cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a computational hermeneutics

We describe some of the ways that the field of content analysis is being transformed in an Era of Big Data. We argue that content analysis, from its beginning, has been concerned with extracting the main meanings of a text and mapping those meanings onto the space of a textual corpus. In contrast, we suggest that the emergence of new styles of text mining tools is creating an opportunity to develop a different kind of content analysis that we describe as a computational hermeneutics. Here the goal is to go beyond a mapping of the main meaning of a text to mimic the kinds of questions and concerns that have traditionally been the focus of a hermeneutically grounded close reading, a reading that focuses on what Kenneth Burke described as the poetic meanings of a text. We illustrate this approach by referring to our own work concerning the rhetorical character of US National Security Strategy documents.
New Chemical Attractants for Yellow Jackets (Vespula Spp.)

Of 102 synthetic organic compounds tested in Oregon in 1966 as attractants for yellow jackets ( Vespula spp.), 82 caught 1 or more specimens, and 7 were more attractive than the standard, 2,4-hexadienyl butyrate. The compounds were tested by placing about 0.25 ml in the bottom of straight-sided 0.473-liter glass jars equipped with inverted screen cones having a 1.27-cm-diameter hole at the apex of the cone. Insects responding to the lures entered the holes in the cones and were unable to escape from the traps. The most effective compounds were esters of α,β-unsaturated acids. All of the thousands of yellow jackets trapped in the Willamette Valley of Oregon were Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure). Three other species, V. atropilosa (Sladen), V. acadica (Sladen), and V. vulgaris (L.), were caught elsewhere and at higher elevations in various parts of the State. The attractants appeared to be highly specific for yellow jackets, since few other insects and no beneficial species such as honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were caught.
Abstract B44: Modulation of the effect of prenatal PAH exposure on PAH-DNA adducts in cord blood by plasma antioxidants

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 B44 The fetus is more susceptible than the adult to the effects of certain carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Nutritional factors, including antioxidants, have been shown to have a protective effect on carcinogen-DNA adducts and cancer risk in adults. We investigated whether the effect of prenatal airborne PAH exposure, measured by personal air monitoring during pregnancy, on the level of PAH-DNA adducts in a baby’s cord blood is modified by the concentration of micronutrients in maternal and cord blood. The micronutrients examined were: retinol (vitamin A), α- and γ-tocopherol (vitamin E), and carotenoids. Using multiple linear regression, we found a significant interaction between prenatal PAH exposure and cord blood concentration of α-tocopherol and carotenoids in predicting the concentration of PAH adducts in cord blood. The association between PAH exposure and PAH adducts was much stronger among those with low α-tocopherol (β=0.15, P-value=0.001) and among those with low carotenoids (β=0.16, P-value=0.000) compared to the babies with high levels of these micronutrients (among those with high α-tocopherol: β=0.05, P-value=0.165; among those with high carotenoids: β=0.06, P-value=0.111). These results suggest a protective effect of micronutrients on the DNA damage and potential cancer risk associated with prenatal PAH exposure. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B44.
Legionella pneumophila pollution in public places with centralized air-conditioning system and its seroprevalence among employees in Fengtai district,Beijing

Objective To know the pollution condition of Legionella pneumophila(Lp) in public places with centralized airconditioning system, as well as the serum Lp antibody level in the employees. Methods From July to September 2012, the environmental samples were collected in 20 public places with centralized air-conditioning system and tested using Nested-PCR methods. Serum Lp 1-7 IgG antibody level in 701 exposed employees and 440 control employees were detected. Results Lp were not detected in aerosols, scenic water, floricultural soil, virgin soil. The positive rate of Lp in cooling water, tap water,duct surface dust and shower water were 84.2%, 10.9%, 8.7% and 3.6% respectively. The median level of the serum Lp 1-7IgG antibody in exposed group was 13 U/ml, while it was 11 U/ml in control group, no significant difference was seen(P=0.475). Also there was no significant difference in positive rates between exposed and control group(P=0.544). Conclusion Lp pollution exists in the public places with centralized air-conditioning system in the investigated district, Beijing.
Cellular mechanisms of renin release.

ABSTRACTThe renin-angiotensin system plays a central role in salt and water balance and in the regulation of arterial blood pressure. The level of activity of this system is determined primarily by the rate at which the granulated juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) secrete renin into the blood. Physiologically, renin secretory rate is controlled by a number of first messengers: afferent arteriolar transmural pressure or some function of it, such as stretch (the baroreceptor mechanism); solute transport in the macula densa segment of the nephron (the macula densa mechanism); catecholamines released from the renal nerves and the adrenal medulla (the β-adrenergic mechanism); extracellular concentrations of many organic and inorganic substances including angiotensin II, vasopressin, K, and Mg (1-3). In addition to these physiological first messengers, a number of pharmacological agents affect renin secretion (3).It is an accepted principle of cellular biology that first messengers act by affecting the intracell...
Transplacental passage of maternal erythrocytes. Studies in early pregnancy.

Abstract Cr 51 -tagged erythrocytes were injected in 8 women with normal pregnancies who were scheduled for abdominal hysterotomy between the twelfth and twenty-second weeks of gestation. Easily followed but careful precautions against contamination with maternal blood are described. No evidence of radio-activity was found except in 3 isolated specimens in which known contamination had occurred due to human error. It is concluded that the study has failed to demonstrate maternal-fetal transfusion in 8 cases of early pregnancy. Dilution studies are cited to indicate the method described is sufficiently sensitive as to detect as little as 0.0002 ml. of tagged cells. Attention is called to the likelihood of contamination in term studies that are limited to the investigation of umbilical cord blood.
The Paterno–Büchi Reaction

In the 80 years since the original report1 of a photochemical addition to form an oxetane, the Paterno—Buchi reaction2 has become increasingly familiar to chemists engaged in the synthesis of complex molecules. Existing reviews3–6 have summarized mechanistic considerations and defined the scope and limitations of the photocycloaddition reactions. In confluence with the widespread advances in synthetic methods and asymmetric synthesis, the Paterno–Buchi reaction has prospered and led to significant developments in the area of organic synthesis.
The Function of Vitamin A in Cellular Growth and Differentiation, and Its Roles during Pregnancy and Lactation

In 1913, vitamin A was first described as a nutritional factor essential for growth and life itself, but another 18 years passed before the chemical nature of vitamin A was elucidated (see Ross, 1991). The term vitamin A is now used to comprise retinol and the retinol precursor, β-carotene, as well as the natural metabolites of retinol which retain growth- and health-promoting activities. A principal active metabolite of vitamin A is retinoic acid, formed in cells through the regulated oxidation of retinol. The term “retinoids” was coined to include both the natural forms of vitamin A and an expanding array of synthetic analogs which bear a structural relationship to retinol or retinoic acid and which generally share some but not all of their biological properties (Sporn and Roberts, 1985; De Luca, 1991; Frickel, 1984).
THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF REOVIRUS VIRULENCE

ABSTRACT Recombinants derived from reoviruses type 1, 2 and 3 have been used to study virus-host interactions. We have found that the S1 dsRNA segment encodes the σ1 polypeptide, the viral hemagglutinin. The hemagglutinin is responsible for specificity in humoral and cellular immunity, determines cell tropism in the nervous system as well as binding to cellular microtubules. The M2 dsRNA segment encodes the μ1C polypeptide. The μ1C plays a key role in entry through the gastrointestinal tract and spread in the host. Thus virulence is clearly the result of the interaction between individual viral polypeptides each playing a discrete role in viral host interactions.
Heavy metals and membrane functions of an alveolar epithelium.

The anuran lung can be mounted as a planar sheet for assessment of bioelectric properties and solute and water permeation. The lung of the bullfrog exhibited a transmural electrical p.d. of 19 mV (pleura positive), a resistance of 700 ohm cm2 and a short-circuit current (Isc) of 27 μa/cm2. Isc reflected active Cl- secretion into the lumen by a transport mechanism located at the luminal border of the alveolar epithelial cell layer. Other halides and SCN- were secreted; other bathing solution ions and H2O followed the predictions for passive diffusion. Exposure of the luminal surface of the lung or disaggregated epithelial cells to heavy metals revealed two patterns of response. HgCl2 decreased Isc, cell ciliary motility and QO2; CdCl2 and NiCl2 inhibited only QO2 and cilia. Effects of CdCl2 were reversed by dimercaprol but not by albumin. SH agents limited but did not reverse HgCl2 toxicity. None of the metals altered osmotic flow across the lung even though most increased flow across the urinary bladder from the same species. The effects of HgCl2 on bioelectric properties reflected changes in ion permeation. HgCl2 followed by a SH compound stimulated Isc and the pleural to lumen Cl- flux selectively. Without complexer, transient stimulation was followed by a decrease in Isc and an indiscriminate increase in ion permeability. We conclude that responses to heavy metals separate functions of ciliated cells from Cl- transport by the non-ciliated epithelium. Furthermore, non-specific cell damage by HgCl2 can be limited by SH agents to a selective action on the Cl- pump.
Scalable parallel DBIM solutions of inverse-scattering problems

We report scalable solutions of inverse-scattering problems with the distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) on large number of computing nodes. Distributing forward solutions does not scale well when the number of illuminations is not greater than the number of computing nodes. As a remedy, we distribute both forward solutions and the corresponding forward solvers to improve granularity of DBIM solutions. This paper provides a set of solutions demonstrating good scaling of the proposed parallelization strategy up to 1,024 computing nodes, employing 16,394 processing cores in total.
Fire Reduces Fungal Species Richness and In Situ Mycorrhizal Colonization: A Meta-Analysis

Soil fungal communities perform many functions that help plants meet their nutritional demands. However, overall trends for fungal response to fire, which can be especially critical in a post-fire context, have been difficult to elucidate. We used meta-analytical techniques to investigate fungal response to fire across studies, ecosystems, and fire types. Change in fungal species richness and mycorrhizal colonization were used as the effect size metrics in random effects models. When different types of methods for assessing fungal species richness and mycorrhizal colonization were considered together, there was an average reduction of 28 % in fungal species richness post fire, but no significant response in mycorrhizal colonization. In contrast, there was a 41 % reduction in fungal species richness post fire when assessed by sporocarp surveys, but fungal species richness was not significantly affected when assessed by molecular methods. Measured in situ, fire reduced mycorrhizal colonization by 21 %, yet no significant response occurred when assessed by ex situ bioassays. These findings suggest that the putative magnitude of fire effects on soil fungal communities may be dependent on the approach and assessment method used. Furthermore, biome, but not fire type (i.e., wildfire versus prescribed fire) was a significant moderator of our categorical models, suggesting that biome might be a more useful predictor of fungal species richness response to fire than fire type. Reductions in fungal species richness and in situ mycorrhizal colonization post fire declined logarithmically and approached zero (i.e., no effect) at 22 and 11 years, respectively. We concluded that fire reduces fungal species richness and in situ mycorrhizal colonization, but if conditions allow communities to recover (e.g., without subsequent disturbance, favorable growing conditions), soil fungi are resilient on decadal time scales; the resiliency of soil fungi likely contributes to the overall rapid ecosystem recovery following fire.
Conflicting conceptions of care and teaching and pre-service teacher attrition

AbstractI present a two-year case study of one pre-service teacher (PST), Johnny, as he moved through his education-based coursework at a large, public university in the US Southeast. In his final year of college, Johnny chose to forego the remainder of student teaching and not to receive a teaching certificate. To better understand Johnny’s choice to leave teaching, as well as the tension between Johnny’s developing conceptions of care and teaching and those of his Mentor Teacher, I draw on sociocultural approaches to teacher identity development and literature on care in teaching. Findings from this study could inform the ways that school-based experiences preceding and during teacher education are structured to encourage PSTs to develop identities as caring teachers and to become members of communities of practice.
An optically transparent air-coupled capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) fabricated using adhesive bonding

Transparent transducers are desired in the applications where optics and acoustics are combined, such as integrating ultrasound sensing or parametric arrays for directional sound in display, combined optical and acoustical microparticle manipulation, and backward-mode photoacoustic imaging. Some piezoelectric materials, e.g., PVDF, LNO, and PLZT, have been investigated for such applications. Besides, a Fabry-Perot (Etalon) optical ultrasound sensor can be used as a transparent ultrasound receiver. Implementing a transparent transducer in CMUT technology is desired to take advantage of wide bandwidth, ease of fabrication, and broad selection of processing materials. We have demonstrated a CMUT with ITO bottom electrode for improved transparency fabricated using anodic bonding. The main hurdle for the transparency in the visible wavelength range was a 2-μm silicon plate. In this work, we have designed and fabricated a CMUT with a glass plate using adhesive bonding and achieved improved transparency in the full visible wavelength range.
Beyond Reproduction: Asymmetrical Interdependencies and the Transformation of Centers and Peripheries in the Globalizing Visual Arts

A key concern in the globalization of culture debate has been how growing cross-border flows affect asymmetries among cultural producers from different world regions. Existing contributions are polarized between the declaration of radical shifts or the unchallenged reproduction of center–periphery hierarchies. This chapter establishes an intermediate, transformational position that moves beyond dichotomous alternatives. Engaging with contemporary visual art and extending tools of field theory, I demonstrate that transformations of center–periphery hierarchies have occurred, but follow different temporalities and logics at the market and cultural pole. Correspondingly, I make the case for a multidimensional global field approach that accounts for three features of center–periphery inequalities in global cultural production: the relative autonomy of non-market from market circuits, their cyclical nature, and their embeddedness in asymmetric interdependencies.
Occupational Therapy Fall Prevention Interventions for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review.

Objective Accidental falls among community-dwelling older adults are preventable and increase the risk of morbidity, hospitalization, and institutionalization. We updated and broadened a 2008 systematic review examining the evidence for the effectiveness of fall prevention interventions in improving fall-related outcomes, occupational performance, quality of life, and health care facility readmissions for community-dwelling older adults. Method We searched and analyzed literature published from 2008 to 2015 from five electronic databases. Results Fifty articles met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised and synthesized-37 provided Level I; 5, Level II; and 8, Level III evidence. Analysis was organized into four intervention themes: single component, multicomponent, multifactorial, and population based. Mixed evidence was found for single-component and multifactorial interventions, strong evidence was found for multicomponent interventions, and moderate evidence was found for population-based interventions. Conclusion These findings can inform the delivery and integration of fall prevention interventions from acute care to community discharge.
Working memory load and negative picture processing: Neural and behavioral associations with panic, social anxiety and positive affect

Abstract Background Internalizing disorders such as anxiety may be characterized by an imbalance between bottom-up (stimulus-driven) and top-down (goal-directed) attention. The late positive potential (LPP) can be used to assess these processes when task-irrelevant negative and neutral pictures are presented within a working memory paradigm. Prior work using this paradigm has found that working memory load reduces the picture-elicited LPP across participants; however, anxious individuals showed a reduced effect of working memory load on the LPP, suggesting increased distractibility. Methods The current study assessed transdiagnostic associations between specific symptom dimensions of anxiety, the LPP and behavior in a clinically representative, heterogeneous group of 76 treatment-seeking patients with internalizing disorders, who performed a working memory task interspersed with negative and neutral pictures. Results As expected, negative pictures enhanced the LPP and working memory load reduced the LPP. Participants with higher social anxiety showed increased LPPs to negative stimuli during early and late portions of picture presentation. Panic symptoms were associated with reduced LPPs to negative compared to neutral pictures as well as a reduced effect of working memory load on the LPP during the late time window. Reduced positive affect was associated with greater behavioral interference from negative pictures. Conclusions Hypervigilance for negative stimuli was uniquely explained by social anxiety symptoms, whereas panic symptoms were associated with the opposing effect - blunted processing/avoidance of these stimuli. Panic symptoms were uniquely associated with reduced top-down control. Results reveal distinct associations between neural reactivity and anxiety symptom dimensions that transcend traditional diagnostic boundaries.
Intussusception of the Colon

Intussusception of the colon occurs infrequently in adults.1–5 The etiology is entirely different from that of the ileocolic intussusception that occurs in infants and children since in adults the disease is nearly always caused by a tumor. The tumor is usually benign or of low-grade malignancy, since invasion of the muscular wall by an invasive cancer may lead to fixation of the mass to the parietal peritoneum. Lipomas of the right colon are the most common cause of intussusception, but villous adenomas or polypoid carcinomas may also be involved. In exceptional circumstances a low- grade carcinoma may be extruded from the anus; in one of our cases such a tumor had originated in the transverse colon.
In Vitro Studies on the Effects of Hepatitis C Virus on Hemopoiesis

Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection mildly inhibits hemopoiesis. Overnight exposure to HCV inhibited colony formation of progenitor cells for erythropoiesis (CFU-E) and myelopoiesis (CFU-GM), and the growth of human monocytic cell lines (U937 and GCT). HCV did not inhibit the growth of established human hemopoietic nonmonocytic cell lines. U937 cells that contained both positive- and negative-strand HCV-RNA and core and envelope HCV antigens did not grow, but still excluded trypan blue. CFU-GM and U937 cells were not inhibited by ultraviolet light-treated HCV and the cells contained HCV antigens, but no HCV-RNA. After overnight viral exposure, human bone marrow stromal cells and the stromal cell line, S17, contained both positive- and negative-strand HCV RNA and viral antigens 20 days later. In conclusion, HCV inhibits the growth of bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro and can infect monocyte-like cell lines and human bone marrow stromal cells.
FREE-RANGING ENERGETICS OF PENGUINS

Penguins exhibit the greatest degree of adaptation to the aquatic environment of all seabirds. They are powerful swimmers that pursue their prey at depth allowing them to exploit the water column more than any other seabird. Dives 240 m deep have been recorded for King Penguins (Kooyman et al., 1982) and as deep as 265 m for Emperor Penguins (Kooyman et al., 1971). Intermediate sized Gentoo and Chinstrap Penguins dive from 70–100 m (Conroy and Twelves, 1972; Lishman and Croxall, in prep) and even the smallest species, the Fairy Penguin, can dive to 60 m (Montague, 1982). How does swimming as a primary mode of locomotion at sea influence the average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) and foraging energetics of penguins relative to seabirds that fly to and from feeding areas?
Serious Academic Dishonesty in Law School and the Moral Character Requirement for Admission to the Bar

Our preliminary research suggested that serious academic dishonesty in law school might be treated confidentially, lightly punished, and withheld from bar examiners in connection with moral character certifications. If such a lax practice were followed, it could compromise the ability of bar examiners to conduct meaningful moral character investigations and might expose clients to the risk of representation by unscrupulous practitioners. Our project has three aspects. First, to determine whether our impressions were accurate, we conducted a survey of law school administrators responsible for handling disciplinary matters and moral character reporting. This paper reports the results of this survey. Second, we researched the moral character certification process and offer some proposals for reform. Finally, we have suggested future research projects in the hope of generating further investigation and discussion of how law schools and other institutions can better protect the public from dishonest lawyers and improve the integrity of the legal profession.
Feasibility of dose escalation using intraoperative radiotherapy following resection of large brain metastases compared to post-operative stereotactic radiosurgery.

Post-operative SRS (stereotactic radiosurgery) for large brain metastases is challenged by risks of radiation necrosis that limit SRS dose. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) is a potential alternative, however standard dose recommendations are lacking. Twenty consecutive brain metastases treated with post-operative SRS were retrospectively compared to IORT plans generated for 10–30 Gy in 1 fraction to 0–5 mm by estimating the applicator size and distance from critical organs using pre-operative and post-operative MRI. Additionally, 7 consecutive patients treated with IORT 30 Gy to surface were compared to retrospectively generated SRS plans using the post-operative MRI to 15–20 Gy and 30 Gy in 1 fraction marginal dose. For the 20 resection cavities treated with SRS and retrospectively compared to IORT, IORT from 10 to 30Gy resulted in lower or not significantly different doses to the optic apparatus and brainstem. Comparatively for the 7 patients treated with IORT 30 Gy to retrospective SRS plans to standard 15–20 Gy and 30 Gy marginal dose, IORT resulted in significantly lower doses to the optic apparatus and brainstem. At a median follow-up of 6.2 months, 86% of patients treated with surgery and IORT achieved local control and 0% developed radiographic or symptomatic radiation necrosis. Critical organ dosimetry for IORT remains generally lower than that achieved with single fraction SRS following resection of large brain metastases. We recommend 30 Gy to surface as the preferred prescription, consistent with the dose recommendation for IORT in glioblastoma used in the ongoing INTRAGO-II phase-III trial. Early clinical outcomes appear promising for surgery and IORT.
Association Between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Lower Extremity Amputation Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Importance Results of clinical trials suggest that canagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor for treating type 2 diabetes, may be associated with lower extremity amputation. Objective To quantify the association between the use of oral medication for type 2 diabetes and 5 outcomes (lower extremity amputation, peripheral arterial disease, critical limb ischemia, osteomyelitis, and ulcer). Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study was conducted using Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters data on new users between September 1, 2012, and September 30, 2015. The study focused on 2.0 million commercially insured individuals and used propensity score weighting to balance baseline differences among groups. Sensitivity analyses varied statistical models, assessed the effect of combining dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists as a single referent group, adjusted for baseline use of older oral agents, and included people with baseline amputation. Exposures New use of SGLT-2 inhibitors alone, DPP-4 inhibitors alone, GLP-1 agonists alone, or other antidiabetic agents (sulfonylurea, metformin hydrochloride, or thiazolidinediones). Main Outcomes and Measures Foot and leg amputation, defined by validatedInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth RevisionandCurrent Procedural Terminologycodes. Results Among 2.0 million potentially eligible individuals, a total of 953 906 (516 046 women and 437 860 men; mean [SD] age, 51.8 [10.9] years) were included in the final analyses, including 39 869 new users of SGLT-2 inhibitors (4.2%), 105 023 new users of DPP-4 inhibitors (11.0%), and 39 120 new users of GLP-1 agonists (4.1%). The median observation time ranged from 99 days for new users of GLP-1 agonists to 127 days for those using metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones, while the crude incident rates ranged from 4.90 per 10 000 person-years for those using metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones to 10.53 per 10 000 person-years for new users of SGLT-2 inhibitors. After propensity score weighting and adjustment for demographics, severity of diabetes, comorbidities, and medications, there was a nonstatistically significant increased risk of amputation associated with new use of SGLT-2 inhibitors compared with DPP-4 inhibitors (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.85-2.67) and GLP-1 agonists (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.64-3.36). New use of SGLT-2 inhibitors was statistically significantly associated with amputation compared with sulfonylureas, metformin, or thiazolidinediones (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.19-3.77). These results persisted in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions and Relevance Use of SGLT-2 inhibitors may be associated with increased risk of amputation compared with some oral treatments for type 2 diabetes. Further observational studies are needed with extended follow-up and larger sample sizes.
Practical and Scientific Foundations of Transdisciplinary Research and Action

Collaborative research and learning—across disciplines and societal sectors—is critical to addressing complex health and social problems. There is an increasing focus on such transdisciplinary approaches in the scientific literature, teaching and program interventions. However, there is often skepticism and critique from researchers in established disciplines about the value of, and scientific basis for, transdisciplinary work. This chapter traces the emergence of transdisciplinary work from two perspectives: as a pragmatic approach to solving complex, or “wicked” problems, and as a reflection of newer theoretical views about ontology and epistemology.
Mobile Phone Apps for Low-Income Participants in a Public Health Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC): Review and Analysis of Features

Background: Since 1972, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) has been proven to improve the health of participating low-income women and children in the United States. Despite positive nutritional outcomes associated with WIC, the program needs updated tools to help future generations. Improving technology in federal nutrition programs is crucial for keeping nutrition resources accessible and easy for low-income families to use. Objective: This review aimed to analyze the main features of publicly available mobile phone apps for WIC participants. Methods: Keyword searches were performed in the app stores for the 2 most commonly used mobile phone operating systems between December 2017 and June 2018. Apps were included if they were relevant to WIC and excluded if the target users were not WIC participants. App features were reviewed and classified according to type and function. User reviews from the app stores were examined, including ratings and categorization of user review comments. Results: A total of 17 apps met selection criteria. Most apps (n=12) contained features that required verified access available only to WIC participants. Apps features were classified into categories: (1) shopping management (eg, finding and redeeming food benefits), (2) clinic appointment management (eg, appointment reminders and scheduling), (3) informational resources (eg, recipes, general food list, tips about how to use WIC, links to other resources), (4) WIC-required nutrition education modules, and (5) other user input. Positive user reviews indicated that apps with shopping management features were very useful. Conclusions: WIC apps are becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in states that have implemented electronic benefits transfer for WIC. This review offers new contributions to the literature and practice, as practitioners, software developers, and health researchers seek to improve and expand technology in the program.
Providing End-of-Life Care: Increased Empathy and Self-efficacy Among Student Caregivers in Residential Homes for the Dying.

Background:Health-care providers report a lack of training in end-of-life care and limited opportunities exist to learn about the dying process in home settings where most prefer to die.Aim:To eval...
Reversing tetracycline resistance. A renaissance for the tetracycline family of antibiotics.

The frequency of antibiotic resistance among common human and animal pathogens has continued to rise despite concerted efforts to improve antibiotic use and increase awareness of antibiotic resistance among providers and consumers of these valuable agents (1). Among hospital and community acquired infections, there are more than a dozen organisms whose multidrug resistance means that some individuals may contract infections for which there is only one drug with which to treat, or even in some instances, no drugs at all (Table 1). Among the latter organisms are the hospital acquired vancomycin-resistant Enterocoecus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii. The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains which have recently emerged with chromosomally-specified decreased susceptibility to vancomycin are also potentially the ones that could eventually be untreatable. In the community, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major problem with the Pneumococcus not far behind, especially as cephalosporin resistance rises and the use of this life-saving drug is lost. Vancomycin is the only drug left, used with a cephalosporin, to treat meningitis caused by the very common invasive pneumococcus.
ELECTROCONVULSIVE SHOCK AND RESERPINE: EFFECTS ON MONOAMINERGIC RECEPTOR BINDING IN RAT BRAIN

The binding characteristics of monoaminergic receptors in rat brain were examined following administration of daily electroconvulsive shock (ECS) [1 to 7 days]. No changes in binding characteristics following 1 ECS were evident. However after 7 consecutive ECS a 28% reduction in β-adrenergic receptor density was observed. There were no detectable alterations in cortical α-adrenergic or serotonergic receptors nor in striatal dopaminergic receptors following 7 days of ECS. In a reserpine-induced model of supersensitive cortical β-adrenergic receptors, 5 days of ECS following reserpine treatment decreased the elevated β-receptor density to a slight, but significant extent when compared to reserpine treated, non-shocked rats.
Mobile Technology: Effects on Participation, Occupation, and Wellness

Date Presented 04/05/19 Primary Author and Speaker: Brandon Stanley Additional Authors and Speakers: Brian Gregg, Enrique Smith-Forbes Contributing Authors: Joshua Springer, Kathleen Yancosek
Suitability of elderly adult hospital readmission rates for profiling readmissions in younger adult and pediatric populations.

Objective To determine the correlation between hospital 30-day risk-standardized readmission rates (RSRRs) in elderly adults and those in nonelderly adults and children. Data sources/study setting US hospitals (n = 1760 hospitals admitting adult patients and 235 hospitals admitting both adult and pediatric patients) in the 2013-2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database. Study design Cross-sectional analysis comparing 30-day RSRRs for elderly adult (≥65 years), middle-aged adult (40-64 years), young adult (18-39 years), and pediatric (1-17 years) patients. Principal findings Hospital elderly adult RSRRs were strongly correlated with middle-aged adult RSRRs (Pearson R2 .69 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66-0.71]), moderately correlated with young adult RSRRs (Pearson R2 .44 [95% CI 0.40-0.47]), and weakly correlated with pediatric RSRRs (Pearson R2 .28 [95% CI 0.17-0.38]). Nearly identical findings were observed with measures of interquartile agreement and Kappa statistics. This stepwise relationship between age and strength of correlation was consistent across every hospital characteristic. Conclusions Hospital readmission rates in elderly adults, which are currently used for public reporting and hospital comparisons, may reflect broader hospital readmission performance in middle-aged and young adult populations; however, they are not reflective of hospital performance in pediatric populations.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF DEOXYADENOSINE TOXICITY IN DIVIDING HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTS: 29

The accumulation of deoxyadenosine (dAdo) and its metabolites may produce immunodeficiency in children who lack adenosine deaminase. The metabolism of dAdo in dividing human lymphoblasts, and the mechanism of dAdo toxicity, have aroused considerable controversy. To investigate this problem, we have selected stable mutant human lymphoblastoid cell lines resistant to the anti-proliferative effects of dAdo and have compared their biochemical phenotypes. The dAdo-resistant mutants differed from wild type cells in one of three ways: (1) an increase in the activity of ribonucleotide reductase, (2) an increase in cytoplasmic nucleotidase activity, (3) a decrease in deoxycytidine kinase activity. All three genetic changes caused a secondary rise in de novo deoxycytidine formation and excretion, and a reciprocal inability to phosphorylate dAdo and to form dATP. Thus, human lymphocytes can avert dAdo toxicity by increasing deoxycytidylate synthesis and degradation, as well as by decreasing deoxycytidine kinase levels. The net result in each case is an impaired functional capacity to phosphorylate deoxyadenosine.
MgZnO Thin Film Transistors on Glass With Blocking Voltage of 900 V

High voltage thin film transistor (HVTFT) built on glass can be used for distributed micro-inverters in the emerging applications, such as the building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and smart glass. We report an HVTFT with a center-symmetric circular configuration which is built on a glass substrate at low temperature. The device is composed of a magnesium zinc oxide (MZO) based channel and a high- $\kappa $ stacked gate dielectric layer of aluminum oxide/silicon dioxide (Al2O3/SiO2). This MZO HVTFT enables a blocking voltage of 900 volts. The high blocking capability is attributed to the lower gate leakage current through the stacked dielectric layer. The device under 10V drain bias shows an on/off current ratio over 109.
Delayed access to feed affects broiler small intestinal morphology and goblet cell ontogeny.

Broilers are often deprived of feed and water for up to 48 h after hatch. This delayed access to feed (DAF) can inhibit small intestine development. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DAF on small intestinal morphology, mRNA abundance of the goblet cell marker Muc2 and absorptive cell marker PepT1, and the distribution of goblet cells in young broilers. Cobb 500 chicks, hatching within a 12-h window, were randomly allocated into 3 groups: control with no feed delay (ND), 24-h feed delay (DAF24), and 36-h feed delay (DAF36). Morphology, gene expression, and in situ hybridization analyses were conducted on the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at 0, 24, 36, 72, 120, and 168 h after hatch. Statistical analysis was performed using a t test for ND and DAF24 at 24 h. A 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (P < 0.05) were used for ND, DAF24, and DAF36 from 36 h. At 24 to 36 h, DAF decreased the ratio of villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) in the duodenum but increased VH/CD in the ileum due to changes in CD, whereas at 72 h, DAF decreased VH/CD due to a decrease in VH. The mRNA abundance of PepT1 was upregulated, while Muc2 mRNA was downregulated in DAF chicks. Cells expressing Muc2 mRNA were present along the villi and in the crypts. The ratio of the number of goblet cells found in the upper half to the lower half of the villus was greater in DAF chicks than in ND chicks, suggesting that DAF affected the appearance of new goblet cells. The number of Muc2 mRNA-expressing cells in the crypt, however, was generally not affected by DAF. In conclusion, DAF transiently affected small intestinal morphology, upregulated PepT1 mRNA, downregulated Muc2 mRNA, and changed the distribution of goblet cells in the villi. By 168 h, however, these parameters were not different between ND, DAF24, and DAF36 chicks.
A Proactive Risk Assessment Methodology to Enhance Patient Safety: Reducing Wrong Site Surgery as a Preventable Medical Error:

Patient safety has been a major area of concern over the last decades in the healthcare industry. The number of preventable medical errors in hospitals has been noticeably high. These errors are mo...
The interaction between Greek affiliation and religiosity on problem drinking in college students.

Objective: Greek affiliation is associated with increased problem drinking in college, while religiosity typically offers protective benefits. The current study examined the interaction between Greek status and religiosity-both public (e.g., religious attendance) and private (e.g., prayer frequency)-on problem drinking. Participants and Methods: Undergraduates (N = 477) completed an online survey battery in late spring 2019, at the end of their freshman year. Results: Analyses focused on prayer frequency were not significant; however, the two-way interaction between Greek affiliation and religious attendance was significant. There was no difference in problem drinking across Greek and non-Greek students when religious attendance was low. As frequency of religious attendance increased, Greek students engaged in increased problem drinking compared to non-Greek students. Conclusions: Greek involvement may undermine the protective authority of religious practices on problem drinking, in part through moral licensing, whereby morally sound behaviors (i.e., religious attendance) may justify past or future problem drinking.
The veering tendency of the arm, when drawing a straight line without vision.

Abstract Fifty-seven male and female university students were seated individually at a table, blindfolded, and asked to draw a straight line directly away from the center of their bodies. Results indicated that performances with the right hand were, in general, more accurate than those with the left hand. The data also indicated that lines drawn with the right hand veered slightly to the left, while those drawn with the left hand tended to veer to the right. Hand dominance had no effect upon the accuracy of the line-drawing performance.
THE RISE AND FALL OF LYSIOSQUILLA DESAUSSUREI AND DESCRIPTION OF L. MANNINGI N. SP.: THE TALE OF THE TYPE

The rediscovered holotype specimen of the "eastern Pacific" Lysiosquilla desaussurei (Stimpson) (Lysiosquillidae) is a specimen of the amphi-American Cloridopsis dubia (H. Milne Edwards) (Squillidae). Most specimens referred to Stimpson's taxon after 1857 are either misidentified Lysiosquilla scabricauda (Lamarck) or a new species of Lysiosquilla, ranging from Baja California Sur, Mexico, south to Costa Rica and possibly Peru, which is described herein.
Magnetic Spin Resonance

Magnetic spin resonance techniques are among the most powerful methods available for determining primary structure, conformation, and local dynamic properties of molecules in liquid, solid, and even gas phases. Both organic and inorganic species can be studied. An overview of nuclear magnetic and electron spin resonance spectroscopy theory, equipment, and practice is presented. Theory is briefly reviewed, giving particular attention to the differences between the two techniques. The basic modules comprising a magnetic resonance spectrometer, function, and limitations are discussed. One-dimensional and multidimensional experiments for both the most common nmr nuclei, 1H and 13C as well as several less commonly studied species, are described. Applications of nmr studies to larger molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and other polymers both in solution and in the solid state are mentioned, and a brief description of EPR experiments is included. References are given for all areas. This article is current through summer 1994 except for the use of gradient field spectroscopy. Keywords: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); Electron spin resonance; Nuclei; Proton NMR; Carbon-13; Multidimensional NMR; Solid state NMR
Clio's blindspot: Historians' underutilization of United States government publications in historical research☆

Abstract This paper provides a general introduction to utilizing government materials in historical research. The wealth of primary and secondary materials available in governmental documentary material will be noted and a few examples of problems with government sources will be highlighted. Finally, the paper will explore impediments to historians' use of government publications, including the access tools which have traditionally been available to them, and give some suggestions as to how historians can be encouraged to more frequently and profitably use government materials in their research.
Profiles of the Outlying M&A Transactions, 1985 to 2000

Considerable research attention in recent years has focused on the profitability of segments of the MA (b) strategic relatedness; (c) payment and transaction design and (d) investment opportunity. The results offer evidence that the best and worst firms differ in important ways from each other and from the general sample of transactions. The findings support the four key hypotheses, but they describe the best and worst transactions differently.
Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions. V. Further development of the chemical model.

Abstract Counterion binding to polyelectrolyte chains is formulated as a chemical reaction Mz(free) → Mz(bound). Expressions for the chemical potentials of free and bound counterions are set equal to obtain the reaction equilibrium. The results are equivalent to those in the previous paper of this series. An additional result obtained here is that a polyion holds its bound counterion layer with a strength on the order of 100 kcal (mole cooperative unit) . The method is then applied to the calculation of the polarizability along the chain due to the bound (condensed) counterions.
2D Fundamental Solutions for the General Anisotropic Solids with Computer Codes

Basic equations with detailed derivation for the two-dimensional static fundamental solutions are presented for the general anisotropic solids. The displacement, stress and traction solutions for the line force and dislocation fundamental solutions are given along with FORTRAN 90 computer codes. (Codes can be found at "Supplementary Files" in the "Support Tool" box.)
The future of conventional arms control in Europe

(1987). The future of conventional arms control in Europe. Survival: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 5-20.
Sensibilizando la opinión pública: Estrategias mediáticas en el Plan de Atención Humanitaria de Emergencia al pueblo nukak-makú

Este articulo propone un estudio de las representaciones sociales creadas por el Estado colombiano que han sido destinadas a modificar la opinion publica en Guaviare sobre los grupos Nukak-maku que se encuentran en situacion de desplazamiento forzado. Se describe el contexto de produccion de la campana de medios creada por el gobierno colombiano con este objetivo y se realiza un analisis de contenido de sus productos. La campana fue realizada entre 2006 y 2007 y constituyo una de las acciones del Plan de Atencion Humanitaria de Emergencia destinada a solucionar la situacion de los nukak desplazados forzosamente.
Treatment Effects in Pediatric Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors Practical Considerations for the Pathologist

Dramatic improvements in survival for children with cancer have led to increased numbers of posttreatment pathologic specimens, particularly in bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Current therapeutic protocols in North America require specific pathologic classification and stratify patients based on clinical, biologic, and pathologic features. For osteosarcoma, the pathologic response to therapy predicts prognosis and modifies the treatment regimen. Ongoing studies aim to assess the response to therapy and outcome in other types of soft tissue and bone tumors. The pathologic evaluation of pretreatment and posttreatment specimens is critical for therapeutic decisions and prognostic assessment. A standardized approach to posttherapy pathologic specimens, with attention to appropriate use of ancillary tests, and assessment of clinical and biologic significance of therapy-induced pathologic changes has significance for patient management and treatment protocols.
Expression of the gag-pol fusion protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus without gag protein does not induce virion formation or proteolytic processing.

A mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus was generated in which the UAG termination codon at the 39 end of the gag gene was changed to a CAG codon encoding glutamine. Cells carrying the mutant provirus constitutively express the gag-pol fusion protein and no detectable gag protein. The precursor is stable, is not processed by the protease domain within the precursor, and does not induce assembly and release of virion particles. Images