cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Si ALE using chlorine/hydrogen exchange. Fundamentals and films

A simplified kinetic model for the self-limiting growth of Si using alternate pulses of SiCl 2 H 2 and H 2 is presented to help explain the observed plateaus in plots of growth rate v.s. either SiCl 2 H 2 pressure or temperature. The growth of Si on Ge(100) using alternate pulses of Si 2 Cl 6 and Si 2 H 6 near 500 o C, giving fine control over film thickness without Ge out-diffusion, is then reviewed. Studies of Si ALE using atomic hydrogen (H at ) and chlorosilanes are also described
Facile Synthesis and Effect of Eu, Tb Co-doping On the Tunable Luminescent Properties of YBO3

Eu3+/Tb3+co-doped YBO3 three-dimensional (3D) microstructures have been hydrothermally prepared by adjusting solvent and the molar ratio of Y3+ to B (Y/B) at 180 °C. The whole process was carried out under alkaline conditions without the use of any surfactant or catalyst. Characterizations of the samples are carried out using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM). The photoluminescence (PL) colors of YBO3 sample co-doped with Eu3+ and Tb3+ under ultraviolet excitation can be tuned from red, through yellow and green-yellow, to green by changing the relative doping concentrations of the two activator ions. These phosphors with multicolor emissions in the visible region be potentially used as labels for light-display systems, optoelectronic devices and biological molecules.
Homocysteine/coronary atherosclerosis and cardiac transplantation:a case control study.

Background Hyperhomocysteinemia has been implicated as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Both cardiac transplantation and diabetes are associated with accelerated coronary artery disease. We therefore, designed this study to determine serum homocysteine levels in cardiac transplant recipients and patients with diabetes. We also sought to determine the relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia and renal insufficiency and its response to oral supplementation with folic acid.
MLeXAI: A Project-Based Application-Oriented Model

Our approach to teaching introductory artificial intelligence (AI) unifies its diverse core topics through a theme of machine learning, and emphasizes how AI relates more broadly with computer science. Our work, funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation, involves the development, implementation, and testing of a suite of projects that can be closely integrated into a one-term AI course. Each project involves the development of a machine learning system in a specific application. These projects have been used in six different offerings over a three-year period at three different types of institutions. While we have presented a sample of the projects as well as limited preliminary experiences in other venues, this article presents the first assessment of our work over an extended period of three years. Results of assessment show that the projects were well received by the students. By using projects involving real-world applications we provided additional motivation for students. While illustrating core concepts, the projects introduced students to an important area in computer science, machine learning, thus motivating further study.
Electrocardiographic changes during cesarean section: a review

Recently, various authors have noticed and studied the phenomenon of ST segment depression during cesarean section. We have undertaken a review of the various postulated etiologies including venous air emboli, hormonal influences, autonomic nervous system influences tachycardia, postural influences, hypokalemia, hyperventilation, and myocardial ischemia. It appears that ST segment depression during cesarean section is almost certainly a multifactorial phenomenon. There is evidence that some myocardial dysfunction occurs during these episodes. Additionally, the hormonal milieu, tachycardia, and the postural component probably contribute to the phenomenon. Venous air emboli, hypokalemia, and hyperventilation probably have a minimal role. The sympatholysis produced by regional anesthesia is of unclear significance. It is important to note the apparent lack of morbidity associated with these changes.
Right brain/left brain: balancing digital art curricula

Developing curricula for digital art programs is an evolutionary process. Technology is constantly changing and creating the need for new courses, or the revision of old ones. The level of digital literacy of students entering both undergraduate and graduate programs is also continuing to rise. Traditional art programs contain components of theory, art history, critique and studio work. Digital art programs have the additional components of software instruction and technological literacy. The goal of this forum is to bring a greater understanding to attendees of how to balance all of these elements in order to provide the best possible educational experience for the student. This forum will encourage participants to share ideas and opinions on how their curricula have changed and what they see as important trends for the future.
Pre- and post-displacement stressors and time of migration as related to self-rated health among Iraqi immigrants and refugees in southeast Michigan

The objective of this study was to determine whether perceived health status of Iraqi immigrants and refugees residing in the United States was related to pre-migration environmental stress, current unemployment, and if they had emigrated before or after the 1991 Gulf War. A random sample of Iraqis residing in Southeast Michigan, US, was interviewed using an Arab language structured survey. The main outcome measure was self-rated health (SRH). Major predictors included socioeconomics, employment status, pre-migration environmental stress, and health disorders. Path analysis was used to look at mediating effects between predictors and SRH. We found that SRH was significantly worse among participants that had left Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War. Unemployment and environmental stress exposure were inversely related to SRH. There was a direct path between Gulf War exposure and poor health. In addition, there were indirect paths mediated through psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders to SRH. Another path went from Gulf War exposure, via environmental stress and somatic health to poor health. Unemployment had a direct path, as well as indirect paths mediated through psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders, to poor self-rated health. In conclusion, these results suggest that pre- as well as post-migration factors, and period of migration, affect health.
Omalizumab rapidly decreases nasal allergic response and FcεRI on basophils

Abstract Background Omalizumab is a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody that is effective for the treatment of allergic respiratory disorders; however, its onset of action is unknown. Objective This study was designed to determine the onset of action of omalizumab through the use of a challenge model to determine time-dependent inhibition of ragweed-induced changes in nasal volume as well as correlate the kinetics of omalizumab-induced decreases in serum free IgE and FceRI receptors on basophils. Methods We conducted a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 24 rhinitic patients with ragweed allergy. After PD 30 ragweed nasal allergen challenge, patients received either omalizumab, ∼0.016 mg/kg per IgE (IU/mL), or placebo at days 0 and 28 and were rechallenged with ragweed PD 30 dose biweekly. FceRI expression on blood basophils was determined by flow cytometry at baseline and 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after treatment. IgE levels were measured at baseline and on days 3, 28, and 42. Results Mean IgE levels decreased by 96% ( P P P P Conclusions Our study showed that the onset of action by omalizumab in blunting ragweed-induced nasal responses is within 2 weeks, and this response was associated with 2 putative mechanisms of action: decreased serum free IgE and decreased FceRI receptor expression on immune effector cells.
Fabrication and characterization of a biomimetic polarization selective lens

Incorporating optical structures on curved lens surfaces can improve performance, consolidate functions, and create novel, miniaturized devices. Although commonly found in biological systems, patterning of micro- and nano-optical structures on curved surfaces is challenging for conventional methods. Previous works have demonstrated the ability to pattern curved surfaces but have done little to create functioning devices. In this Letter, we describe a novel spray-coating technique coupled with interferometric exposure and dry etching to create near-IR wire-grid polarizers on convex lens surfaces. Experimental measurements show extinction ratios of >40∶1 and transmission values of >80%, which are comparable to modeled results of similar polarizers on flat surfaces.
Properties of vertex packing and independence system polyhedra

We consider two convex polyhedra related to the vertex packing problem for a finite, undirected, loopless graphG with no multiple edges. A characterization is given for the extreme points of the polyhedron\(\mathcal{L}_G = \{ x \in R^n :Ax \leqslant 1_m ,x \geqslant 0\} \), whereA is them × n edge-vertex incidence matrix ofG and 1m is anm-vector of ones. A general class of facets of = convex hull{x∈Rn:Ax≤1m,x binary} is described which subsumes a class examined by Padberg [13]. Some of the results for are extended to a more general class of integer polyhedra obtained from independence systems.
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase – Gene to Antigen to Disease

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzymes catalyse the formation of gamma-aminobuturic acid (GABA), which is a major transmittor in the central nervous system but also exerts functions in peripheral organs. Recent molecular analyses have revealed surprising new roles for the GAD isoforms in human diseases of autoimmune character including neurological disorders and insulin-dependent diabetes. In the 1995 Frontiers in Medicine Symposium, the coauthors of this review discussed the genetics, cell biology, molecular immunology and the role of GAD as autoantigens in human autoimmunity. Studies on disease diagnosis, prediction, and prognosis have revealed unique patterns of reactivities in both cellular and humoral immune responses. Further work will be needed to establish whether the GAD molecules can be used to treat autoimmune diseases.
Preparation and characterization of macroporous γ-LiAlO2

Abstract Lithium aluminate powders with three-dimensional, periodic arrays of interconnected macropores (275–325 nm in diameter) were synthesized by poly(methyl methacrylate) latex colloidal crystal templating via wet-chemical process. Calcination removed the polymer template and converted the inorganic precursors into a high surface area (up to 56 m 2 /g), macroporous skeleton of γ-LiAlO 2 . Under certain synthesis conditions, lithium-poor LiAl 5 O 8 nanocrystals were also present. Optimized synthesis conditions and structural characterisics of the materials are presented.
Prostate cancer: Age is nothing but a number

Post-hoc analysis of phase III data of abiraterone in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer showed that survival did not differ according to patient age (≤75 years versus >75 years). Similar analyses of other agents have reported mixed findings. Should patient age be part of decision making?
Measurements of elastic and anelastic properties of reaction-formed silicon carbide ceramics

The piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT) was used to measure dynamic Young's modulus, damping, strain amplitude, and the strain-amplitude dependence of damping on three reaction-formed silicon carbide (RFSC) specimens. The data were compared with results found on NC 203 SiC. The temperatures used to conduct the tests ranged from 595–1049°C, and this information complemented data collected earlier. The main results are as follows: the modulus for RFSC specimens decreases with increasing temperature over a range of approximately 350–260 GPa from room temperature to 1049°C, the modulus for NC203 ranges from 450–415 GPa over the same temperature range, and damping of RFSCs is independent of strain amplitude and has little temperature dependence.
Body Weights of Dairy Cattle With and Without Access to Water

Abstract Body weights of experimental cows withheld from water for four hours before weighing were as variable as weights of cows with continuous access to water. Weights of cows with access to water can be adjusted to weights without water by multiplying by 0.964. This is more accurate than subtracting a specified amount of weight.
Boolean Modeling of Neural Systems with Point-Process Inputs and Outputs. Part II: Application to the Rat Hippocampus

This paper presents a pilot application of the Boolean–Volterra modeling methodology presented in the companion paper (Part I) that is suitable for the analysis of systems with point-process inputs and outputs (e.g., recordings of the activity of neuronal ensembles). This application seeks to discover the causal links between two neuronal ensembles in the hippocampus of a behaving rat. The experimental data come from multi-unit recordings in the CA3 and CA1 regions of the hippocampus in the form of sequences of action potentials—treated mathematically as point-processes and computationally as spike-trains—that are collected in vivo during two behavioral tasks. The modeling objective is to identify and quantify the causal links among the neurons generating the recorded activity, using Boolean–Volterra models estimated directly from the data according to the methodological framework presented in the companion paper. The obtained models demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach using short data-records and provide some insights into the functional properties of the system (e.g., regarding the presence of rhythmic characteristics in the neuronal dynamics of these ensembles), making the proposed methodology an attractive tool for the analysis and modeling of multi-unit recordings from neuronal systems in a practical context.
Sensitivity Analysis: Distributional Assumptions and Confounding Assumptions

In a presentation of various methods for assessing the sensitivity of regression results to unmeasured confounding, Lin, Psaty, and Kronmal (1998, Biometrics54, 948-963) use a conditional independence assumption to derive algebraic relationships between the true exposure effect and the apparent exposure effect in a reduced model that does not control for the unmeasured confounding variable. However, Hernan and Robins (1999, Biometrics55, 1316-1317) have noted that if the measured covariates and the unmeasured confounder both affect the exposure of interest then the principal conditional independence assumption that is used to derive these algebraic relationships cannot hold. One particular result of Lin et al. does not rely on the conditional independence assumption but only on assumptions concerning additivity. It can be shown that this assumption is satisfied for an entire family of distributions even if both the measured covariates and the unmeasured confounder affect the exposure of interest. These considerations clarify the appropriate contexts in which relevant sensitivity analysis techniques can be applied.
Emergency physician-initiated cath lab activation reduces door to balloon times in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients.

Abstract Objectives We evaluated the impact of emergency physician (EP)–initiated primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) via a single-group page on door to balloon (D2B) interval times in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Methods Consecutive ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients presenting to the emergency department between February 2004 and September 2008 were divided into 4 groups: group 1, PCI performed on an ad hoc basis after cardiology consultation; group 2, primary PCI activated via a single-group page only on-call cardiology consultation; group 3, primary PCI with EP cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) activation via the same page strategy; group 4, prehospital CCL activation based on prehospital diagnostic electrocardiogram. Composite D2B and relevant time intervals were measured for each time group. Results A total of 295 consecutive patients undergoing emergent angiography were included. Times decreased for most time intervals from groups 1 to 4. Although there was no significant change in composite D2B or any measured interval time with the introduction of PCI after emergent cardiology consultation, each decreased significantly after implementing an EP-initiated PCI strategy except CCL2B (D2B 95 to 77 minutes, D2E 14 to 10 minutes, D2CCL 71 to 50 minutes). Further significant reductions in D2B time were achieved among all patients after the institution of emergency medicine services activation of the CCL (D2B 77 to 64 minutes, D2CCL 50 to 38 minutes, CCL2B 28 to 22 minutes). Conclusions A systematic process of initiating D2B recommendations, including EP-initiated CCL activation via a single-group page, significantly reduces D2CCL and D2B times.
Tectonic core of a sedimentary drift: a potential ridge propagation feature beneath the Blake Outer Ridge

The Blake Outer Ridge is a 480–kilometer long linear sedimentary drift ridge striking perpendicular to the North American coastline. By modeling free-air gravity anomalies we tested for the presence of a crustal feature that may control the location and orientation of the Blake Outer Ridge. Most of our crustal density models that match observed gravity anomalies require an increase in oceanic crustal thickness of 1–3 km on the southwest side of the Blake Outer Ridge relative to the northeast side. Most of these models also require 1–4 km of crustal thinning in zone 20–30 km southwest of the crest of the Blake Outer Ridge. Although these features are consistent with the structure of oceanic fracture zones, the Blake Outer Ridge is not parallel to adjacent known fracture zones. Magnetic anomalies suggest that the ocean crust beneath this feature formed during a period of mid-ocean ridge reorganization, and that the Blake Outer Ridge may be built upon the bathymetric expression of an oblique extensional feature associated with ridge propagation. It is likely that the orientation of this trough acted as a catalyst for sediment deposition with the start of the Western Boundary Undercurrent in the mid-Oligocene.
Adult Behavior in Male Mice Exposed to E-Cigarette Nicotine Vapors during Late Prenatal and Early Postnatal Life

Nicotine exposure has been associated with an increased likelihood of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy. The goal of this study was to determine if exposure to E-cigarette nicotine vapors during late prenatal and early postnatal life altered behavior in adult mice. Methods Timed-pregnant C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 2.4% nicotine in propylene glycol (PG) or 0% nicotine /PG once a day from gestational day 15 until delivery. After delivery, offspring and mothers were exposed to E-cigarette vapors for an additional 14 days from postnatal day 2 through 16. Following their last exposure serum cotinine levels were measured in female juvenile mice. Male mice underwent behavioral testing at 14 weeks of age to assess sensorimotor, affective, and cognitive functional domains. Results Adult male mice exposed to 2.4% nicotine/PG E-cigarette vapors had significantly more head dips in the zero maze test and higher levels of rearing activity in the open field test compared to 0% nicotine/PG exposed mice and untreated controls. In the water maze test after reversal training, the 2.4% nicotine/PG mice spent more than 25% of time in the new location whereas the other groups did not. Conclusion Adult male mice exhibited increased levels of activity in the zero maze and open field tests when exposed to E-cigarette vapor containing nicotine during late prenatal and early postnatal life. These findings indicate that nicotine exposure from E-cigarettes may cause persistent behavioral changes when exposure occurs during a period of rapid brain growth.
Scheduled telephone intervention for traumatic brain injury: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Bell KR, Brockway JA, Hart T, Whyte J, Sherer M, Fraser RT, Temkin NR, Dikmen SS. Scheduled telephone intervention for traumatic brain injury: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Objective To evaluate the effect of a Scheduled Telephone Intervention (STI) compared with usual care (UC) on function, health/emotional status, community/work activities, and well-being at 1 and 2 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Two group, randomized controlled trial. Setting Telephone contacts with subjects recruited in inpatient rehabilitation. Participants Eligible subjects (N=433) with TBI (age>16y) were randomly assigned to STI plus UC (n=210) or UC (n=223) at discharge. STI subjects (n=169) completed the outcome at year 1 (118 at year 2) and 174 UC subjects at year 1 (123 at year 2). Interventions STI subjects received calls at 2 and 4 weeks and 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 months consisting of brief training in problem solving, education, or referral. Main Outcome Measures A composite outcome at 1 year was the primary endpoint. Analysis on intent-to-treat basis used linear regression adjusted for site, Glasgow Coma Scale, race/ethnicity, age, FIM, sex, and Disability Rating Scale (DRS). Secondary analyses were conducted on individual and composite measures (FIM, DRS, community participation indicators, Glasgow Outcome Scale [Extended], Short Form-12 Health Survey, Brief Symptom Inventory-18, EuroQOL, and modified Perceived Quality of Life). Results No significant differences were noted between the groups at years 1 or 2 for primary ( P =.987 regression for year 1, P =.983 for year 2) or secondary analyses. Conclusions This study failed to replicate the findings of a previous single center study of telephone-based counseling. While telephone mediated treatment has shown promise in other studies, this model of flexible counseling in problem solving and education for varied problems was not effective over and above usual care.
Initial Trial of Timed Voiding Is Warranted for All Children with Daytime Incontinence

OBJECTIVES To analyze the relationship between potential prognostic factors and early success after treatment of childhood daytime urinary incontinence without anticholinergic medication. METHODS A total of 63 patients with daytime urinary incontinence met the inclusion criteria for a retrospective review of the effect of a timed voiding regimen. The severity, duration, and frequency of wetting, along with age, sex, and uroflow parameters, were recorded. Statistical analysis was used to determine the factors predictive of improvement in wetting without anticholinergic treatment. RESULTS Of 315 children evaluated with daytime incontinence, only 24% were treated with nonanticholinergic methods. At the first follow-up visit, 6.3% of patients treated without anticholinergics became dry, 38.1% showed significant improvement, 36.5% were slightly improved, and 19.0% were unchanged. Age, sex, duration or severity of wetting, constipation, bladder capacity, and uroflow pattern and parameters were not predictive of early improvement with timed voiding. Patients with good compliance with timed voiding were significantly more likely to improve than those with poor compliance (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study have indicated that anticholinergic therapy appears to be overused as a first-line treatment for children with daytime urinary incontinence in our clinic population. The lack of reliable predictive factors regarding the response to nonanticholinergic treatment suggests a trial of timed voiding should be used as an initial treatment for all children with daytime urinary incontinence. Almost 45% of our patients had significant improvement in the frequency of wetting within 4 months without anticholinergics.
Instrument design and characterization for high resolution MALDI-MS imaging of tissue sections.

In previous work, we have reported using a MALDI imaging time-of-flight mass spectrometer for the detection of protein ions from tissue sections with spatial resolution of 25 µm. We present here imaging mass spectrometry results obtained with a high-resolution scanning MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometer, equipped with a coaxial laser illumination ion source, capable of achieving irradiation areas as small as 40 µm2 (ca 7 µm diameter). MALDI-generated analyte ion signals from these very small irradiation volumes can be observed in a molecular weight range up to 27 000. High-resolution imaging mass spectrometry images were successfully generated from matrix thin film samples and tissue sections with scanning resolutions at and below 10 µm. This work also provides fundamental characterization of the ion signal dependence as a function of various focus and fluence parameters that will be required for extension to tissue imaging at the subcellular level. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A battery certification testbed for small satellite missions

A battery pack consisting of standard cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion cells has been chosen for small satellite missions based on previous flight heritage and compliance with NASA battery safety requirements. However, for batteries that transit through the International Space Station (ISS), additional certification tests are required for individual cells as well as the battery packs. In this manuscript, we discuss the development of generalized testbeds for testing and certifying different types of batteries critical to small satellite missions. Test procedures developed and executed for this certification effort include: a detailed physical inspection before and after experiments; electrical cycling characterization at the cell and pack levels; battery-pack overcharge, over-discharge, external short testing; battery-pack vacuum leak and vibration testing. The overall goals of these certification procedures are to conform to requirements set forth by the agency and identify unique safety hazards. The testbeds, procedures, and experimental results are discussed for batteries chosen for small satellite missions to be launched from the ISS.
A microcavity-controlled, current-driven, on-chip nanotube emitter at infrared wavelengths.

Semiconducting carbon nanotubes have a direct bandgap, which means that they could form the basis of nanoscale light sources. However, nanotubes tend to emit light over a broad range of wavelengths and directions. Placing the nanotube in a microcavity reduces the spectral width of the output and makes the emission highly directional. This microcavity-controlled, current-driven on-chip emitter is thus an important first step in the development of nanotube-based nanophotonic devices.
Absorption of silicon from artesian aquifer water and its impact on bone health in postmenopausal women: a 12 week pilot study

Background: Decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women represents a growing source of physical limitations and financial concerns in our aging population. While appropriate medical treatments such as bisphosphonate drugs and hormone replacement therapy exist, they are associated with serious side effects such as osteonecrosis of the jaw or increased cardiovascular risk. In addition to calcium and vitamin D supplementation, previous studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect of dietary silicon on bone health. This study evaluated the absorption of silicon from bottled artesian aquifer water and its effect on markers of bone metabolism. Methods: Seventeen postmenopausal women with low bone mass, but without osteopenia or osteoporosis as determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were randomized to drink one liter daily of either purified water of low-silicon content (PW) or silicon-rich artesian aquifer water (SW) (86 mg/L silica) for 12 weeks. Urinary silicon and serum markers of bone metabolism were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks and analyzed with twosided t-tests with p < 0.05 defined as significant. Results: The urinary silicon level increased significantly from 0.016 ± 0.010 mg/mg creatinine at baseline to 0.037 ± 0.014 mg/mg creatinine at week 12 in the SW group (p = 0.003), but there was no change for the PW group (0.010 ± 0.004 mg/mg creatinine at baseline vs. 0.009 ± 0.006 mg/mg creatinine at week 12, p = 0.679). The urinary silicon for the SW group was significantly higher in the silicon-rich water group compared to the purified water group (p < 0.01). NTx, a urinary marker of bone resorption did not change during the study and was not affected by the silicon water supplementation. No significant change was observed in the serum markers of bone formation compared to baseline measurements for either group. Conclusions: These findings indicate that bottled water from artesian aquifers is a safe and effective way of providing easily absorbed dietary silicon to the body. Although the silicon did not affect bone turnover markers in the short-term, the mineral’s potential as an alternative prevention or treatment to drug therapy for osteoporosis warrants further longer-term investigation in the future. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01067508.
THE SIX FACETS MODEL: TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT IN THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF CHANGE

Organizational fitness is often achieved by making changes in business operations. These changes frequently involve the use of a new technology. The effective implementation of change is aided by examining the benefits and challenges of technology management when making decisions. Important elements for consideration in technology management are technology evaluation, integration, planning, implementation, training and change. A solution is proposed to combine and encompass these elements of technology management to encourage the positive aspects and avoid the negative aspects of change implementation. The tool consists of principles to be addressed for each element.
Bridging Psychological and Biological Science: The Good, Bad, and Ugly

Revolution or the new phrenology-the advent of functional neuroimaging has led some psychologists to address issues of structure-function relations that only two decades ago would have been relegated to science fiction. Others, however, are skeptical of recent bridges between psychological and biological science and consider these advances as misguided and leading us astray. With any new advancement comes problems and pitfalls, and constructive criticisms help to sharpen the research program. Here I offer commentary on the state of the art and identify both advances and concerns in bridging psychological and biological science.
Antagonist Antibodies to PD-1 and B7-H1 (PD-L1) in the Treatment of Advanced Human Cancer—Response

The immune suppressive molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) is upregulated in activated T lymphocytes and inhibits T-cell function upon binding to its ligands B7-H1 (PD-L1, CD274) and B7-DC (PD-L2, CD273). Substantial experimental data from in vitro cell culture systems and animal models, and more recently from clinical trials, indicate that PD-1/PD-1-ligand interactions are a major mechanism of immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. Initial clinical studies of antibodies directed against PD-1 and B7-H1 showed both an encouraging safety profile and remarkable antitumor activity in subsets of patients with metastatic disease, including malignancies--such as lung cancer--which were previously thought to be unresponsive to immunotherapy. Preliminary data have suggested a correlation between tumor membrane B7-H1 expression and clinical response to anti-PD-1 antibodies. Several key challenges remain to optimize development of PD-1/B7-H1 pathway blockade, including defining the biologic significance of all potential ligand-receptor interactions in the tumor microenvironment, developing more accurate predictive biomarkers of response, determining the breadth of activity in human malignancies, and developing rational combinations of therapy that address key mechanisms involved in positive and negative regulation of antitumor immune responses.
Female Physicians and Substance Abuse: Comparisons with Male Physicians Presenting for Assessment

As with women in general, the vicissitudes of the female physician who suffers from a substance use disorder have been understudied, and such persons remain underrepresented in treatment. The purpose of the present study is to describe the similarities and differences between female and male physicians presenting for assessment; 108 physicians in total were included in the study, 10 of whom were female. Demographically, we found that the female physicians were more likely to be single and younger than their male counterparts. On clinical indices, females showed less impairment on legal and medical functioning, and better capability in sustaining abstinence and eliminating environmental cues to relapse. Of the women with substance use disorders, higher rates of comorbidity were found than with males. Although there were no significant differences in overall severity, males were more likely to be recommended to more intensive levels of care for either substance use or psychiatric disorders. The female physicians were recommended to a level of care of a lower intensity, but more often to a treatment with a dual-diagnosis focus. These findings are discussed in terms of the vulnerabilities of the female physician, barriers to treatment, tailoring treatment to female needs, and opportunities for prevention and further research.
Expanding the View of Scholarship

The mission of The Family Journal encourages scientists and practitioners to explore and express their ways of knowing to advance theory, research, and practice with couples and families from a systemic perspective. Boyer's scholarship of integration, as well as some contemporary commentators on scholarship in higher education, argue that teaching and professional practice are as valid in knowledge building as traditional quantitative research. Therefore, the journal should include additional contributions from qualitative and evaluation researchers, practitioners in the field, and marriage and family counselor educators.
JGI INTERVIEW: The Solutions Are Apparent, An Interview with Eric C. Peterson, Staff Director, U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Printing, SH-818, Hart Building, Washington, DC 20510, USA

Abstract In 1997, the U.S. Joint Committee on Printing (JCP) drafted legislation to modify Title 44 of the United States Code. The two goals of the proposed legislation were: (1) to protect public access to government information and (2) to resolve the constitutional question concerning the relationship between the Government Printing Office and the executive branch. This effort, is being spearheaded by Eric C. Peterson, JCP Staff Director. This interview with Mr. Peterson describes the legislation, its purpose, and the Committee’s efforts to gain passage of such legislation during the 105th Congress. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd
The impact of pulsed electric fields on cells and biomolecules: comment on "Lightning-triggered electroporation and electrofusion as possible contributors to natural horizontal gene transfer" by Tadej Kotnik

The discovery of a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) revolutionized the evolutionary biology. Suddenly, a long developed concept of a phylogenetic tree, where all organisms share a common ancestor, could not describe the outcome of gene transfer between perceived unrelated organisms [1]. Consequently, a new concept – net of life – is emerging [1]. In the “net of life”, each organisms is a combination of shared ancestry and HGT [2]. T. Kotnik reviews the history of biological classification in the human history and positions the role of HGT in the transformation of “phylogenetic tree” to the “net of life” [3]. Although the most frequent mechanisms for HGT are biological: bacterial conjugation, bacterial competence for DNA uptake and viral transduction, T. Kotnik emphasized in this work the role of a physical phenomena – lightning – as a potential trigger of HGT. To answer the question, if HGT could happen before biological mechanisms had evolved, T. Kotnik analyzes the potential of lightening induced electroporation on HGT. Electroporation is the increase of biological cell membrane permeabilization by externally applied pulsed electric fields (PEF) [4], probably by the formation of aqueous pores in the cell membrane [5–7]. As described by T. Kotnik, the formation of pores leads to reversible electroporation (REP), electrofusion (EF), and irreversible electroporation (IEP). I would like to point out to two important properties of PEF: 1) heterogeneity of microbial population response to PEF and 2) the effects of PEF on biomolecules. In the natural marine and fresh water environments, more than two million bacteria species exist [8]. Research on food disinfection by PEF showed the tremendous variation in the different species resistance to PEF. Bacterial properties that affect the electroporation threshold are cell size and shape [9], membrane structure [10], membrane charge [11], cells concentration [12] and growth stage [13]. Given the large number of species of bacteria in marine environment it is likely that IEP, REP and EF happen simultaneously at the same depth. It appears that in nature, the number of species plays a significant role in the PEF induced effects in the population: increasing the number of species increases the probability of each of the IEP, REP and EF events. This is different from classical laboratory electroporation studies where PEF are applied on a single species to induce the desired single effect.
Information Aggregation and the False Consensus Effect

Social psychologists have documented the false consensus effect, which refers to the tendency for people to overestimate their similarity to others. I model the false consensus effect by assuming that agents overestimate the correlation of their private signal errors. By modifying a simple rational expectations equilibrium model to incorporate a false consensus, I show that a false consensus causes the market to underreact to news - a prediction consistent with two of the biggest anomalies in asset pricing: momentum and post-earnings announcement drift. To generate new testable implications, I develop predictions in the setting of analysts' earnings forecasts. My model predicts that the likelihood of an analyst underreacting in his forecast revision is increasing in the number of analysts who issue a forecast between the analyst's earlier forecast and his revised forecast. I empirically confirm this prediction and rule out several alternative explanations for my findings.
Tiflovia, a New Genus of Pygiopsyllid Flea from New Guinea, with Notes on Convergent Evolution and Zoogeography (Siphonaptera)

Tiflovia , new genus, described on the basis of 2 new species, T. pachnopoata , n. sp. and T. stellalpestris , n. is one of the few pygiopsyllids showing marked thoracic modifications associated with lessened jumping ability, coupled with almost complete reduction of the eye. Thereby agreeing with Zyx and Astivalius , it is separable from the former by the absence of strongly oblique caudoventral margins on the abdominal sterna, and by the possession of 2 antepygidial bristles instead of 3. It is immediately distinguishable from Astivalius by the lack of tibial combs and by having a highly convex sensilium and very short maxillary palpi. Tiflovia is known only from Mt Giluwe and the Star Mts in Papua New Guinea, where it infests Pogonomelomys ruemmleri , and has been collected only in alpine grassland, above timber line. Data are presented indicating that there is no true alpine fauna of mammals or ectoparasites in New Guinea (or on Mt Kinabalu, Borneo), thereby confirming conclusions reached by others regarding free-living insects. This lack of bioendemiciry in the alpine terrain is attributed to the geological youthfulness and nonspecific nature of the habitats above timber line. The apparent restriction of Tiflovia to alpine terrain is therefore exceptional in New Guinea and of unusual interest, and suggests the possibility that elements of an older fauna exist in yet undiscovered refugia. However, it is also pointed out that despite its special morphological modifications, which are discussed as being adaptive and serving as examples of convergent evolution, Tiflovia may actually be a relatively youthful taxon, dating back only to the upper Pliocene. The rate of evolution for certain genera of Siphonaptera may therefore be more rapid than had been realized. Evidence is summarized indicating that the affinities of the New Guinean siphonapteran fauna are with the Australian Region, not the Oriental (and hence unlike the free-living insects) and certainly not with the Palaearctic Region. The lack of true Palaearctic elements is believed to be a factor in the absence of an alpine fauna. Reasons are advanced for regarding the modifications of the pronotal comb as adaptations associated either with the pelage of the hosts or with their habits.
PS-274 Lack Of Association Between Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia And Gastro-esophageal Reflux At Esophageal Ph-impedentiometry: A Prospective Study In Symptomatic Preterm Infants

Background and aims The role of GER in the pathogenesis and recovery from BPD in preterm infants is controversial; some Authors suggested symptomatic GER treatment for BPD infants. We tested the hypothesis that BPD predisposes to GER (due to increased respiratory effort, coughing and crying). Methods We prospectively studied 44 infants born 2-analysis and t-test/Mann-Whitney test were performed to look for differences among the two groups; P value of Results Demographic and clinical characteristics between BPD and controls were similar: GA 201 vs 202 days, male sex 66.7 vs 46.9%, age at study 51 vs 39 days, orogastric tube feeding 83.3% vs 75%, caffeine administration 33.3% vs 50% (all P > 0.05). The analysis of 1056 h of Ph-MII tracings showed no significant difference between BPD and controls regarding the median number of these parameters: acid (3 vs 2), weakly acid (11 vs 16), non-acid (0 vs 0), gas (7 vs 10) refluxes, ph-only events (21 vs 9), GER >5 min (1.5 vs 3.5); longest GER (11.2 vs 16.5 min), lower ph (1.5 vs 2.1), acid exposure (ph 0.05). Conclusions In our experience, BPD was not associated with higher reflux parameters as measured by 24 h Ph-MII examinations among preterm infants. Symptomatic GER treatment with drugs should be reserved for confirmed pathologic Ph-MII tests in order to avoid adverse events.
The Relationship between China's Anti-Japanese War and the U.S.Pacific Battlefield Winning

China's Anti-Japanese War delayed Japan's "south into" plan,which bought time for the United States in the Pacific war;China's Anti-Japanese War consumes resources of Japan,it lead to Japan carrying a heavy burden in the Pacific War which eased the American pressure;China's Anti-Japanese War effectively support and cooperate with the United States,it has a U.S.defense frontline role,China's Anti-Japanese War for the world has contribute to Anti-fascist War.
A reaction study of sulfur vapor with silver and silver–indium solid solution as a tarnishing test method

It is well known that pure silver (Ag) or sterling silver can easily get tarnished under ordinary atmosphere by sulfur-containing gases. Over past several decades, the industries have tried to formulate and produce silver-based materials that do not get tarnished for various applications including electronics, optics, jewelry, and silverware. Recently, our group has grown silver and silver–indium solid solution ingots and studied their anti-tarnishing property. Since there are no standard tarnishing test methods for Ag-based alloys, we have designed and established an accelerated tarnishing experiment using sulfur vapor as the reacting agent. Sulfur vapor, rather than other sulfur-containing gases such as H2S, is chosen because sulfur vapor reacts with silver more easily to form silver sulfide (Ag2S). After ingot growth, disk samples were cut from silver and silver–indium solid solution ingots and examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Commercially available Argentium silver was also studied for comparison. Disk samples were placed into the sulfur vapor reacting chamber at 120 °C for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, respectively. The thickness of Ag2S film grown on the samples was measured. The results showed that Ag2S growth rate depends on indium concentration. For example, with 19 at.% In, Ag2S growth rate on silver–indium solid solution is only 4 % of that on pure silver and 7 % of that on Argentium silver. The excellent anti-tarnishing property of silver–indium solid solution should open up new applications in electronics, jewelry, joining, optics, silverware, and welding.
Intraoperative urethral pressure profilometry as an adjunct to bladder neck reconstruction.

AbstractBetween 1975 and 1984 we performed 17 bladder neck reconstructions with bladder neck suspension using intraoperative urethral pressure profilometry. Studies were done intraoperatively after bladder neck reconstruction and then they were repeated after bladder neck suspension. A continence length of 25 to 35mm. and a urethral closure pressure of greater than 60cm. water were obtained in all patients. Bladder neck suspension was noted to increase the continence length in all patients and allowed for at least a 2-fold increase in the closure pressures that were obtained. Urinary continence was assessed postoperatively from parental interviews.It seems important to achieve an initial closure pressure of at least 60cm. water, while at the same time attempting to ensure anterior fixation. Intraoperative urethral pressure profilometry can serve as a valuable adjunct to bladder neck reconstruction by confirming the adequacy of bladder neck resistance after bladder neck reconstruction and again after bladd...
Self-reported oral health and quality of life of postmenopausal breast cancer survivors on aromatase inhibitors and women without cancer diagnoses: a longitudinal analysis

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a well-established component of adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR) + early stage breast cancer (BCa). We explored in an 18-month cohort study whether subjective oral health (OH), subjective periodontal health (PH), and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of postmenopausal BCa survivors on AIs differ from those of women without cancer diagnoses, and whether saliva flow, OH, PH, and OHRQoL are related. Data were collected from 29 postmenopausal BCa survivors on AIs and 29 postmenopausal women without cancer diagnoses. Socio-demographic information, OH, PH, and OHRQoL were collected at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months later. Unstimulated whole saliva volume per 15 min was determined by drooling. The two groups did not differ in background characteristics at baseline. Women on AIs had poorer OH (p = .043), PH (p = .04), and OHRQoL (p = .017), and lower saliva flow rate (p < .001) than control respondents. BCa survivors had the poorest PH at the 18-month visit. Xerostomia was correlated with OH at baseline and with OH and PH at 18 months. However, objective saliva flow rate was not correlated with OH or OHRQoL at this visit. This study is the first to investigate the effects of AIs on patients’ subjective OH, subjective PH, and OHRQoL. The data suggest that women treated with AIs have worse OH, PH, and OHRQoL than women without cancer diagnoses. Interprofessional care is recommended so that women on AIs receive optimal supportive oral care to assure long-term OH and positive OHRQoL. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01272570 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01272570 .