cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linked selected and neutral loci in heterogeneous environments

We analyze a system of ordinary differential equations modeling haplotype frequencies at a physically linked pair of loci, one selected and one neutral, in a population consisting of two demes with divergent selection regimes. The system is singularly perturbed, with the migration rate m between the demes serving as a small parameter. We use geometric singular perturbation theory to show that when m is sufficiently small, each solution not initially fixed for the same selected allele in both demes approaches one of a 1-dimensional continuum of equilibria. We then obtain asymptotic expansions of the solutions and show their validity on arbitrarily long finite time intervals. From these expansions we obtain formulas for the transient dynamics of F(ST) (a measure of population structure) at both loci, as well as for the rate of genotyping error if the allelic state at the selected locus is inferred from that at the neutral (marker) locus. We examine two cases in detail, one modeling two populations in secondary contact after a period of evolution in allopatry, and the other modeling the origination and spread of a resistance allele.
Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates homocysteine-augmented guidewire injury-induced intimal hyperplasia in mice.

Background Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is the primary cause for post-angioplasty restenosis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of homocysteine (Hcy) and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) on IH using a guidewire injury animal model. Methods In 12-wk-old C57BL/6J mice, the left common carotid artery (CCA) was denudated with a guidewire and the right CCA was used as the uninjured control. They were treated with saline (NS), Hcy, Rb1, or Hcy + Rb1 for 4 wk prior to sacrifice. Animals were sacrificed at 4, 6, or 8 wk. Both CCAs were harvested and intimal-medium thickness (IMT) ratios were calculated. Local macrophage distribution was also studied. Results Histology analyses demonstrated consistent internal elastic lamina disruption and focal IH in the injured CCA segments. The degree of IH correlated to the lengths of time following injury. Hcy treated group had significant increase in IMT compared with the NS group ( P P Conclusions Our study showed that Hcy increased the degree of IH and macrophage content in the injured CCA and that Rb1 attenuated these adverse effects. These changes might be mediated through antioxidative effects of Rb1. Our data suggests a potential clinical application of ginseng in controlling Hcy-related vascular injuries.
Methodological Challenges for National and Multi-sited Comparative Survey Research

This paper will examine the ways in which ‘textbook’ survey research methods need to be adapted and refined for research with forced migrants, and the ways in which cross-national contexts, as well as research within one national context with forced migrants from different communities, affect the utilization of survey methods. Linked to this, the ways in which survey design issues need to be sensitive to the diversity between and within countries and communities will be explored. The paper will draw on two surveys, one a UK national survey and the other a multi-sited comparative survey in the UK and South Africa, to explore access to forced migrants in different contexts and the appropriateness of different modes of data collection between and within countries and communities (e.g. paper self-completion, face-to-face interviews and web-based surveys). The impact of politics, language and literacy, gender, and immigration status, especially irregular and insecure statuses, will be examined.
Metabolic heat rate and respiratory substrate changes in aging potato slices

Abstract Potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) were cut into slices 1 mm thick. Tissue was placed in sealed ampules in a calorimeter operated isothermally at 25°C. The metabolic heat rate began to increase within 2 h after slicing, reaching a maximum after 30 h. The peak heat rate was six times that of the initial rate. Heat production was cyanide-sensitive at first while that which developed with time was largely cyanide-insensitive. The initial heat rate per oxygen consumed increased to a peak value, indicating greatly reduced energy conservation. The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed, together with the CO2 rate/heat rate indicated a change from more reduced to more oxidized substrates, i.e. from lipid to starch. Calorimetric results were in good agreement with published results obtained with other methods.
Experimental Realization of a Nanomagnet Full Adder Using Slanted-Edge Magnets

We present the experimental realization of a full adder circuit using Nanomagnet Logic (NML). The circuit relies heavily on the properties of asymmetric slant magnets that allow robust operation and reduced footprint. We demonstrate stand-alone NML majority gates and wires, and interconnect these components into an NML full adder that functions properly for all 8 input combinations. To our knowledge, this is the first working implementation of an NML full adder from in-plane magnetized nanomagnets, and one of the very few existing non-electrical, room temperature nanoscale computing units.
A ketogenic diet improves motor performance but does not affect β-amyloid levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease

β-Amyloid (Aβ), a small, fibrillogenic peptide, is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brain. In addition, Aβ accumulates in skeletal muscle cells in individuals with sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), an age-related muscle disease. Because of the socioeconomic burden associated with age-related diseases, particularly AD, there has been considerable emphasis on studying potential therapeutic strategies. The high-fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diet has been used extensively to treat refractory childhood epilepsy and has been studied as a potential treatment for other neurological diseases, including Parkinson's disease and AD. In this study, we fed young APP/PS1 knock-in mice, which have a whole body knock-in of AD-related genes, a ketogenic diet and determined the effect on Aβ levels in the brain and skeletal muscle, as well motor performance and oxidative stress. Aβ and its precursor, the β-C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein (CTFβ), were unchanged overall in both the brain and quadriceps after 1 month on the ketogenic diet, and there was no effect on nitrotyrosine, a product of oxidative stress. The ketogenic diet improved performance on the Rota-rod apparatus (p=0.007), however. These data indicate that the ketogenic diet may have some efficacy in the treatment of both neurologic and muscle diseases though the underlying mechanisms do not involve amelioration of Aβ pathology.
Pore structure analysis of purified, sodium hydroxide‐treated and liquid ammonia‐treated cotton celluloses

To characterize the pore structures of purified cotton, NaOH-treated cotton, and liquid-NH3-treated cotton, we have (1) investigated the feasibility of preparing useful chromatographic columns from whole cotton fibers and (2) studied the elution behavior (penetration) of three selected classes of water-soluble solutes from columns of the three types of cotton fibers. The solutes were series of common oligomeric sugars, oxyethylene glycols, and oxyethylene glycol dimethyl ethers having molecular weights or dimensions in the range of conventional dyes and finishing agents. Substantial differences in dyeing performance and in resilience have been reported for the cottons under study. Differences in performance qualities of these fibers in fabric form are explained in terms of the substantial differences in sizes and abundance of pores in the fibers.
Why 6-methylpentacene deconjugates but avoids the thermally allowed unimolecular mechanism.

Tautomeric equilibria involving hydrogen migration in methylacenes were explored computationally using DFT methods. As the aromatic system becomes more extended, the methylene isomer is predicted to become favored. Reasonable-looking pericyclic sigmatropic hydrogen shifts are found to be energetically prohibitive, and bimolecular mechanisms involving radical pair intermediates are energetically feasible.
Influence of hearing loss on the perceptual strategies of children and adults

To accommodate growing vocabularies, young children are thought to modify their perceptual weights as they gain experience with speech and language. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the perceptual weights of children and adults with hearing loss differ from those of their normal-hearing counterparts. Adults and children with normal hearing and with hearing loss served as participants. Fricative and vowel segments within consonant-vowel-consonant stimuli were presented at randomly selected levels under two conditions: unaltered and with the formant transition removed. Overall performance for each group was calculated as a function of segment level. Perceptual weights were also calculated for each group using point-biserial correlation coefficients that relate the level of each segment to performance. Results revealed child-adult differences in overall performance and also revealed an effect of hearing loss. Despite these performance differences, the pattern of perceptual weights wa...
Solvent effects on the three-photon absorption cross-section of a highly conjugated fluorene derivative

Herein, we report the study of the three-photon absorption cross-section dependence on solvents parameters for a highly conjugated organic dye, 2,2'-(4,4'-(1E,1'E)-2,2'-(9,9-didecyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl) bis(ethene-2,1-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))dibenzo[d]thiazole (A-pi-pi-pi-A). The three-photon absorption cross-section was measured for this organic dye in solution in four different solvents with polarity function, Deltaf between 0.162 and 0.247. The experiments show how the solvent's reorientation of the electrons and polarity contribute to the 3PA cross-section. Multiphoton-absorption experiments of A-pi-pi-pi-A in all four different solvents were performed with a tunable OPG pumped by a 25 picosecond Nd-YAG laser.
Aggregation of low density lipoproteins with unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles

Abstract Incubation of human plasma LDL with phosphatidylcholine vesicles produced turbidity in the mixture. Gradient gel electrophoresis showed a linear decrease of LDL with increasing levels of vesicles. Concomitantly, increasing amounts of material with dimensions greater than 50 nm appeared at the top of the gel. When isolated by velocity ultracentrifugation, the turbid product had a cholesterol: protein weight ratio similar to native LDL but a phospholipid: protein ratio over three-fold greater. Electron microscopy showed that this material consisted of closely associated particles with dimensions similar to those of starting LDL and vesicles. These data demonstrate aggregation of LDL and vesicles upon incubation without a significant change in their particle size. Prevention of aggregate formation by pretreatment of LDL with trypsin indicates the involvement of apolipoprotein B in this process.
Mapping enhancer and promoter interactions.

Histone modifications have previously been leveraged to map the locations of candidate enhancer and promoters in one dimensional genomic space. Chepelev et al. report the first Chromatin Interaction Analysis with Paired-End Tag (ChIA-PET) sequencing of a specific histone modification to systematically map long-range physical interactions among enhancer and promoters, yielding insights into the nature of these interactions.
Government Science in Postwar America: Henry A. Wallace, Edward U. Condon, and the Transformation of the National Bureau of Standards, 1945–1951

ABSTRACT In the fall of 1945, Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace handpicked Edward Condon, a respected theoretical physicist, to become director of the National Bureau of Standards. Already regarded by many academic and industrial scientists as a second‐rate research institution, the Bureau had deteriorated further during the Great Depression. An ardent New Dealer who favored government action to prevent anticompetitive behavior in the marketplace, Wallace claimed that giant corporations leveraged their extensive patent holdings and research capabilities to manipulate markets and restrict competition at the expense of smaller firms without similar resources. Through a revitalized Bureau of Standards, Wallace intended to mitigate monopolistic behavior among large companies by transforming the Department of Commerce into an effective clearinghouse for scientific research that would stimulate technological innovation in small businesses. The Bureau’s postwar expansion, however, foundered on congressional ef...
Soot surface growth and oxidation at pressures up to 8.0 atm in laminar nonpremixed and partially premixed flames

Abstract The flame structure and soot particle surface reaction properties, including growth and oxidation, of laminar jet nonpremixed flames were studied experimentally at pressures of 1.0–8.0 atm. Ethylene–helium mixtures were used in an oxygen/helium coflow at normal temperature (300 K) in order to minimize the effects of buoyancy. The following properties along the axis of flames were measured as a function of distance from the burner exit: soot concentrations by laser extinction, soot temperatures by multiline emission, soot structure by thermophoretic sampling and analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), concentrations of major stable gas species by isokinetic sampling and gas chromatography, concentrations of radical species (H, OH, O) by Li/LiOH atomic absorption, and flow velocities by laser velocimetry. The measurements were analyzed to determine local flame properties in order to find soot surface growth and oxidation rates. The measurements of soot surface growth rates (corrected for soot surface oxidation) were found to be consistent with earlier measurements at atmospheric and subatmospheric pressures involving laminar premixed and diffusion flames fueled with a variety of hydrocarbons. The growth rates from all the available flames were in good agreement with each other and with existing hydrogen-abstraction/carbon-addition (HACA) soot surface growth mechanisms available in the literature. Measurements of early soot surface oxidation rates at pressures of 1.0–8.0 atm (corrected for soot surface growth and prior to consumption of 70% of the maximum mass of the primary soot particles) were found to be consistent with earlier measurements at atmospheric and subatmospheric pressures. The oxidation rates of up to 8 atm in flame environment could be explained by reaction with OH, having a collision efficiency of 0.12.
Thermal instability of a layered viscoelastic rectangular prism under high-frequency shear loading

Within the framework of a coupled problem of thermoviscoelasticity, using the method of numerical modeling, we have studied the thermal instability of a rectangular prism, composed of copper and polyethylene or polymethylmethacrylate layers, in the course of its dissipative heating. The prism is subjected to high-frequency force or kinematic shear. We have established that, in the case of polyethylene, thermal instability occurs under conditions of force loading and is absent under a kinematic one. However, for polymethylmethacrylate, thermal instability takes place for both cases of loading. This effect is attributable to the existence of temperature intervals where the shear and volume loss compliances for each of the polymers increases with the temperature. We have also revealed that the critical values of thermal instability for a prism with metal layers are substantially higher than those for a homogeneous prism. In addition to thermal instability, thermal resonance instability is also possible. It is caused by the jump of the thermal state from the low- to high-temperature branch of the soft-type resonance characteristic.
Interaction between buprenorphine and atazanavir or atazanavir/ritonavir

Opioid addiction and HIV disease frequently co-occur. Adverse drug interactions have been reported between methadone and some HIV medications, but less is known about interactions between buprenorphine, an opioid partial agonist used to treat opioid dependence, and HIV therapeutics. This study examined drug interactions between buprenorphine and the protease inhibitors atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir. Opioid-dependent, buprenorphine/naloxone-maintained, HIV-negative volunteers (n=10 per protease inhibitor) participated in two 24-h sessions to determine pharmacokinetics of (1) buprenorphine and (2) buprenorphine and atazanavir (400mg daily) or atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100mg daily) following administration for 5 days. Objective opiate withdrawal scale scores and mini-mental state examination were determined prior to and following antiretroviral administration to examine pharmacodynamic effects. Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir were compared in subjects and matched, healthy controls (n=10 per protease inhibitor) to determine effects of buprenorphine. With atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir, respectively concentrations of buprenorphine (p<0.001, p<0.001), norbuprenorphine (p=0.026, p=0.006), buprenorphine glucuronide (p=0.002, p<0.001), and norbuprenorphine glucuronide (NS, p=0.037) increased. Buprenorphine treatment did not significantly alter atazanavir or ritonavir concentrations. Three buprenorphine/naloxone-maintained participants reported increased sedation with atazanavir/ritonavir. Atazanavir or atazanavir/ritonavir may increase buprenorphine and buprenorphine metabolite concentrations and might require a decreased buprenorphine dose.
Integration of Electronic Mail into Schools

Surveys and site-based interviews and observation were used to examine the introduction of electronic mail (e-mail) into three elementary schools. A contingency model of technology adoption by organizations was used to develop the instruments and interpret the results. Surveys were given to all of the school staff to capture information on key factors such as: expectations for e-mail, influence of peers and administrators, training, technical support, and other logistical factors. On-site observation was used to expand on the findings of the surveys. Findings indicated that a majority of the contingency factors were correlated to e-mail usage and that these contingency factors also helped explain the differences in usage between the three schools.
Depression, anxiety and quality of life in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia cohort

Abstract Objective Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) accounts for 25–30% of leukemia cases, little is known about its psychosocial correlates. This study examines anxiety, depression and quality of life (QOL) in a CLL cohort. Methods One hundred five patients recruited from a CLL research database were classified into two groups: "watch and wait" or active treatment. The patients completed a mail-in battery of depression, anxiety and QOL measures. Results There was no statistical difference between depression, anxiety and physical/mental QOL in "watch and wait" versus active-treatment groups. Patients ≤60 years reported more depression ( P =.014) and worse emotional ( P =.0001) and social QOL ( P =.002). They also had more "watch and wait" anxiety ( P =.052). Social and emotional QOL were similar in both newly diagnosed patients and those diagnosed >6 years ago, although physical QOL worsens with time ( P =.05). Conclusion Depression, anxiety and QOL are remarkably similar in "watch and wait" versus actively treated CLL, despite the latter group having, by definition, later stage disease. Patients ≤60 years are more depressed and have reduced emotional and social QOL. Younger "watch and wait" patients are more anxious. Patients diagnosed for more than 6 years have a worse physical QOL, but their social and emotional QOL are similar to those of newly diagnosed patients.
Acoustic emission from a surface-breaking crack under cyclic loading

An isotropic, homogeneous, elastic half-space is subjected to a uniform stress system composed of a constant tensile stress with a superimposed cyclic tensile stress, both parallel to the free surface. The cyclic stresses are assumed to generate a surface-breaking crack of length l(t) which propagates normal to the surface. The unloading of the crack faces generates acoustic emission, which is primarily composed of surface waves. The elastodynamic reciprocity theorem for time-harmonic waves is used to determine the radiated system of transient and steady state surface waves.
A parallel CFD rotor code using OpenMP

Abstract The extended full-potential (FPX) helicopter rotor computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code of Fortran in its reduced two-dimensional version is successfully converted into a parallel version for multiprocessing. The FPX code with an internal grid generator solves the compressible full-potential equation using an approximately factored finite-difference scheme with added numerous physical modeling enhancements, including viscous boundary layers, shock-induced entropy corrections and wake-vortex embedding. The parallel version of the code uses open multi-processing (OpenMP) directives as parallel programming tool in shared-memory (SM) environment. The OpenMP code is portable and scalable, which can run on various computer platforms including UNIX platforms and Windows NT platforms. The performance study of the parallel code on SGI Origin 2000 UNIX platform is made. The results show that reasonable speedups through parallelization are obtained and that OpenMP is easy to use and an efficient parallel programming tool for the present problem.
Human thyroxine-binding globulin gene : complete sequence and transcriptional regulation

T4-binding globulin (TBG) is a glycoprotein of hepatic origin which transports thyroid hormone in serum. To characterize the human TBG (hTBG) gene, we studied its genomic organization, promoter activity, and regulation. To this purpose, we isolated from liver a complete hTBG cDNA clone containing the 5'-untranslated region and localized the transcription start site (TSS). The analysis of genomic clones revealed that the hTBG gene consists of five exons and that its exon-intron organization is similar to that of other members of the serine protease inhibitor family. The first exon (exon 0) is a short noncoding sequence located 1.62 kilobase pairs (kbp) upstream from exon 1. Potential cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements including a TATA box, a CAAT box, and a hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 binding motif were identified in the upstream region. A reporter gene in which 3.2 kbp of the 5'-flanking region, including exon 0, was inserted upstream of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene sho...
Particle motions in a magnetic field

Particle motions in magnetic fields, as related to charged particle trapping in Van Allen belt
A Mantle Plume Initiation Model for the Wrangellia Flood Basalt and Other Oceanic Plateaus

The vast Wrangellia terrane of Alaska and British Columbia is an accreted oceanic plateau with Triassic strata that contain a 3- to 6-kilometers thick flood basalt, bounded above and below by marine sedimentary rocks. This enormous outpouring of basalt was preceded by rapid uplift and was followed by gradual subsidence of the plateau. The uplift and basalt eruptions occurred in less than ∼5 million years, and were not accompanied by significant extension or rifting of the lithosphere. This sequence of events is predicted by a mantle plume initiation, or plume head, model that has recently been developed to explain continental flood volcanism. Evidence suggests that other large oceanic basalt plateaus, such as the Ontong-Java, Kerguelen, and Caribbean, were formed as the initial outbursts of the Louisville Ridge, Kerguelen, and Galapagos hot spots, respectively. Such events may play an important role in the creation and development of both oceanic and continental crust.
The possibility of cooperation

Preface 1. Introduction: the problem of collective action 2. The prisoners' dilemma, chicken and other games in the provision of public goods 3. The two-person prisoners' dilemma supergame 4. The N-person prisoners' dilemma supergame 5. Altruism and superiority 6. The state 7. Epilogue: cooperation, the state and anarchy Annex Notes Bibliography Index.
Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase activities in gills of marine teleost fishes: Changes with depth, size and locomotory activity level

Activities of the primary enzyme responsible for monovalent ion regulation, Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase), were measured in gills of marine teleost fishes with different depths of occurrence (0 to 4800 m), body weights (a range of five orders of magnitude), and locomotory capacities. Specimens were collected off the coasts of California and Oregon in 1983–1989, and at the Galapagos Spreading Center and 13°N East Pacific Rise hydrothermal vent sites in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Except for two hydrothermal vent fishes, deep-sea species had much lower Na+-K+-ATPase activities g−1 gill filament than shallow-living species, indicating that osmoregulatory costs, like total metabolic rate, are greatly reduced in most deep-living fishes. Within a species, the total branchial Na+-K+-ATPase activity per individual was dependent on size; the average allometric scaling exponent was 0.83. Using published values for oxygen consumption rates, and the total branchial Na+-K+-ATPase activities as an index of osmoregulatory costs, we estimated the maximal cost (as percent of ATP turnover) for osmoregulation in ten teleosts. Osmoregulatory costs averaged about 10% of total ATP turnover among these species, and maximal costs were no greater than about 20%. The percent costs of osmoregulation did not differ between shallow- and deep-living fishes. The reduced total ATP expenditure for osmoregulation in deep-living fishes is proposed to result from the sluggish locomotory habits of these fishes, not from selection for reduced osmotic coastper se. Thus, the reduced swimming abilities of these fishes lead to lower rates of water flow over the gills and less blood flow through the gills due to reduced demands for oxygen. Consequently, passive flux of water and ions through the gills is much lower than in more active fishes, and osmotic costs are thereby minimized. The relatively high activities of Na+-K+-ATPase in gills of the two hydrothermal vent fishes suggest that these fishes may be more active and have higher metabolic rates than other deep-sea fishes.
Lower bounds for randomized algorithms for online chain partitioning

We prove that the randomized competitive ratio of online chain partitioning of posets equals the deterministic competitive ratio.
Conditions for a rate-maximizing temperature in heterogeneous catalysis☆

Abstract Conditions are derived for Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal heterogeneous catalytic reactions to have a reaction rate maximum as a function of temperature. Experimental results contradict previously derived conditions which assumed that the surface diffusion was governed by a single transition rate. More than one transition rate will enter the analysis of surface diffusion if the surface is heterogeneous or, as observed in field ion microscope experiments, the reactant passes through several nonequivalent configurations while migrating. An analysis of the rate of reaction when more than one transition rate is involved leads to a condition which could facilitate the interpretation of rate maximum reaction mechanisms.
Viral vector-induced expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 produces inhibition of tumor growth and bone differentiation of stem cells.

Viral vector-induced expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 produces inhibition of tumor growth and bone differentiation of stem cells
Interferon-induced expression of different genes is mediated by distinct regulatory pathways

Abstract Interferons (IFNs) regulate the expression of multiple genes and the regulatory sequences associated with several of these genes have been identified. How cell-surface IFN receptors communicate with such regulatory elements is as yet unknown. We have characterized the IFN responses of a mutant murine cell line (Ltk−aprt−) which is unable to mount an antiviral response when treated with IFN-β. In contrast to its inability to activate antiviral pathways in these cells, IFN-β inhibits their growth to the same level as observed in their parental L-929 line which is fully responsive to IFN, suggesting that distinct pathways account for antiviral and cytostatic responses. In agreement with this, Northern blot and nuclear run-on analyses show that the induction of transcription of three distinct genes (2,5(A) synthetase, BS-I-150, and BS-II-4) is blocked in Ltk−aprt− cells whereas another gene (1–8) is activated normally. Our results show that the defective responses observed in this cell line are not due to a nonfunctional IFN-β cell-surface receptor and suggest that multiple pathways exist between the receptor and upstream gene regulatory elements.
Effect of bacitracin on the biosynthesis of dolichol derivatives in calf pancreas microsomes

Publisher Summary bacitracin is a cyclic peptide antibiotic that forms a complex with polyisoprenyl pyrophosphates in the presence of a divalent cation. In bacteria, the formation of this complex prevents the regeneration of undecaprenyl phosphate, which is essential for the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. This chapter discusses an experiment in which the effect of bacitracin on the some enzymic reactions was investigated. In the experiment, the calf pancreas microsomes were incubated with labeled nucleotide sugars. The radioactivity incorporated into glycolipids extracted with chloroform–methanol (2:1) (CM extract) and chloroform–methanol–water (10:10:2.5) (CMW extract) and into the precipitate (Ppt) containing glycoproteins was measured. It was found from the experiment that bacitracin inhibited the formation of Dol-PP-GlcNAc and Dol-PP-(GlcNAc) 2 from UDP-N-acetyl-D-[ 14 C]lglucosamine and endogenous dolichyl phosphate and the incorporation of D-[14-4C]mannose into dolichyl pyrophosphate oligosaccharides. It also inhibited the incorporation of N-acetyl-D-[14C] glucosamine and D-[14C] mannose into the precipitate.
The Theory of Ecological Expansion: The Relation Between Dominance and Suburban Differentiation

The relationship between central city dominance and suburban differentiation is explicated in a three-time point panel analysis of large American metropolitan areas. A maximum likelihood estimation technique (LISREL) is used to estimate the hypothesized models. Little evidence is found to support the central theoretical assertion that dominance and intersuburban specialization are causally related. In this paper a key proposition in the ecological theory of metropolitan growth is tested. This theory specifies that the growth of metropolitan areas involves concentration of integrative activities in their centers, on the one hand, and the expansion of the fringe population and its sorting into increasingly specialized suburbs, on the other hand (Bogue 1950; Gras 1922; Hawley 1950, 1981; Kasarda 1972; McKenzie 1933; Sly and Tayman 1982a, 1980b). However, despite the prominence of this theory within the ecological perspective, empirical verification is surprisingly limited and the theory is ambiguous on a number of important questions. In particular, it does not specify the nature of "functional specialization" or the direction of the causal link between the concentration of integrative activities in the center and differentiation of suburbs. Our principal concern is explicating the theoretical and empirical dimensions of differentiation and their link with dominance, as well as determining the extent, and especially the direction, of any causal dependency. To examine these questions we specify and evaluate models which incorporate measures of each at three points in time. A related concern is with the role played by other structural characteristics of metropolitan areas in producing differentiation among suburbs and the concentration of integrative activities in their centers. *Address correspondence to either author, Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907. (8 19QR The T Tniuprsitv nf Mnrth Carnoina Press
Novel Regenerable Sodium-Based Sorbents for CO2 Capture at Warm Gas Temperatures

A novel sorbent consisting of NaOH/CaO was developed for CO2 capture at 315 °C suitable for high-temperature CO2-capture applications, such as coal gasification systems. The sorbent is regenerable at 700 °C, and steam does not affect the sorbent performance. A multicycle test conducted in the atmospheric reactor at 315 °C indicated that the sorbent improved the performance with an increased number of cycles. The sorbent can also capture CO2 at a wide range of temperatures from ambient to 500 °C. However, the mechanism of CO2 capture is different at ambient temperature. The sorbent is unique because it has a high CO2-capture capacity of more than 3 mol/kg at 315 °C and is regenerable at 700 °C.
The association of health literacy, social support, self-efficacy and interpersonal interactions with health care providers in low-income Latina mothers.

Objective We explored relationships between maternal health literacy (HL), communicative self-efficacy (SE), social support (SS) and maternal perception of interactions with health care providers (HCPs). Methods: Using a cross-sectional, correlational design, we assessed sociodemographic characteristics, maternal HL, social support, communicative self-efficacy, and interpersonal interactions with HCPs among 124 low-income Latina mothers of young children. Results: Informal SS significantly predicted maternal SE in interactions. SE predicted maternal perception of a HCP's ability to “elicit and respond to her concerns.” Discussion: Interventions to improve maternal self-efficacy in interacting with HCPs among low health literate Latina mothers may positively impact pediatric health outcomes.
Bidding the CpG island goodbye

Experiments on seven vertebrates suggest that identifying the locations of islands of non-methylated DNA provides more insights into evolutionarily-conserved epigenetic regulatory elements than studies of CpG islands.
SNES: single nucleus exome sequencing

Single-cell genome sequencing methods are challenged by poor physical coverage and high error rates, making it difficult to distinguish real biological variants from technical artifacts. To address this problem, we developed a method called SNES that combines flow-sorting of single G1/0 or G2/M nuclei, time-limited multiple-displacement-amplification, exome capture, and next-generation sequencing to generate high coverage (96%) data from single human cells. We validated our method in a fibroblast cell line, and show low allelic dropout and false-positive error rates, resulting in high detection efficiencies for single nucleotide variants (92%) and indels (85%) in single cells.
Quantitative syndesmophyte measurement in ankylosing spondylitis using CT: longitudinal validity and sensitivity to change over 2 years

Objectives Accurate measurement of syndesmophyte development and growth in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is needed for studies of biomarkers and of treatments to slow spinal fusion. We tested the longitudinal validity and sensitivity to change of quantitative measurement of syndesmophytes using CT. Methods We performed lumbar spine CT scans on 33 patients with AS at baseline, 1 year and 2 years. Volumes and heights of syndesmophytes were computed in four intervertebral disk spaces. We compared the computed changes to a physician9s ratings of change based on CT scan inspection. Sensitivity to change of the computed measures was compared with that of the modified Stoke AS Spinal Score (radiography) and a scoring method based on MRI. Results At years 1 and 2, respectively 24 (73%) and 26 (79%) patients had syndesmophyte volume increases by CT. At years 1 and 2, the mean (SD) computed volume increases per patient were, respectively 87 (186) and 201 (366) mm 3 . Computed volume changes were strongly associated with the physician9s visual ratings of change (p Conclusions CT-based syndesmophytes measurements had very good longitudinal validity and better sensitivity to change than radiography or MRI. This method shows promise for longitudinal clinical studies of syndesmophyte development and growth.
Radiologists' requirements for primary diagnosis workstations: preliminary results of task-based design surveys

There has been a tremendous amount of effort put into the design of diagnostic radiology workstations; however, few workstations have been clinically accepted. Among the requirements for a clinically acceptable workstation are good image quality, a well designed user-interface, and access to all relevant diagnostic information. The user-interface design should reflect radiologist's film reading habits and encourage new reading methods that take advantage of the electronic environment. As part of our effort to improve diagnostic workstation design, we surveyed radiologists in the UCLA Department of Radiological Sciences. Sixteen radiologists from the fields of pediatric, genitourinary, thoracic, and neuroradiology participated in the initial survey. We asked their opinions regarding our PACS infrastructure performance and our existing diagnostic workstations. We also asked them to identify certain pathologies that they found to be less evident on workstations as compared to film. We are using this information to determine the current limitations of diagnostic workstations and to develop a user interface design that addresses the clinical requirements of a busy teritiary care medical center the radiologists who use it.
Optimal airflow control of Laboratory Air Handling Unit (LAHU) systems

An optimal airflow control method and procedure have been developed for laboratory air handling unit (LAHU) systems using linear optimization theories. The optimal airflow control minimizes the thermal energy consumption and the cost, and improves the indoor air quality. This paper presents modeling, optimization procedures and optimal airflow control sequences.
COOKING METHODS FOR ELIMINATION OF Salmonella typhimurium EXPERIMENTAL SURFACE CONTAMINANT FROM RARE DRY‐ROASTED BEEF ROASTS

Three cooking procedures were tested for effectiveness in eliminating an experimental Salmonella typhimurium contaminant from surfaces of rare dry-roasted beef roasts. Dipping roasted and cooled roasts in cooking oil at 160°C (320 F) or 180°C (365°F) for a minimum of 60 set was effective, but submerging similar roasts contained in plastic bags in 89.4–93.3°C (193–200°F) water for 3 min was not effective in eliminating surface survivors. Injection of steam into the oven during part of the roasting period also was effective. We found that a minimum of 10 min of steam injection was necessary to eliminate the contaminant. Experiments with steam injection at the beginning or end of roasting led to the conclusion that survivors on surfaces of dry-roasted beef roasts were probably on the surface at the beginning of the roasting process. Subjective evaluation of the degree of rareness of center slices of roasts reaching maximum center temperatures between 54.4–64.1°C (130–147.5°F) indicated the rare area decreased about 2% for each degree increase in temperature. Roast center temperatures at time of removal from the oven correlated significantly with the maximum center temperature.
Critical depinning force and vortex lattice order in disordered superconductors

We simulate the ordering of vortices and its effects on the critical current in superconductors with varied vortex-vortex interaction strength and varied pinning strengths for a two-dimensional system. For strong pinning the vortex lattice is always disordered and the critical depinning force only weakly increases with decreasing vortex-vortex interactions. For weak pinning the vortex lattice is defect free until the vortex-vortex interactions have been reduced to a low value, when defects begin to appear with a simultaneous rapid increase in the critical depinning force. In each case the depinning force shows a maximum for non-interacting vortices. The relative height of the peak increases and the peak width decreases for decreasing pinning strength in excellent agreement with experimental trends associated with the peak effect. We show that scaling relations exist between the distance between defects in the vortex lattice and the critical depinning force.
Dynamic Response of a Pressurized Frame-Membrane Lunar Structure with Regolith Cover Subjected to Impact Load

AbstractA three-dimensional internally pressurized frame-membrane structure covered with regolith shielding has been proposed as a possible lunar habitat. This paper presents results from the static, frequency, and dynamic impact analysis of the structure using a nonlinear (large deformation) finite-element technique. The results are presented, taking into account the effects of the added mass of the regolith and stress stiffening because of the applied internal pressurization load. The impact loading is analytically derived by considering the impact of a moving object/debris/projectile hitting the midpoint of one of the frame members at the crest of the structure. For the frequency analysis, the results show that both pressurization and added regolith mass affect the frequency and mode-shape characteristics, where the effects of the added mass of the regolith are observed to be substantially larger than the effects of pressurization. For the static and dynamic analyses, the midspan impact results show th...
Nontarget effects of a test application of diflubenzuron to the forest canopy on stream macroinvertebrates

Forest application of diflubenzuron (DFB) is commonly used in mid-Atlantic states for control of gypsy moths in hardwood forests. To assess effects of the pesticide on nontarget organisms, DFB (Dimilin) was applied by helicopter on May 16, 1992, to two watersheds in the Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West Virginia. To determine if aquatic macroinvertebrates were affected by the aerial spray, we monitored streams in two reference and two treatment watersheds before and after treatment with DFB using a multilevel artificial substrate sampler. The before-after-control-impact-pairs (BACIP) analysis was used to test for differences in aquatic macroinvertebrate densities between treated and reference watersheds. Densities of some taxa in DFB-treated watersheds either showed population depressions or did not increase in density after drought conditions as compared with those taxa in streams in reference watersheds, whereas other taxa increased in treated watersheds. Taxa that had reduced mean densities in treatment watersheds (a = 0.05) included the stoneflies, Leuctra sp. and Isoperla sp., the mayfly, Paraleptophlebia sp., and the crane fly, Hexatoma sp. Shredders, the dominant functional feeding group, also had reduced mean densities in treatment watersheds. Densities of Oligochaeta and Turbellaria increased in streams in treated watersheds.
A survey of simulation fellowship programs.

Abstract Background A number of specialized educational programs (i.e., simulation fellowships) have been developed, but their characteristics are not well known. Objective We studied the characteristics of existing simulation fellowship programs. Methods Fellowships were identified and characteristics determined from public sources and direct survey. Results Seventeen fellowships were identified. The sponsoring academic unit was emergency medicine in 53%, pediatric emergency medicine in 7%, urology in 7%, emergency medicine/anesthesiology in 13%, and interdisciplinary units in 20%. Fifty-nine percent were open to emergency medicine residency graduates, and 12% were open to either anesthesia or emergency medicine graduates, or 12% to physician graduates of any specialty. One fellowship was open to pediatric emergency medicine graduates only and another specifically to surgically trained physicians. Seventy-eight percent indicated that fellows were required to work clinically as part of the fellowship, averaging 19 hours per week. Twenty-seven percent of fellowships were 1 year in length and 13% were 2 years. Common (47%) was the option of a 1- or 2-year fellowship, with those in the 2-year track earning a graduate degree or certificate. Most programs accepted a single fellow each year, and some accepted either one or two. Fellowships reported a high fill rate. Conclusions The 17 identified fellowship programs differed greatly in length, sponsoring academic unit, and prerequisites. The majority require their fellows to provide clinical service. Fellowships reported a high fill rate, suggesting substantial interest in simulation among current residents.
The ties to unbind: age-related differences in feature (un)binding in working memory for emotional faces

In the present study, we investigated age-related differences in the processing of emotional stimuli. Specifically, we were interested in whether older adults would show deficits in unbinding emotional expression (i.e., either no emotion, happiness, anger, or disgust) from bound stimuli (i.e., photographs of faces expressing these emotions), as a hyper-binding account of age-related differences in working memory would predict. Younger and older adults completed different N-Back tasks (side-by-side 0-Back, 1-Back, 2-Back) under three conditions: match/mismatch judgments based on either the identity of the face (identity condition), the face’s emotional expression (expression condition), or both identity and expression of the face (both condition). The two age groups performed more slowly and with lower accuracy in the expression condition than in the both condition, indicating the presence of an unbinding process. This unbinding effect was more pronounced in older adults than in younger adults, but only in the 2-Back task. Thus, older adults seemed to have a specific deficit in unbinding in working memory. Additionally, no age-related differences were found in accuracy in the 0-Back task, but such differences emerged in the 1-Back task, and were further magnified in the 2-Back task, indicating independent age-related differences in attention/STM and working memory. Pupil dilation data confirmed that the attention/STM version of the task (1-Back) is more effortful for older adults than younger adults.