cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of anxiety and induced stress on the structured-objective Rorschach test.

This study examined three hypotheses: (1) the SORT is sensitive to different levels of anxiety; (2) induced stress will yield differential effects on the SORT; and (3) Fch scores are a measure of anxiety on the SORT. 396 introductory psychology students were administered the 50-item version of the Taylor MAS. From this sample, 44 male and 44 female Ss were selected as high or low anxious Ss and assigned to the stress or non-stress groups. From an analysis of scores: (1) H appeared to be the only valid indicator of anxiety on the SORT. The SORT was not as generally sensitive to differing levels of anxiety as is the standard Rorschach. (2) The effects of stress could not be measured, since the stress situation apparently failed in its purpose. (3) Fch scores were not related to anxiety. A discussion of the SORT followed, with emphasis on the SORT as differing considerably from the standard Rorschach.
A lens model analysis of a bookbag and poker chip experiment: A methodological note

A bookbag and poker chip experiment is evaluated in light of a lens model analysis. Bag composition (60-40 vs. 80-20) and s-f were considered as cues, and the probability of the favored hypothesis as the criterion. Separate analyses were performed on each individual judge, and also on a hypothetical Bayesian “judge.” The linear regression model incompletely specifies the Bayesian judge, but permits useful comparisons between the cue utilization coefficients of the actual judges and the normative model.
The effects of dimethylsulfide upon marine aerosol concentrations

Abstract A simplified dimethylsulfide (DMS) oxidation mechanism is used in a box model to predict the vapor source rates of the major sulfur-containing products, methanesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid, in the marine boundary layer. These vapor source rates drive an integral aerosol model that predicts gas-to-particle conversion of the acid species in the presence of water vapor. The effects of latitudinal variations in background hydroxyl radical concentrations, temperatures, and relative humidities upon the predicted aerosol number concentrations are presented, and the sensitivity of the predictions to uncertainties in aerosol model input parameters is discussed. The predictions support a dependence of marine aerosol concentrations on latitude, as noted in some observations. Realistic choices of aerosol model parameters yield number concentrations that are consistent with observed concentrations in remote marine areas.
A taste of tweets: reverse engineering Twitter spammers

In this paper, through reverse engineering Twitter spammers' tastes (their preferred targets to spam), we aim at providing guidelines for building more effective social honeypots, and generating new insights to defend against social spammers. Specifically, we first perform a measurement study by deploying "benchmark" social honeypots on Twitter with diverse and fine-grained social behavior patterns to trap spammers. After five months' data collection, we make a deep analysis on how Twitter spammers find their targets. Based on the analysis, we evaluate our new guidelines for building effective social honeypots by implementing "advanced" honeypots. Particularly, within the same time period, using those advanced honeypots can trap spammers around 26 times faster than using "traditional" honeypots.In the second part of our study, we investigate new active collection approaches to complement the fundamentally passive procedure of using honeypots to slowly attract spammers. Our goal is that, given limited resources/time, instead of blindly crawling all possible (or randomly sampling) Twitter accounts at the first place (for later spammer analysis), we need a lightweight strategy to prioritize the active crawling/sampling of more likely spam accounts from the huge Twittersphere. Applying what we have learned about the tastes of spammers, we design two new, active and guided sampling approaches for collecting most likely spammer accounts during the crawling. According to our evaluation, our strategies could efficiently crawl/sample over 17,000 spam accounts within a short time with a considerably high "Hit Ratio", i.e., collecting 6 correct spam accounts in every 10 sampled accounts.
Modelling of quantum mechanical control systems

Abstract A program of studies of quantum mechanical control systems is initiated. Following the historical development of quantum mechanics, the quantum control model is obtained from a corresponding classical structure. Second order linear and bilinear control systems as well as first order linear control systems are investigated; it is further demonstrated that the analysis may be extended to some nonlinear control problems. The results derived for these systems form an interesting example of the general theory of quantization.
Participation in the Risk-taking Occupation of Skateboarding

The purpose of this ethnographic study is to describe the values, behaviors, and beliefs of skateboarders in order to understand the meaning and identity derived from the occupation as well as cultural influences on attitudes toward injury. In‐depth interviews were conducted with seven active skateboarders. Analysis of the data led to the development of a chronology of participation in the risk‐taking occupation of skateboarding. Results of this study illustrate that achieving one's best and the core value of freedom in the skateboarding subculture outweigh the risk of injury inherent to participation in the occupation. Skateboarders accept injury as an attribute of the occupation they practice and reinforce this acceptance on a social level.
Assessing Contamination Susceptibility at Public Water Supply Wells in California

(2002). Assessing Contamination Susceptibility at Public Water Supply Wells in California. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 399-400.
Synthesis, Loading, and Application of Individual Nanocapsules for Probing Single-Cell Signaling

This paper describes the synthesis and loading of silica and polystyrene−acrylic based nanocapsules with small molecules. The nanocapsules are used for delivering defined packages of stimuli to single cells with both high spatial and temporal resolutions. To introduce molecules into the capsules, we characterized two approaches. The first approach is based on a base-swell process in which the shell of the capsule is swelled so small molecules can diffuse into the interior of the capsule and be trapped inside once the capsules are de-swelled. The second approach is based on a dry−swell−dry process in which the solution containing the molecules of interest and the nanocapsules is physically dried to promote more molecules to enter into the interior of the capsule. We characterized both methods by monitoring the content of and the release from individual capsules with confocal microscopy and wide-field imaging. To illustrate the biological applications of such nanocapsules, we used optical trapping to positi...
Failure loads for model adhesive joints subjected to tension, compression or torsion

The Griffith fracture criterion has been applied to model adhesive joints subjected to tension, compression or torsion. Two model joints are considered: a rigid cylinder partly embedded in and bonded to an elastic cylinder (termed “rod joint” here), and an elastic cylinder inserted partway into, and bonded to, a rigid tube (termed “sleeve joint” here). Both types of joint have been constructed, using vulcanized rubber cylinders bonded to aluminium rods and sleeves.Measurements have been made of the failure loads under tension, compression and torsional loading. They were found to be in satisfactory agreement with the theoretical predictions except, in some instances, for rod joints subjected to tension or torsional loading when the failure loads were as much as three times the predicted values. This discrepancy is attributed to friction between the partially-detached rubber cylinder and the embedded rod, enhanced to a great extent by the tendency of the rubber cylinder to shrink in radius on stretching or twisting. A theoretical analysis of the effect of friction is presented. It predicts increasingly large pull-out forces or torques, as the depth of embedment increases, until frictional seizure occurs. Experimentally, frictional effects were limited by applying an internal gas pressure to the region being detached. All of the failure loads were then found to be in satisfactory agreement with the original theory, ignoring frictional effects. Thus, a simple fracture energy criterion is shown to govern the failure of adhesive joints under complex loading conditions, with or without friction acting at the interface.
Factors associated with stress among emergency medicine residents.

A survey of members of the Emergency Medicine Residents Association was conducted to investigate the occupational stress and depression experienced by this group. The 488 respondents provided demographic information and completed measures of stress and depression. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences in stress and depression by year of training ( P P P
Challenging Colorblindness in Arizona: Latina/o Students’ Counter-Narratives of Race and Racism

This essay reviews Latina/o students' counter-narratives challenging colorblindness. The author highlights the experiences of students from Tucson Unified School District's Mexican American Studies program. By examining student counter-narratives, the author also identifies race-related terms that are more suitable for dialogue among and with young Latinas/os of the post-civil rights generation.
Social Knowledge as a Control System: A Proposition and Evidence from the Japanese FDI Behavior

Building upon the concept of clans, this paper introduces the value of social knowledge as a control mechanism available for an MNC to manage its foreign subsidiaries. Social knowledge is defined as one's ability to understand and predict others' general patterns of behavior. The hypotheses are empirically tested with Japanese FDI data into four host countries, the United States, Singapore, Taiwan, and Korea. The results offer broad support for the proposition that for MNCs with social knowledge, the need to resort to ownership for control purposes is reduced.
Release of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from cortex of Spisula eggs at fertilization and its recombination after meiosis

Abstract Changes in subcellular distributions of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were observed after fertilization or artificial (KCl) activation of Spisula eggs. Though the total activity of G6PDH did not change during early stages, that in the 100,000 g supernatant fraction increased after fertilization, attained a maximum at the first meiotic metaphase, and then decreased. This change of activity in the supernatant was accompanied by a mirror-image change of activity in the pellet. Most of the G6PDH was localized in the 3000 g pellet fraction; furthermore, the activity in isolated cortices showed fluctuations during meiosis similar to that of the 3000 g pellet fraction. Conditions for the release and binding of the NADP-specific G6PDH from the pellet fraction were investigated in vitro . NADP + or NADPH can induce release of G6PDH, although NADPH is three to four times more efficient than NADP + . NAD + does not affect release. High concentrations of salts (ionic strength >0.3) caused complete G6PDH release from the pellet. Although raising the pH alone showed only a slight releasing effect, increase of pH to pH 7 or above considerably augmented release due to NADP + or NADPH. The release of G6PDH from the pellet fraction was shown to be reversible. These results suggest that the reversible association of G6PDH with particulate components of the cytoplasm may play an important role in regulation of G6PDH activity in marine eggs and that the cortex is one of the sites which may be involved in such regulation. The mechanism of recombination of G6PDH with its sites remains to be elucidated.
Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of prion disease transmission and pathogenesis. Vertical transmission is an area of interest among researchers studying infectious diseases, including prion disease, and these investigations require efficient methods for evaluating the effects of maternal infection on reproductive performance. Ultrasonographic examination is a well-established tool for diagnosing pregnancy and assessing fetal health in many animal species1-7, including several species of farmed cervids8-19, however this technique has not been described in Reeves' muntjac deer. Here we describe the application of transabdominal ultrasound to detect pregnancy in muntjac does and to evaluate fetal growth and development throughout the gestational period. Using this procedure, pregnant animals were identified as early as 35 days following doe-buck pairing and this was an effective means to safely monitor the pregnancy at regular intervals. Future goals of this work will include establishing normal fetal measurement references for estimation of gestational age, determining sensitivity and specificity of the technique for diagnosing pregnancy at various stages of gestation, and identifying variations in fetal growth and development under different experimental conditions.
Signaling by the Cytokine Receptor Superfamilya

A variety of cytokines that regulate functions of multiple lineages share the utilization of receptors that are structurally and functionally related and are referred to as the cytokine receptor superfamily. These receptors associate with one or more of the four mammalian Janus kinases (Jaks) and ligand-induced receptor aggregation results in their activation. Critical roles for Jak3 and Jak2 are demonstrated by the phenotypes of mice that lack each gene. Among the substrates of the Jaks are one or more of the seven members of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stats). Each Stat family member plays a critical role in the biological functions of specific cytokines as demonstrated by the phenotype of mice lacking one or more of these genes.
A Novel Fluorescent Epac-Agonist Reveals Epac1 and Epac2 Subcellular Localization in Cardiomyocytes

Epac (Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP) exist in two isoforms, Epac1 and Epac2. In cardiomyocytes, evidence is building that Epac2 mediates CaMKII and ryanodine receptor related arrhythmia whereas Epac1 overexpression leads to cardiac hypertrophy. This suggests potential subcellular localization differences for Epac1 and 2, but localization information in myocytes has been limited by antibody specificity. Here, we used a novel fluorescent cAMP-derivate Epac agonist 8-[Pharos-575]-2'-O-Me-cAMP (Φ-O-Me-cAMP) to identify Epac1 and Epac2 cardiac localization. Φ-O-Me-cAMP exhibits peak excitation at 543 nm and emission at 610 nm and increases several-fold when bound to Epac. Its Epac specificity was verified in double Epac1/Epac2 knockout mouse myocytes (DKO), and by competition with the non-fluorescent Epac agonist, 8-CPT (Fluorescence= 1,695±162 for Φ-O-Me-cAMP (n=13) vs. 394±41 with 100 μM 8-CPT (n=20) and 439±16 in DKO (n=52)). The apparent affinity of Φ-O-Me-cAMP (Kd) for Epac was 9.6±0.7 μM (n=14). Φ-O-Me-cAMP binding to PKA (a known cAMP target) is excluded because of the DKO results above and its lack of effect on PKA activity (assessed by a PKA-FRET-reporter) and a lack of effect of 100 μM Rp-cAMP (a PKA specific activator) on Φ-O-Me-cAMP signals in cells. Binding of 10 μM Φ-O-Me-cAMP in intact cells rose to a maximum with τ=30 min. Localization of Φ-O-Me-cAMP binding in Epac1-KO mice (i.e. Epac2 location) was prominently T-tubular (tracking Di-8-ANEPPS), whereas Epac1 distribution (in Epac2-KO cells) was non-striated and concentrated around the nucleus. In conclusion, Φ-O-Me-cAMP is a valuable fluorescent Epac-specific agonist. We conclude that Epac2 is T-tubular whereas Epac1 is more nuclear, which parallels their effects on Ca sparks and nuclear signaling, respectively.
Treatment with deferoxamine during ischemia improves functional and metabolic recovery and reduces reperfusion-induced oxygen radical generation in rabbit hearts.

BACKGROUND Iron may play a central role in oxygen radical generation during myocardial ischemia and after reperfusion. Because conditions during ischemia may also liberate iron, we hypothesized that administration of the iron chelator deferoxamine during ischemia would result in improved functional and metabolic recovery after postischemic reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS Isolated, perfused rabbit hearts were studied by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The hearts received one of three treatments: deferoxamine at the onset of 30 minutes of global ischemia (n = 9), deferoxamine as a bolus followed by a continuous 15-minute infusion begun at reflow (n = 9), or standard perfusate (n = 7). Hearts treated with deferoxamine during ischemia showed better recovery of developed pressure than did control hearts (63.2 +/- 7.5% versus 41.2 +/- 2.9% of baseline) (p = 0.02) and better recovery of myocardial phosphocreatine content (92.4 +/- 10.3% versus 68.2 +/- 4.5% of baseline, p less than 0.05). These functional and metabolic benefits were comparable to those obtained with deferoxamine treatment during early reperfusion. In 15 additional hearts, intraischemic treatment with deferoxamine resulted in no reduction in oxygen radical concentrations as measured on frozen tissue by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy at end ischemia, but the treatment eliminated the reperfusion-induced increase of free radical generation observed in control hearts (2.9 +/- 0.01 versus 7.0 +/- 0.07 microM, p less than 0.001). The magnitude of reduction was similar to that when deferoxamine was given at the onset of reflow (2.4 +/- 0.02 microM, p less than 0.001 versus control). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate improved functional and metabolic recovery of myocardium treated with deferoxamine during ischemia, accompanied by a reduction in reperfusion-induced oxygen free-radical generation to the same degree as reflow treatment, confirming the importance of iron in the pathogenesis of myocardial reperfusion injury.
Exchange reaction of methane on some oxide catalysts

Abstract The hydrogen exchange reaction between CD 4 and CH 4 was investigated over alumina, silica, titanium oxide, magnesia, and alumina modified with acid and base. When evacuated at 600°C, alumina was found to be most active followed by magnesia while silica and titanium oxide were totally inactive at any temperatures up to 600°C. Alumina modified with 9% of K 2 CO 3 retained about 20% of the original activity, but one impregnated with 5% of H 2 SO 4 completely lost the activity. It was found that the surface density of active sites of alumina measured with carbon dioxide with the aid of TPD was one order of magnitude smaller than that estimated previously. The exchange reaction between CD4 and the surface hydroxyl groups was also studied and the involvement of the surface hydroxyl groups in the CD 4 -CH 4 exchange reaction was discussed.
General approach for the synthesis of polyquinanes: stereospecific, regiospecific entry into the tetracyclo-[6.6.0.01,5.08,12]tetradecane system

Abstract The synthesis of tetracyclo-[6.6.0.0 1,5 .0 8,12 ]tetradecane-4,6,11,13-tetraone 12 is described.
Recovery of Third Nerve Palsy Following Surgical Clipping of Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms

Background The objective of the study was to identify the predictors of improved third cranial nerve (CN III) function in patients who underwent surgical clipping for posterior communicating artery (PComA) aneurysms with varying degrees of CN III palsy at presentation. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the outcome of the CN III function in a series of 26 patients with CN III dysfunction due to PComA aneurysms that were treated by surgical clipping. Results CN III palsy was complete in 18 patients (69%) and partial in 8 patients (31%) at the time of admission. In 15 patients (58%), there was total improvement of CN III function. Partial improvement was noted in 5 patients (19%). Overall improvement (partial and total) of CN III function was observed in 20 (77%) of the 26 patients. The improvement in CN III function following early surgery (0-3 days) was 81.3% when compared to 75% when surgery was performed after 3 days. In univariate analysis, the only variable showing significant association with total improvement of CN III function was type of third nerve palsy at admission (complete vs partial) ( P =.004). There was no statistical significant association between early surgery and improvement of CN III function ( P =.722). In multivariate analysis, among all the factors, the type of third nerve palsy at presentation (complete and partial) was the significant predictor of the improved CN III function ( P =.0038). Conclusion Surgical clipping of the PComA aneurysm in patients with CN III palsy results in improvement of the CN III function in the majority of patients. The type of the CN III palsy at admission (complete/partial) is a significant predictor of complete improvement in CN III function.
Tagging for learning: collecting thematic relations from corpus

Recent work in text analysis has suggested that data on words that frequently occur together reveal important information about text content. Co-occurrence relations can serve two main purposes in language processing. First, the statistics of co-occurrence have been shown to produce accurate results in syntactic analysis. Second, the way that words appear together can help in assigning thematic roles in semantic interpretation. This paper discusses a method for collecting co-occurrence data, acquiring lexical relations from the data, and applying these relations to semantic analysis.
Bending of filament wound composite laminated cylindrical shells

Abstract This paper presents a rigorous elasticity solution for filament wound composite laminated cylindrical shells subjected to out-of-plane bending. The material of the shell is assumed to be cylindrically anisotropic. Based on the theory of cylindrically anisotropic elasticity, coupled partial differential governing equations are developed using Lekhnitskii's stress functions. Homogeneous solutions are obtained using separation of variables and polynomial forms are used for particular solutions. To illustrate the fundamental nature of the problem, an example of off-axis composite shells is presented. Complex three-dimensional stress states, large stress gradients through the thickness and strong effect of fiber orientations are reported. Detailed stress distributions of two laminated shells [ 45 −45 ] s , [ 45 −45 ] are examined.
Identification of nucleases and phosphatases by direct biochemical screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome.

The availability of yeast strain collections expressing individually tagged proteins to facilitate one-step purification provides a powerful approach to identify proteins with particular biochemical activities. To identify novel exo- and endo-nucleases that might function in DNA repair, we undertook a proteomic screen making use of the movable ORF (MORF) library of yeast expression plasmids. This library consists of 5,854 yeast strains each expressing a unique yeast ORF fused to a tripartite tag consisting of His6, an HA epitope, a protease 3C cleavage site, and the IgG-binding domain (ZZ) from protein A, under the control of the GAL1 promoter for inducible expression. Pools of proteins were partially purified on IgG sepharose and tested for nuclease activity using three different radiolabeled DNA substrates. Several known nucleases and phosphatases were identified, as well as two new members of the histidine phosphatase superfamily, which includes phosphoglycerate mutases and phosphatases. Subsequent characterization revealed YDR051c/Det1 to be an acid phosphatase with broad substrate specificity, whereas YOR283w has a broad pH range and hydrolyzes hydrophilic phosphorylated substrates. Although no new nuclease activities were identified from this screen, we did find phosphatase activity associated with a protein of unknown function, YOR283w, and with the recently characterized protein Det1. This knowledge should guide further genetic and biochemical characterization of these proteins.
The extraction of natural resources from two sites under uncertainty

Abstract A firm with two sites of natural resources cannot make extractions from both simultaneously. A policy is examined whereby, once the work of extraction is commenced on one resource, the firm does not change to the other regardless of new information.
Senescent microstructural changes in rat cerebellum

Senescent changes in Sprague-Dawley rat cerebellar microstructure have beenquantified, focusing on the dominant element of cerebellar information processing, the Purkinje cell. In Golgi-Kopsch sections, many 26-month-old Purkinje cells appear defoliated, with small distal dendrites and spiny branchlets being most affected. The mean Purkinje cell area (soma plus dendrites) in computer-oriented sagittal sections is significantly decreased from 20,675±1,355 μm2/cell in 6-month-old rats to17,088±1,107 μm2/cell in 26- month rats. These morphologic changes may be the hallmark of dying cells: in hematoxylin and eosin (H+E)-stained sections from the same rats we also observe a significant senescent decrease in Purkinje neuron density in every vermis lobule examined (lobules II-VII). Overall, the mean number of Purkinje cells/mm of Purkinje cell layer (measured in 10 μm thick sagittal sections) declines from 1 acid-stained (EPTA) synapses in the upper molecular layer of the cerebellar vermis (lobules VIII-X), and there is a highly significant within-subjects correlation between Purkinje cell density and synaptic density. Overall, synaptic density (in sagittal, 842 μm2 thin sections) decreases significantly from an average of 150,485 ± 3,641 synapses/mm2 in 6-month rats to an average of 125,000 ± 4,849 synapses/mm2 in 26-month rats. These changes are consistent with previous electrophysiologic and biochemical data showing age pathology of the cerebellum.
Theories of depression: The role of goals and the self-evaluation process.

The most influential psychological theories of depression all maintain that evaluation plays a role in depression. Evaluation of an outcome has two subcomponents: an outcome, either actual or anticipated, and a criterion against which the outcome is measured. The criterion can be either a task-defined goal or the product of a social comparison. Most evaluation-related research has focused on the outcome that is evaluated rather than on the criterion. This paper reviews the studies that have examined the relations of goals and social comparisons to depression, as well as related work on goals and motivation. Some theories have suggested that depressed people set excessively high goals, but few studies have tested this hypothesis, and those have come to different conclusions. Little more has been said about the relations of goals and social comparisons to depression. In addition, the studies on goals and social comparisons have tested only whether the key variables are symptomatic of depression, not whether they contribute to depression. The crucial area of goal setting has been underexamined in depression research. This paper suggests directions that research on the role of evaluation processes in depression should take and outlines some basic requirements for that research.
Orientation effects in freeformed short-fiber composites

Abstract Extrusion freeform fabrication has been used to make bars of glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy resin. The short fibers, aspect ratio 7, are largely aligned parallel to the direction of motion of the write head that deposits the resin. The degree of alignment increases as the write-head speed increases and the resin stream is extended further. The elastic modulus also increases with alignment. If the writing direction is inclined to the bar axis, the modulus decreases to an extent comparable with that predicted for a fully aligned composite.
A kinematic study of center of mass motions in the hammer throw

Eight highly-skilled hammer throwers were studied using film analysis procedures. The location and velocity of the center of mass (c.m.) of each thrower, hammer and thrower-hammer system were calculated. The vertical component of motion of all three c.m.s followed cyclic patterns with one fluctuation per turn. The fluctuation of the c.m. of the thrower was ahead of that of the hammer by approximately a third of a cycle, and this made the periods of upward vertical acceleration of the system c.m. coincide approximately with the double-support phases. In the horizontal direction, the c.m.s of the thrower and of the hammer followed roughly trochoid patterns as a result of the combination of rotation with forward displacement across the throwing circle. Their rotations were out of synchrony by approximate synchrony with the hammer, or an essentially straight trajectory. The results of this study suggest that the investigation of the hammer throw might be facilitated by the use of a quasi-inertial non-rotating reference frame that follows the general motion of the system c.m. while ignoring its fluctuations within each turn.
Olfactory physiology in the Drosophila maxillary palp requires the visual system gene rdgB

We describe the kinetics of odorant response in the maxillary palp of Drosophila, and show that the rate of recovery from odorant stimulation is affected by mutation of the rdgB (retinal degeneration B) gene. We use immunocytochemistry to confirm that the rdgB gene product is expressed in the maxillary palp. rdgB has recently been shown to encode a protein with Ca2+-binding sites and sequence similarity to rat brain phosphatidylinositol transfer protein; it is located near the rhabdomeric membranes in photoreceptor cells, where it has been suggested to play a role in membrane transport. The delay in recovery kinetics that we observe in olfactory tissue may reflect a defect in membrane restoration at the conclusion of the olfactory transduction cascade. The use of common molecules in the physiology of two olfactory organs, and in both visual and olfactory physiology, is discussed.
Significance of equal principal stretches in computational hyperelasticity

The computational significance of the case of two or three equal principal stretches in large deformation analysis is investigated in this paper. A detailed analytical study shows that the previously suggested solutions, based on numerical perturbations, are not adequate and might lead to erroneous results. A number of examples are presented to illustrate the approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unstructured Algorithms for Inviscid and Viscous Flows Embedded in a Unified Solver Architecture: Flo3xx

This paper reports recent progress towards a new platform for computational aerodynamics on arbitrary meshes, tentatively designated Flo3xx. This tool is designed for maximum flixibility to serve as both an industrial strength flow solver on general grids, and as a framework for advanced research in the area of CFD and aerodynamic design. Such a flexible platform is crucial for transfering new research to industrial applications. We describe the capabilities and methods used in this tool, and show results from initial validation on inviscid and viscous testcases. Furthermore some open issues in CFD on unstructured grids will be addressed, such as viscous discretization and multigrid methods in an unstructured context.
Stochastic interrogation of competing responses in a nonlinear distributed system

In this paper, we examine the potential for coexisting responses in a harmonically forced buckled beam. It is shown experimentally that such structures may present many more responses than might be observed using frequency sweep-up and sweep-down testing, with some responses being observed only very infrequently. The primary contribution of this work is the experimental approximation of the basins of attraction of the competing behaviors using stochastic interrogation, which uses strong, but random, perturbations to map out the initial conditions that tend to each attractor. This procedure is especially difficult in experimental studies of distributed systems; hence, we focus on the process of stochastic interrogation itself and strictly in an experimental context.
An intramolecular [2 + 3] cycloaddition route to fused 5-heterosubstituted tetrazoles.

Fused 5-heterotetrazole ring systems are synthesized in high yield via intramolecular [2 + 3] cycloadditions of organic azides and heteroatom-substituted nitriles. Cyanates, thiocyanates, and cyanamides are all competent dipolarophiles for this reaction. A variety of scaffolds are tolerated when the new enclosed ring is five- or six-membered.
Awareness of Formal and Informal Sources of Help for Victims of Elder Abuse Among Korean American and Caucasian Elders in Los Angeles

ABSTRACT This study examines and compares the awareness of formal and informal sources of help for victims of elder abuse and the factors that might influence this awareness among Korean American and Caucasian elders. The study sample consisted of 95 Korean American and 90 Caucasian elders age 60 or older living in Los Angeles County, California in 1997. It shows that overall, Korean American respondents were significantly less aware of the four general and specific sources of help measured-general formal and informal sources, the Elder Abuse Hotline, and the Adult Protective Services (APS). Findings further suggest that most respondents in both groups have little or no knowledge of the two elder abuse-specific sources of formal help, the Hotline and APS. Logistic regression analysis on 12 independent variables reveal ethnicity and income as significant predictors of respondents' awareness of available help. The implications of the study results for strategies for early intervention and prevention of elde...
THE IMPACT OF POLICE INTERVENTION UPON JUVENILE DELINQUENTS

Police intervention is thought to have an impact upon the juvenile's perception of himself and his role expectations. The data indicate the degree to which the frequency and severity of official delinquency, as well as the severity of disposition, office the juvenile's see-satisfaction. delinquent identification, commitment to delinquent others, commitment to future delinquency, and attitudes toward police. the results of partial correlation coefficients and stepwise regression suggest that police intervention has little impact upon the juvenile when socioeconomic status and, especially, involvement in delinquent behavior are controlled. It is concluded that the juvenile's perceptions of himself and his attitudes toward others, as they relate to delinquency, are more likely to be grounded in the experience of his delinquency involvement than in the experience of coming to the attention of social control agents.
Isolation of glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulfate) from glomerular basement membranes

Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from purified fractions of glomerular basement membranes and partially characterized by chemical analysis and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Basement membranes were prepared by detergent treatment of rat glomeruli and subjected to digestion with papain and Pronase. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the digests by precipitation with cetyl pyridinium chloride and ethanol. Results of cellulose acetate electrophoresis of the isolated glycosaminoglycan fraction revealed the presence of one major and one minor spot. The major spot was identified as heparan sulfate because it comigrated with the heparan sulfate standard and was sensitive to heparinase and to nitrous acid oxidation but insensitive to chondroitinase ABC and to testicular or leech hyaluronidase. The minor spot was tentatively identified as hyaluronic acid based on its migratory behavior and sensitivity to leech and testicular hyaluronidase. The chemical composition of the isolated glycosaminoglycan was typical of that of heparan sulfate (high carbazole/orcinol ratio, high sulfate content, absence of galactosamine). The data support and confirm the cytochemical data obtained previously [Kanwar, Y. S. & Farquhar, M. G. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 1303-1307] demonstrating that heparan sulfate is the only sulfated glycosaminoglycan detectable in the glomerular basement membrane. The present results suggest that in addition to sulfated glycosaminoglycan some nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan (hyaluronic acid) may also be present in the glomerular basement membrane.
Spillover sites on a 19% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst

Abstract Two distinct methanation sites are clearly identified on a 19% Ni Al 2 O 3 catalyst by temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) employing isotope labeling. The two sites, which are present after reduction at 975 K, are due to CO adsorption on Ni crystallites and CO and H spillover onto the Al2O3 support. The concentration of sites on the support is 250 μmol/g Al2O3 (5 × 1013 molecules/cm2), which is the same value measured for a 5.1% Ni Al 2 O 3 catalyst and for a 1.0% Ru Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Temperature-programmed desorption suggests that the CO and H on the Al2O3 are in the form of a HCO complex. The formation of this complex is an activated process, which is related to the activated adsorption of H2. The H2 that adsorbs between 300 and 385 K is responsible for this spillover process onto the Al2O3. Isotope labeling and TPR were used to verify that a HCO complex does not form on Ni SiO 2 catalysts. Carbon monoxide adsorption on Ni SiO 2 was not activated and only one methanation site was seen.
Centroid–moment tensor solutions for October–December, 1999

Abstract Centroid–moment tensor solutions are presented for 258 earthquakes that occurred during the fourth quarter of 1999. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward [Dziewonski, A.M., Woodward, R.L., 1992. Acoustic imaging at the planetary scale, in: Emert, H., Harjes, H.-P. (Eds.), Acoustical Imaging, Plenum, 19, 785–797]. A model of anelastic attenuation of Durek and Ekstrom [Durek, J.J., Ekstrom, G., 1996. A radial model of anelasticity consistent with long-period surface wave attenuation, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 86, 144–158] is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
Aspects of fatigue damage accumulation at elevated temperatures

Abstract The effect of elevated temperature on the accumulation of fatigue damage in metals is of considerable complexity. However, the systematic consideration of the influence of temperature and frequency on the mechanisms of deformation and of structural change preceding or accompanying fatigue damage helps in the recognition of the significant aspects of fatigue at elevated temperature. It is currently believed that the main sources of room temperature fatigue damage are the persistent broad slip bands formed by reversed microslip, the grain boundary cracks formed as a result of substructure formation and grain boundary blocking of reversed macroslip, and the exhaustion of ductility resulting from reversal of overall plastic strain. It is also believed that the sources of creep damage are substructure formation, grain dissociation and sliding and rotation in grain boundaries incompatible with the continuity of the material. At elevated temperature under rapidly varying cyclic loads superimposed on a slowly variable sustained load, the fatigue and creep mechanisms will interact in the accumulation of damage in a manner dependent on the temperature level. The paper attempts a more detailed discussion of such interaction and of its results.
The Challenge of Locating Seed Sources for Restoration in the San Joaquin Valley, California

ABSTRACT: In the San Joaquin Valley of California, land conversion for agricultural and urban uses has resulted in profound habitat loss and diminished biological diversity. However, the large-scale retirement (i.e., removal from irrigated agricultural production) of farmland in the western San Joaquin Valley presents an opportunity to restore native plant communities and wildlife habitat values. A key objective of the proposed restoration efforts was to utilize local seed sources to the extent possible. However, local genotypes of San Joaquin Valley native plants are largely unavailable from commercial seed suppliers, and the amount of seed that could be collected from areas of native habitat would be insufficient for reseeding large tracts of retired farmland. Accordingly, we initiated a regional search for local native plant populations from which seeds could be collected and planted in a field nursery for the purpose of seed production. We identified 41 areas of remnant native habitat (sites) that sup...
What We Talk About When We Talk About Foreign Direct Investment

This paper argues that the foreign direct investment (FDI) data commonly used to test political science theories about FDI often diverge from the theorized about phenomena in ways that can introduce bias and complicate hypothesis testing. I describe some of the key conceptual issues surrounding the quantification of FDI, how commonly used data deals with these issues, and the extent to which those coding rules allow or prevent these data from speaking to political science theories. I show that the empirical relationship between democracy, political risk, and multinational corporations behavior is significantly impacted by “getting the measure right.” I conclude by arguing that political science theories about FDI speak to such a wide variety of empirically and conceptually distinct phenomena that conflating them as “FDI” does a disservice to the complexity of the topic.
The politics of anti-corruption reform in Africa*

Previous research on anti-corruption reform in Africa falls into two camps. The first explores ‘best practices’ and policy approaches to controlling corruption, while the second focuses on the politics of anti-corruption ‘reform’, arguing that official anti-corruption campaigns aim to mollify donors while using corruption charges instrumentally to undermine rivals and shore up personal loyalty to the president, and thus have no chance of controlling corruption. This paper suggests that, while the neopatrimonial context is a very significant limiting factor in anti-corruption reform, limited progress is possible. Examining the motivations and effects, intended and unintended, of anti-corruption reforms in Kenya and Nigeria, it finds that while the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission has indeed been politically marginalised and largely ineffectual, the more autonomous and activist, but politically instrumentalised, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission in Nigeria has had a measure of success. The analysis suggests that this is explained by the EFCC's independent prosecutorial powers and the institutionalisation strategies of its chairman.
Protective effect of suburethral slings on postoperative cystocele recurrence after reconstructive pelvic operation.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the independent effect of suburethral sling placement on the risk of cystocele recurrence after pelvic reconstructive operation. Study Design: One hundred forty-eight women with cystoceles to or beyond the hymenal ring underwent pelvic reconstructive operation, with or without incontinence procedures, and were evaluated at 12 and 52 weeks after operation with a standardized pelvic examination. Rates of recurrent prolapse, at all sites, were statistically compared between subjects with and without suburethral slings. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine the independent effect of sling placement on the risk of recurrent cystoceles. Results: Suburethral sling placement was associated with a 54.8% reduction in the mean rate of postoperative cystocele recurrence ( P =.004). This protective effect was observed as early as 12 weeks and remained significant at 1-year follow up (42% vs 19%). A markedly reduced risk of cystocele recurrence was observed when women with sling procedures were compared with all other women, with those women who underwent other incontinence operations, and even with those women who had undergone prolapse repair with no incontinence procedure. The protective effect of the sling procedure remained highly significant (odds ratio, 0.29; P =.0003), even after controlling for potentially confounding variables in a multiple logistic regression model. Conclusion: Suburethral sling procedures appear to significantly reduce the risk of cystocele recurrence after pelvic reconstructive operation, in contrast with the effect of retropubic urethropexy and needle suspensions. These findings should be considered when the surgical treatment of stress incontinence that accompanies pelvic organ prolapse is being planned. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1307–13.)
Fabrication of SnO2 Nano Patterns Using Surface Relief Grating

Nano- and micro-structured SnO2 has been widely utilized as gas sensors. These SnO2 based gas sensors are often made by chemical etching, vapor deposition or lithography. Here we report a facile and vacuum-free technique to fabricate large area one-dimensional periodic SnO2 nano arrays using surface relief grating created on azobenzene functionalized polymer thin films as template. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy characterizations confirmed the successful fabrication of SnO2 nano arrays. The fabricated SnO2 structure exhibited the same periodicity as the template with a width of a few hundred nanometers.
Skin viscoelasticity with surface wave method

Characterization of the viscoelastic mechanical properties of skin is important for improving accurate medical examination and diagnosis of disorders involving cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. Several noninvasive methods have been developed for measurement of mechanical properties of skin. However, most methods measure a stiffness parameter but not the material properties of skin. A novel surface wave method has been developed by us for non-invasively estimating the elasticity of tissue. In this paper, we have extended this method for measuring viscoelastic material properties of human skin. A small force is generated by a mechanical shaker on the skin. The surface vibration of skin is measured using a laser vibrometer. Viscoelasticity of human skin at six anatomic sites are measured.
Rotation During Lifting Tasks: Effects of Rotation Frequency and Task Order on Localized Muscle Fatigue and Performance

Though widely considered to reduce the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, there is limited evidence suggesting that rotating between tasks is effective in doing so. The purpose of the current study was to quantify the effects of rotation and parameters of rotation (frequency and task order) on muscle fatigue and performance. This was done using a simulated lifting task, with rotation between two levels of loading of the same muscle groups. Twelve participants completed six experimental sessions during which repetitive box lifting was performed for one hour either with or without rotation. When rotation was present, it occurred every 15 minutes or every 30 minutes and was between two load levels (box weights). Rotation reduced fatigue and cardiovascular demand compared to the heavier load without rotation, with a mean reduction of ∼33% in perceived discomfort and a ∼17% reduction in percentage of heart rate reserve. Further, rotation increased fatigue and cardiovascular demand compared to the ...