cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic mapping of meander tail, a mouse mutation affecting cerebellar development.

Abstract The meander tail mouse harbors a recessive mutation on chromosome 4 that affects the anterior lobes of the cerebellum and the caudal vertebrae. Examination of the mea mea cerebellum reveals that the complete disorganization of all cell types seen in the anterior lobes is separated by a sharp and consistent boundary from the normal cytoarchitecture of the posterior lobes. In the absence of any biochemical information regarding the affected gene product, attempts to clone the gene must rely on the strategy of reverse genetics. As an initial step in this process we have constructed a genetic linkage map spanning 68 cM of chromosome 4 using an intersubspecific phenotypic backcross. The loci included in this analysis are Calb, Ggtb, Lv, b, Ifa, mea, D4Rp1, Glut-1, Lck, Lmyc-1 , and Eno-1 . This analysis positions the mea phenotypic locus in the interval between Ifa and Glut1 . These results also further define regions of homology between mouse chromosome 4 and human chromosomes 8, 1, and 9. This linkage map provides the means to evaluate candidate genes, and to identify tightly linked markers useful for cloning the meander tail locus.
Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Carburized at Low Temperature

The pitting corrosion resistance of surface-modified 316L austenitic stainless steel and N08367 (a “superaustenitic” stainless steel) were evaluated in 0.6 M NaCl solutions and compared to untreated samples of the same materials. The surface modification process used to treat the surfaces was a low-temperature carburization technology termed “low-temperature colossal supersaturation” (LTCSS). The process typically produces surface carbon concentrations of ~15 at. pct without the formation of carbides. The pitting potential of the LTCSS-treated 316L stainless steel in the NaCl solution substantially increased compared to untreated 316L stainless steel, while the pitting behavior of the LTCSS-treated N08367 was unchanged compared to the untreated alloy.
Social Enterprise and Development: The KickStart Model

Referred to as change agents, innovators, practical dreamers, and pioneers of our era, the literature on social entrepreneurs exhibits high hopes for the future of social enterprise in international development. Yet, the field has come to a crossroads in its history as many remain unsure of just how social enterprise differs from NGOs on the one hand, and standard commercial enterprises on the other. This article examines the relatively new roots of social entrepreneurship in the context of global development paradigms, looking at the pros and cons of a field which remains controversial from the perspective of both the private and the public sector. Using the model of the prominent social enterprise KickStart International, we illustrate how KickStart’s social enterprise model corresponds with current trends in the world of development internationally, with its particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, we examine how recent evaluation research has shed light on KickStart and the contributions of social enterprise, as well as how evaluation research can inform social enterprise’s contributions to international development.
The role of solvent viscosity in dilute-solution polymer rheology

Abstract Capillary viscometry was performed on dilute non-Newtonian solutions of monodisperse polystyrene in theta solvents. The solvents, blends of low-molecular-weight polystyrene with styrene, had viscosities (η s ) that were varied from 0.22–27 Pa s. Data reduction of the dilute limit, [η]/[η 0 ] vs. β = [η 0 ]η s M γ / RT (where γ is shear rate) revealed a parametric dependence on η s that has not before been reported and is not predicted by most molecular theories of polymer dynamics. It is suggested that an internal viscosity model can explain such a phenomenon.
Price wars and niche discovery in an information economy

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The G Protein γ Subunit REQUIREMENTS FOR DIMERIZATION WITH β SUBUNITS

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein β and γ subunits form a tightly bound complex that can only be separated by denaturation. Assembly of β and γ subunits is a complicated process. The β1 and γ2 subunits can be synthesized in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and then assembled into dimers, but β1 cannot form βγ dimers when synthesized in a wheat germ extract. In contrast, γ2 translated in either system can dimerize with β1, suggesting that dimerization-competent γ2 can be synthesized without the aid of specific chaperonins or other cofactors. Dimerization-competent γ2 in solution forms an asymmetric particle with a Stokes radius of about 21 ± 0.4 A (n = 4), s20,w of 0.9 S (range 0.8-1.0 S, n = 2), and frictional ratio of 1.57 (assuming no hydration). To define the part of γ2 that is needed for native βγ dimer formation, a series of N- and C-terminal truncations were generated, synthesized in vitro, and incubated with β1. Dimerization was assessed by stabilization of β1 to tryptic proteolysis. Truncation of up to 13 amino acids at the C terminus did not affect dimerization with β1, whereas removal of 27 amino acids prevented it. Therefore, a region between residues 45 and 59 of γ2 is important for dimerization. Truncation of 15 amino acids from the N terminus greatly diminished the formation of βγ dimers, while removal of 25 amino acids entirely blocked it. Thus, another region important for forming native βγ is near the N terminus. Extension of the N terminus by 12 amino acids that include the influenza virus hemagglutinin epitope did not prevent βγ dimerization. Furthermore, in intact 35S-labeled COS cells, epitope-tagged γ2 coimmunoprecipitates with β and α subunits. The N-terminal epitope tag must lie at the surface of the heterotrimer since it prevents neither heterotrimer formation nor access of the antibody.
Seasonal stability of Cladophora-associated Salmonella in Lake Michigan watersheds.

Abstract The bacterial pathogens Shigella , Salmonella , Campylobacter , and shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) were recently found to be associated with Cladophora growing in southern Lake Michigan. Preliminary results indicated that the Salmonella strains associated with Cladophora were genetically identical to each other. However, because of the small sample size ( n = 37 isolates) and a lack of information on spatial–temporal relationships, the nature of the association between Cladophora and Salmonella remained speculative. In this study, we investigated the population structure and genetic relatedness of a large number of Cladophora -borne Salmonella isolates from Lake Michigan ( n = 133), as well as those isolated from stream and lake water ( n = 31), aquatic plants ( n = 8), and beach sands and sediments ( n = 8) from adjacent watersheds. Salmonella isolates were collected during 2005–2007 between May and August from Lake Michigan beachsheds in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana. The genetic relatedness of Salmonella isolates was examined by using the horizontal, fluorophore-enhanced rep-PCR (HFERP) DNA fingerprinting technique. While the Salmonella isolates associated with Cladophora exhibited a high degree of genetic relatedness (≥92% similarity), the isolates were not all genetically identical. Spatial and temporal relationships were evident in the populations examined, with tight clustering of the isolates both by year and location. These findings suggest that the relationship between Salmonella and Cladophora is likely casual and is related to input sources (e.g. wastewater, runoff, birds) and the predominant Salmonella genotype surviving in the environment during a given season. Our studies indicate that Cladophora is likely an important reservoir for Salmonella and other enteric bacterial pathogens in Lake Michigan beachsheds, which in turn may influence nearshore water quality.
Transition-State Models and Hydrogen-Isotope Effects: Kinetic isotope effects provide a sensitive test for detailed models of reacting systems

The transition-state theory of chemical kinetics, coupled with relatively crude methods of constructing potential-energy surfaces for reacting systems, has great utility in the forecasting of kinetic properties. In particular, it permits prediction of the effect of isotopic substitution on rate constants, and comparison of these predictions with experimental data provides a particularly sensitive test for the combination of potential-energy surface and transition-state theory. More rigorous tests of each of these factors depend on future developments in quantum chemistry, in studies of chemical reactions in molecular beams, and in detailed trajectory calculations of scattering processes.
Protein-energy malnutrition alters theophylline effect on DNA synthesis in neonatal rat brain in vitro.

SUMMARY 1. The rate of incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA in whole brain in response to various concentrations of theophylline was studied in normal and malnourished neonatal rats in vitro. Malnutrition appeared to produce an increased sensitivity to theophylline. 2. [3H]-Thymidine uptake was significantly increased in normally nourished animals at a concentration of 2 × 10−4 mol/l (36 μg/ml), while malnourished animals showed a similar effect at 1 × 10−4 mol/l (18 μg/ml). 3. These data suggest that the nutritional status of a growing organ could be important in determining the cellular effects of conventionally dosed theophylline under clinical conditions.
Comment on articles by Tomich, McMichael, and Roseberry

The integration of the Americas into a European economy the European economy that would soon begin rapidly and unevenly to transform itself into an ever-widening world economy was intimately associated with particular substances. From ounces of gold to leaves of tobacco, from hogsheads of molasses to bales of cotton, from ivory tusks to rhinoceros horns, particular substances and the uses to which they could be put constituted a central stimulus to exploration, conquest and, in the longer term, to wars between European states. Neither interchangeable, nor of equal value by bulk, these substances-had to be secured or produced, then transformed from raw materials into finished products. This bespeaks the organization of capital, effort, technology, and labor for specific objectives, always taking into account the nature and the needs involved in the production of the substances themselves.
The centroid projection method for locating pick-up and delivery stations in single-loop AGV systems

Abstract In this paper, we consider incorporating within department flows in formulating the problem of determining the pick-up and delivery stations in the design of single-loop AGV systems. We first show the impact of different locations of P/D stations by simulation. We then propose a model for determining optimal locations of P/D stations, which accounts for between and within department flows. We denote this procedure as the centroid projection method since material flow is assumed to occur between department centroids projected to the nearest aisle segment bounding each department. The model assumes the transportation cost ratio of the within and between department flows is known.
A solution for parallel network architectures applied to network defense appliances and sensors

Network defense has more technologies available for purchase today than ever before. As the number of threats increase, organizations are deploying multiple defense technologies to defend their networks. For instance, an enterprise network boundary often implements multiple network defense appliances, some with overlapping capabilities (e.g., firewalls, IDS/IPS, DNS Defense). These appliances are applied in a serial fashion to create a chain of network processing specifically designed to drop bad traffic from the network. In these architectures, once a packet is dropped by an appliance subsequent appliances do not process it. This introduces significant limitations; (1) Stateful appliances will maintain an internal state which differs from network reality; (2) The network manager cannot determine, or unit test, how each appliance would have treated each packet; (3) The appliance "votes" cannot be combined to achieve higherlevel functionality. To address these limitations, we have developed a novel, backwards-compatible Parallel Architecture for Network Defense Appliances (PANDA). Our approach allows every appliance to process all network traffic and cast a vote to drop or allow each packet. This "crowd-sourcing" approach allows the network designer to take full advantage of each appliance, understand how each appliance is behaving, and achieve new collaborative appliance behavior.
Effective replication of human influenza viruses in mice lacking a major α2,6 sialyltransferase

Abstract The hemagglutinins of influenza viruses isolated from humans typically prefer binding to sialic acid in an α2,6 linkage. Presumably, the virus uses the presence of these receptors on the respiratory tract to gain entrance into the host cell. The ST6Gal I sialyltransferase knock-out mouse lacks the main enzyme necessary for the attachment of α2,6 sialic acid to N-linked glycoproteins on the cell surface. Yet even in the absence of detectable α2,6 sialic acid in the mouse respiratory tract, human influenza viruses can still infect these mice and grow to similar titers in the lung and trachea as compared to wild-type animals. This work demonstrates that the presence of a major α2,6 sialic acid on N-linked glycoproteins is not essential for human influenza virus infection in mice.
Cloning and sequence homology of a rat UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase.

A UDP-GalNAc:polypeptideN-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (polypeptide GalNAc transferase) cDNA was amplified from rat sublingual, submandibular and parotid glands, brain, skeletal muscle, and liver, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequences derived from bovine polypeptide GalNAc transferase-Type 1 (polypeptide GalNAc transferase-T1). The transcripts encoding the rat sublingual gland and bovine enzymes were 91% identical in nucleotide sequence, except in their 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. The enzymes encoded by the rat and bovine cDNAs were 559 amino acids in length and were virtually identical (98% amino acid sequence identity and 99.5% homologous overall). Northern blot analysis indicates that the polypeptide GalNAc transferase-T1 transcripts are expressed in many tissues but at widely differing levels. Although the amino acid sequence of polypeptide GalNAc transferase-T1 is conserved among mammals, the pattern of tissue expression varies between rats and humans. For example, the steady-state level of polypeptide GalNAc transferase-T1 transcript is quite low in lung relative to other rat tissues, whereas high expression of this transcript is detected in human lung. Therefore, we surmise that isoforms of polypeptide GalNAc transferase must exist and that isoforms are expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion. Searches of the GenBank database have revealed homologous sequences for several isoforms derived from several human tissues. In addition, hypothetical proteins fromC. elegans also display strong homology; evidence suggests six ancestral isoforms of polypeptide GalNAc transferases may exist inC. elegans.
Singularities in spacetimes with torsion

The geometry of timelike congruences in spacetimes with torsion is considered. An extension of Hawking's cosmological singularity theorem is proposed and a comparison with the general relativity results is given.
A view of submicroscopic components of protoplasm as revealed by the electron microscope

1. Some direct information about the particulate components of dried protoplasmic materials from a wide variety of species has been obtained by means of the electron microscope. 2. In all of the protoplasms examined thus far submicroscopic particles over a wide range of sizes are found; that is, from microscopically visible particles to particles at the molecular-micellar borderline. 3. Further, as regards size distribution, the very minute particles seem much more numerous in quantity than the larger ones at the microscopicmicellar borderline. 4. A more detailed examination of the larger submicroscopic particles near the microscopic-micellar borderline reveals many different types of shapes and internal structures. 5. At the molecular-micellar borderline great individuality is indicated. The possibility of relating the molecular structural work to particle studies with the electron microscope at the micellar-molecular borderline seems evident.
Exogenous gangliosides induce direct voltage and conductance changes on isolated neurons.

1. The effects of pressure-ejected ganglioside GM1 on the electrical characteristics ofAplysia neurons in the abdominal ganglion, which themselves are devoid of endogenous gangliosides, were studied using voltage-clamp recording techniques. 2. Some but not all neurons were found to respond to ganglioside application at 10−5M with either depolarizing or, more rarely, hyperpolarizing responses. About half of the RB (an identified cluster of neurons in the abdominal ganglion) neurons studied showed the depolarizing response, which was also obtained in cell R15. LB (another identified cluster) neurons showed the hyperpolarizing response. 3. The depolarizing responses were associated with a conductance increase to Na+, while the hyperpolarizing responses were associated with a conductance increase to Cl−. 4. The response to ganglioside application showed a reversible decrement on repeated application, suggesting a receptor desensitization. There was no cross desensitization with responses to acetylcholine. 5. While the functional significance of these responses, if any, is unknown, these actions of gangliosides may be important in understanding both the physiologic functions of this class of compounds and their neuritogenic growth effect.
Inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase by o-phthalaldehyde.

Rabbit liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, a tetramer of identical subunits was rapidly and irreversibly inactivated by o-phthalaldehyde at 25°C (pH 7.3). The second-order rate constant for the inactivation was 30 M−1s−1. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was completely protected from inactivation by the substrate - fructose-1,6-diphosphate but not by the allosteric effector - adenosine monophosphate. The absorption spectrum (λmax 337 nm) and, fluorescence excitation (λmax 360 nm) and fluorescence emission spectra (λmax 405 nm) were consistent with the formation of an isoindole derivative in the subunit between a cysteine and a lysine residue about 3A apart. About 4 isoindole groups per mol of the bisphosphatase were formed following complete loss of the phosphatase activity. This suggests that the amino acid residues of the biphosphatase participating in reaction with o-phthalaldehyde more likely reside at or near the active site instead of allosteric site. The molar transition energy of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase - o-phthalaldehyde adduct was estimated 121 kJ/mol and compares favorably with 127 kJ/mol for the synthetic isoindole, 1-[(β-hydroxyethyl)thio]-2-(β-hydroxyethyl) isoindole in hexane. It is, thus, concluded that the cysteine and lysine residues participating in isoindole formation in reaction between fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and o-phthalaldehyde are located in a hydrophobic environment.
Finite escape time for Riccati differential equations

In this paper the finite escape of the Riccati differential equations is studied and it is shown that periodic solutions, if they exist, are ither always finite or always infinite.
Theoretical explanation of the displacement and tag-along effects

Because of the non-linear behavior of equilibrium isotherms at high concentrations and of the competition between closely eluted components for access to the stationary phase, two new phenomena take place, which are not seen in analytical chromatography. The displacement and tag-along effects control the individual elution profiles of overlapping bands. The physical and mathematical causes of these phenomena are explained. The influence of the parameters of the separation on the relative intensity of these effects is discussed.
Controlling a lethal growth process

Abstract We assume that a growth contains N particles initially and increases according to a birth process with rate proportional to the number of particles present. The tumor contributes to the death rate of the host through a linear term, proportional also to its size. Treatments are administered at equidistant points in time and each particle present in the tumor has a probability p of being destroyed. The probability p is related to the dosage of radiation or chemical agent given. The beneficial effect of the treatment is counterbalanced by its toxicity. Factors are introduced in our equations to mimic the immediate and long-range risks involved in the treatment. We study the problem of finding the optimal spacing and dosage of therapy so as to maximize the probability of survival of the host at some time t , or alternately, his expected lifetime.
A hypothesis on the preferential destruction of melanized tissues.

Abstract Based on existing biological data and the known amorphous semi-conductor properties of the melanins, a hypothesis to explain the preferential death of melanized cells is presented. This hypothesis suggests that melanized cell death associated with Parkinson's disease and other syndromes involving non-illuminated areas occurs as a result of non-radiative transfer of energy to and from the melanins. This mechanism is also consistent with the observation that melanized cells are preferentially killed by high intensity ultraviolet light in illuminated areas, but the melanins appear to be cytoprotective at low intensities.
Sulfapyridine in the Treatment of Pneumonia in Children

Summary 1.Twelve children with proved lobar pneumonia and eleven children with bronchopneumonia were treated with sulfapyridine. 2.The patients with lobar consolidations gave an immediate response to the exhibition of the drug. 3.The course of the disease in the patients with bronchopneumonia was not affected by sulfapyridine therapy. 4.Cyanosis, nausea, and vomiting were the only toxic manifestations encountered.
Testing Extended Technicolor with Rb

Author(s): Simmons, EH; Chivukula, RS; Terning, J | Abstract: We review the connection between mt and the Zbb vertex in ETC models and demonstrate the power of the resulting experimental constraint on models with weak-singlet ETC bosons. Some efforts to bring ETC models into agreement with experimental data on the Zbb vertex are mentioned, and the most promising one (non-commuting ETC) is discussed in detail.
The design of blanket wash solvents with environmental considerations

Abstract The search for new solvents is often driven by (a) the need to replace solvents whose continued use pose a threat to environmental health and safety, (b) the needs of new applications and processing requirements, (c) a response to changing environmental regulations and (d) a response to market demands. For example, many traditional solvents are on the environmental ‘hit list’ and are to be phased out within the next few years. In particular, cleaning solvents, which are used as blanket washes in the lithographic printing industry present a number of environmental concerns including health and safety. To respond to these concerns and more importantly to respond to rapidly changing operational requirements and market forces, there is a need for efficient and systematic strategies for ‘just in time’ optimal design of solvent alternatives. A good strategy has to consider simultaneously, performance objectives, system interactions and environmental constraints. The object of this paper is to identify and discuss the issues in the design of cleaning solvents (blanket washes) in the printing industry and how environmental and health factors can be accounted for. We do this in the context of a framework for product design. As a proof-of-concept, blanket wash solvents are designed.
Source of the great tsunami of 1 April 1946: a landslide in the upper Aleutian forearc

Abstract The Unimak (eastern Aleutians) earthquake of April 1, 1946 is an enigma. The earthquake ( M S =7.1) produced a disproportionately large tsunami ( M t =9.3) which killed 167 people. The tsunami was highly directional, and projected its largest waves along a beam perpendicular to the Aleutian arc. Those waves passed just east of the Hawaiian Islands, ran the length of the Pacific, and were still large when they ran ashore in Antarctica. In the near field, the tsunami had very high runup (42 m at Scotch Cap) but rapid lateral decay (6 m at Sanak Village, 120 km to the east). No earthquake source can simultaneously explain the narrow beam of large waves in the far field and the rapid variation in near-source runup. The slow rupture, the tsunami directivity, the rapid variation in near-source wave heights, the period of the waves, and the strong T -phase generation, together suggest an earthquake-triggered landslide rather than a purely tectonic source. From USGS GLORIA imagery we have identified a candidate landslide within the aftershock zone of 1946. The slide bites into the Aleutian shelf at a depth of only 120 m, is 25 km across, 65 km long, and has a volume of 200–300 km 3 . A slide with these dimensions would produce a tsunami matching the observations while still satisfying the seismic data. Such slope failures appear to be common along the Aleutian forearc, which has serious implications for tsunami warning.
Interventional radiology techniques for the diagnosis of lymphoma or leukemia

Background. Fluid aspiration, percutaneous biopsy, and catheter drainage are standard minimally invasive methods of diagnosing lymphoma or leukemia in adults.
Comparison of neurotoxicity following repeated administration of l-dopa, d-dopa, and dopamine to embryonic mesencephalic dopamine neurons in cultures derived from fisher 344 and Sprague-Dawley donors

Abstract Levodopa is the most efficacious and widely used symptomatic drug for Parkinson's disease (PD). There is currently, however, a great deal of interest focused on the possibility that levodopa-induced increases in dopamine (DA) turnover may increase oxidative damage derived from the breakdown of DA. Increased oxidative damage following levodopa may contribute to the progressive degeneration of remaining host nigral neurons as well as interfere with development and function of embryonic nigral neurons in neural grafting trials. There is abundant evidence that levodopa is toxic to embryonic nigral DA neurons in both cell culture and neural grafting models. These findings have prompted a number of studies on mechanisms of levodopa toxicity to identify effective means of ameliorating potential oxidative stress related to levodopa in PD. In the current study we have utilized cultures of embryonic nigral DA neurons to address the fundamental question of whether levodopa-induced toxicity is related to DA production or whether dopa itself contributes to cell death. We compared the degree of nigral DA cell death following chronic administration of: 1) levodopa (e.g.: l-dopa); 2) its less active stereoisomer d-dopa; and 3) DA. We examined the rank order of toxicity of these compounds in two species of rats, Fisher 344 (F344) and Sprague-Dawley (SD). Results indicate a toxicity profile of: DA > l-dopa > > d-dopa. In addition, although there was no difference in response of F344 and SD cultures to l-dopa, the SD cultures were significantly more susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of DA. Taken collectively, these results suggest that levodopa-induced toxicity is related primarily to DA production rather than oxidation of dopa to toxic metabolites, and that some strain related differences do exist.
Chemistry of a Novel Family of Tridentate Alkoxy Tin(II) Clusters

The chemical interconversions observed for a novel family of trihydroxymethyl ethane (THME-H3) ligated Sn(II) compounds have been determined using single-crystal X-ray and 119Sn NMR experiments. (μ-THME)2Sn3 (1) was isolated from the reaction of 3 equiv of [Sn(NR2)2]2 (R = SiMe3) with 4 equiv of THME as a unique trinuclear species capped above and below the plane of Sn atoms by two THME ligands. Upon reaction with “Sn(NR2)2”, compound 1 rearranged to yield another novel molecule [(μ-THME)Sn2(NR2)]2 (2). Compound 2 could also be formed directly from the stoichiometric mixture of THME-H3 and [Sn(NR2)2]2. Further studies revealed that 1 would also rearrange in the presence of Sn(OR)2 to form [(μ-THME)Sn2(μ-OR)]2 [OR = OMe (3), OCH2Me (4), OCH2CH(Me)CH2CH3 (5), OCH2CMe3 (6, ONep), OC6H5 (7, not structurally characterized), OC6H4Me-3 (8), OC6H4Me-2 (9), OC6H3(Me)2-2,6 (10), OC6H3(CHMe2)2-2,6 (11). Additionally, 3−11 could by synthesized from the reaction of 2 and the appropriate H−OR. 119Sn solution NMR studie...
Fear of emotion as a moderator between PTSD and firefighter social interactions

Despite high levels of exposure to stress, questions remain regarding how social interactions and beliefs about emotion interact to influence posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in firefighters. United States urban firefighters (N = 225) completed the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, the Unsupportive Social Interactions Inventory, the Affective Control Scale, and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist. Each independent variable predicted PTSD beyond variance accounted for by demographic variables. Additionally, fear of emotion emerged as the strongest individual predictor of PTSD and a moderator of the relation between social interactions and PTSD symptoms. These findings emphasize the importance of beliefs about emotion both in how these beliefs might influence the expression of PTSD symptoms, and in how the social networks of trauma survivors might buffer distress.
PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT: HOW MUCH IS ENOUGH AND WHAT CAN SCHOOLS DO TO ENCOURAGE IT?

This study investigated how much parental involvement occurred between participants and their children, what kind of involvement was used, and what school programs exist and should exist in order to encourage parental involvement. A sample of 75 parents selected by way of convenience and snowball sampling was used. A survey instrument was utilized and included multiple choice, checklists, and open ended questions in order to determine the attitudes and practices of parents toward involvement and their opinions about school programs. In summary, all eight hypotheses were supported by this study although significance levels differed. This study showed relatively positive scores pertaining to the amount of direct and indirect involvement of participants and their children. Also, utilizing Joyce Epstein’s framework of the “Six Types of Involvement for School-Family-Community Partnerships,” participants’ survey answers matched perfectly within each of Epstein’s categories of involvement, proving that most participants used various methods for involvement. These findings may prove useful for all schools in strengthening their efforts to gain parental support in students’ education.
Operating System Support for Space Allocation in Grid Storage Systems

Shared temporary storage space is often the constraining resource for clusters that serve as execution nodes in wide-area distributed systems. At least one large national-scale computing grid has reported a failure rate of as high as thirty percent of submitted jobs, often due to accidentally filled shared storage spaces. Previous systems have attacked this problem by adding space allocation to the distributed system interface. However, these allocations are not enforced at the filesystem level, and thus unexpected or unaccounted uses of storage may cause the system to fail. By adding an inexpensive allocation mechanism to the operating system, we may improve the robustness of such systems at minimal cost. In this paper, we describe an abstract model of space allocation in the file system and explore three implementations of the model: a user-level library, a recursive loopback filesystem, and a modified kernel filesystem. We evaluate the performance and completeness of these implementations and demonstrate that kernel support is essential to keeping the overhead low. Finally, we demonstrate empirically that a cluster under heavy filesystem load can be made more robust by adding allocations to the filesystem.
Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Flow-Induced Dilation of Coronary Arterioles

Backgound— Flow-induced regulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) depends on integrin signaling and tyrosine kinase activation. Integrins cluster in focal adhesion complexes, where the extracellular matrix is connected to the cytoskeleton and where focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is located. FAK plays a central role in integrin signaling and Src activation. Accordingly, we hypothesized that FAK plays an important role in flow-induced dilation (FID). Methods and Results— To inactivate FAK-dependent signaling, anti-FAK, phosphospecific (Tyr397) antibody (FAKab), which binds against the FAK autophosphorylation site, was incorporated into endothelium of rat coronary arterioles using liposomal transfection. The responses to flow, acetylcholine (Ach), or the NO donor MAHAMANONOate (NOC-9) were observed before and after FAKab. In control and vehicles (denatured antibody or transfecting reagent alone), flow produced progressive dilation to a maximal value of 35% increase in diameter, which was inhibited by Nω-nitr...
Treatment of Food Selectivity in a Young Child With Autism

Children who have autism have an increased risk for food selectivity. In this study, the effects of a therapeutic feeding intervention, implemented within the parameters of a gluten-free/casein-fre...
A Stakeholder Approach to Organizational Identity

We develop a model of organizational identity construction that reframes organizational identity within the broader context of manager-stakeholder relationships and more effectively integrates theory on organizational identity and organizational identification. We describe organizational identity as emerging from complex, dynamic, and reciprocal interactions among managers, organizational members, and other stakeholders. The model draws attention to organizational identity as negotiated cognitive images and to the embeddedness of organizational identity within different systems of organizational membership and meaning. Viewing organizational identity from the perspective of manager-stakeholder relationships provides a more parsimonious but more complete theory of organizational identity management.
Preparation of MoS 2 thin films by chemical vapor deposition

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of MoS2 by reaction of H2S with molybdenum halides was determined to be thermodynamically favored over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and precursor concentration conditions as long as excess H2S was available. The thermochemical stability of H2S, MoF6, and MoCI5 was also assessed to address their suitability as precursors for the CVD of MoS2. The results from the thermodynamic analysis were used as guidance in the deposition of MoS2 thin films from MoF6 and H2S. The (002) basal planes of MoS2 films deposited above 700 K were preferentially oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface.
Household environmental protection and the intergenerational transmission of human capital

The estimated discount rate of parents is used to test a choice-based intergenerational model of the contribution of environment to the cognitive skills of a child of a given endowment. A lower parental discount rate is shown to imply higher cognitive skills of the young child. In the context of the model, estimates also imply that environmental conditions and human capital formation are not separable. Lesser environmental quality raises the costs of human capital formation in children and lesser human capital reduces parents' demand for environmental quality. Environmental quality differences among families, just like genetic differences, may persist across generations.
Durable high-density data storage

This paper will discuss the Focus Ion Beam (FIB) milling process, media life considerations, and methods of reading the micromilled data. The FIB process for data storage provides a new non-magnetic storage method for archiving large amounts of data. The process stores data on robust materials such as steel, silicon, and gold coated silicon. The storage process was developed to provide a method to insure the long term storage life of data. We estimate the useful life of data written on silicon or gold coated silicon to be a few thousand years. The process uses an ion beam to carve material from the surface much like stone cutting. The deeper information is carved into the media the longer the expected life of the information. The process can read information in three formats: (1) binary at densities of 3.5 Gbits/cm{sup 2}, (2) alphanumeric at optical or non-optical density, and (3) graphical at optical and non-optical density. The formats can be mixed on the same media; and thus it is possible to record, in a human readable format, instructions that can be read using an optical microscope. These instructions provide guidance on reading the higher density information.
Two-way atmospheric and oceanic coupling of the Adriatic bora

Two-way fully-coupled ESMF (Earth System Modeling Framework) COAMPS® (Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System) simulations of the Adriatic Sea bora were performed to compare to observational data from several recent field studies as well as to an uncoupled simulation. Results show that latent and sensible heat fluxes were superior in the fully coupled run using NCOM (Navy Coastal Ocean Model) SSTs than the uncoupled run utilizing just NCODA (Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation) SSTs. COAMPS winds and wind stresses produced by the bora events show mixed results when compared to the observational data. The ocean circulation pattern in the fully-coupled run responded by producing mixed results with regard to the double gyre surface current pattern that is prevalent during strong bora events.
The GCC Banking Sector: Topography and Analysis

In this paper, we analyze the evolution of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) banking sectors in the six member countries including ownership, concentration, cross-border linkages, balance sheet exposures and risks, recent trends in credit growth, and financial soundness. We identify risks to the banking sector's financial stability in the context of the current global crisis and their mitigating factors.
A co-synthesis methodology for power delivery and data interconnection networks in 3D ICs

A stable voltage supply is critical for multiprocessor system-on-chips (MPSoCs) to operate at near-optimal performance levels. The problem of IR drops in a Power Delivery Network (PDN) is very severe in 3D MPSoCs with network-on-chip (NoC) fabrics where the current in the PDN increases proportionally with the number of device layers. At the same time, with the increasing core counts in today's power-hungry MPSoCs, the already hard problem of voltage island-aware Network-on-Chip (NoC) design has become even more challenging. Even though the PDN and NoC design goals are non-overlapping, both the optimizations are interdependent. Unfortunately, designers today seldom consider design of the PDN while synthesizing NoCs. In this work, for the first time, we propose a novel system-level co-synthesis methodology that minimizes 3D NoC energy while meeting performance goals; and simultaneously optimizes the 3D PDN design while satisfying IR-drop constraints. Our experimental results show that the proposed co-synthesis methodology meets IR-drop constraints while minimizing energy consumption for several real-world applications, improving upon results from traditional system-level methodologies that perform PDN design and NoC synthesis separately.
The Intricacies of Instabilities

Abstract In response to Sherwood’s comments and in an attempt to restore proper usage of terminology associated with moist instability, the early history of moist instability is reviewed. This review shows that many of Sherwood’s concerns about the terminology were understood at the time of their origination. Definitions of conditional instability include both the lapse-rate definition (i.e., the environmental lapse rate lies between the dry- and the moist-adiabatic lapse rates) and the available-energy definition (i.e., a parcel possesses positive buoyant energy; also called latent instability), neither of which can be considered an instability in the classic sense. Furthermore, the lapse-rate definition is really a statement of uncertainty about instability. The uncertainty can be resolved by including the effects of moisture through a consideration of the available-energy definition (i.e., convective available potential energy) or potential instability. It is shown that such misunderstandings about con...
Margaret Kennard and Her “Principle” in Historical Perspective

The present chapter centers around the idea that the behavioral effects of brain damage may be less deleterious if sustained early in life, when the central nervous system is in an immature state, and more severe if endured after the period of rapid brain growth has ended. This belief has been called the “Kennard principle” by some writers (see Isaacson, 1975), and it has been the subject of a number of critiques and reviews (e.g., Finger and Stein, 1982; Johnson and Almli, 1978).
Identification of Adhesive Bond in Carbon Fiber Composites with a ZnO Nanowire Interphase

Low interface strength is a persistent problem in composite materials and cascades to limit a variety of bulk material properties such as lamina shear strength. Whiskerization has long been pursued as a method to reinforce the interphase and improve both the single fiber interface strength as well as the bulk properties. Recent developments have shown that ZnO nanowire whiskerization can effectively improve the properties of a bulk composite without requiring the high temperatures that previous deposition processes needed. Although the efficacy of a ZnO nanowire interphase has been established, the mechanism for adhesion of the interphase to the fiber has not been identified. Specifically, the addition of the ZnO nanowires to the surface of the fibers requires that the ZnO nanowires have strong chemical adhesion to the fiber surface. This work will create a variety of chemical environments on the surface of the fibers through new chemical functionalization procedures and quantify the surface chemistry through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of fiber surface chemistry on the adhesion of the ZnO is assessed through single fiber fragmentation testing. The interface strength is found to strongly correlate with the concentration of ketone groups on the surface of the fibers.
Correction of the Cystinotic Phenotype in Cultured Cells by an Aminoglycoside

Aminoglycoside antibiotics suppress nonsense mutations leading to expression of full-length transcripts in the presence of premature termination codons. Fibroblasts derived from cystinosis patients with either homozygous deletion of a 57 kb portion of the CTNS cystine transport gene, homozygous for a 5-base deletion (545 del TCCTT), or heterozygous for a premature termination codon (753 G→A, W138X) and a splice-site mutation (IVS11 +2 T→C), were exposed to gentamycin at a concentration of 300 μg/mL for 15 days. The cells were then harvested and the intracellular cysline content measured by a cystine binding protein assay. At nine days of incubation, cells heterozygous for the premature stop codon and a splice-site mutation demonstrated 43% of the cystine content (0.65 ±0.38 nmol cystine/106 vs. 1.51 ±0.10 nmol/106 cells) of control cells incubated under identical conditions but not exposed to gentamycin (p< .01). Cells displaying the 57 kb deletion demonstrated no decline in cystine content (101% of control), and cells displaying the 5-base deletion demonstrated increased cystine (199% of control). No cystine depletion by gentamycin was seen at intervals less than nine days, but depletion was maintained through 15 days in the responsive line. Aminoglycosides are nephrotoxic, and cystinosis exerts its major pathological effect on the kidney, nevertheless, these results are intriguing, and suggest the need for further investigation of this category of compounds in altering gene expression in patients with premature stop codons resulting in lysosomal cystine storage.
Oxygen isotope records of Holocene climate variability in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Oxygen isotope (δ18O) measurements of authigenic carbonate from Cleland Lake (southeastern British Columbia), Paradise Lake (central British Columbia), and Lime Lake (eastern Washington) provide a ∼9000 year Holocene record of precipitation-evaporation balance variations in the Pacific Northwest. Both Cleland Lake and Paradise Lake are small, surficially closed-basin systems with no active inflows or outflows. Lime Lake is surficially open with a seasonally active overflow. Water isotope values from Cleland and Paradise plot along the local evaporation line, indicating that precipitation-evaporation balance is a strong influence on lake hydrology. In contrast, Lime Lake water isotope values plot on the local meteoric water line, signifying minimal influence by evaporation. To infer past hydrologic balance variations at a high temporal resolution, we sampled the Cleland, Paradise, and Lime Lake sediment cores at 1–60 mm intervals (∼3–33 years per sample on average) and measured the isotopic composition of fine-grained (
Comparison of Mg3(VO4)2, Mg2V2O7 and (VO)2P2O7 in alkane oxidation

Results of the oxidation of C 2 to C 6 alkanes on three different catalysts : VMgO, Mg 2 V 2 O 7 and VPO ((VO) 2 P 2 O 7 ); Presentation of a model to explain the gross differences among the alkanes and the catalysts. By comparing the behaviour of different alkanes on different catalysts, one may obtain insight into the specific interaction of alkanes with vanadates that determines selectivity
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE U.S. PLOWSHARES MOVEMENT

The Brandywine Peace Community began a vigil at the General Electric (GE) Plant in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, in the late 1970s. One of Brandywine's members, Bob Smith, initiated the vigil when he learned that GE was making first-strike nuclear weapons at this facility near Philadelphia. Publicly, the Pentagon espoused a policy of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). This strategy dictated that the United States must keep pace with or ahead of the Soviet Union's expanding military capacities to maintain a threat of reciprocal annihilation that would deter a Soviet attack. In reality, the United States had shifted from deterrence toward a first-strike strategy whereby a new generation of extremely powerful nuclear weapons could decimate an enemy's military bases, destroying its ability to retaliate. This new policy produced dramatic innovations in weapons technology. To be effective, the first-strike strategy requires the obliteration of all enemy military targets: command posts, strategic air bases, nuclear storage depots, communication centers, and so forth. But driven by the arms race, the Soviets had massively expanded their military facilities. To efficiently demolish this growing number of targets, the Pentagon initiated the development of multiple individually targeted reentry vehicles (MIRVs). As Robert Aldridge noted, “MIRVs changed the concept of one missile destroying one target to one missile being able to destroy many targets. Many MIRVs can be put on one missile so that more targets can be destroyed without increasing the number of missiles.”