cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hospitalized abused child: An interdisciplinary approach

The interdisciplinary approach to family diagnosis and treatment of child abuse often begins in the hospital. The tone established at this time has crucial implications for the treatment program following discharge from the hospital. There is, however, a paucity of information in the literature regarding the best utilization of this critical phase of treatment. Often this period is viewed as a time for assessment, diagnosis and treatment of the physical injuries while neglecting to recognize and utilize the potential for planned therapeutic intervention during the hospital stay. This paper identifies methods and interventions in implementing a treatment plan particular to this phase of the over-all treatment of the child and family.
Gaussian approximation for the temperature dependence of a continuous electronic spectrum

Abstract Exact expressions for the temperature dependence of the mean frequency and width of an absorption spectrum for an allowed transition between a harmonic lower state and a linear repulsive upper state potential are derived. This is sufficient information to obtain a Gaussian approximation for the absorption spectrum. The present results for the first two spectral moments are exact, and therefore represent an improvement over the Sulzer-Wieland equation in its original or modified forms.
Academic practice groups: strategy for survival.

Abstract Background. The mission of public academic health centers (puAHC) and their affiliated practice groups (APG) focuses on teaching, research, and the clinical care of at-risk populations. Resources to accomplish this mission, however, are becoming scarce. For puAHC to survive and remain competitive, innovative strategies will need to be developed by the APG. We hypothesized that the integration of a surgical academic practice of the APG with a nonacademic integrated health care delivery system (NAIDS) in a managed care environment would benefit all involved. Methods. A surgical academic practice was integrated with a NAIDS in a 95% managed care market. Faculty alone provided care the first year, and third-year residents were added the following year. To assess outcome, we collected benefit and cost data for the 1-year period before integration and compared them with the two, 1-year periods after integration. Results. In the second year of integration, revenues from the NAIDS referrals to the puAHC and APG increased 89% and 150%, respectively. The NAIDS' general surgical and endoscopy caseload increased by 25%. Additionally, there was a 92% reduction in operating room technician cost with no increase in operating time per case. Finally, the third-year resident experienced a caseload increase of 163%. Conclusions. In an environment where resources are diminishing and managed care consists of many large NAIDS that drive referrals and revenue, the integration of a surgical academic practice with a NAIDS benefits all shareholders. Academic practice groups that develop strategies that leverage their competitive advantage will have the best chance of surviving in today's turbulent health care market. (Surgery 2000;128:50-12.)
Laboratory Simulation of the Herringbone Pattern Associated with Lunar Secondary Crater Chains

V-shaped ridge components of the herringbone pattern associated with lunar secondary crater chains have been simulated by simultaneous and nearly simultaneous impact of two projectiles near one another. The impact velocities and angles of the projectiles were similar to those of the fragments that produced secondary craters found at various ranges from large lunar craters. Variables found to affect the included angles of the V-shaped ridges are: relative time of impact of the projectiles, impact angle, relative projectile mass, and azimuth angle of the crater chain relative to the projection of the flight line onto the target surface. The functional relationships between the forms of the ridges and many of these variables are similar to those observed for lunar V-shaped ridges. Comparison of the magnitudes of the ridge angles of both laboratory crater pairs and secondary crater chains of the crater Copernicus implies that material was ejected from Copernicus at angles in excess of 60 deg, measured from the normal, to form many of Copernicus' satellite craters.
Weak prepulses inhibit but do not elicit startle in rats and humans.

Abstract Background Inhibition of startle by weak prestimuli is called prepulse inhibition (PPI). It has recently been reported that 10- to 20-dB prepulses trigger eye-blink motor activity and PPI in normal human subjects. Motor activity after prepulses correlated negatively with PPI in four of nine possible conditions. We now report the relationship between prepulse-elicited startle (PPES) and PPI using weak prepulses. Methods We assessed PPI and PPES using 1- to 5-dB prepulses in humans and in rats after treatment with vehicle or apomorphine. Results Prepulses inhibited startle in an intensity-dependent fashion but elicited no startle activity in humans or rats. Apomorphine eliminated PPI in rats and produced a well-documented increase in stimulus-independent motor activity but did not stimulate PPES. Conclusions In humans and rats, PPES is not a necessary condition for either the elicitation or the disruption of PPI.
The application of Kirkwood expansions to binary interstitial solutions

Binary interstitial solid solutions thermodynamic properties calculation with Kirkwood expansion, allowing crystal first order partition function measurement without degeneracy error
Differential Specificity of Interferon-alpha Inducible Gene Expression in Association with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Levels and Declines in vivo.

Objective: This study was aimed to correlate in vivo interferon (IFN) inducible gene (IFIG) expression and IFIG induction with viral-load (VL) and VL-kinetics of Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus (HIV) or Hepatitis-C-Virus (HCV) in HIV-positive patients treated with pegylated IFN-alpha-2a (PegIFNα). Methods: HIV mono-infected patients (N=8) and HIV/HCV co-infected patients (N=23, without HIV-viremia) were treated with PegIFNα (180 μg/week) for 12 and 48 weeks, respectively. Blood sampling for monitoring IFIG expression occurred at day_0 and week_3, _6 and _12 for HIV mono-infected patients vs. only at day_0 and week_48 for HIV/ HCV co-infected subjects. IFIG expression (N=20) was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by bDNAassay. VL levels/changes in plasma were analyzed for correlation with IFIG expression/induction at/between selected time points. Overall, P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: None of the 20 IFIG expression profiles at day_0 correlated significantly with HIV-VL at day_0. Expression at day_0 of 3 IFIG (APOBEC3G/OAS1/OAS2) correlated significantly (r>+0.42/P<0.05) with HCV-VL at day_0. The strongest antiviral effect [measured as median viral decline per week: ΔVL/week (log10)] occurred in common against HIV and HCV between day_0 and week_3 during 12 weeks of continuous PegIFNα treatment in both cohorts. Expression at day_0 of 1 IFIG (APOBEC3A) correlated significantly (r<-0.71/P<0.05) with HIV-ΔVL/week (log10) from day_0 to week_3. No significance was reached in correlations between expression values of 20 IFIG at day_0 and HCV-ΔVL/week (log10) from day_0 to week_3. No significant correlation was detected between IFIG expression changes (ΔIFIG=induction) from day_0 to week_3 and HIV-ΔVL/week (log10) from day_0 to week_3. Interestingly, induction of 1 IFIG (ΔISG20) from day_0 to week_48 was significantly associated (P<0.05) with permanent HCV clearance. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the differential specificity of PegIFNα mediated molecular actions by dissecting the kinetics of IFIG expression and induction, suggesting multiple, possibly non-overlapping mechanisms for antiviral effects against HCV and HIV.
Coherence and applied ethics.

In order for a moral theory to support application it must be able to provide determinate answers to actual moral problems or, at the least, to significantly narrow acceptable options. It must also support the development of a genuine consensus, one that is disinterested, reasonable, and unbiased. I argue that theories concentrating on principles, or on rules, or on particular cases fail to meet these standards. A full coherence theory, taking into account principles, rules, practices, and judgments holds the greatest promise for successful application. I present a detailed outline of a full coherence theory that is principled, pluralistic, and comprehensive. This coherence theory includes three basic principles (expressed both negatively and positively), but binds these, in terms of their explication and application, to rules and practices. This theory respects current practices but also directs us to change practices and institutions and even the interpretation of basic moral principles. The theory includes ways to determine which aspect of moral experience should take precedence in given circumstances, ways to determine who has particular obligations, and how — by means of a mutuality principle — value may be enhanced under conditions of value conflict.
Taking Charge A Pilot Curriculum of Self-Defense and Personal Safety Training for Female Veterans With PTSD Because of Military Sexual Trauma

The authors describe an overview of the pilot project Taking Charge, a 36-hour comprehensive behavioral intervention involving psychoeducation, personal safety, and self-defense training for 12 female veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from military sexual trauma. Self-defense training can incorporate the benefits of repeated exposure while teaching proactive cognitive and behavioral responses to the feared stimuli, and thus facilitate emotional and physical rescripting of and mastery over the trauma. Results up to 6 months follow-up indicate significant reductions in behavioral avoidance, PTSD hyperarousal, and depression, with significant increases in interpersonal, activity, and self-defense self-efficacy. The authors propose that this therapeutic self-defense curriculum provides an enhanced exposure therapy paradigm that may be a potent therapeutic tool in the treatment of PTSD.
Multiparameter fluorescence spectroscopy of single quantum dot-dye FRET hybrids.

Transient energy transfer mechanism in single quantum dot−dye hybrids was studied by following the evolution of the emission decay profile in addition to the ratiometric shift between the donor and acceptor. This study was made possible by the combined use of multiparameter spectroscopy and model-free statistical approach.
Optical field determination in water

Electrostrictive pressure measurements were obtained by the use of a holographic interferometer. Use of this technique permitted a determination of the local electric field in water when subjected to a high-voltage impulse. The interferometer was illuminated by a pulse laser, which enabled detailed images of the rapidly changing field to be captured in a single 20-ns exposure. Using the same test cell and laser, field measurements were also obtained by the Kerr electrooptical technique. A comparison of the electrostriction and Kerr-derived field maps yielded good correlation, and revealed a superior sensitivity for the electrostriction method. Analysis is presented that links fundamental polarization modeling with the electrostrictive field measurements. >
Radiation safety. The maximum permissible exposure levels: our knowledge of the hazards

Abstract Many different agencies and standards organizations have proposed laser safety standards and personnel exposure limits (ELs), or maximum permissible exposure (MPE) levels. Safety standards may be limited in scope to codes of practice, to occupational ELs, to laser product safety, or to a combination of these three factors. Initially, in the 1960s, attention was drawn to setting ELs; however, as greater experience accumulated in the use of lasers and some accident experience had been gained, safety procedures were developed. It became clear by 1971, after the first decade of laser use, that detailed hazard evaluation of each laser environment was too complex for most users, and a scheme of hazard classification evolved. Today, most countries follow a scheme of four major hazard classifications as defined in Document WS 825 of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The classifications and the associated accessible emission limits (AELs) were based upon the ELs. The EL and AEL values today are in surprisingly good agreement worldwide. There exists a greater range of safety requirements for the user for each class of laser. The current MPEs (that is, ELs) and their basis are highlighted in this presentation.
Religion and health-promoting behaviors among emerging adults.

Studies suggest we capitalize upon religion’s health benefits to prevent obesity. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to determine how emerging adults used religion to manage their health. Two focus groups were conducted among White and African American participants. Content analysis of the data revealed categories about their attitudes regarding parental and religious influences, religion’s influence on behavior, negative health effects of religion, barriers, obesity prevention, and health promotion programs. Society sends out “easy” solutions for unhealthy behaviors, but we should focus on healthy behavior benefits, remove barriers, and consider religion’s part in health promotion (obesity prevention).
Iron Deficiency in the Rat: Biochemical Studies of Brain Metabolism

Studies were performed to determine the effects of iron deficiency on brain metabolism in rats. Concentrations of cytochrome pigments, oxidative phosphorylation, and catalase and monoamine oxidase activities in brain tissue were unaffected by iron deficiency. However, activities of aldehyde oxidase, a key enzyme in the pathway of serotonin degradation, were significantly reduced, and concentrations of serotonin and total 5-hydroxyindole compounds were elevated in brain tissue of iron-deficient animals. Aldehyde oxidase activities and concentrations of 5-hydroxyindole compounds in brain tissues returned to approximately normal values one week after treatment of iron deficient animals with iron dextran.
A sexually dimorphic ratio of orbitofrontal to amygdala volume is altered in schizophrenia.

Abstract Background Neuroanatomic sexual dimorphisms have been correlated with behavioral differences between healthy men and women. We have reported higher orbitofrontal cortex to amygdala ratio (OAR) in women than men. Although gender differences in schizophrenia are evident clinically and correlate with neuroanatomic measures, their relationship to OAR has not been examined. Methods Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 31 neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients (16 men) and 80 healthy volunteers (34 men), aged less than 50 years. An automated tissue segmentation procedure was combined with expert-guided parcellation of orbitofrontal and amygdala volumes. Results Men with schizophrenia had increased OAR relative to healthy men, whereas women had decreased OAR. Increased OAR in men with schizophrenia reflected abnormally low amygdala volumes, whereas decreased OAR in women reflected abnormally low orbitofrontal volumes. Less severe negative symptoms were associated with increased OAR in men but with decreased OAR in women. In men, increased amygdala volume was associated with greater symptom severity, whereas in women higher volumes of both amygdala and orbitofrontal regions were associated with lesser severity of negative symptoms. Conclusions These opposite OAR abnormalities, whereby men show feminization and women masculinization, suggest gender-mediated effects of the underlying neuropathologic processes. The correlations with symptom severity suggest that neuroanatomic abnormalities in OAR reflect compensatory brain changes.
Madelung Energy Systematics in the Kei'erofulvalene-TCNQ Charge-Transfer Salts

Abstract The Madlung energies EM of 15 charge-transfer salts analogous to TTF TCNQ have been calculated. In uniform as well as slightly dimerized segregated-stack crystals three (HMTSF TNAP, TWTSF TCNQ(black), TMTTF TCNQ) have an unusual titled structure with very poor counterion coordination and anomalously low EM values; two (TTF TCNQ, TSF TCNQ) belong to a ‘normal-I’ structure type, with sheets of stacks of donors next to sheets of stacks of acceptors; seven (HMTTF TCNQ, HMTSF TCNQ, HMITF TCNQF4, HMTSF TCNQF4, DBTSF TCNQF4, DBTTF TCNQF4, ‘TTF TCNQF2) have a ‘normal-II’ motif, with a checkerboard alternation of donor and acceptor stacks; the EM values for normal-I structures are slightly lower than those for normal-II structures. Finally, three (DBTTF TCNQF2, DBTTF TCNQ, TMTSF TCNQ(red)) have mixed-stack structures, with the highest Madelung energies.
Enhancing Perceived Situation Awareness and Reducing Perceived Workload with a Likelihood Alarm Display

The researchers investigated the effects of a likelihood alarm display (LAD) on perceptions of workload and situation awareness (SA) during varying degrees of taskload. Twenty-four psychology stude...
APC system health indicators, or why Cpks aren't good enough

APC system health should be monitored to ensure continuing effectiveness. The monitoring must include both input and output monitors. The proposed indicators of the overall health of the system include metrics to monitor the systematic variation of the output and the relationships of the input adjustments to the output as well as the acceptability of the output. Additional indicators are proposed to track the adjustments made by the APC system. Some indicators should be included to monitor the quality of the data, which is critical to the successful implementation of APC.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modal Emissions Modeling: A Physical Approach

Mobile source emission models currently used by state and federal agencies (e.g., Environmental Protection Agency's MOBILE and California Air Resources Board's EMFAC) are often inadequate for analyzing the emissions impact of various transportation control measures, intelligent transportation systems, alternative fuel vehicles, and more sophisticated inspection/maintenance programs contained in most state air quality management plans. These emission models are based on the assumption that vehicle running exhaust emissions can be represented as integrated values for a specific driving cycle, and then later adjusted by speed correction factors. What is needed in addition to these "regional-type" mobile source models is an emissions model that considers at a more fundamental level the modal operation of a vehicle (i.e., emissions that directly relate to vehicle operating modes such as idle, steady-state cruise, various levels of acceleration/deceleration, and so forth). A new modal-emissions modeling approac...
The Same and Divergent Views of “Fashions and Preoccupations in Psychotherapy Research”

I enjoyed reading Anthony Ryle's (1995) perspectives on our field of psychotherapy research. His views are acutely perceptive, maybe because he is a more “peripheral actor” than I am. I am more immersed than he is and from that vantage point I may imagine I see a more positive effect of research on practice than he does. But I did not always see this.
Safe compiler-driven transaction checkpointing and recovery

Several studies have shown that a large fraction of the work performed inside memory transactions in representative programs is wasted due to the transaction experiencing a conflict and aborting. Aborts inside long running transactions are especially influential to performance and the simplicity of the TM programming model (relative to using finegrained locking) in synchronizing large critical sections means that large transactions are common and this exacerbates the problem of wasted work. In this paper we present a practical transaction checkpoint and recovery scheme in which transactions that experience a conflict can restore their state (including the local context in which they were executing) to some dynamic program point before this access and begin execution from that point. This state saving and restoration is implemented by checkpoint operations that are generated by a compiler into the transaction's body and are also optimized to reduce the amount of state that is saved and restored. We also describe a runtime system that manages these checkpointed states and orchestrates the restoration of the right checkpointed state for a conflict on a particular transactional access. Moreover the synthesis of these save and restore operations, their optimization and invocation at runtime are completely transparent to the programmer. We have implemented the checkpoint generation and optimization scheme in the LLVM compiler and runtime support for the TL2 STM system. Our experiments indicate that for many parallel programs using such checkpoint recovery schemes can result in upto several orders of magnitude reduction in number of aborts and significant execution time speedups relative to plain transactional programs for the same number of threads.
HIGH SCHOOLS THAT WORK: PROGRAM DESCRIPTION, LITERATURE REVIEW, AND RESEARCH FINDINGS

Interest in setting high educational standards is at the forefront of many school reform programs in the United States. States' pursuit of high standards can be advanced through implementation of programs such as High Schools That Work (HSTW), which emphasizes high expectations and rigorous academics for all students, including Career and Technical Education students. High Schools That Work is the largest comprehensive school reform program for high schools in the United States, with over 1,000 schools in more than 30 states currently participating. This report describes the program, previous research, and recent research studies conducted by ETS to ensure validity for the HSTW program.
End-to-end coronagraphic modeling including a low-order wavefront sensor

To evaluate space-based coronagraphic techniques, end-to-end modeling is necessary to simulate realistic fields containing speckles caused by wavefront errors. Real systems will suffer from pointing errors and thermal and motioninduced mechanical stresses that introduce time-variable wavefront aberrations that can reduce the field contrast. A loworder wavefront sensor (LOWFS) is needed to measure these changes at a sufficiently high rate to maintain the contrast level during observations. We implement here a LOWFS and corresponding low-order wavefront control subsystem (LOWFCS) in end-to-end models of a space-based coronagraph. Our goal is to be able to accurately duplicate the effect of the LOWFS+LOWFCS without explicitly evaluating the end-to-end model at numerous time steps.
Parental correlates of children's peer relations: An empirical test of a tripartite model.

In recognition of the multiple pathways through which family and peer systems are linked, this short-term longitudinal study tested a tripartite model of family-peer relationships. One hundred fifty-nine fourth-grade children (82 boys, 77 girls) and their parents participated in a study of the links between parent behaviors and children's peer relations both concurrently and 1 year later. A multimethod approach--including observations of parent?child interactions, parent report, child report, and teacher and peer ratings--was used to evaluate a tripartite model of family-peer relations. Results indicate that parent?child interaction, parent advice giving, and parental provision of opportunities by both mothers and fathers predict children's social competence and, in turn, social acceptance 1 year later. Suggestions for future research and practical implications are noted, and limitations of the study are acknowledged.
Diagnosis and localisation of flexor tendon injuries by surgeon-performed ultrasound: A cadaveric study

Summary Background Flexor tendon injuries are common problems faced by hand surgeons. To minimise the surgical trauma associated with localisation and retrieval of the proximal tendon end, we investigated the use of surgeon-performed ultrasound in the evaluation of injured flexor tendons in a cadaver model. Our goal was to use surgeon-performed ultrasound: (1) to correctly diagnose flexor tendon injuries and (2) to correctly localise the proximal tendon ends within 1cm. Methods Flexor tendon injuries with varying degrees of retraction were randomly created in individual digits of cadaver upper extremities, with a number of tendons left uninjured. A surgeon, blinded to the injury status of each digit, imaged each tendon by ultrasound. Predicted injury status of each tendon and localisation of the proximal stump was recorded. A total of 81 tendons were studied. Findings Correct diagnosis of flexor tendon injury was made in 78 of 81 tendons (96.2% success). Correct localisation of the proximal tendon stump was made in 39 of 50 lacerated tendons (78% success). Small finger injuries were most difficult to assess (66.7% success). With the small finger excluded from our analysis, the localisation success rate increased to 86.8%. The average time taken to image each digit was just under 2.5min. Conclusions Surgeon-performed ultrasound evaluation of the hand is a reliable means to diagnose flexor tendon injuries and to accurately localise the proximal tendon ends. This imaging modality may limit the need for extensive surgical exploration during flexor tendon repair. We do not recommend using this technique to image flexor tendon injuries of the small finger at this time.
Exercise tolerance in asymptomatic elderly men with fluoroscopically detected coronary artery calcification.

Study objective The value of detecting coronary artery calcification (CAC), by cardiac imaging, for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic middle-aged men has been demonstrated. However, the incidence of CAC increases with age. The functional significance of CAC remains unknown in asymptomatic elderly men. The purpose of this study is to explore whether CAC in asymptomatic aging men signifies the presence of cardiovascular dysfunction during exercise. Design This study was designed to address whether elderly asymptomatic men, selected because they have CAC, have reduced exercise tolerance due to functionally significant CAD. Participants and setting Thirty-eight asymptomatic male volunteers (ages 50 to 75 years, mean [± SD] 64 ± 7 years) with a normal resting ECG and at least one coronary risk factor, in a population study. Nineteen subjects had CAC detected by digital subtraction fluoroscopy in at least two major coronary arteries, and 19 subjects had no identifiable CAC. Methods and results Each subject underwent a symptom-limited incremental exercise test with 12-lead ECG monitoring and respiratory gas analysis. Four indexes of exercise oxygen transport were evaluated: peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ o 2 ), lactic acidosis threshold, peak V ˙ o 2 /heart rate ratio, and V ˙ o 2 relative to a work rate increase. Eleven of 38 subjects (28%) were found to have reduced oxygen transport, which was defined as an abnormal reduction in more than two of the above four indexes of oxygen transport. Five of the 11 subjects with reduced oxygen transport had CAC, and 6 subjects did not (not significant). Only one subject with CAC had exercise ST depression. Conclusion Significant CAC in asymptomatic men over age 50 does not signify exercise limitation due to CAD.
Radiative transfer theory for passive microwave remote sensing of a two‐layer random medium with cylindrical structures

A model of the vegetation layer as a two-layer random medium with a small correlation length l sub rho in the horizontal direction, and a large correlation length l sub z in the vertical direction, is presented for fields with cylindrical structures. As l sub z approaches infinity, closed form solutions are derived for the brightness temperatures; the kernels in the scattering terms of the radiative transfer equations result in delta functions showing that forward scattering is dominant over all other directions. The results are compared with the Gaussian quadrature method data for numerical solution of the radiative transfer equations.
A brief summary of the physiology and ecology of Karenia brevis Davis (G. Hansen and Moestrup comb. nov.) red tides on the West Florida Shelf and of hypotheses posed for their initiation, growth, maintenance, and termination.

Abstract This contribution represents a review of the historical and recent literature describing the environmental factors that relate to the distribution, growth, primary production, nutrient requirements and utilization along with hypotheses that are extant for the initiation, growth, maintenance and termination of Karenia brevis blooms on the West Florida Shelf. Potential nutrient sources that support blooms and relate to recent questions on the duration, frequency, and intensity of WFS blooms are summarized and some thoughts are presented which relate to the question of why K. brevis, a slow growing dinoflagellate, becomes dominant in a nearshore shelf region that is typically dominated by diatoms. There is no single hypothesis that can account for blooms of K. brevis along the west coast of Florida. Of the approximately 24 thoughts and hypotheses described herein (including the 1880s speculation), seven are related to rainfall and/or riverine flux, six invoke the benthos or bottom flux in one form or another, seven involve water column hydrodynamics or are unrelated to the benthos or land sources, and four are primarily chemical/allelopathy based. Nutrient sources for growth and maintenance range from atmospheric deposition, N-fixation, riverine and benthic flux, and zooplankton excretion to decaying fish killed by the toxic dinoflagellate with no one source being conclusively identified as a primary contributor to prolonged bloom maintenance. Insufficient information is available to delimit specific mechanisms that may play a role in the termination of K. brevis blooms. However, general processes such as macro- and microzooplankton grazing, bacterial and viral cell lysis, and dispersal by physical advection and the break down of fronts, that originally may have acted as concentrating mechanisms, are reviewed.
Sex Role Flexibility, Locus of Control, and Occupational Status.

The present study looked at the relationship between occupational status (supervisory vs. nonsupervisory positions) and locus of control and androgyny, and between locus of control and masculinity and femininity. On the whole, individuals employed in supervisory leadership positions were more androgynous and obtained more internal locus of control scores. Moreover, most women managers were androgynous, while male managers were either androgynous or masculine sex typed. Masculinity correlated positively with internal locus of control, but femininity in and of itself was not found to be relevant in predicting locus of control. Implications for vocational counseling for women as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Imaging magnetic nanoparticles using the signal's frequency spectrum

Current methods of magnetic particle imaging generate a signal by cyclically saturating nanoparticles creating measurable harmonics in the induced magnetization. The sensitivity promises to be competitive with SPECT so molecular imaging is possible. The signal was localized by saturating the nanoparticles outside a voxel using a strong static magnetic field and sweeping the voxel across the sample to form an image. However, in applications where enough nanoparticles are present, signal can be detected at several higher harmonic frequencies and we show that the distribution of signal between those frequencies contributes localizing information. We tested one-dimensional implementations but the methods can be generalized to three dimensions. Spatial encoding was accomplished by using multiple drive frequencies that varied spatially. Two drive coils tuned to different drive frequencies and mounted on the same axis were used to explore the method. The response was measured from a single sample of iron oxide nanoparticles at eight positions along that axis to estimate response function for the reconstruction. Then two identical samples were placed at pairs of locations to test the method. The sample positions were reconstructed from the measured spectrum of the signal generated. The number of independent parameters is limited but four independent parameters can be achieved with very good conditioning and eight independent parameters can be achieved with reasonable conditioning.
Thermal Diffusivity Anisotropy of SiC/BN Composites

The thermal diffusivity of hot-pressed SiC/BN composites is shown to exhibit a high degree of anisotropy with respect to the hot-pressing direction as a result of preferred orientation of the BN phase. This effect is particularly pronounced at the higher BN contents at both room and elevated temperatures. 10 references.
Physical separation of cytoplasmic and microsomal 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases from rat liver

Abstract Washed rat liver microsomes contain a 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.44) which is partially extracted by a nonionic detergent. This enzyme can be distinguished from the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the microsomal supernatant fraction by separations in polyacrylamide gels by electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing. The possible significance of this enzyme in microsomes is discussed.
Granular support vector machines with data cleaning for fast and accurate biomedical binary classification

This paper presents a new algorithm to model fast and accurate granular support vector machines (GSVMs) for biomedical binary classification problems. The algorithm, named GSVM-DC, splits the original training dataset into several highly overlapping granules, from which local support vectors (LSVs) are extracted. Then cross validation heuristic are adopted to optimize the SVM parameters. Finally, GSVM-DC combines these LSVs into a new compressed training dataset, on which a SVM with the optimized parameters is modeled for classification. The proposed GSVM-DC algorithm is fast due to the usually small size of LSVs. It is also expected to be accurate due to reservation of important data, which are essential for classification and elimination of large quantities of redundant data, which may confuse a classifier to find optimal decision boundary. The simulation results on three biomedical datasets prove that the expectation is reasonable. In general, GSVM provides an interesting new mechanism to address complex classification problems effectively and efficiently in the biomedical domain.
A PERIDYNAMICS FORMULATION BASED HIERARCHICAL MULTISCALE MODELING APPROACH BETWEEN CONTINUUM SCALE AND ATOMISTIC SCALE

In this paper, a multiscale modeling framework has been established between peridynamics and atomistic models. Peridynamics (PD) formulation is based on continuum theory implying nonlocal force based interactions. Peridynamics (PD) and molecular dynamics (MD) have similarities since both use nonlocal force based interaction. It means continuum points in PD and MD atoms are separated by finite distance and exert force upon each other. In this work PD based continuum model of epoxy polymer is defined by meshless Lagrangian particles. MD is coupled with PD based continuum model through a hierarchical multiscale modeling framework. In this framework, PD particles at coarse scale interact with fine scale PD particles by transferring pressure, displacements and velocities among each other. Based on the same hierarchical coupling method, fine scale PD model is seamlessly interfaced with molecular model through an intermediate mesoscale region i.e. coarse-grain atomic model. At the end of this hierarchical downscaling, the information — such as deformation, energy and other important parameters — were captured in the atomistic region under the applied force at micro and macro regions. A two-dimensional plate of neat epoxy was considered for demonstration of such multiscale simulation platform. The region of interest in the 2D plate was interfaced with atomistic model by applying the proposed hierarchical coupling method. The results show reasonable consistency between PD and MD simulations.
Subsolidus Studies in the System PbO‐SiO2

The subsolidus region of the PbO-SiO2 system was studied by DTA and X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of five compounds: 4PbO.SiO2, 3PbO·SiO2, 2PbO·SiO2, 3PbO·2SiO2, and PbO·SiO2. The compound 4PbO·SiO2 has previously been reported to have three polymorphic forms; there are two polymorphs of 2PbO·SiO2 with the inversion at 460°±15°C. The compounds 3PbO·SiO2 and 3PbO·2SiO2 were unstable above 430°±10° and 585°±15°C, respectively; PbO·SiO2 was unstable below 525°±15°C. DTA patterns were determined for glasses of the composition of each of these compounds.
IL-1β: An endosomal exit

Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is a proinflammatory cytokine remarkable for its broad range of functions (IL-1β plays a central role in innate host defense and host homeostasis) (1). However, IL-1β is also remarkable for the complexity of the physiology surrounding its activation, release, and signaling. In this context, work centered on understanding IL-1β physiology has led to surprise discoveries that have significantly impacted cell biology. The first major impact was the discovery that IL-1β is produced as a leaderless prohormone that requires specific cleavage by an unknown enzyme. Identification of this enzyme, IL-1β-converting enzyme (ICE), foreshadowed the discovery of apoptotic enzymes known as caspases (2). The centrality of caspases to programmed cell death is now accepted (and because of this ICE was renamed caspase-1). Indeed, caspase-1 biology continues to astonish. Research into the activation of caspase-1 has recently led to an intriguing connection to the innate host defense of plants. Intracellular human homologues of plant “guard” molecules (variously described as NOD, NALP, or CATERPILLER proteins) are critical to caspase-1 activation (3–5). However, despite these exciting discoveries, a fundamental question about IL-1β physiology still remains. How does this leaderless molecule pro-IL-1β combine with active caspase-1 and exit from the cytosol of activated monocytes and macrophages? The work of Andrei et al. (6) in a recent issue of PNAS provided a novel synthesis of the prevailing theories and offered a useful new paradigm about how caspase-1 and IL-1β are regulated.
Bromoacetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase introduced via liposomes into motor nerve endings block increases in quantal size.

We incorporated bromoacetylcholine (an inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase), acetylcholinesterase, or both into liposomes made of phos-phatidylcholine. Frog sartorius muscles were exposed to these liposomes for 30–60 min. The liposome treatment itself did not decrease the size of the quanta compared to untreated controls. Then the preparations were exposed for 10–20 min to a hypertonic solution, which increases the rate of spontaneous quantal release and elicits an increase in the amount of acetylcholine released per quantum. Following the hypertonic treatment the quanta were significantly smaller in the liposome-treated preparations. Most of the difference occurred because in the preparations not exposed to the liposomes quantal size increased following the hypertonic treatment. This increase is thought to be due to the incorporation of more acetylcholine into each quantum. Our conclusions are that the treatments decreased the acetylcholine concentration in the cytoplasm, and that the increase in size occurs because additional acetylcholine is added to the vesicles containing the quanta from the cytoplasm.
Flash-echo contrast sonography in the evaluation of response of small hepatocellular carcinoma to percutaneous ablation.

Purpose. To evaluate the use of flash-echo contrast sonography (FECS) in subtraction mode in assessing small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after percutaneous local ablation therapy. Methods. Between March 2000 and February 2002, we prospectively assessed small HCCs after percutaneous local ablation therapy using FECS in subtraction mode. Thirty-three patients (22 men, 11 women) with 35 tumors ranging in size from 1.1 to 3.0 cm (mean ± SD, 2.0 ± 0.5) were enrolled. Twenty-one tumors received percutaneous ethanol injection only, 13 tumors received percutaneous microwave ablation therapy only, and the remaining tumor received both treatments. CT, hepatic angiography, and follow-up were used as gold standards in analyzing the accuracy of FECS in detecting residual tumors. Results. The agreements between FECS and CT, FECS and hepatic angiography, and all 3 imaging modalities were 80% (28/35), 85.7% (30/35), and 77.1% (27/35), respectively. Twenty-one patients with 23 completely ablated tumors were followed up for 5 to 39 months (mean ± SD, 20.2 ± 11.2). Recurrent disease was detected in 11 (52.4%) patients; local tumor recurrence occurred in 4 (17.4%) patients. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive value of FECS in detecting viable tumors were 53.8% (7/13), 90.9% (20/22), 77.1% (27/35), 77.8% (7/9), and 76.9% (20/26), respectively. Conclusions. FECS in subtraction mode shows good agreement with hepatic angiography and CT in the assessment of small HCC after percutaneous local ablation therapy. The sensitivity of FECS in detecting residual tumors is suboptimal. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:161–168, 2006
Characterization of alkaline phosphatase and organic phosphorous utilization in the oceanic dinoflagellate Pyrocystis noctiluca

Phosphate depleted Pyrocystis noctiluca (Murray) Schuett 1895 has at least one phosphomonoesterase (EC 3:1:3:1) which is triphasic between 0.1 and 222 μmol P. The enzyme has a broad temperature range with maximum activity at 50 °C and a Q10 of 1.4 to 1.5. A break in the Arrhenius plot at 35 °C implies the enzyme is membrane-bound. Cytological staining of whole cells and cell fractionation studies (showing 26 times higher specific activity in the particulate compared with the cytoplasmic fraction) suggest the enzyme is plasmalemma-bound. The enzyme has an absolute metal requirement which would be satisfied by Mg++ but not Mn++, Zn++, Fe++, or Co++ at seawater concentrations. Alkaline phosphatase is a stable enzyme whose activity is not altered by inhibitors of protein synthesis. Orthophosphate inhibition of enzyme activity was largely eliminated in the presence of these inhibitors. Apparently, a protein induced by PO4 3-, rather than PO4 3- itself, inhibits alkaline phosphatase. Cell-free alkaline phosphatase can hydrolyze a variety of phosphate esters and linear polymers of inorganic phosphorus as well as disolved organic phosphorus from tropical oceanic waters. These same hydrolysable organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds support the axenic culture growth of P. noctiluca, suggesting that naturally occurring hydrolysable organic phosphorus compounds may also support the growth of this alga.
Shock study with extended-MHD model using a Discontinuous Galerkin Scheme

We apply a positivity-preserving semi-implicit Discontinuous Galerkin Scheme with Lax-Friedrichs flux on solving extended-MHD equations. The scheme is shock-capturing as further verified by slow shock and fast shock tests. The method is applied to the study of 2-dimensional interaction of magnetized flow with obstacles. Results with different orientations of magnetic field are presented. A magnetic field perpendicular to the plane will give a result comparable to the hydrodynamic case, where a bow shock in front of the obstacle is observed if the flow is super-magnetosonic. When the magnetic field is in plane but perpendicular to the flow direction, the phenomena change dramatically depending on the Alfven and flow Mach numbers. This study can facilitate the diagnosis of the outflow jet in the two-wire reconnection experiments performed on the 1MA, 100ns COBRA generator at Cornell University. We also present MHD results for comparison to the extended-MHD results. The differences are pronounced due to the effect of the Hall term. The observations of a Biermann battery effect in the extended-MHD results during this flow-obstacle interaction process are also presented.
High Temporal Resolution Phase Contrast MRI With Multiecho Acquisitions

Velocity imaging with phase contrast (PC) MRI is a noninvasive tool for quantitative blood flow measurement in vivo. A shortcoming of conventional PC imaging is the reduction in temporal resolution as compared to the corresponding magnitude imaging. For the measurement of velocity in a single direction, the temporal resolution is halved because one must acquire two differentially flow-encoded images for every PC image frame to subtract out non-velocity-related image phase information. In this study, a high temporal resolution PC technique which retains both the spatial resolution and breath-hold length of conventional magnitude imaging is presented. Improvement by a factor of 2 in the temporal resolution was achieved by acquiring the differentially flow-encoded images in separate breath-holds rather than interleaved within a single breath-hold. Additionally, a multiecho readout was incorporated into the PC experiment to acquire more views per unit time than is possible with the single gradient-echo technique. A total improvement in temporal resolution by ∼5 times over conventional PC imaging was achieved. A complete set of images containing velocity data in all three directions was acquired in four breath-holds, with a temporal resolution of 11.2 ms and an in-plane spatial resolution of 2 mm × 2 mm.
Never-smokers, never-drinkers: unique clinical subgroup of young patients with head and neck squamous cell cancers.

Background. Young patients represent an increasing subgroup with head and neck cancer. Methods. Patients between 18 and 39 years of age with newly diagnosed and previously untreated squamous cell cancers were identified. Results. Seventy-eight patients met the selection criteria: 28 patients were never-smokers/never-drinkers (NSNDs), and 50 patients reported tobacco or alcohol abuse (smokers and/or drinkers [SD]). NSND patients were diagnosed at a younger median age (31.5 years vs 35.5 years, p = .007), were more likely to be female (75% vs 30%, p < .001) and white (89% vs 60%, p = .006), and were more likely to have tumors of the oral tongue (57% vs 24%, p = .003) and T1 disease (47% vs 20%, p = .01). There was no difference in 10-year relapse-free survival, but a suggestion of improved 10-year overall survival for NSND patients (71% vs 46%, p = .10). Conclusions. Young patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) appear to have unique clinical profiles based on history of alcohol and tobacco abuse. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
The global structure of a c = 9 type (2, 2) moduli space

It is demonstrated that the Kahler potential for the moduli space of the “Z3/Z3” orbifold is given by minus the logarithm of the norm of a holomorphic section Ω of a certain vector bundle. The global geometry of this moduli space is calculated to be [SU(1, 1)/U(1)]3/[PS1(2, Z) × Z2]3 × S3. String duality is examined and shown to be linearly realized as a symplectic transformation on Ω.