cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Word of God in the Westminster Assembly

In December 1641 the Puritan preachers petitioned Parliament to establish regular monthly fast days with prayer and preaching and to call a synod of divines in order to reconstitute the Church. Parliament approved the first proposal at once but delayed adopting the second until a year and a half later. By that time war had begun with the King but, contrary to the assurances put forth by the preachers, the Lord had so far withheld victory from his professed servants, and in June 1643, a royalist plot was exposed in London only just in time to save Parliament from being overthrown by violence. Moved by this with sermons at St. Margaret's by Stephen Marshall and Obadiah Sedgwich and then at last voted to call the long desired Assembly of Divines. This body convened at Westminster on July 1, and a special fast day in honor of the event was held a week later with sermons by Matthew Newcomen and Oliver Bowles.
Retinoic acid regulates size, pattern and alignment of tissues at the head-trunk transition

At the head-trunk transition, hindbrain and spinal cord alignment to occipital and vertebral bones is crucial for coherent neural and skeletal system organization. Changes in neural or mesodermal tissue configuration arising from defects in the specification, patterning or relative axial placement of territories can severely compromise their integration and function. Here, we show that coordination of neural and mesodermal tissue at the zebrafish head-trunk transition crucially depends on two novel activities of the signaling factor retinoic acid (RA): one specifying the size and the other specifying the axial position relative to mesodermal structures of the hindbrain territory. These activities are each independent but coordinated with the well-established function of RA in hindbrain patterning. Using neural and mesodermal landmarks we demonstrate that the functions of RA in aligning neural and mesodermal tissues temporally precede the specification of hindbrain and spinal cord territories and the activation of hox transcription. Using cell transplantation assays we show that RA activity in the neuroepithelium regulates hindbrain patterning directly and territory size specification indirectly. This indirect function is partially dependent on Wnts but independent of FGFs. Importantly, RA specifies and patterns the hindbrain territory by antagonizing the activity of the spinal cord specification gene cdx4; loss of Cdx4 rescues the defects associated with the loss of RA, including the reduction in hindbrain size and the loss of posterior rhombomeres. We propose that at the head-trunk transition, RA coordinates specification, patterning and alignment of neural and mesodermal tissues that are essential for the organization and function of the neural and skeletal systems.
Comparison of two methodologies to measure agricultural occupational fatalities

Agricultural occupational fatalities in Pennsylvania for the years 1985-87 were followed up. Supplemental data concerning the occupation of the deceased and circumstances of the fatal accident were obtained from a family member. The number of fatalities designated as agriculturally and occupationally related by the National Traumatic Occupational Fatality (NTOF) system was compared with the number of fatalities identified by using alternative criteria for classification of agriculturally and occupationally related fatalities. There may be nearly a 30 percent error in the NTOF method resulting in a 20 percent undercount.
Clinical and endoscopic factors predict higher pathologic grades of Barrett dysplasia.

Background Barrett esophagus is highly prevalent in the Western world; however, only a minority of affected individuals progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Whereas many studies have examined risk factors for development of Barrett metaplasia, few data are available on risk factors for progression to neoplasia. Identifying simple, reliable, clinical, and endoscopic predictors of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma would be helpful for risk stratification in screening and surveillance programs. Methods Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic data were reviewed for patients with a new Barrett diagnosis between 2002 and 2005. Patients were classified, by an expert gastrointestinal pathologist, as having intestinal metaplasia, indefinite-for-dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gender, age, race, ethnicity, hiatal hernia presence and size, Barrett segment length, H. pylori status, alcohol, smoking, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and duration, and reflux symptom duration were evaluated by logistic regression analysis for their association with dysplasia severity. Results In all, 109 patients (26 women, 83 men, mean age: 58.8) were newly diagnosed with Barrett metaplasia (n = 39), indefinite/low-grade dysplasia (n = 35), and high-grade dysplasia/esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 35) over a 3-year period. On logistic regression analysis, duration of reflux symptoms for >or=20 years (odds ratio [OR]: 5.66, P = .012), longer Barrett segment length (OR for 3-6 cm vs. or=6 cm: 8.374, P or=4 cm (OR: 10.63, P = .014), and male gender (OR: 4.03, P = .0019) were associated with higher pathologic grade. Duration of reflux symptoms and Barrett length were significant as both discrete and continuous variables. Absence of H. pylori (OR: 2.731, P = .060) approached significance in predicting dysplasia severity. In bivariate models, gender and Barrett length (continuous form) were significantly associated with grade when considered together (OR: 2.52, P = .0490 and OR: 1.30, P 4 cm (OR: 4.64, P = .0049 and OR: 12.18, P = .0197). Conclusions Male gender, longstanding gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatal hernia size, and segment length are strongly associated with higher grades of dysplasia at index diagnosis. These factors along with H. pylori status warrant further prospective evaluation as predictors of risk for development of high-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Room temperature continuous wave THz quantum cascade laser source with high power operation

We demonstrate the first room temperature continuous wave THz sources based on intracavity difference frequency generation from mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers. This accomplishment was enabled by integration of several key technologies, resulting in a new high efficiency waveguide design and improved thermal dissipation. Room temperature single mode emissions at 3.6 THz with an emitting power of 3 μW and a mid-IR-to-THz conversion efficiency of 0.44 mW/W 2 are obtained in continuous wave mode. THz peak power up to 1.4 mW in pulsed mode operation with a mid-IRto- THz conversion efficiency of 0.8 mW/W2 at 3.5 THz is also demonstrated.
Reduction of hydrogen solubility by alloying RNi5 systems with Al

LaNi/sub 5/ absorbs hydrogen at room temperature at about 5 MPa to form LaNi/sub 5/H/sub 6/ /sub 9/, whereas the system in which 20% of the Ni atoms are replaced by Al absorbs hydrogen to a much smaller extent, LaNi/sub 4/AlH/sub 4/ /sub 3/. At the same time the plateau pressure decreases sharply from about 0.2 MPa for LaNi/sub 5/ to <10/sup -4/ MPa for the Al-containing system. An explanation is provided for this phenomenon. Briefly stated, there is strong chemical affinity between hydrogen and a rare earth, R, which is evident from the fact that the hydrides RH/sub 3/ are strongly exothermally formed from the elements. Bonding in these hydrides comes close to being ionic. Ni also bonds to hydrogen. It forms a nickel hydride. Moreover, on the surface of LaNi/sub 5/, which consists of La(OH)/sub 3/ and Ni, H/sub 2//D/sub 2/ exchange occurs at a very rapid rate. This involves cleaving the hydrogen and deuterium bonds, and this is accomplished because of the moderately strong Ni-H interction. Thus when H is in the octahedral or tetrahedral site it is bonded to its six or four near neighbors, two of which are R. It is proposed that when Nimore » is replaced by Al, the sites immediately adjacent become very energetically unfavorable for hydrogen, so unfavorable that they are not populated. By counting the number of sites which are rendered ineffective it is possible to establish the hydrogen capacity of the RNi/sub 4/Al systems.« less
Objective criteria for relining distal-extension removable partial dentures: a preliminary report.

T he criteria for determining the need for relining Kennedy Class I removable partial dentures are subjective and prone to variations in interpretation. Blatterfein’ stressed the importance of framework position. Miller* stated that “. . . each element of the prosthesis should be examined critically.” Henderson and SteffeP and Steffe14 presented the indications for relining as (1) the loss of occlusal contact and (2) the loss of tissue support causing rotation and settling of the distalextension bases. Henderson and Steffe13 and Steffe14 evaluated the loss of occlusal contact by having the patient close on two strips of 2%gauge wax (0.32 mm/side). However, the opposing natural teeth may have extruded or the opposing denture rotated, causing the loss of occlusal contacts not to be seen.j In addition, the patient may adapt to this progressive change and offer no complaints. This leaves the subjective observation of denture base and indirect retainer movement as criteria for relining. The denture is all too often “left well enough alone.” The purpose of this article is to present a testing method that will produce objective data for evaluating mandibular distal-extension removable partial dentures. The procedure consists of (1) measuring framework rotation at a convenient point, (2) recording the lever arm lengths, (3) establishing a displaceable tissue baseline measurement, and (4) determining approximate volume change between edentulous ridge and denture base.
Reading between the signs: The social semiotics of collaborative storyreading

The purpose of this study was to explore the social semiotics of collaborative story-reading involving a 3-year-old and his father in a home setting with child-selected reading materials. The three episodes selected from the 20 weeks of audio- and videotaped storyreading provide evidence that storyreading need not be primarily centered on the mastery of the linguistic signs in the text—those best understood by the parent. Rather, it was found that the parent and the child each created a variety of fully adequate interpretations to be shared and revised during their collaborative negotiations. It is now understood that from a social semiotics perspective of reading, both readers select from multiple semiotic potentials as they create meanings, generate new knowledge through shared and negotiated exchanges, and utilize nonconsensual interpretations as a resource for reflection and future learning.
TREATMENT OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS: SYNTHETIC LYSINE VASOPRESSIN NASAL SOLUTION.

Twenty patients with vasopressin-deficient diabetes insipidus have been treated with a nasal solution of synthetic lysine vasopressin. Use of the nasal spray 2 to 8 times daily controlled polyuria in all patients without recurrence of the side-effects occasionally observed with posterior pituitary preparations of animal origin. One pregnant patient was well controlled to term without undesirable uterine stimulation. Because of its ease of administration, the absence of significant water retention (if used judiciously) and the freedom from potentially serious allergic reactions to foreign protein, this synthetic preparation is recommended for clinical use.
Solubilization and partial characterization of soybean chromatin-bound RNA polymerase.

Summary A technique has been developed which solubilizes RNA polymerase from soybean chromatin. Dissociation of RNA polymerase from chromatin DNA is achieved by incubation in the presence of 0.5 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Basic proteins and DNA are removed by centrifugation while the inhibitory levels of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 are removed by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. The polymerase preparation so obtained is dependent on added DNA, actinomycin-D sensitive, rifampin insensitive and partially inhibited by α -amanitin. The polymerase has a Mg 2+ optimum of 10.0 mM and a Mn 2+ optimum of 1.25 mM. No differences were noted in template activity of several native DNA's tested. Denatured calf thymus DNA was transcribed more efficiently than the native DNA's examined.
Putting the Focus on the Fringe: Three Empirical Cases

Abstract After suggesting an operational definition for fringe experiences—as opposed to clearly conscious and clearly unconscious phenomena—we examine three empirical cases: The tip-of-the-tongue experience, the fringe experience of "wrongness," and the case of conscious focus on abstract, hard-to-image conscious contents. In each case, Mangan′s four major claims are explored in some detail. Most tasks seem to involve a combination of conscious experiences, complex unconscious representations, and multiple fringe experiences. The chief disagreement from this analysis involves vague experiences that are generally believed to be focal : The case of currently topical abstract concepts, which are not reported as conscious images or percepts. In the interest of caution, it may be better to speak of "conscious access" to focal abstract concepts, rather than "conscious experience" of such concepts. There may be other vague but focally conscious phenomena, such as an intention to act, the signal for executing a prepared action, and so on. Mangan′s points are generally supported, with some qualifications.
Shifting meanings, forgotten meanings: metaphor as a force for language change

All living languages are in a aconstant state of evolution. Metaphorical usage is an important driving factor in that process of evolution; the blending of concepts within metaphor leads to the diversification of the reference of words used metaphorically. It can occur that a metaphorical usage becomes conventionalized. This, in turn, leads dto shiftis in the meanings of those words. Metaphorical usage can occur in a variety of forms, including metonymy, synecdoche, and euphemism. The effects of metsphoricalusage-and the closely related figure, simile-can even be seen in the evolution of the grammatical structures of many languages. I present various examples which demonstrate the role of metaphorical usage in the evolution of word-meanings and grammatical structures from PIE to modern Indo-European languages.
Clinical Use of Cold Precipitated Antihemophilic Globulin (Factor VIII, CPAG)

A fibrinogen fraction separated from fresh frozen plasma by slow thawing at 2 C contains Factor VIII activity. The administration of this material to six patients with hemophilia A resulted in partial to complete correction of their clotting defect. Clinical hemostasis was associated with these infusions. Normal or higher than normal levels of Factor VIII were observed in one patient given this material in connection with surgery. Side effects did not occur during or after the administration of the fraction. The preparation of this material is simple and can be carried out as a routine procedure in blood banks processing large amounts of fresh frozen plasma.
ON THE STABILITY OF DRIFT WAVES WITH THE INTEGRAL EIGENMODE EQUATION

An analytical theory on the stability properties of drift-wave eigenmodes in a slab plasma with finite magnetic shear is presented. The corresponding eigenmode equation is the integral equation first given by Coppi et al. (1967) and rederived here, in a relatively simpler fashion, via the gyrokinetic equation. It is then proved that the universal drift-wave eigenmodes remain absolutely stable and finite electron temperature gradients do not alter the stability.
What Kindergartners Know about Class Inclusion Hierarchies

Abstract This study investigated kindergarten-age children′s knowledge of the relations expressed in class inclusion hierarchies. A tree diagram served as an external memory device for information about imaginary creatures called Imps. The information could be represented as a four-level class inclusion hierarchy. Subjects were asked to respond to questions and construct figures designed to test their knowledge of hierarchical relations. Six-year-old children have considerable knowledge of subset/superset classification and can draw transitive inferences with little difficulty; however, they appear to have little appreciation of the asymmetry relation nor do they understand the significance of branching. The results are discussed in relation to other findings in the areas of categorization and induction and suggestions for future research are offered.
A Diachronic Study of Relative Markers in Spoken and Written English.

Although English relative clauses have been the subject of considerable research, few quantitative studies have traced their development over an extended period of time. The present study focuses on factors governing the choice of relative markers in restrictive relative clauses with relativized subjects from the 16th century to the present day, using both spoken and written data, and including non-standard and regional varieties. The study examines claims by Romaine (1982) that the wh -strategy has not affected spoken English, and that no major qualitative changes have occurred in the relative system since the early 16th century. The results, however, show that these claims are not correct: a major event occurred in the 17th century which had a significant impact on spoken and written English. Many areas are identified which merit further research.
Logic optimization with multi-output gates

This paper is concerned with logic optimization of multi-output gates in multi-level combinational logic circuits. We address how a concurrent minimization over multiple gates can lead to further optimization as compared to conventional single-gate minimization techniques. In particular, we provide a procedure for computing a maximally-compatible set of permissible relations for multiple-output gates. We also propose a heuristic for clustering single-output gates into multi-output gates, so that increased concurrent optimization can be obtained. >
Some complexity questions regarding controllability

Experience with accessibility and controllability suggests that the latter is much more difficult to characterize. The author's objective is to make this relative difficulty precise in a formal sense. In the spirit of computational complexity, he picks a class of systems (bilinear subsystems) and shows that for this class the accessibility property can be decided in polynomial time while controllability is NP-hard. >
Medial and posteromedial instability of the knee: evaluation, treatment, and results

Medial-sided knee ligament injuries are complex and require a thorough understanding of the anatomy and the scope of injury to successfully treat. Patients with isolated medical collateral ligament (MCL) tears can normally be treated with bracing followed by physical therapy with outstanding results. Patients with isolated Grade III injuries to the MCL are controversial. A reason for the disparity in results reported may be due to the fact that many (if not most) Grade III MCL tears have associated injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament and/or posteromedial corner injury. Patients with combination injuries should be treated surgically with repair or reconstruction in most cases. Either allograft or autograft reconstructions of both the MCL and posteromedial corner can be successful. Successful elimination of anteromedial rotary instability is the key to successfully treating posteromedial corner injuries.
An Integrated Optimization/Information System for Academic Departmental Planning

This paper describes the integration of a network optimization algorithm with a decision and information system for the Graduate School of Management at UCLA. This optimization algorithm plays an important role in the determination of the annual teaching schedule by assigning faculty to courses and other activities on the basis of their responses to course preference questionnaires. In addition, the network structure provides an ideal framework for a compact information system for the department. The system can also provide some assistance in determining faculty recruiting priorities or in studying the impacts of changes in student enrollments. Our actual experiences in implementing and using this system are described.
Competing risk analysis of censored survival data

A competing risk model is developed to accommodate both planned Type I censoring and random withdrawals. MLE's, their properties, confidence regions for parameters and mean lifetimes are obtained for a model regarding random censoring as a competing risk and compared to those obtained for the model in which withdrawals are regarded as random censoring. Estimated net and crude probabilities are calculated and compared for the two models. The model is developed for two competing risks, one following a Weibull distribution and the other a Rayleigh distribution, and random withdrawals following a Weibull distribution.
Endogenous inhibitors of RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans.

In eukaryotes, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) or short, interfering dsRNAs (siRNAs) can reduce the accumulation of a sequence-related mRNA, often resulting in a loss-of-function phenotype—a process termed RNA interference (RNAi). Unfortunately, some mRNAs are resistant to the effects of dsRNA. Experiments designed to unravel RNAi mechanisms in Caenorhabditis elegans have led to the identification of two worm proteins, RRF-31,2 and, now, ERI-1,3 that can inhibit RNAi responses. Animals defective in either protein can display enhanced RNAi phenotypes for mRNAs that were previously resistant to dsRNA. Since ERI-1 is a conserved protein, development of procedures to enhance RNAi effectiveness in other systems may be possible. BioEssays 26:715–718, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Metal Ion Complexation Properties, and Electrochemical Behavior of Ferrocenyl Thioacetal Crown Compounds

Abstract Condensation of ferrocenecarboxyaldehyde with dithiols under Lewis acid catalysis produces ferrocenyl thioacetal crown compounds in good to excellent yields. Complexation behavior of several ferrocenyl thioacetal crown compounds toward alkali metal cations, Ag(I), Tl(I), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) is assessed by picrate extractions from aqueous solutions into chloroform. Electrochemical behavior of several ferrocenyl thioacetal crown compounds in the absence and presence of sodium ions is investigated by cyclic voltammetry.
Suppression of radiation-induced testicular germ cell apoptosis by 2,5-hexanedione pretreatment. I. Histopathological analysis reveals stage dependence of attenuated apoptosis.

In the testis, developing germ cells are dependent on supportive physical and paracrine interactions with Sertoli cells. The intimate nature of this relationship is demonstrated by the fact that a toxic insult compromising the stability of Sertoli cells will have deleterious effects on the associated germ cells. 2,5-Hexanedione (HD) and x-radiation (x-ray) are testicular toxicants, each with a unique cellular target. HD exposure disrupts microtubule function in Sertoli cells, and x-ray exposure causes double-strand breaks in the DNA of germ cells. Despite their differing modes of action, exposure to either toxicant has the similar ultimate effect of increased germ cell apoptosis. In this study, adult male F344 rats were exposed to 1% HD in the drinking water for 18 days with or without coexposure to 2 or 5 Gy x-ray 12 h prior to necropsy. Incidence of retained spermatid heads was increased in the HD and coexposure groups. Germ cell apoptosis was significantly increased in the x-ray and coexposure groups. There was a striking stage-dependent attenuation of apoptosis with coexposure compared with x-ray alone. Detailed histopathological analysis revealed a significant suppression of x-ray–induced germ cell apoptosis by HD pretreatment in stages I–VI of the seminiferous cycle, most noticeably at stages II/III. We hypothesize either that subacute HD pretreatment compromises the ability of the Sertoli cells to eliminate x-ray–damaged germ cells or that germ cells are more resistant to x-ray–induced damage, having adapted to a less supportive environment.
A Voice for the Fish? Climate Change Litigation and Potential Causes ofAction for Impacts under the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement

Given the ineffectiveness of institutional responses to climate change at the international level, as well as inadequate domestic responses, States and NGOs have begun to explore potential causes of action under judicial and quasi-judicial fora. This article looks at a potential cause of action under the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement.
Organic Bases of Depression in the Elderly

Early studies suggested that cerebrovascular change may be an etiological factor in the development of late-life depression. With the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it has become possible to examine this hypothesis. MRI studies have demonstrated that patients with late-onset depression have more severe and frequent patchy lesions in the frontal deep white matter and basal ganglia than do controls or patients with early-onset depression. Patients with basal ganglia lesions, primarily caudate, are more likely to develop delirium with antidepressants and electroshock treatment (EST). The prognostic significance and the relationship of these lesions to cognitive impairment is unclear.
Trends in Observation Care Among Medicare Fee‐for‐Service Beneficiaries at Critical Access Hospitals, 2007‐2009

Following initial presentation in the emergency department, observation care is designed to provide a temporary transition period prior to admission or discharge. While the appropriate use of observation care can reduce costs and improve quality, inappropriate use of observation care may reduce quality and impose greater financial liability on Medicare beneficiaries.1,2 For example, although they may spend 1 or more nights in the hospital, patients receiving observation care are classified as outpatients, and they are responsible for paying 20% coinsurance, which they would not pay as inpatients. Reports that hospitals are increasingly substituting observation care for short stay admissions to avoid being penalized by the Medicare Recovery Audit Contractor (RAC) Program have led the Department of Health and Human Services to investigate observation care as part of its 2012 work plan.3 Indeed, both the prevalence and duration of observation care have increased nationally in recent years with substantial variation across states, hospital referral regions, and hospitals.4 This variation appears to be driven in part by critical access hospitals (CAHs), which, according to one cross-sectional study, are less likely than other hospitals to provide any observation care, but which have a higher prevalence and shorter average duration of observation stays than other hospitals if they do provide such care.5 While most hospitals shifted to the Medicare Prospective Payment System (PPS), the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 established the CAH program to support small, mostly rural hospitals via cost-based reimbursement. CAH designation criteria include being at least 35 miles from another hospital (or being certified by the state as a necessary provider), having no more than 25 inpatient beds, and providing 24-hour emergency care.6 CAHs are also subject to unique rules regarding observation stays. They may maintain “observation only” beds, which do not count towards their 25-bed maximum, and they must limit the duration of observation stays to 48 hours or less to prevent observation care from being substituted for inpatient admissions.7,8 Importantly, CAHs are reimbursed for every hour of observation care they provide, whereas PPS hospitals are only reimbursed separately for observation stays of at least 8 hours duration.9 CAHs are particularly sensitive to Medicare reimbursement policy because of their small size, and these payment and regulatory differences are likely to influence their use of observation care.10–12 However, the extent to which this occurs is unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether the same trends of increasing prevalence and duration of observation stays observed nationally are occurring in the subset of CAHs. Therefore, this study examines the likelihood, prevalence and duration of observation care from 2007 to 2009 and compares trends among CAHs to trends among other short-term general PPS hospitals in both metro and non-metro areas.
Certain Bounds for the Differences of Means

Let Pn,r(x) be the generalized weighted power means. We consider bounds for the differences of means in the following form: max { Cu,v,β x 1 , Cu,v,β x n } σn,w′,β ≥ P n,u − P n,v α ≥ min { Cu,v,β x 1 , Cu,v,β x n } σn,w,β . Here β 6= 0, σn,t,β( x) = ∑n i=1 ωi[x β i −P β n,t(x)] andCu,v,β = u−v 2β2 . Some similar inequalities are also considered. The results are applied to inequalities of Ky Fan’s type.
The Role of Networks in the Development of UK Migration Policy

This article examines the ‘policy networks’ that existed between 1997 and 2007 in UK asylum, economic migration and immigrant integration policy. The analysis shows that employers and businesses (together with other state and non-state actors) were part of a tightly organised, ideologically cohesive economic migration ‘policy community’. This policy community was crucial to the development of economic migration policy, in contrast to the development of asylum and integration policies. The central argument of this article is that the mainstream interpretation of UK immigration policy change (that change was driven by an elite-led, powerful executive) is correct in tracing the dynamics of asylum policy development between 1997 and 2007 under New Labour, but wrong for the development of immigration policy as a whole, which was more complex, and where businesses played a key role.
Relationship Between Parent Satisfaction Regarding Partnerships With Professionals and Age of Child

In the past, the assessment of families' satisfaction with the quality of their partnerships with the professionals who serve their children has been restricted to specific programs or age groups, precluding investigation of the relationship between parents' perspectives on satisfaction and the importance of partnership components for children at different ages. Differences in policies, service models, and family needs at different life-cycle stages suggest a need to understand how satisfaction might differ among parents of children of different ages. In this study, 147 parents completed the Beach Center Family—Professional Partnership Scale to describe the perceived importance of and satisfaction with 18 aspects of their child and family's relationships with their primary service provider. No differences in importance ratings among parents of children ages birth to 3 years, 3 to 5 years, and 6 to 12 years emerged, but there were differences among satisfaction ratings, with parents of older children repor...
Relative Rates of Secretion of Various Milk Constituents

Summary Chemical analyses of 543 samples of milk of individual cows of various breeds published in Minnesota Bulletin 140 are analysed statistically. The results are interpreted physiologically as showing the relative ratios of secretion of the several constituents at a constant level of activity of the mammary gland. The secretion of fat and protein appear to be intimately related; r fp = 0.812±0.010. The secretion of water and the secretion of fat or protein are largely independent on the basis that entire independence would result in a high negative coefficient of correlation; r wf = − 0.966 ± 0.002 and r wp = − 0.885 ± 0.006 The equation for protein per cent ( p ) based on fat per cent ( f ) is p = (1.46 + 0.40f)±0.19. This relation appears to hold very closely also between several species, covering a range of fat percentage from 0.36 to 22.46.
At the Crossroads: Congress and American Political Development

This essay starts with an observation, proceeds to an exhortation, and concludes with a set of suggestions.Congress has been situated on the outside edge of the subfield of American Political Development (APD) despite the institution's centrality both to the political history of the United States and to political science as a discipline. Apart from an important but limited number of works—including a long-term research enterprise on the role of sectionalism conducted by Richard Bensel, a study of the antebellum Senate by Elaine Swift, an assessment of the alliance between farmers and workers in the half-century after 1877 by Elizabeth Sanders, a major work on institutional transformations in the House and Senate by Eric Schickler, and a small number of emergent inquiries—“scholars in the American Political Development tradition,” as Keith Whittington has noted, “have never fully integrated Congress, as they have other important institutions such as the bureaucracy, the presidency, political parties and the courts.”Ira Katznelson is Ruggles Professor of Political Science and History at Columbia University (iik1@columbia.edu). John S. Lapinski is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University (john.lapinski@yale.edu). This article reflects the work of the American Institutions Project located at the Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy at Columbia University and the Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale University, the support of the National Science Foundation (SES 0318280 and SES 03188289), and the conducive environment for research and writing provided by the Russell Sage Foundation. We particularly wish to thank Rose Razaghian for her reading and suggestions, Eldon Porter for his assistance, and the three anonymous readers for this journal.
Work centrality and work alienation: distinct aspects of a general commitment to work

The authors tested the proposition that identification with the work role and engagement in the work role constitute different aspects of a general commitment to work. Whereas work centrality (a strictly normative attitude) represents the extent to which a person identifies with the work role, work alienation (an affect-inclusive attitude) represents the extent to which a person is engaged in the work role. Predicated on these conceptual distinctions, the authors tested whether work centrality and work alienation exhibited theoretically-meaningful, differential correlations with six variables reflecting various work-related commitments. Using data from 349 employed individuals, the results of Hotelling–Williams t tests revealed that, compared to work alienation, work centrality had stronger correlations with Protestant work ethic and leisure ethic. In contrast, compared to work centrality, work alienation was more strongly correlated with work locus of control, work self-discipline, and affective organizational commitment. Work centrality and work alienation did not differ in their correlations with job involvement–role. Taken together, the results suggest that people who are highly committed to work not only identify with the work role, they are also engaged in the work role. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dynamics and Correlates of Religious Service Attendance in Adolescence

This study examines changes in religious service attendance over time for a contemporary cohort of adolescents moving from middle to late adolescence. We use two waves of a nationally representative panel survey of youth from the National Study of Youth and Religion (NSYR) to examine the dynamics of religious involvement during adolescence. We then follow with an analysis of how demographic characteristics, family background, and life course transitions relate to changes in religious service attendance during adolescence. Our findings suggest that, on average, adolescent religious service attendance declines over time, related to major life course transitions such as becoming employed, leaving home, and initiating sexual activity. Parents’ affiliation and attendance, on the other hand, are protective factors against decreasing attendance.
Sweet Potato Leaf Curl Virus: Coat Protein Gene Expression in Escherichia coli and Product Identification by Mass Spectrometry

Sweet potato is one of the first natural GMOs, genetically modified 8000 years ago by Agrobacterium rhizogenes as reported recently by Kyndt et al. A section of 10 kbp long DNA (Transferred- DNA or T-DNA) of the Ri (Root-inducing) plasmid was transferred to the plant genome by A. rhizo-genes and has been maintained in all 291 hexaploid sweet potato cultivars of the world. The maintenance in the sweet potato genome and expression of two T-DNA genes for tryptophan-2-monooxygenease (iaaM) and for indole-3-acetamide hydrolase (iaaH) are likely to be physiologically significant since these enzymes convert tryptophan to indole-3-acetic acid, a major plant growth hormone auxin. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is ranked the third most important root crop after potato and cassava, and the seventh in global food crop production with more than 126 million metric tons. Although sweet potato originated in Central or South America, China currently produces over 86% of world production with 109 million metric tons. In the United States, North Carolina is the leading producer with 38.5% of the 2007 sweet potato production, followed by California, Mississippi, and Louisiana with 23%, 19%, and 15.9%, respectively. Leaf curl virus diseases have been reported in sweet potato throughout the world. One of the causal agents is Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV) belonging to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae). Although SPLCV does not cause symptoms on Beauregard, one of the most predominant sweet potato cultivars in the US, it can reduce the yield up to 26%. Serological detection of SPLCV is not currently available due to the difficulties in obtaining purified virions that can be used as antigen for antiserum production. In attempts to obtain the coat protein (CP) of SPLCV for antibody production, primers were designed to amplify the CP gene. This gene was cloned into the expression vector pMAL-c2E as a fusion protein with maltose-binding protein, and transformed into Escherichia coli strain XL1-Blue. After gene induction, a fusion protein of 72 kDa was purified by amylose affinity chromatography. The yield of the purified fusion protein was approximately 200 μg/liter of bacterial culture. Digestion with enterokinase cleaved the fusion protein into a 42.5 kDa maltosebinding protein and a 29.4 kDa protein. The latter protein was identified by mass spectrometry analysis as the coat protein of SPLCV based on the fact that the mass spectrometry elucidated the sequences corresponding to 37% of amino acid positions of the SPLCV coat protein.
Velocity correlations in laboratory insect swarms

In contrast to animal groups such as bird flocks or migratory herds that display net, directed motion, insect swarms do not possess global order. Without such order, it is difficult to define and characterize the transition to collective behavior in swarms; nevertheless, visual observation of swarms strongly suggests that swarming insects do behave collectively. It has recently been suggested that correlation rather than order is the hallmark of emergent collective behavior. Here, we report measurements of spatial velocity correlation functions in laboratory mating swarms of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius. Although we find some correlation at short distances, our swarms are in general only weakly correlated, in contrast to what has been observed in field studies. Our results hint at the potentially important role of environmental conditions on collective behavior, and suggest that general indicators of the collective nature of swarming are still needed.
Tahoe HEV Model Development in PSAT

Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne) and Idaho National Laboratory (INL), working with the FreedomCAR and Fuels Partnership, lead activities in vehicle dynamometer and fleet testing as well as in modeling activities. By using Argonne's Advanced Powertrain Research Facility (APRF), the General Motors (GM) Tahoe 2-mode was instrumented and tested in the 4-wheel-drive test facility. Measurements included both sensors and controller area network (CAN) messages. In this paper, we describe the vehicle instrumentation as well as the test results. On the basis of the analysis performed, we discuss the vehicle model developed in Argonne's vehicle simulation tool, the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT), and its comparison with test data. Finally, on-road vehicle data, performed by INL, is discussed and compared with the dynamometer results.
Alcohol and the Central Nervous System

Acute Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is an underdiagnosed cause of reversible coma in the alcoholic patient. Chronic toxic effects of ethanol include nutritional polyneuropathy, cerebellar degeneration, and diffuse cortical damage with resultant alcoholic dementia. The rapid correction of hyponatremia can result in the iatrogenic syndrome of central pontine myelinolysis. Language: en
Exercise, but not antioxidants, reversed ApoE4-associated motor impairments in adult GFAP-ApoE mice.

Abstract Motor dysfunction has been found to be predictive of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease and to occur earlier than cognitive impairments. While apolipoprotein (Apo) E4 has been associated with cognitive impairments, it remains unclear whether it also increases risk for motor dysfunction. Exercise and antioxidants are often recommended to reduce cognitive declines, however it is unclear whether they can successfully improve motor impairments. This study was designed to determine the extent of the impact of apolipoprotein genotype on motor function, and whether interventions such as exercise and antioxidant intake can improve motor function. This study is the first to identify the nature of the interaction between antioxidant intake and exercise using a mouse model expressing either the human ApoE3 or ApoE4 isoforms under glial fibrillary acid protein promoter (GFAP-ApoE3 and GFAP-ApoE4 mice). The mice were fed either a control diet or the control diet supplemented with vitamins E and C (1.12 IU/g diet α-tocopheryl acetate and 1.65 mg/g ascorbic acid). Each genotype/diet group was further divided into a sedentary group or a group that followed a 6 days a week exercise regimen. After 8 weeks on their respective treatment, the mice were administered a battery of motor tests to measure reflexes, strength, coordination and balance. GFAP-ApoE4 mice exhibited impaired motor learning and diminished strength compared to the GFAP-ApoE3 mice. Exercise alone was more efficient at improving motor function and reversing ApoE4-associated impairments than antioxidants alone, even though improvements were rather subtle. Contrarily to expected outcomes, combination of antioxidants and exercise did not yield further improvements of motor function. Interestingly, antioxidants antagonized the beneficial effects of exercise on strength. These data suggest that environmental and genetic factors influence the outcome of interventions on motor function and should be investigated more thoroughly and taken into consideration when implementing changes in lifestyles.
Limitations and Capabilities of G-11B Parachutes in Low Altitude Operations

A U.S. Army funded investigation into the limitations and capabilities of the G-11B cargo canopy system for use in low altitude operations was conducted over payload weight ranges of 3,000-22,000-lbs. Numerical simulations revealed that airdrop operations from 500-ft could be achieved through three modifications to current systems: a decrease in system length, reduced canopy loading through the increase in the number of clustered canopies, and an increase in deployment velocity. Full scale testing validated these simulations and successful drops of rigged payload weights up to 16,000-lbs was achieved from an altitude of 500-ft. Tests on 21,800-lb payloads were successful in 510 feet.
Single case design studies in music therapy: resurrecting experimental evidence in small group and individual music therapy clinical settings.

Background The profession would benefit from greater and routine generation of causal evidence pertaining to the impact of music therapy interventions on client outcomes. Objective One way to meet this goal is to revisit the use of Single Case Designs (SCDs) in clinical practice and research endeavors in music therapy. Given the appropriate setting and goals, this design can be accomplished with small sample sizes and it is often appropriate for studying music therapy interventions. Methods In this article, we promote and discuss implementation of SCD studies in music therapy settings, review the meaning of internal study validity and by extension the notion of causality, and describe two of the most commonly used SCDs to demonstrate how they can help generate causal evidence to inform the field. Results In closing, we describe the need for replication and future meta-analysis of SCD studies completed in music therapy settings. Conclusions SCD studies are both feasible and appropriate for use in music therapy clinical practice settings, particularly for testing effectiveness of interventions for individuals or small groups.
Cardiopulmonary effects of inhaled nitric oxide in normal dogs and during E. coli pneumonia and sepsis.

Quezado, Zenaide M. N., Charles Natanson, Waheedullah Karzai, Robert L. Danner, Cezar A. Koev, Yvonne Fitz, Donald P. Dolan, Steven Richmond, Steven M. Banks, Laura Wilson, and Peter Q. Eichacker.C...
Most basal I(SC) in Calu-3 human airway cells is bicarbonate-dependent Cl- secretion.

Serous cells secrete antibiotic-rich fluid, but secretion is impaired in cystic fibrosis. We are investigating Calu-3 cells as a serous cell model. Basal short-circuit current (I[SC]) in Calu-3 cel...
Cybercrime and Cybersecurity in the Former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe

Many of the economies in the Former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe (FSU&CEE) have become top cybercrime hotspots. According to Merchant Risk Council, half of the top ten economies from which most online frauds originated in the early 2000s were from this region: former Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine and Lithuania (Sullivan, 2004). An estimate suggested that, in 2004, there were over 50 gangs of professional cybercriminals operating in Russia and Eastern European countries (Goldman, 2004). Organized crime groups in the region have reportedly developed expertise and are increasingly involved in cybercrimes (Giannangeli, 2008).
Osteocutaneous Radial Forearm Flaps for Mandibular Reconstruction

Purpose of Review The radial forearm free flap has been the mainstay of soft tissue reconstruction for composite defects after tumor ablation in the head and neck. On an anatomic basis, the flap also has the potential to be harvested with a boney component. Up to half of the radial forearm bone can be harvested and included in the flap. This allows the flap to be used not only for composite soft tissue defects but for composite boney defects.
Effective Transition from Design to Production

Taking a new product from the design stage to large-scale production in a profitable, efficient manner can challenge the processes of even the most advanced companies. Lapses in these processes drive up the cost of new products, and hinder their launch into the marketplace. Effective Transition from Design to Production provides an expeditio