cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Silyl Radical Abstraction in the Functionalization of Plasma-Synthesized Silicon Nanocrystals

Many silicon nanostructures have exhibited favorable optical properties following surface functionalization with molecular groups through a silicon–carbon bond. Here, we show the mechanism of functionalization of silicon nanocrystals synthesized in a nonthermal radiofrequency plasma is fundamentally different than in other silicon systems. In contrast to hydrosilylation, where homolytic cleavage of Si–H surface bonds is typically a prerequisite to functionalization, we demonstrate the dominant initiation step for plasma-synthesized silicon nanocrystals is abstraction of a silyl radical, ·SiH3, and generation of radical at the silicon nanocrystal surface. We experimentally trap the abstracted silyl radical and show this initiation mechanism occurs for both radical- and thermally-initiated reactions of alkenes using complementary FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopies. These data additionally indicate that silylsilylation, addition of a Si–SiH3 group across an unsaturated hydrocarbon, competes with hydrosilylation....
Plasmodium Falciparum Relapse 2 Years Postexposure in Endemic Country: A Case Report

Plasmodium falciparum typically manifests as a severe, symptomatic infection due to the high parasitemia and increased adherence of infected cells to blood vessel endothelium. However, there are case reports of asymptomatic, indolent P falciparum infections that reactivated months or years later, even though P falciparum lacks a hypnozoite form. We report a case of a 56 year old …
Phase-matched filters: Application to the study of Rayleigh waves

abstract Phase-matched filters are defined as a class of linear filters in which the Fourier phase of the filter is made equal to that of a given signal. An iterative technique is described which can be used to find a phase-matched filter for a particular seismic signal. The process is then applied to digital records of Rayleigh waves from a synthetic source with propagation across 55° of continental path, an earthquake in the Greenland Sea recorded in Texas, and a nuclear explosion in Novaya Zemlya recorded in New Mexico. Application of the filter allows multiple arrivals to be identified and removed and allows recovery of the complex spectrum of the primary wave train along with its apparent group-velocity dispersion curve. The amplitude spectrum of the primary signal obtained by this linear process is not contaminated by interference from multipath arrivals. The filtering process also provides significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, greater than a factor of four for the Greenland Sea and Novaya Zemlya events.
Rural Young Adults' Lay Theories of Intimate Partner Violence: A Qualitative Examination.

This study qualitatively examined rural emerging adults’ ways of thinking (i.e., lay theories) about the causes of intimate partner violence (IPV) and ideas on how to prevent IPV most effectively. Participants were 74 individuals (majority Caucasian, heterosexual, low income) between the ages of 18 and 24 who resided in one of 16 rural communities. Participants’ perceptions of the causes of IPV included (a) individual-level pathology, stress, and lack of education; (b) intergenerational transmission of violence and early-life factors; (c) relationship stressors and challenges; and (d) community factors. Furthermore, participants felt that IPV could most effectively be prevented through (a) education and awareness; (b) victim-focused efforts (e.g., teaching self-esteem); and (c) job creation. Overall, participants identified a number of established risk factors for IPV perpetration across the social ecological model, although a number were never or rarely mentioned (e.g., peer group norms, positive bystander action, and collective efficacy). Future research should examine if and how perceptions of the causes of IPV impact IPV prevention engagement and impact. Further, prevention initiatives that take into account understandings of lay theories about IPV may be more impactful in reducing IPV than prevention initiatives that do not.
Monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe Double-Heterostructure Solar Cells With ZnTe Hole Contacts

Monocrystalline p-ZnTe/i-MgCdTe/n-CdTe/n-MgC-dTe double-heterostructure solar cells are grown through a combination of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) deposition techniques using two different dopants within the ZnTe contact layer. The recombination at the ZnTe/CdTe heterointerface is believed to be suppressed by the use of a double heterostructure with an intrinsic MgCdTe passivation layer. A comparison of the steady-state photoluminescence intensity of these cells with record- $V_{{\rm{oc}}}$ monocrystalline CdTe solar cells indicates the performance potential of devices with ZnTe contacts, while increases in the internal quantum efficiency demonstrate the benefit of using ZnTe over these previously demonstrated contacts. Solar cells utilizing a copper-doped ZnTe hole contact show promise in terms of built-in voltage but do not realize that potential in terms of $V_{{\rm{oc}}}$ with a power conversion efficiency of 9.4% and a $V_{{\rm{oc}}}$ of 819 mV. Solar cells utilizing an arsenic-doped ZnTe hole contact exhibit the highest power conversion efficiency, reaching 14.08% with an open-circuit voltage of 867 mV.
Distribution of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) aboveground biomass in response to nitrogen addition and across harvest dates

Abstract Decisions about the harvest timing for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) crops has important implications for economic and environmental objectives because there may be a significant trade-off between harvestable yield, bioenergy crop quality, and environmental cost or benefit. We investigated the effects of harvest timing and nitrogen (N) addition on switchgrass crops established in Wisconsin, USA to investigate the causes of biomass loss over time and to identify plant components that contribute to N loss or retention at each harvest date. We found that harvestable yield decreased over successive harvest dates, as a result of the physical loss of leaves and inflorescence biomass. Although N addition increased total aboveground biomass, it also increased the proportion of biomass occurring as leaves and infloresence. Leaf and infloresence biomass decreased over time and during harvest operations; however, this biomass became incorporated into the litter pool and increased on-site N retention. We conclude that although adding N to switchgrass is unlikely to increase harvestable yield when harvests are conducted after plant senescence, retention of high-N plant components will help maintain long-term site productivity and ecosystem function of bioenergy cropping systems, especially for sites targeted for low-input management.
Understanding and Adopting Plant-Based Nutrition: A Survey of Medical Providers:

Plant-based nutrition can be protective against a number of chronic diseases. The objectives of this study were to determine the medical community's knowledge of plant-based nutrition and assess whether participants would be willing to adopt or recommend this diet to patients. A questionnaire was emailed to more than 4000 students and faculty at Rush University Medical Center. A total of 64 physicians were analyzed. The majority (58%) were female and physician attendings (72%). Most (79%) believed that a plant-based diet is most similar to a vegetarian or vegan diet. When asked if they would recommend a plant-based diet to patients, 33% said yes and 51% said maybe. When asked if they would consider adopting a plant-based diet, 28% said yes, 34% said maybe, and 8% said for a short amount of time. In a convenience sample of physicians, most were aware of the definition and health effects of plant-based nutrition, but fewer were well versed in the details of this diet. More than half were open to potentially recommending or adopting a plant-based diet. Education about plant-based nutrition is essential to increase knowledge and understanding about this dietary pattern.
Rational Design of Novel Allosteric Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors Showing Antibacterial Effects on Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli Escape Variants.

In drug discovery, systematic variations of substituents on a common scaffold and bioisosteric replacements are often used to generate diversity and obtain molecules with better biological effects. However, this could saturate the small-molecule diversity pool resulting in drug resistance. On the other hand, conventional drug discovery relies on targeting known pockets on protein surfaces leading to drug resistance by mutations of critical pocket residues. Here, we present a two-pronged strategy of designing novel drugs that target unique pockets on a protein’s surface to overcome the above problems. Dihydrofolate reductase, DHFR, is a critical enzyme involved in thymidine and purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Several classes of compounds that are structural analogues of the substrate dihydrofolate have been explored for their antifolate activity. Here, we describe 10 novel small-molecule inhibitors of Escherichia coli DHFR, EcDHFR, belonging to the stilbenoid, deoxybenzoin, and chalcone family of compounds...
CMP of BCB and Silk Polymers

Experiments designed and performed to examine the CMP of blanket BCB and SiLK polymer films are presented in this chapter. The films were polished using Cu CMP slurries to simulate the overpolish step that occurs when all metal and liner materials are removed in the damascene patterning process. Two sets of experiments were performed to determine the controlling factors for polymer CMP removal. The first set of experiments explore the effects of various slurries on polymer removal rates, post-CMP surface roughness, and post-CMP surface and interior chemistry. The second set of experiments investigates the effect of reducing the cure time and temperature on polymer CMP removal rates and post-CMP film hardness and modulus. These results are later combined to develop a physically-based explanation and conceptual model of the CMP process applied to low dielectric constant polymers. The experimental procedures and characterization techniques employed are thoroughly presented in Appendix A. This chapter emphasizes CMP results and a mechanistic understanding.
Effects of univariate and multivariate regression on the accuracy of hydrogen quantification with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract Hydrogen (H) is a critical element to measure on the surface of Mars because its presence in mineral structures is indicative of past hydrous conditions. The Curiosity rover uses the laser-induced breakdown spectrometer (LIBS) on the ChemCam instrument to analyze rocks for their H emission signal at 656.6 nm, from which H can be quantified. Previous LIBS calibrations for H used small data sets measured on standards and/or manufactured mixtures of hydrous minerals and rocks and applied univariate regression to spectra normalized in a variety of ways. However, matrix effects common to LIBS make these calibrations of limited usefulness when applied to the broad range of compositions on the Martian surface. In this study, 198 naturally-occurring hydrous geological samples covering a broad range of bulk compositions with directly-measured H content are used to create more robust prediction models for measuring H in LIBS data acquired under Mars conditions. Both univariate and multivariate prediction models, including partial least square (PLS) and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso), are compared using several different methods for normalization of H peak intensities. Data from the ChemLIBS Mars-analog spectrometer at Mount Holyoke College are compared against spectra from the same samples acquired using a ChemCam-like instrument at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the ChemCam instrument on Mars. Results show that all current normalization and data preprocessing variations for quantifying H result in models with statistically indistinguishable prediction errors (accuracies) ca. ± 1.5 weight percent (wt%) H2O, limiting the applications of LIBS in these implementations for geological studies. This error is too large to allow distinctions among the most common hydrous phases (basalts, amphiboles, micas) to be made, though some clays (e.g., chlorites with ≈ 12 wt% H2O, smectites with 15–20 wt% H2O) and hydrated phases (e.g., gypsum with ≈ 20 wt% H2O) may be differentiated from lower-H phases within the known errors. Analyses of the H emission peak in Curiosity calibration targets and rock and soil targets on the Martian surface suggest that shot-to-shot variations of the ChemCam laser on Mars lead to variations in intensity that are comparable to those represented by the breadth of H standards tested in this study.
Ultrasound characterization of slow precipitating implants for vascular occlusion

A frequently utilized clinical treatment for liver cancer is the administration of drug eluting microspheres that embolize tumor vasculature depriving it of oxygen and nutrients. However, these beads are fairly large, leading to embolization far away from the tumor and reducing drug penetration. As an alternative, we have developed a slow precipitating in situ forming implant (ISFI) capable of deeper penetration and embolization, which we hypothesize will result in better treatment efficacy. In this study, ultrasound was utilized to determine precipitation kinetics of ISFI formulations formulated with varying solvent polarity and polymer molecular weight. Increasing polymer molecular weight from 15 kDa to 53 kDa led to a significant increase in precipitation rate after 5 minutes. A decrease in solvent polarity also led to a significantly higher precipitation rate, which was unexpected, but may be due to attenuation in polymer-rich and polymer-lean microdomains created with a low polar solvent. Tissue mimicking single channel phantoms were then used to determine occlusion distances. An increase in polymer molecular weight to 53kDa was the best formulation meeting both the aforementioned criteria. This study demonstrates, for the first time, ultrasound can be used non-invasively to monitor precipitation kinetics ISFIs to better predict vascular embolization.
Predicting the Likelihood of Lodging CMBS Loan Default

This study investigates whether the traditional underwriting loan metrics, loan-to-value (LTV), debt coverage ratio (DSCR), and debt yield (DY) ratio, can predict lodging commercial mortgage-backed...
Disinfectant testing using a modified use-dilution method: collaborative study

An initial collaborative study of the AOAC use-dilution method (UDM), used for bactericidal disinfectant efficacy testing, demonstrated extreme variability of test results among the 18 laboratories testing identical hospital disinfectants. In an effort to improve the method, 32 changes were made by the UDM Task Force. These changes represented improvements in quality assurance practices and elimination of method variability; however, the basic framework of the method was retained. A second collaborative trial was conducted to determine if the interlaboratory variability of test results could be reduced to an acceptable level using the modified UDM. Twelve of the original 18 laboratories participated in the second study. Each laboratory processed 60 penicylinders (P) for each of the 6 randomly selected, federally registered disinfectants and 3 test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The number of positive penicylinders (greater than 1 positive P/60 replicates = failure) for the 6 products when P. aeruginosa was used as the challenge organism ranged 1-30, 0-36, 0-15, 0-5, 0-3, and 0-60 for the 3 quaternaries and 3 phenolics, respectively. The results of the variance components analysis for P. aeruginosa and the other 2 organisms showed that the variance components for laboratories were not significantly reduced for any organism in this study. Such interlaboratory variability of results questions the use of the original or the modified UDM for registration purposes.
Plant Mitochondrial Genomes

Plant mitochondria share a functional role with their fungal and animal counterparts, and their genomes have a number of genes in common. In almost every other aspect, however, plant mitochondrial genomes differ. Whereas animal genomes are very small (14-18 kb) and fungal genomes somewhat larger (70-100 kb), known plant mitochondrial genomes range in size from 187 kb to over 2400 kb. Plant mitochondrial genomes have a variety of other distinctive or unique features. They often have multiple large repeated regions, some of which recombine frequently to yield a multipartite genome structure. Some subgenomes are present at extremely low (substoichiometric) levels, but can become amplified to become major constituents. Plant mitochondrial genes contain mainly group II introns, some of which are trans-spliced. The transcripts of many mitochondrial protein-coding genes undergo C-to-U RNA editing. Several mitochondrial tRNAs are known to be transcribed from nuclear genes and imported into the mitochondrion. While only a few mitochondrial genomes from plants have been completely sequenced to date, at least half of the DNA in each of these genomes is still of unknown origin. Comparisons between monocot and dicot mitochondrial genomes show that, in general, only genic exons are conserved. Even between rice and maize, or between Arabidopsis and rapeseed, most of the intergenic space is not conserved. On relatively short evolutionary time scales, plant mitochondrial genomes are in flux, taking up exogenous DNA, losing portions of their DNA and rearranging the order of their sequences.
High-Level Synthesis in a Production Environment: Methodology and Algorithms

Ever since commercial integrated circuits (IC) became available in the early 60s, there has been a need for computer-aided design (CAD) tools. This need is a direct consequence of two problems: firstly, the need to automate repetitive, time consuming and error-prone tasks; and secondly, the explosion in design complexity which has rendered computer tools indispensable for handling vast amounts of data.
While-Loops and Do-While Loops

The while-loop is a loop that only requires a continuation condition. The structure of a while-loop is simple.
Schooled on Fat: What Teens Tell Us About Gender, Body Image, and Obesity

Winner of the Reader Views Literary Award, Societal Issues and the Reviewers Choice Best Non-fiction Book of the Year, Specialty Awards, Schooled on Fat explores how body image, social status, fat stigma and teasing, food consumption behaviors, and exercise practices intersect in the daily lives of adolescent girls and boys. Based on nine months of fieldwork at a high school located near Tucson, Arizona, the book draws on social, linguistic, and theoretical contexts to illustrate how teens navigate the fraught realities of body image within a high school culture that reinforced widespread beliefs about body size as a matter of personal responsibility while offering limited opportunity to exercise and an abundance of fattening junk foods. Taylor also traces policy efforts to illustrate where we are as a nation in addressing childhood obesity and offers practical strategies schools and parents can use to promote teen wellness. This book is ideal for courses on the body, fat studies, gender studies, language and culture, school culture and policy, public ethnography, deviance, and youth culture.
Kinetic Inductance Detectors For Future Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) have a lot of potential in the field of astronomical observations; they are easy to fabricate and are highly multiplexible. KIDs can be as simple as a single lithographic layer and 1000s of them can be read out on a single line. Future observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) will require huge pixel count detector arrays and KIDs are able to fill this role promisingly. This paper primarily discusses the design and simulation of KIDs in Sonnet to be used in a polarimeter chip intended for observation of the polarization anisotropy of the CMB. Both background information of the CMB and KID theory will be reviewed.
The Measurement of Consumer Enthnocentrism: Revisiting the Cetscale

An empirical test of two versions of Shimp and Sharma’s (1987) CETSCALE was undertaken. The results indicate that changes to the original instrument are warranted to reduce polarized response bias and improve the interpretability of the scale.
Pleiadene systems—III

Abstract The synthesis of the unstable hydrocarbon acepleiadylene has been accomplished. The deep blue acepleiadylene, which has been obtained only in solution, has been characterized spectrally. Acepleiadylene undergoes dimerization and behaves as a diene in the Diels-Alder reaction.
Underperforming light curing procedures trigger detrimental irradiance-dependent biofilm response on incrementally placed dental composites.

Abstract Objectives Insufficient radiant exposure (J/cm2) may provide an early trigger in a cascade of detrimental responses on incrementally-place composite, especially the bottom layer. This study aimed to assess the influence of poor radiant exposure, the degree of conversion (%DC), water sorption/ solubility and S. mutans biofilm formation on conventional, incrementally placed composites and to establish a relationship between these factors. Methods Two light units operating at 600 and 1000 mW/cm2 and four most common operator-dependent curing conditions had the radiant exposure (RE) recorded. All the specimens were subjected to S. mutans biofilm model for 14 days. The %DC, biofilm formation expressed by colony-forming units (CFU), water sorption/ solubility and surface roughness/ SEM were assessed. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Pearson correlation was also determined. Results The influence of RE on S. mutans CFU values and DC are dependent on the curing conditions and irradiance (p Conclusion Poor, deficient curing procedures provide an early trigger in a negative pathway of events for incrementally-place dental composite including a biological response by increased biofilm formation by S. mutans, a relevant factor for secondary caries development. Significance The susceptibility to variation in the outcomes was RE -dependent. The optimization of the curing procedures ensures the maximum performance in the chain of events involved in the light curing process of resin-based materials and potentially reduce the risk factors of secondary caries development.
Metabolic risk in older adults is associated with impaired sustained attention.

Objective Metabolic syndrome (MetS), the presence of three or more cardiovascular risk factors, has been associated with subtle and diffuse neural compromise but has not been consistently associated with cognitive dysfunction. Sustained attention is a fundamental cognitive operation that relies on multiple brain networks and is impaired in a broad array of neurologic conditions. We examined whether a well-validated measure of sustained attention would be sensitive to vascular risk, as compared with more standard neuropsychological measures of attention and executive functioning. Method We assessed vascular risk factors (VRFs; blood pressure, waist circumference, cholesterol, glucose, and triglycerides) in 93 middle-to-older aged adults (45-75 years). MetS was defined based on current guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Training Program (NCEP ATP III). Participants were grouped according to number of VRFs: high risk (MetS; 3+ VRFs; N = 32), medium risk (1 or 2 VRFs; N = 35), and low risk (0 VRFs; N = 26). All participants underwent a neuropsychological battery of tests measuring executive functioning. Participants also performed the gradual-onset continuous performance task (gradCPT), a measure of sustained attention. Results There was a significant main effect of VRF group on sustained attention performance; participants with lower vascular risk were better able to sustain attention. No significant effects were detected on standard neuropsychological tests of executive function. Conclusion Our results suggest that the gradCPT is sensitive to the potentially negative effects of MetS on subtle aspects of neurocognitive functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Methylnaltrexone is safe in cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) has become increasingly prevalent with the rise of prescription opioid use and can significantly impact quality of life, especially in patients with advanced illness. Methylnaltrexone has proven effective in treating cancer patients with OIC who have not responded adequately to conventional laxative therapy, though use is relatively contraindicated in those with peritoneal carcinomatosis due to theoretical risk and reported cases of perforation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of methylnaltrexone in patients with carcinomatosis. We performed a retrospective review of 3058 pediatric and adult patients who received methylnaltrexone at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from 2009–2016. Data collected included age, cancer diagnosis, history of abdominal surgery, prior radiation therapy, evidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis, and complications. Charts were reviewed for any complications at 24 hours, 72 hours, and one week following drug administration, as well as at present. We identified 3058 patients (median age 56, range 1–95) who received a total of 3995 doses of methylnaltrexone. Three hundred thirty three (median age 55, range 4–88) had peritoneal carcinomatosis. The most common primary malignancies included pancreatic (17.7%), ovarian (13.5%), colon (7.2%), and lung (6.6%). 228/333 (68.4%) had a history of abdominal surgery and 85/333 (25.5%) underwent prior radiation therapy. Three patients had adverse outcomes or complications, with only one (0.3%) thought to be related to methylnaltrexone use. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to evaluate the outcomes of patients with carcinomatosis receiving methylnaltrexone and the first to include pediatric patients. We found one perforation attributed to methylnaltrexone. Methylnaltrexone should be considered for treatment of refractory OIC in cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis due to low risk of complications.
Bridging the Gender Wage Gap: Gendered Cultural Sentiments, Sex Segregation, and Occupation-Level Wages.:

The extent to which cultural beliefs about gender shape occupation-level wages remains a central yet unresolved question in the study of gender inequality. Human capital theorists predict that gend...
Nanometer-scale characterization of thin-film solar cells by atomic force microscopy-based electrical probes

KPFM and SSRM, which relate to the following characterization reviews, will be introduced briefly in Section 10.2. Some recent nm-scale characterizations of perovskite, CIGS, and CdTe thin-film solar cell materials and devices will be reviewed in Sections 10.3-10.5 and closing remarks will be given in Section 10.6.
SUMOylation of mitofusins: A potential mechanism for perinuclear mitochondrial congression in cells treated with mitochondrial stressors

Abstract Depolarized/damaged mitochondria aggregate at the perinuclear region prior to mitophagy in cells treated with mitochondrial stressors. However, the cellular mechanism(s) by which damaged mitochondria are transported and remain aggregated at the perinuclear region is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mitofusins (Mfn1/2) are post-translationally modified by SUMO2 (Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier 2) in Human embryonic kidney 293 (Hek293) cells treated with protonophore CCCP and proteasome inhibitor MG132, both known mitochondrial stressors. SUMOylation of Mfn1/2 is not for their proteasomal degradation but facilitate mitochondrial congression at the perinuclear region in CCCP- and MG132-treated cells. Additionally, congressed mitochondria (mito-aggresomes) colocalize with LC3, ubiquitin, and SUMO2 in CCCP-treated cells. Knowing that SUMO functions as a “molecular glue” to facilitate protein-protein interactions, we propose that SUMOylation of Mfn1/2 may congress, glues, and confines damaged mitochondria to the perinuclear region thereby, protectively quarantining them from the heathy mitochondrial network until their removal via mitophagy in cells.
Anatomy of the Sciatic Nerve in Relation to the Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy: A Cadaveric Study

Prior studies have examined the role of hip and knee positioning, specifically hip extension and knee flexion, to reduce the risk of sciatic nerve palsy during the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy. They have qualitatively noted that the sciatic nerve moves farther from the connection between the ischial and posterior column osteotomies in hip extension than flexion but has not precisely measured this change in position. This cadaveric study aimed to quantitatively evaluate how hip positioning affects the location of the sciatic nerve relative to the connection between the ischial and posterior column osteotomies. We dissected four cadaveric specimens (three females and one male) with a mean age of 83.0 ± 7.8. An anterior Smith–Peterson approach was performed to allow the cuts for the periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). A posterolateral approach was taken to identify the sciatic nerve and its emergence from the pelvis. Measurements were performed on the width of the posterior column and, in both hip flexion and extension, the distance from the emergence of the sciatic nerve from the pelvis to the connection point between the ischial and posterior column osteotomies. Each measurement was performed independently by two observers. All data are reported as a mean ± standard deviation (range). The width of the posterior column was 4.84 ± 0.48 cm (range: 4.20–5.35 cm). The distances from the sciatic nerve's emergence to the osteotomy connection point in extension and flexion were 4.73 ± 0.79 and 2.93 ± 0.85 cm, respectively. The distance from the sciatic nerve's emergence to the osteotomy connection point was significantly greater in hip extension than hip flexion (p = 0.021). When the hip is flexed, the distance from the sciatic nerve to the posterior column osteotomy connection point is significantly less than when it is in extension. This anatomic finding is essential for surgical safety, as it provides further evidence on the importance of positioning for reducing the risk of sciatic nerve injury during a PAO.
Common-Mode Capacitance of Bus-Bar-Based Common-Mode Inductors

Prediction of the common-mode self-capacitance of common-mode inductors is essential to their design in order to ensure effective operation over the frequency range of interest. This paper presents a model for the calculation of common-mode capacitance of a bus-bar-based common-mode inductor. An equivalent circuit of the inductor that accounts for high-frequency effects such as eddy currents in nanocrystalline cores is also set forth. The predicted and measured capacitances are compared for three such inductors.
End-to-end Scalable and Low Power Multi-modal CNN for Respiratory-related Symptoms Detection

With the onset of the highly contagious COVID-19 pandemic, early-stage and clinic-independent machine assistance is essential for initial disease diagnosis based on its symptoms such as fever, dry cough, fatigue, and dyspnea. This paper proposes a scalable and low power architecture based on end-to-end Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for respiratory-related symptoms (cough and dyspnea) detection. The CNN-based model will be part of the final product running on general computing processors that can assess patients similar to what doctors do at triage and telemedicine using passively recorded audio and other information. The proposed model consists of 1D-convolutions to extract audio features and combinations of 2D-convolutions and fully-connected neurons for classification. The architecture achieves a detection accuracy of 87.5% for cough and 87.3% for dyspnea respectively. The proposed work involves extensive optimization of parameters in order to develop a model architecture that can be implemented on highly constrained power budget devices while maintaining high classification accuracy. This optimization allows us to achieve the model size of 960 KB for cough detection which is 193x smaller than the related works employing the end-to-end CNN architecture. The hardware architecture is designed to provide more versatility in terms of the number of input channels, filters, data width and processing engine (P.E.) in a parameterized manner with the target of proposing a reconfigurable hardware. The proposed architecture is fully synthesized and placed-and-routed on Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA. At 47.6 MHz operating frequency, our cough detection hardware architecture consumes 211 mW of power. On the other hand, dyspnea detection hardware architecture consumes 207 mW power at an operating frequency of 50 MHz. In addition, the proposed hardware architecture meets the latency deadline of 1s needed for the efficient operation of hardware while still being energy-effective compared to related work.
Terahertz Integrated Circuits and Systems for High-Speed Wireless Communications: Challenges and Design Perspectives

This paper presents challenges and design perspectives for terahertz (THz) integrated circuits and systems. THz means different things to different people. From International Telecommunication Union (ITU) perspective, THz radiation primarily means frequency range from 300 – 3000 GHz. However, recently, a more expansive definition of THz has emerged that covers frequencies from 100 GHz to 10 THz, which includes sub-THz (100 – 300 GHz), ITU-defined THz frequencies. This definition is now commonly used by communication theorists, and since this paper is intended for people with a wide variety of expertise in system and circuit design, we have adopted the latter definition. The paper brings to the open unmitigated shortcomings of conventional transceiver architectures for multi gigabit-per-second wireless applications, unfolds challenges in designing THz transceivers, and provides pathways to address these impediments. Furthermore, it goes through design challenges and candidate solutions for key circuit blocks of a transceiver including front-end amplifiers, local oscillator (LO) circuit and LO distribution network, and antennas intended for frequencies above 100 GHz.
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Craniofacial Origin: A Systematic Review.

Objective Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are blood-filled, locally destructive, benign bone tumors. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review outlining patient demographics, clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of those with ABCs of the craniofacial bones. Data sources Using PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases, 116 studies were included. Review methods Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, a systematic review was conducted. Data including patient demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and patient outcomes were collected. Results A total of 127 patients from 116 studies were identified. Age ranged from 8 months to 90 years, with a mean age of 19.0 years. The most commonly affected craniofacial locations were the mandible (n = 31, 24.4%), temporal bone (n = 21, 16.5%), and occipital bone (n = 14, 11.0%). The most common presenting symptoms included a nontender mass (n = 51, 40.2%), a tender mass (n = 31, 24.4%), and generalized headache (n = 30, 23.6%). Imaging modalities included computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n = 77, 60.6%), CT alone (n = 31, 24.4%), and MRI alone (n = 8, 6.2%). All patients underwent surgical resection, with 1 patient requiring adjuvant radiation in addition to surgery. In total, 121 patients were disease-free and symptom-free without evidence of recurrence (17.4-month mean follow-up, 5.4 months average time to first recurrence). Conclusion The current literature's characterization of ABCs in craniofacial bones is limited to case reports and case series. Given the rarity of these tumors, head and neck surgeons may rely on systematic reviews such as the present analysis to guide management.
Pediatric Acute Stroke Protocols in the United States and Canada.

Objective To describe existing pediatric acute stroke protocols to understand better how pediatric centers might implement such pathways within the context of institution-specific structures. Study design We performed an internet-based survey of pediatric stroke specialists. The survey queried hospital demographics; child neurology and pediatric stroke demographics; acute stroke response; imaging; and hyperacute treatment. Results 47 surveys were analyzed. Most respondents practice at large, freestanding children’s hospitals with moderate-sized neurology departments and at least one neurologist with expertise in pediatric stroke. Although there is variability in how hospitals deploy stroke protocols, particularly in regard to staffing, the majority of institutions have an acute stroke pathway and almost all include activation of a stroke alert page. Most institutions prefer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over computed tomography (CT) and employ abbreviated MRI protocols for acute stroke imaging. Most institutions also have either CT- or MR-based perfusion imaging available. At least one patient was treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) or mechanical thrombectomy (MT) at the majority of institutions during the year prior to our survey. Conclusions An acute stroke protocol is utilized in at least 41 pediatric centers in the United States and Canada. Most acute stroke response teams are multidisciplinary, prefer abbreviated MRI over CT for diagnosis, and have experience providing IV-tPA and MT. Further studies are needed to standardize practices of pediatric acute stroke diagnosis and hyperacute management.
The Academic-Corporate Merger in Medicine

The rapid development of molecular genetic technology in the past decade has opened up exciting new vistas for the application of this technology to the manufacture of important biological molecules, as well as to the diagnosis and treatment of inherited diseases. The enthusiasm attending this development in the research laboratories of universities and medical schools generated an equal stir in the corporate world, where the possibilities for commercial exploitation of these dramatic scientific advances were immediately appreciated.
An Interactive Procedure for Solving Multiple Objective Integer Linear Programming Problems

This research presents an interactive procedure for solving Multiple Objective Integer Linear Programming Problems (MOILP). The procedure uses preference information extracted during the interactive steps of the procedure to help the decision-maker (DM) find a preferred integer solution. The scenario considered here assumes that the DM cannot provide a quantitative specification of his (her) preferences in the form of a utility function. The demands imposed by the procedure upon the DM consist of requesting from him (her) the indication of the least preferred solution from a reduced set of candidate efficient solutions presented to him (her) for examination at each interaction. These candidate solutions are generated by the procedure utilizing a software package that solves single objective integer linear programming problems. In the last interaction, the DM is requested to select the most preferred solution from the reduced set that contains those solutions that are more attractive to him. A test problem is presented and solved following the indications of the procedure.
Exploring the Dynamics of Evaluation

The major topic of our research is perceptions of well-being, what we have called affective evaluations of various aspects of one’s life. Preceding chapters have described how affective evaluations relate to one another, how they seem to be organized in people’s thinking, how global evaluations can be “accounted for” on the basis of concern-level evaluations, and how different assessment methods influence the validity of the resulting measures. There remain important questions concerning the psychological dynamics that generate these affective evaluations, and the related matter of the “meaning” of any particular answer a respondent may give.
The Cultural Gap: Deaf Community and Speech-Language Pathologists

The following paper discusses the cultural gap that has been created between Speech-Language Pathologists and the Deaf community over the last 135 years. Starting with the period of oralism in Deaf schools to now, as we continue to pressure more parents into the idea of cochlear implants for their child. This paper will look at the history of how we have gotten to where we are today with this cultural gap and review results from a survey that was given to Portland State University Speech and Hearing Science students regarding this topic. The paper will then conclude with ways that we can begin to change the way we teach future Speech-Language Pathologists in order to make progress towards closing this cultural gap.
Supplemental Instruction: Supporting Persistence in Barrier Courses.

Courses that interfere with undergraduate students’ persistence are barriers that appear all along the undergraduate continuum. Supplemental Instruction (SI) may contribute to students’ achievement in a barrier course and, therefore, to their persistence in their academic program. The purpose of this single-case descriptive study was to explore student and instructor perceptions of SI in an upper-level chemistry course with a reputation for being a barrier to academic success. The case study methodology used included a focus group, one-on-one interviews with instructors and students, document review, and class and SI statistics. Results indicated that faculty and students perceived SI to be a valuable resource in achieving persistence or academic success. Although the number of students enrolling in higher education has increased over the last 30 years, the percentage of students who are retained through graduation has not. According to the Division of Science Resources Statistics of the National Science Foundation, “trends in bachelor’s degrees over the past 20 years...in engineering, physical sciences, and mathematics generally dropped or flattened out, especially since the mid-1990’s” (Science and Engineering Indicators, 2006 page # 1-5). Providing undergraduate students academic resources that support academic achievement of the baccalaureate degree in their chosen field of study was the impetus for this study. The variety of factors that influence a student’s decision to stay in school cannot be underestimated and will no doubt continue to be the subject of significant consideration at institutions of higher education for the foreseeable future. The retention of undergraduate students has been the focus of study and consideration for thirty-plus years (Astin, 1975; Moxley, Najor-Durack, & Dumbrigue, 2001; Seidman, 2005; Volkwein, 1995). Further, the literature on student retention has considered the implications of institutional choice and the students’ comfort at their chosen institution, students’ involvement in academic and social activities, and students’ perception of the value of For further information contact: Susan B. Bronstein | Learning Resource Center | University of Massachusetts Amherst | Amherst, MA 01003 | sbronstein@acad.umass.edu 3 | TLAR, Volume 13, Number 1 a college degree coupled with the financial demand of college attendance. Research has also explored the significance of race, gender, and socioeconomic background as they relate to enrollment to degree completion success (Astin, 1975, 1984; Bean, 1980, 1983; Ford, 1996; Milem & Berger, 1997; Panos & Astin, 1968; Seidman, 2005; Tinto, 1975, 1982, 1988). The focus of this paper is academic barriers, specifically those courses that interfere with a student’s successful continuation, persistence, in his or her well-chosen major – the barrier courses.
Catecholamine exocytosis during low frequency stimulation in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells is primarily asynchronous and controlled by the novel mechanism of Ca2+ syntilla suppression.

Key points Although the importance of asynchronous exocytosis is becoming clearer, not enough is known about its roles and mechanisms. Here we describe the nature of exocytosis in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells during low frequency physiological stimulation, i.e. 0.5 Hz, providing new views. We report that less than 10% of all catecholaminergic exocytosis during low frequency stimulation is synchronized to a simulated action potential (sAP), i.e. the dominant phase is asynchronous. This asynchronous phase of exocytosis does not require Ca2+ influx, requires the ryanodine receptor, RyR2, and comprises exocytic events with characteristics similar to those of spontaneous events. We propose a novel mechanism of disinhibition wherein APs inhibit Ca2+ syntillas, relieving their inhibition of spontaneous exocytosis, which leads to an increase in the asynchronous phase of elicited exocytosis. The work has the specific physiological implication that basal sympathetic tone associated with the ‘rest and digest’ state is set in part by Ca2+ syntillas. Furthermore, there is evidence that this regulation of exocytosis by Ca2+ syntillas may be a general mechanism that extends to neurons. Abstract Adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs), stimulated by the splanchnic nerve, generate action potentials (APs) at a frequency near 0.5 Hz in the resting physiological state, at times described as ‘rest and digest’. How such low frequency stimulation in turn elicits sufficient catecholamine exocytosis to set basal sympathetic tone is not readily explained by the classical mechanism of stimulus–secretion coupling, where exocytosis is synchronized to AP-induced Ca2+ influx. By using simulated action potentials (sAPs) at 0.5 Hz in isolated patch-clamped mouse ACCs, we show here that less than 10% of all catecholaminergic exocytosis, measured by carbon fibre amperometry, is synchronized to an AP. The asynchronous phase, the dominant phase, of exocytosis does not require Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, increased asynchronous exocytosis is accompanied by an AP-dependent decrease in frequency of Ca2+ syntillas (i.e. transient, focal Ca2+ release from internal stores) and is ryanodine sensitive. We propose a mechanism of disinhibition, wherein APs suppress Ca2+ syntillas, which themselves inhibit exocytosis as they do in the case of spontaneous catecholaminergic exocytosis.
Wideband patch antenna for 5-6 GHz WLAN applications

A wideband microstrip patch antenna has been analyzed, designed, fabricated, and measured for wireless local area network (LAN) applications in the 5-6 GHz frequency range. The antenna is internal to the housing of a personal digital assistant (PDA), such as a PALM organizer and has the dimensions of 28 mm by 9 mm by 3 mm on an FR4 substrate. The antenna meets or exceeds the bandwidth requirements for the dual-band IEEE 802.11a wireless local area network (WLAN) applications (5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz) within a 2:1 VSWR.
Conditional Efficacy of Sterilized Intervention

The noise-trading or coordination channel hypothesis implies that sterilized intervention in the foreign exchange market is effective if certain conditions are satisfied, but ineffective otherwise. The hypothesis is tested with a three-regime threshold model and daily data on actual intervention by US and German central banks. The main finding is that if central banks choose the optimal timing in light of the trend-chasing behaviors of noise traders, such strategic intervention is effective in moving the exchange rate in the desired direction.