cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Ecodynamics of Coastal Foragers Using Integrated Faunal Records from Čḯxwicən Village (Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, U.S.A.)

Abstract Extensive 2004 excavation of Cḯxwicən (pronounced ch-WHEET-son), traditional home of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe in northwest Washington State, U.S.A., documented human occupation spanning the last 2700 years with fine geo-stratigraphic control and 102 radiocarbon samples. Remains of multiple plankhouses were documented. Occupation spans large-magnitude earthquakes, periods of climate change, and change in nearshore habitat. Our project began in 2012 as a case study to explore the value of human ecodynamics in explaining change and stability in human-animal relationships on the Northwest Coast through analysis of faunal and geo-archaeological records. Field sampling was explicitly designed to allow for integration of all faunal classes (birds, fish, mammals, and invertebrates), thus facilitating our ability to track how different taxa were affected by external factors and cultural processes. With over one million specimens, the faunal assemblage represents one of the largest on the North Pacific Coast. Invertebrate records reveal striking changes in intertidal habitat that are linked to the formation of the sheltered harbor and catastrophic events such as tsunamis. Analysis suggests a high level of consistency in the structure of resource use (evenness and richness) across 2150 years of occupation, despite increase in intensity of human use and a shift to plankhouse occupation. Trends in fish and invertebrate representation do not correspond to changing ocean conditions, while changes in abundance of herring, salmon, burrowing bivalves and urchins are consistent with impacts from tsunamis. Comparison of resource use between two well-sampled houses before and after one tsunami suggests that while both households were resilient, they negotiated the event in different ways.
Frequency Selective Ferrite Circulators with Quasi-Elliptic Transmission Response

This paper reports on a new class of miniaturized RF circulators with bandpass filtering capabilities. They are based on capacitively-loaded ferrite disk resonators that occupy a 64% smaller area than conventional RF circulator architectures. Frequency selectivity is achieved by introducing four transmission zeros (TZs) below and above the circulator passband. The spectral locations of the TZs are controlled by i) the position of the capacitive load on the ferrite-based disk and by ii) incorporating resonant-type external coupling elements to its input, output and isolated ports. In this manner, non-reciprocal quasi-elliptic type power transmission responses can be obtained, which eliminate the need for additional RF filtering elements in the RF front-end. For proof-of-concept validation, two microstrip prototypes are designed, built and measured at 2.5 GHz, achieving 2.2 and 1.4 dB minimum insertion loss, and 33.4 and 30 dB maximum isolation in the pass-band and are presented in this manuscript for the first time.
Asynchronous Reception Effects on Distributed Massive MIMO-OFDM System

In a distributed massive multiple-input and multiple-output (DM-MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, each of the multiple receivers receives the OFDM signals simultaneously from all transmitters intended for itself and other receivers. Due to the distributed nature of the network and the differences in propagation delays, these OFDM signals received by any receiver are most likely not synchronized. We have analyzed analytically and numerically the asynchronous reception effects on a DM-MIMO OFDM system in this paper. It is shown that the desired signal power reduction due to phase shifts caused by timing offsets is the dominant performance degrading factor. Surprisingly, the increase of various interfering power (including multiuser, inter-carrier, and inter-symbol interference) due to timing offsets is negligible when compared with the desired signal power reduction. Two per-user rate lower bounds have been developed by averaging over small-scale fading. With the aids of these two lower bounds, averaged per-user rate over small- and large-scale fading have been simulated. It is found that around 50% reduction in per-user downlink rate could occur to the majority of users due to asynchronous reception in DM-MIMO OFDM systems. This important factor needs to be considered in implementing any future DM-MIMO system.
Recursive Morphology Using Line Structuring Elements

Binary morphological dilation and erosion with long line structuring elements is computationally expensive when performed by the conventional methods of taking the unions and intersections of all translates of the input binary image with the structuring element. Thus, the overall computational complexity is a function of the product of the image size and that of the structuring element. This paper discusses one-pass constant time recursive algorithms for performing dilation and erosion of a binary image of a given size, with a line structuring element oriented in a given direction regardless of its length. The input binary image is scanned along a digital line generated in the specified orientation. Starting from every 1-pixel in the image directed distances of pixels are measured along the digital line and the pixel values are replaced with the computed values producing a grey scale image called the transform image. This is then thresholded with the desired length of the structuring element. When the resulting image is appropriately translated to account for the true origin of the structuring element, the result is the desired dilation/erosion. The timing of the recursive algorithm is evaluated with respect to the conventional morphological algorithm. It is shown to achieve a speedup of 5, on an average, over all orientations of the line structuring element of length 150 pixels when using a salt and pepper image of size 240 X 256 with the probability of a pixel being a 1-pixel set to 0.25.
How does ultraviolet light affect layer production, fear, and stress

Abstract The lighting spectrum used in modern poultry production commonly lacks significant amounts of ultraviolet light; however, poultry can perceive the ultraviolet spectrum unlike humans and little research has been done to investigate the importance of this part of the spectrum on bird welfare. To determine if adding ultraviolet light to typical light emitting diode (LED) lighting affected production, stress, and behavior we reared laying hens from 18 to 72 weeks of age under either just a commonly used LED fixture (Control) or with the addition of ultraviolet light (UV). To determine stress bilateral asymmetry (ASYM, n = 216), humoral immunity (KLH, n = 40), heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (HL, n = 24), and plasma corticosterone concentrations (CORT, n = 24) were measured. Fear was measured using tonic immobility (TI, n = 216) and inversion (INV, n = 216 during production. Production traits and egg quality traits were also determined. The UV birds had lower CORT at 44 and 72 weeks of age (448.5 ± 70.5 ng/dl, P = 0.03; 1433.0 ± 163.4 ng/dl, P = 0.05), ASYM (4.39 ± 0.23, P = 0.03; 3.22 ± 0.18, P = 0.004) and HL (0.28 ± 0.02, P = 0.002; 0.31 ± 0.03, P = 0.02) at 44 and 72 weeks of age than the Control birds (699.4 ± 89.9 ng/dl; 1840.7 ± 124.5 ng/dl, 5.26 ± 0.33; 4.06 ± 0.22 and 0.41 ± 0.03; 0.42 ± 0.04). The UV birds righted faster during TI (299 ± 17 s, P = 0.05; 306 ± 19 s, P = 0.04) and flapped less intensely during INV (5.35 ± 0.17 flaps/sec, P = 0.04; 5.09 ± 0.17 flaps/sec, P 0.05). These results demonstrate that rearing laying hens with UV light as part of the lighting spectrum can reduce their stress and fear response and once again indicate that it is important to use the correct lighting to optimize bird welfare.
Cyberterrorism and its Dramatic Impact on Insurance and Security Firms

Cyberterrorism has come to be one of the most threatening forms of terrorism in 2019. In the face of the negative implications cyberattacks can have on affected firms and consumers, this article focuses on the flip side of the coin: I hypothesize that cyberattacks can produce abnormal positive returns for the stock prices of insurance and security companies. Heretofore practically ignored by most businesses, companies that specialize in insurance and security dealing with cyberterrorism are experiencing increased positive interest and attention. I conducted an event study analysis to investigate how the stock prices of insurance and security companies changed one day and one week after major cyberattacks on large firms. Such cyberattacks investigated range from the 2013 Yahoo attack to the globally destructive Petya Ransomware attack. Using the P-value as a measure of significance, I found that, on average, the companies realized a consistent, positive abnormal return in 11 of the 15 events one day after an attack. This evidence supported my hypothesis as investors understand that increased cyber activity results in increased cyber-awareness. Both insurance and security companies will likely increase premiums and experience higher quarterly revenues. Moreover, it was found that security companies experienced more positive, abnormal returns than insurance companies, as consumers gravitate towards security in hopes of greater protection.
Creating functionally favorable neural dynamics by maximizing information capacity

Abstract A ubiquitous problem in optimization and machine learning pertains to the design of systems that enact a desired behavior in dynamical environments. For example, the classical example of a control system that stabilizes an inverted pendulum. In this paper, we consider a complementary and less well-studied problem: the design of the environment itself. That is, can we create a dynamical system that in a general but mathematically rigorous way, is readily ‘usable’ by an unknown agent. We are especially interested in the synthesis of neuronal dynamics that are maximally labile with respect to afferent inputs. That is, can we create neural dynamics that propagate information well. To do so, we blend ideas from control and information theories, by turning specifically to the notion of empowerment, or the information capacity of a dynamical system in an input-to-state sense. We devise a strategy to optimize the dynamics of a system using empowerment over its state space as an objective function. This results in dynamics that are generically conducive to information propagation. For example, the optimized environment would be expected to perform well as an encoder (of afferent input distributions). We outline the key technical innovations needed in order to perform the optimization and, by means of example, discuss emergent dynamical characteristics of systems optimized according to this principle.
Rosai-Dorfman Disease: A Less Common Cause of Leptomeningeal and Nerve Root Enhancement:

A 46-year-old male experienced progressive neurocognitive decline, weight loss, intermittent headaches, and weakness over 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed hydrocephalus and the spinal cord imaging showed diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement with prominent nerve root involvement. Intradural biopsy of lumbar arachnoid tissue found mixed inflammatory infiltrate consisting predominantly of histiocytes, S100 and CD68 positivity, and lymphocytophagocytosis (emperipolesis) consistent with extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease. Rosai-Dorfman disease, a non-Langerhans cell histocytic disorder, can mimic the appearance of neurosarcoidosis and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and should remain on the differential of a patient presenting with diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement, a common occurrence on a neurohospitalist service.
Dual-trajectories of opioid and gabapentinoid use and risk of subsequent drug overdose among Medicare beneficiaries in the United States: a retrospective cohort study.

Background and aims Little is known about opioid and gabapentinoid (OPI-GABA) use duration and dose patterns' associations with adverse outcome risks. We examined associations between OPI-GABA dose and duration trajectories and subsequent drug overdose. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting US Medicare. Participants Using a 5% sample (2011-16), we identified 71 005 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries with fibromyalgia, low back pain, neuropathy and/or osteoarthritis initiating OPIs and/or GABAs [mean age ± standard deviation (SD) = 65.5 ± 14.5 years, female = 68.1%, white = 76.8%]. Measurements Group-based multi-trajectory models identified distinct OPI-GABA use patterns during the year of OPI and/or GABA initiation, based on weekly average standardized daily dose (i.e. OPIs = morphine milligram equivalent, GABAs = minimum effective daily dose). We estimated models with three to 12 trajectories and selected the best model based on Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and Nagin's criteria. We estimated risk of time to first drug overdose diagnosis within 12 months following the index year, adjusting for socio-demographic and health factors using inverse probability of treatment weighted multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Findings We identified 10 distinct trajectories (BIC = -1 176 954; OPI-only = 3, GABA-only = 3, OPI-GABA = 4). Compared with OPI-only early discontinuers (40.6% of the cohort), 1-year drug overdose risk varied by trajectory group: consistent low-dose OPI-only users [16.6%; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19-1.82], consistent high-dose OPI-only users (1.8%; HR = 4.57, 95% CI = 2.99-6.98), GABA-only early discontinuers (12.5%; HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.09-1.77), consistent low-dose GABA-only users (11.0%; HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.12-1.85), consistent high-dose GABA-only users (3.1%; HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.94-2.17), early discontinuation of OPIs and consistent low-dose GABA users (6.9%; HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.90-1.69), consistent low-dose OPI-GABA users (3.4%; HR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.76-3.52), consistent low-dose OPI and high-dose GABA users (3.2%; HR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.71-3.53) and consistent high-dose OPI and moderate-dose GABA users (0.9%; HR = 7.22, 95% CI = 4.46-11.69). Conclusions Risk of drug overdose varied substantially among US Medicare beneficiaries on different use trajectories of opioids and gabapentinoids. High-dose opioid-only users and all consistent opioid and gabapentinoid users (regardless of doses) had more than double the risk of subsequent drug overdose compared with opioid-only early discontinuers.
Robust Subject-invariant Feature Learning for Ocular Biometrics in Visible Spectrum

Recent studies in deep learning based ocular biometrics in the visible spectrum have shown drastic improvements in accuracy with error rates less than 1% using selfie images. However, most of these studies are based on supervised feature learning using closed-set evaluation, where subjects in training and test sets overlap. Therefore, the scalability and generalization of many of these methods cannot be well established. In this paper, we present an unsupervised subject-invariant and robust feature learning technique based on convolutional autoencoders. The proposed model uses error reduction between encoded features of two randomly augmented images from an original ocular image, along with the reconstruction error as the loss function for learning robust feature encoding. Experimental results suggest verification performance gap of only 8% GMR (genuine match rate) at 10−4 FMR (false match rate) between the models trained using closed-set scenario and our proposed model evaluated in open-set and cross-dataset scenario. A comparative evaluation was conducted with a ResNet50 model trained using a supervised feature learning method in the cross-dataset scenario. These investigations on publicly available datasets prove the viability of the proposed model in the open-set and cross-dataset scenarios under varying illumination conditions.
Referral Patterns and Treatment Delays in Medulloblastoma: A Large Academic Proton Center Experience.

Purpose Patient travel time can cause treatment delays when providers and families decide to seek proton therapy. We examined whether travel distance or referral pattern (domestic versus international) affects time to radiation therapy and subsequent disease outcomes in patients with medulloblastoma at a large academic proton center. Patients and methods Children with medulloblastoma treated at MD Anderson (MDA) with a protocol of proton beam therapy (PBT) between January 4, 2007, and June 25, 2014, were included in the analysis. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to study the association between time to start of radiation and distance. Classification- and regression-tree analyses were used to explore binary thresholds for continuous covariates (ie, distance). Failure-free survival was defined as the time interval between end of radiation and failure or death. Results 96 patients were included in the analysis: 17 were international (18%); 19 (20%) were from Houston, Texas; 21 were from other cities inside Texas (21%); and 39 (41%) were from other US states. The median time from surgery to start of radiation was not significantly different for international patients (median = 1.45 months) compared with US patients (median = 1.15 months; P = .13). However, time from surgery to start of radiation was significantly longer for patients residing > 1716 km (> 1066 miles) from MDA (median = 1.31 months) than for patients residing ≤ 1716 km (≤ 1066 miles) from MDA (median = 1.05 months; P = .01). This 1- to 2-week delay (median = 7.8 days) did not affect failure-free survival (hazard ratio = 1.34; P = .43). Conclusion We found that short delays in proton access can exist for patients traveling long distances to proton centers. However, in this study, treatment delays did not affect outcomes. This highlights the appropriateness of PBT in the face of travel coordination. Investment by proton centers in a rigorous intake process is justified to offer timely access to curative PBT.
Building Community in an Online Doctoral Program

Despite an increasing number of individuals completing doctoral degrees from earlier years, approximately 50% of students who begin a program never complete their degree. Attrition rates for studen...
Embryo blastulation and quality between days 5 and 6 of extended embryo culture.

This study aims to know what proportion of culture day 5 pre-blastocyst-stage embryos develop into blastocysts by culture day 6 and what patient and cycle characteristics are associated with delayed blastocyst formation. A retrospective observational cohort analysis was performed including a total of 9886 embryos from 1008 IVF cycles in 835 patients, who underwent treatment between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2018. Autologous fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles at a single academic center were included in the analysis. Embryos were group-cultured using single-step culture media. Blastulation was defined as the presence of a new blastocyst. Usable blastulation was defined as the presence of a new good or excellent quality, expanded, hatching, or hatched blastocysts. The mean blastulation rate between days 5 and 6 of extended embryo culture was 30.9%. The mean percentage of embryos developing into usable blastocyst-stage embryos was 19.8%. The factors associated with blastulation on day 6 included the total number of embryos and the number of pre-blastocysts on day 5, as well as the use of ICSI. Age, the number of total embryos, those remained in culture and pre-blastocysts, as well as the blastulation rate on day 5 were associated with usable blastulation. It is important to know the usable blastocyst development rate between culture days 5 and 6 in order to adequately counsel patients debating whether to proceed with fresh ET on day 5 or forego ET with the expectation that embryos will be biopsied for PGT and/or cryopreserved on culture day 6. Our findings provide evidence to help guide patients in this difficult decision.
Spouse's Diabetes Status and Incidence of Depression and Anxiety: An 18-Year Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVE We investigated the risk of depression and anxiety in people whose spouse did or did not have diabetes. We also examined associations between depression and anxiety and severity of spouse’s diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed prospective self-reported data about diagnosed depression/anxiety and diabetes in cohabiting couples in the national Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) during 1999–2017 (n = 13,500, 128,833 person-years of follow-up, median follow-up 8.1 years). We used Poisson models to estimate incidence and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of depression/anxiety, according to spouse’s diabetes status overall and by severity of diabetes. RESULTS Age-, sex-, and race-adjusted incidence of depression/anxiety was 8.0/1,000 person-years (95% CI 6.5, 9.6) among those whose spouse had diabetes and 6.5/1,000 person-years (95% CI 6.0, 6.9) among those whose spouse did not have diabetes. Those whose spouse had diabetes had higher risk of depression/anxiety (IRR 1.24 [95% CI 1.01, 1.53]). Those whose spouse had diabetes-related limitations in daily activities (IRR 1.89 [95% CI 1.35, 2.67]) and diabetes combined with other chronic conditions (IRR 2.34 [95% CI 1.78, 3.09]) were more likely to develop depression/anxiety, while those whose spouse had diabetes with no limitations or additional chronic conditions had incidence of depression/anxiety similar to that of subjects whose spouses did not have diabetes. CONCLUSIONS People living with a spouse with diabetes are at higher risk of developing depression/anxiety than people whose spouse does not have diabetes; this risk is driven by the severity of the spouse’s diabetes. Strategies to address the impacts of diabetes on families need to be devised and tested.
Dual Adhesive Unipolar Polysaccharides Synthesized by Overlapping Biosynthetic Pathways in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Summary Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is a member of the Alphaproteobacteria that pathogenizes plants, and associates with biotic and abiotic surfaces via a single cellular pole. A. tumefaciens produces the unipolar polysaccharide (UPP) at the site of surface contact. UPP production is normally surface-contact inducible, but elevated levels of the second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (cdGMP) bypass this requirement. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the UPP has a central polysaccharide component. Using an A. tumefaciens derivative with elevated cdGMP and mutationally disabled for other dispensable polysaccharides, a series of related genetic screens have identified a large number of genes involved in UPP biosynthesis, most of which are Wzx-Wzy-type polysaccharide biosynthetic components. Extensive analyses of UPP production in these mutants have revealed that the UPP is comprised of two genetically, chemically and spatially discrete forms of polysaccharide, and that each requires a specific Wzy-type polymerase. Other important biosynthetic, processing and regulatory functions for UPP production are also revealed, some of which are common to both polysaccharides, and a subset of which are specific to each species. Many of the UPP genes identified are conserved among diverse rhizobia, whereas others are more lineage specific. Plain language summary Bacteria attach to a wide variety of surfaces including host tissues, via externalized structures described as adhesins. We define a large set of genes involved in synthesis of a complex unipolar adhesin comprised of two distinct polysaccharides, that is required for surface attachment by the plant-associated pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Abstract 15953: Impact of Citizenship on Heart Transplantation Outcomes in the United States

Background: Non-citizens of the United States face complex social and economic issues, which may impact their post-transplant outcomes compared to US citizens. To this end, we utilized the United N...
Establishment and long-term culture of mouse mammary stem cell organoids and breast tumor organoids.

Summary Mammary stem cells (MaSCs) contribute to mammary epithelium development and homeostasis. They have been proposed as cells of origin for breast cancer. Here, we describe an organoid culture protocol for ex vivo expansion of MaSCs from mouse tissues. These organoids maintain the self-renewal of gland-reconstituting MaSCs and can be used to model tumorigenesis by introducing patient-relevant cancer drivers and mutations. Similar organoid culture can be used for long-term expansion of luminal stem/progenitor cells from normal glands and tumor-initiating cells from mammary tumors. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Christin et al. (2020 ) and Zhang et al. (2016) .
Infant Diet And Resting Frontal 6-10 Hz Power at 9 Months Are Associated with Gender-Related Differences in Child Temperament at 3 Years

Temperament is strongly influenced by biological factors and shows gender differences, but it is not known how early diet and diet-related neurodevelopment are related to temperament development. W...
A Hybrid Approach for Parallel Transistor-Level Full-Chip Circuit Simulation

The computer-aided design (CAD) applications that are fundamental to the electronic design automation industry need to harness the available hardware resources to be able to perform full-chip simulation for modern technology nodes (45 nm and below). We will present a hybrid (MPI+threads) approach for parallel transistor-level transient circuit simulation that achieves scalable performance for some challenging large-scale integrated circuits. This approach focuses on the computationally expensive part of the simulator: the linear system solve. Hybrid versions of two iterative linear solver strategies are presented, one takes advantage of block triangular form structure while the other uses a Schur complement technique. Results indicate up to a 27x improvement in total simulation time on 256 cores.
Plant Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAZyme) Repertoires: A Comparative Study

Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) include enzymes for the synthesis, degradation, modification, and recognition of carbohydrate molecules in all living organisms. Plants typically encode 1,000+ CAZyme genes in their genomes. Half of these CAZymes are involved in the synthesis of the highly recalcitrant plant cell walls, the major renewable resource for producing lignocellulosic biofuels. Recently the study of plant CAZymes has been pushed to the front because of the bioenergy research, where CAZymes are intensively studied in order to understand the complex cell wall biosynthesis pathways and address the cell wall recalcitrance to develop transgenic plants. Here we gave an overview of previous efforts on the genome-wide study of CAZymes in sequenced plants. We emphasized the importance of CAZymes to the plant cell wall research, introduced web-based resources for CAZymes, and further presented a brief comparative study of CAZyomes (CAZyme gene repertories) across 30+ fully sequenced plants and algae. We also demonstrated that the detailed phylogenetic analysis is very useful for the further functional and evolutionary study of plant CAZymes.
Characterization of the mRNA's for the polyoma virus capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3

Polyadenylated cytoplasmic RNA from polyoma virus-infected cells can be translated in the wheat germ system to yield all there polyoma virus capsid proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3. The translation products of RNA selected from total cytoplasmic RNA of infected cells by hybridization to polyoma virus DNA showed a high degree of enrichment for VP1, VP2, and VP3. The identity of the in vitro products with authentic virion proteins was established in two ways. First, tryptic peptide maps of the in vitro products were found to be essentially identical to those of their in vivo counterparts. Second, the mobilities of the in vitro products on two-dimensional gels were the same as those of viral proteins labeled in vivo. VP1, VP2, and vp3 were all labeled with [35S] formylmethionine when they were synthesized in the presence of [35S] formylmethionyl-tRNAfmet. We determined the sizes of the polyadenylated mRNA's for VP1, VP2, and VP3 by fractionation on gels. The sizes of the major mRNA species for the capsid proteins are as follows: VP2, 8.5 X 10(5) daltons; VP3, 7.4 X 10(5) daltons; and VP1, 4.6 X 10(5) daltons. We conclude that all three viral capsid proteins are synthesized independently in vitro, that all three viral capsid proteins are virally coded, and that each of the capsid proteins has a discrete mRNA.
Interior point algorithms: theory and analysis

Geometry of Convex Inequalities. Computation of Analytic Center. Linear Programming Algorithms. Worst-Case Analysis. Average-Case Analysis. Asymptotic Analysis. Convex Optimization. Nonconvex Optimization. Implementation Issues. Bibliography. Index.
Insider-outsider influences on industry wages

The persistence of high rates of unemployment in Europe has focused renewed attention on the wage determination process. One aspect which has received particular attention recently is the extent to which wages are determined by insiders, with outsiders having little impact on the wage bargain. If outsiders are disenfranchised in the wage determination process, they may be unable to underbid themselves into employment. The insider-outsider model, and the associated implication of hysteresis, thus provides a possible explanation for persistent involuntary unemployment.
Gliding Motility, Protonmotive Force Motor, and Flagellar Rotation

Various bacteria move by gliding motility. The prokaryotes that do this come from a wide variety of morphological and taxonomic classes. Four characteristics seem to unify the process (see Burchard, 1981; Pate, 1988); (i) the organisms are all Gram-negative; (ii) gliding motility requires a suitable surface; (iii) slime may be an esssential component of that surface; and (iv) the process is powered by chemiosmosis. There appear to be no other common elements. When these Gram-negative bacteria are viewed microscopically, the means of motion are not evident since flagella are undetectable and their presumed sinusoidal movements are not detected. These observations have increased, rather than decreased, the number of proposed mechanisms. Earlier models, reviewed by Burchard (1981), have invoked forces such as osmotic pressure, surface tension, slime secretion, and contractile cell-surface waves. Other models involve the retraction of fimbriae (MacRae and McCurdy, 1976), make-and-break of envelope interactions with the substrate (Dickson et al., 1986), and “electrokinetic” phenomena. Dworkin and associates (Dworkin et al.,1983; Keller et al., 1983) introduced a model of surfactant release, Pate and Chang (1979) have suggested rotary motors, and Lapidus and Berg (1982) have imagined that gliding cells have continuous tracks under the outer membrane that revolve around the cell. A variant has been proposed by Ridgway and Lewin (1988) in which the limited motion of many mechanically independent domains is functionally coordinated.
Sequences of Integers Avoiding 3-term Arithmetic Progressions

The optimal length $r(n)$ of a sequence in $[1, n]$ containing no $3$-term arithmetic progression is determined for several new values of $n$ and some results relating to the subadditivity of $r$ are obtained. We also prove a particular case of a conjecture of Szekeres.
Three-dimensional tracking with misalignment between display and control axes

Human operators confronted with misaligned display and control frames of reference performed three dimensional, pursuit tracking in virtual environment and virtual space simulations. Analysis of the components of the tracking errors in the perspective displays presenting virtual space showed that components of the error due to visual motor misalignment may be linearly separated from those associated with the mismatch between display and control coordinate systems. Tracking performance improved with several hours practice despite previous reports that such improvement did not take place.
Human Rights Principles and Climate Change

This chapter examines whether climate change interferes with the enjoyment of human rights recognized in international law and, if so, whether and how human rights law requires States to protect human rights from such interference. Although the application of human rights law to climate change is still in its infancy, the contours of the relationship are becoming clearer. Human rights bodies are developing an environmental jurisprudence that may be brought to bear on climate change.
Mentoring the Next Generation of Social Workers in Palliative and End-of-Life Care: The Zelda Foster Studies Program

As Americans live longer with chronic illnesses, there is a growing need for social workers with the knowledge and skills to deliver quality palliative care to older adults and their families. Nevertheless, there remains a critical shortage of social workers prepared to provide quality palliative and end-of-life care (PELC) and to maintain the field into the next generation. Formal mentorship programs represent an innovative approach to enhancing practice, providing support and guidance, and promoting social work leadership in the field. This article reviews the literature on mentorship as an approach to professional and leadership development for emerging social workers in PELC. The Zelda Foster Studies Program in Palliative and End-of-Life Care bolsters competencies and mentors social workers in PELC over the trajectory of their careers, and enhances the capacity in the field. Findings from the first six years of two components of the ZF Program are examined to illustrate the feasibility, benefits, and challenges of formal mentorship programs. The authors describe the background, structure, and evaluation of the initiative's mentorship programs, and discuss the implications of mentorship in PELC for social work education, practice, and research.
Adaptation of a Runyankore version of Skindex-16 for oral administration in Mbarara, Uganda.

Background Health-related quality of life instruments are typically developed and validated for use in developed countries by patients who can read and write. Little is known about the feasibility of using adaptations of validated instruments in situations where literacy rates are low. Objective We aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and test an oral version of Skindex-16 in Runyankore, the predominant language in Mbarara, Uganda, for use in dermatologic research. Methods Skindex-16 was forward- and back-translated to Runyankore. The Runyankore version was administered orally to 47 dermatology patients and 47 random hospital visitors. Additional questions regarding duration, dyspigmentation, concealment status of the skin problem, and overall quality of life effect were also asked. Results Oral delivery was feasible; ≤10 minutes per subject. High Cronbach α values (0.86, 0.88, and 0.85 for symptoms, emotions, and functioning subscales, respectively) demonstrated internal consistency reliability. As hypothesized, subjects with reported skin problems, dyspigmentation, and difficulty in concealment had higher mean Skindex scores. A total of 72.4% of responses to the open-ended question were addressed in Skindex-16, indicating content validity. Conclusion The orally delivered Runyankore version of Skindex-16 is reliable, with construct and content validity, and feasible for use in dermatology research in Mbarara, Uganda. Orally administered quality of life instruments have potential for use in low literacy groups worldwide.
Prepubertal Fischer 344 rats display stronger morphine-induced taste avoidance than prepubertal Lewis rats.

The present report asked if the previously reported differences in morphine-induced conditioned taste avoidance between adult F344 and LEW rats (F344 > LEW) are also evident in prepubescence (early adolescence). To assess this possibility, adult (Experiment 1) and prepubertal (Experiment 2) F344 and LEW rats were assessed for their ability to acquire morphine-induced taste avoidance (0, 3.2, 10, or 18 mg/kg) in a modified taste avoidance procedure. In each experiment, rats of both strains were given repeated pairings of saccharin and morphine followed by a final two-bottle avoidance test. Adult and prepubertal F344 subjects displayed a more rapid acquisition of the avoidance response as well as stronger suppression of consumption than their LEW counterparts. These data suggest the strains differ in their sensitivity to the aversive effects of morphine and that this differential sensitivity is evident early in development and is developmentally stable. The basis for these strain differences in morphine-induced avoidance was discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 979–988, 2014.
Racing tradition: Catholic schooling and the maintenance of boundaries

This article seeks to add to the underdeveloped strain of inquiry on the raced social experience of students in private and parochial institutions. We examine the role Catholic schools in the city of Chicago play in the maintenance and creation of racially problematic policies, spaces, and rhetoric. The research uncovers a multitude of responses framing African American students as an exotic other in mission and action through the leveraging of liturgical, ideological, and political language and practice. Using Cultural Studies and Critical Race Theory the work seeks to create a discursive space for representation and resistance in the repositioning of dominant and sanguineous narratives about Catholic schooling both in the US and globally. We use moments when race became particularly and often painfully salient in our experiences of Catholic schooling to expose the structural and racial inequity perpetuated in establishing and enforcing racial barriers to success through religion-for-segregation educatio...
Focused Cardiac Ultrasound in the Emergent Setting: A Consensus Statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and American College of Emergency Physicians

The use of ultrasound has developed over the last 50 years into an indispensable first-line test for the cardiac evaluation of symptomatic patients. The technologic miniaturization and improvement in transducer technology, as well as the implementation of educational curriculum changes in residency training programs and specialty practice, have facilitated the integration of focused cardiac ultrasound into practice by specialties such as emergency medicine. In the emergency department, focused cardiac ultrasound has become a fundamental tool to expedite the diagnostic evaluation of the patient at the bedside and to initiate emergent treatment and triage decisions by the emergency physician.
On the Value of Normative Theory: A Reply to Madry and Richeimer

I am grateful to Alan Madry and Joel Richeimer for their intelligent and stimulating critique of my article “Heidegger and the Theory of Adjudication.” It is the most interesting commentary I have seen on the paper, and I have learned much from it. It may facilitate discussion, and advance debate, to state with some clarity where exactly we agree and disagree. I leave to the footnotes discussion of certain minor points where Madry and Richeimer (hereafter “M&R”) are guilty of some critical overreaching.
Modulating Calcium Entry into Microvascular Endothelium by Controlling Membrane Potential During Submaximal Muscarinic Receptor Activation

Vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation and vasodilation are coupled to a rise in endothelial cell [Ca2+]i and hyperpolarization. However, the role of membrane potential (Vm) in regulating endothelial cell [Ca2+]i remains controversial. To test the hypothesis that Vm can govern Ca2+ entry into endothelial cells in accord with its electrochemical gradient, we evaluated [Ca2+]i using Fura-2 photometry (F340/F380) while controlling Vm using intracellular current injection. Intact endothelial tubes (width: 60 μm, length: ≤ 1 mm) were freshly isolated from superior epigastric arteries of C57BL/6 mice (n≥7; 32°C, pH 7.4). Endothelial cells were electrically coupled to each other through gap junctions and lacked inherent voltage-sensitive ion channel activity as indicated by linearity (R2 = 0.990±0.002) of the current-voltage relationship throughout the Vm range of ≈-80 mV to +10 mV during current injection (±0.5 to 5 nA). In the absence of receptor activation, Vm was −37±1 mV and [Ca2+]i did not change with hyperpolarization or depolarization. In contrast, during submaximal activation of muscarinic (Gq protein-coupled) receptors (GPCRs) with acetylcholine (100 nM; ∼EC50), [Ca2+]i increased with hyperpolarization to −60±1 mV and decreased with depolarization to −28±2 mV. The effect of membrane hyperpolarization on [Ca2+]i was abolished following removal of [Ca2+]o (control [Ca2+]o = 2 mM) and reduced by half in endothelium isolated from TRPV4-/- mice during Vm > −50 mV. Thus, submaximal stimulation of GPCRs enables physiological changes in Vm to modulate Ca entry through voltage-insensitive ion channels in the plasma membrane of native microvascular endothelial cells. (Support: NIH grants R37-HL041026, 5T32-AR048523, 1K99-AG047198)
Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging

Cokriging is applied to estimation of missing monthly streamflow values in three records from gaging stations in west central Virginia. Missing values are estimated from optimal consideration of the pattern of auto- and cross-correlation among standardized residual log-flow records. Investigation of the sensitivity of estimation to data configuration showed that when observations are available within two months of a missing value, estimation is improved by accounting for correlation. Concurrent and lag-one observations tend to screen the influence of other available observations. Three models of covariance structure in residual log-flow records are compared using cross-validation. Models differ in how much monthly variation they allow in covariance. Precision of estimation, reflected in mean squared error (MSE), proved to be insensitive to this choice. Cross-validation is suggested as a tool for choosing an inverse transformation when an initial nonlinear transformation is applied to flow values.
Response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in postpubertal boars with large testes

The objective of the present study was to determine if postpubertal boars (12–13 months of age; 156 ± 8 kg) with large testes had altered hypothalamic control of secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). Seven boars with the highest estimated 150 d, paired testis weights from a line selected for large testes (769 ± 60 g = mean weight of excised testes) and 8 boars from a control group (control, 544 ± 20 g) were tethered in stalls and fitted with indwelling jugular catheters. Males were bled when they were intact, 14 days after castration and during administration of sodium pentobarbital anesthetic (subsequent to castration) to block secretion of endogenous LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). Blood samples were collected at 12-min intervals for 6 hr before and 1 hr after intravenous injection of LHRH in intact and castrated males. During anesthesia, LHRH was administered 4 times at 1-hr intervals and blood samples were collected every 6 min. All samples were analyzed for concentrations of LH and pooled samples were analyzed for concentrations of 17-β estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T). In intact and castrated males, mean concentrations of LH, frequency and amplitude of pulses of LH, and concentrations of E2 and T were not different between boars of the two groups (P>.10). Response to exogenous LHRH was less (P<.05) in intact males with large testes than in corresponding males from the control group (P<.05). Fourteen days after castration, males that had larger testes before castration had less of a response to LHRH than males from the control group (P<.05). In anesthetized males, response to initial injection of LHRH tended (P<.09) to be less in males with larger testes, while responses to the 3 subsequent injections of LHRH were not significantly different between males of the two groups. It is concluded hypothalamic control of hypophyseal secretion of LH in postpubertal boars with larger testes may be different from that of boars with smaller testes since the response of the anterior pituitary to exogenous LHRH in boars with larger testes was less than that of boars with smaller testes.
Grain-Coarsening Resistance and the Stability of Second-Phase Dispersions in Rapidly Solidified Steels

Control of alloy composition and processing to achieve grain coarsening resistance in rapidly solidified alloys is examined via the theory of grain boundary pinning and particle coarsening. The principles are illustrated for the case of manganese sulfides in steels. A thermodynamic survey of potential stable dispersed phases identifies TiN and rare-earth sulfides as particularly promising for alloy development via rapid solidification.
Evaluation of the seminar method to improve clinical teaching.

The effects of a seminar method to improve the teaching of ward attending physicians were evaluated. Forty-six attending physicians from four institutions were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The method was evaluated to assess its effects on attending physicians’ performances and attitudes, and impact on learners. Evaluation methods included ratings of videotapes of ward rounds, teachers’ subjective assessments of both their teaching performances and their experiences in the study, and trainee ratings. Videotape ratings, the teachers’ own assessments, and the trainees’ assessments of the attending physicians’ impact on learning were significantly different, favoring the experimental group (p<0.05). It is concluded that the seminar method can provide the basis for effective and feasible approaches for improving clinical teaching by attending physicians.
ATR Homolog Mec1 Promotes Fork Progression, Thus Averting Breaks in Replication Slow Zones

Budding yeast Mec1, homolog of mammalian ATR, is an essential protein that mediates S-phase checkpoint responses and meiotic recombination. Elimination of Mec1 function leads to genomewide fork stalling followed by chromosome breakage. Breaks do not result from stochastic collapse of stalled forks or other incidental lesions; instead, they occur in specific regions of the genome during a G2 chromosomal transition. Break regions are found to be genetically encoded replication slow zones (RSZs), a newly discovered yeast chromosomal determinant. Thus, Mec1 has important functions in normal S phase and the genome instability of mec1 (and, analogously, ATR-/-) mutants stems from defects in these basic roles.
Microwave Diagnostics of Plasmas

The theory of wave propagation in plasma media where temperature and collision effects are important is formulated by combining the wave equation and Boltzmann's equation for average electron velocity. Usually it is assumed that the electron collision frequency is independent of velocity, but most gases are characterized by a velocity-dependent collision cross section and the electron collision frequency is velocity dependent. It has been shown that when the velocity dependence of the collision frequency is neglected, electron density predictions are in considerable error. A wave theory which accounts for the velocity-dependent electron collision frequency has been worked out and applied to the measurement of electron density, temperature, and collision frequency in a rocket exhaust plasma.