cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aqueous systems at high temperature—VIII: The solubility of UO3 hydrates in HNO3H2O solutions, 25–350°C, 10−4−6 molal nitrate☆

Abstract The solubility of UO3 hydrates in HNO3H2O solutions in the presence of the vapour was determined at temperatures from 25 to 350°C and at concentrations of total nitrate varying from 10−4 to 6 molal. The saturation molal ratios, mUO3:mN2O5, were found to decrease from 2·6 to 0·32, from 1·60 to 0·72, and from 1·20 to 1·04 in 0·0015, 0·15 and 3·0 molal N2O5 solutions, respectively, as the temperature was increased from 25 to 350°. In application, the solubilities may be used to define hydrolysis equilibria and to specify phase stable, aqueous homogeneous-reactor fuels. Some acidities at 25° of unsaturated solutions of UO2(NO3)2, HNO3, and H2O are included.
Potential Threat to Texas ADR

In “A Potential Threat to Texas ADR,” Professor Brian Shannon discusses the potential threat to Texas Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) posed by the Uniform Mediation Act (UMA). The UMA was approved by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and the American Bar Association Dispute Resolution Section. A proposal to accept the UMA as the law governing mediation in Texas could come before the legislature as early as the next session. Professor Shannon states that the major concern is the level of confidentiality protection that is afforded to those who go through the mediation process. Since Texas has a high level of confidentiality protection in place, he argues that enacting the UMA would put mediation participants in jeopardy. Professor Shannon concludes by expressing that the ADR section of the Texas State Bar and the Texas ADR community will adamantly oppose the proposition if it is before the legislature.
The prospects of lesson study in the US

Purpose – Lesson study has emerged as an approach to improving the quality of teaching in the USA. The purpose of this paper is to provide an investigation into teachers’ attitudes toward lesson study. Evidence suggests that lesson study may increase teachers’ content knowledge and their ability to anticipate student misconceptions during lessons. Nevertheless, certain issues have surfaced in the literature. Teachers may struggle with the demands of collaboration, critique of their lessons, and observation of their teaching. Moreover, lesson study may conflict with the existing mandate-monitor culture within many school districts. Understanding how teachers perceive lesson study is vital to gauging the effectiveness of the process. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 55 teachers at two elementary schools in urban Los Angeles participated in the researcher-designed survey. For the teachers in this study, participation in lesson study was mandatory, and most had participated in a version of lesson study t...
Oxidized oil shale for removal of nitrogen oxides in combustion gas streams

Abstract Oxidized oil shale from the combustor in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) hot recycled solids (HRS) oil shale retorting process has been found to be a catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides from laboratory gas streams, using NH 3 as a reductant. Oxidized Green River oil shale, heated at 10 °C min −1 in an Ar/O 2 /NO/NH 3 mixture (~93%/6%/2000 ppm /4000 ppm ) with a gas residence time of ~0.6 s, removed NO between 250 and 500 °C, with maximum removal of 70% at ~400 °C. Under isothermal conditions with the same gas mixture, the maximum NO removal was ~64%. When CO 2 was added to the gas mixture at ~8%, the NO removal dropped to ~50%. However, increasing the gas residence time to ~1.2 s, increased NO removal to 63%. Nitrogen balances of these experiments suggest selective catalytic reduction of NO is occurring using NH 3 as the reductant. These results are not based on completely optimized process conditions, but indicate that oxidized oil shale is an effective catalyst for NO removal from combustion gas streams using NH 3 as the reductant. Parameters calculated for implementing oxidized oil shale for NO x remediation on the current HRS retort, indicate an abatement device is practical to construct.
A charcoal cartridge for the removal of anionic detergent and electrophoresis stains

Instructions are given for the construction of a charcoal-containing cartridge that allows the rapid recirculation through charcoal of any fluid in which the cartridge is submerged; recirculatory flow is achieved by magnetic stirring of the fluid by a stirring bar placed under the cartridge. The device is assembled from nylon mesh and conical sections cut from polypropylene beakers. The device can be used to accelerate the destaining of electrophoresis gels and to remove SDS (sodium lauryl sulfate) from SDS gels. The removal of SDS prior to staining is essential for the staining of SDS gels with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250.
Implementation of Kane's Method for a Spacecraft Composed of Multiple Rigid Bodies

Equations of motion are derived for a general spacecraft composed of rigid bodies connected via rotary (spherical or gimballed) joints in a tree topology. Several supporting concepts are developed in depth. Basis dyads aid in the transition from basis-free vector equations to component-wise equations. Joint partials allow abstraction of 1-DOF, 2-DOF, 3-DOF gimballed and spherical rotational joints to a common notation. The basic building block consisting of an "inner" body and an "outer" body connected by a joint enables efficient organization of arbitrary tree structures. Kane's equation is recast in a form which facilitates systematic assembly of large systems of equations, and exposes a relationship of Kane's equation to Newton and Euler's equations which is obscured by the usual presentation. The resulting system of dynamic equations is of minimum dimension, and is suitable for numerical solution by computer. Implementation is ·discussed, and illustrative simulation results are presented.
Diagenesis in prehistoric bone: Problems and solutions

Abstract Post-depositional chemical alteration, or diagenesis, in prehistoric human bone is the major problem in the use of trace element analyses for dietary reconstruction. Following a review of recent studies of diagenesis, we discuss means for evaluating post-depositional chemical change in bone and for removing such contaminants. Three different procedures are described which reflect current efforts to evaluate and reduce the effects of diagenesis. These include (1) mechanical cleaning, (2) chemical cleaning through acid washing and (3) washing with a reducing agent. These procedures usually remove major contaminants, leaving significant potential of trace element analyses for the investigation of past diet.
Point of no return? Fair use on trial

Purpose – This article seeks to discuss the implications of the Cambridge University Press et al. lawsuit filed against Georgia State University.Design/methodology/approach – The article concerns itself with the root causes of the lawsuit, and the bizarre nature of producers suing a member of their primary clientele.Findings – The article does not offer an opinion on which party should or will prevail, but instead focuses on the growing divide between publishers and academia, which seems headed for a showdown.Originality/value – The article offers another perspective on the pending lawsuit, which has the potential to define fair use in a quantifiable way.
Effects of breathing variation on gating window internal target volume in respiratory gated radiation therapy

Purpose: To investigate the effects of breathing variation on gating window internal target volume ( ITV GW ) in respiratory gated radiation therapy. Method and Materials: Two-dimensional dynamic MRI (dMRI) of lung motion was acquired in ten volunteers and eight lungcancer patients. Resorted dMRI using 4DCT acquisition method (RedCAM) was generated for selected subjects by simulating the image rebinning process. A dynamic software generated phantom (dSGP) was created by moving a solid circle (to mimic the “tumor”) with dMRI-determined motion trajectories. The gating window internal target area ( ITA GW , 2D counterpart of ITV GW ) was determined from both RedCAM and dSGP/dMRI. Its area ( A ) , major axis ( L 1 ) , minor axis ( L 2 ) , and similarity ( S ) were calculated and compared. Results: In the phantom study of 3 cm tumor, measurements of the ITA GW from dSGP ( A = 10.0 ± 1.3 cm 2 , L 1 = 3.8 ± 0.4 cm , and L 2 = 3.3 ± 0.1 cm ) are significantly ( p 0.001 ) greater than those from RedCAM ( A = 8.5 ± 0.7 cm 2 , L 1 = 3.5 ± 0.2 cm , and L 2 = 3.1 ± 0.1 cm ). Similarly, the differences are significantly greater ( p 0.001 ) for the 1 cm tumor ( A = 1.9 ± 0.5 cm 2 , L 1 = 1.9 ± 0.4 cm , and L 2 = 1.3 ± 0.1 cm in dSGP; A = 1.3 ± 0.1 cm 2 , L 1 = 1.5 ± 0.2 cm , and L 2 = 1.1 ± 0.1 cm in RedCAM). In patient studies, measurements of the ITA GW from dMRI ( A = 15.5 ± 8.2 cm 2 , L 1 = 5.0 ± 1.1 cm , and L 2 = 3.8 ± 1.2 cm ) are also significantly greater ( p 0.05 ) than those from RedCAM ( A = 13.2 ± 8.5 cm 2 , L 1 = 4.3 ± 1.4 cm , and L 2 = 3.7 ± 1.2 cm ). Similarities were 0.9 ± 0.1 , 0.8 ± 0.1 , and 0.8 ± 0.1 in the 3 cm tumor phantom, 1 cm tumor phantom, and patient studies, respectively. Conclusion: ITV GW can be underestimated by 4DCT due to breathing variations. An additional margin may be needed to account for this potential error in generating a PTV GW . Cautions need to be taken when generating ITV GW from 4DCT in respiratory gated radiation therapy, especially for small tumors ( 3 cm ) with a large motion range ( > 1 cm ) .
A Preservice Secondary Teacher's Moves to Protect Her View of Herself as a Mathematics Expert

This paper discusses the experience of a preservice secondary mathematics teacher during lesson study. Although the preservice teacher was a strong undergraduate mathematics student, she used compensation “moves” to deflect attention away from her insecurities about her conceptual understanding of secondary mathematics. She feared being labeled as “dumb” and redirected conversations in order to protect her identity as a knower of mathematics. This paper investigates the culture in which preservice teachers develop confidence in their personal mathematics knowledge and how that confidence may influence behavior.
Dimensions of therapeutic behavior

This study was designed to identify and structure the most significant behaviors of clinicians and clients engaged in speech and language therapy. A total of 428 clinical supervisors in 114 university training programs evaluated the therapeutic behavior of 480 clinician-client dyads. Results of a factor analysis of the clinicians' behavior yielded three distinct dimensions: "interpersonal relationship," "technical skill," and "target behavior" factors. A factor analysis of the clients' behavior resulted in two dimensions: "rapport" and "therapy feedback" factors. Based on these findings, the structure of therapeutic behavior is discussed along with implications for future clinical training and research strategies.
Parallel de bruijn graph construction and traversal for de novo genome assembly

De novo whole genome assembly reconstructs genomic sequence from short, overlapping, and potentially erroneous fragments called reads. We study optimized parallelization of the most time-consuming phases of Meraculous, a state of-the-art production assembler. First, we present a new parallel algorithm for k-mer analysis, characterized by intensive communication and I/O requirements, and reduce the memory requirements by 6.93×. Second, we efficiently parallelize de Bruijn graph construction and traversal, which necessitates a distributed hash table and is a key component of most de novo assemblers. We provide a novel algorithm that leverages one-sided communication capabilities of the Unified Parallel C (UPC) to facilitate the requisite fine-grained parallelism and avoidance of data hazards, while analytically proving its scalability properties. Overall results show unprecedented performance and efficient scaling on up to 15,360 cores of a Cray XC30, on human genome as well as the challenging wheat genome, with performance improvement from days to seconds.
KLF5 is frequently deleted and down‐regulated but rarely mutated in prostate cancer

Backgrounds Previous studies mapped a region at the q21 band of chromosome 13 (13q21), which is frequently deleted in various human cancers including prostate cancer, suggesting the existence of a tumor suppressor gene at 13q21. The target gene of deletion in prostate cancer, however, has not been identified at present. Methods We examined four non-neoplastic and 18 neoplastic prostatic cell lines or xenografts. Homozygous/hemizygous deletion was detected by assays of duplex PCR and real-time PCR. Expression levels of genes were determined by the methods of RT-PCR, real time PCR, and northern blot analysis. Mutations of KLF5 were detected by the approaches of single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing. For the detection of promoter methylation, Southern blotting of genomic DNA and restriction digestion or SSCP analysis of methylation specific PCR products were used. Finally, an expression plasmid of KLF5 was introduced into prostate cancer cell lines with reduced KLF5 expression to investigate colony formation for cell growth. Results A 2-Mb region of homozygous deletion at 13q21 was detected in the LUCaP70 xenograft of prostate cancer. This region of deletion was further narrowed to 142 Kb by a hemizygous deletion in the NCI-H660 cell line. KLF5 was identified as the only complete gene in the smallest region of deletion. Quantitative deletion of KLF5 genome occurred in six of the 18 (33%) prostate cancer xenografts/cell lines. Each of the six samples with deletion also showed loss of expression for KLF5, suggesting that hemizygous deletion is one mechanism for loss of KLF5 expression. In total, 16 of the 18 cases (89%) showed loss of KLF5 expression at different degrees. In contrast, mutations and promoter methylations were not detected in any of the samples. Functionally, restoration of KLF5 in DU 145 and 22Rv1 cell lines significantly inhibited their growth in vitro. Conclusions Frequent genomic deletion and loss of expression as well as cell growth suppression indicate that KLF5 is a reasonable candidate for the tumor suppressor gene at 13q21 in prostate cancer. Mutation and promoter methylation are not common mechanisms for the inactivation of KLF5 in prostate cancer. Prostate 55: 81–88, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fast minimum-redundancy prefix coding for real-time space data compression

The minimum-redundancy prefix-free code problem is to determine an array l = {l 1 ,..., l n } of n integer codeword lengths, given an array f= {f 1 ,..., f n } of n symbol occurrence frequencies, such that the Kraft-McMillan inequality Σ n i=1 2 -l i ≤ 1 holds and the number of the total coded bits Σ n i=1 f i l i is minimized. Previous minimum-redundancy prefix-free code based on Huffinan's greedy algorithm solves this problem in O (n) time if the input array f is sorted; but in O (n log n) time if f is unsorted. In this paper a fast algorithm is proposed to solve this problem in linear time if f is unsorted. It is suitable for real-time applications in satellite communication and consumer electronics. We also develop its VLSI architecture that consists of four modules, namely, the frequency table builder, the codeword length table builder, the codeword table builder, and the input-to-codeword mapper.
Trichloroacetic acid peels revisited.

. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a time-honored peeling agent that has no known systemic toxicity. Recent interest in reversing the effects of actinic damage has led to the utilization of combination therapies. Retinoic acid, solid CO2, pyruvic acid, Jessner's formula, and other agents have been used to increase the effectiveness of TCA and enhance peeling results. Repetitive peels with low concentrations of TCA can be effective for areas prone to scarring.
Autonomous docking for an eROSI robot based on a vision system with points clustering

This paper presents an autonomous docking system based on visual cues on a docking station. Autonomous docking is essential for large scale robotic teams to be delivered by larger robots, recovered, recharged, and redeployed for continuous operation. Using a computer vision based approach, we identify cues to line up for docking by extracting corner pixels and combining this information with color information. Potential target points are extracted and clustered using Euclidean distance in the image plane. Using these clusters of points the appropriate motion behavior is selected to reposition the robot into the desired position and orientation. This paper will present examples of this implementation using an eROSI robot which uses only vision to navigate.
Portable wide-field hand-held NIR scanner

Near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging modality is one of the widely used medical imaging techniques for breast cancer imaging, functional brain mapping, and many other applications. However, conventional NIR imaging systems are bulky and expensive, thereby limiting their accelerated clinical translation. Herein a new compact (6 × 7 × 12 cm3), cost-effective, and wide-field NIR scanner has been developed towards contact as well as no-contact based real-time imaging in both reflectance and transmission mode. The scanner mainly consists of an NIR source light (between 700- 900 nm), an NIR sensitive CCD camera, and a custom-developed image acquisition and processing software to image an area of 12 cm2. Phantom experiments have been conducted to estimate the feasibility of diffuse optical imaging by using Indian-Ink as absorption-based contrast agents. As a result, the developed NIR system measured the light intensity change in absorption-contrasted target up to 4 cm depth under transillumination mode. Preliminary in-vivo studies demonstrated the feasibility of real-time monitoring of blood flow changes. Currently, extensive in-vivo studies are carried out using the ultra-portable NIR scanner in order to assess the potential of the imager towards breast imaging..
Kinetostatic Design Considerations for an Articulated Leg-Wheel Locomotion Subsystem

Our long-term goal is one of designing land-based vehicles to provide enhanced uneven-terrain locomotion capabilities. In this paper, we examine and evaluate candidate articulated leg-wheel subsystem designs for use in such vehicle systems. The leg-wheel subsystem designs under consideration consist of disk wheels attached to the chassis through an articulated linkage containing multiple lower-pair joints. Our emphasis is on creating a design that permits the greatest motion flexibility between the chassis and wheel while maintaining the smallest degree-of-freedom (DOF) within the articulated chain. We focus our attention on achieving two goals: (i) obtaining adequate ground clearance by designing the desired/feasible motions of the wheel axle, relative to the chassis, using methods from kinematic synthesis; and (ii) reducing overall actuation requirements by a judicious mix of structural equilibration design and spring assist. This process is examined in detail in the context of two candidate single-degree-of-freedom designs for the articulated-leg-wheel subsystems—a coupled-serial-chain configuration and a four-bar configuration. We considered the design synthesis of planar variants of the two candidate designs surmounting a representative obstacle profile while supporting a set of end-effector loads and highlight the key benefits in the presented results.
Optimizing Thermal-Optical Methods for Measuring Atmospheric Elemental (Black) Carbon: A Response Surface Study

The chemical, physical, and morphological complexity of atmospheric aerosol elemental carbon (EC) presents major problems in assuring measurement accuracy. Since EC and black carbon are often considered equivalent, methods based on thermal-optical analysis (TOA) are widely used for EC in ambient air samples because no prior knowledge of the aerosol's absorption coefficient is required. Nevertheless, different TOA thermal desorption protocols result in wide EC-to-total-carbon (TC) variation. We created three response surfaces with the following response variables: EC/TC, maximum laser attenuation in the He phase ( L max ), and laser attenuation at the end of the He phase ( L He4 ). A two-level central-composite factorial design comprised of four factors considered the temperatures and durations of all desorption steps in TOA's inert (He) phase and the initial step in TOA's oxidizing (O 2 -He) phase. L max was used to assess the positive bias caused by nonvolatile unpyrolized organic carbon (OC char) being ...
The Role of Cell Cycle Regulatory Protein, Cyclin D1, in the Progression of Thyroid Cancer

Cell cycle progression is facilitated by cyclin-dependent kinases that are activated by cyclins including cyclin D1 and inactivated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) such as p27. Our previous studies have demonstrated decreased p27 expression in both papillary and more aggressive carcinomas of the thyroid compared to thyroid adenoma and almost similar level of cyclin D1 expression between thyroid adenoma and papillary carcinoma. These results indicate that CDKIs may have an important role in the carcinogenesis of the thyroid and that they probably have a limited role in malignant progression of the thyroid cancer. The role of cyclin D1 in malignant progression of thyroid carcinoma has yet to be established. We studied the expression of cyclin D1 by immunohistochemistry in 34 cases of conventional papillary carcinoma (CPC), 10 cases of minimally invasive follicular carcinoma (MIFC), and 32 cases of more aggressive thyroid carcinoma (ATC), which included 11 tall cell variants, one columnar cell variant of papillary carcinoma, seven insular carcinomas, and 13 anaplastic carcinomas. Cyclin D1 staining was classified by staining score as 0, negative; 1+, less than 25%; 2+, 25 to 50%; and 3+, more than 50% tumor cells staining positive. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Wilcoxon Rank Sum/Mann-Whitney U Test was used to assess the difference in the expression of cyclin D1 between the study groups. Twenty-eight out of the 34 CPCs were cyclin D1 positive, 24 (70%) were 1+, 3 (9%) were 2+, and one (3%) were 3+ positive. Seven of 10 MIFCs were cyclin D1 positive, five (71%) were 1+, and the remaining two (29%) were 2+ positive. On the other hand, 28 of 32 ATCs showed cyclin D1 immunostaining. Of these, three (9%) were 1+, five (13%) were 2+, and 20 (63%) were 3+ positive. This study demonstrates a significant overexpression of cyclin D1 in ATC compared CPC (P < .001) and MIFC (P < .005), suggesting that the cyclin D1 expression may play a role in tumor progression and may have prognostic significance in thyroid cancer.
Role of protein kinase C α in nerve growth factor-induced arachidonic acid release from PC12 cells

Nerve growth factor (NGF) increases arachidonic acid (AA) release by PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. To explore the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in this action of NGF, PKC was down-regulated by long-term treatment of the cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Such prolonged exposure to PMA (1 microM) resulted in the inhibition of NGF-induced AA release. Moreover, pretreatment of PC12 cells with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine or with calphostin C, a specific inhibitor of PKC, also blocks the increase of AA release induced by NGF. These data, as well as that PMA alone can induce AA release in PC12 cells, suggest that PKC is necessary for NGF-induced AA release. Immunoblot analysis of whole cell lysates by using antibodies against various PKC isoforms revealed that our PC12 cells contained PKCs alpha, delta, epsilon, and zeta. PMA down-regulation depleted PKCs alpha, delta, and epsilon, and partially depleted zeta. To see which isoform was involved in NGF-induced AA release, an isoform-specific PKC inhibitor was used. GO 6976, a compound that inhibits PKCs alpha and beta specifically, blocked NGF-induced AA release. In addition, thymeleatoxin, a specific activator of PKCs alpha, beta, and gamma, induced AA release from PC12 cells in amounts comparable with those seen with NGF. Taken together, these data suggest that PKC alpha plays a role in NGF-induced AA release.
Modified passive capillary samplers for collecting samples of snowmelt infiltration for stable isotope analysis in remote, seasonally inaccessible watersheds 1: laboratory evaluation

Twelve modified passive capillary samplers (M-PCAPS) were installed in remote locations within a large, alpine watershed located in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado to collect samples of infiltration during the snowmelt and summer rainfall seasons. These samples were collected in order to provide better constraints on the isotopic composition of soil-water endmembers in the watershed. The seasonally integrated stable isotope composition (δ18O and δ2H) of soil-meltwater collected with M-PCAPS installed at shallow soil depths 20 cm evolved along an isotopic enrichment line similar to the trendline described by the evolution of fresh snow to surface runoff from snowmelt in the watershed. Coincident changes in geochemistry were also observed at depth suggesting that the isotopic and geochemical composition of deep infiltration may be very different from that obtained by surface and/or shallow-subsurface measurements. The M-PCAPS design was also used to estimate downward fluxes of meltwater during the snowmelt season. Shallow and deep infiltration averaged 8·4 and 4·7 cm of event water or 54 and 33% of the measured snow water equivalent (SWE), respectively. Finally, dominant shallow-subsurface runoff processes occurring during snowmelt could be identified using geochemical data obtained with the M-PCAPS design. One soil regime was dominated by a combination of slow matrix flow in the shallow soil profile and fast preferential flow at depth through a layer of platy, volcanic rocks. The other soil regime lacked the rock layer and was dominated by slow matrix flow. Based on these results, the M-PCAPS design appears to be a useful, robust methodology to quantify soil-water fluxes during the snowmelt season and to sample the stable isotopic and geochemical composition of soil-meltwater endmembers in remote watersheds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corn production as influenced by irrigation and salinity — Utah studies

This paper reports the results of a two-year field study at Logan, Utah which was one of a series of similar experiments carried out at Ft. Collins, Colorado, Davis, California and Yuma, Arizona. A range of water application rates were imposed using the line-source system (Hanks et al., 1976) and in some treatments water was withheld during certain growth stages. Salinity variables were imposed by presalinization before planting and by the use of saline irrigation water. Regardless of irrigation or salinity regime, corn grain and total dry matter production were linearly related to evapotranspiration, which was measured as the sum of irrigation, rainfall and soil water depletion minus drainage. Presalinization of the soil decreased yields in proportion to the salinity imposed, the decrease being associated with reductions in evapotranspiration caused by reduced soil water depletion as compared to the nonsalinized treatments.
Risk Factors for Organ Dysfunction and Failure in Patients with Acute Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Traumatic injuries to the cervical spine cause significant disability. Much of the morbidity and mortality that occurs in patients afflicted with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs early after injury due to primary neurologic dysfunction, systemic inflammation, concomitant injuries, treatments to prevent and ameliorate secondary insults, and prolonged immobilization. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of organ dysfunction and failure using validated measures: the Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA). We also sought to determine if certain patient or injury characteristics were associated with the development of organ dysfunction and failure. All patients who sustained isolated blunt cervical SCIs admitted to the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center over a 15-month period were identified. American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor scores, ASIA impairment scale (AIS) scores, and level of injury were recorded. Admission, first daily, worst daily, and aggregate MOD and SOFA scores were assigned for each of six organ systems. A P 24 h. Organ failure of at least one organ system occurred in 75% of patients as calculated by MOD score and 85% of patients calculated using SOFA criteria. Multiple organ failure was found in 55% by MOD and 62.5% by SOFA scores. The most frequent system to fail was the cardiovascular system by aggregate MODS (84%), while the respiratory system was the most frequently failed system by aggregate SOFA criteria (70%). There was a strong inverse correlation between ASIA motor score and aggregate MODS and SOFA scores (r = −0.56, P = 0.0002 and r = −0.51, P = 0.0009). AIS was also found to be inversely correlated with the development of organ failure (r = −0.47, P = 0.002 and r = −0.45, P = 0.004) while anatomic level of injury was found to correlate poorly with the incidence of organ failure (r = −0.11, P = 0.5 and r = −0.10, P = 0.5). Only ASIA motor score was significantly associated with sum aggregate organ dysfunction scores when controlling for age and injury severity score (parameter estimate = −0.082, P = 0.0005 for MODS and parameter estimate = −0.057, P = 0.006 for SOFA). This study is the first to describe the incidence of organ dysfunction and failure in patients with isolated acute traumatic cervical SCI using validated organ system dysfunction scores. Respiratory, cardiovascular, neurologic, renal, hepatic, and hematologic dysfunction occurred commonly both on admission and over the ICU stay. Respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurologic failure were frequently found, while renal, hepatic, and hematologic failures were uncommon. Multiple organ failure occurred in the majority of patients. ASIA motor score and AIS were found to strongly correlate with the development of organ dysfunction and failure. Level of injury should be used with caution when describing the risk of complications and the need for medical interventions.
Neural tissue transplants rescue axotomized rubrospinal cells from retrograde death

Rubrospinal tract cells undergo massive retrograde degeneration following spinal cord damage in newborn rats (Prendergast and Stelzner, J. Comp. Neurol. 166:163-172, '76b). In the current study, fetal spinal cord tissue (E12-14) was grafted into midthoracic spinal cord lesions in newborn rats (less than 72 hours old) in order to determine whether such transplants could modify the response of the immature host central nervous system (CNS) to axotomy. These transplants grew, differentiated, and formed extensive areas of apposition with the recipient spinal cords. Counts of red nucleus (RN) neurons indicated a significant loss of RN neurons in animals with lesion alone, but a rescuing of most of these cells if a transplant was placed into the lesion site. In fact, the number of neurons in animals with lesions and transplants was not significantly different from control animals. Horseradish peroxidase injected 10-15 mm caudal to the transplant (at 1-12 months post-transplantation) labeled neurons within the transplant and RN neurons contralateral to the spinal cord lesions and transplant. In animals with spinal cord lesion but no transplant, only the unaxotomized RN was labeled. Thus, spinal cord transplants prevented the massive retrograde cell death of immature axotomized rubrospinal neurons. Some of these rescued neurons projected to the host spinal cord caudal to the transplant.
Reflection spectra of lunar dust grains with amorphous coatings.

The suggestion of Bibring et al. (1971) that the low albedos and reddish spectra observed in some lunar fines are caused by a low density amorphous substance which coats the fines is disputed. It is shown that these coatings have only a marginal effect on lunar reflectivity.
Principals Can Be Effective Managers and Instructional Leaders

By the nature of their positions, principals are to some extent instructional leaders. Six manage rial tasks inherent in the principal ship can significantly affect teaching and learning. How prin cipals handle these tasks deter mines their effectiveness as man agers and instructional leaders.
CD4 engagement induces Fas antigen-dependent apoptosis of T cells in vivo.

CD4 is a T lymphocyte receptor for major histocompatibility complex class II antigens. It is referred to as coreceptor because it synergizes with the T cell receptor for antigen when both receptors become engaged simultaneously. We show here in mice that when engaged by antibody independently of the T cell antigen receptor, CD4 induces T cells to undergo apoptosis. Several features of this process were identified. The expression of an intact Fas protein is a requirement for CD4-mediated T cell death. Mice homozygous for the lpr mutation which are defective in the expression of Fas and in their ability to delete lymphocytes apoptotically fail to delete anti-CD4-reactive T cells. Sessile anti-CD4-reactive T cells leave their homing environment in lymphoid organs and modulate their cell surface molecules, e.g. CD2, CD3, CD4. A massive influx of lymphoid cells with null-cell phenotype occurs in the blood where they begin to reexpress cell surface markers. With their arrival in the circulation, anti-CD4-reactive T cells develop features of DNA degradation typical of apoptosis. More than one third of the circulating lymphoid cells show apoptotic features 7-8 h after anti-CD4 injection. Their frequency declines subsequently presumably due to their physical disintegration via shedding of apoptotic bodies and phagocytosis. Our data show that when not obliged to the activation process by the antigen receptor, CD4 can mediate deletion signals. Thus, besides functioning as coreceptor with the antigen receptor, CD4 has a function of its own in facilitating the induction of apoptosis.
Human pluripotent stem cells: applications and challenges in neurological diseases.

The ability to generate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) holds great promise for the understanding and the treatment of human neurological diseases in modern medicine. The hPSCs are considered for their in vitro use as research tools to provide relevant cellular model for human diseases, drug discovery and toxicity assays and for their in vivo use in regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we highlight recent progress, promises and challenges of hPSC applications in human neurological disease modelling and therapies.
Structure-function relationships in Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase.

Class I adenylate cyclases are found in γ- and δ-proteobacteria. They play central roles in processes such as catabolite repression in Escherichia coli or development of full virulence in pathogens such as Yersinia enterocolitica and Vibrio vulnificus . The catalytic domain (residues 2–446) of the adenylate cyclase of E. coli was overexpressed and purified. It displayed a V max of 665 nmol of cAMP·mg −1 ·min −1 and a K m of 270 μM. Titration of the metal cofactor Mg 2+ against the substrate ATP showed a requirement for free metal ions in addition to the MgATP complex, suggesting a two-metal-ion mechanism as is known for class II and class III adenylate cyclases. Twelve residues which are essential for catalysis were identified by mutagenesis of a total of 20 polar residues conserved in all class I adenylate cyclases. Five essential residues (Ser 103 , Ser 113 , Asp 114 , Asp 116 and Trp 118 ) were part of a region which is found in all members of the large DNA polymerase β-like nucleotidyltransferase superfamily. Alignment of the E. coli adenylate cyclase with the crystal structure of a distant member of the superfamily, archaeal tRNA CCA-adding enzyme, suggested that Asp 114 and Asp 116 are the metal-cofactor-ion-binding residues. The S103A mutant had a 17-fold higher K m than wild-type, demonstrating its important role in substrate binding. In comparison with the tRNA CCA-adding enzyme, Ser 103 of the E. coli adenylate cyclase apparently binds the γ-phosphate group of ATP. Consistent with this function, the S103A mutation caused a marked reduction of discrimination between ATP- and ADP- or AMP-derived inhibitors.
Effect of septal perforations on measures of nasal resistance.

Abstract Objective:The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of septal perforations on posterior and anterior rhinomanometric measures of nasal resistance in an analog model. Design: The data were analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Nasal resistance was the dependent variable, while type of rhinomanometry, septal perforation size, and position of resistance (proximal vs. distal) were nominal scale independent variables. Participants: The analog model used in this study was similar to that described by Warren and Devereux (1966), except that the nasal cavities of the model were modified to create septal perforations. Outcome Measures: The main dependent measure was nasal resistance. Results: An important finding of this investigation was that septal perforations resulted in large differences (> 3 cm H2O/L/sec) between posterior and anterior nasal resistance values in the bilateral proximal resistor condition. Conclusions: Anterior rhinomanometry may underestimate true nasal resist...
Relationship satisfaction of HIV-positive Ugandan individuals with HIV-negative partners

Challenges of relational coping are well documented in the literature on couples and chronic illnesses, but there is significantly less research on the psychological aspects of couple relationships and HIV, particularly in international contexts. Coping with the uncertainty of illness progression, family planning, disclosure to friends and family, social isolation and stigma, fear of transmission, sexual intimacy, changes to social and physical functioning, and receiving and providing care pose special challenges for couples with discordant HIV statuses. This study examined the correlates of relationship satisfaction in Ugandan HIV-positive individuals seeking treatment at a community clinic. Relationship satisfaction of HIV-positive individuals was uniquely predicted by their couple identity and depression, underscoring the importance of mental and relational health in HIV/AIDS.
Immunocytochemistry of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and corticotropin following deafferentation of the basal hypothalamus of the male rat brain.

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), vasopressin, and corticotropin systems were examined by immunocytochemical methods in male rats 2 to 20 days after deafferentation of the basal hypothalamus. Axonal degeneration of the vasopressin system (whose perikarya lie rostral to the island) and the corticotropin system (whose perikarya lie within the island) was examined and compared with the response of the LHRH system. Vasopressin immunoreactive staining was absent in the internal zone of the median eminence 10 and 20 days after deafferentation. Disruption of the efferent projections of the opiocortin system caused the loss of almost all fiber staining outside the island by the 5th postoperative day. LHRH staining in the median eminence was modestly reduced in 5 days, considerably reduced in 10 days and negligible 20 days after deafferentation. At 10 and/or 20 days after deafferentation densely stained fibers of all three systems were observed on both sides of the cut. Invasive vasopressinergic fibers reached the lateral median eminence by the 20th postoperative day. This study reports on the response of three neuropeptide systems after complete deafferentation and demonstrates that regeneration can occur across the knife cut.
Characterization of coating wear phenomena in nitride and carbide coated tool inserts

Hard nitride- and carbide- coatings of Ti, Zr, and Hf were deposited on T-15 cutting tool inserts using high-rate reactive sputtering (HRRS) and activated reactive evaporation (ARE) processes. The coated inserts were subjected to a series of metal cutting tests to evaluate their performance and to compare their relative ranking with wear model predictions. The cutting tests indicated the coated inserts outperformed uncoated inserts by a factor of 2- to 10 depending on the coating process and composition; however their ranking based on measured lifetime (to reach a 0.003 in. crater depth) did not agree with predicted wear model predictions. Subsequently, a series of short-term cutting tests were initiated to study the wear behavior of the coatings during the early stages of the wear process when the coating was still intact. Post-test examination of the inserts suggest that the predominant wear mechanism was not due to abrasion or thermochemical dissolution as predicted by the model, but was a result of substrate softening followed by microfracture of the coating. The substrate softening is attributed to the severe cutting conditions (325 sfpm under dry cutting conditions) used in the cutting tests. 12 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
Profits, Layoffs, and Priorities

This study examines the deliberations of professional MBA students when presented with a dilemma that weighs the difference between commitments to profit- maximization against concerns for fired workers who would need to seek a new job during a recession. Using content analysis, accounting, economic, and ethically based rationales that differ from the profit-maximizing recommendation are categorized. Results also show that those who make non-profit-maximizing recommendations consider, but ultimately reject the profit-maximizing approach to layoffs.
Validation of Multicomponent Diffusivities Using One Diffusion Couple

An experimental method involving one diffusion couple is described for measuring a column of coefficients in the matrix of a multicomponent, square root diffusivity. An example is given for a quaternary Ni-4at.%Cr-6at.%Al-4at.% Mo alloy at 1100 °C in which coefficients from the Mo column were determined and compared with those measured using three diffusion couples. For two of the diffusion coefficients, the agreement was within 1%, while for the third coefficient there was nearly a 40% difference. That difference was directly related to an error in one of the diffusion couple alloy compositions. A discussion is given as to how the single column of square root diffusivities can be used to partially validate a predicted diffusivity obtained from semi-empirical thermodynamic and mobility databases.
Personality Type and Clinical Supervision Interventions

In this study, the authors investigated personality type of supervisors and supervisees and interventions chosen by supervisors for 78 supervisory dyads from 9 different counselor education programs. Gender effects were also investigated. Results indicated that interventions were not influenced by supervisor personality type as measured by the Revised NEO (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to New Experiences) Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992a), nor were they influenced by similarity or dissimilarity of supervisory dyads by type or gender. Rather, most supervision interventions were Intuitive or Perceiving as measured by the Focus of Supervision Form. One exception was when supervisees scored high on Openness on the NEO PI-R, which resulted in supervisors choosing Judging interventions.
CORR Insights(®): To What Degree Do Pain-coping Strategies Affect Joint Stiffness and Functional Outcomes in Patients With Hand Fractures?

T he influence of psychological factors on functional outcomes in clinical orthopaedics is becoming increasingly recognized. The World Health Organization has concluded that depression better predicts general health status than angina, asthma, diabetes, or arthritis [5]. In musculoskeletal health, depression has been demonstrated to predict self-reported upper extremity health status for multiple diagnoses [7]. Depression, pain catastrophizing, and other psychological factors are the best available predictors of severity of pain and disability after ACL reconstruction, knee arthroplasty, and minor hand surgery [6, 8, 9]. Psychological symptoms are prevalent and inadequately recognized on clinical impression alone. After orthopaedic trauma, 45% of patients have clinically relevant symptoms of depression [1]; in spine patients, 64% have psychological distress on screening questionnaires [2], and after severe lower limb injuries, 48% of patients screen positive for a likely psychological disorder [3]. Controversies remain regarding the relationships among psychological factors associated with physical impairment (as opposed to perceived disability), the degree to which psychological factors can be modified in the orthopaedic patient, and whether this is practical to achieve. Roh et al. have focused on the role of pain-coping strategies on ROM and grip strength after hand fractures. They found that poor coping skills before surgery, as measured by high catastrophization and anxiety, were associated with weaker grip strength, decreased ROM, and increased disability after surgical treatment for hand fracture in the first 3 months after injury.
ENZYMES OF CANCER NUCLEI.

I N preparing nuclei by means of non-aqueous solvents, there are several technical factors that must be considered with respect to the study of enzymes. These include the effect of freezing, the effect of lyophilization, and the effect of solvent treatment. Siebert [lo] has presented evidence that the solvents used had little effect on the activity of many of the enzymes studied. The effects of freezing and lyophilization do not appear to have been defined however and could very well have a profound effect upon the results and their interpretation. Berenbom et al. [3] studied the effect of freeze-drying on the activities of several hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in mouse liver about ten years ago. They found that the hydrolytic enzymes suffered only slight losses in activity as a result of this treatment. Cytochrome oxidase and succinoxidase, however, were inactivated 50 per cent or more by freezing alone. The possibility must thus be considered that selective effects are being observed in the study of lyophilized tissues. If one assumes for the purposes of discussion that freezing and lyophilization also did not affect the enzyples studied by Siebert [lo], the results indicate that with one notable exception (DPN-pyrophosphorylase), most of the enzymes studied were present in the isolated nuclei in about the same concentration as in the original tissue. It is the interpretation of the latter findings that is the main point at issue. This is an important point because if the results are accepted at face value, one would have to conclude that the nucleus is able to carry out glycolysis, certain oxidations and hydrolytic functions. In short, it would almost appear as if the nucleus is able to conduct all of the functions that the cell is able to perform. The late Dr George H. Hogeboom and the author have always felt however that it is very difficult to interpret such data [9]. The nucleus, for example, accounts for 10 per cent or less of the mass of the liver cell. Consequently, if the concentration of enzyme in the nucleus is the same as in the original tissue, less than 10 per cent of the total tissue enzyme would actually be localized in the nucleus. The remaining 90 per cent would have to be localized in the cytoplasm. In order to accept the association of such small amounts of