cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of antianginal efficacies and exercise hemodynamic effects of nifedipine and diltiazem in stable angina pectoris

The antianginal efficacies of nifedipine (40 to 120 mg/day) and diltiazem (120 to 360 mg/day) were studied in 21 normotensive patients with chronic stable angina pectoris, using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Patients received each agent titrated to maximum tolerated doses for 6 weeks, after a 2-week placebo baseline period. The maximum tolerated dose for nifedipine was 72 +/- 8 (standard error) mg/day and for diltiazem 297 +/- 20 mg/day. Two patients discontinued nifedipine early because of side effects. Duration of symptom-limited treadmill exercise was longer during the nifedipine (556 +/- 43 seconds) and diltiazem periods (546 +/- 39 seconds) compared with placebo baseline (474 +/- 41 seconds, p less than 0.02). Compared with placebo, nifedipine caused a significant increase in heart rate both at rest standing and at peak exercise. Nifedipine decreased resting systolic blood pressure but had no effect at peak exercise. In contrast, diltiazem caused a significant decrease in heart rate at rest but had no effect on blood pressure at rest or at peak exercise. Thus, nifedipine and diltiazem have differential effects on heart rate and systolic blood pressure suggesting different modes of action. However, despite the increase in exercise duration, neither nifedipine nor diltiazem increased the heart rate-systolic pressure product during maximum exercise. This suggests that the antianginal effects of the 2 agents probably are mediated via reduction of myocardial oxygen demand at submaximal exercise. In addition, diltiazem appears to be better tolerated than nifedipine.
Improved VO2 microbolometers for infrared imaging: operation on the semiconducting-metallic phase transition with negative electrothermal feedback

ABSTRACT We have investigated the performance of V02 microbolometers biased on the semiconducting-metal phase transition withnegative electrothermal feedback. We deposited crystalline thin films of phase-pure V02, patterned these films into usefultest structures, and evaluated the electrical and optical properties relevant to improved uncooled bolometric sensors. A novelac-biasing method allows for biasing of the devices on the hysteretic semiconducting-metallic phase transition near 70 °C.Two important advantages result from biasing in the phase transition: high sensitivity, and negative electrothermal feedback (ETF). Under these conditions improvements in speed and noise equivalent power (NEP) are expected. Modest improvements in noise performance and responsivity consistent with simulations were experimentally verified. Our resultssuggest a large potential performance advantage over current uncooled vanadium oxide sensors which can be realized aseither increased bandwidth (faster frame rates) or higher sensitivity.
Evaluation of an artificial neural network to predict urea nitrogen appearance for critically ill multiple-trauma patients.

BACKGROUND Computer-based simulated biologic neural network models have made significant strides in clinical medicine. METHODS To determine the predictive performance of a conventional regression model and an artificial neural network for estimating urea nitrogen appearance (UNA) during critical illness, 125 adult patients admitted to the trauma intensive care unit who required specialized nutrition support were studied. The first 100 consecutive patients were used to develop the 2 models. The first model used stepwise multivariate regression analysis. The second model entailed the use of a feeding-forward, back-propagation, supervised neural network. Bias and precision of both methods were evaluated in 25 separate patients. RESULTS Multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant highly correlative relationship (r(2) = .918, p < or = .01): Predicted UNA (g/d) = (0.29 x WT) + (1.20 x WBC) + (0.44 x SUN) with WT as current body weight in kg, WBC as white blood cell count in cells/mm(3), and SUN as serum urea nitrogen concentration (mg/dL). The regression method was biased toward overestimating measured UNA, whereas the neural network was unbiased. Precision (95% confidence interval) of the neural network was significantly better than the regression (3.3-7.2 g vs 7.3-11.6 g, respectively, p < .01). Regression analysis successfully predicted UNA within 3 g of measured UNA in 16% (4 of 25) of patients, whereas the neural network successfully predicted UNA in 44% (11 out of 25) of patients (p < .06). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data indicate that use of an artificial neural network may be superior to conventional regression modeling techniques for estimating UNA in critically ill adult multiple-trauma patients receiving specialized nutrition support.
A note on variable threshold concept lattices: Threshold-based operators are reducible to classical concept-forming operators

The present paper deals with formal concept analysis of data with fuzzy attributes. We clarify several points of a new approach of [S.Q. Fan, W.X. Zhang, Variable threshold concept lattice, Inf. Sci., accepted for publication] which is based on using thresholds in concept-forming operators. We show that the extent- and intent-forming operators from [S.Q. Fan, W.X. Zhang, Inf. Sci., accepted for publication] can be defined in terms of basic fuzzy set operations and the original operators as introduced and studied e.g. in [R. Belohlavek, Fuzzy Galois connections, Math. Logic Quarterly 45 (4) (1999) 497-504; R. Belohlavek, Concept lattices and order in fuzzy logic, Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 128 (2004) 277-298; S. Pollandt, Fuzzy Begriffe, Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1997]. As a consequence, main properties of the new operators from [S.Q. Fan, W.X. Zhang, Inf. Sci., accepted for publication], including the properties studied in [S.Q. Fan, W.X. Zhang, Inf. Sci., accepted for publication], can be obtained as consequences of the original operators from [R. Belohlavek, 1999; R. Belohlavek, 2004; S. Pollandt, 1997].
Hazard model estimates of the decision to reenroll in school

Abstract In a sample of males drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, one-third of the individuals who first leave school between 1978 and 1990 are found to return to school before 1991. In light of this finding, the current study extends the analysis of schooling demand to a dynamic framework in order to consider the timing of the enrollment decision. A semiparametric, proportional hazard model for nonenrollment durations is estimated. The hazard model estimates are consistent with the view that young men reenroll in school when the costs are relatively low and/or the benefits are relatively high. For example, increases in state-wide average tuition levels and current earned wages lower the hazard rate, while increases in unemployment rates have the opposite effect.
Nerve tumors of the hand and upper extremity

Tumors of peripheral nerve origin are usually slow growing and minimally symptomatic, making differentiation from other soft tissue neoplasms difficult. Yet failure to recognize a nerve tumor may result in irreversible loss of neurologic function. This article provides current information on the history, pathologic identification, and treatment of upper extremity nerve tumors. Other neoplastic and tumor-like lesions that occur within the peripheral nerve are also considered.
Kinetics of CN radical reactions with NOx between 297 and 740 K

Abstract The kinetics of the reaction of CN radicals with NO and NO 2 have been studied with the two-laser pump-probe technique at temperatures between 297 and 740 K over a broad range of pressure. The CN + NO reaction was found to be strongly pressure dependent and the rate constant measured at 100 Torr of Ar has a negative temperature coefficient of 10.4 kJ/mol. These results suggest that the reaction occurs mainly be recombination and there is no evidence of CO + N 2 formation up to 740 K. The CN + NO 2 reaction was found to be very fast and pressure independent and the measured bimolecular rate constant can be represented by k 2 = 10 −10.40±0.12 exp + [(186 ± 23)/ T ] cm 3 /molecule s.
Learning Under Institutions

Though much classic work on institutional theory (e.g., DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Meyer & Rowan, 1977) has suggested that institutional logics act in top-down fashion on organizations and individual...
Is acupuncture more effective than sham acupuncture in relieving pain in patients with low back pain

Is acupuncture more effective than sham acupuncture in relieving pain in patients with low back pain?
The early-onset torsion dystonia gene (DYT1) encodes an ATP-binding protein

Early-onset torsion dystonia is a movement disorder, characterized by twisting muscle contractures, that begins in childhood. Symptoms are believed to result from altered neuronal communication in the basal ganglia. This study identifies the DYT1 gene on human chromosome 9q34 as being responsible for this dominant disease. Almost all cases of early-onset dystonia have a unique 3-bp deletion that appears to have arisen idependently in different ethnic populations. This deletion results in loss of one of a pair of glutamic-acid residues in a conserved region of a novel ATP-binding protein, termed torsinA. This protein has homologues in nematode, rat, mouse and humans, with some resemblance to the family of heat-shock proteins and Clp proteases.
Ultrastructural Integrity of Human Ventricular Myocardium Following Cardioplegic Arrest

The appearance of the ventricular myocardium in 6 patients electing coronary bypass operation was evaluated by electron microscope before and after aortic cross-clamping. Bypassing protocol included the induction of hypothermic cardioplegia by intermittent aortic root perfusion, with potassium chloride added to cold blood serving as the cardioplegic agent. Cross-clamp intervals ranged from 66 to 125 minutes. Ultrastructural alterations following bypass manipulations, and distinct from those observed before cross-clamping, were limited to the presence of extensive myocardiocytic pooling of glycogen. Scrutiny of the intramyocardial capillary bed following perfusion with the cardioplegic solution revealed no abnormalities attributable to, or intensified by, the bypass maneuver. These findings indicate that hypothermic potassium cardioplegia, as specified, is not injurious to human myocardial ultrastructure.
Validation of a Hip-Worn Accelerometer in Measuring Sleep Time in Children

This study compared measures of sleep from an accelerometer worn on the hip to measures obtained from an accelerometer worn on the wrist, the gold standard measure of sleep behavior in community research. The accelerometer worn on the hip provides a measure of total sleep time in 10- to 11-year-old children comparable to the wrist-worn unit. We provide an alternate method to ascertain bedtime and final wake time when diary data are missing. A hip-worn accelerometer may provide a cost-effective means of gathering physical activity and sleep data simultaneously in large samples of children with or without an accompanying sleep diary.
Educational attainment as a predictor of attributions and expressed emotion in a tri-ethnic sample of relatives of patients with schizophrenia

Strong evidence indicates that, following a relapse, patients with schizophrenia who return home to live with relatives who are rated as critical, hostile, or emotionally over-involved, known as high expressed emotion or high-EE, suffer elevated future relapse rates compared to those whose relatives are rated as low-EE. Evidence further suggests that highEE relatives tend to make more blaming attributions for the patient’s illness than do low-EE relatives. Few studies, however, have examined other important variables that predict family members’ EE and attributions. Using a tri-ethnic sample of 57 relatives of patients with schizophrenia, this study finds that greater educational attainment in family members predicts less blameworthy attributions towards patients. Specifically, for Whites and Hispanics, greater educational attainment predicts less blameworthy self-reported causal attributions. For Blacks, education does not relate to attributions. A content analysis of relatives’ causal attributions further reveals that, regardless of ethnicity or education, biological factors are most often cited as having caused relatives’ schizophrenia. Study implications are discussed.
Design and Performance of a Hadamard Transform Infrared Spectrometer with No Moving Parts

The development of an improved Hadamard transform infrared (HT-IR) spectrometer with no moving optical parts is described. This spectrometer is based on a thermo-optic array for the stationary encoding of radiation (TOASTER) fabricated from Nichrome resistance wire. The TOASTER HT-IR instrument utilizes a reversed Czerny-Turner optical mount and relies on entrance focal plane modulation for operation. This design allows the dedispersion optics to be eliminated while still providing for a multiplex advantage. In addition, a conventional mechanical chopper is not needed in this instrument because the TOASTER is used as a natural modulator. The TOASTER HT-IR spectrometer can acquire an infrared spectrum in the range of 2.5 to 11 μm (4000 to 910 cm-1). Its spectral resolution is 0.07 μm (~7 cm-1 at 1000 cm-1), and, for fifteen spectral resolution elements, the observation window is 0.5 μm (~48 cm-1 at 1000 cm-1). In addition to the design of the instrument, this communication also examines the thermo-optic switching properties of the Nichrome wire used in the prototype TOASTER. Although the maximum switching speed of the Nichrome wire is governed by its thermal decay time, we show that the TOASTER can be operated faster than this limit by employing a preheating step.
Visual Categorization with Aerial Photographs

This article investigates how people process information from aerial photographs to categorize locations. Three cognitive experiments were conducted with human subjects viewing a series of aerial p...
Magnetostrictive sleeve transducer for in situ monitoring of specimens

In the literature, there are several examples where wires of magnetostrictive material are used for both sensing and nondestructive inspection applications. However, the magnetostrictive material may not be suitable for certain environments (such as corrosive environments). Therefore, designs where the magnetostrictive material is coupled to a more robust waveguide material are of interest. The work presented in this paper examines a design based on a cylindrical sleeve of magnetostrictive material. Experiments were conducted to compare the new sleeve design to the old approach of using a brass coupling. In addition to simplifying the manufacturing process, the sleeve design was found to eliminate signal artifacts encountered in previous results.
Migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells depends on the availability of exogenous lipids and cholesterol esterification

We previously described a lipid-accumulating phenotype of estrogen receptor negative (ER−) breast cancer cells exemplified by the MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cell lines. These cells had more lipid droplets, a higher uptake of oleic acid and LDL, a higher ratio of cholesteryl ester (CE) to triacylglycerol (TAG), and higher expression of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) as compared to ER+ MCF-7 breast cancer cells. LDL stimulated proliferation of ER-cells only, and proliferation was reduced by inhibition of ACAT. We hypothesized that storage of exogenous lipids would confer an energetic advantage. We tested this by depriving cells of exogenous lipids and measuring chemotactic migration, an energy-intensive behavior. MDA-MB-231 cells were grown for 48 h in medium with either 5% FBS or 5% lipoprotein-depleted (LD) FBS. Growth in LD medium resulted in visibly reduced lipid droplets and an 85% decrease in cell migration. Addition of LDL to the LD medium dose-dependently restored the ability to migrate in an ACAT-sensitive manner. LDL receptor (LDLR) mRNA was 12-fold higher in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to nontumorigenic ER-MCF-10A breast epithelial cells grown in LD medium. Addition of LDL to the LD medium reduced LDLR mRNA levels in MCF-10A cells only. We asked if ACAT1 activity was associated with the expression of the LDLR in MDA-MB-231 cells. LDLR mRNA in MDA-MB-231 cells was substantially reduced by inhibition of ACAT, demonstrating that high ACAT1 activity permitted higher LDLR expression. This data substantiates the association of lipid accumulation with aggressive behavior in an ER-breast cancer cell line.
ADDICTION TREATMENT : PROMOTING A MEDICAL APPROACH TO SUBSTANCE USE

Building on decades of Academy activities related to substance use, this report emphasizes three guiding principles: 1. Drug treatment should be accessible to all drug users seeking care, including those who are incarcerated. Because turning users away when programs are operating at or above capacity represents lost opportunities for care, programs should be prepared to commence treatment at the time users request it. 2. Addiction is a complex, chronic, relapsing illness for which various inpatient, residential, and outpatient treatments are used, depending on the substances involved, the intensity and duration of the addiction, the characteristics and tolerances of the patient, and the circumstances involved. Optimal addiction treatment requires generalists in medical care who are knowledgeable and capable in the areas of diagnosis and management; specialist consultation and care; specific programs dedicated to the acute and chronic care of drug users; and the multidisciplinary participation of appropriately qualified counselors, social workers, and other professionals. 3. Steps need to be taken to reduce the health-related harms associated with injection drug use, including the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C, and other blood-borne pathogens. Harm reduction incorporates many modalities, such as HIV prevention education, including condom use and safer sex counseling and education; referrals for drug treatment and other health care and social services; interim methadone maintenance; and syringe and needle availability and exchange programs. Each of these interventions represents important medical and public health strategies that may decrease some of the secondary medical consequences of injection drug use.
Lung 4D-IMRT treatment planning: an evaluation of three methods applied to four-dimensional data sets.

Abstract Purpose To compare 4D-dose distributions for IMRT planning on three data sets: a single 4D-CT phase, a 4D-CT phase with a density override to the tumor motion envelope (TME) volume, and the average intensity projection (AIP). Methods Eight planning cases were considered. IMRT inverse planning optimization was performed on each of the three data set types, for each case considered. The plans were then applied to all ten phases of the associated 4D-CT data set. The dose to the GTV in each breathing phase was compared to the TME dose from the optimized dose distribution, as well as the GTV dose determined from a model-based deformable registration algorithm. Results IMRT optimization on a single 3D data set resulted in a greater equivalent uniform dose (EUD) to the GTV when applied to a 4D-CT data set than the EUD for the TME in the optimized plan. The difference was up to 5.5Gy in one case. For all cases and planning techniques considered, a maximum difference of 0.3Gy in the NTD mean to the healthy lung throughout the breathing cycle was found. Conclusions For tumors located in the periphery of the lung, optimization on the AIP image resulted in a more uniform GTV dose throughout the breathing cycle. Averages in GTV EUD and healthy lung NTD mean taken over all the breathing phases were found to be in agreement with the dose effect parameters obtained from model-based deformable registration algorithms. All planning methods yielded GTV EUD values that were larger than the prescribed dose when the full 4D data set was considered.
Isolated-Brain Parallels to Simple Types of Learning and Memory in Tritonia

Physiological studies of learning and memory often require reduced nervous system preparations that can be trained by stimulation of neural pathways in a manner that mimics behavioral training. In the isolated brain preparation of the seaslug Tritonia, fictive swimming can be activated with a few electrical pulses applied to the cut end of a nerve, and learning experiments can be simulated with combinations of nerve stimuli. Repeated application of a nerve stimulus produced changes in fictive swimming that resembled habituation and iterative enhancement of multiple components of the swimming behavior. Many repetitions of the nerve stimulus led to fictive swimming failure. Stimulation of another nerve then restored the ability of the original nerve to activate fictive swimming, thus reproducing dishabituation results. Sensitization of threshold and latency were also simulated. Parallels between the behavior and the isolated brain suggest that the neuronal modifications underlying simple types of learning can be induced by nerve stimulation. The activity pattern of interneuron C2 in these experiments suggests that increased C2 synaptic efficacy may underlie sensitization of swimming latency.
Chronic haloperidol and clozapine produce different patterns of effects on phosphodiesterase-1B, -4B, and -10A expression in rat striatum

Phosphodiesterase-10A (PDE10A), -1B (PDE1B), -4B (PDE4B), and -4A (PDE4A) are important regulators of signal transduction in striatum due to their catalysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. The typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol and the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine are thought to regulate cyclic nucleotide signaling in striatum. Since this brain region is essential in mediation of both therapeutic and extrapyramidal side effects, it was of interest to determine whether chronic treatment for 21 days with haloperidol (1 mg/kg) or clozapine (20 mg/kg) affected PDE expression in rat striatum. This was accomplished using SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting and real-time RT-PCR. Both antipsychotic drugs increased PDE10A and did not change PDE4A. By contrast, PDE1B was increased by haloperidol treatment, but not clozapine treatment, while PDE4B was increased by clozapine, but not haloperidol. In all cases, changes in protein expression were accompanied by corresponding changes in mRNA, and only were observed with chronic treatment. Up-regulation of PDEs may represent compensatory responses to haloperidol and clozapine treatments, due to altered cyclic nucleotide signaling, and that different patterns of effects produced by these drugs may be associated with their mechanisms of action.
Oxygen, Metabolism, and Gene Expression: The T-Rex Connection

In this issue of Structure, Sickmier et al. (2005) report the structure of the redox-sensing repressor from the gram-positive bacterium Thermus aquaticus (T-Rex), a protein that links gene expression to oxygen limitation and the metabolic state of the cell.
How Muscle Exploits the Steady State to Regulate Contraction

Activation of muscle requires myosin binding. The active state of muscle is stabilized by high affinity rigor bonds at equilibrium but, the steady-state catalytic cycle of myosin ATPase decreases the lifetime of the myosin interaction by several orders of magnitude. Low myosin affinity could be a justification for including Ca2+ binding states in a model of activation. Our work supports a simple model for steady state activation, namely, the regulatory protein tropomyosin (Tm) exists in just two states, ground (C) and excited (M), separated by an energy barrier which can be overcome by interaction with myosin. The elongated shape of Tm allows for multiple potential myosin binding partners (Ui). During its strong binding phase of the catalytic cycle, any one myosin (U1) combines with C to form M by an equilibrium pathway. At time, t=0, M probability, PM=1. Although U1 most likely decays by a non-equilibrium rate (i.e., ATP binding), the lifetime of PM is constant. For t>0, before M decays to C, interaction with Ui in the strong binding phase can restore PM=1. We show that an analytical function (M function) is fully derived from the combination of equilibrium and steady state pathways and the additional opportunities (second chances) to restore PM=1 depend on the rate at which Ui transitions into the strong binding phase. When Ca2+ is introduced as a mass action regulator of the U or C supply, the M function takes the general form of the Hill equation, which is widely employed for fitting the steady state response of muscle to Ca2+. We show by simulations that stochastic events predicted by a second chance mechanism are consistent with solutions to the M function. Our results justify kinetic experiments that focus specifically on M.
Radiation and Processing Induced Effects in SIMOX: A Spectroscopic Study

The SIMOX formation process has been studied with ESR, IR spectroscopy, and photoluminescence. Samples were implanted with doses from 0.5 × 1018/cm2 to 2.6 × 1018/cm2 and annealed at 600°C to 1275°C. The Pb and radiation induced E' centers were measured with ESR. By measuring the Pb concentration, it is shown that oxide precipitates are concentrated in the superficial silicon layer and that they coalesce into the buried oxide with annealing. The stoichiometry of the buried layer is examined with IR. At 600°C the stoichiometry, SiO?, ranges from ? = 1.4 to ? = 1.6 depending upon the implant dose. The stoichiometry approaches that of thermal oxide, SiO2, at 1150°C and above. Photoluminescence from the D lines, caused by dislocations, is observed and the structural implications are discussed.
Building literacy and the classroom community

(1986). Building literacy and the classroom community. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 25, Building Literacy, pp. 71-76.
Determination of Residual Stresses in Titanium Carbide‐Base Cermets by High‐Temperature X‐Ray Diffraction

The crystal structure and thermal expansion of titanium carbide, nickel, and two titanium carbide-base cermets were determined between room temperature and 1100°C. (2012°F.). No structural changes were observed. An abnormal rate of expansion was observed for pure nickel near the Curie temperature, 353°C. (665°F.), and for the nickel and carbide phases in the cermets at about 816°C. (1500°F.). The expansion coefficient of pure nickel and the nickel phase in the cermets was found to be approximately twice that of pure titanium carbide and the carbide phase in the cermets. The brittleness and poor impact strength of the cermets was attributed to the large residual stresses present in these materials as a result of this difference in thermal expansion. The stress-strain relations were interpreted on the basis of a mechanical interaction between the phases in the cermets. The carbide phase was found to be essentially under triaxial compression and the nickel phase under a triaxial tension of 158,000 lb. per sq. in. At elevated temperatures, increased solid solubility of carbide in the nickel phase and plastic deformation of this phase was believed to influence the stress-strain relations and the thermal-expansion behavior of the phases. It was concluded that replacement of the nickel phase in the cermets with a metal or alloy, such as a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy, which has a coefficient of thermal expansion similar to the carbide phase in the cermets, would improve the impact strength of these bodies. Equations were developed for the thermal expansion of titanium carbide and nickel. Values of the expansion coefficient were computed for each of the materials by differentiation of these equations.
The allure and peril of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: overcoming immune challenges to improve success

Since its inception in the mid-twentieth century, the complication limiting the application and utility of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) to treat patients with hematopoietic cancer is the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Ironically, GVHD is induced by the cells (T lymphocytes) transplanted for the purpose of eliminating the malignancy. Damage ensuing to multiple tissues, e.g., skin, GI, liver, and others including the eye, provides the challenge of regulating systemic and organ-specific GVH responses. Because the immune system is also targeted by GVHD, this both: (a) impairs reconstitution of immunity post-transplant resulting in patient susceptibility to lethal infection and (b) markedly diminishes the individual’s capacity to generate anti-cancer immunity—the raison d’etre for undergoing allo-HSCT. We hypothesize that deleting alloreactive T cells ex vivo using a new strategy involving antigen stimulation and alkylation will prevent systemic GVHD thereby providing a platform for the generation of anti-tumor immunity. Relapse also remains the major complication following autologous HSCT (auto-HSCT). While GVHD does not complicate auto-HSCT, its absence removes significant grant anti-tumor responses (GVL) and raises the challenge of generating rapid and effective anti-tumor immunity early post-transplant prior to immune reconstitution. We hypothesize that effective vaccine usage to stimulate tumor-specific T cells followed by their amplification using targeted IL-2 can be effective in both the autologous and allogeneic HSCT setting. Lastly, our findings support the notion that the ocular compartment can be locally targeted to regulate visual complications of GVHD which may involve both alloreactive and self-reactive (i.e., autoimmune) responses.
IL-10 production in a CD5+ B cell lymphoma arising in a CD4 monoclonal antibody-treated SJL mouse.

Abstract A majority of SJL mice develop spontaneous reticulum cell sarcomas (RCS) at about 1 year of age which can be transplanted into young SJL recipients. Previous studies have shown that RCS tumors are of B cell lineage, and that the development of these lymphomas and their subsequent growth depends upon host-derived T helper cell factors. In vivo treatment of SJL mice with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) prevents the development of the characteristic B lymphomas. Most of the mAb-treated animals were tumor free and had a significantly prolonged life span. However, one such CD4 mAb-treated mouse developed a transplantable IgM + CD5 + B cell lymphoma (designated NJ101), which has not previously been described in SJL/J mice. NJ101 is clonal on the basis of a discrete non-germ line Ig heavy chain gene rearrangement by Southern blot analysis. Unlike the sIg − CD5 − transplantable RCS-X cell line, the IgM + CD5 + NJ101 lymphoma cells will grow in immunocompromised hosts, such as irradiated recipients or in recipients treated with CD4 mAb in vivo . The RCS (B cell) lymphoma requires CD4 + T cells for progressive growth, whereas the growth of the CD5 + B lymphoma cells is enhanced by the removal of such cells. Thus, CD5 + B cell clonal development may be aided by the removal of regulatory T cells and/or the malignant CD5 + B cells may produce their own growth factors in an autocrine manner. Examination of IL-10 message by quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques indicate that the CD5 + B lymphoma cells produce increased levels of IL-10 relative to normal LN cells or purified RCS lymphoma cells. These results suggest that two different types of B cell tumors, both of which can develop in SJL mice, have different growth requirements. Furthermore, treatment to prevent the occurrence of the characteristic RCS malignancy of SJL mice may lead to the development of another form of B cell neoplasia.
Nonlinear-Optical Probe for Ultrafast Electron Dynamics: From Quantum Physics to Biosciences

Recent discoveries in ultrafast optical science and advances in laser technologies offer unique tools for probing the extremely fast dynamics of bound and free electrons, giving the key to identifying the key scenarios and understanding the decisive early episodes of light-induced processes in physics, chemistry, and biology.
Cardiac troponin I after cardiopulmonary bypass in infants in comparison with older children.

Objective At the present time, there is a trend towards performing open heart surgery at a younger age. Myocardium of infants has been thought to be more vulnerable to cardiopulmonary bypass in comparison with adults. For this study, we evaluated the degree of myocardial injury by measurement of cardiac troponin levels in infants in comparison with older children for similar surgeries. Methods Serum was collected before bypass, after bypass, and daily after surgery and serum cardiac troponin I level (micrograms per litre). The demographic data, cardiac diagnoses, types of surgery performed, and peri-operative parameters were collected. Results Of the 21 children enrolled consecutively, five were infants. Among the 21 patients, four patients had post-operative peak troponin values greater than 100 (three were infants) and all four patients survived and had normal left ventricular systolic function upon discharge echocardiogram. The five infants had peak troponin levels of 222.3, 202, 129, 26.7, and 82.3. The post-operative peak troponin levels were significantly higher in infants (mean 132.5 with a standard deviation of 81.6) than in the older children (mean 40.3 with a standard deviation of 33.4), although there was no significant difference in bypass time, bypass temperature, cross-clamp time, or the length of stay in the intensive care unit between the two age groups. Conclusions Higher troponin release is seen in infants in comparison with older children after bypass for similar surgeries. A troponin level greater than 100 after bypass does not necessarily predict death or a severe cardiovascular event in the very young.
Chemical Changes Associated with the Breaking of the Rest Period in Vegetative Buds of Pyrus communis

Buds of heat and cold treated shoots were examined for their soluble and insoluble nitrogen, lipid-P, ester-P, RNA-P, DNA-P, phosphoprotein-P, inorgnnic-P. and total-P contents. Results indicated a direct relationship of bud growth with insoluble-N, ester-P and RNA-P concentrations. Decrease in phosphoprotein-P was found to be concomitant with increase in RNA-P. Various postulates have been considered in the light of the present results and those of others. A pathway of action in budrest break has been proposed which assumes that rest-breaking treatments cause liberation of DNA from a DNA-phosphoprotein-complex, which latter determines the resting slate. The freed DNA then acts as a template for RNA synthesis. This increased RNA synthesis coupled with increased ATP content (inferred from ester-P levels) induce protein synthesis (inferred from insoluble-N) and bud rest is broken.
Free and Protein-Bound Plasma Estradiol-17β During the Menstrual Cycle

Abstract Methods are described for the measurement of the estradiol-binding capacity of TeBG and of the free, TeBG-bound, and non-specifically protein-bound fractions of plasma estradiol. Each determination used undiluted plasma at 37 C, and a total volume of less than 2.0 ml of plasma was required to complete all the assays. The measurement of the per cent of free estradiol was affected by changes in plasma dilution. The measurement of the other fractions of estradiol was not influenced by changes in either the dilution or the volume of plasma. The distribution of plasma estradiol was determined daily throughout 5 individual menstrual cycles. The per cent of free, the per cent of TeBGbound, and the TeBG binding capacity of estradiol remained constant throughout the cycle with mean values of 2.21 ± 0.04% (SE), 38.4 ± 0.7%, and 16.6 ± 0.43 ng/ml, respectively. The mean association constant of TeBG for estradiol was 6.58 ± 0.25 × 107M−1. The concentration of the free and nonspecifically protein-bound fracti...
Some factors for the space charge formation in polyethylene

Information on space-charge behavior in thick insulated samples aids in understanding the dc characteristics of polymer-insulated dc cables. The pulsed electroacoustic method is used to investigate several space charge formation factors in 2 mm-thick polyethylene (PE). The following results were obtained. For measurement factors: (1) A polymeric semiconducting electrode provides a more accurate measurement than does a metal electrode as a result of better matching of acoustic impedance with PE. (2) Within a dc electrical stress range of several tens kV/mm, the space charge distributions under and after dc voltage application are almost the same; this is due to a comparatively long time of space-charge decay. (3) The space-charge distribution of a plate sample agrees with that of a cable sample having the same insulation thickness. For insulating material factors: (1) The amount of space charge in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) is much larger than that in low-density PE (base of XLPE). The space charge of XLPE continues to increase even after dc voltage application (24 h); that of LDPE reaches equilibrium with a few hours. (2) The aforementioned space charge difference between XLPE and LDPE is assumed to be caused by ionic impurities in XLPE, not by the additives themselves (acetophenon and cumylalcohol as byproducts of cross linking and antioxidant).
Genetic control of the sexual cycle in Neurospora

Over 200 mutants that affect sexual development have been isolated and analysed in Neurospora crassa . Mutational, recombinational, and molecular analyses on the mating type region show that the mating type genes A and a specify both the mating function and a vegetative (heterokaryon) incompatibility function. The two functions are inseparable by recombination but separable by a mutational event, as in a m 33 . An unlinked tol mutation suppresses the vegetative incompatibility associated with mating type genes A and a without affecting their mating type function. Mating type mutants (except a m 33 ), as well as male- and female-sterile mutants, are usually defective in haploid sexual functions or in early peritheical development. Many mutants that affect post-fertilization events produce normal-sized perithecia that are barren. Some mutants show distinct blocks during ascus development from karyogamy through ascospore formation, leading to complete or partial abortion of asci. Other mutants are variable in their expression, with development blocked at different stages from ascus to ascus, and a few asci capable of producing viable ascospores. Another category shows dramatic effects on ascus development without drastically reducing fertility. These mutations affect ascus or ascospore morphology, the size and number of ascospores, or ascospore pigmentation. Spore killer strains show meiotic drive, causing the death of ascospores not carrying the Spore killer allele. Although many applications have been found for specific mutants, as described in the text, their use for analysing the molecular mechanisms that underlie morphogenesis and development remain at best rudimentary. Judging from the recent history of developmental genetics in organisms such as Drosophila , the wide array of developmental mutations described for Neurospora in this review should be a valuable resource for future research into the control of sexual development.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY: LXVI. ABSTRACTS, IN GERMAN, IN PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN, 1921-1926

In essence, the historiography of psychology is a "multiphasic" discipline. It deals with diverse aspects of psychology's development, such as persons, theories, systems, instruments, instimtions, organizations, and journals (cf. Broiek, 1983), and is characterized by a diversity of approaches and uses (Broiek, 1969). One facet that deserves more attention is the international exchange of information in psychology, with special reference to the writing and the role of the indexes and the abstracts of the psychological literature. In exploring the history of the journal Psychological Abstracts, from its heglnn~ngs ro the continuation and supplemenmtion of the journal by the American Psycholog~cd Assoc~ar~on's electronic system for the storage and retrieval of information (cf. Broiek & Siegler, 1989), the present author stumbled on a unique body of abstracts which belong to the "prehistory" of the Psychological Abstracts. This will be the central point of this note. However, we need first to consider some related earlier events. The Psychological Index, published in connection with the Psychological Rwiew between 1894 and 1935, constituted "a bibliography of the literature of psychology and cognate sciences." The content of a publication was specified in terms of the title. Beginning in 1921, more detailed information, in the form of abstracts, became avadable in the Psychological Bulletin. The section on "Abstracts of Psychological Literature" was carried in the journal from Volume 18 (1921) to Volume 23 (1926). It is these six volumes that contained abstracts of the contemporary German literature, in German. An Editorial Notice published in Psychological Bdetin in 1926 Wol. 23, p. 412) stated that in 1927 a special journal, the Psychological Abstracts, would take over the responsibility for keeping psychologists informed about the content of the new publications in the field, in the USA and abroad. The notice specified that "although foreign cooperation has been obtained, all abstracts will appear in English only." This would be in contrast to the abstracts published in the Psychological Bulletin in which the German literature was abstracted by German psychoIogists and published in German. The first of the German abstracts appeared in Vol. 18 (1921) of the Bulletin. Surprisingly, they did not deal with the German literature but with works written in Itahan. The author of these abstracts (Nos. 217, 218, 231, 232, 241), beginning on p. 237, was Federico Kiesow
Evidence for neural progenitor cells in the human adult enteric nervous system

Putative neural stem cells have been identified within the enteric nervous system (ENS) of adult rodents and cultured from human myenteric plexus. We conducted studies to identify neural stem cells or progenitor cells within the submucosa of adult human ENS. Jejunum tissue was removed from adult human subjects undergoing gastric bypass surgery. The tissue was immunostained, and confocal images of ganglia in the submucosal plexus were collected to identify protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) - immunoractive neurons and neuronal progenitor cells that coexpress PGP 9.5 and nestin. In addition to PGP-9.5-positive/nestin-negative neuronal cells within ganglia, we observed two other types of cells: (1) cells in which PGP 9.5 and nestin were co-localized, (2) cells negative for both PGP 9.5 and nestin. These observations suggest that the latter two types of cells are related to a progenitor cell population and are consistent with the concept that the submucosa of human adult ENS contains stem cells capable of maintenance and repair within the peripheral nervous system.
Studies on the structure, protein composition and assembly of the neck of bacteriophage T4

Abstract We have developed an osmotic shock procedure which disconnects the tail from the head of intact bacteriophage T4, leaving the neck region attached to the tail. Purification of these necked tails permitted detailed structural observations of the neck and the collar/whisker complex attached to it, as well as comparison by gel electrophoresis with tails lacking the neck. Five or six neck proteins were found: N1 (Mr = 52,000; 39 copies/phage) is the product of the wac ‡ gene (Pwac), forms both the collar and six whiskers as a multimeric fibrous protein, and probably assembles onto phage after head to tail joining; N2 (Mr= 35,000; 5 to 6 copies/phage), N3 (Mr= 33,000; 17 copies/phage) identified here as P13, and N6 (Mr= 28,000; 10 to 11 copies/phage) are all assembled in heads prior to tail joining; N4 (Mr= 32,000; 6 to 9 copies/phage) is unusual in that it is present in wac or wac+ phage and necked tails but is absent from purified heads; N5 (Mr =29,000) is probably P14 and like N4 is not found in heads. However, while we find one to two copies of N5 per necked tail, we have not observed it in phage. An aberrant neck structure called the extension assembles on the distal end of the tail connector late (after 33 min, 30 °C) in head-defective, mutant-infected cells. The extension contains five of the six neck proteins (N2 is absent), and blocks head to tail joining in vitro. Mutations in genes 13 and 14, and the double mutant 49:Wac block extension assembly. Other results show that the wac mutant E727J is an amber lesion, and that Pwac can assemble on collarless, wac phage in vitro.
Blending of irregularly shaped particles

Abstract Existing blending theories have mostly been verified in the past by mixing of monosized, smooth, spherical particles. In this study, binary mixing of non-spherical particles with rough surfaces is shown to adhere to diffusional mixing equations as long as the mean diameters of the two fractions (A and B) are identical, i.e.dA = dB. When this is not the case, blending rates (diffusional coefficients of blending, D) reduce drastically when the small particles are not of such a size that they will fit into the interstices between the larger particles. It is shown also that the final standard deviation in these cases is many orders of magnitude higher than the predicted random standard deviation. When dA = dB, the diffusion coefficient will depend on the magnitude of dA. The diffusion coefficient is not a function of the ratio of A to B. In blending in a horizontal mixer, D decreases with addition of lubricant. This is not the case in a V-blender, where bulk mass transfer appears to be the controlling step. In all other respects, V-blending is identical, functionally, to the profiles obtained in cylindrical blending.
Chromatin changes accompany immunoglobulin κ gene activation: a potential control region within the gene

A functional immunoglobulin gene is formed by the fusion of individual coding elements which are widely separated in germ-line DNA. For the mouse κ light chain gene, this is accomplished by DNA rearrangement which brings one of a large repertoire of non-allelic variable region (Vκ) genes into apposition with one of four junctional (Jκ) elements located 2.7–3.9 kilobases (kb) upstream from the κ constant region coding sequence (Cκ)1–4. Transcription is initiated near the 5′ end of the rearranged Vκ locus, and spans all three coding elements and the large intervening sequence between Jκ and Cκ, and a smaller intervening sequence within the Vκ gene5. Little is known of the mechanisms which control the expression of rearranged immunoglobulin genes. We have studied the process of κ light chain gene activation in a mouse leukaemia cell line, 70Z/3, which synthesizes a κ-type light chain protein in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here we describe changes in the chromatin structure of the κ genes occurring as a result of LPS treatment, and present evidence that a discrete region located inside the large intervening sequence of the κ transcription unit plays a part in κ gene activation.