cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intravascular Volume Expansion Before Primary Angioplasty for Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury Hydration or Dilution

In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions , Maioli and colleagues, from Florence, Italy, report the results of a 450-patient, prospective, randomized trial of patients with ST-elevation–myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).1 Patients with STEMI are at high risk of the development of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). Accordingly, the authors randomly assigned patients into 1 of 3 groups: early hydration with a bolus of sodium bicarbonate started in the emergency room followed by a 12-hour infusion; postprocedural hydration with a normal saline drip started after PCI; and last, no specific hydration protocol. Patients enrolled were fairly typical of those presenting with STEMI, with a mean age in the mid-60s; almost a quarter were over 75 years of age, and the majority were male. Slightly more than 22% were diabetic, about 40% presented with anterior myocardial infarction, and almost 40% had an ejection fraction of <0.40. The incidence of shock was 5%, but intra-aortic balloon pumps were used liberally in almost 20% of cases. More than a quarter of patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≤60 mL/min. Although the mean door-to-balloon time of 85 minutes could be criticized, such values were not unusual in the mid-2000s, when the study was performed. Overall, clinical outcomes were acceptable, with 16 deaths, 6 strokes, and a cumulative number of adverse cardiac events of 45 (10%). The main finding of the trial was a significantly lower incidence of CI-AKI, no matter which definition was used, among patients randomly assigned to the early hydration group. Article see p 456 A number of points regarding this important trial bear emphasis. First, patients with STEMI are at particularly high risk of CI-AKI, as evidenced by the 27% incidence of CI-AKI observed in the control group of this trial. Operators are …
Clostridial enteric diseases of domestic animals.

INTRODUCTION 216 CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS 216 Introduction 216 Major Toxins 216 Disease and Pathogenesis by Toxin Type 217 Type A 218 Type B 219 Type C 219 Type D 220 Type E 220 Enterotoxigenic C. perfringens 221 Reports of untyped C. perfringens 221 Prophylaxis and Therapy 222 Diagnosis 222 CLOSTRIDIUM SEPTICUM 223 Introduction 223 Virulence Attributes and Pathogenesis of Enteric Disease 223 Prophylaxis and Therapy 224 Diagnosis 224 CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE 224 CLOSTRIDIUM SPIROFORME 225 CLOSTRIDIUM COLINUM 226 REFERENCES 226
POSH: a generalized captcha with security applications

A puzzle only solvable by humans, or POSH, is a prompt or question with three important properties: it can be generated by a computer, it can be answered consistently by a human, and a human answer cannot be efficiently predicted by a computer. In fact, unlike a CAPTCHA, a POSH does not necessarily have to be verifiable by a computer at all. One application of POSHes is a scheme proposed by Canetti et al.~that limits off-line dictionary attacks against password-protected local storage, without the use of any secure hardware or secret storage.We explore the area of POSHes, implement several candidate POSHes and have users solve them, to evaluate their effectiveness. Given these data, we then implement the above scheme as an extension to the Mozilla Firefox web browser, where it is used to protect user certificates and saved passwords. In the course of doing so, we also define certain aspects of the threat model for our implementation (and the scheme) more precisely.
The Influence of Medical Conditions Associated with Hormones on the Risk of Breast Cancer

Medical conditions related to hormonal abnormalities were investigated in a case-control study of breast cancer among women who attended a screening centre. Information was obtained by telephone interview regarding physician-diagnosed medical conditions such as thyroid or liver diseases, diabetes, and hypertension, as well as hirsutism, acne, galactorrhoea, and reproductive, menstrual, and gynaecological factors. Results are presented for 354 cases and 747 controls. Women with fertility problems who never succeeded in becoming pregnant were at significantly increased breast cancer risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.1-10.9). An elevated cancer risk was also associated with having excess body hair (OR = 1.5; 95% CI:1.0-2.3), or having excess body hair in addition to persistent adult acne (OR = 6.8; 95% CI:1.7-27.1). Recurrent amenorrhea (OR = 3.5; 95% CI:1.1-11.5), and a treated hyperthyroid condition (OR = 2.2; 95% CI:1.1-4.4) were significantly associated with risk. A non-significant elevation of risk was present for endometrial hyperplasia (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.8-4.0). There was a suggestion of an association between a history of galactorrhoea and breast cancer risk (OR = 2.0; 95% CI:0.8-4.9) among premenopausal women. No associations were found with other medical or gynaecological factors. The possibility that some of these findings are due to chance cannot be excluded because of the problem of multiple comparisons.
A study in post-Flexner survival. The Medical College of the State of South Carolina, 1913.

The Flexner report of 1910 resulted in the closing of many marginal medical schools and opened a new era in medical education in the United States. Caught in Abraham Flexner's net were several old schools with long histories and, as he said, "traditions and a certain present dignity" that lacked the minimum resources needed to meet the standards of the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association. One example was the Medical College of the State of South Carolina. It was consigned to oblivion in Flexner's plan, but survived. Dean Robert Wilson, MD, in his efforts to save his school, turned politician, enlisted the aid of the state's highly controversial governor, and initiated an effective lobbying campaign in the state legislature. The Council on Medical Education became involved unofficially in the person of its secretary, Nathan P. Colwell, MD. His presence in South Carolina was turned to advantage by Wilson and others and contributed substantially to the success of their efforts. ( JAMA . 1991;266:981-984)
The Hybrid Sensor Kinase RscS Integrates Positive and Negative Signals To Modulate Biofilm Formation in Vibrio fischeri

Overexpression of the Vibrio fischeri sensor kinase RscS induces expression of the syp (symbiosis polysaccharide) gene cluster and promotes biofilm phenotypes such as wrinkled colony morphology, pellicle formation, and surface adherence. RscS is predicted to be a hybrid sensor kinase with a histidine kinase/ATPase (HATPase) domain, a receiver (Rec) domain, and a histidine phosphotransferase (Hpt) domain. Bioinformatic analysis also revealed the following three potential signal detection domains within RscS: two transmembrane helices forming a transmembrane region (TMR), a large periplasmic (PP) domain, and a cytoplasmic PAS domain. In this work, we genetically dissected the contributions of these domains to RscS function. Substitutions within the carboxy-terminal domain supported identification of RscS as a hybrid sensor kinase; disruption of both the HATPase and Rec domains eliminated induction of syp transcription, wrinkled colony morphology, pellicle formation, and surface adherence, while disruption of Hpt resulted in decreased activity. The PAS domain was also critical for RscS activity; substitutions in PAS resulted in a loss of activity. Generation of a cytoplasmic, N-terminal deletion derivative of RscS resulted in a partial loss of activity, suggesting a role for localization to the membrane and/or sequences within the TMR and PP domain. Finally, substitutions within the first transmembrane helix of the TMR and deletions within the PP domain both resulted in increased activity. Thus, RscS integrates both inhibitory and stimulatory signals from the environment to regulate biofilm formation by V. fischeri.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in a 3-month old male presenting as thrombocytopenia

We report a case of a 3-month old male infant, born to a mother with a known history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The infant initially presented with petechiae, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. His evaluation revealed antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer of 1 : 160, negative anti-SS-A/SS-B antibody, positive anti-Smith antibody, elevated anti-dsDNA titer, and a slightly low C4 level. His subsequent development of hematuria with nephrotic grade proteinuria fulfilled criteria for a diagnosis of SLE. His condition improved with corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil and low-dose aspirin. At 18 months of age, he is clinically well, off all immunosuppression with normal growth parameters and no detectable autoantibodies.
From grasp to language: Embodied concepts and the challenge of abstraction

Abstract The discovery of mirror neurons in the macaque monkey and the discovery of a homologous “mirror system for grasping” in Broca’s area in the human brain has revived the gestural origins theory of the evolution of the human capability for language, enriching it with the suggestion that mirror neurons provide the neurological core for this evolution. However, this notion of “mirror neuron support for the transition from grasp to language” has been worked out in very different ways in the Mirror System Hypothesis model [Arbib, M.A., 2005a. From monkey-like action recognition to human language: an evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics (with commentaries and author’s response). Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, 105–167; Rizzolatti, G., Arbib, M.A., 1998. Language within our grasp. Trends in Neuroscience 21(5), 188–194] and the Embodied Concept model [Gallese, V., Lakoff, G., 2005. The brain’s concepts: the role of the sensory-motor system in reason and language. Cognitive Neuropsychology 22, 455–479]. The present paper provides a critique of the latter to enrich analysis of the former, developing the role of schema theory [Arbib, M.A., 1981. Perceptual structures and distributed motor control. In: Brooks, V.B. (Ed.), Handbook of Physiology – The Nervous System II. Motor Control. American Physiological Society, pp. 1449–1480].
Effective Resistance of a Two Layer Mesh

The effective resistance of a resistive mesh is a commonly used analogy for various scientific and engineering problems such as voltage drop estimation, distributed control including time synchronization and sensor localization, determining the chemical distance among multiple bonds, and finding the distance between two vertices in a graph. Resistive networks are a commonly used structure in electronics to model different elements of an integrated circuit, such as a physical substrate, an integrated circuit layout, and a power distribution network. On-chip power and ground networks are composed of orthogonal metal lines from different metal layers, and a resistive mesh is typically used to model these networks. A two layer mesh is therefore commonly used to analyze IR voltage drops and decoupling capacitor placement. A closed-form expression is described here for the effective resistance between the intersections of a two layer resistive mesh where the horizontal and vertical unit resistances are different. The physical distance between the nodes of interest and the ratio between the horizontal and vertical resistances are included in the expression. The maximum error of the closed-form expression, as compared with the exact solution, is less than 5% for a wide range of . The error further decreases with greater separation between the nodes of interest.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide stimulates neurite growth in PC12 cells

Abstract The ability of PACAP-38 to stimulate morphological development was studied using rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. PACAP-38 produced concentration-dependent increases in percentage of cells exhibiting neurite extension. Similar increases were produced by forskolin (28 ± 2% at 96 h) and 8-bromo cAMP (30 ± 2%). Vasoactive intestinal peptide and α-calcitonin gene-related peptide were without effect. PACAP-38 produced significant increases in PC12 cell cAMP content and inositol phosphate turnover. Intracellular [Ca 2+ ] increased from 169 ± 14 n M to 560 ± 58 n M in response to 1 μ M PACAP-38. PACAP-stimulated neurite outgrowth was abolished by R p cAMPS, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent kinases but was unaffected by the protein kinase C antagonist H7.
Modeling, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Potential Retinoid X Receptor‐Selective Agonists: Novel Halogenated Analogues of 4‐[1‐(3,5,5,8,8‐Pentamethyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2‐naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic Acid (Bexarotene)

The synthesis of halogenated analogs of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (1), known commonly as bexarotene, and their evaluation for retinoid-X-receptor (RXR)-specific agonist performance is described. Compound 1 is FDA approved to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL); however, bexarotene treatment can induce hypothyroidism and elevated triglyceride levels, presumably by disrupting RXR heterodimer pathways for other nuclear receptors. The novel halogenated analogs in this study were modeled and assessed for their ability to bind to RXR and stimulate RXR homodimerization in an RXRE-mediated transcriptional assay as well as an RXR mammalian-2-hybrid assay. In an array of 8 novel compounds, 4 analogs were discovered to promote RXR-mediated transcription with comparable EC50 values as 1 and are selective RXR agonists. Our approach also uncovered a periodic trend of increased binding and homodimerization of RXR when substituting a halogen atom for a proton ortho to the carboxylic acid on 1.
The New Puerto Rican Bomba Movement

Drawing upon Critical Race and racialization theories, this article aims at providing a different approach to ‘The New Puerto Rican Bomba Movement’. Bomba is a musical genre of African roots developed in Puerto Rico upon the arrival of African populations during the slave trade in the sixteenth century. In the last two decades, a proliferation of Bomba groups and schools performing and teaching this peculiar rhythm has taken place. I attempt to unravel two interrelated paradoxes: (1) despite hegemonic discourses on Puerto Rican nationalism, which portray the Puerto Rican subject as mixed race, most Puerto Ricans self-identify racially as white or Black. (2) Based on the assumption of a racially mixed national subject, Puerto Rico reaffirms itself as a racial democracy, ‘The great Puerto Rican family’. This discourse contrasts with daily speeches and practices that emphasize racial exclusions and inequalities.
Deaf and hard of hearing faculty in higher education: enhancing access, equity, policy, and practice

Higher education institutions are often well prepared in terms of accommodation policies and practices for disabled students. Ironically, campuses are often not prepared once disabled academics return as faculty. Most are particularly unfamiliar with the unique access needs of deaf or hard of hearing academics. This can result in career hindrances to employment and tenure, as well as potential losses to campuses in terms of diversity. Background and substantiation on this access issue is provided along with recommendations for policy-making and practices for campuses that are geared to ensuring career success for deaf and hard of hearing faculty.
Listening to Voices: Patient Experience and the Meanings of Mental Illness

This chapter proceeds from the observation that the voices of the mentally ill have been inappropriately neglected both by social scientists and mental health practitioners. After tracing how the triumph of biological psychiatry in recent decades has led to a disproportionate focus on patients’ symptoms rather than stories, we consider the political significance of listening well to individual accounts. We draw inspiration from feminist, critical race, and disability theories to illustrate how patients’ stories illuminate the nature of personal suffering as well as the social structures that can cause or amplify such suffering. While personal memoirs can be a valuable source for understanding the subjective experience of mental illness, we maintain that sociological writing based on a range of voices uncovers broader regularities in the evolution of illness experiences. To illustrate this point, we consider how qualitative research can powerfully articulate the connection between illness careers and patterned identity transformations. The chapter closes with a call for more studies on how different intersections of multiple social locations shape diverse mental illness experiences and associated meanings.
Coherent exsolution in Fe-free pyroxenes

Mg-rich diopsides on the MgrSirO.-CaMgSirOu join were synthesized from glasses or gels and subsequently annealed at atmospheric pressure between 1000' and 1350'C for varying lengths of time. A marked change in the exsolution kinetics was observed at 1325'C for Diun.t and at 1275"C for Di.rs. Below these temperatures the respective compositions exsolve rapidly (in one day or less), and the resulting microstructure, observed by transmission electron microscopy, consiSts of closely-spaced, irregular lamellae parallel to (001). Above 1325"C (for Di*r) and 1275"C (for Diurr) no exsolution was observed after equivalent or longer annealing times. In addition, no exsolution occurred for a composition of Ditt.u annealed at temperatures as low as 1000'C for 144 hours. A microstructure consisting of straight widely-spaced lamellae, also parallel to (001), was observed in long-term runs ofDiuro annealed at 1125'C for several hundred hours; however, the method of synthesis was different from that used for the other compositions and may have introduced chemical inhomogeneities into the starting material. In all cases the exsolved phase is perfectly coherent with the host, but inverts to low pigeonite during cooling. Because ofthe coherency between the phases, the exsolution must occur beneath the c0herent solvus, and the sharp break in the kinetics is attributed to the (001) coherent spinodal.
Determination of uterine blood volume and correlation with ovarian function.

SummaryA method is described for the measurement of uterine blood volume using RIHSA as a tracer. Estrus induced by 2-day administration of estrogen to ovariectomized mice or normally occurring estrus in mice was associated with a parallel increase in uterine weight and uterine blood volume. This increase may be attributed to either increased vascularity or increased vascular capacitance. After acute administration of estrogen to ovariectomized mice and rats, uterine blood volume increased without a corresponding change in uterine weight. This change occurred when the uterus was visibly hyperemic and at a time which corresponds roughly to that when uterine blood flow has been shown to increase. Changes in the volume measured with protein were demonstrated to be valid and to not result from increased vascular permeability.
Information Processing Capacity and Attitude Measurement

Green and Rao, using the criterion of information recovery and simulated data, concluded that sevenpoint scales were best [3]. Benson, pointing out that their criterion was not always applicable, suggested that wherever only averages are required, dichotomous or trichotomous scales suffice [1]. Jacoby and Matell reached similar conclusions using summary rating indices [9]. Lehmann and Hulbert's simulation concluded that a minimum of five categories was desirable unless there was averaging, either across individuals or scales [10]. Most research on the number of scale categories has focused on the desirable lower limit. At the upper limit, there are possible costs of respondent confusion and increased questionnaire length associated with increasing the number of categories [7]. Apart from this type of measurement error, however, Miller has found that over a wide range of unidimensional sensory variables, humans are incapable of discriminating among more than about 10 discrete categories. He concluded that this resulted from limited information processing capacity which appeared reasonably invariant over a number of different sensory attributes [11]. If this phenomenon were to apply to such common marketing measurement problems as rating stimuli on dimensions, then it would raise legitimate
Synthesis of Reaction Bonded Silicon Nitride from High Purity Si Powders

Significantly improved reaction kinetics and properties have been realized for reaction bonded Si3N4 (RBSN) by using Si powders having unusual physical and chemical characteristics combined with clean, oxygen-free processing conditions. For instance, complete nitridation can be achieved in < 1 h at 1150°C or < 100 m at 1250°C without pre-nucleation, or < 1 h at 1100°C with pre-nucleation. These compare with normal schedules of ~100 h at 1470–1500°C. Resulting strengths (up to 870 MPa) and oxidation resistances of the RBSN essentially equal those of fully dense Si3N4 even though RBSN includes 25% open porosity. The results show that every aspect of the process, ranging from powder synthesis to < ppm levels of oxygen in the nitriding atmosphere, have demonstrable effects on the reaction kinetics and the resulting properties of the parts. With careful processing, reaction formed ceramics can compete advantageously with fully dense counterparts.
Kinetic Study on Stereospecific Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene Using a Nickel Based Catalyst System in Environmentally Friendly Solvent

The present work describes the stereospecific polymerization of 1,3-butadiene catalyzed by a nickel naphthenate/triethylaluminum/boron trifluoride etherate catalytic system in a noncarcinogenic solvent mixture. The detailed study on the effect of various parameters on the polymerization and product characteristics is reported. The catalyst concentration and reaction temperature did not have any significant effect on microstructure. Moreover, the conversion was observed to be the maximum at a 1.07 boron trifluoride/alkylaluminum molar ratio. The effect of catalyst concentration showed that at lower concentrations, a lower number of active sites leads to higher molecular weight (Mw) while the polydispersity index (PDI) exhibited a reverse trend. The polymerization was first order with respect to monomer as well as catalyst concentration. The overall rate constant was found to be 0.032 s–1 mol–1 for this catalyst system. The activation energy of the polymerization was found to be 14.1 kcal mol–1.
Inheritance of the ability for ectomycorrhizal colonization of Pinus strobus by Laccaria bicolor

Ectomycorrhizal colonization of Pinus strobus by monokaryotic and dikaryotic progeny of two strains of Laccaria bicolor was studied. The mon- okaryotic progeny of one strain formed ectomycor- rhizae with between 1.5 and 80% of the available short roots. In the other case, the monokaryotic progeny formed ectomycorrhizae with between zero and 22% of the available roots. Percent ectomycor- rhizal colonization by the dikaryotic progeny of both strains was continuously distributed from 30 to 84% in one case and from zero to 80% in the other. The results indicate that percent ectomycorrhizal coloni- zation is polygenically controlled. A quantitative anal- ysis of the dikaryotic progeny of one of the strains indicates that the degree of genetic determination, under the conditions of this study, are 19.7 and 4.4%. The interactive genetic component accounted for most of the genetically determined variation in this
Influence of time-varying frequency content in earthquake ground motions on seismic response of linear elastic systems

Summary Earthquake ground motion records are nonstationary in both amplitude and frequency content. However, the latter nonstationarity is typically neglected mainly for the sake of mathematical simplicity. To study the stochastic effects of the time-varying frequency content of earthquake ground motions on the seismic response of structural systems, a pair of closely related stochastic ground motion models is adopted here. The first model (referred to as ground motion model I) corresponds to a fully nonstationary stochastic earthquake ground motion model previously developed by the authors. The second model (referred to as ground motion model II) is nonstationary in amplitude only and is derived from the first model. Ground motion models I and II have the same mean-square function and global frequency content but different features of time variation in the frequency content, in that no time variation of the frequency content exists in ground motion model II. New explicit closed-form solutions are derived for the response of linear elastic SDOF and MDOF systems subjected to stochastic ground motion model II. New analytical solutions for the evolutionary cross-correlation and cross-PSD functions between the ground motion input and the structural response are also derived for linear systems subjected to ground motion model I. Comparative analytical results are presented to quantify the effects of the time-varying frequency content of earthquake ground motions on the structural response of linear elastic systems. It is found that the time-varying frequency content in the seismic input can have significant effects on the stochastic properties of system response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiocyanate Accumulation in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Nitroprusside Infusions.

Purpose:This study evaluated thiocyanate concentrations and factors associated with thiocyanate accumulation in intensive care unit patients receiving nitroprusside with and without sodium thiosulf...
Exact DREs Associated With Differential Equations

With some restrictions on the integrands, we can construct a type of exact DRE, or DREs with zero remainders.
Must it Be Abstract? Hegel, Pippin, and Clark

By comparison with other parts of his philosophy, Hegel's Aesthetics has been slighted by Anglo-American philosophers. All the more welcome then are two recent essays by Robert Pippin, which promise to go well beyond received notions. With Hegel's Idealism, Pippin published what is by any measure one of the most original of recent treatments. Shortly thereafter came a penetrating study of the idea of the modern, which allotted a central role to artistic modernism, and since then he has published various essays actively engaging our post-Kantian legacy. Readers will therefore have heightened expectations of Pippin's turn to Hegel's aesthetics, or rather, as he himself signals, the philosophy of art — unlike some he clearly approves of the shift from Kantian questions of aesthetic taste to Romantic speculations on art, indeed on Art as cultural absolute. They will hardly be disappointed. Yet in the event they will find themselves negotiating texts that are at once dense and elliptical, much of the argument being conducted via footnotes, its implications—what it commits the author to in theory and in practice — not evident straightaway. If Hegel's position (so far as one can speak of such a thing, when it is known largely from student notes made over a number of years) is complex, Pippin's turns out to be no less so. While I can hardly do justice to its intricacies, I do consider it both important and controversial, whether as interpretation of Hegel or as an approach to modernist abstraction.
Comparison of Mechanical Versus Hand Administration of IV Contrast Agents for Pediatric Pulmonary CT Angiography

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the difference between mechanical versus hand administration of IV contrast agents on the diagnostic quality of pediatric pulmonary CT angiography (CTA). MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review of the medical records was performed to detect pediatric patients (≤ 18 years) with pulmonary CTA performed between September 2012 and March 2015. Patients were placed into two cohorts on the basis of the method of contrast administration (mechanical vs hand). Additional information obtained included IV size or gauge, IV site, amount and type of contrast agent administered, and rate of administration (mL/s). The quality of the CT images was independently evaluated by two pediatric radiologists using a qualitative 4-point visual assessment scale and quantitatively with attenuation (HU). An ANOVA controlling for age compared the contrast enhancement in the central pulmonary arteries between the cohorts. RESULTS. One hundred forty-eight consecutive pediatric pat...
Resolution of Overactive Bladder After Mid-Urethral Sling Placement With Mixed Incontinence

Mixed urinary incontinence, though common, is often challenging for clinicians to treat. With guidelines and best practice statements published for overactive bladder and stress urinary incontinence, respectively, we rely on current research for data to support treatment decisions for mixed urinary incontinence. The goal of this paper is to review the research and better understand the outcomes that can be expected in patients with mixed urinary incontinence who undergo a mid-urethral sling. Seven articles published from 2011 to 2016 were reviewed that directly addressed this clinical question. Greater than 50% subjective cure rate of urgency-related symptoms was reported in these studies with some as high as 89%. Age, body mass index, and previous incontinence surgeries were found to influence the outcomes. Improvement in urge-related symptoms is commonly seen after a sling is placed for mixed urinary incontinence. Managing patient expectations and patient education is critical in these difficult clinical scenarios.
Case of a Girl with Secondary Amenorrhea and an Eating Disorder

This clinical case describes a 13-year-old female who presents with secondary amenorrhea. She has lost 3 kg since age 12, but on close examination of her growth charts, this seemingly small amount of weight loss at a time of expected rapid growth translates into a significant decrease in BMI percentile. Her history, vital signs, physical exam, and laboratory work are consistent with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Untreated anorexia can lead to grave outcomes such as osteopenia, cardiac arrest, suicide, infertility, and the development of chronic anorexia nervosa that becomes refractory to treatment. The most effective treatment is aggressive nutritional rehabilitation through the administration of nutrient-dense meals. Family-based treatment is the most evidence-based modality for refeeding anorexic adolescents, especially those who are young with a short duration of illness. It is imperative that parents understand the gravity of this diagnosis and the need for timely and aggressive treatment.
Electrocardiographic Findings in National Basketball Association Athletes.

Importance While it is known that long-term intensive athletic training is associated with cardiac structural changes that can be reflected on surface electrocardiograms (ECGs), there is a paucity of sport-specific ECG data. This study seeks to clarify the applicability of existing athlete ECG interpretation criteria to elite basketball players, an athlete group shown to develop significant athletic cardiac remodeling. Objective To generate normative ECG data for National Basketball Association (NBA) athletes and to assess the accuracy of athlete ECG interpretation criteria in this population. Design, Setting, and Participants The NBA has partnered with Columbia University Medical Center to annually perform a review of policy-mandated annual preseason ECGs and stress echocardiograms for all players and predraft participants. This observational study includes the preseason ECG examinations of NBA athletes who participated in the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 seasons, plus all participants in the 2014 and 2015 NBA predraft combines. Examinations were performed from July 2013 to May 2015. Data analysis was performed between December 2015 and March 2017. Exposures Active roster or draft status in the NBA and routine preseason ECGs and echocardiograms. Main Outcomes and Measures Baseline quantitative ECG variables were measured and ECG data qualitatively analyzed using 3 existing, athlete-specific interpretation criteria: Seattle (2012), refined (2014), and international (2017). Abnormal ECG findings were compared with matched echocardiographic data. Results Of 519 male athletes, 409 (78.8%) were African American, 96 (18.5%) were white, and the remaining 14 (2.7%) were of other races/ethnicities; 115 were predraft combine participants, and the remaining 404 were on active rosters of NBA teams. The mean (SD) age was 24.8 (4.3) years. Physiologic, training-related changes were present in 462 (89.0%) athletes in the study. Under Seattle criteria, 131 (25.2%) had abnormal findings, compared with 108 (20.8%) and 81 (15.6%) under refined and international criteria, respectively. Increased age and increased left ventricular relative wall thickness (RWT) on echocardiogram were highly associated with abnormal ECG classifications; 17 of 186 athletes (9.1%) in the youngest age group (age 18-22 years) had abnormal ECGs compared with 36 of the 159 athletes (22.6%) in the oldest age group (age 27-39 years) (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6-5.4;P Conclusions and Relevance Despite the improved specificity of the international recommendations over previous athlete-specific ECG criteria, abnormal ECG classification rates remain high in NBA athletes. The development of left ventricular concentric remodeling appears to have a significant influence on the prevalence of abnormal ECG classification and repolarization abnormalities in this athlete group.
Big data analytic based personalized air quality health advisory model

Ambient air pollution has been a worldwide concern with a devastating impact on the health of the population. Assessing health effects of air pollution is vital for protecting individual health. This study proposes a big data analytic based personalized air quality health advisory model to address the issues of sparse air pollution monitoring sites, pollution mixture effects and lack of personalized air quality health guidance. The main components of the proposed model lie in three aspects: (i) estimating high resolution concentrations of air pollution with big data analytics based on enormous structured and unstructured data; (ii) quantifying the health effects of both single pollutant and pollutant mixtures; (iii) designing the personalized health advisory model based on individual characteristics and exposure information. A real example is provided to demonstrate the implementation and reasonability of the model based on data collected from Shenzhen city, China.
Return on Investment for a Payer-Provider Partnership to Improve Care Management of Employees and Early Retirees.

Objective:A large employer partnered with local health care providers to pilot test an intensive nurse care manager program for employees and retirees. We evaluated its impact on health care utilization and costs.Methods:A database was developed containing 2011 to 2015 health care enrollment and cla
Toward an Interactive Patent Retrieval Framework based on Distributed Representations

We present a novel interactive framework for patent retrieval leveraging distributed representations of concepts and entities extracted from the patents text. We propose a simple and practical interactive relevance feedback mechanism where the user is asked to annotate relevant/irrelevant results from the top n hits. We then utilize this feedback for query reformulation and term weighting where weights are assigned based on how good each term is at discriminating the relevant vs. irrelevant candidates. First, we demonstrate the efficacy of the distributed representations on the CLEF-IP 2010 dataset where we achieve significant improvement of 4.6% in recall over the keyword search baseline. Second, we simulate interactivity to demonstrate the efficacy of our interactive term weighting mechanism. Simulation results show that we can achieve significant improvement in recall from one interaction iteration outperforming previous semantic and interactive patent retrieval methods.
Neurobiology of Opioid Use Disorder and Comorbid Traumatic Brain Injury.

Importance Treating patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) and traumatic brain injury illustrates 6 neurobiological principles about the actions of 2 contrasting opioid analgesics, morphine and fentanyl, as well as pharmacotherapies for OUD, methadone, naltrexone, and buprenorphine. Observations This literature review focused on a patient with traumatic brain injury who developed OUD from chronic morphine analgesia. His treatment is described in a neurobiological framework of 6 opioid action principles. Conclusions and Relevance The 6 principles are (1) coactivation of neuronal and inflammatory immune receptors (Toll-like receptor 4), (2) 1 receptor activating cyclic adenosine monophosphate and β-arrestin second messenger systems, (3) convergence of opioid and adrenergic receptor types on 1 second messenger, (4) antagonist (eg, naltrexone)–induced receptor trafficking, (5) genetic μ-opioid receptor variants influencing analgesia and tolerance, and (6) cross-tolerance vs receptor antagonism as the basis of OUD pharmacotherapy with methadone or buprenorphine vs naltrexone.
Maxflow: Minimizing Latency in Hybrid Stochastic-Binary Systems

Stochastic computing (SC) is an alternative way to design arithmetic circuits that have lower area and power than circuits employing conventional binary (base-2) computing (BC). Large SC-based systems like neural networks (NNs) or vision systems usually resort to BC, either explicitly or implicitly, for tasks requiring higher accuracy, such as data storage, control functions, or complex arithmetic operations. The resulting hybrid SC-BC features often incorporate unsatisfactory tradeoffs between system latency and accuracy. For example, they may require many costly SC-BC data format converters, which interrupt bit-stream flow and cause significant delay overhead. While improving accuracy has been a major research goal in SC, less attention has been paid to reducing latency. We present a novel design methodology called Maxflow that minimizes the latency of SC operations without reducing accuracy or interrupting data flow more than necessary. Maxflow supports delay-accuracy tradeoffs with little hardware modification. Its effectiveness is demonstrated for a deep NN, where it reduces overall latency substantially with no loss of accuracy compared to previous designs.
Competitive Rates — A Break from the Past?

Although competition seems to require a major shift in the ways electric utilities set prices, the industry is really returning to the situation which prevailed in its infancy at the beginning to the twentieth century. Most traditional rate structures were designed during that period according to basic pricing principles still in operation today, and were designed to deal with the competition the industry faced during that period. The adoption of state rate regulation and changes in technology eliminated or reduced much of that competition, and eliminated the incentive for rates to change as market conditions changed. As a result traditional rate structures became an anachronistic relic of earlier conditions.
Immunologic Functions and the Pathogenesis of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Since the syndrome was first reported in mid-1981 (1–3), over 5000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States. The majority of cases appear in homosexual or bisexual men, intravenous drug users, Haitian immigrants, and hemophiliacs (4), while lesser numbers of cases have occurred in recipients of blood transfusions (5) and among co-habitants of patients with AIDS (6). The epidemiologic evidence is most consistent with an etiologic role for a transmissible agent, probably a virus, and this has received strong support from recent serologic data (7–9).
Targeting TNF for Treatment of Cancer and Autoimmunity

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was first isolated two decades ago as a macrophageproduced protein that can effectively kill tumor cells. TNF-α is also an essential component of the immune system and is required for hematopoiesis, for protection from bacterial infection and for immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Extensive research, however, has revealed that TNF-α is one of the major players in tumor initiation, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. The proinflammatory activities link TNF-α with a wide variety of autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and ankylosing spondylitis. Systemic inhibitors of TNF such as etanercept (Enbrel) (a soluble TNF receptor) and infliximab (Remicade) and adalimumab (Humira) (anti-TNF antibodies) have been approved for the treatment inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. These drugs, however, exhibit severe side effects and are expensive. Hence orally active blockers of TNF-α that are safe, efficacious and inexpensive are urgently needed. Numerous products from fruits, vegetable and traditional medicinal plants have been described which can suppress TNF expression and TNF signaling but their clinical potential is yet uncertain.
Models for infrared emission from zodiacal dust

The large-scale brightness of most of the sky at wavelengths from 10 µm to 30 µm is dominated by thermal emission from interplanetary dust. Measurement of this ‘zodiacal emission’ has long been of interest for many reasons. The IRAS survey has provided comprehensive brightness measurements in the infrared, covering the celestial sphere with solar elongation angles ranging from 60° to 120°. These data have stimulated numerous approaches to segregation and modeling of the zodiacal emission. Current models provide a reasonable basis for study of the interplanetary dust, but are severely stressed when one wishes to know the ‘residual’ sky brightness. The nature, status, and implications of various models are reviewed.
Provision of Reproductive Healthcare to Women with Disabilities: A Survey of Obstetrician-Gynecologists' Training, Practices, and Perceived Barriers.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to document current awareness, attitudes, and training regarding the care of women with disabilities by obstetrician–gynecologists (ob-gyns) and expl...
Predictors of early childhood undernutrition in Nigeria: the role of maternal autonomy.

Objective To investigate the relationship between maternal autonomy and various indices of child undernutrition among children aged l2 years in Nigeria, considering the cultural context and sociodemographic factors. Design Population-based, cross-sectional study. Associations between various indices of maternal autonomy and child undernutrition (specifically stunting, underweight and wasting) were determined using weighted bivariate and multivariable logistic regression modelling. Setting 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey. Participants Children aged between 3 and 24 months (n 7532). Results Overall, 31·4 % (n 2270), 29·8 % (n 2060) and 25·0 % (n 1755) of children in the sample were stunted, underweight and wasted, respectively. Women with acceptance of domestic violence (low autonomy) were approximately 18 and 14 % less likely to have stunted (OR = 0·82; 95 % CI 0·71, 0·94) and underweight children (OR = 0·86; 95 % CI 0·75, 0·99), respectively. Similarly, women with low power in their couple relations were 17 % less likely to have children who were wasted (OR = 0·83; 95 % CI 0·72, 0·97). Sociodemographic predictors of all indices of undernutrition included maternal education and Hausa ethnicity. Additionally, stunting was predicted by lack of exclusive breast-feeding, low income and being of Fulani ethnicity; wasting by having mothers with low BMI; and underweight by breast-feeding initiation within 1 h hour of birth, polygamous homes, mothers with low BMI and being of Fulani ethnicity. Conclusions Women with acceptance of domestic violence and low power in couple relations were found to be less likely to have children with indices of undernutrition. This unexpected finding calls for future exploratory research, and policies and interventions that target at-risk subgroups.
Counter-Radicalisation Strategies: An Analysis of German and French Approaches and Implementations

Nowadays, European ‘homegrown’ Jihadism poses a high security threat and is a top issue on the political agenda of various European countries. Islamist radicalisation, which concerns principally juveniles and young adults, is one source of this, one may argue, ‘new’ form of terrorism that challenges Europe’s societies. Whilst the phenomenon of Islamist radicalisation and its causes has increasingly gained scholarly attention, little systematic knowledge on political policies and preventive measures implemented to counter it exists. This chapter addresses the gap by providing detailed overview of domestic counter-radicalisation strategies and programmes implemented in Germany and France, two countries with a sizeable Muslim population and therefore particularly exposed to the threat posed by violent Islamist extremism. The counter-radicalisation strategies are inspected and compared on the basis of theoretical considerations on the legitimacy of state authority.
SITH: an R package for visualizing and analyzing a spatial model of intratumor heterogeneity

Abstract Motivation Cancer progression, including the development of intratumor heterogeneity, is inherently a spatial process. Mathematical models of tumor evolution can provide insights into patterns of heterogeneity that can emerge in the presence of spatial growth. Summary We develop SITH, an R package that implements a lattice-based stochastic model of tumor growth and mutation. SITH provides 3D interactive visualizations of the simulated tumor and highlights heavily mutated regions. SITH can produce synthetic bulk and single-cell sequencing data sets by sampling from the tumor. The streamlined API will make SITH a useful tool for investigating the relationship between spatial growth and intratumor heterogeneity. Availability and Implementation SITH is a part of CRAN and can thus be installed by running install.packages(“SITH”) from the R console. See https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=SITH for the user manual and package vignette.
The role of telehealth in improving patient care and satisfaction during a pandemic: University of California Cancer Consortium experience

258Background: The adoption of telemedicine in providing patient-centric care has been limited due to concerns related to upfront cost and the uncertain reimbursement models. Telehealth modalities,...
Clustering and erratic movement patterns of syringe-injected versus mosquito-inoculated malaria sporozoites underlie decreased infectivity

Live attenuated malaria sporozoites are promising vaccine candidates, however, their efficacy critically depends on their capability to reach and infect the host liver. Administration via mosquito inoculation is by far the most potent method for inducing immunity, but highly unpractical. Here, we observed that intradermal syringe-injected Plasmodium berghei sporozoites (syrSPZ) were three-fold less efficient in migrating to and infecting mouse liver compared to mosquito-inoculated sporozoites (msqSPZ). This was related to a clustered dermal distribution (2-fold decreased median distance between syrSPZ vs msqSPZ) and, more importantly, a 1.4-fold significantly slower and more erratic movement pattern. These erratic movement patterns were likely caused by alteration of dermal tissue morphology (>15 μm intercellular gaps) due to injection pressure and may critically decrease sporozoite infectivity. These results suggest that novel microvolume-based administration technologies hold promise for replicating the success of mosquito-inoculated live attenuated sporozoite vaccines.
Experimental characterization of secondary atomization at high Ohnesorge numbers

Abstract A droplet subjected to external aerodynamic perturbations and fragmenting into smaller droplets is defined as secondary atomization. In the past decades, droplet breakup at low Ohnesorge numbers (Oh