cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reparations Problem Again

The mishandled problem of reparations and inter-Allied war debts looms large in customary analyses of the wreckage of the European peace settlement after World War I. The seminal source of trouble then was the insatiable appetite of the Versailles victors for “spoils,” joined by the Shylock American insistence on repayment of war debts. After World War II the war debt problem was gently erased, but reparations proved even more troublesome. Although those powers which a generation before had moulded the Versailles Treaty were, under American leadership, comparatively tame in their reparations demands, the Soviets were not. This is readily understandable, since the German armies spent their destructive fury on Eastern and not on Western lands. The Soviet loss of life and resources in repelling German armies from the heart of Russia was truly colossal. The war wiped out hard-won advances (factories, inventories, power plants, residences, tractors) achieved since 1917 under lash and by dint of incredible austerity. 1 The Soviet economy was planned and, with its insistent commodity needs, could absorb immense quantities of manufactured goods. Despite bomb-smashed German city centres and residences, German manpower remained, as well as powerful industrial facilities which operated up to the closing months of the war. Any trained observer would expect the Soviets to demand maximum one-time drainage and continuing arrangements whereby some German industrial facilities would be worked by some German labour to produce goods and services for Eastern benefit. This was precisely the policy later carried out within the Soviet Zone of Germany which, if it was not “milked dry,” was converted into a massive pumping station for current product reparations. 2 A less self-regarding Soviet policy toward the leading “ex-enemy” country would have been astonishing in view of the substantive drainage from “liberated” satellite areas.
On the role of thermal expansion and compression in large-scale atmospheric energy and mass transports

Abstract. There are currently two views of how atmospheric total energy transport is accomplished. The traditional view considers total energy as a quantity that is transported in an advective-like manner by the wind. The other considers that thermal expansion and the resultant compression of the surrounding air causes a transport of total energy in a wave-like manner at the speed of sound. This latter view emerged as the result of detailed analysis of fully compressible mesoscale model simulations that demonstrated considerable transfer of internal and gravitational potential energy at the speed of sound by Lamb waves. In this study, results are presented of idealized experiments with a fully compressible model designed to examine the large-scale transfers of total energy and mass when local heat sources are prescribed. For simplicity a Cartesian grid was used, there was a horizontally homogeneous and motionless initial state, and the simulations did not include moisture. Three main experimental designs were employed. The first has a convective-storm-scale heat source and does not include the Coriolis force. The second experiment has a continent-scale heat source prescribed near the surface to represent surface heating and includes a constant Coriolis parameter. The third experiment has a cloud-cluster-scale heat source prescribed at the equator and includes a latitude-dependent Coriolis parameter. Results show considerable amounts of meridional total energy and mass transfer at the speed of sound. This suggests that the current theory of large-scale total energy transport is incomplete. It is noteworthy that comparison of simulations with and without thermally generated compression waves show that for a very large-scale heat source there are fairly small but nevertheless significant differences of the wind field. These results raise important questions related to the mass constraints when calculating meridional energy transports, the use of semi-implicit time differencing in large-scale global models, and the use of the term “heat transfer” for total energy transfer.
Reporters of Amyloid Structure

Reporters of amyloid fibril structure have contributed greatly to our understanding of the biochemical processes of fibril formation. Congo Red and Thioflavine T have been used to discover agents that disrupt fibril formation. Now labeled tight binding ligands are being assessed for their utility as imaging agents to diagnose amyloid deposition and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. Antibodies selective for the fibrils or amyloidogenic forms of the proteins originally defined by microscopy and by small molecule probes are presently being used to investigate the involvement of these species in the pathology of disease. Some of these immunological tools may also have therapeutic utility in depleting toxic forms of the proteins. Further development of these probes will improve diagnosis and expedite the development of therapeutic strategies for the increasing number of recognized diseases of protein misfolding.
Introduction to Nonhuman DNA Typing

Nonhuman DNA typing is a specialty application that can be adapted in forensic DNA laboratories for both criminal and civil casework. Nonhuman samples can be significant for animal cruelty cases, but they can also serve as associative evidence that helps link people to crime scenes, or suspect to victim. Types of nonhuman evidentiary samples used for DNA typing include hairs or biological fluids from animals, plant tissues, insects, and microbial communities within soil. All these sample types and typing techniques are currently being researched further and could have a great impact on the field of forensic science in the future.
Fast Projection-Based Solvers for the Non-Convex Quadratically Constrained Feasibility Problem

Quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) forms an important class of optimization tasks in various engineering disciplines. Fast identification of a feasible point under low computational complexity load is critical for several approximation techniques which have been developed to solve non-convex QCQPs. This paper introduces two projection-based techniques to compute feasible points of non-convex QCQPs with low computational complexity footprints: The first one employs successive projection mappings, while the second one builds on a composition of successive and averaged projection steps. Extensive experiments on synthetically generated instances of non-convex quadratically constrained feasibility problems demonstrate that the simple successive-projection based technique compares favorably against state-of-the-art feasible point pursuit methods which capitalize on successive convex approximation, parallel projections and computationally demanding interior-point techniques.
Analysis of neurotransmitter levels in addiction-related brain regions during synthetic cathinone self-administration in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Synthetic cathinones are used as stimulants of abuse. Different stimulants may induce distinct rates of disease progression, yielding neurochemical changes that may vary across brain regions or neurotransmitter systems. This research sought to behaviorally and chemically differentiate stages of synthetic cathinone abuse through rodent self-administration and measurement of the neurotransmitter profile in multiple brain regions. Male rats were trained to self-administer α-PVP, mephedrone (4MMC), or saline. Half of each drug group stopped self-administering after autoshaping; the other half self-administered for another 21 days. Brain tissue from amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, PFC, striatum, and thalamus was profiled with electrochemical detection to assess neurotransmitter levels. During autoshaping, the majority of infusions were delivered noncontingently. In the self-administration phase, rats responded more for α-PVP and 4MMC than for saline, demonstrating that both synthetic cathinones were reinforcing. Longer durations of exposure elevated 5-HIAA in hypothalamus, PFC, and hippocampus, indicating that learning may produce changes in addiction-related brain regions. Both synthetic cathinones decreased norepinephrine in hippocampus, while α-PVP decreased glutamate in hippocampus and PFC, and 4MMC decreased glutamate in thalamus. Furthermore, α-PVP increased dopaminergic metabolites in striatum, whereas 4MMC decreased serotonin in the amygdala, hippocampus, and PFC. Interestingly, neither synthetic cathinone affected dopamine levels despite their functional effects on the dopaminergic system. In summary, the neurotransmitter changes observed here suggest that synthetic cathinone use likely produces sequential neurochemical changes during the transition from use to abuse. Consequently, treatment need may differ depending on the progression of synthetic cathinone abuse.
Opportunistic Infections in Transplant Patients

Transplants have become common with excellent patient and graft outcomes owing to advances in surgical technique, immunosuppression, and antimicrobial prophylaxis. In 2017, 34,770 solid organ transplants were performed in the United States. For solid organ transplant recipients, infection remains a common complication owing to the regimens required to prevent rejection. Opportunistic infections, which are infections that are generally of lower virulence within a healthy host but cause more severe and frequent disease in immunosuppressed individuals, typically occur in the period 1 month to 1 year after transplantation. This article focuses on opportunistic infections in the solid organ transplant recipient.
Chemoprevention of chemically induced skin tumor development by diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide.

Garlic and onion oil have been shown to inhibit chemically induced skin tumor development in mice. In the present study, the effects of diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide, oil-soluble constituents of garlic and onion, on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced and 12, O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted skin tumor formation were examined in SENCAR mice. Topical application of diallyl sulfide or diallyl disulfide significantly inhibited skin papilloma formation from the ninth week of promotion and significantly increased the rate of survival in the murine model. Our findings support earlier evidence that these naturally occurring compounds may be useful for the chemoprevention of certain types of tumors.
Revisioning Grammar Instruction through Collaborative Lesson Study: A New Apprenticeship of Observation

ABSTRACTA concern about grammar and usage instruction is the ineffectiveness of the frequently-used practice of worksheets and out-of-context application. In light of recent findings that applied g...
Coupled thermodynamic and experimental approach to evaluate ettringite formation in a soil stabilized with fluidized bed ash by-product: A case study

Abstract Coal combustion by-products, “ash” in various forms have been used extensively to stabilize soils partially due to their relatively slow rate of hydration, pozzolanic reactions and competitive price compared to portland cement. This paper is based on a case study where fluidized bed ash was used to stabilize a subgrade soil causing extensive ettringite formation that resulted in significant structural distress. A total of 45 samples were collected for X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) testings. The ash contained up to 70% gypsum, which triggered formation as much as 30% ettringite in a matrix of approximately 94% soil and 6% fluidized bed ash by-product by mass. The Thermodynamic modeling code GEMS-PSI was used to evaluate the occurrence of ettringite and, more specifically, to quantify the extent of ettringite formation. The model is shown to be 91% reliable in its ability to predict ettringite (qualitatively). The quantitative evaluation of the mass percentage of ettringite formation are shown to have a mean error of 12.4% with a standard deviation (SD) of 12.8%. The results from thermodynamic model were calibrated to account for the assumptions that reduced the mean error to 0.12% (SD 4.3%). The results validate the application of the model as a forensic tool. In addition, phase diagrams were developed to graphically illustrate effect of amorphous silica on ettringite formation. They show significant reduction in the stability field of ettringite with an increase in concentration of amorphous silica. The limitations of the model due to incomplete mineralogical data are discussed and a strong case is presented for substantial improvement in the efficacy and quantitative accuracy of the model upon the attainment of more precise mineralogical data.
Why Scientific Realists Should Reject the Second Dogma of Quantum Mechanics

The information-theoretic approach to quantum mechanics, proposed by Bub and Pitowsky, is a realist approach to quantum theory which rejects the “two dogmas” of quantum mechanics: in this theory measurement results are not analysed in terms of something more fundamental, and the quantum state does not represent physical entities. Bub and Pitowsky’s approach has been criticized because of their argument that kinematic explanations are more satisfactory than dynamical ones. Moreover, some have discussed the difficulties the information-theoretic interpretation faces in making sense of the quantum state as epistemic. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, I argue that a realist should reject the second dogma without relying on the alleged explanatory superiority of kinematical explanation over dynamical ones, thereby providing Bub and Pitowsky with a way to avoid the first set of objections to their view. Then I propose a functionalist account of the wavefunction as a non-material entity which does not fall prey of the objections to the epistemic account or the other non-material accounts such as the nomological view, and therefore I supply the proponents of the information-theoretic interpretation with a new tool to overcome the second set of criticisms.
Fundamentals of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

The development of living polymerization enabled the production of polymers with precisely controlled molecular weight, narrow molecular weight distribution, and well-defined architecture and composition. There are a number of advantages of controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) as compared to ionic polymerization. Such advantages include applicability to a wide range of monomers and solvents, tolerance to impurities and functional groups, and ease of experimental set-up. The most widely used CRP techniques include atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), nitroxide-mediated polymerization, organometallic-mediated radical polymerization, and degenerative transfer polymerization. In each case, control is maintained via fast dynamic equilibrium between dormant species and propagating chains. This article gives details on ATRP fundamentals, mechanistic considerations, conducting ATRP, materials, and functionality. Recent advances in catalyst design, initiation systems, and material synthesis have expanded the potential of ATRP as an environmentally benign process. Keywords: Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP); Components; Catalyst selection; Side reactions; Initiation systems; Activators; Functionality; Methacrylates; Styrene; Functional initiators; Microstructure; Copolymers; Topology; Polymeric brush; “Green” ATRP
Adjuvant Therapy Failure Patterns in the Modern Era of Melanoma Management

The management of patients with resected stage 3 melanoma has changed significantly due to adoption of the Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial (MSLT)-2 guidelines and to the survival benefit of adjuvant anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and BRAF/MEK-inhibitor (BRAF/MEKi) therapy. Data are scarce regarding recurrence patterns, adjuvant therapy responses, and therapy-associated adverse events (AEs) in the modern era. This single-institution, retrospective study analyzed surgically resected stage 3 and oligometastatic stage 4 patients who received anti-PD-1, BRAF/MEKi, or surgery with active surveillance only. The primary end point of the study was recurrence-free survival (RFS). The secondary end points were the location and clinical characteristics of recurrence and therapy-associated AEs. From a cohort of 137 patients, the study enrolled 102 patients treated with adjuvant anti-PD-1 (n = 46), adjuvant BRAF/MEKi (n = 3), or surgery alone (n = 26). During a mean follow-up period of 17 months, 20% of the ani-PD-1 patients, 13% of the BRAF/MEKi patients, and 42% of the surgery-only patients experienced recurrence. Log-rank testing showed a significantly longer RFS for the patients treated with anti-PD-1 [15.3 months; interquartile range (IQR), 8.2–23.2 months; p = 0.04] or BRAF/MEKi (17.9 months; IQR, 12.5–23 months; p = 0.01) than for those treated with surgery alone (11.9 months; IQR, 7.0–17.6 months). In the anti-PD-1 group, AEs occurred less frequently than in the BRAF/MEKi group (54% vs 80%; p = 0.03). Adjuvant anti-PD-1 and BRAF/MEKi were associated with significantly improved RFS for the patients with resected stage 3 or 4 melanoma. The BRAF/MEKi group had significantly more AEs than the anti-PD-1 group. This is the first study to characterize real-world recurrence in the modern era of adjuvant therapy for melanoma.
Management of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women: How Providers Can Improve the Patient Experience.

Abstract Objective To provide guidance to providers on how to improve the patient experience for women with recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs). Methods The recently updated 2019 American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines for recurrent uncomplicated acute cystitis and other contemporary publications pertaining to recurrent UTIs in women were reviewed. These data were used to summarize practice-based methodology to formulate recommendations with an emphasis on education to enhance the patient experience. Results We summarize the guideline-based management of patients with rUTI and augment this with a patient-focused perspective to provide recommendations for how to best counsel patients regarding evaluation, treatment using antibiotic stewardship practices, and a comprehensive prevention plan. We focus on patient education as the foundation for successful provider-patient relationships as well as patient compliance with care pathways. Conclusion rUTIs are costly, time-consuming, and painful for patients. For providers, rUTIs represent a frustrating aspect of clinical care facing the balance of antibiotic stewardship with effective treatment and patient expectations with limited data supporting nonantibiotic therapies. Urologists have the skills and knowledge to provide this patient population with competent and compassionate care. By investing in these patients, being responsive to their concerns and offering education, patients will have a better overall experience with this chronic condition.
Elections have Consequences: Partisan Politics may be Literally Killing Us

Presidential campaigns and election outcomes have significant health implications for voters and communities. The theoretical underpinning of this relationship is multifaceted, but a new and growing field of empirical literature strongly suggests communities that voted for the losing presidential candidate may experience decreased physical and mental health under the leadership of the winning candidate. Our objective was to estimate the relationship between mortality rates and community support for the losing presidential candidate (partisan loss). Mortality data compiled by the US Centers for Disease Control and election results at the county level were used across a suite of county-year fixed-effects models to estimate the effect of election outcomes on mortality rates for the years 1999–2017. Mortality rates were positively associated with partisan loss. Results suggest mortality rates increase by as much as 3% in extremely partisan counties following presidential election losses. We suggest two mechanisms—social disintegration and/or partisan theory—by which mortality rates are likely to increase for counties that voted for the losing presidential candidate.
Active Face Frontalization using Commodity Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.

This paper describes a system by which Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can gather high-quality face images that can be used in biometric identification tasks. Success in face-based identification depends in large part on the image quality, and a major factor is how frontal the view is. Face recognition software pipelines can improve identification rates by synthesizing frontal views from non-frontal views by a process call {\em frontalization}. Here we exploit the high mobility of UAVs to actively gather frontal images using components of a synthetic frontalization pipeline. We define a frontalization error and show that it can be used to guide an UAVs to capture frontal views. Further, we show that the resulting image stream improves matching quality of a typical face recognition similarity metric. The system is implemented using an off-the-shelf hardware and software components and can be easily transfered to any ROS enabled UAVs.
Individual and Combined Effects of Fall Fire and Growth-Regulator Herbicide on Annual Bromes

Abstract Widespread invasive annual grasses, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb.), fluctuate greatly in abundance and compete with native species. Fire and herbicide have each provided various levels of short-term control. We tested the individual and combined effects of fall fire and the herbicide aminopyralid on annual brome to determine whether combined treatment increased or extended control. Treatments were a factorial arrangement of two fire (no fire; fall fire with 2-yr return interval) and three herbicide (no herbicide; alternate-yr herbicide; annual herbicide) treatments with five replications. Across years, fire doubled bare ground and reduced litter cover to half of that with no fire. Fire had no effect on germination of brome seed produced after fire. Fire reduced brome biomass one or two growing seasons after fire. The first 3 study yr, brome biomass was
Abolishing Morality

Moral anti-realism comes in two forms – noncognitivism and the error theory. The noncognitivist says that when we make moral judgments we aren’t even trying to state moral facts. The error theorist says that when we make moral judgments we are making statements about what is objectively good, bad, right, or wrong but, since there are no moral facts, our moral judgments are uniformly false. This development of moral anti-realism was first seriously defended by John Mackie. In this paper I explore a dispute among moral error theorists about how to deal with false moral judgments. The advice of the moral abolitionist is to stop making moral judgments, but the contrary advice of the moral fictionalist is to retain moral language and moral thinking. After clarifying the choice that arises for the moral error theorist, I argue that moral abolitionism has much to recommend it. I discuss Mackie’s defense of moral fictionalism as well as a recent version of the same position offered by Daniel Nolan, Greg Restall, and Caroline West. Then I second some remarks Ian Hinckfuss made in his defense of moral abolitionism and his criticism of “the moral society.” One of the worst things about moral fictionalism is that it undermines our epistemology by promoting a culture of deception. To deal with this problem Richard Joyce offers a “non-assertive” version of moral fictionalism as perhaps the last option for an error theorist who hopes to avoid moral abolitionism. I discuss some of the problems facing that form of moral fictionalism, offer some further reasons for adopting moral abolitionism in our personal lives, and conclude with reasons for thinking that abolishing morality may be an essential step in achieving the goals well-meaning moralists and moral fictionalists have always cherished.
Biological control of the larval mosquito Culex pipiens Say using bio-pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and growth regulator Dimilin

This study was conducted at the Research Laboratory / Animal House Animal / College of Science / Mustansirhiya University to evaluate the efficiency of the growth regulator Dimilin chitin synthesis inhibitor by three different concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ppm and efficiency of bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis concentrations 6.25
Horizontal Merger Guidelines

This article provides an examination of the four sets of guidelines, regarding mergers between rival firms, which have been provided to the business community by the US antitrust authorities during the past half century. These guidelines identify the conditions under which a proposed merger is considered to be sufficiently anticompetitive that the antitrust authorities will challenge the merger in court. The development of, and economic rationale behind, the first set of guidelines issued in 1968 is presented. The article then presents the three sets of guidelines subsequently developed by the US Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission, including those issued in 2010 that are in force today. The differences in the economic methodology behind each set of guidelines are presented. The article then provides a discussion of the ongoing policy debate among several prominent economics scholars as to the relative merits of the early and newer guides. Keywords: antitrust policy; mergers; market power; market performance; guidelines
Camphor Plasmid-Mediated Chromosomal Transfer in Pseudomonas putida

Abstract Camphor-utilizing strains of Pseudomonas putida have been shown to carry the genetic information required for camphor degradation on a plasmid. The plasmid-carrying strains can serve as donors of both plasmid-borne and chromosomal genes. As recipients, plasmid-deleted strains are much superior to those carrying the camphor pathway genes. The transfer frequency of chromosomal, but not plasmid-borne, genes is markedly enhanced if the donor cells are irradiated with ultraviolet light followed by 3-h of growth on a rich medium in the dark. Recombinants selected for prototrophy are stable and most acquire the camphor (CAM) plasmid concomitantly; only a few of the Cam+ recombinants inherit the donor's ability to transfer chromosomal genes at a high frequency. Transfer-defective mutations occur on the CAM plasmid, affecting both CAM and chromosomal gene transfer.
Soviet Computing in the 1980s: A Survey of the Software and Its Applications

Publisher Summary The chapter surveys some aspects of the Soviet computer software world and examines how computers applied in several fields enjoy a high level of official support. The chapter examines seven major areas of computer applications in the USSR. Various automated systems of management and control (ASU) are discussed. The state of computing in Soviet research and development organizations, which found themselves low on the priority list when it came to allocating computer and communications technology until the mid 1980s is also described. Computer networking is also developing very slowly in the USSR. The Ministry of Telecommunications is hostile to data communications and places various impediments in the way of organizations desiring to use the switched network for this purpose. The chapter reviews Soviet educational computing. Computer courses with a curriculum stressing the development of programming skills and “algorithmic thinking” were introduced into Soviet schools. Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the latest applications area of highest priority. The chapter emphasizes that without radical change, the Soviet software industry will be unable to satisfy domestic demand for high-quality software. The consequence is that Western software will be in great and growing demand, which raises a policy question for the United States and its software industry.
Copper(I) . bleomycin. A structurally unique oxidation-reduction active complex.

Cu(I) and Cu(II) form stable 1:1 complexes with bleomycin (BLM). The affinity of both metals for the drug is greater than that of Fe(II). Cu(I) . BLM A2 binds to calf thymus DNA with about the same affinity as Fe(II) . BLM, as judged by DNA-induced fluorescence quenching of the bithiazole moiety of BLM. Based on 1H NMR and potentiometric titration data, the Cu(I) complexes of BLM are shown to have geometries very different than those of other BLM . metal(II) complexes studied thus far. As Cu(I) . BLM is oxidation-reduction active, its geometry is of importance in defining the structural requirements for BLM activity.
Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy as a Predictor of Lung Function in Children

Recent studies have suggested that prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke may lead to lower lung function in infants. The authors examined the relation of maternal smoking during pregnancy to persistent deficits in the lung function of older children. Subjects were 8,863 nonsmoking white children aged 8-12 years from 22 North American communities. Information on maternal smoking was provided by the child's mother. Pulmonary function testing of the children was conducted at school in 1988-1991. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy, whether or not they still smoked in the year prior to the study, had significantly lower lung function than did children whose mothers did not smoke in either period. On average, forced expiratory flow between 65 and 75 percent of forced vital capacity (FEF65-75%), forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75 percent of forced vital capacity (FEF25-75%), and forced expiratory volume in 3/4 of a second (FEV0.75) were 5.7%, 4.9%, and 1.7% lower, respectively, for children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. After adjusting for maternal smoking during pregnancy, the authors found that current maternal smoking was not associated with significant differences on any lung function measure. These results show a persistent deficient in lung function associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy that is not explained by current maternal smoking alone. The strongest effects were observed with pulmonary function measures of flow in the small airways. The authors conclude that the effects of exposure to tobacco smoking by the mother during pregnancy and/or environmental tobacco smoke exposure in the first few years of life persist into childhood and may affect the pulmonary function attained throughout the child's life.
Scarless wound repair: a human fetal skin model

Animal studies demonstrate that the fetus heals cutaneous wounds by reformation of normal tissue architecture without scar formation. We have developed a new model to study human fetal skin wound healing. Grafts of human fetal skin placed onto athymic mice retain the morphologic features of normal development, although they differentiate at an accelerated rate when placed cutaneously compared to subcutaneously. Full-thickness skin grafts from human fetuses at 15 (n = 12), 17 (n = 11), 18 (n = 25), 19 (n = 20) and 22 (n = 13) weeks gestational age were placed onto athymic (nu/nu) mice in 2 locations: (1) cutaneously onto a fascial bed and thereby exposed to air or (2) subcutaneously in a pocket under the murine panniculus carnosus. Linear incisions were made in each graft 7 days after transplantation. Grafts were harvested at 7, 14 and 21 days postwounding and analyzed histologically for scar formation. By hematoxylin & eosin and Mallory's trichrome stains, complete epidermal and dermal graft wound healing without scar formation was demonstrated in the subcutaneous grafts at each gestational age studied. In contrast, scar was seen at all time points in the cutaneous grafts in both the incisional wound and at the interface of the fetal human skin graft and adult mouse skin, regardless of fetal skin gestational age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dynein at the cortex

Cytoplasmic dynein is a minus end directed microtubule motor protein with numerous functions during interphase and mitosis. Recent evidence has identified several roles mediated by a fraction of cytoplasmic dynein associated with the cell cortex. So far, these include nuclear migration, mitotic spindle orientation, and cytoskeletal reorientation during wound healing, but others are likely. The possibility that a cortically bound form of dynein might represent its most ancient evolutionary state is discussed.
The Creation of Mechanisms According to Kinematic Structure and Function

The classification of mechanisms is reviewed and their kinematic structure and graph representation discussed. Mechanism creation based on the separation of structure from function is illustrated f...
Lattice Quantum Algorithm for the Schrödinger Wave Equation in 2+1 Dimensions with a Demonstration by Modeling Soliton Instabilities

A lattice-based quantum algorithm is presented to model the non-linear Schrodinger-like equations in 2 + 1 dimensions. In this lattice-based model, using only 2 qubits per node, a sequence of unitary collide (qubit---qubit interaction) and stream (qubit translation) operators locally evolve a discrete field of probability amplitudes that in the long-wavelength limit accurately approximates a non-relativistic scalar wave function. The collision operator locally entangles pairs of qubits followed by a streaming operator that spreads the entanglement throughout the two dimensional lattice. The quantum algorithmic scheme employs a non-linear potential that is proportional to the moduli square of the wave function. The model is tested on the transverse modulation instability of a one dimensional soliton wave train, both in its linear and non-linear stages. In the integrable cases where analytical solutions are available, the numerical predictions are in excellent agreement with the theory.
“Change” in a Post-Bush Era: Revolution or Maintaining the Neoliberal Legacy

Under conditions in the USA in which hope has been generated by the election of a president of African descent, the author expresses concern that the neoliberal education policies of the past 20 years will not be changed and are not being questioned. Examples are provided that include the continued support for the privatization of public schools in post-Katrina New Orleans and the various ways that NCLB privileges capitalism.
Reasons to doubt the present evidence for metaphoric representation.

Rejetant la defense de la representation metaphorique developpee par R. Gibbs a partir des notions d'evidence empirique, incarnation et donnees linguistiques, l'A. montre que la categorie des concepts metaphoriques est trop vague pour faire l'objet d'une confirmation empirique et que leur structure conceptuelle ne necessite pas de modele specifique
Hetrogeneity of nuclear volumes and interphase nuclear growth in cells of root apical meristems

Abstract Nuclear volume distributions from proliferative- and stationary-phase meristems of pea roots have been compared and shown to be almost identical. A wide range of nuclear volumes is also found within cells of the same interphase age, specifically early G1 cells and late G2 cells, further indicating that nuclear volume cannot be used to estimate interphase age. The average increase in nuclear volume is approx. 2.5-fold, and all nuclei of the meristem, whatever their starting volume, increase by the same factor. Sister nuclei have very similar volumes in early G1, indicating that asymmetric mitoses within the meristem do not contribute significantly to the heterogeneity found.
Desoxyribosenucleoprotein from bovine spleen

Desoxyribosenucleoprotein has been prepared from bovine spleen by water extraction after exhaustive extraction of spleen pulp with 0.14 M NaCl. Repeated reprecipitation in 0.14 M NaCl and clarification of the water solutions by centrifugation at 30 000 g has been used to purify the protein. Ultraviolet absorption, electrophoretic and solubility studies have been done to partially characterize the preparation, and its stability throughout the pH range from pH 2–12 and on prolonged standing has been studied. The preparation has been compared with Chromosin obtained by 1 M NaCl extraction by the method of Mirsky and Pollister. It is suggested that the water preparations here studied are essentially the same as the Genoprotein T from calf thymus of Stern and coworkers. Light scattering, ultracentrifuge and further analytical chemical studies are planned to further characterize this material, and similar preparations from other tissues are being studied.
Pediatric vaccines in HIV-infected children.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current pediatric immunization recommendations in HIV infection are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy and restoration of immune responsiveness, consideration should be given to repeat boosting of childhood vaccines. Human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended for young girls since this virus is associated with an increased risk of anogenital cancers in HIV infection. HIV-infected infants immunized at birth with bacillus Calmette-Guerin who later developed AIDS were at increased risk of disseminated bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection so it is no longer recommended for known HIV-infected infants. SUMMARY Despite suboptimal immune responses, routine inactivated immunizations are recommended. Live attenuated vaccines are generally not recommended with the exception of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine and varicella vaccines which can still be given to children who are not severely immunocompromised (CD4 lymphocytes >15%). Additional data are pending on rotavirus and human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV. A theoretical concern is enhanced HIV virus replication due to immune activation following immunization, but this is predicted to be greater following infection so the consensus has been to immunize. HIV viral replication may be enhanced transiently without increased progression of HIV disease.
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF THE SPEED OF PROPAGATION OF WIND WAVES AS A FUNCTION OF WAVELENGTH1

By means of an example it is shown that cross-spectral analysis may be used to obtain a direct empirical measurement of short wave velocity as a function of wavelength. The results indicate that the wave speeds obtained from the classical Stokes formula are too low, and that the theoretical results of Milne-Thompson are in better accord with observation. It is also indicated that, in this empirical study and many others, the wave steepness is nearly independent of wavelength for the high frequency side of the wave spectrum.
Successful treatment of severe refractory aplastic anemia with 3‐β etiocholanolone and nandrolone decanoate

A patient with aplastic anemia, who had been unresponsive to androgens, antithymocyte globulin, high-dose methylprednisolone, and cyclosporine, responded to treatment with 3-beta-etiocholanolone, nandrolone decanoate, and prednisolone acetate. Six months following initiation of therapy, she became red cell and platelet transfusion independent with neutrophils persistently over 1,000/microliters. A sustained partial remission has persisted for over 2 years. This observation suggests that a combined hematostimulatory approach may be of benefit, even in patients with long-standing refractory aplasia.
Role of the Retinoblastoma (pRb)–E2F/DP Pathway in Cancer Chemopreventive Effects of Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-gallate

Because of the demonstrated role of green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in cancer chemoprevention, there is considerable emphasis in understanding its mechanism of action. In this study, we assessed the involvement of the retinoblastoma (pRb)-E2F/DP pathway as an important contributor in the antiproliferative effects of EGCG. As shown by immunoblot analysis, EGCG treatment of A431 cells resulted in a dose- as well as time-dependent decrease in the total pRb with a relative increase in the hypophosphorylated form of pRb. EGCG also resulted in serine-780 phosphorylation of pRb in these cells. Further, EGCG was found to downregulate the protein expression of other members of the pRb family, viz. p130 and p107, in a dose- as well as time-dependent manner. This response was accompanied by downregulation in the protein expression of the E2F (1 through 5) family of transcription factors and their heterodimeric partners DP1 and DP2. Taken together, our study suggests that EGCG causes a downregulation of hyperphosphorylated pRb protein with a relative increase in hypophosphorylated pRb that, in turn, compromises with the availability of "free" E2F. This series of events leads to stoppage of cell cycle progression at the G1-->S phase transition thereby causing G0/G1 arrest and subsequent apoptotic cell death. This, to our knowledge, is the first study showing the involvement of the pRb-E2F/DP pathway in antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of EGCG.
Quarantine: a framework to mitigate memory errors in JNI applications

By using Java Native Interface (JNI), programmers can integrate Java programs with legacy applications or third-party libraries written in other languages (e.g., C, C++, and Pascal). However, the use of JNI can bypass the Java boundary checking and exception-handling mechanisms. Furthermore, its use can violate Java's type-safety feature because of the type-mismatches between native programs and Java programs. As a result, such integration can cause various security issues including heap errors that can be dangerous and difficult to detect.In this paper, we introduce Quarantine, a runtime system that can identify objects accessible by native methods and then migrate these objects to a quarantine area, which is used specifically to host this type of object. The goal of Quarantine is to create a runtime platform that allows programmers to apply existing heap protection techniques that have been designed for native languages but do not work well in the Java domain. We implemented Quarantine in Jikes RVM and evaluated its performance using the optimizing compiler. Our results using nine benchmark programs indicate that Quarantine, on average, incurs execution overhead of 14% and 13% when the heap is two and five times larger than the minimum heap requirement for an application, respectively.
1984 solar eclipse

At a recent meeting of the incoherent scatter radar user community an experiment was planned to observe the ionospheric and thermospheric response to the May 30, 1984, annular solar eclipse with the meridional radar chain whose elements span the eclipse path. Investigators from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, SRI International, Arecibo Observatory, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Haystack Observatory were involved in this experiment. The operation of the incoherent scatter radars is sponsored by the National Science Foundation Atmospheric Sciences Division. Three radars participated in the observations of the eclipse effects: Arecibo (18°N), Millstone Hill (43°N), and Sondrestrom (67°N). The Millstone Hill radar was within 3° latitude of the path of the eclipse and experienced a maximum solar obscuration of 92% at 1705 UT. The eclipse duration was approximately 3 hours. Measurements at Millstone Hill included electron density, plasma temperatures, and ion drifts overhead using the 67-m zenith antenna and to the south and southwest at low elevations (10–15°) using the 46-m steerable antenna to map drift velocity vectors and extend the observations towards the Arecibo station. Millstone Hill began gathering observations at 1200 UT and continued through the eclipse to 2200 UT. The automated data processing and graphics capabilities at Millstone Hill were utilized to obtain initial results of the eclipse observations within 12 hours of the completion of the experiment, and the data were placed in the remotely accessible user data base on the Millstone computer. These data are available to the research community on request.
Validity of the decisional process inventory

Abstract Empirical research on career indecision has been criticized for lacking theoretical conceptualization. To address this problem we examined the validity of the decisional process inventory (DPI), a measure of career decision making derived from a model based in Gestalt psychotherapy theory. Undergraduate college students (91 women, 110 men) responded to the DPI and criterion measures of career indecision and vocational identity. Results supported hypothesized relations between and among DPI items and subscales, and the ability of the measure to differentiate individuals by expressed career choice status. Significant intercorrelations among DPI subscales and criterion measures supported the concurrent validity of the DPI. Confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis of the DPI items did not support the hypothesized structure of the DPI to measure three career decision-making process dimensions: readiness, action, and resistance. Although results supported the basic psychometric properties of the DPI as a brief measure of career decision making, additional research is needed to clarify the underlying factor structure of the instrument.
Vaginal indomethacin increases TIMP-2 levels in amniotic fluid and fetal membranes in a rabbit model for RU486-induced preterm birth

FETAL MEMBRANES IN A RABBIT MODEL FOR RU486-INDUCED PRETERM BIRTH WILBERT FORTSON (F), KAY BEHARRY, STEPHEN NAGEOTTE, AMANDA JAN, TAMEROU ASRAT, HOUCHANG MODANLOU, University of California, Irvine, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Irvine, California, University of California, Irvine, Pediatrics, Orange, California, Miller Children’s Hospital, Women’s Pavilion, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Long Beach, California, Miller Children’s Hospital, Women’s Pavilion, Irvine, California OBJECTIVE: Preterm parturition and rupture of fetal membranes are associated with decreased amniotic fluid tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-2), an endogenous inhibitor of MMPs. We examined the hypothesis that vaginal indomethacin will increase TIMP-2 levels in a rabbit model for RU468-induced preterm birth in amniotic fluid (AF) and fetal membranes (FM) in a rabbit model for RU468-induced preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant rabbits were induced with a single 50 mg IM dose of RU486 at day 24 of a 32 day gestation. The animals received either oral indomethacin (20 mg in a vehicle suspension, OI), a methylcellulose vehicle suspension (OV), a vaginal suppository of indomethacin (20 mg in cocoa butter, VI), or a vaginal suppository of cocoa butter only (placebo, VP) once daily for 2 days. At delivery (expulsion of at least 1 fetus), AF and FM were collected for MMP-2, and -9 activity; and TIMP-1 and -2 levels. RESULTS: Data are meanGSEM. There were not differences in MMP-9 activity. CONCLUSION: Elevated TIMP-2 levels in the amniotic fluid and fetal membranes with vaginal indomethacin suggest decreased breakdown of extracellular matrix and inhibition of membrane rupture in our model.
Effect of thermal effluents on oligochaetes in Reowee Reservoir, South Carolina

From April 1974 through October 1975, benthos samples were collected in Keowee Reservoir to determine the impact of the operation of Oconee Nuclear Station. 24 oligochaete species, including 18 Naididae, were identified; average density in the reservoir was 2427/m2. Only the oligochaete populations in the immediate vicinity of the discharge outlet were affected by the power plant; there the average standing crop and total number of species were highest and seasonal fluctuations were significant at the .05 level.
A Tribute to Nutrition’s Past Editorial Advisory Board Members

Steven P. Abcouwer, PhD Naji Abumrad, MD Delana A. Adelekan, MSc, PhD Farida M. Al-Awadi, MD, PhD J. Wesley Alexander, MD Simon P. Allison, MD, FRCP Margaret Allman, PhD Michael Allwood, MPharmS, PhD Gabriel Anabwani, MMed, CTM Kiriakos Antonas, PhD Jeffrey Askanzi, MD Frederico Aun, MD Hanifa Bachou, MMed George L. Baker, MD Patrick Ball, PhD, MCPP Peter Ballmer, MD Michael Barnett, PhD, MR PharmS† Jose M. Basaluzzo, MD Stacey J. Bell, DSc, RD Rafael Belloso, MD Adrianne Bendich, PhD Mary Berg, PharmD† Stanislaw Berger, MD Hugo Bertullo, MD Ola Bjorkman, PhD George L. Blackburn, MD, PhD Jeffrey B. Blumberg, PhD, FACN Tammy Bray, PhD Ratko Buzina, MD, Gyorgy Bodoky, MD Gordon Buzby, MD Allyson Cain Michael Caldwell, MD, PhD J. Edward Canham, MD