cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary vitamin E and pulmonary biochemical and morphological alterations of rats exposed to 0.1 ppm ozone

Abstract Three groups of 28 1-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats each were fed a basal vitamin E-deficient diet and supplemented with either 0, 11, or 110 ppm vitamin E for 38 days, and were then exposed to 0 or 0.1 ppm ozone continuously for 7 days. Following ozone exposure, the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), but not of malic dehydrogenase, were significantly elevated in the lungs of rats fed the vitamin E deficient diet. The level of GSH and activities of GSH peroxidase and G-6-PD were also significantly increased in the lungs of the animal group fed the 11 ppm vitamin E diet, while none of the biochemical measurements made was significantly altered by ozone in the 110-ppm vitamin E diet fed rats. Scanning electron microscope examination revealed that five out of six rats on the vitamin E-deficient diet and four out of six from the 11-ppm vitamin E diet had detectable lesions following ozone exposure, as compared with only one of the six exposed animals from the 110-ppm vitamin E diet. The lesion was restricted to bronchiolar epithelium and alveoli immediately adjacent to the bronchiole-alveolar duct junction. None of the control animals had detectable lesions. The results suggest that exposure to ozone at 0.1-ppm level can produce detectable pulmonary damage, and that dietary vitamin E alters pulmonary susceptibility to ozone exposure.
Evolving electronic communication networks: an empirical assessment

Understanding electronic communication and the patterns that characterize its development are critical to realizing full benefits from computer‐supported work. Cooperative work depends on effective communication and on the ability of organizations to manage the technology of communication appropriately. Organizations that do not understand the political and social dimensions of their communications system will inevitably fail to achieve their purposes.
Flotation and dispersal of eelgrass seeds by gas bubbles

The formation of gas bubbles byZostera marina immediately prior to seed release is described together with evidence for its role as a seed dispersal mechanism. The gas bubbles, ranging in volume from 1.1 to 3.4 mm3, escape from the funiculus and adhere to the seed coat. As a bubble expands, the seed is pushed clear of the ovary and rises to the water surface with the bubble attached. Field data suggest that approximately 5–13% of the seeds produced are released with gas bubbles, and in some cases are transported more than 200 m (float time≥40 min).
Assessment of the viability of skin grafts

A number of tests are available to monitor the blood flow in free and distant pedicle skin grafts. The information from these tests aids in the development of measures to enhance vascularization and is occasionally needed to make clinical decisions in patients with distant pedicle grafts. Measurements of the disappearance of an intradermally injected small amount of 133Xe allows determination of a clearance rate and blood flow before and after clamping the original blood supply through the base. With 99mTc, which is generally more readily available, a flow index and block index can be determined. Clinically both procedures give equally good results in determining a safe time for pedicle base separation. The fluorescein test allows assessment of regional blood flow distribution within the pedicle.
Acceleration of drug development: a collaboration of many stakeholders.

Modern drugs are used to treat and prevent diseases that previously led to morbidity and mortality. There is a high cost to this achievement—investment for each successful drug can exceed $1.8 billion. Late-phase drug candidate failure decreases efficiency of drug development because each failure represents lost or delayed opportunity to develop successful drugs. Collaboration of stakeholders and the use of new science and knowledge management can reduce late-phase failure and accelerate drug development. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); 93 6, 455–459. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.63
The Eye of the Eagle

This paper describes in detail the various antiglare devices in the eagle's eye. For example, the corneal stroma scatters much less light than that of man. The pigmented nictitating membrane probably works to shield the sun's rays when the eagle is very high. That exaggerated foveal pit functions to keep stray light from the receptor at the bottom of the depression. Other antiglare devices included elongated photoreceptors, sheathed with pigment, and a pigmented section membrane in the vitreous.
Effect of folate and folinate on3H-thymidine incorporation by transforming human lymphocytes in vitro

The incorporation of3H-thymidine by Concanavalin A-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro is inhibited by the presence of folate or folinate in the culture medium in a concentration-dependent manner.
Effects of high temperature treatments on seed yield and self incompatibility in chrysanthemum

Treatment of plants of 3 self-incompatible chrysanthemum clones for 12, 24 and 48 h periods at 30, 35 and 40 °C greatly influenced self- and cross-seed yield as compared to a control held continuously at 16 °C N and 21 °C D. Seed yield following cross pollination was generally not significantly different from the cross control when plants were treated at 30 and 35 °C but nearly always was adversely influenced by 40 °C regardless of the treatment length. In 4 treatments selfed-seed yield on clone 67-111-42 approached or slightly exceeded 50% of that of a high yielding corresponding cross pollination. Selfed-seed on the other 2 clones did not, however, exhibit a similar response. Three of 14 clones which were either sibs of 64-111-42 or derived from matings between 67-111-42 and its sibs and selfed progeny were classified as self compatible when heat treated at 35 °C for 24 h. Plants of 4 progenies from reciprocal crosses between a heat sensitive clone and two heat insensitive clones were similarly evaluated and 14 out of 112 plants were classified as self compatible.
Modal analysis of a deployable truss using the finite element method

Development of a large-scale space station will require similarly large structural elements capable of assembly, fabrication, or deployment in space. Weight and volume constraints of the Space Shuttle Obiter payload bay make deployable structures with minimum on-orbit assembly requirements the favored alternative. Current deployable structure concepts involve folding, three-dimensional trusses with automated deployment/retraction systems having high deployed-to-stowed volume ratios. Such designs employ a large number of pin joints to allow the rotational motion required for deployability. To assess the dynamic characteristics of a deployable space truss, a finite element model of the Science and Applications Space Platform truss has been formulated. The model incorporates all additional degrees of freedom associated with the pin-jointed members. Comparison of results with Structural Performance and Redesign models of the truss shows that the joints of the deployable truss affect the vibrational modes of the structure significantly only if the truss is relatively short.
13-nm extreme ultraviolet lithography

The National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors projects the need for 0.1 micron lithography for leading-edge IC production, beginning in the year 2007. Reduction imaging using extreme ultraviolet light, one-to-one printing using X-rays, and advanced electron beam technologies are the front runners for use at this design rule. This paper describes research and development activities for projection printing using extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). This approach, known as NX EUV, is the logical extension of optical projection lithography and offers many of its advantages, including robust mask technology and reduction printing while maintaining a large depth of focus (DOF) at modest K-factor. The development of this technology is now in the research and development phase. This paper reviews its current status and describes the building blocks of a generic EUVL tool. >
Rapidly Mixing Random Walks and Bounds on Characters of the Symmetric Group

We investigate mixing of random walks on Sn and An generated by permutations of a given cycle structure. The approach follows methods developed by Diaconis, which requires certain estimates on characters of the symmetric group and uses combinatorics of Young tableaux. We conclude with conjectures and open problems.
An inverse method for finding unknown surface tractions and deformations in elastostatics

We have developed a non-iterative algorithm for determining unknown deformations and tractions on surfaces of arbitrarily shaped solids where these quantities cannot be measured or evaluated. For this inverse boundary value technique to work, both deformations and tractions must be available and applied simultaneously on at least a part of the object's surface called an over-specified boundary. Our method is non-iterative only because it utilizes the boundary element method (BEM) to calculate deformations and tractions on surfaces where they are unavailable and simultaneously computes the stress and deformation field within the entire object. Inversely computed displacement and stress fields within simple solids and on their boundaries were in excellent agreement with the BEM analysis results and analytic solutions. Our algorithm is highly flexible in treating complex geometries and mixed elastostatics boundary conditions. The accuracy and reliability of this technique deteriorates when the known surface conditions are only slightly over-specified and far from the inaccessible surfaces.
Laser Excited Atomic Fluorescence in the Direct Current Plasma

Abstract Detection limits of between 3 and 72 ng mL−1 (barium, calcium, sodium, vanadium and iron) and linear dynamic ranges of just over four orders of magnitude (barium and calcium) are reported for laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LEAFS) in the three electrode direct current plasma. The detection limits are not as good as those that have been reported for LEAFS in both the inductively coupled plasma and flames. The limiting factors appear to be the high plasma background, scatter off sample droplets and the inefficiency of the sample introduction process.
Whatever — Its use in ‘pseudo-argument’☆

Abstract Recorded discussions about race by university students turned up a type of talk which employs argumentative structures to lend the appearance of fairness and rationality to what is essentially an attitude-laden discussion in which only the protaganists are present. This type of talk is called ‘pseudo-argument’ because it simulates ordinary argumentation in order to preserve an apparent element of fairness. Since only protagonists are present, the positions and supports of the absent antagonist must continuously be supplied by the protagonists. One would expect that to this end various linguistic devices will be employed in pseudo-argument in order to signal that a position/support is ascribed to an absent antagonist and is not subscribed to by the speaker. One such device, which is the focus of this paper, is the discourse marker ‘whatever’. The data included three distinct uses ‘whatever’, one of which seems to serve the function of bracketing ‘other-authored’ positions and supports in pseudo-argument.
Defining life: an exercise in semantics or a route to biological insights?

(2012). Defining Life: An Exercise in Semantics or A Route to Biological Insights? Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 603-605.
Immunocytochemical identification of vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons in the hypothalamus of the cat.

Our immunocytochemical investigation of the magnocellular neuroendocrine cells in the cat hypothalamus reveals a mixture of vasopressin (VP)- and oxytocin (OT)-containing neurons in the supraoptic (NSO), the paraventricular (NPV) and in five accessory nuclei (NAC). We describe the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (NLH), a new accessory nucleus, lying at the junction of the internal capsule and pallidum, and possibly involved in drinking behavior. Previously characterized incompletely in mammals, the four other accessory nuclei consist of the circularis (NC), anterior fornical (NAF), posterior fornical (NPF) and retrochiasmatic (NRC). The two peptidergic cell types, VP and OT, are equally mixed in the NPV and the NAC, but in the NSO VP neurons predominate. The perikarya of these VP and OT neurons do not show distinct morphological differences at the level of light microscopy. The organization of magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the cat hypothalamus closely resembles that described in other mammals with the exception of the unique presence of the lateral hypothalamic accessory nucleus.
Altered succinate dehydrogenase activity of basal ganglia following damage to mesotelencephalic dopaminergic projection

Unilateral damage to the mesotelencephalic dopamine-containing projection of rats by intracerebral 6-hydroxydopamine injection, alters the staining of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in the basal ganglia. Relative to the intact hemisphere, the neostriatum ipsilateral to the damage shows diminished enzyme staining, while the ipsilateral globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata all show enhanced deposition of reaction product. These asymmetries are detectable in some animals by 3 days after surgery and increase in magnitude at longer postoperative survival times. The alterations in succinate dehydrogenase staining appear to be related to the severity of the sensorimotor impairments resulting from the injury.
Crystal chemistry and magnetic structures of substituted Ca2[Fe](Fe)O5

Abstract The system Ca2Fe2−xAlxO5, being a constituent of Portland cement, has been of considerable interest and there have been many reports either on this system alone or as part of phase diagram work of broader scope. Only recently though has there been much interest in its magnetic behavior. The first application of linearly polarized recoil-free gamma rays to the solution of magnetic structure has been made successfully in studies of this system. Because previously, only a brief discussion of this technique was given, some further elaboration of it will be presented here. A section of this paper is devoted to a detailed discussion of the electric field gradient tensor in the Ca2Fe2−xAlxO5 system.
Decentralized flight path planning for air traffic management

This paper studies the flight path planning problem for a large-scale air traffic management (ATM) system. The goal is to find the optimal 4D path plan, represented by a sequence of waypoints and the corresponding time stamps, for each individual flight subject to weather and sector-capacity constraints of the overall system. We decompose the overall functionality of the ATM system into two interactive stages: traffic regulation and performance optimization. In the first stage, the ATM system, based on the existing flight plans, sets up traffic rules, namely, decides which sectors are still open to use over each future time slot, while in the second stage it optimizes the path plans for new flights subject to these traffic rules as well as the weather constraints. Through this decomposition, the performance optimization task can be done in a fully decentralized way and can be easily solved using dynamic programming. Such a decentralized strategy can handle a large number of flights, respects the structure of the current ATM system, and has a great potential to improve its performance with safety guarantees. The proposed algorithm is validated through a simulation based on real traffic data over the entire US airspace.
Microstates of the D1-D5-Kaluza-Klein monopole system

We find supergravity solutions corresponding to all $U(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)$ invariant chiral primaries of the D1-D5-KK system. These solutions are 1/8 BPS, carry angular momentum, and are asymptotically flat in the $3+1$ dimensional sense. They can be thought of as representing the ground states of the four-dimensional black hole constructed from the D1-D5-KK-P system. Demanding the absence of unphysical singularities in our solutions determines all free parameters, and gives precise agreement with the quantum numbers expected from the CFT point of view. The physical mechanism behind the smoothness of the solutions is that the D1 branes and D5 branes expand into a KK-monopole supertube in the transverse space of the original KK monopole.
Resolving Distinct Genetic Regulators of Tomato Leaf Shape within a Heteroblastic and Ontogenetic Context

Leaf shape is mutable, changing in ways modulated by both development and environment within genotypes. A complete model of leaf phenotype would incorporate the changes in leaf shape during juvenile-to-adult phase transitions and the ontogeny of each leaf. Here, we provide a morphometric description of >33,000 leaflets from a set of tomato (Solanum spp) introgression lines grown under controlled environment conditions. We first compare the shape of these leaves, arising during vegetative development, with >11,000 previously published leaflets from a field setting and >11,000 leaflets from wild tomato relatives. We then quantify the changes in shape, across ontogeny, for successive leaves in the heteroblastic series. Using principal component analysis, we then separate genetic effects modulating (1) the overall shape of all leaves versus (2) the shape of specific leaves in the series, finding the former more heritable than the latter and comparing quantitative trait loci regulating each. Our results demonstrate that phenotype is highly contextual and that unbiased assessments of phenotype, for quantitative genetic or other purposes, would ideally sample the many developmental and environmental factors that modulate it.
Late-glacial and Holocene Vegetation and Climate Variability, Including Major Droughts, in the Sky Lakes Region of Southeastern New York State

Abstract Sediment cores from Lakes Minnewaska and Mohonk in the Shawangunk Mountains of southeastern New York were analyzed for pollen, plant macrofossils, macroscopic charcoal, organic carbon content, carbon isotopic composition, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and lithologic changes to determine the vegetation and landscape history of the greater Catskill Mountain region since deglaciation. Pollen stratigraphy generally matches the New England pollen zones identified by Deevey (1939) and Davis (1969), with boreal genera (Picea, Abies) present during the late Pleistocene yielding to a mixed Pinus, Quercus and Tsuga forest in the early Holocene. Lake Minnewaska sediments record the Younger Dryas and possibly the 8.2 cal kyr BP climatic events in pollen and sediment chemistry along with an ~ 1400 cal yr interval of wet conditions (increasing Tsuga and declining Quercus) centered about 6400 cal yr BP. Both Minnewaska and Mohonk reveal a protracted drought interval in the middle Holocene, ~ 5700–4100 cal yr BP, during which Pinus rigida colonized the watershed, lake levels fell, and frequent fires led to enhanced hillslope erosion. Together, the records show at least three wet–dry cycles throughout the Holocene and both similarities and differences to climate records in New England and central New York. Drought intervals raise concerns for water resources in the New York City metropolitan area and may reflect a combination of enhanced La Nina, negative phase NAO, and positive phase PNA climatic patterns and/or northward shifts of storm tracks.
Breaking up the collective farm : welfare outcomes of Vietnam's massive land privatization

The decollectivization of agriculture in Vietnam was a crucial step in the country's transition to a market economy. But the assignment of land use rights had to be decentralized, and local cadres ostensibly had the power to corrupt this process. The authors assess the realized land allocation against explicit counterfactuals, including the simulated allocation implied by a competitive market-based privatization. The authors find that 95-99 percent of maximum aggregate consumption (depending on the region) was realized by a land allocation that reduced overall inequality, with the poorest absolutely better off. They attribute this outcome to initial conditions at the time of reform and actions by the center to curtail the power of local elites.
Impact of recent data on N* structure

Many modern experiments are posed with the issue of physics interpretation of their data when the theory is complicated. Certainly, experiments studying N* resonances are in this category. This short paper presents examples of interpretation made by inspection of the data, Breit-Wigner analyses, and coupled channels analysis. There are significant advantages to all three, but only a coupled channels analysis can provide the checks needed for a complete analysis. Examples from the S11 and P13 partial waves are discussed.
Montgomery T-tube : anesthetic management

The Montgomery T-tube is a device used as a combined tracheal stent and airway after laryngotracheoplasty. It is a valuable option in the management of upper and mid-tracheal lesions. Because its use is sporadic, many anesthesiologists may not be familiar with this device, and its anesthetic management may pose a challenge. Safe management of such patients requires careful planning. We describe different techniques of anaesthetic management in two cases of injuries to the throat, for which this tube was inserted as a tracheal stent.
A new mass reconstruction technique for resonances decaying to ττ

Abstract Accurate reconstruction of the mass of a resonance decaying to a pair of τ leptons is challenging because of the presence of multiple neutrinos from τ decays. The existing methods rely on either a partially reconstructed mass, which has a broad spectrum that reduces sensitivity, or the collinear approximation, which is applicable only to the relatively small fraction of events. We describe a new technique, which provides an accurate mass reconstruction of the original resonance and does not suffer from the limitations of the collinear approximation. The major improvement comes from replacing assumptions of the collinear approximation by a requirement that mutual orientations of the neutrinos and other decay products are consistent with the mass and decay kinematics of a τ lepton. This is achieved by maximizing a probability defined in the kinematically allowed phase space region. In this paper we describe the technique and illustrate its performance using Z / γ ⁎ → τ τ and H → τ τ events simulated with the realistic detector resolution. The method is also tested on a clean sample of data Z / γ ⁎ → τ τ events collected by the CDF experiment at the Tevatron. We expect that this new technique will allow for a major improvement in searches for the Higgs boson at both the LHC and the Tevatron.
Family Caregiving Responsibilities among Lesbians and Gay Men

This study examines the full range of family care responsibilities among lesbians and gay men, including caring for children and adults with an illness or disability. Thirty-two percent of the gay men and lesbians in this study were providing some type of caregiving assistance. Lesbians, compared with gay men, were significantly more likely to be caring for children and elderly people, whereas gay men were more likely to be assisting working-age adults with an illness or disability. After controlling for the sociodemographic characteristics of the caregivers, having child care responsibilities was a significant predictor of not being openly identified as gay or lesbian, but child care and adult care responsibilities were not significant predictors of degree of support received from biological family members or of harassment experienced. These findings have implications for the development of human services practices and policies that are responsive to the unique needs of lesbians and gay men and their families.
The effect of stress-relief on ambient microcrack porosity in core samples from the Kent Cliffs (New York) and Moodus (Connecticut) scientific research boreholes

Abstract As part of crustal stress studies in the northeastern U.S., two suites of core samples were examined in order to understand the effect of stress-relief on the development of microcrack porosity. Porosity and ultrasonic velocity were measured as functions of confining pressure in cores from the Kent Cliffs N.Y., borehole, and volumetric strain and ultrasonic velocity were measured as functions of confining pressure in cores from the Moodus, Conn., borehole. Under ambient conditions, properties of the cores are dominated by a microcrack porosity which tends to increase with sample depth from values near zero to approximately 0.6%. This ambient porosity closes at laboratory confining pressures roughly equal to or less than the maximum in situ stress, and is interpreted as forming on relief of stress by drilling. The results of this study suggest that the in situ core microcrack porosity is no greater than 0.05%. The core samples are dominantly granitic gneisses, schists and amphibolites which exhibit moderate to well-developed foliations, oriented subvertically in Kent Cliffs cores and subhorizontally in Moodus cores. Foliation controls the orientation of the stress-relief microcracks, as indicated by the largest linear crack strain occurring normal to the foliation plane. This fabric-control of crack orientations precludes the use of microcrack analysis for estimating directions of maximum, intermediate and minimum in situ principal stress components. However, the general linear increase in ambient porosity with depth correlates with the increase in mean stress with depth as measured by hydraulic fracturing at the two sites. Two cores recovered from highly fractured zones at depth exhibit low stress-relief microcrack porosities which are believed to reflect locally low mean in situ stresses.
Retrospective review of treatment retention in pathological gambling

Although research on pathological gambling is increasing, there are few studies examining correlates of treatment retention. In the current study, 50 outpatients with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of pathological gambling treated in a clinical practice were assessed by chart review. Standard scales were used to rate subjects at baseline and at 2-month intervals. Subjects who dropped out of treatment were contacted by telephone to determine reasons for discontinuation of treatment. The mean duration of follow-up was 360.4 +/- 352.2 days. Twenty-four (48%) of the subjects discontinued treatment, including 14 (36.8%) of those subjects who were responders (defined as Clinical Global Impression [CGI] scale of "very much" or "much" improved) during at least one assessment point. Of those who discontinued treatment, 41.7% reported missing the thrill of gambling and 20.8% reported feeling certain that they could win and relieve financial burdens. Predictors of treatment continuation were responding to treatment within 8 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 6.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 32.00; P =.04) and having a supportive environment (OR, 22.99; 95% CI, 5.04 to 104.76; P <.001). We conclude that a large percentage of patients with pathological gambling discontinue treatment. Predictors of treatment continuation may have clinical importance. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to further elucidate the course of pathological gambling.
Attitudes towards cannabis use and genetic testing for schizophrenia

Aim Within schizophrenia, genetic factors contribute greatly to risk, yet genetic testing for the disorder is not available. For some individuals with specific genotypes, cannabis use may increase risk of schizophrenia. It is possible that genetic tests could be offered in the future to inform individuals of the risk of schizophrenia if they use cannabis. Previous research, however, provides little guidance on how young adults might respond to such tests. Methods We assessed a group of young adults (n = 83) to determine how the perceived magnitude of increased risk for schizophrenia in the presence of cannabis use influences decisions to undergo genetic testing, as well as subsequent attitudes and intentions towards cannabis use. Results Participants were significantly more likely to indicate willingness to get tested if the results identified a 10% risk versus a 2% risk of schizophrenia. Participants also indicated that if the results of their test reflected increased risk due to cannabis use, it would be more important to avoid cannabis in the 10% risk scenario as compared to the 2% risk scenario. These findings remained consistent among a subset of participants who indicated cannabis use. Conclusions Results suggest that cannabis users and non-users were positively influenced in terms of intentions to change behaviour based on the magnitude of risk conveyed by genetic testing. These findings provide an initial step towards understanding young people's attitudes towards genetic testing and may help prepare interventions specifically tailored around cannabis use reduction for people at risk for schizophrenia.
Unconditionally stable discretizations of the immersed boundary equations

The immersed boundary (IB) method is known to require small timesteps to maintain stability when solved with an explicit or approximately implicit method. Many implicit methods have been proposed to try to mitigate this timestep restriction, but none are known to be unconditionally stable, and the observed instability of even some of the fully implicit methods is not well understood. In this paper, we prove that particular backward Euler and Crank-Nicolson-like discretizations of the nonlinear immersed boundary terms of the IB equations in conjunction with unsteady Stokes Flow can yield unconditionally stable methods. We also show that the position at which the spreading and interpolation operators are evaluated is not relevant to stability so as long as both operators are evaluated at the same location in time and space. We further demonstrate through computational tests that approximate projection methods (which do not provide a discretely divergence-free velocity field) appear to have a stabilizing influence for these problems; and that the implicit methods of this paper, when used with the full Navier-Stokes equations, are no longer subject to such a strict timestep restriction and can be run up to the CFL constraint of the advection terms.
Inflammation is Related to Coronary Flow Reserve Detected by Positron Emission Tomography in Asymptomatic Male Twins

Objectives This study sought to examine the relationship between inflammation and coronary microvascular function in asymptomatic individuals using positron emission tomography (PET) and assessment of coronary flow reserve (CFR). Background Coronary microvascular dysfunction is an early precursor of coronary artery disease (CAD) thought to result from endothelial cell activation and inflammation, but data are limited. Methods We examined 268 asymptomatic male monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation included C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, white blood cell count (WBC), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Blood flow quantitation was obtained with [13N] ammonia PET at rest and after adenosine stress. CFR was measured as the ratio of maximum flow to baseline flow at rest; abnormal CFR was defined as a ratio Results In within-pair analyses, all biomarkers, except VCAM-1, were higher in twins with lower CFR than their brothers with higher CFR (p Conclusions Even in asymptomatic subjects, a decrease in coronary microvascular function is accompanied by a systemic inflammatory response, independent of CAD risk factors. Our results, using a controlled twin design, highlight the importance of coronary microvascular function in the early phases of CAD.
Molecular Typing of Isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii by Use of DNA Sequencing of Variable Intergenic Regions

Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, is found throughout the Americas, where it is associated with different animal reservoirs and tick vectors. No molecular typing system currently exists to allow for the robust differentiation of isolates of R. rickettsii. Analysis of eight completed genome sequences of rickettsial species revealed a high degree of sequence conservation within the coding regions of chromosomes in the genus. Intergenic regions between coding sequences should be under less selective pressure to maintain this conservation and thus should exhibit greater nucleotide polymorphisms. Utilizing these polymorphisms, we developed a molecular typing system that allows for the genetic differentiation of isolates of R. rickettsii. This typing system was applied to a collection of 38 different isolates collected from humans, animals, and tick vectors from different geographic locations. Serotypes 364D, from Dermacentor occidentalis ticks, and Hlp, from Haemaphysalis leporispalustris ticks, appear to be distinct genotypes that may not belong to the species R. rickettsii. We were also able to differentiate 36 historical isolates of R. rickettsii into three different phylogenetic clades containing seven different genotypes. This differentiation correlated well, but not perfectly, with the geographic origin and likely tick vectors associated with the isolates. The few apparent typing discrepancies found suggest that the molecular ecology of R. rickettsii needs more investigation.
Self-folding with shape memory composites at the millimeter scale

Self-folding is an effective method for creating 3D shapes from flat sheets. In particular, shape memory composites—laminates containing shape memory polymers—have been used to self-fold complex structures and machines. To date, however, these composites have been limited to feature sizes larger than one centimeter. We present a new shape memory composite capable of folding millimeter-scale features. This technique can be activated by a global heat source for simultaneous folding, or by resistive heaters for sequential folding. It is capable of feature sizes ranging from 0.5 to 40 mm, and is compatible with multiple laminate compositions. We demonstrate the ability to produce complex structures and mechanisms by building two self-folding pieces: a model ship and a model bumblebee.
Cytogenetic Analysis of Chromosome 3 in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: The Homoeotic Gene Complex in Polytene Chromosome Interval 84a-B

Cytogenetic evidence is presented demonstrating that the 84A-B interval in the proximal portion of the right arm of chromosome 3 is the residence of a homoeotic gene complex similar to the bithorax locus. This complex, originally defined by the Antennapedia (Antp) mutation, controls segmentation in the anterior portion of the organism. Different lesions within this complex homoeotically transform portions of the prothorax, proboscis, antenna and eye and present clear analogies to similar lesions within the bithorax locus.
Economic Analysis of International Law

The law and economics revolution has, with few exceptions, bypassed international law, perhaps for some of the same reasons that realist political scientists ignore international law, or perhaps because of a concern that economic analysis is somehow less useful in the international context than in the domestic context. First, we identify three reasons why international lawyers have not, to date, extensively used economic analysis, and explain why none of these reasons is persuasive. Second, we provide a reason to believe that economic analysis will enrich our understanding of international law by outlining the analogy between the market of international relations and traditional markets for goods. Subsequent sections explore the applicability of economic analysis to three important international law topics: the allocation of prescriptive jurisdiction, the law of treaties, and the competences of international organizations. We identify certain methodologies of the new institutional economics and the public choice branch of economics, such as game theory and transaction cost economics, as having much greater promise than other economic approaches, including price theory used without reference to transaction costs and strategic considerations. Finally, we outline some of the problems associated with economic analysis of international law and set forth some ideas for a research program.
An Attempt to Legislate

The Tax Court held in Roski that the government's imposition of certain pre-requisites for closely held businesses and farms to seek estate tax relief was an attempt by it to legislate. Was it? Within the context of closing the tax gap, it may not be.
Bias Potentials for Ttyperdynamics Simulations

The authors describe their studies of two methods for generating bias potentials for use in hyperdynamics simulations. In the first method, first reported by Steiner, et al, the bias potential is the additional energy needed to keep the total potential energy above a fixed level. This potential exerts a negligible computational load and is very easy to code. The second technique involves computing the iterative Hessian-based bias potential as usual, but including in those calculations only the atoms in a small active region that surrounds the area in which a state transition is expected to occur. This subspace hyperdynamics method is less costly than full HD. The extra computational effort required for HD scales at the size of the active region(s), instead of with the size of the entire simulation domain. The authors have carried out extensive tests of both methods on two problems, the diffusion of adatoms on silver surfaces and the migration of vacancies in bulk silver. Using the first method, to obtain large boosts the bias potential must e so high that many transitions are prevented from occurring. Their results for subspace hyperdynamics are promising; the authors obtain the same results as with full hyperdynamics, but withmore » considerably less computational effort.« less
Influence of Race, Ethnicity and Social Determinants of Health on Diabetes Outcomes.

Abstract Background There is strong evidence that race, ethnicity and social determinants of health significantly influence outcomes for patients with diabetes. A better understanding of the mechanisms of these relationships or associations would improve development of cost-effective, culturally tailored programs for patients with diabetes. Methods This article reviews the current state of the literature on the influence of race and ethnicity and social determinants of health on process of care, quality of care and outcomes for diabetes, with particular emphasis on the rural South to give an overview of the state of the literature. Results The literature review shows that racial or ethnic differences in the clinical outcomes for diabetes, including glycemic, blood pressure (BP) and lipid control, continue to persist. In addition, the literature review shows that the role of social determinants of health on outcomes, and the possible role these determinants play in disparities have largely been ignored. Psychosocial factors, such as self-efficacy, depression, social support and perceived stress, show consistent associations with self-care, quality of life and glycemic control. Neighborhood factors, such as food insecurity, social cohesion and neighborhood esthetics have been associated with glycemic control. Perceived discrimination has also been associated with self-care and the psychological component of quality of life. Conclusion Healthcare professionals need to be skilled in assessing social determinants of health and taking them into consideration in clinical care. In addition, more research is needed to identify the separate and combined influence of race and ethnicity and social determinants of health on process of care, quality of care and outcomes in diabetes, especially in the South, where the burden of disease is particularly high.
The investigation on physical health of the locomotive drivers

Objective To understand the locomotive attendant physica I health changes,the influencing factors of occupation health care,guidance. Methods Using random sampling method tests,blood pressure measurements and electrocardiogram examination. Results Abnormal blood test rate:platelet,high blood sugat,high triglycerides,high total cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen in the abnormal rates were 3.87%,6.13%,25.81%,2.58% and 7.74%,gamma-glutamyl transferase,alanine aminotransferase total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,total protein, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase anomaly rates were 16.45%,13.55%,8.06%,7.10%,4.19%,4.19%and2.58%; wherein the high glucose and high total cholesterol two indicators with increasing age the rate of abnormal crew increased (P0.05).Hypertension: abnormal rate of locomotive crew total abnormal rate of hypertension for 20%16A group,the abnormal rate was 11.76%≥16A group,the abnormal rate was 26.44%,16A group and≥16A group the difference was statistically significant (P0.01). The locomotive crew dias tolic and systolic blood pressure with age increasing rate of abnorma l increase of the crew, the difference was statistically significant(P0.01). The abnormal rate of ECG detection: sinus arrhythmia,si nus bradycardia, sinus heartbeat heartbeat tachycardia, left room high voltage,the changes of ST-T segment,electrical axis offset, block and other indicators of abnormal rates were 18.06%,9.35%,6.77%,4.52%,2.58%,2.58%,0.65%and4.52%. Conclusion locomtive crew working on the locomotive crew health have bad influence,and with the crew age physiological health level is reduced,effective intervention measures should be taken.
Stability of Low Temperature Ignition Performance of Gas Generator

Gas generator is the component to produce gas in automobile safety airbag system.In this paper,the influence of electric detonator output pressure and amorce performance on the low temperature ignition performance of high pressure gas generators was investigated.Results show that,both electric detonator and amorce performance are key factors influencing on high pressure gas generator;And appropriate electric detonator and amorce with hot particles can be effective to control the stability of the low temperature ignition performance of high pressure gas generators.
O-12 How do we know advance care planning (ACP) works?

Topic for submission ACP and health system; Public health, health policy, health economics, Micro-analysis of ACP; Quality. Background How do we know ACP works? The Respecting Choices (RC) program has been designed to assist individuals in making informed healthcare decisions, select and prepare a qualified healthcare proxy and honour these informed decisions. Over two decades of experience with assisting organisations, communities and individuals worldwide, RC has demonstrated sustained success in implementing ACP practices that support informed healthcare decisions. This model has been replicated in many different healthcare settings demonstrating the strongest research evidence and the widest generalizability toward ACP in improving outcomes of patient care than any other research. Return on investment using the RC ACP model of care is multifaceted (e.g., clinical, financial, experience) and assists organisations to achieve their mission and vision along with organisational, system and community goals. Aim This breakout session is intended to review how we know this evidence-based ACP program works. The speaker will briefly discuss and highlight evidence-based outcomes and experiential evidence from studies around the world and use the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s Triple Aim framework to describe outcome. The Triple Aim is a framework developed to describe an approach to optimising health system performance. Using information from this session may assist to make a case for ACP implementation and the advantages of this approach.
p53 Mutations in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

The p53 gene is a nuclear phosphoprotein that can function as a tumor suppressor gene (Michalovitz et al. 1991). Frequent mutations of the p53 gene have been detected in several types of solid tumors including breast (Mackay et al. 1988), colon (Vogelstein et al. 1989), lung (Yokota et al. 1987), liver carcinoma (Hsu et al. 1991), astrocytoma (Fults et al. 1992), and gliomas (Frankel et al. 1992). In the majority of these tumors with p53 mutations, allelic loss of one copy of human chromosome 17p, the site of the p53 gene has been demonstrated. Such allelic deletion has often been shown to be associated with point mutation on the remaining allele of the p53 gene (for review see Levine et al. 1991). For hematologic malignancies, several reports have demonstrated structural alterations and point mutations of the p53 gene in blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) (Feinstein et al. 1991) and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (Fenaux et al. 1991). In the case of T- and B-cell lymphoid malignancies, a high incidence of p53 mutation was found to be associated with Burkitt lymphoma, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) but not in other B-cell (Gaidano et al. 1991) or T-cell malignancies (Jonveaux et al. 1991). We have studied the role of the p53 gene in murine lymphoid tumors (Brathwaite et al. 1992) as well as some human astrocytomas (Frankel et al. 1992 and Lang et al. 1992). We describe in this report the analysis of p53 mutations in 92 patients diagnosed with B-cell CLL. We also compared the frequency of point mutations with that of the loss of heterozygosity for chromosome 17p in the same group of patients.
The epistemology & evaluation of experience-focused hci

The topic of study of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is constantly changing as people develop new uses for new technologies. In this thesis I present three contributions to the field of HCI that address these ongoing changes. These contributions are around the themes of epistemology, experience, and evaluation. I Begin by importing from the field of Science & Technology Studies (STS) the notions of epistemology – the study of how we know what we know – and comparative epistemology – the comparison of different ways of knowing. STS researchers work from an intellectual position outside their field of study: I propose ‘epistemological reflection’ as a way for HCI researchers to engage with questions or knowledge and validation while remaining within the field. I argue that epistemological orientations have impact throughout the research process, and that HCI currently lacks the vocabulary to discuss intellectual clashes on an epistemological level. My second contribution is a study of the term ‘experience’ in HCI, a discussion of its meanings in the field, and the identification of an emerging sub-field I call experience-focused HCI. Experience-focused HCI aims to design for the multiple, complex and situated experiences people have with technologies. This is not simply a shift from researching ‘tasks’ to researching ‘experiences’. Rather, it treats experiences as situated interactions formed in the course of a specific interaction, and recognizes any representation of an experience is inherently incomplete. Experience-focused HCI also implies engagement with themes of affect, aesthetics, the body, human practices, and the role of the artifact in knowledge production throughout an open-ended research process. My third contribution is a set of methods for the evaluation of experience-focused HCI, based on a discussion of the epistemological foundations of evaluation: successful evaluation not only validates the technology in question but also the topic of study and methods used to study it. Due to the open-ended nature of experiences, evaluation must shift from defining a priori metrics which can then be tested in laboratory situations to developing situated metrics through user experiences ‘on the ground.’