cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High affinity interactions of nucleolin with G-G-paired rDNA.

Abstract Nucleolin is a very abundant eukaryotic protein that localizes to the nucleolus, where the rDNA undergoes transcription, replication, and recombination and where rRNA processing occurs. The top (non-template) strand of the rDNA is very guanine-rich and has considerable potential to form structures stabilized by G-G pairing. We have assayed binding of endogenous and recombinant nucleolin to synthetic oligonucleotides in which G-rich regions have formed intermolecular G-G pairs to produce either two-stranded G2 or four-stranded G4 DNA. We report that nucleolin binds G-G-paired DNA with very high affinity; the dissociation constant for interaction with G4 DNA is K D = 1 nm. Two separate domains of nucleolin can interact with G-G-paired DNA, the four RNA binding domains and the C-terminal Arg-Gly-Gly repeats. Both domains bind G4 DNA with high specificity and recognize G4 DNA structure independent of sequence context. The high affinity of the nucleolin/G4 DNA interaction identifies G-G-paired structures as natural binding targets of nucleolin in the nucleolus. The ability of two independent domains of nucleolin to bind G-G-paired structures suggests that nucleolin can function as an architectural factor in rDNA transcription, replication, or recombination.
Microbial activities in the emitted hydrothermal waters of the Galápagos rift vents

In-situ measurement of chemolithotrophic and some heterotrophic microbial activities were made in the immediate vicinity of actively discharging hydrothermal vents of the Galapagos Rift region at depths of 2 500 to 2 600 m. The CO2-assimilation or chemosynthesis productivity in the emitted vent waters, freshly mixed with oxygenated ambient seawater of 2°C, was minor compared to the bacterial biomass produced within the subsurface vent system prior to emission. Uptake of acetate and glucose indicated the presence of mixotrophic or facultatively chemolithotrophic bacteria in the emitted vent waters in agreement with isolations. Demonstration of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase in cultures of thiobacilli isolated from these vent water supports the notion that chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are one of the sources of primary production in the form of particulate organic carbon for filtering organisms in the deep sea hydrothermal environment. The rates of bacterial metabolic activities in emitted vent water are too low for the amount of invertebrate biomass and the rate of its growth and maintenance. Therefore, the larger portion of chemosynthetic sustenance of deep sea vent ecosystems appears to be based on symbiotic associations between bacteria and invertebrates and on surface attached bacteria.
Orbital Myositis With Lyme Disease

We examined, treated, and followed up for nine years a 5-year-old girl with active Lyme disease and orbital myositis. Clinically, the patient demonstrated typical symptoms for each of the major stages of Lyme disease, including fever, erythema chronicum migrans, aseptic meningitis, Bell's palsy, and arthritis. She subsequently developed clinical and computed tomographic evidence of orbital myositis. Although orbital myositis is generally considered to be an idiopathic inflammation, our findings suggest that in certain patients it may be a manifestation of Lyme disease.
The Importance of Data for Training Intelligent Devices

In the past decade there has been a big effort in implementing automatic systems that can be used in most environments and are able to decrease human work and therefore, human errors. Most of these systems are devoted to applications where the problem faced cannot be clearly described by a set of finite steps (algorithmically), and, in the cases when it can described algorithmically, the computational complexity required to perform one or more of the steps is prohibitive. Those problems, in computer science language are called NP-complete and NP-hard problems, where NP indicates that the problem has a Non Polynomial solution either in terms of computational time or in terms of memory occupancy, or both.
Stress and Support in Family Relationships After Hurricane Katrina

In this article, the authors merge the study of support, strain, and ambivalence in family relationships with the study of stress to explore the ways family members provide support or contribute to strain in the disaster recovery process. The authors analyze interviews with 71 displaced Hurricane Katrina survivors, and identify three family relationships that were especially important to postdisplacement experiences: marital or intimate partner, parent–adult child, and fictive kin. These relationships provided support, contributed to strain, or did both, highlighting the complexity of such relationships in the postdisaster context. Women tended to provide more support to and receive more support from family relationships than did men, especially through mother–adult daughter relationships.
Characteristic Features of 1-D Ballistic Transport in Nanowire MOSFETs

In this paper, we theoretically investigate characteristic features of 1-D, ballistic transport in nanowire (NW) MOSFETs. An analytic model at T = 0 K is first derived using the top-of-the-barrier ballistic transport model. When the drain voltage is low, this model shows that the drain current increases stepwise with increasing gate voltage, and the transconductance vs. gate voltage displays spikes. These features are the most evident signatures of 1-D transport. Next, we examine the finite-temperature performance numerically and show how I-V characteristics change as device parameters and temperature are varied. Finally, recently reported silicon NW gate-all-around MOSFETs are analyzed with our model. We show that some quantum features of these experiments can be explained with our simple, ballistic model. This approach may be a possible tool for subband spectroscopy and device performance assessment.
Predisposition Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility

Objectives: To provide an overview of breast cancer predisposition syndromes and the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes identified to date. To describe the clinical implications of genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility. Data sources: Published research and educational manuscripts, books, conference proceedings, and personal experiences. Conclusion: Nurses must become knowledgeable of predisposition genetic testing for inherited breast cancer risk including: understanding of the gene being analyzed and associated cancer risks, indications for testing, the limitations of the test, the management options for mutation carriers, risks and benefits of testing, and the long-term psychosocial sequelae. Implications for nursing practice: Predisposition testing for alterations in breast cancer susceptibility genes is rapidly moving into the general oncology and primary care community where nurses will play a major role in the provision of genetic services. The role of nursing in cancer genetics includes practice and education, nursing research, and policy initiatives.
Green Buildings and Health

Green building design is becoming broadly adopted, with one green building standard reporting over 3.5 billion square feet certified to date. By definition, green buildings focus on minimizing impacts to the environment through reductions in energy usage, water usage, and minimizing environmental disturbances from the building site. Also by definition, but perhaps less widely recognized, green buildings aim to improve human health through design of healthy indoor environments. The benefits related to reduced energy and water consumption are well-documented, but the potential human health benefits of green buildings are only recently being investigated. The objective of our review was to examine the state of evidence on green building design as it specifically relates to indoor environmental quality and human health. Overall, the initial scientific evidence indicates better indoor environmental quality in green buildings versus non-green buildings, with direct benefits to human health for occupants of those buildings. A limitation of much of the research to date is the reliance on indirect, lagging and subjective measures of health. To address this, we propose a framework for identifying direct, objective and leading “Health Performance Indicators” for use in future studies of buildings and health.
Challenges Family Scholars May Face in Studying Family Diversity A Focus on Latino Families, Stepfamilies, and Reproductive Technology

American families have changed rapidly in the past few decades. For instance, U.S. families are more ethnically and racially diverse than ever before, family structures vary widely as a result of marital transitions and changes in cultural mores, and technological and social changes have altered the experience of parenthood. Family scholars often have found it difficult to adequately stay abreast of such transformations. There are many indications that changes will continue to occur in the next few decades, perhaps even more rapidly than before. In this article, the authors, as young family professionals, discuss what they see as current and future issues professionals face in studying and working with families. Latino families, stepfamilies, and reproductive technology are presented as examples in which diversity presents challenges.
Welcome to Art City: Place-based Education through a Local Museum

The town of Springville, Utah, has a multi-faceted relationship with its Museum of Art. The museum reflects and preserves the ethnic and cultural identity of the area, including its history, its landscapes, and its philosophy/religion. Through place-based education—including observation and activities—k-12 children and youth are given opportunities to experience their local culture on multiple levels. As museum artifacts are carefully chosen and lessons are purposefully structured, students receive cognitive, creative, and social benefits as well. Museum educators collaborate with local school personnel, along with educators from nearby Brigham Young University, to produce cross-disciplinary lesson plans and teaching materials. Benefits Springville educators are finding in place-based education are included in this article, along with specific ideas for lessons and activities.
Reallocating attention during multiple object tracking

Wolfe, Place, and Horowitz (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14:344–349, 2007) found that participants were relatively unaffected by selecting and deselecting targets while performing a multiple object tracking task, such that maintaining tracking was possible for longer durations than the few seconds typically studied. Though this result was generally consistent with other findings on tracking duration (Franconeri, Jonathon, & Scimeca Psychological Science 21:920–925, 2010), it was inconsistent with research involving cuing paradigms, specifically precues (Pylyshyn & Annan Spatial Vision 19:485–504, 2006). In the present research, we broke down the addition and removal of targets into separate conditions and incorporated a simple performance model to evaluate the costs associated with the selection and deselection of moving targets. Across three experiments, we demonstrated evidence against a cost being associated with any shift in attention, but rather that varying the type of cue used for target deselection produces no additional cost to performance and that hysteresis effects are not induced by a reduction in tracking load.
High Resolution Spectroscopic Campaigns to Support Spacecraft Observations of Comets with Small Telescopes

Ground based observations of comets obtained in support of spacecraft missions and space telescopes have provided critical supporting context that greatly enhances the value of the combined dataset. Major areas of ground-based contribution include providing unique instrumental capabilities and an increased temporal or global perspective on the system under study. This paper describes a decades long program of supporting cometary observations focused on high resolving power measurements of ions and atomic/molecular radicals in the coma. The instrumentation is described, along with the species under study and the results from a large campaign to study comet C/1995O1 (Hale-Bopp).
An Examination of Liver Offers to Candidates on the Liver Transplant Wait-List

Background & Aims We aimed to characterize offers of organs to candidates awaiting liver transplantation (LT). Methods We analyzed data from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry on all US LT candidates with nonfulminant disease who were offered livers from February 1, 2005, to January 31, 2010, and ultimately received transplants. We excluded candidates with a final Model for End-stage Liver Disease score of less than 15. Livers were classified as high quality if they were from donors 18–50 years of age who were ≥170 cm tall, of non-black race, suffered brain death secondary to trauma, hepatitis C antibody-negative, not categorized as high risk by the Centers for Disease Control, and locally or regionally located. Results Of 33,389 candidates for LT, 20% died or were removed from the list and 64% received LT; the median (interquartile range) number of liver offers for all candidates was 5 (range, 2–12). Of those who died or were removed from the list, 84% received 1 or more liver offers. Overall, 55% of those who died or were removed from the list, and 57% of those who received LT, received 1 or more offers of a high-quality liver when they had Model for End-stage Liver Disease scores of 15 or greater ( P = .005). However, the proportion of last liver offers of high quality to patients who underwent LT was twice that of patients who died or were removed from the list (28% vs 14%; P Conclusions Most candidates for LT who died or were removed from the list received 1 or more offers of a liver beforehand, and 55% received 1 or more offers of a high-quality liver. These findings indicate that a substantial proportion of wait-list mortality results in part from declined livers, rather than lack of opportunity, for transplantation. Understanding the real-time factors involved in the complex decision to accept a liver offer is vital to reducing wait-list mortality for LT candidates.
Theory is dead, long live theory: The end of the Great Debates and the rise of eclecticism in International Relations:

The history of the discipline of International Relations is commonly told in terms of ‘Great Debates.’ These intellectual clashes resolved little and, indeed, continue to this day. Underneath this ...
Derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood estimation in animal models with a sparse matrix solver.

Estimation of (co)variance components by derivative-free REML requires repeated evaluation of the log-likelihood function of the data. Gaussian elimination of the augmented mixed model coefficient matrix is often used to evaluate the likelihood function, but it can be costly for animal models with large coefficient matrices. This study investigated the use of a direct sparse matrix solver to obtain the log-likelihood function. The sparse matrix package SPARSPAK was used to reorder the mixed model equations once and then repeatedly to solve the equations by Cholesky factorization to generate the terms required to calculate the likelihood. The animal model used for comparison contained 19 fixed levels, 470 maternal permanent environmental effects, and 1586 direct and 1586 maternal genetic effects, resulting in a coefficient matrix of order 3661 with .3% nonzero elements after including numerator relationships. Compared with estimation via Gaussian elimination of the unordered system, utilization of SPARSPAK required 605 and 240 times less central processing unit time on mainframes and personal computers, respectively. The SPARSPAK package also required less memory and provided solutions for all effects in the model.
A study of the physical properties of single crystalline Fe5B2P.

Abstract Single crystals of Fe5B2P were grown by self-flux growth technique. Structural and electrical and magnetic anisotropic properties are studied. The Curie temperature of Fe5B2P is determined to be 655±2 K. The saturation magnetization is determined to be 1.72 μ B / Fe at 2 K. The temperature variation of the anisotropy constant K1 is determined for the first time, reaching ∼ 0.50 MJ / m 3 at 2 K, and it is comparable to that of hard ferrites. The saturation magnetization is found to be larger than the hard ferrites. The first principle calculations of saturation magnetization and anisotropy constant are found to be consistent with the experimental results.
Effect of chilling, heat shock, and vigor on the growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) radicles

Chilling at 2.5°C reduced the subsequent growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) radicles at 25°C. The reduction in radicle growth was linear for 1–3 days of chilling at ≈10% per day of treatment, but then it increased in a non-linear pattern until subsequent radicle growth was all but eliminated by 6 days of chilling. A heat shock of 40°C for 4–12 min increased chilling tolerance such that 4 days of chilling caused only a 36% decrease in radicle growth, compared to 66% for seedlings not heat shocked. Heat shocks were only able to protect that part of radicle growth that was in excess of the linear decrease in radicle growth projected from 0–3 days. There appear to be two effects of chilling on radicle growth. The first inhibition of subsequent growth was linear and was not affected by heat shocks. The second inhibition was much more severe; it appeared after 3 days of chilling and could be prevented by heat shock. Seeds classified with different levels of vigor (i.e., different initial rates of growth) did not respond significantly different to chilling stresses following heat-shock treatments.
Significance of Platelet Volume Measurements

Extreme density populations of platelets have been separated with differential centrifugation techniques, employing various suspending media. The heavy population is enriched with large platelets having an average volume greater than the lighter population. These large platelets have been termed megathrombocytes. The heavy fraction has been shown to be more metabolically active. This population is also more resistant to osmotic stress and lipid peroxidation.
A Survey of Dynamic Spectrum Access

Compounding the confusion is the use of the broad term cognitive radio as a synonym for dynamic spectrum access. As an initial attempt at unifying the terminology, the taxonomy of dynamic spectrum access is provided. In this article, an overview of challenges and recent developments in both technological and regulatory aspects of opportunistic spectrum access (OSA). The three basic components of OSA are discussed. Spectrum opportunity identification is crucial to OSA in order to achieve nonintrusive communication. The basic functions of the opportunity identification module are identified
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of human TGF-β type II receptor ligand-binding domain

Three constructs (residues 15–136, 22–136 and 27–136) of the truncated extracellular domain of human transforming growth factor β type II receptor (TBRII) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The constructs are referred to as TBRII(15–136), TBRII(22–136) and TBRII(27–136). The refolded receptors were purified using a combination of ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified receptors have an apparent molecular weight of 14 kDa as judged by size-exclusion chromatography. In the crystallization trials, TBRII(15–136) and TBRII(22–136) formed mostly crystal-like spheres but failed to produce data-quality crystals. TBRII(27–136) yielded large single crystals from hanging drops using the vapor-diffusion procedure with PEG 2000 or 4000 at pH 5.0. The crystals diffracted to 1.05 A [using the X9B beamline operated at λ = 1.0092 A of the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory] and belong to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 35.5, b = 40.7, c = 76.2 A. There was one molecule in the asymmetric unit, which corresponds to a solvent content of 42.1%.
Efficient deterministic multithreading through schedule relaxation

Deterministic multithreading (DMT) eliminates many pernicious software problems caused by nondeterminism. It works by constraining a program to repeat the same thread interleavings, or schedules, when given same input. Despite much recent research, it remains an open challenge to build both deterministic and efficient DMT systems for general programs on commodity hardware. To deterministically resolve a data race, a DMT system must enforce a deterministic schedule of shared memory accesses, or mem-schedule, which can incur prohibitive overhead. By using schedules consisting only of synchronization operations, or sync-schedule, this overhead can be avoided. However, a sync-schedule is deterministic only for race-free programs, but most programs have races. Our key insight is that races tend to occur only within minor portions of an execution, and a dominant majority of the execution is still race-free. Thus, we can resort to a mem-schedule only for the "racy" portions and enforce a sync-schedule otherwise, combining the efficiency of sync-schedules and the determinism of mem-schedules. We call these combined schedules hybrid schedules. Based on this insight, we have built Peregrine, an efficient deterministic multithreading system. When a program first runs on an input, Peregrine records an execution trace. It then relaxes this trace into a hybrid schedule and reuses the schedule on future compatible inputs efficiently and deterministically. Peregrine further improves efficiency with two new techniques: determinism-preserving slicing to generalize a schedule to more inputs while preserving determinism, and schedule-guided simplification to precisely analyze a program according to a specific schedule. Our evaluation on a diverse set of programs shows that Peregrine is deterministic and efficient, and can frequently reuse schedules for half of the evaluated programs.
Contribution of Conserved Amino Acids in Mediating the Interaction between EBNA2 and CBF1/RBPJk

The Epstein-Barr virus EBNA2 protein is a transcriptional activator that achieves promoter specificity through interaction with the cellular DNA-binding protein CBF1/RBPJk. Within the amino acid 252-to-425 EBNA2 domain that targets CBF1/RBPJk lie three amino acid clusters, conserved regions (CR) 5, 6, and 7, that are retained in the Epstein-Barr virus type A and type B and herpesvirus papio proteins. To further define the important features of the targeting domain, we constructed EBNA2 polypeptides containing deletions in the targeting domain and double or triple point mutations in the conserved motifs. The ability of these polypeptides and the type B and herpesvirus papio domains to interact with CBF1/RBPJk was examined by performing electrophoretic mobility shift assays and correlated with the effect of the mutations on EBNA2 transactivation. Both human type B EBNA2 and herpesvirus papio EBNA2 bound CBF1/RBPJk efficiently. Mutation of hydrophobic residues in CR6 severely impaired CBF1/RBPJk interaction and transactivation, while mutation of CR5 led to a moderate decrease in both activities. Mutation of CR7 had only a minor effect. Synthetic peptides corresponding to each of the conserved motifs were also used as competitors in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Only the peptide representing CR6 (amino acids 318 to 327), and not a version of this peptide mutated at the tryptophan residues at positions 323 and 324 (WW323,324), could compete for EBNA2 complex formation with CBF1/RBPJk. Overall, the data indicated that CR5 contributes to an optimal interaction, perhaps through stabilizing contacts, while CR6 forms a crucial interface with CBF1/RBPJk. The peptide competition data are consistent with direct contacts between WW323,324 and CBF1/RBPJk.
MAKER: An easy-to-use annotation pipeline designed for emerging model organism genomes

We have developed a portable and easily configurable genome annotation pipeline called MAKER. Its purpose is to allow investigators to independently annotate eukaryotic genomes and create genome databases. MAKER identifies repeats, aligns ESTs and proteins to a genome, produces ab initio gene predictions, and automatically synthesizes these data into gene annotations having evidence-based quality indices. MAKER is also easily trainable: Outputs of preliminary runs are used to automatically retrain its gene-prediction algorithm, producing higher-quality gene-models on subsequent runs. MAKER’s inputs are minimal, and its outputs can be used to create a GMOD database. Its outputs can also be viewed in the Apollo Genome browser; this feature of MAKER provides an easy means to annotate, view, and edit individual contigs and BACs without the overhead of a database. As proof of principle, we have used MAKER to annotate the genome of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea and to create a new genome database, SmedGD. We have also compared MAKER’s performance to other published annotation pipelines. Our results demonstrate that MAKER provides a simple and effective means to convert a genome sequence into a community-accessible genome database. MAKER should prove especially useful for emerging model organism genome projects for which extensive bioinformatics resources may not be readily available.
Hemodynamic effects of platelet-activating factor in nonpregnant and pregnant sheep

The present study was designed to assess the dose-related effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on systemic, renal, and uterine hemodynamics in nonpregnant sheep and to evaluate how pregnancy...
The Leadership Identity Journey: An Artful Reflection

The Leadership Identity Journey: An Artful Reflection addresses the calling, experiences, and duties of leaders, teachers, leadership educators, and teacher educators. The title is descriptive in t...
Experimental M 1 transition rates in K XI , K XV , and K XVI

Transition probabilities of three magnetic dipole $(M1)$ transitions in multiply charged ions of potassium have been measured using the Livermore electron beam ion trap EBIT-2. Our results for the atomic level lifetimes are $4.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 \mathrm{ms}$ for K XI (F-like) ${2s}^{2}{2p}^{5}{}^{2}{P}_{1/2}^{o},$ $4.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 \mathrm{ms}$ for K XV (B-like) ${2s}^{2}2p{}^{2}{P}_{3/2}^{o},$ and $7.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 \mathrm{ms}$ for K XVI (Be-like) $2s2p{}^{3}{\mathrm{P}}_{2}^{o}.$ The results confirm the accuracy of most predictions to within 3% of ground-state and 7% of excited-state transitions.
Protein disulfide isomerase activity is released by activated platelets

The release of protein disulfide isomerase by activated platelets was hypothesized on the basis of reported intermolecular and intramolecular thiol-disulfide exchange and disulfide reduction involving released thrombospondin in the supernatant solution of activated platelets (Danishefsky, Alexander, Detwiler: Biochemistry, 23:4984, 1984; Speziale, Detwiler: J Biol Chem, 265:17859, 1990; Speziale, Detwiler: Arch Biochem Biophys 286:546, 1991). Protein disulfide isomerase activity, measured by catalysis of the renaturation of ribonuclease inactivated by randomization of disulfide bonds, was detected in the supernatant solution after platelet activation. The activity was inhibited by peptides known to inhibit protein disulfide isomerase; the peptides also inhibited formation of disulfide-linked thrombospondin- thrombin complexes. The reaction catalyzed by the supernatant solution showed a pH dependence distinct from that of the uncatalyzed reaction. The activity was excluded by a 50-Kd dialysis membrane, and it was eluted in the void volume of a gel-filtration column, indicating that it was associated with a macromolecule. The activity was not removed by centrifugation at 100,000 g for 150 minutes indicating that it was not associated with membrane microvesicles. Possible functions for the release of protein disulfide isomerase by activated platelets are discussed.
PREVALENCE OF IXODES DAMMINI NEAR THE HOMES OF LYME DISEASE PATIENTS IN WESTCHESTER COUNTY, NEW YORK

Cases of Lyme disease that occurred in Westchester County, an affluent suburb north of New York City, in 1983 were investigated in 1983 and 1984 to determine the presence of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in the vicinity of the patients' homes. Small mammal trapping, drag cloth, and carbon dioxide-baited tick traps were used to sample ticks. In all but one of 11 cases investigated, I. dammini was found on or near well-maintained lawns in the immediate vicinity of the residences. A mark-release-recapture experiment to determine tick abundance in one 700 m2 lawn resulted in an estimate of 6800 adult ticks (approximately 1 per m2). Dark-field microscopic examination of tick midgut tissues revealed that 33% of nymphs and 55% of adult ticks from this lawn contained spirochetes. These data suggest that many cases of Lyme disease in Westchester County, New York, may be acquired at home as a result of activities on the lawn.
Reconstructive Tubal Surgery for Midtubal Obstruction

With the currently growing trend toward voluntary sterilization comes an increase in requests for reversal of that procedure. In our study, 14 patients were candidates for tubal reanastomosis. Seven of the patients became pregnant within 17months after the procedure: three had normal infants (21%), three had ectopic pregnancies (21%), and one was lost to follow-up (7%). We emphasized very careful handling of the tissues and as short an operative period as possible. We did not use corticosteroids or polyethylene or Teflon prosthetic devices, believing them to be neither a substitute for nor an aid to careful surgical techniques involving delicate instruments and small, atraumatic needles.
Radiographic Outcomes of Hemiepiphyseal Stapling for Distal Radius Deformity Due to Multiple Hereditary Exostoses.

BACKGROUND Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) affect the distal forearm in 30% to 60% of patients with this condition. Many surgical interventions have been described, but treatment is controversial. We present the radiographic results of low risk, minimally invasive hemiepiphyseal stapling of the distal radius to correct the joint angulation caused by MHE through growth modulation. METHODS A retrospective review was performed on 18 forearms affected by MHE that underwent radial hemiepiphyseal stapling with follow-up of ≥2 years. The radial articular angle, carpal slip, ulnar tilt, lunate subsidence, and metaphyseal epiphyseal angle were measured on preoperative and final postoperative radiographs and compared. RESULTS Statistically significant (P<0.05) improvements were found in 4 of 5 measurements, including the radial articular angle, carpal slip, ulnar tilt, and metaphyseal epiphyseal angle. No statistical difference was found in lunate subsidence (P=0.84). CONCLUSION Hemiepiphyseal stapling of the radial side of the distal radius is a simple and effective method for correcting the radiographic deformity of the distal radius and may be an attractive option for the treatment of the distal radial deformity that is characteristic of the disease. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV—therapeutic case series.
Calculating Hydroxide Conductivity in Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes

Alkaline anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cells have received increased interest for portable power applications because of the ability to use alcohol fuels and non-platinum group metal catalysts. Present AEMs typically have ionic conductivities which are significantly lower than that of other low temperature fuel cells, which increases the losses that are attributed to the membrane. By using a permeation experiment to measure water flux across the membrane, ionic conductivity can be predicted with measured water flux data and the dusty fluid model. The ability to better understand and predict mass transport in the AEM can provide valuable information about how to improve membrane performance.
Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Stereospecificity of Secondary Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter Ethanolicus Support the Role of Solvation in Enantiospecificity

The effects of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the reaction of secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus with enantiomers of 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, and 2-hexanol have been measured. For all substrates, increasing pressure favors the S enantiomer, whereas increasing temperature favors the R enantiomer. Fitting of the pressure and temperature data for 2-hexanol provided apparent ΔΔS‡ and ΔΔV‡ values of +46 ± 15 J/mol and +(2.0 ± 0.4) × 10–2 L/mol, respectively. These results support our previous proposal that desolvation of the enzyme active site plays an important role in stereospecificity.
Probabilistic Simulation for Tri Axial Cyclic Fatigue in Composites

The combined cyclic fatigue is computationally simulated by a judicious combination of three independent computational modules: composite mechanics, a multi-factor equation module (MFIM) and probabilistic algorithm (FPI). The inputs to each module are constituent material properties, processing variables, loading and environmental conditions and probabilistic variables. The composite fatigue is simulated by considering an in-plane element of a structural component which is subjected to fatigue because of cyclic loading. Typical results show that the low probability fatigue cycle is about 50 percent of the corresponding static value.
Some Important Divisions of the Law

We have already classified law between statutory or enacted law (constitutions, statutes, administrative rules and ordinances) and court made case law. The vast mass of statutory and court made case law can be classified in other ways.
Questions for the Billing Manager

The use of a highly structured encounter form or “superbill” indicates a degree of readiness to computerize a practice. It usually means that all elements needed to produce a bill and claim (charges, diagnoses, etc.) have been captured onto one document that you can enter immediately to produce a computerized bill, or present a carbon of the form itself to the patient which serves as a statement for services rendered. Practices that do not have the flow of data organized to this degree are not yet ready to computerize. The encounter form itself does not necessarily have to be highly encoded in medical codes or computerese, but it should contain all of the charge data accumulated during a visit from both physician and nurse entries. This is absolutely a critical step to have in place prior to attempts at computerization.
From Theory to Policy Decisions

Unbridged Gaps Most workers in the field of newer media in education, be they producers, researchers, administrators, or teachers, are aware that both theory and research have had limited usefulness in policy making and in operational decisions which directly affect the use of newer media in schools and colleges. Why is this so? Certainly, it is not because of a lack of quantity of research studies on newer media in education; the stack of research reports is impressive in size. Nor is it for lack of an arsenal of theories of learning or models of communication. Let us start with the existence of critical gaps which prevent the integration of related, ordered knowledge and interacting flow of theory, research, and action on the operating level of education. Gaps exist (a) between the requirements of formal and partial
Orthostatic stress and area under the curve of photoplethysmography waveform

Background. Recent studies have shown that shape and morphology of photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform can provide useful information about cardiovascular system. These parameters namely pulse amplitude, pulse width, pulse rise time and pulse reflected delay have been studied independently and there is information about the interaction of these parameters. There is no detailed description of calculating these parameters. We have described a detailed algorithm for calculating these parameters. We also investigated a new parameter calculated using area under the curve of PPG waveform (AUCPPG). All parameter were calculated using finger probe oximeter sensor from 22 subjects before and after orthostatic stress. Changes in AUCPPG were compared against pulse interval, amplitude, width, rise time of PPG pulse and pulse reflection delay (PRD). Results. We found that all parameters showed a decrease with orthostatic stress. PPG pulse width parameter was very inconsistent and changed significantly based on small change in shape of PPG waveform. AUCPPG showed strong correlation with pulse amplitude (r 0.85) in supine position, but that relationship decreased in upright position (r 0.64) as reflected peaks became more distinct and separated. Multivariable regression showed that PRD and rise had negative influence on AUCPPG. Male subjects showed higher AUCPPG values. Conclusion. We conclude that all PPG based parameters are effected by subject's position. Although AUCPPG is correlated with PAP width, it is an independent parameter that can be calculated more consistently than pulse width. From the results of our sample population we conclude AUCPPG is a better indicator of change in vascular tone than PAP amplitude or PAP width. Unlike other parameters AUCPPG incorporates the influence of both PAP and reflected waves.
The Bi-free Extension of Free Probability

Free probability is a noncommutative probability theory adapted to variables with the highest degree of noncommutativity. The theory has connections with random matrices, combinatorics, and operator algebras. Recently, we realized that the theory has an extension to systems with left and right variables, based on a notion of bi-freeness. We provide a look at the development of this new direction. The paper is an expanded version of the plenary lecture at the 10th ISAAC Congress in Macau.
Continuous Wavelet Analysis for Spectroscopic Determination of Subsurface Moisture and Water-Table Height in Northern Peatland Ecosystems

Climate change is altering the water-table (WT) height and near-surface moisture conditions in northern peatlands, which in turn both increases the susceptibility to fire and reduces the carbon sink capacity of these ecosystems. To further develop remote sensing-based measurements of peatland moisture characteristics, we employed coincident surface reflectance and moisture measurements in two Sphagnum moss-dominated peatland sites. We applied the Mexican hat continuous wavelet transform to the measured spectra to generate wavelet features and coefficients across a range of scales. Overall, wavelet analysis was an improvement over the previously tested spectral indices at both the study sites. Linear mixed effect models for WT height using wavelet features accounted for more of the variance with both an improved marginal $R^{\mathrm { {2}}}$ (29% greater) and a larger conditional $R^{\mathrm { {2}}}$ (21% greater) compared to the best performing spectral index. While spectral indices performed similarly with wavelet coefficients for moisture content measured at 3 cm depth, they performed poorly for volumetric moisture content measured at 7 cm depth. The current study also revealed the advantage of selecting the best subsets of wavelet features based upon genetic algorithm over a more widely used technique that selects features based on correlation scalograms. It also provided new insights into the significance of various spectral regions to detect WT alteration-induced vegetation change.
Vaccination with Leukemia Cell Expression Membrane Bound GM-CSF Overcomes the Host Immunosuppression Induced by Leukemia

Abstract Immunotherapy of leukemia involves stimulating host-cell mediated immunity by facilitating immune recognition of leukemia cells, which are normally weakly immunogenic. We previously showed that vaccination with membrane bound GM-CSF leukemic cells protects mice from leukemia challenge (Ling et al., Oncogene, 2007). In these studies, after addition of a transmembrane domain to the original GM-CSF coding sequence (tmGM-CSF), the construct was transduced into murine leukemia cells (WEHI-3B), which was shown to be more than 98% on the cell surface. Vaccination with lethally irradiated tmGM-CSF expressing murine leukemia cells prevents leukemia in immunocompetent mice (BALB/c), as 100% of vaccinated BALB/c mice were protected from leukemia (Ling et al, Oncogene 2007). No protection was observed by vaccination of nude mice, indicating that adaptive immunity is involved in the protective response. In the present studies, we extended our original observation and provided evidence to show that leukemic mice undergo immunosuppression and that vaccination with leukemia cells expressing cell surface tmGM-CSF overcomes immunosuppression. Vaccination with lethally irradiated leukemia cells expressing cell surface tmGM-CSF overcame the immunosuppression induced by leukemia development, as normal levels of CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells were maintained in spleens and thymus after challenge with leukemia cells. In contrast, the Treg population was significantly increased in leukemic mice vaccinated with leukemia cells lacking cell surface tmGM-CSF (p
Four-dimensional microscope- integrated optical coherence tomography to enhance visualization in glaucoma surgeries

We report the first use of swept-source microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography (SS-MIOCT) capable of live four-dimensional (4D) (three-dimensional across time) imaging intraoperatively to directly visualize tube shunt placement and trabeculectomy surgeries in two patients with severe open-angle glaucoma and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) that was not adequately managed by medical intervention or prior surgery. We performed tube shunt placement and trabeculectomy surgery and used SS-MIOCT to visualize and record surgical steps that benefitted from the enhanced visualization. In the case of tube shunt placement, SS-MIOCT successfully visualized the scleral tunneling, tube shunt positioning in the anterior chamber, and tube shunt suturing. For the trabeculectomy, SS-MIOCT successfully visualized the scleral flap creation, sclerotomy, and iridectomy. Postoperatively, both patients did well, with IOPs decreasing to the target goal. We found the benefit of SS-MIOCT was greatest in surgical steps requiring depth-based assessments. This technology has the potential to improve clinical outcomes.
The difference between a rock and a biological hard place: epibionts in the rocky intertidal

In dynamic environments such as the rocky marine intertidal zone, epibiosis may promote the survival of some organisms. We compared the species composition and prevalence of the epibiotic community on different species of molluscan shells to those on neighboring rock at three sites and two tidal heights per site on San Juan Island, Washington (48°N, 123°W; summer 2014). Across all three sites and both tidal heights examined, the algal species dominating the bedrock did not match the dominant epibiotic species. Most epibiotic species were from a subset of the less common bedrock species. Within the lower tidal height, many potential host shells lacked epibionts, but the bedrock was heavily colonized. Our findings suggest that shells do not represent a microhabitat that is more beneficial to settlers than the surrounding bedrock. Epibiosis is unlikely to elevate local species diversity in this ecosystem because the few epibionts were generally from a subset of the species on the bedrock. Smooth-shelled limpets had a significantly greater prevalence of epibiosis in the lower than in the higher tidal height, but the prevalence of epibiosis did not differ significantly between tidal heights for carnivorous, spired-shell species. This variation among basibionts in pattern of prevalence across tidal heights suggests that the carnivorous snails are more likely than the limpets to range across intertidal heights.
Political Party, Incumbency, Disorder: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

What is the relationship between political party incumbency and order in a democracy? Recent theory and empirical evidence suggest that incumbency of political parties with inclusive platforms mitigate conflict. We take a contrasting position, arguing that political parties can use incumbency to create disorder in democratic settings. We illustrate this in the context of Pakistan by investigating the effect of the incumbency of the MQM, a secular ethno-nationalist political party, on political violence. We use plausibly exogenous variation in the MQM's incumbency in the 2002 and 2008 elections of Pakistan's Sindh province to empirically test for the influence of the party on levels of violence. Regression discontinuity estimates show significantly more casualties per constituency in an election cycle after an MQM candidate is elected in the Sindh provincial assembly. The MQM incumbency also appears to increase the severity of incidents of violence. We theorize why the MQM needs to perpetrate violence and a mechanism of how incumbency helps the MQM avoid state crackdown with the help of qualitative evidence obtained from field interviews. Our empirical and theoretical work inform important debates on the intersection of elections and political violence, institutionalized permeation of state, and prospects of order in democracy.
The discovery of ceftazidime/avibactam as an anti-Mycobacterium avium agent.

Objectives To determine if ceftaroline and ceftazidime combined with avibactam are efficacious against pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease. Methods First, we performed a concentration-effect study of ceftaroline and ceftaroline/avibactam against extracellular MAC in test tubes. Given the difficulty of obtaining avibactam at the time of experimentation, we used a single concentration of commercial ceftazidime/avibactam, and two sets of non-treated controls, one with ceftazidime/avibactam and the other without. After finding antimicrobial activity with the ceftazidime/avibactam 'control', we performed ceftazidime/avibactam dose-effect studies in test tubes against extracellular MAC and in 24-well plates against intracellular MAC. We then performed a ceftazidime/avibactam exposure-effect and dose-fractionation studies in the hollow-fibre system model of intracellular pulmonary MAC (HFS-MAC). In each experiment, we repetitively sampled each HFS-MAC at specified times to validate ceftazidime/avibactam pharmacokinetics and to quantify bacterial burden. Results Ceftaroline killed extracellular MAC with maximal microbial kill (Emax) of 4.87 ± 0.26 log10 cfu/mL. However, the ceftazidime/avibactam 'control' also killed MAC compared with the non-treated control. Ceftazidime/avibactam Emax was 3.8 log10 cfu/mL against extracellular bacilli and 3.6 log10 cfu/mL against intracellular MAC. In the HFS-MAC, ceftazidime/avibactam achieved a half-life of 2.5-3.3 h and killed MAC 0.61-2.40 log10 cfu/mL below the starting bacterial burden. The ceftazidime/avibactam efficacy was linked to the proportion of the dosing interval for which the concentration persists above the MIC (fT>MIC), with optimal efficacy at free-drug fT>MIC of 52% (r2 = 0.95). Conclusions Ceftazidime/avibactam effectively kills MAC at exposures easily achieved in the lung by clinical doses. Efficacy was higher than with clinically achievable doses of azithromycin and ethambutol.