cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constructing the Death Elephant: A Synthetic Paradigm Shift for the Definition, Criteria, and Tests for Death

In debates about criteria for human death, several camps have emerged, the main two focusing on either loss of the "organism as a whole" (the mainstream view) or loss of consciousness or "personhood." Controversies also rage over the proper definition of "irreversible" in criteria for death. The situation is reminiscent of the proverbial blind men palpating an elephant; each describes the creature according to the part he can touch. Similarly, each camp grasps some aspect of the complex reality of death. The personhood camp, in contrast to the mainstream "organism" camp, recognizes that a human organism can still be a biological living whole even without brain function. The mainstream camp, in contrast to the personhood camp, recognizes that a person can be permanently, even irreversibly unconscious, and still be a living person so long as his/her body is alive. The author proposes that hylomorphic dualism incorporates both these key insights. But to complete the picture of the entire "death elephant," a fundamental paradigm shift is needed to make sense of other seemingly conflicting insights. The author proposes a "semantic bisection" of the concept of death, analogous to the traditional distinction at the beginning of life between "conception" and "birth." To avoid the semantic baggage associated with the term "death," the two new death-related concepts are referred to as "passing away" (or "deceased") and "deanimation," corresponding, respectively, to sociolegal ceasing-to-be (mirror image of birth) and ontological/theological ceasing-to-be of the bodily organism (mirror image of conception). Regarding criteria, the distinguishing feature is whether the cessation of function is permanent (passing away) or irreversible (deanimation). If the "dead donor rule" were renamed the "deceased donor rule" (both acronyms felicitously being "DDR"), the ethics of organ transplantation from non-heart-beating donors could, in principle, be validly governed by the DDR, even though the donors are not yet ontologically "deanimated." Thus, the paradigm shift satisfies both those who insist on maintaining the DDR and those who claim that it has all along been receiving only lip service and should be explicitly loosened to include those who are "as good as dead." Even so, a number of practical caveats remain to be worked out for non-heart-beating protocols.
The Commercialization of Human Body Parts: A Reappraisal from a Protestant Perspective

The idea of a market in human organs has traditionally met with widespread and emphatic rejection from both secular and religious fronts alike. However, as numerous human beings continue to suffer an uncertain fate on transplant waiting lists, voices are beginning to emerge that are willing at least to explore the option of human organ sales. Anyone who argues for such a option must contend, however, with what seem to be largely emotional rejections of the idea. Often it seems that rebuffs offered on a secular ground are rooted in nothing more than vague discomforts. We suspect that these discomforts are often based in religious sentiments that have wound their way into the fabric of secular America. Therefore, in order to contribute further to those voices heard in favor of human organ sales, it is worthwhile to show that from a religious perspective, it is just as possible to affirm the appropriateness of human organ sales as it is from a secular basis. Since Protestantism has historically had a powerful influence in American society it is a proper starting point for such an investigation.
Impact of Tissue-Specific Stem Cells on Lineage-Specific Differentiation: A Focus on the Musculoskeletal System

Tissue-specific stem cells are found throughout the body and, with proper intervention and environmental cues, these stem cells exercise their capabilities for differentiation into several lineages to form cartilage, bone, muscle, and adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, it has been widely demonstrated that they do not differentiate with the same efficacy during lineage-specific differentiation studies, as the tissue-specific stem cells are generally more effective when differentiating toward the tissues from which they were derived. This review focuses on four mesodermal lineages for tissue-specific stem cell differentiation: adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, myogenesis, and osteogenesis. It is intended to give insight into current multilineage differentiation and comparative research, highlight and contrast known trends regarding differentiation, and introduce supporting evidence which demonstrates particular tissue-specific stem cells’ superiority in lineage-specific differentiation, along with their resident tissue origins and natural roles. In addition, some epigenetic and transcriptomic differences between stem cells which may explain the observed trends are discussed.
1I-1 Integrated Endoscope for Real-Time 3D Ultrasound Imaging and Hyperthermia: A Feasibility Study

The goal of this research is to determine the feasibility of using a single endoscopic probe for the combined purpose of real-time 3D (RT3D) ultrasound imaging of a target organ and the delivery of ultrasound hyperthermia to facilitate the absorption of compounds for cancer treatment. The ability to combine ultrasound hyperthermia and 3D imaging could improve visualization and targeting. In this study, numerical modeling and experimental measurements were developed to determine the feasibility of combined therapy and imaging with a 5 MHz, 1 cm diameter endoscopic RT3D probe with 504 active channels. A finite element mesh was constructed with over 128,000 elements in LS-DYNA to simulate the induced temperature rise from our transducer with a 3 cm deep focus in tissue. Based on intensity values calculated in Field II using the transducer's array geometry, a minimum ISPTA of 3.43 W/cm2 is required in order to induce a temperature rise of 4 degC within 5 minutes. It was determined through dosimetry measurements that the probe can presently maintain intensity values up to 2.4 W/cm2 over indefinite times for therapeutic applications combined with intermittent 3D scanning to maintain targeting. In vitro heating experiments of excised pork tissue yielded a maximum temperature rise of 2.3 degC over 5 minutes of ultrasound exposure with an average rise of 1.8 plusmn 0.2 degC over 5 trials. Modifications to the power supply and transducer array may enable us to reach the higher intensities required to facilitate drug delivery therapy
A planar parabola-feed frequency multiplier

A novel quasi-optical all-planar frequency doubler that could provide an alternative approach to conventional waveguide circuits for millimeter- and submillimeter-wave signal generation is presented, The multiplier uses a quad-bridge diode configuration for inherent isolation between the input and output signals. Two pairs of double-slot antennas with orthogonal polarizations directly couple input and output signals to the diodes, without the need for hybrid couplers required in typical balanced circuits, The integrated quad-bridge-diode/slot-antenna circuit is mounted on a dielectric-filled parabola for coupling to quasi-optical propagation systems, Measurement results for an X to K-band doubler show frequency conversion loss of 6.8 dB at the output frequency of 20.3 GHz.
Predictions of the effects of piston-liner crevices on flow motion and emissions in three-dimensional diesel engine simulations

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics predictions of the flow field and pollutant emissions in a high-speed direct-injection diesel engine operating at high load and rated speed are presented. Piston-liner crevice flows during the expansion stroke can give rise to vortex motions whose characteristics depend on the piston crevice configuration. Both a realistic and a simplified crevice volume that consists of a neck area and a reservoir to keep the surface—volume ratio realistic are considered. In the simplified crevice approach, with moderate intensity of the crevice flow, the vortex enhances mixing and engine-out carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are reduced. However, when the crevice flow intensity is above a certain level, a strong tumble motion is created in the bulk mixture in the squish area, which isolates a region of high CO concentration and prevents oxidation. The results also show that proper timing of the crevice flow into the combustion chamber lowers the mixture temperature and reduces nitrogen ...
Genomic organization and promoter activity of the maize starch branching enzyme I gene

Starch branching enzymes (SBE) which catalyse the formation of a-1,6-glucan linkages are of crucial importance for the quantity and quality of starch synthesized in plants. In maize (Zea mays L.), three SBE isoforms (SBEI, IIa and IIb) have been identified and shown to exhibit diVerential expression patterns. As a first step toward understanding the regulatory mechanisms controlling their expression, we isolated and sequenced a maize genomic DNA (’2190 to +5929) which contains the entire coding region of SBEI (Sbe1) as well as 5ae-and 3ae-flanking sequences. Using this clone, we established a complete genomic organization of the maize Sbe1 gene. The transcribed region consists of 14 exons and 13 introns, distributed over 5.7 kb. A consensus TATA-box and a G-box containing a perfect palindromic sequence, CCACGTGG, were found in the 5ae-flanking region. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that two Sbe1 genes with divergent 5ae-flanking sequences exist in the maize genome, suggesting the possibility that they are diVerentially regulated. A chimeric construct containing the 5ae-flanking region of Sbe1 (’2190 to +27) fused to the b-glucuronidase gene (pKG101) showed promoter activity after it was introduced into maize endosperm suspension cells by particle bombardment. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Effect of Reward Structures on the Performance of Cross-Functional Product Development Teams

Abstract This study examines the effect of reward structures on the performance of cross-functional product development teams. Results suggest that when it is easy to evaluate individual performances, position-based differential rewards lead to greater satisfaction. For long and complex projects, process-based rewards have a negative effect and outcome-based rewards have a positive effect on performance. For risky projects and highly competitive or relatively stable industries, a nonlinear and monotonically decreasing relationship exists between outcome-based rewards and product quality.
Incubating and Networking Technology Commercialization Centers among Emerging, Developing, and Mature Technopoleis Worldwide

Abstract: The ability and desire to access knowledge and to be able to learn and put knowledge to work is central to regional economic development and for globalization to be a force for drawing the world together. This chapter presents the logic, conceptual framework, and key elements for leveraging codified knowledge and tacit know-how through Internet and web-based networks and face-to-face communication and training programs. The objective is to accelerate regional economic development and shared prosperity through globally linked and leveraged Technology Commercialization Centers (TCCs) and to enhance the competitiveness and accelerate the growth of select regionally-based SMEs.
Magnet-induced disorientation in hatchling loggerhead sea turtles

Laboratory experiments have indicated that hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) are able to establish and maintain courses using information from the Earth's magnetic field. In previous experiments, turtles were tested in relatively uniform magnetic fields generated by large coil systems surrounding an orientation arena. In this study, we investigated the orientation behavior of hatchlings with either magnets or magnetically inert brass bars attached to their carapaces. Control turtles (with brass bars) oriented significantly towards the east whereas turtles bearing magnets were not significantly oriented as a group. The two distributions were statistically different. These results indicate that magnetic orientation behavior of hatchling sea turtles can be disrupted by attaching a small magnet to the carapace. This finding may prove useful both in field experiments and in efforts to localize magnetoreceptors.
Numerical Tidal Model of Chesapeake Bay

A two-dimensional plan view numerical model based upon the shallow water equations is developed to simulate the tidal dynamics of complex estuaries, rivers, and bays. The finite difference technique conserves mass, momentum (with no dissipation) and energy. The technique also allows for easy employment of boundary conditions and uses little computer time. The model is applied to the Chesapeake Bay with its varying bathymetry and many tributaries, showing the simulations to accurately predict available observations. The presence of residual eddies were detected. Numerical simulations of the Bay demonstrate that a bottom friction coefficient of K=0.0025 (C=approx. 63) is appropriate.
An Event-Driven Software Architecture for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to Cooperatively Locate Mobile Targets

Today’s state-of-the-art, real-time distributed systems require sophisticated software engineering techniques to support a diverse set of mission requirements. This chapter discusses an event-driven approach to the design of such systems in the context of a fully-functional search and localization application intended for unmanned aerial vehicles. Here, the discussion focuses on the basic design principles that form the foundation of the distributed, scalable, and cross-platform implementation, and it provides an evaluation of the system’s performance on a set of representative tasks. The main contribution of this effort consists of a modular software framework that is well-suited for solving problems in distributed intelligence and autonomous robotic systems. This framework is an enabling technology that integrates different functional components, such as sensing, analysis, and control into one cohesive platform. This solution employs off-the-shelf commercial technologies, resulting in a low-cost implementation that exhibits both robustness and flexibility.
Implications of Economies of Scale to National Agricultural Adjustments

THE framers of this topic obviously thought that some cause-effect relationships exist between economies of scale and national agricultural adjustments. In this paper, I shall cast some doubt as to the existence of such relationships. Essentially, my argument is this: (1) Because of fuzzy techniques in defining and quantifying economies of scale, our studies of the economies of farm size provide us with little clear evidence of economies of scale. (2) Especially vulnerable is the common generalization that unit costs are high on small farms and low on big farms. Without this generalization, the supposed relationships between economies of scale and national agricultural adjustments collapse. (3) National agricultural adjustments are explained by cause-effect relationships other than economies of scale.
Processing of peptide precursors. Identification of a new family of mammalian proteases.

Much further work will be necessary to define more fully this novel and growing mammalian family of kex2-like proteases, and future years should bring a more detailed understanding of their mechanisms and roles in precursor processing. This knowledge may also provide new insights into the mechanisms by which precursors are sorted into the appropriate intracellular organelles, correctly modified posttranslationally, processed proteolytically into their desired products, and ultimately delivered in a regulated fashion to their sites of release or action.
Flashover tests on air gap of ±800kV DC transmission line under composite DC and switching impulse voltage

This paper deals with the air gap insulation of ±800 kV DC transmission systems under composite DC and switching impulse voltage. The gaps studied were representative of ±800 kV DC transmission line, as rod-to-plane and conductor-to-tower gaps. The flashover voltages of the gaps at an altitude of 2100 m were determined for a pure switching impulse and composite voltages of DC and switching impulse. It is found that there are clear increase in the composite flashover voltage of both rod-to-plane and conductor-to-tower gaps, compared with those in the gap that only impulse voltage was applied. From the test results, the flashover voltage increases by 17-23%in the rod-to-plane gap and 5-10% in the conductor-to-tower gap, when the DC voltage of 800 kV is pre-stressed. The standard deviations have little obvious variation under the pre-stressed DC voltage and its average value is 4-4.5% in the tests. Additionally, a 1,000,000 fps high speed CCD camera is used to observe the breakdown process for investigation on the influence of pre-stressed DC voltage on the conductor. The leader inception and breakdown process properties were studied. These data and explanation are useful for ±800kV DC insulation design and testing.
THE OPERATION OF SELECTION IN SITUATIONS OF INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION.

Fundamental to much of community theory is the principle of competitive exclusion which asserts that species overlapping completely in their limiting resource(s) and the manner by which they utilize them cannot co-exist. In the formal theory of interspecific competition upon which this principle is based, little consideration is given to the genetic variability in the competing species. Theories of evolution in situations of species competition also involve primarily ecological considerations and deal with the potential result of this evolution in terms of species similarities rather than with the actual selection process, e.g., MacArthur and Levins (1967). Investigations dealing with selection process often rely on somewhat vague verbal arguments about the nature of the selection mechanism. In a recent investigation dealing with this process, Pimentel et al. (1965) have suggested that through the operation of selection, species completely overlapping in their limiting resource(s) and manner by which they utilize them may co-exist. In this investigation genetic variability is incorporated into the models upon which the principle of competitive exclusion is based. An examination is made of the properties of selection operating on different components of the variability in competitive performance and the effects of this selection on the outcome of interspecific competition. Particular emphasis is given to the conditions under which selection will lead to stable states of co-existence.
Representações sociais do diretor de escola

Esta pesquisa utilizou 12 unidades escolares do municipio de Petropolis, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, onde desenvolveu-se, preliminarmente, um processo de observacao visando construir um conhecimento mais efetivo da representacao social dos diretores de escolas. Em seguida, constituiu-se um grupo de 48 sujeitos: diretores e professores. Com estes sujeitos foram realizadas entrevistas conversacionais (MAISONNEUVE, 1971). A partir dai fez-se uma analise das rotinas burocraticas e das tarefas de administracao geral nas providencias de manutencao da escola definem mais a figura do administrador escolar do que o processo pedagogico como tal. Ao mesmo tempo, a falta de preparo ou as lacunas de formacao destes profissionais relacionam-se a dificuldade maior que tem para enfrentar a organizacao e o funcionamento da escola, nos aspectos do planejamento, do curriculo e da avaliacao. Da parte dos professores, ressalta-se uma reacao de sutil oposicao em relacaoa direcao, numa resistencia que reproduz em seus argumentos, a relacao patrao-operario. Os professores, em seus discursos, articulam a direcao e os diretores como opostos a si, por estarem assinalados por um poder que, necessariamente, nega a autonomia dos participantes da comunidade educativa ou restringe seu espaco de a firmacao. Os dirigentes, em sua argumentacao, configuram os professores, seus proprios colegas, como opositores, obstaculos a seu sucesso na funcao. Nota divisao, mais que dificuldades de formacao ou de conhecimento, as andlises permitiram captar um intrincado processo que atualiza na escola oposicoes e antagonismos que se enraizam fora dela.
Reliability of a modified tissue factor-dependent factor V assay for activated protein C resistant factor Va using a calcium-containing thromboplastin.

The original tissue factor-dependent factor V assay for activated protein C resistant factor Va (Blood 1995: 85: 1704-1711) has been modified to use a calcium containing thromboplastin and to express results as an observed to expected ratio (Obs./Exp.). The latter permits establishing a normal range independent of variations due to differences in reagents. Comparing Obs/Exp ratios with DNA analysis in 72 persons revealed that an Obs/Exp ratio of 0.6 distinguished without overlap normals from heterozygotes for FV R506Q. Three homozygote ; had a ratio of < 0.1. Application of this Obs/Exp cut-off ratio of 0.6 to a total of 226 plasma samples tested to date discriminated without overlap between normals and heterozygotes. We conclude that this assay - readily adaptable to any dedicated coagulation laboratory and capable of yielding reliable results in all clinical circumstances in which testing is indicated - can distinguish between normals and heterozygotes for the FV R506Q mutation without the need for confirmatory DNA analysis.
Corrupting Capitalism: Michael Ende’s Momo and “Cathedral Station”

Michael Ende, the well-known author of The Neverending Story, foresaw dramatic changes in the fabric of society resulting from a turn toward neoliberal policies. One such far-reaching and dangerous change has to do with a diminishing of temporal autonomy, the ability to freely determine the use and meaning of our time. This article explores how neoliberalism is shaping our concept of time and our experience of it. In an effort to demonstrate the process and the line of reasoning behind the monetization of time, and to connect time to more qualitative considerations of the human condition, I shall demonstrate how Ende conceptualizes time as an integral part of the accumulation process of capitalism. I also discuss a fairly cryptic short story, “Cathedral Station,” that envisions “the mystery of money.” Utilizing Walter Benjamin’s critique issued in his 1921 fragment “Capitalism as Religion,” I outline Ende’s dystopian vision of the uncontested, unquestioned reign of capitalism as a religious cult. Read together, the novel and the short story offer a way of contrasting two extreme byproducts of capitalism’s colonization of time, namely what I would call an “ideology of work” and an “ideology of growth.” The first of these is a result of capitalism’s commodification of time according to liberal ideals such as choice, freedom, and self-interest. The second is a decidedly neoliberal phenomenon in that the “financialization of everything,” to use David Harvey’s phrase, results in the ever-present expectation of unlimited, exponential growth. By drawing out these two interconnected ideologies through close readings, the subtle processes of capitalism’s colonization of time are revealed.
Hotelling Models and Other Spatial Analogs

One of the unfortunate characteristics of the research that employs spatial analysis in dealing with product competition is that so much effort has been expended uselessly in analyzing the ‘‘large group“ or ‘‘tangency solution” case of monopolistic competition.1 As noted in the introduction to Chapter 2 the nature of these efforts will be discussed in Chapter 6. Its temptation is strong, for it permits the derivation of closed analytic price and brand numerical solutions and their examination for comparative static and social welfare considerations. In reality, monopolistic competition structure is not a frequent occurrence, with most firms in an industry acutely aware of rivals with whom they are in close competition. This is especially true of firms when spatial location is explicitly or implicitly present in actual or analogous usage. The assumption of equal and negligible competitive interdependence among differentiated products is not an acceptable assumption when neighboring firms must be expected to be in oligopolistic rivalry.
Ambrosia beetle Premnobius cavipennis (Scolytinae: Ipini) carries highly divergent ascomycotan ambrosia fungus, Afroraffaelea ambrosiae gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Ophiostomatales)

Abstract Ambrosia beetles and fungi represent an interesting and economically important symbiosis, but the vast majority of ambrosia fungi remain unexplored, hindering research, management of pathogens, and mitigation of invasive species. Beetles in the subtribe Premnobiini are one example of an entire beetle lineage whose fungal symbionts have never been studied. Here, we identify one dominant fungal symbiont of Premnobius cavipennis by using fungus culturing, community sequencing, microtome sectioning and micro-CT scanning of mycangia. Phylogenetic analyses of combined 18S and 28S rDNA and β-tubulin sequences revealed a highly divergent fungal lineage within Ophiostomatales, Afroraffaelea ambrosiae gen. nov. et sp. nov. The newly described fungal lineage represents another origin of the symbiosis within the Kingdom Fungi, adding to our understanding of the geographic ancestry of ambrosia fungi. P. cavipennis possesses pharyngeal mycangia which appear restrictive in fungus selection. This ambrosia beetle-fungus association has remained stable even after invasions into non-native regions.
N‐glycoprotein surfaceome of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatic endoderm

Using cell surface capture technology, the cell surface N-glycoproteome of human-induced pluripotent stem cell derived hepatic endoderm cells was assessed. Altogether, 395 cell surface N-glycoproteins were identified, represented by 1273 N-glycopeptides. This study identified N-glycoproteins that are not predicted to be localized to the cell surface and provides experimental data that assist in resolving ambiguous or incorrectly annotated transmembrane topology annotations. In a proof-of-concept analysis, combining these data with other cell surface proteome datasets is useful for identifying potentially cell type and lineage restricted markers and drug targets to advance the use of stem cell technologies for mechanistic developmental studies, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine.
Voz para las mujeres. La prensa política de mujeres en Chile, 1900-1929

This article shows an overview of the women’s political periodical press in Chile between 1900 and 1929. It considers a cadaster, a definition and a typology. Feminine newspapers and magazines were at the same time means of expression and a space where different groups constructed their identities. We examine factors that help to understand the action of women in the press, and also different types of newspapers, that all of them were the expression of a new social phenomenon: women using the press to speak up.
Atrial fibrillation ablation in the real world.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation has offered the promise to free patients of symptoms of palpitations, dyspnea, and fatigue, as well as eliminate the need for use of chronic drug therapy with agents that sometimes have significant risks, cost, and inconvenience for the patient. The belief among
Current Concepts in the Evaluation and Management of Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis is a lower respiratory tract illness caused by viral infection in children 2 years of age and younger, frequently associated with wheezing on physical examination. It is a common cause of hospitalization, particularly in patients with risk factors for more serious disease. The diagnosis can be made based on clinical signs and symptoms alone, and care is generally supportive with a focus on safely doing less for symptomatic children. Bronchodilators, systemic steroids, and other therapies have been shown to have no significant effect on hospitalization rates, length of stay, or symptom duration.
REDUCED RATE OF SYNTHESIS OF DOPAMINE-β-HYDROXYLASE IN LOCUS COERULEUS DURING AXONAL REGENERATION

ABSTRACT Following axonal injury, there is a 45% reduction in the amount of DBH in the neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC). To determine if this is due to reduced enzyme synthesis, 3H-leucine was infused into the IVth ventricle of control and lesioned rats. The relative rate of DBH synthesis (3H-DBH/3H-total protein) was reduced 40% in the LC of lesioned rats as compared to controls, indicating a selective reduction in DBH synthesis. During axonal regeneration, there may be a selective reordering of protein synthesis favoring synthesis of proteins for axonal regeneration rather than neurotransmission.
Apoptosis and TH17 Cell Differentiation

Activation of naive CD4 T cells in culture in the presence of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces their differentiation into TH17 cells. We discovered that innate recognition of apoptotic cells in the presence of Toll-like receptor engagement directs the simultaneous synthesis of TGF-β and IL-6 by innate immune cells, and provides a cytokine milieu that favors differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into TH17 cells. This finding implied that bacterial infections associated with significant apoptosis of host tissues were preferentially the ones that induced TH17 immunity. The critical role that apoptosis plays in development of TH17 cells was also evident in vivo where induction of a TH17 response against an intestinal infection with the rodent pathogen Citrobacter rodentium was dependent on the ability of Citrobacter to induce apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Thus, the long known immuno-suppressive nature of apoptotic cell clearance can co-exist with the inflammatory nature of infection by inducing development of a TH17 response. Other bacterial infections are known to induce TH17 responses, and the role of apoptosis in directing TH17 immunity to these infections remains to be investigated. This chapter discusses our original findings and further examines the pathogenesis of TH17 and IL-17 inducing bacteria with particular emphasis on the expression of virulence factors that mediate host cell apoptosis.
Hölder Means, Lehmer Means, andx−1 log cosh x

Abstract The monotonicity of the two variable Holder mean is a consequence of a certain inequality for log cosh x . This in turn is shown to be a limiting case of an inequality not involving any transcendental functions. The proof of this elementary inequality is based on the preliminary result that H 2 n +1 ≤ L n where H n and L n are the Holder and Lehmer means of order n . Some further inequalities for log cosh x are also proved.
Openness in the Global Network

This chapter presents the dynamics at the team level associated with collaboration and networked structures. Investment in science and technology is shifting. As it does, the structure of collaborative teaming is changing, too. This chapter describes the emerging landscape of collaboration for the individual and the team.
Dimensions of driving-related emotions and behaviors: An exploratory factor analysis of common self-report measures.

Abstract Objective A wide variety of driving self-report measures are purported to assess drivers’ behaviors and emotions. However, little is known about the underlying factor structure of these measures. This study examined the factor structure of several self-report measures frequently utilized in the assessment of driving-related behaviors and emotions. Design Cohort survey in a large sample (n = 287) of young adults (mean age = 19.91 years, SD = 1.65). Results Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure that included reckless driving behaviors, negative driving-related emotions, aggressive driving behaviors in response to perceived transgressions from other drivers, and perceived aggressive driving behaviors from other drivers. Aggressive driving behaviors not performed in response to other drivers loaded onto both aggressive driving-related factors. Conclusions The factor structure derived in the present study suggests considerable overlap in the content across commonly administered driving self-reports, while also suggesting four distinct dimensions of self-reported driving emotions and behaviors. Whereas some of these dimensions have been explored considerably in the literature (e.g., negative emotions), others deserve further exploration (e.g., perceived aggressive driving behaviors from other drivers). Implications for clinical practice and future investigations are discussed.
Geochemical Control of Laponite Dispersions for Pore Fluid Engineering of Granular Soils

In typical geotechnical tests on granular materials the pore space is occupied by air and/or water, consistent with most commonly encountered field conditions. However, in many materials of geotechnical interest, such as oil sands, naturally/artificially cemented sands, and hydrate bearing sediments, the nature and the response of the fluid or fluids occupying the voids between the particles can be much more complex. This paper presents an approach to a fundamental study of pore fluid effects on the mechanical behavior of saturated granular materials that relies on permeating sand specimens with concentrated dispersions of Laponite RD, a synthetic nanoclay. The paper describes the characteristics that make Laponite dispersions an attractive material for this investigation, specifically highlighting how their structure and rheology can be geochemically engineered through the use of a dispersant, to achieve the desired mechanical response. Results from undrained monotonic triaxial tests show how in presence of a Laponite pore fluid the response becomes more dilatant, and both the friction angle at the phase transformation state and the maximum friction angle increase. These effects appear more significant as the fluid exhibits more solid like response.
Automated Detection of Retinal Disease

Nearly 4 in 10 Americans with diabetes currently fail to undergo recommended annual retinal exams, resulting in tens of thousands of cases of blindness that could have been prevented. Advances in automated retinal disease detection could greatly reduce the burden of labor-intensive dilated retinal examinations by ophthalmologists and optometrists and deliver diagnostic services at lower cost. As the current availability of ophthalmologists and optometrists is inadequate to screen all patients at risk every year, automated screening systems deployed in primary care settings and even in patients' homes could fill the current gap in supply. Expanding screens to all patients at risk by switching to automated detection systems would in turn yield significantly higher rates of detecting and treating diabetic retinopathy per dilated retinal examination. Fewer diabetic patients would develop complications such as blindness, while ophthalmologists could focus on more complex cases.
Transient Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations: Source, Magnitude, Frequency, and Associated Mechanical Energy.

Purpose To characterize intraocular pressure (IOP) dynamics by identifying the sources of transient IOP fluctuations and quantifying the frequency, magnitude, associated cumulative IOP-related mechanical energy, and temporal distribution. Methods IOP was monitored at 500 Hz for periods of 16 to 451 days in nine normal eyes of six conscious, unrestrained nonhuman primates using a validated, fully implanted wireless telemetry system. IOP transducers were calibrated every two weeks via anterior chamber cannulation manometry. Analysis of time-synchronized, high-definition video was used to identify the sources of transient IOP fluctuations. Results The distribution of IOP in individual eyes is broad, and changes at multiple timescales, from second-to-second to day-to-day. Transient IOP fluctuations arise from blinks, saccades, and ocular pulse amplitude and were as high as 14 mm Hg (>100%) above momentary baseline. Transient IOP fluctuations occur ∼10,000 times per waking hour, with ∼2000 to 5000 fluctuations per hour greater than 5 mm Hg (∼40%) above baseline. Transient IOP fluctuations account for up to 17% (mean of 12%) of the total cumulative IOP-related mechanical energy that the eye must withstand during waking hours. Conclusions Transient IOP fluctuations occur frequently and comprise a large and significant portion of the total IOP loading in the eye and should, therefore, be considered in future studies of cell mechanotransduction, ocular biomechanics, and/or clinical outcomes where transient IOP fluctuations may be important. If IOP dynamics are similar in humans, clinical snapshot IOP measurements are insufficient to capture true IOP.
Zinc and Hormones

Zinc supplementation studies first performed in Egypt demonstrated reversible growth retardation in zinc-deficient human subjects (Prasad, 1966; Sandstead et al., 1967). Following zinc supplementation, the average increment in height in male subjects between the ages of 14 and 20 (average 17 years) was 5.0 inches per year. Biochemical studies were consistent with the concept that the growth retardation in these subjects was the result of deficiency of zinc.
A Broad Application of CRISPR Cas9 in Infectious, Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Being the most important immune-responsive cell type of the CNS, microglia always glorify the so-called crossroad of Neurology, Immunology and Pharmacology. As microglial activation is a hallmark of different neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc., selective targeting of microglial cell signaling may be a valid option to control these neurodegenerative disorders with lesser side effects. This is particularly important as no effective therapies are available against these diseases and available neuroimmune modulators are known to target multiple cell types in a non-cell-specific manner. How we can achieve such specificity? A newly-developed cutting-edge molecular biology tool is rocking biomedical research in recent years so much so that it has already come under major lawsuits between the University of California Berkeley and the MIT-Harvard Broad Institute regarding its ownership rights, probably halting the Nobel committee to announce the most coveted prize to its owners. It is none other than Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR). In nutshell, the Cas9 enzyme has been paired with the bacterial immune system, CRISPR, to ultimately turn CRISPR/Cas9 as an effective genome editor. Therefore, this special issue has been devoted to highlight some of the recent discoveries on CRISPR/Cas9 in neurodegenerative disorders and explain these discoveries in the light of neuroimmune pharmacology.
Sensor Malfunction Detection and Mitigation Strategy for a Multilevel Photovoltaic Converter

Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) based converters have several advantages including modularity, isolated DC-side voltage, and improved output voltage quality. These multilevel converters are increasingly used in photovoltaic (PV) systems. With the number of H-bridge submodules (SM) and sensors increased due to the cascaded topology, the converter becomes more prone to sensor malfunctions. This article proposes a method to make a CHB-based PV converter resilient to sensor malfunctions using a real-time state estimation–based malfunction detection algorithm. The proposed method is validated using simulation studies in MATLAB/SIMULINK and experimental studies on a test system. It is shown that a nine-level CHB-based PV system can operate normally even when one sensor measurement is missing.
CHAPTER 7 – SYMMETRIC KERNELS

Publisher Summary A kernel K(s, t) is symmetric, complex symmetric, or Hermitian if K(s,t) = K*(t,s), where the asterisk denotes the complex conjugate. In the case of a real kernel, the symmetry reduces to the equality K(s,t) = K(t,s). A metric space is called complete if every Cauchy sequence of functions in this space is a convergent sequence. If a metric space is not complete, then there is a simple way to add elements to this space to make it complete. A Hilbert space is an inner-product linear space that is complete in its natural metric. The completeness of ℒ2-spaces plays an important role in the theory of linear operators such as the Fredholm operator K,{Kφ = ∫ K(s,t) φ (t)dt}. The systems of orthogonal functions play an important role in the theory of integral equations and their applications. A finite or an infinite set {φk} is said to be an orthogonal set if (φi, φj) = 0, i ≠j. If none of the elements of this set is a zero vector, then it is said to be a proper orthogonal set. This chapter discusses definite kernels and Mercer'st, the solution of a symmetric integral equation, Rayleigh–Ritz method for finding the first eigenvalue, and the approximation of a general ℒ2-kernel.
Mechanisms underlying leaf photosynthetic acclimation to warming and elevated CO2 as inferred from least-cost optimality theory

The mechanisms responsible for photosynthetic acclimation are not well understood, effectively limiting predictability under future conditions. Least-cost optimality theory can be used to predict the acclimation of photosynthetic capacity based on the assumption that plants maximize carbon uptake while minimizing the associated costs. Here, we use this theory as a null model in combination with multiple datasets of C3 plant photosynthetic traits to elucidate the mechanisms underlying photosynthetic acclimation to elevated temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The model-data comparison showed that leaves decrease the ratio of the maximum rate of electron transport to the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Jmax /Vcmax ) under higher temperatures. The comparison also indicated that resources used for Rubisco and electron transport are reduced under both elevated temperature and CO2 . Finally, our analysis suggested that plants underinvest in electron transport relative to carboxylation under elevated CO2 , limiting potential leaf-level photosynthesis under future CO2 concentrations. Altogether, our results show that acclimation to temperature and CO2 is primarily related to resource conservation at the leaf level. Under future, warmer, high CO2 conditions, plants are therefore likely to use less nutrients for leaf-level photosynthesis, which may impact whole-plant to ecosystem functioning.
Integrated decision making for attributes sampling and proactive maintenance in a discrete manufacturing system

An integrated optimal design of attributes sampling and proactive maintenance for a discrete manufacturing system is studied in this paper. In the system, the failure of a critical component causes...
Doxycycline decreases amyloidogenic light chain-induced autophagy in isolated primary cardiac myocytes

Abstract Background Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis is characterized by extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils in the heart and is potentially fatal. Untreated, it manifests clinically as heart failure with a precipitous decline and a median survival of Methods/results Adult rat ventricular myocytes stimulated with AL (obtained from cardiac amyloidosis patients) increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities (P Conclusions These in vitro studies demonstrated that doxycycline, in addition to inhibiting MMP, also modulated AL-induced autophagy in cardiomyocytes and provide potential insights for future therapeutic targets for AL-induced proteotoxicity. Novel therapies for cardiotoxicity and heart failure in AL cardiac amyloidosis remain an important unmet need.
Anti-Tn human monoclonal antibodies generated following active immunization with partially desialylated ovine submaxillary mucin

Partially desialylated ovine submaxillary mucin plus an immunological adjuvant has been used by us to induce a humoral immune response to Tn antigen and sialylated Tn in colon cancer patients at risk of recurrence. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were purified from one of these patients with a high IgM titer reactive with Tn antigen transformed with Epstein-Barr virus and subsequently fused with a human-mouse heteromyeloma cell line, HMMA2.l1TGjO. Clones were screened and sub cloned using an enzyme-linked immunoassay andfour stable IgM-secreting clones were tested for reactivity with a variety of natural and synthetic antigens, paraffin-embedded colon carcinomas and normal colonic mucosa to determine their specificity. Four human IgM monoclonal antibodies reactive predominantly with Tn antigen were produced and shown to react with a mucinous human colon carcinoma cell line, LS-174T, and with paraffin-embedded human colon carcinomas. We conclude that modified ovine submaxillary mucin is an effective vaccine for generating a humoral immune response directed to Tn antigen present on human colon cancer. [Hum Antibod Hybridomas 1994; 5: 25-31]
Revisiting the total maximum daily load total phosphorus goal in Lake Okeechobee

In 2000, a total maximum daily load (TMDL) total phosphorus (TP) goal of 40 µg/L was established for Lake Okeechobee, Florida. The goal was selected to reduce the “imbalance to flora and fauna” caused by excessive phosphorus loading in the lake. We recalculate the TMDL TP goal using a water quality data series of TP and chlorophyll-a concentrations from 1986 to 2018 for the original 30 in-lake stations plus an additional 29 stations. Using the cross-tabulation approach used to generate the original TMDL TP goal, we determined a new goal of 42 µg/L, nominally different from the original. We also reevaluate the goal’s ability to maintain an implicit goal of 11.5% bloom frequency. We conclude substantial changes in the frequency and scope of the water quality sampling scheme prevent a determination on the effectiveness of the TMDL TP goal. The implementation, however, appears to have failed as the median TP concentration has increased by 93 µg/L to 133 µg/L and bloom frequency, after correcting for the declining sampling frequency, has increased from 1986 to 2018. An increased sampling frequency of TP and chlorophyll-a sampling is needed, or else tracking responses of chlorophyll-a to future TP reductions will be virtually impossible.
Revolution from the Inside: Institutions, Legitimation Strategies, and Rhetorical Pathways of Institutional Change

Why and under what conditions do a challenger’s legitimation strategies shape decisions for institutional reform? I argue that legitimation strategies are critical in defining how institutional defenders evaluate the costs and benefits of institutional reform, and thus in shaping their reaction to a challenger’s demands. Legitimation strategies do so through principled persuasion, where defenders come to believe that accepting a challenger’s demands will have both material and symbolic benefits, and rhetorical coercion, where defenders accept change out of fear that they will bear costs by undercutting their own legitimacy. Not all challengers effectively legitimate their demands, however. A challenger’s capacity to affect change depends on its position within institutions, which gives it the authority to effectively deploy rhetoric. I demonstrate this argument with a brief case of Japan’s challenge to the unequal treaty system in the late 19th century.