cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light induced retinal degeneration: effect upon light-dark discrimination.

Abstract The rod cells of the retinas of albino rats have been shown to completely degenerate following long-term or high-intensity exposure to continuous light. In addition to allowing a test of classical concepts of retinal physiology, the widespread use of the albino rat under continuous light in biological research required a direct test of visual function in this preparation. Performance in a light-dark discrimination task was used to measure visual function in albino rats following 200 1× continuous light exposure of 51–400 days. Nine out of 10 rats, in which no intact rod cells could be found, were capable of performing the light-dark discrimination at 77–97% correct responses. Furthermore, two of these animals were able to perform the discrimination task with retinas in which no rod cells could be found following extensive retinal microscopic examination. Such performance was dependent upon the eye since no animal could perform the task above chance levels following bilateral enucleation. It was proposed that a cell or cells other than the classical retinal receptor subserved such function. On morphological grounds the Muller-pigment cell junctional complex of the degenerated retina was proposed as the site upon which the demonstrated visual function was dependent.
Creation of ultracold molecules from a Fermi gas of atoms

Following the realization of Bose–Einstein condensates in atomic gases, an experimental challenge is the production of molecular gases in the quantum regime. A promising approach is to create the molecular gas directly from an ultracold atomic gas; for example, bosonic atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate have been coupled to electronic ground-state molecules through photoassociation1 or a magnetic field Feshbach resonance2. The availability of atomic Fermi gases offers the prospect of coupling fermionic atoms to bosonic molecules, thus altering the quantum statistics of the system. Such a coupling would be closely related to the pairing mechanism in a fermionic superfluid, predicted to occur near a Feshbach resonance3,4. Here we report the creation and quantitative characterization of ultracold 40K2 molecules. Starting with a quantum degenerate Fermi gas of atoms at a temperature of less than 150 nK, we scan the system over a Feshbach resonance to create adiabatically more than 250,000 trapped molecules; these can be converted back to atoms by reversing the scan. The small binding energy of the molecules is controlled by detuning the magnetic field away from the Feshbach resonance, and can be varied over a wide range. We directly detect these weakly bound molecules through their radio-frequency photodissociation spectra; these probe the molecular wavefunction, and yield binding energies that are consistent with theory.
Physical and chemical characteristics of a metal‐contaminated overbank deposit, west‐central South Dakota, U.S.A.

A metal-contaminated overbank deposit in west-central South Dakota resulted from the discharge of a large volume of mine tailings into a river system between the late 1800s and 1977. The deposit along the Belle Fourche River is typically up to 2 m thick and extends about 90 m away from the channel along the insides of meander bends. The sediments contain above-background levels of copper, iron, manganese, zinc, and particularly arsenic, which is commonly two orders of magnitude above background level in the contaminated sediments. Carbonate minerals in the deposit limit the desorption of arsenic by preventing acid formation. Arsenic concentrations provide a measure of the dilution of mine tailings by uncontaminated sediment. The arsenic appears to have been transported and deposited as arsenopyrite, but is now at least partially associated with iron oxides and hydroxides. Within individual samples, arsenic concentration has an inverse relation with grain size that results from the more efficient accumulation of arsenic on the greater surface area of the smaller particles. Arsenic concentration is inversely related to the sample weight percent finer than 16 μm, however, as a consequence of the dilution of the contaminated sediments by uncontaminated sediment with a finer grain-size distribution. Dilution by uncontaminated sediment from tributaries cause arsenic concentrations to decrease by a factor of 3 along 100 km of floodplain. An influx at high streamflow of uncontaminated sediment from terraces and the premining floodplain as well as from tributaries causes arsenic concentrations in parts of the contaminated deposit that are farthest away from the channel to be two to three times less than arsenic concentrations in overbank sediment that is immediately adjacent to the channel.
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: CHINA AND INDONESIA COMPARED

Abstract China's and Indonesia's development strategies have been compared with others, but rarely with each other. Radically different political contexts have produced both similar and distinctly different development patterns. Each using formal planning, Indonesia spurred radical reforms to promote growth, whereas China opted for incremental reforms to ‘grow out of the Plan’, as a political device and to discover what policies and institutions worked. Both strategies produced environments largely conducive to rapid development. Indonesia relied on a few economic technocrats to oversee development; China used decentralisation and party reforms to create a credible environment for non-state investment. Both shared concern for agricultural reform and food security; both opted to open up for trade—China gradually, Indonesia radically. Both did well in growth and poverty reduction following reform. China's growth performance is in a league of its own, especially since Indonesia's Asian crisis setback, but In...
Differentiation of alpha cells in the fetal rat pancreas grown in organ culture.

Alpha cells can be demonstrated in embryonic rat pancreas by a modification of the Grimelius silver nitrate technique. At the start of culture at 18 days of gestation, alpha cells are closely associated with exocrine tubules and beta cells. After ten days of culture they are arranged peripherally around a mass of beta cells, in islets that are characteristic of adult rat pancreas.
HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRISMATIC BARGES

The forces and moments acting on prismatic hulls are presented, for both wave excitation and motions. Using these charts a platform designer can easily calculate the motions of a barge in head seas or beam seas. An example is given to illustrate the procedure for calculating motions. In addition, predicted motions for several barge configurations agree well with corresponding model experiments.
Characterization of a unique population of unfilled estrogen-binding sites associated with the nuclear fraction of immature rat uteri.

Studies were initiated to determine whether resident nuclear estrogen receptors with unfilled binding sites existed in the nuclear fraction of uteri from untreated immature rats. These studies revealed a small population (mean ± sem, 0.087 ± 0.017 pmol/uterus) of unfilled estrogen-binding sites in the uterine nuclear fraction from untreated immature rats, which bound [3H]estradiol in the absence of added cytoplasmic receptor. These nuclear estrogen-binding sites occurred in addition to the 0.60–1.2 pmol estrogen-binding activity/uterus in the uterine cytoplasmic fraction of these animals. [3H]Estradiol bound reversibly with high affinity (apparent Kd = 1.4 × 10−10 m) to these binding sites, and only estrogenic compounds competed for this binding. Binding studies done at a variety of temperatures (0–37 C) showed that there were no estradiol-filled receptor sites associated with the nuclear fraction. In addition, these unfilled nuclear estrogen-binding sites remained unfilled 15 min after injections of eith...
Electrospray mass spectrometry: a tool for elemental speciation

Abstract Recent progress in the development of electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) as a tool for elemental speciation is reviewed. Reports wherein ESMS is used to qualitatively determine the presence of metal ions (inorganic, organometallic and complexed) and non-metallic inorganic species have grown exponentially over the last decade. In addition to elemental speciation, impact in other areas such as gas-phase chemistry, inorganic–organometallic chemistry and biological mass spectrometry has been prolific. The review is structured to cover each of the areas listed above, and also includes a brief introduction, discussion of the electrospray process, discussion of instrumentation and other relevant application areas. An overview of the types of species/complexes studied is given in each section along with a brief discussion of the application objectives and analytical aspects. Analytical considerations for the development of ESMS as a tool for elemental speciation are also raised, including, application, quantitation, sensitivity, limitations and future directions. The impact of speciation strategies involving stand-alone ESMS, ESMS coupled with on-line separation techniques and the inclusion of ESMS in dual (multiple) technique strategies are presented. High backgrounds due to chemical noise and signal suppression (matrix effects) appear to be two important factors limiting sensitive detection of most analytes. The use of sample pre-treatment, pre-concentration or separation techniques is necessary to alleviate these problems. Although ESMS currently suffers from a number of limitations, continued instrumentation and methods development will improve its capability and diversify the impact of ESMS as a tool for elemental speciation.
Recent advances in data analysis for electron spectroscopy

Abstract Data analysis schemes are required for all aspects of interpreting electron spectroscopy data, including qualitative analysis (both elemental and chemical state), quantitative analysis, resolution of multiple components, and spatial reconstruction (depth profiling, 2D mapping, and 3D characterization). This paper examines selected data analysis methods or modifications introduced in the last three years. Three analysis topics receiving heavy emphasis have been (1) algorithms for variable-angle XPS depth profiling, (2) improvements in quantitation schemes, including corrections for electron attenuation length, and (3) databases and the transferability of spectral data with adjustments for energy scale and spectral intensity. Other analysis topics receiving some emphasis include imaging algorithms, automated peak fitting and quantitation, sputter depth profiling corrections, and lineshape analysis.
The American Rice-Growing Industry: A Study of Comparative Advantage

The significance of the industry in economic history and in the study of international trade, 595. — I. Changes in domestic production: South Atlantic states, 598. — Mississippi delta, 603. — Southwestern states, 605. — California, 611. — Reduction in labor cost, 613. — Expansion of total output, 615. — Increasing yield per acre, 617. II. Competitive position of the American industry: Changes in imports and exports, 620. — Conditions favoring domestic culture, 623. — Advantages of oriental production, 628. — Relation of wages and other incomes to the comparative position of the respective industries, 636. — Conclusion, 641.
Frequency ratios and oscillatory behavior in the two-choice situation

The present study was undertaken to determine if different frequency ratios resulted in different oscillatory predictive behavior in the two-choice situation. Four different frequency ratios were used on four groups of Ss and for each group an autocovariance analysis was conducted on the Ss’ responses. The resulting autocovariance plots indicated differential oscillatory patterns for the four frequency ratio groups.
Subchondral insufficiency fractures and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee may not be related to osteoporosis

The term insufficiency fracture implies inadequate bone and is applied to some subchondral knee magnetic resonance images. We reviewed bone mineral density, body mass index, meniscal extrusion, comorbidities, and demographics in 32 knee insufficiency fracture patients. Only five were osteoporotic. Meniscal extrusion was predominant. The literature supports systemic osteoporosis as a risk fracture for spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK). SONK is also called a subchondral insufficiency fracture. Recognizing that insufficiency fracture and SONK are related, we designed this retrospective study to determine if knee subchondral insufficiency fractures were associated with osteoporosis based on bone mineral density. Based on magnetic resonance imaging findings, 32 patients were diagnosed as having an insufficiency fracture by an orthopaedic surgeon with magnetic resonance imaging confirmation by a musculoskeletal radiologist. We reviewed body mass index, age, sex, comorbidities, demographics, and bone mineral density using both T-scores and Z-scores. The average age was 70, and only five patients were osteoporotic. Twenty-six of the 32 patients were female. The average age-related Z-score was 1 standard deviation above normal. We conclude that osteoporosis is not the underlying cause of this disorder in the majority of patients.
Abstract 5342: Phage display selelction on tumor histological specimens

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC A method was developed to obtain phage displayed ligands that bind to a select population of cells in histological specimens of freshly harvested solid human cancers. It combines phage display panning with laser capture microdissection (LCM). This method allows selection of phage ligands bound to subpopulations of specific cells contained in tumor tissue on histological sections. Naive phage scFv library was incubated directly on a histological section of human breast cancer that was snap frozen immediately after surgical resection. Tumor stromal cells were captured by LCM and bound phages were recovered by bacterial infection. Individual phage clones selected after three rounds of panning were evaluated for their binding ability by immunofluorescence staining on tumor tissue from the same patient. Based on DNA analysis, 20% of 3rd output clones represented a single clone. This clone selectively bound tumor stroma in the breast cancer specimen and did not bind the malignant cell population. This clone, expressed as a soluble scFv, showed no significant binding to normal tissues, 13 other breast cancers or 4 colon cancer samples. This method is applicable for selection of ligands to virtually any portion of a histological specimen amenable to LCM. This may speed the process of generating ligands to any subset of cells or noncellular feature present on histological specimens. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5342.
Saying yes and saying no : on rendering to God and Caesar

In Saying Yes and No: On Rendering God to Caesar, Robert McAfee Brown confronts the delimma that exists when offical government policies seem to clash with ideas about God's kingdom of peace and justice. Discussion questions at the end of each chapter invite readers to make their own responses to the book's central question--a conflict of loyalties.
Vibration of edge reinforced annular plates

Abstract The free transverse vibration of annular plates reinforced by circular rings along the simply supported outer and free inner boundaries is analyzed. A closed form solution is obtained by applying the appropriate forces, moments and motions of the circular edge-beams as boundary conditions on the differential equation for the free transverse vibration of plates. A study of the resulting natural frequencies compared with previous results for unreinforced edges indicates that edge-beams with even a relatively small stiffness have a significant effect upon the natural frequencies of the system.
Return migration to Eastern Kentucky and the stem family concept.

This research provides a conceptual framework--based on the stem family concept--with which to explore the cyclical nature of return migration to Eastern Kentucky. The work of Brown Schwarzweller and Mangalam shows how the stem family facilitates the outward movement of migrants during times of economic opportunity outside Appalachia while providing a potential haven when sociocultural pulls within Appalachia exceed the economic tugs outside the region. Responses from 119 households in Laurel Pike and Powell counties are used to test hypotheses associated with the general model. The survey results support the continued existence of extreme stem family forces within Eastern Kentucky. Most immigrants are return migrants; return migration motives continue to be more related to sociocultural factors than they are job-related decisions. Most returnees are well below retirement age and even the younger and more educated among these have a strong preference for remaining in Eastern Kentucky although their historical tendency had been to move away when economic pulls are strong enough. The work of Brown Schwarzweller and Mangalam shows how the stem family facilitates the outward movement of migrants during times of economic opportunity outside Appalachia while providing a potential haven when sociocultural pulls within Appalachia exceed the economic tugs outside the region. Overall there is a need to better understand the role of awareness space in the destination selection of cyclical migrants.
fusilli, an Essential Gene with a Maternal Role in Drosophila Embryonic Dorsal–Ventral Patterning

Abstract The Drosophila fusilli (fus) gene was identified in a genetic screen for dominant maternal enhancers of an unusual dorsalizing mutation in the cactus gene, cactE10. While females that are heterozygous for the cactE10 allele produce embryos with wild-type dorsal–ventral patterning, more than 90% of the embryos produced by females that are heterozygous for both cactE10 and the fus1 mutation are weakly dorsalized. Loss offusilli activity causes lethality during embryogenesis but not dorsal–ventral patterning defects, indicating that fusilli is important in more than one developmental process. The fusilli gene encodes a protein with RNA binding motifs related to those in mammalian hnRNP F and H, which play roles in regulated RNA splicing. The fusilli RNA is not present in the oocyte or early embryo, and germ-line clones of fusilli mutations have no maternal effect on dorsal–ventral patterning, indicating that the fusilli maternal effect does not depend on germ-line expression of the gene. Because the fusilli RNA is present in ovarian follicle cells, we propose that fusilli acts downstream of the Drosophila EGF receptor to control the biogenesis of follicle cell transcripts that control the initial dorsal–ventral asymmetry of the embryo.
A machine learning approach to college drinking prediction and risk factor identification

Alcohol misuse is one of the most serious public health problems facing adolescents and young adults in the United States. National statistics shows that nearly 90p of alcohol consumed by youth under 21 years of age involves binge drinking and 44p of college students engage in high-risk drinking activities. Conventional alcohol intervention programs, which aim at installing either an alcohol reduction norm or prohibition against underage drinking, have yielded little progress in controlling college binge drinking over the years. Existing alcohol studies are deductive where data are collected to investigate a psychological/behavioral hypothesis, and statistical analysis is applied to the data to confirm the hypothesis. Due to this confirmatory manner of analysis, the resulting statistical models are cohort-specific and typically fail to replicate on a different sample. This article presents two machine learning approaches for a secondary analysis of longitudinal data collected in college alcohol studies sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Our approach aims to discover knowledge, from multiwave cohort-sequential daily data, which may or may not align with the original hypothesis but quantifies predictive models with higher likelihood to generalize to new samples. We first propose a so-called temporally-correlated support vector machine to construct a classifier as a function of daily moods, stress, and drinking expectancies to distinguish days with nighttime binge drinking from days without for individual students. We then propose a combination of cluster analysis and feature selection, where cluster analysis is used to identify drinking patterns based on averaged daily drinking behavior and feature selection is used to identify risk factors associated with each pattern. We evaluate our methods on two cohorts of 530 total college students recruited during the Spring and Fall semesters, respectively. Cross validation on these two cohorts and further on 100 random partitions of the total students demonstrate that our methods improve the model generalizability in comparison with traditional multilevel logistic regression. The discovered risk factors and the interaction of these factors delineated in our models can set a potential basis and offer insights to a new design of more effective college alcohol interventions.
Bicontinuous Phases in Diblock Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends: Simulation and Self-Consistent Field Theory

A combination of particle-based simulations and self-consistent field theory (SCFT) is used to study the stabilization of multiple ordered bicontinuous phases in blends of a diblock copolymer (DBC)...
The use of repeated measures analyses in developmental toxicology studies.

In many toxicology studies, it is common to take the same measurements on an individual animal at several time points (e.g., body weight across days or weeks, activity levels either within a single test session or across days). Such repeated measures for both maternal and offspring endpoints routinely are incorporated into developmental toxicology studies to allow characterization of the profile of treatment-related effects over time. To permit a valid statistical analysis, repeated measures studies are characterized by: random assignment of treatment to experimental units, measurement of the variable(s) of interest at the same time points for all animals, and avoidance of systematic overlaying of treatment and potential response gradients. Assumptions for and advantages of the use of a repeated measures analysis of variance versus single-factor analyses at each time point are illustrated in two data sets from a rat perinatal and postnatal study. The variance-covariance structure of repeated measures designs dictates that adjustments are necessary to provide protection against inflated Type 1 error rates. Communication between statisticians and toxicologists which allow the implementation of such analyses can improve the interpretation of data resulting from repeated measures study designs.
Biomechanical Strength Models

Over the last ten years, several biomechanical models have been developed to predict the strength capability of a person or population. The development of these models, their validity and uses will be reviewed in this paper. Limitations and the need for more research in this problem area will be presented. Language: en
Pathologic outcomes of candidates for active surveillance undergoing radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVES To examine the pathologic findings and biochemical recurrence rates for a consecutive cohort of candidates for active surveillance who underwent radical prostatectomy. The role of active surveillance for the treatment of low-risk prostate cancer is highly controversial. METHODS Between October 2000 and February 2008, a single surgeon performed 1565 open radical retropubic prostatectomies for clinically localized prostate cancer. Cases were selected for extraction if they fulfilled 1 of 2 published criteria for active surveillance in our prospective longitudinal outcomes database. A retrospective review of the prospectively collected database was executed to elucidate the outcomes of candidates for active surveillance who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. Gleason score, pathologic stage, and surgical margins were prospectively captured in our database. The 5-year, biochemical-free survival rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis plots. RESULTS Overall, 45.9%-47.2% of cases were pathologically upgraded to a Gleason score ≥ 7. Moreover, 12.3%-13.1% of cases were found to have a primary Gleason pattern of 4 or 5. Extracapsular extension (pT3a disease) was observed in 7.8%-10.9% of cases. A total of 28.8%-32.2% of cases had an estimated percentage of cancer volume in the surgical specimen exceeding 20%. The 5-year biochemical-free survival was estimated to be 83.2%-92.9%. CONCLUSIONS Our pathologic findings and risk of biochemical recurrence after open radical prostatectomy questions the wisdom of active surveillance in men with low-risk disease who have "long" life expectancies.
Geometric Modeling with Algebraic Surfaces

Research in geometric modeling is currently engaged in increasing the geometric coverage to allow modeling operations on arbitrary algebraic surfaces. Operations on models often include Boolean set operations (intersection, union), sweeps and convolutions, convex bull computa· tions, primitive decomposition, surface and volume mesh generatioD, calculation of surface area and volumetric properties, etc. From these arise a number of basic problems for which effective and robust solutions need to be obtained. 'We need to devise methods for unambiguous algebraic surface model representations, for converting between alternate internal algebraic curve and surface representations such as tbe implicit and the parametric, for intersecting algebraic surfaces and topologically analyzing the inherent singularities of their high degree curve components, for soning points along algebraic curves, for minimum distance and common tangent computations between algebraic curves and surfaces, for containment classifications of algebriac curve segments and algebraic surface patches, etc. Computationally efficient algorithms for all these problems necessitate combining results from algorithmic algebraic geometry, computer algebra, computational geometry and numerical approximation theory. In tbis paper we present and discuss various such algorithms and approaches for geometric models with algebraic surfaces. ·Supported in part by NSF Grant MIP 85.:H356, ARO Contract DAAG29-85-C0018 under Cornell MSI and ONR contract NOOOl·l-S8-K·0402. Invit.ed P~per at "The Mathematics of Surfaces III", O:dord University, Oxford, UK, September 19·21,1988.
Interdependency, communitarianism and reintegrative shaming in China

Abstract Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming (1989) depicts that shaming has either crime-amplifying or inhibiting effects depending on how it is done. Using a sample of residents in Shanghai, China, this study tests Braithwaite’s hypothesis that interdependency is conducive to reintegrative rather than stigmatizing shaming. We hypothesize that individuals who have greater interdependent relationships are more likely to practice reintegrative, rather than stigmatizing, shaming. While interdependency did not affect shaming practices within the family, it had a significant impact on the resident’s on shaming practices in the neighborhood. We close by discussing shaming in Chinese society and the implications of our findings for evaluating Braithwaite’s theory in a different socio-cultural context.
Exchange of Protein Molecules Through Connections Between Higher Plant Plastids

Individual plastids of vascular plants have generally been considered to be discrete autonomous entities that do not directly communicate with each other. However, in transgenic plants in which the plastid stroma was labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), thin tubular projections emanated from individual plastids and sometimes connected to other plastids. Flow of GFP between interconnected plastids could be observed when a single plastid or an interconnecting plastid tubule was photobleached and the loss of green fluorescence by both plastids was seen. These tubules allow the exchange of molecules within an interplastid communication system, which may facilitate the coordination of plastid activities.
Postnatal differentiation of the rat trochlear nerve.

A morphometric analysis of postnatal differentiation in the rat trochlear nerve was studied by light and electron microscopy as an initial basis for understanding motor unit heterogeneity in the extraocular muscles (EOM). A total of 35 animals were examined 7--90 days postnatal (dpn). The mean number of fibers increased from 222 to 7 dpn to 274 in the adult and the size distribution became bimodal at 21 dpn. In the adult 17% of the myelinated fibers had a mean diameter of 2.5 micrometer and 83% were 7.3 micrometer. The estimated number of unmyelinated axons decreased from about 40% at 7 dpn to 20% at 14 dpn and 16% in the adult. The myelinated fiber diameter was more highly correlated with age and body weight than was fiber number. Certain organelles characteristic of active membrane growth were present in the Schwann cell cytoplasm at the paranode region. Redundant loops were prominent at 10 dpn, when many axons were still in Schwann cell bundles. During the third postnatal week a number of alterations were noted which may reflect a loss of polyneuronal innervation. These included thicker myelin sheaths and ultrastructural evidence of axonal degeneration. Branching of myelinated fibers was limited to the intramuscular portions of the nerve at 18 dpn. The g-ratio of the largest fibers at selected ages was nearly constant at .71 and was correlated with fiber diameters (r = 0.40), except at 14 dpn. The periodicity of the myelin sheath had either an inverse or constant relationship to the number of lamellae. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to postnatal development, the size principle and heterogeneity in the EOM motor units.
Spectroscopic Demonstration of a Linkage between the Kinetics of NTP Hydrolysis and the Conformational State of the recA-Single-stranded DNA Complex

Abstract We recently constructed a mutant recA protein in which His-163 was replaced by a tryptophan residue; the [H163W]recA protein is functionally identical to the wild-type protein, and the Trp-163 side chain serves as a reporter group for the conformational transitions of the [H163W]recA-single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) complex. We have now examined the fluorescence properties of the [H163W]recA-ssDNA complex in the presence of a series of alternate nucleoside triphosphate cofactors. Under standard conditions (pH 7.5), ATP (S0.5 = 70 μM) and purine riboside triphosphate (PTP) (S0.5 = 110 μM) effect a 44% decrease in Trp-163 fluorescence and are active as cofactors for the DNA strand exchange reaction. In contrast, ITP (S0.5 = 400 μM) elicits only a 20% decrease in Trp-163 fluorescence (a level identical to that observed with the nucleoside diphosphates ADP, PDP, and IDP) and is inactive as a strand exchange cofactor. If the S0.5 (PTP) is increased to 130 μM (by increasing the pH of the reaction solution), the PTP-mediated quenching of Trp-163 fluorescence decreases to 20%, and PTP becomes inactive as a strand exchange cofactor. These results provide direct evidence for a linkage between the S0.5 value of a nucleoside triphosphate and the conformational state of the recA-ssDNA complex, with an S0.5 of 100-120 μM or lower required for stabilization of the strand exchange-active conformation.
A new catalytically active colloidal platinum nanocatalyst: the multiarmed nanostar single crystal.

Nanocatalysts that possess large amounts of atoms on sharp corners and edges and high indexed sites are known to be more catalytically active. We report here on a novel yet simple method to synthesize in large yields a very active platinum nanocatalyst; the multiarmed nanostar single crystal. We utilize a seed mediated method using tetrahedral nanoparticles that are also synthesized by a new and simple technique. High-resolution TEM shows that the nanostar has many arms, varying from a few to over 30, whereby even the largest ones are found to have single-crystal structures. This strongly suggests that they are formed by a growth mechanism of the seed crystals and not by the aggregation of seed crystals, which should produce twinning planes. Due to the reduction reaction of ferrricyanide by thiosulfate, the nanostars are found to have an activation energy, which is nearly 60% of that of the tetrahedral seeds themselves, both having the same PVP capping agent. This is undoubtedly due to the multiarms with ...
Multisection 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Assessment of Glioma Response to Chemotherapy

This study evaluated the role of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI) in assessing the response of low-grade brain tumors to a chemotherapy-only treatment regimen. Specifically, it was of interest to assess if 1H MRSI could detect early tumor response to therapy prior to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes, and to establish which spectral markers were sensitive to regional changes within and around a heterogeneous tumor mass. A total of 14 patients with lower-grade gliomas were evaluated by multislice 1H MRSI, MRI and clinical examination. Changes associated with chemotherapy were assessed by longitudinal comparisons of regional levels of choline (Cho), N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA), and lactate (Lac) relative to total creatine. These changes were, in turn, compared to changes on pre- and post-contrast MR images and to each patient’s clinical status. In enhancing tumor regions, there was a significant association between an increase in Lac/Cr during treatment and decreased progression-free survival time. At baseline, a low NAA/Cr in normal-appearing brain tissue adjacent to non-enhancing tumor was associated with decreased progression-free survival time, as was an increase in Cho/Cr during chemotherapy. An increase in Cho/Cr and Lac/Cr in normal-appearing brain regions next to non-enhancing tumor in one patient was noted 2 months before MRI showed progressive disease. These results suggest that 1H MRSI can be a powerful adjunct to MRI in the assessment of tumor response to chemotherapy, and that Cho/Cr and Lac/Cr appear to be the most reliable markers of tumor progression and may predict response prior to MRI changes.
Pure grammaticalization: The development of a teenage intensifier

For the past fifty years, sociolinguistic studies of linguistic change have focused mainly on phonological variables, but recently some attention has been paid to other features, particularly discourse features used by younger speakers that may change within a relatively brief period. This article deals with the appearance of an unusual intensifier “ pure ” in the speech of adolescents in Glasgow, Scotland. This usage suggests that the Glasgow working-class adolescents have developed a set of norms for their speech community that owes little to adult or outside influence. Grammaticalization is a process that is normally investigated on the basis of historical documents but recent developments in methodology provide an opportunity to explore changes in progress. Intensifiers have historically been unstable and there is evidence that teenagers have recently been developing their own preferences for such items. The range of uses that the Glasgow adolescents have developed for pure suggests a process of grammaticalization that may still be in progress. The project in which the recordings were made was supported by ESRC grant no. R000239757. I am deeply indebted to Jane Stuart-Smith for providing the transcripts and allowing me to make use of them for this article. The sessions were arranged and conducted by the research assistant on the project, Claire Timmins. It is clear from the transcripts that part of the success of the project was the result of her good rapport with the adolescents. There are many joking references to her in the sessions, although the adolescents knew that she would hear these remarks. All the names in the transcripts have been replaced with pseudonyms. I am grateful for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper from Elizabeth Traugott, Lee Munroe, and the anonymous reviewers for LVC .
A Defense of Religion in Liberal Arts Education

HERE are no doubt many sound ecclesiastical reasons for offering courses in religion in a liberal arts college, but a college should not take these into account in the planning and practice of its curriculum. While educators generally agree that the liberal arts college must be free from the pressures of labor unions, John Birch societies, manufacturers' associations, Daughters of the American Revolution, and Communist and Fascist organizations, they sometimes forget that the college must also be free from the pressures of the churches. Although a liberal arts education is more harmonious with democracy than with dictatorship, and perhaps more harmonious with Christianity than with atheism, the truth is that a college cannot be liberal and at the same time propagandize for either democracy or Christianity. What is taught and how it is taught must be determined by the principles and ends of liberal education itself.
A simple model for electron pair production by muons

Abstract This paper offers a relatively simple explanation for the mechanics of electron pair production by muons which enables a quantitative description.
Quantification of Historical Changes of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Cover in Two Bays of Lake Ontario with Three Complementary Methods

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) distribution and coverage were quantified in two bays of Lake Ontario in 1972, 1980 (1982), and 1999–2002, using a combination of aerial photograph interpretation (API), hydroacoustics, and rake sampling. The three methods gave similar estimates of SAV presence in 2002, supporting our use of API for quantifying SAV changes across decades in bays of a large lake. The SAV coverage in Sodus Bay increased by 5% between 1972 and 1980 and by 35% between 1980 and 1999–2002 whereas the maximum depth of SAV colonization extended from 5.5 to 6.4 m during this period. In Chaumont Bay, the SAV coverage tripled while its maximum depth of occurrence increased from 5.1 to 6.1 m from 1982 to 2002. Although the difference in SAV coverage between 1972 and 1980 was not larger than the difference between consecutive years in the 2000s, the large increase in SAV coverage between the 1980s and 2000s represents a major ecosystem change in these bays. This change was likely caused by increased water clarity in Lake Ontario, which could be associated with the implementation of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) and the dreissenid mussel invasion. Although other factors such as water level, wave exposure, bottom slope, and sediment nutrients may be important, they have not changed in a fashion that would predict local increases of SAV coverage.
Observational challenges of strong scintillations of irradiance

Interest in the higher-order moments of irradiance scintillation draws attention to extremely large excursions of irradiance. Observation of such excursions has many experimental difficulties involving receiver dynamic range, aperture size, and bandwidth as well as sufficiency of number of samples, surface reflections (mirages), and source divergence. We discuss these difficulties as well as techniques to mitigate them. Visual biases exist in graphical presentations of moments and probability-density functions; we make suggestions for effective graphical interpretation of data. We recommend measuring both the refractive-index structure parameter and the inner scale of turbulence simultaneously with irradiance statistics.
Importance of the calcium ion in rhythmic fluctuation in renal pressure produced by angiotensin II.

Abstract The rhythmic fluctuations in perfusion pressure of the isolated rabbit kidney caused by angiotensin II infused at a concentration of 0.01 μg/ml and a rate of 12–20 ml/min appear to be dependent on the calcium ion. The amplitude of the fluctuations (significantly altered when Tyrode's solution containing 1 2 normal (0.9 mM) calcium was used as the perfusate. Angiotensin II Perfusion pressure Renal pressure Calcium ion
Molecular cloning and expression of rat bradykinin B1 receptor

Abstract The gene encoding rat bradykinin B 1 receptor has been cloned by using a partial rat B 1 cDNA probe. The rat B 1 receptor gene contains two exons and the entire coding region is within the second exon. The 5′-flanking region of the rat B 1 receptor gene contains several putative transcriptional regulatory sites including TATA box, cAMP response element, NF-κB and AP-1. It showed promoter activity inducible by lipopolysaccharide in vascular smooth muscle cells. Rat B 1 receptor mRNA was found to be alternatively spliced and induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment in a wide range of tissues, such as the salivary gland, testis, kidney, lung, heart, prostate and aorta. The deduced rat B 1 receptor amino acid sequence is 71% homologous to human and rabbit counterparts, and 89% homologous to the mouse counterpart. The expressed B 1 receptor in HEK293 cells displayed a rank order of affinity for the kinin peptides: des-Arg 9 -BK>Lys-des-Arg 9 -BK≈des-Arg 9 ,Leu 8 -BK>Sar-Tyr-ϵAhx-Lys-[ d -βNal 7 ,Ile 8 ]-des-Arg 9 -BK>Sar-Tyr-ϵAhx-Lys-des-Arg 9 -BK≫BK≫Hoe140. These results indicate that the cloned gene encodes a functional rat B 1 receptor.
Techniques for the visualization of internal organs by an automatic radioisotope scanning system.

Abstract In the application of an automatic radioisotope scanning system to the visualization or delineation of large organs, emphasis has been placed on techniques applicable to the detection of a slight decrease of radioactivity in the presence of a highly radiocative surrounding, and the detection of a high concentration of radioactivity in the presence of an environment only slightly less radioactive. The general features of this method have been discussed together with a detailed account of increasing these small differentials by both a counting rate controlled contrast circuit and an accentuated technique of light recording. Clinical examples of the visualization of the thyroid, liver and heart with these techniques are presented.
The effect of cognitive bias on children's early interpretations of locative commands

Abstract This study examines the effect and the sources of nonlinguistic cognitive biases on children's early understanding of locative commands. Two- and three-year-old children incorrectly interpreted improbable commands by making them probable. These same children were frequently able to correctly interpret unbiased commands which contained the same prepositions as those which they misinterpreted in the improbable commands. For example: they correctly interpreted the unbiased sentence, “Put the penny on the baby,” but erred on “Put the box on the cowboy.” (They put the cowboy in the box.) The sources for their cognitively biased interpretations on the improbable commands were attributable to the perceptual features of the objects, the action schemes which children commonly use in relation to the objects, and the relative ease of motor response used to place one object in relation to another.
New approach to short range repulsion in pion condensation

Abstract We develop a new method, using static density correlation functions, to look at the effects of nucleon repulsion at short distances in a nuclear medium. The change in the critical density for pion condensation from the above effect is computed. Also, we investigate the behavior of the critical density on the inclusion of Δ-isobars and of S-wave pion-nucleon repulsion.
Immunomagnetic separation and quantification of butyrylcholinesterase nerve agent adducts in human serum

A novel method for extracting butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) from serum as a means of identifying and measuring nerve agent adducts to human BuChE is presented here. Antibutyrylcholinesterase monoclonal antibodies were conjugated to protein-G ferromagnetic particles and mixed with 500 μL serum samples. The particle-antibody-BuChE product was rinsed and directly digested with pepsin. Native and isotopically enriched nonapeptides corresponding to the pepsin digest products for uninhibited BuChE, and sarin, cyclohexylsarin, VX, and Russian VX nerve agent-inhibited BuChE were synthesized for use as calibrators and internal standards, respectively. Internal standards were added to the filtered digest sample, and the samples were quantified via high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution-tandem mass spectrometry. The ratio of adducted to total BuChE nonapeptides was calculated for each nerve agent-exposed serum sample using data collected in a single chromatogram. Nerve agent-inhibited quality control serum pools were characterized as part of method validation; the method was observed to have extremely low background noise. The measurement of both uninhibited and inhibited BuChE peptides compensated for any variations in the pepsin digestion before the internal standard peptide was added to the sample and may prove useful in individualizing patient results following a nerve agent exposure. © 2010 American Chemical Society.
Rearrangements and decompositions of thiobisphenols

Abstract 2,2′-, 2,4′- and 4,4′-Monothiobisphenol separately rearrange in phenol at 180° in the presence of sodium hydroxide to give similar mixtures containing only 2,2′-, 2,4′- and 4,4′-monothiobisphenol in the approximate ratio, 45:45:10. The rearrangements appear to be intermolecular and they are interpreted in terms of polar processes which lead initially to the formation of o- and p-monothiobenzoquinones. 2,2′-Dithiobisphenol, 4,4′-dithiobisphenol and 4,4′-trithiobisphenol under similar conditions are desulphurated with the evolution of hydrogen sulphide also to give mixtures containing only 2,2 - 2,4′- and 4,4′-monothiobisphenol whilst 3,3′-dithiobisphenol is stable in alkaline phenol even after long periods at 180°. Similar initial heterolyses to o- and p-monothiobenzoquinones are suggested as sources of the monothiobisphenols and displacements of sulphide- or hydrosulphide-ions from intermediate benzeneperthiolate ions by carbanions derived from phenol are suggested as sources of the hydrogen sulphide.
Sean Dobson, Authority and Upheaval in Liepzig, 1910-1920: The Story of a Relationship. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. xvi + 352 pp. $50.00 cloth.

This case study of the “red” city of Leipzig seeks to examine the German revolution 1918-1920 not simply from the perspective of World War I, but to look back into prewar years, to see the development of Leipzigers' particularly revolutionary stance as a product of both long- and short-term experiences. In doing so, Dobson concludes that the case of Leipzig refutes generalized assumptions concerning German laborers' complete “integration” into the Wilhelmine system (1890-1918), arguing rather for Leipzig workers' consistent rejection of repressive Wilhelmine authority, and their longstanding alternative vision of a radically democratized society. Dobson argues his case through “relationships,” particularly within and between blue- and white-collar workers.
Two-Dimensional Modeling of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Manganate

A two-dimensional finite element model is developed to study the reaction kinetics and heat transfer during the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of La0.6Sr0.4MnO3, a cathode and interconnect material used in solid oxide fuel cells. The activation energy of La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 formation was calculated from experimental temperature history. The calculated spatial-temporal temperature profile, heat generation rate, reaction conversion, and flow pattern of surrounding gas during the reaction are reported in this work. Hot spots are found at the corner near the ignition point shortly after the ignition. The model provided a simple and reliable way to design a large-scale production of La0.6Sr0.4MnO3.