cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood structural characteristics, perceived neighborhood environment, and problem behaviors among at-risk adolescents

Neighborhood environment has been linked to behavioral outcomes in adolescence. The current study examined two potential mediators (i.e., perceived social capital, perceived neighborhood disorder) in the association between neighborhood structural characteristics (i.e., neighborhood disorganization) and problem behaviors (i.e., externalizing behavior, substance use) among at-risk adolescents with prenatal substance exposure. The study sample included 350 15-year-old adolescents recruited at birth. Adolescents' addresses were linked to census tract data. Neighborhood structural characteristics were not directly associated with adolescent problem behaviors in the presence of perceived social capital and neighborhood disorder. Greater neighborhood disorganization was associated with lower levels of perceived social capital, which was related to greater perceived neighborhood disorder, and then problem behaviors. The findings suggest that community practice needs to focus on subjective perceptions of neighborhoods when developing intervention programs on problem behaviors among at-risk adolescents.
VRGaitAnalytics: Visualizing Dual Task Cost for VR Gait Assessment

Among its many promising applications, Virtual Reality (VR) can simulate diverse real-life scenarios and therefore help experimenters assess individuals’ gait performance (i.e., walking) under controlled functional contexts. VR-based gait assessment may provide low-risk, reproducible and controlled virtual environments, enabling experimenters to investigate underlying causes for imbalance by manipulating experimental conditions such as multi-sensory loads, mental processing loads (cognitive load), and/or motor tasks. We present a low-cost novel VR gait assessment system that simulates virtual obstacles, visual, auditory, and cognitive loads while using motion tracking to assess participants’ walking performance. The system utilizes in-situ spatial visualization for trial playback and instantaneous outcome measures which enable experimenters and participants to observe and interpret their performance. The trial playback can visualize any moment in the trial with embodied graphic segments including the head, waist, and feet. It can also replay two trials at the same time frame for trial-to-trial comparison, which helps visualize the impact of different experimental conditions. The outcome measures, i.e., the metrics related to walking performance, are calculated in real-time and displayed as data graphs in VR. The system can help experimenters get specific gait information on balance performance beyond a typical clinical gait test, making it clinically relevant and potentially applicable to gait rehabilitation. We conducted a feasibility study with physical therapy students, research graduate students, and licensed physical therapists. They evaluated the system and provided feedback on the outcome measures, the spatial visualizations, and the potential use of the system in the clinic. The study results indicate that the system was feasible for gait assessment, and the immediate spatial visualization features were seen as clinically relevant and useful. Limitations and considerations for future work are discussed.
Image Background Matching for Identifying Suspects

Thousands of digital images may exist of a given location, some of which may show a crime in progress. One technique for identifying suspects and witnesses is to collect images of specific crime scenes from computers, cell phones, cameras and other electronic devices, and perform image matching based on image backgrounds. This paper describes an image matching technique that is used in conjunction with feature generation methodologies, such as the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and the Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) algorithms. The technique identifies keypoints in images of a given location with minor differences in viewpoint and content. After calculating keypoints for the images, the technique stores only the “good” features for each image to minimize space and matching requirements. Test results indicate that matching accuracy exceeding 80% is obtained with the SIFT and SURF algorithms.
State-transition and observability constrained EKF for multi-robot cooperative localization

This paper introduces a new extended Kalman filter (EKF) for multi-robot cooperative localization (CL), termed statetransition and observability constrained (STOC)-EKF, aiming to improve estimation consistency and accuracy. In particular, it has been shown that the standard EKF linearized CL system has observability properties different from those of the underlying nonlinear system, which causes inconsistent estimates. We further analytically prove in this paper that the propagation Jacobians of the standard EKF CL violate semi-group properties, and thus are not valid state-transition matrices. This implies that the linearized dynamical system does not well approximate the dynamics of the underlying nonlinear system and thus degrades estimation performance. To address these issues, the proposed STOC-EKF (i) computes the propagation Jacobian always using prior state estimates as linearization points, and (ii) projects the most accurate measurement Jacobian at each time step (i.e., computed using the latest, and thus best, state estimates as in the standard EKF) onto the observable subspace. Extensive Monte-Carlo simulations validate the proposed algorithm.
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Component from an Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Lung with Identical Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations

The case reported is a young "light" ex-smoker who initially had a localized adenosquamous carcinoma bearing an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) sensitizing mutation. He first recurred six months after initial treatment within the brain with a pure squamous histology and the same EGFR mutation. Surgical resection and radiation rendered him disease-free. Subsequent isolated recurrence within the lung eighteen months later was a pure adenocarcinoma, again with the same identified EGFR mutation. These histologic changes (from adenosquamous to pure squamous to pure adenocarcinoma) have been described but not before in the absence of any selection pressure with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This case points out the histologic "flexibility" of EGFR mutant lung cancers and the importance for appropriate molecular testing in nonsmokers with lung cancer of any histologic type.
A hybrid PMCHWT and VIE formulation for the calculation of EM scattering from electric and magnetic materials

Summary form only given. The surface integral equation formulation is applicable to homogeneous material only. If there is a slight change of dielectric contrast within the volume, or there is a small portion of the material region that has inhomogeneous permittivity, the SIE will no longer be valid. It has been proposed that an additional volume integral equation be introduced to model the inhomogeneous part of the material region. The idea is to use the induced volume current for the region that has dielectric contrast which is different from the majority of the dielectric region. This is called the hybrid PMCHWT and VIE formulation. In this presentation, we apply this method to calculate the scattering by three-dimensional material scatterers. Our formulation uses the quadrilateral mesh for the surface modeling and hexahedron mesh for the volume modeling. Methods to treat the singular integrals for various integral operators are discussed, and validation numerical results will be shown.
Implications of next generation attenuation ground motion prediction equations for site coefficients used in earthquake resistant design

SUMMARY Proposals are developed to update Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2 of Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures published as American Society of Civil Engineers Structural Engineering Institute standard 7-10 (ASCE/SEI 7–10). The updates are mean next generation attenuation (NGA) site coefficients inferred directly from the four NGA ground motion prediction equations used to derive the maximum considered earthquake response maps adopted in ASCE/SEI 7–10. Proposals include the recommendation to use straight-line interpolation to infer site coefficients at intermediate values of v¯S(average shear velocity to 30-m depth). The NGA coefficients are shown to agree well with adopted site coefficients at low levels of input motion (0.1 g) and those observed from the Loma Prieta earthquake. For higher levels of input motion, the majority of the adopted values are within the 95% epistemic-uncertainty limits implied by the NGA estimates with the exceptions being the mid-period site coefficient, Fv, for site class D and the short-period coefficient, Fa, for site class C, both of which are slightly less than the corresponding 95% limit. The NGA data base shows that the median value v¯S of 913 m/s for site class B is more typical than 760 m/s as a value to characterize firm to hard rock sites as the uniform ground condition for future maximum considered earthquake response ground motion estimates. Future updates of NGA ground motion prediction equations can be incorporated easily into future adjustments of adopted site coefficients using procedures presented herein. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Lifetimes and eigenstates in atmospheric chemistry

The time scales and mode of the atmosphere's response to chemical perturbations are defined by the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system. The eigenstates of a simplified one-box CH4-CO-OH system are analyzed. The longest time constant (smallest eigenvalue) always exceeds the lifetime defined by the steady-state loss frequency for CH4, the longest lived gas. Thus, the extent of a CH4 perturbation -- the methane response time -- is always longer than predicted by the steady-state lifetime and is independent of size of the perturbation in the linear limit. This lengthening of the atmospheric recovery time can be diagnosed by how close we are to a chemically unstable troposphere, i.e., how much OH production exceeds that minimum needed to oxidize just the global emissions of CH4, CO, and other hydrocarbons and species.
A comparison of Maxlike and Maxent for modelling species distributions

Summary Understanding species spatial occurrence patterns and their environmental dependence is one of the fundamental goals in ecology and evolution. Often, occurrence models are built with presence-only data because absence data are unavailable. We compare the strengths and limitations of the recently developed presence-only modelling method, Maxlike, with the more widely used Maxent. In spite of disparities highlighted by the developers of Maxlike and Maxent, we show approximate formal relationships between the parameters of Maxlike and Maxent for two scenarios to illustrate their similarity. Using case studies based on real and simulated data, we show how these similarities manifest in practice. We find more similarities than differences between Maxlike and Maxent, including coefficient values, predicted spatial distributions, similarity to presence–absence models, predictive performance and ranking the predicted suitability of cells. Maxlike reliably predicted absolute occurrence probabilities for very large data sets on landscapes where occurrence probability approximately spanned [0,1]. For smaller data sets, the uncertainty in predicted occurrence probability by Maxlike was very large, due to the inherent limitations of presence-only data. In contrast, Maxent is constrained to predicting relative occurrence probabilities or relative occurrence rates unless it is provided with additional information from presence–absence data. Both models can reliably predict relative differences in occurrence probability. The choice of which model to use depends partly on sampling assumptions, which we discuss in detail. Due to limitations of presence-only data, ecologists should typically focus on interpretations relying on relative differences in occurrence probability or relative occurrence rates. We discuss how to remedy a number of concerns about the use of Maxent and how to avoid some potential pitfalls with Maxlike – particularly related to high variance predictions. We conclude that both methods are similarly valuable for understanding and predicting species’ distributions in terms of relative differences in occurrence probability when the models are specified carefully.
Electroacoustic measurement of trawl net parameters

The dynamic characteristics of bottom trawl nets are currently being investigated by the Seattle office of the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service to improve net design, rigging and handling. To aid in this study, an electroacoustic system to measure and store on digital tape several of the net parameters has been developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington. This instrumentation package is currently being used by the National Marine Fisheries Service in the Puget Sound area. Initial results indicate that a better understanding of bottom trawl net characteristics, especially at relatively deep depths, has resulted from the use of this equipment.
Effect of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus on the relationship between Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the parasite, Hyposoter exiguae (hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Abstract The effect of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus on the relationship between Trichoplusia ni and the parasite, Hyposoter exiguae , was investigated to determine if the virus could invade and multiply in the tissues of the parasites, if parasites which emerged from virus-infected T. ni larvae had normal emergence, fecundity, and longevity, and if the parasite could serve as a vector for the virus. Light microscopy revealed particles which appeared to be polyhedra within the lumen of the midgut of parasite larvae from virus-infected hosts. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of polyhedra and free virions within the midgut of the larvae. Polyhedra or free virions were never found within any parasite tissues. Parasite larvae within hosts exposed to virus before parasitization perished when their hosts died of virus infection. Parasite larvae in hosts exposed to virus after parasitization completed their development before their hosts died of virus infection. The proportion of parasites which survived increased as the time between host parasitization and host virus exposure increased. Parasite larvae which developed in hosts exposed to the virus soon after parasitization spent significantly less time in their hosts than did parasites which developed in noninfected hosts. There was no significant difference in time spent in the pupal stage, percent adult emergence, adult longevity with and without food and water, and fecundity of parasites which developed in virus-infected hosts and those which developed in noninfected hosts. Female parasites laid as many eggs in virus-infected hosts as they did in noninfected hosts. Sixty percent of the female parasites which oviposited in virus-infected hosts vectored infective doses of virus to an average of 6% of the healthy hosts subsequently exposed to them. None of the healthy host larvae exposed to male parasites which had been exposed to virus-infected host larvae became infected with the virus. Forty percent of the female parasites which developed in virus-infected hosts transmitted infective doses of the virus to an average of 65% of the healthy host larvae exposed to them. Ninety percent of the male parasites which developed in virus-infected hosts transferred infective doses of the virus to an average of 21% of the healthy host larvae exposed to them.
Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Intraocular Inflammation-related Cystold Macular Edema Unresponsive to Corticosteroids A Preliminary Study

Purpose: To determine the role of pars plana vitrectomy in patients with intraocular inflammation-related cystoid macular edema that is unresponsive to corticosteroids. Methods: Eleven eyes of nine patients underwent a standard three-port pars plana vitrectomy. The primary indication was intraocular inflammation-related cystoid macular edema that was unresponsive to oral, sub-Tenon's, and topical corticosteroids. Preoperative follow-up ranged from 20 months to 144 months (average, 70 months). Postoperative follow-up ranged from 3 months to 108 months (average, 21 months). Results: Seven eyes (64%) improved 4 or more lines of Snellen visual acuity within 4 weeks. Two eyes (18%) remained unchanged and 2 eyes (18%) worsened. Cystoid macular edema improved by clinical examination and fluorescein angiography in 9 eyes (82%) and by clinical examination alone in 2 eyes (18%). No intraoperative complications were noted. Postoperative complications consisted of cataract formation in 1 eye (9%), glaucoma in 2 eyes (18%), and epiretinal membrane formation in 1 eye (9%). Conclusion: Pars plana vitrectomy may have a role in the treatment of intraocular inflammation-related cystoid macular edema that fails to respond to corticosteroids. The subgroup of patients who benefit most remains to be identified.
Initial measurement of impurity production and hydrogen energy distribution from neutral beam injectors

Abstract Impurity production and hydrogen energy distributions for neutral beam injectors (NBI) developed by the Plasma Technology Section of Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) Fusion Energy Division have been measured by exposing silicon samples to beam pulses and analyzing them by nuclear microanalysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) techniques. From the three major energy components arising from the formation of H + , H + 2 , and H + 3 in the ion source only the full-energy component (40 keV) is easily separated in the depth analysis, but the E/2 and E/3 components overlap, mainly because of range straggling. Analysis by SIMS is used to determine the depth profiles of the implanted hydrogen, and the three energy components are determined from this depth profile. Nuclear microanalysis is used to analyze for heavy impurities. Initial results have shown that oxygen is the major atomic impurity and is present at levels of 1.5 × 10 −3 O/H. Carbon is the next most abundant impurity, and copper is at or below the sensitivity of the analysis technique. The neutral hydrogen species power distribution deduced from the implant profiles results in relative abundances of 67:17:16 for the energy components E:E/2:E/3 , respectively. These data do not agree with three other independent measurements at ORNL and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory that are in general agreement with each other and yield a neutral hydrogen species power distribution of 80:13:7. At present this discrepancy is unaccounted for, but migration effects due to heating of the Si crystal are under investigation. The present technique can be easily applied to study other neutral beam injectors on test stands or on plasma devices.
Suicide and the Creative Class

The tenth leading cause of death in the United States in 2009 was suicide. Emile Durkheim demonstrated that suicide can be studied as a social phenomenon. However, sociologists have been oddly silent on the subject in recent years. Research that has been done by sociologists on suicide has examined the role social capital plays in reducing suicide. However, Richard Florida has argued that today communities are not developing around social capital, but instead moving toward his creative capital model. No study has been done examining the association between creative capital and suicide. This analysis examined what developing around a creative capital model means for suicide. The findings demonstrate that there is a positive association between creative capital and suicide. The current analysis should give pause to communities attempting to develop around the creative capital model.
Survey of sensor selection methods in wireless sensor networks

This paper reviews sensor selection methods for distributed detection, distributed estimation and distributed tracking in wireless sensor networks. Before the discussion of different sensor selection methods, brief introductions of distribution detection, distribution estimation and distributed tracking are presented respectively. Future research directions are also given to facilitate further research in this area.
Sensitivity of Fit Indices to Misspecification in Growth Curve Models

This study investigated the sensitivity of fit indices to model misspecification in within-individual covariance structure, between-individual covariance structure, and marginal mean structure in growth curve models. Five commonly used fit indices were examined, including the likelihood ratio test statistic, root mean square error of approximation, standardized root mean square residual, comparative fit index, and Tucker-Lewis Index. The fit indices were found to have differential sensitivity to different types of misspecification in either the mean or covariance structures with severity of misspecification controlled. No fit index was always more (or less) sensitive to misspecification in the marginal mean structure relative to those in the covariance structure. Specifying the covariance structure to be saturated can substantially improve the sensitivity of fit indices to misspecification in the marginal mean structure; this result might help identify the sources of specification error in a growth curve model. An empirical example of children's growth in math achievement ( Wu, West, & Hughes, 2008 ) was used to illustrate the results.
The "small but healthy" hypothesis: historical, political, and ecological influences on nutritional standards

How accurate international nutritional standards are for recommending and assessing adequate nutrient intake and nutritional status of different national populations has been debated by nutritionists, economists, and others. This paper reviews the assumptions and possible motivations behind the design and interpretation of standards in particular countries, with a special emphasis on India and Mexico. The analysis suggests that comparative studies of the “ethnonutrition” concepts of policy-makers are useful for understanding how standards are set, and their nutritional implications.
More than a feeling: understanding the desirability factor in user experience

Interest in understanding the "desirability" factor in user experience continues to grow while the use of post-test questionnaires to measure desirability continues to be problematic. Microsoft created a toolkit to address desirability in studies, and their use of the product reaction cards from that kit was presented at conferences in 2002 and 2004. Since then, however, little has been published about how others have used the cards to measure desirability. We began using the product reaction cards in 2006, and we report on the results in case studies from the past several years. We find that the cards prompt users to tell a rich and revealing story of their experience. Triangulating these findings with post-test questionnaire data and direct observation strengthens the understanding of the desirability factor.
Colorectal cancer in patients with previous spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND: The optimum management of large-bowel cancer in patients with previous spinal cord injury (SCI) is uncertain. PURPOSE: The aim is to determine the outcome of patients with SCI who are undergoing colectomy or proctectomy for cancer. METHODS: A population-based study of patients receiving care at hospitals in the Department of Veterans Affairs system from 1987 to 1991 was performed. Patients with ICD-9 codes for SCI and colon and rectal cancer were identified. Patients with previous SCI who underwent colectomy or proctectomy for their cancer comprised the study population. Data were compiled from national computerized Veterans Affairs datasets, supplemented by individual operative reports and discharge summaries. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were evaluable. Mean age was 65 (range, 40–80) years, and mean time since SCI was 24 (range, 1–50) years. Mean follow-up was 4.6 years after resection. Distribution of tumors was 39 percent rightsided, 43 percent left-sided, and 18 percent rectal. All 32 patients with colonic tumors underwent resection; 26 of 32 patients (81 percent) had an anastomosis. Seven of eight (88 percent) rectal lesions were treated by abdominoperineal resection. Twenty-six of 44 patients (59 percent) presented with Stage III or IV disease. Twelve of 44 (27 percent) died, 8 of 12 from cancer. Overall 30-day mortality rate was 4.5 percent (2/44). In-hospital morbidity rate (pulmonary, cutaneous, and urinary tract only) was 34 percent. Among those who received postoperative chemotherapy, 80 percent completed treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with previous SCI tolerate resection well. Tumor distribution and stage are similar to those of neurally intact patients. Morbidity is commonly related to pre-existing complications of SCI. Adjuvant therapy is well tolerated.
Distribution and Causation of Species Endangerment in the United States

A. Dobson et al. ([1][1]) provide a description of the geographic distribution of endangered species in the United States. They also examine the associations between the density of endangered species and the intensity of human economic activities, with the use of the annual statistical survey of the
Salt stress corrosion of Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V alloy sheet at elevated temperatures

Salt stress corrosion of Ti-8Al-1Mo alloy sheet at elevated temperatures - surface treatment effect
An investigation of two-second microseisms associated with cold fronts and a new method for tracking the cold front center

Two tripartite stations have been set up six miles apart. Each consists of three two-second horizontal seismographs recording at a drum speed of 600 mm/min. In addition, three stations equipped with two-second vertical and horizontal instruments have been set up on a triangle with sides of 8.3, 6.75 and 6.0 miles. Results to date are somewhat confusing. There is evidence of a microseismic source southwest of New York. There is also evidence of wave trains identifiable between two stations six miles apart indicating a velocity of microseismic waves of less than one mile per second. A new method is presented of recording microseisms on an oscilloscope and reading the time differences of each pair of stations along the axis of the observed Lissajous ellipse.
Trends during 1993-2004 in the availability and use of revascularization after acute myocardial infarction in markets affected by certificate of need regulations.

This study examines trends in the diffusion of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during 1993-2004 for patients with acute myocardial infarction in markets with and without Certificate of Need (CON) regulations for open-heart surgery or cardiac catheterization and in markets that repealed CON for either of these procedures. In contrast to prior studies, this study accounts for regional hospital markets that cross state boundaries—often with different CON activities in each state. The overall use of CABG increased modestly throughout the 1990s and subsequently decreased, corresponding to a dramatic increase in PCI. There was a greater rise in the number of CABG programs in markets with significant reduction in CON regulations during 1993-2004 compared with other markets, but CON reduction was not related to growth of PCI programs. Reimbursement, ease of use, clinician endorsement, and technological advances in PCI may outweigh effects of CON.
Molecular functions of genes related to grain shape in rice

Because grain shape is an important component of rice grain yield, the discovery of genes related to rice grain shape has attracted much attention of rice breeding programs. In recent years, some of these genes have been cloned and studied. They have been found not only regulate grain shape by changing the shape of the spikelet hull, but also regulate endosperm development through control of cell division using different molecular mechanisms. In this paper, we review the recent research on genes related to rice grain shape and their possible regulatory mechanisms.
Cr(110) oxidation probed by carbon monoxide chemisorption

Abstract High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy of chemisorbed carbon monoxide is used to distinguish between (1) an annealed, oxidized Cr(110) surface, (2) an intermediate, subsurface Cr(110) oxide, and (3) oxygen-dosed Cr(110). On the annealed oxide, weak signals are observed from both the dissociation-precursor (α1−CO) and the terminally-bonded (α2−CO) molecular CO binding states but only after relatively high CO exposures, reflecting greatly reduced sticking probabilities. However, on the surface with subsurface oxygen, both binding states are sequentially populated with sticking probabilities comparable to that of clean Cr(110); also, an increase in vCO from ~1975 to 2035 cm−1 is observed at high coverages of terminally-bonded α2−CO. Both the annealed-oxide and subsurface-oxide CO chemisorption results are in contrast to the selective poisoning of only α1−CO by chemisorbed atomic oxygen on Cr(110). Comparisons among the three oxygen containing surface (1) show how vibrational spectroscopy of chemically-inequivalent molecular binding states may be used as a probe of surface oxidation and (2) provide insights into the oxygen-CO surface chemistry.
The management of oromandibular motor disorders and facial spasms with injections of botulinum toxin

Although much work is yet to be done in this area, nine general conclusions can be derived: 1. Local site-of-injection side effects from botulinum toxin injections are rare, assuming proper technique is used. 2. The two most common medication-related side effects from botulinum toxin orofacial injections are alterations in salivary consistency and inadvertent weakness of the swallowing, speech, and facial muscles. These complications are injection site-specific (eg, more common with lateral pterygoid injections and palatal and tongue muscle injections) and dose-dependent problems. These problems are bothersome but are not contraindications for the therapy if it is needed. 3. The data presented in this article are mostly case series-based and open trial-based information that is promising, but randomized, blinded, controlled trials are needed to establish the true efficacy of this method for the orofacial motor and pain disorders. 4. The novice should begin with injection of muscles he or she can inject with low risk of incorrect placement. The hard-to-find muscles should be avoided when starting out. The novice clinician should inject and dissect a few cadavers to improve injection technique. 5. The general latency for botulinum toxin type A is 1 week, its duration is 2 to 3 months, and it is recommended that injection be done no more than once every 12 weeks to avoid development of antibodies against the toxin. 6. Depending on the target muscle, injection dose is 10 to 50 U of Botox type A per site with a total dose of 200 U in the masticatory system. More than this can be used (400 U maximum) if other sites in the head and neck are included in the injection protocol. 7. Regarding injecting painful muscles that do not exhibit palpable muscle hardness or EMG-determined spasticity or observable involuntary movements but have chronic myofascial trigger points or the patient localizes them as the site of their chronic daily headache pain, botulinum toxin injections might be helpful used in this manner, but conclusive data for this controversial application of botulinum toxin are still missing. 8. Hemifacial spasm has the largest number of open-label, clinical trials, some of which have a 10-year follow-up. The conclusions reached by all of these reports is that treatment of hemifacial spasm with repeated injections of botulinum toxin has been highly successful and that the dose and relative effect of the injections are stable over time. 9. Although EMG-guided injection may be useful, EMG is neither practical nor needed in most situations for orofacial injections because most of the orofacial muscles are easily palpable muscles or have definitive bony landmarks to help with the localization process.
No Good Deed Goes Unpunished: Refugees, Humanitarian Aid, and Terrorism:

We examine the consequences of hosting refugees for domestic and international terrorism. In line with the old saying, "no good deed goes unpunished", we argue that the infusion of aid resources provides militant groups with opportunities for looting and for attacking foreign targets. A cross-national, time-series data analysis of 154 countries for the years 1970-2007 shows evidence that countries with many refugees are more likely to experience both domestic and international terrorism. This finding implies that while the international community should strive to reduce the number of refugees by preventing the eruption of major conflict events, individual countries should find a way of maintaining the balance between humanitarianism toward refugees and providing safe, secure environments for refugees and those that assist them. Language: en
Floristic summary ofManual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, second edition

The second edition of theManual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada by Gleason and Cronquist (1991) is the most recent and up-to-date taxonomic treatment of the flora of that region. Since no floristic summary of theManual was included in the publication, a computer analysis of the taxonomic data of theManual was performed in order to generate a floristic summary. Totals of 4285 species, 1091 genera, and 191 families were tabulated. The largest genus wasCarex, with 230 species; the largest family was the Asteraceae, with 528 species. Comparisons made with earlier floras of the same region indicated small declines on the order of 10% for these taxonomic groups.
Formation and Stability of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Thin Films of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkylsiloxanes were formed from hexyltrichlorosilane (HTS) and octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) on surfaces of thin films of a complex oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements confirmed the formation of a thin, uniform organic layer on the surface of the PZT, consistent with the hypothesis that a densely packed organic monolayer is formed on the PZT. Angle-resolved high-resolution XPS suggested that the surface of the PZT thin film includes a top layer deficient in titanium and consisting mainly of oxides of lead and zirconium, along with hydroxylated zirconium that may react with alkyltrichlorosilanes to form the SAMs. The effect on these SAMs of exposure to acidic media was probed by wettability measurements, XPS, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Contact angle measurements with water and hexadecane indicated that the SAMs formed from the longer alkylsilane, OTS, were stable in HCl over long period...
Land Management Effects on Near-Surface Soil Properties of Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Kandiudults

The National Cooperative Soil Survey is evaluating techniques for better characterization of near-surface, management-dependent soil properties associated with soil change (decade to century time scale). The U.S. Soil Taxonomy and soil surveys have been developed with emphasis on subsoil properties to reduce the impacts of management on taxonomic placement. Considering the importance of near-surface properties on ecosystem function, however, some degree of characterization of these properties is essential. The objectives of this study were to evaluate land use effects on management-dependent soil properties, C stocks, and soil quality of mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Miller) systems relative to more intensively cultivated land use systems in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain. Sites in Thomas County, Georgia, representing well-drained, upland Kandiudults, were selected in each of three land use systems for comparison of near-surface soil properties. Studied land use systems were mature, multi-aged longleaf pine forest (LL), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantation (PP), and conventional row crop (RC) systems. Concentrations of microbial biomass C (0-5 cm) in LL were 69% greater than RC, and LL sequestered 64% more total organic C than RC systems. Inputs of fertilizer were evident in RC (0-30 cm) based on greater exchangeable K (433% greater in LL), base saturation, and extractable P (1700% greater in LL). The soil infiltration rate was 1015% greater in LL than in PP. Principal component analyses indicated that 80% of data variability was explained by exchangeable bases, C pools, and hydraulic soil properties. Clustering suggested that near-surface soil properties were more similar by land use than by taxonomic-based soil map units. Land use changed many of the investigated surface soil properties (0-30 cm) at these Coastal Plain sites, resulting in functional and interpretive differences of these soils within similar taxa.
Determination of multiple drugs of abuse in human urine using capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection

Methods for separation and determination of multiple drugs of abuse in biological fluids using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with native fluorescence and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection are described herein. Using native fluorescence, normorphine, morphine, 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM), and codeine were analyzed by CE without any derivatization procedure and detected at an excitation wavelength of 245 nm with a cut-off emission filter of 320 nm, providing a rapid and simple analysis. The detection limits were in the range of 200 ng/mL. For a highly sensitive analysis, LIF detection was also examined using a two-step precolumn derivatization procedure. In this case, drugs extracted from human urine were first subjected to an N-demethylation reaction involving the use of 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (ACE-Cl) and then derivatized using fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FITC) and analyzed by CE coupled to a LIF detector. Variables affecting this derivatization: yield of demethylation reaction, FITC concentration, reaction time and temperature, were studied. The estimated instrumental detection limits of the FITC derivatives were in the range of 50-100 pg/mL, using LIF detection with excitation and emission wavelengths of 488 nm and 520 nm, respectively. The linearity, reproducibility and reliability of the methods were evaluated. In addition, a comparison of the characteristics for both native fluorescence and LIF detections was also discussed.
Real-time central demand response for primary frequency regulation in microgrids

Summary form only given. Providing ancillary services for future smart microgrid can be a challenging task because of lack of conventional automatic generation control (AGC) and spinning reserves, and expensive storage devices. In addition, strong motivation to increase the penetration of renewable energy in power systems, particularly at the distribution level, introduces new challenges for frequency and voltage regulation. Thus, increased attention has been focused on demand response (DR), especially in the smart grid environment, where two-way communication and customer participation are part of. This paper presents a comprehensive central DR algorithm for frequency regulation, while minimizing the amount of manipulated load, in a smart microgrid. Simulation studies have been carried out on an IEEE 13-bus standard distribution system operating as a microgrid with and without variable wind generation. Simulation results show that the proposed comprehensive DR control strategy provides frequency (and consequently voltage) regulation as well as minimizing the amount of manipulated responsive loads in the absence/presence of wind power generation.
African American Families in the Special Education Process: Increasing Their Level of Involvement

African American children continue to be overrepresented in special education classrooms. Despite this overrepresentation, there is a noticeable void in the literature concerning the family perceptions of special education and the impact these perceptions may have on parents’ level of involvement. Therefore, this article discusses (a) African American family involvement in the educational process, including special education; (b) the perceptions of African American families concerning special education and how these perceptions might prevent parents from participating; (c) potential barriers to participation; and (d) suggestions for increasing the level of participation of African American families in the educational process.
AGE, SEX, SPEED, AND PRACTICE IN COINCIDENCE-ANTICIPATION PERFORMANCE OF CHILDREN

S~mmrry.-The effect of age, sex, speed, and practice on coincidence-anticipation (C/A) performance of elementary school children was investigated. 84 elementary school children, 7 boys and 7 girls at Ages 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 yr., served as subjects for the study. Subjects were given 24 C/A trials, 6 each at 4 speeds, randomly presented. Subjects were required to lift the foot off a spring switch in coincidence with the arrival of a ball at a target flag. A score was determined as the difference between actual time and the estimate as recorded on separate .Ol-sec. Lafayette timers. The data were analyzed employing a 6 by 2 by 4 by 3 factorial design. Results indicated that 7-yr.-olds' performance was inferior to those of all other age groups, boys were more accurate than girls, and all groups exhibited improvement over practice. The successful execution of many motor skills requires individuals to make appropriate responses to objects in motion. One of these is the ability to intercept a moving object. The ability to make a motor response coincident with the arrival of an object at a designated point has been termed coincidence-anticipation (Belisle, 1963). Examples of typical motor skills employing this facet of performance are bountiful and include such activities as hitting a pitched baseball, trapping a soccer ball, returning a tennis volley, hitting a shuttlecock, dribbling a basketball, shooting skeet, and numerous others. While the importance of the role of such anticipation in motor performance is well accepted, a review of the literature shows few investigations. There are likewise very few studies that address themselves to the acquisition of such proficiency. Schmidt ( 1969) has reported a review of both areas. Considering the important role of motor skills in the activities and lives of children, one might naturally expect a number of studies in this area. Unfortunately very few have been reported. Only investigations by Bruce (1966), Williams ( 1968), Kay ( 1969). and Stadulis ( 197 1 ) appear to be the exception. The study by Stadulis investigated the effect of age, sex, speed-rate, and practice on the anticipatory performance of children 7, 9, and 11 yr. old. One of his results indicated that accuracy improved with age but only at the slowest of four speeds. Analysis of the data indicated that younger subjects were actually more proficient in performing fast responses than were older subjects. Stadulis has stated that this finding "might indicate a different teaching technique (should) be employed" (Stadulis, 1971 ). That is, the traditional technique of having children practice these skills by employing slower moving objects needs careful review, possible revision and/or rejection. Consequently,
Preparation of Conjugated Soybean Oil and Other Natural Oils and Fatty Acids by Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysis

The use of as little as 0.1 mol% [RhCl(C8H14)2]2, 0.25 mol% PtCl2(PPh3)2, or 0.5 mol% RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3, where Ph = phenyl, catalyzes the isomerization of soybean oil to conjugated soybean oil under mild reaction conditions and in high yields. No hydrogenation products are detected with any of these catalysts. Preliminary physical tests have shown that the conjugated soybean oil has exceptional drying properties and the resulting coatings exhibit good solvent resistance. The [RhCl(C8H14)2]2 catalyst provides similarly high yields of other conjugated vegetable oils, conjugated linoleic acid, and conjugated ethyl linoleate. Other rhodium catalysts, such as RhCl(PPh3)3, have also been found to be effective for the conjugation of ethyl linoleate.
Oxytocin mechanisms of stress response and aggression in a territorial finch

All jawed vertebrates produce a form of oxytocin (OT), and in birds, mammals and fish, OT is strongly associated with affiliation. However, remarkably few data are available on the roles of OT and OT receptors (OTRs) in aggression. Because OT and OTRs exert anxiolytic effects in mammals (although context-specific) and modulate stress coping, we hypothesized that OTR activation is at least permissive for territorial aggression. Indeed, we find that peripheral injections of an OTR antagonist significantly reduce male–male and female–female aggression in a highly territorial finch. This finding suggests the hypothesis that aggression is accompanied by an increase in transcriptional (Fos) activity of OT neurons, but contrary to this hypothesis, we find that dominant male residents do not elevate OT-Fos colocalization following an aggressive encounter and that OT-Fos colocalization in the preoptic area and hypothalamus correlates negatively with aggression. Furthermore, OT-Fos colocalization increases dramatically in males that were aggressively subjugated or pursued by a human hand, likely reflecting OT modulation of stress response. Because OT inhibits the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis, the antagonist effects may reflect the fact that aggressive birds and mammals tend to be hyporesponsive to stress. If this is correct, then 1) the observed effects of OTR antagonism may reflect alterations in corticosterone feedback to the brain rather than centrally mediated OTR effects, and 2) the negative correlation between OT-Fos colocalization and aggression may reflect the fact that more aggressive, stress hyporesponsive males require less inhibition of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis than do less aggressive males, despite the requirement of that inhibition for the normal display of aggression.
Evaluating parenting classes held at a secondary school

The purpose of this research was to evaluate a parent intervention programme, open to parents of children in Year 7, aimed at assisting parents to help their children achieve their full potential. The benefit for parents themselves was also examined. Unlike many existing evaluations of parent intervention programmes, it drew upon statistically rigorous methodology. The evaluation was based on an examination of five hypotheses and used both qualitative and quantitative methodology. It was recognised that general learning difficulty could have an impact on children’s achievement and this was covered in the research design. Empirical tests were used to gather pre and post intervention scores on a range of children’s skills. These were: Mathematics; Reading; Spelling; Social Skills; and Self‐esteem. Statistical analysis was used to compare changes in the Experimental Group with those in the Control Group, as a measure of the effectiveness of the programme. Comments from respondents gave additional qualitative...
Incentives and superstars on the LPGA Tour

Following Ehrenberg and Bognanno (1990a, b), this study explores the role of incentives on the 2000 LPGA Tour. Overall, it finds them to have limited effectiveness. Several possible explanations are considered, including unmeasured differences in both abilities and courses and variations in the distribution of prizes across tournaments. The existence of a ‘superstar effect’ is also considered.
Regrowth kinetics of amorphous Ge layers created by 74Ge and 28Si implantation of Ge crystals

Abstract Epitaxial regrowth of ion-implanted amorphous Ge on the underlying crystal substrate occurs between 300 to 400°C with an activation energy of 2.0 eV and a rate of 100A/min on Ge at 350°C. The regrowth rate is strongly dependent on the orientation of the underlying Ge crystal. The regrowth behavior of amorphous Ge is similar to that of implanted amorphous Si.