the average rate of rRNA synthesis and the net rRNA content associated with the presence of an X-chromosome inversion. The data indicate a 15% reduction in rRNA content and in the rate of rRNA synthesis in X/0 males carrying this inverted chromosome. It is postulated that the reduction in rRNA content, attributable to position-effect suppression, involves control over activation of the nucleolus during embryogenesis.
Effects of ZDV-based patient education on intentions toward ZDV use, HIV testing and reproduction among a US cohort of women.

This study examined the immediate effects of exposure to a patient education brochure concerning the risks and benefits of zidovudine (ZDV) therapy during pregnancy to reduce perinatal HIV transmission (protocol ACTG 076) on related knowledge, behavioural intentions and attitudes of women with and at-risk for HIV-infection. Self-reports were collected from 653 women of childbearing age from community family planning clinics and hospital-based HIV centres in 19 sites from nine US cities between May and November 1995. The intervention was a nine-page patient education brochure in Spanish, Creole and English versions, evenly presenting the pros and cons of ZDV therapy to reduce perinatal HIV-transmission. Brochure exposure increased knowledge (p < 0.001) for all but one scale concerning ZDV resistance and increased the likelihood of women reporting intentions to take ZDV during pregnancy (p < 0.001) and to believe ZDV reduced transmission (p < 0.001). Brochure exposure had differential effects for some subpo...
Demo: PowerBlade A Low-Profile, True-Power, Plug-Through Energy Meter

We present PowerBlade, the smallest, lowest cost, and lowest power AC plug-load meter that measures real, reactive and apparent power, and reports this data, along with cumulative energy consumption, over an industry-standard Bluetooth Low Energy radio. Achieving this design point requires revisiting every aspect of conventional power meters: a new method of acquiring voltage; a non-invasive, planar method of current measurement; an efficient and accurate method of computing power from the voltage and current channels; a radio interface that leverages nearby smart phones to display data and report it to the cloud; and a retro power supply re-imagined with vastly lower current draw, allowing extreme miniaturization. PowerBlade occupies a mere 1" × 1" footprint, offers a 1/16" profile, draws less than 180 mW itself, offers 1.13% error on unity power factor loads in the 2-1200 W range and slightly worse for non-linear and reactive loads, and costs $11 in modest quantities of about 1,000 units. This new design point enables affordable large-scale studies of plug-load energy usage--an area of growing national importance.
Hypoglossal motoneurons are postsynaptically inhibited during carbachol-induced rapid eye movement sleep.

Abstract The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is characterized by the occurrence of cyclic snoring and frequent apneic episodes during sleep, with consequent hypoxia and hypercapnia. 12 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with excess daytime sleepiness, depression, and an increased incidence of ischemic cardiopathy, cardiac arrythmias, systemic hypertension and brain infarction. 12. , 13. , 28. , 29. Hypoglossal motoneurons, which innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, play a key role in maintaining the patency of the upper airway and in the pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. 14. , 16. , 23. Based on data obtained by using extracellular recording techniques, 19 there is a consensus that hypoglossal motoneurons cease to discharge during rapid eye movement sleep, 17. , 24. , 32. because they are disfacilitated. 19. , 20. , 21. Since other somatic motoneurons are known to be postsynaptically inhibited during rapid eye movement sleep, 6. , 25. , 27. , 30. we sought to determine, by the use of intracellular recording techniques during cholinergically induced rapid eye movement sleep, 2. , 21. , 22. , 26. , 34. whether postsynaptic inhibitory mechanisms act on hypoglossal motoneurons. We found that, during this state, a powerful glycinergic premotor inhibitory system acts to suppress hypoglossal motoneurons. This finding opens new avenues for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and provides a foundation to explore the neural and pharmacological control of respiration-related motoneurons during rapid eye movement sleep.
Effects of morphine on DNA synthesis in neonatal rat brain.

Abstract Several observations have led to the hypothesis that endogenous opioids may modulate the growth and development of the brain. In the present study, we have examined the effect of morphine on the incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine into the DNA of neonatal rat brains in vivo and in vitro. We have found that morphine, when administered to one-day-old rats, inhibited [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into brain DNA in a long-lasting, naloxone-reversible manner. Morphine inhibited DNA synthesis in animals one and 4 days of age but not in older animals. This effect was tissue-specific, and did not appear to be due simply to respiratory depression or decreased availability of precursor to the brain. Naloxone, when administered acutely, or naltrexone, chronically, had no effect on [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation, indicating that endogenous opioids do not tonically depress DNA synthesis. When neonatal brain tissue was incubated with morphine in vitro, [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation values were not different from controls. These data indicate that the effect of morphine on DNA synthesis in vivo may be an indirect one, rather than a direct action on proliferating cells.
The Spectra of Strontium Hydride

New SrH band systems photographed at high dispersion include: (1) an abbreviated $C^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ system with (0,0) band head at 3808A, (2) a many-lined $D^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ system between 5000A and 6700A, (3) an $E^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ system consisting of a $\ensuremath{\Delta}v=0$ sequence only with the (0,0) band at 5323A. The (0,0) and (0,1) $C$ bands have three violent perturbations and a sharp cut-off due to predissociation at ${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}=19$. The form and magnitude of the perturbations are computed. Quantum analyses give ${B}_{0}=3.930$ and ${D}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}9.31\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ for the $C$ state, ${B}_{1}=3.56$ for the normal state. Quantum assignments of the lines of the six principal branches of the (0,0) band of the $E$ system are presented. For the $E$ state $A=117$, ${{B}^{*}}_{0, \ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}=3.6388$, ${{B}^{*}}_{0, +\frac{1}{2}}=3.8687$ and perturbations at small $J$ values distort the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-doubling curve for the $^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state.