cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualizing the Invisible World of Molecules

In my career, I have had the great pleasure to be able to combine two of my interests: science and art. I started my studies at a serendipitous time, when the field of molecular visualization was just getting off the ground. When I started my studies as a graduate student, computer graphics was brand new, and those of us who knew how to use the hardware, and how to write the software to make it work, had a monopoly on the new technology. Scientists routinely came to use to create figures for papers, or movies for talks, or just to sit and explore their molecules. It was a wonderfully exciting time—we were making things up as we went, developing new methods for viewing molecules and trying to make them practical enough that we could use them in research.
Abstract P216: The Utility of Specific Measure for Heart Failure Patient in Web-Based Management: Reliability of Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire

[Background] Internet-based disease management program is known to reduce heart failure (HF) patients' re-hospitalization. Health-related quality of life (QoL) is often omitted in the web-based management of HF patients. We explored whether Kansas city cardiomyopathy questionnaire (KCCQ) can correlate QoL among HF patients while using web-based telemedicine communication system. [Method] 48 HF patients >50 years of age were enrolled into a clinical trial of telemedicine communication system for 12 month. KCCQ was given to the HF patients at the beginning and end of the study at 12 month. [Results] Mean age was 53.2; 72.2% were male; 38.9% were African-Americans; and the mean New York Heart Association class was 2.3. 50% HF patients used telemedicine and 50% served as control. KCCQ symptom stability was reduced in control patients when compared with web-communicated patients (C-28.1%; Web-32.0%; p=0.12). Overall quality of life was reduced in both group and higher in control group (16.3% vs. 2.2%; p=0.02). Overall clinical summary was improved in web-communicated patients (↑0.64% vs. ↓3.47%; p=0.01). [Conclsuion] These cross-sectional data highlight the potential utility of specific measure for HF patients in web-based communication system and disease management. KCCQ has significance of social and behavioral factors in HF-specific QoL. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
The Caputo Fractional Derivative: Initialization Issues Relative to Fractional Differential Equation

Recognizing the importance of proper initialization of a system, which is evolving in time according to a differential equation of fractional order, Lorenzo and Hartley developed the method of properly incorporating the effect of the commonly held belief that the Caputo formulation of fractional derivatives properly accounts for the initialization effects is not generally true when applied to the solution of fractional differential equations.
Sex Hormones and Physical Activity in Women: An Evolutionary Framework

This chapter presents an evolutionary framework for understanding why there are bidirectional relationships between sex hormones and exercise, and how these relationships are predicted to influence women’s behavior and health. An evolutionary perspective highlights the importance of the ways physiology and behavior have been shaped by natural selection to favor mechanisms and behaviors that increase the likelihood of reproductive success. Impaired reproductive function in response to low energy availability may increase the costs and serve as a barrier to regular exercise among sedentary women. This framework also leads to theory-driven hypotheses regarding factors—such as individual condition and cues of resource scarcity—that can predictably influence individual differences in the relationships between sex hormones and exercise.
Differences in Behavior and Brain Activity during Hypothetical and Real Choices

Real behaviors are binding consequential commitments to a course of action, such as harming another person, buying an Apple watch, or fleeing from danger. Cognitive scientists are generally interested in the psychological and neural processes that cause such real behavior. However, for practical reasons, many scientific studies measure behavior using only hypothetical or imagined stimuli. Generalizing from such studies to real behavior implicitly assumes that the processes underlying the two types of behavior are similar. We review evidence of similarity and differences in hypothetical and real mental processes. In many cases, hypothetical choice tasks give an incomplete picture of brain circuitry that is active during real choice.
Efficient Robust Design with Stochastic Expansions

This chapter describes the application of a computationally efficient uncertainty quantification approach, non-intrusive polynomial chaos (NIPC)-based stochastic expansions, for robust design under mixed (aleatory and epistemic) uncertainties and demonstrates this technique on robust design of a beam and on robust aerodynamic optimization. The approach utilizes stochastic response surfaces obtained with NIPC methods to approximate the objective function and the constraints in the optimization formulation. The objective function includes the stochastic measures, which are minimized simultaneously to ensure the robustness of the final design to both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. The results of the optimization case studies show the computational efficiency and accuracy of the robust design with stochastic expansions, which may be applied to any stochastic optimization problem in science and engineering.
Immunospecificity of Fossil Proteins

The atomic structure of matter has been generally accepted by physicists and chemists for less than 100 years, and the molecular basis of genetics, the DNA double helix, has been understood only within the past half century. During recent decades, molecular evidence for the timing and topology of evolutionary relationships among bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals has been accumulating rapidly (Nei, 1987).
A multi-start optimization-based heuristic for a food bank distribution problem

We investigate a variant of the vehicle routing-allocation problem that arises in the distribution of pallets of goods by a food bank to a network of relatively distant nonprofit organizations. Vehicles are routed to selected intermediate delivery sites to which the nonprofit organizations travel to collect their demand. The logistical cost is shared, and the objective is to minimize a weighted average of the food bank vehicle routing cost and the travel cost of the nonprofit organizations. This paper develops an efficient multi-start heuristic that iteratively constructs the initial solutions to this problem and subsequently explores their neighborhoods via local improvement and perturbation schemes. In our experience, the proposed heuristic substantially outperforms alternative optimization-based heuristics in the literature in terms of the solution quality and computational efficiency and yields solutions with an optimality gap often below 0.5%.
Prospective identification of adolescent suicide ideation using classification tree analysis: Models for community-based screening.

Objective Although a large number of risk markers for suicide ideation have been identified, little guidance has been provided to prospectively identify adolescents at risk for suicide ideation within community settings. The current study addressed this gap in the literature by utilizing classification tree analysis (CTA) to provide a decision-making model for screening adolescents at risk for suicide ideation. Method Participants were N = 4,799 youth (Mage = 16.15 years, SD = 1.63) who completed both Waves 1 and 2 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. CTA was used to generate a series of decision rules for identifying adolescents at risk for reporting suicide ideation at Wave 2. Results Findings revealed 3 distinct solutions with varying sensitivity and specificity for identifying adolescents who reported suicide ideation. Sensitivity of the classification trees ranged from 44.6% to 77.6%. The tree with greatest specificity and lowest sensitivity was based on a history of suicide ideation. The tree with moderate sensitivity and high specificity was based on depressive symptoms, suicide attempts or suicide among family and friends, and social support. The most sensitive but least specific tree utilized these factors and gender, ethnicity, hours of sleep, school-related factors, and future orientation. Conclusions These classification trees offer community organizations options for instituting large-scale screenings for suicide ideation risk depending on the available resources and modality of services to be provided. This study provides a theoretically and empirically driven model for prospectively identifying adolescents at risk for suicide ideation and has implications for preventive interventions among at-risk youth. (PsycINFO Database Record
Abstract 414: Adipose Angiotensin AT2 Receptors Modulate Thermogenesis Though Interactions with Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling

The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) stimulates resting metabolic rate (RMR) in part through a mechanism involving suppression of the circulating RAS. This effect appears to be mediated through the loss of tonic adipose angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) activation specifically within inguinal fat. Mice with hyperactivity of the brain RAS (“sRA” mice, expressing human renin via the synapsin promoter and human angiotensinogen via its own promoter) and littermate controls were chronically infused with vehicle or the AT2R agonist, CGP-42112a (CGP, 90 ng/hr, 8 wk, sc). To identify altered signaling pathways in sRA mice and their response to CGP treatment, total RNA was isolated from inguinal adipose tissue and transcript abundance was quantitated by RNA-Seq (50 bp paired reads sequenced with the Illumina HiSeq 2000). There was a significant (P<0.001) change in expression of 123 genes in sRA mice (n=3) compared to littermate controls (n=3), which were generally reversed by CGP treatment (n=4). By manual inspection, we observed that 51 of these genes are associated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling. Consistent with this, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of the RNA-Seq data demonstrated that genes in the EGF receptor signaling pathway were, as a group, statistically upregulated (P=0.02) in sRA and suppressed (P=0.02) by CGP treatment. Therefore, to further explore the impact of increased EGF signaling on RMR and to isolate a potential modulatory effect of AT2R activation on this response, wildtype C57Bl/6J male mice (9 wk) were infused with EGF (833 ng/hr, 2 wk, sc) with or without co-infusion of CGP. This brief EGF infusion caused a possible increase in RMR (vehicle n=20, 0.173 ± 0.009; EGF n=20, 0.192 ± 0.012 kcal/hr, P=0.13), which was significantly reduced with co-infusion of CGP (90 ng/hr, 2 wk, sc) (EGF+CGP n=17, 0.165 ± 0.005, P<0.05 vs EGF alone; CGP alone n=9, 0.156 ± 0.010). Together these data implicate elevated EGF signaling in the elevated RMR of mice with elevated brain RAS activity. Further, these data suggest a suppressive effect of AT2R activation upon RMR specifically in the context of elevated EGF signaling. Studies utilizing primary inguinal adipose cultures are underway to investigate the molecular basis of the EGF-AT2R interaction.
NAD PRECURSORS AS INTERVENTIONS FOR AGE-RELATED DISEASES AND EXTENDING HUMAN HEALTHSPAN

From yeast to mammals, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical cofactor for redox reactions and for the activity of sirtuins. Levels of NAD+ decline with age. Interventions that boost NAD+ levels increase C. elegans lifespan and restore mitochondrial function in aging mice, in each case is dependent upon the sirtuins. Interventions that increase NAD+ availability, such as NAD+ precursors and CD38 inhibitors induce profound changes in aging mice including reversal of aspects of aging. Thus agents that restore youthful NAD+ levels may be next generation interventions to improve human healthspan.
76 Preventing the cycle of violence: community violence exposure and attitudes toward violence among latino adolescents

Purpose Community violence exposure (CVE) places youth at risk for developing aggressive/externalising behaviour, perpetuating the cycle of violence. One pathway may occur through the adoption of normative beliefs accepting of violence ‘“ a malleable, feasible intervention target for preventing community violence. This pathway is not well understood among Latino adolescents, despite their elevated CVE rates. This study examined whether positive attitudes toward violence mediates the link between CVE and externalising behaviours among Latino youth. Methods This sample comprised 193 low-income Latino adolescents (Mage=15.5, 53% female), primarily Mexican-American (81%), living in urban neighbourhoods; 90% received free/reduced lunch. Youth completed survey measures of past-year CVE (adapted Things I Have Seen and Heard scale), attitudes toward violence (Youth Attitudes toward Guns and Violence Questionnaire), and externalising behaviours (Youth Self Report). Results Hierarchical OLS regressions indicated that both community violence victimisation (AŸ=0.30) and witnessing (AŸ=0.28) was associated with positive attitudes about the use of violence (p Conclusions Latino youth with high levels of CVE tend to endorse positive attitudes about the use of violence, which in turn predicts externalising behaviours. A cycle of violence may explain these findings, with CVE leading youth to value violence as normative and acceptable, prompting their own aggression. Longitudinal data collection is pending to more rigorously test this potential mechanism. Significance/contributions to injury/violence prevention science Violence prevention interventions should target youths’ malleable attitudes toward violence that have developed to normalise their violence exposure in high-crime neighbourhoods. Such interventions would offer low-cost, feasible, and potentially high-impact solutions for preventing community violence.
Understanding Multiple Perspectives: The Contribution of a Short-Essay Assignment to Teaching about the Arab–Israeli Conflict

Teaching about political conflict requires an understanding of the multiple perspectives and motivations of the parties to the conflict. This is especially true when teaching students who may have strong predispositions, such as in classes on the Arab–Israeli conflict. Various active-learning techniques address this problem but often at a cost of long preparation, substantial class time, and class-size limitations. This article offers both quantitative and qualitative evidence that a short essay asking students to defend a key action taken by one of the actors makes them more understanding and less accusatory of that side—even as it does not change their overall attitude toward the conflict. Adding a small-group discussion and a written reflection further helps students to make more informed and reasoned judgments. Importantly, such an assignment is easy to create, implement, and modify across various class types, sizes, and constraints.
Assigned and felt status in relation to observer-coded and participant-reported smiling.

Three experiments examined the relation of smiling to experimentally assigned interpersonal status and, within status groups, to self-reported feelings of status/power. In two of the experiments, participants' reports of own and partner smiling were also gathered and examined in relation to assigned status. In Studies 1 and 2, assigned status had no impact on smiling. In Study 3, lower-status participants smiled more than their higher-status partners in one experimental task; in the other task, lower-status participants smiled more than their higher-status partners only when the higher-status person was instructed to be controlling. In none of the experiments was self-reported status/power significantly related to actual smiling. Participant-reported smiling revealed a status effect that was much stronger than that found for actual smiling. Women smiled more than men, and this effect could not be accounted for in terms of status roles nor self-reported feelings of status/power.
Boundary Crossing Probabilities of Jump Diffusion Processes to Time-Dependent Boundaries

The finite Markov chain imbedding technique has been used to compute the boundary crossing probabilities of one and higher-dimensional Brownian motion. The idea is to cast the boundary crossing probabilities as the limiting probabilities of a finite Markov chain entering a set of absorbing states induced by the boundaries. In this manuscript, we extend the technique to compute the boundary crossing probabilities of a class of jump diffusion processes to time-dependent boundaries. We allow the jump sizes to have general distributions and the boundaries to be non-linear. Numerical examples are given to illustrate our theoretical results.
Rejoinder: ‘Gene hunting with hidden Markov model knockoffs’

In this paper we deepen and enlarge the reflection on the possible advantages of a knockoff approach to genome wide association studies (Sesia et al., 2018), starting from the discussions in Bottolo & Richardson (2019); Jewell & Witten (2019); Rosenblatt et al. (2019) and Marchini (2019). The discussants bring up a number of important points, either related to the knockoffs methodology in general, or to its specific application to genetic studies. In the following we offer some clarifications, mention relevant recent developments and highlight some of the still open problems.
HALF A CENTURY OF RESEARCH, TEACHING, SERVICE

HALF A CENTURY OF RESEARCH, TEACHING, SERVICE Charles L. Perrin Univ. Calif. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 USA cperrin@ucsd.edu Abstract This is a summary of the research of Charles L. Perrin and his coworkers in the areas of aromatic mercuration, vibronic borrowing, ipso factors in electrophilic aromatic substitution, malonic anhydrides, mechanisms of proton exchange in amides, stereoelectronic control, the so- called reverse anomeric effect, an NMR titration method for highly accurate measurement of relative acidities, secondary deuterium isotope effects on acidity, symmetry of hydrogen bonds in solution, and nucleophilic addition to a para-benzyne diradical, along with Perrin's contributions to teaching and to service. Keywords: hydrogen bonds para-benzyne NMR titration isotope effects stereoelectronic control reverse anomeric effect vibronic borrowing electrophilic aromatic substitution malonic anhydrides proton exchange in amides Apologia Pro Vita Sua In September 2013 my department did me a great honor by organizing a symposium to celebrate my fifty years at UCSD. Among the > 200 attendees were current colleagues, many of my former students, my wife Marilyn, and my sons David and Edward and their families.
Teachers' Perceptions of a Mentoring Cohort Model in a Program Leading to Certification to Teach English Language Learners.

This study focused on the perceptions of in-service general education teachers who completed a cohort mentoring program leading to certification in English as a Second Language (ESL) at a large, ur...
The Routledge international handbook of language education policy in Asia (Routledge International Handbooks): by Andy Kirkpatrick and Anthony J. Liddicoat, 2019, New York, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-138-95560-8 (hbk $215) ISBN 978-1-315-66623-5 (ebk $27.48)

This international handbook of language policy education provides a current analysis and assessment of the impact of language education policies in over 30 countries in Asia. In this monumental und...
Planar Vertically Polarized Quasi-Yagi Antennas Using Magnetic Current Loops

A novel quasi-Yagi antenna based on a magnetic-current-loop-induced electric dipole is presented in this paper. The design emulates the conventional quasi-Yagi antenna by introducing multiple parasitic planar dipole elements that function as directors. However, unlike conventional designs, the proposed antenna radiates a vertically polarized wave by employing virtual dipoles oriented perpendicular to the plane. This eliminates the restriction of positioning the antenna at the edge of the board, providing increased flexibility of integration with microstrip circuitry. The proposed topology is verified through full wave simulation using ANSYS HFSS for antennas consisting of one, two, and five dipole elements.
A rare case of peroneal nerve palsy following inside-out lateral meniscus repair in a healthy collegiate-level football player

Abstract Case We present a case of common peroneal nerve entrapment following inside-out lateral meniscus repair in a collegiate-level football player. To our knowledge, there are a limited number of cases describing this injury pattern in the literature, with none describing such in a college athlete. Conclusion This case demonstrates that even with appropriate precautionary use of accessory portals and careful retraction, nerve entrapment can still occur, but with the identification and treatment of the compression, patients and even elite athletes can make a full recovery and return to their previous level of function.
Serial sputum induction in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease.

The recommended procedure for diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is collection of three sputum samples on separate days [1]. Sputum induction is suggested for patients unable to expectorate spontaneously. These recommendations align with evidence-based guidelines for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) [2] but literature supporting their applicability to NTM-PD is lacking. In addition, the clinical utility of colony counts on solid media requires clarification. Early changes in semiquantitative colony counts are predictive of clinical and radiological improvement and treatment success [3] but the relationships of colony count with disease markers, such as smear status, have not been reported. Footnotes This manuscript has recently been accepted for publication in the European Respiratory Journal . It is published here in its accepted form prior to copyediting and typesetting by our production team. After these production processes are complete and the authors have approved the resulting proofs, the article will move to the latest issue of the ERJ online. Please open or download the PDF to view this article. Conflict of interest: Dr Holt has been an investigator in Insmed studies, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: Dr Kasperbauer reports personal fees from Insmed, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: Dr Daley has nothing to disclose.
A computational study of effects on membrane recruitment of the polar linkers in Vitamin E derivatives

Abstract Background Previous studies found that Vitamin E (VE) could recruit protein kinase B (Akt1) to the membrane by targeting its unconventional lipid-binding site, which led to the dephosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473, eventually deactivating the enzyme. Methods A series of VE-like compounds with varying types and lengths of the linker groups are designed to study the VE-driven membrane recruitment of Akt1 using a combined molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach. Results We find that the linker groups with only one methylene linker and multiple hydrogen bond donors are optimal for achieving a balance between binding to the protein and partitioning into the membrane to form a stable protein-ligand-membrane ternary complex. These polar linkers are found to form stable hydrogen bonds with the lipid head groups during the MD simulations, which turns out critical for ensuring that the chromanol ring of the VE-like compounds resides above the membrane surface to fully engage in the protein. Conclusions Our results reveal the molecular determinants of the linker groups for VE derivatives' ability to anchor Akt1 to the membrane. General significance These findings will facilitate the design of membrane interfacial compounds to recruit specific proteins to the membrane to modulate the protein function.
Engineering a Kerr-based Deterministic Cubic Phase Gate via Gaussian Operations

We propose a deterministic, measurement-free implementation of a cubic phase gate for continuous-variable quantum information processing. In our scheme, the applications of displacement and squeezing operations allow us to engineer the effective evolution of the quantum state propagating through an optical Kerr nonlinearity. Under appropriate conditions, we show that the input state evolves according to a cubic phase Hamiltonian, and we find that the cubic phase gate error decreases inverse quartically with the amount of quadrature squeezing, even in the presence of linear loss. We also show how our scheme can be adapted to deterministically generate a nonclassical approximate cubic phase state with high fidelity using a ratio of native nonlinearity to linear loss of only ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, indicating that our approach may be experimentally viable in the near term even on all-optical platforms, e.g., using quantum solitons in pulsed nonlinear nanophotonics.
Delayed-Onset Propionibacterium acnes Endophthalmitis in the Absence of Capsular Complex Following Scleral-Fixated Intraocular Lens: A Case Report:

Purpose:This work reports a case of delayed-onset Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis in a patient with scleral-fixated intraocular lens (IOL), successfully treated with intravitreal antibiotic...
Successful treatment of recurrent hepatic encephalopathy with revision of transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt and embolisation of splenorenal shunt.

We present a case of 64-year-old US veteran who developed recurrent hepatic encephalopathy (HE) following transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt (TIPSS) procedure. The patient had a history of metabolic syndrome and cirrhosis due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. He had undergone sleeve gastrectomy 1 year earlier with preoperative TIPSS placement. He developed recurrent symptoms of HE despite optimising his medications, resulting in poor quality of life and multiple hospitalisations. A liver Doppler ultrasound and CT scan of the abdomen was obtained which showed a patent TIPSS and a prominent shunt between the splenic vein and left renal vein via the left gonadal vein. This was treated with reduction of TIPSS, by placement of a covered stent in an hourglass configuration within the existing TIPSS stent and simultaneous embolisation of the splenorenal shunt by interventional radiology. The patient had complete resolution of symptoms following the procedure without any recurrence of HE.
Gap-Dependent Unsupervised Exploration for Reinforcement Learning.

For the problem of task-agnostic reinforcement learning (RL), an agent first collects samples from an unknown environment without the supervision of reward signals, then is revealed with a reward and is asked to compute a corresponding near-optimal policy. Existing approaches mainly concern the worst-case scenarios, in which no structural information of the reward/transition-dynamics is utilized. Therefore the best sample upper bound is $\propto\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(1/\epsilon^2)$, where $\epsilon>0$ is the target accuracy of the obtained policy, and can be overly pessimistic. To tackle this issue, we provide an efficient algorithm that utilizes a gap parameter, $\rho>0$, to reduce the amount of exploration. In particular, for an unknown finite-horizon Markov decision process, the algorithm takes only $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}} (1/\epsilon \cdot (H^3SA / \rho + H^4 S^2 A) )$ episodes of exploration, and is able to obtain an $\epsilon$-optimal policy for a post-revealed reward with sub-optimality gap at least $\rho$, where $S$ is the number of states, $A$ is the number of actions, and $H$ is the length of the horizon, obtaining a nearly \emph{quadratic saving} in terms of $\epsilon$. We show that, information-theoretically, this bound is nearly tight for $\rho 1$. We further show that $\propto\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}(1)$ sample bound is possible for $H=1$ (i.e., multi-armed bandit) or with a sampling simulator, establishing a stark separation between those settings and the RL setting.
Economics ripped from the headlines: The Economist ascourse text

The author of this article presents an innovative economics course based on current events and news, using The Economist as the primary course text. The course constructs shared learning around new...
The Uncrowned King of Swing: Fletcher Henderson and Big Band Jazz

Fletcher Henderson (1897 - 1952) is a major figure in the history of jazz. He led the premier black jazz band of the 1920s and the early 1930s, and wrote the swing arrangements that helped make Benny Goodman the 'King of Swing'. The Uncrowned King of Swing is the first interpretive study of his music and career, using the full range of sources documenting his work.
Transplantable Lymphosarcoma in Mice

Among the 100 tumors that have been induced in this laboratory during the past year by the injection of 1:2:5: 6-dibenzanthracene into mice were three lymphosarcomata. Lesions of the lymphatic system, lymphoid leukemia and lymphosarcoma have not occurred as a genetic factor in the untreated mice of the pure inbred strains used, although apparently such strains are not uncommon or difficult to obtain by selective breeding. Slye, Korteweg, Merrier and Gosselin, MacDowell and Richter, Dobrovolskaia-Zavadskaia, Furth and Strumia, and Furth, Seibold and Rathbone have described strains of mice with a genetic tendency to develop lymphadenosis. Furth, Seibold and Rathbone (1933), in studies on five lymphatic neoplasms occurring in the mice of their strains, have reviewed the literature on lymphadenosis in mice. The results of our own investigations add little to the knowledge of diseases of the lymphatic system that has already been acquired through previous investigations (Slye, Richter and MacDowell, Potter and Richter, Furth, Seibold and Rathbone, Furth and Strumia, Mercier and Gosselin, Korteweg, Krebs and Faber), but since the three lymphosarcomata were induced tumors that arose at the site of an injection of dibenzanthracene and were studied as transplanted sarcomata and not as blood diseases, it is believed that a description of them is important. The first of these tumors was discovered in a mouse of the C3H strain that had been injected 75 days previously. Owing to the illness of the animal, the cyst which had formed around the injected oil and dibenzanthracene was removed and transplanted into a normal mouse of the same strain. Thirty-two days later the implanted cyst had grown into a large tumor which, when studied in tissue cultures and in stained preparations, proved to be composed of lymphocytes. The number of this tumor was 172 and it has been transplanted through twelve generations into C3H strain mice during a period of 152 days. In every instance the transplanted tumor retained the characteristics of the primary lymphosarcoma.
Structural and High-Temperature Tensile Properties of Special Pitch-Coke Graphites

The room-temperature structural properties and the tensile properties up to 5000 F (275O C) were determined for ten grades of specially prepared petroleum-coke coal-tar-pitch graphites which were graphitized at 5430 F (3000 C). One impregnation with coal-tar pitch increased the bulk density from 1.41 to 1.57 g/cm3 and the maximum strength at 4500 F (2500 C) from 4000 to 5700 psi. None of the processing parameters studied had a marked effect on the closed porosity or the X-ray structure or the per cent graphitization. The coarse-particle filler resulted in the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion and the fine-particle filler in the highest coefficient. A marked improvement in uniformity of tensile strength was observed. A standard-deviation analysis gave a one-sigma value of approximately 150 psi for one of these special grades and values of 340-420 psi for three commercial grades.
Disparate regulatory roles for B cells during primary and secondary CD4 T cell responses (IRC3P.470)

The generation of CD4 T cell memory is shaped by numerous factors, such as the strength and duration of TCR signaling, as well as the priming environment, all of which can be modified by B cells. Studies using B cell-deficient mice indicate B cells play a critical role in generating effector and memory CD4 T cells; however when and how B cells are acting to promote these responses has not yet been ascertained. Moreover, memory CD4 T cells are documented to have less stringent requirements for activation than their naive counterparts, yet it remains unknown if B cells influence secondary CD4 T cell responses. In this study, we use anti-CD20 antibody depletion of B cells at different times following Listeria monocytogenes infection to show that B cells are necessary for the induction of optimal CD4 T cell memory, but not for the transition and maintenance of this population. Importantly, the prerequisite of B cells early after infection is partially dependent on their expression of MHC class II. B cells are not only required during the priming phase, but are also necessary for the initiation of robust secondary responses by memory CD4 T cells. Interestingly, the requirement during the recall response is independent of B cell antigen presentation. Overall, these studies demonstrate the temporally and functionally distinct roles for B cells in regulating CD4 T cell responses.
Theory of Mind

Humans are a social species. We not only live socially, but also think socially, accumulating myriad thoughts and knowledge about our social world. A hallmark of this human social cognition is an everyday theory of mind––our ordinary human understanding that persons (self and others) have internal mental states––desires, beliefs, feelings, hopes—that crucially shape their actions and lives. I review classic and current knowledge on the nature and importance of theory of mind. Theory of mind is achieved and changes over human development; so, I emphasize that we must understand its development. Fortunately, development of this everyday theory of mind is an intriguing story in its own right, and a great portion of the research on theory of mind is developmental research with typical and atypical infants and children. Keywords: theory of mind; social cognition; conceptual development; infant cognition; cognition in deaf children; cultural universals
Orthopaedic manual physical therapists-champions in education, manipulative therapy and movement control restoration.

As Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy (OMPT) research evolves demonstrating larger numbers of published clinical trials, we still wonder about the long-term effects of OMPT on musculoskeletal conditions. Presently available systematic reviews indicate little short-term1 or overall benefits2 from OMPT in managing musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction, accompanied by a lack of evidence for OMPT's long-term effect on pain, function and quality of life.3 So, why do we persist in performing OMPT treatments if their short-term effects are questionable and lasting effects are uncertain? The results posted in current investigations may be related to shortcomings associated with manipulative therapeutic strategies, or the absence of other needed treatment accompaniments. Considering the enormous challenge with collecting data in large scale longitudinal trials that are necessary for confirming long-term effects, we must examine why our current measurements exhibit limited evidence for OMPT use.
Corrosion of Structural Steels in High-Salinity Geothermal Brine

In support of geothermal power plant development, Rockwell International's Energy Systems Group (ESG) has conducted extensive studies and tests on the behavior of materials in geothermal environments. The materials testedinclude both metallic and nonmetallic materials. This paper presents Rockwell's recent stress corrosion test data on structural steels and their weldments under uniaxial loading (stress, 80 percent of yield strength) in static Sinclair 4 geothermal brine at 204°C for 1700 h (10 weeks). The alloys tested were 26Cr-lMo, 18Cr-2Mo, 9Cr-lMo, and Type 316 stainless steel and their weldments. Under these test conditions, the following results were obtained; 1. In testing without air contamination: (a) Alloys 26Cr-1Mo, 18Cr-2Mo, and 9Cr-1Mo and their weldments were resistant to stress corrosion cracking; and (b) the average corrosion rates for the welded specimens made of 26Cr-1Mo, 18Cr-2Mo, and 9Cr-lMo were 7.7 μm/year, 7.4 μm/year, and 18.2 μm/year, respectively. 2. In testing with air contamination: (a) the 18Cr-2Mo and 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steels were found to be resistant to stress corrosion cracking in air-contaminated brine; (b) Alloy 26Cr-1Mo and Type 316 stainless steel exhibited cracking typical of stress corrosion; and (c) the average corrosion rates were much higher than those obtained for the alloys without air contamination. Results of the posttest mechanical properties testing and metallographic analysis are also presented.
Dendrobium orchids contain an inducer of Agrobacterium virulence genes

Abstract SuccessfulAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocots such as orchids hinges on the induction of virulence(vir)genes in the bacterium, an event that is required for the activation of the T-DNA processing and transfer pathway. In dicots, several plant phenolic compounds, for example acetosyringone, coumaryl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, are knownvirgene inducers, but in monocots their presence and characteristics are not well established. We report herein the presence and identification of coniferyl alcohol as thevirgene inducer in the monocotDendrobium.At an early stage of development as protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), this orchid contains an aryl β-glycoside, similar to coniferin, whose aglycone moiety is coniferyl alcohol. Coniferyl alcohol is elaborated in high amounts from PLBs and its production or stability is enhanced almost six-fold higher when the PLBs were exposed to light than when maintained in the dark. PLBs produced 11-fold more inducer than leaves. These studies show for the first time that orchids, i.e.Dendrobium,exude coniferyl alcohol as avirgene inducer.
Minority influence: The role of argument refutation of the majority position and social support for the minority position

This study was conducted to determine the impact of social support for the minority position and the minority's argument refutation of the majority viewpoint. The results indicated that both the minority's refutation of majority arguments and majority defection to the minority position enhanced minority influence. Subjects changed more toward the minority position when the minority could refute the majority position than when the minority could not; the more arguments the minority refuted, the greater was minority influence. In addition, minority influence was a positive function of the number of the majority members who deserted to the minority position.
Use of Infrared Bands of the Surfactant Headgroup to Identify Mixed Surfactant Structures Adsorbed on Titania

Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to identify the mixed surfactant structures formed on charged TiO 2 particles. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was first added to a bare TiO 2 surface at three different solution concentrations that result in adsorbed hemimicelle, admicelle, or micelle structures. Each CTAB structure was then probed as a function of contact time with a solution containing the deuterated form of the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). While the amount of CTAB and SDS was determined from the intensity of the strong CH 2 and CD 2 stretching modes, it is the headgroup bands that provide the important structural information on the mixed surfactant architectures. By measuring the changes in the headgroup bands for both SDS and CTAB along with the change in the adsorbed amount of each surfactant as a function of time, a clearer picture emerges of the mixed surfactant structures formed on the surface.
JID VisualDx Quiz: May 2013.

1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2013), Volume 133 © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology QUESTIONS 1. What is your diagnosis? a. Eosinophilic fasciitis. b. Scleroderma. c. Scleredema. d. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. e. Graft-versus-host disease. JID VisualDx Quiz: May 2013 Sadegh Amini1 and Robert S. Kirsner1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2013) 133, e4; doi:10.1038/jid.2013.123
Sterol metabolism: XXXIII. On derivation of cholesterol 7-alkoxyl ethers.

The facile acid-catalyzed conversion of cholest-5-ene-3β,7α-diol (but not of cholest-5-ene-3β, 7β-diol) in methanol or ethanol solution to the corresponding 7α-methyl or 7α-ethyl ethers and epimerization of the 7α-alkyl ethers to the corresponding 7β-alkyl ethers were established. The epimeric cholest-5-ene-3β, 7-diols, their 7-methyl ethers, and their 7-ethyl ethers are readily interconverted in acidified solvents, the quasiequatorial 7β-epimer predominating in each case. Both 7α- and 7β-alkyl ethers may be encountered as artifacts in analyses of sterol mixtures from mammalian tissues.
Exact regularity of the Bergman and Szegö projections on domains with partially transverse symmetries

IfD is a smooth bounded pseudoconvex domain in Cn that has symmetries transverse on the complement of a compact subset of the boundary consisting of points of finite type, then the Bergman projection forD maps the Sobolev spaceWr(D) continuously into itself and the Szego projection maps the Sobolev spaceWsur(bD) continuously into itself. IfD has symmetries, coming from a group of rotations, that are transverse on the complement of aB-regular subset of the boundary, then the Bergman projection, the Szego projection, and the\(\bar \partial \)-Neumann operator on (0, 1)-forms all exactly preserve differentiability measured in Sobolev norms. The results hold, in particular, for all smooth bounded strictly complete pseudoconvex Hartogs domains in C2, as well as for Sibony's counterexample domain that fails to have sup-norm estimates for solutions of the\(\bar \partial \)-equation.
Prophage-like gene transfer agents-novel mechanisms of gene exchange for Methanococcus, Desulfovibrio, Brachyspira, and Rhodobacter species.

Abstract Gene transfer agents (GTAs) are novel mechanisms for bacterial gene transfer. They resemble small, tailed bacteriophages in ultrastructure and act like generalized transducing prophages. In contrast to functional prophages, GTAs package random fragments of bacterial genomes and incomplete copies of their own genomes. The packaged DNA content is characteristic of the GTA and ranges in size from 4.4 to 13.6 kb. GTAs have been reported in species of Brachyspira, Methanococcus, Desulfovibrio, and Rhodobacter. The best studied GTAs are VSH-1 of the anaerobic, pathogenic spirochete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and RcGTA of the nonsulfur, purple, photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. VSH-1 and RcGTA have likely contributed to the ecology and evolution of these bacteria. The existence of GTAs in phylogenetically diverse bacteria suggests GTAs may be more common in nature than is now appreciated.
Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline derivative and silver nanoparticle composites

BACKGROUND: There has been a recent surge of interest in the synthesis and applications of electroactive polymers with incorporated metal nanoparticles. These hybrid systems are expected to display synergistic properties between the conjugated polymers and the metal nanoparticles, making them potential candidates for applications in sensors and electronic devices. RESULTS: Composites of polyaniline derivatives—polyaniline, poly(2,5-dimethoxyaniline) and poly(aniline-2,5-dimethoxyaniline)—and silver nanoparticles were prepared through simultaneous polymerization of aniline derivative and reduction of AgNO3 in the presence of poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS). We used AgNO3 as one of the initial components (1) to form the silver nanoparticles and (2) as an oxidizing agent for initiation of the polymerization reaction. UV-visible spectra of the synthesized nanocomposites reveal the synchronized formation of silver nanoparticles and polymer matrix. The morphology of the silver nanoparticles and degree of their dispersion in the nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry results indicate an enhancement of the thermal stability of the nanocomposites compared to the pure polymers. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites is in the range 10−4 to 10−2 S cm−1. CONCLUSION: A single-step process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle–polyaniline derivative nanocomposites doped with PSS has been demonstrated. The approach in which silver nanoparticles are formed simultaneously during the polymerization process results in a good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the conductive polymer matrix. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Tuberculosis and vitamin D: what's the rest of the story?

Both protein–energy undernutrition and specific micronutrient deficiencies debilitate the cell-mediated immune system important in protection against tuberculosis.1 However, once tuberculosis de velops, the disease itself induces a catabolic state resulting in negative nitrogen balance and micronutrient deficiencies. Generations of clinicians treating patients with tuberculosis believed that nutritional support was crucial to proper patient care. Why, then, has it been so difficult to prove through randomised controlled clinical trials that nutritional interventions improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes? Findings from systematic reviews2–6 have not shown any clear, consistent benefit in terms of tuberculosis-specific outcomes, although they do show improvements in nutritional status.
Walnut diet reduces accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and inflammation in the brain of aged rats

An increase in the aggregation of misfolded/damaged polyubiquitinated proteins has been the hallmark of many age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The accumulation of these potentially toxic proteins in brain increases with age, in part due to increased oxidative and inflammatory stresses. Walnuts, rich in omega fatty acids, have been shown to improve memory, cognition and neuronal effects related to oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation (INF) in animals and human trials. The current study found that feeding 19-month-old rats with a 6% or 9% walnut diet significantly reduced the aggregation of polyubiquitinated proteins and activated autophagy, a neuronal housekeeping function, in the striatum and hippocampus. Walnut-fed animals exhibited up-regulation of autophagy through inhibiting phosphorylation of mTOR, up-regulating ATG7 and Beclin 1, and turnover of MAP1BLC3 proteins. The clearance of polyubiquitinated protein aggregates such as p62/SQSTM1 was more profound in hippocampus, a critical region in the brain involved in memory and cognitive performance, than striatum. The clearance of ubiquitinated aggregates was in tandem with significant reductions in OS/INF, as indicated by the levels of P38-MAP kinase and phosphorylations of nuclear factor kappa B and cyclic AMP response element binding protein. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of a walnut-supplemented diet in activating the autophagy function in brain beyond its traditionally known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.
Correspondence between the first- and second-quantized theories of paraparticles

Abstract It is shown that the parabosons and parafermions of the second-quantized parafield theory are equivalent to the finite-order paraparticles of the first-quantized theory. We follow the prescription of Hartle and Taylor which eliminates the redundancy of the generalized ray from the first-quantized formalism. For each statistical type of particle this allows us to establish an isomorphism between the state spaces of the two theories, in such a way that all corresponding observables have identical matrix elements for all states. This means that any system of finite-order particles can equally well be described by either the first- or the second-quantized formalism, in the same sense as applies to ordinary bosons and fermions. We analyze the different conclusions reached by other authors and explain the reasons for our disagreement.