cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent trends in the prevalence and severity of childhood asthma.

Objective. —To examine changes in the prevalence and distribution of childhood asthma and its relationship with various measures of children's health and functioning between 1981 and 1988. It was hypothesized that there would be an increase in the prevalence of asthma, especially among black children, and that available measures would suggest a deterioration in the health and functioning of children with asthma over this period. Design. —Analyses of data from the Child Health Supplements to the National Health Interview Survey. Setting and Sample. —Nationally representative random sample of 15 224 children aged 0 to 17 years in 1981 and 17110 in 1988. Main Outcome Measures. —Changes in (1) the prevalence and distribution of asthma, and (2) among children with asthma, the percentage of children hospitalized, days spent in bed, school days lost in the year prior to survey, and parent ratings and reports of children's overall health status and behavior problems. Results. —The estimated prevalence of childhood asthma increased from 3.1% in 1981 to 4.3% in 1988 ( P P P P P =.07), fewer school days missed (2% vs 6% with >30 days; P =.08), and a lower rate of extreme behavior problem scores (13% vs 18%; P =.09) in 1988 compared with 1981. Reductions were similar among both black and white children. Conclusions. —These results indicate that the estimated prevalence of asthma among children in the United States increased by almost 40%, and that although the increase occurred exclusively among white children, the prevalence of asthma still remains higher in black children than in white children. There was no support for increasing asthma severity and functional impact among either black or white children with asthma in 1988 compared with 1981. These findings provide no evidence to support the beliefs that asthma prevalence is increasing largely among black children or that the severity of asthma among most children in the United States is increasing. ( JAMA 1992;268:2673-2677)
Stereo vision correspondance using a multichannel graph matching technique

Abstract A multichannel feature-based stereo vision technique is described in this paper where curve segments are used as the feature primitives in the matching process. Curve segments are extracted by tracking the zero-crossings of the left and right images. The generalized Hough transform of each curve and the curve length are used as a local feature vector in representing the distinctive characteristics of the curve segment. The feature vector of each curve segment in the left image is used as a constraint to find an instance of the same curve segment in the right image. The epipolar constraint on the centroids of the curve segment is used to limit the searching space in the right image. A relational graph is formed from the left image by treating the centroids of the curve segments as the nodes of the graph. The local features of the curve segments are used to represent the local properties of the nodes, and the relationship between the nodes represents the structural properties of the objects in the scene. A similar graph is also formed from the right image curve segments. A graph isomorphism is then formed between the two graphs by using the epipolar constraint on the centroids, the local properties of the nodes, node assignment and the structural relationship (compatibility) between the nodes.
Kondo and charge fluctuation resistivity due to Anderson impurities in graphene

Motivated by experiments on ion-irradiated graphene, we compute the resistivity of graphene with dilute impurities. In the local moment regime we employ the perturbation theory up to third order in the exchange coupling to determine the behavior at high temperatures within the Kondo model. Resistivity due to charge fluctuations is obtained within the mean-field approach on the Anderson impurity model. Due to the linear spectrum of the graphene, the Kondo behavior is shown to depend on the gate voltage applied. The location of the impurity on the graphene sheet is an important variable determining its effect on the Kondo scale and resistivity. Our results show that for chemical potential near the node the charge fluctuations is responsible for the observed temperature dependence of resistivity, while away from the node the spin fluctuations take over. Quantitative agreement with experimental data is achieved if the energy of the impurity level varies linearly with the chemical potential.
Comparison of the planar and coaxial field asymmetrical waveform ion mobility spectrometer (FAIMS)

Abstract A method and apparatus for ion separation in gases using the dependence of ion mobility coefficient on electric field strength are briefly described (including effect of ion focusing in apparatus with coaxial design of separation chamber). A mathematical model described ions transition for both coaxial and planar separation chamber design is proposed. The model has been verified by our own and published experimental data. Using the proposed model comparative analysis of the planar and coaxial apparatus is conducted by comparison of ion diffusion losses (sensitivity) and response time (speed of operation). Qualitative and quantitative advantages and disadvantages of both variants are considered.
Expression of the autonomous parvovirus H1 genome: Evidence for a single transcriptional unit and multiple spliced polyadenylated transcripts

Abstract We identified viral transcripts in parvovirus H1-infected rodent cells using the S1 nuclease mapping technique of Berk and Sharp (1977, 1978). The most abundant viral transcript, present in both nucleus and cytoplasm, is approximately 2.8 kb long and represents about 56% of the viral genome. Less abundant viral transcripts of 3.0, 1.45 and 1.30 kb, and possibly other minor viral transcripts, are also detected in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. In contrast, a prominent 4.7 kb viral transcript which corresponds to 95% of the viral DNA is found only in the nucleus; this finding suggests that the parvovirus genome may function as a single transcription unit. Virus-infected cells pretreated with cycloheximide accumulate all these viral transcripts. Analyses of RNA-DNA hybrids (isolated from neutral agarose gels) by electrophoresis on alkaline agarose gels indicate that the 4.7, 3.0 and 2.8 kb viral transcripts are "spliced" RNAs. The nuclear-specific 4.7 kb transcript appears to be encoded by two noncontiguous DNA segments of 2.2 and 2.6 kb. The 3.0 and 2.8 kb transcripts are apparently encoded by a 2.6 kb segment of DNA and one or more much smaller noncontiguous DNA segments, one of which is approximately 170 nucleotides long.
Effect of temperature and charged particle fluence on the resistivity of polycrystalline CVD diamond sensors

Abstract The resistivity of polycrystalline chemical vapor deposition diamond sensors is studied in samples exposed to fluences relevant to the environment of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. We measure the leakage current for a range of bias voltages on samples irradiated with 800 MeV protons up to 1.6×10 16 p/cm 2 . The proton beam at LANSCE, Los Alamos National Laboratory, was applied to irradiate the samples. The devices' resistivity is extracted for temperatures in the −10 °C to +20 °C range.
Water Stress Effects on the Content and Organization of Chlorophyll in Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Chloroplasts of Maize

The consequences of drought stress on the organization of chlorophyll into photosynthetic units and on the chlorophyll-protein composition of mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of Zea mays L. were studied. It was found that the majority of chlorophyll lost in response to water stress occurs in the mesophyll cells with a lesser amount being lost from the bundle sheath cells. All of the chlorophyll loss could be accounted for by reduction in the lamellar content of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein, a rather specific target for water stress. The decreased content of this chlorophyll-protein accounts for the elevated chlorophyll a/b ratios and the reduced photosynthetic unit sizes of the two cell types in stressed plants. The implications of the selective catabolism of this major membrane component are discussed.
Public Good as Public Interest? The Principle of Tangibility in Eminent Domain Legislation

In its landmark 2005 Kelo v. New London decision, the Supreme Court invited state legislatures to enact stricter eminent domain legislation. This study invites readers to consider the terms “public good” and “public interest” in the context of such legislation. The distinctions between the two terms are important because of the deference shown to administrators in interpreting and implementing post-Kelo law. The proposed principle of tangibility facilitates the simultaneous protection of individual private property rights and states’ rights to advance the public good.
History and development of dynamic programming

The development of DP (dynamic programming) is presented in a chronological order. Although it seems awkward, it does show that science never develops in a correct and straightforward fashion. It is only afterwards that a scientific development can be made logical and rational. The emphasis is placed on the actual development of DP and its interconnections with other basic areas, such as invariant imbedding. Another area of emphasis is the possible future research directions. Most of the detailed derivations and equations are omitted.
Models of Caring, or Acting as if One Cared, About the Welfare of Others

This article surveys the theoretical literature in which people are modeled as taking other people’s payoffs into account either because this affects their utility directly or because they wish to impress others with their social-mindedness. Key experimental results that bear on the relevance of these theories are discussed as well. Five types of models are considered. In the first, an individual’s utility function is increasing in the payoffs of other people. The more standard version of these preferences supposes that only consumption leads to payoffs and has trouble explaining prosocial actions such as voting and charitable contributions by poor individuals. If one lets other variables determine happiness as well, this model can explain a much wider set of observations. The second type of model surveyed involves people trying to demonstrate to others that they have prosocial (or altruistic) preferences. In these models, altruistic acts need not have a direct effect on utility. The third class of models...
Distributed clone detection in wireless sensor networks: An optimization approach

In this paper, we study distributed algorithms for detecting cloned nodes in wireless sensor networks. We consider the impact of leaving undetected cloned nodes in the network, as well as the communication cost and the storage cost incurred by each algorithm. We develop an optimization framework for choosing clone detection parameters based on these costs and analyze existing detection schemes using the developed framework. Simulations are provided to validate the methodology.
Defining Opportunistic Invasive Fungal Infections in Immunocompromised Patients with Cancer and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants: An International Consensus

During the past several decades, there has been a steady increase in the frequency of opportunistic invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in immunocompromised patients. However, there is substantial controversy concerning optimal diagnostic criteria for these IFIs. Therefore, members of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group formed a consensus committee to develop standard definitions for IFIs for clinical research. On the basis of a review of literature and an international consensus, a set of research-oriented definitions for the IFIs most often seen and studied in immunocompromised patients with cancer is proposed. Three levels of probability are proposed: "proven," "probable," and "possible." The definitions are intended for use in the context of clinical and/or epidemiological research, not for clinical decision making.
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and haematological malignancy at a tertiary care centre: timing, histopathology and therapy

Objectives: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at higher risk of haematological malignancies (HMs) than the general population. Most reports have focused on HM diagnosed after SLE, and have excluded concurrent and preceding diagnoses. Information on response to therapy is also limited. Methods: We identified 13 296 cases of HM and 10 539 potential patients with SLE at our centre; 45 patients were confirmed to have HM and SLE. Our retrospective case series was based on these 45 patients. Results: Of the 45 patients, 64% were diagnosed with HM ≥1 year after diagnosis with SLE, and 36% with HM before or concurrent with SLE. Of the 29 patients with HM after SLE, 13 had diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 6 indolent lymphoma, 4 leukaemia, 3 Hodgkin’ sd isease, and 1e ach Burkitt’s lymphoma, T cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Eleven patients with DLBCL were treated with cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin and prednisone (CHOP) or rituximab-CHOP; hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin and prednisone; only four achieved durable remission. Of the 16 patients diagnosed with HM before or concurrent with SLE, 9 were diagnosed with HM more than 2 years before SLE and tended to be in remission prior to SLE diagnosis. Seven patients were diagnosed with HM and SLE concurrently; in terms of their HM, six achieved remission or stable disease. Conclusions: In summary, DLBCL was the most common type of lymphoma in patients diagnosed with HM after SLE; these patients presented with advancedstage disease and had poor outcomes. In contrast, patients diagnosed with HM before or concurrent with SLE had early stage disease and typically achieved remission.
Habitat differences in cocoa tree flowering, fruit-set, and pollinator availability in Costa Rica

Phenological patterns of flowering and fruit-set were studied in cocoa trees (Theo- broma cacao) (Sterculiaceae) at monthly intervals in two contrasting habitats in Costa Rica for a one-year period. One of these habitats, a well-maintained plantation, had irregular and broken shade cover (Erythrina trees in particular) i4hile in the other habitat, - 'cocoa forest', cocoa trees were heavily shaded by Huara crepitans (Euphorbiaceae). 'Matina' variety cocoa trees of about the same age (50-60 years) were censused in both habitats. Cocoa-pollinating midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae and Cecidomyiidae) availability was estimated by sampling immature stages in experimentally-distributed ground-cover breeding substrates, comparing overall abund- ances and species numbers between the two habitats over three census dates (dry, mid-rainy, and late-rainy seasons), along with examination of fungal-rotted (diseased) cocoa pods both on trees and the ground. Although total flower production was much greater in the plantation habitat, total produc- tion of new pods was similar between habitats. Flowering followed a cyclic temporal pattern in the forest but not in the plantation. Sudden leaf drop of forest shade trees in the dry season probably triggered a cyclic response in which flowering peaked in the first half of the rainy season. There was an inverse relation for frequencies of mature cocoa pods killed by squirrels and pathogenic fungi (Monilia roreri and Phytophthora) between the two habitats: squirrel-killed pods were far more abundant in the plantation than in the forest, and the opposite for fungus- killed pods. Fungus-killed but otherwise intact pods, and not squirrel-killed pods rotting on trees, were a major breeding site for midges, particularly during the late rainy season. Cerato- pogonidae were most abundant in the dry season and frequently encountered in cocoa pod husks and banana tree trunk sections in both habitats, and much more so in the forest habitat. The abandoned cocoa plantation (cocoa forest) supported a more diverse assemblage of polli- nating midges than the plantation. In the plantation but not in the forest, a negative correlation was discovered between dis- tance from shade trees and the numbers of pods on trees, suggesting greater pollinating activity by midges in cocoa trees beneath shade trees than away from them. The uniform dense shade cover in the adjacent forest probably obliterated such a pattern.
Implementation and analysis of an image-based global illumination framework for animated environments

We describe a new framework for efficiently computing and storing global illumination effects for complex, animated environments. The new framework allows the rapid generation of sequences representing any arbitrary path in a "view space" within an environment in which both the viewer and objects move. The global illumination is stored as time sequences of range-images at base locations that span the view space. We present algorithms for determining locations for these base images, and the time steps required to adequately capture the effects of object motion. We also present algorithms for computing the global illumination in the base images that exploit spatial and temporal coherence by considering direct and indirect illumination separately. We discuss an initial implementation using the new framework. Results and analysis of our implementation demonstrate the effectiveness of the individual phases of the approach; we conclude with an application of the complete framework to a complex environment that includes object motion.
Shouldering the evidence burden: conflicting testimony in a case of interscalene block.

Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law, San Diego, CA 92101, USA San Diego Center for Patient Safety, VA Medical Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92101, USA Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92101, USA Department of Anesthesiology, Saint Vincent Hospital–Manhattan, New York, NY 10011, USA
Acetylene–norbornene copolymers

Metathesis ring opening polymerization has been used to copolymerize norbornene and 7,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)tricyclo[4,2,2,0 2,5 ]deca-3,7,9-triene. Subsequent thermal elimination of the precursor copolymers yielded acetylene-norbornene copolymers. The undoped copolymers were found to have electrical conductivity, spin concentration, and EPR linewidths which vary with composition. The location of the trans-C-H out-of-plane vibration, however, was invariant at 1010cm -1 indicating that conjugation length of n > 4 are present even at 40% acetylene content in the copolymer. The copolymers containing 79 mol % of acetylene units attained a doped conductivity of 0.02 S/cm with a dopant concentration of 6 mol % of I 3 per sp 2 carbon.
Effect of cyproterone acetate on LH in immature rats.

Cyproterone acetate (Cyp A) was administered to 35-day-old intact male rats parabiotically joined to hypophysectomized (H) males. Prostate weight in the latter was no higher than control values, indicating that the output of LH by the pituitary of the intact male was not increased, even though the effect of endogenous androgen was reduced as manifested by lowered sex accessory weights. Higher doses (2 mg/day) reduced prostate weight in the H partner, which could be accounted for by inhibition of LH output from the pituitary of the intact partner or /and exchange of Cyp A between partners. Both these mechanisms appeared operative by the results of 2 additional experiments. Castrated male parabionts were given 50 ng testosterone propionate daily and only one partner received Cyp A. Most of the activity of the anti-androgen was apparent with a dose of 100 μg. The material crossed the parabiotic union to inhibit prostate growth in the uninjected member when its co-twin received 1 mg or more per day. With a do...
Insulin, Other Hypoglycemic Drugs, and Glucagon

Abstract The Side Effects of Drugs Annuals are yearly reviews of literature that has been published on the adverse effects of drugs. The Side Effects of Drugs Annuals contributes to the contents of Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: the International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions . This review of the literature covers studies, meta-analyses, and case reports on the use of glucagon, insulin, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DDP-IV) inhibitors, incretin mimetics, sodium–glucose transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, sulphonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated dual receptor agonist aleglitazar that was published from July 2013 to December 2014. Drug effects that are particularly highlighted include the reduction of cancer risk with metformin, the risk of lactic acidosis with metformin and pancreatitis in patients taking incretin mimetics and DPP-IV inhibitors.
Cell Calcium in Malignant Hyperthermia

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a genetic disease of man and various animal species that predisposes to a hypermetabolic syndrome triggered by certain anesthetic agents (Gronert, 1965; Nelson and Flewellen, 1983). Susceptibility to the MH syndrome is prevalent in swine and this also predisposes to a stress-induced syndrome in this species (Nelson, 1973). Potent volatile anesthetics such as halothane and depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine are triggering agents for MH in susceptible man and animals. The state of anesthesia alone is not responsible for MH as evidenced by the fact that barbiturates, nitrous oxide, and narcotics can be used to provide anesthesia for the MH patient without triggering the syndrome. The primary defect for MH appears to be in skeletal muscle and a working hypothesis is that anesthetic agents which cause MH do so by producing a sustained increase in Ca2+ inside the muscle cell. Increases in myoplasmic Ca2+ below contracture threshold can increase oxygen consumption (Bianchiet al., 1975), and if unabated this can deplete energy necessary to maintain Ca2+ below contracture threshold. Further increases in myoplasmic Ca2+ can then activate the contractile elements, producing the clinical features of skeletal muscle rigidity and lactic acidosis that are observed in the malignant phases of the syndrome.
Balancing Your Life

This self-assessment instrument helps students assess their current level of development and then examine their allocation of time to see whether the daily and weekly structure of time allocation is consistent with their personal definition of success. It can be used alone or with such cases as "The Life and Career of a Senior Executive Officer" (UVA-PACS-0023).
Granular Dynamics of Shaking

We present results for the dynamics of shaken granular systems. We consider first purely vertical shaking, and focus chiefly on tall layers of material for which friction between walls and grains and gas flow are responsible for a collection of interesting dynamical states. We then briefly consider pure horizontal shaking and finally mixed horizontal and vertical shaking.
Regulation 2.0: The Marriage of New Governance and Lex Informatica

Throughout history, disruptive technologies have transformed industry and marked the destruction and creation of regulatory structures. From the railroad to the Internet to the sequencing of the human genome, regulators have had to slowly experiment and stumble their way to protect the public from the potentially negative consequences of innovation. Today is no different. Society must devise ways to effectively regulate new technologies such as drones, driverless cars, 3D printers, and tech-driven marketplaces collectively known as the sharing economy.Technology and regulation, however, run at different clock speeds, and the gap between the two is consistently getting wider. Regulatory agencies often utilize Regulation 1.0 approaches, which are characterized by top-down design standards that dictate exactly how the regulated must act in order to prevent market failure. Regulation 1.0 stifles innovation by increasing barriers to entry and decreasing the room for businesses to experiment. In a novel theoretical approach, this Article marries New Governance theory with the concept of lex informatica to address the problems of emerging technologies, particularly those related to the sharing economy. Developed in response to changes in technology, economic forces, globalization, and a need to make regulatory systems more experimental and flexible, New Governance models attempt to find optimal approaches to regulation while simultaneously encouraging innovation and protecting consumers. Lex informatica, on the other hand, relates to the idea that technological capabilities and system design choices can regulate participant behavior to protect consumers. That is, regulation built into code can both prevent certain user actions (i.e. access to private information) and instantaneously punish behavior (i.e. kicking users off sharing economy platforms for fraud). The resulting offspring of New Governance and lex informatica is Regulation 2.0. Regulation 2.0 incorporates New Governance design principles and technology to efficiently police behavior via performance standards. Regulation 2.0 is ideal for regulating the sharing economy in particular, as it is powered by technology-driven feedback loops, which allows for monitoring, prohibiting, and punishing user behavior. The shift from Regulation 1.0 to Regulation 2.0 will help regulators effectively collaborate with stakeholders and complete the heavy lifting required to understand how code can effectively become law.
Resistance Among Rhododendron Species to Obscure Root Weevil Feeding

Resistance was exhibited among 104 Rhododendron species to foliage feeding by Sciopithes obscurus Horn by using a detached-leaf feeding method. Seven species were not fed upon while 16 and 73 species had moderate and low resistance, respectively. Eight species were highly susceptible to weevil feeding. Leaf scales, texture, and metabolites were possible factors contributing to the observed resistance to weevil feeding.
Of Local Interest: A Centennial History: 1837—1937, Colby Academy, Colby Junior College

(1938). Of Local Interest: A Centennial History: 1837—1937, Colby Academy, Colby Junior College. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 170-170.
INTOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY AND THE DECISION TO FORM AN ALLIANCE

In an experimental design, when a firm's reputation was manipulated and its reputation was negative or mixed, high tolerance of ambiguity will increase the decision-maker's propensity to engage in an alliance.
Distribution and seasonal variation of mosquitoes in Jingmen City,Hubei

Objective To find out the mosquito species,seasonal changes,night activity rhythm and the impacts of different ecological environments on mosquitoes in Jingmen city.Methods Sampling points were selected in four different habitats,UV-trapping lamp was used,and time-phased mosquito-trap was used at night during the activity peak hours.Mosquito samples were classified,identified and statistically treated.Results The highest mosquito density was in late July,reached 693 /(per lamp o Night).Mosquito density was the highest from 21∶00~23∶00 pm and 03∶00~05∶00am,reached 12/(per lamp o Hour) and 10.5/(per lamp o Hour) respectively.1 family,5 genera 13 species were collected,among which Culex pipiens pallens(Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus),Anopheles sinensis,Armigeres obturbans and Culex tritaeniorhynchus were of higher density.During peak period,C.tritaeniorhynchus accounted for 82.6% in rural plain areas,while A.obturbans accounted for 64.3% in mountainous areas.Conclusions C.pipiens pallens,Anopheles sinensis,A.obturbans,C.tritaeniorhyn chus were the four dominant mosquito species.The peak period of mosquito activity was from early July to early August.There were two activity peaks at night,:21∶00-23∶00 pm and 03∶00-05∶00 am.C.tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant mosquito species in rural plain areas,A.sinensis was the dominant mosquito species in rural mountainous areas.
Emergency care and the schools. Testing a multimedia course.

Abstract Ohio State University studies the effectiveness of the programmed instruction component in the Standard First Aid Course Multimedia System of the American Red Cross
Classification of bisyllabic lexical stress patterns in disordered speech using deep learning

Technology-based therapy tools can be of great benefit to children with developmental speech disabilities as they typically require sustained practice with a speech therapist for several years. Towards this aim, over the past 4 years we have developed speech processing tools to automatically detect common errors in disordered speech. This paper presents an automated technique to identify incorrect lexical stress. Specifically, we describe a deep neural network (DNN) that can be used to classify the four different bisyllabic stress patterns: strong-weak (SW), weak-strong (WS), strong-strong (SS) and weak-weak (WW). We derive input features for the DNN from the duration, pitch, intensity and spectral energy on each of the two consecutive syllables. Using these features, we achieve 93% correct classification between SW/WS stress patterns and 88% correct classification of the four bisyllabic patterns on speech from typically developing children, while we obtain 73.4% classification between SW/WS in disordered speech. These figures represent a two-fold reduction in error rates compared to our prior work, which used a DNN with differential features from consecutive syllables.
Repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defect in the elderly: Early and long-term results

We performed 13 operations on 12 elderly patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) following myocardial infarction. All patients were older than 65 years (range 66 to 82 years) and six were over 70 years of age. Ten underwent operation, with counterpulsation support, within 3 weeks of development of the VSD. Among eight patients with anteriorly located VSDs, there were four survivors. Among four patients with inferior defects, three survived. Overall hospital survival was 58%. Hospital costs were no greater in the elderly than in younger patients. The seven long-term survivors were followed up for from 10 months to 7.5 years (mean 3.9 years). There was one sudden death at 7.5 years in a previously well man. Of the remaining six patients, five are in New York Heart Association Class I, and one is in Class II. One woman, now 84 years old, lives independently over 2 years after repair. Our experience with respect to management suggests that unless medical therapy results in continued improvement rather than stability alone, hemodynamic deterioration is inevitable, and survival for delayed repair is unlikely. Furthermore, undue delay frequently results in renal failure and severely compromises the chances for survival after repair in the acute state.
A neural network based nonlinear feature transformation for speech recognition.

A neural network based feature dimensionality reduction for speech recognition is described for accurate phonetic speech recognition. In our previous work, a neural network based nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA) was proposed as a dimensionality reduction approach for speech features. It was shown that the reduced dimensionality features are very effective for representing data for vowel classification. In this paper, we extend this neural network based NLPCA approach for phonetic recognition using continuous speech. The reduced dimensionality features obtained with NLPCA are used as the features for HMM phone models. Experimental evaluation using the TIMIT database shows that recognition accuracies with NLPCA reduced dimensionality features are higher than recognition rates obtained with original features, especially when a small number of states and mixtures are used for HMM phonetic models.
Risk factors for bacteremia and central line–associated blood stream infections in children with acute myelogenous leukemia: A single‐institution report

Background Central line–associated blood stream infections (CLABSIs) are a source of high morbidity and mortality in children with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Procedure To understand the epidemiology and risk factors associated with the development of CLABSI in children with AML. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients with AML over a 5-year period between 2007 and 2011 at the Children's Hospital Colorado. Cases and controls were classified on the basis of the presence of a CLABSI as defined by the National Healthcare Safety Network. Results Of 40 patients in the study, 25 (62.5%) developed at least one CLABSI during therapy. The majority of CLABSIs were due to oral or gastrointestinal organisms (83.0%). Skin organisms accounted for 8.5%. In a multivariable analysis, the strongest risk factors associated with CLABSI were diarrhea (odds ratio [OR] 6.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6–28.7), receipt of blood products in the preceding 4–7 days (OR 10.0, 95%CI 3.2–31.0), not receiving antibiotics (OR 8.3, 95%CI 2.8–25.0), and chemotherapy cycle (OR 3.5, 95%CI 1.4–8.9). CLABSIs led to increased morbidity, with 13 cases (32.5%) versus two controls (1.9%) requiring transfer to the pediatric intensive care unit (P < 0.001). Three (7.5%) of 40 CLABSI events resulted in or contributed to death. Conclusions Intensified line care efforts cannot eliminate all CLABSIs in the patients with AML. Exploring the role of mucosal barrier breakdown and/or the use of antibiotic prophylaxis may be effective strategies for further prevention of CLABSIs, supporting ongoing trials in this patient population.
Numerical Relativity: Solving Einstein's Equations on the Computer

Aimed at students and researchers entering the field, this pedagogical introduction to numerical relativity will also interest scientists seeking a broad survey of its challenges and achievements. Assuming only a basic knowledge of classical general relativity, the book develops the mathematical formalism from first principles, and then highlights some of the pioneering simulations involving black holes and neutron stars, gravitational collapse and gravitational waves. The book contains 300 exercises to help readers master new material as it is presented. Numerous illustrations, many in color, assist in visualizing new geometric concepts and highlighting the results of computer simulations. Summary boxes encapsulate some of the most important results for quick reference. Applications covered include calculations of coalescing binary black holes and binary neutron stars, rotating stars, colliding star clusters, gravitational and magnetorotational collapse, critical phenomena, the generation of gravitational waves, and other topics of current physical and astrophysical significance.
Free Higher Education: Mistaking Equality and Equity

Free higher education is seeing a revival of popularity globally at a time when students and their families are asked to contribute ever more toward the cost of college. However, contrary to popular belief, free-tuition higher education is not necessarily associated with better access to, or equity within, tertiary education. This article takes a closer look at the realities behind “free” higher education, more specifically in its relationship with access.
Teaching Political Science in the Poorest State in the U.S. And the Poorest Country in Africa: Similarities and Differences

Last fall, when I walked into the unlit, unequipped hall on a college campus in Sierra Leone and found some 160 political science students squeezed onto the narrow wooden benches in front of wooden tables, I had two questions: (1) how motivated were these students? (2) could I turn this large class into a seminar and use the same community service, research requirements, and interactive learning style I used in the much smaller classes back in Mississippi? The answers would reveal much about how some pedagogical theories on learning and teaching apply (or not) across cultures and regardless of class size and equipment. This paper also makes some comparisons between my classes in Sierra Leone and Mississippi.
Towards an Integrated Strategy to Preserve Digital Computing Performance Scaling Using Emerging Technologies

With the decline and eventual end of historical rates of lithographic scaling, we arrive at a crossroad where synergistic and holistic decisions are required to preserve Moore’s law technology scaling. Numerous emerging technologies aim to extend digital electronics scaling of performance, energy efficiency, and computational power/density, ranging from devices (transistors), memories, 3D integration capabilities, specialized architectures, photonics, and others. The wide range of technology options creates the need for an integrated strategy to understand the impact of these emerging technologies on future large-scale digital systems for diverse application requirements and optimization metrics. In this paper, we argue for a comprehensive methodology that spans the different levels of abstraction – from materials, to devices, to complex digital systems and applications. Our approach integrates compact models of low-level characteristics of the emerging technologies to inform higher-level simulation models to evaluate their responsiveness to application requirements. The integrated framework can then automate the search for an optimal architecture using available emerging technologies to maximize a targeted optimization metric.
Relationship between obesity, childhood sexual abuse, and attitudes toward obesity in sexual-minority women

Sexual-minority women (SMW) are more likely to be overweight, have a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), and have more positive attitudes toward obesity compared to their heterosexual counterp...
When to sample adult caddisflies: data from a five-year study of a first-order Michigan (USA) stream

ABSTRACTNearly 20,000 adult caddisfly specimens were collected during May through September 2010–2014 from approximately weekly ultraviolet light samples of Fairbanks Creek in northern Lower Michigan. Detrended correspondence analysis determined four distinct seasonal assemblages corresponding to spring (May to late June), summer (late June to late July), late summer (late July to early September), and autumn (early to late September). Of the 109 total species caught, 5 indicated the spring assemblage, 13 the summer assemblage, 1 the late summer assemblage, and 4 the autumn assemblage. Species richness, specimen abundance, and number of unique species were highest during the summer. Most summer samples contained ∼50% of all species caught during the year; whereas the spring and autumn assemblage contained a smaller but unique fauna, and the late summer assemblage was characterized by a decreasing richness of summer species. Pollution tolerance and shredder to filtering collector ratio metrics varied by fa...
Adaptive wavefront shaping for controlling nonlinear multimode interactions in optical fibres

Recent progress in wavefront shaping has enabled control of light propagation inside linear media to focus and image through scattering objects. In particular, light propagation in multimode fibres comprises complex intermodal interactions and rich spatiotemporal dynamics. Control of physical phenomena in multimode fibres and its applications are in their infancy, opening opportunities to take advantage of complex nonlinear modal dynamics. Here, we demonstrate a wavefront shaping approach for controlling nonlinear phenomena in multimode fibres. Using a spatial light modulator at the fibre input, real-time spectral feedback and a genetic algorithm optimization, we control a highly nonlinear multimode stimulated Raman scattering cascade and its interplay with four-wave mixing via a flexible implicit control on the superposition of modes coupled into the fibre. We show versatile spectrum manipulations including shifts, suppression, and enhancement of Stokes and anti-Stokes peaks. These demonstrations illustrate the power of wavefront shaping to control and optimize nonlinear wave propagation. The combination of a spatial light modulator at the fibre input, real-time spectral feedback and a genetic algorithm optimization controls the nonlinear stimulated Raman scattering cascade and its interplay with four-wave mixing in multimode fibres.
Age differences in corneal hydration control.

Dynamic changes in corneal thickness were measured in eight young and eight older normal subjects (mean ages 24.4 ± 4.3 years and 71.9 ± 7.3 years, respectively) to provide data for quantitative assessment of corneal hydration control and thereby provide information for studying age differences in this important aspect of corneal function. For each subject, pachometry data were obtained by (A) monitoring corneal recovery following hypoxic stress, and by either (Bl) measuring recovery after sleep or (B2) by measuring corneal thickness in the late afternoon. The combined data from A and Bl or A and B2 were analyzed through an exponential model to provide information on the: (1) percent recovery per hour (PRPH) following induced corneal hydration; (2) open-eye steady-state (OESS) corneal thickness; (3) residual corneal swelling just before the hypoxic stress test; (4) amount of corneal edema induced by hypoxic stress; and (5) time to reach 95% recovery back to the OESS thickness level (T95%). The results show that between the two age groups, there are substantial differences in some characteristics of corneal hydration while other aspects are similar. For example, the mean PRPH values (58.9 ± 7.8% and 34.2 ± 6.4%/hr) were significantly higher in the younger subjects (/> = 0.0002) and the mean time for 95% recovery to OESS thickness (207 ± 42 min and 452 ±11 7 min) was significantly lower in the younger vs. the older group (P = 0.0002). Also, differences between the two age groups were observed at midmorning before starting the hypoxic stress test; the mean corneal thickness of the older subjects was 32.1 ± 4.8 urn above the OESS thickness, and this was significantly greater than the results (1.84 ± 7.1 urn) found with younger subjects (P = 0.0002). However, the absolute amount of induced corneal swelling following hypoxic stress, 64.2 ± 10.6 fim in younger vs. 66.0 ± 9.3 /im in older subjects, did not differ significantly (P = 0.96), nor did the mean OESS thickness levels, 516 ± 34 Mm in younger vs. 537 ± 28.9 urn in older subjects (P = 0.234). These results provide strong evidence that corneal hydration control decreases with age. The test methods used in this study show good promise for applicability in the clinical setting so that certain "at risk" patients can be tested and monitored in the ophthalmological office. However, to prove clinically applicable, more work is needed to refine the test procedures to make them as convenient and efficient as possible. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:392-399,1989
A Collaborative Virtual Environment for the Simulation of Temporal Bone Surgery

We describe a framework for training-oriented simulation of temporal bone surgery. Bone dissection is simulated visually and haptically, using a hybrid data representation that allows smooth surfaces to be maintained for graphic rendering while volumetric data is used for haptic feedback. Novel sources of feedback are incorporated into the simulation platform, including synthetic drill sounds based on experimental data and simulated monitoring of virtual nerve bundles. Realistic behavior is modeled for a variety of surgical drill burrs, rendering the environment suitable for training low-level drilling skills. The system allows two users to independently observe and manipulate a common model, and allows one user to experience the forces generated by the other’s contact with the bone surface. This permits an instructor to remotely observe a trainee and provide real-time feedback and demonstration.
Late-Nineteenth-Century Chinese Farm Workers in the California Mother Lode

Most archaeological studies of Chinese immigrants have focused on enclaves in cities, towns, villages, and work camps where insular tendencies are expected. This article focuses instead on the adaptations of Chinese immigrants employed at a small farm in the California Mother Lode region where they lived and worked in more ethnically mixed settings. Investigations at CA-AMA-364/H provide insights into adjustments made by the Chinese immigrants between 1851 and the turn of the century. Examination of a ledger left at the site in 1857 by a Chinese cook enhances those interpretations.
Abstract 003: Mrap2 Dissociate Mc4r-Mediated Sympathetic Control of Metabolism and Blood Pressure

The brain melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important in the control of food intake and energy expenditure by increasing thermogenic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). In addition, brain MC4R-...
Missing the (Turning) point: The erosion of democracy at an American university

On August 25, 2017, student members of Turning Point USA (TPUSA), a right-wing conservative organization who advocates for smaller government and free market enterprise, recruited on the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) campus. Members of the UNL community protested nearby. Part of the protest was recorded on video and released to social media leading to harsh public criticism that accused the university of restricting free speech and being an unsafe environment for conservative students. Drawing on cognitive linguistics (e.g. metonymy, framing) and multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA), this paper explores how the TPUSA incident at UNL was recontextualized in local and national media discourse, the ways in which the social actors and events were framed, and its consequences. The authors show how these representations reinforce dominant neoliberal discourses (which correlate with right-wing discourses) that negatively impact public education, providing a necessary counter to a populist political climate in which anti-intellectualism reigns.
(181) Trajectories of Bothersome Pain and Activity-Limiting Pain in a Population-Based Sample of Older Adults

Little is known about longitudinal patterns of pain prevalence with aging. Identifying such patterns could allow for more targeted intervention. Our objective was to identify and describe long-term trajectories of bothersome pain and activity-limiting pain in a population-based sample of older adults. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 6,783 community-dwelling participants using six years of longitudinal data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). NHATS is a cohort of older adults and is representative of Medicare Beneficiaries aged 65 years and older. NHATS data collection began in 2011, and demographic and health data are collected annually through in-person interviews. Outcomes were binary variables for bothersome pain in the past month and activity-limiting pain in the past month. We used group-based trajectory models to identify longitudinal patterns of bothersome pain and activity-limiting pain. We used weighted, multinomial logistic regression to describe associations with each group. The cohort was 57% female, 68% white, and 58% were ≥75 years. We identified four distinct trajectories for the probability of having bothersome pain over 6 years: consistently high (n=1901, 35%), increasing (n=898, 17%), decreasing (n=917, 17%), and consistently low (n=1735, 32%). Similar trajectories were identified for the probability of activity-limiting pain: consistently high (n=721, 13%), increasing (n=812, 15%), decreasing (n=677, 12%), and consistently low (n=3241, 60%). Number of comorbid health conditions was strongly associated with belonging to the consistently high versus low group for both bothersome pain [relative risk (RR)=1.78 increase for every additional condition; 95% CI: 1.67, 1.90)] and activity-limiting pain (RR=1.85 increase for every additional condition; 95% CI: 1.74, 1.98). Trajectories of bothersome pain and activity-limiting pain were highly variable. Approximately half of Medicare Beneficiaries have either high or increasing probability of long-term bothersome pain, and over a quarter have a high or increasing probability of activity-limiting pain long-term.