cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimated Utility of the Short-term Assessment of Glaucoma Progression Model in Clinical Practice.

Importance Clinical trials of glaucoma therapies focused on protecting the optic nerve have required large sample sizes and lengthy follow-up to detect clinically relevant change due to its slow rate of progression. Whether shorter trials may be possible with more frequent testing and use of rate of change as the end point warrants further investigation. Objective To describe the design for the Short-term Assessment of Glaucoma Progression (STAGE) model and provide guidance on sample size and power calculations for shorter clinical trials. Design, Setting, and Participants A cohort study of patients with mild, moderate, or advanced open-angle glaucoma recruited from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study at the University of California, San Diego. Enrollment began in May 2012 with follow-up for every 3 months for 2 years after baseline examination. Follow-up was concluded in September 2016. Data were analyzed from July 2019 to January 2021. Visual fields (VF) and optic coherence tomography (OCT) scans were obtained at baseline and for 2 years with visits every 3 months. Exposures Glaucoma was defined as glaucomatous appearing optic discs classified by disc photographs in at least 1 eye and/or repeatable VF damage at baseline. Main Outcomes and Measures Longitudinal rates of change in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and VF mean deviation (MD) are estimated in study designs of varying length and observation frequency. Power calculations as functions of study length, observation frequency, and sample size were performed. Results In a total referred sample of 97 patients with mild, moderate, or advanced glaucoma (mean [SD] age, 69 [11.4] years; 50 [51.5%] were female; 19 [19.6%]), over the 2-year follow-up, the mean VF 24-2 MD slope was −0.32 dB/y (95% CI, −0.43 to −0.21 dB/y) and the mean RNFL thickness slope was −0.54 μm/y (95% CI, −0.75 to −0.32 μm/y). Sufficient power (80%) to detect similar group differences in the rate of change in both outcomes was attained with total follow-up between 18 months and 2 years and fewer than 300 total participants. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, results from the STAGE model with reduction of the rate of progression as the end point, frequent testing, and a moderate effect size, suggest that clinical trials to test efficacy of glaucoma therapy can be completed within 18 months of follow-up and with fewer than 300 participants.
Pyrazole-Thiazole Core-Containing Analogs Exhibit Adjunctive Activity with Meropenem against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).

Pyrazole-thiazole core-containing compound KP-40 and 20 novel derivatives were designed and synthesized through traditional SAR analysis. These molecules displayed adjunctive activity with meropenem against Gram-negative bacteria evidenced by a range of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC=0.5-0.25) and minimum adjunctive concentration (MAC=128-32 μM) values. Of this series of molecules, four compounds displayed notable adjunctive potential, with FIC and MAC values of 0.25 and 32 μM, respectively. Moreover, the solubility of these compounds was improved to an acceptable range. Further analysis using our "in house" permeation and efflux multi parameter optimization (PEMPO) algorithm revealed key physicochemical properties that may be critical for the development of active Gram-negative antibacterials. Taking PEMPO scores into consideration prior to executing synthesis of analogs may be a simple, yet rapid and effective strategy that can be used in conjunction with traditional SAR approaches to aid in the design of potent Gram-negative antibacterials.
Designing shoe tread for friction performance: a hierarchical approach

Falls are the leading cause of emergency department visits. Slipping on liquid contaminants is a common cause of falls. Footwear has demonstrated promise in preventing these slips.The mechanics of ...
Top, Bottom, and Versatile Orientations among Adolescent Sexual Minority Men.

Sexual role preference or self-label (i.e., top, versatile, or bottom) has been well studied in samples of sexual minority men (SMM) but lacks research among adolescent sexual minority men (ASMM). ...
The Paradox of the Obedient Actor

This essay reconsiders the apparent paradox in Goethe’s reverence for the actor’s freedom in Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre and his demand for actors’ obedience in his ‘Regeln fur Schauspieler’. Lookin...
After Broadcast News: Media Regimes, Democracy, and the New Information Environment

1. Is there a difference between Tina Fey and Katie Couric?: policing the boundaries between news and entertainment 2. Media regimes and American democracy 3. And that's the way it (was): the rise and fall of the age of broadcast news 4. Political reality, political power and political relevance in the changing media environment 5. Politics in the emerging new media age: hyperreality, multiaxiality, and 'the Clinton scandals' 6. When the media really matter: coverage of the environment in a changing media environment 7. 9/11 and its aftermath: constructing a political spectacle in the new media environment 8. Shaping a new media regime.
Spin-\(\frac{1}{2}\) Dirac Equation

What the Schrodinger equation is to nonrelativistic physics, the Dirac equation is to relativistic physics. We begin this chapter by describing three alternative ways of deriving this spin-\(\frac{1}{2}\) wave equation—the more the merrier, in order to develop as much intuition as possible about this fundamental dynamical tool. Next we formulate the Dirac equation in a manifest covariant manner and emphasize the structure of γ-matrix algebra and the positive and negative free-particle solutions. The Dirac equation in the presence of external fields is then generated by minimal replacement, and the resulting electron bound-state energies are obtained for the one-particle Coulomb atom and for a constant external magnetic field. We pay particular attention to the difference between the Dirac atom and the fine-structure level shifts in the Schrodinger atom. Finally, we develop free-particle Dirac equations for spin-\(\frac{1}{2}\) massless neutrinos and spin-\(\frac{3}{2}\) massive particles.
Stability of Water Cooled Columns

It is shown analytically that the buckling strength of tubular columns can be significantly reduced by partial yielding caused by temperature gradients across the wall of the column. The buckling is of the Shanley type. For columns subjected to constant load, the temperature difference between the outside and inside of the column takes the place of the load in the classical Shanley formulation, and it is this temperature difference which must increase as the column begins to bend. Columns with a slenderness ratio close to the critical are the most sensitive to the temperature gradients. It seems possible that such a column with unavoidable imperfections, designed according to the usual practice for unheated columns, may become unstable at the temperature reached during a fire.
Green state joining of silicon carbide using polymer precursors

Green state joining of silicon carbide was investigated using a paste consisting of polycarbosilane polymer and silicon carbide powder. The joining process and densification were described. Initial experiments resulted in the formation of symmetrical black bands and cracks on either side of the joint. However, with modifications in processing conditions, the cracks were eliminated and the resulting joints were indistinguishable from the matrix. The Flexural strength of joined samples was measured to be 234 MPa, which is comparable to that of the control sample with similar density. As the applied pressure during joining was increased from 34 to 138 MPa, the strength of the joined samples increased from 180 MPa to 250 MPa.
Content-Based image retrieval via vector quantization

Image retrieval and image compression are each areas that have received considerable attention in the past. However there have been fewer advances that address both these problems simultaneously. In this work, we present a novel approach for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) using vector quantization (VQ). Using VQ allows us to retain the image database in compressed form without any need to store additional features for image retrieval. The VQ codebooks serve as generative image models and are used to represent images while computing their similarity. The hope is that encoding an image with a codebook of a similar image will yield a better representation than when a codebook of a dissimilar image is used. Experiments performed on a color image database over a range of codebook sizes support this hypothesis and retrieval based on this method compares well with previous work.
Realizing higher-order nonlinear Wiener adaptive systems [Wiener filter example]

A popular model used for nonlinear adaptive system modeling is the truncated nonlinear Volterra model. The difficulty of using the truncated Volterra models has limited typical applications to second order. Very few papers in the literature consider third or higher order. The drawbacks of the Volterra models include slow convergence speed, large number of coefficients, high computational complexity and difficulty with using higher-order models. Recently, we introduced a new method of implementing polynomial nonlinear adaptive filters using the discrete-time nonlinear Wiener model. The advantages of the nonlinear Wiener model over the Volterra model include faster convergence, smaller number of coefficients, less number of computations and avoidance of the dilemma of multiple local minima. In this paper, we present a fourth-order nonlinear Wiener adaptive filter suitable for polynomial-based nonlinearity applications. We also present some computer simulations results which verify the advantages of our algorithm over Volterra-model based ones.
Mutations in the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase interfere with holoenzyme formation without disrupting inhibition by protein kinase inhibitor

Three amino acids were identified in the catalytic (C) subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase that are involved in interaction with regulatory (R) subunit, but not with the specific protein kinase inhibitor, PKI. In a functional assay for gene induction, a C expression vector with serine or arginine substituted for Leu-198 and the double mutant C, His-87-->Gln/Trp-196-->Arg (Orellana, S. A., and McKnight, G. S. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, U.S.A. 89, 4726-4730), retained activity in the presence of an excess of RI or RII. In contrast, cotransfection of a full-length PKI expression vector completely inhibited the activity of both mutant and wild type C subunits. These data suggest that although the substrate/pseudosubstrate sites of R and PKI interact with C at the catalytic site, there is an additional domain on the C subunit that is involved in holoenzyme formation with R subunit and is distinct from sites specifying high affinity PKI binding.
Animal Models of Lung Disease

Animal models afford the opportunity for investigators to study the study the mechanisms of human disorders by experimentally manipulating a number of controlled variables. Experimental models can be arbitrarily divided into (a) spontaneous disease models, which are mutant animals that carry a disease similar to a human condition; (b) models obtained through genetic manipulation, in other words, gene-modified models including: transgenic and knock out animals and (c) chemically or physically induced changes. Researchers have to chose from a number of possibilities such as species and strain of animal, environment, and the genome to investigate the molecular interactions involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases.1 Experimental models also provide a unique opportunity to test potential therapeutic intervention. Well-developed animal models should share features with specific human disorders. Although the basic molecular biology terminology is covered in other chapters of this book, it is convenient to briefly review the basic technology for the development of transgenic mice.
The long and the short of it: SD1 polymorphism and the evolution of growth trait divergence in U.S. weedy rice

Growth-related traits, such as greater height, greater biomass, faster growth rate and early flowering, are thought to enhance competitiveness of agricultural weeds. However, weedy rice, a conspecific weed of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.), displays variation for growth traits. In the United States, separately evolved weedy rice groups have been shown to share genomic identity with exotic domesticated cultivars. Through a common garden experiment, we investigated whether growth trait divergence has occurred among U.S. weeds and their putative cultivated progenitors. We also determined polymorphism patterns in the growth candidate gene, SD1, to assess its possible role in the evolution of divergent phenotypes. We found considerable growth trait variation among weed groups, suggesting that growth trait convergence is not evident among weedy populations. Phenotypic divergence of weedy rice from cultivated ancestors is most apparent for flowering time. Introgression of a chromosomal block containing the SD1 allele from tropical japonica, the predominant U.S. rice cultivar, was detected in one weedy rice population and is associated with a change in growth patterns in this group. This study demonstrates the role of introgressive hybridization in evolutionary divergence of an important weed.
The Pathophysiology of Shoulder Instability

Over the last several decades there has been an improved understanding of the intricate anatomy that provides stability to the glenohumeral joint. In addition, significant advances in identifying the pathologic etiology of the unstable shoulder have occurred because of basic science glenohumeral ligament cutting studies, clinical evaluation, and the advent of arthroscopic evaluation and treatment of the unstable shoulder. This article will review the pertinent anatomy of the normal glenohumeral joint and will carefully review the pathoanatomy found in the unstable shoulder. Sports medicine specialists who treat athletes with unstable shoulders should have a firm understanding of both the normal and pathologic shoulder conditions to be able to provide the best care for these athletes.
Group routing without group routing tables

We present a group routing protocol for a network of processes. The task of the protocol is to route data messages to each member of a process group. To this end, a tree of processes is constructed in the network, ensuring each group member is included in the tree. To build this tree, the group routing protocol relies upon the unicast routing tables of each process. Thus, group routing is a composition of a unicast routing protocol, whose detailed behavior is unknown but its basic properties are given, and a protocol that builds a group tree based upon the unicast routing tables. The design of the group routing protocol is presented in three steps. First, a basic group routing protocol is presented and proven correct. Then, the protocol is refined twice, strengthening its properties with each refinement. The final protocol has the property of adapting the group tree to changes in the unicast routing tables without compromising the integrity of the group tree, even in the presence of unicast routing loops.
Quantitative assessment of in vivo backscatter enhancement from gelatin microspheres.

Experimental work using a quantitative C-scan technique to measure in situ enhancement of hepatic backscatter resulting from the administration of gelatin microspheres to dogs is reported. We have found that (1) reproducible enhancement of hepatic backscatter on the order of 2 dB followed the peripheral administration of gelatin within minutes, (2) the magnitude of the effect was not sensitive to the rate of infusion, but was likely to be dose dependent, (3) changes in the overlying tissue attenuation had a pronounced effect on the measurement, and (4) the effect was sustained for up to one half hour or longer.
The Oneida Indian nation of New York police: The first three years

After many years of perceived discrimination at the hands of traditional police agencies, in 1993 the Oneida Indian Nation of New York formed its own police department. Different from most tribal police agencies, the Nation's governing council chose purposely to exclude Native Americans from the force. Although certain jurisdiction and authority issues remain as a matter of political tension between the Nation and the State of New York, the real success story of the Oneida Indian Nation Police lies in the credibility it now enjoys with those who were previously prejudiced against all police.
Hardness measurements of nanophase Al/Al-oxide consolidated composites

Abstract Materials with grain sizes less than 100 nm, called nanophase materials, typically exhibit large changes in their physical properties. This work reports hardness measurements for composites made by consolidation of nanoscale aluminum particles which have been exposed to air. The results presented here point to a low density high strength material with significant porosity. A general trend of increasing hardness with decreasing grain size is also indicated. Some of the smaller grained samples show an increase in hardness with an accompanying decrease in mass density with increasing consolidation pressure.
Cognitive mechanisms mediating the biasing effects of leader sex on ratings of leader behavior

The present study examined the effects of the sex of the leader, the sex of the rater, and the temporal position of leader performance information on ratings of leader behavior. Male and female subjects listened to an audiotape of a male or female leader and then rated the leader's initiating structure and consideration behaviors. The position of the leader performance information was manipulated by describing the leader as “successful” before or after raters listened to the audiotape or not presenting raters with the performance information. Analyses indicated that the sex of the leader and/or sex of the rater biased ratings of initiating structure when the performance information was presented after the audiotape and when no leader performance information was presented. Consideration ratings were affected only by the position of the leader performance information. The results are interpreted within a cognitive/implicit sex theory framework. Implications for leadership research are also discussed.
Eyeshadow, aesthetics and morality

It was not a philosophical book or paper that prompted me to write this paper, but rather a conversation among some women philosophers. They commented on their women students in philosophy of feminism courses. Some women began coming without make-up. Some women reported that they didn’t wear make-up to class but wore it at week-ends. The attitude of the women students, an attitude expressed in other feminist group discussions and writings, seemed to be that women who are aware of the oppression of women, including their being treated as sex objects, and who are roused to counter it, could not consistently wear make-up. More generally the principle seems to be that enlightened women wouldn’t tart themselves up in ways prescribed by our culture since that culture is sexist and the intent of the personal adornment is to attract favorable attention to appearance and body, to invite being viewed as female sex object. One acquiesces in being a sex object by making oneself as sexually attractive, as sexy, as possible, in accordance with the views of manufacturers, advertisers, and all those who stand to profit economically or sexually from women’s concern with being sexy. If a woman comes to see herself as a person with other aspects as least as valuable as her physical appearance, she may think she is asserting herself and rejecting sexism and exploitation by not wearing make-up, by not concerning herself with clothes or other kinds of self-beautification. Rumpled clothes that don’t fit too closely, undone hair, unmade face, etc. may all be seen by a feminist as defiance of a sexist and exploitative attitude toward women in our society. Closely related is a widespread attitude that an interest in self-beautification is frivolous. This common view has it that if a person shows anything more than a minimal interest in presenting a pleasing appearance, s/he will be judged to be less serious about intellectual matters or occupational competence than if s/he did not. When I was an undergraduate, I was around a number of men who
Kensho: a dynamic tasking architecture for sensor networks

Recent research on sensor network programming architectures has managed to alleviate many common programming burdens, but has not fully addressed the problems associated with tasking and deployment. This has impeded the development of new multi-purpose sensor networks that require new software abstractions and mechanisms.We present the design of a new software architecture for sensor networks that provides abstractions to explicitly address the issues of tasking and deployment. We also present an initial implementation of our architecture in simulation to investigate the potential memory overheads. Finally, we present a mobile tracking application to demonstrate how to use the abstractions provided by our architecture.
Clipping or coiling of ruptured cerebral aneurysms and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus.

Hydrocephalus may develop either early in the course of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or after the first 2 weeks. Because the amount of SAH is a predictor of hydrocephalus, the two available aneurysmal treatments, clipping or coiling, may lead to differences in the need for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion, as only surgery permits clot removal. Hospital and University Hospitals Consortium (UHC) databases were used to retrieve data on all patients admitted to our hospital with aneurysmal SAH during the last 4 years. The incidence of permanent ventricular shunt (VS) according to treatment modality used was evaluated. One hundred eighty-eight patients were admitted with aneurysmal SAH. Coiling was performed on 48 (26%) and clipping on 135 (73.8%) patients. Fifty-six (31%) patients required CSF diversion. External ventricular drain was placed in 30 (22.2%) clipped and 13 (27.1%) coiled patients (p=0.5), and VS in 6 patients of the two treatment groups (4.4 versus 12.5%, respectively; p=0.08). Patients requiring VS had longer UHC-expected hospital length of stay (LOS), as well as observed ICU and hospital LOS, compared to patients with temporary or no CSF diversion (24±14 versus 15±8, 20.5±9 versus 11±7, and 30±13 versus 16±11 days, respectively; p≤0.01). In a logistic regression model, VS was independently associated with rebleeding, external ventricular drain placement, coiling, and UHC-expected LOS (odds ratios, 95% confidence interval 12.1, 2.3–62.6, 6.9, 1.6–30, 6.25, 1.3–29, and 1.1, 1.02–1.14, respectively). One-third of patients admitted with aneurysmal SAH require temporary or permanent CSF diversion. Permanent shunting was found to be associated with coiling in our patient population.
WCOT Capillary Column GC/FT-IR and GC/MS for Identifying Toxic Organic Pollutants

The combined data of high-resolution chromatography GC/FT-IR and GC/MS is used to identify a standard solution of priority pollutants. Identifications made by the individual library search routines are compared and an improvement is demonstrated in the number of identifications with the combined GC/FT-IR and GC/MS data. Both GC/FT-IR and GC/MS separations are performed on WCOT capillary columns. This provides the best separation possible and also permits fast and efficient comparison of spectral data when separations are performed on the same type of column. GC/FT-IR shows more selectivity for polar compounds, whereas GC/MS selectivity favors nonpolar compounds. These selectivity differences emphasize the complementary nature of (and the need for) both GC/FT-IR and GC/MS information.
Porter R. Lee and Advocacy in the Social Work Profession

The classic piece in this issue of JCP discusses the relationship of social workers to social action. This introduction frames the discussion in the context of two very different time periods that ...
Pedestrian safety in the United States: Some recent trends

Although the state laws requiring motor vehicles to give way to pedestrians on crosswalks and at intersections are quite uniform from state to state, the degree of enforcement of these laws varies enormously. Driver behavior seems to reflect the level of enforcement rather than the text of the law. There is a tendency at all levels of government toward lax enforcement.
Contributions of Chinese-American Women in the West: The Case of E.T. of Arizona

Chinese Americans have always been important in their communities in southwest America since the pioneer days. In spite of their small number and humble beginnings, they worked hard and weathered all kinds of humiliation, discrimination, and even brutality.1 But as Senator Barry Goldwater frequently mentioned, the contribution of the Chinese people in developing the territory of Arizona should never be forgotten. Chinese Americans have consistently contributed their energy, talent, and culture to enrich the community. Although the number of Chinese women was even smaller because of the restrictions of immigration laws and harsh living conditions, their contribution has been equally impressive, if not more so.2
Retention in paired-associate learning related to extroversion and neuroticism

Extroverts were predicted to learn a paired-associate list faster than introverts, but retain less than introverts when tested one, two, or seven days later. 75 college students were tested and the results indicated that the extroverts learned the list to criterion significantly faster than the introverts. The component analysis indicated superiority in the associative stage for the introverts, superiority in the integration stage for the extroverts, but no differences in response learning. The retention data did not support the prediction.
Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors on rat ventral tegmental dopamine neurons.

In vitro extracellular single-unit recordings from rat midbrain slices were used to assess the effects of excitatory amino acid agonists on the activity of A10 dopamine neurons. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), kainic acid (KA), and β-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) elicited dose-dependent increases in firing rates. The relative potencies for the 3 compounds was AMPA > KA > NMDA. None of the excitations was accompained by burst firing, but frequently periods of nonrecordable activity occurred following pronounced stimulation. Concurrent application of the excitatory amino acid antagonist CGS 19755 (cis-4-phosphonomethyl-2-piperidine carboxylate) selectively blocked the excitations elicited by NMDA but not by KA or AMPA. Likewise the selective non-NMDA antagonist NBQX [2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline] blocked only the excitatory effects of AMPA and KA but not those elicited by NMDA. NBQX appeared to be less optent at antagonizing KA than AMPA. These results suggest that mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine neurons possess both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors, and possibly distinct AMPA and KA recognition sites. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determination of ceftiofur and its metabolite desfuroylceftiofur in bovine serum and milk by ion-paired liquid chromatography

Abstract A simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of ceftiofur and its metabolite desfuroylceftiofur in bovine serum and milk. The method involved an ultrafiltration of diluted serum/milk with an equal volume of 50% acetonitrile through a 10 000 dalton molecular mass cut-off filter. Separation of ceftiofur and desfuroylceftiofur from the other serum/milk components was performed by ion-paired (octane and dodecanesulfonate) liquid chromatography using a reversed-phase column eluted with acetonitrile—water solution. The ultraviolet—visible absorbance of the column effluent was monitored in 200–350 nm range of a photodiode-array detector or at λ max 289.6 nm for ceftiofur, λ max 265.8 nm for desfuroylceftiofur and λ max 271.4 nm for dimer of desfuroylceftiofur. Recoveries of ceftiofur from bovine milk spiked with 1 and 10 μg/ml were 95.9 and 97.0% with coefficients of variation of 3.69 and 2.51%, respectively. Recovery of ceftiofur from bovine serum spiked with 10 μg/ml was 90.4% with a coefficient of variation of 5.29%. A correlation coefficient of 0.9992 occurred with ceftiofur in aqueous solutions ( n = 5, in duplicates). The limit of detection was estimated to be approximately 50 ppb (ng/ml). Additionally, this paper documents the presence of a ceftiofur metabolite in bovine serum under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The metabolite was identified as desfuroylceftiofur together with its dimer 3,3'-desfuroylceftiofur disulfide by thermospray liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry.
Additional electron microscopic observations on two cases of Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt disease (Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis)

Electron microscopic, histochemical and neurochemical studies on two cases of Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt disease (juvenile amaurotic familial idiocy) are presented. In the first case, with the clinical onset at the age of 3 years, cytoplasmic neuronal and glial inclusions consisted of membranous bodies, the membranes of which were frequently paired. The fine structure of these inclusions was unaltered when examined in autopsy material 6 months later. In case 2, with the clinical onset at 4 years and 4 months, the inclusions were more pleomorphic: they were usually more electron-dense, and frequently showed a characteristic “fingerprint” pattern component. A few membranous inclusions resembling those in case 1 were also present. Additional findings included marked cytoplasmic hypertrophy of inclusion-containing cortical astrocytes, and frequent cytoplasmic cilia, basal bodies, and nuclear bodies in the hypertrophic astrocytes. A packet of intranuclear filaments was found in one neuron. Neurochemical studies failed to reveal any abnormality of lipid or protein pattern in case 1, or of ganglioside pattern in case 2.
Theory of the vertical transport through one, two and three dimensionally confined quantum wells

Abstract We investigate theoretically the vertical transport of electrons through one, two, and three dimensionally confined quantum wells between three dimensional contacts. The resonant tunelling currents for the usual double-barrier structure, the quantum “wire” and the quantum “dot” have very different peak shapes. These peak shapes can be explained simply in terms of the energy and momentum conservation involved in each geometry. The simple picture is confirmed by numerical calculations for each case.
Skin tests for the diagnosis and management of mycotic diseases

26. Weiner, M. H. and M. Coats-Slephens (1979). lmmunodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis: Mannan antigenemia detected by radioimmunoassay in experimental and human infections. J. Infect Dis. 140:989. 27. Weiner, hi. II. and W. J. Yount (1976). Mannan antigenemia in the diagnosis of invasive Candida infections. J. Clin. Invest. 58:1045. 28. Wood, J. C. et al. (1982). Alternatives to the standardized laboratory branch complement fixation test for detection of antibodies to Coccidioides hnmitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16:1030.
High-quality II-VI films grown on amorphous substrates using tunable tetradymite templates

We demonstrate the growth of highly oriented CdSe and ZnTe films at ∼300 °C on amorphous substrates such as glass and flexible polyimide using ultrathin tetradymite buffer layers composed of SbxBi2-xTe3 alloys lattice-matched to the film overgrowth. This leads to significant improvement of the crystallinity, roughness, grain size, and pit density of the II-VI overlayer along with enhancement of the optoelectronic properties. For example, photoluminescence emission is observed at ∼1.74 eV for optimized CdSe films, the same as in a single crystal reference. An in-plane carrier diffusion length of ∼500 nm is inferred from transient optical data. The use of tetradymite buffer layers to control II-VI compound deposition on non-crystalline substrates is a promising route for large area optoelectronic applications such as photovoltaic, light-emission, or infrared detector devices.
TU‐C‐BRB‐07: Incorporation of Angiogenesis Into a Stochastic Imaging‐Based Tumor Vasculature Model

Aim Controlling interaction between tumor growth and vasculature development are the basis of anti‐angiogenic therapies. A model simulating tumor growth and angiogenesis was developed and the tumor oxygenation status was evaluated with respect to two parameters: tumorproliferation rate (TPR) and endothelial cell proliferation rate (EPR).Methods and Materials Our previous image‐basedmodel of vasculature was expanded by incorporating angiogenic development. The tissue volume encapsulating the tumor and vasculature was simulated as a MATLAB matrix. Vessels were simulated to sprout from the existing vasculature towards the tumor driven by hypoxia‐induced growth factors. The relative magnitude of TPR and EPR determined the simulation time steps. Xenografted and spontaneous tumors were simulated and the tumor oxygenation status was evaluated with respect to TPR & EPR. The model was verified against the experimental data obtained from CE‐CT and Cu‐ATSM PET imaging.Results The time‐dependant growth of vessels towards hypoxic regions in the tumor was demonstrated. TPR was found to have the most profound impact on development of hypoxia and heterogeneity of the oxygen concentration inside the tumor. Higher TPR led to faster development of hypoxia. Due to the limited vasculature available, xenografted tumors become hypoxic faster than spontaneous tumors for similar TPRs. When comparing simulations to the experiments, the overall development of vasculature and consequent hypoxia matched well with the imaging data. Conclusions A model capable of simulating temporal development of tumor and vasculature has been developed and tested on the imaging‐derived experimental data. The presented model has a potential to study the response of tumor and the vasculature to therapy, which can be a valuable input for optimizing anti‐angiogenic therapies.
A statistical model supports the subunit hypothesis of quantal release

Successive frequency amplitude histograms of miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) from mouse neuromuscular junctions show peaks at integral multiples of the smallest peak (s-MEPPs). The s-MEPPs are assumed to have normally distributed amplitudes and to represent the subunit size. A model has been derived from assumptions based on the hypothesis of MEPPs are generated by the synchronous release of transmitter subunits. The model was statistically tested on amplitude histograms and in the majority of cases the model produced extremely good fits to observed distributions.
Fibronectin-Cell Surface Interactions

Fibronectins are a group of closely related proteins that are found in body fluids and tissue extracellular matrices. Fibronectins play important roles in the maintenance of hemostasis and in the organization of developing tissues. The interaction of cells with fibronectin probably involves specific cell-surface molecules. Two distinct receptors for fibronectin have been postulated. One receptor, a 140-kilodalton complex, has been identified in a variety of cell types and is believed to mediate the attachment of cells to fibronectin-coated substrata. The existence of a second receptor has been proposed but it has not been identified. This receptor may function in the assembly of soluble fibronectin into the extracellular matrix. In this paper some of the recent developments in the identification and characterization of fibronectin-binding molecules on the surfaces of eukaryotic cells are outlined.
Resistance to inorganic salts and antibiotics among sewage-borne Enterobacteriaceae and Achromobacteriaceae.

1Lead-resistant bacteria isolated from domestic sewage showed simultaneous resistance to other inorganic metals and also antibiotics.
Reserve assemblage of critical areas: A zero-one programming approach

The problem of selecting land for inclusion within a protected reserve is formulated as a zero-one programming model. The model seeks to minimize the cost of delineating a reserve which protects critical habitat areas and significant biogeographic areas. As well, the provision of a buffer zone around an interior or core area is addressed, as are the spatial properties of contiguity and compactness. The model is applicable to both regular and irregular parcel systems. Two techniques that combines post-simplex branching and bounding with objective function bounding are presented for efficiently generating exact solutions. A hypothetical example demonstrates that medium-sized problems can be solved with modest computational effort.
Pedunculate barnacle stalk growth

Abstract The growth of Pollicipes polymerus stalk exoskeleton and embedded spicules was studied using radioisotopes to determine sites of greatest mitotic activity, calcification, and organic matrix deposition. 3 H-thymidine, the marker for mitotic activity, concentrates in the growth zone and at the base of the stalk. New stalk is added at the capitulo-peduncular junction, the growth zone, while thickenings and small extensions of stalk are produced at the base of the animal. 45 Ca-incorporation peaks occurred exclusively at the growth zone in a small fraction of the animals studied. New spicules were initiated in the growth zone while additional low-level spicule calcification occurred along the remainder of the stalk. 35 SO 4 incorporation in all animals reflected a small organic component in the matrix composition of the calcite spicules. Feeding experiments were conducted to learn more about a transverse color-band pattern observed in the peduncular exoskeleton. The peduncular cuticle of P. polymerus , unlike the cuticle covering the prosoma, thorax, cirri, and the lining of the mantle cavity, is not shed. Rather, it lengthens at the capitulo-peduncular junction to produce a pattern of bands. The width and color of bands along the stalk vary and may be viewed as a record of conditions present during growth. Spicule size and shape follow a repeating pattern from band to band.
RIGOR Guidelines: Escalating STAIR and STEPS for Effective Translational Research

Stroke continues to be a serious and significant health problem in the USA and worldwide. This article will emphasize the need for good laboratory practices, transparent scientific reporting, and the use of translational research models representative of the disease state to develop effective treatments. This will allow for the testing and development of new innovative strategies so that efficacious therapies can be developed to treat ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This article recommends guidelines for effective translational research, most importantly, the need for study blinding, study group randomization, power analysis, accurate statistical analysis, and a conflict of interest statement. Additional guidelines to ensure reproducibility of results and confirmation of efficacy in multiple species are discussed.
α4 Is an Essential Regulator of PP2A Phosphatase Activity

The activity and specificity of serine/threonine phosphatases are governed largely by their associated proteins. alpha4 is an evolutionarily conserved noncatalytic subunit for PP2A-like phosphatases. Though alpha4 binds to only a minority of PP2A-related catalytic subunits, alpha4 deletion leads to progressive loss of all PP2A, PP4, and PP6 phosphatase complexes. In healthy cells, association with alpha4 renders catalytic (C) subunits enzymatically inactive while protecting them from proteasomal degradation until they are assembled into a functional phosphatase complex. During cellular stress, existing PP2A complexes can become unstable. Under such conditions, alpha4 sequesters released C subunits and is required for the adaptive increase in targeted PP2A activity that can dephosphorylate stress-induced phosphorylated substrates. Consistent with this, overexpression of alpha4 protects cells from a variety of stress stimuli, including DNA damage and nutrient limitation. These findings demonstrate that alpha4 plays a required role in regulating the assembly and maintenance of adaptive PP2A phosphatase complexes.
Binding and internalization of microorganisms by integrin receptors

Many microbial pathogens bind host-cell integrin receptors. These interactions are promoted either by a host protein binding the microorganism or by a surface-localized ligand encoded by the pathogen. Attachment facilitates extracellular adhesion of the microorganism or internalization by the host cell.
Addition of a Sr, K, Nb (SKN) Combination to PZT(53/47) for High Strain Applications

A lead zirconate titanate composition incorporating the dopants Sr, K, and Nb (SKN) in the specific ratio 4:1:3 has been studied. In principle, the SKN should act as a donor dopant but since its addition reduced the grain size from 11.4 μm (for 1% SKN) to 1.5 μm (for 5% SKN), the overall effect was found to be more complicated. It was observed that the addition of SKN reduced the Curie temperature, by 16°C/mol (%) and broadened the dielectric peak. X-ray measurements further suggested that the ceramic was a mixture of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases and that the room temperature c/a ratio of the tetragonal phase decreased with SKN addition. The piezoelectric coefficient d33, determined from high field unipolar drives, gave an optimum value of 779 pm/V for the 0.02 SKN compositions, which also exhibited a relatively high Curie temperature of 356°C. Competing effects of enhanced domain wall mobility from donor doping and reduced mobility due to smaller grain size may explain the observed compositional variation in the measured material properties. Materials based on this composition are attractive for high performance piezoelectric actuator applications such as fuel injection.
Hadron-nucleus scattering as a function of nuclear size☆

Abstract High-energy hadron-nucleus collisions, when viewed in terms of nuclear size, exhibit a remarkable simplicity. The data suggest that nuclear matter is extremely opaque to hadrons, and that fast-forward hadrons ( x ≳0.3) arise solely from peripheral collisions. This picture naturally explains why the production ratios of different hadron species are target independent at large x .
School–work systems in postindustrial societies: Evidence from Japan

Abstract The Japanese system of school–work has been widely admired for the strong communication and recruitment relationships that exist between high schools and employers. We develop a framework for understanding the macro-level conditions that fostered the effectiveness of the system up until the early 1990s. These conditions included a stratified secondary educational system, a large supply of high-quality high school graduates, and high demand for young workers to fill entry-level positions in the internal labor markets of large firms. We use original data from a sample of urban high schools to analyze how Japanese employers’ recruitment patterns changed in the 1990s and beyond. The results of that analysis and a counterfactual analysis suggest that recent changes, especially in Japanese employment institutions, have significantly weakened high school–employer relationships. We suggest implications of the Japanese case for school–work processes in other postindustrial societies.
Herbaceous crops on marginal sites — Erosion and economics

Erosional and economic analyses of herbaceous energy cropping on marginal sites in the Virginia Piedmont have been conducted in conjunction with a US Department of Energy-funded project. Eight species (sorghum-sudangrass, switchgrass, weeping lovegrass, tall fescue, sericea lespedeza, flatpea, crownvetch, and birdsfoot trefoil) are being evaluated in a five-year study for their potential to produce biomass on three Virginia Piedmont soils (Appling, Cecil and Davidson) that are acidic and highly erodible. Erosional analyses using the Universal Soil Loss Equation suggested that no-till seeding methods and crop perenniality combine to produce low levels of erosion, even on highly erodible sites. Except for sorghum-sudangrass and birdsfoot trefoil grown on Cecil and Davidson soils, erosion levels, which ranged from 1.6 to 9.1 Mg ha−1, were within the US Soil Conservation Service tolerance levels and were not appreciably greater than the soil loss for undisturbed land, which ranged from 1.6 to 5.4 Mg ha−1. Economic analyses showed that annual costs for biomass production computed on the basis of land area or amount of biomass are quite species-dependent, and the high-yielding warm-season perennial grasses showed the most promise, based on the preliminary yield data obtained during the first three seasons. Per-unit costs of production of the energy crops were greatly influenced by land area in production and biomass yield.
The cellular internalization of recombinant gamma interferon differs from that of natural interferon gamma.

Purified natural and recombinant murine gamma interferons (MuIFN-γ) bind at 4°C to cultured L929 mouse fibroblasts with comparable receptor-binding affinity (Kd=9 × 10 −10 M). Both 125 I-labeled MuIFNs are rapidly internalized by cells at 37°C, although recombinant IFN is internalized somewhat more slowly than natural IFN (t 1/2 =90 sec and 45 sec, respectively). Immunoelectronmicroscopy showed that the majority of bound recombinant MuIFN-γ was located on the plasma membrane outside of coated areas, whereas natural interferon was found mainly in coated pits. At 37°C most of the recombinant molecules entered the cytoplasm in pinocytotic vesicles, while natural interferon was internalized by the specific mechanism of receptor-mediated endocytosis [1]. However, nearly equal amounts of immunocytochemically detectable molecules of both IFNs were found in the cell nucleus within 2–3 min incubation at 37°C. Thus, the process of translocation of the recombinant IFN-γ appears to differ from that of the natural product.
Stakeholder views on pharmacogenomic testing.

Pharmacogenomics has an important role in the evolution of personalized medicine, and its wide- spread uptake may ultimately depend on the interests and perspectives of key players in health care. Our aim was to summarize studies on stakeholder perspectives and attitudes toward pharmacogenomic testing. Thus, we conducted a review of original research studies that reported stakeholder views on pharmacogenomic testing using a structured approach in PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and EMBASE. A standardized data abstraction form was developed that included stakeholder group of interest—patients, general public, providers, and payers. Stakeholder views regarding barriers to pharmacogenetic implementation were organized into the following themes: ancillary information-related, clinical, economic, educa- tional, ethical or legal, medical mistrust, and practicality. Of 34 studies that met our inclusion criteria, 37 perspectives were reported (15 on providers, 9 on the general public, 9 on patients, and 4 on pay- ers). The most common topics that arose in studies of providers related to clinical usefulness of genetic data (n=11) and educational needs (n=11). Among the general public, the most common con- cerns were medical mistrust (n=5), insufficient education (n=5), and practicality (n=5). The most pre- valent issues from the patient perspective were ethical or legal (n=6) and economic (n=5) issues. Among payers, leading issues were practicality (n=4) and clinical usefulness (n=3). There was overlap in the topics and concerns across stakeholder perspectives, including lack of knowledge about phar- macogenomic testing. Views on issues related to privacy, cost, and test result dissemination varied by stakeholder perspective. Limited research had been conducted in underrepresented groups. Efforts to address the issues raised by stakeholders may facilitate the implementation of pharmacogenomic test- ing into clinical practice.