cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-Graduation Effects of an Advocacy Engagement Project on Alumni of a Dental Hygiene Program

The aim of this study was to investigate advocacy actions of dental hygiene program alumni who had completed a Legislative Advocacy Project (LAP) when they were students in the undergraduate or graduate program. Five variables were assessed: participation, frequency, perceived barriers, engagement, and mentorship. Alumni of the undergraduate and graduate programs were compared regarding frequency of and barriers encountered to legislative advocacy actions. A descriptive-comparative research design was used with quantitative and qualitative analysis. A convenience sample of 157 alumni who had completed a seven-week LAP at Idaho State University between 2008 and 2013 were invited to complete a 52-item author-designed online questionnaire in 2015. The response rate was 41.4%. The results showed a significant difference for participation prior to and after the LAP (df=12, X2=28.28, p=0.005). Most respondents, however, did not participate in legislative actions. There was a significant difference between the two groups for two frequency items: subscribing to online listservs (p=0.001) and contacting political representatives or staff (p=0.003). The three greatest barriers were time, financial resources, and testifying. The analysis found a significant difference between the two groups for the barrier of interest in advocating (p=0.05). In the qualitative analysis, themes emerged about engagement factors (collective efforts and advocacy commitment) and mentorship (mentoring experiences). Advocacy actions after graduation improved, but implementation of actions was challenging due to competing barriers. The results of this study may be useful in identifying key components of advocacy education that should be part of training programs.
Lyapunov Scheduling and Optimization in Network Coded Wireless Multicast Network

In this paper, we investigate network coding based scheduling in a single-hop wireless multicast network under queueing stability constraint. Specifically, Lyapunov optimization model is adopted and an optimal network coding scheduling algorithm is derived, which significantly reduces the computational complexity and queue length compared to existing solutions. Moreover, two scheduling policies based on linear programming and Lyapunov optimization model are proposed to jointly minimize the queue length and power consumption. Finally, extensive numerical results corroborate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms.
Development and applications of a beam energy filter for the PI9200XJ high current implanter

A reversed bias filter and enhanced post-acceleration electrodes have been developed for the PI9200XJ high current implanter to reduce the ion beam energy contamination. The use of the energy filter for 49 BF 2 implants reduces the atomic concentration of the dissociated fast boron to less than 0.1% of the peak atomic concentration of the boron from 49 BF 2 .
Endocytosis and Exocytosis in Rabbit Lacrimal Gland Acinar Cells

The main function of the lacrimal gland is to maintain the surface of the eye moist, well lubricated, and free of irritants. It achieves this function by secreting ions, proteins, and water. Recent studies have shown that stimulation of lacrimal cells by carbachol, an acetylcholine analogue, not only triggers release of secretory products across the apical plasma membrane and activates various ion transporters involved in the trans-epithelial secretion of Na+ and Cl−, but it also causes Na+, K+-ATPase pump units to be mobilized from a cytoplasmic pool and inserted into the baso-lateral plasma membrane (Yiu et al., 1988). Recent studies suggest that carbachol also increases the rate of endocytosis at the baso-lateral surface (Lambert et al., 1993). We have analyzed the internalization and release of a fluorescent fluid phase marker, Lucifer Yellow, in order to learn more about the control of membrane trafficking in acinar cells from rabbit lacrimal glands and to discern the roles of distinct intracellular compartments. In an attempt to evaluate the extent to which fluid phase marker internalization reflects the retrieval of secretory vesicle membranes, we have also measured protein secretion.
Equilibria and dynamics of selection at a diallelic autosomal locus in the Nagylaki-Crow continuous model of a monoecious population with random mating: II. The case of constant fertilities

Global convergence to equilibria is proved for the model in the title under the assumption that death rates (and fertilities) are constant and fertilities are additive and positive. The phase portraits are determined. There is at most one polymorphic equilibrium or there are a continuum of equilibria.
Designing Input Shapers Using Reinforcement Learning

Over the last few decades, an open-loop control method known as input shaping has shown to be effective in minimizing unwanted residual vibration of flexible machines. Traditionally, an input shaper is created through either a direct solution of a set of equations describing the system response or through an optimization problem addressing those equations. This paper introduces a new way to design an input shaper using a machine learning approach. It also proposes some changes to a traditional machine learning algorithm as an alternative solution for one of the most fundamental problems in reinforcement learning known as the exploration-exploitation dilemma. This paper serves as a foundation for a new class of input shapers designed by machine learning that could potentially be developed into a wide-ranging adaptive control solution.
Maternal stress alters the phenotype of the mother, her eggs, and her offspring in a wild caught lizard

While biomedical researchers have long appreciated the influence of maternally derived glucocorticoids (GCs) on offspring phenotype, ecologists have only recently begun exploring its impact in wild animals. Interpreting biomedical findings within an ecological context has posited that maternal stress, mediated by elevations of maternal GCs, may play an adaptive role preparing offspring for a stressful or rigorous environment. Yet, the influence of maternal stress on offspring phenotype has been little studied in wild animals. We experimentally elevated GCs to ecologically relevant levels (mimicking increases in maternal stress hormones following a nonlethal predator encounter, a heat challenge, or a chasing or confinement stressor) in female eastern fence lizards Sceloporus undulatus during gestation. We tested the hypothesis that maternally derived stress hormones themselves are sufficient to alter offspring phenotype. Specifically, we examined the effects of experimentally elevated maternal GCs on fitness-relevant traits of the mother, her eggs and her subsequent offspring. We found that daily maternal GC elevation: (a) increased maternal antipredator behaviours and postlaying glucose levels; (b) had no effect on egg morphology or caloric value, but altered yolk hormone (elevated GC) and nutrient content; and (c) altered offspring phenotype including stress-relevant physiology, morphology and behaviour. These findings reveal that maternally derived GCs alone can alter offspring phenotype in a wild animal, changes that may be mediated via maternal behaviour, and egg hormone and nutrient content. Understanding the ecological consequences of these effects under different environmental conditions will be critical for determining the adaptive significance of elevated maternal GCs for offspring.
O ( 4 ) -symmetric position-space renormalization of lattice operators

We extend the position-space renormalization procedure, where renormalization factors are calculated from Green's functions in position space, by introducing a technique to take the average of Green's functions over spheres. In addition to reducing discretization errors, this technique enables the resulting position-space correlators to be evaluated at any physical distance, making them continuous functions similar to the $O(4)$-symmetric position-space Green's functions in the continuum theory but with a residual dependence on a regularization parameter, the lattice spacing $a$. We can then take the continuum limit of these renormalized quantities calculated at the same physical renormalization scale $|x|$ and investigate the resulting $|x|$ dependence to identify the appropriate renormalization window. As a numerical test of the spherical averaging technique, we determine the renormalized light and strange quark masses by renormalizing the scalar current. We see a substantial reduction of discretization effects on the scalar current correlator and an enhancement of the renormalization window. The numerical simulation is carried out with $2+1$-flavor domain-wall fermions at three lattice cutoffs in the range 1.79--3.15 GeV.
A 75 year old male with recurrent unilateral pleural effusion and positive ANA.

Abstract This case report describes the clinical course and diagnostic challenges arising in a 75 year old man who initially presented with progressive shortness of breath. Imaging revealed a pleural effusion, which was recurrent following thoracentesis. While his initial workup suggested an autoimmune etiology, further diagnostic testing revealed a diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma. Curiously, the patient had no known asbestos exposure, which is classically associated with acquired mesothelioma. There are a small number of similar cases with a possible overlap between positive autoimmune serologies and mesothelioma; however, the underlying pathophysiology remains elusive. It is the authors' goal to contribute this case to the few cases describing such overlap syndromes.
The Construction, and Other General Results

The interacting particle systems which are the subject of this book are continuous-time Markov processes on certain spaces of configurations of particles. These processes are normally specified by giving the infinitesimal rates at which transitions occur. In general there are infinitely many particles in the system, and infinitely many of them make transitions in any interval of time. The transition rates for individual particles can depend on the entire configuration. Consequently, it is not immediately clear whether the specification of the local dynamics determines the evolution of the system as a whole in a unique way. Before proceeding to analyze the infinite system, it is therefore necessary to examine this question of existence and uniqueness of the process.
Two major mechanisms of chromosome organization

The spatial organization of chromosomes has long been connected to their polymeric nature and is believed to be important for their biological functions, including the control of interactions between genomic elements, the maintenance of genetic information, and the compaction and safe transfer of chromosomes to cellular progeny. chromosome conformation capture techniques, particularly Hi-C, have provided a comprehensive picture of spatial chromosome organization and revealed new features and elements of chromosome folding. Furthermore, recent advances in microscopy have made it possible to obtain distance maps for extensive regions of chromosomes (Bintu et al., 2018; Nir et al., 2018 [2••,3]), providing information complementary to, and in excellent agreement with, Hi-C maps. Not only has the resolution of both techniques advanced significantly, but new perturbation data generated in the last two years have led to the identification of molecular mechanisms behind large-scale genome organization. Two major mechanisms that have been proposed to govern chromosome organization are (i) the active (ATP-dependent) process of loop extrusion by Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes, and (ii) the spatial compartmentalization of the genome, which is likely mediated by affinity interactions between heterochromatic regions (Falk et al., 2019 [76••]) rather than by ATP-dependent processes. Here, we review existing evidence that these two processes operate together to fold chromosomes in interphase and that loop extrusion alone drives mitotic compaction. We discuss possible implications of these mechanisms for chromosome function.
Evaluation of User-Interface Designs for Educational Feedback Software for ASL Students

Facilitating students learning American Sign Language (ASL) promotes inclusion and communication for people who are Deaf, yet students learning ASL face challenges. In a classroom setting, instructors are limited in how frequently they can provide feedback on student’s work, typically with many students submitting videos of their signing. Thus, we investigate software to analyze videos of ASL students’ signing and provide immediate, albeit limited, feedback about aspects of a student’s movements that are likely errors. In this study, we have conducted an investigation of a wide variety of designs for the presentation of feedback to ASL students, with a focus on the students’ subjective judgments and preferences for any specific features and whether or not the feedback provided is easily understood. As part of an interview-based study, we conducted 3 rounds of iterative re-designs with 24 participants. At each round, a static design prototype was shown to 8 participants, who provided qualitative feedback. Open-ended interview questions asked for opinions on the visual appearance of feedback messages and the language used to convey errors. At each round, common themes were extracted from the data, and changes were made to the designs. We found that participants were comfortable in suggesting specific design modifications and in requesting additional features, which were incorporated into the designs shown in the prototypes used in the subsequent round. The contribution of this research is to provide guidance on the future development of language-learning feedback systems for sign-language.
Implications of Rate Design for the Customer-Economics of Behind-the-Meter Storage

Author(s): Darghouth, Naim R; Barbose, Galen L; Mills, Andrew D | Abstract: This work provides insights for the two main sources of bill savings for residential and commercial customers – demand charge reductions and arbitrage of energy charges – considering a range of customer profiles and retail rate designs. Storage can reduce monthly demand charges, which are dependent on the customer’s billing demand in kW rather than the amount of energy they consume in kWh, by charging during times of low energy consumption and discharging during peak consumption hours, thereby reducing peak power consumption from the grid. Storage can also reduce electricity bills by charging the storage during low-priced hours and discharging during high-priced hours, taking advantage of price-differentials of time-varying rates. This study considers a variety of demand charge designs and rates that allow for energy arbitrage.
MicroRNA-21 as a regulator of human cumulus cell viability and its potential influence on the developmental potential of the oocyte

MicroRNA-21 is expressed in bovine, murine, and human cumulus cells with its expression in murine and bovine cumulus cells correlated with oocyte developmental potential. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between cumulus cell MIR-21 and human oocyte developmental potential. These studies revealed that both the immature and mature forms of MicroRNA-21 (MIR-21-5p) were elevated in cumulus cells of oocytes that developed into blastocysts compared to cumulus cells of oocytes that arrested prior to blastocyst formation. This increase in MicroRNA-21 was observed regardless of whether the oocytes developed into euploid or aneuploid blastocysts. Moreover, MIR-21-5p levels in cumulus cells surrounding oocytes that either failed to mature or matured to metaphase II but failed to fertilize, were ≈50% less than the MIR-21-5p levels associated with oocytes that arrested prior to blastocyst formation. Why cumulus cells associated with oocytes of reduced developmental potential expressed less MIR-21-5p is unknown. It is unlikely due to reduced expression of either the receptors of growth differentiation factor 9 or rosha Ribonuclease III (DROSHA) and Dicer Ribonuclease III (DICER) which sequentially promote the conversion of immature forms of MicroRNA-21 to mature MicroRNA-21. Furthermore, cultured cumulus cells treated with a MIR-21-5p inhibitor had an increase in apoptosis and a corresponding increase in the expression of PTEN, a gene known to inhibit the AKT-dependent survival pathway in cumulus cells. These studies provide evidence for a role of MicroRNA-21 in human cumulus cells that influences the developmental potential of human oocytes.
Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: a comment on three recent papers.

(1991). Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management: A Comment on Three Recent Papers. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 173-187.
The Beatles Through a Glass Onion: Reconsidering the White Album: edited by Mark Osteen, Ann Arbor, U of Michigan P, 2019, 324 pp., $80 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-0-472-07408-2

The Beatles’ “White Album,” released in arguably the most tumultuous year of postwar western civilization (1968), received mixed reviews at the time of its release. For some critics, it seemed to m...
Generating Revenue Growth Ideas at Evergreen Executive Education, Llc (a)

The new business development manager for Evergreen Executive Education has been asked by the firm's CEO to develop a list of as many revenue growth ideas as he could over the next week. The COE saw this task as critical for the new services initiative that he had been hired to lead. The list would be an inventory of possibilities for ongoing consideration as well as a catalyst for other professionals in the firm to generate additional ideas. The CEO had described the task for him was to keep his primary business-development mission in mind, and to think big and out of the box. Excerpt UVA-G-0644 Rev. Feb 15, 2019 Generating Revenue Growth Ideas at Evergreen Executive Education, LLC (A) As the newly hired business development manager for Evergreen Executive Education, LLC (EEEL), Curtis Koch had just finished his second week with the firm. As he settled behind his office desk after a meeting with Martha Hires, the firm's CEO, he took in the park-like view outside his office window and a smile spread across his face. Over the course of his first two weeks, he felt he had achieved a pretty good grasp of the firm's personnel, programs, and client portfolio. Indeed, the point of the meeting with Hires had been mostly for him to give her a sense of what he had learned about the firm. She had asked a few pertinent questions, listened intently to his answers, and, in the end, she had expressed her pleasure and affirmation that he had done his homework well and had learned so quickly. The genesis of the smile-inducing moment he was experiencing had come near the end of his meeting with Hires. She had asked him to develop a list of as many revenue growth ideas as he could over the next week. They had to be potentially viable, although not specifically proven. They had to be briefly described, although not fully fleshed out. She wanted him to imagine, to brainstorm, and to bring to bear all his experience, prior reading, and creativity to craft the ideas. She had expressed no illusion that all his ideas would be doable, but she had also expressed optimism that many of them would be actionable when studied further. She saw this task as critical for the new services initiative that Koch had been hired to lead. The list would be an inventory of possibilities for ongoing consideration as well as a catalyst for other professionals in the firm to spark their own creativity for generating additional ideas. The way Hires had framed the task for him as he was leaving was, with his primary business-development mission in mind, to think big and out of the box, think what if and why not? . . .
Conclusions and Future Research Directions

We conclude the book in this chapter. Based on our work, we have identified the key reason of the long delays and high power consumption in web browsing, and have presented the Virtual Machine-based Proxy (VMP) to address the problem. Experimental results validate the benefits of the VMP approach. Finally, we point out future research directions.
Premature Myocardial Infarction: A Community Study

Abstract Objective To evaluate the trends in incident premature myocardial infarction (MI) and prevalence of cardiac risk factors in a population-based cohort. Methods We studied a population-based cohort of incident premature MIs among residents (MI in men aged 18-55 years and women aged 18-65 years) in Olmsted County, Minnesota, during a 26-year period from January 1, 1987 through December 31, 2012. Recurrent MI and death after incident premature MI were enumerated through September 30, 2018. Results Of 3276 MI cases, 850 were premature events (37.9% [322/850] women). Age-adjusted premature MI incidence rates (2012 vs 1987) declined by 39% in men (rate ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.81]) and 61% in women (rate ratio, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.57). Among men with premature MI, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia increased over time, whereas in women, only the prevalence of hyperlipidemia increased. During a mean follow-up of 13.3 years, there was no temporal decline in recurrent MI in men and women. Women showed 66% decreased risk for mortality (hazard ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.68) over time, whereas men showed no change. Conclusion The incidence of premature MI declined over a 26-year period for both men and women. The risk factor profile of persons presenting with MI worsened over time, especially in men. Death following incident MI declined only in women. These results underscore the importance of primary prevention in young adults and of sex-specific approaches.
Key Potentially Inappropriate Drugs in Pediatrics: The KIDs List.

The Pediatric Pharmacy Association produced a list of key potentially inappropriate drugs in pediatrics, or the KIDs List, to guide physicians who treat children.
A phenotypically supervised single-cell analysis protocol to study within-cell-type heterogeneity of cultured mammalian cells

Here, we describe a protocol combining functional metrics with genomic data to elucidate drivers of within-cell-type heterogeneity via the phenotype-to-genotype link. This technique involves using fluorescence tagging to label and isolate cells grown in 3D culture, enabling high-throughput enrichment of phenotypically defined cell subpopulations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We then perform a validated phenotypically supervised single-cell analysis pipeline to reveal unique functional cell states, including genes and pathways that contribute to cellular heterogeneity and were undetectable by unsupervised analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Chen et al. (2020).
Immunology and Adverse Outcome of Pregnancy Related to Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) pose a significant problem to maternal, fetal, and perinatal health. While many cases of adverse pregnancy outcome may have an infectious etiology, the precise organisms responsible are often not identifiable. Furthermore, not all infections are associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. Systemic immunity within the peripheral circulation may be affected by pregnancy. Immunosuppression, as indirectly measured by loss of systemic responsiveness to previously seen antigens, appears necessary for maintenance of early pregnancy. The normal human decidua is replete with many immune and inflammatory cell populations. The majority of the cells are natural killer (NK) cells (large granulated lymphocytes expressing the CD56, NK-cell phenotype). Perhaps human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G antigens protect the placenta from NK-cell-mediated lysis and thus play a significant role in placental immunology and in the maintenance of normal pregnancy. Pregnant women also have a high prevalence of STDs and may be at increased risk of acquiring and transmitting STD pathogens due to systemic and local attenuation of immunity. Maternally acquired infections during pregnancy can lead to multiple adverse outcomes. The immunologic consequences of STDs and their potential contribution to adverse pregnancy outcome are not well characterized. Understanding host defense mechanisms including cytokine regulation in response to infectious organisms acquired or reactivated during pregnancy enable the development of cost-effective intervention strategies to prevent adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Multidisciplinary collaborative approaches combining both basic biomedical and clinical research are required to formulate and implement effective investigative strategies to answer the fundamentally important questions.
Pistons Modelled by Potentials

In this article we consider a piston modelled by a potential in the presence of extra dimensions. We analyze the functional determinant and the Casimir effect for this configuration. In order to compute the determinant and Casimir force we employ the zeta function scheme.
L'opposition ville-campagne au contact de l'hybridité dans Lélia de George Sand

In Lelia (1833), a formally hybrid and remarkably sustained exploration of passion, faith, and skepticism, Sand challenges her own normative binary distinctions between urban excitement and pastoral calm. Through a consideration of the existential experience, the psychological effect, and the metaphysical meaning of living life too quickly, Lelia demonstrates that passions, when poorly extinguished, can reignite even in the calmest of settings, while the thirst for wisdom and the power of self-reflection can resurface in the midst of cosmopolitan courtesan life-style. The city thus represents more than the locus of urgency, contingency, and action; and the countryside serves as more than the haven for measured thought, retired activity, and deeper wisdom.
Ascorbate Oxidase FURTHER STUDIES ON THE PURIFICATION OF THE ENZYME

Abstract A new procedure has been described for the isolation and purification of ascorbate oxidase from green zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo medullosa). The new purification method achieves a more than 200-fold purification with about a 14% recovery of the total activity present in the crude juice. The purified enzyme preparations have been found to be homogeneous by the criteria of ultracentrifugal analysis and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. The sedimentation constant has been found to be s020, w = 7.52 S and a molecular weight of 140,000 has been estimated. The preparations exhibit a specific activity in the range of 3800 to 4250 units per mg, and contain 0.46 to 0.52% copper corresponding to 10 to 12 atoms of copper per enzyme molecule. These specific activity and copper content values are significantly higher than those of homogeneous ascorbate oxidase preparations previously described. The amino acid composition of the new ascorbate oxidase preparation is similar to that of an earlier homogeneous preparation of the same molecular weight but having a significantly lower copper content and specific activity. The marked increase in specific activity of the new preparation appears to be due to the higher content of prosthetic copper rather than to a difference in the protein moiety.
A Note on Natural Frequencies: Natural Frequencies of Uncoupled Flexural and Torsional Oscillations with Damping of a Cantilever Wing

THE aim of this paper is to calculate the natural frequencies and to consider the influence of the damping parameter on a wing's natural flexural and torsional vibration. The author took into account only the elastic hysteresis of the material because the structural damping, depending on the type of the aeroplane, cannot be taken into account in a general consideration.
FoxO1 directly regulates the expression of PD-1 and sustains viral specific CD8+ T cell responses during chronic infection (IRM4P.501)

Understanding the signaling and transcriptional pathways that regulate the function, survival and homeostasis of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during chronic infection is fundamental to the development of therapies to treat chronic infections such as HIV, HSV, and HCV. Of these, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is of significant interest because it controls T cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism and survival. We show that during murine chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, chronic antigen stimulation greatly impairs the ability of virus-specific CD8 T cells to activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in response to TCR and cytokine stimulation, resulting in enhanced nuclear retention of the transcription factor, FoxO1. Therapeutic blockade of the inhibitory PD-1 receptor, which restores antiviral CTL responses, was dependent on increased PI3K/AKT/mTOR activity. FoxO1 expression was critical to sustain virus-specific CTL responses and control viral infection. Lastly, we demonstrate that FoxO1 was both necessary and sufficient to induce the expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 on virus-specific CD8 T cells, and therefore represents a critical regulatory factor in balancing effector and exhausted CTL states during chronic infection. These findings highlight a novel role for AKT-FoxO1 pathway in the regulation of exhaustion CTL responses during chronic infection.
Capturing the regulatory rule‐making process: How historical antecedents of US regulatory agencies impact industry conditions

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to integrate institutional theory with current research in corporate political strategy and political science to examine the relationship between organizations and regulatory agencies. It seeks to explore the limits of the power of the state to regulate organizations by comparing the historical timing of industry regulation of two different fields. It aims to examine two US regulatory agencies – the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a longitudinal analysis of two US regulatory agencies that illustrates differences in agency responses to firm resistance. Specifically, event history analysis and maximum likelihood estimation are used to examine the impact that firms in the commercial airline and automobile industry have in the rule‐making process of the FAA and NHTSA.Findings – Distinct differences were found between the rule‐making context of the airline...
The Physician as Conscientious Objector

On occasion a conflict arises between a physician's perceived moral obligation not to withhold treatment and a patient's right to refuse treatment. Arguments are cited in support of the position that, with prior notice, the physician's right should prevail. It is further argued that legislative action to remove lingering legal doubt would be appropriate.
Driving forces for advanced mechatronics in the food processing industry of the 21st century

Summary form only given. Most food processing operations today make extensive use of more conventional "fixed" automation technologies. These technologies are designed to perform a single function, to be low in cost, and to mass deliver product. Their primary detractions are their inability to respond to product variability or to perform multiple or complex processing activities. However, with growing market pressures to deliver a greater array of value added products, coupled with increasing concern over worker availability, worker safety, and product safety, many food processing companies are focusing their attentions on more "intelligent" automation technologies. These technologies take advantage of the growing power and affordability of computing platforms and an expanding array of electronic sensors and product manipulators. They are capable of delivering performances that are more flexible and discriminating than today's systems. This paper discusses these driving forces in greater detail and addresses some of the more promising forms of "intelligent" automation technologies starting to appear in food processing operations.
Effects of ischemia on the contractile processes of heart muscle.

Myocardial contractility declines precipitously after coronary arterial occlusion. The efficient cause of this phenomenon is probably the hypoxia-induced decrease in aerobic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by the ischemic myocardium. The formal and material causes of this negative inotropic effect are less clearly understood. A decrease in influx of calcium ion, due to sodium pump inhibition in the ischemic heart, is difficult to reconcile with evidence that Ca ++ influx is enhanced under other conditions (for example, administration of cardiac glycosides) that also impair this ion pump. Shortening of the plateau of the action potential after coronary arterial occlusion may be associated with decreased systolic Ca ++ influx from the extracellular fluid, but additional evidence is needed to corroborate this view. A state of acidosis, resulting from the lactate production that occurs when the ischemic myocardium shifts to anaerobic pathways of energy production, may impair contractility by increasing the tightness of Ca ++ binding to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the heart. The increased intracellular hydrogen ion concentration could also exert a negative inotropic effect by displacing Ca ++ from its binding site on troponin, which is the Ca ++ -sensitizing protein of the contractile apparatus. The final cause of the early depression in mechanical energy production by the ischemic myocardium may be the conservation of chemical energy for the more important task of delaying irreversible rigor and necrosis, thereby preserving myocardial integrity.
Solution and crystal lattice effects on the photochemistry of 6-substituted cyclohexenones(1)(,)(2).

The photochemistry of 13 4,4-diphenylcyclohexenones, substituted at carbon-6, was investigated in solution and in the crystalline state. The stereoselectivity was of particular interest. In the sol...
Acoustic emission monitoring of stress corrosion cracking

Abstract Acoustic emission (AE) measurements have been made for anodic-dissolution-, cathodic-hydrogen- and gaseous-hydrogen-induced subcritical crack growth. Measurements have been made on iron with segragated phosphorus and silicon, nickel with segregated phosphorus, type 304 stainless steel heat treated to produce high and medium degrees of sensitization and a tool steel. Intergranular fracture was the primary crack extension mode; however, the event rate per unit of crack extension correlated with the fraction of transgranular fracture. Emission from ligament fracture behind the advancing intergranular crack front is thought to be the source of the AE. These results suggest that AE could potentially be useful for life prediction of components susceptible to environment-assisted crack growth, although the results are very preliminary and need further substantiation.
Prolactin and cortisol levels following acute alcohol challenges in women with and without a family history of alcoholism

In a pilot study 5 matched pairs of female social drinkers received both 0.56 g/kg alcohol and placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Family history positive (FHP) women had biological fathers who met criteria for alcohol dependence, and FHN women had no relatives who met these criteria. FHP and FHN women had BALs about 70 mg/dl 60 min after alcohol. FHP subjects had significantly lower prolactin levels 40, 60 and 80 min following alcohol, but higher cortisol levels 130 and 150 min following alcohol. No significant differences in hormone levels occurred after placebo.
Implementation of Lab VIEW for Computer-Controlled Experiments in General Chemistry Laboratory Instruction

A case is made for the pedagogical advantages of standardizing on LabVIEW-based computer-controlled experiments in introductory chemistry laboratory instruction. Experiments already in use, some for several years, in courses with large enrollments are described.
Kalman filtering approaches for solving problems in analytical chemistry

The application of the Kalman filter to the solution of a variety of problems in analytical chemistry is reviewed. Five examples are selected from the literature to illustrate the use of Kalman filtering techniques for obtaining least-squares estimates fo several parameters of analytical importance. These examples include multicomponent curve resolution and concentration estimation, correction for variable background responses, calibration with drift compensation, and estimation of kinetic parameters for first-order reactions and for heterogeneous charge-transfer reactions. An adaptive Kalman filtering technique is required for the solution of the background correction problem, and the extended Kalman filter algorithm is required for the solution of the nonlinear kinetic problems. For each case, the results that were obtained are summarized, and some advantages of Kalman filtering over traditional least-squares approaches are discussed.
Multiplexed cytokine detection on plasmonic gold substrates with enhanced near-infrared fluorescence

Protein microarrays based on fluorescence detection have been widely utilized for high-throughput functional proteomic analysis. However, a drawback of such assays has been low sensitivity and narrow dynamic range, limiting their capabilities, especially for detecting low abundance biological molecules such as cytokines in human samples. Here, we present fluorescence-enhancing microarrays on plasmonic gold films for multiplexed cytokine detection with up to three orders of magnitude higher sensitivity than on conventional nitrocellulose and glass substrates. Cytokine detection on the gold plasmonic substrate is about one to two orders of magnitude more sensitive than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and can be multiplexed. A panel of six cytokines (Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 4 (IL-4), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interferon γ (IFN-γ), and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)) were detected in the culture media of cancer cells. This work establishes a new method of high throughput multiplexed cytokine detection with higher sensitivity and dynamic range than ELISA.
Computer interface design: a user-centered approach

Abstract Enhancing the way people use computers to perform tasks has become a very important issue in interface design and human-computer interactions. When the concept of human-computer interaction first began to emerge it was commonly understood as the hardware and software through which a human and computer could effectively communicate (Laurel, 1990). This effective communication is also know as user-friendliness. The concept of user friendliness has recently been expanded to include various attributes and cognitive aspects of the user's needs and experiences. Focus should be on the user's experiences, expectations, preferences, and cognitive aspects in developing efficient and effective computer interface designs. It is the basic premise of this paper to emphasize using a user-centered design in developing computer interfaces.
Malaria-Infected Mice Are Cured by a Single Dose of Novel Artemisinin Derivatives

We disclose here for the first time the curative activity of a new generation of trioxane dimers, designed logically and prepared easily from the natural trioxane artemisinin in only four or five chemical steps that would be easily accomplished also on a manufacturing scale. Four of these trioxane dimers cure malaria-infected mice after only a single subcutaneous dose, and two other dimers cure after three oral doses.
Quantitative algebraic topology and Lipschitz homotopy

We consider when it is possible to bound the Lipschitz constant a priori in a homotopy between Lipschitz maps. If one wants uniform bounds, this is essentially a finiteness condition on homotopy. This contrasts strongly with the question of whether one can homotop the maps through Lipschitz maps. We also give an application to cobordism and discuss analogous isotopy questions.
Changes in Insulin Binding to Developing Embryonic Chick Neural Retina Cells

: Specific cell surface insulin binding to embryonic chick neural retina cells has been demonstrated in vivo. Kinetics of insulin binding as well as hormonal specificity were similar to those reported for other vertebrate cells and tissues, both neural and nonneural. When surface insulin binding to retinal cells was studied as a function of embryonic age, a developmental relationship was observed. Scatchard analysis revealed that the number of cell surface insulin receptors decreased approximately 75% between days 10 and 16 of embryonic development. Receptor affinities remained fairly constant for this period.
Block and graft copolymers by living ring-opening olefin metathesis polymerization

Abstract The present paper reviews recent developments on the application of titanacyclobutaneinitiated ‘living’ olefin metathesis polymerization for the preparation of new polymer structures. These are block and graft copolymers containing polymer blocks obtained by olefln metathesis polymerization. The Wittig-type reaction of titanacyclobutane end groups allowed the preparation of AB-type diblock copolymers by changing from olefin metathesis to group transfer polymerization. The same type of reaction was used to link preformed polymer blocks to give ABA-type triblock copolymers and graft copolymers.
Extraradicular endodontic infections

Abstract Eight asymptomatic periapical inflammatory lesions which were refractory to conventional endodontic therapy were examined for the presence of bacteria. Access to the periapical lesions was gained using an aseptic surgical technique. Sterile currettes were used to take microbiological samples from the soft tissue lesions and scrapings from the surface of the root tips. Moller's VMGA III transport medium was utilized and the bacteriological samples were processed using a continuous anaerobic technique. Bacterial growth was evident in the samples from all 8 lesions. Two lesions exclusively yielded anaerobic bacteria and 5 lesions were heavily dominated by anaerobes. Black-pigmented Bacteroides species as well as anaerobic gram–positive rods and cocci were isolated. Staphylococcus epidermidis was recovered from 3 lesions and 2 Actinomyces species were isolated from 1 lesion. Facultative Streptococcus species were rare periapical isolates. Our study clearly showed that anaerobic bacteria are able to survive and maintain an infectious disease process in periapical tissues.
Film Cooling of the Gas Turbine Endwall by Discrete-Hole Injection

Film cooling performance for injection through discrete holes in the endwall of a turbine blade is investigated. The effectiveness is measured at 60 locations in the region covered by injection. Three nominal blowing rates, two density ratios, and two approaching flow Reynolds numbers are examined. Analysis of the data reveals that even 60 locations are insufficient for the determination of the field of film cooling effectiveness with its strong local variations. Visualization of the traces of the coolant jets on the endwall surface, using ammonium-diazo-paper, provides useful qualitative information for the interpretation of the measurements, revealing the paths and interaction of the jets, which change with blowing rate and density ratio.
Growth Management and Land use Controls: The San Francisco Bay Area Experience

Local land use and growth controls have had a substantial negative impact on the San Francisco Bay Area housing market. These regulations have significantly diminished the availability of development opportunities in the region and forced builders to make major changes in the way they do business and costly alterations in their development projects. Both the empirical evidence reviewed and the case studies documented in this paper indicate that building moratoria, growth management systems, and restrictive zoning practices have helped lead to significantly increased house prices in those Bay Area communities in which they are present. The evidence strongly suggests that land use controls as they are currently utilized in the Bay Area provide a poor policy alternative for reconciling important environmental and fiscal considerations with equally important regional and national housing needs.
Task-induced strategies and near-threshold priming: Conscious influences on unconscious perception.

Abstract Near-threshold masked semantic priming of lexical decisions is examined under prime presentation conditions established with several different judgment tasks, using a variety of converging indicators to determine whether subjects can introspect on the prime. In the apparent absence of such awareness, priming effects are found to vary nonmonotonically with stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between prime and mask. Priming initially decreases as SOA is shortened in the threshold region, but increases as SOA is shortened further. This phenomenon may help to account for discrepancies between studies in which prime presentation conditions were established with different judgment tasks. In addition, priming is influenced by the type of prime information required for successful performance in the judgment task. Facilitation results from related primes relative to unrelated primes after prime presentation conditions have been established with either detection judgments or word discrimination judgments. However, after semantic similarity judgments, related primes produce inhibition. The implication is that different judgment tasks induce different strategies for retrieving information from perceptual encoding mechanisms. These strategies carry over into the priming task, where they influence the operation of encoding mechanisms even when the strategies fail and prime inputs remain unavailable to introspection.
Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin.

Antillatoxin is a potent ichthyotoxin and cytotoxin previously discovered from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Ensuing studies of its mechanism of action showed it to activate the mammalian voltage-gated sodium channel at a pharmacological site that is distinct from any previously described. The structure of antillatoxin, initially formulated from spectroscopic information, was subsequently corrected at one stereocenter (C-4) as a result of synthesis of four different antillatoxin stereoisomers (all possible C-4 and C-5 diastereomers). In the current study these four stereoisomers, (4R,5R)-, (4S,5R)-, (4S,5S)-, and (4R,5S)-antillatoxin, were characterized in five different biological assay systems: ichthyotoxicity to goldfish, microphysiometry using cerebellar granule cells (CGCs), lactose dehydrogenase efflux from CGCs, monitoring of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in CGCs, and cytotoxicity to Neuro 2a cells. Across these various biological measures there was great consistency in that the...
Mathematical Models for the Control Program of the SLAC Linear Collider

The operation of the SLAC two-mile linear accelerator in the single pass collider mode will be computer controlled. Mathematical models will be used in the control program to set up and restore the beam optics and to correct orbits. Some of the requirements imposed upon the on-line model calculations and the ways to satisfy these requirements will be described in this paper.
Electron spectroscopic studies of tantalum carbide

Abstract Carbon-K characteristic loss, carbon-KVV Auger, and valence-band X-ray photoelectron spectra were measured for a well-ordered, nearly stoichiometric (100) surface of tantalum carbide. These spectra compare well with curves that were generated by using a calculated total density of states.
Stuck in the Middle: Drugging the Ubiquitin System at the E2 Step

The discovery of a small-molecule allosteric inhibitor of the CDC34 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) by Ceccarelli et al. raises the possibility that it will be generally feasible to selectively inhibit ubiquitin transfer at this central step in the ubiquitin pathway.