cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic limit of field production in Texas

Abstract When the revenue generated from an oil and gas field is less than the cost of operations, the field is no longer considered an asset and production ceases. Capital investment may be made in an attempt to increase production or the field may be divested or abandoned. At some point in time all fields will terminate production at their economic limit. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the economic limit of field production in Texas. We classify 16,045 fields that terminated production between 1993 and 2008 by product type, location, and year of termination, and compute average production and adjusted gross revenue statistics near the end of the field’s life cycle. We demonstrate that the revenue thresholds of offshore oil and gas fields is greater than the economic limits of fields located in bays-estuaries and on land and gas fields turn marginal sooner than oil fields. During the last year of production, average oil field revenue varied from $65,000 on land and bays-estuaries to $181,000 offshore; gas field revenue thresholds ranged from $384,000 (land) to $584,000 (bays-estuaries) to $637,000 (offshore).
A Study of Sulfur Reactions in Furnace Deposits

A study was made of absorption of sulfur from synthetic flue gas by coal ash. When fly ash was placed in a temperature gradient like that in a deposit on a boiler tube, maximum absorption was found in the coldest layer. When held at constant temperature, maximum absorption was found at 1100 F. The amount of absorption was highest for fly ash from furnaces in which serious deposit formation was observed. It was also highest for fly ash containing the highest content of sodium and potassium. The sulfur is probably absorbed as mixtures of normal sulfates, pyrosulfates, and such compounds as potassium-ferric trisulfate. A liquid phase of these compounds in contact with tube metal causes corrosion. The maximum sulfur absorption found at 1100 F coincides with a maximum at the same temperature that has been observed for external tube-metal corrosion.
Are male leaders penalized for seeking help? The influence of gender and asking behaviors on competence perceptions

Abstract This study draws on research derived from role congruity theory (RCT) and the status incongruity hypothesis (SIH) to test the prediction that male leaders who seek help will be evaluated as less competent than male leaders who do not seek help. In a field setting, Study 1 showed that seeking help was negatively related to perceived competence for male (but not female) leaders. In an experimental setting, Study 2 showed that this effect was not moderated by leadership style (Study 2a) or a gender-specific context (Study 2b). Study 2b further showed that the cognitive tenets of RCT rather than the motivational view espoused by the SIH explained our findings. Specifically, leader typicality (perceptions of help seeking as an atypical behavior for male leaders; the RCT view), and not leader weakness (a proscribed behavior for male leaders; the SIH view), mediated our predicted moderation.
Influence of gravity on cardiac performance

Results obtained by the investigators in ground-based experiments and in two parabolic flight series of tests aboard the NASA KC-135 aircraft with a hydraulic simulator of the human systemic circulation have confirmed that a simple lack of hydrostatic pressure within an artificial ventricle causes a decrease in stroke volume of 20%-50%. A corresponding drop in stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) was observed over a range of atrial pressures (AP), representing a rightward shift of the classic CO versus AP cardiac function curve. These results are in agreement with echocardiographic experiments performed on space shuttle flights, where an average decrease in SV of 15% was measured following a three-day period of adaptation to weightlessness. The similarity of behavior of the hydraulic model to the human system suggests that the simple physical effects of the lack of hydrostatic pressure may be an important mechanism for the observed changes in cardiac performance in astronauts during the weightlessness of space flight.
The fate of the Juan de Fuca plate: Implications for a Yellowstone plume head

Beneath the Pacific Northwest the Juan de Fuca plate, a remnant of the Farallon plate, continues subducting beneath the North American continent. To the east of the Cascadia subduction zone lies the Yellowstone Hotspot Track. The origins of this track can be traced back to the voluminous basaltic outpourings in the Columbia Plateau around 17 Ma. If these basalts are the result of a large melting anomaly rising through the mantle to the base of the North American continent, such as a mantle plume head, the anomaly would need to punch through the subducting Juan de Fuca slab. Here, we use teleseismic body-wave travel-time tomography to investigate the fate of the subducted slab and its possible interaction with a plume head. Our dataset is derived from the Oregon Array for Teleseismic Study (OATS) deployment in Oregon and all other available seismic data in this region during the same period. In our JdF07 models, we image the subducted Juan de Fuca plate in the mantle east of the Cascades beneath Oregon, where the slab has not been imaged before, to a depth of 400 km but no deeper. The slab dips similar to 50 degrees E and has a thickness of similar to 75 km. Immediately beneath the slab, we image a low velocity layer with a similar geometry to the slab and extending down to at least similar to 575 km depth in the V, model. The total length of the high velocity slab is similar to 660 km, about 180 km longer than the estimated length of slab subducted since 17 Ma. Assuming similar slab geometry to today, this 180 km length of slab would reach similar to 60 km depth, comparable to the thickness of continental lithosphere. We propose that the absence of the slab below 400 km today is due to the arrival of the Yellowstone plume head similar to 17 Ma, which destroyed the Juan de Fuca slab at depths greater than the thickness of the continental lithosphere. Given this scenario, the low velocity anomaly beneath the slab is likely the remnant plume head material which has been pulled down by traction with the subducting plate. The amplitude of the observed low velocity anomaly is comparable with that expected for plume head material 100-300 degrees C hotter than the surrounding asthenosphere. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
High-resolution mass spectrometric investigation of heteroatom species in coal-carbonization products

Abstract High-resolution mass spectrometry is being used to determine the organic species present in coal-carbonization products, airborne particulates, and municipal effluents. Qualitative analysis of an 80–85 °C softening point pitch yielded molecular formulae for 239 compounds which correspond to a minimum of 108 structural types and their alkyl derivatives. Of these, 76 structural types are composed of 8 different combinations of elements; structures containing CH, CHO, and CHN are most numerous while species containing S, N 2 , ON, O 2 , and O 2 N 2 are also present.
Analysis of complex systems using neural networks

The application of neural networks, alone or in conjunction with other advanced technologies (expert systems, fuzzy logic, and/or genetic algorithms), to some of the problems of complex engineering systems has the potential to enhance the safety, reliability, and operability of these systems. Typically, the measured variables from the systems are analog variables that must be sampled and normalized to expected peak values before they are introduced into neural networks. Often data must be processed to put it into a form more acceptable to the neural network (e.g., a fast Fourier transformation of the time-series data to produce a spectral plot of the data). Specific applications described include: (1) Diagnostics: State of the Plant (2) Hybrid System for Transient Identification, (3) Sensor Validation, (4) Plant-Wide Monitoring, (5) Monitoring of Performance and Efficiency, and (6) Analysis of Vibrations. Although specific examples described deal with nuclear power plants or their subsystems, the techniques described can be applied to a wide variety of complex engineering systems.
The influence of calcium channel blockers on superoxide anions

Four calcium channel blockers were tested from the point of view of their influence on enzymic lipid oxidation and on generation of superoxide anions. All the compounds were found to be antioxidants as tested by the inhibition of NADPH-stimulated malonaldehyde formation from lipids. IC50 values were 60 microM for nifedipine; 1.1 microM for verapamil; 1.4 microM for fendiline and 20.6 microM for diltiazem. Only nifedipine scavenged superoxide anions both in an enzymic (xanthine:xanthine oxidase) and non-enzymic (phenazine methosulphate:NADH) generating system. IC50 values for this inhibition were about 2.5 times higher than for inhibition of formation of malonaldehyde. Nifedipine inhibited also xanthine oxidase-mediated formation of uric acid.
Evidence for a Y chromosomal contribution to an aggressive phenotype in inbred mice.

IN man the XYY chromosome complement has been reported by some authors to be associated with abnormal tallness, mental deficiency and sociopathic, aggressive behaviour1–4. The interpretation of this literature is controversial. Furthermore, any genetic variation(s) of the Y chromosome which affect(s) aggressive behaviour among chromosomally normal males could mask the correlation between a supernumerary Y and this behaviour5. If such variation exists, then in any population the correlation between the XYY karyotype and aggression would depend on the distribution of Y chromosomes having varying degrees of predisposition towards aggressive behaviour. Our investigations on the developmental genetics of fighting behaviour in mice support the hypothesis that there may be heritable variations of the Y chromosome which are associated to varying degrees with some types of aggression, and that this could account both for the lack of unusual aggressive behaviour in many individuals with an extra Y and for its occurrence in other XYY males.
Alcohol Inhibits Epidermal Growth Factor‐Stimulated Progesterone Secretion from Human Granulosa Cells

In this study, luteinized human granulosa cells (GC) obtained during in vitro fertilization procedures were used as a model system to evaluate the effects of ethanol (EtOH), a well-known reproductive toxin, on epidermal growth factor (EGF) and gonadotropin-stimulated steroidogenesis. Our results demonstrate that the basal progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) secretion by human GC in vitro was dependent on the ovarian stimulation protocol. EGF significantly enhanced P4, but not E2, secretion in human GC from clomiphene citrate (CC), human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), and hMG/gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a)-treated patients. The effects of EGF plus luteinizing hormone (LH) were additive in cells from the CC group, but less than additive in hMG and hMG/GnRH-a groups. EtOH at 20 mM or more inhibited EGF stimulated P4 secretion in human GC from all three patient groups. EtOH inhibited P4 secretion stimulated by EGF and LH cotreatment in the CC and hMG/GnRH-a groups, but not in human GC from the hMG-treated patients. These results suggest that basal and EGF or LH-stimulated P4 secretion by human GC, as well as the effects of EtOH, are profoundly influenced by the follicle's hormonal milieu.
Objects, contradictions and collaboration in medical cognition: an activity-theoretical perspective

Activity theory suggests three principles for contextual analysis of clinical cognition: orientation to objects in cognition, role of contradictions in cognition, and the importance of collaboration in cognition. Focusing on the objects of cognition calls attention to differences across medical work settings. There is an interconnection between the type of the object encountered, the physician's generalized conception of the object, and the physician's choice of linearization or lateralization as cognitive strategy. In a consultation the object of medical cognition is locally constructed through a series of mediated actions. Identification of contradictions at the level of the institutional activity system is crucial for the understanding of failures and innovations in actions of medical cognition. A conceptual model for analyzing such contradictions is presented. It is demonstrated that medical cognition is a collaborative achievement between the physician and the patient. Patients use a variety of strategies to turn their experienced health problems into manageable problems. The patient's strategy can and often does influence the physician's strategy and the outcome of the consultation.
Enhancement of the acoustic startle response in rats by the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958.

Rationale: The present series of experiments was conducted in order to assess the nature of dopaminergic modulation of the acoustic startle response using agonists and antagonists specific for dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to demonstrate an enhancement of the acoustic startle response by dopamine D1 receptor agonists and to characterize this effect pharmacologically in terms of dose-response and selective antagonism at both the dopamine D1 and D2 receptor using a varied range of startle-eliciting intensities. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with the dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 82958 (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 3 mg/kg) or SKF 81297 (3 mg/kg) and their startle response was measured across a range of startle-eliciting intensities. For testing with the dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonists, animals received injections of either SCH 23390 (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) or raclopride (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) 10 min before the challenge with SKF 82958 (1 mg/kg). Results: Systemic administration of SKF 82958 produced a marked enhancement of startle over a wide range of startle intensities. This effect was dose-dependent, with a dose of 1 mg/kg producing the maximal amount of startle enhancement at each intensity. SKF 81297 (3 mg/kg) also produced a robust enhancement of startle. Pretreatment with SCH 23390 produced a dose-dependent blockade of the enhancement of startle by SKF 82958. Pretreatment with raclopride blocked the enhancement of startle by SKF 82958 at the low intensities and attenuated the enhancement at the high intensities. Conclusions: These data suggest that dopamine D1 receptor agonists enhance the acoustic startle response. Furthermore, this effect is dependent on a cooperative type of D1/D2 receptor interaction whereby D2 receptor activation is necessary for the full expression of the D1 receptor-mediated enhancement of startle.
The effects of rehearsal rate on serial recall in Korsakoff amnesia

Abstract The relationship between rehearsal and Korsakoff amnesia was investigated for a probed serial-recall task. Alcoholic Korsakoff patients were impaired relative to alcoholic and normal subjects on memory for serial position. This impairment was greatest for words presented early in the list. Alcoholic Korsakoff patients also rehearsed at a slower rate than control subjects. Further, they rehearsed fewer distinct words during each interitem interval. When the effects of lower rehearsal rate were statistically controlled, Korsakoff patients did not differ from control subjects on recall of serial position. These results suggest Korsakoff amnesia is related to rehearsal deficits.
McGraw‐Hill/London House studies the human side of TQM

Based on the interview with Dr Jeff Jolton, discussing study results at the 1995 Annual Quality Congress. Categorizes characteristics of quality, and details which organizations find which characteristics important. Concludes that the customer is the key to a company′s success.
Primary igneous carbon in ureilites: Petrological implications

The ureilite meteorites are carbonaceous olivine-pyroxene achondrites. They typically contain up to 4 wt.% carbon (carbonaceous matrix) as graphite, diamond, and lonsdaleite. Shock degradation has effectively obliterated primary textures in the carbonaceous matrix of previously described ureilites, a factor that has hampered efforts to explain the origin of this material. In contrast, the Antarctic ureilite ALHA78019 displays perfectly preserved primary textures in the carbonaceous matrix characterized by euhedral graphite blades intergrown with Fe-Ni metal and sulfide (diamonds are absent). This petrographic feature suggests that most graphite in ureilites originated by crystallization from a C-rich metallic phase. Assuming that fO2 is controlled by C-CO-CO2 reactions, the compositions of silicates and metals in ureilites imply a two-stage redox history. The noble gases and rare earths of ureilites are discussed in light of this model.
Distribution and Abundance of Larval Ciscoes, Coregonus Artedii, and Burbot, Lota Lota, in Oneida Lake

Abstract Surveys of pelagic fish larvae were made in Oneida Lake, New York, during 1965-1975 with high-speed samplers. In early May, larval ciscoes, Coregonus artedii , occurred only above 5.5 m and were actively concentrated near the surface in shallow bays. The largest larvae were found at the shallowest sites and almost half the ciscoes were taken in one small, protected bay. By late May, the larvae had moved offshore, although they remained near the surface. The largest ciscoes were then at the deepest sites. This offshore movement was not strongly related to limnological conditions - water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and food (zooplankton) were similar throughout the upper water column of Oneida Lake at this time - but may have been related to size and water currents. Successive estimates of larval cisco populations suggested that offshore recruitment exceeded total mortality during May. Densities of larval burbot, Lota lota , were homogeneous (even at depths greater than 5.5 m) during May. In June, as with ciscoes, greater densities of burbot were found near the surface of the offshore sites. In early May, the largest burbot tended to occur at intermediate depths. Few larval ciscoes or burbot were captured in late June. Populations of larval ciscoes and burbot appear to be disproportionately great in relation to the abundance of adults and may contribute to the persistence of these cold-water species in an eutrophic environment.
Tris(2,2′-bipyrimidine)Cu(II) hexafluorophosphate. Synthesis and spectroscopic properties for precursor complexes in the preparation of polymetallic systems

The synthesis, electronic spectrum, magnetic susceptibility and electrochemistry of the d9 metal complex [Cu(bpym)3](PF6)2(bpym = 2,2′-bipyrimidine) are reported here. Ligand field electronic spectral assignments are made by comparison to the analogous Cu(bpy)32+(bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) complex. Cu(II) d orbitals are shown to have less dM → π*L interaction than other M(bpym)32+ (M = Co, Ni) complexes from the position of the MLCT absorption. Cyclic voltammetry of Cu(bpy)32+ in acetonitrile shows the reduction potential (E12(2+/1+)) is +0.27 V more positive than Cu(bpy)32+.
An improved spectrophotometric assay for prostaglandin synthetase based on the oxidation of epinephrine

The spectrophotometric assay method for prostaglandin synthetase from Takeguchi and Sih (1) was improved by monitoring the absorption change at 320 nm instead of at 480 nm during the enzymatic synthesis. The measurement at 320 nm is more sensitive and more consistent than the A480 measurement. The improvement resulting from the measurement at 320 nm is attributed to a combination of factors, including a higher extinction coefficient, a more inclusive measurement of other epinephrine oxidative product(s) and lower interference due to the product of the further oxidation of adrenochrome. The validity of this spectrophotometric method was also verified in this report.
Single Amino-acid Substitutions as a Result of Unequal Crossing-over

SINCE Ingram demonstrated1 in 1957 the substitution of valine for glutamic acid in haemoglobin S (α2β26val), an increasing number of structural and enzyme proteins have been analysed for their normal amino-acid sequence and for mutational variations in this sequence. It is usually assumed that a substitution of a single amino-acid is the result of a point mutational change in the nucleotide code. The following model is offered as an alternative to such an assumption. It is an outgrowth and extension of the postulate by Ingram2 that the β and γ haemoglobin chains result from gene duplication and subsequent divergent evolution; the demonstration by Baglioni3 that haemoglobin Lepore most probably represents the product of a δ-β fusion gene arising from unequal crossing-over ; the discussions on the role of unequal crossing-over in the thalassaemias by Nance4 and in the haptoglobins and thalassaemias by Smithies5,6; and the application of possible unequal crossing-over in (δβ) thalassaemia by Comings and Motulsky7.
Black-Brown Coalitions in Local School Board Elections

As the racial composition of the United States becomes increasingly diverse, scholars have begun to examine whether interminority, or rainbow, coalitions are feasible. The power thesis suggests that lower levels of social distance between Anglos and Latinos will make the formation of Anglo-Latino coalitions more likely than black-Latino coalitions. This hypothesis is reexamined using fifteen hundred school board election results. The findings offer little evidence for the formation of Anglo-Latino coalitions. There are, however, indications that Anglo-black coalitions form when an area becomes populated by Latino noncitizens, possibly due to the increased social distance this causes between Latinos and other racial/ethnic communities.
A third generation of urban systems innovations

Abstract The cities of the world, especially those whose populations exceed ten million, are in need of a third generation of physical systems to increase the performance of their infrastructure. The construction of houses, buildings, highways, airports, water services and sewers, railroads, telephone systems, gas and electric utilities constitutes a little more than 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the 152 nations concerned. This global market of some $1.5 trillion represents a new challenge to design and construction firms moving into the international area. But the development of advanced concepts for urban systems could become a major new market opportunity for the companies now producing weapon systems — as peace becomes reality.
Herpes Simplex Virus Hepatitis in Infants: Clinical Outcomes and Correlates of Disease Severity

Objective To better characterize the clinical outcomes of infants with herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and identify useful correlates of disease severity. Study design Infants aged ≤6 months with HSV infection treated between 1999 and 2009 were identified. In patients with concurrent hepatitis, laboratory and clinical variables were examined to identify predictors of specific outcomes, including death or the need for liver transplantation and the need for intensive care. Results Of the 15 patients enrolled, 4 (27%) had fatal disease and 2 (13%) required liver transplantation. Infants who lacked skin lesions ( P = .04), had a positive HSV polymerase chain reaction result ( P = .01), had more severe thrombocytopenia ( P = .001), or had other organ system dysfunction ( P = .002) were more likely to require intensive care. A higher International Normalized Ratio value ( P = .001) and peak total bilirubin level ( P = .0002) were predictive of death or the need for liver transplantation. Peak direct bilirubin level was predictive of the need for intensive care and of death or the need for liver transplantation ( P = .04 and .009, respectively). Conclusions HSV hepatitis represents a broad spectrum of disease from mild aminotransferase elevation to fulminant liver failure and death. HSV DNA detected by polymerase chain reaction, a lack of skin lesions, and the degree of coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, and cholestasis portend unfavorable outcomes.
INFLUENCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON RESPONSE OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER TO TRACE ELEMENTS.

The suggestion by Ruben and Kamen (6) of an essential identity between the process of carbon dioxide utilization by microorganisms (1, 3, 12) and the dark or Blackman reaction in photosynthesis of green plants is most important if verified. An indirect check on this interpretation would consist of evidence that both reactions are similarly influenced by the biologically essential trace elements. These chemical elements are requisite for photosynthesis (2) and their deficiencies in green plants result in specific leaf-chlorosis patterns (4). Inhibition of the thermal dark reaction in photosynthesis by carbon monoxide and by hydrogen cyanide would suggest inactivation of iron catalysis (11). The r?le of trace elements in photosynthesis is unknown, nor has any suggestion been made that they have a function in the utilization of carbon dioxide by microorganisms. Growth of the fungus, Aspergillus niger van Tiegh, is decreased in air freed from carbon dioxide (5), presumably because of its being necessary for reactions leading to synthesis of organic acids. When the fungus is grown on an optimum nutrient solution with ammonium nitrate at 35? C. for 4 days in a rapid current of air, the effects of trace elements in conjunction with low carbon dioxide are readily demonstrated with iron, but not with zinc or copper.1 The methods used in trace element studies have been described elsewhere
Identification of insignificantprostate cancers: Analysis of preoperative parameters

Abstract Objectives. Analyzing preoperative parameters to help determine the risk of a random or systematic prostate needle biopsy specimen detecting an incidental microscopic prostate cancer. Methods. We reviewed the charts of 28 patients who had ≤ 3 mm of Gleason grade (Glgr) ≤2 (score ≤4) prostate cancer in their prostate biopsy specimen and subsequently underwent a radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). Histopathologic review of the RRP specimen was carefully performed to determine the respective tumor volume, number of tumor foci, pathologic stage, Glgr, and score. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and the calculated PSA density (PSAD) were recorded for each case. Results. Sixteen of the 28 (57%) RRP specimens contained a very small well-differentiatedtumor (≤0.2 cc); 7 (25%) tumors were minimally larger (0.2 to 0.5 cc); and 2 specimens (7%) contained a large tumor (4 and 6 cc) only sampled by the biopsy specimen. Mean PSA levels and PSAD values both significantly differentiated tumors ≤0.5 cc from those > 0.5 cc (p 0.5 cc. PSA ≤4 vs PSAD ≤0.1 identified 13 of 25 (52%) vs 24 of 25 (96%) organ-confined tumors, respectively, and both parameters excluded the 2 specimen-confined and 1 margin-positive tumors. Thus, PSAD had an excellent ability to differentiate the tumors based on their volumes. All tumors ≤0.5 cc in the RRP specimen were organ-confined and postoperative serial PSA levels remained Conclusions. Our data indicate that a patient who has a random or systematic prostate biopsy specimen that contains ≤3 mm of Glgr ≤2 prostate cancer and a PSAD ≤0.1 is at a substantial risk (82%) of being diagnosed with an incidental, organ-confined, and probably insignificant, microscopic prostate cancer.
Morphogenesis of floral buds of cucumber cultured in vitro

Abstract Young floral buds of cucumber plants were cultured aseptically on media containing mineral salts, sugar and various organic metabolites and the development of anthers and pistil in these buds was studied. Three types of buds were used: potentially male, potentially female, and potentially hermaphrodite, removed from seedlings of monoecious, gynoecious and hermaphrodite plants, respectively, but at the time of inoculation all buds were at the bisexual stage. Auxin (3-indoleacetic acid) added to the culture medium promoted ovary development in potentially male buds; gibberellic acid counteracted this IAA effect but seemed to have no constructive effect of its own, whether alone or in combination with IAA. Very young potentially male buds tended to form ovaries even without addition of IAA. Isolated potentially female and potentially hermaphrodite buds continued in isolation their normal development and were little affected by IAA as well as GA 3 , although GA 3 at high concentrations seemed to have a deforming effect on the bud (mainly on the ovary tissue). The bearing of these results on the understanding of normal morphogenesis of cucumber flower buds is discussed.
Study of d + H 3 and d + He 3 Systems with the Resonating-Group Method

The one-channel resonating-group method, together with a phenomenological imaginary potential, is used to study the $d+^{3}\mathrm{H}$ and $d+^{3}\mathrm{He}$ systems. Our calculations show that, because of the Pauli exclusion principle, these systems possess the following rather interesting feature: In the $s=\frac{3}{2}$ state they behave similar to the $d+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ system, whereas in the $s=\frac{1}{2}$ state they behave more like the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$+$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ system. Phase shifts are computed up to $l=7$, and an $\mathbf{R}$-matrix analysis of these phases indicates that there are a large number of levels with resonance energies below 12 MeV. Differential scattering and total-reaction cross sections are compared with experimental data at several c.m. energies from about 2 to 14 MeV. This comparison shows that the introduction of an odd-even orbital-angular-momentum dependence into the imaginary potential can improve the agreement of the calculation with experiment.
Synthesis of 14C-labeled hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile grafted cellulose and its metabolic fate.

Abstract Hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile grafted cellulose with a 14 C label was synthesized by using 1− 14 C-acrylonitrile. The similarity of the labeled product to a commercial product was established by determining water retention values. The labeled product was administered orally to rats. Examination of respired carbon dioxide, urine, various tissues, and feces for 14 C activity indicated that the labeled product was not metabolized but was excreted in the feces.
The Experiences of Muslim American Military Personnel Serving in the U.S. Military

Results of our grounded theory exploration of the experiences of Muslim American military personnel (MAMP; N = 13) resulted in a model of discrimination and resiliency in Muslim American military personnel (DaRMAMP). DaRMAMP extends Loo, Singh, Scurfield, and Kilauno's (1998) model of race-related stress through its focus on discrimination and resilience in multiple contexts (e.g., in the military as well as in the Muslim American civilian and American civilian communities). Practical applications involve intentional areas of inquiry regarding effects of discrimination and resiliency resources during psychological intervention and opportunities for psychoeducation.
A New Solution Approach to Salukvadze's Problem

The Salukvadze's problem is to find a compromise solution of a multiobjective dynamic system. This paper considers a new solution approach to Salukvadze's problem. By forming an associated weighting form of the original multiobjective dynamic system, the Sulukvadze's solution is attained by a noninferior solution and is sought iteratively. Two major advantages of this new proposed approach are i) without adopting the state-augmentation, the approach thus avoids an increase of dimension in the solution procedure; and ii) the structure of linear-quadratic problems is preserved in the solution procedure, so analytical solutions can be obtained.
Rapid and genomic biological responses are mediated by different shapes of the agonist steroid hormone, 1α,25(oh)2vitamin d3

Abstract The hormone 1α,25(OH)2vitamin D3 (1,25-D) produces biological responses via both genomic and rapid mechanisms. The genomic responses are linked to a nuclear receptor, while the rapid responses are believed to utilize other signal transduction pathways that are likely linked to a putative cell membrane receptor for 1,25-D. The natural seco-steroid, 1,25-D, is capable of facile rotation about its 6,7 single carbon bond to permit generation of a continuum of potential ligand shapes extending from the 6-s-cis (6C) to the 6-s-trans (6T). To identify the shape of the conformer(s) that can serve as agonists for the genomic and rapid responses, we synthesized two families of analogs that were locked in either the 6T or 6C conformation. We found that 6T-locked analogs were inactive or significantly less active than 1,25-D in both rapid responses (transcaltachia or the rapid stimulation of intestinal Ca2+ absorption in perfused chick intestine, stimulation of whole cell chloride currents in osteoblastic ROS 17/2.8 cells, and stimulation of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in promyelocytic NB4 leukemic cells) and in genomic responses (induction of osteocalcin in human MG-63 osteoblastic cells). For genomic responses, the 6C-locked analogs bound poorly to the nuclear receptor and were much less potent than 1,25-D. In contrast, the 6C-locked analogs were potent agonists of the three rapid responses studied and had activities equivalent to 1,25-D. These results demonstrate that the signal transduction pathways that support rapid and genomic responses can discriminate between different shapes of the conformationally flexible 1,25-D.
Column-V acceptors in ZnSe.

The structural and electronic properties of substitutional phosphorus and nitrogen impurities in ZnSe are studied using pseudopotential total-energy calculations. Substitutional phosphorus and nitrogen, in their neutral states, form shallow acceptors. In the case of phosphorus, the symmetry is lowered from ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{d}}$ to ${\mathit{C}}_{3\mathit{v}}$ by a Jahn-Teller distortion, and the hole is more localized on the phosphorus site. For nitrogen, however, the Jahn-Teller distortion is so small that the symmetry is approximately ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{d}}$, and the hole density is spread around nearby selenium-atom sites. For nitrogen in the positive charge state, two minimal-energy configurations are predicted: a stable state with approximately ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{d}}$ symmetry and a metastable state with ${\mathit{C}}_{3\mathit{v}}$ symmetry, which is 0.3 eV higher in energy than the stable one.
LIBRARIES GOT GAME: ALIGNED LEARNING THROUGH MODERN BOARD GAMES. Brian Mayer and Christopher Harris

Chicago, Illinois: American Library Association, 2010, 134 pp., softcover, $45.00, ALA Members: $40.50, 978-0-8389-1009-2. When I first saw this book all I could think of were the games I grew up w...
The Sociology of a Dam

This case study deals with the proposed construction of a hydroelectric dam in the Dominican Republic and illustrates some of the problems facing the anthropologist who undertakes fieldwork in a modern, industrialized, complex society. In participant observation, the anthropologist frequently finds himself adopting the value position of that segment of the population with whom he is working. Obviously, when working with multiple segments of a complex society, conflicting value positions will present themselves.This paper deals with the frustrations which may arise when the anthropologist attempts to view a problem from the perspective of several different, often conflicting, interests. It is suggested, however, that the broadest possible viewpoint is a valuable tool in uncovering many of the elements critical to an overall understanding of the event or institution being examined. The conclusion is that the hydroelectric dam, now being built in the Dominican Republic, is not likely to fulfill the dreams an...
Xenoestrogens may be the cause of high and increasing rates of hormone receptor positive breast cancer in the world

Breast cancer rates are higher in the Western or industrialized world when compared to Africa or Asia. Within the developing world, breast cancer rates are higher in urban areas where people have a more Westernized lifestyle. In addition, there has been a steady increase in the breast cancer incidence across the world. It is already a known fact that the proportion of hormone receptor positive breast cancer cases is higher in the developed world. Evidence from developed countries also shows that most of the increase in breast cancer incidence has been due to an increase in hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Most of the breast cancer incidence can be explained by environmental factors and genetic causes. However, all known risk factors of breast cancer can explain only 30-50% of breast cancer incidence. In the past decade, a number of compounds that affect female hormone homeostasis have been discovered. These xenoestrogens have been shown to cause breast cancer and also induce the expression of hormone receptors in vitro and in vivo. Given the high use of substances containing xenoestrogens in developed regions of the world and their increasing use in urban parts of the developing world, xenoestrogens could be the important cause of high and increasing rates of hormone receptor positive breast cancer across the world. New research in the area of mammary stem cells provides added indication of the probable time period of exposure to xenoestrogens with chronic exposure later in life leading to hormone receptor positive breast cancer and most probable reason behind increasing breast cancer incidence.
Nucleotide sequence of the tumor necrosis factor: a gene in seven different inbred mouse strains

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFc~) is a pleitropic cytokine whose original description failed to presage the protean properties it is known to possess. TNFc~ is a major secretory product of macrophages, although numerous other cell types can be induced to secrete this cytokine. Among its many properties, TNFo~ is: 1) an inflammatory cytokine that activates macrophages and endothelial cells; 2) a mediator of septic shock syndrome; 3) an inducer of tumor necrosis; and 4) the perpetrator of cachexia. A single mouse TnfA gene has been cloned and sequenced (Pennica et al. 1985). At the present moment there are only two different genomic TnfA sequences available in GenBank (Acc. nos. Y00467 and M20155). The first (Semon et al. 1987) is the TnfA sequence of C57BL/6 mouse, and the second (Shirai et al. 1988) is the sequence of an unknown mouse strain. Several different autoimmune diseases (Jacob and Hwang 1992), as well as susceptibility to different microbial or environmental factors (Vincek et al. 1993) in mice, have recently been associated with alleles at the TnfA locus. Assessing potential disease linkage with particular TnfA alleles has been hampered by a lack of sequences for different TnfA alleles. In the present study we polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified, subcloned, and sequenced TnfA alleles (including exons and all intervening introns) from seven different inbred mouse strains. To eliminate the possibility of a mistake in PCR amplification, all alleles were sequenced at least twice from two independently derived PCR clones. Both DNA strands were always sequenced. We found numerous base changes at various sites in different alleles. Strains P/J and B 10.M have identical TnfA alleles and all other strains (SJL, SWR/J, C3H/HeJ, BALB/c, C57BL/6) have unique TnfA alleles. A comparison of our C57BL/6 TnfA sequence with the sequence of the C57BL/6 mouse strain presently available in the GenBank (Acc. no. Y00467) has revealed six discrepancies at positions 590, 598, 610, 651,797, and 836, relative to the start codon designated as 0.
Inactivation of Several Viruses by Liquid Ethylene Oxide.

SummaryLiquid ethylene oxide in a concentration of 1 volume % inactivates the viruses of influenza A, influenza B, and Newcastle disease as well as Columbia MM and Theiler's FA mouse encephalomyelitis viruses. These viruses were inactivated in the presence of 90-99% normal horse serum without any gross alterations in the serum.
Acetylation and deacetylation regulate CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β at K39 in mediating gene transcription

The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) contains multiple acetylation sites, including lysine (K) 39. Mutation of C/EBPbeta at K39, an acetylation site in the transcriptional activation domain, impairs transcription of C/EBPbeta target genes in a dominant-negative fashion. Further, K39 of C/EBPbeta can be deacetylated by HDAC1, and HDAC1 may decrease C/EBPbeta-mediated transcription, suggesting that acetylation of C/EBPbeta at K39 is dynamically regulated in mediating gene transcription. Acetylation of endogenous C/EBPbeta at K39 is detected in adipose tissue, and also occurs in 3T3-L1 cells undergoing adipocyte conversion. In addition, mutation of K39 in C/EBPbeta impairs activation of its target genes encoding C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma, essential mediators of adipogenesis, as well as adipocyte genes for leptin and Glut4. These findings suggest that acetylation of C/EBPbeta at K39 is an important and dynamic regulatory event that contributes to its ability to transactivate target genes, including those associated with adipogenesis and adipocyte function.
Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients: application of a three-dimensional, stereologic counting method.

Neuropsychologic testing in schizophrenic patients has underscored the prominence of dysfunction in cognitive processes associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Quantitative cytometric analysis of area 46 was undertaken in brains from schizophrenic patients to determine whether there are morphologic changes underlying these cognitive deficits. Postmortem brain specimens from 9 schizophrenic patients, 10 normal subjects, and 8 Huntington's diseased patients were fixed in formalin and celloidin embedded. A direct, three-dimensional counting method was used to determine cell density and cortical thickness in Nissl-stained sections of area 46. Overall neuronal density was 21% greater in brains from schizophrenic patients in comparison to normal controls. Significant elevations in neuronal density were observed in layers II, III, IV, and VI. The cortical ribbon was slightly (8%) but not significantly thinner. However, layer II exhibited disproportionate thinning compared with all other layers. In brains from Huntington's diseased patients, increases in neuronal (35%) and glial (61%) density with substantial cortical thinning (30%) were observed. The neuropathology of area 46 in schizophrenia is similar in direction and magnitude to that previously described in area 9 (Selemon et al. [1995] Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52:805–818), except for the abnormalities in layer II, which are specific to area 46. In contrast to Huntington's disease, in which cortical atrophy and gliosis are present, no evidence for cortical cell loss was uncovered in the schizophrenic cohort. The observed elevation in neuronal density suggests that a reduction in interneuronal neuropil may constitute the anatomical substrate for prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. J. Comp. Neurol. 392:402–412, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chip Package Interaction for 65nm CMOS Technology with C4 Interconnections

This paper discusses the chip package interaction (CPI) for a 65 nm low k BEOL CMOS chip assembled to an organic package. Inter-level dielectrics with k~3.0 and k~2.7, with oxide terminations, were used in combination with both Sn/Pb and lead-free C4s. Various underfill compounds were tested to determine their effectiveness in mitigating chip stresses without significantly impairing C4 fatigue life. A summary of the reliability stress results will be presented.
A survey-based pedagogical approach to ethics in the workplace

This article introduces an approach for understanding ethical behavior in the workplace that facilitates development of the sensibilities of individual managers. It begins with a general overview of ethical frameworks used to examine individual behavior in management education settings. Then, a scenario-based approach is presented as an alternative for individual and group learning about ethical behavior A specific survey instrument designed to assess individual ethical decision-making styles developed by the authors is central to the approach, and the development and structure of the instrument is outlined. In the final section, the results of a preliminary application of this method in an MBA course setting (with implications for future use in educational and corporate training contexts) are discussed.
Transition behavior of polychloroprene and polychloroprene/styrene‐butadiene blends

Dilatometric studies have been carried out to determine crystallization and glass transition data for various unvulcanized and vulcanized polychloroprenes and polychloroprene/styrene-butadiene blends. The maximum rate of crystallization of both unvulcanized polychloroprene and the blends occurred near −5°C. Melting temperatures of the polychloroprenes ranged from 36 to 43°C. The glass transition temperature of all polychloroprenes studied was near −45°C., and this was lowered to −50°C. with the addition of 30 pph of SBR-1500. The added SBR polymer retarded the rate and ultimate degree of crystallization somewhat.
Factorization of two-channel 2D paraunitary filter banks over fields of characteristic two

There are building blocks to generate all 1D two-channel filter banks over fields of characteristic two. In this paper, we extend the previous work and give building blocks for a first-level factorization of 2D filter banks over the ring of polynomials. Further factorization depends on the structure of the factors. Our approach is based on representing a bivariate (2V) PU matrix as a matrix polynomial in one variable whose coefficients are matrices over the ring of polynomials in the other variable. This representation allows using a factorization algorithm similar to the ID one. We also extend the definition of paraunitariness to the ring of polynomials.
Boundary Effects in Thin-Film Thermoelectrics

Equations describing the resistances to the transport of heat and electricity through boundaries of thin-film thermoelectrics are derived. We show that these boundary resistances obey a boundary form of the Wiedemann-Franz law and cause a new type of thermal instability for short thermoelectric devices. We consider boundary thermal resistances both for phonons (Kapitza resistance) and for electrons, the contact electrical resistance at the junctions, and the boundary thermoelectric effects. It is shown that the Kapitza resistance causes reduction of the effective thermal conductivity of the system only if the electron and phonon subsystems are out of equilibrium. In this case, the thermoelectric figure of merit Z can be increased by reducing the thickness of the film. The electrical contact resistance at the junctions is shown to degrade the performance of the device. However, according to the boundary Wiedemann-Franz law, electrical contact resistance is accompanied by a thermal boundary resistance for the electron subsystem, which can cause an additional enhancement of Z . In some cases, this can lead to a device with ZT as high as 3 at room temperatures.