cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time course and manner of Purkinje neuron death following a single ethanol exposure on postnatal day 4 in the developing rat

The present study was designed to evaluate the time course and manner of Purkinje cell death following a single ethanol dose delivered intragastrically on postnatal day (PN) 4 to rat pups. Analysis included immunolabeling of Purkinje cells with antibody specific for calbindin D28k and counting of Purkinje cells in each lobule of a mid-vermal slice. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling analysis and immunodetection for cleaved (activated) caspase-3 enzyme was used to identify apoptosis, with calbindin D28k co-immunolabeling to identify apoptotic Purkinje cells. Finally, immunodetection for cytochrome c, again with co-labeling using calbindin D28k antibody, identified intracellular release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells. The data demonstrate that a single dose of ethanol results in a significant and extensive, lobular dependent loss of Purkinje cells within 24 h after administration. Extensive loss in the early developing lobules (I-III, VIII-X) and less to no loss in the later developing lobules (IV-VII) is consistent with prior literature reports on the ethanol-induced effects on Purkinje cells at this age. Clear and consistent evidence of apoptotic Purkinje cells was identified and the pattern was transient in nature. Finally, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria of Purkinje cells in a time course consistent with the activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. These data support the hypothesis that ethanol-induced loss of Purkinje cells involves apoptotic mechanisms. Furthermore, the initiation of apoptosis by ethanol is consistent with ethanol-induced interruptions of Purkinje cell neurotrophic support leading to activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.
A predictive model for artificial mechanical cochlea

To recover the hearing deficiency, cochlea implantation is essential if the inner ear is damaged. Existing implantable cochlea is an electronic device, usually placed outside the ear to receive sound from environment, convert into electric impulses and send to auditory nerve bypassing the damaged cochlea. However, due to growing demand researchers are interested in fabricating artificial mechanical cochlea to overcome the limitations of electronic cochlea. Only a hand full number of research have been published in last couple of years showing fabrication of basilar membrane mimicking the cochlear operations. Basilar membrane plays the most important role in a human cochlea by responding only on sonic frequencies using its varying material properties from basal to apical end. Only few sonic frequencies have been sensed with the proposed models; however no process was discussed on how the frequency selectivity of the models can be improved to sense the entire sonic frequency range. Thus, we argue that a predictive model is the missing-link and is the utmost necessity. Hence, in this study, we intend to develop a multi-scale predictive model for basilar membrane such that sensing potential of the artificial cochlea can be designed and tuned predictively by altering the model parameters.
Surgical management of calcinosis cutis universalis in systemic lupus erythematosus

Calcinosis cutis is common in several connective tissue diseases but rare in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A 43-year-old woman with a 12-year history of SLE who presented with calcinosis cutis at the time of SLE diagnosis developed a large, ulcerated, draining mass on her left hip. The lesion was excised and skin was grafted, with an excellent early result. The clinical variants and mechanisms of ectopic calcification are discussed, as well as the proposed medical therapies for calcinosis cutis.
Analysis of the probability and risk of cause-specific failure

Abstract Purpose : Kaplan-Meier curves are frequently misused in the analysis of nonsurvival endpoints, such as time to local failure or time to late complications. More appropriate analyses are available and described. Methods and Materials : Cumulative incidence is an unbiased estimate of probability of cause-specific failure. Cumulative conditional probability of cause-specific failure reflects risk to patients remaining at risk. Hazard rates also measure risk. Results : Kaplan-Meier curves overestimate the probability of late complications when there is a high mortality rate. Cumulative incidence and cumulative conditional probability accurately give the probability and risk of cause-specific failure. Conclusion : Kaplan-Meier analysis of cause-specific failure should be avoided because of its misinterpretation as an estimate of probability, in favor of appropriate methods.
Effect of adrenal steroids on tyrosine transaminase and tryptophan pyrrolase activities in the rat liver.

Abstract Cortisol produced a 3-fold increase in tyrosine transaminase and tryptophan pyrrolase in the isolated, perfused rat liver. We did not obtain any evidence to indicate that cortisol metabolites had any effect on the enzyme activities in the isolated liver. These results suggest that the increase in tyrosine transaminase and tryptophan pyrrolase activities in cortisol-treated rats is due to a direct effect of this steroid on the liver.
DEVELOPMENT OF A FULL-SIZED BIPEDAL HUMANOID ROBOT UTILIZING SPRING ASSISTED PARALLEL FOUR-BAR LINKAGES WITH SYNCHRONIZED ACTUATION

Besides the difficulties in control and gait generation, designing a full-sized (taller than 1.3m) bipedal humanoid robot that can walk with two legs is a very challenging task, mainly due to the large torque requirements at the joints combined with the need for the actuators’ size and weight to be small. Most of the handful of successful humanoid robots in this size class that exist today utilize harmonic drives for gear reduction to gain high torque in a compact package. However, this makes the cost of such a robot too high and thus puts it out of reach of most of those who want to use it for general research, education and outreach activities. Besides the cost, the heavy weight of the robot also causes difficulties in handling and raises concerns for safety. In this paper we present the design of a new class of full-sized bipedal humanoid robots that is lightweight and low cost. This is achieved by utilizing spring assisted parallel four-bar linkages with synchronized actuation in the lower body to reduce the torque requirements of the individual actuators which also enables the use of off the shelf components to further reduce the cost significantly. The resulting savings in weight not only makes the operation of the robot safer, but also allows it to forgo the expensive force/torque sensors at the ankles and achieve stable bipedal walking only using the feedback from the IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit.) CHARLI-L (Cognitive Humanoid Autonomous Robot with Learning Intelligence - Lightweight) is developed using this approach and successfully demonstrated untethered bipedal locomotion using ZMP (Zero Moment Point) based control, stable omnidirectional gaits, and carrying out tasks autonomously using vision based localization.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
1112 CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS: A COMMON CAUSE OF PARASITIC DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN

During an 11 month prospective study of stool samples submitted for ova and parasites, we identified ten cases of cryptosporidiosis in children, five in one family. The diagnosis was made by finding Cryptosporidium oocysts in stool samples which were processed by formalin-ether concentration, examined by direct wet mount and confirmed by modified cold Kinyoun stain. During the study, ten cases of Giardia lamblia were also diagnosed making cryptosporidial infection as common as giardiasis in the pediatric population studied.. One child had coinfection with Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The childrenwith cryptosporidiosis ranged in age from eight months to 5 years and there was an equal number of males and females. The majority of children were in some form of day care program. Family history was positive for diarrheal illness in each case of cryptosporidiosis. Symptoms and signs were variable and included acute and chronic diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, abdominal pain and weight loss. No child was found to be immunocompromised or immunodeficient. We conclude that cryptosporidiosis is more common in children than previously thought and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children with diarrhea. Stools examined for ova and parasites should be routinely examined for Cryptosporidium.
Rabbit aortic histamine synthesis following short-term cholesterol feeding.

The histidine decarboxylase (HD) activity of thoracic and abdominal aortic segments obtained from male, Dutch-belted rabbits fed a diet containing 0.5% cholesterol for periods of either 2 or 4 weeks was examined. Mean thoracic aortic HD activities, expressed as histamine-forming capacity (HFC), were 3911 ± 492, 6254 ± 656, and 6215± 878 dpm/100 mg benzenesulfonylhistamine (BSH) for the control group and from rabbits fed cholesterol for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Both treatment means were significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05). Similar examination of abdominal aortic HD activities yielded mean HFC's of 4029 ± 399, 5694 ± 521, and 4762 ± 902 dpm/100 mg BSH for control animals and those of the 2- and 4-week treatment groups, respectively. The difference between mean HFC's of the control and 2-week treatment group was significant (P G 0.05). All increases occurred in the absence of either aortic structural alterations or any lipid deposition. These results give credence to the concept that the atherogenic process represents, at least in part, a delayed-prolonged inflammatory response phenomenon of the arterial wall.
Analysis of a Work Exchanger Network

In the last few decades, heat exchanger networks have been widely adopted to recover thermal energy. Recently, mass exchanger networks have gained attention for recovering useful materials. By analogy, another class of exchanger networks, termed work exchanger networks (WEN's), is conceivable for recovering mechanical energy. In the present work, the concept of the WEN is introduced. The WEN consists of a number of work exchangers, each of which serves to exchange mechanical energy between a high-pressure stream and a low-pressure stream. By applying the basic principles of energy balance and thermodynamics laws, the necessary and sufficient conditions are derived to identify feasible stream matching in work exchangers. A comprehensive analysis of stream match mode gives rise to various heuristic rules useful for WEN synthesis. Our focus is on the analysis, rather than the synthesis, of the WEN. This work lays a foundation to the development of a systematic WEN synthesis methodology.
Akira Kurosawa and intertextual cinema

In studying cinema as complex as the work of Akira Kurosawa, argues James Goodwin, recent ideas about intertextuality provide a more helpful paradigm than traditional notions of auteurism. In this text, he draws on contemporary theoretical and critical approaches to explore Kurosawa's use of a variety of texts to create cinema that is both intertextual and intercultural. Examining major films as well as lesser-known works, Goodwin finds in Kurosawa's themes and techniques the capacity to restructure perceptions of Western and Japanese cultures and to establish new intercultural meanings. The work of Dostoevsky, for example, emerges as a primary intertext for Kurosawa, with traits such as extremism, psychological doubling and paradox. Goodwin's discussion encompasses the Russian intertexts to "The Idiot" and "The Lower Depths", modernist narrative in "Rashomon" and "Ikiru" and the issue of heroism in "Throne of Blood" and "Ran". He concludes by extending his analysis of visual, musical and biographical intertexts to Kurosawa's other films. James Goodwin is the author of "Eisenstein, Cinema, and History".
Covariate and Newton–Raphson adjustments for a normal correlation coefficient when the variances are known

Abstract When the maximum likelihood estimator is computationally inconvenient, covariate and Newton–Raphson adjustment often provide algebraically explicit yet still asymptotically efficient estimators. The bivariate normal correlation coefficient with known variances is used to show that these methods may produce singularities that render the adjusted estimators unstable.
Solving the Helmholtz equation for membranes of arbitrary shape

I calculate the modes of vibration of membranes of arbitrary shape using a collocation approach based on Little Sinc Functions. The matrix representation of the PDE obtained using this method is explicit and it does not require the calculation of integrals. To illustrate the virtues of this approach, I have considered a large number of examples,part of them taken from the literature, and part of them new. When possible, I have testedthe accuracy of these results by comparing them with the exact results (when available) or with results from the literature. In particular, in the case of the L-shaped membrane, the first example discussed in the paper, I show that it is possible to extrapolate the results obtained with different grid sizes to obtain higly precise results. Finally, I also show that the present collocation technique can be easily combined with conformal mapping to provide numerical approximations to the energies which quite rapidly converge to the exact results.
Peripheral blood B cells producing donor-specific HLA antibodies in vitro.

Abstract Donor-specific HLA antibodies have been associated with acute and chronic rejection. Such antibodies may sometimes not be detected in recipient serum. In an attempt to learn about possible mechanisms, we investigated antibody production by recipient B lymphocytes in vitro . Peripheral blood B cells were obtained from 36 subjects, including 16 allograft recipients, 12 sensitized patients, three multiparous women with serum HLA antibodies, and five healthy non-transfused male subjects. Purified B cells were cultured with a cell line expressing CD40 ligand. Culture supernatants were screened for HLA antibodies, and positive samples were analyzed using single antigen beads to determine antibody specificity. HLA antibody–producing B cells were detected in persons known to be sensitized. In 13 of 16 allograft recipients, IgG antibodies against mismatched donor HLA antigens were observed, and donor-specific antibodies were sometimes produced in B-cell cultures when serum reactions were negative. IgM antibodies against HLA antigens were also identified in cultures from some transplant recipients. In two patients tested, the majority of antibody-producing B cells developed from CD27 + memory B cells. Our results suggest that analysis of B cells producing antibodies specific for donor antigens may be a useful tool for identifying and monitoring the humoral immune response in organ transplant recipients.
Particle physics: hard-core revelations.

Our description of how the atomic nucleus holds together has up to now been entirely empirical. Arduous calculations starting from the theory of the strong nuclear force provide a new way into matter's hard core.
Multiple caspases are involved in beta-amyloid-induced neuronal apoptosis.

beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and has been reported to induce apoptotic death in cell culture. Cysteine proteases, a family of enzymes known as caspases, mediate cell death in many models of apoptosis. Multiple caspases have been implicated in Abeta toxicity; these reports are conflicting. We show that treatment of cerebellar granule cells (CGC) with Abeta25-35 causes apoptosis associated with increased activity of caspases-2, -3 and -6. Selective inhibition of each of these three caspases provides significant protection against Abeta-mediated apoptosis. In contrast, no change in caspase-1 activity was seen after Abeta25-35 application, nor was inhibition of caspase-1 neuroprotective. Similar to CGC, cortical neuronal cultures treated with Abeta25-35 demonstrate increased caspase-3 activity but not caspase-1 activity. Furthermore, significant neuroprotection is elicited by selective inhibition of caspase-3 in cortical neurons administered Abeta25-35, whereas selective caspase-1 inhibition has no effect. Taken together, these findings indicate that multiple executioner caspases may be involved in neuronal apoptosis induced by Abeta.
Interspecific differences in manganese levels in freshwater bivalves

Vital effects may be important in determining metal levels in bivalves and must be taken into account before the environmental ‘meaning’ of the data may be interpreted. Manganese concentrations in shells and soft tissues of several species of freshwater bivalves from three recent environments in northern Ohio and one archeological site from southern Ohio were determined by neutron activation analysis and show a species effect where Fusconaia flava Mn levels > Anodonta grandis grandis levels ≥ all Lampsilis species levels. Manganese is concentrated by a factor of 2 to 25 in soft tissues compared to shells. In addition, within-taxon variability of Mn concentration is high. The high intraspecies variability points to the necessity of processing many individuals before reliable numbers may be obtained.
Overview of benefits, challenges, and requirements of wheeled-vehicle mounted infrared sensors

Requirements for vehicle mounted infrared sensors, especially as imagers evolve to high definition (HD) format will be detailed and analyzed. Lessons learned from integrations of infrared sensors on armored vehicles, unarmored military vehicles and commercial automobiles will be discussed. Comparisons between sensors for driving and those for situation awareness, targeting and other functions will be presented. Conclusions will be drawn regarding future applications and installations. New business requirements for more advanced digital image processing algorithms in the sensor system will be discussed. Examples of these are smarter contrast/brightness adjustments algorithms, detail enhancement, intelligent blending (IR-Vis) modes, and augmented reality.
Low earth orbit navigation in the tracking and data acquisition system era

Several alternatives are addressed for meeting spacecraft orbit and time determination requirements in the 1990s with the proposed follow-on to the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. Key objectives are to reduce ground requirements for routine two-way tracking, support onboard navigation, and satisfy projected user accuracy goals down to 10 m (position) and 1 /*s (time). This paper focuses primarily on three one-way range and Doppler tracking techniques based on 1) onboard processing of navigation beacon signals broadcast continuously, 2) onboard processing of scheduled tracking signals, and 3) ground-based processing of scheduled, usergenerated tracking signals. System configurations and requirements to support each method are compared and preliminary results of navigation performance evaluations are presented as a function of user orbit, relay satellite constellation, and other parameters. Comparison of results with the accuracy requirements in a 1990-2005 mission model indicate that essentially all can be satisfied with beacon tracking based on projected reductions in key error sources. The scheduled tracking alternatives are also applicable except in low-altitude orbits where performance is more sensitive to drag uncertainty, tracking frequency, and/or navigation data upload rates. ,
The Pollination of the Olive

As Knuth's great work on flower pollination, compiled from all available sources, says nothing whatever about the olive, I recently asked Prof. J. E. Coit, of Arizona, to look out for insects upon the flowers. He carefully examined many olive trees in flower at Tucson, and did not find a single insect at the flowers, with the exception of a thrips (apparently Euthrips occidentalis, Pergande), which occurred in great numbers. He kindly sent me some twigs with the Euthrips upon them, and I was able to observe that these insects were profusely dusted with pollen. No bees were seen at all Prof. Coit adds:—“Olive pollen is formed and shed in such enormous quantities that I think the wind among the branches is the chief agent in pollination. If you jar a large branch of olive while it is in full bloom, a perfect cloud of green pollen will be seen to float away on the breeze”.
The role of dietary zinc in modifying the onset and severity of spontaneous diabetes in the BB Wistar rat.

The goal of this study was to determine whether zinc supplementation in the diet of diabetes-prone BB Wistar rats will delay or prevent the onset of overt diabetes. Male Wistar BB rats were fed diets containing either 1000 ppm (HZ), 50 ppm (NZ), or 1 ppm zinc (LZ) starting at 30 days of age. Non-diabetes-prone rats were fed NZ and designated as controls (NORM). Beginning at 60 days, the rats were checked for glycosuria and, if positive, were given an ip glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). All remaining animals underwent an IPGTT at 100 days and were sacrificed. At 90 days of age HZ rats had a lower incidence of diabetes (19%) than NZ (53%) or LZ (44%) animals (P< 0.015). By age 100 days, for the HZ group, there was a 60% reduction in the number of expected overt diabetic rats. HZ animals also had higher concentrations of both pancreatic and serum insulin and exhibited lower serum glucose and triglycerides. Immunohistochemistry of HZ rats was clearly different from NZ rats and showed evidence of nearly normal pancreatic endocrine activity. Data indicate that dietary treatment of diabetes-prone BB Wistar rats with zinc appears to be an effective approach for delaying or preventing the onset of diabetes in genetically predisposed rodents. This finding may suggest further experimental studies regarding dietary means for preservation of pancreatic function.
An analysis of other countries’ international public relations in the U.S.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the various aspects of international public relations by other countries in the U.S. Based on the Foreign Agency Registration Act (FARA) report in 2002, this study analyzed client, activity types, purpose of activity, and key U.S. partners for activity. This study found that (1) business organizations and central governments were major clients of international public relations in the U.S., (2) meeting with governmental officials and congressional leaders was the primary type of activity followed by information dissemination, and (3) economic purpose led by trade promotion was the primary motive for these activities.
Solving constrained optimization problems with hybrid particle swarm optimization

Constrained optimization problems (COPs) are very important in that they frequently appear in the real world. A COP, in which both the function and constraints may be nonlinear, consists of the optimization of a function subject to constraints. Constraint handling is one of the major concerns when solving COPs with particle swarm optimization (PSO) combined with the Nelder–Mead simplex search method (NM-PSO). This article proposes embedded constraint handling methods, which include the gradient repair method and constraint fitness priority-based ranking method, as a special operator in NM-PSO for dealing with constraints. Experiments using 13 benchmark problems are explained and the NM-PSO results are compared with the best known solutions reported in the literature. Comparison with three different meta-heuristics demonstrates that NM-PSO with the embedded constraint operator is extremely effective and efficient at locating optimal solutions.
Threatened species and the spatial concentration of humans

Public policies that encourage high-density human living arrangements have been predicated explicitly on the assumption that certain spatial distributions of a fixed-size human population are less environmentally damaging than others. We examine the empirical validity of this assumption across 127 countries by analyzing whether the concentration of human presence in each country is related statistically to the percentage of species that were on the IUCN Red List in 2004. Our findings indicate that concentration of the human population is associated with reduced imperilment among amphibians but increased imperilment among reptiles, and birds.
True time-delay beamsteering for radar

This paper showcases the benefits of true time-delay beamsteering for radar systems. The basics of array factor are reviewed and the problem of beam squint over wide bandwidths is shown. Available technologies to implement time-delay are discussed including RF photonics, MEMS, and MMICs. Finally, measured antenna pattern data from a MMIC-based time-delay module is presented, showing a lack of beam squint across 2 GHz instantaneous bandwidth.
Chemically stimulated feeding behavior in marine animals : Importance of chemical mixtures and involvement of mixture interactions.

A review is provided of the chemical components in tissue extracts that elicit feeding behavior in marine fish and crustaceans. For most species, the major stimulants of feeding behavior in excitatory extracts are an assemblage of common metabolites of low molecular weight including amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, nucleosides and nucleotides, and organic acids. It is often mixtures of substances rather than individual components that account for the stimulatory capacity of a natural extract. Recent studies using a shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio, are described in which behavioral bioassays were conducted with complex synthetic mixtures formulated on the basis of the composition of four tissue extracts. These results indicate that synergistic interactions occur among the mixture components. The neural mechanisms whereby marine crustaceans receive and code information about chemical mixtures are also reviewed. Narrowly tuned receptor cells, excited only by particular components of food extracts such as specific amino acids, nucleotides, quaternary ammonium compounds, and ammonium ions, are common in lobsters and could transmit information about mixtures as a labeled-line code. However, since physiological recordings indicate that most higher-level neurons in the brain each transmit information about many components of mixtures, rather than about a single component, it is suggested that information about a complex food odor is transmitted as an across-fiber pattern, instead of a labeled-line code. Electrophysiological recordings of responses of peripheral and central neurons of lobsters to odor mixtures and their components reveal that suppressive interactions occur, rather than the synergistic interactions noted earlier in the behavioral studies. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Evidence from the behavioral study indicates that the “direction” of a mixture interaction can be concentration-dependent and the synergism may occur at low mixture concentrations, while suppression may occur at high concentrations.
Acquisitions and collection development: 2001—the end user

AbstractPredictions about the nature of library acquisitions and collection development in the future tend to concentrate on the effect of technology and the economy on publishing and libraries.Analyses of the library user of the future are based on the assumption that the user will demand and be capable of using information in sophisticated formats. This paper rejects that assumption and suggests that the academic library user of 2001 must be considered in light of recent reports about the failure of higher education.
Examining the Joint Roles of Responsibility and Reinforcement History in Recommitment

The present study examined the combined effects of responsibility and reinforcement history on investment responses during a series of failure experiences. Subjects performed a variation of the A and S decision case [27] under one of six conditions varying in responsibility (high, low) and reinforcement history (variable partial, fixed partial, no training). When investment responses at the start of the period of continuous losses were examined, results indicated that high responsibility and a variable history of reinforcement are both necessary conditions for escalation to occur. When later responses were included in the analysis, reinforcement history and time were the main factors affecting recommitment responses. These results suggest possible refinements to current models of escalation.
Nonnegative signal reconstruction from compressive samples via a difference map ECME algorithm

We develop an approximate maximum likelihood (ML) scheme for reconstructing nonnegative sparse signals from compressive samples. The measurements follow an underde-termined linear model, where the regression vector is modeled as the sum of an unknown deterministic nonnegative signal with sparse transform coefficients and a zero-mean white Gaussian component with an unknown variance. We first derive an expectation-conditional maximization either (ECME) algorithm that aims at maximizing the likelihood function with respect to the unknown parameters and then employ a difference map iteration to approximate the maximization (M) step of the ECME iteration. We compare the proposed and existing large-scale sparse signal reconstruction methods via numerical simulations and demonstrate that, by exploiting both the nonnegativity of the underlying image and the sparsity of its wavelet coefficients, we can reconstruct this image using a significantly smaller number of measurements than the existing methods.
Addressing the Challenges of Families with Multiple Risks

All families face challenges throughout their lifespan. For a significant segment of the population, however, these challenges are multiple and constitute risks for the children and other family members. This article reviews the changing structures and characteristics of the American family and discusses the increased influence of several societal concerns, including poverty, substance abuse, and exposure to violence. These issues are considered in light of their potentially deleterious effects on child and family development and functioning. Recommendations include collaborations among educators, other service providers, and families to address the complex needs and challenges presented by families experiencing multiple risks.
The twisted N-cube with application to multiprocessing

It is shown that by exchanging any two independent edges in any shortest cycle of the n-cube (n>or=3), its diameter decreases by one unit. This leads to the definition of a new class of n-regular graphs, denoted TQ/sub n/, with 2/sup n/ vertices and diameter n-1, which has the (n-1)-cube as subgraph. Other properties of TQ/sub n/ such as connectivity and the lengths of the disjoints paths are also investigated. Moreover, it is shown that the complete binary tree on 2/sup n/-1 vertices, which is not a subgraph of the n-cube, is a subgraph of TQ/sub n/. How these results can be used to enhance hypercube multiprocessors is discussed. >
Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Gag- and Gag Peptide-Specific CD4+ T-Cell Clones from an HIV-1-Seronegative Donor following In Vitro Immunization

Substantial evidence argues that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific CD4 + T cells play an important role in the control of HIV-1 replication in infected individuals. Moreover, it is increasingly clear that an HIV vaccine should elicit potent cytotoxic lymphocyte and antibody responses that will likely require an efficient CD4 + T-cell response. Therefore, understanding and characterizing HIV-specific CD4 + T-cell responses is an important aim. Here we describe the generation of HIV-1 Gag- and Gag peptide-specific CD4 + T-cell clones from an HIV-1-seronegative donor by in vitro immunization with HIV-1 Gag peptides. The Gag peptides were able to induce a strong CD4 + T-cell immune response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the HIV-1-seronegative donor. Six Gag peptide-specific CD4 + T-cell clones were isolated and their epitopes were mapped. The region of p24 between amino acids 201 and 300 of Gag was defined as the immunodominant region of Gag. A new T helper epitope in the p6 protein of Gag was identified. Two clones were shown to recognize Gag peptides and processed Gag protein, while the other four clones reacted only to Gag peptides under the experimental conditions used. Functional analysis of the clones indicated that both Th1 and Th2 types of CD4 + T cells were obtained. One clone showed direct antigen-specific cytotoxic activity. These clones represent a valuable tool for understanding the cellular immune response to HIV-1, and the study provides new insights into the HIV-1-specific CD4 + T-cell response and the induction of an anti-Gag and -Gag peptide cellular primary immune response in vitro.
Cryopreservation of individually selected sperm: methodology and case report of a clinical pregnancy

Objective To describe a new technique for freezing individually isolated spermatazoa from testicular biopsies, epididymal aspirates and oligospermic semen samples
Toward a theory of computer program bugs: an empirical test

To develop a theory of computer program bugs and of debugging, we need to classify on an abstract basis the nature of the bug and to relate the nature of the bug to the difficulty of debugging. Atwood and Ramsey (1978 ) report the only attempt of this nature in a study based on the theory of propositional hierarchies (see Kintsch, 1974 ) from the text comprehension literature. Propositional hierarchies are a conceptualization of the way in which sentences are stored in memory for the purpose of recall, etc. Atwood and Ramsey's studies did not distinguish between the difficulty of debugging as a function of the location of the bug in the propositional hierarchy or the location of the bug in the program structure. The objective of the series of three studies reported here is to differentiate between bug difficulty based on location in the propositional hierarchy of the sentence structure of the programming language and its location in the serial structure of the program. Little support was found for the effect of the location of the bug in the program structure on debugging difficulty. The effect of the location of the bug in the propositional hierarchy warrants further investigation. The results are interpreted in light of the need to formulate a mental model of correct program functioning and to determine the location of the program bug in terms of the functioning of that model.
Depressed or Just Blue? The Persuasive Effects of a Self‐Diagnosis Inventory1

A self-diagnosis inventory is both a response instrument and a tool for an individual to assess his or her risk. Three experiments show that the manner in which a depression selfdiagnosis inventory is administered and constructed affects the manner in which a respondent interprets behavioral symptoms. This in turn affects (a) self-reports of whether the symptoms apply to the respondent; (b) the respondent’s perceived risk of depression; (c) the perceived controllability of the behavioral symptoms; and (d) the respondent’s likelihood of seeking treatment. Theoretical implications of the content and format of selfdiagnosis inventories are discussed, as are implications for how to persuade people to seek assistance when they are at risk. A self-diagnosis inventory is a tool for an individual to assess his or her risk of a health hazard. At the same time, it is also a response instrument and, therefore, may play a persuasive role in helping respondents to assess their own risk, which, in turn, would affect intentions to seek assistance. Our main thesis is that the manner in which self-diagnosis inventories are constructed (i.e., their format and content) provides contextual cues that affect the manner in which respondents interpret ambiguous behavioral symptoms and identify whether or not they are at risk and whether or not they should seek treatment. We examine the role of such inventories in the context of depression, a physiological health problem that is initially self-diagnosed using self-reported psychological inventories. The focus of this paper is to examine the role played 1The authors gratefully acknowledge the research assistance of Nidhi Agrawal and Sucharita
Minimum Expected Length of Fixed-to-Variable Lossless Compression Without Prefix Constraints

The minimum expected length for fixed-to-variable length encoding of an n-block memoryless source with entropy H grows as nH + O(1), where the term O(1) lies between 0 and 1. However, this well-known performance is obtained under the implicit constraint that the code assigned to the whole n-block is a prefix code. Dropping the prefix constraint, which is rarely necessary at the block level, we show that the minimum expected length for a finite-alphabet memoryless source with known distribution grows as nH-1/2 log n + O(1) unless the source is equiprobable. We also refine this result up to o(1) for those memoryless sources whose log probabilities do not reside on a lattice.
Internationalization Plans for Higher Education Institutions.

Many studies have been conducted on the internationalization of higher education. Yet little is known about institutional plans for internationalization. This article presents the results of a stud...
The role of GTD in optimizing biorthogonal filter banks

Filter bank optimization for specific input statistics has been of great interest in both theory and practice in many signal processing applications. In this paper we consider biorthogonal GTD (generalized triangular decomposition) filter banks for optimizing the coding gain. We develop some theoretical results for the optimal biorthogonal GTD subband coder. We also show in both theory and numerical simulations that biorthogonal GTD subband coders have superior performance than biorthogonal subband coders, orthonormal GTD subband coders, and orthonormal subband coders. In addition, the uniform bit loading scheme can with no loss of optimality be used in the optimal biorthogonal GTD coders, which does not have the granularity problem arising in the conventional optimum bit loading formula.1
Activation of HIF2α in Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells Causes Abnormal Glycogen Deposition but not Tumorigenesis

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common primary cancer arising from the kidney in adults, with clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC) representing ~75% of all RCCs. Increased expression of the hypoxia-induced factors HIF1α and HIF2α has been suggested as a pivotal step in ccRCC carcinogenesis, but this has not been thoroughly tested. Here we report that expression of a constitutively activated form of HIF2α (P405A, P530A and N851A, HIF2αM3) in the proximal tubules of mice is not sufficient to promote ccRCC by itself, nor does it enhance HIF1αM3 oncogenesis when co-expressed with constitutively active HIF1αM3. Neoplastic transformation in kidneys was not detected at up to 33 months of age, nor was increased expression of Ki67 (MKI67), γH2AX (H2AFX) or CD70 observed. Further, the genome-wide transcriptome of the transgenic kidneys does not resemble human ccRCC. We conclude that a constitutively active HIF2α is not sufficient to cause neoplastic transformation of proximal tubules, arguing against the idea that HIF2α activation is critical for ccRCC tumorigenesis.
Mutuality and Missions: The Western Christian in Global Ministry:

The interaction of Western Christians with the global church commonly occurs through missions. Over the years the model of working with the global church has moved from one that commonly created dependency to partnerships. Adding mutuality, when understood and practiced both biblically and culturally, to the model of the Western Christian in global service can strengthen and move relationships towards the biblical model of an intercultural body of Christ. Mutuality enables all participants to contribute, not only to the task of God’s mission, but also to the spiritual growth of all involved.
Lamb waves in a nearly isothermal atmosphere

If the variations in sound speed c (z) and wind u (z) with height z are not too great, there is a mode of propagation of acoustic waves in the atmosphere in which the wave energy E (z) decreases exponentially with z with a scale c02/(2 – y) g (about 16 km), and the phase speed cm is given approximately by (about 300 m s−1).
Simulation analysis of drop breakage, coalescence and micromixing in liquid-liquid stirred tanks

Abstract A modified simulation model is developed, which is capable of producing bivariate drop size-concentration distributions for liquid-liquid dispersions in stirred tanks under steady state or unsteady state operating conditions. Drop micromixing phenomena can be accurately assessed from the information obtained in the model — mainly, the bivariate distribution and drop ages. Therefore, this model provides a means to analyze mass transfer and/or reactions in liquid-liquid dispersions, taking into account the effects of drop interactions. The model is also employed to assess the usefulness of the drop breakage and coalescence frequency formulas previously developed to model the drop size and drop concentration distribution data. The simulation results indicate deficiencies in these frequency formulas. Modified and alternative frequency formulas are suggested.
Low P-values or narrow confidence intervals: which are more durable?

What should be the role of P-values and confidence intervals in the interpretation of scientific results? This question is not new 1 and our field of epidemiology is far from alone in struggling with it. 2,3 I have four suggestions for authors and readers. The first is quite broad, so I offer that one before describing current practices. I then turn to the other three. My remarks are confined to settings in which P-values and confidence intervals accompany estimates of effect measures, such as the relative risk. Briefly, here are my suggestions. One, we should work harder than ever to avoid strict or exact interpretations of P-values and confidence intervals in observational research, where these statistics lack a theoretical basis. Two, we should stop interpreting P-values and confidence intervals as though they measure the probability of hypotheses. Three, when we want to know the probability of hypotheses, we should use Bayesian methods, which are designed expressly for that purpose. Four, we should get serious about precision and look for narrow confidence intervals instead of low P-values to identify results that are least influenced by random error.
Neuroradiologic Applications in the Assessment of Alzheimer's Disease and the Potential Implications of Brain Imaging in Forensic Psychiatry

The field of radiology has undergone a dramatic change in the last decade due to the innovations manifesting from domains, such as electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, and computer sciences. The capability of a radiologist to gain deep insight into the working mechanisms of the brain at the anatomical and physiological level is unprecedented. Molecular and biochemical pathways undetected hitherto are now imaged consistently to provide a refined diagnosis and more reliable therapeutic plan. Although the milestones in radiology influence and propel the progress of a variety of medical domains, neuropsychiatry benefits from these technological improvements in a tangible, concrete, and translational manner. The manner and reasons, by which a brain may begin to develop abnormal functions, remains elusive. However, biomedical imaging has provided clinicians and scientists alike the ability to gain a deeper insight into fundamental substrates of the workings of the brain. Consequently, the biomedical community addressing the mental health community is now better equipped to diagnose and treat these patients. Herein, we aim to review clinical findings of brain imaging techniques in a specific subset of psychiatric disease states. Of particular interest is to examine the hypothetical implications of these discoveries in forensic psychiatry.
Distributed assignment of codes for multihop packet-radio networks

This paper describes and analyzes a distributed algorithm for assigning codes in a dynamic, multihop wireless radio network. The algorithm does not require any form of synchronization and is completely distributed. The algorithm can be used for both the transmitter oriented and receiver oriented code assignment. The algorithm is proven to be correct and its complexity is analyzed. The implementation of the code assignment algorithm as part of the medium access control (MAC) and routing protocols of a multihop packet-radio network is discussed.
The analysis of articular cartilage after thermal exposure: "Is red really dead?"

Partial-thickness articular cartilage (PARC) lesions have no propensity to heal. Surgical techniques have focused on halting their progression. Thermal chondroplasty procedures have become controversial with regard to the viability of the remaining cartilage. This controversy has expanded to the way that articular cartilage is evaluated after treatment. In this article, evaluation of articular cartilage viability is reviewed.
Temperature regulation in biotelemetered spontaneously hypertensive rats

Core temperature of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) was not found to be different from the core temperature of the control rat, the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY), when the rats were left undisturbed in their home cages. When the rats were exposed to a variety of stressful environments, including cage switching, exposure to an open field, and handling, both SHR and WKY rats showed an increase in temperature. For the set of rats supplied by Charles River, the SHR temperature response to the stress was identical to the WKY rats' temperature response. For the set of rats supplied by Taconic Farms, the SHR was found to have a greater temperature response to the acute stress and the open-field stress. The Taconic Farms rats were also exposed to restraint stress, which resulted in a rise in temperature that was greater for the SHR when compared with the WKY. Because we have observed the increased lability in body temperature of the SHR compared with the WKY rats during restraint, we believe that it is important that studies with these strains of rat be done using minimal or no restraint.
Pedagogy and Aesthetics as Sources of Culture

All species confront the problem of converting each new generation into the old generation. All the capabilities of the parents—values, knowledge, and skills—must somehow be transferred to the newborn; and this transfer must take place in a constrained period of time: enough of the generation must survive to produce—and even, in some cases, provide parental care for—the next generation.
Overview of Recent Research in Distributed Multi-agent Coordination

This chapter overviews recent research results in distributed multi-agent coordination. Distributed coordination of multiple autonomous agents, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs), and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), has been a very active research topic in the systems and controls society. The recent research results in distributed multi-agent coordination are roughly categorized as consensus, distributed formation control, distributed optimization, distributed task assignment, distributed estimation and control, and intelligent coordination. A short discussion is given to propose several future research directions and problems that deserve further investigation.