cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insight-building models for lunar range and range rate

The analysis of range or Doppler data between sites on the Earth and Moon requires an accurate computation of the lunar orbit and detailed models of the orientation of the Earth and Moon. Models constructed to understand range and range rate can lack detail, but if they include the largest lunar orbit variations, tracking stations on a rotating Earth, and lunar sites on a synchronously rotating Moon, then they will display the largest effects for orbit elements, Earth orientation, tracking station locations, and lunar site coordinates. The range and range rate are expanded into periodic series. To understand accurate solutions, the largest periodic terms that are sensitive to various solution parameters indicate the sensitivity of data to solution parameters and the time spans needed for their determination. Conclusions include: cylindrical coordinates work well for sites on the rapidly rotating Earth, but Cartesian coordinates are more natural for the synchronously rotating Moon since the series for the three coordinate projections are distinct. For range and range rate data, daily, semimonthly, monthly, and longer periods are present. For Doppler data, the daily periods may be stronger and more useful than the long periods, particularly for terms associated with the terrestrial tracking station. Doppler data do not determine the lander coordinate toward the Earth well. Observational strategies for range and Doppler data are not identical. For all data types, one wishes a variety of hour angles, lunar declinations, times of month, and longer periods. A long span of high-quality range data can improve the lunar orbit, orientation of the Earth’s equator, and physical librations. The locations of new lunar sites or new tracking stations can be determined from shorter spans of data.
Leveraging Social Determinants in Integrated Care Solutions

An effective population health management strategy should take a holistic view of individuals and encourage behavior change in patients and citizens. By understanding how the social determinants of health housing, transportation, health literacy, physical environment, access to healthy food, etc. affect an individual’s health and their ability to manage their care, care managers and their extended provider ecosystems can more effectively support care plans with lasting outcomes. Chronic disease management, for example, is not an activity confined to doctors’ offices and acute care centers, but needs to be realized in our communities and homes. With soaring health costs associated with treating chronic conditions, effective care planning that looks at the whole individual is required in value-based care settings. An integrated care management solution can reflect this holistic perspective by augmenting the longitudinal patient record often based on clinical and claims data with geographic datasets reflecting social, behavioral, and environmental factors. These richer datasets can, in turn, feed predictive models to produce more nuanced cohorts that can be referred into better-targeted managed care. Care plan assessments can validate the presence of specific social determinants, and corresponding actions can identify community-based social services homecare, housing services, transportation services, nutritional services, etc. Care plan monitoring can oversee how both clinical and social interventions work together. The IBM Watson Care Manager solution can be used to explore this approach. By leveraging broader determinants of health throughout the population health management process, there is a stronger likelihood of improving population health outcomes, such as better plan adherence, engaged patients, and fewer readmissions.
Epigenetic control in skin development, homeostasis and injury repair

Cell-type- and cell-state-specific patterns of covalent modifications on DNA and histone tails form global epigenetic profiles that enable spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression. These epigenetic profiles arise from coordinated activities of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers, which result in cell-type-specific outputs in response to dynamic environmental conditions and signalling pathways. Recent mouse genetic and functional studies have highlighted the physiological significance of global DNA and histone epigenetic modifications in skin. Importantly, specific epigenetic profiles are emerging for adult skin stem cells that are associated with their cell fate plasticity and proper activity in tissue regeneration. We can now begin to draw a more comprehensive picture of how epigenetic modifiers orchestrate their cell-intrinsic role with microenvironmental cues for proper skin development, homeostasis and wound repair. The field is ripe to begin to implement these findings from the laboratory into skin therapies.
Evaluation of Techniques for the Diagnosis of Upper G.I. Tract Bleeding

When faced with a patient with a G.I haemorrhage the first step in the diagnostic ladder is to distinguish upper from lower G.I bleeding. The second is to identify the actual source of bleeding. Achieving both goals as early as possible would, at the very least, allow for timely planning of the appropriate surgical procedure if needed and save long frustrating moments for the surgeon in the theatre.
Reconsidering School Songbooks in the United States during the Post–Civil War Period (1865-1899):

Many of the first public school music teachers in the United States came from the singing school tradition and taught from the same tune books that had been used in singing schools. After the war, ...
Mineral Accretion: An Environmentally Alternative to Plastic for Oyster Restoration

Oyster populations in many coastal areas have decreased as a result of overharvesting and habitat degradation. In order to help restore oyster populations and natural water filtration, many restoration efforts utilize plastic mesh to reseed oysters. However, plastics do not break down or mineralize in seawater, instead they break down into smaller and smaller pieces eventually becoming what is termed microplastics. These small plastics are commonly mistaken as a food item for marine organisms ranging in size from plankton to whales. Plastics can also leach out chemicals into the ocean, as well as, adsorb pollutants. It is now believed that these plastic pollutants may get passed up the food chain. This research is investigating the use of this an environmentally friendly material to replace the use of plastic as the base material for oyster restoration in a Florida based estuary. Steel mesh (in lieu of plastic) is attached to an impressed current cathodic protection system. Electricity is supplied to the steel mesh which will prevent corrosion and cause a rise in the local pH. This causes calcium and magnesium ions to combine with bicarbonate and hydroxide ions and precipitate as CaCO 3 or Mg(OH) 2 on the steel surface (mineral accretion). The electricity is supplied from a solar panel/lead acid battery source. In order to determine the efficacy of using mineral accretion mats for oyster restoration in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, a two-phase experiment was designed to 1) determine the optimal steel and mesh size needed for oyster restoration and 2) determine if mineral accretion mats are as effective at promoting the growth of oysters and as traditional plastic mats.
Unstable modes and bistability in delay-coupled swarms

It is known that introducing time delays into the communication network of mobile-agent swarms produces coherent rotational patterns, from both theory and experiments. Often such spatiotemporal rotations can be bistable with other swarming patterns, such as milling and flocking. Yet, most known bifurcation results related to delay-coupled swarms rely on inaccurate mean-field techniques. As a consequence, the utility of applying macroscopic theory as a guide for predicting and controlling swarms of mobile robots has been limited. To overcome this limitation, we perform an exact stability analysis of two primary swarming patterns in a general model with time-delayed interactions. By correctly identifying the relevant spatiotemporal modes, we are able to accurately predict unstable oscillations beyond the mean-field dynamics and bistability in large swarms-laying the groundwork for comparisons to robotics experiments.
De novo thalamic arteriovenous malformation in a boy with a brainstem cavernous malformation

Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) have long been considered to be congenital, developing between the third and eighth weeks of embryogenesis. However, cases reporting their de novo formation suggest that these lesions can develop after birth and have challenged this concept. We present a case of a 6-year-old boy with a history of a brainstem cavernous malformation diagnosed after birth who later developed a de novo bAVM. The de novo occurrence of this bAVM distant to the site of the cavernous malformation and a prior negative catheter angiography contributes to the uncertainty of the dynamics and pathophysiology of bAVMs.
Adult learning theory principles in knowledge exchange networks among maple syrup producers and beekeepers in Maine

Purpose: Knowledge exchange networks are critical to farmer success and help reduce barriers to entry and growth for new farmers. This study explores informal and formal knowledge exchange networks...
Photonic Readout of Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Counting Detectors

Scalable, low power, high speed data transfer between cryogenic (0.1-4 K) and room temperature environments is essential for the realization of practical, large-scale systems based on superconducting technologies. A promising approach to overcome the limitations of conventional wire-based readout is the use of optical fiber communication. Optical fiber presents a 100-1,000x lower heat load than conventional electrical wiring, relaxing the requirements for thermal anchoring, and is also immune to electromagnetic interference, which allows routing of sensitive signals with improved robustness to noise and crosstalk. Most importantly, optical fibers allow for very high bandwidth densities (in the Tbps/mm2 range) by carrying multiple signals through the same physical fiber (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, WDM). Here, we demonstrate for the first time optical readout of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) directly coupled to a CMOS photonic modulator, without the need for an interfacing device. By operating the modulator in the forward bias regime at a temperature of 3.6 K, we achieve very high modulation efficiency (1,000-10,000 pm/V) and a low input impedance of 500 Ω with a low power dissipation of 40 μW. This allows us to obtain optical modulation with the low, millivolt-level signal generated by the SNSPD.
Radiative Thermal Router Based on Tunable Magnetic Weyl Semimetals

We theoretically propose and numerically demonstrate a radiative thermal router based on magnetic Weyl semimetals. In designing the thermal router, we utilize two unique properties of optical gyrot...
The Effects of Disease Modifying Therapy on Retinal Structures in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients (P3.2-093)

Objective: Utilizing Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to assess the retinal structure effects of disease modifying therapy (DMT) drugs for Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) patients compared to healthy controls. Background: The safety and efficacy of Glatiramer Acetate 20mg (GA20) and 40mg (GA40), as well as Fingolimod (FTY) has been well established in RRMS patients. It is also well known that MS patients experience retinal thinning and volume loss over the course of the disease. OCT is a quick, non-invasive tool utilized to quantify these retinal structures. Our study aims to assess the effects of these DMTs in RRMS patients in comparison with healthy controls. Design/Methods: Ninety-five total participants were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Participants were divided into four groups: 29 RRMS patients on GA20 (mean age±SD; 48.3±7.4y, mean disease duration±SD; 10.4±6.5y), 23 RRMS patients on GA40 (mean age±SD; 43.7±8.5y, mean disease duration±SD; 6.8±5.0y), 27 RRMS patients on FTY (mean age±SD; 38.8±11.0y, mean disease duration±SD; 7.2±6.5y), and 16 healthy control participants (mean age±SD; 44.8±8.8y). All OCT scans were performed by a trained technician to quantify the thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and the volumes of the macula. A general linear model with multivariate analysis was used to analyze our data (SPSS vs 24). Age and disease duration were included as covariates for our analysis. Results: There was no significant difference in the effect observed between the different DMT treatment groups and healthy controls on the total macular volume (p=0.435). Similarly, there were no significant difference in the pRNFL thickness in the three DMT treatment groups and healthy controls (p=0.860). Conclusions: Our data suggests that these three DMT options for RRMS patients may have a neuroprotective role in the retina when compared to healthy control individuals. Further longitudinal studies should be conducted to confirm our findings. Disclosure: Dr. Gilroy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lichtman-Mikol has nothing to disclose. Dr. Darling has nothing to disclose. Dr. Santiago-Martinez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bernitsas has received research support from DMC Foundation, Roche/Genetech, Sanofi/Genzyme, Biogen, Novartis, Chugai, Medimmune, EMD Serono.
Internal Solitary Wave Amplitude and Velocity Retrieval from Synthetic Aperture Radar Images of the California Inner Shelf Region

The main field campaign of the Inner Shelf Departmental Research Initiative was conducted in the section of coast near Point Sal, California in September-October 2017 to better understand the dynamic processes that occur along the inner shelf. Internal solitary waves (ISWs) are ubiquitous in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite images and will be the focus of this paper. The scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) is used as a tool to track ISWs between unique pairs of COSMO-SkyMed SAR images acquired about 24 minutes apart. ISW velocities are estimated using the SIFT matched keypoints between image pairs. Combining this method with instantaneous velocity estimates from the two individual images, based on an ISW amplitude retrieval algorithm previously developed, we can extend our abilities to study ISWs from space and our understanding of ISW dynamics in the California inner shelf region.
Standardization of Neuroanesthesia Education: Need of the Hour and the Way Forward.

Purpose of review This review illustrates the evolution and progress with standardization of fellowship education in neuroanesthesiology. It provides a structured discussion around the need for curricula and framework which individual training programs in neuroanesthesiology can use to meet defined educational standards thus meeting criteria for accreditation. Recent findings Neuroanesthesiology training has traditionally been heterogenous around the world but international efforts from the community of neuroanesthesiology have culminated in the development of an international council for perioperative training in neuroscience in anesthesiology(ICPNT). This serves not only as an accrediting body but also creates a platform through their neuroanesthesia program relations committee for collaboration and engagement between various training programs internationally, increasing the educational standards of the individual programs and collectively increasing the overall level of standards for neuroanesthesia training. Standardized curriculum and competency-based assessments and milestones would help with narrowing the focus to quality education in neuroanesthesiology. Summary Structured training around the three pillars of neuroanesthesiology with concomitant accreditation is expected to lead to higher education standards with better patient care. The SNACC created milestones for neuroanesthesiology training during residency and the ICPNT can now use this as a foundation for fellowship training. Having a council to accredit and standardize will likely become indispensable in creating a set path for training in neuroanesthesiology. Additionally, the flexibility built in due to the international nature would allow modified and variable pathways depending upon individual capabilities and interests. The path forward will include widespread adoption of standardization supporting the overarching goal of excellent patient outcomes around the world.
Reconceptualizing the Evolution of the American Welfare State

Traditional histories of the evolution of the American welfare state have often limited its scope excessively by focusing excessively on social work programs; excluding tax expenditures; failing to discuss sufficiently its community, global, and fiscal context; and omitting important vulnerable populations. This article identifies and discusses eight eras deemed most critical to the American welfare state's evolution, analyzing how it grew by accretion and spurts. It argues that scholars need to devote more attention to two tensions in its evolution: reluctance vs. growth and retrenchment vs. resilience. Keywords: welfare state; social welfare history; tax expenditures; globalization; vulnerable populations; social class; race; devolution; privatization
Deficits in allergy knowledge among physicians at academic medical centers

Abstract Background Allergic conditions have high prevalence in the general population. Misconceptions regarding the diagnosis and management of allergic disease among physicians can lead to suboptimal clinical care. Objective To determine the extent of allergy-related knowledge deficits among physicians. Methods Pediatric and internal medicine resident and attending physicians from 2 separate academic medical centers were asked to answer an anonymous electronic survey. Survey questions addressed 7 different allergy content areas. Results Four hundred eight physicians completed surveys (23.9% response rate). Respondents had few correct answers (mean ± SD 1.91 ± 1.43). Pediatric respondents had a larger number of correct answers compared with medicine-trained physicians ( P P Conclusion There are significant knowledge deficits in many areas of allergy-related content among pediatric and internal medicine physicians and across all levels of training and specialty. Given the prevalence of allergic conditions, the potential implications of a negative impact on clinical care are staggering.
Charms and Charming in Europe

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2004 Pages: vii + 233 Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan ISBN: 1-4039-3925-X (hard cover). Prices: $85.00 USD(hard cover).
Transcription Factor NF-κ B: Function, Structure, Regulation, Pathways, and Applications

NF-κB is a transcription factor found in most cells that plays a central role in the inflammatory, immunologic, apoptotic, and stress responses. NF-κB is a dimer composed of members of the Rel family of transcription factor subunits. It is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor, IκB. Nearly all NF-κB-activating stimuli activate the IκB kinase, which phosphorylates IκB and thereby targets it for degradation. Newly freed NF-κB then enters the nucleus and mediates its various effects by activating its target genes. NF-κB activity is modulated by numerous mechanisms, including combinatorial specificity of its subunits and inhibitors, several forms of posttranslation modifications, and differences in signal transduction. NF-κB is of great therapeutic interest and we highlight its role in cancer and review modern drugs used to inhibit it. Finally, we discuss the role of NF-κB in learning, a hint that NF-κB has functions beyond those traditionally associated with it. Keywords: Apoptosis; Canonical Pathway; IκB; IKK; NF-κB; Rel
Correction: Grant Support

Excerpt To the editor: In my paper in the September issue (1), I inadvertently omitted that my study was supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant NLM 02857 from the National Library...
Sequence Specific Detection of Restriction Enzymes at DNA-Modified Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors

Protein–DNA interactions play a central role in many cellular processes, and their misregulation has been implicated in a number of human diseases. Thus, there is a pressing need for the development of analytical strategies for interrogating the binding of proteins to DNA. Herein, we report the electrical monitoring of a prototypical DNA-binding protein, the PvuII restriction enzyme, at microfluidic-encapsulated, DNA-modified carbon nanotube field effect transistors. Our integrated platform enables the sensitive, sequence specific detection of PvuII at concentrations as low as 0.5 pM in a volume of 0.025 μL (corresponding to ∼7500 proteins). These figures of merit compare favorably to state of the art values reported for alternative fluorescent and electrical assays. The overall detection strategy represents a step toward the massively parallel electrical monitoring, identification, and quantification of protein–DNA interactions at arrayed nanoscale devices.
Late Maastrichtian paleoenvironments and dinosaur biogeography in the western interior of North America

During Late Maastrichtian time, three major sedimentary depositional provinces existed in continental environments of the western interior region of North America. The sediments accumulated within these provinces are herein termed the piedmont, alluvial plain, and coastal lowland lithosomes. These sedimentary lithosomes correspond to broad paleoenvironmental and paleophysiographic provinces that resulted from the westward shift of the Pacific coast, the bisection and retreat of the interior epeiric sea, and the development of an intermontane basin system during Maastrichtian time. These dramatic physiographic changes created environments markedly different from those that had prevailed during most of the Late Cretaceous, when western North America consisted of a narrow peninsula flanked on the east by a remarkably stable and monotonous coastal plain. In conjunction with these physiographic and environmental changes, three diverse dinosaur-dominated continental vertebrate faunas arose, herein termed the Leptoceratops, Triceratops, and Alamosaurus faunas. Each was peculiar to a sedimentary/environmental province and among them there was little interchange. The separation of these faunas indicates that the dinosaur-dominated communities had adapted to changing or “deteriorating” environmental conditions at the close of Cretaceous time. The Alamosaurus fauna characterized markedly seasonal, semi-arid, environments of the intermontane basins south of about 35°N latitude. The Triceratops fauna inhabited humid coastal floodplains and swamps bordering the retreating northern embayment of the epeiric sea, north of latitude 35°N. The Leptoceratops fauna inhabited cool piedmont environments flanking the mountainous Cordilleran Overthrust Belt north of 35°N latitude. Recognition of this biogeographic zonation indicates that the Triceratops biozone is only of local utility, and that the biostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous continental deposits in North America must reflect the provincialism now recognized. Moreover, the evident adaptability of dinosaur faunas to varied and changing environmental conditions suggests that climatic change alone may not have been responsible for their demise.
MVA-TRICOM vaccine strategy makes CLL cells an attractive T-cell target

Comment on Palena et al, page [3515][1] In this issue of Blood , the paper by Palena and colleagues extends potential strategies for vaccine development in CLL. To date, vaccine strategies in CLL have been limited. This is due partly to CLL patients having an impaired immune system that in part
Real-oriented homotopy theory and an analogue of the Adams–Novikov spectral sequence

Abstract Using the Landweber–Araki theory of Real cobordism and Real-oriented spectra, we define a Real analogue of the Adams–Novikov spectral sequence. This is a new spectral sequence with a potentially calculable E2-term. It has versions converging to either the Z /2 -equivariant or the non-equivariant stable 2-stems. We also construct a Real analogue of the Miller–Novikov ‘algebraic’ spectral sequence.
Teaching Statistical Computing at North Carolina State University

The diverse topics that make up statistical computing present a challenge for constructing the appropriate courses in statistics curricula. An undergraduate course covering programming and data management prepares students for most statistics courses. However, many graduate students successfully learn these skills on their own; moreover, squeezing such a skills course into the master's program is difficult. We teach most of the topical statistical software in the courses that use them. For doctoral students, the issue becomes one of requirements and electives: some computing topics should be covered in the required courses, others are left to an elective. The selection and placement of these topics depend of the research program of the department. Even for an elective course, the research needs drive the choice of topics, although experience has shown that there can be no substitute for a good foundation in arithmetic and numerical linear algebra.
Radical hysterectomy preceded by pelvic irradiation

Abstract A total of 124 patients, who had prior pelvic irradiation, had radical hysterectomy performed at the University of Minnesota Hospitals from 1939 to 1977. The patients fall into two groups: those who had pelvic radiation and radical hysterectomy as primary therapy and those who had radical hysterectomy for postradiation persistent or recurrent cancer of the cervix. A major objective of this report is to describe the incidence, management, and long-term follow-up of patients with complications. Pelvic irradiation followed by radical hysterectomy as primary therapy for cancer of the cervix cannot be justified because of the high risk of urinary tract complications, some of which eventually result in demise of the patient. Radical hysterectomy for postradiation persistent or recurrent cancer is an acceptable procedure for early disease. It would appear from this experience that many patients with small cervical or vaginal postradiation neoplasms can be successfully managed with more conservative procedures such as simple hysterectomy and partial vaginectomy. The value of pelvic lymphadenectomy was not demonstrated. Exenterative procedures are becoming more frequently indicated for eradication of malignancies, with a reduction of long-term urinary tract complications.
Long-term survival rates with various chemotherapeutic regimens in stages III and IV ovarian adenocarcinoma. The influence of optimum pretreatment surgical resection.

This report compares long-term survival rates for patients treated with four different chemotherapeutic regimens for Stages III and IV ovarian adenocarcinoma. The patients were entered into consecutive, prospective, randomized studies with an essentially common chemotherapeutic arm. The first study compared the single agent melphalan with actinomycin D, 5-fluorouracil, and Cytoxan. The second study compared 5-fluorouracil plus Cytoxan and methotrexate-leucovorin rescue plus Cytoxan. The patient characteristics in the two studies were very similar except for more aggressive tumor-reductive operations in the second study. Observed survival rates for the first 2 years in the second study were very much higher than in the first study. However, by the third, fourth, and fifth years, the survival rates of the 5fluorouracil-Cytoxan-treated individuals had reached the same low levels seen in the first study. It appears that an optimum surgical procedure by itself may enhance survival during the first 2 years. Survival with methotrexate-leucovorin rescue plus Cytoxan was statistically significantly better than with melphalan or actinomycin D-5-fluorouracil-Cytoxan. Third-, fourth-, and fifth-year survival rates with methotrexate-leucovorin rescue plus Cytoxan were substantially higher than with 5-fluorouracil-Cytoxan; however, the survival distributions for these two treatments were not statistically significantly different. Long-term survival rate data for patients with Stages III and IV ovarian edenocarcinomas treated with chemotherapy are rare. The 19% 5-year survival rate with methotrexate-leucovorin rescue plus Cytoxan in the present study is considerably higher than other reported survival rates.
Quantum chemical studies of formate on Cu(100) and Cu(110)

The chemisorption of HCOO on Cu(100) and Cu(110) has been studied with semi-empirical quantum-mechanical calculations (INDO/S) of Cu clusters. The results indicate that the HCOO chemisorption bond is formed on both surfaces by net π-donation of electrons from formate to the metal, and net σ-backdonation of electrons from the metal to HCOO. The total bond-order index between formate and the clusters is almost the same on both surfaces. Upon HCOO adsorption, it is found that the C-O bond-order index decreases and that the C-H bond is not affected (relative to the free formate radical). Peak assignments for the ultraviolet photoemission spectrum of HCOO on Cu(110) and of HCOO on Cu(100) are made based on these results. The possible effects of electronic changes in the Cu surface upon the formate species are analyzed in light of the molecular-orbital description of the chemisorption bond. Possible pathways for the dissociation of adsorbed formate are discussed.
Some New Lidar Equations for Laser Pulses Scattered Back from Optically Thick Media Such as Clouds, Dense Aerosol Plumes, Sea Ice, Snow, and Turbid Coastal Waters

I survey the theoretical foundations of the slowly-but-surely emerging field of multiple scattering lidar, which has already found applications in atmospheric and cryospheric optics that I also discuss. In multiple scattering lidar, returned pulses are stretched far beyond recognition, and there is no longer a one-to-one connection between range and return-trip timing. Moreover, one can exploit the radial profile of the diffuse radiance field excited by the laser source that, by its very nature, is highly concentrated in space and collimated in direction. One needs, however, a new class of lidar equations to explore this new phenomenology. A very useful set is derived from radiative diffusion theory, which is found at the opposite asymptotic limit of radiative transfer theory than the conventional (single-scattering) limit used to derive the standard lidar equation. In particular, one can use it to show that, even if the simple time-of-flight-to-range connection is irretrievably lost, multiply-scattered lidar light can be used to restore a unique profiling capability with coarser resolution but much deeper penetration into a wide variety of optical thick media in nature. Several new applications are proposed, including a laser bathymetry technique that should work for highly turbid coastal waters.
Submicrometer plate heights for capillaries packed with silica colloidal crystals.

Extremely uniform packing of colloidal silica in capillaries is shown. Reversed-phase electrochromatograms of DiI-C12 exhibit plate heights as low as 0.23 μm and a reduced plate height as low as 0.7, using 75 μm i.d. capillaries packed with 330 nm silica particles. The contribution from the A term is 0 ± 20 nm in electrochromatography. The particles are shown to form colloidal crystals inside the capillaries. Optical images show Bragg diffraction, indicative of crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show face-centered cubic crystallinity, and the porosity is 0.25 ± 0.01, which is in agreement with that for face-centered cubic crystals. The capillaries are fritless, and 100 μm i.d. capillaries packed with silica colloidal crystals withstand pressures of at least 12 400 psi.
Sodium phenylbutyrate prolongs survival and regulates expression of anti‐apoptotic genes in transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice

Multiple molecular defects trigger cell death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Among these, altered transcriptional activity may perturb many cellular functions, leading to a cascade of secondary pathological effects. We showed that pharmacological treatment, using the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium phenylbutyrate, significantly extended survival and improved both the clinical and neuropathological phenotypes in G93A transgenic ALS mice. Phenylbutyrate administration ameliorated histone hypoacetylation observed in G93A mice and induced expression of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) p50, the phosphorylated inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB (pIkappaB) and beta cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2), but reduced cytochrome c and caspase expression. Curcumin, an NF-kappaB inhibitor, and mutation of the NF-kappaB responsive element in the bcl-2 promoter, blocked butyrate-induced bcl-2 promoter activity. We provide evidence that the pharmacological induction of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription and bcl-2 gene expression is neuroprotective in ALS mice by inhibiting programmed cell death. Phenylbutyrate acts to phosphorylate IkappaB, translocating NF-kappaB p50 to the nucleus, or to directly acetylate NF-kappaB p50. NF-kappaB p50 transactivates bcl-2 gene expression. Up-regulated bcl-2 blocks cytochrome c release and subsequent caspase activation, slowing motor neuron death. These transcriptional and post-translational pathways ultimately promote motor neuron survival and ameliorate disease progression in ALS mice. Phenylbutyrate may therefore provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of patients with ALS.
Colombia's black market in foreign exchange

Abstract Decree Law 444 in 1967 heavily restricted access to foreign exchange by Colombian residents. This policy spurred the development of a large black market, which had grown to about US$2.5 billion of transaction value per year by 1988. Soon after the restrictive policies were imposed, marijuana and then cocaine smuggling became large industries in Colombia; this narcotics boom has apparently driven down the black market exchange rate and largely eliminated the exchange rate premium that is usual for such markets. While Colombia's government has opened up the official foreign exchange market in the early 1990s, the black market is expected to continue to thrive, due to the smugglers' need to resort to underground means for transacting their business.
Two methods for display of high contrast images

High contrast images are common in night scenes and other scenes that include dark shadows and bright light sources. These scenes are difficult to display because their contrasts greatly exceed the range of most display devices for images. As a result, the image constrasts are compressed or truncated, obscuring subtle textures and details. Humans view and understand high contrast scenes easily, “adapting” their visual response to avoid compression or truncation with no apparent loss of detail. By imitating some of these visual adaptation processes, we developed methods for the improved display of high-contrast images. The first builds a display image from several layers of lighting and surface properties. Only the lighting layers are compressed, drastically reducing contrast while preserving much of the image detail. This method is practical only for synthetic images where the layers can be retained from the rendering process. The second method interactively adjusts the displayed image to preserve local contrasts in a small “foveal” neighborhood. Unlike the first method, this technique is usable on any image and includes a new tone reproduction operator. Both methods use a sigmoid function for contrast compression. This function has no effect when applied to small signals but compresses large signals to fit within an asymptotic limit. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these approaches by comparing processed and unprocessed images.
On the Synthesis of Arylacetones by the SRN 1 Arylation of Acetone Enolate Ion

Numerous aryl bromides and iodides react with acetone enolate ion in liquid ammonia under irradiation to form arylacetones in high yield. This synthesis is successful with bromo-or iodobenzene derivatives carrying alkoxy, alkyl, phenyl, halogen, and carboxylate substituents, and with halogen derivatives of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The method is remarkably insensitive to steric hindrance ; for example, 2, 4, 6-triethylbromobenzene reacts quite well. With greater steric hindrance, as in 2, 4, 6-triisopropyliodobenzene, reactivity falls and a side reaction of dehalogenation becomes appreciable, for reasons which are suggested. The synthesis was unsuccessful with the diethylamino, nitro and ionized hydroxy (-O-) substituents. Potassium metal-stimulated reactions of a few aryl diethyl phosphates with acetone enolate ion give generally lower yields of arylation and larger yields of dephosphation (hydrocarbon) products, compared even to potassium-stimulated reactions with aryl bromides. It is postulated that the lesser formation of hydrocarbon products from the aryl bromides is related to transport effects and solution inhomogeneity.
Recognition of 3D package shapes for single camera metrology

Many applications of 3D object measurement have become commercially viable due to the recent availability of low-cost range cameras such as the Microsoft Kinect. We address the application of measuring an object's dimensions for the purpose of billing in shipping transactions, where high accuracy is required for certification. In particular, we address cases where an object's pose reduces the accuracy with which we can estimate dimensions from a single camera. Because the class of object shapes is limited in the shipping domain, we perform a closed-world recognition in order to determine a shape model which can account for missing parts, and/or to induce the user to reposition the object for higher accuracy. Our experiments demonstrate that the addition of this recognition step significantly improves system accuracy.
Work, Family, and Community: Exploring Interconnections - by Patricia Voydanoff

Work, Family, and Community: Exploring Interconnections. Patricia Voydanoff. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2007. 196 pp. ISBN 0-8058-5620-X. $59.95 (hardback). ISBN 0-8058-5621-8. $29.95 (paperback). In 1987, when Patricia Voydanoff wrote Work and Family Life, the worlds of work and famUy looked different than diey do today. With more women working outside die home, the ending of welfare as we know it, the increasing diversity of family structures, and other changes in family and work life, researchers have increasingly focused on the interaction between work and family. Twenty years after publishing Work and Family Life, Voydanoff adds to this effort with Work, Family, and Community: Exploring Interconnections. In this latest book, Voydanoff builds on the earlier book and adds community as a new dimension to a model of how work and family affect individuals. By integrating community into the model, Voydanoff provides readers with a more complete portrait of how work, family, and community can intersect to affect how people fare in their roles in the workplace, home, and community. The book is organized into eight chapters. Voydanoff first presents a conceptual model of the interconnections between work, family, and community using an ecological systems approach. This approach demonstrates the interconnections by examining how the environment affects people at different levels of interaction. Attention focuses primarily on the interactions at the mesosystem level, which is the level that links together the experiences a person has across domains, such as work and family or work and community. The author then discusses problems with the worker-earner role, which center around the difficulties of maintaining stable employment and earning sufficient income. This discussion is followed by an examination of the demands and resources both within and across the work, family, and community domains. The author shows how demands and resources affect the work-family fit, which in turn affects the balance between work and family and has consequences for role performance and quality and well-being. A discussion of aspects of the model that need additional research and the implications of the model for policies and programs conclude the book. One of the strengths of this book is its recognition of the role played by communities in work and family life. Oftentimes, the study of community is distinct and separate from that of work and family. Instead of being studied independently from work and family, community warrants inclusion as a context that affects how well people function within the workplace and home. Community includes the local community, the smaller geographic neighborhood, and friends who provide nonfamily interaction. The community can drain resources through the time spent volunteering in organizations and associations and helping friends and neighbors, as well as produce strains from neighborhood problems and excessive requests from friends for help. …
Low-amplitude song predicts attack in a North American wood warbler

Many animal signals given during agonistic interactions are thought to convey levels of aggressive motivation of signallers, but few studies have experimentally tested whether such signals actually predict subsequent aggressive behaviour. In songbirds, the predictive content of most putatively aggressive vocal signals remains largely unresolved. Prior studies of agonistic vocal signalling in birds have generally assessed the reliability of vocal displays using indirect response measures such as approach to a playback speaker. However, this method does not allow aggression to be assessed directly, because subjects have no opportunity to engage in actual attacks. In this study, we assessed the aggressive content of vocal signals in black-throated blue warblers, Dendroica caerulescens , using a direct measure of aggression. We presented territorial males with a brief period of conspecific song playback, recorded their vocal responses, and then revealed a taxidermic mount, giving subjects an opportunity to attack. We found that one song feature, low-amplitude ‘soft’ song, was an extremely reliable predictor of attack; a logistic regression model in which the occurrence of soft song was the sole predictor correctly classified 93% of males as attackers or nonattackers. By contrast, four other vocal behaviours (total number of songs, rate of song type switching and numbers of two nonsong vocalizations) failed to predict whether birds would attack the mount. These data provide evidence that soft song in black-throated blue warblers conveys extremely reliable information about impending aggression. We suggest that the reliability of soft song observed in this study and recent studies in emberizid sparrows may be stabilized by vulnerability costs because the limited distance with which it can be transmitted forces signallers to place themselves at risk of retaliatory attack.
Qualitative and quantitative top-down mass spectral analysis of crustacean hyperglycemic hormones in response to feeding.

An efficient pipeline for peptide discovery accelerates peptidomic analysis and facilitates a better understanding of the functional roles of neuropeptides. However, qualitative and quantitative analysis of large neuropeptides are challenging due to the bigger molecular sizes, multiple post-translational modifications, and interference by homologous isoforms. Herein, we refined two methodologies in the pipeline for highly confident and efficient mass spectrometry (MS)-based peptide discovery. For the qualitative analysis, the so-called “high resolution/accurate mass” measurement on Orbitrap mass spectrometers was integrated with computer-assisted homology search, which was successfully applied to decipher the substituted amino acid residues in large neuropeptides by referring to homologous sequences. For the quantitative analysis, a new isotopic labeling-assisted top-down MS strategy was developed, which enabled direct monitoring of the abundance changes of endogenous large neuropeptides. By using the refined peptide discovery pipeline, one novel crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) from the Dungeness crab sinus glands was confidently identified and de novo sequenced, and its relative abundance was quantified. Comparative analysis of CHHs in unfed and fed crabs revealed that the peptide abundance in the sinus glands was significantly increased after food intake, suggesting that the release of CHHs might be altered by feeding behavior.
The Local Educational Change Process and Policy Implementation.

That change is a process, not an event, is being accepted gradually by educators, policy makers, and researchers. Just as development of an innovation takes time, specialized personnel, and resources, so does implementation. A number of issues and implications related to viewing innovation development and implementation as a process need to be addressed. Planning for, facilitating implementation, and evaluating the change process varies depending on whether there is a single innovation, innovation bundle, hyperinnovation or large—scale innovation. Instead of top down, or bottom up, in all cases, the various participants must strive to level the playing field. Change processes are most successful when policy makers, practitioners, and researchers understand that all are part of the same effort and each has an essential role in achieving implementation success.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) following pelvic irradiation for rhabdomyosarcoma

A 7-year-old child developed slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) 3 years following pelvic irradiation for rhabdomyosarcoma. The reasons for this occurrence are discussed. This is the second report of radiation-induced SCFE and it is anticipated that more such cases are likely to occur.
Engineering the human heart in the sixth grade classroom

A Framework for K-12 Science Education has been released that provides further support of K-12 engineering education by framing requirements for K-12 engineering standards for the science classroom. This study uses the engineering themes from the framework to evaluate how an engineering learning experience affects student achievement in science and engineering in the context of a science classroom. An engineering design challenge, Engineering an Artificial Heart, was developed for a pre-existing science instructional lesson, the human heart, for its use in a 6th grade science classroom with 32 students. Students' achievement of learning objectives for science and engineering concepts were measured using content assessments, student artifacts, and semi-structured interviews. Preliminary analysis shows positive learning gains for science learning objectives and evidence of performance for the engineering learning objectives.
PreconditioningP1 nonconforming finite elements: Condition numbers and singular value distributions

This work deals with the condition numbers and the distribution of theB h singular values of the preconditioned operators {B h ?1 A h }0<h<1, whereA h andB h are discretizations of second order elliptic operatorsA andB usingP 1 nonconforming finite elements of Crouzeix and Raviart.B is also assumed to be self-adjoint and positive definite. For conforming finite elements, Parter and Wong have shown that the singular values "cluster" in a positive finite interval. These reults are being extended to the aforementioned nonconforming finite elements. It will be shown that, for quasiuniform grids, theB h singular values are bounded above and below by positive constants which are independent of the grid sizeh. Moreover, they also "cluster" in a smaller but usually estimable interval. Issues of implementation are also discussed.