cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliable Aggregation over Prioritized Data Streams

Under limited resources, targeted prioritized data stream systems (TP) adjust the processing order of tuples to produce the most significant results first. In TP, an aggregation operator may not receive all tuples within an aggregation group. Typically, the aggregation operator is unaware of how many and which tuples are missing. As a consequence, computed averages over these streams could be skewed, invalid, and worse yet totally misleading. Such inaccurate results are unacceptable for many applications. TP-Ag is a novel aggregate operator for TP that produces reliable average calculations for normally distributed data under adverse conditions. It determines at run-time which results to produce and which subgroups in the aggregate population are used to generate each result. A carefully designed application of Cochran’s sample size methodology is used to measure the reliability of results. Each result is annotated with which subgroups were used in its production. Our experimental findings substantiate that TP-Ag increases the reliability of average calculations compared to the state-of-the-art approaches for TP systems (up to 91% more accurate results).
Climate Sensitivity and the Direct Effect of Carbon Dioxide in a Limited-Area Cloud-Resolving Model

AbstractEven in a small domain, it can be prohibitively expensive to run cloud-resolving greenhouse gas warming experiments due to the long equilibration time. Here, a technique is introduced that ...
The History of Cardiovascular Calcification

Calcium is an integral part of human physiology. The presence of calcium mineral in soft tissue, however, reflects disease. The occurrence of mineral in cardiovascular system is the best predictor of morbidity and mortality, and in addition to serving as a reliable biomarker, the presence of stiff calcific mineral in otherwise soft tissues actively contributes to the leading causes of death in the world. Once thought to derive from passive tissue degeneration, active mechanisms that resemble bone formation have been shown to mediate cardiovascular calcification. The recognition that active cellular and molecular mechanisms mediate mineralization provide hope that interventions can prevent or reverse cardiovascular calcification, but the prevalence of mineral in arterial walls across human history suggests that soft tissues inherently predisposed to calcify. Mineral within arterial walls can be observed in 4000-year-old mummified human remains and across populations with varying lifestyles and diets. As our understanding of cardiovascular calcification continues to evolve, we may find ways to avoid the fate of our ancestors and confront this major contributor to cardiovascular disease. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the history of cardiovascular calcification discovery and its impact on human health.
When the Tumor Lyses: A Case Report on Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncological emergency characterized by severe electrolyte disturbance that typically occurs when hematologic cancer patients have been started on systemic chemotherapy. We present an uncommon case of spontaneous TLS (STLS) occurring in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma. The patient was a 59-year-old male with newly diagnosed differentiated carcinoma of unknown origin who presented with weakness, fatigue, and lightheadedness. Initial imaging revealed cholangiocarcinoma with innumerable pulmonary and hepatic metastases. The laboratory values showed leukocytosis, hypercalcemia, and lactic acidosis. He was diagnosed and treated for sepsis of pulmonary origin. Over the next 3 days, the patient's clinical condition steadily worsened despite aggressive treatment, with new-onset hypoxic respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, and septic shock. Chemotherapy was administered, with new laboratory values showing hyperuricemia and hyperkalemia, consistent with STLS. The patient was transferred to the ICU and emergently started on dialysis but expired a day later from multi-organ failure. To our knowledge, this is the second case of STLS in cholangiocarcinoma. Our patient was unique in that he presented with hypercalcemia and normal phosphorus levels, instead of the typical hyperphosphatemia and secondary consumptive hypocalcemia. While the exact pathophysiology of STLS is still elusive, we believe that the patient's initial sepsis-induced hypotension, aggressively enlarging tumor, and extent of metastasis all contributed to his rapid decline. Given the high mortality rate with TLS and its vague presentation, particularly in a chemotherapy-naive solid tumor, a high level of clinical suspicion is needed to improve patients' outcome.
Recycled eggshells as precursors for iron-impregnated calcium oxide catalysts for partial oxidation of methane

There is a significant interest in converting eggshells into value-added products. Therefore, the goal of this research is to synthesize and study iron-impregnated eggshells as a catalyst for partial oxidation of methane. The objectives of this research were to test the effects of iron loading, flow rate, oxygen concentration, and temperature on methane oxidation. The catalysts were synthesized using ferric chloride hexahydrate at various loadings and tested in a heated stainless-steel reactor under different experimental conditions. The reaction products included C2–C7 hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide depending on the reaction conditions. Results indicated that iron loading beyond 5 wt% caused a decrease in methane conversion. A decrease in oxygen concentration enhanced methane conversion with a substantial drop in the production of CO2. Besides, an increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in methane conversion with a simultaneous increase in the production of CO2 via overoxidation. The reusability experiments indicated that the catalyst was active for four reaction cycles. Our results indicate that eggshells can be used as catalyst support for methane partial oxidation and can simultaneously solve the waste disposal problems faced by the poultry industry.
Pharmacokinetics of Lorlatinib After Single and Multiple Dosing in Patients with Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Results from a Global Phase I/II Study

Lorlatinib demonstrated efficacy (including intracranial activity) in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a phase I/II study (NCT01970865). This analysis describes the pharmacokinetics (PK) of lorlatinib following single and multiple dosing. This ongoing, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase I/II trial enrolled patients with ALK-positive or c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1)-positive advanced NSCLC. In phase I, patients received escalating doses of lorlatinib (10–200 mg orally once daily) and twice-daily doses of 35, 75, and 100 mg in continuous 21-day cycles. In phase II, lorlatinib was administered at a starting dose of 100 mg once daily in continuous 21-day cycles. Parameters investigated included the potential for lorlatinib to inhibit/induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A; the absorption/metabolism of lorlatinib and its major metabolite PF-06895751; and differences in these parameters between Asian and non-Asian patients. Data were available for 54 patients from phase I and 275 patients from phase II. Lorlatinib plasma exposure increased dose proportionally after single doses of 10–200 mg, and slightly less than dose proportionally after multiple doses. Lorlatinib clearance increased following multiple dosing compared with single dosing, indicating autoinduction. The area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to time τ (the dosing interval; AUCτ) of PF-06895751 was approximately 80% higher than that of lorlatinib after multiple dosing. Lorlatinib exhibited brain penetration. Furthermore, no overt differences in single- and multiple-dose PK parameters between the Asian and non-Asian patients were observed. Lorlatinib is highly brain penetrant and exhibits autoinduction after multiple dosing. There appears to be no inherent differences in lorlatinib PK between healthy subjects and cancer patients, or between Asian and non-Asian patients. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01970865.
Constructing Students' Speech Rights, from College Admissions to Professional Schools

In a closely watched 2021 ruling concerning a high school student’s profane post on Snapchat, the Supreme Court declined to shed significant light on the murky First Amendment status of speech that K-12 students produce off campus, whether on social media or elsewhere. Legal uncertainties concerning such speech afflict higher education, as well. I focus on two dimensions of that uncertainty here. First, many admissions officers say they look at college and university applicants’ social-media posts when making their admissions decisions. Yet only one federal appellate court has said anything at all about whether the First Amendment restricts public postsecondary institutions’ ability to reject applicants because of their speech, and the court in that case only addressed speech that applicants produce as part of the admissions process. Second, there recently has been a spate of efforts by professional schools (in pharmacy, medicine, dentistry, and the like) to discipline students for speech that school officials believe violates professional standards. Yet only a few federal courts have grappled with the thorny First Amendment issues that such cases raise, and those courts have not always agreed on how the constitutional analysis should proceed. In this Article, I tackle those and related matters by drawing lessons from the comparatively well-developed First Amendment law of public employment. Public employment and postsecondary education are importantly different in some ways but usefully similar in others. Building on the similarities, I provide analytic frameworks for determining when the First Amendment bars admissions officers from rejecting applicants because of their speech and when it bars professional schools from disciplining students for speech that falls short of professional standards. I also provide a lens for more deeply understanding the speech rights of postsecondary students in curricular settings of all kinds.
Working Paper: Work Release as Economic Stimulus: Overview of Current and Potential Usage in the 50 States

Work release programs are authorized by the statutes of all fifty states. Some states have clearly articulated work release programs while others are partial, with little statutory governance for their establishment or operation. Yet most correctional authorities agree that work release provides crucial transitioning into functional re-entry. As the recent crises in the California correctional system dramatized, overflowing systems can no longer be tolerated. The contemporary penal climate, which prioritizes economic efficiency and evidence-based corrections, is ripe for a re-invigoration of a tried and true technique. Therefore, in order to document the current state of work release in the U.S., we combined a review of statutory authorization with an examination of implementation. We begin by describing the reasons why work release makes sense, focusing on the example of Washington state, followed by a review of the current parameters of work release in state law. By examining how work release now works, we can suggest how best to take advantage of the interest in bringing economic efficiency to the correctional system.
Orange Revolution and Aftermath: Mobilization, Apathy, and the State in Ukraine, 2010, by Paul D'Anieri, (ed.)

Compiled by Paul D'Anieri, one of the leading analysts of contemporary Ukrainian politics, Orange Revolution and Aftermath explores the interplay between civil society and democracy in Ukraine duri...
Eplerenone-Mediated Regression of Electrical Activation Delays and Myocardial Fibrosis in Heart Failure

Eplerenone Reverses Electrical Delays and Fibrosis Introduction Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism reduces sudden cardiac death in heart failure, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Concurrent treatment with an MR antagonist during rapid ventricular pacing (RVP) prevents development of adverse ventricular electrophysiological remodeling, interstitial fibrosis, inflammatory cytokine gene activation, and ventricular tachyarrhythmia inducibility without diminishing the extent of systolic dysfunction. We hypothesized that attenuating preexistent inflammatory pathways and myocardial fibrosis with eplerenone after systolic heart failure is established by rapid pacing can reduce electrical activation delays and arrhythmia vulnerability. Methods and Results Dogs subjected to RVP for 8 weeks in the absence or presence of eplerenone treatment during the final 4 weeks of pacing were assessed by echocardiography, electrophysiology study, ventricular fibrosis measurements, and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression analysis. Eplerenone reversed preexistent ventricular activation delays, interstitial fibrosis, inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α) gene overexpression, and arrhythmia vulnerability in ventricular paced dogs with heart failure. Eplerenone failed to improve left ventricular systolic dysfunction or chamber enlargement. A correlation between severity of fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmia inducibility was found. Conclusions MR antagonism regresses rapid pacing-induced electrical delays, inflammatory cytokine gene activation, and fibrosis in heart failure. Ventricular arrhythmia vulnerability in heart failure is correlated with extent of fibrosis and electrical activation delays during premature excitation.
Experimental demonstrations of shaped pulses for narrowband inversion of uncoupled and coupled systems

Abstract This paper presents experimental demonstrations of amplitude-modulated radiofrequency pulses for narrowband inversion of uncoupled spins and dipolar-coupled spin pairs in NMR. Experimental results for inversion pulses optimized for uncoupled spins are compared with theoretical predictions. These same pulses however cannot be applied to coupled spins because the spin-spin coupling interferes with the inversion. A new class of amplitude-modulated pulses, suitable for effecting inversions of longitudinal magnetization in strongly coupled spins, is experimentally demonstrated and shown to agree well with theory.
The Spacious Mind: Using Archetypes for Transformation Towards Wisdom

The spacious mind model combines Hindu and Buddhist philosophy on spiritual maturity with the Jungian view on psychological maturity to delineate how archetypal work can spur the development of wisdom. Both psychological and spiritual development defuse the ego's hold on reality to create a spacious mind that has contact with the spiritual Self. To explain such a transformation, this article discusses 5 parts of the mind: the ego, the conscious, the unconscious, the archetype, and the Self. The innovative features here are an integrated view of spiritual and psychological development, and the insight that archetypal work can be a mechanism for growth in both domains, because an archetype resides in the energetic plane with the Self and in the conscious mind with the ego.
Nitrite inhibition of Clostridium botulinum: electron spin resonance detection of iron-nitric oxide complexes

Vegetative cells of Clostridium botulinum were shown to contain iron-sulfur proteins that react with added nitrite to form iron-nitric oxide complexes, with resultant destruction of the iron-sulfur cluster. Inactivation of iron-sulfur enzymes (especially ferredoxin) by binding of nitric oxide would almost certainly inhibit growth, and thus is probably the mechanism of botulinal inhibition by nitrite in foods.
Revealing the Footsteps of Apostles in the Book of Acts in the New Testament of the Bible

The book of Acts documents the apostles of Christ Jesus being empowered and guided by the Holy Spirit to bear witnesses for Him from Jews to Gentiles first in Jerusalem, then in Judea and Samaria, and finally throughout the Roman Empire. It records the establishment and growth of the early church and the spread of the good news of salvation through Jesus in spite of strong oppositions. Acts serves as a critical link that connects the gospel of Christ as seen in the four Gospels with its applications as presented in the letters of the New Testament, thereby providing a historical framework for the epistles. In this study a sequence of social networks was constructed from the interactions between the characters including Peter, James, John, Paul, Stephen, Philip, and Barnabas and their locations in Acts. A computational approach was applied to discover the community structures in these networks, which sequentially revealed the roles of chief apostles and their locations in each important period of Acts.
Studying Chinese-English Mixed Language Queries from the User Perspectives

With the increasing number of multilingual webpages on the Internet, cross-language information retrieval has become an important research issue. Using Activity Theory as a theoretical framework, this study employs semi-structured interviews with key informants who are frequent users of Chinese-English mixed language queries in web searching. The findings present the context of and reasons for using Chinese-English mixed language queries, which can inform the design of cross-language controlled vocabularies and information retrieval systems.
Deterministic Chaos of N Stochastic Waves in Two Dimensions

Kinematic exponential Fourier (KEF) structures, dynamic exponential (DEF) Fourier structures, and KEF-DEF structures with time-dependent structural coefficients are developed to examine kinematic and dynamic problems for a deterministic chaos of N stochastic waves in the two-dimensional theory of the Newtonian flows with harmonic velocity. The Dirichlet problems are formulated for kinematic and dynamics systems of the vorticity, continuity, Helmholtz, Lamb-Helmholtz, and Bernoulli equations in the upper and lower domains for stochastic waves vanishing at infinity. Development of the novel method of solving partial differential equations through decomposition in invariant structures is resumed by using experimental and theoretical computation in Maple?. This computational method generalizes the analytical methods of separation of variables and undetermined coefficients. Exact solutions for the deterministic chaos of upper and lower cumulative flows are revealed by experimental computing, proved by theoretical computing, and justified by the system of Navier-Stokes PDEs. Various scenarios of a developed wave chaos are modeled by 3N parameters and 2N boundary functions, which exhibit stochastic behavior.
Geriatric motor vehicle collision survival: the role of institutional trauma volume.

BACKGROUND:: Links between trauma center volumes and outcomes have been inconsistent in previous studies. This study examines the role of institutional trauma volume parameters in geriatric motor vehicle collision (MVC) survival. METHODS:: The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative Systems database was analyzed for all trauma admissions to state-designated Level I and II trauma centers from 1996 to 2003. For each center, the volume of patients was calculated in each of the following four categories: Young adult (age, 17-64 years) MVC and non-MVC, and geriatric (65 years and older) MVC and non-MVC. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict patient survival to hospital discharge based on the four volume parameters of the center at which they were treated, age, gender, ICISS, year of admission, and type of center. RESULTS:: Five thousand three hundred sixty-five geriatric MVC victims were admitted to Level I (n = 3,541) or II (n = 1,824) centers in New York State excluding New York City. Four thousand eight hundred ninety-eight (91%) patients were discharged alive. Volume of geriatric MVC at the center at which the patient was treated was an independent significant predictor of survival (odds ratio, 32.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.8-377.0; p = 0.005) as were younger age, female gender, increased ICISS, and later year of discharge. Young adult non-MVC volume was an independent significant predictor of nonsurvival of geriatric patients (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.99; p = 0.042). Type of center was unrelated to outcome. CONCLUSIONS:: There may be a risk-adjusted survival advantage for geriatric MVC patients treated at trauma centers with relatively higher volumes of geriatric MVC trauma and lower volumes of young adult non-MVC trauma. These results support consideration of age in trauma center transfer criteria. Language: en
Isochores in superfluid 4 He between 25 bar and the melting curve

Isochores in superfluid4He between 25 bar and the melting curve have been measured to high resolution. Together with the published results of Maynard, these results provide the self-consistent basis for establishing the equation of state in the superfluid phase for temperatures above 1 K.
Science, Scientism, and Professional Responsibility

The integrity of professional service in psychology depends upon its scientific foundation. Continual strengthening of that foundation is therefore essential. The complexities of many conditions that engage practitioners, however, limit the extent to which practice can be based exclusively on scientific knowledge and still provide maximum benefit to the public. Resolution of this dilemma can be advanced by adopting a strong definition of science but acknowledging that some problems confronting practitioners are inaccessible to rigorous scientific inquiry and require alternative, primarily humanistic approaches. Three levels of pragmatically acceptable scientistic confidence are defined, the advantages of constructive dialogue across these levels are discussed, and the view of psychology as a pluralistic rather than monistic discipline is advocated.
Systemic tocolysis for premature labor is associated with an increased incidence of pulmonary edema in the presence of maternal infection.

Abstract Our hypothesis is that systemic tocolysis of patients in premature labor is associated with a higher incidence of pulmonary edema in the presence of maternal infection. Over a 64-month period, medical records of all patients with a diagnosis at discharge of pulmonary edema or congestive heart failure were reviewed. There were 27 cases of pulmonary edema, 16 of which (59.3°/x) were associated with treatment of preterm labor. The incidence of pulmonary edema in patients receiving systemic tocolysis for treatment of preterm labor was significantly higher than that in our general obstetric population (3.04% versus 0.05%). Of the 527 patients receiving tocolysis, there was evidence of maternal infection in 52. The incidence of pulmonary edema was higher in the presence of maternal infection than in its absence (11 /52 or 21% versus 5/475 or 1%, p = 0.0000). We conclude that there is a very strong association between the development of pulmonary edema and the presence of maternal infection in patients being treated for premature labor with systemic tocolysis.
'Young old' and 'old old' poor sleepers with and without insomnia complaints

Abstract Objective: Sleep, psychological adjustment, health and insomnia complaints were examined in 277 community-dwelling seniors in order to identify characteristics that distinguish poor sleepers with complaints (likely to seek treatment) and those without complaints (unlikely to seek treatment). Methods: Two weeks of sleep diaries and other sleep-related measures were collected. Young old (65–74 years) and old old (75+) participants were categorized as: good sleepers, poor sleepers with complaints (complainers), and poor sleepers without complaints (noncomplainers). Results: In both age groups, complainers had poorer sleep than noncomplainers. Complainers also reported more depressive symptoms and had poorer health than noncomplainers. The old old slept longer each night, but took longer to fall asleep, napped more, and were more likely to complain of insomnia than the young old; otherwise, the young old/old old distinction did not explain sleep differences among the three types of sleepers. Conclusions: Implications for treating late-life insomnia include greater inclusion of the old old in treatment outcome research and more focus on the development of integrated intervention and prevention strategies that target health, depressive symptoms, and sleep.
A combined experimental-numerical investigation of crack growth in a carbon–carbon composite

A combined experimental-numerical investigation of crack growth in a carbon-carbon composite is reported. In this material, both matrix fracture and fibre bridging contribute significantly to toughness. Crack growth experiments were performed using side-notched DCB specimens with doublers. A digital image correlation method was used to measure displacements fields on the specimen surfaces, crack extension and crack opening profiles. An effective cohesive zone law was determined from the experimental data. The effective cohesive zone law is subsequently separated into the individual contributions from matrix cracking and fibre bridging. Numerical simulation of crack growth based on this cohesive zone law and experimental data are in good agreement. Special focus of the numerical study is on the investigation of the discontinuous nature of crack growth.
Surface roughening of single crystal zirconia implanted with xenon

Ion implantation is being increasingly used as a means to modify the properties of all classes of material. For example, the hardness of single crystal Y[sub 2]O[sub 3] stabilized cubic zirconia (YSZ) was shown to increase when implanted with Xe[sup +] ions up to a fluence of 7.5 [times] 10[sup 15]Xe[sup +]/cm[sup 2]. Microstructural changes produced in the matrix material as a result of ion implantation included the formation of point defects and dislocation networks. Because the noble gas ions are immiscible with the matrix they may coalesce to from inclusions. At fluences greater than 3 [times] 10[sup 16] Xe[sup +]/cm[sup 2] the formation of fluid and solid noble gas inclusion was found in YSZ. The pressure of the solid inclusions has been calculated to be 1.5 GPa. For shallow implants, the presence of the implanted species can lead to high compressive stresses in the surface layer. These compressive stresses are balanced by tensile stresses in the underlying material and this can lead to the formation of cracks in the subsurface region during fracture which results in copious emission of xenon. In this paper, the first observation of roughening on the as-implanted surface of single crystal ceramics is reported. Themore » materials system which has been considered is the implantation of the (001)-surface of single crystal YSZ by Xe[sup +] ions. These observations were made possible by the use of techniques which have a high sensitivity to changes in surface morphology.« less
Optical coherent state discrimination using a closed-loop quantum measurement

Quantum mechanics hinders our ability to determine the state of a physical system in two ways: individual measurements provide only partial information about the observed system (because of Heisenberg uncertainty), and measurements are themselves invasive-meaning that little or no refinement is achieved by further observation of an already measured system. Theoretical methods have been developed to maximize the information gained from a quantum measurement while also minimizing disturbance, but laboratory implementation of optimal measurement procedures is often difficult. The standard class of operations considered in quantum information theory tends to rely on superposition-basis and entangled measurements, which require high-fidelity implementation to be effective in the laboratory. Here we demonstrate that real-time quantum feedback can be used in place of a delicate quantum superposition, often called a 'Schrodinger cat state', to implement an optimal quantum measurement for discriminating between optical coherent states. Our procedure actively manipulates the target system during the measurement process, and uses quantum feedback to modify the statistics of an otherwise sub-optimal operator to emulate the optimal cat-state measurement. We verify a long-standing theoretical prediction and demonstrate feedback-mediated quantum measurement at its fundamental quantum limit over a non-trivial region of parameter space.
Consistency of individual exponents in cross-modal matching

An important question about individual differences in the exponent of the psychophysical power law is how they should be interpreted. The differences may reflect permanent characteristics of individuals, and it has been argued that, if this is so, the range of these differences is so great as to identify the class of data as exceptional among the physical and biological sciences. Cited as evidence of such permanence has been the correlation between individual exponents obtained on two separate occasions. In a previous paper, we showed that increasing the time interval between occasions reduced the correlation to a nonsignificant level; we argued, therefore, that obtained individual differences in exponents, even though large, depended upon the operation of factors only incidentally associated with the particular observer. In a series of new studies of session-to-session correlation between individual exponents, we provide evidence that: (1) our original finding for magnitude estimates of visual size is repeatable, with the correlation dropping to nearly zero after 1 week; (2) when judged line length is matched to brightness, a delay of I week is sufficient to produce a nonsignificant correlation; (3) in contrast, magnitude estimates of loudness yield significant correlations after a week’s delay; (4) but, when moduli are arbitrarily changed between sessions by the experimenter, these correlations for magnitude estimates of loudness drop to a nonsignificant level, even for a zero-delay condition. We conclude that, whereas in some scaling tasks the passage of time alone between sessions is sufficient to disrupt what appears to be the mnemonic basis for session-to-session correlation, in other (less familiar) tasks, more positive interference (in the form of a modulus change) is needed to achieve the same end. The evidence is consistent with the belief that enduring characteristics of the observer contribute only a small portion of the variability in individual power law exponents.
Using information retrieval to support design of incremental change of software

The proposed research defines an approach to combine Information Retrieval based analysis of the textual information embedded in software artifacts with program static and dynamic analysis techniques to support key activities of the incremental change of software, such as concept and feature location.
Fast generation of nonresonant and resonant optical rotatory dispersion curves with the help of circular dichroism calculations and Kramers-Kronig transformations.

It can be computationally expensive to compute smooth, well resolved, optical rotation (OR) dispersion (ORD) curves from first principles theory. Instead of computing the OR at a large number of frequency points, similar results can be obtained by combined use of a computed circular dichroism (CD) spectrum along with a few OR calculations by using subtractive Kramers-Kronig transformations. We have tested various subtractive schemes for simulated (analytical) CD/ORD and for time-dependent density functional computations for dimethyloxirane, fenchone, and [4]triangulane. Nonresonant ORD can be obtained with as few as two OR and one CD calculation. For resonant ORD we found that between 7 and 15 OR computations plus the CD spectrum were typically sufficient, depending on the number of excitations within the frequency window of interest. Chirality, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Outlying plasmasphere structure detected by whistlers

Abstract Whistlers recorded at Eights ( L ⋍ 4 ) and Byrd ( f ⋍ 7 ), Antarctica have been used to study large-scale structure in equatorial plasma density at geocentric distances ⋍3–6 R E . The observations were made during conditions of magnetic quieting following moderate disturbance. The structures were detected by a “scanning” process involving relative motion, at about one tenth of the Earth's angular velocity or greater, between the observed density features and the observing whistler station or stations. Three case studies are described, from 26 March 1965, 11 May 1965 and 29 August 1966. The cases support satellite results by showing outlying high density regions at ⋍4–6 R E that are separated from the main plasmasphere by trough-like depressions ranging in width from ⋍0.2 to 1 R E . The structures evidently endured for periods of 12 hr or more. In the cases of deepest quieting their slow east-west motions with respect to the Earth are probably of dynamo origin. The cases observed during deep quieting (11 May 1965 and 29 August 1966) suggest the approximate rotation with the Earth of structure formed during previous moderate disturbance activity in the dusk sector. The third case, from 26 March 1965, may represent a structure formed near local midnight. The reported structures appear to be closely related to the bulge phenomenon. The present work supports other experimental and theoretical evidence that the dusk sector is one of major importance in the generation of outlying density structure. It is inferred that irregularities of the type reported here regularly develop near 4–5 R E during moderate substorm activity. This research suggests that at least a major class of the density structures that develop near 4 R E are tail-like in nature, joined to the main body of the plasmasphere. The apparent disagreement with Chappell's results from OGO 5, which are interpreted as showing regions of “detached” plasma beyond 5 R E , may be related to the pronounced spatial structure of electric fields observed in high-latitude ionospheric regions that are conjugate to the magnetospheric regions in which the OGO-5 observations were made.
A new holographic image deblurring method

Photographic image deblurring method, using image forming holograph and amplitude weighting transparency
Marketing operations efficiency and the Internet: An organizing framework

Abstract A business can leverage the potential of the Internet to enhance the effectiveness of its competitive strategy as well as the efficiency of its operations. While the former has received considerable attention in literature, there is a dearth of research on the later. This paper focuses on leveraging the Internet for enhancing the efficiency of a business' marketing operations . We propose an organizing framework that provides insights into opportunities for achieving marketing efficiency gains in the context of the interactivity , personalization and addressability characteristics of the Internet.
Oral Contraceptives: Women's Rights, Nurses' Responsibilities

A nurse-educator discusses her concerns about preparing nurses for the role of counselor on birth control—specifically, what the clients should know in order to make informed choices involving the possible use of an oral contraceptive.
The Guns That Didn't Smoke: Ideas and the Soviet Non-Use of Force in 1989

Why did Soviet leaders not resort to force to preserve the Warsaw Pact in 1989? This article provides a cognitive model of how decision-makers learn from experience. It seeks to specify and establish the causal effect of this mechanism (elite cause-and-effect learning) as opposed to alternatives (more materialist or normative arguments) and to lay out the scope conditions for its operation. Soviet leaders learned from past Soviet military interventions in Czechoslovakia, in Afghanistan, and elsewhere the high costs and negative consequences of the use of force. Even Soviet hardliners, for both material and ideational reasons (i.e., beliefs about the efficacy of force), would have hesitated about the use of force in Eastern Europe had they been in power. The hardliners did, however, have much different views about the terms the Soviet Union should seek regarding German unification. Gorbachev's ideas prevailed largely because of the lingering authority of his position as top leader. In short, although ideas...
Technological learning through international collaboration: Lessons from the field

Abstract Countries on every continent are making new or renewed commitments to domestic satellite programs. These programs have the potential to address national needs by enhancing access to information, improving infrastructure and providing inspiration to the public. How do countries without local expertise in space technology begin a new satellite program? What is the role of international collaboration in supporting the efforts of a new space fairing country? This paper explores such questions by highlighting outputs from intensive field work in Africa and Asia. Specifically, the study explores case studies of early space activity in these countries to search for lessons about the management of a young space program. The observations from field work are compared to ideas from scholarly literature on technological learning. The findings are organized using principles from systems architecture. The paper presents a model that captures many of the influences and strategic decision areas for a collaborative satellite development project. The paper also highlights the growth of capability among African countries in the area of satellite technology.
Extent of H‐atom abstraction from the reaction of the OH radical with 1‐butene under atmospheric conditions

Products of the reaction of OH radicals with 1-butene have been investigated in the presence of NO in one atmosphere of air at room temperature using gas chromatography and in situ long pathlength Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy. The major product observed was propionaldehyde, with a formation yield (after allowing for its subsequent loss processes) of 0.94 ± 0.12. Minor yields of organic nitrates (RONO2) and of peroxypropionyl nitrate, a secondary product arising from propionaldehyde, were also observed. However, none of the products expected from the reactions subsequent to H-atom abstraction from 1-butene by OH radicals were observed, allowing an upper limit of 10% for this process to be derived. These data are compared with the available literature results and the implications are discussed.
Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates and New Perspectives. Edited, with an introduction, by Sven Oliver Müller and Cornelius Torp. (New York, NY: Berghahn Books, 2011. Pp. xi, 348. $95.00.)

This collection of twenty‐one scholarly articles on the Second German Reich is based on a conference at the Wissenschaftszentrum in Berlin in honor of Hans‐Ulrich Wehler's seventy‐fifth birthday in...
Attenuation correction for rotating multi-segment slant-hole SPECT in breast imaging.

Abstract Rotating multi-segment slant-hole (RMSSH) SPECT is suitable for detecting small and low-contrast breast lesions since it has much higher detection efficiency compared with parallel-hole SPECT for the same resolution and can image the breast at a closer distance. Our RMSSH SPECT image reconstruction extends a previous rotation-shear transformation based 3D iterative reconstruction method to include non-uniform attenuation compensation. Reconstructed RMSSH SPECT images with attenuation compensation show much improved quantitative accuracy and less image artifacts than without. We conclude that attenuation compensation provides RMSSH SPECT images with improved quality and quantitative accuracy.
Stability analysis of a two-inlet bay system

Abstract The stability analysis for a double-inlet bay system is applied to an inlet system resembling Big Marco Pass and Capri Pass on the lower west coast of Florida. Since the opening of Capri Pass in 1967, the length of Big Marco Pass has increased from 2000 m in 1967 to 3000 m in 1988 and the cross-sectional area has decreased from 1200 m 2 in 1967 to 1000 m 2 in 1988. Since 1967, the cross-sectional area of Capri Pass has steadily increased and in 1988 was 700 m 2 . Tides off the inlets are of the mixed type with a diurnal range of 1 m. The gross littoral transport rate in the vicinity of the inlets is estimated at 150,000 m 3 yr −1 . For each inlet the maximum tidal velocities are calculated as a function of the gorge cross-sectional areas using a lumped-parameter model to describe the hydrodynamics of the flow. In the model it is assumed that the bay level fluctuates uniformly and the bay surface area remains constant. The velocities are used to calculate the tidal maximum of the bottom shear stress in each inlet as a function of the cross-sectional areas of the two inlets (=closure surface). Values of the equilibrium shear stress are derived from an empirical relationship between cross-sectional area and tidal prism for stable inlets along the west coast of Florida. Closure surfaces and equilibrium stress values are calculated for values of friction factors ranging from F =4×10 −3 to F =6×10 −3 . Using the closure surfaces and equilibrium stress values, the equilibrium flow curve for each inlet is determined. The equilibrium flow curve represents the locus of the combination of cross-sectional areas for which the actual bottom shear stress in the inlet equals the equilibrium shear stress. Based on the equilibrium flow curves and the known values of the cross-sectional areas of the two inlets in 1988, it is expected that, ultimately, Big Marco Pass will close and Capri Pass will remain as the sole inlet with a cross-sectional area of 1250 m 2 and a maximum tidal velocity pertaining to a diurnal tide of 0.85 m s −1 .
Effect of spinal norepinephrine depletion on descending inhibition of the tail flick reflex from the locus coeruleus and lateral reticular nucleus in the rat

The lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) and locus coeruleus-subcoeruleus (LC/SC), brainstem structures which overlap the A1 and A6 noradrenergic nuclei respectively, have been implicated in descending modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission. The present studies were designed to examine the role of norepinephrine (NE) in the mediation of inhibition of the nociceptive tail flick reflex produced by focal electrical stimulation in the LRN and LC/SC. Spinal NE was depleted by intrathecal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 20 micrograms) and the threshold electrical stimulation in the LRN and the LC/SC necessary to inhibit the tail flick reflex in lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rats was determined 9 and 14 days later. Despite a significant depletion (greater than 85%) of lumbar spinal cord NE content, there was no significant change in the tail flick inhibitory stimulation thresholds in the LRN or LC/SC. NE depletion did, however, potentiate the elevation in the inhibitory stimulation threshold in the LRN produced by intrathecal administration of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, suggesting that upregulation of spinal adrenoceptors had occurred following 6-OHDA treatment. Adrenoceptor up-regulation was examined quantitatively by characterizing the dose-dependent antinociceptive potency of the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine 3, 7, 10, and 14 days following 6-OHDA administration, and analysis of [3H]rauwolscine binding to lumbar spinal cord 9 days following administration of the neurotoxin. The development of supersensitivity, defined as the leftward parallel shift of the dose-response curves for clonidine administered intrathecally, corresponded to the time course of NE depletion following 6-OHDA treatment on the days tested. Binding of [3H]rauwolscine to lumbar spinal cord revealed an elevation in the estimated Bmax without a change in the estimated Kd of the high affinity binding component 9 days following 6-OHDA administration. This study demonstrates that spinal adrenoceptor denervation supersensitivity develops rapidly following intrathecal administration of 6-OHDA and compensates for the selective destruction of spinal noradrenergic nerve terminals. Thus, the absence of effect of NE depletion on the tail flick inhibitory stimulation threshold in the LRN and the LC/SC does not argue against the hypothesis that spinopetal NE-containing neurons in these brainstem loci are involved in modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission.
Discriminant Analysis of Study Strategies Connected with College Grade Success in Different Major Fields.

A study techniques questionnaire was administered to 538 students enrolled in upper division college classes. Multivariate analysis of variance was employed to compare the centroids of questionnaire responses of students in four major fields who had above and below average grades. There were significant differences in group centroids for the comparison between major fields and between grade levels. There was no significant interaction. The major differences between students with above and below average grades appeared to be reflected in "clerical diligence" and cognitive "activity." Successful students were not only more diligent in their study habits, but also more likely to transform actively scholastic information. For the comparison of major field groups, two discriminant functions were significant. One function seemed to reflect mathematical-logical thinking while the other reflected "appliedsubjective" thinking. The major field groups formed a science-nonscience continuum on the first function but not on the second. Different major fields present the college student with different types of problems to be solved. The solution of mathematical equations bears little superficial resemblance to the writings of literary critiques. Biggs (1970a) compared Science students with Liberal Arts students on six factors derived from the Study Behaviour Questionnaire (SBQ) and found significant differences in tolerance of ambiguity (Liberal Arts more tolerant), intrinsic motivation (Science students higher), and dogmatism (Science students more dogmatic). He attributed these results to "task structure" differences between Science and Liberal Arts curricula. The Science curriculum was considered less ambiguous and more structured than the Liberal Arts curriculum. Other investigators have found correlates of academic major field that are more appropriately considered as personality traits rather than as study habits (e.g. Cropley and Field, 1969; Brown and Dubois, 1964). Cropley and Field found that intellectual style traits were predictive of achievement on a standardized test of scientific achievement even after IQ had been removed as a covariate. Brown and Dubois compared Science and Humanities students with Engineering students on MMPI scales, ability measures and biographical measures. In the personality domain they found that high achievement Engineering students were hard-working, energetic and tending toward conformity while high-achieving Science and Humanities students were characterized as more flexible, aesthetic and relaxed. These findings were interpreted to support the idea that different behaviors are rewarded in different curricula.
Pathways to an Engineering Career.

Utilizing data from the 20-year record of the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (LSAY), this analysis uses a set of variables to predict employment in engineering for a national sample of adults aged 34 to 37. The LSAY is one of the longest longitudinal studies of the impact of secondary education and postsecondary education conducted in the United States. A structural equation model found that mathematics is a primary gateway to an engineering career, beginning with algebra track placement in Grades 7 and 8 and continuing through high school and college calculus courses. Home and family factors such as parent education and parent encouragement of science and mathematics during secondary school also enhanced the likelihood of a young adult becoming a professional engineer. In addition, young men were substantially more likely to become professional engineers than young women. Considering each of these factors, this article seeks to understand the varied pathways available to students interested in engi...