cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Holding Power of Orthopedic Screws in Equine Third Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones: Part I. Foal Bone

The holding power of orthopedic screws in the third metacarpal and metatarsal cadaver bones of foals that were aged from 1 to 14 days was tested. Comparative trials between screws inserted at the same site in contralateral bones from the same foal were performed to compare the holding power of 5.5 mm cortical and 6.5 mm cancellous screws in the metaphysis, and the holding power of 5.5 and 4.5 mm cortical screws in the diaphysis. A MTS servohydraulic tensile testing machine was used to perform screw pullouts at a displacement rate of 19 mm/sec. There was no significant difference between maximum holding power of 5.5 mm cortical screws and 6.5 mm cancellous screws in the metaphysis when expressed as kg per mm of bone width at the screw insertion site (p = 0.097) or as kg per mm of screw thread engaged in the bone (p = 0.17). There was no significant difference in holding power of 5.5 and 6.5 mm screws in the proximal versus distal metaphysis (p = 0.10). The 5.5 mm screws had significantly greater holding power than the 4.5 mm screws in the diaphysis (p = 0.0097). Fixation failure at screw pullout was always due to bone shear. In internal fixation in foal bone, the 5.5 mm screws may be a suitable alternative to 6.5 mm screws in the metaphysis. Use of 5.5 mm rather than 4.5 mm screws is recommended in the diaphysis because of greater holding power.
Biofuels and carbon offsets

(A) Types of biofuels and their impacts on the environment; (B)adverse effects of traditional and modern biofuels on soils and the environment; (C) management options to enhance carbon sequestratio...
Brain palmitate incorporation in awake and anesthetized rats

Abstract Uniformly labeled [14C]palmitate was injected intravenously in awake and barbiturate-anesthetized rats, and arterial plasma radioactivity due to unesterified [14C]palmitate was determined on plasma samples removed at time intervals up to the time of death. Overall brain radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation spectroscopy, and regional brain radioactivity was determined by quantitative autoradiography. The transfer constant,k, for the unidirectional uptake of radiotracer palmitate into the brain at 4 h was calculated from the brain radioactivity and the integrated plasma radioactivity from injection to 4 h. The unidirectional palmitate uptake was calculated as the product ofk and the plasma concentration of unesterified palmitate. Barbiturate anesthesia reduced regional palmitate transfer constants and unidirectional palmitate uptakes into different brain regions by 40–60%. Palmitate incorporation into the brains of awake rats at 4 h represents uptake into structural brain components which contain lipids. The results indicate that pentobarbital anesthesia reduces this rate of incorporation by about half.
Scaling functions applied to three-body recombination of Cs 133 atoms

We demonstrate the implications of Efimov physics in the recently measured recombination rate of Cs-133 atoms. By employing previously calculated results for the energy dependence of the recombination rate of He-4 atoms, we obtain three independent scaling functions that are capable of describing the recombination rates over a large energy range for identical bosons with large scattering length. We benchmark these and previously obtained scaling functions by successfully comparing their predictions with full atom-dimer phase shift calculations with artificial He-4 potentials yielding large scattering lengths. Exploiting universality, we finally use these functions to determine the three-body recombination rate of Cs-133 atoms with large positive scattering length, compare our results to experimental data obtained by Kraemer at Innsbruck and find excellent agreement.
Relationship of amino acid composition and molecular weight of antifreeze glycopeptides to non-colligative freezing point depression.

Abstract Many polar fishes synthesize a group of eight glycopeptides that exhibit a non-colligative lowering of the freezing point of water. These glycopeptides range in molecular weight between 2600 and 33700. The largest glycopeptides [1–5] lower the freezing point more than the small ones on a weight basis and contain only two amino acids, alanine and threonine, with the disaccharide galactose- N -acetyl-galactosamine attached to threonine. The smaller glycopeptides, 6, 7, and 8, also lower the freezing point and contain proline, which periodically substitutes for alanine. Glycopeptides with similar antifreeze properties isolated from the saffron cod and the Atlantic tomcod contain an additional amino acid, arginine, which substitutes for threonine in glycopeptide 6. In this study we address the question of whether differences in amino acid composition or molecular weight between large and small glycopeptides are responsible for the reduced freezing point depressing capability of the low molecular weight glycopeptides. The results indicate that the degree of amino acid substitutions that occur in glycopeptides 6–8 do not have a significant effect on the unusual freezing point lowering and that the observed decrease in freezing point depression with smaller glycopeptides can be accounted for on the basis of molecular weight.
Myopericarditis in children: Elevated troponin i level does not predict outcome

Myopericarditis is primarily a pericarditic syndrome with some degree of myocardial involvement, as evident by elevated cardiac enzymes. Differentiating myopericarditis from acute coronary syndromes can be challenging and may require coronary angiography or perfusion studies. Data on myopericarditis and its outcome for children are scarce. This study delineates the demography, clinical presentation, and outcomes of myopericarditis for children and evaluates the prognostic value of elevated troponin I. The authors retrospectively reviewed 880 patients younger than 18 years of age who were admitted with diagnoses of chest pain, myocarditis, or pericarditis between 2000 and 2010 at their institution. Myopericarditis was defined as a clinical presentation of pericarditis in the presence of elevated levels of cardiac enzymes. Medical records were reviewed to abstract the demographic data, clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up outcomes. A total of 12 patients (1.4%) with myopericarditis were identified. All the patients were male, 8 (67%) of whom were Caucasian, and their median age was 16 years (range, 11–17 years). Two of the patients (17%) had recently used illicit drugs, and two (17%) had recently smoked cigarettes. At presentation, symptoms included chest pain in 12 patients (100%, 12/12), upper respiratory symptoms in 3 patients (25%, 3/12), and shortness of breath in 3 patients (25%, 3/12). No cardiac murmur or gallop was noted in any patient. Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes included diffuse ST-T changes (5 patients), localized ST-T changes (6 patients), and no ST-T changes (1 patient). All the patients had elevated levels of cardiac enzymes, with a median Troponin I level of 21.4 ng/ml (range, 5.0–134.4 ng/ml) and a median CK-MB level of 50.2 ng/ml (range, 7–135 ng/ml). Echocardiography showed normal left ventricular systolic function in all the patients (median ejection fraction, 61%; range, 56–69%). None had pericardial effusion during the first echocardiographic evaluation. Coronary angiography showed normal coronary arteries in all nine subjects for whom it was performed. Treatment of myopericarditis consisted of ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and/or aspirin. During a median follow-up period of 2 months (range, 2 weeks to 3 years), all the patients were asymptomatic with echocardiography showing normal left ventricular size and function. Myopericarditis was exclusively seen in male adolescents. Despite markedly elevated levels of cardiac enzymes, the clinical evolution of myopericarditis seems benign without any myocardial dysfunction. The inflammatory involvement of the myocardium appears to be self-limited without short-term, overt sequelae. An elevated troponin I level in myopericarditis, unlike acute coronary syndromes, does not seem to carry an adverse prognosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term prognosis for such patients.
Accuracy of 2‐D depth migration in transversely isotropic media using explicit operators

It is known that significant misposition errors arise when data from transversely isotropic (TI) media are migrated using migration algorithms that ignore anisotropy. Here, I discuss the accuracy of the explicit depth-extrapolation process as applied to depth migration in TI media characterized by Thomsen’s parameters First, I study which of the Thomsen’s parameters most influence the calculation of explicit operators for the and SV and SV propagation) modes. For the propagation mode, we need only calculate explicit operators for each pair of and values. Lateral and vertical changes in vertical P-wave velocity are handled by calculating tables of operators for different ratios of normalized frequency, just as is done for isotropic media. The vertical shear-wave velocity does not have a significant influence on accuracy for typical values of and found in sedimentary basins. For the SVmode, explicit operators are needed for each value of parameter introduced by Tsvankin and Thomsen (1994).
Decaking of bituminous coals by alkaline solutions

Abstract Experimental results are reported concerning the decaking effect of alkalies on two Western Kentucky coals. Decaking treatment with dilute sodium hydroxide solutions was the most effective of the various methods examined. Caking and agglomerating character were destroyed when about 1–2 wt % (dry basis) sodium hydroxide was retained by the coal following the solution treatment. The free-swelling index was considerably reduced for both seam coals. In contrast, 20 wt % of sodium hydroxide was required in a dry mixing method. The amount of decaking reagent required for effective solution treatment varied with seam of origin but the difference in particle size range and/or mineral content may have been significant. Independent effects of these variables were not determined. Experimental results indicate that the decaking reactions occur at temperatures above 300 °C, but the actual mechanisms are not known. The alkaline-solution decaking treatment was conceived as a possible step in coal preparation for a coal-gasification process. Various important questions remain for continued study.
Orthostatic Hypotension as a Clue to Primary Systemic Amyloidosis

Data on 11 patients with orthostatic hypotension and primary systemic amyloidosis have been presented. Dizziness and light-headedness or syncope significantly hampered the involved patients. Three were incapacitated by orthostatic hypotension. Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and loss of weight were common, and adrenal insufficiency was seriously considered in the differential diagnosis of six of the 11 patients. Abnormal sweating was found in all six in whom this test was done. The drug 9-α-fluorohydrocortisone showed promise in symptomatic therapy of the condition. The possibility of primary systemic amyloidosis should be considered in the presence of orthostatic hypotension. Rectal biopsy and bone-marrow aspiration are recommended as initial biopsy procedures unless another organ suitable for biopsy is obviously involved.
First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum caudatum on Indiangrass in New York.

Indiangrass or yellow indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L.) is a warm-season, perennial grass grown for livestock forage, erosion control, wildlife food and cover, landscaping, and more recently, as a biofuel crop. In August of 2007, foliar lesions were observed on plants within mature stands of a number of cultivars and populations of indiangrass at the USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Center in Big Flats (Chemung County), NY. In subsequent years, similar lesions were observed in both mature and immature (less than 3 years old) stands of indiangrass in Chemung and Tompkins counties. Lesions were elliptical to irregular with distinct or diffuse purple margins often surrounded by tan-to-maroon halos and were sometimes observed on the leaf sheath and stem. Lesions were generally less than 2 cm long, approximately 2 mm wide, and often coalesced when disease was severe. Centers became necrotic and often developed numerous acervuli with black setae. After 2 to 5 days of incubation in moist chambers, symptomatic leaf ti...
"Can I Ask That?": Perspectives on Perinatal Care After Resettlement Among Karen Refugee Women, Medical Providers, and Community-Based Doulas.

This study characterized the perspectives of Karen refugee women in Buffalo, NY, their medical providers, and Karen interpreters/doulas on perinatal care for Karen women in resettlement. In-depth qualitative interviews with Karen women (14), Karen doulas/interpreters and key informants (8), and medical providers (6) were informed by the social contextual model and focused on women’s questions about and opinions of perinatal care in Buffalo and on providers’ experiences caring for Karen patients. Karen women expressed gratitude for and understanding of perinatal care in Buffalo, and providers described Karen patients as agreeable but shy. Karen doulas offered an alternative view that exposed women’s many questions and concerns, and described how doula training empowered them as patients’ advocates. Low self-efficacy, trauma histories, and cultural expectations may contribute to Karen women’s seeming agreeability. Doulas/interpreters possess insider knowledge of women’s concerns and facilitate communication between patients and the care team.
Identification and Clean-Up of Contaminants From Vaporized NGL CGT Fuel

This paper describes an analytical approach used to identify heavy natural gas liquid (NGL) fuel components and fuel conditioning solutions employed to prevent fouling of the vaporized fuel delivery systems. The discussion includes high pressure vaporized fuel sampling, isolation of C7+ and C14+ hydrocarbon fractions from NGL, and performance validation of fuel processing apparatus. Saudi Aramco operates more than 80 aeroderivative gas turbines (CGT’s), from four manufacturers, to drive crude oil pumps and generate electrical power on the East-West Pipeline that traverses the Arabian Peninsula. Since the pipeline was first commissioned in 1980, the CGT’s have been operated primarily on vaporized C2+ NGL. Although the properties of this C2+ NGL (such as density and heating value) are nearly identical to propane, its use as CGT fuel has presented challenges. Fuel system fouling resulted from the presence of heavy hydrocarbons including residual surface-active compounds derived primarily from corrosion inhibitors and intermittent crude oil carryover. This fouling consisted of hard, epoxy-like deposits coating all manifolds and fuel nozzle passages downstream of the vaporizers. The entire fleet suffered from increased operating and maintenance costs and reduced reliability from plugging of last-chance filters to blocked fuel nozzles. This led to temperature spreads in combustors and hot component damage. High temperature rated coalescing filters were applied successfully in three vaporized NGL fuel system configurations. One fuel system configuration that required even more stringent fuel conditioning was modified to reject approximately 15 percent (heavy ends fraction) of the NGL. Performance tests were conducted to measure the extent to which heavy ends were reduced in the modified fuel vaporizers. Analytical methods were developed to identify and measure heavy hydrocarbons at ppm concentrations. The actual fuel compositions determined analytically agreed with compositions predicted from process simulations.© 2006 ASME
EROSION-CORROSION AND WEAR

The basic processes of wear, erosion and erosion-corrosion are reviewed. It is shown that oxide debris can accelerate wear when it is present as particulates, or protect and reduce friction when it is present as a glaze. Erosion-corrosion processes can be understood and organized in a series of regimes that represent a sequence of change in the relative intensities of erosive and corrosive processes. Types of mechanism expected to feature in oxide spallation and in the erosion-corrosion of alloys are described and, finally, the areas that require serious study in order to achieve further understanding of this subject are indicated.
Recurrent Neural Networks for Music Computation

Some researchers in the computational sciences have considered music computation, including music reproduction and generation, as a dynamic system, i.e., a feedback process. The key element is that the state of the musical system depends on a history of past states. Recurrent (neural) networks have been deployed as models for learning musical processes. We first present a tutorial discussion of recurrent networks, covering those that have been used for music learning. Following this, we examine a thread of development of these recurrent networks for music computation that shows how more intricate music has been learned as the state of the art in recurrent networks improves. We present our findings that show that a long short-term memory recurrent network, with new representations that include music knowledge, can learn musical tasks, and can learn to reproduce long songs. Then, given a reharmonization of the chordal structure, it can generate an improvisation.
Behavioral interactions of coadministered amphetamine and pentobarbital

Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate between intraperitoneal 6.0 mg/kg pentobarbital and 0.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine in a two-lever food-motivated operant task. Once trained, rats were coadministered combinations of 1.5, 3.0 or 6.0 mg/kg pentobarbital with either 0.2, 0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg d-amphetamine and their discriminative performance was tested. Amphetamine and pentobarbital were observed to be dose-responsively, and mutually, antagonistic and analysis of dose-response curves of the mixtures suggests a common mechanism and/or site of action. The results are discussed in relation to the medical use and abuse of amphetamine and barbiturate combinations.
Adrenal medullary cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.--Regulatory properties of three enzyme activities.

— Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from bovine adrenal medulla was fractionated into multiple activities by two different procedures, sucrose gradient centrifugation and gel filtration. Extracts of frozen and thawed adrenal medulla homogenates gave two phosphodiesterase activity peaks following density gradient centrifugation. The higher molecular weight activity hydrolyzed both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP; ethylene glycol-bis(aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) inhibited only the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP. The lower molecular weight activity hydrolyzed only cyclic AMP and was not inhibited by EGTA. The two activities were not interconverted by recentrifugation. Gel filtration of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity extracted from frozen and thawed adrenal medulla on Ultrogel AcA 34 resolved the enzyme into three distinct peaks of enzyme activity with molecular weights of 350,000 (Peak I), 229,000 (Peak II) and 162,000 (Peak III). The enzyme from fresh tissue was resolved into peak I and II and only a small fraction of Peak III. Peak I hydrolyzed both cyclic nucleotides, while peak II was a cyclic GMP-specific enzyme and peak III was specific for cyclic AMP. The hydrolysis of cyclic AMP by the activity in Peak I was markedly stimulated by cyclic GMP; the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP by peak II was inhibited by EGTA and stimulated by calcium and CDR (calcium-dependent regulator protein). Peak III, which appears to be particulate, is not activated by either cyclic GMP or calcium and CDR.
Possibilities of using IR spectrometer data for sizing cirrus cloud particles

Measurements of the IR optical thickness and radar reflectivity of cirrus clouds can be used to infer microphysical characteristics of these clouds. This paper presents a technique for estimating the optical thickness from spectral measurements of downwelling radiance of cirrus clouds in the infrared atmospheric transparency `window' near 10 micrometers . To illustrate, results of cirrus particle size retrieval from the FIRE-II experiment are given.
Role of DNMT3B in the regulation of early neural and neural crest specifiers

The de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B functions in establishing DNA methylation patterns during development. DNMT3B missense mutations cause immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome. The restriction of Dnmt3b expression to neural progenitor cells, as well as the mild cognitive defects observed in ICF patients, suggests that DNMT3B may play an important role in early neurogenesis. We performed RNAi knockdown of DNMT3B in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in order to investigate the mechanistic contribution of DNMT3B to DNA methylation and early neuronal differentiation. While DNMT3B was not required for early neuroepithelium specification, DNMT3B deficient neuroepithelium exhibited accelerated maturation with earlier expression, relative to normal hESCs, of mature neuronal markers (such as NEUROD1) and of early neuronal regional specifiers (such as those for the neural crest). Genome-wide analyses of DNA methylation by MethylC-seq identified novel regions of hypomethylation in the DNMT3B knockdowns along the X chromosome as well as pericentromeric regions, rather than changes to promoters of specific dysregulated genes. We observed a loss of H3K27me3 and the polycomb complex protein EZH2 at the promoters of early neural and neural crest specifier genes during differentiation of DNMT3B knockdown but not normal hESCs. Our results indicate that DNMT3B mediates large-scale methylation patterns in hESCs and that DNMT3B deficiency in the cells alters the timing of their neuronal differentiation and maturation.
Effect of difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) on small intestine of adult and weanling rats.

Oral feeding ofdl-difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) (2% in waterad libitum) for 14 days has no detectable effect on the small intestine of adult rats.Similar feeding of DFMO to weanling rat pups caused diarrhea in three to four days accompanied by a decrease in food consumption and body weight compared to age-matched controls. Significant decreases in small intestinal mucosal weight, total protein, DNA, enterokinase, leucine amino peptidase, sucrase, and maltase contents were observed in the DFMO-treated group four days after treatment. Extending the treatment to seven days led to a more severe reduction in these parameters. Villous atrophy of the mucosa was demonstrable by light microscopy and morphometric measurements. The mucosa of the DFMO-treated rat pups showed a reduction in total thickness and villous height but no change in crypt depth. A significant reduction in villus-crypt ratio was also seen.Changes in small intestinal mucosal parameters were not due to a decrease in food intake since pair-fed, agematched rat pups showed no biochemical changes compared to control pups. DFMO-treated weanling rats showed less than 5% of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity when compared to age-matched control animals. The effects observed on the small intestinal mucosa are presumably due to inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase activities by DFMO which prevents the proliferation, regeneration, and maturation of epithelial cells. The relative insensitivity of the adult rat small intestine to DFMO treatment suggests a lesser dependence of its intestinal mucosa to ODC activities.
Effects of Forest on the Snow Parameters Derived from Microwave Measurements during the Boreas Winter Field Campaign

Passive microwave data have been used to infer the areal snow water equivalent (SWE) with some success. However, the accuracy of these retrieved SWE values have not been well determined for heterogeneous vegetated regions. The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Winter Field Campaign (WFC), which took place in February 1994, provided the opportunity to study in detail the effects of boreal forests on snow parameter retrievals. Preliminary results reconfirmed the relationship between microwave brightness temperature and snow water equivalent. The pronounced effect of forest cover on SWE retrieval was studied. A modified vegetation mixing algorithm is proposed to account for the forest cover. The relationship between the microwave signature and observed snowpack parameters matches results from this model.
The Detection of Carotenoid Pigments in Human Skin

Carotenoid pigments were extracted chemically from both epidermis and dermis obtained from non-carotenemic individuals at autopsy. Absorption maxima characteristic of beta-carotene were found in the extracts of specimens of epidermis following cantharidin application in volunteers made carotenemic by the ingestion of beta-carotene (180 mg/day for 10 weeks). These maxima were absent in the extracts of epidermis obtained from the volunteers before beta-carotene ingestion.
Approximate deconvolution large eddy simulation of a barotropic ocean circulation model

Abstract A new large eddy simulation closure modeling strategy is put forth for two-dimensional turbulent geophysical flows. This closure modeling approach utilizes approximate deconvolution, which is based solely on mathematical approximations and does not employ additional phenomenological arguments in the model. The new approximate deconvolution model is tested in the numerical simulation of the wind-driven circulation in a shallow ocean basin, a standard prototype of more realistic ocean dynamics. The model employs the barotropic vorticity equation driven by a symmetric double-gyre wind forcing, which yields a four-gyre circulation in the time mean. The approximate deconvolution model yields the correct four-gyre circulation structure predicted by a direct numerical simulation, but on a coarser mesh and at a fraction of the computational cost. This first step in the numerical assessment of the new model shows that approximate deconvolution could represent a viable tool for under-resolved computations in the large eddy simulation of more realistic turbulent geophysical flows.
Synthesis of ordinary and β-hydroxy fatty acids by heart mitochondria☆

Abstract The fatty acids (FA) synthesized from acetate by intact rabbit heart mitochondria were identified. These FA were mainly 12 to 16 carbons long. One-half were β-hydroxy FA, and mass spectrometric analysis after [1- 13 C)acetate incorporation showed them to be synthesized de novo . The latter were oxidized by the mitochondria with an ADP pulse, which means that they were L(+) isomers. β-Hydroxymyristate was the predominant endogenous saturated β-hydroxy FA detected in heart mitochondria. Only 10% of the product FA were esterified to coenzyme A and 4% were in phospholipid. Most of the FA were released from the mitochondria as free FA during incubation and were preferentially bound by serum albumin. Electron microscopy showed preservation of normal mitochondrial morphology. An ADP pulse caused prompt rapid oxidation only of the intramitochondrial labeled FA. The data confirm de novo FA synthesis in heart mitochondria and suggest the mechanism of reversal of the β-oxidation system. This process may have physiological importance by serving two functions: (1) the β-hydroxy FA, as CoA esters, could participate in an NADH “shuttle” to transfer cytoplasmic reducing equivalents into mitochondria; (2) FA synthesis could facilitate glycolysis during hypoxia by oxidizing NADH.
Family accommodation in obsessive–compulsive disorder

Family accommodation refers to ways in which family members take part in the performance of rituals, avoidance of anxiety-provoking situations or modification of daily routines to assist a relative with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Our goal is to review the available data on the role of family accommodation in both children and adults with OCD. A search of available peer-reviewed English language papers was conducted through PubMed and PsycINFO cross-referencing the keyword OCD with accommodation, family relations and parents. The resulting 641 papers were individually evaluated for relevance to the scope of the review. It was found that accommodation is common in OCD and is strongly and consistently correlated with OCD symptom severity. Family accommodation also appears to be increased when the proband has cleaning contamination symptoms and increased internalizing or externalizing problems. Family accommodation is associated with increased parental OCD and anxiety symptoms. Levels of accommodation are associated with treatment outcomes for both behavioral and pharmacological treatment. Significant improvement of OCD symptoms with treatment is associated with reductions in family accommodation. Family accommodation represents important clinical data that is worth measuring, monitoring and tracking in clinical care. Therapies targeting family accommodation may be successful in improving treatment outcomes in OCD.
Please See Me: Students' Reactions to Professor's Request as a Function of Attachment and Perceived Support

Abstract The author explored college students' (N = 151) perceptions of a professor's note—“Please see me”—as a function of the students' attachment style and perceived support. Data collected were the students' reactions to the note, attachment style, and perceived social support. Compared with the securely attached students, the insecurely attached students had more negative emotional reactions to the note and were less likely to believe that the professor had positive reasons for wanting to see them. Fearful students, male students, and students with lower GPAs were more likely to ignore the note and expended less effort to see the professor. Perceived availability of support was related to attachment style, and satisfaction with support was related to some beliefs about the professor's intentions.
THEORIES OF CHEMICAL SHIFT ANISOTROPIES IN PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

Abstract This review examines our theoretical understanding of the origins of chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) in proteins and nucleic acids, based on theories for environmental and solvation effects and on quantum chemical calculations for peptides, sugars and bases that form the building blocks for biomolecules. Chemical shift tensors are influenced by ‘through-bond’ substituent or conformational effects, and by interactions with solvent or with chemically remote parts of the biomolecule. The latter arise from magnetic susceptibilities of remote groups, from electric fields that polarize bonds, and from van der Waals interactions. The strengths and geometric dependencies of these effects can be estimated from quantum chemistry calculations and from empirical fits of classical equations to observed shifts. Prospects for using CSA information for structural characterization of biomolecules will be discussed.
Learning the temporal dynamics of behavior

This study presents a dynamic model of how animals learn to regulate their behavior under time-based reinforcement schedules. The model assumes a serial activation of behavioral states during the interreinforcement interval, an associative process linking the states with the operant response, and a rule mapping the activation of the states and their associative strength onto response rate or probability. The model fits data sets from fixed-interval schedules, the peak procedure, mixed fixed-interval schedules, and the bisection of temporal intervals. The major difficulties of the model came from experiments that suggest that under some conditions animals may time 2 intervals independently and simultaneously.
High resistance to low‐temperature photoinhibition in two alpine, snowbank species

At high elevation, the combination of low temperature and high solar irradiance may be particularly conducive to the low-temperature photoinhibition of photosynthesis (LTP). Microclimate and photosynthesis were measured in situ in Caltha leptosepala and Erythronium grandiflorum, alpine perennials that may experience even lower temperatures and higher sunlight (PFD, photon flux density) than other alpine plants due to their proximity to snowbanks. Light-saturated CO 2 assimilation (A sat ) and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured for naturally frosted and non-frosted plants that also experienced either natural or experimentally-lowered sunlight. Following several hours of full sunlight exposure, A sat in both species was not different in leaves that experienced either frostless nights, shading (ca. 1200 versus 2000 μmol m -2 s -1 PFD), or the combination of frostless nights and shade, compared to leaves that experienced frost followed by full sunlight. However, increases in the maximum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry occurred following either frostless nights (change in F v /F m = 5.3%; P < 0.001), experimental shade (4.0%; P < 0.1), or the combination of frostless nights and shade (8.4%; P < 0.001) in C. leptosepala. Corresponding increases in F v /F m were less in E. grandiflorum (1.8% following frostless nights, P < 0.05; 3.7% with shade, P <0.05; and 5.1% with both, P < 0.001). Plants of E. grandiflorum in the process of emerging through snowbanks had a 10% increase in F v /F m with experimental shading (P < 0.05). In both species, depressions in F v /F m that resulted from natural frost and high sunlight exposure recovered fully by sunset the same day, and depressed F v /F m was associated with greater non-photochemical quenching. Thus, only slight and reversible LTP was apparent, and both species appeared well-adapted for maintaining carbon gain on days following frost and high sunlight exposure.
Weld penetration control system design and testing

The design, implementation, and testing of a feedback control system for regulating gas tungsten arc weld (GTAW) penetration are presented in this study. The derivation of reduced-order transfer function models representing the welding heat flow is also discussed. The control problem was cast in a robust design setting, and an H∞ controller was designed for regulating weld penetration. The H∞ control theory could quantify the trade-off between performance and robustness and achieve both good performance and robustness. The feedback control system, which used infrared temperature measurements, was implemented and tested. The dynamic and steady-state responses of the system to step input changes as well as unmodeled base metal width variations were studied by simulation and experimentally. The experimental results were similar to the simulation predictions. The controller was able to provide regulation to achieve full penetration for GTAW and was also robust to control weld penetration during perturbations in base metal width.
The 4.1B cytoskeletal protein regulates the domain organization and sheath thickness of myelinated axons

Myelinated axons are organized into specialized domains critical to their function in saltatory conduction, i.e., nodes, paranodes, juxtaparanodes, and internodes. Here, we describe the distribution and role of the 4.1B protein in this organization. 4.1B is expressed by neurons, and at lower levels by Schwann cells, which also robustly express 4.1G. Immunofluorescence and immuno-EM demonstrates 4.1B is expressed subjacent to the axon membrane in all domains except the nodes. Mice deficient in 4.1B have preserved paranodes, based on marker staining and EM in contrast to the juxtaparanodes, which are substantially affected in both the PNS and CNS. The juxtaparanodal defect is evident in developing and adult nerves and is neuron-autonomous based on myelinating cocultures in which wt Schwann cells were grown with 4.1B-deficient neurons. Despite the juxtaparanodal defect, nerve conduction velocity is unaffected. Preservation of paranodal markers in 4.1B deficient mice is associated with, but not dependent on an increase of 4.1R at the axonal paranodes. Loss of 4.1B in the axon is also associated with reduced levels of the internodal proteins, Necl-1 and Necl-2, and of alpha-2 spectrin. Mutant nerves are modestly hypermyelinated and have increased numbers of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, increased expression of 4.1G, and express a residual, truncated isoform of 4.1B. These results demonstrate that 4.1B is a key cytoskeletal scaffold for axonal adhesion molecules expressed in the juxtaparanodal and internodal domains that unexpectedly regulates myelin sheath thickness.
Transmission Properties of Optical Fibers

Equations which describe the flux transmitted and the angular distribution of the emergent light from straight cylindrical fibers of circular cross section have been derived and numerically evaluated. Loss of light due to imperfect reflections, bulk absorption, and Fresnel reflections, are included in the formulation. All skew rays in the fiber have been considered in these calculations.Measurements of the attenuation and angular distribution of the emitted light from plastic scintillating fibers have been made. From the theoretical equations it has been deduced that these fibers are characterized by an internal reflectivity of 0.993±0.002 and an absorption coefficient of 0.015±0.003 cm−1.Measurements of the light transmitted by single-clad glass fibers indicate that these fibers are characterized by an internal reflectivity of 0.9993±0.0002 and an absorption coefficient of the order of 10−4 cm−1. Some experimental data on glass fiber bundles also are included.
On Ö. Winge and a Prayer: The origins of polyploidy

1) Almost all polyploids arise by way of unreduced gametes; other mechanisms occur, but are negligible. 2) The most widespread and common event is (2n+n) reproduction. 3) Triploids so produced frequently yield 4X plants on backcrossing and 6X plants on selfing. 4) Spontaneous polyploids appear repeatedly, but their fate depends on vigor and competitive ability. 5) The polyploids most frequently produced are probably strict autoploids, but they often lack competitive ability and may not become successfully established. 6) Wide crosses occur in nature but not very often; if the hybrid is vigorous, it may yield a stable, fertile polyploid in the second or later generations via unreduced gametes. 7) Wide crosses by way of (2n+n) reproduction are probably more common and successful than the above (6) pathway. 8) The most likely pathway to a successful polyploid in nature involves neither wide crosses nor strict autoploidy but crosses between races, ecotypes and cytotypes within a biological species. 9) The more or less autoploids so produced may generate genuine alloploids by interspecific hybridization at polyploid levels. 10) The classic explanation of alloploidyvia “chromosome doubling” of a sterile diploid interspecific hybrid is misleading in most cases, and this route is probably negligible in the evolution of polyploid systems.
On stress rate and plasticity constitutive equations referred to a body-fixed coordinate system

Abstract Investigators have viewed the stress rate in two different ways: the material (body-fixed) point of view and the Eulerian point of view. We discuss the Zaremba–Jaumann rate and Oldroyd’s rate from the material viewpoint and apply them to the material formulation of a theory of plasticity for materials undergoing anisotropic plastic deformation. Significant advantages of the material formulation are that the derivation of equations is straight forward, the distortion of yield surface can be easily accounted for, and the issue of self-consistent elastic equation does not arise. A convected (body-fixed) coordinate system that is imbedded in the material element is used to define a convected material element. Constitutive equations in a theory of plasticity are written with respect to this element referred to the body-fixed coordinate system. A material type yield function is a function of stress components and it is invariant under either a superimposed rigid rotation of the body or an arbitrary change of observer. The kinematic hardening evolves by the co-rotational rate and it is disassociated from the general kinematic of deformation. The latter evolves by the convected rate.
A note on the flow time and the number of tardy jobs in stochastic open shops

Abstract In this note open shops with two machines are considered. The processing time of job j, j = 1, …, n, on machine 1 (2) is a random variable Xj (Yj), which is exponentially distributed with rate γ (μ). If the completion time of job j is Cj, a waiting cost is incurred of g(Cj), where g is a function that is increasing concave. The preemptive policy that minimizes the total expected waiting cost E(Σg(Cj)) is determined. Two machine open shops with jobs that have random due dates are considered as well. For the case where the due dates D1,…,Dn are exchangeable, the preemptive policy that minimizes the expected number of tardy jobs is determined.
Secondary reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament in athletes by using the semitendinosus tendon Preliminary report of 78 cases

Secondary reconstruction of the torn anterior cruciate ligament has been accomplished by semitendinosus tenodesis in 78 ath letes (average age, 20 years; range, 13 to 45 years old). This series was limited to patients who had isolated tears of the ligament or tears of the anterior cruciate ligament associated with tears of one or both menisci. Meniscectomies were per formed in 71 knees and reefing of the posteromedial capsular ligament in 35 knees. After an average of 11 months of follow up (range, 6 to 29 months postoperatively), 67 (86%) of the patients have obtained significant improvement (0 to 1+ on a scale of 0 to 3+) in anteroposterior and anteromedial rotational instability of the joint. The viability and function of the recon structed ligament was confirmed by direct visualization in three patients at 12, 25 and 26 months postoperatively. Reefing of the posteromedial capsular ligament appears to increase anter omedial rotation stability. This series will be expanded and the follow-up evaluations ...
The synthesis and properties of t25 glycoprotein in thy-1- -negative mutant lymphoma cells.

Abstract The synthesis and properties of T25 glycoprotein which bears the serological specificity Thy-1 have been studied in mutants of cultured mouse lymphoma cells that do not express Thy-1 on their surface. Five complementation classes of mutant cells were previously characterized by somatic genetic analysis. Synthesis of abnormal T25 glycoproteins was detected in four classes of mutants. Each of these aberrant products was degraded more rapidly than T25 glycoprotein of wild-type cells. Defects in the oligosaccharide units of T25 glycoprotein were demonstrated in three classes of mutants. In one of these mutant classes, evidence for a general defect in glycosylation of cell surface glycoproteins was obtained. These data indicate that normal glycosylation of T25 glycoprotein is probably essential for the molecule to be incorporated into the plasma membrane and expressed on the cell surface.
A one-step synthesis of bis(h5-cyclopentadienyl)zirconacyclopentadiene compounds

Abstract Bis( h 5 -cyclopentadienyl)zirconacyclopentadiene complexes were prepared by reduction of zirconocene dichloride in THF with magnesium in the presence of various alkynes. Hydrolysis leads to the corresponding ( E,E )-butadiene derivatives.
Principles of Effective USA Federal Fire Management Plans

Federal fire management plans are essential implementation guides for the management of wildland fire on federal lands. Recent changes in federal fire policy implementation guidance and fire science information suggest the need for substantial changes in federal fire management plans of the United States. Federal land management agencies are also undergoing land management planning efforts that will initiate revision of fire management plans across the country. Using the southern Sierra Nevada as a case study, we briefly describe the underlying framework of fire management plans, assess their consistency with guiding principles based on current science information and federal policy guidance, and provide recommendations for the development of future fire management plans. Based on our review, we recommend that future fire management plans be: (1) consistent and compatible, (2) collaborative, (3) clear and comprehensive, (4) spatially and temporally scalable, (5) informed by the best available science, and (6) flexible and adaptive. In addition, we identify and describe several strategic guides or “tools” that can enhance these core principles and benefit future fire management plans in the following areas: planning and prioritization, science integration, climate change adaptation, partnerships, monitoring, education and communication, and applied fire management. These principles and tools are essential to successfully realize fire management goals and objectives in a rapidly changing world.
Design and construction of a stereoscopic aerial imaging platform: A project-based platform for teaching freshman engineering students

Structured project-based approach to teach engineering design is not new. However, the use of practical projects to institutionalize the teaching of freshman engineering design has been made a key component of interdisciplinary program approach whereby faculty from both programs in the Department of Engineering and Aviation Sciences compliment student learning through shared projects. While the Aviation Science faculty serves as clients, they generate plausible problems that can benefit the Aviation Science students in the program and these problems are then used as the basis for a structured engineering design approach for introducing engineering design fundamentals to the freshman engineering class.The design and construction of a stereoscopic aerial imaging project was given to students in the freshman engineering class to articulate a proof-of- concept for a low-cost, light-weight, easily controllable stereoscopic aerial imaging platform. The stereoscopic 3 dimensional data could be applied to terrain and plant life mapping for use in agriculture, forestry, wetlands and coastal studies. Three project groups were formed with a choice of remote controlled aircraft provided by the client for the implementation of their design. This paper discusses the process, approach to introducing course content and objectives as a means of promoting communication skills, team work, critical thinking as well as research skills and the experience acquired by the students in the freshman engineering class.
Small heat shock protein p26 associates with nuclear lamins and HSP70 in nuclei and nuclear matrix fractions from stressed cells.

The small heat shock/alpha-crystallin protein p26 undergoes nuclear translocation in response to stress in encysted embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. About 50% of total p26 translocates to nuclei in embryos treated with heat shock or anoxia, and in embryo homogenates incubated at low pH. Nuclear fractionation shows that the majority of nuclear p26 and a nuclear lamin are associated with the nuclear matrix fraction. To further explore the roles of p26 and other HSPs in stabilizing nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs), nuclear matrices from control, and heat-shocked embryos were disassembled in urea and evaluated by one and two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and Western immunoblotting after reassembling. Nuclear lamins were present only in reassembled fractions and, in the case of heat shock, p26 and HSP70 were also present. HSP90 was not detected in any nuclear fraction. Confocal microscopy on isolated nuclei and nuclear matrix preparations from control and heat-shocked embryos showed that the majority of p26 and a nuclear lamin share similar nuclear distributions. The combination of microscopy and fractionation results suggests that p26 and HSP70 play a role in the protection of nuclear lamins within the nuclear matrix.
Total synthesis of (+)-fawcettimine.

The fawcettimine class of Lycopodium alkaloids consists of over 60 natural products. Typically, these tetracyclic compounds contain a single quaternary carbon center and are derived biosynthetically from the lycopodane core through an oxidative rearrangement reaction. In 1959, the first member of this class, fawcettimine (1), was isolated by Burnell in the Blue Mountain Range of Jamaica. Inubushi and co-workers later confirmed the structure by chemical correlation through X-ray crystallography. Heathcock and co-workers subse-