cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Environmental Pollution Coverage in the Mainstream, African American, and Other Alternative Press

ABSTRACT Research has suggested that the present media merger frenzy will result in one-dimensional content due to a reduced number of media outlets and pervasive cross-ownership. This research content analyzed 1,180 articles about environmental pollution over 29 years from 4 different groups of newspapers, each with different ownership, socioeconomic readership, geographic location, and circulation. Results revealed that content was overwhelmingly directed to upper-socioeconomic groups across all four categories of newspapers regardless of specific issue or time. Heavily weighted coverage that could not have been found through random chance alone indicated an abandonment of a newspapers' social responsibility function. This abdication was attributed to the industry-wide, pervasive journalistic norms and the importance of advertising revenue.
Microsoft MAIL: Facilitating Communication in Team Projects.

Abstract Technical writing students need to learn to write effectively online because electronic mail is becoming the preferred mode of communicating in industry. This study explores how students can be taught to use the network effectively in group and collaborative projects, especially through the writing of critique memos.
Machine Development at the Berkeley 88-Inch Cyclotron

Machine development at the 88-inch cyclotron is described. Topics include instrumentation, deflector development, a radioactivity survey of the dee tank, and computer calculations on the gap-crossing resonance. Studies were made of external beam energy spread and pulse shape. Axial injection progress is described. Recommendations are made for design improvements on the 88-inch cyclotron.
Improving multimedia retrieval with a video OCR

We present a set of experiments with a video OCR system (VOCR) tailored for video information retrieval and establish its importance in multimedia search in general and for some specific queries in particular. The system, inspired by an existing work on text detection and recognition in images, has been developed using techniques involving detailed analysis of video frames producing candidate text regions. The text regions are then binarized and sent to a commercial OCR resulting in ASCII text, that is finally used to create search indexes. The system is evaluated using the TRECVID data. We compare the system's performance from an information retrieval perspective with another VOCR developed using multi-frame integration and empirically demonstrate that deep analysis on individual video frames result in better video retrieval. We also evaluate the effect of various textual sources on multimedia retrieval by combining the VOCR outputs with automatic speech recognition (ASR) transcripts. For general search queries, the VOCR system coupled with ASR sources outperforms the other system by a very large extent. For search queries that involve named entities, especially people names, the VOCR system even outperforms speech transcripts, demonstrating that source selection for particular query types is extremely essential.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of Cold-Calling on Student Voluntary Participation:

Classroom discussion is perhaps the most frequently used “active learning” strategy. However, instructors are often concerned about students who are less inclined to participate voluntarily. They w...
Tentacle responses of the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica to ultraviolet and visible radiations.

WE have observed that exposure of anemones to ultraviolet and visible radiations can elicit two specific responses, flexion and retraction of the tentacles. A detailed investigation revealed that these responses were readily differentiated by their spectral region of maximum sensitivity.
A conservative view of a progressive rhetoric

(1963). A conservative view of a progressive rhetoric. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 1-7.
A high-affinity estrogen-binding protein in rat placental trophoblast.

A high-affinity, low-capacity estradiolbinding molecule (RE) has been demonstrated in the basal zone trophoblast (BZT) of the pregnant rat. On day 11 of pregnancy (day 0 = first spermpositive day) RE is present in BZT cytosol, where it has a ka of 1.2 × 106M−1 sec−1, t1 = 12.7 min, at 20 C. The kd, under similar conditions, consists of 2 components, 1.3 × 10−4 sec−1, t1 = 90 min, and 5.9 × 10−5 sec−1, t1 = 196 min. When one uses the faster component, the equilibrium constant, Kd, obtained from kd/ka is 1.1 × 10−10M, in close agreement with that obtained from Scatchard analysis of specific estradiol (E2) binding at 20 C. On day 11 there were ∼12,000 sites/cell in BZT cytosol. Scatchard analysis of nuclear RE on day 11 indicated a Kd of 1.85 × 10−10M and ∼21,000 sites/nucleus, but, in day 15 BZT, nuclear RE was undetectable. Neither cytosol nor nuclei prepared from placental labyrinthine zone (LZT) tissue (fetal placenta) showed evidence of high-affinity, lowcapacity E2 binding. Sucrose density gradient ana...
Behavior Analysis of the DFIG Wind Turbine in Voltage Double-Dip

At present, the research on wind turbine low voltage ride through (LVRT) behavior is one of hotspots in wind power industry. With increasing share of wind power in the grid, it is important to enhance the LVRT performance of wind turbines to guarantee the safety and reliability of the grid. The phenomenon of voltage double-dip is one of cases during the voltage dips. In this paper, the voltage double-dip phenomenon is described, and the stator flux attenuation of DFIG wind turbine in the voltage dip is analyzed. The results show that when the second voltage dip occurs, the initial value of the stator flux should be considered. Finally, by on-site testing results, the impact of voltage double-dip to the wind turbine is verified, if the initial value of the stator flux is not considered, and the interval of two voltage dips is different.
In search of presence: a systematic evaluation of evolving VLEs

In an attempt to understand better the unique characteristics of an increasing popular, prevalent form of sense-engaging and interactive multimedia learning experience often called the "virtual learning environment" (VLE), this study systematically evaluates and analyzes the findings of seventeen original research studies in terms of technologies, teaching strategies, presence, and learning.This evaluation identifies potentially significant relationships among these variables in VLEs with both low- and high-level learning objectives, from memorization and repetition to analysis and synthesis. The findings suggest, first, that, when technologies and teaching strategies are presented through a one-way immersion of the senses, learners most often respond with experiences of spatial presence; when technologies and teaching strategies are socially interactive in format, learners most often respond with experiences of social presence. This evaluation, importantly, suggests that levels of spatial presence may correlate with the achievement of lower-level learning objectives, that levels of social presence may correlate with the achievement of higher-level learning objectives, and that levels of spatial and social presence together may correlate most strongly with the achievement of higher-level learning objectives. The evaluation, finally, identifies a need and establishes a course for the consideration of presence in future VLE design and research.
MECHANISMS FOR CARDIAC STIMULATION DURING ANOXEMIA IN THE MODIFIED HEART-LUNG PREPARATIONS.

In 15 heart-lung preparations, modified to retain either the head or body circulation, the performance of the heart was tested during the inhalation of either 5% oxygen or pure nitrogen. Two mechanisms were demonstrated to participate in cardiac stimulation: a) stimulation of aortic body chemoreceptors which caused an increase in right ventricular segment force of contraction, heart rate and aortic flow, provided that the vagi were intact; and b) release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, even after removal of the medullary centers. A histamine-like agent has been suggested to be released during anoxemia. The agent accounts for an augmentation of right ventricular segment force of contraction during anoxemia in the classical heart-lung preparation.
The structure of location choice for new U.S. manufacturing investments in Asia-Pacific

Despite an extensive literature on the determinants of the foreign location choices by multinational firms, researchers have only recently begun to systematically examine how these firms form their location consideration sets. When considering new foreign locations, do firms evaluate the attributes of the alternatives at the national level, the sub-national regional level, at some other level of geographical aggregation, or using some combination of these? This paper employs discrete choice models to examine how U.S. multinational firms form their consideration sets over locations in the Asia-Pacific area and to identify some of the relevant location attributes. The results are consistent with a sequential, or hierarchical, decision-making process in which firms first select a host country based on one set of attributes and then select a region within that country is selected based on another set of attributes. Most of the location attributes that are found to be significant are related to productivity-enhancing features, such as worker skills, industrial agglomeration, and extensive transportation infrastructure, rather than features related to factor prices, such as low-wage labor.
Phosphatidylserine Enhancement of [3H]γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Uptake by Rat Whole Brain Synaptosomes

[3H]gamma-Aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA) binding to purified lipids was examined in an organic solvent-aqueous partition system. In addition, the [3H]GABA binding capacity in the partition system was compared with the capacity of lipids to alter sodium-dependent [3H]GABA uptake into synaptosomes isolated from rat whole brains. [3H]GABA was found to bind to all of the lipids studied in the organic solvent-aqueous partition system [phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), gangliosides, and sulfatide], although PS exhibited the greatest binding capacity. [3H]GABA uptake into synaptosomes was enhanced by PS (48.0%) but was not altered by any other lipid. PS enhancement of [3H]GABA uptake required the presence of sodium and was blocked by nipecotic acid (10 microM). These results suggest that PS may play a role in the sodium-dependent GABA reuptake process in the presynaptic nerve end.
One- and Two-Photon-Pumped Fluorescence from Rhodamine B in Solid Poly(acrylic acid) under High Pressure

We investigate the effect of pressure on one- and two-photon-excited fluorescence of Rhodamine B dissolved in solid poly(acrylic acid). We present the pressure dependence of the fluorescence intensity as well as the energy and lifetime of the emitting state for one- and two-photon excitation for three different excitation energies. All these parameters decrease with increasing pressure regardless of the mode and energy of excitation. The similar change with pressure of the lifetime and emission energy for one- and two-photon excitation reveals that the fluorescence originates in the same state for both excitations. The decrease of fluorescence intensity with pressure is attributed (i) to an increase of the nonradiative rate from the emitting state and (ii) to a decrease of the absorption cross section. The first process is correlated with a pressure-induced shift of the emission energy that coincides with the energy gap law. The observed larger pressure change in the absorption cross section for two-photo...
Teaching Teachers to Build Equitable Classrooms

Whether they are the outcome of global immigration trends, residential living patterns, or educational reform efforts such as detracking, heterogeneous classrooms pose considerable pedagogical challenges for educators. This article describes a systemic approach to restructuring the classroom with the goal of establishing and maintaining an equitable environment by creating curriculum, instruction, and assessments deliberately and purposefully to address the range of previous academic achievement and academic skills, the linguistic variability, and the intellectual diversity found in heterogeneous classrooms. A reconceptualization of intellectual competence, academic ability, or just plain being smart is at the core of teachers' efforts to build equitable classrooms. In practice, to narrow the achievement gap and to build equitable classrooms, teachers need to work toward equal-status, balanced interaction among students working together in small learning groups. The article also details the necessary cond...
Rapid desensitization for hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapy agents.

Purpose of reviewHypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to chemotherapy agents have limited their use for fear of inducing severe reactions or death. Alternative regimens may be limited by tumor sensitivity and the need to provide first-line therapy. Rapid desensitizations allow patients to be treated wi
Performance implications of internet channels in financial services: A comprehensive perspective

Advances in information technology (IT) have forced financial services firms to explore new organizational forms and deliver service innovation. Given the obvious differences in the business model in which the financial services sector provides online services, it is natural to ask whether the emergence of Internet channels leads to superior achievement. Using a sample of twenty-four Taiwanese publicly traded financial services firms from 1997 to 2003, this empirical study attempts to assess the Internet channel’s effect on firm performance by means of applying event study methodology and data envelopment analysis. Results show that the magnitudes of average abnormal returns are uniformly positive and increase the operating efficiency of firms following announcements via Internet channels. This work therefore concludes that Internet channels have positive influences on firm performance.
Incidence of diabetes mellitus in women following impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy is lower than following impaired glucose tolerance in the non-pregnant state

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), which is asymptomatic and requires a glucose tolerance test for detection, is a well-known risk factor for diabetes mellitus. Outside the research setting it is rarely identified in people who lack specific risk factors for diabetes except during pregnancy, at which time screening with an oral glucose challenge is a routine procedure. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed during the latter part of pregnancy or during a routine epidemiology survey in 15-39-year-old Pima Indian women with no history of abnormal glucose tolerance. Those with IGT by World Health Organization criteria were included in this study. Diabetes incidence in women was compared between those whose IGT was first detected during pregnancy and those who were not pregnant when IGT was first recognized. Seventeen of 73 pregnant women and 114 of 244 non-pregnant women developed diabetes within 10 years. When controlled for plasma glucose concentration, age, body mass index, parity and duration of follow-up, those who were not pregnant were at higher risk of developing diabetes than those who were pregnant (hazard rate ratio = 1.71, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-2.91). Previous studies had reported that women with IGT during pregnancy are at higher risk of diabetes than women with normal glucose tolerance. This study suggests that women with IGT during pregnancy are at lower risk than non-pregnant women with a similar plasma glucose concentration who, in the clinical setting, are likely to remain unrecognized.
A Closer Look at Unmet Needs at the End of Primary Treatment for Breast Cancer: A Longitudinal Pilot Study

This study describes the nature of unmet needs (UN) as women with breast cancer transition from “patient” to “survivor.” Data are from a longitudinal study of 90 women with stage I–III breast cancer. Data were collected 2–3 weeks before, and 10 weeks after, completion of radiation. A modified Cancer Survivors’ Unmet Needs (CaSUN) instrument measured UN. Most participants reported ≥1 unmet need at baseline (80.00%) and follow-up (69.31%), with UN across physical, healthcare, information, psychosocial, and survivorship domains. Total number of UN declined over time, t(87) = 3.00, p < .01. UN likely to persist from baseline to follow-up involved cancer recurrence concerns, stress management, household responsibilities, and others not acknowledging/understanding cancer. Younger women (p = .01) and those with more severe (p < .01), life-interfering (p = .01) symptoms had greater burden of UN. This study highlights the dynamics of UN in the weeks before and after primary treatment. Future studies should identif...
An efficient method for computing synaptic conductances based on a kinetic model of receptor binding

where gsyn is the synaptic conductance and to is the time of transmitter release. This function peaks at a value of l / e at t = to + T , and decays exponentially with a time constant of T . When multiple events occur in succession at a single synapse, the total conductance at any time is a sum of such waveforms calculated over the individual event times. There are several drawbacks to this method. First, the relationship to actual synaptic conductances is based only on an approximate correspondence of the time-course of the waveform to physiological recordings of the postsynaptic response, rather than plausible biophysical mechanisms. Second, summation of multiple waveforms can be cumbersome, since each event time must be stored in a queue for the duration of the waveform and necessitates calculation of an additional exponential during this period (but see Srinivasan and Chiel 1993). Third, there is no natural provision for saturation of the conductance. An alternative to the use of stereotyped waveforms is to compute synaptic conductances directly using a kinetic model (Perkel eta! . 1981). This approach allows a more realistic biophysical representation and is consistent with the formalism used to describe the conductances of other ion channels. However, solution of the associated differential equations generally requires computationally expensive numerical integration. In this paper we show that reasonable biophysical assumptions about synaptic transmission allow the equations for a simple kinetic synapse model to be solved analytically. This yields a mechanism that preserves the advantages of kinetic models while being as fast to compute as a single tr-function. Moreover, this mechanism accounts implicitly for sat-
Dynamic light-scattering study of self-assembly of diblock copolymers in supercritical carbon dioxide.

A high-pressure dynamic light-scattering (DLS) technique has been utilized to study the behavior in solution of poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctylacrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PFOA-b-PVAC) in supercritical carbon dioxide. The hydrodynamic-radius distribution for each species, such as unimers, micelles, and large aggregates, were determined under both isobaric and isothermal conditions over a pressure range of 9–55.2 MPa, and a temperature range of 25–75 °C, respectively. The DLS results clearly showed both pressure-induced and temperature-induced dissolution and association behavior for the copolymer in supercritical carbon dioxide. Also presented are some preliminary experimental results for the micellar self-assembly of a fluorinated block copolymer, poly(2-tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate)-b-poly(1h,1h-perfluorooctyl methacrylate) (THPMA-b-F7MA), in supercritical carbon dioxide by use of a new high-pressure cell that allows us to conduct simultaneous small-angle x-ray scattering and DLS measurements.
Biological evaluation of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin surface-modified with a novel PEGylated nonphospholipid amphiphile.

It is estimated that hemorrhage is responsible for 30–40% of trauma-associated mortality, and approximately half of these casualties occur before hospital care could be provided [1]. Lack of timely resuscitation, excessive bleeding, oxygen deficit in critical organs, and coagulopathy associated with hemorrhage and trauma are the major reasons of these trauma-related deaths. Massive transfusion of blood and/or crystalloids, together with fresh frozen plasma, is an instinctive approach of resuscitative intervention. However, adequate availability of safe blood remains a major world-wide concern in transfusion medicine. The issues related to inventory management, possibility of known and unknown infections, requirements of pre-transfusion processing and cross-matching of blood, and limited shelf-life are the factors that have provided thrust to the search for safe, shelf-stable, and efficacious oxygen carrying fluids. Moreover, an oxygen-carrying fluid mimicking safety and efficacy profile of natural red blood cells (RBCs) is the goal. Therefore, an ideal artificially-assembled oxygen carrier would be hemoglobin (Hb) in an encapsulated form, such as in liposome-encapsulated Hb (LEH) [2–7]. By mimicking the membrane enclosed cellular structure of red blood cells, LEH eliminates the toxicity associated with free, whether modified or unmodified, Hb [3, 6, 8]. One goal of LEH formulation is to enable its prolonged circulation after administration. Stealth technology based on the use of poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG)-linked phosphatidylethanolamine (PEs) is employed for this purpose [9]. PEG prolongs circulation persistence of LEH by evading the opsonization and subsequent elimination process through mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) [10]. In a recent study, we have demonstrated that stealth liposomes formulated with novel synthetic hexadecylcarbamoylmethylhexadecanoate-conjugated PEG2000 (HDAS-PEG2K) maintained longer circulation and lowered complement activation better than the liposomes modified with commonly used stealth phospholipid distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine(DSPE)-PEG2K [11]. As a non-phospholipid alternative to PEG-PEs, HDAS-PEG2K does not contain phosphoryl domain which has been implicated in a few in vivo complications associated with phospholipids in general [12–15]. In case of LEH, the problems could be magnified many fold, because of the large amounts of product infused during resuscitation. In this article, we report immunologic evaluation and consequences of resuscitation with LEH constituted of HDAS-PEG2K as the stealth lipid in rodent models.
Evidence against surf-riding as a general mechanism for surface motility

The mechanism responsible for the energy-dependent movement of membrane components (ie, surface motility) is unknown. Recently a potentially unifying model, termed "surf-riding" [Hewitt, 1979] or "surf-boarding" [Berlin and Oliver, 1982], has been proposed to explain surface motility. Using phase-contrast light microscopy and membrane surface markers (polystyrene microspheres), we have tested the surf-riding/surf-boarding hypothesis on two protozoan systems: the axopodia of the heliozoan Echinosphaerium nucleofilum and the reticulopodial networks of the allogromiid foraminiferans Allogromia laticollaris and Allogromia sp, strain NF. Our evidence indicates that surface motility, as displayed by these organisms, does not occur by a surf-riding/surf-boarding mechanism. Previous observations on surface motility associated with the Chlamydomonas flagellum indicate that this system is also incompatible with the surf-boarding/surf-riding hypothesis.
MUSLIMS AND CHINESE POLITICAL CULTURE

L'A. examine les groupes ethniques qui forment la communaute musulmane en Chine ainsi que l'histoire des relations entre ces groupes ethniques et l'Etat chinois. Depuis la periode des reformes et l'ouverture de 1978, les relations entre musulmans et culture politique chinoise ont trouve un terrain d'entente. Depuis plus d'une decennie, le gouvernement chinois tient a s'assurer de la loyaute des commmunautes musulmanes. La plus grande tolerance religieuse et la prosperite croissante resultant de l'ouverture ont apporte de meilleures conditions de vie pour les musulmans
Specifying Selected Security Features of Inter-Organizational Workflows

Workflow security introduces a shift from traditional subject-object-rights focus of database to a transaction oriented one. Inter-organizational workflow provides solution for data sharing and work coordination at a global level. A secure computing infrastructure is needed to support their missions. Security features are incorporated for each participating organization as well as for the overall inter-organizational workflow. Security features such as authentication and non-repudiation are incorporated in models of inter-organizational workflows. Petri nets are used for incremental specification of inter-organizational workflows with security features
Diagnostic simulation of stuck-at faults in combinational circuits

Two faults are said to be equivalent, w.r.t. a test set T, iff they cannot be distinguished by any test in T. The sizes of the equivalence classes are used as a basis for comparing the diagnostic capability of two given test sets. The authors show that modifications of single stuck-at fault simulators leads to very efficient diagnostic simulators when compared with those reported in the literature. >
Defining a Field: Content, Theory, and Research Issues

The emerging field of information technology and teacher education (ITTE) can be defmed in many different ways. This paper proposes that ITTE be defined through a subject matter focus on the use of information technology, in all its forms, in teacher education. Although all of us prefer certain theories and methods of scholarship, there are many reasons to avoid defining, and thus limiting, the field by defining it in terms of a particular theory or research methodology. We should be thoughtfully eclectic when it comes to theoretical frameworks as well as the way in which theory is developed, used, and modified. We should be thoughtfully eclectic when it comes to methodology. There are many sources of information.
Incidence and risk factors of clinically significant chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia in patients with solid tumors*:

Purpose and relevance. Chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT) can be a significant problem in patients with cancer, leading to numerous clinical complications. Understanding the types of patients at risk for these complications is essential to improve monitoring, counseling, and provide future targeted prophylaxis measures. Previous studies have limited prospective utility since they do not examine risk factors associated with complications from multi-agent regimens. This evaluation aims to identify the incidence and risk factors associated with clinical complications of CIT in patients receiving common chemotherapy regimens.Methods. Retrospective evaluation of adult patients receiving first or second line regimens for the most common solid tumors associated with high rates (≥5%) of laboratory diagnosed thrombocytopenia. Patients were examined for clinically significant CIT (defined as platelet count <75,000 cells/µL as well as the presence of one of the following: bleeding, dose reduction/delay, pla...
Large-scale branch contingency analysis through master/slave parallel computing

Contingency analysis (CA) requires fast exe- cution time for real-time power system operations. Because CA problems can naturally be divided into separate sub- tasks, parallel computing helps to speed up the computation time. This paper proposes a master/slave parallel comput- ing architecture and studies the computation of CA in a large-scale power system through high performance com- puting, adopting a message passing interface for imple- mentation. In particular, although the execution time of CA varies, there is a tradeoff between having an imbalanced workload and ''paying'' a synchronization penalty for parallel computing: either factor blocks the progress of scalability. The proposed layered dynamic scheduling method is effective to tackle the challenge of high syn- chronization cost and workload imbalance and have the potential to further scale for the N - 2 contingency analysis.
Alternative ESC and ESC-Like Subunits of a Polycomb Group Histone Methyltransferase Complex Are Differentially Deployed during Drosophila Development

The Extra sex combs (ESC) protein is a Polycomb group (PcG) repressor that is a key noncatalytic subunit in the ESC-Enhancer of zeste [E(Z)] histone methyltransferase complex. Survival of esc homozygotes to adulthood based solely on maternal product and peak ESC expression during embryonic stages indicate that ESC is most critical during early development. In contrast, two other PcG repressors in the same complex, E(Z) and Suppressor of zeste-12 [SU(Z)12], are required throughout development for viability and Hox gene repression. Here we describe a novel fly PcG repressor, called ESC-Like (ESCL), whose biochemical, molecular, and genetic properties can explain the long-standing paradox of ESC dispensability during postembryonic times. Developmental Western blots show that ESCL, which is 60% identical to ESC, is expressed with peak abundance during postembryonic stages. Recombinant complexes containing ESCL in place of ESC can methylate histone H3 with activity levels, and lysine specificity for K27, similar to that of the ESC-containing complex. Coimmunoprecipitations show that ESCL associates with E(Z) in postembryonic cells and chromatin immunoprecipitations show that ESCL tracks closely with E(Z) on Ubx regulatory DNA in wing discs. Furthermore, reduced escl+ dosage enhances esc loss-of-function phenotypes and double RNA interference knockdown of ESC/ESCL in wing disc-derived cells causes Ubx derepression. These results suggest that ESCL and ESC have similar functions in E(Z) methyltransferase complexes but are differentially deployed as development proceeds.
Technology management: educational trends

Educational institutions are offering an increasing number of degree-granting programs to prepare engineers and scientists to move toward management responsibilities while maintaining identity in their technical backgrounds. These programs are offered under various titles including "engineering management", "engineering and management", "management of technology", "technology management", and several others. This paper presents the summary of the findings of a study conducted among those institutions. It is the fifth such study since the mid-1970s. The previous ones were conducted in 1977, 1981, 1985, and 1990. The paper reports on the trends and observations about the past, present and future of the educational aspects of this field. The term "engineering and technology management" is used as the representative title for the programs identified. >
Simultaneous quantitative determination of deuterium- and carbon-13-labeled essential fatty acids in rat plasma

This study reports methods for the quantitative determination of stable isotope-labeled essential fatty acids (EFAs) as well as an experiment in which deuterium-labeled linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were compared with those labeled with carbon-13 in rat plasma in vivo. Standard curves were constructed to compensate for concentration and plasma matrix effects. It was observed that endogenous pools of fatty acids had a greater suppressing effect on the measurements of 13C-U-labeled EFAs relative to those labeled with 2H5. Using these methods, the in vivo metabolism of orally administered deuterated-linolenate, 13C-U-labeled linolenate, deuterated-linoleate, and 13C-U-labeled linoleate was compared in adult rats (n = 11). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of the 2H versus 13C isotopomers of 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in rat plasma samples at 24 h after dosing. Thus, there appears to be little isotope effect for 2H5- versus 13C-U-labeled EFAs when the data are calculated using the conventional standard curves and corrected for endogenous fatty acid pool size and matrix effects.
Natural Defenses against Candida Colonization Breakdown in the Oral Cavities of the Elderly

Candida colonization of the oral cavity increases in the elderly. A major predisposing condition is denture use, which also increases in the elderly. To test whether the increase in colonization is age-related in a fashion independent of denture use, we analyzed the frequency (incidence) of carriage, the intensity of carriage, the multiplicity of species, and the genetic relatedness of strains in the oral cavities of 93 test subjects separated into the three age groups: 60 to 69 yr, 70 to 79 yr, and > or = 80 yr. Each age group was further subdivided into subjects with and without dentures, and into males and females. The results demonstrate that the frequency of carriage, the intensity of carriage, and multispecies carriage all increase as a function of age and differ according to gender, in both cases independent of denture use, suggesting that the natural suppression of yeast carriage in the oral cavity breaks down in the elderly. In addition, it is demonstrated that Candida glabrata colonizes the oral cavities of elderly individuals without dentures only after 80 yr of age, suggesting that there are age-related compromising conditions other than denture use in this most elderly age group.
Working with the Informal Helping Networks of the Elderly: The Experiences of Three Programs

Three demonstration projects that developed ways to strengthen the informal helping networks of elderly clients are described. The following aspects of network intervention are discussed and illustrated by these projects: assessment of client networks, possible goals of network intervention and the ability of programs to achieve them, and evaluation of interventions. Each program found barriers to intervening in networks derived from the client, the network, and the social service agency. Major barriers encountered include the client's privacy preferences and attitudes about relying on the network for help, networks that are exhausted or unsupportive, and agency structures that limit interventions. Although each program had some measure of success in strengthening social support for its clients, it does not appear that informal resources can easily and cost effectively substitute for formal services.
Cross channel dependency requirements of the multipath redundant avionics suite

Requirements for cross channel dependencies in the multipath redundant avionics suite (MPRAS) architecture are described. MPRAS is a data synchronous avionics architecture for space launch vehicle applications. The MPRAS cross channel data link (CCDL) provides the mechanism, required by data synchronous architectures, to exchange data and maintain synchronization among redundant channels. MPRAS architectural requirements impose a variety of characteristics for cross channel dependencies which make traditional CCDL solutions unacceptable for MPRAS target applications. The MPRAS CCDL requirements have led to a CCDL design which maintains resilience to faults, does not introduce large cross channel bandwidth reductions, and meets the other established MPRAS CCDL requirements. A review of fault-tolerant system principles applicable to CCDL issues is presented as well as a top-level functional description of the MPRAS CCDL design. >
The Role of Mothers' Use of Control in Children's Perfectionism: Implications for the Development of Children's Depressive Symptoms.

The central aim of this research was to investigate the possibility that when parents use heightened control with children, children develop perfectionistic concerns, which may foster depressive symptoms. Mothers' use of control with their elementary school children (N=104) was observed in the laboratory along with their affective expression toward their children; children's behavior (e.g., task engagement) that might influence mothers' use of control was also observed. Self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism and depression were assessed in children through self-report. Mothers using heightened control had children with perfectionistic concerns, particularly socially prescribed ones. This was not due to mothers' affective expression or children's behavior. Children's socially prescribed perfectionism mediated the link between mothers' use of heightened control and children's heightened depressive symptoms.
Assessing Adverse Events of Postprostatectomy Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Evaluation of Outcomes in the Regione Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Purpose Although the likelihood of radiation-related adverse events influences treatment decisions regarding radiation therapy after prostatectomy for eligible patients, the data available to inform decisions are limited. This study was designed to evaluate the genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and sexual adverse events associated with postprostatectomy radiation therapy and to assess the influence of radiation timing on the risk of adverse events. Methods The Regione Emilia-Romagna Italian Longitudinal Health Care Utilization Database was queried to identify a cohort of men who received radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer during 2003 to 2009, including patients who received postprostatectomy radiation therapy. Patients with prior radiation therapy were excluded. Outcome measures were genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and sexual adverse events after prostatectomy. Rates of adverse events were compared between the cohorts who did and did not receive postoperative radiation therapy. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were developed for each class of adverse events, including models with radiation therapy as a time-varying covariate. Results A total of 9876 men were included in the analyses: 2176 (22%) who received radiation therapy and 7700 (78%) treated with prostatectomy alone. In multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, the additional exposure to radiation therapy after prostatectomy was associated with increased rates of gastrointestinal (rate ratio [RR] 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-2.27; P P P >.1 for all outcomes). Conclusion Radiation therapy after prostatectomy is associated with an increase in gastrointestinal and genitourinary adverse events. However, the timing of radiation therapy did not influence the risk of radiation therapy–associated adverse events in this cohort, which contradicts the commonly held clinical tenet that delaying radiation therapy reduces the risk of adverse events.
Completing costs: patients' time.

Objectives: To show the importance of patients’ time as a cost of health and medical care and to explain how to include it in costing studies without greatly increasing the work required for such studies. Background: Despite the decade-old recommendation of the Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, patients’ time is rarely included in costing or cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs). Studies of cancer care, smoking cessation, and diabetes self-management show that it can be a large part of an intervention’s costs, sometimes larger than direct medical costs, and can potentially affect patients’ willingness to undertake the intervention. Measuring and Valuing Time: Good costing practice follows 2 principles: measure all important uses of a resource; and value it appropriately and in a way that is consistent with the valuation of other resources. Counts of formal medical services, already measured in most studies, can serve as the starting point for valuing patients’ time, and would be a major step toward recognizing time costs, even when analysts cannot measure other uses of time. The concept of opportunity cost, often approximated by a market price, is the basis for valuing all resources. The reasons why the wage is a reasonable proxy for the value patients place on their own time are explained. Wage data are well measured and readily available. Conclusions: Ignoring patients’ time underestimates disease burden and biases cost-effectiveness results toward interventions that use more time. The tools and data to include patients’ time are available and will improve if they are routinely used.
Development of real-time virtual reality haptic application: real-time issues

Touch is very important to human, as demonstrated by any child who, when asking to 'see' an item, will reach out its hand to palpate and get the 'feel' of the object of interest. The ability to simulate sense of touch, using computers, has finally arrived. Human haptics is the sense of touch. Computer haptics is simulating human haptics via a device. This ongoing research focuses on developing a PC/NT based real-time, virtual reality haptic application. Our main goal is to resolve the real-time issues in order to frame a technical envelope for a stable haptic application. Some real-time issues based on scoping the applications are: 1) Interprocess communication 2) Synchronization of graphics and haptics interface and 3) finding application size limits for achieving high haptic rendering rates with stable haptic interactions.
Brain-derived proteins that rescue spinal motoneurons from cell death in the chick embryo: comparisons with target-derived and recombinant factors.

Spinal motoneurons that normally die during early development can be rescued by a variety of purified growth or neurotrophic factors and target tissue extracts. There is also indirect evidence that brain or supraspinal afferent input may influence lumbar motoneuron survival during development and that this effect may be mediated by central nervous system–derived trophic agents. This report examines the biological and biochemical properties of motoneuron survival activity obtained from extracts of the embryonic chick brain. Treatment with an ammonium sulfate (25% to 75%) fraction of embryonic day 16 (E16) or E10 brain extracts rescued many spinal motoneurons that otherwise die during the normal period of cell death in vivo (E6 to E10). The same fractions also enhanced lumbar motoneuron survival following deafferentation. There were both similarities and differences between the active fractions derived from brain extracts (BEX) when compared with extracts derived from target muscles (MEX) or with purified neurotrophic factors. Survival activity from E10 BEX was as effective in promoting motoneuron survival as E10 MEX and more effective than astrocyte-conditioned media. Unlike MEX, the active fractions from BEX also rescued placode-derived nodose ganglion cells. In addition, unlike nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, active BEX fractions did not rescue neural crest-derived dorsal root ganglion cells or sympathetic ganglion neurons. Interestingly, among many cranial motor and other brainstem nuclei examined, only the survival of motoneurons from the abducens nucleus was enhanced by BEX. Active proteins obtained from BEX were further separated by gel filtration chromatography and by preparative isolelectric focusing techniques. Activity was recovered in a basic (pI8) and an acidic (pI5) small molecular weight protein fraction (20 kD or less). The specific activity of the basic fraction was increased ×66 when compared with the specific activity of crude BEX, and the basic fraction had a slightly higher specific activity than the acidic fraction. The biological and biochemical properties of these fractions are discussed in the context of known neurotrophic factors and their effects on normal and lesion-induced motoneuron death during development. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A salivary vasodilator in the blood‐sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus

1. Salivary gland homogenates of the blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus induced transient, dose-dependent relaxation of rabbit aortic preparations pre-constricted with 200 ng ml-1 noradrenaline, 1 microgram ml-1 histamine or 20 ng ml-1 angiotensin II. Such relaxations were less marked when the aorta was constricted by 60 mM KC1. These effects were observed with as little as 0.2 microgram ml-1 of crude salivary gland protein. 2. The vasodilator effect was endothelium-independent, abolished by 50 microM hydroquinone or 50 microM methylene blue, and potentiated by 30 mu ml-1 superoxide dismutase. 3. Salivary homogenates generated a coloured compound when reacted with sulfanilic acid in the presence of N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylediamine, indicating the presence of reactive nitrogen groups, equivalent to 35 +/- 3 ng of sodium nitrite per pair of glands. 4. Molecular sieving high performance liquid chromatography of salivary gland homogenates generated a single peak of vasorelaxant activity which coincided with the presence of platelet antiaggregating and spasmolytic (guinea-pig ileum contracted with histamine) activities, as well as with reactive nitrogen groups. 5. It is concluded that a protein of molecular weight 16.500 daltons in the salivary glands of R. prolixus contains reactive nitrogen groups which assist the bug during a blood meal. It is suggested that saliva of blood sucking anthropods is a natural resource of novel pharmacological activities.
Interactive visualization tool for electrode placement and assessment of transthoracic defibrillation thresholds

In this paper, we describe the implementation of a scientific data visualization tool for rendering transthoracic defibrillation simulation results. The visualization tool includes a graphical user interface (GUI) that provides functionality for the interactive change of the shape, size and position of a defibrillator's electrodes. Also, an option for visualizing slices through the myocardium, such that the distribution of the magnitude of the electric field can be visually inspected is included in the tool. The goal of the tool is to enhance understanding of how electrode parameters relate to the change of the electric field values throughout the heart. The tool is significant in that it integrates simulation and visualization software, which previously required the execution of several independent software executables, into a single comprehensive software tool.
Towards observable signatures of other bubble universes. II. Exact solutions for thin-wall bubble collisions

We assess the effects of a collision between two vacuum bubbles in the thin-wall limit. After describing the outcome of a generic collision possessing the expected hyperbolic symmetry, we focus on collisions experienced by a bubble containing positive vacuum energy, which could in principle contain our observable universe. We provide criteria governing whether the post-collision domain wall accelerates towards or away from this observation bubble, and discuss the implications for observers located at various positions inside of the bubble. Then, we identify the class of solutions which have minimal impact on the interior of the observation bubble, and derive a simple formula for the energy density of a shell of radiation emitted from such a collision. In the context of a universe undergoing false-vacuum eternal inflation, these solutions are perhaps the most promising candidates for collisions that could exist within our past light cone, and therefore in principle be observable.